cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CHAPTER VIII – KAISSA (1972)

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on KAISSA. A most interesting experiment took place in the Soviet Union, in 1972. Beginning in 1971, Mikhail Domskoy and a group of assistants, working under Arlazarov, rewrote and improved the program that defeated the Kotok–McCarthy CP in 1966–67. They named it KAISSA after the mythological goddess of chess. Then in January, 1972, KAISSA accepted a challenge. The Soviet newspaper Komsomolskaia Pravda invited KAISSA to play a simultaneous two-game match against its readers; the newspaper would serve as middleman. On almost every Sunday throughout the year, beginning January 15, 1972, Komsomolskaia Pravda published KAISSA's move in each of the two games, and during the next few days readers mailed in their replies. In each game, the move fed into the computer was the move most frequently recommended by the readers. Several thousand people participated in the experiment. Prizes were offered to the 100 readers who submitted moves that most often coincided with the selected move.
Familial DHCR7 genotype presenting as a very mild form of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome and lethal holoprosencephaly.

Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by variants in the DHCR7 gene. In cholesterol biosynthesis, 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) is converted to cholesterol by the enzyme 7-DHC reductase, which is encoded by the gene DHCR7. Thus, an elevated 7-DHC is indicative of SLOS. Characteristically SLOS is usually associated with congenital anomalies, dysmorphisms, and moderate to severe neurodevelopmental delay. However, there are rare descriptions of individuals with milder phenotypes. We report a mild case of SLOS presenting with short stature, cleft palate, imperforate anus, and mild language delay with subtle dysmorphic features. 7-DHC was not elevated at 1 year of age and SLOS considered excluded at this time. The parents had two pregnancies with holoprosencephaly. Whole exome sequencing of one of the fetuses identified compound heterozygous pathogenic variants in the DHCR7 gene (c.964-1G>C (p.?) and c.1039G>A (p.Gly347Ser) causative of SLOS. The proband with a mild form of SLOS was also found to have the same DHCR7 variants as the fetus and repeat testing of 7-DHC at 4 years of age was elevated, in keeping with SLOS. This case is the first to describe a wide intrafamilial phenotypic spectrum of SLOS as a result of the same DHCR7 genotype. This case also supports the findings of others that a normal or near normal development should not exclude SLOS. As demonstrated in this case exclusion of a metabolic diagnosis because of a negative biochemical marker such as 7-DHC is not absolute and if clinical suspicion remains genomic sequencing is warranted.
Learning Probabilistic Relational Models

My work is on learning Probabilistic Relational Models (PRMs) from structured data (e.g., data in a relational database, an object-oriented database or a frame-based system). This work has as a starting point the framework of Probabilistic Relational Models, introduced in [5, 7]. We adapt and extend the machinery that has been developed over the years for learning Bayesian networks from data [1, 4, 6] to the task of learning PRMs from structured data. At the heart of this work is a search algorithm that explores the space of legal models using search operators that abstract or refine the model.
Robustness of the Headquarters City Effect in Stock Returns

Firms headquartered in the same U.S. city experience positive comovement in their stock returns, a finding suggestive of local biases in equity trading activity (Pirinsky and Wang, Journal of Finance, 2006). We investigate the robustness of this finding with respect to additional equity pricing factors. We also test for return comovement between sample stocks and non-headquarters city stock portfolios in order to assess whether return comovement with headquarters city portfolios is unusually high. Including additional pricing factors reduces the magnitude of local return comovement, and robustness tests reveal that an implicit null hypothesis of zero local comovement is inappropriate as there is positive return comovement with other city portfolios, on average. Nevertheless, results benchmarked against estimates based on resampling methods indicate a significant and robust headquarters-city effect in stock returns.
Commuter demand estimation and feasibility assessment for Urban Air Mobility in Northern California

Abstract This study aims to estimate passenger demand for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) and analyze the feasibility of operating the system in Northern California. UAM is a concept mode of transportation that is designed to bypass ground congestion for time-sensitive, price-inelastic travelers using autonomous, electric aircraft with Vertical Takeoff and Landing (VTOL) capabilities. This study focuses specifically on commuting trips, which are frequent and considered relatively more time-sensitive than other types of personal trips. The UAM mode's feasibility is studied using sensitivity analysis of UAM demand to cost per passenger mile and the number of vertiports placed in the region. This study also explores the spatial distribution of UAM demand in Northern California, which further helps in identifying the major commuter trip-attraction and trip-production zones for the UAM mode in the region. The results indicate that sufficient UAM demand for commuting trips can only be reached at optimistically low UAM offered fares. These fare levels could be challenging to obtain given the high real estate cost in Northern California's urban regions. Moreover, the reliability of the UAM mode must be comparable to the automobile mode; otherwise, it loses significant demand with increasing delays. The results also show that the commuting flows with promising UAM demand in Northern California are heavily one-directional, with San Francisco Financial District being a major attraction. Other types of trips should also be considered along with commuting trips to generate an economically viable system and reduce deadheading.
Review for A Trauma-Informed Approach to Library Services: by Rebecca Tolley.

With the book, A Trauma-Informed Approach to Library Services, Rebecca Tolley provides readers a detailed guide for developing more empathetic and inclusive library environments. Based on the model...
Toward a Distinctive Canadian Corporate Law Regime

In this article, the authors consider the impact of the institutional and market environment in which Canadian business operates on the structure of corporate and securities law. The authors argue that the linkages between markets and law have been neglected by scholars, judges, and regulators concerned with Canadian corporate and securities law, resulting in the adaption of approaches that are ill-suited to the Canadian environment. Canadian capital markets, for instance, are characterized by high levels of share ownership concentration, thin trading problems, intensive inter-corporate linkages, and possibly lower levels of efficiency. In sum, these factors make the problems occasioned by separated ownership and control (the Berle and Means corporation) much less acute in Canada than the problems of majority shareholder opportunism. These factors also suggest that regulatory initiatives should be structured in a way that distinguishes between the problems of large, intensively traded companies and smaller, thinly traded companies populated by retail investors. The authors consider these issues in the context of three case studies: the private agreement exception, poison pills, and a self-interested transaction. This article is available in Osgoode Hall Law Journal: http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/ohlj/vol29/iss4/7 TOWARD A DISTINCTIVE CANADIAN CORPORATE LAW REGIME0 BY RONALD J. DANIELS* & JEFFREY C. MACINTOSH" In this article, the authors consider the impact of the institutional and market environment in which Canadian business operates on the structure of corporate and securities law. The authors argue that the linkages between markets and law have been neglected by scholars, judges, and regulators concerned with Canadian corporate and securities law, resulting in the adaption of approaches that are ill-suited to the Canadian environment. Canadian capital markets, for instance, are characterized by high levels of share ownership concentration, thin trading problems, intensive inter-corporate linkages, and possibly lower levels of efficiency. In sum, these factors make the problems occasioned by separated ownership and control (the Berle and Means corporation) much less acute in Canada than the problems of majority shareholder opportunism. These factors also suggest that regulatory initiatives should be structured in a way that distinguishes between the problems of large, intensively traded companies and smaller, thinly traded companies populated by retail investors. The authors consider these issues in the context of three case studies: the private agreement exception, poison pills, and a selfinterested transaction.
Calcined eggshell as an inexpensive catalyst for partial oxidation of methane

Abstract Calcined eggshell was evaluated as an inexpensive catalyst for selective oxidation of methane. Experiments were conducted using a packed bed reactor to determine the effects of oxygen on methane ratio (1, 3 and 7), flow rate (0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 L/min), and temperature (650, 700, and 750 °C) on methane conversion and selectivity. Our results suggested that partial oxidation of methane on calcined eggshell yielded higher hydrocarbons (C 2 –C 7 ) via oxidative coupling with an average fractional methane conversion of ∼30%. Several factors including oxygen concentration, flow rate, and temperature were observed to influence fractional methane conversion and product selectivity. Catalyst characterization showed enhanced porosity and surface area upon calcination due to removal of organics and carbon dioxide. Surface deformation was observed in spent catalyst due to the physical impact of feed gas. Results from this research are expected to add value to eggshells and enhance agricultural waste management opportunities in areas where poultry industry is concentrated.
Robustness to Bounded Inputs and Structured Uncertainty: Analysis and Synthesis

This paper presents an overview of results on robustness analysis on systems with structured norm bounded uncertainty and bounded inputs (i.e. l ∞ signals). In addition, the robustness synthesis problem is studied, and new results on globally-optimal controller synthesis for robust performance in the presence of unstructured uncertainty is presented. These results utilize some methods from sensitivity analysis in Linear Programming.
Selective Destruction of Stable Microtubules and Axons by Inhibitors of Protein Serine/Threonine Phosphatases in Cultured Human Neurons (NT2N Cells)

Paired helical filaments (PHFs) in the neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brains are composed of highly phosphorylated isoforms of tau (PHFtau) that fail to bind microtubules (MTs), and the levels of MT-binding competent tau are decreased in AD brains with abundant PHFtau. Because this loss of MT binding could compromise the viability of tangle-bearing AD neurons by destabilizing MTs, we asked whether these events could be initiated by inhibiting protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and PP2A in cultured human neurons (NT2N cells) using okadaic acid (OK) and calyculin-A (CL-A). The treatment of NT2N cells with OK and CL-A increased tau phosphorylation, decreased the binding of tau to MTs, and selectively depolymerized the more stable detyrosinated MTs but not the more labile tyrosinated MTs. Significantly, this led to the rapid degeneration of axons, which are enriched in the more stable detyrosinated MTs, and PP2A was implicated in the initiation of this cascade of events because PP2A but not PP1 was closely associated with MTs in the NT2N cells. These studies imply that inactivation of PP2A in vulnerable neurons of the AD brain may play a mechanistic role in the conversion of normal tau into PHFtau, in the depolymerization of stable MTs, and in the degeneration of axons emanating from tangle-bearing neurons.
Positive Selection on Loci Associated with Drug and Alcohol Dependence.

Much of the evolution of human behavior remains a mystery, including how certain disadvantageous behaviors are so prevalent. Nicotine addiction is one such phenotype. Several loci have been implicated in nicotine related phenotypes including the nicotinic receptor gene clusters (CHRNs) on chromosomes 8 and 15. Here we use 1000 Genomes sequence data from 3 populations (Africans, Asians and Europeans) to examine whether natural selection has occurred at these loci. We used Tajima’s D and the integrated haplotype score (iHS) to test for evidence of natural selection. Our results provide evidence for strong selection in the nicotinic receptor gene cluster on chromosome 8, previously found to be significantly associated with both nicotine and cocaine dependence, as well as evidence selection acting on the region containing the CHRNA5 nicotinic receptor gene on chromosome 15, that is genome wide significant for risk for nicotine dependence. To examine the possibility that this selection is related to memory and learning, we utilized genetic data from the Collaborative Studies on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) to test variants within these regions with three tests of memory and learning, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Block Design, WAIS Digit Symbol and WAIS Information tests. Of the 17 SNPs genotyped in COGA in this region, we find one significantly associated with WAIS digit symbol test results. This test captures aspects of reaction time and memory, suggesting that a phenotype relating to memory and learning may have been the driving force behind selection at these loci. This study could begin to explain why these seemingly deleterious SNPs are present at their current frequencies.
Media, Racial Identity, and Mainstream American Values

A survey of 499 Black, Asian, and White American college students assessed their endorsement of “mainstream” American values, uncovering a 6-factor values structure, with some notable significant differences between the races. As expected, White respondents' own personal value orientations most closely matched their assessments of mainstream American values, and stronger racial identity (from a social identity perspective) corresponded to an even closer match. A variety of media consumption measures correlated with personal/mainstream American values congruence, with greater media exposure predicting greater endorsement of mainstream values, but most relationships were eclipsed when controlling for demographics, race, and racial identity. Predictors that maintained under controls included music TV and sports programming exposure, pointing to the potential importance of such particular media forms in the process of value-based cultural assimilation and reinforcement.
Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research

List of Tables List of Figures Preface Purpose of This Book Audience for the Book Book Features Acknowledgments Chapter 1: Understanding Mixed Methods Research Purpose and Organization Clarifying Terms What Is Mixed Methods Research? The Importance of Mixed Methods Research Summary Activities Additional Resources to Examine Chapter 2: Examining Preliminary Considerations Consider Worldview Stances The Basics of Quantitative and Qualitative Research Research Problems Addressed by Mixed Methods Summary Activities Additional Resources to Examine Chapter 3: Locating and Reviewing Mixed Methods Studies Searching for and Reviewing Mixed Methods Studies A Mixed Methods Notation System and Visual Diagrams Four Examples of Mixed Methods Studies Summary Activities Additional Resources to Examine Chapter 4: Choosing a Mixed Methods Design Classifications of Mixed Methods Designs The Four Major Types of Mixed Methods Designs Selecting a Type of Mixed Methods Design Implementing the Design Decisions Writing a Paragraph to Identify a Study's Design Summary Activities Additional Resources to Examine Chapter 5: Introducing a Mixed Methods Study Writing a Mixed Methods Title Stating the Problem in the Introduction The Purpose Statement Research Questions and Hypotheses Summary Activities Additional Resources to Examine Chapter 6: Collecting Data in Mixed Methods Research Procedures in Qualitative and Quantitative Data Collection Data Collection in Mixed Methods Design Summary Activities Additional Resources to Examine Chapter 7: Analyzing Data in Mixed Methods Research Procedures in Quantitative and Qualitative Data Analysis Data Analysis With Mixed Methods Designs Summary Activities Additional Resources to Examine Chapter 8: Writing and Evaluating Mixed Methods Research General Guidelines for Writing Organize the Structure of the Writing So That It Relates to the Designs Evaluating a Mixed Methods Study Within Designs Summary Activities Additional Resources to Examine Chapter 9: Questions Often Raised About Mixed Methods Research Anticipate Mixed Methods Questions What Is Mixed Methods Research? Is Mixed Methods Research Accepted? Is Mixed Methods Research Realistic? Summary Activities Additional Resources to Examine Chapter 10: Future Directions for Mixed Methods Research Needed Developments in Mixed Methods Research Summary Activities Additional Resources to Examine Appendix A. A Triangulation Design Appendix B. An Embedded Design Appendix C. An Explanatory Design Appendix D. An Exploratory Design References Index About the Authors
Numerical simulation of CVD trench filling using a surface reaction coefficient model

A simulator has been developed to predict the surface evolution during deposition of different structures. This simulator is part of the Stanford Profile Emulator for Etching and Deposition in IC Engineering (SPEEDIE). Recently, it has been shown by L.Y. Cheng et al. (1989) that low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) of SiO/sub 2/ can be characterized by a single surface reaction coefficient determined by the source gases and processing conditions. Experimental and simulation results of LPCVD SiO/sub 2/ trench filling from two different sources (silane and DES) are presented. The utility of this type of simulation is illustrated through plots of trench design to be completely filled in CVD processes. >
Functional Class I and II Amino Acid Activating Enzymes Can Be Coded by Opposite Strands of the Same Gene

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRS) catalyze both chemical steps that translate the universal genetic code. Rodin and Ohno offered an explanation for the existence of two aaRS classes, observing that codons for the most highly conserved Class I active-site residues are anticodons for corresponding Class II active-site residues. They proposed that the two classes arose simultaneously, by translation of opposite strands from the same gene. We have characterized wild-type 46-residue peptides containing ATP-binding sites of Class I and II synthetases and those coded by a gene designed by Rosetta to encode the corresponding peptides on opposite strands. Catalysis by WT and designed peptides is saturable, and the designed peptides are sensitive to active-site residue mutation. All have comparable apparent second-order rate constants 2.9–7.0E-3 m−1 s−1 or ∼750,000–1,300,000 times the uncatalyzed rate. The activities of the two complementary peptides demonstrate that the unique information in a gene can have two functional interpretations, one from each complementary strand. The peptides contain phylogenetic signatures of longer, more sophisticated catalysts we call Urzymes and are short enough to bridge the gap between them and simpler uncoded peptides. Thus, they directly substantiate the sense/antisense coding ancestry of Class I and II aaRS. Furthermore, designed 46-mers achieve similar catalytic proficiency to wild-type 46-mers by significant increases in both kcat and Km values, supporting suggestions that the earliest peptide catalysts activated ATP for biosynthetic purposes.
Moderate alcohol consumption and estrogen levels in postmenopausal women: a review

This report reviews the literature to evaluate association between moderate alcohol consumption and estrogen levels in healthy postmenopausal women. Of the eight studies available in literature on postmenopausal women who were not on estrogen therapy, two analyzed urine samples and six analyzed blood samples for estrogen levels. Of the two urine sample studies, only one reported positive association (p < 0.05) between alcohol consumption and estrogen (estrone and estradiol) levels that increased by 16 to 20%. Of the six blood sample studies, only two--one in American women and one in European women--reported significant increases (p < 0.05) in estradiol levels in response to alcohol consumption. In the American women study, estradiol levels increased only with wine and not with beer or whiskey. In the European women study, estradiol levels increased in Danish and Portuguese women, but not in Spanish women. Thus, further studies are required to establish correlation between moderate alcohol consumption and estrogen levels in postmenopausal women. Of the two studies on postmenopausal women who were on estrogen replacement therapy, one administered estradiol through transdermal patch (0.15 mg) and one orally (1 mg/day). In both studies, blood estradiol levels were measured after administering a single dose of ethanol orally (0.7-0.75 g/kg of body weight). Estradiol levels were increased by 22 and 300% in the transdermal patch and oral studies, respectively. These results suggest that alcohol consumption may increase blood estradiol levels in postmenopausal women who are on estrogen replacement therapy, and this may increase the risk of breast cancer.
Natural hazards and forest resources in the Andes of south-central Chile

From May 21–25, 1960 many of the cities of south-cenral Chile suffered extensive damage when shaken by 11 shocks of an earthquake swarm, each measuring over 6 on the Richter scale with the strongest at 8.5. Associated with this seismic activity were volcanic eruptions and thousands of debris avalanches, lands lides, and mudflows in the Andes fromc. 39° to 42° Lat. S. The events of 1960 led to the recognition of long-term effects of repeated catastrophic phenomena on the landform, soil, and vegetation patterns of south-central Chile. Many of the native tree species, including the dominant Nothofagus species, are dependent on massive disturbance for their regeneration which is of critical importance to forest management. Catastrophic geologic hazards, as well as snow avalanches, are highly significant to all aspects of native forest use including production forestry, forest recreation, and protection forestry. The importance of environmental hazards in forest resource development and conservation in Latin America has received scant attention but, as shown by the case of the Andean region of south-central Chile, should be a major consideration in resource use planning.
Economic antecedents of mortality among the very old.

Background The 140-year trend of increased longevity in the developed world continues with no end in sight. Much of this trend has been attributed to mechanisms in which the benefits of economic growth act on the young. No attempts have been made to reconcile these theories with the experience of the very old. Methods Using Swedish data for the years 1861 through 1999, I examine the relationship between manufacturing wages and the odds of dying among persons 90-94 years of age. Results The findings imply that the odds of death among persons 90-94 years of age in Sweden for the years 1862 through 1999 declined about 0.1319 with every 1% increase in wages paid to mining and manufacturing workers. The median percentage increase in wages, 4.6%, therefore implies a decrease of 0.6% in the odds of mortality. Conclusions The discovered effect supports the notion that increases in wealth have contributed to decreasing mortality among the very old over the last century and a half. The findings imply that theories focusing entirely on the young cannot fully account for increased life expectancy in populations with growing fractions of the elderly.
Responses in organic matter accumulation and processing to an experimental wood addition in three headwater streams

Summary 1. Additions of large wood are being used to restore streams that have been subjected to channelization, wood removal or riparian timber harvest. This added wood potentially increases channel stability, habitat complexity and organic matter retention and improves habitat and productivity of higher trophic levels. However, few stream restorations monitor restoration effectiveness after project completion. 2. We added 25 aspen logs (each 2.5 m length × 0.5 m diameter) to 100-m reaches of each of three forested headwater streams in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, U.S.A. These wood-poor streams drain forests that were completely harvested of timber over a century ago and have been selectively logged for the past 50–60 years. An upstream unmanipulateds 100-m reach in each stream served as the control. 3. We evaluated responses in organic matter processing by measuring red maple leaf decomposition 1 year before and 2 years after wood addition. We also quantified coarse organic matter standing stocks in the main channel and in debris accumulations associated with large wood. In response to wood addition, we predicted both organic matter standing stocks and leaf decomposition rates would increase, thereby enhancing resource availability to higher trophic levels. 4. Leaf decomposition rates did not change following wood addition. Temporal variation in rates among streams was mostly explained by differences in degree days, water velocity, scour/burial and water column inorganic nitrogen concentrations, but not large wood. Variation within streams across years was explained by differences in degree days, water velocity and shredder biomass. 5. Contrary to our prediction, organic matter standing stocks did not increase significantly at the reach scale. However, the experimentally added wood retained c. 4% of total annual coarse benthic organic matter (CBOM) in the first year and an additional c. 15% in the second year, suggesting accumulation over time in the manipulated reaches. The CBOM held by the new logs may be more biologically available because it is less susceptible to burial and transport than material in the streambed. 6. Some shredding macroinvertebrates responded to changes caused by the wood additions. In particular, the common caddisfly shredder, Lepidostoma sp., increased in abundance in leaf bags following wood addition, whereas the biomass of the winter stoneflies, Capniidae, declined in the first year. 7. Considerable funds are spent to restore in-stream habitat, but few restorations are monitored, particularly over long periods (>5 years). Our results show that longer-term monitoring is needed to determine the efficacy of these restorations on ecosystem function; organic matter decomposition in our low-gradient streams did not respond to a substantial increase in large wood after 2 years.
Causality, Quality, and Creativity: A Reply to Repp

Repp raises several issues that call into question the validity of my analysis Most important, he questions my interpretation of Kraepelin's and Jamison's view of mania and creativity I discuss this issue first because, if Repp is correct, there is no purpose in going further Repp also questions the validity of the measure I used to test the notion that mania increased the quality of Schumann's output I will also respond to this criticism
Spontaneous clearance of primary acute hepatitis C virus infection correlated with high initial viral RNA level and rapid HVR1 evolution

The aim of this study is to determine whether early viral dynamics and evolution predict outcome of primary acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. HCV- and human immunodeficiency virus–negative injection drug users were enrolled prospectively and followed monthly to identify acute HCV infection using RNA detection. Subjects with more than 1 month between HCV-RNA-negative and -positive visits were excluded to ensure stringent acute infection. Differences in medians of log-transformed viral RNA levels and evolutionary rates in each gene of a 5′-hemigenomic amplicon were assessed using Mann-Whitney's rank-sum test. Correlation coefficient was calculated using Spearman's rank order. Initial viremia level was 50-fold higher in subjects with spontaneous clearance (compared with persistence) of primary acute HCV infection (median, 7.1 versus 5.4 log10 IU/mL; P = 0.002). Initial viremia level in subjects with interleukin (IL)28B-C allele at rs12979860 and clearance was higher than that in subjects with IL28B-T allele and persistence (P = 0.001). Evolutionary rates in the hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) region of the E2 gene were significantly higher in self-resolvers than those in persistence subjects during early infection, whereas other genes or regions had comparable rates. All major substitutions in HVR1 in persistence subjects were convergent changes, whereas over the same time interval clearance subjects displayed divergent evolution, indicating different immune responses between the two groups. Conclusion: Spontaneous clearance of acute HCV infection is predicted by high initial viremia as well as favorable IL28B genotype and is associated with rapid envelope-sequence evolution. This linkage of host genetics, viral dynamics, and evolution provides new directions for mechanistic studies. (HEPATOLOGY 2012;55:1684–1691)
The Use of Ascorbate Dilution Curves in Cardiovascular Diagnosis Applications of a Technic for Direct Intravascular Detection of Indicator

The instrumentation and clinical applications, in this laboratory, of Clark's sodium ascorbate dilution technic are described. With this method the sensing device, a platinum electrode, is introduced directly into the blood stream, and a reducing agent, sodium ascorbate, is used as the indicator. Time-concentration curves may be obtained without the withdrawal of blood. Observations in 90 patients have indicated that the contours of the dilution curves are essentially identical to indocyanine-green dye-dilution curves, except for diminished peripheral recirculation peaks. The ascorbate-dilution technic has been found of particular value when the sensing electrode is incorporated into a cardiac catheter. This method permits injection and sampling of the indicator from the central circulation and greatly facilitates the study of circulatory shunts and of valvular regurgitation.
A statistical correlation model for image retrieval

A bigram correlation model for image retrieval is proposed, which captures the semantic relationship among images in a database from simple statistics of users' relevance feedback information. It is used in the post-processing of image retrieval results such that more semantically related images are returned to the user. The algorithm is easy to implement and can be efficiently integrated into an image retrieval system to help improve the retrieval performance. Preliminary experimental results on a database of 100,000 images are very promising.
Fore-arc migration in Cascadia and its neotectonic significance

Neogene deformation, paleomagnetic rotations, and sparse geodetic data suggest the Cascadia fore arc is migrating northward along the coast and breaking up into large rotating blocks. Deformation occurs mostly around the margins of a large, relatively aseismic Oregon coastal block composed of thick, accreted seamount crust. This 400-km-long block is moving slowly clockwise with respect to North America about a Euler pole in eastern Washington, thus increasing convergence rates along its leading edge near Cape Blanco, and creating an extensional volcanic arc on its trailing edge. Northward movement of the block breaks western Washington into smaller, seismically active blocks and compresses them against the Canadian Coast Mountains restraining bend. Arc-parallel transport of fore-arc blocks is calculated to be up to 9 mm/yr, sufficient to produce damaging earthquakes in a broad deformation zone along block margins.
Operating system support for animate vision

Animate vision systems couple computer vision and robotics to achieve robust and accurate vision, as well as other complex behavior. These systems combine low-level sensory processing and effector output with high-level cognitive planning-all computationally intensive tasks that can benefit from parallel processing. A typical animate vision application will likely consist of many tasks, each of which may require a different parallel programming model, and all of which must cooperate to achieve the desired behavior. These multi-model programs require an underlying software system that not only supports several different models of parallel computation simultaneously, but which also allows tasks implemented in different models to interact. This paper describes the Psyche multiprocessor operating system, which was designed to support multi-model programming, and the Rochester Checkers Player, a multi-model robotics program that plays checkers against a human opponent. Psyche supports a variety of parallel programming models within a single operating system by according first-class status to processes implemented in user space. It also supports interactions between programming models using model-independent communication, wherein different types of processes communicate and synchronize without relying on the semantics or implementation of a particular programming model. The implementation of the Checkers Player, in which different parallel programming models are used for vision, robot motion planning, and strategy, illustrates the use of the Psyche mechanisms in an application program, and demonstrates many of the advantages of multi-model programming for animate vision systems. 0 1992 Academic Press, Inc.
Alterations in sheep fetal right ventricular tissue with induced hemodynamic pressure overload.

We report on the cellular and molecular effects of acute and chronic hemodynamic overload on the fetal sheep heart. In one fetus of a twin gestation, the pulmonary artery was banded to create a condition of hemodynamic pressure overload in the right ventricle. The effects of this overload on the right ventricle (RV), left ventricle (LV), and intra-ventricular septum (IVS) of the heart were studied and compared to that in a control, unbanded twin fetus.
Transient pulse propagation using the Weibull distribution function

The proposed deterministic model aims to improve Soft Error Rate estimation by accurately approximating the generated pulse and all subsequent pulses. The generated pulse is approximated by a piecewise function consisting of two Weibull cumulative distribution functions. This method is an improvement over existing methods as it offers high accuracy while requiring less pre-characterization. This is accomplished by fitting a pulse to the Weibull function using actual gate parameters.
Ab initio studies of the bromination of benzene

The reaction of elemental bromine with benzene was followed using ab initio modeling. Two mechanisms were considered as possibilities based in part on tradition and in part on more current experimental evidence. Consideration of transition state energy rules against the conventional picture involving direct formation of the Wheland intermediate via electrophilic attack by bromine. The preferred pathway is calculated to be through the cation–anion radical pair which then goes to the Wheland intermediate. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parenting practices and childhood anxiety reporting in Mexican, Mexican American, and European American families

Abstract Parenting practices reflecting over-control and lack of warmth and acceptance are associated with childhood anxiety in white non-Latino populations. In this study, we examined whether these parenting practices were related to childhood anxiety in Mexican-descent children. Mexican (M: n = 46), Mexican American (MA: n = 48), and European American (EA: n = 47) families discussed three ambiguous, potentially anxiety provoking situations. Transcribed discussions were coded for parenting practices reflecting control and lack of warmth and acceptance. Controlling practices were associated with more anxiety for the M and EA groups and with less anxiety for the MA group. The MA parents generated more verbalizations indicative of control than the M parents and more verbalizations indicative of lack of warmth and acceptance than the EA parents. Implications for our understanding of anxiety development in Latino children are discussed.
A mathematical model of rat ascending Henle limb. I. Cotransporter function.

Kinetic models of Na+-K+-2Cl− costransporter (NKCC2) and K+-Cl− cotransporter (KCC4), two of the key cotransporters of the Henle limb, are fashioned with inclusion of terms representing binding and...
Isolation and separation of inositol phosphates from hydrolysates of rat tissues

Abstract 1. 1.An electrophoretic method for the rapid separation of the phosphate esters of inositol is presented. 2. 2.It is used, together with ion-exchange chromatography, to establish the presence of inositol di- and triphosphates in hydrolysates of trichloroacetic acid residues of rat brain, liver, heart, kidney, and lung. 3. 3.With the aid of a 32 P marker, inositol di- and triphosphates were also found in hydrolysates of rat erythrocyte stroma. 4. 4.Glycerol diphosphate was found in hydrolysates of rat liver. 5. 5.Inositol tetraphosphate was not found in the hydrolysates of any of the tissues studied. 6. 6.Residues remaining after extraction of rat brain by established lipid extraction procedures retained substantial amounts of bound inositol di- and triphosphates.
Competitive displacement and predation between introduced and native mud snails

Experimental field and laboratory studies indicate that Cerithidea californica, a native mud snail, is restricted to only a portion of its normal habitat range in San Francisco Bay as a result of direct interactions with an introduced ecological equivalent, Ilyanassa obsoleta. The native snail typically inhabits marsh pans, tidal creeks and mudflats in estuaries along the Pacific coast. However, in San Francisco Bay it is confined to pans for most of the year, while the non-native snail inhabits the creeks and mudflats. Experiments and field monitoring demonstrate that this abnormal distribution pattern is caused by 1) interference competition for space in the form of an adult-adult behavioral avoidance by C. californica in the presence of invading I. obsoleta, and 2) predation by I. obsoleta on the eggs and juveniles of C. californica. The competitive exclusion of C. californica by I. obsoleta has not led to the extinction of the native snail because of the existence of a refuge for C. californica in pan habitats, beyond the physiological tolerances of I. obsoleta. As a consequence of the seasonal migrations of both species and changes in abiotic factors along the habitat gradient, repeated competitive displacements, rather than a one-time competitive exclusion, are observed between these two species. This is the first documented case of the competitive displacement of an endemic marine intertidal species by an introduced ecological equivalent.
Science and philosophy: A reply to Mr. Pasch

1 Nor shall I inquire whether one constant with some other axioms would do instead. Similarly, I ignore as irrelevant for my purpose the questions that arise if one starts from overlapping "moments" rather than from "points" in time. 2 The very need for the parenthetical clause in E2 shows that E1 articulates the more fundamental feature. See "Elementarism," Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 18:107-14 (1957). ' See "The Revolt against Logical Atomism," Philosophical Quarterly, 7:323-38 (1957), particularly the second part (to appear in January 1958). See "The Identity of Indiscernibles and the Formalist Definition of 'Identity,'" Mind, 62:75-79 (1953); reprinted in The Metaphysics of Logical Positivism (New York: Longmans, 1954). ' The resistance against such talk is undermined by the kind of nominalism that "identifies," in the wrong way, a character with its extension. ' Definite descriptions, if successful, may of course be used like constants. But that does not make them, technically, defined constants. Nontechnically, the difference appears in the need for the italicized clause. 8 See "Intentionality," in Semantica (Archivio di Filosofia, 1955), pp. 177-216. 9 See "Concepts," Philosophical Studies, 7:19-27 (1957) (jointly with H. Hochberg).
Economic Development in Rural Illinois Communities: A Critical Assessment

A faltering national economy and declining leadership by the federal government in the 1980s fostered a flurry of economic development activity at the local level—in both urban and rural areas. This activity stimulated extensive research on the process of economic development in urban areas. Much less has been written, however, about the same in rural areas. In this paper we examine the practice of economic development in rural areas. Drawing on case studies of economic development activities in six rural Illinois communities, we identify who participates in economic development decision making, how economic development is pursued, and whose interests are served by economic development programs in rural areas. Based on the findings of these case studies, we offer a critical review of the practice of economic development in rural areas. We conclude by describing differences between urban and rural communities that cause differences in the practice of economic development.
Erratum: "Upper limits on emission of neutrons from Ti in pressurized D2 gas cells: A test of evidence for "cold fusion" "

We have used a low background detector with high efficiency for detection of bursts to search for emission of neutrons from Ti alloy in pressurized D{sub 2} gas cells (cooled to 77 K in liquid nitrogen). Each cell contained between 16 and 67 g of Ti alloy chips and was prepared by methods identical to those used in a recent Los Alamos-Brigham Young University collaboration of Menlove {ital et} {ital al}. Three to four cells were used in each experimental run, with a total counting time of 103 h, leading to an estimate (based on the early reports of Menlove {ital et} {ital al}.) of at least four bursts and as many as 12 bursts expected in our experiment. In a later report the burst rate of Menlove {ital et} {ital al}. is greatly reduced leading to only one or so burst(s) expected in our experiment. The data were analyzed in two modes. In the first mode (singles mode) all detectors were used to search for neutron bursts with an efficiency of 28% for neutron detection and a background of 100 counts per hour (cph). In the second mode (coincidence mode) the neutron time of flight was measured in amore » search for random emission with an efficiency of 2% and a background of 2 cph. No statistically significant deviations from the background were observed for correlated neutrons emitted in bursts or for neutrons emitted randomly. All events are shown (with 90% confidence) to be consistent with background. For bursts of neutrons we deduce (with 90% confidence) an upper limit on the bursts' size of 50 neutrons. Our upper limit on the random emission of neutrons, 0.008 {ital n}/sec (90% confidence), is a factor of 6 to 25 smaller than the range of rates for random emission above background reported by the Los Alamos--Brigham Young University collaboration.« less
Thermal Brillouin Scattering in Cadmium Sulfide: Velocity and Attenuation of Sound; Acoustoelectric Effects

The velocity and attenuation of 35-GHz longitudinal $c$-axis acoustic phonons have been measured as a function of temperature and free-carrier concentration by high-resolution Brillouin spectroscopy. These measurements determine both the acoustoelectric and the anharmonic contributions to the phonon damping for comparison to theoretical models.
Theoretical performance analysis of Tucker Higher Order SVD in extracting structure from multiple signal-plus-noise matrices

The Tucker Higher Order SVD is a popular algorithm for uncovering structure from tensor datacubes. This algorithm has been successfully used in many signal processing, machine learning and data mining applications. In this work, we use recent results from random matrix theory to analyze the performance of the HOSVD algorithm. In particular, we focus on the performance HOSVD on 3-D tensors for extraction of structure from signal-plus-noise tensors. We analyze the missing data setting where the entries of the signal-plus-noise tensor are randomly deleted. Our analysis bring into focus a phase transition phenomenon which separates a regime where the HOSVD can accurately estimate the latent signal matrix from a regime where it cannot. The threshold depends on the signal-to-noise ratio and the fraction of missing entries observed in a manner we make explicit. Finally, we illustrate the predicted performance curves using numerical simulations and illustrate implication of our predictions on an widely used facial recognition dataset.
Toward a Quantitative Basis for Assessment and Diagnosis of Apraxia of Speech.

Purpose We explored the reliability and validity of 2 quantitative approaches to document presence and severity of speech properties associated with apraxia of speech (AOS). Method A motor speech e...
Primary leptomeningeal lymphoma in a patient with concomitant CD4+ lymphocytopenia.

Background Idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia (ICL) is a rare disorder in which patients have mild and/or severe opportunistic infections or maybe without symptoms. The etiology is currently unknown. Diagnosis is made by excluding retroviral infections (human immunodeficiency virus-1 or −2, human T cell lymphotropic virus-1 or −2) or other known causes of immunosuppression. Objective To provide a case report of a patient with possible ICL who presented with a rare form of primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) of the central nervous system (CNS). Review of the literature has identified only five other patients with NHL and ICL; however, none of these had a CNS lymphoma. Results We describe a patient with possible ICL, and address links between lymphopenia and lymphoproliferative disorders. Conclusions Although not uncommon for patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus to develop CNS NHL, this is the first case of a possible ICL patient with such a lymphoma. This case revisits an important relationship between lymphopenia and lymphoproliferative disorders.
Imaging of the chest: idiopathic interstitial pneumonia

This article continues the discussion of imaging of interstitial lung diseases that was begun in the last issue. We summarize the typical imaging features of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, emphasizing high-resolution CT. Based on the American Thoracic Society classification system, the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias are discussed under these sections: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis/usual interstitial pneumonitis, nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis, cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, desquamative interstitial pneumonitis, respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease, acute interstitial pneumonitis, and lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis.