cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oral History in the Digital Age: Beyond the Raw and the Cooked

Based on the keynote at the 2014 Australian Generations research conference, this article maps the landscape of oral history practice in the digital age. Surveying all that is changing (and much that is not) it locates digital content management of interview recordings—exemplified by Australian Generations—at the centre of emerging practice. More broadly, the article explores meaningful access to content within and across interviews as a curatorial space and sensibility with transformative implications, given its location midway between the traditional focus either on conducting and archiving interviews (the raw), or producing and disseminating documentary or scholarly outputs (the cooked).
The External Anatomy of Sandalus Niger Knoch (Coleoptera, Rhipiceridae)

The present study is a contribution to the knowledge of the external anatomy of coleopterous families. Although there have been many extensive phylogenetic studies of the Coleoptera such as Stickney (1923) on the head capsule, Williams (1938) on the mouthparts, Forbes (1922) and Graham (1922) on the wing venation, Sharp and Muir (1912) on the male genitalia, Tanner (1927) on the female genitalia and Boving and Craighead (1930) on larval characters in which parts of the various species of Rhipiceridae were described or figured there is no detailed description of a member of this family. It is intended that this study should parallel the work done by Blackburn (1936) on the Silphidae, Trimble (1935) on the Hydrophilidae, Hayes (1922) on the Scarabeidae, Rivnay (1928) on the Chrysomelidae, and Sweetman (1930) on the Coccinellidae.
Correctional Treatment and Coercion The Differential Effectiveness Perspective

Objections to correctional treatment have been made on two grounds: (1) it is unethical because it is inevitably coercive; and (2) there is no evidence that it is effective in reducing crime. These two objections are intertwined, for the extent to which we can reasonably require offenders to take part in treatment programs is dependent on the probability of success. This article describes three frequently occurring types of offenders, along with prescribed treatment strategies. Success rates and other treatment outcome measures are presented, showing large differences for the three offender types. Implications for the coercion issue are discussed. Language: en
Using phase response curves to predict synchronization times for neural circuits

In a previous work [1], it was found that small simulated circuits of regularly spiking entorhinal cortex layer II stellate cells (using the model of [2]) synchronize fastest when their intrinsic firing frequencies are approximately in the 15-20 Hz range, which is very near the θ frequency range (8-12 Hz) where these cells are experimentally known to actually fire. The synchronization time (which we define as the mean time after the onset of synaptic coupling it takes the cells to synchronize their firings to within one action potential width of each other, starting with an initially random phase configuration) in this optimal frequency range can be several times lower than when the cells have either higher or lower intrinsic frequencies, is robust across a wide range of 2- and 3-cell circuit topologies and synaptic coupling strengths, and appears for both excitatory and inhibitory coupling. The existence of such an optimization may be significant both for the entorhinal cortex itself (where a background θ rhythm is believed to play a role in the phase-coding of position information by grid cells [3]) and in other parts of the brain for which cell assemblies play an essential role in information processing, in that assemblies of intrinsically θ-frequency cells would be able to form much faster than assemblies of other cells. The spike-time difference map (STDM) formalism of [2] uses the phase response curves (PRCs) of two identical coupled cells to predict the existence and stability of synchronized and other steady-state firing patterns. The STDM is an iterate of the PRC which gives the amount by which the time between corresponding spikes in the two cells changes from one cycle to the next. By taking the mean value of the STDM and dividing by the period, which gives essentially the mean "rate" at which the spike time difference is changing, we find a prominent band of maxima in the same frequency region as the synchronization time minima (Fig. ​(Fig.1).1). Like the synchronization time minimization, the existence and location of this region of maxima appears to be relatively insensitive to synaptic coupling strength and excitatory versus inhibitory coupling. Thus, the STDM may provide the basis for a semi-analytical approach for finding the regions of parameter space most favorable for synchronization time. Figure 1 The mean value of the STDM divided by the period (the combination is dimensionless) as a function of the h and persistent sodium conductances in the stellate cell, which are the parameters most influencing the intrinsic spiking frequency. The region of ...
The Study of Intelligent Hydropower Plant based on Cloud Computing Architecture

In order to meet the requirements of informatization,this paper studied intelligent hydroelectric power plant based on cloud computing architecture,and its related issues.On the basis of detailed analysis of cloud computing architecture,the design of the hydroelectric power plant cloud computing architecture,optimized through the integration of the hydropower plantinternal information technology hardware and software resources,mass data storage and high-performance parallel computing,reduced hydropower information management system development,maintenance costs,and effectively improve the scalability of the hydropower capacity and data processing applications.
Effects of light wavelength and coherence in structured light sensors

Structured light methods are used by many commercial products on the market today. Many such systems using white light projectors while many line gages use standard red laser diodes. However, in recent years there has been much claimed about using blue light, polarized light and partially coherent systems to obtain better performance. Unlike interferometers, moving from red to blue light for a system using only geometric shape information does not gain an automatic advantage from the shorter wavelength. The sensitivity metric does not have a wavelength component to it. But there are other factors that can improve gage performance. The ability to measure some feature is also a function of other parameters such as signal to noise ratio, reflectivity variations, and depth-of-field over which a clear pattern can be seen. This paper will explore the theoretical and experimental data relating to what works and what can be expected from variations on the old methods.
Role of Fas (CD95) in tubulointerstitial disease induced by unilateral ureteric obstruction.

Murine renal tubular epithelial cells and interstitial fibroblasts may express both Fas (CD95) death receptor and Fas ligand and are vulnerable to Fas-mediated death in vitro. We therefore hypothes...
A novel processor architecture for high-performance stream processing

This article consists of a collection of slides from the author's conference presentation on a novel processor architecture for high performance stream processing. Some of the specific topics discussed include: an introduction to the technology and applications supported; high-level concept design; programmable state machine; novel processor technologies; instructure cache ad prefetch; and experimental results for testing the performance output.
17 – FACTORS MODULATING THE AVIAN IMMUNE SYSTEM

The type or intensity of an immune response to a vaccine or a challenge can be influenced by intrinsic factors, such as age and sex of the individual, as well as extrinsic factors, such as environmental conditions, social interactions, type of diet, and exposure to toxicants. This chapter explores the non-genetic factors that influence the immune response of birds and focuses on the underlying mechanisms that mediate them. When possible, the impact of changes in immunity due to extrinsic factors on outcomes, such as susceptibility to infectious challenges or efficacy of vaccinations, is explored. Finally, methods for assessing the changes in immunity that result from non-genetic influences are discussed.
Fusing Animals and Humans

AI has many techniques and tools at its disposal, yet seems to be lacking some special “juice” needed to create a true being. We propose that the missing ingredients are a general theory of motivation and an operational understanding of natural language. The motivation part comes largely from our animal heritage: a real-world agent must continually respond to external events rather than depend on perfect modeling and planning. The language part, on the other hand, is what makes us human: competent participation in a social group requires one-shot learning and the ability to reason about objects and activities that are not present or on-going. In this paper we propose an architecture for self-motivation, and suggest how a language interpreter can be built on top of such a substrate. With the addition of a method for recording and internalizing dialog, we sketch how this can then be used to impart essential cultural knowledge and behaviors.
Managing False Diffusion during Second‐Order Upwind Simulations of Liquid Micromixing

Summary Liquid mixing is an important component of many microfluidic concepts and devices, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is playing a key role in their development and optimization. Because liquid mass diffusivities can be quite small, CFD simulation of liquid micromixing can over predict the degree of mixing unless numerical (or false) diffusion is properly controlled. Unfortunately, the false diffusion behavior of higher-order finite volume schemes, which are often used for such simulations, is not well understood, especially on unstructured meshes. To examine and quantify the amount of false diffusion associated with the often recommended and versatile second-order upwind method, a series of numerical simulations was conducted using a standardized two-dimensional test problem on both structured and unstructured meshes. This enabled quantification of an ‘effective’ false diffusion coefficient (Dfalse) for the method as a function of mesh spacing. Based on the results of these simulations, expressions were developed for estimating the spacing required to reduce Dfalse to some desired (low) level. These expressions, together with additional insights from the standardized test problem and findings from other researchers, were then incorporated into a procedure for managing false diffusion when simulating steady, liquid micromixing. To demonstrate its utility, the procedure was applied to simulate flow and mixing within a representative micromixer geometry using both unstructured (triangular) and structured meshes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Industrial Farming is Not Cruel to Animals

Critics of industrial animal agriculture (also known as “factory” farming) have argued that its practices are cruel, inhumane, or otherwise degrading to animals. These arguments sometimes form the basis of a larger case for the complete abolition of animal agriculture, while others argue for more modest welfare-based reforms that allow for certain types of industrial farming. This paper defends industrial farming against the charge of cruelty. As upsetting as certain practices may seem, I argue that they need not be construed as cruel or inhumane. Any link between industrial farming and cruelty or inhumanity is contingent on certain cultural, behavioral, and psychological facts that are person-dependent. For many people working in animal agriculture, these facts do not obtain. To be sure, industrial animal agriculture has real moral hazards that must be carefully avoided, but all that this shows is that working with animals is not for everyone.
The Crafting of DIY Fatherhood

Prior research shows that the social construction of gender evolves in relation to specific economic and social processes. This paper examines how the practice of DIY (do-it-yourself) making has become a productive frame for a collective of fathers in the U.S. to express masculinity, amidst increasingly precarious economics and shifting norms of gender and labor in the home. Drawing from a qualitative interview study with fathers (n=22) and visual analysis of DIY father blogs (n=29), we examine how DIY fatherhood was produced across the material and discursive practices of blogging. This paper contributes an empirical account of a contemporary phenomenon: the construction and performance of DIY practice as a category of fatherhood identity and domestic masculinity. Further, the paper describes how fathers engage in entrepreneurial thinking as a form of domestic male labor.
Eculizumab: another breakthrough.

In this issue of Blood, Harder et al demonstrate that breakthrough hemolysis in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) treated with eculizumab is due to strong activation of the complement cascade, leading to higher C3b density, which may cause a conformation change limiting the ability of eculizumab to block terminal complement.1
Accuracy, bias, self-fulfilling prophecies, and scientific self-correction

In my Precis of Social Perception and Social Reality (Jussim 2012, henceforth abbreviated as SPSR), I argued that the social science scholarship on social perception and interpersonal expectancies was characterized by a tripartite pattern: (1) Errors, biases, and self-fulfilling prophecies in person perception were generally weak, fragile, and fleeting; (2) Social perceptions were often quite accurate; and (3) Conclusions appearing throughout the social psychology scientific literature routinely overstated the power and pervasiveness of expectancy effects, and ignored evidence of accuracy. Most commentators concurred with the validity of these conclusions. Two, however, strongly disagreed with the conclusion that the evidence consistently has shown that stereotypes are moderately to highly accurate. Several others, while agreeing with most of the specifics, also suggested that those arguments did not necessarily apply to contexts outside of those covered in SPSR. In this response, I consider all these aspects: the limitations to the tripartite pattern, the role of politics and confirmation biases in distorting scientific conclusions, common obstructions to effective scientific self-correction, and how to limit them.
Beta function for anisotropic current interactions in 2D.

By making use of current-algebra Ward identities we study renormalization of general anisotropic current-current interactions in 2D. In this prescription we propose a compact expression for the $\ensuremath{\beta}$ function to all orders.
Motivations and Experiences Related to Women's First Same-sex Sexual Encounters.

ABSTRACTUsing women’s self-identified sexual identity, the current study compares motivations for first same-sex sexual encounters as well as associated experiential outcomes. We also examine whether relations between sexual motivations and experiential outcomes differ as a function of women’s sexual identity status. Participants were women (N = 123), ages 18–29 (M = 21.59, SD = 3.33), who self-reported a history of same-sex sexual contact. Approximately 27% of women identified as exclusively heterosexual (i.e. EH), 35% as primarily heterosexual (i.e. ‘mostly heterosexual’ [MH]), and 38% as exclusively or primarily lesbian/gay, or bisexual (i.e. LGB). Participants completed an online survey. MH and LGB women reported first same-sex sexual encounters that were more motivated by intimacy and exploration motives, relative to EH women. Compared to MH and LGB women, EH also engaged in fewer sexual activities with their first same-sex partner. Intimacy and exploration motives were related to positive experienti...
Multi-objective optimization of medium voltage SiC DC-DC converter based on modular input-series-output-parallel (ISOP) architecture

This paper aims to comprehensively investigate the efficiency, power density and overall cost of input series output parallel (ISOP) medium voltage (MV) all silicon carbide (SiC) DC-DC converter in solid state transformers (SST). The medium voltage capability can be achieved by using either high voltage devices or multiple low voltage cells in series. Voltage rating of semiconductor devices, magnetic components, capacitors vary with the number of cells in series. In order to investigate the optimized number of cells, precise components' models with different voltage ratings are required, especially for the already complicated semiconductor devices. SiC MOSFET's on-resistance, output capacitance and cost models with arbitrary blocking voltages are derived based on physical device scaling law. Using these mathematical MOSFET models together with transformer and capacitor models, multi-objective optimization of an ISOP DC-DC converter system is conducted. Optimization results shows that a higher power density can be achieved by greater number of cells but single stage converter can reach higher efficiency and lower cost.
The Role of Allografts in Lower Extremity Reconstruction

Incision, drainage, and debridement of dead tissue were advocated by PierreJoseph Desault (1744–1795). Ollier introduced fracture stabilization with casting. Sir Arbuthnot Lane’s The Operative Treatment of Fractures was published in 1905. Gillies and the concept of plastic surgery were sponsored by Lane in 1915. Closed plaster treatment of lower extremity wounds was the standard of car by WWI as described by Orr. By 1939, Trueta improved on this by advocating debridement before plaster application with improved results and decreased incidence of osteomyelitis. Delayed primary closure was introduced by the end of WWII. Presently, the exponential rate of improvements in osseous and soft tissue injury management make the reconstructive approach to the lower extremity a challenging and exciting endeavor.
HealthCare.gov (B)

This case follows the rollout of HealthCare.gov, the website that allows consumers to compare plans and purchase health insurance online as part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The website was plagued with problems from the start, including missed launch dates, faulty functionality, and ballooning costs. But despite the issues, was the project a success? Excerpt UVA-QA-0836 Rev. Nov. 21, 2017 HealthCare.gov (A) The first few weeks of October 2013 had been maddening for President Barack Obama. More than two weeks had passed since the disastrous launch of HealthCare.gov, and the administration still did not know what had happened. Daily meetings with the members of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) had produced minimal understanding of why or how the website had failed. Obama's chief of staff, Denis McDonough, traveled constantly to the headquarters of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), the lead agency charged with constructing the website, searching for answers. On an October 17 visit, CMS told McDonough that only 30% of visitors to HealthCare.gov could access the site at all. That same day, the White House press secretary publicly announced that improvements were being made every day. Privately, however, McDonough was tasked with a different mission: determining whether HealthCare.gov could be salvaged and improved upon, or if the administration needed to scrap the whole website and start over. The Affordable Care Act On March 23, 2010, President Obama signed into law the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), commonly referred to as the Affordable Care Act (ACA) or simply Obamacare. (See Exhibit 1 for a timeline of ACA milestones.) The most comprehensive piece of legislation passed in the United States in nearly half a century, the ACA established a wide-ranging set of laws, including ending insurance discrimination for patients with preexisting conditions, providing further coverage for young adults and women, and strengthening the Medicare program for senior citizens. In establishing a “Patient's Bill of Rights,” Obamacare sought to protect consumers from the health insurance industry and make health insurance more affordable and accessible for all Americans. . . .
Induced ferromagnetism in multilayered graphene in proximity with CoFe2O4

Composites of anisotropic diamagnetic multilayer Graphene (MLG) and ferrimagnetic CoFe2O4 (CFO) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized through a one-step sonication process in the presence of a surfactant. The samples were characterized at ambient using x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman spectroscopy, magnetic force microscopy (MFM) and magnetometry (vibrating sample magnetometer). An induced ferromagnetism was observed in MLG with saturation magnetization MS = 18 emu/g(MLG). This induced ferromagnetism is attributed to ferrimagnetic CFO uniformly distributed on the surface of diamagnetic MLG. SEM images confirm uniform dense distribution of CFO nanoparticles on MLG. MFM images confirm the formation of larger magnetic domains in the composite sample of MLG/CFO. The measured coercivity HC = 3.6 Oe of MLG/CFO composite is much smaller than HC = 32.4 Oe of pristine CFO NPs; this difference in HC is attributed to the effect of change in surface anis...
Exercise in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Several important differences exist between the training responses in normal patients and those in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Chief among these is the lack of cardiovascular and metabolic changes in patients with COPD. Despite this, important and significant improvements do occur in exercise endurance after exercise training programs. Experience has shown that simple forms of exercise training and testing are effective and safe.
Meselson–Radding Model

The Meselson–Radding Model of genetic recombination was devised to allow the formation of heteroduplex DNA on one chromatid or on two chromatids within the same recombination event. Asymmetrical (one-chromatid) heteroduplex is formed by a strand displaced by DNA synthesis from a nick invading a homologous molecule. When displacement ceases, the resulting structure is a Holliday junction that can undergo branch migration, extending a length of symmetrical (two-chromatid) heteroduplex DNA. Mismatches in the heteroduplex molecules are subject to mismatch repair, giving patterns of gene conversion similar to those observed.
Acetylene Hydrogenation on Au-Based Catalysts

Hydrogenation of acetylene has been investigated on Au/TiO2, Pd/TiO2 and Au-Pd/TiO2 catalysts at high acetylene conversion levels. The Au/TiO2 catalyst (avg. particle size: 4.6 nm) synthesized by the temperature-programmed reduction-oxidation of an Au-phosphine complex on TiO2 showed a remarkably high selectivity to ethylene formation even at 100% acetylene conversion. Au/TiO2 prepared by the conventional incipient wet impregnation method (avg. particle size: 30 nm), on the other hand, showed negligible activity for acetylene hydrogenation. Although the Au catalysts showed a high selectivity for ethylene, the acetylene conversion activity and catalyst stability were inferior to the Pd-based catalysts. Au-Pd catalysts prepared by the redox method showed high acetylene conversions as well as high selectivity for ethylene. Interestingly Au-Pd catalysts prepared by depositing Pd via the incipient wetness method on Au/TiO2 showed very poor selectivity (comparable to mono-metallic Pd catalysts) for ethylene. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) showed that while the redox method produced bimetallic Au-Pd catalysts, the latter method produced individual Pd and Au particles on the support.
Ecological contributions to human health in cities

Ecological research, from organismal to global scales and spanning terrestrial, hydrologic, and atmospheric domains, can contribute more to reducing health vulnerabilities. At the same, ecological research directed to health vulnerabilities provides a problem-based unifying framework for urban ecologists. Provide a framework for expanding ecological research to address human health vulnerabilities in cities. I pose an urban ecology of human health framework that considers how the ecological contributions to health risks and benefits are driven by interacting influences of the environment, active management, and historical legacies in the context of ecological self-organization. The ecology of health framework is explored for contrasting examples including heat, vector borne diseases, pollution, and accessible greenspace both individually and in a multifunctional landscape perspective. Urban ecological processes affect human health vulnerability through contributions to multiple hazard and well-being pathways. The resulting multifunctional landscape of health vulnerability features prominent hotspots and regional injustices. A path forward to increase knowledge of the ecological contributions to health vulnerabilities includes increased participation in in interdisciplinary teams and applications of high resolution environmental sensing and modeling. Research and management from a systems and landscape perspective of ecological processes is poised to help reduce urban health vulnerability and provide a better understanding of ecological dynamics in the Anthropocene.
An environmental justice critique of biofuels

This chapter examines the global environmental justice and energy justice implications of the laws and policies of the United States and the European Union that promote the production and consumption of biofuels. Replacing fossil fuels with biofuels derived from renewable organic matter has been advocated as a means of mitigating climate change, achieving energy security, and fostering economic development in the countries that cultivate the crops used as biofuel feedstocks. Regrettably, the growing demand for biofuels in the Global North has produced significant harm in the Global South—ravaging local ecosystems, depressing food production, and depriving vulnerable communities of access to the land and water necessary for subsistence. Far from mitigating climate change, many of these biofuels emit more greenhouse gases than the fossil fuels they replace. In addition, the practices used to grow biofuel feedstocks also degrade soil and water quality. The chapter concludes with governance strategies to foster a more equitable and sustainable approach to bioenergy.
The complete mitochondrial genome of the kelp fly Fucellia costalis (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) from Pacific Grove, California

Genomic analysis of the kelp fly Fucellia costalis (Family Anthomyiidae) from Asilomar beach, Pacific Grove, California, resulted in the assembly of its complete mitogenome. The mitogenome is 16,17...
Family Outcomes and Perceptions of End-of-Life Care in the Intensive Care Unit: A Mixed-Methods Review:

The purpose of this review was to evaluate end-of-life care (EOLC) in the intensive care unit (ICU) from the perspective of family members. Sandelowski's segregated approach from Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Mixed-Methods Systematic Reviews guided this review. A search was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and ProQuest databases and identified 50 papers (33 quantitative, 15 qualitative, and 2 mixed-methodology studies). Five synthesized themes (distressing emotions, shared decision-making, proactive communication, personalized end-of- life care, and valuing of nursing care) were identified. For quantitative results, study methodologies and interventions were heterogeneous and did not always improve family members' perceived quality of care and family members' psychological distress. Configuration of qualitative and quantitative data revealed ICU end-of-life interventions were ineffective because they were not guided by family members' reported needs and perceptions. To fulfill the family members' needs for the patients' EOLC in the ICU, researchers should develop a theory to explicitly explain how the family members experience ICU EOLC and implement a theory-based intervention to improve family psychological outcomes.
Deposition of Colloidal Particles during the Evaporation of Sessile Drops: Dilute Colloidal Dispersions

The deposition of colloidal silica particles during the evaporation of sessile drops on a smooth substrate has been modeled by the simultaneous solution of the Navier–Stokes equations, the convective-diffusive equation for particles, and the diffusion equation for evaporated vapor in the gas phase. Isothermal conditions were assumed. A mapping was created to show the conditions for various deposition patterns for very dilute suspensions. Based on values of the Peclet (Pe) number and Damkholer numbers (Da and Da−1), the effects of adsorption and desorption were discussed according to the map. Simulations were also done for suspensions with a high particle concentration to form a solid phase during the evaporation by using a packing criterion. The simulations predicted the height and width of the ring deposit near the contact line, and the results compared favorably to experimental particle deposition patterns.
Dorsoventral-Specific Effects of Nerve Agent Surrogate Diisopropylfluorophosphate on Synaptic Transmission in the Mouse Hippocampus.

While there has been an increasing appreciation for functional differences between the dorsal (dH) and ventral (vH) hippocampal sectors, there is a lack of information characterizing the cholinergic and noncholinergic mechanisms of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors on synaptic transmission along the hippocampal dorsoventral axis. Diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) is an organophosphate (OP) that is commonly employed as a nerve agent surrogate in vitro as well as in rodent models of disease states such as Gulf War Illness. The present study investigated the cholinergic and noncholinergic mechanisms responsible for the effects of acute DFP exposure on dH and vH synaptic transmission in a hippocampal slice preparation. A paired- pulse extracellular recording protocol was utilized to monitor the population spike (PS1) amplitude as well as the PS paired-pulse ratio (PS-PPR) in the CA1 subfield of the dH and the vH. We observed that DFP-induced PS1 inhibition was produced by a cholinergic mechanism in the dH whereas a noncholinergic mechanism was indispensable in mediating the inhibitory effect of DFP on the PS1 in the vH. PS-PPR in both dH and vH sectors was increased by acute DFP exposure, an effect that was blocked by an NMDAR antagonist but not by cholinergic antagonists. Clinical reports have indicated dorsoventral-specific hippocampal abnormalities in cases of OP intoxications. Therefore, the observed dorsoventral-specific noncholinergic mechanisms underlying the effects of DFP on hippocampal synaptic transmission may have important implications for the treatment of OP overexposures. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT It is unknown if acetylcholinesterase inhibitors differentially impact dorsal and ventral hippocampal synaptic transmission. The data in the present study shows that an organophosphate, diisopropylfluorophosphate, impacts glutamatergic transmission along the dorsoventral axis in a hippocampal slice preparation via distinct cholinergic and noncholinergic mechanisms. These findings may provide insight into investigations of therapeutic agents that target noncholinergic mechanisms in cases of organophosphate overexposures.
Urgent Peritoneal Dialysis in Patients With COVID-19 and Acute Kidney Injury: A Single-Center Experience in a Time of Crisis in the United States.

At Montefiore Medical Center in The Bronx, NY, the first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was admitted on March 11, 2020. At the height of the pandemic, there were 855 patients with COVID-19 admitted on April 13, 2020. Due to high demand for dialysis and shortages of staff and supplies, we started an urgent peritoneal dialysis (PD) program. From April 1 to April 22, a total of 30 patients were started on PD. Of those 30 patients, 14 died during their hospitalization, 8 were discharged, and 8 were still hospitalized as of May 14, 2020. Although the PD program was successful in its ability to provide much-needed kidney replacement therapy when hemodialysis was not available, challenges to delivering adequate PD dosage included difficulties providing nurse training and availability of supplies. Providing adequate clearance and ultrafiltration for patients in intensive care units was especially difficult due to the high prevalence of a hypercatabolic state, volume overload, and prone positioning. PD was more easily performed in non–critically ill patients outside the intensive care unit. Despite these challenges, we demonstrate that urgent PD is a feasible alternative to hemodialysis in situations with critical resource shortages.
Soft Startup Strategies for DAB-Based DCX in Composite Converters

In a composite dc-dc converter, regulation and dual active bridge (DAB)-based fixed-ratio (DCX) modules are arranged to minimize stresses and losses over wide ranges of input and output voltages. The system relies on smooth mode transitions in which a DCX must be quickly powered up from zero output to its nominal fixed-ratio operation. In the case a DCX precedes a regulation stage, the DCX is exposed to a high input voltage, leading to a large inrush current during startup. In the case a DCX follows a regulation stage, the DCX needs to charge the output dc capacitor while simultaneously supplying a high load current. To address these challenges, a generalized DCX modulation scheme is proposed in this paper to maximize the average DCX output current and to enable soft startup transitions in the two configurations considered. The approach is verified by simulations and by experimental results on a 350 V, 25 kW SiC-based prototype.
Precision medicine in women with epilepsy: The challenge, systematic review, and future direction

Epilepsy is one of the most prevalent neurologic conditions, affecting almost 70 million people worldwide. In the United States, 1.3 million women with epilepsy (WWE) are in their active reproductive years. Women with epilepsy (WWE) face gender-specific challenges such as pregnancy, seizure exacerbation with hormonal pattern fluctuations, contraception, fertility, and menopause. Precision medicine, which applies state-of-the art molecular profiling to diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic problems, has the potential to advance the care of WWE by precisely tailoring individualized management to each patient's needs. For example, antiseizure medications (ASMs) are among the most common teratogens prescribed to women of childbearing potential. Teratogens act in a dose-dependent manner on a susceptible genotype. However, the genotypes at risk for ASM-induced teratogenic deficits are unknown. Here we summarize current challenging issues for WWE, review the state-of-art tools for clinical precision medicine approaches, perform a systematic review of pharmacogenomic approaches in management for WWE, and discuss potential future directions in this field. We envision a future in which precision medicine enables a new practice style that puts focus on early detection, prediction, and targeted therapies for WWE.
Safety issues in soil biology laboratory: a perspective

Today, working under a highly controlled safety condition in biological laboratories is becoming an important issue among researchers. Working in such environments requires considerable levels of attention to hazardous agents, microbial pathogens and/or biological sources might enter the laboratory. In the case of soil biology laboratories, soil scientists mainly deal with a wide variety of microorganisms that either isolated from soil samples or soil-related areas. Though these microorganisms have not dangerous for lab assistants and lab technicians, nevertheless, considering safety issues during the isolation of these species from target samples, their subculture processes, and formulating them into biofertilizers will need a great level of attention to reduce all concerns might be associated with the possibility of their pathogenicity for lab staffs. In this review, the recent trends on safety standards for working with microorganisms in soil biology laboratories have been discussed. The review will try to place extra concentration on self-protecting points during working with soil microorganisms and pave a way for a better understanding of experimental standards in soil biology laboratories.
Patient Education After Inadequate Bowel Preparation: Improving Care and Outcomes

Background A colonoscopy is recommended for prevention and early detection of colorectal cancers. A high-quality bowel preparation is associated with adequate polyp detection and one of the colonoscopy preparation quality measures. However, many patients arrive for colonoscopy appointments with inadequate bowel preparation, and approximately 20% of patients with colonoscopy failure were not adherent to instructions. The purpose of this study was to determine whether using a questionnaire would improve the outcomes of patient education and proper bowel preparation. Observations Charts were reviewed to develop a patient questionnaire. A mix of open-and closed-ended, patient-centered questions were developed to further patient education in a time-efficient manner and achieve consistent responses for determining barriers and issues, improve documentation, and then assist the patient in achieving a good-to-excellent quality bowel preparation. Conclusions Proper cleansing instructions as well as identifying and overcoming barriers to achieving adequate bowel preparation for colonoscopy can result in improved patient satisfaction, care quality, and cost savings.
The Potential for Overtreatment with Total Neoadjuvant Therapy (TNT): Consider One Local Therapy Instead

ABSTRACT Purpose of Review With increased therapeutic options in rectal cancer, a central question has become how to tailor therapy to patient preferences to avoid both over and under treatment. Total Neoadjuvant Therapy (TNT), defined as delivering all planned chemotherapy and radiation therapy (RT) before surgery, was developed with the primary goal of improving overall survival through early elimination of micrometastatic disease. In this narrative review assessing patients with operable adenocarcinoma of the rectum, we sought to evaluate TNT versus alternative options with regard to both quality of life (QoL) and oncologic outcomes. Recent Findings Survey data of patient preferences reveal that an increased focus on QoL when discussing options is essential. While evidence favors TNT improving distant metastases-free survival, this has not yet translated to a clear OS benefit. The improved pathologic complete response rate with TNT compared to short course RT or chemoradiation alone suggests proceeding to surgery might result in overtreatment, lending support to a Watch-and-Wait (W&W) option for patients with a goal for non-operative management (NOM) if a clinical complete response (cCR) is achieved. Similarly, for select low-risk patients, surgery may be the only local therapy required allowing for safe omission of RT. Conclusions In the treatment of rectal cancer, the future appears to be moving towards one local therapy. As an alternative to TNT, there is growing support for the concept we define herein as total definitive therapy (TDT) instead: chemoradiation followed by consolidation chemotherapy, saving surgery only for incomplete responders rather than as part of the initial treatment plan. Also, selective use of RT should be considered for low-risk patients. By thoroughly assessing how these treatment de-escalation options compare to more traditional treatment algorithms, this narrative review provides guidance on how to honor patient preferences for QoL by avoiding treatments that might offer negligible benefits in oncologic outcomes.
New Adjustment of NAD-Associated Computer Products

The horizontal geodetic network of the United States comprises over 220,000 stations. Most of these stations were surveyed in the past four decades. Their inclusion into the National Network has gradually strained the accuracy of the 1927 adjustment, which led to the North American 1927 datum, and has made a new adjustment mandatory. Important topics relating to the New Adjustment (identified as North American Datum 1983) are the selection of a new datum, the effect on the coordinate system, as well as new possibilities for data dissemination resulting from advances in electronic computing.
Higher plant cellulose synthases.

Cellulose, an aggregate of unbranched polymers of β-1,4-linked glucose residues, is the major component of wood and thus paper, and is synthesized by plants, most algae, some bacteria and fungi, and even some animals. The genes that synthesize cellulose in higher plants differ greatly from the well-characterized genes found in Acetobacter and Agrobacterium sp. More correctly designated as 'cellulose synthase catalytic subunits', plant cellulose synthase (CesA) proteins are integral membrane proteins, approximately 1,000 amino acids in length. The sequences for more than 20 full-length CesA genes are available, and they show high similarity to one another across the entire length of the encoded protein, except for two small regions of variability. There are a number of highly conserved residues, including several motifs shown to be necessary for processive glycosyltransferase activity. No crystal structure is known for cellulose synthase proteins, and the exact enzymatic mechanism is unknown. There are a number of mutations in cellulose synthase genes in the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana. Some of these mutants show altered morphology due to the lack of a properly developed primary or secondary cell wall. Others show resistance to well-characterized cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors.
The Supportive State: Families, Government, and America's Political Ideals

Broad agreement exists among politicians and policymakers that the family is a critical institution of American life. Yet the role that the state should play with respect to family ties among citizens remains deeply contested. This controversy over the state's role undergirds a broad range of public policy debates: Does the state have a responsibility to help resolve conflicts between work and family? Should same-sex marriage be permitted? Should parents who receive welfare benefits be required to work? Yet while these individual policy issues are endlessly debated, the underlying theoretical question of the stance that the state should take with families remains largely unexplored. In The Supportive State, Maxine Eichner argues that government must take an active role in supporting families. She contends that the respect for human dignity at the root of America's liberal democratic understanding of itself requires that the state not only support individual freedom and equality-the goods generally considered as grounds for state action in liberal accounts. It must also support families, because it is through families that the caretaking and human development needs which must be satisfied in any flourishing society are largely met. Families' capacity to satisfy these needs, she demonstrates, is critically affected by the framework of societal institutions in which they function. In the "supportive state" model she develops, the state bears the responsibility for structuring societal institutions to support families in performing their caretaking and human development functions. Although not all family forms will further the important functions that warrant state support, she argues that a broad range will. Eichner's vigorous defense of the state's responsibility to enhance families' capacity for caretaking and human development stands as a sharp rejoinder to the widespread conservative belief that the state's role in family life must be diminished in order for families to flourish.
Evaluating the influence of watershed moisture storage on variations in base flow recession rates during prolonged rain‐free periods in medium‐sized catchments in New York and Illinois, USA

[1] When dQ/dt-Q plots of stream recession are constructed for individual recession events, the slopes of the dQ/dt-Q curves are near constant in log space, but the intercepts vary seasonally. Because the intercepts increase during the summer (indicating an increase in the recession rate at a given discharge), it has often been assumed that increased evapotranspiration (ET) leads to increased recession rates. To test this assumption, we related the intercepts of dQ/dt-Q curves from 72 recession events to the concurrent ET and watershed moisture storage as determined from the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) data set. The analysis suggests that at least for the nine watersheds from Illinois and New York we studied, shifts in recession rate during prolonged rain-free periods had little linkage to concurrent ET. Instead, we observe that the shifting has a moderately strong linkage to watershed moisture storage during the recession event. While this seeming lack of dependence on ET during these prolonged rain-free periods is not necessarily reflective of more normal conditions, we suggest it provides some insight into underlying subsurface controls at the watershed scale. In particular, we hypothesize that the shift in intercept in dQ/dt-Q curves results from spatial heterogeneities in watershed surficial geology; under dryer conditions near-stream subsurface zones with high hydraulic conductivities contribute most streamflow but under wetter conditions subsurface zones in upland areas with lower hydraulic conductivities also contribute.
The use of hyaluronidase in pudendal block.

Abstract The use of hyaluronidase is found to be a safe and simple method for increasing the efficiency of pudendal block in obstetrics and for overcoming many of the objections to this type of obstetrical anesthetic. Hyaluronidase increases the efficiency of pudendal block because: 1. 1. There is no tissue distention from the solution. 2. 2. Onset of anesthesia is rapid. 3. 3. Anesthesia extends into adjacent tissues. 4. 4. It is not necessary to deposit the anesthetic at the nerve site itself. 5. 5. The vulva and perineum are completely anesthetized and relaxed. 6. 6. A minimum amount of anesthetic produces the desired results. 7. 7. Duration of anesthesia is sufficient for the normal delivery.
A depiction of male same-sex seduction in Ambrogio Lorenzetti's "Effects of Bad Government" fresco

I n h I s b o o k P i c t u r e s a n d P a s s i o n s : A History of Homosexuality in the Visual Arts, James M. Saslow observes that as the repression of homoerotic behavior increased in europe beginning in the thirteenth century, after a period of relative tolerance in the earlier and central Middle Ages, the number of images of sodomy (as homoerotic behavior was labeled at the time) actually increased, and these images grew more explicit in their depiction of “taboo behavior.” inspired at least in part by Dante’s Commedia (The Divine Comedy), where unrepentant sodomites are condemned to the seventh circle of Hell “to run ceaselessly among a rain of fire reminiscent of Sodom itself,” images of the Last Judgment, including several produced in fourteenthand fifteenth-century italy, show sodomites suffering horrible tortures that mimic their crimes against nature. For example, in the Collegiate Church of San Gimignano, not far from Siena, the painter Taddeo di Bartolo depicted a devil ramming a pole up the anus of a man who is labeled a “SOTOMiTTO”; the pole reemerges through the mouth of the sodomite, whence it then penetrates the mouth of another damned figure (fig. 1). in this way, the artist managed to convey two of the sexual acts of which male sodomites stood accused: anal and oral sex. The sodomites were accompanied in this particular section of hell, identified as the area reserved for those who committed the sin of concupiscence (“LA LUSURiA”),