cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimum mixture compositions for measurement of cross virial coefficients

Random error propagation is examined to determine cross second and third virial coefficients from binary gas density measurements by both the indirect and direct methods. Determination of the cross second virial coefficient B12 from Bm at a single composition via the indirect method is optimized when ye1 = ye2, where e1 and e2 are the pure component uncertainties. When all errors are equal, the equimolar mixture is optimum as expected. Corresponding analysis of the cross third virial coefficients, C112 and C122, show that the optimum compositions are not (frac13;, frac23;) as expected for equal error distribution, but rather (frac14;, frac34;). Equations presented allow determination of the two optimum compositions, when em varies with composition. Minimization of the combined errors in B12, C112, and C122 via mixture measurements at two compositions provides results near (frac13;, frac23;), when all errors are equal. Methods for direct measurement of B12 are reexamined. Optimal compositions are found using third virial coefficient correlations.
Fractal boundaries in magnetotail particle dynamics

It has been recently established that particle dynamics in the magnetotail geometry can be described as a nonintegrable Hamiltonian system with well-defined entry and exit regions through which stochastic orbits can enter and exit the system after repeatedly crossing the equatorial plane. It is shown that the phase space regions occupied by orbits of different numbers of equatorial crossings or different exit modes are separated by fractal boundaries. The fractal boundaries in an entry region for stochastic orbits are examined and the capacity dimension is determined.
Coherent and conventional quantum 1/f effect

The quantum 1/f theory is the application of a new type of infrared radiative corrections to the calculation of the rate or cross section of elementary physical processes. These new quantum-electrodynamical corrections, first introduced in 1975, are time-dependent and represent fluctuations also known as quantum 1/f noise. They define the new notions of physical cross sections and process rates which contain both the fundamental macroscopic low-frequency quantum 1/f fluctuations and the well-known, related, classical, and quantum-mechanical concepts which are constant in time. A simple universal formula allows the calculation of this quantum 1/f effect for any elementary process, such as scattering, recombination, or tunneling in semiconductors, in other condensed matter, or in free space. This yields quantum 1/f fluctuations in the frequency of collisions, in the mobility of the carriers, their diffusion constant and surface or bulk recombination rate. The quantum 1/f effect presented in this paper thus has a fundamental nature and a practical importance because it limits the performance of semiconductor devices and of most other high-technology applications.
500-W zero-voltage-switched full-bridge two-quadrant power modulator

A zero-voltage-switched full-bridge regulator, with a switch frequency of 500 kHz, converts a 270 VDC input to an output voltage that is modulated between 22.5 volts and less than one volt. The small-signal reference-to-output bandwidth is greater than 60 kHz. Synchronous rectification allows the converter to source and sink output current. >
Invited Commentary: Assessing Breast Density Change—Lessons for Future Studies

Breast density is one of the strongest predictors of breast cancer risk, and quantitative measurement is fairly reproducible. However, to study change in breast density, other issues should also be considered. Most studies of breast density have relied on one assessment, yet the mammographic features of the breast that constitute breast density change with age and/or menopause. When measuring breast density change, issues related to assessment are of greater concern. In addition, because age-period and cohort effects are codefined, evaluation of age trends must also consider the possible explanations of period and cohort effects. The prevalence of different factors affecting breast density changed dramatically over the last 50 years. In this issue of the Journal (Am J Epidemiol 2008;167:1027-1036), Kelemen et al. evaluate how factors known to be related to breast density influence breast density change with age. These authors are to be complimented on their detailed analysis and consideration of many of these issues. They not only describe the averaged effects of age on breast density changes but also consider whether patterns of density change differ for women with different exposure histories.
061 Lactate, Oxygen, and Wound Healing

Hypothesis: Both hypoxia and lactate independently induce VEGF synthesis. However, an adequate supply of oxygen is required for new vessels to mature. Materials and Methods: We used in vivo matrigel (growth factor reduced) angiogenesis assay and Swiss Webster mice n = 36 (3 groups of 12 with 6 control and 6 experimental in each). Each mouse received a 1 ml subcutaneous matrigel injection. Matrigel solidifies into a gel implant when injected subcutaneously. Control injections/implants were matrigel with no added substance and experimental implants were matrigel supplemented with 30 mgs of crushed lactate polymer or PL (poly DL-Lactide-co-Glycolide 50:50; av. mol.wt. 50–75,000 kilo Daltons). The first group of mice was maintained in 12–14% oxygen, the second group in 21% oxygen, and the third group in 50–52% oxygen continuously for 11 days, at which time the implants were harvested, fixed, sectioned, and stained with Mason’s Trichrome to identify new vessels and collagen. Results: 1. 13% oxygen control: Half showed new blood vessels with thin or incomplete walls and hemorrhages. Few collagen fibers 2. 13% oxygen with PL: same as above 3. 21% oxygen control: none showed new blood vessels/collagen fibers 4. 21% oxygen with PL: five out of six showed new blood vessels. Almost all were mature, with complete walls, collagen fibers, and no hemorrhages 5. 51% oxygen control: None showed new blood vessels/collagen fibers 6. 51% oxygen with PL: all six developed new vessels with some hemorrhage seen in two out of six. Collagen fibers present Note: matrigel contains collagen and stained a pale blue, collagen fibers were seen as dark blue, endothelial cells and RBCs as dark red and red. All blood vessels contained RBCs. Conclusions: Hypoxia and lactate induce VEGF. However, hypoxia limits vascular growth by inhibiting collagen deposition. The largest and most mature new vessels result from a combination of oxygen and lactate.
Syntheses and applications of conducting polymer polyaniline nanofibers

Nanofibers with diameters of tens of nanometers appear to be an intrinsic morpho- logical unit that was found to "naturally" form in the early stage of the chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline. In conventional polymerization, nanofibers are subject to second- ary growth of irregularly shaped particles, which leads to the final granular agglomerates. The key to producing pure nanofibers is to suppress secondary growth. Based on this, two methods—interfacial polymerization and rapidly mixed reactions—have been developed that can readily produce pure nanofibers by slightly modifying the conventional chemical syn- thesis of polyaniline without the need for any template or structural directing material. With this nanofiber morphology, the dispersibility and processibility of polyaniline are now much improved. The nanofibers show dramatically enhanced performance over conventional polyaniline applications such as in chemical sensors. They can also serve as a template to grow inorganic/polyaniline nanocomposites that lead to exciting properties such as electrical bistability that can be used for nonvolatile memory devices. Additionally, a novel flash weld- ing technique for the nanofibers has been developed that can be used to make asymmetric polymer membranes, form patterned nanofiber films, and create polymer-based nanocom- posites based on an enhanced photothermal effect observed in these highly conjugated poly- meric nanofibers.
Voiced/unvoiced speech discrimination in noise using Gabor atomic decomposition

A new algorithm is developed for voiced-unvoiced speech discrimination in noise. Short segments of speech are modeled as a sum of basis functions from a Gabor dictionary. In each iteration, a Gabor atom is fitted (using the matching pursuit algorithm) to the residual obtained by subtracting the best-fit Gabor atom from the previous residual. Multiple discriminant analysis is used to reduce the dimensionality of the vector of Gabor coefficients to give a low-dimensional feature vector for classification. A radial basis function neural network is trained on the reduced feature vector set to discriminate between voiced and unvoiced speech/silence segments. On a database of 62 sentences in 5-dB SNR speech-shaped noise, 84% correct classification accuracy was obtained.
Image use in field guides and identification keys: review and recommendations

Background and aims. Although illustrations have played an important role in identification keys and guides since the 18th century, their use has varied widely. Some keys lack all illustrations, while others are heavily illustrated. Even within illustrated guides, the way in which images are used varies considerably. Here, we review image use in paper and electronic guides, and establish a set of best practices for image use in illustrated keys and guides. Scope. Our review covers image use in both paper and electronic guides, though we only briefly cover apps for mobile devices. With this one exception, we cover the full range of guides, from those that consist only of species descriptions with no keys, to lavishly illustrated technical keys. Emphasis is placed on how images are used, not on the operation of the guides and key, which has been reviewed by others. We only deal with operation when it impacts image use. Main points. Few illustrated keys or guides use images in optimal ways. Most include too few images to show taxonomic variation or variation in characters and character states. The use of multiple images allows easier taxon identification and facilitates the understanding of characters. Most images are usually not standardized, making comparison between images difficult. Although some electronic guides allow images to be enlarged, many do not. Conclusions. The best keys and guides use standardized images, displayed at sizes that are easy to see and arranged in a standardized manner so that similar images can be compared across species. Illustrated keys and glossaries should contain multiple images for each character state so that the user can judge variation in the state. Photographic backgrounds should not distract from the subject and, where possible, should be of a standard colour. When used, drawings should be prepared by professional botanical illustrators, and clearly labelled. Electronic keys and guides should allow images to be enlarged so that their details can be seen.
Role of phospholipase Cε in physiological phosphoinositide signaling networks.

Receptor-initiated phospholipase C activation and generation of IP(3) and DAG are important common triggers for a diversity of signal transduction processes in many cell types. Contributing to this diversity is the existence and differential cellular and subcellular distribution of distinct phospholipase C isoforms with distinct regulatory properties. The recently identified PLCe enzyme is an isoform that is uniquely regulated by multiple upstream signals including ras-family GTP binding proteins as well as heterotrimeric G-proteins. In this review we will consider the well documented biochemical regulation of this isoform in the context of cell and whole animal physiology and in the context of other G protein-regulated PLC isoforms. These studies together reveal a surprisingly wide range of unexpected functions for PLCe in cellular signaling, physiology and disease.
Specific Heat Measurement of Three Nanofluids and Development of New Correlations

This paper presents the specific heat measurements of three nanofluids containing aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, and silicon dioxide nanoparticles. The first two are dispersed in a base fluid of 60:40 by mass of ethylene glycol and water (60:40 EG/W) and the last one in deionized water. Measurements were conducted over a temperature range of 315–363 K, which is the normal range of operation of automobile coolants and building heating fluids in cold regions. The nanoparticle volumetric concentrations tested were up to 10%. The measured values were compared with existing equations for the specific heat of nanofluids. A close agreement with the experimental data was not observed. Therefore, a new general correlation was developed for the specific heat as functions of particle volumetric concentration, temperature, and the specific heat of both the particle and the base fluid from the present set of measurements. The correlation predicts the specific heat values of each nanofluid within an average error of about 2.7%.
The TOKEn project: Knowledge synthesis for in silico science

Objective The conduct of investigational studies that involve large-scale data sets presents significant challenges related to the discovery and testing of novel hypotheses capable of supporting in silico discovery science. The use of what are known as Conceptual Knowledge Discovery in Databases (CKDD) methods provides a potential means of scaling hypothesis discovery and testing approaches for large data sets. Such methods enable the high-throughput generation and evaluation of knowledge-anchored relationships between complexes of variables found in targeted data sets. Methods The authors have conducted a multipart model formulation and validation process, focusing on the development of a methodological and technical approach to using CKDD to support hypothesis discovery for in silico science. The model the authors have developed is known as the Translational Ontology-anchored Knowledge Discovery Engine (TOKEn). This model utilizes a specific CKDD approach known as Constructive Induction to identify and prioritize potential hypotheses related to the meaningful semantic relationships between variables found in large-scale and heterogeneous biomedical data sets. Results The authors have verified and validated TOKEn in the context of a translational research data repository maintained by the NCI-funded Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research Consortium. Such studies have shown that TOKEn is: (1) computationally tractable; and (2) able to generate valid and potentially useful hypotheses concerning relationships between phenotypic and biomolecular variables in that data collection. Conclusions The TOKEn model represents a potentially useful and systematic approach to knowledge synthesis for in silico discovery science in the context of large-scale and multidimensional research data sets.
Human sickness behavior: Ultimate and proximate explanations

Sickness behavior, a coordinated set of behavioral changes in response to infection, lies at the intersection of immunology, endocrinology, and evolutionary biology. Sickness behavior is elicited by pro-inflammatory cytokines, is thought to be an adaptive means of redirecting energy away from disadvantageous behaviors and toward mounting an effective immune response, and may be modulated by hormones, including testosterone and oxytocin. Research on sickness behavior in humans has lagged behind non-human animal research due to methodological complexities. Here we review what is known about sickness behavior in humans, the effects of various hormones on sickness behavior, the possible role of cytokine gene variation in influencing sickness behavior responses, and the ways in which culture and gender norms could similarly influence these behavioral changes. We also propose methodologies for advancing further studies of sickness behavior in humans. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:1–18, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of the Vidas and Bio-Whittaker enzyme immunoassays for detecting IgG reactive with varicella-zoster virus and mumps virus

A total of 215 sera, 164 positive and 51 negative for antibody reactive with varicella-zoster virus (VZV), were analyzed using two commercially available enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for detecting VZV-IgG, the Vidas Varicella-Zoster IgG assay (bioMerieux Vitek, Inc., Hazelwood, MO, USA) and the Bio-Whittaker Varicella II assay (Bio-Whittaker, Inc., Walkersville, MD). The sensitivity and specificity of the Vidas and EIA for VZV-IgG was 98.9 and 100%, respectively. The sensitivity of the Bio-Whittaker VZV-IgG EIA assay was 98.8%, specificity 96.1%. Equivocal results were obtained with 4 and 2 sera, respectively. A total of 185 sera, 169 positive and 16 negative for mumps virus antibody, were analyzed with Vidas and Bio-Whittaker mumps IgG EIAs. The sensitivity of the two assays for detecting mumps IgG was 99.4% and 95.7%, respectively. Both assays demonstrated 100% specificity. Two of the 185 sera tested for mumps antibody yielded equivocal results with the Vidas EIA; four equivocal results were obtained with the Bio-Whittaker EIA.
Antigenic complementarity among AIDS-associated infectious agents and molecular mimicry of lymphocyte proteins as inducers of lymphocytotoxic antibodies and circulating immune complexes.

Abstract Background: People at risk for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have high rates of cofactor infections in addition to HIV, including cytomegalovirus, hepatitis viruses, Mycobacteria, Mycoplasmas, and Staphylococcus aureus . Most people with AIDS also develop lymphocytotoxic antibodies (LCTA) and circulating immune complexes (CIC). While HIV proteins mimic HLA antigens, many cofactor agents mimic CD4 antigens. It has therefore been proposed that cofactor infections may interact with HIV by producing complementary antigens that induce LCTA and CIC, and that the resulting immunological dysfunction is part of AIDS pathogenesis. Objectives: To test (1) whether HIV and its cofactor infections elicit complementary (idiotype-anti-idiotype) antibodies, and (2) if any of these antibodies mimic anti-lymphocyte antibodies. Study design: Two immunological methods are employed to test for antibody complementarity: (1) double antibody diffusion, a modification of Ouchterlony immunodiffusion, in which antibodies are tested for their ability to precipitate each other; (2) double-antibody ELISA, in which an antibody against one infectious agent is adsorbed to an ELISA plate and an antibody against a second agent is used to detect the first. Results: Data on over a thousand double antibody diffusion (DAD) and about 70 DA-ELISA experiments are reported. These show that only specific pairs of antibodies are complementary: HIV-CMV; HIV-HBV; HIV-tuberculosis; HIV-mycoplasmas; HIV- S. aureus ; and CMV-mycoplasmas. In addition, HIV antibodies precipitate CD4 antibodies; CMV antibodies precipitate HLA-DR antibodies; while mycobacteria and mycoplasma antibodies precipitate macrophage antibodies. Conclusions: Antibodies elicited by HIV infection can interact with antibodies elicited by cofactor infections to form CIC, and some of these antibodies mimic lymphocyte antibodies so that they may function as LCTA. Since LCTA and CIC are associated with increased lymphocyte death in AIDS, the immune response against cofactors in HIV may play a significant role in AIDS pathogenesis. The fact that both HIV and cofactors elicit antibodies with LCTA characteristics may pose problems for vaccine development.
Blind deconvolution using a mixed projection-gradient approach

In this paper, we present a set theoretic based approach for solving the classical blind deconvolution problem. In this new approach, every piece of available information about both the source function and the system impulse response function is expressed via a constraint set. The proposed algorithm enjoys good convergent properties. >
A Prospective Pilot Study Evaluating the Effectiveness of Secretory IgA Measurements in Bronchoalveolar Lavage to Detect Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Previous studies have described significant elevations in the concentrations of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in bronchial washings obtained from cancerous lungs. To date, there have been no prospective investigations examining the predictive value of sIgA measurements in clinically relevant settings. Our goal was to determine if measurement of sIgA in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) at the time of bronchoscopic evaluation of potentially malignant lung nodules might prospectively predict the presence of cancer. We observed no significant increase in the sIgA obtained from eight BALs obtained from cancerous lungs as ***compared with BALs taken from these same patients' contralateral cancer-free lungs. We also saw no significant difference in BAL (sIgA) obtained from patients eventually found to have cancer (N = 8) as compared with those found to have noncancer diagnoses (N = 6). In light of these findings, we think it unlikely that measurement of sIgA will be clinically useful in the diagnosis of pulmonary malignant neoplasms.
CATALYTIC MULLITIZATION OF KAOLINITE BY METALLIC OXIDE

The effect of the addition of various oxides on the mullitization of kaolinite was studied by chemical, microscopic, and X-ray methods. A comparative study of the chemical and the X-ray methods of mullite determination has shown that the chemical method (use of hydrofluoric acid) can yield only relative values. The use of X rays appears to give absolute results. The oxides of zinc, lithium, magnesium, iron, manganese, and molybdenum were found to be good mullite builders; sodium, potassium, titanium, and stannic oxides were poor; and boric oxide and calcium oxide were fair accelerators.
Resistance to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 In Vitro as a Surrogate of Vaccine-Induced Protective Immunity

An in vitro assay developed as a correlate of vaccine-induced protection from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was validated in populations with relative resistance to HIV-1 as well as in HIV vaccine recipients. Cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were challenged with 10 TCID50 of HIV-1MN or HIV-1BaL, titered in PBMC from normal controls (n=57). PBMC from HIV-1-infected persons with low viremia (n=17), exposed uninfected persons (n=23), and HIV-2-infected Senegalese prostitutes (n=9) were significantly resistant to HIV-1BaL and/or HIV-1MN (P<.001). Among 34 HIV vaccine recipients of live canarypox vector expressing multiple HIV-1 gene products with or without rgp120 booster, PBMC from postvaccination samples were significantly resistant to both strains (P<.001), and cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursor-positive samples were significantly more resistant than were precursor-negative samples (P<.03). This is the first evidence of the induction by vaccination of a validated correlate of protection. This assay should serve as a useful criterion for assessing experimental HIV vaccines before phase III efficacy trials.
Integral Feedback Control in System Biology Application to Bacterial Chemotaxis

The necessity of integral feedback control is important to bioengineers, because they must reverse engineer systems designed by evolution. When a system exhibits robust asymptotic tracking, it must have Integral feedback as structural properties of the system. In this paper we are investigating the conditions under which a system has the property that the output is independent of the input level in steady state. This is called perfect adaptation in biology, but we will refer to it as asymptotic tracking following control theory terminology. The application of integral adaptive and heuristic model based on Volttera kernel to biochemical signaling networks and bacterial chemotaxis are presented.
Tversky's Parameterized Similarity Ratio Model: A Basis for Semantic Relatedness

Numerous measures have been proposed to determine the semantic relatedness between words. Earlier approaches rely on the location of the words within the structure of a terminological ontology and are categorized into distance-based or information content models. More recently research has considered the overlapping of attributes or relationships, i.e., feature matching, between words or lexical concepts. This paper focuses on Tversky's prominent parameterized ratio model and its fundamental role in semantic relatedness measures. Existing semantic relatedness measures from the distance-based and information content categories are unified through this model. Through appropriate feature selection of properties of word objects in terminological ontologies, the model may also be used as the basis for proposing numerous other approaches to creating a variety of semantic relatedness measures.
Fiber-optic ultrasound generator using periodic gold nanopores fabricated by a focused ion beam

Ultrasound generation from an optical fiber, based on the photo- acoustic principle, is a promising approach to many ultrasonic applica- tions, specifically those requiring wide bandwidth and compact size in order to achieve high resolution as well as the capability of being operated in limited space. A fiber-optic ultrasound generator using gold nanopores is reported. The gold nanopores, having high absorption efficiency, were fabricated using a focused ion beam (FIB) on the fiber endface, which was excited by a nanosecond laser in order to generate ultrasound signals via the photoacoustic principle. Experimental results demonstrate that these wide bandwidth ultrasound signals can be generated by this compact fiber-optic ultrasound generator fabricated using a FIB. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI. (DOI: 10.1117/1.OE.52.6.065005)
Sternoclavicular joint surgery: how far does danger lurk below?

Background Surgical stabilization of the sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) is infrequent, and cardiothoracic surgery assistance is often recommended. Patient safety and surgeon efficiency may be improved by greater understanding of the anatomic relationships near the SCJ. The purpose of this study is to determine the distances from the SCJ to critical structures in the superior mediastinum. Materials and methods Distances from the posterior SCJ to adjacent mediastinal structures were recorded using contrast computed tomography scans of 49 consecutive patients. Patient sex, height, body mass index, side, age, and thickness of the sternum and medial clavicle were also recorded. Results The mean distance to the nearest anatomic structure deep to the clavicular region of the SCJ was 6.6 mm and was 12.5 mm for the sternal region. The clavicle was an average thickness of 18 mm, and the sternum was an average thickness of 17 mm. The closest structure was the brachiocephalic vein. An artery was identified as the closest structure in 21.2% of patients. Distance differences between the right and left sides were noted, but sex had no bearing on distance to structures. Conclusion Multiple mediastinal structures are close to the SCJ. The most frequent structure at risk of injury deep to the SCJ is the brachiocephalic vein. Such knowledge may improve patient safety.
FFTW and Complex Ambiguity Function performance on the Maestro processor

Maestro is a 49-core general-purpose, radiation-hardened processor for space. Fourier Transform is an important computation in many space applications. FFTW is a high performance package that computes one and multidimensional Fourier Transforms. We ported FFTW library to the Maestro processor and used it extensively in implementing the Complex Ambiguity Function (CAF), which is a reference space application. We were able to obtain 145 MFLOPS (0.36 FLOPs/Cycle) on a single Maestro core with double-precision computations and 202 MFLOPS (0.50 FLOPs/Cycle) on a single Maestro core with single-precision computations running at 260 MHz.12
EXPERIMENTAL TOXOPLASMOSIS IN BUDGERIGARS (MELOPSITTACUS UNDULATUS)

The susceptibility of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) to graded doses of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts was studied. Sixteen budgerigars were divided into 4 groups (A-D) of 4 each. Birds in groups A-C were fed 100,000, 1,000, or 100 infective oocysts of the VEG strain of T. gondii, respectively. Budgerigars in group D were not fed oocysts and served as controls. All 4 birds in group A died (or were killed) because of acute severe enteritis 5 or 6 days after feeding oocysts (DAFO). Three of the 4 birds in group B were killed (or died) because of toxoplasmosis 9 or 14 DAFO. One budgerigar in group C and the 4 budgerigars in group D remained healthy and were killed 35 or 39 DAFO. Toxoplasma gondii was demonstrated in tissues of all budgerigars fed oocysts. The control budgerigars remained clinically normal and showed no evidence of T. gondii exposure. These results indicate that, compared to other passerines, budgerigars are relatively resistant to clinical toxoplasmosis.
Erythroid Krüppel-like factor (EKLF) contains a multifunctional transcriptional activation domain important for inter- and intramolecular interactions.

Erythroid Kruppel-like factor (EKLF) is a red cell-restricted transcriptional activator that plays a dominant role in establishing high levels of beta-globin gene expression during erythroid ontogeny. Although its DNA binding domain belongs to the well-studied class of Kruppel-like zinc fingers, its proline-rich activation region has not been thoroughly examined. We have analyzed this region by monitoring the functional effects of its mutagenesis upon EKLF activity in vivo and in vitro. First, using co-transfection assays, we find that the transactivation region contains discrete stimulatory and inhibitory subdomains. Second, in vitro binding assays indicate that the inhibitory domain exerts its effect in cis by interfering with DNA binding. Third, in vivo competition assays demonstrate that EKLF interacts with a positive-acting cellular factor, and that the domain responsible for this trans interaction lies within a 40 amino acid sequence that is coincident with the EKLF minimal transactivation domain. Finally, site-directed mutagenesis of this domain implies that conformation and/or phosphorylation status of its central core may be critical for such interactions. These results point towards post-translational steric and/or allosteric control of EKLF function that may be important not just for its DNA binding ability, but also for its potential to interact with other proteins that fully establish the correct stereospecific array leading to efficient switching of beta-globin transcription during development.
Electrical design: a problem for artificial intelligence research

This raport outlines the problem of intelligent failure recovery in problem-solver for electrical design. We want our problem solver to learn as much as it can from its mistakes. Thus we cast the engineering design process in terms of Problem Solving by Debugging Almost-Right Plans, a paradigm for automatic problem solving based on the belief that creation and removal of "bugs" is an unavoidable part of the process of solving a complex problem. The process of localization and removal of bugs called for by the PSBDARP theory requires an approach to engineering analysis in which every result has a justification which describes the exact set of assumptions it depends upon. We have developed a program based on Analysis by Propagation of Constraints which can explain the basis of its deductions. In addition to being useful to a PSBDARP designer, these justifications are used in Dependency-Directed Backtracking to limit the combinatorial search in the analysis routines. Although the research we will describe is explicitly about electrical circuits, we believe that similar principles and methods are employed by other kinds of engineers, including computer programmers.
Escape from sodium-retaining effects of deoxycorticosterone in hypotensive and hypertensive dogs.

SummaryThe ability of the mammalian kidney to escape from the sodium-retaining effects of mineralocorticoid hormones has not been thought to depend upon increases in blood pressure or renal perfusion. However, chronic exposure to excess endogenous or exogenous adrenal cortical hormones results in hypertension, and it seemed possible that early small increments in blood pressure might play a role in escape. To evaluate this, hypotension was produced with drugs in dogs, and their ability to escape was studied. A combination of hydralazine and guanethidine effectively lowered blood pressure but did not prevent or delay renal escape from deoxycorticosterone. Production of hypotension after escape resulted in sodium retention for 1 day, but then sodium balance resumed despite continued hypotension and lowered renal blood flow and filtration. Mean arterial blood pressure in dogs with thoracic inferior vena caval constriction was not significantly below normal, and elevation of blood pressure with ephedrine fail...
The treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia with ipsilateral fibular transfer to make a one-bone lower leg: a review of the literature and case report with a 23-year follow-up.

Background: The surgical making of a one-bone lower leg is, in a way, an operation of necessity or last resort. It has been attempted for many conditions and by many techniques. Methods: This is a review of the literature and a case report of transferring a congenitally pseudarthritic fibula to replace an ipsilateral pseudarthritic tibial diaphysis without exposing the fibular vascular pedicle, or using microvascular techniques, and with the specific aim of purposely creating a true one-bone lower leg, the tibula. Results and Conclusion: The concept and surgical technique used here leave the contralateral leg undisturbed and are less demanding, time consuming, and costly than a vascularized pedicle graft or bone transport. This procedure is new and can also be applied when the fibula is normal and to repair tibial diaphyseal deficiency from any cause in both children and adults.
Big Data Comes to School: Implications for Learning, Assessment, and Research

The prospect of “big data” at once evokes optimistic views of an information-rich future and concerns about surveillance that adversely impacts our personal and private lives. This overview article...
Collaboration Strategies Between Family Counselors and Attorneys in Child Abuse and Neglect Cases, Child Custody Cases and Reporting An Interview With Deirdre Ward, JD

In this interview, Deirdra Ward, JD, provides guidance to family counselors whose clients are involved with Children’s Protective Services (CPS). Ms. Ward addresses such issues as court appearances, documentation, working within scope of practice, and understanding and communicating effectively with attorneys. Ms. Ward also outlines procedures for reporting abuse as well as the type of information marriage and family counselors should report to the court when working with a family under investigation by CPS.
Citrate transport in proximal cell line

Citrate uptake into kidney proximal tubules occurs via an apical dicarboxylate transporter and a poorly characterized process in the basolateral membrane. We used OK cells, a cell line derived from opossum kidney, to study citrate transport in proximal tubule-like cells. Citrate uptake into cell monolayers was studied using [14C]citrate with [3H]mannitol as a volume marker. Citrate uptake into these cells was sodium dependent and saturable with increasing concentrations of citrate. In contrast to previous models, citrate transport was altered minimally by changes in pH from 6.2 to 7.0 and increased at pH 7.4 to 7.8. A variety of di- and tricarboxylates were tested for interaction with citrate transport. The dicarboxylates succinate, malate, and oxaloacetate at 1 mM concentration inhibited citrate uptake minimally (uptake at least 80% of control); one dicarboxylate, alpha-ketoglutarate, did inhibit citrate uptake significantly. In contrast, the tricarboxylates isocitrate and tricarballylate inhibited citrate uptake significantly, indicating probable competitive inhibition with the transport process. These characteristics are distinctly different from those of the apical membrane dicarboxylate transporter. 1,2,3-Benzenetricarboxylic acid, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial tricarboxylate transporter, did not alter citrate uptake. In conclusion, the OK proximal cell line exhibits a novel citrate transport process compared with the apical transport of citrate described in most proximal systems. This transport process probably involves the trivalent species of citrate in contrast to the usual predominant transport of divalent citrate. This transport process may represent a process similar to that in the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubule.
New understandings of Guillian- Barre syndrome

Guillian-Barre syndrome (GBS) is the most frequent cause of acute flaccid paralysis in the post-polio era, which is characterized clinically by rapidly progressing paralysis, areflexia, and albumino-cytological dissociation in cerebral-spinal fluids. Based on the electroneurophysiologic and pathologic characteristics, this disorder could be classified into four different patterns such as acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, acute motor axonal neuropathy, acute motor sensory axonal neuropathy, and the Miller-Fisher syndrome. It was commonly considered that GBS is an organ specific immune-mediated peripheral neuropathy, both cell-mediated and humoral immune pathways variably contribute to the pathogenesis of each pattern. Typical clinical manifestations and nerve conduction studies may help in correct diagnosis and classification of suspected GBS patients. Treatment with immunomodulation can effectively ameliorate nerve damage and accelerate recovery of patients. This review emphasizes the recent advances in understanding of the subtyping, pathogenesis, etiology, clinical features, differential diagnosis, electrophysiological diagnostic criteria and treatment of GBS.
Research on algorithms for computing correlation of members in networks

Network properties are studied in the perspective of member correlation.Firstly,a correlation computing algorithm called Ad-Ch algorithm is introduced.The advantages and disadvantages of Ad-Ch algorithm are analyzed through experiments.Subse-quently,a new correlation computing algorithm called disjoint paths weight accumulating algorithm is proposed.Finally,experiments are conducted to verify the performances of disjoint paths weight accumulating algorithm.Disjoint paths weight accumulating algo-rithm is proved to be effective in correlation computing by analyzing the results of the experiments.
Stochastic unit commitment basec on arima scenario generation and reduction

Under high penetration of wind energy, the power system is facing the challenge to maintain the balance between generation and load due to the uncertainty and variability of wind. The traditional unit commitment only consider the deterministic load and wind output in next day and use the operating reserve to handle the net load uncertainty. In this paper, the stochastic unit commitment is developed to address the uncertainty of load and wind output. The time series model Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) is applied to provide the point estimation and prediction interval for next 24 hours based on the historical load and wind data. The Monte-Carlo simulation and scenario reduction is applied to generate the scenarios and reduce the scenario number. The Benders Decomposition is used to solve the large scale stochastic programming problem in a more efficient manner. A 6 bus system is simulated and studied for the proposed model and algorithm.
Introduction: Fiat in Lyric

‘Every thing must have a beginning, to speak in Sanchean phrase.’ But according to Mary Shelley, at least as she reflected back on Frankenstein in 1831, ‘that beginning must be linked to something that went before.’ The world rests on an elephant, the elephant on a tortoise according to Hindu theogony, since even the most original of creators cannot create substance.1 Just as the American Revolution was getting started, in the most forcible of demystifying language Tom Paine declared ‘we have it in our power to begin the world over again.’2 Yet this study will argue that romanticism, heralded by many as the age of the social contract and Rights of Man, instead engages in non-contractual poetics. Based at once in enchantment and demystification, imagination and critical reason, the legacy of romanticism carries on by a series of gestures of verbal fiat. My argument in this book will in large part be an attempt to explain the two initial responses here: the one that stresses continuities of creation (even as the latter word retains something of its strong sense); and the other point of emphasis moving against a consciously willed model of the enlightenment subject.
Competing risk theory

Competing risk theory hypothesizes k risks (diseases, accidents, etc.) which compete for the lives of individuals. For each individual, one of these risks will ‘win,’ and the individual will die from that risk. The theory then attempts to predict the consequence of removing or adding a risk. For example, what would be the effect on life expectancy if a cure for smallpox were found? Similarly, we might ask: What would be the effect on life expectancy if 100 nuclear power plants were added to the community?
Of Neurons and Nominalizations: A Review of the Sense of Style: The Thinking Person's Guide to Writing in the 21st Century by Steven Pinker

Harvard psychology professor Steven Pinker has interrupted his series of remarkably accessible books on human cognition to bring us what he terms “a writing guide for the twenty-first century.” Happily, The Sense of Style resembles Pinker’s prior books in that it’s filled with uncannily apt examples drawn from absolutely everywhere — a physicist’s essay on the multiple-universe theory, a New York Times obituary of Helen Gurley Brown, a line from This Is Spinal Tap — and with Pinker’s generosity of spirit.
Morality as a Discursive Accomplishment among Animal Rescue Workers

AbstractA sociological view of moral decision making suggests that it is frequently an interactionally constructed product of the discourse of groups. Here we utilize ethnographically-derived email conversations to analyze the discursive construction of decisions among members of a volunteer group faced with a moral dilemma. We focus on their use of three key linguistic resources—moral vocabularies, moral rhetoric and moral narratives. We find each of these resources instrumental in constructing a discourse that allows groups to resolve such problems, while simultaneously shoring up group solidarity, protecting the basic principles the group, and salvaging the moral identities of its members.
Dietary variability in two common Alaskan skates ( Bathyraja interrupta and Raja rhina )

Determining trophic relationships within and among species can provide insight into the structure and function of an ecosystem, and can inform the development of multi-species monitoring and management plans. The goal of this study was to address the need for dietary and trophic information of two common and abundant skates in Prince William Sound (PWS), the Bering skate, Bathyraja interrupta, and longnose skate, Raja rhina. Based on identification and analysis of stomach content data, both species were found to be generalist predators with diets dominated by crustaceans and supplemented with teleosts. The primary source of dietary variability for each species was total length, with spatial variables (i.e., latitude, longitude, and depth) also explaining a large portion of total dietary variability in the Bering skate. However, only a small proportion of the total intraspecific dietary variation was accounted for among the analyzed variables, suggesting substantial individual-based differences in the feeding habits of each species. Trophic level estimates indicated that the Bering skate and longnose skates <100 cm total length (TL) were secondary consumers, whereas longnose skates ≥100 cm TL were more piscivorous, tertiary consumers. Significant interspecific dietary differences were also evident, suggesting trophic separation, likely as a function of skate size. Given their abundance and generalistic feeding behavior, PWS skates can provide a means of monitoring demersal community health; information about their foraging ecology will be valuable in gaining a better understanding of trophodynamics within the PWS food web.
Turbulence characteristics of a thermally stratified wind turbine array boundary layer via proper orthogonal decomposition

A large eddy simulation framework is used to explore the structure of the turbulent flow in a thermally stratified wind turbine array boundary layer. The flow field is driven by a constant geostrophic wind with time-varying surface boundary conditions obtained from a selected period of the CASES-99 field experiment. Proper orthogonal decomposition is used to extract coherent structures of the turbulent flow under the considered thermal stratification regimes. The flow structure is discussed in the context of three-dimensional representations of key modes, which demonstrate features ranging in size from the wind turbine wakes to the atmospheric boundary layer. Results demonstrate that structures related to the atmospheric boundary layer flow dominate over those introduced by the wind farm for the unstable and neutrally stratified regimes; large structures in atmospheric turbulence are beneficial for the wake recovery, and consequently the presence of the turbulent wind turbine wakes is diminished. Contrarily, the flow in the stably stratified case is fully dominated by the presence of the turbines and highly influenced by the Coriolis force. A comparative analysis of the test cases indicates that during the stable regime, higher-order modes contribute less to the overall character of the flow. Under neutral and unstable stratification, important turbulence dynamics are distributed over a larger range of basis functions. The influence of the wind turbines on the structure of the atmospheric boundary layer is mainly quantified via the turbulence kinetic energy of the first ten modes. Linking the new insights into structure of the wind turbine/atmospheric boundary layer and their interaction addressed here will benefit the formulation of new simplified models for commercial application.
Smoking abstinence and neurocognition: implications for cessation and relapse.

In this chapter, we review the last decade of research on the effects of smoking abstinence on various forms of neurocognition, including executive function (working memory, sustained attention, response inhibition), reward processing, and cue-reactivity. In our review we identify smoking abstinence-induced deficits in executive function mediated by effects on frontal circuitry, which in turn is known to be affected by modulation of cholinergic, dopaminergic, and other neurotransmitter systems. We also review evidence that smoking abstinence blunts reactivity to non-drug reinforcers—a finding that is consistent with results in the animal literature. Finally, our review of cue-reactivity indicates that smoking abstinence does not appear to amplify cue-provoked craving, although it may increase attentional bias to smoking-related cues. Inconsistencies across findings and potential contributing factors are discussed. In addition, we review the literature on the effects of nicotine and non-nicotine factors in neurocognition. Finally, we provide a multi-factor model and an agenda for future research on the effects of smoking abstinence on neurocognition. The model includes four distinct yet interacting factors, including: Negative Reinforcement, Drug-Reward Bias, Goal and Skill Interference, and Non-Cognitive Factors. Additional research is needed to further evaluate the scope and time-course of abstinence-induced changes in neurocognition, the mechanisms that underlie these changes and the specific role of these processes in drug reinforcement, lapse, and relapse.