cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HGF and Liver Growth Regulation

Liver growth has fascinated scientists for many years, perhaps even centuries. Liver has a strong regenerative potential in response to toxic agents causing loss of hepatic parenchyma. Many chemical agents tested for carcinogenicity lead to formation of hepatic tumors. Other xenobiotic agents (e.g. anti-epileptics, hypolipidemic agents, barbiturates etc.) lead to a controlled expansion of hepatic mass above normal. Liver mass is gradually restored to normal upon discontinuation of the chemical, in a process accompanied by massive apoptosis. These and other phenomena have intensified interest in molecular mechanisms that control liver growth. The introduction of 2/3 partial hepatectomy as a systematic model for the study of liver regeneration in rats as shown by Higgins and Anderson (1931) led to a definition of phenomena related to liver regeneration which were well reproduced and became the guiding lines for research in the years that followed.
Resolving the Paradox of Hepatic Insulin Resistance.

Insulin resistance is associated with numerous metabolic disorders, such as obesity and type II diabetes, that currently plague our society. Although insulin normally promotes anabolic metabolism in the liver by increasing glucose consumption and lipid synthesis, insulin-resistant individuals fail to inhibit hepatic glucose production and paradoxically have increased liver lipid synthesis, leading to hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia. Here, we detail the intrahepatic and extrahepatic pathways mediating insulin’s control of glucose and lipid metabolism. We propose that the interplay between both of these pathways controls insulin signaling and that mis-regulation between the 2 results in the paradoxic effects seen in the insulin-resistant liver instead of the commonly proposed deficiencies in particular branches of only the direct hepatic pathway.
Diagnosis and Management of Cuffitis

Abstract Cuffitis represents a spectrum of disorders located at the rectal cuff in patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA). Cuffitis occasionally occurs in patients with prior history of mucosectomy during pouch construction. Classic cuffitis is considered as a form of reminiscent UC. Other causes of cuffitis including Crohn’s disease of the pouch, anastomotic separation due to injury, ischemia, and prolapse. Cuffitis is one of common complications of IPAA. Cuffitis can be classified into: (1) acute (≤ 4 weeks) vs. chronic (> 4 weeks), based on the disease course; and (2) steroid/mesalamine-responsive vs. steroid/mesalamine-dependent vs. steroid/mesalamine-refractory phenotypes, based on the response to the medical therapy. While the majority of patients with cuffitis respond favorably to topical corticosteroids and/or mesalamine therapy, some may show no response. In the latter condition, further evaluation with abdominal imaging and manometry is needed to exclude disease process outside of the cuff and functional disorders of pelvic muscles. Endoscopic intralesional injection of long-acting steroids or anti-tumor necrosis factor agents may be attempted in patients with refractory cuffitis. While almost all pouch cancers originate from the cuff or anal transitional zone, whether chronic cuffitis is a risk factor for colitis-associated neoplasia in the pouch is not known.
Relative sensitivity of cortisol indices to psychosocial and physical health factors.

Objective Regulation of cortisol under resting conditions is widely used to assess physical and psychological status, but due to the diversity of possible assessments (e.g., cumulative levels; diurnal patterns), considering one or a few at a time hampers understanding and interpretation. Moreover, most studies of cortisol regulation focus on negatively-valanced experiences. This study examined the inter-correlations among cortisol indices and their relative contribution to the explained variance in diverse psychosocial and health factors, including positive functioning. Methods Data are from midlife and older adults (N = 513; 47.2% male). Cortisol was assessed in urine (overnight) and saliva (at rest and over 4 consecutive days). Positive and negative psychosocial and health factors were assessed by self-report. In addition to examining associations among cortisol indices, relative weight analysis was used to determine which indices were most robustly linked to specific psychosocial factors. Results Inter-correlations among indices were weak-to-moderate, suggesting that they measure different aspects of hypothalamic-pituitary-axis activity. Overall variance in psychosocial and health factors (R2) explained by the cortisol indices ranged from 0.01 to 0.07. Of this explained variance, relative weight analysis showed that waking cortisol contributed most to the variance in hedonic well-being (32.1%–38.2%), bedtime cortisol to depression-related factors (32.1%–46.9%), the cortisol awakening response to eudaimonic well-being (35.8%–50.5%), cortisol slope to perceived stress (29.2%), and urinary cortisol to physical factors (38.5% and 62.7%). Conclusions Positive and negative factors were related to largely non-overlapping cortisol indices. This study illuminates nuanced associations among cortisol indices and diverse aspects of mental and physical health, facilitating thoughtful examination of the complex role of hypothalamic-pituitary-axis activity in health.
Heimat, Space, Narrative: Toward a Transnational Approach to Flight and Expulsion

At the end of the Second World War, millions of Germans and Poles fled or were expelled from the border regions of what had been their countries. This monograph examines how, in cold war and post-cold war Europe since the 1970s, writers have responded to memories or postmemories of this traumatic displacement. Friederike Eigler engages with important currents in scholarship -- on "Heimat," the much-debated German concept of "homeland"; on the spatial turnin literary studies; and on German-Polish relations -- arguing for a transnational approach to the legacies of flight and expulsion and for a spatial approach to Heimat. She explores notions of belonging in selected postwarand contemporary German novels, with a comparative look at a Polish novel, Olga Tokarczuk's House of Day, House of Night (1998). Eigler finds dynamic manifestations of place in Tokarczuk's novel, in Horst Bienek's 1972-1982 Gleiwitz tetralogy about the historical border region of Upper Silesia, and in contemporary novels by Reinhard Jirgl, Christoph Hein, Kathrin Schmidt, Tanja Duckers, Olaf Muller, and Sabrina Janesch. In a decisive departure from earlier approaches, Eigler explores how these novels foster an awareness of the regions' multiethnic and multinational histories, unsettling traditional notions of Heimat without altogether abandoning place-based notions of belonging. Friederike Eigler is Professor of German at Georgetown University.
Pollution, Ability, and Gender-Specific Investment Responses to Shocks

This paper explores how labor market conditions drive gender differences in the human capital decisions of men and women. Specifically, I investigate how male and female schooling decisions respond to an exogenous change in cognitive ability. Using data from Mexico, I begin by documenting that in utero exposure to thermal inversions, which exacerbate air pollution, leads to lower cognitive ability in adulthood for both men and women. I then explore how male and female schooling decisions respond differentially to this cognitive shock: for women only, pollution exposure leads to reduced educational attainment and income. I show that this gender difference is explained by the fact that women disproportionately sort into white-collar jobs, where schooling and ability are more complementary than they are in blue-collar jobs.
The new International Classification of Diseases 11th edition: a comparative analysis with ICD-10 and ICD-10-CM

Objective To study the newly adopted International Classification of Diseases 11th revision (ICD-11) and compare it to the International Classification of Diseases 10th revision (ICD-10) and International Classification of Diseases 10th revision-Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM). Materials and methods : Data files and maps were downloaded from the World Health Organization (WHO) website and through the application programming interfaces. A round trip method based on the WHO maps was used to identify equivalent codes between ICD-10 and ICD-11, which were validated by limited manual review. ICD-11 terms were mapped to ICD-10-CM through normalized lexical mapping. ICD-10-CM codes in 6 disease areas were also manually recoded in ICD-11. Results Excluding the chapters for traditional medicine, functioning assessment, and extension codes for postcoordination, ICD-11 has 14 622 leaf codes (codes that can be used in coding) compared to ICD-10 and ICD-10-CM, which has 10 607 and 71 932 leaf codes, respectively. We identified 4037 pairs of ICD-10 and ICD-11 codes that were equivalent (estimated accuracy of 96%) by our round trip method. Lexical matching between ICD-11 and ICD-10-CM identified 4059 pairs of possibly equivalent codes. Manual recoding showed that 60% of a sample of 388 ICD-10-CM codes could be fully represented in ICD-11 by precoordinated codes or postcoordination. Conclusion In ICD-11, there is a moderate increase in the number of codes over ICD-10. With postcoordination, it is possible to fully represent the meaning of a high proportion of ICD-10-CM codes, especially with the addition of a limited number of extension codes.
Tanzania: A Microcosm of the World’s Changing Geography for Protected Areas

On October 6, 1889, Yohani Kinyala Lauwo guided Hans Meyer to the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro. “Lauwo,” as he is often referred to, was only a teenager when he was chosen by local Chagga leaders to guide the European expedition on the first known ascent to the highest point in Africa. One hundred years after this first ascent of the legendary mountain, Lauwo was able to attend the centennial celebration of the climb, as he lived until May of 1996. The 107 years between the first known ascent of Kilimanjaro and the death of Lauwo brought massive changes to the area around the mountain and the country of Tanzania. And the subsequent decades have only hastened these changes and the broader geography that surrounds protected areas such as Mount Kilimanjaro.
Understanding the Unique Psychological Demands of Competitive Collegiate Rowing: A Guide for Practitioners

As awareness of the impact of the mental side of competition grows, rowing programs are increasingly seeking out the services of mental performance consultants and sport psychologists. Currently, d...
Quality Concerns in Nursing Homes That Serve Large Proportions of Residents With Serious Mental Illness

Background and objectives Nursing homes (NHs) are serving greater proportions of residents with serious mental illness (SMI), and it is unclear whether this affects NH quality. We analyze the highest and lowest quartiles of NHs based on the proportion of residents with SMI and compare these NHs on facility characteristics, staffing, and quality stars. Research design and methods National Certification and Survey Provider Enhanced Reports data were merged with NH Compare data for all freestanding certified NHs in the continental United States in 2016 (N = 14,460). NHs were categorized into "low-SMI" and "high-SMI" facilities using the lowest and highest quartiles, respectively, of the proportion of residents in the NH with SMI. Bivariate analyses and logistic models were used to examine differences in organizational structure, payer mix, resident characteristics, and staffing levels associated with high-SMI NHs. Linear models examined differences in quality stars. Results High-SMI facilities were found to report lower direct-care staffing hours, have a greater Medicaid-paying resident census, were more likely to be for-profit, and scored lower on all NH Compare star ratings in comparison to all other NHs. Discussion and implications As the SMI population in NHs continues to grow, a large number of residents have concentrated in a few NHs. These are uniquely different from typical NHs in terms of facility characteristics, staffing, and care practices. While further research is needed to understand the implications of these trends, public policymakers and NH providers need to be aware of this population's unique-and potentially unmet-needs.
Cost Estimates of Producing Sapodilla in South Florida, 2017

This 6-page fact sheet written by Edward A. Evans, Fredy H. Ballen, Aditya Singh, and Jonathan H. Crane and published by the UF/IFAS Food and Resource Economics Department provides an estimate of the costs and returns associated with an established sapodilla orchard in south Florida. The information presented is based on a wide range of production practices collected through field interviews with growers and industry specialists and is intended as a guide to estimate the financial aspects of operating an established sapodilla grove. Please note that sapodilla has been assessed by the UF/IFAS Invasive Plants Working Group as potentially invasive in south and central Florida. It should not be planted in home landscapes or in groves near natural areas. Sapodilla plantings must be fenced, and the fruit must be moved in covered vehicles to prevent fruit being eaten by wildlife and the plant from infesting areas outside the grove. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fe1015
State-Constrained Grid-Forming Inverter Control for Robust Operation of AC Microgrids.

The control of grid-forming inverters [1] has become an important problem to achieve high efficiency, reliability, and resilience of the future power grid. The distributed control that utilizes a sparse communication network has been proposed for AC microgrids [2] - [5] , in which each DG only has access to the information of a small number of its neighboring DGs, reducing the computational complexity and improving the resiliency to faults and unknown parameters [6] . However, these approaches have not provided a clear analysis of the coupling between active/reactive power injections and the voltage magnitude/frequency or a distributed updating law with a solid theoretical foundation. In addition, in the existing approaches, tracking the references from the secondary control may violate operational constraints.
Common Neighbors Extension of the Sticky Model for PPI Networks Evaluated by Global and Local Graphlet Similarity

The structure of protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks has been studied for over a decade. Many theoretical models have been proposed to model PPI network structure, but continuing noise and incompleteness in these networks make conclusions about their structure difficult. Using newer, larger networks from Sept. 2018 BioGRID and Jan. 2019 IID, we show the joint distribution of degree products and common neighbors has a greater impact on PPI edge connectivity than their individual distributions, and introduce two new models (CN and STICKY-CN) for PPI networks employing these features. Since graphlet-based measures are believed to be among the most discerning and sensitive network comparison tools available, we assess their overall global and local fits to PPI networks using Graphlet Kernel (GK). We fit 10 theoretical models to nine BioGRID networks and twelve Integrated Interactive Database (IID) networks and find: (1) STICKY and STICKY-CN are the overall globally best fitting models according to GK, (2) Hyperbolic Geometric Graph model is a better fit than any STICKY-based model on 4 species, (3) though STICKY-CN provides a better local fit than the STICKY model, the CN model provides the greatest local fit over most species. We conclude that the inclusion of CN into STICKY-CN makes it the best overall fit for PPI networks as it is a good fit locally and globally.
Proprietary Remedies in Insolvency: A Comparison of the Restatement (Third) of Restitution & Unjust Enrichment with English and Commonwealth Law

Table of ContentsI. Introduction 1230II. Mistake 1234A. The Restatement 1234B. English and Commonwealth Law 1238C. Discussion 1244III. Misrepresentation (1) 1246A. The Restatement 1247B. English and Commonwealth Law 1248IV. Misrepresentation (2) 1250A. The Restatement 1250B. English and Commonwealth Law 1250C. Discussion 1252V. Wrongful Gains 1255A. The Restatement 1255B. English and Commonwealth Law 1259C. Discussion 1262VI. Specific Performance 1263A. United States Law 1263B. English and Commonwealth Law 1265C. Discussion 1267VII. Conclusion 1268I. IntroductionAt its Annual Meeting in May 2010, the American Law Institute (ALI) approved the Restatement of the Law (Third) of Restitution & Unjust Enrichment in its final form. The vote marked the end of a project that had run for more than ten years and that involved the progressive release and revision of seven tentative draft documents under the direction of Reporter, Professor Andrew KuIl. The Restatement covers every aspect of the law of restitution, drawing together a wide range of doctrines and principles and exploring the inter-face between restitution and other parts of private law, including contract, tort, property, and the law of fiduciary obligations. To borrow ALI Director Lance Liebman's words, we can see in the Restatement "a structure that holds together - as if this were natural and not manmade - an extraordinary variety of legal disputes and legal doctrines."1 The Restatement traverses a host of "[fascinating] legal controversies" and it sends an important message about "the continued vitality of the common law as a vehicle for applying contemporary values to provocative disputes."2The Restatement also serves an important educational function because, as Kull himself has remarked, "[s]carcely anyone in the United States understands what restitution is about . . . [mjost law schools gave up teaching restitution a generation ago, and many judges and practitioners are not familiar with its general principles."3 This regrettable state of affairs has important imphcations for commercial law at large, and bankruptcy law in particular, because "[l]ack of familiarity with the restitutionary elements of the background [commercial law] rules results in a predictable distortion of commercial law."4 Liebman predicts that "lawyers, judges and professors will use [the Restatement]."5 He seems to have a mainly United States audience in mind, but there is also much lawyers in other common law countries could learn from uie Restatement It has become common for courts in England, Australia, Canada and New Zealand to look to one another's case law for guidance, but reliance on United States law is much less common. …
Developing a targeted e-cigarette health communication campaign for college students

Abstract Background E-cigarette use among college students has increased over the last several years, however, there are few published studies on e-cigarette interventions designed to prevent the initiation and escalation of e-cigarette use and to empower cessation for this population. Methods We developed an e-cigarette health communication campaign for a large Midwestern university through collaboration between academic and student service departments. We conducted focus group discussions (7 groups; 4–25 per group; n = 98) to (a) understand the context of e-cigarette use on campus and (b) solicit feedback on sample messaging. We conducted thematic analysis using focus group notes and used findings to design final campaign messages and materials. Results Six themes emerged: (a) vaping as a popular social activity, (b) progression to and perceptions of addiction, (c) cessation, (d) health effects and uncertainty, (e) intervention points, and (f) individual agency and message tone. Final campaign messages addressed the most salient points from the focus groups and were designed to increase the perceived susceptibility to and severity of risks of e-cigarette use and to increase perceived efficacy for quitting in accord with the Extended Parallel Processing Model (EPPM). Campaign messages and materials were integrated into wellness programming and disseminated across the university and community. Conclusions Our focus group discussions allowed campaign messages and materials to be tailored to college students. Collaborative approaches between academic and wellness programs can leverage scientific expertise and student services infrastructure to enhance programming on college campuses.
An interview with ALEX

An Interview with ALEX is a 12-minute interactive experience that engages the participant in a job interview with ALEX, a powerful artificial intelligence HR employed by a speculative tech giant called "Open Mind Corporation." Through a science-fiction lens, the experience reveals how artificial intelligence (AI) and the gamification of work can be used as subtle tools of control in the interest of those in power.
Digital Optical Correlation for Fiberoptic Communication Systems

There is increasing interest in performing many key signal processing functions in the optical domain. Optical correlation, or matched filtering, of digital signals is one such key function that is used to compare a given bit pattern with one that is ‘stored’ in an optical correlator. The current and potential applications of digital optical correlators are introduced and the process by which many optical correlators operate is explained in detail. In addition, a number of specific optical correlator designs are presented and explored in greater depth. Significant limitations and implementation challenges as well as potential solutions are also discussed. Keywords: optical correlation/correlators; correlators; matched filters; optical CDMA; OCDMA
Theorizing Systemic Disparate Treatment Law

The pattern or practice cause of action is the most potent, but least understood, of the causes of action recognized by Title VII. The massive sex discrimination case filed against Wal-Mart has renewed scrutiny on the nature of the pattern or practice claim, and this essay seeks to explain under what circumstances statistics can prove intentional discrimination. This essay first explores the history of the pattern or practice claim, noting that the primary case law is now three decades old and was developed around issues of overt race discrimination. Claims of gender discrimination are more complicated because the regression analyses that are at the core of the case do not create as strong an inference of discrimination as occurs in the context of race discrimination. The essay, however, rejects the notion that the pattern or practice claim is merely an aggregation of individual claims, and instead suggests that the statistics prove a more subtle form of discrimination that would not be evident if one focused solely on individual claims. The paper also critiques the presentation of the sex discrimination claim in the Wal-Mart litigation for its generic quality, and suggests that plaintiffs must provide a narrative that explains the statistical story with a focus on the particular employer.
An evaluation of incentive contracting experience

Incentive contracts are intended to motivate defense contractors to perform more efficiently and control costs more closely. By increasing the total profit as actual costs are reduced below a predetermined cost target, they encourage contractors to achieve cost under runs. Consequently, the principal advantage claimed for these contracts is that they make the financial incentives to reduce costs more effective. This study examines the effectiveness of incentive contracts as a means for controlling defense procurement costs. The study considers the various effects that incentive contracts may have on both contractors' performance and contract costs, and presents empirical evidence suggesting that these contracts may not have accomplished their intended goal of increased efficiency and lower procurement costs.
Smart grid data integrity attacks: Observable islands

Unobservable data integrity attacks are coordinated cyber attacks on power meter readings that are undetectable by any bad data detection algorithm. Counter measures against data integrity attacks have been extensively studied in the context of observable islands; however, the concept of observable islands has only been introduced for a specific type of attack known as the power injection attack which compromises only power injection meters and power flow meters. This manuscript introduces the concept of observable islands to a recently identified type of data integrity attack that may also compromise breaker status meters. We call this type of attack a General Data Integrity attack (GDI attack). The results presented here allow for observable island based PMU placement countermeasures, initially developed for power injection attacks, to be applied to GDI attacks. An example shows that these observable islands are prominent when using both linear state estimators and non-linear state estimators.
Together Let Us Sweetly Live: The Singing and Praying Bands

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Johnathan C. David Year: 2007 Publisher: University of Illinois Press ISBN: 978-0-252-03170 (hard cover). Prices: $80.00 USD(hard cover).
Research in Emergency Medical Services for Chi

Research is the key to future improvements in emergency medical services for children (EMS-C). Ultimately these improvements should result in better prevention of childhood emergencies and better outcomes for children who experience emergency illness or injury. Research in EMS-C can be descriptive of the system and its users or focused on specific clinical or basic scientific questions. Descriptive research is needed to describe the EMS-C system, its users, the types of problems for which it is used, and the associated outcomes and costs. To facilitate the descriptive research, a uniform data set, a taxonomy of chief complaints, and a method of linkage among databases collected by different components of the system are needed. Focused research efforts in clinical and basic sciences are also needed. The Institute of Medicine report identified seven research areas for highest priority : clinical aspects of emergencies and emergency care ; indices of severity of injury and, especially, severity of illness ; patient outcomes and outcome measures ; costs ; system organization, configuration, and operation ; and effective approaches to education and training, and prevention. Maturity of the subspecialty of emergency medicine will be indicated by the development of basic science research and epidemiology by physicians with clinical interests in emergency medicine. The most exciting discoveries are likely to come in areas that we have not yet imagined. Rapid development of meaningful research will require massively increased funding to support both the research itself and the training of future scientists to work in pediatric emergency medicine.
What's in the 'treatment gap'? Ethnographic perspectives on addiction and global mental health from China, Russia, and the United States.

Recent years have seen the emergence of a ‘global mental health’ agenda, focused on providing evidence-based interventions for mental illnesses in low- and middle-income countries. Anthropologists and cultural psychiatrists have engaged in vigorous debates about the appropriateness of this agenda. In this article, we reflect on these debates, drawing on ethnographic fieldwork on the management of substance use disorders in China, Russia, and the United States. We argue that the logic of ‘treatment gaps,’ which guides much research and intervention under the rubric of global mental health, partially obscures the complex assemblages of institutions, therapeutics, knowledges, and actors framing and managing addiction (as well as other mental health issues) in any particular setting.
Fludarabine treatment of cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis.

Abstract Three patients (one hepatitis C positive) presented with renal insufficiency and nephrotic-range proteinuria resulting from mixed cryoglobulinemia and glomerulonephritis. All three patients received two to four cycles of intravenous fludarabine (each cycle consisted of 25 to 50 mg/d for 4 to 5 days). All patients responded to therapy with a decrease in proteinuria, increase in serum albumin, and decrease in serum creatinine. This response was evident by 2 months and persisted for 2 to 5 years. In two patients, this response was accompanied by disappearance of cryoglobulins, at least transiently. One patient developed tuberculosis with neutropenia. Transient blindness and neutropenia were seen in another patient. These results suggest that fludarabine may be a useful treatment in cryoglobulinemia with glomerulonephritis, although its use may be accompanied by side effects. © 2002 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc.
A comparison of the McGill Pain Questionnaire in chronic and acute pain

The McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) is widely used in pain research and treatment. The internal structure of the questionnaire has been subjected to empirical investigation, with sensory and reactive factors documented. In the present study, questionnaire responses of 95 women experiencing acute (post episiotomy) pain are analyzed. Episiotomy pain patients utilized sensory subgroups more frequently than comparison groups of women experiencing dysmenorrhea (n = 166) or chronic pelvic pain without obvious pathology (N = 31). Chronic pain patients used affective and reaction subgroups with greater frequency. The episiotomy/MPQ scores were subjected to factor analysis and 6 factors were derived, reflecting specific sensory qualities and combined emotional/sensory dimensions. The factor structure to emerge was less distinctive than previously reported on chronic pain patients. It is suggested that acute pain involves less differentiation of sensory, affective and evaluative language dimensions. Rating scales were also administered. Ratings of labor and episiotomy pain were uncorrelated indicating the importance of distinguishing between these in studying pain in the puerperium.
Initial enamel crystals are not spatially associated with mineralized dentine

During epithelial-mesenchymal interactions associated with mammalian tooth development, epithelially-derived and mesenchymally-derived extracellular matrix molecules form a discrete dentine-enamel junction. The developmental and molecular processes required to form this junction are not known. To address this problem we designed studies to test the hypothesis that ectodermally-derived epithelial cells synthesize and secrete enamel proteins which function to nucleate and regulate the growth of enamel calcium phosphate crystals. Initial enamel crystals were detected separate from the adiacent dentine. Electron-microprobe analyses revealed that early enamel crystals were octacalciumphosphate or tricalciumphosphate rather than hydroxyapatite. Thereafter, enamel crystals became confluent with the adjacent, albeit significantly smaller hydroxyapatite crystals associated with mineralized dentine. Therefore, we interpret our data to indicate that de novo enamel crystal nucleation and growth are independent from the mineralization processes characterized for dentine. We further argue that gene expression of enamel protein appears to have a constitutive function during early enamel formation and that supramolecular aggregates of amelogenin and enamelin provide the microenvironment for the nucleation and crystal growth of the initial enamel matrix.
Fate of sessile droplet chemical agents in environmental substrates in the presence of physiochemical processes

A general-purpose multi-phase and multi-component computer model capable of solving the complex problems encountered in the agent substrate interaction is developed. The model solves the transient and time-accurate mass and momentum governing equations in a three dimensional space. The provisions for considering all the inter-phase activities (solidification, evaporation, condensation, etc.) are included in the model. The chemical reactions among all phases are allowed and the products of the existing chemical reactions in all three phases are possible. The impact of chemical reaction products on the transport properties in porous media such as porosity, capillary pressure, and permeability is considered. Numerous validations for simulants, agents, and pesticides with laboratory and open air data are presented. Results for chemical reactions in the presence of pre-existing water in porous materials such as moisture, or separated agent and water droplets on porous substrates are presented. The model will greatly enhance the capabilities in predicting the level of threat after any chemical such as Toxic Industrial Chemicals (TICs) and Toxic Industrial Materials (TIMs) release on environmental substrates. The model’s generality makes it suitable for both defense and pharmaceutical applications.
Sustainable transportation: a US perspective

Abstract It is argued that the current petroleum-based motor vehicle highway system is not sustainable due to the finite nature of petroleum reserves, air quality problems, global atmospheric problems, excessive fatalities, congestion and urban sprawl. The solutions to the sustainability problem as proposed in the literature are reviewed based on their application in the USA and are found to be ineffective. A summary of the US actions in the aftermath of the Rio Earth Summit suggests that little is being done to solve the overall sustainability problem. It is recommended that a unified, cooperative effort be initiated by the USA, Europe and perhaps Japan to resolve this problem.
Circular dichroism of C5a anaphylatoxin of porcine complement

Abstract The far-ultraviolet circular dichroism spectrum of C5a anaphylatoxin of porcine complement implies that it has a substantial content of helical structure. The circular dichroism spectra of C5a in the 200–250 nm region at pH 7.2 and 3.7 are nearly identical and resemble those of C3a anaphylatoxin. Treatment of C5a with 2-mercaptoethanol progressively diminishes the ellipticity at 222 nm and its anaphylatoxic activity to limiting values. Removal of the reducing agent by dialysis completely restored both the ellipticity at 222 nm and the activity. This finding indicates that the integrity of the secondary conformation of the C5a molecule is largely dependent on disulfide bonds and is essential for its full activity.
Association of pulmonary valvular stenosis and muscular ventricular septal defect. Report of a case in a patient aged 75 years.

Abstract This case demonstrates unusual longevity with congenital cyanotic heart disease. The association of a muscular ventricular septal defect with valvular pulmonic stenosis is unusual, for valvular pulmonic stenosis is usually associated with an intact ventricular septum. It is of interest that while there was calcific stenosis of the tricuspid valve, the bicuspid aortic valve had no calcification.
Evaluating Fluid Milk Advertising in Ontario: The Importance of Functional Form

Generic advertising and promotion of milk and milk products have assumed increasing importance in Canada over the past two decades. The present research evaluates the Ontario generic fluid milk advertising campaign and determines the functional form that best describes the response of sales to advertising. The research also investigates whether appropriate amounts are being spent on fluid milk advertising. Empirical results indicate the generic fluid milk advertising program has significantly increased milk consumption. Using the empirically preferred inverse functional form, we estimate Ontario fluid milk sales to have increased by 40 million litres during the last quarter of 1984 as a result of increased advertising. The associated increase in farm income is estimated at $16 million, or $24 per additional media dollar invested. Results indicate that the computed optimal spending levels are sensitive to functional form selection, and the empirically preferred inverse form suggests fluid milk advertising expenditures can profitably be increased to 1.7 times the current rate. La publicite et la promotion generiques du lait et des produits laitiers a gagne de plus en plus d'importance au Canada au cours des deux dernieres decennies. On a tente d'evaluer la campagne de publicite generique sur le lait de consommation lancee en Ontario et de trouver la fonction qui decrit le mieux la reaction des ventes a la publicite. On a egalement verifie si le budget consacrea la publiciteetait suffisant. Les resultats empiriques indiquent que le programme de publicite generique a augmente sensiblement la consommation de lait. Selon la methode empirique de la fonction inverse prereree, les ventes de lait frais en Ontario ont augmente de 40 millions de litres au cours du dernier trimestre de 1984 a la suite d'une publicite plus intense. Les recettes agricoles ont donc progresse d'environ 16 $millions, soit de 24 S par dollar investi. Ces resultats montrent que le budget optimal depend du type de publicite retenu et la fonction inverse preferee suggere qu'il serait rentable d'accroetre le budget publicitaire actuel du lait de consommation de 1,7 fois.
Evolution of a signaling nexus constrained by protein interfaces and conformational states

Heterotrimeric G proteins act as the physical nexus between numerous receptors that respond to extracellular signals and proteins that drive the cytoplasmic response. The Gα subunit of the G protein, in particular, is highly constrained due to its many interactions with proteins that control or react to its conformational state. Various organisms contain differing sets of Gα-interacting proteins, clearly indicating that shifts in sequence and associated Gα functionality were acquired over time. These numerous interactions constrained much of Gα evolution; yet Gα has diversified, through poorly understood processes, into several functionally specialized classes, each with a unique set of interacting proteins. Applying a synthetic sequence-based approach to mammalian Gα subunits, we established a set of seventy-five evolutionarily important class-distinctive residues, sites where a single Gα class is differentiated from the three other classes. We tested the hypothesis that shifts at these sites are important for class-specific functionality. Importantly, we mapped known and well-studied class-specific functionalities from all four mammalian classes to sixteen of our class-distinctive sites, validating the hypothesis. Our results show how unique functionality can evolve through the recruitment of residues that were ancestrally functional. We also studied acquisition of functionalities by following these evolutionarily important sites in non-mammalian organisms. Our results suggest that many class-distinctive sites were established early on in eukaryotic diversification and were critical for the establishment of new Gα classes, whereas others arose in punctuated bursts throughout metazoan evolution. These Gα class-distinctive residues are rational targets for future structural and functional studies.
What Educators Must Know about Children with HIV/AIDS

(1994). What Educators Must Know about Children with HIV/AIDS. Kappa Delta Pi Record: Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 121-125.
In Salt-Sensitive Hypertension, Increased Superoxide Production Is Linked to Functional Upregulation of Angiotensin II

The balance between endothelial nitric oxide (NO) and angiotensin II (Ang II) maintains the homeostasis of the cardiovascular and renal systems. We tested the hypothesis that increased oxidant stress linked to a functional imbalance between NO and Ang II might play a central pathogenetic role in salt-sensitive (SS) hypertension. We studied Dahl SS (DS) rats during the prehypertensive (5 days) and hypertensive (12 weeks) phases of a high-salt (4% NaCl) diet. Control rats received a normal-salt (0.5% NaCl, [NS]) diet. Prehypertensive DS rats (systolic blood pressure [SBP] 138+/-2 mm Hg) manifested a 35% increase (P<0.05) in aortic superoxide (O2-) production without evidence of end-organ damage. Hypertensive DS rats (SBP 214+/-11 mm Hg) had impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) and increased aortic O2- production (320%), urinary isoprostane excretion (83%), aortic (20%) and left ventricular (LVH, 21%) hypertrophy, and proteinuria (124%). In prehypertensive DS rats, candesartan (10 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)) an Ang II type 1 receptor blocker (ARB), normalized O2- production. In hypertensive DS rats, the ARB decreased aortic O2- production by 71% and normalized EDR without affecting SBP (212+/-8 mm Hg), aortic hypertrophy, LVH, or proteinuria. Switching hypertensive DS rats to an NS diet did not affect SBP (208+/-8 mm Hg), LVH, aortic hypertrophy, or proteinuria and had minimal effects on O2- and EDR. Concomitant ARB administration plus a switch to an NS diet normalized SBP (138+/-8 mm Hg) as well as end-organ damage. Dahl salt-resistant rats fed an HS diet for 12 weeks did not show hypertension or increased O2- production. Thus, SS hypertension might represent a specific vascular diathesis linked to functional upregulation of Ang II action (increased O2- synthesis) accompanied by insufficient NO bioavailability, which promotes severe endothelial dysfunction.
Advanced Nursing Practice

The focus on advanced practice is now critical, as the nation begins to reform our health care system. President Clinton has called for a plan that incorporates "security, simplicity, savings, choice, quality, and responsibility". These are major efforts for health care providers, including nurses who deliver direct care and designers of these health care systems. The future work of the advanced nurse practitioner evolves from today's practitioners and their vision. Now, nurses in advanced practice can help design and implement systems of the future. The author highlights some of the issues involved in advanced practice, remarking on how advanced practice might be implemented in the critical care setting. The specifics of implementation is the responsibility of specialists in acute care. As a primary care nurse practitioner, the author provides ideas of application and examines some of the barriers to the continuing growth of nursing practice.
DNA-based identification methods of prey fish from stomach contents of 12 species of eastern North Pacific groundfish

Abstract Stomach content analysis of eastern North Pacific groundfish has been conducted routinely by researchers interested in understanding trophic interactions between key predator species and their prey. Identification of prey by traditional morphological methods has limitations however, due to the loss of identifiable characters from digestion and morphological similarities between taxa. Furthermore, some forage fish ( e.g ., osmerids, ammodytids, and juvenile gadids), common prey of Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska groundfish, are difficult to distinguish because of their slender or fusiform shape, disarticulating easily during digestion. DNA-based identification methods were developed to differentiate among 18 fish species, some that are found at depths greater than 200 m, from four taxonomic families: Ammodytidae and Osmeridae (forage fish), Pleuronectidae (flatfish), and Gadidae (gadid fish). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a 739 basepair section of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase I and an 862 basepair section of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b was followed by restriction digest assays and resulted in species level resolution for 16 of 18 species of interest. PCR restriction digest assays applied to fish prey from stomach contents of groundfish indicated the presence of several target species, eulachon ( Thaleichthys pacificus ), walleye pollock ( Gadus chalcogrammus ), searcher ( Bathymaster signatus ), rock sole ( Lepidopsetta bilineata ), yellowfin sole ( Limanda aspera ) and either Bering flounder ( Hippoglossoides robustus ) or flathead sole ( H. elassodon ). The PCR restriction digest protocols improved the identification rate of predated fish from stomach contents compared to identification by conventional taxonomic methods alone, and DNA sequence analysis further resolved identification of unknown prey fish samples.
Field and plasma in the lunar wake

Measurement of interplanetary field and plasma in vicinity of moon from Explorer 35 satellite
Reducing over-prescribing of opioids in Wilkes County, North Carolina: evaluation of the physician tool kit

Wilkes County, North Carolina has one of the highest rates of accidental poisonings in the United States, with most deaths due misuse of prescription opioids. A local coalition developed the Chronic Pain Initiative (CPI), a multipronged strategy to raise community awareness, limit over-prescribing by physicians, and avert overdose deaths through the dissemination of naloxone. This study investigated the changes in physician practice resulting from one of the CPI strategies – dissemination of a ‘‘physician toolkit’’ containing various guidelines and templates for assessing and managing chronic pain. The toolkit has been disseminated to 29 health professionals (21 physicians, 4 physician assistants, 4 nurses). The county medical director delivers the toolkit in person. She also provides education on the use of the tools and data on the scope of substance use problem within the county. For the evaluation we conducted structured in-person interviews with 14 providers who had received training at least one year earlier. The majority of the interviewees reported some change in how theymanaged chronic pain patients. Themost frequent change involved use of the Pain Agreement with patients: 4 providers began using this tool after the training and 3 others who had already been using an Agreement reported greater use. Other changes in practice included: * New or increased use of Controlled Substances Reporting System (CSRS) to identify patients with multiple prescribers or other markers of potential abuse (n=3) * Stopped post-dating scripts and/or writing early refills (n=2) * Mandatory drug testing of patients prescribed opioids (n=1) * Prohibiting patients from having more than one prescriber within the practice (n=1) The experience in Wilkes County suggests that it is possible to change the prevailing practice of medical providers with a modest, but concerted educational approach that relies on a peer educator with high credibility.
A model of the Arctic Ocean carbon cycle

[1] A three dimensional model of Arctic Ocean circulation and mixing, with a horizontal resolution of 18 km, is overlain by a biogeochemical model resolving the physical, chemical and biological transport and transformations of phosphorus, alkalinity, oxygen and carbon, including the air-sea exchange of dissolved gases and the riverine delivery of dissolved organic carbon. The model qualitatively captures the observed regional and seasonal trends in surface ocean PO4, dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, and pCO2. Integrated annually, over the basin, the model suggests a net annual uptake of 59 Tg C a−1, within the range of published estimates based on the extrapolation of local observations (20–199 Tg C a−1). This flux is attributable to the cooling (increasing solubility) of waters moving into the basin, mainly from the subpolar North Atlantic. The air-sea flux is regulated seasonally and regionally by sea-ice cover, which modulates both air-sea gas transfer and the photosynthetic production of organic matter, and by the delivery of riverine dissolved organic carbon (RDOC), which drive the regional contrasts in pCO2 between Eurasian and North American coastal waters. Integrated over the basin, the delivery and remineralization of RDOC reduces the net oceanic CO2 uptake by ∼10%.
Cracking the Code: Race, Class, and Access to Nightclubs in Urban America

Using ethnographic data collected in the downtown nightlife of Athens, Georgia, we explore black males’ responses to being rejected from nightclubs via dress code enforcement in predominately white settings. We contrast these responses to the general experiences of other black males who gained access. Although race is a factor in the enforcement of dress codes, we find a fluid relationship between race, class, and taste that influences black males’ responses and experiences. We illustrate how the nuanced reality of lived racial and class experiences for many young black males problematize the narrow interpretation of a black cultural essence.