cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Genome-Wide Screen of CREB Occupancy Identifies the RhoA Inhibitors Par6C and Rnd3 as Regulators of BDNF-Induced Synaptogenesis

Neurotrophin-regulated gene expression is believed to play a key role in long-term changes in synaptic structure and the formation of dendritic spines. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been shown to induce increases in dendritic spine formation, and this process is thought to function in part by stimulating CREB-dependent transcriptional changes. To identify CREB-regulated genes linked to BDNF-induced synaptogenesis, we profiled transcriptional occupancy of CREB in hippocampal neurons. Interestingly, de novo motif analysis of hippocampal ChIP-Seq data identified a non-canonical CRE motif (TGGCG) that was enriched at CREB target regions and conferred CREB-responsiveness. Because cytoskeletal remodeling is an essential element of the formation of dendritic spines, within our screens we focused our attention on genes previously identified as inhibitors of RhoA GTPase. Bioinformatic analyses identified dozens of candidate CREB target genes known to regulate synaptic architecture and function. We showed that two of these, the RhoA inhibitors Par6C (Pard6A) and Rnd3 (RhoE), are BDNF-induced CREB-regulated genes. Interestingly, CREB occupied a cluster of non-canonical CRE motifs in the Rnd3 promoter region. Lastly, we show that BDNF-stimulated synaptogenesis requires the expression of Par6C and Rnd3, and that overexpression of either protein is sufficient to increase synaptogenesis. Thus, we propose that BDNF can regulate formation of functional synapses by increasing the expression of the RhoA inhibitors, Par6C and Rnd3. This study shows that genome-wide analyses of CREB target genes can facilitate the discovery of new regulators of synaptogenesis.
Human Keratinocytes Adhere to a Unique Heparin-Binding Peptide Sequence Within the Triple Helical Region of Type IV Collagen

The present studies were aimed at further characterizing the interaction between basement membrane molecules and normal cultured human keratinocytes because of the intimate association between basal keratinocytes and the basement membrane. The studies show that keratinocytes adhere to type IV collagen-coated substrata to a greater degree than substrata coated with similar concentrations of fibronectin and laminin. To further define cell-binding regions within type IV collagen, studies were performed using purified pepsin-generated triple helical fragments of type IV collagen and show that keratinocytes bind to sites within the triple-helical region of type IV collagen. To delineate specific cell adhesion promoting sequences, we studied a series of chemically synthesized peptides derived from the triple-helical region of type IV collagen. One peptide, designated Hep III, which is thirteen amino acids in length and binds heparin, was active in directly promoting keratinocyte adhesion. Furthermore, in competition assays, this peptide in solution was shown to inhibit keratinocyte adhesion to substrata coated with Hep Ill or intact type IV collagen. These studies show that keratinocytes hind directly to type IV collagen and chemically define a major cell-adhesion -promoting site within the triple-helical region.
Heavy metal concentrations in human eyes.

Purpose To measure the concentration of toxic heavy metals in the fluids and tissues of human eyes. Design Laboratory investigation. Methods Thirty autopsy eyes of 16 subjects were dissected to obtain the aqueous, vitreous, lens, ciliary body, retina, and retinal pigment epithelium/choroid. Concentrations of lead, cadmium, mercury, and thallium in ocular tissues, ocular fluids, and blood were determined using an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer and expressed as ng/g. Heavy metal concentrations in ocular tissues were compared using a paired t test. Results Lead and cadmium were found in all of the pigmented ocular tissues studied, concentrating to the greatest extent in the retinal pigment epithelium/choroid (mean, 432 ± 485 ng/g and 2,358 ± 1,522 ng/g). Cadmium was found in the retina in all eyes (mean, 1,072 ± 489 ng/g) whereas lead was found in the retina in 9 (30%) of 30 eyes (mean, 53 ± 54 ng/g). Trace concentrations of lead and cadmium were detected in the vitreous (mean, 0.5 ± 1.0 ng/dl and 19 ± 29 ng/dl), lens (mean, 13 ± 18 ng/g and 20 ± 18 ng/g), and blood (mean, 0.5 ± 1.2 μg/dl and 3.1 ± 4.1 μg/l) but were not detected in the aqueous. Mercury and thallium were not detected in any ocular tissues or fluids or in the blood. Conclusions Lead and cadmium accumulate in human ocular tissues, particularly in the retinal pigment epithelium and choroid. The potential ocular toxicity of these heavy metals and their possible role in eye disease requires further study.
Effects of local anaesthetic on the state of water in frog nerves.

THE role of water in neurophysiology is much debated with some investigators attributing to water a very active role1,2 and others assigning to it a passive participation3,4. It has been shown recently5 that significant changes in the physical-chemical characteristics of the intracellular water accompany the depolarization of nerve fibres in the sciatic nerve trunk of the frog. When the nerve trunk was depolarized either chemically or electrically it was observed that the rate of exchange between the intracellular and extracellular water was reduced. It was also seen that the concentration of water in the cell interior was reduced on depolarization of the nerve trunk.
Inhibition of a Specific N-Glycosylation Activity Results in Attenuation of Breast Carcinoma Cell Invasiveness-related Phenotypes INHIBITION OF EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR-INDUCED DEPHOSPHORYLATION OF FOCAL ADHESION KINASE

Changes in the expression of glycosyltransferases that branch N-linked glycans can alter the function of several types of cell surface receptors and a glucose transporter. To study in detail the mechanisms by which aberrant N-glycosylation caused by altered N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V(GnT-V, GnT-Va, and Mgat5a) expression can regulate the invasiveness-related phenotypes found in some carcinomas, we utilized specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) to selectively knock down GnT-V expression in the highly metastatic and invasive human breast carcinoma cell line, MDA-MB231. Knockdown of GnT-V by siRNA expression had no effect on epidermal growth factor receptor expression levels but lowered expression of N-linked β(1,6)-branching on epidermal growth factor receptor, as expected. Compared with control cells, knockdown of GnT-V caused significant inhibition of the morphological changes and cell detachment from matrix that is normally seen after stimulation with epidermal growth factor (EGF). Decreased expression of GnT-V caused a marked inhibition of EGF-induced dephosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), consistent with the lack of cell morphology changes in the cells expressing GnT-V siRNA. The attenuation of EGF-mediated phosphorylation and activation of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 was dramatically observed in GnT-V knockdown cells, and these effects could be rescued by reintroduction of GnT-V into these cells, indicating that reduced EGF-mediated activation of SHP-2 was GnT-V related. Concomitantly, knockdown of GnT-V caused reduced EGF-mediated ERK signaling and tumor cell invasiveness-related phenotypes, including effects on actin rearrangement and cell motility. No changes in EGF binding were observed, however, after knockdown of GnT-V. Our results demonstrate that decreased GnT-V activity due to siRNA expression in human breast carcinoma cells resulted in an inhibition of EGF-stimulated SHP-2 activation and, consequently, caused attenuation of the dephosphorylation of FAK induced by EGF. These effects suppressed EGF-mediated downstream signaling and invasiveness-related phenotypes and suggest GnT-V as a potential therapeutic target.
Early Mesozoic uplift in west-central Arizona and southeastern California

Mesozoic rocks in west-central Arizona and southeastern California record an episode of uplift in Late Triassic to Middle Jurassic time. The main evidence for this uplift is an unconformity that is cut on Triassic to Proterozoic rocks and is overlain by a pre-160 Ma conglomerate containing clasts of Proterozoic crystalline rocks. The uplift is an important early Mesozoic paleogeographic feature and may be part of the long-sought source terrane for detritus in the Chinle Formation and other lower Mesozoic units of the Colorado Plateau.
Incidence and etiology of acute renal failure among ambulatory HIV-infected patients.

Incidence and etiology of acute renal failure among ambulatory HIV-infected patients. Background Acute renal failure (ARF) is a cause of renal dysfunction in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. Its incidence and causes have not been studied since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV ambulatory patients. Methods This is a prospective cohort study of 754 HIV patients, 18 years or older, seen at a university-based infectious disease clinic between 2000 and 2002. ARF was identified using proportional increases in serum creatinine from baseline and by chart review. Clinical conditions were assessed at the time of the ARF event. ARF incidence rates (IR) were calculated by dividing the number of events by person time at risk. To compare patients with and without ARF, t test or chi-square test were used. Results Patient's mean age was 40 years; 68% were male and 61% were black. One hundred-eleven ARF events occurred in 71 subjects (IR 5.9 per 100 person-years; 95% CI 4.9, 7.1). ARF was more common in men, in those with CD4 cell count 3 , and HIV RNA levels >10,000 copies/mL. These patients more often had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis C infection (HCV), and have received HAART. ARF was mainly community-acquired, due to prerenal causes or acute tubular necrosis, and associated with opportunistic infections and drugs. Liver disease was a cause of ARF in HCV-infected patients. Conclusion ARF is common in ambulatory HIV patients. Immunosuppression, infection, and HCV are important conditions associated with ARF in the post-HAART era.
Relaxation of the Carotid Artery to Hypoxia Is Impaired in Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic Rabbits

We tested the hypothesis that relaxation of the carotid artery during hypoxia is mediated by activation of glibenclamide-sensitive potassium channels and that this response is impaired in hyperlipidemic rabbits. In New Zealand White rabbits (plasma cholesterol, 69 +/- 12 mg/dL, mean +/- SEM) and Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits (plasma cholesterol, 677 +/- 99 mg/dL), tension of the carotid artery was measured in an organ bath under control conditions and during two levels of hypoxia. In normal rabbits, mild hypoxia produced 21 +/- 2% relaxation in arteries precontracted with phenylephrine. Removal of endothelium or the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine (10(-4) mol/L) almost abolished relaxation in response to mild hypoxia in normal rabbits. Glibenclamide (10(-6) mol/L), an inhibitor of ATP-sensitive potassium channels, attenuated relaxation during mild hypoxia by almost 60%. In WHHL rabbits mild hypoxia relaxed the carotid artery by only 9 +/- 4% (P < .05 versus normal rabbits). Severe hypoxia produced greater relaxation of the carotid artery in normal than in WHHL rabbits (85 +/- 5% versus 52 +/- 8%, respectively, P < .05). Glibenclamide but not endothelial denudation or NG-nitro-L-arginine attenuated relaxation during severe hypoxia in normal and WHHL rabbits. Relaxation of the carotid artery to sodium nitroprusside was similar in normal and WHHL rabbits. These findings suggest that relaxation of the carotid artery in response to mild and severe hypoxia is impaired in WHHL rabbits and is mediated, in large part, by activation of glibenclamide-sensitive potassium channels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Technology, choice and the good life: Questioning technological liberalism

Abstract Technologies should be recognized as impacting personal choice concerning the good life. Yet, technological liberalism – the idea that technology permits an extending of individual volition concerning the good without distortion – remains a dominant collective belief. It is not enough to recognize that technologies can serve as “radical monopolies” or “script” human action. They also influence human action and choice in terms of cognition and affect. Technologies-of-choice can be viewed as enabling the belief that one may act as an unencumbered self, even though they do not unequivocally extend the human will. Consideration of the impact of technologies on human volition suggests possible avenues of research into when and how technologically reflexive decision making may actually occur as well as how societies could create space for technologies more compatible with alternative notions of the good, such as that exemplified in the philosophy of Albert Borgmann. Yet, the task of enabling a wider deployment of more focal or communitarian kinds of technology is far from straightforward.
Molecular characterizations of microbial communities fouling painted and unpainted concrete structures

Abstract This study reports the use of culture-independent and culture-dependent approaches to identify naturally occurring communities of Bacteria and Fungi fouling the surfaces of concrete structures with and without an acrylic paint coating in Georgia, USA. Genomic DNA was extracted from four different sites and PCR amplification of bacterial ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) genes and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of fungal rRNA genes was conducted. Bacterial and fungal community composition was determined by restriction analysis of amplified DNA of eight clone libraries and sequencing. Five bacterial phyla were observed, and representatives of the phylum Cyanobacteria and the classes Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria dominated the bacterial clone libraries. The ITS region of rRNA gene sequences revealed the dominant phylotypes in the fungal clone libraries to be most closely related to Alternaria , Cladosporium , Epicoccum and Udeniomyces . The majority of these fungal genera could be cultured from the sites and successfully used to foul concrete in laboratory-based experiments. While the fungal sequences were most closely related to cultured isolates, the vast majority of bacterial sequences in the libraries were related to uncultured environmental clones. Results show phylogenetically distinct microbial populations occurring at the four sites.
Potassium activation of the Na,K-pump in isolated brain microvessels and synaptosomes.

Abstract Brain capillary endothelial cells play an important role in ion homeostasis of the brain through the transendothelial transport of Na and K. Since little is known about the regulation of ion transport in these cells, we determined the effect of extracellular potassium concentration ([K]o) on the kinetics of the Na,K-pump in isolated cerebral microvessels using both K uptake and Na efflux as measures of pump activity. In addition, we studied K activation of K uptake into synaptosomes under similar conditions to compare this neuronal system to the capillary. When microvessels were preloaded with22Na by 30 min incubation in K-free buffer, efflux of22Na into buffer with varying [K]o was dependent on [K]o and inhibited by 7 mM ouabain. This activation of Na efflux was half maximal at 4.2 mM [K]. Ouabain-sensitive K uptake was also half maximally stimulated by a similar [K] in both loaded and non-loaded microvessels. In contrast, K uptake into synaptosomes was half maximal at 0.47 mM K. These results demonstrate that both active Na efflux and K uptake into microvessels in vitro are dependent on [K]o in the physiological range. In contrast, synaptosomal K uptake is near maximal at 3 mM K. This suggests that increases in brain [K]o may stimulate ion transport across the cerebral capillary, but will have little effect on Na,K-pump activity in neurons.
Energy return on investment for alternative jet fuels

We quantify energy return on energy investment (EROI) as one metric for the sustainability of alternative jet fuel production. Lifecycle energy requirements are calculated and subsequently used for calculating three EROI variants. EROI1 is defined as the ratio of energy in fuel output to lifecycle (direct and indirect) fossil fuel energy inputs, excluding the energy content of fossil feedstock that ends up in the produced fuel. EROI2 is defined as the ratio of energy in fuel output to total fossil fuel energy inputs, including the energy content of fossil feedstock that ends up in the produced fuel. EROI3 is defined as the ratio of energy in fuel output to lifecycle (direct and indirect) fossil and non-fossil energy inputs, excluding the energy content of fossil and non-fossil feedstock that ends up in the produced fuel. We also define an approximation for EROI1 using lifecycle CO2 emissions. This approach agrees to within 20% of the actual EROI1 and can be used as an alternative when necessary. The feedstock-to-fuel pathways considered include conventional jet fuel from crude oil; Fischer–Tropsch jet (FT-J) fuel from natural gas (NG), coal and/or switchgrass; hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids jet (HEFA-J) fuel from soybean, palm, rapeseed and jatropha; and advanced fermentation jet (AF-J) fuel from sugarcane, corn grain and switchgrass. We find that EROI1 for jet fuel from conventional crude oil ranges between 4.9 and 14.0. Among the alternative fuel pathways considered, FT-J fuel from switchgrass has the highest baseline EROI1 of 9.8, followed by AF-J fuel from sugarcane at 6.7. HEFA-J fuel from oily feedstocks has an EROI1 between 1.6 (rapeseed) and 2.9 (palm). EROI2 differs from EROI1 only in the case of fossil-based jet fuels. Conventional jet from crude oil has a baseline EROI2 of 0.9, and FT-J fuel from NG and coal have values of 0.6 and 0.5, respectively. EROI3 values are on average 36% less than EROI1 for HEFA-J pathways. EROI3 for the AF-J and FT-J fuels considered is 50% less than EROI1 on average. All alternative fuels considered have a lower baseline EROI3 than conventional jet fuel.
Inclusion of exchange effects in collision theory

Abstract A derivation of collision theory which incorporates the Pauli principle into the exact transition amplitude is given. The derivation is based on the Green's function method of Feynman and includes both scattering and rearrangement. Results are stated for two simple classes of nuclear reactions.
Percent free prostate specific antigen and cancer detection in black and white men with total prostate specific antigen 2.5 to 9.9 ng./ml.

Purpose: The ratio of free-to-total prostate specific antigen (PSA), or percent free PSA, is a useful adjunct to total PSA for estimating the risk of prostate cancer when total PSA is 2.5 to 9.9 ng./ml. Relationships between cancer detection and total PSA are influenced by race but to our knowledge relationships between cancer detection and percent free PSA have not been studied. Materials and Methods: A total of 222 black and 298 white consecutive and evaluable men with total PSA 2.5 to 9.9 ng./ml. underwent prostate biopsy for suspected cancer at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Clinical measurements included digital rectal examination, total and free serum PSA, prostate volume, PSA density and Gleason score of malignant biopsy specimens. Results: Median percent free PSA was 14.1 (range 3.6 to 49.2) in 201 men with prostate cancer and 21.9 (range 5.7 to 83.3) in 319 without detectable cancer (p Conclusions: Our study demonstrates racial differences in relationships between percent free PSA and cancer detection in men with suspected prostatic carcinoma and total PSA 2.5 to 9.9 ng./ml. Clinical application of the commonly used percent free PSA cutoff of less than 25 to determine the advisability of prostate biopsy may lead to under diagnosis of early stage prostate cancer in black men, who are at greater risk of morbidity and mortality from disease than white men.
Exploration and access to public lands

Abstract The issue of access to public lands for mineral exploration is much more controversial in the USA than in Canada because the USA has more competing uses for its public lands. Current US policies governing exploration on public lands need major overhaul including, most importantly, significant revision of the Mining Law of 1872. In Canada, on the other hand, incremental reforms of existing policies seem to be more appropriate. There is little to suggest that restrictive land-use policies have contributed significantly to recent problems of international competitiveness in the mining industries of either the USA or Canada.
Electron Microscopic and Histochemical Examination of Oral Epithelial-Mesenchymal Interaction (Programmed Cell Death)

Oral ectodermal cells that appear to be programmed to die as part of normal embryonic development were studied histochemically and electron microscopically. Cytochemical changes were noted in these and neighboring cells at about the time that key events in their differentiation have been said to occur. It was hypothesized that the transitory appearance of alkaline phosphatase in subjacent mesenchyme and decreased respiration in the ectoderm are crucial events in the differentiation of this cell type.
An ELISA for screening hybridoma cultures for monoclonal antibodies against a detergent solubilized integral membrane protein

Abstract A method is described for the binding of a detergent solubilized integral membrane protein to polystyrene immunoassay plates. Addition of Bouin's fluid, a histochemical fixative, to wells of plates containing the detergent solubilized antigen, followed by low speed centrifugation is, sufficient to promote binding of antigen in the presence of Triton X-100 concentrations as high as 1.75%. The binding of antigen is rapid and the entire binding procedure, including removal of fixative and washing of the plates, can be accomplished in less than 15 min. Immunological specificity of the bound antigen is retained. This method has been used to effectively screen hybridoma cultures for specific antibodies.
Educational Competency as an Indicator of Occupational Stress for Probation and Parole Officers

Probation and parole officers are assigned the responsibility of supervising convicted criminals in a community setting in such a way that the competing goals of punishment, public safety, offender rehabilitation, and deterrence are achieved. All the while, these tasks are accomplished within the confines of shrinking budgets, large case loads, increasingly high-risk offenders, low occupational prestige, and considerable political and public scrutiny. These competing demands often result in especially high levels of work-related stress. The point of this research is to consider the divergence in occupational stress among probation/parole officers and whether or not they felt educationally prepared for their job. The data for this study were collected during a two-month study period which began on March 15, 2005. Data were collected non-randomly through a national Internet based survey of active probation/parole officers. This study considers a sub-sample of 2, 364 officers from fifteen states. The results show probation/parole officers who feel educationally under-prepared are likely to experience higher levels of occupational stress and more likely to have negative manifestations of stress than those officers who feel well-prepared.
ACTH and adrenalcorticosteroids in the treatment of ulcerative colitis

The clinical course of 52 patients with ulcerative colitis in response to treatment with ACTH and adrenalcorticosteroids has been reviewed. Seventeen of these patients were maintained on continuous therapy for from 3 to 62 months, with an average follow-up period of 19 months. These preparations are potent agents capable of inducing dramatic remissions in a majority of instances when employed in adequate dosage. In this regard ACTH is more effective than cortisone or its synthetic analogue prednisone. Favorable responses, though unpredictable and subject to frequent relapse, may be obtained even in long-standing chronic and recurrent disease in all clinical aspects except in regard to the abnormal appearance of the bowel. The indications for steroid therapy, its limitations and potential risks, are reviewed in relation to established forms and results of treatment in the presteroid era. The suppressive, rather than the curative, value of these drugs is emphasized. The value of treatment prolonged beyond the initial period of an acute remission is more impressive clinically than statistically. The futility of prolonging ineffective therapy beyond a trial of 3 weeks is confirmed; the implications of such persistence in adding to the hazard of bowel disintegration and perforation are noted.
Deposition of calcium phosphate coating on nanotubular anodized titanium

Abstract Nanotubular anodic oxide layer was grown on titanium surface by room temperature anodization in 0.5 M H3PO4 + 0.138 M fluoride solution. The inner surface of the nanotubular oxide walls contained adsorbed anions from the solution that were predominantly phosphate. Hydroxy apatite was electrodeposited on the anodized surface of Ti. Adsorbed phosphate ions facilitated nucleation of nanophase calcium phosphate material inside the nanotubular structure that resulted in vertical growth of apatite crystals. Bond strength of the calcium phosphate coating was found to be good, and cohesive mode of failure of the coating was observed after tensile testing.
The Effect of One Valence Electron: Contrasting (PNP)Ni(CO) with (PNP)Ni(NO) to Understand the Half-Bent NiNO Unit

Reaction of a (PNP)Ni radical with NO finishes in the time of mixing to form a 1:1 adduct with a NO stretching frequency of 1654 cm (-1). NMR data of this diamagnetic product indicate C 2 v symmetry, which is contradicted by the X-ray structure, which shows it to be nonplanar at Ni, with a geometry intermediate between planar and tetrahedral; the planar geometry is thus the transition state for fluxionality giving time-averaged C 2 v symmetry. The X-ray structure, together with DFT calculations, reveals that the "half-bent" NiNO unit and the intermediate coordination geometry result from a Ni --> NO charge transfer, which has a nonintegral value, resulting in a continuum between NO (+) (hence Ni (0)) and NO (-) (hence Ni (II)). This is related to the nonaxially symmetric character of the Ni --> NO back-donation caused by the (PNP) environment on Ni. Steric effects of ( t )Bu and even chelate constraints are ruled out as the cause of the unusual electronic and structural features.
Video indexing and retrieval using MPEG-7

The ongoing growth in digital video content is increasing the need for efficient and effective systems for video indexing and retrieval. Progress is gated by developments along a number of fronts including development of tools for content annotation, invention of methods for automatic labeling and computer-assisted annotation, investigation of new techniques for indexing and retrieval, and development of standards for interoperation of video indexing and retrieval systems. MPEG-7 addresses the interoperability requirements by providing a metadata system for describing multimedia content using XML. In general, MPEG-7 allows interoperable indexing, searching, and retrieval of video, images, audio, and other forms of multimedia data. More specifically for video, MPEG-7 standardizes a number of content description tools that allow effective indexing and retrieval of video content. These tools include video segment description tools, textual annotation and transcription description tools, feature description tools, and semantics and model description tools. In this paper, we investigate the application of MPEG-7 for indexing and retrieval of video content and give examples of MPEG-7 video descriptions.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Enhancing the Odds: Horse Racing, Gambling and the First Anti-Doping Movement in Sport, 1889–1911

The sporting world has long considered doping both a recent phenomenon and one associated with performance enhancement. It has also typically viewed the debate over prohibiting doping to be one about safety, fair play and the spirit of sport. Yet this article will show that concerns about doping, which first emerged in the sport of horse racing, was indeed about fair play, but not fair play for the athletes. Rather the fair play threatened by doping related to gambling. Indeed, turn-of-the-century horse racing viewed doping as a tool equally useful for improving a horse's performance as it was for slowing it. This article concludes that such concerns over doping reflect the ‘developed cosmology’ of the early-twentieth-century public imagination. In this way, the historical roots of anti-doping reveal much about today's fascination with drugs and sports.
Protection of Commercial Satellite Communications Infrastructure

Although a nation's interest in protecting its commercial assets in space would seem obvious, the task of protecting commercial satellites is inherently complicated. Protection of commercial space infrastructure requires coordination among multiple actors in the public and private sectors. Although most public sector actors ultimately report to the same political leadership, the process of establishing coherent policies across agencies can take time. Coordination is even more complicated in the private sector, where multi-national firms compete against each other for profits by serving a wide range of customers. Given the complexities of this process, it is not surprising that efforts to protect commercial satellite communications (SATCOM) networks have been slow in coming. At the same time, recent progress in the U.S. may pave the way for a more coherent approach to commercial SATCOM protection. If successful, these efforts can provide increased assurance of uninterrupted satellite connectivity, thus ben...
Drag along faults

Abstract The bending of lines in the proximity of faults, known as fault-drag, is examined here by analytical and numerical (finite-element) models. Frequently, the bent lines are convex toward the direction of the fault motion, and this convexity is known as ‘normal-drag’, whereas an inverted sense of convexity is known as ‘reverse-drag’. We first analyze the slip along a short fault embedded in a large elastic or elastic-plastic plate. The analysis indicates that reverse-drag is the expected drag along the short fault. Models with faults of high friction coefficient display smaller drag than frictionless faults; this suggests that the drag intensity is not simply related to the frictional resistance. We also model the drag along a normal fault with curved, ‘anti-listric’ surface embedded in an elastic-plastic medium; this model also indicates that the reverse-drag is the prevailing one. The predictions of the present models agree well with previous experimental results of slip along short faults in wax and plasticene samples. The normal-drag observed in association with long faults reflects prefaulting deformation which is concentrated within a narrow shear zone.
On the Efficiency of Single and Multiple Elliptical Laser Cavities

An analysis is made of the relative efficiencies of single and multiple elliptical cylindrical cavities for laser pumping. The efficiency of single, dual, triple, quadruple, and octuple cavities is presented, in simple graphical form, for a wide range of axial ratios and for lamps and crystals having relative diameters from one-half up to two to one. Some discussion follows on the choice of an optimum design of a laser cavity having carefully distinguished the criterion of maximum efficiency from that of maximum power or energy output.
Synthesis and evaluation of a series of 1-(3-alkyl-2,3-dideoxy-α, β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)thymines

A series of 1-(3-alkyl-2,3-dideoxy-alpha,beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)thymines (3'-alkyl-3'-deoxythymidines) has been prepared from 5-O-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)-2,3-dideoxy-D-glycero-pent-2- enono-1,4-lactone ((S)-5-[(tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)oxymethyl]-2(5H)- furanone) by Michael addition of the appropriate organocopper reagent, followed by reduction of the lactone, acetylation of the resulting hemiacetal, and trimethylsilyl triflate-catalyzed coupling with 2,4-di-O-(trimethylsilyl)thymine. The protected nucleosides were desilylated by using tetrabutylammonium fluoride to give anomeric mixtures of the free nucleosides. The unsubstituted 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analog was similarly prepared from 5-O-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)-2,3-dideoxy-D-glycero-pentono- 1,4-lactone ((S)5-[(tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)-oxymethyl]-dihydro-2(3H)-fu r anone).
Conversion of Noncropland to Cropland: The Prospects, Alternatives, and Implications: Discussion

paper is well done, and I have no quarrel with either the main thrust or the details of their argument. I propose, rather, to use the paper as a point of departure to discuss some of the research and policy issues the paper suggests. Current trends in demand for U.S. exports of grains and soybeans, combined with current trends in per acre yields of these crops suggest strongly that the demand for cropland will increase by tens of millions of acres over the next two or three decades. Judgments of the amount of the increase depend upon the details of one's expectations about export growth and yields, but I think it not unlikely that demand for harvested cropland could increase to 400 million acres by the first decade of the next century, some 60 million more acres than were harvested in 1979. Since our present cropland base is fully utilized, the additional cropland would have to come from conversion of land now in some other use. The Soil Conservation Service's Natural Resources Inventory (NRI) indicated that under price, cost and yield conditions of the mid-1970s the nation had 127 million acres of land in pasture, forest and range that could be converted economically to cropland. This would seem to indicate a reserve more than adequate to accommodate any likely increase in demand for cropland over the next twenty or thirty years. However, Shulstad's and May's estimates of potential cropland in the Mississippi Delta raise a question about the NRI's figures. Under the most favorable assumptions about crop and input prices, conversion costs and yields (assumptions more favorable than the conditions underlying the NRI figures), Shulstad and May estimate potential cropland in the Delta to be only about 10% of present supply. According to the NRI, in 1977 potential cropland in the Delta states of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi was 48% of supply. One would expect potential in the Delta proper to be less than in the Delta states as a whole, but I doubt that this explains much of the observed discrepancy. The estimate of Shulstad and May is based on a detailed study. If one had to choose between their estimate and those in the NRI I
Extrapyramidal reactions after the use of innovar for ambulatory dental patients.

Abstract A case is presented in which extrapyramidal symptoms appeared in a dental outpatient after intravenous administration of Innovar. In addition to a detailed description of the extrapyramidal system, symptomatology and management of the case are presented. The dentist's obligation to assume the responsibility for care of the patient is stressed.
Predictors of Papanicolaou smear return in a hospital-based adolescent and young adult clinic.

Abstract Objective Sexually active young women have relatively high rates of abnormal cervical cytology, yet compliance with return for Papanicolaou smear screening and follow-up appointments is poor. The aim of this study was to determine whether a theory-based model could explain compliance with return visits. Methods Participants in this longitudinal cohort study were sexually active young women 12–24 years of age presenting to a hospital-based adolescent clinic. Participants completed self-administered surveys and were then followed for up to 15 months to assess for the outcome measure, return. Logistic regression modeling was used to determine variables independently associated with return. Results The outcome measure, return, was available for 439 of 490 participants (90%). Mean participant age (± standard deviation) was 18.3 (± 2.2) years, 49% were black, 23% were Hispanic, and 51% had Medicaid health insurance. Variables independently associated with return included belief that the Papanicolaou smear will not be painful (odds ratio [OR] 1.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08, 2.83), belief that return for follow-up will prevent cervical cancer (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.12, 3.07), likelihood that the doctor will be honest (OR 4.07, 95% CI 1.37, 17.5), and low self-reported impulsivity (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.06, 2.63). Family history of cervical cancer was associated with decreased likelihood of return (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.08, 0.78). Conclusion Specific beliefs about Papanicolaou smears and providers, low self-reported impulsivity, and no family history of cervical cancer are associated with return for Papanicolaou smear screening and follow-up visits. These findings may guide the design of interventions to increase compliance with recommendations for Papanicolaou smear return.
Sizing opaque particles with joint transform correlation

We used a real-time joint transform correlation technique for sizing opaque particles. The scheme can be used to estimate the size of both nonspherical and spherical particles. Computer simulation results are presented to illustrate the performance of this technique.
Alterations in piglet small intestine after cholesterol deprivation.

ABSTRACT: Mammalian cells require cholesterol for normal cell function. This requirement can be fulfilled by endogenous biosynthesis or by extracellular supplementation. Infants fed with human milk receive greater quantities of cholesterol than those fed commercial formulas. Whether this lack of cholesterol in commercial formulas poses a threat to normal neonatal cell function is not known. We compared small intestinal microvillus membrane fluidity, hydrolase activities, protein concentration, permeability to nonabsorbable markers, and weight gain in neonatal piglets receiving restricted intake of isocaloric formulas containing either normal amounts of cholesterol (145 mg/dl) or very low levels of cholesterol (<2 mg/dl). Using the fluorescent probe, diphenylhexatriene, and fluorescence polarization, microvillus membranes from cholesterol deprived piglets demonstrated higher fluidities than did microvillus membranes from animals fed normal concentrations of cholesterol. Cholesterol-deprived animals, even though their caloric intake was similar to cholesterol- fed animals, demonstrated a net weight loss per animal whereas the cholesterol-fed animals demonstrated a weight gain. These results demonstrate that in a pig model on a restricted intake, cholesterol deprivation alters the biophysical properties of the microvillus membrane.
Anesthetic Mechanisms: Worms Light the Way

In the nematode C. elegans, immobility induced by the anesthetic halothane is coupled to its ability to modulate neuronal resting membrane potential, perhaps through effects on leak channels; a similar anesthetic, isoflurane, appears to work a different way.
Comprehension of gerundive constructions by Broca's aphasics.

Abstract Eleven diagnosed Broca's aphasics were tested for comprehension of sentences containing gerundive constructions. Results showed that, as a group, these patients were sensitive to grammatical distinctions signaled by “function” words, contrary to the predictions of some current theories about the specific deficits exhibited in this syndrome. Further analysis showed that the patients fell into two subgroups, one which exhibited sensitivity to the distinctions in normal grammar, and another which exhibited no sensitivity to such distinctions. This suggests that the syndrome may have different manifestations in different populations—patient age is suggested as a possible means for distinguishing the two groups. Suggestions for further research into the nature of the comprehension deficits exhibited by Broca's aphasics are made.
COMPARISON OF THE MINER SENTENCE COMPLETION SCALE AND THE GHISELLI SELF-DESCRIPTION INDEX

In a recent article Miner ( 6 ) challenged findings ( 2 ) which questioned the construct validity of the Miner Sentence Completion Scale (4, 5 ) . This scale is designed to measure role-behavior characteristic of successful business executives while Ghiselli's Self-description Index ( 3 ) measures the abilities and traits of successful managers. One assertion ( 2 ) was that failure of Miner's scale to establish convergence with Ghiselli's instrument means it lacks construct validity. Miner's response correctly points out that of Ghiselli's 13 measures, Ghiselli found only 6 distinguished successful managers and he presents data which indicate scores on the sentence completions correlate significantly with three: .1G. Supervisory ability, .1G Self-assurance (ps < . l o ) , and .27 Decisiveness ( P < .01). The present research continues earlier work ( 1 ) with 14 female college students in a senior-level elective class, The Successful Female Manager. These students significantly changed from preto posttest in positive acceptance of the role behavior postulated in Miner's scale. The new data show several significant rhos ( 7 ) : .42 Need for occupational achievement, .40 Intelligence, .47 Self-actualization (ps < . lo) . However, the significant rhos are opposite those found by Miner. Of particular concern is the lack of congruence between the studies of Ghiselli's measure, Supervisory ability, which Ghiselli finds "has a unique position with respect to managerial talent. It is the trait which plays the most important role, stands out clearly and is apart from all of the other traits" (3, p. 77 ) . That the present correlations are different from those of the Miner study suggests that there may be no compatibility between the two scales. Some possible explanations of the apparent disparity may include the present small sample of 12 versus 110 in Miner's study or differential responding by the smaller sample of only females and the larger sample of males and females. Perhaps both scales measure different aspects of managerial success or Ghiselli's scale attempts to accomplish too much with a limited response set which results in low reliabilities. Until further research demonstrates that both scales measure the same variables the issues are unresolved.
Particle Size Effect of Hydride Formation and Surface Hydrogen Adsorption of Nanosized Palladium Catalysts: L3 Edge vs K Edge X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy

The particle size effect on the formation of palladium hydride and on surface hydrogen adsorption was studied at room temperature using in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Pd K and L3 edges. Hydride formation was indirectly observed by lattice expansion in Pd K edge XANES spectra and by EXAFS analysis. Hydride formation was directly detected in the L3 edge spectra. A characteristic spectral feature caused by the formation of a Pd−H antibonding state showed strong particle size dependence. The L3 edge spectra were reproduced using full multiple scattering analysis and density of state calculations, and the contributions of bulk absorbed and surface hydrogen to the XANES spectra could be distinguished. The ratio of hydrogen on the surface versus that in the bulk increased with decreasing particle size, and smaller particles dissolved less hydrogen.
A Theory of Fads, Fashion, Custom, and Cultural Change as Informational Cascades

An informational cascade occurs when it is optimal for an individual, having observed the actions of those ahead of him, to follow the behavior of the preceding individual without regard to his own information. We argue that localized conformity of behavior and the fragility of mass behaviors can be explained by informational cascades.
Structural Determination in Carbonaceous Solids Using Advanced Solid State NMR Techniques

Detailed structural information in carbonaceous solids with complex molecular structures may be obtained with a combination of three advanced solid-state NMR techniques, i.e., dipolar dephasing with variable dephasing times, 13C CP/MAS spectral editing, and an isotropic−anisotropic correlation experiment called PHORMAT. It is shown that the ratio of protonated to nonprotonated aromatic carbons may be determined with high accuracy by the conventional dipolar dephasing experiment with variable dephasing times. The fractions of aliphatic CH, CH2, CH3 and nonprotonated (C) carbons may be obtained by employing 13C CP/MAS spectral editing techniques. The 2D PHORMAT experiment is used to obtain the structural information in the aromatic region of coal. Theoretical predictions of the principal values of chemical shift tensors in model compounds are used in the interpretation of the experimental chemical shift tensors. The potential application of these methods is illustrated using a sub-bituminous coal DIETZ (PSO...
Cost identification analysis for succinylcholine.

UNLABELLED The cost of a dose of succinylcholine from society's perspective equals the acquisition cost of the drug plus the cost of its adverse outcomes. We hypothesized that although the acquisition cost of succinylcholine is minimal, the true cost would be much larger. We reviewed the medical literature to identify the total cost of a dose of succinylcholine when administered for nonemergency purposes according to manufacturers' guidelines (i.e., to adults only). We found that 88% of the cost per dose of succinylcholine was for the chance of dying or sustaining permanent brain injury from anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reactions to succinylcholine. Consequently, the estimated cost per dose of succinylcholine was sensitive to the incidence of anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reactions to succinylcholine, the risk of severe injury from anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reactions, and the financial value of unforeseen instant death or permanent brain injury. The range for the cost per dose of succinylcholine was thus large, $9 to $93. Our best estimate of the cost per dose was $37. We conclude that the true cost per dose of succinylcholine from society's perspective is more than 20 times the acquisition cost. However, a precise costing requires better knowledge of the incidence and consequences of anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reactions to succinylcholine. IMPLICATIONS The true cost of succinylcholine is more than 20 times the acquisition cost of the drug. The estimated cost is very sensitive to the risk and cost of patients dying or sustaining brain injury from anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reactions to succinylcholine.
An Ugly Story

Among the many themes to which Joel and Ethan Coen's A Serious Man speaks so richly and suggestively, I will focus here on three that seem especially pertinent to our understandings of American Jewish identity, as well as to the academic practice of Jewish studies, and that exhibit the film's blend of complexity, clarity, and opacity. All three are closely related aspects of a larger question about the possibility of communication and, hence, of relation, but it should be useful to articulate them separately here. Each may be said to present, through the characters' interactions and the things they read and hear, its own question for judgment, but in no case does A Serious Man indicate how the viewer is to rule on that question.