cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regionally Recurrent Paleomagnetic Transitional Fields and Mantle Processes

Whether Earth's lower mantle observably influences the geodynamo as it attempts to reverse polarity has been hotly debated for more than a decade. Although several paleomagnetic records of transitional events support this contention, analyses of worldwide Cenozoic reversal data, when considered en masse, appear inconclusive. With this controversy in mind we present transitional field data associated with a sequence of lavas on Tahiti-Nui, 40 Ar/ 39 Ar-dated at 578.6±8.8 ka, that record the Big Lost Event. The recorded field behavior is dominated by a cluster of virtual geomagnetic poles (VGPs) near the west coast of Australia, a common feature seen in previously published records of reversals and geomagnetic events obtained from lava sequences erupted at the Society Island hot spot over 2.3 Myr during the Plio-Pleistocene. This correspondence suggests that recurrent, or geographically preferred, VGP behavior is most apparent given regionally-partitioned paleomagnetic data. Synthetic removal of the axial dipole term from modern-day and historic field models produces a field configuration at the hot spot site compatible with these transitional paleodirectional findings. Various analyses of the core-surface modern-day, historic, and time-averaged paleomagnetic fields suggest the existence of a long-lived concentration of magnetic flux beneath Australasia. At those times when the axial dipole is weak or nonexistent, such a patch of mantle-held flux apparently can possess sufficient strength to regionally dominate the magnetic field structure. Lower-mantle seismic studies show the region beneath Australasia to be moderately anomalous, offering a possible clue toward an understanding of the physical conditions that may produce such a magnetic flux gathering.
Energy-Water-Salinity: Upper Colorado River Basin

Coal, oil shale, and uranium resource developments in the Upper Colorado River Basin are expected to consume large amounts of water that will alter both the quantity and quality of downstream flows. An evaluation of the water resource impacts from alternative energy developments will assure a continued high level of water use throughout the Colorado River. A mathematical model that simulates the salt and water exchange phase of potential fuel conversions has been developed. The analysis is based on a subbasin division of the Upper Colorado River Basin utilizing a minimum cost linear programming algorithm. Model results are presented for minimum cost energy developments, marginal value of water, and impacts of interstate water transfers.
Mental Health Service Contacts Among Sexual Minority and Heterosexual Girls in Boston Public High Schools

Although sexual minority (SM) adolescent girls are at high risk for suicidal behavior, little is known about their use of mental health services (MHS). Therefore, we examined survey data from a sample of Boston high school students to compare the prevalence of MHS use among SM and heterosexual girls.We used chi-square tests to assess the statistical significance of group differences. To test whether SM status moderated the association between MHS use and mental health need (i.e., whether the student reported self-harm, suicidal ideation, or a suicide attempt in the past year), we entered mental health need, SM status, and the interaction term of the two into a regression model that predicted past 12-month MHS use.SM girls (n = 89) were significantly more likely than heterosexual girls (n = 800) to report suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and self-harm. SM girls were also more likely to have reported a past 12-month MHS contact (54% vs. 26%, p < 0.0001); this finding held for those with and without a hi...
Multi-scale analysis of exotic dynamics in surface catalyzed reactions—II: Quantitative parameter space analysis of an extended Langmuir-Hinshelwood reaction scheme

The multi-time-scale approach to modelling heterogeneously catalysed reaction systems developed in a companion paper [1] is applied to a simple Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanistic scheme for an overall reaction 2A(g) + B(g)→products supplemented by a slow buffering step involving a chemisorbed inert species. Based on leading-order approximations to the full governing equations and the use of non-linear algebraic equations in the definition of system manifolds and prediction lociin appropriate phase planes, regions of different dynamic behaviors (stationary states, single and multipeak oscillations) are qualitatively and quantitatively delineated as a function of residence time. The bifurcation predictions from the leading-order approximations achieve remarkable agreement both with numerical integration results as well as at local bifurcation points obtained via Hopf analysis of the full equations. Numerical simulations reveal some very complex (“chaotic”?) behavior in the multipeak region, with an indication that the onset of chaos may be via intermittency. It is expected that the application of multi-time-scale analysis to specific well-characterized reaction systems will provide fuller understanding of past and adequate theoretical guidance for future work.
HIV-1 and Ebola virus encode small peptide motifs that recruit Tsg101 to sites of particle assembly to facilitate egress

Retroviral Gag proteins encode sequences, termed late domains, which facilitate the final stages of particle budding from the plasma membrane. We report here that interactions between Tsg101, a factor involved in endosomal protein sorting, and short peptide motifs in the HIV-1 Gag late domain and Ebola virus matrix (EbVp40) proteins are essential for efficient egress of HIV-1 virions and Ebola virus-like particles. EbVp40 recruits Tsg101 to sites of particle assembly and a short, EbVp40-derived Tsg101-binding peptide sequence can functionally substitute for the HIV-1 Gag late domain. Notably, recruitment of Tsg101 to assembling virions restores budding competence to a late-domain-defective HIV-1 in the complete absence of viral late domain. These studies define an essential virus-host interaction that is conserved in two unrelated viruses. Because the Tsg101 is recruited by small, conserved viral sequence motifs, agents that mimic these structures are potential inhibitors of the replication of these lethal human pathogens.
Immunoglobulin Gene Rearrangements

V(D)J and class switch recombination are two deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) recombination processes that occur at immunoglobulin genes during the generation of B cells and the attendant rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy and light chain loci. V(D)J occurs during early B- and T-cell development whereas class switch recombination occurs exclusively in mature B cells. V(D)J recombination achieves the assembly of new exons that encode the portion of the antigen receptor that binds antigen. Class switch recombination changes the constant portion of the heavy chain of the antibody from IgM to IgG, IgA or IgE. V(D)J recombination occurs in the bone marrow for pre-B cells and in the thymus for pre-T cells. Class switch recombination occurs in the germinal centres in the spleen, lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. Key Concepts: V(D)J recombination occurs only in vertebrates, because these are the only organisms that have lymphocytes and that generate B and T cells with antigen receptors. V(D)J recombination is done by the RAG1 and RAG2 proteins, which bind at recombination signal sequences (RSS) that consist of heptamer and nonamer recognition sequences. The RAG complex (consisting of RAG1 and RAG2, along with HMGB1) is only expressed in pre-B cells and pre-T cells. Class switch recombination requires activation-induced deaminase (AID). AID acts only on single-stranded DNA. For class switch regions, single-stranded DNA is generated by the formation of R-loops at the switch regions. Switch regions consist of unit repeats (25–80 bp in length) that are 40–50% G on the nontemplate strand, making them prone to form R-loops. Occasionally, the RAG complex or AID act at off-target sites, thereby triggering double-strand breaks that can cause the chromosomal translocations that initiate many types of lymphomas or lymphoid leukaemias. Keywords: V(D)J recombination; class switch recombination
What aamft approved supervisors get paid

A national survey of American Association of Marriage and Family Therapy Approved Supervisors found statistically significant bivariate relationships between their annual income in 1999 and their gender, professional identity, supervision setting, and geographic locale. Race, community size, and years of clinical experience were not significantly related to income statistically. Moreover, only gender was statistically significant upon a sequential logistic regression of these variables relative to an income of greater or less than $50,000 a year.
15(S)-Lipoxygenase-2 Mediates Arachidonic Acid-stimulated Adhesion of Human Breast Carcinoma Cells through the Activation of TAK1, MKK6, and p38 MAPK

The dietary cis-polyunsaturated fatty acid, arachidonic acid, stimulates adhesion of metastatic human breast carcinoma cells (MDA-MB-435) to the extracellular matrix, but the molecular mechanisms by which fatty acids modify the behavior of these cells are unclear. Exposure to arachidonic acid activates multiple signaling pathways. Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) is required for increased cell adhesion to type IV collagen, and this activation is sensitive to inhibitors of lipoxygenases, suggesting a requirement for arachidonic acid metabolism. The goals of the current study were to identify the one or more key metabolites of arachidonic acid that are responsible for activation of p38 MAPK and to elucidate the upstream kinases that lead to p38 MAPK activation. High performance liquid chromatographic analysis revealed that MDA-MB-435 cells metabolize exogenous arachidonic acid predominantly to 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HETE). Immunoblot analysis with antibodies specific to 15(S)-lipoxygenase-1 (LOX-1) and 15(S)-lipoxygenase-2 (LOX-2) demonstrated the expression of 15-LOX-2, but not 15-LOX-1, in these tumor cells. A LOX inhibitor, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, attenuated production of 15(S)-HETE and inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK following exposure to arachidonic acid. In contrast, overexpression of LOX-2 sensitized the cells to the addition of arachidonic acid, leading to increased activation of p38 MAPK. Addition of exogenous 15(S)-HETE to MDA-MB-435 cells stimulated cell adhesion to type IV collagen and activated the p38 MAPK pathway, including the upstream kinases transforming growth factor-beta1-activated protein kinase-1 (TAK1) and MAPK kinase 6. Transfection of these cells with a dominant negative form of TAK1 blocked arachidonic acid-stimulated p38 MAPK phosphorylation. These data demonstrate that 15(S)-LOX-2 generation of 15(S)-HETE activates specific growth factor receptor-related signaling pathways, thereby initiating signal transduction events leading to increased cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix.
Birthweight‐specific infant mortality risks for native Americans and whites, United States, 1960 and 1984

Abstract We used NCHS natality and linked‐birth/death certificate tapes to compare birthweight‐specific neonatal and postneonatal mortality risks for Native Americans and whites in 1960 and in 1984. The birthweight distributions for the two groups were similar both years. Native American neonatal mortality risk dropped from 20.2 in 1960 to 5.2 in 1984, and the relative risk for Native Americans with respect to whites fell from 1.31 in 1960 to a nonsignificant difference in 1984. Postneonatal mortality risks for Native Americans fell from 27.5 in 1960 to 6.2 in 1984, with a drop in the relative risk from 5.2 to 2.1. Although the relative improvements for Native Americans were highest in postneonatal survival, Native Americans still had over twice the level of white postneonatal mortality. Birthweight was positively associated with survival for both groups, but the odds of Native American neonatal death were affected less by low and very low birthweights. For both groups, improvements in neonatal mortality ...
Orthorhombic and tetragonal structures in the La(Ba2−yLay)Cu3O7−x system

Abstract The crystal structures present in a series of La(Ba 2− y La y )Cu 3 O 7− x samples with y =0.5, 0.375, 0.25, and 0.125 have been investigated by Rietveld refinements of X-ray and neutron powder diffraction data. For y =0.5 and x =-0.20, the structure is tetragonal, P4/mmm, similar to YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6 , but with 60(2)% occupancy of the O1 (and, equivalently, O5) sites. At all compositions barium populates only the Ba site. For y x x >∼0.0, both O and T phases can occur, although there is apparently a significant barrier to converting such O components to more oxygen rich T materials with x y =0.125 (which significantly improves the superconducting behavior) increases slightly the orthorhombic distortion of the O component, but little affects the relative amount of the T component. The tendency towards O and/or T character is apparently determined primarily by the temperature at which the compound is initially formed, possibly as a result of differences in the La/Ba distribution in the Ba planes. A comparison between the structural results and Meissner effect data from these same samples, suggests that optimal bulk high temperature superconductivity in this system is associated with an orthorhombic distortion. The average structural details of these various materials are discussed and compared with those of the YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− x system.
Contributions to the morphology and anatomy of Strasburgeria and a discussion of the taxonomic position of the Strasburgeriaceae.

A comprehensive study of floral and vegetative anatomy of the monotypic New Caledonian genusStrasburgeria Baillon was undertaken to provide a more thorough and accurate generic description, and to help clarify the evolutionary relationships of the plant. Detailed descriptions of leaf, stem, nodal, wood, floral, fruit, and seed morphology and anatomy are presented. In general, vegetative characters are primitive whereas those of the reproductive organs are regarded as advanced or specialized.Strasburgeria is envisioned as an early and independent offshoot from the thealean ancestral stock. It appears that the most appropriate treatment of the genus is to recognize the family Strasburgeriaceae and put it adjacent to the Ochnaceae in the current widely accepted manner.
Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfad) Phytochemicals Composition Is Modulated by Household Processing Techniques

: Grapefruits (Citrus paradisi Macfad) contain several phytochemicals known to have health maintaining properties. Due to the consumer's interest in obtaining high levels of these phytochemicals, it is important to understand the changes in their levels by common household processing techniques. Therefore, mature Texas "Rio Red" grapefruits were processed by some of the common household processing practices such as blending, juicing, and hand squeezing techniques and analyzed for their phytochemical content by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results suggest that grapefruit juice processed by blending had significantly (P < 0.05) higher levels of flavonoids (narirutin, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, didymin, and poncirin) and limonin compared to juicing and hand squeezing. No significant variation in their content was noticed in the juice processed by juicing and hand squeezing. Ascorbic acid and citric acid were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in juice processed by juicing and blending, respectively. Furthermore, hand squeezed fruit juice had significantly higher contents of dihydroxybergamottin (DHB) than juice processed by juicing and blending. Bergamottin and 5-methoxy-7 gernoxycoumarin (5-M-7-GC) were significantly higher in blended juice compared to juicing and hand squeezing. Therefore, consuming grapefruit juice processed by blending may provide higher levels of health beneficial phytochemicals such as naringin, narirutin, and poncirin. In contrast, juice processed by hand squeezing and juicing provides lower levels of limonin, bergamottin, and 5-M-7-GC. These results suggest that, processing techniques significantly influence the levels of phytochemicals and blending is a better technique for obtaining higher levels of health beneficial phytochemicals from grapefruits. Practical Application: Blending, squeezing, and juicing are common household processing techniques used for obtaining fresh grapefruit juice. Understanding the levels of health beneficial phytochemicals present in the juice processed by these techniques would enable the consumers to make a better choice to obtain high level of these compounds.
Church versus state: family planning in Colombia, 1966-1972.

A situation of open conflict between religious elites and civil authorities in Colombia developed over acceptable methods of population control since Colombias adoption of a National Front political arrangement in 1957. The controversy was prolonged and escalated into public confrontation. The Roman Catholic Church has a powerful hold over national life but its power has been steadily declining in modern Colombia. The governments decision to increase secular regulation of family life produced a parallel loss in the Catholic Churchs control over this policy area; the hierarchys defeat on the family planning issue came only after a slow grudging battle lasting 6 years. From 1966-72 clerical opposition effectively postponed or blunted governmental efforts on behalf of birth control. The church was eventually unable to stem the rapid proliferation of family planning agencies. The potential implications of the conflict were too crucial to permit resolution through any type of semantic compromise. Any increase in governmental regulation of family life produced a complementary decrease in the authority of the church. Alienation of the church meant loss of supporters for the government which needs political stability in order to survive the return to an open electoral system.
A comparative study of the buffering capacity of various commercially available gastric antacids

In order to obtain unbiased information that will serve to rate antacids according to their relative efficiencies, the study reported here was undertaken. Twenty-four of the common gastric antacids of the nonsystemic type were purchased and compared potentiometrically for their relative buffering capacities. The data collected are presented.
Testing a Decision Process Model of the Sexual Division of Labor in the Family

Data from a study of household task allocation processes are used to challenge assertions about the inadequacies of natural decision models of choice behavior. A formal decision model, constructed from ethnosemantic-type data, is evaluated against actual performance data using both direct tests and indirect statistical procedures. Results demonstrate that ethnographic decision models can be subjected to rigorous testing procedures and are capable of accounting for both inter-informant and temporal variability in choice behavior, and offer insights not available using other methods.
Cytophotometric assessment of granulosa cell protein and nucleic acid levels during the estrous cycle in rats treated with T-2 toxin.

Abstract Female Sprague-Dawley rats (160–180 g.) with normal estrous cyclicity established by vaginal smears, were injected intraperitoneally with 0.45 mg/kg (low dose) or 0.68 mg/kg (high dose) of T-2 toxin, a trichothecene with potent protein inhibitory abilities. Control animals were injected with only the 100% ethanol vehicle. All animals were decapitated at 8 hours post-exposure, and their ovaries removed and processed for paraffin sectioning. Coomassie, Feulgen, and azure B/DNase staining procedures were used to show granulosa cell protein levels, F-DNA stainability, and basophilia/RNA levels, respectively. Quantification of these parameters was accomplished using scanning-integrating microdensitometry. T-2 toxin treatment groups had granulosa cell protein levels significantly lower than those of the control animals. However, rats exposed to the lower dose of T-2 toxin generally showed a more marked suppression of protein levels than the high dose group, regardless of the stage of the estrous cycle. In addition, rats that received lower doses of T-2 toxin had impaired translation and template activity in response to injury, when compared with the rats in the high dose group. These results are attributed to the lesser degree of circulatory impairment in the low T-2 toxin dosage group, which allows a higher amount of T-2 toxin to interact with the cells.
Synaptic structure and development: the neuromuscular junction.

Synaptic transmission--the process by which signals are transferred from a neuron to its target--is a fundamental function of neurons. Most neurobiologists look to the synapse to find the patterns of connectivity that account for neural specificity, the information processing that underlies behavior, and the plasticity responsible for learning. Accordingly, it is no surpris e that we are keenly interested in how synapses are formed. What is surprising is that virtually all of our current understanding of synaptogenesis derives from the study of just one synapse, the vertebrate skeletal neuromuscular junction. This synapse lies outside of the brain and does not even have a neuron as its postsynaptic element. It is the only synapse in vertebrates or invertebrates, however, whose structure and function are sufficiently well understood that the mechanisms regulating its development can be analyzed. The features of simplicity and accessibility that have enabled investigation of the mature synapse facilitate this analysis. In addition, unlike central neurons, muscles are readily reinnervated following nerve damage, allowing synaptogenesis to be studied in the adult, uncomplicated by processes such as neurogenesis that occur only in the embryo. Finally, although interneuronal synapses differ from neuromuscular junctions in important ways, our fragmentary knowledge to date encourages the belief that similar principles govern the development of both. For all of these reasons, this review is devoted to the neuromuscular junction. We begin by describing the cytological and molecular architecture of this synapse, making three main points: that chemical synapses are designed for rapid, focal transmission of information; that this task is performed by highly specialized preand postsynaptic domains that lie in precise juxtaposition across the synaptic cleft; and that many of the components forming these domains have now been isolated and characterized. We then examine the complex series of inductive interactions between nerve and muscle that regulate synaptic development. These interactions are mediated by membrane, extracellular matrix, and soluble molecules that are only now being identified. A major point is that nerve and muscle can each synthesize and assemble synaptic components on its own. In vivo, however, they do so in coordination and only at points of juxtaposition. Thus, intercellular interactions during synaptogenesis localize and refine the synaptic functions of each cell. The result is a process of synaptic maturation that proceeds to completion in a series of overlapping steps over a prolonged interval. As the signaling molecules are identified and the regulatory circuits that define these steps are unraveled, the classic histological and physiological descriptions of synaptogenesis are being reformulated in molecular and mechanistic terms.
Protection of DNA by α/β-Type Small, Acid-Soluble Proteins from Bacillus subtilis Spores Against Cytosine Deamination†

Spores of Bacillus subtilis contain high levels of proteins, termed α/β-type small, acid-soluble proteins (SASP), that protect the spore's DNA against different types of DNA damage. We tested one such protein, SspC, and two of its variants for their ability to protect plasmid DNA against hydrolytic deamination of cytosine to uracil. If unrepaired, such damage to DNA causes C to T mutations. We found that one SspC variant, SspCΔ11-D13K, protected DNA against cytosine deamination at two different temperatures (45 and 70 °C) and pH values (5.2 and 7.9), reducing the rate of deamination by as much as 10-fold. At 70 °C, pH 7.9, the wild-type SspC and its variant, SspCΔ11, provided little protection against deamination but were effective in protecting DNA at 45 °C, pH 7.9. Parallel studies of the abilities of these proteins to protect DNA against restriction digestion revealed that there was a good correlation between the abilities of the proteins to protect against restriction endonucleases and reductions in c...
Distribution of polymer deposition in plasma polymerization. I. Acetylene, ethylene, and the effect of carrier gas

Factors which influence the distribution of polymer deposition in an electrodeless glow-discharge system were investigated for acetylene and ethylene. Under the conditions in which “full glow” is maintained, the distribution of polymer deposition from pure monomer flow systems is nearly independent of flow rate of monomer or of the system pressure in discharge, but is largely determined by the characteristic (absolute) polymerization rates (not deposition rate) of the monomers. Acetylene has a high tendency to deposit polymer near the monomer inlet, whereas ethylene deposits polymer more uniformly in wider areas in the reactor. The addition of carrier gas such as argon or partially copolymerizing gas such as N2, H2, and CCl2F2 was found to narrow the distribution of polymer deposition. The distribution of polymer deposition is also influenced by a glow characteristic which is dependent on flow rate and discharge power.
Risk of myocardial infarction in psoriasis patients: a retrospective cohort study

AbstractBackground: Psoriasis may or may not be associated with a higher risk for myocardial infarction (MI). We sought to assess differences in MI incidence between control, mild psoriasis and severe psoriasis patients.Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of Kaiser Permanente Southern California members with psoriasis between 1 January 2004 and 30 June 2012, assessing the risk and incidence rates of MI.Results: There were 50 865 control patients matched to 10 173 patients with mild psoriasis and 19 205 control patients matched to 3841 patients with severe psoriasis. The MI incidence per 1000 person-years for mild psoriasis controls, mild psoriasis, severe psoriasis controls and severe psoriasis were 4.9, 6.7, 3.7 and 5.1, respectively. Upon multivariable analysis, mild psoriasis patients had a significantly higher risk of MI compared to matched control patients {hazard ratio (HR) = 1.31 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.14, 1.51]} and severe psoriasis patients had a significantly higher risk...
Employment Outcomes of University Graduates with Learning Disabilities

Limited research exists related to the employment outcomes of adults with learning disabilities (LD) who graduate from postsecondary institutions. The current study presents the results of a follow...
Solute segregation in vacancy gradients generated by sintering and temperature changes

Abstract The heating, cooling, sintering or irradiation of a material can generate vacancy flows which produce solute gradients around vacancy sources and sinks such as free surfaces, grain boundaries and internal pores. The magnitude and spatial extent of such solute gradients are calculated in terms of the solute diffusivity, the solvent diffusivity, the binding energy of a solute-vacancy pair, the magnitude and spatial extent of the vacancy gradient and the total vacancy flow. For substitutional solutions, it is shown that solute enrichment of vacancy sinks occurs when the solute-vacancy binding energy is much larger than, the thermal energy, provided that solute-vacancy pairs are relatively mobile. In contrast when the solute-vacancy binding energy is the order of the thermal energy or less, solute depletion will occur around vacancy sinks in substitutional solutions if the solute diffusivity exceeds the solvent diffusivity.
Increased Phosphorylation of Myelin Basic Protein During Hippocampal Long‐Term Potentiation

Hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) is a long-lasting and rapidly induced increase in synaptic strength. Previous experiments have determined that persistent activation of protein kinase C (PKC) contributes to the early maintenance phase of LTP (E-LTP). Using the back-phosphorylation method, we observed an increase in the phosphorylation of a 21-kDa PKC substrate, termed p21, 45 min after LTP was induced in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. p21 was found to have the same apparent molecular weight as the 18.5-kDa isoform of myelin basic protein (MBP) and was recognized by an antibody to MBP in western blotting and immunoprecipitation. Furthermore, p21 from control and potentiated hippocampal slices and purified MBP have identical phosphopeptide maps when back-phosphorylated and then digested with either endoproteinase Lys-C or endoproteinase Asp-N, suggesting that p21 and MBP are identical proteins. As there was no observed change in the amount of MBP in LTP, the increase in MBP phosphorylation during LTP cannot be explained by a change in the amount of protein. From these experiments, we conclude that the phosphorylation of the 18.5-kDa isoform of MBP is increased during E-LTP.
Memoryscapes in Transition: Black History Museums, New South Narratives, and Urban Regeneration

In this essay, I examine the ways in which African American history museums may serve as vehicles for redevelopment in southern cities marked by racial conflict. I use as case studies the American Civil War Center in Richmond, Virginia, and the African American Freedom Foundation Civil War Memorial and Museum in Washington, DC, to illustrate the ways in which museums foregrounding the black experience of slavery and the Civil War aid in the rebuilding of blighted urban areas through the reconstruction of suppressed histories. I argue that the museums’ deployment of rhetorical discourses of reconciliation and belonging help position urban renewal as a productive, rather than destructive, process.
Some Theoretical Problems Analysis of Melting High Nitrogen Stainless Steels

High nitrogen stainless steels with excellent mechanical and corrosion resistance properties is focused on to develop a new class of engineering material. The manufacture process of high nitrogen stainless steels under high nitrogen pressure is complicated. There are some theoretical problems to be solved for large scale melting and cast high nitrogen stainless steels. The thermodynamic calculation models of nitrogen solubility in the liquid phase, δ ferrite phase and γ austenitic phase built can well predict the nitrogen solubility and analyze the effect of temperature, alloy components and nitrogen pressure on the nitrogen solubility. The minimum nitrogen pressure for preventing the nitrogen porosity formation has been calculated by the micro-segregation. By the analysis nitrogen behavior of melting and cast high nitrogen stainless steels, it is possible to produce high nitrogen stainless steels in a large scale in China.
LIPID CHANGES DURING PROCESSING AND STORAGE OF SWEET POTATO FLAKES

Changes in fatty acids, lipid classes, and total lipids, during processing and storage of sweet potato flakes were identified and quantified. The extracted and purified lipids were separated by column chromatography into three major classes: neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids. The fatty acids of each class were determined. During processing and storage, the percent of the total lipids decreased significantly. The percent of the unsaturated fatty acids, linolenic and palmitoleic, decreased significantly while the percent of the saturated fatty acids, palmitic and stearic, increased slightly. The decrease in the unsaturation ratio following, the 6- and 12-months storage for sweet potato flakes, suggests the existence of a link between the decrease in unsaturates and the development of off-flavor and odor.
Steric effects in 31P NMR spectra: ‘Gamma’ shielding in aliphatic phosphorus compounds

An examination of published 31P NMR spectral data for aliphatic phosphorus compounds has revealed that chain lengthening and branching effects on the chemical shift can be interpreted in terms similar to those used for 13C and 15N shifts. For six families of phosphorus compounds, a β-carbon substituent was shown to deshield phosphorus, while a γ-carbon caused shielding. The effects are additive, and good agreement was obtained between 31P shifts calculated with the appropriate constants and the experimental values. Shielding by γ-carbon is indicative of the operation of a steric influence on 31P chemical shifts, not heretofore articulated. The γ-effect is also useful in explaining the unusually large shielding found in six-membered cyclic phosphines.
Metallic fast reactor fuel fabrication for the global nuclear energy partnership

Fast reactors are once again being considered for nuclear power generation, in addition to transmutation of long-lived fission products resident in spent nuclear fuels. This re-consideration follows with intense developmental programs for both fuel and reactor design. One of the two leading candidates for next generation fast reactor fuel is metal alloys, resulting primarily from the successes achieved in the 1960s to early 1990s with both the experimental breeding reactor-II and the fast flux test facility. The goal of the current program is to develop and qualify a nuclear fuel system that performs all of the functions of a conventional, fast-spectrum nuclear fuel while destroying recycled actinides, thereby closing the nuclear fuel cycle. In order to meet this goal, the program must develop efficient and safe fuel fabrication processes designed for remote operation. This paper provides an overview of advanced casting processes investigated in the past, and the development of a gaseous diffusion calculation that demonstrates how straightforward process parameter modification can mitigate the loss of volatile minor actinides in the metal alloy melt.
Bridging the gap in Sub-Saharan Africa: A holistic look at information poverty and the region's digital divide

Abstract Equitable access to information is one of the most vital principles in the emerging global information economy, and there is perhaps no region of the world that epitomizes the conflict between the information haves and have-nots than Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In addition to the more traditional forms of poverty, a new concept, “information poverty,” has emerged that better explains the true nature of being a have-not in a world increasingly reliant on information and communication technologies (ICT). This article will take a holistic approach in discussing possible first steps towards evaluating user needs in SAA, exploring the need for information professionals from industrialized nations to take a more active role in international collaboration to help combat information poverty in the developing world. This article will also examine efforts in developing countries to help bridge the digital divide with the industrialized world.
Large deviations for empirical measures of Markov chains

In this paper we obtain large-deviation upper and lower bounds for the empirical measure of a Markov chain with general state space, as well as for the associated multivariate empirical measure and empirical process. In each of these instances we improve in various ways the results in the literature.
College Students’ Preferences for Test Accommodations

College students with (n = 137) and without disabilities (n = 475) were surveyed about their perceptions of using various types of test accommodations. Results indicated that extended time was perc...
Fitting a graph to vector data

We introduce a measure of how well a combinatorial graph fits a collection of vectors. The optimal graphs under this measure may be computed by solving convex quadratic programs and have many interesting properties. For vectors in d dimensional space, the graphs always have average degree at most 2(d + 1), and for vectors in 2 dimensions they are always planar. We compute these graphs for many standard data sets and show that they can be used to obtain good solutions to classification, regression and clustering problems.
Influence of beta phase decomposition on the temperature coefficient of resistivity of titanium alloys

The temperature coefficient of resistivity (TCR) of beta stabilized titanium alloys is sensitive to minor constitutional changes produced by quenching, ageing and precipitate reversion. The influence of omega and alpha phase precipitation on TCR is demonstrated for binary and ternary alloys of composition Ti80(Nb + V)20. It is concluded that TCR measurements provide a sensitive method for detecting the early stages of beta phase decomposition in these alloys.
Targeted imaging of colorectal dysplasia in living mice with fluorescence microendoscopy

We validate specific binding activity of a fluorescence-labeled peptide to colorectal dysplasia in living mice using a miniature, flexible, fiber microendoscope that passes through the instrument channel of an endoscope. The microendoscope delivers excitation light at 473 nm through a fiber-optic bundle with outer diameter of 680 µm to collect en face images at 10 Hz with 4 µm lateral resolution. We applied the FITC-labeled peptide QPIHPNNM topically to colonic mucosa in genetically engineered mice that spontaneously develop adenomas. More than two-fold greater fluorescence intensity was measured from adenomas compared to adjacent normal-appearing mucosa. Images of adenomas showed irregular morphology characteristic of dysplasia.
Viscous effects far downstream in a slowly expanding hypersonic nozzle.

An analytic study is made of the displacement and heat-transfer effects of thick laminar and turbulent boundary layers far downstream in a slowly expanding hypersonic nozzle. The nozzle geometry is assumed given and described by a family of power-law shapes, and both the inviscid one-dimensional core flow and the boundary-layer flow are determined by a systematic analysis. The problem is formulated in sufficient generality to account for transverse curvature, boundary-layer displacement, and a generalized friction law that allows for the unknown nature of the turbulent boundary layer far downstream in the nozzle. The analysis is made on the basis of the integral boundary-layer equations; and analytic asymptotic solutions are found, valid for large Mach numbers, for the inviscid core flow, boundarylayer displacement, and heat transfer. These solutions display the way in which various parameters affect the problem and the combinations in which they appear. A heat-transfer law in which the pressure gradient is explicitly displayed is suggested by the analysis itself, and it is found that the Reynolds-analogy parameter is greatly reduced by the pressure gradient far downstream in the nozzle.
A classification of primitive ideals in the enveloping algebra of a classical simple Lie superalgebra

For a Lie superalgebra 9 we denote the even and odd parts of 9 by go and g,, respectively. The simple Lie superalgebra 9 is called classical if f0 is reductive. For 9 classical simple we study primitive ideals in the enveloping algebra U(g). Our main result is that any graded primitive ideal is the annihilator of a graded simple quotient of a Verma module. This is an analogue of the well-known theorem of Duflo [D] on primitive ideals in the enveloping algebra of a semisimple Lie algebra. The proof is based on Duflo’s theorem and some work of E. Letzter [Ll, L2] on primitive ideals in finite ring extensions. The definition of a Verma module depends on the existence of a triangular decomposition in 9. This is dicussed in Section 1. A more precise statement of the main theorem is given Section 2. In Section 3 we discuss some corollaries, for example we show that if JZ # Q(H) then graded prime ideals are prime (Corollary 3.1), and if f # P(n), then any factor ring of U(g) has the same left and right Krull dimension (Corollary 3.3). Classical simple Lie superalgebras which are not Lie algebras have been classified by Kac [Kl, Theorem 2, p. 441 (see also [Sch, Theorem 1, p. 1401). In the notation of Kac these algebras are as follows. Scheunert’s notation, if different is given in parentheses. A(m,n)=sl(m+l,n+l), m#n,m,n~O(spl(m+1,n+1)) A(n, n) = son + 1, n + l)/(Zzn+z>, n>O(spl(n+1,n+1)/@rz,+2)
Incomplete neutralization of the voicing contrast in word-final obstruents in Russian: Phonological, lexical, and methodological influences

Abstract Acoustic data from languages with word-final devoicing show that words ending in phonologically voiced versus voiceless obstruents (e.g., код /kod/ ‘code’ vs. кот /kot/ ‘cat’ in Russian) are seldom homophonous at the phonetic level. The present study examines how such incomplete neutralization of the underlying contrast varies across (i) different types of obstruents and stimulus words (plosives vs. fricatives; labials/coronals vs. dorsals; monosyllables vs. disyllables; minimal vs. non-minimal pairs) and (ii) different types of experimental tasks and stimulus lists (word-reading vs. picture-naming/word-guessing; presence vs. absence of minimal pairs among the stimuli). Results from Russian show that underlying voicing affects consonantal duration and glottal pulsing but not preceding vowel duration. For consonantal duration, voicing effects are found regardless of speakers' exposure to orthography or minimal pairs and more differences are seen in minimal pairs and monosyllables than non-minimal pairs or disyllables. For glottal pulsing, comparable effects are observed for all types of obstruents and stimulus words but they are significant only during word-reading or when speakers encounter full minimal pairs. This shows that incomplete neutralization has different sources for different acoustic parameters. Some differences are the result of phonological and lexical pressures. Other differences arise due to methodological influences.
High-resolution imaging of the supercritical antisolvent process

A high-magnification and high-resolution imaging technique was developed for the supercritical fluid antisolvent (SAS) precipitation process. Visualizations of the jet injection, flow patterns, droplets, and particles were obtained in a high-pressure vessel for polylactic acid and budesonide precipitation in supercritical CO2. The results show two regimes for particle production: one where turbulent mixing occurs in gas-like plumes, and another where distinct droplets were observed in the injection. Images are presented to demonstrate the capabilities of the method for examining particle formation theories and for understanding the underlying fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and mass transport in the SAS process.
Primary adenocarcinoma of the esophagus: A review of 12 cases

To evaluate its true incidence and related clinical characteristics, the definition of primary adenocarcinoma of the esophagus is reemphasized. The tumor constitutes 2% of all esophageal malignancies. Its symptomatology, biologic behavior, and ultimate prognosis appear to be no different from the ordinary squamous cell carcinoma. Our analyses also support the implication of causal relationship between a columnar-lined lower esophagus (Barrett's epithelium) and the neoplasm.
Cyanide custom mill site closure

ABSTRACT April 17,1999 saw the beginning of the closure of a very controversial mining site in the small town of Pony, MT with the completion of the stabilization and rinsing of the tailings. In late 1994, low concentrations of cyanide were detected in a domestic well in the town of Pony, Montana, and at a nearby spring. The cyanide is believed to have leaked through the liner of a tailings impoundment at the site of the Pony Custom Gold Mill. Responsibility for the site reverted to The Montana Department of Environmental Quality and reclamation efforts began with removal of hazardous chemicals from the site and dewatering of the tailings pond. Further reclamation of the site required engineering design involving the dam, pond, and the surrounding slopes. Of particular interest is the manner in which the cyanide-processed tailings were handled. The tailings were treated by rinsing and subsequently buried under several feet of soil originating from the tailings dam.
Leukocyte and platelet changes following low-dose lipopolysaccharide administration in five dogs

Effects of low-dose LPS (0.1 μg/kg i.v.) on leukocyte and platelet parameters measured using an Advia 120 hematology analyzer were investigated. Five dogs received a saline sham treatment prior to LPS, and blood was collected before and 3, 6, and 24 h post-treatment. LPS-treated dogs had mild neutrophil toxic change and increased neutrophil bands at 3 and 6 h. Compared to saline-treated controls, total leukocyte, neutrophil, and monocyte counts of LPS-treated dogs were significantly decreased at 3 h and increased at 24 h. Compared to baseline, total leukocyte counts of LPS-treated dogs were significantly decreased at 3 h and increased at 24 h. Mean platelet volume was significantly increased and mean platelet component concentration was decreased at 3 h compared to baseline. Platelet count was significantly decreased at 3 and 6 h; plateletcrit did not change significantly. High dosage is not required in order to detect LPS-mediated hematologic effects in dogs. Low-dose LPS administration causes significant changes in leukocyte and platelet indices in dogs without causing severe clinical signs or death.
Effects of oxygen diffusion on oxidation of some dry foods

Summary The rate of oxygen uptake and the effective diffusivity of oxygen in some porous food products were determined. The effect of oxygen diffusion on the overall rate of oxygen uptake was investigated in these foods and in other food products for which approximate values of oxidation rate constants and of oxygen diffusivity existed in the literature. The results show that diffusion can be a rate-limiting factor under certain conditions of commercial processing and handling.
Interception of [2+2] cycloadducts in the zinc bromide mediated reaction of di-tert-butyl methylenemalonate with simple enol ethers

Abstract Di- tert -butyl methylenemalonate combines efficiently with simple enol ethers at -78°C in the presence of zinc bromide to give [2+2] cycloadducts.
Laboratory Validation of Five Commercially Available Methods for Sampling Ethylene Oxide in Air

Two types of large charcoal tubes (PCB and JXC charcoal based), two diffusion type passive monitors (DuPont Pro-Tek® C-70 and 3 M #3550), and MIRAN® Infrared Model 103 analyzer were tested simultaneously over six concentrations (0.25 to 10.7 ppm) at 65% relative humidity. Exposure times were from 4–6 hours, and all established sampling analytical precautions were taken with charcoal tubes to ensure reliable results. At least six replicates were tested at each concentration. Passive badges were analyzed by the respective manufacturers. Only the DuPont ethylene oxide badge met the accuracy criteria in the OSHA ethylene oxide standard over the entire concentration range tested.
Systemic Glucose Level Changes With a Carbohydrate-Restricted and Higher Protein Diet Combined With Exercise

Objective: The authors' purpose in this study was to compare the effects of macronutrient intake on systemic glucose levels in previously sedentary participants who followed 1 of 4 diets that were either higher protein or high carbohydrate, while initiating an exercise program. Participants and Methods: The authors randomly assigned 94 sedentary participants to 1 of 4 diet groups consisting of Diet 1 (55% carbohydrate, 30% fat, 15% protein), Diet 2 (55% carbohydrate, 30% fat, 15% protein and caloric restriction), Diet 3 (40% carbohydrate, 30% fat, 25% protein), and Diet 4 (40% carbohydrate, 30% fat, 25% protein and caloric restriction) and followed recommended aerobic exercise prescriptions. Results: Repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant time factor (p = .021) but no significant differences between diet groups (p = .207). A trend was evident in the higher protein groups, with a 5.2% decrease in glucose levels with Diet 3 and 5.0% with Diet 4. Although glucose levels changed...