cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A METHOD FOR DESCRIBING QUANTITATIVELY THE CORRESPONDENCE OF GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTIONS1

T HE subject to be considered in this paper is the development of a logically sound and easily applied method by means of which one may quantitatively describe and map, for an area, the manner in which the continuous variations within one class of phenomena correspond to the variations within another class. Nothing is more fundamental in geographical research than the recognition and description of similarities and differences in cultural and physical behavior from place to place. Although this concept of spatial association is central to the science of geography, the techniques presently employed to recognize and describe such relationships are often somewhat less than rigorous. A recent monograph clearly states the problem and the need for methods to solve it: It seems clear that geographic investigation is concerned with discovering and describing areal variations in the occurrence of phenomena on the earth's surface, and also with the search for other areally associated factors that may help to explain the observed distributions. In all such cases, questions are bound to arise as to the degree of association that exists between two (or more) phenomena. Areal association is indicated when a variation from place to place in the occurrence of one variable is accompanied by a similar place-to-place variation in the occurrence of another. In geographic research, areal associations in the occurrence of related phenomena (such as wheat yields and rainfall) have often been discovered by comparing maps of the distributions of those phenomena; and the resulting generalizations have, usually taken a form such as, "In this region, there is a tendency for wheat yields to decrease as rain-
Conditioned effects of environmental stimuli paired with smoked cocaine in humans.

Rationale: Clinical data suggest that stimuli paired with cocaine use acquire emergent stimulus effects, such as the ability to elicit cocaine craving. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the conditioned effects of neutral stimuli paired with cocaine smoking. Methods: Eight experienced adult cocaine smokers participated in 22 experimental sessions while residing on a Clinical Research Center. One set of cues (CS–) was paired with placebo smoked cocaine and one set of cues (CS+) was paired with 25 mg smoked cocaine. Results: After 18 training trials, the effects of cocaine on heart rate and ratings of ”anxious” were greater, and skin temperature and ratings of ”tired” were smaller when compared to the effects of cocaine after the first training trial. When instructed to select a cue to experience after training, seven of eight participants selected the CS+, while only three of the participants selected the CS+ prior to training, i.e., the CS+ functioned as a conditioned reinforcer. Presentation of the CS+ alone without cocaine during extinction trials increased HR, SP, and ratings of ”anxious””tired”, and ”I want cocaine” and decreased skin temperature. These changes elicited by presentation of the CS+ decreased over the course of the extinction sessions. Conclusions: The present results indicate that classical conditioning is one mechanism by which stimuli paired with cocaine acquire emergent stimulus effects.
Fathers' Participation in Childcare Within Navajo Indian Families

Fathers’ and mothers’ reports of their participation in early caregiving tasks and the amount of social support they received regarding their involvement with their infants were examined for 28 two‐parent Navajo Indian families. Mothers were significantly more involved in basic caregiving activities than fathers. Fathers invested about sixty percent as much time as mothers did in direct caregiving tasks. Mothers and fathers did not differ on the degree to which they reported receiving social supports for childcare tasks. Navajo parents received significantly more extrafamilial and/or institutional sources of support than family support for early caregiving activities. Navajo fathers were highly involved with their young children. The results are discussed in relation to role differences in early caregiving within Navajo families.
Geochemistry of xenolithic eclogites from West Africa, Part I: A link between low MgO eclogites and Archean crust formation

Oxygen isotope, mineral trace element, and measured and reconstructed whole rock compositions are reported for low MgO (6 -13 wt.% MgO in the whole rock) eclogite xenoliths from the Koidu kimberlite complex, Sierra Leone. The d 18 O values of garnet (4.7- 6.8‰), determined by laser fluorination on clean mineral separates, extend beyond the range for mantle peridotites. All low MgO eclogites have reconstructed trace element patterns that are depleted in Ba, Th, U, and light rare earth element (LREE), with jadeite-rich samples having more variable trace element patterns than jadeite-poor samples. These observations, coupled with low SiO2 contents, and Nb-rich but LREE-depleted reconstructed whole rock compositions, suggest the low MgO eclogites are remnants of altered oceanic crust that was partially melted during subduction. Partial melting of a mafic protolith at high pressure (leaving a garnet-bearing residue) is the preferred model to explain the origin of Archean tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) suites, which make up large portions of the crust in Archean cratons. We therefore suggest that the Koidu low MgO eclogites may be residues from Archean continental crust formation. Copyright © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd
Role of reversibility in enhanced ion backscattering near 180° scattering angle

Computer simulations show that recently measured enhanced ion scattering near 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} originates in the reversibility property of ion trajectories. The simulation results explain the observed angular and depth dependence of the effect and predict a slight deficit in scattering at angles beyond the enhancement region that was not found experimentally. Collision-induced recoils of the target atoms and the depth resolution of the detector each produce sizable reductions in the effect, and their inclusion in the calculations in necessary for satisfactory agreement with experiment. The observed dependence on atomic number of the target is shown to be partly due to the nuclear charge and partly due to the dependence of target-atom recoils on mass. A calculation is also given of an enhancement to be expected under channeling conditions.
Dietary sodium effects on heart rate variability in salt sensitivity of blood pressure.

High dietary sodium intake is a risk factor for hypertension, and heart rate variability (HRV) is decreased in hypertension. Effects of dietary sodium intake on HRV of normotensive persons have not, however, been investigated to date. The present study examined effects of low and high sodium diets on blood pressure, heart rate, and HRV in 36 healthy, normotensive women, ages 40–70. Each was placed on a low sodium diet for six days followed by a high sodium diet for six days. High salt diet increased mean systolic blood pressure, decreased heart rate, and increased high frequency HRV (HF). Cardiac vagal tone, estimated at baseline from heart period and a time domain estimate of respiratory sinus arrhythmia, was higher in salt-sensitive than salt-insensitive subjects. The finding of increased vagal tone in normotensive persons on high salt intake indicates that dietary sodium status should be considered in behavioral studies of HRV.
Closing the Canadian Input–Output Model: Homogeneous vs Non-homogeneous Household Sector Specifications

This paper addresses, on both theoretical and empirical fronts, the task of endogenizing the household sector in a rectangular input–output (IO) model. The formulation of Miyazawa (1976) for square models is extended to the development of an impact matrix for rectangular models. This allows for the numerous household revenue sources to be built into the model. A closed model with non-homogeneous households is developed where individuals are modelled individually and by industry. The perform ance of the non-homogeneous household sector model is compared with a model that has a homogeneous household sector. The model with the non-homogeneous household sector is more sensitive to changes in wages and salaries than to changes in final demand.
Thermal Expansion of Molten Materials by the Gamma Attenuation Technique

An apparatus was constructed for measurement of the density and volumetric thermal expansion of high temperature molten materials using the gamma attenuation technique. It was found that significant improvements in overall experimental precision could be realized by employing an automatic gain control in the linear section of the gamma counting system. This device reduced errors due to system gain shifts and thereby increased the precision of the gamma counting. Corrections were also made for the dead time of the electronics system. A preliminary experimental investigation of the precision of the method was made by measuring small dimensional steps of a tool steel block at a single temperature. A fractional length increment Δl/l of 1% was. determined to 1%, equivalent to a length change precision of 10-4 cm/cm. In addition, the precision of the experimental technique was analytically examined for both absolute and relative density determinations. Three analytical expressions used to reduce data for liquid density determinations were evaluated for their precision. Each allows use of a different set of input data parameters, which can be chosen based on experimental considerations. Using experimentally reasonable values for the precision of the parameters yields a similar resultant density precision from the three methods, on the order of 0.2%.
Prescriptions for schedule II opioids and benzodiazepines increase after the introduction of computer-generated prescriptions.

Background: Prescriptions for controlled substances decrease when regulatory barriers are put in place. The converse has not been studied. Objectives: The objective was to determine whether a less complicated prescription writing process is associated with a change in the prescribing patterns of controlled substances in the emergency department (ED). Methods: The authors conducted a retrospective nonconcurrent cohort study of all patients seen in an adult ED between April 19, 2005, and April 18, 2007, who were discharged with a prescription. Prior to April 19, 2006, a specialized prescription form stored in a locked cabinet was obtained from the nursing staff to write a prescription for benzodiazepines or Schedule II opioids. After April 19, 2006, New York State mandated that all prescriptions, regardless of schedule classification, be generated on a specialized bar-coded prescription form. The main outcome of the study was to compare the proportion of Schedule III–V opioids to Schedule II opioids and benzodiazepines prescribed in the ED before and after the introduction of a less cumbersome prescription writing process. Results: Of the 26,638 charts reviewed, 2.1% of the total number of prescriptions generated were for a Schedule II controlled opioid before the new system was implemented compared to 13.6% after (odds ratio [OR] = 7.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 6.4 to 8.4). The corresponding percentages for Schedule III–V opioids were 29.9% to 18.1% (OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.49 to 0.55) and for benzodiazepines 1.4% to 3.9% (OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 2.4 to 3.4). Conclusions: Patients were more likely to receive a prescription for a Schedule II opioid or a benzodiazepine after a more streamlined computer-generated prescription writing process was introduced in this ED.
Molecular characteristics of an immobilization antigen gene of the fish-parasitic protozoan Ichthyophthirius multifiliis strain ARS-6

AbstractIchthyophthirius multi¢liis(Ich), a ciliated protozoanparasite of ¢sh, expresses surface antigens (i-anti-gens), which react with host antibodies that renderthemimmobile.Thenucleotidesequenceofani-anti-gen gene of I. multi¢liis strain ARS-6 was deduced.The predicted protein of 47493Da is comprised of460 amino acids (aa’s) arranged into ¢ve imperfectrepeats with periodic cysteine residues with thestructure: CX (19)20 CX 2 CX 16 27 CX 2 CX 20(21) CX 3 . TheN-terminal aa’s typify a signal peptide motif whilea stretch of C-terminal aa’s resemble a glycosyl^phosphatidyl^inositol (GPI)-anchor addition site.Thedegreeofdeducedi-antigenaasequenceidentityof strain ARS-6 (GenBank accession # ACH87654and # ACH95659) with other I. multi¢liis i-antigensequences present in GenBank ranges from 99% to36% identity with 52kDa i-antigens of I. multi¢liisstrain G5 (accession #s AAK94941and AAK01661respectively). Immunoblot analysis of i-antigens fol-lowing exposure of I. multi¢liis theronts to cat¢shanti-I. multi¢liis immune serum did not show anyappreciable alteration in i-antigen expression. Themechanism that regulates i-antigen expression inI.multi¢liisremainsapuzzlingquestion.Keywords: immobilization antigen, gene, nucleo-tidesequence,Ichthyophthiriusmulti¢liisIntroductionIchthyophthiriusmulti¢liis(Ich) is a hymenostomatidparasitic ciliate that causes ‘white spot’ disease inmany species of freshwater cultured and/or free liv-ing ¢sh. Fish that recover from I. multi¢liis infectionareknowntopossessbothserumandcutaneousmu-cus antibodies that are capable of immobilizing theparasite in vitro (Clark & Dickerson 1997). The anti-gens on the parasite surface that are involved in theantibody-mediatedimmobilizationarecomprisedofaclass of abundant glycosyl^phosphatidyl^inositol(GPI)-anchoredmembraneproteinsthatareaptlyde-signated as immobilization antigens (i-antigens)(Clark, Gao, Gaertig, Wang & Cheng 2001; Clark FHatanka,Umeda,YamashitaH Swennes, Findly DLee & Kim 2008).Tetrahymena and Paramecium spe-cies are free-living ciliated protists that have servedas model systems, in which i-antigens have been ex-tensively studied (Doerder 2000; Simon & Schmidt2005). Both Tetrahymena and Paramecium possess arepertoire of paralogous genes that encode alterna-tive forms of i-antigens, the expression of which isunder the in£uence of certain environmental cuessuch as temperature and medium, in which they
Solution NMR characterization of the thermodynamics of the disulfide bond orientational isomerism and its effect of cluster electronic properties for the hyperthermostable three-iron cluster ferredoxin from the archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus.

The thermodynamics and dynamics of the Cys21−Cys48 disulfide “S” ⇔ “R” conformational isomerism in the three-iron, single cubane cluster ferredoxin (Fd) from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus (Pf) have been characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy in both water and water/methanol mixed solvents. The mean interconversion rate at 25 °C is 3 × 103 s-1 and ΔG298 = −0.2 kcal/mol [ΔH = 4.0 kcal/mol; ΔS = 14 cal/(mol·K)], with the S orientation as the more stable form at low temperature ( 100 °C, where the organism thrives. The distinct pattern of ligated Cys β-proton contact shifts for the resolved signals and their characteristic temperature behavior for the forms of the 3Fe Fd with alternate disulfide orientations have been analyzed to determine the influences of disulfide orientation and methanol cosolvent on the topology of the inter-iron spin coupling in the 3Fe cluster. The Cys21−Cys48 disulfide orientation influences primarily the spin couplings ...
Optimal foraging: movement patterns of bumblebees between inflorescences.

Abstract Nectar-collecting bumblebees are hypothesized to employ rules of movement which result in the maximum net rate of energy gain (i.e., are optimal). The optimal movement rules are derived from a mathematical model and are used to generate predicted patterns of movement. The predicted patterns are compared with field observations. These observations support the hypothesis. An important component of the mathematical model is the memory of the foraging animal. The field data have implications concerning the memory capabilities of the bumblebees.
Shaft heat exchange in rotary furnaces for firing fireclays

The shaft heat exchanger fitted to a rotary furnace firing fireclays is an effective means of improving the basic technical factors of the equipment. The gases should be piped from the shaft at low velocities and this can be done by increasing the area of the extractors. The shaft heat exchanger can operate with lump and briquetted clays of various sorts, and the firing of briquetted material increases the efficiency of the furnace. Roller-presses for obtaining small (less than 70 mm) briquettes are needed. The gas distribution over the cross section of the shaft is important in the operation of shaft heat exchangers and depends on the design of the units for feeding and withdrawing the gases. The use of the test shaft heat exchanger increased the output of a rotary furnace by 30% and reduced the specific fuel consumption for firing the clay by 25% and the dust removal by 20%.
Gaster flagging by fire ants (Solenopsis spp.): Functional significance of venom dispersal behavior

Behavioral and chemical studies with laboratory colonies indicate that the imported fire antSolenopsis invicta Buren (Myrmicinae) disperses venom through the air by raising and vibrating its gaster (i.e., “gaster flagging”). This mechanism of airborne venom dispersal is unreported for any ant species. Foraging workers utilize this air-dispersed venom (up to 500 ng) to repel heterospecifics encountered in the foraging arena, while brood tenders dispense smaller quantities (∼ 1 ng) to the brood surface, presumably as an antibiotic. Brood tenders removed from the brood cell and tested in heteropspecific encounters in the foraging arena exhibited the complete repertoire of agonistic gaster flagging behavior. These observations suggest that airborne venom dispersal by workers is context specific rather than temporal caste specific and that workers can control the quantity of venom released.
An edited translation of the first dissertation in experimental psychology by Max Friedrich at Leipzig University in Germany

The present paper presents an edited translation of the first doctoral thesis in experimental psychology, completed by Max Friedrich at Leipzig University during the Winter Semester of 1879–80. The official degree was awarded in 1880 and the full text was published in the first issue of Wundt's journal Philosophische Studien (Philosophical Studies). In addition to a translation of the original text, the author provides a critical analysis of the methodology and results of Friedrich within the context of modern psychophysics.
A placebo-controlled trial of two intranasal vaccines to prevent tracheobronchitis (kennel cough) in dogs entering a humane shelter

A placebo-controlled field trial was conducted to compare the effectiveness of intranasal (IN) vaccines containing Bordetella bronchiseptica and canine-parainfluenza virus, with (IN-BPA) or without (IN-BP) canine-adenovirus type 2, for prevention of kennel cough at a humane shelter. Dogs were examined on admission to the shelter and those without respiratory signs of disease were assigned daily, on a rotating basis, to receive one of three vaccines. We enrolled 972 healthy dogs. Dogs were monitored for up to 30 days post-vaccination for coughing and other clinical signs of respiratory disease. Thirty-three (10.7%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 7.2%, 14.2%) dogs in the IN-BP group, 36 (10.2%; CI: 7.0%, 13.4%) [corrected] dogs in the IN-BPA group, and 42 (13.5%; CI: 9.7%, 17.3%) [corrected] dogs in the IN-P group coughed spontaneously for > or = 1 day within 30 days of vaccination (P = 0.37). The IN-BP and IN-BPA vaccines were 20.7 and 24.4% effective, respectively, in reducing coughing compared with a placebo vaccine. The strongest prognostic factor for coughing (regardless of vaccine group) was the number of days spent at the shelter, with each additional day increasing the risk of coughing by 3% (95% CI: 1.01, 1.06) [corrected] The low incidence of coughing in the shelter during this study precluded observation of differences in vaccine effectiveness. No differences in vaccine-associated adverse events (coughing, sneezing, nasal or ocular discharge) were noted during the first 3 days post-administration or thereafter.
Derivation of parametric multifrequency coupling coefficients

A simplified form for determining the coefficients for coupling between different frequency circuits by a time varying reactive component is described.
Cancer classification using gene expression data

The classification of different tumor types is of great importance in cancer diagnosis and drug discovery. However, most previous cancer classification studies are clinical based and have limited diagnostic ability. Cancer classification using gene expression data is known to contain the keys for addressing the fundamental problems relating to cancer diagnosis and drug discovery. The recent advent of DNA microarray technique has made simultaneous monitoring of thousands of gene expressions possible. With this abundance of gene expression data, researchers have started to explore the possibilities of cancer classification using gene expression data. Quite a number of methods have been proposed in recent years with promising results. But there are still a lot of issues which need to be addressed and understood.In order to gain a deep insight into the cancer classification problem, it is necessary to take a closer look at the problem, the proposed solutions and the related issues all together. In this survey paper, we present a comprehensive overview of various proposed cancer classification methods and evaluate them based on their computation time, classification accuracy and ability to reveal biologically meaningful gene information. We also introduce and evaluate various proposed gene selection methods which we believe should be an integral preprocessing step for cancer classification. In order to obtain a full picture of cancer classification, we also discuss several issues related to cancer classification, including the biological significance vs. statistical significance of a cancer classifier, the asymmetrical classification errors for cancer classifiers, and the gene contamination problem.
Mature Purkinje cells in cerebellar tissue cultures: An ultrastructural study

Mature Purkinje cells in mouse cerebellar tissue cultures were morphologically analyzed by electron microscopy. Explants maintained for 19 to 31 days in vitro contained Purkinje cells that were similar in most respects to those described in vivo except for incomplete arborization of the dendritic trees. Typical features included (1) absence of Purkinje cell perisomatic spines; (2) a paucity of naked Purkinje cell dendritic spines; (3) a 1:1 relationship of Purkinje cell dendritic spines to parallel fiber terminals; and (4) almost complete astroglial investment of Purkinje cell somata and dendrites. Minimal extracellular space was present in the neuropil of the explants and unusual synapses involving Purkinje cells were absent. Atypical features described by some investigators may be a function of retarded development in suboptimal culture conditions and do not represent the limit of tissue culture methodology.
OLETF (Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty) rats that lack the CCK 1 (A) receptor develop less behavioral sensitization to repeated cocaine treatment than wild type LETO (Long Evans Tokushima Otsuka) rats

OLETF (Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty) lacking the CCK 1 (A) receptor have similar spontaneous activity and locomotor response (horizontal and vertical activity) in response to a single injection of cocaine as the wild type LETO (Long Evans Tokushima Otsuka) rats. In contrast, the OLETF rats display more stereotypy in response to the first dose of cocaine than the LETO rats. Tested at 7 and 14 days after a one week daily treatment with cocaine, the LETO rats display robust behavioral sensitization to cocaine while the OLETF rats did not. These results support the hypothesis that endogenous CCK released by cocaine treatment and acting at CCK 1 receptors is required for the development and/or expression of this behavior.
Squid Giant Axon: Repetitive Responses to Alternating Current Stimulation

SINUSOIDAL alternating currents were used by Hill, Katz, and Solandt1 to stimulate the frog sciatic nerve. At low frequencies of stimulation, repetitive responses caused discrepancies between the observed threshold values of current and the values predicted by Hill's theory of excitation2. Teorell3 used triangular-wave alternating currents to excite action potentials in the Nitella cell. At low stimulus frequencies, two spikes per current cycle were occasionally observed. Repetitive all-or-none responses to constant currents were reported by Katz4 in frog sciatic nerve, by Hodgkin5 in single crustacean axons, and by Hagiwara and Oomura6 in the squid giant axon. Hagiwara and Oomura6 also stimulated the squid giant axon with linearly rising currents. In these experiments, single-action potentials were followed by a steadily increasing depolarization of the membrane, but repetitive action potentials did not occur. Tasaki7 obtained similar results when he used linearly rising currents to excite single toad-nerve fibres. The present research was undertaken to determine whether the squid giant axon could produce repetitive all-or-none responses to triangular-wave and sinusoidal alternating-current stimuli and to observe the responses at various current amplitudes and frequencies.
A Mouse Model of Transplacental Cocaine Exposure: Clinical Implications for Exposed Infants and Childrena

To characterize the effects of cocaine on developing brain we have developed a mouse model of gestational cocaine exposure. We studied pregnant dams injected twice daily with cocaine HCl at 40, 20, or 10 mg/kg/day sc from embryonic days (E)8 to E17 (COC 40, COC20, and COC10, respectively), vehicle-injected dams allowed access to food ad libitum (SAL) or pair-fed with the COC 40 dams (SPF 40), animals pretreated with the short-acting alpha-adrenergic antagonist phentolamine prior to each cocaine injection (P COC 40), and animals administered phentolamine prior to saline (PHENT). COC 40, P COC 40, and SPF 40 dams demonstrated the lowest percentage weight gain during gestation. The surrogate-fostered offspring of COC 40, P COC 40, and SPF 40 dams demonstrated transient brain and body growth retardation on postnatal days (P)1 and P9 when compared to pups born to SAL dams. We conducted behavioral tests which allowed us to dissociate the indirect effect of cocaine-induced malnutrition from a direct effect of prenatal cocaine administration in altering postnatal behavior. Pups from all groups were tested for first-order Pavlovian conditioning on P9 or P12 or for the ability to ignore redundant information in a blocking paradigm on P50. Unlike the SPF 40, PHENT, and SAL controls, COC 40 and P COC 40 mice were unable to acquire an aversion to an odor previously paired with shock on P9, a learning deficit that resolved by P12. However, on P50, COC 40 mice and, to a lesser extent, P COC 40 and SPF 40 mice demonstrated a persistent behavioral deficit in our blocking paradigm, which may reflect alterations in selective attention. We discuss how these findings in our rodent model have developmental implications for human infants exposed to cocaine in utero.
Rupture of Very Small Aneurysms

To the Editor: I have read the research letter entitled “Unruptured intracranial aneurysms: incidence of rupture and risk factors” by Ishibashi et al with great interest.1 I felt the need to clarify a few points regarding the aneurysm size as one of the well-known risk factors. The authors emphasized on the results of the International Study on Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms (ISUIA) reporting a rupture rate of approximately 0.1% per year for aneurysm <7 mm in diameter.1,2 Ishibashi et al reported an overall incidence of 1.4%.1 Since their study was carried out in Japan, the authors attributed this discrepancy to racial difference and cited an article indicating Japanese and Finnish descendents might have higher potential for aneurysm rupture.3 I …
Glial Control of Synaptogenesis

Though all communication between neurons occurs through synapses, we know surprisingly little about the mechanisms inducing their formation. In this issue of Cell, Barres and colleagues (Christopherson et al., 2005) demonstrate that glial-derived thrombospondins and additional soluble glial-secreted factors regulate synapse assembly and functional maturation.
Updating Pavement Design Procedures for New York State

New York's effort in adapting concepts from AASHTO's pavement design guide as a basis for a revised state design procedure for thickness of new and reconstructed pavements is summarized. The rationale for this revised procedure was to design more durable pavements and reduce life-cycle costs. New York's past pavement design practice and the background for the revisions are briefly described. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to identify how AASHTO design variables affect pavement thickness. Past performance of selected New York pavements was also studied. The rationale is discussed for determination of appropriate design variables, based on the sensitivity analysis, performance studies, and reviews of past and current practice. Also described is the justification of other design features, such as 50-year design life, granular subgrade, permeable base, edge drains, shorter slabs, maximum and minimum pavement thicknesses, and new dowel and tie-bar designs. Development and implementation of New York's new AASHTO-based thickness design procedure are major steps toward accomplishing the goals of building longer-lasting pavements and reducing life-cycle costs.
Comments on ``Algorithms for Shape Analysis of Contours and Waveforms''

An algorithm is described for optimal following of the lines in digitized TV pictures. Initially, the picture is subjected to an edge detection operation resulting in short edge-line pieces (strokes). The bifurcation points of the lines in the picture are detected on the basis of variances in stroke angles. A mathematical model using graph theoretical concepts is set up on the arrays of strokes (streaks) to be found among the bifurcation points. The model assumes that the streaks will follow the lines of the picture in an optimal way. An algorithm is given which finds the streaks. The correctness of the algorithm is proved in a pure mathematical way. Experiments with on-line TV pictures show the performance of the algorithm.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act and CEO tenure, turnover, and risk aversion

Abstract Using a sample of CEO turnover from 1999 to 2005, we find that CEOs become significantly more risk averse following the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, SOX. Their increased risk aversion may serve as an explanation for why CEO tenure is not significantly shortened and forced CEO turnover is not more likely post-SOX, as we document in this paper. In addition, we provide evidence that financial restatements have some effects on CEO tenure and the probability of forced CEO turnover. This may be due to intensified monitoring activities by the board and the financial press in the post-SOX era, but we cannot contribute all of it to SOX. In some occasions, SOX seems to weaken the effect of board monitoring on CEO tenure and the effect of firm performance on CEO risk aversion. Though the increased monitoring level post-SOX contribute to the increased CEO risk aversion, little impact is found from the SOX-mandated accuracy and transparency of financial reporting.
A COMPARISON OF FRICTION STIR PROCESSING OF MILL ANNEALED AND INVESTMENT CAST Ti-6Al-4V

Friction stir processing (FSP) of cast and mill annealed Ti-6Al-4V was studied to determine whether this thermomechanical processing technique is feasible for local microstructural modification to improve fatigue properties for aerospace engine applications. The ability to produce a friction stir processed surface layer is thought to provide a microstructure that is more resistant to fatigue crack initiation than the as-cast microstructure of the bulk. FSP resulted in a microstructure of either very fine equiaxed α or a colony microstructure with refined prior β grains when processing occurred below the β transus or above the β transus, respectively. The final microstructure observed in the stir zone was related to the processing conditions and was independent of the initial cast or wrought microstructures. Electron backscatter diffraction was used to assess the presence of microtexture in the stir zone. There was very little microtexture observed in sub-transus processed material. A moderate strength α phase texture was observed in the cast and wrought materials processed above the β transus. Fatigue tests performed on 4-point bend samples revealed a dramatic increase in fatigue life after FSP in both mill annealed (presented here) and cast + hot isostatic pressed materials (previously presented) although only a limited number of samples were available. Substantial tool wear is an issue and tungsten contamination is readily observed when FSP temperatures were below the β transus. This could be a concern in high temperature applications or for applications requiring postprocessing heat treatment.
Incremental kinematics for finite element applications

A kinematical algorithm is proposed in which the input is the incremental deformation gradient corresponding to an increment in motion for a time step, and the output is a constant rate-of-stretching tensor and a rotation tensor. The concept of algorithmic objectivity is discussed, with a stronger statement of objectivity than those advanced in previous works being set forth. The importance of strong objectivity is illustrated for applications in which moderately large rotation increments are to be expected. Accuracy of the proposed algorithm is discussed and illustrated with example calculations, and it is shown that the accuracy of the algorithm may be extended to arbitrary order. Also, the computational effort associated with the proposed algorithm is seen to compare favourably to that of other algorithms.
The Emotional Impact of Repeated Cognitive Failure on the Evolving Sense of Self, and Kohut's Tension Arc

Abstract Cognitive differences and deficits are a fact of life, but this fact has not been highlighted in contemporary psychoanalytic theory. Using the self psychological concept of Kohut's tension arc as an example, this paper suggests that theoretical modifications are necessary to understand and therapeutically work with patients with learning deficits. Specific practical suggestions are made about how to therapeutically help individuals who struggle with these differences in psychobiological loading. Clearly, the inclusion of biological variables in psychoanalytic theory will lend itself to further study of how nature and nurture interact at various levels of the neuraxis.
Pressure-sensitive adhesives based on soybean fatty acids

A new class of renewable pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) designed and developed from soybean oil was reported in this study. Soybean oil was epoxidized and hydrolysed selectively on the ester groups to afford a mixture of epoxidized fatty acids (EFAs) which were characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The EFA mixture without further purification was then polymerized directly in the presence and absence of a small amount of dicarboxylic acid compounds to afford hydroxyl-functionalized polymers. The peel strength, loop tack, shear strength and viscoelastic properties of the resulting (co)polymers revealed that the (co)polymers were suitable for PSA applications. The new PSAs could be fully bio-based and potentially biodegradable, and their preparation and application did not require the use of an organic solvent or a toxic chemical, thus being environmentally friendly.
Media at War: Radio's Challenge to the Newspapers, 1924-1939

Media Wars and Resistance to New Technologies The Life Cycle of a Media War: The Three Stages of the Press-Radio War Radio's Threat to the Institutional Identity of the Press Radio's Threat to the Institutional Structure of the Press Radio's Threat to the Institutional Function of the Press Epilogue Selected Bibliography Index
Mechanics of Intermittent Plasticity Punctuated by Fracture During Shear Deformation of Mg Alloys at Near-Ambient Temperatures

Microstructure evolution of basal-textured Mg alloy AZ31B (Mg: Al: Zn; 96: 3: 1 wt pct) during simple shear deformation at near-ambient temperatures was studied by plane-strain machining. Using Schmid factor calculations in conjunction with quantitative electron microscopy, it was found that plastic deformation in AZ31B in the primary deformation zone of machining commences by extension twinning followed by basal slip. Characteristics of twinning in individual grains were described by correlating the direction of twinning with the principal stress state. The implications of these deformation mechanics for the microstructure inherited by the freshly generated surfaces in shear-based material removal processes are examined. These include the identification of extensive surface texture reorientation at machined surfaces via extension twins, limits on surface integrities wrought by fracture events that punctuate plastic deformation, and their relationship to the cutting tool geometry.
Characteristics of sighing in panic disorder.

Abstract Background: Sighs, breaths with larger tidal volumes than surrounding breaths, have been reported as being more frequent in patients with anxiety disorders. Methods: Sixteen patients with panic disorder, 15 with generalized anxiety disorder, and 19 normal control subjects were asked to sit quietly for 30 min. Respiratory volumes and timing were recorded with inductive plethysmography and expired pCO 2 , from nasal prongs. Results: Panic disorder patients sighed more and had tonically lower end-tidal pCO 2 s than control subjects, whereas generalized anxiety disorder patients were intermediate. Sighs defined as >2.0 times the subject mean discriminated groups best. Sigh frequency was more predictive of individual pCO 2 levels than was minute volume. Ensemble averaging of respiratory variables for sequences of breaths surrounding sighs showed no evidence that sighs were triggered by increased pCO 2 or reduced tidal volume in any group. Sigh breaths were larger in panic disorder patients than in control subjects. After sighs, pCO 2 and tidal volume did not return to baseline levels as quickly in panic disorder patients as in control subjects. Conclusions: Hypocapnia in panic disorder patients is related to sigh frequency. In none of the groups was sighing a homeostatic response. Panic disorder patients show less peripheral chemoreflex gain than control subjects, which would maintain low pCO 2 levels after sighing.
Structure, Function, and Control of Phosphoinositide-Specific Phospholipase C

Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) subtypes β, γ, and δ comprise a related group of multidomain phosphodiesterases that cleave the polar head groups from inositol lipids. Activated by ...
Rapid determination of double bond configuration and position along the hydrocarbon chain in cyclic fatty acid monomers

This study reports the structural elucidation of diunsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring cyclic fatty acid monomers (CFAM) isolated from heated flaxseed oil by complementary gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) and GC-matrix isolation-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (MI-FTIR). Infrared measurements of CFAM were carried out on methyl ester derivatives as well-resolved chromatograms were obtained on a polar 100% cyanopropyl polysiloxane capillary GC column. By contrast, electron ionization MS of methyl ester derivatives was of limited value because of double bond migration during the ionization process in the mass spectrometer. This communication reports definitive MS fragmentation patterns that can confirm ring position and double bond position along the fatty acid chain in 1,2-disubstituted CFAM determined as 2-alkenyl-4,4-dimethyloxazoline derivatives. Double bond configuration (cis, trans, or conjugatedcis,cis) in CFAM was confirmed by GC-MI-FTIR. The presence of CFAM, degradation products found in used frying oils, is a potential source of dietary toxicity.
Knowledge-based analog circuit synthesis with flexible architecture

A prototype knowledge-based analog-circuit synthesis system is presented. An expert system has been developed to act as a design assistant in an iterative analog design process. Design flexibility is greatly enhanced by adopting the self-reconstructing technique for the flexible architecture approach. Being able to recognize critical nodes and circuit primitives, the layout generator is capable of generating compact layouts with special analog layout considerations. An expert system for assisting the design of a two-stage CMOS operation amplifier, CAMP, and a layout generator for circuit layout generations, LAMP, have been developed for the expert-system-based analog IC design automation environment. Experimental results are shown to demonstrate the capabilities of the system. >
Nature-based tourism in Indian protected areas: New challenges for park management

Previous research indicates that numbers of visits to protected areas (PAs) are declining in wealthy countries while foreign visitation is increasing in lesswealthy countries. We focus on India to discern trends and implications of nature-based tourism in an emerging economy. We interviewed 91% of tourist facilities around 10 PAs to assess visitation, employment, and practices. Average growth rate was 14.9% (from −7% in Bandipur to 44% in Periyar from 2002 to 2008) and 80% are domestic tourists. Many facilities (72% post 2000) are recently constructed and 85% occur within 5 km of PAs. Clustering of facilities in some PAs might facilitate easier management of resource use and establishment of best practice guidelines. Contributions of facilities to local employment are marginal. Rules governing entry of people and vehicles vary widely. Domestic nature-based tourism potentially generates public support for conservation but adds to existing challenges of managing PAs already facing pressure from livelihood needs of local populations. Based on these trends, the increasing middle class in India is likely to generate future demand for nature-based tourism counter to trends in industrialized countries. There is urgent need for establishing and enforcing regulations to manage tourists, resource use, and land-use change around PAs.
Impact of a quarterly report card on colonoscopy quality measures

significantly higher: 53.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 49.7%-58.1%) vs 44.7% (95% CI, 39.1%-50.4%); P .013 and 98.1% (95% CI, 96.7%-99.0%) vs 95.6% (95% CI, 92.5%-97.5%); P .027, respectively. A higher ADR trend in the intervention phase was found for 5 of the 6 physicians. The increment in ADR was due mostly to increased detection of proximal adenomas. There were no significant changes in serrated polyp detection, advanced neoplasm detection, number of adenomas detected per colonoscopy, and mean size of adenomas after implementation of the intervention. The report card intervention remained significantly associated with higher ADRs after adjustment for patient age, sex, and physician (odds ratio 1.45; 95% CI, 1.08-1.94). Limitations: Single center, small number of endoscopists. Conclusion: A quarterly report card was associated with improved colonoscopy quality indicators. This intervention is practical to generate and implement and may serve as a model for quality improvement programs in different patient and physician groups. (Gastrointest Endosc 2013;77:925-31.)
Economic Consequences of Alternative Solution Methods for Centralized Unit Commitment in Day-Ahead Electricity Markets

Many wholesale electricity markets call on the independent system operator (ISO) to determine day-ahead schedules for generators based on a centralized unit commitment. Up until recently, the Lagrangian relaxation (LR) algorithm was the only practical means of solving an ISO-scale unit commitment problem, and it was the solution technique used by most ISOs. Johnson et al. [1] demonstrate, however, that equity, incentive, and efficiency issues will arise from use of LR solutions, because different commitments that are similar in terms of total system costs can result in different surpluses to individual units. Recent advances in computing capabilities and optimization algorithms now make solution of the mixed-integer programming (MIP) formulation by means of branch and bound (B&B) tractable, often with optimality gaps smaller than those of LR algorithms, which has led some ISOs to adopt B&B algorithms and others proposing to do so. With the move towards B&B, one obvious question is whether the use of MIP will eliminate or reduce the issues with LR raised by Johnson et al. Using actual market data from an ISO, we demonstrate that both LR and MIP solutions will suffer the same equity issues, unless the ISO unit commitment problems can be solved to complete optimality within the allotted timeframe-which is beyond current computational capabilities. Our results further demonstrate that the size of the payoff deviations are not monotone in the size of the optimality gap, meaning smaller optimality gaps from B&B will not necessarily mitigate the issues Johnson et al. raise. We show that the use of "make-whole" payments, which ensure units recover any startup and no-load costs not recovered by inframarginal energy rents, can help to reduce surplus volatility and differences to some extent.
VEGFR-2 silencing by small interference RNA (siRNA) suppresses LPA-induced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) invasion.

Abstract Background The VEGF–VEGF receptor (VEGFR) signaling axis has emerged as a promising target for cancer therapy, attributing to its vital role in tumor angiogenesis and growth. We have previously reported the regulation of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) invasion and migration by VEGF and the implication of VEGF-VEGFR-2 axis in lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-induced EOC invasion. However, the expression profile of VEGF and VEGFRs in EOC, their association with tumor aggressiveness, and their regulation by LPA remain unclear. Objectives and methods In this study, we examined the expression of VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, neuropilin-1 (NRP-1), NRP-2, VEGF 121 , and VEGF 165 in established EOC cell lines and assessed their correlation with cell invasiveness. Moreover, using an ovarian cancer tissue qPCR array, we analyzed VEGFR-2 expression across a panel of 48 tissues with different disease stages and histological grades. We also tested the effect of LPA on VEGF and VEGFR-2 expression and examined whether blocking VEGFR-2 by RNA interference (RNAi) affects LPA-induced EOC invasion. Results We show that VEGF and VEGFR-2 expression correlates with cell invasiveness and VEGFR-2 expression in ovarian cancer tissues correlate with tumor grade. In addition, LPA, at 20 μM, significantly induced the expression of VEGF 121 , VEGF 165 , and VEGFR-2 in SKOV3 and DOV13 cells ( P P P Conclusion These results suggest that decreasing VEGFR-2 expression by RNAi may prove to be an effective method to reduce the metastatic potential of EOC cells exposed to elevated levels of LPA.
Nanolocalized nonlinear electron photoemission under coherent control

We theoretically show that two-photon coherent control yields electron photoemission from metal nanostructures localized in nano-size hot spots whose positions are controllable on nanometer scale, in agreement with recent experiments. We propose to use silver V-shapes as tailored nanoantennas for which the position of the coherently-controllable photoelectron-emission hot spot can be deterministically predicted. We predict that low-frequency, high-intensity excitation of the photoemission leads to exponentially high contrast of the coherent control.