cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Universal approach to predicting two-phase frictional pressure drop for mini/micro-channel saturated flow boiling

Abstract This paper is a part of a recent series of studies by the authors to develop universal predictive tools for pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient for mini/micro-channel flows that are capable of tackling fluids with drastically different thermophysical properties and very broad ranges of all geometrical and flow parameters of practical interest. In this study, a new technique is proposed to predict the frictional pressure gradient for saturated flow boiling. To both develop and validate the new technique, a consolidated database consisting of 2378 data points is amassed from 16 sources. The database consists of 9 working fluids, hydraulic diameters from 0.349 to 5.35 mm, mass velocities from 33 to 2738 kg/m 2 s, liquid-only Reynolds numbers from 156 to 28,010, qualities from 0 to 1, reduced pressures from 0.005 to 0.78, and both single-channel and multi-channel data. Careful examination of many prior models and correlations shows clear differences in frictional pressure gradient predictions between non-boiling (adiabatic and condensing) versus boiling mini/micro-channel flows that are caused by differences in flow structure, especially droplet entrainment effects. A separated flow technique previously developed by the authors for non-boiling mini/micro-channel flows is modified to account for these differences. The new technique shows very good predictions of the entire consolidated database, evidenced by an overall MAE of 17.2% and even predictive accuracy for different working fluids, and over broad ranges of hydraulic diameter, mass velocity, quality and pressure, and for both single and multiple mini/micro-channels.
Bleeding Hearts and the Heartless: Popular Perceptions of Liberal and Conservative Ideologies

Two studies explored liberals’ and conservatives’ perceptions of themselves and other liberals and conservatives. Participants reported how much assistance they would recommend for needy persons who were nonresponsible and responsible for their plights (i.e., were more and less deserving) and predicted how much liberal and conservative others would recommend. Relative to liberal participants, conservatives reported being less generous toward responsible persons but did not differ in their self-reported generosity toward nonresponsible persons. Both groups viewed conservatives as somewhat heartless, giving less than liberals whether the needy were responsible or nonresponsible. A shared stereotype of a bleeding heart liberal also was revealed—overall, persons overestimated liberals’ generosity toward the responsible, but this was strongest among conservatives, which the authors termed the “Limbaugh Effect.” Results also suggested self-enhancement; liberals and conservatives reported being generous and judi...
Dopaminergic and serotonergic involvement in opiate-induced prolactin release in monkeys.

The present experiments were performed to determine the site of action (hypothalamic or hypophyseal) and the mechanism (dopaminergic or serotonergic) by which morphine increases PRL in monkeys (Macaca mulatto, and Macaca nemestrina). To determine the site of action, 9 mg morphine were injected iv to four intact and four pituitary stalk-sectioned monkeys. PRL concentrations rose significantly (P < 0.01) from less than 5 ng/ml to an average maximum value of 208 ± 20 ng/ ml at 15 min in intact animals, but remained unchanged in pituitary stalk-sectioned animals. There was a significant reduction (P < 0.01) of this response in intact monkeys that received 5 mg L-dopa, iv, 5 min before the morphine stimulus. In these animals, PRL only rose to 100 ± 46 ng/ml. In contrast, the PRL response in four monkeys pretreated with 5 or 20 mg methysergide, iv (a serotonin receptor blocker), 5 min before the opiate stimulus was not different from in controls. Likewise, the daily administration of 100 mg p-chlorophenylalanin...
Association of the built environment with physical activity and adiposity in rural and urban youth.

Objective To determine if: (1) differences exist for body mass index (BMI) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) between rural and urban youth, and (2) perceived and objective measures of environmental supports for physical activity differentially correlate with BMI and MVPA in middle school rural and urban youth.
The Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act and regulatory behavior

The 1978 Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act set energy conservation and efficient, equitable electricity rates as national goals. The decision on whether to implement innovative rates to meet these goals was turned over to state public service commissions, but not all states implemented the rates. This paper uses economic and political variables to explain state decisions regarding implementation. The results suggest that state commissions were influenced by concerns for economic efficiency, but were also swayed by political pressures.
Growth and characterization of InAs/GaSb type-II superlattice for long-wavelength infrared detectors

ABSTRACT We report the molecular beam epitaxial growth and characterization of InAs/GaSb superlattices grown on semi-insulating GaAs substrates for long wavelength infrared detectors. Photoconductive detectors fabricated from the superlattices showed 80% cut-off at 1 1.6iim and peak responsivity of 6.5 V/W withJohnson noise limited detectivity of 2.36x109 cmHz112/W at 10.7 tm at 78 K. The responsivity decreases at higher temperatures with a T2 behavior rather than exponential decay, and at room temperature theresponsivity is about 660 mV/W at l1tm. Lower Auger recombination rate in this system provides comparable detectivity to the best HgCdTe detectors at 300K. Higher uniformity over large areas, simplergrowth and the possibility of having read-out circuits in the same GaAs chip are the advantages of thissystem over HgCdTe detectors for near room temperature operation.Keywords: infrared detector, Type II, detectivity, HgCdTe, uncooled detector, noise, quantum well. 1. INTRODUCTION Infrared imaging in the 8-12 tm wavelength range has many medical, industrial and military applications.This is mainly due to the low atmospheric absorption in this range and the maximum radiation of a blackbody at about 1Oim at room temperature. However, after two decades of progress the currently dominantHgCdTe technology still can not provide detectors with high sensitivity, resolution, and room temperatureoperation'. Difficulty in growth. nonuniformity due to high sensitivity to the composition, large tunnelingcurrents, and high Auger recombination rate2 are the major drawbacks ofHgCdTe detectors. Quantum wellinfrared photodetectors (QWIP)3 are a promising alternative system to HgCdTe in the 8-12 jim range.However, the high thermal generation rate in QWIPs limits high temperature operation and the short lifetimelimits the quantum efficiency ofthe device4. Also n-type QWJP structures cannot work with normal incidentlight, so sophisticated processing is required for normal incidence light coupling5. As another alternative forinfrared photodetectors, type IT superlattices have been studied. Since the electrons and holes are confinedin different materials in type II superlattices, the effective bandgap can be smaller than the bandgap of thehost materials. The 11-Vt, HgTeICdTe and the Ill-V. 1nAs/Ga,In1Sb Type II superlattices have shownpromising results comparable to HgCdTe photoconductors at long wavelengths7'8. However, it was foundthat the growth and process of these il-VI materials are more difficult than ffl-V compounds.Lower dark current and higher operating temperature is expected for InAs/GaIn,Sb superlatticesin comparison to HgCdTe, because of the higher effective mass of electrons and holes and slower Auger
Review of the granulosa-theca cell tumors from the emil Novak ovarian tumor registry.

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to review patients with granulosa and theca cell tumors as filed in the Emil Novak Ovarian Tumor Registry. Study Design: Our study was a descriptive, retrospective study of 454 case records. Results: The reviewed diagnoses were for 97 patients with granulosa cell tumors, 116 with theca cell tumors, and 97 with granulosa-theca cell tumors. The remaining cases (n = 144) were reclassified as "nonspecific" gonadal stromal tumors (n = 61), luteomas of pregnancy (n = 7), and 76 "other" cases. These included poorly differentiated cancer, metastatic cancer, mixed mesodermal tumors, and sarcomas. The tumor-related mortality rate for the 310 patients with granulosa, theca, and granulosa-theca cell tumors was 7% (37.3% for granulosa cell tumors only). The surgical stage of disease was the most significant prognostic factor, with a mortality rate of at least 40%, given that the tumor had spread beyond the ovary. Conclusion: Because the differential diagnoses of particularly granulosa cell tumors included several conditions with an extremely poor prognosis, an accurate histologic diagnosis is crucial. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:323-7.)
Content Analysis of an Anomalous Memorate Collection: Testing Hypotheses Regarding Universal Features

of recurring folk beWfs in spirits, souls, life after death, and magical abilities. The theory implies that these anomalous perceptions have physiological bases. Content analysis of a collection of oral accounts of anomalous memorates (N = 1215) indicates that experiences of apparitions, paranormal dreams, and waking extrasensory perceptions have cross-culturally uniform structures and that these experiences coincide with recurring elements within folk traditions. These findings support the expeiential source theory and a broader ritual healing theory explaining the origin of religion. Even though "religious experiences" are thought to be central to religiosity, scholars find precise definitions for the concept to be elusive (Yamane 1998). Varieties of religious experience often appear under other labels such as mystical, ecstatic, numinous, anomalous, and paranormal. Some theorists argue that there is nothing specifically religious about any piece of human data and that religious experiences are merely cognitions labeled as such (Proudfoot 1985). Within this paradigm, no universal features exist which allow any experience to be defined as uniquely "religious." In opposition to this orientation, the experiential source theory hypothesizes that certain anomalous experiences have biological bases which generate prevalent forms of folk belief in spirits, souls, life after death, and magical abilities. Content analyses of collections of anomalous accounts allow evaluation of this hypothesis. The present study seeks to overcome definitional problems by analyzing a collection of experiences regarded by informants as sufficiently "unusual" to be worth telling others. When informants present first-hand accounts as authentic, folklorists label their reports as memorates. Memorates
Modeling of the Surface Convective Layer of Salt-Gradient Solar Ponds

A one-dimensional numerical model is developed to predict the diurnal variations of vertical temperature and concentration profiles in salt-gradient solar ponds. The model employs augmented thermal and mass diffusivities due to turbulent wind mixing and double-diffusive convection. Numerical results indicate that the thickness of the surface convective layer increases with wind speed (or the wavelength of the surface wave). Double-diffusive convection is, in the absence of wind, capable of sustaining a mixed layer at the surface when strong cooling occurs over the pond. In field ponds, the surface convective layer is probably maintained as a result of the combined action of wind-generated turbulent mixing and double-diffusive convection.
Attending to the shame: Working with addicted populations

Shame is a potent emotion that plays a major role in the life of addicted individuals. Shame's ability to penetrate and skew major motivational systems may play a part in the formation of addicted lifestyles. The shame-based or shame-prone individual, such as the addicted client, poses unique problems for the therapist. This paper explicates the processes and consequences of shame and offers guidelines to help clinicians work with addicted clients.
Reflectarray antenna based on grounded loop-wire miniaturised-element frequency selective surfaces

A reflectarray antenna based on a metal-backed co-planar loop-wire Miniaturized Element Frequency Selective Surface (MEFSS) is presented in this paper. Since the unit cells are small compared to the wavelength, an equivalent lumped-element model can describe the spectral behaviour of the proposed MEFSS structure. It is shown that the proposed unit cell provides a wider and gentler phase variation as a function of the loop size compared to a metallic patch or loop element and that the phase response of the loop-wire element has very low sensitivity to the angle of incidence. In addition, the response of the unit cell, to a great extent, depends on the geometric and electrical parameters of the cells themselves with minimum dependency on the neighbouring elements and therefore the reflected signal phase can be controlled locally. Three samples of the proposed MEFSS structure, each giving different reflection phase values, are fabricated and measured to validate the circuit model and the design procedure. A prototype MEFSS-based reflectarray antenna at X-band is fabricated and measured. The prototype (260 mm × 260 mm and F/D = 1.02) shows a maximum gain of 26.3 dBi with a 1 dB-gain bandwidth of 17% and 3-dB beamwidth of 6° in agreement with the design parameters.
User Interface Prototyping: A Review of PC-Based Tools and their Features

User interface prototyping refers to the part of the system design process that quickly identifies and presents user needs as a model of the system being developed. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of PC-based user interface prototyping, identifies the features which characterize effective prototyping tools, and compares and contrasts different PC-based prototyping tools based on the strengths and limitations of each. Comparisons to more powerful and more expensive prototyping environments are also presented. Finally, the requirements for development of an advanced PC-based prototyping tool are discussed.
Intraperitoneal chromic phosphate therapy after second‐look laparotomy for ovarian cancer

Between 1973 and 1985, 118 patients in clinical remission after initial surgery and postoperative chemotherapy for epithelial ovarian carcinoma underwent second-look laparotomy at the University of North Carolina. No evidence of disease (NED) was found in 57 of these patients; 43 patients received 15 mCi of radioactive chromic phosphate (32P) suspension given intraperitoneally in the immediate postoperative period. In 29 other patients, only microscopic or minimal residual disease (nodules less than 2 cm in size) was found, seven received 32P alone, ten received 32P and further chemotherapy, and 12 received chemotherapy alone. The 4-year postsecond-look survival of the patients with NED at second-look was 89% for those receiving 32P and 67% for those who had not. The respective figures for patients with minimal residual disease at second-look are 59% versus 22%. Irrespective of treatment, a group at high risk for failure after negative second-look laparotomy has been identified; those with an initial International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage greater than I and histologic grade greater than 1. A comparison of our data with 18 previously published series, indicates that use of postsecond-look intraperitoneal 32P can improve the progression-free interval, and possibly overall survival, of patients with NED or minimal residual disease without adding significant complications.
Reanalysis or redefinition of the hypothesis

This editorial refers to ‘ Applying novel methods to assess clinical outcomes: insights from the TRILOGY ACS trial’[†][1], by J. A. Bakal et al. , on page 385 Though a seemingly simple notion, defining a clear research question or hypothesis at the conception of a clinical study can be a daunting task for investigators. Through the TRILOGY ACS study,1 Bakal and colleagues2 illustrate that subtle changes in the primary outcome definition for a clinical trial may result in substantial changes in the analytical methods, altering the overall interpretation of the study's result. Perhaps as an unintended consequence, their article also emphasizes a pitfall of post-hoc analyses. This editorial is intended to provide some insight into the statistical considerations in their article. In doing so, it aggregates their ideas to provide recommendations for appropriate analytical techniques driven by specific research questions. Most disease progressions are associated with the realization of multiple complications. Cardiovascular disease, for example, may have elevated blood pressure, atherosclerosis, altered perfusion, ischaemia, changes in activities of daily living, etc. From a clinical perspective, a myocardial infarction resulting in death may be more important than reduced cardiopulmonary function that only limits a patient's activities of daily living. That said, these extreme examples are intrinsically linked in a common disease process and represent different aspects of disease progression. These inter-relationships, when simultaneously modelled, often introduce the need for more sophisticated statistical analyses. These analyses can sometimes obfuscate … [1]: #fn-2
New Approach for Estimating Alcohol Partition Coefficients between Nonaqueous Phase Liquids and Water

The partitioning interwell tracer test (PITT) has emerged during the past few years as a useful tool for characterizing aquifers contaminated by nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) and in particular t...
Alignment of Fabry-Pérot Interferometer Plates in a Solar Vector Magnetograph

I describe a method for quickly and accurately determining the plate parallelism in a tunable Fabry-Perot interferometer. The method takes advantage of the fact that our Fabry-Perot is installed in a spectropolarimeter: we measure profiles of solar or telluric absorption lines in three differently polarized telescope subapertures and use the residual polarization profiles to determine the plate parallelism error. An example of the error as a function of time during the observing day is also shown; it changes in a consistent way with telescope hour angle but the drift is enough to require frequent adjustment.
Sugar as Part of a Balanced Breakfast? What Cereal Advertisements Teach Children About Healthy Eating

Marketing that targets children with energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods is a likely contributor to the childhood obesity crisis. High-sugar ready-to-eat cereals are the packaged food most frequently promoted in child-targeted food advertising on television. The authors combined content analysis of product nutritional quality and messages presented in cereal television advertisements with syndicated data on exposure to those ads. The analysis quantifies children's exposure to specific products and messages that appear in advertisements and compares it with adult exposure. Children viewed 1.7 ads per day for ready-to-eat cereals, and 87% of those ads promoted high-sugar products; adults viewed half as many ads, and ads viewed were equally likely to promote high- and low-sugar cereals. In addition, the messages presented in high-sugar ads viewed by children were significantly more likely to convey unrealistic and contradictory messages about cereal attributes and healthy eating. For example, 91% of high-sugar cereal ads viewed by children ascribed extraordinary powers to these products, and 67% portrayed healthy and unhealthy eating behaviors. Given children's vulnerability to the influence of advertising, the emotional and mixed messages used to promote high-sugar cereals are confusing and potentially misleading.
Genetic transformation of loblolly pine using mature zygotic embryo explants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA 4404 carrying pBI121 plasmid was used to transform mature zygotic embryos of three genotypes (E-Hb, E-Ma, and E-Mc) of loblolly pine. The results demonstrated that the expression frequency of β-glucuronidase reporter gene (GUS) varied among genotypes after mature zygotic embryos were infected withAgrobacterium tumefaciens cultures. The highest frequency (27.8%) of GUS expressing embryos was obtained from genotype E-Mc with mean number of 21.9 blue GUS spots per embryo. Expression of β-glucuronidase reporter gene was observed on cotyledons, hypocotyls, and radicles of transformed mature zygotic embryos, as well as on organogenic callus and regenerated shoots derived from co-cultivated mature zygotic embryos. Nineteen regenerated transgenic plants were obtained from GUS expression and kanamycin resistant calli. The presence and integration of the GUS gene was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blot analysis. These results suggested that an efficientAgrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation protocol for stable integration of foreign genes into loblolly pine has been developed and that this transformation system could be useful for the future studies on transferring economically important genes to loblolly pine.
1H-MRS at 4 Tesla in minimally treated early schizophrenia.

We investigated glutamate-related neuronal dysfunction in the anterior cingulate (AC) early in schizophrenia before and after antipsychotic treatment. A total of 14 minimally treated schizophrenia patients and 10 healthy subjects were studied with single-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) of the AC, frontal white matter and thalamus at 4 T. Concentrations of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln) and Gln/Glu ratios were determined and corrected for the partial tissue volume. Patients were treated with antipsychotic medication following a specific algorithm and (1)H-MRS was repeated after 1, 6 and 12 months. There were group x region interactions for baseline NAA (P=0.074) and Gln/Glu (P=0.028): schizophrenia subjects had lower NAA (P=0.045) and higher Gln/Glu (P=0.006) in the AC before treatment. In addition, AC Gln/Glu was inversely related to AC NAA in the schizophrenia (P=0.0009) but not in the control group (P=0.92). Following antipsychotic treatment, there were no further changes in NAA, Gln/Glu or any of the other metabolites in any of the regions studied. We conclude that early in the illness, schizophrenia patients already show abnormalities in glutamatergic metabolism and reductions in NAA consistent with glutamate-related excitotoxicity.
Novel starch based copolymers (DiHydroxyl Starch) as ocular lubricants: Synthesis and characterizations

Dry eye syndrome is an ocular tear deficiency disorder that affects millions of people in the United States. It has been recognized as a significant lifestyle issue and is among the most frequently established diagnoses in ophthalmology. Tear substitutes (or artificial tear formulations) are the mainstay of dry eye therapy. While many commercial products are available, their efficacy is limited because of their short retention time in the eye, and/or low patient acceptance. In this study, our objectives were to obtain water soluble products with opened glucose rings along the starch backbone, and tear substitute formulations based on these products with strengthened mucoadhesion, shear thinning behavior, improved tear film stability, and no irritancy to the eye. To this end we have synthesized a series of starch based copolymers, DiHydroxyl Starches (DHS). This modification of starch is not a new science, but the application of these polymers to tear substitutes is novel. These polymers were characterized as ocular lubricants utilizing both in vitro and in vivo testing. Specifically, mucoadhesion and rheological behavior were examined. Their performance as ocular lubricants was evaluated utilizing the tear-film break up times of rabbits before and after application of the copolymers. In addition, the effect of autoclaving and ocular toxicity were tested. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
An artificial neural network stimulating performance of normal subjects and schizophrenics on the Wisconsin card sorting test

Mental diseases such as schizophrenia are being modeled by artificial neural networks in an attempt to understand the underlying neuropathological processes. We studied hospitalized psychiatric patients that met the DSM-IIIR criteria for schizophrenia (N=19), and normal subjects with no psychiatric history (N=18). Performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) by schizophrenic patients was poorer than normal subjects as estimated by various scoring measurements. We then modeled an artificial neural network, motivated by biological considerations, that is able to simulate performance of normals and schizophrenics on the WCST. In order to model the complex nature of the WCST, we designed novel learning rules based on non-associative learning paradigms. We found that there must be a minimum amount of noise, or inherent synaptic instability, for our model to perform similar to schizophrenics.
Tibial osteochondroma inducing popliteal artery compression

Compression of the neurovascular contents of the popliteal fossa is a rare condition that leads to exercise-induced pain and paresthesias in young athletes. Most frequently, it is caused by musculotendinous abnormalities resulting in popliteal entrapment syndrome. Bony abnormalities rarely are implicated but can produce symptoms that mimic popliteal entrapment syndrome. We present a patient with a tibial metaphysis osteochondroma inducing popliteal artery compression that was relieved after resection.
Successful Bronchoscopic Balloon Dilation of Nonmalignant Tracheobronchial Obstruction Without Fluoroscopy

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of bronchoscopic balloon dilation (BBD) without fluoroscopy for relief of tracheobronchial obstruction. Methods: We performed a retrospective study of all adult patients who underwent BBD without fluoroscopy at the Tulane University Hospital and Clinic between July 1, 1997, and June 30, 2002. Results: Twenty-four patients (mean [± SD] age, 58 ± 14 years; 80% men) underwent 59 BBD procedures without fluoroscopy for the following conditions: iatrogenic tracheal stenosis (80%); saber-sheath trachea (4%); bronchial stenosis resulting from lung transplantation (4%); sarcoidosis (4%); Wegener granulomatosis (4%); and idiopathic stenosis (4%). All BBD procedures were performed via a rigid bronchoscope (61%) or a flexible bronchoscope (39%) without fluoroscopy. BBD was often combined with mechanical debridement (64%), stent placement (47%), or laser photoresection (19%), although in 26% of cases BBD was the only intervention. During the 59 procedures, 71 different balloon catheters were deployed a total of 112 times ( deployment was defined as any use of balloon dilation in a different location, for a different purpose, or to a different inflation diameter). These 112 deployments were performed for primary dilation (49%), dilation prior to stent placement (28%), and stent seating (22%). Improvement in stenosis was achieved immediately postprocedure in all 59 procedures (100%). One balloon ruptured during inflation without clinically significant effect, and no other complications occurred. Conclusion: BBD without fluoroscopy for the relief of nonmalignant tracheobronchial obstruction can be safely performed through a rigid or flexible bronchoscope. It can be used alone or as an adjunct to other therapeutic modalities. In this series, 100% of airway obstructions were improved, and there were no clinically significant complications. BBD of a tracheobronchial obstruction without fluoroscopy is safe, efficacious, and cost-effective.
Interoperability standards for pervasive games

Pervasive games combine the real and virtual worlds to provide a more social and physical experience than traditional video games. Pervasive games can introduce significant new requirements for robustness and interoperability, and may encourage game developers to better align their practices with trends in other domains. In addition to new languages and middleware, developing and adopting standards for interoperability could benefit both developers and users of pervasive games, and facilitate the growth of the genre.
Trends in the prescription of opioids for adolescents with non-cancer pain

Abstract Objectives Opioids are among the most commonly abused drugs among adolescents, and the prescription of these drugs has increased over the last decade. The goal of the current study is to examine trends and factors associated with prescription opioid use among adolescents with common non-cancer pain (NCP) conditions, sampled from two contrasting populations. Methods We conducted a secondary data analysis examining time trends from 2001 to 2005 in opioid use in two dissimilar populations: a national, commercially insured population and a state Medicaid plan. We examined trends in mean dose prescribed, mean number of prescriptions and types of medications given, as well as clinical and demographic features of adolescents receiving opioids. Results In 2005, 21% of adolescents with common NCP conditions in HealthCore and 40.2% of adolescents with NCP in Arkansas Medicaid had received prescription opioids. The majority of opioid prescriptions in both 2001 and 2005 were for DEA Schedule II and III short-acting opioids. In both samples, rates of prescription were higher for adolescents with comorbid mental health diagnoses compared to those without and for adolescents with multiple pain conditions compared to a single pain condition. Discussion Prescription of opioids among adolescents with NCP is common, and the prescription rate is higher among adolescents with multiple pain conditions and comorbid mental health disorders. Further research is necessary to determine risk factors for abuse and misuse of opioids in adolescents to help develop guidelines for use in this age group.
Three-dimensional Structures of Magnetostatic Atmospheres. VII. Magnetic Flux Surfaces and Boundary Conditions

We treat a long-standing difficulty with the boundary conditions for the governing equations derived in the third paper of this series describing magnetic fields in equilibrium in a three-dimensional atmosphere. The force-free magnetic fields are special cases of this magnetostatic model. Among the flux surfaces of these magnetic fields, those of constant twist parameter, the so-called α-surfaces, have a basic topological property previously pointed out by Aly for force-free fields. This property dictates a natural set of boundary conditions for the field equations and can be used to reduce the vector field equations to a novel form, illustrated here with analytical examples of three-dimensional force-free fields. The physical implications of this theoretical development for solar coronal magnetic fields are discussed.
Eimeria tuscarorensis n. sp. (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) and Redescriptions of Other Coccidia of the Woodchuck, Marmota monax*

SYNOPSIS. Examination of feces obtained from wild-trapped woodchucks, Marmota monax, near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, revealed three previously described species: Eimeria monacis, E. perforoides, and E. os. In addition I found a new coccidium, E. tuscarorensis n. sp., described in this paper. Structurally the new species resembles E. wisconsinensis and E. bilamellata. An unidentified polysporocystic coccidium, possibly the genus Klossia, was found in small numbers in one sample.
Polymorphic Transitions in Metallic Halides

An x-ray powder analysis of RbI made at 4500 kg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ pressure and room temperature shows the crystal form of RbI to be body-centered cubic under these conditions. The lattice constant is 4.33$_{5}\mathrm{A}$. The volume change from the face-centered lattice which is stable below 4000 atmospheres is 0.037 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ per gram. This is about 0.009 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ per gram greater than Bridgman's piston displacement value and the difference may be significant.With the exception of the fluorides, all of the rubidium and potassium halides undergo polymorphic transformations under pressure, which in the light of the present knowledge of RbI are assumed to be of the face-centered to body-centered type. The method of Born and Mayer is used to calculate the lattice constants for both face- and body-centered types of each halide at the experimentally known temperature and pressure of equilibrium. From these the volume changes of the transformation are computed. They are found to agree quantitatively with the experimental values. Theoretical values for the transition pressure are also given. These are confirmed by experiment only in a qualitative manner, but the method may be used to explain, for instance, the nonoccurrence of transitions in the sodium halides up to 50,000 atmospheres. Similar calculations are made for AgI, the crystal form of which has been previously shown by the author to be face-centered cubic at pressures beyond 3000 kg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$.
Apparent maturation of Escherichia coli ribosomal RNA in vitro.

Abstract Precursor ribosomal RNA's of Escherichia coli were converted to the size of mature RNA's when relaxed particles (~45 s or ~28 s) were incubated with extracts of E. coli (RNase I deficient mutant). Precursor RNA's in smaller particles were broken down under the same condition.
Purity of GaAs grown by LPE in a graphite boat

Abstract GaAs grown by liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) in a graphite boat is shown to be n - type with high purity providing the melt has first been baked in dry hydrogen for a characteristic impurity-purging time. The porous natures of the graphite boat facilitates adsorption of O 2 during loading which in turn may introduce CO into the GaAs melt. Electron mobility at 77 K is used as a measure of the total ionized impurity density. It has been experimentally found that the limiting values of total ionized impurity concentration is 2×10 14 cm -3 at 700°C, with a 77 K mobility of 163,000 cm 2 /V-sec, providing the baking time between successive runs is 24 hours or more. Defects, meniscus lines, and terracing were negligible.
Radio polarisation of quasars with optical absorption spectra

CONWAY and Gilbert1 have noted that the mean linear polarisation at wavelength λ 49 cm of highly redshifted quasars is significantly less for those with optical absorption lines compared with those with none. They suggested that the cause was Faraday depolarisation in the same regions responsible for the absorption lines. Gardner and Whiteoak2 pointed out similar differences between the two quasar types at λλ 11 cm and 6 cm. They regarded lower intrinsic polarisation of absorption-line quasars as a more likely explanation. Both findings were based on extremely small statistical samples. Subsequently much more data have become available at both optical and radio wavelengths. The significance of absorption-line quasars has also been enhanced. We therefore undertook a study using today' greater set of data.
Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 3 Stimulates Cartilage Matrix Elaboration by Human Marrow-Derived Stromal Cells Encapsulated in Photocrosslinked Carboxymethylcellulose Hydrogels: Potential for Nucleus Pulposus Replacement

Degeneration of the nucleus pulposus (NP) has been implicated as a major cause of low back pain. Tissue engineering strategies using marrow-derived stromal cells (MSCs) have been used to develop cartilaginous tissue constructs, which may serve as viable NP replacements. Supplementation with growth factors, such as transforming growth factor-beta 3 (TGF-β3), has been shown to enhance the differentiation of MSCs and promote functional tissue development of such constructs. A potential candidate material that may be useful as a scaffold for NP tissue engineering is carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), a biocompatible, cost-effective derivative of cellulose. Photocrosslinked CMC hydrogels have been shown to support NP cell viability and promote phenotypic matrix deposition capable of maintaining mechanical properties when cultured in serum-free, chemically defined medium (CDM) supplemented with TGF-β3. However, MSCs have not been characterized using this hydrogel system. In this study, human MSCs (hMSCs) were encaps...
Expectant management of uterine dehiscence in the second trimester of pregnancy.

Abstract Background Uterine dehiscence and rupture are serious complications of pregnancy after a cesarean delivery. Management of uterine dehiscence diagnosed in second trimester can be controversial. Case A woman with a previous cesarean delivery was diagnosed with a uterine dehiscence at 20 weeks in the area of her prior cesarean incision. Although she was counseled regarding risks to herself and the fetus, she decided to continue the pregnancy. She was, therefore, managed expectantly until 31 weeks and delivered by cesarean because of fetal heart rate decelerations. The infant did well and was discharged home at 3 weeks of age. The patient remained asymptomatic after delivery. Conclusion With close monitoring, expectant management of uterine dehiscence diagnosed in the second trimester is possible.
Sandwich bounds for joint entropy

New upper and lower bounds are given for joint entropy of a collection of random variables, in both discrete and continuous settings. These bounds generalize well-known information theoretic inequalities due to Han. A number of applications are suggested, including a new bound on the number of independent sets of a graph that is of interest in discrete mathematics, and a bound on the number of zero-error codes.
Longitudinal Research With Sexual Assault Survivors: A Methodological Review

Longitudinal research designs are relatively rare in the academic literature on rape and sexual assault despite their tremendous methodological rigor and scientific utility. In the interest of promoting wider use of such methods, we conducted a methodological review of projects that have used prospective longitudinal designs to study the occurrence of sexual victimization throughout the lifespan and/or the process of change during rape recovery (N = 32 projects). Five questions were examined: (a) What were the substantive foci of these longitudinal studies? (b) How were survivors recruited? (c) What participation rates were typical? (d) How long were participants followed over time and with what success rates? and (e) What incentives were used to increase participation? Most studies focused on postassault sequelae and recruited survivors from hospital emergency departments and other first-response help-seeking sites with highly variable participation rates. Retention rates were comparable across studies (approximately 70%).
The Implications of Work Force Diversification in the U.S. Forest Service

Natural resource management agencies, like the U.S. Forest Service, face a formidable challenge today—to develop and implement resource management plans that satisfy diverse and changing social political and economic values. Effective organizations develop strategies, either explicit or implicit, for adapting to changing environments. The Forest Service is currently implementing one such adaptive strategy—a work force diversification program based on affirmative action called “Work Force 1995” whose objectives include the creation of a mix of employees in the agency that better reflects the diverse publics it serves. The premise of the program is that work force diversification will eventually result in land management decisions that better reflect the wants and desires of the American people. Using results from a nationwide study of Forest Service employees, we examined these assumptions with respect to gender and assessed the potential impacts of changes in the work force on agency resource decisions. The authors’ results suggest that gender diversification in the Forest Service will have significant impacts on future agency directions in its development and implementation of resource policies. It is argued that the combination of gender and professional diversification in the agency will create an organizational culture very different from the past and that these changes could dramatically impact future resource decisions.
Computer-Assisted Markov Failure Modeling of Process Control Systems

Process control systems (PCS) are systems with control loops and continuous state dynamic variables such as pressure, temperature, and liquid level. Existing computer-assisted failure modeling schemes for PCS are based on a static description of system operation (eg, by digraphs, signal-flow-based graphs). This paper presents a dynamic approach to the failure modeling of PCS. The givens for the methodology are: 1) a set of first order differential equations with feedback describing the interaction between system variables, 2) failure and repair rates for the control units constituting the PCS. The methodology is based on the discrete state space-discrete time representation of PCS dynamics. Probabilistic system behavior is simulated by a Markov chain. An algorithm is developed for the mechanized construction of the transition matrix. Input preparation for the algorithm is illustrated by examples. Useful features of the methodology are: 1) failure model accuracy can be verified or improved by a change in the input data for mechanized model construction, 2) effect of changes in system parameters on PCS failure characteristics can be quantified. These features are demonstrated on a simple level-control system. The limitations of the methodology are discussed.
Executive Attention, Working Memory Capacity, and a Two-Factor Theory of Cognitive Control.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the nature of working memory capacity (WMC), and addresses the nature of WMC limitations, their effects on higher order cognitive tasks, their relationship to attention control and general fluid intelligence, and their neurological substrates. Much of work explores these issues in the context of individual differences in WMC and the cause of those individual differences. Measures of WMC are highly reliable and highly valid indicators of some construct of clear relevance to feral cognition. Macroanalytic studies have demonstrated that the construct reflected by WMC tasks has a strong relationship with gF above and beyond what these tasks share with simple span tasks. The conflict might also arise from stimulus representations of competing strength. This two-factor model fits with current thinking about the role of two brain structures: the prefrontal cortex as important to the maintenance of information in an active and easily accessible state and the anterior cingulate as important to the detection and resolution of conflict.
Study of anisotropy of acoustic wave propagation in stretched poly(vinylidene difluoride) film using the picosecond transient grating technique

Abstract The picosecond transient grating technique has been used to obtain acoustic speed as a function of film orientation in a uniaxially stretch-oriented film of poly(vinylidene difluoride) at liquid nitrogen temperature. By the analyses of acoustic speed anisotropy using the general Christoffel equation, we have obtained both the longitudinal and shear components of the elastic moduli of the film. Our results are in qualitative agreement with those of a published Brillouin scattering study.
Present and historic geochemical relationships in four Maine lakes1

Undisturbed l-m cores of profundal sediment and overlying water were collected from four morphomctrically paired Maine lakes with differing alkalinities and degrees of cultural development. Vertical variations in sediment chemistry correlate with the onset of European man’s activity in the watersheds of three of the lakes, although behavior is individual for any given element. Precultural core averages of P, S, organic matter, and diatoms are consistently higher in the sediments of the two deep oligotrophic lakes while the sediments of the two shallow mesotrophic lakes contain higher concentrations of quartz and aluminosilicatc elements (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al). This implies strong morphometric control of lacustrine sediment characteristics. Interstitial water chemistry profiles are largely diffusion controlled, although “reactive” zones with very high concentration gradients arc present in all lake cores for various ionic species. The presence of these reactive zones near the sediment surface suggests a localized source and movement of these ions upward through the sediment-water interface. Average interstitial water concentrations (exclusive of the major reactive zones) of P, Ca, Mg, and K are highest in the sediments of the -two shallow mcsotrophic lakes. Other dissolved
Luis Pérez, a Man of His Word in 1830s' Buenos Aires and the Case for Popular Literature

Born in Tucuman in the rural northwest of Argentina, Luis Perez fought as a soldier during the wars of independence of the 1810s and later settled in Buenos Aires, where he took to writing. From 18...
Heart failure and mechanical circulatory support.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is defined as one of the following: hypertension, congestive heart failure (HF), stroke, coronary heart disease and congenital heart defects. CVD is the main cause of the disease burden (illness and death) in Europe (23% of all the disease burdens) and the second main cause of the disease burden in those European Union (EU) countries with very low child and adult mortality (17%). 1 Heart disease is a common health problem worldwide. According to the most recent Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2011 update, 2 greater than 82 000 000 adults living in the United States of America (USA) have one or more types of CVD. Many resources have been invested in attempting to understand and curtail the progression of congestive HF. This article attempts to address the growing concern over HF by looking at the epidemiology, pathophysiology and available therapies as anaesthesiologists encounter these patients more often nowadays in the operating room and intensive care units. Mechanical circulatory assistance and heart transplantation are two established treatment methods for end-stage HF. In this review, we also address the indications and contraindications for mechanical circulatory assistance, types and spectrum of available ventricular assist devices, efficacy, safety and cost analysis of circulatory support therapy.