cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scale Relations and Spatial Spectra in a Differentially Diffusing Jet

Planar Rayleigh scattering is used to study differential diffusion in a turbulent propanehelium jet. Using a technique proposed by Bilger & Dibble, the differential diffusion variable ξ, a normalized scalar difference quantity, is extracted from the imaging data [1]. Both statistical and structural aspects of differential diffusion in turbulence are studied, including the distribution of the mean and variance of ξ, the ξ power spectra, and the thickness and distribution of differential diffusion dissipation structures. Comparisons are made to existing data from numerical simulations, particularly in the case of the scalar spectra.
CORRELATIONS OF PKLGME WITH REDUCTION POTENTIALS

The quantitative indices for the ability of leaving groups to depart from C atoms are pKlgMe. In the cases of methyl transfers from arenesulfonates, these parameters have correlated a large number of nucleophilic data. A new scale of these parameters has been defined from methyl transfer data between phenylmethyl thioethers. The pKlgMe data from both sets of compounds correlated with both experimental E1/2 values and ELUMO values from computational chemistry. These correlations support the SCM model of Shaik et al. which requires the leaving group to display some SET character in an SN2 transition state.
Energy Levels of Be 9 , C 12 , and C 13

The reactions ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}({\mathrm{He}}^{3}, p){\mathrm{Be}}^{9}$, ${\mathrm{B}}^{10}({\mathrm{He}}^{3}, p){\mathrm{C}}^{12}$, and ${\mathrm{B}}^{11}({\mathrm{He}}^{3}, p){\mathrm{C}}^{13}$ have been used to study the level structures of ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}$, ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$, and ${\mathrm{C}}^{13}$, respectively. Levels of ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}$ were observed at 1.83, 2.43, 3.1, and 4.8 Mev. Observations of the group corresponding to 1.83 Mev at different angles are consistent with the assumption of a level in ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}$ although a 3-body spectrum from ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}+{\mathrm{Li}}^{7}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{Be}}^{8}+n+p$ could also fit the data. With the groups corresponding to the well-known ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$ levels at 4.43, 7.65, 9.61, and 16.10 Mev used as calibrations, other levels were observed at 10.90, 11.84, 12.69, 13.30, 14.05, 14.97, 15.62, and 16.57 Mev. For the 7.65-Mev level $\frac{{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}}{{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}l1.4%$ if the level emits a single $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ ray of 7.65 Mev, and $\frac{{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}}{{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}l0.9%$ if there is a cascade through the 4.43-Mev state as it would if it were a ${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ leve. A proton group due to an $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle level, predicted to lie at 5.53 Mev in ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$, was not found and must be more than 4000 times weaker than the proton group leading to the 4.43-Mev level. Rough estimates of $\frac{{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}}{{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}$ for the 14.97- and 12.69-Mev levels are 50\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}25% and 3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1%, respectively. With the well-known ${\mathrm{C}}^{13}$ levels up to 6.87 Mev being used as calibrations, other levels were observed at 5.51, 6.10, 7.55, 8.87, 9.52, and 9.91 Mev. The levels at 5.51 and 6.10 Mev have not previously been detected.
Money and Trust: Relationships between Patients, Physicians, and Health Plans

In response to three articles on managed care by Allen Buchanan, David Mechanic, and Ezekiel Emanual and Lee Goldman (this issue), I discuss doctor-patient and organization-member trust and the moral obligations of those relationships. Trust in managed care organizations (providers of and payers for health care) stands in stark contrast to the current contractual model of health insurance purchase, but is more coherent with consumer expectations and with the provider role of such organizations. Such trust is likely to differ from that between doctors and patients. Financial reimbursement systems for physicians, one example of organizational change in our health system, can be evaluated for their impact on both kinds of trust according to their intrusiveness, openness, and goals. Although involving managed care enrollees in value-laden decisions that affect them is commendable, restrictions on or regulation of physician incentive systems may be better accomplished on a national level.
Arterial blood gas monitoring.

A clinically relevant presentation of interpretation of arterial blood gas measurements in the critically ill patient is presented. Oxygenation deficits are discussed in relation to differentiation of pulmonary, cardiovascular, and metabolic causes. Metabolic acid base balance is discussed with special emphasis on the low cardiac output state (CPR). Ventilation deficits are discussed in terms of alveolar ventilation, dead-space ventilation and CO2 stores. The future trends of continuous blood gas monitoring are discussed.
Treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a relatively rare cancer, with an estimated 8000 new cases per year in the United States. In the Western world, approximately 95% of patients with HL have a classical HL histology, whereas only 5% have the nodular lymphocyte-predominant HL (NLPHL) histologic subtype. The majority of patients are diagnosed in their late 20s to early 30s, with a fewer patients being diagnosed at a later age. HL is a B-cell lymphoid malignancy, originating from germinal center B lymphocytes.
Impact of multiple pathologies on the threshold for clinically overt dementia

Longitudinal clinical–pathological studies have increasingly recognized the importance of mixed pathologies (the coexistence of one or more neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular disease pathologies) as important factors in the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other forms of dementia. Older persons with AD pathology, often have concomitant cerebrovascular disease pathologies (macroinfarcts, microinfarcts, atherosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, cerebral amyloid angiopathy) as well as other concomitant neurodegenerative disease pathologies (Lewy bodies, TDP-43, hippocampal sclerosis). These additional pathologies lower the threshold for clinical diagnosis of AD. Many of these findings from pathologic studies, especially for CVD, have been confirmed using sophisticated neuroimaging technologies. In vivo biomarker studies are necessary to provide an understanding of specific pathologic contributions and time course relationships along the spectrum of accumulating pathologies. In this review, we provide a clinical–pathological perspective on the role of multiple brain pathologies in dementia followed by a review of the available clinical and biomarker data on some of the mixed pathologies.
Mathematical Programs with Equilibrium Constraints

This chapter documents how to formulate mathematical programs with equilibrium constraints (MPECs), which naturally arise in a wide range of engineering and economic systems. We describe Pyomo components for complementarity conditions, and transformation capabilities that automate the reformulation of MPEC models, and meta-solvers that leverage these transformations to support global and local optimization of MPEC models.
Criminal Justice System Involvement Among Homeless Adults

This study characterized the specific offenses for which homeless individuals are arrested and incarcerated. Data were gathered from 581 homeless adults across 6 Oklahoma City shelters. Participants were asked to self-report incarceration history, nights spent in jails and prisons, and the offenses for which they were arrested. Overall, 76% of the sample had ever been arrested. Fifty-seven percent of the sample had been to jail more than 3 times in their lifetime and 13% had ever intentionally been arrested. The most prevalent type of arrest was drug possession (35%), followed by driving under the influence (31%) and disorderly conduct or public drunkenness (28%). Violent arrests, such as assault, robbery, domestic violence, murder, and rape, were the least prevalent type of arrest. In summary, offenses were largely drug and status offenses. These offenses may be prevented through increased substance use treatment accessibility and availability of housing. Policies to increase employment and housing for homeless adults regardless of criminal history should be expanded to reduce the occurrence of justice involvement.
Spending Carveouts Substantially Improve the Accuracy of Performance Measurement in Shared Savings Arrangements: Findings From Simulation Analysis of Medicaid ACOs:

Accuracy of spending-based provider performance metrics is limited by random variation and components of spending that are uncontrollable by providers. Such components vary according to the care management focus and operational maturity of each provider group. This study uses data from New Jersey Medicaid accountable care organizations (ACOs) to examine how carving out uncontrollable components of spending affects the accuracy of performance measures in shared savings arrangements. Spending on injury care, custodial care in facilities (CCF), and amounts above $100 000 per patient are used as examples of potentially uncontrollable spending. Data from 7 applicant Medicaid ACOs are used to conduct Monte Carlo simulations examining the effects of carving out each type of uncontrollable spending under the assumption that controllable spending is reduced by 5%. The simulations show that failure to carve out uncontrollable injury care spending adds -3 to +1 percentage points of bias to the measurement of the true average savings rate (ASR) of 5% and can increase mean squared error (MSE) by a factor of up to 3. Failure to carve out uncontrollable CCF spending generates bias ranging from -4 to +9 percentage points and increases MSE by factors of 8 or more. Failure to carve out uncontrollable spending above $100 000 per person generates bias ranging from -5 to +5 percentage points and increases MSE by factors of 13 or more. Compared with the main modeling reported above, sensitivity analyses find even greater distortions in measured performance when uncontrollable spending is not carved out of the ASR calculation.
Weight-Related Barriers for Overweight Students in an Elementary Physical Education Classroom: An Exploratory Case Study with One Physical Education Teacher.

Introduction: As physical performance may be more difficult for overweight children than for their non-overweight peers, understanding how weight impacts student performance in the physical education classroom could inform school-based obesity prevention programming. Material and Methods: This qualitative case study examined one elementary physical educator’s perspectives of overweight students’ weight-related experiences in her classroom. Narratives were elicited during an in-depth interview and analyzed using structural and thematic analyses. We utilized the social cognitive theory to inform our exploration of the narratives. Findings: The thematic analysis illuminated a behavioral pattern of student refusal to participate in the physical education classroom while the structural analysis emphasized the teacher’s constructive, individualized responses to participation refusals. Combined, the two analytic techniques provided a more holistic snapshot of the experiences of overweight students in this elementary school. Additionally, a preliminary model explaining the behavioral pattern among overweight students in this particular physical education classroom was created. Discussion: Students who were overweight were more likely to initially refuse to attempt physical tasks in the classroom because they feared peer ridicule, and the teacher played a critical role in whether these students chose to participate in subsequent classes. As agents of change, physical education educators should be included in formative stages of comprehensive, systemic changes to combat childhood obesity. Keywords childhood obesity, elementary school, physical education, qualitative, thematic analysis, structural analysis
From Free Will to Right

Hegel’s Introduction to the Grundlinien (§§ 1–33) offers a deduction of the concept of “right” from the concept of (free) will. The result of this deduction is the definition of “right” in the very broad sense of the word, so broad that its unfolding covers all the dimensions and configurations (Gestaltungen) of moral, legal, familial, social, and political praxis.
Psychoanalytic Anthropology and the Meaning of Meaning

People never merely act. They mean something by their acts. They ascribe meaning to their deeds. Even their fatuous denials that “I didn’t mean anything by it” or “It doesn’t mean anything” protest about that hidden or unconscious meaning to which their acts might attest. Meanings govern relationships—from dyads to families to cultures and international diplomacy. Meaninglessness in turn refers to the loss or inadequacy of particular meanings or systems of meanings. The connotation of the word meaning often subsumes such terms as purpose, intentionality, significance, creativity, transcendence, ineffability. One speaks of finding, losing, appreciating, recognizing, rejecting, searching (etc.) for meaning, as though the referent of meaning were experienced to lie outside the self, occupying an objective reality distinct from the self.
A variational learning algorithm for the abstract hidden Markov model

We present a fast algorithm for learning the parameters of the abstract hidden Markov model, a type of hierarchical activity recognition model. Learning using exact inference scales poorly as the number of levels in the hierarchy increases; therefore, an approximation is required for large models. We demonstrate that variational inference is well suited to solve this problem. Not only does this technique scale. but it also offers a natural way to leverage the context specific independence properties inherent in the model via the fixed point equations. Experiments confirm that the variational approximation significantly reduces the time necessary for learning while estimating parameter values that can be used to make reliable predictions.
Escaping Boredom in First Semester General Chemistry

An interactive activity for first semester general chemistry students was created to review topics in preparation for the final exam. An escape room, a problem-solving adventure activity, is the fr...
From Tactics to Praxis: Learning Feminist Pedagogy through Methodology

Through a self-reflexive and ongoing process, in this paper we chronicle how we as graduate students learned about feminist pedagogy through methodology. Primarily, we noted dilemmas in feminist methodology that became central dilemmas for us in our roles as feminist research guides within a combined graduate and undergraduate feminist methodologies course. As we became aware of these specific dilemmas, not only did we attempt to apply them to the research we were conducting for an institutional ethnographic research project on campus safety, but we also found them to be central pedagogical concerns in ways that were both unique and similar to each individual graduate student. Our analysis focuses on the insider/outsider dilemma, self-reflection, and multiple subjectivities in the hopes that we can share our experiences of what became a vital and unique learning experience. Key Words: Dual Positionality, Feminist Pedagogy, Insider/Outsider Dilemma, Multiple Subjectivities, Self Reflection. In the fall of 2006, the authors of this manuscript: Laura, Lauren, Rita, Deric, and Dina were graduate students from the same university occupying various stages in their Ph.D. careers and coming from diverse disciplines: Sociology, Political Science, and Anthropology. Collectively, we registered for a course on feminist methodology, a course designed for undergraduate and graduate students alike. The goal of the class was to learn feminist methodology through practice; and thus, based on the interests that many students in this course shared, we engaged in a study of safety on campus using Smith’s (1987) method of Institutional Ethnography as she describes in The Everyday World as Problematic. This process involved asking a number of questions, such as: what is safety, how do we as students define it, how does the University administration define it, who do people view as safe and threatening, how does the campus define safety and danger, and where on campus does one feel safe? Therefore, while the substantive topic we covered was campus safety, the learning objective of the course was to understand feminist methodologies and praxis. The purpose of this article is to reflect on our experiences as
Abstract A12: DNA methylation-based liquid biopsy detects primary and recurrent meningioma

Meningiomas are mostly benign CNS tumors; however, a subset of these tumors may become atypical or malignant. The standard of care to monitor patients after diagnosis requires serial MRI assessments, which have limited value in distinguishing malignant tumors from benign disease. Therefore, the discovery of noninvasive methodologies that reflect meningioma tumor burden and its dynamic evolution in real-time is highly desirable. Liquid biopsy (LB) could be used to fine-tune surveillance and treatment with minimal risk to patients. Evidence of circulating tumor cells and cell-free (cf) tumor DNA in the blood has been shown in several tumor types; however, limited progress has been made for brain tumors with known biomarkers, possibly due to the unlikelihood of capturing point mutations in circulating DNA fragments. On the other hand, DNA methylation signatures are maintained even in small DNA fragments, which suggests that DNA methylation is an attractive marker to be studied in liquid biopsy of brain cancers. In order to identify DNA methylation-based biomarkers, we used archival serum and matching tissue specimens from primary (n=10) and recurrent (n=4) meningiomas. From isolated cfDNA from meningiomas and epileptic patients (n=5) as a control, we generated epigenetic data using Illumina Human EPIC array. cfDNA fragment size distribution revealed peaks with 150~200bp on average. We identified 482 CpGs (FDR Citation Format: Thais S. Sabedot, Tathiane M. Malta, James Snyder, Tobias Walbert, Ian Lee, Steven Kalkanis, Ana Valeria Castro, Houtan Noushmehr. DNA methylation-based liquid biopsy detects primary and recurrent meningioma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Liquid Biopsies; Jan 13-16, 2020; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(11_Suppl):Abstract nr A12.
A preliminary impact assessment of social distancing on food systems and greenhouse gas emissions

The coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) is transforming individuals, governments, and sectors globally. To mitigate the potential effects of COVID-19, various governments around the globe are implement...
Preparation of Mammalian Nascent RNA for Long Read Sequencing

Long read sequencing technologies now allow high-quality sequencing of RNAs (or their cDNAs) that are hundreds to thousands of nucleotides long. Long read sequences of nascent RNA provide single-nucleotide-resolution information about co-transcriptional RNA processing events-e.g., splicing, folding, and base modifications. Here, we describe how to isolate nascent RNA from mammalian cells through subcellular fractionation of chromatin-associated RNA, as well as how to deplete poly(A)+ RNA and rRNA, and, finally, how to generate a full-length cDNA library for use on long read sequencing platforms. This approach allows for an understanding of coordinated splicing status across multi-intron transcripts by revealing patterns of splicing or other RNA processing events that cannot be gained from traditional short read RNA sequencing. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Subcellular fractionation Basic Protocol 2: Nascent RNA isolation and adapter ligation Basic Protocol 3: cDNA amplicon preparation.
Case report: Leukocytoclastic vasculitis in an MS patient following alemtuzumab treatment (P5.403)

Objective: To improve diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous vasculitis following alemtuzumab. Background: Alemtuzumab, a recombinant DNA-derived monoclonal antibody which acts against cell surface glycoprotein CD52, has been in use since 2001 for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and was approved for use in multiple sclerosis (MS) in 2014. It is occasionally associated with infusion reactions, which are usually transient, and, uncommonly, with thrombocytopenia and thrombocytopenic purpura. This report describes a case of leukocytoclastic vasculitis (LCV) which occurred two weeks after a 5 day course of alemtuzumab. Design/Methods: Clinical history, physical examination, photographs and skin biopsy. Results: The patient is a 51 year old Caucasian man with relapsing MS. After pre-treatment with diphenhydramine, acetaminophen and methylprednisolone (1000mg for the first 3 days, and 500mg for the final 2) he received 5 consecutive days of 12mg of alemtuzumab without side effects. 10 days after the final infusion, he reported generalized pruritis; examination the following day revealed an erythematous purpura-like rash, primarily on the forearms and upper legs. Platelets were normal, raising clinical suspicion of LCV, which was confirmed by skin biopsy. The patient was treated with prednisone 60mg daily for 1 week and the rash cleared completely; prednisone was tapered and discontinued during the following week. The patient had no associated symptoms. He has had no recurrence and his general and neurologic exams remain stable. Conclusions: Cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis is usually a self-limited, treatable problem which may be idiopathic or associated with medication or multiple disease states. Although alemtuzumab is an effective treatment for MS in many patients, it may be associated with potentially life-threatening thrombocytopenia and patients are closely followed. The present case adds another diagnosis, that of the more benign leukocytoclastic vasculitis, to the differential for post-treatment cutaneous change. Disclosure: Dr. Garten has nothing to disclose. Dr. Edwards has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen and Sanofi Genzyme as a speaker and/or consultant. Dr. Edwards has received research support from Biogen, Genentech, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Hoffmann-La Roche. Dr. Lezcano has nothing to disclose. Dr. Spiro has nothing to disclose. Dr. Siuta has nothing to disclose. Dr. Belcher has nothing to disclose.
Your guide to downtown Denise Scott Brown, by Jeremy Eric Tenenbaum and Denise Scott Brown

Denise Scott Brown is best known as a coauthor with Robert Venturi and Steven Izenour of Learning from Las Vegas from 1972. The book critiqued the basis of modern architecture and then went on to d...
Computational Text Analysis for Public Management Research

Organizations produce copious volumes of written documents, including position papers, meeting summaries, minutes from hearings, presentations, and budget justifications. These documents present a wealth of untapped information, which can shed light on a variety of organizational factors-individual and group behaviors, managerial and policy choices, and other key inter- and intra-organizational dynamics that are of great interest to public managers and public administration scholars. Computational text analysis methods offer a highly generalizable means of tapping into these documents in order to generate objective organizational data. We demonstrate a general method for analyzing public texts by applying the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) approach to measuring budget orientations in county budget documents. LDA is a nonparametric Bayesian method, which is used to extract topical content from collections of documents. We demonstrate how this method can be utilized to measure the functions of budgets in county budget narratives in the state of California, highlighting both within- and between-county variation. This annotated computational analysis of documents is an example of how machine-learning techniques can greatly enhance longitudinal, comparative studies in public management and governance research.
Lipidomic Profiles of Plasma Exosomes Identify Candidate Biomarkers for Early Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Cirrhosis.

Novel biomarkers for HCC surveillance in cirrhotic patients are urgently needed. Exosomes and their lipid content in particular represent potentially valuable noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers. We isolated exosomes from plasma of 72 cirrhotic patients, including 31 with HCC. Exosomes and unfractionated plasma were processed for untargeted lipidomics using ultra–high-resolution mass spectrometry. A total of 2,864 lipid species, belonging to 52 classes, were identified. Both exosome fractionation and HCC diagnosis had significant impact on the lipid profiles. Ten lipid classes were enriched in HCC exosomes compared with non-HCC exosomes. Dilysocardiolipins were detected in 35% of the HCC exosomes but in none of the non-HCC exosomes (P Prevention Relevance: This study identifies lipids in circulating exosomes, that could serve as biomarkers for the early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma as well as altered pathways in exosomes that may contribute to tumor development and progression.
The Value of a Neighbor: The Real Impact of Neighboring Firm Valuations

A firm’s investment responds to the stock valuations of other firms headquartered nearby. This response is stronger among financially constrained firms, is robust to controlling for the investment of other firms in the region, and is driven by the valuations of large firms. These findings are difficult to reconcile with existing theories that link investment opportunities to firm valuations, but instead suggest that a firm’s access to credit rises and falls with the valuations of other firms located nearby. Consistent with this explanation, financially constrained firms issue more debt and receive lower loan spreads when neighboring firms have higher valuations.
Spatial History e humanidades digitais, uma entrevista com o brasilianista Zephyr Frank

Entrevista com Zephyr Frank, diretor do Spatial History Project (Projeto de Historia Espacial) e do Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis (Centro de Analise Espacial e Textual) da Universidade Stanford, nos Estados Unidos, sobre spatial history e outras linhas de pesquisa englobadas sob o rotulo das humanidades digitais. A discussao toca o tema do uso de novos metodos digitais como o SIG historico, a leitura a distância e a analise de redes sociais na pesquisa em humanidades, questionando os limites e as possibilidades de tais ferramentas. Por fim, discute-se sobre o investimento institucional e financeiro necessario para a implementacao dessas novas tecnologias de pesquisa.
The Privilege against Self-Incrimination: Its Origins and Development

Preface Abbreviations 1: Introduction R. H. Helmholz 2: The Privilege and the Ius Commune: The Middle Ages to the Seventeenth Century R. H. Helmholz 3: Self-Incrimination in Interjurisdictional Law: The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries Charles M. Gray 4: The Privilege and Common Law Criminal Procedure: The Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries John H. Langbein 5: The Privilege in British North America: The Colonial Period to the Fifth Amendment Eben Moglen 6: The Modern Privilege: Its Nineteenth-Century Origins Henry E. Smith 7: A Peculiar Privilege in Historical Perspective Albert W. Alschuler Notes Table of Statutes Index
The latest C-theory

Complex systems consist of an enormous number of simple units whose interactions can lead to unexpected collective behaviour. Think of an ant colony that seems to have a mind of its own, or the blackouts that plague the electrical power grid of the western United States each summer. The dream of complexity theory is to discover the laws governing such complex systems, whether they be ecosystems, the weather or corporations in the marketplace.
Abstract State Machines: An Overview of the Project

This is an extended abstract of an invited talk at the Third International Symposium on Foundations of Information and Knowledge Systems to be held in Vienna, Austria, in February 2004.
Extracranial growth of glioblastoma multiforme

We present a 59-year-old woman who noted an enlarging lump on her forehead 6 months after a left frontotemporal craniotomy for tumor resection and chemoradiation of her primary glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). GBM is a highly aggressive intracranial neoplasm associated with the shortest survival time of any primary central nervous system malignancy. Extracranial metastasis is rare, especially without previous surgical disruption of the dura and calvarium, which has been postulated to cause seeding of the extracranial space with tumor cells. This patient’s MRI revealed tumor recurrence for which she underwent repeat resection. Histopathology confirmed GBM with unmethylated O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase and wildtype isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 status, as well as tumor invasion through the bone and subdermal space. The genetic and molecular factors that predict extracranial invasion remain unclear and require further investigation. Emerging data on circulating tumor cells in GBM patients indicate that extraaxial metastasis may be part of the disease course in some, particularly in long term survivors. Furthermore, the proximity of calvarial and scalp lesions to previous surgical sites and the time course in which they emerge after surgery suggests that iatrogenic seeding may also play a role in metastasis. With heightened awareness of the phenomenon, surgical strategies such as watertight approximation of the dura, bone flap replacement, or changing surgical instruments once the intradural component is complete may prove useful to prevent seeding. Prophylactic craniospinal irradiation may also be an appropriate tool in patients at high risk for metastasis, although this population is difficult to identify.
Large Plastic Deformation in High-Capacity Lithium-Ion Batteries Caused by Charge and Discharge

Evidence has accumulated recently that a high-capacity electrode of a lithium-ion battery may not recover its initial shape after a cycle of charge and discharge. Such a plastic behavior is studied here by formulating a theory that couples large amounts of lithiation and deformation. The homogeneous lithiation and deformation in a small element of an electrode under stresses is analyzed within nonequilibrium thermodynamics, permitting a discussion of equilibrium with respect to some processes, but not others. The element is assumed to undergo plastic deformation when the stresses reach a yield condition. The theory is combined with a diffusion equation to analyze a spherical particle of an electrode being charged and discharged at a constant rate. When the charging rate is low, the distribution of lithium in the particle is nearly homogeneous, the stress in the particle is low, and no plastic deformation occurs. When the charging rate is high, the distribution of lithium in the particle is inhomogeneous, and the stress in the particle is high, possibly leading to fracture and cavitation.
Pulsed plasma jet igniters: Species measurements in nitrogen and air

Abstract A molecular beam mass spectrometer was used to obtain quantitative data on the species present along the centerline of nitrogen and air plasma jets. Dilution of the jet as ambient gas is entrained into the turbulent plume was measured by probing an argon jet discharging into nitrogen. The gas from the jet igniter cavity is diluted by more than a factor of ten in the first 4 mm downstream of the orifice, with a further dilution of 40 percent over the next 8 mm of jet penetration. Comparison of peak mole fractions of reactive species in the jet with the dilution results indicate that the plasma species are not decaying at a rate solely due to dilution. The nitrogen plasma jet was probed for metastable nitrogen (N2*) and N atoms as a function of time at various distances from the jet orifice. Pteak mole fraction measurements demonstrate that N2* persists at distances farther downstream than N atoms. Metastable nitrogen concentrations are relatively constant from 4 to 14 mm, indicating that metastabl...
Phragmén–Lindelöf theorems in cylinders

In unbounded cylindrical domains, new Phragmen–Lindelof theorems ‘at infinity’ are established for solutions of Dirichlet problems for elliptic equations whose operators belong to a large class to which the existing literature does not apply.
Explaining Performance Trends in Leveraged Loan Investments

The risk-reward characteristics of leveraged loans during the 1989–2000 period are analyzed using several statistical measures. A significant portion of the burgeoning $1.2 trillion senior secured loan market, leveraged loans are rated below investment grade. During the 1990s, a secondary market in bank loans evolved, and it became possible to trade loans more efficiently. More accurate mark-to-market pricing succeeded fair value pricing as meaningful prices became more widely available. In 2000, the inherent credit risk in the asset class became increasingly apparent as defaults escalated, and leveraged loan fund returns slid below those of the average money market fund. Controlling for the junk bond cycle, both the returns and standard deviations of leveraged loan portfolios gradually trended downward over 1989–2000 as the market evolved. It appears that investors learned more about the performance of the asset class, and pricing therefore became more efficient. The evidence suggests that future loan returns may not be as generous as those during the 1990s.
Phototactic personality in fruit flies and its suppression by serotonin and white

Drosophila typically move toward light (phototax positively) when startled. The various species of Drosophila exhibit some variation in their respective mean phototactic behaviors; however, it is not clear to what extent genetically identical individuals within each species behave idiosyncratically. Such behavioral individuality has indeed been observed in laboratory arthropods; however, the neurobiological factors underlying individual-to-individual behavioral differences are unknown. We developed “FlyVac,” a high-throughput device for automatically assessing phototaxis in single animals in parallel. We observed surprising variability within every species and strain tested, including identically reared, isogenic strains. In an extreme example, a domesticated strain of Drosophila simulans harbored both strongly photopositive and strongly photonegative individuals. The particular behavior of an individual fly is not heritable and, because it persists for its lifetime, constitutes a model system for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of personality. Although all strains assayed had greater than expected variation (assuming binomial sampling), some had more than others, implying a genetic basis. Using genetics and pharmacology, we identified the metabolite transporter White and white-dependent serotonin as suppressors of phototactic personality. Because we observed behavioral idiosyncrasy in all experimental groups, we suspect it is present in most behaviors of most animals.
Peripheral nerve injuries in athletes. Treatment and prevention.

Peripheral nerve lesions are uncommon but serious injuries which may delay or preclude an athlete's safe return to sports. Early, accurate anatomical diagnosis is essential. Nerve lesions may be due to acute injury (e.g. from a direct blow) or chronic injury secondary to repetitive microtrauma (entrapment). Accurate diagnosis is based upon physical examination and a knowledge of the relative anatomy. Palpation, neurological testing and provocative manoeuvres are mainstays of physical diagnosis. Diagnostic suspicion can be confirmed by electrophysiological testing, including electromyography and nerve conduction studies. Proper equipment, technique and conditioning are the keys to prevention. Rest, anti-inflammatories, physical therapy and appropriate splinting are the mainstays of treatment. In the shoulder, spinal accessory nerve injury is caused by a blow to the neck and results in trapezius paralysis with sparing of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Scapular winging results from paralysis of the serratus anterior because of long thoracic nerve palsy. A lesion of the suprascapular nerve may mimic a rotator cuff tear with pain a weakness of the rotator cuff. Axillary nerve injury often follows anterior shoulder dislocation. In the elbow region, musculocutaneous nerve palsy is seen in weightlifters with weakness of the elbow flexors and dysesthesias of the lateral forearm. Pronator syndrome is a median nerve lesion occurring in the proximal forearm which is diagnosed by several provocative manoeuvres. Posterior interosseous nerve entrapment is common among tennis players and occurs at the Arcade of Froshe--it results in weakness of the wrist and metacarpophalangeal extensors. Ulnar neuritis at the elbow is common amongst baseball pitchers. Carpal tunnel syndrome is a common neuropathy seen in sport and is caused by median nerve compression in the carpal tunnel. Paralysis of the ulnar nerve at the wrist is seen among bicyclists resulting in weakness of grip and numbness of the ulnar 1.5 digits. Thigh injuries include lateral femoral cutaneous nerve palsy resulting in loss of sensation over the anterior thigh without power deficit. Femoral nerve injury occurs secondary to an iliopsoas haematoma from high energy sports. A lesion of the sciatic nerve may indicate a concomitant dislocated hip. Common peroneal nerve injury may be due to a direct blow or a traction injury and results in a foot drop and numbness of the dorsum of the foot. Deep and superficial peroneal nerve palsies could be secondary to an exertional compartment syndrome. Tarsal tunnel syndrome is a compressive lesion of the posterior tibial nerve caused by repetitive dorsiflexion of the ankle--it is common among runners and mountain climbers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Transmission line theory for an insulated linear antenna in a fluid- or air-filled borehole

Using a transmission line theory, expressions for the propagation constant and characteristic impedance of a borehole antenna are derived. Both air-filled and fluid-filled holes are considered. The required modal equation is solved by a rapidly convergent iterative method. Some data for the input impedance and effective dipole moment for the terminated line are then provided. It appears that the presence of conducting fluid in the hole will not seriously impair the effectiveness of the radiating structure, but the voltage gradients in the insulation will be increased markedly.
Enol and deprotonated forms of acetic and malonic acid

Abstract We have determined the structure and relative energies for various enol and deprotonated forms of acetic and malonic acid using several basis sets without and with electron correlation. At the MP2/6-31 + + G ∗∗ level, the corrected (for zero point energy and to 298K) energies for the deprotonation of acetic acid are −344.7 (0 → −1) and −499.0 (−1 → −2) kcal mol −1 with the enol(ate) form being 30.8 (0) and 26.4 (−1) kcal mol −1 less stable than the carboxylate form. At the MP2/6-31 + + G ∗∗ level, the corrected (for zero point energy and to 298K) energies for the deprotonation of malonic acid are −332.1 (0 → −1), −425.3 (−1 → −2) and −574.9 (−2 → −3) kcal mol −1 with the deprotonated on carbon forms 9.8 (−1) and 31.2 (−2) kcal mol −1 less stable than the corresponding carboxylate (deprotonated on oxygen) forms.
Chemical interference competition by Monomorium minimum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Workers of Monomorium minimum forage above-ground for dead arthropods. Small particles (<1 mg) are retrieved individually, but larger particles stimulate recruitment and are dissected by groups of workers. The recruitment pheromone originates in the Dufour's gland and the number of ants responding to a trail varies with pheromone concentration. When ants of other species are encountered at food resources, workers of M. minimum gaster-flag and extrude an irritating poison gland secretion from the sting. This chemical interference delays invasion by competitors and prolongs the period during which the colony can dissect and retrieve pieces of the food resource. M. minimum recruits at higher temperatures than sympatric ant species. The probability of interference at food baits rises from 5% to 100% when they become too large for a single worker to carry. The probability of food resource loss is higher for baits of intermediate weight (x=18.1 mg) than for those of low weight (x=0.1 mg) or high weight (x=403.1 mg).
Control of insects of veterinary importance by genetic techniques

Abstract The practicality of genetic methods for control of arthropods that affect livestock production in the tropics is best documented in the results of the screwworm ( Cochliomyia hominivorax ) eradication program, conducted first in the southeastern United States, subsequently in the southwestern United States, and currently in Mexico. The screwworm eradication program integrates the use of insect sterility with other appropriate measures to obtain population elimination. The basic sterilization mechanism utilized for control of screwworm reproduction is the induction of dominant lethality in the chromosomes of the released insects by iradiattion. As a result of the practical success of that program, a substantial amount of laboratory and field study has been conducted on the use of artificially induced dominant lethality for control of tsetse flies ( Glossina species), house flies ( Musca species), the stable fly ( Stomoxys calcitrans ), the horn fly ( Haematobia irritans ), cattle grubs ( Hypoderma species) and mosquitoes. As an alternative to dominant lethality, the use of chromosome rearrangements (translocations, compound chromosomes, etc.) or hybrid sterility has been studied in mosquitoes, the sheep blowfly ( Lucilia cuprina ) and Boophilus ticks. The potential for substantial economic impact by the increased use of these techniques for control of arthropod pests of livestock in the tropics is very promising.
Principles underlying the organization of movement initiation from quiet stance

The purpose of this study was to determine common principles underlying the programming of movement initiation from quiet stance. Subjects were asked to initiate gait, step over a ruler, or to step over a 10 cm high obstacle at a self-paced speed and as fast as possible. The independent variables were initiation condition (gait initiation, stepping over a ruler or obstacle) and initiation speed (self-paced and as fast as possible). The dependent measures for the stance limb only were the latency between postural soleus (S(1)) EMG inhibition and tibialis anterior (TA) EMG onset, the duration of both TA and soleus (S(2)) activity following TA, duration and slope, impulse, and peak forces of the anterior-posterior (Fx) ground reaction force. Selected timing events were also monitored. Analysis of variance was used to determine main and interaction effects. The following results were obtained. (1) The interval from the inhibition of S(1) postural activity to the onset of TA remained invariant between all conditions. (2) The duration of TA increased and S(2) decreased with an increase in speed of initiation. There was no difference in TA and S(2) duration between the initiation conditions. (3) Time to heel-off remained invariant for all conditions. (4) Prior to heel-off all force variables increased with initiation speed but were similar between initiation conditions. After heel-off force variables were different between speeds and conditions being greater for fast speed and stepping over the obstacle. Two conclusions may be drawn from this study. First, the results indicate that gait initiation consists of two, highly coordinated motor programs. Heel-off of the stance limb is the division between these two programs. Second, our findings also suggest that gait initiation and stepping are governed by the same motor programs.
Middeck Active Control Experiment Reflight (MACE II): lessons learned and reflight status

The Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) is sponsoring the Middeck Active Control Experiment Reflight (MACE II) Program. MACE II is a manned space experiment that evaluates the capabilities of adaptive control of flexible structures in the zero-g environment of the space shuttle's Middeck. MACE II has grown out of lessons learned from the original MACE flight and from AFRL sponsored structural control experiments. Previous experiments required extensive testing and 'tuning' for their particular test environment to meet their performance expectations. Such a process is too inefficient to be seriously considered for operational systems, especially space-based systems where access is limited. MACE II takes the next logical step by evaluating the capability of adaptive structural control algorithms AFRL has assembled a team of five small businesses and universities to develop and evaluate several adaptive control methodologies. In addition, AFRL has recruited a second science team led by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to evaluate control system for time-varying and geometrically nonlinear systems. This paper is an overview of the AFRL science team only.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Investigation of internuclear axis alignment with projectile direction in recoil ion production from ion-molecule collisions

Abstract We have developed an experimental system to measure the dependence of the cross section for the production of recoil fragments from molecular targets on the alignment of the internuclear axis of the molecule with respect to the beam. Recoil Nq+ (q = 1–5) ions, produced by a 19 MeV F9+ beam on an N2 target, are extracted in a uniform transverse electric field and allowed to fall onto a two-dimensional position-sensitive channel-plate detector. The flight time of each recoil is used to determine its charge state. The beam is charge-state-analyzed and coincidences between recoils and projectiles are measured. Information on the alignment of the molecule prior to its Coulomb explosion is extracted from the spectrum of positions with which the recoil fragments strike the recoil detector. Clear alignment effects are seen for the highest and lowest recoil charge states.
Altered control of calcium in coronary smooth muscle cells by exercise training

The increase in myoplasmic free Ca (Cam) is a primary trigger of contraction in vascular smooth muscle. We review data showing that the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) can buffer (attenuate) increases in Cam by: 1) sequestering a fraction of Ca entering the cell via sarcolemmal influx pathways, and 2) slowly releasing Ca from the SR toward the sarcolemma for extrusion from the cell, thereby decreasing subsequent agonist-induced Cam transients and contraction--so called "SR Ca unloading." Endurance exercise trained (EX), not sedentary (SED), Yucatan miniature pigs show SR Ca unloading via a ryanodine-sensitive SR Ca release pathway. The slow release of Ca from SR of EX cells may allow for efflux from the cell by close functional association with sarcolemmal Ca efflux mechanisms. In contrast, rapid, bolus release and resequestration of Ca by the SR of SED cells prevents Ca efflux from the cell. The endothelin-sensitive SR Ca store, a subset of the caffeine- and ryanodine-sensitive SR, is decreased in EX cells. Mildly increased resting Cam in EX cells may reflect a constant leak of Ca from the SR. The endothelin-sensitive SR Ca store was loaded above basal levels by depolarization-induced Ca influx. Collectively, these data indicate altered Cam regulation by the SR in coronary artery of EX animals. Future studies should focus on the molecular mechanisms of altered Cam regulation.