cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extracting human expertise for constructing knowledge spaces: an algorithm

Abstract In a theory for efficient knowledge assessment, a particular domain of knowledge is conceptualized as a set of problems in this domain and a person's knowledge state as the subset of problems this person is capable of solving. A system of such states that is closed under union is called a knowledge space. In determining the knowledge of students in a particular domain, the assessment procedures use such a knowledge space as their theoretical model of the collection of feasible knowledge states. Therefore, the actual construction of knowledge spaces for particular domains is a critical problem. A method is presented in which experts in the field are confronted with a carefully chosen sequence of questions about specific relationships between the problems of the domain. Since this method relies only on the mathematical properties of closure systems, the questioning procedure is directly applicable in other contexts, viz., in the determination of any system of sets that is closed under either union or intersection.
Performance and preference of sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis, on rice cultivars.

The sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is a major agronomic pest in the southeastern USA. This study was conducted to investigate the performance of D. saccharalis on eight rice cultivars widely grown in Louisiana and to assess the relationship between oviposition preference and offspring performance. In a previous study, oviposition preference of sugarcane borers was found to vary on the same eight rice cultivars. In this study, variation in larval performance on the eight cultivars was observed. The overall performance of larvae in terms of relative growth rate and boring success of larvae was highest on Priscilla and Cocodrie. Larval performance was lower on the hybrid XL723, the Clearfield (herbicide-resistant) variety CL161, and the medium grain Bengal. Also, larvae took more time to enter into the stem of the hybrid XL723 compared with Cocodrie. Significant positive correlations were observed among relative growth rate and boring success and between larval performance and oviposition preference. Significant positive correlations among measures of larval performance and oviposition preference suggest the operation of a common resistance mechanism. Results in laboratory and greenhouse extended into the field, where Cocodrie and Cheniere were the most damaged cultivars, whereas CL161 and the medium grain Jupiter were least injured in terms of average number of stem borer entry/exit holes per plant. Results from this study could contribute to the use of resistant cultivars in an integrated management program for stem borers and the resistant cultivars identified in this study could be used as sources of resistance in breeding programs for resistance against stem borers.
Neighborhood Planning Theory, Guidelines, and Research: Can Area, Population, and Boundary Guide Conceptual Framing?

Planning scholars and practitioners know that planning projects and research are more likely to achieve significant outcomes when the problem is addressed at the most appropriate level of neighborh...
Java Optimization for Superscalar and Vector Architectures

This paper describes the refactoring of Java code to take advantage of the superscalar and vector architectures available on many modern desktop computers. The unrolling of Java loops is shown to cause some speed-ups for Java code. However, our benchmarks reveal that Java still lags behind vectorized C code. The present state-of-the-art in computer hardware has outpaced the current state of the JIT (Just-In-Time) compilers. We have resorted to modifying our Java code to make use of JNI (Java Native Interface) based vector-accelerated C programs to obtain speedups from 2 to 10 times. 1 THE SUPERSCALAR G4 The superscalar G4 core (also known as the Motorola MPC74xx series processor) is capable of executing four instructions per clock cycle. Superscalar processors are based on pipelined MIMD (Multiple Instruction, Multiple Data) architectures. Simple loop unwinding can take advantage of such architectures. The G4 also has a 128-bit wide vector unit called the Altivec. The Altivec has 32 registers with 128 bits each and represents a departure from the pure general purpose CPU and a focus upon a SIMD (Single Instruction, Multiple Data) architecture that enables fine-grained parallelism. A block diagram depicting the PowerPC execution flow is shown in Figure 1. JAVA OPTIMIZATION FOR SUPERSCALAR AND VECTOR ARCHITECTURES 28 JOURNAL OF OBJECT TECHNOLOGY VOL. 4, NO. 2 Cache / Memory Dispatch
Chelation-Based Stabilization of the Transition Structure in a Lithium Diisopropylamide Mediated Dehydrobromination: Avoiding the “Universal Ground State” Assumption

Dehydrobrominations of (±)-2-exo-bromonorbornane (RBr) by lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) were investigated to determine the roles of aggregation and solvation. Elimination with LDA/n-BuOMe occurs by deaggregation of disolvated dimers via a monosolvated monomer transition structure (e.g., [i-Pr2NLi·n-BuOMe·RBr]‡). In contrast, elimination by LDA−THF displays THF concentration dependencies that are consistent with parallel reaction pathways involving both mono- and disolvated monomer transition structures. Elimination is markedly faster by LDA−DME than by LDA with monodentate ligands and follows a rate law consistent with a transition structure containing a chelated monomeric LDA fragment. A number of hemilabile amino ethers reveal the capacity of different coordinating functionalities to chelate. A protocol based upon kinetic methods affords the relative ligand binding energies in the LDA dimer reactants. Separating contributions of ground state from transition state stabilization allows us to attribute th...
Automatic Question-Answering of English-Like Questions About Simple Diagrams

Abstract : This paper presents a technique for translating certain English-like questions into procedures for answering them in order to explore how large a class of basic question types can be so processed. The English-like questions all pertain to simple diagrams built of elementary figures with relations like 'above' and 'larger than.' The input to the program into which the algorithm presented here could be implemented are questions such as 'Is it true that in Fig. 1 each triangle is above a circle,' and may include terms like 'how,' 'when,' 'what,' in an interesting variety of interrogative sentence types. The output of the program is a flow diagram for another program to answer the question by inference and search of a structured data base in which representations of diagrams are stored. The English-like source language of questions that the algorithm can process, though restricted and fixed in syntax and domain of discourse, has a potentially wide scope in that it includes some of the fundamental question types.
Structural and NVH analyses of mixed thin-walled structures using FEA concept models

Mixed thin-walled structures have been widely applied in automotive technology and arouse a lot of interesting, such as sheet-beam structure and varying cross-section beams. Two of distinct classes of finite element models can be used to support the design and analysis of such structures: detailed models and concept models. This paper presents a method to generate the concept models for the mixed thin-walled structures, such concept models are validated through structural and NVH analyses. Although the discussion is based on specific structure models, the conclusions are generic and applicable to other mixed thin-walled structures of the same nature.
Simulations of the B‐DNA molecular dynamics of d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2 and d(GCGCGCGCGC)2: An analysis of the role of initial geometry and a comparison of united and all‐atom models

Molecular dynamics simulations on the sequence d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2 have been carried out using both united atom and all-atom representations, and starting the simulations both from a regular repeating B-DNA structure and from the x-ray single crystal B-DNA structure. An all-atom B-DNA simulation on the sequence d(GCGCGCGCGC)2 has also been carried out, in order to compare it with a previous united atom simulation. The helix repeats, H-bonding, sugar pucker profiles, and average torsional angles are all in the range observed in crystallographic and nmr studies for B-DNA helices. In some of the sequences, there is a significant bend in the DNA helices. The individual helix repeats, with focus on 3′CpG5′ and 3′GpC5′ units, show the opposite helix repeat to that suggested by Calladine's rules.
The adsorption of Ag on Co, O and H covered W(110): II. Metallicity

Abstract Monolayers of Ag adsorbed on O/W(110), CO/W(110) and H/W(110) give rise to work functions nearly identical to those of thick Ag deposits on clean W(110) and also show bulk and surface plasmon losses seen only for 3 or more Ag monolayers on clean W(110). UPS spectra show a 4d peak closer in energy to that of Ag multilayers on clean W than for a single layer. There are only very small (~ 0.1 eV) core level shifts relative to Ag 1 /W(110) or Ag 3 /W(110). These facts indicate that metal atoms capable of forming partially filled s-bands show metallicity even as monolayers, and that partial decoupling from the W substrate by intervening chemisorbates makes the properties of such monolayers closer to those of the bulk overlayer metal than when a single layer is in good physical and electronic contact with the substrate.
A METABOLIC REGULATING DEVICE BASED ON THE ACTIONS OF HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE AND OF INSULIN, SINGLY AND TOGETHER, ON THE HUMAN FOREARM.

THERE have been several reports from the laboratories of F. G. Young (Ketterer, Randle and Young1, Korner and Manchester2, Korner3) suggesting that growth hormone directs the action of insulin on muscle ‘away from carbohydrate toward protein synthesis’. Although some of the intimate detail of the proposed hypothesis concerning growth hormone action may be erroneous, the basic notion, as advanced by Korner3, that, in the presence of growth hormone, some actions of insulin are preserved, whereas other effects are blunted, is very attractive. Placed in juxtaposition to observations from this laboratory on the effects of close intra-arterial injection of insulin and of human growth hormone, singly and together, on muscle and adipose tissue metabolism in situ in the forearm of man, it provides a clearer picture of the day-to-day role of human growth hormone and of insulin, and thus of their place in the economy of the normal adult.
The Woman Academic as Subject/Object/Self: Dismantling the Illusion of Duality

In an exploration of the life-space between the visceral experience of living as a social being and the rational experience of scholarship in a social discipline, this autoethnography presents descriptions of events in my life when I was consciously aware of my existence as simultaneous subject and object as a woman academic. The key criteria for describing the events for presentation was the experience of the event as consciously enchanting me to or disenchanting me from academia and the connection of the event to my relationship with the gender and feminist literature. In the social disciplines, tension in the woman academic's “dual” existence as subject and object is exacerbated by this literature. The essay seeks to come to some insight about the human experience of this dual existence. The essay develops arguments for further exploration of the academic life in the social disciplines as a way of coming to a better understanding of the subject-object dilemma by reconceptualizing “dilemma ” as “human data-source”; reconceptualizing dualism as wholism; and simultaneously conceptualizing the academy as a situated organizational context that functions as a site for micropractices of power, domination, and human oppression.
Experiences with multimedia applications over native ATM

Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is a high-speed networking technology that has gained wide acceptance for wide area and local area network environments. In the last few years, many applications have been deployed to run over ATM. However, most of these implementations use TCP or UDP as transport layers, with IP-over-ATM providing the network layer. Real desktop multimedia applications running over native ATM are yet to be deployed. In this paper, we present raw data performance results for TCP-UDP/IP and native ATM on Windows NT 4.0. We also describe our performance experiences with native ATM implementations of multimedia applications such as video conferencing and medical visualization. Finally, we demonstrate the benefit of native ATM over TCP/IP on quality of service (QoS) parameters such as jitter, in cases when multiple multimedia applications run concurrently. It is hoped that the lessons and experiences gained will be useful to designers and implementers of native ATM services on popular operating system platforms such as Windows NT 4.0.1998 Academic Press
The necessity of a new approach to the study of the circulation on the continental shelf

Wherever the continental shelf is at all wide and provided there is sufficient river-water entering the sea, a current-system develops parallel to the coast due to the relatively low density of the inshore waters. These currents, which are here called coastal currents, have several striking differences from the type of flow found offshore in deep waters. In the first place, in typical areas inside the 100-fathom curve the salinity increases with depth, which is the reverse of the situation found in most deep, oceanic areas. Moreover, the vertical and horizontal gradients of salinity often outweigh the temperature-distribution in determining the pattern of density. In most coastal areas the density-distribution is the cause and not the result of the currents.
Candida albicans antigens studied in complement fixation test and agar gel diffusion test.

The antigens prepared simultaneously from seven type ACandida albicans strains by cell disintegration by means of sonic vibrations, grinding with the sea-sand, autolysis and the antigens precipitated with acetone from fluid cultures were studied in complement fixation test and agar gel diffusion test against selected rabbit immune sera. The complement fixation test was performed in plexiglass plates as chessboard titration. The agar gel diffusion test was performed in petri dishes according toOuchterlony and according toBjorklund's “specific inhibition of precipitation”. The activity of studied antigens determined in complement fixation test was high. The antigen titers were ranging from 1/512 to 1/8192. The reaction observed in agar gel diffusion test were also strong and precipitation spectra consisted of 1–3 lines. The reaction pattern obtained in both tests depended on the character of the analysed reagents. TheBjorklund's modification was successfully applied to serological grouping of the strains under study. Sixteen human sera collected from patients with symptoms of Asthma bronchiale and Bronchitis chronica, from whose sputumCandida albicans was isolated, were tested in both tests. The researches made on human sera were intended as preliminary tests.
Multisource, High-resolution Seismic-reflection Imaging of Meeman-Shelby Fault and a Possible Tectonic Model for a Joiner Ridge–Manila High Stepover Structure in the Upper Mississippi Embayment Region

Other than the Crittenden County fault zone (CCFZ), little is known about the seismic hazard from faults within 50 km of Memphis, Tennessee, a city that contains a large inventory of older buildings that are vulnerable to moderate and strong earthquake ground shaking. To address this lack of knowledge, reconnaissance high-resolution seismic-reflection surveys using Mini-Sosie (Williams et al. 2001) and both P - and S -wave hammer sources (this study) were acquired at the boundary between the loess-covered bluffs (upland area) and the modern Mississippi River floodplain in Meeman-Shelby Forest State Park about 25 km north of Memphis (Figures 1A and 1B). Williams et al. (2001) interpreted a previously unknown fault beneath the floodplain, termed the Meeman-Shelby fault (MSF). Because the focus of the Mini-Sosie survey was to image deeper reflections in the 90–1,000 m depth range, this profile did not image shallower alluvium horizons such as the base of the Quaternary (Pliocene-Pleistocene), a boundary that can generate a strong reflection in this area ( e.g. , Crone 1992; Luzietti et al. 1992). Deformation of the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary is also important for assessing fault activity in the embayment. Based upon the Williams et al. (2001) results, a higher-resolution 1.5-km hammer-source P -wave profile and a 1.1-km S -wave profile were acquired to assess Quaternary MSF deformation (Figure 1B). We describe two separate results from the combined analysis of the Mini-Sosie and hammer profiles. First, we describe stratigraphic information obtained from the P - and S -wave hammer surveys, which were acquired across the fault imaged in the Mini-Sosie profile. These two hammer profiles constrain the fault trace to near-vertical (80°), projecting to the surface just east of the profiles. The profiles also image both Pleistocene and Holocene floodplain deposits. Using the velocity data obtained from the S -wave profile, …
Disinfection of sewage wastewater and sludge by electron treatment

Abstract The use of machine-accelerated electrons to disinfect sewage waterwaste and sludge is discussed. The method is shown to be practical and energy-efficient for the broad spectrum disinfection of pathogenic organisms in municipal wastewaters and sludge removed from them. Studies of biological, chemical and physical effects are reported. Electron treatment is suggested as an alternative to chlorination of municipal liquid wastes after electron treatment to provide disinfection. Disposal of sewage sludge is recommended as an agricultural resource by subsurface land injection, or as a nutrient for fish populations by widespread ocean dispersal.
Isolated and distribution of myosin isoenzymes in chicken pectoralis muscle.

Abstract The preparation of rabbit antibodies uniquely specific for the alkali 1 (A1) and alkali 2 (A2) light chains of chicken pectoralis myosin has led to the direct isolation of two homodimeric species of myosin: A1-myosin and A2-myosin, molecules which contain the same light chain on each head. The existence of a heterodimeric species, containing both A1 and A2 light chains, was also inferred. The three types of alkali light chain isoenzymes occur in approximately equal amounts in adult chicken pectoralis muscle. The specificities of the antibodies were determined by modified Farr and solid phase radioimmunoassays, as well as by antibody-affinity chromatography. The determinants in myosin that are recognized by the purified antibodies appear to be confined to the N-terminal sequences of the alkali light chains. As a result of this narrow specificity, these immunological reagents can be used to characterize the distribution of A1 and A2 within the myosin molecule, and to localize the individual light chains within the muscle. By labeling the antibodies with a fluorescent marker we have shown that A1 and A2 are present within each myofibril, as well as within the same fiber (Lowey et al., 1979a). Moreover, by using goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin to enhance the visualization of the primary antibodies against the light chains, we have demonstrated in the electron microscope that A1 and A2 co-exist along the length of each myofilament. This observation suggests that whatever functional differences may exist among the alkali light chain isoenzymes, they must operate within the constraints of a single filament.
Therapeutic potential of positive AMPA receptor modulators in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.

Drugs that potentiate the activity of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor cause a complex cascade of consequences in experimental models, ranging from enhancement of long-term potentiation to induction of neurotrophic factors. Animal studies characterising the pharmacological and behavioural effects of these substances have provided the rationale for several initial attempts to use these drugs in neuropsychiatric clinical settings. Applications in schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment have been initiated. Other trials with these compounds include the treatment of Fragile X syndrome, and possible future applications may be in the field of Parkinson’s disease. The literature published to date is limited mostly to small phase I or II trials, so there is no conclusive evidence for or against the use of these drugs. Substantial questions remain concerning which compounds to use, in what dose, for what condition and for how long.
Response to “A Critique of ‘Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Total Mortality Among Elderly Californians, 1973–2002” By Bert Brunekreef, PhD, and Gerard Hoek, PhD

I agree with Drs. Brunekreef and Hoek that new studies of the health effects of fine particulates are very important (Brunekreef & Hoek, 2006). They have raised a number of important issues regardi...
Mapping the inside of the ribosome with an RNA helical ruler

The structure of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in the ribosome was probed with hydroxyl radicals generated locally from iron(II) tethered to the 5′ ends of anticodon stem-loop analogs (ASLs) of transfer RNA. The ASLs, ranging in length from 4 to 33 base pairs, bound to the ribosome in a messenger RNA–dependent manner and directed cleavage to specific regions of the 16S, 23S, and 5S rRNA chains. The positions and intensities of cleavage depended on whether the ASLs were bound to the ribosomal A or P site, and on the lengths of their stems. These data predict the three-dimensional locations of the rRNA targets relative to the positions of A- and P- site transfer RNAs inside the ribosome.
Estimating cotton evapotranspiration crop coefficients with a multispectral vegetation index

Crop coefficients are a widely used and universally accepted method for estimating the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) component in irrigation scheduling programs. However, uncertainties of generalized basal crop coefficient (Kcb) curves can contribute to ETc estimates that are substantially different from actual ETc. Limited research with corn has shown improvements to irrigation scheduling due to better water-use estimation and more appropriate timing of irrigations when Kcb estimates derived from remotely sensed multispectral vegetation indices (VIs) were incorporated into irrigation-scheduling algorithms. The purpose of this article was to develop and evaluate a Kcb estimation model based on observations of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for a full-season cotton grown in the desert southwestern USA. The Kcb data used in developing the relationship with NDVI were derived from back-calculations of the FAO-56 dual crop coefficient procedures using field data obtained during two cotton experiments conducted during 1990 and 1991 at a site in central Arizona. The estimation model consisted of two regression relations: a linear function of Kcb versus NDVI (r2=0.97, n=68) used to estimate Kcb from early vegetative growth to effective full cover, and a multiple regression of Kcb as a function of NDVI and cumulative growing-degree-days (GDD) (r2=0.82, n=64) used to estimate Kcb after effective full cover was attained. The NDVI for cotton at effective full cover was ~0.80; this value was used to mark the point at which the model transferred from the linear to the multiple regression function. An initial evaluation of the performance of the model was made by incorporating Kcb estimates, based on NDVI measurements and the developed regression functions, within the FAO-56 dual procedures and comparing the estimated ETc with field observations from two cotton plots collected during an experiment in central Arizona in 1998. Preliminary results indicate that the ETc based on the NDVI-Kcb model provided close estimates of actual ETc.
Regulation of sensorimotor gating in rats by hippocampal NMDA: anatomical localization.

Abstract Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex is a measure of sensorimotor gating that is reduced in humans with certain neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, and in rats after manipulations of limbic cortico-striato-pallido-pontine circuitry. We have reported that PPI is reduced after specific manipulations of the hippocampal complex (HPC) in rats, but the mechanisms for these effects remain poorly understood. For example, dopaminergic substrates clearly regulate PPI, but the PPI-disruptive effects of intra-HPC carbachol or NMDA are not reversed by D2 receptor antagonists. This study examined the anatomical specificity within the hippocampal complex of the PPI-disruptive effects of NMDA infusion. Startle magnitude and PPI were assessed after acute bilateral infusion of NMDA (0, 0.4 or 0.8 μg) into the dorsal subiculum (DS), region CA1, the ventral subiculum (VS), the rostral entorhinal cortex (ECr) and the caudal entorhinal cortex (ECc). A dorsal–ventral gradient for NMDA effects was observed, with a dose-dependent disruption of PPI after NMDA infusion into the VS or EC, but not the DS, and with intermediate level effects observed after NMDA infusion into CA1. A second set of studies confirmed that the failure of NMDA effects in the DS did not reflect site-related differences in startle magnitude or baseline levels of PPI. These findings demonstrate the importance of the ventral, but not the dorsal HPC, in the glutamatergic regulation of PPI.
Human submandibular gland statherin and basic histidine-rich peptide are encoded by highly abundant mRNA's derived from a common ancestral sequence

The molecular cloning of sequences encoding human submandibular gland (SMG) statherin and a basic histidine-rich peptide is described. The corresponding mRNA's were highly abundant in the human and the Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) SMG, but no homologous message was detectable in the murine SMG. Sequence analysis revealed strong homology between the statherin and basic histidine-rich mRNA's, suggesting their evolution from a common ancestral sequence.
Reply to Dutton and Tower

The paper by Dutton and Tower comes down on the side of supporting both of my original propositions. The purpose of the original piece was to redress the imbalance in attention given to technical substitution possibilities relative to market conditions as a source of ambiguity in measuring the resource allocative effects of effective protection. The work by Dutton and Tower substantiates my original observations regarding the importance of market conditions and clarifies the economic interpretation of the condition for a perverse tariff effect in the presence of wage distortions. The observation that the statement of sufficient conditions for a perverse tariff effect when labour markets are imperfect implicitly assumes concavity of the production possibility frontier is correct. With a sign reversal, Condition (12) of my original paper would represent a necessary condition for a perverse tariff effect when the production possibility curve is assumed to be convex. The authors dismiss my alternative approach, summarized by the discussion surrounding Equations (13) and (14) of my original paper by stating " While Ray's explanation of the phenomenon is perhaps the same as ours, we found ourselves unable to deduce our explanation from his exposition ". That the two explanations are equivalent can be demonstrated quickly. The statement of necessary and sufficient conditions for a perverse tariff effect follows my original Equation (14): "Clearly if b>kJ/k2> 1, Equation (14) and therefore 0W/IV will be positive." The fact that kl/k2> 1 means that in physical terms commodity 1 is capital intensive and commodity 2 is labour intensive. The fact that b>kl/k2 means that:
The bimodal role of filamin in controlling the architecture and mechanics of F-actin networks

Reconstituted actin filament networks have been used extensively to understand the mechanics of the actin cortex and decipher the role of actin cross-linking proteins in the maintenance and deformation of cell shape. However, studies of the mechanical role of the F-actin cross-linking protein filamin have led to seemingly contradictory conclusions, in part due to the use of ill-defined mechanical assays. Using quantitative rheological methods that avoid the pitfalls of previous studies, we systematically tested the complex mechanical response of reconstituted actin filament networks containing a wide range of filamin concentrations and compared the mechanical function of filamin with that of the cross-linking/bundling proteins α-actinin and fascin. At steady state and within a well defined linear regime of small non-destructive deformations, F-actin solutions behave as highly dynamic networks (actin polymers are still sufficiently mobile to relax the stress) below the cross-linking-to-bundling threshold filamin concentration, and they behave as covalently cross-linked gels above that threshold. Under large deformations, F-actin networks soften at low filamin concentrations and strain-harden at high filamin concentrations. Filamin cross-links F-actin into networks that are more resilient, stiffer, more solid-like, and less dynamic than α-actinin and fascin. These results resolve the controversy by showing that F-actin/filamin networks can adopt diametrically opposed rheological behaviors depending on the concentration in cross-linking proteins.
Maternal Pneumococcal Conjugate Immunization Protects Infant Chinchillas in the Pneumococcal Otitis Media Model

Infant immunization with pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines (PCVs) is unlikely to elicit protective serum antibody concentrations during the first 4-6 months of life, when recurrent pneumococcal otitis media (POM) often begins. We therefore investigated a maternal pneumococcal immunization strategy to prevent early infant POM. Pregnant chinchillas (dams) received injections of heptavalent PCV or saline. Post-partum maternal and infant (kits) blood samples were obtained, and kits were subsequently challenged by intranasal inoculation of a vaccine-type pneumococcal strain (19F). Anti-pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide IgG antibody (Ab) concentration was measured using an ELISA in maternal and kit serum samples. Immunized dams and their kits had significantly higher Ab titers than control dams and their kits. Antibody titer in kits declined with a half-life of 12 days. Maternal immunization significantly reduced both the incidence (p = 0.05) and severity (p <0.01) of experimental POM in chinchilla kits, and was 82% effective at preventing mortality from invasive pneumococcal disease. Pre-challenge serum Ab concentration in kits was the single best predictor of POM severity (r = -0.66). This experiment strongly supports the hypothesis that maternal immunization with PCV will reduce the burden of early infant POM and invasive pneumococcal disease.
An efficient resultant for determining reciprocal zeros in polynomials

Abstract We create a new resultant for determining the presence and number of reciprocal zeros in a given degree- n polynomial a ( z ) whose coefficients are real numbers. While the 2 n × 2 n Sylvester resultant (or eliminant) could be used for this purpose, our new resultant is based on a simple ( n + 1) × ( n + 1) matrix. The number of reciprocal zeros present in a ( z ) can then be determined from the rank of this matrix. It extends to matrix form some of the work described by Muir in 1897 for determinants. Muir’s work is also shown to lead to a simple factorization of the Bezout resultant for the same problem.
The exceptional magnitude and intensity of the Toba eruption, sumatra: An example of the use of deep-sea tephra layers as a geological tool

The eruption of Toba (75,000 years BP), Sumatra, is the largest magnitude eruption documented from the Quaternary. The eruption produced the largest-known caldera the dimensions of which are 100 × 30 km and which is surrounded by rhyolitic ignimbrite covering an area of over 20,000 km2. The associated deep-sea tephra layer is found in piston cores in the north-eastern Indian Ocean covering a minimum area of 5 × 106 km2. We have investigated the thickness, grain size and texture of the Toba deep-sea tephra layer in order to demonstrate the use of deep-sea tephra layers as a volcanological tool. The exceptional magnitude and intensity of the Toba eruption is demonstrated by comparison of these data with the deep-sea tephra layers associated with the eruptions of the Campanian ignimbrite, Italy and of Santorini, Greece in Minoan time. The volume of ignimbrite and distal tephra fall deposit produced in the Toba eruption are comparable, a total of at least 1000 km3 of dense rhyolitic magma. In contrast the volume of dense magma produced by the Campanian and Santorini eruptions are approximately 70 and 13 km3 respectively. Thickness versus distance data on the three deep-sea tephra layers show that eruptions of smaller magnitude than Santorini are unlikely to be preserved as distinct tephra layers in most deep-sea cores. In proximal cores all three tephra layers show two distinct units: a lower coarse-grained unit and an upper fine-grained unit. We interpret the lower unit as a plinian deposit and the upper unit as a co-ignimbrite ash-fall deposit, indicating two major eruptive phases. The Toba tephra layer is coarser both in maximum and median grain size than the Campanian and Santorini layers at a given distance from source. These data are interpreted to indicate a very high cruption column, estimated to be at least 45 km. We have applied a method for estimating the duration of the Toba eruption from the style of graded-bedding in deep-sea tephra layers. Studies of two cores yield estimates of 9 and 14 days. The eruption column height and duration estimates both indicate an average volume discharge rate of approximately 106 m3/sec. The Toba eruption therefore was not only of exceptional magnitude, but also of exceptional intensity.
Lake surface temperature estimation using NOAA satellite APT data

Abstract The water surface temperature of Lake Okeechobee under clear sky conditions was investigated in this study through the use of Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) thermal infrared data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellite Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometers (AVHRR). Cloud-free data were acquired during the months of May and December 1989. An image processing approach and regression model were used to convert the grey-level digital numbers of the APT imagery into temperature values. A third-order polynomial equation was successfully used to convert the digital numbers into temperature values with a high coefficient of determination (r2=0·98). The satellite-derived temperatures for Lake Okeechobee were correlated with ground-truth temperature measurements (r2 = 0·74). The results of this study indicate that APT data are capable of being converted into lake surface temperatures with acceptable accuracy. Results of paired Mest and variogram analyses indicate...
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulates the effects of interleukin 2 independent of IL-2 receptor binding.

Abstract Previous studies have shown that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) is a macrophage-derived cytokine and a potent inhibitor of IL-2 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production and T lymphocyte proliferation. The growth inhibitory effect of calcitriol is only partially reversed by IL-2 addition, suggesting IL-2 independent effects. In this report we characterize the IL-2-independent effects of calcitriol on lymphocyte activation. Calcitriol inhibited cellular transition from early to late G1 (G1A-G1B transition) in both the absence and presence of IL-2. Exogenous IL-2 did not increase either IFN-γ production or transferrin receptor (TfR) expression in the presence of calcitriol despite increases in cell entry into late G1 and proliferation. Calcitriol treatment reduced TfR expression by activated T lymphocytes independent of their location in the cell cycle, further suggesting its independence from IL-2-mediated events. Combinations of rIL-2 and rIL-4 did not reverse calcitriol-dependent inhibition of proliferation and TfR expression to any greater degree than rIL-2 alone. Northern blot analysis demonstrated the decrease in IFN-γ and TfR mRNA accumulation with calcitriol treatment was unaffected by exogenous IL-2. In contrast, IL-2R mRNA and protein were increased by IL-2, with superinduction in the presence of calcitriol, demonstrating that the lack of effect on IFN-γ and TfR was not due to IL-2 insensitivity. Moreover, equivalent numbers of high-affinity IL-2R were expressed by both control and calcitriol-treated T lymphoblasts. Thus, lectin-activated T lymphocyte responsiveness to IL-2, as measured by IL-2R expression and proliferation, can be partly to completely dissociated from IFN-γ production and TfR expression in the presence of calcitriol. Finally, IL-2-induced proliferation of unstimulated mononuclear cells and purified T lymphocytes was inhibited by calcitriol. These data indicate that local production of calcitriol by activated macrophages is capable of regulating T lymphocyte activation not only through suppression of IL-2 production, but also through additional mechanism(s), that are mediated at a post-IL-2R level.
Non-local spin injection in lateral spin valves

Injection and detection of non-local spin accumulation have been demonstrated in a series of nanoscale metallic lateral spin valves, fabricated by electron beam lithography. A distinct feature of non-local spin valves is that a pure spin current without charge flow can be generated. The measured spin signal is only sensitive to the relative orientations of the detector spin and the spin accumulation, and exhibits little charge background voltage. The injection polarizations of the interfaces and the spin diffusion lengths of the non-magnetic components have been determined by measuring the spin signals from a set of similar spin valves with varying injector and detector separations. In Py/Au/Py lateral spin valves, where Py is permalloy, the injection polarization across the Py/Au interface is 3%, and the spin diffusion length of Au is 63 ± 15 nm at 10 K. In Co/Cu/Co lateral spin valves, the injection polarization across the Co/Cu interface is increased to over 7%, due to better interfacial quality compared with Py/Au. The spin diffusion length of Cu is 200 ± 20 nm at 10 K, and > 110 nm at 300 K.
Soft x-ray lasing in neonlike germanium and copper plasmas.

Soft x-ray 3p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3s lasing in neonlike germanium (${\mathrm{Ge}}^{22+}$) and copper (${\mathrm{Cu}}^{19+}$) in the wavelength interval of 195 to 285 A\r{} is observed for the first time, with gain coefficients ranging from 1.7 to 4.1 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, the higher gain with germanium. The lasing plasmas are produced by focusing a driving laser beam (\ensuremath{\lambda}=1.05 \ensuremath{\mu}m, 2-ns FWHM) into an 18-mm-long line onto thin films and slab targets. The measured J=0 to 1 gain coefficients are comparable to those of the J=2 to 1 transitions. The measured wavelengths of the six lasing lines compared favorably with recent calculations.
The role of interpeduncular connections with the tegmentum in avoidance learning

Abstract Transections of interpeduncular nucleus efferents to the paramedian midbrain tegmentum were produced by means of a horizontal knife cut placed along the dorsal border of the interpeduncular nucleus. Animals with knife cuts displayed an improvement in the acquisition of a two-way shuttle box avoidance task and were impaired in their ability to suppress licking at an electrified drinking spout. These results suggest that caudally directed interpeduncular efferents may modulate the activity of limbic-midbrain systems involved in avoidance behavior.
Receptor-mediated cell attachment and detachment kinetics. II. Experimental model studies with the radial-flow detachment assay

Quantitative information regarding the kinetics of receptor-mediated cell adhesion to a ligand-coated surface are crucial for understanding the role of certain key parameters in many physiological and biotechnology-related processes. Here, we use the probabilistic attachment and detachment models developed in the preceding paper to interpret transient data from well-defined experiments. These data are obtained with a simple model cell system that consists of receptor-coated latex beads (prototype cells) and a Radial-Flow Detachment Assay (RFDA) using a ligand-coated glass disc. The receptors and ligands used in this work are complementary antibodies. The beads enable us to examine transient behavior with particles that possess fairly uniform properties that can be varied systematically, and the RFDA is designed for direct observation of adhesion to the ligand-coated glass surface over a range of shear stresses. Our experiments focus on the effects of surface shear stress, receptor density, and ligand density. These data provide a crucial test of the probabilistic framework. We show that these data can be explained with the probabilistic analyses, whereas they cannot be readily interpreted on the basis of a deterministic analysis. In addition, we examine transient data on cell adhesion reported from other assays, demonstrating the consistency of these data with the predictions of the probabilistic models.
TWO HYPERFRAGMENTS FROM NEGATIVE K-PARTICLE CAPTURE AND THE MASS OF THE NEGATIVE K PARTICLE

Two hyperfragments are described which have been found from 81 negative $K$-particle interactions at rest and in flight. Event 35 was identified as a ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ capture in carbon which emitted a $_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{Li}^{7}$ hyperfragment that decayed into a ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ meson and a ${\mathrm{Be}}^{7}$ fragment. The binding energy of the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ hyperon in $_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{Li}^{7}$ was found to be 4.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.7 Mev. The mass of the negative $K$ particle which was captured in this reaction was found to be 966.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5.0 electron masses. In Event 71, a negative $K$ particle was captured in a light nucleus. Four charged particles and a ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ meson and a hyperfragment, $_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{He}^{4}$, left the ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ending. The $_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{He}^{4}$ decayed into a proton, a ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ meson, and a ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ fragment. The binding energy of the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ hyperon in $_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{He}^{4}$ was found to be 1.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6 Mev.
Temperature regulation in the hyrax

Abstract 1. 1. Th hyrax are medium-sized African mammals (2–3 kg) which look like large rodents but possess taxonomic affinities with the elephant. Their behavior suggest that basking in the sun plays an important role in the regulation of their body temperature. 2. 2. We found that in the laboratory four different species of hyrax maintained their rectal temperature within the normal mammalian range at air temperatures between 4 and 40°C. 3. 3. In the cold hyrax increased their oxygen consumption, and in the heat they panted, salivated and groomed. 4. 4. Thus they do possess the usual physiological mechanisms for regulating their temperature, but we do not rule out the possibility that in nature they exhibit a nightly hypothermia and bask in the sun to warm.
Facial emotion recognition and facial affect display in schizotypal personality disorder.

Background Patients with schizophrenia have deficits in facial affect expression and detection that hinder social interactions. The goal of this study was to examine whether or not epidemiologically-related antipsychotic-naive schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) subjects would have similar deficits as patients with schizophrenia.
On the Evidence of Theory: Close Reading as a Disciplinary Model for Writing about Teaching and Learning.

While some literary scholars claim that their discipline's research practices do not fit the scholarship of teaching and learning, close reading — the signature critical practice of literary studie...
Glial Choristoma of the Temporal Bone in a 7-Month-Old Infant

Importance Heterotopic glial tissue is a rare, benign congenital anomaly that can present as a fibrous mass with or without overt signs of neural tissue origin, such as overlying alopecia, pigmentation, or a “hair collar” sign. These lesions are typically found in the midline area, though they have been found laterally involving the mastoid and middle ear regions. As demonstrated by this case report, a lateral scalp lesion may represent glial tissue even if fine-needle aspiration does not demonstrate neural findings. Observations This single case report represents a 7-month-old white infant who presented with a lateral scalp mass over the mastoid area. The mass enlarged as she grew, causing external auditory canal obstruction. Fine-needle aspiration demonstrated fibrovascular tissue, and computed tomographic imaging showed a small bony defect over the mastoid area but no intracranial communication. The final pathologic finding was consistent with glial choristoma, a rare, benign congenital lesion involving heterotopic neural tissue. Conclusions and Relevance Congenital scalp lesions can represent heterotopic neural tissue and warrant complete evaluation prior to treatment; fine-needle aspiration biopsy is not necessarily reliable to rule out neurogenic origin, as demonstrated in this case. The possibility for intracranial extension should always be considered and fully evaluated with computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging prior to operative intervention. Most prior published case reports of heterotopic glial tissue involving the mastoid and/or middle ear spaces describe adults and suggest that such lesions were acquired later in life. This report of a lateral glial choristoma overlying the mastoid bone in an infant supports a congenital origin of this lesion.
Predictors of breath-holding duration among treatment-seeking tobacco users

AbstractBreath-holding duration is a commonly used measure of behavioral distress intolerance and an important predictor of smoking cessation abstinence during quit attempts. Yet, the there is little empirical knowledge about the factors that may underlie breath-holding duration itself. The current study examined a variety of bio-behavioral factors in the prediction of breath-holding duration among smokers. Participants were 120 daily smokers (Mage = 29.1; 47% Female) who were seeking treatment for smoking cessation. Results indicated that perceived discomfort intolerance (β = −0.20, p < 0.05; measured by the Discomfort Intolerance Scale) and frustration tolerance (measured by mirror-tracing task persistence; β = −0.25, p < 0.01) were significantly associated with breath-holding duration, such that smokers reporting lower perceived discomfort intolerance and shorter task-persistence demonstrated a significantly lower capacity to maintain breath-holding. Importantly, the observed significant effects were e...
Value Driven Security Threat Modeling Based on Attack Path Analysis

This paper presents a quantitative threat modeling method, the threat modeling method based on attack path analysis (T-MAP), which quantifies security threats by calculating the total severity weights of relevant attack paths for commercial off the shelf (COTS) systems. Compared to existing approaches, T-MAP is sensitive to an organization's business value priorities and IT environment. It distills the technical details of thousands of relevant software vulnerabilities into management-friendly numbers at a high-level. T-MAP can help system designers evaluate the security performance of COTS systems and analyze the effectiveness of security practices. In the case study, we demonstrate the steps of using T-MAP to analyze the cost-effectiveness of how system patching and upgrades can improve security. In addition, we introduce a software tool that automates the T-MAP