cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the use of various scaling theories in the deconvolution of rotational relaxation data: Application to pressure‐broadened linewidth measurements

The inversion of pressure‐broadened spectral linewidth data to yield state‐to‐state rotationally inelastic rate constants is considered. Deconvolution procedures are presented based upon the rate relationships given by the information theory (IT), infinite order sudden (IOS), and dynamic‐coupling theory (DCT) formalisms. In addition, a statistical analysis for the IOS and DCT inversion methods is developed. The three scaling theories are applied to the inversion of experimental data for the CO–He, CO–Ne, HCl–He, and HCl–Ne systems. The results indicate that the IT formalism is inappropriate for deconvoluting linewidth data. For the IOS method the extreme sensitivity of the rates to uncertainties in the measurements can often make the extracted rates unreliable. The DCT inversion procedure is shown to be stable and to yield reliable rates. The application of the DCT method to simulated linewidth data for the He–HCN system yields rates in excellent agreement with ab initio calculated values and correctly pr...
Wavemeter for tuning solid state lasers

The continuing effort to develop, design, construct, and evaluate the performance of an airborne autonomous wavemeter for tuning solid state lasers is summarized. The wavemeter supports tunable solid state lasers that are used for an atmospheric remote sensing technique. One atmospheric species, water vapor, is measured by tuning one laser to precisely the line center of a water vapor line and by tuning another laser off the line. The two sets of received backscattered radiation are ratioed and corrected to determine the vertical profiles of water vapor. On a spacecraft platform, an advanced system could monitor the vertical water vapor profiles. This would provide a technology improvement for meteorological forecasting.
19 2-HALO-2′,3′-DIDEOXYADENOSINES: METABOLICALLY STABLE DIDEOXYNUCLEOSIDES WITH ACTIVITY AGAINST THE HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)

2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine (ddA) has activity against the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV), but is rapidly catabolized by human T cells, even when adenosine deaminase is inhibited by deoxycoformycin. To overcome this problem, we developed a simple method to synthesize the 2-fluoro-, 2-chloro-, and 2-bromo-derivatives of ddA. The isolated 2-halo-ddA derivatives were not deaminated significantly by cultured T lymphoblasts, which converted the dideoxynucleosides to the respective 5′-monophosphate, 5′- diphosphate, and 5′- triphosphate metabolites. At concentrations lower than those producing cytotoxicity in uninfected cells (3-10 μM), the 2-halo-ddA derivatives inhibited the cytopathic effects of HIV toward T lymphoblasts, and retarded viral replication. Experiments with a deoxycytidine kinase deficient mutant CEM T cell line showed that this enzyme was necessary for the phosphorylation and anti-HIV activity of the 2-halo-ddA derivatives. Thus, the 2-halo-ddA congeners, in contrast to ddA itself, are not degraded by T lymphocytes, and represent promising compounds for in vivo chemotherapy of HIV infection.
Exploring the use of memory colors for image enhancement

Memory colors refer to those colors recalled in association with familiar objects. While some previous work introduces this concept to assist digital image enhancement, their basis, i.e., on-screen memory colors, are not appropriately investigated. In addition, the resulting adjustment methods developed are not evaluated from a perceptual view of point. In this paper, we first perform a context-free perceptual experiment to establish the overall distributions of screen memory colors for three pervasive objects. Then, we use a context-based experiment to locate the most representative memory colors; at the same time, we investigate the interactions of memory colors between different objects. Finally, we show a simple yet effective application using representative memory colors to enhance digital images. A user study is performed to evaluate the performance of our technique.
A Novel Antimicrobial Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein in the Cornea

Purpose In an earlier gene expression study, the authors identified a novel antimicrobial gene, Peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 (Pglyrp1), in the mouse cornea. Here the expression of the Pglyrp1 transcript and the encoded protein, PGLYRP1, in the cornea was investigated. The role of PGLYRP1 in the cornea was further investigated using wild-type and Pglyrp1-deficient mice. This is the first report of this antimicrobial protein in the cornea.
Nuclear Receptor Corepressor SMRT Regulates Mitochondrial Oxidative Metabolism and Mediates Aging-Related Metabolic Deterioration

The transcriptional corepressor SMRT utilizes two major receptor-interacting domains (RID1 and RID2) to mediate nuclear receptor (NR) signaling through epigenetic modification. The physiological significance of such interaction remains unclear. We find SMRT expression and its occupancy on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) target gene promoters are increased with age in major metabolic tissues. Genetic manipulations to selectively disable RID1 (SMRT(mRID1)) demonstrate that shifting SMRT repression to RID2-associated NRs, notably PPARs, causes premature aging and related metabolic diseases accompanied by reduced mitochondrial function and antioxidant gene expression. SMRT(mRID1) cells exhibit increased susceptibility to oxidative damage, which could be rescued by PPAR activation or antioxidant treatment. In concert, several human Smrt gene polymorphisms are found to nominally associate with type 2 diabetes and adiponectin levels. These data uncover a role for SMRT in mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and the aging process, which may serve as a drug target to improve health span.
Psychophysical scales of age based on marriage frequencies.

The frequency of marriage between women of one age and men of another was assumed to depend upon the overall tendencies of women and men of the corresponding psychological ages to marry, multiplied by a nonincreasing function of the absolute difference between the psychological ages. Using this model and standard nonmetric scaling techniques, scales of psychological age as a function of physical age were inferred from published marriage frequencies for 1951 and 1959. Psychological age was well approximated by the cube root of the difference between physical age and a threshold age of about 12 years for women and 14 years for men.
The Relationship Between Goal Orientation and Age Among Adolescents and Adults

Abstract According to C. S. Dweck (1986), students often approach an achievement situation in 1 of 2 ways: (a) from a learning orientation, which is characterized by a desire to acquire new skills and knowledge for the sake of learning; or (b) from a performance orientation, which is characterized by a desire to prove one's competence to others. In this investigation, the learning orientations of 199 college students ranging in age from 17 years to 59 years were assessed, because learning-oriented students tend to exhibit more adaptive achievement-oriented behaviors than their performance-oriented peers. It was found that older students were more likely to be learning oriented. If this is a replicable finding, it is possible that grouping students of varied ages together could support the development of a learning orientation in younger students.
Vaginal versus oral indomethacin in a rabbit model for non-infection-mediated preterm birth: an alternate tocolytic approach.

Objective We examined the hypotheses that vaginal indomethacin is more effective for prolonging gestation, and mediates its tocolytic actions via changes in cervical matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, compared to oral. Study design Pregnant rabbits induced with mifepristone received oral or vaginal indomethacin; or oral or vaginal vehicle once daily for 2 days. Premature delivery, fetal ductus arteriosus, and cervical MMP activity were assessed. Results Vaginal indomethacin delayed delivery >72 hours in 100% of the rabbits, extending gestation to 28.2 ± 0.5 (P Conclusion Vaginal indomethacin is more effective than oral for prolonging gestation in the rabbit. Its tocolytic effects may be mediated, in part, by alterations in cervical MMP activity.
Behavioral Techniques in the Psychological Rehabilitation of Burn Patients

Patients with extensive burns often develop maladaptive behaviors that interfere with their care and recovery. Behavioral intervention can be an important aid in eliminating problem behaviors that impede rehabilitation. A retarded, adult burn patient with several target problem behaviors (tantrums, removing catheters, fecal soiling and induced vomiting) is presented with pre- and post-treatment data demonstrating the value of these procedures. The role of the consultant is discussed in relation to the acceptance of behavioral techniques, the training of nursing personnel to implement a behavioral program, and the provision of technical assistance and support to unit staff.
Non-linear elastic properties of plasma-sprayed zirconia coatings and associated relationships with processing conditions

Abstract Low-temperature thermal cycling of plasma-sprayed zirconia coatings via curvature measurements revealed their in-plane non-linear behavior. This feature arises from the unique layered, porous and cracked morphology of thermal-sprayed ceramic materials. The non-linear aspect can be quantified by a novel data interpretation procedure consisting of modified beam bending analysis and inverse analysis. This versatile procedure requires minimum measurement preparation and computational effort, and its non-linear model enables correct data interpretations otherwise not possible with the previous assumption of linear elastic models. Using this procedure, various specimens were tested to investigate the effects of processing conditions. Results are interpreted in the context of microstructural changes in the plasma-sprayed coatings due to differences in particle state upon impact and coating build-up. The implications of this study are significant for the thermo-mechanical design of strain-tolerant ceramic coatings in thermal barrier applications.
Inferred control patterns depend on model complexity

To see the implications of model complexity for the inverse problem of identifying control signals, four models of wrist flexion were simulated. The most complicated model consisted of an inertial load driven by two Hill-type models, with the exception that series elasticities were separated into activation-dependent (contractile element) and activation-independent (tendon) parts. The simplest consisted of an inertia driven by a net torque. Model outputs are compared to actual wrist flexions, assuming simple pulse-shaped inputs, with two pulses per muscle. Pulse heights, pulse widths, and the delay between pulses were varied to achieve best fits. The best fit control signals are compared to recorded electromyograms. >
Nonlinear, eddy current damped, thin-film write head model

A new thin-film write head model is described which is based on electrical impedance versus frequency measurements. The model includes the effects of head saturation and eddy current damping making it useful for simulation of the electrical input port (head coil) and magnetic output port (pole tip) signals, which would be observed under actual write conditions.
Effects of methylmercury on prenatal development in mice.

Single doses (2, 4, or 8 mg/kg) of methylmercury dicyandiamide (MMD) were given ip to 129/SvS1 and A/J pregnant mice on days 6-13 of gestation and fetuses were examined on day 15 or 18. Results indicated that MMD (1) retarded growth in both strains; (2) retarded stage of development in 129s; (3) was embryolethal and teratogenic (brain, palate, or facial defects) in 129s when administered on days 9-13 but not on days 6-8; (4) was not embryolethal in As; and (5) was teratogenic (palate and jaw defects) in As when injected on days 9-13. All of the quantities measured were found to vary with day of treatment, dose, and strain.
Lessons from Photoreceptors: Turning Off G-Protein Signaling in Living Cells

Phototransduction in retinal rods is one of the most extensively studied G-protein signaling systems. In recent years, our understanding of the biochemical steps that regulate the deactivation of the rod's response to light has greatly improved. Here, we summarize recent advances and highlight some of the remaining puzzles in this model signaling system.
Oligonucleotide therapy for hematological malignancies

AbstractWe have studied the incorporation of various oligonucleotides (oligos) in liposomes. Some of these oligos are hydrophilic while others are lipophilic. Typically, the lipophilic oligos were incorporated at a higher efficiency than the hydrophilic oligos. Nonetheless, liposomes could increase the intracellular delivery of both of these types of oligos.Liposomal antisense oligos could inhibit leukemic and lymphoma cell proliferation by selectively inhibiting the production of the target protein. Since liposomes are mainly distributed in the liver, spleen and bone marrow which are the major organs of leukemic and lymphoma disease manifestation, liposomal antisense oligos may be clinically applicable for treating these hematological malignancies.
Recessed-gate GaN MESFET using ICP-RIE for high temperature microwave applications

In this paper, for the first time, we present the DC and RF performances of recessed-gate GaN MESFETs fabricated using ICP-RIE. This recessed gate process has enabled GaN MESFETs to achieve the highest frequency results compared to those previously reported. The MESFET layer used in the study was grown on a sapphire substrate by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The epilayer consisted of a 2 /spl mu/m semi-insulating GaN buffer, a 200 nm lightly-doped (/spl sim/2/spl times/10/sup 17/ cm/sup -3/) channel, and a 40 nm heavily-doped (>5/spl times/10/sup 18/ cm/sup -3/) GaN cap layer. Mesa isolation was achieved using ICP-RIE in a Cl/sub 2/-Ar plasma. The source and drain ohmic contacts were formed using alloyed Ti/Al/Ti/Au metallization. PECVD-deposited Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ was used as an etch mask for the gate-recess etch. Then, electron beam lithography was used to pattern 1 /spl mu/m recess windows centered between the source and drain in the Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ mask. Gate recessing was performed using ICP-RIE in a Cl/sub 2/-Ar plasma at 5 mT and -50 V bias. The drain current was monitored during recessing. The drain current decreased significantly at the beginning and saturated when the cap layer was completely removed. After recess, the Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ was removed. The sample was then rapid-thermally-annealed to eliminate etch-induced defects. Finally, a mushroom-shaped 0.25 /spl mu/m Ni-Au Schottky gate was fabricated by electron beam lithography. The device width was 100 /spl mu/m while the source-drain spacing was 3 /spl mu/m.
Study on the tritium behaviors in the VHTR system. Part 1. Development of tritium analysis code for VHTR and verification

Abstract A tritium permeation analyses code (TPAC) has been developed at Idaho National Laboratory (INL) by using MATLAB SIMULINK package for analysis of tritium behaviors in the VHTR integrated with hydrogen production and process heat application systems. The modeling is based on the mass balance of tritium-containing species and hydrogen (i.e., HT, H 2 , HTO, HTSO 4 , and TI) coupled with a variety of tritium source, sink, and permeation models. The code includes: (1) tritium sources from ternary fission and neutron reactions with 6 Li, 7 Li 10 B, and 3 He; (2) tritium purification system; (3) leakage of tritium with coolant; (4) permeation through pipes, vessels, and heat exchangers; (5) electrolyzer for high temperature steam electrolysis (HTSE); and (6) isotope exchange for SI process. Verification of the code has been performed by comparisons with the analytical solutions, the experimental data, and the benchmark code results based on the Peach Bottom reactor design. The results showed that all the governing equations are well implemented into the code and correctly solved. This paper summarizes all the background, the theory, the code structures, and some verification results related to the TPAC code development at INL.
A rare cause of dilated bile duct incidentally detected on imaging.

Adenomas involving the extrahepatic bile ducts are rare benign tumours of the biliary tract. Given the asymptomatic nature of these tumours and the natural progression of biliary adenoma to carcinoma including cholangiocarcinoma, early detection is challenging. We present a case of an octogenarian woman with a remote history of gallstones who initially presented to the gastroenterology office for an incidental finding of biliary dilation, and whose subsequent imagings and biopsy suggested common bile adenoma. However, the patient was deemed a poor surgical candidate for pancreaticoduodenectomy, and unfortunately represented 5 months later with findings suggesting cholangiocarcinoma. This case provides a unique opportunity to study the natural progression of biliary adenoma to cholangiocarcinoma.
A longitudinal analysis of language behavior of deception in e-mail

The detection of deception is a promising but challenging task. Previous exploratory research on deception in computer-mediated communication found that language cues were effective in differentiating deceivers from truthtellers. However, whether and how these language cues change over time remains an open issue. In this paper, we investigate the effect of time on cues to deception in an empirical study. The preliminary results showed that some cues to deception change over time, while others do not. The explanation for the lack of change in the latter cases is provided. In addition, we show that the number and type of cues to deception vary from time to time. We also suggest what could be the best time to investigate cues to deception in a continuous email communication.
Evolution of Classification Criteria for Rheumatoid Arthritis: How Do the 2010 Criteria Perform?

Classification criteria are created in an attempt to produce a homogenous group of subjects with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who can be used for clinical and basic research. The 1987 revised criteria lead to improved performance and more confidence in correct classification compared with the 1958 criteria. As therapies were introduced and early, aggressive approaches to RA management became common, there was a growing need for clinical trials focusing on early RA. The 2010 criteria were created to facilitate study of subjects at earlier stages in the disease. This article reviews the diagnostic performance of the 2010 criteria.
Capillary-scale polarimetry for flowing streams.

A micro-polarimeter with a 40 nL probe volume was configured so that it is compatible with capillary-scale flowing stream analysis. The optical configuration consists of two polarizing optics, a capillary, a laser source and a photodetector which is very simple to configure with low cost components. This unique polarimeter is based upon the interaction of a linearly polarized laser beam and a capillary tube, in this case one with an inner diameter of 250 μm. Side illumination of the tube results in a 360° fan of scattered light, which contains a set of interference fringes that change in response to optically active solutes. Solutes that exhibit optical activity are quantifiable and are detected by analyzing the polarization state of the backscattered light. The ability of the instrument to make extremely sensitive optical activity measurements in flowing streams is shown by the determination of (R)-mandelic acid, with a detection limit of 66 × 10−6 M (507 × 10−12 g), and the non-optically active control, glycerol. Additionally, the detector was configured to minimize refractive index perturbations.
Bisphenol a synthesis: Kinetics of the phenol‐acetone condensation reaction catalyzed by sulfonic acid resin

The industrially important reaction of phenol and acetone to give bisphenol A and water was catalyzed by beads of ion-exchange resin (sulfonated styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer) suspended in a batch reactor containing liquid reactants. The data are summarized by a rate equation accounting for reaction in the resin competitively swollen by water, acetone, phenol, and methylcyclohexane. The catalyst is modeled as two phases, each in equilibrium with the liquid: a polar phase consisting of sulfonic acid groups with hydrogeb–nonded acetone and water and a nonpolar phase consisting of the hydrocarbon matrix swollen with organic components. The rate determining step is the electrophilic attack on phenol in the nonpolar phase by a carbonium ion intermediate in the polar phase. Resin cross-linked with 4% divinylbenzene initially catalyzed acetone conversion at a rate of 5 × 10−4 (moles)/(equiv of acid groups s) at 364°K. An 8% cross-linked resin was much less active because the rigid polymer matrix was only slightly swollen by phenol, but a more highly cross-linked resin with macropores and accessible internal surface catalyzed reaction almost as rapidly as the 4% cross-linked catalyst.
Characterization of mast-cell tryptase-expressing peripheral blood cells as basophils

Abstract Background: Mast-cell tryptase is a protease with proinflammatory activity, the expression of which by peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) has not been fully characterized. Objective: We examined tryptase expression in human PBLs to further characterize this tryptase-expressing cell population for lineage and disease association. Methods: PBLs were fixed, permeabilized, stained with antibodies to tryptase and a panel of mast cell- and basophil-specific markers, and analyzed by means of flow cytometry. Results: Tryptase expression was restricted to a population of cells that stained positive for IgE and negative for the panel of lineage markers (IgE + , lin - ). This IgE + , lin - population did not stain for the mast-cell markers Kit or chymase but did stain for the basophil-specific granule proteins recognized by the 2D7 and BB1 mAbs. Per-cell tryptase expression demonstrated a greater than 100-fold range of expression among donors but did not correlate with disease status (asthma or mastocytosis), FEV 1 , or serum tryptase concentration. Tryptase was released by purified basophils after anti-IgE activation. Conclusions: The phenotype of tryptase-expressing PBLs and their lack of increase in patients with mastocytosis demonstrates that these cells are basophils. Per-cell basophil tryptase expression is highly variable between donors, with some donors expressing levels approaching those of mast cells. As such, anti-tryptase antibodies cannot be used to distinguish these 2 cell types from one another by means of flow cytometry. These results demonstrate that tryptase represents an additional mediator through which basophils may contribute to allergic inflammation. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;109:287-93.)
Characterization of the choroid-scleral junction and suprachoroidal layer in healthy individuals on enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography.

Importance Accurate measurements of choroidal thickness (CT) using enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) require a well-defined choroid-scleral junction (CSJ), which may appear in some eyes as a hyporeflective band corresponding to the suprachoroidal layer (SCL). Objective To identify factors associated with the presence and thickness of the SCL in healthy participants and determine how different CSJ boundary definitions impact CT measurements. Design, Setting, and Participants Secondary analysis of EDI-OCT images obtained prospectively from 74 eyes of 74 controls (mean age, 68.6 years) from the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 Ancillary SDOCT Study. Main Outcomes and Measures The CSJ appearances were categorized as either having no visible SCL or a hyporeflective band corresponding to the SCL. Ocular parameters associated with the presence and thickness of the SCL were identified. Subfoveal CT was measured using 3 different posterior boundaries: (1) the posterior vessel border (vascular CT [VCT]), (2) inner border of the SCL (stromal CT [StCT]), and (3) inner border of the sclera (total CT [TCT]). Manual segmentation using custom software was used to compare VCT, StCT, and TCT across the macula. Results The SCL was visible in 33 eyes (44.6%). Factors associated with SCL presence and thickness included hyperopic refractive error ( R 2 = 0.123; P = .045) and increased TCT ( R 2 = 0.215; P = .004), but not age, visual acuity, intraocular pressure, retinal foveal thickness, VCT, or StCT. In eyes where the SCL was not visible, mean [SD] subfoveal VCT was 222.3 [101.5] μm and StCT and TCT were 240.0 [99.0] μm, with a difference of 17.7 [16.0] μm ( P P Conclusions and Relevance A hyporeflective SCL is visible at the CSJ on EDI-OCT in nearly half of healthy individuals, and its presence correlates with hyperopia. Different posterior boundary definitions may result in significant differences in CT measurements and should be explicitly identified in future choroidal studies and segmentation algorithms.
Elasto-visco-plastic analysis of welding residual stress

AbstractIn the past three decades, extensive research has focussed on the application of numerical methods for the computation of residual stress. Most commonly, the simulations involved performing weakly coupled thermal mechanical finite element analyses in Lagrangian reference frames assuming rate independent elasto-plastic material response. Nearly all approaches assumed rate independent elasto-plastic material response, which is most appropriate at low to moderately elevated temperatures. At, the high temperatures near the fusion zone, the material response becomes rate dependent and an elasto-visco-plastic model would be more suitable. In 1989, Brown et al. (Int. J. Plast., 1989, 5 , 95–130) proposed a rate dependent constitutive equation (commonly known as Anand's model) to describe the plastic evolution of metals at high temperatures. The objective of this work is twofold: evaluate the suitability of Anand's elasto-visco-plastic model in computing welding residual stress and investigate the feasibi...
Abstract 270: IκB Kinase β Signaling in Adipose Progenitor Cells Promotes Obesity and Metabolic Disorders

Objective: Obesity is associated with a state of chronic low-grade inflammation that is a major contributor to diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. IκB kinase β (IKKβ), a central coordinator of inflammation through activation of NF-κB, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity-associated metabolic disorders. However, the role of IKKβ in adipose tissue development and metabolism remains elusive. We have recently revealed a potential role of IKKβ in the regulation of adipocyte differentiation. This study aims to investigate the impact of adipose progenitor cell IKKβ deficiency in diet-induced obesity and metabolic disorders. Approach and Results: To determine the role of IKKβ in adipose tissue development, we selectively deleted IKKβ in the white adipose lineage. This was attained by using a PDGFRβ-Cre/IKKβ-loxP system. Cell lineage analysis confirmed that PDGFRβ-Cre is active in primary adipose stromal vascular (SV) cells and PDGFRβ-positive SV cells had higher adipogenic potential than did PDGFR...
Animal models as predictors of outcome of therapy with broad spectrum cephalosporins

Broad spectrum cephalosporins have been studied extensively in animal models of experimental infections. There is generally good correlation between the results of therapy of experimental infections and clinical trials in humans. However, the results of animal model studies are better predictors of the failure than of the success of a chemotherapeutic regimen. Cefotaxime and the new 'fourth' generation agent, cefpirome, were comparable in the treatment of experimental meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Cefpirome was the most effective cephalosporin as therapy for methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus experimental endocarditis. The most effective broad spectrum cephalosporins for the treatment of Gram-negative experimental pneumonia were cefpirome, cefotaxime and cefodizime. Cefpirome was equivalent to ceftazidime or cefazolin as treatment for Pseudomonas aeruginosa or methicillin-susceptible S. aureus experimental osteomyelitis. Because of its potent activity in vitro and in animal models of experimental infections caused by methicillin-susceptible S. aureus and Gram-negative bacilli, cefpirome may offer a therapeutic advantage over currently available broad spectrum cephalosporins.
Laboratory Evaluation of an Exotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis Subsp. morrisoni to Horn Fly Larvae (Diptera: Muscidae) and Mice

Exotoxin from culture supernatant of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. morrisoni was prepared using Sephadex G-25-40 columns. The toxin was determined to be β-exotoxin by high performance liquid chromatography methods. In bioassays against larvae of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), the LC50 and LC90 were estimated to be 2.79 and 8.03 μg/g larval medium, respectively. Maximum mortality of horn fly larvae peaked at 98% when the feces of an animal treated with 3.0 g per day for 5 days was bioassayed. When white mice were treated by subcutaneous injections, the LD50 was 184.8 and 135.6 μg/g body weight for males and females, respectively.
Regularized estimation of hemodynamic response function for fMRI data

One of the primary goals in analyzing fMRI data is to estimate the Hemodynamic Response Function (HRF), which is a large-dimensional parameter vector possessing some form of sparsity. This paper introduces a varyingdimensional model for the HRF, and develops novel regularization methods for estimating the HRF from fMRI time series via incorporating the sparsity feature. Particularly, we present three types of penalty choice methods: the Lasso, the adaptive Lasso and the SCAD. Simulation studies demonstrate the advantages of regularization methods, in terms of sparsity recovery, over conventional non-regularized approaches which restrict the HRF to be fixed low dimensional without capturing the sparsity structure. We illustrate the regularized methods for estimating the HRF using a real fMRI data set and compare with results offered by a popular imaging analysis tool AFNI.
Chernobyl and the U.S. nuclear industry

The Soviet report of the details of the Chernobyl accident, the evacuation, and the likely health effects furthered U.S. officials' study of the reactor safety and accident planning implications for the U.S. nuclear program.
Synthesis of the 3‐methyl and 4‐methyl derivatives of 3‐amino‐3,4‐dihydro‐1‐hydroxycarbostyril and related compounds

The 3-methyl and 4-methyl derivatives of 3-amino-3,4-dihydro-1-hydroxycarbostyril were synthesized by the reductive cyclization of α-methyl-β-(o-nitrophenyl)alanine and α-amino-β-(o-nitrophenyl)butyric acid hydrohalides, respectively, under conditions of catalytic hydrogenation in acidic solution. The free bases of the latter two o-nitroaromatic amino acids were also catalytically hydrogenated under neutral conditions to yield the respective α-methyl-β-(o-aminophenyl)alanine and α-amino-β-(o-aminophenyl)butyric acid which were converted to the corresponding lactams, 3-methyl- and 4-methyl-3-amino-3,4-dihydrocarbostyrils. α-Methyl-β-(o-nitrophenyl)alanine was obtained by acid hydrolysis of 5-methy)-5-(o-nitrobenzyl)hydantoin which was prepared by treatment of o-nitrophenylacetone with potassium cyanide and ammonium carbonate. α-Amino-β-(o-nitrophenyl)butyric acid was synthesized by condensation of α-bromo-o-nitroethylbenzene with diethyl acetamidomalonate, followed by acid hydrolysis of the condensation product. The 4-methylated compounds were obtained as synthetic mixtures of two diasteromeric racemates in nearly the same amounts as shown by nmr spectral analysis. Unlike the demethylated parent compound, 3-amino-3,4-dihydro-1-hydroxycarbostyril, neither the 3-methyl nor 4-methyl analog was found to possess any antibacterial activity.
The impact of race and social economic status on university admission at the University of São Paulo

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the relationship between race, class, and access to higher education by analyzing the characteristics of students admitted to the University of Sao Paulo (USP) in Brazil from 2004 to 2008. Employing novel data, the logistic regression results indicate that those accepted at USP are more likely to be white, from affluent families, to have studied in private high schools, to have enrolled in prep courses, and to have a mother who attained higher education. The findings posit that the lack of accessibility for nonwhites and lower income status students to higher education in Brazil, as exemplified by this case study, is an impediment to social mobility. The implications of these findings for future research and policy are discussed.
Supporting and Encouraging Father Involvement in Families of Children Who Have a Disability

Although researchers have studied families of children with disabilities for many decades, most of this work has been focused on the mothers. Very little information is available to help social workers and other family professionals understand the importance and benefits of father involvement. Such involvement can be deterred if fathers feel overwhelmed by the transitions the child and family will inevitably face. By identifying the developmental and historical stage of the father, mother, couple, and child, social workers can help the family prepare for impending transitions. Such preparation can avoid likely distress and provide the family with sufficient information and support to change a potential crisis into a positive, affirming turning point. To assist social workers in planning appropriate interventions, a list of potential resources is also provided.
A day at the museum: The impact of field trips on middle school science achievement

Field trips are an important feature of the United States’ education system, although in the current context of high-stakes tests and school accountability, many schools are shifting resources away from enrichment. It is critical to understand how field trips and other informal learning experiences contribute to student test scores, but little research has explored the impact of field trips on standard measures of academic learning. In this study, I used 6 years of student-level data to estimate the impact of field trips to informal science education institutions on New York City students’ performance on the state's standardized eighth-grade science exam. Using a rigorous identification strategy with school fixed effects to capitalize on variation in field trip participation within schools over time, I found small positive effects of exposure to field trips on students’ science test scores and proficiency. Effects were largest for Hispanic students and those who qualified for free or reduced-price lunch. This evidence that field trips can contribute positively to student achievement is meaningful for policymakers and administrators, as it suggests schools can provide enrichment experiences that families desire without sacrificing student test scores. The study suggests that field trips might be an effective tool for reducing achievement gaps. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 53:1036–1054, 2016
Geneticophobia and the Implications of Screening for the XYY Genotype in Newborn Infants

The programs involving screening of newborn populations for abnormal chromosome genotype, in particular the study at the Boston Hospital for Women, have been subject to well publicized criticism because of the alleged consequences for infants (and their families) with XYY genotype detected in such studies (1–5). These criticisms have focused on some specific aspects of the Boston study, but they have much broader significance. Among other issues, they directly raise the question of the relationship of the XYY genotype to behavior and the broader social implications of such a purported relationship.
Routine intraoperative cholangiography is unnecessary in patients with mild gallstone pancreatitis and normalizing bilirubin levels.

Background The benefit of intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) is controversial in patients with gallstone pancreatitis whose bilirubin levels are normalizing. IOC with subsequent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography may lengthen duration of surgery and length of stay, whereas failure to clear the common bile duct may result in recurrent pancreatitis. Methods We performed a 6-year retrospective cohort analysis of consecutive adult patients with mild gallstone pancreatitis undergoing same-admission cholecystectomy at 2 university-affiliated medical centers. Institution A routinely performed IOC, whereas institution B did not. The primary outcome was readmission within 30 days for recurrent pancreatitis. Results Of 520 patients evaluated, 246 (47%) were managed at institution A (routine IOC) and 274 (53%) were managed at institution B (restricted IOC). Patients at institution B had a shorter duration of surgery (1.0 vs 1.6 hours, P < .001), shorter length of stay (4 vs 5 days, P < .001), and fewer postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographies performed (1.8% vs 21%, P < .001), without a difference in readmissions (1.5% vs 0%, P = .12). Conclusions Routine IOC is not necessary in the setting of mild gallstone pancreatitis with normalizing bilirubin values.
Abstract 184: Pressure Overload Activates Left Ventricular (LV) Intramyocardial Vascular Endothelial Cells and induces T Cell Infiltration into the LV

Left ventricular dysfunction and Heart Failure (HF) are associated with systemic inflammation with clinical data showing that HF patients have higher levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines. Recruitment of circulating T cells to tissues across the vascular endothelium is a key event in the inflammatory response, but whether it plays a role in the heart in HF is unknown. We hypothesized that pressure overload induced HF activates cardiac endothelial cells resulting in T cell recruitment into the left ventricle (LV). Using transverse aortic constriction (TAC), quantitative flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, qPCR and real time live cell videomicroscopy, we examined mRNA and protein expression levels of endothelial cell adhesion molecules and the presence of T cell infiltrates in the LV in vivo , and also studied the T cell interactions with primary mouse heart endothelial cells (MHEC) under flow conditions in vitro , comparing Sham and TAC operated mice (6-10/group) during the course of HF. 48h after TAC, in the pre-hypertrophic state, no differences were observed in the recruitment of T cells in the LV. Interestingly, two and four weeks after TAC, when mice developed LVH and LV dysfunction (Fractional Shortening 25±13%), E-Selectin, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 mRNA levels were significantly upregulated in the LV as compared to Sham mice (2.3, 2.8 and 4 fold, respectively), with notable enhancement of endothelial ICAM-1 protein levels in the LV intramyocardial vessels, and T cells infiltrated in the LV in response to TAC (P≤0.05 TAC vs Sham). Furthermore, T cells isolated from mice 2 and 4 weeks after TAC adhered to MHEC under flow conditions in significantly higher numbers than T cells from Sham mice (P≤0.01 TAC vs Sham). Systemically, the frequency of three different T cell subsets in the peripheral lymphoid organs was increased in TAC vs Sham mice, indicating activation of the adaptive immune response to pressure overload. Taken together, our studies indicate that activation of the heart vascular endothelium occurs in response to pressure overload resulting in T cell recruitment into the LV. Further studies will be needed to determine in the extent to which T cell recruitment into the heart contributes to the pathogenesis of HF.
Annual Research Review: Understudied populations within the autism spectrum - current trends and future directions in neuroimaging research.

Background Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental conditions that vary in both etiology and phenotypic expression. Expressions of ASD characterized by a more severe phenotype, including autism with intellectual disability (ASD + ID), autism with a history of developmental regression (ASD + R), and minimally verbal autism (ASD + MV) are understudied generally, and especially in the domain of neuroimaging. However, neuroimaging methods are a potentially powerful tool for understanding the etiology of these ASD subtypes. Scope and methodology This review evaluates existing neuroimaging research on ASD + MV, ASD + ID, and ASD + R, identified by a search of the literature using the PubMed database, and discusses methodological, theoretical, and practical considerations for future research involving neuroimaging assessment of these populations. Findings There is a paucity of neuroimaging research on ASD + ID, ASD + MV, and ASD + R, and what findings do exist are often contradictory, or so sparse as to be ungeneralizable. We suggest that while greater sample sizes and more studies are necessary, more important would be a paradigm shift toward multimodal (e.g. imaging genetics) approaches that allow for the characterization of heterogeneity within etiologically diverse samples.
BLEEDING AND PREMATURE ANTIPLATELET THERAPY DISCONTINUATION AFTER MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AMONG PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Background: Myocardial infarction (MI) is common among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Little is known about the incidence of post-MI bleeding and premature P2Y12 inhibitor therapy discontinuation among CKD patients. Methods: We examined MI patients treated with percutaneous coronary
Endothelium-Independent Primitive Myxoid Vascularization Creates Invertebrate-Like Channels to Maintain Blood Supply in Optic Gliomas

Optic gliomas are brain tumors characterized by slow growth, progressive loss of vision, and limited therapeutic options. Optic gliomas contain various amounts of myxoid matrix, which can represent most of the tumor mass. We sought to investigate biological function and protein structure of the myxoid matrix in optic gliomas to identify novel therapeutic targets. We reviewed histological features and clinical imaging properties, analyzed vasculature by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy, and performed liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry on optic gliomas, which varied in the amount of myxoid matrix. We found that although subtypes of optic gliomas are indistinguishable on imaging, the microvascular network of pilomyxoid astrocytoma, a subtype of optic glioma with abundant myxoid matrix, is characterized by the presence of endothelium-free channels in the myxoid matrix. These tumors show normal perfusion by clinical imaging and lack histological evidence of hemorrhage organization or thrombosis. The myxoid matrix is composed predominantly of the proteoglycan versican and its linking protein, a vertebrate hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1. We propose that pediatric optic gliomas can maintain blood supply without endothelial cells by using invertebrate-like channels, which we termed primitive myxoid vascularization. Enzymatic targeting of the proteoglycan versican/hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1 rich myxoid matrix, which is in direct contact with circulating blood, can provide novel therapeutic avenues for optic gliomas of childhood.
Commercial and Recreational Fisheries of the Gulf of Mexico

The Gulf of Mexico offers ample opportunities to both commercial and recreational fishermen. Long-term landings of most key commercial species appear to be stable. Changes in landings are often tied to regulations to manage fish stocks. For the analysis of Gulf fisheries, a 20-year period from 1990 to 2009 was chosen as inclusive of (1) pre- and post-management agency changes, (2) active tropical storm periods, (3) challenging production cost situations, and (4) high and low points in the national economy. This approach acknowledges that a species’ stock level and economic conditions of inputs and demand play roles in landings levels. A 3-year average was used to depict landings and associated value. Increasing imports has led to progressive decline in brown and white shrimp fisheries where employment has dropped from 109,000 in 2007 to 63,000 in 2009 and revenues have dropped from $2.5 billion to $1.7 billion. The Gulf shrimp-processing sector has experienced a steadily eroding marketing margin that has culminated in consolidation of this sector.
Multi-scale simulation of thermal pressurization of fault fluid under CO2 injection for storage and utilization purposes

Abstract We investigated the impact of thermal pressurization (TP) on temperature and pore pressure changes within the shear zone of a slipping fault under supercritical CO 2 injection. As a weakening mechanism, TP of fault fluid during slip tends to reduce frictional resistance by increasing pore pressures along the fault shear zone. We employed a multi-scale modeling approach in which the CO 2 injection was simulated in a large-scale model of reservoir and the results were then exported into a micro-scale model of the fault shear zone which incorporates the TP effect. A poroelasticity finite element model was created in the large-scale model to determine the stress and pressure changes in the reservoir and within the fault zone during CO 2 injection. The fault slip, pressure, and stresses obtained from the large-scale model were fed into the small-scale model to define hydraulic and mechanical boundary conditions of the shear zone of the fault. Two small-scale models were developed to compare the response of the fault shear zone with and without considering the TP. For the model with the TP effect, a simple constitutive law was implemented to couple pore pressure changes with temperature rise due to frictional heating. The results indicated that, in general, TP can lead to a significant increase of pore pressure build up due to CO 2 injection. The effects of hydraulic diffusivity, slip velocity, shear zone thickness as well as injection rate on pore pressure, temperature and fracture energy prediction were evaluated. It was found that temperature and pore pressure rise decrease significantly by decreasing the slip velocity and increasing the shear zone thickness. For the values which were examined, hydraulic diffusivity was found to have insignificant effect on pore pressure and temperature changes which can be attributed to high compressibility of CO 2 . Findings of this study can be used and further expanded in future studies for more accurate assessment of induced seismicity potential due to CO 2 injection.
Accuracy of bedside point of care testing in critical emergency department patients.

Abstract Background Point-of-care (POC) testing reduces laboratory turn-around having the potential to improve timely diagnosis and management. We compared the accuracy of nurse performed POC and core laboratory testing and determined whether deviations between the two were clinically meaningful. Methods We performed a prospective, observational study on a convenience sample of 50 critical care ED patients in whom a POC chemistry and hematocrit was ordered. Blood samples were divided into 2 aliquots; one sample was tested by the treating nurse using a handheld POC device and the other sample was tested in the core laboratory. Paired comparisons of test results were performed using Pearson's correlation coefficients, Lin concordance coefficients, and Bland Altman plots. Results Mean patient age was 67, 50% were male, 82% were admitted. Pearson's correlation and Lin concordance coefficients were excellent (0.84–1.00) for all 8 analytes. Mean (95%CI) paired differences between POC and core laboratory measurements were Na+ 0.30 (− 0.22 to 0.82) mmol/L, K+ − 0.12 (− 0.14 to - 0.09) mmol/L, Cl− 2.10 (1.41 to 2.78) mmol/L, TCO2–1.68 (− 2.06 to − 1.30) mmol/L, glucose 2.46 (1.46 to 3.46) mg/dL, BUN, 1.69 (0.95 to 2.42) mg/dL, creatinine 0.13 (0.08 to 0.17) mg/dL, and hematocrit − 0.39 (− 0.93 to 0.15) %. In 3 of 400 measurements, the difference between POC and core lab exceeded the maximal clinically acceptable deviation based on physician surveys. Conclusions Bedside POC by ED nurses is reliable and accurate and does not deviate significantly from core laboratory testing by trained technicians.