cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An efficient multi-level high-order algorithm for simulation of a class of Allen–Cahn stochastic systems

Abstract Computationally quantifying uncertainties in the mathematical modeling of physical processes is crucial for understanding the errors induced by both numerical approximations of the model and lack of precise input data assumed in the continuous model. Uncertain input parameters in the continuous model are typically treated as random variables, leading to the need to consider solutions of both the continuous and discrete models as stochastic processes. Computing statistical moments of the stochastic processes is an extremely important part of the uncertainty quantification problem. In this work, we consider a class of physical processes that are modeled by the Allen–Cahn (A–C) partial differential equation (PDE) evolutionary system, with uncertainties in the initial state of the evolution and the A–C PDE. We develop a hybrid computational model for the stochastic A–C system to efficiently compute statistical moments of the numerical counterparts of the A–C stochastic processes. The hybrid framework comprises finite element method in-space approximations, high-order digital nets based sampling in high dimensional probability space, and an interplay of discretization parameters in the spatial and stochastic approximations. We demonstrate marked efficiency of the hybrid framework, compared to the standard methods, using two- and three-dimensional in space and high stochastic dimensional A–C example systems.
Nocturnal Paroxysmal Dystonia and Frontal Lobe Epilepsy

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that the nature of paroxysmal motor phenomena occurring during sleep has been a matter of debate for many years. Researchers have noticed episodes of different duration in the same patients and suggested that these represent fragments of different intensity of the same type of seizure. Paroxysmal arousals constitute brief (
Ion-exchange procedures : IX. Cation exchange in HBr solutions

Abstract Results of a systematic study of the cation exchange behavior of elements in HBr solutions are given for a Dowex 50 resin. Many elements show adsorption minima at moderate HBr concentrations folowed by a rapid increase in adsorbability at high HBr concentrations. Marked differences in adsorbabilities of the elements occur, particularly in dilute and concentrated HBr solutions. Implications of the data for separations are discussed and typical separations illustrated.
EVALUATION OF VARIANCE ESTIMATORS FOR THE CONCENTRATION AND HEALTH ACHIEVEMENT INDICES: A MONTE CARLO SIMULATION†

SUMMARY Although the concentration index (CI) and the health achievement index (HAI) have been extensively used, previous studies have relied on bootstrapping to compute the variance of the HAI, whereas competing variance estimators exist for the CI. This paper provides methods of statistical inference for the HAI and compares the available variance estimators for both the CI and the HAI using Monte Carlo simulation. Results for both the CI and the HAI suggest that analytical methods and bootstrapping are well behaved. The convenient regression method gives standard errors close to the other methods, provided the CI is not too large ( 0.1. Published 2011. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Cytoskeletal Assembly and ATP Release Regulate Astrocytic Calcium Signaling

We have studied the role of actin fiber assembly on calcium signaling in astrocytes. We found that (1) after astrocytes have been placed in culture, it takes several hours for organization of the definitive actin cytoskeleton. Actin organization and the number of cells engaged in calcium signaling increased in parallel. (2) Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton attenuated the calcium wave propagation; cytochalasin D treatment reduced the number of astrocytes engaged in calcium signaling. (3) Propagation of calcium waves depends on cytoskeletal function; inhibition of myosin light chain kinase suppressed wave activity. (4) Astrocytic calcium signaling is mediated by release of ATP and purinergic receptor stimulation, because agents that interfere with this cascade attenuated or reduced calcium signaling. Because purinergic receptors are fully functional shortly after plating and not affected by cytochalasin D, these observations indicate that cytoskeleton organization is a prerequisite for interastrocytic calcium signaling mediated by release of ATP.
Effects of glucose and insulin on fetal glucose oxidation and oxygen consumption

Glucose and insulin clamp experiments were performed in late-gestation fetal lambs to quantify the separate and combined effects of physiological concentrations of fetal glucose (G; 7.3-62.6 mg/dl) and insulin (I; 2-119 uU/ml) on fetal glucose metabolism and O2 consumption. Fetal glucose utilization rate (GUR) varied from 2.82 to 15.12 mg.min-1.kg-1. Fetal CO2 production from fetal glucose carbon oxidation (CO2Pr) varied from 32 to 234 mumol.min-1.kg-1 and was directly related to G and I [CO2Pr = -0.00868 + 0.00578 (G) + 0.000901 (I) - 0.0000619 (G)2, r = 0.88] and to GUR (CO2Pr = 0.0159 GUR - 0.0130, r = 0.89). CO2Pr accounted for 54.7% of the mean GUR and for 35.9% of the mean umbilical O2 uptake (UO2U), ranging from 26.0% in the control studies to 36.5% in hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic studies and to 45.1% in hyperinsulinemic-hyperglycemic studies. UO2U varied from 0.200 to I [UO2U = 0.303 + [0.000813 (G)] + [0.0000461 (I)], r = 0.89] and to GUR (UO2U = 0.0098 GUR + 0.275, r = 0.91). These results define independent (additive) effects of G and I on glucose oxidation in the late gestation fetal lamb and demonstrate the necessity for considering the levels of both G and I when studying these aspects of fetal metabolism.
Synthetic aperture matched field approach to acoustic source localization in a shallow-water environment

Matched field processing is a developing technique for localizing underwater acoustic sources and inverting measured acoustic fields for ocean waveguide properties. Considerable successes have been reported using this technique in deep water and, in the recent past, the technique has shown promise for localizing acoustic sources in shallow water. This paper describes an experiment conducted in the shallow water of the Western Bank near Sable Island on the eastern Canadian continental shelf. The experiment involved examining the localization performance of a small vertical array consisting of only four hydrophones and spanning approximately one-third of the water column against a relatively low signal-to-noise ratio source in a weakly range-dependent environment. In this experiment, the source emitted a series of low-frequency tones that were detectable by Fourier analysis of the received time-series. By estimating the phase of the received signal as a function of time, it was possible to estimate the relative change in the target range during an interval. Using a modified Bartlett matched field processor, the phase information was incorporated to estimate the true target range and depth during the same interval. The results of this experiment indicate that matched field localization can be dramatically improved by incorporating auxiliary information, such as the estimated signal phase history. In this case, the performance of the vertical receiving array approximates the expected performance of a planar array with the same vertical dimension as the actual receiver and a horizontal dimension controlled by the duration of the interval during which the phase history is estimated.
Learning from Ecosystem-Based Management in Practice

We explore how marine ecosystem–based management (EBM) is translated from theory to practice at six sites with varying ecological and institutional contexts. Based on these case studies, we report on the goals, strategies, and outcomes of each project and what we can learn from these efforts to guide future implementation and assessment. In particular, we focus on how projects dealt with the challenges of working across geographic scales and diverse governance arrangements. While we hypothesized that EBM in the United States would be distinct from EBM in developing countries due to differences in social and political factors, we found that sites faced similar challenges. Variation among sites appeared to be more closely related to the preexisting management context and the scale at which the projects began rather than to clear differences between the United States and developing country contexts. EBM project implementers were able to overcome many of these challenges by focusing on a limited number of spe...
The Py Solvent Polarity Scale: Binary Solvent Mixtures Used in Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography

Abstract Py values are reported for binary mixtures of tetrahydrofuran - water, acetonitrile - water, methanol - water, tetrahydrofuran - methanol, tetrahydrofuran - acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide - water and dimethylformamide - water, covering the entire range of composition. Interesting features in the variation of Py with solvent composition include: 1) a substantial decrease in Py when small quantities of THF are added to water, 2) a maximum Py value for the methanol - THF system, 3) both maximum and minimum Py values for the water - DMF system, and 4) linearity (or near-linearity) between Py and solvent composition for binary acetonitrile - THF and methanol - water mixtures.
Basic Residues in the Matrix Domain and Multimerization Target Murine Leukemia Virus Gag to the Virological Synapse

Murine leukemia virus (MLV) can efficiently spread in tissue cultures by polarizing assembly to virological synapses. The viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) establishes cell-cell contacts and subsequently recruits Gag by a process that depends on its cytoplasmic tail. MLV Gag is recruited to virological synapses through the matrix domain (MA) (J. Jin, F. Li, and W. Mothes, J. Virol. 85:7672-7682, 2011). However, how MA targets Gag to sites of cell-cell contact remains unknown. Here we report that basic residues within MA are critical for directing MLV Gag to virological synapses. Alternative membrane targeting domains (MTDs) containing multiple basic residues can efficiently substitute MA to direct polarized assembly. Similarly, mutations in the polybasic cluster of MA that disrupt Gag polarization can be rescued by N-terminal addition of MTDs containing basic residues. MTDs containing basic residues alone fail to be targeted to the virological synapse. Systematic deletion experiments reveal that domains within Gag known to mediate Gag multimerization are also required. Thus, our data predict the existence of a specific "acidic" interface at virological synapses that mediates the recruitment of MLV Gag via the basic cluster of MA and Gag multimerization.
On the orbital phase dependence of the turn-on times of Hercules X-1

The present investigation is concerned with the dynamics of tilted accretion disks in binary systems. It is shown that the expected motion of a ring of matter in an accretion disk is more complicated than simple precession at a uniform rate. The motion is found to be better described by a vector normal to the plane of the ring of matter whose tip periodically traces out a small ellipse centered on the tip of a uniformly precessing vector. It is also demonstrated that this 'wobble' can be utilized to explain why the turn-ons of Hercules X-1 preferentially occur around orbital phases 0.2 and 0.7. If an accretion disk in a binary system is tilted with respect to the binary orbital plane, then it must undergo forced precession with the corresponding 'wobble'. This 'wobble' may be, at least, partially responsible for the phase dependence of the distribution of X-ray turn-on times of Hercules X-1.
Designing an intervention to promote child development among fathers with antisocial behavior

OBJECTIVE: This article describes an intervention development focusing on the early design stages of a model to improve psychosocial and behavioral health outcomes among children of fathers with incarceration and antisocial behavioral histories. Method: We use a synthesis of the literature and qualitative interviews with key informants to inform a theoretical model and the next steps in building an intervention. Results: Findings suggest gaps in effective interventions that promote father involvement among men with histories of incarceration and antisocial behavior. Considerations for future interventions include addressing the complex needs of fathers' post-incarceration, sequencing intervention components using flexible treatment approaches, and employing intentional recruitment and retention strategies. Conclusion: The negative relation between fathers' imprisonment and antisocial behavior and children's outcomes calls for interventions to promote positive father involvement. This article proposes a systematized approach to design such an intervention concluding with next steps in the planning for a future intervention study. Language: en
Cross-Sectional Versus Longitudinal Survey Research: Concepts, Findings and Guidelines

Abstract Marketing academics and practitioners frequently employ cross-sectional surveys. In recent years, editors, reviewers, and authors have expressed increasing concern about the validity of this approach. These validity concerns center on reducing common method variance bias and enhancing causal inferences. Longitudinal data collection is commonly offered as a solution to these problems. In this article, the authors conceptually examine the role of longitudinal surveys in addressing these validity concerns. Then, they provide an illustrative comparison of the validity of cross-sectional versus longitudinal surveys using two data sets and a Monte Carlo simulation. The conceptualization and findings suggest that under certain conditions, the results from cross-sectional data exhibit validity comparable to the results obtained from longitudinal data. This article concludes by offering a set of guidelines to assist researchers in deciding whether to employ a longitudinal survey approach.
Women of the Sisters' Hall: religion and the making of women's alternative space in Taiwan's economic restructuring

Against the background of Taiwan's recent economic restructuring, this article investigates the lives of a group of working-class women who were believers of I-Kuan Tao, a sectarian religion, and who had by and large decided to remain single in order to better practice their religious teaching. They lived together in an I-Kuan Tao temple. This article situates singlehood in the literature of resistance and sees it as a strategy of these women seeking an alternative lifestyle from the culturally prescribed roles of wife, mother and daughter-in-law. Three interlocking factors are particularly important to an understanding of these women's experience: cultural (the Taiwanese patrilineal family), religious (I-Kuan Tao), and economic (Taiwan's post-World War II export-oriented industrialization and its recent economic restructuring). Paradoxically, while trying to establish an alternative social space, these women were also seeking cultural legitimacy for their choice. Marriage resistance, in this case, was an...
Full Two-Dimensional Model for Rolling Resistance. II: Viscoelastic Cylinders on Rigid Ground

Following the previous paper, “Full two-dimensional model for rolling resistance: Hard cylinder on viscoelastic foundation of finite thickness,” addressing modeling of rigid cylinder rolling against viscoelastic foundation of finite thickness, this paper focuses on the development of a rigorous full two-dimensional semianalytical model for viscoelastic rollers with layered structure rolling against a rigid ground. In this model, the polar coordinate system is used, the solution is expanded into a set of Fourier series corresponding to the angular coordinate, the frequency domain master curves of G′ and G″ characterizing the general viscoelastic properties for a viscoelastic material are used to relate Fourier coefficients, and a special condensed structure model based on the Fourier series is developed to handle viscoelasticity and the rolling contact boundary condition. Examples are given to show the model capabilities to efficiently handle rolling resistance and contact stresses, and capture major chara...
The genealogy bureaucracy in the third reich

Throughout the nineteenth century, German intellectuals on the left and on the right defined Germanness in thoroughly Christian terms. Policy followed suit, and only Christians could take on higher level government and professional positions. It is hardly surprising, therefore, that many Jews sought to become more German by becoming Christian, and thus left Judaism by converting to become Protestants, mainly Evangelical Lutherans. In itself, their route away from their faith was not at all new. For centuries Jews had been able to escape Jewishness by a religious act. For conversion was a legitimate loophole through which individual Jews could move between the very unequal religions.1
Response of Polymer Optical Fiber Sensor for Large-Strain Applications

We derive the response of an intrinsic fiber interferometer using singlemode polymer optical fiber for large-strain applications including finite deformation and nonlinear strain optic effects and present measurements of the mechanical nonlinearity of a POF.
Fast Neutron Induced Current in Semiconductor Diodes Glass Dosimeter

A theory for the current induced in semiconductor diodes by fast neutron radiation is presented. Experimental verification of the theory is given for silicon rectifiers. It is shown that the signals induced by fast neutrons from a fission source are approximately 7% and 0.2% as large as the gamma ray induced signals for silicon and germanium devices respectively.
Altered calcium homeostasis and cell injury in silica-exposed alveolar macrophages

There is evidence to suggest that cell injury induced in alveolar macrophages (AM) following phagocytic activation by silica particles may be mediated through changes in intracellular free calcium [Ca2+]i. However, the mechanism of silica-induced cytotoxicity relative to [Ca2+]i overloading is not yet clear. To provide a better insight into this mechanism, isolated rat AMs were exposed to varying concentrations of crystalline silica (particle size 0.1 mg/ml). Depletion of extracellular calcium [Ca2+]o markedly inhibited the [Ca2+]i rise (approximately 90%), suggesting that Ca2+ influx from extracellular source is a major mechanism for silica-induced [Ca2+]i rise. When used at low doses but sufficient to cause a transient [Ca2+]i rise, silica did not cause significant increase in cellular PI uptake during the time of study, suggesting the preservation of membrane integrity of AMs under these conditions. At high doses of silica, however, a marked increase in PI nuclear fluorescence was observed. Depletion of [Ca2+]o greatly inhibited cellular PI uptake, induced by 0.1 mg/ml or higher doses of silica. This suggests that Ca2+ influx, as a result of silica activation, is associated with cell injury. Indeed, our results further demonstrated that the low dose effect of silica on Ca2+ influx is inhibited by the Ca2+ channel blocker nifedipine. At high doses of silica (> 0.1 mg/ml), cell injury was not prevented by nifedipine or extracellular Ca2+ depletion, suggesting that other cytotoxic mechanisms, i.e., nonspecific membrane damage due to lipid peroxidation, are also responsible for the silica-induced cell injury. Silica had no significant effect on cellular ATP content during the time course of the study, indicating that the observed silica-induced [Ca2+]i rise was not due to the impairment of Ca(2+)-ATPase pumps, which restricts Ca2+ efflux. Pretreatment of the cells with cytochalasin B to block phagocytosis failed to prevent the effect of silica on [Ca2+]i rise. Taken together, these results suggest that the elevation of [Ca2+]i caused by silica is due mainly to Ca2+ influx through plasma membrane Ca2+ channels and nonspecific membrane damage (at high doses).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Nd, Pb, Sr, and O isotopic characterization of Saudi Arabian Shield terranes

New Nd, Sr and O isotopic data for granitoid rocks of the Saudi Arabian Shield are presented together with published Nd, Pb, Sr and O isotopic data and all available geologic and geochronologic information to re-evaluate the terranes defined for the Saudi Arabian part of the Arabian–Nubian Shield. Three groups of terranes are identified: 1) the western arc terranes, 2) the eastern arc terranes, and 3) the Khida terrane. The Khida terrane is the only terrane composed of pre-Neoproterozoic continental crust. The western arc terranes are of oceanic arc affinity, and have the least radiogenic Pb and Sr and most radiogenic Nd isotopic compositions and some of the lowest y 18 O values of any rocks of the Saudi Arabian Shield. Although some previous studies have characterized the eastern arc terranes as of continental affinity, this study shows that they too are composed of Neoproterozoic oceanic arcs, although their sources have slightly elevated 208 Pb/ 204 Pb, Nd ,S ri, and y 18 O values compared to the western arc terranes. These data suggest that either the isotopic composition of the mantle source for the western arc terranes is more depleted than that of the eastern arc terranes or the eastern arc terranes have been mixed with a small amount of cratonic source material, or both. We further elaborate on the Hulayfah-Ad Dafinah fault zone as a major boundary within the Saudi Arabian portion of the East African Orogen. With further study, its northern extension may be shown to pass through what has been defined as the Hail terrane, and its southern extension appears to lie under cover east of the Tathlith-Malahah terrane and extend into Yemen. It may represent the collision zone between East and West Gondwana, and at the very least it is an important suture between groups of arc terranes of contrasting isotopic composition caught between two converging continents. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Reversibility of monensin inhibition of oligosaccharide processing of human fibronectin.

Abstract Monensin impairs oligosaccharide processing in fibronectin primarily by inhibiting the conversion of oligosaccharides from the high mannose type to the complex type. The separate effects of monensin and cations on α-mannosidase activity in fibroblasts were examined using an in vitro assay system. The results indicated that monensin did not directly inhibit α-mannosidase activity in vitro, although prior treatment of fibroblasts with monensin caused an irreversible suppression of enzyme activity. The reversibility of monensin action on oligosaccharide processing was also examined. Analyses using concanavalin A (ConA) Sepharose affinity chromatography showed that the inhibitory action of monensin on oligosaccharide processing was biologically reversible. A progressive return to complex type oligosaccharides began about 11 h after the removal of the monensin. These composite results indicate that the reversibility of monensin action on oligosaccharide processing in fibronectin may be attributed to the restoration of enzyme activity, although the mechanism by which restoration occurs remains to be deciphered.
Generalization of fear-potentiated startle in the presence of auditory cues: a parametric analysis.

Intense fear responses observed in trauma-, stressor-, and anxiety-related disorders can be elicited by a wide range of stimuli similar to those that were present during the traumatic event. The present study investigated the experimental utility of fear-potentiated startle paradigms to study this phenomenon, known as stimulus generalization, in healthy volunteers. Fear-potentiated startle refers to a relative increase in the acoustic startle response to a previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with an aversive stimulus. Specifically, in Experiment 1 an auditory pure tone (500 Hz) was used as the conditioned stimulus (CS+) and was reinforced with an unconditioned stimulus (US), an airblast to the larynx. A distinct tone (4000 Hz) was used as the nonreinforced stimulus (CS-) and was never paired with an airblast. Twenty-four hours later subjects underwent Re-training followed by a Generalization test, during which subjects were exposed to a range of generalization stimuli (250, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000 Hz). In order to further examine the point at which fear no longer generalizes, a follow-up experiment (Experiment 2) was performed where a 4000 Hz pure tone was used as the CS+, and during the Generalization test, 2000 and 8000 Hz were used as generalization stimuli. In both Experiment 1 and 2 there was significant discrimination in US expectancy responses on all stimuli during the Generalization Test, indicating the stimuli were perceptually distinct. In Experiment 1, participants showed similar levels of fear-potentiated startle to the generalization stimuli that were adjacent to the CS+, and discriminated between stimuli that were 2 or more degrees from the CS+. Experiment 2 demonstrated no fear-potentiated startle generalization. The current study is the first to use auditory cues to test generalization of conditioned fear responses; such cues may be especially relevant to combat PTSD where much of the traumatic exposure may involve sounds.
Thermal tuning of advanced Cu sol–gels for mixed oxidation state Cu/CuxOy materials

In this report, we describe new conditions for the formation of copper gels and aerogels via epoxide addition to CuBr2 in dimethylformamide (DMF). These CuBr2-derived sols undergo a rapid gel transition and result in materials that have enhanced mechanical properties when compared with the gels derived from CuCl2. Additionally, upon air-annealing, they convert to nanoscopic CuO at temperatures much lower than the CuCl2 analogues. Moreover, annealing under nitrogen results in copper species with reduced oxidization states including Cu2O and metallic Cu. The ratio of copper oxidation states can be controlled by simple modification of the thermal program used to anneal the materials. The thermal reduction of the copper is attributed to retained DMF ligands in the as-prepared aerogels which was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. These aerogel materials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), physisorption, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and temperature programmed reduction (TPR).
Exact Solutions for Internal and External Collisionless Gas Flows

This paper presents some recent progress on internal and external free molecular flows. The first part of this paper concentrates on steady collisionless gas flows inside arbitrary enclosures, which are either convex or concave, two-dimensional or three-dimensional, formed by several plates maintained at different temperatures. If the molecular reflections on these plates are completely diffuse, then at the final steady flow stage for any point inside the enclosures, the velocity distribution function (VDF) is completely determined, and macroscopic properties such as density, velocities, temperature and heat flux can be exactly determined by integrating the VDF with different moments. The result from this study leads to many exact solutions for internal collisionless gas flow and thermal fields, such as those inside vacuum packaged Micro-/Nano- Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS/NEMS) devices. The second part considers collisionless flows over a flat plate with a sticking coefficient, such as a cryogenic pump. We obtain the corresponding exact solutions for the flow and thermal fields. Numerical simulation results obtained with the direct simulation Monte Carlo method validate the analytical solutions. In general, the comparisons between the exact analytical solutions and the numerical results are virtually identical.
Equity in Transportation Planning: An Analysis of the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization

This article presents an analysis of representational equity within the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO). MPOs are regional transportation organizations that exert significant influence over state transportation planning and the allocation of funding. The analysis shows that under almost any voting or membership configuration, population representation is correlated with racial and ethnic composition. This outcome is not just a function of the system of representation but also the geography of residential segregation. The results of this analysis highlight the problem of creating systems of equitable representation within the context of preexisting and persistent social inequalities.
Electron microscopy of isolated rat testicular cells grown in vitro

Suspensions of viable testicular cells obtained from two groups of rats (one group treated for ten days with 50 I. U. of serum gonadotropins (HCG) daily; one group not previously treated) were cultured for ten days. Numerous cells adhered to the glass to form a confluent monolayer and remained in good condition after ten days. This monolayer contained two cell types identified by electron microscopy: fibroblastic cells and Leydig cells. The relative proportion by which these two cells contributed to the monolayer was related to the condition of the donor when the culture was initiated. Fibroblastic cells were more abundant when the animal was not previously treated with HCG. However Leydig cells almost exclusively formed the monolayer when cultures were begun with testicular cells of HCG-treated rats. Gonadotropins on the other hand did not seem capable of acting in vitro.
Trying to Get Ahead of the Curve: Raising and Understanding Current Themes in New Literacies Practices

Abstract This article addresses the following questions: What impact does using the theoretical framework of new literacies have on understanding language, literacy, and learning practices today as technologies are constantly being developed and used? What is the state of research in this area? What are some new directions the field might take in order to develop in new ways? The conclusion suggests some possibilities for new research questions and positions in relation to new technologies.
The paradox of the political maverick

Abstract Attitudes about political mavericks (politicians who cross party lines to “vote their conscience”) depend on whether people construe them in general terms or at the level of specific policy proposals. Three studies examined this hypothesis. In Study 1, participants expressed more positive views of political mavericks described generally than when prompted to consider a maverick of their own political party. Study 2 found that mavericks described in personality trait terms were evaluated more favorably than “party-line” politicians, even when the maverick was of the participant’s own political party. Study 3 found that when participants were provided with specific policy stances, a similarity-attraction pattern was found: opposing party mavericks were evaluated more positively, but same party mavericks were evaluated more negatively, than their party-line counterparts. Politicians challenging participant’s own party on a moral issue were evaluated particularly harshly. Implications of these findings for political perceptions and strategy are discussed.
The Use of Intrinsic Components in an ECG Filter

The problem of filtering artifact from QRST complexes of ECG records has been approached by the use of a digital, time-varying filter. The optimum form of this filter assuming uncorrelated, zero-mean, additive noise is presented and shown to be equivalent to estimating the coefficients of an intrinsic component expansion of the complex. Results are reported showing that QRST complexes in limb leads of normals may be accurately represented by only eight terms of the intrinsic component expansion. A suboptimum filter is presented and results reported which show that an order of magnitude reduction of the 0.05 to 100 Hz artifact energy in the filtered complex can be achieved.
Regulation by IGF‐I and TGF‐β1 of swarm‐rat chondrosarcoma chondrocytes

The growth factors transforming growth factor-beta 1 and insulin-like growth factor-I influence a wide range of cellular actions, including the growth of several neoplastic cell types. Their role in the regulation of neoplastic chondrocytes remains unclear. We tested the hypotheses that transforming growth factor-beta 1 and insulin-like growth factor-I differentially regulate neoplastic chondrocytes and interact to modulate the mitotic and matrix synthetic activities of neoplastic chondrocytes. We used Swarm-rat chondrosarcoma chondrocytes to investigate the effect of each factor individually and of both factors in combination on [(3)H]thymidine incorporation into DNA and on [(35)S]sulfate incorporation into glycosaminoglycans. Each factor increased [(3)H]thymidine incorporation 2.7-fold: transforming growth factor-beta 1 achieved this effect at a 20-fold lower concentration than insulin-like growth factor-I. In contrast, insulin-like growth factor-I stimulated [(35)S]sulfate incorporation 3.5-fold; this was twice the maximal effect of transforming growth factor-beta 1. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 and insulin-like growth factor-I each decreased the proportion of newly synthesized glycosaminoglycans that were retained in the cells and pericellular matrix, indicating that the anabolic effect of these factors is only partly directed toward cell-associated matrix production. The mitogenic and matrix synthetic actions of insulin-like growth factor-I and transforming growth factor-beta 1 were synergistic. In concert, they increased [(3)H]thymidine incorporation approximately 12-fold, an effect three times greater than the sum of the maximal stimulation achieved by each factor individually. Similarly, transforming growth factor-beta 1 and insulin-like growth factor-I together increased glycosaminoglycan synthesis approximately two times more than the sum of their maximal individual effects. Taken together, these data indicate that these chondrosarcoma chondrocytes are positively regulated by insulin-like growth factor-I and transforming growth factor-beta 1 and that these growth factors interact to augment the mitotic and matrix synthetic actions of the chondrocytes. If supported in human models, the sensitivity to growth factors of these cells suggests that interventions directed toward growth factor inhibition may be of therapeutic value.
IXe dating: Evidence for cold assembly of an unequilibrated chondrite

Abstract Essentially all of the more equilibrated meteorites which contain excess radiogenic 129 Xe have well-defined I Xe formation intervals that apparently date the onset of proportional retention for iodine and radiogenic 129 Xe from the decay of 129 I. Precise data on the unequilibrated chondrite Manych, which contains large excesses of 129 Xe, clearly demonstrates a lack of correlation between the radiogenic 129 Xe and iodine. Although this effect might be accounted for by other mechanisms, it can also be interpreted as evidence for the cold accretion of constituent parts, some of which may have retained the I Xe record of a previous history. Re-examination of data from the unequilibrated chondrites Chainpur and Renazzo tend to support such an interpretation.
Natural killer (NK) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activities can be differentiated by their different sensitivities to interferon and prostaglandin E1.

Though purported to be identical cells (or in identical populations of cells), the natural killer (NK) cell mediating spontaneous natural cytotoxicity and the killer (K) cell mediating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) may not be totally identical, at least in susceptibility to regulation by the immunomodulators prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and interferon (IFN). We demonstrate here that NK cells are always enhanced by IFN, while K cells are inhibited from binding targets, resulting in fewer effectors at optimal concentrations of antibody. Only at 10- to 100-fold suboptimal concentrations of antibody is ADCC activity enhanced. As measured by magnitude of inhibition and dose-response titration, ADCC activity is less sensitive to the effects of PGE1 than is NK activity in the51Cr release assay and single-cell assay. After overnight incubation with or without PGE1, whatever sensitivity ADCC activity had to PGE1 is lost. However, NK cells incubated in the presence of PGE1 overnight are still sensitive to inhibition. Indomethacin boosts NK activity without having any effect on ADCC activity. Finally, NK activity is substantially reduced by overnight incubation of cells at room temperature, which has no effect on K cells.
The effects of optical fiber illumination on the performance of series connected photovoltaic arrays for power conversion

The optical transfer of power is becoming important for military and industrial applications. The powering of electrical circuitry, sensors and actuators over optical fiber offers immunity from RF, EMI, voltage breakdown, lightning and high voltage hazards. Optical power transfer is being employed in industries such as electric power, communications, remote sensing, and aerospace. In this paper we address issues associated with the illumination of Series Connected Photovoltaic Arrays (SCPA). SCPAs are extremely sensitive to the uniformity of illumination. The performance of a photovoltaic array is dominated by the least illuminated cell. We introduce an analytical model that predicts the performance of a photovoltaic array for an arbitrary illumination. Experimental data on array performance is presented, and general issues associated with the problem of producing uniform illumination are discussed.
Voltage-Gated Proton Channel HV1 in Microglia

Microglia are brain resident immune cells and their functions are implicated in both the normal and diseased brain. Microglia express a plethora of ion channels, including K(+) channels, Na(+) channels, TRP channels, Cl(-) channels, and proton channels. These ion channels play critical roles in microglial proliferation, migration, and production/release of cytokines, chemokines, and neurotoxic or neurotrophic substances. Among microglial ion channels, the voltage-gated proton channel HV1 is a recently cloned ion channel that rapidly removes protons from depolarized cytoplasm and is highly expressed in the immune system. However, the function of microglial HV1 in the brain is poorly understood. Recent studies showed that HV1 is selectively expressed in microglia but not neurons in the brain. At the cellular level, microglial HV1 regulates intracellular pH and aids in NADPH oxidase-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species. In a mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion, microglial HV1 contributes to neuronal cell death and ischemic brain damage. This review discusses the discovery, properties, regulation, and pathophysiology of microglial HV1 proton channel in the brain.
Incorporating Lesbian and Bisexual Women into Women Veterans’ Health Priorities

Relative to the general population, lesbian and bisexual (LB) women are overrepresented in the military and are significantly more likely to have a history of military service compared to all adult women. Due to institutional policies and stigma associated with a gay or lesbian identity, very little empirical research has been done on this group of women veterans. Available data suggest that compared to heterosexual women veterans, LB women veterans are likely to experience heightened levels of prejudice and discrimination, victimization, including greater incidence of rape, as well as adverse health and substance use disorders. They are also likely to encounter a host of unique issues when accessing health care, including fears of insensitive care and difficulty disclosing sexual orientation to Veterans Health Administration (VHA) providers. Training of staff and providers, education efforts, outreach activities, and research on this subpopulation are critical to ensure equitable and high quality service delivery.
DIFFEOMORPHIC SURFACE FLOWS: A NOVEL METHOD OF SURFACE EVOLUTION

We describe a new class of surface flows, diffeomorphic surface flows, induced by restricting diffeomorphic flows of the ambient Euclidean space to a surface. Different from classical surface PDE flows such as mean curvature flow, diffeomorphic surface flows are solutions of integro-differential equations in a group of diffeomorphisms. They have the potential advantage of being both topology-invariant and singularity free, which can be useful in computational anatomy and computer graphics. We first derive the Euler–Lagrange equation of the elastic energy for general diffeomorphic surface flows, which can be regarded as a smoothed version of the corresponding classical surface flows. Then we focus on diffeomorphic mean curvature flow. We prove the short-time existence and uniqueness of the flow, and study the long-time existence of the flow for surfaces of revolution. We present numerical experiments on synthetic and cortical surfaces from neuroimaging studies in schizophrenia and auditory disorders. Finally we discuss unresolved issues and potential applications.
Response to Commentaries on "Multiple Arousal Theory and Daily-Life Electrodermal Activity Asymmetry"

We respond to the commentaries of Critchley and Nagai, Mendes, Norman, Sabatinelli, and Richter. We agree that a theory needs to make predictions and we elaborate on the predictions we made so far....
Neutron scattering from itinerant magnets in the paramagnetic region

Abstract Neutron scattering from itinerant magnets in the paramagnetic region is considered on the basis of a simple approach based on band theory. It is possible to account for the variation with q of the energy width, and to obtain a maximum in the scattering cross section for fixed q and ω > 0 without invoking the existence of spin waves.
Another form of the Klein-Gordon equation

Abstract A linear hamiltonian is used to derive the Klein-Gordon equation for a free particle. It is shown that there is an ambiguity in deriving the Klein-Gordon equation for a particle in a potential V. Two forms of the Klein-Gordon equation are obtained for this case. One form leads to a continuity equation that has positive-definite probability density.
Estradiol-concentrating neurons: topography in the hypothalamus by dry-mount autoradiography.

Serial section autoradiograms were prepared of different planes of the hypothalamus and diencephalon of immature female, immature male, and ovariectomized mature rats injected with 6,7-3H-estradiol-17 β. Known causes of diffusion and redistribution of the label, such as fixation, embedding, and thawing, were eliminated by the use of an autoradiographic technique based on the dry-mounting of freeze-dried sections. Neurons that concentrate estradiol exist in distinct and definable anatomical areas that are independent of the sex and hormonal state of the animals. Distribution of these neurons follows known terminations of the stria terminalis, which supports the concept of an endocrine amygdaloid-hypothalamic-hypophysial axis.
Comparative Study of Transport Processes of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Herbicides to Streams in Five Agricultural Basins, USA

Agricultural chemical transport to surface water and the linkage to other hydrological compartments, principally ground water, was investigated at five watersheds in semiarid to humid climatic settings. Chemical transport was affected by storm water runoff, soil drainage, irrigation, and how streams were linked to shallow ground water systems. Irrigation practices and timing of chemical use greatly affected nutrient and pesticide transport in the semiarid basins. Irrigation with imported water tended to increase ground water and chemical transport, whereas the use of locally pumped irrigation water may eliminate connections between streams and ground water, resulting in lower annual loads. Drainage pathways in humid environments are important because the loads may be transported in tile drains, or through varying combinations of ground water discharge, and overland flow. In most cases, overland flow contributed the greatest loads, but a significant portion of the annual load of nitrate and some pesticide degradates can be transported under base-flow conditions. The highest basin yields for nitrate were measured in a semiarid irrigated system that used imported water and in a stream dominated by tile drainage in a humid environment. Pesticide loads, as a percent of actual use (LAPU), showed the effects of climate and geohydrologic conditions. The LAPU values in the semiarid study basin in Washington were generally low because most of the load was transported in ground water discharge to the stream. When herbicides are applied during the rainy season in a semiarid setting, such as simazine in the California basin, LAPU values are similar to those in the Midwest basins.
Effect of first drying upon the pore structure of hydrated alite paste

Abstract Water losses and gains, nitrogen adsorption, and imbibition of organic fluids were measured in a study of the pore structure of two, well-hydrated alite pastes that had original water/alite ratios of 0.4 and 0.6 by weight. Drying from saturation to a relative humidity in the range 0.3 to 0.8 was a particularly slow process probably because some pores emptied via smaller pores. The nitrogen adsorption measurements, on pastes in which the water has been removed by organic fluid replacement, suggested that micropores were closing as a result of capillary tensions developed at relative humidities between 0.7 and 0.4. The loss of surface area was recoverable with resaturation of the pastes with water. Imbibition of water and organic fluids indicated that there was an irrecoverable pore volume loss after drying and rewetting that was dependent upon the relative humidity of drying.
Misusing program evaluation by asking the wrong question

Limited understanding of the purposes of program evaluation can lead to misuse; evaluators must educate clients and stakeholders so that evaluation designs are refined to produce useful information.