cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Weight-bearing status may influence rates of radiographic healing following reamed, intramedullary fixation of diaphyseal femur fractures.

Objective To investigate the effect of weight-bearing status on radiographic healing of diaphyseal femur fractures. Design Retrospective 1:1 matched cohort study. Setting Single-level 1 trauma center. Participants One-hundred forty-four (N = 154) patients matched 1:1 in non-weight bearing (NWB) and weight-bearing as tolerated (WBAT) groups. Intervention Non-weight bearing following reamed, statically locked intramedullary fixation of diaphyseal femur fracture, generally due to concurrent lower extremity fracture. Main Outcome Measurement Postoperative radiographic healing using modified Radiographic Union Scale for Tibia fractures (mRUST) scores. Results Groups were well matched on age, sex, race, prevalence of tobacco and alcohol use, diabetes mellitus status, Injury Severity Score, fracture pattern and shaft location, vascular injury, open fracture prevalence, and operative characteristics. Radiographic follow-up was similar between groups (231 vs 228 days, P = .914). At 6 to 8 weeks status post intramedullary fixation, the median mRUST score in the NWB group (9) was lower than that of the WBAT group (10) (mean: 8.4 vs 9.7, P = .004). At 12 to 16 weeks, the median mRUST in the NWB group (10) was again lower than the WBAT group (12) (mean: 9.9 vs 11.7, P = .003). The median number of days to 3 cortices of bridging callous was 85 in the WBAT group, compared with 122 in the NWB group (P = .029). Median time to mRUST scores of 12 (111 vs 162 days, P = .008), 13 (218 vs 278 days, P = .023), and 14 (255 vs 320 days, P = .028) were all longer in the NWB group compared with the WBAT group. Conclusions Non-weight bearing after intramedullary fixation of diaphyseal femur fractures delays radiographic healing, with median time to 3 cortices of bridging callous increased from 85 days in WBAT groups to 122 days in NWB groups. These results provide clinicians with an understanding of the expected postoperative course, as well as further support the need to expeditiously advance weight-bearing status.Level of Evidence: IV.
Heterogeneity, turn-over rate and karyotype space shape susceptibility to missegregation-induced extinction

The incidence of somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs) per base pair of the genome is orders of magnitudes larger than that of point mutations. This makes SCNAs phenotypically effective. One mitotic event stands out in its potential to significantly change a cell9s SCNA burden -- a chromosome missegregation. We have presented a general deterministic framework for modeling whole chromosome missegregations and use it to evaluate the possibility of missegregation-induced population extinction (MIE). The model predicts critical curves that separate viable from non-viable populations as a function of their turnover- and mis-segregation rates. Missegregation- and turnover rates estimated for nine cancer types are then compared to these predictions for various biological assumptions. The assumption of heterogeneous missegregation rates within a tumor was sufficient to explain the observed data. By contrast, when assuming constant mis-segregation rates, several cancers were located in regions predicted as unviable. Intra-tumor heterogeneity, including heterogeneity in mis-segregation rates, increases as tumors progress. Our predictions suggest that this intra-tumor heterogeneity hinders the chance of success of therapies aimed at MIE.
Managing Prescription Drug Versus Total Health Care Expenditures: The Implications of Medicare Part D

Participants in the US Medicare program are in their second year of selecting among Part D plans, which cover medication expenses. Most participants have a choice among 30 or more stand-alone prescription drug plans, and many can obtain drug coverage from Medicare Advantage plans, which manage both pharmaceutical expenses as well as all other types of health care expenses. Both stand-alone prescription drug plans (PDPs) and Medicare Advantage programs are held to the same standard for their prescription drug design, in terms of being actuarially equivalent to a standard design. Both can also exceed the generosity of this design, by lowering out-of-pocket payments or covering more than the minimum set of drugs, and can set premiums accordingly. The incentives in the two forms of plans are different, however. PDPs only have the incentive to manage prescription drug expenses, whereas Medicare Advantage plans simultaneous manage prescription drug and other types of health care expenses, such as laboratory tests and hospitalizations. From a health system perspective, more costly drugs may lead to increases in prescription drug expenses, but may lower the probability of other expenses such as laboratory exams; this is the case with SSRI antidepressants as compared with older tricyclics, which require greater laboratory expenditures on monitoring. One might therefore expect to see differences in the formulary design of PDPs versus Medicare Advantage plans. To test whether this is true, we examine the generosity of plan design for several major categories of prescription drug expenses, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, antihypertensives, and statins. Generosity is measured by the probability and number of medications in these classes that are on a lower tier (and hence lower copayment level) as a function of PDP or MA status, controlling for the annual premium payment. We also examine the use of other indicators of lower generosity, such as the requirement for prior authorization or step therapy. We find that plan generosity does differ between PDPs and Medicare Advantage plans, but results are not consistent across drug categories. These results point to the danger of creating incentives in narrow silos in the health care system.
SEQUENTIAL COUNTERFACTUALS, COTENABILITY AND TEMPORAL BECOMING

I. SEQUENTIAL COUNTERFACTUALS AND TIME-RELATIVE TRUTH It has received little attention that the truth values of sequential counterfactuals (i.e. counterfactuals in which the antecedent event precedes the consequent event) can shift over time. In the footsteps of Goodman, I develop a theory of sequential counterfactuals that can account for this feature. The theory (i) defends a semifactual test of cotenability, (ii) spells out the truth conditions for semifactuals in probabilistic terms and (iii) accounts for truth-value shifts by appealing to a dynamic view of time. Suppose that Johann is deliberating whether to invite Bettina (at time t) to come to a party (at a later time t ) and that Bettina will come if and only if she is invited by Johann. He decides not to invite her and consequently Bettina does not come to the party. The challenge for truth conditional theories of counterfactuals consists in spelling out the truth conditions for a proposition that takes on, say, the following formal expression: (CF) Invite(Johann, Bettina, t) Come(Bettina, t )
The high energy AGN continuum - Models without e+e- -pairs

The general properties of the high energy AGN continuum are reviewed with particular emphasis on the connection between radio loud and radio quiet AGN in the broad context of the dynamics of accretion onto a black hole. Arguments are provided indicating the possibility that the emission from radio loud AGN originates at distances much larger than a few Schwarzschild radii from the black hole and hence the role of pairs in defining the observed spectrum is limited. A connection is made between the radio and high energy continuum of AGN.
Energy-Efficient Network Navigation Algorithms

Network navigation is an emerging paradigm that enables high-accuracy location awareness in GPS-challenged environments. Two important operations of network navigation, location inference and power control, interrelate with each other, thus motivating the design of joint inference and control algorithms. In this paper, we develop efficient network navigation algorithms with optimized energy allocation. In particular, we first determine the confidence region for lzocation inference based on Fisher information analysis, and then design robust energy allocation strategies that minimize the position errors of the agents within the confidence region. Based on these strategies, both centralized and distributed energy-efficient network navigation algorithms are developed. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms significantly reduce the position errors compared to the algorithms with uniform or non-robust power control.
The Aronsson equation for absolute minimizers of ${L^\infty}$-functionals associated with vector fields satisfying Hörmander's condition

Given a Carnot-Caratheodory metric space (R", d X ) generated by vector fields {X i } m i=1 satisfying Hormander's condition, we prove in Theorem A that any absolute minimizer u ∈ W 1,∞ X (Ω) to F(v, Q) = ess sup x∈Ω f(x, Xv(x)) is a viscosity solution to the Aronsson equation - Σ X i (f(x, X u (x)))f pi (x, X u (x)) = 0, in Ω, under suitable conditions on f. In particular, any AMLE is a viscosity solution to the subelliptic oo-Laplacian equation Δ (X) ∞ u:= - Σ X i uX j uX i X j u = 0, in Ω. If the Carnot-Caratheodory space is a Carnot group G and f is independent of the x-variable, we establish in Theorem C the uniqueness of viscosity solutions to the Aronsson equation A(Xu,(D 2 u)*):= - Σ f pi (Xu)f pj (Xu)X i X j u = 0, in Ω, u = Φ, on ∂Ω, under suitable conditions on f. As a consequence, the uniqueness of both AMLE and viscosity solutions to the subelliptic oo-Laplacian equation is established on any Carnot group G.
Analysis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol protein anchors: the prion protein.

Abstract Membrane proteins constitute a substantial fraction of the human proteome. A small subgroup associates with membranes through the presence of a C‐terminal lipid anchor that is joined to the protein via a phosphoglycan. The prion protein (PrP), an abnormally folded form that causes fatal neurodegeneration, is one example of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐anchored protein. Although GPI‐anchored proteins were first recognized some 20 years ago (in the mid‐1980s), relatively few GPI anchors have been analyzed in detail. Therefore, a description of the analysis of the PrP–GPI anchor using a variety of mass spectrometric methods is of interest even though some of the approaches adopted could be facilitated through the use of newer, more sensitive techniques.
TRANSFUSION MEDICINE MONITORING PRACTICES. A STUDY OF THE COLLEGE OF AMERICAN PATHOLOGISTS/CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION OUTCOMES WORKING GROUP

Objective.-To survey transfusion medicine practices in 1990, to determine the distribution of defects in the transfusion process, to examine the relationship between defects and complications, and to recommend improvements in the transfusion process. Design.-A mail survey that divided the transfusion process into 24 risk-prone steps and gathered defect rates on each step, along with incidence data for eight known complications of transfusions and other demographic information. setting.-Hospitals, independent laboratories, and blood centers that provide transfusion medicine services. Other Participants.-Respondents were 1365 participants in the College of American Pathologists 1991 Blood Bank Quality Assurance Survey. Results.-While processing 6.2 million units of blood and blood products, respondents reported detecting over 88000 defects: 41% in the preanalytic phase of testing, 55% in the postanalytic phase, and only 4% in the analytic phase, the phase to which most monitoring efforts were devoted. A median of eight steps were actively monitored by survey participants overall, whereas 96 facilities sought defects in all 24 steps. Conclusions.-Analysis of the data showed several monitoring steps provide similar information. Although monitoring of the transfusion process could not be linked with prevention of the complications studied, active surveillance does focus attention on defect-prone steps and allows testing of strategies to improve the transfusion process. We describe how defect detection systems may be improved.
The care and feeding of correlated means.

Univariate analysis of variance is generally inappropriate when there are three or more measures per S. A few simple precautions concerning the appropriate use of multivariate and univariate analysis are given.
Sample size calculations in surgery: are they done correctly?

Abstract Background. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are considered the gold standard for evidence-based clinical research, but prior work has suggested that there may be poor reporting of sample sizes in the surgical literature. Sample size calculations are essential for planning a study to minimize both type I and type II errors. We hypothesized that sample size calculations may not be performed consistently in surgery studies and, therefore, many studies may be “underpowered.” To address this issue, we reviewed RCTs published in the surgical literature to determine how often sample size calculations were reported and to analyze each study's ability to detect varying degrees of differences in outcomes. Methods. A comprehensive MEDLINE search identified RCTs published in Annals of Surgery, Archives of Surgery, and Surgery between 1999 and 2002. Each study was evaluated by two independent reviewers. Sample size calculations were performed to determine whether they had 80% power to detect differences between treatment groups of 50% (large) and 20% (small), with one-sided test, alpha = 0.05. For the underpowered studies, the degree to which sample size would need to be increased was determined. Results. One hundred twenty-seven RCT articles were identified; of these, 48 (38%) reported sample size calculations. Eighty-six (68%) studies reported positive treatment effect, whereas 41 (32%) found negative results. Sixty-three (50%) of the studies were appropriately powered to detect a 50% effect change, whereas 24 (19%) had the power to detect a 20% difference. Of the studies that were underpowered, more than half needed to increase sample size by more than 10-fold. Conclusions. The reporting of sample size calculations was not provided in more than 60% of recently published surgical RCTs. Moreover, only half of studies had sample sizes appropriate to detect large differences between treatment groups. (Surgery 2003;134:275-9.)
Postoperative endophthalmitis in association with diabetes mellitus

Background: Endophthalmitis continues to be a potentially devastating complication of ocular surgery, despite advances in microsurgical technique and infection-preventing measures. Patients with diabetes have altered immunity at various levels and may be more susceptible to infection after ocular surgery. The authors evaluate the associations between diabetes mellitus and postoperative endophthalmitis. Methods: The records of 162 consecutive patients treated over a 5-year period for endophthalmitis occurring within 2 weeks of ocular surgery were retrospectively reviewed. Results: Twenty-one percent of this consecutive series of patients with endophthalmitis after surgery had diabetes mellitus. Both the diabetic and nondiabetic groups were similar with respect to age, type of primary surgery, duration from surgery to onset of symptoms, presenting visual acuity, and management of endophthalmitis. Seventy-nine percent of the patients with diabetes and 68% of those without diabetes had culture-proven endophthalmitis. Staphylococcus was responsible for 74% and 71% of the culture-positive cases, respectively. The patients with diabetes were more likely to have endophthalmitis secondary to a gram-negative organism ( P Conclusions: Twenty-one percent of this consecutive series of patients with endophthalmitis after surgery had diabetes mellitus. The patients with diabetes mellitus were more likely to have endophthalmitis caused by gram-negative organisms and appear to have a poorer visual prognosis after treatment for endophthalmitis.
Mexican American Youth Organization: Avant-Garde of the Chicano Movement in Texas

Foreword by Mario C. Compean Preface Acknowledgments Photographs Introduction. Paradigm for the Etiology of the Chicano Movement Chapter 1. The Chicano Movement: Impact of Endogenous Antagonisms Chapter 2. The Chicano Youth Movement: Catalyst for Change Chapter 3. MAYO: A Cadre Organization of Organizers Chapter 4. MAYO: Protagonist for Educational Change Chapter 5. MAYO: Advocate for Social Change Chapter 6. MAYO: Precursor to the Raza Unida Party Chapter 7. MAYO: Decline and Demise Epilogue Appendixes 1. "El Plan Espiritual de Aztlan" 2. MAYO Membership Requirements 3. Crystal City School Walkout Demands 4. "El Plan de Del Rio" Notes Index
Realism as Critical Theory: The International Thought of E. H. Carr

This essay bridges the standard divide between traditional realist and critical IR theory by demonstrating their unity in the international thought of E. H. Carr. In recent times, numerous scholars have challenged Carr's mainstream disciplinary image as a traditional realist, seeking to dissociate him from realism and narrate him as a proto-critical theorist instead. However, this has implicitly reinforced the divide between the two perspectives and obscured their fusion in Carr's thought. In contrast, this essay does not deny Carr's realism, but rather reveals how it expressed a distinctly critical theoretical consciousness. Focusing primarily on his attacks on liberal statecraft and liberal historiography in, respectively, The Twenty Years' Crisis and What Is History? it demonstrates that his analyses manifested key critical theory elements, including anti-positivist epistemology, counter-hegemonic tendencies, Western Marxist ideology critique and sociology of knowledge, and a commitment to progressive human emancipation from self-imposed constraints.
Immobilization of a Europium Salen Complex within Porous Organic Hosts: Modulation of Luminescence Properties in Different Chemical Environments

Reported herein is the synthesis and characterization of luminescent materials containing a Eu(III) complex ((Eu2N,N‘-bis[5-{4-vinylbenzyloxy}salicylideneethylenediamine])3·2H2O, 1) immobilized within porous organic hosts using styrene groups for covalent linkages. Porous materials were prepared using template copolymerization methods to afford PEGDMA−1, having a poly(methacrylate) host and PDVB−1, which has a poly(divinylbenzene) host. A DMF solution of 1 displays a strong luminescent signal at λex = 610 nm; nearly identical emission spectra are obtained for suspension of PEGDMA−1 and PDVB−1 in DMF. A large Stokes shift is seen between the excitation (λex = 370 nm) and emission wavelengths, eliminating interference from the excitation source. Quenching is observed when organic solvents are introduced into DMF suspensions of the polymers and the effect is proportional to the amount of solvent present. This quenching effect is reversible with the emission signals of PEGDMA−1 and PDVB−1 being regenerated up...
Forced vibrations of a circular muscle ring

We consider the small radial displacement of a circular ring of cardiac muscle subjected to periodic forcing. The ring in question is that in the middle layer, at the transverse midsection, of the left ventricle. We show that the ring reacts in a periodic manner when forced in a periodic manner. This is accomplished by writing the differential equation for the ring and solving it for two cases-one for constant and one for variable ring thickness.
Social and environmental conditions creating fluctuating agency for safety in two urban academic birth centers.

ABSTRACT Objective To identify processes affecting agency for safety among perinatal nurses, physicians, and certified nurse-midwives. Design Grounded theory, as informed by Strauss and Schatzman. Setting Two academic perinatal units in the western United States. Participants Purposive sample of 12 registered nurses, 5 physicians, and 2 certified nurse-midwives. Findings Agency for safety (the willingness to take a stand on an issue of concern) fluctuated for all types of providers depending on situational context and was strongly influenced by interpersonal relationships. While physicians and certified nurse-midwives believed that they valued nurses' contributions to care, their units had deeply embedded hierarchies. Nurses were structurally excluded from important sources of information exchange and from contributing to the plan of care. Nurses' confidence was a key driver for asserting their concerns. Confidence was undermined in novel or ambiguous situations and by poor interpersonal relationships, resulting in a process of redefining the situation as a problem of self. Conclusions Women and babies should not be dependent on the interpersonal relationships of providers for their safety. Clinicians should be aware of the complex social pressures that can affect clinical decision making. Continued research is needed to fully articulate facilitators and barriers to perinatal safety.
Intracellular survival of Staphylococcus aureus within cultured enterocytes

Abstract Background Little is known about the mechanisms involved in bacterial translocation from the intestinal lumen to extraintestinal sites. Because Staphylococcus aureus can colonize the intestinal tract, and because the intestinal tract is a reservoir for antibiotic resistant S. aureus, experiments were designed to clarify the interactions of S. aureus with cultured intestinal epithelial cells, and assays included measurements of bacterial internalization, enterocyte apoptosis, and epithelial barrier function. Materials and methods Mature, confluent enterocytes were incubated 1 h with S. aureus, and the gentamicin protection assay was used to quantify intracellular bacterial survival at various time intervals up to 120 h later. Enterocyte apoptosis was assessed using Annexin V, and the permeability of confluent enterocyte cultures was measured by transepithelial electrical resistance and by transmigration of Escherichia coli across confluent enterocytes. Results S. aureus was internalized by cultured enterocytes and remained viable for up to 120 h within both HT-29 and Caco-2 enterocytes. S. aureus intracellular survival was associated with enterocyte apoptosis and with decreased transepithelial electrical resistance across confluent Caco-2 enterocytes. S. aureus intracellular survival over time was also associated with increased E. coli transmigration across confluent Caco-2, but not HT-29, enterocytes. Conclusions S. aureus appeared to survive within cultured enterocytes for prolonged time periods, up to several days. Survival of S. aureus within host eukaryotic cells, such as enterocytes, might facilitate persistence of S. aureus in infected tissue despite appropriate antibiotic therapy.
Clinical, echocardiographic and Doppler correlates of clinical instability with onset of atrial fibrillation.

Abstract To identify clinical and Doppler echocardiographic correlates of instability with the onset of atrial fibrillation (AF), 87 consecutive patients with new-onset AF who had echocardiograms recorded during that hospital admission while in sinus rhythm were studied. Reviewers who were blinded to echocardiographic and Doppler data classified 51 patients (59%) as unstable because of the development of angina, congestive heart failure, syncope or hypotension with the onset of AF. Echocardiographic and Doppler data on transmitral blood flow velocity were analyzed by a single reviewer who was blinded to other clinical data. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified 3 variables as independent predictors of clinical instability with the onset of AF: (1) history of prior myocardial infarction (p
Hereditary syndromes with associated renal neoplasia: a practical guide to histologic recognition in renal tumor resection specimens.

Many hereditary tumor syndromes are associated with neoplasms of the kidney. It is becoming increasingly well recognized that a given familial tumor syndrome may be very heterogenous in clinical appearance and that unrecognized patients may present initially for the treatment of a renal mass. It is therefore important for surgical pathologists to be aware of the specific gross and microscopic findings in the kidney that suggest a possible syndromic association. In this review, we detail the histologic features of syndromic-associated renal neoplasms, describe the presence of characteristic changes in the background renal parenchyma, and provide an update on associated extrarenal manifestations for each of the following syndromes: von Hippel-Lindau disease, hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma (RCC), hereditary leiomyomatosis-RCC, Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome, tuberous sclerosis complex, germline succinate dehydrogenase mutation, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome, hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome, PTEN hamartoma syndrome, constitutional chromosome 3 translocation, and familial nonsyndromic clear cell RCC. We also include a synopsis of renal medullary carcinoma because of its association with hereditary hemoglobinopathies.
Efficient fitting of long-tailed data sets into phase-type distributions

We propose a new technique for fitting long-tailed data sets into phase-type (PH) distributions. This technique fits data sets with non-monotone densities into a mixture of Erlang and hyperexponential distributions, and data sets with completely monotone densities into hyperexponential distributions. The method first partitions the data set in a divide and conquer fashion and then uses the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm to fit the data of each partition into a PH distribution. The fitting results for each partition are combined to generate the final fitting for the entire data set. The new method is accurate, efficient, and allows one to apply existing analytic tools to analyze the behavior of queueing systems that operate under workloads that exhibit long-tail behavior, such as queues in Internet-related systems.
Paraoxon Inhibits Fertilization of Mouse Gametes In Vitro

Potential exposure of mammals to organophosphate pesticides and their metabolites is recognized (Frank et al. 1991). Organophosphates have been implicated frequently in suboptimal reproductive performance in males and females of various species. Studies have shown that altered androgen metabolism (Krause, 1977), pathological changes in testes and adrenals (Chapin et al. 1988; Oishi et al. 1982; Dunnick et al. 1984), and chromosome aberrations (Kiraly et al. 1979) may be responsible for decreased reproductive performance in animals exposed to organophosphates. Also, organophosphates may have direct effects on sperm fertilizing ability without producing organic changes or altering spermatogenesis (Beck 1953; Harbison et al. 1976). This effect on sperm may occur in the epididymides, seminal plasma, or female reproductive tract.
Genomic and proteomic analysis of the effects of cannabinoids on normal human astrocytes

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the main psychoactive component of marijuana, is known to dysregulate various immune responses. Cannabinoid (CB)-1 and -2 receptors are expressed mainly on cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and the immune system. The CNS is the primary target of cannabinoids and astrocytes are known to play a role in various immune responses. Thus we undertook this investigation to determine the global molecular effects of cannabinoids on normal human astrocytes (NHA) using genomic and proteomic analyses. NHA were treated with Δ9-THC and assayed using gene microarrays and two-dimensional (2D) difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) to elucidate their genomic and proteomic profiles respectively. Our results show that the expression of more than 20 translated protein gene products from NHA was differentially dysregulated by treatment with Δ9-THC compared to untreated, control NHA.
Variable Grain Intake During Two Portions of the Lactation

Abstract In two trials a total of 96 cows was divided at parturition into four groups based on grain feeding. During day 0 to 45 (period 1) grain was fed ad libitum (H) or at 1 kg per 4 kg milk (L), and during period 2, day 46 to 180 (trial 1) or 270 (trial 2), the high grain:milk ratio was 1:2.5 (H) and the low 1:4 (L). This gave a continuous high rate (HH), continuous low rate (LL), and two crossover groups (LH and HL). Corn silage intake was limited, but hay was allowed ad libitum. During trial 1 the greatest amount of milk, fat-corrected milk, fat, and solids-not-fat was for group LH. These values for group LL were below those of the other three. During trial 2 no differences in production were significant between the four groups during period 1, period 2, or 1 plus 2. Body weight loss during period 1 was least for H, and over the entire experiment body weight gains were more for H cows. Cows in H in period 1 produced 2.0 kg more milk, consumed 5.0 kg more grain, and 2.6 kg more total digestible nutrients than L cows. During period 2, H cows produced 1.1 kg more milk, consumed 4.2 kg more grain, and 2.0 kg more nutrients than those on L. Feeding grain 1:2.5 during days 1 to 45 did increase milk during that period and during remainder of the lactation. Feeding grain at 1:2.5 grain:milk ratio compared to 1:4.0 during day 46 to 180 or 270 did increase milk production during that period. The extent of these increases varied greatly between two trials. For both trials, fat-corrected milk per cow per day averaged 24.2, 24.4, 23.9, and 22.1 kg for HH, HL, LH, and LL, and daily production during period 2 as a percentage of period 1 averaged 91, 84, 97, and 92. Returns above feed costs were about equal for HH, LH, and LL with HL greater. Overall the most satisfactory system was HL.
The immunologic basis of autoimmunization

Abstract Autoimmunization is today so readily accepted as established fact that it is easy to forget its turbulent history. There was a time when a few stubborn physicians had to insist against informed opinion that autoimmune diseases really existed. The answer they received was, "… I'll never believe there is such a thing as an autoantibody." 1 Now the tables are turned. Today immunochemists are presenting schemes that require the formation of autoantibodies during the normal immune response. 2 Between these two extremes there is an evolution of thought that began with horror autotoxicus, 3 continued with the demonstration of experimental autoimmunization in laboratory animals, 4 entered the clinic with the realization that certain forms of hemolytic anemia were due to autoantibodies, 5 crystallized as a biologic problem with the advent of immunologic tolerance, 6 advanced into the rarefied theory of forbidden clones, 7 progressed immeasurably when spontaneous autoimmunity was found in the mouse, 8 and reached its present state of complexity with the discoveries of immunoglobulin receptors on lymphocytes, 9 idiotypes , 10 and suppressor cells. 11 Perhaps the most important advance was the realization, spontaneously arrived at by almost the entire immunologic community, that the production of autoantibodies can be understood only in the context of the general rules of antibody formation.
Uncertainties in the use of box models for estimating dry deposition velocity

Abstract Analysis of the uncertainties involved in using a “box model” to estimate dry deposition velocity reveals that great care must be exercised in their application to short-fetch conditions (
An empirical analysis of curriculum domains: Implications for program development and evaluation

(1994). An empirical analysis of curriculum domains: Implications for program development and evaluation. Peabody Journal of Education: Vol. 69, Our Evolving Curriculum, Part II, pp. 100-112.
Physiological role of ghrelin as revealed by the ghrelin and GOAT knockout mice

Ghrelin is a gastric hormone that has been shown to regulate food intake and energy metabolism. One unique feature of ghrelin is that its activity is regulated post transcriptionally by ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) through the addition of fatty acid to the serine residue in the N terminal region. Despite much biochemical characterization, to date no other proteins have been shown to be specifically octonylated by GOAT, suggesting a unique matching of the acyl transferase for a single ligand, ghrelin. If this is indeed correct, then genetic deletion of ghrelin or GOAT should produce near identical phenotypes and there should be extensive overlap in expression patterns. This review summarizes the similarities and differences in the phenotypes with the genetic deletion of ghrelin and GOAT in the various knockout mouse lines reported to date. While there is considerable overlap in expression pattern between ghrelin and GOAT, the latter does exhibit some unique tissue expression that could suggest that additional peptides may be acylated and await discovery and characterization.
Educating African-American men about prostate cancer: impact on awareness and knowledge

Abstract Objectives To determine whether an education program on prostate cancer could improve awareness and knowledge among African-American men. African-American men have the world’s highest incidence of prostate cancer and more than twice the mortality compared with white men. Screening programs for prostate cancer have not been successful in attracting African-American participation. One explanation is a poor awareness and knowledge about the disease among this high-risk population. Methods We surveyed 900 African-American adults attending prostate cancer education seminars in community settings throughout Illinois between March 1998 and January 2001. Participants were asked to complete a multiple-choice questionnaire on topics related to prostate cancer. The main outcome measures were a change in awareness and knowledge of prostate cancer after the 1-hour educational seminar. Results The mean survey score improved from 26.0% before the seminar to 73.3% after it ( P P P = 0.006). Previous screening for prostate cancer was reported by 23% of the participants. Using logistic regression analyses, higher levels of education and income correlated with higher rates of screening. After the seminar, 63.1% stated the intention to undergo screening. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that prostate cancer awareness and knowledge can improve dramatically after a 1-hour seminar on the topic. Additional studies to evaluate the long-term retention of knowledge and impact on behavior are warranted.
Hematologic development in foals receiving intravenous iron supplementation

Summary Seventeen healthy Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse foals were divided into control (n=8) and treated (n=9) groups and studied from birth until 4 months of age. Foals in the treated group were intravenously injected with an experimental drug containing 0.4 g of iron in the form of a polynuclear complex of carbohydrate and ferric hydroxide on days 7, 14, 21 and 28, for a total dosage of 1.6 g of iron. Foals had access to Bermuda grass hay and Bahia pasture. A creep feed formulated with no trace mineral supplement was provided after two months of age. Hemoglobin concentration, hematecrit, erythrocyte counts, mean cell volume, microcyte numbers, plasma protein, fibrinogen, total leucocyte count, serum iron, total iron binding capacity and serum ferritin values were determined at 8 different ages. On the basis of analysis of variance at P
Electron spectroscopy, molecular structures, and binding energies of Al- and Cu-imidazole.

Al- and Cu-imidazole are produced in laser-vaporization supersonic molecular beams and studied with pulsed field ionization−zero electron kinetic energy (ZEKE) spectroscopy and second-order Moller−...
The effect of isoprinosine in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE).

Although no therapeutic agent has proved to be of benefit in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), the use of Isoprinosine has been associated with clinical improvement in several preliminary reports. Two additional patients with SSPE are presented who had repeated serological and electroencephalographic studies during therapy with Isoprinosine. Their clinical courses are discussed in view of the laboratory findings and the natural history of the disease.
Liquefaction Potential for Sites in Manhattan and Buffalo, New York

Soil liquefaction, the transformation of a saturated, cohesionless soil into a liquefied state, occurs primarily as a result of earthquake-induced ground shaking. Liquefaction potential maps have been prepared for two urban areas with major concentrations of population: 1) the borough of Manhattan, and 2) the city of Buffalo, both in New York State. These maps show the probability of liquefaction for ground shaking induced by an earthquake having a peak ground acceleration of 0.15 g . Approximately 7,000 borehole logs from the two selected sites were collected and analyzed to determine the liquefaction potential of soils lying within 50 ft of the surface. Standard penetration test (SPT) values and water table elevation information from drilling logs were used as the primary data, and two different computational methods were used to estimate the liquefaction potential. The maps indicate the existence of several low lying areas in Manhattan which have a significant potential for liquefaction, while the potential for Buffalo is generally low. These differences correlate well with the geology of the two regions.
Chemistry of the tricyclic form of thiamine with aldehydes in basic ethanol

Abstract Thiamine chloride hydrochloride 1 is converted to its neutral tricyclic form 2 when suspended in a solution of ethanol containing two equivalents of NaOEt (G. D. Maier and D. E. Metzler (1957) J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 79, 4387). Upon the addition of benzaldehyde to this basic thiamine solution an intermediate accumulates which gives rise to 2-(1-hydroxyphenylmethyl)thiamine hydrochloride (HBT-HCl) 3 upon acidification of the reaction mixture with HCL after 5 min, and high yields of both 3-[(4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-2-benzoyl-3a-methyl-perhydrofuro-[2,3-d]-thiazole (HBT ketone) 4 and benzoin when the reaction mixture is stirred for 5 h. Given that thiamine is unstable under these conditions such that it is converted completely to its tricyclic species, we argue that the 2-(1-hydroxylalkyl) thiamine salts, which have an increased base lability due to the addition of a C-2 N-3 torsional interaction to the base-labile thiazolium ring, would also not be expected to accumulate in appreciable concentrations under identical conditions. Based on product isolation and the synthesis of 2-benzoyl-3,4-dimethyl-5-ethoxycarbonyl-[2H]-thiazoline 12 in the reaction of 3,4-dimethyl-5-ethyoxycarbonylthiazolium iodide 11 with benzaldehyde in basic methanol, we conclude that the intermediate which accumulates during the reaction of the tricyclic form of thiamine with benzaldehyde is a 2-benzoylthiazoline 8 in equilibrium with a low concentration of its enol isomer 9, i.e., the C-2α reactive “active aldehyde.” Reasons for the increased catalytic power of thiamine under these conditions, as well as the relevance of this chemistry to the active site chemistry of thiamine pyrophosphate, are discussed.
Observations and modeling of angular compression and vertical spatial coherence in sea surface forward scattering

Measurements and modeling of vertical spatial coherence and related angular spreading associated with forward scattering from the sea surface are presented. The van Cittert‐Zernike theorem is used in the modeling. The measurements were conducted in waters 80 m deep off the North American continental shelf (Shallow Water 06, Aug. 2006). Acoustic signals were recorded on a moored array system (MORAY) consisting of three arrays (each 1.4 m): two vertical line arrays at depth 25 m and 50 m, and one horizontal array at depth 27 m. The source (1‐20 kHz) was deployed at depth 40 m from the R/V Knorr, at ranges 50‐500 m from the MORAY. Conditions were characterized by a downward‐refracting profile, e.g., sound speed going from 1530 m/s at the surface to 1490 m/s at depth 25 m. Refraction modifies the vertical angular vertical spread due to scattering, which can understood from Snell's law. The Snell mapping is smooth, and a Taylor expansion around the mean grazing angle provides a functional relation between the ...
Archaeological Site in the High Sierra of California

Along the eastern side of the Great Valley of California is the Sierra Nevada, a great mountain chain 500 miles long and 75 wide. The Sierra Nevada has a gradual western slope and an abrupt eastern face fronting the arid Great Basin. The long western side, which contains the main timber belt, was heavily populated in its lower elevations in the pre-Caucasian period. In contrast, the High Sierra above 5000 feet was visited only seasonally by aboriginal groups. The archaeology of this latter zone is little known because it has been assumed that archaeological remains are scanty, and, as a consequence, little work has been carried on. Recent investigations have demonstrated, however, that at some of the seasonal campsites repeated occupation over a long period of time resulted in fairly extensive accumulations of occupational debris. During the late fall of 1953, exploratory excavations conducted at Vermilion Valley in the High Sierra of Fresno County provided evidence of an extended period of intermittent habitation at an aboriginal camping place.
Thyroid medullary carcinoma of the Djungarian hamster Phodopus sungorus. Ultrastructural evidence for the production of normal and atypical intracellular granules.

We have carried out an electron microscopic and immunocytochemical study of thyroid medullary carcinoma arising spontaneously in the Djungarian hamster,Phodopus sungorus. At the ultrastructural level the cytoplasm of tumor cells contained numerous round to slightly elongated, dense-cored secretory granules. The number of secretory granules differed from cell to cell in the tumor, being scanty in some cells but more or less abundant in most. Electron microscopic-immunocytochemistry demonstrated that all dense-cored secretory granules in all tumor cells exhibited calcitonin immunoreactivity. In approximately 10% of the tumor cells, unusual star-shaped secretory vesicles were also found in the cytoplasm. These vesicles contained a small, but well-defined, lucent core surrounded by a region of finely granular material of greater electron density. The outer contour of these unusual vesicles was stellate rather than smooth. They appeared to originate not from the Golgi complex, but from the rough endoplasmic reticulum. These atypical stellate vesicles did not show any calcitonin immunoreactivity. Furthermore, in a small number of tumor cells (∼1%) a third type of membrane enclosed structure was found. These were conspicuous rods 1–5 μm in length with tapering ends and a crystalline substructure. The presence of both normal and atypical secretory granules in some tumor cells suggests that carcinogenic transformation may interfere with the normal synthesis and assembly of secretory products by the cell.
The Application of Artificial Intelligence in Power System State Estimation with Intelligent Materials

With the development of power systems, the problem of security, stability and economics has become increasingly important. Reliable real-time data base is the foundation of analysis of the systems security and stability. Power system state estimation is used to build reliable real-time model of the power network. It has the on-line security analysis function. Power systems are large, complex systems containing highly nonlinear components. Therefore, traditional approaches often have difficulties in finding the optimal solution efficiently. Artificial intelligence techniques are being applied to a wide range of practical problems in power system. With their ability to some laws of nature and mimic human reasoning, AI techniques such as fuzzy logic and genetic algorithm seem to be more efficient in dealing with large systems and complex problems. Artificial intelligence techniques have been applied in power system applications. This paper presents a method of adaptive genetic algorithm and fuzzy logic applied in phasor measurement placement and bad data identification. And simulation is evaluated on IEEE 22-bus power system.
Direct Observation of Anharmonic Coupling in the Time Domain with Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Scattering

Off-resonant impulsive Raman excitation is used to initiate nonstationary nuclear motion in low-frequency vibrational modes of deuterio-chloroform. Femtosecond time-resolved stimulated Raman probing of the high-frequency C-D stretch reveals additional vibrational sidebands that arise as a result of anharmonic coupling between the impulsively excited low-frequency and the probed high-frequency vibrations. These experiments illustrate the detailed molecular information on anharmonic and reactive surfaces available from multidimensional femtosecond stimulated Raman techniques.
Review of "Handbook of Human Factors in Medical Device Design", edited by Matthew B. Weinger, Michael E. Wiklund and Daryle J. Gardner-Bonneau, Assistant Editor Loir M. Kelly

Human factors is the study of the relationship between people and devices or systems. The goal of considering human factors in the design of medical devices is to create devices that take into consideration the way people use technology and process information to create a man-machine interface that leads to the best possible performance. This text describes the significant aspects of human factors issues related to medical device design. It is well written and is useful for medical device designers and for others who use or evaluate medical equipment.
Recent experiments in trapped-ion quantum information processing at NIST

Atomic ions confined in segmented trap arrays provide a system for quantum information processing. We report on the execution of two simple quantum algorithms, quantum error correction and the quantum Fourier transform, using this implementation. The demonstration of these algorithms in a scalable system is one step towards the execution of useful, large-scale quantum algorithms.
Composition and Genesis of Analcime in the Barstow Formation, San Bernardino County, California

Analcime is a common authigenic silicate mineral in rhyolitic tuffs and mudstones of the Miocene Barstow Formation. Optical and X-ray studies show that analcime is associated with clinoptilolite, phillipsite, clay minerals, and (or) potassium feldspar in the altered tuffs, and clay minerals and potassium feldspar in the mudstones. Analcime is nowhere associated with relict glass. The analcime is isotropic, subhedral to euhedral, 0.02–0.3 mm in size, and generally crowded with inclusions of opal or clay minerals. Vitroclastic texture in analcime-rich tuff is vague or nonexistent.
Ecological energetics of a daphnia ambigua population

Based on population data, growth and development rate, and feeding and respiratory rates, energy budgets were constructed for a wild population of Daphnia ambigua Scourfield in a pond at The University of Kansas, Lawrence. The relationships between monthly efficiency of energy transfer and food or temperature were analyzed by multiple and partial correlation. Annual energy consumption, based on seston concentration, by D. ambigua population amounted to 410.1 kcal/m3. Of this, 8.4% was used in somatic growth (Pg) and egg production (Pr); 2.7% was lost as exuvia (Pex) and 17.1% was lost in respiration (R). The amount of energy consumed lost as ammonia excretion and faeces was 1.4 and 70.4%, respectively. The total annual energy flow (assimilation) was 115.6 kcal/ m3; annual assimilation efficiency (28.2%) was lower than values reported for other planktonic Crustacea. Annual net production efficiency was 39.3% (32.8%, excluding exuvia). The annual P/R ratio was 0.64 to 0.66. The mean daily P accounted for 9.3% of the mean daily gross primary production of phytoplankton. The mean daily assimilation accounted for 23.6% of gross primary production, or 56.2% of net primary production.