cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Allomap Gene Expression Profiling In Lieu of Routine Endomyocardial Biopsy (EMB) at 6 Months Post Transplant

Purpose Based on data from the IMAGE trial, gene expression profiling (GEP) has been approved by the 2010 ISHLT guidelines as a Class Iia Level of Evidence B non-invasive method to rule out the presence of grade 2R rejection or greater in low risk patients between 6-months and 5-years post cardiac transplant. We present data from our single center suggesting that this strategy can be utilized to obviate endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) in all patients, regardless of race, sex, age or presence of positive panel reactive antibodies. Methods and Materials We analyzed our experience from 2009-2012 evaluating 711 Allomap scores in 126 patients. Beginning at month 5, patients underwent alternating GEP/EMB procedures until one year post transplant. At one year, surveillance monitoring was based on GEP alone except in patients with concern for acute cellular rejection, antibody mediated rejection or history of an infiltrative/inflammatory process. Decisions regarding scores >34 (reference threshold) were made based on patient test results during the first 5 months, standard clinical assessment and echocardiographic testing. Prediction values were based on IMAGE end points (graft dysfunction, hemodynamic deterioration or death). Technical and professional charges were obtained for the EMB/pathological interpretation arm and GEP/echocardiography for the Allomap strategy. Results No patients with a GEP score equal to or less than 34 developed any IMAGE end points or evidence of grade 2R acute cellular rejection on subsequent EMB resulting in a negative predictive value of 100%. Our economic analysis revealed a savings of over $5,000 utilizing GEP in lieu of EMB. Conclusions GEP is a novel, non-invasive approach that is economically attractive, positively associated with a high level of patient satisfaction and very high negative predictive values. GEP should replace EMB as the routine surveillance tool to monitor for acute cellular rejection in all clinically stable patients 6 months post cardiac transplantation.
The roles of TGFβ in the tumour microenvironment

The influence of the microenvironment on tumour progression is becoming clearer. In this Review we address the role of an essential signalling pathway, that of transforming growth factor-β, in the regulation of components of the tumour microenvironment and how this contributes to tumour progression.
Local Enhancement of Alighting in the Melon Fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae: Effect of Olfactory, Visual, and Acoustical Stimuli

In studies conducted in Hawaii under both greenhouse and field conditions, we evaluated the propensity of melon fly females, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae), to alight on either fruit mimics (agar spheres) or host fruit that were or were not occupied by conspecific resident females. We also examined the extent to which occurrence of local enhancement of alighting found in B. cucurbitae females was affected by a variety of factors such as the presence or the absence of host fruit odor (zucchini or ivy gourd), the number of conspecifics present on a host, the degree of isolation of assayed females from other females prior to testing, and the kinds of stimuli (acoustical, visual, olfactory) emanating from conspecifics present on a host mimic. In addition, we asked whether local enhancement might be operative in the food-foraging behavior of melon flies. We found that in a variety of situations, melon fly females alighted in significantly greater numbers at resources (food, fruit mimics, or host fruit) occupied by conspecific females than at unoccupied resources. Such positive influence of resident conspecific females was more pronounced in greenhouse cage assays when one or two rather than four residents were present on a host mimic (but was more pronounced when four rather than one or two residents were present on a host fruit in a field test), and was more evident when test females were grouped with conspecific females than when test females were isolated from conspecific females for 5 days before testing. Rather than acoustical or olfactory stimuli associated with resident conspecific females, the mere physical presence (visual stimulus) of a motionless dead resident melon fly female provided sufficient stimulation for test females to alight in significantly greater numbers at resources occupied by conspecific females than at unoccupied resources. We consider our findings as good evidence of local enhancement in the melon fly and discuss our results in relation to monitoring tactics for adult melon flies.
Evaluation of herpes simplex virus 1 thymidine kinase-mediated trapping of (131)I FIAU and prodrug activation of ganciclovir as a synergistic cancer radio/chemotherapy.

Evaluation of selective killing of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 thymidine kinase (HSV1-tk) expressing tumors by radiolabeled 131I-fialuridine (FIAU), and of synergy between 131I-FIAU and Ganciclovir (GCV). HSV1-tk-expressing cell lines and parental cell lines were exposed to 131I-FIAU alone, GCV alone, or combinations. Activity and concentration were varied widely, concurrent and sequential administrations tested, and dose rate effects were studied. HSV1-tk-expressing cells accumulated up to 15.7-fold more 131I-FIAU, were growth inhibited by 2 μCi/ml, or 5 μCi/ml 131I-FIAU, and were inhibited by two log orders lower concentrations of GCV than parental cells. However, no synergy or additive effect was observed. Dose rate variations, or sequential treatment, did not alter outcome. Radioisotope therapy of HSV1-tk-expressing tumor cells with 131I-FIAU is reported for the first time. Lack of synergy between 131I-FIAU and GCV does not warrant further investigation of combination treatment with the two agents.
What is the role of serotonin during hemorrhage in conscious animals

at the end of world war ii, groups on both sides of the Atlantic ([2][1], [22][2]) demonstrated that loss of central blood volume in human volunteers resulted in a sudden decrease in arterial pressure due to an equally sudden fall in vascular resistance. Subsequent studies have shown that the
Use of genomic tools in the identification of bone-related therapeutics.

Genomics represents a new era in medicine where virtually every human gene representing all potential therapeutics proteins and targets is known. Anatomy has been redefined to the level of the expressed genes that comprise each system, organ, tissue, and cell. Using this encyclopedia of expression, disease can now be defined as a physiologic consequence of an aberration in gene expression compared with homeostasis. Until recently, the rate of introduction of new gene-based medicines was limited by the rate of gene discovery. This rate was limited by the rigorous scientific methods necessary to relate disease back to the genes that affect function. However, since expressed sequence tag (EST) sequencing got into full swing in early 1994, the rate of base pairs going into the public data bases is doubling every 14 months. There are now over 600 million human base pairs and close to 1.4 billion total base pairs in public data bases. Since virtually a complete set of human genes is now available, the rate-limiting step is now understanding the role of each gene. These new methods of gene discovery are very powerful. The first drugs are just reaching the clinic after 5 years, and another wave is sure to follow in the next several years.
Lactoferrin enhanced efficacy of the BCG vaccine to generate host protective responses against challenge with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), is a disease with world wide consequences, affecting nearly a third of the world's population. The established vaccine for TB, an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis Calmette Guerin (BCG), has existed since 1921. Lactoferrin, an iron-binding protein found in mucosal secretions and granules of neutrophils was hypothesized to be an ideal adjuvant to enhance the efficacy of the BCG vaccine, specifically because of previous reports of lactoferrin enhancement of IL-12 production from macrophages infected with BCG. Different vaccination protocols were investigated for generation of host protective responses against MTB infection using lactoferrin admixed to the BCG vaccine. Resulting effects demonstrate that BCG/lactoferrin increased host protection against MTB infection by decreasing organ bacterial load and reducing lung histopathology; significant reduction in tissue CFUs and pathology were observed post-challenge compared to those seen with BCG alone. Addition of lactoferrin to the vaccine led to reduced pathological damage upon subsequent infection with virulent MTB, with positive results demonstrated when admixed in oil-based vehicle (incomplete Freund's adjuvant, IFA) or when given with BCG in saline. The observed post-challenge results paralleled increasing production of IFN-gamma and IL-6, but only limited changes to proinflammatory mediators TNF-alpha or IL-1beta from BCG-stimulated splenocytes. Overall, these studies indicate that lactoferrin is a useful and effective adjuvant to improve efficacy of the BCG vaccine, with potential to reduce related tissue damage and pulmonary histopathology.
Dimethylsulfoxide and dimethylsulfone in the marine atmosphere

New isolation and detection methods were developed to measure dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and dimethylsulfone (DMSO2) in marine rain and marine air masses. Central equatorial Pacific rain contained 1 to 10 µg/l of each of these compounds. Uncontaminated air sampled off Miami contained 2 to 6 ng/m³ of each component. These concentrations suggest that DMSO and DMSO2 may be as significant as dimethylsulfide (DMS) in marine sulfur transport. In fact, DMSO was observed to undergo disproportionation in illuminated seawater or distilled water to DMS and DMSO2. This latter observation implies a partially reversible loop in the sulfur transport cycle and complicates the calculation of the flux of sulfur into the marine boundary layer.
Looking like readers, talking like readers

(1985). Looking like readers, talking like readers. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 24, Classroom Communication/Verbal and Nonverbal, pp. 22-31.
Desistance in the Transition to Adulthood: The Roles of Marriage, Military, and Gender

Research is needed on desistance from crime comparatively by gender. This research uses a national longitudinal sample of youth transitioning to adulthood. Drawing on Sampson and Laub's Age-Graded Theory of Informal Social Control, social bonds found in marriage and military involvement are examined to determine if they decrease delinquency over time. The results for the full sample revealed that marriage but not military involvement led to desistance. However, gender sub-sample analyses further showed military enlistment led females, but not males, to desist from crime. Implications and future research aims are discussed.
Leadership and Team Dynamics for Dangerous Military Contexts

We propose an interdisciplinary, multilevel model of leadership and team dynamics for dangerous military contexts. Viewing this context as a higher level of analysis, our model includes constructs ...
Training for unmanned vehicle allocation with automation in a dynamic microworld

Recently, questions about the nature of automation use during training have emerged. Several studies have shown that at best, training with automation does not aid learning, but this has not yet been examined in supervisory control tasks. Using a dynamic microworld program, Networked Fire Chief, we show that vehicle allocation training significantly interacts with automation during training, impacting not only performance, but also situation awareness and the absolute number of vehicles users can allocate.
Identification of pronuclei in in vitro fertilized cow embryos

Abstract Experiments were conducted to determine the efficiency of visualizing pronuclei in living zygotes. Oocytes aspirated from ovaries of slaughtered cows were matured for 24 hr, fertilized, and examined by differential interference contrast microscopy (DICM) to identify pronuclei, then fixed, stained and examined by phase contrast microscopy (PCM) for stage of development. In the first experiment, 1028 oocytes were examined at 3‐hr intervals between 10 and 22 hr after exposure to sperm. In the second experiment, 759 oocytes were classified by type of cumulus investment (complete, incomplete, and all others, such as loose, expanded, or no investment) and examined at 13 or 19 hours. The proportion of oocytes and embryos in which two pronuclei were seen by DICM increased from 5% at 10 hr to 38% at 19 and 22 hr, with greatest increase between 10 and 13 hours. In exp. 2, oocytes with incomplete investments had the highest proportion of zygotes with two pronuclei. Over both experiments, the proportion of e...
Video mosaics for virtual environments

As computer-based video becomes ubiquitous with the expansion of transmission, storage, and manipulation capabilities, it will offer a rich source of imagery for computer graphics applications. This article looks at one way to use video as a new source of high-resolution, photorealistic imagery for these applications. If you walked through an environment, such as a building interior, and filmed a video sequence of what you saw you could subsequently register and composite the video images together into large mosaics of the scene. In this way, you can achieve an essentially unlimited resolution. Furthermore, since you can acquire the images using any optical technology, you can reconstruct any scene regardless of its range or scale. Video mosaics can be used in many different applications, including the creation of virtual reality environments, computer-game settings, and movie special effects. I present algorithms that align images and composite scenes of increasing complexity-beginning with simple planar scenes and progressing to panoramic scenes and, finally, to scenes with depth variation. I begin with a review of basic imaging equations and conclude with some novel applications of the virtual environments created using the algorithms presented.
The Clinical Utility of the Evaluation of Sperm Chromatin

Interest in the use of sperm DNA integrity as a predictor of fertility potential is on the rise. Clear differences in the levels of sperm DNA damage have been observed between fertile and infertile men. Sperm DNA damage has been found to be adversely affected by age. Men with a high percentage of DNA fragmentation have very low potential for in vitro and in vivo fertility. Moreover, DNA fragmentation is linked to effects on embryonic development, implantation and risk of recurrent miscarriages, and the health of offspring. The potential causes of sperm DNA damage are complex with multiple factors acting at both the intratesticular and posttesticular levels. Oxidative stress, defective sperm chromatin packaging, and disordered abortive apoptosis, are the three putative mechanisms most commonly associated with DNA damage. Sperm DNA damage can occur and can be assessed at different levels in the reproductive tract. Several methods have been developed to evaluate sperm DNA damage as well as assess DNA maturity, quality of packaging, and protamination of the chromatin. The challenge in the management of patients with elevated DNA damage increases proportionately with the rise of such damage. Positive effect of oral antioxidants has been reported. Several methods designed to separate superior spermatozoa from normal DNA have shown promising results, but await further evaluation and confirmation.
The Lichens of Windsor Jambs, Massachusetts

Abstract. A survey of Windsor Jambs, a narrow gorge in Windsor State Forest, Massachusetts, resulted in 64 lichen species in 41 genera. Species diversity is high compared to other areas in the Berkshires. Despite the presence of red spruce trees in the surrounding forest, lichen species belonging to a boreal floristic element comprise only 6% of the lichen flora. An index of ecological continuity calculation indicated that the surrounding forest cannot be considered old-growth, despite the presence of some old-growth hemlock trees. The crustose lichen Diploschistes gypsaceus is reported as new for Massachusetts, and the filamentous lichen Cystocoleus ebeneus is new for New England.
Toxicologic Testing of Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols

This paper reviews technical issues related to the toxicologic testing of inhaled pharmaceuticals. Although there are commonalities between approaches to general and inhalation toxicity testing, there also are specific challenges in the toxicity testing of inhaled pharmaceuticals. A major issue is that of dose; inhaled dose is more difficult to determine than intravenous or oral doses. Also, it is harder to relate dose in laboratory animals to that in man for inhalation exposure than for other routes of administration. Additionally, in the case of inhaled pharmaceuticals, people generally inhale through the mouth, whereas most laboratory animals inhale primarily through the nose. This presents significant challenges in exposure methodology and technology that often need innovative approaches involving alteration to particle size of the agent or dosing procedure. Because the respiratory tract is the site of deposition, local respiratory toxicity and possible damage to lung cells need to be assessed. Systemic toxicity also needs to be evaluated and may be an issue in some cases. Special studies on pulmonary function, mucociliary clearance, or immune response may be needed, depending on the nature of the inhaled pharmaceutical. This review explores the main issues involved in toxicity testing of inhaled pharmaceuticals, the approaches that have been used, and the current and future challenges.
Structure – ADME relationship: still a long way to go?

Background: Theoretical models for predicting absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) properties play increasingly important roles in support of the drug development process. Objective: We briefly review the in silico prediction models for three important ADME properties, namely, aqueous solubility, human intestinal absorption, and oral bioavailability. Methods: Rather than giving detailed descriptions of the ADME prediction models, we focus on the discussions of the prediction accuracies of the in silico models. Results/conclusion: We find that the robustness and predictive capability of the ADME models are directly associated with the complexity of the ADME property. For the ADME properties involving complex phenomena, such as bioavailability, the in silico models usually cannot give satisfactory predictions. Moreover, the lack of large and high-quality data sets also greatly hinder the reliability of ADME predictions. While considerable progress has been achieved in ADME predictions, ...
Analysis of a Large Database of GCL Internal Shear Strength Results

A database of 414 large-scale direct shear test results was assembled to evaluate variables governing geosynthetic clay liner ~GCL! internal shear strength. The tests were conducted by a single independent laboratory over 12 years using procedures consistent with current testing standards. A wide range of GCL types, normal stresses, and shear displacement rates allowed investigation of the effect of reinforcement, pore water pressure generation, and sources of shear strength variability. Reinforced GCLs showed higher strength than unreinforced GCLs, with needle-punched GCLs performing better than stitch-bonded GCLs. Thermal locking of needle-punched GCLs was found to be effective at high normal stress, but hydration using low hydration normal stress was found to decrease the effectiveness of thermal locking. Shear-induced pore water pressures were indirectly evaluated using shear strength results from tests conducted using normal stresses above and below that corresponding to the GCL swell pressure. The peak shear strength was found to increase with decreasing shear displacement rates for high normal stresses, while the opposite trend was observed for low normal stresses. Shear strength envelopes showed a bilinear response, with a break at normal stresses consistent with the GCL swell pressure. Good repeatability of test results was obtained using the same-manufacturing-lot GCL specimens, while comparatively high variability was obtained using different-lot specimens. Peak shear strength variability was found to increase linearly with normal stress, but to be insensitive to specimen conditioning procedures. Evaluation of reinforced and unreinforced GCL test results indicates that, in addition to reinforcement variability, bentonite variability contributes to the shear strength variability of reinforced GCLs. Peel strength was found not to be a good indicator of the contribution of fibers to the GCL peak shear strength.
An efficient frequency-determination algorithm from multiple undersampled waveforms

Frequency estimation/determination has applications in various areas, where the sampling rate is usually above the Nyquist rate. In some applications, it is preferred that the range of the frequencies is as large as possible for a given sampling rate and in some applications, the sampling rate is below the Nyquist rate. In both eases, frequency estimation from undersampled waveforms is needed. In this letter, we present an efficient algorithm to determine multiple frequencies from multiple undersampled waveforms with sampling rates below the Nyquist rates.
Excessive Weight Loss in Breastfed Infants During the Postpartum Hospitalization

ABSTRACT Objective To examine differences in breastfeeding frequency, voids, and stools in infants with weight losses Design Secondary analysis of data from a primary psychometric study examining the Mother Infant Breastfeeding Progress Tool (MIBPT). Setting A midwestern community hospital in a multicultural racially diverse community. Participants Convenience sample of 53 breastfeeding women and infants hospitalized after birth. Methods Data were collected during a chart review; infants were divided into Results Of the 53 infants, 20.8% lost ≥7% of their birth weight. Infants who lost ≥7% of their birth weight had significantly more total voids and a higher breastfeeding frequency on the day of birth than infants who lost p Conclusion In the absence of other indicators of ineffective breastfeeding, breastfeeding infants who lose ≥7% of their birth weight during the first 2 days postpartum might be experiencing a physiologic diuresis after birth, unrelated to their breastfeeding behaviors. More research is necessary to determine the cause of a ≥7% weight loss in newborns during the first 48 hours after birth.
Analysis of multivariable extremum seeking algorithms

This paper presents a systematic approach for the analysis of extremum seeking algorithms (ESA). In applications, these algorithms are used to determine and track the parameters that optimize a system level cost function in real time. The design of multiparameter ESA is greatly facilitated by the availability of simple models that explain the algorithm operation. In this paper, a simple model for stability and performance calculations is given. The model approximates the behavior of the ESA with an accuracy that improves as the dither frequencies used by the ESA are increased. The model predicts ESA stability and performance even if the cost function measurements are corrupted by noise or additional process dynamics. The model is for the general case of multivariable online optimization. Our approach to the analysis supports the addition of dynamic compensation in the ESA. Guidelines for the selection of the dither and the dynamic compensator are derived from our model.
The Academic Advisor's Playbook: Seeking Compliance from College Student-Athletes

We explored the effectiveness of compliance-gaining strategies on college student-athletes (N = 228) in three request situations (i.e., seeking a tutor, attending a weekly academic appointment, and faithfully attending class). The study revealed several key findings: a) Student-athletes perceive the compliance-gaining strategy of negative altercasting as unlikely to persuade them in any of the three situations; b) student-athletes do not rate the compliance-gaining strategies differently among the three request situations; and c) when using the compliance-gaining strategies of negative self-feeling and negative altercasting, advisors should consider the type of request situation, because the persuasiveness of these two strategies is situationally dependent. Practical applications for advisors, along with directions for future research, are considered.
Evidence from 40Ar/39Ar Ages of Individual Hornblende Grains for Varying Laurentide Sources of Iceberg Discharges 22,000 to 10,500 yr B.P.

The abundance and lithic content of ice rafted detritus in glacial North Atlantic sediment cores vary abruptly on millennial time scales that have been correlated to Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles in the Greenland ice cores. There is growing evidence that various ice sheet outlets contributed increased iceberg fluxes at multiple discrete intervals, and the relative timing of iceberg discharges from different sources is important for understanding interactions between oceans and ice sheets. We present a provenance study based on 40Ar/39Ar dates of individual hornblende grains from 20 samples taken at 600 to 700 yr spacing between 10,500 and 22,000 yr B.P., from Orphan Knoll core EW9303-GGC31. Heinrich layers are characterized by a dominant Paleoproterozoic hornblende provenance consistent with published studies. A change in provenance between Heinrich events H2 and H1 indicates contributions of iceberg calving from the Newfoundland and southern Labrador margins. Between H1 and the Younger Dryas interval, Paleoproterozoic ice rafted grains remained dominant. The dominance of Baffin Island (or Greenland?) sources to the ice rafted detritus is ascribed to the retreat of the southern Laurentide ice sheet at about the time of H1—a retreat that isolated Newfoundland and southern Labrador ice from the shelf-slope boundary.
A new photoactive Ru(II)tris(2,2'-bipyridine) templated Zn(II) benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate metal organic framework: structure and photophysical properties.

It has now been demonstrated that Ru(II)tris(2,2′-bipyridine) (RuBpy) can be utilized to template the formation of new metal organic framework (MOF) materials containing crystallographically resolved RuBpy clusters with unique photophysical properties. Two such materials, RWLC-1 and RWLC-2, have now been reported from our laboratory and are composed of RuBpy encapsulated in MOFs composed of Zn(II) ions and 1,3,5-tris(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene ligands (C. L. Whittington, L. Wojtas and R. W. Larsen, Inorg. Chem., 2014, 53, 160–166). Here, a third RuBpy templated photoactive MOF is described (RWLC-3) that is derived from the reaction between Zn(II) ions and 1,4-dicarboxybenzene in the presence of RuBpy. Single Crystal X-ray diffraction studies determined the position of RuBpy cations within the crystal lattice. The RWLC-3 structure is described as a 2-fold interpenetrated pillared honeycomb network (bnb) containing crystallographically resolved RuBpy clusters. The two bnb networks are weakly interconnected. The encapsulated RuBpy exhibits two emission decay lifetimes (τ-fast = 120 ns, τ-slow = 453 ns) and a bathochromic shift in the steady state emission spectrum relative to RuBpy in ethanol.
Th1 Adaptive Immune Responses in Cardiac Graft Arteriosclerosis Deleterious or Beneficial

Heart transplants are not rejected in the absence of adaptive immune responses, eg, in transplantations between genetically identical donors and hosts or to recipients with severe combined immunodeficiencies. Activation of adaptive immunity to an allograft causes destructive responses against donor parenchymal or vascular cells, called acute rejection. In the presence of adequate immunosuppression, acute rejection is suppressed; however, chronic rejection may occur, manifesting as conduit arterial lumen loss resulting from expansion of the tunica intima and remodeling of vessel size, called graft arteriosclerosis.1 The differences in pathological findings and in sensitivity to immunosuppressive agents suggest that chronic graft failure arises from different mechanisms operative in separate allograft compartments than in acute graft rejection. The precise pathogenesis of graft arteriosclerosis is unknown, although there is broad consensus that it is, at least in part, an alloimmune process in that the arteriosclerotic changes are limited to the vascular bed of the allograft and spare the host vasculature. Adaptive immunity may activate a variety of effector mechanisms that cause chronic graft rejection in murine transplantation models.1 Although it is not the only factor that can cause graft arteriosclerosis, the evidence for the signature Th1 cytokine, interferon (IFN)-γ, is particularly compelling. In mouse transplantation models, serological neutralization or the genetic absence of IFN-γ reduces intimal expansion of graft arteries.2,3 Moreover, in a chimeric human-mouse model, antibody neutralization of IFN-γ prevents allogeneic T cell–mediated endothelial dysfunction, intimal thickening, and outward vascular remodeling; administration of IFN-γ accelerates these effects; and exogenous IFN-γ in the absence of leukocytes is sufficient to cause the arteriosclerotic changes.4–6 However, definitive evidence for a pathogenetic role of IFN-γ in clinical cardiac transplantation is lacking. Articles pp 1599 and 1608 In this issue of Circulation , van Loosdregt et al7 performed a comprehensive inventory of cytokines, chemokines, …
Why do women opt out? Sense of belonging and women's representation in mathematics.

Sense of belonging to math—one’s feelings of membership and acceptance in the math domain—was established as a new and an important factor in the representation gap between males and females in math. First, a new scale of sense of belonging to math was created and validated, and was found to predict unique variance in college students’ intent to pursue math in the future (Studies 1–2). Second, in a longitudinal study of calculus students (Study 3), students’ perceptions of 2 factors in their math environment—the message that math ability is a fixed trait and the stereotype that women have less of this ability than men—worked together to erode women’s, but not men’s, sense of belonging in math. Their lowered sense of belonging, in turn, mediated women’s desire to pursue math in the future and their math grades. Interestingly, the message that math ability could be acquired protected women from negative stereotypes, allowing them to maintain a high sense of belonging in math and the intention to pursue math in the future.
Improved SIV DNA vaccine can be effectively used as a boost for Ad5 in prime-boost immunization strategy

In the study under evaluation, optimized SIV DNA were used to boost T-cell responses induced by a highly immunogenic SIV Ad5-prime in Chinese rhesus macaques. A regular prime–boost regimen (SIV DNA-prime and rAd boost) and naive macaques were used as the control. After vaccination, the animals were challenged intrarectally with SIVmac251, and partial protection was observed in the macaques immunized by the Ad5-prime DNA-boost regimen. SIV-specific T-cell responses in the enzyme-linked immunospot assay were significantly higher in the Ad5-prime DNA-boost, compared with the responses in the control macaques. Viral control correlated with the generation of HLA-DR+ T cells 2 weeks after the viral challenge. Further studies using prime and boost strategies and alternative routes of vaccination (including a simultaneous approach) are warranted to fully explore the potential of prime and boost regimens for HIV-1 vaccine development.
A BiCMOS implementation of a 276 MS/s forward equalizer and 200 MS/s FDTS detector

An analog finite impulse response filter (FIR) and an analog fixed delay tree search (FDTS) tau=l detector suitable for disk drive applications are presented. The FIR uses a rotary architecture with interleaved operation which allows clock rates up to 276 MS/s to be used. The FIR has seven taps, all programmable to six bit weights, and is implemented in fully differential form. The detector operates with clock rates up to 200 MS/s with no code restrictions. It makes use of a reduced minimum mean square error equation set to simplify the detector. Dual feedback filters are also used to shorten the critical path. A seven tap feedback filter is used with six bits of resolution per tap. The FIR consumes 180 mW while the detector uses 270 mW. The die size including all test buffers for the FIR and detector is 5.2 mm/sup 2/.
Analysis of photonic networks for a chip multiprocessor using scientific applications

As multiprocessors scale to unprecedented numbers of cores in order to sustain performance growth, it is vital that these gains are not nullified by high energy consumption from inter-core communication. With recent advances in 3D Integration CMOS technology, the possibility for realizing hybrid photonic-electronic networks-on-chip warrants investigating real application traces on functionally comparable photonic and electronic network designs. We present a comparative analysis using both synthetic benchmarks as well as real applications, run through detailed cycle accurate models implemented under the OMNeT++ discrete event simulation environment. Results show that when utilizing standard process-to-processor mapping methods, this hybrid network can achieve 75× improvement in energy efficiency for synthetic benchmarks and up to 37× improvement for real scientific applications, defined as network performance per energy spent, over an electronic mesh for large messages across a variety of communication patterns.
The US food stamp programme

Abstract Food stamps are a policy topic of considerable current interest in the USA. In addition, the US programme offers other countries a working example of this particular approach to food assistance and nutrition improvement. This article reviews the history, performance, fundamentals, current reform measures, and future alternatives of the programme. Although food stamps have not solved the nutrition problem in the USA, they have served reasonably well as a food assistance and income supplement programme. If comprehensive welfare reform is enacted in the USA, a food stamp programme designed to maximize its nutritional impact is advocated.
Internationally Coordinated, Cooperative Arctic Marine Science during the Fourth International Polar Year: Lessons for Future Arctic Ocean Science Agreements

The Arctic Ocean region has undergone major changes over the past decade, many of them linked to a transformation of the sea ice cover from predominantly perennial to predominantly seasonal ice. In parallel, and partly as a result of milder ice conditions, resource development and ship-based tourism have driven up Arctic maritime traffic and fostered geopolitical discourse at the national and international level concerning future uses of the Arctic Ocean and associated international agreements and regulatory regimes.
Radicalism or Reformism: The Sources of Working-class Politics

From my work on my doctoral dissertation (Lipset 1950, 1968) down to the present, I have been interested in the problem of “American exceptionalism.” That curious phrase emerged from the debate in the international Communist movement in the 1920s concerning the sources of the weakness of left-wing radical movements in the United States (Draper 1960, pp. 268-72; Lipset 1977a, pp. 107-61). The key question repeatedly raised in this context has been, is America qualitatively different from other industrial capitalist countries? Or, to use Sombart's words, “Why is there no Socialism in the United States?” (Sombart 1976).In a forthcoming book, I evaluate the hypotheses advanced by various writers from Karl Marx onward to explain the absence of an effective socialist party on the American political scene. (For a preliminary formulation, see Lipset 1977b, pp. 31-149, 346-63.) If any of the hypotheses are valid, they should also help to account for the variation among working-class movements in other parts of the world. In this article, therefore, I shall reverse the emphasis from that in my book and look at socialist and working-class movements comparatively, applying elsewhere some of the propositions that have been advanced to explain the American situation.
Nanoscale Control of Friction and Chemistry on Silicon Surfaces

Many materials properties are tailored by controlling the chemical reactivity of surfaces. Consequently, through chemically active nanopatterning, surfaces can be engineered with nanoscale spatial resolution. This paper describes three techniques that enable the chemical reactivity of silicon surfaces to be customized down to the single molecule limit using scanned probe microscopy (SPM). All three techniques use chemically inert hydrogen passivated silicon as a starting substrate. Injected electrons and/or electric field from a conductive SPM tip locally disrupt the passivation, thus allowing the surface chemistry to be modified. Using ultra-high vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy, feedback controlled lithography leads to electron stimulated desorption of hydrogen from Si(100)-2×1:H with atomic resolution. The resulting dangling bonds preferentially react with gas phase molecules, enabling pre-determined self-directed growth of styrene molecular wires. In ambient conditions, conductive atomic force microscopy (cAFM) is used to grow nanoscale hydrophilic domains on Si(111):H via anodic field induced oxidation (FIO). Due to the chemical contrast between the hydroxyl terminated oxide and the hydrophobic Si(111):H surface, octadecyltrichlorosilane selectively binds to FIO nanopatterns. The final nanolithographic scheme, called liquid phase nanolithography (LPN), employs cAFM on surfaces submerged in organic solvents. By encapsulating the tip-sample junction in a solvent with low water and oxygen solubility, anodic oxidation is suppressed, thus enabling direct molecular attachment to the silicon surface from the liquid phase. In this work, LPN has been used to nanopattern undecylenic acid methyl ester. Nanoscale variations in the frictional properties induced by LPN and FIO are directly measured with lateral force microscopy. Through readily available and well-established chemical protocols, this nanolithography toolkit enables arbitrary materials, including polymers and biological molecules, to be covalently bound to silicon with nanometer spatial resolution.
Closing Wedge and Opening Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy in the ACL Deficient Knee: A Comparison of Stability and Alignment

Objectives:Opening and closing wedge high tibial osteotomies for the treatment of medial compartment arthritis can lead to secondary intended and unintended changes in posterior tibial slope. The effect of slope neutralization using high tibial osteotomies in ACL deficient knees has not been fully defined. The purpose of this study was to quantify the changes in anterior tibial translation and rotational stability in the ACL deficient knee following mulitplanar high tibial osteotomies comparing opening wedge to closing wedge techniques.Methods:Anterior drawer, Lachman, and Pivot-shift tests were performed on hip-to-toe cadaveric specimens (n=16) and translation of the lateral and medial compartments was measured using Praxim navigation system. The ACL was then sectioned and stability testing repeated and compartment translation recorded. Half of the knees then underwent a closing wedge (LCW) high tibial osteotomy using a lateral titanium Tomofix plate and screws (n=8). The contralateral knees underwent an...
A game-theoretic approach to quality control for collecting privacy-preserving data

We consider the design of an incentive mechanism for a principal, who is assumed to be not trustworthy, to collect informative data from privacy-sensitive individuals. The principal offers payments to incentivize participation and informative data reporting. The individuals are strategic and take into account both the payment and the cost for privacy loss during data reporting. Due to privacy concerns, an individual may be willing to report only a “noisy” version of the private data, resulting in quality degradation. To achieve desirable accuracy of data analysis, it is imperative for the principal to have an incentive mechanism under which the quality of the collected data is controllable. In this paper, we exploit a game-theoretic approach to the design of a payment mechanism, such that the quality of the collected data is controllable through a parameter e by making sure that each individual's strategy in a Nash equilibrium is to participate and symmetrically randomize her data, while guaranteeing e-differential privacy. With this design, the principal can achieve any given accuracy objective by using the payment mechanism associated with an appropriate e. In contrast to most of the existing work, which considers trusted principal and thus focuses on designing truthful mechanisms, this work is the first one to consider untrustworthy principal in private data collection and quality control mechanisms in such a scenario. We also show that the total expected payment of the designed mechanism at equilibrium is asymptotically optimal in the high data quality regime.
Clinical efficacy evaluation of cefdinir and cefaclor in the treatment of 51 cases of community aquired pneumonia

Objective:To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of cefdinir in the treatment of community aquired pneumonia.Methods:29 patients of study group were treated with cefdinir in 9 ~ 18 mg/kg orally twice a day and 22 patients in control group with cefaclor 20 ~ 40 mg/kg orally three times a day for 5 to 7 days.Results:The total effective rates of the two groups were 100% and 91% respectively(P 0.05).No significant statistic difference was detected between the two groups.Conclusions:The efficacy and safty of cefdinir in the treatment of community aquired pneumonia is reliable.
Intrinsic Sensitivity Limitations in Classical Interferometry

Optical Interferometry has long been seen as the technology with the greatest promise for providing noncontact detection for ultrasonic and acoustic emission testing. Such techniques, once fully developed, would provide couplant-free operation using only a light beam which could be scanned easily over the surface of the specimen under test. Unfortunately, there is considerable development which must take place before optical transducers can replace contact transducers for a number of testing applications. While interferometers perform quite well in the laboratory, such systems are designed usually for a specific experimental task and are not suited for general testing applications. Many of the limitations on the application of interferometric detectors are practical ones imposed, for example, by the need for surface preparation or the nature of the acoustic signal being detected. Underlying such practical limitations, there exist certain intrinsic limits to performance set by the physical properties which govern the operation of the various interferometer systems. Indeed, these intrinsic performance limits vary for the several system designs and must be understood before efforts to develop practical systems can be successful.
Density investigation of flies in Liaocheng city

Objective To grasp the population composition and seasonal fluctuation of flies in Liaocheng city. Methods The cage trap was employed in the investigation. Results A total of 1 454 flies were captured,with the average flies density of 6. 1 pieces per cage. The dominant species were Musca domestica( 95. 46%) followed by M. sorbens( 3. 99%). The flies density peak appeared from June to July. The flies density in farmers' markets was the highest( 12. 94 pieces per cage). Conclusion It is necessary to take the comprehensive measures to reduce the density of flies,and reduce the incidence of fly-borne infectious disease in fly density peak.
The return of rheumatic fever.

The unexpected recrudescence of acute rheumatic fever in the past few years has reemphasized the importance of the concept of strain-specific rheumatogenicity of group A streptococci. For a generation of physicians who are unfamiliar with the disease, presentation of a typical case of ARF and a discussion of its management and prophylaxis may be particularly timely.
Folate Coenzymes of Clostridium acidi-urici: THE ISOLATION OF (l)-5,10-METHENYLTETRAHYDROPTEROYLTRIGLUTARMATE, ITS CONVERSION TO (l)-TETRAHYDROPTEROYLTRIGLUTAMATE AND (l)-10-[14C]FORMYLTETRAHYDROPTEROYLTRIGLUTAMATE, AND THE SYNTHESIS OF (l)-10-FORMYL-[6,7-3H2]TETRAHYDROPTEROYLTRIGLUTAMATE AND (l)-[6,7-3H2]TETRAHYDROPTEROYLTRIGLUTAMATE

Abstract (l-)5,10-Methenyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamic acid was isolated from Clostridium acidi-urici. The procedure yielded approximately 25 mg of this stable derivative of the natural folate coenzyme per 100 g of wet cells. (l)-Tetrahydropteroyltriglutamate was synthesized by enzymic arsenolysis of the product. Procedures for the synthesis of (l)-10-[14C]formyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate, (l)-10-formyl-[6,7-3H2]tetrahydropteroyltriglutamate, and (l)-[6,7-3H2]tetrahydropteroyltriglutamate with a high specific radioactivity are described.
An EHR Template and Housestaff Incentive Program to Improve the Frequency of NIHSS Documentation for Code Stroke (P6.047)

Objective: To increase the proportion of Code Stroke activations that include documentation of an initial NIHSS. Background: At UCSF Medical Center, neurology residents on monthly rotations are responsible for documenting the NIHSS after Code Stroke activations. However despite its demonstrated clinical utility in evaluating disease severity and predicting outcome, the initial NIHSS is not documented in all Code Stroke activations. Methods: We developed an electronic health record (EHR) template to standardize NIHSS documentation for Code Stroke activations, and offered housestaff a financial incentive if NIHSS documentation was > 90[percnt] during three out of four quarters of the year. We reviewed the EHR for each Code Stroke activation to determine whether the initial NIHSS was documented and provided feedback on a quarterly basis. We compared the proportion of Code Stroke activations with a documented NIHSS during the year-long intervention period (July 2014 to June 2015) to the month just before project initiation (June 2014). We also evaluated the NIHSS documentation rate during the subset of Code Stroke activations that were ultimately for stroke, TIA, or ICH. Results: Of 325 Code Stroke activations during the year-long study period, 302 (93[percnt]) had a NIHSS documented in the medical record compared with 21 out of 33 cases (64[percnt]) during the month preceding the intervention (Fisher’s exact test, p < 0.0001). During the study period, a total of 115 (35[percnt]) Code Stroke activations were due to vascular etiologies such as stroke TIA, and ICH, compared to 18 (55[percnt]) in the pre-intervention period (p=0.04). For this subgroup, the NIHSS documentation increased from 78[percnt] in the pre-intervention period to 96[percnt] during the study period (p=0.04). Conclusions: At an academic center with housestaff-led Code Stroke teams, the proportion of Code Stroke activations with a documented NIHSS was higher after implementing an EHR note template and housestaff financial incentive. Disclosure: Dr. Jia has nothing to disclose. Dr. Brown has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hessler has nothing to disclose. Dr. Deleon has nothing to disclose. Dr. Parsons has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ching has nothing to disclose. Dr. Smith has received personal compensation for activities with Stryker Neurovascular and Covidien as a consultant. Dr. Josephson has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Journal Watch Neurology and Continuum. Dr. Kim received research support from SanBio, Inc.