cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward a multivariate life-span theory of intelligence

From a critique of several current approaches to the explanation of intellectual change over the life-span, a number of general principles for such a theory are derived. This chapter explores how these principles aid in the understanding of recent developmental research, and offers an outline for synthesizing a more coherent picture of intellectual development.
One-dimensional baroclinically unstable waves on the Gulf Stream potential vorticity gradient near Cape Hatteras

Abstract Application of linear baroclinic instability theory to the observed distributions of velocity, stratification, and potential vorticity in the Gulf Stream near 74° W is successful in predicting the time and length scales of the most rapidly growing disturbances. A continuously-stratified, one-dimensional model with realistic bottom slope predicts propagation speeds of 10–50 cm s −1 associated with two regimes of rapid temporal growth centered at periods of 28 days and 5–7 days. This prediction is consistent with observations of the propagation and growth of Gulf Stream meanders derived from inverted echo sounder measurements in this region. The instability model also predicts that for realistic bottom slopes the baroclinic energy transfer should be weakly negative (eddy-to-mean) in deep water, but for low-frequency waves should change to significant positive (mean-to-eddy) transfer above depths of ∼1500 m, consistent with observations.
Endotracheal intubation in the field does not improve outcome in trauma patients who present without an acutely lethal traumatic brain injury.

Objectives: There is an absence of prospective data evaluating the impact of prehospital intubation in adult trauma patients. Our objectives were to determine the outcome of trauma patients intubated in the field who did not have an acutely lethal traumatic brain injury (death within 48 hours) compared with patients who were intubated immediately on arrival to the hospital. Methods: Prospective data were collected on 191 consecutive patients admitted to the trauma center with a field Glasgow Coma Scale score ≤ 8 and a head Abbreviated Injury Scale score ≥ 3 who were either intubated in the field or intubated immediately at admission to the hospital. Patients who died within 48 hours of admission and transfers were excluded from the study. Results: Of the 191 patients, 176 (92%) sustained blunt trauma and 25 (8%) were victims of penetrating trauma. Seventy-eight (41%) of the 191 patients were intubated in the field and 113 (59%) were intubated immediately at admission. There was no significant difference in age, Glasgow Coma Scale score, head Abbreviated Injury Scale score, or Injury Severity Score between the two groups. Patients who were intubated in the field had a significantly higher morbidity (ventilator days, 14.7 vs. 10.4; hospital days, 20.2 vs. 16.7; and intensive care unit days, 15.2 vs. 11.7) compared with patients intubated on immediate arrival to the hospital and nearly double the mortality (23% vs. 12.4). Field-intubated patients had a 1.5 times greater risk of nosocomial pneumonia compared with hospital-intubated patients. Conclusion: Prehospital intubation is associated with a significant increase in morbidity and mortality in trauma patients with traumatic brain injury who are admitted to the hospital without an acutely lethal injury. A randomized, prospective study is warranted to confirm these results.
Vibronic model of PTCDA stacks: fluorescence and relaxation energies

Face-to-face stacks of PTCDA molecules in films and multiple quantum wells are modeled using Frenkel and charge-transfer excitons that are coupled to a characteristic molecular vibration. The intensity and vibronic structure of film fluorescence are extensions of the mixed Frenkel-CT model for absorption and electroabsorption. Ab initio relaxation energies of PTCDA excited states and molecular ions provide independent estimates of model parameters, while the (pi) - (pi) * transition dipole gives the hopping integral J. PTCDA's close connections to conjugated hydrocarbons and its structural and electronic simplicity are emphasized.
Successful weight loss among obese U.S. adults.

Background Little is known about weight control strategies associated with successful weight loss among obese U.S. adults in the general population. Purpose To identify strategies associated with losing at least 5% and 10% of body weight. Methods Multivariable analysis of data from obese adult (BMI ≥30) participants in the 2001–2006 NHANES to identify strategies associated with losing ≥5% and ≥10% of body weight (conducted in 2009–2011). Results Of 4021 obese adults, 2523 (63%) reported trying to lose weight in the previous year. Among those attempting weight loss, 1026 (40%) lost ≥5% and 510 (20%) lost ≥10% weight. After adjustment for potential confounders, strategies associated with losing ≥5% weight included eating less fat (OR=1.41, 95% CI=1.14, 1.75); exercising more (OR=1.29, 95% CI=1.05, 1.60); and using prescription weight loss medications (OR=1.77, 95% CI=1.00, 3.13). Eating less fat (OR=1.37, 95% CI=1.04, 1.79); exercising more (OR=1.36, 95% CI=1.12, 1.65); and using prescription weight loss medications (OR=2.05, 95% CI=1.09, 3.86) were also associated with losing ≥10% weight, as was joining commercial weight loss programs (OR=1.72, 95% CI=1.00, 2.96). Adults eating diet products were less likely to achieve 10% weight loss (OR=0.48, 95% CI=0.31, 0.72). Liquid diets, nonprescription diet pills, and popular diets had no association with successful weight loss. Conclusions A substantial proportion of obese U.S. adults who attempted to lose weight reported weight loss, at least in the short term. Obese adults were more likely to report achieving meaningful weight loss if they ate less fat, exercised more, used prescription weight loss medications, or participated in commercial weight loss programs.
What really sank the Titanic

Titanic was designed to be ‘virtually unsinkable’ but a collision with an iceberg opened six of her compartments to the sea.
Sex differences in motion perception of Adler's six great ideas and their opposites

A mime presented on videotape Adler’s six great ideas of truth, goodness, beauty, liberty, equality, and justice; their opposites; and the transitions from the positive or “good” concepts to their opposites. Using Johansson’s (1973) technique, the performer’s 12 joints were marked with points of light. Overall, the viewers had marginal success in identifying the concepts, but females were much more successful than males in identifying the “bad” ones of evil, slavery, falsehood, and ugliness, averaging 62% correct to the males’ 23%. The results agree with Hall’s (1984) discussion of sex differences in the interpretation of nonverbal behavior.
Compensating for pulse imperfections in REDOR.

Abstract Rotational-echo double resonance (REDOR) is a magic-angle spinning technique for measuring heteronuclear dipolar couplings. Rotor-synchronized π pulses recouple the dipolar interaction. The accuracy of a REDOR determination of distance or orientation depends totally on the quality of the dephased (recoupled) and full-echo spectra. We present a scheme for measuring and compensating for the effects of pulse imperfections in REDOR experiments. No assumptions are made about the quality of the π pulses, and no pulses are added or taken away in implementing the compensation for incomplete REDOR dephasing by imperfect π pulses.
A framework for executable UML models

One approach to support the creation of executable UML models is to utilize an existing DEVS simulation environment. The Discrete Event System Specification (DEVS) formalism excels at modeling complex discrete event systems. An approach to specifying DEVS-compliant models is presented via Unified Modeling Language (UML) state machines. Resultant UML models are executable within DEVS simulation frameworks such as DEVSJAVA. Constructing DEVS-compliant UML models enables early simulation and verification of a design. This paper outlines how the specifics of simulation can be naturally expressed in UML models without significant burden to the UML practitioner. Simulatable models are an excellent precursor and companion to the current models normally developed during design and implementation and may result in significant cost and time savings.
Recombinant Addition of N-Glycosylation Sites to the Basolateral Na,K-ATPase β1 Subunit Results in Its Clustering in Caveolae and Apical Sorting in HGT-1 Cells

In most polarized cells, the Na,K-ATPase is localized on the basolateral plasma membrane. However, an unusual location of the Na,K-ATPase was detected in polarized HGT-1 cells (a human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line). The Na,K-ATPase alpha1 subunit was detected along with the beta2 subunit predominantly on the apical membrane, whereas the Na,K-ATPase beta1 subunit was not found in HGT-1 cells. However, when expressed in the same cell line, a yellow fluorescent protein-linked Na,K-ATPase beta1 subunit was localized exclusively to the basolateral surface and resulted in partial redistribution of the endogenous alpha1 subunit to the basolateral membrane. The human beta2 subunit has eight N-glycosylation sites, whereas the beta1 isoform has only three. Accordingly, up to five additional N-glycosylation sites homologous to the ones present in the beta2 subunit were successively introduced in the beta1 subunit by site-directed mutagenesis. The mutated beta1 subunits were detected on both apical and basolateral membranes. The fraction of a mutant beta1 subunit present on the apical membrane increased in proportion to the number of glycosylation sites inserted and reached 80% of the total surface amount for the beta1 mutant with five additional sites. Clustered distribution and co-localization with caveolin-1 was detected by confocal microscopy for the endogenous beta2 subunit and the beta1 mutant with additional glycosylation sites but not for the wild type beta1 subunit. Hence, the N-glycans linked to the beta2 subunit of the Na,K-ATPase contain apical sorting information, and the high abundance of the beta2 subunit isoform, which is rich in N-glycans, along with the absence of the beta1 subunit, is responsible for the unusual apical location of the Na,K-ATPase in HGT-1 cells.
Tool-wear analysis in cryogenic machining of NiTi shape memory alloys: A comparison of tool-wear performance with dry and MQL machining

Abstract Extremely high tool-wear rate in machining of NiTi shape memory alloys (SMAs) is one of the major reasons for limiting the use of conventional machining processes on NiTi. The present study begins to address this issue by examining the effects of cryogenic cooling on tool-wear rate and progressive tool-wear by comparing the new findings from cryogenic machining with results obtained from minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) and dry machining conditions. Flank wear at the nose region, notch wear at the depth of cut boundary, and resulting machining performance criteria such as force components and surface quality of machined samples were studied. The findings from this research demonstrate that cryogenic cooling has a profound effect on controlling tool-wear rate and that the progressive tool-wear in machining of NiTi shape memory alloys can be significantly reduced by cryogenic machining.
Financial openness and economic policy

Economic policy works via two interrelated areas: changes in supply-demand balances and changes in relative prices. Effectiveness of economic policies then depends on the environment in which a given economy operates. The analysis shows that traditional economic policies of fostering growth via public sector investments crucially depend on the private capital account being closed (practically, on the capital mobility being low). An open capital account requires a different set of policies, aimed at facilitating the functioning of private markets and an increase of domestic private savings. This shift in the policy and growth paradigm constitutes the biggest challenge to the global economic community in the beginning of the 21st century.
A fiber-based constitutive model predicts changes in amount and organization of matrix proteins with development and disease in the mouse aorta

Decreased elastin in mice (Eln+/−) yields a functioning vascular system with elevated blood pressure and increased arterial stiffness that is morphologically distinct from wild-type mice (WT). Yet, function is retained enough that there is no appreciable effect on life span and some mechanical properties are maintained constant. It is not understood how the mouse modifies the normal developmental process to produce a functioning vascular system despite a deficiency in elastin. To quantify changes in mechanical properties, we have applied a fiber-based constitutive model to mechanical data from the ascending aorta during postnatal development of WT and Eln+/− mice. Results indicate that the fiber-based constitutive model is capable of distinguishing elastin amounts and identifying trends during development. We observe an increase in predicted circumferential stress contribution from elastin with age, which correlates with increased elastin amounts from protein quantification data. The model also predicts changes in the unloaded collagen fiber orientation with age, which must be verified in future work. In Eln+/− mice, elastin amounts are decreased at each age, along with the predicted circumferential stress contribution of elastin. Collagen amounts in Eln+/− aorta are comparable to WT, but the predicted circumferential stress contribution of collagen is increased. This may be due to altered organization or structure of the collagen fibers. Relating quantifiable changes in arterial mechanics with changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) protein amounts will help in understanding developmental remodeling and in producing treatments for human diseases affecting ECM proteins.
Effect of Aging of a Cell Population on Lipids and Drug Resistance in Ochromonas danica

SYNOPSIS. Stationary cultures of Ochromonas danica accumulated lipids as they aged. The bulk of the increase in fatty acids was in the unsaturates, particularly the polyunsaturates. The quantity of lipid peroxides (thiobarbituric acid-positive material) also increased with age. Aging was also associated with increase in sensitivity to inhibitory compounds. The implications of lipid accumulation for cell sensitivity are discussed.
REMCO — The ISO council committee on reference materials

The purpose of this paper is to provide readers with an insight into the work of REMCO, the world's main body for considering matters related to the production and use of reference materials. The terms of reference for REMCO and its three task groups are given. Contents of the four ISO Guides issued by REMCO illustrate the range of topics covered in the work of the committee.
Die charakteristischen Eigenschaften homoaromatischer Systeme

Verbindungen mit homoaromatischen Eigenschaften sind nach wie vor ein auserordentlich interessantes Gebiet der Chemie. Derzeit wird u. a. versucht, das Ausmas der weitreichenden Delokalisierung von Elektronen experimentell zu bestimmen, die Wechselwirkungen in Molekulen mit zwei oder mehr isolierenden Atomen zu ermitteln und energetische sowie geometrische Eigenschaften der homoaromatischen Systeme theoretisch abzuschatzen. In diesem Aufsatz werden in erster Linie neuere spektroskopische und strukturelle Befunde kritisch besprochen; daneben werden die Reaktionen analysiert, die den Zugang zu homoaromatischen Ionen ermoglichen. Ausfuhrlich diskutiert werden mono-, bis- und trishomoaromatische Systeme, und zwar getrennt nach kationischen, anionischen und neutralen Spezies. Zuvor wird kurz die Orbitaluberlappung in diesen Verbindungen dargestellt.
Electrical, X‐Ray, and Thermal Expansion Studies in the System KNbO3‐AgNbO3

Unlike the KNbO3-NaNbO3 system, the KNbO3-AgNbO3 system possessed a very limited degree of solid solution between its end-members. Solid solution of AgNbO3 in KNbO3 was limited to slightly less than 6 mole %, and solid solution of KNbO3 in AgNbO3 was limited to less than 0.5 mole %. Because of a tendency for the K1-xAgxNbO3 system to lose oxygen spontaneously during firing when 0.06 ≤x≤ 0.995, the system could not be treated as a true binary system. The compositions in the KNbO3 solid solution region (0 ≤x < 0.06) were ferroelectric at room temperature. Lattice parameter, relative permittivity, and thermal expansion measurements were made on specimens in the region 0 ≤x≤ 0.06.
High molecular weight polypeptides synthesized using DNA as messenger

Abstract Polypeptides ranging in size from 5000 to 40 000 daltons can be synthesized using single-stranded ∅X174 as a messenger analog. At 10 mM-12 mM Mg 2+ most of the product migrates on sodium dodecylsulfate gels as a fairly homogeneous band of molecular weight 20 000.
Retrograde pressures and flows in coronary arterial disease.

Abstract Antegrade and retrograde pressures and flows have been measured in the coronary arteries distal to an obstructive lesion and the retrograde flow and pressure correlated with the arteriographically determined degree of stenosis and extent of collateral circulation. Antegrade pressure and flow were roughly proportional to the estimated degree of proximal obstruction, with little change being noted below 70% obstruction. Below 90% obstruction, minimal collateral flow was demonstrable either by arteriogram or by retrograde flow measurement. Retrograde pressures proved to be surprisingly low, usually being about one-third of the systemic pressure and almost never over 30 mm. Hg. Retrograde pressures were relatively independent of the degree of proximal stenosis or of arteriographically demonstrable collateral circulation. Retrograde flows likewise proved to be surprisingly small, even though the method of measurement allowed for absolutely maximal backflow. Retrograde flow, however, did correlate well with the degree of collateral circulation demonstrated in the arteriograms. Patients with the preinfarction syndrome had the lowest antegrade flows and retrograde flows, which were usually too small to be measured.
Class II radical hysterectomy shows less morbidity and good treatment efficacy compared to class III

Treatment of 102 patients with cancer of the cervix by class II and III radical hysterectomy was reviewed to compare the operative morbidity and efficacy of class II radical hysterectomy for select cases. Of the 102 patients, 21 had a class II hysterectomy, whereas 81 patients had a class III hysterectomy. The class II operation was performed for those subjects in whom invasive cancer beyond microinvasion could not be excluded after a cone biopsy. The mean age and weight of women having class II and III radical hysterectomies were nearly identical (41.1 and 40.6 years, respectively, and 66 and 65 kg, respectively). However, the mean operative time (3.8 and 4.7 hr, respectively; P = 0.001) and postoperative hospital stay (7.3 and 9.2 days, respectively; P = 0.001) were lower for class II than for class III hysterectomies. No fistulas or recurrent cancer developed following class II hysterectomy, and no patients had metastatic cancer in the nodes or parametrium. Among the 81 women undergoing class III hysterectomy, there were 3 fistulae and 3 recurrences. We conclude that the lesser morbidity, including shorter operative time and shorter postoperative hospital stay and excellent cancer control of the class II radical hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy, recommend the operation for selected early cancers of the cervix especially when a question concerning depth of invasion exists after cone biopsy.
Interplay of martensitic phase transformation and plastic slip in polycrystals

We study the interplay between martensitic phase transformation and plastic slip in polycrystalline media. The work is motivated by the phenomenon of superelasticity – the ability of the material to recover strains beyond their apparent elastic limit – observed in shape-memory alloys. Often the recovery is not perfect with residual strain after a deformation and recovery cycle, and the stress–strain curve changes with cycling. We develop a mesoscale model at the single crystal level, and use it to study polycrystals. The model is able to reproduce various observations and provide important insight into the interplay. In particular, we show that transformation and plasticity can occur synergistically, with plasticity providing a mechanism for bridging across poorly oriented and thus non-transforming grains.
The biodistribution of [75Se]bis[β-(N,N,N-trimethylamino)ethyl]selenide diiodide in adult guinea pigs

The biodistribution of [75Se]BISTAES was studied in guinea pigs. A higher concentration of radioactivity was observed in articular cartilage than in other tissues or organs. A minimal amount of radioactivity was found in the blood, muscle and bone. The compound was excreted rapidly in urine. The target to background ratios were encouraging. [75Se]BISTAES has potential as an articular cartilage imaging agent and further studies in osteoarthritic animals are merited.
Assessing the Progress of a Tallgrass Prairie Restoration in Southern Wisconsin

Abstract Assessments of ecosystem restorations are necessary to improve restoration practices and goals. Restoration assessments, whether quantitative or qualitative, are also a vital part of managing previously degraded ecosystems. This study examined some of the key structural and functional characteristics and processes of a tallgrass prairie restoration near Arlington, Wisconsin for 5 y, 19 to 24 y after beginning restoration from cultivation, including mean annual drainage, N and C leaching, soil organic matter, pH, extractable P and K, total N and C contents, above- and belowground net primary production, leaf area index, soil surface CO2 flux and net N-mineralization. Total soil N and C contents of the prairie restoration were compared to other nearby prairie restorations, remnants and an adjacent agricultural field, all on similar soil, to determine the degree of change in ecosystem properties as a result of ecological restoration. Soil properties and processes and vegetation characteristics varie...
Detection of hyperdiploidy and chromosome breakage in interphase human lymphocytes following exposure to the benzene metabolite hydroquinone using multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization with DNA probes.

Abstract Increased frequencies of structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations have been observed in the lymphocytes of benzene-exposed workers. Similar aberrations occurring in bone-marrow cells may contribute to the increased incidence of leukemia seen in these populations. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with chromosome-specific DNA probes is a relatively new technique which shows promise for the identification of aneuploidy-inducing agents. In these studies, fluorescence in situ hybridization with several chromosome-specific DNA probes was used to investigate the ability of the benzene metabolite hydroquinone to induce hyperdiploidy in interphase human lymphocytes. Using a classical satellite probe specific for human chromosome 9, a significant dose-related increase in the frequency of cells containing 3 or more hybridization regions was observed following the in vitro exposure of lymphocytes to hydroquinone at concentrations from 75 to 150 μM. At the 100-μM concentration of hydroquinone, the frequency of nuclei containing 3 or more hybridization regions was determined using probes for chromosomes 1, 7 and 9. Significantly higher frequencies of affected nuclei were observed using the chromosome 1 and 9 probes when compared to the chromosome 7 probe. To establish whether this difference was due to the nonrandom involvement of these chromosomes in hydroquinone-induced hyperdiploidy or to chromosomal breakage within the chromosomal region targeted by these probes, a multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization approach was developed using probes to two adjacent regions on chromosome 1. Using this tandem-labeling approach, the frequency of nuclei with multiple hybridization regions and the origin of the regions was determined by scoring slides labeled simultaneously with the chromosome 7 alpha satellite probe and the adjacent alpha and classical satellite probes for chromosome 1. The results of these studies confirmed that hydroquinone exposure resulted in a significant increase in hyperdiploid nuclei, but indicated that the different frequency of nuclei containing 3 or more hybridization regions observed using the chromosome 1 and 7 probes, was due to breakage within the chromosomal region targeted by the chromosome 1 classical satellite probe. These results indicate that hydroquinone may contribute significantly to the numerical and structural aberrations observed in benzene-exposed workers. In addition, the multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization approach utilized in these studies promises to be a powerful technique for the detection of chromosomal breakage occurring in interphase human cells.
THE GENUS MATHEWSIA (CRUCIFERAE)

Among the endemic and sometimes localized genera of the Cruciferae occurring in South America, Mathewsia stands apart as an element of the distinctive desert flora of southwestern Peru and western Chile. As far as present records show, the genus is confined to a relatively narrow strip wholly west of the main Cordillera, not far from the Pacific Ocean. Some species are confined to washes or small arroyos known as quebrades. Others occur as part of the lomas vegetation of western Peru. Populations of the same species occupying different quebradas often differ from each other to a limited degree and in many instances probably little or no gene exchange occurs between them. The intervening dry areas, separating one quebrada from another, are completely unsuited to the growth of Mathewsia and form a natural barrier to the spread of any given population. Thus, with habitats only spottily available, the evolutionary divergence that has resulted in localized species of Mathewsia is readily understandable. One of the real difficulties in studying a group of species inhabiting areas that have been infrequently visited by botanists, is the paucity of available material. Furthermore, unlike some species of Cremolobus (Khanna and Rollins, 1965), the numbers of individuals in a given locality appear to be few and scattered. In some instances, only a single specimen of a given species has been found for study in all of the herbaria consulted. Under these circumstances, the bare essentials of the species are all that can be given and nothing can be said about their variation or distribution. The purpose of this paper is to present, as a first approximation, a taxonomic treatment of Mathewsia that will provide a sound basis for further research on the genus.
CLINICAL EXPERIENCE WITH A BIOASSAY METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF URINARY CORTICOSTEROIDS

NORMAL human urine contains measurable amounts of the adrenal cortical hormone which promotes gluconeogenesis and which, by promoting the conversion of body protein to carbohydrate, maintains the blood glucose and liver glycogen levels in the fasting state. In 1942 Reinecke and Kendall (1) published a method for the bioassay of this adrenal cortical hormone which made use of the rapid loss of liver glycogen in the fasted adrenalectomized rat as compared with the adrenalectomized animal treated with adrenal cortical extract. This method was modified and adapted to the mouse and used for testing urinary extracts in clinical investigation by Eggleston, Johnston and Dobriner (2), Venning, Kazmin and Bell (3) and Dorfman, Ross and Shipley (4). The method used in this laboratory is that of Eggleston, Johnston and Dobriner with a few minor changes. A comparison of the techniques used and the results obtained with these methods is given in detail in the Transactions of the Tenth Conference on Metabolic Aspects of...
Percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy for massive pulmonary embolism using a conservative treatment strategy.

Introduction: Percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy (PMT) for treatment of massive pulmonary embolism (PE) has been shown to be technically feasible, although the complication rate of the procedure appears relatively high. Whether a conservative treatment approach defined by an early termination of the PMT procedure once hemodynamic and clinical parameters of the patient have improved is associated with lower complication rates is unknown. We report our experience of PMT in patients with massive PE using the Angiojet system following a conservative treatment strategy. Methods: From April 2003 until November 2007, 13 patients underwent PMT with the Angiojet system. Indications for PMT were massive PE and either failed thrombolysis or contraindications to thrombolytic therapy. All patients were deemed high risk for surgical thrombectomy. Results: Technical success was achieved in 12 patients (92%). Mean systemic arterial pressure increased from 87 to 106 mmHg following PMT (P = 0.011), while the heart rate decreased from 119 to 97 beats per minute (P = 0.041). In-hospital mortality was 15% (2 of 13 patients). No complications occurred which were attributable to the PMT procedure. Right ventricular size and function improved in the majority of patients following the PMT procedure. Conclusion: Using a conservative treatment approach of PMT for the treatment of massive PE carries a low periprocedural complication rate. The low morbidity was achieved without compromising clinical outcome, documented by an in-hospital mortality of 15%. PMT using a conservative treatment approach may result in comparable mortality, but lower morbidity than PMT using more aggressive, angiographically guided treatment strategies.
A new protonation chemistry of phosphazenes and the formation of bis(sulfonyl)imides

Abstract The protonation of N-sulfonyl trichlorophosphazenes (R1-NPCl3) with sulfonic acids has been successfully utilized as a facile synthesis route for bis(sulfonyl)imides. It was also found that the formation of protonated imides is strongly affected by the acid strength of the proton donors and the N-substituents (R1). When R1 is a good leaving group, a hitherto unobserved protonation chemistry occurs, producing a series of mixed sulfonylphosphonylimides. A tentative rationale is proposed for the novel chemistry of phosphazenes.
The Tendency to Arrest Victims of Domestic Violence A Preliminary Analysis of Officer Characteristics

The arrest of victims of domestic violence occurs at an unexpectedly high rate and is a problem of growing concern. In this study of 111 police officers, it was predicted that those inclined to arrest the victim would have more negative stereotypes and attitudes toward victims and women in general and would tend to justify the violence. Results showed that officers with an inclination to arrest victims in vignette depictions of domestic violence believed that domestic violence is justified in some situations and that women stay in violent relationships for psychological reasons. They also reported less comfort in talking with victims. General sex-role beliefs were unrelated to their responses. Suggestions are made for officer training and further research.
Colonization of contaminated soil by an introduced bacterium: effects of initial pentachlorophenol levels on the survival of Sphingomonas chlorophenolica strain RA2.

The survival of a Sphingomonas species that was introduced into pentachlorophenol (PCP)-contaminated soil was monitored with two complementary methods, a respiration-based assay and a most probable number (MPN) technique. Sphingomonas chlorophenolicastrain RA2 is a PCP-mineralizing bacterium that was introduced into soil contaminated with a range of PCP concentrations (0–300 μg PCP g−1 soil). The population of introduced microorganisms was followed for 170 days using a substrate-induced growth-response method and a MPN assay that specifically targets PCP-mineralizing bacteria. Varying the initial PCP concentration resulted in the emergence of three distinct patterns of survival. In soil contaminated with 300 μg PCP g−1 the population of S. chlorophenolica strain RA2 immediately declined following introduction, increased by 200-fold and leveled off by the end of the 170-day incubation. In contrast, populations of S. chlorophenolica strain RA2 declined to levels below detection limits in uncontaminated soil by the end of the experiment. Intermediate PCP concentrations (10–100 μg PCP g−1 soil) resulted in the establishment of S. chlorophenolica strain RA2 that slowly declined in numbers. These results indicate that Sphingomonas chlorophenolica strain RA2 is an effective colonizer of PCP-contaminated soil but will not persist in the absence of PCP.
Phase equilibria and the crystallization of chondritic meteorites

Abstract The composition of the equilibrium “atmosphere of crystallization” of chondritic meteorites has been calculated using thermochemical data. The following reactions form the basis for the calculations: olivine pyroxene olivine pyroxene 1 2 Mg 2 SiO 4 + FeSiO 3 ⇌ 1 2 Fe 2 SiO 4 + MgSiO 3 (a) pyroxene metal gas olivine olivine 2MgSiO3 + 2Fe + O2 ⇌ Fe2SiO4 + Mg2SiO4 (b) The exchange reaction (a) has been evaluated in terms of existing experimental and observational data and theoretical expressions for the equilibrium constants of both reactions have been derived. According to these expressions the atomic fraction Fe2+/(Fe2+ + Mg) of the silicates increases with increasing oxygen fugacity at a constant activity of iron in the metallic phase. Similarly, the atomic fraction Fe/(Fe + Ni) of the metallic phase decreases with increasing fugacity of oxygen at constant silicate composition. Equilibrium log P02− T curves are presented for various silicate compositions. If free carbon and hydrogen are present reactions (a) and (b) also yield values of Pco, PCO2 and such ratios as PH2O/PH2, PCH4/PH22. An analogous evaluation for the carbon species should be possible if free carbon was absent during crystallization but if the amount dissolved in the metal is known. The analysis indicates that the dominant carbon species in equilibrium with bodies of chondritic composition would be CO rather than CO2 and that PH2O/Ph2 The physical environment of the crystallization of chondrites is discussed in terms of the limits imposed by the calculations. The significance of certain crystallization textures and the stability relations of hydrocarbons are also examined.
Asymptotic Corrections for Multivariate Posterior Moments with Factored Likelihood Functions

Abstract Asymptotic corrections are used to compute the means and the variance-covariance matrix of multivariate posterior distributions that are formed from a normal prior distribution and a likelihood function that factors into separate functions for each variable in the posterior distribution. The approximations are illustrated using data from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). These corrections produce much more accurate approximations than those produced by two different normal approximations. In a second potential application, the computational methods are applied to logistic regression models for severity adjustment of hospital-specific mortality rates.
Influence of hormones on platelet intracellular calcium

Abstract The pathophysiology of thromboembolic disease associated with estrogen therapy is poorly understood. There are innumerable calciumdependent activities involved in platelet function. To determine whether platelet calcium levels are affected by exogenous hormones, intracellular calcium and release were studied in platelets in various hormonal environments and findings were correlated with platelet adhesion and aggregation. Platelet intracellular calcium concentration and release was significantly decreased in women ingesting tamoxifen compared to controls and significantly increased, as was platelet adhesion, in oral contraceptive users. Platelets incubated ex vivo with estradiol had increased intracellular calcium and release but there was decreased adhesion to fibronectin. Intracellular calcium concentration and release were not affected when platelets were incubated with tamoxifen. Adhesion to collagen III was increased in tamoxifen-incubated platelets. Only oral contraceptive users had increased sensitivity to aggregating agents. This data suggests that 17β estradiol, progesterone, and tamoxifen likely have a nongenomic effect on platelet intracellular calcium and calcium release and that platelet calcium levels are closely related to the degree of platelet adhesion and aggregation in vivo.
A comparison of the size of photoreceptor cells from the retina of the domestic pig as determined by light and scanning electron microscopy

Abstract While gathering data on the visual pigments of numerous species, many light micrographs have been taken of the photoreceptor cells containing the visual pigment after spectral recordings have been made from these cells. These micrographs are used to view the cells and obtain measurements of their size. Usually the morphology of the photoreceptor cells is retained adequately so that such measurements can be taken. Occasionally it is necessary to partially fix the retinal tissue which aids in the maintenance of photoreceptor morphology while allowing visual pigment spectral recordings to be made. We have found that primate retinal tissue, as well as some other mammalian tissue, disintegrates rapidly. Although partial fixation allows spectral recordings to be made before the micrographs are taken, the treatment does not always adequately preserve cell morphology for quality micrographs to be obtained. In these cases, visual pigment recordings are made from pieces of unfixed and partially fixed retinal tissue; an additional piece of the same retinal material is well-fixed, embedded and thick-sectioned for light microscopy. Preparing retinal material for sectioning is lengthy and time consuming so an alternative tissue preparation technique was sought. Material can be processed for the scanning electron microscope (SEM) more rapidly than for sectioning, however severe tissue shrinkage occurs during this process. It was found that although shrinkage does occur in the retinal tissue prepared for SEM, the relative proportions of the photoreceptor cells are maintained extremely well. Using the critical point drying method (CPD) pig retinal tissue was prepared for SEM. Scanning electron micrographs of the pig photoreceptors were taken for cell measurement. Since these micrographs could be made at higher magnification than is available by light microscopy, a more detailed view of the pig photoreceptor cells was obtained. Cell measurements made from the light and the scanning electron micrographs indicate that an approximate shrinkage of 50% occurs in the SEM prepared material.
How fast and how faithful: the dynamics of isotopic incorporation into animal tissues

Abstract The interpretation of isotopic data gathered in the field often demands knowing the rate at which isotopes are incorporated into different tissues and species, and the discrimination factor between tissues and diet. These 2 quantities are estimated in laboratory experiments on diet shifts in which results are interpreted using simple mathematical models, which we describe here. The simplest of these models assumes that each tissue can be represented as a well-mixed, single compartment that obeys 1st-order kinetics. Fitting this model to experimental data allows estimating discrimination factors and the instantaneous rate of isotopic incorporation, λ (the reciprocal of λ, 1/λ, equals the average residence time, τ, of an atom in the tissue). In 1-compartment models the magnitude of λ equals the sum of catabolic turnover and mass-specific growth rate. Examination of available data suggests that the magnitude of λ scales with body mass to an exponent equal to approximately −0.25, differs between endo...
On the local quadratic convergence of the primal-dual augmented Lagrangian method

We consider a primal-dual augmented Lagrangian (PDAL) method for optimization problems with equality constraints. Each step of the PDAL requires solving the primal-dual (PD) linear system of equations. We show that under the standard second-order optimality condition the PDAL method generates a sequence, which locally converges to the PD solution with quadratic rate.
G-Souslin diagonals and a theorem of lorch and tong

Abstract In the first part of this paper it is proved that a property of topologicalspaces recently formulated by Lorch and Tong is equivalent to G δ diagonality, thereby yielding an alternate proof of a recent result of theirs. This equivalence also yields several related theorems. In the second part it is shown that analogous results are valid for spaces with G -Souslin diagonals. Consideration of these analogs yields the corollary that compact Hausdorff spaces which are countable unions of metrizable G -Souslin subspaces are metrizable.
Facile hydroxylation of halloysite nanotubes for epoxy nanocomposite applications

Abstract Polymer nanocomposites have been extensively investigated over the past two decades, resulting in a wide range of applications because of their excellent performance. Halloysite, a type of naturally occurring aluminosilicate, has attracted increasing interest in polymer nanocomposite applications, especially for the enhancement of mechanical properties owing to its tubular structure. Herein, we report a facile approach to achieve a high level of dispersion of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) in epoxy by treating HNTs with a low concentration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The NaOH treatment resulted in the formation of hydroxyl groups on the surface of HNTs, leading to a much higher level of dispersion of HNTs in water, organic polar solvents, and epoxy matrix. The higher density of external silanol groups (Si–OH) of hydroxylated HNTs (h-HNTs) was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization. Such a higher level of dispersion and stronger interface led to simultaneous enhancement in both the stiffness and the toughness of epoxy/h-HNT nanocomposites. Systematic characterizations were performed to investigate the related stiffening and toughening mechanism. The implication of the present findings is discussed.
Using Hoechst 33342 to target radioactivity to the cell nucleus.

Abstract Yasui, L. S., Chen, K., Wang, K., Jones, T. P., Caldwell, J., Guse, D. and Kassis, A. I. Using Hoechst 33342 to Target Radioactivity to the Cell Nucleus. Radiat. Res. 167, 167–175 (2007). We have explored the use of Hoechst 33342 (H33342) to carry radioactivity to the cell nucleus. H33342 enters cells and targets DNA at adenine-thymine-rich regions of the minor groove. Considerable membrane blebbing and ruffling occur in CHO cells within minutes after its addition to the culture medium in micromolar quantities. Blue vesicles are apparent in the cell cytoplasm, and by 30 min the nuclei are stained dark blue. Upon its binding to DNA, a visible emission shift of the dye can be observed with fluorescence microscopy. We have radioiodinated (125I) H33342 and specifically irradiated nuclear DNA by incubating CHO cells with 125I-H33342 at 37°C and accumulating 125I decays at −90°C. At various times, the cells are thawed and assayed for survival (clonogenicity) and DSB (γ-H2AX) formation. 125I-H33342 deca...
Evidence on the Occupational Segregation of Women With Disabilities

Differences in the occupational segregation of disabled and nondisabled women were investigated. A logit model of occupational choice was estimated with data from the 1984 panel of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). The dependent variable in the model equaled 1 if the woman was employed in a predominantly male occupation. Independent variables in the model controlled for workers' labor force attachment, health status, and for the demand for labor in predominantly male occupations. The results indicated no significant differences in the occupational segregation of the two groups of women. Disabled women encounter just as much segregation in the labor market as do nondisabled women.
Multilevel Error Estimation and Adaptive h-Refinement for Cartesian Meshes with Embedded Boundaries

This paper presents the development of a mesh adaptation module for a multilevel Cartesian solver. While the module allows mesh refinement to be driven by a variety of different refinement parameters, a central feature in its design is the incorporation of a multilevel error estimator based upon direct estimates of the local truncation error using tau-extrapolation. This error indicator exploits the fact that in regions of uniform Cartesian mesh, the spatial operator is exactly the same on the fine and coarse grids, and local truncation error estimates can be constructed by evaluating the residual on the coarse grid of the restricted solution from the fine grid. A new strategy for adaptive h-refinement is also developed to prevent errors in smooth regions of the flow from being masked by shocks and other discontinuous features. For certain classes of error histograms, this strategy is optimal for achieving equidistribution of the refinement parameters on hierarchical meshes, and therefore ensures grid converged solutions will be achieved for appropriately chosen refinement parameters. The robustness and accuracy of the adaptation module is demonstrated using both simple model problems and complex three dimensional examples using meshes with from 10(exp 6), to 10(exp 7) cells.
Explaining Insurgent Violence: The Timing of Deadly Events in Afghanistan

The ongoing war in Afghanistan presents many questions for both scholars and policymakers. In particular, understanding insurgent military behavior generates considerable interest. Using a newly assembled daily, province-level data set, I begin to study the violence, focusing on the timing of US and allied fatalities in the war. I evaluate arguments commonly made about those elements favoring insurgent military success, proximity to resupply and difficult terrain, and find strong evidence supporting the first but less supporting the second as determinants of coalition fatalities. In addition, I find significant evidence linking factors unexamined in most civil war research, such as religious observance (the month of Ramadan) and warm weather, to these fatal events.
Do control variables exist

We argue that the concept of a control variable (CV) as described by Feldman and Levin needs to be revised because it does not account for the influence of sensory feedback from the periphery. We provide evidence from the realm of rhythmic movements that sensory feedback can permanently alter the frequency and phase of a centrally generated rhythm.
The geometry of musical rhythm: what makes a “good” rhythm good?

Toussaint's Geometry presents a whirlwind tour of the world's rhythms: from steady pulses to the rhythms of children's handclaps, from popular patterns such as the 3-3-2 tresillo to the danceable C...