cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Benefit of More Accurate Product Cost Information in Imperfectly Competitive Markets: An Experimental Investigation

A recurring criticism of work relating to the impact of the accuracy of product cost information on firm profit is that many studies have ignored the cost of implementing or improving a cost reporting system. Second, previous studies have been set in monopolistic (Gupta and King 1994) or competitive (Berg and Sprinkle 1995) markets. This study investigates the impact of costly product costing systems in the context of imperfectly competitive market structures. We employ a laboratory markets design to demonstrate that the value of more accurate product cost information is dependent upon the characteristics of the firm's competitive market environment. In a controlled environment, the benefits of a more accurate cost system can be measured. Specifically, our study extends the product costing literature by examining the benefit provided by more accurate product cost information under differing levels of product substitutability and correlated cost structures within the market settings of Cournot (cost leadership) and Bertrand (product differentiation) competition. We find that the benefit of more accurate product cost information, in terms of increased profit to the firm, is greatest in markets where the substitutability of the products is high. Given high substitutability of the products, the benefit is greater under Bertrand competition than Cournot competition. The correlation of the firms' costs do not significantly impact the benefit received from more accurate product cost information.
Cholinergic inhibition of ventral midbrain dopamine neurons

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are common throughout the CNS. The predominant subtypes in the brain are positively coupled to phosphoinositide hydrolysis and have been found to modulate multiple conductances. Muscarinic receptor activation is most often observed to be excitatory because of suppression of various potassium conductances. Here it is reported that three distinct effects of muscarinic receptor activation can be observed in isolation from one another, depending on the duration of receptor activation and the concentration of agonist. Brief activation of muscarinic receptors, as is likely to occur with normal synaptic transmission, hyperpolarized dopamine neurons of the ventral midbrain through a calcium-activated potassium conductance. With repeated or persistent activation of muscarinic receptors, the hyperpolarizing response was entirely desensitized in the absence of any change in resting membrane potential. With sustained activation by higher concentrations of agonist, dopamine neurons were depolarized. This demonstrates that muscarinic receptors can mediate very diverse, and even opposing, postsynaptic effects on neurons depending on the pattern of acetylcholine release.
Heparin prophylaxis and the risk of venous thromboembolism after robotic‐assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy

Objective • The incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) after robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) in patients receiving perioperative heparin prophylaxis was compared with those who did not receive such prophylaxis. Materials and methods • Between July 2007 to February 2010, a total of 307 RALPs were performed at our institution by two surgeons. A total of 187 patients operated on by surgeon 1 received perioperative heparin prophylaxis, whereas 120 patients operated on by surgeon 2 did not receive any. • All demographic, clinical and pathological data were prospectively recorded, whereas the incidence of venous thromboembolism within 30 days of the operation was retrospectively reviewed. Evaluation for potential VTE was based on clinical symptoms. Results • Cohorts were comparable with respect to PSA, clinical stage, preoperative Gleason score, body mass index, smoking status, pathological stage, path Gleason score and margin status. A total of two thromboemoblic events occurred (0.6%) within 30 days of surgery (one in each arm of the study). • Heparin prophylaxis did not influence estimated blood loss (P= 0.076) or haematocrit change from preoperative levels (P= 0.378). Length of stay was comparable between the two groups (1.4 vs 1.3 days; P= 0.159). Conclusion • The incidence of thromboembolism is low after RALP, which may obviate the need for heparin prophylaxis. However, its use is safe and does not impact surgical outcomes. Larger series are needed to confirm the results obtained in the present study.
Structure Determination of Molecular Adsorbates with Dynamical LEED and HREELS

Molecular adsorbate structures can be determined by combining Low-Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) with High-Resolution Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (HREELS). The HREEL vibrational spectroscopy identifies the molecular species, whose bond lengths and angles are obtained by LEED. Appropriate calculational methods are required in LEED to solve complex molecular structures: such methods will be discussed for large molecules, for large unit cells and for disordered adsorbates. Results have been obtained for the following molecular species adsorbed on several low-Mi11er-index metal surfaces: CO, C2H2, → CCH3, C3H4, → CCH2CH3 and C6H6. The presently available methods should be capable of solving a multitude of molecular adsorbate structures, including large molecules, coadsorbates and disordered species.
Overview of Flood Damages Prevented by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Flood Control Reduction Programs and Activities

This paper provides a concise description of the methodology employed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in its estimates of “damages prevented” by Corps flood control activities. This paper notes both the strengths and potential areas of improvement for this performance measure, which is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of some of the nation’s investments in water resources infrastructure. These investments
Interleukin-1 beta enhances endocytosis of glial glutamate transporters in the spinal dorsal horn through activating protein kinase C.

Excessive activation of glutamate receptors in spinal dorsal horn neurons is a key mechanism leading to abnormal neuronal activation in pathological pain conditions. Previous studies have shown that activation of glutamate receptors in the spinal dorsal horn is enhanced by impaired glial glutamate transporter functions and proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). In this study, we for the first time revealed that spinal glial glutamate transporter activities in the neuropathic animals are attenuated by endogenous IL-1β. Specifically, we demonstrated that nerve injury results in an increased expression of IL-1β and activation of PKC in the spinal dorsal horn as well as suppression of glial glutamate uptake activities. We provided evidence that the nerve-injury induced suppression of glial glutamate uptake is at least in part ascribed to endogenous IL-1β and activation of PKC in the spinal dorsal horn. IL-1β reduces glial glutamate transporter activities through enhancing the endocytosis of both GLT-1 and GLAST glial glutamate transporters. The IL-1β induced trafficking of glial glutamate transporters is through the calcium/PKC signaling pathway, and the dynamin-dependent endocytosis, which is dependent on the integrity of actin filaments. The signaling pathway regulating glial glutamate transporters revealed in this study provides novel targets to attenuate aberrant activation of glutamate receptors in the spinal dorsal horn, which could ultimately help the development of analgesics.
Is Bus Versus Rail Investment a Zero-Sum Game?

Problem, research strategy, and findings: Bus and rail transit are often assumed to compete for the same pot of transit dollars, with one, therefore, substituting for another. Advocates for each mode lobby accordingly. However, this article presents evidence that spending on the two transit services may be unrelated or even complementary, based on a multivariate analysis of transit spending in the 55 largest U.S. metropolitan statistical areas from 1992 through 2006. In all the estimated models, using a robust set of controls and statistical strategies, bus spending is positively associated with rail spending; that is, spending on the two modes rise or fall together. This supports the argument that, over the long term, rail investment does not come at the expense of bus investment; the existence of a tradeoff between the modes in investment spending is not supported. Takeaway for practice: Many conventional transportation policy debates presume bus and rail spending is a zero-sum game, with investment in ...
A comparison of White and Hispanic women's stories of adjustment to the birth of a child.

As part of a larger project designed to inform prevention and treatment of postpartum depression and promote positive mother-child relationships in diverse families, this study describes personal stories of postnatal adjustment from 14 White and 9 Hispanic women recruited from prenatal care clinics. Qualitative interviews conducted in the mothers' primary language (English or Spanish) were analyzed using a modified grounded theory content-analysis approach. The coding scheme developed to capture the women's discourse about their experiences included child temperament and health; intergenerational patterns; work demands and job loss; schedule changes; increased responsibilities; difficulties with parenting tasks; emotional distress; social stressors and resources; coping strategies; and changes in work, personal, social, and marital domains. More White mothers than Hispanic mothers reported changes in time structure, work stressors, use of psychotropic medication, informational support, and social support from other mothers and professionals; however, within-group differences were more evident than were cross-group ethnic differences. Analyses of qualitative interviews led to the integration of Belsky's Determinants of Parenting Model (1984) and the Double ABCX Model of Family Adjustment and Adaptation (McCubbin & Patterson, 1983) into a hybrid third theoretical framework. Abstracts translated in Spanish, French, German, and Japanese can be found on the abstract page of each article on Wiley Online Library at http://wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/imhj.
Two-Phase Modeling of Leachate Recirculation Using Vertical Wells in Bioreactor Landfills

AbstractLeachate recirculation or liquid injection is an established practice for operating landfills as bioreactors to enhance the biodegradation of municipal solid waste (MSW). Among other subsurface liquid injection methods, vertical wells (VWs) represent one of the most common methods used for active or closed landfills. The current design and operation of VW systems does not consider the effect of additional liquid injection on the increase in gas pressures. In this study, a two-phase model that assumes landfill leachate and gas as immiscible phases was used to predict the moisture distribution and pore water and pore-gas pressures in a typical bioreactor landfill that uses VWs as its leachate injection or recirculation system. The unsaturated liquid and gas properties of MSW were simulated based on the van Genuchten model. The study evaluates the effect of the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of MSW, the heterogeneous and anisotropic nature of the MSW, and the geometric configuration of VWs on moi...
A new solution to the inverse problem of optimal regulator control

In chemical process control, the application of an optimal control strategy, dictated by the theory of the linear quadratic problem, does not always guarantee the best process performance. The main problem is that the unspecified weighting matrices in the quadratic performance index have a pronounced effect on the optimal control law derived from linear quadratic theory. In the past, values of the weighting matrices have been selected by experimenting with the process in much the same manner as a PID controller is tuned. The objective of the present study is to resolve the inverse problem of optimal regulator control, limiting the performance index in the quadratic form with two independent weighting matrices which are investigated. A new criterion has been developed such that the computation of determining those matrices can be carried out off-line in advance, and then stored in a computer for real-time use.
Picosecond time resolution of polarized fluorescence from n-alkane van der Waals complexes of jet-cooled 2,5-diphenylfuran: identification of different structural isomers

Abstract Experiments monitoring temporal recurrences of the fluorescence polarization anisotropy in a supersonic jet have been used to monitor the inertial properties of n -alkane complexes of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 2,5-diphenylfuran (PPF). Semi-empirical predictions for the structure of the octane complex have been verified and two different conformational isomers of PPF/nonane have been resolved and identified.
Distribution-system planning using mixed-integer programming

The prime objective of the study was to develop distribution-system planning models which can be used by distribution-system planners to determine optimum expansion patterns or alternatives by selecting: optimum substation locations, i.e. sites; optimum substation expansions; optimum substation transformer sizes; optimum load transfers between substations and demand centres; and optimum feeder routes and sizes to supply the given loads, i.e. demands, subject to a number of constraints, to minimise the present worth of the total costs involved. The results indicate that the developed optimisation models can be very valuable tools in planning distribution systems
The Relation between “Illite,” Beidellite, and Montmorillonite1

Formulas calculated from analyses, written in the fractional notation used by Ross and Hendricks, and with a notation of tctrahedral and octahedral charge, reveal relationships between the hydrous micas called “illite,” montmorillonites (using the term in the restricted sense), and beidellites not otherwise apparent. These relationships are shown graphically by means of histograms made up of five columns, representing respectively, total charge, tetrahedral charge, octahedral charge, potassium, and water. “Illites” have a much higher total charge and a much higher tetrahedral charge than montmorillonites, of which the tetrahedral charge is usually insignificant. Consequently simple removal of fixed K and its replacement by exchangeable cations would not convert an “illite” to a montmorillonite nor would mere fixation of K between the layers of a montmorillonite result in the formation of an “illite” like any that have been described. From the standpoint of octahedral-tetrahedral charge relationships, beidellites and “illites” should be more similar than montmorillonites and “illites.” However, considerable doubt has been cast by Grim and Rowland on the purity of most of the materials that have been called beidellites; they interpreted the differential thermal curves of the beidellites examined by them as indicating mixtures of kaolinite or halloy-site, “illite,” and montmorillonite. Formulas based on calculated mixtures of these minerals in varying proportions were very similar to formulas calculated from analyses of the so-called beidellites. Thus the existence of a montmorillonite clay like that which would be formed if the fixed K in “illite” were removed and replaced by exchangeable cations has not been authenticated and the concept that montmorillonite and “illite” are analogous except for the presence or absence of nonexchangeable potassium is misleading and is an oversimplification of the relationship between the two groups of minerals.
Temporal changes in serum estradiol and prolactin in immature female rats given a single injection of estradiol benzoate.

Abstract Serum concentrations of estradiol 17β(E 2 ) measured by immunoassay reached peak levels (100pg/ml) within one hour in immature female rats given a subcutaneous injection of lug 17βestradiol-3-benzoate (EB). Hypophysectomy did not alter the E 2 concentration, but lower peak levels were found in ovariectomized females. In animals with ovaries a secondary rise in serum E 2 was apparent 12 hours after the injection of EB; from 12 to 48 hours E 2 decreased linearly. A dose of Bug EB caused an abrupt rise in E 2 (180pg/ml) within 30 minutes, but during the next 24 hours rather wide fluctuations in serum levels were found. In animals acclimated to a reversed light schedule and given 5ug EB early in the dark period, E 2 decreased linearly over a period of 72 hours. Prolactin increased in response to the E 2 : a rhythm was suggested by the occurrence of increases during the dark periods. The results indicate that statistically significant fluctuations in both E 2 and prolactin occur after a single injection of EB and that measurements at a single point in time are inadequate to determine the true pattern of hormonal changes.
Denervation and age modify neuromuscular positional selectivity.

The rostrocaudal position of neurons within the spinal motor pool maps systematically onto the surface of several muscles in mammals. In an effort to understand the mechanisms that generate such maps, we have been studying choices made by embryonic spinal cord neurons on muscle membrane substrates in the in vitro stripe assay. In this report we explore the effects of postnatal age of the muscle on neurite choice, and how prior denervation modifies this choice. Our results further differentiate rostral from caudal motor neurons in preferring one substrate to another. First, caudal neurites prefer to grow on P6 neonatal caudal over rostral membranes, but lose this ability to distinguish axial position of origin in older muscles. Rostral neurites prefer growth on rostral membranes, but this preference also diminishes with age. Second, when adult muscles have been denervated, both rostral and caudal neurites regain their positional growth selectivity. Third, caudal neurites are particularly sensitive to substrate choice. When growing on a preferred substrate (gluteus) caudal neurites prefer neonatal over adult membranes. These results support the concept of fundamental differences in the growth preferences of rostral and caudal spinal neurites. These differences will assist in the identification of molecular guidance cues that determine the formation of neuromuscular positional maps.
Comparative morbidity of mitral valve repair versus replacement for mitral regurgitation with and without coronary artery disease.

Abstract Mitral valve repair has been increasingly used at our hospital for mitral regurgitation with and without coronary disease. From January, 1984, to June, 1987, of 338 patients undergoing all forms of mitral valve surgery, 140 had first-time surgery for pure mitral regurgitation: 75 had valve repair, and 65 had valve replacement. Thirty-three of 75 (44%) had concomitant coronary bypass in the repair group, while 21 of 65 (32%) had coronary bypass in the replacement group. The mean functional class (3.4 versus 3.5), age (60 versus 61 years), and preoperative hemodynamics were similar in both groups. The cause of mitral regurgitation in the repair group was myxomatous change in 32 patients, ischemia in 27, rheumatic valve disease in 12, and endocarditis in 4. A Carpentier ring was used in 46, a Duran ring was used in 11, and none was used in 18. The operative mortality was 3 of 75 patients (4%) in the repair group, all with coronary artery bypass grafting, versus 2 of 65 patients (3%) in the replacement group, 1 of whom had undergone coronary artery bypass grafting. The mean postoperative functional class 15 months postoperatively was 1.12 in the repair group versus 1.15 in the replacement group. There were 7 late deaths in the replacement group and only 3 late deaths in the repair group. Actuarial survival at 30 months was 85 ± 6% for the replacement group and 94 ± 4% for the repair group. There were 5 late emboli (1 fatal, 4 nonfatal) after valve replacement and none after valve repair ( p = 0.03). Actuarial freedom from incidence of emboli at 36 months was 86 ± 6 and 100%, respectively ( p = 0.03). Postoperative echocardiograms were done in 59 of 75 valve repair patients: The mean gradient was 3 mm Hg, the mean valve area was 2.92 cm 2 , and 6 patients had greater than 2+ mitral regurgitation, all of whom required reoperation within the first few months after operation. These results indicate that morbidity after mitral valve repair was related to an early reoperation learning curve, while late mortality and incidence of thromboemboli were more frequent in the replacement group.
The psychological impact of rosacea and the influence of current management options.

Background Rosacea is a common problem that is underdiagnosed; if left untreated can result in physical disfigurement and emotional distress. Objective We reviewed the current literature to determine the degree of psychosocial impact of rosacea and the importance of treatment. We also reviewed the current treatment options. Methods A search of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and psycINFO databases from 1946 to present was performed to identify previous articles regarding the psychosocial and quality-of-life (QoL) impact of rosacea. Results A total of 17 studies were found that focused on the following areas: impact of disease on QoL, improvement of QoL with treatment, and willingness to pay. Limitations Reviewed articles used different measurement systems to quantify impact on QoL making comparisons between studies difficult to interpret. Conclusion Patients with rosacea have higher incidences of embarrassment, social anxiety, depression, and decreased QoL compared with the rest of the population. Adequate treatment of symptoms results in improvement of QoL in patients with rosacea. New options that target the facial erythema of rosacea may help mitigate the negative psychological impact of rosacea.
Analysis of combinatory algorithms: a sample of current methodology

The study of the computational efficiency and inherent limitations of algorithms for computer solution of problems drawn from classical continuous mathematics has been with us as long as general purpose computers themselves. Similar studies of algorithms of other kinds, however, have been sporadic and isolated until fairly recently. With the growing realization of the critical role played by combinatory algorithms in any instance in which the computer is employed as a logical decision maker, however, has come intensive and widespread interest in understanding such algorithms. Further, these studies have progressed to the point where patterns in analysis have begun to emerge and a summary seems in order. We shall focus our attention here on analytic approaches and methodology, rather than on the specifics of the results obtained. For a summary of the latter, the reader is referred to a companion paper elsewhere in this volume.
A Longitudinal Study of Remodeling in a Revised Peripheral Artery Bypass Graft Using 3D Ultrasound Imaging and Computational Hemodynamics

We report a study of the role of hemodynamic shear stress in the remodeling and failure of a peripheral artery bypass graft. Three separate scans of a femoral to popliteal above-knee bypass graft were taken over the course of a 16 month period following a revision of the graft. The morphology of the lumen is reconstructed from data obtained by a custom 3D ultrasound system. Numerical simulations are performed with the patient-specific geometries and physiologically realistic flow rates. The ultrasound reconstructions reveal two significant areas of remodeling: a stenosis with over 85% reduction in area, which ultimately caused graft failure, and a poststenotic dilatation or widening of the lumen. Likewise, the simulations reveal a complicated hemodynamic environment within the graft. Preliminary comparisons with in vivo velocimetry also showed qualitative agreement with the flow dynamics observed in the simulations. Two distinct flow features are discerned and are hypothesized to directly initiate the observed in vivo remodeling. First, a flow separation occurs at the stenosis. A low shear recirculation region subsequently develops distal to the stenosis. The low shear region is thought to be conducive to smooth muscle cell proliferation and intimal growth. A poststenotic jet issues from the stenosis and subsequently impinges onto the lumen wall. The lumen dilation is thought to be a direct result of the high shear stress and high frequency pressure fluctuations associated with the jet impingement.
Training Chinese Managers for Leadership: Six Cross-Cultural Principles

I deas of leadership and of what constitutes leadership behavior represent one of the most difficult intercultural challenges within American joint ventures in the People's Republic of China. Chinese and Americans have acquired such contrasting sets of cultural understandings about leadership, each set backed by an impressive history, tradition, and body of literature, that at times they seem unalterably opposed.
A Theory of Allocation of Stocks to Warehouses

An allocation problem that frequently arises in large industrial and military supply systems is this a certain quantity of material has just been received, or is about to be received by a central agency, and another quantity is expected to be received at a known time in the future. The material must be distributed, now, to a number of peripheral activities that we can think of as warehouses. The statistics of consumption at each warehouse are known, and the problem is to allocate the material to the warehouses in a manner that optimizes some management objective. In this paper, a model for the two most common management objectives is proposed, and in each case, a basic theorem is proved that tells how the allocation should be performed. An approximation leads to a final formula that is simple and practical enough to be used in allocating large numbers of items, with either computer or hand computation.
Estimation of leaf area of soybeans grown under elevated carbon dioxide levels

Abstract Leaf area (LA) data are required for describing numerous canopy processes. However, determining LA for a crop is both time consuming and labor intensive, requiring a substantial investment of resources. The objectives of this study were (1) to develop statistical models for estimating LA of field-grown soybean ( Glycine max ) plants grown in open-top field chambers from measurements of destructive (leaf and top dry weight) and non-destructive (leaf number, plant height, and branch length) variables, (2) to examine the effect of CO 2 concentration on these statistical relationships, and (3) to test the applicability of such models to independent data collected under different experimental conditions. Predictive models of LA based on either branch length (LA = 147.6· BRL 0·635 , CV = 11%) or top dry weight (LA = 328.8·TDW 0·731 , CV = 12%) were found to have the lowest coefficient of variation about the regression line, to be unaffected by increasing CO 2 , and to be reasonable predictors of LA under different growth conditions. Both leaf area per leaf and specific leaf area ratios changed with increasing CO 2 and growth conditions. Plant height was a poor predictor of LA.
The induction of pinocytosis in Amoeba proteus by ultraviolet radiation

Abstract 1. 1. U.V. radiation at predominantly 2537 A at 9888 and 4944 ergs/mm2 induced pinocytosis in Amoeba proteus. 2. 2. Following the induction of pinocytosis by U.V. there was a large increase in contractile vacuolar output which was correlated to the solution that was being taken up during pinocytosis. 3. 3. U.V. radiation induced pinocytotic channels in enucleate fragments.
Effects of Simulated Learning and Facilitated Debriefing on Student Understanding of Mental Illness

Occupational therapy educators have studied various methods regarding student attitudes towards people with disabling conditions. Among the methods that have been studied is simulated learning. This paper describes the effects of a simulated learning exercise and facilitated debriefing on occupational therapy student understanding of mental illness. Results indicate that students had significant change relative to understanding that mental illnesses are brain diseases that respond to treatment (p < .01) on the post-test. Themes derived from qualitative data revealed that students believed that the learning experience increased their understanding, empathy, and insight into daily life with a mental illness.
Turnip crinkle virus RNA and its translation in rabbit reticulocyte and wheat embryo extracts.

Abstract Turnip crinkle virions contain genomic RNA, Mr ≅ 1.4 × 106, small RNA, Mr ≅ 1.5 × 105 and a heterogeneous collection of intermediate size. Turnip crinkle virion RNA was translated in rabbit reticulocyte lysates into three major unrelated products of molecular weight 38,000 (p38, the virion coat protein), 36,000 (p36), and 25,000 (p25). The same three products, but in different proportion, were synthesized in wheat embryo extracts. Certain intermediate size RNA fractions translated into p38 and p36 products much more efficiently than did unfractionated RNA. The 1.5 × 105 molecular weight RNA did not induce amino acid incorporation. We propose a translation map of the TCV genome, based on tryptic analyses of the major products and of putative read-through proteins.
Heuristic Search-Based Framework for Onboard Trajectory Redesign

This paper presents a framework for automated impulsive transfer design with a view toward onboard application. A database of periodic orbits and other structurally important trajectories is combined with large-scale simulations to create a discrete representation of the system dynamics. A heuristic search is used to quickly find paths in this discretization, which generate a set of arcs and impulses approximating a continuous transfer between boundary conditions specified in the original system. Differential correction and partial optimization are used to create a final, feasible transfer. Each step will be described, with a focus on the construction of a weighted, directed graph representation of the transfer problem, as well as the search process and its relation to the final transfer.
Intrathoracic impedance monitoring for early detection of impending heart failure decompensation

In patients with chronic heart failure, detecting signs and symptoms of worsening congestion early enough to prevent hospitalization is an ongoing challenge. Intrathoracic impedance monitoring is a new, device-based method for detecting fluid accumulation in the lungs. Small clinical trials have shown that it may provide an early warning of impending decompensation and may be useful when used in conjunction with routine clinical assessment in guiding diuresis during hospitalization. Additional large-scale, prospective, randomized clinical trials are currently underway to further evaluate its clinical utility. This review discusses the basic concepts underlying intrathoracic impedance monitoring, the clinical evidence supporting its use, and some common pitfalls to avoid when interpreting intrathoracic impedance data.
Reply by Authors to R.L. Mussulman

Figure 2 shows the results at a location directly above the source and 50 m below the ground surface. Results show significant error in Eq. (12) at large times. Thus, the thermal impact on the environment near the ground surface would be overestimated by use of that equation. As a final demonstration of the assertion that Eq. (6) is the appropriate boundary condition, the imbalance in satisfaction of the exact boundary equation given by Eq. (2) was computed. The imbalance is
SENSITIVITY OF BAYLEY SCALES OF INFANT DEVELOPMENT AT ONE YEAR FOR LATER SEVERE NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DELAY IN ECMO PATIENTS. ▴ 601

SENSITIVITY OF BAYLEY SCALES OF INFANT DEVELOPMENT AT ONE YEAR FOR LATER SEVERE NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DELAY IN ECMO PATIENTS. ▴ 601
Quantifying the responses of calcareous periphyton crusts to rehydration: A microcosm study (Florida Everglades)

We examined the high-resolution temporal dynamics of recovery of dried periphyton crusts following rapid rehydration in a phosphorus (P)-limited short hydroperiod Everglades wetland. Crusts were incubated in a greenhouse in tubs containing water with no P or exogenous algae to mimic the onset of the wet season in the natural marsh when heavy downpours containing very low P flood the dry wetland. Algal and bacterial productivity were tracked for 20 days and related to compositional changes and P dynamics in the water. A portion of original crusts was also used to determine how much TP could be released if no biotic recovery occurred. Composition was volumetrically dominated by cyanobacteria (90%) containing morphotypes typical of xeric environments. Algal and bacterial production recovered immediately upon rehydration but there was a net TP loss from the crusts to the water in the first 2 days. By day 5, however, cyanobacteria and other bacteria had re-absorbed 90% of the released P. Then, water TP concentration reached a steady-state level of 6.6 μg TP/L despite water TP concentration through evaporation. Phosphomonoesterase (PMEase) activity was very high during the first day after rehydration due to the release of a large pre-existing pool of extracellular PMEase. Thereafter, the activity dropped by 90% and increased gradually from this low level. The fast recovery of desiccated crusts upon rehydration required no exogenous P or allogenous algae/bacteria additions and periphyton largely controlled P concentration in the water.
A tale of two roads: Land tenure, poverty, and politics on the Guatemalan frontier

Agricultural frontiers are hot spots for the most dramatic land cover change in the history of humankind: forest conversion to agriculture. They are also areas of unusually rapid population growth and acute poverty, with scant access to public services and infrastructure. Although a large body of literature explores the determinants of land cover change on the frontier, one issue that has been largely unstudied is that of frontier political and socio-economic development. This paper reports on data from 28 communities along an agricultural frontier in a core conservation zone of the Maya Biosphere Reserve (MBR), where the predominant land tenure systems at the community level appear to be related not only to land use, but also to political organization and human development indicators. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Risk factors for carbamazepine elevation and toxicity following epilepsy surgery.

Summary Summary: A proportion of patients undergoing epilepsy surgery, and receiving carbamazepine (CBZ), experience significant elevations in CBZ plasma concentrations, some with associated CBZ toxicity. The objective of this study was to identify significant risk factors for elevations (>12μg/ml) in CBZ concentrations and CBZ-induced toxicity following epilepsy surgery. Methods: We retrospectively examined charts of 74 inpatients (31 children and 43 adults) chronically receiving CBZ and undergoing epilepsy surgery between January 1996 and June 2000. Patient demographics, medications, type of surgery, seizure history, adverse events, CBZ doses and concentrations were evaluated. Results: 51.2% of adults and 51.6% of pediatric patients had drug elevations. In the pediatric group, 12.9% had symptoms of toxicity compared to 9.3% in the adult group. Five risk factors—pre-operative CBZ dose, fentanyl dose, surgery day CBZ concentration, body weight, and blood loss—were related to post-operative CBZ concentrations. Three risk factors: age 12μg/ml). Two variables significantly related to toxicity were average post-operative CBZ dose and the surgery day CBZ concentration. Increases in concentrations occurred at a mean 33±13.7h (range: 11–74h) after surgery. Discussion: Based upon our results in patients with one or more risk factors, we suggest that reduction of post-operative CBZ doses be considered.
Internal medicine residents do not accurately assess their medical knowledge

Medical knowledge is essential for appropriate patient care; however, the accuracy of internal medicine (IM) residents’ assessment of their medical knowledge is unknown. IM residents predicted their overall percentile performance 1 week (on average) before and after taking the in-training exam (ITE), an objective and well accepted method to assess medical knowledge to study resident assessment accuracy. Ordinary least squares regression was used to study the association between the absolute accuracy of their predictions of their percentile performance on the ITE examination and their actual percentile performance. Ninety-three percent of our 28 residents participated. Residents were highly inaccurate in predicting their percentile performance. Only 31% had ITE scores that were within 10 points of their predictions. On average, most residents were pessimistic about their overall percentile performance with 18 (69%) underestimating their performance. Having just taken the examination and previous experience with the examination did not improve predictions of percentile performance. IM residents did not accurately predict their own level of medical knowledge. Taking the examination and experience with previous exams does not appear to improve the ability of these IM residents to predict their performance. Residents need to be taught to rely on the results of standardized examinations such as the ITE to best assess their overall medical knowledge. The factors important for accurate self-assessment of medical knowledge in individual clinical situations remain unexplored.
Stabilizer additives in ionizing radiation environments under oxidizing conditions

Very little work has been done with energy-scavenger additives in radiation environments under oxidizing conditions. In this study, the stabilizing effect of an energy scavenger (pyrene) and a radical scavenger (hindered phenol), which were incorporated in a polychloroprene rubber, has been evaluated in a γ-radiation environment in air under conditions which gave rise to oxidation throughout the sample. Both compounds were found to significantly inhibit changes in macroscopic tensile properties of the materials. The pyrene enhanced the material's radiation resistance when used alone and also when used in conjunction with the hindered phenol. The rate of radiation-induced chemical destruction of the two additives was monitored by gas chromatography after solvent-extraction from degraded samples. Following a dose of 3 × 105 Gy, only a few per cent of the hindered phenol remained, whereas more than 90% of the pyrene was still present. The rate of disappearance of the hindered phenol was slower in samples which also contained the pyrene.
Signal enhancement in HPLC/microcoil NMR using automated column trapping.

A new HPLC NMR system is described that performs analytical separation, preconcentration, and NMR spectroscopy in rapid succession. The central component of our method is the online preconcentration sequence that improves the match between postcolumn analyte peak volume and microcoil NMR detection volume. Separated samples are collected on to a C18 guard column with a mobile phase composed of 90% D2O/10% acetonitrile-D3 and back-flushed to the NMR microcoil probe with 90% acetonitrile-D3/10% D2O. To assess the performance of our unit, we separated a standard mixture of 1 mM ibuprofen, naproxen, and phenylbutazone using a commercially available C18 analytical column. The S/N measurements from the NMR acquisitions indicated that we achieved signal enhancement factors up to 10.4 (±1.2)-fold. Furthermore, we observed that preconcentration factors increased as the injected amount of analyte decreased. The highest concentration enrichment of 14.7 (±2.2)-fold was attained injecting 100 μL of solution of 0.2 mM (...
The Role of Streamwise Vorticity in the Control of Impinging Jets

Supersonic impinging jets produce a highly unsteady flowfield leading to very high dynamic pressure loads on nearby surfaces. In earlier studies, we conclusively demonstrated that arrays of supersonic microjet, 400 μm in diameter, effectively disrupted the feedback loop inherent in high-speed impinging jet flows. This feedback disruption results in significant reductions in the adverse effects associated with such flows. In this paper, by primarily using detailed velocity field measurements, we examine the role of streamwise vorticity in order to better understand the mechanisms behind this control scheme. The velocity field measurements clearly reveal the presence of well-organized, streamwise vortices with the activation of microjets. This increase in streamwise vorticity is concomitant with a reduction in the azimuthal vorticity of the primary jet. We propose that the streamwise vorticity is mainly a result of the redirection of the azimuthal vorticity, which leads to a weakening of the large-scale structures in the primary jet. The appearance of strong vortices in the shear layer near the nozzle exit due to microjets further weakens the spatial coherence of the coupling between the acoustic waves and shear layer instability, while thickening the jet shear layer. All these effects are thought to be collectively responsible for the efficient disruption of the feedback loop using microjets.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Subcellular optical coherence tomography with a Kerr lens mode-locked Ti:Al2O3 laser

The longitudinal resolution of optical coherence tomography (OCT) is currently limited by the optical bandwidth of the light source, typically a superluminescent diodes, to approximately 10-15 micrometers . This resolution is insufficient to identify individual cells or to assess subcellular structures such as nuclei or mitotic figures. The ability to perform subcellular imaging with OCT could greatly enhance the detection of early neoplastic changes and improve early cancer diagnosis or the imaging of developing biological morphology. Higher resolution OCT would also improve specificity of diagnosis for several ocular diseases, such as glaucoma, which require precise, detailed imaging and measurement of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness. State of the art Kerr-lens mode-locked Ti:Al2O3 lasers using double chirped dispersion compensating mirrors can generate pulse durations of < 7 fs and bandwidths of 200 nm or more at 800 nm center wavelength. These pulse durations and bandwidths can be used for OCT, resulting in longitudinal resolutions of less than 2 micrometers . The use of such broad bandwidths also enables the extraction of localized, wavelength dependent absorption and scattering tissue characteristic by detecting the full interferometric fringe signa and using Fourier signal processing. In this paper we demonstrate an ultra-high-subcellular level resolution, spectroscopic OCT system based on a mode-locked Ti:Al2O3 laser. In vivo imaging of development biology specimens as well as preliminary in vivo spectroscopic OCT result are demonstrated.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects of allyl sulfides on the growth of predominant gut anaerobes

At a small supplied concentration (3–5 mM), diallyl disulfide (DADS) and diallyl monosulfide (DAMS), compounds previously shown to have both tumoricidal and protective effects against carcinogenesis, affected the growth of components of the normal anaerobic gut microflora. Organisms that were affected by DAMS and DADS includedBacteroides ruminicola, Bacteroides succinogenes, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Ruminococcus bromii, andPeptostreptococcus productus. Organisms found unaffected, over the same supplied concentration range, includedBacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides vulgatus, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Fusobacterium nucleatum, andSelenomonas ruminantium. In addition to their direct effects upon host cell physiology, the active components of garlic oil may exert modifying effects on the nature and function of the predominant gut microflora of warm-blooded animals.
Cumulative mutations affecting sterol biosynthesis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae result in synthetic lethality that is suppressed by alterations in sphingolipid profiles.

UPC2 and ECM22 belong to a Zn(2)–Cys(6) family of fungal transcription factors and have been implicated in the regulation of sterol synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans. Previous reports suggest that double deletion of these genes in S. cerevisiae is lethal depending on the genetic background of the strain. In this investigation we demonstrate that lethality of upc2Δ ecm22Δ in the S288c genetic background is attributable to a mutation in the HAP1 transcription factor. In addition we demonstrate that strains containing upc2Δ ecm22Δ are also inviable when carrying deletions of ERG6 and ERG28 but not when carrying deletions of ERG3, ERG4, or ERG5. It has previously been demonstrated that UPC2 and ECM22 regulate S. cerevisiae ERG2 and ERG3 and that the erg2Δ upc2Δ ecm22Δ triple mutant is also synthetically lethal. We used transposon mutagenesis to isolate viable suppressors of hap1Δ, erg2Δ, erg6Δ, and erg28Δ in the upc2Δ ecm22Δ genetic background. Mutations in two genes (YND1 and GDA1) encoding apyrases were found to suppress the synthetic lethality of three of these triple mutants but not erg2Δ upc2Δ ecm22Δ. We show that deletion of YND1, like deletion of GDA1, alters the sphingolipid profiles, suggesting that changes in sphingolipids compensate for lethality produced by changes in sterol composition and abundance.
Morphine release and displacement by naloxone in vivo in morphine naive and withdrawn rats.

Abstract Male Long-Evans rats, implanted in the lateral cerebroventricle with chronic indwelling push-pull cannulae, were perfused (10 μl/min) for 120 min: 20 min with 1.5 × 10−6M morphine in sterile isotonic saline containing 2.3 mM CaCl2 (vehicle); 40 min with vehicle; 20 min with 1.5 × 10−6M morphine; 10 min with vehicle and 30 min with 1 × 10−6M naloxone in vehicle. These rats and drug-naive rats were implanted s.c. with 2 × 50 mg morphine pellets. After 72 hr the pellets were removed and 18–24 hr later the above perfusion procedure was repeated. The amount of morphine collected in the perfusate during the washout with naloxone was elevated, compared to the amount collected during the corresponding time of the washout with vehicle for both naive and withdrawn groups. The enhanced morphine release during the washout with naloxone did not differ significantly between the naive and withdrawn rats. However, significantly less morphine was recovered in the perfusate collected during the vehicle washout from the withdrawn rats, compared to that collected from the naive rats. The data suggest that in vivo morphine is specifically bound to receptors and is sensitive to naloxone displacement. It is also concluded that morphine is differentially taken up or otherwise disposed of by brains of rats which are in opiate withdrawal.
An empirical analysis of organizational structure and financial performance in the restaurant industry.

Abstract It is generally believed that organizational effectiveness is primarily due to its structure. The selection of structure also determines whether a chosen strategy can be successfully implemented and achieve the desired performance in an organization. However, there is a lack of empirical studies examining the relationship of structure and performance in the organization. None of these studies utilized the ‘hard’ measures of performance as a dependent variable. With this in mind, a nationwide study which examined the relationship of strategy, structure, and performance in the restaurant industry was conducted. This paper reports findings on the variables of structure and performance, where financial indicators of performance were used. Generally speaking, structure is found to have an impact on the performance in restaurant firms.