cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Near UV quantum yields for rotenone and piperonyl butoxide

Rotenone and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) mixtures, so-called "synergized" rotenone, are invaluable in fisheries management where they are used to protect the habitat of endangered, native species and promote desirable gamefish populations. Continued use of synergized rotenone is threatened by inadequate control of persistence in surface water, especially where drinking water supplies are impacted. The photochemical kinetics of these chemicals were studied in the laboratory with a goal to better understand their fate in natural water. Disappearance quantum yields (phi) were determined in polychromatic light from fluorescent lamps emitting maximally at 350 nm. Rotenone, PBO and trifluralin, an actinometer, were irradiated as aqueous solutions at 25 or 50 microg L(-1) and the piscicides were determined by electrospray-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (ESI-LC-MS). In the photoreactor rotenone and PBO photodegraded with first-order half-lives of 500 and 220 min, respectively, and corresponding quantum yields of 0.00015 and 0.034. Rotenone absorbs sunlight strongly, while PRO does not. Differences in spectal overlap tended to counteract the disparities in phi and, in general, mathematical modeling indicates moderately rapid direct photolysis rates for both substances in surface water.
Chemical Reactivity of Formaldehyde in a FeAlPO4 Sieve

Formaldehyde gas loaded into a framework Fe aluminophosphate sieve (FeAlPO4-5) at 250 K was found to react with adsorbed H2O, CH3OH, H2O2, or lattice OH groups to yield the corresponding addition products, namely, CH2(OH)2, CH3OCH2OH, HO2CH2OH, or POCH2OH, respectively. Reactions were monitored in situ by static FT-IR spectroscopy, and assignments are based on experiments with CD2O and CD3OD. Most efficient was the reaction with H2O2, as indicated by the fact that HO2CH2OH was formed at the exclusion of CH2(OH)2 and POCH2OH when adsorbing formaldehyde onto a sieve loaded with H2O2 and H2O. Methoxymethanol, methanediol, and POCH2OH were stable at 250 K but dissociated above 0 °C under release of formaldehyde. Hydromethyl hydroperoxide disproportionates to formic acid and water. Under 355 nm irradiation in a FeAlPO4 sieve, HO2CH2OH was found to undergo efficient photofragmentation.
Urinary incontinence: incontinence guidelines--is lack of adherence a form of ageism?

Urinary incontinence is a common condition among older adults. Numerous clinical guidelines have been published with recommendations for incontinence evaluation and management, especially in women. However, practitioner adherence to guidelines is often poor, particularly for elderly patients. What influences this trend? Is it a form of ageism in health care?
Reconfigurable framework for high-bandwidth stream-oriented data processing

Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) have become a competitive alternative to ASICs in both cost and flexibility. This paper presents a method for migrating an existing ASIC core into an FPGA. To minimize timing effects from logic overhead in FPGAs, a reconfigurable multichannel framework is developed that achieves comparable computational performance to the original ASIC. Run-time reconfiguration is overlapped with processing, allowing for a greater application diversity. Implementations using a color space conversion engine (CSC) show that performance can be improved up to 1.5 times faster than the original ASIC design, as a result of exploiting parallelism.
Nephrolithiasis in medullary sponge kidney: evaluation of clinical and metabolic features.

Objective Medullary sponge kidney (MSK) is a disorder characterized by tubular dilation of renal collecting ducts and cystic dilation of medullary pyramids that has been associated with stone disease. The significance of nephrolithiasis and the mechanisms by which it occurs are incompletely understood. We describe clinical and metabolic features of nephrolithiasis in a cohort of patients with MSK. Methods Records were reviewed of 56 patients, all with radiographic diagnosis of medullary sponge kidney and data collected pertaining to presentation, stone events and recurrences, stone composition, and metabolic profile to perform a descriptive study with median 3.7 years follow-up. Results Nephrolithiasis was confirmed radiographically in 39/56 patients (69.6%). No patient without evidence of nephrolithiasis developed a stone event, whereas 13/39 (33%) of those with nephrolithiasis developed a recurrent stone event. Stones were composed of calcium oxalate monohydrate, calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium phosphate apatite, and uric acid. Metabolic profile was obtained for 26 of 39 (67%) stone-forming patients demonstrating abnormalities in 22/26 (84.6%). These included hypercalciuria, 58% (15/26); low urine volume, 35% (9/26); hyperuricosuria, 27% (7/26); hypocitraturia, 19% (5/26); elevated urine sodium, 15% (4/26); and hyperoxaluria, 12% (3/26). Conclusion Many patients with MSK have no evidence of nephrolithiasis. Among those who do, recurrence is common, and metabolic profile and composition are varied as in the general stone-forming population.
His20 Provides the Sole Functionally Significant Side Chain in the Essential TonB Transmembrane Domain

The cytoplasmic membrane protein TonB couples the protonmotive force of the cytoplasmic membrane to active transport across the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. The uncleaved amino-terminal signal anchor transmembrane domain (TMD; residues 12 to 32) of TonB and the integral cytoplasmic membrane proteins ExbB and ExbD are essential to this process, with important interactions occurring among the several TMDs of all three proteins. Here, we show that, of all the residues in the TonB TMD, only His20 is essential for TonB activity. When alanyl residues replaced all TMD residues except Ser16 and His20, the resultant “all-Ala Ser16 His20” TMD TonB retained 90% of wild-type iron transport activity. Ser16Ala in the context of a wild-type TonB TMD was fully active. In contrast, His20Ala in the wild-type TMD was entirely inactive. In more mechanistically informative assays, the all-Ala Ser16 His20 TMD TonB unexpectedly failed to support formation of disulfide-linked dimers by TonB derivatives bearing Cys substitutions for the aromatic residues in the carboxy terminus. We hypothesize that, because ExbB/D apparently cannot efficiently down-regulate conformational changes at the TonB carboxy terminus through the all-Ala Ser16 His20 TMD, the TonB carboxy terminus might fold so rapidly that disulfide-linked dimers cannot be efficiently trapped. In formaldehyde cross-linking experiments, the all-Ala Ser16 His20 TMD also supported large numbers of apparently nonspecific contacts with unknown proteins. The all-Ala Ser16 His20 TMD TonB retained its dependence on ExbB/D. Together, these results suggest that a role for ExbB/D might be to control rapid and nonspecific folding that the unregulated TonB carboxy terminus otherwise undergoes. Such a model helps to reconcile the crystal/nuclear magnetic resonance structures of the TonB carboxy terminus with conformational changes and mutant phenotypes observed at the TonB carboxy terminus in vivo.
Safety and quality improvement in surgical practice.

Dr. Pellegrini asked me to talk about what the American College of Surgeons (ACS) is doing with respect to safety and quality improvement. Unfortunately, many surgeons don't think this is a very important area of concern. If you survey surgeons, as we do every year through the ACS Board of Governors, you find that safety and quality are not high on their list of priorities. Topping their concerns are payment, liability reform, regulatory controls, and other problems of this nature.
Antibiotic therapy in preterm premature rupture of membranes: Are seven days necessary? A preliminary, randomized clinical trial

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether 3 days of broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, which is intended to prolong latency in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes, is comparable to 7 days of therapy. Study Design: Patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes at three separate study sites were asked to participate in this intent-to-treat, prospective, randomized trial. They were assigned randomly to either 3 or 7 days of ampicillin-sulbactam (3 g intravenously every 6 hours). The primary outcome of interest was the latency period from membrane rupture to delivery. Results: Forty-two individuals were enrolled in each group. No difference was noted in the latency interval between the two groups (3 days, 214 ± 225 hours, vs 7 days, 229 ± 218 hours). A significantly higher number of patients in the 3-day group completed therapy (80.1% vs 47.6%, P =.003). No other parameters were significantly different between the two groups. No adverse events or trends were noted in either group. Conclusion: There appears to be no difference in the latency period between 3 and 7 days of ampicillin-sulbactam antibiotic therapy. More patients are needed to exclude a type II error. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:1413-7.)
Using Hotel Supervisors’ Emotional Intelligence as a Benchmark for Hospitality Students

Soft skills, or interpersonal skills, are the hallmark skills of those who serve in the hospitality industry. Although it can be difficult to quantify such skills, one construct that can be measured and is inclusive of such skills is that of emotional intelligence (EI). EI is the ability to perceive and understand emotions of individuals and utilize this information to guide one’s actions. This study set out to determine the EI levels of hospitality students and to benchmark their scores against those of hotel supervisors. Data were collected from more than 500 individuals using the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory. Comparisons were made between and among entry-level and capstone students, hospitality management (HM) and non-HM majors, as well as the industry professionals. Results indicated that the HM students were similar to the supervisors in terms of interpersonal skills, but they scored lower in problem-solving abilities. HM majors scored higher on the empathy scale than non-HM majors. Some impli...
Synthesis of high quality single-walled carbon nanotubes with purity enhancement and diameter control by liquid precursor Ar–H2 plasma spraying

Abstract As usage of carbon nanotubes continues to increase in both scientific research and practical applications, there has been a growing interest in the large-scale synthesis of those materials with high quality and high purity. Here we report a new plasma process developed for the large-scale synthesis of high quality single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). An induction thermal plasma with a liquid precursor spraying technique was employed for an effective synthesis of SWCNTs from a mixture of toluene and ferrocene. It has been successfully demonstrated in this new process that high quality SWCNTs can be synthesized continuously with a reasonably high-purity, the structural quality of the materials produced being comparable to those of SWCNTs produced from the laser vaporization process. The high temperature of the plasma, over 4000 K, seems to be responsible for the production of high quality SWCNTs and the rapid treatment of a large amount of feedstock, whereas the hydrogen plasma contributes to the purity enhancement by selective etching of amorphous carbon. It is also found that the diameter distribution of SWCNTs can be controlled effectively by varying the sulfur content in the feedstock mixture, which is very promising for many advanced applications of SWCNTs such as SWCNT-based electronics.
Systematic measurement of the relative electron-impact excitation cross section of the 3 d → 2 p 1 P 1 resonance and 3 D 1 intercombination lines in mid- Z neonlike ions

The relative electron-impact cross sections for exciting the $3\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{d}2p{}^{1}{P}_{1}$ resonance and ${}^{3}{D}_{1}$ intercombination lines have been measured in nine neonlike ions between ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{14+}$ and ${\mathrm{Kr}}^{26+}.$ The ratio drops from about 4.4 for ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{14+}$ to less than unity for ${\mathrm{Kr}}^{26+}$ in response to an increase in relativistic effects. A measurement of the dependence of this ratio on electron energy is presented for ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{16+}.$ No dependence on electron energy is found. The measured ratios are generally lower than theory, showing that the relative intensity of the intercombination line is larger than predicted and illustrating the difficulty to predict electron-impact excitation cross sections in the intermediate coupling regime at the level needed for spectral diagnostics.
Global Existence for the Dirichlet Problem for the Viscous Shallow Water Equations

Abstract A global existence and uniqueness theorem of strong solutions for the initial-boundary-value problem with Dirichlet boundary conditions is established for small forcing and small initial data. An exponentialC0decay rate is also established and the solution is shown to be classical fort>0. The positivity of the fluid heighthfort≥0 is also proved.
The localization of pea enation mosaic virus-induced RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in infected peas

Abstract A procedure was developed for preparing cell fractions rich in chloroplasts, nuclei, and pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV)-induced cytopathological structures (vesicles). Those fractions from infected pea plants which contained nuclei or vesicles also contained actinomycin D-insensitive RNA polymerase activity and PEMV-specific hybridizable RNA. The fraction from infected plants containing predominantly chloroplasts had little of this polymerase activity or RNA, as was the case with all fractions from healthy plants. The significance of the polymerase activity in the nuclei and vesicles is discussed, as well as the potential role of the vesicles in the virus infection cycle.
A substantial caries-inhibiting effect of fluoride varnish is suggested

Question: In children under 16 is fluoride varnish effective in preventing caries? Objective To determine the effectiveness and safety of fluoride varnishes in the prevention of dental caries in children and to examine factors potentially modifying their effect. Data sources The reviewers attempted to identify all relevant studies irrespective of language, from 1965 onwards. Multiple electronic database were searched together with reference lists of articles, prospective hand searches of the journals identified as publishing the most eligible trials, and searches for selected authors and manufacturers. Study selection Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials were included if they had blind outcome assessment and compared fluoride varnish with placebo or no treatment in children up to 16 years old for at least 1 year. The main outcome was caries increment measured by the change in decayed, missing and filled tooth surfaces (DMFS). Data extraction and synthesis Inclusion decisions, quality assessment and data extraction were duplicated in a random sample of one third of studies, and consensus was achieved by discussion with a third party. Study authors were contacted for missing data. The primary measure of effect was the prevented fraction (PF), that is, the difference in caries increments between the treatment and control groups expressed as a proportion of the increment in the control group. Random effects meta-analyses were performed where data could be pooled. Potential sources of heterogeneity were examined in random-effects meta-regression analyses. Results Nine studies were included, involving 2709 children. Seven contributed data for the main meta-analysis. There was substantial heterogeneity. The estimated pooled prevented fraction for permanent teeth was 46% (95% CI 30–63) and 33% (95% CI 19–48) for deciduous teeth. No significant association between estimates of dfs, DMFS, PF and baseline caries severity or background exposure to fluorides was found in meta-regression, and a funnel plot of the seven studies indicated no relationship between PF and study precision. In both methods, power is limited when only a few trials are included. Conclusions The review suggests a substantial caries-inhibiting effect of fluoride varnish in both the permanent and the deciduous dentitions based largely on trials that had no treatment controls. There is little information concerning acceptability of treatment or possible side-effects in the trials included. Given the relatively poor quality of most of the studies and the wide confidence intervals around the estimates of effect, there remains a need for further trials of high quality that include assessment of potential adverse effects. Marinho VCC, Higgins JPT, Logan S, Sheiham A. Fluoride varnishes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library 2002; Issue 3. Oxford: Update Software
Issues for Information Desks in Academic Libraries: A Case Study

ABSTRACT This article briefly reviews issues related to the increased use of information desks in academic libraries. Information desks are often designed to channel directional and quick reference questions away from the reference desk. Issues to consider include physical arrangements, type and level of staffing, training, referral, and effectiveness of service provided. The article also presents a successful model of an information desk implementation at Kent State University that is based on realistic goals and expectations.
Silicon electronics on silk as a path to bioresorbable, implantable devices

Many existing and envisioned classes of implantable biomedical devices require high performance electronicssensors. An approach that avoids some of the longer term challenges in biocompatibility involves a construction in which some parts or all of the system resorbs in the body over time. This paper describes strategies for integrating single crystalline silicon electronics, where the silicon is in the form of nanomembranes, onto water soluble and biocompatible silk substrates. Electrical, bending, water dissolution, and animal toxicity studies suggest that this approach might provide many opportunities for future biomedical devices and clinical applications.
Diuretic drugs in patients with impaired renal function.

Abstract In health, the human kidney is capable of maintaining body water, electrolyte, and acid-base equilibrium in spite of wide dietary variation. Renal disease, primary to the kidney or as part of a systemic process, is commonly accompanied by blood pressure elevation or edema, or both. Oral diuretic drugs have won general acceptance as primary therapeutic agents in mild or moderate hypertension and as part of a broader drug program for severe hypertension. Intermittent oral or parenteral diuretic therapy has greatly augmented primary therapy of edema of cardiac, hepatic, and renal origin. Attention has been called to the potential hazard of their use when impairment of renal function is severe; however, restriction is not necessary in the absence of azotemia. Frequent or excessive use of oral or parenteral diuretics is commonly associated with hypokalemic, hypochloremic alkalosis, or other electrolyte disturbances. Potassium depletion may be avoided with concurrent use of aldosterone antagonists. The use of diuretic agents in patients with impaired renal function carries distinct risks of plasma volume depletion or hypotension and further diminution of glomerular filtration. Existing electrolyte and acid-base disorders are easily aggravated. Careful sodium restriction will commonly prevent edema; however, intermittent diuretic therapy can be helpful. Hypertension can be more effectively and safely managed with sodium restriction and sympathetic nervous system inhibitors or vasodilators; however, care must be taken not to lower pressure to the point of diminishing glomerular filtration. Digitalis has proved to be not only ineffectual but also hazardous and thus contraindicated in patients with acute cardiac decompensation and renal failure; such a clinical problem constitutes an ideal indication for the use of furosemide or ethacrynic acid, which will commonly offer prompt symptomatic relief.
Women's Perceptions of the Impact of a Domestic Violence Treatment Program For Male Perpetrators

This qualitative descriptive study examined women's perceptions of a court mandated batterer treatment program that their spouse or partner participated in following arrest for domestic violence. Although the women felt treatment had a positive impact on several factors, their feedback helped identify possible improvements in batterer treatment programs.
Off-axis multiple scattering of a laser beam in turbid media: comparison of theory and experiment.

The off-axis forward-scattered radiation from a low energy He–Ne laser, scattered by high density hydrosols, is studied experimentally and theoretically. The validity range of theoretical calculations is determined using four measurements with two optical depths and two detector fields of view. For narrow field of view detectors, experimental and theoretical agreement is good close to the beam axis and decreases with transverse distance; agreement is good at greater distances from the beam axis using an open detector. The small-angle approximation adequately describes multiple scattering close to the beam; calculations are significantly improved by combining the small-angle approximation with diffusion theory.
Numerical Simulations of Tsunami Wave Generation by Submarine and Aerial Landslides Using RANS and SPH Models

Tsunami wave generation by submarine and aerial landslides is examined in this paper. Two different two-dimensional numerical methods have been used to simulate the time histories of fluid motion, free surface deformation, shoreline movement, and wave runup from tsunami waves generated by aerial and submarine landslides. The first approach is based on the Navier-Stokes equation and the volume of fluid (VOF) method: the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS)-based turbulence model simulates turbulence, and the VOF method tracks the free surface locations. The second method uses Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH)—a numerical model based on a fully Lagrangian approach. In the current work, two-dimensional numerical simulations are carried out for a freely falling wedge representing the landslide and subsequent wave generations. Numerical simulations for the landslide-driven tsunami waves have been performed with different values of landslide material densities. Numerical results obtained from both approaches are compared with experimental data. Simulated results for both aerial and submerged landslides show the complex flow patterns in terms of the velocity field, shoreline evolution, and free-surface profiles. Flows are found to be strongly transient, rotational, and turbulent. Predicted numerical results for time histories of free-surface fluctuations and the runup/rundown at various locations are in good agreement with the available experimental data. The similarity and discrepancy between the solutions obtained by the two approaches are explored and discussed.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Radiofrequency field propagation in conductive NMR samples

Abstract Solutions for the magnetic fields in and around spherical conductive NMR samples are presented. These results affect the expressions for the signal-to-noise of NMR on conductive samples when the skin depth of RF penetration is not large compared to the sample size. The exact solution presented here of a circular surface coil adjacent to a spherical conductive sample demonstrates the effect of eddy current shielding of RF fields produced by non-homogeneous coils. Specific results are presented for various surface coils adjacent to a spherical sample at 10 and 150 MHz. Beyond a frequency-dependent depth, the signal-to-noise of different surface coils is shown to be nearly identical.
Configurational Relaxation of the D Defect in Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon as a Function of Fermi Energy

By using light soaking and partial dark annealing to vary the Fermi level in n-type a-Si:H, we have examined the thermal emission of electrons from the dangling bond (D) defect. We find optical evidence for a change in the configuration of the D defect when E F = E c -0.55±0.08eV. We find that the relaxation rate increases with temperature and increases as E F is brought closer to E c . Voltage-pulse photocapacitance and depletion-width-modulated ESR show emission is predominantly from D° defects for short emission times and short filling pulse widths. With longer emission times and longer filling pulse widths, emission from D - dominates. We also find that the charge emission transient fits a universal scaling law under a variety of pulsing conditions, temperatures, and anneal states.
Identification of cis-acting elements in the SUC2 promoter of Saccharomyces cerevisiae required for activation of transcription

We analyzed the effects of site-directed mutations in the SUC2 promoter of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Analyses were performed in wild-type as well as mig1 and tup1 mutant strains after the promoter mutants were reintroduced into the native SUC2 locus on the left arm of chromosome IX. Mutation of the two GC boxes revealed that these elements play two distinct roles: they are, as expected, required for Mig1-mediated repression but they are also necessary for activation of the SUC2 promoter in response to glucose limitation. The individual GC boxes are functionally redundant with regard to Mig1-mediated repression, however, only the upstream GC box is essential for high level expression of SUC2. Microccocal nuclease sensitivity of the SUC2 promoter in derepressed cells was reduced in the GC box mutant promoters, particularly in the vicinity of the TATA box. The difference in nuclease sensitivity between wild-type and GC box mutant promoters was not evident in tup1 ‐ cells. The formation of nuclease-resistant chromatin does not require the GC boxes, indicating that other cis-acting elements can serve to recruit the Ssn6‐Tup1 co-repressor complex to the SUC2 promoter.
Effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the gastrointestinal tract: diagnosis by wireless capsule endoscopy

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced injury to the small intestine is more common than previously suspected. The hallmark lesions are thin, concentric, diaphragm-like strictures that may narrow the intestinal lumen, and are often associated with ulceration and erosions. The diaphragms are frequently clinically unsuspected and are usually missed during barium examination because of their resemblance to the normal plicae circularis. NSAID effect in the small bowel should be included in the differential diagnosis in patients with anemia, heme positive stools, and obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Video capsule endoscopy represents an emerging technology that has proven useful in the diagnosis of NSAID enteropathy.
Statistics-based approach for aneurysm volume measurements.

Purpose To evaluate the ability of high-resolution MRA to monitor changes in intracranial aneurysm volume, and devise a highly reliable technique for obtaining these measurements. Materials and Methods To obtain a baseline estimate of the repeatability of MRA scans and validate the statistics-based technique for aneurysm volume measurement, multiple scans were obtained on individual subjects over a period of up to 1 year. These 3D MRA data sets were coregistered and then analyzed using the volumetric analysis of segmented data and the proposed statistical method. Results It was shown that high-resolution MRA provides highly repeatable data sets. Both methods used for the aneurysm volume measurements showed consistent results. However, the proposed statistical method had lower error and was much less sensitive to the choice of segmentation parameter than the volumetric analysis of segmented data. A change of 1 mm in the average radius of the aneurysm was detectable with the statistics-based technique. Conclusions This study demonstrates that the statistical method of aneurysm volume measurement in high-resolution MRA allows reliable and accurate assessments of aneurysm volume changes. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;20:340–346. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Linguistic structure with processing in second language research: is a ‘unified theory’ possible?:

We investigate a unique attempt at working out a unified theory of second language acquisition (SLA), Carroll’s ‘Autonomous Induction Theory’. This theory integrates SLA traditions that often ignore each other and adds a learning theory where novel information gets created to resolve learning problems. Cognitive universals, modularity theory, universal grammar, inductive learning, initiation of learning, working and long-term memory, top-down and bottom-up processing, input, errors, correction and feedback, language transfer, fossilization, restructuring of interlanguage are amongst the concepts reviewed. This project thus spans multiple domains but leaves many unresolved issues. However, since these issues appear in one framework, we have found that altogether, it provides excellent discussion material for advanced students. Finally, we suggest some ways in which the burden of the denseness of the material might be lightened.
Pedagogy Without Purpose: An Essay on Professional Responsibility Courses and Casebooks

The involvement of so many attorneys in the Watergate scandal caused the bar to wonder how to better train ethical lawyers. The American Bar Association instituted an accreditation requirement that law schools compel their students to take a professional responsibility course. Additionally, many states began requiring passage of the Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination as a condition for admission to the bar. These actions, however, were taken with little thought about how legal ethics should be studied. Rather, the assumption has been that a lawyer is ethical if he or she knows the Code of Professional Responsibility and can demonstrate that knowledge on a multiple choice test. I believe that such an approach to professional responsibility, emphasizing just learning the Code, is largely useless. Memorizing a few rules has little relation to ethical practice. In fact, such an approach is counterproductiveinstead of encouraging students to consider the difficult issues confronting all lawyers, it lets them feel content merely to learn a handful of canons and disciplinary rules. To illustrate how pervasive this approach to legal ethics is, and how empty, I want to focus on three major casebooks on professional responsibility that have been published in the past two years. They are selected because they are extensively used and therefore likely reflect how professional responsibility
Survey of renewable chemicals produced from lignocellulosic biomass during ionic liquid pretreatment

Background: Lignin is often overlooked in the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass, but lignin-based materials and chemicals represent potential value-added products for biorefineries that could significantly improve the economics of a biorefinery. Fluctuating crude oil prices and changing fuel specifications are some of the driving factors to develop new technologies that could be used to convert polymeric lignin into low molecular weight lignin and or monomeric aromatic feedstocks to assist in the displacement of the current products associated with the conversion of a whole barrel of oil. We present an approach to produce these chemicals based on the selective breakdown of lignin during ionic liquid pretreatment. Results: The lignin breakdown products generated are found to be dependent on the starting biomass, and significant levels were generated on dissolution at 160°C for 6 hrs. Guaiacol was produced on dissolution of biomass and technical lignins. Vanillin was produced on dissolution of kraft lignin and eucalytpus. Syringol and allyl guaiacol were the major products observed on dissolution of switchgrass and pine, respectively, whereas syringol and allyl syringol were obtained by dissolution of eucalyptus. Furthermore, it was observed that different lignin-derived products could be generated by tuning the process conditions. Conclusions: We have developed an ionic liquid based process that depolymerizes lignin and converts the low molecular weight lignin fractions into a variety of renewable chemicals from biomass. The generated chemicals (phenols, guaiacols, syringols, eugenol, catechols), their oxidized products (vanillin, vanillic acid, syringaldehyde) and their easily derivatized hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, xylene, styrene, biphenyls and cyclohexane) already have relatively high market value as commodity and specialty chemicals, green building materials, nylons, and resins.
Patients and Prescriptions Comprehension and Compliance with Medical Instructions in a Suburban Pediatric Practice

How many children are given medicine in the way the physician pre scribes it? Several studies on this question have been published. This report evaluates both comprehension of medical instructions by par ents and their compliance with these instructions in a suburban setting.
Four Important Steps Toward 21st Century Care for Patients with Cancer

INTRODUCTION Between 1990 and 2005, 920 cancer compounds underwent clinical trials, yet only 32 were approved [1]. The uncertain fate of products in the pipeline for new oncology treatments and the apparent opportunities for improving its productivity are sources of frustration for everyone in the cancer community. The current situation doesn’t reflect a lack of effort. The average amount of time spent in development and approval for those 32 therapies was 9.1 years [1], but the development process is not focused on treatments that actually work: half of the cancer therapies that ultimately failed reached expensive and time-consuming late-stage clinical testing before being abandoned [2]. At the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), new oncology treatments represent a disproportionately high share of priority reviews, of orphan drug designations at approval, and of drugs that were granted inclusion in at least one of the agency’s expedited access programs. But while FDA approval times are 6 months shorter for oncology drugs than for other categories on average, clinical development times are 1.5 years longer than for other therapies. The problems of inefficient and uncertain development are not new, but they have become more urgent in an era that should be defined by clinically meaningful advances in genomics and proteomics and the promise of personalized cancer therapy. With more effective ways to predict and demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of such targeted therapies, this new era of cancer therapy could arrive much sooner. To identify some promising and concrete actions that could address the productivity challenge in the clinical development of cancer therapies, the Engelberg Center for Health Care Reform at the Brookings Institution hosted a Conference on Clinical Cancer Research, with support from Friends of Cancer Research, the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), and the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR). The September 26 meeting convened cancer experts from academia, the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the FDA, patient advocacy groups, and the medical products industry with the aim of identifying consensus-driven solutions to critical questions regarding the future of clinical cancer research. Thanks to the efforts of four expert collaborative panels and a room of more than 150 thought leaders who joined in the discussion, a set of concrete steps emerged to help usher in 21st century care for patients with cancer. The shared vision, as articulated by John Niederhuber of the NCI and others, is for a more quantitative and systematic process for determining the safety and efficacy of cancer therapies, linked to more comprehensive and consistent evidence from collaborative trials and clinical practice. By combin-
Goal configuration in a global industry context

This study analyzes the goal configuration of 126 firms, based in Japan, U.K. and U.S., competing in global industries. The results indicate that firm nationality and internationalization do not affect the firm's goal configuration. The breadth of the firm's reward system was found to be related positively to a dispersed goal configuration and, within global and multifocal industry segments, a congruence between goal configuration and industry position was found to be associated positively with performance.
Enrichment of processed pseudogene transcripts in L1-ribonucleoprotein particles

Long INterspersed Elements (LINE-1s, L1s) are responsible for over one million retrotransposon insertions and 8000 processed pseudogenes (PPs) in the human genome. An active L1 encodes two proteins (ORF1p and ORF2p) that bind with L1 RNA and form L1-ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs). Although it is believed that the RNA-binding property of ORF1p is critical to recruit other mobile RNAs to the RNP, the identity of recruited RNAs is largely unknown. Here, we used crosslinking and immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing to identify RNA components of L1-RNPs. Our results show that in addition to retrotransposed RNAs [L1, Alu and SINE-VNTR-Alu (SVA)], L1-RNPs are enriched with cellular mRNAs, which have PPs in the human genome. Using purified L1-RNPs, we show that PP-source RNAs preferentially serve as ORF2p templates in a reverse transcriptase assay. In addition, we find that exogenous ORF2p binds endogenous ORF1p, allowing reverse transcription of the same PP-source RNAs. These data demonstrate that interaction of a cellular RNA with the L1-RNP is an inside track to PP formation.
The impact of violent humor on advertising success: : a gender perspective

Recent academic research has focused on the use of novelty and shock in advertising executions. One manifestation of this approach in American television advertising is the use of aggressive humor; a dramatic change in the way humor has historically been employed. This investigation examines two studies of the responses of men and women to violence in humorous advertising. The results of both studies reveal differences in the responses of men and women suggesting there may be a risk in coupling humor with high physical violence in ads targeted toward female audiences. The second study examines in a path model the role of perceived violations of social norms and perceived humor on the attitudes of men and women toward the ad and the brand. The poor response of women to more violence with humor ads is closely related to their perceived violations of social norms; for men, their more positive response to such ads is related to their perception of humor in the ads with humor and stronger violence.
The Effect of Fluid Mechanics on the Temperature Evolution of Spark Kernels

Understanding the spatial and temporal temperature evolution of spark kernels has the potential to improve current gas turbine engine design and performance. Within these engines exists a dynamic flow field. Thus, kernels are investigated under quiescent and cross-flow conditions to attempt to simulate these flow fields. A pulsed plasma gas turbine igniter was used with variable input voltages to generate spark kernels. The radiation emitted by the kernels was measured by a high speed infrared camera. A procedure was developed to determine the kernel temperature by solving the radiation transfer equation for a non-scattering participating medium and then comparing the solution to the measurements. Time resolved images reveal that kernels exiting into a quiescent environment exhibit voltage dependent temperature profiles. In a cross-flow, kernel bifurcation was observed, whereas in quiescent conditions this was not observed. Decreases in peak temperature was determined to be approximately 30% from one time step to the next, which was found to be in good agreement with results in the literature.
The effect of chloramphenicol on RNA and heme synthesis in bone marrow cultures.

Abstract The effect of chloramphenicol on RNA synthesis and intracellular ferrokinetics has been studied in cultures of canine bone marrow. Chloramphenicol inhibited the uptake of Fe 59 by the normoblast and, to a great extent, the incorporation of Fe 59 into heme. The degree of chloramphenicol inhibition of Fe 59 heme reflected cell immaturity: Cultures with the greatest number of basophilic normoblasts demonstrated the greatest degree of chloramphenicol inhibition. Chloramphenicol inhibition of Fe 59 incorporation into heme occurred rapidly, whereas significant inhibition of C 14 -uridine incorporation into RNA occurred with more prolonged incubation. Extracted RNA from isologous bone marrow blocked the chloramphenicol effect if added to the cultures one hour before chloramphenicol. Ribonuclease destroyed the ability of the bone marrow RNA to block chloramphenicol. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that chloramphenicol blocks the attachment of template RNA to ribosomal RNA.
A 25.7 × 10(3) M(r) hydra metalloproteinase (HMP1), a member of the astacin family, localizes to the extracellular matrix of Hydra vulgaris in a head-specific manner and has a developmental function

Hydra extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of a number of components seen in vertebrate ECM such as laminin, type IV collagen, fibronectin, and heparan sulfate proteoglycan. A number of functional studies have shown that hydra ECM plays an important role in pattern formation and morphogenesis of this simple metazoan. The present study was designed to identify matrix degrading proteinases in hydra and determine their potential function in hydra morphogenesis. Using SDS-PAGE gelatin-zymography, five gelatinolytic bands were identified with relative molecular masses of 67 x 10(3), 51-58 x 10(3) (a triplet) and 25-29 x 10(3), respectively. Inhibition studies indicated that all of these gelatinases were metalloproteinases. Gelatin-zymography indicated that there was a differential distribution of these gelatinases along the longitudinal axis of hydra, with the 67 x 10(3) M(r) gelatinase being concentrated in the body column, while the 51-58 x 10(3) M(r) gelatinase triplet and the 25-29 x 10(3) M(r) gelatinase concentrated in the head region. Purification procedures were successfully developed for the 25-29 x 10(3) M(r) metalloproteinase which has been termed hydra metalloproteinase 1 (HMP1) and which appeared as a single band with a SDS-PAGE mobility of 25.7 x 10(3) M(r). The N-terminal sequence of purified HMP1 indicated that it has structural homology with metalloproteinases that belong to the astacin family. Subsequent cloning and sequencing of cDNA clones confirmed the identification of HMP1 as an astacin-like metalloproteinase. Immunocytochemical studies with antibodies generated against the purified enzyme and to a synthetic peptide indicated that HMP1 was localized to the ECM of tentacles. Functional studies were performed in which purified HMP1, anti-HMP1 IgG, or suspected substrates of HMP1 (e.g. growth factors such as TGF-beta 1) were introduced into the interepithelial compartment of hydra using a 'DMSO loading' procedure. These studies indicated that HMP1 has a functional role during a number of developmental processes such as head regeneration and cell differentiation/transdifferentiation of tentacle battery cells.
Justice, perceived threat and vaccination intention in the USA

Guided by the Extended Parallel Process Model, this experiment demonstrates how perceived fairness in health resource policy decisions can influence both the protective action and denial-oriented health threat responses of policy affected individuals. Students from a large urban university in the Midwestern USA (n = 127) read about a purported illness and were told about a vaccination that would soon be available to them through their university. The out-of-pocket cost of vaccination was manipulated (distributive justice), as was the fairness of procedures used to determine this cost (procedural justice). When vaccination was low cost, procedural justice resulted in greater intention to be vaccinated and also diminished reporting of compensatory health behaviors that could purportedly supplant the need for vaccination. Ironically however, procedural justice resulted in lower vaccination intention and exaggerated compensatory health behavior reporting when vaccination was high cost. Crucially, this experiment demonstrates that perceived fairness may encourage both action-oriented and fear control health threat response, and that health promotion behaviors such as vaccination may be affected through interactive relationships of distributive and procedural justice that stem from health policy decisions.
Effect of oxygen on the per‐cell extracellular electron transfer rate of Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1 explored in bioelectrochemical systems

Extracellular electron transfer (EET) is a mechanism that enables microbes to respire solid-phase electron acceptors. These EET reactions most often occur in the absence of oxygen, since oxygen can act as a competitive electron acceptor for many facultative microbes. However, for Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, oxygen may increase biomass development, which could result in an overall increase in EET activity. Here, we studied the effect of oxygen on S. oneidensis MR-1 EET rates using bioelectrochemical systems (BESs). We utilized optically accessible BESs to monitor real-time biomass growth, and studied the per-cell EET rate as a function of oxygen and riboflavin concentrations in BESs of different design and operational conditions. Our results show that oxygen exposure promotes biomass development on the electrode, but significantly impairs per-cell EET rates even though current production does not always decrease with oxygen exposure. Additionally, our results indicated that oxygen can affect the role of riboflavin in EET. Under anaerobic conditions, both current density and per-cell EET rate increase with the riboflavin concentration. However, as the dissolved oxygen (DO) value increased to 0.42 mg/L, riboflavin showed very limited enhancement on per-cell EET rate and current generation. Since it is known that oxygen can promote flavins secretion in S. oneidensis, the role of riboflavin may change under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 96-105. © 2016 The Authors. Biotechnology and Bioengineering Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the solution of operator equation problems with application to Preisach density estimation

In this paper, we study the numerical solution of a linear, compact, integral operator equation with linear inequality constraints on the solution space. The operator equation is approximated by a linear matrix equation via discretization, which may be then solved using a linear least squares L2 approach. Three methods, including two new methods, for the regularization of the discretized equation without constraints were presented. We compare the sensitivity of the solutions from these methods for perturbations in the data; we also compare the time taken for solution. Next, we present a new algorithm to solve the linear inequality constrained, minimum norm, least squares problem by adapting the solution methods presented for the unconstrained problem. Then we compare it with the MatLab© function quadprog with respect to residual error and speed. Finally, we apply the new method to identify the density of a Preisach operator for two electro-active polymers and a magnetostrictive actuator and again show that the new method performs as well or better than quadprog.