cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Conundrum of Treating Portal Vein Thrombosis and Submucosal Esophageal Hematoma.

Submucosal esophageal hematoma (SEH) is an uncommon clinical entity and a rare form of esophageal insult. Patients usually present with retrosternal chest pain and dysphagia, which often make the diagnosis of SEH difficult as it mimics common cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders. One of the common inciting factors includes the use of anticoagulants. In this report, we discuss the case of a patient with portal vein thrombosis who was treated with heparin and consequently developed SEH.
Formation of {112¯2} contraction twins in titanium through reversible martensitic phase transformation

Abstract We report the discovery of a non-conventional { 11 2 ¯ 2 } twinning mechanism in α -titanium through reversible α → ω → α martensitic phase transformations. Specifically, the parent α -phase first transforms into an intermediate ω -phase, which then quickly transforms into a twin α -phase, leading to the formation of { 11 2 ¯ 2 } contraction twins. In addition, we prove that the reversible α → ω → α phase transformations follow strict orientation relations between the parent α -, intermediate ω -, and twin α -phases. Finally, we demonstrate that our mechanism agrees with classical twinning theory in the shuffle, shear, and conjugate twinning plane. This study reveals the important role of the intermediate ω -phase in the twinning process, adding critical details to the existing mechanism of { 11 2 ¯ 2 } twinning.
Multiparticle nanofluid optimization for spectral-splitting energy harvesting

Abstract Power production from renewable sources has advanced significantly in the United States in the past decade. Hybrid photovoltaic-thermal systems based on nanofluid spectral-splitting are one example of solar energy harvesting systems that have received considerable attention from the scientific community due to their dual energy conversion capacity. One of the most important aspects of these systems is their capability of transmitting and absorbing solar radiation only in certain ranges of the spectrum. Therefore, the task of finding the best optical fluid filter to be used is essential. In this work, a multiparticle optimization routine was developed for selection of the best particle parameters, such as volume fraction and size, for three different base fluids (water, ethylene glycol, and Therminol VP-1) and solar cells (including Si, GaAs, and GaInP/GaAs). A demonstration of this optimization routine based on the filter efficiency metric was performed where efficiency values near 40% were obtained for Si and GaAs solar cells, including using a lower-cost nanofluid solution. Additionally, novel insights on the parameters affecting the plasmon resonance and damping of indium tin oxide nanocrystals are detailed. The findings in this work provide a pathway for the development of nanofluid solutions as optical filters for photovoltaic-thermal systems.
CHIQUITA1 maintains temporal transition between proliferation and differentiation in Arabidopsis thaliana

Body size varies widely among species, populations, and individuals depending on the environment. Transitioning between proliferation and differentiation is a crucial determinant of final organ size, but how the timing of this transition is established and maintained remains unknown. Using cell proliferation markers and genetic analysis, we show that CHIQUITA1 (CHIQ1) is required to maintain the timing of the transition from proliferation to differentiation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Combining kinematic and cell lineage tracking studies, we found that the number of actively dividing cells in chiquita1-1 plants decreases prematurely compared to wild type plants, suggesting CHIQ1 maintains the proliferative capacity in dividing cells and ensures that cells divide a certain number of times. CHIQ1 belongs to a plant-specific gene family of unknown molecular function and physically and genetically interacts with three close members of its family to control the timing of proliferation exit. Our work reveals the interdependency between cellular and organ-level processes underlying final organ size determination. SignificanceTiming of the transition between proliferation and differentiation is fundamental for determining the final size of organs and organisms. In agriculture, controlling organ and organism size can influence key agronomic traits such as yield and biomass. Dwarfism prevents lodging and was the trait responsible for the Green Revolution. Today, more sophisticated traits are needed for generating crops that are both resilient and sustainable. Revealing the molecular mechanisms that control the temporal transition between proliferation and differentiation will help unlock the potential of next-generation crops. Here, we report that CHIQUITA 1 in Arabidopsis thaliana is needed to maintain the proper timing of the transition between proliferation and differentiation in leaves and roots.
Summary of Session IV Growth Hormone Action

How growth hormone (GH) exerts its growth-promoting actions has been a subject of controversy. The debate has centered on whether these effects of GH result from direct action on target cells or are mediated indirectly by stimulation of production of somatomedins/insulin-like growth factors (Sm/IGFs). Resolution of this question now appears to be coming into sight. A variety of lines of evidence suggest that both GH and the Sm/IGFs act sequentially and in concert to promote growth. While it has not been shown to stimulate cellular proliferation directly (erythroid cell being a possible exception), GH causes differentiation of myoblast and preadipocyte cell lines (1). Once differentiated, these cells proliferate readily in response to somatomedin-C/insulin-like growth factor I (SmC/IGF-I) (2). The data presented by Dr. Isaksson and colleagues in this volume strengthen the belief that the sequential action of GH and SmC/IGF-I may be operative also in the growth of chondrocytes. They have shown that GH increases the abundance of SmC/IGF-I messenger RNA (mRNA) and the appearance of SmC/IGF-I immunoreactive cells in the epiphyseal proliferative zone of hypophysectomized rat cartilage. It is likely that SmC/IGF-I then stimulates cellular proliferation and expansion of the epiphysis. SmC/IGF-I and IGF-II have well-documented mitogenic effects on a wide variety of cultured cells. When administered in vivo to hypophysectomized rats, Sm/IGFs can reproduce GH’s growth-promoting actions (see reviews by Doctors Froesch and Hizuka and their co-workers). While SmC/IGF-I seems to mediate the stimulatory effect of GH cellular proliferation, GH probably acts without SmC/IGF-I to stimulate cellular differentiation and a variety of other metabolic events (the latter are reviewed by Dr. Goodman and co-workers).
Strategic Individual Differences: The Role of Personality in Creating and Solving Adaptive Problems

The science of individual differences and the science of human nature have remained separated since the days of Galton and Darwin. This paper proposes a model of strategic individual differences that integrates the two. The core of the model contains two essential propositions: (1) different individuals confront recurrently different adaptive problems, determined in part by their own personalities and by the personalities of significant others inhabiting their social environment; (2) individuals differ in the behavioral strategies they deploy to solve speciestypical adaptive problems. I illustrate this model of strategic individual differences with an analysis of the problem of mate retention, and examine the role of personality in creating and solving facets of this adaptive problem. Discussion focuses on an evolutionary personality psychology that proposes new strategic units of analysis, integrates human nature and individual differences, and synthesizes “biological” and “social” determinants of personality functioning.
Some Polytypes of Germanium and a Tight Binding Model for the Electronic Structure of Amorphous Solids

There is now considerable evidence1–3 that a useful, although idealized, model of amorphous silicon and germanium is the random tetrahedral network (RTN). In this model, each atom is bonded to four nearest-neighbors at very nearly the nearest-neighbor distance R0, of the crystal. The tetrahedral bonding is very nearly preserved in the RTN with the rms deviation in angle being about 10°–15° and a maximum deviation in angle of about twice this amount Thus, on a local scale, the atomic arrangements in the RTN are much like those of the diamond lattice of crystalline Si and Ge. However, on a larger scale significant differences between the diamond lattice and the RTN become apparent. For example, the diamond lattice consists entirely of “staggered” arrangements of bonds on nearest-neighbors whereas the dihedral angle in the RTN is random. In addition, the RTN contains five-, six-, and seven-member rings whereas the diamond lattice contains only six-member rings.
Attitudes Toward Computers and Computer Use

AbstractThe present study examined the relationship between alternative high school students’ attitudes toward computers and computer use over a four-month period. Students’ experience with computers was minimal at the onset of the study. Computers were used primarily for word processing, and computer use was tracked using an internal tracking system. Results revealed that girls’ attitudes toward computers improved over the course of the study while boys’ attitudes did not. However, there were no overall gender differences in actual computer use nor did computer use increase across the course of the study. Results also revealed that boys’ attitudes toward computers and actual computer use were relatively unrelated, while girls’ attitudes toward computers and actual computer use converged across the course of the study Finally, results revealed that boys’ attitudes and behaviors toward computers were relatively stable, with strong pretest/posttest correlations, while girls’ attitudes and behaviors were not...
The (low) power elite: Deregulated licensing criteria for low-power television in the USA

Abstract This article examines the policy context within which Low Power Television (LPTV) has developed in the USA, analysing the political, legal, aesthetic and technical considerations used to determine station ownership preferences among competing applicants. Although only a few LPTV stations are in commercial operation, the FCC has received over 32 000 applications from community, minority and commercial interest groups from every state. Unfortunately, this impressive growth potential has been stalled amidst debates concerning the constitutionality of various policy models governing station licensing and operation. At stake in the debate over who should own these outlets are myriad political, social and economic interests among public and private concerns vying for airspace. If the government allows corporate interests to compete against or challenge minority applicants, LPTV may follow the lead of VHF TV with respect to ownership concentration and programme content. Conversely, policies favouring community and minority applicants should promote innovative programme ideas featuring local talent, and address local issues.
Examining mobile banking in developing nations from pro‐poor “context, culture, and community” perspective

The mobile phone is the most widely used information and communication technology (ICT) among poor communities in developing nations. Mobile banking lies at the intersection of digital and financial inclusion of these bottom billions. Mobile banking is a social informatics phenomenon embedded in social context; its adoption and ongoing use depends on the ability of the poor to address the barriers to using mobile phones and financial services. Hence, the author critically examines the phenomenon using a pro-poor perspective. Cultural and contextual characteristics of communities significantly influence the adoption and continued usage of ICT (World Bank, 2012). To examine the challenges faced by the poor in adopting and continuing to use mobile banking services, the newly proposed pro-poor perspective focuses on three dimensions, context, culture, and communities. Qualitative analysis of studies on the adoption of mobile banking informs the interdisciplinary discussion on financial and digital inclusion in social informatics, and provides insights to researchers and practitioners for better serving the poor using mobile technologies in developing nations.
Do Grasshoppers Diminish Grassland Productivity? A New Perspective for Control Based on Conservation

Experimental studies of the effects of grasshopper consumption on plant production are presented. The long held claim that grasshopper consumption of plants in some years can reduce forage for livestock and wildlife is supported. However, examining grasshopper consumption over a longer term (multiple years), I find that grasshoppers enhance plant production. This emerges because grasshoppers accelerate nutrient cycling primarily by increasing the proportion of litter provided by faster decomposing plants. The greater availability of nutrients further increases the abundance of faster decomposing plants because they are competitively favored under these conditions and this further enhances nutrient availability and plant production. Therefore, the short-term loss of forage for livestock and wildlife is outweighed by the long-term enhancement of forage production. The rangeland conditions which lead to grasshoppers producing beneficial production effects are reviewed.
Towards Reliable Network Wide Broadcast in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Network-Wide Broadcast (NWB) is a common operation in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) used by routing protocols to discover routes and in group communication operations. NWB is commonly performed via flooding, which has been shown to be expensive in dense MANETs because of its high redundancy. Several efforts have targeted reducing the redundancy of floods. In this work, we target another problem that can substantially impact the success of NWBs: since MAC level broadcasts are unreliable, it is possible for critical rebroadcasts to be lost, leading to a significant drop in the node coverage. This is especially true under heavy load and in sparse topologies. We show that the techniques that target reducing the overhead of flooding, reduce its inherent redundancy and harm its reliability. In addition, we show that static approaches are more vulnerable to this problem. We then present a selective rebroadcast approach to improve the robustness of NWBs. We show that our approach leads to considerable improvement in NWB coverage relative to a recently proposed solution to this problem, with a small increase in overhead. The proposed approaches do not require proactive neighbor discovery and are therefore resilient to mobility. Finally, the solution can be added to virtually all NWB approaches to improve their reliability.
Numerical aperture increasing lens microscopy for high resolution and high collection efficiency spectroscopy of single quantum dots

The numerical aperture increasing lens (NAIL) technique is applied to imaging and spectroscopy of single InGaAs quantum dots (QDs). Using NAIL, we demonstrate a resolution of 350 nm (/spl sim//spl lambda//3) and a six-fold collection efficiency increase.
The specific force of single intact extensor digitorum longus and soleus mouse muscle fibers declines with aging.

In the present study we measured, for the first time, the isometric specific force (SF, force normalized to cross sectional area) generated by single intact fibers from fast- (extensor digitorum longus, EDL) and slow-twitch (soleus) muscles from young adult (2–6), middle-aged (12–14) and old (20–24 month-old) mice. SF has also been measured in single intact flexor digitorum brevis fibers from young mice. Muscle fibers have been classified into fast- or slow-twitch based on the contraction kinetics. Maximum SF recorded in EDL and soleus fibers from young and middle-aged mice did not differ significantly. A significant age-dependent decline in maximum SF was recorded in EDL and soleus fibers from young or middle-aged to old mice. The SF was 377 ± 18, 417 ± 20 and 279 ± 18 kPa for EDL fibers from young, middle-aged and old mice, respectively and 397 ± 17, 405 ± 24 and 320 ± 33 kPa for soleus fibers from age-matched mice, respectively. The frequency needed to elicit maximum force in EDL and soleus fibers from middle-aged to old mice did not differ significantly. In conclusion, the specific force developed by both fast and slow-twitch single intact muscle fibers declines with aging and more significantly in the former.
Tautomer chemistry of thiazolidines. 1‐Thia‐4‐azaspiro[4,5] decanes

The thiazolidine, 1-thia-4-azaspiro[4,5] decane (Ia), which is derived from cyclohexanone and 2-aminoethanethiol (X), forms a thiazolidone (VIII) with mercaptoacetic acid more slowly and in lower yield than with 2-phenylthiazolidine, a case reported previously. A thiazolidine which is related to a non-conjugate chain tautomer such as Ic, might be expected to behave in this way. Alkylation, as another possible example of tautomer chemistry, was studied, and N-, S-, and C-alkylation were all observed under varying circumstances. Thus, thiazolidine la undergoes alkylation with methyl iodide in ethanol to form the N-methylthiazolidine (IIa), and in sodium-liquid ammonia to give the S-methyl derivative (III). In the latter case, alkylation occurs with reductive cleavage. Although no trace of other tautomer derivatives (IV, V) was to be found in the methyl iodide alkylation, I with acrylonitrile did in fact give C-alkylation. An analytically pure mixture of tautomers was obtained, from which 2-oxocyclohexanepropionitrile (VI) was isolated on hydrolysis. In a manner similar to the formation of III, IIa was S-alkylated by treatment with sodium-liquid ammonia followed by benzyl chloride to give a saturated product (XVII). Although such a process might be identified with a chain tautomer (IIb), the evidence is to the contrary, since the intermediate (XIV), which might be involved in such a process, fails to undergo a similar reduction with sodium-liquid ammonia. A greatly improved procedure for the preparation of thiazolidine (XI, 86% yield) is also reported.
Control and Creativity

Could a new app-programming language boost the appeal of computer science to the next generation?
Population size and natural selection in the land snail Cepaea nemoralis.

ALTHOUGH most investigators have concluded that protein polymorphisms are maintained by balancing selection1,2, some contend that they are the consequences of random drift of neutral or nearly neutral alleles3,4. Many empirical data seem to support the selectionist view, although the mechanism that might be involved is not well understood. In any case, critical data on changes in allelic or genotypic frequencies through time are not available for most natural populations. Therefore, the major evidence for selective responses is provided by deviations from expected zygotic proportions at some given time.
Analysis on the current and the future Internet structure regarding multi-homed and multi-path routing

We analyzed how reliability will be improved by adopting inter-domain multi-path and multi-homing routing when the structure in the Internet changes. We identified the properties of the ideal network structure that will maximize the advantage of multi-path and multi-home routing using mathematical analyses. We focused on how each end-to-end path is built, how many multi-paths exist and how each multi-path consists of multi-path and multi-homing segments. Second, we analyzed the trends in the recent changes in how the Internet is structured from the view point of inter-domain multi-path routing. The mathematical analyses suggest that a large number of multi-paths or multi-homing is not necessary to effectively benefit from multi-path routing. However, it will be important to keep the path length short in the segments where multiple paths are not available. The analyses on the recent changes in the Internet structure suggest that multi-path routing will contribute to improvement of reliability in two different ways. For the autonomous systems away from the Internet core, multi-path routing will improve the reliability by going around the busy Internet core, while it will improve the reliability by distributing network traffic load through the Internet core for the autonomous systems close to the core.
Kinase inhibitors: A new tool for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

Despite aggressive immunosuppression with biologics and traditional DMARDs, achieving disease remission remains an unmet goal for most rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. In this context, there is a demand for novel treatment strategies, with kinase inhibitors expected to enrich the existing therapeutic armamentarium. In RA some kinases participate in the generation of pathogenic signaling cascades. Pharmacologic inhibition of kinases that mediate pathogenic signal transduction heralds a new era for RA therapeutics. Oral inhibitors of JAKs, Syk, PI3Ks, MAPKs and Btk are under development or in clinical trials in patients with RA. In this review, we discuss the scientific rationale for the use of kinase inhibitors in RA and summarize the experience from clinical trials.
Products of limited ribonuclease digestion of Escherichia coli soluble ribonucleic acid

Abstract The action of pancreatic ribonuclease upon Escherichia coli sRNA at 0 ° and in the presence of 0.01 m magnesium ion for 4 minutes yields 3 main polyribonucleotide chains of molecular weight about 14,000, 11,000, and 6000. Each fraction possesses secondary structure as evidenced by absorbance melting curves and is structurally homogeneous. Comparison of the absorbance thermal profiles of the fractions with that of native sRNA in the absence and presence of magnesium ion suggests that close to the full chain length of the native molecule is a prerequisite for the magnesium ion induced cooperative melting. Assuming unanimity of configuration for all transfer RNA's, it is suggested that use of the single hairpin model of sRNA in examining cleavage modes is not satisfactory. More complex helical structures are without this difficulty.
Criteria for Selection of an Academic Major: Accounting and Gender Differences

An instrument for selection of academic majors was administered to 638 undergraduate business students to assess selection criteria for accounting majors and to compare criteria with nonaccounting ...
Direct Proof That Phorbol Ester Accelerates the Use of Choline Phosphate for Phosphatidylcholine Synthesis in Intact Cells

Abstract Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a potent activator of protein kinase C, stimulates both the cellular uptake of radiolabeled choline and the activity of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase resulting in increased incorporation of choline into phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho). Because of these multiple actions, it is difficult to determine the contribution of de novo synthesis to PMA-stimulated incorporation of radiolabeled choline into PtdCho. To address this issue, in this work Ha-ras-transformed NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, which were found to readily accumulate radiolabeled choline phosphate from the medium, were used. PMA (100 n M ) had no stimulatory effect on the uptake of [ 14 C]choline phosphate by transformed cells, but it significantly (2.0- to 2.9-fold) enhanced the incorporation of this labeled precursor into cellular PtdCho during a 5-h incubation period. A well-detectable (∼1.45-fold) stimulatory effect on the incorporation of [ 14 C]choline phosphate into PtdCho was obtained with 10 n M PMA, while maximal effects required 100 n M PMA. In transformed cells, PMA also stimulated incorporation of [ 14 C]choline into PtdCho. However, when [ 14 C]choline phosphate and [ 14 C]choline were directly compared, PMA was found to exert slightly, but consistently, greater stimulatory effects on the incorporation of [ 14 C]choline phosphate into PtdCho. The protein kinase C inhibitor GF 109203X inhibited PMA-induced synthesis of PtdCho from both [ 14 C]choline and [ 14 C]choline phosphate. These results directly demonstrate that PMA can stimulate PtdCho synthesis through the protein kinase C system at a step subsequent to the uptake of choline and the action of choline kinase.
Practical combinatorial (t-way) methods for detecting complex faults in regression testing

Regression testing can be among the most challenging of software assurance tasks because program changes often introduce faults, including unexpected interactions among different parts of the code. Unanticipated interactions may also occur when software is modified for a new platform. Techniques such as pairwise testing are not sufficient for detecting these faults, because empirical evidence shows that some errors are triggered only by the interaction of three, four, or more parameters. However, new algorithms and tools make it possible to generate tests that cover complex combinations of values (2-way to 6-way), or to analyze existing test suites and automatically generate tests that provide combinatorial coverage. The key advantage of this approach is that it produces better testing using a fraction of the tests required by other methods.
Babesia bovis: gene isolation and characterization using a mung bean nuclease-derived expression library.

Abstract Genomic DNA prepared from erythrocyte cultures of Babesia bovis merozoites was digested with mung bean nuclease and used to construct a λ gt11 expression library of B. bovis recombinants. Immunoscreening with two polyclonal antibody probes detected multiple recombinants from which two, designated Bb-1 and Bb-3, were chosen for further analysis. Monospecific immunoglobulins isolated from the screening sera using nitrocellulose-bound fusion proteins were employed to determine the native molecular weight and the intracellular location of the babesial proteins encoded by the recombinants. Clone Bb-1 encodes an antigen of 77,000 Da located at the apical end of the intraerythrocytic parasite. A protein of 75,000 Da encoded by clone Bb-3 is associated with the infected red blood cell cytoplasm and/or membrane but not with the merozoite.
Science on a Shoestring - Research Vessel Conversion

One of the challenges teaching institutions in oceanography face is to provide students meaningful sea time, given the very high costs of research vessel acquisition and operations. One approach to this problem is conversion. When a vessel built for one purpose is later dedicated to another, however, substantial alteration is usually necessary. Such was the case when F.I.T. accepted a 95' Vietnam era patrol boat to convert to a coastal research vessel for teaching and funded research. This paper highlights some of the political, engineering, and financial considerations that attend such a venture, and offers some unsolicited advice to those who would go and do likewise.
Solar cells: Slicing and dicing photons

Solar cells take advantage of our most abundant source of energy, the Sun. A technique that improves the conversion of photons to electrons could potentially lead to a dramatic improvement in device efficiency.
Nonlinear bending analysis of thin circular plates by differential quadrature

Abstract The behavior of thin, circular, isotropic elastic plates with immovable edges and undergoing large deflections is investigated by the numerical technique of differential quadrature. Approximate results are determined with the aid of a symbolic manipulation computer program and a Newton-Raphson technique to solve the nonlinear systems of equations. Bending stresses, membrane stresses, and deflections are calculated for clamped and simply supported flexural edge conditions and for a uniform pressure load and a concentrated load at the center.
Surveillance of adverse psychiatric medication events.

RESULTS From 2009 through 2011, there were an estimated 89 094 (95% CI, 68 641-109 548) psychiatric medication ADE ED visits annually, with 19.3% (95% CI, 16.3%-22.2%) resulting in hospitalization and 49.4% (95% CI, 46.5%-52.4%) involving patients aged 19 to 44 years. Sedatives and anxiolytics, antidepressants, antipsychotics, lithium salts, and stimulants were implicated in an estimated 30 707 (95% CI, 23 406-38 008), 25 377 (95% CI, 19 051-31 704), 21 578 (95% CI, 16 599-26 557), 3620 (95% CI, 2311-4928), and 2779 (95% CI, 1764-3794) respective ADE ED visits annually. Antipsychotics and lithium salts were implicated in 11.7 (95% CI, 10.1-13.2) and 16.4 (95% CI, 13.0-19.9) ADE ED visits per 10 000 outpatient prescription visits, respectively, compared with 3.6 (95% CI, 3.2-4.1) for sedatives and anxiolytics, 2.9 (95% CI, 2.3-3.5) for stimulants, and 2.4 (95% CI, 2.1-2.7) for antidepressants. The commonly used sedative zolpidem tartrate was implicated in 11.5% (95% CI, 9.5%-13.4%) of all adult psychiatric medication ADE ED visits and in 21.0% (95% CI, 16.3%-25.7%) of visits involving adults 65 years or older, in both cases significantly more than any other psychiatric medication.
An extension of the weighted dissimilarity test to association study in families

Association studies for complex diseases based on pedigree haplotype or genotype data have received increasing attention in the last few years. The similarity tests are appealing for these studies because they take into account of the DNA structure, but they have blind areas on which significant association can not be detected. Recently, we developed a dissimilarity method for this problem based on independent haplotype data, which eliminates the blind areas of the existing methods. As DNA collected on families are common in practice, and the data are either of the form of genotype or haplotype. Here we extend our method for association study to data on families. It can be used to evaluate different designs in terms of power. Simulation studies confirmed that the extended method improves the type I error rate and power. Applying this method to the Genetic Analysis Workshop 14 alcoholism data, we find that markers rs716581, rs1017418, rs1332184 and rs1943418 on chromosomes 1, 2, 9 and 18 yield strong signal (with P value 0.001 or lower) for association with alcoholism. Our work can serve as a guide in the design of association studies in families.
Treatment of anemia in low risk myelodysplastic syndromes with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus recombinant human erythropoietin.

Treatment of anemia in low risk myelodysplastic syndromes with granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus recombinant human erythropoietin
The clinical utility of eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation testing for the diagnosis of exercise-induced bronchospasm.

Background. Exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) is the acute, transient airway narrowing associated with exercise. Eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation (EVH) has been used to diagnose EIB in elite athletes and in research settings. The clinical utility of EVH in a general pulmonary practice has not previously been reported. Thus we sought to determine the utility and applicability of EVH testing in the clinical setting. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed 178 EVH tests performed at the Ohio State University Medical Center. Results. A total of 178 EVH studies were performed. Fifty patients (28%) were EIB-positive. A threshold of 60% of the predicted maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) per minute was used as a criterion for an adequate EVH test. A majority of patients, 127 (71%), had adequate EVH tests. Females were less likely to achieve 60% MVV than males (80% vs. 55%; p = 0.002). Of the 51 patients with inadequate tests, 17 (33%) were EIB-positive; 16 of these 17 were female. Overall, EVH testing was dia...
BioAerosol Mass Spectrometry: Reagentless Detection of Individual Airborne Spores and Other Bioagent Particles Based on Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Better devices are needed for the detection of aerosolized biological warfare agents. Advances in the ongoing development of one such device, the BioAerosol Mass Spectrometry (BAMS) system, are described here in detail. The system samples individual, micrometer-sized particles directly from the air and analyzes them in real-time without sample preparation or use of reagents. At the core of the BAMS system is a dual-polarity, single-particle mass spectrometer with a laser based desorption and ionization (DI) system. The mass spectra produced by early proof-of-concept instruments were highly variable and contained limited information to differentiate certain types of similar biological particles. The investigation of this variability and subsequent changes to the DI laser system are described. The modifications have reduced the observed variability and thereby increased the usable information content in the spectra. These improvements would have little value without software to analyze and identify the mass spectra. Important improvements have been made to the algorithms that initially processed and analyzed the data. Single particles can be identified with an impressive level of accuracy, but to obtain significant reductions in the overall false alarm rate of the BAMS instrument, alarm decisions must be made dynamically on the basis of multiple analyzed particles.more » A statistical model has been developed to make these decisions and the resulting performance of a hypothetical BAMS system is quantitatively predicted. The predictions indicate that a BAMS system, with reasonably attainable characteristics, can operate with a very low false alarm rate (orders of magnitude lower than some currently fielded biodetectors) while still being sensitive to small concentrations of biological particles in a large range of environments. Proof-of-concept instruments, incorporating some of the modifications described here, have already performed well in independent testing.« less
From Continuity to Contiguity. Toward a New Jewish Literary Thinking

From Continuity to Contiguity. Toward a New Jewish Literary Thinking Dan Miron Stanford University Press, 2010 541pp., $65.00, ISBN 9780804762007 From Continuity to Contiguity is an indispensable c...
Duration of residence and prospective migration: Further evidence

relevant to inter-community migration is that an individual's propensity to move is a fulletion of, among other things, his length of residence in the community. Parameters of the functional relationship of migration probabilities to duration status are estimated from migration histories for a sample of residents in Monterrey, Mexico, and compared with estimates reported by P. A. Morrison using data from Amsterdam, The Netherlands. In both data sets a negative nonlinear relation of the probability of migrating to duration status, as well as an interaction between age and duration status, is found. Values of parameters describing the relation within age groups differ sufficiently between the two data sets, however, to suggest that further specification of conditions under which a particular form of functional relation will obtain is necessary if the model is to be useful in migration research.
Physiological function and behavioral genetics. II. Quantitative genetic analysis of conduction velocity of caudal nerves of the mouse,Mus musculus

Scores for body weight, tail length, and caudal nerve conduction velocity (assessed by direct, in vivo methods) from 1701 mice from the DBA/1J and C3H/HeJ inbred strains and their derived generations were employed for genetic analysis. Substantial strain differences were observed for the three characters, and hybrid scores exceeded those of inbreds. Within the reciprocal backcrosses, mating groups with inbred female parents had lower average scores for the three variables than did groups with hybrid female parents. The nature of this maternal influence is being examined. Heritability estimates from comparison of generation variances were high and not consistent. Those from generation means were lower, consistent, and in close agreement with estimates from regression of F3 offspring on their F2 parent scores. The heritability of conduction velocity in this population is apparently about 0.10. Regression estimates of heritability using 950 animals from an eight-way cross suggest that the heritability of caudal nerve conduction velocity in that population is about 0.20. From both populations, a slight positive genetic correlation among the characters is indicated.
Non‐Necrotizing Granulomatous Dermatitis in an Infant: Infantile Sarcoidosis or Initial Manifestation of Blau Syndrome?

A 14-month-old, otherwise healthy boy presented with a six-month history of an asymptomatic eruption that began on the face and progressively involved most of the cutaneous surface. The patient’s father and paternal grandfather both had a history of chronic uveitis that began during adolescence. Physical examination revealed numerous 1- to 2-mm, red-brown, flat-topped papules on the trunk, extremities, and face. The serum ACE level was elevated. Other pertinent laboratory tests and a CXR were normal. The tuberculin skin test was negative. There were no signs of arthritis or uveitis. A punch biopsy revealed a perifollicular, perieccrine, superficial, and deep perivascular non-necrotizing granulomatous infiltrate, admixed with a few neutrophils. No polarizable material was present. AFB, Fite, and Grocott stains were negative for organisms. A clinico-pathologic diagnosis of sarcoidosis was initially rendered. Given the family history, a diagnosis of Blau syndrome, a rare autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the CARD15 gene and characterized by arthritis, uveitis, and a non-caseating granulomatous dermatitis, is explored. Blau syndrome has substantial overlap with early-onset sarcoidosis and is thought to represent the familial form of the disease. Analysis of the CARD15 gene is in progress for the patient and his family.
A Mechanical Analysis of Conduit Arteries Accounting for Longitudinal Residual Strains

Identification of an appropriate stress-free reference configuration is critically important in providing a reasonable prediction of the intramural stress distribution when performing biomechanical analyses on arteries. The stress-free state is commonly approximated as a radially cut ring that typically opens into a nearly circular sector, relieving much of the circumferential residual strains that exist in the traction-free configuration. An opening angle is often used to characterize this sector. In this study, we first present experimental results showing significant residual deformations in the longitudinal direction of two commonly studied arteries in the pig: the common carotid artery and the left anterior descending coronary artery. We concluded that a radially cut ring cannot completely describe the stress-free state of the arteries. Instead, we propose the use of a longitudinal opening angle, in conjunction with the traditional circumferential opening angle, to experimentally quantify the stress-free state of an artery. Secondly, we propose a new kinematic model to account for the addition of longitudinal residual strains through employing the longitudinal opening angle and performed a stress analysis. We found that with the inclusion of longitudinal residual strains in the stress analysis, the predicted circumferential stress gradient was decreased by 3-fold and the predicted longitudinal stress gradient was increased by 5.7-fold. Thus, inclusion of longitudinal residual strains has a significant effect on the predicted stress distribution in arteries.
Localization of cocaine analog [125I]RTI 82 irreversible binding to transmembrane domain 6 of the dopamine transporter.

The site of cocaine binding on the dopamine transporter (DAT) was investigated using the photoactivatable irreversible cocaine analog [125I]3β-(p-chlorophenyl)tropane-2β-carboxylic acid, 4′-azido-3′-iodophenylethyl ester ([125I]RTI 82). The incorporation site of this compound was mapped to transmembrane domains (TMs) 4–6 using epitope-specific immunoprecipitation of trypsin fragments and further localized using cyanogen bromide (CNBr), which hydrolyzes proteins on the C-terminal side of methionine residues. CNBr hydrolysis of [125I]RTI 82-labeled rat striatal and expressed human DATs produced fragments of ∼5–10 kDa consistent with labeling between Met271/272 or Met290 in TM5 to Met370/371 in TM7. To further define the incorporation site, substitution mutations were made that removed endogenous methionines and inserted exogenous methionines in combinations that would generate labeled CNBr fragments of distinct masses depending on the labeling site. The results obtained were consistent with the presence of TM6 but not TMs 4, 5, or 7 in the labeled fragments, with additional support for these conclusions obtained by epitope-specific immunoprecipitation and secondary digestion of CNBr fragments with endoproteinase Lys-C. The final localization of [125I]RTI 82 incorporation to rat DAT Met290–Lys336 and human DAT I291M to R344M provides positive evidence for the proximity of cocaine binding to TM6. Residues in and near DAT TM6 regulate transport and transport-dependent conformational states, and TM6 forms part of the substrate permeation pathway in the homologous Aquifex aeolicus leucine transporter. Cocaine binding near TM6 may thus overlap the dopamine translocation pathway and function to inhibit TM6 structural rearrangements necessary for transport.
Influence of fluids on the abrasion of silicon by diamond

Silicon wafers ((100)-p-type) were abraded at room temperature in acetone, absolute ethanol and water by a pyramid diamond and the resulting groove depth was measured as a function of normal force on the diamond and the absorbed fluids, while all other experimental conditions were held constant. The groove depth rates are in the ratio of 1:2:3 for water, absolute ethanol, and acetone, respectively, for a constant normal force. The groove depth rate is lower when the normal force is decreased. The silicon abraded in the presence of water was chipped as expected for a classical brittle material while the surfaces abraded in the other two fluids showed ductile ploughing as the main mechanism for silicon removal.
The effects of ingested petroleum on the naphthalene-metabolizing properties of liver tissue in seawater-adapted mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)

Abstract Hepatic mixed function oxidase activities were estimated in seawater-adapted mallard ducks ( Anas platyrhynchos ) that had been consuming food contaminated with one of five different types of crude oil. After 50 days of exposure to contaminated food, enzyme activities of liver microsomal preparations were assessed in terms of their naphthalenemetabolizing properties in vitro . Although dose-dependent increases in the total hepatic enzyme activities (nmole naphthalene metabolized per minute per unit mass body weight) were observed in birds consuming food contaminated with each type of crude oil, three patterns of response were apparent. Crude oils from South Louisiana and Kuwait stimulated large and significant increases in the specific activity of the enzyme system (nmole naphthalene metabolized per minute per unit mass microsomal protein), whereas little or no increase in either microsomal protein content or relative liver weight were observed. In contrast, two crude oils from Santa Barbara, Calif., induced only small increases in specific activity but significant increases occurred in hepatic microsomal protein concentration and relative liver weight. The crude oil from Prudhoe Bay, Ala., evoked intermediate patterns of response. The possible significance of these data is discussed in relation to the survival of seabirds consuming petroleum-contaminated food and drinking water.
COMPARISON OF REDUCED AND FULL CHEMICAL MECHANISMS FOR NONPREMIXED TURBULENT H2-AIR JET FLAMES

ABSTRACT Use of reduced chemical mechanisms in combustion applications is becoming standard practice due to the reduced computational effort involved in simulating finite rate chemistry. Reduced mechanisms are developed with simplifying assumptions which limit the phenomena that can be studied. In this study, a comparison between a full, finite rate, chemical mechanism and a standard reduced mechanism for H2-air combustion and NO formation is made for nonpremixed, turbulent jet flames. The numerical simulations incorporate an innovative mixing model so that turbulent-chemistry interactions can accurately be captured enabling a critical evaluation of the assumptions made in the reduced mechanism. Results indicate that the reduced mechanism and the full mechanism with differential diffusion and variable Lewis number compare relatively well except for the radical species. NO emission index results also compare favorably even though substantial variations in Lewis number and differential diffusion effects are...
Carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy: XIII. Relationships between plasma insulin and proinsulin during late pregnancy in normal and diabetic subjects.

To assess the effects of pregnancy on the relationships between plasma insulin and proinsulin, studies were performed during late gestation in women with normal carbohydrate metabolism or diabetes mellitus. Plasma was secured after overnight fast and 1, 2, and 3 hours following oral glucose (100 g). Samples were analyzed directly for total immunoreactive insulin (TIR) and for insulin and proinsulin following plasma fractionation by gel filtration. Fractionation disclosed that most of the normal gestational increase in basal and glucose-stimulated TIR can be ascribed to insulin rather than disproportionate increments in proinsulin-like components. Normal proinsulin/insulin relationships were also preserved in mild diabetics despite greater variability in their TIR response to glucose. Thus, mild carbohydrate intolerance during pregnancy is not attended by abnormalities in plasma proinsulin. In contrast, basal proinsulin levels were elevated in 4 of 9 pregnant subjects with diabetes sufficiently severe to n...
Teacher Characteristics and the Quality of Child–Teacher Relationships

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine certain characteristics of teachers (e.g., ethnicity, gender, relationship history) and children (e.g., gender, ethnicity) that are unique to the child–teacher relationship. One hundred thirty-eight preservice teachers reported on their relationship with 903 students in kindergarten through fifth grade. Results indicated that the preservice teachers' perceived attachment history was a significant predictor of the quality of child–teacher relationships as reported by the teacher. Gender and ethnic differences were found in teachers' reports of the quality of relationships with students. Results are examined in terms of their relation to theory concerning child–adult relationships and their practical significance. Implications for teacher education are also discussed.