cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AlxGa1-xN p-i-n photodiodes on sapphire substrates

ABSTRACT We report the fabrication and characterization ofAlxGaixN pifl photodiodes (0.05  x  0.30) grown on sapphireby low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The devices present a visible-rejection of about four ordersofmagnitude with a cutoffwavelength that shifts from 350 nm to 291 nm. They also exhibit a constant responsivityfor five decades (30 mW/rn2 to 1 kW/m2) of optical power density. Using capacitance measurements, the values forthe acceptor concentration in the p-A1Ga1N region arid the unintentional donor concentration in the intrinsic regionare found. Photocurrent decays are exponential for high load resistances, with a time constant that corresponds tothe RC product ofthe system. For low load resistances the transient response becomes non-exponential, with a decaytime longer than the RC constant.Keywords: UV photodetectors, solar-blind, A1GaN, p-i-n photodetectors 1. INTRODUCTION High caliber ultraviolet (UV) and visible blind photodetectors are desired for many applications, both terrestrial andspace-based.' Notable progress in the device design, material quality and processing of wide bandgap 111-Nitridematerial, such as GaN and AlGa,N, has yielded visible-blind photodetectors with high responsivities, low darkcurrents, and fast response times,2'3 suitable for applications such as flame sensors, combustion process monitoring,and solar UV detection. While these visible-blind detectors can detect light at lower wavelengths and distinguish itfrom visible and infrared radiation, improvement is needed in the selectivity of the bandedge to more effectivelyfunction as a true solar-blind detector (?<3OO nm).Photoconductors based on the entire range of the A1Ga,N ternary material, from 365
Structure of Intraseasonal Kelvin Waves in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean

Abstract Previous studies have shown that intraseasonal Kelvin waves are a prominent mode of variability in the eastern and central equatorial Pacific. These waves appear to be remotely forced by wind variations in the western Pacific and propagate eastward at approximately first baroclinic mode phase speeds. In this study, moored temperature and velocity time series data from 1984 to 1987 between 110° and 140°W are studied to isolate the Kelvin wave structures and to document their wave-mean flow interactions with the South Equatorial Current/Equatorial Undercurrent (RUC) system. Observed structures at periods of 59–125 days have rms amplitudes of about 10 cm s−1 for zonal velocity and about 1°C for temperature in the thermocline. These structures exhibit significant departures from linear no-mean-flow theory: zonal velocity is intensified below the EUC core, and temperature variability in the thermocline is weaker on the equator than 1.5° off the equator. Additionally, the wave temperature signal at the...
Genome-wide transcriptional responses of Nitrosomonas europaea to zinc

Nitrosomonas europaea, a Gram-negative obligate chemolithoautotroph, participates in global nitrogen cycling by carrying out nitrification and derives energy for growth through oxidation of ammonia. In this work, the physiological, proteomic, and transcriptional responses of N. europaea to zinc stress were studied. The nitrite production rate and ammonia-dependent oxygen uptake rate of the cells exposed to 3.4 microM ZnCl2 decreased about 61 and 69% within 30 min, respectively. Two proteins were notably up regulated in zinc treatment and the mRNA levels of their encoding genes started to increase by 1 h after the addition of zinc. A total of 27 genes were up regulated and 30 genes were down regulated. Up-regulated genes included mercury resistance genes (merTPCAD), inorganic ion transport genes, oxidative stress genes, toxin-antitoxin genes, and two-component signal transduction systems genes. merTPCAD was the highest up-regulated operon (46-fold). Down-regulated genes included the RubisCO operon (cbbO), biosynthesis (mrsA), and amino acid transporter.
Alcohol and Drug Abuse Treatment in Three Different Populations: Is There Improvement and is It Predictable?

Prior research had shown that alcohol and drug abuse treatments were effective and that the results of treatments could be predicted from pretreatment information regarding the patient's employment, family, and especially psychiatric problems. However, this research had been conducted entirely with adult male service veterans, largely from lower socioeconomic strata. Three treatment centers were included in the present study to examine these conclusions with other populations containing adolescents, females, and patients from higher socioeconomic strata. Data from the Addiction Severity Index was collected at treatment admission and again at independent follow-up, 6 months later. Results confirmed prior observations. Both alcohol and drug abuse treatments showed substantial improvements in the chemical use problems of their patients and in the important areas of employment, criminal behavior, family relations, and psychological health. As in earlier reports, a global measure of the nature and extent of pr...
Lexical Selection in the Process of Language Generation Sergei Nirenburg

In this paper we argue that lexical selection plays a more important role in the generation process than has commonly been assumed. To stress the importance of lexical-semantic input to generation, we explore the distinction and treatment of generating open and closed class lexical items, and suggest an additional classification of the latter into discourse-oriented and proposition-oriented items. Finally, we discuss how lexical selection is influenced by thematic (focus) information in the input.
Histopathologic features in esophagomyotomy specimens from patients with achalasia

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: A previous study evaluating the morphological features of esophagi resected for endstage achalasia showed marked depletion of myenteric ganglion cells, widespread destruction of nerves, and variable chronic inflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the histological features in esophagomyotomy specimens from 11 patients with early achalasia, defined as minimal to moderate esophageal dilation without sigmoid deformity. METHODS: The histological features of esophagomyotomy specimens from 11 patients with achalasia were analyzed and compared with the findings of control specimens obtained from 8 patients who underwent esophagectomy for intramucosal adenocarcinoma. RESULTS: Control specimens had normal numbers of ganglion cells (0.70-0.91 ganglion cells per high-power field) and minimal inflammation. Three patients with vigorous achalasia had normal ganglion cell numbers (0.79-0.91 ganglion cells per high- power field) and at least mild myenteric inflammation without neural fibrosis. The remaining 8 patients had few or no ganglion cells (0-0.30 ganglion cells per high-power field) and at least mild myenteric inflammation and neural fibrosis. Ganglionitis was found in 2 cases. Ganglion cell number was inversely correlated with degree of myenteric neural fibrosis (P
Sleep-disordered breathing and pregnancy: potential mechanisms and evidence for maternal and fetal morbidity.

Purpose of review This article reviews current data on pathophysiologic mechanisms by which sleep-disordered breathing during pregnancy may cause harm, and explores biological pathways for associated adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, especially pregnancy-induced hypertension and gestational diabetes.
RADIATION-INDUCED LEUKEMIA IN GERMFREE MICE.

SummaryLymphatic leukemia was elicited by whole-body X-irradiation in germfree mice of Swiss-Webster, C3H, and C57 Bl strains. The disease was not observed in untreated germfree control animals. The leukemic lesions resembled those induced by X-irradiation in conventional counterpart animals. Cytoplasmic viral inclusions were noted by electron microscopy in cells from the enlarged thymus glands. In analyzing the technical details whereby the animals were entered into and maintained under germfree conditions, one can conclude that the occult leukemogenic agent was perpetuated in successive generations of mice by “vertical” passage, through the ovum or through the placenta.
Pressure of origin of primary mid-ocean ridge basalts

Evidence bearing on the pressure of origin of primary mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) is reviewed. Consideration is given to the constraints derived from pseudoliquidus phase diagrams, the importance of silica contents in primitive MORB glasses, and the mineral compositions in the residual mantle. It is noted that the least depleted abyssal periodotite orthopyroxenes show the dominance of melting and primary MORB genesis at pressures of about 20-25 kbar, a value substantially greater than that (10 kbar) predicted by high-pressure phase equilibrium studies of MORBs.
Olfactory bulb ablation or nerve section and behavior of pigeons in nonolfactory learning.

Abstract The possible significance of the primary olfactory system for behavior that does not involve olfaction was examined in a visual learning experiment with pigeons. Four groups were trained, one with bilateral section of the olfactory nerve, one with bilateral destruction of the olfactory bulb, one with an equivalent amount of damage on the hyperstriatal surface bilaterally, and one with anesthesia only. The final task required pecking the left of two keys when both keys were lighted with color 1 and pecking the right when both were lighted with color 2. Training was done in several stages which involved learning to eat from the food hopper in the training box, learning to peck one key while it was lighted with the first color, transferring pecking to the other key, and finally learning the complete task. The two groups with damage in the olfactory pathway were significantly slower in learning to eat from the hopper, in learning to peck the first key, and in transferring pecking to the second key. It is suggested that the olfactory system participates in some way in general limbic system functions.
Phylogenetic Implications of Chromosome Evolution in Geomys

A phylogenetic analysis of the variation seen in 85 characters involving the G-, R-, DAPI/sssAMD, and C-band patterns produced a cladogram that is congruent with cladograms previously reported for Geomys and based on biochemical, karyotypic, or restriction site-based data. Three clades are recognized: G. breviceps; G. attwateri-G. personatus; G. texensis-G. bursarius . Few structural rearrangements separate these clades indicating that chromosomal evolution is more conservative than previously hypothesized. However, constitutive heterochromatin and fluorescent staining patterns reveal cryptic variation to be common among these taxa.
Tacrolimus ointment 0.1% in the treatment of nickel-induced allergic contact dermatitis

Abstract Background Tacrolimus is a macrolactam that prevents the transcription of messenger RNA for various inflammatory cytokines in both helper T cells (types 1 and 2) (T H 1 and T H 2). It is currently approved for the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis, a Th2-mediated disease, in children and adults. Objective We sought to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tacrolimus ointment 0.1% in the treatment of nickel-induced allergic contact dermatitis, a T H 1-mediated disease. Methods This was a double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled, bilateral paired comparison study to assess the safety and efficacy of topical tacrolimus (Protopic, Fujisawa Healthcare Inc, Deerfield, Ill) ointment 0.1% in the treatment of allergic contact dermatitis induced by nickel sulfate. Volunteers were individuals with known hypersensitivity to nickel. Reactivity to nickel was graded both as the investigator's global assessment and total signs and symptoms, which consisted of the cumulative grade from 0 to 4 for each of the following parameters: erythema, induration, vesiculation, and pruritus (range of scores: 0-16). Reactivity was assessed in the per-protocol group at 1 and 2 weeks after beginning treatment with study drug and control. Adverse events were assessed in the intent-to-treat population. Results Of the 19 volunteers who completed the study (per protocol), 18 had an improvement in total signs and symptoms with tacrolimus versus 10 patients with the vehicle. Of patients, 80% had an improvement in the investigator's global assessment score on the tacrolimus-treated site versus 30% of patients on the placebo-treated site. Overall, tacrolimus was more effective than placebo in ameliorating the nickel reaction. Although the tacrolimus treated site was clear or almost clear in a greater number of individuals at week 1, this difference did not become significant until the second week of the study. Other than application site burning in 25% of volunteers, no significant adverse events were noted in the intent-to-treat population. Conclusion Topical tacrolimus (Protopic, Fujisawa Healthcare Inc) ointment 0.1% may be an option for the treatment of allergic contact dermatitis induced by nickel.
The rhetoric of ‘Signifying nothing’: a rejoinder to Ziliak and McCloskey

For a quarter century, Deirdre McCloskey has pushed the idea that economists should take rhetoric seriously. So, here we would like to take her advice and consider the rhetoric of Ziliak and McClos...
British Association of Paediatric Otorhinolaryngology members experience with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis.

Summary Objectives To establish current practice in the treatment of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) in the UK. Methods Consultant members of the British Association of Paediatric Otorhinolaryngology (BAPO) were sent a questionnaire on current practice concerning the management of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in the paediatric population. Results The response rate was 39.4% perhaps reflecting the relatively small number of otolaryngologists who treat this condition. Data were analysed from 41 respondents representing 27 departments for a total of 103 patients. A total of 13 patients (12.6%) received adjuvant medical therapies with the antiviral agent cidofovir accounting for 10 patients. Distal spread of RRP has occurred in 27 (26.2%) patients. There were six reported deaths due to progressive RRP. Various lasers (CO 2 , KTP, and pulsed dye) are the preferred method of surgical removal of RRP in children. Spontaneous ventilation (65.3%) is the preferred method of anaesthesia. Half of the consultants do not routinely send for HPV subtyping and 75% send lesions for histological examination if there is a change in growth pattern. Two thirds of respondents do not routinely treat their patients with antireflux medication. Conclusion There is a need for the establishment of a centralized national base to which all treating consultants can report their cases. The time has come for national multicenter controlled trials on the use of adjuvant interventions for the treatment of both severe and less severe RRP disease. Both of the above can be organized under the umbrella of BAPO.
The Fun30 nucleosome remodeller promotes resection of DNA double-strand break ends

Chromosomal double-strand breaks (DSBs) are resected by 5' nucleases to form 3' single-stranded DNA substrates for binding by homologous recombination and DNA damage checkpoint proteins. Two redundant pathways of extensive resection have been described both in cells and in vitro, one relying on Exo1 exonuclease and the other on Sgs1 helicase and Dna2 nuclease. However, it remains unknown how resection proceeds within the context of chromatin, where histones and histone-bound proteins represent barriers for resection enzymes. Here we identify the yeast nucleosome-remodelling enzyme Fun30 as a factor promoting DSB end resection. Fun30 is the major nucleosome remodeller promoting extensive Exo1- and Sgs1-dependent resection of DSBs. The RSC and INO80 chromatin-remodelling complexes and Fun30 have redundant roles in resection adjacent to DSB ends. ATPase and helicase domains of Fun30, which are needed for nucleosome remodelling, are also required for resection. Fun30 is robustly recruited to DNA breaks and spreads along the DSB coincident with resection. Fun30 becomes less important for resection in the absence of the histone-bound Rad9 checkpoint adaptor protein known to block 5' strand processing and in the absence of either histone H3 K79 methylation or γ-H2A, which mediate recruitment of Rad9 (refs 9, 10). Together these data suggest that Fun30 helps to overcome the inhibitory effect of Rad9 on DNA resection.
Developmental changes in glutamatergic fast synaptic neurotransmission in the dorsal subcoeruleus nucleus.

STUDY OBJECTIVES The dorsal subcoeruleus nucleus (SubCD) is involved in the generation of rapid eye movement sleep (REM), a state distinguished by high-frequency EEG activity, muscle atonia, and ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves. Activation of the SubCD by injection of the glutamate (GLU) receptor agonist kainic acid (KA) produced a REM sleep-like state with muscle atonia. We tested the hypothesis that developmental changes in the GLU excitability of SubCD neurons could underlie the developmental decrease in REM sleep that occurs in the rat from postnatal days 10-30. DESIGN Sagittal sections containing the SubCD were cut using 9-15 day old rat pups. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings were performed on SubCD neurons and responses were measured following electrical stimulation or bath application of the GLU receptor agonists N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) or KA. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Pharmacological or electrical stimulation increased non-cholinergic excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in SubCD neurons, which were blocked by GLU receptor antagonists. Although no developmental changes were observed in the relative contribution of AMPA/KA and NMDA receptors to the responses, there was a developmental decrease in the half-width duration of both evoked and miniature EPSCs. Bath application of NMDA or KA revealed a developmental decrease in the direct response of SubCD neurons to these agonists. CONCLUSIONS The SubCD receives glutamatergic input, which may be involved in activation of SubCD neurons during REM sleep. A developmental decrease in the glutamatergic excitability of these neurons could underlie the developmental decrease in REM sleep observed in humans and rodents.
A rhesus monkey model for sexual transmission of a papillomavirus isolated from a squamous cell carcinoma

Recently we molecularly cloned and characterized a papillomavirus from a lymph node metastasis of a primary penile carcinoma found in a rhesus monkey; this virus species, rhesus papillomavirus type 1 (RhPV-1), is similar to oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPVs), such as HPV-16 or HPV-18, in that the RhPV-1 DNA was found to be integrated in the tumor cell DNA. To compare the sexual transmission and oncogenic nature of RhPV-1 with these HPVs, we undertook an extensive retrospective study of a group of rhesus monkeys whose sexual mating and offspring histories were known. These animals had mated directly with the index male mentioned above or were secondarily exposed to this virus through intermediate sexual partners. This study combines cytological, histopathological, and several complementary hybridization and DNA amplification techniques on multiple tissue samples to demonstrate the sexually transmitted nature of RhPV-1. The oncogenic potential of RhPV-1 is suggested in several of the infected animals by the presence of various degrees of neoplasia including squamous cell cancer of the cervix.
Recombinase-activating gene (RAG) 2-mediated V(D)J recombination is not essential for tumorigenesis in Atm-deficient mice.

The majority of Atm-deficient mice die of malignant thymic lymphoma by 4–5 mo of age. Cytogenetic abnormalities in these tumors are consistently identified within the Tcr α/δ locus, suggesting that tumorigenesis is secondary to aberrant responses to double-stranded DNA breaks that occur during V(D)J recombination. Since V(D)J recombination is a recombinase-activating gene (RAG)-dependent process, we generated Rag2−/−Atm−/− mice to assess the requirement for RAG-dependent recombination in thymic lymphomagenesis. In contrast to expectation, the data presented here indicate that development of malignant thymic lymphoma in Atm−/− mice is not prevented by loss of RAG-2 and thus is not dependent on V(D)J recombination. Malignant thymic lymphomas in Rag2−/−Atm−/− mice occurred at a lower frequency and with a longer latency as compared with Atm−/− mice. Importantly, cytogenetic analysis of these tumors indicated that multiple chromosomal abnormalities occurred in each tumor, but that none of these involved the Tcr α/δ locus. Nonmalignant peripheral T cells from TCR-transgenic Rag2−/−Atm−/− mice also revealed a substantial increase in translocation frequency, suggesting that these translocations are early events in the process of tumorigenesis. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the major mechanism of tumorigenesis in Atm−/− mice is via chromosomal translocations and other abnormalities that are secondary to aberrant responses to double-stranded DNA breaks. Furthermore, these data suggest that V(D)J recombination is a critical, but not essential, event during which Atm-deficient thymocytes are susceptible to developing chromosome aberrations that predispose to malignant transformation.
Induction of antibodies reactive with GM2 ganglioside after immunization with lipopolysaccharides from Campylobacter jejuni

Ganglioside GM2, expressed on the surface of some human cancers, is a promising target for immune therapy, since GM2 antibodies are cytotoxic, can be induced in humans by vaccination, and the presence of GM2 antibodies is associated with a better prognosis in melanoma patients. In our efforts to induce long-lived, cytotoxic GM2 antibodies, we investigated lipopolysaccharides (LPS) containing "GM2-like" oligosaccharides. LPS were prepared from Campylobacter jejuni serotypes O:1, O:23, or O:36 (all sharing the oligosaccharide structure GalNAcbeta1-4Gal(113NeuAc)-Hex with ganglioside GM2), and tested for their ability to induce GM2-reactive antibodies. Immunization of NZW rabbits (2 animals per vaccine) with LPS from C. jejuni serotype O:1 in Freund's adjuvant resulted in production of high-titer IgG antibodies reactive with purified bovine brain GM2 in ELISA, dot-blot immune strains and immune thin-layer chromatography, and with GM2 derived from various human tumors by immune thin-layer chromatography. These rabbit antibodies bound to cancer cell lines expressing GM2 on their cell surface, as determined by mixed hemadsorption assays, mediating strong antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) with tumor cells expressing cell-surface GM2. Antibodies induced by vaccination with C. jejuni serotype O:1 were higher-titer (IgG ELISA titer > 1:60,000) than antibodies induced by immunization with purified GM2 (IgG ELISA titer > 1:200). Immunization with LPS from C. jejuni serotype O:36 resulted in production of moderately high-titer IgM and low-titer IgG GM2 antibodies. Immunization with LPS from C. jejuni serotype O:23 did not elicit GM2-reactive antibodies. No clinical symptoms were observed in animals immunized with these LPS preparations, with purified GM2 ganglioside, or with LPS derived from C. jejuni serotype O:19 (containing a GM1-like oligosaccharide). Our results indicate that lipopolysaccharides sharing carbohydrate epitopes with gangliosides may be useful immunogens for inducing antibodies to ganglioside antigens.
Tax Evasion on Gratuities

Tax evasion on tips earned by servers is a pervasive problem, one that has received almost no attention in the tax evasion literature. The authors develop a model of joint server and employer tax compliance to derive predictions for how the customer tipping rate, the server’s sales and tax rate, and the expected IRS penalty on employers influence compliance by both parties. They test the model by examining interstate differences in reported hourly pay (wages plus reported tips) during 2001. They use the Occupational Employment Statistics surveys, data on IRS regional audit rates, data from each state’s food and beverage service industry, and information on each state’s minimum wage and tax laws to perform ordinary least squares and two-stage least squares estimation. Empirical results generally provide strong support for a number of the theory’s predictions.
Synaptic organization of expansion motoneurons ofNavanax inermis

Summary The opisthobranch mollusc, Navanax, feeds by rapid pharyngeal expansion that sucks in prey followed by peristaltic swallowing that moves prey into the esophagus. Several identifiable neurons on the ventral surface of the buccal ganglia control radial musculature within the pharyngeal wall, contraction of which leads to pharyngeal expansion. These are considered expansion motoneurons because their axons run into the muscle and twitches and EMGs occur one for one with action potentials. The motoneurons are electronically coupled. Electronic PSPs, the components of spread associated with impulses, can summate with subthreshold DC depolarizations to yield synchronous impulses in coupled cells. During a train of responses the later electronic PSPs can be facilitated because of increase in amplitude and duration of the presynaptic impulses. Expansion motoneurons are synaptically connected by two apparently interneuronal pathways: a low threshold pathway activated by subthreshold depolarization of the two largest expansion motoneurons (the G-cells) that inhibits the entire population, and a high threshold pathway that is activated by a train of G-cell impulses and produces largely excitatory PSPs in the smaller expansion motoneurons and an EPSP-IPSP sequence in the G-cells. Coupling among expansion motoneurons can be abolished by chemical inhibitory synaptic inputs that are activated by electrical stimulation of the pharyngeal nerve or tactile stimulation of the pharyngeal wall. This uncoupling phenomenon can be explained by a simple equivalent circuit in which inhibitory synapses along the coupling pathway short circuit electronic spread. Uncoupling can outlast the evoking stimulus by several seconds. During uncoupling the smaller expansion motoneurones can fire independently while the G-cell is inhibited, and impulses still propagate from somata to the periphery. The expansion motoneuron population receives excitatory input from the mechanoreceptors in protractor muscles. Mechanical stimulation of the pharyngeal wall activates primary sensory neurons in the buccal ganglia that fire during excitation and during inhibition and uncoupling of expansion motoneurons.
Observations and Model Simulations of Transport and Precipitation Development in a Seeded Cumulus Congestus Cloud

Abstract Observations made by three instrumented aircraft, a Doppler radar, and other data sources were used to follow the initiation and development of precipitation in a small cumulus congestus cloud. The cloud was seeded at its base using an airborne silver iodide solution burner. Sulfur hexafluoride tracer gas was released along with the seeding material. Analyzers on two instrumented aircraft detected the tracer gas during subsequent cloud penetrations as it was carried up into the cloud along with the seeding agent. Ice developed initially in the upper regions of the cloud near the −10°C level ∼15 min after the commencement of seeding. This is consistent with primary nucleation by the seeding agent. The cloud developed millimeter-size graupel within the following few minutes. A radar echo approaching 40 dBZ subsequently developed. The echo was observed to descend through the cloud as the cloud dissipated. One-dimensional, steady-state and two-dimensional, time-dependent bulk water models were used t...
Muslims and media images: news versus views

Muslims and media images: news versus views, edited by Ahter Farouqui, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2009, 354 pp., US$34.95 (paperback), ISBN 978-0198069256 Contrary to what the title might ...
The determinants of primary health care utilization: a comparison of three rural clinics in Southern Honduras

Primary health care utilization is poorly understood in many parts of the developing world. This is especially true in rural places, such as Santa Lucia, Intibuca, Honduras, where there are only three primary health care facilities servicing almost 12,000 people, and generally speaking access to care is limited. This study examines the factors that can be used to explain primary health care utilization, and aims to improve the understanding of patient utilization behavior. A better understanding of utilization can be used by health service planners to improve primary health care delivery in this and similar locations. The findings of this research indicate that utilization can be explained, to a large extent, by factors relating to economic status and walking time to clinic. These findings are consistent with findings from prior research. In addition, a home territory variable is used to examine spatial variations of utilization behavior. This variable has not been considered in previous utilization research, and is found to be a very significant determinant of health facility utilization in the study area.
Femtosecond Raman-induced polarization spectroscopy studies of rotational coherence in O2, N2 and CO2

Abstract Using the femtosecond Raman-induced polarization spectroscopy (RIPS) technique, we have observed ground vibronic state rotational coherence in gaseous N 2 , CO 2 and O 2 . Both theoretical and experimental studies are reported. The theory is in excellent agreement with experiment. At earlier pump—probe delays, the time evolution of the polarization recurrence is well described by a rigid rotor model. Higher order spectroscopic constants are extracted from longer delay time spectra. The rotational relaxation constants for ground vibronic state N 2 and O 2 are also measured using the real-time technique.
Nonlinear coupling of fluctuating drag and lift on cylinders undergoing forced oscillations

Experiments with cylinders undergoing forced oscillations show a coupling between the fluctuating lift and drag forces as a result of nonlinear wave interactions. The fluctuating lift and drag components are computed from the instantaneous pressure around the azimuth of a circular cylinder measured with an array of miniature microphones. Quadratic nonlinear interaction between the von Karman vortex-shedding modes and the forcing field produces sum and difference modes, which appear in the spectrum of the surface pressure signals when the forcing frequency is different from the von Karman vortex-shedding frequency, f 0 . The spatial symmetry of the interacting modes determines whether the combination modes appear in the lift spectrum or the drag spectrum. Furthermore, the spatial symmetry of the modes can be predicted from the symmetries of the two interacting parent modes. Crossflow excitation of the cylinder produces combination modes that appear in the drag spectrum. Consequently, attempts to enhance the fluctuating lift by crossflow excitation will necessarily affect the fluctuating drag through nonlinear interaction.
When logic fails ecology.

ABSTRACT Ecology plays an important role in society, informing policy and management decisions across a variety of issues. As such, regularities in processes would indicate higher levels of predictive outcomes and would reduce the amount of research required for specific issues that policy makers need addressed. Scientific laws are considered the pinnacle of success and usefulness in addressing regularities or universal truths. Ecology studies complex interactions of individuals with unique behaviors, making the identification of laws problematic. Two equations, Malthusian growth and the logistic equation, continue to receive attention and are frequently cited as exemplar laws in ecology. However, an understanding of scientific laws shows that neither are good candidates for law status. In this paper, I will discuss why ecology is not well structured for scientific laws, as they are currently understood. Finally, I will consider alternative proposals for the role of laws in ecology and alternate forms of ...
Synaptic Proteins Linked to HIV-1 Infection and Immunoproteasome Induction: Proteomic Analysis of Human Synaptosomes

Infection of the central nervous system with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can produce morphological changes in the neocortical synaptodendritic arbor that are correlated with neurocognitive impairment. To determine whether HIV-1 infection influences the protein composition of human synapses, a proteomic study of isolated nerve endings was undertaken. Synaptosomes from frontal neocortex were isolated using isopyknic centrifugation from 19 human brain specimens. Purity and enrichment were assessed by measuring pre- and postsynaptic protein markers. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to screen for proteins differentially expressed in HIV/AIDS. The concentrations of 31 candidate protein spots were potentially abnormal in HIV-infected decedents with HIV encephalitis and/or increased expression of immunoproteasome subunits. Immunoblots showed that the concentration of some of them was related to HIV-1 infection of the brain and immunoproteasome (IPS) induction. Synapsin 1b and stathmin were inversely related to brain HIV-1 load; 14-3-3ζ and 14-4-4e proteins were higher in subjects with HIV-1 loads. Perturbed synaptosome proteins were linked with IPS subunit composition, and 14-3-3ζ was histologically colocalized with IPS subunits in stained neocortical neurons. Proteomics illustrates that certain human proteins within the synaptic compartment are involved with changes in the synaptodendritic arbor and neurocognitive impairment in HIV-1-infected people.
A characterization of best complex rational approximants in a fundamental case

Necessary conditions for a given complex rational approximantR= p/q, degp<m, degq<n, to be a local best uniform approximation of a continuous complex-valued functionf defined on a compact subset of the plane are obtained. These conditions are used to characterize when a givenR is a best uniform complex rational approximant off in the special case where the extremal set off−R contains exactly max {n+degp,m+degq}+2 points.
Mechanisms and Models Describing Sodium and Lead Scavenging by a Kaolinite Aerosol at High Temperatures

High temperature mechanisms of interaction between a dispersed kaolinite aerosol and vaporized sodium and lead were investigated using experimental data obtained from an 18 kW downflow furnace. The validity of using aerosol size fractionation to determine the extent of reaction between metal and substrate was confirmed through a series of specialized tests. The reaction stoichiometries for the Na/kaolinite and Pb/kaolinite systems were found to differ from literature values but were similar to each other. New light was shed on the nature of the reaction products for the Na/kaolinite and Pb/kaolinite systems, and for semivolatile metal/kaolinite sorbent systems in general. Modified reaction mechanisms were developed that accommodate key-observed processes (i.e., both enhancing and inhibitory substrate-melting processes). Rate coefficients for each system were quantitatively determined. Mechanisms are interpreted in the light of known information on the structure and nature of kaolin clay and based on observed phase transformations of the Na/kaolinite and Pb/kaolinite systems. The new models for high temperature Na/kaolinite and Pb/kaolinite interactions compared well to both new and literature data. These models can be used to predict and optimize the scavenging of vaporized sodium and lead by kaolinite mineral particles in fossil fuel-fired systems and waste incinerators.
Primate Experiments on Facial Asymmetry

A primate model was developed for testing the response of a normal structure to an abnormal environment. Facial asymmetry after experimental maxillary displacement did not extend to the zygoma. Significant changes occurred in the development of the maxilla, the nasal cavity, and the position and occlusion of the dentition.
Biophysical mechanisms underlying olfactory receptor neuron dynamics

The responses of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) to odors have complex dynamics. Using genetics and pharmacology, we found that these dynamics in Drosophila ORNs could be separated into sequential steps, corresponding to transduction and spike generation. Each of these steps contributed distinct dynamics. Transduction dynamics could be largely explained by a simple kinetic model of ligand-receptor interactions, together with an adaptive feedback mechanism that slows transduction onset. Spiking dynamics were well described by a differentiating linear filter that was stereotyped across odors and cells. Genetic knock-down of sodium channels reshaped this filter, implying that it arises from the regulated balance of intrinsic conductances in ORNs. Complex responses can be understood as a consequence of how the stereotyped spike filter interacts with odor- and receptor-specific transduction dynamics. However, in the presence of rapidly fluctuating natural stimuli, spiking simply increases the speed and sensitivity of encoding.
The need for multi-disciplinary management of combined orthopaedic and genito-urinary injuries

Combined pelvic ring disruptions and genito-urinary injuries can be potentially devastating. An array of debilitating and lifelong complications can result from such injuries. Early and expert management of patients presenting with these injuries is therefore imperative to minimise the risk of complications developing. We present the case histories of six patients referred to the trauma-orthopaedic service in our institution over a six-month period. Each had a combination of bony pelvic and genito-urinary injuries. One patient presented primarily to the reporting hospital, the other five were tertiary referrals. Four patients were admitted under the combined care of the trauma-orthopaedic team and the genito-urinary team in our institution within 24 h of their injuries. All of these patients had their primary orthopaedic and genito-urinary injuries addressed or fixed at or within 9 days. The other two patients experienced significant delays in their transfer. In the former group, three went on to enjoy largely uneventful recoveries with no long-term sequelae. Both patients in the latter category endured difficult and complicated recoveries. This paper illustrates the complicated nature of injuries in these patients and highlights the importance of early and adequate diagnosis and treatment. A multi-disciplinary approach in a suitable centre of expertise should be adopted for the care of patients with fractures of the pelvic ring and genito-urinary injuries.
Electronic absorption and fluorescence study of ionization and intramolecular hydrogen-bonding in the α, β-o-hydroxynaphthoic acids

The electronic absorption and fluorescence spectra of 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthoic acid were studied throughout the pH range in water and the Hammett acidity range in sulfurie acid. As in salicylic acid and 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the hydroxyl proton and the carboxyl group is evident from the small pH dependent shifts of the spectra of the neutral molecules, upon dissociation, and the anomalous pKa values. The neutral molecules undergo biprotonic phototautomerizations to the zwitterions, in their lowest excited singlet states, in moderately concentrated sulfuric acid. The anomalous shifts of the fluorescences of the neutral molecules upon dissociation, are attributed to the effects of dissociation and intramolecular hydrogen bonding, upon the 1La and 1Lb states. Mention is made of the possible utility of fluorimetric titrimetry for qualitative analysis at trace levels.
Combined approach to the Hubble Space Telescope wave-front distortion analysis.

Stellar images taken by the HST at various focus positions have been analyzed to estimate wave-front distortion. Rather than using a single algorithm, we found that better results were obtained by combining the advantages of various algorithms. For the planetary camera, the most accurate algorithms consistently gave a spherical aberration of -0.290-micron rms with a maximum deviation of 0.005 micron. Evidence was found that the spherical aberration is essentially produced by the primary mirror. The illumination in the telescope pupil plane was reconstructed and evidence was found for a slight camera misalignment.
Splicing signals are required for S-phase regulation of the mouse thymidylate synthase gene

The thymidylate synthase (TS) gene is expressed at a much higher level in cells undergoing DNA replication than in nondividing cells. In growth-stimulated mammalian cells, TS mRNA content increases 10 to 20-fold as cells progress from G1 through S phase. However, the rate of transcription of the TS gene does not increase during this interval, indicating that the gene is regulated at the posttranscriptional level. We have shown that both the promoter of the mouse TS gene and TS introns are necessary (although neither is sufficient) for S-phase-specific regulation of TS mRNA content. In the present study, we examined in more detail the role of introns in regulating TS mRNA levels in growth-stimulated cells. TS minigenes that contain normal or modified introns were stably transfected into mouse 3T6 fibroblasts, and the regulation of the minigenes was compared with that of the endogenous TS gene. TS minigenes that contain TS intron 1 or 2 maintain S-phase regulation. Deletion of most of the interior of the introns had only minor effects on regulation. However, when splicing of the intron was inhibited by alteration of the splice donor and acceptor sites, the minigene was expressed at a constant level following growth stimulation. Minigenes consisting of the TS promoter linked to either a luciferase or a human beta-globin indicator gene were growth regulated when spliceable introns were included in the minigenes. However, when the introns were eliminated, the minigenes were expressed at a constant level. These observations indicate that the splicing reaction itself, rather than a control sequence within the intron, is important for growth-regulated expression of the TS gene. Possible mechanisms to account for the dual requirement for the TS promoter and intron splicing for proper regulation of the TS gene are discussed.
Exploring the Role of Valence and Regulation Type on the Emotional Antecedents of Burnout

We examined the predictive relationships between distinct types of emotional regulation and psychological burnout in a sample of 85 practicing nurse professionals. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to predict emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and reduced professional efficacy from the genuine expression, faking, and suppression of discrete positive and negative emotions. The genuine expression of negative emotions predicted emotional exhaustion, and the genuine expression of positive emotions predicted cynicism and reduced professional efficacy. Results highlight the value of distinguishing among emotional valences and regulation types when examining the emotional antecedents of worker stress.
Can Research Design Explain Variation in Head Start Research Results? A Meta-Analysis of Cognitive and Achievement Outcomes.

This study explores the extent to which differences in research design explain variation in Head Start program impacts. We employ meta-analytic techniques to predict effect sizes for cognitive and achievement outcomes as a function of the type and rigor of research design, quality and type of outcome measure, activity level of control group, and attrition. Across program evaluations, the average program-level effect size was 0.27 standard deviations. About 41% of the variation in estimates across evaluations can be explained by research design features, including the extent to which the control group experienced other forms of early care or education, and 11% of the variation within programs can be explained by the quality and type of the outcome measures.
TOPICAL UNDECYLENIC ACID IN TINEA PEDIS: A NEW LOOK

One hundred and four patients with mycologically confirmed tinea pedis took part in a controlled clinical trial to determine the efficacy of undecylenic acid powder preparations in the treatment of their fungal infections. Clinical and mycological cures were obtained in 53% of those subjects treated with undecylenic acid powders as compared with 7% of those treated with the talc vehicle or left untreated. Undecylenic acid in a powder vehicle appears to be a safe and effective agent in the treatment of tinea pedis.
Diverse Odor-Conditioned Memories Require Uniquely Timed Dorsal Paired Medial Neuron Output

amnesiac mutant flies have an olfactory memory defect. The amn gene encodes a homolog of vertebrate pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), and it is strongly expressed in dorsal paired medial (DPM) neurons. DPM neurons ramify throughout the mushroom bodies in the adult fly brain, and they are required for stable memory. Here, we show that DPM neuron output is only required during the consolidation phase for middle-term odor memory and is dispensable during acquisition and recall. However, we found that DPM neuron output is required during acquisition of a benzaldehyde odor memory. We show that flies sense benzaldehyde by the classical olfactory and a noncanonical route. These results suggest that DPM neurons are required to consolidate memory and are differently involved in memory of a volatile that requires multisensory integration.
Compressibility and Density Effects in Free Subsonic Jet Flows: Three Dimensional PIV Measurements of Turbulence

The behavior of compressible subsonic turbulent jets issuing in still air has been investigated at three different subsonic Mach numbers, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9. Helium, nitrogen and krypton gases were used to generate the jet flows and investigate the effects of density on the structure of turbulence. Stereo Particle Image Velocimetry was used in the present investigation. Helium jets were found to have the largest spreading rate among the three different gas jets used in the present investigation, while krypton had the lowest spreading rate. All jets attain self-similarity at downstream locations. Extremely large velocity fluctuations and correlations were measure in the case of helium jets.
MOCVD-Grown Dilute Nitride Type II Quantum Wells

Dilute nitride Ga(In)NAs/GaAsSb ldquoWrdquo type II quantum wells on GaAs substrates have been grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Design studies underscore the importance of nitrogen incorporation to extend the emission wavelength into the 1.5 mum region as well as increase the electron confinement, given the material strain relaxation limitations. These studies also indicate that the Sb content of the GaAs1-xSbx hole well is required to be greater than x ~ 0.2, to provide adequate hole confinement (i.e., DeltaEnu > 150 meV). Photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EL) studies are used to characterize the optical transitions and compare with a ten-band \bm k.p simulation. We find that the lowest energy type II transition observed is in good agreement with theory. Preliminary results are presented on diode lasers with two- and three-stage ldquoWrdquo-active regions that exhibit emission that is blue-shifted from the PL, due to charge separation and carrier band-filling of higher energy transitions. Further structure optimization, including multiple-stage (eight to ten W-stages) active regions is required to lower the threshold carrier density and minimize carrier band-filling and built-in electric field effects resulting from charge separation. Dilute nitride materials, such as GaAs1- y-z Sby Nz /InP, are also under development offering potential for wavelength extension into the mid-IR employing InP substrates.