cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of lipid and starch supplementation as water intake mitigation techniques on performance and efficiency of nursing Holstein calves.

Exploring alternative supplementation sources capable of maximizing feed and water efficiency in nursing Holstein calves is often ignored. The goals herein involve investigating the effects of two isoenergetic supplements on a nonmedicated milk replacer diet on total water intake, milk water intake, fresh water intake, feed intake parameters, and performance of Holstein nursing bull calves. Twenty-three animals (body weight [BW] = 94.67 ± 12.07 kg, age = 67 days old) were randomly assigned to one of three treatments for 68 days: control (CON; ad libitum milk replacer, n = 7), carbohydrate supplement (CHO; corn starch on top of ad libitum milk replacer-based diet, n = 8), or lipid supplement (FAT; menhaden fish oil on top of ad libitum milk replacer-based diet, n = 8). The isoenergetic supplementation consisted of 3% menhaden fish oil addition on DM basis for FAT. This was matched energetically with corn starch for the CHO group resulting in a 7% composition in DM basis. All animals were provided free access to mineral mix and 120 g daily dried microbrewer's spent grains (BG). Data were analyzed with the GLMMIX procedure of SAS in a completely randomized design with the diets as a fixed effect. Dry matter intake (DMI) adjusted by average daily gain (ADG; DMI/ADG) resulted in significantly lower values for supplemented groups with CON = 2.48, CHO = 2.38, and FAT = 2.27 kg/kg (ADG) (P = 0.033). Energy intake values were lower for CON when analyzing metabolizable energy intake (P 0.1). These results indicate that lipid-based and starch-based supplementation can potentially increase feed efficiency and decrease voluntary water intake without adversely affecting performance.
Cattle and sheep differentially alter floral resources and the native bee communities in working landscapes

Within agricultural landscapes, native bees often rely on limited natural and seminatural lands to provide the majority of the food and nesting resources that sustain them. To understand better how management can affect pollinators in these seminatural areas, we compared how sheep or cattle herbivory influenced floral resources and bee communities in low-diversity, former Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) pastures managed with patch-burn grazing. We sampled bee communities and floral resources three times per season in 2017, 2018, and 2019. We used plant-pollinator line transect sampling and collected bees and counted all flowering stems within 1 m. Across all years, we found that floral abundance, floral richness, floral diversity (Simpson's) and bee richness and abundance were significantly higher in cattle pastures compared to sheep. In cattle pastures, 46 native bee species plus honey bees interacted with 25 of 68 available flowering forbs. In sheep pastures, we recorded 14 native bee species and honey bees interacted with 10 of 34 flowering species. Native bee abundance and native bee richness were best explained by models that included an interaction of floral richness and year. Overall, our results suggest that season-long sheep grazing in low-diversity grasslands greatly reduces available floral resources and correlates with much lower bee abundance and native bee diversity. Given the importance of pollinators to natural and agricultural systems, it is imperative that we take proactive actions to increase forb richness and native flower abundance in seminatural lands to maintain a more diverse and resilient bee community that can continue to support pollination services and global food security.
Semantic Tagging Using WordNet Examples

This paper describes IIT1, IIT2, and IIT3, three versions of a semantic tagging system basing its sense discriminations on WordNet examples. The system uses WordNet relations aggressively, both in identifying examples of words with similar lexical constraints and matching those examples to the context.
MANIPULATION OF THE AVIAN SEGMENTAL PLATE IN VIVO

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the manipulation of the avian segmental plate in vivo . The avian embryo provides a useful experimental system for the investigation of vertebrate development. To track the fate of experimentally manipulated cells in the embryo, cell-labeling techniques are required. When combined with the tools of molecular biology, lineage tracing is a powerful tool for analyzing the mechanisms of cell specification and morphogenesis. The quail–chick grafting method developed by Le Douarin has been successfully used as a cell-labeling technique in the avian embryo. Organ anlagen in the chick embryo are marked by surgical replacement with the corresponding anlage from a quail embryo. The cells generated by the grafted quail anlage can be identified in Feulgen-stained tissue sections by the presence of bright crimson nucleoli, which are absent from the pale-staining nuclei of host chick cells. The method presented in this chapter describes the transplantation of fragments of the segmental plate, the precursor to the somites, which are the embryonic anlagen of the skeletal muscle and the axial skeleton.
A Review of: “Regina S. Axelrod, David Leonard Downie, and Norman J. Vig (Eds.), The Global Environment: Institutions, Law, and Policy”: 2nd ed. 2005. CQ Press, Washington, D.C. 300 pp. ISBN: 1-56802-827-X.

Although it has three editors and 14 additional contributors, this volume is very well put together. It is comprehensive enough to be broadly useful, especially as a textbook, and clear enough to b...
Postoperative Respiratory Failure and Treatment

Although pure hypoxemic or pure hypercapnic ­respiratory failure may occur after thoracic surgery, most patients exhibit a mixed picture. The single most important preoperative patient-related risk factor for respiratory failure after thoracic surgery is the presence of severe COPD. Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) can be safely administered in the postthoracic surgery patient, both to reduce respiratory complications and to prevent the need for intubation. Mechanical ventilation after thoracic surgery should follow a “lung protective” strategy of appropriate combinations of PEEP and low tidal volume, in association with increased respiratory rate as needed. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is associated with a high mortality, so prevention is a priority. The “VAP ­bundle” is a variety of care processes either known or believed to reduce the risk of acquiring VAP. A daily spontaneous breathing trial is the most effective way to identify patients ready for withdrawal of ventilator support. Tracheotomy should be considered if mechanical ventilation is expected to be required for more than a total of 7–10 days.
The impact of obesity on abdominal wall function after free autologous breast reconstruction.

Background The functional impact of obesity on abdominal wall strength after abdominally based autologous reconstruction is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine if obesity alters the postoperative abdominal wall strength profile after autologous reconstruction. Methods We prospectively examined abdominal wall strength and function following autologous breast reconstruction between 2005 and 2010. Enrolled patients completed functional testing [upper abdominal strength (UA), lower abdominal strength (LA), and functional independence measure (FIM)] and psychometric testing utilizing the short form 36 (SF36). Data were obtained at preoperative, early (<90d), and late (90-365d) follow-up visits. Obese patients were compared with non-obese patients in both unilateral and bilateral reconstructions. Results Overall, 167 patients were enrolled, with obesity noted in 34% of patients. Obese Unilateral reconstruction patients had lower preoperative UA strength (4.7 vs.4.2, P=0.05) and FIM (6.7 vs. 6.9, P=0.008) scores compared with non-obese patients. These scores significantly worsened in all patients from preoperative to early follow-up, yet scores did not differ at late follow-up between obesity cohorts. Obese bilateral reconstruction patients had similar preoperative functional scores; however, UA strength scores at early (2.5 vs. 3.2, P=0.008) and late (3.6 vs. 4.3, P=0.005) follow-up were significantly lower compared with non-obese patients. No differences in subjective health were noted in follow-up for unilateral or bilateral reconstructions. Conclusion Obesity significantly impacts the abdominal function profile of autologous breast reconstruction patients; however, subjective physical and mental health differences are less notable. This is especially true for obese patients who undergo bilateral reconstructions. In these patients, a careful balance between optimizing flap perfusion, limiting donor site morbidity, and enabling functional recovery should be considered. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 34:352–360, 2014.
Reducing Agency Costs in a Supply Chain by Contracting on Retail Inventory

This paper provides a theory to explain how recent phenomena in the retailing industry, such as electronic data interchange, continuous replenishment, and consignment sales, are related to mitigating agency costs in a distribution channel. These phenomena are linked to the manufacturer?s ability to monitor retail inventory levels. When the manufacturer is unable to monitor retail inventory levels and resale-price maintenance is illegal, the manufacturer uses the wholesale price to regulate both retail prices and inventory levels. However, when the manufacturer can monitor retail inventory, he will choose to subsidize unsold inventory in various forms. This ability to subsidize unsold inventory, we demonstrate, helps the manufacturer mitigate the trade-off between retail prices and inventory levels. The Accounting/Information systems, such as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), help the manufacturer monitor retail inventory, and thus play a crucial role in reducing contract incompleteness in supply chains.
Susceptibility Effects in Whole Body Experiments

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 The Fundamentals of Magnetic Susceptibility 3 Macroscopic Effects: Frequency and Phase Shift 4 Microscopic Effects: Line Broadening 5 Summary 6 Biographical Sketches 7 Acknowledgements Related Articles
Adaptive bilinear filtering

The application of the conjugate gradient (CG) method for the identification of bilinear systems is investigated. An algorithm based on the CG method is developed for adaptive-bilinear digital filtering. This algorithm outperforms the least mean square (LMS) and recursive least squares (RLS) methods in terms of speed of convergence. In this algorithm, the optimization is done over blocks of input and output data rather than a single pair data. Only one iteration and coefficient update is done for every sample of data. This, coupled with the fact that the CG method used does not require a line search, makes it very efficient in computation. A preconditioning technique is studied to accelerate the convergence. Some examples are given to illustrate the efficiency of the method. >
Efficient calculation of sensitivity coefficients for complex atmospheric models

Abstract Sensitivity coefficients describe how the solution to a set of equations depends on the parameters in the problem. We discuss here the direct method of calculating these coefficients for atmospheric models based on nonlinear, partial differential equations. A detailed analysis indicates for which models the method will be efficient and shows that calculating several sensitivity coefficients simultaneously improves the efficiency. A technique is given to derive an algorithm for implementing the direct method from the algorithm for solving the governing equations of the model. As a realistic test of the method, we have computed first-order sensitivity coefficients for a photochemical model describing the transport and chemical reactions of pollutants. In this example the direct method has a limiting speed six times faster than the indirect method.
Evaluation Metrics for the Rating and Optimization of Snap-fits

Current snap-fit design guides recommend sizing snap-fit features on the basis of insertion force and allowable strain during assembly. Retention force information in such guides is often inaccurate, although this is considered to be the primary attribute of the snap-fit after assembly. The authors contend that these (insertion force, allowable strain, retention force) are not the only critical performance criteria for snap-fit features. Designers have to contend with several other constraints and design requirements. Additional performance metrics for snap-fit features are proposed by drawing upon considerable experience with plastic part design issues. Locking ratio, dimensional and volumetric retention force, consideration of the characteristic dimension of the joint and snap-fit, feature stiffness, required over-insertion and consideration of snap-fit strength relative to part strength are proposed to supplement currently used metrics for evaluating and rating snap-fit designs. The applicability of these metrics is illustrated with real-life examples, and their merits and demerits discussed. A chart of achievable locking ratios for different snap-fit topologies is presented for use as a design tool for the initial selection of snap-fit topologies. Its use as a rational basis for selection and optimization of snap-fits is suggested. Adoption of proposed metrics will allow designers to better quantify, and thereby optimize the performance of, snap-fit features. These ideas will be built upon in the future, and used as a basis for a comprehensive snap-fit selection and detailed design tool.
Use of environmental parameters and immunoassays to predict Rhizoctonia blight and schedule fungicide applications on creeping bentgrass

Abstract Rhizoctonia blight, commonly called brown patch, is an important disease of turfgrass, particularly creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis palustris ) maintained as putting greens and tees. Because the disease is often intermittent, three forecasting systems were evaluated for their ability to reduce fungicide applications without development of unacceptable levels of disease damage. Environment-based (EB) forecasts were based on environmental parameters associated with disease development in Massachusetts. Immunoassay-based (IB) forecasts were based on reflectance unit thresholds using pathogen immunoassay field kits. A combination system that utilized both EB and IB forecasts was also evaluated. The impact of forecasting systems on fungicide efficacy and number of fungicide applications in comparison to calendar application schedules was examined for two growing seasons in Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Georgia. Each system provided an acceptable level of disease control and reduced fungicide applications compared with calendar application schedules. The forecasts offer a means to record and justify fungicide application decisions in integrated pest management programmes.
Studies on Predator-Prey Interactions between Amblyseius hibisci and Oligonychus punicae: Effects of Host-Plant Conditioning and Limited Quantities of an Alternate Food

A continuation of a study on interactions between the prodaceous mite Amblyseius hibisci (Chant) and the phytophagous avocado brown mite, Oligonychus punicae (Hirst), was conducted in a greenhouse on seedlings of Persea indica Spreng. The objective was to determine the effects of 2 factors on the ability of the predator to suppress the prey: (1) “Conditioning” of the foliage by a previous infestation of the prey, and (2) a small quantity of alternate food (pollen) for the predator. There was a slower buildup and a more effective initial control of the prey by the predators on plants having their foliage bronzed by a previous infestation than on plants not previously bronzed. It appeared that fewer predators were required to control a given prey population if they were provided with only a small initial application of pollen rather than large quantities and frequent applications. However, in the former case, after both prey and predators declined to small numbers, there was a resurgence of the prey population and without additional pollen the predators were unable to build up in time to effectively suppress the prey. Consequently the prey population in its second cycle of increase reached a peak density much higher than that which occurred during the initial cycle. The results confirmed the hypothesis that alternate food can increase the effectiveness of a predator.
Thermo-Optical Arrays of Flexible Nanoscale Nanomembranes Freely Suspended over Microfabricated Cavities as IR Microimagers

We fabricated an array of microscopic cavities sealed with a freely suspended layer-by-layer nanomembrane. We observed that the convex−concave shape transition controlled by thermal expansion and contraction of air in the sealed microcavities facilitates a fast optical response to minute temperature variations and allows for direct visualization of the IR laser beam footprint in real time. Such sealed cavity arrays will pave the way toward a new generation of uncooled, miniature, ultrasensitive, thermal microimagers.
Living Doubled-Up: Influence of Residential Environment on Educational Participation

Homeless youth face many barriers that limit success in the educational process. Subgroups of homeless youth frequently experience the educational process differently depending upon their residential context. Recent years witness the federal government’s expanding the definition of homelessness to include youth living doubled-up. This residential formation involves multiple families forced to live together as a result of economic crises. Although the largest subgroup of the homeless youth population, they are the least studied. This 7-month multiple case study of 4 adolescents living in Los Angeles uses data gathered from interviews, observations, and document analysis to explore how this residential context shapes educational participation. In particular, the division of labor and presence of a head of household influence how youth participated in school. Findings suggest (a) families have multiple ways of arranging doubled-up residences, and, (b) how the families structure the doubled-up residences infl...
Thermochemical studies on the plutonium fluorides and protactinium ovides

Abstract The ionivation and appearance potentials of parent and fragment ions from the neutral molecules PuF6 and PuF5 were measured using electron impact ionivation. From this data the bond dissociation energies of the molecules PuFn-F (n = 0 to 5) were calculated. Vapor pressures of PaO2(g), PaO(g) and Pa(g) were measured above the two-phase system Pa(l) + PaO2−y(s) and the congruently vaporiving composition PaO2−v(s). From these measurements, the enthalpies of formation of Pa(g), PaO(g) and PaO2(g) were calculated to be respectively 131.7 ± 6.1 (551 ± 26), 2.4 ± 4.1 (10 ± 17) and −122.7 ± 4.0 (−513 ± 17) kcal mol−1 (kJ mol−1). Bond dissociation energies of PaO-O and Pa-O were found to be respectively 184.6 ± 4.1 (772 ± 17) and 188.4 ± 4.1 (788 ± 17) kcal mol−1 (kJ mol−1).
Effect of direction and wavelength dependent surface properties on radiant heat transfer.

In this paper, the validity and accuracy of the commonly used simple methods of radiant heat-transfer predictions are examined by more realistic and refined analyses. The radiant interchange problem between surfaces having nonelementary emission and reflection characteristics is formulated in terms of an integral equation for the spectral intensity of radiation leaving a differential area on an opaque surface and is then specialized to the parallel plate configuration. Solutions for the local radiant heat flux and the incident flux were obtained for seven different models approximating the radiation characteristics of surfaces. The models ranged from the simple diffuse, specular, and diffuse-specular constant property models to a very detailed directional emission and bidirectional reflection model. The general conclusions are that directional dependent properties should be employed to calculate radiant heat flux or irradiation for specularly or nearly specularly reflecting surfaces, and that the simple diffuse model predicts values that agree remarkably well with more detailed analyses and available experimental data.
High temperature 180° laser-induced fluorescence probe for remote trace radical concentration measurements

The design and υalidation are described of an optical probe for measurements of parts per million OH concentrations in actual combustion enυironments (1100 K, 1 atm).
Effects of D2O and Mixing on the Early Hydration Kinetics of Tricalcium Silicate

The hydration of tricalcium silicate powder with H[sub 2]O and D[sub 2]O was followed at three different temperatures using isothermal calorimetry. For both types of paste, the early kinetics could be accurately modeled, from the time of mixing to a point on the downslope of the main hydration peak, with a four-parameter nucleation and growth model. Pastes made with D[sub 2]O followed the same reaction path as pastes made with H[sub 2]O, with a reaction rate that was reduced by a factor of [approximately]2.7 at a given temperature. The activation energy for hydration with D[sub 2]O is slightly higher than for H[sub 2]O. It is proposed that the slower reaction kinetics and higher activation energy in the presence of D[sub 2]O result from a kinetic isotope effect, whereby the increased mass of the hydrogen atom lowers the probability of the forward reaction at the atomic level.
A Bayesian network model for radiological diagnosis and procedure selection: Work-up of suspected gallbladder disease

Bayesian networks, a technique for reasoning under uncertainty, currently are being developed for application to medical decision making. To explore their usefulness for radiologic decision support, a Bayesian belief network was constructed in the domain of hepatobiliary disease. The network model's nodes represent diagnoses, physical findings, laboratory test results, and imaging study findings. The connections between nodes incorporate conditional probabilities, such as sensitivity and specificity, to represent probabilistic influences. Statistical data were abstracted from peer-reviewed journal articles on hepatobiliary disease, and a network was created to reflect the data. The network successfully determined the a priori probabilities of various diseases, and incorporated laboratory and imaging results to calculate the a posteriori probabilities. The most informative examination was identified, that is, the laboratory study or imaging procedure that led to the greatest diagnostic certainty. Bayesian networks represent a very promising technique for decision support in radiology: they can assist physicians in formulating diagnoses and in selecting imaging procedures.
Influence of organic ligands on the reduction of polyhalogenated alkanes by iron(II)

Experimental work demonstrates that polyhalogenated alkanes (PHAs) are rapidly reduced in aqueous solutions containing FeII complexes with organic ligands that possess either catechol or organothiol Lewis base groups in their structure and are representative of extracellular ligands and metal-complexing moieties within humic substances (tiron, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, thioglycolic acid, and 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid). In solutions containing FeII−tiron complexes, 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA) is reduced quantitatively to acetaldehyde, a product previously reported for reactions with CrII, but not with Fe-based reductants. Observed pseudo-first-order rate constants for 1,1,1-TCA reduction by FeII-organic complexes (k‘obs) generally increase with increasing pH and ligand concentration when FeII concentration is fixed. For the FeII−tiron system, k‘obs is linearly correlated with the concentration of the 1:2 FeII−ti...
Frontalis muscle tension and sleep latency.

This study examined the relationship between frontalis muscle tension and sleep latency. Fifteen subjects reporting various sleep latencies participated. In addition to recording frontalis muscle tension, sleep was monitored on a polygraph for 3 nights. Contrary to expectation, the waking frontalis EMG level did not predict sleep latency. If future research were to show a similar lack of relationship between tension in other muscle groups and sleep onset, it would call into question the use of muscle relaxant drugs and muscle relaxation training in the treatment of sleep-onset insomnia.
Transtracheal oxygen, nasal CPAP and nasal oxygen in five patients with obstructive sleep apnea.

The effect of transtracheal oxygen administration by means of a 9-French (2.7 mm) percutaneous catheter was assessed in five patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea. We hypothesized that the delivery of oxygen below the site of airway obstruction should reduce the arterial oxygen desaturation during apneas and hypopneas, thereby increasing respiratory stability. Standard sleep and respiratory measurements were recorded in these subjects with all-night polysomnography on nonconsecutive nights during four experimental conditions: room air (BL), nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), nasal O 2 (NC O 2 ), and transtracheal O 2 (TT O 2 ). In three of these subjects, room air was infused (TT RA) at flow rates comparable to TT O 2 . Compared with baseline room air measurements, TT O 2 not only significantly increased the SaO 2 nadir from 70.4 percent to 89.7 percent (p 2 ameliorated desaturation during apnea/hypopnea (mean SaO 2 nadir, 86.2 percent; p 2 nadir, 80.0 percent). Compared with oxygen, transtracheal infusion of room air appeared to be somewhat effective; however, the small number of studies with TT RA precluded statistical analysis. We believe that TT O 2 is superior to NC O 2 for some patients with obstructive sleep apnea because continuous oxygen flow below the site of airway obstruction more reliably prevents alveolar hypoxia and respiration is stabilized. Infusion of air or oxygen through the tracheal catheter flow may also increase mean airway pressure and reduce obstructive apnea similar to nasal CPAP. We conclude that TT O 2 may be an effective alternative mode of therapy for some patients with severe sleep apnea/hypopnea when nasal CPAP is not tolerated or when combined oxygen and nasal CPAP are required.
Cis- and trans-acting functions required for endocytosis of the yeast pheromone receptors

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae a-factor receptor (STE3) is subject to two modes of endocytosis: a constitutive process that occurs in the absence of ligand and a regulated process that is triggered by binding of ligand. Both processes result in delivery of the receptor to the vacuole for degradation. Receptor mutants deleted for part of the COOH-terminal cytoplasmic domain are disabled for constitutive, but not ligand-dependent internalization. Trans-acting mutants that impair constitutive endocytosis have been isolated. One of these, ren1-1, is blocked at a late step in the endocytic pathway, as receptor accumulates in a prevacuolar endosome-like compartment. REN1 is identical to VPS2, a gene required for delivery of newly synthesized vacuolar enzymes to the vacuole. Based on this identity, we suggest a model in which the transport pathways to the vacuole--the endocytic pathway and the vacuolar biogenesis pathway--merge at an intermediate endocytic compartment. As receptor also accumulates at the surface of ren1 cells, receptor may recycle from the putative endosome to the surface, or REN1 may also be required to carry out an early step in endocytosis.
Labour Force Participation: Timing and Persistence

This paper examines the relative importance of timing and persistence elements in explaining cyclical fluctuations in labour supply. Data from the natural experiment provided by World War II and cross-sectional data on American local labour markets, as well as aggregate time-series data are used in the empirical work. We find little evidence that timing effects play an important role in labour market dynamics. The evidence suggests that views emphasizing persistence are more accurate, and that previous employment tends to raise the probability of subsequent employment. Much of the development of applied economic theory within the past 25 years has emphasized the importance of viewing economic decisions in a life cycle context. Consumption decisions are today frequently viewed as being determined by wealth or permanent income. The human capital revolution has brought life cycle considerations to the forefront of modern labour economics. While the life cycle dynamics of labour force participation decisions have important implications for macroeconomic theory and policy, they have received relatively little empirical attention. With the notable exceptions of Lucas and Rapping (1969) and Hall (1980), none of the large body of work on cyclical fluctuations in employment has explicitly relied on a dynamic model of labour supply.' This paper uses several types of data to examine two elements of participation dynamics. The first is the aspect of "timing" which is implicit in the work of Lucas and Rapping, and in Mincer's (1966) early discussion of hidden unemployment. The timing argument, which is presented most explicitly in Ghez and Becker (1975), holds that leisure is easily substitutable across periods. Hence relatively small transitory movements in the perceived real wage or real rate of return can have large effects on the path of labour supply as individuals time their participation to coincide with periods of high transitory wages. On the other hand, permanent changes, because they do not affect the timing decision, are expected to have a much smaller effect on participation. It is this view of labour supply which underlies new classical macroeconomic models. The dependence is made explicit in Lucas (1975), who claims that "what we do know indicates that leisure in one period is an excellent substitute for leisure in other nearby periods". The ability of classical macroeconomic models to explain fluctuations in employment depends on the presence of strong intertemporal substitution effects. Unless
Trigonia and the origin of species

While the Trigonia story is a microcosmic representation of nineteenth-century evolutionary debates, it also serves as a model for assessing the impact of new empirical material upon a controversial issue potentially explained by several internally consistent but contradictory theories; for there can be no fact quite so pristine as a discovery anticipated by no one. The reaction to modern trigonians was, I suspect, completely typical; all parties to the dispute managed to incorporate the new datum into their systems. Evolutionists emphasized the morphological differences between Mesozoic and modern forms and assumed that the disjunct distribution was an artifact of an imperfect record. Agassiz cited the known distribution in support of special creation, but announced that the discovery of a Tertiary species would discredit none of his ideas. Parkinson could not readily encompass the difference without evident improvement in his progressionist synthesis, but invoked almighty wisdom in his ignorance.
Control synthesis for spinning aerospace vehicles.

Linear and nonlinear attitude control law synthesis for spinning aerospace vehicles, including analog simulation for control designs based on frequency symmetry
A theoretical model of artificial spread F echoes

A theoretical model is developed for artificial spread F echoes elicited by irradiating the ionospheric F region with signals from ground-based HF transmitters. Account is taken of the irregularity polarizations, scale length and the magnetic dip angle of the echo. Ray tracing equations are defined for wave propagation in a horizontally stratified ionosphere which has been bathed with HF signals and therefore contains wavelike structures. Irregularities polarized within the meridian plane are found to cause the spread F echoes, while perpendicularly polarized irregularities do not. A magnetic dip angle of 5 deg must be exceeded for the spread F to become strong. The irregularities need scale lengths exceeding 100 m. Modes of operation are identified for inducing the required spread F echoes using ground-based radiotelescopes.
Revision Allograft Reconstruction of the Lateral Collateral Ligament Complex in Elbows With Previous Failed Reconstruction and Persistent Posterolateral Rotatory Instability

Background Primary reconstruction of the lateral collateral ligament complex (LCLC) using graft tissue restores elbow stability in many, but not all, elbows with acute or chronic posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI). Revision reconstruction using a tendon allograft is occasionally considered for persistent PLRI, but the outcome of revision ligament reconstruction in this setting is largely unknown.
Cornichon regulates transport and secretion of TGFα-related proteins in metazoan cells

Cornichon proteins are structurally related transmembrane proteins that have been studied in and Drosophila and yeast. In Drosophila , Cornichon (Cni) is involved in embryo polarization by the TGFα-related Gurken. In yeast, the Cni-related Erv14 is required for axial budding. A cargo receptor function has been proposed for Erv14 and Cni. Four mammalian Cni-like sequences have been identified. We carried out parallel functional analyses of the human Cni ortholog CNIH and Drosophila Cni in the processing and presentation of TGFα family proteins. Human CNIH complements the loss of Erv14 in yeast. Human CNIH and Drosophila Cni are primarily localized in the endoplasmic reticulum and associate with immature TGFα family proteins. Alterations of cornichon expression result in changes in transport, processing and secretion of TGFα proteins. In particular, increased cornichon expression retains TGFα proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, whereas cornichon is required for their transport and secretion. Thus, cornichon proteins represent a functionally conserved protein family that acts in the selective transport and maturation of TGFα family proteins.
The encomienda in Latin-American History: a reappraisal.

The Teacher of Latin-American History in the United States finds himself seriously handicapped by the lack of impartial and fair textbooks on this increasingly important subject. Most of the authors, either through lack of contact with the sources of information and original documents, or just because the trends begun by the “New American School of History” mentioned by Charles F. Lummis some fifty years ago, have not yet reached them, still cling tenaciously to the errors of the “Black Legend.” Their pet source still is the now much discredited and entirely unreliable Bishop Bartolome de las Casas. They still take their cues from his much translated Brevisima Historia de la Destruccion de las Indias. Seldom do they even mention any of the many saintly bishops and missionaries who opposed him in the great debate of the early colonial times.
Comparison of molecular imprinted particles prepared using precipitation polymerization in water and chloroform for fluorescent detection of nitroaromatics

A comparative study was conducted to study the effects that two different polymerization solvents would have on the properties of imprinted polymer microparticles prepared using precipitation polymerization. Microparticles prepared in chloroform, which previous results indicated was the optimal solvent for molecular imprinting of nitroaromatic explosive compounds, were compared to water, which was hypothesized to decrease water swelling of the polymer and allow enhanced rebinding of aqueous template. The microparticles were characterized and were integrated into a fluorescence sensing mechanism for detection of nitroaromatic explosive compounds. The performance of the sensing mechanisms was compared to illustrate which polymerization solvent produced optimal imprinted polymer microparticles for detection of nitroaromatic molecules. Results indicated that the structures of microparticles synthesized in chloroform versus water varied greatly. Sensor performance studies showed that the microparticles prepared in chloroform had greater imprinting efficiency and higher template rebinding than those prepared in water. For detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, the chloroform-based fluorescent microparticles achieved a lower limit of detection of 0.1 μM, as compared to 100 μM for the water-based fluorescent microparticles. Detection limits for 2,4-dinitrotoluene, as well as time response studies, also demonstrated that the chloroform-based particles are more effective for detection of nitroaromatic compounds than water-based particles. These results illustrate that the enhanced chemical properties of using the experimentally determined optimal polymerization solvent overcome deformation of imprinted binding sites by water swelling and benefits of using the polymerization solvent for rebinding of the template.
Improving Educational Research and Development.

s and previews should be titled and should not contain the names of the contributors and their affiliations. Proposals must be submitted with an official Research Cover Sheet. Number of Copies. Five copies of the abstract and the paper or the symposium preview are necessary. Photocopies or mimeographed copies are acceptable. Postcard and Stamps. One self-addressed and stamped postcard is needed to communicate receipt of the proposal. Criteria for Proposals. Proposals will be judged in terms of the significance of the topic, the quality of the theoretical/conceptual rationale, the adequacy of the methods for collecting evidence, the analysis of the evidence and the interpretations and/or conclusions. Incomplete proposals will be retumed. Where to Obtain Research Cover Sheet. Research Department, Intemational Reading Association, 800 Barksdale Road, Newark, Delaware 19711, U.S.A.
“Culticating the Powers of Human Beings”: Gendered Perspectives on Curricula and Pedagogy in Academies of the New Republic

Elizabeth Hamilton, author of the popular Letters on Education (1801), was a strong advocate of advanced education for females. When someone suggested to her that a “triumph of reason over the passions” might be unattractive in a woman, she retorted, “I beg your pardon; I thought we were speaking of the best method of cultivating the powers of human beings. … In this I can make no distinction of sex” [italics in original]. Most writers on education in the early republic agreed with Hamilton. The majority of educators believed that males and females were both rational human beings who needed to acquire mental discipline and who were interested in learning about the world around them. Both the curricula and the pedagogical methods proposed by educational theorists in the new republic reflected these beliefs.
Analyzing soft-error vulnerability on GPGPU microarchitecture

The general-purpose computation on graphic processing units (GPGPU) becomes increasingly popular due to their high computational throughput for data parallel applications. Modern GPU architectures have limited capability for error detection and tolerance since they are originally designed for graphics processing. However, the rigorous execution correctness is required for general-purpose applications. This makes reliability a growing concern in GPGPU architecture design. With CMOS processing technologies continuously scaling down to the nano-scale, on-chip soft error rate (SER) has been predicted to increase exponentially. GPGPUs with hundreds of cores integrated in a single chip are prone to manifest high SER. This paper explores a first step to characterize GPGPU reliability in light of soft errors. We develop GPGPU-SODA (GPGPU Software Dependability Analysis), a framework to estimate the soft-error vulnerability of GPGPU microarchitecture. By using GPGPU-SODA, we observe that several microarchitecture structures in GPGPUs exhibit high soft-error susceptibility, and the structure vulnerability is sensitive to workload characteristics (e.g. branch divergences, memory coalescing). We further investigate several architectural optimizations. We find that both dynamic warp formation and increasing the number of threads supported by GPU largely affect the GPGPU soft-error robustness. However, changing the warp scheduling policy has minor impact on the structure vulnerability. The observations made in this study provide designers the useful guidance to build resilient GPGPUs: a comprehensive resiliency solution for GPGPUs should consider the entire GPGPU design instead of just focusing on a particular structure.
Do therapists bias their ratings of patient functioning under peer review

The present study was an attempt to examine the rating bias of therapists participating in an evaluation of an experimental quality assurance system at a community mental health center. The test program was intended to identify patients who demonstrated lack of progress or poor level of functioning after two months of treatment, and to employ a clinical assessment process by independent clinicians to evaluate problems in the quality of care. It was believed that the therapists knowledge that they might have their clinical work assessed would lead to biased ratings of more severe symptomatology in their patients. The results of this study partially supported the hypothesis. Patients in the peer review system were rated as more dysfunctional at admission on Psychological Functioning than patients in the control groups. No differences, however, were found on Basic Life Functioning, Anti-Social Behavior, or Mental Processes. The implications for these results relative to psychotherapy research, quality assurance, and program evaluation are discussed.
Control methodologies in networked control systems

The use of a data network in a control loop has gained increasing attentions in recent years due to its cost effective and flexible applications. One of the major challenges in this so-called networked control system (NCS) is the network-induced delay effect in the control loop. Network delays degrade the NCS control performance and destabilize the system. A significant emphasis has been on developing control methodologies to handle the network delay effect in NCS. This survey paper presents recent NCS control methodologies. The overview on NCS structures and description of network delays including characteristics and effects are also covered.
The effect of a prior cognitive structuring intervention with computer-assisted career guidance

Abstract A cognitive structuring intervention consisting of a videotaped introduction to Holland's model and a mastery test was presented to clients prior to the use of a computer-assisted career guidance system (DISCOVER) to enhance their ability to process information. Subjects' representation of the world-of-work, occupational certainty, and vocational identity served as dependent measures. Three groups were used to test the effects of the intervention: Group 1, Occupational Grouping Task, cognitive structuring, and DISCOVER; Group 2, Occupational Grouping Task and DISCOVER; and Group 3, DISCOVER only. Subjects in Group 1 who learned the Holland model became more alike in sorting 36 randomly selected occupations into groups and in specifying occupational choices. Those considering one or two occupations added alternatives while those considering five or more eliminated alternatives. DISCOVER alone enhanced subjects' vocational identity.
“Reading” Evidence-Based Management: The Possibilities of Interpretation

An important consequence of moving evidence-based management into the classroom is that through our students we are exposed to the effects of reading academic research on those who are not part of ...
NPY upregulates genes containing cyclic AMP response element in human neuroblastoma cell lines bearing Y1 and Y2 receptors: involvement of CREB.

Abstract Four NPY receptor subtypes have been cloned, and shown to be coupled to both Ca 2+ and cAMP. However, very little is known about the downstream elements mediating NPY actions. It has recently been demonstrated in our laboratory that intrahypothalamic (IHT) administration of NPY induces hypothalamic CaM kinase activity, cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation and cyclic AMP response element (CRE) binding activity in rat hypothalamic nuclear proteins. In the present study, we have investigated whether these changes in CRE binding transcriptional factors activated by NPY results in gene regulation using a human neuroblastoma cell line (SK-N-BE2). This cell line which expresses the Y2 subtype of NPY receptors was transfected with a fusion gene containing 1.305 kb of human CRF 5′ flanking region with a perfect palindromic CRE site linked to firefly luciferase gene. NPY treatment increased CaM kinase II activity, CREB phosphorylation and CRE binding in these cells. In transfected cells, luciferase activity was also increased by NPY (1.8–4-fold) within 4 h of treatment. Moreover, forskolin (7–30-fold), which stimulates cAMP production, and thapsigargin (6–8-fold), which mobilizes intracellular calcium, also increased luciferase activity within 4 h of treatment. PMA (phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate), an activator of protein kinase-C, induced luciferase activity by 1.8-fold. NPY augmented forskolin-stimulated luciferase activity from 11- to 15-fold, but had no significant effect on thapsigargin-induced luciferase activity. These findings suggest that activation of protein kinase A (PKA) or CaM kinase leads to the induction of fusion gene. NPY treatment upregulated fusion gene expression through Ca 2+ pathway in SK-N-BE2 cell line. Pretreatment with CREB antisense, but not the sense oligodeoxynucleotides, inhibited forskolin-, thapsigargin- and NPY-stimulated luciferase activity. However, CREB sense or antisense oligodeoxynucleotide treatment had no effect on PMA-stimulated luciferase activity. Furthermore, NPY induced CRE binding activity and the expression of CRE containing Y1 receptor gene in SK-N-MC cell line. These findings suggest that NPY can upregulate CRE containing reporter gene including Y1 receptor gene and NPYinduced reporter gene regulation in SK-N-BE2 cells is mediated by intracellular Ca 2+ and CREB protein.
Characteristics of decarboxylase from various organisms

Abstract 1. 1. A wide variety of organisms has been surveyed for the presence of a soluble S- adenosyl- l -methionine decarboxylase (AMeDC). 2. 2. A putrescine-activated enzyme which was not enhanced by Mg2+ was found in tissues of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and crustaceans, and in yeast. 3. 3. Mg2+-dependent and putrescine-insensitive AMeDC activity was found in extracts of mung bean sprouts, Aztobacter vinelandii, and Escherichta coli. 4. 4. Certain properties of these enzymes catalysing decarboxylation of AMe are discussed.
Outcomes of Sport-Related Concussion Among College Athletes

The author collected and analyzed data for all student-athletes diagnosed with concussion between 1998 and 2011. Outcome measurements were post-concussion symptom duration, time interval until return-to-play, and clinical outcomes self-reported by athletes and by athlete's parent/guardian 1 year post-injury. A total of 98 concussions occurred in 95 student athletes among a cohort averaging 350 athletes competing yearly. Athletes were managed according to expert-consensus guidelines. Forty-one (43%) of the athletes had experienced a previously-diagnosed concussion (range: 1-3). Eight athletes (10.4%), retired from their sport for concussion-related issues. Six athletes (6.3%) with completed follow-up experienced memory and/or concentration impairment(s) lasting more than 1 year.