cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is Fairness Universal? The Context Dependency-Independency of Fairness. A Cross-Cultural Comparison

While commonly regarded an essential principle in human exchange processes, fairness plays an as important role today as an ethical norm in international business and politics as it played in the thoughts of the ancient Greek philosophers. Likewise, fairness is an opaque term and it is far from clear whether it is a universally accepted norm. By pursuing an inductive research approach, in this study we compare and discuss the possible underlying fairness ethics of offerer decisions in an ultimatum game-based field experiment among test persons from South Korea and Germany. In this game setting a fifty-fifty share is conventionally regarded a fair share. Whereas the German offers consistently adhere to the implicit fifty-fifty rule, independent of the context, Korean offerers adjust their behavior to the context and show rather egoistic behavior that becomes fairer once the context is personalized. We conclude that basic fairness ethics differ across cultures as well as across contexts. We discuss whether ...
Characteristics and Performance of Students in an Online Section of Business Statistics

We compare students in online and lecture sections of a business statistics class taught simultaneously by the same instructor using the same content, assignments, and exams in the fall of 2001. St...
Influence of Varying Quantitative Fecal Immunochemical Test Positivity Thresholds on Colorectal Cancer Detection: A Community-Based Cohort Study

Background The fecal immunochemical test (FIT) is commonly used for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. Despite demographic variations in stool hemoglobin concentrations, few data exist regarding optimal positivity thresholds by age and sex. Objective To identify programmatic (multitest) FIT performance characteristics and optimal FIT quantitative hemoglobin positivity thresholds in a large, population-based, screening program. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Kaiser Permanente Northern and Southern California. Participants Adults aged 50 to 75 years who were eligible for screening and had baseline quantitative FIT results (2013 to 2014) and 2 years of follow-up. Nearly two thirds (411 241) had FIT screening in the previous 2 years. Measurements FIT programmatic sensitivity for CRC and number of positive test results per cancer case detected, overall and by age and sex. Results Of 640 859 persons who completed a baseline FIT and were followed for 2 years, 481 817 (75%) had at least 1 additional FIT and 1245 (0.19%) received a CRC diagnosis. Cancer detection (programmatic sensitivity) increased at lower positivity thresholds, from 822 in 1245 (66.0%) at 30 µg/g to 925 (74.3%) at 20 µg/g and 987 (79.3%) at 10 µg/g; the number of positive test results per cancer case detected increased from 43 at 30 µg/g to 52 at 20 µg/g and 85 at 10 µg/g. Reducing the positivity threshold from 20 to 15 µg/g would detect 3% more cancer cases and require 23% more colonoscopies. At the conventional FIT threshold of 20 µg/g, programmatic sensitivity decreased with increasing age (79.0%, 73.4%, and 68.9% for ages 50 to 59, 60 to 69, and 70 to 75 years, respectively; P = 0.009) and was higher in men than women (77.0% vs. 70.6%; P = 0.011). Limitation Information on advanced adenoma was lacking. Conclusion Increased cancer detection at lower positivity thresholds is counterbalanced by substantial increases in positive tests. Tailored thresholds may provide screening benefits that are more equal among different demographic groups, depending on local resources. Primary Funding Source National Cancer Institute.
Effect of Pouring Conditions and Gating System Design on Air Entrainment During Mold Filling

Air entrainment during mold filling is a major source of oxide inclusion formation in metal casting. A model was recently developed by the authors to predict the volumetric air entrainment during pouring of metal castings. In the course of validating the model with experimental data for plunging liquid jets, it was shown that the air entrainment rate during mold filling depends fundamentally on the velocity and diameter of the jet formed by the pouring stream. In this study, the effect of more complex pouring conditions and gating system design on air entrainment is examined. Simulations are performed investigating the air entrainment characteristics of castings filled without a gating system, and with bottom-gated and side-gated filling systems. Results indicate that reducing the head height and pouring time, and the addition of a nozzle extension significantly reduces the air entrainment. In addition, using an offset pouring basin with a stopper and pressurizing the gating system further reduces the volume of entrained air. Simulation results also show that the generation of vortex flows inside the filling system is beneficial in reducing free surface turbulence, which results in less air entrainment and oxide inclusion formation during mold filling.
Acute mental health symptoms among individuals receiving a sexual assault medical forensic exam: the role of previous intimate partner violence victimization

Sexual assault and intimate partner violence (IPV) are common in the USA, and they often co-occur. Individuals with multiple victimization experiences have more severe mental health outcomes compared to those with one victimization. The current study examined mental health symptoms and their association with IPV victimization history among a sample of individuals who experienced a recent sexual assault and received a sexual assault medical forensic examination. A total of 82 participants (92.70% female) completed a post-sexual assault survey as part of clinical care to coordinate follow-up services. IPV history and prior sexual assault were assessed as well as mental health symptoms including acute stress and depressive symptoms. It was found that individuals with an IPV history reported more acute stress and depressive symptoms compared to those without an IPV history. No differences were found based on prior sexual assault history. These findings highlight the importance of screening for IPV history during the sexual assault medical forensic examination to coordinate care.
Oncologic Outcomes Following Surgical Management of Clinical Stage II Sex Cord Stromal Tumors.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES:Sex cord stromal tumors (Sertoli or Leydig Cell Tumors) are rare and indolent testicular neoplasms of low malignant potential. Orchiectomy alone is curative in upwards o...
Vermiform appendix located within the cecal wall. Anomalies and bizarre locations.

The unusual finding of an acute appendix located within the posterior wall of the cecum, beneath the serosa, and its surgical removal is described. In order to remove the appendix, the cecal wall had to be incided. The appendix had no serosal covering, and had the gross appearance of a peeled seedless grape. The anatomy and embryology of the vermiform appendix, including this aberration, are presented briefly. A discussion of the difficult-to-find appendix is presented. The possibility exists that some of the reported cases of agenesis of the appendix could have been an overlooked intracecal appendix.
A long-lifetime sensor platform for a reliable internet of things: demo abstract

Today, most energy harvesting sensors rely on capacitors to buffer small amounts of energy as they intermittently work through a sensing task. While the utilization of capacitors for energy storage affords these systems indefinite lifetimes, their low energy capacity necessitates complex intermittent programming models for state retention and energy management. Recent advances in battery technology lead us to reevaluate the impact that increased energy storage capacity may have on the necessity of these programming models and the reliability and lifetime of energy harvesting sensors. Permamote, presented at IPSN 2019, is designed to explore the benefits of larger capacity energy harvesting Instead of a capacitor, Permamote utilizes a small lithium battery to store harvested energy. The inclusion and size of this battery was determined based on device reliability and lifetime modelling using real indoor solar irradiance traces. Permamote additionally includes a backup, non-rechargeable battery that allows continuous operation even for long periods of no available harvestable energy. In this demo, we present Permamote performing continuous and reliable sensing over a Thread (6LoWPAN 802.15.4) mesh network. Additionally, we show the end-to-end cloud infrastructure supporting connected Permamotes, with the intention of showing that energy harvesting with higher capacity enables more capable sensing.
Undeca­europium hexa­zinc dodeca­arsenide

The title compound, Eu11Zn6As12, crystallizes with the Sr11Cd6Sb12 structure type (Pearson's symbol mC58). The complex monoclinic structure of the first arsenide to form with this type features chains made of corner-sharing ZnAs4 tetra­hedra, separated by Eu atoms. There are a total of 15 unique positions in the asymmetric unit. Except for one Eu atom with site symmetry 2/m, all atoms are located on mirror planes. An usual aspect of the structure are some Zn—As distances, which are much longer than the sum of the covalent radii, indicating weaker inter­actions.
Protein Binding and Hepatic Clearance: Re-Examining the Discrimination between Models of Hepatic Clearance with Diazepam in the Isolated Perfused Rat Liver Preparation

This study re-examined the hepatic extraction for diazepam, the only drug for which isolated perfused rat liver (IPRL) studies have been reported not to be consistent with the well stirred model of organ elimination when only entering and exiting liver concentration measurements are available. First, the time dependency of diazepam equilibrium fraction unbound measurements from 4 to 24 hours was tested, reporting the continuing increases with time. The results showed that the time dependency of equilibrium protein-binding measurements for very highly bound drugs may be an issue that is not readily overcome. When examining C out/C in (F obs) measurements for diazepam when no protein is added to the incubation media, IPRL outcomes were consistent with previous reports showing marked underpredictability of in vivo clearance from in vitro measures of elimination in the absence of protein for very highly bound drugs, which is markedly diminished in the presence of albumin. F obs for diazepam at additional low concentrations of protein that would allow discrimination of the models of hepatic elimination produced results that were not consistent with the dispersion and parallel-tube models. Therefore, although the outcomes of this study were similar to those reported by Rowland and co-workers, when no protein is added to the perfusion media, these IPRL results for diazepam cannot be reasonably interpreted as proving that hepatic organ elimination is model-independent or as supporting the dispersion and parallel-tube models of organ elimination. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The only drug experiments for which isolated perfusion rat liver studies do not support hepatic clearance being best described by the well stirred model have been carried out with diazepam at zero protein concentration. This study repeated those studies, confirming the previous results at zero protein concentration, but the addition of low protein-binding conditions capable of differentiating the various models of hepatic elimination are more consistent with the well stirred model of hepatic elimination. These experimental studies do not support the preference for alternate models of hepatic elimination or the proposal that hepatic organ clearance is model-independent.
Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Brain Arteriovenous Malformations: Evaluation of Obliteration and Review of Associated Predictors

Abstract Background High arteriovenous malformation (AVM) obliteration rates have been reported with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), and multiple factors have been found to be associated with AVM obliteration. These predictors have been inconsistent throughout studies. We aimed to analyze our experience with linear accelerator (LINAC)-based SRS for brain AVMs, evaluate outcomes, assess factors associated with AVM obliteration and review the various reported predictors of AVM obliteration. Methods Electronic medical records were retrospectively reviewed to identify consecutive patients with brain AVMs treated with SRS over a 27-year period with at least 2 years of follow-up. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with AVM obliteration. Results One hundred twenty-eight patients with 142 brain AVMs treated with SRS were included. Mean age was 34.4 years. Fifty-two percent of AVMs were associated with a hemorrhage before SRS, and 14.8% were previously embolized. Mean clinical and angiographic follow-up times were 67.8 months and 58.6 months, respectively. The median Spetzler-Martin grade was 3. Mean maximal AVM diameter was 2.8 cm and mean AVM target volume was 7.4 cm3 with a median radiation dose of 16 Gy. Complete AVM obliteration was achieved in 80.3%. Radiation-related signs and symptoms were encountered in 32.4%, only 4.9% of which consisted of a permanent deficit. Post-SRS AVM-related hemorrhage occurred in 6.3% of cases. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with AVM obliteration included younger patient age (P = .019), male gender (P = .008), smaller AVM diameter (P = .04), smaller AVM target volume (P = .009), smaller isodose surface volume (P = .005), a higher delivered radiation dose (P = .013), and having only one major draining vein (P = .04). Conclusions AVM obliteration with LINAC-based radiosurgery was safe and effective and achieved complete AVM obliteration in about 80% of cases. The most prominent predictors of AVM success included AVM size, AVM volume, radiation dose, number of draining veins and patient age.
Changes in Cost-Effectiveness for Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Pharmacotherapy: The Case for Continuous Cost-Effectiveness Analyses

BACKGROUND: Cost-effectiveness evaluations for hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatments have been published frequently, but new products with significant cost and effectiveness differences make these ana...
What Sort of Imagining Might Remembering Be

This essay unites current philosophical thinking on imagination with a burgeoning debate in the philosophy of memory over whether episodic remembering is simply a kind of imagining. So far, this debate has been hampered by a lack of clarity in the notion of imagining at issue. Several options are considered and constructive imagining is identified as the relevant kind. Next, a functionalist account of episodic remembering is defended as a means to establishing two key points: first, one need not defend a factive (or causalist) view of remembering in order to hold that causal connections to past experiences are essential to how rememberings are typed; and, second, current theories that equate remembering with imagining are in fact consistent with a functionalist theory that includes causal connections in its account of what it is to remember. This suggests that remembering is not a kind of imagining and clarifies what it would take to establish the contrary.
The Existence Theorem and Local Class Field Theory

We must prove that any open subgroup H of J k containing k* belongs to some abelian extension. Thus at some point, we have to start exhibiting abelian extensions of k. There are not that many ways of doing this. One general way is to make cyclotomic extensions, and when the n-th roots of unity are in k, to make Kummer extensions, i.e. adjoining n-th roots of elements of k. We shall prove the existence theorem by this method. Deeper methods involving the values of certain transcendental functions are more significant, but lead into directions which require a whole book to themselves. We first start with the reduction lemma.
Representative Bureaucracy and the Willingness to Coproduce: An Experimental Study

Relying on the theory of representative bureaucracy—specifically, the notion of symbolic representation—this article examines whether varying the number of female public officials overseeing a local recycling program influences citizens’ (especially women's) willingness to cooperate with the government by recycling, thus coproducing important policy outcomes. Using a survey experiment in which the first names of public officials are manipulated, the authors find a clear pattern of increasing willingness on the part of women to coproduce when female names are more represented in the agency responsible for recycling, particularly with respect to the more difficult task of composting food waste. Overall, men in the experiment were less willing to coproduce across all measures and less responsive to the gender balance of names. These findings have important implications for the theory of representative bureaucracy and for efforts to promote the coproduction of public services.
Diversification Benefits of U.S. Real Estate to Foreign Investors

Substantial empirical evidence has been offered that supports the notion that international diversification enhances portfolio performance. Another large body of research suggests that the addition of real estate to pure financial asset portfolios also provides improved mean-variance efficiency. Thus, it is logical to hypothesize that the greatest gains are available from international mixed-asset portfolios that include both foreign financial assets and foreign real estate. This study investigates this hypothesis as an explanation for the large purchases of U.S. real estate by foreign investors. The results indicate that U.S. real estate does not improve foreign portfolio performance. The evidence suggests that volatile exchange rate fluctuations induce a level of risk in these assets that offsets any potential diversification benefits to foreign investors.
Relationship between oocyte maturation and fertilization on zygotic diversity in swine.

Two experiments were conducted to examine how oocyte maturation and fertilization influence zygotic diversity in swine. In the first experiment, the distribution of oocyte maturation was compared to that of zygotic development. Oocytes were aspirated from follicles of 31 gilts and classified into stages of meiosis. Zygotes were flushed from oviducts of 19 additional gilts and classified into stages of meiosis and fertilization. The second experiment examined whether the time from ovulation to fertilization was constant among all oocytes. To test this premise, four to six oocytes from follicles of 10 mated gilts were aspirated just before or during ovulation, stained and transferred back into the oviducts of these same gilts. Zygotes were recovered 10 h later to determine whether the first oocytes ovulated were the more developed zygotes and, conversely, whether the last oocytes to be ovulated represented the lesser developed contemporaries. The skewed (P less than .05) distribution of oocyte maturation was similar to that of zygotic development. Regression of the frequency distribution describing early oocyte maturation resulted in a line with a slope (.59) that was similar to the slope (.58) of the regressed distribution of zygotic development. Likewise, the order of ovulation and order of subsequent stages of zygotic development were similar. These data suggest that variation in zygotic development in swine was due to variability in oogenesis; the time from ovulation to fertilization appeared to be constant.
Effects of Calcium Magnesium Acetate (CMA) Deicing Material on the Water Quality of Bear Creek, Clackamas County, Oregon, 1999

This report presents the results of a study by the U.S. Geological Survey, done in cooperation with the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT), to evaluate the effects of the highway deicing material, calcium magnesium acetate (CMA), on the water quality of Bear Creek, in the Cascade Range of Oregon. ODOTO began using CAM (an alternative deicer that has fewer adverse environmental effects than road salt) in the mid-1990s and began this study with the USGS to ensure that there were no unexpected effects on the water quality of Bear Creek. Streamflow, precipitation, dissolved oxygen, pH, specific conductance, and water temperature were measured continuously through the 1998-99 winter.
Relationship between psychopathy, aggression, anger, impulsivity, and intermittent explosive disorder

Intermittent explosive disorder (IED) in DSM-5 represents a disorder of recurrent, problematic, reactive (i.e., affective or impulsive), aggressive behavior that, over the lifetime, affects about 5-6% of individuals in the United States. While aggression is also observed in those with psychopathic personality, aggression in this context is frequently proactive rather than reactive, and neurobiological study suggests important differences between those with proactive aggression/psychopathy and those with reactive aggression. In this paper, we conducted two sets of analyses. First, a phenomenologic study to explore the frequency of psychopathic personality defined by the Psychopathology Checklist-Screening Version (PCL-SV) among IED and comparator participants and to explore differences in measures of aggression, anger, and impulsivity as a function of IED and psychopathic personality. Second, we re-analyzed data from five published studies to determine if psychopathic personality accounted for differences between IED and comparator participants. The first study found that only a modest proportion of IED participants display clinically substantial features of psychopathy and that measures of trait aggression and anger, rather than those of psychopathy, are the strongest correlates of IED. The second study found little evidence for any impact of psychopathy on reported findings in IED compared with various control participants. Aggr. Behav. 9999:XX-XX, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en
An operator approach to some graph enumeration problems

An operator approach to some graph enumeration problems is developed together with the formal procedures related to the enumeration. Both annihilation and creation operators are defined for vertices, edges and Euler characteristics of a graph. An application to forest enumeration leads to compact expressions exhibiting the duality between the operators.
Quality of Earnings: The Case of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad in the 19th Century

The antebellum expansion of the corporate form of business to support the development of a railroad transportation network in the United States is a precursor to the types of reporting problems identified in the principal‐agent literature of recent years. The case of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, a major interstate carrier of the mid‐19th century, demonstrates financial accounting and reporting issues that management and capital providers faced in evaluating company performance, especially in times of complex political and economic change, rapid technological advancement, and the hostilities of war. Quality of earnings issues, studied in this early corporate circumstance, afford a rich comparative setting for discussion of similar contemporary situations. This case, complete with original data sets and information, supports instructional objectives that seek to increase your experiential base and understanding. This experiential approach serves to improve your abilities to identify and critically examine ...
Workforce Management and Optimization using Stochastic Network Models

We develop a model based on stochastic loss networks to characterize the dynamics and uncertainty in general workforce management and optimization. We formulate profit maximization problems with serviceability constraints under different assumptions on demand and supply. Though these optimization problems are in general nonlinear programming problems, we are able to observe some intrinsic properties of the functions that facilitate efficient computation of the optimal solution. Numerical results demonstrate that our model provides capacity planning decisions that yield better results than available in current practice.
Solid-state effects in pionic atoms☆

Abstract Solid-state or chemical effects on the line intensities of pionic atom X-ray spectra have been measured for several compounds and mixtures. A possible explanation of the deviations from the Z law is discussed.
Ultraviolet Radiation Triggers the Ribotoxic Stress Response in Mammalian Cells

The ribotoxic stress response, which is conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, is a cellular reaction to cytotoxic interference with the function of the 3′-end of the large (23 S/28 S) ribosomal RNA. The 3′-end of the large rRNA is directly involved in the three sequential steps of translational elongation: the aminoacyl-tRNA binding, the peptidyl transfer, and the ribosomal translocation. In mammalian cells, the ribotoxic stress response involves activation of the stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and transcriptional induction of immediate early genes such as c-fos and c-jun. Active ribosomes are essential mediators of the ribotoxic stress response. We demonstrate here that the transcriptional response of mammalian cells to ultraviolet radiation (UV response) displays the characteristics of a ribotoxic stress response, inasmuch as (i) the activation of stress kinases and gene expression in response to UV requires the presence of active ribosomes at the moment of irradiation; (ii) UV irradiation inhibits protein synthesis; and (iii) irradiation of cells with UV causes specific damage to the 3′-end of the 28 S rRNA. In contrast, the activation of the stress kinases by hyperosmolarity, by the DNA-cross-linking agent diepoxybutane, or by growth factors and cytokines does not depend on the presence of active ribosomes. Our results identify UV as a potential ribotoxic stressor and support the notion that some of the cellular signaling cascades in response to UV might be generated in the ribosome, possibly triggered by damage to rRNA.
CD28-mediated regulation of multiple myeloma cell proliferation and survival

Although interactions with bone marrow stromal cells are essential for multiple myeloma (MM) cell survival, the specific molecular and cellular elements involved are largely unknown, due in large part to the complexity of the bone marrow microenvironment itself. The T-cell costimulatory receptor CD28 is also expressed on normal and malignant plasma cells, and CD28 expression in MM correlates significantly with poor prognosis and disease progression. In contrast to T cells, activation and function of CD28 in myeloma cells is largely undefined. We have found that direct activation of myeloma cell CD28 by anti-CD28 mAb alone induces activation of PI3K and NFκB, suppresses MM cell proliferation, and protects against serum starvation and dexamethasone (dex)–induced cell death. Coculture with dendritic cells (DCs) expressing the CD28 ligands CD80 and CD86 also elicits CD28-mediated effects on MM survival and proliferation, and DCs appear to preferentially localize within myeloma infiltrates in primary patient samples. Our findings suggest a previously undescribed myeloma/DC cell-cell interaction involving CD28 that may play an important role in myeloma cell survival within the bone marrow stroma. These data also point to CD28 as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of MM.
Mechanics of respiration in the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina (Linné)

The mechanism of lung ventilation in chelonians has been much debated. Electromyographic studies show that the basic mechanism in the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina, is dependent on the activities of four major respiratory muscles that are capable of varying the volume of the visceral cavity. The precise mechanism utilized varies in response to environmental factors, especially the depth to which the animal is submerged. Chelydra tends to reduce muscular activity to a minimum, and hydrostatic pressure or gravity replaces muscular effort whenever possible. The response is subject to hysteresis. Both the mechanics and pattern of ventilation in Chelydra differ from those of Testudo. The differences appear to be attributable in part to Chelydra's markedly reduced plastron and more extensive respiratory musculature and in part to the different habitats occupied by the two species.
VITAMIN B6, AND NIACIN CONTENTS OF BROILER MEAT OF DIFFERENT STRAINS, SEXES, AND PRODUCTION REGIONS

Broilers of two strain crosses, of both sexes and from three production regions, were analyzed for their total vitamin B, and niacin contents. Overall average values and standard deviation for breast meat without skin on a wet basis were 0.583 ± 0.045 mg/100g for B, and 11.39 ± 0.79 mg/100g for niacin. Vitamin B, content of thigh meat was 0.257 ± 0.020 mg/100g and niacin content was 5.21 ± 0.60 mg/100g. Broilers from one production region had up to 16% less niacin and 10% less vitamin B, in the thigh and breast tissues than broilers from the other two regions. On regional average basis, 100g of raw breast meat contributed about 27–30% of U.S. RDA of B, and 53–6070 of U.S. RDA of niacin; corresponding values for thigh meat were 13% and 23–28%. There were no significant differences in the vitamin content between sexes or between strains. However, there were interactions of strain × region, strain × sex, region × sex, and strain × region × sex for each of the vitamins in breast or thigh meat.
The Spatial and Temporal Variability of Convective Storms over the Northeast United States during the Warm Season

Abstract A spatial and temporal climatology of convective storms over the Northeast United States during the warm season (April–September) is presented using composite National Operational Weather radar (NOWrad) data at 2-km grid spacing from 1996 to 2007 as well as cloud-to-ground lightning from the National Lightning Data Network (NLDN) on a 10-km grid from 2001 to 2007. There are preferred regions for convective storms within New York’s Hudson River Valley, western and southeastern Pennsylvania, central New Jersey, and across the Delmarva Peninsula. A favored initiation area during the early afternoon is the immediate lee of the Appalachians, with a tendency for these convective systems to move eastward to the coast by late evening. There is a sharp gradient in convective frequency within 20 km of the coast on average as a result of the relatively stable marine boundary layer, but as the sea surface warms by midsummer this convective activity increases near the coast, with a nocturnal (0600–1200 UTC) c...
Attitudes toward the Transportation of Nuclear Waste: The Development of a Likert-Type Scale

Abstract This five-phase study reports on the development of a scale measuring attitudes toward the transportation of nuclear waste. In the United States, 430 male and 400 female students responded to five separate surveys. Phase 1 yielded 30 Likert-type items with part—whole correlations greater than .58; split-half reliabilities as corrected by the Spearman—Brown formula were .88 and .86. Phases 3, 4, and 5 reported on studies that showed that the Attitudes Toward the Transportation of Nuclear Waste (ATNW) Scale was related to environmental measures, other environmental issues, and political and social attitudes. In general, opposition to the transportation project was related to a liberal sociopolitical perspective.
Factors influencing sources cited by scientists: A case study for Cuba

A collection of 1316 articles authored by Cuban scientists and published in the period 1950 to 1983 was assembled. The 18 991 bibliographic references in these papers were examined to identify factors that might influence the sources cited by Cuban scientists over the entire period. Degree of collaboration, place of publication and subject matter were among the factors considered. The major objective was to study the effect that the change in political alignment of Cuba (from Western bloc to Eastern bloc influence) has had on the sources cited. It was found that citation to Eastern bloc countries has greatly increased in the period since Castro assumed power. However, no corresponding decline in citation to Western bloc countries can be discerned.
Studies in bacterial allergy. VI. Hapten aerosol desensitization of guinea pigs passively sensitized to specific pneumococcal polysaccharides.

I. Type 6 antipneLullococca.1 rabbit serum intraperitoneally sensitize guinea pigs so that an aerosol of type 6 polysaccharide produces reactions va,rying from moderate dyspnea to anaphylactic death. 2. The results of aerosol and intravenous challenges with polysaccharides are not parallel. Negative aerosol challenges may be followed by anaphylactic death from intravenous challenge. 3. There is a definite threshold of effective concentration of aerosol polysaccharide and of histamine. 4. Desensitization follows exposure to reacting aerosol. The pattern of desensitization varies. Tt may be noted : a. Following recovery, while still in the fog, from moderately severe reactions. b. Following several exposures to the fog, each causing decreasingly intense reactions. c. Or it may be complete after one severe reaction. 5. Desensitization against one concentration of polysaccharide may desensitize completely to aerosol challenge will respond by ana.phylactic death to intravenous challenge of the same strength of polysaccharide. Quantitative factors of time and polysaccharide absorbed have not been studied yet. 6. Local aerosol desensitization does not desensitize against histamine.
Mixed time-based spectrum estimators

A class of power estimators referred to as mixed time-based spectrum estimators (MTBSE) is considered. This class differs from the existing type of estimators in the estimation procedure of the autocorrelation function. The MTBSE allows the use of different numbers of samples to calculate the estimate at different lags. This flexibility introduces properties into the variance of the spectrum estimate that are not possessed by other estimators. Results show that the MTBSE can be formulated to favor the variance in some frequency bands over others. The width and the location of these bands are determined from the mixture of data samples used in the problem, i.e. the number of samples in relation to the lags to which they are assigned. >
Stress effects on Raman measurements of pulsed laser annealed silicon

It has recently been shown that the front surface region of the silicon lattice is severely strained during pulsed laser irradiation. This uniaxial strain reduces the symmetry of the front surface region, resulting in additional shifts and splittings of the phonon frequency and changes in the Raman scattering tensor. It is shown that, for the case of pulsed laser irradiation, the phonon frequency is increased, and the 3-fold degenerate optical phonon is split into a singlet and a doublet. The changes in the Raman scattering tensor make it non-symmetric, and generally invalidate the technique used by Compaan et al. to determine the cross section experimentally. The complications introduced by the presence of stress during pulsed laser annealing, coupled with the temperature dependence of the optical and Raman tensors, make a simple interpretation of the Stokes to anti-Stokes ratio in terms of lattice temperature extremely unreliable. 19 references, 1 figure.
Automatic detection of deceit in verbal communication

This paper presents experiments in building a classifier for the automatic detection of deceit. Using a dataset of deceptive videos, we run several comparative evaluations focusing on the verbal component of these videos, with the goal of understanding the difference in deceit detection when using manual versus automatic transcriptions, as well as the difference between spoken and written lies. We show that using only the linguistic component of the deceptive videos, we can detect deception with accuracies in the range of 52-73%.
Remarks on local and nonlocal exchange and correlation-energy calculations of surface energies and work functions

In this work we comment on the accuracy and sensitivity of metallic surface energies and work functions to the choice of local and nonlocal exchange and correlation-energy functionals used to represent the interacting inhomogeneous electron gas. For a Pauli-correlated system we compare the results of these properties as obtained within the local-density (LDA) and gradient-expansion (GEA) approximations (with the a priori gradient coefficient of Sham) with those determined by Sahni and Ma from the exact nonlocal Hartree-Fock energy functional. The proven accurate non-self-consistent procedure whereby the surface energies are determined by application of the variational principle for the energy, and the work functions by the variationally accurate "displaced-profile change-in-self-consistent-field" expression, is applied in conjunction with linear-potential model densities to each energy functional. It is observed that although the LDA surface energies are substantially in error, the corresponding work functions are within one-tenth of an eV of the exact results. The most significant fact to emerge from these calculations, however, is the remarkable equivalence of the GEA and the exact Hartree-Fock energy functionals in terms of the densities, surface energies, and work functions to which they give rise. The present conclusions about the sensitivity of the surface energy and the contrasting insensitivity of the work function to the choice of energy functional are in agreement with the results of previous work on fully correlated nonuniform systems as approximated within both the LDA for exchange-correlation and by the nonlocal-wave-vector-analysis formalism.
An investigation into the Paulding Mystery Lights

The Paulding Mystery Lights are a purportedly unexplained optical phenomenon, occurring nightly, deep in the woods of Michigan's Upper Peninsula. The Michigan Tech Student Chapter of the SPIE initiated a project in 2008 to understand the cause of the Paulding Lights. Previous investigations by skeptics attributed the lights to headlights without explicitly identifying a source location. Our team applied a number of straightforward techniques to identify and then verify the source location of the Paulding Light. Beginning with observation through a telescope, the team moved to using tools such as detailed topographical maps and more common tools such as Google Street View to identify a candidate source location. The candidate source location was then validated by first recreating the light using a vehicle parked in that location. Additional verification was achieved by examining the correlation between the occurrence of the light and the passing of cars at the source location. A spectrometer was also used to compare the visible spectrum of the light to automotive headlamps. Our findings, presented here, indicate that the source of the Paulding light is automobile traffic on a stretch of road about 7 km from the viewing location.
Electrochemical behaviors and hydration properties of multi-wall carbon nanotube coated electrodes in water

Vertically aligned and randomly oriented multi-wall carbon nanotube coated silicon substrates were used as electrochemical electrodes. The effects of anodization processes and cathodic treatments in deionized water on carbon nanotubes were studied by means of DC experiments as well as cyclic voltammetric (CV) measurements. Anodization processes modified as-grown and hydrophobic carbon nanotubes and converted them to become hydrophilic. Cathodic processes caused etching of carbon nanotubes. The etching products made originally clear water change into black water. The black etching products left on top of carbon nanotubes after water vaporized made the carbon nanotube coated electrode less hydrophobic than that of as-grown carbon nanotubes but also less hydrophilic than that of anodized carbon nanotubes.
Inferior vena cava filter placement during thrombolysis for acute iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis.

Objective The objectives of this study were to evaluate the need for inferior vena cava (IVC) filters and to identify anatomic and patient-specific risk factors associated with embolization in patients undergoing thrombolysis for acute iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Methods Consecutive patients who underwent catheter-directed thrombolysis or pharmacomechanical thrombolysis (PMT) for iliofemoral DVT from May 2007 to March 2012 were identified from a prospectively maintained database. Patients were categorized in two groups, depending on the status of IVC filtration during the lysis procedures: patients with an IVC filter protection (group A) and patients without an IVC filter protection (group B). The primary outcome was perioperative clinically significant pulmonary embolism (PE) or intraprocedural IVC filter clot capture. Results Eighty patients (mean age, 50 ± 16 years; 39 women) with symptoms averaging 12 ± 10 days were treated. A perioperative IVC filter was placed in 32 patients, and nine patients had an indwelling patent filter (group A, n = 41). Twenty patients received no filter, and 19 patients had an indwelling thrombosed filter (group B, n = 39). There were no clinically significant PE in either group. In group A, nine patients (22%) had documented embolic clot within the filter nest. The clot volume was deemed clinically significant in only two patients (5%). Factors related to embolization included female gender (odds ratio [OR], 5.833; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.038-32.797; P = .032) and preoperative clinical PE (OR, 5.6; 95% CI, 1.043-30.081; P = .054). A trend for increased embolization was seen with a higher average number of DVT risk factors (1.44 vs 1; P = .065) and when PMT was used as a single treatment (OR, 4.32; 95% CI, 0.851-21.929; P = .087). Conclusions IVC filters during thrombolysis should be used selectively in patients with preoperative clinical PE, in women and potentially in patients with multiple risk factors for DVT, or when stand-alone PMT is planned.
Bioavailability of Gold Nanomaterials to Plants: Importance of Particle Size and Surface Coating

We used the model organisms Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Xanthi (tobacco) and Triticum aestivum (wheat) to investigate plant uptake of 10-, 30-, and 50-nm diameter Au manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) coated with either tannate (T-MNMs) or citrate (C-MNMs). Primary particle size, hydrodynamic size, and zeta potential were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and electrophoretic mobility measurements, respectively. Plants were exposed to NPs hydroponically for 3 or 7 days for wheat and tobacco, respectively. Volume averaged Au concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Spatial distribution of Au in tissue samples was determined using laser ablation ICP-MS (LA-ICP-MS) and scanning X-ray fluorescence microscopy (μXRF). Both C-MNMs and T-MNMs of each size treatment bioaccumulated in tobacco, but no bioaccumulation of MNMs was observed for any treatment in wheat. These results indicate that MNMs of a wide range o...
Conservation and management of peripheral populations: Spatial and temporal influences on the genetic structure of wood frog (Rana sylvatica) populations

Peripheral populations of wide-ranging species are often of special conservation concern, and knowledge of genetic diversity, gene flow, and historical population dynamics are critical to informed management of these populations. In this study we evaluate patterns of genetic diversity and gene flow among a series of wood frog populations in east-central Missouri where it is a species of conservation concern. Because these populations are on the periphery of the species’ range and are isolated from one another by fragmented landscapes, we expected to see population subdivision with signatures of range-edge effects and isolation by resistance. Our analyses reveal significant interpopulation differentiation and a distinct gradient in diversity where levels of allelic richness and heterozygosity decline as the species boundary is approached. These patterns likely stem from factors characteristic of peripheral populations, including reduced population size, reduced gene flow, and more frequent extinction–recolonization events. Population structure was evident, but isolation by resistance (i.e. fragmentation) was not a significant factor in our focal landscape. Isolation by distance was significant, but the level of population differentiation suggests that gene flow among populations is limited. We hypothesize that the lack of gene flow is due to the absence of available fishless breeding habitats outside of protected, managed lands, and recommend that future management efforts of the wood frog include increasing population connectivity at the landscape scale via the creation and maintenance of fishless aquatic breeding habitat.
Enamel hypoplasia, bilateral cataracts, and aqueductal stenosis: A new syndrome?

We report on a 12-year-old girl who presented with generalized enamel hypoplasia, cataracts, and enlargement of the cerebral ventricles secondary to aqueductal stenosis. Previously described syndromes of enamel defects with or without cataracts were excluded on the basis of clinical criteria and appearance of the dentition. Metabolic conditions which could have caused cataracts were excluded clinically and by biochemical tests. The combination of signs in this patient may represent a new syndrome.
Regions in Context: Spatiality, Periodicity, and the Historical Geography of the Regional Question:

The regional question has emerged as an important theoretical and political issue over the past twenty years. Contemporaneously, established regional theories and planning doctrines have been serio...
Relativistic radiative hydrodynamics

Abstract In conventional rediative hydrodynamics, the dissipative fluxes are proportional to the gradients of the temperature, velocity, etc., with proportionality constants inferred from the linearized radiative transfer equation. The dynamical evolution is determined by the conservation of matter, energy, and momentum. Conventional theory breaks down if the geometry under consideration is photospheric, i.e., if emission/absorption processes are weak compared to scattering and photons can “random walk” over large distances without being absorbed. The fundamental dynamical equations of motion include the relativistic transfer equation and form the starting point for establishing extended versions of radiative hydrodynamics. The transfer equation is replaced by a hierarchy of relativistic moment equations and the dissipative fluxes are treated as dynamical variables in their own right. The general moment equations involve source terms which are a priori undetermined. If the radiation is almost thermal the source terms can be expressed with Rosseland means. In this case, the moment equations reproduce the structure equations postulated by Israel for general dissipative continuous media. Quantitative aspects are discussed. In the limit of slow motion, the moment equations are studied separately and interpreted as hyperbolic diffusion equations. These are solved with a relativistic random walk model and the results are applied to time-dependent radiative transfer. Time profiles in every scattering order are given and compared with Monte Carlo simulations. The viscous damping of acoustic modes is reconsidered. Equations of motion for spherical accretion in a Schwarzschild geometry are established and compared with conventional equations used in the literature. Ill-known limitations of conventional radiative hydrodynamics are highlighted.