cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural basis of asymmetric DNA methylation and ATP-triggered long-range diffusion by EcoP15I

Type III R-M enzymes were identified >40 years ago and yet there is no structural information on these multisubunit enzymes. Here we report the structure of a Type III R-M system, consisting of the entire EcoP15I complex (Mod2Res1) bound to DNA. The structure suggests how ATP hydrolysis is coupled to long-range diffusion of a helicase on DNA, and how a dimeric methyltransferase functions to methylate only one of the two DNA strands. We show that the EcoP15I motor domains are specifically adapted to bind double-stranded DNA and to facilitate DNA sliding via a novel 'Pin' domain. We also uncover unexpected 'division of labour', where one Mod subunit recognizes DNA, while the other Mod subunit methylates the target adenine--a mechanism that may extend to adenine N6 RNA methylation in mammalian cells. Together the structure sheds new light on the mechanisms of both helicases and methyltransferases in DNA and RNA metabolism.
Structure of the lepidopteran proboscis in relation to feeding guild

Most butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) use modified mouthparts, the proboscis, to acquire fluids. We quantified the proboscis architecture of five butterfly species in three families to test the hypothesis that proboscis structure relates to feeding guild. We used scanning electron microscopy to elucidate the fine structure of the proboscis of both sexes and to quantify dimensions, cuticular patterns, and the shapes and sizes of sensilla and dorsal legulae. Sexual dimorphism was not detected in the proboscis structure of any species. A hierarchical clustering analysis of overall proboscis architecture reflected lepidopteran phylogeny, but did not produce a distinct group of flower visitors or of puddle visitors within the flower visitors. Specific characters of the proboscis, nonetheless, can indicate flower and nonflower visitors, such as the configuration of sensilla styloconica, width of the lower branches of dorsal legulae, presence or absence of dorsal legulae at the extreme apex, and degree of proboscis tapering. We suggest that the overall proboscis architecture of Lepidoptera reflects a universal structural organization that promotes fluid uptake from droplets and films. On top of this fundamental structural organization, we suggest that the diversity of floral structure has selected for structural adaptations that facilitate entry of the proboscis into floral tubes.
Joint A* CCG Parsing and Semantic Role Labelling

Joint models of syntactic and semantic parsing have the potential to improve performance on both tasks—but to date, the best results have been achieved with pipelines. We introduce a joint model using CCG, which is motivated by the close link between CCG syntax and semantics. Semantic roles are recovered by labelling the deep dependency structures produced by the grammar. Furthermore, because CCG is lexicalized, we show it is possible to factor the parsing model over words and introduce a new A parsing algorithm— which we demonstrate is faster and more accurate than adaptive supertagging. Our joint model is the first to substantially improve both syntactic and semantic accuracy over a comparable pipeline, and also achieves state-of-the-art results for a nonensemble semantic role labelling model.
“Lord of a Hawaiian Island”: Robert and John Gregg Allerton, Queerness, and the Erasure of Colonization in Kaua‘i

This case study of a white male couple (Robert and John Gregg Allerton) on Kaua‘i from the 1930s through the 1960s investigates how their colonization of the island has tended to be erased in accounts that highlight both the supposed acceptance of their homosexuality by the island’s residents and, in turn, the couple’s generous philanthropy. Set against this narrative of what Mary Louise Pratt has called “anti-conquest,” I demonstrate that the Allertons’ lives on Kaua‘i were actually more in keeping with the history of western imperialism than most accounts acknowledge, emphasizing also their own innovative strategies toward making the island their own. The article examines both the specifics of the Allertons’ colonizing of Kaua‘i and, more importantly, how imperialism can be misremembered when the colonizers were queer, connecting that narrative obfuscation to myths about acceptance of gay men in Hawai‘i that live on today.
This Is My Story, This Is My Song: Using A Musical Chronology and the Emerging Life Song With African American Clients in Spiritual Bypass

ABSTRACTPeople from various backgrounds and life experiences use music to capture life moments and convey emotions; therefore, the use of musical interventions may resonate with some clients. Counselors may consider integrating music in their clinical practices with African Americans, especially those with religious backgrounds. Specifically, this article will illustrate the use of A Musical Chronology and the Emerging Life Song with African American clients experiencing spiritual bypass, a maladaptive form of religious coping. The article concludes with a case illustration and implications for counselors.
A Quantum Alloy: The Ligand-Protected Au25–xAgx(SR)18 Cluster

Recent synthetic advances have produced very small (sub-2 nm), ligand-protected mixed-metal clusters. Realization of such clusters allows the investigation of fundamental questions: (1) Will heteroatoms occupy specific sites within the cluster? (2) How will the inclusion of heteroatoms affect the electronic structure and chemical properties of the cluster? (3) How will these very small mixed-metal systems differ from larger, more traditional alloy materials? In this report we provide experimental and computational characterization of the ligand-protected mixed-metal Au25–xAgx(SC2H4Ph)18 cluster (abbreviated as Au25–xAgx, where x = 0–5 Ag atoms) compared with the unsubstituted Au25(SC2H4Ph)18 cluster (abbreviated as Au25). Density functional theory analysis has predicted that Ag heteroatoms will preferentially occupy sites on the surface of the cluster core. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed Au–Ag state mixing and charge redistribution within the Au25–xAgx cluster. Optical spectroscopy and nonaqueo...
Ethylene Dibromide Fumigation of California-grown Citrus: Effect of Dosage, Temperature, and Load Factor on Gas Concentration, Sorption, and Residues

Ethylene di bromide (EDB) fumigation of commercially packed lemons, navel oranges, and ‘Valencia’ oranges showed that lemons and navel oranges were equally sorptive of EDB; ‘Valencia’ oranges were less sorptive. Increased dosages produced higher gas concentrations during the exposure time (CT products), but had no significant effect on sorption. Effects of temperature (10, 20, or 30°C) on CT products and sorption were not significant. Increased load factors produced higher percentage sorption and lower CT products. Levels of residual EDB in citrus fruits immediately after fumigation were proportional to CT product exposures. Rates of desorption of EDB from most to least rapid from fumigated citrus stored at 5°C were lemons greater than navel oranges greater than ‘Valencia’ oranges. Levels of residual EDB in fumigated citrus fruits stored at 5°C would reach ≤0.25ppm (250 ppb) in 21 ± 2.8 days for lemons, 31 ± 3.5 days for navel oranges, and 41 ± 5.7 days for ‘Valencia’ oranges.
Charge asymmetric dissociation of a CO + molecular-ion beam induced by strong laser fields

Charge asymmetric dissociation into ${\mathrm{C}}^{2+}+\mathrm{O}$ following ionization of a CO${}^{+}$ molecular-ion beam with intense ultrashort (7--40-fs) laser pulses is studied using a coincidence three-dimensional momentum imaging method. The data suggest that allowing the molecule enough time to stretch within a laser pulse such that it ionizes beyond the curve crossings of the ${\mathrm{C}}^{2+}+\mathrm{O}$ and ${\mathrm{C}}^{+}+{\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ potentials enhances the otherwise hard-to-reach charge asymmetric dissociation channel.
Development of a polar direct drive platform for mix and burn experiments on the National Ignition Facility

Capsules driven with polar drive [1, 2] on the National Ignition Facility [3] are being used [4] to study mix in convergent geometry. In preparation for experiments that will utilize deuterated plastic shells with a pure tritium fill, hydrogen-filled capsules with copper- doped deuterated layers have been imploded on NIF to provide spectroscopic and nuclear measurements of capsule performance. Experiments have shown that the mix region, when composed of shell material doped with about 1% copper (by atom), reaches temperatures of about 2 keV, while undoped mixed regions reach about 3 keV. Based on the yield from these implosions, we estimate the thickness of CD that mixed into the gas as between about 0.25 and 0.43 μm of the inner capsule surface, corresponding to about 5 to 9 μg of material. Using 5 atm of tritium as the fill gas should result in over 1013 DT neutrons being produced, which is sufficient for neutron imaging [5].
A Consideration of Fluorides Classification and Self Re-Combination Sputtering of Magnesium Fluoride Films

The author had investigated fluoride thin films made by sputtering, which is conducted with introducing a continuous Ar gas flow. The fluoride thin film made in such way, however, had not shown good optical characteristics. The author had hit upon a consideration to classify the fluorides from the viewpoint of their melting point (M.P.) and boiling point (B.P.). The M.P. B.P. classification of fluorides could well explain why sputtering does not make good MgF2 thin film.On the other hand, the author had invented the Self Re-Combination (SRC) sputtering process. This SRC sputtering is able to make the fluoride thin films on the SiO2 substrate and the Si substrate. This time, the author has invented the Multi cathode Re-Combination (MRC) sputtering process, which is improved from the SRC sputtering process for MgF2. The MgF2 thin film made by this MRC sputtering has shown a quite small absorption coefficient, less then 0.001 at 193 nm wavelength. This MRC sputtering is conducted without introducing fluorine gas, which means the MRC gives us a simple and a safety process.
1.92 Angstrom Zinc-Free APOBEC3F Catalytic Domain Crystal Structure

The APOBEC3 family of DNA cytosine deaminases is capable of restricting the replication of HIV-1 and other pathogens. Here, we report a 1.92 A resolution crystal structure of the Vif-binding and catalytic domain of APOBEC3F (A3F). This structure is distinct from the previously published APOBEC and phylogenetically related deaminase structures, as it is the first without zinc in the active site. We determined an additional structure containing zinc in the same crystal form that allows direct comparison with the zinc-free structure. In the absence of zinc, the conserved active site residues that normally participate in zinc coordination show unique conformations, including a 90 degree rotation of His249 and disulfide bond formation between Cys280 and Cys283. We found that zinc coordination is influenced by pH, and treating the protein at low pH in crystallization buffer is sufficient to remove zinc. Zinc coordination and catalytic activity are reconstituted with the addition of zinc only in a reduced environment likely due to the two active site cysteines readily forming a disulfide bond when not coordinating zinc. We show that the enzyme is active in the presence of zinc and cobalt but not with other divalent metals. These results unexpectedly demonstrate that zinc is not required for the structural integrity of A3F and suggest that metal coordination may be a strategy for regulating the activity of A3F and related deaminases.
Implementation of Structured Benefit-Risk Assessments in Marketing Authorization Applications Lessons Learned

Background:A recent publication from Eli Lilly and Company provided guidance on incorporation of a structured benefit-risk assessment framework into Section 2.5.6 of the Clinical Overview of market...
X-linked spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) type 1A: a novel late onset phenotype of the ATP2B3 mutation (P5.392)

Objective: To report an adult-onset X-linked spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) representing a new phenotype for mutation of the ATP2B3 gene (plasma membrane calcium ATPase 3, PMCA3), previously thought to cause only congenital X-linked SCA. Background: The X-linked SCAs are rare, genetically and clinically heterogeneous congenital and early-onset disorders. The genetic cause is known only for early-onset ataxia with ATP2B3 mutations. Two pathogenic mutations have been discovered; G1107D, in its calmodulin-binding domain (SCAX1, OMIM #302500) and more recently R482H requiring compound heterozygote LAMA1 mutations. Both cases featured congenital hypotonia, delayed motor development, and cerebellar ataxia. Imaging revealed isolated cerebellar atrophy or a small posterior fossa and a dysplastic corpus callosum. Methods: At age 46 the patient developed erectile dysfunction without other autonomic features. Over the next 15 years, he developed progressive cerebellar ataxia with bulbar dysfunction, forgetfulness, leg cramps with sensory-predominant neuropathy/ganglionopathy, and dysexecutive behavior with obsessional thinking. Elderly maternally-related female relatives reported non-debilitating balance problems. Results: Brain MRI revealed prominent pancerebellar atrophy, and diffuse mild cerebral cortical atrophy. Commercially available gene tests were normal except for a synonymous variant of unknown significance in the SCA 14 gene, PRKCG. Exome sequencing revealed a novel R537H mutation [c.1610G>A,p.Arg537His] in the ATP2B3 gene which was also found in the proband’s clinically unaffected mother and daughter. An asymptomatic brother and sister tested negative. This mutation has not previously been recognized as a disease-causing or benign variant. Structural models revealed that R537H is at an important conformation-dependent interface, and likely to have consequences different from the other known mutations. Conclusions: We describe a novel X-linked recessive SCA, SCAX-1A, with adult onset associated with a novel ATP2B3 gene mutation. Adult onset recessive ataxias may be more common than realized. Exome sequencing continues to rescue gene disorders from the Idiopathic Late-onset Cerebellar Ataxia (ILOCA) designation. Disclosure: Dr. Stephen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sweadner has nothing to disclose. Dr. Penniston has nothing to disclose. Dr. Schmahmann has received license fees payments from Massachusetts General Hospital.
Left Ventricular Size does not Modify the Effect of QRS Duration in Predicting Response to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy.

BACKGROUND QRS duration (QRSd) may be impacted by both left ventricular (LV) dilatation and conduction delay. It is possible therefore that the same QRSd may portend significantly different amounts of LV activation delay in patients with small versus large left ventricles. We hypothesized that LV size modifies the effect of QRSd on predicting outcomes in patients undergoing CRT implant. METHODS We extracted data on consecutive patients presenting for initial CRT implant. In patients with a follow-up echocardiogram, response was defined as an absolute improvement in LV ejection fraction ≥5%. Multivariate models were created to determine if left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) modified the effect of QRSd on its association with both long-term survival free of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) and heart transplant and echocardiographic response. RESULTS 464 patients met inclusion criteria. At a mean follow-up of 4.9 ± 2.6 years, there were 210 deaths, 13 heart transplants, and 12 LVAD placements. There was a weak but significant correlation between baseline QRSd and LVEDD (Spearman's Rho 0.106, P < 0.001). In a multivariate analysis, there was no evidence of effect modification of LVEDD on QRSd (LVEDDi*QRS interaction term HR 1.0 [0.995-1.006], P = 0.94). Note that 305 patients had a follow-up echocardiogram, of whom 193 met the criteria for response. In a multivariate analysis, there was no evidence of effect modification of LVEDD on QRSd (LVEDDi*QRS interaction term odds ratio 0.998 (0.988-1.008), P = 0.65). CONCLUSION LV size does not modify the effect of QRSd and its association with outcomes following CRT. The correlation between LV size and QRSd in patients with a QRSd ≥ 120 ms is weak.
Compositional asymmetry in replacement tourmaline—An example from the Tauern Window, Eastern Alps

Tourmaline, partially replacing pre-existing tourmaline from a tectonically dismembered tourmalinite vein, has developed distinctive compositional asymmetry that reflects influx of reactive fluids. The tourmalinite clast, enclosed in a quartzite from the Tauern Window, Eastern Alps, experienced a clockwise P-T-t path with maximal burial depths of 35–40 km (10–11 kbar), peak temperatures of ~550 °C, and major deformation preceding peak thermal conditions. The primary tourmaline of the tourmalinite clast, generation-1, is texturally and compositionally heterogeneous, ranging from schorl to dravite [Mg / (Mg + Fe) = 0.27– 0.61] with highly variable Al consistent with combinations of the X oAl(NaR) −1 and AlO[R(OH)] −1 exchange vectors, where X o represents X-site vacancy and R is Fe 2+ + Mn + Mg. Generation-2 tourmaline is manifest as distinctive compositionally asymmetric bands of colorless foitite (zone 1) and blue schorl (zone 2) replacing generation-1 tourmaline. Replacement takes place along a scalloped margin and advances preferentially towards the analogous pole (-c) of generation-1 tourmaline. The two zones of generation-2 range from foitite to schorl with a restricted ratio of Mg / (Mg + Fe) of 0.32 – 0.41, but with variable X o, Al, Na, and R predominantly reflecting X oAl(NaR) − 1 . Post-deformational generation-3 tourmaline ranges from schorl to foitite and partially pseudomorphs generations-1 and generations-2 tourmaline. Deformation and fracturing of primary tourmaline (generation 1) from the tourmalinite clast provided access to reactive fluids with adequate chemical affinity to produce partial tourmaline replacement. It is likely that the reactive fluid was a neutral-to-alkaline aqueous fluid phase with relatively low Na contents.
Sickle Cell Disease — A History of Progress and Peril

Given sickle cell disease’s prevalence among black Americans, questions of race and stigma have shadowed the history of its medical treatment. Recent developments in treating pain crises and gene therapy are part of a history of slow progress tinged with constant peril.
Adipokines and severity and progression of coronary artery calcium: Findings from the Rancho Bernardo Study.

Abstract Background and aims Adipokines are known to predict cardiovascular events, yet their association with coronary artery calcium (CAC), a surrogate marker of coronary atherosclerosis and risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), is unclear. We aimed at assessing the association between adipokines and the severity and progression of CAC in healthy older adults, and at exploring potential modification by gender. Methods 409 men and women from the Rancho Bernardo Study with no known CVD underwent a chest computed tomography scan to determine baseline CAC severity; 329 returned 4.5 years later for a repeat scan to evaluate CAC progression. Adipokines (IL-6, adiponectin, leptin, and TNF-α) were measured from baseline blood samples. Ordinal linear and logistic regression models were used to determine the association of each adipokine with baseline severity and future progression of CAC. Results Adjusting for age and sex, IL-6 and leptin were associated with greater odds of increasing CAC severity (OR = 1.63, 95% CI 1.22–2.19; OR = 1.19, 95% CI 0.99–1.43, respectively, per SD). The association with IL-6 remained significant in models further adjusted for lifestyle, body size, CVD risk factors, and body fat distribution. Adiponectin was associated with CAC progression (OR = 0.68, 95% CI 0.51–0.92 in fully adjusted models). This was modified by sex, with protective effects seen for men (OR = 0.57, 95% CI 0.38–0.85), but not for women (OR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.67–1.32; p-for-interaction = 0.04). Conclusions IL-6 and leptin predicted greater CAC severity while adiponectin predicted lower odds of CAC progression. More research is needed to explore biological mechanisms, including differences by sex.
Relationship of Mn-carbonates in varved lake-sediments to catchment vegetation in Big Watab Lake, MN, USA

Mn-carbonates are documented in the late-glacial varved sediments from Big Watab Lake, Minnesota, USA. The Mn-carbonate is authigenic and forms rims around contemporaneous epilimnetic calcite. Although such carbonates are found in minor amounts throughout the entire late-glacial sequence, significant quantities of Mn-carbonate are associated mainly with laminated intervals.Because of the suspected difference in isotopic fractionation between different carbonate minerals, the stable-isotopic compositions of bulk carbonate samples are used as a proxy for relative amounts of the Mn-carbonate in the sediment. High δ18O and low δ13C values are associated with abundant Mn-carbonates. Low δ18O and high δ13C values are associated with only minor concentrations of Mn-carbonates.The oxygen-18 record is correlated with fluctuations in the vegetation assemblage based on pollen spectra using a multiple regression model with backward elimination. The proposed link between the sedimentary archive and local vegetation is the mediation of advective mixing in the lake by forest composition. In this model, periods of forest closure resulted in a well-stratified water column that was anoxic at the sediment/water interface, permitting the formation of authigenic Mn-carbonates. Openings of Artemisia in the forest allowed wind shear to mix oxygen to depth, causing bioturbation of the laminations and preventing the formation of Mn-carbonate.
Cluster partitioning approaches to parallel Monte Carlo simulation on multiprocessors

We consider the parallelization of Monte Carlo algorithms for analyzing numerical models of charge transport used in semiconductor device physics. Parallel algorithms for the standard k-space Monte Carlo simulation of a three band model of bulk GaAs on hypercube multicomputers are first presented. This Monte Carlo model includes scattering due to polar-optical, intervalley, and acoustic phonons, as well as electron-electron scattering. The k-space Monte Carlo program, excluding electron-electron scattering, is then extended to simulate a semiconductor device by the addition of the real space position of each simulated particle and the assignment of particle charge, using a cloud in cell scheme, to solve the Poisson's equation with particle dynamics. Techniques for effectively partitioning this device so as to balance the computational load while minimizing the communication overhead are discussed. Approaches for improving the efficiency of the parallel algorithm, either by dynamically balancing of load or by employing the usual techniques for enhancing rare events in Monte Carlo simulations are also considered. The parallel algorithms were implemented on a 64-node NCUBE multiprocessor and test results were generated to validate the parallel k-space, as well as the device simulation programs. Timing measurements were also made to study the variation of speedups as both the problem size and number of processors are varied. The effective exploitation of the computational power of message passing multiprocessors requires the efficient mapping of parallel programs onto processors so as to balance the computational load while minimizing the communication overhead between processors. A lower bound for this communication volume when mapping arbitrary task graphs onto distributed processor systems is derived. For a K processor system this lower bound can be computed from the K (possibly) largest eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix of the task graph and the eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix of the processor graph. We also derive the eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix of the processor graph for a hypercube and give test results comparing the lower bound for the communication volume with the values given by a heuristic algorithm for a number of task graphs.
Refractory Angina Secondary to Large Unligated Side Branch of Internal Mammary Artery

Coronary artery disease (CAD) has become a common diagnosis. Managing the symptoms of CAD continues to be an ongoing dilemma requiring optimal medication management or potential revascularization with either percutaneous coronary interventions or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). We present a case of debilitating refractory angina in a patient with severe CAD after optimal medical therapy and CABG secondary to coronary steal phenomenon via the left internal mammary artery conduit supplying a large unligated side branch to the internal chest wall. While current data are inconclusive on this phenomenon, our patient had complete resolution of angina following coil embolization of unligated side branch of the internal mammary artery.
Posterior Thoracic Instrumentation for Scoliosis

Adult and adolescent forms of idiopathic scoliosis are commonly encountered deformities of the lumbar and thoracic spine. In some cases, there is a need to treat these curvatures. A number of options exist including nonoperative and operative treatments. Surgery for correction of these curvatures presents a unique challenge in the thoracic spine. Thoracic spine anatomy is diverse and therefore both technically challenging and prone for possible complications. A sound knowledge of the relevant anatomy and adequate skills in both radiographic and surgical techniques are required for success. Pedicle screw technology is now the most frequently used instrumentation and provides substantial advantages over methods such as hook constructs in both biomechanical strength and safety. New technologies and techniques are under development and will provide additional tools for correction of thoracic deformity.
A variation of DS decomposition in set function optimization

Any set function can be decomposed into the difference of two monotone nondecreasing submodular functions. This theorem plays an important role in the set function optimization theory. In this paper, we show a variation that any set function can be decomposed into the difference of two monotone nondecreasing supermodular functions. Meanwhile, we give an example in social network optimization and construct algorithmic solutions for the maximization problem of set functions with this variation of DS decomposition.
Amygdala and ventral tegmental area differentially interact with hippocampus and cortical medial temporal lobe during rest in humans

Neuromodulatory regions that detect salience, such as amygdala and ventral tegmental area (VTA), have distinct effects on memory. Yet, questions remain about how these modulatory regions target subregions across the hippocampus and medial temporal lobe (MTL) cortex. Here, we sought to characterize how VTA and amygdala subregions (i.e., basolateral amygdala and central-medial amygdala) interact with hippocampus head, body, and tail, as well as cortical MTL areas of perirhinal cortex and parahippocampal cortex in a task-free state. To quantify these interactions, we used high-resolution resting state fMRI and characterized pair-wise, partial correlations across regions-of-interest. We found that basolateral amygdala showed greater functional coupling with hippocampus head, hippocampus tail, and perirhinal cortex when compared to either VTA or central-medial amygdala. Furthermore, the VTA showed greater functional coupling with hippocampus tail when compared to central-medial amygdala. There were no significant differences in functional coupling with hippocampus body and parahippocampal cortex. These results support a framework by which neuromodulatory regions do not indiscriminately influence all MTL subregions equally, but rather bias information processing to discrete MTL targets. These findings provide a more specified model of the intrinsic properties of systems underlying MTL neuromodulation. This emphasizes the need to consider heterogeneity both across and within neuromodulatory systems to better understand affective memory.
A Criminological Fly in the Ointment? A Reply to Pratt and Turanovic’s Misinterpretation of Problem-solving Court Ideology toward Participant Generality of Deviance

Problem-solving courts are courts that oversee specialized dockets of participants who have comparable underlying causes which have prompted their entrance into the criminal justice system (e.g., s...
Stirring up lessons for food activists [Book review]

First paragraph: The book Stirrings examines the anti-hunger efforts of the food movement in the latter part of the 20th century for lessons in their suc­cesses and failures, as well as relevance to the modern food movement in America. Its six chap­ters examine four food nonprofits’ responses to hunger and its causes in urban New York City (NYC). The diversity of these case studies allowed for multidimensional analyses and insights of how groups of people can work to challenge policy pri­ori­ties and change social values that cause hunger. The context of the case studies is established in the introduction by recounting the history and politics of the awareness of hunger and poverty in Amer­ica, the “land of plenty and wealth” during the 1960s, and the subsequent federal government anti-hunger and welfare programs (e.g., War on Poverty and food stamps programs). This context also includes the drastic reductions of these pro­grams, first by the austerity budget measures of the mid-1970s and then by the rise of neoliberal gov­ernment policies starting in the 1980s. This infor­mation is intended to inform the reader of the raison d’etre for the rise and diversity of food activism movement described in this book. . . .
Precision Neutron Inferferometric Search for Evidence of Nuclear Quantum Entanglement in Liquid H 2 O − D 2 O Mixtures

A wavelength independent neutron interferometry technique has been applied to measure the scattering length densities Nb of liquid mixtures of H{sub 2}O-D{sub 2} O near room temperature. The experimental data have been compared to the conventional theory based on two separate liquids, with no deviations greater than 0.4{percent} observed. These results are not consistent with the predicted deviations due to quantum entanglement between protons and deuterons, which are at least an order of magnitude larger than our measured values. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Korean kuzuya, ‘German-style control’ and the business of waste in wartime Japan, 1931-1945

This article shows how wartime conditions transformed the waste business in Japan. Hygiene regulations from 1900 to the 1920s followed by an influx of Korean migrant labour disrupted the traditiona...
Complex topological K-theory

1. Preliminaries 2. K-Theory 3. Additional structure 4. Characteristic classes Bibliography Symbol index Subject index.
Stages of growth of hamster retinofugal axons: implications for developing axonal pathways with multiple targets

Neurons in many regions of the CNS (e.g., cortical areas, thalamic nuclei) are heterogeneous with regard to their afferent and efferent connections. Using the hamster retinofugal system as a model, we investigated the mechanisms by which such connectional heterogeneity arises during ontogeny. Retinal ganglion cell axons were labeled with 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (Dil) in paraformaldehyde-fixed tissue. The fluorescent label was photoconverted to a diaminobenzidine reaction product. The morphology of the axons, including their trajectories, branching patterns, and growth cones, was studied at the level of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGd) from embryonic day 14 to adulthood. In adult hamsters, axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are spatially segregated at the level of the lateral geniculate nucleus into a superficial optic tract, situated just beneath the pia, and an internal optic tract consisting of fascicles running parallel to the pia within the geniculate. All retinofugal axons project to the midbrain, but only superficial optic tract axons emit collaterals to the LGd. During development, axons in both divisions of the optic tract emit collaterals to the LGd, but by postnatal day 15, collaterals of internal optic tract axons are virtually entirely eliminated, whereas those of superficial optic tract axons have elaborated terminal arbors. Thus, the heterogeneity among different classes of RGCs with respect to their efferent connections emerges by the selective stabilization, by each class, of a unique subset of connections from an initially widespread set shared by all classes. Thalamic collaterals of RGC axons emerge along established axon trunks, not by bifurcation of the growing tip. This occurs after the axons have grown past the thalamus and, presumably, entered their targets in the midbrain. Growth cones at the tips of elongating axon trunks are larger in size and have a more “complex” morphology compared to the growth cones on collaterals. Axons of RGCs develop in 3 morphologically distinct growth states. First, they elongate to their most distant targets in the midbrain. Then, they simultaneously emit unbranched or poorly branched collaterals to multiple targets. Finally, they elaborate terminal arbors in their definitive targets and eliminate their other collaterals. This developmental strategy may be paradigmatic for the formation of long CNS pathways with multiple targets. Furthermore, these data document, at the single-axon level, the steps in the elaboration and withdrawal of transient neuronal projections.
Protecting the Future: A Successful Alternative Program for Dropout Prevention

(1989). Protecting the Future: A Successful Alternative Program for Dropout Prevention. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 62, No. 6, pp. 259-262.
Interrelationship between diabetes and homocysteine metabolism: hormonal regulation of cystathionine beta-synthase.

Abstract Plasma homocysteine levels are elevated during diabetes when there is atherosclerosis or insufficient renal function; however, diminished plasma homocysteine concentrations are observed in diabetes without complications. Recent studies have demonstrated that under diabetic conditions, the catabolism of homocysteine was enhanced by transcriptional regulation of hepatic cystathionine beta-synthase and these changes were prevented by treatment with insulin.
Cardiopulmonary effects of antimalarial drugs: III. Diaminopyrimidines: Trimethoprim (WR 5949) and 5-piperonyl-2,4-diaminopyrimidine (WR 40,070)☆

Abstract WR 40,070 (5-piperonyl-2-4-diaminopyrimidines) was compared with trimethoprim in 4 animal species: mice, rats, rabbits, and dogs. The most important difference between the two compounds uncovered in our investigation is the nature of their cardiac effects. Trimethoprim caused a decrease in cardiac output in the anesthetized dogs whereas WR 40,070 caused an increase. The mechanism responsible for the difference was demonstrated in the dog heart-lung preparation. WR 40,070 caused an improvement in ventricular function by releasing catecholamines. The heart-lung prepared from a dog previously treated with reserpine did not show the cardiac stimulation characteristic of WR 40,070. The transmembrane potential recorded from the isolated rat atrial muscle revealed some changes which suggest that the anti-folic acid activity of this compound and pyrimethamine cause prolongation of repolarization time. The in vitro addition of folic acid caused further prolongation of repolarization time. These changes are not related to the primary changes in contractility and excitability brought about by diaminopyrimidines.
Direct Methods for Stability Analysis: An Introduction

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction A Simple System Closest UEP Method Controlling UEP Method PEBS Method Concluding Remarks
Explaining Prolog based expert systems using a layered meta-interpreter

This paper presents an improved method of explaining Prolog-based expert systems. The key idea is to make explicit failures during the computation. This allows the integrated explanation in a single interpreter of both successful and failed computations. It also allows rules containing cuts to be effectively explained. Furthermore, the explanation system is interactive, and allows full explanation of both successful and failed partial computations. We discuss in some detail a two-layer meta-interpreter which is at the heart of the system.
Engineering design processes, problem solving and creativity

There is confusion as to what the terms in the title mean. None of them are clearly defined. "The engineering design processes" are often confused with open-ended problems. "Problem solving" has many definitions. "Creativity" is much more than the prevalent "free-thinking" view. The lack of a common definition leads to confusion when people, faculty included, are discussing these topics. There are many listings of the steps or phases which comprise the engineering design processes. There are also many listing of the steps or phases of problem solving. Although completing an engineering design is solving a problem, "problem solving" is not engineering design. Engineering design and problem solving can be distinguished by the activities that take place during the project. Early in most descriptions of problem solving and the design processes, there is usually a step called "search for alternatives" or "ideate". This implies that creativity is needed only in this step. The prevalent "free-thinking" view of creativity also implies that creativity will happen if all constraints and negative attitudes are removed. There are positive techniques that can help everyone become more creative. These structured creative enhancement techniques provide a tool to quantify creative skills. This quantification also makes creative skills easier to teach. These creative enhancement techniques are consistent with the structure of the engineering design processes and the phases of problem solving. In fact, these creative skills must be used throughout the engineering design processes to produce a "better" design in a shorter time!.
Overgrowth of eelgrass by the invasive colonial tunicate Didemnum vexillum: Consequences for tunicate and eelgrass growth and epifauna abundance

Abstract The invasive tunicate Didemnum vexillum has become widely distributed in estuaries in western North America over the past decade. It has recently invaded eelgrass meadows in a central California estuary, growing directly on shoots and rhizomes. This invasion is of concern due to the important role of eelgrass as a foundation species in coastal communities and the known detrimental effects of this tunicate on sessile organisms in other habitats. The effects of tunicate overgrowth on eelgrass growth and morphology were studied using surveys, field experiments, and outdoor mesocosm experiments. In field and mesocosm experiments, there were decreases in eelgrass aboveground growth relative to unfouled shoots. Comparison of D. vexillum growth rates on eelgrass vs. hard substrate in mesocosms showed that growth was higher on hard substrate. The effects of D. vexillum overgrowth on the eelgrass epifaunal community were also characterized; overall invertebrate densities, and specifically tanaid and polychaete densities, were higher on shoots fouled with D. vexillum . Overall, the mean cover of D. vexillum on eelgrass shoots in the field was approximately 15–20% of shoot length. As the eelgrass in the mesocosms had less D. vexillum coverage than in the field, these results are conservative and suggest that relatively low D. vexillum coverage of individual eelgrass shoots may result in modest impacts on eelgrass.
Thermodynamic Studies of HRh(depx)2 and [(H)2Rh(depx)2](CF3SO3): Relationships between Five-Coordinate Monohydrides and Six-Coordinate Dihydrides

Four new rhodium complexes, [Rh(depx)2](CF3SO3), [(H)2Rh(depx)2](CF3SO3), [HRh(depx)2(CH3CN)](CF3SO3)2, and HRh(depx)2 (where depx = α,α‘-bis(diethylphosphino)xylene), have been synthesized and characterized. The pKa values of [(H)2Rh(depx)2]+ (30.6 ± 0.3) and [HRh(depx)2(CH3CN)]2+ (11.5 ± 0.4) in acetonitrile were determined by equilibrium reactions with appropriate bases. The hydride donor ability of [(H)2Rh(depx)2]+ (71.6 ± 1.0 kcal/mol) was determined by the heterolytic cleavage of hydrogen by [HRh(depx)2(CH3CN)]2+ to form [(H)2Rh(depx)2]+ in the presence of thioacetamide or benzamide. These equilibrium measurements, the half-wave potentials for the Rh(+1/0) and Rh(0/−1) couples of [Rh(depx)2]+, and the reversible one-electron oxidation of HRh(depx)2 (all measured at 22 ± 1.5 °C) were used to establish nine heterolytic and homolytic bond-dissociation free energies in acetonitrile. From these relationships, and those established previously for analogous cobalt and platinum complexes, we conclude that t...
Coronary perfusion related changes in myocardial contractile force and systolic ventricular stiffness

Objective: The mechanism by which changes in coronary perfusion alter myocardial oxygen consumption (MVo2; Gregg phenomenon) is controversial. This study examined the effect of coronary perfusion on myocardial contractile force and systolic ventricular stiffness in the intact, ejecting heart. Methods: During selective perfusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery, coronary blood flow was changed with or without concurrent changes in coronary perfusion pressure in 19 α chloralose anaesthetised dogs. Regional myocardial segment length (end diastolic length; end systolic length) and developed force were measured with piezoelectric crystals and with a miniature force transducer, respectively. MVo2 was calculated from coronary flow and arteriovenous O2 difference. The slope of the force-length curve during ejection period (ΔF/ΔSL) was used as an index of systolic myocardial stiffness. Results: When coronary perfusion pressure was varied from 60 to 180 mm Hg (protocol 1, n = 11), maximum developed force (Fmax), ΔF/ΔSL, and MVo2, increased with perfusion pressure while end diastolic length, segmental shortening, and other haemodynamic variables stayed constant. When coronary blood flow was increased at constant perfusion pressure by infusion of either a low dose or a high dose adenosine (protocol 2, n = 8), Fmax, ΔF/ΔSL, and MVo2 increased while end diastolic length, segmental shortening, and other haemodynamic variables stayed constant. MVo2, and ΔF/ΔSL increased more steeply with flow in protocol 1. Conclusions: (1) Increased coronary blood flow enhances myocardial contractile force, systolic ventricular stiffness, and MVo2 in the intact, ejecting heart. (2) Coronary blood flow induced changes in myocardial contractile force and systolic ventricular stiffness, but not end diastolic length, are probably responsible for coronary blood flow related changes in MVo2. Cardiovascular Research 1994; 28 :1331-1336
P3.306 Population Change and Male Clients of Sex Work in U.S. Metropolitan Areas

Background Rate of population change gives an indication of the average economic prosperity in a geographic area that reflects changing conditions to its physical and social environment which may influence the STIs risk behaviours found. Men who buy sex from sex workers (clients) are at high-risk of STIs and key in the spread infection to the general population. This study analyses census data matched with survey data to examine the association between population change in U.S. metropolitan counties with clients. Methods A sample of 385 metropolitan men embedded in a 1999–2000 national probability telephone survey was linked to 1990 and 2000 U.S. Census county population counts. County population change between 1990 and 2000 was measured categorically and as a transformed continuous variable to account for negative growth and its skewed distribution. Poisson regression was used to obtain prevalence ratio (PR). Results The sample was 73% non-Hispanic white, median age of 36 years, 77% were currently married or living with a partner and 39% had completed at least four years of college. The prevalence of clients was 14.8% (CI 11.5–18.9%), differing significantly by the population relative change of the county of residence (P Conclusion The relationship between rate of urbanisation in metropolitan areas and male clients provides support for demographic changes influencing level of STI risks in the population and may contribute to development of comprehensive STI prevention activities.
Gentamicin and tobramycin kinetics

Eighty-two hospitalized adult patients were randomized to treatment with gentamicin or tobramycin. Serum levels were compared to computer-derived mathematically predicted levels to evaluate predictability of gentamicin and tobramycin serum levels. When comparable dosages were used mean peak gentamicin levels (4.87 μg/ml) did not differ from those after tobramycin (4.31 μg/ml). Seventy-three percent of patients had peak levels after gentamicin >4.0 μg/ml compared to 46% after tobramycin. Factors purported to influence predictability of aminoglycoside serum levels were examined. In 46 of 74 patients whose actual body weight was 10 to 35 kg less than estimated ideal body weight levels after both drugs were lower than predicted. Serum levels were also lower than predicted in 7 of 11 patients with ascites, 6 of 7 patients receiving carbenicillin therapy, and 17 of 29 patients who had pneumonia. Neither hematocrit nor temperature appeared to influence predictability of serum levels. A comparison of methods used to obtain computer-derived predicted levels showed that ideal body weight provided the most accurate prediction. Differences between predicted and measured levels were established when calculations were based on actual body weight (P = 0.009) or on surface area (P = 0.003 for peak and 0.023 for trough levels). Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1982) 31, 662–668; doi:10.1038/clpt.1982.92
Correction of a Postpneumonectomy Intracardiac Shunt Using a Tissue Expander

Right-to-left interatrial shunt (RLIAS) resulting in platypnea orthodeoxia after a right pneumonectomy is an infrequent postoperative complication. Percutaneous device closure or surgical closures using cardiopulmonary bypass have been the standard interventions for RLIAS correction. We describe a technique using a tissue expander to correct a RLIAS.
Evidence for a Turnover in the Initial Mass Function of Low-Mass Stars and Substellar Objects: Analysis from an Ensemble of Young Clusters

We present a combined analysis of the low-mass initial mass function (IMF) for seven star-forming regions. We first demonstrate that the ratios of stars to brown dwarfs are consistent with a single underlying IMF. By assuming that the underlying IMF is the same for all seven clusters and by combining the ratio of stars to brown dwarfs from each cluster, we constrain the shape of the brown dwarf IMF and find it to be consistent with a lognormal IMF. This provides the strongest constraint yet that the substellar IMF turns over (dN/dM ∝ M^-α, α<0).
Filtration of neutral red by fresh water clams in aerobic and hypoxic conditions.

Abstract 1. 1. Rates of filtration of neutral red by aerobic and hypoxic fresh water clams were measured to determine the role of previously observed hypoxic intense valve activity. 2. 2. Aerobic clams filtered readily, showing a mean initial rate of 0·051 ± 0·008 mg/min ( Actinonaias carinata ), 0·025 ± 0·006 mg/min ( Elliptio dilatatus ) and 0·019 ± 0·006 mg/min ( Pleurobema coccineum ). 3. 3. The hypoxic rate was reduced to 0·011 ±0·006 mg/min ( E. dilatatus ) and 0·016±0·006 mg/min ( P. coccineum ), even though measurements were taken only when individuals had active valves and open siphons. 4. 4. It is concluded that the hypoxic intense valve activity does not have the replenishment of tissue oxygen as a major function.