cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic fields, bremsstrahlung and synchrotron emission in the flare of 24 October 1969

An impulsive flare October 24, 1969 produced two bursts with virtually identical time profiles of 8800 MHz emission and X-rays above 48 keV. The two spikes of hard X-rays correspond in time to the times of sharp brightening and expansion in the Hα flare. The first burst was not observed at frequencies below 3000 MHz. This cut off is ascribed to plasma cutoff above the low-lying flare.
Copper interaction with a Ta silicate surface: implications for interconnect technology

Abstract The TaSiO 6 films, ∼6 A thick, were formed by sputter deposition of Ta onto ultrathin SiO 2 substrates at 300 K, followed by annealing to 600 K in 2 Torr O 2 . X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements of the films yielded a Si(2p) binding energy at 102.1 eV and Ta(4f 7/2 ) binding energy at 26.2 eV, indicative of Ta silicate formation. O(1s) spectra indicate that the film is substantially hydroxylated. Annealing the film to >900 K in ultra-high vacuum resulted in silicate decomposition to SiO 2 and Ta 2 O 5 . The Ta silicate film is stable in air at 300 K. XPS data show that sputter-deposited Cu (300 K) displays conformal growth on Ta silicate surface (TaSiO 6 ) but 3D growth on the annealed and decomposed silicate surface. Initial Cu/silicate interaction involves Cu charge donation to Ta surface sites, with Cu(I) formation and Ta reduction. The results are similar to those previously reported for air-exposed TaSiN, and indicate that Si-modified Ta barriers should maintain Cu wettability under oxidizing conditions for Cu interconnect applications.
Prevention of anxiety disorders: A model for intervention

Abstract Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent of all psychological disorders and are potentially amenable to early intervention and prevention. In this article, we review the various costs associated with anxiety disorders that make early prevention a valuable endeavor. Also, we considered extant data regarding risk factors for anxiety disorders, as knowledge of risk factors permits the targeting of a select group of the population considered to be most likely to develop anxiety disorders. Existing efficacy research on prevention for anxiety disorders is promising, but an overarching model to guide further research and development is lacking. We propose such models to guide high-risk sample selection including the content and format of prevention efforts.
Measuring Adolescent Prosocial and Health Risk Behavior in Schools: Initial Development of a Screening Measure

Risk behavior in adolescence is widely researched and is an important focus for researchers, federal and state agencies, and schools; however, goals differ across these settings and as such the measurement strategies must also differ. Schools require more frequent and efficient measures that better align with educational goals of increasing positive behaviors. The Prosocial and Health Adolescent Risk Behavior Scale was developed to meet this need. Participants were 682, 9th through 12th grade students (53 % female; 57 % White), from three midwestern high schools. Reliability and preliminary validity analyses resulted in a brief 20 item scale that measures both prosocial and health risk behavior participation. This scale has the potential to move adolescent risk behavior research and measurement forward through its unique conceptualization of risk behavior and its potential use across both research and applied settings.
Mitochondria in plants. II

The significant researches of the past decade on cytoplasmic inclusions have been characterized by new experimental morphological and cyto-chemical techniques which have shed new light upon the role of mitochondria in plant and animal cells. Although some of the experimental approaches were motivated by considerations of non-Mendelian heredity, viruses, enzymology and neoplasms, and the results are sometimes tangential in reference to mitochondria, there appears to be a sufficient correlation between these sometimes oblique approaches and those concerned with mitochondria per se to establish a working theory for the functional significance of mitochondria. Techniques for the isolation of mitochondria from the cell by maceration and ultra-centrifugation, improved cytochemical and genetic techniques, the application of electron and phase microscopy and other morphological techniques to the problem, have rather clearly indicated the relation of mitochondria to metabolism, morphogenesis and heredity, and have further implicated them with viruses and neoplasms of plant and animal cells. Further work will be necessary to clarify these relationships, but with the techniques now available the way seems clear for more definitive evidence. The advances—but also the limitations—of the experimental techniques have emphasized the need for further researches on the more orthodox morpho-cytological techniques for the better fixation and staining of cellular inclusions, and they suggest the search for new chemicals for fixation rather than further modifications of extant formulae. This task may have been made easier by the cyto-chemical revelations made thus far of the properties of the protoplasmic constituents. It can be stated that greater progress has been made in the past decade concerning the functional significance of mitochondria than in the preceding 40 years.
Neutron guide tube gain for a remote finite source

Abstract Neutron guide tubes are essential features of many neutron beam instruments. Even though detailed analysis of practical systems including guide curvature and reflectivity losses may require numerical calculation, analytical methods such as the present one are useful for understanding idealized systems and for assessing the accuracy of numerical methods. We use a technique which is an adaptation of one used in the analysis of particle transport in accelerators, describing trajectories in the transverse (i.e. position and angle) phase space of the neutrons. Similar methods are well known in neutron optics which have been used to calculate transmissions of neutron choppers and guides, and which rest upon representations in either two momentum or two spatial dimensions. We derive expressions for the gain (ratio of the total neutron current through the guide to the total current without internal reflections) of parallel-sided one-dimensional neutron guide tubes, explicitly including the effects of a remote finite source. We identify several distinct cases. For the realistic situation of a two-dimensional guide of rectangular cross section, the gain is the product of gains computed for the one-dimensional systems in each dimension.
Language learning memoirs as a gendered genre

The paper argues that while the analysis of cross-cultural lifewriting may provide important insights for the study of second language acquisition and socialization, researchers should approach language learning memoirs as a genre and not simply as ethnographic data, subject to content analysis. Using gender as a case in point, the paper analyses a corpus of sixteen full-length language memoirs and seven essays within a theoretical framework, which combines sociohistoric, sociocultural, and rhetorical analyses of the narratives in the corpus. The analysis of these texts demonstrates that social, cultural, and historic conventions shape stories that are told about language learning. It is argued that treating language memoirs as a genre has a great potential for future studies of second language learning. While this approach prevents the researchers from using the narratives simplistically as an objective 'source of ethnographic data', it allows for a complex, theoretically and sociohistorically informed, investigation of social contexts of language learning and of individual learners' trajectories, as well as an insight into which learners' stories are not yet being told.
Aspergillus chest wall osteomyelitis: surgical and medical management

This case report details the case of a 62-year-old male diabetic patient with persistent chest wall osteomyelitis that developed after repeat coronary artery bypass grafting. The chronic infection was localized to the right anterior chest wall and was refractory to medical and surgical treatment which included long-term antibiotics, five separate intraoperative debridements and reconstruction with vascularized omentum over a 2 year period at outside institutions. Aggressive surgical debridement with flap reconstruction resulted in definitive management of the infected chest wall. The organism isolated from intraoperative cultures yielded Aspergillus fumigatus. The surgical management of osteomyelitis and costochondritis in this location is reviewed accompanied by a literature review on this rare cause of chronic chest wall infection.
What Do Medical Providers Need to Successfully Intervene with Intimate Partner Violence

Increasingly, medical providers (physicians and mid-level providers) rely on research evidence to inform their medical practice. In order for medical providers to accept their role in diagnosing and intervening with IPV, they need clinical tools and institutional support. This paper explores the tools (prevalence rates, screening questions, intervention strategies) and support (educational, institutional, professional, research) needed to assist medical providers in successfully intervening with IPV. It also looks at the importance of guidelines and expert consensus panel statements to help establish best clinical practices when direct research evidence is lacking or conflicting.
Blue in the skin.

Abstract Background: The most prevalent theory explaining blue colors in skin is that of bluish scatter. If this accounted for blue perception, it would be measurable since a predominance of scattered blue light should emerge as a measurable reflectance. When objects are viewed with chromatic surround, there may be an increased perception of the hue complementary to their background. This effect, known as color contrast, is a well-established phenomenon and depends on the size, lightness, and intensity of the surrounding color. Objective: The purpose of this article is to determine the effect of background on the perception of blue color from a superficial vein. Methods: Fifteen subjects were asked to observe the color of skin overlying a vein on the hand. This was performed with a variety of achromatic backgrounds and with variable amounts of surrounding normal skin. Color was also measured by direct matching with standardized Munsell chips and then estimated with normal skin surround. Results: Color matching revealed the hue of the vein to be yellowish-gray, and not blue or green. Although few subjects observed green or blue with neutral backgrounds, as the vein was viewed with progressively larger areas of normal surrounding skin, there was an increasing perception of these colors. Conclusion: The bluish color of superficial veins is more clearly explained by color contrast than by scattering. Contrast may also account for the color of certain blue nevi and may help explain some purplish colors in the skin. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:597-605.)
An interferometric platform for studying AFM probe deflection

This paper describes an interferometric platform for measuring the full-field deflection of atomic force microscope (AFM) probes and generic cantilevers during quasi-static loading. The platform consists of a scanning white light interferometer (SWLI), holders for the cantilevers, a translation stage, a rotation (tip-tilt) stage, and an adapter plate to connect these items to the SWLI table. Visualization of cantilever bending behavior is demonstrated for snap-in against a rigid surface, cantilever-on-cantilever tests, and a damaged AFM probe. A new approach to normal force calculation using a polynomial fit to the cantilever deflection profile is also presented and verified experimentally. The method requires only the coefficient for the third order (cubic) term from the fit to the deflection profile, the elastic modulus, and the area moment of inertia for the cantilever under test.
EFFECTS OF COLLAGEN ADDITION ON THE FUNCTIONALITY OF PSE‐LIKE AND NORMAL BROILER BREAST MEAT IN A CHUNKED AND FORMED DELI ROLL

A Randomized Complete Block Design with six replications was utilized to test the treatment effects of raw material and the inclusion of chicken collagen on the protein functionality of chunked and formed chicken breast manufactured from 100% pale, soft, and exudative like (PSE-like) and 100% normal broiler breast with either 0 or 1.5% collagen. Inclusion of collagen was effective in decreasing cooking loss and increasing protein–protein bind. Differences (P < 0.05) revealed that collagen inclusion caused PSE-like meat to have lower cooking loss. Collagen addition also increased (P < 0.05) bind so that the PSE-like treatment was not different from the normal treatment with collagen added. However, PSE-like with no collagen had lower (P < 0.05) protein–protein bind (kg) than normal meat with collagen. These results reveal that addition of chicken collagen has the potential to improve quality characteristics of chunked and formed deli rolls formulated from both PSE-like and normal raw material.
4,5-Disubstituted cis-pyrrolidinones as inhibitors of type II 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Part 3. Identification of lead candidate

A series of 4,5-disubstituted cis-pyrrolidinones was investigated as inhibitors of 17β-HSD II for the treatment of osteoporosis. Biochemical data for several compounds are given. Compound 42 was selected as the lead candidate.
Generating and interpreting the Brinker gradient in the Drosophila wing.

Abstract The transcription factor Brinker (Brk) represses gene expression in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc, where it is expressed in symmetrical lateral-to-medial gradients, a pattern that is established by inverse gradients of the TGF-β, Dpp, which is in turn transduced into graded phosphorylated Mad (pMad, an R-Smad). pMad is part of a complex which directly represses brk. sal and omb are targets of Brk and are, thus, only expressed medially with their domains extending mediolaterally into the region where Brk is graded. omb extends more laterally than sal, indicating that higher levels of Brk are required to repress it. This is supported by our demonstration that higher levels of ectopic Brk are required to completely repress omb than sal. We also show, however, that Mad antagonizes the ability of Brk to repress these genes, indicating that pMad directly activates their expression (as well as repressing brk). Thus, whether a gene is expressed at a particular location may depend not only on how much Brk is present, but also on the level of pMad. We have also investigated the mechanism by which the brk expression gradient is established and show that it is not just a simple readout of the pMad gradient but requires Brk to repress its own expression. In brk mutants, the brk gradient is not established: brk is still off medially and on at high levels laterally, but there is almost no graded expression between these extremes. This Brk negative autoregulation appears to increase the sensitivity of the cells to Dpp/pMad and should also function to stabilize the brk gradient.
Identification of Glycoprotein 330 as an Endocytic Receptor for Apolipoprotein J/Clusterin

Glycoprotein 330 (gp330) is a member of a family of endocytic receptors related to the low density lipoprotein receptor. gp330 has previously been shown to bind a number of ligands in common with its family member, the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP). To identify ligands specific for gp330 and relevant to its localization on epithelia such as in the mammary gland, gp330-Sepharose affinity chromatography was performed. As a result, a 70-kDa protein was selected from human milk and identified by protein sequencing to be apolipoprotein J/clusterin (apoJ). Solid-phase binding assays confirmed that gp330 bound to apoJ with high affinity (Kd = 14.2 nM). Similarly, gp330 bound to apoJ transferred to nitrocellulose after SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. LRP, however, showed no binding to apoJ in either type of assay. The binding of gp330 to apoJ could be competitively inhibited with excess apoJ as well as with the gp330 ligands apolipoprotein E, lipoprotein lipase, and the receptor-associated protein, a 39-kDa protein that acts to antagonize binding of all known ligands for gp330 and LRP. Several cultured cell lines that express gp330 and ones that do not express the receptor were examined for their ability to bind and internalize 125I-apoJ. Only cells that expressed gp330 endocytosed and degraded radiolabeled apoJ. Furthermore, F9 cells treated with retinoic acid and dibutyryl cyclic AMP to increase expression levels of gp330 displayed an increased capacity to internalize and degrade apoJ. Cellular internalization and degradation of radiolabeled apoJ could be inhibited with unlabeled apoJ, receptor-associated protein, and gp330 antibodies. The results indicate that gp330 but not LRP can bind to apoJ in vitro and that gp330 expressed by cells can mediate apoJ endocytosis leading to lysosomal degradation.
Conformational Equilibria of Alkanes in Aqueous Solution: Relationship to Water Structure Near Hydrophobic Solutes

Conformational free energies of butane, pentane, and hexane in water are calculated from molecular simulations with explicit waters and from a simple molecular theory in which the local hydration structure is estimated based on a proximity approximation. This proximity approximation uses only the two nearest carbon atoms on the alkane to predict the local water density at a given point in space. Conformational free energies of hydration are subsequently calculated using a free energy perturbation method. Quantitative agreement is found between the free energies obtained from simulations and theory. Moreover, free energy calculations using this proximity approximation are approximately four orders of magnitude faster than those based on explicit water simulations. Our results demonstrate the accuracy and utility of the proximity approximation for predicting water structure as the basis for a quantitative description of n-alkane conformational equilibria in water. In addition, the proximity approximation provides a molecular foundation for extending predictions of water structure and hydration thermodynamic properties of simple hydrophobic solutes to larger clusters or assemblies of hydrophobic solutes.
A generalized sewing construction for polytopes

We describe a new technique for constructing convex polytopes—a generalization of Shemer’s sewing construction for simplicial neighborly polytopes that has been modified to allow the creation of nonsimplicial polytopes as well. We show that Bisztriczky’s ordinary polytopes can be constructed in this manner, and we also construct several infinite families of polytopes. We consider bounds on the flag f-vectors of 4-polytopes that can be inductively constructed by generalized sewing starting from the 4-simplex.
A model study of ergot alkaloid biosynthesis

Abstract A hypothesis of the mechanistic mode of prenylation of tryptophan, an early phase of ergot alkaloid biosynthesis, occurring by way of 3-(α,α-dimethylally)indolenine and its ring-tautomer indoline intermediates and a Cope rearrangement of the latter has been tested in a model study. 3-(α,α-Dimethylallyl)indolines derived from tetrahydrocarbazole and its cyclopentano equivalent have been synthesized by a five-step procedure. The compounds are stable up to ca. 200°C and liberate no benz-prenylated products even on pyrolysis beyond this temperature, thus diminishing the viability of the above biosynthetic hypothesis. The chemistry of the thermolyses is described.
Effect of Hibernation on Rate of Eruption and Dentin Apposition in the Ground Squirrel Incisor

SummaryThe rate of eruption and dentin apposition of the incisor in the thirteen-lined ground squirrel kept at 2–5°C is markedly retarded and, further, is retarded in approximate proportion to the number of days the animal hibernates.
Formation of manganese oxides by bacterially generated superoxide

Manganese oxide minerals control numerous environmental processes, including the fate of contaminants. Laboratory experiments with a common species of marine bacteria reveal that bacterially generated superoxide can oxidize manganese ions, generating manganese oxides.
Factors Influencing Community Health Centers' Efficiency: A Latent Growth Curve Modeling Approach

The objective of study is to examine factors affecting the variation in technical and cost efficiency of community health centers (CHCs). A panel study design was formulated to examine the relationships among the contextual, organizational structural, and performance variables. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) of technical efficiency and latent growth curve modeling of multi-wave technical and cost efficiency were performed. Regardless of the efficiency measures, CHC efficiency was influenced more by contextual factors than organizational structural factors. The study confirms the independent and additive influences of contextual and organizational predictors on efficiency. The change in CHC technical efficiency positively affects the change in CHC cost efficiency. The practical implication of this finding is that healthcare managers can simultaneously optimize both technical and cost efficiency through appropriate use of inputs to generate optimal outputs. An innovative solution is to employ decision support software to prepare an expert system to assist poorly performing CHCs to achieve better cost efficiency through optimizing technical efficiency.
Pulmonary Aspiration in Hospitalized Adults

Until recent years, pulmonary aspiration attracted remarkably little clinical investigation. Although aspiration was considered a common occurrence in hospitalized individuals, with serious and even fatal consequences, clinicians had limited scientific data to guide practice. Consequently, approaches to this problem were based largely on unsystematic observations, intuition, and tradition. Recent investigations on the subjects of aspiration have increased our understanding of patients at risk for aspiration, the value of diagnostic methods, and the efficacy of interventions to prevent or limit aspirations. Results of these studies call to question many time-honored adages and practices. Considerable uncertainty remains and more investigation is necessary before management decisions can be characterized clearly and clinical strategies defined. This review focuses on pulmonary aspiration and enteral feeding in the critically ill adult. Factors implicated in aspiration in this population are highlighted and evidence to support the application of interventions prescribed commonly is presented.
Hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass and circulatory arrest for operations on the descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aorta

Abstract Background Hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass with circulatory arrest is an important adjunct for operations on the distal aortic arch, the descending thoracic, and the thoracoabdominal aorta. The safety and efficacy of this technique when compared with other adjuncts (ie, simple aortic clamping, partial cardiopulmonary bypass, regional hypothermia) is not clearly established. Methods One hundred and ninety-two patients (age range, 20 to 83 years) with descending thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic disease had resection and graft replacement of the involved aortic segments using hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass and intervals of circulatory arrest (mean, 38 minutes). The technique was used when the location and severity of disease precluded placement of clamps on the proximal aorta (31 patients) or (in 161 patients) when extensive thoracic (47) or thoracoabdominal (114) aortic disease was present, and the risk for development of spinal cord ischemic injury was judged to be increased. Lower intercostal and lumbar arteries were attached separately to the aortic graft in 101 of the 161 patients (63%) who had extensive aortic replacement. No other adjuncts for spinal cord protection were used. Results The 30-day mortality was 6.8% (13 patients). It was 40% (8 of 20) for patients having emergent operations (acute aortic dissection or rupture) and 2.9% (5 of 172) for all others ( p Conclusions Hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass with circulatory arrest provides safe and substantial protection against paralysis and renal, cardiac, and visceral organ system failure that equals or exceeds that of other currently used techniques but without the need of other adjuncts.
Effectiveness of daylighting design and occupant visual satisfaction in a LEED Gold laboratory building

Using daylight as primary light source has been widely recognized as an important strategy to reduce building energy demand and enhance indoor environment quality. However, to design and operate a building to make full use of daylight, which is a dynamic light source, to meet diverse occupant needs remains a challenge. This paper reports a post-occupancy study of the visual environment in a laboratory building on a university campus, and puts a spotlight on the building occupants as it examines the effectiveness of the daylighting design and systems integration in creating a visual environment to support occupant comfort and satisfaction while reducing artificial lighting demand. Results show generally high satisfaction with daylit work environment and positive effect of the horizontal shading strategy. Issues about the integration between daylighting and electric lighting systems and level of occupant control are identified and discussed for improving the effectiveness of daylighting and enhancing the quality of the visual environment in the building of study. A multiple-tool methodology is developed and tested, which included occupant surveys, interviews, illuminance measurements, continuous data loggers, fisheye-lens camera and glare-identifying software, and documentation of spatial settings, systems features, and user behavior.
Percutaneous intervention of an acute left main coronary occlusion due to dissection of the aortic root.

The patient is an 86-year-old man who presented to the hospital with 4 h of retrosternal chest pain and an anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction on electrocardiogram. His past medical history included pulmonary sarcoidosis, a bioprosthetic aortic valve implanted in 1997, and long-
An ESR Spin Probe Study of Potato Starch Gelatinization

Potato starch granules in excess water exhibit three distinct starch-water stages between approximately 25° to 50°C, 50° to 70°C, and 70° to 90°C corresponding to a pre-gelatinization, a gelatinization and a post-gelatinization stage, respectively. The mobility of the absorbed water and the starch-water interaction in the first two stages depends strongly upon the initial state of hydration of the granules. By the end of the gelatinization stage, the mobility of the water in the gel is the same regardless of the initial state of hydration of the granules. Upon cooling to room temperature the mobility of the gel water decreases to a corresponding viscosity of about an order of magnitude greater than for liquid water. Untersuchung der Verkleisterung von Kartoffelstarke mit einer ESR-Spinsonde. Kartoffelstarkekorner zeigen bei Wasseruberschus drei deutliche Starke-Wasser-Stufen zwischen etwa 25 bis 50°C, 50 bis 70°C und 70 bis 90°C, entsprechend einer Vorverkleisterungs-, einer Verkleisterungs- und einer Nachverkleisterungsstufe. Die Beweglichkeit des absorbierten Wassers und die Wechselwirkung zwischen Starke und Wasser in den ersten beiden Stufen hangt streng vom Anfangsstadium der Hydratation der Korner ab. Gegen Ende der Verkleisterungsstufe ist die Beweglichkeit des Wassers im Gel die gleiche, unabhangig vom Anfangsstadium der Hydratation der Kor-ner. Nach Abkuhlung auf Raumtemperatur verringert sich die Beweglichkeit des Gelwassers auf eine Viskositat, die um eine Grosen-ordnung hoher liegt als die Viskositat von freiem Wasser.
The Reitan-Indiana Aphasia Screening Test: Scoring and factor analysis

This article presents a scoring system and factor analysis for the Reitan-Indiana Aphasia Screening Test. Eight content categories were clinically identified and scored (N = 197). Also, the interrelationships of these content areas were explored by factor analysis. The analysis revealed two major factors, a general language abilities factor and a sensorimotor coordination factor. The pattern of loadings was interpreted with reference to hypothesized relationships and previous research on the test. The findings also have implications for the clinical interpretation of test results.
USE OF A "CONFORMITY" SCALE TO ASSESS VOCATIONAL INTERESTS OF UNDERGRADUATES.

Two sets of items habe been reported which were found to discriminate yielders from non-yielders in experiments on conformity like Asch's. Barron (1953) reported 22 such items, based on the analysis of che responses of some 200 male undergraduates, and Crutchfield ( 1955 ) reported 25 others obtained from a sample of 50 Air Force officers. The items were empirically derived from a concrete experimental operacion, but if the yielding scores of individuals are valid indicators of tendencies to conform to established norms in many more lifelike situations, then such empirical questionnaires should predict both their source (i.e., be susceptible to cross-validation) and any other measure in which independence of judgment plays a role. Barton's scale of items, in fact, has been cross-validated by a datum reported by Tuddenham ( 1959), who obtained an r of .5G between the questionnaire score and the degree of yielding to group consensus, using 27 men as his sample. Both Tuddenham and, before him, Crutchfield reported fairly large correlations, -.51 and -.GO, respeccively, between standard measures of intelligence and yielding which serve co give focus to the question of the relationship between questionnaire independence and intelligence. It is not surprising that high aptirude scores predict nonconformity, since making high scores on a measure of intelligence means making responses unlike normative ones and being right when most persons are wrong. Ic is conceivable, furthermore, that the capacity of the items and scales discussed above to predict nonconformity depends entirely on che correlation of such scales wi:h intelligence. One of the aims of the present study was to assess such a correlation.
The renal response to acute asphyxia in spontaneously breathing newborn lambs.

Abstract The effects of acute asphyxia on neonatal renal function were examined in spontaneously breathing newborn lambs. 25 min of asphyxia were induced by addition of a respiratory dead space to reduce PaO 2 to 41 ± 3 mm Hg, pH to 7.03 ± 0.05 and increase PaCO 2 to 68 ± 5 mm Hg (mean ± S.E.M.). Glomerular filtration rates did not change significantly during or after asphyxia. Immediately following asphyxia significant (P
Demonstration and preliminary characterization of bone resorbing activity in freeze-dried gingiva of dogs.

The bone resorbing activity of suspensions or supernatants of freeze-dried powdered gingiva was studied by measuring the release of45Ca from prelabeled fetal rat long bones in organ culture. Two preparations of noninflamed attached gingiva showed no bone resorbing activity, whereas all six preparations of inflamed marginal gingiva tested showed a dose-related stimulation of45Ca release. Evidence of an osteoclastic mechanism was provided by the inhibition of the bone resorbing activity by calcitonin and cortisol and the minimal activity observed on dead bones. The activity was heat stable and not blocked by human serum. Three different prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors did not inhibit the activity. Immunoassay showed that PGE was present in the gingival powder preparations at concentrations in the range 229–2438 pg/mg dry weight. This was insufficient to account for the observed bone resorbing activity by a factor of 50–350. It was concluded that in addition to PGE, inflamed gingiva contains other heat-stable bone resorbing factor(s).
The answer is in: fluconazole prophylaxis is not beneficial for intensive care unit patients without neutropenia.

In this issue, Schuster and colleagues show that empirical antifungal fluconazole therapy has no effect in high-risk intensive care unit patients with persistent fever despite taking conventional a...
Patterns in understory woody diversity and soil nitrogen across native- and non-native-urban tropical forests

Urban expansion is accelerating in the tropics, and may promote the spread of introduced plant species into urban-proximate forests. For example, soil disturbance can deplete the naturally high soil nitrogen pools in wet tropical soils, favoring introduced species with nitrogen-fixing capabilities. Also, forest fragmentation and canopy disturbance are likely to favor high-light species over shade-adapted rainforest species. We measured understory woody diversity, the abundance of introduced species, and soil nitrogen and carbon in urban, suburban, and rural secondary forests in Puerto Rico with canopies dominated by (1) native species, (2) introduced Fabaceae (potential nitrogen-fixers), and (3) introduced non-Fabaceae species. We hypothesized that forest stands with introduced Fabaceae in the canopy have higher soil nitrogen levels than stands with other introduced canopy species, and that this higher nitrogen is linked to increased native woody species diversity in the understory. We also predicted that more open canopies and smaller fragment sizes would be positively related with introduced species in the understory, and negatively related with total understory diversity. We found that stands with introduced Fabaceae in the canopy had significantly higher soil nitrogen levels than stands with other non-nitrogen fixing introduced species, and understory woody diversity in Fabaceae stands approached similar diversity levels as stands with native-dominated canopies. As predicted, aboveground stand structure and fragment size were also significantly associated with understory woody diversity across stands. These results suggest that introduced nitrogen-fixing trees may improve recruitment of native woody species in degraded tropical sites where native soil nitrogen is naturally high, particularly as Fabaceae stands mature and canopies close.
Local instrumentation for the investigation of multi-phase parameters in a packed bed:

AbstractLocal two-point conductivity probe and film-thickness probes were developed for measurement of two-phase flow parameters in a packed bed containing spherical packing. The probes were calibrated and installed in a packed bed with minimal flow disturbance. A flush and two parallel wire film-thickness probes were used to measure the liquid film thickness on the packing. The conductivity probe and impedance meter were used to measure local and bed wise void fraction, respectively, for trickle, wavy, transitional, pulsing, and bubbly flow.
Bonhoeffer on Modernity: Sic et Non

Though Bonhoeffer is usually thought to have been one of the architects of modern theology, he was also one of modernity’s most penetrating critics. The author lays out Bonhoeffer’s challenges to certain cherished modern assumptions by examining (1) his linkage of totalitarianism to the political utopianism that arose out of the French Revolution, (2) his fear of the nihilistic implications of the rationalists’ notion of the sovereign self and of the modern tendency to view life as an end in itself, and (3) his suspicion of all forms of moral absolutism, including the Kantian absolutizing of the duty to tell the truth. What emerges is a picture of Bonhoeffer as a theologian who coupled a keen sense of our creatureliness and limitation with a resolute belief in the activity of God in history, and of Bonhoeffer as an ethicist who generated a Christian relational ethics that offers an alternative to both the ethics of abstract principle and the ethics of intuitive situational response.
Lithium responsive manic-like symptoms in two individuals with autism and mental retardation.

Abstract This report describes the diagnosis, course, and pharmacological treatment of two patients, ages 7 and 20, with infantile autism and mental retardation, who developed acute episodes of manic‐like symptoms. Diagnostic and treatment considerations in individuals with autism who develop these type of symptoms are discussed.
DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON AS AN INDICATOR OF THE SCALE OF WATERSHED INFLUENCE ON LAKES AND RIVERS

Land use and land cover can have a significant impact on water chemistry, but the spatial scales at which landscape attributes exert a detectable influence on aquatic systems are not well known. This study quantifies the extent of the landscape influence using the proportion of wetlands in the watershed measured at different distances to predict dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in Wisconsin lakes and rivers, and to de- termine whether the watershed influence varies with season or hydrologic type of lake. The proportion of wetlands in the total watershed often explained the most variability of DOC in lakes when stepwise regression was used. However, best-model techniques revealed that, for lakes, r2 values often only differed 1-3% between models using the proportion of wetlands in the total watershed and models using only the proportion of wetlands in near- shore riparian areas (25-100 m). In rivers, the proportion of wetlands in the watershed always explained considerably more of the variability in DOC than did the proportion of wetlands in the nearshore riparian zone. The watershed influence also varied seasonally in rivers, as the proportion of the watershed covered by wetlands explained more of the variability in DOC in the fall than in the spring. Overall, the proportion of wetlands in the landscape explained much more of the variability of DOC concentrations in rivers than in lakes.
The Life Cycle of the Madden–Julian Oscillation

A composite life cycle of the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) is constructed from the cross covariance between outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), wind, and temperature. To focus on the role of convection, the composite is based on episodes when a discrete signal in OLR is present. The composite convective anomaly possesses a predominantly zonal wavenumber 2 structure that is confined to the eastern hemisphere. There, it propagates eastward at about 5 m/s and evolves through a systematic cycle of amplification and decay. Unlike the convective anomaly, the circulation anomaly is not confined to the eastern hemisphere. The circulation anomaly displays characteristics of both a forced response, coupled to the convective anomaly as it propagates across the eastern hemisphere, and a radiating response, which propagates away from the convective anomaly into the western hemisphere at about 10 m/s. The forced response appears as a coupled Rossby-Kelvin wave while the radiating response displays predominantly Kelvin wave features. When it is amplifying, the convective anomaly is positively correlated to the temperature perturbation, which implies production of eddy available potential energy (EAPE). A similar correlation between upper-tropospheric divergence and temperature implies conversion of EAPE to eddy kinetic energy during this time. When it is decaying, temperature has shifted nearly into quadrature with convection, so their correlation and production of EAPE are then small. The same correspondence to the amplification and decay of the disturbance is mirrored in the phase relationship between surface convergence and anomalous convection. The correspondence of surface convergence to the amplification and decay of the convective anomaly suggests that frictional wave- Conditional Instability of the Second Kind (CISK) plays a key role in generating the MJO.
Organizations Advocating for Youth: The Local Advantage.

Youth occupy a unique place in our democratic society. They must primarily rely on others to speak on their behalf as decisions are made about the allocation of resources within and across various youth-serving institutions. Advocacy organizations comprise crucial representational assets for all youth, but America's poorest children and youth especially need an effective voice to speak for and about them. Yet advocates for youth in urban areas face tough challenges since urban voters typically have few positive connections to youth. This article draws on three years of research focused on three organizations in the San Francisco Bay Area that have successfully advocated for better policies for youth. The authors explore the strategies that these organizations have employed to overcome the challenges they face, with particular attention to the advantages that follow from advocating at the local rather than at the state or federal level.
Provenance studies by fission-track dating of zircon-etching and counting procedures

Abstract In sedimentary rocks that have not been heated to high enough temperatures to anneal fission tracks in zircon (greater than ≈ 160°C), fission-track ages of individual detrital zircon grains provide valuable information about the source rocks eroded to form the sediments. The success of such studies depends, however, on the degree to which the ages determined from the detrital suite accurately portray the range of grain ages that are present in the suite. This in turn depends to a large extent on using counting and, in particular, etching procedures that permit proper sampling of grains with a wide range of age and uranium concentrations. Results are reported here of an experimental study of a ‘detrital’ zircon suite manufactured from several zircon populations of known age. This study suggests that multiple etches are required when a complete spectrum of ages in a zircon suite is desired.
Self-Assembled Tetranuclear Palladium Catalysts That Produce High Molecular Weight Linear Polyethylene

The phosphine-bis-arenesulfonate ligand PPh(2-SO3Li-4-Me-Ph)2 (Li2[OPO]) coordinates as a κ2-P,O chelator in Li[(Li-OPO)PdMe(Cl)] (2a) and (Li-OPO)PdMe(L) (L = pyridine (2b); MeOH (2d); 4-(5-nonyl)pyridine) (py′, 3)). 2a reacts with AgPF6 to form {(Li-OPO)PdMe}n (2c). Photolysis of 2d yields {(OPO)Pd}2 (5) in which the [OPO]2− ligand coordinates as a κ3-O,P,O pincer. 3 self-assembles into a tetramer in which four (Li-OPO)PdMe(py′) units are linked by Li−O bonds that form a central Li4S4O12 cage. The Pd centers are equivalent but are spatially separated into two identical pairs. The Pd−Pd distance within each pair is 6.04 A. IR data (υ(ArSO3−) region) suggest that the solid state structures of 2a−c are similar to that of 3. 3 reacts with the cryptand Krypt211 to form [Li(Krypt211)][(OPO)PdMe(py′)] (4). 3 is in equilibrium with a monomeric (Li-OPO)PdMe(py′) species (3′) in solution. 2a−c and 3 produce polyethylene (PE) with high molecular weight and a broad molecular weight distribution, characteristic of m...
Introduction to the 34th Annual IEEE Compound Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Symposium

This special issue of the IEEE JOURNAL Journal of Solid-State Circuits covers the 2012 Compound Semiconductor Integrated Circuit (CSIC) Symposium held in La Jolla, CA, USA during October 14-17, 2012. For nearly 35 years, the CSIC Symposium (formerly known as the GaAs IC Symposium) has been the preeminent conference for presenting the latest advances in high-speed, high-performance, integrated circuits and systems with primary focus on compound semiconductor technologies such as those based on GaAs, InP, GaN, SiGe, advanced silicon, and 2D crystal, as well as hybrid and heterogeneously integrated technologies. The 2012 conference featured 63 technical papers (including 19 invited papers), one primer course on "Basics of Compound Semiconductor ICs," two short courses on "The Future of Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits" and "Advanced Thermal Management for Wide Bandgap (WBBG) Devices and Circuits," and two panel sessions on "Circuit Design with FEM EM Simulators - Does an IC Designer Really Need Arbitrary 3D EM Analysis" and "Is Diamond the Answer to High Power Density GaN?" An overview of the technical articles presented in this issue is given.
Population-based models of thermoplastic degradation: Using optimization to determine model parameters

A comparison of different model forms for non-oxidative thermoplastic degradation rate is presented. A physically meaningful model is derived from a three-step radical depolymerization mechanism. A moment-based approximation to the population balance equations is derived and implemented to predict the thermal degradation of polyethylene (PE) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). In the absence of accurate molecular dynamical calculations to predict the controlling model parameters, it is necessary to use experimental data to find the best fit parameter values. A sequential quadratic programming algorithm (SQP) was used to find the set of parameters that minimized the error between the model and sets of non-isothermal thermogravimetric (TG) data at different heating rates for PE and PMMA.
Are stock prices excessively sensitive to current information

Abstract The last few years has seen publication of evidence that stock prices overreact to current information. These studies have been criticized on several grounds, that the test statistics are biased and are invalid in the presence of non-stationary dividend series. This paper develops an extension of the variance bound test which is immune to these criticisms. The paper also presents evidence that the degree of excess volatility increases as the length of time the stock is held increases. Indeed, the variance bound test is satisfied for holding periods of less than two years.
Contextual effects on encoding and recognition of category members subsumed by two levels of classification

The influence of contextual variation of category members during encoding on subsequent recognition of a target member was examined. Triads varying in the relative number of members subsumed by two adjacent levels of categorization were encoded. The superordinate level contained categories such as vehicles; members of this category were taxi, airplane, and subway. The subordinate level contained categories formed by combining the superordinate level with a common attribute, for example, motor vehicles; members of this category included taxi, bus, and limousine. The member that could be contextualized at either level was designated the target—in this example, taxi. During recognition, distractor triads contained a substitute for the target drawn from either of the above levels. Predictions were confirmed for contextual effects during encoding on subsequent false alarm rates.
Patterns of quadratic residues and nonresidues for infinitely many primes

Abstract If S is a nonempty, finite subset of the positive integers, we address the question of when the elements of S consist of various mixtures of quadratic residues and nonresidues for infinitely many primes. We are concerned in particular with the problem of characterizing those subsets of integers that consist entirely of either (1) quadratic residues or (2) quadratic nonresidues for such a set of primes. We solve problem (1) and we show that problem (2) is equivalent to a purely combinatorial problem concerning families of subsets of a finite set. For sets S of (essentially) small cardinality, we solve problem (2). Related results and some associated enumerative combinatorics are also discussed.