cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differentiating the effects of origin and frequency in reciprocal transplant experiments used to test negative frequency-dependent selection hypotheses.

Reciprocal transplant experiments have been used to estimate the probability that negative frequency-dependent selection by natural enemies has occurred in host populations by determining whether pest populations are less adapted to “foreign” (rare) hosts, which originate from a population with which the pests have not coevolved. However, these experiments usually confound the effects of frequency and origin: the rare genotypes are also genotypes that did not originate at a site. When clonal organisms are used, and the clones occur in more than one population, it is possible to separate the effects of origin and frequency. Here I present the results of an experiment in which Arabis clones of known frequency were reciprocally transplanted among sites. Contrary to expectations, clones at their site of origin had less disease, less herbivory, and higher fitness than foreign clones. However, variation within and among sites in herbivory and infection was large, suggesting that the number of sites and clones needed to thoroughly test the hypothesis of negative frequency-dependent selection in this system is very large: thus, these results are suggestive but not conclusive.
Using large organic cations to probe the nature of ryanodine modification in the sheep cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release channel

We have reported that the large impermeant organic cations tetrabutyl ammonium (TBA+), tetrapentyl ammonium, and the charged local anesthetic QX314 produce unique reduced conductance states in the purified sheep cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release channel when present at the cytoplasmic face of the channel. We have interpreted this as a form of partial occlusion by the blocking cation in wide vestibules of the conduction pathway. Following modification with ryanodine, which causes the channel to enter a reduced conductance state with long open dwell time, these cations block the receptor channel to a level that is indistinguishable from the closed state. The voltage dependence of TBA+'s interaction with the Ca2+ release channel is the same before and after ryanodine modification. The concentration dependence is different, in that the ryanodine-modified channel has one-third the affinity for TBA+, which is accounted for predominantly by changes in the TBA+ on rate. The data are compatible with a structural change in the vestibule of the conduction pathway consequent upon ryanodine binding that reduces the capture radius for blocking ion entry.
Spectral properties of maize as related to soil oxidation-reduction condition

Abstract Changes in spectral properties and net photosynthesis of maize leaves ( Zea mays cv. McCreedy 7676) in response to various levels of soil anaerobiosis were examined under controlled soil redox potential and environmental conditions. A close correlation was found between changes in transmittance in the near-infrared portion of the soectrum, the ratio of green to red absorbance, net photosynthesis, and decreasing soil redox potential. These results indicate that leaf spectral characteristics can be used as an effective tool to monitor and evaluate various levels of flood stress in plants.
Schema specificity in subclinical syndrome depression: Distinctions between automatically versus effortfully encoded state and trait depressive information.

Previous research examining information processing in subclinical depression has typically not sought to differentiate between depressive information processing structures. To examine this issue, an incidental recall paradigm was used to assess whether subclinically depressed individuals have self-schemas that facilitate the diffuse processing of any depressive information, or whether such structures are specific to state-relevant versus trait-relevant depressive information. In addition to the automatic information processing that is usually assessed in depression, effortful information processing was examined to determine if depressive cognitive dysfunctions were limited to automatic processing mechanisms. Results for subclinically depressed subjects showed a sensitivity to state depressive information processed automatically, and to trait depressive information processed effortfully. These data are consistent with the presence of a relatively specific, state self-referent depressive schema in subclinical depression, and suggest that, when presented with unfavorable information, subclinically depressed individuals will focus more attention on information that is qualitatively more negative.
Network properties of a two-dimensional natural fracture pattern

The influence that fractures exert on the permeability of a fractured rock is, to a large extent, controlled by the nature of the network formed by the fracture system. Here, the network properties of a two-dimensional natural pattern, mapped from the surface of a sandstone layer, are investigated and compared to those of realizations of spatially randomly distributed line segments with similar orientation and length distributions and line segment density (line length per unit area) to the natural pattern. These patterns are composed of clusters of varying size and shape, made up of interconnected fracture traces or line segments. Comparing the natural pattern with the realizations, the natural pattern was found to contain roughly half the number of clusters while the mass (total line length) of the largest cluster is approximately double that of the realizations. The size of the largest cluster controls the connectivity of the patterns, as can be seen by comparing the largest cluster of the natural pattern, which connects all four sides of the region, with those of the realizations, which are unconnected or connect only two sides. Cluster scaling characteristics were found to be similar in the natural pattern and the realizations and show a crossover from a dimension of one (their topological dimension) to two (the dimension of the embedding medium) at a point that corresponds to the fracture spacing. An investigation of the self-similarity dimension, using the box-counting method, showed similar characteristics with a broad transition zone between one- and two-dimensional behaviour at smaller box sizes. The patterns are therefore found to be non-fractal. The effect of the spatial distribution shown by the natural pattern is thus to modify the manner in which fractures are distributed among clusters, increasing connectivity (and permeability in the case of open fractures), but does not affect the cluster scaling characteristics or the self-similarity dimension of the fracture patterns.
Increased Lateral Abutment Resistance from Gravel Backfills of Limited Width

Lateral pile cap tests were performed on a pile cap with three backfills to evaluate the static and dynamic behavior. One backfill consisted of loose silty sand while the other two consisted of 0.91- and 1.82-m-wide dense gravel zones between the pile cap and the loose silty sand. The 0.91- and 1.82-m-wide dense gravel zones increased the lateral resistance by 75 to 150% and 150 to 225%, respectively, relative to the loose silty sand backfill. Despite being thin relative to the overall shear length, the 0.92- and 1.82-m-wide gravel zones increase lateral resistance to approximately 54 and 78%, respectively, of the resistance that would be provided by a backfill entirely composed of dense gravel. The dynamic stiffness for the pile cap with the gravel zones decreased about 10% after 15 cycles of loading, while the damping ratio remained relatively constant with cycling. Dynamic stiffness increased by about 10 to 40% at higher deflections, while the damping ratio decreased from an initial value of about 0.30 to around 0.26 at higher deflections.
The rhetoric of science and the science of rhetoric

(1978). The rhetoric of science and the science of rhetoric. Western Journal of Speech Communication: Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 37-43.
Uprooted trees facilitate the psychological well-being of captive chimpanzees

After the introduction of uprooted trees to their environment, the behavior of 28 socially housed, laboratory chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) was studied for five months. Subjects used the tree during 41.9% of the data points collected during the first day trees were introduced. Thereafter, the mean for tree use dropped to 3.5% and remained fairly consistent. Immature subjects used the trees significantly more than did adult subjects, as measured by the Mann-Whitney U-test. No sex difference was detected. The trees elicited a variety of species-appropriate behaviors. Increasing the similarity between the behavior of captive and wild chimpanzees can be viewed as promoting the psychological well-being of the captive animals.
Simultaneous determination of zidovudine and its monophosphate in mouse plasma and peripheral red blood cells by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract Novel prodrugs for the intracellular delivery of zidovudine monophosphate (AZTMP) have recently been designed. To investigate the bioconversion and pharmacokinetic profiles of these compounds, an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of zidovudine (AZT) and AZTMP in mouse plasma and peripheral red blood cells was developed. Mouse whole blood samples were treated with TBAHS, EDTA and NaH 2 PO 4 , and separated into plasma and red blood cell portions. Samples were processed by solid-phase extraction using Bond Elut C 18 cartridges. Chromatography was performed using an Hypersil ODS column and a mobile phase of 2.9% (v/v) acetonitrile and 97.1% (v/v) phosphate buffer, pH 7.50, with UV detection at 267 nm. The average extraction recoveries of AZTMP and AZT in plasma were approximately 85% and 97% over their linear ranges of 0.05–5 μg/ml and 0.125–25 μg/ml, respectively. Extraction recoveries of AZTMP and AZT from peripheral red blood cells averaged 56 and 69% over their linear ranges of 0.125–5 μg/ml and 0.125–25 μg/ml, respectively. The accuracy of the assay was 90–100%. The intra- and inter-day variations of the assay were less than 14%. The analytical method was found to be applicable, reliable and suitable for pharmacokinetic studies.
BUICK'S Turbocharged V-6 Powertrain For 1978

A new turbocharged 3.8 litre V-6 engine and powertrain has been developed for production application in 1978 Buick models. The design offers a turbocharged powertrain with improved fuel economy and performance equal to larger displacement engines. Significant technological advances include engine-turbo matching for improved low end and mid-range performance, minimized turbo vehicle "lag", and an all new electronic spark control closed loop system that controls detonation through the use of spark retard. Revisions of basic engine components to ensure durability and driveability equivalent to that of a conventional engine are discussed. Further development of this powertrain concept may provide the flexibility to meet legislated fuel economy levels of the future without severe compromises in vehicle size or performance. Numerous diagrams and photographs are included.
An Ergonomic Approach to Modifying Microscope Design for Increased Comfort: A Case Study:

This paper describes the approach used and the results of selected measures obtained from an ergonomic analysis of microscopes and associated workstations in a medical laboratory. The configuration...
Mode III interlaminar fracture characterization of composite materials

Abstract An experimental project was undertaken to develop two interlaminar Mode III tearing test methods. The first was a split cantilever beam test. A laminate, containing a starter crack, was bonded between aluminum bars. The ends of the bars were then loaded in opposite directions, parallel to the plane of the crack and normal to the beam length. Stable crack growth was achieved in carbon fiber material. Unidirectional carbon fiber composites showed Mode III critical strain energy release rates in the range 1·1–1·3 kJ/m 2 . The effects of laminate thickness, beam depth, and data reduction method were investigated. In addition, testing was conducted on angle-ply laminates. Unsuccessful tests were conducted on a tougher matrix thermoplastic composite. An edge delamination specimen was also investigated. [15° i / – 15° i ] S angle-ply laminates were fabricated with four implanted edge starter cracks. Both tension and compression tests were conducted. Difficulties in interpreting the results are discussed. The split cantilever beam and edge delamination results are compared.
Provably Correct Code Generation

Provably correct compilation is an important aspect in development of high assurance software systems. In this paper we present an approach to provably correct compilation based on Horn logical semantics of programming languages and partial evaluation. We also show that continuation semantics can be expressed in the Horn logical framework, and introduce Definite Clause Semantics. We illustrate our approach by developing the semantics for the SCR specification language, and using it to (automatically) generate target code in a provably correct manner.
The ST segment — the herald of ischaemia, the siren of misdiagnosis, or syndrome X?

Syndrome X is the term applied to patients with anginal-type chest pain who, despite a positive exercise stress test, have angiographically normal coronary arteries. Such patients probably belong to a heterogeneous group, and in a proportion the exercise test is falsely positive. With the availability of more accurate techniques for the detection of myocardial ischaemia, it is apparent that some patients can be shown to develop transient myocardial ischaemia with stress. The paradox of normal coronary arteries and a positive exercise test may be resolved by improved understanding of the regulatory control of regional myocardial blood flow, particularly at the level of the microvasculature, and of the metabolic expression of myocardial ischaemia.
Enzymatic hydrolysis of extruded-expelled soy flour and resulting functional properties

Limited hydrolysis (4% degree of hydrolysis) of extruded-expelled soy flour protein (protein dispersibility index=21) that was poor in solubility and other functional properties was evaluated at pilot-plant scale (5 kg of flour) with two endopeptidases and one exopeptidase. Some hydrolysates were merely spray-dried whereas others were jet-cooked at 104°C for 19 s before spray-drying. Solubility, emulsification capacity and stability, foaming capacity and stability, apparent viscosity, and sensory attributes were then characterized. The type of protease used and hydrothermal cooking affected functional and sensory properties. Protein solubility modestly increased with hydrolysis and jet cooking, but emulsification capacity decreased on hydrolysis and was not restored with hydrothermal cooking. Emulsion stability improved in the endopeptidase hydrolysates, but not in the exopeptidase hydrolysates. The foaming capacities of the hydrolysates for both types of enzymes were better than for the unhydrolyzed control. Highly stable foams were obtained after hydrolyzing with exopeptidase and hydrothermal cooking. Ten percent protein hydrolysate dispersions showed large losses in consistency coefficient apparent viscosity, which increased significantly with hydrothermal cooking only for the unhydrolyzed control. Difference-from-control sensory evaluation indicated that both jet-cooked and non-jet-cooked enzyme hydrolysates were different from unhydrolyzed controls.
The university as the engine of growth: an analysis of how universities can contribute to the economy

In many of the industrially advanced nations, particularly in the USA, there is an increasing emphasis on the role of the university for economic and technological development. This study explores the link between the university and economic development. Firstly, based on the existing literature it is argued whether universities are a necessary and/or sufficient condition for economic growth. Then, the effect of universities on the regional economy is explored. Lastly, based on empirical data, how universities can improve the impact on the regional economy is discussed. Suggestions for future research are also given.
Learning from the Philippine occupation: nation-building and institutional development in Iraq and other high security risk nations

Outcomes of armed conflict in Afghanistan and Iraq indicate that the U.S. has been unprepared to fully address problems related to establishing social and economic stability, security and governance in the aftermath of war. This is unfortunate, given that U.S. policy makers' nation-building efforts to achieve stability, security and good governance in these nations do not reflect what they should already have learnt about organisational and institutional development from past experiences providing significant development assistance to highly unstable nations. Based on the analysis rendered in this article, ‘smart practice’ development administration in such nations comprises the following key points that link nation building to institutional/organisational development: Nation building (creating new national sovereignty) is different from, and harder than, building government capacity (creating or strengthening institutions and organisations). Given that building government capacity typically requires years of patient assistance and financing, it is better to build on existing indigenous institutions like the civil service and military. The time and expense of development assistance to high security risk nations means that it is advisable to establish a multi-lateral development assistance plan and a multi-national, multi-institutional framework for financing development to pay for all that is necessary over a long period of time (i.e. 20–50 years). Policy makers should emphasise social stability and stable economic growth under self-governance to prevent actual or perceived economic exploitation. Policy makers' diplomatic efforts should secure accommodation of various stakeholders sufficient to permit compromise leading to formation of an independent government. Where occupation appears necessary to achieve security and stability, policy makers should allocate enough troops and money to do the job, and accurately assess and report all costs of military occupation and nation building. Once occupation has occurred, policy makers should not withdraw military support in a way that would increase the likelihood of civil war. Premature withdrawal of security, economic and political support prior to the point where high security risk nations are capable of governing themselves will cause a power vacuum, and may result in fragmented regional leadership by warlords. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Faultlines in "Bioscience Ethics": Lessons from the Human Genome Diversity Project

(2002). Faultlines in 'Bioscience Ethics': Lessons from the Human Genome Diversity Project. The American Journal of Bioethics: Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 56-57.
Once bitten, twice shy: concern about gaining weight after smoking cessation and its association with seeking treatment.

SUMMARY Background: Concern about weight gain after quitting smoking is often cited as a barrier to smokers making a quit attempt or seeking treatment. Aim: To identify whether smokers who are non-treatment seekers (NTS) are more concerned about weight gain and have lower confidence to maintain weight after quitting smoking as compared with treatment-seeking smokers (TS). Methods: Participants were smokers recruited from Penn State Hershey Medical Center and family practice outpatient clinics. A total of 102 NTS and 186 TS, who participated in a smoking cessation trial, completed a survey regarding tobacco use, weight concern and diet. Stepwise logistic regression was used to identify variables associated with treatment seeking, overall and stratified by those who gained and did not gain weight on a previous quit attempt. Results: Fifty three per cent of the overall sample (47.1% NTS vs. 56.5% TS, p = 0.127) had gained weight on a prior quit attempt. Among smokers who had gained weight, higher weight gain concern (WGC) and lower confidence in ability to maintain weight were significantly associated with being a NTS after adjusting for other factors. Conclusion: Among smokers who gained weight on a previous quit attempt, NTS had greater concern about gaining weight and less confidence in their ability to maintain their weight after quitting than treatment seekers. Clinicians can identify smokers for whom WGC may be a barrier to seeking treatment by asking if they gained weight on a previous quit attempt. These smokers should be assured that this issue will be addressed in treatment. What’s known As weight gain is a predictable sequela of quitting smoking, concern about weight gain after quitting smoking is often cited as a barrier to smokers making a quit attempt. Weight gain concern (WGC) has been reported in 40–61% of smokers. What’s new Smokers who are not currently seeking treatment or trying to quit, but who gained weight on a prior quit attempt, have greater WGC than smokers who are seeking treatment. Clinicians can identify smokers for whom WGC may be an important barrier to quitting by asking if they gained weight on a previous quit attempt.
Quantification of Daily Melatonin Synthesis in the Hamster Pineal Gland

The rate of melatonin synthesis within pineal glands of female hamsters maintained in an 8-h light, 16-h dark photoperiod has been calculated. When exposed to these photoperiodic conditions, female hamsters exhibited a distinct circadian rhythm in pineal melatonin content, with basal concentrations of 40-90 pg/gland found throughout the day and during the first 10 h of darkness and a peak concentration of 847 pg/ gland found near the end of the dark phase 1 h before lights on. The rates of melatonin synthesis required to produce this concentration profile ranged from 1.6 pg/min during the daylight hours to a maximum of 70.6 pg/min 14 h after the onset of darkness. The total quantity of melatonin synthesized throughout the 24-h cycle was calculated to be 18.6 ng. Exposure of hamsters to an unexpected source of white light at the time of the nocturnal peak in pineal melatonin content resulted in a rapid decay in pineal melatonin concentrations. The rate constant obtained (–0.0788 min−1) corresponded to a t½...
Degree of learning and the measurement of forgetting.

Summary This paper was directed toward problems involved in the measurement of forgetting uncontaminated by differences in degree of learning. More particularly, it was concerned with these measurements when some variable, such as a characteristic of the task, is being manipulated and when such a variable produces differences in rate of learning. If we are to assess properly the influences of these variables on retention, degree of learning must be equated, since degree of learning and retention are directly related. The two basic situations considered were those in which a constant number of learning trials was given and those in which learning was carried to a specified criterion of performance. The single-entry technique is appropriate only when a constant number of learning trials is used. When a criterion of performance is set for learning another procedure (multiple-entry projection) may be used. Although the mean predictions are fairly accurate by this method, predictions for individual Ss are not. In most studies of retention it seems most efficient to use a constant-trials procedure for learning. Finally, it was pointed out that some studies of short-term retention of single items have probably confounded effects of degree of learning on retention with the effects of variables producing differences in rate of learning the items.
Policy Knowledge, Policy Formulation, and Change: Revisiting a Foundational Question

Understanding the influence of policy knowledge (analysis, evaluation) on policy change represents a long-standing quest in the policy sciences. Despite attempts of Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) scholars, the first to embark systematically on this quest, utilization and policy process literatures still run parallel. Through a critique of ACF and utilization studies, we argue that the inability of policy theory to include how and which information decision makers use is the foundational issue hindering efforts to link process and substance in policy theory. Situating utilization studies in the policy design approach offers an improvement in conceptualizing relationships between policy knowledge, process, and change.
On the Laplace transform for distributions

A new characterization of the Laplace transform for Schwartz distributions is developed, using sequences of linear transformations on the space of distributions. The standard theorems on analyticity, uniqueness and invertibility of the transform are proved, using the new characterization as the definition of the Laplace transform. It is shown that this sequential definition is equivalent to Schwartz’s extension of the ordinary Laplace transform to distributions which he obtained from the Fourier transform.
Infectious disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract (excluding Helicobacter pylori )

Abstract The upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including the oesophagus, stomach and small intestine, is subject to a vast array of pathogens. While some may be a reflection of disseminated infection, others produce disease specific to the upper GI tract. This review focuses on the most common infectious disorders of the upper GI tract that may be encountered by the general surgical pathologist, including viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic organisms. Clinical and diagnostic histological features are discussed, as well as useful ancillary diagnostic techniques.
THE BREASTMILK MACROPHAGE: A POTENTIAL VEHICLE FOR IMMUNOGLOBULIN TRANSPORT

When lymphocytes and macrophages from human milk were cocultured, significantly greater amounts of IgA and IgM were found than when lymphocytes were cultured alone. To determine whether the breastmilk macrophage was regulating lymphocyte synthesis or itself releasing imunoglobulin, we cultured macrophages and lymphocytes from the fresh milk of 33 healthy mothers. The cellular components were isolated by centrifugation and the lymphocytes separated from the glass adherent macrophages by overnight incubation in glass flasks. The release of IgA, IgM, and IgG into 1 ml of culture media by 2×106 lymphocytes or macrophages was quantitated using double antibody radioimmunoassays. In 7 day lymphocyte cultures mean IgA, IgM, and IgG released was 358, 46 and 11 ng/ml respectively. Mean IgA, IgM, and IgG released in macrophage cultures was 9089, 319, and 9 ng/ml respectively. To determine whether the immunoglobulin present in macrophages from 6 mothers were both cultured for 7 days and on day one sonicated. Sonicates were ultracentrifuged and immunoglobulins in the supernatant and pellet were measured. The immunoglobulin content of the supernatant following sonication of macrophages was significantly greater than both that bound to the cell pellet (p < .05) and that of the 7 day culture(p < .05). These data indicate that the breastmllk macrophage releases significantly more immunoblobulin than does the lymphocyte (p < .02) and that it may serve as a transport vehicle capable of delayed immunoglobulin release.
Novel Broad Band Excitation of Pr3+ Luminescence in Pr:As12Ge33Se55 Glasses

Chalcogenide glasses have unique properties which may lead to low cost integrated photonic devices. The ability to modify their refractive index by photodarkening enables chalcogenide glasses to be patterned for passive and active waveguide device applications. In particular, rare earth doped chalcogenide glasses are attractive for planar waveguide devices operating in the 1300 and 1550 nm range because of the ability to pattern waveguides by photodarkening, infrared transparency, high refractive index, low phonon energies, and ease of thin film deposition.
The environmental and efficiency effects of restructuring on the electric power sector in the United States: An empirical analysis

Abstract Recent measures to restructure the electric power sector in different US states have raised the interest of policy makers, commentators, and the general public as to the actual impact of restructuring on both the economy and the environment. This paper focuses on two aspects of restructuring, namely its potential impact on the efficiency of electricity generation and air pollution. Our empirical results suggest that restructuring contributes to improved efficiency of electricity generation and better air quality through reduced electricity-induced sulfur dioxide (SO2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, although no effect was found for emissions of nitrous oxides (NOx). These results, in turn could have important implications for policy in this area.
Generation and characterization of a novel neural crest marker allele, Inka1-LacZ, reveals a role for Inka1 in mouse neural tube closure

Previous studies identified Inka1 as a gene regulated by AP-2alpha in the neural crest required for craniofacial morphogenesis in fish and frog. Here, we extend the analysis of Inka1 function and regulation to the mouse by generating a LacZ knock-in allele. Inka1-LacZ allele expression occurs in the cephalic mesenchyme, heart, and paraxial mesoderm prior to E8.5. Subsequently, expression is observed in the migratory neural crest cells and their derivatives. Consistent with expression of Inka1 in tissues of the developing head during neurulation, a low percentage of Inka1(-/-) mice show exencephaly while the remainder are viable and fertile. Further studies indicate that AP-2alpha is not required for Inka1 expression in the mouse, and suggest that there is no significant genetic interaction between these two factors during embryogenesis. Together, these data demonstrate that while the expression domain of Inka1 is conserved among vertebrates, its function and regulation are not.
Rate mechanisms of a novel thiol-ene photopolymerization reaction

A novel thiol-ene photopolymerization reaction involving copolymerization of tetrathiol monomer with vinyl silazane is experimentally characterized and is modeled successfully. The overall polymerization rate is found to be controlled by the ratio of the propagation to chain transfer kinetic parameters. The polymerization rate of this mixture, in the presence of added photoinitiator, is approximately first order in ene functionality and is independent of thiol functional group concentration. Initiation rates in this system, when cured utilizing a light centered around 365 nm light, and in the presence of no added photoinitiator, are shown to be proportional to the ene monomer concentration. When the mixture is polymerized utilizing light centered at 254 nm light, and without photoinitiator, the initiation rates are proportional to the thiol monomer concentrations. This novel reaction scheme is further utilized to form ultra rapidly polymerizable polymer derived ceramic structures with high aspect ratios.
Errors in short-term memory for good and poor readers.

This study examined the role of phonetic factors in the performance of good and poor beginning readers on a verbal short-term memory task. Good and poor readers in the second and third grades repeated four-item lists of consonant-vowel syllables in which each consonant shared zero, one, or two features with other consonants in the string. As in previous studies, the poor readers performed less accurately than the good readers. However, the nature of their errors was the same: Both groups tended to transpose initial consonants as a function of their phonetic similarity and adjacency. These findings suggest that poor readers are able to employ a phonetic coding strategy in short-term memory, as do good readers, but less skillfully.
Revival of Islamic Medical Tradition

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5915/28-4-8087 This lecture was not submitted to JIMA as a manuscript. It was transcribed and then edited for publishing.
Über die Ursprünge des Grundvorstellungskonzepts in der deutschen Mathematikdidaktik

Based on historical research, it will be shown that concepts about the generation of basic ideas („Ausbildung von Grundvorstellungen”) have a long tradition going back for centuries in history of mathematics education in Germany. The main didactic task of “basic ideas” is to describe real life contexts which represent the “core” of the respective mathematical contents in a way which can be appreciated by the student. From a psychological point of view basic ideas can be interpreted as variable objects of transition between the world of mathematics and the individual world of thinking within a growing and changing system.
Creating the Model of a Clinical Practice: The Case of Emergency Medicine

Medical schools and specialty societies have struggled to define a core content for medical students and practitioners but, to date, have been stymied by both political considerations and the sheer burden of the innumerable decisions that must be made to define the essence of a medical specialty. Six professional organizations representing the field of emergency medicine recently collaborated with the National Board of Medical Examiners to accomplish this objective by developing a Model of the Clinical Practice of Emergency Medicine. This document will provide support for the development of medical school and residency curricula, training program accreditation standards, board certification test specifications, and organizational agendas for postgraduate education, research, and patient advocacy for the specialty of emergency medicine. The authors present a description of the model and the process that was used to develop it with the belief that other medical disciplines that face similar issues and challenges could benefit from a similar undertaking.
Income and Wealth Inequality in Nepal, 1996 and 2004: Changes and Socio-demographic, Spatial and Economic Determinants

Abstract Micro-data from national surveys indicate that economic inequality remained high and relatively unchanged in Nepal during the middle 1990s and early 2000s. Using household income and wealth as indicators, this study finds that many of the demographic characteristics, such as age, caste, ethnicity and widowhood, determined mostly along traditional social hierarchies, play influential roles in determining inequality in much of Nepal. In urban areas and especially in Kathmandu, however, these factors have proved increasingly less influential, replacing them with such factors as migration, education and labour market participation. These changes highlight the mechanisms through which different social groups are experiencing inequality, with important implications for the much needed economic, social and political stability of the country.
The Influence of Fracture Properties on Ground-Water Flow at the Bunker Hill Mine, Kellogg, Idaho

The Bunker Hill Mine in northern Idaho is a large underground lead-zinc mine located in Precambrian metaquartzite rocks with virtually no primary porosity. Ground-water flow through these types of rocks is largely dependent upon the properties of fractures such as joints, faults and relict bedding planes. Ground water that flows into the mine via the fractures is contaminated by heavy metals and by the production of acid water, which results in a severe acid mine drainage problem. A more complete understanding of how the fractures influence the ground-water flow system is a prerequisite to the evaluation of reclamation alternatives to reduce acid drainage from the mine. Fracture mapping techniques were used to obtain detailed information on the fracture properties observed in the New East Reed drift of the Bunker Hill Mine. The data obtained include: (a) fracture type, (b) orientation, (c) trace length, (d) the number of visible terminations, (e) roughness (small-scale asperities), (f) waviness (larger-scale undulations), (g) infilling material, and (h) a qualitative measure of the amount of water flowing through each fracture.
Dynamic architecture of a protein kinase

Protein kinases are dynamically regulated signaling proteins that act as switches in the cell by phosphorylating target proteins. To establish a framework for analyzing linkages between structure, function, dynamics, and allostery in protein kinases, we carried out multiple microsecond-scale molecular-dynamics simulations of protein kinase A (PKA), an exemplar active kinase. We identified residue–residue correlated motions based on the concept of mutual information and used the Girvan–Newman method to partition PKA into structurally contiguous “communities.” Most of these communities included 40–60 residues and were associated with a particular protein kinase function or a regulatory mechanism, and well-known motifs based on sequence and secondary structure were often split into different communities. The observed community maps were sensitive to the presence of different ligands and provide a new framework for interpreting long-distance allosteric coupling. Communication between different communities was also in agreement with the previously defined architecture of the protein kinase core based on the “hydrophobic spine” network. This finding gives us confidence in suggesting that community analyses can be used for other protein kinases and will provide an efficient tool for structural biologists. The communities also allow us to think about allosteric consequences of mutations that are linked to disease.
Low-temperature NMR study of the reductive C,C-coupling of CNMe by (C5Me5)2ZH2) and structural characterization of (C5Me5)2Z(Me))

Abstract Low-temperature NMR measurements within the range −45 to −10°C have provided spectroscopic evidence of the formation and sequential participation of two η2-iminoacyl intermediates, and , in the reductive coupling of two equivalents of CNMe by Cp*2Z r(CH 2 SiMe 2 C H2), where Cp* = C5Me5. The resultant product, Cp*2Z r(N(Me)C(CH 2 SiMe 2 CH 2 )=CN (Me)), has been characterized by spectroscopic and structural methods of analysis.
Testosterone-mediated immune functions and male life histories.

Recent advances in human life history theory have provided new insights into the potential selection pressures that were instrumental in the evolution of human and non-human primate males. However, gaps remain in our understanding of how primate males regulate and allocate energetic resources between survivorship and reproductive effort. Defense against parasitic infection is an important force shaping life history evolution. Proper performance of immunological responses against infection is influenced by many physiological systems, including metabolic, reproductive, and stress hormones. Because androgens influence and modulate immune, reproductive, and somatic metabolic functions, assessing changes in testosterone and immune factors during infection may yield insight into male physiological ecology. In this review, we examine male life history trade-offs between immune and reproductive endocrine functions as well as provide a comprehensive review of testosterone–immunocompetence relationships. Emphasis is placed on testosterone because it is a primary hormone shown to be crucial to energy-allocation processes in vertebrates. Non-primate species have been used more extensively in this research than humans or non-human primates, and therefore this extensive literature is organized and reviewed in order to better understand potential parallel relationships in primates, especially humans. Furthermore, we attempt to reconcile the many inconsistent results obtained from field studies on immune–endocrine interactions as well as detail various methodologies that may be used to forward this research in evolutionary anthropology. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 17:527–558, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A low cost non-linear fluorescence near-field/far-field microscope

Presented is a microscope design that employs two-photon non-linear excitation to allow the imaging of the fluorescence from almost any visible fluorophore at resolutions below 30 nm without changing filters or excitation wavelength. The ability of the microscope to image samples at atmospheric pressure, room temperature, and in solution makes it a very promising tool for the biological and materials science communities. The microscope demonstrates the ability to image topographical, far-field and near-field optical responses from the sample of interest. A single computer, simple custom control circuits, field programmable gate array (FPGA) data acquisition, and a simplified custom optical system are used. This versatility enables the end user to custom-design experiments from confocal far-field single molecule imaging to high resolution scanning probe microscopy imaging. Demonstrated is the far-field, topographic and near-field imaging using two-photon excitation of Bovine Pulmonary Artery Endothelial (BPAE) cells and J-aggregates (PVS Poly vinyl Sulfate) and PIC (Pseudo-Isocyanine) dye.
A FLUORESCENCE STUDY OF THE BINDING OF HOECHST 33258 and DAPI TO HALOGENATED DNAs

We have studied the time-resolved and the steady-state fluorescence of the DNA groove binders 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and Hoechst 33258 with the double stranded DNAs poly(dA-dU) and poly(dI-dC) and their halogenated analogs, poly(dA-I5dU) and poly(dI-Br5dC). These studies were prompted by earlier observations that steady-state fluorescence of Hoechst 33258 is quenched on binding to halogenated DNAs (presumably due to an intermolecular heavy atom effect involving the halogen atom in the major groove), and recent studies which clearly point to a binding-site in the minor groove of DNA. Measurements of the time resolved fluorescence decay demonstrate that the fluorescence of Hoechst 33258 is quenched on binding to the halogenated DNAs, in agreement with previous observations. However, quenching studies carried out using the free halogenated bases IdUrd and BrdCyd in solution yielded bimolecular rate constants more than one order of magnitude larger than those expected for an intermolecular heavy atom effect. Moreover, the quenching of the Hoechst 33258 fluorescence was accompanied by an accelerated photochemical destruction of Hoechst 33258. We therefore conclude that the fluorescence quenching observed with halogenated DNAs is probably due to a photochemical reaction involving Hoechst 33258, rather than direct contact of Hoechst 33258 with the halogen substituents in the major groove of the DNA. The fluorescence decay measurements however, do provide clear evidence for at least two different modes of binding. Taking into account the alternating sequences used in this study and the possibility of two different conformations for bound dye, at least four different modes of binding are plausible. Our present data do not allow us to distinguish between these alternatives. The time-resolved fluorescence decays and fluorescence quantum yields of DAPI are not affected by the presence of the heavy atom substituents in the DNA major groove. Based on this observation and earlier reports that DAPI binds in one of the DNA grooves, we conclude that the high affinity sites for DAPI on DNA are located in the minor groove.
P4.037 Use of Cell Phone Diaries to Understand Risk Contexts of Sexual Events Among Female Sex Workers

Background Data collection using mobile technologies, such as cell phones, allows more frequent and real-time data collection and is less prone to recall bias. We describe the feasibility of using twice daily cell phone diaries to capture contextual features of STI/HIV-risk that could impact disease acquisition among female sex workers (FSW). Methods Women engaging in transactional sex in the prior 90 days were recruited utilising incentivized snowball sampling. Participants completed STI testing and baseline/exit surveys. Over 4-weeks, they completed twice-daily electronic diaries assessing event-level sexual behaviour, condom use, and drug use. Weekly in-person interviews used open-ended questions to explore geographical characteristics of sexual encounter locations as well as acceptability of event-level monitoring. Results 25/26 participants (median age 43.5 years) completed the 4-week study. At baseline, 27% tested positive for a STI. Participants completed 84.5% of 1,518 expected surveys and 95% of 106 expected interviews. Patterns of diary compliance were stable over time. Partnered sexual activity was captured in 21.4% of diaries. At the participant-level, most reported giving oral sex (84.7%) or vaginal sex (96.1%); fewer (19.2%) reported engaging in anal sex. Among women reporting partnered sexual behaviour with any partner type (i.e., new/regular customers, romantic partners), using condoms was reported 39.2%, 45.5% and 83.3% of the time for giving oral sex, vaginal sex, and anal sex respectively. At the event-level, the frequency of giving oral sex, vaginal sex or anal sex did not significantly change over time. Conclusions It is feasible to engage and retain FSW in a technologically-advanced study to characterise risk contexts of sexual events. Adherence to study protocol was high indicating event-level monitoring using cell phone based diaries is acceptable. These data can be utilised to improve our understanding of the individual, relational and environmental factors that influence STI/HIV acquisition among FSW.
The impact of obesity on maternal morbidity and feto-infant outcomes among macrosomic infants

Objective. To estimate the contribution of obesity to maternal complications, neonatal morbidity and mortality among macrosomic births.Design. A population-based retrospective cohort design using State of Missouri maternally linked birth cohort files.Methods. Using pre-gravid body mass index (BMI), we categorized mothers of 116,976 singleton macrosomic live births as non-obese (BMI < 30) or obese (BMI ≥ 30). We used logistic regression models to generate adjusted odd ratios for pregnancy and neonatal complications. We also estimated the proportion of potentially preventable excess maternal and neonatal complications that could be eliminated among obese women with infant macrosomia at various levels of pre-pregnancy obesity reduction.Result. Obese mothers with macrosomic infants were at elevated risk for chronic hypertension (odds ratio (OR) = 6.78 [95% confidence interval (CI): 5.82–7.88]), insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, (OR = 2.60 [CI: 2.34–2.88]) other types of diabetes mellitus (OR = 2.83 [CI: 2....
Normal vibration frequencies of two- and three-dimensional arrays of alternating point masses

Abstract Normal vibration frequencies are calculated for alternating point-masses of mass M and m in two-dimensional rectangular and a three-dimensional parallelepiped arrays. The method of intermediate co-ordinate transformation is used in the analysis. In applying this method, the vibrating systems consisting of alternating masses are treated as the basic systems of linear chains of identical point-masses of mass m (the zero-order system) that are coupled together to form the two- and three-dimensional systems and then further modified by inclusion of an additional mass ϵm at alternating sites, where M = (1 + ϵ)m. The zero-order solution for the linear array of identical particles of mass m is well known. The present calculation shows the advantage of the process of intermediate co-ordinate transformation in simplifying problems which are otherwise complicated and also illustrates how such a process can be applied in more than one successive step.