cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relative resistance of willow and poplar biomass production clones across a continuum of herbivorous insect specialization: Univariate and multivariate approaches

Abstract Short-rotation woody crops (SRWC) are being developed as a sustainable system that simultaneously produces a renewable feedstock for bioenergy and bioproducts and a suite of environmental and rural development benefits. However, damage from defoliating insects can significantly reduce the yield of SRWC and negatively impact their sustainability. Information regarding the relative resistance to defoliation of different SRWC clones is not only useful for deployment and breeding choices, but can also help elucidate ecological patterns of herbivore specialization. Laboratory feeding bioassays tested the resistance of 19 willow (Salix spp.) and six poplar (Populus spp.) biomass production clones to feeding by seven common folivorous insects. Defoliation was measured using a leaf area meter and results were standardized according to leaf area consumed per insect per day. Significant differences in resistance were found among clones (p ≤ .05). The most folivore-resistant groups included the six poplar clones and willow clones SH3, SP3, S546 and S625. Willow clones with S. eriocephala or S. dasyclados parentage were generally less resistant to herbivory than those with other parentages. Comparisons of univariate and multivariate approaches found that the multivariate techniques are robust and conservative, and provide an efficient means of screening a large number of clones in a development program. The multivariate approach provided a clearer sorting of folivores along a continuum of insect specialization. Such sorting may be useful in selecting model folivores to use in tree genetic improvement screening systems to efficiently reveal which clones are more likely to be resistant to multiple insect pests.
Perspective on “The spectra and electronic structure of the tetrahedral ions MnO 4 − , CrO 4 − , and ClO 4 − ”

The paper by Wolfsberg and Helmholz represents the first molecular orbital calculation on a transition-metal complex. Published in the heyday of ligand-field theory, the paper was 10 years ahead of its time. Here, the present author provides an overview of the title paper: a brief description of the results, his perspective on the historical context of the work and its influence on subsequent developments, personal reminiscences about the paper by Max Wolfsberg, and biographical sketches of the authors.
‘Green’ composites Part 1: Characterization of flax fabric and glutaraldehyde modified soy protein concentrate composites

Fully biodegradable, environment friendly ‘green’ composites were prepared using glutaraldehyde (GA) modified soy protein concentrate (MSPC-G) and flax fabric. Soy protein concentrate (SPC) polymer has low tensile properties, poor moisture resistance and is brittle. SPC polymer with 15% glycerin, as an external plasticizer, exhibited fracture stress and Young's modulus of 17 and 368 MPa, respectively. SPC polymer was cross-linked with GA to increase its tensile properties and improve its processability as a resin to manufacture flax fabric-reinforced composites. GA reacts with the free amine groups in SPC to form crosslinks. MSPC-G showed 20% increase in fracture stress and 35% increase in Young's modulus as well as improved moisture resistance compared to SPC. Besides the mechanical properties, MSPC-G was also characterized for its thermal stability and dynamic mechanical properties.
Reducing charge redistribution loss for supercapacitor-operated energy harvesting wireless sensor nodes

With increasing demand of long term applications, supercapacitors have been widely chosen as energy storage devices for energy harvesting aware wireless sensor networks( WSNs) due to their long charging-discharging life cycles. However, few studies have focused on charge redistribution effect of supercapacitors in WSNs. In this paper, we investigate charge redistribution of supercapacitor and explore how it affects long term energy neutral operation (ENO). The Variable Leakage Resistance (VLR) model is used to analyze the charge redistribution effect. Our results indicate that charge redistribution may cause considerable amount of extra energy loss in long term ENO. A practical algorithm to minimize charge redistribution loss during energy neutral operation is proposed. The algorithm is computationally lightweight and can be incorporated into the state-of-the-art duty cycling power management strategies in WSNs. The proposed algorithm is proved to be effective in keeping the main branch and the delayed branch balanced and thus lowering energy dissipation from charge redistribution.
The Rett syndrome: Progress report on studies at the Kennedy institute

Clinical, biochemical and pathological studies in patients with the Rett syndrome (RS) are presented. The neuropatho-logical changes and alterations in neurotransmitter markers are particularly interesting and provide valuable information that may be helpful in understanding the behavior and neurological phenotype of RS.
Androgen-Concentrating Cells in the Midbrain of a Songbird

Androgen-concentrating cells were found in the midbrain of the chaffinch Fringilla coelebs by autoradiography using tritiated testosterone. Labeled cells were localized primarily in the nucleus intercollicularis, an area from which vocalizations can be electrically stimulated in birds. These autoradiographic results suggest that the nucleus intercollicularis is a site in the action of androgens on avian vocal behavior.
Spectrum of sodiumlike selenium - Se XXIV

High-resolution spectra of Se XXIV have been obtained with a 3-m grazing-incidence spectrograph. Thin plastic foils coated with selenium were irradiated with four or eight beams of the OMEGA laser in a line-focus configuration. Spectrograms were obtained by viewing the plasma axially. Prominent in the spectra were the 3s-3p and 3p-3d transitions in the 150-240-A region and the transitions nl-(n + 1)l-prime with n = 3, 4 in the 24-80-A region. The energy levels and ionization limit derived from the measured wavelengths are also presented.
The psychodynamics of nationalism

Abstract To be attached to the subdivision, to love the little platoon we belong to in society, is the first principle (the germ as it were) of public affections. It is the first link in the series by which we proceed toward a love to our country and to mankind. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) Nothing said or done can reach My fanatic heart. Out of Ireland have we come. Great hatred, little room, Maimed us at the start. I carry from my mother's womb A fanatic heart. W.B. Yeats, ‘Remorse for Intemperate Speech’ (1932) A nation is a people united by a common dislike of its neighbors and by a common mistake about its origins. George Brock (1990)
Chromatic two-pulse resolution with and without luminance transients*

Two-pulse discrimination thresholds determined for homochromatic pulses presented as luminance increments or decrements are invariant with wavelength. Wavelength does affect two-pulse temporal resolution if chromatic pulses are presented in hue substitution, matched in luminance (with flicker photometry) to an achromatic background field. For relatively long pulses, the wavelength effect resembles trichromatic saturation discrimination, with poorest temporal resolution at 570 nm. For shorter pulses, temporal resolution for hue substitution stimuli appears related to saturation discrimination under conditions of artificial tritanopia. Under conditions of hue substitution, short-wavelength pulses yield good temporal resolution.
COCORP southwestern Wyoming data now available

The data packages for three seismic lines run in the Wind River uplift area of Wyoming are now available for the cost of reproduction and shipping. These data were obtained by the Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling (COCORP), who are applying sophisticated continuous seismic reflection techniques to the solution of geologic problems of the crust and upper mantle of the earth. The operation is part of the U.S. Geodynamics Project sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences and funded by the National Science Foundation. The executive committee of the consortium consists of members from Cornell University, University of Houston, Princeton University, University of Texas at Austin, University of Wisconsin, and Shell Oil Co. Cornell University has the operational responsibility.
Modifiability of neuropsychological dysfunction in schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is often characterized by compromised neuropsychological functioning, especially on tasks sensitive to frontal and temporohippocampal functions but the extent to which cognitive dysfunction can be modified in schizophrenics remains unclear. Twenty-four inpatient schizophrenics and 24 intellectually and demographically matched, inpatient mood-disordered controls were randomly assigned to one of two conditions. Subjects assigned to the cued condition received instructional cues on measures of visual and semantic memory, executive function, and constructional ability. Subjects in the standard condition performed the same neuropsychological measures without cues. The present study revealed some degree of plasticity of neurobehavioral function in schizophrenia.
Predictors of partying prior to bar attendance and subsequent BrAC

Pre-drinking (e.g., pre-gaming, pre-loading) occurs frequently among young adult and college-aged drinkers and is associated with increased intoxication as well as alcohol-related problems. The purpose of the following study was to examine pre-drinking behaviors in situ, and to test whether drinking intentions mediate the relationship between heavy episodic drinking history and pre-drinking behaviors. We randomly selected a sample of 1040 young adults bar patrons at 32 bars in a major metropolitan city in Southern California and asked participants to complete an interview concerning drinking behavior as well as provide a breath sample used to measure breath alcohol concentration. We used multilevel path analysis to test two meditational models. Results showed drinking intentions mediated the relationship between heavy episodic drinking history and pre-drinking behavior as well as the relationship between heavy episodic drinking history and level of pre-drinking intoxication. Gender did not moderate these meditational relationships suggesting similar pre-drinking behaviors for both men and women. Potential methods to prevent pre-drinking behaviors in this population of young people are discussed.
Estimating the employment and earnings costs of mental illness: recent developments in the United States

Abstract Substantial attention has recently been focused on both the prevalence and consequences of mental illness. Generally, public interest in the costs of mental illness has been limited to the direct costs of treating the mentally ill. In this paper, we consider the magnitude and importance of a major component of the indirect costs of mental illness: employment and earnings losses. We first describe the technical difficulties involved in estimating these costs. We then describe new data and recent advances in the United States that have improved our ability to make such estimates. Our conclusions from the recent research are that each year in the United States 5–6 million workers between the ages of 16 and 54 lose, fail to seek, or cannot find employment as a consequence of mental illness. Among those who do work, we estimate that mental illness decreases annual income by an amount between $3500 and $6000. We then discuss an emerging challenge to the traditional method for arriving at such estimates: the friction cost approach. We describe both the conceptual and technical differences between the friction cost method and the traditional human capital approach. We conclude that while economic context has much to do with whether one relies on human capital or friction cost estimates, each can offer useful information about labor market losses due to mental illness.
Phosphorus adsorption and desorption behavior on sediments of different origins

The aim of this study was to assess phosphorus-retention (Pret) capacities via P adsorption (Pads) and desorption (Pdes) by sediments collected from six different sources associated with various origins, physical, and chemical characteristics. Sediment samples were collected in the State of Florida, the USA, from estuary, marine, wetland, canal, river, and lake, respectively. Phosphorus adsorption and desorption for each sediment were evaluated in three types of ambient water, i.e., marine, wetland, and canal, with different rates of phosphate added and then desorbed by chloride (Cl−). Capacities in adsorption and desorption of P by various sediments were evaluated with different isotherm models to compare their potentials and stabilities in P retention. Sediments from the canal and lake had the greatest native adsorbed P and the highest zero equilibrium P concentration. Sediment from the estuary had the highest P adsorption and followed by those from wetland and marine origins, respectively. Phosphorus desorption from sediments by replacing exchangeable P with Cl− (20 mmol L−1 KCl) was obtained from an excellent fit of the data by an exponential growth model of desorption kinetics. The fractions of retained P (Pret = Pads − Pdes) were as high as 85–98% in the studied sediments, which displayed strong P retention capacities by all these sediments. High capacities to retain P by sediments from estuary and wetland may play a critical role in buffering some chemical and ecological changes and benefit aquatic eco-environments by preventing P rapid release to the overlying water column.
2-Bromoethanesulfonate: A selective agent for isolating resistantMethanosarcina mutants

Sodium 2-bromoethanesulfonate (BES), a structural analog of 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (coenzyme M), inhibited methanogenesis and growth ofMethanosarcina strain 227 in the presence of H2/CO2, methanol, or acetate. A single exposure to 24 μM BES was sufficient to produce cultures resistant to 240 μM BES. Wild-type cultures inhibited by 200 μM BES (or less) resumed growth and methane production when coenzyme M (coM) was added to the culture medium. Cultures incubated one week or longer with 200 μM BES (or less) spontaneously resumed growth and methanogenesis in the presence of H2/CO2, methanol, or acetate without added coM. BES resistance was heritable and not the result of inactivation or decomposition of BES. BES resistance acquired on one methanogenic substrate was retained when cells were grown on a different methanogenic substrate. However, BES resistance did not confer multiple resistance to other halomethane compounds such as chloroform, 2-bromoethanol, 2-bromopropionic acid, and chloramphenicol. BES resistance varied in two other genera of methanogens tested. One strain ofMethanospirillum hungatei was very sensitive to BES, and no resistant mutants were demonstrated. One strain ofMethanobacterium formicicum, however, was resistant to 200 μM BES without any known prior exposure to BES.
Dairy Herd Improvement Association Yearly Herd Averages. II. Predicting Income over Feed Cost

Abstract A total of 8,048 yearly herd average records from 23 states were studied to determine the value of factors measured in Dairy Herd Improvement Associations in predicting income over feed cost as estimated from data reported. The variables studied were: milk yield, milk price, concentrates fed, price of concentrates, per cent days in milk, succulent forage, dry forage, days on pasture, fat per cent, and herd size. The complete model including all ten variables accounted for 94.4% of the variation in income over feed cost. Milk, milk price, concentrates, and grain price together accounted for 91% of the variance. The measurement of succulent forage, dry forage, and pasture reduced the variance in income over feed cost by only 3-4%. It is doubtful that forage estimates as presently obtained justify the time and expense required to collect them. When milk yield was ignored, the partial regressions of income over feed cost on concentrates and pasture were positive, but the regression on dry forage was negative.
Reliability, Classification Stability, and Response-Set Bias of Alternate Forms of the Learning-Style Inventory (LSI-1985)

This study is an extension of previous research comparing the standard LSI-1985 with a scrambled version of the instrument. The two forms of the LSI were examined for internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and classification stability. The internal consistency of the standard LSI was greater than that of the scrambled version while the test-retest reliability of the scrambled version was higher. After a five-week interval, classification stability for the two instruments was 56% for the standard LSI and 53% for the scrambled version. This level of classification stability represented a modest improvement over chance. Compared to the scrambled version of the LSI, the standard LSI yielded more extreme classification changes. Many of the differences between the standard and scrambled versions of the LSI may be due to a responseset bias of the standard LSI. Overall, the results suggest that further revision of the LSI would be desirable to reduce the response-set bias and improve the psychometric prop...
Measurement of the shock initiation sensitivity of low density HMX

Abstract The shock initiation sensitivity of HMX explosive at a density of 1.24 g/cm 3 (35% voids) was studied using cylindrical samples. Transit time measurements were taken at a number of sample thicknesses for a given input stress in order to determine run distance and time to detonation. The transit time data were subjected to a statistical analysis so that estimates of mean response were obtained along with estimates of the distribution in material response due to local variations in bulk density and particle size distribution. The statistical analysis is especially important when run distance to detonation becomes of the same order of magnitude as individual particle dimensions. The representation of the run distance/input stress data for these porous HMX samples in a log-log plot shows contrasting features with another low density explosive, PETN. Since the HMX and PETN data were obtained with different experimental configurations and had different particle size and shape distributions, more study is needed to reconcile contrasting aspects of shock initiation in highly porous explosives.
Animation with Power Point: A Fog Cutter

This article demonstrates how to take a traditional approach to the development of a lesson in a management science course and replace it with an approach that takes advantage of course technology ...
Pregnancy policing: Policy of harm

Abstract Women who use illicit drugs, particularly those who use them while pregnant, have commonly been characterized as immoral and unfit for parenting. The sharp rise in prenatal drug use during the 1980s, fueled by the conservative political climate in the USA at that time, and the somewhat tenuous data on the harmful effects of drugs on the fetus, provoked an unprecedented backlash against these women. Thus began a campaign to punish women through civil and criminal action in a manner which is plagued with racial and gender bias. This paper discusses the conditions which led to these punitive responses, as well as alternative, more harm-reduction-based approaches to addressing the issue of prenatal drug use.
Unusual Phosphorus−Phosphorus Double Bond Contraction upon Mono- and Di-auration of a Diphosphene

The diphosphene Mes*P=Mes* (Mes* = 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl; 1) reacted with 1 or 2 equiv of Au(tht)Cl (tht = tetrahydrothiophene) to produce the stable monoaurated adduct Mes*{AuCl}P=PMes* (2) or diaurated adduct Mes*{AuCl}P=P{AuCl}Mes* (3) respectively. The products were characterized by X-ray crystallography, UV-visible, IR, Raman, and multinuclear NMR spectroscopies, as well as by density functional theory calculations. The crystallographic and Raman spectroscopic data provide physical evidence that the P=P bond grows shorter and increases in strength upon auration; these observations are further examined by DFT calculations for a series of model compounds CH(3){AuCl}(n)P=P{AuCl}(n')CH(3) 1'-3' (n, n' = 0 or 1). Compounds 1-3 represent a rare series of crystallographically characterized diphosphenes bearing zero, one, or two AuCl units on each phosphorus atom, allowing for a systematic analysis of the impact of Lewis acids on the phosphorus-phosphorus double bond.
Isoelectric focusing of proteins at the 10−10 to 10−9-g level

Abstract A microisoelectric focusing method is described which is sensitive at the 10 −10 g level, and is comparable in its pH gradient characteristics to conventional isoelectric focusing methods in acrylamide gels.
Left ventricular systolic function in children with coronary arterial lesion following Kawasaki disease.

Seventy-five children with Kawasaki disease underwent quantitative left ventricular cineangiography, and angiographic measurements were made to obtain left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (mVcf). In addition, left ventricular pressure and echocardiograms were taken simultaneously before and after nitroprusside infusion using a micromanometer. In the present study, the slope of the line describing end-systolic pressure-diameter relations (Emax) was calculated. The 75 children with Kawasaki disease were classified into five groups according to the severity or condition of associated coronary lesions: Grade 0 group (normal — no significant enlargement of the coronary artery is seen), grade 1 group (mild state of lesion — the maximum diameter of the coronary artery is 4.0 mm or less), grade 2 group (moderate state of lesion-the maximum diameter of the coronary artery is 4.0–8.0 mm), grade 3 group (serious state of lesion-the maximum diameter of the coronary artery is 8.0 mm or over, i.e., giant aneurysm), and stenotic lesion (SL) group (myocardial infarction or various other stenotic lesions are involved). Each group was investigated for each index of left ventricular function. In the grade 2 group, the averaged value of LVEF was slightly smaller than those for the grade 0 and 1 groups, while in the grade 3 and SL groups, the averaged values of LVEF were markedly smaller than those for all other groups. Grade 3 and SL groups showed averaged mVcf values that were smaller than those for other groups, while grade 2–3 and SL groups showed averaged values ofEmax that were markedly smaller than those for the remaining groups. It is clear from these results thatEmax is more sensitive than LVEF or mVcf to left ventricular systolic function and is a useful index for assessment of cardiac function. The LVEF andEmax relation showed either hyperbolicity or linearity. The co-ordinate (axes: LVEF and mVcf) indicated a characteristic relationship in position among groups. A further angiographic study was made in 22 patients to follow theirEmax changes. It was shown thatEmax was elevated or reduced depending upon the grade (severity) of coronary lesions. The results indicate that a large coronary aneurysm associated with Kawasaki disease degrades the left ventricular systolic function and thatEmax is the most sensitive index to be used when assessing left ventricular systolic function.
Formation of guided Cherenkov radiation in silicon-based nanocomposites.

We use a monochromated 200 keV electron beam as a nanometer-resolution probe of the photonic density of states in bulk and nanoparticle $\mathrm{Si}/{\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ systems, observing infrared to ultraviolet waveguided Cherenkov modes in Si slabs, but none in ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$. While isolated Si nanoparticles are too small to support Cherenkov radiation, we find high densities of Si nanoparticles in ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ support a damped form of the radiation, with the modes determined by the effective medium of the $\mathrm{Si}/{\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ mixture. The guided nature of the radiation is confirmed by the presence of a thickness-dependent cutoff.
Prediction of Sybil attack on WSN using Bayesian network and swarm intelligence

Security in wireless sensor networks is typically sacrificed or kept minimal due to limited resources such as memory and battery power. Hence, the sensor nodes are prone to Denial-of-service attacks and detecting the threats is crucial in any application. In this paper, the Sybil attack is analyzed and a novel prediction method, combining Bayesian algorithm and Swarm Intelligence (SI) is proposed. Bayesian Networks (BN) is used in representing and reasoning problems, by modeling the elements of uncertainty. The decision from the BN is applied to SI forming an Hybrid Intelligence Scheme (HIS) to re-route the information and disconnecting the malicious nodes in future routes. A performance comparison based on the prediction using HIS vs. Ant System (AS) helps in prioritizing applications where decisions are time-critical.
The kinetics of G-CSF folding.

The folding kinetics of G-CSF were determined by trp-fluorescence and far-UV circular dichroism. Folding and unfolding was achieved by rapid dilution and mixing of the denaturant, GdnHCl. G-CSF is a four-helical bundle protein with two long loops between the first and second helices and between the third and fourth helices. The entire conformational change expected by fluorescence was observed by stopped-flow technology, but due to rapid refolding kinetics only a portion was observed by circular dichroism. G-CSF contains two trp residues, and their contribution to the fluorescent-detected kinetics were deciphered through the use of single-site trp mutants. The trp moieties are probes of the local conformation surrounding their environment. One trp at residue 118 is located within the third helix while the other trp at residue 58 is part of the long loop between the first and second helices. The refolding results were most consistent with the following mechanism: U ↔ I1 ↔ I2 ↔ N; where U represents the unfolded protein, I1 represents intermediate state 1, I2 represents intermediate state 2, and N represents the native state. I1 is characterized as having approximately one-half of the native-like helical structure and none of the native-like fluorescence. I2 has 100% of the native helical structure and most of the trp-118 and little of the trp-58 native-like fluorescence. Thus refolding occurs in distinct stages with half of the helix forming first followed by the remaining half of the helix including the third helix and finally the loop between the first and second helices folds.
Analytic description of distortionless propagation in a resonant absorbing medium with overlapping Q(j) transitions

Abstract Analytic closed form solutions are obtained for distortionless propagation of ultra-short optical pulses through a resonant medium with overlapping Q ( j ) transitions for j = 2. Apart from the expected 2π solutions, we also found 0π solutions in contrast to conclusions based on numerical calculations.
Characteristics of US Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndromes: Results of Six Cross-sectional Physician Surveys

Background Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) comprise a group of pathologically and cytogenetically distinct bone marrow disorders. Little is known about the characteristics of MDS patients, including their pathological and prognostic classifications, cytopenias, transfusion and supportive care needs, and treatment regimens. We describe these characteristics in a large group of recently diagnosed and existing (ie, established) MDS patients.
Detecting and Tracking Level Sets of Scalar Fields using a Robotic Sensor Network

We introduce an algorithm which detects and traces a specified level set of a scalar field (a contour) on a plane. A network of static sensor nodes with limited communication and processing are deployed in a planar environment along with a mobile node which can both sense and move. As the mobile node moves through the environment, it computes the local spatial gradient of the field by communicating with its immediate neighbors in the static sensor network. The algorithm causes the mobile node to perform gradient descent on the scalar field till it arrives at a location on the desired contour. From this point onwards, the algorithm drives the mobile node to trace the desired contour without departing from it. Experiments in simulation indicate that the required contour is found with reasonable accuracy (between 80-90%) for networks with node degree of greater than or equal to six. Our results also indicate that the paths generated by our algorithm are near-optimal in terms of the distance traversed by the mobile node. Our preliminary experimental results with a physical robot show that our algorithm is feasible.
Evidence for the Transmissibility of Atopy*: Hypothesis

The etiology of atopy is unknown. Its family distribution suggests transmissibility. Populations moving from countries with a low incidence to those with a high incidence increase to the higher rate. African and New Guinea village groups developed asthma with return of individuals who have acquired atopy in the city. Protection (and possibly immunity) develops with early exposure to child care or to affected older siblings. T helper (Th) type 2 clones driving specific allergies remain active even without further allergen exposure. Other IgE responses remain normal. Once boosted to completeness, the patterns of skin test results remain quite stable, possibly by the localization of abnormality maintained by immunity. An example of a virus causing the immortality of Th2 cells is herpes simplex virus type 1. It infects mouse or human Th2 cells and, although it does not multiply, causes immortality by increasing FAS-mediated apoptosis of T cells directed against the infected cells. Human T-cell leukemia virus 1 and probably others use similar ploys. Abnormal levels of FAS receptors and resistance to FAS apoptosis in nasal polyp lymphocytes and abnormal Th2 clones of atopy are interesting in this regard. The localizing role of a staphylococcal superantigen in atopic dermatitis, and possibly in autoimmunity in nonatopic eczema and intrinsic asthma, encourage the consideration of roles for microorganisms in localization and etiology. The epidemiology and characteristics of atopic disease support the plausibility of a viral hypothesis.
The way we bury our dead. Reflections on mortuary ritual, community and identity at the time of the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition

This paper discusses how archaeologists can approach ways in which the ritual treatment of the dead body was a means of reproducing a sense of identity and community in the past. The approach combines a theoretical framework grounded in practice and body theory with a methodological approach based on taphonomic analysis. This framework is introduced to analyze the mortuary practices at the Mesolithic cemeteries of Skateholm I and II, Vedbaek, Bogebakken and Zvejnieki. Beyond the immediate context, the study seeks to reflect on how similarities and differences noticeable over time and space may provide an insight into changing identity processes.
Numerical Investigation of High Reynolds Number Flows over Square and Circular Cylinders

Numerical solutions of flows at high Reynolds numbers are investigated by detached-eddy simulation (DES). Two cylinders in crossflow are selected as the test cases; flow around a circular cylinder is simulated at Reynolds numbers of 1.4 × 10 5 and 3.6 × 10 6 and simulation for a square cylinder is performed at a Reynolds number of 2.2 × 10 4 . These simple geometries produce complex flow phenomena such as recirculation, vortex shedding, and unsteady turbulent separation, which are very common flows associated with complex geometries. However, most numerical simulations have been performed at low Reynolds numbers, and only a few are reported at high Reynolds numbers ranges. DES with the Spalart‐Allmaras turbulence model is used for turbulent treatment. It functions as a Reynolds averaged approach in the near-wall region and transfers to large eddy simulation (LES) far from the wall. This procedure requires fewer grid points compared to LES. To assess the quality of solutions, the results are evaluated by comparison with experimental data and other numerical results. In addition, laminar solutions and trip functions are also investigated in the circular cylinder cases. Even though fewer grid points are used, most of the results compare well with experimental data and other numerical solutions.
DOES USING DIFFERENT CONCEPT GENERATION TECHNIQUES CHANGE THE DESIGN COGNITION OF DESIGN STUDENTS

This paper presents the preliminary results of protocol studies to determine the effects of teaching different concept generation techniques to engineering students on their design cognition. Twenty-two mechanical engineering students were given instructions in the three concept generation techniques of brainstorming, morphological analysis and TRIZ as part of their undergraduate education at a large land grant university. After the instruction for each concept generation technique, the students were formed into the same teams of two. Each team was given the same set of three design tasks, one for each concept generation technique, while their verbalization and gestures were videoed as they designed for a period of 45 minutes. Students’ design cognition was examined by protocol analysis using the FBS ontologically-based coding scheme. Preliminary results indicate that statistically significant differences in students’ design cognition were observed when using different concept generation techniques.
Initiation of mRNA decay in Bacillus subtilis

Ribosome stalling in the leader region of ermC mRNA results in a 10-15-fold increase in ermC mRNA half-life in Bacillus subtilis. Fusion of the ermC 5' regulatory region to several B. subtilis coding sequences resulted in induced stability of the fusion RNAs, showing that the ermC 5' region acts as a general '5' stabilizer'. RNA products of an ermC-lacZ transcriptional fusion were inducibly stable in the complete absence of translation and included a small RNA that is likely to be a decay product arising by blockage of a 3'-to-5' exoribonuclease activity. Insertion of sequences that encode endonucleolytic cleavage sites into the ermC coding sequence resulted in cleavage products whose stability depended on the nature of their 5' and 3' ends. It can be concluded from this study that initiation of mRNA decay in B. subtilis generally occurs at or near the 5' terminus.
An evaluation of the MPM for simulating dynamic failure with damage diffusion

Abstract For dynamic brittle failure, conventional mesh-based methods, such as the finite element method and finite difference method, are handicapped when localized large deformations and subsequent transitions from continuous to discontinuous failure modes occur. To evaluate the potential of the material point method (MPM) in simulating dynamic brittle failure involving different failure modes, the essential features of the MPM are explored for wave and impact problems, and combined wave and diffusion problems are then solved by using the MPM. Through the comparison with the experimental, analytical and numerical data available, it appears that the MPM is a robust tool to simulate multi-physics problems such as dynamic failure under impact.
Role of near-field enhancement in plasmonic laser nanoablation using gold nanorods on a silicon substrate

We present experimental results for the plasmonic laser ablation of silicon with nanoscale features as small as 22 x 66 nm using single near-infrared, femtosecond laser pulses incident on gold nanorods. Near the ablation threshold, these features are photo-imprints of gold nanorod particles positioned on the surface of the silicon and have feature sizes similar to the nanorods. The single rod-shaped ablation pattern matches the enhancement patterns of the Poynting vector magnitude on the surface of silicon, implying that the ablation is a result of the plasmonic enhancement of the incident electromagnetic waves in the near-field of the particles. Interestingly, the ablation pattern is different from the two separated holes at the ends of the nanorod, as would be expected from the electric field – |E|2 enhancement pattern. We measured the plasmonic ablation threshold fluence to be almost two orders of magnitude less than the femtosecond laser ablation threshold of silica, present in the thin native oxide layer on the surface of silicon. This value also agrees with the enhancement of the Poynting vector of a nanorod on silicon as calculated with electromagnetic simulations. We thus conclude that plasmonic ablation with plasmonic nanoparticles depends directly on the polarization and the value of the near-field enhancement of the Poynting vector and not the square of the electric field as previously suggested.
Some transition moments via perturbation methods for the helium isoelectronic series

Transition moments for the strongly allowed (21P, 11S) and for the (23P, 23S) transitions in the helium isoelectronic sequence are computed from tenth-order perturbation wave functions using the length, velocity, and acceleration forms of the requisite operator. In addition, more limited results for transitions from NP states are also considered. The internal consistency as well as the absolute values of the results are in satisfactory agreement with the results of C. L. Pekeris and coworkers based on total variational wave function calculations, and hence in agreement with experiment. Since the 23P and 23S states are degenerate in zero order, it turns out that the first four expansion coefficients for the expectation value of the acceleration form of the operator must be calculated as zeroes from the perturbation expansion of the wave function, thus furnishing an absolute indication of the accuracy of that part of the calculations.
Broadening Middle-School Students’ Images of Science and Scientists

The ‘mad scientist’ stereotype is alive and well - and not an image most K-12 students can (or want to) embrace. Project Fulcrum, a National Science Foundation-funded GK-12 program, partners math, science and engineering graduate students with elementary and middle-level teachers. One project goal - broadening student images of science and scientists -is addressed by projects developed by the teacher/scientist teams that are focused on the specific needs of their students. The projects developed focus on scientists, the use of science in different types of jobs, and developing scientific skills. Pre-project research, in which teachers probe the motivation behind their students’ attitudes, is a critical component of developing a successful project. Although determining the specific impact of this project on student attitudes is complicated by its being part of a larger project, teachers and scientists report enhanced awareness of student attitudes and the reasons underlying those attitudes, and generated ideas to address those motivations.
Modeling, simulation, and performance of a Synergistically Propelled Ichthyoid

We have developed a novel type of submersible called a Synergistically Propelled Ichthyoid [SPI] which is propelled by the combined jet action and oscillatory motion of a fluttering fluid-conveying tail. Two dynamic models for an SPI are presented and solved. An analytically tractable model presented in a previous work which assumes a submersible at constant velocity has been included as a reference point. A more complex model in a general planar reference frame is also presented and is solved numerically. These simulations show a benefit to using a fluttering tail relative to a dimensionally identical rigid tail. Results which show that the SPI can be turned by an appropriate choice of time-variable fluid velocity are also presented. Construction details of an experimental realization are provided. Preliminary measurements taken using that platform are also provided; these measurements qualitatively confirm the simulation's conclusion that a fluttering flexible tail is capable of higher speed than a dimensionally identical rigid tail.
Optical scattering patterns from single urban aerosol particles at Adelphi, Maryland, USA: A classification relating to particle morphologies

[1] Angularly resolved elastic light scattering patterns from individual atmospheric aerosol particles (diameter 0.5–12 micrometers) sampled during fall (October 2004) at an urban site in the Baltimore-Washington metroplex are reported. These two-dimensional angular optical scattering (TAOS) patterns were collected for polar scattering angles q varying from approximately 75� to 135� and azimuthal angles f varying from 0� to 360� . Approximately 6000 scattering patterns were sampled over a span of 18 hours from an inlet located above our laboratory roof at Adelphi, Maryland. Our instrument recorded light scattering patterns of higher resolution and accuracy than have previously been achievable. The patterns suggest that background aerosol particles have diverse morphologies ranging from single spheres to complex structures. The frequency of occurrence of particle morphologies inferred from the TAOS patterns is strongly dependent on size. For nominally 1-mm particles, 65% appear spherical (or perturbed sphere) and only about 9% have complex structure (as suggested by their complex scattering features); whereas for nominally 5-mm particles, only 5% appear spherical (or perturbed sphere) and 71% appear to have complex structure. The patterns are quantitatively characterized using a degree of symmetry (Dsym) factor, calculated by examining both mirror and rotational symmetries in each pattern. In our measurements, atmospheric particles have two distinct populations: mostly micron-sized particles with Dsym values close to that of spheres and a population of mostly supermicron particles having a low but broad range of Dsym values. These observations are consistent with the commonly accepted notion that most micron-sized particles (in the accumulation mode) appear to be nearly spherical and are probably formed in the atmosphere through gas-particle reactions; whereas most supermicron particles appear to be nonspherical and are likely directly injected into the atmosphere. Our observations suggest that Lorenz-Mie theory may be adequate for most micron-sized particles but not for supermicron particles.
Steroid-Free Heart Transplantation: An Analysis

Abstract The concept of maintenance immunosuppression without corticosteroids is an attractive one from the standpoint of the recipient of an organ allograft, provided the safety of this practice can be demonstrated. Prednisone possesses side effects that are among the best known of any drug in medicine. Organ recipients are all too aware of the familiar changes in bodily appearance that attend the use of corticosteroids. Furthermore, hypertension, osteopenia, hyperlipidemia, and malignancy are among the effects of these agents that are more insidious and less visible, but no less detrimental. When cyclosporine (CSA) was first introduced into clinical practice, one of its most highly-touted properties was said to be its "steroid-sparing" capacity. In heart transplantation, the combination of CSA and prednisone proved an inadequate regimen for the management of immunosuppression. This led our group to initiate the concept of "triple therapy" in 1983 by the addition of azathioprine to the combination of CSA and prednisone for the treatment of cardiac allograft recipients [1]. Subsequent work by ourselves and others has demonstrated this approach to be highly successful in preventing graft rejection and yielding excellent patient survival rates with a low incidence of infection [2].
Cooperation Enforcement in Vehicular Networks

Operations of vehicular ad hoc networks rely on the collaboration of participating nodes to route data for each other. This standard approach using a fixed set of nodes for each communication link cannot cope with high mobility due to a high frequency of link breaks. A recent approach based on virtual routers has been proposed to address this problem. In this new environment, virtual routers are used for forwarding data. The functionality of each virtual router is provided by the mobile devices currently within its spatial proximity. Since these routers do not move, the communication links are much more robust compared to those of the conventional techniques. In this paper, we investigate techniques to enforce collaboration among mobile devices in supporting the virtual router functionality. Simulation results based on various system configurations are given. They indicate that the proposed technique is effective.
Neighborhood risk factors for low birthweight in Baltimore: a multilevel analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Past research on low birthweight has focused on individual-level risk factors. We sought to assess the contribution of macrolevel social factors by using census tract-level data on social stratification, community empowerment, and environmental stressors. METHODS: Census tract-level information on social risk was linked to birth certificate records from Baltimore, Md, for the period 1985 through 1989. Individual level factors included maternal education, maternal age, medical assistance health insurance (Medicaid), and trimester of prenatal care initiation. Methods of multilevel modeling using two-stage regression analyses were employed. RESULTS: Macrolevel factors had both direct associations and interactions with low birthweight. All individual risk factors showed interaction with macrolevel variables; that is, individual-level risk factors for low birthweight behaved differently depending upon the characteristics of the neighborhood of residence. For example, women living in high-risk neigh...
Autologous Graft Engineering

Autologous transplantation of bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell preparations is now a widely used form of rescue from the myeloablative effects of high-dose therapy for malignant disease. The success of this procedure is affected by numerous factors associated both with management of the patient and the quality of the graft. In this review, approaches are described to maximize the success and utility of this therapeutic approach.
Differentiating sonar reflections from corners and planes by employing an intelligent sensor

A multitransducer, pulse/echo-ranging system is described that differentiates corner and plane reflectors by exploiting the physical properties of sound propagation. The amplitudes and ranges of reflected signals for the different transmitter and receiver pairs are processed to determine whether the reflecting object is a plane or a right-angle corner. In addition, the angle of inclination of the reflector with respect to the transducer orientation can be measured. Reflected signal amplitude and range values, as functions of inclination angle, provide the motivation for the differentiation algorithm. A system using two Polaroid transducers is described that correctly discriminates between corners and planes for inclination angles within +or-10 degrees of the transducer orientation. The two-transducer system is extended to a multitransducer array, allowing the system to operate over an extended range. An analysis comparing processing effort to estimation accuracy is performed. >