cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Taken out of context? Cross-level effects of between-person self-efficacy and difficulty on the within-person relationship of self-efficacy with resource allocation and performance

Abstract Research examining the within-person relationship among self-efficacy, resource allocation, and performance has been decidedly mixed, with positive, null, and even negative relationships being observed. In the present research, we propose that relationship of within-person changes in self-efficacy with subsequent changes in resource allocation and performance depends upon one’s typical level of self-efficacy; that is, increases and decreases in self-efficacy have different implications for individuals that are generally highly efficacious than for individuals who are typically less efficacious. Moreover, we propose that these relationships further depend upon the difficulty of goal being pursued. Support for these arguments is found across two studies. These results provide support for self-efficacy’s non-monotonic relationship with resource allocation, including our proposition that the nature of this non-monotonic relationship differs as a function of difficulty. These results also help further illuminate when and for whom self-efficacy is likely to increase or decrease resource allocation and performance.
Cooperation and conflict in ant foundress associations: insights from geographical variation

Sociality can promote both cooperation and competition. Although we assume social organisms possess adaptations that allow them to form groups and deal with within-group conflicts, these are often subtle and difficult to detect. Using a simple form of sociality displayed by young ant foundresses of the desert seed-harvester ant, Messor pergandei, as a model system, I exploited intraspecific geographic variation in social behaviour to investigate how the social context has altered individual behavioural strategies. I created social groups composed of two normally nonsocial foundresses, normally social foundresses and mixed groups, and compared foundresses' aggression and willingness to invest resources towards colony productivity. Nonsocial foundresses, presumably not adapted to social life, invested significantly more resources into colony growth than normally social foundresses, and experienced reduced survivorship in mixed groups. In contrast, social foundresses displayed two novel competitive behavioural strategies when confronted with nonsocial partners: retaliatory aggression and egg consumption. These results document that the evolution of social behaviour, rather than promoting cooperation, is driven by the evolution of competitive strategies designed to exploit group members and reduce the risk of being exploited by others.
Burden of bioinformatics in medical research: Statistical perspectives and controversies

Abstract The ongoing evolution of genomics and bioinformatics has an overwhelming impact on medical and clinical research, albeit this development is often marked by genuine controversies as well as lack of scientific clarities and acumen. The search for disease genes and the gene–environment interaction has drawn considerable interdisciplinary scientific attention: environmental health, clinical and medical sciences, biological as well as computational and statistical sciences are most noteworthy. Statistical reasoning (quantitative modeling and analysis perspectives) has a focal stand in this respect while data mining resolutions are far from being statistically fully understood or interpretable. The use of human subjects, though unavoidable, under various extraneous restraints, medical ethics perspectives, and human rights undercurrents, has raised concern all over the world, especially in the developing countries. In the genomics context, clinical trials may be designed on chips and yet there are greater challenges due to the curse of dimensionality perspectives. Some of these challenging statistical issues in medical and clinical research (with emphasis on clinical trials) are appraised in the light of existing statistical tools, which are available for less complex clinical research problems.
An integrated approach to service quality in hotels.

ABSTRACT An examination of service quality in hotels goes beyond the measurement approach by incorporating, customer satisfaction, organizational culture and climate. Customer satisfaction is examined and the use of employee perceptions of customer satisfaction is proposed as an index for customer satisfaction. Organizational climate is discussed as being a fundamental element that needs to be understood and used by managers in order to promote service quality. A conceptual model that incorporates all the elements of an expanded service quality model is presented by utilizing organizational culture and climate as its base. It is argued that hotel managers need to address all aspects of the model simultaneously instead of the single element at a time approach.
Housing values, census estimates, disequilibrium, and the environmental cost of airport noise: A case study of Atlanta☆

Abstract Two unresolved issues about airport noise-property value studies are addressed. The first issue concerns the comparability of empirical results from aggregate census data vs individual sales values, and the second issue concerns the homogeneity and stability of results from housing price studies over time and across markets. Hedonic price models from two sets of data for a residential area near the Atlanta International Airport are estimated at two points in time 1979–1980 and 1970–1972. The available data yield similar estimates of the noise discount over time, and from the prices of individual house sales vs owner-appraised census block aggregates.
Assessing Teaching Style Preference and Factors that Influence Teaching Style Preference of Registered Dietitians

Abstract Adult patient education is a major responsibility of registered dietitians. A review of the literature indicates that one important characteristic for an effective adult educator is a teaching style which facilitates learning, known as learner-centered teaching style. The purpose of this descriptive study was to identify the teaching style preference and factors (years of experience, number of formal educational sessions which contained sections of adult education and the route to registration) that influenced the teaching style preference of registered dietitians. Six hundred registered dietitians residing in the Midwest were sent the "Adult Education Questionnaire" and the "Principles of Adult Learning Scale(PALS)", assessment tools, to complete. The overall PALS scores were generated and the frequency distributions and population percentages were calculated for demographic and descriptive data. Analysis of variance tests were performed to assess the relationship between various factors and PALS scores. The findings suggest that the teaching style preference of registered dietitians was teaching-centered. Years of employment had a significant affect on teaching style. The number of formal educational sessions in which the dietitians participated that related to adult education had the most significant effect on teaching style preference. The route to registration had no significant influence on teaching style preference. Registered dietitians demonstrate a teacher-centered teaching style. Formal educational programs incorporating principles of adult education can positively influence the teaching style of dietitians to become more learner-centered.
The Political Situation Facing the United States Forest Service

Congressional hearings pertaining to national forest management, timber sales, the National Forest Management Act (NFMA), and the Resources Planning Act (RPA) were censused and subjected to content analysis. Trends in interest group attitudes toward the Forest Service, as revealed by their formal position statements to Congress, were identified for the period 1984 to 1993. The resulting quantitative data were converted into percent pro and con values and plotted over time. Industry support has waned, and although positive responses from environmental groups have increased, they have not been enough to offset the industry decline. Opinions toward management issues have shown the greatest shift, while attitudes regarding timber sales and NFMA/RPA have remained relatively uniform throughout the time period. This analysis suggests that the United States Forest Service has lost an element of leverage in its dealings with Congress. As its programs have become broader, its support from interest groups has weakened.
Statics Analysis of Clemen’s Linkage for Robotic Applications

Robotic manipulators can be categorized as either parallel, serial, or in some cases a combination of the two. Among others, a notable drawback of serial manipulators in dynamic applications is the large inertia created by typically heavy electromechanical actuators at the distal end of the manipulator. In addition, compact packaging of multiple actuators in a multi-degree of freedom (DOF) joint, as is often necessary with serial manipulators, can be difficult. These difficulties can be alleviated should a means be found to relocate actuators across one or more degrees of freedom. In this paper, we investigate a constant velocity (CV) linkage, the Clemen’s linkage, that may be used to relocate an actuator across a one DOF revolute joint to an adjacent link while maintaining a serially actuated architecture. This can be very advantageous in some applications such as a humanoid robot ankle. The linkage is analyzed for both its range of motion and torque capacity for such applications given limitations of currently available bearing hardware.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Exploring the salivary gland transcriptome and proteome of the Anopheles stephensi mosquito

Anopheles stephensi is the main urban mosquito vector of malaria in the Indian subcontinent, and belongs to the same subgenus as Anopheles gambiae, the main malaria vector in Africa. Recently the genome and proteome sets of An. gambiae have been described, as well as several protein sequences expressed in its salivary glands, some of which had their expression confirmed by amino terminal sequencing. In this paper, we randomly sequenced a full-length cDNA library of An. stephensi and performed Edman degradation of polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF)-transferred protein bands from salivary homogenates. Twelve of 13 proteins found by aminoterminal degradation were found among the cDNA clusters of the library. Thirty-three full-length novel cDNA sequences are reported, including a novel secreted galectin; the homologue of anophelin, a thrombin inhibitor; a novel trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitor; an apyrase; a lipase; and several new members of the D7 protein family. Most of the novel proteins have no known function. Comparison of the putatively secreted and putatively housekeeping proteins of An. stephensi with An. gambiae proteins indicated that the salivary gland proteins are at a faster evolutionary pace. The possible role of these proteins in blood and sugar feeding by the mosquito is discussed. The electronic tables and supplemental material are available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/Mosquito/A_stephensi_sialome/ .
Using superlattice ordering to reduce the band gap of random (In,Ga)As/InP alloys to a target value via the inverse band structure approach

Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) devices are intended to absorb photons from hot blackbody radiating objects, often requiring semiconductor absorbers with band gap of $\ensuremath{\simeq}0.6\text{ }\text{eV}$. The random ${\text{In}}_{x}{\text{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\text{As}$ alloy lattice matched $({x}_{\text{In}}=0.53)$ to a (001) InP substrate has a low-temperature band gap of 0.8 eV, about 0.2 eV too high for a TPV absorber. Bringing the band gap down by raising the In concentration induces strain with the substrate, leading to a two-dimensional $(2\text{D})\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\text{three}$-dimensional (3D) morphological transition occurring before band gaps suitable for TPV applications are achieved. We use the inverse band structure approach, based on a genetic algorithm and empirical pseudopotential calculations, to search for lattice-matched InAs/GaAs multiple-repeat unit structures with individual layer thicknesses lower than the critical thickness for a $2\text{D}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3\text{D}$ transition. Despite the fact that quantum confinement usually increases band gaps, we find a quantum superlattice structure with the required reduced gap (and a significant optical transition) that matches all target requirements. This is explained by the predominance of (potential-energy) level anticrossing effects over (kinetic) quantum confinement effects.
Reinstatement by caffeine of an extinguished conditioned dopaminergic drug response.

Abstract An experimental study of extinction of conditioned drug-induced effects was carried out to determine: 1) duration of the extinction effect; and 2) stability of extinction as determined by a challenge with a stimulant drug. Twelve animals with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) substantia nigra lesions were assigned to paired and unpaired treatment groups (n=6) in a Pavlovian conditioning paradigm. The paired animals received apomorphine (0.05 mg/kg SC) immediately prior to placement into a test chamber and the unpaired animals received the apomorphine 30 min following test chamber placement. The two groups were matched for apomorphine-induced contralateral rotation prior to the conditioning treatment. Following Pavlovian conditioning, the paired group, but not the umpaired group, exhibited contralateral rotation in a nondrug test trial. This conditioned response underwent extinction after one nondrug extinction trial and the extinction effect persisted for 2 months. When tested with caffeine (10 mg/kg), the paired animals again exhibited substantial contralateral rotation. In contrast, the unpaired animals showed only an increase in ipsilateral rotation in response to the caffeine treatment. The drastically different responses to caffeine in the paired and unpaired animals was not due to prior apomorphine exposure per se or due to 6-OHDA lesion-induced differences in striatal dopamine depletion. Rather, the effect of caffeine on rotation behavior was determined by the Pavlovian drug conditioning procedures carried out several months earlier prior to caffeine testing.
A Logical Transmission Principle for Conclusive Reasons

Dretske's conclusive reasons account of knowledge is designed to explain how epistemic closure can fail when the evidence for a belief does not transmit to some of that belief's logical consequences. Critics of Dretske dispute the argument against closure while joining Dretske in writing off transmission. This paper shows that, in the most widely accepted system for counterfactual logic (David Lewis's system VC), conclusive reasons are governed by an informative, non-trivial, logical transmission principle. If r is a conclusive reason for believing p in Dretske's sense, and if p logically implies q, and if p and q satisfy one additional condition, it follows that r is a conclusive reason for believing q. After introducing this additional condition, I explain its intuitive import and use the condition to shed new light on Dretske's response to scepticism, as well as on his distinction between the so-called ‘lightweight’ and ‘heavyweight’ implications of a piece of perceptual knowledge.
Purification, characterization and rôle in infection of an extracellular cutinolytic enzyme from Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. on Carica papaya L

Colletrichum gloeosporioides was grown in still culture in a mineral salts medium contaning purified papaya cutin as the sole source of carbon. After 2 weeks of incubation, the cutinase from culture filtrates was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration, and ion exchange chromatography. The purified enzyme, which hydrolyzes tritiated cutin, is a cationic glycoprotein (16% carbohydrate) with a molecular weight of about 24000 as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme hydrolyzed all p-nitrophenyl esters (model substrates) of C4 to C16 acids thus differing from previously reported fungal cutinases which could not hydrolyze the longer chain esters. Diisopropylflurophosphate inhibits the enzyme indicating that catalysis involves an active serine. Immunological studies with rabbit antibodies prepared against the cutinase showed a single sharp precipitin band when Ouchterlony double diffusion analysis was performed. Rabbit antibodies prepared against the cutinase isolated from Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi neither cross reacted nor inhibited the present enzyme. The antiserum prepared against C. gloeosporioides cutinase completely inhibited the enzyme in vitro and suppressed lesion formation when papaya fruits were inoculated with spore suspensions containing the anticutinase. Similarly, the cutinase inhibitor diisopropylfluorophosphate also suppressed lesion formation; however, neither anticutinase nor diisopropylfluorophosphate suppressed lesion formation when the fruit's cutin barrier was breached by a needle prick prior to inoculation. These findings show that C. gloeosporioides penetrates the cuticular layer of papaya by secreting a cutinase. Additionally, when papayas are pretreated with the purified cutinase of C. gloeosporioides and subsequently inoculated with spores of Mycosphaerella sp. a wound pathogen of papaya, infection and lesion formation result.
Kinetics of reduction by free flavin semiquinones of algal cytochromes and plastocyanin.

Abstract It had been shown that plastocyanin and cytochrome c -553 are functionally interchangeable in algae and that the physiological electron transfer reactions are sensitive to ionic strength. The isoelectric points of these proteins range from very acidic to basic depending upon species, and naturally occurring amino acid substitutions of charged residues have been shown to affect the kinetics of electron transfer, presumably through alteration of protein net charge. We have now shown that these naturally occurring amino acid substitutions also affect the kinetics of nonphysiological electron transfer reactions, and that we can quantitate the extent of nonconservation of charge. The reduction of plant and algal proteins by FMN semiquinone is sensitive to ionic strength and the effects can be correlated with net protein charge with regard to sign, but not to magnitude, with the charge at the site of electron transfer varying from +3 through 0 to −3. We had previously observed in a large variety of electron transfer proteins from bacteria ( G. Tollin, T. E. Meyer, and M. A. Cusanovich (1986) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 853, 29–41 ) that charge localized at the site of electron transfer, rather than net protein charge, was more likely to affect kinetics. This also appears to be the case with the algal proteins. By comparison of protein structures, we have been able to predict which substitutions are likely to be responsible for the kinetic effects in the algal proteins and to discuss the implications of such changes for function.
Three women in a car

Isolated sternal fractures have been increasing in number since the advent of seat belt legislation in 1983.1 The management of these patients has been a matter of debate for some time. These cases demonstrate that other coexistent pathology may be difficult to identify at the time of presentation and that a high level of suspicion for other injuries is necessary. Three women presented to the emergency department after a collision between their car travelling at 45 miles per hour and a stationary van. The 71 year old restrained driver of the car presented complaining of chest pain and tenderness. Previous medical history included osteoporosis and long term corticosteroid use for asthma. Initial observations, examination, chest radiograph, and electrocardiogram were normal. A sternal radiograph demonstrated a fracture of the sternum. A brief episode of hypotension was noted (systolic blood pressure of 90) but thought to be vagal and the patient was later discharged home with oral analgesia. The 77 year old restrained front seat passenger also presented with chest pain and tenderness. Initial observations, chest radiograph and …
Crack Propagation in a Linearly Viscoelastic Strip

The tip velocity of a crack propagating through a viscoelastic material depends on geometry, applied load and its history, and material properties. A consideration of the work done by the unloading tractions at the crack tip shows that, for a large crack propagating through an infinitely long strip under constant lateral strain, the rate of propagation can be calculated from a knowledge of the intrinsic fracture energy (a material constant), the material creep compliance, and an additional size parameter. This parameter vanishes from the analysis if the material is elastic, and the familiar instability criterion is obtained in this case. Comparison with experimental data is provided and the consequences of step loadings are examined.
Optimization of Synthetic Jet Actuators

Abstract : This paper describes the optimization of a piezoelectric-driven synthetic jet actuator based on a Lumped Element Modeling (LEM). To simplify the problem, this papers splits the optimization problem into two parts. First, a constrained optimization of the cavity volume and orifice dimensions of two baseline synthetic jets, each with a given piezoelectric diaphragm, is conducted using two different objective functions. One seeks to improve the centerline output velocity over a broad frequency range, and the other maximizes the centerline velocity at a prescribed resonant frequency of the device. Significant improvements are achieved using both objective functions for both synthetic jets. Second, the two baseline piezoelectric diaphragms have been optimized using two configurations. One uses the standard inner-disc piezoceramic patch bonded to a metal shim, while the other employs an outer piezoceramic ring. In each case, the objective is to maximize the achievable volume displacement of the diaphragm at the coercive electric field strength of the piezoceramic, while the natural frequency of the piezoelectric diaphragm is constrained to be greater than or equal to the baseline designs. Both configurations yield modest (~5%) improvements for one diaphragm and significant improvements for the other diaphragm (>50%).
Synthetic Inhibitors of Cytochrome P-450 2A6: Inhibitory Activity, Difference Spectra, Mechanism of Inhibition, and Protein Cocrystallization.

A series of 3-heteroaromatic analogues of nicotine were synthesized to delineate structural and mechanistic requirements for selectively inhibiting human cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6. Thiophene, substituted thiophene, furan, substituted furan, acetylene, imidazole, substituted imidazole, thiazole, pyrazole, substituted pyrazole, and aliphatic and isoxazol moieties were used to replace the N-methylpyrrolidine ring of nicotine. A number of potent inhibitors were identified, and several exhibited high selectivity for CYP2A6 relative to CYP2E1, -3A4, -2B6, -2C9, -2C19, and -2D6. The majority of these inhibitors elicited type II difference spectra indicating the formation of a coordinate covalent bond to the heme iron. The majority of inhibitors were reversible inhibitors although several mechanism-based inactivators were identified. Most of the inhibitors were also relatively metabolically stable. X-ray crystal structures of CYP2A6 cocrystallized with three furan analogues bearing methanamino side chains indicat...
Worst-case performance guarantees of scheduling algorithms maximizing weighted throughput in energy-harvesting networks

Abstract Energy harvesting has recently emerged as a technique to enable longer operating time of sensor networks. However, due to harvesting energy's not-completely predictable stochastic nature, some packets may still fail to be transmitted due to insufficient energy supply. Also, packets in sensor networks are usually associated with sensitive time-critical information. Based on these observations, we theoretically study algorithms scheduling weighted packets with deadlines in energy-harvesting networks. In our model, packets arrive in an online manner, each packet has a value representing its priority and a value representing its deadline. Harvesting energy is gathered over time and transmitting one packet takes a unit of energy. The objective is to maximize the total value of the packets sent, subject to energy and deadline constraints. In this paper, we design both offline and online algorithms maximizing weighted throughput. We analyze these algorithms’ performance guarantees against their worst-case scenarios and empirically compare them with the conventional and classic scheduling algorithms. The simulation results show that our online algorithms have far better performance than conventional ones.
Insulin-dependent synthesis of histones in relation to the mammary epithelial cell cycle.

Abstract The rates of synthesis and turnover of various histone fractions were studied during hormone-dependent mammary epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation in vitro . Insulin stimulated the synthesis of total cell protein, histone and DNA in these cells. In contrast to an early response of protein synthesis to insulin, synthesis of DNA and histone increased only after 12 h of insulin treatment. All the histones synthesized during insulin treatment were stable during a 20-h chase period. The addition of hydrocortisone and/or prolactin which has been shown to induce mammary epithelial cell differentiation, did not alter the rates of synthesis of any of the histone fractions. Thus only insulin demonstrated the capacity to induce proliferation of mammary epithelial cells, DNA and histone synthesis.
Gaze control and memory for objects while walking in a real world environment

Assessments of gaze behaviour and object memory are typically done in the context of experimental paradigms briefly presenting transient static images of synthetic or real scenes. Less is known about observers’ gaze behaviour and memory for objects in a real world environment. While wearing a mobile eyetracker, 20 subjects performed a task in which they walked around a building eight times and were either told to walk normally, or to also expect to be asked about what they saw following their walk. During the course of their walk, nine objects along their path were exchanged for similar token objects of the same category (e.g., whisk broom for push broom). Observers told to prepare for a memory test were much more likely to notice object changes than observers simply told to walk normally (32% vs. 5%). Detected object changes were also fixated for longer duration prior to the change, suggesting a role of task demand in gaze control and the selective storage of visual information.
Impaired zinc and copper status in children with burn injuries: Need to reassess nutritional requirements

Abstract Major burns are associated with impaired Zn and Cu status. These micronutrients are essential for bone matrix formation, linear growth, and wound healing. This study evaluated the status of Zn and Cu in burned children and assessed adequacy of supplementation. Six children, mean total body surface area (TBSA), 54 ± 9% (S.D.), were recruited. Nutrient intakes, plasma, wound exudate, and 24 h urine samples were collected and analyzed for Zn and Cu. Bone mineral content was assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Dietary Zn and Cu were three times the dietary reference, and mean plasma concentrations of Zn and Cu were low at admission and discharge. Urinary Zn was elevated at admission, whereas Cu was elevated at both times. Wound Zn and Cu concentrations exceeded plasma concentrations, suggesting that inflammatory wound exudate was a primary route of loss. We demonstrate that burn injury in children results in low plasma levels of Zn and Cu that are inadequately compensated during hospitalization.
The university as a systems development center for state government: how to solve the education vs. training problem

During the past few year, I have attended several professional meetings which have included panel discussions between representatives from industry and academia concerning computer science education. Industry usually claims that students graduate with few practical skills --- many can't even write a program as simple as a master file update. They further complain that such major issues as documentation, programming style, and team programming are neglected, while the abilities for written expression and oral presentation are often totally lacking. The programming languages which are common in industry (COBOL, FORTRAN) are often not introduced, and actual experience in the use of data base and data communications software just doesn't exist. In summary, universities are not interested in preparing a student for an industrial career.
Controlled Cortical Impact: A New Experimental Brain Injury Model

ABSTRACT A new experimental model of mechanical brain injury was produced in the laboratory ferret (Mustela putorius furo) using a stroke-constrained pneumatic impactor. Cortical impacts were made on vertex to the intact dura mater overlying the cerebral cortex with contact velocities ranging from 2.0 to 4.0 m/sec and with deformations of 2.0 to 5.0 mm. The dwell time of the impact and the stability of the skull during impact were verified with high speed (1000 to 3000 frames/sec) cineradiography. Systemic arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration were monitored, and postinjury changes were recorded. Anatomic brain injury, including subdural hematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage, tears or rents of the dura mater, and contusions of the cortex, brainstem, cervical spinal cord, and cerebellum was observed. Injury responses ranged from no apparent anatomic injury or alterations in the systemic physiology at low severity impact (2.0 m/sec, 2.0 mm) to immediate fatality in the highest severity impact gro...
THE ENHANCEMENT SEMINAR MODEL AS A STRATEGY TO PROMOTE DIVERSITY AND STUDENT SUCCESS IN MSW PROGRAMS

This study evaluates the effectiveness of an enhancement program by examining a cohort of 57 students admitted on probationary status to an MSW program in 2002 and required to participate in the en...
A comparison of the cartilaginous rib graft and Evans-Todd laryngotracheoplasties for subglottic stenosis.

The choice of surgical procedure is usually based on the surgeon's skills, experience, and personal bias. If the outcome of the two procedures is the same, then the relative risks, potential complications, and other factors such as additional procedures required and length of time to decannulation must be compared. Both the cartilaginous rib graft and Evans-Todd LTPs have been used at St. Louis Children's Hospital, and an evaluation of their merits has helped clarify their appropriate use
Reducing phosphorus export from croplands with FBC fly ash and FGD gypsum

Abstract Excessive soil phosphorus levels cause high concentrations of water-soluble phosphorus in soil, thereby increasing the potential for phosphorus export to streams. Converting water-soluble phosphorus to less soluble forms with lime or calcium-containing coal combustion byproducts can reduce the release of soil phosphorus to surface runoff. A typical agricultural soil at excessive soil phosphorus levels was incubated with four treatments (0 to 20 g kg −1 ) of fluidized-bed combustion fly ash (FBC) and a flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) byproduct. A 10 g kg −1 application of FBC and FGD to soil reduced the concentration of water-soluble phosphorus by 60% and 50%, respectively. Projection of these results over an agricultural watershed indicates that treating only 4% of the watershed can reduce the loss of water-soluble phosphorus by 30%.
First Report of Charcoal Rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) on Soybean in Minnesota.

In August 1999, soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) plants exhibiting symptoms of charcoal rot were observed near Zumbrota, MN. Symptoms included shrunken, unfilled pods, and brown, wilted leaves attached to dead petioles and stems (1). When stems of symptomatic soybean plants were split, areas of gray-to-black discoloration where present in the stem cortex (1). Black, spherical microsclerotia 77 to 90 µm in diameter and elongated microsclerotia 77 to 120 µm long (1) were found in vascular tissue. Stem tissue placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) yielded fungal colonies identified as Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. based on gray colony color, colony morphology, and the presence of microsclerotia 70 to 90 µm in diameter. In 2000, M. phaseolina was isolated from plant samples gathered from 11 of 90 fields sampled in a statewide soybean disease survey. More studies are needed to determine the distribution of charcoal rot in Minnesota; however, the occurrence of symptoms at one location and the presence of ...
Radiation damage in copper near the threshold energy

Abstract Radiation damage and annealing studies of copper samples have been performed for the near threshold energy region. A nonlinear behavior of the damage rate vs. irradiation fluence is found. This effect is related to damage which does not anneal below 300 K and is independent of subthreshold damage.
An assembly funnel makes biomolecular complex assembly efficient.

Like protein folding and crystallization, the self-assembly of complexes is a fundamental form of biomolecular organization. While the number of methods for creating synthetic complexes is growing rapidly, most require empirical tuning of assembly conditions and/or produce low yields. We use coarse-grained simulations of the assembly kinetics of complexes to identify generic limitations on yields that arise because of the many simultaneous interactions allowed between the components and intermediates of a complex. Efficient assembly occurs when nucleation is fast and growth pathways are few, i.e. when there is an assembly “funnel”. For typical complexes, an assembly funnel occurs in a narrow window of conditions whose location is highly complex specific. However, by redesigning the components this window can be drastically broadened, so that complexes can form quickly across many conditions. The generality of this approach suggests assembly funnel design as a foundational strategy for robust biomolecular complex synthesis.
Infrared Studies of Lattice Vibrations in Iron Pyrite

Infrared-active lattice vibrations have been studied in the cubic semiconductor iron pyrite (Fe${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$) by measuring the room-temperature reflectivity at near-normal incidence. A group-theoretical analysis of lattice vibrations at the $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ point in the pyrite structure predicts five infrared-active modes belonging to the irreducible representation ${{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{4}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. Four of these modes are observed experimentally. An analysis of the data using classical dispersion theory is made to determine the high-frequency dielectric constant and the frequencies, strengths, and linewidths of the observed modes. In addition, a Kramers-Kronig analysis of the data is made to obtain the dielectric response. The frequencies of four transverse and four longitudinal optical modes are also determined. The implications of the infrared data concerning the interatomic bonding in Fe${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ are discussed.
Methods in entropic thermomechanics

Abstract Elements of constitutive model formulation for simple materials within a thermodynamic, finite deformation framework are reviewed. Recent developments in addressing the second law and entropy existence are discussed. Caratheodory-based approaches are emphasized for their simplicity and ease of interpretation. An original treatment of finite thermoviscoelasticity is developed in this context. A broadened Caratheodory-based entropy is proposed, and compared to recent work of Casey (Casey J., On elastic–thermo-plastic materials at finite deformations. Int J Plast, 14, 173–91.). Frame indifference, objective rates, and spins are briefly addressed, introducing application of the broadened framework to (cited work in) finite thermoviscoplasticity. Fundamental references are provided.
High power 1D and 2D photonic crystal distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers

For many practical applications that need bright sources of mid-infrared radiation, single mode operation and good beam quality are also required. Quantum cascade lasers are prominent candidates as compact sources of mid-infrared radiation capable of delivering very high power both CW and under pulsed operation. While 1D photonic crystal distributed feedback structures can be used to get single mode operation from quantum cascade lasers with narrow ridge widths, novel 2D photonic crystal cavity designs can be used to improve spectral and spatial purity of broad area quantum cascade lasers. In this paper, we demonstrate high power, spatially and spectrally pure operation at room temperature from narrow ridge and broad area quantum cascade lasers with buried 1D and 2D photonic crystal structures. Single mode continuous wave emission at λ = 4.8 μm up to 700 mW in epi-up configuration at room temperature was observed from a 11 μm wide 5 mm long distributed feedback quantum cascade laser with buried 1D gratings. High peak powers up to 34 W was obtained from a 3mm long 400 μm wide 2D photonic crystal distributed feedback laser at room temperature under pulsed operation. The far field profile had a single peak normal to the laser facet and the M2 figure of merit was as low as 2.5. Emission spectrum had a dominating single mode at λ = 4.36 μm.
Evaluation of Computer Simulated Baseline Statistics for Use in Item Bias Studies

Though item bias statistics are widely recommended for use in test development and test analysis work, problems arise in their interpretation. The purpose of the present research was to evaluate the validity of logistic test models and computer simulation methods for providing a frame of reference for item bias statistic interpretations. Specifically, the intent was to produce simulated sampling distributions of item bias statistics under the hypothesis of no bias for use in determining cut-off points to provide guidelines for interpreting item bias statistics obtained with actual test data. The results provided support for the basic data simulation approach used in the study. Real and simulated distributions for three item bias statistics when bias was not present were very similar and the minor differences that were found between the distributions had little effect on the interpretations of item bias statistics obtained with actual test data. Seven steps for applying the method of computer-simulated bas...
Interdependent Risk in Interacting Infrastructure Systems

Critical infrastructures display many of the characteristic properties of complex systems. They exhibit infrequent large failures events that often obey a power law distribution in their probability versus size. This power law behavior suggests that conventional risk analysis does not apply to these systems. It is thought that some of this behavior comes from different parts of the systems interacting with each other both in space and time. While these complex infrastructure systems can exhibit these characteristics on their own, in reality these individual infrastructure systems interact with each other in even more complicated ways. This interaction can lead to increased or decreased risk of failure in the individual systems. To investigate this, we couple two complex system models and investigate the effect of the coupling on the characteristic properties of the systems such as the probability distribution of events
Reviewing Manuscripts for Peer-Review Journals: A Primer for Novice and Seasoned Reviewers

Background The importance of peer review in the furthering of science cannot be overstated. However, most doctoral students and early career professionals receive little formal or informal training in conducting peer reviews. Purpose In recognition of this deficit in peer reviewer training, the present article was developed to provide an overview of the peer-review process at Annals of Behavioral Medicine and describe the general and specific elements that should be included in a high-quality review for the journal. Conclusion We conclude by offering exemplar reviews of a manuscript that was ultimately accepted for publication in the journal and provide commentary on specific aspects of these reviews.
Defining a Unitary Business: An Economist's View

The definition of a unitary business has figured prominently in several recent decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court on the constitutionality of state corporate income taxes. This paper employs economic analysis to frame a three part test of whether a unitary business exists. Underlying the tests is the notion that a unitary business exists when separate accounting can not satisfactorily isolate the profits of individual firms. The first test is common control. The second is whether transfer prices on transactions within the group could be manipulated or are diificult to verify or substantial vertical integration, shared costs,economies of scale or scope, or other forms of economic interdependence make isolation of profits of affiliated firms impossible.The third test is one of substantiality.
The ''DeyeCOM Sign'': Predictive Value in Acute Stroke Code Evaluations

Background Rapid diagnosis in stroke is critical. Computed tomography is often performed initially, even before a neurologic examination. Gaze deviation has been correlated with stroke diagnosis in some cohorts. Conjugate gaze deviation on stroke code imaging, the "DeyeCOM sign," may have emergency stroke care implications. Methods We evaluated stroke code imaging from the University of California, San Diego database (2007-2013) for "DeyeCOM sign" diagnostic and predictive utility. Patients were grouped as DeyeCOM+ if conjugate gaze deviation was noted. The differences were assessed using the Fisher exact test for categorical and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables. Results We evaluated 342 patients; 106 (31%) were DeyeCOM+. Mean age was 63. The most common diagnoses in the DeyeCOM+ group were ischemic stroke (50.94%), transient ischemic attack (8.49%), other (8.49%), somatization (6.6%), and hemorrhage (5.66%). The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was greater in stroke patients than that in nonstroke (8.2 versus 3.8; P P = .03). DeyeCOM+ patients were more likely to have a +gaze score (26.4% versus 9.8%; P P P = .03). Conclusions DeyeCOM+ patients scored higher and were more likely to have +gaze on the stroke scale, and deviation of 15° or more was correlated with final diagnosis stroke. In current environments, there is pressure to complete stroke evaluations rapidly. Reliable imaging information obtained early (such as gaze deviation on scan correlating with scale score and final stroke diagnosis) could augment decision making even with negative imaging.
SemMedDB: a PubMed-scale repository of biomedical semantic predications

Summary: Effective access to the vast biomedical knowledge present in the scientific literature is challenging. Semantic relations are increasingly used in knowledge management applications supporting biomedical research to help address this challenge. We describe SemMedDB, a repository of semantic predications (subject–predicate–object triples) extracted from the entire set of PubMed citations. We propose the repository as a knowledge resource that can assist in hypothesis generation and literature-based discovery in biomedicine as well as in clinical decision-making support. Availability and implementation: The SemMedDB repository is available as a MySQL database for non-commercial use at http://skr3.nlm.nih.gov/SemMedDB. An UMLS Metathesaurus license is required. Contact: vog.hin.liam@hulgocilik
Observations of rain‐induced near‐surface salinity anomalies

Vertical salinity gradients in the top few meters of the ocean surface can exist due to the freshwater input from rain. If present, surface gradients complicate comparing salinity measured at depths of a few meters to salinities retrieved using L-band microwave radiometers such as SMOS and Aquarius. Therefore, understanding the spatial scales and the frequency of occurrence of these vertical gradients and the conditions under which they form will be important in understanding sea surface salinity maps provided by microwave radiometers. Salinity gradients in the near-surface ocean were measured using a towed profiler that profiled salinity in the top 2 m of the ocean with a minimum measurement depth of 0.1 m. In addition, an Underway Salinity Profiling System was installed on the R/V Thomas G. Thompson. This measured near-surface salinity at depths of 1 and 2 m. Both the towed profiler and the underway system found the occurrence of negative salinity anomalies (i.e., salinity decreasing toward the surface) was correlated with the presence of rain. The magnitude of the anomaly (i.e., the difference between salinity at 0.1 m and the salinity at 0.26 m) was proportional to the cube of the rain rate for rain rate, R, greater than 6 mm h−1. From this, for R > 15–22 mm h−1, depending on the areal extent of the salinity anomalies, rain can cause scene-averaged salinity offsets that are as large as the accuracy goal for Aquarius of 0.1‰.
A noise tolerant cache design to reduce gate and sub-threshold leakage in the nanometer regime

Scaling devices while maintaining reasonable short channel immunity requires gate oxide thickness of less than 20 /spl Aring/ for CMOS devices beyond the 70 nm technology node. Low oxide thickness gives rise to considerable direct tunneling current (gate leakage). Power dissipation in large caches is dominated by the gate and sub-threshold leakage current. This paper proposes a novel cache that has high noise immunity with improved leakage power. For every bank of SRAM cells, this technique requires an extra diode in parallel with a gated-ground transistor connected between the source of NMOS transistors and ground in SRAM cells. The row decoder itself can be used to control the extra gated-ground transistor. Our simulation results on a 70 nm process (Berkeley Predictive Technology Model augmented with our gate leakage model) show 39.2% reduction in consumed energy (leakage plus dynamic) in L1 cache and 59.4% reduction in L2 cache energy with less than 2.5% impact on execution time. The technique is applicable to data and instruction caches as well as different levels of cache hierarchy such as the L1, L2, or L3 caches.
Direct shock wave loading of Stishovite to 235 GPa: Implications for perovskite stability relative to an oxide assemblage at lower mantle conditions

0 are ambient bulk modulus and its pressure derivative, respectively. The Hugoniots (shock equations of state) for stishovite, coesite and quartz achieve widely differing internal energy states at equal volume and therefore allow us to determine the Gruneisen parameter of stishovite. On the basis of the resulting P–V–Tequation of state for stishovite and previous studies on other phases on the MgO-SiO2 binary, the breakdown reaction of MgSiO3-perovskite to MgO and SiO2 was calculated. Our calculations show that perovskite is thermodynamically stable relative to the stishovite and periclase assemblage at lower mantle conditions. We obtain similar results for a range of models, despite the appreciable differences among these experimentbased thermodynamic parameters. INDEX TERMS: 3944 Mineral Physics: Shock wave experiments; 3939 Mineral Physics: Physical thermodynamics;3919 MineralPhysics:Equationsof state