cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ontogeny of M1 and M2 muscarinic binding sites in the striatum of the cat: relationships to one another and to striatal compartmentalization.

Abstract The ontogeny of striatal M1 and M2 muscarinic cholinergic binding sites was studied autoradiographically in cats ranging in age from embryonic day 40 to postnatal day six. Direct labeling with [ 3 H]pirenzepine revealed M1 sites, and M2 sites were labeled with[ 3 H] N -methylscopolamine in the presence of pirenzepine. In serial tissue sections, distributions of striatal M1 and M2 sites were compared to one another and to patterns of acetylcholinesterase staining and tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity. The younger fetal material demonstrated heterogeneous distributions for both subtypes of muscarinic binding sites, with patches of dense binding corresponding to islands of dopaminergic nigrostriatal innervation. For both M1 and M2 binding, lateral to medial and caudal to rostral density gradients were present in the patches and in the surrounding matrix. During fetal development and into the perinatal period, overall muscarinic binding increased, but more so in the matrix than in the patches. By postnatal day six striatal M2 binding appeared nearly homogeneous. M1 binding, however, was slightly more concentrated in patches than in matrix. The patches of elevated M1 binding were still present at maturity, and corresponded to striosomes. These findings suggest that the ontogenetic regulation of muscarinic binding sites is influenced by location relative to striatal compartments, and that expression of M1 and M2 binding site subtypes is differentially regulated.
A subfamily of stress proteins facilitates translocation of secretory and mitochondrial precursor polypeptides

Depletion of a subset of 7OK stress proteins in yeast mutants shows that they are involved in the post-translational import of precursor polypeptides into both mitochondria and the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. The identification of such a basic function may explain the remarkable evolutionary conservation of the gene family encoding these proteins.
Innovation and practice of continuous auditing

The traditional audit paradigm is outdated in the real time economy. Innovation of the traditional audit process is necessary to support real time assurance. Practitioners and academics are exploring continuous auditing as a potential successor to the traditional audit paradigm. Using technology and automation, continuous auditing methodology enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of the audit process to support real time assurance. This paper defines how continuous auditing methodology introduces innovation to practice in seven dimensions and proposes a four-stage paradigm to advance future research. In addition, we formulate a set of methodological propositions concerning the future of assurance for practitioners and academic researchers.
Effect of Date of Planting, Genotype and Source of Seed on Disease Incidence, Yield, and Agronomic Performance of Soybean

Four soybean genotypes chosen from four seed sources were planted in a factorial arrangement on four dates in a split-plot design at the Alabama A & M Experimental Station on a Decatur silt clay loam soil. The highest vigor index was recorded from seeds harvested from the 4th date of planting. These seeds had the lowest level of Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora infection, indicating that vigor index, as a measurement of seed quality, was negatively correlated with the level of infection by soybean stem canker pathogen. Seed yield was highest at the 2nd date of planting and lowest at the 4th date of planting. Tracy-M and Bedford confirmed previous reports on their resistance and susceptibility, respectively, to soybean stem canker. All the genotypes performed their best at the 2nd date of planting. Source of seeds appeared to have little effect on the performance of the plant in the field.
The “world's simplest axiom of choice” fails

We use topos-theoretic methods to show that intuitionistic set theory with countable or dependent choice does not imply that every family, all of whose elements are doubletons and which has at most one element, has a choice function.
A hybrid adaptive control strategy for a smart prosthetic hand

This paper presents a hybrid of a soft computing technique of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and a hard computing technique of adaptive control for a two-dimensional movement of a prosthetic hand with a thumb and index finger. In particular, ANFIS is used for inverse kinematics, and the adaptive control is used for linearized dynamics to minimize tracking error. The simulations of this hybrid controller, when compared with the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller showed enhanced performance. Work is in progress to extend this methodology to a five-fingered, three-dimensional prosthetic hand.
Model calculations of casein micelle size distributions.

Abstract A previously proposed model for the formation and structure of casein micelles from subunits of variable composition is used to calculate theoretical micelle size distributions. Using the fractional content of κ-casein as the only variable but with a value near that observed in a sample of milk serum, the model successfully reproduces experimentally determined distributions. Predicted size distributions are quite sensitive to the value of the variable and shift toward smaller average size as the assumed fractional content of κ-casein gets larger. Also, there is a discontinuity in the distributions which predicts that there will be essentially no micelles with radii smaller than 25–30 nm. These predictions are all in accord with experimental observations. The good agreement between theory and experiment supports the micelle structure suggested by the model.
DISCRETION AS POWER: IN THE SITUATION CALLED ‘PSYCHOTHERAPY’

I use the term‘psychotherapy’ as the name of a freely contracted relationship between two competent and responsible adults, one paying the other for assisting him, by means of a dialogue, to live his life better. In addition, I distinguish sharply between voluntary psychotherapy, whose wellspring is the patient's need for helping the Self and involuntary interventions called ‘psychotherapy’, whose wellspring is the family's (or the court's) need for controlling the Other. The former rests on consent, the latter on coercion. It is just as absurd to conflate voluntary and involuntary‘psychotherapeutic’ relations as it is to conflate sexual relations between consenting adults and sexual assault called ‘rape’. After a brief critical overview of the development of modern psychotherapy - epitomized by psychoanalysis - I offer some observations on the current proliferation of‘psychotherapies'under cultural and political-economic conditions inimical to the only therapy I value, which is contingent on a human relationship in which personal assistance is secured by an equality of self-restraint on the part of ‘therapist’ and ‘patient’. Dare to be fearful, when all about you are full of presumption and confidence. (Edmund Burke 1789/1992)
Stochastic modelling of reactors for process analysis and design — I isothermal steady state well mixed and plug flow reactors

Abstract In most conventional methods of reactor analysis and design the stochastic nature of the process inputs and parameters is ignored. Safety factors are added to the deterministic results to allow for uncertainty. Stochastic treatment of a reactor model is more difficult than a deterministic treatment but can provide more significant information concerning the design parameters. Both linear and nonlinear models of isothermal well-mixed and plug flow reactors have been investigated in which random variables were introduced to represent random input concentrations and flow rates, as well as uncertainty in the model coefficients. This study indicates under what circumstances the sample estimate of the expected value of the output of a stochastic model of the well-mixed tank differs from the output of the related deterministic model based on replacing the random variables by their expected values. It also shows how to compute safety factors for design and in what ways the response of the stochastic well-mixed tank differs from the response of the stochastic plug flow model.
Application of Low Cost Optical Communication Systems to Underwater Acoustic Networks

Acoustic communications are the dominant method for underwater information transmission in underwater environments where radio is heavily absorbed underwater. Due to the vast discrepancy in propagation delay between acoustic and optical communication, short range low cost optical systems have the potential to compliment the capabilities of underwater acoustic networks.In this paper we evaluate several applications in which ultralow cost, short range optical transmitter-receiver pairs can be applied to improve the performance and utility of underwater acoustic sensor networks. Applications evaluated include time synchronization between nodes and TCP communication.Next, Broadcast MAC, a prototypical media access control protocol which performs well underwater is simulated in Aquasim. Results of this simulation show that schemes which focus on using optical links to reduce the total amount of data sent over the acoustic network are more worthwhile those which focus on reducing the overhead associated with adding additional nodes.Finally a prototype, low cost IR transmitter/receiver pair is constructed from parts which can be purchased for a few dollars. A parts list, circuit diagram, and details on setting up the linux time synchronization server and establishing a TCP/IP link over the serial connection are included. While a blue-green LED would have provided much greater range underwater ( 100 ft vs 1 ft), the inherent simplicity of this device should help to save a great deal of time in the implementation of other more advanced underwater optical communication systems.
Biogeochemical controls on Diel cycling of stable isotopes of dissolved O2 and dissolved inorganic carbon in the Big Hole River, Montana.

Rivers with high biological productivity typically show substantial increases in pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration during the day and decreases at night, in response to changes in the relative rates of aquatic photosynthesis and respiration. These changes, coupled with temperature variations, may impart diel (24-h) fluctuations in the concentration of trace metals, nutrients, and other chemical species. A better understanding of diel processes in rivers is needed and will lead to improved methods of data collection for both monitoring and research purposes. Previous studies have used stable isotopes of dissolved oxygen (DO) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) as tracers of geochemical and biological processes in streams, lakes, and marine systems. Although seasonal variation in δ18O of DO in rivers and lakes has been documented, no study has investigated diel changes in this parameter. Here, we demonstrate large (up to 13‰) cycles in δ18O-DO for two late summer sampling periods in the Big Hole R...
Creation of Assembly Models to Support Automated Concept Generation

This paper presents an assembly model process that fully characterizes the structural and flow interactions between artifacts in a product. Reverse engineering techniques were employed during the analysis of thirty-three existing consumer products to arrive at a concise standardization of the modeling process. During the product investigation, four different types of structural interactions were identified. These structural interactions, couple, secure, position and guide, were defined using a standardized vocabulary of functional terms. These four structural interactions are rigorously described in this paper in an effort to outline an assembly model method that is accurate and repeatable. Additionally, flow interactions between components are also characterized within the presented modeling technique. A rough representation of the artifact configuration of a product can also be achieved through placement of the component structures in the model. Analysis of the consumer product set also revealed that a new design tool can be generated using the structural interaction information contained in the described assembly models.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Boundaries, exclusion, and oppression in "the psychological basis of homophobia: cultural construction of a barrier".

This essay takes up Madureira’s exploration (Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, 2007, doi:10.1007/s12124-007-9024-9) of the relationship between homophobia and sexism, and more broadly, also examines other domains of prejudice, exclusion, and oppression. I identify important questions raised by Madureira, and suggest some additional concepts and frameworks that yield further insights into these issues. I focus primarily upon gender and sexuality theories, but also examine some additional studies of other constructions of difference and variants of prejudice, scapegoating, and boundarism: namely, racism, religious bigotry, and “witch-cleansing,” I show how, despite their apparently disparate ideologies, these latter exclusionary practices are on some levels similar to homophobia and sexism, though these phenomena are neither identical nor exactly analogous. I also explore the uses and limitations of psychological, social and cultural analyses of these diverse forms of oppression, with particular emphasis upon homophobia and sexism.
The immune modulating properties of the heat shock proteins after brain injury

Inflammation within the central nervous system often accompanies ischemia, trauma, infection, and other neuronal injuries. The immune system is now recognized to play a major role in neuronal cell death due to microglial activation, leukocyte recruitment, and cytokine secretion. The participation of heat shock proteins (Hsps) in the immune response following in brain injury can be seen as an attempt to correct the inflammatory condition. The Hsps comprise various families on the basis of molecular size. One of the most studied is Hsp70. Hsp70 is thought to act as a molecular chaperone that is present in almost intracellular compartments, and function by refolding misfolded or aggregated proteins. Hsps have recently been studied in inflammatory conditions. Hsp70 can both induce and arrest inflammatory reactions and lead to improved neurological outcome in experimental brain injury and ischemia. In this review, we will focus on underlying inflammatory mechanisms and Hsp70 in acute neurological injury.
A Note on Applying the Gravity Rule to the Airline Hub Problem

In this note we propose a new model for the airline hub selection problem. Passengers use a hub on the way to their destination. We apply the objective of minimizing the total miles traveled by passengers. This formulation can be used as the basis for other objectives also.
The Implications of Social Neuroscience for Social Disability

Social disability represents a unifying feature in the diverse group of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Social neuroscience is the study of brain mechanisms supporting interpersonal interaction. In this paper, we review brain imaging studies of the social brain and highlight practical applications of these scientific insights. Understanding of social brain mechanisms holds promise as a tool for defining meaningful subgroups of children with ASD to facilitate genetic analyses and to inform treatment selection. Because social brain systems emerge in infancy, social neuroscience may help to detect atypical development before symptoms manifest. This conceptualization of ASD is a hopeful one, as social brain systems remain malleable well into development and are thus amenable to targeted intervention.
Kinetics of copper nanoparticle precipitation in phosphate glass: an isothermal plasmonic approach

The kinetics of copper nanoparticle (NP) precipitation in melt-quenched barium-phosphate glass has been studied by in situ isothermal optical micro-spectroscopy. A spectroscopically based approximation technique is proposed to obtain information about the activation energies of nucleation and growth in a narrow temperature range (530–570 °C). Pre-plasmonic and plasmonic NP precipitation stages are identified separated in time. The process as a whole is discussed employing classical nucleation/growth theory and the Kolmogorov–Johnson–Mehl–Avrami phase change model. Activation energies of 3.9(7) eV and 2.6(5) eV have been estimated for the pre-plasmonic and plasmonic spectroscopically assessed stages, respectively. High resolution transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and Raman spectroscopy were used as complementary techniques for studying the nanoparticulate phase and glass host structure. An empirical linear dependence of the diffusion activation energy on the glass transition temperature with broad applicability is suggested.
INSTITUTIONAL AND COMPETITIVE BANDWAGONS: USING MATHEMATICAL MODELING AS A TOOL TO EXPLORE INNOVATION DIFFUSION

The sheer number of organizations adopting an innovation can cause a bandwagon pressure, prompting other organizations to adopt this innovation. Institutional bandwagon pressures occur because nonadopters fear appearing different from many adopters. Competitive bandwagon pressures occur because nonadopters fear below-average performance if many competitors profit from adopting. Our mathematical model of bandwagons examines how organizational collectivities' characteristics determine (a) whether a bandwagon will occur, (b) how many organizations jump on it, and (c) how many retain the Innovation it diffuses. Simulating the model suggests, first, that any technological, organizational, or strategic innovation with ambiguous returns can diffuse in a bandwagon manner; second, that minor differences in organizational collectivities can have major effects on bandwagons' occurrence, extent, and persistence: and third, that bandwagons can prompt most organizations in a collectivity to adopt an innovation, even wh...
Simulated elliptical bioprosthetic valve deformation: Implications for asymmetric transcatheter valve deployment

The asymmetric, elliptical shape of a transcatheter aortic valve (TAV), after implantation into a calcified aortic root, has been clinically observed. However, the impact of elliptical TAV configuration on TAV leaflet stress and strain distribution and valve regurgitation is largely unknown. In this study, we developed computational models of elliptical TAVs based on a thin pericardial bioprosthetic valve model recently developed. Finite element and computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed to investigate TAV leaflet structural deformation and central backflow leakage, and compared with those of a nominal symmetric TAV. From the results, we found that for a distorted TAV with an elliptical eccentricity of 0.68, the peak stress increased significantly by 143% compared with the nominal circular TAV. When the eccentricity of an elliptical TAV was larger than 0.5, a central backflow leakage was likely to occur. Also, deployment of a TAV with a major calcified region perpendicular to leaflet coaptation line was likely to cause a larger valve leakage. In conclusion, the computational models of elliptical TAVs developed in this study could improve our understanding of the biomechanics involved in a TAV with an elliptical configuration and facilitate optimal design of next-generation TAV devices.
A Step Towards Library Automation.

This article is a report on an experimental project in library automation at the United States Military Academy. A series of programs were written in FORTRAN for the GE-225 computer to produce listings of periodical holdings. The results of the project and the conclusions drawn are briefly discussed.
On the dynamic response of a rectangular sandwich plate with viscoelastic core and generally orthotropic facings

Abstract This paper explores the effect of facing anisotropy on the damped response to harmonic transverse dynamic loads of a rectangular sandwich plate with a viscoelastic core. The membrane facings are generally orthotropic and the measure of anisotropy is the angle between the geometric plate axes and the elastic axes of the facing material. A Fourier series solution is obtained to the governing plate equations for the case of simply supported edges. The response of the plate at fundamental resonance for several loss factors between 0 and 1 is computed for varying facing anisotropy. It is found that the rotation of facing elastic axes increases maximum lateral deflection, the rate of dissipation of energy and the total strain energy of the core, and decreases the fundamental natural frequency. Increasing loss tangent decreases lateral deflection, but also decreases the rate of energy loss. It is found that the contribution of the core in-plane shear strain energy to the total strain energy is independent of facing anisotropy and loss tangent. For all configurations of facing anisotropy, the lateral response of the plate is insensitive to the change in loss modulus for values beyond 0·7. Typical response curves are shown.
Spatial variation of void morphology in resin transfer molded E-glass/epoxy composites

Due to their light weight and high performance, fiberreinforced composites are being increasingly used in various commercial products in aerospace and automotive industries. Emerging new methods such as liquid composite molding (LCM) and resin transfer molding (RTM) offer an economic, versatile, and efficient means for manufacturing geometrically complex, large composites. RTM process consists of injecting a thermosetting polymer into a mold cavity preloaded with a dry reinforcing preform, which is most often made of E-glass fibers. In RTM, voids and dry spots are reported to originate primarily from mechanical entrapment during mold filling [1, 2]. This entrapment is believed to arise from uneven movement of flow front due to differences in permeability between the fiber tows and the surrounding pore space. Furthermore, several process parameters such as injection pressure, vacuum assistance, fibers surface treatment, and resin viscosity have been shown to influence the overall voidage, as well as the void morphology defined by the size and shape of voids within the composite [3]. Adverse effects of voids in composites have been well documented. For example, a void content as low as 1% is known to result in a decrease in strength up to 30% in bending, 3% in tension, 9% in torsional shear, and 8% in impact [4]. In addition, void presence is shown to affect both the rate and the equilibrium level of moisture absorption [5]. Voids with irregular shapes are also known to induce early crack formation [6]. However, detailed morphology analyses together with spatial variation of voids in resin transfer molded composites are not available. In this work, we present the radial and through-the-thickness variation of void morphology in a resin transfer molded, E-glass/epoxy composite disk. A resin transfer molded composite disk having 152.4 mm diameter is fabricated using a mixture of epoxy resin EPON 815C and curing agent EPICURE 3282 (Shell Chemicals). The molding is achieved by injecting the mixture into a center-gated mold cavity at a constant flow rate of 5.32 cm3/s. The mold cavity is preloaded with 4 layers of E-glass preform (FiberGlast part #250) yielding a fiber volume fraction of 18.1% in a 3.84 mm thick disk. The transient inlet pressure recorded during mold filling is presented in Fig. 1. During filling, inlet pressure
Alcohol inoxication does not change [11C]cocaine pharmacokinetics in human brain and heart

There is increasing evidence that the combined use of cocaine and alcohokl produces enhanced behaviroal and toxic effects. We have used PET and tracer doses of [11C]cocaine in 7 normal human volunteers to assess if the dostribution and clearance of cocaine are altered by alcohlol intoxication. Each subject received 2 PET studies with [11C]cocaine (3–11 mg), one before and one during alcohol intoxication (1 g/kg). Regions of interest included dthe brain (n= 3) and heart (n = 4). arterial plasma was assayed for unchanged cocaine and for labelaed cocaethylene, a metabolite of cocaine found in individuals usig cocaine and alcohol in combination (hearn et al., 1991a). Alcohol intoxication did not change uptake and clearance or the steady-state distribution volume of [11C]cocaine in brain (striatum, thalamus, and cerebellum) or in heart. Moreover, labeled cocaethylene was not detedted in the 10 minute plasma sample. These results suggest that the acute dnhancement of behavior and toxicity associated with the combined use of cocaine and alcohol is not due to an alteration in cocaine's organ distribution or to cocaethylene formation but may be related to an additive effect resulting from the direct actaons of each of these drugs. Published 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Crystalline oxide-based devices on silicon substrates

We have developed a process to grow epitaxial SrTiO3 (STO) on Si. This STO/Si substrate can then be used as a pseudo substrate for the further deposition of many other oxides that are closely lattice matched to STO. The STO is grown by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) with a subsequent oxide layer deposited either by MBE or sol-gel deposition. The pseudo substrate has been used to demonstrate ferroelectric devices and piezoelectric devices. Ferroelectric capacitors using epitaxial BaTiO3 (BTO) show a memory window of 0.5 V; however, the retention time for these devices is short because of the depolarization field caused by the silicon-oxide interface layer used to improve the band alignment of the BTO/Si interface. Surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonators using epitaxial Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 show excellent response with a coupling coefficient of 4.6% and a velocity of 2,844 m/s.
A hand-operated, 180° rotating-scoop sediment sampler

Abstract A hand-operated, rotating-scoop sediment sampler (HORS) has been developed for coarse-grained, shallow-marine sediment. Design of the 10 kg HORS was inspired by the 60 kg, winch-operated Shipek sampler which also has a 180° rotating scoop. At one-sixth of the Shipek mass, the HORS typically collects about one-sixth as much sediment. The HORS is recommended only if a winch is unavailable for a Shipek grab sampler. Grab samplers without a 180° rotating scoop rely on one or two pairs of jaws which close toward the center along arcs of 90°. These center-closing devices commonly fail to sample coarse sediment because a large grain, e.g. a shell fragment, impedes closure and allows the sample to escape during ascent. Center-closing jaws which meet rather than overlap eventually fail to meet completely because of wear along the jaw edge or misalignment. All grab samplers, including rotating-scoop types, may induce some loss of the finest fraction and so are best reserved for reconnaissance work. The sampler described herein has facilitated reconnaissance of the modern equivalent of oolitic ironstone in the southeastern Caribbean.
Assessing the effect on high school teachers of direct and unrestricted access to the internet: A case study of an east central florida high school

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect direct and unrestricted access to the Internet had on a group of high school teachers. Based on the naturalistic inquiry paradigm, this study explored the barriers these teachers encountered when using the Internet, how and when they elected to use the Internet, the factors that influenced their continued use of the Internet, and the transitions they experienced from using the Internet. Data collection was based on Patton's (1990) three approaches to interviewing; data analysis was based in part on Miles and Huberman's (1984) model of data reduction and display and on Spradley's (1979) task of domain analysis. Findings suggested: that teachers require ongoing Internet training, technical support, home Internet access, and time in which to learn and incorporate the Internet into their classes; that Internet use can increase teachers' self-esteem and improve their attitudes toward computers and education; and that use of the Internet by teachers encourages them to restructure their classes and schedules to accommodate Internet resources within their classrooms.
RELATIVE DIFFERENCE IN DIVERSITY BETWEEN POPULATIONS

An entropy is conceived as a functional on the space of probability distributions. It is used as a measure of diversity (variability) of a population. Cross entropy leads to a measure of dissimilarity between populations. In this paper, we provide a new approach to the construction of a measure of dissim- ilarity between two populations, not depending on the choice of an entropy function, measuring diversity. The approach is based on the principle of ma- jorization which provides an intrinsic method of comparing the diversities of two populations. We obtain a general class of measures of dissimilarity and show some interesting properties of the proposed index. In particular, it is shown that the measure provides a metric on a probability space. The pro- posed measure of dissimilarity is essentially a measure of relative difference in diversity between two populations. It satisfies an invariance property which is not shared by other measures of dissimilarity which are used in ecological studies. A statistical application of the new method is given.
Smoothing of Data by Least Squares Procedures and by Filtering

It is shown that when discrete experimental data are smoothed by fitting 2m + 1 consecutive data to a polynomial of 2nth degree, with n≪m, and when n and m are increased indefinitely, the smoothing obtained is equivalent to passing the original data through an ideal low-pass filter.
Role of LiNO3 in rechargeable lithium/sulfur battery

Abstract In this work we study the effect of LiNO3 on the Li anode and sulfur cathode, respectively, of Li/S battery by using a Li/Li symmetric cell and a liquid Li/Li2S9 cell. On the Li anode, LiNO3 participates in the formation of a stable passivation film, and the resulting passivation film grows infinitely with the consumption of LiNO3. The passivation film formed with LiNO3 is known to effectively suppress the redox shuttle of the dissolved lithium polysulfides on Li anode. On the cathode, LiNO3 undergoes a large and irreversible reduction starting at 1.6 V in the first discharge, and the irreversible reduction disappears in the subsequent cycles. Moreover, the insoluble reduction products of LiNO3 on the cathode adversely affect the redox reversibility of sulfur cathode. These results indicate that both the Li anode and sulfur cathode consume LiNO3, and that the best benefit of LiNO3 to Li/S battery occurs at the potentials higher than 1.6 V. By limiting the irreversible reduction of LiNO3 on the cathode, we have shown that the Li/S cell with a 0.2 m LiNO3 as the co-salt can provide a stable capacity of ∼500 mAh g−1.
Turbulent flame propagation with large chemical-heat release

A model is developed to describe the dependence of the turbulent-flame speed on the intensity of an isotropic excitation turbulence prescribed far upstream from the flame for arbitrarily large gas expansion within the flame. For the limit of negligible gas expansion within the flame the new prediction of the present study reduces to an established and recently verified result for isothermal front propagation. It is shown that the turbulent-flame speed varies inversely with the square of the temperature ratio across the flame when the temperature ratio is very large. For typical hydrocarbon flames the results predict generally less substantial rates of decrease of the turbulent-flame speed with increasing heat release. Variations in turbulence kinetic energies and vorticity across the flame and hydrodynamic zones upstream and downstream from the flame are determined as well, accounting for influences of gas expansion and the structure of the excitation turbulence. The results of the present work, which are valid for flame propagation in weakly turbulent flow (where the propagation speed is proportional to the square of the intensity of the excitation turbulence prescribed far upstream from the flame) extend earlier predictions that were limited to relatively small chemical-heat release. The model presented herein does not account for effects of intrinsic flame instability and is appropriate for conditions where influences of buoyancy and flame stretch on flame dynamics are not substantial.
Therapeutic legends of emergency medicine.

Approximately 20 years ago, prehospital care sustained a surge of interest and development that has helped to lead to the establishment of the field of emergency medicine (1). As part of that development, it became apparent that there were major problems in the management of spinal column injuries. Specifically, it became one of the major fears of every prehospital care system and emergency department that they might cause major spinal cord injury by improper handling of an unstable spinal column. The actual practice throughout this country and in other countries with major trauma services varies considerably from the dogma that has evolved to support the original hypothesis, even though it has never been verified or falsified.
SEROLOGIC STUDY OF SOME INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CANADA GEESE

A serologic study was conducted to investigate the exposure of captive and free-flying Canada geese (Branta canadensis) to five arboviruses, chlamydiae and Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Of more than 1200 serums screened in the metabolic-inhibition test (MIT), no serums neutralized eastern encephalitis virus (EEV), less than 1% neutralized western (WEV) or Venezuelan (VEV) encephalitis viruses, 2% neutralized St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), and 29% neutralized California encephalitis virus (CEV). Supplementary serologic procedures indicated that a nonspecific inhibitor probably caused inhibition of CEV in the MIT. Fifty-six per cent of 197 serums had hemagglutination-inhibition titers of 1:80 or higher against M. gallisepticum and were considered “positive”. Two hundred and eight serums were negative for complement-fixing antibody against chlamydiae.
High-Speed Photodetection With Small Area Metal-ZnO-Metal Thin-Film Sandwiches

The frequency response of most bulk semiconductor junction solid-state detectors are limited by transit time delays due to diffusion and drift of carriers within the junction.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Membrane Time Constant During Internal Defibrillation Strength Shocks in Intact Heart: Effects of Na+ and Ca2+ Channel Blockers

INTRODUCTION We assessed defibrillation strength shock-induced changes of the membrane time constant (tau) and membrane potential (DeltaVm) in intact rabbit hearts after administration of lidocaine, a sodium (Na(+)) channel blocker, or nifedipine, a L-type calcium (Ca(2+)) channel blocker. METHODS AND RESULTS We optically mapped anterior, epicardial, electrical activity during monophasic shocks (+/-100, +/-130, +/-160, +/-190, and +/-220 V; 150 microF; 8 ms) applied at 25%, 50%, and 75% of the action potential duration via a shock lead system in Langendorff-perfused hearts. The protocol was run twice for each heart under control and after lidocaine (15 microM, n = 6) or nifedipine (2 microM, n = 6) addition. tau in the virtual electrode area away from the shock lead was approximated with single-exponential fits from a total of 121,125 recordings. The same data set was used to calculate DeltaVm. We found (1) Under all conditions, there is inverse relationship between tau and DeltaVm with respect to changes of shock strength, regardless of shock polarity and phase of application: a stronger shock resulted in a larger DeltaVm, which corresponded to a smaller tau (faster cellular response); (2) Lidocaine did not cause appreciable changes in either tau or DeltaVm versus control, and (3) Nifedipine significantly increased both tau and DeltaVm in the virtual cathode area; in contrast, in the virtual anode area, this effect depended on the phase of shock application. CONCLUSION tau and DeltaVm are inversely related. Na(+) channel blocker has minimal impact on either tau or DeltaVm. Ca(2+) blocker caused polarity and phase-dependent significant changes in tau and DeltaVm.
Assay-Dependent Phytotoxicity of Nanoparticles to Plants

The effects of five nanomaterials (multiwalled carbon nanotubes [MWCNTs], Ag, Cu, ZnO, Si) and their corresponding bulk counterparts on seed germination, root elongation, and biomass of Cucurbita pepo (zucchini) were investigated. The plants were grown in hydroponic solutions amended with nanoparticles or bulk material suspensions at 1000 mg/L. Seed germination was unaffected by any of the treatments, but Cu nanoparticles reduced emerging root length by 77% and 64% relative to unamended controls and seeds exposed to bulk Cu powder, respectively. During a 15-day hydroponic trial, the biomass of plants exposed to MWCNTs and Ag nanoparticles was reduced by 60% and 75%, respectively, as compared to control plants and corresponding bulk carbon and Ag powder solutions. Although bulk Cu powder reduced biomass by 69%, Cu nanoparticle exposure resulted in 90% reduction relative to control plants. Both Ag and Cu ion controls (1−1000 mg/L) and supernatant from centrifuged nanoparticle solutions (1000 mg/L) indicate ...
Test in Vivo to Determine Donor Blood Compatibility

51Cr-tagging of small volumes of blood was used to test the compatibility in vivo of donor blood in patients whose serum contained antibodies demonstrable at 37 C. In seven of eight patients, the survival of test cells appeared to be within safe limits and transfusions were given without evident reactions. This was not the case with an eighth patient, and he was not transfused.
Synthesis of glycoproteins by endothelial cells in embryonic blood vessels.

Abstract Blood vessels developing in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of the chick embryo were examined for the ability of endothelial cells to synthesize and secrete extracellular matrix glycoproteins (including proteoglycans). CAMs, aged 4 to 16 days, were labeled in vivo for 24 hr by injection of [ 3 H]glucosamine or H 2 35 SO 4 . Biochemical analysis revealed that these precursors were incorporated predominantly into glycoproteins. Light microscope autoradiography was used to quantitate the extent of endothelial cell labeling. Synthesis of [ 3 H]glucosamine-labeled glycoproteins was high in 4- to 8-day CAMs, decreased from Days 10 to 12, and was low thereafter. These glycoproteins remained associated with the cell and were not secreted into the extracellular matrix. Synthesis of 35 SO 4 -labeled glycoproteins by endothelial cells was moderate in 4- to 10-day CAMs, increased from Days 10 to 12, and remained higher thereafter. Pulse-labeling of 12-day CAMs in vitro demonstrated that 35 SO 4 -labeled material was secreted into the extracellular matrix within 1 hr where it accumulated during the next 24 hr. Correlation of these results with those of a previous study indicate that endothelial cells in CAM vessels synthesize mainly nonsulfated glycoproteins for intracellular use during the early phases of blood vessel development when endothelial cells are proliferating, and synthesize mainly sulfated glycoproteins (probably proteoglycans) during their later states of development when endothelial cells undergo cytodifferentiation. Further characterization of the secreted glycoproteins is required before they can conclusively be identified as proteoglycans.
Stimulants and cardiovascular events in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Objective This study examined associations between stimulant use and risk of cardiovascular events and symptoms in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and compared the risks associated with methylphenidate and amphetamines. Method Claims were reviewed of privately insured young people 6 to 21 years old without known cardiovascular risk factors (n = 171,126). A day-level cohort analysis evaluated the risk of cardiovascular events after a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in relation to stimulant exposures. Based on filled stimulant prescriptions, follow-up days were classified as current, past, and no stimulant use. Endpoints included an emergency department or inpatient diagnosis of angina pectoris, cardiac dysrhythmia, or transient cerebral ischemia (cardiac events) or tachycardia, palpitations, or syncope (cardiac symptoms). Results There were 0.92 new cardiac events and 3.08 new cardiac symptoms per 1,000,000 days of current stimulant use. Compared with no stimulant use (reference group), the adjusted odds ratios of cardiac events were 0.69 (95% confidence interval 0.42–1.12) during current stimulant use and 1.18 (95% CI 0.83–1.66) during past stimulant use. The corresponding adjusted odds ratios for cardiac symptoms were 1.18 (95% CI 0.89–1.59) for current and 0.93 (95% CI 0.71–1.21) for past stimulant use. No significant differences were observed in risks of cardiovascular events (2.14, 95% CI 0.82–5.63) or symptoms (1.08, 95% CI 0.66–1.79) for current methylphenidate use compared with amphetamine use (reference group). Conclusions Clinical diagnoses of cardiovascular events and symptoms were rare and not associated with stimulant use. The results help to allay concerns over the cardiovascular safety of stimulant treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in young people without known pre-existing risk factors.
Generalized charts for computation of two-phase choked flow of simple cryogenic liquids

Abstract Using experimental research on two-phase choked flow of pressurized sub-cooled cryogenic liquids, design recommendations are presented for computing this flow for simple cryogenic liquids with single phase stagnation conditions. Accordingly a set of generalized charts have been drawn up based on an integration of the non-equilibrium model in the liquid region and the homogeneous equilibrium model elsewhere.
Precambrian endoliths discovered

The earliest known microborings have now been found in late Precambrian ooids (Upper Riphean/Vendian, 570-700 Myr) of the Eleonore Bay Group of eastern Greenland. The ooids were originally carbonaceous and underwent silicification after boring occurred. The finding establishes that the habit of microbial boring evolved before the appearance of skeleton-bearing metazoans in the geological record.
Enzymes of serine biosynthesis in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata.

Rhodopseudomonas capsulata has been shown to possess all the enzymatic activities of both the phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated pathways of serine biosynthesis. In addition there was an active serine hydroxymethyltransferase which catalyzed the reversible interconversion of serine and glycine. In cells grown photosynthetically with malate as the carbon source, the activities of the phosphorylated pathway enzymes were substantially higher than the analogous reactions of the nonphosphorylated sequence. l-Serine (1 mm) caused approximately 60%, inhibition of the first enzyme of the phosphorylated route, 3-phosphoglyceric acid dehydrogenase, but was less effective in inhibiting the last enzyme, phosphoserine phosphatase. Glycine also exerted a regulatory effect on this pathway but it was not as potent an inhibitor as serine. The inhibitions caused by serine and glycine were simply additive; there was no evidence of concerted feedback inhibition of the phosphorylated pathway by these amino acids.
Fiber optic michelson aft with passive elimination of polarization fading a ource feedback isolation

We report the operation of a fiber optic array of Michelson interferometric sensors using pigtailed Faraday-rotator/mirror devices for the passive elimination of polarization fading. The scheme also utilizes a polarization selective element in the input to provide isolation of the source from the reflective array.
A meta-analysis of sex differences in physical ability: revised estimates and strategies for reducing differences in selection contexts

Despite the wide use of physical ability tests for selection and placement decisions in physically demanding occupations, research has suggested that there are substantial male-female differences on the scores of such tests, contributing to adverse impact. In this study, we present updated, revised meta-analytic estimates of sex differences in physical abilities and test 3 moderators of these differences-selection system design, specificity of measurement, and training-in order to provide insight into possible methods of reducing sex differences on physical ability test scores. Findings revealed that males score substantially better on muscular strength and cardiovascular endurance tests but that there are no meaningful sex differences on movement quality tests. These estimates differ in several ways from past estimates. Results showed that sex differences are similar across selection systems that emphasize basic ability tests versus job simulations. Results also showed that sex differences are smaller for narrow dimensions of muscular strength and that there is substantial variance in the sex differences in muscular strength across different body regions. Finally, we found that training led to greater increases in performance for women than for men on both muscular strength and cardiovascular endurance tests. However, training reduced the male-female differences on muscular strengths tests only modestly and actually increased male-female differences on cardiovascular endurance. We discuss the implications of these findings for research on physical ability testing and adverse impact, as well as the practical implications of the results.
STUDIES ON THE COMMON COLD : V. THE RELATIONSHIP OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA TO UPPER RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN INFANTS

1. Bacteriological and clinical observations on respiratory disease in a semiisolated infant population over a period of 2 years are recorded. 2. In two severe winter outbreaks of respiratory infection a parallel rise in the carrier rate of pathogenic organisms was noted. 3. The first autumn outbreak of colds seems to favor the dissemination of the pathogenic organisms. 4. The relationship of colds to the severer infections is roughly reciprocal. 5. Infants between 8 and 14 months of age are subject to the most severe infections. 6. The number of infants showing positive skin reactions to products of pathogenic organisms increases during the winter months. 7. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Liquid Crystal Imaging of Flow Boiling in Minichannels

Quantitative liquid crystal thermography was used to investigate boiling incipience and nucleate flow boiling in rectangular mini-channels with channel heights of 2 mm to 500 μm. Distributions of surface temperature along the heated surface were measured from the liquid crystal images, and streamwise profiles of heat transfer coefficient on the heated surface were calculated. The working fluid was the refrigerant R-11. Observations of the boiling incipience superheat excursion, the hysteresis phenomenon, and saturated flow boiling are presented. Comparisons to established two-phase heat transfer correlations are performed to investigate the existence of “thin channel” effects.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Soft-Copy Image Manipulation and its Influence on Perceived Color Quality of Printed Output

This study examined the role of cathode-ray tube (CRT) display characterizations on soft-copy image manipulation and perceived color quality of subsequently printed photographs. CRT gamma, color temperature, and excitation purity were manipulated using a central composite experimental design, resulting in fifteen unique monitor calibrations. Twenty-two participants viewed 3 images under each of the 15 CRT conditions. Participants edited color balance, brightness, and contrast of each soft-copy image. The direction and magnitude of image edits were recorded for analysis. Photographic-quality hard-copy prints of each edited soft-copy image also were generated. Participants were brought back to the lab after one month to rate the color quality of the hard-copy prints. Response surface analyses indicated that monitor calibration did influence soft-copy editing and perceived hard-copy color quality of prints generated from the edited images. CRT gamma had the greatest influence on image editing and perceived h...