cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differences Between Lignin-like Polymers Formed by Peroxidation of Eugenol and Ferulic Acid in Leaf Sections of Phleum

6. KORNBERG, H. L. and KREBS, H. A. Synthesis of cell constituents from C-2 units by a modified tricarboxylic acid cycle. Nature 179: 988-991. 1957. 7. KORNBERG, H. L. and BEEVERS, H. A Mechanism of conversion of fat to carbohydrate in castor beans. Nature 180: 35-36. 1957. 8. KORNBERG, H. L. al1d BEEVERS, H. The glyoxylate cycle as a stage in the conversion of fat to carbohydrate in castor beans. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 26: 531-537. 1957. 9. NOSSAL, P. M. Estimation of i,-malate and fumarate by malic decarboxylase of Lactobacillus arabinosus. Biochem. Jour. 50: 349-355. 1952. 10. SIMoN, E. J. and SHEMIN, D. The preparation of S-succinyl coenzyme A. Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc. 15: 2520. 1953. 11. STILLER, M. L. The mechanism of malate synthesis in crassulacean leaves. Thesis, Purdue University. 1959. 12. STUMPF, P. K. and BARBER, G. A. Fat metabolism in higher plants. VII 83-oxidation of fatty acids by peanut mitochondria. Plant Physiol. 31: 304308. 1956. 13. STUTZ, R. L. and BURRIs, R. H. Photosynthesis and metabolism of organic acids in higher plants. Plant Physiol. 26: 226-243. 1951. 14. WONG, D. T. 0. and AJL, S. J. Conversion of acetate and glyoxylate to malate. Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc. 78: 3230-3231. 1956.
Steroids for choroidal neovascularization.

i l HE ARTICLE BY HOLECAMP AND ASSOCIATES IN THIS issue of THE JOURNAL (2005;) is the first description of a sustained-release corticosteroid implant for the reatment of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization CNV) in patients without age-related macular degeneraion (AMD) who have undergone or were undergoing ubmacular surgery for the treatment of CNV secondary to istoplasmosis, pathologic myopia, punctate inner choroiopathy, or angioid streaks. This implant releases a linear mount of the corticosteroid fluocinolone acetonide for up o three years after implantation using a polymer-based rug delivery platform developed by Control Delivery ystems and Bausch and Lomb.1 Corticosteroids have antiangiogenic, antifibrotic, and anipermeability properties. Although the principal effects of orticosteroids are stabilization of the blood-retinal barrier, esorption of exudation, and down-regulation of inflammaory stimuli, they are also potent inhibitors of neovascularizaion.2 Corticosteroids act on the neovascular cascade by irectly decreasing levels of vascular endothelial growth actor (VEGF), inhibiting basic fibroblast growth factor– nduced migration and tube formation in choroidal microvasular endothelial cells, inhibiting extracellular matrix urnover by down-regulating metalloproteinase-2 production, own-regulating intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expresion, and decreasing major histocompatibility complex-II ntigen expression.3–7 Recently, nonrandomized and randomized case series ave described intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide onotherapy for the treatment of CNV due to AMD.8–14 n the majority of these reports, a short-term effect of mproved retinal thickness, decreased neovascular exudaion, and, in some cases, improved visual acuity was noted. owever, over the long term, intravitreal corticosteroid njection monotherapy was largely not beneficial. One ould argue that the lack of a sustained effect could be econdary to clearance of the corticosteroid from the ntraocular milieu. Holecamp and associates tried to overome this problem by using the sustained-release nonbioegradable fluocinolone acetonide implant. The potential side effects of this procedure must be eighted against any treatment benefit. The surgical place-
Long-term Quality of Life and Risk Factors for Recurrence After Laparoscopic Repair of Paraesophageal Hernia

Importance Laparoscopic repair of paraesophageal hernia (PEH) has been shown to result in excellent relief of symptoms and improved quality of life (QOL) despite a relatively high radiographically identified recurrence rate. Objective To assess potential risk factors for recurrence and long-term change in QOL after laparoscopic repair of PEH. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a prospective study of 111 patients who underwent elective laparoscopic repair of type III PEH with biological mesh buttressed over a primary cruroplasty from April 3, 2009, through July 31, 2014, at the Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University of Medicine. We administered a modified version of a validated gastroesophageal reflux disease–specific QOL tool to patients before and at 2, 12, and 36 months after the procedure. Higher QOL scores represent greater severity of symptoms. An upper gastrointestinal tract barium-contrast radiographic examination was performed at 1 year to assess for recurrence. Demographic factors, comorbidities, and preoperative radiographic findings were analyzed as possible indicators for recurrence using logistic regression. Main Outcomes and Measures Quality of life, measured by the gastroesophageal reflux disease–specific QOL tool, and recurrence, defined as a PEH of greater than 2 cm. Results Median patient age was 61 years, 63.1% of patients were women, and 81.1% of patients were white. Four patients required reoperation, of which only 1 was for symptomatic recurrent PEH. The mean follow-up time for the 36-month QOL assessment was 43.5 months. The overall preoperative and 2-, 12-, and 36-month QOL scores were 28.50, 10.18, 9.74, and 10.58, respectively ( P P = .07), nausea (1.69 [1.63] vs 0.77 [1.25]; P = .08), pain with swallowing (1.06 [1.50] vs 0.53 [0.90]; P = .73), and bloating/gas (3.28 [1.71] vs 2.23 [1.72]; P = .05) at the 36-month QOL assessment. Although not statistically significant, preoperative hernias containing most of the stomach were more likely to recur after repair when compared with those involving gastric cardia and fundus (odds ratio, 3.74 [95% CI, 0.93-15.14]; P = .06). Conclusions and Relevance Overall, laparoscopic repair of PEH with biological mesh results in excellent long-term QOL. The cause of recurrence is likely multifactorial and individualized to each patient. Further evaluation of novel techniques and unidentified patient factors is needed.
Childhood exposure to violence and lifelong health: clinical intervention science and stress-biology research join forces

Many young people who are mistreated by an adult, victimized by bullies, criminally assaulted, or who witness domestic violence react to this violence exposure by developing behavioral, emotional, or learning problems. What is less well known is that adverse experiences like violence exposure can lead to hidden physical alterations inside a child's body, alterations that may have adverse effects on life-long health. We discuss why this is important for the field of developmental psychopathology and for society, and we recommend that stress-biology research and intervention science join forces to tackle the problem. We examine the evidence base in relation to stress-sensitive measures for the body (inflammatory reactions, telomere erosion, epigenetic methylation, and gene expression) and brain (mental disorders, neuroimaging, and neuropsychological testing). We also review promising interventions for families, couples, and children that have been designed to reduce the effects of childhood violence exposure. We invite intervention scientists and stress-biology researchers to collaborate in adding stress-biology measures to randomized clinical trials of interventions intended to reduce effects of violence exposure and other traumas on young people.
A fine-grained modality classification for global predicates

Specifying and detecting predicates in a distributed execution is an important problem. Distributed execution observation has classically used two modalities-Possibly(/spl Phi/) and Definitely(/spl Phi/)-for predicate /spl Phi/. Based on the temporal interactions of intervals, the author identified a complete, orthogonal set of relationships /spl Rfr/; between pairs of intervals in a distributed execution. We show how to map the rich, orthogonal classification of modalities of pairwise interval interactions, to the classical coarse-grained classification, Possibly(/spl Phi/) and Definitely(/spl Phi/), for specifying predicates defined on any number of processes. This increases the power of expressing the temporal modalities under which predicates can be specified, beyond the current Possibly/Definitely classification. We give some timestamp-based tests for the orthogonal modalities in the refined classification.
Incorporation of core competency questions into an annual national self-assessment examination for residents in physical medicine and rehabilitation: results and implications.

Objective To determine the performance and change over time when incorporating questions in the core competency domains of practice-based learning and improvement (PBLI), systems-based practice (SBP), and professionalism (PROF) into the national PM&R Self-Assessment Examination for Residents (SAER). Design Prospective, longitudinal analysis. Setting The national Self-Assessment Examination for Residents (SAER) in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, which is administered annually. Participants Approximately 1100 PM&R residents who take the examination annually. Interventions Inclusion of progressively more challenging questions in the core competency domains of PBLI, SBP, and PROF. Main Outcome Measurements Individual test item level of difficulty ( P value) and discrimination (point biserial index). Results Compared with the overall test, questions in the subtopic areas of PBLI, SBP, and PROF were relatively easier and less discriminating (correlation of resident performance on these domains compared with that on the total test). These differences became smaller during the 3-year time period. The difficulty level of the questions in each of the subtopic domains was raised during the 3 year period to a level close to the overall exam. Discrimination of the test items improved or remained stable. Conclusions This study demonstrates that, with careful item writing and review, multiple-choice items in the PBLI, SBP, and PROF domains can be successfully incorporated into an annual, national self-assessment examination for residents. The addition of these questions had value in assessing competency while not compromising the overall validity and reliability of the exam. It is yet to be determined if resident performance on these questions corresponds to performance on other measures of competency in the areas of PBLI, SBP, and PROF.
An examination of the relationship between reading comprehension, higher-level and lower-level reading sub-skills in adults

Using a large adult reading database, we examined the relationships between high-level and low-level reading skills and between multiple reading skills, general cognitive ability, and reading comprehension ability. A principal components analysis found partial dissociability between higher-level skills including reading comprehension, vocabulary and print exposure, and lower-level skills including decoding and spelling in adult readers. Furthermore, follow-up regression analyses showed that the high-level sub-skills (e.g., vocabulary and print exposure) were significantly better predictors of reading comprehension ability than the low-level skills (e.g., decoding and spelling) in adult skilled readers. These findings suggest that higher-level and lower-level skills are dissociable in adult skilled readers and that higher-level skills are more strongly related to comprehension ability in adults.
A Combined, Equilibrium Model of Urban Personal Travel and Goods Movements

A combined equilibrium model of urban personal travel and goods movements is developed, in which commodity flows are generated by the consumption of a commodity, as part of the conduct of a given, generic urban activity undertaken by individual consumers/travelers. A fundamental feature of the model is the explicit, full representation of the interacting behaviors of commodity consumers/travelers and commodity suppliers/shippers, within the framework of a spatial, competitive economy. Concurrently, passenger and freight flows take place on a common, congestible network, which is also used for general travel. Travelers/consumers are assumed to minimize their costs activity plus travel through their joint choice of an activity site and travel itinerary to it. Activity suppliers also minimize the costs of buying and shipping goods, through their joint choice of wholesaler and freight shipping routes. In both cases, activity costs are perceived randomly, and travel costs are perceived deterministically. Commodity supply meets demand at activity sites. Locational commodity prices are determined endogenously. The transportation network, in which a given link may or may not be shared by private cars and freight trucks, is in user equilibrium, for all users. As a special case, a spatial price equilibrium for the commodity is obtained. It is shown that, under certain conditions, the model always possesses a unique solution. An algorithm for obtaining that solution is described. In conclusion, several areas for further extensions of the model are discussed.
Solution to the hazard function of some two-stage carcinogenesis models when normal cell growth is piecewise linear

A closed form expression is obtained for the hazard function for three stochastic two-stage carcinogenesis models, when the normal cell growth is assumed to be piecewise linear.
The Tribolium castaneum Ortholog of Sex combs reduced Controls Dorsal Ridge Development

In insects, the boundary between the embryonic head and thorax is formed by the dorsal ridge, a fused structure composed of portions of the maxillary and labial segments. However, the mechanisms that promote development of this unusual structure remain a mystery. In Drosophila, mutations in the Hox genes Sex combs reduced and Deformed have been reported to cause abnormal dorsal ridge formation, but the significance of these abnormalities is not clear. We have identified three mutant allele classes of Cephalothorax, the Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) ortholog of Sex combs reduced, each of which has a different effect on dorsal ridge development. By using Engrailed expression to monitor dorsal ridge development in these mutants, we demonstrate that Cephalothorax promotes the fusion and subsequent dorsolateral extension of the maxillary and labial Engrailed stripes (posterior compartments) during dorsal ridge formation. Molecular and genetic analysis of these alleles indicates that the N terminus of Cephalothorax is important for the fusion step, but is dispensable for Engrailed stripe extension. Thus, we find that specific regions of Cephalothorax are required for discrete steps in dorsal ridge formation.
Platelets provide a bounty of potential targets for therapy in multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) and related demyelinating conditions like neuromyelitis optica are mediated via migration of leukocytes and monocytes from the peripheral circulation. This is particularly relevant in the initial phases of disease that manifests clinically with relapses and remission and dominates the pace of the evolution of these chronic diseases in the first decade. The most effective approved therapeutic approach for relapsing remitting MS, Natalizumab, blocks lymphocyte migration into the brain by targeting a4 integrin.1 Scant attention has been given to platelets in the pathophysiology of these diseases. And yet there have been hints that platelets play an important role in MS. For instance, an early study of MS lesions using gene microarrays indicated that glycoprotein IIb/IIIa was highly expressed in MS lesions and, surprisingly, particularly in the more chronic stages of the disease. …
Not a right but a public function: The debate in the French National Assembly over the 1872 law on jury formation

Because of the highly politicized nature of the French judicial system in the nineteenth century, laws governing the selection of jurors were often the subject of strong political debate. There were repeated controversies over which citizens should be jurors and which authorities should draw up the annual jury lists from which the trial panels were drawn. Perhaps no event better reflected the nature of the controversy than the debate which occurred in the National Assembly in 1872, when the conservative government proposed an act which gave the judiciary power to revise the annual jury lists drawn up by elected officials. However, liberal deputies opposed the act because they maintained it gave too much power to a conservative judiciary in determining which citizens should be jurors. The debate in fact went to the heart of the nineteenth-century struggle between the Right and Left.
Citoyenneté, élections, démocratie et Révolution : les fondements de la France contemporaine

La Revolution a pose les fondements de la France contemporaine : citoyennete, elections a tous les echelons et democratie electorale. En France, c’est avec la Revolution que l’egalite des droits et la souverainete populaire ont ete instaurees. Elle a fait des elections la source de la legitimite politique, l’expression de la volonte populaire et le moyen de selectionner le personnel politique. La Revolution a engendre une nouvelle classe politique. Elle a enclenche un processus continu de renouvellement et d’elargissement du personnel politique. La Convention a inaugure une nouvelle ere dans la pratique democratique en soumettant le projet de constitution directement a l’approbation du peuple. C’est en France qu’a ete fondee la premiere republique democratique de l’histoire moderne. Malgre de multiples difficultes, la France a commence son apprentissage de la democratie electorale pendant la decennie revolutionnaire. Cependant, les revolutionnaires n’ont pas cree les elections modernes. Ils se sont averes incapables de s’emanciper du modele legue par l’Ancien Regime.
The Constitution of Identity: New Modalities of nationality, citizenship, belonging and being

In recent decades there has emerged a large and diverse body of sociolegal literature engaging in identity politics, or what some theorists call the politics of difference. Drawing on the theories and insights of scholars working in cultural studies, feminist studies, sociology, anthropology, geography, political science, history and law, this literature grew out of the civil rights movements of the 1960s and 1970s and gained momentum through the rise of new social movements and debates over multiculturalism in the 1980s and 1990s More recently, sociolegal literature on the politics of identity has had to expand in scale and reach in seeking to analyze the complex relations between individuals and the nation-state in the context of globalization. This essay outlines the analytical approaches in which notions of identity vis-a-vis the nation-state have been thought about in the past, how and in what ways these approaches may be shifting in the present, and what we may as sociolegal scholars need to be thinking about as we confront the future.
Creation VS. Evolution: The Politics of Science Education

Order, control, the maintenance of established values and organizational relationships; these are central priorities for any social system. Any deviation from a given social order tends to be viewed as threatening or ‘polluting’ — subject to what Mary Douglas has called “pollution behavior… a reaction which condemns any object or idea likely to confuse or contradict cherished classifications” (1). Science has been increasingly faced with many such external threats. Despite the emphasis on the tentative nature of all classifications and the importance of continued testing of scientific theories against new empirical criteria, scientists also find themselves engaged in pollution behavior to protect themselves against dangerous intrusions.
A randomized trial of open lung biopsy versus empiric antimicrobial therapy in cancer patients with diffuse pulmonary infiltrates.

Twenty-four cancer patients with diffuse interstitial pneumonitis (DIP) were randomized to undergo an open lung biopsy (OLB) within 8 hours of presentation (12 patients) or to receive empiric antimicrobial therapy (ET) with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) erythromycin for a minimum of 4 days (12 patients). Patients whose condition deteriorated underwent an OLB on day 4. Eight of 12 patients (67%) having OLB survived versus 10 of 12 (83%) receiving ET (P = .64). Morbidity occurred in nine of 12 (75%) having OLB versus eight of 12 (67%) receiving ET (P = 1.0). Concurrently, there were 14 additional cancer patients with DIP who were not randomized (nine refused, three had a coagulopathy contraindicating surgery, two were excluded by primary care physicians) and who were comparable demographically to the randomized group. Two received OLB and 12 ET. Combining the randomized and nonrandomized groups, eight of 14 (57%) having an initial OLB survived versus 18 of 24 (75%) of ET-treated patients (P2 = .19...
High density lipoprotein cholesterol subfractions in older people.

BACKGROUND: High density lipoprotein (HDL) may be an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease in older people. HDL is heterogeneous with several subfractions. This article describes the distribution and correlates of HDL2 cholesterol (C) and HDL3-C in older people. METHODS: HDL subfraction cholesterols were measured in 1,127 females and 825 males > or = 65 years old who participated in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Distributions of HDL subfraction cholesterols and bivariate and multivariate relationships were determined in cross-sectional analyses. RESULTS: Mean (+/- SD) concentrations of HDL subfractions were: HDL3-C (M .98 +/- .25, F 1.2 +/- .29 mmol/l), HDL2-C (M .09 +/- .08, F .13 +/- .09 mmol/l). HDL2-C, but not HDL3-C, was slightly higher with age. Using multivariate analysis, both HDL2-C and HDL3-C (in females) were inversely correlated with triglyceride, body weight, and fasting insulin; HDL3-C was inversely correlated with central fat distribution in women. Both HDL2-C and HDL3-C were lower in participants with prevalent cardiovascular disease. However, only HDL3-C was significantly inversely related to carotid stenosis, as measured by ultrasound. CONCLUSIONS: The slight increase in HDL-C with age appears to be due to an increase in the HDL2-C subfraction. HDL-C subfractions are independently related to triglyceride levels, body weight, and insulin concentrations in older people, all potentially modifiable risk factors. Both HDL2-C and HDL3-C are lower in older people with prevalent cardiovascular disease, although only HDL3-C was correlated with carotid atherosclerosis. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that HDL subfractions are important risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the elderly.
Solution of Some Problems in the Exact Theory of Visco-Elasticity

It has been shown in a previous paper (Rivlin, 1955), that if we assume that in a visco-elastic fluid, which is isotropic in its state of rest, the stress components t ij in a rectangular Cartesian coordinate system x i at a point x i of the fluid are expressible as polynomials in the gradients of velocity, acceleration, second acceleration, · · · , (n - 1)th acceleration at the point considered, then the stress matrix T(= ∥ t ij ∥) may be expressed as a polynomial in n kinematic matrices A 1, A 2, ⋯, A n . The coefficients in this polynomial are scalar invariants of the matrices A 1, A2, ⋯, A n and are expressible as polynomials in traces of products formed from these matrices.
Domestic Tourism in Asia Some Ruffle and Flourish for a Neglected Relation

Domestic tourism has often been treated by researchers as that poor relative whose existence is reluctantly acknowledged and soon forgotten. In their review of the issue in this Tourism Recreation Research (TRR) number, Mena, Chon and Alampay note the traditional neglect visited upon it. Books and articles are few and far between and one might say that interest has even decayed in recent years. In 1986, Annals of Tourism Research devoted a special issue to domestic tourism edited by Smith and Wanhill (1986). Since then, just a few references can be found in the growing number of academic publications (Archer 1978; Gunawan 1976; Horvat et al. 2002; Hudson and Ritchie 2002; Sindiga 1996; Zhang 1997). Most of them deal with national or local cases while, with Jafari’s exception (1986), there has been no general assessment of the importance of domestic tourism.
Bernoulli, Darwin, and Sagan: the probability of life on other planets

The recent discovery that billions of planets in the Milky Way Galaxy may be in circumstellar habitable zones has renewed speculation over the possibility of extraterrestrial life. The Drake equation is a probabilistic framework for estimating the number of technological advanced civilizations in our Galaxy; however, many of the equation's component probabilities are either unknown or have large error intervals. In this paper, a different method of examining this question is explored, one that replaces the various Drake factors with the single estimate for the probability of life existing on Earth. This relationship can be described by the binomial distribution if the presence of life on a given number of planets is equated to successes in a Bernoulli trial. The question of exoplanet life may then be reformulated as follows – given the probability of one or more independent successes for a given number of trials, what is the probability of two or more successes? Some of the implications of this approach for finding life on exoplanets are discussed.
Analysis on Derivative Influence Detection of DC Magnetic Bias on Neutral-grounded Transformers

Solar magnetic storm, monopole or asymmetric operation of DC transmission may cause DC magnetic bias. The actual test indicates that the monopole operation mode of DC transmission causes severe DC bias in neutral-grounded transformers near ground electrodes and DC magnetic bias exerts derivative influence on transformers such as increase of noise, aggravation of vibration and abnormal harmonic and so on.
A Study of the Issues of E-Health Care in Developing Countries: The Case of Ghana

This study explores the current situation of recently implemented e-health care system in Ghana, a developing country in West Africa. Basically, the study reports the results of a survey conducted to ascertain current issues faced by consumers (people) of the new e-health care system. Opinions of health care providers (doctors, nurses, administrators) were also captured through an interview to support findings from the survey. Among the top five issues identified, lack of (ICT) infrastructure is ranked the highest issue deemed as very dear to the heart of both consumers and providers. The remaining four issues include: lack of basic knowledge in ICT; internet; financial and sustainability issues and privacy/security. This result has wide implications as it informs all stakeholders about the grassroots problems and challenges that need to be strategically addressed first and foremost.
Temperamental approach/withdrawal and food neophobia in early childhood: Concurrent and longitudinal associations.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether temperamental approach/withdrawal processes were concurrently and longitudinally associated with parent ratings and behavioral observations of food neophobia at 4.5 years of age. Additionally, maternal feeding practices were examined as potential moderators of the association between toddler temperament and food neophobia. Data were drawn from a longitudinal study following individuals (n = 82) from infancy through early childhood. At 18 months of age, toddlers were observed in an unfamiliar laboratory setting with an experimenter and their reactions were coded. At 4.5 years of age, the children were again observed in an unfamiliar setting and were also offered three novel foods (lychee, nori, and haw jelly). The number of foods they refused to taste was used as a measure of behavioral neophobia. Finally, mothers reported on their child's food neophobia and temperament, as well as their own feeding practices. As expected, temperament was associated with concurrent measures of food neophobia at 4.5 years of age. Also, low approach children who exhibited high negative affect and low positive affect in response to novelty at 18 months of age had higher levels of food neophobia at 4.5 years of age compared to their peers. Furthermore, evidence emerged to show that these neophobic tendencies in low approach children were strengthened by a maternal pressuring feeding style. Collectively, the results of this study emphasize that children who have low levels of temperamental approach are at a heightened risk for developing food neophobia during childhood.
Molecular Modeling as a Self-Taught Component of a Conventional Undergraduate Chemical Reaction Engineering Course.

We inserted a self-taught molecular modeling project into an otherwise conventional undergraduate chemical-reaction-engineering course. Our objectives were that students should (a) learn with minimal instructor intervention, (b) gain an appreciation for the relationship between molecular structure and, first, macroscopic state functions in chemical thermodynamics, and then rate constants and activation energies in kinetics, and (c) retain a longer term memory of that self-taught material than is likely with textbook material. This worked successfully. We found that both the students, and an instructor that is totally inexperienced in molecular modeling, can learn enough within a few hours to do simple kinetics problems.
Functional metal-insulator-metal top contacts for Si-based color photodetectors

Here, we report on Si-based color photodetectors using monolithically integrated metal-insulator-metal Fabry-Perot cavity top contacts. Contacts were formed by depositing Ag/SiO2/Ag layers with different oxide thicknesses for each color. This allowed controlling the transmission band position and width while maintaining the high conductivity. We have obtained over 55% external quantum efficiency for different colors both numerically and experimentally. The FWHM was less than 50 nm and the rejection ratio was an order of magnitude for each color. The total transmission through these top contacts exceeded that of dye filters used in conventional color CCDs and CMOS imaging arrays. In addition, these contacts performed similarly to recently proposed plasmonic hole array filters without the necessity of complicated fabrication steps like FIB milling and e-beam lithography. This type of top contacts can serve as a cheap alternative to dye filters used in contemporary devices without making the fabrication comp...
Freud: An Intellectual Biography

The life and work of Sigmund Freud continue to fascinate general and professional readers alike. Joel Whitebook here presents the first major biography of Freud since the last century, taking into account recent developments in psychoanalytic theory and practice, gender studies, philosophy, cultural theory, and more. Offering a radically new portrait of the creator of psychoanalysis, this book explores the man in all his complexity alongside an interpretation of his theories that cuts through the stereotypes that surround him. The development of Freud's thinking is addressed not only in the context of his personal life, but also in that of society and culture at large, while the impact of his thinking on subsequent issues of psychoanalysis, philosophy, and social theory is fully examined. Whitebook demonstrates that declarations of Freud's obsolescence are premature, and, with his clear and engaging style, brings this vivid figure to life in compelling and readable fashion.
Off-Label Medication Use in the Inpatient Palliative Care Unit

Abstract Context Although off-label medications are frequently prescribed in palliative care, there are no published studies examining their use in the U.S. Objectives We examined the frequency of off-label medication use in cancer patients admitted to an acute palliative care unit (APCU). Methods This prospective observational study enrolled consecutive patients with advanced cancer admitted to the APCU of a tertiary care cancer center. We collected data on all prescription events, including indications for use, from admission to discharge. Off-label use was checked against the U.S. Food and Drug Administration–approved indications. Results Among the 201 patients, median survival was 10 days (95% CI 7–13), and 85 (42%) patients died in the APCU. We documented 6276 prescription events, and 2199 (35%) were off-label. Among off-label prescriptions, central nervous system agents ( n = 1606, 73%), hormones and synthetic substitutes ( n = 302, 14%), and autonomic drugs ( n = 183, 8%) were most commonly prescribed. Haloperidol ( n = 720, 33%), chlorpromazine ( n = 292, 13%), dexamethasone ( n = 280, 13%), glycopyrrolate ( n = 175, 8%), hydromorphone ( n = 161, 7%), and morphine ( n = 156, 7%) were most frequently prescribed off-label. The most common indications for off-label prescribing were delirium ( n = 783, 36%) and dyspnea ( n = 449, 20%). Seventy percent of all off-label prescription events had strong evidence supporting use, and 19% of prescription events had moderate or weak evidence for use. Conclusion One-third of prescription events in the APCU were off-label, with majority of off-label use having a strong level of supporting evidence. Our findings highlight the need for more research in key areas such as delirium and dyspnea management.
The value of observations in predicting transmission success in wireless networks under slotted Aloha

We consider a wireless network of static nodes where each transmitter-receiver pair employs slotted Aloha, electing to transmit with a common contention probability p, and we further assume the Rayleigh fading varies with each time slot. The random point processes of actual transmitters in a given time slot (along with their random fades) determine the interference seen by a reference receiver, and the interference across time slots is dependent due to common dependence on the underlying set of potential interferers. It follows that observations of the set of transmitters over several time slots (or summary statistics of this process) may be leveraged to yield improved estimates of the probability of success of the transmission attempted at the reference receiver. In this paper we study the value of several different forms of such observations in improving this estimated success probability. Specifically, we consider five cases: the observer has i) zero knowledge, ii) full knowledge of the point process of potential transmitters, iii) knowledge of the number of "nearby" potential transmitters, iv) N binary observations under the "physical" model at the reference receiver, and v) N binary observations under the "protocol" model at the reference receiver.
Torsional oscillations of the large-scale circulation in turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection

enard convection are presented. For cylindrical samples of aspect ratio Γ = 1 the mode consists of an azimuthal twist of the near-vertical LSC circulation plane, with the top and bottom halves of the plane oscillating out of phase by half a cycle. The data for Γ =1 andσ =4 .4 showed that the oscillation amplitude varied irregularly in time, yielding a Gaussian probability distribution centred at zero for the displacement angle. This result can be described well by the equation of motion of a stochastically driven damped harmonic oscillator. It suggests that the existence of the oscillations is a consequence of the stochastic driving by the small-scale turbulent background fluctuations of the system, rather than a consequence of a Hopf bifurcation of the deterministic system. The power spectrum of the LSC orientation had a peak at finite frequency with a quality factor Q � 5, nearly independent of R. For samples with Γ 2 we did not find this mode, but there remained a characteristic periodic signal that was detectable in the area density ρp of the plumes above the bottom-plate centre. Measurements of ρp revealed a strong dependence on the Rayleigh number R, and on the aspect ratio Γ that could be represented by ρp ∼ Γ 2.7±0.3 .M ovies are available with the online version of the paper.
Innovation in big data analytics: Applications of mathematical programming in medicine and healthcare

Risk and decision models and predictive analytics have long been cornerstones for advancement of business analytics in industrial, government, and military applications. In particular, multi-source data system modeling and big data analytics and technologies play an increasingly important role in modern business enterprise. Many problems arising in these domains can be formulated into mathematical models and can be analyzed using sophisticated optimization, decision analysis, and computational techniques. In this talk, we will share some of our successes in healthcare, defense, and service sector applications through innovation in predictive and big data analytics through the modeling and computational advances in integer programming. Specifically, the first model is a discrete support vector machine predictive model that incorporates comprehensive factors related to demographics and socio-economic status, clinical and hospital resources, operations and utilization, and patient complaints and risk factors for global prediction of readmission and treatment outcome of patients. The second model describes an outcome-driven personalized treatment planning model for cancer patients.
Biodegradable Films: An Alternative Food Packaging

Abstract There has been an increasing interest in the use of biodegradable polymers in the development of new materials as an alternative solution to the environmental problems caused by the accumulation of nondegradable synthetic containers. As a result, much effort has been made to develop biodegradable or edible films from biopolymers to produce an environmentally friendly packaging alternative to synthetic plastic packaging films. The films are first molded as solid sheets, made of natural polymers, which once formed can be placed on or between food components. The biodegradable films can be prepared using protein, polysaccharide, or lipid materials. Among these innovative strategies is the incorporation of antimicrobial or antioxidants agents in films, which can be used as active packaging. These compounds are incorporated into or coated onto food packaging materials to improve food safety and shelf life.
Retronasal olfaction in chronic rhinosinusitis.

OBJECTIVE The goals of this study were to assess retronasal olfaction in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and describe clinical factors that influence retronasal olfaction. This study sought to investigate the influence of retronasal olfaction on patient-perceived outcomes and examine the relationship between retronasal and orthonasal olfaction. METHODS Retronasal olfactory function was tested using odorized powders in the oral cavity, whereas Sniffin' Sticks test (Burghart Instruments, Wedel, Germany) were used to assess orthonasal function prospectively in 69 adult CRS patients. Endoscopic evaluation of the olfactory cleft was scored using the Olfactory Cleft Endoscopy Scale (OCES). Several quality-of-life (QOL) instruments relating to sinonasal, olfactory, and chemosensory functions were used to assess the interactions between patient-reported outcome measures and retronasal olfaction. RESULTS There was strong correlation between retronasal and total orthonasal olfaction scores (r = 0.77, P < 0.001) as well as retronasal scores with orthonasal subscores. Retronasal scores were worse in patients with nasal polyposis (P = 0.002), asthma (P = 0.04), and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) (P = 0.02), whereas OCES was the only independent predictor of retronasal olfaction (r = -0.42, P < 0.001). Significant correlation existed between retronasal olfaction and olfactory-specific QOL and chemosensory smell scores. CONCLUSION Few studies have examined retronasal olfaction in CRS patients. In this cohort, CRS patients demonstrated deficits in retronasal olfaction, with worse scores in patients with nasal polyposis, asthma, and AERD. Retronasal olfaction scores correlate with degree of inflammation of the olfactory cleft. Retronasal olfaction correlated strongly with orthonasal olfaction and patient-reported smell and taste metrics, although orthonasal olfaction may have a stronger correlation with these metrics. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA. Laryngoscope, 2437-2442, 2018.
Neutropenia Following Treatment with Rituximab for Multiple Sclerosis (P5.354)

Objective: To describe four cases of neutropenia in patients with multiple sclerosis during treatment with rituximab. Background: Rituximab (RTX) is a monoclonal antibody directed against the CD20 antigen (mainly B lymphocytes). RTX is used for treatment in many B cell malignancies as well as rheumatological conditions and is used as an off label treatment for multiple sclerosis. Late-onset neutropenia has been described in patients treated with RTX for B cell malignancies as well as in patients treated for rheumatological conditions. To our knowledge, neutropenia has not been described in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) treated with RTX. Design/Methods: We describe the clinical characteristics of four patients with MS who developed neutropenia during treatment with RTX. Results: Out of the four patients described, three of the patients were female and the average age was 32. Three patients developed neutropenia after 3 or more courses of rituximab. One patient developed neutropenia after the second course of RTX. The median time to development of neutropenia was 38 days after last treatment (range 24 – 205). All patients had profound neutropenia with two patients having absolute neutrophil count of 100 and two with an undetectable neutrophil count. Three patients had associated fever and viral infection, and three patients required treatment with filgrastim. The median time to recovery of neutrophil counts was 3 days. All patients were switched to another disease modifying treatment (DMT) after resolution of neutropenia. Conclusions: Neutropenia is a rare but serious adverse event that can occur in patients with MS during treatment with rituximab. In our group of patients, neutropenia typically occurred after several courses of rituximab treatment and resulted in profound neutropenia. There were no associated serious infectious complications and neutrophil counts quickly recovered. It is unclear if subsequent treatment with RTX would be tolerated as all of our patients were changed to another DMT. Disclosure: Dr. Horton has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gross has nothing to disclose. Dr. Corboy has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Prime CME. Dr. Alvarez has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Actelion, Biogen, Celgene, EMDSerono, Genzyme, Genentech, Novartis, Teva, and TG pharmaceuticals.
Particle-Impact Ignition Measurements in a High-Pressure Oxygen Shock Tube

Metal particle contamination is a concern for liquid rocket engines that use enriched O2 at high pressure. It is believed that under some engine conditions contaminant particle impact could release sufficient kinetic energy to initiate combustion, providing an ignition source for engine components (e.g., turbine blades) impacted by the particles, and subsequently a combustion event that eventually consumes structural materials of the engine. It is important that the combustion properties of these candidate metal particles be studied for their propensity to cause ignition under rocket-like conditions, to reduce the risk of engine failure. Laboratory study of such a mechanism under realistic engine conditions is difficult, and data are lacking. Data that reveal the influence of particle mass, kinetic energy, impacted-surface composition, and environmental conditions on ignition propensity are valuable for launch programs involving oxidizer-rich, staged combustion engines.
Overcoming the Timing Overhead of Test Architectures on Inter-Die Critical Paths

As discussed in previous chapters, 3D ICs require both pre-bond and post-bond testing to ensure stack yield. The goal of pre-bond testing is to ensure that only known good die (KGD) are bonded together to form a stack. Post-bond test ensures the functionality of the complete stack and screens for defects introduced in alignment and bonding.
European initiatives to promote cooperation between speech and text communities.

In this paper I intend to touch a few initiatives recently promoted and carried out in Europe with the aim of strengthening the cooperation between the communities – until now mostly separated – of Spoken and Written language processing. I give some thoughts to the current state-of-the-art with respect to initiatives common to the two areas, in particular within ENABLER, ELSNET, and ELRA. Doing this I reflect on how we envision that we should proceed so that the global requirements of the multilingual information society can be met by the two fields together. This may become the new ‘vision’ for LRs in the next years.
RNA isolation from Peyer's patch lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes to determine gene expression profiles using NanoString technology.

Sampling and immune surveillance within gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) such as the intestinal Peyer’s patch (PP) occurs by an elegantly orchestrated effort that involves the epithelial barrier, B and T lymphocytes, and an extensive network of mononuclear phagocytes. Although we now understand more about the dynamics of antigen and microbial sampling within PPs, the gene expression changes that occur in individual cell subsets during sampling are not well characterized. This protocol describes the isolation of high-quality RNA from sorted PP, B and T-lymphocytes, and CD11c + phagocytes for use with nCounter-nanostring technology. This method allows investigators to study gene expression changes within PPs in response to antigens, microbes, and oral vaccine delivery vehicles of interest that are sampled.
Comparative study of yaw and nacelle tilt control strategies for a two-bladed downwind wind turbine

The structural dynamics and response of a two bladed downwind wind turbine configuration using a tilt control concept is examined based on Computational Structural Dynamics CSD analysis Nacelle tilt angles of and degrees are investigated based on varying wind speeds in order to achieve the same rated power output Yaw angles of and degrees are examined with the purpose of comparing structural loads and displacements between two control methods The computed load effects reveal that the tower top and base shear forces are reduced significantly using the nacelle tilt control compared with the yaw control method The shear forces and bending moments at the blade root also show favorable outcomes at most nacelle tilt angles except for degrees
Trajectories of Substance Use among Child Welfare-Involved Youth: Longitudinal Associations with Child Maltreatment History and Emotional/Behavior Problems.

Background: Maltreated children experience a variety of adverse outcomes including substance use problems. Although previous research indicated that there may be distinct trajectories of substance ...
Is it Expensive? The Dual Effect of Construal Level on Price Judgments

When judging the expensiveness of a product or service, consumers often make comparisons to similar offerings that serve as reference points. Extant pricing literature shows that reference items in...