cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactions Between Diet, Physical Activity, and the Sociocultural Environment for Older Adult Health in the Urban Subarctic

This study sought to examine the relationship between the sociocultural factors that shape diet, physical activity, and nutritional status outcomes among seniors in Anchorage, Alaska. Alaskan seniors are an ideal study population because the state has the fastest growing senior population in the United States. Since much health research in the circumpolar north focuses on the influence of the economic or rural environment on nutrition, there is a need to investigate the ways social relationships shape diet, physical activity patterns, and nutritional status in urban spaces. This cross-sectional study included 82 community-living men and women (mean age = 74 years) in Anchorage. Participants underwent anthropometric measurements and completed questionnaires on their dietary intake, physical activity, and the sociocultural influences on their diet and exercise practices. T-tests indicate that diet and physical activity practices in this sample do not meet national recommendations and that diet differs adversely from national reference samples. Mann–Whitney U tests indicate the media and friends are associated with increases in energy expenditure. Family influences increased fruit consumption, while participation in cultural and social events increased intake of fats and sweets. Reaching older adults through a variety of channels, including the media, social networks, and culturally responsive programs can alleviate some of the barriers to healthy diet and exercise patterns.
A multithreaded simulation executive in support of discrete event simulations

Classical Parallel Discrete Event Simulation (PDES) increases simulation performance by distributing the computational load of a simulation application across multiple computing platforms. A burden is placed on the developer to partition the simulation. This work focuses instead on identifying available parallelism within the simulation executive, thus removing the burden from the developer. Event scheduling and event execution have natural parallelism with each other; future events may be scheduled with the simulation executive while the currently executing event continues. Execution and scheduling are dealt with as multiple threads, taking advantage of multicore architectures. This paper identifies the available parallelism between event scheduling and execution, highlights points of contention between the two, provides an algorithm to take advantage of the parallelism and presents timing results demonstrating the performance benefits.
Hurdle: Securing Jump Instructions Against Code Reuse Attacks

Code-reuse attacks represent the state-of-the-art in exploiting memory safety vulnerabilities. Control-flow integrity techniques offer a promising direction for preventing code-reuse attacks, but these attacks are resilient against imprecise and heuristic-based detection and prevention mechanisms. In this work, we propose a new context-sensitive control-flow integrity system (Hurdle) that guarantees pairwise gadgets cannot be chained in a code-reuse attack. Hurdle improves upon prior techniques by using SMT constraint solving to ensure that indirect control flow transfers cannot be maliciously redirected to execute gadget chains. At the same time, Hurdle's security policy is flexible enough that benign executions are only rarely mischaracterized as malicious. When such mischaracterizations occur, Hurdle can generalize its constraint solving to avoid these mischaracterizations at low marginal cost. We propose architecture extensions for Hurdle which consist of an extended branch history register and new instructions. Thanks to its hardware support, Hurdle enforces a context-sensitive control-flow integrity policy with 1.02% average runtime overhead.
The Impact of the 2018-2019 Trade War on U.S. Local Labor Markets

We study the impact of the 2018-2019 trade war on U.S. local labor markets, distinguishing between regional exposure to foreign tariffs on U.S. exports, U.S. import tariffs, and U.S. tariffs on intermediate inputs. We find foreign retaliatory tariffs on U.S. exports have led to an increase in local unemployment rates, and this effect is magnified for regions specialized in non-manufacturing tradable goods (e.g. agriculture). U.S. import tariffs, on the other hand, have had an impact on local labor market conditions primarily through input-output linkages, leading to a decline in the employment share in the manufacturing sector and a decline in regional earnings.
Failure of CD4 T Cell-Deficient Hosts To Control Chronic Nontyphoidal Salmonella Infection Leads to Exacerbated Inflammation, Chronic Anemia, and Altered Myelopoiesis.

ABSTRACT Immunocompromised patients are more susceptible to recurrent nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) bacteremia. A key manifestation of HIV infection is the loss of CD4 T cells, which are crucial for immunity to Salmonella infection. We characterized the consequences of CD4 T cell depletion in mice where virulent Salmonella establish chronic infection, similar to chronic NTS disease in humans. Salmonella-infected, CD4-depleted 129X1/SvJ mice remained chronically colonized for at least 5 weeks, displaying increased splenomegaly and more severe splenitis than infected mice with CD4 T cells. Mature erythrocytes, immature erythroid cells, and phagocytes accounted for the largest increase in splenic cellularity. Anemia, which is associated with increased mortality in Salmonella-infected humans, was exacerbated by CD4 depletion in infected mice and was accompanied by increased splenic sequestration of erythrocytes and fewer erythropoietic elements in the bone marrow, despite significantly elevated levels of circulating erythropoietin. Splenic sequestration of red blood cells, the appearance of circulating poikilocytes, and elevated proinflammatory cytokines suggest inflammation-induced damage to erythrocytes contributes to anemia and splenic retention of damaged cells in infected animals. Depleting CD4 T cells led to increased myeloid cells in peripheral blood, spleen, and bone marrow, as well as expansion of CD8 T cells, which has been observed in CD4-depleted humans. This work describes a mouse model of Salmonella infection that recapitulates several aspects of human disease and will allow us to investigate the interplay of innate and adaptive immune functions with chronic inflammation, anemia, and susceptibility to Salmonella infection.
AD/HD & Learning Disorders

The transition to adulthood demands increased autonomy, self-regulation, planning, organization, and follow-through. Young adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disorders (LD) have unique difficulties and risks during the transition to college or the workforce. LD and ADHD limit attainment in higher education and are associated with significant threats to educational and occupational attainment, financial stability, and life satisfaction. In addition, ADHD is associated with significant health risks including early mortality, obesity, and hypertension.
A Novel Tissue Identification Framework in Cataract Surgery using an Integrated Bioimpedance-Based Probe and Machine Learning Algorithms.

Objective The objective of this work was to develop and experimentally validate a bioimpedance-based framework to identify tissues in contact with the surgical instrument during cataract surgery. Methods This work introduces an integrated hardware and software solution based on the unique bioimpedance of different intraocular tissues. The developed hardware can be readily integrated with commonly used surgical instruments. The proposed software framework, which encompasses data acquisition and a machine-learning classifier, is fast enough to be deployed in real-time surgical interventions. The experimental protocol included bioimpedance data collected from 31 ex vivo pig eyes targeting four intraocular tissues: Iris, Cornea, Lens, and Vitreous. Results A classifier based on a support vector machine exhibited an overall accuracy of 91% across all trials. The algorithm provided substantial performance in detecting the intraocular tissues with 100% reliability and 95% sensitivity for the lens, along with 88% reliability and 94% sensitivity for the vitreous. Conclusion The developed impedance-based framework demonstrated successful intraocular tissue identification. Significance Clinical implications include the ability to ensure safe operations by detecting posterior capsule rapture with 94% probability and improving surgical efficacy through lens detection with 100% reliability.
Racial regularities: Setting-level dynamics as a source of ethnic-racial socialization.

A substantial literature has focused on how ethnic-racial socialization from parents shapes youths' racial identities and the meanings they attach to their own and others' racial group membership. We argue that a critically important source of information to youth about the meaning and significance of race, and therefore a key source of ethnic-racial socialization, resides in youths' exposure to repeated patterns in the relative social experiences, opportunities, roles, and outcomes experienced by two or more racial groups across levels of the ecological environment. Drawing on Seidman's concept of a "social regularity" we propose the concept of a "racial regularity" to name, describe and define pervasive and repeated intergroup patterns that youth observe through their daily transactions across settings. Additionally, drawing from the socio-cognitive developmental literature, we consider why and how racial regularities may inform youths' racial knowledge. Finally, we illustrate our perspective using existing ethnographies of racial dynamics in schools and neighborhoods vis-a-vis youths' racial knowledge.
Application of Hybrid Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes and Large-Eddy-Simulation Eddy Viscosity Blending Methods in OVERFLOW

A myriad of different blending or switching functions have been developed to blend Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) and large-eddy-simulation (LES) models properly in order to prevent issues ...
Parental Involvement and Academic Success

Foreword 1. The History of Parents Involvement as a Concept 2. The Development of Parental Involvement Research 3. Parental Involvement and Elementary School Achievement 4. Parental Involvement and Secondary School Achievement 5. Parental Involvement and Minority Student Achievement 6. Parental Involvement and Issues of Diversity 7. Parental Involvement Programs 8. Parental Involvement and Family Structure's Influence on Educational Outcomes 9. Does Parental Involvement Compensate for the Effects of Divorce (Or Single Parenthood)? 10. Success and Parental Involvement and What Can Be Done to Enhance Parental Involvement 11. What Do We Know and What Do We Still Need To Know? Afterword
A compiler approach to performance prediction using empirical-based modeling

Performance understanding and prediction are extremely important goals for guiding the application of program optimizations or in helping programmers focus their efforts when tuning their applications. In this paper we survey current approaches in performance understanding and modeling for high-performance scientific applications. We also describe a performance modeling and prediction approach that relies on the synergistic collaboration of compiler analysis, compiler-generated instrumentation (to observe relevant run-time input values) and multimodel performance modeling. A compiler analyzes the source code to derive a discrete set of parameterizable performance models. The models use run-time data to define the values of their parameters. This approach, we believe, will allow for higher performance modeling accuracy and more importantly to more precise identification of what the causes of performance problems are.
Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) but little is known about its association with another form of vascular disorder, venous thromboembolism (VTE).
Putting Expectations in Order

In their paper, “Vexing Expectations,” Nover and Hajek (2004) present an allegedly paradoxical betting scenario which they call the Pasadena Game (PG). They argue that the silence of standard decision theory concerning the value of playing PG poses a serious problem. This paper provides a threefold response. First, I argue that the real problem is not that decision theory is “silent” concerning PG, but that it delivers multiple conflicting verdicts. Second, I offer a diagnosis of the problem based on the insight that standard decision theory is, rightly, sensitive to order. Third, I describe a new betting scenario—the Alternating St. Petersburg Game—which is genuinely paradoxical. Standard decision theory is silent on the value of playing this game even if restrictions are placed on the order in which the various alternative payoffs are summed.
Two-Dimensional Versus Three-Dimensional Tracking Under Two Modes of Error Feedback

A set of constraints arose in connection with the design of a search vessel. Ship size was expected to limit ship control automation yet require one-man operation. Furthermore, the scale required t...
The Cinema of Britain and Ireland

The Cinema of Britain and Ireland takes on a large topic, but not as large as its title implies. At the heart of its highly selective mission is editor Brian McFarlane's conviction that a substanti...
X‐Ray Powder Diffraction

X-ray powder diffraction is used to determine the atomic structure of crystalline materials without the need for large (∼100 μm) single crystals. “Powder” can be a misnomer; the technique is applicable to polycrystalline phases such as cast solids or films grown on a substrate. X-ray powder diffraction can be useful in a wide variety of situations. Of particular importance are structural studies of materials for which single crystals are unobtainable. A number of questions that can be effectively addressed by this technique are listed in the following. This is an attempt to illustrate the versatility of x-ray powder diffraction and not, by any means, a complete list. Experiments are described as concrete examples and constitute an assortment of problems of varying difficulty. X-ray powder diffraction is an old technique, developed soon after the discovery of x-rays. The capabilities of the technique have recently grown for two main reasons: the improvement of instrumentation and analysis. This article discusses the fundamental principles of the technique, including the expression for the intensity of each diffraction peak, gives a brief overview of experimental techniques, describes several illustrative examples, gives a description of the procedures to interpret and analyze diffraction data, and discusses weaknesses and sources of possible errors. Keywords: x-ray powder diffraction; structure determination; Bragg peaks; Rietveld refinement; phase analysis
Stochastic geometry-based analysis of multiple region reverse frequency allocation scheme in downlink HetNets

Femtocell access points (FAPs) are low-powered and small-sized base stations that provide high data rates and coverage to the indoor users. Because of their operation in the same spectrum as that of macrocells, interference becomes a major problem. Reverse frequency allocation (RFA) is one of the robust schemes, which mitigate the interference by transfering it from the macrocell base station (MBS) to the macrocell user equipments (MUEs), particularly in the downlink. In this paper, we provide a multiple region 2-tier downlink model using the RFA scheme. We derive a closed-form expression for the coverage probability of femtocell user equipment (FUE) using different RFA schemes under open access mode. Where FAPs and MUEs are modeled as independent Poisson point process (PPP). Using simulations, we show that for reasonable values of signal-to-interference ratio, multiple regions enhance the coverage probability of an FUE. It is shown that a 4-region RFA outperforms the other RFA schemes at different densities of FAPs and MUEs as well as for different values of threshold for the same set of parameters.
The clinical immunology laboratory of the future

The clinical immunology laboratory assumes the responsibility of providing a complete array of analytical measurements for the diagnosis and management of patients with dysfunction of the humoral (antibody, complement) and cellular (T/B cells, phagocyte) immune system. To identify trends in the activities of the clinical immunology laboratory of the future, I first define the current status of the clinical/diagnostic immunology laboratory, examining six aspects: scope of work, analyte groups, assay methods, specimen types, instrumentation, and standardization. The scope of the clinical immunology laboratory's testing is expected to expand, with a trend toward consolidation of work into fewer, more well-equipped laboratories. An increase is expected in the total number of analytes examined as well as in the numbers of analyte groups and specificities. Assay methods will continue to improve in analytical and clinical sensitivity and specificity, with an emphasis toward less-complex procedures. The primary specimens evaluated will still be serum, urine, tissue, and cells, with a minor expansion into the use of other, less-accessible human body fluids. Instrumentation will move toward increased automation, with the concurrent development of "universal" automated immunoanalyzers for use in humoral and cellular immunology. Finally, standardization of immunological measurements with calibrated reference proteins and antibodies will promote interlaboratory agreement. I describe the diagnostic allergy laboratory to illustrate the immunology laboratory environment.
Capacitative calcium entry in parotid acinar cells

The intracellular Ca2+ indicator, fura-2, was used to monitor changes in cytosolic [Ca2+] in parotid acinar cells. When parotid cells were incubated in a medium containing low [Ca2+], and [Ca2+] was restored to the physiological range, there was a small increase in cytosolic [Ca2+]. If, however, the cells were first activated by a muscarinic agonist, and receptor activation was terminated before the addition of Ca2+ by the addition of a pharmacological excess of the muscarinic-receptor antagonist atropine, the initial increase in cytosolic [Ca2+] was faster and transiently larger than in the control cells which had not been previously stimulated. This suggested that a stimulation of Ca2+ entry occurred owing to the prior emptying of the agonist-regulated intracellular Ca2+ pool. This extra Ca2+ influx seen in pool-depleted cells persisted even when the interval between the addition of atropine and Ca2+ was increased from 1 to 20 min. Also, when the pool was allowed to refill by adding atropine in the presence of extracellular Ca2+, and Ca2+ was then sequentially removed and restored, the rise in cytosolic [Ca2+] after the addition of extracellular Ca2+ was not rapid, and resembled the increase seen in unstimulated cells. These results indicate that, when the agonist-sensitive Ca2+ pool is emptied by an agonist, Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane is increased. This influx of Ca2+ occurs independently of the concentrations of inositol phosphates and probably of any second messengers linked directly to receptor activation. It appears rather to be a consequence of the empty state of the Ca2+ pool. Further, we suggest that, whenever the agonist-sensitive Ca2+ pool is emptied by agonist activation, the plasma-membrane permeability to Ca2+ will be increased, and this may account, at least in part, for the phenomenon of receptor-activated Ca2+ entry.
An Electroretinographic and Molecular Genetic Study of X-Linked Cone Degeneration

We evaluated full-field electroretinograms from members of a family with X-linked cone degeneration. The 15-year-old propositus had near normal visual acuity and a protan deficiency. His maternal grandfather and great uncle had a visual acuity of 20/200, a deficiency in color vision, and signs of macular degeneration; all had normal rod electroretinographic responses and diminished cone electroretinographic responses. The mother and maternal aunt of the propositus had normal visual acuity and diminished cone electroretinograms with predominant loss of red cone function. Their cone responses were greater than those of affected males. Genomic DNA isolated from these patients was analyzed with a red cone pigment gene cDNA probe that disclosed a 6.5-kilobase deletion in the red cone pigment gene. These findings substantiate that a defect in a gene encoding for a cone photoreceptor protein can lead to a cone photoreceptor degeneration.
Behavioral Science---The Nonscience of Nonchoice

Never has there been a time when survey researchers have been more concerned about the bias of their work. Those who apply the technology of such an area of behavioral science are particularly concerned about respondents trying to please researchers when reacting to a survey. Marketing researchers and students of consumer behavior are particularly worried about meaningless survey data, and many attempts are being made to develop measures that are less apt to lead the respondent to play a certain role for the investigator. Surveys may be very useful tools for the prediction of human behavior if real choices exist, and the questions are validated. In many cases it may be important to consider alternatives to the survey method.
The Neonate with Congenital Heart Disease: What the Cardiac Surgeon Needs to Know from the Neonatologist and the Cardiologist

To plan and accomplish a successful operation for a neonate with congenital heart disease, the cardiac surgeon requires a complete anatomic description of the cardiovascular malformation. For optimum outcome, this information must be supplemented by a complete report of the prenatal and postnatal course of the newborn as well as by a thorough summary of any noncardiac congenital or acquired abnormalities. In the most favorable circumstance, the neonate arrives in the operating room completely diagnosed, fully resuscitated, well nourished, and with appropriate monitoring devices in place. Unique perioperative considerations attach to each cardiac anomaly and are briefly reviewed, and the importance of continuity of care for the patient and family is emphasized.
On the Investigation of Nonlinear Dynamics of a Rotor with Rub-impact Using Numerical Analysis and Evolutionary Algorithms☆

Abstract In this paper the dynamics of a rotor-stator system with mass imbalance induced rub-impact interactions is investigated with particular attention on the routes to chaos. The rub-impact interaction is modelled by a Hertz contact radial force and a Coulomb friction tangential force. Extensive numerical experimentation for a wide range of parameters shows the resulting response to be rich in subharmonic, quasiperiodic and chaotic motions. Parameter identification of chaotic systems has become an important topic of research in the past decade. Of particular interest is the problem of identifying or estimating system parameters when the quasiperiodic or chaotic responses of the system are known. The problem of identifying parameters can be cast as an optimization problem and non-traditional optimization methods such as evolutionary algorithms, simulated annealing and others have been developed to identify system parameters. In this paper, three evolutionary algorithms – particle swarm optimization, differential evolution and firefly algorithm are presented and compared for the problem of identifying parameters of a rotordynamical system given a chaotic response. The results of this analysis can potentially be of a considerable value as diagnostic tools in assessing condition monitoring signals that are routinely taken on modern rotating machinery.
A Time-Series Method for Automated Measurement of Changes in Mitotic and Interphase Duration from Time-Lapse Movies

Background Automated time-lapse microscopy can visualize proliferation of large numbers of individual cells, enabling accurate measurement of the frequency of cell division and the duration of interphase and mitosis. However, extraction of quantitative information by manual inspection of time-lapse movies is too time-consuming to be useful for analysis of large experiments. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we present an automated time-series approach that can measure changes in the duration of mitosis and interphase in individual cells expressing fluorescent histone 2B. The approach requires analysis of only 2 features, nuclear area and average intensity. Compared to supervised learning approaches, this method reduces processing time and does not require generation of training data sets. We demonstrate that this method is as sensitive as manual analysis in identifying small changes in interphase or mitotic duration induced by drug or siRNA treatment. Conclusions/Significance This approach should facilitate automated analysis of high-throughput time-lapse data sets to identify small molecules or gene products that influence timing of cell division.
Our Biggest and Best Fall Meeting Ever

For more than 4 decades, scientists from around the world have converged on AGU's Fall Meeting to hear about the latest discoveries in Earth and space science, develop new collaborations and partnerships, and be a part of a passionate, innovative, and welcoming community of scientists dedicated to our mission of “Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity.” The 2013 Fall Meeting was no different, and with more than 22,000 attendees joining us in San Francisco from 9 to 13 December, it was our biggest meeting ever!
“Too Blessed to be Stressed”: A Rural Faith Community’s Views of African American Males and Depression

Among African-Americans, the faith community has a long history of providing support to its members. Because African-American men tend to delay and decline traditional depression treatment, the faith community may be an effective source of support. The aim of this study was to determine how a rural African-American faith community describes and perceives experiences of depression among African-American males. A convenience sample of 24 men and women participated in focus groups and interview. Four themes were identified: defining depression, etiology of depression, denial of depression, and effect of masculine roles on depression experience.
The kinetics of dissolution of calcium oxalate monohydrate; a constant composition study

The dissolution of calcium oxalate monohydrate, COM, has been studied by a constant composition technique as a function of concentration, temperature, fluid dynamics and in the presence of crystallization inhibitors. The method enables kinetic data to be obtained at very low undersaturation with a precision hitherto unobtainable. A striking change in the mechanism of dissolution is observed as the undersaturation is reduced. At high undersaturation the first-order dependence of the rate of dissolution on the undersaturation suggests the diffusion controlled process normally assumed for dissolution reactions. At very low undersaturations, however, the effective order of reaction appears to approach the value of 2, proposed for a surface controlled reaction. Moreover, the two regions of undersaturation show markedly different dependencies on changes in temperature, hydrodynamics and upon the addition of adsorbing molecules. The theory of Burton, Cabrera, and Frank, as applied to dissolution processes, predicts a change in reaction order from n = 1 to n = 2 as the undersaturation is decreased. This paper represents the first indication of such a change in reaction order for the dissolution of an electrolyte.
Planning for online courses at rural community colleges

Rural community colleges often expand their online course offerings in an ad hoc manner. Due to limited resources and competing priorities, the necessary, careful planning for online instruction is often forgotten.
Adolescent parents of critically ill newborns: rights and obligations.

C ritical medical decisions in the hospital setting are usually most appropriately made by the physician in partnership with the patient. Most often there is agreement, but in every case the physician is obligated to inform the patient about her situation and options, and to obtain her consent for the recommended course of treatment. When the patient is unable to speak for herself for any reason, the physician does not then have license to make those same decisions unilaterally. Rather, a surrogate decision-maker is designated to participate in the decision-making process on behalf of the patient. In the case of an adult patient, this role falls most commonly to the spouse or to another close relative. In the case of infants and young children, the role of surrogate decision-maker is almost invariably given to the parents. This is based on a centuries-old tradition in this and other cultures, recognizing the rights of parents to have significant control over what is done for (or to) their children. In the medical arena, it is perhaps also reinforced by the belief that, in general, parents are most likely to make decisions that are in the child’s best interest. Most pediatricians are aware that although the parents are generally the appropriate first choice for surrogate decisionmaker, in rare cases it may be better to overrule their preferences, seek to have their authority as surrogates transferred to another, or both. Examples might include children hospitalized as a result of physical abuse by the parent(s), parents who make a critical medical decision that appears to the physician to be clearly opposed to the child’s best interests, or parents who lack the capacity to understand the decisions being addressed. Such circumstances are the rare exceptions, however, and nearly every hospitalized child has at least one parent who serves in the role of surrogate decision-maker, exercising their parental authority as s/he sees fit. In the newborn intensive care unit (NICU), this role can be very challenging for parents, who are sometimes asked to participate in extremely difficult decisions, often with limited information and uncertain prognoses, and sometimes with life-and-death consequences. Should resuscitation be attempted in a child of borderline gestational age? Should life-sustaining treatment such as mechanical ventilation be withdrawn on the basis of a grim prognosis? Neonatologists and other members of the clinical team work closely with parents to help them understand the situation at hand and to reach a decision. Very young parents, particularly those in early adolescence, pose a particular challenge for decision-making. The
Tactile Stimuli in the Social Behavior of Pagurus Bernhard Us (Decapoda, Paguridae)

A series of social behavior patterns of the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus were examined to determine the adequate stimuli for the acts. (1) Cheliped flicking, a rapid out-in movement of one or both cheliped mani, is elicited by touch on any part of the appendages exposed when a crab withdraws into its shell. Execution of flicks is inhibited both by general photic input and by a specific type of visual input (sight of a very large crab) just before ducking in its shell. (2) Dislodging-shaking, a rapid movement up and down of the whole body-shell, is elicited by placement of weight almost anywhere on the back of a crab's gastropod shell. The adequate weight is larger for larger crabs and larger for a given size crab in a heavier shell. (3) Shell fighting behavior is likely when a crab is in a shell that is either too small (in volume) or too large (in weight). Recently moulted crabs more readily lose shell fights and smaller crabs almost never win shell fights against larger crabs. (4) Male P. bernhardus can be sexually excited by contact with the exoskeleton of recently "courted" females. The stimulus may be chemo-tactic in nature.
Wave propagation in elastic solids infused with fluids

Abstract We study the propagation of waves in homogeneous isotropic and transversely isotropic elastic solids infused with fluids, within the context of the Theory of Mixtures. We show that our theory reduces to that proposed by Biot, when appropriate assumptions are made. We analyze the propagation of transverse plane waves, longitudinal waves and spherical waves in both isotropic and transversely isotropic elastic solids infused with a fluid.
Depletion of GAK/auxilin 2 inhibits receptor-mediated endocytosis and recruitment of both clathrin and clathrin adaptors

Cyclin G-associated kinase (GAK/auxilin 2), the ubiquitous form of the neuronal-specific protein auxilin 1, is an essential cofactor for the Hsc70-dependent uncoating of clathrin-coated vesicles. We have now investigated the effect of knocking down GAK in HeLa cells by vector-based small hairpin RNA. Functionally, depletion of GAK caused a marked decrease in internalization of both transferrin and epidermal growth factor and altered mannose 6-phosphate receptor trafficking, but had little effect on the recycling of transferrin receptor back to the plasma membrane. Structurally, depletion of GAK caused a marked reduction in perinuclear clathrin associated with the trans-Golgi network and in the number of clathrin-coated pits on the plasma membrane, and reduced clathrin exchange on the few clathrin-coated pits that remained. Surprisingly, while clathrin depletion does not prevent adaptors from assembling on the membrane, depletion of GAK caused a dramatic reduction in AP2 and epsin on the plasma membrane and AP1 and GGA at the trans-Golgi network. A similar effect was caused by expression of a dominant negative Hsp70 mutant. These results suggest that GAK, in conjunction with Hsc70, not only uncoats clathrin-coated vesicles and induces clathrin exchange on clathrin-coated pits, but also mediates binding of clathrin and adaptors to the plasma membrane and the trans-Golgi network.
Effect of Psychotropic Drugs on the Uptake of H3-Norepinephrine by Tissues

Reserpine, amphetamine, imipramine, and chlorpromazine markedly reduced the uptake of circulating H3-norepinephrine by several tissues and elevated the plasma concentration of the H3-catecholamine.
Monte Carlo simulation of dynamic uniaxial strain in two-dimensional Lennard-Jones lattices

We describe an extension of conventional Monte Carlo techniques which allows stimulation of a system of atoms subjected to a dynamic physical process consisting of a sequence of time-variable external conditions. The simulation is based on the approximation of a continuous evolutionary process by the finite concatenation of differentially varying static constraints each of which is treated by Monte Carlo techniques. Such a method can only be used to treat rates which are fast or slow relative to the appropriate characteristic time of the system, but allows modeling of atomic systems too complex to treat with the use of molecular-dynamics techniques. This method is particularly useful on atomistic models of mechanical stress and material yielding, and is used herein to simulate the response of atomic lattices to dynamic uniaxial strain. The results of the simulation are then discussed in the context of shock-wave loading.
Plasma etching of ZnO: a review

A review of the current literature on plasma etching of ZnO is presented. The etch rates as a function of etch conditions in Cl 2 -based BCl 3 -based and CH 4 -based and related chemistries are reviewed. Resultant surface morphology, anisotropy, surface stoichiometry and band edge photoluminescence results are also discussed.
Substitution of lysine for threonine at position 100 in human carbonic anhydrase Id Michigan

Abstract The position of the amino acid substitution in the human red cell carbonic anhydrase I variant, CA Id Michigan, has been determined by sequence analysis of the altered tryptic peptide. The threonine to lysine substitution was found to be located at position 100, and is expressed as CA I 100 Lys .
Design of APOD-based switching dynamic observers and output feedback control for a class of nonlinear distributed parameter systems

Abstract The output feedback control problem for a class of nonlinear distributed parameter systems with limited number of continuous measurement sensors that describes a wide range of physico-chemical systems is investigated using adaptive proper orthogonal decomposition (APOD) method. Specifically, APOD is used to initiate and recursively revise locally valid reduced order models (ROMs) that approximate the dominant dynamic behavior of such physico-chemical systems. The controller is designed based on ROMs by combining a robust state controller with an APOD-based nonlinear Luenberger-type switching dynamic observer of the system states to reduce measurement sensor requirements. The important static observer requirements on the number of measurement sensors (that they must be supernumerary to the ROM dimension) and their location are circumvented by synthesizing dynamic observers. Three different approaches are introduced to recursively compute the dynamic observer gains at the ROM revisions. The stability of the closed-loop system is proven via Lyapunov and hybrid system stability arguments without invoking the separation principle between control and observation. The proposed method is successfully used to regulate a physico-chemical system that can be described in the form of the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation when the process exhibits significant nonlinear behavior.
Specific activation of soybean defense genes by the phosphoprotein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid

The protein phosphatase inhibitor, okadaic acid (OKA) increased phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity by 30-fold in soybean (Glycine max L.) cell suspension cultures. The increase in PAL activity was preceded by an increase in PAL mRNA. In addition, mRNA for chalcone synthase and a hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein also increased concomitantly with PAL mRNA. In contrast, mRNA levels for the cytoskeletal proteins tubulin and actin, decreased in response to OKA treatment. The induction of the typical transcriptionally activated plant defense response to pathogens by OKA, suggests that the signal transduction pathway includes a protein phosphorylation cascade in which a protein phosphatase plays a key role.
Tissue reaction to orthodontic adhesives.

Abstract The widespread introduction of materials for direct bonding into practices and the numerous reports of a variety of toxic reactions to similar materials prompted a study of the toxicity of six adhesives in an animal model. Thirty-nine hamsters were employed to evaluate responses of skin, oral mucosa, and gingiva, sites of possible contamination by adhesives in clinical use. Animals were treated topically with separate components of adhesives. Adhesives were also allowed to polymerize on and remain in contact with tissues. Test sites were examined grossly and historically and evaluated for toxic response. The monomer component of one adhesive consistently caused gross irritation and histologic inflammation in twelve animals (p
Differential specificities of thrombin, plasmin and trypsin with regard to synthetic and natural substrates and inhibitors

Abstract 1. 1.|Thrombin (EC 3.4.4.13), plasmin (EC 3.4.4.14) and trypsin (EC 3.4.4.4) were examined with regard to their differential specificities toward arginyl and lysyl compounds. 2. 2.|A series of eight arginyl and lysyl peptides were synthesized and, together with an arginyl and lysyl ester, were compared as substrates and inhibitors of these enzymes. The compounds include N a - tosyl- l -arginylglycine and its methyl ester, N a - tosyl- l -arginylsarcosine and its methyl ester, the lysine analogues of these peptides, and the methyl esters of Na-tosylarginine and Na-tosyllysine. 3. 3.|Both carboxy- and amino-terminal analyses were performed on fibrin digested by plasmin and trypsin and the bonds broken compared. 4. 4.|The results of these studies were consistent with the notion that thrombin has a high degree of specificity for the arginyl side chain and plasmin a preference for lysyl residues. Trypsin did not display a significant preference, hydrolyzing arginyl and lysyl bonds equally well.
Hint-based cooperative caching

This article presents the design, implementation, and measurement of a hint-based cooperative caching file system. Hints allow clients to make decisions based on local state, enabling a loosely coordinated system that is simple to implement. The resulting performance is comparable to that of existing tightly coordinated algorithms that use global state, but with less overhead. Simulations show that the block access times of our system are as good as those of the existing algorithms, while reducing manager load by more than a factor of seven, block lookup traffic by nearly a factor of two-thirds, and replacement traffic a factor of five. To verify our simulation results in a real system with real users, we implemented a prototype and measured its performance for one week. Although the simulation and prototype environments were very different, the prototype system mirrored the simulation results by exhibiting reduced overhead and high hint accuracy. Furthermore, hint-based cooperative caching reduced the average block access time to almost half that of NFS.
Temperature Variation of the Index of Refraction of ADP, KDP, and Deuterated KDP*

The indices of refraction of ADP, KDP, and deuterated KDP were measured at temperatures between the Curie point and room temperature. The estimated accuracy of the data is ±0.0001. The empirical equation Δn = (n2+an+b)c(298 − T) where n is the index at room temperature, Δn is the change in index, and T is the temperature in °K, fits the measurements to within experimental error. The values of the constants a, b, and c are tabulated for each material, permitting n to be calculated for any temperature.
Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) muscle protein isolate performance processed under different acid and alkali pH values.

: Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) muscle was subjected to 6 protein extraction and precipitation techniques using acid solubilization (pH 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0) or alkaline solubilization (pH 10.5, 11.0, 11.5) followed by precipitation at pH 5.5. The catfish protein isolate was compared with ground defatted white muscle. Alkali-processed catfish showed increased gel rigidity, gel strength, and gel flexibility compared to acid-processed catfish, which exhibited inconsistent functional performance, increasing and decreasing gel rigidity, gel strength, and gel flexibility. The gel rigidity (G′) at pH 3.0 in the absence of salt had the highest G′ of the acid treatments and was not significantly different from the alkaline-treated catfish muscle (P > 0.05). However in the presence of added salt pH treatment it had the lowest G′ and was different from alkaline treatments (P < 0.05) during break force testing. These results show that pH-shift processing of channel catfish muscle provides highly functional isolates with a potentially broad range of applications. This range of applications is possible due to the modification of the textural properties of catfish muscle protein produced using different acidic or alkaline pH solubility treatments.
CCAAT/Enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) decreases bone formation and causes osteopenia☆

CCAAT enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP), is a member of the C/EBP family of nuclear proteins and plays a role in osteoblastic and adipocytic cell differentiation. CHOP is necessary for normal bone formation, but the consequences of its overexpression in vivo are not known. To investigate the direct actions of CHOP on bone remodeling in vivo, we generated transgenic mice overexpressing CHOP under the control of the human osteocalcin promoter. CHOP transgenics exhibited normal weight and reduced bone mineral density. Static and dynamic femoral bone histomorphometry revealed that CHOP overexpression caused reduced trabecular bone volume, secondary to decreased bone formation rates. One of 2 lines displayed a decrease in the number of osteoblasts, but in vivo bromodeoxyuridine labeling demonstrated that CHOP overexpression did not have an effect on osteoblastic cell replication. The decreased osteoblast cell number was accounted by an increase in apoptosis, as determined by DNA fragmentation measured by transferase-mediated digoxigenin-deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) in situ nick-end labeling (TUNEL) reaction. In conclusion, transgenic mice overexpressing CHOP in the bone microenvironment have impaired osteoblastic function leading to osteopenia.
Drug protein interactions: isolation and characterization of covalent adducts of phenoxybenzamine and calmodulin

Phenoxybenzamine, an alpha-adrenergic antagonist containing a (chloroethyl)amine group, labels calmodulin in the presence of calcium. The covalent interaction is inhibited by chlorpromazine in a concentration-dependent manner. Adducts of calmodulin and phenoxybenzamine were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography into four major fractions: two containing 0.6 and 1.2 mol of drug per mol of protein and two different fractions each containing 2.0 mol/mol. Each adduct had a reduced ability to activate cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and myosin light chain kinase, and the chlorpromazine binding capacities of the phenoxybenzamine-calmodulin adducts were diminished to the extent of phenoxybenzamine incorporation into each adduct. Isolation and characterization of labeled peptides from phenoxybenzamine-modified calmodulins indicated that peptides encompassing residues 38-75, 107-126, and 127-148 contained phenoxybenzamine label. These studies directly demonstrate the relatedness between the binding activities of two structurally dissimilar calmodulin antagonists, demonstrate that covalent adducts of calmodulin and drugs with equal stoichiometries of labeling can have quantitative differences in activity and sites of modification, and provide direct evidence of distinct drug binding regions in calmodulin located in the amphipathic alpha-helical regions of the second and fourth domains.
Bcl-2 regulatory pathway is functional in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Background Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by accumulation of clonal, malignant CD5+, CD23+ B cells. In vivo, these cells have an antiapoptotic phenotype (high levels of Bcl-2 and low levels of proapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins, such as Bax). Abnormal B cells accumulate due to altered apoptosis regulation rather than to increased proliferation. However, it is unclear whether there are inherent Bcl-2 apoptotic pathway defects. With in vitro culture, these B cells rapidly apoptosis. Methods To investigate apoptosis regulation, Bcl-2, Bax, mitochondrial membrane potential, annexin V, and caspase activation were simultaneous monitored in individual cells during in vitro apoptosis. Results With in vitro culture, 30% to 50% of B cells were apoptotic at 24 h compared with fewer than 10% of T cells. Apoptotic B cells showed dramatic Bax upregulation and slight Bcl-2 decreases accompanied by decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and increased activated caspase-3 protein levels. Caspase-3 and caspase-9 activities were increased 18- to 51-fold and 6- to 11-fold, respectively, after 24 h of culture. Caspase-8 showed limited or no activation (less than fourfold). Conclusions These data show that in vitro apoptosis of CLL B cells occurs through a well-characterized Bcl-2 regulatory pathway consistent with that pathway being functional. Further, these cells' antiapoptotic phenotype is dependent on the in vivo environment, potentially involving paracrine/autocrine interactions. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Entanglement verification using local unitary stabilizers

Local unitary stabilizer subgroups constitute powerful invariants for distinguishing various types of multipartite entanglement. In this paper, we show how stabilizers can be used as a basis for entanglement verification protocols on distributed quantum networks using minimal resources. As an example, we develop and analyze the performance of a protocol to verify membership in the space of Werner states, that is, multiqubit states that are invariant under the action of any one-qubit unitary applied to all the qubits.