cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A 20–42-GHz IQ Receiver in 22-nm CMOS FD-SOI With 2.7–4.2-dB NF and −25-dBm IP1dB for Wideband 5G Systems

This article presents a 20–42-GHz in-phase and quadrature (IQ) receiver in 22-nm CMOS fully depleted silicon on insulator (FD-SOI). The receiver includes a wideband low noise variable-gain amplifier (LN-VGA), double-balanced IQ mixers, wideband I/Q generation network and wideband local oscillator (LO) driver, low-pass filters, and wideband intermediate frequency (IF) amplifiers. The measured receiver has a peak conversion gain of 25.3 dB with a 3-dB bandwidth of 19.8–42 GHz and an I and Q bandwidth of 5.7 GHz and covers the 5G millimeter-wave (mm-wave) band. The measured single-sideband noise figure (NF) is 2.7–4.2 dB at 24–42 GHz with an IP1dB of −26 to −23 dBm. The I/Q downconverter consumes a total of 102 mW from 0.8- and 1.6-V supplies. The IP1dB can be improved by 5 dB with an NF degradation by only 1.2 dB using RF VGA gain control. At peak gain and −8-dB VGA setting, the receiver dynamic range is 64–68 dB for a 100-MHz bandwidth, which is very high for low power consumption. The gain and phase mismatch between the I and Q channels is < 0.6 dB and <6°, respectively. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first wideband I/Q receiver that covers the entire mm-wave 5G band based on GF 22-nm CMOS FD-SOI. The application area is multistandard multigigabit per second communication systems.
Psychometric properties of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale in a US college sample.

This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the 5-item Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) among US undergraduates (N = 212). The CAS demonstrated adequate internal consistencies among the sample. CAS scores correlated in a theoretically consistent manner with the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. A confirmatory factor analysis of a single factor solution yielded good model fit after correlating one pair of item residual variances. Findings indicate good reliability and validity of the CAS among US undergraduates.
Testing the talented child: Direct-to-consumer genetic talent tests in China.

One controversial area of direct-to-consumer genetic testing in China is “genetic talent testing” for children. In this study, I show that while experts criticize genetic talent testing as unscient...
The effect of Adrenalin on the pregnant human uterus

Abstract The effect of Adrenalin on the activity of the pregnant human uterus has been studied in 140 patients with the Reynolds multichannel tokodynamometer (TKD). One hundred twenty-one of these patients were between the twenty-sixth and fortieth weeks of pregnancy, but not in labor, and nineteen were in labor, at the time of the recording. The effect of Adrenalin depends entirely upon its concentration at the site of action. In high concentration it is oxytocic throughout the uterus, producing contractions which differ in their pattern from those of spontaneous activity. In low concentration, Adrenalin inhibits uterine activity, by diminishing the force of contraction and uterine tone, and disturbing the rhythmicity of contraction. Studies with an intravenous drip of dilute Adrenalin demonstrate, in addition, that recovery of uterine activity from inhibition occurs during a constant rate of administration. Sudden withdrawal of the intravenous drip is followed by a transitory rebound from inhibition, the degree of activity exceeding that seen during the control period.
The Development of International Programs in a School of Social Work

During the last decade increasing numbers of schools of social work have adopted an international mission and have developed a variety of activities to reflect their global perspective. In earlier years, however, relatively few schools expressed a global mission, offered coursework on international social work, provided field placements or other opportunities to expose students to international learning, or extended components of their academic programs to other countries. An early leader in doing such things was the College of Social Work at the University of South Carolina (COSW), where the author was privileged to serve as dean for 22 years (1980-2002) when many of these developments occurred. This paper will discuss how this school acquired an international mission and developed various programs to manifest this commitment. The paper will describe, in particular, the college’s signature achievement in international social work education – the development and implementation of a Korea-based MSW program. The COSW was the first school of social work in the US to offer a master’s degree in its entirety in a foreign country. It is hoped that the recounting of this school’s experiences will offer guidance to other social work education programs that are exploring ways of expanding their international initiatives.
Enhancement of Multiple Components of Pursuit Eye Movement by Microstimulation in the Arcuate Frontal Pursuit Area in Monkeys

Periarcuate frontal cortex is involved in the control of smooth pursuit eye movements, but its role remains unclear. To better understand the control of pursuit by the “frontal pursuit area” (FPA), we applied electrical microstimulation when the monkeys were performing a variety of oculomotor tasks. In agreement with previous studies, electrical stimulation consisting of a train of 50-μA pulses at 333 Hz during fixation of a stationary target elicited smooth eye movements with a short latency (∼26 ms). The size of the elicited smooth eye movements was enhanced when the stimulation pulses were delivered during the maintenance of pursuit. The enhancement increased as a function of ongoing pursuit speed and was greater during pursuit in the same versus opposite direction of the eye movements evoked at a site. If stimulation was delivered during pursuit in eight different directions, the elicited eye velocity was fit best by a model incorporating two stimulation effects: a directional signal that drives eye velocity and an increase in the gain of ongoing pursuit eye speed in all directions. Separate experiments tested the effect of stimulation on the response to specific image motions. Stimulation consisted of a train of pulses at 100 or 200 Hz delivered during fixation so that only small smooth eye movements were elicited. If the stationary target was perturbed briefly during microstimulation, normally weak eye movement responses showed strong enhancement. If delivered at the initiation of pursuit, the same microstimulation caused enhancement of the presaccadic initiation of pursuit for steps of target velocity that moved the target either away from the position of fixation or in the direction of the eye movement caused by stimulation at the site. Stimulation in the FPA increased the latency of saccades to stationary or moving targets. Our results show that the FPA has two kinds of effects on the pursuit system. One drives smooth eye velocity in a fixed direction and is subject to on-line gain control by ongoing pursuit. The other causes enhancement of both the speed of ongoing pursuit and the responses to visual motion in a way that is not strongly selective for the direction of pursuit. Enhancement may operate either at a single site or at multiple sites. We conclude that the FPA plays an important role in on-line gain control for pursuit as well as possibly delivering commands for the direction and speed of smooth eye motion.
Body Weight Set-Points: Determination and Adjustment

It is proposed that body weight, like body water and body temperature, is physiologically regulated. In the case of body weight, coordinated adjustments in both the intake and expenditure of energy serve to stabilize the weights of individuals at a specified level and to resist their displacement from this level. Obese individuals also display these behavioral and metabolic adjustments to weight perturbations and thus appear to actively resist efforts to reduce their weight from the elevated levels they ordinarily display. Experimental studies of genetically transmitted and diet-induced forms of obesity in animals similarly suggest a view of obesity as a condition of body energy regulation at an elevated set-point. An individual's set-point for regulated body weight is apparently adjustable, shifting over a lifespan in conjunction with naturally occurring but still unspecified physiologic changes. Experimentally, the set-point for body weight can be adjusted by manipulation of specific hypothalamic sites. Lesions of the lateral hypothalamus, for example, cause a chronic reduction in the level at which laboratory animals regulate body weight. It thus appears that hypothalamic mechanisms play a primary role in setting the level at which individuals regulate body weight, and it is likely that the genetic, dietary and other lifespan influences on body weight are expressed through these mechanisms.
D11Y SOD1 mutation and benign ALS: A consistent genotype-phenotype correlation☆

We describe three sporadic ALS patients in which a D11Y SOD1 mutation was detected. All three patients disclosed a prolonged survival and a stereotypical distal limbs involvement in the initial stages of the disease. By this report we demonstrate that D11Y SOD1 mutation is associated with a peculiar phenotype and we confirm its probable pathogenetic role.
Responses of amygdaloid central nucleus neurons to stimulation of the insular cortex in awake rabbits.

Abstract Recent evidence suggests that the amygdaloid central nucleus may contribute importantly to autonomie regulation during emotional states, possibly via both direct and indirect central nucleus efferent projections to autonomie regulatory nuclei in the lower brainstem. Additional findings suggest that the insular cortex may participate in autonomie regulatory processes, possibly by exerting an influence upon central nucleus neuronal activity via its direct projections to the central nucleus. The present experiment was conducted to determine the effects of insular cortex stimulation upon extracellularly recorded central nucleus neuronal activity in conscious, drug-free, rabbits. Satisfactory recordings were obtained from 146 central nucleus neurons. These were classified as belonging to one of six general categories on the basis of rates and patterns of ongoing discharge, responses to an auditory stimulus, and location within the nucleus. Determinations were then made as to whether each neuron could be activated antidromically from a ventrolateral mesencephalic region through which descending central nucleus projections to the lower brainstem course, and hence, whether the neuron might contribute to these projections. The activity of each neuron was then assessed during single-pulse stimulation of the region of the insular cortex demonstrated previously to project to the central nucleus. Such stimulation produced no response, an initial increase, or an initial decrease in the activity of 33%, 53% and 14% of the 146 neurons, respectively. The predominant response consisted of a single spike with a short but variable onset latency, suggesting orthodromic activation via one or a few synapses. Included among the neurons that responded to stimulation of the insular cortex in this manner were seven of 22 central nucleus neurons identified as projecting to the lower brainstem. Responses consisting of initially decreased activity most often occurred in neurons that discharged infrequently and were sensory-responsive. The results of this experiment thus provide more detailed information than was available previously regarding the pervasive influence of the insular cortex upon central nucleus neuronal activity, and provide further support for the notion that the insular cortex may participate in autonomic regulatory processes by way of its direct projections to the central nucleus.
How Scripps Networks uses digital asset management to market its inventory of television programs to advertisers

Scripps Networks was faced with a common issue: how to best leverage available inventory across all distribution channels. As the owner of four successful cable channels, as well as award-winning websites, Scripps has an extensive library of content from which to generate an ad inventory. The key is how to determine the best mix of inventory across the disciplines in order to maximize revenues. The distribution channels at Scripps include cable, online, video on demand (VOD) and broadband. In order to maximize the potential for the network as a whole, the ad sales team needs a view of available inventory across all distribution channels as well as the specific programming around that inventory. In addition, the sheer volume of ads in their various formats requires an enterprise-level system to track and manage them. To that end, we are working towards an integrated solution that provides a unified view across the disciplines. The software applications that make up the digital asset management (DAM) solution at Scripps Networks include not only the traditional asset management software but also sales, traffic, campaign management, billing and reporting. Our asset management solution includes both content assets and advertising assets for distribution across on-air, online, VOD and broadband. The rationale is that for Scripps, our content is the asset and without cross-discipline management tools, we cannot effectively and efficiently manage the content and advertising opportunities.
Points of View Beyond Models: Towards a Formal Approach to Points of View as Access to the World

According to Vazquez and Liz (Found Sci 16(4): 383–391, 2011), Points of View (PoV) can be considered in two different ways. On the one hand, they can be explained following the model of propositional attitudes. This model assumes that the internal structure of a PoV is constituted by a subject, a set of contents, and a set of relations between the subject and those contents. On the other hand, we can analyze points of view taking as a model the notions of location and access. If we choose to follow the second approach, instead of the first one, the internal structure of a PoV is not directly addressed, and the emphasized features of PoV are related to the function that PoV are intended to have. That is, PoV are directly identified by their role and they can solely be understood as ways of accessing the world that bring some kind of perspective about it. Having this in mind, we would like to propose a notation that explains how to understand such access as a sort of models (that can allow the creation of concepts), independently of whether the precise PoV under consideration is impersonal or non-impersonal, its kind of content, and its subjective or objective character. First, we will present an account of some previous approaches to the study of points of view. Then, we will analyze what kind of structure the world is assumed to posses and how the access to it is possible. Third, we will develop a notation that explains PoV as qualitative dimensions by means of which it is possible to valuate objects and states of the world.
Cognitive and Affective Benefits of an Animated Pedagogical Agent: Considering Contextual Relevance and Aesthetics

Choi and Clark (2006) argue that learning is attributed to the instructional method rather than the specific medium used to deliver instruction (i.e., the pedagogical agent). Additionally, they consider pedagogical agents as unnecessarily expensive tools, whose instructional affordances can be replicated by less expensive options. In this response to Choi and Clark (2006), I argue that pedagogical agents are not a new iteration of the media debate because the anthropomorphous features and social affordances of pedagogical agents elicit psychological responses from learners that other media cannot educe. As such, when considering the implementation of pedagogical agents, researchers need to consider the agent's (a) contextual relevance, and (b) aesthetic properties. It is important to note that none of these factors influence the instructional method used to deliver instruction via a pedagogical agent.
The effects of competition and competitiveness upon intrinsic motivation in exergames

This study examined the role of competition in exercise video games to promote intrinsic motivation for exercise. The experiment was a 2 (Competitive exercise context: Competition vs. No competition)x2 (Individual competitiveness: High vs. Low) between-subjects design. The results showed significant interaction effects of the independent variables on intrinsic motivation, mood, and evaluation of the exergame. That is, the competitive context provided positive exergame experiences to competitive individuals, whereas it had detrimental effects for less competitive participants. Implications and future directions are discussed.
POWER SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF VERTEBRAL TRABECULAR BONE STRUCTURE FROM RADIOGRAPHS : ORIENTATION DEPENDENCE AND CORRELATION WITH BONE MINERAL DENSITY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Trabecular bone structure and bone density contribute to the strength of bone and are potentially important in the study of osteoporosis. Fourier transforms of the textural patterns in radiographs of trabecular bone have previously been used for the measurement of trabecular bone structure in subjects, however, the relationship between these measures and biomechanical properties of bone have not previously been established. In this study radiographs were acquired of 28 cubic specimens of spinal trabecular bone along each of the three anatomic axes: cranio-caudal or superior-inferior (SI), medial-lateral (ML), and anterior-posterior (AP). The radiographs were digitized, background corrected, and uniformly aligned. The Fast Fourier transform (FFT) was performed on a region comprised solely of trabecular bone for each image. The zero (DC), first (FMO), and second moments (SMO) of the Fourier power spectrum and the fractal dimension (FD) as determined from the Fourier power spectrum were correlated with stereology measures, with bone mineral density (BMD) as well as with measured biomechanical properties [Young's elastic modulus (YM) and ultimate strength] of the cubes. The results show that the power spectra-based measures, when compared with structural parameters determined using 3D stereology, show good correlations with bone volume fraction, trabecular spacing, thickness, and number. These power spectral measures showed fair to good correlations with BMD and the biomechanical properties. Moreover, the correlations between the power spectral measures of trabecular structure and the BMD, YM, and stereology measures of structure depend on the orientation of the radiographic image. Specifically, these were significant differences in the measured biomechanical properties and the power spectral measures of the trabecular structure between the SI and ML and the SI and AP directions. In addition, depending on the spatial frequency range for analysis, the fractal dimension showed opposite trends with changes in BMD and biomechanical properties. Multivariate regression models showed the correlation coefficients increasing with the inclusion of some of the power spectral measures, suggesting that FFT-based texture analysis may play a potential role in studies of osteoporosis.
An exploratory investigation of responses elicited by music varying in tempo, tonality, and texture

This study explores listeners' responses to music as a function of objective properties of musical sound. Original classical and pop-style compositions were produced with digital sound technology to provide orthogonal manipulations of musical tempo, tonality, and texture. Three dimensions (pleasure, arousal, surprise) emerged from the responses measured. Variance analyses found main effects of tempo on both pleasure and arousal, and main effects of tonality on pleasure and surprise. Texture moderated the influence of tempo such that a positive contribution to pleasure was observed for classical music, and a positive contribution to arousal was observed for pop-style music. Texture also moderated the influence of tonality on pleasure, with more pronounced reactions to tonal variations observed among listeners exposed to classical music. Implications for the use of music in consumer research and the interpretation of past music-related findings are discussed.
Modal, Spectral, and Polarization Entanglement in Guided-Wave Parametric Down-Conversion

We offer a comprehensive theoretical study of the properties and applications of modal, spectral, and polarization entanglement of biphotons generated via spontaneous parametric down-conversion in 1-D planar and 2-D circular waveguides using continuous pumping.
Three clinical "pearls" from Oregon.

IN 1959 THE LATE J. Englebert Dunphy, then of Boston, accepted the chair in surgery at the University of Oregon. He brought with him several young men who were destined to play leadership roles in Northwest surgery for decades to come, including William S. Fletcher and R. Mark Vetto. I was lucky enough to be in the middle of my surgery residency as these momentous events took place. Although perhaps the nicest place in which to live in the lower 48 states, Oregon was a surgical backwater 40 years ago. We Oregonians were amazed and delighted that this world-renowned surgeon would bring his outstanding surgical, educational, and leadership talents to Portland. We were thirsty to share his knowledge and wisdom and eager to enjoy his famous Irish wit and charm. We were not to be disappointed. The ethics of our profession call for the free sharing of knowledge that might benefit others. In that spirit, I report 3 lessons, 1 technical and 2 diagnostic, learned decades ago from masters of our art. I am confident that they are unknown today to most practicing surgeons. Although open laparotomy and physical examination are rarely resorted to in this hi-tech age, some knowledge of these ancient skills may occasionally prove useful. Herewith I describe Fletcher’s incision, Vetto’s rule, and Dunphy’s sign.
Direct valuation of personal care by households

This paper valued the quantity of child, sick, and elderly care provided by house- holds using a new, direct measure. Such measures add to the literature that estimates the size of the contribution of non-market work by household members, particularly women, and to literature about valuation of childcare. This production remains unvalued in standard national income accounts. Traditional attempts to quantify this care multiplied care-giver hours by a wage rate, a method that suffers from several drawbacks, including omitting the contributions of anything but labor, the inability to handle joint production, and the use of an arbitrary wage rate. This study avoided these problems by valuing the amount of care with its market price based on data from a small urban area. The mean value was $3,547 annually (97 percent of it childcare) for all sample households and $9,610 for those providing care. The results afforded evidence of scale economies in parental childcare and quantified care furnished by different kinds of providers.
A protein microarray-based analysis of S-nitrosylation

The ubiquitous cellular influence of nitric oxide (NO) is exerted substantially through protein S-nitrosylation. Whereas NO is highly promiscuous, physiological S-nitrosylation is typically restricted to one or very few Cys residue(s) in target proteins. The molecular basis for this specificity may derive from properties of the target protein, the S-nitrosylating species, or both. Here, we describe a protein microarray-based approach to investigate determinants of S-nitrosylation by biologically relevant low-mass S-nitrosothiols (SNOs). We identify large sets of yeast and human target proteins, among which those with active-site Cys thiols residing at N termini of α-helices or within catalytic loops were particularly prominent. However, S-nitrosylation varied substantially even within these families of proteins (e.g., papain-related Cys-dependent hydrolases and rhodanese/Cdc25 phosphatases), suggesting that neither secondary structure nor intrinsic nucleophilicity of Cys thiols was sufficient to explain specificity. Further analyses revealed a substantial influence of NO-donor stereochemistry and structure on efficiency of S-nitrosylation as well as an unanticipated and important role for allosteric effectors. Thus, high-throughput screening and unbiased proteome coverage reveal multifactorial determinants of S-nitrosylation (which may be overlooked in alternative proteomic analyses), and support the idea that target specificity can be achieved through rational design of S-nitrosothiols.
Size dependence of mechanical properties of gold at the sub-micron scale

The results of both experimental studies and molecular dynamics simulations indicate that crystals exhibit strong size effects at the sub-micron scale. In experimental studies, the size effects are usually explained by strain gradients. By contrast, atomistic simulations suggest that the yield strength depends on the size even without strain gradients and scales with the sample size through a power relationship. Here we address these two different approaches to the size dependence of mechanical properties. Results of uniaxial compression experiments on gold single crystals at the sub-micron scale, without significant stress/strain gradients, are presented. The free-standing single-crystal Au cylinders are created by focused ion beam machining and are subsequently compressed using a nanoindenter fitted with a diamond flat punch. Compressive stresses and strains, as well as pillar stiffnesses, are determined from the test data. The experiments show that the flow stresses of these pillars increase significantly with decreasing pillar diameter, reaching several GPa for the smallest pillars. These high strengths appear to be controlled by dislocation starvation, which is unique to small crystals.
Stability analysis of systems with time delay

An interpretation of Pontryagin's stability criterion for systems with time delay is given in the parameter plane. This leads to a computer-oriented method for analysing stability in terms of 2-variable system parameters. The method is extended to consider nonlinear and multiple-delay systems.
The Effects of Integration Processes on Properties of One Transistor MFMPOS Memory Devices

Integration processing of one-transistor memory devices deals with the following issues: film quality of ferroelectric materials, integration process induced damages such as etching and forming gas annealing damage of ferroelectric materials, the alignment for devices. In order to make high quality one-transistor memory devices, integration processes including nitride gate replacement, oxide trench etching structures, selective deposition, etc. have been investigated for fabrication of one transistor MFMPOS (M: Metal, F: Ferroelectrics, M: Metal, P: polysilicon, O: oxide, S: silicon) memory devices. The integration processes for one transistor memory device have also been optimized to reduce process-induced damages. Based on the experimental results, MOCVD selective deposition can make higher quality patterned ferroelectric thin films, damascene structure with CMP processes can reduce the etching damages. Therefore, the high quality one transistor MFMPOS memory devices have been made.
Vertical Transmission of HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa: Applying Theoretical Frameworks to Understand Social Barriers to PMTCT

In sub-Saharan Africa, over 1,000 newborns are infected with HIV every day, despite available medical interventions. Pediatric HIV is a large contributor to the high rates, the largest in the world, of infant and child mortality in this region. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) can dramatically reduce the risk of infection for the infant during pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding. Throughout most urban areas of Africa, free medications are readily available. However, approximately 50% of HIV-positive pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa are not accessing or adhering to the necessary medications to prevent mother-to-child transmission. In order for this region to eliminate the vertical transmission of HIV and meet the Millennium Development Goals, interventions need to move beyond the individual-level and address the structural and social barriers preventing women from utilizing PMTCT services. This paper reviews current literature on PMTCT interventions in sub-Saharan Africa from 2006–2012, specifically examining theoretical underpinnings. Overwhelmingly, the approach has been education and counseling. This paper calls to action a paradigm shift to a social ecological approach that addresses barriers at all societal levels, especially gender inequality, enabling a much greater impact on mother-to-child transmission of HIV.
Pseudorabies virus tracing of neural pathways between the uterine cervix and CNS: effects of survival time, estrogen treatment, rhizotomy, and pelvic nerve transection.

The transneuronal tracer, pseudorabies virus (PRV), was used to identify pathways from the uterine cervix which may be involved in induction of analgesia and abbreviation of estrus by vaginocervical stimulation. In Experiment I, PRV immunoreactivity (PRV-IR) in brain and spinal cord was examined 3-5 days after injection into the cervix of ovariectomized (OVX) female rats given estrogen (E) or control treatments. No differences in viral labeling were observed between OVX and OVX+E females at any time. PRV-infected cells were observed to increase as a function of time and at progressively higher CNS levels. PRV-IR neurons were first observed on day 3 post-infection at L6 in the SPN. Increased labeling was observed at day 4 in the SPN and the DGC at L6 and S1 spinal segments. Dorsal horn neurons showed PRV-IR by 4.5 days. Five days post-infection, labeling was seen in the IML and lamina X in T12-L1 segments, and in medullary raphe, A5, nPGi, nGi, DMV, lateral reticular, Barrington's nuclei, and in the midbrain PAG. In Experiment II, the effects of bilateral L6 dorsal root rhizotomy (RH) combined with unilateral (UPx) or bilateral (BPx) pelvic nerve transection on PRV infectivity were examined 5 days after infection. Despite reductions in substance P labeling in the dorsal horn following RH, PRV-IR neurons persisted in this area. In RH+UPx females, labeling persisted bilaterally in the SPN and DGC at L6. RH+BPx almost completely eliminated the PRV labeling in L6 and S1. Horizontal sections showed distinct patterns of infectivity within the IML of thoracolumbar and SPN of lumbosacral segments consistent with infection in the hypogastric and pelvic nerves, respectively. Our data indicate that retrograde transport of PRV occurs via the hypogastric and pelvic nerves after injection of the virus into the uterine cervix. Furthermore, significant intraspinal processing is likely to occur between thoracolumbar and lumbosacral levels in the modulation of reproductive tract function.
Components of Body Image in Gay Men with HIV/AIDS

The current study examined group differences in various components of body image within a group of gay men. Three groups of gay men were compared: AIDS diagnosed, HIV positive (without an AIDS diagnosis), and HIV negative. Participants were 254 men who responded to an online survey. Results revealed significant group differences on the components of illness orientation and fitness/health evaluation. These results indicated that participants in the AIDS and HIV positive groups reported more awareness of and vulnerability to illness compared with the HIV negative group. Furthermore, men in the AIDS group reported being less fit and in poorer health than HIV positive and HIV negative men. Surprisingly, there were no significant differences between groups on appearance evaluation, suggesting that previous reports of high levels of body dissatisfaction among men living with HIV/AIDS may be because of disproportionate rates of gay (or MSM) men affected by the disease.
Prediction of body composition in Holstein steers using urea space.

Abstract Our objective was to evaluate urea space estimate of body composition in Holstein steers by examining prediction equations based on chemical composition and by comparison of these equations to those developed for beef steers. Urea space was determined in 38 Holstein steers ranging in full-fed live weight from 143 to 404kg by the change in plasma urea N concentration before and 12min after the midpoint of an intravenous infusion of 130mg urea/kg live weight (20% solution in .9% saline). The relationship between empty body water (mean, 159.9kg) and urea space in Holstein steers (Sy·x = 7.9kg, R 2 = .95) showed slope (.93) and intercept (20.6) similar to those of beef steers (.92 and 21.8). Predictions of empty body water, fat, and protein were slightly improved by including urea space in multiple regression equations with full-fed live weight over equations based on full-fed live weight alone. Predicted mean body protein in Holstein steers based on previous equations developed with beef steers was not different from chemically determined empty body protein. Beef steer equations underestimated mean empty body water (155.4 vs. 159.9kg) and overestimated mean empty body fat (29.8 vs. 25.8kg). These data suggest that urea space can be used to improve predictions of body composition on a mass basis in Holstein steers over that using of live weight measurements alone and that prediction equations may be different for different types of cattle.
Flow Through Super-elliptic Ducts Filled with a Darcy–Brinkman Medium

The fully developed flow and constant flux heat transfer in super-elliptic ducts filled with a porous (Darcy–Brinkman) medium are studied. Super-elliptic ducts resemble rectangular ducts with rounded corners. An efficient Ritz method is used to determine the velocity and temperature fields. Extensive tables for friction factor–Reynolds number product and Nusselt number are given.
Comparing Perception-Based and Geographic Information System (GIS)-Based Characterizations of the Local Food Environment

Measuring features of the local food environment has been a major challenge in studying the effect of the environment on diet. This study examined associations between alternate ways of characterizing the local food environment by comparing Geographic Information System (GIS)-derived densities of various types of stores to perception-based measures of the availability of healthy foods. Survey questions rating the availability of produce and low-fat products in neighborhoods were aggregated into a healthy food availability score for 5,774 residents of North Carolina, Maryland, and New York. Densities of supermarkets and smaller stores per square mile were computed for 1 mile around each respondent’s residence using kernel estimation. The number of different store types in the area was used to measure variety in the food environment. Linear regression was used to examine associations of store densities and variety with reported availability. Respondents living in areas with lower densities of supermarkets rated the selection and availability of produce and low-fat foods 17% lower than those in areas with the highest densities of supermarkets (95% CL, −18.8, −15.1). In areas without supermarkets, low densities of smaller stores and less store variety were associated with worse perceived availability of healthy foods only in North Carolina (8.8% lower availability, 95% CL, −13.8, −3.4 for lowest vs. highest small-store density; 10.5% lower 95% CL, −16.0, −4.7 for least vs. most store variety). In contrast, higher smaller store densities and more variety were associated with worse perceived healthy food availability in Maryland. Perception- and GIS-based characterizations of the environment are associated but are not identical. Combinations of different types of measures may yield more valid measures of the environment.
in vivo inhibition of PC‐3 human androgen‐independent prostate cancer by a targeted cytotoxic bombesin analogue, AN‐215

The effectiveness of chemotherapy targeted to bombesin (BN) receptors was evaluated in nude mice bearing PC-3 human androgen-independent prostate cancers. Cytotoxic BN analogue AN-215, consisting of 2-pyrrolinodoxorubicin (AN-201) linked to BN-like carrier peptide RC-3094, was injected i.v. at 150 nmol/kg on days 1, 11 and 21. After treatment with AN-215, tumor volume was 69% (p < 0.01) smaller than that in controls and tumor doubling time was extended from 8.5 +/- 0.7 days to 20.3 +/- 3.5 days (p < 0.05). Cytotoxic radical AN-201, carrier RC-3094 and their unconjugated mixture administered at the same dosage were ineffective. The mortality rate was 12.5% in the AN-201 group and 16.7% in the group treated with the mixture, but no deaths occurred in mice receiving AN-215. Because the ester bond linking AN-201 to the carrier molecule is hydrolyzed much faster in mouse serum than in human serum, in the second experiment we investigated the tolerance to AN-215 and its effect in nude mice bearing PC-3 tumors after pharmacological inhibition of serum carboxylesterases. Two applications of AN-201 at 200 nmol/kg were lethal, whereas no mortality was observed after 4 injections of AN-215 at the same dose. Administration of 200 nmol/kg AN-215 on days 1, 7, 17 and 26 again produced 69% tumor inhibition. BN receptors on membranes of PC-3 tumors were detected by (125)I-[Tyr(4)]BN binding, and expression of mRNA for BRS-3 and GRP-R subtypes was also found. AN-215 showed a high affinity to PC-3 tumors, displacing the radioligand at an IC(50) of 12.95 +/- 0.35 nM. Because BN receptors are present on primary and metastatic prostate cancer, targeted chemotherapy with AN-215 might benefit patients with advanced prostatic carcinoma who relapsed androgen ablation.
Dynamics, stability, and control analyses of flapping wing micro-air vehicles

Abstract The paper presents an overview of the various analyses of flight dynamics, stability, and control of flapping wing micro-air vehicles available in the literature. The potential benefits of flapping wing micro-air vehicles for civil, military, and search and rescue operations are numerous. The majority of the flight dynamics research involves the standard aircraft (6DOF) equations of motion, although a growth is evident in examining the multibody flight dynamics models of flapping wing micro-air vehicles. The stability of flapping wing micro-air vehicles is largely studied in the vicinity of hover and forward flight. The majority of stability studies focus on linear, time-invariant stability in the vicinity of reference flight conditions, such as hover or forward flight. The consistent result is that flapping wing micro-air vehicles are unstable in an open loop setting. The unstable result is based on linear and nonlinear stability analyses. Control has been demonstrated for hovering and forward flight through various methods, both linear and nonlinear in nature. The entirety of reported research into the stability and control of flapping wing micro-air vehicles has neglected the mass effects of the wings on the position and orientation of the central body. Successful control of a flapping wing micro-air vehicle, with the wings' mass effects included, is still an open research area.
Investigating a Measure of Computer Technology Domain Identification: A Tool for Understanding Gender Differences and Stereotypes

The aim of this project is to further examine the construct of domain identification (i.e., a person’s positive phenomenological experiences with, and perceived self-relevance of, a domain), specifically as it applies to computer technology (CT). The authors model a knownmeasure of math identification to first develop a measure ofCTidentification. The authors then test whether the new CT identification measure could uniquely explain the relationship between individuals’ gender and CT career pursuit, above and beyond math identification. Finally, the authors examine the relationships between men’s and women’s CT domain identification, their perceptions of the CT field, and their interpersonal orientation to determine whether existing relationships among these variables might explain individuals’ willingness to consider a number of CT-and non-CT-related fields.
Rapid large scale purification of ellagitannins from pomegranate husk, a by-product of the commercial juice industry

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruits are widely consumed fresh and in processed forms as juice, jams and wine. Pomegranate fruit husk/peel is a rich source of hydrolyzable tannins called ellagitannins (ETs). In the commercial pomegranate juice (PJ) industry, these ETs are extracted from the husk in significant quantities into the juice due to their hydrophilic properties. Pomegranate husk, a by-product of the PJ industry, is therefore an inexpensive and abundant source of ETs. Previous methods to isolate pomegranate ETs included labor intensive and time-consuming solid phase extractions by column chromatography (C-18, polyamides, cellulose, Sephadex Lipophilic LH-20, Diaion HP20) and/or use of specialized instruments such as preparative-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). We have used an Amberlite XAD-16 resin vacuum-aspirated column to rapidly purify an aqueous extract of pomegranate husk to afford total pomegranate tannins (TPT) in substantial yields (58-60 g TPT/kg husk; time h). Using analytical HPLC and tandem LC-ES/MS, evaluation of TPT showed that it contains the major fruit husk ET, punicalagin (80-85% w/w) and ellagic acid (EA; 1.3% w/w) and unquantified amounts of punicalin and EA-glycosides (hexoside, rhamnoside and pentoside). Since pomegranate ETs are reported to show potent antioxidant, anti atherosclerotic and anticancer activities, this method can be used for the large-scale production of TPT for future in vitro and in vivo biological studies. This method is practical for industrial applications and could provide a low-cost means to use a currently underutilized food by-product to develop phytoceuticals with potential health benefits or to develop products for use in the cosmetic and food biopreservative industries. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Transcription of mouse rRNA genes by RNA polymerase I: In vitro and in vivo initiation and processing sites

Abstract We have studied specific transcription by RNA polymerase I in vitro using a mouse tissue-culture cell extract and cloned mouse rDNA containing the transcription initiation region of a 45S rRNA gene. In vitro, transcription initiates at a unique site on the rDNA, which we have located using runoff transcription and S1 nuclease mapping. This site is several hundred base pairs upstream from the presumptive initiation sites previously identified by others. Using runoff transcription and pulse-chase experiments, we further show that our primary transcript is specifically processed in vitro to generate a smaller RNA species. This defines a new rRNA-processing site within the external transcribed spacer of 45S RNA. Ribosomal RNA made in vivo also is longer than previously thought. The farthest upstream, in vivo 5′ end we detect by S1 nuclease mapping is at the in vitro initiation site; the only other in vivo 5′ end we detect maps at the in vitro processing site. This suggests that in vitro, both the initiation of rDNA transcription and the initial processing of this primary transcript mimic the in vivo situation. Both in vivo and in vitro, transcription extends through several large clusters of T residues (37 of 40 and 15 of 15) located approximately 450 and 350 nucleotides downstream from the initiation site. This demonstrates that T clusters, which have a central role in specifying termination for RNA polymerase III and E. coli RNA polymerase, are not the sole determinants of RNA polymerase I termination. In addition, there is a striking sequence homology between the nucleotide sequences immediately surrounding the initiation sites of mouse and frog rRNA genes.
Predicting land use change: comparison of models based on landowner surveys and historical land cover trends

To make informed planning decisions, community leaders, elected officials, scientists, and natural resource managers must be able to evaluate potential effects of policies on land use change. Many land use change models use remotely-sensed images to make predictions based on historical trends. One alternative is a survey-based approach in which landowners’ stated intentions are modeled. The objectives of our research were to: (1) develop a survey-based landowner decision model (SBM) to simulate future land use changes, (2) compare projections from the SBM with those from a trend-based model (TBM), and (3) demonstrate how two alternative policy scenarios can be incorporated into the SBM and compared. We modeled relationships between land management decisions, collected from a mail survey of private landowners, and the landscape, using remotely-sensed imagery and ownership parcel data. We found that SBM projections were within the range of TBM projections and that the SBM was less affected by errors in image classification. Our analysis of alternative policies demonstrates the importance of understanding potential effects of targeted land use policies. While policies oriented toward increasing enrollment in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) resulted in a large (11–13%) increase in CRP lands, policies targeting increased forest thinning on private non-industrial lands increased low-density forest projections by only 1%. The SBM approach is particularly appropriate for landscapes including many landowners, because it reflects the decision-making of the landowners whose individual actions will result in collective landscape change.
Generations of abnormal QED states

Abstract Generations of abnormal QED states containing heavy leptons might be expected if a postulated abnormal QED vacuum confines these leptons.
Theoretical Analysis of the Current Density Distribution in Electrolytic Cells

The current distribution at plane electrodes of finite breadth is calculated under the assumption of a linear polarization curve. The current distribution at triangular‐wave profile electrodes is calculated for zero polarization, and an approximate solution is given for high polarization. Results of the theoretical analysis are compared to experimental data reported by Mantzell. It is shown how measurements with the Haring cell can be used to predict current density distributions for other geometrical conditions.
Psychosocial and cognitive health differences by caregiver status among older Mexican Americans

This study identifies the risk and protective factors associated with informal caregiving by older (≥70 years) Mexican Americans and profiles caregiving arrangements. Overall, a greater number of informal caregivers (n = 92) were married and female. They also had higher physical functioning and better cognition than non-caregivers (n = 1,888) but fewer visited a physician regularly. Informal caregivers also showed an increased risk of depressive symptoms. A third of caregivers spent more than 20 h/day caregiving and the majority (84%) of care recipients were family members. In order to support the efforts of this disproportionately burdened caregiver group, increased social support and healthcare services are needed.
Minds, machines, and evolution: C. Hookway, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1984); 177 pages.

Abstract For me the title Minds, Machines, and Evolution was irresistible. This combination of topics surrounds some of the most fascinating and illusive of questions. What is consciousness? What is intelligence? How do these phenomena arise in the evolution of biological systems? What do we need to know in order to build, grow, or understand such systems? I found the book engaging and provocative. To try to satisfy readers with either a casual or intense interest in these topics, I decided to provide both a short review and a long review.