cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Talking back to the Asian model minority discourse: Korean‐origin youth experiences in high school

This paper examines the educational and social experiences of Korean‐origin, working‐class youth in New York City public high schools. By elucidating how Asian‐origin youth understand, negotiate and resist the Asian model minority discourse, the participants (1) disrupt popular characterisations of the Asian‐origin community, (2) critique dominant ideologies such as meritocracy and (3) share stories that Asian‐origin youth can utilise to ‘strengthen traditions of social, political, and cultural survival and resistance’ (D.G. Solorzano & T.J. Yosso (2002) Critical race methodology: counter‐storytelling as an analytical framework for education research, Qualitative Inquiry , 8(1), pp. 23–44). In addition to contributing important narratives to the discourse on school improvement, multiculturalism and urban education, these youth challenge educators to rethink problematic notions of identity and culture that perpetuate the marginalisation of Asian‐origin people. I am not the model minority. Before I can talk...
On the Claim that a Table-Lookup Program Could Pass the Turing Test

The claim has often been made that passing the Turing Test would not be sufficient to prove that a computer program was intelligent because a trivial program could do it, namely, the “Humongous-Table (HT) Program”, which simply looks up in a table what to say next. This claim is examined in detail. Three ground rules are argued for: (1) That the HT program must be exhaustive, and not be based on some vaguely imagined set of tricks. (2) That the HT program must not be created by some set of sentient beings enacting responses to all possible inputs. (3) That in the current state of cognitive science it must be an open possibility that a computational model of the human mind will be developed that accounts for at least its nonphenomenological properties. Given ground rule 3, the HT program could simply be an “optimized” version of some computational model of a mind, created via the automatic application of program-transformation rules [thus satisfying ground rule 2]. Therefore, whatever mental states one would be willing to impute to an ordinary computational model of the human psyche one should be willing to grant to the optimized version as well. Hence no one could dismiss out of hand the possibility that the HT program was intelligent. This conclusion is important because the Humongous-Table Program Argument is the only argument ever marshalled against the sufficiency of the Turing Test, if we exclude arguments that cognitive science is simply not possible.
Phosphorylation in coronary artery cold-induced contraction in the newborn lamb.

Myocardial dysfunction after hypothermic protection has been linked to various mechanisms. Coronary vasospasm in particular may be responsible for ischemic injury during reperfusion. Herein we hypothesized that coronary arteries (CA) sustain a cold-induced contraction during hypothermia mediated by a protein tyrosine kinase (PTK)-/protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP)-dependent pathway. Isolated newborn lamb CA rings were studied in a tissue bath for isometric contraction during 2-h profound (17 degrees C) or ultra-profound (7 degrees C) hypothermia. In parallel, protein tyrosine phosphorylation was evaluated by use of the Western blot technique. Na-orthovanadate (SOV) and genestein (GEN) were used separately and in combination to evaluate the effect of PTK/PTP activation on CA contraction and tyrosine phosphorylation during cooling (17 or 7 degrees C) vs 37 degrees C. Cooling from 37 to 7 degrees C induced transient contraction at approximately 17 degrees C (29% KCl response), which was more prominent during rewarming to 37 degrees C (36% KCl). Cooling to 17 degrees C resulted in sustained contraction (7-10% KCl), which was reversible upon rewarming. Cold-induced contraction was significantly enhanced by SOV (7- to 10-fold at 17 degrees C; 2-fold at 7 degrees C) and abolished by GEN. Concurrently, tyrosine phosphorylation of 33-, 45-, and 104-kDa proteins increased during cooling (35-100% at 17 degrees C; 46-66% at 7 degrees C). Tyrosine phosphorylation was similarly enhanced by SOV (1.7- to 2.3-fold at 17 degrees C; 2.9- to 3.9-fold at 7 degrees C) and abolished by GEN in the presence or absence of SOV. These results support a prominent role for the PTK/PTP signal transduction pathway in the coronary artery cold-induced contraction. This information provides one possible biomolecular mechanism linked to ischemia/reperfusion pathophysiology of CA in neonatal hearts exposed to hypothermic myocardial protection.
Sex roles and nonverbal communication skills

As a step toward understanding sex differences in nonverbal decoding and encoding abilities, the hypothesis that sex-role variables are related to these communication abilities was tested. An analysis was undertaken of 11 studies on the relationship of encoding and decoding abilities to sex roles, including several masculinity and femininity scales, a measure of attitudes toward women, and a questionnaire on sex roles in the home. Although the relationships of the masculinity and femininity measures to decoding were generally weak, more “masculine” people tended to be better decoders. Patterns also emerged showing that the magnitude of the correlations varied with age group, sex, sex-role scale, and channel of communication. In addition, among women, those who were more “liberated” according to several indices were better decoders, at least of a woman stimulus person. Differences between the sexes in encoding and decoding abilities were unaffected by partialling out the masculinity and femininity measures. A hypothesis concerning the adaptive uses of nonverbal sensitivity is advanced, as well as a hypothesis concerning overall sex differences in nonverbal communication skills.
BONE SCINTIGRAPHY FOR METASTASIS DETECTION IN CANINE OSTEOSARCOMA

The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of serial bone scintigraphy in the detection of skeletal and extraskeletal metastases in dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma. Twenty-six dogs with primary, appendicular osteosarcoma were entered into a limb-sparing protocol. Bone scintigraphy was performed upon presentation, after neoadjuvant therapy but prior to surgery and at selective intervals after limb-sparing surgery to evaluate for the presence of metastasis. Thoracic radiographs, and radiographs of other sites, were also made at the time of each bone scan. All dogs had a complete necropsy. No dog had bone or lung metastases detected prior to treatment. The bone scans, medical records, and radiographs of each dog were reviewed retrospectively. All but one dog developed metastatic disease. Bone metastatic sites were confirmed at necropsy in 12 of the 26 dogs. Seven of these 12 dogs had bone metastatic sites which were not producing clinical signs, i.e. an occult metastasis. In five of the seven dogs, the occult site was the first metastatic site detected. Extraskeletal metastases were identified scintigraphically in six of the 26 dogs, but these were clinically apparent prior to bone scintigraphy in each dog. Suspected malignant scintigraphic lesions were proven benign in six dogs. In five dogs with malignant bone lesions at necropsy the last bone scan prior to euthanasia was normal. The time interval between scintigraphy and necropsy was variable in these five dogs. All dogs without bone metastases at necropsy had normal bone scans. This study validates the usefulness of bone scintigraphy for detection of occult bone metastasis and improved ability for tumor staging in dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma.
A RING OF POLARIZED LIGHT: EVIDENCE FOR TWISTED CORONAL MAGNETISM IN CAVITIES

Coronal prominence cavities may be manifestations of twisted or sheared magnetic fields capable of storing the energy required to drive solar eruptions. The Coronal Multi-Channel Polarimeter (CoMP), recently installed at Mauna Loa Solar Observatory, can measure polarimetric signatures of current-carrying magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) systems. For the first time, this instrument offers the capability of daily full-Sun observations of the forbidden lines of Fe XIII with high enough spatial resolution and throughput to measure polarimetric signatures of current-carrying MHD systems. By forward-calculating CoMP observables from analytic MHD models of spheromak-type magnetic flux ropes, we show that a predicted observable for such flux ropes oriented along the line of sight is a bright ring of linear polarization surrounding a region where the linear polarization strength is relatively depleted. We present CoMP observations of a coronal cavity possessing such a polarization ring.
The relation between skeletal maturation and adiposity in African American and Caucasian children.

Abstract Objective: African American children have earlier pubertal and skeletal maturation and a higher body mass index (BMI) than Caucasian children. We tested the hypothesis that advanced bone age in African American children is accounted for by their greater adiposity. Study design: We studied 252 African American (n = 97) and Caucasian (n = 155) children aged 5 to 12 years. Skeletal age was determined by a radiologist blinded to clinical details. The difference between bone age (BA) and chronological age (CA) (noted as BA – CA) and the ratio of bone age to chronological age (BA/CA) were determined. Analysis of covariance was used to adjust skeletal maturation for the effects of adiposity, as measured by BMI, BMI standard deviation score (BMI SDS), and fat mass by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results: African American children were significantly heavier than Caucasians (BMI SDS 2.7 ± 3.4 vs 1.7 ± 2.4, P 0.46, P
The Stability of Ocean Currents in Eddy-Resolving General Circulation Models

Abstract The stability of currents generated in an oceanic eddy-resolving general circulation model EGCM (Holland, 1978) is investigated by solving the eigenvalue problem associated with the finite-difference quasi-geostrophic vorticity equations which govern the flow. In general, both barotropically and baroclinically unstable waves are shown to exist for instantaneous currents found in the EGCM. Although these simulated flows are not always quasi-steady in the sense required by the theory and are themselves modified by the presence of the finite-amplitude eddies, many characteristics of the eddy field and its interaction with the time-mean circulation can nevertheless be deduced by the linear stability analysis. In particular, these investigations show that linear stability considerations correctly identify regions of instability in the ocean circulation model and accurately predict the low-order statistical features of the eddy field such as wavelength, period and phase speed. The effects of weakly uns...
Elastic properties of several amorphous solids and disordered crystals below 100 K

We have measured the internal friction and speed of sound variation at temperatures between 60 mK and room temperature for amorphous CdGeAs2, Polystyrene, and Stycast 2850FT epoxy, and the disordered crystals (ZrO2)0.89(CaO)0.11 and (CaF2)0.74(LaF3)0.26. A comparison of our results with an extensive review of previously published data shows a remarkable similarity in the internal friction of disordered solids below ∼5 K. The low temperature elastic behavior of these solids is adequately described by the standard tunneling model, from which one finds a nearly universal density of tunneling states for glasses. Internal friction above ∼10 K for different materials, however, displays a wide range of magnitudes and temperature dependence that is far from universal. Attempts to directly link the tunneling states observed by internal friction at low temperatures to configurational states of localized oscillators existing at high temperatures must take into account this striking variation among disordered solids above 10 K.
Narrative and Deliberation in Small Group Forums

In a videotape analysis of five National Issues Forums, I investigate the nature of deliberative talk in small group deliberative settings. I show that deliberative talk in these forums mostly takes the form of storytelling. I argue that storytelling helps participants overcome barriers to deliberation, such as lack of knowledge and the need to manage one's public face in a context that privileges open conflict. Moreover, I show that storytelling also plays an important collective function for groups, allowing them to build a sense of moral community around issues without much explicit conflict or argument. I conclude that greater understanding of storytelling's role in small group deliberation is of benefit both to practitioners who initiate such forums and to the growing number of researchers who study the practice of deliberative democracy.
Reverse field technique to study delayed ionization in time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Abstract Delayed ionization has been observed following the photoexcitation of cluster systems (i.e., fullerenes, Met-Cars, refractory metal clusters, etc.) where the ionization potential is lower than the binding energy of the cluster. A reverse field technique to study delayed ionization is presented herein which enables the details of the mechanism to be investigated in selected time intervals following the photoexcitation process.
Relaxation spectra of interactive neural systems

A nonlinear model of spatially localized interactive neural systems is analyzed in the neighborhood of steady state solutions by computing relaxation spectra which govern the long time approach to steady state activity levels.
Limit stress conditions for weakly bonded fiber composites subject to transverse biaxial tensile loading

This paper focuses on the limit stress conditions of metal matrix composites reinforced with weakly-bonded continuous fibers subject to general biaxial tensile loading normal to the fiber direction. The study is performed using unit cell models, with the fibers being treated as either perfectly rigid or perfectly compliant. The cells are first analyzed using finite element methods (FEM) and the results used to construct yield surfaces in stress space. A simpler analytical model based on net-section yielding is also developed and the results compared with the ones obtained by FEM. Though the latter approach provides a reasonable first order estimate of the limited stress, it generally underestimates the values obtained from the FEM calculations: a result of stress gradients acting along the failure plane. The effects of stress gradients are incorporated into the net-section yielding model through an analytical solution based upon the slip line field around a circular hole. This approach yields analytical predictions which are generally in very good agreement with the FEM results.
CO prompt emission as a CO2 marker in comets and planetary atmospheres

CO prompt emission as a CO 2 marker in comets and planetary atmospheres Konstantinos S. Kalogerakis, a* Constantin Romanescu, a,b Musahid Ahmed, c Kevin R. Wilson, c and Tom G. Slanger, a a Molecular Physics Laboratory, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA b Present address: Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA c Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA * Corresponding author. Email: ksk@sri.com, FAX: (650) 859-2111 Pages: Figures: Tables: Proposed Running Head: CO prompt emission in comets and planetary atmospheres MP 12-001 (rev.1 to Icarus)
An hypothesis on the role of cellular colloid osmotic pressure in determining behavior of cells in vitro including anchorage dependency and maintenance of the differentiated state.

The osmotic problems involved when cells are isolated from tissues are analyzed. Evidence is considered which indicates that in vivo the Na pump is operating at maximal or near maximal rates and that this depends on low leak rates for salts and water due to various aspects of the tissues structure. Dispersion of the tissue results in breakdown of these barriers on free diffusion and the isolated cell is subjected to an enormous increase in passive influx due to colloid osmotic pressure without being able to increase its pumping rate to the extent needed to maintain volume control. It is proposed that the primary problem the cell faces in vitro is to compensate for the effective increase in its colloid pressure, e.g. the colloid osmotic pressure excess, emerging with the breakdown of the tissue structure. The finding that most normal cells have to adhere to a surface in order to grow or "anchorage dependency" is analyzed in terms of the way adhesion and spreading result in changes in ion and water movements into cells enabling them to achieve fluid balance in the face of the colloid pressure excess. It is also proposed that the differentiated state is more dependent on colloid osmotic balance than proliferation. The failure of conditions used in tissue culture to compensate adequately for the colloid pressure excess results in limiting the amount of protein which can be synthesized, dissipation of cellular energy, and changes in orientation of cellular components which contribute directly to the loss of differentiation which occurs during growth in vitro.
Analysis of rotating solids with cracks by the boundary element method

Abstract The use of the boundary element method for the solution of linear elastic fracture mechanics problems, without body forces, is quite extensive since the method is intrinsically well suited to the analysis of high stress gradients associated with crack problems. The crack-tip stresses for rotating bodies are similar to the stresses for stationary bodies and therefore all the advantages of the boundary element procedure can be encompassed in the extension of the method to the solution of rotating bodies with cracks. In the present analysis, the additional volume integral that arises from the treatment of inertial body forces is eliminated by using the well-known particular integral procedure. The matrix ill-conditioning that results from the need to model co-planar crack surfaces of non-symmetrical cracks is avoided by using the multi-region approach. The accuracy of the numerical solutions is improved by utilizing quarter-point elements with traction singular enhancement at the crack-tip. The procedure is then applied to the solution of arbitrary cracks in two- and three-dimensional rotating bodies.
Emission lifetimes of binuclear (d10-d10) palladium and platinum complexes

Abstract The emission lifetimes of binuclear ( d 10 - d 10 ) palladium and platinum dibenzylideneacetone complexes and certain derivatives have been measured as a function of emission wavelength and temperature in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran solutions. An unusual wavelength dependence of the emission lifetimes at 77 K is observed. The magnitude of this wavelength dependence is significantly smaller when the substitution occurs at the two-position of the aryl groups of the ligands, suggesting that steric effects play an important role in these excited-state deactivation processes.
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension in Children and Adolescents

Purpose To investigate sex distribution, frequency of obesity, and other associated conditions among children and adolescents with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients aged 18 years or younger diagnosed with idiopathic intracranial hypertension between 1988 and 1995 at two medical centers. Meta-analyses were performed using our data pooled with published information. Results Of 374 patients, 175 (46.8%) were male and 199 (53.2%) were female. Obesity was noted in 50 (29.6%) of the 169 patients for whom relevant data are available, and other associated conditions were noted in 185 (53.2%) of the 348 patients. Conclusions Idiopathic intracranial hypertension among children and adolescents affects boys and girls equally; concurrent obesity occurs less frequently than in adults; and other associated conditions or secondary causes are common.
Structural and elastic properties of Ge after Kr-ion irradiation at room temperature

Changes in the elastic properties of Ge induced by room-temperature irradiation with 3.5-MeV Kr ions have been determined and correlated with changes in the microstructure determined by transmission electron microscopy. Elastic-shear-moduli changes were measured by Brillouin scattering, and changes in local atomic arrangement were determined by Raman scattering. Amorphization decreased the elastic shear modulus of Ge by 17%. The fractional decrease was correlated with the amorphous volume fraction with a cross section of 4.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 ${\mathrm{nm}}^{2}$/ion. No change was observed in the shear modulus during void formation and growth. The elastic properties of the voided material are described by the Voigt averaging. However, as the voids evolved into a fibrous spongelike microstructure, a second dramatic elastic softening occurs which we attribute to the inability of the fibrous structure to support shear stresses. Raman scattering showed that, once formed, there was no change in the structure of the amorphous material at the atomic scale during void formation and subsequent void coalescence.
Aluminum incorporation into high silica zeolites

Abstract Strong shape-selective acidic sites were generated inside high silica/alumina ratio ZSM-5 and ZSM-11 zeolites by treatment with aluminum chloride, followed by hydrolysis and calcination. Incorporation of aluminum in the zeolites was indicated by catalytic and ion-exchange studies, and supported by 27Al MAS-n.m.r., FT i.r., and ammonia t.p.d.
The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Modulates the Interaction of E-cadherin with the Actin Cytoskeleton

Alterations in the expression or function of molecules that affect cellular adhesion and proliferation are thought to be critical events for tumor progression. Loss of expression of the cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin and increased expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor are two prominent molecular events that are associated with tumorigenesis. The regulation of E-cadherin-dependent cell adhesion by epidermal growth factor (EGF) was therefore examined in the human breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-468. In this study, changes were observed in the subcellular distribution of components that mediate the cytoplasmic connection between E-cadherin and the actin-based cytoskeleton in response to activation of the EGF receptor. Serum withdrawal activated E-cadherin-dependent cell-cell aggregation in MDA-MB-468 cells, and this treatment stimulated the interaction of actin, alpha-actinin, and vinculin with E-cadherin complexes, despite the absence of alpha-catenin in these cells. By contrast, the co-precipitation of actin with E-cadherin was not detected in several alpha-catenin positive epithelial cell lines. Treatment with EGF inhibited cellular aggregation but did not affect either the levels of E-cadherin or catenin expression nor the association of catenins (beta-catenin, plakoglobin/gamma-catenin, or p120(cas)) with E-cadherin. However, EGF treatment of the MDA-MB-468 cell line dissociated actin, alpha-actinin, and vinculin from the E-cadherin-catenin complex, and this coincided with a robust phosphorylation of beta-catenin, plakoglobin/gamma-catenin, and p120(cas) on tyrosine residues. Furthermore, inactivation of the EGF receptor in serum-treated MDA-MB-468 cells with either a function-blocking antibody or EGF receptor kinase inhibitors mimicked the effects of serum starvation by stimulating both cellular aggregation and assembly of E-cadherin complexes with vinculin and actin. These results demonstrate that the EGF receptor directly regulates cell-cell adhesion through modulation of the interaction of E-cadherin with the actin cytoskeleton and thus substantiates the coordinate role of both of these molecules in tumor progression and metastasis.
Determination of ethylenediaminetetraacetate and nitrilotriacetate in phytoplankton media by differential pulse polarography

Abstract A technique for the analysis of synthetic sea water and phytoplankton media for ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) and nitrilotriacetate (NTA) by differential pulse polarography has been developed. The addition of approximately 2.4 · 10-4 M cadmium to the analyte converts a large fraction of either ligand to the reducible cadmium complex. With 5 · 10-6 M ligand present, the standard deviation is approximately. 6 · lO-7 M for NTA and 4 · 10-7 M for EDTA. The presence of competing metal cations, including copper, is not detrimental if the method of standard additions is used.
Neutron Diffraction Studies of Zinc Ferrite and Nickel Ferrite

The chemical and magnetic structures of zinc ferrite and nickel ferrite have been investigated at room temperature by means of neutron diffraction. In agreement with previous x-ray investigations zinc ferrite has been found to possess a completely regular spinel structure with an oxygen parameter of 0.385\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002. The diffraction peaks show no evidence of coherent magnetic scattering, whereas the background exhibits normal paramagnetic diffuse scattering. This eliminates the possibility of an antiferromagnetic structure at room temperature. In the case of nickel ferrite, calculated intensities based upon an inverted structure and the N\'eel model of ferrimagnetism are in good agreement with the observed intensities.
Implications of changing national cholesterol education program goals for the treatment and control of hypercholesterolemia

BACKGROUND: Modifications to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) guidelines lowered optional low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) treatment goals.
Effect of pH on eggshell penetration by Salmonellae.

Experiments were conducted to study effects of pH on penetration of eggs by three species of Salmonella. Eggs having an average specific gravity of 1.078 were subjected to challenge by either S. typhimurium, S. st. paul, or S. derby. Challenge solutions ranged from pH 5.0 to 9.5 in .5 pH increments and contained an average of 7.5 x 10(3) Salmonella/ml. Egg temperature was 22 C and solution temperature 4.4 C when challenged. Tartaric acid (10%) or 1 N. NaOH were used to adjust solution prior to adding challenge organisms. Eggs were challenged for 3 min then allowed to dry and held at 22 C for 24 hr, after which they were opened aseptically. Salmonella penetration was determined by swabbing the inner shell membrane and incubating in selenite cystine and tetrathionate enrichment broths for 24 hr followed by plating on MacConkey and SS agars. Penetration rates for all three organisms were significantly less at pH 5.0 than at any higher pH tested. There was an increase in penetration from pH 5.5 to 7.0 for all species. Maximum penetration rates were 42% of eggs challenged at pH 7.5, 22% at pH 8.5, and 34% at pH 7.0 for S. typhimurium, S. derby, and S. st. paul, respectively. In no case was penetration of eggs at pH 9.0 significantly different from pH at maximum penetration of challenge eggs. Penetration by S. st paul, at pH 9.5 was significantly less (P less than .05) than at pH 7.0. Decalcification of the eggshell was less than .01%/min at pH 4.0. Shell losses at pH 3.5 and 3.0 were .03% and .33%/min, respectively.
ROLE OF THE Nrf2-ARE PATHWAY IN ACRYLAMIDE NEUROTOXICITY

Acrylamide (ACR) intoxication is associated with selective nerve terminal damage in the central and peripheral nervous systems. As a soft electrophile, ACR could form adducts with nucleophilic sulfhydryl groups on cysteine residues of kelch-like erythroid cell-derived protein with CNS homology-associated protein 1 (Keap1) leading to dissociation of the transcription factor, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Nrf2 activation of the antioxidant-responsive element (ARE) and subsequent upregulated gene expression of phase II detoxification enzymes and anitoxidant proteins might provide protection in neuronal regions with transcriptional capabilities (e.g., cell body). In contrast, non-transcriptional cell regions (axons, nerve terminals) might be vulnerable to electrophile-induced damage. To test this possibility, immunoblot analysis was used to measure protein products of Nrf2-activated ARE genes in nerve terminals and in cytosolic/nuclear factions of neuronal cell bodies isolated from rats intoxicated at two different ACR dose-rates; i.e., 50mg/kg/d×10 days, 21mg/kg/d×38 days. To detect possible differences in cell-specific induction, the cytoprotective response to ACR intoxication was determined in hepatic cells. Results show that control brain and hepatic cell fractions exhibited distinct subcellular distributions of Nrf2, Keap1 and several ARE protein products. ACR intoxication, however, did not alter the levels of these proteins in synaptosomal, brain cytoplasm or liver cell fractions. These data indicate that ACR was an insufficient electrophilic signal for ARE induction in all subcellular fractions tested. Because a cytoprotective response was not induced in any fraction, nerve terminal vulnerability to ACR cannot be ascribed to the absence of transcription-based defense mechanisms in this neuronal region.
The concept of gut rehabilitation and the future of visceral transplantation

This Review provides an in-depth and up-to-date overview of the major achievements in the evolving field of gut rehabilitation, with special emphasis on visceral transplantation. New insights into current challenges are highlighted, including future strategies to optimize the management of gut failure and enhance the long-term therapeutic efficacy of transplantation.
Role of the Interface in Protein Extractions Using Nonionic Microemulsions

Abstract The oil–water interface is thought to have a significant role in the extraction of proteins into nonionic microemulsions. Several surfactants, that have a known specificity for particular proteins, have been tested for their ability to improve the specificity of Neodol 91-2.5 (linear alcohol ethoxylate) microemulsions. Only some of these protein-specific surfactants were capable of improving specificity. In successful extractions, a minimum amount of protein-specific surfactant has to be added to Neodol 91-2.5 nonionic microemulsion before any protein is extracted. Above this minimum, all of the protein is removed. It was also observed that below this minimum the protein-specific surfactant is present at the oil–water interface, but is not available for protein extraction. This is in contrast with affinity-based reverse micellar extraction where the appearance of the ligand at the oil–water interface is sufficient to cause protein extraction. The physical structure of the interface plays a role in the protein–surfactant interactions seen in nonionic microemulsions. Two criteria need to be satisfied as a basis for successful protein extraction. A minimum headgroup area of the protein-specific surfactant, and a minimum fractional area coverage of the protein-specific surfactant at the oil–water interface, are simultaneously required for protein extraction. A conceptual model has been proposed to explain these observations.
Post-stimulatory effects on the auditory brain stem response: partial-masking and enhancement

Abstract The auditory brain stem response (ABR) was recorded in human subjects using the stimulus configuration of a tone-on-tone forward-masking paradigm, but with all stimuli at suprathreshold levels. A masking stimulus preceded, by Δt msec, the probe stimulus which elicited the ABR. The latency vs. Δt functions for waves III and V were essentially parallel to each other and were interpreted in terms of a partial forward-masking effect, possibly originating in the cochlea. Likewise, the amplitude function for wave III showed varying degrees of decrement as a function of Δt that was also comparable with a partial forward-masking interpretation. In contrast, wave V showed an amplitude increment relative to the unmasked wave that was maximal for Δt values of 15 and 45 msec. The amplitude increment in wave V was termed enhancement and was interpreted as a central process governed by the timing of sound sequences.
Outcrossing rates of individual Mimulus ringens genets are correlated with anther–stigma separation

Outcrossing rates of individual Mimulus ringens genets are correlated with anther–stigma separation
Mitigation of the Large-Scale Oscillation Self-Sustained by Shallow Cavities With a Perforated Lid

Flow past cavities covered by perforated lids pose a challenging problem for design engineers. Kelvin-Helmholtz waves appear early in the separated shear layers above the perforations that quickly mature into large-scale coherent structures far downstream. This evolution is sustained by a hydrodynamic feedback mechanism within the cavity even when its aft wall is far removed from the lid. Herein, the results from large-eddy simulations show analogous fundamental characteristics between open and perforated-cover cavities. Both adequately scale the fundamental frequency of the large-scale disturbance using the freestream velocity and the cavity width (or lid length). Moreover, the dimensionless frequencies jump to higher modes at equivalent length scales. Unlike the open cavity, one can invoke certain conditions that instigate the instability above the perforations but not a simultaneous long-term feedback mechanism necessary to fully sustain the periodic oscillation. The lid itself offers options for mitigating (or even eliminating) the instability. Results (for laminar separation) show the perforation spacing as the key factor. While maintaining the same fundamental frequency, one can easily dampen its spectral peak to complete disappearance by extending the perforation spacing.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Obesity and Outcomes Among Patients With Established Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) and obesity have reached epidemic proportions. The impact of obesity on clinical outcomes in patients with established AF is unknown. We analyzed 2,492 patients in the Atrial Fibrillation Follow-Up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) study. Body mass index (BMI) was evaluated as a categorical variable (normal 18.5 to or=30 kg/m(2)). Rate of death from any cause was higher in the normal BMI group (5.8 per 100 patient-years) than in the overweight and obese groups (3.9 and 3.7, respectively). Cardiovascular death rate was highest in the normal BMI group (3.1 per 100 patient-years), lowest in the overweight group (1.5 per 100 patient-years), and intermediate in the obese group (2.1 per 100 patient-years). After adjustment for baseline factors, differences in risk of death from any cause were no longer significant. However, overweight remained associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular death (hazard ratio 0.47, p = 0.002). Obese patients were more likely to have an uncontrolled heart rate at rest, but rhythm-control strategy success was similar across BMI categories. In each BMI category, risk of death from any cause was similar for patients randomized to a rhythm- or rate-control strategy. In conclusion, in patients with established AF, overweight and obesity do not adversely affect overall survival. Obesity does not appear to affect the relative benefit of a rate- or rhythm-control strategy.
Engineered interphase chromosome loops guide intrachromosomal recombination

How large-scale topologies regulate interphase chromosome function remains an important question in eukaryotic cell biology. Looped structures are thought to modulate transcription by pairing promoters with distant control elements and to orchestrate intrachromosomal recombination events by pairing appropriate recombination partners. To explore the effects of chromosomal topology on intrachromosomal recombination, distinct loop geometries were engineered into chromosome III of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These topologies were created by employing pairs of lac operator clusters to serve as pairing sites and a modified lac repressor to perform the role of a protein cross-bridge. The influence of these engineered loops on the selection of donor loci during mating-type switching was evaluated using novel genetic and molecular methods. These experiments demonstrate that engineered interphase chromosome loops are biologically active—capable of influencing the course of intrachromosomal recombination. They also provide insight into the mechanism of mating-type switching by revealing a causal relationship between defined chromosomal topologies and the choice of donor locus.
Pediatric and adolescent sports injuries.

Twenty-five million scholastic and 20 million organized, community-based athletes are estimated to participate in sports annually in the United States. Additional sport exposure occurs during unsupervised free play. With this volume of activity, injury exposure is significant. Three quarters of a million sports-related injuries in patients under 15 years of age are seen in US emergency rooms annually. Because a significant number of injuries are managed in homes, offices, and clinics, especially nonacute injuries, the true incidence and prevalence of sports injuries in this age group are unknown. Estimates have been that up to 20% of participants sustain an injury. Of these injuries, most (80%) are minor contusions, abrasions, and lacerations with few subsequent sequelae. About 20% to 25% of the acute injuries are considered serious. Despite these daunting numbers, school age sports are, overall, quite safe. Injury rates and severity are age and sport specific. Collision sports in high school age students at high levels of competition, not surprisingly, have the highest number of significant injuries. Injury rates and severity are proportionally less at junior and middle school age levels. Pediatric and adolescent athletes are unique because of their growth potential and its effects. Maturation is very variable in its onset, rate, magnitude, and duration. This is especially true during the physiologic “never-never land” of adolescence. Junctional tissues (physes, muscle-bone, tendon-bone) are targets for hostile tensile, compressive, and shear stresses. Girls mature earlier than boys, but until age 8 or 9 years, boys and girls have equal strength and endurance and can compete as equals on coed teams. Two varieties of injury types occur: (1) as sequelae of acute trauma, and (2) as the result of repetitive microtrauma, the so called “overuse injury.” This article focuses on common problems associated with each type of these injuries in the skeletally immature athlete.
Control Relevant Model Reduction of Volterra Series Models

Abstract This paper presents a two-step method for control-relevant model reduction of Volterra series models. First, using the nonlinear IMC design as a basis, an explicit expression relating the closed-loop performance to the open-loop modeling error is obtained. Secondly, an optimization problem that seeks to minimize the closed-loop error subject to the restriction of a reduced-order model is posed. By showing that model reduction of kernels with different degrees can be decoupled in the problem formulation, the optimization problem is simplified into a mathematically more convenient form which can be solved with significantly less computational effort. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated on a polymerization reactor example where a second-order Volterra model with 85 parameters is reduced to a Hammerstein model with 3 parameters. Despite the lower ‘open-loop’ predictive ability of the control-relevant model, the closed-loop performance of the reduced-order control system closely mimics that of the full order model.
Effect of Flavor on Nutritive Value of Fats.

SummaryWith ad libitum feeding and with lactose as the sole carbohydrate, the growth and appearance of albino male rats fed butter fat was superior to that of animals fed corn oil. Removal of the flavoring agents from butter fat by chromatographing or the addition of one such agent, diacetyl, to corn oil had little effect on the comparative nutritive value of the two fats. Rats fed butter fat or corn oil on rations containing dextrose as the sole carbohydrate grew at equal rates and were of normal appearance. Flavor played no part in these dextrose experiments.
Ocean Color Spectrum Calculations

There is obvious value in developing the means for measuring a number of subsurface oceanographic parameters using remotely sensed ocean color data. The first step in this effort should be the development of adequate theoretical models relating the desired oceanographic parameters to the upwelling radiances to be observed. A portion of a contributory theoretical model can be described by a modified single scattering approach based on a simple treatment of multiple scattering. The resulting quasisingle scattering model can be used to predict the upwelling distribution of spectral radiance emerging from the sea. The shape of the radiance spectrum predicted by this model for clear ocean water shows encouraging agreement with measurements made at the edge of the Sargasso Sea off Cape Hatteras.
Negotiating Europe's Lingua Franca

English has spread and is used around the world, often as a rational choice made by professional groups and bilingual speech communities. In Europe, it is used as a language of wider communication or a lingua franca. This study argues that although English can be the means of expression of local or national or European identities, and even though ‘Euro-English’ has some identifiable features, it is unlikely to develop into a distinct, stable, codifiable and teachable variety, wholly independent of native English norms.
HEART RATE RESPONSES TO TILT IN NEWBORNS: ASSOCIATION WITH HEART RATE VARIABILITY. † 1234

Two indices of autonomic maturation in newborns are measurements of heart rate variability (HRV) and changes in heart rate (HR) in response to tilt. In the current study we have investigated the relationship between these assays in 48 healthy, full-term infants between 18 and 36 hr of age. While sleeping, each infant was tilted 30° four times; two head-up, two head-down. The duration of each tilt was 30 sec, head-up and head-down positions were maintained for 60 sec, and there was a 60 sec inter-tilt interval. R-R intervals were collected continuously and were converted to instantaneous HR at 10 Hz. HR and HRV (SD of HR) were computed every 10 sec. The average change in HR to head-up tilts was +2.8 (±2.5) bpm and to head-down was -3.0(±2.5) bpm. The difference between these changes (+5.8 bpm) was taken as the overall HR response to tilt (HRT) and was significantly different from zero (t=8.81, p<.001). The average HRV for all 10 sec periods prior to tilt was 3.8 (±1.5) bpm. The correlation between HRT and HRV was +.62(p<.001).
First demonstration of a diode-pumped gas (alkali vapor) laser

We report the first diode-pumped gas laser-rubidium vapor. A short cell charged with a Rb/ethane/He mixture pumped at 780 nm produced several mW in a near-confocal cavity. Issues involved in power-scaling will be discussed
A formalism for utilization of sensor systems and integrated project models for active construction quality control

Defects experienced during construction are costly and preventable. However, inspection programs employed today cannot adequately detect and manage defects that occur on construction sites, as they are based on measurements at specific locations and times, and are not integrated into complete electronic models. Emerging sensing technologies and project modeling capabilities motivate the development of a formalism that can be used for active quality control on construction sites. In this paper, we outline a process of acquiring and updating detailed design information, identifying inspection goals, inspection planning, as-built data acquisition and analysis, and defect detection and management. We discuss the validation of this formalism based on four case studies.
Fontan Pathway Growth: A Quantitative Evaluation of Lateral Tunnel and Extracardiac Cavopulmonary Connections Using Serial Cardiac Magnetic Resonance

Background Typically, a Fontan connection is constructed as either a lateral tunnel (LT) pathway or an extracardiac (EC) conduit. The LT is formed partially by atrial wall and is assumed to have growth potential, but the extent and nature of LT pathway growth have not been well characterized. A quantitative analysis was performed to evaluate this issue. Methods Retrospective serial cardiac magnetic resonance data were obtained for 16 LT and 9 EC patients at 2 time points (mean time between studies, 4.2 ± 1.6 years). Patient-specific anatomies and flows were reconstructed. Geometric parameters of Fontan pathway vessels and the descending aorta were quantified, normalized to body surface area (BSA), and compared between time points and Fontan pathway types. Results Absolute LT pathway mean diameters increased over time for all but 2 patients; EC pathway size did not change (2.4 ± 2.2 mm vs 0.02 ± 2.1 mm, p Conclusions Fontan pathway vessel diameter changes over time were not proportional to somatic growth but increases in pathway flows were; LT pathway diameter changes were highly variable. These factors may impact Fontan pathway resistance and hemodynamic efficiency. These findings provide further understanding of the different characteristics of LT and EC Fontan connections and set the stage for further investigation.
Gender and Public Policy Decision Making in State and Local Jurisdictions

Women are increasingly elected to public office and they are influencing the policy agendas in many local and state jurisdictions. In the United States people most often enter politics at the local level and then “climb the career ladder” to state and then national politics. As more and more women are being elected to state and local office, it is reasonable to expect that more women will be elected to national office. As women political office holders can have substantial power and authority, women-friendly initiatives become more prevalent.
ADSORPTION OF PHOSPHATE BY GIBBSITE

Summary The effects of the salts were studied using I per cent suspensions of gibbsite at pH 5.5 and 26°C. At 480μM phosphate and I mM calcium, the kinetic pattern was an initial rapid adsorption reaction, which approached equilibrium in 24 h, revealing a slower reaction. Adsorption isotherms determined at 24 h, with a range of final phosphate concentrations from 0.1 to 1000 μ in solution, were not affected by 20 mM sodium or potassium chloride or 10 mM magnesium chloride. Increasing calcium chloride from o to 20 TIM increased the adsorption of phosphate over the range from 1 to 100 μM final phosphate concentration. At lower (0.1 μM) and higher (1000 μM) phosphate, the effect of calcium was smaller. These results help to explain several effects of the various cations on the adsorption of phosphate by clays and soils, when effects of neutral salts on pH are also considered.
Iodine solubility in a low-activity waste borosilicate glass at 1000 °C

The purpose of this study was to determine the solubility of iodine in a low-activity waste borosilicate glass when heated inside an evacuated and sealed fused quartz ampoule. The iodine was added to glass frit as KI in quantities of 100–24000 ppm iodine (by mass), each mixture was added to an ampoule, the ampoule was heated at 1000 °C for 2 h and then air quenched. In samples with ≥12000 ppm iodine, low viscosity salt phases were observed on the surface of the melts during cooling that solidified into a white coating upon cooling. These salts were identified as mixtures of KI, NaI, and Na2SO4 with X-ray diffraction (XRD). The iodine concentrations in glass specimens were analyzed with inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry and the overall iodine solubility was determined to be 10000 ppm by mass. Several crystalline inclusions of iodine sodalite, Na8(AlSiO4)6I2, were observed in the 24000 ppm specimen and were verified with micro-XRD and wavelength dispersive spectroscopy.