cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk Analysis and Risk Management: An Historical Perspective

This paper reviews the history of risk analysis and risk management, giving special emphasis to the neglected period prior to the 20th century. The overall objective of the paper is to: (1) dampen the prevailing tendency to view present-day concerns about risk in an ahistorical context; (2) shed light on the intellectual antecedents of current thinking about risk; (3) clarify how contemporary ideas about risk analysis and societal risk management differ significantly from the past; and (4) provide a basis for anticipating future directions in risk analysis and management.
A Micropuncture Study of the Handling of Calcium by the Rat Parotid

The handling of Ca by the rat parotid gland was investigated using micropuncture, microperfusion, and microanalytical techniques. Concentrations of Ca were measured in salivary fluid from intercalated, lobular and main ducts, and net transductal fluxes of Ca and water were calculated during stimulation of secretion with acetylcholine, pilocarpine, and DLisoproterenol.
Critique of Home and Sengupta's derivation of a Bell inequality

Home and Sengupta claim to derive a Bell-type inequality without assuming locality. I show that their derivation implicitly assumes determinism and a weak locality condition. Their derivation also relies upon further, highly implausible conditions that severely limit the physical implications of their argument.
Experimental allergic neuritis in the dog and its comparison with the naturally occurring disease: coonhound paralysis

Experimental allergic neuritis was produced in 7 dogs by the intradermal inoculation of canine ischiatic nerve emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant. A disease with severe clinical and histopathological manifestations resulted. The lesions and clinical signs were compared with the naturally occurring polyradiculoneuritis of dogs, coonhound paralysis and were found to be similar to early acute cases of this disease. A degree of genetic variation in susceptibility to the experimental disease was suggested when aliquots of the identical neuritogenic emulsion produced only minimal disease in random source dogs in contrast to the severe signs seen in littermate offspring of recovered coonhound paralysis patients.
Revolutionary Power and Socialization: Explaining the Persistence of Revolutionary Zeal in Iran's Foreign Policy

Why do states stay revolutionary for so long? The question of why and how some political players of a country successfully pursue a revisionist strife against the status quo has neither theoretically nor empirically received systematic attention. I use a current policy issue, the crisis regarding Iran, as a single-case study to examine the issue. This article argues that answers are found in the interconnected realms of domestic politics and revolutionary ideas. In Iranian politics specifically, it is both the ideological conservative faction's occupation of key constitutional positions and pursuit of revolutionary ideas, which have caused the recurring and large degree of revolutionary zeal. In turn, this has had a significant effect on the extent of the Islamic Republic's socialization to regional and international politics.
A novel device for measurement of subglottic stenosis in 3 dimensions during suspension laryngoscopy.

IMPORTANCE A challenge in treating subglottic stenosis is assessment of airway caliber before and after management. At present, surgeons lack a simple, efficient, and precise method of measuring subglottic stenosis intraoperatively. We present a novel, easily reproducible tool for measurement of the diameter, location, and length of subglottic stenosis during suspension laryngoscopy. METHODS AND OBSERVATIONS A set of 5 Kirschner wires (30-cm length and 1.6-mm diameter) were bent 90° at both ends to produce a series of 10 short ends designed to measure airway diameter (0.3- to 2.1-cm length with 2-mm intervals). Short, bent ends of the measuring sticks were designed to measure airway diameter. Hash marks at 2-mm intervals were created along the long axis of the measuring sticks to measure subglottic stenosis length and location relative to the vocal cords. The measuring stick was tested in 10 adult patients undergoing suspension microlaryngoscopy for endoscopic treatment of subglottic stenosis between September 2012 and July 2013. The accuracy of the measuring stick was evaluated using an airway phantom. The measuring stick enabled easy and precise quantification of subglottic stenosis diameter (82.5% agreement with reference; interobserver agreement, r = 0.995; P < .001), length (72.5%; r = 0.995; P < .001) and location during suspension laryngoscopy. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The measuring stick is inexpensive and simple to construct. It allows for safe, accurate, and practical measurement of subglottic stenosis diameter, length, and location during suspension laryngoscopy.
Studies of Anatrichosoma (Nematoda: Trichinellida) with descriptions of Anatrichosoma rhina sp. n. and Anatrichosoma nacepobi sp. n. from the nasal mucosa of Macaca mulatta.

Anatrichosovta rhina sp. n. and Anatrichosoma nacepobi sp. n. from the mucosa of the nasal vestibule of Indian Macaca mulatta are described. Incidence of Anatrichosoma spp . infection of Old World primates ranged from less than 1% to 5% by faecal examination and from 17% to 50% by worm recovery at necropsy. Attempts at experimental infection were unsuccessful.
A novel minimally invasive percutaneous facet augmentation device for the treatment of lumbar radiculopathy and axial back pain: technical description, surgical technique and case presentations

OBJECTIVE: to describe a new posterior minimally invasive method of facet stabilization for treatment of the degenerating lumbar motion segment. The biomechanics of this Percudyn (Interventional Spine; Irvine, CA) system are distinct from that of other interspinous dynamic stabilization systems as it acts bilaterally directly within the middle column of the spine. Based on biomechanical evalution, the paired prosthesis supports, cushions, and reinforces the facet complexes by limiting both extension and lateral bending thereby maintaining central and foraminal volumes. METHODS: the Percudyn device consists of a pedicle anchor upon which sits a cushioning polycarbonate-urethane stabilizer that serves as a mechanically reinforcing stop between the inferior and superior articular facets. A 1.5 cm skin incision is made bilaterally over the lower pedicle of the treated segment through which a Jamshidi needle is percutaneously targeted under biplanar fluoroscopic guidance into the caudal aspect of the superior articular process directly underneath the lip of the inferior facet from the level above. Progressive onestep tubular dilation is then performed to secure a small disposable working portal. Through this access, the Percudyn stabilizers are then placed over the wire and anchored bilaterally into the inferior pedicles of the degenerated motion segment. RESULTS: three patients (ages 26-41, male) with significant low back pain as well as radiculopathy with lateral recess stenosis from a large disc herniation/ ligamentum and facet hypertrophy (L4-5 and/or L5-S1) underwent a minimally invasive decompression/ discectomy and bilateral Percudyn placement at each disease level. Each patient had significant relief of both his radiculopathy and axial back pain post-operatively and was discharged home within 18 hours without sequelae. CONCLUSION: this novel technique of percutaneous posterior facet augmentation allows for safe placement of bilateral middle column prostheses that act as mechanical cushions between the articulating facets thereby limiting extension and lateral bending and also preventing compression of the neural elements. As the Percudyn device serves to reinforce the middle column directly at the level of the facet, it represents a new class of posterior motionpreserving stabilization which may serve to mitigate segmental axial back pain as has been described for other posterior dynamic stabilization systems.
A Clinical Servo System for Shifting the Range of Pion Beams

An energy absorbing instrument, designed for use with a linear accelerator producing a high intensity beam of negative pions is described. The system makes use of a variable column of energy absorbing fluid with depth controlled by a hydraulic servomechanism to conform to theoretically or experimentally derived sweep curves in the form of histograms or continuous functions. The dose versus depth curves which result from the vertical sweep of this instrument show excellent flattening over the stroke. The details of construction and control of a prototype "range-shifter" are described, as well as an innovative design for improving the form and function of the device. A unique method for command-function storage and interrupt control using programmable memories and microprocessor techniques is discussed which has proven satisfactory in applications involving human patients.
Racial Discrimination Allegations and Workplace Devaluation

Scholarly examinations of racial discrimination have held a specific paradigmatic position. We tilt this paradigm and begin to examine the construct of racial discrimination as the result of inappr...
Structural investigations of magnesium silicate glasses by 29Si 2D Magic-Angle Flipping NMR

Abstract The two-dimensional Magic Angle Flipping Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (2D MAF NMR) experiment on 29 Si nuclei is used to determine the distribution of Q ( n ) sites in two 29 Si-enriched magnesium silicate glasses with compositions 2MgO·SiO 2 and MgO·SiO 2 . A significant degree of polymerization is observed in the 2MgO·SiO 2 glass, supporting previous studies using Raman and 29 Si NMR spectroscopy. Relative abundances of 0.629 ± 0.001 for Q (0) and 0.371 ± 0.001 for Q (1) were obtained from spectral fits of the 2D MAF spectrum of the 2MgO·SiO 2 glass. Mole fractions for the free oxygen anion and each Q ( n ) -species were calculated and used in a thermodynamic model of Q ( n ) disproportionation to calculate an equilibrium constant of k 0 = 0.04 ± 0.02 in 2MgO·SiO 2 . In the MgO·SiO 2 glass relative abundance of 0.014 ± 0.001 for Q (0) , 0.191 ± 0.003 for Q (1) , 0.530 ± 0.004 for Q (2) , 0.252 ± 0.003 for Q (3) , and 0.014 ± 0.001 for Q (4) were measured. The mole fractions for the free oxygen anion and each Q ( n ) -species in MgO·SiO 2 were used to calculate corresponding disproportionation equilibrium constants of k 1 = 0.19 ± 0.02, k 2 = 0.174 ± 0.009, and k 3 = 0.11 ± 0.01. A comparison of k 3 values from previous MAF studies of various alkali and alkaline earth silicate glasses indicate an exponential increase in k 3 with the increasing modifying cation potential. Using the van't Hoff relation, we show that differences in both thermal history and modifier cation potential contribute to this spread in k 3 values. Nuclear shielding tensor anisotropy, ζ , and asymmetry, η , values of ζ = 0.0 ppm and η = 0.0 for Q (0) and ζ = 33.0 ± 0.1 ppm, and η = 0.4 ± 0.1 for Q (1) in 2MgO·SiO 2 glass were determined from its 2D MAF spectrum. These values were used in obtaining the remaining values of ζ = − 36.0 ± 0.5 ppm and η = 0.99 ± 0.01 for Q (2) , and ζ = − 27.5 ± 0.5 ppm and η = 0.45 ± 0.11 for Q (3) , ζ = 0.0 ppm and η = 0.0 for Q (4) in the MgO·SiO 2 glass from its 2D MAF spectrum. The magnitude of ζ values observed are lower than those reported in previous MAF studies of alkali and alkaline earth silicate glasses containing different modifier cations, consistent with previously reported trends in ζ versus modifying cation potential.
Azimuthal Anisotropy Results from STAR

Abstract Recent advances in the studies of eventwise azimuthal anisotropy from STAR have been made possible by the high statistics 200 GeV Au + Au datasets taken in 2010 and by the broad range of energies recorded during the first phase of the RHIC beam energy scan. The high statistics full energy Au + Au data have allowed precision studies of flow. These include detailed studies of flow versus non-flow, results of elliptic flow at high p T , the ν 2 contributions from jets, and elliptic flow of multi-strange hadrons. Data from the beam energy scan enables STAR to search for evidence of the first order phase transition and the onset of deconfinement through the energy systematics of directed flow, elliptic flow, and azimuthally sensitive HBT.
Information Avoidance: Who, What, When, and Why:

Although acquiring information can provide numerous benefits, people often opt to remain ignorant. We define information avoidance as any behavior designed to prevent or delay the acquisition of av...
Interstellar and cometary molecules: Prebiological connections

The cometary modelling of Greenberg (1982), Delsemme (1984) and others suggests a close relationship between interstellar gases and grains, and comets. Cometary nuclei, assembled from primordial dust and ices, are the most "pristine" and thus the most interesting art i facts of the presolar nebula. Excluding H, He, and Ne as too volatile to condense, the elemental abundances of comets are found to approximate solar abundances. But, a four-fold depletion of carbon has yet to be satisfactorily explained. Delsemme has considered loss of volatile methane, formation of graphite grains and cold temperature shift of the CO+3H2=CHh+H20 equilibrium toward CO (Delsemme, 1977). Another possib i l i ty is a large mass fraction (0.19 of heavy organic compounds (Greenberg, 1982).
Reduction in chilling injury to stored grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) by vegetable oils

Abstract Immersing grapefruit in vegetable oils and vegetable oil—water emulsions prior to storage at 3°C markedly delayed and reduced symptoms of chilling injury. Oil—water emulsions of 20% oil were more effective than higher percentage oil emulsions or 100% oil.
The Raman spectra of Cr3O8 and Cr2O5

The Raman spectra of polycrystalline Cr3O8 and Cr2O5 powders were measured. The powders were prepared by thermal decomposition of CrO3 under flowing oxygen. Their composition was verified with x-ray diffraction. Raman spectra were excited with both 514.5 and 647.1 nm radiation. The spectral intensities were corrected for wavelength-dependent instrumental response. Tentative peak descriptions were made by comparison of the Cr3O8 and Cr2O5 spectra with reported spectra of crystalline chromium oxides. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New set-up for in-plane permeability measurement

The determination of accurate permeability values is critical to process simulations for Resin Transfer Molding (RTM). New instrumentation is presented in this paper for high throughput permeability measurements. The design extends the original work of Hoes [Hoes K. Development of a new sensor-based set-up for experimental permeability identification of fibrous media, PhD thesis, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, 2003] with a new sensor design, a much larger sensor pattern, and new analysis software. For example, the new analysis software is more robust than previous versions in that it will compute the flow front orientation angle rather than assume the angle as given by the user. The new set-up was used to measure the permeability of a basalt woven 3/1 twill fabric. When compared with previous work on 2/2 twill and plain woven fabrics, a relationship was observed between the breadth of the anisotropy distribution, the correlation between the principle components of the permeability tensor, and the fabric structure. Such a relationship has implications for manufacturing reliability, and may help explain why some fabrics process much more consistently than others.
A self organizing recognition system

The design of a system for recognition of patterns or objects with provision for size and. rotation invariance will be described. This system is also self-learning in that a program of remembering a pattern by "seeing" that pattern is incorporated in the system. The process of "free learning" which is defined here as abstracting from the results of numerous inputs and outputs to arrive at a more general recognition class is also part of our design. We shall first briefly describe the properties incorporated in our design, and then outline the system.
Inhibition of Macrophage Phagocytosis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Rhamnolipids In Vitro and In Vivo

Patients with cystic fibrosis often have chronic and ultimately lethal pulmonary infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In order to understand why these bacteria resist pulmonary clearance, we have investigated the interaction of P. aeruginosa and phagocytic cells. In an earlier study we reported that sub-lytic concentrations of two glycolipids produced by P. aeruginosa (the mono- and dirhamnolipids) caused structural changes in human monocyte-derived macrophages, and at lower concentrations inhibited the phagocytosis of Staphylococcus epidermidis by these cells. In the present study we demonstrate that rhamnolipids also inhibit the in vitro phagocytosis of both P. aeruginosa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae by thioglycollate-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages. Using lucifer yellow to label the lysosomal compartments of macrophages, we determined that rhamnolipids interfere with the internalization of attached particles and reduce the level of phagosome-lysosome fusion of internalized targets within macrophages. We also demonstrate that physiologically relevant concentrations of rhamnolipids injected intratracheally into rat lungs inhibited the response of alveolar macrophages to a challenge of zymosan particles in vivo. These studies further demonstrate the profound inhibitory effects of P. aeruginosa rhamnolipids on macrophage function and are consistent with our hypothesis that the in situ production of these rhamnolipids directly contributes to the persistence of this pathogen in cystic fibrosis patient lungs.
Effective photon theory and photon-photon scattering

Abstract It is shown that the assumptions made by Eimerl in deriving the unusually high photon-photon scattering cross section from the effective photon theory of Panarella are unfounded.
Rapid, fluorometric DNA determination for chick limb-bud mesenchymal-cell microcultures

Micromass cultures of chick and mouse limb-bud mesenchymal cells are commonly used for in vitro studies of cellular differentiation. Previously, adaptation of these cultures to 96-well plates facilitated analyses of various aspects of cellular behavior and the effects of different media components in these cultures. These adjustments allowed development of a serum-free medium for chick limb-bud mesenchymal cells and substantially decreased costs associated with media and reagents. Here we report a further development for this model system; a Hoechst 33342-based in situ DNA assay that provides reliable data much more quickly and with considerably less effort than had been feasible in the past. Because it allows quantitation of products of cellular differentiation and DNA in the same cultures, the number of cultures needed to provide the same data is essentially halved and the accuracy of normalized values for quantitative estimates of markers of differentiation is improved. Studies of the effects of retinoic acid on chick limb-bud mesenchymal cells were performed to document the usefulness of this method.
High Capacity Communications Capability (HC3) Government Reference Architecture (GRA): Alternatives for Third Partv A2G Waveform Porting

This paper describes the alternatives for implementation of third party Above 2 GHz (A2G) waveform porting over software programmable modems. With the advent of software radios, Government software standards have been proposed, and are evolving, which are intended to facilitate reuse and portability. To date, these steps have achieved limited effectiveness in maximizing reuse and reducing cost, particularly in A2G terminal designs. The fundamental problem that all new terminal programs face is the lack of an efficient methodology to leverage and/or reuse pre-existing efforts, without incurring substantial redevelopment costs particularly but not limited to waveform development. This paper will review the GRA and COTS alternatives with respect to terminal architecture for third party A2G waveform porting. Particular emphasis will be placed on existing standards ability to support the alternative (i.e. SCA).
MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONE (MSH) AND ACTH ACTIVITIES OF PITUITARY HOMOGRAFTS IN ALBINO RATS.

The MSH and ACTH activities of renal capsular pituitary homografts in hypophysectomized albino rats were assayed and compared with the activities of these hormones in intact control pituitaries. The ratio of MSH to ACTH in the intact pituitary was approximately 6 times greater than that in the grafted pituitary. This difference was due largely to the loss of MSH activity in the transplants. Since no MSH activity was demonstrated in the plasma of the homografted rats, MSH secretion could not be evaluated. (Endocrinology 75: 187,1964)
Long-Run Productivity of Insecticides

prompted research on the private costs and returns from the use of these chemicals. Headley uses 1963 state data to estimate a $4 return for each dollar of pesticide materials of all types (fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, etc.) used on U.S. farms. He indicates that this result helped explain the rapid increase in sales volume of pesticides. But during the 1960s producers were giving additional attention to pest control as more insect species became resistant to more chemical types. Many policy questions on the limitation of use and registration of insecticides require more detailed knowledge of the demand for specific compounds. Regulatory officials are concerned about the substitutability of other chemical and nonchemical pest controls (Davis et al.). Yet, no statistical estimates of insecticide demand are presently available. The importance of insecticide resistance in affecting demand for specific compounds and the long-run productivity of insecticides are investigated in this paper. Individual farm data from several cotton production regions and aggregate insecticide use data are used to test hypotheses of falling productivity of insecticides and substitutability between chemical types.
Improving operating discipline through the successful implementation of a mandated behavior-based safety program

This article describes the improvement of a manufacturing site's safety performance that can be attributed, in part, to the successful implementation of a mandated behavior-based safety (BBS) program. As has been discussed in prior articles, improving operating discipline (improving the conduct of operations) will contribute to reducing process safety, health and environmental risks. The BBS program implementation, with its expectation that each employee complete and submit at least one safety observation a month, coincided with several other significant safety initiatives. These other initiatives required employee involvement from all levels of the organization, including implementing process safety management elements, implementing the site's “principles of operation,” and performing daily job safety analyses. This article will describe how the site's BBS observation program has evolved over the last decade, how several human-related issues were overcome, and provides specific examples of some of the changes implemented as a result of the observations. In conclusion, this article shows how direct management involvement and support and increased personnel involvement has improved safety awareness, knowledge, and commitment to help reduce manufacturing risks. “You can observe a lot just by watching.”—Yogi Berra © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2010
Use of the Ethnographic Approach As Interpretive Science Within The Field of Home Economics: Textiles and Clothing as an Example

The ethnographic approach refers to a descriptive and interpretive process used in research which aims to understand individuals and their behavior from their perspective and sociocultural context. It is presented as a possible alternative methodological approach to the methods of the analytic-empirical perspective which dominates the research in the field of home economics. The objectives of this article are: (1) to establish the significance of an alternative theoretical structure and methodological approach to research within the area of textiles and clothing, (2) to examine the use of the ethnographic approach as an interpretive science perspective by reviewing the textile and clothing research literature, and (3) to illustrate the application and compatibility of the ethnographic approach as interpretive science to the range of human problems addressed in the study of textiles and clothing.
Optogenetic Stimulation of Accumbens Shell or Shell Projections to Lateral Hypothalamus Produce Differential Effects on the Motivation for Cocaine

Previous studies suggest that pharmacological or molecular activation of the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh) facilitates extinction of cocaine-seeking behavior. However, overexpression of CREB, which increases excitability of AcbSh neurons, enhances cocaine-seeking behavior while producing depression-like behavior in tests of mood. These discrepancies may reflect activity in differential AcbSh outputs, including those to the lateral hypothalamus (LH), a target region known to influence addictive behavior and mood. Presently, it is unknown whether there is a causal link between altered activity in the AcbSh-LH pathway and changes in the motivation for cocaine. In this study, we used an optogenetics approach to either globally stimulate AcbSh neurons or to selectively stimulate AcbSh terminal projections in the LH, in rats self-administering cocaine. We found that stimulation of the AcbSh-LH pathway enhanced the motivation to self-administer cocaine in progressive ratio testing, and led to long-lasting facilitation of cocaine-seeking behavior during extinction tests conducted after withdrawal from cocaine self-administration. In contrast, global AcbSh stimulation reduced extinction responding. We compared these opposing motivational effects with effects on mood using the forced swim test, where both global AcbSh neuron and selective AcbSh-LH terminal stimulation facilitated depression-like behavioral despair. Together, these findings suggest that the AcbSh neurons convey complex, pathway-specific modulation of addiction and depression-like behavior, and that these motivation and mood phenomenon are dissociable.
Comparison of the heat shock response in cultured cortical neurons and astrocytes

Cultured cortical neurons and astrocytes were compared for synthesis of the major inducible 68 kDa heat shock protein. By one- and two-dimensional electrophoresis the inducible 68 kDa protein appeared similar, but astrocytes produced greater amounts of the protein by 3 h than did neurons. Antibodies raised against HeLa cell inducible 72 and constitutive 73 kDa heat shock proteins were used to characterizes the inducible heat shock proteins in neurons and astrocytes. Unlike the gels, major differences were noted of the major inducible heat shock protein in astrocytes compared with neurons when analyzed by Western immunoblots. Heat shock protein 68 kDa mRNA induction in neurons was less than astrocytes suggesting an attenuated inducible 68 kDa heat shock protein response in neurons. The neuronal protein may be a different isoform of the 70 kDa family of heat shock proteins.
Remote Acculturation of Early Adolescents in Jamaica towards European American Culture: A Replication and Extension.

Abstract Remote acculturation is a modern form of non-immigrant acculturation identified among early adolescents in Jamaica as “Americanization”. This study aimed to replicate the original remote acculturation findings in a new cohort of early adolescents in Jamaica (n = 222; M = 12.08 years) and to extend our understanding of remote acculturation by investigating potential vehicles of indirect and intermittent intercultural contact. Cluster analyses replicated prior findings: relative to Traditional Jamaican adolescents (62%), Americanized Jamaican adolescents (38%) reported stronger European American cultural orientation, lower Jamaican orientation, lower family obligations, and greater conflict with parents. More U.S. media (girls) and less local media and local sports (all) were the primary vehicles of intercultural contact predicting higher odds of Americanization. U.S. food, U.S. tourism, and transnational communication were also linked to U.S. orientation. Findings have implications for acculturation research and for practice and policy targeting Caribbean youth and families.
Nanomedicine strategies for molecular targets with MRI and optical imaging.

The science of ‘theranostics’ plays a crucial role in personalized medicine, which represents the future of patient management. Over the last decade an increasing research effort has focused on the development of nanoparticle-based molecular-imaging and drug-delivery approaches, emerging as a multidisciplinary field that shows promise in understanding the components, processes, dynamics and therapies of a disease at a molecular level. The potential of nanometer-sized agents for early detection, diagnosis and personalized treatment of diseases is extraordinary. They have found applications in almost all clinically relevant biomedical imaging modality. In this review, a number of these approaches will be presented with a particular emphasis on MRI and optical imaging-based techniques. We have discussed both established molecular-imaging approaches and recently developed innovative strategies, highlighting the seminal studies and a number of successful examples of theranostic nanomedicine, especially in the ...
The Organized Crime Continuum: A Further Specification of a New Conceptual Model:

Endless and sometimes fruitless debate continues in the literature regarding a proper definition of organized crime as a concept. Much of this difficulty is associated with thefact that the concept has been viewed at a nominal level of measurement and the question asked: "Is this group and/or its operations an example of organized crime?" A neoteric, continuum (ordinal) model of the concept of "organized crime" suggests that such a question is futile and that an analogy can be drawn with other social science concepts such as "professionalism."A continuum model of organized crime suggests that rather than viewing the concept as a matter of kind (i.e., is it or is it not), it is far more useful to view it as a matter of degree, that is, "To what extent does this group and! or its operations resemble organized crime?"Deriving the key definitional components of organized crime as suggested by a content analysis of selected current authors, the "cosa nostra" is viewed as aprototype (ideal type) of organized cr...
Conditioning of affect to a neutral stimulus: Number of trials.

A conditioning model can be used to explain the evaluation process and interpersonal attraction. Since number of trials is an important variable in conditioning research, it was predicted that evaluation of a neutral stimulus should become progressively more positive with trials when paired with positive reinforcers and it should become more negative when paired with negative reinforcers. Subjects in the experimental groups were presented with 15 paired presentations of a geometric figure and attitudes that were either similar or dissimilar. Subjects in the control groups were presented with attitudes without the figure. Evaluations of the figure were made before and after the presentations. Evaluations became more negative over trials when the figure was paired with dissimilar attitudes, but there was no change when it was paired with similar attitudes (Groups × Trials interaction, p < .001). There was no change over trials in the control groups. Differential awareness among the groups was not significan...
'Without Reserve': Jesse Shera in the Wilson Library Bulletin and Elsewhere, 1961–1970

Abstract Jesse Shera (1903–1982) was one of the foremost figures in librarianship of his time. From 1961 to 1968, he wrote a column in the Wilson Library Bulletin, a magazine aimed largely at publi...
Transient, Three-dimensional, Multiscale Simulations of the Human Aortic Valve

A set of multiscale simulations has been created to examine the dynamic behavior of the human aortic valve (AV) at the cell, tissue, and organ length scales. Each model is fully three-dimensional and includes appropriate nonlinear, anisotropic material models. The organ-scale model is a dynamic fluid-structure interaction that predicts the motion of the blood, cusps, and aortic root throughout the full cycle of opening and closing. The tissue-scale model simulates the behavior of the AV cusp tissue including the sub-millimeter features of multiple layers and undulated geometry. The cell-scale model predicts cellular deformations of individual cells within the cusps. Each simulation is verified against experimental data. The three simulations are linked: deformations from the organ-scale model are applied as boundary conditions to the tissue-scale model, and the same is done between the tissue and cell scales. This set of simulations is a major advance in the study of the AV as it allows analysis of transient, three-dimensional behavior of the AV over the range of length scales from cell to organ.
Signal processing of transient atomic absorption signals

Abstract This article is an electronic publication in Spectrochimica Acta Electronica (SAE), the electronic section of Spectrochimica Acta Part B (SAB). The hard copy text is accompanied by a disk with a demonstration version of the simulation program, libraries of electronic and optical component blocks, simulation models, manual, and other files. Absorbance signals for electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectroscopy (ETA-AAS) were generated digitally and the effect of various types and sources of noise upon the precision of the absorbance measurement was evaluated by numerical calculation. Peak area measurement, peak height measurement, and matched filtering were used for processing these signals. The performance of these three techniques in the presence of various types of noises and the sensitivity of each to small variation in the atomization conditions was calculated. It is demonstrated that significant improvement in signal-to-noise ratios can be realized by application of appropriate signal processing methods. The results also indicate that one of the principal causes for loss of precision could be the variation in the heating characteristics of the furnace.
Primary tumor thickness as a risk factor for contralateral cervical metastases in T1/T2 oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Contralateral cervical metastases represent an avoidable source of failure in squamous cell carcinoma (SCCa) of the oral tongue. We sought to identify risk factors for the development of contralateral cervical metastases in T1/T2 oral tongue SCCa. Study Design: Retrospective review. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of 50 sequential cases of Stage I/II SCCa of the oral tongue treated with surgery between 1983 and 2003 at Loyola University Medical Center and Hines VA Hospital. Clinical staging, primary tumor thickness, results of neck dissection, adjuvant treatment, site and date of recurrence, and final outcome were recorded. Follow-up ranged from 0.2 to 17 years, with a mean of 5 years. Data were analyzed using multivariate logistic, Cox regression analysis, and a classification and logistic regression tree analysis. Results: The odds ratio for risk of developing contralateral neck metastasis was 5% for each 1 mm increase in tumor thickness (P = .68). The risk did not change when controlling for the presence of ipsilateral metastasis. There was a significant relationship between contralateral cervical metastases and the development of recurrent disease at any site (P = .005). Classification tree analysis determined the risk for contralateral metastases and was greatest for patients with tumors >3.75 mm thick and ≤9.5 mm thick. Conclusions: This report is the first to our knowledge that evaluates thickness as a risk factor for contralateral cervical metastasis in oral tongue SCCa. We recommend consideration be given to treating the contralateral neck in cases where the primary tumor is >3.75 mm thick. Laryngoscope, 2009
Risk assessment of hurricane winds for Eglin air force base in northwestern Florida, USA

Hurricane winds present a significant hazard for coastal infrastructure. An estimate of the local risk of extreme wind speeds is made using a new method that combines historical hurricane records with a deterministic wind field model. The method is applied to Santa Rosa Island located in the northwestern panhandle region of Florida, USA. Firstly, a hurricane track is created for a landfall location on the island that represents the worst-case scenario for Eglin Air Force Base (EAFB). The track is based on averaging the paths of historical hurricanes in the vicinity of the landfall location. Secondly, an extreme-value statistical model is used to estimate 100-year wind speeds at locations along the average track based again on historical hurricanes in the vicinity of the track locations. Thirdly, the 100-year wind speeds together with information about hurricane size and forward speed are used as input to the HAZUS hurricane wind field model to produce a wind swath across EAFB. Results show a 100-year hurricane wind gust on Santa Rosa Island of 58 (±5) m s−1 (90% CI). A 100-year wind gust at the same location based on a 105-year simulation of hurricanes is lower at 55 m s−1, but within the 90% confidence limits. Based on structural damage functions and building stock data for the region, the 100-year hurricane wind swath results in $574 million total loss to residential and commercial buildings, not including military infrastructure, with 25% of all buildings receiving at least some damage. This methodology may be applied to other coastal areas and adapted to predict extreme winds and their impacts under climate variability and change.
The Effect of Growth Rate, Age, and Chestnut Blight on American Chestnut Mortality

Abstract The factors affecting tree mortality have a significant impact on forest dynamics. Trees experience numerous biotic and abiotic stresses, and allocation of available resources can determine tree survival in different conditions. Recent studies support an intraspecific relationship between radial growth rate and longevity. This study investigates the existence of such a relationship in the American chestnut [Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.] across a landscape in southwestern Virginia. Growth rate and age at death were measured on basal cross sections of recently dead American chestnuts. The relationships between growth rate and age at death and between growth rate and chestnut blight presence were analyzed. Average growth rate during the first 10 years of growth and age at death were correlated; chestnuts with fast early growth died younger than chestnuts with slow early growth. Additionally, we found that the average growth rate during the last 10 years of growth was a significant predictor of b...
SIMULATION OF AN IMMOBILIZED ENZYME PARTICLE USING β‐GALACTOSIDASE ADSORBED TO A PHENOL‐FORMALDEHYDE RESIN

The mass transfer and kinetic properties of both soluble and immobilized β-galactosidase were investigated. A reversible enzyme kinetic model was found to best fit the soluble and immobilized enzymatic lactose hydrolysis. A finite difference model was used to simulate the steady state and unsteady state behavior of an immobilized enzyme particle. The performance of the catalyst in a stirred tank reactor was simulated by using the physical properties of the support with the kinetic model and varying the effective substrate diffusivity to fit the data. A sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of particle size, diffusivity, external mass transfer coefficient and enzyme loading.
Physicochemical factors impacting CO2 sequestration in depleted shale formations: The case of the Utica shale☆

Abstract Fractured shale formations could serve as an attractive target formation for geologic carbon sequestration once they have been depleted of hydrocarbons. The low intrinsic permeability of the shale matrix could reduce the CO 2 leakage potential, the kerogen in the shale would provide a matrix within which the CO 2 can be permanently sorbed, and the infrastructure in place at gas production sites could all be leveraged to minimize costs. Here, a modeling framework previously developed by the authors to estimate the sequestration capacity of shale formations is extended to better capture the physicochemical realities associated with injecting CO 2 into fractured shale formations. The model uses CH 4 production data to fit key parameters about the formation and applies those to a unipore diffusion model to characterize the controlling gas transport processes. A number of parameters, including the gas diffusion coefficient, the ratio of adsorbed gas to free phase gas, water saturation and gas adsorption isotherms are considered and their effect on modeling estimates is explored. The model is found to be most sensitive to the ratio of adsorbed gas to the total gas which includes both adsorbed and free phase gas. The equilibrium adsorption parameters of CH 4 and CO 2 also have significant influence largely because published estimates for these parameters vary considerably. The effect of pore collapse following production was explored in terms of its effect on characteristic diffusion length. The results indicate that increasing this characteristics length by an order of five would triple the time it takes to complete the injection of CO 2 into the formation. Similarly, an increase in water content in the formation or in the ratio of free CH 4 to sorbed CH 4 would decrease the sequestration potential of the formation. Based on this improved constitutive understanding of the modeling inputs and the estimates, the CO 2 sequestration capacity of the Utica Shale was calculated and the results were compared with those from Marcellus Shale. The differences could be understood in terms of the distinct petrophysical properties of those two shale formations. This analysis provides recommendations about experimental directions that could be very useful for improving the accuracy of sequestration capacity models.
Quantitative measurements of intervalley and carrier-carrier scattering in GaAs with hot (e,A0) luminescence

Abstract We have used photoluminescence from nonequilibrium electrons recombining at neutral acceptors to quantitatively measure hot electron kinetics in GaAs. Values have been obtained for intervalley scattering rates as a function of electron kinetic energy and the scattering rate of a single nonequilibrium electron in the presence of a sea of thermalized carriers. These measurements demonstrate the power of this new probe of nonequilibrium carrier relaxation in direct gap semiconductors.
IS THERE EVIDENCE THAT METHYL HEPTINE CARBONATE CAUSES ALLERGIC CONTACT DERMATITIS

The fragrance material methyl heptine carbonate has been cited as a moderately frequent cause of cosmetics-related allergic contact dermatitis. A review of the literature shows that when the underlying clinical data are analyzed, there is only one published case where a possible causal link to a cosmetic product has been established. Predictive tests in a computational model, in animal systems, and in volunteers have demonstrated a significant sensitization potential for this substance but reports of clinical cases of allergy are rare with no new reports appearing in the last two decades. The infrequence of reported cases of allergy may be linked to risk management procedures put in place by the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) more than 20 years ago.
An expandable VLSI processor array approach to contour tracing

A new architecture for contour tracing of black-and-white images is described. This architecture uses parallelism and pipelining to achieve a significant increase in processing speed over previous tracers. An array of identical processors suitable for VLSI implementation is used. The array approach facilitates expansion to handle arbitrarily large images. The processors trace independently, thereby providing fully parallel, high-speed operation. A postprocessor links the partial contours created by the subdivision of the input image. Simulation results for compression ratio and number of operations are presented. >
Use of a Four Pin and Methylmethacrylate Fixation in L7 and the Iliac Body to Stabilize Lumbosacral Fracture–Luxations: A Clinical and Anatomic Study

Objectives To describe the clinical outcome of a 4 pin lumbosacral fixation technique for lumbosacral fracture-luxations, and to refine placement technique for iliac pins based on canine cadaver studies. Study design Retrospective and anatomic study. Sample population Dogs (n=5) with lumbosacral fracture-luxations and 8 cadaveric canine pelvi. Methods Lumbosacral fracture-luxations were stabilized with a 4 pin (positive-profile threaded) and bone cement fixation. Caudal pins were inserted in the iliac body and cranial pins were inserted into the L7 or L6 pedicle and body. Follow-up examinations and radiographs were performed to assess patient outcome. Intramedullary pins were inserted into the iliac bodies of 8 cadaver pelvi. Radiographs were taken to measure pin insertion angles and define ideal insertion angles that would maximize pin purchase in the ilium. Results Follow-up neurologic examination was normal in 4 dogs. Radiographic healing of the fracture was evident in 5 dogs. One implant failure occurred but did not require re-operation. For cadaver iliac pins, mean craniocaudal insertion angle was 29 degrees and mean lateromedial insertion angle was 20 degrees. Conclusions Four pin and bone cement fixation effectively stabilizes lumbosacral fracture luxations. The iliac body provides ample bone stock, which can be maximized using an average craniocaudal pin trajectory of 29 degrees and an average lateromedial pin trajectory of 20 degrees. Clinical relevance Lumbosacral fracture-luxations can be stabilized with 4 pin and bone cement fixation in the lumbar vertebrae and iliac body, using 29 and 20 degrees as guidelines for the craniocaudal and lateromedial pin insertion angles in the ilium.