cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Topical and intravenous pilocarpine stimulated accommodation in anesthetized rhesus monkeys.

Many studies have used pilocarpine to stimulate accommodation in both humans and monkeys. However, the concentrations of pilocarpine used and the methods of administration vary. In this study, three different methods of pilocarpine administration are evaluated for their effectiveness in stimulating accommodation in rhesus monkeys. Experiments were performed in 17 iridectomized, anesthetized rhesus monkeys aged 4–16 years. Maximum accommodation was stimulated in all these monkeys with a 2% pilocarpine solution maintained on the cornea for at least 30 min in a specially designed perfusion lens. In subsequent topical pilocarpine experiments, baseline refraction was measured with a Hartinger coincidence refractometer and then while the monkeys were upright and facing forward, commercially available pilocarpine (2, 4, or 6%) was applied topically to the cornea as 2 or 4 drops in two applications or 6 drops in three applications over a five minute period with the eyelids closed between applications. Alternatively, while supine, 10–12 drops of pilocarpine were maintained on the cornea in a scleral cup for 5 min. Refraction measurements were begun 5 min after the second application of pilocarpine and continued for at least 30 min after initial administration until no further change in refraction occurred. In intravenous experiments, pilocarpine was given either as boluses ranging from 0.1 mg/kg to 2 mg/kg or boluses followed by a constant infusion at rates between 3.06 mg/kg/h and 11.6 mg/kg/h. Constant 2% pilocarpine solution on the eye in the perfusion lens produced 10.88 ± 2.73 D (mean ± SD) of accommodation. Topically applied pilocarpine produced 3.81 D ± 2.41, 5.49 D ± 4.08, and 5.55 D ± 3.27 using 2%, 4%, and 6% solutions respectively. When expressed as a percentage of the accommodative response amplitude obtained in the same monkey with constant 2% pilocarpine solution on the eye, the responses were 34.7% for 2% pilocarpine, 48.4% for 4% pilocarpine, and 44.6% for 6% pilocarpine. Topical 4% and 6% pilocarpine achieved similar, variable accommodative responses, but neither achieved maximum accommodation. IV boluses of pilocarpine achieved near maximal levels of accommodation at least ten times faster than topical methods. Doses effective for producing maximum accommodation ranged from 0.25 mg/kg to 1.0 mg/kg. IV pilocarpine boluses caused an anterior movement of the anterior lens surface, a posterior movement of the posterior lens surface, and a slight net anterior movement of the entire lens. Considerable variability in response amplitude occurred and maximum accommodative amplitude was rarely achieved with topical application of a variety of concentrations of commercially available pilocarpine. Intravenous infusion of pilocarpine was a rapid and reliable method of producing a nearly maximal accommodative response and maintaining accommodation when desired.
The kinetics of Schottky barrier formation: Al on low-temperature GaAs(110)☆

Abstract The deposition of Al on both low-temperature and room-temperature cleaved GaAs(110) substrates results in Al-Ga exchange and in some Al clusterization. In contrast, the kinetics of the Shottky barrier formation process is dramatically different for low- and room-temperature substrates. This requires substantial modifications of the barrier formation model deduced from room-temperature experiments.
Opioid self-administration in rats: Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

This article provides comparative data obtained during opioid self-administration in rats, using our EEG-EMG rat model of addiction. This model allows continuous recording of EEG and EMG activities and programming of intravenous drug injections. Comparative data on opioid self-administration patterns are presented. These studies on the association between EEG and behavioral correlates of opioid self-administration have contributed to the delineation of similarities and differences in pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of opioids.
Impact of Acute Reduction in Chronically Elevated Left Atrial Pressure on Sodium and Water Excretion

Abstract To test the hypothesis that a reduction in chronically elevated left atrial pressure would decrease sodium and water excretion in humans, we studied 61 carefully selected patients who underwent cardiac surgery for valvular or coronary artery disease or both. The immediate postoperative decrease in left atrial pressure (from 16.7 ± 1.0 to 9.4 ± 0.4 mm Hg; p > 0.001) was inversely correlated with postoperative urine output ( r = −0.69; p > 0.001) and sodium excretion ( r = −0.51; p > 0.005). There was no significant relationship between postoperative urine output or sodium excretion and other hemodynamic or nonhemodynamic variables. A significant postoperative decrease in plasma atrial natriuretic factor (from 150 ± 22 to 65 ± 14 pg/ml; p > 0.01) and increase in plasma renin activity (from 2.5 ± 0.6 to 8.7 ± 3.2; p > 0.05) occurred in patients with a 7 mm Hg or greater postoperative decrease in left atrial pressure. Thus, an acute reduction in left atrial pressure results in significant reductions in urine output and sodium excretion, the magnitude of which are related to the degree of reduction in left atrial pressure.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM): considerations for the treatment of major depressive disorder.

In mid-February 2008, a panel of 10 nationally recognized schizophrenia research experts was assembled in a Schizophrenia Summit to focus on controversies that exist in treating patients with schizophrenia. The current literature related to the diagnosis and etiopathology of schizophrenia was evaluated regarding the identification of a prodromal phase, brain changes, cognitive impairments, genetic factors, and use of neuroimaging in patients with schizophrenia. Further, consideration was given to evidence supporting the neuroprotective benefits of atypical antipsychotic medications, the benefits of treating patients during the prodromal period, the use of combination antipsychotic medications, the need to improve cognitive function, and the management of substance abuse. Summit faculty member opinion is compared with field survey results, and recommendations are made for future research.
Synthesis of α-aminonitriles by self-catalyzed, stoichiometric reaction of primary amines, aldehydes, and trimethylsily cyanide

Abstract α-Aminonitriles can be prepared at room temperature in good yield by either the addition of a primary amine to a mixture aldehyde/trimethylsilyl cyanide (TMSCN) or by the addition of an aldehyde to a mixture amine/TMSCN. The reaction proceeds via the initial condensation of a minute amount of aldehyde and amine groups to generate azomethine bonds and water. The latter then acts catalytically to rapidly convert the aldehyde into the trimethylsilyl cyanohydrin, which then undergoes nucleophilic attack by the amine. Several new α-aminonitriles and bis(α-aminonitrile)s have been prepared.
The effects of explosive blast on structures and personnel

Data concerning the effects ojeqlosive blast on humans, structures, uindows, etc. are available in standard texts. Howeueer. the Ikon-linear" relationships among the variables make it difficult to use the data in "what pscenam'os. "HLperbolic" equations which relate the energy of explosion (in term of iWTequivalent), distance from the explosion, bhst pressure, blast impulse and degree of injury or damage to structzrres are developed. These relationships may be shown as struight liiw on "reciprocal-reciprocal" graph paper. lbus, correlution of blast-effects data is simplfled, and fewer data points are required to characterizt. a damage-susceptible structure. iilso, this Qpe ofgraph aids inpresenting the results qf cwuluations ofpotential damage u)hich could result from accidentul aplosions, such as detonation of ttondensed" explos 1'~~s. p ressu re-vessel bursting, vapor-clo ud explosions, and BLEVEs. Further, such graphs are useful in evaluating plant layouts and siting.
AB INITIO FORCE FIELDS OF ALANINE DIPEPTIDE IN FOUR NON-HYDROGEN BONDED CONFORMATIONS

We have previously calculated the force fields and dipole-moment derivatives of the L-alanyl dipeptide, CHsCONHCHCHsCONHCH, in the C5, Cp, and Cy conformations with intramolecular NH* * *OC hydrogen bonding. We have now extended these studies with similar ones on four open, non-hydrogen-bonded conformers optimized by Scarsdale et al. - the/&, on, (Y,, and a!’ structures. The force constants were derived using the 4-21 Gaussian basis set and were scaled as before. The present results help to isolate the effects of conformation on the force fields and dipole derivatives, and also provide further insight into the effects of hydrogen bonding by comparison with the previous results. Additional effects can also be seen, such as those of the non-planarity of the peptide group, and the influence on the CO bond when the adjacent NH forms a hydrogen bond, and vice versa.
Compressive strength of aluminum honeycomb core sandwich panels with thick carbon–epoxy facesheets subjected to barely visible indentation damage:

An experimental study of damage tolerance under quasi-static indentation (QSI) was performed for sandwich composite panels consisting of 16-ply carbon–epoxy facesheets bonded to an aluminum honeycomb core. To determine how indentation damage and compression strength after indentation depend on the facesheet layup, three facesheet stacking sequences were used, varying the maximum ply angle change and placement of the outermost 0° ply. Similarly, to determine the effect of core parameters on damage and strength following indentation, three cores with varying density and thickness were studied. Specimens were indented in QSI to the barely visible indentation damage threshold by spherical indenters of 25.4 or 76.2 mm diameters. Damaged specimens were tested to failure in compression to determine the post-indentation compressive strength and resulting failure mode. Compression-after-indentation (CAI) strength is compared to the undamaged strength obtained from edgewise-compression tests of specimens with the s...
Depletion of S-adenosyl-l-methionine with cycloleucine potentiates cytochrome P450 2E1 toxicity in primary rat hepatocytes

S-Adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) is the principal biological methyl donor. Methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) catalyzes the only reaction that generates SAM. Hepatocytes were treated with cycloleucine, an inhibitor of MAT, to evaluate whether hepatocytes enriched in cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) were more sensitive to a decline in SAM. Cycloleucine decreased SAM and glutathione (GSH) levels and induced cytotoxicity in hepatocytes from pyrazole-treated rats (with an increased content of CYP2E1) to a greater extent as compared to hepatocytes from saline-treated rats. Apoptosis caused by cycloleucine in pyrazole hepatocytes appeared earlier and was more pronounced than control hepatocytes and could be prevented by incubation with SAM, glutathione reduced ethyl ester and antioxidants. The cytotoxicity was prevented by treating rats with chlormethiazole, a specific inhibitor of CYP2E1. Cycloleucine induced greater production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in pyrazole hepatocytes than in control hepatocytes, and treatment with SAM, Trolox, and chlormethiazole lowered ROS formation. In conclusion, lowering of hepatic SAM levels produced greater toxicity and apoptosis in hepatocytes enriched in CYP2E1. This is due to elevated ROS production by CYP2E1 coupled to lower levels of hepatoprotective SAM and GSH. We speculate that such interactions e.g. induction of CYP2E1, decline in SAM and GSH may contribute to alcohol liver toxicity.
Built space and bad subjects Domination and resistance at Monte Albán, Oaxaca, Mexico

This article examines the creation, renovation and negotiation of built space at Monte Alban, Oaxaca, Mexico, from 500 BC to AD 700, in order to document power relations and the construction of ide...
Approach to the Patient with Sepsis

This article reviews the current understanding of sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock. The article details definitions and epidemiology pertinent to the sepsis syndrome. A brief discussion of mechanisms of disease is followed a description of organ-specific failures related to sepsis. A concise review of the latest treatment options for each organ dysfunction is provided.
Quantitative Formulations of Electrophysiological Sources of Potential Fields in Volume Conductors

The noninvasive measurement of electrical potentials at the surface of the body (e.g., the electrocardiogram) has long been considered an important tool in clinical diagnosis. Electrophysiological modeling and simulation is valuable as an aid in the interpretation of such potential recordings. In all cases, the potential field can be considered to arise from bioelectric sources operating in a volume conductor. This paper concentrates on the appropriate quantitative formulation for these sources. Such sources arise from excitable cells undergoing action potentials (primary sources) or at passive boundaries between regions of different conductivity (secondary sources). These sources are described and discussed for arbitrary cell shapes, circular cylindrical cells, conductive media with piecewise constant conductivity, and for syncytial tissue whose macroscopic properties are anisotropic.
Alteration of phosphorus dynamics during experimental eutrophication of enclosed marine ecosystems

Abstract A 28 month eutrophication experiment was conducted in marine mesocosms at the Marine Ecosystems Research Laboratory of the University of Rhode Island. Each mesocosm contained 13 m3 of seawater and a layer of benthic sediments transferred from adjacent Narragansett Bay. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and silica were added daily to the mesocosms. The paper examines net exchanges of phosphorus between benthic sediments and water column during the experiment. At low loading rates the regular annual pattern of phosphate concentrations is still evident but the amplitude of the pattern is magnified. At higher loading rates the annual pattern is lost and the effectiveness of the sediments to act as a ‘buffer’ to water column concentrations is reduced. In some cases the nutrient loading caused a release of phosphorus from the sediments.
Shape design sensitivity analysis using closed-form stiffness matrix for hierarchic triangular elements

Abstract Shape design sensitivity analysis for finite element analysis using straight-sided hierarchic triangular elements is considered in this paper. Using a recently developed closed-form stiffness matrix, the sensitivity analysis is carried out by direct differentiation of the system equations for finite element analysis. That is, the term ∂K / ∂α required in sensitivity analysis is formulated in the closed form. This is in contrast with prior formulations which utilize finite differences (the semianalytical formulation) and numerical integration to obtain these terms. Both the displacement sensitivity analysis and the strain and stress sensitivity analysis are addressed in this paper.
Mercury control testing in a pulverized lignite-fired system

Abstract The Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) is evaluating and developing advanced and innovative concepts for controlling Hg emissions from North Dakota lignite-fired power plants with the goal of achieving 50%–90% Hg removal at one-half to three-fourths the current estimated costs. Pilot-scale tests were performed to evaluate potential sorbents and fuel additives for removing Hg from North Dakota lignite (Freedom and Center Mines) combustion flue gases. The Hg sorbents and Hg 0 oxidation and sorbent enhancement additives were evaluated separately, and most were also tested in combination. A 580 MJ/h (550,000 Btu/h) pulverized coal combustion system was used to conduct sorbent injections and/or lignite additive additions upstream of three particulate control devices (PCDs): 1) an electrostatic precipitator (ESP), 2) a spray dryer and fabric filter, and 3) a retrofit advanced hybrid particulate collector (AHPC) filter (an ESP followed by an AHPC filter). ASTM International Method D6784-02 (Ontario Hydro method) and continuous Hg monitors were used to measure Hg species concentrations across the control devices. The effects of sorbent injection and coal additive addition rates on Hg removal were evaluated for each PCD option. The effects of continuous injection and batch addition of sorbents on the Hg removal performance of the ESP/AHPC filter system were also investigated. Increasing injection and additive rates and improving contact between the sorbents and flue gases generally promoted Hg capture. Most of the coal additives tested significantly enhanced PCD Hg removal, especially in the presence of a sorbent.
The distribution functions of σ(n)/n and n/φ(n), II

Abstract Let σ ( n ) be the sum of the positive divisors of n , and let A ( t ) be the natural density of the set of positive integers n satisfying σ ( n ) / n ⩾ t . We give an improved asymptotic result for log A ( t ) as t grows unbounded. The same result holds if σ ( n ) / n is replaced by n / φ ( n ) , where φ ( n ) is Eulerʼs totient function.
Errors in genetic theory equations.

This study addresses the consequences of eliminating terms such as x2 and x3 from genetic equations when the variable x is known to be small. This paper indicates logically that to assign such terms a value of 0.0 requires knowing the magnitude of the coefficients for each of these terms as well as the magnitude of all other terms in a given expression. Since most genetic expressions of interest involve several unknowns, the elimination of these terms appears difficult to justify in most situations. The effects of the elimination of a single term from an expression in a classical plant breeding paper were investigated as a simple exemplifying case. In the example, the simplified equation for change in population mean with selection sometimes greatly overestimated the response to selection and in some cases also altered conclusions as to best procedure. Though simplified equations are usually much more tractable and interpretable, the bias which is introduced into the research results and the potential for propagation of such biases in subsequent studies indicates that no term can be uncritically ignored in a genetic equation. The obvious alternatives are (1) do not simplify by eliminating terms, (2) perform a complete error analysis, or (3) restrict the range of values for variables so that terms can be justifiably eliminated in the error analysis.
Numerical simulation of CO2 disposal by mineral trapping in deep aquifers

Abstract Carbon dioxide disposal into deep aquifers is a potential means whereby atmospheric emissions of greenhouse gases may be reduced. However, our knowledge of the geohydrology, geochemistry, geophysics, and geomechanics of CO2 disposal must be refined if this technology is to be implemented safely, efficiently, and predictably. As a prelude to a fully coupled treatment of physical and chemical effects of CO2 injection, the authors have analyzed the impact of CO2 immobilization through carbonate mineral precipitation. Batch reaction modeling of the geochemical evolution of 3 different aquifer mineral compositions in the presence of CO2 at high pressure were performed. The modeling considered the following important factors affecting CO2 sequestration: (1) the kinetics of chemical interactions between the host rock minerals and the aqueous phase, (2) CO2 solubility dependence on pressure, temperature and salinity of the system, and (3) redox processes that could be important in deep subsurface environments. The geochemical evolution under CO2 injection conditions was evaluated. In addition, changes in porosity were monitored during the simulations. Results indicate that CO2 sequestration by matrix minerals varies considerably with rock type. Under favorable conditions the amount of CO2 that may be sequestered by precipitation of secondary carbonates is comparable with and can be larger than the effect of CO2 dissolution in pore waters. The precipitation of ankerite and siderite is sensitive to the rate of reduction of Fe(III) mineral precursors such as goethite or glauconite. The accumulation of carbonates in the rock matrix leads to a considerable decrease in porosity. This in turn adversely affects permeability and fluid flow in the aquifer. The numerical experiments described here provide useful insight into sequestration mechanisms, and their controlling geochemical conditions and parameters.
Maturation of chick bone collagen and quantification of its structural crosslinks: Vitamin D status and cohesiveness of the collagen macromolecular matrix

The intermolecular covalent crosslinks of collagen are directly responsible for the stabilization of the macromolecular matrices of supporting tissues. Crosslink maturational changes occur relative to the age of the animal (8, 1, 2, 15, 19), and from tissue to tissue in the prenatal and postnatal animal (10, 9). A profound age-related event occurs in [3 H]NaBH4 — reduced bone collagen; the ratio of dihydroxylysinonorleucine (DHLNL) to hydroxylysinonorleucine (HLNL) decreases from 5.2 in very young bone to the much lower ratio of 1.0 in mature bone (9). It has been suggested that post-translational phenomena responsible for these differences in crosslink chemistry in collagenous tissues are under fine biochemical control (19) and may involve vitamin D-dependent structurefunction relationships in bone. We have also recently reported an elevation in lysyl oxidase activity in extracts of rachitic bone (7). The results suggested that vitamin D could affect the quantitative relationship between maturational crosslinks in bone collagen by regulating the amount of activity of lysyl oxidase or perhaps a specific hydroxylysyl oxidase, and hence alter aldehydic crosslink precursor formation.
Case study of a professional baseball pitcher

Abstract This case study involving a professional baseball pitcher is presented to illustrate the need for a total and comprehensive approach in assessing and rehabilitating any selected joint and/or soft tissue disorder involving the upper quarter. It demonstrates the need to correlate subjective and objective data, and illustrates the importance of continued investigation over time to validate the success of surgical intervention, as well as specific and functional training in relationship to actual performance. This case study also supports the need to establish sport-specific norms, to correlate data from the entire kinetic chain, and to use various approaches in the management of soft tissue and joint disorders, including manual therapy, mechanical and postural assessment, and modalities. The information presented in this study illustrates the need for further understanding of isokinetic testing, namely, results obtained from tests of torque, work, power, fatigue, and time-to-speed of muscle function at selected joints involving specific motor patterns. Injured athletes need to be treated as a whole person. Their rehabilitation should incorporate an educational program, including emotional support. Investigation and data assessment should continue as the career of the professional athlete continues. Clinicians should assess for prevention and identification of problem areas, as well as for recommendation of appropriate functional training.
Multi-functional polymeric nanoparticles for tumour-targeted drug delivery

The use of nanoparticles as drug delivery vehicles for anticancer therapeutics has great potential to revolutionise the future of cancer therapy. As tumour architecture causes nanoparticles to preferentially accumulate at the tumour site, their use as drug delivery vectors results in the localisation of a greater amount of the drug load at the tumour site; thus improving cancer therapy and reducing the harmful nonspecific side effects of chemotherapeutics. In addition, formulation of these nanoparticles with imaging contrast agents provides a very efficient system for cancer diagnostics. Given the exhaustive possibilities available to polymeric nanoparticle chemistry, research has quickly been directed at multi-functional nanoparticles, combining tumour targeting, tumour therapy and tumour imaging in an all-in-one system, providing a useful multi-modal approach in the battle against cancer. This review will discuss the properties of nanoparticles that allow for such multiple functionality, as well as rece...
EFFECT OF ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION ON EGGS AND LARVAE OF THE NORTHERN ANCHOVY, ENGRAULIS MORDAX, AND THE PACIFIC MACKEREL, SCOMBER JAPONlCUS, DURING THE EMBRYONIC STAGE*

Abstract— Anchovy and mackerel eggs and yolk-sac larvae were exposed to UV radiation in the bioactive band of wavelengths between 280 and 320 nm. the UV-B region of the spectrum. Irradiation levels were based upon predicted UV-B increases that would result from anthropogenic diminution of Earth's protective ozone shell. Dose-response relationships for mortality and histological and morphological effects were determined for two different spectral energy compositions, using FS-40 sunlamps and two filter combinations. Anchovy were more sensitive than mackerel to UV-B. Data for anchovy were analyzed in terms of DNA-effective doses, i.e. the integrated spectral thence (in J/m2/nm) with the energy at each nm weighted by its effectiveness relative to the Setlow generalized DNA action spectrum. Fifty per cent of anchovy survived a cumulative DNA effective dose of 1150J'm-2 over a 4-day period. In the surviving larvae. irradiation induced lesions in the brain and eye. caused marked dispersion of pigment within melanophores and retarded growth and development. At the lowest dosage used. 760 (J. m-2)DNA, growth was retarded and brain lesions occurred in anchovy. Calculations of Smith and Baker (in this issue) indicate that in clear ocean water a significant incidence of lesions and retardation of growth in anchovy could occur at the surface at a 25%, reduction in ozone and down to 3.5 m at a 50% reduction. Eggs and larvae of anchovy occur at these depths.
Irreversible effects in LaGa1-xMnxO3

Abstract Quasi-irreversible increase in the electrical conductivity is observed in single crystals of LaGa 1− x Mn x O 3 . The effect lasts for long time at room temperature and can be erased by heating of the crystal above the phase transition temperature. We explain the observed effects in terms of ionization and local lattice distortion processes.
Survivable networks, linear programming relaxations and the parsimonious property

We consider the survivable network design problem -- the problem of designing, at minimum cost, a network with edge-connectivity requirements. As special cases, this problem encompasses the Steiner tree problem, the traveling salesman problem and thek-edge-connected network design problem. We establish a property, referred to as the parsimonious property, of the linear programming (LP) relaxation of a classical formulation for the problem. The parsimonious property has numerous consequences. For example, we derive various structural properties of these LP relaxations, we present some algorithmic improvements and we perform tight worst-case analyses of two heuristics for the survivable network design problem.
Input Variable Expansion: An algorithmic design generation technique

Input Variable Expansion (IVE) is a domain-independent, algorithmic methodology for generating new designs. These designs are based on a known design which is cast as an optimization problem, described by its first principle equations. IVE performs design space expansion by replicating the topology of the initial design, assigning independent properties to each region, and distributing a selected input to the newly created regions. Optimization information is employed in the selection of the distributed input.
Taxation, Depletion, and Welfare: A Simulation Study of the U.S. Petroleum Resource

Abstract Exhaustible resources in the United States are subject to taxes on property value, production, and corporate income. As applied in practice each tax can cause high-grading—the elimination of incentives to explore, develop, and produce marginal resources—and each can tilt the time path of production toward the present or the future. The potential for such tax-induced distortions has been shown in the theoretical literature. Due to the dynamic nature of resource exploitation and the resulting complexity of models developed to study it, however, purely theoretical exercises have been unable to provide detailed results of a sort that could help guide tax policy. The present paper develops a simulation model of the U.S. petroleum resource and uses it to study the effects of taxation on exploration and production. The model is partial equilibrium in scope and views the industry as a present value maximizing representative firm. Given expectations on the future time path of price, and a function that relates reserve additions to exploratory effort, the industry chooses time paths for exploration and production. Parameters of relevant functions are estimated with data for U.S. petroleum operations in the onshore region of the lower 48 states. The simulated outcomes indicate that property and production (severance) taxes cause substantial deadweight losses, a tax on corporate income from extraction imposes a very small deadweight loss, and the property tax significantly biases utilization of the resource away from the future and toward the present.
Modeling the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an emergency service system.

Abstract Survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is in large part determined by the time from collapse to initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and the time from collapse to initiation of definitive care. A model utilizing these two crucial times was developed to examine various prehospital emergency medical services (EMS). The effectiveness (percent survival) and cost-effectiveness (cost divided by effectiveness) of four different EMS systems were examined. Two of the systems are already operational in various parts of the country: (1) basic life support consisting of CPR as provided by emergency medical technicians (EMT's); and (2) advanced life support consisting of definitive care as provided by paramedics. Two proposed systems are: (1) rapid defibrillation by EMTs; and (2) rapid defibrillation by EMT's with paramedic backup response. Both of these proposed systems are currently under experimental study. The four systems were examined using various parameters such as ratio of paramedic to EMT vehicles, percentage of citizens trained in CPR and response time. Compared to the basic EMT system, the paramedic system is more effective and cost-effective. The proposed system using rapid defibrillation by EMT's is less effective than the paramedic system but is the more cost-effective. The proposed system incorporating rapid defibrillation by EMT's with paramedic backup is the most effective but also the most costly. The resulting cost-effectiveness is less than with rapid defibrillation by EMT's alone. As demonstrated in this analysis, the two proposed systems offer possibilities for improved resuscitation following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
Some remarks on hidden variables and the EPR paradox

bles, and in this note I would like to put in writing the views I tried to state in several of those encounters. On more than one occasion the question arose of the extent to which one could give an account of the kind of phenomena central to the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox. To fix the terms of references, I shall restrict myself to a system of two spin4 particles initially in the singlet state, a familiar case in the literature and one easy to refer to. I shall adopt without question the familiar as? sumptions about such a system:
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN LOVE, SEX, AND MOTIVATION FOR SEX

In 1989 Sprague and Quadagno reported a significant interaction between sex and age for "motive for sexual intercourse" (affection-closeness vs physical release). Young men exceeded women in physical release as primary motive for sex, but women exceeded men in this choice at an older age. We conducted a modified replication, and we also studied Rubin's Love Scale, sexual interest, frequency of sexual arousal, and sexual enjoyment. Analysis did not confirm the earlier findings. For 60 men and 60 women differences were found for sexual interest, frequency of sexual arousal, and sexual enjoyment, with men scoring higher. Scores on Rubin's Love Scale did not differentiate the sexes.
Laser fluorescence and mass spectrometric measurements of vibrational relaxation of N2+(v) with He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe

Abstract The vibrational relaxation of N 2 + ( v ) is studied at thermal energies for the rare gas collision partners, He, Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe. The selected ion flow tube-laser-induced fluorescence technique is combined with conventional mass spectrometry to measure accurately the extremely small rate constants for vibrational relaxation with these rare gas atoms. Measured rate constants for N 2 + ( v = 1) are 9.8(±0.7) × 10 −16 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 for He, 3.6(±0.5) × 10 ±14 for Ne, −11 for Ar, −12 for Kr, and 1.6(±0.2) × 10 −13 for Xe. For Ne, laser fluorescence is used to probe the individual levels, N 2 + ( v = 1–4). The small deactivation probabilities, ranging from 1.7 × 10 −6 for He to 1.6 × 10 −4 for Xe, are discussed in terms of two types of relaxation mechanisms. The correlation between the rare gas polarizability and the relaxation rate constant strongly suggests the importance of attractive forces in the vibrational relaxation. A direct impulsive mechanism may be operative for the vibrational relaxation of N 2 + ( v ) with He.
Highly efficient infrared-to-visible energy upconversion in Er 3+ :Y 2 O 3

Very intense green and red emission was observed at room temperature from the S43/2 and F49/2 levels of Er3+:Y2O3. A cw diode laser at 975 nm was used as a pump for resonant sequential excitation of the I411/2 and F47/2 levels. The fluorescence was easily visible to the naked eye, even with 27 mW of excitation power. It was found that at 850 mW of cw excitation power the total luminance was 39,000 cd/m2. This corresponds to ∼100 µW of green emission and 270 µW of red emission.
Neural model of disinhibitory interactions in the modified Poggendorff illusion

Visual illusions can be strengthened or weakened with the addition of extra visual elements. For example, in the Poggendorff illusion, with an additional bar added, the illusory skew in the perceived angle can be enlarged or reduced. In this paper, we show that a nontrivial interaction between lateral inhibitory processes in the early visual system (i.e., disinhibition) can explain such an enhancement or degradation of the illusory effect. The computational model we derived successfully predicted the perceived angle in the Poggendorff illusion task that was modified to include an extra thick bar. The concept of disinhibition employed in the model is general enough that we expect it can be further extended to account for other classes of geometric illusions.
Oscillator Locking-Bandwidth Enhancement for Coupled-Oscillator Applications

Coupled-oscillator systems offer a means of phase generation for millimeter wavelength applications. Random phase error in coupled-oscillator systems is controllable by employing oscillator cells with a large (injection) locking bandwidth. Signal quality is maintained in the system through the quality of the externally injected signal that controls the overall coupled oscillator system. In this paper, a new scheme is described for enhancing the locking range of FET and MMIC-based oscillators. This scheme is based on Adler's theoretical result and can be analyzed through the open-loop characterization of an oscillator.
LINK MANIFOLDS AND GLOBAL GRAVITATIONAL ANOMALIES

A new method of constructing exotic 11-dimensional structures, as solutions for the cancellation of global gravitational anomalies, is revealed. The construction makes use of link manifolds. Of relevant interest is the fact that the geometry and topology of the exotic 11-dimensional manifolds are encoded in the classical invariants of knots and links in dimension three.
Photoconductivity of extrinsic ion-dopedPLZT ceramics

Abstract Photocurrent action spectra of Fe-doped PLZT ceramics showed that iron defects enhanced the visible light photoconductivity of PLZT. Long thermal diffusion times increased the dark conductivity. Photocurrent action spectra were used to separate the photocurrent, photovoltaic, dark current, and space charge contributions to the total photocurrent.
Access Control for Databases: Concepts and Systems

As organizations depend on, possibly distributed, information systems for operational, decisional and strategic activities, they are vulnerable to security breaches leading to data theft and unauthorized disclosures even as they gain productivity and efficiency advantages. Though several techniques, such as encryption and digital signatures, are available to protect data when transmitted across sites, a truly comprehensive approach for data protection must include mechanisms for enforcing access control policies based on data contents, subject qualifications and characteristics, and other relevant contextual information, such as time. It is well understood today that the semantics of data must be taken into account in order to specify effective access control policies. To address such requirements, over the years the database security research community has developed a number of access control techniques and mechanisms that are specific to database systems. In this monograph, we present a comprehensive state of the art about models, systems and approaches proposed for specifying and enforcing access control policies in database management systems. In addition to surveying the foundational work in the area of access control for database systems, we present extensive case studies covering advanced features of current database management systems, such as the support for fine-grained and context-based access control, the support for mandatory access control, and approaches for protecting the data from insider threats. The monograph also covers novel approaches, based on cryptographic techniques, to enforce access control and surveys access control models for object-databases and XML data. For the reader not familiar with basic notions concerning access control and cryptography, we include a tutorial presentation on these notions. Finally, the monograph concludes with a discussion on current challenges for database access control and security, and preliminary approaches addressing some of these challenges.
Opioid peptides have actions on the immune system

Several recent reports indicate that the nervous system may have a role in the regulation of the immune system. Some neuropeptides, endogenous opioid peptides in particular, have been found to regulate the maturation or activation of natural killer (NK) cells 1 , the growth of tumors 2 and the proliferation of T-lymphocytes 3 . In addition, non-opiate, but β-endorphin-specific binding sites have also been described on lymphocytes 4 and the terminal complex of human complement 5,6 . β-Endorphin seems to share some actions and antigenetic cross-reactivity with human leukocyte interferon 7–9 .
Image reconstruction from reduced-scan data in ultrasonic reflectivity tomography

Reflectivity tomography is an imaging technique that seeks to reconstruct the reflectivity distribution that characterizes a weakly reflecting object. As in other tomographic imaging modalities, in certain applications of reflectivity tomography it may be necessary to reconstruct an accurate image from measurement data that are incomplete, e.g., reduced-scan measurement data. Recently, we have developed a so-called 'potato peeler' perspective for heuristically demonstrating the possibility of reconstructing accurate images from reduced-scan measurement data. In this work we describe a mathematical formulation of the potato peeler perspective, which provides a theoretical justification for the development and application of reduced-scan reconstruction algorithms in reflectivity tomography. Simulation results are presented to corroborate our theoretical assertions.
Assessing drug and metabolite detection in liver tissue by UV-MALDI and IR-MALDESI mass spectrometry imaging coupled to FT-ICR MS

Determining the distribution of a drug and its metabolites within tissue is a key facet of evaluating drug candidates. Drug distribution can have a significant implication in appraising drug efficacy and potential toxicity. The specificity and sensitivity of mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) make it a perfect complement to the analysis of drug distributions in tissue. The detection of lapatinib as well as several of its metabolites in liver tissue was determined by MSI using infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) coupled to high resolving power Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometers. IR-MALDESI required minimal sample preparation while maintaining high sensitivity. The effect of the electrospray solvent composition on IR-MALDESI MSI signal from tissue analysis was investigated and an empirical comparison of IR-MALDESI and UV-MALDI for MSI analysis is also presented.
NONLINEAR COOPERATIVE DYNAMICS OF LIVING NEURONS

There is a substantial body of experimental evidence that neurons often produce oscillations to achieve their functional goals. They thus behave as dynamical systems despite the fluctuations we observe due to environmental noise and imperfections in their construction. In observations of neural behavior these oscillations can appear "intrinsic" as in the rhythmical pulsing of Central Pattern Generators (CPGs) or the oscillations can arise in response to a stimulus as in the actions of projection neurons in olfactory operation or even in the dynamical response of cortex neurons. When assemblies of neurons perform oscillations, their collective behavior is determined in an essential way by both the nonlinear dynamics of the individuals in the assembly and by the architecture of the neural circuitry. The neurons inside an assembly can synchronize, possibly with an evident time lag, to produce particular patterns which control the rhythmic muscular activity of an animal, as in CPG operation. The component neurons may compete with each other in a dynamical fashion to solve the problem of pattern recognition, as in the cortex. They may collectively produce rich spatiotemporal behavior in response to specific forms of stimulus from sensory systems. This is a review of these phenomena which are discussed in language familiar in the description of nonlinear dynamical systems including synchronization and competition. We illustrate our ideas with data from experiment and model simulations for both individual neurons and assemblies of neurons.
Promoting academic achievement: the role of peers and family in the academic engagement of african american adolescents.

While grades are frequently used as indicators of academic achievement, they provide little information about the processes that encourage academic success. Academic engagement, on the other hand, evaluates thoughts, motivations, and behaviors that predict achievement and helps elucidate achievement mechanisms. Understanding academic engagement can facilitate an examination of the forces influencing and hindering achievement and can guide researchers and educators in developing and evaluating effective interventions for increasing academic success. Grounded in ecological theory, this study attempts to understand the influence of family cohesion and peer risky behavior on academic engagement. First, the study explores how socializing with peers who engage in risky behaviors (e.g., sexual behaviors, truancy, or substance use) influences academic engagement and its components (i.e., interest in school, education utility value, and academic effort). Second, the study assesses whether family cohesion buffers t...
Application of maximum-entropy spectral estimation to deconvolution of XPS data

A comparison is made between maximum-entropy spectral estimation and traditional methods of deconvolution used in electron spectroscopy. The maximum-entropy method is found to have higher resolution-enhancement capabilities and, if the broadening function is known, can be used with no adjustable parameters with a high degree of reliability. The method and its use in practice are briefly described, and a criterion is given for choosing the optimal order for the prediction filter based on the prediction-error power sequence. The method is demonstrated on a test case and applied to X-ray photoelectron spectra.
Grazing-ion-surface interaction as a probe of surface states

We propose a simple theoretical model for the study of the electronic structure of surface bands by the measurement of resonant charge transfer between localized surface electrons and grazingly incident projectiles. We present an analytic expression for the parallel velocity dependence of the scattered charge-state fraction, and show how it can be used to estimate the Fermi level and width of the surface band. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
The Bourgeoisie Dream Factory: Teaching Marx's Theory of Alienation through an Experiential Activity.

Effectively teaching sociological theories to undergraduate students is challenging. Students often enroll in theory courses due to major requirements, not personal interest. Consequently, many students approach the study of theory with anxiety. This study examined the effectiveness of an experiential learning activity designed to teach Karl Marx’s theory of alienation. Based on pretest/posttest surveys, responses to open-ended questions, and observational data, students reported that the activity helped them gain a clearer understanding of Marx. They also reported finding the activity interesting, enjoying being able to apply theory, and being able to see how Marx’s theory related to real life. Assessment data revealed that students were confident in demonstrating their understanding of Marx’s theories on assignments but not always effective in doing so. The findings contribute to literature on active and experiential learning techniques as successful methods for teaching abstract sociological concepts.
Patriarchal reversals of black male prestige: Effects of the intersection of race, gender and educational class

INTRODUCTION This paper is an empirical follow-up of an earlier theoretical paper published in the Journal of African American Men that argued black masculinity has been constructed as a specific form of masculinity in U.S. history (Lemelle, 1995). Much of the research on gender and race replays white patriarchal values of family organization and way of life (Bourdieu, 2001; Neubeck and Cazenave, 2001). This also appears to be the case with research on the socioeconomic status of race and gender groups. This study follows those that are concerned with socioeconomic status and cultural capital (Darden and Kamel, 2000; Howe and McWilliam, 2001; Kesner and McKenry, 2001; Lindstrom, Hanson and Ostergren, 2001; McNeal, 2001; White and Sassier, 2000). Socioeconomic status is a factor in within group stratification differences among African Americans (Celious and Daphna, 2001). Socioeconomic prestige is distributed differently in different parts of the country by racial and ethnic group membership (Marzan, 2001; Wilson and Hammer, 2001). Marital quality or marital stability experienced by spouses is at risk when the socioeconomic attainments of wives equal or surpass those of their husbands (Vannoy and Cubbins, 2001). Deviance correlates with low socioeconomic status (Schissel, 2001). This paper examines
Event-by-event fluctuations of the charged particle ratio from nonequilibrium transport theory

The event-by-event fluctuations of the ratio of positively to negatively charged hadrons are predicted within the UrQMD model. Corrections for finite acceptance and finite net charge are derived. These corrections are relevant to compare experimental data and transport model results to previous predictions. The calculated fluctuations at RHIC and SPS energies are shown to be compatible with a hadron gas, thus, deviating by a factor of 3 from the predictions for a thermalized quark-gluon plasma.