cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transfusion experience with platelet concentrates stored for 24 to 72 hours at 22 degrees C. Importance of storage time.

We studied the transfusion response from random donor platelet concentrates in 15 stable multitransfused, thrombocytopenic patients by comparing the platelet counts measured before and 20 hours after transfusion. The observed platelet increments were corrected (corrected increment, C.I.) for the number of units of platelet concentrate transfused and the patient's body surface area in square meters (platelets/microliter per unit/m2). Using platelet concentrates stored for less than 24 hours, the patients achieved a median C.I. of 9500 (range: 5000–18,000). When platelet concentrates stored for 24 to 48 hours or 48 to 72 hours were given, the median C.I. markedly decreased to 1000 (range: 0–4800) and 0 (range: 0–5100), respectively (p less than 0.001). These differences could not be explained by further recipient alloimmunization. Transfusion with platelet concentrates less than 24 hours old on a second occasion, bracketing the transfusions of older platelet concentrates, resulted in a median C.I. of 7200 (range: 5400–14,500). Similar results were obtained in three patients when HLA- identical sibling platelet concentrates were employed. In vitro tests, including pH, morphology, and aggregation, demonstrated no statistically significant differences among the platelet concentrates stored for less than 24 hours, 24 to 48 hours, and 48 to 72 hours. These studies suggest that, although platelet concentrates can be stored for 72 hours without loss of in vitro function, the in vivo recovery is significantly diminished after 24 hours of storage, and preferably patients should not be transfused prophylactically with platelet concentrates greater than 24 hours old.
How Agencies Market Egg Donation on the Internet: A Qualitative Study

We systematically examined the content of the websites of 46 agencies that buy and sell human eggs to understand how they market themselves to both donors and recipients. We found that these websites use marketing techniques that obscure the realities of egg donation, presenting egg donation as a mutually beneficial and fulfilling experience. Sites emphasize egg donors' emotional fulfillment (71.4%) and address recipients' anxieties by stressing the ability to find the perfect "fit" or "match" (56.5%), suiting recipients'"preferences"/"desires" (19.6%), and even designing/customizing a child (15.2%). Agencies attempt to create a sense of connection between the recipients and donors by reporting donors' personal characteristics - e.g., interests/hobbies (63%), traits (34.8%), mood/temperament (20%), and self-reported childhood behavior/memories (15%). Sites present donors as caring/generous (54.3%) and smart/successful/beautiful. These data, the first to examine several key aspects of egg donation agency websites, reveal critical aspects of how these companies communicate to prospective donors and recipients, raising several ethical concerns. Websites frame information in ways that may bias consumers, making emotional appeals that may distract from appropriate risk/benefit assessments and obscure the ethical challenges of egg donation. These data highlight needs for improved practices, adherence to guidelines, and consideration of enhanced guidelines or policy.
Popular journalism and professional ideology: tabloid reporters and editors speak out

Scholars and professionals alike have repeatedly signaled a blurring of the public-private distinction in contemporary journalism. This possible ‘homogenization’ of popular and ‘hard’ journalisms c...
An implementation of von neumann's self-reproducing machine

This article describes in detail an implementation of John von Neumann's self-reproducing machine. Self-reproduction is achieved as a special case of construction by a universal constructor. The theoretical proof of the existence of such machines was given by John von Neumann in the early 1950s [6], but was first implemented in 1994, by the author in collaboration with R. Nobili. Our implementation relies on an extension of the state-transition rule of von Neumann's original cellular automaton. This extension was introduced to simplify the design of the constructor. The main operations in our constructor can be mapped into operations of von Neumann's machine.
Retinoblastoma: A Review Emphasizing Genetics and Management Strategies

This review discusses the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis, genetics, management, and prognosis for retinoblastoma. Genetic counseling, information provided by various techniques of genetic screening, and management strategies for retinoblastoma are emphasized.
Relative expression analysis for identifying perturbed pathways

The computational identification from global data sets of stable and predictive patterns of gene and protein relative expression reversals offers a simple, yet powerful approach to target therapies for personalized medicine and to identify pathways that are disease-perturbed. We previously utilized this approach to identify a molecular classifier with near 100% accuracy for differentiating gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) and leiomyosarcoma (LMS), two cancers that have very similar histopathology, but require very different treatments. Differential Rank Conservation (DIRAC) is a novel approach for studying gene ordering within pathways and is based on the relative expression ranks of participating genes. DIRAC provides quantitative measures of how pathway rankings differ both within and between phenotypes. DIRAC between pathways in a selected phenotype contrasts the scenarios where either (i) pathways are ranked similarly in all samples; or (ii) the ordering of pathway genes is highly varied. We examined gene expression in GIST and LMS tumor profiles and identified pathways that appear to be tightly regulated based on high conservation of gene ordering. The second form of DIRAC manifests as a change in ranking (i.e., shuffling) between phenotypes for a selected pathway. These variably expressed pathways serve as signatures for molecular classification, and the ability to accurately classify microarray samples provided strong validation for the pathway-level expression differences identified by DIRAC.
Impact of clinicopathologic parameters on patient survival in carcinoma of the cervical esophagus

Background: The survival of patients with carcinoma of the cervical esophagus remains poor in spite of multimodality treatment and technical improvements in surgical resection and reconstruction. This study was undertaken to update our experience with cervical esophageal carcinoma and to identify factors that had an impact on patient survival and quality of life. Patients and methods: Clinical data encompassing 132 variables were collected on 67 patients with cervical esophageal carcinoma from 1980 to 1993. Statistical analysis was performed: independent Student's t-tests, Cox regression, Kaplan-Meier curves, and log rank analyses were used in the statistical evaluation. The mean age of the patients was 63 years (range 31 to 88). Dysphagia was the primary symptom in 86% of patients; 80% had received no prior treatment. The most common abnormal finding (21%) on physical examination was a neck mass. Results: Curative resection was performed in 22 patients, 7 had palliative procedures, and 7 were found to be inoperable at exploration and received palliative treatment. Radiation with or without chemotherapy was definitive treatment for 10 patients, whereas 4 patients were treated with chemotherapy alone for cure, and 17 patients received palliative treatment. The mean survival following diagnosis was 17 months (range 1 to 96). Cumulative 5-year survival was 12%. Conclusions: Persistent disease, chemotherapy prior to presentation, and chemotherapy for cure remained as statistically significant parameters associated with decreased survival by multivariate analysis. There was a trend toward improved survival in patients treated with surgical resection.
Changing Political Opportunity: The Anti-Rape Movement and Public Policy

Both the legal definition of rape and the social responses to it have changed dramatically over the last twenty-five years. The sorts of assaults classified as criminal, the willingness of women who have been raped to turn to the criminal justice system, the rules of prosecution, and the penalties imposed on those found guilty have all been the explicit subjects of public debates initiated in the early 1970s by activists who broke the silence of earlier decades. Activists' engagement with the policy process throughout the 1970s altered institutions and policy at the local, state, and federal levels, and also affected the development and claims of the broader women's movement.
New Classes of Functionalized Polyoxometalates: Organo-Nitrogen Derivatives of Lindqvist Systems

The compositional and structural diversity of polyoxometalates, coupled with their remarkable catalytic, magnetic, medicinal, redox, and photophysical properties, justifies their description as class of inorganic compounds "unmatched in terms of molecular and electronic structural versatility, reactivity and relevance". The development of rational methods for the systematic modification and functionalization of polyoxometalates is a challenging endeavor, but is one which offers the prospect of exploiting more fully the desirable attributes of these systems. In the specific case of the Lindqvist-type hexametalates (Figure 1), one effective strategy for producing modified derivatives involves the formal replacement of one (or more) of their terminal oxo ligands with other isolobal ligating atoms or groups. If one considers the oxo ligands as being closed-shell entities, then attractive targets for this approach include the nitrido, organoimido, and diazoalkane (hydrazonato) ligands. Similar, if not always strictly identical, considerations can be applied to nitrosyl and diazenido acceptor ligands, as well as to hydrazido and pentamethylcyclopentadienyl donors, all of which have been demonstrated to serve as oxo surrogates in Lindqvist systems. In this contribution, we will focus on organoimido and diazoalkane derivatives of the Lindqvist hexametalates and
Mechanisms of cell injury in rat mesentery and cremaster muscle

The events responsible for cell injury after a tissue stimulation are only incompletely understood. The purpose of this study was to examine mechanisms of cell injury in two tissues, rat mesentery and cremaster muscle, after tissue stimulation with N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) and platelet-activating factor (PAF). The response was studied in the same animal in random order using normal and leukopenic rats. The tissues were exteriorized after pentobarbital anesthesia. Five to six vascularized areas were chosen in each tissue, and cell injury and hydroperoxide production were assessed visually by continuous superfusion with 1 microM propidium iodide and 5 microM dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH), respectively. FMLP (1 x 10(-8) M) and then PAF (1 x 10(-8) M) were added to the superfusate, and measurements were made at several time points. The second tissue was then examined using the same protocol. In the cremaster, there was little hydroperoxide production, and the tissue injury was eliminated after leukopenia. Leukopenia had no effect on tissue injury in the mesentery. Although hydroperoxide production was observed, there was no correlation between it and the tissue injury. The level of preactivation showed no correlation with either tissue injury or hydroperoxide production. In light of these results, mast cell degranulation may be an important mechanism of tissue injury in the mesentery.
Isotherms for the chemisorption of ethyl xanthate on lead

Abstract The anodic oxidation of ethyl xanthate (EX − ) on a lead surface is characterised by a voltammetric prewave that occurs at underpotentials to lead ethyl xanthate formation. The prewave arises from the chemisorption of ethyl xanthate. The potential dependence of ethyl xanthate coverage fits the Frumkin adsorption isotherm, [ θ (1 − θ)] exp (2θ) = 8.98 × 10 14 [ EX − ] exp (1.1 FE RT ) .
Methodology, Statistics, and Voting Error: An Exploration of 2000 Presidential Election Data in Two States

In the wake of the voting controversy of Election 2000, along with passage of a congressional measure designed to fix what many believe is an ailing voting system, research into the impact of voting equipment on residual voting error has become a crucial question as the states prepare to replace existing voting equipment through the use of matching federal funds, to adjust existing equipment, or to face yet more lawsuits. Most existent studies into the link between voting equipment and residual voting error have concentrated on voting equipment across the states rather than within the individual states, generating results that are subject to a possible aggregation bias. Using a variety of statistical techniques, data on Election 2000 U.S. presidential and U.S. senatorial races are analyzed in an attempt to determine the impact of voting equipment on the voting error levels intrastate in those races. This study presents analysis of two sets of state data, Wyoming and Pennsylvania, and is used to argue that the infamous punch-card voting equipment may not be a significant contributor to an increase in voter error when analyzing intrastate, contrary to existing research that indicates it is significant when analyzed across multiple states. This research underscores the importance of researchers’ ideological perspectives in application of statistical methodology to the American policy arena.
Abstract WMP85: Recovery Rate vs. Recovery Capacity: A Mathematical Model and its Implications for Rehabilitation

INTRODUCTION: Recovery of most hemiparetic patients at 90 days can be well predicted as a fixed proportion (70%) of initial motor deficit. However, recent work has shown considerable variability in the rate of recovery among proportional recoverers, prompting consideration of whether rate of recovery and recovery capacity are independent and whether a single rate dynamic governs proportional recovery. HYPOTHESIS: Among proportional recoverers, recovery rate variability can be accounted for by a single mathematical model in which: 1) recovery rate is independent of recovery capacity and 2) recovery has a sigmoid trajectory parameterized only by initial stroke severity. METHODS: We studied 23 patients with first-ever unilateral hemiparetic stroke previously identified as proportional recoverers. Fugl-Meyer Upper Extremity Motor Exam (FM-UE) had been measured at RESULTS: The model accounted for 86% of variability in motor recovery achieved by patients at 1 week after stroke onset (pseudo-R 2 =0.863, F 23,21= 418.0, p CONCLUSION: The model provides evidence that proportional recovery is governed by a single rate dynamic and that recovery rate is independent of recovery capacity. It provides a tool for predicting motor impairment at any time following stroke onset and suggests a framework for characterizing the biology of recovery and the role of therapeutic interventions as either capacity-enhancing or rate-enhancing.
Dramatization as Life Practice: Counteractualisation, Event and Death

The concept of dramatization represents a rhetorical and conceptual tension in Deleuze's philosophy in that it refers both to autopoietic ontological processes and to a critical philosophical method. Commentators are wont to refer to either one or the other, saying little about how or if these two fundamentally distinct usages can be thought together; that is what we aim to do here. By unravelling the conceptual transformations of the term, we can gain an appreciation for the double characterisation of dramatization and its centrifugal nature. We begin with the hypothesis that dramatization is linked to actualisation in the first sense and counteractualisation in the second. The fundamental question that we would like to address is: how are these two views to be reconciled? Addressing this question leads us to the conclusion that dramatization becomes an ethical imperative for philosophical subjects to perform certain philosophical exercises, that is, to become worthy of the event. The particular philosop...
Platform Design for Fleet-Level Efficiency under Uncertain Demand: Application for Air Mobility Command (AMC)

The approach presented here combines approaches from multidisciplinary design optimization and operations research to improve energy efficiency-related defense acquisition decisions. The work focuses upon the acquisition of new aircraft for the US Air Force Air Mobility Command, which is the largest consumer of fuel in the Department of Defense. The approach here extends prior work in fleet-level acquisition decisions, in the context of Air Mobility Command, by explicitly considering uncertainty. The approach simultaneously selects requirements for a new cargo aircraft, predicts size, weight and performance of that new aircraft, and also allocates the new aircraft along with existing aircraft to meet cargo transportation demand. Fuel efficiency of the resulting fleet provides a metric for comparison. The approach, with the abstractions and assumptions used, successfully provides a description of a new cargo aircraft that impacts fleet-level metrics. The allocation problem incorporates scheduling-like features to account for time driven operational constraints. Results in this study demonstrate the approach for a simple three-route network and 22-base network, using the Air Mobility Command Global Air Transportation Execution System dataset.
Mu-opioid receptor activation in the medial shell of nucleus accumbens promotes alcohol consumption, self-administration and cue-induced reinstatement

Endogenous opioid signaling in ventral cortico-striatal-pallidal circuitry is implicated in elevated alcohol consumption and relapse to alcohol seeking. Mu-opioid receptor activation in the medial shell of the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a region implicated in multiple aspects of reward processing, elevates alcohol consumption while NAc opioid antagonists reduce it. However, the precise nature of the increases in alcohol consumption, and the effects of mu-opioid agonists on alcohol seeking and relapse are not clear. Here, we tested the effects of the mu-opioid agonist [D-Ala(2), N-MePhe(4), Gly-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO) in rat NAc shell on lick microstructure in a free-drinking test, alcohol seeking during operant self-administration, extinction learning and expression, and cue-reinforced reinstatement of alcohol seeking. DAMGO enhanced the number, but not the size of drinking bouts. DAMGO also enhanced operant alcohol self-administration and cue-induced reinstatement, but did not affect extinction learning or elicit reinstatement in the absence of cues. Our results suggest that mu-opioid agonism in NAc shell elevates alcohol consumption, seeking and conditioned reinforcement primarily by enhancing the incentive motivational properties of alcohol and alcohol-paired cues, rather than by modulating palatability, satiety, or reinforcement.
Comparison of Microbial Communities Isolated from Feces of Asymptomatic Salmonella-Shedding and Non-Salmonella Shedding Dairy Cows

In the United States Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotypes Kentucky and Cerro are frequently isolated from asymptomatic dairy cows. However, factors that contribute to colonization of the bovine gut by these two serotypes have not been identified. To investigate associations between Salmonella status and bacterial diversity, as well as the diversity of the microbial community in the dairy cow hindgut, the bacterial and archaeal communities of fecal samples from cows on a single dairy farm were determined by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. Fecal grab samples were collected from two Salmonella-positive cows and two Salmonella-negative cows on five sampling dates (n = 20 cows), and 16S rRNA gene amplicons from these samples were sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform. A high level of alpha (within) and beta diversity (between) samples demonstrated that microbial profiles of dairy cow hindguts are quite diverse. To determine whether Salmonella presence, sampling year, or sampling date explained a significant amount of the variation in microbial diversity, we performed constrained ordination analyses (distance based RDA) on the unifrac distance matrix produced with QIIME. Results indicated that there was not a significant difference in the microbial diversity associated with Salmonella presence (P > 0.05), but there were significant differences between sampling dates and years (Pseudo-F= 2.157 to 4.385, P < 0.05). Based on these data, it appears that commensal Salmonella infections with serotypes Cerro and Kentucky in dairy cows have little or no association with changes in the abundance of major bacterial groups in the hindgut. Rather, our results indicated that temporal dynamics and other undescribed parameters associated with them were the most influential drivers of the differences in microbial diversity and community structure in the dairy cow hindgut.
Density functional theory investigation of the LiIn1–xGaxSe2 solid solution

The electronic structure and optical properties of the LiIn1–xGaxSe2 (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1) solid solution were studied by density functional theory (DFT) with pure functionals. The exchange-correlation is treated within the local density approximation (LDA) and generalized-gradient approximation (GGA). The electronic structures for each respective compound are discussed in detail. Calculations reveal that gallium incorporation can be used to tune the optical-electrical properties of the solid solution and correlates with the lattice parameter. The band gap trend of the LiIn1–xGaxSe2 system follows a nonlinear behavior between the LiInSe2 and LiGaSe2 ternary boundaries. The bowing parameter is estimated to be on the order of 0.1–0.3 eV at the Γ-point. Low-temperature optical absorption revealed a 30% change in the temperature dependence of the band gap for the intermediate compound LiIn0.6Ga0.4Se2 compared to ternary boundaries and suggests the heat capacity to be another control element through strain.
Conversion of ethanol in aqueous solution over ZSM-5 zeolites: study of the reaction network

Abstract Diethyl ether has been confirmed as a reaction intermediate in the conversion of aqueous ethanol over steam-treated ZSM-5 and the asbestos-derived ZSM-5 zeolites at reaction temperatures below 260–270°C. However, a pathway for the direct-conversion-to-ethylene is also present under these conditions. At higher reaction temperatures, the one-step path predominates. Both zeolites exhibit near-identical values of the apparent activation energy.
Autism spectrum disorders: management over the lifespan.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: For the majority of the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) population, symptoms begin within the first years of life and associated difficulties continue throughout the lifespan. Currently, the research literature focuses more heavily on problems in childhood. However, given that adulthood accounts for the majority of life, more focus should be placed on evidence-based, lifelong treatment and management strategies for ASD.Areas covered: This paper reviews the topic of lifelong ASD management, primarily emphasizing issues in adolescence and adulthood. Among the topics discussed are timing and methods of treatment across the lifespan, and specific intervention targets that emerge or are more relevant to this older cohort.Expert commentary: Several advances have been made in the treatment of adolescent and adult specific issues. However, research should continue to focus on these areas. Greater focus on coordination of care across disciplines and policy regarding ASD management over the lif...
Ultrasound based focused neck exploration for primary hyperparathyroidism.

Abstract Objective We review our experience with focused neck exploration (FNE) based on ultrasound (USN) alone, in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP) and negative sestamibi scans (SES). Methods 124 patients with PHP were evaluated for FNE and studied with SES and USN. 53 patients (43%) had a negative SES. 49 of those patients (92%) were selected for FNE based on USN criteria of a single abnormal gland, .5 cm or greater, as determined by an experienced surgeon-sonographer. Results 40 of 49 patients (82%) selected on USN criteria alone underwent successful FNE. Of the 9 patients who required neck exploration 6 (12%) were incorrectly localized, 2 (4%) were found to have hyperplasia, and 1 (2%) was correctly localized but not found on the initial exploration. US had a 97.5% sensitivity and a 25% specificity as a diagnostic test for single adenomas, both within the 95% confidence interval. Of those glands successfully imaged by USN, image size correlated well with the measured size of the adenoma at path, on average within 0.40 cm (Standard deviation 0.30 cm). Conclusion We feel our data show that USN provides reliable information in patient selection for FNE. The literature supports SES as a more reliable study when positive for parathyroid adenoma, but false negative rates of 30–40% have been reported. Routine use of preoperative US by experienced surgeon-sonographers would result in more patients selected for FNE vs. routine neck exploration with expected benefits.
Effect of Low-Dose Aspirin on the Time of Onset of Preeclampsia and Time of Delivery.

Objective To determine whether low-dose aspirin (LDA) affects the time of onset of preeclampsia and the time of delivery in high-risk women. Study Design Secondary analysis of a multicenter randomized controlled trial of LDA (60 mg) in high-risk women. Quantile regression was used to identify the median gestational age at preeclampsia diagnosis and median gestational age at delivery, whereas logistic regression was used to determine the likelihood of preeclampsia-indicated delivery within 7 days. Results Total of 2,479 women were randomized and 461 developed preeclampsia. The mean gestational age at enrollment was 20 ± 4 weeks. On multivariate analysis, LDA did not affect the time of preeclampsia diagnosis (coefficient −0.4 weeks, 95% CI: −1.1 to 0.2; p = 0.2), time of delivery (coefficient 0 weeks, 95% CI: −0.3 to 0.3; p = 1), or likelihood of preeclampsia-indicated delivery within 7 days (OR = 0.8; 95% CI: 0.5–1.2; p = 0.2). In multifetal gestations, preeclampsia was diagnosed at least 1 week earlier than women with diabetes or previous preeclampsia (p Conclusion LDA prophylaxis did not significantly affect time of diagnosis of preeclampsia, time of delivery, or likelihood of preeclampsia-indicated delivery within 7 days. LDA prophylaxis did not significantly affect time of diagnosis of preeclampsia, time of delivery, or likelihood of preeclampsia-indicated delivery within 7 days.
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia characterized by repeated episodes of dream enactment behavior and REM sleep without atonia (RSWA) during polysomnography. RSWA is characterized by increased phasic or tonic muscle activity seen on polysomnographic electromyogram channels. RSWA is a requisite diagnostic feature of RBD, but may also be seen in patients without clinical symptoms or signs of dream enactment as an incidental finding in neurologically normal individuals, especially in patients receiving antidepressant therapy. RBD may be idiopathic or symptomatic. Patients with idiopathic RBD often later develop other neurological features including parkinsonism, orthostatic hypotension, anosmia, or cognitive impairment. RSWA without clinical dream eneactment, as well as clinically overt RBD, also often occurs concomitantly with synucleinopathy neurodegenerative disorders, which include idiopathic Parkinson disease, Lewy body dementia, and multiple system atrophy. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of RBD, clinical, and polysomnographic diagnostic standards for both RBD and RSWA, previously reported associations of RSWA and RBD with neurodegenerative disorders and other potential causes, pathophysiology of brain structures and networks mediating dysregulation of REM sleep muscle atonia and clinical dream enactment, and considerations for the effective and safe management of RBD.
Epilepsy in neurofibromatosis type 1.

Abstract Objectives To describe the characteristics of epilepsy in patients with Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Methods Analysis of a cohort of consecutive NF1 patients seen in our NF1 clinic during a three-year period. Results Of the 184 NF1 patients seen during that period, 26 had epilepsy and three had febrile seizures. Of the 26, 17 (65%) had localization-related epilepsy, seven of whom (41%) were drug resistant. Six (23%) had apparently primary generalized epilepsy (0/6 drug resistant), two (8%) Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and one (4%) West syndrome (all three were drug-resistant). As compared to the patients with no epilepsy, those with epilepsy were more likely to have MRI findings of mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) (23% vs. 5%, p = 0.0064), and cerebral hemisphere tumors (31% vs. 10%, p = 0.0079), but not of the other MRI findings including neurofibromatosis bright objects, or optic gliomas. Three of the six patients with MTS underwent temporal lobectomy with subsequent control of their seizures with confirmation of MTS on pathology in 3/3 and presence of coexisting focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) in 2/3. We also have observed three additional patients outside the above study with the association of NF1, MTS, and intractable epilepsy. Significance Epilepsy is relatively common in NF1, often occurs in patients with brain tumors or with MTS which can coexist with FCD, can be associated with multiple types of epilepsy syndromes, and when localization-related is often drug-resistant. Patients with NF1 and MTS can respond to medial temporal lobectomy and may have coexisting medial temporal lobe cortical dysplasia.
IL-15 supports the generation of protective lung-resident memory CD4 T cells

Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) provide optimal defense at the sites of infection, but signals regulating their development are unclear, especially for CD4 T cells. Here we identify two distinct pathways that lead to the generation of CD4 TRM in the lungs following influenza infection. The TRM are transcriptionally distinct from conventional memory CD4 T cells and share a gene signature with CD8 TRM. The CD4 TRM are superior cytokine producers compared with conventional memory cells, can protect otherwise naive mice against a lethal influenza challenge, and display functional specialization by inducing enhanced inflammatory responses from dendritic cells compared with conventional memory cells. Finally, we demonstrate than an interleukin (IL)-2-dependent and a novel IL-2-independent but IL-15-dependent pathway support the generation of cohorts of lung TRM.
A deep learning based scoring system for prioritizing susceptibility variants for mental disorders

Many rare and common genetic variants, including SNPs and CNVs, are reported to be associated with mental disorders, yet more remain to be discovered. However, despite the large amount of high-throughput genomics data, there is a lack of integrative methods to systematically prioritize variants that confer susceptibility to mental disorders in personal genomes. Here, we developed a computational tool: a deep learning based scoring system (ncDeepBrain) to analyze whole genome/exome sequencing data on personal genomes by integrating contributions from coding, non-coding, structural variants, known brain expression quantitative trait locus (eQTLs), and enhancer/promoter peaks from PsychENCODE. The input is whole-genome variants and the output is prioritized list of variants that may be of relevance to the phenotypes. For population studies, our method can help prioritize novel variants that are associated with disease susceptibility; for individual patients, our method can help identify variants with major effect sizes for mental disorders.
Fresh Tissue Technique

The fresh frozen tissue technique was initially used for eyelid tumors; and since its introduction, has revolutionized the way Mohs surgery is performed. It has rapidly expanded beyond eyelid tumors and is now used for all anatomic locations. Now, reconstruction can occur immediately following complete histologic removal of the tumor; which in most instances is the same day. Additionally, the fresh frozen tissue technique is less painful, quicker, and conserves more tissue compared to the fi xed tissue technique. This chapter details the introduction as well as how to perform the fresh frozen tissue technique.
Electronic structure and magnetic properties of scandium

The Van Vleck orbital and Pauli spin paramagnetic contributions to the magnetic susceptibility of single-crystal and polycrystalline scandium are calculated using the augmented-plane-wave method in conjunction with a linear-combination-of-atomic-orbitals interpolation scheme, which uses $s\ensuremath{-}$, $p\ensuremath{-}$, and $d\ensuremath{-}$-type functions in the tight-binding representation. The warped-muffin-tin potential was obtained from overlapping charge densities, which were derived from the atomic configuration $3{d}^{2}4s$; the exchange interaction was included in full Slater ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{\frac{1}{3}}$ approximation. The Fermi energy is found to lie in a sharp peak in the density-of-states curve. The anisotropy in the magnetic susceptibility and the low-temperature variation of the susceptibility of scandium, particularly the hump around 25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K observed by Spedding and Croat, are successfully explained. The large enhancement of the low-temperature specific heat due to spin fluctuations calculated from the molecular-field parameter in random-phase approximation is shown to account for the absence of superconductivity in scandium.
The $\Delta I = 1/2$ Rule in the Chiral Quark Model

Abstract We calculate the one-loop renormalization group equations for the operators responsible for ΔS = 1 weak decays, and demonstrate that the renormalization group scaling enhances the ΔI = 1 2 decays and is in reasonable agreement with experiment.
Simultaneous Measurement of Cortical Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium Levels Measured in Head Injured Patients Using Microdialysis with Ion Chromatography

Potassium, calcium and magnesium were measured in 3717 microdialysate samples in 43 patients with head injury experiencing refractory increased ICP, episodes of jugular venous oxygen desaturation and brain death. Cation analysis was performed with ion chromatography’.
Improving Understanding and Outcomes of Traumatic Brain Injury Using Bidirectional Translational Research

Recent clinical trials in traumatic brain injury (TBI) have failed to demonstrate therapeutic effects even when there appears to be good evidence for efficacy in one or more appropriate pre-clinical models. While existing animal models mimic the injury, difficulties in translating promising therapeutics are exacerbated by the lack of alignment of discrete measures of the underlying injury pathology between the animal models and human subjects. To address this mismatch, we have incorporated reverse translation of bedside experience to inform pre-clinical studies in a large animal (pig) model of TBI that mirror practical clinical assessments. Cerebral autoregulation is impaired after TBI, contributing to poor outcome. Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is often normalized by use of vasoactive agents to increase mean arterial pressure (MAP) and thereby limit impairment of cerebral autoregulation and neurological deficits. Vasoactive agents clinically used to elevate MAP to increase CPP after TBI, such as phenylephrine (Phe), dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine (EPI), however, have not been compared sufficiently regarding effect on CPP, autoregulation, and survival after TBI, and clinically, current vasoactive agent use is variable. The cerebral effects of these clinically commonly used vasoactive agents are not known. This review will emphasize pediatric work and will describe bidirectional translational studies using a more human-like animal model of TBI to identify better therapeutic strategies to improve outcome post-injury. These studies in addition investigated the mechanism(s) involved in improvement of outcome in the setting of TBI.
Empathy on trial: A response to its critics

Despite being held in something approaching universal esteem for its capacity to promote prosocial behavior and inhibit antisocial behavior, empathy has recently become the recipient of strong crit...
How Will Blockchain Technology Impact Auditing and Accounting: Permissionless versus Permissioned Blockchain

SUMMARY Blockchain offers a drastically new way to record, process, and store financial transactions and information, and has the potential to fundamentally change the landscape of the accounting p...
Use of Diagnostic Metagenomics in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory

Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)-based assays have recently entered the realm of the clinical microbiology laboratory9s capacity, providing an exciting potential for improvement in infectious disease detection and identification. There are many diagnostic applications of NGS, such as targeted or amplicon NGS and metagenomic NGS (mNGS). mNGS has received the most attention for diagnostics due to its unbiased nature and "hypothesis free" testing approach. While mNGS may have improved pathogen detection compared to conventional culture-based testing, and has shown clinically utility in some specific cases, the application of this technology is still investigational and many barriers and limitations remain to be overcome. This review will cover both the advantages and limitations of mNGS, and addresses the need for and incorporation of new technologist skillsets in the clinical microbiology laboratory to successfully implement mNGS diagnostics.
Automated Speech Recognition Systems and Older Adults: A Literature Review and Synthesis:

The number of older adults is growing significantly worldwide. At the same time, technological developments are rapidly evolving, and older populations are expected to interact more frequently with...
Generalized Spatially Varying Coefficient Models

In this article, we introduce a new class of nonparametric regression models, called generalized spatially varying coefficient models (GSVCMs), for data distributed over complex domains. For model ...
Using structural equation modeling to explore the role of early strain on later stress responses and aggression by police officers

Policing is frequently identified as one of the most stressful professions and police officers are often exposed to dangerous situations and traumatic experiences on the job. Exposure to these trau...
Unique maternal immune and functional microbial profiles during prenatal stress

Maternal stress during pregnancy is widespread and stress-induced fetal neuroinflammation is thought to derive from a disruption in intrauterine immune homeostasis, though the exact origins are incompletely defined. We aimed to identify divergent immune and microbial metagenome profiles of stressed gestating mice that may underlie detrimental inflammatory signaling at the maternal-fetal interface. In response to stress, maternal glucocorticoid circuit activation corresponded with diminished spleen mass and IL-1{beta} production, reflecting systemic immunosuppression. At the maternal-fetal interface, density of placental mononuclear leukocytes decreased with stress. Yet maternal whole blood leukocyte analysis indicated monocytosis and classical M1 phenotypic shifts. Genome-resolved microbial metagenomic analyses revealed reductions in genes, microbial strains, and metabolic pathways in stressed dams that are primarily associated with pro-inflammatory function. Overall, these data indicate that stress disrupts maternal immunological and microbial regulation during pregnancy, characterized by concurrent anti- and pro-inflammatory signatures, which may displace immune equilibrium at the maternal-fetal interface.
Analysis of sorghum content in corn–sorghum flour bioethanol feedstock by near infrared spectroscopy:

In the sorghum-growing regions of the U.S., some bioethanol plants use mixtures of corn and sorghum grains as feedstocks depending on price and availability. For regulatory purposes and for optimiz...
The Evolution of a Spacecraft-Generated Lunar Exosphere.

Understanding how spacecraft alter planetary environments can offer important insights into key physical processes, as well as being critical to planning mission operations and observations. In this context, it is important to recognize that almost any powered lunar landing will be an active volatile release experiment, due to the release of exhaust gases during descent. This presents both an opportunity to study the interaction of volatiles with the lunar surface, and a need to predict how non-indigenous gases are dispersed, and how long they persist in the lunar environment. This work investigates these questions through numerical simulations of the transport of water vapor during a nominal lunar landing and for two lunar days afterwards. Simulation results indicate that the water vapor component of spacecraft exhaust is globally redistributed, with a significant amount reaching permanently shadowed regions (cold traps) near the closest pole, where temperatures are sufficiently low that volatiles may remain stable over geological timescales. Exospheric evolution and surface deposition patterns are highly sensitive to desorption activation energy, providing a means to constrain this critical parameter through landed or orbital measurements during future missions. Contamination of cold traps by exhaust gases is likely to scale with exhaust mass and proximity of the landing site to the poles. Exhaust propagation is perhaps the most widespread and long-lived impact of spacecraft operations on a nominally airless solar system body, and should be a key consideration in mission planning and in interpreting measurements made by landed lunar missions, particularly at near-polar regions. Plain language summary There has been increasing interest lately in learning more about the origin and distribution of water on the Moon. However, whenever a spacecraft descends to land on the lunar surface, it releases water vapor and other gases into the lunar environment, complicating the situation. In this work, we use computer simulations to understand what happens to the water released by a spacecraft during a typical landing. The simulated landing creates a temporary, very thin atmosphere all around the Moon. The behavior of this atmosphere depends on how strongly water sticks to the lunar surface, such that comparing simulations to measurements of water in the lunar environment during and after future lunar landings could help us figure out the "stickiness" of the lunar surface - something that we don't yet accurately know, but is important to understanding the past, present and future distribution of water on the Moon. Our simulations also show that some spacecraft-delivered water travels to regions near the poles that are cold enough to trap water for very long periods of time. If the spacecraft is heavier, or lands closer to the poles, its influence on the lunar surface and atmosphere may be more significant.
Reliability of Field Assessment Stroke Triage for Emergency Destination Scale Use by Paramedics: Mobile Stroke Unit First-Year Experience.

Background and purpose Field Assessment Stroke Triage for Emergency Destination (FAST-ED) scale is a helpful tool to triage patients with stroke in the field. However, data on its reliability in the prehospital setting are lacking. We aim to test the reliability of FAST-ED scale when used by paramedics in a mobile stroke unit covering a metropolitan area. Methods As part of standard operating mobile stroke unit procedures, paramedics initially evaluated patients. If the event characterized a stroke alert, the FAST-ED score was determined by the paramedic upon patient contact (in-person) and then independently by a vascular neurologist (VN) immediately after paramedic evaluation (remotely/telemedicine). This allowed testing of the interrater agreement of the FAST-ED scoring performance between on-site prehospital providers and remotely located VN. Results Of a total of 238 patients transported in the first 15 months of the mobile stroke unit's activity, 173 were included in this study. Median age was 63 (interquartile range, 55.5-75) years and 52.6% were females. A final diagnosis of ischemic stroke was made in 71 (41%), transient ischemic attack in 26 (15%), intracranial hemorrhage in 15 (9%), whereas 61 (35%) patients were stroke mimics. The FAST-ED scores matched perfectly among paramedics and VN in 97 (56%) instances, while there was 0 to 1-point difference in 158 (91.3%), 0 to 2-point difference in 171 (98.8%), and 3 or more point difference in 2 (1.1%) patients. The intraclass correlation between VN and paramedic FAST-ED scores showed excellent reliability, intraclass correlation coefficient 0.94 (95% CI, 0.92-0.96; P Conclusions We demonstrate excellent reliability of FAST-ED scale performed by paramedics when compared with VN, indicating that it can be accurately performed by paramedics in the prehospital setting.
Does Restricting the Entry of Formula Businesses Help Mom-and-Pop Stores? The Case of American Towns with Unique Community Character

Communities worldwide have been wrestling with issues associated with chain stores proliferation. Many have explored and enacted chain store entry barriers in response, but how such regulations affect mom-and-pop businesses is still largely debated. The impact of chain store entry barriers on independent businesses is likely to vary by the characteristics of the local economy, a consideration overlooked by existing studies. Using a sample of U.S. cities with unique community character, we examine the effect of Formula Business Restrictions (FBR), a type of an American land use regulation that restricts the entry of “formula businesses,” defined as businesses offering and utilizing a standardized set of merchandise, services, and design. We find that the passage of FBR led to higher number and percentage of employees working in mom-and-pop businesses. This positive effect occurred over time with increasing magnitude. We also find that FBR had heterogeneous effects on different industry groups. For example, FBR had strong positive effects on retail mom-and-pop stores, but not on the service sector. Lastly, we show that FBR helped mom-and-pop businesses primarily by protecting existing ones from downsizing. These findings suggest that chain store entry barriers can be beneficial for independent businesses located in small towns with unique community character, but policymakers must be cautious of its varying effects on different industry groups.
Efficient Sub-Codeword Key Equation Solver for Generalized Integrated Interleaved BCH Decoder

Generalized integrated interleaved (GII) error-correcting codes nest sub-codewords to form codewords of more powerful codes. They can achieve hyper-speed decoding with good error correction capability. For GII codes built on BCH codes, the first decoding stage is to decode individual BCH sub-words. This stage largely determines the throughput and dominates the area of the overall decoder. Unlike that in traditional BCH decoding, longer polynomials need to be kept in the key-equation solver (KES) step of the first stage in order to continue the KES step in the second-stage nested decoding of GII codes. To take advantage of the very fast storage class memories (SCMs), GII codes with 3-error-correcting BCH sub-codewords can be utilized. This paper proposes a low-complexity and high-speed design for the KES of 3-error-correcting BCH sub-word decoding. Formulas are developed to compute the KES results directly instead of utilizing the traditional iterative process. More importantly, through analyzing the properties of the involved variables, the coefficients are scaled and reformulated to substantially reduced the complexity. Detailed hardware implementation architectures are also developed in this paper. Our design achieves three times throughput with 20.2% smaller area than the best prior design for a code over GF(210).