cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Asymptotic behavior of number fields with prescribed ℓ-class numbers

Abstract Let K be a cyclic Galois extension of the rational numbers Q of degree l, where l is a prime number. Let hl denote the order of the Sylow l-subgroup of the ideal class group of K. If hl = ls(s ≥ 0), it is known that the number of (finite) primes that ramify in K/Q is at most s + 1 (or s + 2 if K is real quadratic). This paper shows that “most” of these fields K with hl = ls have exactly s + 1 ramified primes (or s + 2 ramified primes if K is real quadratic). Furthermore the Sylow l-subgroup of the ideal class group is elementary abelian when hl = ls and there are s + 1 ramified primes (or s + 2 ramified primes if K is real quadratic).
Effecting Community Efforts in Drug Abuse Control: A Study of Delta State Nigeria

The study investigated the effectiveness of some efforts that are made to control hard drug abuse and excess use of alcohol in Delta State Communities in Nigeria. The control efforts investigated were those of psychotherapists, community rules against drug and alcohol usage and efforts related to enforcement of these rules. Also investigated were efforts in the use of extra-curricular activities to control drugs use and efforts to check availability of the illegal drugs. The intention was to find out how much efforts are in place against drug usage and whether illegal drug and excess alcohol usage are effectively controlled in these communities. The purpose was for the research to have basis for making suggestions and recommendations for effective control where necessary. It was a descriptive study that used a survey design guided by six research questions. Data was collected through questionnaire and the chi-square method of data analysis was adopted. The result indicated that the various control measures were available in the three communities although their effectiveness was not significant. The researcher recommended that awareness education should be introduced while law enforcement agencies need to become more effective in their duties to control against illegal hard drug usage and use of excess alcohol. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2013.2n1p429
The effect of early onset of otitis media on educational achievement.

One hundred and forty-four patients from three different Pediatric practices were compared using the Science Research Associates (SRA) test for academic achievement. First, the patients were divided into those who had had three or more attacks of otitis media and those who had had no attacks of otitis media during the first 18 months of life as recorded by their pediatricians. Matched pairs by sex, birth date, occupation of father, school attended and year of testing were made for comparison purposes. Using the one-tailed t-test, a significant difference in the composite score was found favoring the group with no recorded otitis media in the first 18 months of life. All patients were treated with antibiotics.
HIV drug resistance in HIV-infected children.

Almeida et al. report, in this issue of the journal, a retrospective studyon theprevalence and patterns of antiretroviral drug resistance in 24 treatment-naive and 23 treatment-experienced children failing therapy between 2000 and 2004 attending a clinic in Sao Paulo. All children were vertically infected, and the median age of the naiveand treatment-experienced children was 22 months and 102 months, respectively. In the children failing ART, the median duration of ART exposure was 60 months (range3-120months), and the log viral load at treatment failure was 5.04 log copies/mL. The overall distribution of subtypes among both groups of children was 78.3% subtype B, 13% subtype F, 4.4%BFmosaics and 4.3% subtype C, which reflects thedistinctivemolecular epidemiologyofHIV-1 inBrazil, with the low-level but rising prevalence of subtypeC infection in the south of the country.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Bubble Formation in Nanochannels

The behavior of confined fluids is of great interest due to the proliferation and applications of micro- and nanofluidic devices. Recent computational and experimental results have shown that fluids exhibit unusual phase change behavior when confined to very small length scales where the fluid physics is dominated by interactions with the confining channel walls. In particular, understanding the liquid-vapor phase transition and bubble nucleation process in confined spaces presents opportunities for making valves and pumps in nanofluidic networks. In this paper, we present molecular dynamics simulations of thermal bubble nucleation in fluids confined in nanochannels. To verify the computational models, bulk argon and bulk water were first modeled under conditions similar to those reported in the literature. The results were similar to those presented in the literature, indicating that our computational models could reproduce published data. We then modeled argon and water systems confined between two parallel silicon plates with nanometer separation. To simulate cases more extensively encountered in reality, we performed Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations in the isothermal-isobaric (NPT) ensemble by allowing the top silicon plate to move up and down under a constant external pressure during the simulation. For either the nano-confined argon or the nano-confined water system, results indicated no bubble generation under an external pressure of 0.1 MPa, even for temperatures much higher than the boiling temperature of the respective fluids at 0.1 MPa. We also observed that there was no bubble generation in either the argon or water NPT system when the external pressure was reduced to as low as 0.01 MPa. The density of the nano-confined fluids at constant temperature was observed to be independent of external pressure on the system. This suggests that the nanoconfined fluids behave like liquids with low compressibility even at temperatures close to their superheat limit.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The association between apolipoprotein A-I and prostacyclin binding in human serm

Abstract The stability of Prostacyclin in human blood is dependent upon binding to circulating proteins. Although this binding has been considered to be primarily due to albumin, a recent report has suggested that apolipoprotein A-I is responsible. We compared prostacyclin binding to the concentratio of albumin and apolipoprotein A-I in several groups of sera with known diffrences in the ability to bind prostacyclin. Our results indicate a strong correlation with albumin concentration but no correlation between binding and the concentration of apolipoprotein A-I. It appears that in the human circulation albumin concentration is the most important determinant of prostacyclin binding.
Dissertation abstract: Contestability and the significance of the entrant’s home market

The traditional description of Contestability theory considers the importance of potential entry threats in disciplining the incumbent firm in a natural monopoly market. Such a description however overlooks an important element in strategic interaction, that of an entrant firm having its own home market. Adding a home market to the model can critically alter conclusions and equilibrium predictions of market entry in a contestable market monopoly. In this thesis the role of entry threats in a contestable market is analyzed and evaluated in a game theoretic framework where the incumbent and the entrant firm each has its own home market and is a potential entrant in the other market. Equilibrium predictions point out that in such a multi-market context where each firm has its own monopoly market, the disciplining effect of potential entry is weak. In contrast, entrants from competitive markets have its predicted disciplining effect on the monopolist incumbent. I design a multi-market laboratory environment with contestable markets. Experimental results show that the threat of entry is the strongest when an entrant firm has a home market with very low or competitive returns. However, entrants and incumbents in symmetric monopoly home markets learn to cooperate tacitly to enjoy monopoly prices. I extend my analysis to an imperfectly contestable market with sunk entry cost and find similar results. My main conclusion is as follows: the behavioral implication for hit-and-run entry in a contestable monopoly market is strong and robust provided the entrant is from a market earning normal returns or competitive returns. Even in the presence of a modest level of sunk entry cost, entrants from competitive markets enter for transient profit opportunities. This in turn generates the threat of entry and disciplines the incumbent in the natural monopoly market. However, when each firm has its own home market monopoly we observe mutual forbearance leading to high prices in both the perfectly contestable and imperfectly contestable monopoly markets.
Vascular complications of renal transplantation

From January, 1963, to May, 1979, 600 renal transplants were performed at the Cleveland Clinic. There were 21 vascular complications in this series (3.5%). Arterial complications included renal artery thrombosis in 5 patients, renal artery stenosis in 9 patients, and anastomotic hemorrhage in 2 patients. Venous complications included renal vein thrombosis in 2 patients and hemorrhage in 3 patients. Although vascular complications led directly to graft loss in 10 patients, only 1 resulted in patient death.
High Heat Flux Removal Using Water Subcooled Flow Boiling in a Single-Side Heated Monoblock Channel

Optimized and robust designs of one-side-heated plasmafacing components and other high heat flux components is dependent on knowing the local distribution of inside wall heat flux in the flow channels. The local inside wall heat flux can be obtained from selectively chosen local plasma-facing component wall temperatures close to the inside boundary of the flow channel. To this end, three-dimensional thermal measurements for a one-side heated monoblock were made and show: (1) the three-dimensional variation of the wall temperature close to both the heated and fluid-solid surface boundaries, (2) the resultant effects of mass velocity and exit pressure on the 3-D wall temperature/outside heat flux relationship, and (3) the occurrence of local critical heat flux and local post-critical heat flux. The monoblock has a 180.0 mm heated length, has a 10.0 mm inside diameter, and has a square cross-section with 30.0 mm nominal outside surfaces.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Progesterone Triggers a Wave of Increased Free Calcium during the Human Sperm Acrosome Reaction

The mammalian sperm acrosome reaction (AR), an essential fertilization event, requires an influx of Ca2+. The Ca2+ increase occurring in the human sperm head during the AR initiated by progesterone, a putative in vivo AR initiator, was investigated using video-image analysis with fura-2, a fluorescent Ca2+ probe. Progesterone treatment of capacitated human sperm resulted in a wave-like increase in sperm head cytosolic [Ca2+]i that appears to increase fastest in a region near the equatorial segment and then spreads throughout the rest of the head. The progesterone-mediated Ca2+ increase in the sperm head was strongly inhibited and the wave eliminated by picrotoxin, a blocker of GABAA receptor/Cl- channels and an inhibitor of the progesterone-mediated Cl- efflux and progesterone-initiated AR of human sperm. These results are the first to detect a ligand-mediated Ca2+ wave in sperm and to suggest that Cl- efflux influences Ca2+ influx during the AR.
Riboflaven and bilirubin response during phototherapy.

Extract: Twenty-four jaundiced neonates were studied, 12 in the treatment group and 12 in the untreated group. Patients were randomly selected to receive oral riboflavin. The mean 24-hr bilirubin decrease was determined during phototherapy. Blue light (420–470 nm) energy ranged from 6–10 μW/cm2. The observed 24-hr bilirubin decrease was compared with the expected decrease based on an energy-dose-response relationship. Riboflavin-treated infants received either 6–7 μW/cm2 blue light energy or 8–10 μW/cm2 (same as control group). Those infants receiving less energy than the control group (8–10 μW/cm2) had a mean 24-hr bilirubin decrease (3.05 mg/100 ml/24 hr) equal to the control group (3.09 mg/100 ml/24 hr). Those riboflavin-treated infants receiving energy equal to the control group showed a greater decline (5.2 mg/100 ml/24 hr) in their mean 24-hr bilirubin. Although effective, additional in vivo studies are required to clarify the full effects, especially on DNA, of using photosensitizers such as riboflavin in the presence of bilirubin and blue light energy (420–470 nm). Speculation: Riboflavin may become an inportant adjunct to phototherapy for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. As a producer of singlet oxygen it is capable of transferring enough energy to overcame the oxygen quenching effect of bilirubin in its rapid degradation.
5,17‐Di‐tert‐butyl‐25,27‐di­hydroxy­calix­[4]­arene. Erratum

In the paper by Bryan, Sachleben & Urvoas [Acta Cryst. (2001), E57, o781–o782], the chemical name in the title is incorrect. The correct title is 5,17-di-tert-butyl-25,27-di­methoxy­calix­[4]­arene.
A transformation for the treatment of diffusion and migration. Application to stationary disk and hemisphere electrodes

Abstract A method is presented for solving coupled, nonlinear ionic transport equations governing steady-state transport by diffusion and migration. The technique can be used on any system in which only one charged ion reacts and the Nernst-Planck equation describes the ionic transport. It is shown that the concentration of each of the ionic species can be written as a function of the potential in solution, and the transport equation for the reactant species becomes a nonlinear equation in this unknown potential. A transformation of the dependent variable changes this transport equation to an equivalent linear form (without approximation); the transformation allows one to use superposition methods to formulate the problem as a nonlinear integral equation on the surface of the electrode. The proposed method is general in the sense that it can be applied to any electrode and container geometry once the kernel function associated with this geometry is known. The transformation allows one to express the ratio of the limiting current to the diffusion limiting current as a simple geometry-independent relationship. Specific calculations are given for disk and hemisphere electrodes. Simulation results for the disk electrode illustrate the nonlinear effects of migration on the reaction distribution over the electrode surface below the limiting current, and emphasize the advantage of a microelectrode for determining kinetic parameters for the electrode reaction.
Data quality: a case study

In this article, after a brief discussion of the role of management in supporting data quality efforts within its organization we describe work carried out to improve the quality of a database of mortgages insured by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA). The techniques used include internal consistency checks and record linkage methods. The end result was that (1) duplicate records were removed from the database, (2) critical data elements were corrected, and (3) property addresses were added to mortgage records that previously lacked such. WIREs Comp Stat 2011 3 12–21 DOI: 10.1002/wics.137 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website
SU‐FF‐T‐196: Evaluation of the Dose Within the Abutment Region Between Tangential and Supraclavicular Fields for Various Breast Irradiation Techniques

Purpose: To compare the uniformity of dose in the abutment region (matchline) between breast tangential and supraclavicular fields produced by irradiation techniques having different means of forming the match (e.g. external block, MLC, collimator jaw). Method and Materials: A film dosimetry system was developed and validated by comparing lateral and percent-depth-dose (PDD) profiles measured with EDR2 film in a plastic water phantom to ion chamber measurements made in water. Field sizes of 5×5, 10×10, and 20×20 cm2 were examined covering a range of depths. Once established, EDR2 film was placed in solid phantom at various depths and used for characterization of the abutment region produced by several three-field intact-breast irradiations. The abutment regions (+/− 2.5 mm on either side of the central matchline) of the various techniques were analyzed via a Dose Area Histogram (DAH) and compared to each other. Preliminary data are presented, in which DAHs are used to evaluate the abutment region between a field collimated with a jaw and another field collimated with the configurations mentioned above. Results: Characterization of the film dosimetry system demonstrates that, for all field sizes and depths, all lateral profiles and depth-dose curves measured agree with ion chamber measurements to within < 3% in low dose gradient regions and < 2 mm distance to agreement (DTA) in high dose gradient regions (≥ 30% cm−1). Inspection of preliminary abutment region data indicates that the DAH clearly and sensitively demonstrates uniformity differences between the various methods used to create the match. Conclusion: We have developed a film-based dosimetry tool that uses DAHs to accurately portray relative dose distributions within the abutment regions of smooth-edge and MLC-produced fields. This tool will be used, subsequently, in an anthropomorphic phantom using actual breast treatment fields. Conflict of Interest: Research supported in part by Varian Medical Systems.
In vitro lymphocyte responses to malignant, benign neoplastic and normal tissue extracts.

SummaryTo identify tumor antigens and tumor immunity in man, we have investigated the use of the blastogenic response of lymphocytes to tissue extracts. Extracts of malignant, benign, and normal tissues of 60 patients with cancer were used to stimulate their own lymphocytes, the lymphocytes of other patients with the same tumor and those of normal subjects. Autochthonous extracts of the neoplastic tissue stimulated blas-togenesis in 56% of patients and a linear dose-response curve was observed. This suggested the presence of TSA and specific tumor immunity, even in patients with advanced metastatic disease. However, stimulation of autochthonous lymphocytes by extracts of skin in 50% of patients cast doubt on the tumor specificity of the response to extracts. The release of nonspecific mitogens, or of usually concealed autoantigens, or the presence of tumor antigens in the skin of patients with malignant disease were hypothesized as the possible cause. Because of this lack of specificity it seemed that tum...
Glut4 Is Targeted to Specific Vesicles in Adipocytes of Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Glut4 Selectively in Adipose Tissue

Adipocytes of transgenic mice overexpressing Glut4 selectively in adipose tissue (Shepherd, P.R., Gnudi, L., Tozzo, E., Yang, H., Leach, F., and Kahn, B.B. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 22243-22246) have 15-20-fold more Glut4 than normal adipocytes. To study compartmentalization of intracellular Glut4 in these cells, we fractionated light microsomes prepared from transgenic and normal adipocytes in velocity and density sucrose gradients. Glut4-containing intracellular membranes from both cell types have a specific and narrow distribution in these gradients, i.e. behave as homogeneous vesicles with identical sedimentation coefficients and different buoyant densities. Immunoadsorption of Glut4-containing vesicles with covalently immobilized monoclonal anti-transporter antibody demonstrated that the total polypeptide composition of these vesicles from transgenic and normal cells was identical, with the exception of Glut4 itself, which was much more abundant in the transgenic cells. Both preparations also had comparable levels of secretory carrier membrane proteins and of aminopeptidase activity (gp160). Glut4-containing vesicles from both normal and transgenic adipocytes excluded Glut1, which in both cell types formed a different vesicle population. Thus, even under conditions of high level overexpression, Glut4 is still specifically targeted to the same unique type of structurally defined insulin-sensitive vesicles as in normal cells.
Fears and Related Anxieties in Chinese High School Students.

Chinese students from different high school settings face unique academic and emotional challenges. They are in a very vulnerable position due to high parent and teacher expectations and pressure to succeed in college entrance examinations and honour the family and the school. They are also vulnerable due to possible inappropriate parenting practices. This study examined whether there were significant differences in the number and type of reported fears and related anxieties in students from different high schools by grade level and gender, controlling for perceptions of family atmosphere. This study also investigated whether, in general, the fears and anxieties self-reported by the chinese sample differed from the normative sample. Finally it examined whether the standardized measure of fears was able to capture the unique fears of chinese students. The findings indicate that the level of fears and related anxieties did not differ based on school and grade. Gender differences were evident. Positive famil...
Carl F. H. Henry's Moral Arguments for Evangelical Political Activism

1 he rising tide of evangelical political activism refuses to subside. In the late 1980s, several commentators suggested that the wave of evangelical political involvement had crested and was coming to an end.1 They pointed to the poor showing of Pat Robertson in the 1988 presidential election, the demise of the Moral Majority, the cumulative impact of frequent media criticism, and the inability of evangelicals to implement a single major policy in the decade of the 1980s. The pre dictions were wrong. Ralph Reed's launching of the Christian Coali tion, a spate of highly visible state and local battles, and the 1994 midterm elections demonstrate this key Republican Party constituency
The spectrum of elementary embeddings j:V→V

In 1970, K. Kunen, working in the context of Kelley–Morse set theory, showed that the existence of a nontrivial elementary embedding j:V→V is inconsistent. In this paper, we give a finer analysis of the implications of his result for embeddings V→V relative to models of ZFC. We do this by working in the extended language {∈,j}, using as axioms all the usual axioms of ZFC (for ∈-formulas), along with an axiom schema that asserts that j is a nontrivial elementary embedding. Without additional axiomatic assumptions on j, we show that that the resulting theory (denoted ZFC+BTEE) is weaker than an ω-Erdos cardinal, but stronger than n-ineffables. We show that natural models of ZFC+BTEE give rise to Schindler’s remarkable cardinals. The approach to inconsistency from ZFC+BTEE forks into two paths: extensions of ZFC+BTEE+Cofinal Axiom and ZFC+BTEE+¬Cofinal Axiom, where Cofinal Axiom asserts that the critical sequence κ,j(κ),j2(κ),… is cofinal in the ordinals. We describe near-minimal inconsistent extensions of each of these theories. The path toward inconsistency from ZFC+BTEE+¬Cofinal Axiom is paved with a sequence of theories of increasing large cardinal strength. Indeed, the extensions of the theory ZFC +“j is a nontrivial elementary embedding” form a hierarchy of axioms, ranging in strength from Con(ZFC) to the existence of a cardinal that is super-n-huge for every n, to inconsistency. This hierarchy is parallel to the usual hierarchy of large cardinal axioms, and can be used in the same way. We also isolate several intermediate-strength axioms which, when added to ZFC+BTEE, produce theories having strengths in the vicinity of a measurable cardinal of high Mitchell order, a strong cardinal, ω Woodin cardinals, and n-huge cardinals. We also determine precisely which combinations of axioms, of the form ZFC+BTEE+Σm-Separationj+Σn-Replacementj result in inconsistency.
IDENTIFICATION OF LINEAR AND NONLINEAR AERODYNAMIC IMPULSE RESPONSES USING DIGITAL FILTER TECHNIQUES

This paper discusses the mathematical existence and the numerically-correct identification of linear and nonlinear aerodynamic impulse response functions. Differences between continuous-time and discrete-time system theories, which permit the identification and efficient use of these functions, will be detailed. Important input/output definitions and the concept of linear and nonlinear systems with memory will also be discussed. It will be shown that indicial (step or steady) responses (such as Wagner's function), forced harmonic responses (such as Theodorsen's function or those from doublet lattice theory), and responses to random inputs (such as gusts) can all be obtained from an aerodynamic impulse response function. This paper establishes the aerodynamic impulse response function as the most fundamental, and, therefore, the most computationally efficient, aerodynamic function that can be extracted from any given discrete-time, aerodynamic system. The results presented in this paper help to unify the understanding of classical two-dimensional continuous-time theories with modern three-dimensional, discrete-time theories. First, the method is applied to the nonlinear viscous Burger's equation as an example. Next the method is applied to a three-dimensional aeroelastic model using the CAP-TSD (Computational Aeroelasticity Program - Transonic Small Disturbance) code and then to a two-dimensional model using the CFL3D Navier-Stokes code. Comparisons of accuracy and computational cost savings are presented. Because of its mathematical generality, an important attribute of this methodology is that it is applicable to a wide range of nonlinear, discrete-time problems.
Protection by rapid chemical preconditioning of stressed hippocampal slice: a study of cellular swelling using optical scatter imaging.

Abstract It has been demonstrated that anoxic preconditioning protects against a subsequent ‘lethal’ injury in the hippocampal slice. The goal of this paper was to test the hypothesis that chemical preconditioning could help reduce the cellular swelling observed in excitotoxically injured hippocampal slices. The control slice was given a 10-min insult of 100 μM N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) to simulate ischemic injury, followed by 30-min perfusion of standard Ringers solution. Cellular swelling was observed with a microscope designed to image light scatter changes resulting from cellular swelling. After the control NMDA injury, the average peak scatter change for CA1, CA3 and DG regions was 31.0±3.4, 22.4±4.8 and 27.6±4.6%, respectively. The peak scatter change of the overall slice was 26.0±3.6%. The experimental slices were preconditioned by three short 100 μM NMDA insults of 15 s each separated by 10 min of standard Ringers solution perfusion. The slices then received 10 min of ‘lethal’ injury by 100 μM NMDA. It was observed that the overall scatter signal, as a measure of cellular swelling, was reduced by 8.0% (P
Oncocytic renal tubular adenoma(so-called oncocytoma) in seventeen-year-old girl

Renal tubular neoplasms (adenomas or adenocarcinomas) are rare in children or young adults. Herein, we report an oncocytic renal tubular adenoma (so-called oncocytoma) that was found in a seventeen-year-old girl. Preoperative evaluation included aspiration of this tumor, and we suggest that preoperative aspiration is an important procedure in the diagnosis and management of suspected renal tumors in children and young adults.
Particulate matter air pollution and atherosclerosis.

Particulate matter (PM) air pollution less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5), which is now an all-pervading element of modern-day society, is associated with heightened cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Not only can short-term PM2.5 exposure trigger acute cardiovascular events, but longer-term exposure over years augments cardiovascular risk to an even greater extent. One biological mechanism capable of explaining this observation is that chronic exposure may promote the progression and vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques. Indeed, recent epidemiologic studies have demonstrated an association between ambient PM2.5 exposure and the presence or extent of atherosclerosis in humans. Several animal experiments have provided corroborating evidence that chronic exposures in fact do enhance the progression and perhaps vulnerability of atherosclerotic lesions. Due to the billions of people continually exposed to PM2.5, the long-term pro-atherosclerotic effects of this ubiquitous air pollutant are likely to be of enormous and growing global public health importance.
Experimental characterization of flowrate-dependent bipolar diffusion charging efficiencies of sub-50nm particles

Abstract Accurate knowledge of charging efficiency of particles passed through a bipolar diffusion charger is critical for accurate electrical mobility-based size distribution measurements. It is generally assumed that particles attain a steady-state charge distribution in bipolar diffusion chargers, but this assumption must be tested for its robustness. In this study, the role of flowrate on charging efficiency of particles was established as a function of particle size, charger type, charge polarity, and layout of chargers. The study only focused on singly-charged and uncharged particles entering the neutralizer. The different chargers or neutralizers studied here include 85Kr neutralizers (TSI 3077 and TSI 3077a), a 210Po neutralizer, and a soft X-ray charger (TSI 3087). The 210Po and soft X-ray chargers were seen to largely charge particles to their predicted steady-state charge distribution for all flowrates and particle sizes studied. The 85Kr neutralizers, however, show complex flow-rate dependence of charging efficiency for particles smaller than 50 nm. The flowrate dependence was non-monotonic, with a minimum charging efficiency observed at ~1.0 l min−1 flow rate. For flowrates lower than 1.0 l min−1, the decrease in charging efficiencies with increasing flowrate was shown to be because of decreasing particle residence time in the neutralizing region. At high flows (>1.0 l min−1), the increase in charging efficiencies was experimentally established to be because of particle–ion interaction just downstream of the neutralizer. Thus, when 85Kr neutralizers are used for mobility measurements, their flowrate-dependent charging efficiencies must be considered for particles smaller than 50 nm.
Uncovering the Political Impacts of Gender: An Exploratory Study

TU YNDERSTANDING how women's lives shape their political attitudes and affect their policy orientations remains a significant challenge for today's social science. The different social experiences of women and men appear to affect not only individuals (Chodorow 1974; Weitzman 1975; Dinnerstein 1978; Brooks-Gunn and Matthews 1979; Gilligan 1982) but also institutions, through the design of hierarchical structures and through the application of particular governing rules and norms (Keller 1979; Ferguson 1984; Menkel-Meadow 1987). In an attempt to uncover the specific political impacts of socialized gender differences, political scientists have scrutinized female officials' voting behavior, support of women's issues, selfprofessed feminism, and family status, among other "gender-related" variables. However, scant attention has been given to examining how women's and men's differing world experiences might mold political attitudes and, ultimately, shape a broad range of policy outcomes rather than those centering around women's issues only. As a consequence, these approaches are neither adequate nor explicit in accounting for the impact of "gender driven" factors in the formation of public policy preferences. This exploratory study examines the relations among gender, policy preference, and policy formation. The first section begins by reviewing and contrasting current political and psychological approaches to assessing and interpreting gender differences. Following is a critique of political science methodologies as generally unsuitable for capturing the subtle complexities of gender differences. The second section links psychological theories of gender differences in moral decision making and the political context by creating two attitudinal constructs hypothesized as gender-related. Drawing
SU‐FF‐I‐73: Artifacts Generated by Interior Tomography

Purpose: Although it is well known that quantitative tomography is impossible in systems with interior truncation, this geometry is being increasingly applied to applications such as cone‐beam CT and cardiacSPECT. It has been shown that interior problem, represented by the truncated Radon transform, has a null‐space (and thus could theoretically have an artifact) containing any smooth function in the fully sampled field of view. In practice, artifacts tend to be smooth. Our purpose is to theoretically understand what artifacts will be typically generated under the interior problem. Method and Materials: A linear operator is constructed which generates members of the null‐space of the internal Radon transform. A singular value decomposition of this operator is derived and the singular values are examined. Results: The singular values are all non‐zero, confirming that the null‐space of the truncated Radon transform contains all smooth functions. However, the singular values drop rapidly. When combined with the positivity constraint, this limits the magnitude of all but the lowest singular vectors. Conclusion: Although the null‐space of the truncated Radon transform contains rapidly varying components, their amplitude will be exponentially small. This justifies the use of truncated images to quantitatively measure high‐spatial‐frequency objects such as organ boundaries. Although the formal null‐space is infinite‐dimensional, most of these dimensions are measured in practice with high accuracy. The artifacts generated from actual images can be described with high accuracy by only a few (2–10) parameters. Thus, supplements of the truncated data with low‐quality non‐truncated data or with simple priors can improve the quantifiable accuracy of truncated images.
Optimal executive perquisites

Abstract Expenditures by executives on personal perquisites can be optimal for the board of directors. Using a principal-agent model, we present a numerical example where the principal can reduce the total cost of compensation for the agent by offering a lower expected bonus and a larger budget allocation from which the agent diverts some funds to perquisites. This is optimal when the agent has sufficiently large diminishing marginal utility for perquisites.
Subarcsecond Resolution Observations of Sagittarius B2 at 85 GHz

We present 3 mm continuum and spectral line observations of vinyl cyanide (C2H3CN) and ethyl cyanide (C2H5CN) toward the Sgr B2 region carried out by the BIMA Array at subarcsecond resolution. These are the highest angular resolution observations ever reported for C2H3CN and C2H5CN. With an angular resolution of 08, we were able to probe physical scales only one-tenth the size of the Oort cloud. Toward Sgr B2(N-LMH), the continuum emission is dominated by the K2 source, where dust emission contributes more than 60% of the 3 mm flux. The C2H3CN and C2H5CN emission reveals outflows in the dense molecular gas around K2, while C2H5CN exists in the ambient component as well. The distribution difference appears to indicate that C2H5CN is processed into C2H3CN in shock regions presumably caused by outflows. Column densities of C2H3CN and C2H5CN are found to be at least 3 times higher than previously reported. Inferred high H2, C2H3CN, and C2H5CN column densities indicate that K2 can be the heating source for dust mantle evaporation at Sgr B2(N-LMH), the primary site of complex molecules.
VOC immobilization in soil by adsorption, absorption and encapsulation

Abstract Immobilization of volative organic compounds (VOCs) in contaminated soils by solidification/stabilization ( S S ) processes is an attractive potential remediation process. The objectives of this study were as follows: to evaluate S S procedures, including a new process with a VOC absorbent and silica coatings; to apply a straightforward and inexpensive analytical technique for characterizing VOC behavior during processing; and to propose the expanded use of waste materials such as contaminated soil, rice hulls, and shredded-tire particles. We investigated how the adsorbents, absorbents and encapsulating agents can be combined to retard volatilization and resist acidic aqueous leaching of toluene. The toluene released at each step of the S S process was determined by an accurate headspace analysis method. Results showed that combining shredded-tire particles for absorption and sodium silicate for encapsulation is a promising method for immobilization of toluene in soil.
Memory profiles of Down, Williams, and fragile X syndromes: implications for reading development.

ABSTRACT:The purpose of this review was to understand the types of memory impairments that are associated with intellectual disability (ID, formerly called mental retardation) and the implications of these impairments for reading development. Specifically, studies on working memory, delayed memory a
Direct measurements of ion dynamics in collisional magnetic presheaths

Ion velocities and temperatures are measured in the presheath of a grounded plate downstream from an argon helicon plasma source using laser-induced fluorescence ( Prf≈450→750 W, Te=2.5→5 eV, Ti=0.1→0.6 eV, n0≈1×1012cm−3, pn=1→6.5 mTorr, λ=0.3→2 cm, ρi≈ 0.5 cm). The plate is held 16°→60° relative to the 1 kG background axial magnetic field. The velocity profiles are compared to a 1D fluid model similar to those presented by Riemann [Phys. Plasmas 1, 552 (1994)] and Ahedo [Phys. Plasmas 4, 4419 (1997)] for the 1 mTorr dataset and are shown to agree well. The model is sensitive to parameters such as collision and ionization frequencies and simplified models, such one presented by Chodura [Phys. Fluids 25, 1628 (1982)], are shown to be inaccurate. E→×B→ flows as large as 40% of cs at the sheath edge are inferred. Definitions for the term “magnetic presheath” and implications for ion flow to tokamak divertors and Hall thruster walls are discussed.
Granular segregation in a tilted-rotating drum

Abstract In this manuscript we present experimental results for the rotation of a bi-disperse mixture of granular material (glass beads) in a titled cylindrical drum. The system parameters are the tilt angle (35° ≤ α ≤ 65°) measured from the horizontal where α = 0 is a vertically oriented right circular cylindrical drum, concentration of smaller beads based on volume (ϕ = 0.30, 0.40 or 0.50), and the constant angular rotation rate of a 66 mm diameter drum (0.25 Hz ≤ Ω ≤ 1.1 Hz) resulting in rotational Froude numbers in the range 0.0002
Identification of a novel in-frame translational stop codon in human intestine ApoB mRNA

Abstract Human apolipoprotein (apo) B exists in plasma as two isoproteins desiginated apoB-100 and apoB-48. ApoB-100 (512 kDa) and apoB-48 (250 kDa) are synthesized by the liver and intestine respectively. Analysis of apoB cDNA clones isolated from a human intestinal cDNA library revealed that the intestinal apoB mRNA contains a new in-frame translational stop codon. This premature stop codon is generated by a single base substitution of a ‘C’ to ‘T’ at nucleotide 6538 which converts the codon ‘CAA’ coding for the amino acid glutamine residue 2153 to an in-frame stop codon ‘TAA’. The generation of a stop codon in the intestinal apoB mRNA appears to be tissue specific since it has not been reported in cDNA clones isolated from human liver cDNA libraries which code for the 4536 amino acid apoB-100. A potential polyadenylation signal sequence ‘AATAAA’ was also identified 390 bases downstream from the new stop codon. The new stop codon in the human intestinal apoB mRNA provides a potential mechanism for the biosynthesis of intestinal apoB-48.
A pilar tumor of the vulva.

Abstract The gross and histological characteristics of pilar tumors are described. These tumors may be confused with squamous cell carcinoma. Generally, the type of pilar tumor discussed in this article involves the skin on the scalp.
Adsorption of methane on dry coal at elevated pressure

Abstract Methane equilibrium adsorption isotherms were determined on Illinois No.6 (Herrin seam), Oklahoma Hartshorne, Pennsylvania Pittsburgh, and Virginia Pocahontas No.3 United States coal seams, using a volumetric method and an equation of state for methane: the amount of methane adsorbed on crushed and dried coal was measured as a function of pressure. Isotherms were measured at 30 °C for the Illinois coal and at 0, 30 and 50 °C for the others. Most measurements were made to 150 atm pressure, but a few to 240 atm. The data were correlated by the Langmuir and the Polanyi adsorption models. The methane—coal system, uncorrected for adsorbate density, adhered well to the Langmuir model up to 150 atm pressure, but Polanyi behaviour could not be demonstrated satisfactorily, with or without a correction for adsorbate density. Monolayer volumes at 30 °C from the Langmuir equation were 28, 24, 19 and 20cm3 (STP)/g coal respectively for the four coals studied (the range for several investigators was 13 to 39 cm3/g and for the Langmuir constant b 0.03 to 0.23 atm−1). Isosteric heats of adsorption at zero coverage and 30 °C were 4.2, 2.4 and 5.3 kcal/mol for the Hartshorne, Pittsburgh and Pocahontas coals, which indicate that the adsorption is physical. No effect of particle size on equilibrium adsorption was observed in the U.S. mesh range 6–325.
Science vs. Religion: What Scientists Really Think, by Elaine Howard Ecklund, Oxford University Press: New York, 2010, xi + 228 pp. ISBN 978 019 539 298 2, US$27.95 (cloth)

Science vs. Religion: What Scientists Really Think, by Elaine Howard Ecklund, Oxford University Press: New York, 2010, xi + 228 pp. ISBN 978 019 539 298 2, US$27.95 (cloth) This is a very important...
Effects of sampling error and temporal correlations in population growth on process variance estimators

Estimates of a population’s growth rate and process variance from time-series data are often used to calculate risk metrics such as the probability of quasi-extinction, but temporal correlations in the data from sampling error, intrinsic population factors, or environmental conditions can bias process variance estimators and detrimentally affect risk predictions. It has been claimed (McNamara and Harding, Ecol Lett 7:16–20, 2004) that estimates of the long-term variance that incorporate observed temporal correlations in population growth are unaffected by sampling error; however, no estimation procedures were proposed for time-series data. We develop a suite of such long-term variance estimators, and use simulated data with temporally autocorrelated population growth and sampling error to evaluate their performance. In some cases, we get nearly unbiased long-term variance estimates despite ignoring sampling error, but the utility of these estimators is questionable because of large estimation uncertainty and difficulties in estimating correlation structure in practice. Process variance estimators that ignored temporal correlations generally gave more precise estimates of the variability in population growth and of the probability of quasi-extinction. We also found that the estimation of probability of quasi-extinction was greatly improved when quasi-extinction thresholds were set relatively close to population levels. Because of precision concerns, we recommend using simple models for risk estimates despite potential biases, and limiting inference to quantifying relative risk; e.g., changes in risk over time for a single population or comparative risk among populations.
Elevation of Plasma Prolactin After Hypophysial Stalk Section in the Rat1

The hypophysial stalk was transected by a parapharyngeal approach in the estrous rat, and blood was withdrawn through a cardiac cannula before anesthesia (methohexital), immediately before stalk section (after 40–50 min of surgery) and 15, 30, 60, 120, 240 min after stalk section. Plasma prolactin concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. During the surgical approaches in both the stalk section animals and the sham-operated group the plasma prolactin level appeared to decline (to <30 ng/ml in the sham operated animals), but no significant changes occurred in the latter group throughout the course of the experiment. Following stalk section, however, there was a remarkably sharp rise in plasma prolactin concentration, and levels of the order of 400 ng/ml were maintained from 15 min after stalk section to the end of the experiment 4 hr after cutting the stalk and inserting a barrier to prevent regeneration of the portal vessels. The results are interpreted as a release of the pituitary from hypotha...
Nuclear envelope invaginations in hamster pyramidal cells during development and aging.

Abstract Nuclear envelope invaginations were observed in pyramidal cell nuclei of the hamster frontal cortex during development and aging. These invaginations which began to appear at 10 days did not recede at maturity as has been observed in certain other cell types, but persisted in the adult hamster and during subsequent aging. Morphometric data showed a significant increase in the number of nuclear envelope invaginations and in their length per unit area of the nucleus. This increase was positively correlated with age until 500 days and is suggestive of a continued high metabolic activity that did not subside following the rapid growth phase of the pyramidal neurons.
What a difference a parameter makes: A psychophysical comparison of random dot motion algorithms

Random dot motion (RDM) displays have emerged as one of the standard stimulus types employed in psychophysical and physiological studies of motion processing. RDMs are convenient because it is straightforward to manipulate the relative motion energy for a given motion direction in addition to stimulus parameters such as the speed, contrast, duration, density, aperture, etc. However, as widely as RDMs are employed so do they vary in their details of implementation. As a result, it is often difficult to make direct comparisons across studies employing different RDM algorithms and parameters. Here, we systematically measure the ability of human subjects to estimate motion direction for four commonly used RDM algorithms under a range of parameters in order to understand how these different algorithms compare in their perceptibility. We find that parametric and algorithmic differences can produce dramatically different performances. These effects, while surprising, can be understood in relationship to pertinent neurophysiological data regarding spatiotemporal displacement tuning properties of cells in area MT and how the tuning function changes with stimulus contrast and retinal eccentricity. These data help give a baseline by which different RDM algorithms can be compared, demonstrate a need for clearly reporting RDM details in the methods of papers, and also pose new constraints and challenges to models of motion direction processing.
Numerical Solution of the Helmholtz Equation in 2D and 3D Using a High-Order Nyström Discretization

We show how to solve time-harmonic scattering problems by means of a high-order Nystrom discretization of the boundary integral equations of wave scattering in 2D and 3D. The novel aspect of our new method is its use of local corrections to the discretized kernel in the vicinity of the kernel singularity. Enhanced by local corrections, the new algorithm has the simplicity and speed advantages of the traditional Nystrom method, but also enjoys the advantages of high-order convergence for controlling solution error. We explain the practical details of implementing a scattering code based on a high-order Nystrom discretization and demonstrate by numerical example that a scattering code based on this algorithm can achieve high-order convergence to the correct answer. We also demonstrate its performance advantages over a high-order Galerkin code.