cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Motion minimization of AUVs for improved imaging sensor performance beneath a seaway

This paper summarizes the evaluation of methods for minimizing adverse autonomous underwater vehicle (AUY) motions which degrade imaging sensor performance in the highly energetic, littoral environment. The effort required the development and validation of an advanced wave force model capable of predicting wave forces and vehicle motions in the time-domain, in very shallow water, and near the surface. A range of operational, geometric, and active control motion minimization concepts were proposed, and a subset was quantitatively evaluated in this study: 1) AUV heading relative to the seas, and 2) the use of bowplanes. Results of the study show that the use of bowplanes on the proposed AUV can eliminate the majority of the adverse pitch and heave motions.
Salt and Water Transport by Gallbladder Epithelium

The sections in this article are: 1 Morphology 2 Basic Transport Functions 3 Mechanisms of Transepithelial Salt Transport 3.1 Basic Electrophysiology of Gallbladder Epithelium 3.2 Paracellular Pathway 3.3 Apical Cell Membrane 3.4 Basolateral Cell Membrane 3.5 Intracellular Ionic Activities 3.6 Transepithelial Ion Fluxes 3.7 Mechanisms of Salt Transport at Apical Membrane 3.8 Mechanisms of Salt Transport at Basolateral Membrane 4 Mechanisms of Transepithelial Water Transport 4.1 Pinocytotic Theory 4.2 Electroosmotic Theory 4.3 Osmotic Theory 5 Conclusions
Distribution and metabolism of 3H-2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl in rats.

SummaryDistribution and metabolism of an isomeric polychlorinated biphenyl were determined in rats. Over 70% of a single dose of 3H-2,5,2′,5′-tetrachlorobi-phenyl was excreted in the feces and another 13% in the urine during a 14-day period. Adipose tissue, blood, skin, and liver were found to contain low levels of the compound.Over 90 % of the excreted tritiated compound was found to be metabolized, the major metabolite being identified as 3-OH-2,5,2′, 5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl. All of the un-metabolized 2,5,2′, 5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl was eliminated by the alimentary route.
Synthesis of tritium labeled KRN7000

The synthesis of a multiple tritiated analog of KRN7000 (α-galactosyl ceramide) is described, enabling further studies to quantitate the affinity of KRN7000 for its receptor and to study its pharmacokinetic properties.
Anchor‐store quality in malls: an economic analysis

Purpose – The aim of this study is to develop and empirically test a theoretical model of competition between anchor and non‐anchor stores in a shopping mall. In doing so, the goals are to extend the literature on retail co‐location to account for effects of anchor stores' quality levels, and to explain an observed pattern of choices of anchor‐store quality levels made by mall developers.Design/methodology/approach – This study uses a game‐theoretic approach to model the actions of mall developers, stores, and consumers in a competitive framework, then verifies the equilibrium predictions of this model using an empirical approach and a data set including all major malls in the US and Canada.Findings – The key finding of both the analytical and empirical models is that there exists a positive and concave (i.e. reverse U‐shaped) relationship between anchor quality and mall size, i.e. that the highest‐quality malls are typically found in the middle range of mall sizes.Research limitations/implications – This...
Surface Forcing of the Infrared Cooling Profile over the Tibetan Plateau. Part II: Cooling-Rate Variation over Large-Scale Plateau Domain during Summer Monsoon Transition.

Abstract During the summer east Asian monsoon transition period in 1979, a meteorological field experiment entitled the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau Meteorological Experiment (QXPMEX-79) was conducted over the entire Tibetan Plateau. Data collected on and around the plateau during this period, in conjunction with a medium spectral-resolution infrared radiative transfer model, are used to gain an understanding of how elevation and surface biophysical factors, which are highly variable over the large-scale plateau domain, regulate the spatial distribution of clear-sky infrared cooling during the transition phase of the summer monsoon. The spatial distribution of longwave cooling over the plateau is significantly influenced by variations in biophysical composition, topography, and elevation, the surface thermal diurnal cycle, and various climatological factors. An important factor is soil moisture. Bulk clear-sky longwave cooling rates are larger in the southeast sector of the plateau than in the north. This is be...
The effect of capitellar impaction fractures on radiocapitellar stability.

Purpose To determine the effect of capitellar impaction fractures on radiocapitellar stability in a model that simulated a terrible triad injury. Methods Six cadaveric elbows were dissected free of skin and muscles. Tendons were preserved. The lateral collateral ligament was released and repaired (surgical control). Two sizes of capitellar impaction defects were created. After lateral collateral ligament release and repair, we then sequentially created osseous components of a terrible triad injury (partial radial head resection and coronoid fracture) through an olecranon osteotomy that was fixed with a plate. Radiocapitellar stability was recorded after the creation of each new condition. Results Significantly less force was required for radiocapitellar subluxation after the creation of 20° and 40° capitellar defects compared with the surgical control (intact capitellum). After the addition of a Mason type II radial head defect and then a coronoid defect, stability decreased significantly further. Conclusions Impaction fractures of the distal portion of the capitellum may contribute to a loss of radiocapitellar stability, particularly in an elbow fracture-dislocation. Clinical relevance Because these injuries may be unrecognized, consideration should be given to diagnosing and addressing them.
Laterality and intellectual ability: a just not noticeable difference?

SUMMARY. Previously reported work on laterality and intellectual abilities has suggested that the left-handed may be divided into two populations. When right- and left-handed are compared as groups on measures of intellectual performance, no differences are found. However, when children at the extreme lower end of the ability distributions are compared, a slight excess of left-handed has been reported. The present study selected, from a population of 7688 children, those at the lower end of IQ, scholastic aptitude, and reading ability distributions and found no difference in the frequency of handedness for this subgroup. Left-handed children are as likely to be at the upper end on an ability distribution as the lower end.
The easy-to-hard effect: Transfer along the dimension of orientation in the rat

Long-Evans rats were trained on an easy simultaneous discrimination problem and then transferred to a hard discrimination problem. The discriminanda were different orientations of stripes. In Experiment I, transfer was intradimensional with stimulus generalization controlled. The easy-to-hard effect was not found. In Experiment II transfer was intradimensional and either compatible (nonreversal) or incompatible (reversal). With compatible transfer, rats trained on a prior easy problem learned the hard problem faster than rats trained only on the hard problem. Persistent negative transfer was found with incompatible transfer. Attention was not supported as underlying the easy-to-hard effect. Explanations based on specific sources of intradimensional transfer, such as stimulus generalization or adaptation level, are suggested.
PHIZ'S BLACK DOLL: INTEGRATING TEXT AND ETCHING IN BLEAK HOUSE

Three black dolls appear in the etchings by H. K. Browne (Phiz) that accompany Charles Dickens's Bleak House (1853). They hang, strange fruit, from strings on walls and in shop windows, and their purpose as commentary on the text remains unclear because it is also initially unclear what they might represent. The dolls are never mentioned in the text of the novel, nor do they receive any substantial criticism in readings of Bleak House's illustrations. This article plumbs the archive for evidence of the dolls, and uses the resulting range of associations, from the American cotton trade to Victorian advertising techniques, to argue for a greater integration of the analysis of text and illustrations in serialized, illustrated novels such as Bleak House. Material culture readings of the novel to this date have overlooked elements of the illustrations (which are themselves material objects), or have focused on illustrations as print culture, and not conversations with the written text. Examining the dolls in this context not only enriches Bleak House, but also attests to the value of observing the interplay of text and illustration, as well as text and advertising, in readings of the novel's serialized form.
Neuroscience: A quest for consciousness

Christof Koch marvels at a journey that explains mind–body theory through a fantastical lens.
Feldspar in Chondrites

Whereas most chondrites contain sodic plagioclase (or occasionally maskelynite, its glassy equivalent), a few are free of feldspar. Absence of plagioclase is correlated with the presence of calcium-poor clinopyroxene (pigeonite sensu lato) instead of orthopyroxene. Olivine in feldspar-free chondrites is frequently variable in composition; in feldspar-bearing chondrites this mineral has essentially uniform composition. It appears that the silicate material of most chondrites was initially an association of olivine and pigeonite (or perhaps olivine and glass), and recrystallization has produced the usual olivine-orthopyroxene-sodic plagioclase association.
Relationship of the Diet to the Self-Regulatory Defence Mechanism : II. Lysozyme in Vitamin A and in Uronic Acid Deficiencies

The addition of dehydrated apple to the diet of the rabbit gives results similar to those obtained by other workers using fruit. The animals receiving apple had an increased hydrogen-ion concentration in the intestinal contents. The intestinal flora was changed from one in which Esch. coli predominated to one ir. which the acidophilic type of organism was dominant. Furthermore, the number of gas-producing organisms was considerably reduced. The addition of apple to the diet of both rabbits and rats for a period of 42 days did not alter the cellulose splitting flora of either of these groups.
Delay Discounting of Different Commodities II: Confirmatory Analyses

Delay discounting occurs when individuals are increasingly willing to accept less than the full amount of something to receive it immediately as the delay to the full amount increases. Previous research has reported different "domains" of commodities, with discounting in one domain not being informative about discounting in another. In the present study, 283 participants completed a delay-discounting task with 1 of 2 sets of 5 commodities identical to those used in previous research (Weatherly, Terrell, & Derenne, 2010). Confirmatory factor analyses determined that the observed discounting conformed to previously reported domains. Also replicated was finding that discounting differs both as a function of commodity and how the commodity is framed. These results provide strong support for the idea that temporal decisions made about certain consequences may not necessarily be informative about how an individual will make decisions about other consequences. Also, the framing of the decision can significantly influence observed levels of discounting, potentially clouding interpretation.
IN SEARCH OF A DEPENDENT VARIABLE: COMMENT ON AVAKAME, 1998*

In a previous Criminology article, Avakame (1998) applies hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) techniques to Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR) to disentangle individual- and aggregate-level factors associated with offending. A close reading of his analysis reveals serious flaws in the dependent variable, which renders the results meaningless. Although it is ambiguous whether Avakame intended to model homicide “risk” or “frequency,” either is problematic. “Homicide frequency” has no logical connection to the individual-level predictors; “homicide risk” is constant in SHR data, which makes the analysis impossible. In detailing these problems, we spell out the logical data requirements and offer sound empirical examples for an HLM analysis.
The Effect of Attention on Context Dependent Synesthetic Experiences

Here we report the results of a brief experiment investigating the role of attention in mediating contextual effects on synesthetic experiences. Specifically, we examine a grapheme–color synesthete for whom the grapheme letter ‘O’ and number ‘0’ are associated with two very different colors. We presented the grapheme ‘0’ in an array of graphemes that provided ambiguous contextual cues, such that the same grapheme could be perceived either as the number ‘0’ or as the letter ‘O’. We find that an attentional cue that draws attention to one or the other of the contexts biases the perceived synesthetic color of the ‘0’ grapheme to that associated with the cued context. This is true even when the physical color of the grapheme corresponds to the un-cued context.
A criterion for the establishment of a stable polymorphism of higher order with an application to the evolution of polymorphism

This note gives some further useful properties of the constant fitness selection model for multiple alleles which pertain to the effects of adding a new allele to n preexisting alleles in stable equilibrium. In particular the conditions are derived for the establishment of a stable equilibrium involving all n + 1 alleles. For 3 alleles (i.e. n = 2) I give a complete qualitative solution, including the case of the replacement of one diallelic polymorphism by another. As an application I discuss a possible mechanism for the evolution of polymorphism using Monte Carlo methods similar to Lewontin, Ginzburg and Tuljapurkar (1978).
Advanced signal processing for power line communications

In this article, signal processing techniques to combat the adverse communications environment on power lines are addressed, so as to enable reliable high speed data communications over low-voltage power distribution networks for Internet access and in-home/office networking. It is seen that multicarrier code-division multiple access, multiuser detection, and turbo decoding, having demonstrated their limit-approaching capacity in DSL and wireless communication systems, are readily applied to power line communications. In particular, it is argued that these methods can successfully mitigate the influence of the principal impairments in PLC channels: time-varying channel attenuation, multipath frequency-selective fading, multiple access interference, and background noise. Strategies to deal with the most unfavorable noise source, the impulse noise, are also discussed.
Radiative transfer in cylindrical media

Abstract A numerical method for the solution of the radiative transfer equation in a circularly symmetric, cylindrical region is developed. The transfer equation is formulated as a second-order differential equation resulting in a set of tridiagonal difference equations. This form is particularly well suited to line formation and energy balance calculations using the complete linearization method. Several numerical examples are presented.
Overexpression of MN1 confers resistance to chemotherapy, accelerates leukemia onset, and suppresses p53 and Bim induction.

Background: The transcriptional co-activator MN1 confers a worse prognosis for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) when highly expressed; however, the mechanisms involved are unknown. We sought to model the effects of high MN1 expression in AML models to explore the underlying mechanisms. Methodology/Principal Findings: We used cell lines and a genetically defined mouse model of AML to examine the effects of MN1 overexpression on prognosis and response to cytarabine and doxorubicin in vitro and in vivo. Murine AML that was engineered to overexpress MN1 became more aggressive in vivo, leading to shortened survival in both treated and control groups. In vitro murine AML cells that overexpressed MN1 became resistant to treatment with cytarabine and highly resistant to doxorubicin. This resistant phenotype was also seen in vivo, where treatment with the combination of cytarabine and doxorubicin selected for cells expressing MN1. When therapy-induced DNA damage levels were assessed by cH2AX foci, no reduction was seen in MN1 expressing cells arguing against a drug efflux mechanism. Despite no reduction in DNA damage, MN1-expressing cells showed less apoptosis as assessed by annexin V and propidium iodide staining. Following treatment, p53 and BIM induction were markedly reduced in cells expressing MN1. Pharmacologic inhibition of the p53 E3 ligase MDM2 resulted in increased p53 levels and improved response to doxorubicin in vitro. Conclusions/Significance: MN1 overexpression accelerates an already aggressive leukemia, confers resistance to chemotherapy, and suppresses p53 and BIM induction, resulting in decreased apoptosis. This provides a mechanistic explanation of the poor prognosis observed with high MN1 expression and suggests that therapies directed at increasing p53 function may be useful for these patients.
Ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and irritable bowel syndrome patients need fecal transplant research and treatment.

Dear Sir, Dr. Barry Marshall, the Nobel Prize winning Australian physician, showed that the Helicobacter pylori bacterium was causing most peptic ulcers, reversing decades of medical doctrine. A thorough review of the literature suggests that inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease) is related to bacterial dysbiosis (infection via microorganism, injury, and or imbalance), the cause of which may be multifactorial. If not, then why are antibiotics sometimes used to treat IBD? Spouses of Crohn's disease patients are at an increased risk for the disease.1 Bacteria can cause ulcers …
Ovine endometrial expression of transforming growth factor beta isoforms during the peri-implantation period.

During the estrous cycle and early pregnancy, the uterus undergoes a variety of morphological changes. Because of their powerful effects on angiogenesis, on extracellular matrix modification, and on cellular proliferation and differentiation, the transforming growth factor (TGFO) family of polypeptides may be involved in the regulation of pregnancy-related endometrial modification. In this study, endometrial steady-state mRNA expression of the three isoforms, TGF01, 32, and P3, was quantified, and the proteins were localized during the later part of the estrous cycle (Days 13 and 16) and during early pregnancy (Days 13 through 30) in sheep. TGFP1 mRNA was expressed as a single transcript with steady-state mRNA expression levels 2-fold higher on Day 16 of the estrous cycle than on Day 13 of the estrous cycle (p - 0.002) or Days 13 and 16 (p - 0.004 and 0.008, respectively) of gestation. During pregnancy, levels increased progressively to peak on Day 27 (2.5-fold above Day 16 of pregnancy; p - 0.0001) and then leveled off at Day 30. Immunocytochemical localization of TGF31 demonstrated protein in glandular and luminal epithelium at all days examined. TGF2 mRNA was expressed as five distinct transcripts, and mRNA expression levels were lowest in Day 16 pregnant endometrium. Thereafter the expression level increased steadily through Day 30 (p - 0.0003). TGFI2 protein was localized in epithelium, diffusely within the endometrial stroma, and in leukocyte-like cells within the stroma. TGFP3 was expressed as one major transcript and two minor transcripts. As with TGFP1, there was a dramatic difference in TGFa3 levels between Day 16 of pregnancy and Day 16 of the estrous cycle (3.8-fold, p s 0.0001). In pregnant ewes, endometrial TGFP3 levels increased 1.9-fold (p = 0.13) between Days 16 and 23 and remained relatively constant through Day 30. Immunohistochemistry localized TGFP3 protein most prominantly in the subepithelial stroma of the caruncule from Day 16 of the cycle in endometrial tissue. The observed changes in mRNA and protein expression patterns of TGFps within the ovine endometrium suggest that TGF3s play a role in restructuring and modifying endometrium for a subsequent estrous cycle and/or pregnancy.
A model for the air emissions of trace metallic elements from coal combustors equipped with electrostatic precipitators

Abstract Trace element air emissions from pulverized coal combustion facilities are strongly element-dependent. Relatively non-volatile elements such as chromium and manganese are captured with efficiencies comparable to overall particulate capture, whereas more volatile elements such as selenium and arsenic are captured less efficiently than the ash particulate. Such element-specific behavior is a consequence of the partitioning of individual trace elements within the combustion and post-combustion environment, resulting in enrichment of the more volatile compounds in the smallest ash particles, coupled to size-dependent particulate penetration through air pollution control devices. In this paper, a model of trace element emissions that incorporates fundamental laboratory results on trace element partitioning as well as recent field emissions data is developed. Model results and comparison to field data indicate that while the emissions of non-volatile elements such as chromium are currently well predicted by existing database-referenced empirical models, predictions of the emitted concentrations of volatile compounds such as arsenic and selenium can be improved by more than 25% through incorporation of element and size-dependent partitioning and penetration.
Computational Complexity of Random Access Stored Program Machines

In this paper we explore the computational complexity measure defined by running times of programs on random access stored program machines, RASP''S. The purpose of this work is to study more realistic complexity measures and to provide a setting and some techniques to explore different computer organizations. The more interesting results of this paper are obtained by an argument about the size of the computed functions. For example, we show (without using diagonalization) that there exist arbitrarily complex functions with optimal RASP programs whose running time cannot be improved by any multiplicative constant. We show, furthermore, that these optimal programs cannot be fixed prodecures and self-modifying programs. The same technique is used to compare computation speed of machines with and without built in multiplication. We conclude the paper with a look at machines with associative memory and distributed logic machines.
Selectivity and Reactivity of Alkylamine- and Alkanethiolate-Stabilized Pd and PdAg Nanoparticles for Hydrogenation and Isomerization of Allyl Alcohol

Here, we describe the stability of solutions of various Pd and PdAg organic-protected nanoparticles (NPs) in the presence of H2 and their selectivity and reactivity as catalysts for hydrogenation or isomerization of allyl alcohol. Pd and Pd91Ag9 NPs stabilized with hexadecylamine (C16NH2) ligands are stable against H2-induced aggregation, whereas those stabilized with octylamines (C8NH2) and dodecylamines (C12NH2) precipitate within 1 h. The stability of C16NH2 Pd NPs is comparable to that of hexanethiolate (C6S)-protected Pd NPs and mixed monolayer C6S/C8NH2 (1/1) Pd NPs that were studied previously. The stability of C16NH2 Pd NPs decreases as the alkylamine/PdII ratio used in the synthesis decreases from 12:1 to 6:1 to 3:1. A bilayer or partial bilayer of C16NH2 ligands forms around the Pd core for ratios greater than 6:1, which explains the higher stability of these NPs against aggregation. The various Pd and PdAg NPs catalyzed the hydrogenation and isomerization of allyl alcohol in the presence of H2 ...
THEORY OF CARBON NANOTUBE GROWTH

The kinetics of carbon nanotube growth under arc discharge conditions were investigated over different length and time scales using complementary numerical techniques. Relaxation by ab initio molecular dynamics (Car-Parrinello method) shows that large electric fields present at the tube tips are not the critical factor responsible for the open-ended growth observed experimentally. Classical molecular-dynamics simulations using realistic many-body carbon-carbon potentials show that wide tubes that are initially open can continue to grow straight and maintain an all-hexagonal structure. However, tubes narrower than a critical diameter, estimated to be about \ensuremath{\sim}3 nm, readily nucleate curved, pentagonal structures that lead to tube closure with further addition of atoms. Very narrow tubes can be grown, however, if a small metal particle prevents tube closure. This effect was simulated explicitly by kinetic Monte Carlo methods. Monte Carlo simulations were also used to study nanotube growth over longer time scales. The resulting structures are in agreement with the above growth scenario, and provide an estimate for the lowest tube tip temperature necessary for the growth of nanotubes.
Mechanical and adhesion properties of amorphic diamond films

Abstract Films of amorphic diamond can be deposited with a laser plasma source of carbon ions in an ultrahigh vacuum environment without involving hydrogen in the growth mechanism. This technique produces films that adhere more readily to materials for which there are important applications such as protective coatings. In this study mechanical properties of amorphic diamond films were examined. The hardness and Young's modulus were obtained using a nanoindentation technique. Analyses of these films on silicon and ZnS by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) show significant interfacial layers. The adhesion properties were also studied under harsh environmental conditions.
The Prime Importance of Second-Order Effects in Rigid-Rod Polymers

The torsion modulus of high performance rigid-rod polymer fibers is shown to be dependent on axial tensile stress. This behavior is one of at least second-order elasticity. Fiber ultimate tensile strengths are of the same magnitude as torsion moduli, and increases in torsion moduli in excess of 200% were observed for fibers under tension. Consideration of the effect of an axial compressive stress on fiber torsion modulus leads to a prediction of an elastic shear instability that initiates at a compressive stress approximately equal in magnitude to the zero-stress torsion modulus. Hence, it is concluded that the compressive strengths of high performance polymer fibers are limited by the onset of an elastic microstructural instability.
Editorial: The Anatomy of an Invitation

This PDF file contains the editorial “Editorial: The Anatomy of an Invitation” for OE Vol. 34 Issue 04
Correlations of the cycle-averaged Nusselt number in a periodically reversing pipe flow

Abstract An experiment has been initiated to study oscillatory heat transfer in a periodically reversing pipe flow. A multivariate statistical analysis was employed to obtain a correlation equation for the cycle-averaged Nusselt number in terms of the three similarity parameters: the Reynolds number Re, the dynamic Reynolds number Reω, and the dimensionless fluid displacement Aω.
The postsynaptic function of type II cochlear afferents

The mammalian cochlea is innervated by two classes of sensory neurons. Type I neurons make up 90-95% of the cochlear nerve and contact single inner hair cells to provide acoustic analysis as we know it. In contrast, the far less numerous type II neurons arborize extensively among outer hair cells (OHCs) and supporting cells. Their scarcity and smaller calibre axons have made them the subject of much speculation, but little experimental progress for the past 50 years. Here we record from type II fibres near their terminal arbors under OHCs to show that they receive excitatory glutamatergic synaptic input. The type II peripheral arbor conducts action potentials, but the small and infrequent glutamatergic excitation indicates a requirement for strong acoustic stimulation. Furthermore, we show that type II neurons are excited by ATP. Exogenous ATP depolarized type II neurons, both directly and by evoking glutamatergic synaptic input. These results prove that type II neurons function as cochlear afferents, and can be modulated by ATP. The lesser magnitude of synaptic drive dictates a fundamentally different role in auditory signalling from that of type I afferents.
Applications of virtual reality for pain management in burn-injured patients

The pain associated with burn injuries is intense, unremitting and often exacerbated by anxiety, depression and other complicating patient factors. On top of this, modern burn care involves the repetitive performance – often on a daily basis for weeks to months – of painful and anxiety-provoking procedures that create additional treatment-related pain, such as wound care, dressing changes and rehabilitation activities. Pain management in burn patients is primarily achieved by potent pharmacologic analgesics (e.g., opioids), but is necessarily complemented by nonpharmacologic techniques, including distraction or hypnosis. Immersive virtual reality provides a particularly intense form of cognitive distraction during such brief, painful procedures, and has undergone preliminary study by several research groups treating burn patients over the past decade. Initial reports from these groups are consistent in suggesting that immersive virtual reality is logistically feasible, safe and effective in ameliorating t...
Nurturing children's creative practice through micro-enactments

At the age of eight to nine when social awareness and self-evaluation increase, a child sees a precipitous drop in creative activity. This phenomenon known as the 'Fourth-Grade Slump' has been shown across cultures. We posit that it is ultimately a motivational problem. This dissertation research explores the potential that technology-based media may have to motivate a child to engage in creative activity throughout the Slump. It investigates affordances of technology for creation in the domain of storytelling, and proposes an approach based on the concept of micro-enactments.
Atopy and diabetes mellitus

Abstract Among 40 diabetic patients, whose insulin requirement was from 50 to 110 units a day, 8 individuals were found to have either clinically manifest or latent atopy, an incidence of 20 per cent. There were 6 patients with the clinical phase of atopy and 2 with the latent phase of atopy. An almost identical incidence of atopy, 20.7 per cent, was found in parallel observations in a nondiabetic control group of 227 patients, 47 of whom had clinical or latent atopy. These observations would indicate that there exists no special relationship between the two hereditary states of atopy and diabetes mellitus. Patients with severe diabetes have not been shown to have any unusual predisposition to atopy. It appears unlikely that diabetes of the severer type is based on any immunologic mechanism such as seems to occur in rare instances of insulin resistance and allergy.
Synergistic Induction of Interferon α through TLR-3 and TLR-9 Agonists Identifies CD21 as Interferon α Receptor for the B Cell Response

Maternal antibodies inhibit seroconversion and the generation of measles virus (MeV)-specific antibodies (both neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies) after vaccination whereas T cell responses are usually unaffected. The lack of seroconversion leaves individuals susceptible to vaccine-preventable infections. Inhibition of antibody secretion is due to the inhibition of B cells through a cross-link of the B cell receptor with the inhibitory FcγIIB receptor (CD32) by maternal antibody/vaccine complexes. Here, we demonstrate that a combination of TLR-3 and TLR-9 agonists induces synergistically higher levels of type I interferon in vitro and in vivo than either agonist alone. The synergistic action of TLR-3 and TLR-9 agonists is based on a feedback loop through the interferon receptor. Finally, we have identified CD21 as a potential receptor for interferon α on B cells which contributes to interferon α-mediated activation of B cells in the presence of maternal antibodies. The combination leads to complete restoration of B cell and antibody responses after immunization in the presence of inhibitory MeV-specific IgG. The strong stimulatory action of type I interferon is due to the fact that type I interferon uses not only the interferon receptor but also CD21 as a functional receptor for B cell activation.
Measurements of Mechanical Properties of the Blastula Wall Reveal Which Hypothesized Mechanisms of Primary Invagination Are Physically Plausible in the Sea UrchinStrongylocentrotus purpuratus

Abstract Computer simulations showed that the elastic modulus of the cell layer relative to the elastic modulus of the extracellular layers predicted the effectiveness of different force-generating mechanisms for sea urchin primary invagination [L. A. Davidson, M. A. R. Koehl, R. Keller, and G. F. Oster (1995)Development121, 2005–2018]. Here, we measured the composite elastic modulus of the cellular and extracellular matrix layers in the blastula wall ofStrongylocentrotus purpuratusembryos at the mesenchyme blastula stage. Combined, these two layers exhibit a viscoelastic response with an initial stiffness ranging from 600 to 2300 Pa. To identify the cellular structures responsible for this stiffness we disrupted these structures and correlated the resulting lesions to changes in the elastic modulus. We treated embryos with cytochalasin D to disrupt the actin-based cytoskeleton, nocodazole to disrupt the microtubule-based cytoskeleton, and a gentle glycine extraction to disrupt the apical extracellular matrix (ECM). Embryos treated less than 60 min in cytochalasin D showed no change in their time-dependent elastic modulus even though F-actin was severely disrupted. Similarly, nocodazole had no effect on the elastic modulus even as the microtubules were severely disrupted. However, glycine extraction resulted in a 40 to 50% decrease in the elastic modulus along with a dramatic reduction in the hyalin protein at the apical ECM, thus implicating the apical ECM as a major mechanical component of the blastula wall. This finding bears on the mechanical plausibility of several models for primary invagination.
Market discipline of banks: Why are yield spreads on bank-issued subordinated notes and debentures not sensitive to bank risks?

Abstract The default risk sensitivity of yield spreads on bank-issued subordinated notes and debentures (SNDs) decreased after banks started issuing trust-preferred securities (TPS). The too-big-to-fail (TBTF) discount on yield spreads is absent prior to the LTCM bailout, but the size discount doubles after the LTCM bailout. Prior to TPS issuance and the LTCM bailout, SND yield spreads are sensitive to conventional firm-specific default risk measures, but not after the bailout. We find paradigm shift in determinants of yield spreads after the LTCM bailout. Yield spreads on TPS are sensitive to default risks and can provide an additional source of market discipline.
Advanced Public Financial Management Reforms in South East Europe

This paper aims to clarify possible systemic bottlenecks to the introduction of advanced PFM reforms in the SEE countries. It relates key fiscal developments to PFM reform processes over the last 15 years. PFM reform strategies must be realistic, with clear objectives and timetables, and with strong country ownership. Among the advanced reforms, some aspects of medium-term budgeting seems to be somewhat less challenging than performance-oriented budgeting, and it could be rational to make sure that there is solid progress in this area first. When developing performance budgets, countries should consider focusing initial efforts on the areas that are most suitable for performance management, such as education and health.
Subacute concussion-related symptoms and postconcussion syndrome in pediatrics.

Purpose of reviewMillions of youth sustain concussion each year; although most fully recover following an isolated concussion, a significant minority develop prolonged symptoms and disability following concussion. This article reviews recent data regarding the epidemiology of postconcussion syndrome
COPD prevalence in nonsmokers in high and low photochemical air pollution areas.

The prevalence of respiratory symptoms, as ascertained by questionnaire, was evaluated in 6,666 nonsmokers who had lived for at least 11 years in either a high photochemical pollution area (4,379 individuals) or a low photochemical pollution area (2,287 individuals). Of these, 5,178 had never smoked, and none was currently smoking. The risk estimate for "definite" COPD, as defined in this study, was 15 percent higher in the high pollution area (p=0.03), after adjusting for sex, age, race, education, occupational exposure, and past smoking history. Past smokers had a risk estimate 22 percent higher than never smokers (p=0.01). Multivariate analysis showed a significant effect of air pollution on the prevalence of "definite" COPD which univariate analysis failed to demonstrate.
"We'll Figure a Way": Teenage Mothers' Experiences in Shifting Social and Economic Contexts.

The current economic and social context calls for a renewed assessment of the consequences of an early transition to parenthood. In interviews with 55 teenage mothers in Colorado, we find that they are experiencing severe economic and social strains. Financially, although most are receiving substantial help from family members and sometimes their children’s fathers, basic needs often remain unmet. Macroeconomic and family structure trends have resulted in deprived material circumstances, while welfare reform and other changes have reduced the availability of aid. Socially, families’ and communities’ disapproval of early childbearing negatively influences the support young mothers receive, their social interactions, and their experiences with social institutions.
Physicochemical requirements in the environment of the earthworm Eisenia foetida

Survival and/or growth were used to assess optimum and potentially deleterious physico-chemical conditions in the environment of the earthworm Eisenia foetida. Maximum weight was gained between 20 and 29°C with horse manure or activated sludge as food. Maximum weight gain as a function of moisture in activated sludge occurred between 70 and 85%. All worms died within a week at pH values 9; optimum pH for gain in weight centered around 7.0 Soluble salts in excess of 0.5% were lethal, though ammonium acetate caused 100% mortality at a concentration of 0.1%; concentrations in manures contaminated by urine or cattle slurry may be lethal, while those present in noncontaminated manure, with an electrolytic conductivity of 1.5–3mmhos, support weight gain. Inorganic chemicals that are commonly used to coagulate sludges, often as a preliminary to land application, were innocuous at concentrations higher than those normally used at wastewater treatment plants. Anaerobically digested sludges are toxic to earthworms, and are characterized by low oxidation-reduction potentials; when placed upon a soil substrate the redox potential increases slowly, and though the sludge tested in this study was nontoxic at Eh values in excess of 250 mV, it provided insufficient nutriment to E. foetida to allow weight gain. With activated sludge as food, growth of E. foetida occurred more rapidly when soil was present, independently of whether it was placed as a substrate beneath the sludge or mixed into the sludge. Growth occurred more rapidly when activated sludge was placed on substrates which allowed drainage, though loam or ashed loam appeared superior to others, such as glass beads or sand; the growth promoting factor is related to the inorganic fraction of the soil.
Compact Cysteine-Coated CdSe(ZnCdS) Quantum Dots for in Vivo Applications

We have developed a versatile nanoparticle construct using a compact cysteine coating on a CdSe(ZnCdS) core(shell) nanocrystal (QD-Cys) that is biologically compatible, exceptionally compact, highly fluorescent, and easily functionalized. The small hydrodynamic diameter of QD-Cys ( approximately 6 nm) allows for renal clearance of these nanoparticles in rat models. Moreover, the ability to directly conjugate to QD-Cys opens up the possibility of functionalized nanocrystals for in vivo targeted imaging, in which small targeting molecules can be appended to QD-Cys, and unbound QDs can be rapidly cleared to achieve high signal/noise ratios and to reduce background toxicity.
Adaptive information rate performance on bandlimited meteor burst channels: empirical results

An investigation is conducted of the throughput performance of two adaptive information rate schemes on the bandlimited meteor-burst communications channel. The first technique, called adaptive symbol rate, uses a fixed waveform modulation and adapts the channel symbol rate to match the received signal-to-noise ratio. The second technique, called adaptive trellis-coded modulation (adaptive TCM), uses the familiar M-ary PSK (phase-shift-key) signal sets with TCM and varies the information rate by adapting the number of information bits per channel symbol to the channel conditions. Experimental data from the USAF High Latitude Greenland Test Bed are used to validate previously derived theoretical performance predictions. Theoretical predictions show that adaptive-symbol-rate improvement over conventional fixed-rate technique is bounded by a factor of 2 and that adaptive TCM improvement exceeds a factor of 3. Data from the Greenland Test Bed show close agreement with these theoretical predictions and confirm the superiority of adaptive TCM for bandlimited meteor-burst channels. >
Global spectral representations of black hole spacetimes in the complex plane.

Abstract Binary black hole coalescence produces a finite burst of gravitational radiation, which propagates toward quiescent infinity. These spacetimes are analytic about infinity and contain a dimensionless coupling constant M/s, where M denotes the total mass-energy and s is an imaginary distance. This work introduces a globally convergent Fourier series in a complex radial coordinate, allowing spectral representations of black hole spacetimes in all three dimensions. This method circumvents singularities associated with black holes and includes infinity, thereby avoiding the need to impose radiative boundary conditions. We illustrate this representation theory on Boyer–Lindquist initial data of two black holes and a scalar wave equation with signal recovery by Cauchy's integral formula. computation gravitation
Synchronous carcinoid tumor of the small bowel.

An 84-year-old woman was an outpatient for chronic abdominal pain for 1 year at another institution. She required 5 to 10 Percocet (Endo Pharmaceuticals, Chadds Ford, PA) per day to control her symptoms. She had no earlier abdominal operations and was otherwise healthy. Colonoscopy, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, and a small bowel series were reportedly normal. Dissatisfied with her care she presented to our institution. Gastroenterology and vascular surgery evaluated the patient for food fear and postprandial pain. Duplex of the mesenteric arteries, angiography, CT scan with contrast, colonoscopy, and esophagogastroduodenoscopy were nondiagnostic. Two months into her evaluation by our institution she presented to the emergency room with increased pain and signs of a partial small bowel obstruction. A small bowel barium study showed a high-grade stenosis of the mid-small bowel (A, large arrow). Proximal to this stenosis the bowel was dilated and had numerous filling defects (A, small arrows). Given the patient’s symptoms and small bowel study, she was taken to the operating room for exploratory laparotomy. There were two strictures of the mid-small bowel. On palpation there were numerous hard, freely mobile masses within the dilated, proximal segment. The small bowel and mesentery were resected and sent for pathologic inspection. The bowel had numerous pills consistent with the reported Percocet the patient had been consuming (B). Microscopic analysis of the two stricture sites found carcinoid tumors. Retrospective analysis of the CT scan performed 2 months earlier demonstrated a loop of small bowel with numerous filling defects, initially interpreted as normal sigmoid colon (C). No distinct mass lesion was seen on this scan. Carcinoid tumors are the most common malignant neoplasm of the small bowel and are rarely diagnosed early.
A gene dosage map of Chromosome 18: a map with clinical utility.

Purpose: Microarray technology has revolutionized the field of clinical genetics with the ability to detect very small copy number changes. However, challenges remain in linking genotype with phenotype. Our goal is to enable a clinical geneticist to align the molecular karyotype information from an individual patient with the annotated genomic content, so as to provide a clinical prognosis. Methods: We have combined data regarding copy number variations, microdeletion syndromes, and classical chromosome abnormalities, with the sparse but growing knowledge about the biological role of specific genes to create a genomic map of Chromosome 18 with clinical utility. Results: We have created a draft model of such a map, drawing from our long-standing interest in and data regarding the abnormalities of Chromosome 18. Conclusion: We have taken the first step toward creating a genomic map that can be used by the clinician in counseling and directing preventive or symptomatic care of individuals with Chromosome 18 abnormalities.
Blunt pediatric anterior and posterior urethral trauma: 32-year experience and outcomes

Abstract Objective To analyze our experience with delayed repair of pediatric urethral trauma. Materials and methods From 1978 to 2007, 26 boys Results There were 8 anterior and 18 posterior urethral strictures. All patients presented in a delayed fashion. Mean follow up of the anterior cohort was 2.9 years. All repairs were performed via a ventral onlay buccal graft or anastomotic approach. The mean follow up of the posterior cohort was 1.1 years, and all posterior urethral injuries were repaired via an anastomotic approach. Overall success for anterior stricture disease was 88.9% and for posterior stricture disease was 89.5%. All three urethroplasty failures responded favorably to internal urethrotomy; however, one failed anterior repair and one of the two failed posterior repairs required two internal urethrotomy operations for success. No secondary urethroplasty operations were required and ultimately all patients were voiding per urethra without need for urethral dilation. Conclusion Delayed, definitive repair of pediatric urethral trauma via open urethroplasty has a high success rate.
Requirement of Atlantic Salmon for Dietary Phosphorus

Abstract Triplicate lots of young Atlantic salnon (Salmo salar) were fed a diet containing graded levels of supplemental inorganic phosphorus. The basal diet, containing mainly dehulled soybean meal and other plant materials, provided 40% crude protein, 0.7% phosphorus, 1.5% calcium, and 4,000 IU of supplemental cholecalciferol per kg of diet. Supplements of inorganic phosphorus significantly improved growth, feed utilization, and bone ash content. Inorganic phosphorus supplementation up to 0.6% of the diet increased growth rate and bone ash content; additions beyond this level had little further effect. This study suggests that when young salmon are fed diets containing 0.7% phosphorus from plant sources, the minimum requirement for supplemental inorganic phosphorus is approximately 0.6% of the diet.