cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The future of communication in psychopharmacotherapy

Abstract 1. 1. Communication among scientists of similar professional interest is an often neglected but critical factor in medical research and practice. 2. 2. Dissemination of information is vital for keeping abreast of one's field, for planning studies and treatment regimens, and for avoiding unnecessary research. 3. 3. Today's communication channels by printed material, audio-visual equipment, satellite, and other traditional or innovative means aid the transferral of information; nevertheless, they are undergoing constant change to fill existing gaps. 4. 4. The paper discusses present deficiencies in communication and proposes solutions to some of the problems.
Photochemical production of the hydroxyl radical in Antarctic waters

Abstract Photochemical production rates and steady-state concentrations of the highly reactive OH radical were determined in Antarctic seawater in the Weddell-Scotia Confluence during the austral spring of 1993 and along the Antarctic Peninsula during the austral summer of 1994. OH radical photoproduction rates were 30±2 nM/day and 46±2 nM/day in surface open oceanic and coastal waters, respectively. Corresponding steady-state concentrations were 2.6×10 −19 and 4.3×10 −19 M which are similar to those found in tropical latitudes. In-situ irradiation experiments (drifter deployments) at different depths in the upper water column indicated that multiple sources for the OH radical existed at three Antarctic stations. Ultrafiltration studies and model calculations based on wavelength-dependent OH radical quantum yields indicated that the main sources were photochemical reactions of low molecular weight dissolved organic matter (DOM), nitrate, and nitrite. Production of the OH radical from nitrate photolysis was almost exclusively UV-B dependent, while OH radical production from nitrite photolysis was mainly UV-A dependent. OH production from DOM photolysis was both UV-A and UV-B dependent. In the upper few meters at open oceanic sites, nitrate and DOM were the dominant OH radical sources, while deeper in the water column DOM and nitrite were important because of the greater importance of UV-A with depth. During non-ozone hole conditions, nitrate contributed about 33%, while DOM plus nitrite contributed about 67% of the predicted OH radical production in open oceanic surface waters. During an ozone hole (151 Dobson units), the corresponding percentages changed to about 40 and 60% for nitrate and DOM due to the higher UV-B irradiance. Model calculations predict that during an ozone hole (151 Dobson units), OH radical production in surface waters will be enhanced by at least 20%, mostly from nitrate photolysis and to a lesser extent from DOM photochemical reactions. This study indicates that ozone hole events significantly increase OH radical production, as well as the photolysis of DOM, in Antarctic waters, and that rates can be as high or higher than those at lower latitudes, especially if differences in temperature and solar irradiance are taken into account.
An in vitro evaluation of guanfacine as a substrate for P-glycoprotein.

Background With a US Food and Drug Administration-labeled indication to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the nonstimulant guanfacine has become the preferred α(2)-agonist for ADHD treatment. However, significant interindividual variability has been observed in response to guanfacine. Consequently, hypotheses of a contributing interaction with the ubiquitously expressed drug transporter, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), have arisen. We performed an in vitro study to determine if guanfacine is indeed a substrate of P-gp. Methods Intracellular accumulation of guanfacine was compared between P-gp expressing LLC-PK1/MDR1 cells and P-gp-negative LLC-PK1 cells to evaluate the potential interaction between P-gp and guanfacine. Cellular retention of guanfacine was analyzed using a high-performance liquid chromatographic-ultraviolet method. Rhodamine6G, a known P-gp substrate, was included in the study as a positive control. Results At guanfacine concentrations of 50 μM and 5 μM, intracellular accumulation of guanfacine in LLC-PK1/MDR1 cells was, 35.9% ± 4.8% and 49.0% ± 28.3% respectively, of that in LLC-PK1 cells. In comparison, the concentration of rhodamine6G, the positive P-gp substrate, in LLC-PK1/MDR1 cells was only 5% of that in LLC-PK1 cells. Conclusion The results of the intracellular accumulation study suggest that guanfacine is, at best, a weak P-gp substrate. Therefore, it is unlikely that P-gp, or any genetic variants thereof, are a determining factor in the interindividual variability of response observed with guanfacine therapy.
Escaping the Voice of the Mass/ter: Late Neoliberalism, Object-Voice, and the Prospects for a Radical Democratic Future

This article argues that the founding logics of late neoliberalism actively mitigate against a radically democratic future. By calling attention to the invocatory drive which is responsible for effecting the Symbolic order’s interpellative address, the article makes the case that Lacan’s retheorization of desire, the drives, and/as jouissance opens the way toward an ontologically grounded conception of radical political agency and rhetorical intervention whose abiding ethical injunction is to “imagine there’s no Publics!”
Neurolytic Blocks of the Sympathetic Axis for the Treatment of Visceral Pain in Cancer.

Pain due to cancer is frequently visceral, and neurolysis of the sympathetic axis has been shown to be an effective and safe method for treating this visceral pain. Several studies have documented the efficacy of neurolytic blocks both by a reduction in the intensity of pain and by a decrease in opioid consumption. Neurolysis of the sympathetic axis should be incorporated into the pain specialist’s arsenal as an adjuvant to oral pharmacologic therapy.
Hard Spheres in Vesicles: Curvature-Induced Forces and Particle-Induced Curvature

We explore the interplay of membrane curvature and nonspecific binding due to excluded-volume effects among colloidal particles inside lipid bilayer vesicles. We trapped submicron spheres of two different sizes inside a pear-shaped, multilamellar vesicle and found the larger spheres to be pinned to the vesicle's surface and pushed in the direction of increasing curvature. A simple model predicts that hard spheres can induce shape changes in flexible vesicles. The results demonstrate an important relationship between the shape of a vesicle or pore and the arrangement of particles within it.
Traumatic Rupture of Ascending Aorta and Left Main Bronchus

A 14-year-old male pedestrian was hit by a truck and admitted with respiratory distress and subcutaneous emphysema. Aortography revealed disruption of the ascending aorta. Bronchoscopy revealed rupture of the left main bronchus at the carina. Both lesions were repaired using a median sternotomy, cardiopulmonary bypass, and a transpericardial approach for the bronchial repair. To our knowledge, this is the first report of successful repair of a combined rupture of a major bronchus and the ascending aorta.
Dynamics of High-Speed Precision Geared Rotor Systems

Gears are one of the most widely applied precision machine elements in power transmission systems employed in automotive, aerospace, marine, rail and industrial applications because of their reliability, precision, efficiency and versatility. Fundamentally, gears provide a very practical mechanism to transmit motion and mechanical power between two rotating shafts. However, their performance and accuracy are often hampered by tooth failure, vibrations and whine noise. This is most acute in high-speed, high power density geared rotor systems, which is the primary scope of this paper. The present study focuses on the development of a gear pair mathematical model for use to analyze the dynamics of power transmission systems. The theory includes the gear mesh representation derived from results of the quasi-static tooth contact analysis. This proposed gear mesh theory comprising of transmission error, mesh point, mesh stiffness and line-of-action nonlinear, time-varying parameters can be easily incorporated into a variety of transmission system models ranging from the lumped parameter type to detailed finite element representation. The gear dynamic analysis performed led to the discovery of the out-of-phase gear pair torsion modes that are responsible for much of the mechanical problems seen in gearing applications. The paper concludes with a discussion on effectual design approaches to minimize the influence of gear dynamics and to mitigate gear failure in practical power transmission systems.
Global violence and nationalizing wars in Eurasia and America: The geopolitics of war in the mid-nineteenth century

The histories of Germany and the United States became deeply entangled in the century of total war. After (re)unification on the battlefield in the midnineteenth century, both countries underwent rapid transformations through national programs of industrialization based on new products and technologies and emerged as great powers with global pretensions at the beginning of the twentieth century. An initial, and somewhat hesitant, confrontation in World War I was followed by a period of oscillation and confusion during the 1920s and 1930s, as leading elements in the two economies sought grounds for collaboration even as the political development of the two nations diverged, one moving toward fascism, the other toward a liberal democratic renewal. This produced the deeply ideological collision of the Second World War, which resulted in an equally dramatic turnabout, as the Germans endured what Americans then most feared, a grim (albeit partial) communist takeover, and the United States became the staunch ally of the German west in its faceoff with the east. Recently this close partnership has turned into a more perplexed and occasionally suspicious friendship, as the familiar terrain of the cold war is ploughed up. This is a history of extreme reversals is tied inextricably to war and preparations for war.
« Évolution, complexité et métahistoricisme »

L’histoire cherche a combiner des descriptions particulieres dans des cadres generaux dans le but d’expliquer des sequences d’evenements. Dans cet esprit, l’histoire adopte une approche transdisciplinaire qui couvre une variete de champs allant de la biologie a la geologie, en passant par l’anthropologie et l’histoire humaine. Je cherche a caracteriser ce cadre metahistorique general comme exemple d’une dynamique complexe, evolutionniste et genealogique. Cela suppose quelques travaux particuliers sur les modes de transmission d’information, les niveaux des fonctions de systeme, l’identification multiple, les variables causales et sur les moyens de demeler les evenements contingents des processus reguliers qui filtrent ces evenements.
Factoring univariate polynomials over the rationals

We present an algorithm for factoring a polynomial, f , in one variable with rational coefficients. Our algorithm is a variant of the Belabas [Belabas] version of the van Hoeij [van Hoeij] factoring algorithm. Our algorithm not only contains a practical speed-up over Belabas' but it also allows us to prove a new complexity result for factoring polynomials.The van Hoeij algorithm follows Zassenhaus' [Zass] approach by factoring f mod a prime number and Hensel Lifting the local factors. The practical speed-up in van Hoeij's algorithm comes from using the LLL [LLL] algorithm to solve the exponential recombination problem of decicing which combination of local factors form the true factors. However, the cost of LLL in van Hoeij's approach has been difficult to bound (in fact [van Hoeij] only proves termination and makes no attempt at finding a complexity).Belabas found a fine-tuning [Belabas] of van Hoeij's algorithm which nearly optimizes the practical running times, but still does not provide a good bound for the LLL costs. In [BHKS] both variants were shown to have polynomial complexity, but these bounds are still unsatisfactorily large and do little to illuminate the behavior of these algorithms. Our algorithm improves Belabas' approach in the following ways: We make a practical improvement which ensures that Hensel Lifting is always minimized.We include a decision making process which allows us to bound the total number of LLL switches in the algorithm by O(r3), where r is the number of local factors. This is independent of both degree and coefficient size of f..In this poster we present an overview of the new algorithm and give a brief look at the style of our proofs. For the full details of the switch bound O(r3) see [Novocin]. Using the Floating-Point LLL [L2] and some minor changes we can show the LLL costs are O(r7). We are still writing down the details of a proof that the new total complexity of our algorithm is O(r7).
Resident participation in index laparoscopic general surgical cases: impact of the learning environment on surgical outcomes.

Background The NSQIP database enables measurement of postoperative outcomes across a spectrum of practice settings. This allows for observations about potential effects of resident participation in surgical care during training. Study Design We queried the NSQIP database for 6 index laparoscopic surgical procedures performed during 2005−2008. Selected procedures require varying skill level (eg, appendectomy, cholecystectomy, gastric bypass, fundoplication, colectomy, and inguinal hernia), and 79,720 cases were identified. Preoperative, operative, and postoperative outcomes for each procedure were tabulated. Operative and postoperative outcomes assessed included operative time, hospital length of stay, mortality, morbidity, and return to the operating room. Initial analysis compared cases done with a resident present with cases done without residents. Subset analysis was done to determine possible differences in outcomes based on the level of resident participating, divided into Junior (PGY1−2), Senior (PGY3−5), or Fellow (PGY>5). Groups were scrutinized for both clinical and statistical differences. Results Preoperative characteristics were similar between groups. Operative times were 20% to 47% longer with resident participation, with bigger differences seen in more basic procedures. Mortality and return to the operating room were not clinically different between the groups. Morbidity rates were higher in all procedures with resident participation. More senior residents were associated with longer operative times, without adverse impact on outcomes. Conclusions Resident participation increases operative times for laparoscopic surgery considerably. Morbidity is statistically higher with resident participation but differences are unlikely to be clinically significant. Resident participation is a surrogate for the learning environment. These findings provide impetus for additional development of training techniques that occur outside the operating room.
THE VALVE BLADDER SYNDROME: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND TREATMENT WITH NOCTURNAL BLADDER EMPTYING

Purpose: We determine the etiology and treat the specific pathophysiology of the valve bladder syndrome.Materials and Methods: Defined as persisting or progressive severe hydroureteronephrosis without residual or recurrent obstruction, the valve bladder syndrome developed in 18 boys who underwent successful ablation of the posterior urethral valve. Serial radiographic, renal function, renographic, urodynamic and perfusion studies were performed for a mean time of 11 years.Results: The cause of the valve bladder syndrome proved to be sustained bladder over distention due to a combination of polyuria with 24-hour urine volume greater than 2 l. in 10 boys, impaired bladder sensation in 18 and residual urine volume in 14. Treatment of over distention during the daytime alone was unsuccessful. Nocturnal bladder emptying was performed with an indwelling nighttime catheter, intermittent nocturnal catheterization and/or frequent nocturnal double voiding. Hydronephrosis markedly improved once nocturnal bladder emp...
CAPE in Tropical Cyclones

AbstractConvective available potential energy (CAPE) and the vertical distribution of buoyancy were calculated for more than 2000 dropsonde soundings collected by the NOAA Gulfstream-IV aircraft. Calculations were done with and without the effects of condensate loading, entrainment, and the latent heat of fusion. CAPE showed larger values downshear than upshear within 400 km of the center, consistent with the observed variation of convective intensity. The larger downshear CAPE arose from (i) higher surface specific humidity, (ii) lower midtropospheric temperature, and, for entraining CAPE, (iii) larger free-tropospheric relative humidity.Reversible CAPE had only one-half the magnitude of pseudoadiabatic CAPE. As shown previously, reversible CAPE with fusion closely resembled pseudoadiabatic CAPE without fusion. Entrainment had the most dramatic impact. Entraining CAPE was consistent with the observed radial distribution of convective intensity, displaying the largest values downshear at inner radii. With...
The Standard of Living in Colonial Massachusetts

Based on findings in Massachusetts probate records, 1650â€“1753, this paper argues that the average value of consumer goods among farmers and other rural inhabitants in that colony did not decline over the course of the colonial period but fluctuated around an average value little different from that for an equivalent segment of the population at risk in Maryland at the turn of the eighteenth century. Similar findings by Jackson Turner Main for.colonial Connecticut extend this absence of trend to a wider area of New England and to the years immediately preceding the American Revolution.
Toward a Pragmatist Philosophy of Science

This three-part essay begins with a diagnosis of the career of general philosophy of science in the tradi- tion begun by Hempel's reform of logical positivism. Since 1950, Anglophone philosophy of science has largely sought general accounts of confirmation, theory and explanation. It has not found them. Instead it has assembled some valuable tools for exploring problems in the natural and social sciences, and has put them to work in a range of useful studies. The second part of the essay pursues the question of whether there is a successor project to the general investigations that Hempel inspired. I argue that there are diffi- cult methodological questions about collective inquiry that have largely been neglected. Attempts to answer these questions should expand the resources for philosophical understanding of scientific knowledge. The third part focuses on the situation of the sciences within society. Can scientific research be divorced from the interests of a broader public? Can its conclusions be generated in neglect of the evidential standards ac- cepted by non-scientists? I argue for a development of the ideal of well-ordered science, and for the under- standing of science (singular!) as one institution among others. Conceiving matters in this way recovers im- portant themes from the neglected pragmatist tradition.
Assessment of methods for prediction of human West Nile virus (WNV) disease from WNV-infected dead birds.

Background West Nile virus (WNV) is currently the leading cause of arboviral-associated encephalitis in the U.S., and can lead to long-term neurologic sequelae. Improvements in dead bird specimen processing time, including the availability of rapid field laboratory tests, allows reassessment of the effectiveness of using WNV-positive birds in forecasting human WNV disease.
Modified electron Propagation Function in Strong Magnetic Fields

The lowest-order radiative correction to the electron propagation function in homogeneous magnetic fields is calculated exactly, using an explicit form of the electron propagation function obtained by Schwinger in 1951.
Transient T cell depletion causes regression of melanoma metastases.

Cognate immunity against neoplastic cells depends on a balance between effector T cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells. Treg cells prevent immune attack against normal and neoplastic cells by directly suppressing the activation of effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. We postulated that a recombinant interleukin 2/diphtheria toxin conjugate (DAB/IL2; Denileukin Diftitox; Ontak) may serve as a useful strategy to deplete Treg cells and break tolerance against neoplastic tumors in humans. We administered DAB/IL2 (12 μg/kg; four daily doses; 21 day cycles) to 16 patients with metastatic melanoma and measured the effects on the peripheral blood concentration of several T cell subsets and on tumor burden. We found that DAB/IL2 caused a transient depletion of Treg cells as well as total CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (< 21 days). T cell repopulation coincided with the de novo appearance of melanoma antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in several patients as determined by flow cytometry using tetrameric MART-1, tyrosinase and gp100 peptide/MHC conjugates. Sixteen patients received at least one cycle of DAB/IL2 and five of these patients experienced regressions of melanoma metastases as measured by CT and/or PET imaging. One patient experienced a near complete response with the regression of several hepatic and pulmonary metastases coupled to the de novo appearance of MART-1-specific CD8+ T cells. A single metastatic tumor remained in this patient and, after surgical resection, immunohistochemical analysis revealed MART1+ melanoma cells surrounded by CD8+ T cells. Taken together, these data indicate that transient depletion of T cells in cancer patients may disrupt the homeostatic control of cognate immunity and allow for the expansion of effector T cells with specificity against neoplastic cells. Several T cell depleting agents are clinically available and this study provides strong rationale for an examination of their efficacy in cancer patients. NCT00299689 (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier).
Understanding personal narratives: an approach to practice.

Understanding personal narratives: an approach to practice Aim. This paper explores the need for and nature of personal narratives and their relevance to nursing practice. It proposes that the co-creative aesthetic process can be used to understand and co-create personal narratives through an emphasis on self-defining memories and metaphor. Background. Many authors in nursing and other human sciences have recognized the need for and importance of personal narrative, its relationship to aesthetic knowing and its value in qualitative research and in practice. The role of memory and metaphor in the creation of meaning in personal narratives, however, has not been sufficiently explored in nursing literature. Discussion. The nature of personal narrative is explored, focusing on the way meaning is created from self-defining memories using metaphor. Then, the importance of personal narratives in nursing practice is considered, followed by discussion about how meaning in personal narratives may be co-created between clients and nurses using an aesthetic process developed by the author. Conclusion. The co-creative aesthetic process is an example of nursing as art and can be used to co-create personal narratives in practice. The experience of co-creating a self story with a nurse can be healing, as the self story is heard by a caring person, memories are understood in new ways, and the self story is both confirmed and recreated.
Changing Face of Stroke: Implications for Occupational Therapy Practice

Stroke is one of the most life-altering syndromes affecting the world population. Rehabilitation for people experiencing stroke is focused almost exclusively on self-care activities and being able to return home and has little to no focus on work rehabilitation or community reintegration. The Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Group (CRRG) at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis was formed with the vision of improving everyday life for people after stroke by translating knowledge from neuroscience into treatment programs for productive living. Descriptive analysis of the intake assessment from the CRRG Clinical Core (N = 7,740) revealed three important findings: The age at stroke is decreasing, most strokes are neurologically mild to moderate in nature, and discharge placement decisions are being made largely on the basis of measures of impairment. The changes in the stroke population require occupational therapy to expand rehabilitation beyond the acute management of stroke to address full participation in work, family, and community life.
HSV-1 ICP0: An E3 Ubiquitin Ligase That Counteracts Host Intrinsic and Innate Immunity

The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encoded E3 ubiquitin ligase, infected cell protein 0 (ICP0), is required for efficient lytic viral replication and regulates the switch between the lytic and latent states of HSV-1. As an E3 ubiquitin ligase, ICP0 directs the proteasomal degradation of several cellular targets, allowing the virus to counteract different cellular intrinsic and innate immune responses. In this review, we will focus on how ICP0's E3 ubiquitin ligase activity inactivates the host intrinsic defenses, such as nuclear domain 10 (ND10), SUMO, and the DNA damage response to HSV-1 infection. In addition, we will examine ICP0's capacity to impair the activation of interferon (innate) regulatory mediators that include IFI16 (IFN γ-inducible protein 16), MyD88 (myeloid differentiation factor 88), and Mal (MyD88 adaptor-like protein). We will also consider how ICP0 allows HSV-1 to evade activation of the NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B) inflammatory signaling pathway. Finally, ICP0's paradoxical relationship with USP7 (ubiquitin specific protease 7) and its roles in intrinsic and innate immune responses to HSV-1 infection will be discussed.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Conformity to Feminine Norms Inventory and Development of an Abbreviated Version: The CFNI-45.

The present study undertakes the first factor analysis of the Conformity to Feminine Norms Inventory (CFNI) conducted since the instrument's development. Confirmatory factor analysis using data from 243 women offered mixed support for the original 84-item CFNI structure and pointed to ways to modify the structure and reduce the length of the measure; these modifications resulted in the nine-factor CFNI-45. The CFNI-45 demonstrates superior data-model fit and comparable reliability coefficients relative to the original form of the measure. The CFNI-45 subscales also yielded high correlations with corresponding original form subscales, supporting use of the CFNI-45 as an efficient measure of the original constructs. Potential uses of the CFNI-45 in research and practice that address the role of feminine gender-role conformity in women's experiences are discussed.
Video compression by means of singularity maps of human vision system

An efficient video compression mechanism is presented, that preserves not only the visual acuity but also the perception fidelity. This is possible because we have made novel utilization of the human vision system (HVS), since our eyes do not pay attention to image pixels rather to intensity changes. We furthermore label the discontinuity of the intensity with the derivative jump value across the boundary as the finger print of the edge, and that label together with its actual gray scale value are called the singularity map (SM) that enables us uniquely identify those corresponding control points among neighborhood frames without the usual exhaustive search at all image pixels level. The proposed video compression consists of two parallel operations: (1) sending the lossy compression of full image by the HVS wavelets without the block artifact of DCT of JPEG or MPEG; and (2) inserting the original gray scale edge preserved by the SM before the lossy compression operation. The approach enables one to transmit live video via the SINGARS radio at a narrow bandwidth of 16 K bps.
A Bayesian approach to net health benefits: an illustration and application to modeling HIV prevention.

Purpose.To conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis of HIV prevention when costs and effects cannot be measured directly. To quantify the total estimation of uncertainty due to sampling variability as well as inexact knowledge of HIV transmission parameters.Methods.The authors focus on estimating the incremental net health benefit (INHB) in a randomized trial of HIV prevention with intervention and control conditions. Using a Bernoulli model of HIV transmission, changes in the participants’ risk behaviors are converted into the number of HIV infections averted. A sampling model is used to account for variation in the behavior measurements. Bayes’s theorem and Monte Carlo methods are used to attain the stated objectives.Results.The authors obtained a positive mean INHB of 0.0008, indicating that advocacy training is just slightly favored over the control condition for men, assuming a $50,000 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) threshold. To be confident of a positive INHB, the decision maker would need to s...
Life Satisfaction Among Mothers of Individuals with Prader-Willi Syndrome

Mothers of individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) often experience numerous stressors, even when compared to mothers of children with other intellectual and developmental disabilities. Despite this, these mothers show great variability in self-reported life satisfaction. Using data from a longitudinal study of individuals with PWS and their families, the present study analyzed factors related to maternal life satisfaction, both cross-sectionally and over time. Results show that both child factors (e.g., behavior problems, hyperphagia) and maternal factors (e.g., stress, coping style) were significantly related to maternal life satisfaction. However, none of the tested variables predicted change in life satisfaction over time. Research and practice implications are discussed.
Assessing TMDL's and Management of Phosphorous Pollution Using Data and Model for the Cannonsville Watershed, NY

This talk will discuss methodology for data analysis, modeling, and phosphorous management analysis in complex watersheds and describes the application of this methodology to the assessment of best management practices for phosphorous in the 1200 km Cannonsville Watershed, which is a catchment for one of the City of New York's drinking water reservoirs. Our group has used the model SWAT2000 to model hydrology, sediment, and Phosphorous movement over the watershed. Calibration and independent validation results obtained were excellent given the difficult of measuring and modeling these constituents. Current results indicate Phosphorous loadings will increase substantially in the future, even if economic activities and phosphorous management program do not change. We evaluate practices for reducing the loading of phosphorous including source control methods like precision feeding. We discuss the importance of incorporating soil storage of phosphorous in analysis of phosphorous BMPs. A 159 page report on the calibration and validation effort is available by Tolson and Shoemaker (2004) at http://techreports.library.cornell.edu:8081/Dienst/UI/1.0/Display/cul.wat/2004-2.
Gender and IT Professionals in the United States: A Survey of College Graduates

ABSTRACT In this paper, we present findings from a survey of college graduates working in professional information technology jobs in the United States, focusing specifically on how career outcomes vary by gender. In doing so, we adopt an institutional standpoint and theorise that the organisation of the workplace, postgraduate training and education, and family characteristics largely shape the work-related outcomes of men and women in the information technology workforce. Drawing from interviews with 2823 graduates with information technology-related degrees, we report five major findings. First, women are nearly 2.5 times as likely as men to leave the professional information technology workforce. Second, men and women work similar hours and have similar commute times. Third, no significant differences exist between men's and women's types of formal postgraduate training and education. Fourth, women take more unpaid leave and for longer periods than men. Finally, women are paid significantly less than ...
Customer Friendly Finance

In the United States, customer owned firms are responsible for 35% of consumer insurance and 10% of consumer banking, yet receive little theoretical or empirical attention. In this paper, I propose a theory of internal finance for the customer owned firm. I show that its growth, pricing, and capital structure are tied together: higher sales tomorrow are achieved through higher prices today and lower leverage today. This result does not hold for a shareholder owned firm. I document stylized facts from the credit union industry and find that they are consistent with the theory's predictions. I discuss empirical implications for other customer owned firms, such as mutual insurance companies and agricultural credit associations.
Overview of In Vitro Models in Developmental Toxicology

In vitro methods used to study the modes of action of developmental toxicants range in biological complexity from cell monocultures to the culture of intact viable conceptuses. Primitive methods were static in nature and generally failed to provide for the adequate transfer of oxygen and nutrients to the cells and tissues being cultured. Modern methods have improved on these deficits to allow growth of cells, tissues, and whole conceptuses at rates that mirror those seen in vivo. The experimental challenges encountered with in vitro studies are also not unlike those seen in vivo where scale, accessibility, and developmental timing continue to persist as significant challenges. In vitro models have advantages in the ability to control environmental conditions and the direct exposure to toxicants so that specific effects on cell growth, differentiation, and morphology can be assessed directly in cells that have retained a sufficient degree of pluripotency. In vitro methods range in biological complexity from primary and immortalized cell cultures, organ and tissue cultures, and whole embryo cultures using intact, viable conceptuses explanted from a variety of species. Different experimental approaches are used for the various stages of development and cover the spectrum from preimplantation, periimplantation, and on to postimplantation periods of development.
Resilience-based risk mitigation for road networks

Abstract Transportation infrastructure has been identified by the US Department of Homeland Security as one of sixteen critical infrastructure systems essential to the well-being of modern societies. In this study, we propose a resilience-based framework for mitigating risk to surface road transportation networks. We utilize recent developments in modern network theory to introduce a novel metric based on system reliability and network connectivity to measure resilience-based performance of a road transportation network. The formulation of this resilience-based performance metric (referred in the paper as WIPW), systematically integrates the network topology, redundancy level, traffic patterns, structural reliability of network components (i.e. roads and bridge) and functionality of the network during community’s post-disaster recovery, and permits risk mitigation alternatives for improving transportation network resilience to be compared on a common basis. Using the WIPW as a network performance metric, we propose a project ranking mechanism for identifying and prioritizing transportation network retrofit projects that are critical for effective pre-disaster risk mitigation and resilience planning. We further present a decision methodology to select optimal solutions among possible alternatives of new construction, which offer opportunities to improve the resilience of the network by altering its existing topology. Finally, we conclude with an illustration that uses the WIPW as the performance metric to support risk-based mitigation decisions using a hypothetical bridge network susceptible to seismic hazards.
Improving Bean Harvest with Gibberellic Acid

The lowest pods on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) are on or near the ground. Yields may improve by raising these pods to reduce yield loss, especially with direct harvest. The objective of this field study was to use gibberellic acid (GA3) to raise lower pods and increase yield. Seeds of cultivars Poncho (Type III, pinto) and Matterhorn (Type II, great northern) were dipped in GA3 at 0, 125, 500, and 2000 ppm and planted in 30-inch rows (2005). Stem elongation was promoted, but emergence and yield were decreased especially for ‘Poncho’. In foliar tests in 30-inch rows (2005 and 2006), GA3 was applied to newly expanded unifoliolate leaves. Doses were 0, 0.5, 2, and 8 ppm for ‘Poncho’ and 0, 31.25, 125, and 500 ppm for ‘Matterhorn’. The higher doses raised the low pod by 2 inches, and yields harvested conventionally were increased from 14% to 18%. In 2007, ‘Poncho’ and ‘Matterhorn’ unifoliolate leaves were treated with GA3 at 0, 2, and 4 ppm, and 0, 62.5, and 125 ppm, respectively, and then portions of each plot were harvested either manually, conventionally, or directly. Planting was in 22and 30-inch row spacing. Lower pods were raised by 1 inch by GA3. Yields from conventional and direct harvest were increased by foliar GA3 application for both cultivars and both row spacings. Yield from directly harvested GA3-treated plots was comparable to that from untreated conventionally harvested plots. GA3 may play a role in increasing yield from directly harvested common bean in conjunction with genetic and mechanical improvements.
Coherent Detection of Tunable Narrowband Far-Infrared Radiation

We demonstrate the coherent detection of tunable narrowband far-infrared radiation. This radiation is produced using conventional difference frequency mixing and detected using the linear electro-optic effect. The technique can be straightforwardly extended to the mid-infrared.
The Politics of African-American Education: Representation, Partisanship, and Educational Equity

Based on the 1,800 largest school districts in the United States over a decade, The Politics of African-American Education documents the status of African-American education and the major role that partisanship plays. The book brings together the most comprehensive database on minority education to date that centers around three arguments. First, partisanship permeates African-American education; it affects who is elected to the school board, the racial composition of school administrators and teachers, and the access of African-American students to quality education. Second, African-American representation matters. The effectiveness of African-American representation, however, is enhanced in Democratic districts while representation in Republican districts has little influence. Third, political structures matter, but they are not determinative. Two different structures - election rules and the independent school district - create the rules of the game in US education politics and policy but do not limit others from using those rules to change the outcome.
Gene Therapy for Primary Immune Deficiencies

Autologous transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in which the defective gene is replaced or repaired (gene therapy) could provide an alternative to allogeneic stem cell transplantation for patients with primary immune deficiency (PID), with the potential for better outcomes as immunologic complications may be avoided. Gene therapy for infants with ADA-deficient SCID has been safe and effective in multiple trials. Gene therapy for X-linked severe combined deficiency (X-SCID), chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) has also led to clinically significant immune reconstitution, but with a high rate of complications from the gene delivery vectors. New vectors with improved safety profiles are entering clinical trials for multiple PIDs; these trials may show efficacy with lower risks than in prior studies. Approaches are being developed for direct correction of the defective gene in patients’ HSCs that would allow expression of the corrected gene in normal physiologic patterns; this could lead to broader indications for gene therapy for PIDs in the future.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Underestimation of Prostate Cancer Geometry: Use of Patient Specific Molds to Correlate Images with Whole Mount Pathology

Purpose: We evaluated the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging in determining the size and shape of localized prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: The subjects were 114 men who underwent multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging before radical prostatectomy with patient specific mold processing of the specimen from 2013 to 2015. T2-weighted images were used to contour the prostate capsule and cancer suspicious regions of interest. The contours were used to design and print 3-dimensional custom molds, which permitted alignment of excised prostates with magnetic resonance imaging scans. Tumors were reconstructed in 3 dimensions from digitized whole mount sections. Tumors were then matched with regions of interest and the relative geometries were compared.Results: Of the 222 tumors evident on whole mount sections 118 had been identified on magnetic resonance imaging. For the 118 regions of interest mean volume was 0.8 cc and the longest 3-dimensional diameter was 17 mm. However, for matched pathological...
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reduces resting-state insula activity and modulates functional connectivity of the orbitofrontal cortex in cigarette smokers.

Abstract Background Previous studies reported that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can reduce cue-elicited craving and decrease cigarette consumption in smokers. The mechanism of this effect however, remains unclear. We used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) to test the effect of rTMS in non-treatment seeking smokers. Methods We used a single blinded, sham-controlled, randomized counterbalanced crossover design where participants underwent two visits separated by at least 1 week. Participants received active rTMS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during one of their visits, and sham rTMS during their other visit. They had two rsFMRI scans before and after each rTMS session. We used the same rTMS stimulation parameters as in a previous study (10 Hz, 5 s-on, 10 s-off, 100% resting motor threshold, 3000 pulses). Results Ten non-treatment-seeking, nicotine-dependent, cigarette smokers (6 women, an average age of 39.72 and an average cigarette per day of 17.30) finished the study. rsFMRI results demonstrate that as compared to a single session of sham rTMS, a single session of active rTMS inhibits brain activity in the right insula and thalamus in fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (fALFF). For intrinsic brain connectivity comparisons, active TMS resulted in significantly decreased connectivity from the site of rTMS to the left orbitomedial prefrontal cortex. Conclusions This data suggests that one session of rTMS can reduce activity in the right insula and right thalamus as measured by fALFF. The data also demonstrates that rTMS can reduce rsFC between the left DLPFC and the medial orbitofrontal cortex.
Practicality of exchanging transparent 3D CT for radiography for pelvic fractures.

Abstract Objective We assess the utility of transparent 3D reconstructed CT images for evaluation of traumatic pelvic bony injuries compared to traditional radiographs. Methods Radiographs and 3D reconstructed CT were anonymized and randomized before review by 4 board certified physicians using a standardized questionnaire and compared to a gold-standard axial CT by a fifth board certified physician. Results 49 patients were included. We found significant agreement (K = [0.5–0.92], p Conclusion Transparent 3D reconstructed CT images may be sufficient for pelvic trauma injury without the use of radiographs.
Performative Reviews and Phantom Audiences

There are limitations in how we try to describe a performance with words. And yet, we set the performance free by exposure to more witnesses, in the role of readers, who enact the performance as they read. Calling on Marvin Carlson’s explication of the cyclical relationship between theatre and memory, I assert that performance-as-writing-as-research becomes more helpful when we acknowledge that its purpose is to evoke. It is re-searching for the connection between people through memory. The act of writing, as a mode of unearthing truth, is then a digging for knowledge in the dirt of a performance. As such, writing about performance is performative in itself. When we write about performance we are performing and creating a piece that can, among other things, generate awareness that there was another, previous performance; in essence, creating memory. Looking specifically at performance reviews from a recent journal publication, I focus on how the language is used and how it creates phantom audiences that haunt the review and the reader.
Teaching computer architecture with a live assembler: tutorial presentation

In the beginning, computer scientists were expected to be fluent in assembly language: (barely) human-readable text that is submitted to an "assembler" program, which converts it into executable code. Assembler programming was an essential part of a computer science education.
Introduction to Modern Physics

(1970). Introduction to Modern Physics. Nuclear Science and Engineering: Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 156-157.
Allelic Interactions among Pto-MIR475b and Its Four Target Genes Potentially Affect Growth and Wood Properties in Populus

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial roles in plant growth and development, but few studies have illuminated the allelic interactions among miRNAs and their targets in perennial plants. Here, we combined analysis of expression patterns and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based association studies to explore the interactions between Pto-MIR475b and its four target genes (Pto-PPR1, Pto-PPR2, Pto-PPR3, and Pto-PPR4) in 435 unrelated individuals of Populus tomentosa. Expression patterns showed a significant negative correlation (r = -0.447 to -0.411, P < 0.01) between Pto-MIR475b and its four targets in eight tissues of P. tomentosa, suggesting that Pto-miR475b may negatively regulate the four targets. Single SNP-based association studies identified 93 significant associations (P < 0.01, Q < 0.1) representing associations of 80 unique SNPs in Pto-MIR475b and its four targets with nine traits, revealing their potential roles in tree growth and wood formation. Moreover, one common SNP in the precursor region significantly altered the secondary structure of the pre-Pto-miR475b and changed the expression level of Pto-MIR475b. Analysis of epistatic interactions identified 115 significant SNP–SNP associations (P < 0.01) representing 45 unique SNPs from Pto-MIR475b and its four targets for 10 traits, revealing that genetic interactions between Pto-MIR475b and its targets influence quantitative traits of perennial plants. Our study provided a feasible strategy to study population genetics in forest trees and enhanced our understanding of miRNAs by dissecting the allelic interactions between this miRNA and its targets in P. tomentosa.
Selecting and Propagating New Cultivars of Metasequoia

First a test was performed to compare allozyme variation in a 52 seedlot collection of Metasequoia Miki imported from China in 1990, versus that in the 1949 Arnold Arboretum collection. The plants in the greenhouse and in a provenance plantation were examined to identify desirable new cultivars for introduction. Six were selected. To determine the best method to propagate these by cuttings, two hormones and eight different months were compared, using a mist bed. The best times of year appeared to be February/March and August/September. Introduction of three new cultivars is planned: a full, vigorous clone, a narrow clone and a weeping clone.