cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards early in vivo photoacoustic malaria diagnosis with 10,000-fold sensitivity improvement (Conference Presentation)

Roughly 0.6 million people die each year from malaria due to lack of early diagnosis and well-timed treatment. Our previous study demonstrated great potential of in vivo photoacoustic (PA) flow cytometry (PAFC) for early diagnosis of deadly diseases with focus on cancer and thromboembolic complications. Here we demonstrate potential of advanced PAFC platforms using new laser, ultrasound transducer array and recording system to detect infected red blood cells (iRBCs) with malaria-associated pigment hemozoin which has a higher PA contrast than blood background. Mature parasites of human infecting species such as P. falciparum characteristically sequester mature iRBCs in the capillary bed and display synchrony in their reproductive cycle. To address this issue prior to clinical application, new PAFC platform was verified in a pre-clinical study using new animal models. Specifically, we used P. chabaudi (a rodent malaria species that mimics the characteristics of the most virulent human counterpart) to estimate the detection sensitivity with immature ring-stage parasites in peripheral blood, compared PA signals from the differing species, and examined the relationship between PA signal amplitudes and level of blood oxygenation. Based on previous successful trials on melanoma patients with melanin as an intrinsic PA marker, which has similar absorption as hemozoin, we believe that after additional malaria–related clinical trials, PAFC with a small 1064 nm laser and wearable a cost-effective, easy-to-use, watch-like, safe PA probe will provide malaria diagnosis in humans at parasitemia levels 10e4 -times lower than the current gold standard of diagnosis, the Giemsa-stained blood smear. It can reduce malaria-related mortality by well-timed treatment, especially in children in malaria-endemic countries.
Structures, Vibrational Frequencies, and Bond Energies of the BrHgOX and BrHgXO Species Formed in Atmospheric Mercury Depletion Events.

Photochemistry during the polar spring leads to atmospheric mercury depletion events (AMDEs): Hg(0), which typically lives for months in the atmosphere, and can experience losses of more than 90% in less than a day. These dramatic losses are known to be initiated largely by Br + Hg + M → BrHg• + M, but the fate of BrHg• is a matter of guesswork. It is believed that BrHg• largely reacts with halogen oxides XO (X = Cl, Br, and I) to form BrHgOX compounds, but these species have never been studied experimentally. Here, we use quantum chemistry to characterize the structures, vibrational frequencies, and thermodynamics of these BrHgOX species and their BrHgXO isomers. The BrHgXO isomers have never previously been studied in experiments or computations. We find the BrHgOX species are 24–28 kcal/mol more stable than their BrHgXO isomers. When formed during polar AMDEs, BrHgBrO and BrHgIO appear sufficiently stable in that they will not dissociate before undergoing deposition, but BrHgClO is probably not that st...
Peripheral Artery Disease and Exercise in Patients with Diabetes

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) represents a serious health issue and is estimated to effect up to 30% of the ~23 million US adults who have diabetes. PAD occurs as the result of the development of plaque in the arteries of the lower limbs. The development of PAD can be attributed to a number of factors such as deleterious lifestyle behaviors (e.g., smoking, inactivity); however diabetes is one of the primary risk factors for developing the disease. Claudication is the most pronounced symptom of PAD and is described by patients as pain, aching, or cramping in the muscles of the legs during exertion that is relieved with rest. Claudication typically limits a patient’s ability to walk which ultimately leads to an exacerbation of poor metabolic control of the patient with diabetes. Patients with both PAD and diabetes who limit ambulatory activity have markedly lower functional ability and poor patient-reported outcomes and have an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events and premature mortality. Exercise therapy is a cornerstone treatment option for patients who have both diseases, but it is considerably underused. This is attributed to a number of challenges for providing an ideal exercise prescription given the numerous physical limitations of patients. This chapter will provide a synthesis of the available literature using exercise therapy for PAD and diabetes and will propose future directions for treating patients who have both diseases.
Remembering, Lament, and Public Ritual: Redeeming the Democratic Experiment

Informed by the concept of the interior force of being, this chapter offers up a practical/public theology that calls for intentional public rituals of remembering and lament as a way to address personal and cultural trauma that remains entrenched in the intersubjective milieu due to the legacy of the slavocracy. As posited in this project, the practice of creating life-narratives has the potential to precipitate healing and strengthen personal (and group) subjectivity in those who have suffered in contexts of extremity and trauma. Coupled with a Eucharistic hermeneutic that intentionally commemorates and ritualizes the traumatic and the grotesque, this chapter imagines the ground work necessary for society, theological education, and faith communities to capitalize on indigenous therapeutic practices in marginalized and oppressed communities as a way of redeeming and healing the democracy experiment.
Influence of Wind Tunnel Test Duration on Wind Load Factors.

AbstractA method is presented for calculating the uncertainty associated with the estimation of peak pressure coefficients from wind tunnel test records of various lengths and how this uncertainty ...
System Wide Trust: A Possible Contagion Effect

System Wide Trust (SWT) theory states that when dealing with independent components of one systems, a failure in one component can have a negative effect on the person’s trust in other components. The purpose of this study was to examine the extent of the declining trust and whether the failure of an automated aid on board a commercial airline flight would have a contagion effect on the trust in other aids and human entities. The study included 392 participants from the United States and India, who were presented with a hypothetical scenario wherein the automated system that operates the oxygen masks on a commercial flight had failed. Participants were asked to rate their trust in the failed automated aid, as well as four other independent devices/aids on board the aircraft. They were then asked to rate their trust in the pilot, co-pilot, flight attendants, the maintenance manager, and the CEO of the airline. The SWT effect as well as the contagion effect was found to exist for both countries of origin thus suggesting that passengers treat all the automated aids and human entities involved in a commercial airline flight as part of one system. The cross cultural analysis between the two nationalities showed that American participants were more extreme in their responses under both scenarios as compared to their Indian counterparts. Additionally, a mediation analysis revealed that affect (emotion) was a mediating factor in the relationship between the condition and the trust ratings.
Decidable and expressive classes of probabilistic automata

Abstract k-Hierarchical probabilistic automata (HPA) are probabilistic automata whose states are partitioned into k + 1 levels such that for any state and input symbol, at most one transition goes to a state at the same level, and others go to higher level states. We show that 1-HPA, with acceptance threshold 1/2 (in the finite and infinite word cases) can recognize non-regular languages, and the non-emptiness and non-universality problems for 1-HPA with threshold 1/2 are decidable in EXPTIME and are PSPACE-hard. We present a new sufficient condition when 1-HPA recognize regular languages. We show that the emptiness problem is undecidable for 2-HPAs.
Reconsidering the Psychometrics of the GRS-S: Evidence for Parsimony in Measurement:

The authors evaluated measurement-level, factor-level, item-level, and scale-level revisions to the Gifted Rating Scales–School Form (GRS-S). Measurement-level considerations tested the extent to w...
Prostate carcinoma in African-Americans has miRNA expression and biological markers for aggressive disease.

e16558Background: African American (AA) men have twice the incidence and mortality in Prostate Cancer (PCa) as compared to non-Hispanic Whites. The identification of a biological basis for this dis...
Italian Decolonization: Multidirectional Migrations, Multidirectional Memories

Scholars have typically characterized Italy’s decolonization as abrupt and leaving relatively little trace in the peninsula either at the time or subsequently. This chapter challenges such interpretations by demonstrating the deeply felt impacts of repatriation by Italian settlers to the metropole at the time of events and the continued, if selective, visibility of these experiences in public debates during subsequent decades. In particular, the analysis examines films and novels, arenas for which most scholars posit an explicit silence about imperial defeat and repatriation that instead become displaced onto other themes. Re-reading such cultural artifacts raises the possibility of what Michael Rothberg has deemed the work of multidirectional and cross-referencing memories. At the same time, however, the analysis acknowledges the limited success of repatriated settlers in producing collective narratives of their experience, with separate circuits of memory and commemoration that continue to remain set apart from broader popular culture accounts of decolonization.
Intraocular leiomyoma: Current concepts

Abstract Intraocular leiomyoma is a benign smooth muscle tumor. First recognized before the era of immunohistochemistry, uveal leiomyomas have been described in case reports and small case series. We add 3 new cases, for a total of 80. Of these, there were 29 men and 51 women. The mean and median ages were 35.8 and 30.5 years respectively, with a range of 8 to 80 years. Curiously, ciliary body tumors were more common in females, whereas iris and posterior choroidal leiomyomas were more prevalent in males. Infrequently associated with systemic fibroids, nuclear expression of sex steroid receptors was inconsistent. Iris and posterior choroidal leiomyoma were predominantly amelanotic, while 40% of ciliary body leiomyomas were brown. Two-thirds of the leiomyomas blocked transillumination partially or completely, a feature shared by uveal melanoma. In general, low-frequency ultrasound imaging reveals low to moderate internal reflectivity; however, high-frequency anterior uveal ultrasound was used to localize a leiomyoma as resident in the suprachoroidal space with an overlying layer of intact choroid. In the few cases examined by physiologic imaging, increased metabolic activity (typically associated with malignancy and inflammation) has been noted. We found that pigmented uveal leiomyomas can be clinically identical to melanoma. Therefore, histopathology with immunohistochemical staining for smooth muscle actin was the most reliable diagnostic method to differentiate pigmented uveal leiomyoma from melanoma. Treatment is governed by the clinical diagnosis, tumor size and location, as well as prognosis for vision and globe preservation.
Criteria for Determining Eligibility for Extended School Year Services

Extended school year (ESY) services has been an understudied area of special education research. There is limited information available regarding ESY practices by local education agencies (LEAs) in...
Markovian entanglement dynamics under locally scrambled quantum evolution

We study the time evolution of quantum entanglement for a specific class of quantum dynamics, namely the locally scrambled quantum dynamics, where each step of the unitary evolution is drawn from a random ensemble that is invariant under local (on-site) basis transformations. In this case, the average entanglement entropy follows Markovian dynamics that the entanglement property of the future state can be predicted solely based on the entanglement properties of the current state and the unitary operator at each step. We introduce the entanglement feature formulation to concisely organize the entanglement entropies over all subsystems into a many-body wave function, which allows us to describe the entanglement dynamics using an imaginary-time Schrodinger equation, such that various tools developed in quantum many-body physics can be applied. The framework enables us to investigate a variety of random quantum dynamics beyond Haar random circuits and Brownian circuits. We perform numerical simulations for these models and demonstrate the validity and prediction power of the entanglement feature approach.
Computerized guides to journal selection

La selection des documents a inserer dans un systeme d'information automatise determine de nombreuses autres caracteristiques du systeme. Or les facteurs lies au processus de selection des periodiques analyses sont encore peu connus. Cet article montre que des analyses bibliometriques et des instruments de recherche documentaire bases sur des systemes experts peuvent contribuer a ameliorer cette selection
Gene expression profiling in dorsolateral prostates of prepubertal and adult Sprague-Dawley rats dosed with estradiol benzoate, estradiol, and testosterone

The imbalance of testosterone to estradiol ratio has been related to the development of prostate diseases. Although rat models of prostate diseases induced by endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and/or hormone exposure are commonly used to analyze gene expression profiles in the prostate, most studies utilize a single endpoint. In this study, microarray analysis was used for gene expression profiling in rat prostate tissue after exposure to EDCs and sex hormones over multiple time points (prepubertal through adulthood). We used dorsolateral prostate tissues from Sprague-Dawley rats (male offspring) and postnatally administered estradiol benzoate (EB) on postnatal days (PNDs) 1, 3, and 5, followed by treatment with additional hormones [estradiol (E) and testosterone (T)] on PNDs 90-200, as described by Ho et al. Microarray analysis was performed for gene expression profiling in the dorsolateral prostate, and the results were validated via qRT-PCR. The genes in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, cell adhesion molecules, and chemokines were upregulated in the EB+T+E group on PNDs 145 and 200. Moreover, early-stage downregulation of anti-inflammatory gene: bone morphogenetic protein 7 gene was observed. These findings suggest that exposure to EB, T, and E activates multiple pathways and simultaneously downregulates anti-inflammatory genes. Interestingly, these genes are reportedly expressed in prostate cancer tissues/cell lines. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanism, including analyses using human prostate tissues.
Double-Bubble Thinking Maps and Their Effect on Reading Comprehension in Spanish-English Bilingual Middle School Students With Learning Disabilities

The purpose of this single case design study was to examine the efficacy of using double-bubble Thinking Maps to improve the reading comprehension of middle school Spanish-English bilingual middle ...
Introduction to Nanoarthroscopy

Needle arthroscopy, miniarthroscopy, or nanoarthroscopy are terms used to identify a specific subset of arthroscopic viewing instruments. Whereas a standard arthroscope is approximately 2.7–4.0 mm in diameter with a fiberoptic cable connecting to a camera, the Nanoscope (Arthrex, Naples Fl) is a much smaller scope (1.9) that contains a microchip on the tip of a needle that transmits video to the viewing screen. This can lead to smaller incisions, decreased morbidity, and faster recovery times. Cost analysis has shown needle arthroscopy to be more cost-effective than magnetic resonance imaging for diagnostic purposes with studies showing nearly equivalent diagnostic accuracy if not improved accuracy with the arthroscope. This has led to the increasing popularity of needle arthroscopy.
Lidded Electronic Package with Boiling Enhancement Features

High-performance CPU/GPUs witness increasing power driven by demand of high-performance computing and cloud computing. The server packages are typically assembled with lids on top of silicon die or chiplets driven by structural integrity and heat spreading requirements. To address increasing risk of microelectronics cooling, two-phase immersion cooling attracts more attention by utilizing liquid-to-vapor phase change. In this paper, a new lidded electronic package with boiling enhancement features is proposed and compared to one without. The results showed improvements in cooling performance over standard lidded electronic package (40% reduction in thermal resistance and 50% increase in power dissipation capability). Based on the experimental results, the proposed enhancement approach holds promise for application in two-phase immersion cooling.
An Infinite Horizon Model with Money

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses an infinite horizon model with money. The model is designed to focus on the role of government policy in determining the nature of the equilibrium. Equilibrium is defined as a sequence of prices, interest rates, and consumption for which the supply and demand for goods and bonds are equal to zero in each period. The characterization of maximal sequences is then combined with the conditions for equilibrium to provide a characterization of the equilibrium sequences in terms of a second-order difference equation in real and nominal money balances and a set of transversality conditions on the sequence of government transfer payments and borrowing. The key to analyzing the models is to recognize that besides affecting the relative price of future versus present consumption, the money rate of interest acts as a tax on consumption. Except for a few examples, the question of the existence of equilibrium for a given sequence of government policies is generally ignored in this chapter. The chapter focuses on the general structure of model.
A comparative analysis of style of user interface look and feel in a synchronous computer supported cooperative work environment

The purpose of this study is to determine whether the style of a user interface (i.e. its look and feel) has an effect on the usability of a synchronous computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) environment for delivering Internet-based collaborative content. The problem motivating this study is that people who are located in different places need to be able to communicate with one another. One way to do this is by using complex computer tools that allow users to share information, document, programs, etc. As an increasing number of business organizations require workers to use these types of complex communication tools, it is important to determine how users regard these types of tools and whether they are perceived to be useful. If a tool, or interface, is not perceived to be useful then it is often not used, or used ineffectively. As organizations strive to improve communication with and among users by providing more Internet-based collaborative environments, the users' experience in this form of delivery may be tied to a style of user interface look and feel that could negatively affect their overall acceptance of the collaborative environment. The significance of this study is that it applies the technology acceptance model (TAM) as a tool for evaluating style of user interface look and feel in a collaborative environment, and attempts to predict which factors of that model, perceived ease of use and/or perceived usefulness, could lead to better acceptance of collaborative tools within an organization.
The Idea of Phenomenology in Wittgenstein and Husserl

Most of my colleagues these days seem to assume that they know well enough what the major thinkers meant who created the contemporary philosophy. Among these philosophers, the two figuring in my title, Wittgenstein and Husserl, loom particularly large. Over the years I have come to believe that my colleagues are wrong and that we have not fully grasped the import of the philosophy of the likes of Husserl and Wittgenstein. I have also come to believe that in trying to understand the founding fathers of twentieth-century philosophy comparative studies are extremely useful. Of course comparisons alone will not do the whole job. One of the reasons why Husserl and Wittgenstein have not been appreciated better is that the philosophical issues themselves with which they were struggling have not really been mastered. We have been unable to place the ideas of a Husserl or a Wittgenstein on the map of the relevant concepts, problems and issues because we have not succeeded in mapping the relevant philosophical landscape in the first place.
Fundamentals of Product Modularity

Modularity arises from the division of a product into independent components. This independence allows a firm to standardize components and to create product variety. Product modularity is frequently stated as a goal of good design practice, yet has not been as carefully studied as some other current design practices such as design-for-assembly. As firms strive to rationalize their product lines and to provide ever increasing variety at lower cost, modularity is becoming a focus of attention. The goal of this paper is to define modularity, to explore some of the benefits and costs of modularity, and to propose a set of research questions. The paper is the result of preliminary research and is more a starting point than a set of refined conclusions.
Glucose testing and insufficient follow-up of abnormal results: a cohort study

More than 6 million Americans have undiagnosed diabetes. Several national organizations endorse screening for diabetes by physicians, but actual practice is poorly understood. Our objectives were to measure the rate, the predictors and the results of glucose testing in primary care, including rates of follow-up for abnormal values. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 301 randomly selected patients with no known diabetes who received care at a large academic general internal medicine practice in New York City. Using medical records, we collected patients' baseline characteristics in 1999 and followed patients through the end of 2002 for all glucose tests ordered. We used multivariate logistic regression to measure associations between diabetes risk factors and the odds of glucose testing. Three-fourths of patients (78%) had at least 1 glucose test ordered. Patient age (≥45 vs. <45 years), non-white ethnicity, family history of diabetes and having more primary care visits were each independently associated with having at least 1 glucose test ordered (p < 0.05), whereas hypertension and hyperlipidemia were not. Fewer than half of abnormal glucose values were followed up by the patients' physicians. Although screening for diabetes appears to be common and informed by diabetes risk factors, abnormal values are frequently not followed up. Interventions are needed to trigger identification and further evaluation of abnormal glucose tests.
Mu opioid receptor activation enhances regulator of G protein signaling 4 association with the mu opioid receptor/G protein complex in a GTP-dependent manner.

The interaction of Regulator of G protein Signaling 4 (RGS4) with the rat mu opioid receptor (MOR)/G protein complex was investigated. Solubilized MOR from rat brain membranes was immunoprecipitated in the presence of RGS4 with antibodies against the N-terminus of MOR (anti-MOR10-70 ). Activation of MOR with [D-Ala(2) , N-Me-Phe(4) , Gly(5) -ol] enkephalin (DAMGO) during immunoprecipitation caused a 150% increase in Goα and a 50% increase in RGS4 in the pellet. When 10 μM GTP was included with DAMGO, there was an additional 72% increase in RGS4 co-immunoprecipitating with MOR (p = 0.003). Guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTPγS) increased the amount of co-precipitating RGS4 by 93% (compared to DAMGO alone, p = 0.008), and the inclusion of GTPγS caused the ratio of MOR to RGS4 to be 1 : 1 (31 fmoles : 28 fmoles, respectively). GTPγS also increased the association of endogenous RGS4 with MOR. In His6 RGS4/Ni(2+) -NTA agarose pull down experiments, 0.3 μM GTPγS tripled the binding of Goα to His6 RGS4, whereas the addition of 100 μM GDP blocked this effect. Importantly, activation of solubilized MOR with DAMGO in the presence of 100 μM GDP and 0.3 μM GTPγS increased Goα binding to His6 RGS4/Ni(2+) -NTA agarose (p = 0.001). Regulators of G protein Signaling (RGS) shorten the time that G proteins are active. Activation of the mu opioid receptor (MOR) causes GTP to bind to and to activate Go (αoβγ). RGS4 then binds to the activated αo-GTP/MOR complex and accelerates the intrinsic GTPase of αo. After αo dissociates from MOR, RGS4 remains bound to the C-terminal region of MOR.
Pricing Discretionary Accruals: Code vs. Common Law Firms

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the U.S. stock market differentially and rationally prices discretionary accrual components of earnings of U.S.-traded foreign companies from different legal systems – code and common law. The study covers 1,426 U.S.-traded nonfinancial foreign firm-years (265 firms) from 1981 to 2000 including 686 common law firm-years (126 firms) and 740 code law firm-years (139 firms). Both Mishkin (1983) and hedge portfolio tests are performed to conduct our investigation. Hedge portfolio tests show that the market overprices the discretionary accruals for code law firms than those for common law firms. At the same time, the Mishkin (1983) tests show that U.S. market may, on average, rationally prices discretionary accruals for the full sample size of code and common law firms, but the hedge portfolio tests indicate that market may not rationally price discretionary accruals for every firm, especially for with extreme on discretionary accruals. The major limitation of this study is small size of sample. Future research can conduct a large-sample study by using code law and common law firms listed in their domestic markets rather than in the U.S. markets. Because of finding of this paper, investors can identify mispriced foreign firms publicly traded in the U.S. stock market by focusing more on code law firms than common law firms.
Argentina: Two faces of the small and medium bourgeoisie

Research focused on the socio-economic and political attitudes of the medium and small bourgeois in Argentina during the Alfonsin Presidency. Data reveals clear position critical of the pro-big business orientation of the regime. However because of their shift away from productive activity towards the speculative, because of the increasing dependence on illegal sources of income (the underground economy), the small and medium size bourgeoisie were shifting toward the neo-liberal Right as a means of “legalizing” their income.
The spacing of streaks in unsteady turbulent wall‐bounded flow

The spacing of streaks of low‐speed fluid has been studied experimentally in a wall‐bounded turbulent flow in which sinusoidal unsteadiness was superposed on an otherwise steady mainstream over a range of frequencies. The modulation of phase‐conditioned streak spacing about its mean value does not follow the steady wall‐flow relation of λuτ/ν equal to a constant. Instead, it is quite accurately described by a local length scale that models the momentary value of the total shear distortion of large eddies of the flow. This single shear‐distortion length scale also correlates well with the streak spacing measured in steady wall‐bounded flows and in unbounded homogeneous turbulent flow at high shear rates. The apparent generality of these results implies that the streak‐spacing selection mechanism depends strongly on the strain history of large‐scale coherent motions and so should be investigated in the context of the coupled straining processes of turbulence production.
Short-range communication with ultraviolet LEDs

Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) ultraviolet (UV) communication appears to be a viable alternative to RF communication for many short-range applications. It exploits both atmospheric scattering and absorption to achieve modest data rates under non line-of-sight (ground-to-ground) and obstructed line-of-sight (foliage penetration) conditions. In this paper, we introduce NLOS optical communication and discuss the advantages of UV over radio (RF) for covert, short-range communication. We then discuss both line-of-sight (LOS) and NLOS measurements performed outdoors in full daylight, and use these measurements to refine a propagation model developed to characterize link performance under various range and background conditions.
Frequency Modulation Characteristics of Sustained // Sung in Vocal Vibrato

Frequency modulation characteristics of sustained vowel phonations in vocal vibrato were investigated. Eight male singers produced sustained // in vibrato at low-, middle-, and high-pitch levels wi...
The theory and practice of futures markets

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A framework for interpreting recency effects in immediate serial recall.

A descriptive framework is offered for the interpretation of recency effects in immediate serial recall. Basic to the framework is a distinction between two types of trace features: (1) modality dependent features, which represent the perceptual qualities of presentation, and (2) modality independent features, which result from the set of encoding operations known as the “inner voice.” Recency and modality effects emerge because certain types of modality-dependent (i.e., language based) features are typically not subject to postlist interfering events and are likely to be sampled as discriminative cues in recall. The framework is used to interpret problematic findings in the modality effect literature, such as the effects of visual presentation, lipreading, mouthing, and stimulus class on the recall of recency items.
Carbon cycling in the upper waters of the Sargasso Sea: II. Numerical simulation of apparent and inherent optical properties

A mathematical framework to incorporate spectral apparent and inherent optical properties into a one-dimensional ecological simulation (EcoSim) of the Sargasso Sea is developed. The simulation includes equations for spectral algal particulate absorption, in the form of 4 functional groups of phytoplankton, colored degradational matter (CDM), in the form of 2 classes of colored dissolved organic carbon (CDOC), and downwelling diffuse attenuation coefficients (Kd’s) at a 5 nm resolution. Particulate absorption responds to changes in phytoplankton species biomass, pigmentation, and photo-adaptation. CDM absorption responds to concentration changes of labile and relict CDOC. Kd’s respond to changes in spectral total absorption, backscattering, and the average cosine of downwelling photons. The spectral bio-optical outputs provide an additional means of validating an ecological simulation. The vertical and seasonal changes in the diffuse attenuation coefficient at wavelengths of 412, 442, 467, 487, 522, and 567 nm compare well with in situ measurements. There appears to be an underestimation of CDM by the EcoSim that is reflected in the simulated absorption and attenuation at 412 nm. The particulate absorption slope between 412 and 487 nm suggests an overestimation of chlorophyll b and photoprotective carotenoid concentrations from Prochlorococcus functional groups. Simulated Kd(522) and Kd(567) appear to be higher than observations and may result from the exclusion of the inelastic scattering process (i.e. Raman scattering and CDM fluorescence). Results suggest that CDM absorption does not co-vary with particulate absorption. Comparison with a six year time-series of CZCS data suggests that CDM interference of the estimated CZCS chlorophyll a may have been pre-valent in the late spring and the early fall.
Adaptive changes in the dopamine system produced by chronic ethanol feeding

The consumption of ethanol by mice resulted in an altered sensitivity of the brain dopamine systems to perturbations produced by agonists and antagonists. The results indicate that ethanol feeding and withdrawal produces a state in which the normal coupling between dopamine receptors and the effectors for these receptors is significantly altered.
Theoretical considerations for full-wave electromagnetic media interactions in layered structures with ferroelectric or ferromagnetic materials

A full-wave integral equation Green's function code in the spectral domain has been implemented using the finite Fourier transform consistent with layered structures modelled in a cross-sectional region. The Green's function handles very complex materials, such as uniaxial and biaxial electric or magnetic crystals, rotated crystals, asymmetric off-diagonal element tensor electric or magnetic materials, non- hermitian tensors, simultaneous electric or magnetic behavior, and optical activity. The basis function due to intrinsic asymmetry caused by the material tensors. This asymmetric basis set may be reduced to a perfectly symmetric set in appropriate cases, if desired. Theoretical issues related to determining the permittivity or permeability tensors from the propagation constant, which may be obtained from a design specification or an experimental measurement, will be covered in mathematical generality for rotated systems or arbitrary bias field orientations. Specialization to principal axis crystallographic orientation or bias field direction with respect to the device coordinates will then be made, and subsequently examination of static electric field induced anisotropy in a ferroelectric loaded multi- layered microstrip structure will be treated in a multi-step computational process of de-embedding the permittivity tensor elements from the propagation constant values.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fabrication Of Free-Standing X-Ray Transmission Gratings And Zone Plates

Free-standing transmission gratings and zone plates which are to be used as dispersion elements for x rays have been fabricated with UV holography and x-ray lithography.
VOC decomposition by nonthermal plasma processing — a new approach☆

Abstract A new approach to describe VOC decomposition by nonthermal plasma processes is presented. In contrast to the conventional energy balance concept, this approach takes into account the influence of electron impact that is transferred to VOC molecules during decomposition process which time scale is involved. According to this new concept, energy maintains the VOC molecular structure in motion within a potential well. The VOC molecule is decomposed when it accumulates enough energy to overcome the potential well and to form radicals, which leads to the VOC decomposition homolitically via their excited states. A new approach was described using the decomposition rate constant. Based on this new theory, VOC can be decomposed at much lower energy level than the conventional energy balance concept, which was validated with the experimental study.
Bacterial flora of appendicitis in children

Abstract Aerobic and anaerobic cultures were taken immediately upon operative entry to the peritoneal cavity of 114 consecutive children undergoing appendectomy. Stage of appendicitis and clinical presentation could be closely correlated to specific patterns of peritoneal bacterial flora. It was found that appendiceal gangrene and perforation uniformly produce a polymicrobial peritonitis that is based on the symbiosis of aerobes with anaerobes. Ensuing wound and intra-abdominal septic complications were likewise mixed infections. Based on these findings, refinements in the diagnosis of appendiceal gangrene and perforation as well as rationales in the treatment of appendicitis have been discussed.
Cooling-induced melting of ion crystals in a Paul trap

Based on analytical calculations and numerical simulations it is shown that cooling can result in the melting of Coulomb crystals stored in a Paul trap. The effect is dynamical in origin and relies on the modification of the stability region of the Paul trap in the presence of damping. A diagnostic tool for beam crystallization in storage rings is suggested.
Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Receptor-related Protein 6 (LRP6) Regulates Body Fat and Glucose Homeostasis by Modulating Nutrient Sensing Pathways and Mitochondrial Energy Expenditure

Body fat, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes are often linked together, but the molecular mechanisms that unify their association are poorly understood. Wnt signaling regulates adipogenesis, and its altered activity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. LRP6+/− mice on a high fat diet were protected against diet-induced obesity and hepatic and adipose tissue insulin resistance compared with their wild-type (WT) littermates. Brown adipose tissue insulin sensitivity and reduced adiposity of LRP6+/− mice were accounted for by diminished Wnt-dependent mTORC1 activity and enhanced expression of brown adipose tissue PGC1-α and UCP1. LRP6+/− mice also exhibited reduced endogenous hepatic glucose output, which was due to diminished FoxO1-dependent expression of the key gluconeogenic enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase (G6pase). In addition, in vivo and in vitro studies showed that loss of LRP6 allele is associated with increased leptin receptor expression, which is a likely cause of hepatic insulin sensitivity in LRP6+/− mice. Our study identifies LRP6 as a nutrient-sensitive regulator of body weight and glucose metabolism and as a potential target for pharmacological interventions in obesity and diabetes.
Archipelago regulates Cyclin E levels in Drosophila and is mutated in human cancer cell lines

During Drosophila development and mammalian embryogenesis, exit from the cell cycle is contingent on tightly controlled downregulation of the activity of Cyclin E-Cdk2 complexes that normally promote the transition from G1 to S phase. Although protein degradation has a crucial role in downregulating levels of Cyclin E, many of the proteins that function in degradation of Cyclin E have not been identified. In a screen for Drosophila mutants that display increased cell proliferation, we identified archipelago, a gene encoding a protein with an F-box and seven tandem WD (tryptophan-aspartic acid) repeats. Here we show that archipelago mutant cells have persistently elevated levels of Cyclin E protein without increased levels of cyclin E RNA. They are under-represented in G1 fractions and continue to proliferate when their wild-type neighbours become quiescent. The Archipelago protein binds directly to Cyclin E and probably targets it for ubiquitin-mediated degradation. A highly conserved human homologue is present and is mutated in four cancer cell lines including three of ten derived from ovarian carcinomas. These findings implicate archipelago in developmentally regulated degradation of Cyclin E and potentially in the pathogenesis of human cancers.
NMDA Receptor Stimulation Selectively Initiates GABAA Receptor δ Subunit mRNA Expression in Cultured Rat Cerebellar Granule Neurons

Findings in vivo and in culture suggest that neuronal activity selectively regulates GABA(A) receptor delta subunit mRNA expression in cerebellar granule neurons. For example, the onset of delta subunit mRNA expression during postnatal maturation coincides with innervation. Furthermore, depolarizing conditions (25 mM KCl) in culture initiate and maintain increases in the delta subunit transcript level. We have now examined whether similar changes in delta subunit mRNA expression occur in cultured neurons after activation of glutamate receptors of the NMDA subtype, an event that mimics granule neuron depolarization by mossy fiber innervation in vivo. Our studies demonstrate that addition of 50 microM NMDA to cultured rat granule neurons maintained in defined, serum-free medium specifically initiates delta subunit transcript expression. Whereas the level of the delta subunit mRNA is increased fourfold by this treatment, levels of other GABA(A) receptor subunit transcripts are not significantly changed. The level of the delta subunit transcript is further increased when NMDA receptor activation is enhanced by maintaining neurons in a Mg2+-free medium to alleviate Mg2+ blockade of the receptor channel. The NMDA-induced elevation in delta subunit transcript expression involves activation of a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase pathway. These findings suggest that activation of an excitatory pathway may regulate the expression of an inhibitory receptor phenotype in cerebellar granule neurons in vivo.
A categorized bibliographic survey of goal programming

Abstract A total of 240 goal programming articles that have so far appeared in over 60 English journal publications are compiled and classified according to technique and application areas. Analysis of these data provides interesting insights regarding goal programming article characteristics, literature trends and future needs.
Correlation of a priori DCE-MRI and 1H-MRS data with molecular markers in neck nodal metastases: Initial analysis

The aim of the present study is to correlate non-invasive, pretreatment biological imaging (dynamic contrast enhanced-MRI [DCE-MRI] and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy [(1)H-MRS]) findings with specific molecular marker data in neck nodal metastases of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients. Pretreatment DCE-MRI and (1)H-MRS were performed on neck nodal metastases of 12 patients who underwent surgery. Surgical specimens were analyzed with immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays for: Ki-67 (reflecting cellular proliferation), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (the "endogenous marker" of tumor vessel growth), carbonic anhydrase (CAIX), hypoxia inducible transcription factor (HIF-1α), and human papillomavirus (HPV). Additionally, necrosis was estimated based on HE p=0.004, and rho=-0.73; p=0.003, respectively). Other DCE-MRI, (1)H-MRS and IHC values did not show significant correlation. The results of this preliminary study indicate that the level of heterogeneity of perfusion in metastatic HNSCC seems positively correlated with angiogenesis, and inversely correlated with proliferation. These results are preliminary in nature and are indicative, and not definitive, trends portrayed in HNSCC patients with nodal disease. Future studies with larger patient populations need to be carried out to validate and clarify our preliminary findings.
Specificity of Ethanolamine Transport and Its Further Metabolism in Trypanosoma brucei

Ethanolamine is found in trypanosomes as an integral component of the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) and the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Steps in the utilization of ethanolamine could represent novel targets for the development of chemotherapeutic drugs and were therefore investigated in detail. Transport of [3H]ethanolamine was studied using structural analogs of ethanolamine. Compounds with substitutions in the amino group or of one of the methylene hydrogens of ethanolamine were the most effective inhibitors. Those analogs studied in detail with respect to their kinetic properties were all found to be competitive inhibitors of ethanolamine transport. Following uptake, ethanolamine is rapidly phosphorylated by an ethanolamine-specific kinase to form phosphoethanolamine. Other acid-soluble intermediates identified by thin layer chromatography were CDP-ethanolamine, dCDP-ethanolamine, and glycerophosphorylethanolamine. The relative amounts of these metabolites varied between slender (dividing) and stumpy (non-dividing) trypanosomes and may reflect special biosynthetic needs of the different morphological forms. Pulse-chase experiments indicated that the acid-soluble metabolites served as precursors for chloroform/methanol-soluble lipids. Radioactive lipids included PE, mono-methyl and dimethyl PE, and lysoPE. Further methylation of dimethylPE to phosphatidylcholine was not observed under the experimental conditions described. These results are consistent with the conclusion that trypanosomes are able to synthesize phospholipids via the Kennedy pathway.
Prion genetics: new rules for a new kind of gene.

▪ Abstract Just as nucleic acids can carry out enzymatic reactions, proteins can be genes. These heritable infectious proteins (prions) follow unique genetic rules that enable their identification: reversible curing, inducible “spontaneous generation,” and phenotype surprises. Most prions are based on self-propagating amyloids, depend heavily on chaperones, show strain phenomena and, like other infectious elements, show species barriers to transmission. A recently identified prion is based on obligatory self-activation of an enzyme in trans. Although prions can be detrimental, they may also be beneficial to their hosts.
A close look at raw data from the NPOI

We show two samples of raw data from the Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer (NPOI), the first with a single baseline present, the second with three baselines present. We focus on the behavior of the group delay amplitude and the position of the group delay peak, and compare those quantities in the data samples to simulated data. We find that the simulations resemble the actual data when the flux level and spectral regions that were observed are realistic, and conclude that the NPOI fringe engine seems to be working properly.
Modeling the Torsional Behavior of Superelastic Wires

Torsional behavior of shape memory alloys can be employed in different biomedical applications. The goal of this paper is to investigate the behavior of these alloys under torsional loading conditions. To this end a torsional model is developed in MATLAB, in which a uniaxial model is extended to predict the torque-angle behavior of superelastic wires/rods. Tensile and torsional testing are performed on NiTi wires to determine martial properties and to verify this model. The material properties are determined based on ASTM standards. The effect of different parameters such as lengths and radii on the torque-angle behavior are investigated with the model. Moreover, the effect of temperature on the torsional behavior of SMA wires are presented.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Intra- and Interspecific Competition for Nutrients and Light in Diatom Cultures

ABSTRACT Intra- and interspecific competition of clonal populations of Achnanthidium minutissimum and two potential competitors (Cocconeis Placentula var. lineata and Cymbella cistula) were examined in laboratory experiments. Growth rate of A. minutissimum was compared at low and high initial population densities and when in competition with C. p.lineata or C. cistula. In addition, four treatment combinations of nutrients and light were used. Intraspecific rather than interspecific competitive effects regulated A. minutissimum growth rates. C. p. lineata grew very slowly in cultures. C. cistula grew well in culture, formed stalks, and overgrew A. minutissimum. Facilitation by C. cistula stalks, providing substratum for colonization, may have countered interspecific competition on A. minutissimum.
Dispelling Myths About Schizophrenia Using Film

Portrayals of schizophrenia in popular film contribute to misinformation about treatment of schizophrenia. Can film by used to educate? This study examined the effectiveness of viewing film portrayals of accurate vs. inaccurate information about schizophrenia in correcting misinformation. A video was constructed consisting of segments from popular movies and documentaries that contrasted inaccurate and accurate illustrations of schizophrenia. College students were randomly assigned to either the video presentation or traditional lecture on schizophrenia, and later tested on their knowledge of schizophrenia. Results showed knowledge improvement following both video and lecture, with video having a greater corrective effect for female students after viewing 3 of the 8 segments. These results are discussed with reference to sex-role socialization and empathetic identification.