cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the toxicity of drug residues in food: the case for 'relay' toxicity studies

The tissue residues of veterinary drugs given to food-producing animals are an ill-defined mosaic of parent drug and metabolites. Consumers are only ever exposed to this mixture in the presence of a vast excess of the excipient, food. Given the modifying effects of food on the absorption and disposition of co-administered xenobiotics, it follows that the toxicity of these residues can only be properly evaluated in the presence of a large excess of food. Adoption of a relay toxicity strategy addresses these two points. The proposed relay toxicity testing approach is as follows. The target species receives a recommended dosage regimen of the drug, but a dose level three- to five-fold higher than normal and the animals are then killed several days earlier than the projected withdrawal period. The tissues from these animals, containing the residue mixture at artificially high concentrations, are then administered to laboratory animals for conventional toxicological evaluation. In this approach the residues do not require individual identification and their potential toxicity is evaluated in the presence of the inescapable excipient, food. Determination of an 'exposure' level without observerable toxicity provides, in principle, the means of relating human safety to a No-Observed Effect Level in laboratory animals in the traditional manner.
A knowledge-based advisory system for statistical quality control

Implementation of an effective quality management system requires the ready availability of expert statistical quality control (SQC) practitioners. However, this expertise may be unavailable to many small- and medium-size manufacturing organizations. Knowledge-based systems (KBS) can be used to make SQC expertise easily available to these organizations. This paper describes a KBS that has been developed for providing assistance in: (1) the selection and design of appropriate quality control charts; (2) the process monitoring analyses; and (3) providing corrective advice based on the monitoring analyses results. The KBS runs on a microcomputer and has been developed using a commercially available development shell.
Data Leakage Detection

We study the following problem: A data distributor has given sensitive data to a set of supposedly trusted agents (third parties). Some of the data are leaked and found in an unauthorized place (e.g., on the web or somebody's laptop). The distributor must assess the likelihood that the leaked data came from one or more agents, as opposed to having been independently gathered by other means. We propose data allocation strategies (across the agents) that improve the probability of identifying leakages. These methods do not rely on alterations of the released data (e.g., watermarks). In some cases, we can also inject “realistic but fake” data records to further improve our chances of detecting leakage and identifying the guilty party.
Bunnell traveling fellowship 2002: a focus on children

Abstract The Bunnell Traveling Fellowship is awarded to a member of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand (ASSH). The fellow acts as an ambassador of the ASSH and visits centers of excellence around the world. The fellowship is devoted to a particular area of interest and designed to be a rewarding personal and professional experience to the recipient. The 2002 Bunnell Traveling Fellowship concentrated on the fields of congenital hand anomalies and spinal cord injury. This article highlights the travels of the fellow and provides valuable information concerning illnesses, diseases, and differences that affect children.
A non-asymptotic homogenization theory for periodic electromagnetic structures

Homogenization of electromagnetic periodic composites is treated as a two-scale problem and solved by approximating the fields on both scales with eigenmodes that satisfy Maxwell's equations and boundary conditions as accurately as possible. Built into this homogenization methodology is an error indicator whose value characterizes the accuracy of homogenization. The proposed theory allows one to define not only bulk, but also position-dependent material parameters (e.g. in proximity to a physical boundary) and to quantify the trade-off between the accuracy of homogenization and its range of applicability to various illumination conditions.
Summer phytoplankton nutrient limitation in Maumee Bay of Lake Erie during high-flow and low-flow years

Abstract Algal production in Maumee Bay in western Lake Erie is highly affected by inputs of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from the Maumee River, which drains predominantly agricultural lands, leading to the formation of cyanobacterial blooms. In a 3-year study, precipitation and discharge ranged from relatively low (2012) to relatively high (2011) with corresponding changes in the size of the cyanobacterial bloom. This study aimed to quantify the relation between river discharge and algal nutrient limitation in Maumee Bay. During the summer growing seasons, 20 nutrient enrichment bioassays were performed to determine which nutrient (P or N) might limit phytoplankton growth; and ambient N and P concentrations were monitored. The bioassays suggested that phytoplankton growth shifted from P-limited to N-limited during summer of the low and intermediate discharge years (2012 and 2010, respectively), whereas during the high discharge year (2011) phytoplankton were nutrient-replete before becoming N-limited. Phosphorus-replete growth during the high discharge year likely was due to high P loads from the river and dissolved P concentrations greater than 1 μmol/L. Symptoms of N-limited growth occurred during August and September in all three years and during July of 2012 when NO 3 − plus NH 4 + concentration was less than 7.29 μmol/L suggesting low or no correspondence between N-limitation and size of the cyanobacterial bloom. Occurrence of a relatively small cyanobacterial bloom in 2012 following the record-breaking bloom in 2011 suggests the possibility of fast-reversal of eutrophication in Maumee Bay if P loading from the watershed could be decreased.
Are the Benches at Mormon Point, Death Valley, California, USA, Scarps or Strandlines?

The benches and risers at Mormon Point, Death Valley, USA, have long been interpreted as strandlines cut by still-stands of pluvial lakes correlative with oxygen isotope stage (OIS) 5e/6 (120,000–186,000 yr B.P.) and OIS-2 (10,000–35,000 yr B.P.). This study presents geologic mapping and geomorphic analyses (Gilbert's criteria, longitudinal profiles), which indicate that only the highest bench at Mormon Point (∼90 m above mean sea level (msl)) is a lake strandline. The other prominent benches on the north-descending slope immediately below this strandline are interpreted as fault scarps offsetting a lacustrine abrasion platform. The faults offsetting the abrasion platform most likely join downward into and slip sympathetically with the Mormon Point turtleback fault, implying late Quaternary slip on this low-angle normal fault. Our geomorphic reinterpretation implies that the OIS-5e/6 lake receded rapidly enough not to cut strandlines and was ∼90 m deep. Consistent with independent core studies of the salt pan, no evidence of OIS-2 lake strandlines was found at Mormon Point, which indicates that the maximum elevation of the OIS-2 lake surface was −30 m msl. Thus, as measured by pluvial lake depth, the OIS-2 effective precipitation was significantly less than during OIS-5e/6, a finding that is more consistent with other studies in the region. The changed geomorphic context indicates that previous surface exposure dates on fault scarps and benches at Mormon Point are uninterpretable with respect to lake history.
Election Day: The Construction of Democracy through Technique

An ethnographic analysis of the international community's efforts to democratize postwar Bosnia-Herzegovina argues for greater acknowledgement of the social within the technical aspects of politics. Rather than viewing elections as a ritual symbolically reflecting or producing meaning, the insights of Bruno Latour and other scholars of science are applied to elections as a site that creates democratic knowledge and authority. Technical practices and objects construct elections as an apolitical and acultural event. However, the forms of authority and social relations created through this apparently neutral techne are tremendously social and political. Democracy and elections are firmly embedded in social practices, knowledges, and artifacts.
A noncommutative deformation of general relativity

Abstract We develop a novel approach to gravity in which gravity is described by a matrix-valued symmetric two-tensor field and construct an invariant functional that reduces to the standard Einstein–Hilbert action in the commutative limit. We also introduce a gauge symmetry associated with the new degrees of freedom.
Synthesis and characterization of trans-phenylethynylalkynyl adducts on a tetraanilinopyridinato-diruthenium(III) core

Abstract Treating Ru2(ap)4Cl with large excess of LiC2Ph led to the isolation of previously unidentified trans-Ru2(ap)4(C2Ph)2 (2a) where ap is 2-anilinopyridinate. Reactions between Ru2(ap)4(C2X) and LiC2Ph in excess yielded similar bis-alkynyl compounds trans-(PhC2)[Ru2(ap)4](C2X) (X=SiMe3, 2b, C2SiMe3, 2c). Also reported are electrochemical and spectroscopic characterizations of compounds 2a–c and X-ray structural analysis of compounds 2a and 2b.
The focusing problem for the radially symmetric porous medium equation

In the focusing problem for the radially symmetric porous medium equation, one starts with initial data supported outside a ball centered at the origin, and studies the flow unitl the focusing thim, i.e., until the moment when the support of the solution reaches the origin. For any fixed focusing time, say t = 0, there exists a one-parameter family {gc(r,t)} of self-similar solutions to the focusing problem. We prove that if V(r,t) is a radially symmetric porous medium pressure such that supp V(·,t0) = [a,b]⊂R+ for some t0<0 and V focuses at t = 0, then there exist a c*⊂R+ such that (in the appropriate technical sense) V is approximated by gc* for (r,t) near (0,0).
Esophageal fibromyoma associated with diverticulum.

Abstract A benign fibromyoma of the lower esophagus associated with a traction diverticulum was found on roentgenologic examination. Despite the absence of any symptoms surgical removal of the tumor and diverticulum was considered advisable and the procedure was carried out uneventfully.
Optical absorption and Raman spectra of mass-selected niobium dimers in argon matrices

We report absorption (scattering depletion) spectra and Raman measurements on niobium containing matrix samples prepared by the mass-selected ion deposition technique. Niobium dimer ions, produce by sputtering, were mass-selected with a Wien filter and codeposited with Ar and electrons. Several new dimer absorptions are identified in regions which were previously obscured by intense atomic transitions. Two absorptions are also observed in the region 580 - 720 nm, including a vibrational progression with (omega) e' equals 426 (4) cm-1. The Raman excitation profile closely minics the dimer absorption spectrum. Raman spectra give (omega) e' equals 420.5 (5) and (omega) e(chi) e' equals 0.5 (3) cm-1, in good agreement with previous measurements made in Kr matrices.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Comparison of the behavioral effects of ibogaine from three sources: mediation of discriminative activity

Abstract Ibogaine is an alkaloid employed for its hallucinatory properties in West Central Africa which has been the subject of alleged efficacy as an aid in the interruption and treatment of chemical dependency. The major sources of the Schedule I agent are: Sigma Chemical Co., the National Institute on Drug Abuse and as NDA International Inc.'s Endabuse. The intent of the present study was to, for the first time, train rats to discriminate the interoceptive stimuli produced by (10 mg/kg, inraperitoneally administered) ibogaine. Once trained, these rats were used to investigate the dose-response effects to ibogaine from each of the three suppliers. In addition, stimulus generalization to the dopamine antagonist CGS 10476B, as well as to the serotonergically active compounds fenfluramine, TFMPP (1-(m-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine, DOI (1-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2aminopropane), MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine), quipazine and LSD, was tested. The results indicate that ibogaine is readily discriminable from its vehicle and that ibogaine from each of the three supplies produced statistically similar discrimination with ED50 values ranging from 2.5 to 3.4 mg/kg. In addition, various doses of the novel drugs tested produced, at best, intermediate ibogaine-appropriate responding and, thus, no drug tested can be considered to generalize to ibogaine-like stimuli. Discussion concerns the multiple actions of ibogaine that have been cited in the scientific literature. The similarity in potency of ibogaine from three potential suppliers should allow for pre-clinical work using any of these research samples to be comparable.
A simple electrolytic method of labeling human fibrinogen, immune gamma globulin and serum albumin with 99mTc-pertechnetate at pH 7.4

An improved electrolytic labeling technique has been developed for tagging human plasma proteins at physiologic pH condition. The basic principle involves the addition of protein after electrolysis and pH adjustment, thus avoiding harsh treatment of the protein and preserving its biological properties. High binding efficiency has been obtained for human fibrinogen, immune gamma globulin and serum albumin with an average of 77%, 86% and 87% respectively as assayed by paper radiochromatography. The labeling mechanism is not known. Data from protein electrophoresis demonstrate the existance of chemically active 99mTc-complex species with high protein binding capacity. The entire labeling process requires less than 1 hour. Since plasma proteins are labeled at pH 7.4, the problem of protein denaturation has been significantly reduced.
A Note on the Comparison of the Bayesian and Frequentist Approaches to Estimation

Samaniego and Reneau presented a landmark study on the comparison of Bayesian and frequentist point estimators. Their findings indicate that Bayesian point estimators work well in more situations than were previously suspected. In particular, their comparison reveals how a Bayesian point estimator can improve upon a frequentist point estimator even in situations where sharp prior knowledge is not necessarily available. In the current paper, we show that similar results hold when comparing Bayesian and frequentist interval estimators. Furthermore, the development of an appropriate interval estimator comparison offers some further insight into the estimation problem.
Stuttering therapy for nonfluent psychiatric adults.

Brief suggestions for treating stuttering, i.e., specific nonfluencies, of adult psychiatric patients based on treatment of 8 patients are listed.
Global Approaches for Finding Small RNA and Small Open Reading Frame Functions

Sequencing of the first Escherichia coli (K-12) genome revealed that there were ∼4,300 open reading frames (ORFs) expected to encode proteins and many stable RNA genes that encode rRNA and tRNA ([3][1]). Surprisingly, at that time only 43% of the ORFs had been previously described, and 38% could
Obesity and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

With the increasing prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the general population, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a common diagnosis in clinical practice. Insulin resistance and oxidative stress play an important role in NAFLD development and progression. NAFLD affects one in three adults and one in 10 children/adolescents in the United States. Mortality in patients with NAFLD is significantly higher than in the general population of same age and gender with liver-related complications. Lifestyle intervention may improve NAFLD, but medications that increase insulin sensitivity and the antioxidant defenses in the liver deserve evaluation in carefully controlled trials.
The ligninolytic activities of Lentinus edodes and Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Two important lignin-degrading fungi with existing or potential applications in the production of food, feed and/or fiber products from wood are Lentinus edodes (Berk.; Sing.=Lentinula edodes [Pegler]) and Phanerochaete chrysosporium (Burds). This study discusses their relative ability to degrade lignin and the factors controlling their ligninolytic activity (synthetic 14C-lignin→14CO2). Ligninolytic activity in P. chrysosporium is known to develop after the fungus ceases vegetative growth, and to require both O2 and an exogenous carbon source such as glucose. It has an extracellular ligninase in high titer which is assayed by the oxidation of veratryl alcohol to veratraldehyde. Here, P. chrysosporium was found to have a high capacity for lignin degradation (it was not easily saturated with lignin). Certain inorganic elements, including Fe2+, Ca2+ and Mo6+, were found to stimulate its ligninolytic activity. Calcium addition was required, with 40 ppm Ca2+ giving the highest activity. As in P. chrysosporium, ligninolytic activity in L. edodes was found to require both O2 and an exogenous carbon source. However, in contrast to P. chrysosporium, L. edodes was only moderately ligninolytic, had a lower capacity for lignin degradation (was more easily saturated with lignin), and showed maximal activity only during the vegetative growth period. Also in contrast to P. chrysosporium, ligninolytic activity in L. edodes was not stimulated by Ca2+. Instead, manganese was required, with 10 ppm Mn2+ giving optimal activity. An extracellular ligninase capable of oxidizing veratryl alcohol to veratraldehyde was not detected in L. edodes.
Loss of SIRT4 decreases GLT-1-dependent glutamate uptake and increases sensitivity to kainic acid.

Glutamate transport is a critical process in the brain that maintains low extracellular levels of glutamate to allow for efficient neurotransmission and prevent excitotoxicity. Loss of glutamate transport function is implicated in epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. It remains unclear whether or not glutamate transport can be modulated in these disease conditions to improve outcome. Here, we show that sirtuin (SIRT)4, a mitochondrial sirtuin, is up-regulated in response to treatment with the potent excitotoxin kainic acid. Loss of SIRT4 leads to a more severe reaction to kainic acid and decreased glutamate transporter expression and function in the brain. Together, these results indicate a critical and novel stress response role for SIRT4 in promoting proper glutamate transport capacity and protecting against excitotoxicity. Loss of sirtuin 4 (SIRT4) in mice leads to decreased glutamate transporter expression and function in the brain, which can ultimately cause increased excitotoxic effects. SIRT4 is up-regulated in response to treatment with the potent excitotoxin kainic acid. These results indicate a critical and novel stress response role for SIRT4 in promoting proper glutamate transport capacity and protecting against excitotoxicity. GLT-1, Glutamate Transporter 1, same as excitatory amino acid transporter 2; Glu, glutamate.
Antennal morphology as a physical filter of olfaction: temporal tuning of the antennae of the honeybee, Apis mellifera

There are many different antennal morphologies for insects, yet they all have the same functional role in olfaction. Chemical signals are dispersed through two physical forces; diffusion and fluid flow. The interaction between antennal morphology and fluid flow generates a region of changing flow velocity called the boundary layer. The boundary layer determines signal dispersion dynamics and therefore influences the signal structure and information that arrives at the receptor cells. To investigate how the boundary layer changes the information in the signals arriving at receptor cells, we measured chemical dynamics within the boundary layer around the bee antennae using microelectrodes. We used two types of chemical signals: pulsed and continuous. The results showed that the boundary layer increased the decay time of the chemical signal for the pulsatile stimuli and increased the peak height for the continuous data. Spectral analysis of continuous signals showed that the temporal aspects of the chemical signal are changed by the boundary layer. Particularly the temporal dynamics of the signal are dampened at the slowest flow speed and amplified at the intermediate and fast flow speeds. By altering the structure of the chemical signal, the morphology will function as a sensory filter.
GaS: A gateway scheduling-based handoff scheme in single-radio infrastructure wireless mesh networks

Fast handoff support is a basic requirement for an Internet-based wireless mesh network (WMN), aiming to guarantee mobile users to be continuously connected to the Internet, regardless of their physical locations or moving trajectory. Due to the multi-hop transmission of network-layer handoff signaling packets, handoff performance in WMNs can be largely degraded by the increasing number of wireless hops as well as the channel access contentions between data and signaling packets in the mesh backbone. However, these issues are ignored in existing handoff solutions and multi-channel medium access control schemes. In this paper, we address the seamless handoff support from a different perspective and propose a gateway scheduling-based handoff scheme in single-radio multi-hop WMNs. Our proposed handoff scheme can realize single-hop handoff signaling packet transmissions and eliminate the channel contentions between data and signaling packets. Simulation results show that the total handoff delay is improved significantly using our proposed gateway scheduling-based handoff scheme under various scenarios, as compared to existing handoff solutions in multi-hop WMNs. In addition, due to the single-hop transmission of signaling packets, the signaling overhead in the wireless mesh backbone can be substantially reduced.
One Gay Asian Body: A Personal Narrative for Examining Human Behavior in the Social Environment

Research examining persons-in-environments have focused heavily on the environment at the expense of the individuals in the environment. Yet social work has much to learn from individual narratives that offer a method of inquiry to document efforts to promote individual and societal transformation. In this article, I use the life experiences of one gay Asian man to examine how an individual who is both racially and sexually marginalized negotiates his identity in light of environmental influences to develop a positive self-image.
Noise transport in O-type nonuniform beams

The general case of noise transport in nonuniform O-type beams when both kinetic voltage and current modulations are present at the input plane is discussed on the basis of coupled-mode theory.
The Health Care Reform Agenda

Health care reform has been on the national health policy agenda for some time but a major emphasis occurred during the Clinton administration. During this time, transformational health care reform was presented but failed. Since this strategic attempt to change our health care system, there have been numerous incremental health policy changes that have provided a foundation for transformational health care reform. An awareness has been created among the general public, our legislative officials, and stakeholders regarding the need for health care reform. The national health care policy agenda includes an awareness of the need to reduce health care cost; ensure affordable, quality health care for all Americans; provide our citizens with a choice on health care providers and health care institutions; and an emphasis on health prevention and wellness. The proposed transformational health care policy reform supports a collaborative shared relationship with shared responsibility between citizens, employers, small businesses, governmental entities, and the health care industry as a means to provide health care services and insurance coverage for all American citizens. The sustainability of a national health care plan that ensures some degree of health care services to all citizens must be a critical component of the health care reform agenda. The proposed health care initiatives have a primary care goal that will ensure that all American citizens have access to affordable, quality health care. The proposed Affordable Health Choices Act is legislation that attempts to emphasize health care choice, cost reduction, prevention, health system modernization, and the provision of long-term care and services. The current health care reform debate is continuing to shape the health policy agenda and provide a framework from which to discuss, debate, and initiate the formulation of national health care policy to transform our health care system. As men’s health care providers, it is our responsibility to remain informed and engaged in the formulation of the national health care policy reform. This presents an opportunity for men’s health care providers to critically analyze and consider the restructuring of our current health care programs and systems to embrace men’s health. This may be a window of opportunity to address a major determinant of men’s health in this country, access to care. These health care policy initiatives will require an expanded diverse health care workforce. As health care providers interested in men’s health, this is an excellent window of opportunity to promote the development of a men’s health clinical specialization with defined health care outcomes.
Genomics of Brain Tumor Imaging

Imaging genomics combines imaging-defined phenotypes with molecular determinants of disease. Recent studies have examined the relationship between MRI-derived feature sets and gene expression in gliomas, including glioblastoma (GBM). Several groups have identified correlations between the expression of particular molecularly defined oncogenic pathways in GBM and malignant phenotypes on MRI. The combination of clinical, genetic, and imaging data has improved prognostic modeling and has identified potential therapeutic targets. Many challenges remain in fully leveraging the associations between such large datasets, but even current methodology shows promise in helping to craft individually tailored treatments to patients with brain tumors and other diseases.
Effect of 2:6-Dichlorophenol-Indophenol on Tumour and Kidney Respiration

IT has recently been shown1 that 2: 6 dichlorophenol-indophenol, among other oxidising agents, inhibits reversibly glycolysis in muscle extract. It was of interest, therefore, to try the effect of this substance on tumour tissue. Though inhibition of glycolysis was not found, the effects on respiration were striking. The experiments were carried out with the Dixon-Keilin apparatus2 and the concentration of dichlorophenol-indophenol in the bicarbonate-containing medium was 1.3 × 103 M.
Antisense oligonucleotides from the stage-specific myeloid zinc finger gene MZF-1 inhibit granulopoiesis in vitro.

Zinc finger proteins are transcriptional regulators of other genes, often controlling developmental cascades of gene expression. A recently cloned zinc finger gene, MZF-1, was found to be preferentially expressed in myeloid cells. Using complementary radiolabeled MZF-1 RNA hybridized to human bone marrow smears in situ, it was discovered that the expression of MZF-1 is essentially limited to the myelocyte and metamyelocyte stages of granulopoiesis. Antisense but not sense oligonucleotides from MZF-1 significantly inhibited granulocyte colony- stimulating factor-driven granulocyte colony formation in vitro.
Cold-capable SiGe BiCMOS wireline transceivers for distributed electronics systems

This paper describes the design and testing of two cold-capable SiGe BiCMOS wireline transceivers targeted for applications in distributed electronics systems in space-based vehicles. Space-based electronic systems face extremely wide temperature ranges and hazardous radiation that can cause unpredicted behavior in sensitive circuitry. The most common mitigation procedure involves extensive shielding and temperature control in “electronics vaults.” Unfortunately, this practice comes with a high cost in weight, power, and volume. Recently, there has been a paradigm shift that advocates moving away from these centralized solutions and towards distributed electronic systems. The transceivers presented in this work were designed to be a part of a larger system created to demonstrate that SiGe BiCMOS technology was a viable candidate for implementing extreme environment electronics. Both the RS-485 transceiver and ISO 11898 transmitter will be shown to work robustly up to 20 Mbps and in measurement from 90 K to 390 K, with consistent rise/fall times, propagation delays, and output amplitudes. This work adds a piece to the distributed electronics puzzle by enabling robust communication throughout space-based systems with minimal temperature control.
High-Force Linear Actuator

A new type of electrically energized linear actuator has been developed for the appliance industry which offers high-force output from a small inexpensive package. The new linear actuator uses a single solid-state component to control the operation of the device. The actuator's response is noninstantaneous, which allows it to be used in designs where time delay is required or where rapid response is unnecessary. Its size, mounting options, and cost are comparable to a low-cost solenoid. However, the force output of this device exceeds by an order of magnitude or more the force output of a solenoid of the same size. Unlike a solenoid, the actuator's force output does not change with ambient or voltage variations, and its high-force output does not vary over its stroke. When compared with a solenoid of approximately the same force output capability, the actuator operates on less than one-tenth the steady-state power consumption. The actuator can be operated in the push, push-pull, or pull mode. For example, a unit 1 in in diameter and 2 in long, weighing about 1.5 oz can operate against a 12 lb external load over its entire 0.250-in stroke. Because of its unique operating parameters, it can be successfully adapted to applications where solenoids, gear motors, pneumatic actuators, and other conventional actuators will not do the job, or as a low-cost replacement for a high-force actuator.
Measurement of Unequal DNA Partitioning in Tetrahymena pyriformis Using Slit-Scanning Flow Cytometry

Slit-scanning flow cytometry allows analysis of the locations of components along the long axes of cells. This is useful in determining how the components of a dividing cell are partitioned into the two daughter cells. Ciliated protozoa, unlike most eukaryotic cells, do not partition their DNA equally between daughter cells. We have used slit-scanning flow cytometry to measure the distribution of this unequal DNA partitioning in the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis. Our results show that the difference in the amounts of DNA alloted to sister nuclei varies from cell to cell but, on the average, increases with the DNA content of the mother cell. However, the average difference in the fraction of the mother cell DNA partitioned to each daughter cell is more or less independent of the DNA content of the mother cell and is about 8.5% of that DNA content. Slit-scanning flow cytometry also allows determination of the DNA distributions of dividing and newborn cells, determinations that are difficult to make with good statistical precision by other means. The measured newborn and dividing cell DNA distributions are broad, and this must be the result of repeated rounds of unequal partitioning of DNA.
The Meaning of Time

Studies of time by scientists have often been concerned with the multifaceted problems of measuring time intervals in atomic, geophysical, biological, and astronomical contexts. It has been claimed that in addition to exhibiting measurable intervals, time is characterized by a transiency of the present, which has often been called ‘flux’ or ‘passage’.
Reorientation of carbon nanotubes in polymer matrix composites using compressive loading

Purified single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) were dispersed in an epoxy polymer and subjected to uniaxial compressive loading. The orientation and stress in the nanotubes were monitored in situ using polarized Raman microscopy. At strains less than 2%, the nanotubes reorient normal to the direction of compression, thereby minimizing the local strain energy. Above 2% strain, the Raman peak shift reaches a plateau. A new analytical model, which approximates the SWNT reorientation by varying the aspect ratio of a representative spheroid, predicted the rotation behavior of nanotubes under load. The results of this model suggest that the observed plateau of the Raman peak shift is caused by both polymer yielding and interfacial debonding at the ends of nanotubes.
Mapping mouse hemangioblast maturation from headfold stages.

article i nfo Article history: The mouse posterior primitive streak at neural plate/headfold stages (NP/HF, ~7.5dpc-8dpc) represents an optimal window from which hemangioblasts can be isolated. We performed immunohistochemistry on this domain using established monoclonal antibodies for proteins that affect blood and endothelial fates. We demonstrate that HoxB4 and GATA1 are the first set of markers that segregate independently to endothe- lial or blood populations during NP/HF stages of mouse embryonic development. In a subset of cells, both pro- teins are co-expressed and immunoreactivities appear mutually excluded within nuclear spaces. We searched for this particular state at later sites of hematopoietic stem cell emergence, viz., the aorta-gonad- mesonephros (AGM) and the fetal liver at 10.5-11.5dpc, and found that only a rare number of cells displayed this character. Based on this spatial-temporal argument, we propose that the earliest blood progenitors emerge either directly from the epiblast or through segregation within the allantoic core domain (ACD) through reduction of cell adhesion and pSmad1/5 nuclear signaling, followed by a stochastic decision toward a blood or endothelial fate that involves GATA1 and HoxB4, respectively. A third form in which binding dis- tributions are balanced may represent a common condition shared by hemangioblasts and HSCs. We devel- oped a heuristic model of hemangioblast maturation, in part, to be explicit about our assumptions.
Serotonin syndrome after a massive overdose of controlled-release paroxetine.

Background Serotonin syndrome is a condition resulting from an overabundance of serotonin at postsynaptic receptors. The syndrome usually responds to cyproheptadine and benzodiazepines. However, some patients do not respond to conventional treatment. Objective The authors report on the history and management of a patient, a 55-year-old man, who had taken a massive overdose of paroxetine, controlled-release. Method The authors present a case report of history and treatment. Paroxetine levels were measured on Days 3 and 7 after admission, with rising values of the drug. The patient received a course of cyproheptadine and lorazepam, to which he was unresponsive, and he was transferred to the Medical Intensive Care Unit for heavy sedation. Results The patient had initially presented with minor symptoms of serotonin syndrome, but these quickly progressed in severity, and he eventually died from resulting complications: a pulmonary embolism 9 days after admission, despite appropriate prophylaxis with enoxaparin. Conclusion The authors are the first to report on a paroxetine overdose of this magnitude, and they provide one of the few reports on a prolonged course of serotonin syndrome that was unresponsive to standard treatment. (Psychosomatics 2010; 51:437–442)
Effects of Mechanical Tenderization with Sodium Chloride and Polyphosphates on Sensory Attributes and Shear Values of Hot-Stripped Broiler Breast Meat

Abstract Within 40 min postmortem, breast muscles were stripped from broiler carcasses (after feather removal, but prior to evisceration), mechanically tenderized (Ross TC700m tenderizer), and tumbled with one of six treatment solutions for 1 min. Treatment solutions were: 1) deionized water (treated control, TC); 2) 3% Kena (a commercial mixture of sodium polyphosphates); 3) 1% NaCl; 4) 1% NaCl plus 3% Kena; 5) 2% NaCl; and 6) 2% NaCl plus 3% Kena. Breast pieces were held overnight on ice, then simmered 23 min in 92-C deionized water, drained, and cooled. A control group (CC) of breast pieces was stripped from eviscerated carcasses that had been aged overnight on ice. A trained panel (n = 11) evaluated texture, juiciness, taste, and overall reaction of cooked pieces using a semi-structured scaling technique. Kena-treated samples received higher sensory scores, denoting more tenderness, juiciness, and flavor, and more favorable overall impression than NaCl-treated samples. All NaCl and Kena-treated samples were significantly improved over the treated control (hot-stripped, tenderized, tumbled with deionized water). Kena treatments, with or without NaCl, received comparable scores to the aged CC for all sensory attributes except juiciness, while the two levels of NaCl (without Kena) scored lower than the aged CC. Shear values (kilograms) from strips of cooked breast pieces cut parallel to fibers were lower (more tender) for Kena treatments.
Differential Regulation of Bvg-Activated Virulence Factors Plays a Role in Bordetella pertussis Pathogenicity

Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, regulates expression of many virulence factors via a two-component signal transduction system encoded by the bvgAS regulatory locus. It has been shown by transcription activation kinetics that several of the virulence factors are differentially regulated. fha is transcribed within 10 min following a bvgAS-inducing signal, while prn is transcribed after 1 h and ptx is not transcribed until 2 to 4 h after induction. These genes therefore represent early, intermediate, and late classes of bvg-activated promoters, respectively. Although there have been many insightful studies into the mechanisms of BvgAS-mediated regulation, the role that differential regulation of virulence genes plays in B. pertussis pathogenicity has not been characterized. We provide evidence that alterations to the promoter regions of bvg-activated genes can alter the kinetic pattern of expression of these genes without changing steady-state transcription levels. In addition, B. pertussis strains containing these promoter alterations that express either ptx at an early time or fha at a late time demonstrate a significant reduction in their ability to colonize respiratory tracts in an intranasal mouse model of infection. These data suggest a role for differential regulation of bvg-activated genes, and therefore for the BvgAS regulatory system, in the pathogenicity of B. pertussis.
AMPHOTERIC COLLOIDS : V. THE INFLUENCE OF THE VALENCY OF ANIONS UPON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GELATIN.

1. When we plot the values of osmotic pressure, swelling, and viscosity of gelatin solutions as ordinates over the pH as abscissae, practically identical curves are obtained for the effect of monobasic acids (HCl, HBr, HNO3, and acetic acid) on these properties. 2. The curves obtained for the effect of H2SO4 on gelatin are much lower than those obtained for the effect of monobasic acids, the ratio of maximal osmotic pressures of a 1 per cent solution of gelatin sulfate and gelatin bromide being about 3:8. The same ratio had been found for the ratio of maximal osmotic pressures of calcium and sodium gelatinate. 3. The curves representing the influence of other dibasic and tribasic acids, viz. oxalic, tartaric, succinic, citric, and phosphoric, upon gelatin are almost identical with those representing the effect of monobasic acids. 4. The facts mentioned under (2) and (3) permit us to decide between a purely chemical and a colloidal explanation of the influence of acids on the physical properties of gelatin. In the former case we should be able to prove, first, that twice as many molecules of HBr as of H2SO4 combine with a given mass of gelatin; and, second, that the same number of molecules of phosphoric, citric, oxalic, tartaric, and succinic acids as of HNO3 or HCl combine with the same mass of gelatin. It is shown in the present paper that this is actually the case. 5. It is shown that gelatin sulfate and gelatin bromide solutions of the same pH have practically the same conductivity. This disproves the assumption of colloid chemists that the difference in the effect of bromides and sulfates on the physical properties of gelatin is due to a different ionizing and hydratating effect of the two acids upon the protein molecule.
Implementation Update: Logic Mapping On SPARC- Microprocessors

Despite the initial proof of concept being completed almost a decade ago, the production implementations of Logic Mapping have taken significantly longer. This paper presents an update for the SPARCtrade Microprocessors, along with a discussion of some production worthiness metrics and methods applied to overcome issues on these designs. Statistical wafer level results from three current 65 nm products are shown, supplemented by analysis of some interesting packaged units.
Yeast DEAD Box Protein Mss116p Is a Transcription Elongation Factor That Modulates the Activity of Mitochondrial RNA Polymerase

DEAD box proteins have been widely implicated in regulation of gene expression. Here, we show that the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae DEAD box protein Mss116p, previously known as a mitochondrial splicing factor, also acts as a transcription factor that modulates the activity of the single-subunit mitochondrial RNA polymerase encoded by RPO41. Binding of Mss116p stabilizes paused mitochondrial RNA polymerase elongation complexes in vitro and favors the posttranslocated state of the enzyme, resulting in a lower concentration of nucleotide substrate required to escape the pause; this mechanism of action is similar to that of elongation factors that enhance the processivity of multisubunit RNA polymerases. In a yeast strain in which the RNA splicing-related functions of Mss116p are dispensable, overexpression of RPO41 or MSS116 increases cell survival from colonies that were exposed to low temperature, suggesting a role for Mss116p in enhancing the efficiency of mitochondrial transcription under stress conditions.
Pure Public Goods versus Commons: Benefit-Cost Duality

Sandler and Arce 1 PURE PUBLIC GOODS VERSUS COMMONS: BENEFIT-COST DUALITY by Todd Sandler School of International Relations University of Southern California Von Kleinsmid Center 330 Los Angeles, CA 90089-0043 tsandler@usc.edu (213) 740-9695 (213) 742-0281 (fax) and Daniel G. Arce M. Department of Economics Rhodes College 2000 N. Parkway Memphis, TN 38112-1690 arce@rhodes.edu (901) 843-3121 (901) 843-3736 (fax) Final Revision: November 2002 Sandler is the Robert R. and Katheryn A. Dockson Professor of International Relations & Economics, University of Southern California, and Arce is the Robert D. McCallum Distinguished Professor of Economics & Business, Rhodes College. Sandler’s and Arce’s research was funded through the Dockson and McCallum endowments, respectively. We have profited from the helpful comments of two anonymous referees.
Landscape structure influences space use by white-tailed deer

Variation in space-use patterns among free-ranging mammal populations has been an important area of study in behavioral ecology. We investigated the influence of landscape characteristics associated with landscape fragmentation and diversity on the home-range size of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). We evaluated the relative contribution of 3 main land-cover types (forest, agriculture, and rangeland) to the composition of each home range and constructed sex- and season-specific linear regression models using landscape metrics relevant to habitat fragmentation and diversity. Both core and home-range areas were dominated by forest, agriculture, and rangeland. We found that landscape configuration metrics aimed at quantifying landscape fragmentation were good predictors of space use by white-tailed deer and that deer occupied smaller home ranges in highly fragmented areas. Our results indicate that once important cover types are present and patches are sized to meet the resource needs of the individual, configuration of those resource patches influences overall space use. These findings support the assertion that space use by white-tailed deer varies along a gradient of fragmentation.
Kinetic study of the reactions of the hydroxyl radical with ethane and propane

Absolute rate coefficients for the reactions of the hydroxyl radical with ethane (k1, 297–300 K) and propane (k2, 297–690 K) were measured using the flash photolysis–resonance fluorescence technique. The rate coefficient data were fit by the following temperature-dependent expressions, in units of cm3/molecule·s: k1(T) = 1.43 × 10−14T1.05 exp (−911/T) and k2(T) = 1.59 × 10−15T1.40 exp (-428/T). Semiquantitative separation of OH-propane reactivity into primary and secondary H-atom abstraction channels was obtained.
Impact of decreased heparin dose for flush-lock of implanted venous access ports in pediatric oncology patients.

BackgroundFaced with a lack of evidence, institutions often develop local protocols for use of heparin to flush-lock venous access ports. Our objective was to evaluate catheter-related complications in patients after introduction of a lower-concentration heparin flush protocol.ProcedurePatients with
Validity of Clinical Measures of Shoulder Subluxation in Adults With Poststroke Hemiplegia

Objectives Shoulder subluxation after cerebrovascular accident has been associated with chronic pain, orthopedic complications, peripheral nerve damage, and autonomic dysfunction. Clinical diagnosis and gradation of subluxation is problematic due to the lack of precision in frequently used measures. The objective of this study was to assess the validity of clinical techniques used to assess inferior subluxation of the hemiplegic shoulder by comparing these techniques with radiographic measurement. Method In 20 male subjects with hemiplegia, the presence, type, and degree of subluxation was assessed with three clinical measures: palpation, arm length discrepancy, and thermoplastic jig measurement. Anterior-posterior X rays of the hemiplegic shoulder were taken after clinical examination. Results Spearman rank correlation coefficients between the X rays and the three clinical measures were relatively low. Palpation had the highest correlation (rs = .76), followed by arm length discrepancy (rs = .46), and thermoplastic jig measurement (rs = .42). Conclusion These findings provide cautious optimism about using these clinical measures to identify subluxation. Although detection was best with palpation, the likely inability to determine clinical overcorrecting of subluxation makes use of palpation alone suspect. Improved techniques of arm length measurement may provide a solution to this problem. These findings further necessitate that improved procedures for clinical assessment of subluxation be developed.
Prostate cancer mortality following active surveillance versus immediate radical prostatectomy

Propose:Activesurveillancehasbeenendorsedforlow-riskprostatecancer,butinformationaboutlongtermoutcomesandcomparativeeffectivenessofactivesurveillanceislacking.Thepurposeofthisstudyisto project prostate cancer mortality under active surveillance followed by radical prostatectomy versus under immediate radical prostatectomy. Experimental design: A simulation model was developed to combine information on time from diagnosis to treatment under active surveillance and associated disease progression from a Johns Hopkins active surveillance cohort (n ¼ 769), time from radical prostatectomy to recurrence from cases in the