cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PathEdEx - Uncovering High-explanatory Visual Diagnostics Heuristics Using Digital Pathology and Multiscale Gaze Data.

Background: Visual heuristics of pathology diagnosis is a largely unexplored area where reported studies only provided a qualitative insight into the subject. Uncovering and quantifying pathology visual and nonvisual diagnostic patterns have great potential to improve clinical outcomes and avoid diagnostic pitfalls. Methods: Here, we present PathEdEx, an informatics computational framework that incorporates whole-slide digital pathology imaging with multiscale gaze-tracking technology to create web-based interactive pathology educational atlases and to datamine visual and nonvisual diagnostic heuristics. Results: We demonstrate the capabilities of PathEdEx for mining visual and nonvisual diagnostic heuristics using the first PathEdEx volume of a hematopathology atlas. We conducted a quantitative study on the time dynamics of zooming and panning operations utilized by experts and novices to come to the correct diagnosis. We then performed association rule mining to determine sets of diagnostic factors that consistently result in a correct diagnosis, and studied differences in diagnostic strategies across different levels of pathology expertise using Markov chain (MC) modeling and MC Monte Carlo simulations. To perform these studies, we translated raw gaze points to high-explanatory semantic labels that represent pathology diagnostic clues. Therefore, the outcome of these studies is readily transformed into narrative descriptors for direct use in pathology education and practice. Conclusion: PathEdEx framework can be used to capture best practices of pathology visual and nonvisual diagnostic heuristics that can be passed over to the next generation of pathologists and have potential to streamline implementation of precision diagnostics in precision medicine settings.
Female Sexual Function: The Role of Animal Models in Assessing Female Sexual Dysfunction

Abstract Basic science research in animal models is important for understanding pathophysiological mechanisms underlying female sexual dysfunction and chronic pelvic pain syndromes in females. In vivo animal models, primarily rodents, of female sexual behavior (desire, motivation, arousal, and orgasm) and pelvic pain have been developed. These models employ either simple paradigms, such as monitoring proceptive behavior or responses to pelvic organ distension, or more complex learning paradigms. Valuable information on the neural pathways and neurotransmitters regulating the central and peripheral control of sexual function and changes that occur with dysfunction have been gained from animal models that have shown translational relevance in women. New research understanding genital sensory inputs and their regulation in females and the etiology of women’s sexual dysfunction disorders have led to the development of more translatable preclinical models, which are important for future development of treatment options for sexual dysfunctions in women presenting with or without pain.
Advances in edge diffraction algorithms

Starshade external occulters are a leading technology that provide the starlight suppression needed to directly image and spectroscopically characterize Earth-sized exoplanets in the habitable zone of nearby stars. A high-priority technology area identified in need of development for a future starshade mission is the development and validation of high-fidelity optical models to predict the performance of a full-scale starshade. We present the generalization of an algorithm to formulate the Fresnel diffraction equation as a one-dimensional integral around the edge of an arbitrary binary diffraction screen. Our edge integral provides an efficient method for capturing diffraction over a large range of size scales and is computationally superior to standard two-dimensional codes. We also present a novel method to implement wavefront errors with the edge integral. This paper provides the derivation of the algorithms and their validation with comparisons to known solutions and results from standard Fresnel propagation codes.
Magnetic structure of CaSrFeCoO6–δ: Correlations with structural order

Abstract With the aid of neutron diffraction, the magnetic structure of CaSrFeCoO 6–δ is determined at 10 K and 300 K. The vacancies, created due to oxygen-deficiency, are ordered in this material. In addition to structural order, neutron diffraction shows a long-range G-type antiferromagnetic order, where each magnetic moment is aligned antiparallel to all nearest neighbors. The orientation of moments is along the shortest unit cell axis at 10 K. The magnetic structure and orientation of moments remain unchanged up to room temperature. This is in contrast to the Ca 2 -analogue, Ca 2 FeCoO 6–δ , where the magnetic moments at 10 K are parallel to the longest axis and change their orientation when temperature is raised to room temperature. These differences highlight the ability to control the magnetic properties by tuning the structural parameters. Comparisons to similar materials show that CaSrFeCoO 6–δ has the optimum composition for G-type magnetic order and the retention of the moment orientation.
Idiosyncratic Allergic Reaction: A Rare Complication of Augmentation Mammoplasty

In both free injectable and device form, silicone has been used widely throughout the world. As an implantable biomaterial, silicone was considered a privileged inert substance, the complications of which were heretofore considered limited and acceptable. Among the possible complications of silicone gel breast implants are several reports of allergic reactions. These allergic reactions are discussed as well as the author’s case of an allergic reaction to the silicone shell of a saline implant. The human immune system is a very highly refined mechanism of defense. Although charged with mounting an antibody response to any unrecognized antigen threat, it must also possess enough checks and balances to not cause unwarranted host-versus-host reactions. Silicone exists naturally in all mammals. One should consider an idiosyncratic reaction as a diagnosis of exclusion in a differential diagnosis for an individual with a history of a bioimplantable device and an unusual allergic response beginning after device implantation. Appropriate confirmatory evaluation, including patch testing, is recommended.
Latent imaging of resists via resonant x-ray scattering: unraveling the effects of chain scission to chemical amplification (Conference Presentation)

Even though instrumentation for electron beam lithography (EBL) has progressed immensely since it was first introduced almost 50 years ago[1], enabling beam spot sizes below 5 nm for certain systems, its lithographic resolution limits are still bound by the primary and secondary electron scattering processes that occur when a specific resist is exposed. As the feature sizes become smaller and resists designed with higher sensitivities, these stochastic processes play an increasing role in the resulting line edge roughness (LER) thus leading to an effect known as shot noise. Unfortunately, unraveling the impact of these processes from the impact of the development step is partly hindered by our inability to measure the 3D profile of the latent image from resists directly after exposure. Furthermore, given the recent rise of chemically-amplified resists (CARs) used for the next generation extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUV), it has become even more critical to find ways to characterize and investigate the shot noise effect. In this work, we tackle this challenge by applying the resonant soft x-ray scattering (RSoXS) technique in a grazing incidence configuration to extract the cross-sectional profile of resists that have already been patterned, but have yet to be developed (i.e., latent image). We find that the difference in chemistry induced by the chain scission process in exposed PMMA and CAR resists is enough to produce enough scattering contrast at certain X-ray energies near the absorption edge of carbon in order to provide a latent image profile of the pattern with sub-nanometer resolution. In this paper, we will compare the latent image profiles extracted from this RSoXS data to the profiles obtained after development, as well as expand on the nature of this chemical contrast mechanism. We will show how this scattering data may be interpreted and the information used to shed light on the nature of the resolution limit of a specific combination of resist and exposure plus development conditions. Finally, we will elaborate on the impact of the measurement itself on the resulting pattern morphology as well as how similar insights might be gained across other types of resists. 1. Hans C. Pfeiffer, } "Direct write electron beam lithography: a historical overview", Proc. SPIE 7823, Photomask Technology 2010, 782316 (24 September 2010); doi: 10.1117/12.868477
Has Dynamic Programming Improved Decision Making

Dynamic programming (DP) is a powerful tool for solving a wide class of sequential decision-making problems under uncertainty. In principle, it enables us to compute optimal decision rules that spe...
Stress, depression, and cardiovascular disease

Abstract Psychological factors have long been hypothesized to increase risk for numerous medical diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). Because the physiological mechanisms through which psychological factors lead to disease pathology are unknown, psychological factors have not been granted the status as recognized risk factors. In 2014, the American Heart Association recommended that depression be granted the status as a risk factor for CVD. Based upon the extensive body of literature that has revealed an association between depression and CVD, this chapter introduces a collection of scholarly works by depicting both causal and corollary models linking stress and depression with CVD. The various physiological mechanisms that explain how the nervous system transduces environmental stress into depression and CVD are also outlined and serve to organize the remaining chapters of this book.
Direct potable water reuse in five arid inland communities: an analysis of factors influencing public acceptance

Direct potable reuse (DPR) can improve reliability of water supplies by generating drinking water from wastewater, but communities have consistently opposed DPR more than other forms of reuse. Usin...
Reduction of Switches and Flying Capacitors in a Hybrid Topology of the Stacked Multicell Converters

This paper introduces a new full-bridge hybrid multilevel converter topology that is realized through combining the two-level leg and the multilevel leg based on the stacked multicell (SM) converters. The 50% reduction in the number of switching power cells, semiconductor devices, and the flying capacitors (FCs) are the profound advantages of the proposed topology in comparison with the standard SM converter. These features decrease the voltage rating of the capacitors as well as their stored energy, and the size and cost of the converter. This improvement is achieved by adding two line-frequency switches to the conventional topology. A modified phase-shifted-carrier pulse-width-modulation (PSC-PWM) strategy has been adopted to control the proposed topology, and consequently it demonstrates the outstanding feature of the natural-balance for FC voltages. Simulation results are provided to validate the proposed topology and its control technique.
Exploring relationships between a teacher’s race-ethnicity and gender and student teaching expectations

Research shows that despite well-deserved advances and achievements to diversifying and gaining access to higher education institutions in the United States (U.S.), such progress has failed to redu...
Alternatives to Opioid Education and a Prescription Drug Monitoring Program Cumulatively Decreased Outpatient Opioid Prescriptions.

Introduction Deaths have increased, and prescription medications are involved in a significant percentage of deaths. Emergency department (ED) changes to managing acute pain and prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) can impact the potential for abuse. Methods We analyzed the impact of a series of quality improvement initiatives on the opioid prescribing habits of emergency department physicians and advanced practice providers. We compared historical prescribing patterns with those after three interventions: 1) the implementation of a PDMP, 2) clinician education on alternatives to opioids (ALTOs), and 3) electronic health record (EHR) process changes. Results There was a 61.8% decrease in the percentage of opioid-eligible ED discharges that received a prescription for an opioid from 19.4% during the baseline period to 7.4% during the final intervention period. Among these discharges, the cumulative effect of the interventions resulted in a 17.3% decrease in the amount of morphine milligram equivalents (MME) prescribed per discharge from a mean of 104.9 MME/discharge during the baseline period to 86.8 MME/discharge. In addition, the average amount of MME prescribed per discharge became aligned with recommended guidelines over the intervention periods. Conclusions Initiating a PDMP and instituting an aggressive ALTO program along with EHR-modified process flows have cumulative benefits in decreasing MME prescribed in an acute ED setting.
Assessment of the relationship between Brachial Plexus Profile activity short form scores and modified Mallet scores.

Abstract Introduction This study aims to assess the relationship between the modified Mallet classification and the Brachial Plexus Profile activity short form (BP-PRO activity SF). The therapist or surgeon classifies upper extremity movement for the modified Mallet classification, while the BP-PRO assesses parents' perceptions of difficulty performing activities. Purpose To provide a deeper understanding of the relationship of functional and perceived outcome measurements. Study Design Prospective, correlational design. Methods Eighty children with brachial plexus birth injuries were evaluated using the modified Mallet classification, while parents simultaneously answered the BP-PRO activity SF questions. All patients had undergone one of three surgical interventions to improve shoulder function. The relationship between the two measures, patient injury levels, and surgical histories were assessed. Results The average modified Mallet scores and BP-PRO activity SF scores weakly correlated (r = 0.312, P = .005) and both measures differentiated between C5-6 and C5-7 injury levels (P = .03 and P = .02, respectively). Conversely, the modified Mallet scores could differentiate between the three surgical groups (F = 8.2, P Conclusion The results suggest that these tools measure different aspects of patient outcomes. The Mallet classification may be more focused on shoulder motion than the BP-PRO activity SF. Additional questions that specifically require shoulder function could be incorporated into the BP-PRO activity SF to improve understanding of patient/parent perceptions of shoulder function for children with brachial plexus injuries. Clinicians should be aware of the strengths, weaknesses, and limitations of each outcome assessment tool for appropriate use and interpretation of results.
Poverty Simulation: A Novel Application for Pediatric Education

Background: Pediatricians frequently provide care for families struggling with health issues related to poverty, but may have little personal experience with poverty. Poverty simulation has been used to educate individuals in other disciplines about how poverty impacts daily life. Little is known about the impact of poverty simulation on pediatric residents’ attitudes toward poverty. Objective: To determine whether exposure to a poverty simulation improves pediatric resident …
Economic Decision Making: How Our Mind Works

With the rise of behavioral economics, there is now much greater realism in the description of human decision making. This paper explores and integrates important behavioral economic understandings concerning how our mind works with respect to economic decision making. From scholars like Herbert Simon, Daniel Kahneman and George Loewenstein we have learned that people have limited cognitive capacity to deal with the complexity of the real world, make many cognitive errors, and often make poor decisions when strong negative emotions are aroused. Also, our minds in decision making are too often oriented to seeking what we want or desire, not what is really good for us. There is also some good news. We can learn how to avoid error and become more skilled, good enough decision makers. Gerd Gigerenzer has explained how successful decision makers typically use heuristics in the face of complexity. To illustrate the above, this paper provides analyses of food-related decision making related to the obesity social problem. To counter decision-making deficiencies, people can raise their decision making capacities by making a variety of investments in intangible human capital. Another important implication is that decision-making deficiencies contribute to businessesâ€™ internal inefficiencies (X-inefficiencies). Thus, decision-making deficiencies imply below potential national productivity.
FDG PET is a useful modality for assessment of disease activity in patients with systemic T-cell lymphoma

1680 Objectives: Majority of the lymphomas are of B-cell origin. Utility of FDG-PET in evaluation of B cell lymphomas is well established. T cell lymphomas account for a significant but smaller percentage of all lymphomas. T cell lymphomas can be either cutaneous or systemic. There is limited information in the literature about role of PET in T cell lymphoma. The aim of our study was to analyze the role of PET in assessing disease activity in non cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Methods: FDG PET images of 25 patients with non cutaneous T cell lymphoma who were referred for assessment of disease activity were reviewed . The average age was 52.4+/-14.4 years with Females 10 and 15 males. The PET findings were correlated with Conventional imaging/CT scans, histopathology, bone marrow biopsy and follow up data. The Histopathology was as follows: Tcell unspecified (n=16), Angioimmunoblastic (n=3), Anaplastic (n=1), Enteropathy T cell (n=2), NK/T cell (n=2) and Angiocentric (n=1). Results: Twenty four out of 25 patients (96%) showed active FDG uptake. PET and CT were concordant in 20 out of 24 patients (83%) in detecting nodal disease. With respect to Extra nodal involvement PET and CT were concordant in 9 out of 11 patients (82 %). There were 5 cases with pulmonary involvement and 2 cases with intestinal involvement. PET was able to correctly identify active disease in all the 5 cases with pulmonary and both the cases with intestinal involvement. When PET findings were compared with bone marrow biopsy, PET was negative for marrow involvement in 2 cases with positive bone marrow biopsy; however PET showed bone marrow activity in 3 cases with negative BM biopsy. Conclusions: PET was able to accurately assess disease activity in the majority of patients with T cell lymphoma. There was a high concordance between PET and CT in detecting both nodal and extra nodal disease. PET was able to detect marrow involvement despite negative bone marrow biopsy. PET imaging is useful as a complimentary examination to CT in assessing disease activity in this subtype of lymphoma
Clinicopathological features of and neoadjuvant therapy for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive classic invasive lobular carcinoma

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive classic invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is a rare entity, and its specific pathological characteristics and clinical behavior are unclear. Therefore, we retrospectively investigated the clinicopathological features of HER2-positive classic ILC and described HER2-targeted neoadjuvant chemotherapy outcome. Fourteen HER2-positive classic ILC cases were identified, their clinicopathological data were collected, and their clinical management was investigated. In general, HER2 positivity is associated with higher grade carcinoma in ductal lesions; however, our 14 cases had typical morphologic features of classic ILC. We did not identify unique morphologic features in HER2-positive classic ILC with the clinicopathological parameters examined, including age, menopausal status, histological grade, and hormone receptor status. Four of six patients who received HER2-targeted neoadjuvant chemotherapy had a pathological complete or partial response. Based on our findings, clinicopathological features of classic ILC may not predict HER2 overexpression or amplification. HER2-targeted neoadjuvant chemotherapy was effective against some HER2-positive classic ILCs. Taken together, these results demonstrate that HER2 immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization should be considered for all ILC patients regardless of subtype.
Divestitures

This article provides an introduction to divestitures and the research streams that examine these deals. Divestitures are defined as the removal of one or more of a company’s lines of business via selloff or spinoff. In this article, we describe how research on divestitures has evolved in the finance and strategy literatures, and we explain how to design and conduct empirical research studies on this topic. We also discuss the implications of divestitures for organization design, and outline some directions for future research in this domain.
Sources of Mattering for Women and Men: Gender Differences and Similarities in Feelings of Social Significance:

Social mattering refers to an individual’s perceived sense of significance in the world and is a key aspect of overall mental health. Using data from a representative survey of adult Americans, we ...
Physiological and Pathological Events Mediated by Capillary Neurotransmitter Receptors

The view that the cerebral endothelial cells represent the cellular analogue of the blood-brain barrier has been generally accepted. The regulation of transport processes operating in the cerebral endothelial cells is of great current interest. From biochemical and electron microscopic studies it became evident that, contrary to the classical view, histamine is a potent activator of the pinocytosis and the albumin transport in the cerebral endothelial cells. This action of histamine is mediated mainly by histamine H2-receptors, which are linked to the capillary adenylate cyclase. Cyclic nucleotides, produced locally upon environmental stimuli, can phosphorylate specific proteins in the cerebral endothelium, some of which are connected to the endothelial contractile system. Specific histamine H2-receptor blockers proved to be able to prevent brain edema formation in different experimental models.
New Results in Signal Design for the Awgn Channel

Abstract : The design of M average power constrained signals in white Gaussian noise (AWGN) is addressed. The long-standing strong simplex conjecture which postulates that the optimal signals, under an average power constraint, are the vertices of a regular simplex, is disproven. A signal set is shown that performs better than the regular simplex at low signal-to-noise ratios for an M greater than or equal to 7. This leads to a theorem stating that for any fixed M greater than or equal to 7 no signal set exists that is optimal at all signal-to-noise ratios. Furthermore it is found that the optimal solution at low signal-to-noise ratios is not an equal energy solution for any M greater than or equal to 7. The regular simplex is shown to be the unique polytope that maximizes the minimum distance between signals. This result leads to the corollary that a signal set which maximizes the minimum distance is not necessarily optimum. However, the regular simplex is shown to be globally optimum in the sense of uniquely maximizing the union bound at all signal-to-noise ratios.
Solid and Physical Modeling

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 Topological Domain 3 Geometric Domain and Representation Schemes 4 Triangle Meshes 5 Curved BReps 6 Constructive Solid Geometry 7 Parameters, Constraints, and Features 8 Variational Geometry 9 Morphological Transformations and Analysis 10 Human-Shape Interaction 11 Conclusions Keywords: computer aided design; computer aided manufacturing; product data management; human-shape interaction
Pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators: device longevity is more important than smaller size: the patient's viewpoint.

The size of pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) has been diminishing progressively. If two devices are otherwise identical in components, features and technology, the one with a larger battery should have a longer service life. Therefore, patients who receive smaller devices may require more frequent surgery to replace the devices. It is uncertain whether this tradeoff for smaller size is desired by patients. We surveyed 156 patients to determine whether patients prefer a larger, longer-lasting device, or a smaller device that is less noticeable but requires more frequent surgery. The effects of subgroups were evaluated; these included body habitus, age, gender, and patients seen at time of pulse generator replacement (PGR), initial implant, or follow-up. Among 156 patients surveyed, 151 expressed a preference. Of these, 90.1% preferred the larger device and 9.9% the smaller device (P 72 years). Of patients undergoing PGR or initial implants, 95% favored the larger device, as did 86% of patients presenting for follow-up. The vast majority of patients prefer a larger device to reduce the number of potential replacement operations. This preference crosses the spectrum of those with a previously implanted device, those undergoing initial implants, those returning for routine follow-up, and patients of various ages, gender, and habitus.
1,1′‐Carbonylbis(3‐methylimidazolium) Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate)

[120418-31-7] C11H12F6N4O7S2 (MW 490.36) InChI = 1S/C9H12N4O.2CHF3O3S/c1-10-3-5-12(7-10)9(14)13-6-4-11(2)8-13;2*2-1(3,4)8(5,6)7/h3-8H,1-2H3;2*(H,5,6,7)/q+2;;/p-2 InChIKey = BWBZTXSPTHTBBM-UHFFFAOYSA-L (versatile coupling reagent for aminoacylations2) Alternate Name: 1,1-carbonylbis(3-methylimidazolium) bistriflate. Physical Data: pale white solid mp 78–80 °C; 1H δ (CDCl3) 8.86 (s, 2H), 7.44 (m, 2H), 7.16 (m, 2H), 4.00 (s, 6H). Solubility: sol nitromethane, chloroform; insol ether; reacts with water. Analysis of Reagent Purity: freshly prepared sample is treated with water: 200 mol % of N-methylimidazolium triflate is produced along with CO2. Preparative Methods: fresh methyl triflate is added to 1,1-carbonylbisimidazole in nitromethane at 10 °C. Solvent is then removed in vacuo, or the reagent used in situ.2 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: usually prepared under anhydrous conditions and used immediately. Can be stored in dry nitromethane solution or in solid state in absence of moisture. Preparation using aged methyl triflate should be avoided, owing to possible contamination of the coupling reagent with triflic acid.2
Agency culture and the banality of risk

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role that agency culture, training, and supervision play in the rates of on-the-job seatbelt use among peace officers, as well as other officer safety-related driving concerns such as cell phone use, Mobile Data Terminal use, and other sources of distraction. Design/methodology/approach – Based on semi-structured interviews with California peace officers. Findings – This study found an array of agency culture issues related to on-duty collisions, including distraction, failure to follow policy or procedure, fatigue, self-selection processes among officers and agencies, supervision and field training processes, morale issues, and family/lifestyle issues. Originality/value – To explain these agency culture findings, this paper introduces the concept of the “banality of risk” to understand why many officers choose not to use risk-attenuating equipment. The findings are suggestive of a set of best practices that agencies could consider regarding in-veh...
Arthroscopic Management of Piso-Triquetral Conditions

The piso-triquetral joint is a common site of ulnar-sided wrist pain. This arises either in the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon, the stabilising ligaments or the joint itself. The number of pathological conditions affecting the joint and amenable to arthroscopic treatment is limited. The technique is still in the early stages of development, and more anatomic studies are needed to improve the access. The best way to visualise the joint is through the communication from the radio-carpal joint, though this is only available in about 70 % of patients. At the moment, the main use of arthroscopy is to confirm the diagnosis and the degree of articular surface damage when imaging is equivocal and there is communication from the main joint. Loose bodies can be removed arthroscopically. Future advances include developing new portals and maybe therapeutic techniques like arthroscopic-assisted piso-triquetral arthrodesis, full or partial pisiformectomy and interpositional arthroplasty.
COMPUTER ASSISTED IMAGE ANALYSIS TO ASSESS COLONIZATION OF RECIPIENT SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES BY SPERMATOGONIAL STEM CELLS FROM TRANSGENIC DONOR MICE

Transplantation of spermatogonial stem cells from fertile, transgenic donor mice to the testes of infertile recipients provides a unique system to study the biology of spermatogonial stem cells. To facilitate the investigation of treatment effects on colonization efficiency an analysis system was needed to quantify colonization of recipient mouse seminiferous tubules by donor stem cell-derived spermatogenesis. In this study, a computer-assisted morphometry system was developed and validated to analyze large numbers of samples. Donor spermatogenesis in recipient testes is identified by blue staining of donor-derived spermatogenic cells expressing the E. coli lacZ structural gene. Images of seminiferous tubules from recipient testes collected three months after spermatogonial transplantation are captured, and stained seminiferous tubules containing donor-derived spermatogenesis are selected for measurement based on their color by color thresholding. Colonization is measured as number, area, and length of stained tubules. Interactive, operator-controlled color selection and sample preparation accounted for less than 10% variability for all collected parameters. Using this system, the relationship between number of transplanted cells and colonization efficiency was investigated. Transplantation of 10(4) cells per testis only rarely resulted in colonization, whereas after transplantation of 10(5) and 10(6) cells per testis the extent of donor-derived spermatogenesis was directly related to the number of transplanted donor cells. It appears that about 10% of transplanted spermatogonial stem cells result in colony formation in the recipient testis. The present study establishes a rapid, repeatable, semi-interactive morphometry system to investigate treatment effects on colonization efficiency after spermatogonial transplantation in the mouse.
Some practical and theoretic concepts in the nutritional assessment of the cancer patient.

Two patterns of response, that due to starvation or semistarvation and that due the stress, determine whether protein-calorie malnutrition of the adult marasmus variety or hypoalbuminemic malnutrition will occur in any particular nomnalignant disease. The latter condition can have two major components, the neuroendocrine response to injury, which is in large measure mediated by hormones of the hypothalamus and adrenal gland, and the panoply of responses to interleukin-1 production and release by macrophages and monocytes upon activation, usually by phagocytosis. In some cancer patients with weight loss there are many similarities to an interleukin-1 response including increases in resting energy expenditure, whole-body protein flux and synthesis and glucose flux and recycling, hypoalbuminemia and increased albumin catabolic rates, and an adaptive low T3 state that suggest a similar injury/infection response. Separation of cancer patients with malnutrition into those with an injury/infection response and those with simple starvation may explain the heterogeneous response to nutritional support among malnourished cancer patients and suggest new feeding regimens that may uniquely benefit the stress form of cancer malnutrition.
Bayes adaptive control of two‐echelon inventory systems, II: The multistation case

The present paper extends the results of [7] to cases of multistation lower echelon. For this purpose an algorithm for the optimal allocation of the upper echelon stock among the lower echelon stations is developed. The policy of ordering for the upper echelon is an extension of the Bayes prediction policy developed in [7]. Explicit formulae are presented for the execution of this policy. Several simulation runs are presented and analyzed for the purpose of obtaining information on the behavior of the system, under the above control policy, over short and long periods.
On the limit of bulk diffusion control and high permeability in porous catalyst pellets

Abstract Passage to the limit of bulk diffusion control and infinite permeability in porous catalyst pellets presents certain problems. These are analysed and, using equations based on the dusty gas model, it is shown that the proper limiting formulation agrees only in very special circumstances with the form of equations customarily used.
Studies on the stability limit extension of premixed and jet diffusion flames of methane, ethane, and propane using nanosecond repetitive pulsed discharge plasmas

Abstract This paper examines the stabilization of premixed and jet diffusion flames of methane, ethane, and propane by nanosecond repetitive pulsed plasma discharges. Combustion products are measured using gas chromatography while laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is used to characterize the local equivalence ratios. We find that in premixed flames, although plasma-assisted flame holding takes place under fuel-lean conditions, propagation of combustion occurs at/or above the known lean flammability limits. In jet diffusion flames, the flames are found to be anchored best to the discharge at jet speeds that are much higher than the normal blow-off speed when the discharge is placed where the local fuel–air equivalence ratio is in a limited flammable regime.
SUMO1 Haploinsufficiency Leads to Cleft Lip and Palate

The posttranslational modification sumoylation can have multiple effects on its substrate proteins. We studied a patient with isolated cleft lip and palate and a balanced chromosomal translocation that disrupts the SUMO1 (small ubiquitin-related modifier) gene, resulting in haploinsufficiency. In mouse, we found that Sumo1 is expressed in the developing lip and palate and that a Sumo1 hypomorphic allele manifests an incompletely penetrant orofacial clefting phenotype. Products of several genes implicated in clefting are sumoylated, and the Sumo1 hypomorphic allele interacts genetically with a loss-of-function allele for one of these loci. Thus, sumoylation defines a network of genes important for palatogenesis.
Meningioma of the jugular foramen: glomus jugulare mimic and surgical challenge.

Objectives: Meningiomas involving the jugular foramen are rare lesions, with approximately 34 cases reported in the English literature. Clinically, these tumors mimic the more common glomus jugulare tumor. After surgical resection, meningiomas have worse cranial nerve outcomes and higher recurrence rates than glomus tumors. There is controversy regarding the selection of surgical approach, particularly with regard to management of the facial nerve. A reliable means of accurate preoperative diagnosis would help surgical planning and patient counseling. Study Design: We present a series of six consecutive large jugular foramen meningiomas resected by a single surgeon from 1996 to 2002. Methods: Retrospective case series (chart review). Results: The preoperative diagnosis was correct in nearly all (6/7) cases on the basis of the characteristic imaging findings seen with a combination of temporal bone dedicated computed tomography and high-resolution enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Five of six patients had lateral facial nerve rerouting (infratemporal fossa Fisch type A), and three patients also had posterior rerouting (transcochlear approach with division of greater superficial petrosal nerve). Total tumor removal was accomplished in 83%. One patient suffered recurrence over a mean follow-up period of 2.5 years. New postoperative vocal cord palsies occurred in 50% of patients, and all required vocal cord medialization. At 1 year, 50% of patients had normal or near normal (House-Brackmann I or II) facial function. Postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leaks occurred in two patients, and both eventually required ventriculoperitoneal shunts. Conclusions: Meningiomas involving the jugular foramen are surgically challenging tumors that pose unique diagnostic issues. The majority of these lesions can be completely resected. A relatively high postoperative complication rate, which can be controlled with appropriate intervention, is seen with these surgeries.
Acidification of the bathing fluid by the skin of Rana pipiens in metabolic acidosis.

The skin of Rana pipiens can be shown to excrete H+ in an in vitro preparation. This H+ excretion is increased by placing the frog in metabolic acidosis. In addition, H+ excretion is increased by the presence of HCO-3-CO2 on the serosal or inside surface of the skin. Removal of Na+ from the outside bathing solution of the skin has no apparent effect on H+ excretion. Ouabain inhibits H+ excretion by the skin of acidotic frogs almost completely, in the absence of exogenous CO2. In the presence of 5% CO2 ouabain inhibits H+ excretion by 50%. In the acidotic frog skin the H+ excretion was reduced by abolishing the spontaneous potential difference. While in the normal skin there was no effect. When the P.d. was clamped at -10 to -100 mV there was no effect on H+ excretion, while there was a slight depression of H+ excretion when the P.d. was clamped at +10 to +100 mV (outside to inside the skin). In the presence of 5% CO2 there was a marked depression of H+ excretion when clamped at -10 to -100 mV in the normal skin. In metabolic acidosis there was a marked stimulation when clamped at -10 to -100 mV.
β(1-3)Glucan synthase of Neurospora crassa: Solubilization and partial characterization

Abstract β(1-3)Glucan synthase activity of Neurospora crassa was rendered soluble by treatment of protoplast membranes from either a protoplast-forming strain ( os-1 ) or wild-type with 0.1% 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate and 0.5% octylglucoside in 25 m M 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazine ethanesulfonic acid buffer, pH 7.4, containing 5 m M EDTA, 100 m M glycerol, 1 m M phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and 10 m M sodium fluoride. Additions of 1 m M dithiothreitol, 200 m M inorganic phosphate, 10 μ M GTP, and 0.5 M glycerol increased the amount of enzyme activity solubilized (∼50% of recovered enzyme activity was soluble). Solubilized glucan synthase from both os-1 and wild-type catalyzed the formation of linear, unbranched β(1-3)glucan; K mapp and V max were similar to those of the particulate enzyme activity.
Representation of distributions with compact support

Distributions having compact support are represented as the boundary value of Cauchy and Poisson integrals corresponding to tubular radial domains TC in ℂn where C is an open convex cone. The Cauchy integral of U e ɛ′ is shown to be an analytic function in TC which satifies a certain boundedness condition. All analytic functions in TC having this boundedness condition have a distributional boundary value which can be used to determine an ɛ′ distribution. The results are extended to vector valued distributions.
Rapid two-stage arterial switch operation. Acquisition of left ventricular mass after pulmonary artery banding in infants with transposition of the great arteries.

BACKGROUND Banding of the pulmonary artery (PAB) in preparation for arterial switch operation (ASO) in patients with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) represents a unique model of acute left ventricular pressure overload in humans. METHODS AND RESULTS To establish the rate, magnitude, and determinants of left ventricular hypertrophy and the acute effect on ventricular function, serial bidimensional echocardiographic evaluations were performed on 26 patients with TGA after PAB. Mass, volume, and ejection fraction of the left ventricle were measured. Cardiac catheterization data before PAB and again before ASO were reviewed. The mean interval between the PAB and ASO was 9 +/- 4 days. The left ventricular to right ventricular pressure ratio before PAB was 0.5 and increased to 1.0 before ASO. The mean percentage increase in left ventricular mass from PAB to ASO was 96%, 95% of which was achieved in the first 7 days. The average rate of left ventricular hypertrophy for the entire period was 0.06 g/h and was 0.19 g/h during the interval from PAB to attainment of maximum left ventricular mass. The most rapid rate of hypertrophy was seen by day 2, with an exponential fall in the growth rate thereafter approaching zero by day 7. Ejection fraction was significantly reduced at 12 hours after PAB, but mean values returned to pre-PAB levels by 3.5 days after banding. The absolute rate of left ventricular hypertrophy correlated directly with body surface area but not to other hemodynamic variables. CONCLUSIONS Doubling of left ventricular mass can be achieved in 1 week after PAB. Function falls acutely due to afterload excess and/or depressed contractility but recovers rapidly as compensatory hypertrophy occurs.
The effect of Perkins, Tono-Pen, and Schiötz tonometry on intraocular pressure.

We studied the intraocular pressure changes produced in five eye bank eyes by Perkins, Tono-Pen, and Schiotz tonometry performed by experienced and inexperienced personnel. When all users were considered together, Perkins tonometry produced a mean intraocular pressure increase of 0.7 mm Hg, significantly less than the mean increase of 12.1 mm Hg produced by Tono-Pen tonometry (P
Constitutive modeling of the finite strain behavior of amorphous polymers in and above the glass transition

Abstract A constitutive model is developed to capture the rate-dependent stress–strain behavior of an amorphous polymer (poly(ethylene terephthalate)-glycol (PETG)) at temperatures in and above the glass transition (θg). As a polymer goes through its glass transition, it exhibits a dramatic decrease in elastic modulus and yield stress, and continues to show strong dependence on strain rate and temperature. The mechanical recognition of the glass transition phenomenon itself depends on the applied deformation rate. The model is able to capture this strong dependence on temperature, strain rate, and strain state for uniaxial and plane strain compression experiments to very large strains. In particular, it captures the dramatic drop in modulus from below to above θg and the corresponding drop in yield or flow stress. The model also captures the dependence on rate, temperature, and state of deformation of strain hardening, including the dramatic stiffening that occurs at very large strains. The model predictions are additionally compared to stress–strain data for poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) to identify the areas where strain-induced crystallization plays a role in its compressive mechanical behavior. No significant modifications are needed for the model to capture the behavior of PET in uniaxial compression, in spite of the fact that PET undergoes strain-induced crystallization upon deformation near θg and PETG does not. This suggests that the primary mechanism for dramatic strain hardening in biaxial deformation of PET is not strain-induced crystallization, but rather molecular orientation and alignment.
Cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions in epithelial apoptosis and cell renewal during frog intestinal development.

Amphibian intestinal remodeling during metamorphosis is a developmental system that is entirely controlled by thyroid hormone. It transforms a simple tubular organ into a complex multiply folded frog intestine similar to that in higher vertebrates. This process involves the degeneration of the larval epithelium through programmed cell death (apoptosis) and concurrent proliferation and differentiation of adult cell types. Earlier morphological and cellular studies have provided strong evidence implicating the importance of cell-cell and cell-ECM (extracellular matrix) interactions in this process. The recent molecular characterization of the genes that are regulated by thyroid hormone has begun to reveal some molecular clues underlying such interactions. In particular, theXenopus putative morphogen hedgehog appears to be involved in regulating/mediating cell-cell interactions during adult epithelial proliferation, differentiation, and/or intestinal morphogenesis. On the other hand, several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) may be involved in remodeling the ECM. Of special interest is stromelysin-3, whose spatial and temporal expression profile during intestinal metamorphosis implicates a role in ECM remodeling, which in turn facilitates cell fate determination, i.e., apoptosis vs proliferation and differentiation. Understanding the mechanisms of action for those extracellular molecules will present a future challenge in developmental research.
The alcoholic family in the interaction laboratory.

Seventeen families (father, mother, adolescent child) containing one alcoholic and one nonalcoholic spouse were tested in the family interaction laboratory using the Reiss Pattern Recognition Card Sort, a procedure with high predictive validity in the study of family interaction patterns and psychopathology. When these families were subdivided into “wet” vs. “dry” groups based on the current drinking status of the identified alcoholic, the two groups proved to have significantly different styles of interaction. Individuals in wet families tended to act independently; individuals in dry families were highly coordinated, displaying a rigid adherence to a family level pattern of problem solving. Wet families also produced more sophisticated solutions to the card sort task than their dry compatriots following that part of the procedure in which families were permitted to discuss together possible sorting solutions. Comparisons of performance data for this sample of alcoholic families with families previously tested on the Card Sort indicated a wider range of problem-solving strategies than either schizophrenic, delinquent, or normal families, but a more rigid interactional style. These findings suggest that behavioral styles in alcoholic families, although heterogeneous, can be meaningfully subdivided based on the current drinking phase of the identified alcoholic.
Potential-Induced Plastic Deformations of Nickel Hydrous Electrodes in Alkaline Electrolytes: An in Situ Atomic Force Microscopy Study

Dimensional changes of α-type nickel hydrous oxide, α-Ni(OH)2(hyd), films electrodeposited on the basal plane of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, HOPG(bp), electrodes, have been monitored by in situ by atomic force microscopy (AFM) in 1 M KOH as a function of the applied potential. Freshly prepared α-Ni(OH)2(hyd) films were found to consist of conformal sections covered by large numbers of distinctly bright, globular-type features (0.25 μm average diameter), separated by sharply defined crevices. Upon oxidation, the width of the crevices, Wc, increased, whereas the distances between any two globular features, i and j, within a specific section, rij, decreased. A statistical analysis involving more than 100 pairs of features from different sections of independent films showed that the relative decrease in rij, induced by the nominal full oxidation of the film, rij(ox)/rij(red), is remarkably constant, 0.06 ± 0.01, and independent of the magnitude of rij. Plots of Wc obtained from linear AFM scans along ...