cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tn Frequency Functions as Energy Contours for Photon Absorbance in Condensed Systems

Spectroscopic absorption contours of condensed systems appear to be described by one of several frequency functions, i.e., Gaussian, Lorentzian (T1), or Tn, where 1 < n ≤ 3. A phenomenological explanation is given in terms of a statistical model involving random perturbations on energy levels (〈ψm | H | ψn〉, 〈ψn | H | ψn〉) and orthogonal coupling matrix elements (〈ψm | Mq | ψn〉), where Mq is the light‐coupling operator and n and m are the two states between which transitions occur. If the matrix elements are well shielded from perturbation or strong complexes exist such that only a few relaxations of the same order of duration can occur, Gaussian functions result. If, along with the energy levels, one of the orthogonal components is strongly perturbed by a statistically orientated environment, a Lorentzian function (T1) results. If two such components are perturbed, the predicted function is T2, and if all three components are significantly perturbed, then T3 results.
Single Molecule Nanopore Spectrometry for Peptide Detection

Sensing and characterization of water-soluble peptides is of critical importance in a wide variety of bioapplications. Single molecule nanopore spectrometry (SMNS) is based on the idea that one can use biological protein nanopores to resolve different sized molecules down to limits set by the blockade duration and noise. Previous work has shown that this enables discrimination between polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules that differ by a single monomer unit. This paper describes efforts to extend SMNS to a variety of biologically relevant, water-soluble peptides. We describe the use of Au25(SG)18 clusters, previously shown to improve PEG detection, to increase the on- and off-rate of peptides to the pore. In addition, we study the role that fluctuations play in the single molecule nanopore spectrometry (SMNS) methodology and show that modifying solution conditions to increase peptide flexibility (via pH or chaotropic salt) leads to a nearly 2-fold reduction in the current blockade fluctuations and a corres...
Characteristics Associated with Smoking Among Patrons of Three Philadelphia Parks.

To create healthy public spaces, Philadelphia prohibits smoking in city-owned and operated parks. Identifying the prevalence and characteristics of smoking in Philadelphia Parks would be useful for monitoring purposes; yet no studies have collected this data. This study identified the prevalence and characteristics of smoking among adult patrons entering three Philadelphia Parks (Washington Square Park, Independence Square Park, and Louis Kahn Park). During May and June 2016, we observed patrons entering the parks on Thursday afternoons. We used handheld electronic devices to categorize patrons by smoking status, age, gender, and tobacco product. We used logistic regression to assess the association of these variables with smoking. We observed 4822 people, of which 10.6% were children. Smoking was noted among 2.6% of adults in Washington Square Park, 2.6% of adults in Independence Square Park, and 7.7% of adults in Louis Kahn Park. Patronizing Louis Kahn Park was associated with greater likelihood of smoking (OR 3.11, CI 1.77–5.46) compared to Washington Square. Males were more likely than females to smoke (OR 1.45, CI 1.01–2.09). Higher likelihood of smoking among males concurs with previous studies. Higher prevalence in Louis Kahn Park may be due to differences in park patron demographics compared to other parks. Results could be used as a baseline for periodic monitoring of smoking in parks in order to inform implementation of the smoke-free park policy in Philadelphia.
Do Fitness Apps Need Text Reminders? An Experiment Testing Goal-Setting Text Message Reminders to Promote Self-Monitoring.

Fitness tracking apps have the potential to change unhealthy lifestyles, but users’ lack of compliance is an issue. The current intervention examined the effectiveness of using goal-setting theory-...
Robust Design for Topology Optimized Metasurfaces

We implement robustness control in topology-optimized metasurfaces and show that robust metasurfaces are relatively insensitive to geometric erosion and dilation. We also explore the physical mechanisms enabling robustness through a coupled mode analysis.
GCM-simulated hydrology in the Arctic during the past 21,000 years

The Paleoclimates from Arctic Lakes and Estuaries (PALE) project has chosen to conduct high resolution data-model comparisons for the Arctic region at 21 and 10 (calendar) ka BP. The model simulations for 21, 10, and 0 ka BP were conducted with the GENESIS 2.0 GCM. The 10 ka BP simulation was coupled to the EVE vegetation model. The primary boundary conditions differing from present at 21 ka BP were the northern hemisphere ice sheets and lower CO2, and at 10 ka BP were the orbital insolation and smaller northern hemisphere ice sheets. The purpose of this article is to discuss the hydrological consequences of these simulations.
Replication of Inputs May Save Computational Resources in VLSI

Several authors have investigated the complexity of a VLSI chip that solves a certain problem or class of problems. The results are stated in terms of a function R(A,T) of the chip area (A) and execution time (T) and are generally based on an abstract model of VLSI computation first defined by [T79] and further developed in [BK81] and [V80].
An exploratory study for predicting component reliability with new load conditions

Reliability is important to design innovation. A new product should be not only innovative, but also reliable. For many existing components used in the new product, their reliability will change because the applied loads are different from the ones for which the components are originally designed and manufactured. Then the new reliability must be re-evaluated. The system designers of the new product, however, may not have enough information to perform this task. With a beam problem as a case study, this study explores a feasible way to reevaluate the component reliability with new loads given the following information: The original reliability of the component with respect to the component loads and the distributions of the new component loads. Physics-based methods are employed to build the equivalent component limit-state function that can predict the component failure under the new loads. Since the information is limited, the re-evaluated component reliability is given by its maximum and minimum values. The case study shows that good accuracy can be obtained even though the new reliability is provided with the aforementioned interval.
Collective Leadership Development: Emerging Themes From Urban, Suburban, and Rural High Schools:

Purpose: Applying an analytic model to better understand collective leadership development, this study examines three high schools: one urban, one suburban, and one rural. Each school’s unique stru...
Comparing faster evolving rplB and rpsC versus SSU rRNA for improved microbial community resolution

Abstract Many conserved protein-coding core genes are single copy and evolve faster, and thus are more resolving phylogenetic markers than the standard SSU rRNA gene but their use has been precluded by the lack of universal primers. Recent advances in gene targeted assembly methods for large shotgun metagenomes make their use feasible. To evaluate this approach, we compared the variation of two single copy ribosomal protein genes, rplB and rpsC, with the SSU rRNA gene for all completed bacterial genomes in NCBI RefSeq. As expected, among pairwise comparisons of all species that belong to the same genus, 94.9% and 91.0% of the pairs of rplB and rpsC, respectively, showed more variation than did their SSU rRNA gene sequences. We used a gene-targeted assembler, Xander, to assemble rplB and rpsC from shotgun metagenomic data from rhizosphere samples of three crops: corn (annual), and Miscanthus and switchgrass (both perennials). Both protein-coding genes separated all three communities whereas the SSU rRNA gene could only separate the annual from the two perennial communities in ordination analyses. Furthermore, assembled rplB and rpsC yielded significantly higher numbers of OTUs (alpha diversity) than the SSU rRNA gene. These results confirm these faster evolving marker genes offer increased resolution of for comparative microbiome studies.
Trends in US Medical School Contributions to the Family Physician Workforce: 2018 Update From the American Academy of Family Physicians.

Background and objectives The United States needs more family physicians. Projections based on current trends show a deficit of 52,000 primary care physicians by 2025. Eight national family medicine (FM) organizations have set an ambitious goal of increasing the proportion of US medical school graduates who enter FM residencies to 25% by 2030. This paper describes the most recent number and percentage of students from each US medical school entering Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-accredited FM residency programs, long-term trends in the contribution of allopathic and osteopathic medical schools to the FM workforce, and medical school characteristics associated with higher proportions of FM graduates. Methods Data about graduates entering US ACGME-accredited FM residency programs were collected using an annual program census and supplemental sources. Longitudinal census data from allopathic and osteopathic schools were combined to examine trends over time. ANOVA analyses were conducted to compare schools by percent of graduates entering FM, public/private ownership, allopathic/osteopathic, size, and presence of FM department. Medical school length of operation was correlated with percentage of students entering FM. Results The overall proportion of US students entering ACGME-accredited FM programs has increased modestly over the past decade. Currently, only 12.6% of US allopathic and osteopathic seniors enter ACGME-accredited FM programs. Individual medical schools' contributions to the FM workforce are described. Conclusions The proportion of US medical students beginning ACGME-accredited FM residency programs has increased slightly over the last decade. However, significant changes to undergraduate medical education are needed to meet the nation's primary care needs.
Control of Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter Based on Optimum Regulation of Switching Angles, and the FPGA Implementation

A new concept in control of cascaded H-Bridge multi-level inverters is proposed in this paper. According to this concept, switching angles are considered to be independent from the fundamental voltage. A polynomial term is presented to show the relation between switching angles and DC voltages. Based on this concept, Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) calculations are updated and proved to be independent from the fundamental voltage. Thus, once calculated for minimum THD, the switching pattern can be used for any required level of output voltage. To examine the effectiveness of the proposed method, it is applied in control of an eleven level inverter. The simulation results are demonstrated and verified through experiments with a setup controlled by Xilinx SPARTAN3 family FPGA (XC3S400-PQG208).
Perspectives on the roles of melanges in subduction accretionary complexes: A review

Abstract Melanges play three principal, overlapping roles in the architecture of subduction accretionary complexes (SACs) during and after SAC formation. First, tectonic melanges serve as zones of concentrated deformation within and below the accreted rocks that are assembled during the subduction-accretion process. These melanges facilitate preservation of inter-melange, less deformed, accretionary units (AUs). Beneath the trench side of the SAC, the initial deformation zone along the decollement at the top of the down-going plate is marked by non-melange, tectonically dismembered formations or thinner units of scaly rock and breccia that separate accreted rocks above from the subducting rocks below. Olistostromal rocks may be incorporated into the decollement here. In the mid-arc to inner-arc areas of the SAC, exotic block-bearing melanges develop in zones of tectonic fragmentation and mixing of accreting ocean plate stratigraphy, in mud diapirs, and along out-of-sequence faults, some of which facilitate uplift of high-pressure rocks and serpentinite-matrix melanges. Second, after accretion, the sedimentary, tectonic, diapiric, and polygenetic melange units serve as single block or sheet architectural AUs (or subunits within larger accreted AUs) of the SAC. Diapiric melanges and sedimentary olistostromal melanges formed in and above SAC fault blocks, respectively, may become incorporated into the SAC during ongoing deformation and become architectural units, as well. Third, melanges serve as post-subduction stress guides that focus shear strain during continuing and post-accretion deformation of SACs, allowing ongoing modification of the SAC during progressive deformation of the orogen. Examples of each type of role reveal the importance of all three processes in the current architecture of outer orogenic belts.
Utilizing Maps to Identify Possible Missed Cases of Chagas Disease

Chagas disease is one of the world9s most neglected health conditions. It is a leading cause of heart disease in the Americas, creating a greater burden than any other parasitic infection. In 2013, Chagas became a reportable condition in Texas. Between 2013-17, the Texas Department of State Health Services confirmed 124 human and 436 canine cases. In the United States, less than 1% of people with the disease receive a clinical diagnosis, mainly due to low provider awareness and poor diagnostics. The study9s objective was to identify possible missed diagnosis of Chagas in Texas utilizing mapping software and public health data. It was hypothesized that higher rates non-ischemic cardiac disease and cardiomyopathy would be concentrated in areas of higher populations of Hispanic populations. ArcView 10.6 software was used to generate maps showing confirmed cases of Chagas along with cardiac diagnostic specific codes of Inpatient Public Use Data. Confirmed cases were not homogenously dispersed due to more testing being done near urban areas and research centers. However, heart-related diagnosis and age/ethnicity demographics showed the possibility of missed diagnosis throughout the state, especially along the border region. Maps indicated that areas to focus screenings are in rural counties with a higher percentage of Hispanics and with younger heart-related disease. Diagnostics for Chagas disease cases occurring in North America are considered to be very inaccurate. The majority of diagnostics are developed in South America based on large prevalence studies using genotypes not commonly found in North America (types I and IV). Future research in the United States should focus on screenings in higher-risk populations locally, which allows developing better diagnostic tools to identify cases accurately. By having reliable and affordable diagnostics, health care providers may actually screen patients therefore providing us with a better understanding of the prevalence of the disease.
Social Context Matters: Bridging Philosophy and Sociology to Strengthen Conceptual Foundations for College Access Research:

Scholars in distinct academic disciplines may examine the same or similar phenomena, often relying on concepts that are well known within each discipline. In this article, we examine two related so...
Chapter 52 – Autoimmune Hypoparathyroidism

Primary hypoparathyroidism may be transient or permanent, and the causes are many. Although in most cases primary hypoparathyroidism is acquired from damage to or removal of the parathyroid glands during a neck surgery, it is sometimes sporadic and idiopathic, but can be familial, congenital, and caused by genetic disease that exhibits autosomal recessive, X-linked recessive, or autosomal dominant transmission. Rarely, hypoparathyroidism occurs as one component of a complex autosomal recessive disorder (OMIM #240300) that features hypofunction of multiple endocrine glands as well as a variety of additional conditions due to an autoimmune pathogenesis. This entity has been called autoimmune polyendocrinopathy–candidiasis–ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) to reflect the diverse affected tissues, and is now often designated more succinctly as autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type 1 (APS1). In this chapter, the autoimmune aspects of primary hypoparathyroidism focusing on APS1 are reviewed.
Optimizing Health Information Technologies for Symptom Management in Cancer Patients and Survivors: Usability Evaluation.

Background: Unmanaged cancer symptoms and treatment-related side effects can compromise long-term clinical outcomes and health-related quality of life. Health information technologies such as web-based platforms offer the possibility to supplement existing care and optimize symptom management. Objective: This paper describes the development and usability of a web-based symptom management platform for cancer patients and survivors that will be implemented within a large health system. Methods: A web-based symptom management platform was designed and evaluated via one-on-one usability testing sessions. The System Usability Scale (SUS), After Scenario Questionnaire (ASQ), and qualitative analysis of semistructured interviews were used to assess program usability. Results: Ten cancer survivors and five cancer center staff members participated in usability testing sessions. The mean score on the SUS was 86.6 (SD 14.0), indicating above average usability. The mean score on the ASQ was 2.5 (SD 2.1), indicating relatively high satisfaction with the usability of the program. Qualitative analyses identified valued features of the program and recommendations for further improvements. Conclusions: Cancer survivors and oncology care providers reported high levels of acceptability and usability in the initial development of a web-based symptom management platform for cancer survivors. Future work will test the effectiveness of this web-based platform.
Racial hierarchy and masculine space: Participatory in/equity in computational physics classrooms

Computing is being integrated into a range of STEM disciplines. Still, computing remains inaccessible to many minoritized groups, especially girls and certain people of color. In this mixed methods...
The N501Y and K417N mutations in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 alter the interactions with both hACE2 and human derived antibody: A Free energy of perturbation study

The N501Y and K417N mutations in spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and their combination arise questions but the data about their mechanism of action at molecular level is limited. Here, we present Free energy perturbation (FEP) calculations for the interactions of the spike S1 receptor binding domain (RBD) with both the ACE2 receptor and an antibody derived from COVID-19 patients. Our results shown that the S1 RBD-ACE2 interactions were significantly increased whereas those with the STE90-C11 antibody dramatically decreased; about over 100 times. The K417N mutation had much more pronounced effect and in a combination with N501Y fully abolished the antibody effect. This may explain the observed in UK and South Africa more spread of the virus but also raise an important question about the possible human immune response and the success of already available vaccines.
Case reportHeterotopic pancreas presenting as dysphagia

Heterotopic pancreatic tissue, also known as a pancreatic rest, is an uncommon congenital anomaly defined as extrapancreatic tissue located far from the pancreas and without connection via vascular or anatomical means to it. Such tissue may occur throughout the GI tract but has a propensity to affect the stomach and the proximal small intestine. The majority of patients with pancreatic heterotopia are asymptomatic, but when symptoms occur, they can present in a variety of ways. We report a case of a patient whose pancreatic rest presented primarily as dysphagia for solid food and in whom endoscopic ultrasound was used to further define the lesion. There have been only two cases reported of a pancreatic rest causing symptoms of dysphagia. A review of the literature on pancreatic heterotopia as well as the use of endoscopic ultrasound as an aid in evaluation is included.
Cluster defects in gibbsite nanoplates grown at acidic to neutral pH

Gibbsite [α-Al(OH)3] is the solubility limiting phase for aluminum across a wide pH range, and it is a common mineral phase with many industrial applications. The growth mechanism of this layered-structure material, however, remains incompletely understood. Synthesis of gibbsite at low to circumneutral pH yields nanoplates with substantial interlayer disorder. Here we examine defects in this material in detail, and the effects of recrystallization in highly alkaline sodium hydroxide solution at 80 °C. We employed a multimodal approach, including scanning electron microscopy, magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS-NMR), Raman and infrared spectroscopies, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray total scattering pair distribution function (XPDF) analysis to characterize the ageing of the nanoplates over several days. XRD and XPDF indicate that gibbsite nanoplates precipitated at circumneutral pH contain dense, truncated sheets imparting a local difference in interlayer distance. These interlayer defects appear well described by flat Al13 aluminum hydroxide nanoclusters nearly isostructural with gibbsite sheets present under synthesis conditions and trapped as interlayer inclusions during growth. Ageing at elevated temperature in alkaline solutions gradually improves crystallinity, showing a gradual increase in H-bonding between interlayer OH groups. Between 7 to 8 vol% of the initial gibbsite nanoparticles exhibit this defect, with the majority of differences disappearing after 2-4 hours of recrystallization in alkaline solution. The results not only identify the source of disorder in gibbsite formed under acidic/neutral conditions but also point to a possible cluster-mediated growth mechanism evident through inclusion of relict oligomers with gibbsite-like topology trapped in the interlayer spaces.
Simulation of pedigree vs. fully-informative marker based relationships matrices in a loblolly pine breeding population

Computer simulations of breeding strategies are an essential resource for tree breeders because they allow exploratory analyses into potential long-term impacts on genetic gain and inbreeding consequences without bearing the cost, time, or resource requirements of field experiments. Previous work has modeled the potential long-term implications on inbreeding and genetic gain using random mating and phenotypic selection. Reduction in sequencing costs has enabled the use of DNA marker-based relationship matrices in addition to or in place of pedigree-based allele sharing estimates; this has been shown to provide a significant increase in the accuracy of progeny breeding value prediction. A potential pitfall of genomic selection using genetic relationship matrices is increased coancestry among selections, leading to the accumulation of deleterious alleles and inbreeding depression. We used simulation to compare the relative genetic gain and risk of inbreeding depression within a breeding program similar to loblolly pine, utilizing pedigree-based or marker-based relationships over ten generations. We saw a faster rate of purging deleterious alleles when using a genomic relationship matrix based on markers that track identity-by-descent of segments of the genome. Additionally, we observed an increase in the rate of genetic gain when using a genomic relationship matrix instead of a pedigree-based relationship matrix. While the genetic variance of populations decreased more rapidly when using genomic-based relationship matrices as opposed to pedigree-based, there appeared to be no long-term consequences on the accumulation of deleterious alleles within the simulated breeding strategy.
Third Party Captioning and Copyright

This paper aims to take stock of a critical moment for captioning. It begins with an overview of closed captioning laws and regulations. It then turns to the potential legal conflicts between captioning and copyright law. It considers potential drivers behind the conflict, closing with an analysis of potential solutions including contracts, fair use, and legislation.
Statistical runtime checking of probabilistic properties

Probabilistic correctness is an important aspect of reliable systems. A soft real-time system, for instance, may be designed to tolerate some degree of deadline misses under a threshold. Since probabilistic systems may behave differently from their probabilistic models depending on their current environments, checking the systems at runtime can provide another level of assurance for their probabilistic correctness. This paper presents a statistical runtime verification for probabilistic properties using statistical analysis. However, while this statistical analysis collects a number of execution paths as samples to check probabilistic properties within some certain error bounds, runtime verification can only produce one single sample. This paper provides a technique to produce such a number of samples and applies this methodology to check probabilistic properties in wireless sensor network applications.
Analytical and biological analyses of test materials from the synthetic fuel technologies: IV. Studies of chemical structure-mutagenic activity relationships of aromatic nitrogen compounds relevant to synfuels

Abstract Nitrogen-containing organic compounds from environmental sources are receiving increasing attention because of uniquely active mutagens which have been found in this class (Chrisp et al., 1978; Nagao and Sugimura, 1978; Guerin et al., 1980). Differences in mutagenic activities among the various organo-nitrogen compounds, i.e., pyrrole types, pyridine types and aniline types, have been noted consistently. Furthermore, differences among homologs of a particular compound type are often striking. Information in this paper engages the question of chemical structure/biological activity relationships. Activity data for several N -heterocyclic, nitro-, amino- (primary, secondary and tertiary), and amino- N -heterocyclic aromatic compounds are presented. The number of fused rings and the substituent type affect the mutagenic activities greatly. The trends observed are discussed generally with reference to molecular structural features.
l-Threonine Deaminase of Rhodospirillum rubrum

A procedure for the purification of threonine deaminase from Rhodospirillum rubrum is described. The 2200-fold purified enzyme was judged to be pure by disc-gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation. Sedimentation velocity centrifugation yielded an s:,,~ value of 8.1 S and a D~O,~ of 4.65 x 10-7 em2 x see-l. Assuming a partial specific volume of 0.74 g/ml the molecular weight of 164000 was calculated from the Svedberg equation. However, from calibrated Sephadex G-200 columns, a D~O,~ of 4.15 x 10-7 em2 x sec-l was obtained and using this equation, the molecular weight was calculated to be 180000. Electrophoresis of the enzyme on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate revealed that the native enzyme was composed of four subunits, each of about 46000 molecular weight. In addition to the native tetrameric molecule, an active octameric species was detected in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The spectrum of the pure enzyme showed absorption maxima at 279nm and 412nm, characteristic of pyridoxal 5’-phosphate-containing enzymes. Analysis of the cofactor content revealed the presence of 4.2 moles of pyridoxal phosphate per 180000 g of protein. The enzyme displayed a normal Michaelis-Menten substrate saturation curve in the absence of isoleucine. High concentrations of isoleucine inhibited the enzyme activity somewhat only at low levels of the substrate ; the inhibition was weak as compared to all other biosynthetic threonine deaminases. No other amino acid or any nucleotide tested produced any significant activation or inhibition. In assays at pH values greater than 8.4, a transient build up of a 245 nm absorbing species was observed. It is suggested that this species corresponds to one of the two intermediates of the deamination reaction, a-aminocrotonate or a-iminobutyrate, and that at high pH the ratelimiting step in the reaction is the hydrolysis of the intermediate to the final products, 2-0x0butyrate and ammonia.
Heavy-element enrichment in low-density regions of the intergalactic medium

Models for the composition of the diffuse intergalactic medium predict that low-density intergalactic gas at high redshift should be very poor in heavy elements. This is because locations of early star formation (and thus of heavy-element synthesis) and of gas delivery from such stars are located preferentially within higher-density regions of the intergalactic gas. Here we present a method for analysing carbon and oxygen absorption lines in quasar spectra that allows us to probe the heavy-element abundances at a redshift of three within low-density regions of intergalactic gas. We find that the ratio of triply ionized carbon to neutral hydrogen is roughly constant over a wide range of densities, and that, even as the density approaches zero, the ratio remains high. This unexpected enrichment of low-density gas in heavy elements suggests that early generations of small galaxies might be much more efficient at ejecting heavy elements into the intergalactic medium than has previously been thought.
Microwave and far infrared magnetotransmission studies in Hg1−xMnxSe

The method of helicon-excited EPR is used to measure the dynamic magnetic susceptibility of Hg1−xMnxSe as a function of x, using 35 GHz microwaves. For low x, six well-resolved hyperfine structure lines are observed, but fine structure is not resolved. In addition, far-infrared magnetotransmission measurements were carried out on Hg1−xMnxSe with x = 0.03. The electric-dipole-excited spin resonance and the combined resonance were clearly observed. The data is quantitatively interpreted in terms of the Pidgeon-Brown model, modified to include the spin-spin exchange interaction of Mn++ ions with band electrons.
Spin-Up and Magnetic Fields in DQ Her Stars

We have carried out a detailed comparison of the spin-up behavior of the recently discovered faint long-period X-ray sources, using the accretion torque theory of Ghosh and Lamb. We confirm that these sources are degenerate dwarfs. We find that they have magnetic fields B ∿ 1 x 106 G, an order of magnitude smaller than those of AM Her stars. On this basis, we predict that they will show significant polarization in the infrared.
Candace Bailey, Music and the Southern Belle: From Accomplished Lady to Confederate Composer

In a 2007 article in the Chronicle of Higher Education titled “Do We Still Need Women's History?” historian Alice Kessler-Harris describes the rise of the field of study in the 1970s and 1980s, and...
REEXAMINATION OF LOW ENERGY STRUCTURES OF ${\rm Au}_{4}^{-}$ AND Au4

Low energy isomers of and Au4 were reexamined using the hybrid density functional B3LYP method and the couple-cluster method with the aug-cc-pVDZ-PP and aug-cc-pVTZ-PP basis sets. For , the B3LYP method favors the zigzag isomer and the second order Moller–Plesset perturbation (MP2) total energy calculation favors the D2h rhombus isomer, whereas the couple-cluster singles and doubles with perturbative triples [CCSD(T)] level of theory favors the Y-shaped C2v isomer. The pyramid isomer is much higher in energy and could be easily excluded. The Gibbs free energy correction based on harmonic approximation suggests that the zigzag isomer is lower in free energy than the D2h rhombus isomer at 298.15 K. These results confirm that the Y-shaped C2v isomer is the global minimum at both 0 K and room temperature and is thus the major isomer to account for the experimental photoelectron spectrum. The zigzag isomer is suggested, as a minor isomer, to account for the weak second peak at 3.40 eV in the experimental photoelectron spectrum. For neutral Au4, the zigzag isomer is more stable than D2h rhombus isomer at the B3LYP level and the D2h rhombus isomer is the global minimum on basis of all post Hartree–Fock levels of theory.
Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods in Corporate Finance

This chapter introduces Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods for empirical corporate finance. These methods are very useful for researchers interested in capital structure, investment policy, financial intermediation, corporate governance, structural models of the firm, and other areas of corporate finance. In particular, MCMC can be used to estimate models that are difficult to tackle with standard tools such as OLS, Instrumental Variables regressions and Maximum Likelihood. Starting from simple examples, this chapter exploits the modularity of MCMC to build sophisticated discrete choice, self-selection, panel data and structural models that can be applied to a variety of topics. Emphasis is placed on cases for which estimation by MCMC has distinct benefits compared to the standard methods in the field. I conclude with a list of suggested applications. Matlab code for the examples in this chapter is available on the author’s personal homepage.
A Review of“Universal Methods of Design: 100 Ways to Research Complex Problems, Develop Innovative Ideas, and Design Effective Solutions”

Who could resist opening a book with the subheading “100 Ways to Research Complex Problems, Develop Innovative Ideas, and Design Effective Solutions”? Sounds like one of those low-cost kitchen gadg...
SREBP1 and Thyroid Hormone Responsive Spot 14 (S14) Are Involved in the Regulation of Bovine Mammary Lipid Synthesis during Diet-Induced Milk Fat Depression and Treatment with CLA

Milk fat synthesis in dairy cows can be inhibited by unique fatty acid intermediates that are produced during rumen biohydrogenation. One of these inhibitory intermediates is trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), and this milk fat depression (MFD) involves a coordinated decrease in mammary expression of lipogenic enzymes. We investigated the sterol response element binding protein (SREBP) transcription factor system in the mammary tissue of cows during MFD, which was induced by a low forage, high oil (LF/HO) diet and trans-10, cis-12 CLA infusion. The LF/HO diet and CLA treatment decreased milk fat yield by 38 and 24%, respectively. Treatments causing MFD decreased expression of SREBP1 and the insulin responsive gene (INSIG) 1, consistent with decreased abundance of active SREBP1. The LF/HO diet also decreased expression of INSIG2 and SREBP cleavage activating protein. In addition, we identified the involvement of thyroid hormone responsive spot 14 (S14) in the regulation of mammary synthesis of milk fat. A broader role for S14 in the trans-10, cis-12 CLA-mediated decrease in fat synthesis was explored by mining publicly available microarray datasets, and we found that mouse adipose expression of S14 was decreased in response to CLA treatment. Overall, the decreased mammary expression of SREBP1, SREBP activation protein, and the coordinated reduction in SREBP1-responsive lipogenic enzymes provides strong support for a central role of SREBP1 in the regulation of milk fat synthesis. In addition, our results provide evidence for an involvement of S14 in mammary regulation of milk fat synthesis and a possible broader role for S14 in the reported antiobesity effects of CLA.
Mark Retention, Survival, and Growth of Jaw-Tagged and Fin-Clipped Rainbow Trout

Abstract Five groups (200 each) of rainbow trout were held in a hatchery pond for 2 years and grew from 229 to 444 mm TL. Three groups were marked with different jaw tags, one was fin clipped, and one was unmarked. Condition factors of tagged, fin-clipped, and unmarked rainbow trout from Lake Michigan were also available. Tagged trout held in a hatchery retained virtually all of their tags for a year, but at the end of 2 years, the three groups had lost 5% (No. 10 ring), 15% (No. 8 ring), and 21% (No. 3 strap) of the tags. Jaw tags inhibited growth slightly but had no effect on fish condition factors. Trout bearing the No. 3 jaw tag in Lake Michigan had significantly lower condition factors than unmarked trout, but No. 10 ring-tagged trout did not. In the hatchery, 95% or more of the pelvic, pectoral, adipose, and maxillary clips were recognizable at the end of 2 years. Growth and condition of trout held in the hatchery were unaffected by a combination of clipped pectoral and pelvic fins. The clipped pect...
Accelerator mass spectrometry at the University of Pennsylvania

Since 1979 over 1000 measurements have been made on 10Be and about 50 on 26Al. Although the experimental program is diverse, emphasis has been placed on the study of 10Be in the environment, particularly its rate of influx in precipitation, its retention by soil and transport by ground water. The global flux for 1982–1983 is estimated to be 0.33 at. cm−2 s−1. The application of 10Be as a tracer is discussed and the results of 46 measurements on lavas from island-arc volcanoes and 47 Australasian tektites are presented. 26Al has also been measured in 6 tektites and the observed 26Al:10Be ratio is consistent with a terrestrial origin. Exploratory measurements have been made on a wide range of terrestrial and extraterrestrial samples including several organic materials such as peat, oil, coal, teeth, shells and trees.
Constructing “crime”: Media coverage of individual and organizational wrongdoing

This article presents the results of content analyses of media coverage of two widely reported “crimes” that occurred in the Rochester, New York area in 1994: the disappearance of a four-year-old girl and the collapse and flooding of the largest salt mine in North America. An individual is the central figure in one case; the other case focuses on a business. In many other respects, these cases are quite similar. They provide an opportunity to examine and critique media coverage of very different types of behaviors, each of which is definable as crime.
System versus component response of a two-span reinforced concrete bridge system

A large-scale 20.5 m long asymmetric two-span reinforced concrete bridge was tested to failure using the shake table system at the University of Nevada Reno. Upon completion of testing, in depth analytical modeling was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of conventional methods in reproducing the bridge model response and to develop a model for further study. Utilizing the experimentally verified computer model, the system effect was investigated, comparing the system and response of individual bents as well as the response of several other bridge models. In comparing computational model of the shake table specimen and models of the individual bents with tributary mass, it was shown that for all of the columns in this study, there was generally not an increase in hysteretic energy or large displacement cycles from system response at given displacement demand. The response of the bents for each high amplitude test motion was also compared. It was shown that there were significant differences in the bent demands for a given excitation due to system effects. In addition to the shake table model, four bridge systems with a constant total lateral stiffness were used in a parametric study to determine the system effect. The symmetric and uniform versions of the bridge specimen were shown to be comparable in nonlinear performance to the bridge specimen for the same high amplitude demand. The failure progression of the bridge model and the analytical comparisons suggested that the reserve capacity from varied column heights could provide a beneficial substructure redundancy.
EFFECT OF ISOLATION OF BARK ON CAMBIAL ACTIVITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF XYLEM AND PHLOEM IN TREMBLING ASPEN

A B S T R A C T Circular patches of bark were surgically isolated on the sides of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) trees at breast height at various times during the dormant and growing seasons. Subsequently, samples of wood and attached bark were taken from isolated anld control sites to determine the effects of isolation of the bark on cambial activity and xylem and phloem development. In control trees cambial activity and xylem and phloem development occurred normally. Isolation of bark during the dormant season (in November, February, or March) did not prevent initiation of cambial activity and of phloem differentiation in spring but continued normal cambial activity and phloem developmented were prevent. Xylem differentiation was essentially prevented by isolation of tissues during the dormant season. The ultimate effect of isolation of the bark on the cambium, either during the dormant season or during the growing season, was subdivision of all fusiform cambial cells into strands of parenchymatous elements; the ultimate effect on the newly formed phloem was early death of the sieve elements. The most conspicuous effect of isolation of the bark after xylem differentiation had beguni was the curtailment of secondary wall formation. Shortening of cells of the cambial region was reflected in the length of the vessel members which differentiated from such cells. These results indicate that normal cambial activity and xylem and phloem development require a supply of currently translocated regulatory substances from the shoots.
Crime Victimization among Gang and Nongang Prison Inmates: Examining Perceptions of Social Disorganization

Abstract The current study examines whether the relationship between gang membership and crime victimization exists among a sample of prison inmates, and if perceptions of social disorganization influences this relationship. More specifically, we examine whether (1) gang members are more likely to be victimized compared to nongang members, (2) perceptions of social disorganization are associated with victimization, and (3) accounting for inmates' offending mediates the relationship between social disorganization and victimization. A sample of gang and nongang members incarcerated in prison were interviewed about their involvement in crime, experiences with victimization, and perceptions of neighborhood disorganization. Results indicate that gang members are significantly more likely to be victimized compared to nongang members and perceptions of social disorganization explain the likelihood of victimization among gang members only. Crime perpetration mediates the relationship between perceptions of social...
Beringian paleoecology: results from the 1997 workshop

Abstract Much progress has been made in the various fields concerned with Beringian studies since the publication of Paleoecology of Beringia in 1982. The 1997 Beringian Paleoenvironments workshop brought together Russian, Canadian, and American scientists, and the paleoecological and archaeological presentations gave rise to 20 papers. The main points of most of these papers are summarized here, in the context of specific research topics, including (1) timing and environments associated with the Old Crow tephra in Eastern Beringia; (2) Last Interglacial environments of Eastern Beringia; (3) interstadial environments from the middle of the Last Glaciation in Beringia; (4) full glacial environments in Beringia; (5) Lateglacial environments in Beringia; (6) early Holocene environments in Beringia; (7) Late Pleistocene archaeology of Siberia; and 8) the timing, adaptations, and possible migration routes of people entering the New World.
Red Wolf (Canis rufus) Recovery: A Review with Suggestions for Future Research

By the 1970s, government-supported eradication campaigns reduced red wolves to a remnant population of less than 100 individuals on the southern border of Texas and Louisiana. Restoration efforts in the region were deemed unpromising because of predator-control programs and hybridization with coyotes. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) removed the last remaining red wolves from the wild and placed them in a captive-breeding program. In 1980, the USFWS declared red wolves extinct in the wild. During 1987, the USFWS, through the Red Wolf Recovery Program, reintroduced red wolves into northeastern North Carolina. Although restoration efforts have established a population of approximately 70-80 red wolves in the wild, issues of hybridization with coyotes, inbreeding, and human-caused mortality continue to hamper red wolf recovery. We explore these three challenges and, within each challenge, we illustrate how research can be used to resolve problems associated with red wolf-coyote interactions, effects of inbreeding, and demographic responses to human-caused mortality. We hope this illustrates the utility of research to advance restoration of red wolves.
Studies in the etiology of chronic desquamative and hyperkeratotic lesions of the oral mucous membranes.

Abstract 1. 1. Ten patients presenting with chronic oral mucous membrane lesions characterized by both desquamation and hyperkeratosis, six patients with chronic oral mucous membrane lesions principally hyperkeratotic in character, nine patients with chronic oral mucous membrane lesions principally desquamative in character, and thirty-two control patients were studied in an effort to correlate chronic oral mucous membrane lesions with systemic factors. 2. 2. The scope of this investigation included a comprehensive history, oral examination, physical examination, Kodachrome photographs, intraoral x-rays, blood chemistry, blood counts, Kline test, basal metabolic rate determinations, nutrition study, psychiatric interview, and urinary 17-neutral ketosteroid determination. 3. 3. Although in these tests certain differences were observed between the disease groups and the control group, and although the results of certain of these tests suggest that one or more systemic conditions may be concomitant with the oral lesions in some of the patients studied, we were unable consistently to correlate the chronic oral mucous membrane lesions under consideration with any definite systemic factors.
Effects of Applied Load on 6061-T6 Aluminum Joined Employing a Novel Friction Bonding Process

Friction bonding is under consideration for use in mass production of plate-type nuclear fuels for research reactors. This article discusses the effects of applied load (the most important process parameter for fabrication of these fuels) on temperature distribution, microstructure, and mechanical properties. Friction bonding experiments showed that tool geometry caused temperature gradients across the tool surface. Temperatures at the joint interface suggested the advancing side of the tool produced a majority of the frictional heat, while the retreating side of the tool mainly forged the plasticized material while bonding increased with applied load. The microstructure across the tool surface was also altered and, as a function of applied load, affected the mechanical properties. The 6061 aluminum alloy had mechanical properties close to a T4 temper after processing. Results documented in this article will aid in continual enhancement of friction bonding for nuclear fuel plate fabrication, and will hopefully contribute to continued advancement of friction stir welding (FSW) state of the art.
A Special Issue on the Voisey’s Bay Ni-Cu-Co Deposit, Labrador, Canada

It is my pleasure, on behalf of Voisey’s Bay Nickel Company, Ltd., and its parent, Inco, Ltd., to congratulate the authors and their editors for this major contribution to the geology, mineralogy, and geochemistry of the Voisey’s Bay deposits specifically, and magmatic nickel-copper deposits in general. This volume marks the culmination of a four-year association with Tony Naldrett and his research team. Unquestionably, the collaboration has been very productive and beneficial for all participants, and to my mind, an exemplary standard for industry-university cooperation. The output from that research effort has been outstanding in terms of quantity, quality, and timeliness. This special issue represents the second significant compilation of Voisey’s Bay research and is the outgrowth of a Geological Society of America Special Session held in Toronto in 1998. These contributions, in conjunction with a variety of …