cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maternal anxiety and toddler inhibited temperament predict maternal socialization of worry

Parent emotion socialization refers to the process by which parents impart their values and beliefs about emotion expressivity to their children. Parent emotion socialization requires attention as a construct that develops in its own right. The socialization of child worry, in particular, has implications for children's typical socioemotional development, as well as their maladaptive development towards anxiety outcomes. Existing theories on emotion socialization, anxiety, and parent-child relationships guided our investigation of both maternal anxiety and toddler inhibited temperament as predictors of change in mothers' unsupportive (i.e., distress, punitive, and minimizing) responses to toddler worry across 1 year of toddlerhood. Participants included 139 mother-toddler dyads. Mothers reported on their own anxiety and their emotion socialization responses to toddler worry. We assessed toddler inhibited temperament through a mother-report survey of shyness and observational coding of dysregulated fear. Maternal anxiety but not child inhibited temperament predicted distress reactions and punitive responses, whereas maternal anxiety and toddler dysregulated fear both uniquely predicted minimizing responses. These results support continued investigation of worry socialization as a developmental outcome of both parent and child characteristics.
Au-Cavitands: Size governed arene-alkyne cycloisomerization.

Abstract With an inwardly directed reactive center and a well-defined binding pocket, Au(I) functionalized resorcin[4]arene cavitands have been shown to catalyze molecular transformations. The reactivity profiles that emerge differ from other Au(I) catalysts. The added constraint of a binding pocket gives rise to the possibility that the substrates might have to fit into the resorcinarene pocket; our hypothesis is that substrates that match the available space have different reaction outcomes than those that do not. Herein we report on the intramolecular cyclization of alkyne-aromatic substrates with variable alkynes and aromatic composition. We see that scaffold size most drastically dictates reactivity, especially when the substrate’s features are particularly designed. The results of these experiments add to the veritable goldmine of information about the selectivity in catalysis that cavitands offer.
P093 : PRESENTATION OF ESX FAMILY PROTEINS BY CLASSICAL AND NON-CLASSICAL CLASS I HLA AFTER M. TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION

Aim CTL responses against M. tuberculosis (Mtb) are known to be restricted primarily by HLA-B and non-classical MHC molecules such as HLA-E, CD1, and MR1. While a few Mtb derived ligands have been identified in the context of these MHC, we do not have a thorough understanding of the proteins that are sampled by HLA molecules following Mtb infection. Here we identify the Mtb proteins sampled by the non-classical class I HLA-E ∗ 01:03 and the classical class I HLA-B ∗ 44:02. Method Soluble HLA-E ∗ 01:03 and HLA-B ∗ 44:01 were harvested from Mtb (strain H37Rv) infected antigen presenting cells U373 glioblastoma cells. Peptide ligand pools from these MHC were isolated and MS spectra collected using 2-dimensional LCMS. Peptide sequences were assigned from fragment spectra analyzed with the PEAKS and Mascot algorithms using the decoy database search at a 1% False Discovery Rate. All sequences were validated with MS fragmentation of the corresponding synthetic peptide. Results In this study we identified a total of 49 Mtb specific ligands presented by HLA. For HLA-E we found 28 ligands from 14 source proteins. In the classical class I HLA-B44, we identified 21 ligands from 8 different proteins. Strikingly, both HLA-E and HLA-B44 frequently sampled esx family proteins with 50% and 66% of the ligands originating from esx proteins for HLA-E and HLA-B44, respectively. Additionally a hypothetical protein lpq1 (Rv0237) was sampled by both HLA-E and HLA-B44. Conclusions Esx family proteins are known virulence factors for Mtb, and are highly antigenic in a natural infection. Further, esx family proteins are absent from widely used the BCG tuberculosis vaccine. Here, we found that both classical and non-classical HLA consistently sample these esx proteins further confirming their role in the adaptive immune response to Mtb.
Can Monitoring Make It Happen? An Assessment of How Reporting, Monitoring, and Evaluation Can Support Local Wellness Policy Implementation in US Schools.

US school districts participating in federal child nutrition programs are required to develop a local wellness policy (LWP). Each district is allowed flexibility in policy development, including the approaches used for policy reporting, monitoring, and evaluation (RME). The aim of this convergent mixed-methods study was to quantitatively examine RME provisions in policies among a nationally representative sample of districts in the 2014–2015 school year in order to examine whether policies were associated with RME practices in those districts, and to qualitatively examine perceived challenges to RME practices. Data were compiled through the School Nutrition and Meal Cost Study and the National Wellness Policy Study. In multivariable regression models accounting for demographics, survey respondents were significantly more likely to report that their district had informed the public about LWP content and implementation, if there was a relevant policy provision in place. Having a strong policy (as compared to no policy) requiring evaluation was associated with reports that the district had indeed evaluated implementation. Having definitive/required provisions in policies was significantly associated with actual use of RME practices. RME activities are an important part of policy implementation, and these results show that policy provisions addressing RME activities must be written with strong language to require compliance. In interviews with 39 superintendents, many reported that RME activities are challenging, including difficulty determining how to monitor and show impact of their district’s wellness initiatives. Furthermore, the qualitative results highlighted the need for vetted tools that are freely available, widely used, and feasible for districts to use in assessing their progress toward meeting the goals in their LWPs.
Cancer Vaccines, Treatment of the Future: With Emphasis on HER2-Positive Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death in women. With improvements in early-stage diagnosis and targeted therapies, there has been an improvement in the overall survival rate in breast cancer over the past decade. Despite the development of targeted therapies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, as well as monoclonal antibodies and their toxin conjugates, all metastatic tumors develop resistance, and nearly one-third of HER2+ breast cancer patients develop resistance to all these therapies. Although antibody therapy has shown promising results in breast cancer patients, passive immunotherapy approaches have limitations and need continuous administration over a long period. Vaccine therapy introduces antigens that act on cancer cells causing prolonged activation of the immune system. In particular, cancer relapse could be avoided due to the presence of a longer period of immunological memory with an effective vaccine that can protect against various tumor antigens. Cancer vaccines are broadly classified as preventive and therapeutic. Preventive vaccines are used to ward off any future infections and therapeutic vaccines are used to treat a person with active disease. In this article, we provided details about the tumor environment, different types of vaccines, their advantages and disadvantages, and the current status of various vaccine candidates with a focus on vaccines for breast cancer. Current data indicate that therapeutic vaccines themselves have limitations in terms of efficacy and are used in combination with other chemotherapeutic or targeting agents. The majority of breast cancer vaccines are undergoing clinical trials and the next decade will see the fruitfulness of breast cancer vaccine therapy.
Specialists over generalists?: Examining discursive closures and openings in expert collaborations

Prior research on expert collaborations has focused on how specialists – experts with deep domain knowledge – work across disciplinary boundaries with other specialists, with much less attention pa...
Philanthropic foundations as agents of environmental governance:a research agenda

Philanthropic foundations play increasingly prominent roles in the environmental arena, yet remain largely under the radar of environmental governance scholars. We build on the small body of existi...
Relativistic Quark Model Baryon Analysis

Using a relativistic quark model approach that successfully described flavored meson systems, electromagnetic form factors and structure functions are calculated for the low mass baryons. The observed proton, neutron and lambda moments, rms radii and form factors are all reproduced and predictions are made for other baryon observables which will be measured at CEBAF. Most significantly, by properly including the quark potential energy the long standing neutron to proton structure function ratio anomaly for x ~ 1 has been resolved.
Pediatric dance injuries: a cross-sectional epidemiological study

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to analyze characteristics of dance injuries evaluated by sports medicine physicians. Design A cross-sectional epidemiological study of a 5% random probability sample of patients presenting for sports medicine evaluation between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2009. Setting Sports medicine clinic of a tertiary-level pediatric medical center. Patients A total of 181 pediatric dancers (171 female and 10 male; 14.8 ± 2.0 years of age) with 222 injuries. Main Outcome Measures Injury diagnoses, location, type, and treatment. Results Forty-six injury diagnoses were recorded in this random sample of pediatric dancers, with the most common being tendonitis/tendinopathy, patellofemoral pain syndrome, apophysitis, ankle impingement syndrome, and hip labral tear. Most of the injuries occurred in the lower extremities, with knee and ankle injuries being the most common. Injury classification by type revealed that joints were the body structure most likely to be injured, followed by soft tissues, skeletal elements, and growth plates. The most frequent joint injury was patellofemoral pain syndrome. The most frequent soft tissue injury was tendonitis/tendinopathy. The most common skeletal injury was a pars stress reaction/spondylolysis. The most common physeal injury was apophysitis. Dancers were treated mainly with physical therapy, surgery, or physical therapy, in addition to orthotics. Conclusion Pediatric dancers experienced significant, and occasionally rare, injuries that may have long-term health consequences. Although injuries occurred mostly in the lower extremities and involved mainly joints, the most common specific diagnosis was tendonitis/tendinopathy. There is still much to learn about the management of dancers, and there is a need for further research into injury prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
Using increased order controllers in mixed H 2 /H ∞ optimization

The problem of minimizing the 2-norm of one transfer function subject to an ∞-norm bound on another transfer function is examined for increased order controllers. It is shown that, unlike controllers under full-state availability, output feedback controllers are unable to achieve the global minimum 2-norm while simultaneously meeting the ∞-norm constraint for certain levels of γ, regardless of compensator order. The solution to the mixed H2/H∞, problem is shown to lie on the boundary of the ∞-norm constraint in the increased order case for this same range of γ's. Also, it is shown that the optimal compensator order for the mixed problem is greater than the order of the plant under certain conditions. A numerical example is given.
Psychoneuroimmunology: Mechanisms, Individual Differences, and Interventions

Researchers in the field of psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) study the intricate multifaceted relationship between changes in the nervous system that accompany psychological states and corresponding changes in immune system function, in the context of health and disease. This chapter outlines the physiological basis for the bidirectional relationships between the nervous and immune systems, noting the advancement in the knowledge of how the autonomic system plays a supervisory role in monitoring activity of the immune system. Naturalistic stressors and those created in laboratory settings provide useful models for studying both the acute and chronic influences of psychological states (e.g., stress) on immune function. Furthermore, individual differences in mood and coping strategies may moderate these stress-immune relationships. These individual differences occur within a broader context of social relationships, which provide benefits or impairments in immune function and health. Research on social integration, social support, loneliness, and marriage reveals the importance of the connection between interpersonal relationships and health. Finally, intervention strategies aimed at reducing psychological distress provide hope for individuals suffering from immune-related diseases, including those with cancer and HIV. Keywords: health psychology; immune system; stress; social relationships
Phosphorylation of transcription factor CREB in rat spinal cord after formalin-induced hyperalgesia: relationship to c-fos induction.

The involvement of cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) signaling in tissue injury-induced inflammation and hyperalgesia has been characterized by measuring phosphorylation of CREB at serine-133 (CREB Ser133) using a specific antibody. In the unstimulated state, unphosphorylated CREB was observed in most nuclei of spinal neurons except for motor neurons, where only a small portion of neurons were stained. A few dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were also CREB-positive. After a unilateral injection of formalin into the hindpaw, a strong and bilateral phosphorylation of CREB Ser133 was induced, as assessed by both immunohistochemistry and Western blot. PhosphoCREB (pCREB)-positive neurons were found in laminae I, II, V, and X of spinal cord on both sides. CREB phosphorylation was very rapid and reached peak levels within 10 min of formalin treatment, whereas few pCREB-positive neurons were seen in unstimulated spinal cord. The induction of pCREB was predominantly postsynaptic, because only 5% of DRG neurons were labeled after inflammation. In contrast to CREB phosphorylation, the induction of c-Fos expression reached peak levels 2 hr after formalin treatment and c-Fos induction was mainly ipsilateral. Both formalin-evoked CREB phosphorylation and c-Fos expression in the spinal cord were suppressed by pretreatment with the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 (3.5 mg/kg, i.p.) or halothane anesthesia. These results suggest that CREB signaling may play a role in the long-term facilitation of spinal cord neurons after hyperalgesia. Furthermore, our results indicate that CREB phosphorylation may be necessary but not sufficient for c-fos induction.
Propagation of zero sound in the Balian-Werthamer state

The propagation of zero sound in the superfluid state of the type suggested by Balian and Werthamer is studied theoretically. In the collisionless limit the attenuation of zero sound takes place only for ω≥2Δ(T) and at ω=2(3/5)1/2Δ(T), where ω is the frequency of the sound wave and Δ(T) is the temperature-dependent order parameter.
Signal Core: A Short History of the Digital Signal Processor

I was in high school in the mid-1960s when the theories of digital signal processing were first discovered-or rediscovered, depending on whose story you accept. It was in the early 1970s when I heard of the phenomenal things digital signal processing could do in communications. I was at Texas Instruments (TI) in the calculator division, finishing my master's degree, when I was introduced to the theories of digital signal processing from a textbook titled Digital Signal Processing by Oppenheim and Schafer. That was in 1977.
The optimization of axially dispersed packed bed reactors experiencing catalyst decay

Abstract Techniques for the optimization of axially dispersed packed bed reactors having catalyst decay are developed. A weak maximum principle is presented along with an efficient computational algorithm for synthesizing the optimal policies. Singular perturbation methods are used to solve the very stiff state and adjoint equations resulting at high Peclet numbers. Numerical examples are worked to illustrate the salient features of the optimization technique as well as to give insight into the nature of the optimal policies. A certain amount of axial dispersion is found to actually improve the performance of the reactors in some cases due to the “washing out” of the hot spots which cause accelerated catalyst deactivation.
Responses of rat suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons to substance P and glutamate in vitro

Abstract The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a circadian pacemaker in the mammalian brain, receives photic information directly from the retina via the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT). Although the neurotransmitters of the RHT have not yet been identified, it is known that glutamate (Glu) and substance P (SP) are present in RHT axons. We report the responses of spontaneously firing SCN neurons to Glu and SP examined in isolated brain slices. 43% of the neurons show an excitatory response (an increase in firing rate) and 11% an inhibitory response to bath-applied SP at a concentration of 10−7 M. Glu evokes excitatory responses from SCN neurons in a dose-dependent manner (10−6–10−4 M). No day-night difference is observed in the response of SCN neurons either to 10−7 M SP or to 10−4 M Glu. Bath-applied SP has additive effects on Glu-evoked responses and pressure-ejected SP at a concentration of 0.8 mM strongly potentiates Glu responses. These results are consistent with the view that Glu and/or SP function as neurotransmitters, or modulators, in the RHT and suggest that cellular processes downstream of the activation of SP or Glu receptors mediate time-dependent phase responses of SCN neurons.
What is the Shortest Russian Joke? Communism. Russian Cultural Consciousness Expressed Through Soviet Humor

In an environment like Soviet Russia where it was difficult, if not impossible, to make assertions that contradicted the official Communist Party word, political humor can be used to challenge, subvert, or uphold official “truths.” The Russian Soviet anekdot—a politically subversive joke—provides an intimate view into the perspective of the Russian people living under Soviet rule. The anekdot serves as a discourse of “cultural consciousness,” connecting otherwise atomized people to a homeland, collective culture, and memory. In conducting a paired content and critical discourse analysis of 1,290 anekdoty collected from Russian archives, I explore how this oral folklore served to construct a Russian collective consciousness that (1) resists Party rhetoric, social policy, and ideology, but also (2) adopts and reifies social boundaries established by Soviet discourse by constructing particular groups as “other.” Those who are familiar with cultural folklore—and the historical context to which it refers—are taught who are the perpetrators responsible for injustices, who are the victims, and how we should feel about these different people; folklore also gives insight into the perspectives of those from the hegemonic '"center."
Effect of Shape of the Tip in Determining Interphase Properties in Fiber Reinforced Plastic Composites Using Nanoindentation

Fiber reinforced polymer composites are two component material systems in which fibers are embedded in a polymer matrix. Such a system inherently has an interface where the two components meet. Adjacent to the interface extending beyond the fiber surface is the "interphase region." Properties within the interphase vary due to variations in the chemistry. The study of mechanical property variations with changing chemistry will help in better understanding and tailoring of the composite properties. The present work concentrates on the investigation of nanomechanical properties within the interphase of a glass fiber embedded in polyester matrix system. The glass fibers were coated with two types of silanes to produce a strong and a weak bond at the fiber-matrix interface. Nanoindentation techniques coupled with atomic force microscopy imaging capabilities have been used for this investigation. Two different tips were employed for indenting, one being a Berkovich diamond tip supplied by Hysitron, Inc., Minneapolis, MN and another being a parabolic tungsten tip, which was made in the laboratory. Indentations were performed within the interphase region, also in the bulk matrix, and on the glass fiber. The variation in mechanical properties such as modulus, stiffness, hardness, and penetration depth were obtained within the interphase by indenting at the fiber surface outward. Variations of the elastic modulus in the interphase region and its relation to the chemistry are presented. The results obtained using two different tip shapes have been compared. Phase imaging was performed using tapping mode atomic force microscopy to qualitatively identify the presence of an interphase near the glass fiber-polyester interface. These experiments show that when no coupling agent is used the interphase thickness is less than 0.1 μm, and its exact determination is limited by the spatial resolution of the tips employed and the process of indentation. Phase imaging results with composite samples made of coated glass fibers corroborate the results obtained from nanoindentation experiments.
Device optimization for screen printed interdigitated back contact solar cells

Two dimensional simulations were performed to asses the potential for screen printed interdigitated back contact solar cells. In this work we optimized the design of the rear back surface field and emitter for screen printed contacts in conjunction with the design of the front surface field for best performance. With these optimized diffusion profiles we then explored the best cell design by varying the pitch, the gap between the n+ and p+ regions and the base resistivity. Model calculations provide guidelines for designing screen printed IBC solar cells given certain limitations on base resistivity or ability to create a small gap between the n+ and p+ diffusion. In these simulations care was taken to assign realistic parameters to cell design, wafer quality, and cell dimensions that are achievable for screen printing technology. Through these simulations we show the potential for a 22% efficient solar cell with screen printed contacts. Higher emitter fraction, smaller gap, and opaque diffused regions play an important role in attaining high efficiency screen printed interdigitated back contact solar cells.
Composition and Metabolic Activity of Dental Plaque From Healthy Young and Elderly Individuals

The composition and biochemical activities of 4-and 9-day-old plaque were studied in young and elderly subjects. Plaque accumulation tended to be greater in the older group. Levan hydrolase activity and the total number of recoverable, viable microorganisms were higher in plaque from younger subjects. Results suggest that the microbial composition of plaque is qualitatively different in younger and elderly subjects.
Acute Lung Infections in Normal and Immunocompromised Hosts

Pulmonary infections are among the most common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and contribute substantially to annual medical expenditures in the United States. Despite the availability of antimicrobial agents, pneumonia constitutes the sixth most common cause of death and the number one cause of death from infection. Pneumonia can be particularly life threatening in the elderly, in individuals who have pre-existing heart and lung conditions, in patients who have suppressed or weakened immunity, and in pregnant women. This article discusses some of the important causes of acute lung infections in normal and immunocompromised hosts. Because there often is considerable overlap, infections are categorized by the host immune status that is most likely to be associated with a particular pathogen.
Spin reorientation transition of Fe films in magnetically coupled Fe/Cu/Ni/Cu(001)

Spin reorientation transition (SRT) of Fe film in the magnetically coupled Fe/Cu/Ni/Cu(001) system was investigated by surface magneto-optic Kerr effect and photoemission electron microscopy. We found that the Fe in-plane magnetic remanence within the SRT region oscillates with the Cu layer thickness with a periodicity exactly half of that of the magnetic interlayer coupling. Element specific domain imaging shows that the Fe stripe domains within the SRT region are washed away by the magnetic interlayer coupling in such a way that the majority domain size increases without changing the minority domain size. These results are discussed in terms of the virtual magnetic field produced by the magnetic interlayer coupling.
The role of histamine receptors in the release of renin

1 The effect of intrarenal histamine, dimaprit (H2-agonist) and 2-(2-pyridyl) ethylamine (H1-agonist) on renin release was examined in anaesthetized dogs. 2 In dogs with intact kidneys, histamine and dimaprit administration resulted in renal vasodilatation, a two fold increase in urinary sodium excretion, and no change in renal renin release. 2(2-Pyridyl) ethylamine administration resulted in renal vasodilatation, a 25% decrease in urinary sodium excretion and a significant increase in renin release. 3 In dogs with non-filtering kidneys, dimaprit administration resulted in renal vasodilatation and a significant increase in renin release, while 2(2-pyridyl) ethylamine administration resulted in renal vasodilatation but no change in renin release. 4 Our data suggest that histamine is a potential participant in the release of renin through stimulation of H2-receptors, but it is a weak agonist. 5 In addition, the direct effect of histamine analogues on renin release is modulated by their effects on electrolyte excretion probably by influencing the renal chemoreceptor release of renin mediated by the macula densa.
Nutrient addition dramatically accelerates microbial community succession.

The ecological mechanisms driving community succession are widely debated, particularly for microorganisms. While successional soil microbial communities are known to undergo predictable changes in structure concomitant with shifts in a variety of edaphic properties, the causal mechanisms underlying these patterns are poorly understood. Thus, to specifically isolate how nutrients – important drivers of plant succession – affect soil microbial succession, we established a full factorial nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilization plot experiment in recently deglaciated (∼3 years since exposure), unvegetated soils of the Puca Glacier forefield in Southeastern Peru. We evaluated soil properties and examined bacterial community composition in plots before and one year after fertilization. Fertilized soils were then compared to samples from three reference successional transects representing advancing stages of soil development ranging from 5 years to 85 years since exposure. We found that a single application of +NP fertilizer caused the soil bacterial community structure of the three-year old soils to most resemble the 85-year old soils after one year. Despite differences in a variety of soil edaphic properties between fertilizer plots and late successional soils, bacterial community composition of +NP plots converged with late successional communities. Thus, our work suggests a mechanism for microbial succession whereby changes in resource availability drive shifts in community composition, supporting a role for nutrient colimitation in primary succession. These results suggest that nutrients alone, independent of other edaphic factors that change with succession, act as an important control over soil microbial community development, greatly accelerating the rate of succession.
Selecting a single model or combining multiple models for microarray-based classifier development? – A comparative analysis based on large and diverse datasets generated from the MAQC-II project

Genomic biomarkers play an increasing role in both preclinical and clinical application. Development of genomic biomarkers with microarrays is an area of intensive investigation. However, despite sustained and continuing effort, developing microarray-based predictive models (i.e., genomics biomarkers) capable of reliable prediction for an observed or measured outcome (i.e., endpoint) of unknown samples in preclinical and clinical practice remains a considerable challenge. No straightforward guidelines exist for selecting a single model that will perform best when presented with unknown samples. In the second phase of the MicroArray Quality Control (MAQC-II) project, 36 analysis teams produced a large number of models for 13 preclinical and clinical endpoints. Before external validation was performed, each team nominated one model per endpoint (referred to here as 'nominated models') from which MAQC-II experts selected 13 'candidate models' to represent the best model for each endpoint. Both the nominated and candidate models from MAQC-II provide benchmarks to assess other methodologies for developing microarray-based predictive models. We developed a simple ensemble method by taking a number of the top performing models from cross-validation and developing an ensemble model for each of the MAQC-II endpoints. We compared the ensemble models with both nominated and candidate models from MAQC-II using blinded external validation. For 10 of the 13 MAQC-II endpoints originally analyzed by the MAQC-II data analysis team from the National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), the ensemble models achieved equal or better predictive performance than the NCTR nominated models. Additionally, the ensemble models had performance comparable to the MAQC-II candidate models. Most ensemble models also had better performance than the nominated models generated by five other MAQC-II data analysis teams that analyzed all 13 endpoints. Our findings suggest that an ensemble method can often attain a higher average predictive performance in an external validation set than a corresponding “optimized” model method. Using an ensemble method to determine a final model is a potentially important supplement to the good modeling practices recommended by the MAQC-II project for developing microarray-based genomic biomarkers.
Safety and efficacy of adalimumab in pediatric patients with Crohn disease.

ABSTRACTObjectives:Adalimumab has recently become available for adult patients with Crohn disease (CD) as a viable alternative tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor to infliximab. To our knowledge, there have been no studies reviewing the use of adalimumab in pediatric patients with CD. Our aim was to e
Characterization of self-aligned transfer gates for 1&#181;m bubble contiguous-disk devices

Self-aligned transfer gates for contiguous disk bubble devices have been characterized at 200kHz. These devices require a single masking level to define both the current control conductors and ion-implantation pattern. Switch operation relies on a unipolar current pulse in the major loop which stripes the bubble between major and minor loops along a bridging charged-wall; directionality is provided by the crystalline symmetry effects in the drive layer. Representative transfer pulse parameters for a 28 Oe (8%) overlapping bias field margin are: (i) transfer-in, amplitude 115 mA ±25%, width 0.1μs ±15% and phase margin \pm16\deg . (ii) transfer-out, amplitude 160 mA ±9%, width 0.88μs ±10% and phase margin \pm10\deg . The transfer pulse requirements are discussed in terms of the behaviour of the charged-walls in the garnet drive layer.
The State of Nature and Laws of Seinfeld: Not That There’s Anything Wrong With That

Seinfeld (1989–1998) and it’s co-creator’s Curb Your Enthusiasm (2000–present), are each considered groundbreaking television. Critics regard their humor and intellectual comedy as Twain-like and creative. While both shows have been criticized for their character’s indifference and apolitical attitude, the programs resonate with those in society who more subtly consider law and politics. This project argues that Seinfeld and Curb present a unique theory of justice. These two shows constitute a common and current image of what is just in society. While critics have argued that Seinfeld and Curb are not shows about nothing, I argue that these comedians offer us a legal philosophy. For those who view these characters as merely “self-absorbed, superficial, and immature,” I posit that they represent the obscure area between what John Locke termed “the state of nature” and what legal scholars call “legal culture.” I propose that these sitcoms demonstrate a way of speaking about law that provides a constitutive theory of law and justice.
Steady flow simulation of a Polymer-Diluent solution through an abrupt axisymmetric contraction using internally consistent rheological scaling

In this work, a new methodology is developed that describes the viscoelastic scaling of a polymer-physical foaming agent (PFA) solution in a detailed and internally consistent manner. The approach is new in that while previous researchers have largely focused on scaling down experimentally obtained high pressure polymer-PFA solution viscosity data onto a master curve for the viscosity of the undiluted polymer melt at a reference temperature and atmospheric pressure, we have generated the shear viscosity data required for our simulations by systematically scaling up the viscosity values obtained from measurements on a pure polymer melt to the desired temperature, pressure, and concentration values characterizing the flow. Simulations have been run for the flow of a polymer-PFA solution through an extrusion foaming die with an abrupt axisymmetric contraction and good qualitative agreement is obtained with experimental pressure drop measurements obtained previously in our laboratory. The pressure drop rates and temperature rise rates have been estimated at the surface of incipient nucleation. Because of the short residence times in the die for the microcellular foaming process, approximating the flow through the die as a single phase flow in our simulations still gives useful insights into the dynamics of the flow. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Synthesis and sizing of batch/semicontinuous processes: single product plants

Abstract An approach is reported for the preliminary design of single product batch/semicontinuous plants. The methodology consists of two components: a new approximate sizing procedure, which determines the number of units in parallel at each stage as well as the sizes of the batch and semicontinuous units and a set of synthesis rules, which serve to select structural features such as consecutive tasks that should be merged or split and tasks that should be separated by intermediate storage. The sizing procedure can accommodate both new plant design as well as some simple forms of retrofitting applications. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated with comparisons to designs obtained using nonlinear programming formulations solved by using a generalized reduced-gradient algorithm.
Multiple Tumor Suppressor Pathways Negatively Regulate Telomerase

Telomerase expression is repressed in most somatic cells but is observed in stem cells and a high percentage of human cancers and has been hypothesized to contribute to tumorigenesis and maintenance of stem cell states. To explore telomerase regulation, we employed a general genetic screen to identify negative regulators of hTERT. We discovered three tumor suppressor/oncogene pathways involved in hTERT repression. One, the Mad1/c-Myc pathway, had been previously implicated in hTERT regulation. The second, SIP1, a transcriptional target of the TGF-β pathway, mediates the TGF-β regulated repression of hTERT. The third, the tumor suppressor Menin, is a direct repressor of hTERT. Depleting Menin immortalizes primary human fibroblasts and causes a transformation phenotype when coupled with expression of SV40 Large and Small T antigen and oncogenic ras. These studies suggest that multiple tumor suppressor/oncogene pathways coordinately repress hTERT expression and imply that telomerase is reactivated in human tumors through oncogenic mutations.
Hanbury-Brown-Twiss analysis of anisotropic transverse flow.

The effects of anisotropic transverse collective flow on the Hanbury-Brown--Twiss (HBT) correlation function is studied. There exist three different physics contributions related to flow which affect the correlation function: anisotropic source shape, anisotropic space-momentum correlations in pion emission, and the effects related to the HBT measurement of the size of a moving source in different reference frames. Resolution of these contributions experimentally can lead to a detailed understanding of both collective flow in nucleus-nucleus collisions and the HBT technique itself. A method is presented which permits the derivation of model independent relations between the radius of a source measured in a frame in which it is moving and in its rest frame. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Oral contraceptive use by teenage women does not affect body composition

The objective was to assess the effect of oral contraceptive (OC) use during adolescence on body composition parameters and cardiovascular disease risk factors. We used 9 years of longitudinal data from 66 non-Hispanic white females who were 12 years old at study entry in 1990 and who were subsequently classified either as OC users or nonusers. The OC users (n = 39) used OCs for a minimum of 6 months were still using at age 21 and had used OCs on average for 28 months. The nonusers (n = 27) never used OCs. Individuals who started and then stopped using OCs before age 21 or used OCs for less than 6 months were excluded from these analyses. Cardiolipoprotein profiles were obtained from fasting blood samples (from age 16 to 21) and body composition measurements were made by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (from age 12.5 to 21). Longitudinal models were used to examine changes in body composition patterns and in cardiolipoprotein patterns. Between ages 12.5 and 21 gains by OC users and nonusers in height weight body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat were not significantly different. However between ages 16 and 21 the OC users had significantly greater increases in total serum cholesterol serum low-density cholesterol and serum triglycerides than did the nonusers. The use of OCs in young women is associated with less favorable blood lipid patterns but is not associated with weight gain or increased body fat. The long-term effects of the alteration in the lipid profiles are unknown. (authors)
Blood and Nation: The European Aesthetics of Race; German Bodies: Race and Representation After Hitler

Blood and Nation: The European Aesthetics of Race. Uli Linke. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999. vii. 322 pp., photographs, illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. German Bodies: Race and Representation After Hitler. Uli Linke. London: Routledge Press, 1999. vii. 274 pp., illustrations, photographs, notes, bibliography, index.
The placing of many large superconducting magnets in a limited space

The problem of minimizing the space needed to house two or three superconducting magnets was studied. Dipolar fields were used to approximate the stray fields. Field contours of a single dipole mu are reviewed. The three-dimensional contour surface is discussed in terms of its intersection with planes parallel to a base plane containing mu. The area within a field contour H in the base plane was numerically determined to be 142.55 m2[(mu/mu 0)(H0/H)]2/3 where mu 0 = 10(9) erg/G and H0 = 5 G. For the contours within planes parallel to the base plane, the contour area and its intercepts with the planar x and y axes are given as a function of the distance from the base plane. For two dipoles at one site and for a given mechanical stress, the torque-free orientations allow closer spacing. Field contours for the four torque-free orientations are given for mu 1 = mu 2. For one zero-torque configuration (mu 1 and mu 2 antiparallel, but perpendicular to the line joining them) and for a mutual force of 667 N (150 lb), the 5-G contour area is only 36% greater than that for a single dipole. General expressions for the forces, torques, and field gradients for two dipoles are given. Torque-free cases of three superconducting magnets (two of which are identical) at one site are described. Contour plots of the linear arrangements of the magnets as well as of two symmetrical triangular arrangements (corner angle is either 70.5 or 109.5 degrees) are given.
Nanopatterned Electrochromic Conjugated Poly(terthiophene)s via Thermal Nanoimprint Lithography of Precursor Polymer

Polyterthiophene nanostructures consisting of periodic nanolines were prepared using the precursor polymer approach in conjunction with nanoimprint lithography. Precursor polynorbornylenes consisting of terthiophene side chains were prepared from their corresponding norbornylene monomers via ring opening metathesis polymerization. A copolymer consisting of terthiophene norbornylene and acetate norbornylene repeat units with a 50:50 composition exhibited a glass transition temperature of 52°C. Nanolines of percursor polynorbornylene were prepared by thermal nanoimprint lithography. The nanoimprinted precursor polymer was then converted to conjugated conductive polymer via chemical and electrochemical oxidation of the terthiophene side units. Nanoimprinted lines of conductive polyterthiophene exhibited high electrochromic contrast at 437 nm.
Visna virus encodes a post-transcriptional regulator of viral structural gene expression

Visna virus is an ungulate lentivirus that is distantly related to the primate lentiviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Replication of HIV-1 and of other complex primate retroviruses, including human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I), requires the expression in trans of a virally encoded post-transcriptional activator of viral structural gene expression termed Rev (HIV-1) or Rex (HTLV-I). We demonstrate that the previously defined L open reading frame of visna virus encodes a protein, here termed Rev-V, that is required for the cytoplasmic expression of the incompletely spliced RNA that encodes the viral envelope protein. Transactivation by Rev-V was shown to require a cis-acting target sequence that coincides with a predicted RNA secondary structure located within the visna virus env gene. However, Rev-V was unable to function by using the structurally similar RNA target sequences previously defined for Rev or Rex and, therefore, displays a distinct sequence specificity. Remarkably, substitution of this visna virus target sequence in place of the HIV-1 Rev response element permitted the Rev-V protein to efficiently rescue the expression of HIV-1 structural proteins, including Gag, from a Rev- proviral clone. These results suggest that the post-transcriptional regulation of viral structural gene expression may be a characteristic feature of complex retroviruses.
DECREASE IN HEPATIC LIPOGENESIS IN TERM RAT LIVER EXPLANTS

Hepatic lipogenesis in the fetal rat is highly active until the time of birth when it decreases and remains low throughout the suckling period. High fat intake during suckling is thought to suppress hepatic lipogenesis. By utilizing explants of fetal rat liver we have demonstrated that the decrease in hepatic fatty acid synthesis may occur independent of nutritional influences. Explants obtained from fetal rats at 17 and 22 days gestation were incubated for 48 hours in F12 medium without added hormones or serum. Incorporation of acetate-1-14C into long chain fatty acids during a 6 hour pulse was determined at 0 time and after 48 hours in culture and is shown below. Data are expressed as % incorporation/mg protein/6 hours. Production of 14CO2 from uniformly labeled glucose was examined as an index of viability. There was no significant decrease in glucose oxidation in explants from either 17 or 22 day gestation fetuses during the 48 hours in culture. The results indicate that acetate incorporation into fatty acids in liver explants from 17 day fetuses remained constant between 0 and 48 hours in culture. Explants from 22 day fetuses, however, showed a striking decline in acetate incorporation. These data suggest that the decline in hepatic lipogenesis in the newborn rat may be independent of dietary influences.
The importance of Src homology 2 domain-containing leukocyte phosphoprotein of 76 kilodaltons sterile-α motif domain in thymic selection and T-cell activation

The Src homology 2 domain–containing leukocyte phosphoprotein of 76 kilodaltons (SLP-76) is a cytosolic adaptor protein essential for thymocyte development and T-cell activation. It contains a sterile-α motif (SAM) domain, 3 phosphotyrosine motifs, a proline-rich region, and a Src homology 2 domain. Whereas the other domains have been extensively studied, the role of the SAM domain in SLP-76 function is not known. To understand the function of this domain, we generated SLP-76 knockin mice with the SAM domain deleted. Analysis of these mice showed that thymocyte development was partially blocked at the double-positive to single-positive transition. Positive and negative thymic selection was also impaired. In addition, we analyzed T-cell receptor (TCR)–mediated signaling in T cells from these mutant mice. TCR-mediated inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate production, calcium flux, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation were decreased, leading to defective interleukin-2 production and proliferation. Moreover, despite normal association between Gads and SLP-76, TCR-mediated formation of SLP-76 microclusters was impaired by the deletion of the SAM domain. Altogether, our data demonstrated that the SAM domain is indispensable for optimal SLP-76 signaling.