cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Planning Models in Higher Education: Historical Review and Survey of Currently Available Models.

The use of planning models in higher education has been receiving increasing attention in recent years. The article summarizes the planning model literature from its earliest use to the present, emphasizing the generalized resource allocation models. An organizational chart is presented which allows a more specific categorization of models. Several examples of each category are cited from the current literature. Conceptual issues such as implementation, acceptance, suitability and effectiveness are discussed in terms applicable to models in general. The article concludes with an in-depth analysis of the six significant resource allocation models: HELP/PLANTRAN, RRPM, SEARCH, CAMPUS, TRADES, and EFPM.
The effect of urethane anesthesia on evoked potentials in dentate gyrus

We examined the effect of urethane (1000 mg/kg, followed by 50 mg/kg per h, i.v.), an anesthetic commonly used by physiologists, on evoked potentials recorded in dentate gyrus in adult Wistar rats by stimulating the ipsilateral perforant path, via chronically implanted electrodes. Urethane decreased paired-pulse inhibition. Under urethane, with paired-pulse stimulation, the ratio of the second population spike amplitude to the first increased by 11.1–20.7% at 25–60 ms interstimulus interval (n = 18, P < 0.05). At 25 ms, the proportion was 3.6 ± 1.6 while awake, and 14.7 ± 3.5 under urethane. Urethane depressed granule cell excitability and strength of synaptic responses. Under urethane, the ratio of the population spike amplitude obtained at 250 μ A stimulation to the maximal response in the same input/output response examination decreased by 20%, and the ratio of the excitatory postsynaptic response slopes fell by 10%. These results indicate that urethane affects neurotransmission in the hippocampus, and suggest that its effect may be exerted in part on excitatory neurotransmission.
Public Participation and the Environment: Do We Know What Works?

This literature review of studies on public meetings, workshops, and community advisory committees discusses public participation based on empirical evidence. Public participation “success” is defi...
Glutamate dependence of GABA levels in neurons of hypoxic and hypoglycemic rat hippocampal slices.

Abstract Hypoxia may increase GABA levels in neurons by ATP depletion-induced activation of glutamate decarboxylase and by inhibiting GABA transaminase. Hypoglycemia, which also depletes ATP, reduces neuronal levels of GABA and its precursor glutamate. We examined whether differences in glutamate levels may contribute to these altered GABA levels in hippocampal slices. GABA levels were highly correlated with endogenous glutamate levels during both hypoxia and hypoglycemia ( R =0.93 for combined data). Hypoxia maximally increased GABA levels (146±6.3% of control, S.E.M.) when glutamate remained above 90% of control levels and ATP was at 30% of control levels. Hypoglycemia with similar ATP levels and glutamate levels at 40% of control decreased GABA levels to 55% of control. Effects of inhibitors of glutamate decarboxylase and GABA transaminase suggested that increased synthesis and decreased catabolism may both contribute to increased hypoxic GABA levels. Immunocytochemical studies suggested that hypoxia increased GABA concentrations primarily in neurons and their processes, but not in glial cells. Severe hypoxic ATP depletion increased the release of both GABA and glutamate. Hypoxia increased GABA levels in neurons, while hypoglycemia with a similar severity of ATP depletion decreased GABA levels. Much of the difference may be related to lower levels of precursor glutamate during hypoglycemia. The twofold higher levels of neuroprotective GABA available for release during hypoxia may contribute to differences in the pathophysiology of these metabolic insults.
Rapid, one step staining procedures for analysis of cellular DNA and protein by single and dual laser flow cytometry†

Detailed, simplified techniques are described for simultaneous staining and analysis of DNA and protein in a number of mammalian cell types. Cell staining involves the addition of appropriate dye mixtures to unfixed or ethanol-fixed cells and subsequent analysis of cell populations in the staining reagents generally within 10 to 20 minutes. The approach is novel in that no centrifugation steps are involved during the staining procedure, thus, eliminating cell clumping and cell loss and making the procedures appropriate for samples containing limited numbers of cells. For single wavelength analysis, staining of DNA and protein in ethanol-fixed cells was accomplished with a dye solution containing propidium iodide, fluorescein isothiocyanate and RNase. After 20 minutes at room temperature cells were analyzed using the 488 nanometer (nm) laser excitation line. For dual laser analysis the following dye combinations were employed without RNase: mithramycin-rhodamine 640, mithramycin-substituted rhodamine isothiocyanate, Hoechst 33342-rhodamine 640 and Hoechst 33342-rhodamine isothiocyanate. Unfixed cells were also stained with the Hoechst 33342-rhodamine 640 dye combination. Mithramycin was excited at 457.9 nm, Hoechst 33342 at 333-363 nm, and the rhodamine dyes at 568 nm. Cell types analyzed included Chinese hamster ovary cells, cultured mouse colon 26 cells, mouse embryo forelimb bud cells, and rat cell samples obtained by lung lavage.
Simultaneous laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia repair and sleeve gastrectomy in the morbidly obese.

Abstract Background Morbid obesity is associated with increased rates of hiatal and paraesophageal hernias. Although laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is gaining popularity as the procedure of choice for morbid obesity, there is little data regarding the management of paraesophageal hernias found intraoperatively. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and benefits of a combined sleeve gastrectomy and paraesophageal hernia repair in morbidly obese patients. Methods From May 2011 to February 2013, 23 patients underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy combined with the repair of a paraesophageal hernia. Only 4 patients had a large hiatal hernia documented preoperatively on esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). The body mass index (BMI), operative time, length of stay, and complications were evaluated. Results The average operative time was 165 minutes (115–240 minutes) and length of stay was 2.83 days (2–6 days). All patients were female except for one, with an average age of 53.4 years and a BMI of 41.9 kg/m 2 . There were no complications during the procedures. Mean follow-up was 6.16 months (1–19 months), and mean excess weight loss was 39%. The average cost of admission for a combined procedure ($10,056), was slightly higher than a laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy ($8905) or laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia repair ($8954) done separately. Conclusions Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy combined with a paraesophageal hernia repair is well-tolerated and feasible in morbidly obese patients. Surgeons should be aware that preoperative EGD is not effective at diagnosing large hiatal or paraesophageal hernias. Surgeons with the skill set to repair paraesophageal hernias should do a combined procedure because it is well-tolerated, feasible, and can reduce the cost of multiple hospital admissions.
Coagulation abnormalities in rheumatoid disease

Forty-one patients with rheumatoid arthritis, including 6 with acute vasculitis, 13 with chronic vasculitis, and 22 without vasculitis, were studied for evidence of intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis (ICF). The mean plasma fibrinogen levels were elevated in all groups. The fibrinogen, platelet count, and fibrin split products were usually elevated in acute vasculitis. Fewer patients on corticosteroids had abnormal coagulation tests. Active plasmin was detected in 12 patients primarily with chronic vasculitis. Plasminogen activator activity was not diminished in vascular endothelium of normal appearing skin of those patients with or without vasculitis. None of the patients demonstrated decompensated intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis. The results suggest overcompensated ICF occurring in rheumatoid arthritis, but rheumatoid patients with vasculitis cannot be clearly distinguished from those without vasculitis on the basis of the usual tests performed for coagulation and fibrinolysis abnormalities.
A vascular graft for endometrial cancer groin recurrence.

Abstract Background. Recurrent groin metastases from endometrial cancer that invades the femoral vasculature is debilitating and provides a management dilemma. Case. We present the first case of endometrial cancer with metastatic disease to the groin vasculature palliated with percutaneous endovascular embolization and stent grafting. Conclusion. Endovascular surgery provides an alternative option in those with metastatic endometrial cancer of the groin to improve the patient's quality of life by avoiding a major surgery with difficult postoperative recovery and prolonging the timecourse until the next major bleed.
Towards a team of robots with reconfiguration and repair capabilities

In the future, we propose that there will be largely self-sufficient robot colonies operating on distant planets and in harsh environments here on Earth. A highly desirable quality of such a colony would be the capability of the robots to repair each other. Towards the goal of autonomous repair, we design a robot that can replace the modules composing a similar robot. The final system is teleoperated and module removal/replacement is performed on a test bed. We discuss some of the design trade-offs for such a system and discuss some of the steps required in order to develop a self-sufficient robot colony.
A temporal potential function approach for path planning in dynamic environments

A Dynamic environment is one in which either the obstacles or the goal or both are in motion. In most of the current research, robots attempting to navigate in dynamic environments use reactive systems. Although reactive systems have the advantage of fast execution and low overheads, the tradeoff is in performance in terms of the path optimality. Often, the robot ends up tracking the goal, thus following the path taken by the goal, and deviates from this strategy only to avoid a collision with an obstacle it may encounter. In a path planner, the path from the start to the goal is calculated before the robot sets off. This path has to be recalculated if the goal or the obstacles change positions. In the case of a dynamic environment this happens often. One method to compensate for this is to take the velocity of the goal and obstacles into account when planning the path. So instead of following the goal, the robot can estimate where the best position to reach the goal is and plan a path to that location. In this paper, we propose a method for path planning in dynamic environments that uses a potential function which indicates the probability that a robot will collide with an obstacle, assuming that the robot executes a random walk from that location and that time onwards. The robot plans a path by extrapolating the object's motion using current velocities and by calculating the potential values up to a look-ahead limit that is determined by calculating the minimum path length using connectivity evaluation and then determining the utility of expanding the look-ahead limit beyond the minimum path length. This paper will discuss how the potential values are calculated and how a suitable look-ahead limit is decided. Finally the performance of the proposed method is demonstrated in a simulated environment.
Diagnostic co-morbidity in 2300 psychiatric out-patients presenting for treatment evaluated with a semi-structured diagnostic interview.

BackgroundThe largest clinical epidemiological surveys of psychiatric disorders have been based on unstructured clinical evaluations. However, several recent studies have questioned the accuracy and thoroughness of clinical diagnostic interviews; consequently, clinical epidemiological studies, like community-based studies, should be based on standardized evaluations. The Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnostic Assessment and Services (MIDAS) project is the largest clinical epidemiological study using semi-structured interviews assessing a wide range of psychiatric disorders conducted in a general clinical out-patient practice. In the present report we examined the frequency of DSM-IV Axis I diagnostic co-morbidity in psychiatric out-patients.MethodA total of 2300 out-patients were interviewed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) upon presentation for treatment.ResultsThe mean number of current and lifetime DSM-IV Axis I disorders in the 2300 patients was 1.9 (s.d.=1.5) and 3.0 (s.d.=1.8) respectively. The majority of patients were diagnosed with two or more current disorders, and more than one-third were diagnosed with three or more current disorders. Examination of the most frequent current disorders in the patients with the 12 most common principal diagnoses indicated that the pattern of co-morbidity differed among the disorders. The highest mean number of current co-morbid disorders was found for patients with a principal diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder and bipolar disorder.ConclusionsClinicians should assume that psychiatric patients presenting for treatment have more than one current diagnosis. The pattern of co-morbidity varies according to the principal diagnosis.
On computability of fine motion plans

It is shown that fine motion plans in the LMT framework developed by T. Lozano-Perez, M. Mason and R. Taylor (1984) are computable, and an algorithm for computing them by reducing fine motion planing to an algebraic decision problem is presented. Fine-motion planning involves planning a successful motion of a robot at the fine scale of assembly operations, where control and sensor uncertainty are significant. It is shown that, as long as the envelope of trajectories generated by the control system can be described algebraically, there is an effective procedure for deciding if a successful n-step plan exists. The proposed method makes use of recognizable sets as subgoals for multistep planning. These sets are finitely parameterizable, and it is shown that they are the only sets that need be considered as subgoals. Unfortunately, if the full generality of the LMT framework is used, finding a fine-motion plan can take time double exponential in the number of plant steps. >
A Mutation in the Arabidopsis HYL1 Gene Encoding a dsRNA Binding Protein Affects Responses to Abscisic Acid, Auxin, and Cytokinin

Both physiological and genetic evidence indicate interconnections among plant responses to different hormones. We describe a pleiotropic recessive Arabidopsis transposon insertion mutation, designated hyponastic leaves (hyl1), that alters the plant's responses to several hormones. The mutant is characterized by shorter stature, delayed flowering, leaf hyponasty, reduced fertility, decreased rate of root growth, and an altered root gravitropic response. It also exhibits less sensitivity to auxin and cytokinin and hypersensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA). The auxin transport inhibitor 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid normalizes the mutant phenotype somewhat, whereas another auxin transport inhibitor, N-(1-naph-thyl)phthalamic acid, exacerbates the phenotype. The gene, designated HYL1, encodes a 419-amino acid protein that contains two double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) binding motifs, a nuclear localization motif, and a C-terminal repeat structure suggestive of a protein-protein interaction domain. We present evidence that the HYL1 gene is ABA-regulated and encodes a nuclear dsRNA binding protein. We hypothesize that the HYL1 protein is a regulatory protein functioning at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level.
Demonstration of MMACE prototype system for helix TWT design

Summary form only given, as follows. This poster demonstrates the key capabilities and new features of the MMACE prototype system for designing helix TWT's. MMACE (Microwave and Millimeter-wave Advanced Computational Environment) is a software framework for integrating microwave design tools into a cohesive, productive whole. While the first phase of the MMACE Program collected vacuum electronics design requirements and constructed a prototype design environment, the second phase has refined that prototype and is generalizing the software framework to accept other types of design and analysis. MMACE has focused on five key areas: (1) project-based management of design data and codes; (2) common master geometry for all codes; (3) sharing of common data by all codes; (4) a smooth integration of geometry-driven codes with parametric codes; and (5) a consistent graphical user interface across codes. The prototype design system includes codes from all phases of TWT design, such as gun, magnetostatic, and thermomechanical codes; a parametric collector design tool, a grid generation tool, and others have recently been added. The graphical user interface (GUI) has been refined to allow easy customization by the user. Also, a data dictionary manager has been added to help build new device data models for other devices, such as klystrons, and complete systems, such as microwave power modules (MPM's).
Luminescent polymeric ruthenium complexes with polystyrene-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) macroligands: The sequential activation of initiator sites for blocks generated by parallel polymerization mechanisms

The synthesis of polystyrene-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) diblock copolymers with a luminescent ruthenium(II) tris(bipyridine) [Ru(bpy)3] complex at the block junction is described. The macroligand precursor, polystyrene bipyridine-poly(methyl methacrylate) [bpy(PS–H)(PMMA)], was synthesized via the atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate from two independent, sequentially activated initiating sites. Both polymerization steps resulted in the growth of blocks with sizes consistent with monomer loading and narrow molecular weight distributions (i.e., polydispersity index < 1.3). Subsequent reactions with ruthenium(II) bis(bipyridine) dichloride [Ru(bpy)2Cl2] in the presence of Ag+ generated the ruthenium tris(bipyridine)-centered diblock, which is of interest for the imaging of block copolymer microstructures and for incorporation into new photonic materials. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 4250–4255, 2002
Lipopolysaccharide enhances transforming growth factor β1-induced platelet-derived growth factor-B expression in bile duct epithelial cells.

Background and Aim Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B is a potent profibrogenic mediator expressed by bile duct epithelial cells (BDECs) that contributes to liver fibrosis after bile duct ligation. However, the mechanism of PDGF-B induction in BDECs during cholestasis is not known. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) also contribute to the profibrogenic response after bile duct ligation. We tested the hypothesis that LPS and TGFβ1 synergistically induce PDGF-B expression in BDECs.
Multidimensional separations for protein/peptide analysis in the post-genomic era.

Proteomics is the study of all or part of the protein complement of genes in an organism, often involving the analysis of complex protein/peptide samples. Such complex samples are beyond the separa...
Gaseous mercury profiles in the tropical Pacific Ocean

The distribution of dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) was determined at four hydrographic stations in the tropical Pacific Ocean. These vertical profiles of DGM, to a depth of 400 meters, are the first obtained for the open ocean. Dissolved gaseous Hg concentrations generally increased with depth. The major portion of DGM in surface sea water was of an inorganic gaseous form, probably elemental Hg (Hgo). In two instances, organic gaseous Hg, presumably dimethyl Hg [(CH3)2Hg], was observed in the deeper waters. These results suggest that bacteria may be responsible for producing Hgo and (CH3)2Hg at depth in this ocean region.
Interaction between antibiotics, phagocytes, and bacteria

Antibiotics have biological effects other than direct antimicrobial activity (i.e., other than growth inhibition or killing of organisms). We have been especially interested in the ability of antimicrobial agents to interact with phagocytes and to influence the fate of bacteria ingested by these cells. A major reason for this interest is that survival, and even multiplication, of pathogenic organisms after ingestion by phagocytes may lead to chronic or progressive disease [1,2]. Bacteria which fully exhibit this capability include Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Legionella pneumophila. To a lesser extent many bacteria, including Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus, can manifest intraphagocytic survival. The efficacy of an antibiotic in therapy of infections, especially those due to facultative intracellular organisms, will depend upon both the extracellular drug-bacterial interaction and the capacity of the antibiotic to penetrate phagocytes and influence the functions of host cells and organisms. Thus, it is important to study the interactions between antibiotics, phagocytes, and bacteria in detail. In an effort to define certain of these interactions we have studied: the uptake of antimicrobial agents by various phagocytic cells, the mechanisms of this entry process for specific antibiotics, the effects of certain factors (phagocytosis, smoking) on drug uptake, the influence of antibiotics on survival of intraphagocytic bacteria, and the consequences of exposure to antibiotics on phagocyte oxidative metabolism.
Case adaptation in a case-based process planning system

This paper describes the case adaptation in a case-based process planning system: PROCASE. PROCASE is an acronym for Process Routines Organized as Case Archives with Simulation Environment. In a case-based process planning system, a new process plan is generated by adapting an existing similar process planning case. Case adaptation is an important and, most of the times, difficult issue. This is because first, usually, an existing case may be a similar case but not an identical case. Adaptation is essential to tailor this similar process planning case to generate a new process plan which can produce exactly the new part needed. Second, adaptation involves many reasoning processes which embeds a great amount of knowledge. To encode such knowledge for computer simulation is not a plain task. The case adaptation in PROCASE comprises case modification and case repairing. This paper will first briefly introduce the case representation and case retrieving in PROCASE. Then the rest of the paper will present the case adaptation in PROCASE.
Defining the blueprint of the cancer genome

It is widely accepted that cancer is a disease caused by accumulation of mutations in specific genes. These tumor-specific mutations provide clues to the cellular processes underlying tumorigenesis and have proven useful for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. To date, however, only a small fraction of genes has been analyzed and the number and type of alterations responsible for the development of common tumor types are unknown. The determination of the human genome sequence coupled with improvements in sequencing and bioinformatic approaches have made it possible to examine the cancer cell genome in a comprehensive and unbiased manner. Systematic sequencing studies have been performed on gene families involved in signal transduction in several tumor types, and have now been extended to include the majority of protein-coding genes in breast and colorectal cancers. These analyses have identified new genes and pathways that had not been linked previously to human cancer. One example has been the discovery of genetic alterations in the PIK3CA gene encoding p110α phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and in related pathway genes in >30% of colon and breast cancers. These mutational analyses provide a window into the genetic landscape of human cancer, indicate new targets for personalized diagnostic and therapeutic intervention, and suggest lessons for future large-scale genomic analyses in human tumors.
Perforation of urinary bladder by intrauterine device

Perforation of the uterus by an intrauterine device (IUD) is not an uncommon complication of this means of birth control. Comparatively, however, perforation of the bladder is uncommon, having been reported only seven times previously in the literature. This additional case is presented with review of the current literature and discussion of uterine and bladder perforation by an IUD.
Atrial Fibrillation and Congestive Heart Failure The Intersection of Two Common Diseases

Atrial fibrillation is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, and congestive heart failure is an increasingly frequent diagnosis as our population tends to age. Appropriate management of these patients has engaged clinicians for many years. It was long appreciated that atrial fibrillation, per se, without associated cardiac disease could result in congestive heart failure and that prompt treatment resulting in either restoration of sinus rhythm or rate control could obviate the signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure.1 2 3 More recently, a spate of observations have shown that application of catheter ablative techniques to patients with atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular rates unresponsive to drug therapy could likewise result in improved cardiac function.4 5 6 7 8 In the latter studies, patients generally had proved to be refractory to medical therapy before being offered catheter ablation of the atrioventricular (AV) junction. Elsewhere in this issue of Circulation , Brignole et al9 report a novel controlled trial comparing drug versus AV junctional ablation for patients with atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure. In this study, a total of 66 patients with chronic atrial fibrillation were randomized to receive either drug therapy for rate control or ablation and insertion of a VVIR pacemaker. These patients were …
Acute "adaptation" by the small intestinal enterocyte: a posttranscriptional mechanism involving apical translocation of nutrient transporters.

The small intestine is an incredibly adaptable, “plastic” organ, the tissues of which are involved intimately in endocrine regulation, immune surveillance, multiple aspects of metabolism, excretion of metabolites, symbiosis with the enteric microbiome, and, of course, absorption of ingested nutrients. As the primary site of nutrient absorption, the gut must be adaptable to the quality, quantity, and timing of nutrient availability, in order to optimize nutrient absorption and maintain health. Indeed, intestinal adaptation, as evident by changes in gene expression as the neonate grows older and transitions from breast milk to oral nutrients, (i.e., ontogeny) are well described. Similarly, chronic changes in diet/nutrient supply alter gene expression resulting in different levels of nutrient transporters by the enterocytes. A dramatic example of this remodeling of the gut mucosa was demonstrated by Secor and Diamond in studying the onset of hyperplasia/hypertrophy in Burmese pythons in response to ingestion of a meal.1 Indeed, these forms of classic, genomic-mediated adaptation result in a change not only in function but also in structure of the mucosa, and typically occur over days. Similarly, when major parts of the intestinal absorptive surface area are lost (via resection for trauma, neoplasm, or disease) or bypassed (jejunoileal bypass), a remarkable hypertrophy/hyperplasia occurs, again through a complex set of changes in gene expression and cellular proliferation leading to villus hypertrophy and cellular hyperplasia. A less well understood and less well appreciated “acute adaptation,” deemed by some to be more of a physiologic effect, also occurs in the enterocyte itself, whereby its cellular absorptive capacity is altered acutely in response to luminal presence of specific nutrients – a form of cell biology that does not, at least initially, involve a change in genomic expression and reflects a post-transcriptional process. This acute adaptation involves a rapid alteration (occurring within minutes) in nutrient transporters in the apical membrane secondary to acute translocation of pre-formed transporter from the cytoplasm to the apical membrane of the enterocyte; this acute translocation of pre-formed transporters matches intestinal absorptive capacity to nutrient availability. This review will address (focusing on hexose transporters) this remarkable capacity of the enterocyte to undergo a rapid, post-transcriptional, increase in absorptive capacity, a process that appears different and complementary to the classic genomic-based forms of intestinal adaptation.
Terrorism and the Ethics of War

Introduction Part I. Terrorism: What's in a Name?: 1. The problem of defining terrorism 2. Defining terrorism 3. What makes terrorism wrong? 4. Innocence and discrimination 5. 'Who dun it' definitions of terrorism Conclusion: taking stock Part II. Why Moral Condemnations of Terrorism Lack Credibility: Introduction: toward morally credible condemnations of terrorism 6. Why standard theories fail to condemn terrorism 7. Just war theory and the problem of collateral damage Conclusion: categorical vs. conditional criticisms of terrorism Part III. Defending Noncombatant Immunity: Introduction: the ethics of war-fighting: a spectrum of possible views 8. The realist challenge to the ethics of war 9. An ethic of war for reasonable realists 10. Walzer on noncombatant immunity as a human right 11. The supreme emergency exception 12. Rights theories, utilitarianism, and the killing of civilians 13. Immunity rights vs. the right of self-defense 14. A rule utilitarian defense of noncombatant immunity 15. Why utilitarian criticisms of noncombatant immunity are mistaken 16. Is noncombatant immunity a 'mere' convention? Part IV. How Much Immunity Should Noncombatants Have?: Introduction: the problem of collateral damage 17. The problem of collateral damage killings 18. The ethics of collateral damage killings Conclusion: terrorism and the ethics of war Bibliography Index.
Comparative utilization of a crystalline amino acid diet and a methionine-fortified casein diet by young rats and mice

Abstract A recently developed chemically defined diet containing crystalline amino acids (16% of the diet, 14.4% crude protein equivalent) as the sole source of nitrogen was compared to a methionine-fortified case in diet (20% crude protein) when fed in dry form to weanling rats and mice. Rate and efficiency of weight gain were similar for both diets in rats as well as mice. This finding suggests that the crystalline amino acid diet results in near maximal growth performance and thus supports its efficacy in future nutrition research endeavors.
Court of Justice of the eu Rules Collective and Inaccessible Electrical Metres Discriminate against Roma: chez Razpredelenie Bulgaria ad v. Komisia za zashtita ot diskriminatsia (C-83/14)

The judgment of 16 July 2015 is ECJ’s first substantive ruling in a case concerning racial discrimination against Roma. This is noteworthy, given the centrality of Roma to the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights in the area of discrimination (on the European Court of Human Rights, Roma and racial discrimination, see C. Cahn (2015), ‘Triple Helix: The Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, Roma and Racial Discrimination’, in: Claude Cahn, Human Rights, State Sovereignty and Medical Ethics, Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, pp. 106–148.). The ECJ ruling in the CHEZ case is important for a number of reasons, including for recognizing that the ban on discrimination by association applies also to cases of indirect discrimination. Its most significant contribution however is its reflections on the role of stigma in driving discrimination based on racial or ethnic origin. Also of note is its rejection of a number of approaches used in national law – in Bulgaria and elsewhere – as incompatible with European Union anti-discrimination law. The judgment is among the most important ECJ rulings to date on discrimination. The current article discusses some of the noteworthy aspects of the case.
Primary Neuroendocrine Carcinomas of the Skin (Merkel Cell Tumors): A Clinical, Histologic, and Ultrastructural Study of Thirteen Cases

Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the skin have recently been recognized, and clinicopathologic information on these tumors is accumulating rapidly. We studied 13 such lesions by light and electron microscopy, and eight were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis. The ages of the patients (five women and eight men) ranged from 24 to 84 years. Nine patients had neoplasms occurring in sun-exposed areas; one patient had metachronous symmetric lesions on the arms, and another had antecedent hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Eight tumors metastasized, and six spread to regional or distant lymph nodes. Three patients died with visceral metastases to the liver, bones, and brain. All patients had their primary tumor confined to the corium and subcutaneous tissue without involvement of overlying epidermis. Tumor cells were round and uniform in size, with delicate nuclear chromatin and a high mitotic rate. An organoid growth pattern was seen in all tumors, with focal trabeculation and rare rosette formation. Ultrastructurally, peripheral cytoplasmic dense-core granules were evident, and perinuclear filament whorls could be seen in all 13 tumors. The latter feature was stable, even in specimens taken from paraffin blocks for electron microscopy. Immunoperoxidase studies failed to reveal serotonin, calcitonin, or adrenocorticotrophin within tumor cells.
Teachers' Nonverbal Symbols in Class Teaching

Nonverbal symbol is very important in the course of communication.Teachers should have a good understanding about the characteristics and functions of nonverbal symbols in the course of teaching and focusing on the research and application to improve the teaching quality.
The politics of language contact in northwestern California: Maintaining diversity in the face of cultural convergence

This article examines the language ideologies and socio-political realities associated with the highly localized oral traditions of northwestern California, including both stories and songs, which are both connected in profoundly indexical ways to the distinctiveness of the languages. My findings suggest that the principle of linguistic relativity, whereby speakers of contrasting languages subscribe to different worldviews, often emerges from conscious choices of interpretation among community members, who actively strive to set their languages and worldviews apart from those of neighboring societies – in association with a pervasive ideology of localism. Today, as the languages undergo revitalization, this long-standing concern with local difference is receiving renewed attention in the context of the tribal language programs where speakers are also striving to keep their languages, stories, songs, and worldviews distinct – both from the neighboring tribes as well as the English-speaking world. Today, as in the past, the distinctive languages continue to play an important role in the maintenance of identity, setting the communities apart in publicly accentuated ways and instilling language learners with a sense of pride in the uniqueness of their own traditions.
Learning sparse polynomials

We study the question of learning a sparse multi-variate polynomial over the real domain. In particular, for some unknown polynomial f(vx ) of degree-d and k monomials, we show how to reconstruct f, within error e, given only a set of examples bar xi drawn uniformly from the n-dimensional cube (or an n-dimensional Gaussian distribution), together with evaluations f(bar xi) on them. The result holds even in the “noisy setting”, where we have only values f(bar xi)+g where g is noise (say, modeled as a Gaussian random variable). The runtime of our algorithm is polynomial in n,k,1/e and Cd where Cd depends only on d. Note that, in contrast, in the “boolean version” of this problem, where bar x is drawn from the hypercube, the problem is at least as hard as the “noisy parity problem,” where we do not know how to break the nΩ(d) time barrier, even for k=1, and some believe it may be impossible to do so.
Library Services and Spaces: Addressing the Needs of a Changing Campus

The OHSU Library has undergone many changes in the last two years to serve its users better. With the opening of the Collaborative Life Sciences Building (CLSB), a joint venture between OHSU, PSU and OSU, there was an opportunity to design a library space from the ground up. With changes in the MD curriculum and changes in library operations, there was a chance to redesign existing library space in the Biomedical Information Communication Center (BICC) to better fit the current and future needs of the OHSU community.
Marketing Certified Public Accounting Services: A Progress Report

This study investigates the attitudes and behaviors of certified public accountants regarding the marketing/advertising of accounting services. Much of the recent research on marketing professional services has been conducted among attorneys. A much higher percentage of certified public accountants are advertising. This paper discusses certified public accountants’ media selection, advertisement content, and relationships with demographic characteristics.
Selective Induction of Apoptosis in Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Stem Cells by the Novel Agent Parthenolide.

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) arises from a rare population of leukemic stem cells (LSCs), which are thought to perpetuate both de novo and relapsed disease. Because LSCs are often refractory to standard chemotherapy agents, it is crucial to investigate the ability of current and novel drugs to target this rare population of cells. Previously, we demonstrated that combined treatment with proteasome inhibitors and anthracyclines induced apoptosis in LSCs while sparing the normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Using this approach, death of leukemic cells was characterized by NF-kB inhibition and p53 activation. In the present study, we have extended this work by investigating parthenolide (PTL), a sesquiterpene lactone found in the herbal drug feverfew and that has been reported to inhibit NF-kB activation. Primary AML cells treated with increasing concentrations of PTL (1-10 microM) showed a rapid (18h) and dose dependent decrease in cell viability. The PTL concentration and its effect on induction of apoptosis directly correlated with decreased NF-kB binding activity and increased phosphorylation of p53. Importantly, apoptosis induction was also evident in the primitive LSC population, defined by the immunophenotypic profile CD34+, CD38− and CD123+. In contrast, PTL had little to no effect in normal HSCs obtained from either cord blood (CB) or bone marrow (BM). Interestingly, apoptosis induction upon PTL treatment was completely abolished upon treatment with the anti-oxidant, N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), suggesting that PTL effects involve reactive oxygen species (ROS) induction. This was further corroborated using the fluorescent dyes DCFH-DA and mBBr to measure ROS and thiol content, respectively. When PTL effects were compared to the common chemotherapeutic drug cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C), we observed that PTL selectively targeted leukemic cells whereas Ara-C did not. Functional analyses using in vitro colony assays and the NOD/SCID mouse xenotransplant model were then employed to address whether the drugs used in this study affected stem cell potential. PTL treatment did not affect engraftment of normal cells while leukemic cell engraftment was dramatically impaired. Similarly, methylcellulose cultures showed a severe decrease on colony formation in PTL treated AML cells, while normal colonies were not impaired. Together, these data demonstrates that PTL is able to selectively target LSCs while sparing normal hematopoietic cells. The mechanism of leukemia-specific cell death appears to involve inhibition of NF-kB, activation of p53 and induction of oxidative stress.
Study of Phase Relationships in ECoG Signals Using Hilbert-Huang Transforms

This study investigates phase relationships between electrocorticogram (ECoG) signals through Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT), combined with Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD). We perform spatial and temporal filtering of the raw signals, followed by tuning the EMD parameters. It can be seen that carefully tuning of EMD filter, it is possible to capture distinct features of non-stationary data. This makes EMD, combined with HHT a valuable tool of complex brain signal analysis and modeling.
Decreased Sirtuin Deacetylase Activity in LRRK2 G2019S iPSC-Derived Dopaminergic Neurons

Mitochondrial changes have long been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The glycine to serine mutation (G2019S) in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is the most common genetic cause for PD and has been shown to impair mitochondrial function and morphology in multiple model systems. We analyzed mitochondrial function in LRRK2 G2019S induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons to determine whether the G2019S mutation elicits similar mitochondrial deficits among central and peripheral nervous system neuron subtypes. LRRK2 G2019S iPSC-derived dopaminergic neuron cultures displayed unique abnormalities in mitochondrial distribution and trafficking, which corresponded to reduced sirtuin deacetylase activity and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels despite increased sirtuin levels. These data indicate that mitochondrial deficits in the context of LRRK2 G2019S are not a global phenomenon and point to distinct sirtuin and bioenergetic deficiencies intrinsic to dopaminergic neurons, which may underlie dopaminergic neuron loss in PD.
African Easterly Wave Forecast Verification and Its Relation to Convective Errors within the ECMWF Ensemble Prediction System

AbstractAfrican easterly waves (AEWs) are the primary synoptic-scale weather feature found in sub-Saharan Africa during boreal summer, yet there have been few studies documenting the performance of...
Regulation of the Synthesis and Hydrolysis of ATP in Biological Systems: Role of Peptide Inhibitors of H+-ATPases

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the role of peptide inhibitors of H+-ATPases in the regulation of the synthesis and hydrolysis of ATP in biological systems. H+-ATPases are found throughout the phylogenetic scale—in mitochondria of eukaryotic cells, in chloroplasts of plant cells, and in both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. H+-ATPases of aerobic organisms are bifunctional and can work in the reverse direction by hydrolyzing rather nonspecifically ATP, ITP, and GTP. H+-ATPases are inhibited by oligomycin, DCCD, aurovertin, and a number of other antibiotics or covalent labeling agents. F 1 -ATPase inhibitor peptides may be one of the five different subunits of F 1 as in chloroplast and some bacterial systems or they may be a sixth subunit distinct from the five different F 1 subunits, as in bovine heart. Their in vivo location may be between the F 1 and F 0 moieties of the complete H+-ATPase complex. This location in some bacteria and chloroplasts seems quite certain because the ɛ or binding subunit of F 1 has been identified as an ATPase inhibitor protein. There are substances that mimic the action of F 1 -ATPase peptide inhibitors and substances that oppose the action of such inhibitors. It would be of great help in elucidating the mode of action of ATPase peptide inhibitors to know whether ATP synthesis and NTP-dependent functions are catalyzed by pathways that involve the same site(s), overlapping sites, or completely separate catalytic sites on H+-ATPases
Direct Simulation: Review and Comments

The session entitled “Direct Simulation” comprised six invited papers, each illustrating timely and interesting applications of CFD methodology to aeroacoustics. Probably the most important aspect of the presentations, however, was the fact that each pointed up issues that are and will be of major concern as computational aeroacoustics (CAA) evolves into a working discipline. In this review, an attempt is made to provide a brief summary of the thrust of each of the contributions to the session as well as, where appropriate, some highlights of computational issues raised explicitly or implicitly by their authors. Further, the review contains some observations on these issues. To some extent, these represent personal views of the current author, but they are also meant to reflect the outcome of discussions that occurred during the panel session held at the conclusion of the ICASE/NASA Workshop.
Effect of Exercise on Neuropsychological Performance in Asymptomatic HIV Infection

The present study examined the relationship between self-reported exercise participation both at the time of the study and prior to HIV diagnosis on neuropsychological performance of 139 asymptomatic HIV-positive men. History of exercise participation prior to diagnosis was significantly associated with performance on several neuropsychological tests and with overall impairment. After the effects of education were removed from this analysis, the groups differed only in their performance on the Grooved Pegboard Test. When stratified by current exercise participation, the groups differed only on one trial of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test. These results suggest that exercise, while it may have other benefits for this population, is not associated with improved cognitive functioning.
Coping with mental health issues among older Hispanic adults.

Abstract Access to mental health services for older Hispanic adults is limited and often older Hispanic adults must rely on their own resources in dealing with mental health issues. The aim of this study was to understand how older Hispanic immigrants cope mental health issues (e.g. stress, anxiety, and/or depression). A qualitative, descriptive approach was used to interview 17 older Hispanic immigrants from Guatemala, Dominican Republic and Colombia. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and translated verbatim by bilingual research assistants. Data were analyzed using content analysis with a combination of immersion/crystallization, editing and template organizing styles. Ways of coping included spiritual beliefs and religious practices, social support, distraction, medications and professional help. Primary care providers may be more effective if they build upon the cultural constructs that undergird older Hispanic immigrants' ways of coping in addressing emotional distress and mental health issues in this population.
Strong Coupling of Excitons in WS 2 with Fano Resonances in Photonic Crystals

We report strong coupling between excitons in monolayer WS2 and Fano resonances in a dielectric photonic crystal. This gives rise to a Rabi splitting of ~25 me V at room temperature in an open cavity geometry. © 2019 The Author(s)