cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Error Correcting Models for Functional Characterization of Deoxyribozymes

This material is based on work in progress. Naturally occurring and engineered nucleic acid based sensor and actuation systems are central to the function of wildtype organisms, synthetically engineered organisms, and engineered platforms used in a variety of biosensor applications. Molecular hybridization events govern the function and phenotypic outcome of these systems, and mutations in nucleic acids can impact system behavior. In this work we explore the use of coding theoretic constructs used for error correction to correlate quantifiable phenotypic outcome with position and category specific mutations in deoxyribozymes.
Dietitians' Knowledge Structure Relative to Fat and Cholesterol

Abstract The objectives of this study were to quantitatively and qualitatively assess community and clinical dietitians' (RD) knowledge structure related to fat and cholesterol through a recall method. RDs' knowledge has usually been assessed using recognition methods, which tend to overestimate accessible knowledge compared to recall methods for which respondents must generate their own answers. Thirty clinical and community dietitians were interviewed and concept maps were drawn for each transcribed interview. The maps were scored based on the number of major concepts and crosslinks (indicative of a more complex, integrated knowledge structure) mentioned; points were subtracted for misconceptions. Student’s t-tests revealed that the community and clinical dietitians' concept, crosslink, and total map scores were not significantly different. While years as a dietitian was not significantly related to the total map score, an inverse trend was noted. However, knowledge was limited; the RDs only recalled 50% of the total possible information and had low crosslink scores, indicating a lack of knowledge integration that could adversely affect how RDs learn new information or present information to clients. Therefore, information from this study has implications for the teaching and assessment of knowledge in baccalaureate and continuing education programs.
Some aspects of enhanced heat diffusion in fluids by oscillation

Etude de l'influence de la dissipation visqueuse, de la presence d'harmoniques autre que le fondamental, de la largeur du canal et de l'epaisseur des parois
3.5: Sheet beam EIK sensitivity to multimoding and circuit imperfections

A sheet-beam Extended Interaction Klystron (EIK) is an attractive MMW amplifier because of its enhanced power capability, compactness, and relatively high gain per unit length. However, an intrinsic problem with a sheet beam amplifier is its susceptibility to multimoding, which results because the width of the device is typically larger than a wavelength. Even in its ideal configuration, a sheet beam slow wave structure can support a number of closely spaced modes. Furthermore, small imperfections or asymmetries can excite a fundamental TE 10 mode in the rectangular beam tunnel, which can cause oscillation or otherwise degrade performance. We have performed 3D PIC simulations (using MAGIC and ICEPIC) to study these effects in several different EIK structures. We will describe methods for minimizing the deleterious effects of multimoding and imperfections, present results of the simulations, and compare the two PIC codes.
A convenient assay for mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase activity of human liver microsomal cytochrome P-450.

Abstract A simple and rapid method for the determination of (S)-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase activity by human liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 has been developed. [Methyl-14C]mephenytoin was synthesized by alkylation of S-nirvanol with 14CH3I and used as a substrate. After incubation of [methyl-14C]mephenytoin with human liver microsomes or a reconstituted monooxygenase system containing partially purified human liver cytochrome P-450, the 4-hydroxylated metabolite of mephenytoin was separated by thin-layer chromatography and quantified. The formation of the metabolite depended on the incubation time, substrate concentration, and cytochrome P-450 concentration and was found to be optimal at pH 7.4. The Km and Vmax rates obtained with a human liver microsomal preparation were 0.1 m m and 0.23 nmol 4-hydroxymephenytoin formed/min/nmol cytochrome P-450, respectively. The hydroxylation activity showed absolute requirements for cytochrome P-450, NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, and NADPH in a reconstituted monooxygenase system. Activities varied from 5.6 to 156 pmol 4-hydroxymephenytoin formed/min/nmol cytochrome P-450 in 11 human liver microsomal preparations. The basis system utilized for the analysis of mephenytoin 4-hydroxylation can also be applied to the estimation of other enzyme activities in which phenol formation occurs.
Strengthening Agricultural and Natural Resource Policy through Intrahousehold Analysis: Discussion

The paper by Alderman, Haddad, Hoddinatt, and Vosti argues that knowledge of intrahousehold allocation is vital to understanding the impact of many agricultural and resource policies. They give a number of examples from specific empirical studies. The authors seem to say that the models differ based on their assumptions about preferences. However, they also differ based on their predictions of the impact of differential control over and access to resources.
The Neuron Doctrine 1891.

(1994). The neuron doctrine 1891. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 3-20.
Correction of facial asymmetry with multiplanar mandible distraction: a one-year follow-up study.

Abstract Objective: To assess the effectiveness of multiplanar mandibular distraction by evaluating the treatment effect and 1-year stability, measuring changes on the affected and nonaffected sides, and evaluating correction of the occlusal plane and oral commissure cant. Patients and Method: Eleven patients aged 5 to 9.4 years (mean 6.7 years ) who underwent unilateral multiplanar mandibular distraction were included, 10 with hemifacial microsomia and one temporomandibular joint ankylosis. Intermaxillary elastics were applied to intraoral dental devices during and after distraction until bony consolidation and occlusal interdigitation were achieved. Radiographs were taken and measured before distraction, after vertical distraction, after completion of distraction, and 1 year after treatment. Frontal facial photographs were obtained to analyze the changes in the position of the oral commissure. Results: The facial profile was improved by sagittal mandibular advancement. Although the facial height increas...
Prenatal cocaine exposure produces consistent developmental alterations in dopamine-rich regions of the cerebral cortex

Administration of cocaine to pregnant rabbits produces robust and long-lasting anatomical alterations in the dopamine-rich anterior cingulate cortex of offspring. These effects include increased length and decreased bundling of layer III and V pyramidal neuron dendrites, increases in parvalbumin expression in the dendrites of interneurons, and increases in detectable GABAergic neurons. We have now examined multiple cortical regions with varying degrees of catecholaminergic innervation to investigate regional variations in the ability of prenatal cocaine exposure to elicit these permanent changes. All regions containing a high density of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers, indicative of prominent dopaminergic input, exhibited alterations in GABA and parvalbumin expression by interneurons and microtubule-associated protein-2 labeling of apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons. These regions included the medial prefrontal, entorhinal, and piriform cortices. In contrast, primary somatosensory, auditory and motor cortices exhibited little tyrosine hydroxylase staining and no measurable cocaine-induced changes in cortical structure. From these data we suggest that the presence of dopaminergic afferents contributes to the marked specificity of the altered development of excitatory pyramidal neurons and inhibitory interneurons induced by low dose i.v. administration of cocaine in utero.
Musculature in sipunculan worms: ontogeny and ancestral states.

SUMMARY Molecular phylogenetics suggests that the Sipuncula fall into the Annelida, although they are morphologically very distinct and lack segmentation. To understand the evolutionary transformations from the annelid to the sipunculan body plan, it is important to reconstruct the ancestral states within the respective clades at all life history stages. Here we reconstruct the ancestral states for the head/introvert retractor muscles and the body wall musculature in the Sipuncula using Bayesian statistics. In addition, we describe the ontogenetic transformations of the two muscle systems in four sipunculan species with different developmental modes, using F-actin staining with fluorescent-labeled phalloidin in conjunction with confocal laser scanning microscopy. All four species, which have smooth body wall musculature and less than the full set of four introvert retractor muscles as adults, go through developmental stages with four retractor muscles that are eventually reduced to a lower number in the adult. The circular and sometimes the longitudinal body wall musculature are split into bands that later transform into a smooth sheath. Our ancestral state reconstructions suggest with nearly 100% probability that the ancestral sipunculan had four introvert retractor muscles, longitudinal body wall musculature in bands and circular body wall musculature arranged as a smooth sheath. Species with crawling larvae have more strongly developed body wall musculature than those with swimming larvae. To interpret our findings in the context of annelid evolution, a more solid phylogenetic framework is needed for the entire group and more data on ontogenetic transformations of annelid musculature are desirable.
How to encourage conflict in the environmental decision-making process: imparting lessons from civic environmentalism to local policy-makers

The literature on civic environmentalism suggests that the environmental decision-making process must be perceived by citizens to be inclusive, transparent, and legitimate in order to avoid conflict and encourage stakeholder collaboration. We suggest that studies of environmental decision-making must apply this framework to three key variables: agenda setting, conflicts of interest, and politicised institutions, which impact the potential for citizen collaboration at the local level. Using content analysis of newspaper articles, participant observations, and informal field interviews, we evaluate a case study of citizen opposition to a power plant air permit. We demonstrate how citizen perceptions of agenda setting by local officials, conflicts of interest, and the inability of citizens to affect final decisions after winning in multiple legal and administrative venues, creates conflict by not embodying these civic environmentalist principles. We conclude with policy suggestions for creating a less confli...
Environmental support hypothesis in designing multimedia training for older adults: Is less always more?

This study explores younger and older adults learning of MS Publisher functionalities from a multimedia tutorial. Twenty younger and twenty three older adults assigned to a redundant (experimental) or non-redundant (control) condition were taught how to create a greeting card, while the results of their learning were assessed with immediate and delayed performance measures. While younger learners benefited from a non-redundant condition, older learners exhibited an opposite trend. Redundant condition was beneficial for their performance efficiency on a set of a transfer tasks, and their troubleshooting performance during the delayed session. From a cognitive load perspective, using a redundant text along with an audio narration overloads learner's working memory by placing more strain on the visual pathway and not providing any additional cognitive advantage. From an environmental support standpoint and decreased processing resources view of cognitive aging, providing additional representational support helps reducing the task demands for older adults and results in better learning. The results have cognitive and practical implications for the design of multimedia learning environments for older adults.
Practical aspects of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LS-MS) of lipids

Abstract Techniques for coupling liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry are reviewed and an interface is described for the analysis of lipids by mass spectrometry. The interface for coupling liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry for lipid analysis is based on the moving wire transport principle using an endless stainless steel belt of novel construction. After evaporation of the solvent, the solute remains as a residue on the belt which transports it into a reactor where it is volatilized by evaporation or conversion to hydrocarbons. The volatile compounds are then fed into the source of a chemical ionization mass spectrometer for mass analysis by total or single ion monitoring as well as for structural identification or compositional analysis. The sensitivity of the system was approx. 1 mg per component separated in the eluate of a high efficiency column. The capabilities of the interface were demonstrated by its application to reference compounds representative of triglycerides, sterols, steryl esters, glyceryl ethers, glyceryl ether diesters, glycerophosphatides, sphingolipids, prostaglandins and fatty acid methyl esters. It also was applied to the analysis of methyl ester ozonides to demonstrate the use of LC-MS for the localization of double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids.
Histogenetic pleiotropism in the crooked neck dwarf chick embryo: degeneration of the trachea and thymus.

Retrogressive analysis of the cn gene effect has been performed on crooked neck dwarf chick embryos between stages 28–38 (5–12 days). The phenocritical stage of mutant embryos studied is stage 29. Histolytic degeneration of neck tissues is first recognized by the appearance of localized degenerate nuclei in the tracheal mesenchyme. Pleiotropic autolysis of the embryonic thymus, loose mesenchyme and the ventral neck tissue is also observed. Histolysis occurs in a caudocephalic gradient in all cn-affected embryos. The degenerative effects in crooked neck dwarf embryos vary in their intensity, but the pattern of autolysis seems constant. Histological observations provide some explanation for “escapers,” homozygous lethal embryos known to survive until hatching. A mechanism for surviving developmental crises in cn embryos is proposed.
Safety and efficacy of carotid angioplasty and stenting for radiation-associated carotid artery stenosis

Introduction Prior neck irradiation may induce atherosclerosis in the carotid artery and is considered an indication for carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS). This study sought to evaluate the effect of neck radiation therapy (XRT) on the rate of restenosis and embolic potential in patients undergoing CAS. Methods Two hundred ten CAS procedures were performed on 193 patients (XRT [N = 28], non-XRT [N = 182]). Mean follow-up was 347 ± 339 days (median, 305 days; range, 16-1354 days). Duplex velocity criteria for restenosis after CAS were: >50% restenosis (peak systolic velocity [PSV] > 125 cm/sec, end diastolic velocity [EDV] 40-99 cm/sec, and internal carotid artery to common carotid artery systolic ratio [ICA/CCA] > 2.0); >70% restenosis (PSV>230 cm/sec, EDV>100 cm/sec, and ICA/CCA ratio >4.0). Restenosis >70% was confirmed by digital subtraction angiography. Additional endpoints included groin hematoma, groin pseudoaneurysm, myocardial infarction, stroke, mortality, and the combined myocardial infarction/stroke/mortality rate. Captured particulate data was obtained from microporous filters used during CAS. Nineteen XRT and 128 non-XRT consecutive filters were analyzed. Photomicroscopy was performed along three axes for each filter, and the quantity and size of the captured particles were analyzed using video image analysis software. Results There were more men (XRT: 85.7% vs. non-XRT: 52.8%, P P P = NS). Perioperative outcomes, including the composite 30 day stroke/myocardial infarction/mortality rate did not differ significantly between the two groups (XRT: 0% vs. non-XRT: 3.2%, P = NS). Twelve-month freedom from restenosis rates did not differ significantly at the 50% threshold (XRT: 95.5% vs. non-XRT: 90.3%, P = NS) or at the 70% threshold (XRT: 95.5% vs. non-XRT: 96.5%, P = NS). Target lesion revascularization did not differ significantly (XRT: 0% vs. non-XRT: 0.5%, P = NS). Photomicroscopy demonstrated a trend towards increased particle number and size in the XRT filters, however the results did not achieve statistical significance: particle number (XRT: 9.8 ± 8.4 vs. non-XRT: 9.6 ± 11.7, P = NS), %patients with particle size >1000 μm (XRT: 47.4% vs. non-XRT: 30.5%, P = NS). Conclusions This study suggests that the durability of CAS and the characteristics of captured embolic particles are not altered by a history of neck XRT. This supports the safety and efficacy of CAS for the treatment of patients with a history of neck XRT. Prior neck XRT may predispose the patient to the de novo development of stenoses at locations that were not previously treated.
Catalyst-Site-Controlled Coordination Polymerization of Polar Vinyl Monomers to Highly Syndiotactic Polymers

This contribution reports a combined synthetic, kinetic, mechanistic, and theoretical/computational study of the recently discovered catalyst-site-controlled coordination polymerization of polar vinyl monomers [such as methyl methacrylate (MMA) and N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA)] into highly syndiotactic polymers. Among the 12 Cs-ligated ansa-cyclopentadienyl (Cp)-R2E(C,Si)-fluorenyl (Flu) group 4 metallocene catalyst systems examined—which varied in metal center, anion structure, bridging atom and substituents, and ligand substitution pattern—cationic ansa-metallocene ester enolate catalyst 6+[B(C6F5)4]−, derived from the activation of the precatalyst [Ph2C(Cp)(2,7-tBu2-Flu)]Zr[OC(OiPr)═CMe2]2 with [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4], stood out as the best catalyst in all aspects of the MMA polymerization at room temperature, including the highest activity (1554 h−1 TOF), efficiency (98% I*), syndiotacticity (94% rr), and control (predicted number-average molecular weight and 1.14 molecular weight distribution). Kinetic and...
Choosing a Pretest-Posttest Analysis

Abstract Pretest-posttest designs serve as building blocks for other more complicated repeated-measures designs. In settings where subjects are independent and errors follow a bivariate normal distribution, data analysis may consist of a univariate repeated-measures analysis or an analysis of covariance. Another possible analysis approach is to use seemingly unrelated regression (SUR). The purpose of this article is to help guide the statistician toward an appropriate analysis choice. Assumptions, estimates, and test statistics for each analysis are approached in a systematic manner. On the basis of these results, the crucial choice of analysis is whether differences in pretest group means are conceived to be real or the result of pure measurement error. Direct consultation of the statistician with a subject-matter person is important in making the right choice. If pretest group differences are real, then a univariate repeated-measures analysis is recommended. If pretest group differences are the result o...
Factors affecting transposition of the Himar1 mariner transposon in vitro

Mariner family transposable elements are widespread in animals, but their regulation is poorly understood, partly because only two are known to be functional. These are particular copies of the Dmmar1 element from Drosophila mauritiana, for example, Mos1, and the consensus sequence of the Himar1 element from the horn fly, Haematobia irritans. An in vitro transposition system was refined to investigate several parameters that influence the transposition of Himar1. Transposition products accumulated linearly over a period of 6 hr. Transposition frequency increased with temperature and was dependent on Mg2+ concentration. Transposition frequency peaked over a narrow range of transposase concentration. The decline at higher concentrations, a phenomenon observed in vivo with Mos1, supports the suggestion that mariners may be regulated in part by "overproduction inhibition." Transposition frequency decreased exponentially with increasing transposon size and was affected by the sequence of the flanking DNA of the donor site. A noticeable bias in target site usage suggests a preference for insertion into bent or bendable DNA sequences rather than any specific nucleotide sequences beyond the TA target site.
Certificate Of Online Learning And Teaching (COLT) At The University Of Hawaii: A Horse Of Another Color For Earning College Credits

Current conventional wisdom may perceive that higher education is outdated and maybe even likely to collapse. Online education is often predicted to replace brick-and-mortar campuses with systems providing students access to world-class learning via smartphones and tablets. Many private and commercial ventures are embracing such concepts. However, in the race to implement large-scale models, significant key elements such as understanding that learning can be social, affective, personal, and even cultural may be missing. Thus, creative yet research-based programs at the university level are needed. While it is true that existing university structures might inhibit the implementation of radical programs, there are opportunities where such innovation can be offered. In the case of the Department of Educational Technology at the University of Hawaii, an option for a program at the certificate level not necessarily leading to a traditional degree was provided. The certificate option provided an opportunity to explore entrepreneurial models while also incorporating what we understand about learning, the brain, and newer technologies. This paper describes the circumstances and approach that led to the creation of an innovative program that still fit within current university structures.
Dynamic Lot-Sizing When Demand Timing Is Uncertain

We characterize optimal solutions for the dynamic lot-sizing problem when demand quantities are known, but their timing is uncertain. The characterization states that for some possible history of demands following a period of production, there is a period with zero inventory before another period with production. Using this characterization, we outline a dynamic program for the solution of these problems. Some results from sample problems illustrate the variety of optimal solutions that can occur.
Polymorphisms of the Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1 in African Green Monkey Kidney Cells Result in Antigenic Variants That Do Not React with Protective Monoclonal Antibody 190/4

Monoclonal antibody (MAb) 190/4 blocks binding of hepatitis A virus (HAV) to the HAV cellular receptor 1 (havcr-1) and protects African green monkey kidney (AGMK) clone GL37 cells (GL37 cells) against HAV infection. BS-C-1 and CV-1 cells, two widely used AGMK cell lines, did not react with MAb 190/4 but expressed havcr-1, as judged by Western blot analysis. The cDNA coding for havcr-1 was amplified from BS-C-1 and CV-1 total cellular RNA by reverse transcription-PCR. Alignment of the amino acid sequences inferred from the cDNA nucleotide sequences showed that BS-C-1 and CV-1 havcr-1 differed from GL37 havcr-1 by having two substitutions in the Cys-rich region, N48H and K108Q, and 10 to 11 additional substitutions plus the insertion of 18 to 22 amino acids in the mucin-like region. Studies with chimeras of GL37 havcr-1 and BS-C-1 havcr-1 showed that the K108Q substitution was responsible for the lack of reaction of MAb 190/4 with BS-C-1 and CV-1 cells. Binding studies indicated that HAV bound to dog cell transfectants expressing the BS-C-1 havcr-1 as well as the GL37/BS-C-1 havcr-1 chimeras. These results indicate that antigenic variants of havcr-1 are expressed in AGMK cells and that binding of HAV to these havcr-1 variants tolerates changes in protective epitope 190/4.
Off the Beaten Path: Some Creative Approaches to Adult Learning

This chapter explores somatic learning and narrative learning, two lesser-known but valuable ways in which adults learn.
Effect of melatonin alone or in combination with human chorionic gonadotropin or ovine luteinizing hormone on the in vitro secretion of estrogens or progesterone by granulosa cells of rats.

This work was undertaken to learn what effect, if any, melatonin might have on estrogen and progesterone production in vitro. Granulosa cells (106/tube) were harvested from immature Sprague-Dawley rats, previously primed with diethylstilbestrol. Such cells were incubated for 90 min in medium only or in medium to which hCG (10 or 100 IU) or melatonin (3, 30, or 300 pg) had been added separately and in combination. Melatonin alone had no significant effect on the amount of estrogen produced, but in combination with hCG, a significant increase in estrogen followed (P < 0.05). Estrogen was measured by RIA. More mature granulosa cells from rats primed with both diethylstilbestrol and porcine FSH were similarly collected and incubated in medium alone or in medium containing ovine LH (oLH; 0.3 or 3 ng) and/or melatonin (23 or 23 × 102 pg). The progesterone produced was measured by a competitive proteinbinding method. A significant increase (P < 0.05) in progesterone followed the addition of either melatonin or o...
Improving sensitivity in ultrasound molecular imaging by tailoring contrast agent size distribution: in vivo studies.

Molecular imaging with ultrasound relies on microbubble contrast agents (MCAs) selectively adhering to a ligand-specific target. Prior studies have shown that only small quantities of microbubbles ...
Using Cognitive Load to Evaluate Participation and Design of an Asynchronous Course

Abstract This study examined the effects of cognitive load experienced by e-learners as they negotiated the tasks required for successful participation within an asynchronous course room, specifically examining the relationship between measured cognitive load and the learners' confidence in completing their course. The results indicated that learner confidence, or more specifically self-efficacy, is the single most important factor in determining the success of e-learners. It appears that insufficient time was expended orienting learners to the virtual classrooms and to the technology necessary for participation.
Trichoderma evansii and T. lieckfeldtiae: two new T. hamatum-like species

The new species, Trichoderma evansii and T. lieckfeldtiae, resemble the closely related T. hamatum and T. pubescens in forming discrete, setose conidial pustules within which arise smooth, green conidia from pachybasium-like conidiophores. The phylogenetic position of these species was determined with combined partial sequences of ITS, translation-elongation factor 1-alpha, RNA polymerase II subunit and actin genes. All are members of the Viride clade. Trichoderma evansii forms a sister group relationship with a clade that includes T. hamatum and T. pubescens. It differs from the latter two species in having subglobose conidia; it was isolated as an endophyte from sapwood of Lophira alata (Ochnaceae) and Cola verticillata (Malvaceae) in Cameroon and Theobroma gileri (Malvaceae) in Peru. Trichoderma lieckfeldtiae occupies an unresolved position in the Viride clade despite being virtually morphologically indistinguishable from T. hamatum; it was isolated from fruit of cacao infected with Moniliophthora rore...
The Role of Chlamydia trachomatis Polymorphic Membrane Proteins in Inflammation and Sequelae among Women with Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Chlamydia trachomatis polymorphic membrane proteins (Pmps) may increase genital tract inflammation and play a role in virulence. Antibody levels for PmpA, PmpD, and PmpI, measured in densitometric units, were assessed among a pilot sample of 40 C. trachomatis-infected women with mild-to-moderate clinical PID. Women who expressed antibodies to PmpA were less likely to achieve pregnancy (40.0% versus 85.7%; 𝑃=0.042) and less likely to have a live birth (0.0% versus 80.0%; 𝑃=0.005) compared to women who did not express antibody to PmpA. Women who expressed antibodies to PmpI were more likely to have upper genital tract infection (61.5% versus 20.0%; 𝑃=0.026). However, seropositivity to PmpI and PmpD did not modify the risk of reproductive sequelae or inflammation. Seropositivity to chlamydial PmpA may represent a biomarker of increased risk of sequelae secondary to infection with C. trachomatis.
Real-time particle systems on the GPU in dynamic environments

Particle systems ([Reeves83, Sims90, McAllister00]) have been the mainstay of video game effects for the past decade. They have been used to simulate everything from explosions ([Burg2000]) to swarms of insects ([Reynolds87]). As more and more processing power is becoming available on commodity graphics processors, many video game subsystems are now moving over to the GPU. Particle systems have moved with them, but in doing so, have lost some of their functionality in the move.
Analytical Comparison of the Matched Filter and Orthogonal Subspace Projection Detectors for Hyperspectral Images

In this paper, we perform an analytical comparison of two well-known detectors-the matched filter detector (MFD) and the orthogonal subspace projection (OSP) detector for the subpixel target detection in hyperspectral images under the assumption of the linear mixing model. The OSP detector (equivalent to the least-squares estimator) is a popular detector utilizing background signature information. On the other hand, the MFD is intended for a model without background information, and it is often used for its simplicity. The OSP detector seems to be more reliable because it removes the interference of background signatures. However, it has been demonstrated in the literature that sometimes the MFD can be more powerful. In this paper, we show an innovative approach to the evaluation of the detectors' performance. We prove the analytical results explaining the relationship between the two detectors beyond the anecdotal evidence from specific hyperspectral images or simulations. We also give some guidelines on when the MFD may be more beneficial than the OSP and when the OSP is better because of being more robust against a wide range of conditions. A major contribution of this paper is a development of a new approach to the comparison of detectors.
Glycogen-rich clear cell carcinoma of the breast.

Glycogen-rich carcinoma of the breast is a rare histological subtype of breast cancer, usually reported to have poor prognosis. We present the case of a 59-year-old woman who underwent a mastectomy for a 3.5 cm clinically palpable left breast carcinoma, originally diagnosed as fibroadenoma on a screening mammogram four years before presentation. Diagnosis of clear cell carcinoma was based on certain histological characteristics of the tumour and immunohistochemical analysis (PAS staining, keratins AE1/AE3, EMA, cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 20, melanosomes, vimentin, Chromogranin, Synaptophysin, S-100, SMA). No lymph node metastasis was found and as the tumour was ER positive and PgR negative, patient was treated only with an aromatase inhibitor upfront and remains free of disease 48 months now since operation. Glycogen-rich clear cell carcinoma of the breast is a rare tumor, its clinical behavior reported to be rather aggressive so far, might varies depending on special characteristics such as low grade and strongly positive ER expression
Association of Chronic Kidney Disease With Cerebral Microbleeds in Patients With Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose—To investigate the relationship between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and MRI-defined cerebral microbleeds (CMB), a harbinger of future intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), among patients with a recent history of primary ICH. Methods—Using data from a predominantly black cohort of patients with a recent ICH-enrolled in an observational study between September 2007 and June 2011, we evaluated the association between CKD (defined as estimated low glomerular filtration rate<60 mL/min per 1.73 m2) and CMB on gradient-echo MRI. Multivariable models were generated to determine the contribution of CKD to the presence, number, and location of CMB. Results—Of 197 subjects with imaging data, mean age was 59 years, 48% were women, 73% were black, 114 (58%) had ≥1 CMBs, and 52 (26%) had CKD. Overall, CKD was associated with presence of CMB (adjusted odds ratio, 2.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10–6.59) and number of CMB (adjusted relative risk, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.27–3.27). CKD was associated with C...
Penalized multivariate linear mixed model for longitudinal genome-wide association studies

We consider analysis of Genetic Analysis Workshop 18 data, which involves multiple longitudinal traits and dense genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. We use a multivariate linear mixed model to account for the covariance of random effects and multivariate residuals. We divide the SNPs into groups according to the genes they belong to and score them using weighted sum statistics. We propose a penalized approach for genetic variant selection at the gene level. The overall modeling and penalized selection method is referred to as the penalized multivariate linear mixed model. Cross-validation is used for tuning parameter selection. A resampling approach is adopted to evaluate the relative stability of the identified genes. Application to the Genetic Analysis Workshop 18 data shows that the proposed approach can effectively select markers associated with phenotypes at gene level.
Towards Requirements for Supporting Course Redesign with Learning Analytics

With increased focus on quality, many Colleges and Universities run large enrollment online courses by maintaining course masters or frameworks. A framework enables curriculum managers to instantiate hundreds of course sections by keeping under control the quality of common elements of instruction. Current research in learning analytics tools suggests their applicability for the purposes of course design however, the current set of tools were built to support either course or student interventions. Little work has been done to examine the challenges of developing tools for the purpose of supporting the course redesign process. This research is the first phase of a larger project aimed at developing a "Best Practice Finder" which would aggregate section level data to help curriculum managers improve the design of their frameworks. This phase of the research seeks to investigate key requirements for the support of the use of learning analytic systems for the purpose of course redesign. Responses from 71 program chairs of Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana were collected to gauge the relative importance of curricular, institutional, and statistical knowledge they would need to make sense of learning analytics. Three main approaches to sense making emerged: a course centered, an institution centered, and an information centered approach. This work paves the way for an articulation of a full set of requirements for supporting course design focused learning analytics.
Designing road vehicles for pedestrian protection

Collisions between pedestrians and road vehicles present a major challenge for public health, trauma medicine, and traffic safety professionals. More than a third of the 1.2 million people killed and the 10 million injured annually in road traffic crashes worldwide are pedestrians.1 Compared with injured vehicle occupants, pedestrians sustain more multisystem injuries, with concomitantly higher injury severity scores and mortality.2 Although a disproportionately large number of these crashes occur in developing and transitional countries, pedestrian casualties also represent a huge societal cost in industrialised nations. In Britain pedestrian injuries are more than twice as likely to be fatal as injuries to vehicle occupants3 and result in an average cost to society of £57 400, nearly twice that of injuries to vehicle occupants.4 #### Summary points Pedestrian-vehicle crashes are responsible for more than a third of all traffic related fatalities and injuries worldwide Lower limb trauma is the commonest pedestrian injury, while head injury is responsible for most pedestrian fatalities Standardised tests that simulate the most common pedestrian-vehicle crashes are being used to evaluate vehicle countermeasures to reduce pedestrian injury Energy absorbing components such as compliant bumpers, dynamically raised bonnets, and windscreen airbags are being developed for improved pedestrian protection Despite the size of the pedestrian injury problem, research to reduce traffic related injuries has concentrated almost exclusively on increasing the survival rates for vehicle occupants. Most attempts made to reduce pedestrian injuries have focused solely on isolation techniques such as pedestrian bridges, public education, and traffic regulations and have not included changes to vehicle design. The lack of effort devoted to vehicle modifications for pedestrian safety has stemmed primarily from a societal view that the injury caused by a large, rigid vehicle hitting a small, fragile pedestrian cannot be significantly reduced by alterations to the vehicle structure. Crash engineers, …
Changes in CSF Flow and Extracellular Space in the Developing Rat

The effect of bulk flow of cerebrospinal fluid on the distribution of substances in the central nervous system has been a problem appreciated especially by those who have attempted to quantify the interstitial volume of the brain. The implications of this so-called “CSF sink” effect, particularly with regard to the measurement of brain extracellular space, have been treated thoroughly in reviews by Davson (1965) and by Woodbury (1967).
Managing Change and Chance: Collecting Policies in Social History Archives

The traditional methods for developing collecting policies do not work well in social history archives. Because social history archives typically have less than complete knowledge of the records available in their collecting universe, coherent guidance, flexibility, and a means for ongoing reassessment become equally important requirements of an effective collecting policy. This paper is a description of the process employed by the Research Library of the Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies to develop a viable collecting policy and to implement an active collecting program. The process entails a cyclical approach to policy development and a careful consideration of collecting strategies.
A “Pedi” Cures All: Toenail Trimming and the Treatment of Ulcerative Dermatitis in Mice

Ulcerative Dermatitis (UD) is the most common cause of unplanned euthanasia in mice used in research, with prevalence rates reported between 4 and 21%. UD is characterized by a deep, ulcerative lesion that appears most commonly over the dorsal neck and is attendant with an intense pruritus. The underlying cause of UD is currently unknown, and as a consequence, there are no directed therapies that resolve lesions reliably. However, there is a growing body of evidence that suggests a behavioral component to the onset, maintenance, and progression of UD lesions. Scratching behavior in response to the intense pruritus associated with UD lesions may be an effective target for interventional therapies. We hypothesized that interfering with scratching behavior by trimming the toenails of mice with UD, would resolve UD lesions. To test this hypothesis, we first evaluated the efficacy of toenail trims with a single application of Vetericyn at the time of treatment versus our previous standard of care, topical Tresaderm applied daily. We found that toenail trims were significantly more effective at resolving lesions (n = 39 toenail trims, n = 100 Tresaderm, p<0.0001) with 93.3% of animals healing by 14 days (median time to lesion resolution). Furthermore, dorsal neck lesions did not recur by 42 days after a single toenail trim (n = 54); however, flank lesions did not resolve and the outcome of the two lesion distributions following treatment were significantly different (p<0.0001). Finally, we implemented toenail trims at an institutional level and found similar efficacies (approximately 90%) for toenail trims regardless of one-time topical supplement used (triple antibiotic ointment, Tresaderm, and Vetericyn, n = 55, 58, 18, p = 0.63). This is the first report of a highly effective treatment for one of the most serious welfare issues in laboratory mice.
The transformation of glyceryl trinitrate and other nitrates by glutathione-organic nitrate reductase.

The major route for glyceryl trinitrate transformation appears to be denitration in the presence of reduced glutathione (GSH). One molecule of glyceryl trinitrate reacts with two GSH to release one inorganic nitrite ion from either the 2- or 3-position to form 1,3- or 1,2-glyceryl dinitrate. With liver enzyme the glyceryl dinitrates and inorganic nitrite produced account for about 90% of the glyceryl trinitrate transformed. There is no product inhibition of the glyceryl trinitrate degradation reaction. The denitration of glyceryl dinitrate proceeds at only 2-5% of the rate for glyceryl trinitrate. Glyceryl mononitrate is practically unaltered by the liver enzyme. Thus, the denitration of glyceryl trinitrate does not lead to glycerol formation. A rapid, sensitive enzymic assay based on the reaction of organic nitrates with GSH to yield GSSG was developed. The spectrophotometric or fluorometric method measures TPNH disappearance as the GSSG is catalytically reduced by glutathione reductase. Mannitol hexanitrate, erythrityl tetranitrate, and glyceryl trinitrate are rapidly transformed by the liver soluble enzyme in the presence of GSH, whereas isosorbide dinitrate and pentaerythritol tetranitrate are degraded at a slow rate by this system. The denitration of these compounds leads to a number of products with a lower number of nitrate ester groups. However, complete degradation of the parent molecule does not occur. The in vivo mechanism of organic nitrate detoxication appears to be similar to the enzymic denitration observed with liver glutathione-organic nitrate reductase.
Biological Containment and Cloning Vector Transmissibility

DNA research has been a major cause of fear and criticism. E. coli biotypes number in the thousands, and most strains are relatively harmless commensals that inhabit the large intestine of warm-blooded animals. Some strains of E. coli, however, are enteropathogenic, and others cause infections of the urinary tract. A smaller number of strains can invade healthy tissue, but as a rule, this occurs only in individuals weakened by surgery, organ transplantation, or diseases such as
Radiogeological Assessment of Candidate Sites for Nuclear Waste Repositories, Exemplified by Studies of the Stripa Pluton, Sweden

Investigation of candidate sites for nuclear waste isolation will require an assessment of their radiogeologic settings. Studies at the Stripa research facility in granitic rock of central Sweden incorporated the distribution and abundance of naturally occurring radioelements in rocks encompassing the underground experiments and in the accompanying fracture-controlled groundwater system. These studies showed that besides defining the natural radioactivity baseline upon which the effects of radioactive waste will be superimposed, radioelement distributions can be used to determine the apparent age of the groundwater and its flow paths. In crystalline rocks, where the groundwater systems are confined to the joints and fractures, the uranium daughter element, radon-222 in the water serves as a natural tracer to locate fractures along which significant flow is occurring and to measure the flow rates. The heat production from radioactive decay of uranium-238, thorium-232 and potassium-40 in the rock, combined with measurements of regional and local geothermal heat flow, permit calculation of the apparent size of the rock mass that will encompass the repository. This method is especially useful in terranes such as at Stripa where the contacts between plutons and older rocks are concealed.
The Sociological Curriculum in the Southeastern States

need for alterations in instructional and classroom techniques. Tt is to be hoped, therefore, that the Commission will follow its present study with a cooperative attempt to develop instructional techniques which will be more effective in terms of the actual realization of the objectives and purposes proposed. The Commission's project for the improvement of sociological instruction is of such importance that it is to be hoped its efforts will gain wide support not only among sociology teachers themselves, but among teachers in related fields and the administrative officers who are in a position to expedite the study. It is a too rare phenomenon for a group of college and university teachers to undertake a cooperative project for the improvement in instruction in their field, and this project together with similar ones in other fields should receive the wide endorsement and support of those interested in the improvenment of higher education.
Uncertainty Quantification of Turbulence Model Closure Coefficients for Transonic Wall-Bounded Flows

The goal of this work is to quantify the uncertainty and sensitivity of commonly used turbulence models in Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes codes due to uncertainty in the values of closure coefficients for transonic wall-bounded flows and to rank the contribution of each coefficient to uncertainty in various output flow quantities of interest. Specifically, uncertainty quantification of turbulence model closure coefficients is performed for transonic flow over an axisymmetric bump and the RAE 2822 transonic airfoil. Three turbulence models are considered: the Spalart–Allmaras model, Wilcox (2006) k-ω model, and Menter shear-stress transport model. The FUN3D code developed by NASA Langley Research Center is used as the flow solver. The uncertainty quantification analysis employs stochastic expansions based on non-intrusive polynomial chaos for efficient uncertainty propagation. Several integrated and point quantities are considered as uncertain outputs for both computational fluid dynamics problems. Closur...
Strong and ultra-flexible polymer-derived silicon carbonitride nanocomposites by aligned carbon nanotubes

Abstract We report the synthesis of flexible ceramic composites with a high tensile strength (536.33±7.23 MPa) using carbon nanotube sheet aligned by mechanically stretching process. The process is based on the infiltration and pyrolysis of liquid ceramic precursor into aligned carbon nanotube sheet. Mechanical properties and microstructure of the resultant composites are investigated. The resultant nanocomposites maintain well-aligned carbon nanotube morphology with high volume fraction (60%) and long pullout (15 µm), contributing to a high degree of load-transfer efficiency and toughening. Flexibility test reveals that such ceramic nanocomposites retain the original mechanical properties and microstructures after one thousand repetitions of 75% bending deformation, showing excellent compliance and durability. Applications requiring materials with high flexibility and mechanical properties can benefit from this research.
Persistent infection of rat insulinoma cells with Coxsackie B4 virus

Plaque purified Coxsackie B4 virus (CB4) caused a persistent infection of rat insulinoma (RIN) cells which lasted for the 70 day observation period. Infectious virus was produced and no cytopathic effect was observed. Indirect immunofluorescence and infectious center assays demonstrated that a majority of RIN cells were infected. Defective interfering particles were not demonstrated. Despite persistent infection, insulin synthesis by RIN cells was not altered.
A 60-year-old man with forehead swelling.

CT and MRI revealed infection in close proximity to the brain. The patient recovered with antibiotics and surgery.