cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The resectability of primary lung carcinoma: A diagnostic staging review

Summary All patients suspected of having primary lung carcinomafrom the initial chest x-ray need bronchoscopy as the initial staging procedure. The chest x-ray serves as a basis for classifying the patients into one of three groups: the central lesions, peripheral lesions, or collapse lesions. When viewing the entire population, there is no single diagnostic modality that has a better diagnostic yield than the other, yet when separated into the various subgroups, there are certain tests that have a higher diagnostic yield and therefore serve as the primary screening test. CT is the primary modality of choice in central lessions, with a sensityvity of 95% and a specificity of 80% for predicting medicastinal metastases. At times, tomography and mediastinoscopy may be used as ad- junctive procedures. CT is also the modality of choice for pleural and lung parenchymal metastases.Galium scintigraphy is the first modality of choice in patients with collapse and/or consolidation as seen on chest x-ray to assess rof tumoruptake and mediastinal metastases.Again, mediastionoscopy may be used as an adjunctive procedure.In these instances,it is difficult to differentiate between collapsed lung and tumor density with CT and tomographic studies. Gallium 67 is the primary modality of choice in peripheral lesions without hilar granulomas. However, tomograms have a lesser false-positive yield if hilar granulomas are present. Tomograms are also often helpful in localizing the lesion by defining the segmental anatomy.
Physiological stimulation regulates the exocytic mode through calcium activation of protein kinase C in mouse chromaffin cells.

Adrenal medullary chromaffin cells release catecholamines and neuropeptides in an activity-dependent manner controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. Under basal sympathetic tone, catecholamines are preferentially secreted. During acute stress, increased sympathetic firing evokes release of both catecholamines as well as neuropeptides. Both signalling molecules are co-packaged in the same large dense core granules, thus release of neuropeptide transmitters must be regulated after granule fusion with the cell surface. Previous work has indicated this may be achieved through a size-exclusion mechanism whereby, under basal sympathetic firing, the catecholamines are selectively released through a restricted fusion pore, while less-soluble neuropeptides are left behind in the dense core. Only under the elevated firing experienced during the sympathetic stress response do the granules fully collapse to expel catecholamines and neuropeptides. However, mechanistic description and physiological regulation of this process remain to be determined. We employ electrochemical amperometry, fluid-phase dye uptake and electrophysiological capacitance noise analysis to probe the fusion intermediate in mouse chromaffin cells under physiological electrical stimulation. We show that basal firing rates result in the selective release of catecholamines through an Ω-form ‘kiss and run’ fusion event characterized by a narrow fusion pore. Increased firing raises calcium levels and activates protein kinase C, which then promotes fusion pore dilation until full granule collapse occurs. Our results demonstrate that the transition between ‘kiss and run’ and ‘full collapse’ exocytosis serves a vital physiological regulation in neuroendocrine chromaffin cells and help effect a proper acute stress response.
Biodegradable ceramic in periodontal defects

Abstract Periodontal defects were created in all four quadrants of five dogs and filled with biodegradable tricalcium phosphate ceramic. Specimens were examined from 1 to 22 weeks after placement of the material. Results indicated excellent tissue tolerance and regeneration of lost periodontium.
Effects of Local Environment on the Circular Dichroism Spectra of Polypeptides

The secondary structures of proteins may be estimated by analysis of their circular dichroism spectra using techniques which empirically fit component spectra derived from water-soluble protein databases. However, local environment effects red- or blue-shift peptide energy transitions primarily through solvent polarization effects and may be an especially important factor for proteins in nonaqueous environments. In this study the reference basis spectra were deconvoluted into three component Gaussian curves corresponding to each of the peptide absorbances in the wavelength range from 190 to 240 nm. These Gaussians were then systematically shifted and utilized in the analyses of the spectra of crambin solubilized in a variety of nonaqueous solvents, including that of the polypeptide associated with small unilamellar phospholipid vesicles. Crambin was selected since its well-characterized structure was found to retain native structure in a variety of nonaqueous environments. This method was more successful in estimating the helical content of this protein than conventional methodologies. This type of analysis may prove to be appropriate for estimating the secondary structure of proteins found in nonaqueous environments, such as membrane proteins.
Max is acetylated by p300 at several nuclear localization residues

Max is a ubiquitous transcription factor with a bHLHZip [basic HLH (helix–loop–helix) leucine zipper] DNA-binding/dimerization domain and the central component of the Myc/Max/Mad transcription factor network that controls cell growth, proliferation, differentiation and apoptotic cell death in metazoans. Max is the obligatory DNA-binding and dimerization partner for all the bHLHZip regulators of the Myc/Max/Mad network, including the Myc family of oncoproteins and the Mad family of Myc antagonists, which recognize E-box DNA elements in the regulatory regions of target genes. Max lacks a transcription regulatory domain and is the only member of the network that efficiently homodimerizes. Binding of Max homodimers to E-box elements suppresses the transcription regulatory functions of its network partners and of other non-network E-box-binding regulators. In contrast with its highly regulated partners, Max is a constitutively expressed and phosphorylated protein. Phosphorylation is, however, the only Max post-translational modification identified so far. In the present study, we have analysed Max posttranslational modifications by MS. We have found that Max is acetylated at several lysine residues (Lys-57, Lys-144 and Lys-145) in mammalian cells. Max acetylation is stimulated by inhibitors of histone deacetylases and by overexpression of the p300 co-activator/HAT (histone acetyltransferase). The p300 HAT also directly acetylates Max in vitro at these three residues. Interestingly, the three Max residues acetylated in vivo and in vitro by p300 are important for Max nuclear localization and Max-mediated suppression of Myc transactivation. These results uncover novel post-translational modifications of Max and suggest the potential regulation of specific Max complexes by p300 and reversible acetylation.
Challenges of evaluating multilevel interventions.

This article uses the Comprehensive Mixed-Methods Participatory Evaluation (CMMPE; Nastasi and Hitchcock Transforming school mental health services: Population-based approaches to promoting the competency and wellness of children, Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press with National Association of School Psychologists 2008; Nastasi et al. School-based mental health services: creating comprehensive and culturally specific programs. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association 2004) model as a framework for addressing the multiplicity of evaluation decisions and complex nature of questions related to program success in multilevel interventions. CMMPE defines program success in terms of acceptability, integrity, social or cultural validity, outcomes (impact), sustainability and institutionalization, thus broadening the traditional notions of program outcomes. The authors use CMMPE and an example of a community-based multilevel sexual risk prevention program with multiple outcomes to discuss challenges of evaluating multilevel interventions. The sexual risk program exemplifies what Schensul and Tricket (this issue) characterize as multilevel intervention–multilevel evaluation (M–M), with both intervention and evaluation at community, health practitioner, and patient levels. The illustration provides the context for considering several challenges related to M–M designs: feasibility of randomized controlled trials within community-based multilevel intervention; acceptability and social or cultural validity of evaluation procedures; implementer, recipient, and contextual variations in program success; interactions among levels of the intervention; unanticipated changes or conditions; multiple indicators of program success; engaging multiple stakeholders in a participatory process; and evaluating sustainability and institutionalization. The complexity of multilevel intervention and evaluation designs challenges traditional notions of evaluation research and experimental designs. Overcoming these challenges is critical to effective translation of research to practice in psychology and related disciplines.
The uses and abuses of Psychoneuroimmunology: A global overview

Studies of interactions between the nervous and immune systems that effect immunological and behavioral changes are relevant to our understanding biological issues pertinent to evolution, ethology, ecology, and aging, in addition to our understanding the immune and nervous systems per se. Psychoneuroimmunology also relates to homeland security, science education, and the practice of conventional as well as complementary and alternative medicine. This paper will highlight just some of these global implications of psychoneuroimmunology.
Evaluation of inhalation aerosols using a simulated lung apparatus.

Abstract: A model lung chamber was designed for the evaluation of oral inhalation aerosols. The lung chamber was a compartmentalized unit based on certain parameters of the human respiratory tract. A vacuum system was used to regulate the flow rate through the chamber. Based on studies of air flow rate and evaluations with medicinal aerosol units, a vacuum of 30.4 cm. (12 in.) of mercury was chosen as the most suitable pressure for analysis of the aerosol samples within the chamber. Sampling of the chamber was by gravity, deposition of the nebula in sample collection vials attached to the base of each compartment, or full rinsing of each compartment. Samples were analyzed spectrophotometrically. The particle-size distributions of aerosolized talc samples from each chamber compartment were determined to evaluate the separation characteristics of the model lung chamber. Solutions of varying strengths of isoproterenol hydrochloride and phenylephrine hydrochloride aerosolized using several common aerosol devices demonstrated the model lung chamber to be a suitable device for evaluating medicinal and pharmaceutical aerosol units.
Fit for purpose? Rethinking food security responses in protracted humanitarian crises

The recent rise in the price of food worldwide defied easy categorization. However, the impact of the price hikes on developing country consumption served to refocus attention on food security. Much attention was paid to short-term buffering of nutrition in tandem with new investments in agriculture – a dual approach that served to reinforce a longstanding bifurcation in analysis and programming between “emergency” and “development” categories, suggesting that “emergency” responses deal with immediate needs while “development” means addressing underlying causes with a longer-term lens. The notion of the “relief to development continuum” has long been dismissed as conceptual framework, but has never really been replaced as a programmatic framework. This paper suggests a multi-dimensional way of conceiving of these categories and a more systematic way of thinking about response. Ethiopia is noted as an example where elements of this new approach are taking shape but even Ethiopia has not adopted all of these components in an integrated way, and the programming there has not been comprehensively evaluated.
Sperm transport and function in the mare: a new cause of subfertility

sperm production is unknown. A study by Jordan, Dean, Pommer and Roser (1999) characterized the age-related changes in estrogen production from two distinct populations of testicular cells (Leydig and Sertoli cell) when challenged with hormones in a cell culture system. Results suggest that estrogen comes from both the Sertoli cell and Leydig cell, but more is produced in the Sertoli cell prior to puberty. After puberty, more estrogen comes from the Leydig cells. The reason for the switch is unclear, but it may have a role in initiating sperm production.
Approximate Analysis for Darcy-Flow Convection in Porous Media With Zero Fluid Conduction

The heat rejection device is a key component in virtually all electronic systems. New core materials for compact and efficient heat exchangers or heat rejection devices are contemporary porous media including metal and graphite foam. In such materials the solid phase has a relatively high conductivity, especially when the fluid phase has a low conductivity. This condition is realized in air-cooling thermal management systems. Simple models are needed for scientists and engineers who work with these materials. Approximate engineering analysis for the convection heat transfer inside a two-dimensional rectangular porous media subjected to constant heat flux on one side is presented. The analysis sets the conduction in the fluid’s governing equation to zero, and for simplicity assumes Darcian flow. The Darcian flow assumption is valid far enough from the solid boundaries, ant it prevails for most of the cross section. The non-local-thermal equilibrium equations are significantly simplified and solved. The solid and fluid temperatures decay in what looks like an exponential fashion as the distance from the heated base increases. The results are in good qualitative agreement with more complex analytical and numerical results in the literature. The proposed model may prove to be time-savings for design purposes.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Influence of altered inotropy and lusitropy on ventricular pressure-volume loops

Abstract Each cardiac cycle can be characterized by a pressure-volume loop that graphically depicts the external work of the ventricle. The pressure-volume loop is determined to a large extent by end-diastolic and end-systolic conditions, each of which reflects the properties of the heart and circulation at these two critical times in the cardiac cycle. The pressure and volume at end-diastole and end-systole, in turn, are determined by interactions between the heart and the circulation. End-diastolic pressure and volume reflect preload (venous return) and the lusitropic (relaxation) state of the ventricular walls, and end-systolic pressure and volume are determined by the afterload (peripheral and pulmonary resistance) and the inotropic (contractile) state of the myocardium. Alterations in inotropic and lusitropic state lead to predictable changes in the pressure-volume loop that, when combined with knowledge of preload and afterload, can facilitate understanding of the pharmacologic and pathophysiologic responses of the heart.
Women’s Involvement in Educational Psychology Journals from 1976 to 2004

Previously, Robinson, McKay, Katayama, and Fan (1998) examined women’s involvement in six educational psychology journals (American Educational Research Journal, Contemporary Educational Psychology, Educational Psychologist, Educational Psychology Review, Journal of Experimental Education, and Journal of Educational Psychology) from 1976 to 1996 and found that although women made gains as authors and editorial board members, they remained underrepresented as editors. In this Reflections on the Field article, we compare the Robinson et al. data with our more recent data. We found that from 1996 to 2004, the percentage of women members in education and psychology organizations has risen. Meanwhile, the percentage of women authors has remained stable; the percentage of women editorial board members has risen slightly; and the percentage of women editors has risen dramatically. We also found that the percentage of women authors and editorial board members lags slightly behind what would be expected based on organizational membership percentages for women. On the other hand, there are now more female editors than would be expected.
Ocean Turbulence. Part II: Vertical Diffusivities of Momentum, Heat, Salt, Mass, and Passive Scalars

Abstract A Reynolds stress–based model is used to derive algebraic expressions for the vertical diffusivities Kα(α = m, h, s) for momentum, heat, and salt. The diffusivities are expressed as Kα(Rρ, N, RiT, ϵ)in terms of the density ratio Rρ = αs∂S/∂z(αT∂T/∂z)−1, the Brunt–Vaisala frequency N2 = −gρ−10∂ρ/∂z, the Richardson number RiT = N2/Σ2 (Σ is the shear), and the dissipation rate of kinetic energy ϵ. The model is valid both in the mixed layer (ML) and below it. Here Rρ and N are computed everywhere using the large-scale fields from an ocean general circulation model while RiT is contributed by resolved and unresolved shear. In the ML, the wind-generated large-scale shear dominates and can be computed within an OGCM. Below the ML, the wind is no longer felt and small-scale shear dominates. In this region, the model provides a new relation RiT = cf(Rρ) with c ≈ 1 in lieu of Munk's suggestion RiT ≈ c. Thus, below the ML, the Kα become functions of Rρ, N, and ϵ. The dissipation ϵ representing the physical ...
The Relationship Between Maternal Education and Children's Academic Outcomes: A Theoretical Framework

The importance of maternal education for children's academic outcomes is widely recognized, and yet the multiple potential mechanisms that explain this relationship are underexplored. The authors integrate theories of human, cultural, and social capital with 2 developmental psychology theories—bioecological theory and developmental niche theory—to draw attention to how maternal education may influence children's academic outcomes through a range of parenting mechanisms, some of which have been largely neglected in research. This framework provides a more complete picture of how maternal education shapes proximal and distal influences on children's academic outcomes and the ways in which these mechanisms interact and reinforce one another across time and context. The implications of this framework for future family research are then discussed.
In vivo magnetic resonance imaging of sodium and diffusion in rat glioma at 21.1 T.

Sodium and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in intracranial rat 9L gliomas were evaluated over 6–8 days using the advanced sensitivity of sodium MRI at 21.1 T. Glioma doubling time was 2.4–2.6 days. Glioma sodium signal was detected using the ultra-short echo time of 0.15 ms. The high resolution 3D sodium MRI with pixels of 0.125 μL allowed for minimizing a partial volume effect often relevant to the MRI of low intensity signals. Tumor sodium and diffusion MRI were evaluated for two separate subclones of 9L cells with different resistance to 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosurea detected by pre-surgery assays. In vivo, after implantation, resistant 9L cells created tumors with significantly reduced sodium concentrations (57 ± 3 mM) compared with nonresistant 9L cells (78 ± 3 mM). The corresponding differences in diffusion were less, but also statistically significant. During tumor progression, an increase of glioma sodium concentration was observed in both cell types with a rate of 2.4–5.8 %/day relative to normal brain. Tumor diffusion was not significantly changed at this time, indicative of no alterations in glioma cellularity. Thus, changes in sodium during tumor progression reflect increasing intracellular sodium concentration and mounting metabolic stress. These experiments also demonstrate an enhanced sensitivity of sodium MRI to reflect tumor cell resistance. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Organizational Discourse Analysis: Avoiding the Determinism– Voluntarism Trap:

Drawing on Alvesson and Karreman’s (2000) analysis of the methodological problems facing organizational discourse analysis, this commentary examines the four primary essays in this special issue in terms of their ability to deal adequately with micro-discourse, mesodiscourse, grand discourse, and mega-discourse.
Redox Chemistry of CoZSM-5 Zeolite

The redox chemistry and the changes that occurred within the solids were studied for an excessively exchanged and a nearly stoichiometric CoZSM-5 zeolite as a function of pretreatment, reduction, and reoxidation conditions. Both gravimetric and volumetric techniques were used to determine this chemistry and the stoichiometry of the processes, which became reversible after the first couple of oxidation/reduction cycles. The catalyst was examined in its several states by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscoy (XPS), and both the Faraday and Gouy magnetic susceptibility methods. With the excessively exchanged sample, it was found that Co3O4 formed after pretreatment with O2 and that Co metal was produced on reduction with either CO or H2 at 773 K in amounts corresponding to only a portion of the Co2+ originally present. The stoichiometric sample showed evidence for the presence of Co3+, but crystalline Co3O4 was not detectable. However, two different ...
Viscosity of gases used as the mobile phase in gas chromatography

The vicosity-temperature relationship of the three gases (helium, nitrogen and hydrogen) most frequenly used as the carrier gas in gas chromatography is studied. Based on available data, equaitions are derived to describe this relationship. Using these equations viscosity data are tabulated for the chromatographically important temperature range.
A new measurement for assessing polygonal approximation of curves

This paper presents a novel method for assessing the accuracy of unsupervised polygonal approximation algorithms. This measurement relies on a polygonal approximation called the ''reference approximation''. The reference approximation is obtained using the method of Perez and Vidal [11] by an iterative method that optimizes an objective function. Then, the proposed measurement is calculated by comparing the reference approximation with the approximation to be evaluated, taking into account the similarity between the polygonal approximation and the original contour, and penalizing polygonal approximations with an excessive number of points. A comparative experiment by using polygonal approximations obtained with commonly used algorithms showed that the proposed measurement is more efficient than other proposed measurements at comparing polygonal approximations with different number of points.
COMPARATIVE CYTOLOGY OF ULOTHRIX AND STIGEOCLONIUM1

SUMMARY This investigation describes the cytology of the ulotrichalean genera Ulothrix and Stigeoclonium. Cellular organization is similar to the degree that interphase cells of the 2 genera cannot be distinguished with certainly. In Stigeoclonium, the nuclear envelope becomes disrupted at the end of prophase, and centrioles enter the nucleoplasm. At metaphase the nuclear envelope is again intact, and some of the spindle tubules appear to be contiguous with the nuclear envelope. The spindle in Ulothrix is essentially open with, no attachment of spindle tubules to the nuclear envelope and with, centrioles on the spindle-cytoplasm interface at the spindle poles. Spindle poles are blunt in Stigeoclonium and pointed in Ulothrix. Cytokinesis is by cell plate formation in both genera, but there is no phragmoplast.
Sustainable Balance of Trade Deficits

Abstract This paper analyzes a model of overlapping generations in which there are two currencies. There are two agents born in each period, and these agents have completely heterogeneous preferences and endowments. The paper shows that there are monetary equilibria in which one country can sustain a trade deficit whose present value is arbitrarily close to that of its trading partner's entire stream of resources. Hence, there may be no limit to the present value of a country's trade deficit, even if the equilibrium for the world economy satisfies an intertemporal efficiency criterion.
Diversity indices, community comparison indices and canonical discriminant analysis: Interpreting the results of multispecies toxicity tests

Abstract Canonical discriminant analysis, diversity indices and community comparison indices were evaluated to determine their utility in quantifying macroinvertebrate response to a complex effluent in laboratory microcosms. The Shannon and Simpson diversity indices and the following community comparison indices were analyzed: (1) Renkonen's percentage similarity; (2) Bray-Curtis index; (3) average χ 2 index; (4) Stander's SIMI index; (5) Pinkham-Pearson index; and (6) Canberra metric index. Statistical inferences were made with the diversity measures using an ANOVA in conjunction with Duncan's test. A permutation or randomization procedure was used to test the hypothesis of no treatment effect based on the community comparison indices. The canonical discriminant analysis was primarily influenced by the drop in mayfly densities in the higher dose microcosms and indicated that the high-dose microcosms were different from the other microcosms. The Shannon and Simpson diversity measures indicated that both the medium- and high-dose microcosms were significantly different ( P ⩽ 0.05) from the control microcosm, but this response was due solely to the increase in density of chironomids. When the diversity indices were calculated without chironomids, they failed to reflect adverse effects on mayflies in the medium-dose microcosms. The statistical inferences for all community comparison indices were similar and indicated that the high dose microcosms were significantly ( P ⩽ 0.06) different from the control. However, the Bray-Curtis index provided the most meaningful condensation of data.
Construction of a bacterial artificial chromosome library of Phytophthora infestans and transformation of clones into P. infestans.

A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library of Phytophthora infestans was constructed in a derivative of pBELOBACII that had been modified by adding a npt selectable marker gene for transforming P. infestans. A total library of 8 genome equivalents was generated and 16,128 clones with inserts averaging 75 kb (4.9 genome equivalents) were individually picked and stored as an arrayed library in microtiter plates. This coverage was confirmed by screening the library for 11 DNA loci by colony hybridization and by polymerase chain reaction of DNA pools. Transformation of P. infestans with BAC clones containing inserts of 93 to 135 kb was demonstrated. The efficiency of transformation with most BACs was noticeably higher than that with smaller plasmids. Detailed analyses of transformants obtained with a 102-kb BAC indicated that entire inserts were present in about one-quarter of the transformants.
Toxic reactions to the intravenous injection of mercurial diuretics

Abstract Two fatal reactions to the intravenous administration of mercupurin, with post-mortem observations, are reported. Various nonfatal reactions to mercupurin are described and divided into the immediate and delayed types. The relation of the immediate type of nonfatal reaction to fatal reactions is stressed. The mechanism of the reactions to mercurial diuretics is discussed, and it is concluded that the fatal and the immediate nonfatal reactions probably result from a direct toxic effect of mercury on the heart, whereas the delayed nonfatal reactions are incidental to the diuretic action of the drug. These conclusions seem to be substantiated by experimental work on animals, as reported in the literature, and by our own clinical observations. At present there is no known way of preventing fatal reactions. Since mercurial diruetic drugs are valuable therapeutic agents in the treatment of congestive heart failure, and since the frequency of severe or fatal reactions to their administration is low, the usefulness of these drugs outweighs their possible danger. They should, however, be administered only when elearly indicated, and the occurrence of danger signals, which have been discussed, warrants a complete reevaluation of the therapeutic regimen in any given case. It is well to remember that, at the present time, no fatalities have been reported after intramuscular injection of a mercurial diuretic, and that the diuretic response often compares favorably with that which results from intravenous injection.
The molecular nature of allelic diversity for two models of balancing selection

Abstract This paper provides a theoretical description of the distribution of the number of mutations that separate alleles that are held in a population by balancing selection. Two models of nucleotide site epistasis are described: parity models and additive sites models. Parity models are shown to result in a more uniform distribution of mutations across alleles than the neutral model, while additive sites models show a more extreme distribution. The analytic approach uses strong-selection, weakmutation approximations to constant-fitness and random-environment diffusion models.
Hydrogen Peroxide, Blanching, and Skin: an Overview

For more than a century, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) has been known as an antiseptic. Three percent H(2)O(2) is used in minor wound irrigations, producing oxygen bubbles and transient skin blanching. Many people who use H(2)O(2) as an antiseptic are alarmed at this phenomenon. This concise report provides probable mechanisms on how H(2)O(2)-induced skin blanching is produced.
Hope and despair over health in Gaza

The Israeli re-invasion of Gaza this July has redrawn the world's attention to the dire straits of the population living in the Gaza Strip. There, within an area the size of the Isle of Wight, 1.4 million people live without free access to the outside world. Contrary to international hopes, the Israeli decision to withdraw from Gaza in September 2005 has led to increasingly tight control over the movement of goods and people. The destruction of the Gaza power station in addition to the damage to bridges, roads, and other infrastructure can only worsen the plight of Gazans in the coming months.
Automatic groups and amalgams

Abstract The objectives of this paper are twofold. The first is to provide a self-contained introduction to the theory of automatic and asynchronously automatic groups, which were invented a few years ago by J.W. Cannon, D.B.A. Epstein, D.F. Holt, M.S. Paterson and W.P. Thurston. The second objective is to prove a number of new results about the construction of new automatic and asynchronously automatic groups from old ones by means of amalgamated products.
High cortisol levels are associated with low quality food choice in type 2 diabetes

Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis control may be impaired in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Glucocorticoids increase consumption of low quality foods high in calories, sugar, and fat. We explored the relationship between cortisol levels, poor blood glucose control, and food quality choice in T2DM. Twenty-seven healthy controls were age-, gender- and education-matched to 27 T2DM participants. Standard clinical blood tests and cortisol values were measured from fasting blood samples. Participants recorded all consumed food and drink items in a consecutive 3-day food diary. Diaries were analyzed for “high quality” and “low quality” foods using a standardized method with high reliability (0.97 and 0.86, respectively). Controlling for education, body mass index (BMI) and hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), log-transformed cortisol (LogC) predicted the percent of low quality foods (R 2 = 0.092, β = 0.360, P < 0.05), but not the percent of high quality foods chosen. Controlling for education, BMI, and LogC, HbA1C significantly predicted both the percent of low quality foods (ΔR 2 = 0.079, β = 0.348, P = 0.024) and high quality foods chosen (ΔR 2 = 0.085, β = −0.362, P = 0.022). The relationship between HbA1C and low quality food choice may be mediated by cortisol, controlling for BMI and education (P < 0.01). HbA1C displayed both an indirect (cortisol-mediated) effect (P < 0.05) and direct effect on low quality food choice (P < 0.05). The relationship between HbA1C and low quality food choice may be partially mediated by cortisol. Poor blood glucose control may cause HPA axis disruption, increased consumption of low quality foods.
The Uses of Butterflies

In this article, I examine the life and career of Henry Walter Bates, both for its intrinsic interest and in an effort to understand some of the scale-making activities through which Amazonia became a region. Bates, a distinguished entomologist who spent the years 1848–59 in the Amazon basin, returned to Britain to write the most famous of the 19th-century accounts of regional life. Examining Bates's intellectual and philosophical formations, his fieldwork experience in the context of a turbulent Amazonian politics, and his relationships with metropolitan and colonial natural scientific institutions, I offer a thick history of practice as a strategy for analyzing the complex productivities of Victorian traveling science. [Amazonia, collecting, colonialism, fieldwork, natural science, region, space]
A common regression for estimating dry-matter content of carbohydrate-containing commodities from specific gravity

For nine commodities that consist primarily of carbohydrates and water, corrections for intercellular space permit highly significant correlations between percent dry matter and corrected specific gravity. Drymatter contents for all commodities ranged from about 3 to 36%. Throughout this range the commodity mean values fall approximately on the regression line for specific gravity of sucrose solutions on dry matter percentage of the solutions, and the individual regressions often nearly coincide with the sucrose regression. It is suggested that, when intercellular space is accounted for, the sucrose regression is representative of commodities that consist primarily of water and carbohydrates.
Nonlinear Estimation of Hypersonic State Trajectories in Bayesian Framework with Polynomial Chaos

This paper presents a nonlinear estimation algorithm to estimate state trajectories of a hypersonic vehicle with initial condition uncertainty. Polynomial chaos theory is used to predict the evolution of state uncertainty of the nonlinear system, and a Bayesian estimation algorithm is used to estimate the posterior probability density function of the nonlinear random process. The nonlinear estimation algorithm is then applied to the hypersonic reentry of a spacecraft in Martian atmosphere. Its performance is compared with estimators based on an extended Kalman filtering and unscented Kalman filtering framework. It is observed that for the particular application, the proposed estimator outperforms extended Kalman filtering and unscented Kalman filtering, highlighting its need in the current scenario.
An analysis of Medicare's Incentive Payment program for physicians in health professional shortage areas.

ABSTRACT: Context: Medicare's Incentive Payment (MIP) program provides a 10% bonus payment to providers who treat Medicare patients in rural and urban areas where there is a shortage of generalist physicians. Purpose: To examine the experience of Alaska, Idaho, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Washington with the MIP program. We determined the program's utilization and which types of physicians received payments. Methods: Retrospective cohort design, utilizing complete 1998 Medicare Part B data. Physician specialty was determined through American Medical Association data. Rural status was determined by linking the physician business ZIP code to its Rural-Urban Commuting Area code (RUCA). Findings: There were 2,220,275 patients and 39,749 providers in the cohort, including 9,769 (24.6%) generalists, 21,331 (53.7%) specialists, and 8,649 (21.8%) nonphysician providers. Over $4 million in bonus payments (median payment =$173) were made to providers in HPSAs. Specialists and urban providers received 58% and 14% of the bonus reimbursements, respectively. Two million dollars in payments were not distributed because the providers did not claim them. Over $2.8 million in bonus claims were distributed to providers who likely did not work in approved HPSA sites. Conclusions: The MIP bonus payments given to providers are small. Many providers who should have claimed the bonus did not, and many providers who likely did not qualify for the bonus claimed and received it. Consideration should be given to focusing and enlarging the bonus payments to specific providers, rather than rewarding all providers equally. Policy makers should also consider a system that prospectively determines provider eligibility.
Reactions of carbonyl compounds and group 1b metals in a plasma in the wake of a spark

The reaction of the model system of C3H6 and Cu to produce cationized species Cn,Hm,Cu+ in the spark source mass spectrometer proceeds through neutral organic species and Cu+. On this basis reactions of Cu+, Ag+ and Au+ with neutral methyl, ethyl and propyl ethanoate, butanone, butanal, 2,4-pentanedione, ethanoic acid and ethanoic anhydride are compared with reactions of similar compounds with laser-generated Cu+ in an ion cyclotron resonance spectrometer. In the wake of the spark more fragmentation of the cationized organic species is observed. The simple cationized molecule is not observed if the metal ion has low-lying excited states.
γ-Interferon and expression of MHC genes regulate peptide hydrolysis by proteasomes

The presentation of intracellular proteins to the immune system requires their degradation to small peptides that then become associated with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. The generation of these peptides may involve the 20S or 26S proteasome particles, which contain multiple proteolytic activities including distinct sites that preferentially cleave small peptides on the carboxyl side of hydrophobic, basic or acidic residues. Degradation of most cell proteins requires their conjugation to ubiquitin before hydrolysis by the 26S proteasome. This large complex contains the 20S proteasome as its proteolytic core. This ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic pathway is implicated in MHC class I presentation. gamma-Interferon (gamma-IFN), a stimulator of antigen presentation, induces a subclass of proteasomes that contain two MHC-encoded subunits, LMP2 and 7 (refs 5-10). Here we show that gamma-interferon alters the peptidase activities of the 20S and 26S proteasomes without affecting the rates of breakdown of proteins or of ubiquitinated proteins. By enhancing the expression of MHC genes, gamma-IFN increases the proteasomes' capacity to cleave small peptides after hydrophobic and basic residues but reduces cleavage after acidic residues. Moreover, proteasomes of mutants lacking LMP subunits show decreased rates of cleavage after hydrophobic and basic residues. Thus, gamma-IFN and expression of these MHC genes should favour the production by proteasomes of the types of peptides found on MHC class I molecules, which terminate almost exclusively with hydrophobic or basic residues.
Absence of the density minimum of supercooled water in hydrophobic confinement.

The surface effect on the peculiar dynamic and thermodynamic properties of supercooled water, such as the density, has been puzzling the scientific community for years. Recently, using the small angle neutron scattering method, we were able to measure the density of H2O confined in the hydrophobic mesoporous material CMK-1-14 from room temperature down to the deeply supercooled temperature 130 K at ambient pressure. We found that the well-known density maximum of water is shifted 17 K lower and, more interestingly, that the previously observed density minimum in hydrophilic confinement disappears. Furthermore, the deduced thermal expansion coefficient shows a much broader peak spanning from 240 to 180 K in comparison with the sharp peak at 230 K in hydrophilic confinement. These present results may help in the understanding of the effect of hydrophobic/hydrophilic interfaces on the properties of supercooled confined water.
Serotonergic mechanisms involved in the discriminative stimulus, reinforcing and subjective effects of cocaine

The purpose of the present manuscript is to review the current status of the role of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) systems in the stimulus and reinforcing properties of cocaine in non-humans and the subjective effects of cocaine in humans. Review of the current literature suggests that general enhancement (via precursor administration) or depletion of brain 5-HT content (via neurotoxin administration or tryptophan depletion) impact the reinforcing effects of cocaine in non-humans and its subjective effects in humans. Selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) enhance the discriminability of cocaine and decrease cocaine self-administration in animals, although data to the contrary also exist. Studies in humans suggest that SSRIs attenuate the subjective effects of cocaine in humans. Although few drugs with selectivity for 5-HT2 receptors have been studied systematically, a 5-HT2 agonist and several antagonists show some efficacy in enhancing and reducing, respectively, the reinforcing effects of cocaine in non-humans. Limited data from humans suggest that a 5-HT2 antagonist may also decrease the subjective effects of cocaine; thus, 5-HT2 compounds deserve further attention. The majority of studies evaluating the 5-HT3 antagonists have reported negative results across all paradigms. In summary, while the functional significance of 5-HT receptors has not been fully elucidated, these data suggest that changes in serotonergic activity can modulate the effects of cocaine in both animals and humans under a variety of experimental conditions. One commonality among the studies with positive findings is that cocaine effects are only partially modified by 5-HT agents regardless of the direction of change.
From Information Retrieval to Information Extraction

This paper describes a system which enables users to create on-the-fly queries which involve not just keywords, but also sortal constraints and linguistic constraints. The user can specify how the results should be presented e.g. in terms of links to documents, or as table entries. The aim is to bridge the gap between keyword based Information Retrieval and pattern based Information Extraction.
Identification of a nitrogen-regulated promoter controlling expression of Klebsiella pneumoniae urease genes

Summary Synthesis of urease by Klebsiella species is known to be induced when the nitrogen source of the growth medium is limiting, suggesting that urease gene expression is controlled by the nitrogen regulatory (ntr) system. This study showed that K. pneumoniae with mutations in either ntrA or ntrC, two integral components of the ntr system, were phenotypically urease-negative. These mutants could be complemented back to a urease positive phenotype with recombinant plasmids encoding the corresponding ntr gene. A series of ure–lacZYA transcriptional fusions, in conjunction with primer extension analysis, identified a DNA region that encoded a nitrogen-regulated promoter. This promoter region controlled transcription of ureD, the first gene in the Klebsiella pneumoniae urease gene cluster, and ureA, a gene that resides immediately downstream of ureD. A high level of transcription from the ureD promoter required NAC, a recently characterized member of the nitrogen regulatory cascade. NAC is a Lys R-like transcriptional regulator that can act at σ;70 promoters; expression from nac itself is dependent upon NTRA. Therefore, expression of K. pneumoniae urease was dependent upon the nitrogen regulatory cascade, and transcription of at least two urease genes was from a promoter that was positively regulated by NAC.
Decision Problems of Phrase-Structure Grammars

Phrase-structure grammars were first introduced and studied by Chomsky as devices for generating the sentences of a language. By means of increasingly heavy restrictions on the productions (rewriting rules), four types of grammars were singled out by Chomsky: type 0 (unrestricted), type 1 (context-dependent), type 2 (context-free), and type 3 (finite state). In this paper, a number of decision problems are resolved for these classes of grammars and the languages they generate, largely in the negative. A table of decision problems for grammars of the four different types is presented. This table indicates the problems which have been found to be decidable or undecidable. The ambiguity problem for type 3 grammars and the emptiness and infiniteness problems for type 2 grammars are shown to be decidable. A known unsolvable problem, the Post correspondence problem, is the key to the undecidability proofs which are given. For type 2 grammars, the ambiguity and equivalence problems are proved undecidable; the emptiness and infiniteness problems for type 1 grammars are shown to be undecidable. There is no algorithm to decide whether a language of a given type can be generated by a grammar of a more restricted type. The results on type 2 grammars were first obtained by Bar-Hillel, Perles, and Shamir.
Identification of Critical Residues of Choline Kinase A2 from Caenorhabditis elegans

Choline kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of choline by ATP, the first committed step in the CDP-choline pathway for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. To begin to elucidate the mechanism of catalysis by this enzyme, choline kinase A-2 from Caenorhabditis elegans was analyzed by systematic mutagenesis of highly conserved residues followed by analysis of kinetic and structural parameters. Specifically, mutants were analyzed with respect to Km and kcat values for each substrate and Mg2+, inhibitory constants for Mg2+ and Ca2+, secondary structure as monitored by circular dichroism, and sensitivity to unfolding in guanidinium hydrochloride. The most severe impairment of catalysis occurred with the modification of Asp-255 and Asn-260, which are located in the conserved Brenner's phosphotransferase motif, and Asp-301 and Glu-303, in the signature choline kinase motif. For example, mutation of Asp-255 or Asp-301 to Ala eliminated detectable catalytic activity, and mutation of Asn-260 and Glu-303 to Ala decreased kcat by 300- and 10-fold, respectively. Additionally, the Km for Mg2+ for mutants N260A and E303A was approximately 30-fold higher than that of wild type. Several other residues (Ser-86, Arg-111, Glu-125, and Trp-387) were identified as being important: Catalytic efficiencies (kcat/Km) for the enzymes in which these residues were mutated to Ala were reduced to 2-25% of wild type. The high degree of structural similarity among choline kinase A-2, aminoglycoside phosphotransferases, and protein kinases, together with the results from this mutational analysis, indicates it is likely that these conserved residues are located at the catalytic core of choline kinase.
Stabilized nanocrystalline iron-based alloys: Guiding efforts in alloy selection

Abstract Using a modified regular solution model for grain boundary solute segregation, the relative thermal stability of a number of Fe-based nanocrystalline binary alloys was predicted with considerable accuracy. It was found that nanocrystalline iron was strongly stabilized by zirconium, moderately stabilized by tantalum, and not significantly stabilized by nickel or chromium. These findings are fully in line with the aforementioned predictions. This success with iron based alloys highlights the utility of this practical approach to selecting stabilizing solutes for nanocrystalline alloys.
LATERAL DOMINANCE AND RIGHT-LEFT DISCRIMINATION: A COMPARISON OF NORMAL AND RETARDED READERS.

The study examines relationships among lateral dominance, right-left discrimination, and reading retardation in lower socio-economic background public school children. Ss were: Group I, 56 male ret...