cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases (ERK) in the Regulation of mGlu5 Receptors in Neurons

The metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor 5 is a G protein-coupled receptor and is densely expressed in the mammalian brain. Like other glutamate receptors, mGlu5 receptors are tightly regulated by posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation, although underlying mechanisms are incompletely investigated. In this study, we investigated the role of a prime kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1), in the phosphorylation and regulation of mGlu5 receptors in vitro and in striatal neurons. We found that recombinant ERK1 proteins directly bound to the C-terminal tail (CT) of mGlu5 receptors in vitro. Endogenous ERK1 also interacted with mGlu5 receptor proteins in adult rat striatal neurons in vivo. The kinase showed the ability to phosphorylate mGlu5 receptors. A serine residue in the distal region of mGlu5 CT was found to be a primary phosphorylation site sensitive to ERK1. In functional studies, we found that pharmacological inhibition of ERK with an inhibitor U0126 reduced the efficacy of mGlu5 receptors in stimulating production of cytoplasmic inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate, a major downstream conventional signaling event, in striatal neurons under normal conditions. These results identify mGlu5 as a new biochemical substrate of ERK1. The kinase can interact with and phosphorylate an intracellular domain of mGlu5 receptors in striatal neurons and thereby control its signaling efficacy.
Topoisomerase 2β-dependent nuclear DNA damage shapes extracellular growth factor responses through AKT phosphorylation dynamics to control virus latency

The mTOR pathway integrates both extracellular and intracellular signals and serves as a central regulator of cell metabolism, growth, survival and stress responses. Neurotropic viruses, such as herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), also rely on cellular AKT-mTORC1 signaling to achieve viral latency. Here, we define a novel genotoxic response whereby spatially separated signals initiated by extracellular neurotrophic factors and nuclear DNA damage are integrated by the AKT-mTORC1 pathway. We demonstrate that endogenous DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) mediated by Topoisomerase 2[beta]-DNA cleavage complex (TOP2[beta]cc) intermediates are required to achieve AKT-mTORC1 signaling and maintain HSV-1 latency in neurons. Suppression of host DNA repair pathways that remove TOP2[beta]cc trigger HSV-1 reactivation. Moreover, perturbation of AKT phosphorylation dynamics by downregulating the PHLPP1 phosphatase led to AKT mis-localization and disruption of DSB-induced HSV-1 reactivation. Thus, the cellular genome integrity and environmental inputs are consolidated and co-opted by a latent virus to balance lifelong infection with transmission.
Effect of Oral Contraceptives on Soft Tissue Injury Risk, Soft Tissue Laxity, and Muscle Strength: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Background:Female patients are more likely than male patients to experience various musculoskeletal (MSK) injuries. Because MSK tissues are sensitive to the female hormones relaxin, estrogen, and p...
Wireless attacks on aircraft landing systems: demo

Modern aircraft heavily rely on several wireless technologies for communications, control, and navigation. In this work, we demonstrate the vulnerability of aircraft instrument landing systems to wireless attacks. We show that it is possible to fully and in finegrain control the course deviation indicator, as displayed by the ILS receiver, in real-time, and demonstrate it on aviation-grade ILS receivers. We develop a tightly-controlled closed-loop ILS spoofer that autonomously adjusts the adversary's transmitted signals based on the aircraft's GPS location to cause an undetected off-runway landing. We demonstrate the integrated attack on an FAA certified flight-simulator (X-Plane)'s AI-based auto-land feature and show success rate with offset touchdowns of 18 meters to over 50 meters.
Projection Artifact Suppression For Inner Retina In Oct Angiography

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) based angiography devices were introduced for research purposes in 2014 and are now appearing in clinical settings. OCT-A, as this is known, exhibits what is referred to as the shadowgraphic flow projection artifact, which causes blood vessels to have an elongated appearance in A-scans. Existing approaches for resolving this artifact rely on the flow signal in superficial layers along the same A-scan to remove projection artifacts in deeper layers, essentially treating the problem as a 1D correction. We however, propose to use characteristics of the projection artifacts in 3D. Specifically, we use the tailing effect of the shadowgraphic flow projection artifact to remove the artifacts in the inner retina. We demonstrate that our projection artifact suppression method (PAS-OCTA) produces better OCT-A images when compared with a previously reported correction method (PR-OCTA), both qualitatively and quantitatively.
Notes on lythrum (lythraceae) in california: lythrum junceum as a new (but old) introduced species, typification of greene's lythrum types, and possible hybridization of lythrum in california

The Mediterranean species Lythrum junceum Banks & Sol. is newly reported from California, based on multiple records from southwestern Alameda County and adjacent Santa Clara County. Previous collections, dating to at least 1905, were misidentified as L. californicum Torr. & A.Gray, but differ in their sprawling habit, white-based petals, and purple-spotted hypanthia. Diagnostic features, invasive potential, and speculations on origin are addressed. In addition, two species of Lythrum described from California in 1889 are typified: a lectotype for L. adsurgens Greene and a neotype for L. sanfordii Greene. The possible role of hybridization in the establishment of L. hyssopifolia L. and other introduced species of Lythrum in California is also discussed.
Gradient Analysis and Surface Metrics for Landscape Ecology

In landscape ecology, spatial pattern analysis is primarily conducted using landscape metrics designed to examine categorical land cover datasets that can be segmented into discrete areas of homogenous coverage. However, this approach to landscape analysis may be inconsistent with many ecological theories which emphasize the continuous, gradient nature of ecological phenomena. To address this challenge, researchers are beginning to develop an alternative gradient surface model, which represents the landscape as a continuous environmental gradient by using ratio rather than categorical data to capture landscape heterogeneity. While the gradient surface model is capable of capturing more landscape heterogeneity, the lack of discrete boundaries between land covers makes it impossible to summarize composition and spatial configuration using conventional landscape metrics. To facilitate spatial pattern analysis of these gradient surfaces, researchers are developing an alternative set of surface metrics to quantify the composition and spatial configuration of features in continuous data formats. Application of surface metrics remains limited in landscape ecology, and it is still unclear how they might be interpreted in many contexts. To facilitate adoption of the gradient surface model and surface metrics, this chapter uses a categorical map of forest land cover in the conterminous USA and a complementary gradient surface model of percent tree canopy cover of the same locations to compute corresponding sets of landscape metrics and surface metrics and identify metric analogues between the two models. Based on this analysis, the ecological meaning of several selected surface metrics is discussed in the context of forest structure. The chapter concludes with key considerations for practitioners and researchers adopting and developing surface metrics.
Hierarchical porosity via layer-tunnel conversion of macroporous δ-MnO2 nanosheet assemblies

This work reports the layer-tunnel conversion of porous dehydrated synthetic alkali-free δ-MnO2 analogs prepared by exfoliation, flocculation, and heat treatment of nanosheets derived from highly crystalline potassium birnessite. High surface area porous solids result, with specific surface areas of 90–130 m2 g−1 and isotherms characteristic of both micro and macropores. The microstructures of the re-assembled floccules are reminiscent of crumpled paper where single and re-stacked nanosheets form the walls of interconnected macropores. The atomic and local structures of the floccules heat treated from 60–400 °C are tracked by Raman spectroscopy and synchrotron X-ray total scattering measurements. During heating, the nanosheets comprising the pore walls condense to form tunnel-structured fragments beginning at temperatures below 100 °C, while the microstructure with high surface area remains intact. The flocc microstructure remains largely unchanged in samples heated up to 400 °C while an increasing fraction of the sample is transformed, at least locally, to possess 1D tunnels characteristic of α-MnO2. Cyclic voltammetry in Na2SO4 aqueous electrolyte reflects the nanoscale structural evolution, where intercalative pseudocapacitance diminishes with the degree of transformation. Collectively, these results demonstrate that it is feasible to tailor the materials for applications incorporating nanoporous solids and nanofluidics, and specifically imply strategies to maintain a kinetically accessible interlayer contribute to Na intercalative pseudocapacitance.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Utilization of a Lignin-Based Adsorbent for Effective Removal of Azo Dye from Aqueous Solution

How to effectively remove toxic dyes from the industrial wastewater using a green low-cost lignocellulose-based adsorbent, such as lignin, has become a topic of great interest but remains quite cha...
Challenges of plutonium fuel fabrication: explaining the decline of spent fuel recycling

This article presents key findings of the first comprehensive global study of the commercial use of plutonium as fuel for nuclear energy. Research was conducted in all seven countries that have engaged in the commercial production or use of plutonium Mixed-Oxide (MOX) fuel to replace traditional uranium fuel in thermal nuclear power plants: Belgium, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the UK. Five of the seven countries already have decided to phase out commercial MOX activities. The price of thermal MOX fuel has proved to be three to nine times higher than traditional uranium fuel. Plutonium fuel also has sparked political controversy, due to safety and proliferation concerns, in four of the six countries where it has been used commercially. The article concludes with lessons for countries that are engaged in, or contemplating, the recycling of plutonium for nuclear energy, including in fast reactors.
Catalytic Hydrogenation of a Manganese(V) Nitride to Ammonia.

The catalytic hydrogenation of a metal nitride to produce free ammonia using a rhodium hydride catalyst that promotes H2 activation and hydrogen-atom transfer is described. The phenylimine-substitu...
Maximum Daily Temperature, Precipitation, Ultraviolet Light, and Rates of Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Previous reports have suggested that transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is reduced by higher temperatures and higher humidity. We analyzed case data from the United States to investigate the effects of temperature, precipitation, and ultraviolet (UV) light on community transmission of SARS-CoV-2. METHODS: Daily reported cases of SARS-CoV-2 across the United States from 22 January 2020 to 3 April 2020 were analyzed. We used negative binomial regression modeling to determine whether daily maximum temperature, precipitation, UV index, and the incidence 5 days later were related. RESULTS: A maximum temperature above 52°F on a given day was associated with a lower rate of new cases at 5 days (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.85 [0.76, 0.96]; P = .009). Among observations with daily temperatures below 52°F, there was a significant inverse association between the maximum daily temperature and the rate of cases at 5 days (IRR, 0.98 [0.97, 0.99]; P = .001). A 1-unit higher UV index was associated with a lower rate at 5 days (IRR, 0.97 [0.95, 0.99]; P = .004). Precipitation was not associated with a greater rate of cases at 5 days (IRR, 0.98 [0.89, 1.08]; P = .65). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of disease declines with increasing temperature up to 52°F and is lower at warmer vs cooler temperatures. However, the association between temperature and transmission is small, and transmission is likely to remain high at warmer temperatures.
The Impact of Early Critical Care delivered by a Specialized Pediatric Transport Team at a Satellite Children’s Hospital

BACKGROUND: Arkansas Children’s Hospital (ACH), located in central Arkansas, is the only tertiary care children’s hospital in the state. ACH recently opened a satellite children’s hospital (ACNW) in Northwest Arkansas, to serve one of the top five fastest growing regions in the country. ACNW is a 24-bed satellite hospital providing emergency medicine services and inpatient care for non-critically ill children in the region. Patients requiring services not available at ACNW are transported to ACH via Angel One Transport (AOT), a specialized pediatric RN/RT team housed at ACH. …
The Evolution of Truth and Belief

Here we use generalized signaling games to model how one’s beliefs might coevolve with the language one uses to characterize those beliefs. We will start by considering how one might individuate pragmatic notions of truth and how such notions might coevolve with a descriptive language. We will then consider how agents might evolve a language that allows them to characterize their beliefs and degrees of belief. Finally, we will consider evolutionary conditions under which a principle of indifference that assigns equal prior probability to each possibility that one can describe in one’s evolved language might in fact be successful.
Matching, induction, and covariance with mixed response-contingent food and noncontingent food

The multiscale molar view of behavior is based on three basic laws of behavior: the Law of Allocation, the Law of Induction, and the Law of Covariance. Experiments that mix response-contingent food with noncontingent food shed light on these three laws. Food, like other phylogenetically important events, induces various activities that compete in allocation. Quantitative accounts represent induction with power functions. These power functions define activities' competitive weights, and relative time allocation among activities matches relative competitive weight. Behavior-food covariance determines which activities are induced. Phylogenetic (behavior-fitness) covariance determines which adjunctive activities are induced. Ontogenetic covariance may be represented in feedback functions. Feedback functions for variable-interval schedules may be observed even when overlaid by noncontingent food deliveries. Equations derived from the three laws describe responding in experiments with mixed response-contingent and noncontingent food. Equations derived here accounted for responding in three data sets: (a) from Rachlin and Baum (1972); (b) a new data set in which overall food rate was fixed while the proportion of response-contingent and noncontingent food varied; and (c) a new data set in which food occurred according to various variable-interval schedules. The same pigeons served throughout. All results were accommodated by the derived equations.
Antibiotic decision making

Diarrhea is the leading cause of calf mortality prior to weaning in both beef and dairy calves. Both veterinarians and producers should put some effort into designing rational and effective protocols both for the prevention and treatment of diarrhea. Antimicrobials have long been used to prevent calf diarrhea and are often administered as a treatment. However, it is important to prevent unnecessary use of antibiotics in food animal species to limit the development of resistant bacteria. The purpose of this article is to review existing data on the use of antibiotics given prophylactically for diarrhea prevention and as a treatment for calves with existing disease. Based on current research, the feeding of oral antibiotics to calves to prevent diarrhea cannot be recommended. However, the use of certain antimicrobials to treat select cases of calf diarrhea may be effective in reducing mortality and decreasing the severity and duration of diarrhea. Unfortunately, it is unlikely that any of the antibiotics that are currently approved for the treatment of diarrhea in the United States would be effective. Instead of mass medicating large numbers of calves, antimicrobial therapy should be targeted to specific calves that are likely to develop septicemia or have systemic signs of disease.
Using Teacher Impression Journals to Improve Intervention Effectiveness.

This article describes the use of Teacher Impression Journals during a larger study that examined the efficacy of an intervention program designed to promote kindergarteners’ positive attitudes toward peers with disabilities (i.e., the Special Friends program). The journals were designed to gather information about intervention implementation and social validity. Weekly Teacher Impression Journals were collected from 32 teachers over a 6-week period. Each week teachers responded to questions related to the implementation of two interventions: children’s behaviors related to the study’s primary focus (i.e., acceptance of individuals with disabilities) and comments from key stakeholders (i.e., parents, other school professionals). Teachers’ responses were analyzed using content analysis. Results revealed that teachers observed play interactions as evidence of children’s acceptance of peers with disabilities. Teachers also reported hearing positive comments from other stakeholders about children’s acceptance...
Selenocysteine Biosynthesis, Selenoproteins, and Selenoproteomes

Selenocysteine (Sec), the 21st amino acid in the genetic code, is encoded by UGA. The pathway of Sec biosynthesis in eukaryotes has only recently been discovered. Sec is constructed on its tRNA that is initially aminoacylated with serine and modified to a phosphoseryl-tRNA intermediate with the help of several dedicated enzymes. More than 50 selenoprotein families are now known with most selenoproteins being oxidoreductases. Development of bioinformatics tools led to the identification of entire sets of selenoproteins in organisms, selenoproteomes, which in turn helped explain biological and biomedical effects of dietary selenium and identify new functions of selenium in biology. Roles of selenium and selenoproteins in health have also been addressed through sophisticated transgenic/knockout models that targeted removal or modulation of Sec tRNA expression.
Hydrodynamic instability experiments with three-dimensional modulations at the National Ignition Facility

The first hydrodynamic instability growth measurements with three-dimensional (3D) surface-roughness modulations were performed on CH shell spherical implosions at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) [G. H. Miller, E. I. Moses, and C. R. Wuest, Opt. Eng.43, 2841 (2004)]. The initial capsule outer-surface amplitudes were increased approximately four times, compared with the standard specifications, to increase the signal-to-noise ratio, helping to qualify a technique for measuring small 3D modulations. The instability growth measurements were performed using x-ray through-foil radiography based on time-resolved pinhole imaging. Averaging over 15 similar images significantly increased the signal-to-noise ratio, making possible a comparison with 3D simulations. At a convergence ratio of$${\sim}2.4$$, the measured modulation levels were$${\sim}3$$times larger than those simulated based on the growth of the known imposed initial surface modulations. Several hypotheses are discussed, including increased instability growth due to modulations of the oxygen content in the bulk of the capsule. Future experiments will be focused on measurements with standard 3D ‘native-roughness’ capsules as well as with deliberately imposed oxygen modulations.
Analysis of self-similarity in an Internet-based multiplayer online game

An analysis of self-similarity in traffic generated by the popular Internet-based online game engine, Unreal engine, is presented. Client-side packet traces are collected and analyzed for both client and server traffic. Initial analysis of over two million packets indicates client generated traffic shows strong long-range dependence of a self-similar nature primarily due to packet interarrival times associated with user actions. On the contrary, server generated traffic seen at the client, while still exhibiting a heavy tail, is more short-range dependent in regions where self-similarity is observed.
Collisional deactivation studies of the XeF* (B) state by He, Xe, NF3, and F2

Measurements of the rates of quenching of XeF* (B) by He, Xe, NF3, and F2 are reported in this paper. Photolyzing XeF2 in the presence of the desired diluent gas resulted in the single‐step, collisionless formation of XeF* (B), allowing exponential decay studies of the B state population to be made. The large three body quenching rate measured for xenon (∼2.4×10−29 cm6 sec−1) supports the existence of the trimer Xe2F*. Also, for a given pressure, NF3 quenches XeF(B) ∼13 times slower than does F2.
Extreme Temporal Photo Browsing

We developed two photo browsers for collections with thousands of time-stamped digital images. Modern digital cameras record photo shoot times, and semantically related photos tend to occur in bursts. Our browsers exploit the timing information to structure the collections and to automatically generate meaningful summaries. The browsers differ in how users navigate and view the structured collections. We conducted user studies to compare our two browsers and an un-summarized image browser. Our results show that exploiting the time dimension and appropriately summarizing collections can lead to significant improvements. For example, for one task category, one of our browsers enabled a 33% improvement in speed of finding given images compared to the commercial browser. Similarly, users were able to complete 29% more tasks when using this same browser.
Real and realistic quantum computers

The first real quantum-mechanical computations have now been made. But current techniques cannot be scaled up to produce useful quantum computers. A radical scheme, using semiconductor physics to manipulate nuclear spins, could be the answer.
The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History. Volume 4: Global America, 1915–2000

D. W. Meinig's publication in 2004 of Global America, 1915–2000, completed his four-volume historical geography of the United States, titled The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 50...
Co-flipped teaching: Experiences sharing the flipped class

The Flipped Classroom is becoming a popular teaching method. Students watch video lectures before class, saving class time for active learning (problem solving, demonstrations, applications, etc.). This paper assesses the faculty experience preparing for and teaching a flipped class, how much time is required, and ways successful professors have found to manage this. This paper also assesses the experience of professors re-using their own course materials in later semesters, as well as multiple faculty sharing the same electronic content to teach different sections of a course, or to teach a similar course at a different university. It is found that a key aspect for success when re-using online materials is to closely follow the video materials, so that the online information does indeed provide the preparation students need for the face-to-face time.
The Chemistry of Gold Fluoride Complexes

The gold-fluorine bond represents a rare class of chemical bond, with only a handful of notable examples having been prepared and characterized. The extreme reactivity of the homoleptic gold fluorides AuF, AuF3, and AuF5 makes these compounds difficult to prepare and has limited their applications beyond fundamental study. However, the inherent reactivity of the gold fluoride bond can be harnessed by using ancillary ligands to support the metal center. Heteroleptic gold fluorides containing both Au(I) or Au(III) centers have been prepared and have found applications in catalysis, where the gold-fluoride bond is implicated as a key reactive moiety. The present review summarizes the preparation of both homo- and heteroleptic gold fluoride complexes and the development of catalytic transformations involving gold-fluoride bonds. Keywords: catalysis; gold; fluorine; organometallics; oxidation
Behavioral and neural correlates of imagined walking and walking‐while‐talking in the elderly

r r Abstract: Cognition is important for locomotion and gait decline increases the risk for morbidity, mortal- ity, cognitive decline, and dementia. Yet, the neural correlates of gait are not well established, because most neuroimaging methods cannot image the brain during locomotion. Imagined gait protocols over- come this limitation. This study examined the behavioral and neural correlates of a new imagined gait protocol that involved imagined walking (iW), imagined talking (iT), and imagined walking-while- talking (iWWT). In Experiment 1, 82 cognitively-healthy older adults (M 580.45) walked (W), iW, walked while talking (WWT) and iWWT. Real and imagined walking task times were strongly corre- lated, particularly real and imagined dual-task times (WWT and iWWT). In Experiment 2, 33 cognitively-healthy older adults (M 573.03) iW, iT, and iWWT during functional magnetic resonance imaging. A multivariate Ordinal Trend (OrT) Covariance analysis identified a pattern of brain regions that: (1) varied as a function of imagery task difficulty (iW, iT and iWWT), (2) involved cerebellar, precu- neus, supplementary motor and other prefrontal regions, and (3) were associated with kinesthetic imagery ratings and behavioral performance during actual WWT. This is the first study to compare the behavioral and neural correlates of imagined gait in single and dual-task situations, an issue that is par- ticularly relevant to elderly populations. These initial findings encourage further research and develop- ment of this imagined gait protocol as a tool for improving gait and cognition among the elderly. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4090-4104, 2014. V C 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
T cell proliferative responses to malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde haptenated protein are scavenger receptor mediated.

Malondialdehyde–acetaldehyde (MAA) haptenated proteins have been described in disease processes related to prolonged oxidative stress (via malondialdehyde production), such as alcohol liver disease (ALD), non-alcoholic non-steatohepatitis (NASH) and atherosclerosis. Experimentally, high titer IgG1 antibody responses are seen after immunization without adjuvant; however, T cell proliferative responses and the role of scavenger receptors in this immunogenicity has not previously been described. In this study, T cell proliferative responses to the carrier protein, but not the MAA hapten itself, were identified in vitro. Moreover, these T proliferative responses were inhibited when MAA-hen egg lysozyme (HEL) was co-immunized with excess scavenger receptor ligand polyG (poly-guanylic acid), implicating the role of (a) scavenger receptor(s) in initiating the T helper cell response. Activated B cells were unable to process and present MAA-HEL preferentially to T cells, while thioglycollate-elicited (but not Con A-elicited) macrophages and dendritic cells (DC) did so with ∼32-fold less MAA-HEL than native antigen necessary to initiate equal proliferative responses. While this preferential processing and presentation may be related to several factors, preferential binding of MAA haptenated proteins mediated by scavenger receptors may be one mechanism. IL-4 was absent from the supernatants of T proliferative assays despite a strong IgG1 response in vivo, although the TH2 cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 were expressed. Since the modification of proteins by the MAA have previously been shown to occur after ethanol consumption in vivo, the ability of MAA haptens to experimentally enhance immune responses, specifically humoral and T cell responses, may represent mechanisms by which autoimmune phenomena found in ALD occur.
The catalytic oxidation of propylene: IX. The kinetics and mechanism over β-Bi2Mo2O9

Abstract The kinetics and mechanism of propylene oxidation over β-Bi2Mo2O9 from 300 to 470 °C have been investigated. By using oxygen-18 and deuterated propylenes under steady-state reaction conditions and temperatures ranging from 350 to 450 °C, it was determined that the selective oxidation of propylene to acrolein over the β-phase occurs via the redox mechanism through the involvement of numerous sublayers of lattice oxygen. From the kinetic and isotopic data it was learned that the kinetics and energetics of propylene oxidation over the β-phase can be completely described in terms of the coupled kinetics of catalyst reduction and reoxidation. At the higher temperatures in which the rate of acrolein formation is limited by catalyst reduction, the apparent activation energy is approximately 20 kcal/mole and is indicative of allyl formation from adsorbed propylene. At lower temperatures the rate of acrolein formation is limited by catalyst reoxidation and the apparent activation energy is approximately 43 kcal/mole. The kinetic dependencies of oxygen and propylene also reflect the changes in the rate-determining step of the reaction. Carbon dioxide is produced from both the consecutive oxidation of acrolein and the oxidation of a hydrocarbon residue which is present on the surface of the catalyst at steady-state conditions; the former pathway predominates at low temperatures (below 400 °C), while the latter pathway contributes significantly at high temperatures to carbon dioxide formation. Both pathways utilize only lattice oxygen; the extent of lattice oxygen participation is approximately the same as acrolein formation.
Molecular evidence for a terrestrial component of organic matter dissolved in ocean water

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in seawater represents one of the largest active carbon reservoirs on Earth1. Although mass-balance calculations suggest a substantial riverine input to the marine DOM pool2, a terrestrial organic component has not been positively identified in open-ocean water. By using lignin-derived phenols as molecular-level probes of DOM (analogous to previous studies in sediments3–5), we report here the first unambiguous evidence for the presence of terrestrially derived DOM in open ocean water. Dissolved humic substances, isolated by resin adsorption from near-surface water of the eastern equatorial Pacific, yield lignin-derived phenols in compositional patterns which resemble those obtained from Amazon River water6,7. Total phenol yields from these open-ocean humic isolates are, on average, ∼10% of those from Amazon humic substances, indicating that ∼10% of dissolved marine humic material (and at least 0.5% of the bulk marine DOM) is terrestrially derived.
Treatment of Childhood Obstructive Sleep Apnea

An array of surgical, medical and orthodontic treatments is available for treating childhood obstructive sleep apnea. Adenotonsillectomy remains the first choice in treatment, with a need for subsequent clinical and polysomnographic reassessment in selected cases to determine residual sleep-disordered breathing. Residual obstructive sleep apnea is more likely in patients with craniofacial abnormalities or obesity. It may require the use of a positive airway pressure breathing device. Topical corticosteroids, leukotriene antagonists, weight reduction, and positional therapy also play a role in ameliorating childhood obstructive sleep apnea. The published evidence for the efficacy of various treatment modalities consists largely of case-controlled studies and case reports.
CHILDREN'S ATTITUDES TOWARD READING AND READING INTERESTS

A sample of 1131 children from Grades 1 through 6 were asked about their attitudes toward reading and reading interests. Results show that (a) 70% of subjects liked reading, while 30% did not; (b) more girls than boys said that they liked reading; (c) children who liked reading also liked school, and vice versa; (d) in general, children were interested in reading books about animals, make-believe stories, mystery, people, and sports, though there were some variations between boys and girls and between younger and older children.
An imaging device that uses the wavelet transformation as the image reconstruction algorithm

Many imaging devices have been constructed that use fourier transform techniques for image reconstruction as well as for image analysis. The basis functions in the fourier transform space are sinusoids. These are not localized. Therefore it should not be expected that highly localized behavior of a signal be characterized well using functions distributed evenly throughout the interval of the integral transform. Also, the phase cancellations of a conventional impulse signal are not handled well by fourier techniques. On the other hand, the basis functions of the wavelet transformation are highly localized, i.e., these exhibit compact support, yet are orthonormal. The multispectral decomposition algorithm of the wavelet transformation is used to analyze the signal returning from the reflections of a single ultrasonic transducer with a focused beam and operated in the focal zone. The choice of frequency depends upon the mutually antagonistic factors of penetration (αf–2) and resolution (αf). The signal sent into the sample should not be the impulse response signal used in conventional devices; rather, it should be a time-reversed replica of a single or a linear combination of the most highly localized basis function wavelets. The returning signal is a sequence of translates of the wavelets plus perhaps some lower-resolution wavelets. The translations are proportational to the time of flight of the signal. The wavelet transformation is superb at discriminating the population of each of these translates which is identically the A-scan signal. The transmitted signal, which is a time-reversed single wavelet or a linear combination of wavelets, is not easy to produce. Inexpensive ultrasound transducers have resonances which make it difficult to produce any desired wave form. Wavelet shape is far from arbitrary. Precise wave shaping is performed by measuring the impulse response function of the transducer; then, the desired wave shape is convolved with the inverse of the measured impulse response function of the transducer. This produces the signal to be presented to the pulse generation circuit. Care is taken to damp the impulse response so that there are no zeros. The received signal is sampled at an even rate which is carefully chosen to match the time delay of one wavelet translate to the next. B-scan, C-scan, and volume imaging are easily accomplished using a sequence of A-scan data, all by conventional techniques. A single A-scan requires less than 2 ms to perform and reconstruct with a high-speed arithmetic unit which was designed in conjunction with this work and is now commercially available.
Effect of particle size distribution on adsorption kinetics in stirred batch systems

Abstract The effect of different particle size distributions (PSD's) on kinetic behavior in stirred-batch adsorption systems was investigated by numerically modeling the uptake of p -nitrophenol from aqueous solution by granular activated carbon in a well-stirred batch type of environment. Four different Gaussian PSD'S, two different log-normal PSD's and one case of uniform particle size were studied. The model accounted for both external and internal mass transfer resistances, and for the highly nonlinear equilibrium relation which characterizes the p -nitrophenol/activated carbon system. All isotherm parameters and “base-case” kinetic parameters were experimentally determined values (from the literature). The kinetic parameter values were varied in some cases to assess their influence. Moreover, both infinite-bath and finite-bath situations were evaluated. The modeling results show that the different particle size distributions did not generally give kinetic behavior widely different from the uniform particle size case when an infinite bath was assumed. However, for the more realistic case of a finite bath, the different PSD's gave significantly more distinctive results, especially for fractional mass uptake values greater than about 0.7. It is concluded that, in finite bath experiments, the nature of the adsorbent PSD must be accounted for in interpreting data obtained at fractional mass uptake values greater than about 0.7, unless the adsorbent PSD is reasonably nar
Buprenorphine as a stimulus in drug discrimination learning : an assessment of mu and kappa receptor activity

Abstract Using the conditioned taste aversion baseline of drug discrimination learning, different groups of animals were trained to discriminate either buprenorphine or morphine from distilled water. Specifically, animals were injected with buprenorphine or morphine prior to a saccharin-LiCl pairing and the drug vehicle prior to saccharin alone. By the fifth conditioning trial, animals differentially consumed saccharin on the basis of administration of the drug or its vehicle. In subsequent generalization tests, buprenorphine stimulus control generalized completely to the mu agonist morphine in four of the five subjects tested, while morphine stimulues control completely generalized to buprenorphine in two of five subjects and partially generalized in the remaining three. Buprenorphine failed to generalize to the relatively selective kappa antagonist MR2266 and the broad-based antagonist diprenorphine. Morphine also failed to generalize to MR2266, but did generalize to diprenophine. The morphine and buprenorphine displayed some degree of cross-generalization suggests that these compounds share some stimulus property, presumably their agonist activity at the mu receptor, and that the mu activity of these compounds was used in the establishment of the discrimination, a conclusion supported by the fact that compounds with mu antagonist activity (e.g., naloxone, MR2266) blocked both buprenorphine and morphine stimulus control. That buprenorphine failed to generalize to compounds with kappa antagonist activity suggests that animals trained to discriminate buprenorphine from its vehicle do not use the kappa antagonist activity of the drug in the establishment of the discrimination. The basis for the differential ability of various receptor subtypes to mediate the discriminative properties of compounds with mixed receptor activity was discussed.
Comment on “test of the gauge-invariant formulation of quantum mechanics”

Abstract It is shown that the gauge-invariant formulation is equivalent to the conventional formulation and that the proposed test tests only the relative accuracy of the rotating-wave approximation within the two formulations.
Multiple opiate binding sites in human brain regions: Evidence for κ and σ sites

Abstract Evidence is presented for the presence of opiate binding sites with a preference for benzomorphans in seven regions of the human brain. The highest concentration of these sites was found in the hypothalamus and the lowest level in the thalamus. By utilizing the phencyclidine derivative, 3-hydroxyphencyclidine, we have obtained data suggesting that these benzomorphan binding sites may be a mixture of κ and σ sub-types of opiate receptors.
Identifying nutritional considerations in planning a rural development project in N. Haiti

In testing methods for introducing nutritional considerations into project planning, a combined agro/economic and nutrition survey was carried out on a representative sample of 261 households from a proposed project area in north Haiti. This paper reports results of analyses to determine targetting priorities and examine whether income generation is likely to induce improvement in nutrition. It also studied differences in associations between income source (farm, off‐farm, subsistence, major crops grown) and nutritional status. Targetting more remote areas was shown to be important. Income was associated with nutritional status (height‐for‐age) in the upper half of the income distribution, but not the lower half. Income from any of the sources examined had the same relation with nutritional status. One conclusion was that targetting income‐generating project activities to remoter areas and small‐landholders was worthwhile and could, in the long‐run, improve nutrition after a threshold level of income was ...
Diamagnetic drift frequency effects on Tokamak ballooning stability

The stabilizing effect of finite ion diamagnetic drift frequency on ballooning modes in realistic Tokamak geometry is investigated. The inclusion of temperature gradient effects can significantly enhance the stability of a Tokamak with broad mass density profiles.
Molecular interactions in a nonaqueous catanionic system

Abstract The system octanoic acid, octylamine, and formamide were studied with regard to phase equilibria and intermolecular interactions using IR and NMR spectroscopy. The results showed several molecular compounds forming in the formamide-less part of the system. These aggregates did not give rise to association structures of colloidal size with added formamide. The phase equilibria were extremely slow to reach the final positions; 3 weeks of storage was required for the final appearance of the phase diagram.
Selective and lightweight closure conversion

We consider the problem of selective and lightweight closure conversion, in which multiple procedure-calling protocols may coexist in the same code. Flow analysis is used to match the protocol expected by each procedure and the protocol used at each of its possible call sites. We formulate the flow analysis as the solution of a set of constraints, and show that any solution to the constraints justifies the resulting transformation. Some of the techniques used are suggested by those of abstract interpretation, but others arise out of alternative approaches.
Observation of Optical Mixing Due to Conduction Electrons in n -Type Germanium

This paper reports the first observation of the optical mixing due to conduction electrons in $n$-type germanium. The measured magnitude and anisotropy of the third-order susceptibilities are found to be in good agreement with the nonparabolicity effect calculated with a $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{p}}$ method involving eight bands at the $L$ point in the reciprocal lattice. It is concluded that the mechanism of momentum-dependent relaxation times contributes negligibly to the observed nonlinearity.
Pediatricians, Family Practice Physicians, and Residents Knowledge of Controversial Issues in Infant Nutrition.

Abstract To determine the knowledge base/nutrition advice being disseminated by physicians, a survey was developed and sent to 304 pediatricians, family practice physicians, and pediatric medical residents from a Medical Center's physician referral system. The survey covered topics pertaining to breast feeding, infant formulas, cow's milk, weaning , and iron supplementation. Items were written in accordance with recommendations provided by the Committee on Nutrition, American Academy of Pediatrics and were pilot tested on pediatric dietitians and physicians for validity and reliability. Surveys were scored as a percent of items correct. There was a 44% return rate(n=134) which included 73 pediatricians (55%), 35 family practice physicians (26%), and 26 residents(19%). Results showed the residents scored most favorably at 79.5% + 7.6, followed by pediatricians at 78.5% + 10.0, and family practice physicians at 64.3% + 14.1. There was a significant difference in scores between the pediatricians vs. family practice physicians (p
Fruit specific variability in capsaicinoid accumulation and transcription of structural and regulatory genes in Capsicum fruit

Accumulation of capsaicinoids in the placental tissue of ripening chile (Capsicum spp.) fruit follows the coordinated expression of multiple biosynthetic enzymes producing the substrates for capsaicin synthase. Transcription factors are likely agents to regulate expression of these biosynthetic genes. Placental RNAs from habanero fruit (Capsicum chinense) were screened for expression of candidate transcription factors; with two candidate genes identified, both in the ERF family of transcription factors. Characterization of these transcription factors, Erf and Jerf, in nine chile cultivars with distinct capsaicinoid contents demonstrated a correlation of expression with pungency. Amino acid variants were observed in both ERF and JERF from different chile cultivars; none of these changes involved the DNA binding domains. Little to no transcription of Erf was detected in non-pungent Capsium annuum or C. chinense mutants. This correlation was characterized at an individual fruit level in a set of jalapeno (C. annuum) lines again with distinct and variable capsaicinoid contents. Both Erf and Jerf are expressed early in fruit development, 16-20 days post-anthesis, at times prior to the accumulation of capsaicinoids in the placental tissues. These data support the hypothesis that these two members of the complex ERF family participate in regulation of the pungency phenotype in chile.
The Relationship between Repetitive Behaviors and Growth Hormone Response to Sumatriptan Challenge in Adult Autistic Disorder

Autism is heterogeneous with respect to clinical symptoms and etiology. To sort out this heterogeneity in autism, we investigated whether specific neurobiological markers vary in parallel to core symptomatology. Specifically, we assessed growth hormone response to the 5-HT 1d agonist, sumatriptan, and linked this measure of serotonergic function to the severity of repetitive behaviors in adult autistic patients. Eleven adult patients with autism or Asperger's disorder were randomized to single dose sumatriptan (6 mg SQ) and placebo challenges, separated by a one-week interval. In adult autistic disorders, severity of repetitive behaviors at baseline, as measured by YBOCS-compulsion score, significantly positively correlated with both peak delta growth hormone response and area under the curve growth hormone response to sumatriptan. Thus, the severity of a specific behavioral dimension in autism (repetitive behaviors) parallels the sensitivity of the 5-HT 1d receptor, as manifest by sumatriptan elicited GH response.
The daughter, the singing-girl, and the seduction of suicide.

This paper examines how the suicides of singing-girls and young gentry women were commemorated by the poets Kang Hai (1475-1541) and Wang Jiusi (1468- 1551) whose devotion to wine, women, and song were, and still are, legendary. Witnessing the suicides of mutually-related female family members as well as a concubine of a mutual friend, these two poets valorized these deaths in terms of qing (passion). The girls of good family defy their elders in order to consummate their suicides, and Wang's songs for the concubine singing-girl are filled with evocations of sensual satisfaction. Thus, in the writings of Kang and Wang we see how the norms of the chastity cult were made not restrictive but alluring; the author suggests that this helped the poets to conquer the imagination of the governing class, with the ultimate results that they were able to diffuse these images throughout the whole of society.