cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two Meanings of Sustainability (1988)

A sustainable society, as commonly understood, does not undermine the resource base and biotic stocks on which its future prosperity depends. In the words of Lester Brown, Christopher Flavin, and Sandra Postel, “ a sustainable society is one that satisfies its needs without jeopardizing the prospects of future generations ” (Brown et al. 1990, 173). To be sustainable means living on income, not capital. The word sustainable, however, conceals as much as it reveals. Hidden beneath the rhetoric are assumptions about growth, technology, democracy, public participation, and human values. The term entered wide public use with Lester Brown ’s book Building a Sustainable Society and with the International Union for Conservation of Nature ’s World Conservation Strategy, both of which appeared in 1980. In 1987, the Brundtland Commission adopted “ sustainable development ” as the pivotal concept in its report Our Common Future. As defined by the Brundtland Commission, development is sustainable if it “ meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs ” (World Commission on Environment and Development 1987, 43). Sustainable development requires “ more rapid economic growth in both industrial and developing countries. ” The commission, therefore, politely appeased both sides of the debate. The word sustainable pacifies environmentalists, while development has a similar effect on businessmen and bankers.
Prevalence of ESBL-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Pediatric Bloodstream Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background Pediatric bloodstream infections (BSIs) with Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase- producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) are associated with worse clinical outcomes. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of and the mortality associated with ESBL-PE in this patient population. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis using PubMed and EMBASE and included studies reporting the prevalence of ESBL-PE among confirmed BSIs in patients <19 years old. Results Twenty three (out of 1,718 non-duplicate reports) studies that provided data on 3,381 pediatric BSIs from 1996 to 2013 were included. The prevalence of ESBL-PE was 9% [95%CI (6, 13)] with an annual increase of 3.2% (P = 0.04). The prevalence was 11% [95%CI (6, 17)] among neonates, compared to 5% [95%CI (0, 14)] among children older than 28 days. The pooled prevalence was 15% in Africa [95%CI (8, 23)], 12% in South America [95%CI (5, 23)], 11% in India [95%CI (7, 17)], 7% in the rest of Asia [95%CI (0, 22)], 4% in Europe [95%CI (1, 7)] and 0% in Oceania [95%CI (0, 3)]. Importantly, the mortality in neonates with BSI due to ESBL-PE was 36% [95%CI (22, 51)], compared to 18% [95%CI (15, 22)] among all other neonates with BSI and this difference was statistically significant (P = 0.01). Conclusions In the pediatric population, the prevalence of BSI due to ESBL-PE is significant and is associated with increased mortality in neonates. Further studies are warranted to establish a high-risk group and the evaluation of preventive measures, such as antibiotic stewardship programs and infection control measures, in this population is urgently needed.
Can Smoke-Free Policies Reduce Tobacco Use Disparities of Sexual and Gender Minorities in Missouri?

Objective The purpose of this study is to explore the associations between smoke-free policies, current and former smoking status, personal smoking restrictions, and intention to quit among sexual and gender minority (SGM) and non-SGM individuals in Missouri. Aims and Methods The current analysis derives from the Out, Proud and Healthy project. Chi-squares examined differences between SGM (N = 2210) and non-SGM (N = 586) respondents and former (N = 836) and current (N = 1960) smokers on smoking-related variables. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals from logistic regression identified variables associated with former (vs. current) smoking. Results SGM current smokers (25%) were significantly more likely than SGM former smokers (19%) to live in a community without a smoke-free policy. Among SGM current smokers, significantly greater intention to quit was seen in those living in a smoke-free community with a smoke-free policy of two or more years (94%) compared with those living in a community without a smoke-free policy (76%). Conclusions Living in an area with smoke-free policies is related to greater intention to quit among SGM current smokers, greater support for smoke-free policies, and lower smoking prevalence for this community. The SGM community may collectively accrue greater public health benefits from the adoption of smoke-free policies than the non-SGM community. Implications Prior to this study, no data are available regarding current and former smoking status among SGM individuals following the implementation of a local smoke-free policy. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between smoke-free policies, current and former smoking status, and intention to quit among SGM and non-SGM individuals in Missouri. This study finds evidence of lower current smoking prevalence and greater intentions to quit among SGM current smokers who live in communities with smoke-free policies. The SGM community may collectively accrue greater public health benefits from the adoption of smoke-free policies than the non-SGM community.
Delayed Response to U-500 Regular Insulin

Severe insulin resistance was defined 45 years ago as a daily insulin requirement of >200 units (1) and, more recently, as an insulin requirement >2 units/kg/day (2). Because severely insulin-resistant patients require large amounts of insulin, the corresponding injection volume of traditional U-100 insulin is also large. In addition to the inconvenience to patients of having to take an increased number of injections, insulin absorption from large injectate volumes is impaired (3–5). For these reasons, increasing numbers of severely insulin-resistant patients, whose insulin resistance is most often due to obesity, are being treated with U-500 regular insulin (6). The pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties of U-500 regular insulin more closely resemble those of NPH insulin than of U-100 regular insulin (2,7). Therefore, we adjust the doses of U-500 regular insulin using the same principles as are used for NPH insulin given before breakfast and supper, only with greater dose changes. Our algorithm for using U-500 regular insulin is shown in Figure 1. Not shown in the figure is the situation in which the prebreakfast and presupper glucose levels meet target values but A1C levels are still above target. In that case, patients are asked to measure their blood glucose levels before lunch and before their bedtime snack, and short- or rapid-acting insulin is added in separate injections if those glucose values are high. FIGURE 1. Algorithm for starting and adjusting U-500 regular insulin doses. Unexplained hypoglycemia includes episodes that are not explained by delayed, smaller than usual, or missed meals; increased exercise; or having taken an incorrect insulin dose. BG, blood glucose; TDD, total daily dose. Reprinted with permission from Diabetes Care …
Reclassification Rates of Patients Eligible for Active Surveillance After the Addition of Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Ultrasound Fusion Biopsy: An Analysis of 7 Widely Used Eligibility Criteria.

Objectives To evaluate the impact of adding magnetic resonance imaging-ultrasound (MRI-US) fusion biopsy cores to standard 12-core biopsy in selecting men for active surveillance (AS). Materials and Methods Among men undergoing a fusion biopsy for evaluation of prostate cancer, we selected men who were eligible for at least 1 of 7 different AS criteria based on the standard biopsy alone. We assessed each patient's eligibility for each AS criterion with and without the inclusion of fusion biopsy cores. The primary end point was the proportion of men who were initially eligible for AS but became ineligible after addition of the fusion biopsy cores. Results A total of 100 men were eligible for at least 1 AS criterion. After addition of fusion biopsy cores, the proportion of men who became ineligible for AS varied from 10.3% to 40.7%. Criteria that incorporated an absolute maximum number of cores positive had the highest rates of ineligibility. Using a percentage of cores positive helped to reduce the number of patients who would have been excluded. Combining the targeted biopsy cores into one, or taking the single core with the highest grade or volume did not appear to reduce the proportion of men who became ineligible. Conclusions The addition of fusion biopsy to standard 12-core biopsy significantly increased the number of men who became ineligible for AS. Using the percent of cores positive, instead of an absolute number, allowed fewer exclusions. AS criteria may need to be updated to prevent the unnecessary exclusion of men due to an oversampling of low-risk disease.
The NeoRes trial: questioning the benefit of radiation therapy as part of neoadjuvant therapy for esophageal adenocarcinoma

The “optimal” multimodality treatment for locally advanced esophageal cancer has seemingly been defined by the CROSS (Chemoradiotherapy for Oesophageal Cancer Followed by Surgery Study) trial, with proponents arguing that neoadjuvant chemoradiation is the standard of care (1).
Using Neural Networks as Models of Personality Process: A Tutorial.

Abstract This paper presents a tutorial for creating neural network models of personality processes. Such models enable researchers to create explicit models of both personality structure and personality dynamics, and to address issues of recent concern in personality, such as, “If personality is stable, then how is it possible that within subject variability in personality states can be as large as or larger than between subject variability in personality?” or “Is it possible to understand personality dynamics and personality structure within a common framework?” We discuss why one should want to use neural networks, review what a neural network model is, review a previous model we have constructed, discuss how to conceptualize issues in such a way that they can be computationally modeled, show how that conceptualization can be translated into a model, and discuss the utility of such models for understanding personality structure and personality dynamics. To build our model we use a neural network modeling package called emergent that is freely available, and a specific architecture called Leabra to build a runnable model that addresses one of the questions posed above: How can within subject variability in personality related states be as large as between subject variability in personality?
IN-HOSPITAL OUTCOMES AND ETIOLOGIES FOR 30-DAY READMISSIONS IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE PERICARDITIS

There is limited data available on the burden and major etiologies of rehospitalization after admission for acute pericarditis. Readmissions are now an important healthcare quality metric. We aim to analyze the in-hospital outcomes and etiologies of 30 day readmissions after an index admission for
Islamists against the class cleavage: identity formation and interest representation in the case of Hak-İş in Turkey

One of the central characteristics of current Middle Eastern politics is the weakness of class-based political organizations. While structural explanations of this pattern abound, hegemonic struggles of Islamists to erode the class cleavage have so far been largely overlooked. In order to bring this perspective into the literature, this article studies discourses, affects and policies promoted by the Islamic trade unions confederation of Turkey, Hak-Is. After the introduction, I first demonstrate that the identity of Hak-Is has consistently been based on a fantasy of social cohesion and aversion to class-based politics. Building on this, I detail how Hak-Is has developed new economic and political practices, in a deliberate effort to overcome class-based unionism. Finally, I argue that the role of Hak-Is has evolved into representing workers' interests within the framework of the corporatist regime built by pro-Islamic AKP government.
Functional Annotation of LigU as a 1,3-Allylic Isomerase during the Degradation of Lignin in the Protocatechuate 4,5-Cleavage Pathway from the Soil Bacterium Sphingobium sp. SYK-6

Sphingobium sp. SYK-6 is a Gram-negative soil bacterium that contributes to the degradation of lignin. Lignin provides structural support and protection to plants as a complex aromatic heteropolymer. The lignin degradation pathway of guaiacyl moieties leads to the intermediate, protocatechuate (PCA), which is further degraded via the 4,5-cleavage pathway in which PCA is ultimately metabolized to pyruvate and oxaloacetate. In this pathway, LigI has been shown to catalyze the hydrolysis of 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate to (4 E)-oxalomesaconate (OMA). Here we have demonstrated, using 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, that LigU catalyzes the isomerization of the double bond between C4 and C5 in (4 E)-OMA to (3 Z)-2-keto-4-carboxy-3-hexenedioate (KCH), where the double bond has migrated to be between C3 and C4 via a 1,3-allylic isomerization. LigU is most closely related in amino acid sequence to methylaconitate isomerase (PrpF) from Shewanella oneidensis and methylitaconate-Δ-isomerase (Mii) from Eubacterium barkeri. The kinetic constants for the isomerization of OMA to KCH by LigU at pH 8.0 were determined to be 1300 ± 120 s-1 and (7.7 ± 1.5) × 106 M-1 s-1 for kcat and kcat/ Km, respectively. We have also shown that the product of the LigU-catalyzed reaction is the preferred substrate for the LigJ hydratase. In this reaction, LigJ catalyzes the hydration of KCH to 4-carboxy-4-hydroxy-2-oxoadipate.
Twenty-Five Years On — The Establishment and Application of Corporate Fiduciary Duties in PRC Law

This chapter analyzes the development of corporate fiduciary law and principles in the law of the People’s Republic of China from the early 1990s to date. The story starts with a short history of the contested advent of explicitly law-based corporate fiduciary duties into the PRC legal system after 1978, with an in depth consideration of the concurrent “legal construction” and “corporatization without privatization” programs implemented by China’s post-Mao administrations in the two decades following. In that regard, at least three development paths are described and explained — academic, regulatory and judicial/jurisprudential. Then the paper details how the substantive legal concepts associated with corporate (and later partnership) fiduciary duties have been injected into Chinese law and regulation, by which institutions, and with what legal, regulatory or economic policy aims and effects. Third, the article canvases how these substantive legal principles have gained life, or not, in application by state institutions like the PRC judiciary or its securities regulator, or, oftentimes more importantly, at the urging of private claimants. Finally, the chapter provides a consideration of what this particular development path, both its advances and frustrations, means for the assumption by China — and application by increasingly competent and autonomous, if not politically fully independent, institutions embedded in a vastly different tradition — of complex legal doctrines originating in distinct legal, political and economic systems. The ostensibly narrow story of corporate fiduciary duties in modern China thus has significant meaning for the ongoing and future development of the PRC’s entire governance and legal systems. A revised version of this work will be published as a chapter in the forthcoming collection: Evan Criddle, Paul B. Miller and Robert H. Sitkoff, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Fiduciary Law (New York: Oxford University Press, 2018).
Life beyond the Large City: A Distance Education Program in Learning Disabilities at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte.

Continuing shortages of qualified personnel in special education is a relatively well-known phenomenon, and delivery of teacher education in rural areas is especially problematic. First, students l...
Projected effectiveness of mandatory industrial fortification of wheat flour, milk, and edible oil with multiple micronutrients among Mongolian adults

Industrial fortification of wheat flour is a potentially effective strategy for addressing micronutrient deficiencies in Mongolia, given its ubiquitous consumption and centralized production. However, Mongolia has not mandated fortification of any foods except for salt with iodine. This study modeled the effectiveness and safety of mandatory industrial fortification of wheat flour alone and in combination with edible oil and milk in reducing the prevalence of multiple micronutrient intake deficiencies among healthy non-pregnant adults in Mongolia. Six days of diet records (3 summer, 3 winter) were collected from 320 urban and rural adults across the country and analyzed for food and nutrient consumption using a purpose-built food composition table, and the Intake Monitoring and Planning Program (IMAPP) was used to project the effects of fortification on summer and winter bioavailable micronutrient intake and intake deficiency under different fortification guidelines within population subgroups defined by urban or rural locality and sex. Projections showed that flour fortification would be effective in reducing intake deficiencies of thiamin and folate, while marginal benefits of fortification with iron and riboflavin would be smaller given these nutrients' higher baseline consumption, and fortification with zinc, niacin, and vitamin B12 may be unnecessary. Fortification of flour, oil, and milk with vitamins A, D, and E at levels suggested by international guidelines would substantially reduce vitamin A intake deficiency and would increase vitamin D intake considerably, with the greatest benefits elicited by flour fortification and smaller benefits by additionally fortifying oil and milk. These results support mandatory industrial fortification of wheat flour, edible oil, and milk with iron, thiamin, riboflavin, folate, and vitamins A, D, and E in Mongolia. Considerations will be necessary to ensure the fortification of these nutrients is also effective for children, for whom the potential benefit of zinc, niacin, and vitamin B12 fortification should be assessed.
Early-life host-microbial cross-talk in the lung

Early-life bacterial colonization patterns of the lower airways are an important determinant of the priming of the immune system.
Evolution of Conformational Flexibility of Immunoglobulin M

Since the initial observations of Heidelberger and Pederson (1) of a macroglobulin antibody against pneumococcus in the horse, IgM has been recognized as a major class of immunoglobulins in mammals as well as in vertebrates as phylogenetically distant as the elasmobranchii (2). In fact, IgM appears to be the first recognizable class to have evolved. It still is the first immunoglobulin to be synthesized in a mammalian immune response.
Putting Civic Participation in Context: Examining the Effects of Congregational Structure and Culture

Research indicates that participation in organized religion is related to higher levels of civic engagement. It is often theorized that social connections developed in congregations facilitate this increased involvement in civic life. Yet, despite interest in the link between religion and civic engagement, few studies have explored the effects that varying congregational contexts have on attenders’ civic behavior. In an era when both religious culture and demographics are changing rapidly, understanding how organizational contexts affect attenders’ community involvement may be valuable for predicting future patterns of religion and civic engagement. I utilize multilevel data drawn from the 2001 US Congregational Life Survey to investigate the relationship between congregational context and three measures of civic engagement. Findings reveal that important structural and cultural characteristics of congregations are related to civic behavior and that these characteristics influence different types of engagement differently. Implications for the relationship between religion and civic participation are discussed.
Keynote: Developing our Quantum Future

In 1981, Richard Feynman proposed a device called a 'quantum computer' to take advantage of the laws of quantum physics to achieve computational speed-ups over classical methods. Quantum computing promises to revolutionize how and what we compute. Over the course of three decades, quantum algorithms have been developed that offer fast solutions to problems in a variety of fields including number theory, optimization, chemistry, physics, and materials science. Quantum devices have also significantly advanced such that components of a scalable quantum computer have been demonstrated; the promise of implementing quantum algorithms is in our near future. I will attempt to explain some of the mysteries of this disruptive, revolutionary computational paradigm and how it will transform our digital age.
Modeling Pedestrian Injury Severity in Pedestrian-Vehicle Crashes in Rural and Urban Areas: Mixed Logit Model Approach:

Pedestrian-vehicle crashes are more likely to result in severe pedestrian incapacitating injuries and fatalities than other types of crashes. In this study, mixed logit models are developed to inve...
Ascites and Refractory Ascites

Ascites is a common complication of cirrhosis resulting in poor quality of life, high risk of development of other complications of cirrhosis and increased morbidity and mortality. About half of patients with previously compensated cirrhosis are expected to develop ascites within 10 years of diagnosis. One of the most important steps in the initial assessment of patients with ascites is referral of appropriate candidates for liver transplantation as it offers a definitive cure of cirrhosis and its complications. While the initial management of uncomplicated ascites with low sodium diet and diuretic treatment is straightforward in the majority of patients, there is a group of patients who fail to respond to diuretics; they will need a large-volume paracentesis with albumin replacement and in some cases a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. This chapter focuses on the practical aspects of the treatment of patients with ascites and cirrhosis.
Restoring voting rights: evidence that reversing felony disenfranchisement increases political efficacy

Millions of American citizens are denied the right to vote due to their criminal record. This study finds evidence that restoring the right to vote causes formerly disenfranchised individuals to de...
Correlations of Single-Leg Performance Tests to Patient-Reported Outcomes After Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between patient-reported outcomes (PROs) to the single-leg step-down test (SLSD) and the Y-balance anterior reach (YB-A) 6 months after primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Sixty-six patients 6 months after ACLR participated. INTERVENTIONS Patients performed the SLSD, YB-A, and completed PROs after ACLR. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Patients completed the International Knee Documentation Committee Score (IKDC), the Lysholm Activity Scale, the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK-11), and the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS)-Symptom, -Sport, and -Quality of Life (QOL) subscales. The SLSD requires subjects to complete as many single-leg step-downs as possible in 60 seconds, and the YB-A involves reaching anteriorly on a single limb. Pearson product moment correlations were used to assess relationships between the YB-A and SLSD performance to each PRO. RESULTS Single-leg step-down test symmetry was significantly correlated with the TSK-11 (r = -0.70), KOOS-Sport (r = 0.40), -Symptom (r = 0.46), and -QOL (r = 0.42). The YB-A symmetry was significantly correlated with the KOOS-Symptom (r = 0.30) and KOOS-Sport (r = 0.30). CONCLUSIONS Single-leg step-down test performance demonstrated stronger relationships to patient-reported knee function than the YB-A. Furthermore, the SLSD symmetry was strongly correlated with fear of movement. The SLSD provides a robust method for clinicians to assess dynamic knee function and may aid in identifying patients who could benefit from intervention to reduce fear of movement or reinjury.
Transformation of Acoustic Emission Pattern Recognition Features

Probably the most persistent general problem in acoustic emission (AE) applications is signal source identification. Past applications of pattern recognition techniques to AE have been successful, but require measurement of a parameter such as source location, load, etc., which is well-correlated with specific source types, in addition to AE signal characteristics used as the basis of the feature [1,2]. A training set comprised of a subset of the test data has also been required since good classification features and the distribution of their values are only appropriate when applied to the specific test from which they were obtained. The solution to these problems is to find robust features, or a way to predict features and feature values. Some empirical work along these lines has been done by Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL), operated by Battelle Memorial Institute [1,3,4]. In this paper, a transfer function between power spectral density (PSD) feature sets is established to relate the responses of two detection channels to a given source. The method may aid in identifying robust features and in predicting feature value distributions from calibration and a priori information.
A systematic review of therapeutic ketamine use in children and adolescents with treatment-resistant mood disorders

Suicide is the second leading cause of death in the United States among individuals aged 10–24, and severe youth depression is often refractory to the current standards of care. Many studies have demonstrated the efficacy of ketamine in reducing depressive symptoms in adults with treatment-resistant mood disorders, though few studies utilizing ketamine in youth populations exist. This systematic review examines the current state of evidence for ketamine use in children with treatment-resistant mood disorders. We conducted a search utilizing two electronic databases for English-language studies investigating the therapeutic effects and side effect profile of ketamine in youth ≤ 19 years of age with a diagnosis of a treatment-resistant mood disorder. Analysis included subjects with treatment-resistant depression with and without psychotic features and with bipolar disorder. Primary outcome measures included the following scales: Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale, Children’s Depression Rating Scale, Children’s Depression Rating Scale Revised, Child Bipolar Questionnaire, Overt Aggression Scale, Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale, and Scale for Suicidal Ideation. Four published studies were identified that investigated therapeutic ketamine use in youth for the primary purpose of treating a treatment-resistant psychiatric disorder. Three additional studies that did not meet eligibility criteria were identified and discussed. Ketamine was shown in youth to generally improve depressive symptoms, decrease acute suicidality, and reduce mood lability, though a number of subjects remained resistant to its treatment. These findings substantiate the need for further longitudinal studies investigating ketamine’s long-term safety, its efficacy, and abuse potential in the youth.
Perceived Social Standing in Assisted Living Communities: A Mixed-Methods Study of Social Hierarchies Among Residents:

The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to measure perceived social standing within an assisted living (PSS-AL), and to identify individual determinants and empirical correlates of this construct. The sample consisted of 200 residents of 21 assisted livings (ALs). A self-anchoring ladder measured PSS-AL (M = 6.95, SD = 2.04) and an open-ended follow-up question assessed individual determinants of PSS-AL ratings. In a multiple regression, mental health (β = .27, p = .001), intimate staff-resident relationships (β = .22, p = .024), and extraversion (β = .27, p < .001) were significant predictors of PSS-AL. Qualitative findings revealed that inter-personal factors, prosocial behaviors, and health were key determinants of PSS-AL. Results highlight the social demands of AL and associated implications for residents with varying social abilities, skills, and interests. Findings also suggest that staff-resident relationships may shape and-or reinforce resident social hierarchies. The authors discuss implications for research and practice.
A 22–44-GHz Phased-Array Receive Beamformer in 45-nm CMOS SOI for 5G Applications With 3–3.6-dB NF

This article presents a 22–44-GHz phased-array receive beamformer in the GlobalFoundries (GF) 45-nm CMOS SOI. The channel includes a wideband single-ended to differential low-noise amplifier (LNA), a 5-bit vector modulator (VM) phase shifter with a measured rms error of <6°, an attenuator, and a variable gain amplifier (VGA) with 16 dB of gain control. The phased-array channel results in a peak gain of 26.3 dB and a 3-dB bandwidth of 20.5–44 GHz. The measured NF is 3–3.6 dB at 22–44 GHz with an IP1dB of −27.5 to −24.5 dBm and dc power consumption of 112 mW. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first wideband phased-array beamformer that covers the entire millimeter-wave 5G band with high linearity and should be suitable for next-generation 5G systems.
The Policy Implications of Third-Party Funding in Investor-State Dispute Settlement

In this Working Paper, The Policy Implications of Third-Party Funding in Investor-State Dispute Settlement, CCSI analyzes underexplored yet critical policy issues surrounding the use of third-party funding in ISDS. It considers the costs and benefits of the practice, asks whether it is desirable or undesirable that third-parties be permitted to invest in ISDS claims, and if so, under what circumstances and in order to achieve what objectives, and overviews policy responses, including a total or partial ban and various regulatory responses, that may be appropriate to manage identified impacts.
An Interesting Case of Moyamoya Disease, a Rare Cause of Transient Ischemic Attacks.

Moyamoya disease is a rare, chronic, idiopathic progressive disease characterized by irreversible vascular occlusion of the vessels of the Circle of Willis. The disease was initially considered to be limited to the East Asian population, but now the disease is being reported all over the globe in people of multiple ethnicities. It is crucial that clinicians are aware of the disease and its presentation to prevent under-recognition of the condition. We describe the case of a 44-year-old Caucasian female with a history of hypertension, depression, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and morbid obesity diagnosed with Moyamoya disease after she presented to the emergency department with recurrent stroke-like symptoms.
Is Compassion a Good Career Move?: Nonprofit Earning Differentials from Job Changes

We explore the nonprofit earnings penalty. To separate the influence of demand and supply, we leverage workers who change employers in administrative tax data. The average nonprofit worker earns 5.5 percent less than the average for-profit worker. Supply-side factors (worker selection) contribute 80 percent of the nonprofit differential. The remaining 20 percent is from demand (a nonprofit penalty). Within-worker nonprofit variation generates several insights about the influence of nonprofits on the labor market. Nonprofits compress the wage distribution and reduce inequality among earners. Nonprofit penalties are much more pronounced in classic charities than in "commercial" nonprofits, which sometimes exhibit nonprofit premia.
Differences in Effects of Priming Culture, and in Effects of Diversity, on Dimensions of Identity

The study tested the effects of priming culture on academic self-concept (ASC) and ethnocentrism, and the relationship between prior intergroup contact (PIC) and familial ethnic socialization (FES)...
Hamilton's Paradox: The Promise and Peril of Fiscal Federalism

1. Introduction and overview 2. Promise and peril: intellectual history 3. Sovereignty and commitment 4. The power of the purse: intergovernmental grants and fiscal discipline 5. Disease or cure? Political parties and fiscal discipline 6. An approach to comparative case studies 7. Fiscal federalism and bailouts in postwar Germany 8. The crisis of fiscal federalism in Brazil 9. The challenge of reform in federations 10. The origins of subnational sovereignty 11. Conclusions.
Global Poverty: Global governance and poor people in the Post-2015 Era

Introduction, Chapter 1: The history and geography of global poverty, Chapter 2: Understanding and explaining global poverty, Chapter 3: The institutional landscape for attacking global poverty, Chapter 4: "Doing global" poverty eradication: transformation or gradual process?, Chapter 5: Strategic choices for the post-2015 development agenda, Chapter 6: The future of global poverty: emerging issues in an uncertain world, Chapter 7: Understanding the global governance of poverty: why don't we care?, Chapter 8: Moving forward on global poverty: can we care?, Annotated Bibliography, Appendix of the Millennium Development Goals
Partial Resolution of Brain Arylamidases and Aminopeptidases

Abstract A procedure is described for the partial resolution of enzymes in the rat brain that hydrolyze aminoacylated naphthylamines and aminopeptidase substrates. These enzymes were partially purified by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, gel filtration, and diethylaminoethyl cellulose resolution. Three distinct peaks were resolved on DEAE-cellulose. The first peak showed marked specificity for the tripeptide Leu-Gly-Gly; the second was specific for arginyl- and lysyl-β-naphthylamides; the third was active with both basic and neutral amino acid naphthylamides. Study of the arylamidases showed that their properties are distinct from those of the exo- and endopeptidases. Purified arylamidases were shown to be dependent on metal ions for activity. Treatment with ethylenediaminetetraacetate resulted in loss of activity, which could be restored by the addition of Zn2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, or La3+. The values of Km and the optimal pH varied with the different arylamide analogues. For leucyl-β-naphthyl-amide the value of Km was 8 x 10-4 m at the optimal pH of 6.5; for arginyl- and lysyl-β-naphthylamides, the values were 5 x 10-4 m at pH 6.5 and 1.3 x 10-4 m at pH 8.0, respectively. Arylamidases required dithiothreitol for stability; activity was increased by cysteine and β-mercaptoethanol, and inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate. The properties of the brain arylamidases were distinct from those of brain aminotripeptidase and hog kidney leucine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.1.1). Unlike the arylamidases, the other enzymes were not affected by puromycin.
The Kalevala and the World's Traditional Epics (Studia Fennica Folkloristica 12)

Reviewed Medium: book Year: 2002 Pages: 487 Publisher: Finnish Literature Society Prices: $€52.00
Interaction of flow and phase separation. Kinetics, structure, rheology

Abstract The interactions of flow, structure, rheology and phase-separation kinetics of phase-separating glass-forming melts have received little attention to date and would reward systematic research over the next two decades. This article reviews and speculates on the rheology of disperse and interconnected phase-separated melts, including effects of structural changes due to flow or to continuing phase separation and of diffusion induced by flow; on the effects of flow on the kinetics of phase separation; and on related processing phenomena.
Golfers in Colorado: the role of golf in recreational and tourism lifestyles and expenditures.

Abstract Tourism, and specifically golf, continue to be major drivers to the Colorado economy, especially in relatively high natural amenity areas. However, it is not clear that tourism promotion and broader golf marketing strategies are effectively aimed given the evolving nature of golf consumers and their visitation patterns, even though this is an important external force impacting the industry. The objective of this research is to develop a set of golfer profiles for Colorado to assist in the development of promotional strategies differentially targeted at in-state and traveling golfers.
Evaluation of dopamine D3 receptor binding of 18F-fallypride

1762 Objectives Identification of dopamine D3 receptors in vivo is important to understand several brain functions. Fallypride and other substituted benzamides (raclopride, IBZM, FLB457) are known to bind to both D2 and D3 receptors. Using (R)-7-OH-DPAT (DPAT), a selective D3 agent (Ki=0.57 nM) over D2 (Ki=56nM), we have measured degree of displacement of 18F-fallypride in vitro and in vivo. Methods Brain tissue was obtained from male Sprague-Dawley rats and New Zealand White rabbits in sections (10 μm thick) including striata, cortex and cerebellum. Sections were preincubated at rt for 10 min in Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4). Incubation was with 2-3 μCi/cc of 18F-fallypride (>2 Ci/mmol) at 37oC for 1 hr along with 0.1nM to 10 μM (R)-7-OH-DPAT. Post incubation, sections were washed twice for 3 min in cold buffer, submerged quickly in cold distilled water, dried, exposed to phosphor films and quantified. Rat (isoflurane anesthesia) in vivo studies were done on Inveon MicroPET with (R)-7-OH-DPAT at doses of 0.4 and 1.9 mg/kg IV 90 min postinjection of ~1 mCi 18F-fallypride. Results (R)-7-OH-DPAT displaced binding of 18F-fallypride, both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro at 10nM (R)-7-OH-DPAT, rat ventral striatum (VST) and dorsal striatum (DST) were reduced by ~10% (D3 displacement). Rabbit sagittal sections were similarly reduced (caudate & putamen) but nucleus accumbens was reduced by ~15%. However at 10μM (R)-7-OH-DPAT all regions in rat and rabbit were reduced by ≥85% (D2 displacement). In vivo binding was computed as percent reduction of cerebellar ratio for dorsal striatum (DST) and ventral striatum (VST) before and after (R)-7-OH-DPAT: low-dose (0.4mg/kg) DST -48%, VST -56%; high-dose (1.9 mg/kg) DST -64%, VST -82%, suggesting D3/D2 displacement. Conclusions In vitro data suggests that approximately 10-15% of 18F-fallypride may be bound to D3 receptor sites. In vivo data shows displacement from both DST and VST by (R)-7-OH-DPAT with some selectivity for the latter. Lower doses of (R)-7-OH-DPAT are planned to further discriminate competition at VST from DST. Research Support NIH EB00611
Glomerulosclerosis in canine heartworm infection.

The kidneys of seven dogs with natural infections of heartworm disease, four dogs with experimental infections, and six control (uninfected) dogs raised in isolation were examined by light, fluorescent, and electron microscopy. Swelling and fragmentation of the basement membranes accompanied by denudations of endothelial cells and fusion and atrophy of foot processes occurred in the glomeruli of dogs with heartworm disease, but not in control dogs. The severity of tissue damage correlated with the degree of microfilaremia. There was no evidence that the glomerular lesions were caused by immune complexes deposited in the basement membranes; and the alterations of glomerular capillaries were probably caused by motile microfilariae in the capillaries.
Immunosuppression in the sensitized heart transplant recipient.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The proportion of heart transplant candidates who are allosensitized has increased over time. Advances in tissue typing and immunosuppression have improved the rate of successful transplant in this challenging population. Recently published data regarding contemporary approaches to desensitization prior to and immunosuppression following transplant are summarized. RECENT FINDINGS Continued progress in measurement and characterization of antibodies and strategies to abrogate antibody production both prior to and following heart transplant have been encouraging. Updates on the role of non-human leukocyte antigen antibodies and the impact of mechanical circulatory support on allosensitization are provided. Data on current desensitization strategies, including the increasing use of monoclonal antibodies, are provided and the potential role of complement inhibitors will be reviewed. Increasing experience with potent novel agents is likely to provide the opportunity to improve transplant outcomes for highly sensitized patients. SUMMARY Although allosensitized heart transplant candidates remain a management challenge, excellent outcomes can be achieved with contemporary approaches. Advances in the understanding of B-cell biology are anticipated to further broaden options and improve outcomes.
Human papillomavirus vaccine: progress and the future

A vaccine to prevent infection by human papillomavirus is available in the US. This article reviews the biology of human papillomavirus that allows for the development of both therapeutic and prophylactic vaccines. Issues that may delay the acceptance of the vaccine are discussed.
Coal in China

This study analyzes China’s coal industry by focusing on five related areas, namely, resource flow, coal consumption, carbon footprint, accidents and deaths and international opinions.
Cell death pathways associated with PDT

Photodynamic therapy leads to both direct and indirect tumor cell death. The latter also involves the consequences of vascular shut-down and immunologic effects. While these factors are a major factor in tumor eradication, there is usually an element of direct cell killing that can reduce the cell population by as much as 2-3 logs. Necrosis was initially believed to represent the predominant PDT death mechanism. An apoptotic response to PDT was first reported by Oleinick in 1991, using a sensitizer that targets the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Apoptosis leads to fragmentation of DNA and of cells into apoptotic bodies that are removed by phagocytosis. Inflammatory effects are minimized, and the auto- catalytic elements of the process can amplify the death signal. In this study, we examined consequences of Bcl-2 photodamage by a porphycene sensitizer that targets the ER and causes photodamage to the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Death patterns after Bcl-2 inactivation by a small-molecular antagonist were also assessed. In addition to apoptosis, we also characterized a hitherto undescribed PDT effect, the initiation of autophagy. Autophagy was initially identified as a cell survival pathway, allowing the recycling of components as nutrients become scarce. We propose that autophagy can also represent both a potential survival pathway after PDT damage to cellular organelles, as well as a cell-death pathway. Recent literature reports indicate that autophagy, as well as apoptosis, can be evoked after down-regulation of Bcl-2, a result consistent with results reported here.
MICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF MECHANICALLY DEBONED FISH FLESH

Mechanically deboning several traditional and underutilized fish species increased the microbial count tenfold. The shelf life of the minced fish at 2° and 12°C was 5 and 3 days respectively with a corresponding total bacterial count of 1.0–5.0 × 108/g. The bacterial and Coliform counts during frozen storage (up to 3 mo, −25°C) showed little or no change. Frozen minced fish samples thawed from -25° to 2°C at thawing rates of 1.2, 1.6, 5.0, and 12.5°C/hr all had the same final bacterial count. Psychrotrophic bacteria in a beef-fish mixture stored at 2°C grew at the same rate as fish or beef alone. At 12°C the bacterial growth in the beef-fish mixture was slower than in beef or fish alone.
Gene processing control loops suggested by sequencing, splicing, and RNA folding.

Background Small RNAs are known to regulate diverse gene expression processes including translation, transcription, and splicing. Among small RNAs, the microRNAs (miRNAs) of 17 to 27 nucleotides (nts) undergo biogeneses including primary transcription, RNA excision and folding, nuclear export, cytoplasmic processing, and then bioactivity as regulatory agents. We propose that analogous hairpins from RNA molecules that function as part of the spliceosome might also be the source of small, regulatory RNAs (somewhat smaller than miRNAs).
AMBIGUITY, CONTRADICTIONS, AND FRUSTRATIONS AT THE BALLOT BOX: A PUBLIC CHOICE PERSPECTIVE

A theoretical analysis of citizen participation in politics from a public choice perspective indicates that widespread apathy and disinterest are not aberrations in citizen behavior due to civic irresponsibility or the personal failings of individuals. Rather such responses are highly rational adapta- tions to a political system and political decision-making process over which the individual has little control and participation in which, while demand- ing, yields few tangible returns. Elections and voting are poor mechanisms for aggregating choice, allocating resources or directing public policy.
Importance of dose-rate and cell proliferation in the evaluation of biological experimental results.

The nuclei of cells within the bodies of astronauts traveling on extended missions outside the geomagnetosphere will experience single traversals of particles with high Linear Energy Transfer (LET) (e.g., one iron ion per one hundred years, on average) superimposed on a background of tracks with low LET (approximately one proton every two to three days, and one helium ion per month). In addition, some cell populations within the body will be proliferating, thus possibly providing increasing numbers of cells with 'initiated' targets for subsequent radiation hits. These temporal characteristics are not generally reproduced in laboratory experimental protocols. Implications of the differences in the temporal patterns of radiation delivery between conventionally designed radiation biology experiments and the pattern to be experienced in space are examined and the importance of dose-rate and cell proliferation are pointed out in the context of radiation risk assessment on long mission in space.
Detection of DNA hybridization on indium tin oxide surfaces

Abstract Indium tin oxide (ITO) surfaces were modified with ssDNA by coupling oligonucleotides to a monolayer of 12-phosphonododecanoic acid (12-PDA) on ITO surfaces. This coupling involved the formation of an amide bond between the carboxylic acid moiety of 12-PDA to the amine group of a 5′-aminopropyl-labeled single strand of DNA. The self-assembled monolayer of 12-PDA and surface-attached oligonucleotides were characterized by X-ray photoelectron and reflectance FTIR spectroscopy. Detection of selective surface DNA hybridization was achieved by labeling the target ssDNA with gold nanoparticles. The presence of gold nanoparticles was probed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, stripping voltammetry, atomic force microscopy, thermography, photoelectrochemistry (chronoamperometry) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). CV was used to successfully detect DNA hybridization for nanoparticle concentrations as low as 10 pM when using the gold nanoparticles bound to an ITO electrode as catalysts for the electrochemical oxidation of FeCl2. The studies described here provided the basis for surface attachment methodology for various electrochemical and thermographic sensing methods that use ITO thin films as a substrate.