cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reduction of lateral pressure propagation due to dissipation into ambient mudrocks during geological carbon dioxide storage

[1] Carbon dioxide (CO2) storage in deep geological formations can lead to significant reductions in anthropogenic CO2 emissions if large amounts of CO2 can be stored. Estimates of the storage capacity are therefore essential to the evaluation of individual storage sites as well as the feasibility of the technology. One important limitation on the storage capacity is the radius of review, the lateral extent of the pressure perturbation, of the storage project. We show that pressure dissipation into ambient mudrocks retards lateral pressure propagation significantly and therefore increases the storage capacity. For a three-layer model of a reservoir surrounded by thick mudrocks, the far-field pressure is approximated well by a single-phase model. Through dimensional analysis and numerical simulations, we show that the lateral extent of the pressure front follows a power law that depends on a single dissipation parameter M∝log10(RkRSRl2), where Rk and RS are the ratios of mudrock to reservoir permeability and specific storage, and Rl is the aspect ratio of the confined pressure plume. Both the coefficient and the exponent of the power law are sigmoid decreasing functions of M. The M values of typical storage sites are in the region where the power-law changes rapidly. The combination of large uncertainty in mudrock properties and the sigmoid shape leads to wide and strongly skewed probability distributions for the predicted radius of review and storage capacity. Therefore, if the lateral extent of the pressure front limits the storage capacity, the determination of the mudrock properties is an important component of site characterization.
Some New Evidence on Overtime Use, Total Job Compensation, and Wage Rates

This paper is a replication of research reported by Steven Trejo in the 1991 American Economic Review. Trejo used labor force data from the seventies to assess the relevance of two contrasting views of the impact of overtime pay regulation. This paper reports research using a recent representative sample of U.S. private industry jobs that includes employer-reported measures of usual annual hours of overtime work and comprehensive measures of employer costs for job compensation. Comparisons are made between a set of jobs likely to be subject to U.S. overtime pay regulation—jobs paid hourly on 40 hour a week schedules—with another set of jobs that can offer overtime but are not likely to be subject to Federal overtime requirements—jobs on reduced hour schedules. The main findings of the research are: (1) higher wage rates are associated with a lower incidence of overtime work among the set of jobs with 40 hour work schedules, but not among the set of jobs with reduced hour schedules (2) in jobs using overtime work, more usual overtime work is associated with lower wage rates among the jobs with 40 hour work schedules, but not among the jobs on reduced hour schedules (3) higher “quasi-fixed” job compensation, such as employer health insurance costs, is associated with a higher incidence of overtime use. The paper also discusses some of the difficulties of interpreting these statistical results in the context of the labor market models considered by Trejo.
On the handoff arrival process in cellular communications

Handoffs in cellular communication systems cause interactions among cells that can be modeled using multi-dimensional birth–death process approaches and the concept of system state. However, exact numerical calculation of traffic performance characteristics is hindered by unmanageably large system state spaces even for systems of modest size. Previous analytical models get around the difficulty by isolating a cell of interestand invoking a Poisson process assumption for handoff arrivals to the cell. Interactions among cells are characterized by relating the mean handoff and departure rates from cells. The current paper seeks to explore the interactions in more detail. Two additional approximate analytical models are developed for this purpose. Each of these is more complicated than the simple Poisson process model, but is analytically tractable – at least for small system sizes. One model isolates a cluster of cells (rather than just the cell of interest) from the system and invokes a Poisson process assumption for cells on the cluster periphery. Performance is calculated for the central cell. The second model also isolates a cluster of cells surrounding the cell of interest, but uses an equivalent two-state Markov Modulated Poisson Process (MMPP) to characterize handoff arrival processes to the cell of interest from each of the neighboring cells. Poisson handoff arrivals to cells on the cluster periphery are assumed. This approach has fewer states than the cluster approach. Finally we present the exact solution for a regional coverage area consisting of a single seven-cell cluster. Teletraffic performance characteristics are computed for each modeling technique and are compared. It was found that all are in close agreement with the original “single isolated cell, Poisson handoff arrival model,” which requires the least states.
YfiO stabilizes the YaeT complex and is essential for outer membrane protein assembly in Escherichia coli

Summary Recent advances in the study of bacterial membranes have led to the identification of a multicomponent YaeT complex in the outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria that is involved in the targeting and folding of β-barrel outer membrane proteins (OMPs). In Escherichia coli, this complex consists of an essential OMP, YaeT, and three OM lipoproteins, YfgL, NlpB and YfiO. YfiO is the only essential lipoprotein component of the complex. We show that this lipoprotein is required for the proper assembly and/or targeting of OMPs to the OM but not the assembly of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Depletion of YfiO causes similar phenotypes as does the depletion of YaeT, and we conclude that YfiO plays a critical role in YaeT-mediated OMP folding. We demonstrate that YfiO and YfgL directly interact with YaeT in vitro, while NlpB interacts directly with YfiO. Genetic analysis verifies the importance of YfiO and its interactions with NlpB in maintaining the functional integrity of the YaeT complex.
Emission of trace compounds from catalytic reforming units

Catalytic reforming units (CRUs) are a potential emissions source of a number of compounds listed as Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) in the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. Some of these compounds are released in depressurization and purge of the unit at initiation and conclusion of the regeneration process. Some form in the catalyst regeneration process and are then emitted. In this work, we developed improved average and median emission factors for these HAPs, based on 54 new field test data points, covering 14 compounds. For some of these compounds (HCl and particulates), there are large differences between the average and the median emission factors due to significant scatter in the raw data. Comparisons are made to previously published emission factors from data collected by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The new data points and the EPA collection have been combined and analyzed to provide guidance on HAP emissions based on the type of CRU. These new average emission factors should provide for more representative estimates for both permitting and emissions reporting when actual monitoring data are not available. It was also found that the emission per unit feed rate to the CRU does not differ significantly with the mode of regeneration utilized.
Electrocatalysis on bimetallic surfaces: modifying catalytic reactivity for oxygen reduction by voltammetric surface dealloying.

We report a synthetic electrochemical strategy to deliberately modify the catalytic reactivity of Pt bimetallic surfaces. The strategy consists of voltammetric surface dealloying of the non-noble constituent from Pt-poor bimetallic precursor compounds. We exemplify this method by dealloying carbon-supported Pt25Cu75 alloy nanoparticle precursors and testing the resulting active catalyst phase for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). We show that dealloyed Pt−Cu electrocatalysts exhibit an extraordinary increase in intrinsic reactivity of 4−6 times as compared to pure Pt electrocatalysts. Our results indicate that electrochemical treatment of the alloy precursors selectively dissolves Cu near the particle surface. The partially dealloyed particles constitute the active catalyst phase. While Cu is retained in the core of the particles after dealloying, the essentially pure Pt surface suggests a core−shell structure of the active catalyst. Geometric effects, such as exposure of more active crystallographic f...
Vitamin D status and age of onset of demyelinating disease.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the prevalence of and associated factors impacting vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in childhood versus adult-onset demyelinating disease. Methods We conducted a retrospective, cross-sectional, chart-review, cohort study on geographically-similar pediatric, young adult, and adult patients with a diagnosis of demyelinating disease identified at the University of Virginia from 2008 to 2013. Group prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency as well as relevant factors associated with vitamin D status was analyzed and compared. Results We identified 24 childhood-onset (CO), 33 young adult-onset (Y-AO), and 59 adult-onset (AO) cases. There was no difference in the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency between the cohorts. Non-Caucasian race and elevated body mass index were significantly associated with low vitamin D levels, regardless of age of onset. In regression models, race and obesity were independent predictors of vitamin D status. The prevalence of obesity was significantly higher in the childhood-onset cohort (CO=58.5%; Y-AO=31%; AO=34%; p =0.02). Conclusions Our findings demonstrate no difference in the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency between childhood and adult-onset demyelinating disease, suggesting age at disease onset is irrelevant to vitamin D status in demyelinating disease. Both race and obesity are independent factors associated with vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency, regardless of age of disease onset. Obesity, independent of gender, is significantly higher in children compared to adult patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis and may have a role in the development of childhood-onset demyelinating disease.
Backscatter measurements of aerosolized CB simulants with a frequency agile CO 2 lidar

A novel windowless chamber was developed to allow aerosol backscatter measurements with a frequency-agile CO 2 lidar. The chamber utilizes curtains of air to contain the cloud, thus preventing the inevitable backscatter off of conventional windows from corrupting the desired measurements. This feature is critical because the CO 2 lidar has a long (1 μs) pulse and the backscatter off the window cannot be temporally separated from the backscatter off the aerosol in the chamber. The chamber was designed for testing with a variety of CB simulants and interferents in both vapor and aerosol form and has been successfully shown to contain a cloud of known size, concentration, and particle size distribution for 10-15 minutes. This paper shows the results using Arizona road dust that was screened by the manufacturer into 0-3 μm and 5-10 μm particle size distributions. The measurements clearly show the effect of size distribution on the infrared backscatter coefficients as well as the dynamic nature of the size distribution for a population of aerosols. The test methodology and experimental results are presented.
Enhancing the solubility for hypervalent ortho-sulfonyl iodine compounds

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of new hypervalent iodine reagents ArINTs (2a), ArIO (3a), and ArIO2 (4a) (Ar=2-tert-butylsulfonyl-5-tert-butylphenyl) are described. These reagents are compared to previously reported analogous set of reagents Ar=2-tert-butylsulfonylphenyl and found to have significantly enhanced solubility and similar chemical reactivity. The X-ray crystal structures of 4a and of ArI (1a) (Ar=2-tert-butylsulfonyl-5-tert-butylphenyl) are discussed and compared. These reagents find use in atom and group transfer reactions.
Wall climbing, odors from the home nest and catecholaminergic activity in rat pups

Abstract The present investigation examined the relationship among wall climbing, home nest odors, circadian rhythmicity and catecholaminergic activity. In the first experiment, a catecholaminergic agonist, amphetamine, was observed to induce wall climbing in 10- but not 15-day old rat pups. It was observed in the second experiment that an α-adrenergic antagonist, phentolamine, attenuated wall climbing elicited by foot shock in 10-day old rat pups without affecting general locomotor activity. However, haloperidol, a dopaminergic antagonist, was observed to decrease both shock-elicited wall climbing and general locomotor activity in rat pups at this age. These results support the hypothesis that wall climbing may be partially mediated by catecholaminergic activity. Home nest odors decreased both amphetamine-induced wall climbing for animals tested during the dark cycle in Experiment 1 and shock-induced wall climbing for subjects tested both during the light and dark phases in Experiment 2. This attenuation by home nest odors of both drug- and shock-elicited wall climbing suggests the further hypothesis that home nest odors may influence the level of catecholaminergic activity.
The interaction of bacterial and phage proteins with immobilized Escherichia coli RNA polymerase

Abstract The interaction of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase with other proteins has been studied by affinity chromatography. Cyanogen bromide-activated agarose covalently binds RNA polymerase, and the bound protein is enzymatically active. A column containing immobilized polymerase will retain other proteins which interact with that enzyme; these proteins can be subsequently eluted and identified. The E. coli transcriptional factor σ is one such RNA polymerase-binding protein. Certain bacteriophage T4 proteins bind to polymerase-agarose, including the products of T4 maturation control genes 33 and 55. One phage T7 protein (the 0.3 protein, of unknown function) also binds to RNA polymerase. Using this convenient affinity probe, which provides a one-step analysis of crude cell extracts, I have screened related phage systems for RNA polymerase-binding proteins: T2 and T6 produce binding proteins comparable to those of T4; whereas T3 lacks a protein equivalent to the 0.3 protein of T7. Resins containing core RNA polymerase, holoenzyme (core enzyme and σ), and polymerase modified by T4 infection display different specificities for viral proteins. In particular, the T4-modified RNA polymerase column specifically retains the product of T4 DNA synthesis gene 45.
The use of epidemiological concepts and techniques to discern factors associated with the nitrate concentration of well water on swine farms in the USA.

This epidemiological study investigates the relationship between various factors associated with swine farms and the nitrate concentration of well water in the USA. Through a random sampling procedure, 605 swine farms located in 18 states were selected for inclusion in this study. A total of 631 well water samples were collected from these farms and tested for a variety of elements and compounds. The concentrations of nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, chloride, sodium, potassium, ammonia, fluoride, bromide and lithium were determined by an ion chromatograpfi while an inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectrophotometer was used to determine the concentrations of calcium, magnesium, barium, zinc, iron and phosphate. Data concerning various farm factors were gathered via a personally administered questionnaire. The data were examined using both multiple linear regression and logistic regression. Results indicate that 53.6% (338/631) of the wells contained detectable levels of nitrate, 11.7% (74/631) had nitrate levels exceeding 45 ppm and 4.3% (27/631) exceeded 100 ppm. Logistic models demonstrated an association between nitrate concentrations > 45 ppm, increasing water potassium levels and wells 100 ppm were related to increasing water concentrations of potassium, magnesium, barium and zinc, wells 6-10 years old, increasing distance from the study farm to the nearest cattle farm and a greater distance to the nearest waterway located off the study farm. A negative association was seen between nitrate concentrations > 100 ppm, the water level of sulfate, and the use of the same well to supply both the household and livestock. Multiple linear regression models revealed a positive association between increasing nitrate concentration and the water levels of chloride, calcium, zinc and the greater number of miles from the study farm to the nearest farm with cattle or sheep. A negative association was noted between the concentration of well water nitrate and the water levels of sulfate and ammonia, the use of water treatment, the number of miles to the nearest farm with poultry, the employment of water treatment and the use of the same well to supply water to both livestock and the household.
Prolonged simple cryothermic immersion storage of rat heart isografts: a preliminary study.

In order to extend preservation time for heart transplant, cryothermic immersion storage was studied in a rat heart isograft model. Rat hearts preserved at -2 to 0°C for up to 96 h were successfully transplanted with no deleterious effects noted on defrosting and reperfusion with long-term survival beyond 60 days of transplant
A NEW METHOD FOR DISPERSING THE CELLS OF MAMMALIAN TISSUES.

IN 1916 Rous and Jones1 used trypsin to disperse avian and mammalian cells. Since then some relatively specific proteases, for example, elastase2 and collagenase3, have been used, but trypsinization has remained the standard method for this purpose. Trypsin has many drawbacks. Digestion is slow and incomplete, the cells tend to remain in clumps and there is a viscous residue.
Polymerization of the bacterial elongation factor for protein synthesis, EF-Tu.

The bacterial elongation factor for protein synthesis, EF-Tu, polymerizes into fibrils at pH 6.0. These fibrils are 0.7 μM in diameter, at least 200 μm in length, and are positively birefringent. Electron microscopic observations of negatively stained images demonstrates that the EF-Tu fibrils consist of bundles of individual filaments, approximately 5 nm in diameter, aligned parallel to the long axis of the fibril. Polymerized EF-Tu exchanges nucleotide rapidly and interacts with the other elongation factor, EF-Ts. The antibiotic kirromycin induces the polymerization of EF-Tu into fibrils and even larger structures under nonyolymerizing conditions.
A process for co-molding a visible-wavelength photonic crystal and microfluidic channel for biosensing applications

Rapid DNA analysis systems show promise for reduced DNA analysis times and can be used by untrained operators in point-of-use applications. Throughput improvements can be gained by reducing the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cycle count, which is used in conventional DNA processing to amplify the DNA to an easily measurable amount. A Photonic Crystal (PhC) can be integrated within a microfluidic channel to enhance fluorescence emission, enabling a reduction in PCR cycling. Most PhCs are fabricated using serial top-down fabrication techniques, resulting in a structure that is challenging to integrate with microfluidic system components. Here, we present a co-integration process for fabricating a Silicon master mold consisting of a visible range PhC lattice and a microfluidic channel. This process can be used to co-fabricate microscale channel and nanoscale lattice structures in polymer or thermoplastic materials. Two dimensional visible range PhCs are fabricated by patterning electron beam resist via E-Beam Lithography (EBL). The patterned features (100-300nm features with 200-450nm pitch) are cured to a glass-like material that is used as a direct etch mask for Reactive Ion Etching. A 200μm wide and 25μm high ridge “strip” is fabricated around the PhC region using Photolithography and Deep RIE etching to form the completed channel and lattice mold. Results indicating the quality of nanoscale features resulting from the molding process in Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) will be discussed.
Unprotected oligosaccharides as phase tags: solution-phase synthesis of glycopeptides with solid-phase workups.

N-Linked glycopeptides were synthesized from glycosyl asparagines containing unprotected oligosaccharides and other simple amino acids by an Fmoc method. The free oligosaccharide chains were used a...
Market, Family, and State Sources of Income Instability in Germany and the United States

Abstract The public tax and transfer mechanisms of the welfare state are important sources of income stability for individuals and families. In comparisons of the stability of income in the United States and the states of the former West Germany, we found that household income tends to be more stable in Germany than in the United States. This disparity is partly due to greater turbulence in labor earnings in the United States and partly due to the more effective public social insurance system in Germany. These differences, however, are tempered by mechanisms that amount to a private, family-based insurance system in the United States, where, more so than in Germany, labor income from other family members and other, nonlabor sources of private income provide considerable stability.
TGA/FTIR: an extremely useful technique for studying polymer degradation

Thermogravimetric analysis coupled to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, TGA/FTIR, has been used to probe the degradation of several polymeric systems. These include poly(methyl methacrylate) in the presence of various additives, graft copolymers of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene and styrene-butadiene with sodium methacrylate and styrene with acrylonitrile, blends of styrene-butadiene block copolymers with poly(vinylphosphonic acid) and poly(vinylsulfonic acid), and cross-linked polystyrenes. Additives may interact with poly(methyl methacrylate) by coordination to the carbonyl oxygen to a Lewis acid and the subsequent transfer of an electron from the polymer chain to the metal atom or by the formation of a radical which can trap the degrading radicals before they can undergo further degradation. When an inorganic char-former is graft copolymerized onto a polymer, there is a good correlation between TGA behavior in an inert atmosphere and thermal stability in air, but this is not true when the char is largely carbonific.
Electron spin resonance absorption spectrum of HCO32− molecule-ions in irradiated single-crystal calcite

Abstract ESR and ENDOR spectra of γ-irradiated naturally occurring single-crystal calcite have revealed the existence of a stable and hitherto undetected molecule-ion defect associated with hydrogen The ESR absorption spectrum consists of six hyperfine structure doublets arising from paramagnetic centers with effective spin S= l 2 and I= 1 2 at two sets of three equivalent lattice sites From the mean of the principal values of the orthorhombic g tensor as well as from the intensity and magnitude of 13C self-hyperfine structure and superhyperfine structure, the center appears to be similar to the CO33− molecule-ion. ENDOR data identify the associated nucleus to be 1H. Analysis of the isotropic and anisotropic contributions to the orthorhombic 1H hyperfine structure tensor indicates that about 2.5 % of the unpaired electron spin density is localized on the proton. From this and other evidence obtained from temperature-dependent linewidth studies over the range 200 to 300°K, it is suggested that the proton is a constituent of the paramagnetic molecule-ion. It is proposed that the defect center is HCO32− and that it arises from the ionization of bicarbonate ion impurities in calcite.
Garlic burns: a not-so-rare complication of a naturopathic remedy?

A 60-year-old eastern European man presented to the emergency room complaining of burns to both feet for approximately 6 days duration. The patient suffered from chronic diabetic neuropathy in his lower extremities. At the recommendation of a family member, he had applied crushed raw garlic to his feet and covered them with occlusive bandages for approximately 12 h. The patient was initially evaluated by his primary-care provider and was treated with Silvadene cream. He presented to the emergency department 3 days later due to low-grade fever and increasing wound erythema (Fig. 1). The patient required inpatient admission to the burn unit for intravenous nafcillin for his cellulitis, hydrotherapy, and Accuzyme wound debridement. His hospital course was uncomplicated. He was discharged on hospital day 3 on oral dicloxicillin with home nursing for continued dressing changes. The lesions resolved without incident over the next 4 weeks.
Economic implications of a safe food supply.

DISCUSSION It has often been said that the United States food supply is among the safest in the world. However, in spring 1989, there was an outpour­ ing of media reports that served to seriously erode consumer confidence in the safety of the US food supply. Several different food safety issues, coming one after the other, served to heighten public interest: the Chilean fruit ban, the Sixty Minutes segment on pesticide residues in food, and the presence of alar in apples and aldicarb in bananas and potatoes, etc. In politics, it is all too easy to accept the
Access Governance: Flexibility with Escalation and Audit

Managing information access in highly dynamic business environments is increasingly challenging. With thousands of employees accessing thousands of applications and data sources, managers strive to ensure the employees can access the information they need to create value while protecting information from misuse. We propose an access governance structure with escalation options, ensuring both flexibility and security of information. Using a game-theoretic approach, we show that properly coupling information access, audit, violation penalties and rewards can enable self-interested employees to access information in a timely manner, seizing business opportunities for the firm while managing security risks. Surprisingly we find that providing employees with more access than strictly required can reduce control costs and improve profits.
Open Source Software for Experiment Design and Control

The purpose of this paper is to describe a software package that can be used for performing such routine tasks as controlling listening experiments (e.g., simple labeling, discrimination, sentence intelligibility, and magnitude estimation), recording responses and response latencies, analyzing and plotting the results of those experiments, displaying instructions, and making scripted audio-recordings. The software runs under Windows and is controlled by creating text files that allow the experimenter to specify key features of the experiment such as the stimuli that are to be presented, the randomization scheme, interstimulus and intertrial intervals, the format of the output file, and the layout of response alternatives on the screen. Although the software was developed primarily with speech-perception and psychoacoustics research in mind, it has uses in other areas as well, such as written or auditory word recognition, written or auditory sentence processing, and visual perception.
Colon cancer. A role for cyclo-oxygenase-2-specific nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Large bowel cancer is not only the third most frequent cancer in the world but is one of the most common human malignancies in Western countries, including North America. In recent years, multidisciplinary research in epidemiology, molecular biology, and laboratory animal model studies have contributed much to our understanding of the aetiology of this cancer; more importantly, it has enabled us to devise preventive strategies. Several epidemiological studies have detected a 40 to 50% decrease in risk of colorectal cancer in individuals who regularly use aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Clinical trials with NSAIDs in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis have demonstrated that treatment with NSAIDs caused regression of pre-existing adenomas. Preclinical efficacy studies have provided scientifically sound evidence as to how NSAIDs act to retard, block, or reverse colonic carcinogenesis. Equally exciting are opportunities for effective chemoprevention with selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors in a variety of animal models of colon cancer. Selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors such as celecoxib have been proven to be effective chemopreventive agents against colonic carcinogenesis with minimal gastrointestinal toxicity. Our exploration of the multistep process of carcinogenesis has provided substantial insights into the mechanisms by which anti-inflammatory agents modulate these events. There is growing optimism for the view that realisation of preventive concepts in large bowel cancer will also serve as a model for preventing malignancies of the prostate and breast.
House Calls and the ACGME Competencies

Background: The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) “core competencies” (patient care, medical knowledge, interpersonal and communication skills, practice-based learning, and systems-based practice) are challenging to achieve in today's complex, high-acuity, hospital-based setting. House calls provide unique clinical exposure to opportunities for learning the ACGME competencies in a single integrated experience. We review the medical literature on the educational value of house calls and describe a pilot questionnaire of housestaff perceptions of the value of house calls in addressing all of the competencies. Description: Focused literature review and questionnaire. Evaluation: A substantial body of literature supports our hypothesis that house calls expose residents to all of the ACGME competency domains. Residents actively engaged in house call training perceive that their experiences allow them to fulfill all of the ACGME competencies. Conclusion: House calls provide an ideal a...
Longitudinal trends in discharge patterns of orthognathic surgeries: is there a regionalization of procedures in teaching hospitals?

Objective The aim of this study was to determine if there is regionalization of orthognathic surgeries to teaching hospitals during the study period. Study Design The Nationwide Inpatient Sample for years 2000-2008 was used. Every hospitalization that had an orthognathic surgery was selected. Patient and hospital level variables were examined. The odds of an orthognathic surgery procedure being performed in a teaching hospital over the study period was computed with the use of a multivariable logistic regression model. Results During the study period, a total of 108,264 hospitalizations underwent orthognathic surgeries in the United States. The average age ranged from 27 years during the years 2006-2008 to 28.2 years during the years 2000-2002. After adjusting for multiple patient and hospital level factors, the year of procedure was not a significant predictor of increasing odds of an orthognathic surgery being performed in a teaching hospital. Conclusions There is no evidence of concentration of orthognathic surgical procedures in teaching hospitals.
Spectroscopic evidence for anthracenedione antineoplastic agent self-association and complex formation with flavin nucleotides.

Abstract Dihydroxyanthraquinone (DHAQ) and ametantrone (anthraquinone) are two new anthracenedione antineoplastic agents which were found by proton NMR spectroscopy to self-associate in aqueous media. Self-association was consistent with a bimolecular model, with average association constant values of 3400 and 2900 m −1 determined for DHAQ and ametantrone, respectively. Both anthracenediones interacted with the flavin nucleotides FMN and FAD to produce concentration-dependent upfield shifts of the flavin isoalloxazine ring proton signals, as observed by proton NMR spectroscopy. Average association constant values obtained for FMN-DHAQ, FAD-DHAQ, FMN-metantrone, and FAD-ametantrone complexation were 5100, 2600, 4300, and 1600 m −1 , respectively. Optical difference spectroscopy confirmed FMN-DHAQ complexation, which resulted in a hyperchromic, bathochromic shift of the DHAQ spectrum following addition of FMN. These results were consistent with the formation of a ππ bimolecular ring-stacking complex. Information obtained on anthracenedione self-association and complexation with flavins may be of consequence in the interpretation of anthracenedione-DNA binding data and flavoprotein-mediated anthracenedione metabolic activation.
Animal models and human depressive disorders

Clinical depressive disorders are complex in presentation, dissimilar in origins and course, and often pleomorphic in character. An adequate understanding of their origins, biological substrates, and amenability to established and novel forms of therapy demands biological and social interventions which cannot always readily or ethically be carried out in a clinical setting. One useful complementary approach to clinical research utilizes preclinical models for laboratory investigations in parallel. The present paper reviews current approaches to modelling depression using animals, with particular emphasis upon phylogenetic constraints, systematic validity and reliability, and nosological limitations. Preclinical models are useful and necessary adjuncts for adequately understanding depression in humans. However, their utility remains a direct function of a continuing dialogue between clinical and laboratory research, and demands scrupulous observation and methodological rigor on the part of both clinicians and experimental researchers.
Heparin anticoagulation in acute brain ischemia.

L'anticoagulation a l'heparine est souvent discutee dans l'accident vasculaire cerebral (AVC) progressif, l'AVC aigu partiel, la crise ischemique transitoire recente specialement si elle est multiple et l'AVC cardioembolique. L'anticoagulation est sans interet et en realite peut etre nocive dans les AVC thromboliques constitues
Left High and Dry? Climate Change, Common-Pool Resource Theory, and the Adaptability of Western Water Compacts

Efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are falling far short of what a consensus of scientists argues is necessary to avoid potentially catastrophic increases in the mean global temperature. Increasingly, attention is devoted to understanding the vulnerability and adaptability of social and ecological systems to climate change in particular areas of the world. In the Western United States and other semi-arid regions of the world, possibly the most immediate, direct impacts of climate change involve the availability of water resources. Scientific evidence suggests that the West is likely to become hotter and drier and will experience greater variability in precipitation. These changes will affect tens of millions of residents in Western states, and nearly every sector of the economy, especially agriculture. The logic of common-pool resource theory is applied in this Theory to Practice essay to assess the vulnerability and adaptability to climate change of interstate river compacts and to offer recommendations for coping with climate change. Future areas of research on this critical topic are also outlined. Expert e-commentaries by Richard Kashmanian and Roger Gorke of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and by Elisabeth Graffy of the U.S. Geological Survey, can be found on the PAR website (go to aspanet.org, click on the link to PAR, and then on the Theory to Practice link).
Exploiting captions in retrieval of multimedia data

Abstract Descriptive natural-language captions can help organize multimedia data. We describe our MARIE system, which interprets English queries directing the retrieval of media objects. It is novel in the extent to which it exploits previously interpreted and indexed English captions for the media objects. Our routine filtering of queries through descriptively complex captions (as opposed to keyword lists) before retrieving data can actually improve retrieval speed, as media data are often bulky and time-consuming to retrieve and difficult upon which to perform content analysis, and even small improvements to query precision can often pay off. Handling the English of captions and queries about them is not as difficult as it might seem, as the matching does not require deep understanding, just a comprehensive type hierarchy for caption concepts. An important innovation of MARIE is “supercaptions” describing sets of captions, which can minimize caption redundancy.
Mechanisms of Hydrocephalus After Neonatal and Adult Intraventricular Hemorrhage

Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a cause of significant morbidity and mortality and is an independent predictor of a worse outcome in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH). IVH may result in both injuries to the brain as well as hydrocephalus. This paper reviews evidence on the mechanisms and potential treatments for IVH-induced hydrocephalus. One frequently cited theory to explain hydrocephalus after IVH involves obliteration of the arachnoid villi by microthrombi with subsequent inflammation and fibrosis causing CSF outflow obstruction. Although there is some evidence to support this theory, there may be other mechanisms involved, which contribute to the development of hydrocephalus. It is also unclear whether the causes of acute and chronic hydrocephalus after hemorrhage occur via different mechanisms: mechanical obstruction by blood in the former and inflammation and fibrosis in the latter. Management of IVH and strategies for prevention of brain injury and hydrocephalus are areas requiring further study. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus after IVH may lead to improved strategies to prevent and treat post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus.
Rates of convergence to Brownian local time

Abstract Suppose S n is a mean zero, variance one random walk. Under suitable assumptions on the increments, we prove a strong approximation theorem for the local times of S n to the local times of a Brownian motion, uniformly at all levels.
Anagrelide: 20 years later

Thrombocytosis is a common feature of chronic myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) and may be asymptomatic or associated with transient microvascular vaso-occlusive symptoms or large vessel arterial or venous thrombosis. Failure of either the hematocrit or the platelet count to correlate with thrombotic events is a peculiar conundrum of the MPDs. Asymptomatic thrombocytosis in young MPD patients with no cardiovascular risk factors does not require treatment. It is also undisputed that lowering the platelet count reduces the incidence of microvascular events in MPD patients. At the same time, no study to date has demonstrated that platelet count reduction prolongs survival in MPD patients. Agents such as hydroxyurea, busulfan, IFN-alpha and anagrelide, have been used to reduce an elevated platelet count and decrease thrombohemorrhagic events in at-risk patients with thrombocytosis associated with an MPD. When treatment is required, it makes sense to use drugs that are not myelotoxic or mutagenic. Based on the Primary Thrombocythaemia 1 study, hydroxyurea is the treatment of choice for thrombocytosis-associated transient ischemic attacks. However, hydroxyurea does not prevent venous thrombosis, is not more effective in preventing arterial thrombosis than anagrelide and its long-term safety is not established. Therefore, unless curative therapy is planned, one should use the least myelotoxic agent when platelet count reduction is required. In this regard, anagrelide can be considered a first-line drug. With regard to long-term safety of anagrelide, the EMEA has required close monitoring of the safety points identified in future Periodic Safety Update Reports and in a Post Authorisation Safety Study in the EU, which will focus especially on cardiovascular events and acute leukemia. In this article, we review anagrelide pharmacology, the physiology of thrombopoiesis, the differential diagnosis of thrombocytosis and the management of patients with an elevated platelet count.
Commutators in an anomalous non-abelian chiral gauge theory☆

Abstract The fixed-time commutator of gauge group generators in an anomalous gauge theory is calculated up to one-loop level using the BJL limit. The result agrees with the cohomological prediction. A necessary ingredient is the observation that the commutator of E a ( x ) with itself has an anomaly which violates the Jacobi identity, indicating the existence of three-cocycles.
Less invasive surgery for cardiac tumors.

Introduction Cardiac surgery has undergone remarkable changes in the last 2 decades. Percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) were becoming increasingly sophisticated, and patients preferred these to the more durable but invasive option of surgery. Spurred by this, the evolution towards less invasive techniques in cardiac surgery was led by coronary bypass surgery, which of course involved operating on the surface of the heart. The development of less invasive techniques for valve surgery began in the mid-1990s,5 with advances made simultaneously in the United States and Europe. It became possible to operate inside the heart using techniques that spared the sternum partially or completely. The ability to access all the chambers of the heart with these techniques made it possible to deal with cardiac tumors as well. Less invasive advances in other surgical specialties preceded cardiac surgery and provided some of the ideas that were applied to the special problems of operating in the thorax and, in particular, on the heart. It was clear that there were 2 main groups of patients who would benefit from less invasive techniques in cardiac surgery: 1) patients who want it, including those who are the breadwinners or the main care providers in a family, and 2) patients who need it, mainly elderly, steroid dependent, debilitated, or deconditioned patients. This article offers an overview of the development of less invasive techniques in cardiac surgery and how they have been adapted for cardiac tumors.
Control of oötheca formation and oviposition in Blattaria

The brain is not required for oviposition in five species of Blaberidae; the control centre for formation, 90° counterclockwise rotation, and retraction of the ootheca lies in the abdomen. A similar centre controls ootheca formation and 90° clockwise rotation in Blattella germanica (Blattellidae). It is suggested that during oviposition, abdominal proprioceptors or musculature contribute nervous information to the last abdominal ganglion. Nerve impulses are presumably integrated in the last abdominal ganglion and transmitted to the colleterial glands, oviducts, and ovipositor. In Periplaneta americana (Blattidae), the brain is needed for initiating egg case formation, but it is unnecessary once the process has begun. The results suggest a divergence of control centres for oviposition between the Blaberoidea and Blattoidea.
Postoperative falls in the acute hospital setting: characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes in males.

Abstract Background Hospital falls are an important cause of morbidity in older surgical patients. The objectives of this study were to describe the characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes for postoperative falls. Methods A retrospective study was performed on patients who were admitted to the hospital for more than 23 hours after surgery. Patients who fell within 30 days of their surgery were considered to have experienced a postoperative fall. Results Over 5 years and 9,625 inpatient surgical procedures, 154 patients experienced 190 falls. Injuries resulting from postoperative falls included major injury (hip fracture), less than 1%; injury requiring intervention, 2%; injury not requiring intervention, 27%; and no injury, 70%. Variables associated with postoperative falls included older age, functional dependence, lower albumin level, and higher American Society of Anesthesia score. Conclusions One or more postoperative falls occurred in 1.6% of surgical inpatients and can lead to significant morbidity. Recognition of fall risk factors will help design postoperative fall prevention programs by identifying patients at highest risk for postoperative falls.
Economies of scale could be key to profitability : Evidence from China's tourism hotels

The growth of China's tourism hotel industry has been accompanied by declining profitability. Using cross-province tourism hotels data of 2000, this study attempts to empirically quantify the impac...
Uridine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase and uridine diphosphogalactose pyrophosphorylase in human skin fibroblasts derived from normal and galactosemic individuals.

UDP-Gal pyrophosphorylase (UTP:α-d-galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.10) and UDP-Glc pyrophosphorylase (UTP:α-d-glucose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.9) activities have been detected in cultivated human skin fibroblasts and their properties compared. UDP-Glc pyrophosphorylase is more stable at 50 and 56° than UDP-Gal pyrophosphorylase while both enzymes have similar Km values, pH optima and electrophoretic mobility. On the basis of the difference in thermal stability, it has been suggested that UDP-Gal pyrophosphorylase is an enzyme distinct from UDP-Glc pyrophosphorylase. A possible alternate pathway for the metabolism of galactose in the galactosemic individuals is discussed.
Quantity or quality in dealing with human problems

As man, in light of the population trend, faces larger numbers of people, his decisions are likely to suffer in quality; he will tend to disregard individualism more and more, and ultimately to reduce man to nothingness. This article explores some of the long-term implications of such decisions and the professional responsibility for the results. A fresh look at the morality of decision-making appears urgent. The issue is one of quantity versus quality in dealing with problems in human behavior.
Genetic modifiers of retinal degeneration in the rd3 mouse.

PURPOSE In previous studies of light-induced (LRD) and age-related (ageRD) retinal degeneration (RD) between the BALB/cByJ (BALB) and B6(Cg)-Tyr(c-2J)/J (B6a) albino mouse strains, RD-modifying quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified. After breeding BALB- and B6a-rd3/rd3 congenic strains and finding significant differences in RD, an F1 intercross to determine rd3 QTLs that influence this inherited RD was performed. METHODS N10, F2 BALB- and B6a-rd3/rd3 strains were measured for retinal outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness from 5 to 12 weeks of age. Since 10 weeks showed significant differences in the ONL, F2 progeny from an F1 intercross were measured for ONL thickness. F2 DNAs were genotyped for SNPs by the Center for Inherited Disease Research. Correlation of genotype with phenotype was made with Map Manager QTX. RESULTS One hundred forty-eight SNPs approximately 10 cM apart were typed in the F2 progeny and analyzed. Significant QTLs were identified on chromosomes (Chrs) 17, 8, 14, and 6 (B6a alleles protective) and two on Chr 5 (BALB alleles protective). Suggestive QTLs were found as well. For the strongest QTLs, follow-up SNPs were analyzed to narrow the critical intervals. Additional studies demonstrated that rd3 disease is exacerbated by light but not protected by the absence of rhodopsin regeneration. CONCLUSIONS QTLs were identified that modulate rd3-RD. These overlapped some QTLs from previous ageRD and LRD studies. The presence of some of the same QTLs in several studies suggests partial commonality in RD pathways. Identifying natural gene/alleles that modify RDs opens avenues of study that may lead to therapies for RD diseases.