cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Function and Meaning of Wild Gorilla 'Close' Calls

We investigate the social significance of the within group ('close') calls of gorillas by examining correlates of calling with dominance rank and with relatedness of adults, and by examining whether the outcomes of interactions between adults differ depending on the calls given during the interactions. In two wild gorilla groups, the majority of adults give most of their calls when near another adult and fully in sight of them. Thus gorillas' use 'close' calls as more than mere contact calls. An adult gorilla's use of 'close' calls correlates with its own and with its partner's dominance rank, with effects being most obvious for the most dominant animals, the fully adult males. Thus the proportion of 'double grunts', the most common 'close' call, in an individual's repertoire correlated consistently with dominance rank; all non-silverback adults gave a higher percent of double grunts in the presence of subordinates than they did near dominant animals; individuals were most likely to give 'non-syllabled' grunts in the adult male's presence; and they consistently exchanged calls at a higher rate with the adult males than with other group members. An adult's type of calls did not obviously differ depending on whether their neighbour was kin or non-kin, but kin were overall more likely to give calls in the presence of kin, and to exchange calls with kin than with non-kin, although the association was not consistent throughout the two years of the study. With regard to the consequences of calling, subordinates were less likely to be feeding one minute after an approach by a fully adult male during which calls were exchanged than during silent approaches. In contrast to findings from studies of some other species, calling did not correlate with duration of grooming. We suggest that, among other functions, gorillas' 'close' calls mediate social interactions. One form of calls, 'non-syllabled' calls, are interpretable as appeasement signals. The broadest interpretation of the 'double grunt' is that it is an exaggerated announcement of presence, whose function is to attract attention to the caller, and to signal conditional future activity.
Alveolar soft part sarcoma of the vulva: Report of first case and review of literature

Abstract A case of primary alveolar soft part sarcoma of the vulva is reported, with review of literature on this tumor arising from other parts of the human body. The patient is a 62-year-old caucasian secundigravida, with a 4-cm asymptomatic tumor in the right labium minus. Histology shows polygonal cancer cells with granular cytoplasm, forming alveolar patterns. Radical vulvectomy with complete dissection of the right groin and superficial dissection of the left groin lymph nodes was carried out. The surgical margins and lymph nodes were free of cancer. This tumor is rare, and the histogenesis is uncertain. It occurs most frequently in the limbs of young females, and runs an indolent course but usually results in a lethal outcome. It is recommended that wide local excision and dissection of regional lymph nodes be carried out. Adjuvant systemic chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy for a finite period of time is logical, but appropriate agents have yet to be defined. Local radiation may be indicated for the tumor not amenable to excision with wide free margin. Lifelong follow-up is mandatory based on a propensity for late recurrence.
Raman spectroscopic documentation of Oligocene bladder stone

Discovery of a fossil (30–35 million-year-old) urolith from Early Oligocene deposits in northeastern Colorado provides the earliest evidence for the antiquity of bladder stones. These are spherical objects with a layered phosphatic structure and a hollow center. Each layer is composed of parallel crystals oriented perpendicular to the surface. Macroscopic and microscopic examination and X-ray diffraction analysis, along with comparison with 1,000 contemporary uroliths, were used as evidence in the confirmation of this diagnosis. Raman microspectroscopy verified the presence of organic material between layers, confirming its biologic origin.
The Standard Error of Time-Average Estimates of Climatic Means

Abstract Climate change studies with general circulation models require the estimation of climatic means by calculation of finite-time averages. A simple stochastic model is used to estimate the standard error of such an estimation method as a function of averaging time. Consequences for long-range forecasting are also discussed.
Perverse coherent sheaves and the geometry of special pieces in the unipotent variety

Let X be a scheme of finite type over a Noetherian base scheme S admitting a dualizing complex, and let UX be an open set whose complement has codimension at least 2. We extend the Deligne�Bezrukavnikov theory of perverse coherent sheaves by showing that a coherent intermediate extension (or intersection cohomology) functor from perverse sheaves on U to perverse sheaves on X may be defined for a much broader class of perversities than has previously been known. We also introduce a derived category version of the coherent intermediate extension functor. Under suitable hypotheses, we introduce a construction (called �S2-extension�) in terms of perverse coherent sheaves of algebras on X that takes a finite morphism to U and extends it in a canonical way to a finite morphism to X. In particular, this construction gives a canonical �S2-ification� of appropriate X. The construction also has applications to the �Macaulayfication� problem, and it is particularly well-behaved when X is Gorenstein. Our main goal, however, is to address a conjecture of Lusztig on the geometry of special pieces (certain subvarieties of the unipotent variety of a reductive algebraic group). The conjecture asserts in part that each special piece is the quotient of some variety (previously unknown for the exceptional groups and in positive characteristic) by the action of a certain finite group. We use S2-extension to give a uniform construction of the desired variety.
InP-Based Single-Photon Detectors and Geiger-Mode APD Arrays for Quantum Communications Applications

To meet the increasing demand from quantum communications and other photon starved applications, we have developed various InP-based single-photon detectors, including discrete single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs), negative feedback avalanche diodes (NFADs), and Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode (GmAPD) arrays. A large quantity of InP SPADs have been fabricated. Out of 1000 devices with a 25-μm active area diameter, operated under gated mode at temperature of 233 K, with a pulse repetition rate of 1 MHz and pulse width of 1 ns, the average dark count rate and afterpulsing probability are 30 kHz and 8 × 10 -5 , respectively. Smaller (16-μm active area diameter) and larger (40-μm active area diameter) discrete devices have been fabricated as well, and their performances are presented along with the 25-μm diameter devices. NFAD devices can operate in free running mode and photon detection efficiency of 10-15% can be achieved without applying any hold-off time externally. When the temperature decreases from 240 to 160 K, the noise equivalent power (NEP) decreasesfrom1.9 × 10 -16 to 1.8 × 10 -18 WHz -1/2 , with the activation energy being 0.2 eV. The very low NEP at 160 K makes NFAD devices an ideal choice for long distance, entanglement-based quantum key distributions. GmAPD arrays provide an enabling technology for many active optical applications, such as 3-D laser detection and ranging (LADAR) and photon starved optical communications. Both 32 × 32 and 128 × 32 GmAPD arrays have been fabricated with high performance and good uniformity. GmAPD focal plane arrays (FPAs) with framed readout mode have enabled very high-performance flash LADAR systems. GmAPD FPAs with asynchronous readout mode will enable high rate quantum key distributions and other quantum communications applications.
Nucleotide sequence of the BALB/c mouse β-globin complex

Abstract The nucleotide sequence of 55,856 base-pairs containing all seven β-globin homologous structures from chromosome 7 of the BALB/c mouse is reported. This sequence links together previously published sequences of the β-globin genes, pseudogenes and repetitive elements. Using low stringency computer searches, we found no additional β-globin homologous sequences, but did find many more long interspersed repetitive sequences (L1) than predicted by hybridization. L1 is a major component of the mouse β-globin complex with at least 15 elements comprising about 22% of the reported sequence. Most open reading frames greater than 300 base-pairs in the cluster overlap with L1 repeats or globin genes. Polypurine, polypyrimidine and alternating purine/pyrimidine tracts are not evenly dispersed throughout the complex, but they do not appear to be excluded from or restricted to particular regions. Several regions of intergenic homology were detected in dot-plot comparisons of the mouse sequence with itself and with the human β-globin sequence. The significance of these homologies is unclear, but these regions are candidates for further study in functional assays in erythroid cell lines or transgenic animals.
The Theological Origins of Modernity

Exposing the religious roots of our ostensibly godless age, Michael Allen Gillespie reveals in this landmark study that modernity is much less secular than conventional wisdom suggests. Taking as his starting point the collapse of the medieval world, Gillespie argues that from the very beginning, moderns sought not to eliminate religion but to support a new view of religion and its place in human life. He goes on to explore the ideas of such figures as William of Ockham, Petrarch, Erasmus, Luther, Descartes, and Hobbes, showing that modernity is best understood as a series of attempts to formulate a new and coherent metaphysics or theology.
The accommodation of traveling waves of Fisher's type to the dynamics of the leading tail

Traveling wave solutions for equations of Fisher’s type are given by a connection from a saddle point to a node, and their velocity for large times is known to be determined by the spatial decay rate of the initial conditions far ahead of the wave. To understand this phenomenon in simple terms, initial conditions are considered that correspond to a traveling wave, but with an exponential decay rate far ahead of the wave that varies slowly in the region referred to as the leading tail. The wave that results is supersonic in the sense that the speed of the core of the traveling wave is greater than the velocity of the characteristics, or group velocity, in the leading tail. Consequently, the speed of the core adjusts to accommodate the slowly varying decay rate in the leading tail. A generalization is also considered that includes Fisher's equation, for which traveling waves with a stable exponential tail corresponding to a node are supersonic.
National Board Certified Teachers and Their Students' Achievement

Contemporary research on teaching indicates that teachers are powerful contributors to students’ academic achievement, though the set and interrelationships of characteristics that make for high-quality and effective teaching have yet to be satisfactorily determined. Nevertheless, on the basis of the extant research and a vision of exemplary teaching, the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards stipulated a definition of a superior teacher. The Board did this without empirical evidence to support their claim that teachers’ who meet the standards set by the Board were superior in promoting academic achievement to those who did not meet those standards. In the 17 years since the founding of the National Board, only a few empirical studies have addressed this important issue. In this study we compare the academic performance of students in the elementary classrooms of 35 National Board Certified teachers and their non-certified peers, in 14 Arizona school districts. Board Certified teachers and their principals provide additional information about these teachers and their schools. Four years of results from the Stanford Achievement Tests in reading, mathematics and language arts, in grades three
Digit Span, Forward and Backward: Separate and Unequal Components of the WAIS Digit Span:

WAIS Digit Span scores of 50 subjects were evaluated to determine the relationship of Digits Forward and Digits Backward to intellectual functioning in an intellectually subnormal population. The s...
Familial Aspects of Coarctation of the Aorta

In a 15-year period in one medical center where 341 patients had a coarctation of the aorta identified, fire families had more than one family member affected with this disorder. Two of these families had three siblings with coarctation, one had two siblings, and two have a parent and child affected. The frequency of coarctation in more than one member of a family would appear more common than expected by chance alone, and implies a genetic contribution to the etiology of this disorder. Similar lesions in addition to other congenital cardiac malformations should be assiduously sought in siblings and children of subjects with congenital cardiac malformations.
A combined approach for treatment of developmental groove associated periodontal defect. A case report.

Developmental grooves are not rare and often appear on maxillary lateral incisors. This may represent a challenge and sometimes tooth extraction is inevitable. This case report describes a combined technique of regenerative and antimicrobial/root conditioning used to treat a maxillary lateral incisor in a 32-year-old woman. Tooth #10 presented a periodontal probing depth, of 8 mm below the cingulum, associated with a developmental groove. The tooth was vital. After initial preparation, a palatal miniflap was raised, granulation tissue was eliminated by means of ultrasonic bactericidal curettage and radicoloplasty performed. The surface was then treated for 3 minutes with tetracycline-HCl solution (100mg/ml), and the defect filled with sterile, medical grade, calcium sulfate. Clinical measurements were retaken at 6, 12, and 18 months. The results indicated a reduction of probing depth to 2 mm, reestablishment of the lamina dura, and radiographical evidence of bone growth. This combined treatment allowed th...
A hierarchical SVG image abstraction layer for medical imaging

As medical imaging rapidly expands, there is an increasing need to structure and organize image data for efficient analysis, storage and retrieval. In response, a large fraction of research in the areas of content-based image retrieval (CBIR) and picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) has focused on structuring information to bridge the "semantic gap", a disparity between machine and human image understanding. An additional consideration in medical images is the organization and integration of clinical diagnostic information. As a step towards bridging the semantic gap, we design and implement a hierarchical image abstraction layer using an XML based language, Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG). Our method encodes features from the raw image and clinical information into an extensible "layer" that can be stored in a SVG document and efficiently searched. Any feature extracted from the raw image including, color, texture, orientation, size, neighbor information, etc., can be combined in our abstraction with high level descriptions or classifications. And our representation can natively characterize an image in a hierarchical tree structure to support multiple levels of segmentation. Furthermore, being a world wide web consortium (W3C) standard, SVG is able to be displayed by most web browsers, interacted with by ECMAScript (standardized scripting language, e.g. JavaScript, JScript), and indexed and retrieved by XML databases and XQuery. Using these open source technologies enables straightforward integration into existing systems. From our results, we show that the flexibility and extensibility of our abstraction facilitates effective storage and retrieval of medical images.
Direct Lyapunov exponent analysis enables parametric study of transient signalling governing cell behaviour

Computational models aid in the quantitative understanding of cell signalling networks. One important goal is to ascertain how multiple network components work together to govern cel- lular responses, that is, to determine cell 'signal-response' relationships. Several methods exist to study steady-state signals in the context of differential equation-based models. However, many bio- logical networks influence cell behaviour through time-varying signals operating during a transient activated state that ultimately returns to a basal steady-state. A computational approach adapted from dynamical systems analysis to discern how diverse transient signals relate to alternative cell fates is described. Direct finite-time Lyapunov exponents (DLEs) are employed to identify phase-space domains of high sensitivity to initial conditions. These domains delineate regions exhi- biting qualitatively different transient activities that would be indistinguishable using steady-state analysis but which correspond to different outcomes. These methods are applied to a physico- chemical model of molecular interactions among caspase-3, caspase-8 and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis - proteins whose transient activation determines cell death against survival fates. DLE analysis enabled identification of a separatrix that quantitatively characterises network beha- viour by defining initial conditions leading to apoptotic cell death. It is anticipated that DLE analy- sis will facilitate theoretical investigation of phenotypic outcomes in larger models of signalling networks.
Performing the exact test of Hardy-Weinberg proportion for multiple alleles.

SUMMARY The Hardy-Weinberg law plays an important role in the field of population genetics and often serves as a basis for genetic inference. Because of its importance, much attention has been devoted to tests of Hardy-Weinberg proportions (HWP) over the decades. It has long been recognized that largesample goodness-of-fit tests can sometimes lead to spurious results when the sample size and/or some genotypic frequencies are small. Although a complete enumeration algorithm for the exact test has been proposed, it is not of practical use for loci with more than a few alleles due to the amount of computation required. We propose two algorithms to estimate the significance level for a test of HWP. The algorithms are easily applicable to loci with multiple alleles. Both are remarkably simple and computationally fast. Relative efficiency and merits of the two algorithms are compared. Guidelines regarding their usage are given. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the practicality of the algorithms.
Focal adhesion kinase mediates stretch-induced up-regulation of electrical and mechanical junction proteins

in DI are not necessary to produce changes in APD, i.e. DI mediated restitution is not necessary for alternans to exist. Furthermore, these results show that explicit control of DI’s is likely to provide a much clearer picture of mechanisms of alternans by eliminating the confound of restitution ubiquitous in current investigations. Acknowledgement: Supported by grant in aid from the American Heart Association, Ohio Valley Affiliate.
An Absorber-coupled TES Bolometer for Measuring CMB Polarization

We report an absorber-coupled superconducting Transition Edge Sensor (TES) bolometric polarimeter for measuring Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) B-mode polarization. The polarimeter consists of a dipole-like PdAu absorber and a Mo/Au bi-layer TES on a suspended silicon nitride rectangle. Its design, fabrication, thermal properties, and optical performance are presented.
A chemical characterization of an algal inhibitor obtained from chlamydomonas

This investigation was conducted to characterize the algal inhibitory material originally isolated by Proctor (1957b) from Chlamydomonas. Analysis of purified extracts demonstrated that the inhibitor was a mixture of fatty acids. The identity and relative percentages of most of the components of the mixture were determined by GLC analysis. There is evidence that unsaturated fatty acids were responsible for the majority of the toxicity.
Ethnic Concentration and Chicano Poverty: A Comparative Approach

Abstract Chicanos represent one of the few racial and ethnic groups in this country that have experienced consistent increases in poverty since 1980. Unfortunately, little empirical and policy attention has focused on Chicano poverty and its areal variation across the nation. This research uses data from the 1990 Summary Tape File 4C (STF4C) to examine Chicano poverty in U.S. counties containing at least 500 Chicanos. Two hypotheses are examined: (1) there is a positive relationship between the relative size of the Chicano population and the group's poverty rate, and (2) this association is stronger in the Southwest. The results from multivariate analyses provide support for both hypotheses. For comparative purposes, the analysis is also conducted for Anglos and African Americans.
Objective evaluation of a behavioral enrichment device for captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

A quantitative evaluation was made of a food puzzle designed to be a behavioral enrichment device for captive chimpanzees. Subjects were two social groups of chimpanzees housed in semifree-ranging conditions at the University of Texas Science Park in Bastrop. Subjects used the device for a mean of 91.6 minutes after it was filled with peanuts. Group levels of agonistic interactions, displays, coprophagy, regurgitation, excessive grooming, and consumption of wood were not significantly altered by the use of the peanut box. However, the data indicate that some of these categories of behavior were significantly increased or decreased in individual animals. Although the food puzzle box appears to be a promising behavioral enrichment tool, the necessity of recognizing individual differences in response to environmental manipulations must be emphasized.
THE EXTRACARDIAC ANASTOMOSES OF THE CORONARY ARTERIES

Widespread anastomoses of the auricular branches and the coronary branches to the pericardial fat with the pericardiacophrenic branches of the internal mammary arteries and the anterior mediastinal, pericardial, bronchial, superior and inferior phrenic, intercostal and esophageal branches of the aorta have been described. The most extensive anastomoses between the cardiac and extracardiac vessels are around the ostia of the pulmonary veins. It was possible not only to demonstrate the passage of injection mass from the coronary arteries into the vessels of surrounding structures, but also to show vessels in the heart injected through the thoracic branches of the aorta. This rich potential extracardiac coronary collateral circulation is probably of significance in compensating for sclerosis of the large trunks of the coronary arteries.
Free abelian cohomology of groups and ends of universal covers

Abstract Let G be a group for which there exists a K(G, 1)-complex X having finite n-skeleton (for n = 1 or 2 this is equivalent to saying that G is finitely generated or finitely presented). If X n is the n-skeleton of the universal cover of X, X n is a locally finite complex whose proper homotopy invariants at ∞ (homology groups of the end, homotopy groups of the end etc.) in dimensions ≤ n are invariants of G which are closely related to H∗(G, Z G). This relationship is explained. When G is a suitable extension of an infinite group by an infinite group, we obtain new information about H∗(G, Z G) and about the proper homotopy type of X n .
Up- and Down-going Wave Multiples RTM Imaging for VSP

SUMMARY Vertical seismic profile (VSP) using reverse time migration (RTM) with up- and down-going wave separation can produce VSP images with improved image coverage compared to a conventional imaging result . We go beyond first order up- and down-going signal to use higher-order surface-related multiples as signal to maximize subsurface illumination. By separating up- and down-going waves, we reduce the interference between up- and down-going wave. We test our method on a synthetic data generated by a Born’s method on a fourlayer model with a normal fault. By applying up- and downgoing wave separation, we inject source wavelet and receiver data in different locations using mirror imaging and RTM process. The migrated image provides accurate velocity, depth and Q attenuation information to tie well-log and surface seismic data.
Strain-gradient effects around spherical inclusions and cavities

Abstract This paper deals with the elastic stress field due to a spherical inclusion or cavity in an infinite exterior region subjected to spherically symmetric tension at infinity. The results are derived for a potential energy that depends on strains and strain gradients. Such a potential energy will give rise to both classical stresses and non-classical hyperstresses. It is shown that the hyperstresses are confined to the vicinity of the interface or free surface associated with an inclusion or a cavity and are therefore representative of skin effects. The stress concentration factor, computed on the basis of the hoop stresses around a cavity, is shown to be at large variance with the classical value.
Crystalline Compounds and Glasses in the System B2O3‐NaF‐NaBF4

The system B/sub 2/O/sub 3/--NaF--NaBF/sub 4/ has been studied by subjecting selected compositions to thermal treatment in the range 400 to 600/sup 0/C. Weight losses, chemical analyses, ir, Raman, and x-ray diffraction techniques were used to define the composition of the crystalline phases and the structural units being formed in the system. The stoichiometry of the BF/sub 3/ evolved from NaBF/sub 4/--B/sub 2/O/sub 3/ mixtures indicated that a composition corresponding to Na/sub 2/B/sub 3/F/sub 5/O/sub 3/ was formed in mixtures containing up to 33.3 mol% B/sub 2/O/sub 3/. At higher boron oxide concentrations, Na/sub 2/B/sub 3/F/sub 5/O/sub 3/ was consumed, yielding 2NaF 3B/sub 2/O/sub 3/. The crystalline compounds Na/sub 3/B/sub 3/F/sub 6/O/sub 3/, 2NaF 3B/sub 2/O/sub 3/, and phase B (apparently NaF B/sub 2/O/sub 3/) were formed in the system. The compound Na/sub 3/B/sub 3/F/sub 6/O/sub 3/ appeared as the stable oxygen-containing species in NaBF/sub 4/--NaF mixtures of low oxide content. The main fluorine-containing structural units of the system are BF/sub 4/, (-O)/sub 3/BF, (-O)/sub 2/BF/sub 2/, (-O)/sub 2/BF, whereas the main structure for binary NaF--B/sub 2/O/sub 3/ mixtures is (-O)/sub 3/BF.
A role for skin in Ca metabolism of frogs

Abstract 1. 1. In the leopard frog, Rana pipiens , in vivo Ca loss occurs in similar amounts across the skin and the urine. No change was detected in Ca loss when frogs were injected with either calcitonin or parathyroid hormone. Large doses of 1,25-(OH) 2 vitamin D 3 increased urinary Ca loss. 2. 2. 45 Ca accumulation across the skin in vivo each day is equivalent to 0.04% of total body Ca or 14% of the total Ca in the extracellular fluids. This accumulation was enhanced by prior adaptation of the frogs to a low Ca pond water. 3. 3. Unidirectional influx (from 0.2 mM Ca on pond side) was remarkably similar in vitro : 0.56 and in vivo : 0.65 nmol cm −2 h −1 . Based on in vitro measurements, an active transport process does not appear to be involved in this transcutaneous Ca movement. 4. 4. Substantial deposits of Ca equivalent to five times the total in other “soft” tissues and eleven times that in the total extracellular fluids are found in R. pipiens skin. 5. 5. Although cutaneous Ca does “turnover” slowly as shown by exchange with external 45 Ca. the skin Ca concentration does not change with the environmental Ca concentration. 6. 6. Possible role(s) of cutaneous Ca in frogs' overall Ca metabolism are discussed.
Excess 40Ar in biotite and hornblende from the Noril'sk 1 intrusion, Siberia: implications for the age of the Siberian Traps

The Siberian Traps represent the largest known Phanerozoic manifestation of continental flood volcanism. The general agreement is now that the volcanism was of short duration (∼ 1 m.y.) and was synchronous with the Permian-Triassic boundary. Discrepancies between different geochronologic results prevent rigorous evaluation of the age and duration of magmatism. Several alkalic mafic intrusions associated with the Siberian Traps represent subvolcanic feeders for the Trap lavas. The Noril'sk 1 intrusion is intruded into the earliest flows and is chemically and isotopically related to stratigraphically overlying flows. Biotites from the Noril'sk 1 intrusion have previously yielded 40Ar39Ar plateau dates (254-251 Ma) that are significantly older than seemingly reliable 40Ar39Ar plateau dates (250-247 Ma) on plagioclase and whole-rock samples from Trap basalts that are geologically constrained to be older than the intrusion. Possible explanations of this discrepancy include: (1) plagioclase and whole-rock samples are anomalously young due to 40Ar loss via alteration or episodic outgassing, and/or (2) the biotites contain excess 40Ar. Detailed laser heating 40Ar39Ar analysis of six individual grains of biotite in a total of 214 steps yield data that permit characterization of multiple components of Ar through isotope correlation patterns. An isochron age of 250.1 ± 1.5 Ma (2σ) and an excess Ar component with 40Ar36Ar = 565 ± 39, are obtained by regression of the 115 highest temperature steps. Step heating of a bulk hornblende sample also reveals excess Ar, with 40Ar36Ar = 327 ± 10 and an isochron age of 249.3 ± 1.6 Ma. Neglecting uncertainties in the ages of neutron fluence monitors, the two dates just overlap at 2σ, but are distinctly younger than the previous mean plateau date (253.9 ± 1.6 Ma) for biotite. The different initial 40Ar36Ar for the two phases is interpreted as reflecting the evolution of an initial lower mantle composition towards increasing crustal contamination.
Postural maintenance during movement: Simulations of a two joint model

Voluntary movements of the upper body are accompanied by anticipatory postural adjustments to the lower body in a standing subject. The long-standing hypothesis is that these anticipatory adjustments serve to counteract the perturbation to the body's center of gravity caused by the voluntary arm movement. This paper presents model simulations investigating the possible roles of anticipatory postural activity that accompanies a rapid, upward arm swing. The model encorporates two (idealized) antagonistic muscle pairs controlling the movements of a double-joint system, with a "shoulder joint" between the arm and stiff body links, and an "ankle joint" between the stiff body-leg segment and the ground. Each muscle is represented by a nonlinear viscoelastic element and also includes proprioceptive feedback. Four inputs to the model define the motor control signals for muscle force generation in both the arm and the postural muscle pairs. The neurological component of the model describes consequences of alternate strategies for cocontractions, stretch reflex activity, and anticipatory and synchronous postural activities (or combinations thereof). Simulations with this model show that: (1) none of the postural maintenance schemes considered in these simulations (including varying anticipation) could suppress the initial backward thrust on the body link; (2) the more important destabilizing perturbation is a subsequent forward sway that, left uncountered by postural activity, would eventually leave the body to fall flat on its face; and (3) anticipatory silencing of the postural extensor followed by a brief period of extensor activation (descending control) and synchronous reflex activity (feedback control) appears to be the most likely postural stabilizing strategy that inhibits the continuous forward sway and is consistent with the experimental evidence.
Determination of tissue movement patterns from mitotic counts in hydra.

Abstract Mitotic counts in Hydra oligactus have been used to predict the movement of a hypothetical tissue marker along the body column. Analysis was performed using all mitotic figures counted and mitotic figures whose spindle was parallel to the long axis of the animal. This latter group of mitoses is assumed to account for most tissue migration. Tissue movement was determined for different assumed locations of the stationary plane to show the different pattern that would result if the stationary plane is located other than at the usually assumed position below the hypostome. These results suggest that cell cycle time in the hypostomal region of the animal is longer than in other body regions. Also when compared to experimental measurements of tissue marker movement, the results presented imply that counts of mitotic figures in the gastric region and peduncle of hydra may be interpreted as cell divisions/body segment/15 hr.
Techniques for interactive three dimensional design

An experimental graphics system for three dimensional design is described. Emphasis is placed on 3D interaction techniques used in the design of the system, together with the overall user-interface. The techniques used involved two-dimensional input devices and displays only. A 3D cursor is used to manipulate objects consisting of lines and geometric representations, appropriate for free-form design. The associative transformation structure combines with high level data generation directives to provide a flexible and powerful design environment. The system operates in a dual-minicomputer configuration involving a dynamic, on-line software package distributed between an IMLAC PDS-1 and a DEC PDP 11/40.
Beyond the Literal: Microtransformations in a Secondary ESL Classroom.

There has been little exploration regarding how Anglo teacher's interactions with Latina/o language learners influence student subjectivities. In this article the author attempts to use a theoretical tool from Critical Race Theory called „microaggressions” and her theoretical construct „microtransformations” to explore how a teacher's linguistic engagements with Latina/o language learning students can create and disrupt particular racialized student subjectivities.
Silicon-on-insulator integrated waveguide filters for photonic channelizer applications

We demonstrate integrated waveguide microcavity filters for channelizer applications. Various filters exhibit bandwidths of BW≪2 GHz (16 pm), free spectral range FSR≫83 GHz (1.87nm), and maximum finesse F=77. Several contributions to filter loss are examined.
Selectivity and minimal androgenicity of norgestimate in monophasic and triphasic oral contraceptives

The contraceptive progestin norgestimate (NGM) has a high affinity for uterine progestin receptors and a lack of affinity for androgen receptors similar to that of natural progesterone. NGM's selectivity results in excellent efficacy, cycle control, and minimal androgenicity when it is combined with ethinyl estradiol (EE). Clinical studies of a monophasic regimen of NGM/EE indicate a positive impact on lipid metabolism, revealing an increase in serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with a concomitant and significant decrease in the low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio. Little impact on carbohydrate metabolism was noted. Serum levels of sex hormone binding globulin, an indicator of androgen-estrogen balance, also increased significantly with NGM/EE in accordance with its low androgenic activity. A significant between-regimen difference in SHBG was seen in a comparison study of NGM/EE and LNG/EE triphasic formulations (a mean rise of 68.6% with NGM/EE vs a decrea...
The Spatially Distributed Dynamic Transmembrane Voltage of Cells and Organelles due to 10 ns Pulses: Meshed Transport Networks

The authors describe two versions of a two-dimensional (2-D) cell model that contains three circular membranes representing the plasma membrane (PM) and single bilayer approximations to both the nuclear envelope and the mitochondrial membrane. The first version uses a Cartesian transport network, which respects topology but approximates geometry. The second version uses a meshed transport network, which respects both. The asymptotic electroporation model is assigned to all local membrane sites in order to assess the electrical response of the membranes. The predictions of these two models are presented for 10-ns trapezoidal pulses with 1.5 ns rise and fall times. The applied field magnitudes range from 1 to 100 kV/cm, corresponding to recent experiments. The spatially distributed electroporation models exhibit a supraelectroporation for the larger pulses with a maximum transmembrane voltage of Um~1.5 V for both the PM and organelle membranes. For the larger fields, the PM and organelle membranes electroporate essentially simultaneously. The meshed version of the transport network eliminates numerical artifacts and is more computationally efficient
Sweetgum Dormancy Release: Effects of Chilling, Photoperiod, and Genotype

In Liquidambar styraciflua L., 1200 to 1600 hours of chilling (3°C) resulted in rapid resumption of growth under greenhouse forcing conditions. Long photoperiods were effective substitutes for chilling. Plants from southern Alabama (Lat. 31°) had a lower chilling requirement than those from western Tennessee (Lat. 36°). Growth rate of plants under long photoperiod varied directly with degree of previous chilling.
The mechanisms of change in the treatment of borderline personality disorder with transference focused psychotherapy

We address how Transference Focused Psychotherapy (TFP) conceptualizes mechanisms in the cause and maintenance of borderline personality disorder (BPD) as well as change mechanisms both within the patient and in terms of specific therapists' interventions that engender patient change. Mechanisms of change at the level of the patient involve the integration of polarized representations of self and others; mechanisms of change at the level of the therapist's interventions include the structured treatment approach and the use of clarification, confrontation, and "transference" interpretations in the here and now of the therapeutic relationship. In addition, we briefly review evidence from our group regarding the following hypothesized mechanisms of change: contract setting, integration of representations, and changes in reflective functioning (RF) and affect regulation.
Strip-tillage effect on seedbed soil temperature and other soil physical properties

The no-tillage system is perceived as having lower soil temperatures, wetter soil conditions, and greater surface penetration resistance compared with conventional and other conservation tillage systems. Concerns associated with the effect of the no-tillage system on certain soil physical properties (i.e. soil temperature, moisture, and compaction) prompted this study to evaluate the effect of an alternative tillage system, strip-tillage, on these physical properties, compared with chisel plow and no-tillage systems. The study was conducted on two Iowa State University research and demonstration farms in 2001 and 2002. One site was at the Marsden Farm near Ames, where the soils were Nicollet loam (Aquic Hapludolls) and Webster silty clay loam (Typic Haplaquolls). The second site was at the Northeast Research and Demonstration Farm near Nashua, where the soils were Kenyon loam (Typic Hapludolls) and Floyd loam (Aquic Hapludolls). Soil temperature increased in the top 5 cm under strip-tillage (1.2–1.4 ◦ C) over no-tillage and it remained close to the chisel plow soil temperature. This increase in soil temperature contributed to an improvement in plant emergence rate index (ERI) under strip-tillage compared with no-tillage. The results show no significant differences in soil moisture status between the three tillage systems, although the strip-tillage soil profile has slightly greater moisture content than chisel plow. Moisture content through the soil profile particularly at the lower depths under all tillage treatments was greater than the plant available water (PAW). However, the changes in soil moisture storage were much greater with strip-tillage and chisel plow than no-tillage from post-emergence to preharvest at 0–30 and 0–120 cm. It was observed also that most change in soil moisture storage occurred between post-emergence and tasseling. Penetration resistance was similar for both strip-tillage and no-tillage, but commonly greater than chisel plow. In general, the findings show that strip-tillage can contribute effectively to improve plant emergence, similar to chisel plowing and conserve soil moisture effectively compared with no-tillage. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Apolipoprotein E and Protection Against Hepatitis E Viral Infection in American Non-Hispanic Blacks

Hepatitis E viral (HEV) infection imposes a heavy health burden worldwide and is common in the United States. Previous investigations of risks addressed environmental and host behavioral/lifestyle factors, but host genetic factors have not been examined. We assessed strength of associations between antibody to HEV (anti-HEV) immunoglobulin G seropositivity indicating past or recent HEV infection and human genetic variants among three major racial/ethnic populations in the United States, involving 2434 non-Hispanic whites, 1919 non-Hispanic blacks, and 1919 Mexican Americans from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1991-1994. We studied 497 single-nucleotide polymorphisms across 190 genes (particularly those associated with lipid metabolism). The genomic control method was used to adjust for potential population stratification. Non-Hispanic blacks had the lowest seroprevalence of anti-HEV immunoglobulin G (15.3%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 12.3%-19.0%) compared with non-Hispanic whites (22.3%, 95% CI 19.1%-25.7%) and Mexican Americans (21.8%, 95% CI 19.0%-25.3%; P < 0.01). Non-Hispanic blacks were the only population that showed association between anti-HEV seropositivity and functional e3 and e4 alleles of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene, encoding the apolipoprotein E protein that mediates lipoprotein metabolism. Seropositivity was significantly lower in participants carrying APOE e4 (odds ratio = 0.5, 95% CI 0.4-0.7; P = 0.00004) and e3 (odds ratio = 0.6, 95% CI 0.4-0.8; P = 0.001) compared to those carrying APOE e2. No significant associations were observed between other single-nucleotide polymorphisms and anti-HEV seropositivity in non-Hispanic blacks or between any single-nucleotide polymorphisms and anti-HEV seropositivity in non-Hispanic whites or Mexican Americans. Conclusion: Both APOE e3 and e4 are significantly associated with protection against HEV infection in non-Hispanic blacks; additional studies are needed to understand the basis of protection so that preventive services can be targeted to at-risk persons. (Hepatology 2015;62:1346–1352)
AIDS-Related Illness and AIDS Risk in Male Homo/Bisexual Substance Abusers: Case Reports and Clinical Issues

Little has been written about the treatment of substance use disorders among seropositive HIV patients or high-risk seronegative substance abusers. Demographic and clinical characteristics, along with treatment issues, were examined based on experience with 18 patients in a substance abuse program in a university medical center (3 AID, 3 ARC, 9 seropositive only, and 3 seronegative high risk). Scores on a substance abuse rating scale were extremely high. Most of them abused three or more different substances, had used drugs parenterally, had more than 50 sex partners, and/or had received previous substance abuse treatment. Affective disorder, suicide attempt, and antisocial personality were frequent in this group. About half of the patients complied with treatment and showed improvement in their substance disorder. Several common themes in the management of these patients are described.
Leadership Development through Mentoring in Higher Education: A Collaborative Autoethnography of Leaders of Color

In this collaborative autoethnography, we explored how 14 academic and administrative leaders of color working in faith-based higher education have experienced personal and professional mentoring, and how mentoring experiences have influenced their leadership development. All participants identified a wide array of developmental relationships that had contributed to their leadership development, although not all of the relationships were labeled as mentoring. Whereas female participants (11 in total) relied on these relationships primarily for psychosocial support, three male participants had more actively sought out mentoring relationships to develop career skills and expand their professional network. Particularly, for the female participants, mentoring took place mostly outside their professional settings. We argue that personal and institutional factors contributed to the participants’ limited access to professional mentoring within their higher education contexts. This collaborative autoethnography p...
Illusions and Ghost Resonances: How We Could See What Isn’t There

To judge with certainty which information our senses are paying attention to is a hard problem, because often what we see, hear, or feel is not out there. In this paper, objective explanations are discussed for these tantalizing illusions demonstrating how relatively simple nonlinear stochastic transformations make the solution possible.
Self-Recording during Group Instruction: Effects on Attention to Task.

The effects of self-monitoring on attention to task during small-group instruction were investigated. Three learning disabled (LD) boys with severe attentional problems were taught to self-monitor ...
The Nation According to Lavisse: Teaching Masculinity and Male Citizenship in Third-Republic France

Ernest Lavisse's Histoire de France: Cours elementaire (1884) was one of the most widely used history textbooks among French school children during the Third Republic. Le Petit Lavisse is replete w...
Effects of choice white grease and soybean oil on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and carcass fat quality of growing-finishing pigs.

A total of 144 barrows and gilts (initial BW = 44 kg) were used in an 82-d experiment to evalu- ate the effects of dietary fat source and duration of feed- ing fat on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and carcass fat quality. Dietary treatments were a corn- soybean meal control diet with no added fat and a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments with 5% choice white grease (CWG) or soybean oil (SBO) fed from d 0 to 26, 54, 68, or 82. At the conclusion of the study (d 82), pigs were slaughtered, carcass characteristics were measured, and backfat and jowl fat samples were col- lected. Fatty acid analysis was performed, and iodine value (IV) was calculated for all backfat and jowl fat samples. Pigs fed SBO tended to have increased (P = 0.07) ADG compared with pigs fed CWG. For pigs fed SBO, increasing feeding duration increased (quadratic, P < 0.01) ADG and G:F. For pigs fed CWG, increasing feeding duration improved (quadratic, P < 0.01) G:F. For pigs fed SBO or CWG, increasing feeding duration increased carcass yield (quadratic, P < 0.04) and HCW (quadratic, P < 0.02). Dietary fat source and feed- ing duration did not affect backfat depth, loin depth, or lean percentage. As expected, barrows had greater ADG and ADFI (P < 0.01) and poorer G:F (P = 0.03) than gilts. Barrows also had greater last-rib (P = 0.04) and 10th-rib backfat (P < 0.01) and reduced loin depth and lean percentage (P < 0.01) compared with gilts. Increasing feeding duration of CWG or SBO increased (P < 0.10) C18:2n-6, PUFA, PUFA:SFA ratio, and IV in jowl fat and backfat. Pigs fed SBO had greater (P < 0.01) C18:2n-6, PUFA, PUFA:SFA ratio, and IV but decreased (P < 0.01) C18:1 cis-9, C16:0, SFA, and MUFA concentrations compared with pigs fed CWG in jowl fat and backfat. Barrows had decreased (P = 0.03) IV in jowl fat and backfat compared with gilts. In sum- mary, adding SBO or CWG increased the amount of unsaturated fat deposited. Increasing feeding duration of dietary fat increases the amount of unsaturated fatty acids, which leads to softer carcass fat.