cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Far will a Magnet go Without Helium

Examination of the criteria governing the design of superconducting adiabatic windings shows that the extrapolation of the design of a magnet storing 6 MJ of energy to higher energies can lead to adiabatic windings of about the same size as their cryostable equivalents. The criteria considered are i) stability against the energy released by epoxy cracking, ii) quench hot-spot temperature, iii) quench voltage, iv) self-field instability and v) temperature rise due to steady heat dissipation within the winding. The dimensionality of the quench in an adiabatic winding is seen to affect the extrapolation. A winding in which the quench propagates for a significant time in three mutually perpendicular directions leads to the highest winding current densities, but to less tolerance for distributed internal dissipation, Extrapolation of operating current may be limited by self-field instability to lower values than are usual in large systems.
A Neural Network For L 1 Norm Linear Regression

We are presenting a neural network optimization circuit for robust regression. The minimization of Least Square Error (LSE), L2 norm, cost functions is predominantly used for fitting functions to data points, but LSE approaches are highly sensitive to outlier points, or points that don't follow the trend. To alleviate this problem, we replace the L2 norm error function by an L1 norm error function which sums the absolute deviation of the errors and puts less weight on outlier points. An analog neural network optimization circuit is then developed to minimize the sum of the L1 norm error function. Simulation examples are presented on example data sets that compare the neural network solution with LSE solution .
Schizophrenia and violence: realities and recommendations

Published findings on the relationship between schizophrenia and violence have been mixed, due to differences in study design and quality. In this review, we address the issue with an emphasis on characterizing who is most likely to be violent and when. We conclude that: (1) individuals with schizophrenia are at an increased risk for violence due to specific psychotic symptoms; (2) this risk is increased by brain abnormalities, psychiatric comorbidities, and demographic factors that are not specific to schizophrenia; (3) the majority of violent offenses committed by people with schizophrenia are indistinguishable from offenses committed by others; and (4) despite our knowledge of factors related to increased violence risk and the existence of effective treatments to mitigate this risk, valid risk assessment instruments for this population are lacking, and treatment strategies are rarely employed at any level of psychiatric care. In short, while most people with schizophrenia are not violent and violence c...
The Frustrations of Reader Generalizability and Grounded Theory: Alternative Considerations for Transferability

In this paper I convey a recurring problem and possible solution that arose during my doctoral research on the topic of cross-cultural Holocaust curriculum development for Latvian schools. Specifically, as I devised the methodology for my research, I experienced a number of frustrations concerning the issue of transferability and the limitations of both reader generalizability and grounded theory. Ultimately, I found a more appropriate goal for the external applicability of this and other highly contextual research studies in the form of “grounded understandings,” which are tentative apprehensions of the importance or significance of phenomena and conceptualizations that hold meaning and explanatory power, but are only embryonic in their potential to generate theory.
Modeling Inner and Outer Psychophysics: An Application to Visual Perceptual Learning

This paper presents a summary of an effort to use computational modeling to link behavioral and neurophysiological levels of analysis in support of tests of hypotheses regarding a phenomenon in sensory science: visual perceptual learning. In particular, the modeling approach is applied to the unexpected finding that shifts in response bias may play a critical role in this phenomenon. The models are used to simultaneously consider response choice, response latency, and scalp-wide distribution of cortical field potentials, based on large simulated neural populations
Membranous laryngitis in a child

The most common etiologies for acute infectious airway obstruction include epiglottitis, croup, and bacterial tracheitis. We present a unique cause of upper airway obstruction in a child not previously described. To our knowledge this is the first case in the literature of membranous laryngitis in a child due to Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA). The diagnosis was made by endoscopy and culture and treated with culture directed antibiotics and debridement of membranes from the larynx. The patient did not present with clinical symptoms consistent with epiglottitis as the disease course was not abrupt, and the patient did not present with classic posturing and drooling. Croup-like symptoms were described, but there was no evidence of subglottic involvement radiographically or on endoscopy. Additionally, there was no evidence of membranous plaques within the trachea or subglottis which would be suggestive of bacterial tracheitis. This unique finding is likely the result of MRSA superinfection in a child with Influenza type B.
Effect of therapeutic ultrasound on partition and diffusion coefficients in human stratum corneum

Application of various enhancers including ultrasound and chemicals has been shown to enhance transdermal drug transport. Most of these enhancers increase transdermal transport by increasing either partition or diffusion coefficients in lipid bilayers. Although the effect of such enhancers on skin permeability has been measured in many cases, the effect of the same enhancers on solute partition and diffusion coefficients has not been measured since such measurements are difficult. In this paper, we describe application of a new method that can be used to determine the effect of enhancers on partition and diffusion coefficients. This method is based on two independent measurements of the transport properties of the SC and a theoretical model. This method was tested for five solutes including estradiol, napthol, aldosterone, lidocaine, and testosterone. Measurements based on our method showed that the primary effect of therapeutic ultrasound (1 MHz) is on diffusion coefficient and not partition coefficient. Specifically, ultrasound enhanced diffusion coefficients of these solutes by up to 15-fold. However, it did not significantly enhance partition coefficients. The method described in this paper is quite general and can be used to measure the effect of various enhancers on partition and diffusion coefficients.
The Impact of Direct-to-Consumer Advertising on Health Insurance Markets

Direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) for drugs has increased from US$200 million in 1997 to US$4 billion in 2011. While studies show that DTCA impacts the patient-physician relationship, little is known of the effect of DTCA on health insurance markets. We test whether DTCA raises the costs in these markets or makes the markets more efficient in drug pricing. Across 212 markets, we examine the impact of DTCA on insurers’ negotiated prices for 166 drugs. Controlling for unobserved pharmacy and pharmacy benefit manager attributes, as well as manufacturer advertising market selection effects, we find that an increase in a manufacturer’s DTCA spending lowers insurer prices and reduces insurance market price dispersion. These competitive effects intensify as DTCA competition increases between drug manufacturers.
Non-Imaging Solar Concentrators With Flat Mirrors

The geometric concentration factor A/B for an optimally designed trough type solar collector with flat mirrors and an acceptance angle d is shown to equal sin(d + (2n+l)a)/sin(d + a), where a = mirror angle and n = number of reflections. The number n is given by n = Int((90-d)/(2a)) and the mirror width R by R/B = (A/B - 1)/(2 sin a). It is shown that The theoretic maximum concentration factor of such a trough equals 1/sin d, i. e. the theoretic maximum concentration factor of any trough. The formulae have been used to design different "cornet" type solar concentrators, and one of these is described. Collector performance taking mirror reflectivity and absorber glazing transmittivity into account has been calculated for rays incident perpendicular to the aperture. Preliminary results from a study of concave absorber glazing transmittivity are presented and suggest lower losses than flat glazing in several instances.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Carbon monoxide and oxygen combustion experiments: A demonstration of Mars in situ propellants

The feasibility of using carbon monoxide and oxygen as rocket propellants was examined both experimentally and theoretically. The steady-state combustion of carbon monoxide and oxygen was demonstrated for the first time in a subscale rocket engine. Measurements of experimental characteristic velocity, vacuum specific impulse, and thrust coefficient efficiency were obtained over a mixture ratio range of 0.30 to 2.0 and a chamber pressures of 1070 and 530 kPa. The theoretical performance of the propellant combination was studied parametrically over the same mixture ratio range. In addition to one dimensional ideal performance predictions, various performance reduction mechanisms were also modeled, including finite-rate kinetic reactions, two-dimensional divergence effects and viscous boundary layer effects.
A Comparison of Production of Large Storage Vessels in Two Ancient Ceramic Traditions

A comparison of methods used for the manufacture of the largest ceramic storage vessels in two independent ceramic traditions over a period of centuries reveals distinctive trajectories in differing socioeconomic contexts. At Godin Tepe, a Bronze Age town in western Iran, an initially unique production sequence was gradually simplified and assimilated to the techniques used for the rest of the ceramic assemblage. At Gordion, an major urban center in Iron Age Turkey, the techniques changed relatively little over time. The degree and pace of change in production methods appear to reflect development of each ceramic assemblage as a whole and to relate to the scale and stability of the basic local economy.
Fixed Costs, Sunk Costs, Entry Barriers, and Sustainability of Monopoly

This paper shows that (i) fixed costs of sufficient magnitude assure the existence of a vector of sustainable prices for the products of a natural monopolist-prices making him invulnerable against entry; (ii) nevertheless, fixed costs do not constitute barriers to entry; that is, they need not have undesirable welfare consequences; (iii) indeed, in market forms that we call perfectly contestable large fixed costs are completely compatible with many desirable attributes of competitive equilibrium; (iv) sunk costs do, however, constitute barriers to entry; and (v) finally, the profit and welfare consequences of entry barriers are described formally. In this paper it is shown that (i) fixed costs of sufficient magnitude assure the existence of a vector of sustainable prices-a set of product prices that make a (natural) monopolist invulnerable against successful entry; (ii) nevertheless, costs that are truly fixed do not constitute barriers to entry; that is, they do not have the welfare consequences normally attributed to barriers to entry; (iii) indeed, there are markets of a form (which we call perfectly contestable markets, and whose properties may be approximated in practice) in which large fixed costs are completely compatible with many if not most of the desirable attributes of competitive equilibrium; (iv) sunk costs do, however, constitute barriers to entry; and (v) finally, the resource allocation problems that stem from fixed costs are formally identical with those that accompany public goods-both their sources and their character are the same. Thus, the rationale for public supply of public goods may be no different from that pertaining to nationalization of natural monopolies.
Quantitative EEG and Electromagnetic Brain Imaging in Aging and in the Evolution of Dementia

Electroencephalographic (EEG) changes with normal aging have long been reported. Departures from age-expected changes have been observed in mild cognitive impairment and dementia, the magnitude of which correlates with the degree of cognitive impairment. Such abnormalities include increased delta and theta activity, decreased mean frequency, and changes in coherence. Similar findings have been reported using magnetoencephalography (MEG) at rest and during performance of mental tasks. Electrophysiological features have also been shown to be predictive of future decline in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have recently reported results from initial quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) evaluations of normal elderly subjects (with only subjective reports of memory loss), predicting future cognitive decline or conversion to dementia, with high prediction accuracy (approximately 95%). In this report, source localization algorithms were used to identify the mathematically most probable underlying generators of abnormal features of the scalp-recorded EEG from these patients with differential outcomes. Using this QEEG method, abnormalities in brain regions identified in studies of AD using MEG, MRI, and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging were found in the premorbid recordings of those subjects who go on to decline or convert to dementia.
Rewet of Thermally Bonded Polyester Nonwovens

The effects of web characteristics and test methods on the rewet or backflow of liquids after penetration through the web to an absorptive backing were determined for thermally point bonded webs derived from low melting Dacron® polyester binder fibers. Rewet is influenced by the bulk, wettability, and uniformity of the bonded web. An equation derived for rewet from simple capillary concepts includes the bulk and wettability factors. Rewet is also affected by the amount of liquid that passes through the webs (liquid loading) and by the surface tension of the liquid. These effects of web and test method are explained.
Expanded Koppitz Scoring System of the Bender Gestalt Visual-Motor Test for Adolescents: A Pilot Study.

The current research represented a pilot study to assess the use of the Bender Gestalt Visual-Motor Test with school-age adolescents over 11 years of age. Research regarding the accuracy of the hypothesis that visual-motor integration functioning is normally intact by age 11 was presented. In addition, initial data to extend the Koppitz scoring system of the Bender for ages 11 years, 6 months through 15 years, 11 months was proposed. Mean error scores from the pilot study suggested that visual-motor development is not maturationally complete by age 11 years, 11 months. Additional research focusing on extending the normative sample or developing a new scoring system for adolescents is suggested.
United States interests in the Arctic region

Abstract The Arctic is a vast, forbidding and relatively unknown region. It covers about 14 million square kilometers of which 5.2 square kilometers is ice covered in summer and 11.7 million square kilometers in winter. It is a highly strategic region, and is the shortest distance between the two superpowers. It also contains vast resources, including oil, gas, and coal. Over 830,000 native peoples inhabit the Arctic Rim and have a culture that goes back 4500 years. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea is generally applicable to the Arctic Ocean and has a special provision for ice‐covered areas. However, there are several unresolved jurisdictional and navigational problems between the United States and other Arctic Rim States concerning the Arctic's waters, including the Chukchi Sea, the Beaufort Sea and the Northwest Passage. Although the United States has paid some attention to the Arctic region in recent years, the Arctic still remains a relatively low priority interest for national poli...
Effect of certain drugs and environmental agents on microsomal enzyme systems.

Abstract Hepatic microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes induced in rats by p, p′-DDT reach peak activity 5 days after injection, and return to control values on the 15–19th day. Reinduction with different characteristics occurred and persisted for 50 days. Massive doses are used to produce induction in experimental animals. When smaller amounts similar to those given to man therapeutically were used, it was difficult to assess if hepatic induction occurred. There was some evidence of induction after giving diphenylhydantoin, acetylsalicylic acid, and the environmental agent pyrene. Some inhibitory effects were observed after giving phenacetin and trifluoperazine. Administration of DDT and phenobarbitone per os (p.o.) increased nitroanisole demethylase activity in the small intestine. Hepatic microsomal induction produced by phenobarbitone and DDT was independent of the route of administration, and concurrent dosage did not affect the degree of induction. The effect of induction, in relation to combined exposure to pesticides, drugs and other agents, is discussed with regard to DDT storage levels in patients on anticonvulsant therapy.
Assortative mating for cognitive abilities, personality, and attitudes: Offspring from the Hawaii Family Study of Cognition

Abstract As part of a longitudinal follow-up of now-adult offspring from the original Hawaii Family Study of Cognition (HFSC), 59 spouse pairs of Caucasian ancestry (AEA), 37 spouse pairs of Japanese ancestry (AJA), and 50 spouse pairs of mixed ethnicity (Caucasian and Japanese ancestry HFSC subjects who married outside their own racial/ethnic group) completed a set of personality (Adjective Check List, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire), social attitude (Mach V, Comrey Social Attitudes Scale), and language use measures. A subset of these couples were also tested on the HFSC cognitive abilities test battery. AEA subjects who married outside of their racial/ethnic group were significantly smaller in physical size than those who married within group, while AJA subjects who married across groups had higher verbal abilities than those marrying within group. Use of “pidgin” English significantly differed for AEA and AJA subjects marrying within vs those married outside of their own racial/ethnic groups. Spouse correlations were essentially zero for cognitive abilities and low for personality measures, but were substantial for social attitudes and language use. These findings were discussed in terms of the importance of cultural factors in assortative mating.
Unsuspected Gonorrhea and Chlamydia in Patients of an Urban Adult Emergency Department: A Critical Population for STD Control Intervention

BackgroundUrban emergency departments (EDs) providing services to patients at high risk for sexually transmitted infection may be logical sites for intervention.GoalTo determine the prevalence of gonorrhea (GC) and chlamydia (CT) in an adult ED patient population, and to assess risk factors for infe
On the zeros of monotone operators of retarded type in a Banach space

The existence of zeros of operators which map into a Banach space E but whose domain is the space of continuous functions on some real interval into E are considered.
The pharmacology of medications used in treating headache

Migraine is a common and disabling disease of uncertain pathogenesis. Research on the trigeminovascular system, serotonin receptors, and substance P have provided clues to improving the pharmacotherapy of this disorder. Selective serotonin agonists, such as sumatriptan, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine tartrate, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), isometheptene mucate, and phenothiazines are useful to treat acute attacks. Prophylactic agents include β-blockers, calcium channel blockers, NSAIDs, antidepressants, and valproate. The addition of several new agents for the acute and prophylactic therapy of migraine has improved the outlook for this debllitating disorder.
THE IMPACT OF CHANGING BUSINESS AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES ON METROPOLITAN GROWTH

This paper aims to determine the impact of changes in the parameters measuring economies of scale in production on metropolitan growth. The degree of spatial concentration of sectoral economic activity and patterns of trade between two metropolitan areas are explained with a two-sector model borrowed from the international trade literature. It is shown that sectoral production will become more concentrated as the importance of intrasectoral economics of scale relative to intersectoral scale economics increases. An increase in the relative size of intrasectoral business agglomeration economics will not necessarily lead to complete specialisation by either metropolitan area.
Insights into the acclimation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to sulfur deprivation

During sulfur deprivation, the photosynthetic green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii develops a high-affinity sulfate uptake system and increases the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in sulfur assimilation. Although two regulatory elements, SAC1 and SAC3, have been shown to be required for normal acclimation of C. reinhardtii to sulfur deprivation, a number of other regulatory elements appear to also be involved. The molecular mechanisms by which these regulatory elements function are largely unknown. This manuscript presents our current knowledge of sulfur deprivation responses and the regulation of these responses in C. reinhardtii. In addition, we present preliminary results of a sub-saturation screen for novel sulfur acclimation mutants of C. reinhardtii. A speculative model, incorporating the activities of established regulatory elements with putative novel components of the signal transduction pathway(s) is discussed.
Changes in the Propensity to Live Alone: 1950–1976

The growth in single-person households is a pervasive behavioral phenomenon in the United States in the post-war period. In this paper we investigate determinants of the propensity to live alone, using 1970 data across states for single men and women ages 25 to 34 and for elderly widows. Income level appears to be a major determinant of the propensity to live alone. The estimated cross-state equations track about three-quarters of the increase in the propensity to live alone between 1950-1976and suggest that income growth has been the principal identified influence. Other variables found to affect (positively) the propensity to live alone include mobility, schooling level, and for young people a measure of social climate; non-whites appear to have a somewhat lower propensity to live alone.
Bio-inspired robot control for human-robot bi-manual manipulation

As robots are increasingly used in human-cluttered environments, the requirement of human-likeness in their movements becomes essential. Although robots perform a wide variety of demanding tasks around the world in factories, remote sites and dangerous environments, they are still lacking the ability to coordinate with humans in simple, every-day life bi-manual tasks, e.g. removing a jar lid. This paper focuses on the introduction of bio-inspired control schemes for robot arms that coordinate with human arms in bi-manual manipulation tasks. Using data captured from human subjects performing a variety of every-day bi-manual life tasks, we propose a bio-inspired controller for a robot arm, that is able to learn human inter- and intra-arm coordination during those tasks. We embed human arm coordination in low-dimension manifolds, and build potential fields that attract the robot to human-like configurations using the probability distributions of the recorded human data. The method is tested using a simulated robot arm that is identical in structure to the human arm. A preliminary evaluation of the approach is also carried out using an anthropomorphic robot arm in bi-manual manipulation task with a human subject.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Effects of ammonium ions on sporulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract The presence of low levels (2–4 mM) of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 in sporulation medium results in a complete inhibition of ascus formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Tests with other utilizable nitrogen sources and with the non-metabolizable ammonia analog, methylamine, indicate that the primary inhibitory effect is exerted by ammonium (NH 4 + ) and not a metabolite of NH 4 + . Viability is also reduced but to a much lesser extent than sporulation. The levels of NH 4 + that repress sporulation do not affect the rate of oxygen utilization or ATP levels of cells in sporulation medium. The period during which the cells are sensitive to NH 4 + is relatively long, and they do not escape inhibition until the meiotic commitment stage. The most sensitive period is roughly coincident with the end of premeiotic DNA synthesis. NH 4 + does not inhibit the initiation of premeiotic DNA synthesis, but DNA replication is arrested after initiation and continued incubation in the presence of NH 4 + leads to massive DNA degradation. Commitment to recombination is not affected specifically by NH 4 + . Preliminary experiments with an NH 4 + -resistant mutant indicates that levels of NH 4 + sensitivity are under genetic control.
Direction and shear sense during suturing of the Seven Devils-Wallowa terrane against North America in western Idaho

A northeast-dipping 1.5-km-thick mylonite near Dworshak Dam marks the suture zone between Precambrian North America and the Seven Devils-Wallowa terrane in western Idaho. The mylonite formed under amphibolite facies conditions from quartz diorite containing apparently synplutonic mafic and synkinematic pegmatite dikes of the Kamiah plutonic complex. Mylonitic lineations and fold axes have a mean plunge of 48° toward 056°, nearly down the dip of the mylonitic foliation. Shear sense, given by offset of late-stage crosscutting pegmatites, is consistently top-to-the-southwest, reverse-slip, parallel to the mylonitic lineation. Folds that formed by progressive folding of the mylonitic foliation approach sheath-fold geometry. Axial planes and fold limbs are nearly parallel to the mylonitic foliation. Mafic dikes that are apparently synplutonic in the undeformed quartz diorite immediately south of the mylonite zone and north of Kamiah have variable dips and azimuths. In the shear zone, however, these dikes lie nearly in the mylonitic foliation. Transposition of the dikes into near concordance with the foliation by simple shear requires high values of shear strain and suggests that cumulative top-to-the-southwest, reverse-slip displacement across the mylonite zone is at least 27 km, and likely more than 80 km. This displacement involves underthrusting of the Kamiah plutonic complex, emplaced within the Seven Devils-Wallowa terrane, beneath North America during Late Cretaceous docking with continental North America.
Regulation of Protein Serine-Threonine Phosphatase Type-2A by Tyrosine Phosphorylation

Extracellular signals that promote cell growth activate cascades of protein kinases. The kinases are dephosphorylated and deactivated by a single type-2A protein phosphatase. The catalytic subunit of type-2A protein phosphatase was phosphorylated by tyrosine-specific protein kinases. Phosphorylation was enhanced in the presence of the phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid, consistent with an autodephosphorylation reaction. More than 90% of the activity of phosphatase 2A was lost when thioadenosine triphosphate was used to produce a thiophosphorylated protein resistant to autodephosphorylation. Phosphorylation in vitro occurred exclusively on Tyr307. Phosphorylation was catalyzed by p60v-src, p56lck, epidermal growth factor receptors, and insulin receptors. Transient deactivation of phosphatase 2A might enhance transmission of cellular signals through kinase cascades within cells.
Kinetics and functional studies on interaction between the replicase proteins of Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus: Requirement of p33:p92 interaction for replicase assembly

The assembly of the functional replicase complex via protein:protein and RNA:protein interactions among the viral-coded proteins, host factors and the viral RNA on cellular membranes is a key step in the replication process of plus-stranded RNA viruses. In this work, we have characterized essential interactions between p33:p33 and p33:p92 replication proteins of Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), a tombusvirus with a non-segmented, plus-stranded RNA genome. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements with purified recombinant p33 and p92 demonstrate that p33 interacts with p92 in vitro and that the interaction requires the S1 subdomain, whereas the S2 subdomain plays lesser function. Kinetic SPR analyses showed that binding of S1 subdomain to the C-terminal half of p33 takes place with moderate binding affinity in the nanomolar range whereas S2 subdomain binds to p33 with micromolar affinity. Using mutated p33 and p92 proteins, we identified critical amino acid residues within the p33:p92 interaction domain that play essential role in replication and the assembly of the tombusviral replicase. In addition, we show that interaction takes place between replication proteins of TBSV and the closely related Cucumber necrosis virus but not between TBSV and the more distantly related Turnip crinkle virus, suggesting that selective protein interactions might prevent the assembly of chimeric replicases carrying replication proteins from different viruses during mixed infections.
An investigation of the diagnostic problem solving methods used by resident neurologists

Abstract Six resident neurologists from the Los Angeles Country Hospital were asked to diagnose the same neurological problem. The problem was presented by an actress who simulated the symptoms and signs of multiple sclerosis. This provided each resident with the same opportunity to obtain information about the problem. The resident was asked to perform an evaluation of the patient employing the methods that he would normally use with an actual patient. The interview and physical examination performed by the resident was videotaped. After making his diagnosis, the resident was interviewed about the methods he used with the patient. This data was categorized in accordance with areas previously observed to be an essential part of any neurological diagnostic situation. By using these categories and the relationship among them, it was possible to describe some of the residents' problem solving methods.
An empirical study of the reliability of UNIX utilities

The following section describes the tools we built to test the utilities. These tools include the fuzz (random character) generator, ptyjig (to test interactive utilities), and scripts to automate the testing process. Next, we will describe the tests we performed, giving the types of input we presented to the utilities. Results from the tests will follow along with an analysis of the results, including identification and classification of the program bugs that caused the crashes. The final section presents concluding remarks, including suggestions for avoiding the types of problems detected by our study and some commentary on the bugs we found. We include an Appendix with the user manual pages for fuzz and ptyjig.
How children use examples to make conditional predictions

Two experiments explored children's and adults' use of examples to make conditional predictions. In Experiment 1 adults (N=20) but not 4-year-olds (N=21) or 8-year-olds (N=18) distinguished predictable from un-predictable features when features were partially correlated (e.g., necessary but not sufficient). Children did make reliable predictions given perfect correlation. In the context of categorization and property projection in Experiment 2, children of both ages (both N=31) and adults (N=30) did use partial correlation in examples to make conditional predictions. However, predictions of category membership given property possession were more reliable than were predictions of property possession given category membership. Children generally showed good memory for frequency information, but did not always use this information as the basis of predictions. Results suggest that young children may have difficulty selectively using the relations they observe in experience.
Ion fluxes during T5 bacteriophage infection of Escherichia coli

Abstract When T5 bacteriophage infects Escherichia coli B, 42 K + is immediately released from cells that have been preloaded with this ion. The rate of ion release and the total amount released are dependent on the multiplicity of infection and are not diminished by the use of mutants which can only inject 8% of their DNA. Normally, the ion release stops at about 6 min postinfection. If the host cells contain the colicinogenic factor, Col Ib, so that the infection is abortive, K + release continues. Evidence is presented to show that this continued ion release cannot be explained by a “damage and repair” hypothesis. The results are, however, consistent with the interpretation of membrane depolarization due to ion pore formation as the cause of the abortive infection.
Zyxin-mediated actin assembly is required for efficient wound closure

Cytoskeletal regulation of cell adhesion is vital to the organization of multicellular structures. The focal adhesion protein zyxin emerged as a key regulator of actin assembly because zyxin recruits Enabled/vasodilator-stimulated phospho-proteins (Ena/VASP) to promote actin assembly. Zyxin also localizes to the sites of cell-cell adhesion and is thought to promote actin assembly with Ena/VASP. Using shRNA targeted to zyxin, we analyzed the roles of zyxin at adhesive contacts. In zyxin-deficient cells, the actin assembly at both focal adhesion and cell-cell adhesion was limited, but their migration rate was unchanged. Cell spreading on E-cadherin-coated surfaces and the formation of cell clusters were slower for zyxin-deficient cells than wild type cells. By ablating a single cell within a cell monolayer, we quantified the rate of wound closure driven by a contractile circumferential actin ring. Zyxin-deficient cells failed to recruit VASP to cell-cell junctions at the wound edge and had a slower wound closure rate than wild type cells. Our results suggest that, by recruiting VASP, zyxin regulates actin assembly at the sites of force-bearing cell-cell adhesion.
Statistics of Color-Matching Data*

The distribution of color matches about a color center is investigated. Pearson’s χ2 test is used, and the data are found to be normally distributed. A comparison is made between the observed variations of g11, g22, and g33, the principal terms of the color-discrimination tensor, and the variations expected from statistical theory. The experimental and theoretical variations are found to agree very closely. Recently published values of gik are shown to be too small by a factor of two. The reproducibility of color-discrimination ellipsoids, determined from sets of thirty color matches, is shown.
Expanding Role of Delta-Like 4 Mediated Notch Signaling in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases

Cardiometabolic disease, a global health threat, has been linked to chronic inflammation, in which activated macrophages play a key role. Macrophages are highly heterogeneous hematopoietic cells found in nearly every tissue in the body. Various stimuli recruit monocytes into the cardiovascular system and metabolic organs, where they differentiate to macrophages, and activate these pro-inflammatory phagocytes, leading to the initiation and development of inflammation in these organs. Key regulators of macrophage activation therefore may serve as therapeutic targets for cardiometabolic disease. The Notch signaling pathway, involving 5 ligands and 4 receptors, regulates the differentiation of various cell types during development, and also contributes to the disease processes in adults. We found that the Notch ligand delta-like 4 (Dll4) activates macrophages in vitro as determined by the induction of genes and pathways associated with cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Our recent study demonstrated in vivo that blockade of Dll4 by a neutralizing antibody attenuates key features typical of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, such as accumulation of activated macrophages in arteries and fat; chronic atherosclerosis; arterial and valvular calcification; insulin resistance; and fatty liver. These results suggest that Dll4-mediated Notch signaling participates in the shared disease mechanisms for cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. This review summarizes the role of macrophages and Dll4/Notch signaling in the development of inflammation in both the cardiovascular system and metabolic organs.
Predictors of infarct growth after endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke

Background Intra-arterial (IA) thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke has an excellent recanalization rate but variable outcomes. The core infarct also grows at a variable rate despite recanalization. We aim to study the factors that are associated with infarct growth after IA therapy. Methods We reviewed the hyperacute ischemic stroke imaging database at Cleveland Clinic for those undergoing endovascular thrombectomy of anterior circulation from 2009 to 2012. Patients with both pretreatment and follow-up magnetic resonance imaging were included. Seventy-six patients were stratified into quartiles by infarct volume growth from initial to follow-up diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) measure by a region of interest demarcation. Results The median infarct growth of each quartile was .6 cm 3 (no-growth group), 13.8, 37, and 160.2 cm 3 (large-growth group). Pretreatment stroke severity was comparable among groups. Compared with the no-growth group, the large-growth group had larger initial infarct defined by computed tomography (CT) Alberta Stroke Program Early CT score (median 10 versus 8, P = .032) and DWI volume (mean 13.8 versus 29.2 cm 3 , P = .034), lack of full collateral vessels on CT angiography (36.8% versus 0%, P = .003), and a lower recanalization rate (thrombolysis in cerebral infarction ≥2b, P = .044). The increase in infarct growth is associated with decrease in favorable outcomes defined by a modified Rankin Scale score of 0-2 at 30 days: 57.9%, 42.1%, 21.1%, and 5.3%, respectively ( P Conclusions Infarct evolution after endovascular thrombectomy is associated with an outcome. DWI reversal or no growth translated to a favorable outcome. Small initial ischemic core, good collateral support, and better recanalization grades predict the smaller infarct growth and favorable outcome after endovascular thrombectomy.
Microprocessor control and A/D data acquisition in classical conditioning

An Apple II/FIRST system has been developed to control classical conditioning experiments, collect analog data, and to extract dependent variable measures of conditioning. With our selection of the Apple II microprocessor and an added hardware floating-point processor, we have been able to establish independent computer systems for each of our three conditioning laboratories at a fraction of the cost of our DEC PDP-8/e (which was interfaced to only one of our laboratories). Moreover, our software system, FIRST, an interactive, high-level, dictionary-based language, is a programming and control system whose flexibility and ease of programming far exceeds that experienced with our DEC PDP-8/e system (Millenson, Kehoe, Tait, a Gormezano, 1973; Tait & Gormezano, 1974). In our judgment, the Apple II/FIRST system is of unprecedented efficiency and versatility for the control, data acquisition, and data analysis of analog responses in classical conditioning experiments.
Validity of subjective evaluations for the assessment of lip scarring and impairment.

Abstract Objective: In patients with cleft lip and palate, the aim of the study was (1) to determine and compare the level of agreement among examiners' subjective evaluations of static and dynamic lip form; (2) assess possible bias of examiners' subjective evaluations; and (3) determine the impact of lip scarring on an examiner's subjective assessment of dynamic lip form. Setting: Patients and subjects were recruited from the University of North Carolina Cleft Lip and Palate Center and School of Dentistry. Patients, Participants: Thirteen patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate and varying degrees of cleft scar severity were selected and one subject without cleft who wore artificial scars of varying severity. Interventions: For the patients with cleft, a previously repaired complete cleft lip and palate. Photographs and videotape recordings were made of the patients with cleft and the subject without cleft, with and without the artifical scars, at rest and smiling. Main Outcome Measure(s): Rankings...
Defining ‘Modern’ Malay womanhood and the coexistent messages of the veil

Abstract The gender constructions and performances of Malay women are often perceived by outside researchers as ‘shrouded under a veil’ of increasing Islamic conservatism. Urban Malay women, however, argue that women actively engage in the construction and performance of gender identities. Based on research conducted in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, during 2001 and 2003, this article argues that women advantageously alter, transform and utilise the constructs placed upon them by Islam, by ethnic identification and by conceptions of ‘modernity’. Often one image of ‘womanhood’ is presented and in public e an image that is socially accepted, honoured and respected e while less publicly alternative forms of ‘womanhood’ articulate individual goals and aims. Using an agent-oriented perspective, this article further includes an analysis of women's individual renegotiations of larger cultural constructs and the ways in which the tudong, or headscarf, has become a symbol by which individual women express their understan...
Enhancement of avermectin and ivermectin production by overexpression of the maltose ATP-binding cassette transporter in Streptomyces avermitilis

We investigated the function of maltose ABC transporter system encoded by malEFG-a and the effect of its overexpression on antibiotic production in Streptomyces avermitilis. A malEFG-a deletion mutant was unable to grow in a minimal medium with maltose as sole carbon source and produce avermectin. Maltose utilization and avermectin production were restored by introduction of a single copy of malEFG-a. RT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of malE-a was induced by maltose, and was strongly repressed by glucose. When multi-copy, integrative malEFG-a gene expression vectors were introduced into wild-type strain ATCC31267 and ivermectin-producer OI-31, antibiotic production increased by 2.6- to 3.3-fold and the time required for fermentation decreased by about 10%. The overexpression of malEFG-a improved the utilization rate of starch, and thereby enhanced avermectin production. Such an approach would be useful for the improvement of commercial antibiotic production using starch as the main carbon source in the fermentation process.
Imaging features of disseminated peritoneal hydatidosis before and after medical treatment.

Hydatid disease is a parasitic infection caused by the cestode, Echinococcus granulosus. It is endemic in many parts of the world, including India. Most frequently it affects liver and lung [1]. Involvement of the peritoneal cavity is uncommon, accounting for 13% of abdominal echinococcosis [5]. We present a rare case of disseminated peritoneal hydatidosis and its imaging features before and after medical therapy. Diagnosis was confirmed by serological assay and positive response to anti-helminthic drugs.
Land cover change from cotton to corn in the USA relieves freshwater ecotoxicity impact but may aggravate other regional environmental impacts

Rising corn prices in the USA due partly to increasing ethanol demands have led to a significant expansion of corn areas displacing natural vegetation and crops including cotton. From 2005 to 2009, cotton area harvested in the USA nearly halved with a reduction of 2.5 million hectares, while that of corn increased by 1.8 million hectares. However, environmental impacts of land shifts from cotton and corn have been largely neglected in literature. In this study, we evaluate the environmental properties of US corn and cotton production and implications of land cover change from cotton to corn using state-specific data and life cycle impact assessment. Focusing on regional environmental issues, we cover both on-farm direct emissions such as different types of volatile organic compounds and pesticides and indirect emissions embodied in input materials such as fertilizers. TRACI 2.0 is used to evaluate the environmental impacts of these emissions. The results show that US cotton and corn productions per hectare on average generate roughly similar impacts for most impact categories such as eutrophication and smog formation. For water use and freshwater ecotoxicity, corn shows a smaller impact. When land shifts from cotton to corn in cotton-growing states, however, the process may aggravate most of the regional environmental impacts while relieving freshwater ecotoxicity impact. The differences in the two estimates are due mainly to underlying regional disparities in crop suitability that affects input structure and environmental emissions. Our results highlight the importance of potential, unintended environmental impacts that cannot be adequately captured when average data are employed. Understanding the actual mechanisms under which certain policy induces marginal changes at a regional and local level is crucial for evaluating its net impact. Further, our study calls for an attention to biofuel-induced land cover change between crops and associated regional environmental impacts.
Microwave Spectra of the Methylcyanopolyynes CH3(CC)nCN,n= 2, 3, 4, 5☆

Abstract The ground state rotational spectra of four methylcyanopolyynes CH 3 (C C) 2 CN, CH 3 (C C) 3 CN, CH 3 (C C) 4 CN, and CH 3 (C C) 5 CN were measured between 6 and 22 GHz by Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. For CH 3 (C C) 2 CN, previously observed by Alexander et al. [ J. Mol. Spectrosc. 70, 84–94 (1978)] eight transitions were observed, each with sufficient resolution to determine the nitrogen quadrupole hyperfine constant for the first time: eqQ = −4.25(3) MHz. The longer three methylcyanopolyynes are new; for these, from 10 to 21 rotational transitions were detected and precise values for the rotational and the leading centrifugal distortion constants, and eqQ for CH 3 (C C) 3 CN, were determined.
A USEFUL DENDRITIC BUILDING BLOCK: DI-TERT-BUTYL 4-(2-TERT-BUTOXYCARBONYL)ETHYL-4-ISOCYANATO-1,7-HEPTANEDICARBOXYLATE

Abstract The facile preparation of the title compound, which is a crystalline alkyl isocyanate capable of dendrimerizing (poly)functional materials, is reported. The structure is proven by X-ray analysis and its chemistry is confirmed by its versatile reactivity with diverse molecules.
Sharing the Science on Human Milk Feedings With Mothers of Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants

Mother’s milk provides protection from serious and costly morbidity for very-low-birth-weight infants (
Incompressible porous media models by use of the theory of mixtures

Abstract This work illustrates the use of the thermodynamics of mixtures to formulate incompressible porous media models. An incompressible porous material is a mixture where the solid and the fluid constituents are each incompressible. Among the results are formulas which show how the chemical potentials for the constituents determine the stress tensor for the mixture and the pore pressure for each pore fluid. The general results are specialized to the forms necessary to produce models used in the applications. For example, the classical models used to study the flow of immiscible fluids in deformable and rigid solids are given.