cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are Homeowners Better Citizens? Homeownership and Community Participation in the United States

Proponents of homeownership policies often argue that homeowners participate more actively in community life and civic affairs than renters. Although research suggests higher rates of participation among homeowners, the underlying mechanisms driving this relationship are unclear. On one hand, the locally dependent financial investments homeowners make in their communities could lead them to participate as a means of protecting their principal investment. On the other hand, home-ownership could stimulate participation by increasing residential stability, enabling households to overcome the institutional barriers and to develop the social networks that drive community participation. The failure to differentiate between these pathways muddies our understanding of how homeownership matters for community life. Drawing on the November supplement of the Current Population Survey, this article investigates whether homeowners are more likely to vote in local elections, participate in neighborhood groups and join civic associations. A falsification strategy compares these outcomes to a set of placebo measures to address concerns that the findings are driven by selection. The research identifies an independent role for residential stability and locally dependent financial investments in explaining why homeowners participate in their communities.
Frequency of sediment movement on the Washington continental shelf: A note

Abstract Several independent sets of field data have been analyzed in order to estimate the frequency of sediment movement on the continental shelf off Washington over an annual period and to identify the major components of the bottom velocity field causing this motion. Sediment motions resulting from: (1) bottom currents caused by surface wind stress and tides, and (2) wave-induced oscillatory bottom currents have been investigated. Analysis of a 260-day current record from 3 m off the seabed at 80 m depth on the continental shelf and a 205-day open-ocean wave record collected on Cobb Seamount 465 km west of the Washington coast suggest that the threshold of sediment motion was exceeded for approximately 22 days per year as a result of mean currents (20 min time averaged) and approximately 53 days per year from wave-induced oscillatory currents. Substantial variations can be expected from year to year, so these values represent order of magnitude estimates.
Thermally-induced structural changes in an armadillo repeat protein suggest a novel thermosensor mechanism in a molecular chaperone

Molecular chaperones are commonly identified by their ability to suppress heat-induced protein aggregation. The muscle-specific molecular chaperone UNC-45B is known to be involved in myosin folding and is trafficked to the sarcomeres A-band during thermal stress. Here, we identify temperature-dependent structural changes in the UCS chaperone domain of UNC-45B that occur within a physiologically relevant heat-shock range. We show that distinct changes to the armadillo repeat protein topology result in exposure of hydrophobic patches, and increased flexibility of the molecule. These rearrangements suggest the existence of a novel thermosensor within the chaperone domain of UNC-45B. We propose that these changes may function to suppress aggregation under stress by allowing binding to a wide variety of aggregation prone loops on its client.
Speech understanding in open tasks

The Air Traffic Information Service task is currently used by DARPA as a common evaluation task for Spoken Language Systems. This task is an example of open type tasks. Subjects are given a task and allowed to interact spontaneously with the system by voice. There is no fixed lexicon or grammar, and subjects are likely to exceed those used by any given system. In order to evaluate system performance on such tasks, a common corpus of training data has been gathered and annotated. An independent test corpus was also created in a similar fashion. This paper explains the techniques used in our system and the performance results on the standard set of tests used to evaluate systems.
Automated physical activity monitoring: validation and comparison with physiological and self-report measures.

Physical activity can be assessed via self-report, via physiological measures such as heart rate and oxygen uptake, or via automated monitor. An electronic accelerometer-based physical activity device (Actigraph) has been reported as an improvement over other activity measurement techniques in terms of utility and accuracy. Four studies provide systematic validation and reliability testing for this device and comparisons with other techniques for assessing daily activities. In the first study, the sensitivity of the Actigraph was determined for differentiating physical activities (walking, running, stair climbing, knee bends) versus sedentary activities (reading, typing, playing video games, and performing a mental arithmetic task). Fifteen healthy adults wore the Actigraph on their wrist during activities; oxygen uptake and heart rate were simultaneously recorded. Results revealed that the Actigraph significantly differentiated between the physical activities (p < .0001) and the sedentary activities (p < .0001). Actigraph counts also correlated significantly with oxygen uptake (r = .73) and heart rate (r = .71) during physical activities (r = .46) and sedentary activities (r = .35), respectively. Test-retest reliability was very high for 12 activities (r = .98). The high level of activity differentiation and strong relationship to oxygen uptake and heart rate suggest the usefulness of this device for behavioral and biomedical studies. However, these studies also indicate that the wrist may not always be the most adequate placement for indexing rate and intensity of daily activities and that further studies are needed to determine the optimal site of monitor attachment. Advantages and disadvantages of self-report, physiological, and automated measures of activity are discussed.
Static rate-optimal scheduling of iterative data-flow programs via optimum unfolding

Rate-optimal compile-time multiprocessor scheduling of iterative dataflow programs suitable for real-time signal processing applications is discussed. It is shown that recursions or loops in the programs lead to an inherent lower bound on the achievable iteration period, referred to as the iteration bound. A multiprocessor schedule is rate-optimal if the iteration period equals the iteration bound. Systematic unfolding of iterative dataflow programs is proposed, and properties of unfolded dataflow programs are studied. Unfolding increases the number of tasks in a program, unravels the hidden concurrently in iterative dataflow programs, and can reduce the iteration period. A special class of iterative dataflow programs, referred to as perfect-rate programs, is introduced. Each loop in these programs has a single register. Perfect-rate programs can always be scheduled rate optimally (requiring no retiming or unfolding transformation). It is also shown that unfolding any program by an optimum unfolding factor transforms any arbitrary program to an equivalent perfect-rate program, which can then be scheduled rate optimally. This optimum unfolding factor for any arbitrary program is the least common multiple of the number of registers (or delays) in all loops and is independent of the node execution times. An upper bound on the number of processors for rate-optimal scheduling is given. >
An Improved FE-Based Phase Variable Model of PM Synchronous Machines Including Dynamic Core Losses

An improved finite-element (FE)-based phase variable model of PM synchronous machines is developed to provide an accurate machine model for drive and control applications. The improvements add the effects of core losses to the phase variable model as well as its variation with the rotor position, which are obtained from steady-state FE solutions of the machine covering a complete ac cycle. Details on the creation of the improved model, its implementation, dynamic core loss calculation using FE computation, in addition to applications are presented in the paper. The originality of this work is based on the fact that a fast and more comprehensive PM machine model has been proposed for machine control studies
Trinitarian Models and Human Integration

(It was considered that a summary of the following paper might assist those readers who are not by habit conversant with theological modes of thought to get a prior sense of it as a whole—Editor)
Recombination and chimeragenesis by in vitro heteroduplex formation and in vivo repair

We describe a simple method for creating libraries of chimeric DNA sequences derived from homologous parental sequences. A heteroduplex formed in vitro is used to transform bacterial cells where repair of regions of non-identity in the heteroduplex creates a library of new, recombined sequences composed of elements from each parent. Heteroduplex recombination provides a convenient addition to existing DNA recombination methods ('DNA shuffling') and should be particularly useful for recombining large genes or entire operons. This method can be used to create libraries of chimeric polynucleotides and proteins for directed evolution to improve their properties or to study structure-function relationships. We also describe a simple test system for evaluating the performance of DNA recombination methods in which recombination of genes encoding truncated green fluorescent protein (GFP) reconstructs the full-length gene and restores its characteristic fluorescence. Comprising seven truncated GFP constructs, this system can be used to evaluate the efficiency of recombination between mismatches separated by as few as 24 bp and as many as 463 bp. The optimized heteroduplex recombination protocol is quite efficient, generating nearly 30% fluorescent colonies for recombination between two genes containing stop codons 463 bp apart (compared to a theoretical limit of 50%).
A New Indicator Method for the Determination of Digestibility and Consumption of Forages by Ruminants

Summary Mixed forage of the same source cured by barn, oven and field drying and by ensiling, hay consisting largely of Ladino clover, and pasture grass (largely timothy) at three different growth stages were fed to wethers and/or bull calves and/or steers in 36 conventional digestion trials. The dry matter digestibility of these forages ranged from 48.2 to 72.9 per cent. Spectral examinations of acetone extracts of the forages studied and their corresponding fecal products revealed that some chromogen(s) absorbing light at 406 m μ was completely recoverable in the feces. The average rate of recovery of the chromogenic substance(s) in the feces of animals fed the forages used in these studies was 100.5 per cent for the 36 trials. As a result of these studies, a simple, accurate method employing the chromogen(s) absorbing light at 406 m μ as a reference substance was devised for the estimation of digestibility and consumption of forages by ruminants. This method apparently has a wide range of applicability in nutrition studies with ruminant animals, especially in the study of pastures where a direct measure of consumption is impossible.
Implementation of neuroidentifiers trained by PSO on a PLC platform for a multimachine power system

Power systems are nonlinear with fast changing dynamics. In order to design a nonlinear adaptive controller for damping power system oscillations, it becomes necessary to identify the dynamics of the system. This paper demonstrates the implementation of a neural network based system identifier, referred to as a neuroidentifier, on a programmable logic controller (PLC) platform. Two separate neuroidentifiers are trained using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to identify the dynamics in a two-area four machine power system, one neuroidentifier for Area 1 and the other for Area 2. The power system is simulated in real time on the Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS). The PLC implementing two neural networks and the PSO training algorithm is interfaced in a real time to the RTDS. Typical results are presented showing that PLC platform is able to implement the neuroidentifiers to sufficiently identify the dynamics of the two-area four machine power system.
Generalizing simulation to abstract domains

We introduce a notion of subsumption for domains used in abstract interpretation. We show that subsumption has the same properties and applications in the context of abstract interpretation that simulation has for transition systems. These include a modal characterisation theorem, a fixed point characterisation, and the construction of property-preserving abstractions. We use the notion of conjugate functions from algebraic logic to develop bisubsumption, an order-theoretic generalisation of bisimulation to Boolean domains. We prove a representation theorem that relates simulation and subsumption.
In situ bioprocess monitoring of Escherichia coli bioreactions using Raman spectroscopy

We have demonstrated simultaneous concentration estimation of glucose, acetate, formate, lactate, and phenylalanine from in situ measured Raman spectra in Escherichia coli bioreactions. Attenuation due to light scattering from air bubbles and biomass was corrected by internally referencing the least-squares estimated concentrations to the estimated water concentration. Estimation accuracy was limited by errors in the physical model for the system, rather than noise. Eliminating model errors should enable shot-noise limited detection in the 0.1 mM range. # 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Choline acetyltransferase mRNA plasticity with Pavlovian conditioning.

Choline acetyltransferase mRNA and somal area increased selectively in the ventral nucleus basalis of rats trained that a tone signals immediate shock (i.e., predicts danger). Retrograde tracing showed the affected cells correspond to those that project to the auditory cortex. Behavior responses and mRNA increased significantly above those of control groups trained with the tone not signaling immediate shock. In one of those control groups, animals learned that the same tone signaled a shock-free period before shock. These animals showed a visibly decreased riboprobe and a trend toward smaller somal areas. These results implicate transcriptional regulation of choline acetyltransferase in long-term memory storage. Selective attention and inattention to the tone are possible components of memory encoded by the molecular changes reported here.
Sensory Ecology of Mammals

Mammals inhabit a wide range of environments and exhibit a variety of sensory adaptations for specialized ecological niches. The discussion in the following pages will be restricted to vision and audition. Since even these senses cannot be fully treated in the space available, attention will be focused on the sensory ecology of selected mammalian groups which illustrate sensory adaptations to certain diverse habitats.
Configuration design sensitivity analysis of built-up structures part II: Numerical method

A numerical method is presented for structural configuration design sensitivity calculations using established finite element analysis codes. The theoretical foundation of the configuration design sensitivity analysis is given in Part I of this paper1 using the continuum elasticity formulation. A linear approximation between design parameterizations and design velocity fields is derived for line and surface design components. A regular design velocity that avoids the calculation of corner terms at the boundary is implemented to show a unified configuration design sensitivity analysis. The design sensitivity analysis method is demonstrated using the post-processing data of an existing finite element code. Configuration design sensitivity results of displacement, stress and eigenvalue performance measures are illustrated for several built-up engineering structures.
Hybrid finite element-modal analysis of jet engine inlet scattering

With the goal of characterizing jet engine inlets, a hybrid finite element-modal formulation is presented for the analysis of cavities with complex terminations. The finite element method (FEM) is used to find the generalized scattering matrix for an N-port representation of the complex termination. Where N is the number of traveling modes in the cavity. The cavity is assumed to be circular at the termination (engine) but the remainder of the cavity can be of arbitrary cross section. The scattered fields are obtained by tracing the fields back out of the cavity via a high frequency or modal technique with the generalized scattering matrix used in determining the fields at an aperture near the irregular cavity termination. "Proof of concept" results are presented and several issues relating to the implementation of the FEM are addressed. Among these, a new artificial absorber is developed for terminating the FEM mesh and the suitability of edge or node based elements is examined. >
Transfusion related anaphylaxis during orthotopic liver transplantation

Abstract Acute non-hemolytic transfusion reactions, consisting of both allergic and febrile reactions, are common occurring in up to 10.2% of transfused blood products [1], however anaphylaxis, or severe allergic reactions, are rare following transfusion. The incidence of anaphylaxis is more common after the transfusion of plasma containing products with estimations from 1:10,000–33,000units of platelets and 1:29,000–50,000units of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) compared with 1:50,000–200,000 units of red blood cells [1,2]. Despite the rare occurrence, the clinical significance of transfusion related anaphylaxis can be severe with 12 reported fatalities over a 5-year span [3]. We report a case of FFP related anaphylaxis in a patient anticipating orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) with a unique peri-operative treatment plan.
From Desktop to Cloud: A Primer on Internet-Based Computing for Librarians

In the past several years, cloud-based computing has become a major trend for all levels of computer users. This article examines the reasons surrounding this trend. It focuses in particular on how cloud computing is being used by librarians, scientists, and end users. Data storage and sharing, applications, and product development are examples of the growing number of functions finding a home in the cloud. This article also looks at areas of concern relating to the cloud, including issues of privacy and security. Because cloud computing is likely to increase in popularity, librarians need to position themselves to take full advantage of this trend.
Use of mobility models for communication in collaborative robotics

Collaborative Robotics is the use of multiple robotic nodes assisting each other to perform a task that is either too difficult or impossible for one robot to perform alone. Multi-agent systems not only speed-up complex tasks, but also increase robustness and eliminate single-point failures. A search and rescue algorithm is being designed by using a team of collaborative autonomous robots to search an area for a stationary or mobile target. This paper attempts to employ mobility models to search the area in an efficient and organized manner. Two models are simulated, namely, the Random Way Point mobility model and the Manhattan mobility model. The models are evaluated using extensive MATLAB simulations. The target motion and the communication interval are varied during simulation.
Weak Shock Reflection Modeled by the Unsteady Transonic Small Disturbance Equation

In this paper we report on our recent progress in the study of weak shock reflection modeled by the unsteady transonic small disturbance equation (UTSD) $$ \begin{gathered} {u_t} + u{u_x} + vy = 0 \hfill \\ - u + vy = 0. \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ (1)
MR diffusion imaging of cerebral infarction in humans.

PURPOSE MR diffusion imaging was performed to investigate changes in water diffusion in patients with cerebral infarction. METHODS Diffusion maps of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were created to show local water mobility in the brain tissue in 15 patients. These ADC maps were compared with conventional T2-weighted images. RESULTS Distinct subregions with different water diffusions were detected, even when the infarcted area appeared homogeneous on a T2-weighted image. The results also show that stroke lesions of the same age can have very different water diffusions. A trend towards an increasing diffusion coefficient in a lesion during the first several days following an acute event was observed in a group of patients imaged at multiple timepoints. CONCLUSION The measurement of diffusion coefficients in vivo now offers an opportunity for greater understanding of the biophysical changes that occur during the evolution of infarction in humans.
Composition, micromorphology and distribution of microartifacts in anthropogenic soils, Detroit, Michigan, USA

Abstract The composition, micromorphology and distribution of microartifacts in anthropogenic soils were studied as part of a project that was evaluating the utility of geophysical surveying techniques for mapping vacant urban land. Petrographic criteria for the identification and classification of microartifacts (MAs) were generated using a set of 25 different types of reference artifacts of known origin, and then tested on a suite of 20 urban topsoils from sites in Detroit, Michigan representing three different land use types (residential demolition, undemolished residential, and industrial). Petrographic and X-ray diffraction analyses showed that reference MAs may be classified into five basic compositional types (carbonaceous, calcareous, siliceous, ferruginous and miscellaneous). Reference MAs were generally distinguishable using optical microscopy by color, luster, fracture and microtexture, and further differentiable using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. MAs were found in all of the anthropogenic soils studied, but in highly variable proportions ( 80%). Coal-related wastes were the most common types of MAs, and included unspent coal, ash (microspheres, microagglomerate), cinders and burnt shale, probably representing a legacy from the coal-burning era (~ 1850–1936 AD). These were associated with MAs derived from waste building materials (brick, mortar, glass), and manufacturing wastes (iron-making slag, coked coal), in demolition and industrial site soils, respectively. Urban soils impacted by airborne deposition of fly ash were widespread, including conspicuous black (10YR2/1) topsoils at undemolished residential sites located near railroads and areas of heavy industrial activity. Coal combustion products and iron-smelting slag had distinctive compositions that included magnetite-bearing aluminosilicate glass. These results support our hypothesis that there are systematic relationships between soil geophysical properties, type and abundance of microartifacts, and land use history. Hence, it seems likely that magnetic susceptibility surveying and other geophysical methods will facilitate the mapping of soils in urbanized areas.
Synthesis and Evaluation of 2′-Deoxy-2′-18F-Fluoro-5-Fluoro-1-β-d-Arabinofuranosyluracil as a Potential PET Imaging Agent for Suicide Gene Expression

2′-Deoxy-2′-18F-fluoro-5-fluoro-1-β-d-arabinofuranosyluracil (18F-FFAU) has been synthesized and evaluated in HT-29 cells as a potential PET agent for herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSV1-tk) gene expression. Methods: 2-Deoxy-2-18F-fluoro-1,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-α-d-arabinofuranose was prepared by the reaction of the respective 2-triflate with tetrabutylammonium 18F-fluoride. The fluorosugar was converted to its 1-bromo derivative and coupled with protected 5-fluorouracil. The crude product was hydrolyzed in base and purified by high-performance liquid chromatography to obtain the 18F-FFAU. In vitro studies were performed in HT-29 cells by incubation at various time points. In vivo studies including biodistribution and microPET were performed in tumor-bearing nude mice. Results: The radiochemical yield was 20%–30% decay corrected with an average of 25% in 4 runs. Radiochemical purity was >99% and average specific activity was 85 GBq/μmol (2,300 mCi/μmol) (end of synthesis). In vitro accumulation of 3H-FFAU in HSV1-tk–expressing cells was ∼180-fold (P
The Technology of Ratings Then and Now; Hiding in Plain Sight

The subprime crisis seriously undermined the credibility of the rating agencies and their approach to analyzing credit risk. Along with other identified problems with bond ratings, this study investigates the issue that the technology used by the ratings agencies is at best dated and little changed since John Moody published his first bond ratings in 1909. The study compares the predictive accuracy of Moody's bond ratings with the structural modeling approach of Vassalou and Xing (2004), using railroad data from the Great Depression. Study results show that the structural modeling approach outperforms the expert judgment incorporated in Moody's bond ratings from that period.
Support for Government Provision of Health Care and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

Since the 1930s, US politicians have argued about whether healthcare should be the responsibility of the federal government. Both major political parties have cited public opinion concerning Americans' support for or rejection of government provision of healthcare to support their position. With the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) in 2010, however, the political debate has changed. Where it had been about the government provision of healthcare as an abstract principle, it became a debate imbued with evaluations of the implementation of the ACA itself. This spawned a new line of research examining the consequences of the ACA's implementation on public attitudes toward government provision of healthcare. The change in support for government provision of healthcare and the new post-ACA research highlight a need for a long-term examination of trends in support over the past two decades that will provide context for the new studies. This study provides that examination.
High-Temperature Annealing of Natural UO2+x

Four powdered samples of natural UO2+x (uraninite) were annealed in a reducing atmosphere up to 1200°C. The initial unit cell parameters ranged from ao=0.5463 to 0.5385 nm. Small amounts of UO2.25 occur in all samples after annealing. Annealing curves show the effects of recovery of point defects in the oxygen sublattice, ordering of U4+ and U6+, vacancy migration in the cation sublattice, and second order phase transformations. The difference in the annealing behavior of UO2+x with x < 0.15 as compared to x = 0.25 between 400 and 700°C is due to ordering of U4+ and U6+. Density increased after annealing except for one sample in which a large number of cavities (1–2 μm in size) formed. Oxidation and chemical composition have a more dramatic effect on the structural state of natural UO2+x than self-irradiation caused by a-decay damage.
Coupled CFD/CSD Analysis of Rotor Blade Structural Loads with Experimental Validation

An unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes analysis loosely coupled with a comprehensive rotorcraft code for blade trim and aeroelastic effects is presented for a second-generation Active Twist Rotor. High fidelity Navier-Stokes results are compared to lifting-line theory based comprehensive rotorcraft code calculations and wind tunnel data. Results indicate that the CFD/CSD solutions are mesh converged and in very good agreement with flapwise bending moments for both the low and high advance ratio cases presented. The accuracy of the predicted rotor torque is also very good across the full sweep of advance ratio cases available for comparison with data.
RTRB-24SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN GBM CELL SUBPOPULATIONS, WITH OR WITHOUT EGFR AMPLIFICATION, IS A NEW MECHANISM OF TUMOR RESISTANCE TO RADIATION THERAPY

BACKGROUND: EGFR amplification in a tumor cell subpopulation was frequently found of GBMs, through multiple copies of chromosome 7 fragment known as EGFR double minute. Intra-tumoral heterogeneity is thought to confer a survival advantage to tumor, and may be the basis for the observed resistance to therapeutic interventions such as irradiation - a frontline therapy for malignant gliomas. However, direct evidence supporting this hypothesis is currently limited. We have established two syngeneic primary cultures (51A and 51B) of a recurrent GBM with high level of EGFR amplification, under neural sphere (NS) and serum adherent (SA) and culture conditions for more than three months or eight passages, respectively. EGFR-FISH analysis showed 77% cells in 51A carrying EGFR double minute, while absence of such cell subpopulation in 51B. In comparison to 51B, 51A showed higher levels of invasiveness and cell doubling time. METHODS: To study symbiosis between GBM cell subpopulations with or without EGFR amplification in response to radiation, we firstly compared their differential response to radiation on growth/survival, cellular bioenergetics and redox, and cell invasiveness. Then using matrigel invasion assay, we analyzed the effect of radiated 51A to un-radiated 51B cells on their invasiveness, after 1-week culture with serum-supplied conditioned medium of 51A (0 or 0.5GyX10d). RESULTS: Both mitochondrial and glycolytic respirations were increased in 51A but decreased in 51B, 1 week post a 2-Gy dose of irradiation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was increased in 51A, which was not shown in 51B, even after a 5-Gy dose of radiation. Consistently, 51A was more radio-resistance compared to 51B. Interestingly, 51B cells cultured for 1 week in conditioned medium of radiated 51A cells doubled their invasion activity. CONCLUSIONS: There exists a symbiotic relationship between GBM cell subpopulations, with or without EGFR amplification, which supports overall tumor growth/expansion under radiation therapy.
Diminazene Aceturate Decreases Fat Mass with No Effect on Food Intake in Young Diet-Induced Obese Rats

Obesity is characterized as having an excessive amount of adipose tissue. Current evidence suggests that Angiotensin-(1–7) activation of the Mas receptor may decrease body weight. We hypothesize that activation of ACE2, via Diminazene Aceturate (DIZE), will significantly reduce body weight of young obese rats. Male Fisher 344 x Brown Norway rats, age 3 months were fed either Standard Chow or 60% high fat (HF) diet for six weeks, whereupon, animals were further divided, and given either 7.5mg/kg/day DIZE s.c. (Chow+DIZE, n=8; HF+DIZE, n=8) or vehicle (Chow Control, n=8; HF Control, n=8) for another six weeks. Body weight and food intake were measured throughout the experiment. Time Domain-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (TD-NMR) was used to assess body composition at weeks 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12. Retroperitoneal, perirenal, and epididymal white adipose tissue (WAT) depots, as well as the interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) depot, and the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle, were excised at sacrifice and weighed. Aft...
N-Polar Deep Recess MISHEMTs With Record 2.9 W/mm at 94 GHz

W-band power performance is reported on an N-polar GaN HEMT for the first time, resulting in a record output power density for any GaN device on a sapphire substrate. This result is achieved using an N-polar GaN deep recess MISHEMT structure grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition on the sapphire substrates. The key component in this device design is the addition of an in situ unintentionally doped GaN epitaxial passivation layer in the access regions of the transistor. This GaN layer functions both to control DC-to-RF dispersion as well as to increase the conductivity in the access regions of the HEMT. Devices with very low dispersion and a simultaneous $f_{\text {max}}/f_{t}$ combination of 276/149 GHz are demonstrated. Load pull measurements at 94 GHz give a peak power added efficiency (PAE) of 20% with an associated output power density of 1.73 W/mm at $V_{\text {DS}} = 8$ V. A record 2.9-W/mm maximum output power density with an associated 15.5% PAE at $V_{\text {DS}} = 10$ V is achieved despite the low thermal conductivity of the sample’s sapphire substrate.
Laser mass spectrometry for biopolymer analysis

During the past decade tremendous effort has been expended on applying mass spectrometry to biopolymer measurements for biological and medical applications. However, there are two major difficulties: developing a reliable method to deliver these nonvolatile biopolymers and achieving ion production without significant fragmentation in either desorption or ionization steps. Recently it was found that large biopolymers could be put into the gas phase and ionized by a laser in the presence of a large excess of small organic molecules serving as a matrix. This method is in general referred to as matrix-assisted laser desorption. Up to now, matrix-assisted laser desorption has been primarily applied to polypeptides and proteins, but little success has been obtained for oligomers. We applied matrix-assisted laser desorption to both protein and oligomers by choosing adequate matrix materials for different kinds of biopolymers.
Regional Asymmetric Relationships

While the preceding chapter concentrated on the effects of simultaneity on multilateral asymmetry, the present chapter focuses on the effects of location in a multilateral context. Both simultaneity and location are necessary parts of any multilateral interaction. Nevertheless, these elements can be separated analytically because the calculus of reducing uncertainty is individual while the location of each country in a relatively stable matrix of neighbors tends to create a standing pattern of exposure and interactions. As the Washington-Beijing-Taipei triangle illustrated, it is possible to have multilateral calculi reach beyond the neighborhood. Political communities, however, bloom where they are planted, and patterns of regional relationships emerge from the reiteration of interactions, from located history, and from the expectation that the neighbors will remain in place into the unknown future. The term “region” is used very broadly in world politics, and it should be. It could be restricted to organized regions such as the EU or ASEAN, but clearly it is also meaningful to discuss the problems of the Middle East, Northeast Asia, or South America. Even when a regional organization exists, it is not necessarily coterminous with the region (for example, Switzerland is certainly European though not a member of the EU), nor do organizational politics completely displace the regional politics of members. Moreover, world politics does not break down into a comprehensive set of stable, mutually exclusive regions. One can speak meaningfully about the successor states of the former Soviet Union and also about Central Asia, for instance. The first task, therefore, will be to survey the variety of regional designations. The second task will be to define regions. I will argue that the utility of regional designations results from their locatedness as matrices of interaction, and that the empirical slipperiness of regional designations results from the fact that they are subsystems rather than autonomous systems. The midrange existence of regions, between individual sovereignty and global interaction, creates characteristic problems for regional relationships. A regional power is neither the neighborhood sovereign nor a global power, and the existence of broader horizons beyond the region conditions the relationships within.
Analysis of randomized robust PCA for high dimensional data

Robust Principal Component Analysis (PCA) (or robust subspace recovery) is a particularly important problem in unsupervised learning pertaining to a broad range of applications. In this paper, we analyze a randomized robust subspace recovery algorithm to show that its complexity is independent of the size of the data matrix. Exploiting the intrinsic low-dimensional geometry of the low rank matrix, the big data matrix is first turned to smaller size compressed data. This is accomplished by selecting a small random subset of the columns of the given data matrix, which is then projected into a random low-dimensional subspace. In the next step, a convex robust PCA algorithm is applied to the compressed data to learn the columns subspace of the low rank matrix. We derive new sufficient conditions, which show that the number of linear observations and the complexity of the randomized algorithm do not depend on the size of the given data.
In Vitro and In Vivo Selection of Genetically Modified Cells Using shRNA Against HPRT and Treatment with 6-thioguanine.

Inefficient transduction, poor long term expression, and engraftment failure of ex vivo manipulated cells have slowed the practical advancement of gene therapy trials. Thus, the ability to select for or amplify a population of cells that has been modified to express a gene of interest might enhance the effectiveness of gene therapy. Strategies for in vivo expansion of genetically modified cells that have been studied to date have relatively high toxicity or low efficacy in selection of hematopoietic stem cells. We hypothesized that resistance to the purine analog 6-thioguanine (6TG) could be programmed via lentiviruses, and that treatment with 6TG would allow for selection of genetically modified cells in vitro and in vivo . Using short hairpin RNAs, we achieved efficient knockdown of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT kd ), the enzyme required for 6TG cytotoxicity, in the murine hematopoietic progenitor cell line FL5.12. In so doing we were able to provide Fl5.12 cells with resistance to 6TG. In the presence of 6TG, HPRT kd cells continued to proliferate for at least 30 days, whereas control transduced cells ceased proliferating after 7-10 days. 6TG treatment of mixed cultures of GFP + -HPRT kd cells and untransduced cells resulted in selective outgrowth of HPRT kd cells. Knockdown of HPRT in FL5.12 cells was found to attenuate the checkpoint activation, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis seen in control transduced cells when treated with 6TG. Knockdown of HPRT in murine primary hematopoietic cells also allowed for selection of transduced cells with 6TG ex vivo. Furthermore, and most importantly, after transduction of whole bone marrow and transplantation into sub-lethally irradiated recipient mice, a single, short course of treatment with 6TG resulted in up to 12 fold greater percentages of circulating transduced granulocytes as compared to untreated controls. These results suggest that genetically modified hematopoietic stem cells can be selected in vivo using 6TG. This strategy may be useful for therapy of a variety of hematopoietic diseases, particularly those that affect hematopoietic progenitors. The benefits of this strategy include the following: 1) the use of a lentivirus with a self inactivating long terminal repeat, 2) a very short cassette encoding drug resistance, making the vector easier to manipulate, and 3) a very well tolerated and relatively non-toxic medication for selection.
A swarm of autonomous miniature underwater robot drifters for exploring submesoscale ocean dynamics

Measuring the ever-changing 3-dimensional (3D) motions of the ocean requires simultaneous sampling at multiple locations. In particular, sampling the complex, nonlinear dynamics associated with submesoscales (<1-10 km) requires new technologies and approaches. Here we introduce the Mini-Autonomous Underwater Explorer (M-AUE), deployed as a swarm of 16 independent vehicles whose 3D trajectories are measured near-continuously, underwater. As the vehicles drift with the ambient flow or execute preprogrammed vertical behaviours, the simultaneous measurements at multiple, known locations resolve the details of the flow within the swarm. We describe the design, construction, control and underwater navigation of the M-AUE. A field programme in the coastal ocean using a swarm of these robots programmed with a depth-holding behaviour provides a unique test of a physical-biological interaction leading to plankton patch formation in internal waves. The performance of the M-AUE vehicles illustrates their novel capability for measuring submesoscale dynamics.
Surgical outcomes in women ≥70 years undergoing mastectomy with and without reconstruction for breast cancer.

Abstract Background Approximately 4% of women age 70 will develop breast cancer during the next ten years. Reconstruction has become a standard option for young women undergoing mastectomy for breast cancer, however may not be offered to older women due to the presence of co-morbidities. There is limited data on the outcomes of mastectomy with reconstruction in patient's ≥ 70. This study examines comorbidities and 30-day complication rates in patients ≥70 undergoing mastectomy for breast cancer. Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgery Quality Improvement Program database was used to examine co-morbidities and 30-day complication rates in breast cancer patients undergoing mastectomy from 2007 to 2012. Patients were grouped based on age and procedure. Complication rates were characterized using descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon rank sum-test. Variable frequencies were compared using Chi-square or Fisher's exact test. Results 54,821 patients underwent mastectomy. Among patients ≥70, 11,927 did not have reconstruction, 109 had reconstruction. Among patients Conclusion There was no difference in 30-day complication rate between patients ≥70 and
Review of Bonding Theories for d -Block Metal Complexes

This chapter reviews the most important theories that helped in understanding the nature of bonding, magnetic properties, and electronic structures of metal complexes. Coordination complexes bring color to the otherwise usually colorless chemical compounds that have been known for centuries, and make them special topic to study and understand. There are three main theories: valence bond theory (VBT), crystal field theory (CFT), and molecular orbital theory (MOT). These can explain the color, magnetic properties, and bonding nature of complex compounds. Each theory is based on assumptions, with advantages and disadvantages. For example, VBT is simple and efficient to understand the basic structure of the molecule but it fails to explain the color and the varied magnetic properties of complexes. CFT is based on the ionic nature of complexes and it ignores the covalent character present in the metal complexes. The most recent and complete theory (MOT) emerged to answer the shortcomings of VBT and CFT. The MOT emphasizes the need to consider both ionic and covalent aspects of metal complexes.
Predictable Policing: Predictive Crime Mapping and Geographies of Policing and Race

This article draws on critical geographic engagements with policing and race and geographic information systems (GIS) to investigate the implications that predictive crime mapping has for racialized modes of urban policing. Focusing on the Chicago Police Department (CPD), it analyzes collaborations between geographic information scientists, crime experts, and police who have recently begun integrating temporal data into GIS-based maps to predict when and where future crimes will occur. The article builds the case that predictive crime mapping further entrenches and legitimizes racialized policing as it (1) rearticulates police data sets as scientifically valid and (2) correlates those data with other geocoded information to create new rationalizations for controlling racialized districts through differential policing practices. The article uses a mixed-methods approach that includes analysis of open-ended interviews with computer scientists involved with the CPD's Predictive Analytics Group and city techn...
Disposition effect and analyst forecast dispersion

Behavioral finance theories posit that behavioral biases are more pronounced when there is higher information uncertainty about fundamentals. This paper examines the relation between the disposition effect, the tendency to ride losses and realize gains, and dispersion in financial analysts’ earnings forecasts for a sample of large U.S. discount brokerage accounts from January 1991 to December 1996. I find that the disposition effect is exacerbated in stocks with higher analyst forecast dispersion. In particular, the disposition effect is 10% in stocks in the highest forecast dispersion quintile and not significant in the lowest forecast dispersion quintile. The driving factor behind these findings is investors’ higher propensity to realize gains when facing higher information uncertainty. The results are robust to controlling for firm size, analyst coverage, idiosyncratic volatility, turnover, and past market-adjusted returns. The results provide supportive evidence for a behavioral bias explanation of the disposition effect consistent with mean-reversion beliefs for winners and loss actualization avoidance for losers.
Jefferson and the Post-War Era: Race, Miscegenation, and History

The memory of Thomas Jefferson has long been associated with the American experience of race and slavery. Just as Jefferson's words are used whenever freedom, liberty, and democracy need defending, Jefferson's example is used whenaever racial hypocrisy is criticized. In the nineteenth century, abolitionists used Jefferson's words as weapons, while Southerners used his example as a defense. It is the issue of race that has most clouded Jefferson's reputation in the second half of the present century. As the Civil Rights Movement gradually became a success, and as scholars increasingly realized that Jefferson's notion of equality was not the same as the modern idea of equality, Jefferson's fortunes began to fall in the academic community. Discussions of Jefferson's legacy have become increasingly complex since the nation celebrated the 200th anniversary of his birth in 1943. Ambivalence and qualification now surround most writing on Jefferson as the innocence of the 1940s and 1950s yielded to the skepticism and cynicism of later decades. Jefferson's life is a parallel with the destiny of the nation with regard to racial issues, and this parallel can be seen in the histories that have been written about Jefferson.
Foam-like hierarchical hexagonal boron nitride as a non-traditional thermal conductivity enhancer for polymer-based composite materials

Abstract Due to its high thermal conductivity, chemical stability, and electrically insulating nature, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is a versatile material used in a wide range of demanding applications. Currently, commercial h-BN is manufactured as microparticles to be sintered or hot pressed into the desired shape, while for composite applications the microparticles are loaded into a polymer matrix. However, thermal resistance at the numerous particle–particle and particle–matrix interfaces within the resulting material can severely limit its effective thermal conductivity. In this work, the ability of contiguous, foam-like h-BN nanomaterials to act as an internal “scaffold” is investigated as a means of minimizing the negative influence of interfacial thermal resistances within h-BN/polymer composites. The h-BN foams were created using a simple atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition process, followed by various post-processing steps prior to being infiltrated with PMMA and cured. The thermal conductivity of the resulting h-BN/PMMA composites were tested over the temperature range of 140–330 K using a 1D steady-state conduction method, resulting in values of 0.34 ± 0.03 and 0.73 ± 0.07 W m−1 K−1 near room temperature and at 140 K, respectively, for as-grown foam samples. With h-BN weight fractions of just 0.21–0.27%, the as-grown h-BN foam exhibited a specific thermal conductivity enhancement ten-fold greater than those reported for particulate-based composites. Furthermore, high temperature annealing of the h-BN foam in air for 48 h yielded nearly three-fold further improvement in thermal conductivity, achieving 0.97 ± 0.10 W m−1 K−1 at room temperature.