cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capitalism at a Crossroad

Ever since the Age of Reason, the advocacy of free enterprise—capitalism—has been commonly associated with democracy, as if there is mutual support between their frameworks, not to mention their adherence to Enlightenment principles (Agassi 1988). When equality and freedom are conjoined many authors have argued that the success and protection of the one is necessarily at the expense of the other (de Tocqueville 1945). Some economists of the nineteenth century worried about the ways in which equality and freedom were to interrelate, at least insofar as economic success would be viewed adversely as an act of selfishness with the unintended consequences of harm to others (Sassower 2013). Yet advocates of capitalism repeatedly claim that this conjunction of principles is as likely (or perhaps more clearly) to be found in free markets as in the halls of parliament, protected as much by market mechanisms as by democratic legislation (Friedman 1982; Soros 2000). More recently efforts have been made to present The Theory of Moral Sentiments [1759] (Smith 1976) and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations [1776] (Smith 1937) of Adam Smith as one system: He presented his The Wealth of Nations as an effort to supplement his Moral Sentiments. Already there a balancing act is in evidence, if not a nuanced juxtaposition of one system—the market—on top of or within the contours of the other—social sentiments that predate market institutions and the state. Smith took it for granted that minimal government is the best way to handle human affairs, yet he insisted that it is no utopia: he mentioned that the Hanseatic League approached his ideal (Bk. III, Ch. 4). At the same time, Jean-Jacque Rousseau defended democracy as the best political order, and likewise insisted that it is no utopia: the city of Geneva had a regime that approached his ideal (1978, Bk. I, Ch. 6). The two ideals clash when the collapse of the free market requires government intervention far beyond a minimal level. Defenders of free enterprise, such as the Austrian economist Friedrich Hayek, claim that this is never the case (1944): in principle, he said, the quickest way to get market recovery is to let it alone, no matter the price to individual companies or private banks (in our recent US experience). His arch-critic John Maynard Keynes asked, how long should we wait to see the market recover before asking the government for help? (1964) He greatly appreciated the insights of the French physiocrats in regards to the circulation of money in the economy and its ongoing growth potential (Grospelier and Sophister 2005), and in line with this insight he focused on when and how the government should intervene to bring about growth. With government stimulus demand will increase, which will allow the entire market to rebound, paying off the initial government subsidy through increased tax revenue from wages of the growing number of taxed workers (Stigler 1965).
Maternal Obesity and Implications for Fetal Programming

Obesity in pregnant women is now reported to be between 20% and 34%, impacting individuals of differing ages, races, ethnicities and socioeconomic status worldwide. Chronic, low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance are hallmarks of a normal pregnancy, but are exacerbated by maternal obesity, leading to further increases in inflammatory cytokines, insulin and lipids. Due to the central role of the placenta in regulating nutrient flow from mother to fetus, abnormal changes in the maternal metabolic milieu resulting from maternal obesity (MO) may alter placental vascularity, metabolism and/or nutrient transport function leading to alterations in fetal growth, metabolism and organ development, as described for other adverse obstetrics outcomes. Maternal obesity is linked to an increased incidence of offspring metabolic dysregulation including obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, a cadre of symptoms referred to as the metabolic syndrome. Strong evidence suggests that these changes are due to gene environment interactions in utero which produce transient and/or stable epigenetically-induced changes in gene expression. Further, the persistence of these abnormalities into the postnatal period, suggests that the developmental changes may have permanent effects that alter metabolic outcomes, linking maternal obesity to long term risk for metabolic diseases in the next generation. Life-course studies in human infants born to obese mothers, particularly at the molecular and cellular level in tissues relevant to metabolic syndrome are lacking. It is thus crucial that well characterized and relevant animal models of diet-induced MO be utilized in obtain information on the specific molecular and biochemical mechanisms involved in postnatal obesity and metabolic dysregulation in offspring.
Mechanism of Action and Pharmacokinetics of Biologics

“Biologics” are monoclonal antibodies against specific targets used as therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. The pioneer antibodies were for tumor necrosis factor (TNF), but antibodies against integrins, adhesion molecules, IL-12/23, and MMP9 are all approved or in clinical development. The anti-TNF and anti-IL-12/23 biologics both inhibit inflammatory pathways prevalent in lamina propria cells in patients with IBD. In contrast, anti-integrins primarily act by limiting migration of pro-inflammatory lymphocytes from the peripheral circulation to intestinal sites. The pharmacokinetics of these biologics suggests they are mostly retained in the intravascular space, with elimination half-lives of 8–25 days. A number of variables, such as inflammatory burden, have been associated with rapid clearance and decline in serum drug levels of biologics, which impacts efficacy.
Upper critical magnetic field of the heavy-fermion superconductor UPt 3

The longitudinal and transverse upper critical magnetic fields H/sub c/2/sup parallel/ and H/sub c/2/sup perpendicular/ as a function of temperature T of a single-crystal specimen of the heavy-fermion superconductor UPt/sub 3/ were measured resistively with the current flowing along the hexagonal c axis. The slope of the linear part of the H/sub c/2/sup parallel/(T) curve near the superconducting transition temperature T/sub c/ = 0.52 K equals 63 kOe/K, from which a zero-temperature superconducting coherence length xi/sub 0/approx.120 A can be inferred. An analysis using previously reported specific-heat data yields an effective mass approx.200 times the free-electron mass and a value of xi/sub 0/approx.170 A. The electrical resistivity between T/sub c/ and 8 K varies as T/sup n/ with n = 1.6 +- 0.1.
Notch Signal Transduction: Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms

Notch signaling is a highly conserved cell communication system that regulates a wide variety of cell types and cellular processes and as such plays a prominent role in the formation and function of the nervous system. Defects in Notch signaling have been implicated in a number of human disease states, including cancer, stroke, and Alzheimer’s disease, underscoring the importance of understanding the basic mechanisms of Notch signal transduction. Activation of Notch signaling involves regulated intramembrane proteolysis to effect release of the Notch intracellular domain, which serves to convert the Notch receptor into a downstream signal transducer. This seemingly simple signaling pathway is highly regulated at multiple steps and involves many different mechanisms that fine-tune the polarity, intensity, and duration of signaling.
Judging religion: Power, pluralism and the political control of medicine

Summary Medicine now knows how to handle religion in patient care settings thanks to cultural competency. Because of this newfound awareness in medicine, it might seem that medicine has come to tolerate and even celebrate religious pluralism. We argue however that these efforts to tolerate religion in medicine are often based upon mischaracterizations of what religion actually is. Even supposedly tolerant scholars tend to base their tolerance off mischaracterizations of religion. Consequently, medicine's attempts at respecting religion can devolve into a patronizing attitude. Although cultural competency intends to be friendly towards religion, it resembles William Osler's attitude, who argued religion is a danger to medicine. Both cultural competency and Osler imagine religion and medicine as opposites; medicine is rational and objective, religion is irrational and subjective. Even the “tolerant” pluralists of cultural competency demand religion serve medicine as an efficient and effective form of biopsychosocial therapy. The only difference is that cultural competency scholars often believe religion can fulfill this goal as an alternative medicine technique or as a psychosocial coping mechanism, while Osler sees no therapeutic value in religion. Imagining religion and medicine like Osler does is a mark of modern secularity's founding myth. We will examine the genealogy of this secular belief and argue that it ultimately originated in propaganda to justify the nation-state's power. We will then briefly sketch a more accurate history to counter this founding secular myth, consequently problematizing Osler's simplistic understanding of the relationship between medicine and religion and challenging how cultural competency imagines religion.
The influence of weak hydrogen bonds on the properties of 3-cyano-N-methylpyridinium chloride and iodide

The iodide salt of 3-cyano-N-methylpyridinium cation crystallizes as yellow needles in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 4.8726(5), b = 12.9380(15), c = 13.4629(15) A, β = 97.463(2)○, and Z = 4 (mp 196○C). The chloride salt forms colorless plates in the monoclinic space group P21/m with a = 7.9488(8), b = 6.4023(7), c = 8.0844(8) A, β = 112.987(2)○, and Z = 2 (mp > 220○C). For ring hydrogens interacting with the anion, each salt has C–H ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ X distances and angles consistent with weak hydrogen bonds as described by recently published criteria (Brammer et al.Cryst. Growth Design 2001, 1, 277; Steiner Acta Crystallogr., Sect B 1998, 54, 456; Crystallogr. Rev. 1996, 6, 1). The chloride salt has an additional interaction between H5 and the cyano nitrogen on an adjacent cation in the same layer, or a total of four coplanar hydrogen bonds per cation. It forms sheets which stack along the b axis. The iodide has fewer hydrogen bonds from the ring and the cations are tilted relative to each other. There is an unusual hydrogen bond from a methyl hydrogen to a cyano nitrogen in the iodide. Roughly oval (3.8 × 5.7 A) open channels bounded by H5 and iodides run along the a axis. Stabilization of these solids by hydrogen bonding is estimated to be at least 1.9 kcal/mole more for the chloride than for the iodide.
Sample Size Determination for Evaluation of Time Domain Heart Rate Variability Indices in Canine Lameness

ABSTRACTHeart rate variability (HRV) is a physiologic phenomenon that occurs due to changing autonomic tone resulting in variable RR intervals. A reduction in HRV is used as an index of pain in neonatal human patients. Objective measures of pain would be valuable in the evaluation of canine patients and assessment of response to pain management strategies. We hypothesized that dogs with diseases associated with discomfort (osteoarthritis and bone neoplasia) would have reduced HRV compared with normal, healthy dogs. The aim of the study was to calculate the sample size necessary to investigate this hypothesis.Seventeen dogs from the Ryan Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania patient population or owned by Ryan Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania staff were enrolled in this single-blind, prospective pilot study. A 30 min electrocardiogram (ECG) was obtained from each dog using an ambulatory electrocardiographic monitor. All ECGs were obtained between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. ECGs...
Propagated Perturbations from a Peripheral Mutation Show Interactions Supporting WW Domain Thermostability

Inter-residue interactions stabilize protein folds and facilitate allosteric communication. Predicting which interactions are crucial and understanding why remain challenging. We highlight this through studies of a single peripheral mutation (Q33E) on the surface of the Pin1 WW domain that causes an unexpected loss of thermostability. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies attribute the loss to reorganizations of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, resulting in propagated conformational perturbations. The propagation demonstrates the cooperative response of Pin1 WW to external perturbations, consistent with its allosteric behavior within Pin1. Microsecond molecular dynamics simulations suggest the wild-type fold relies on couplings between a surface electrostatic network and a highly conserved hydrophobic core; Q33E directly perturbs the former, thereby disrupting the latter. These couplings suggest that predictions of mutation consequences that assume dominance of a single interaction type can be limiting, and highlight challenges in predicting protein mutational landscapes.
Review: Sanford Underground Research Facility: Education and Outreach

Sanford Underground Research Facility: Education and Outreach (K-12 Education Resources; Curriculum Modules; https://www.sanfordlab.org/feature/k-12-stem-education) Reaching 4850 feet underground, the Sanford Underground Research Facility (Sanford Lab) supports cutting-edge research in particle and nuclear physics, as well as other disciplines, including the life sciences. As part of Sanford Lab's education and outreach effort, they make available a variety of offerings for K-12 teachers, including fieldtrips to Sanford Lab, classroom presentations, and teacher professional development. These typically serve the needs of teachers in South Dakota, but the K-12 education team also make available inquiry-based curriculum modules that can be used in middle school and high school science classrooms everywhere. Although this review focuses on their life science modules, modules that address chemistry, geology, and physics concepts also exist. Biology researchers have found that an advantage …
Intercultural Couples’ Internal Stress, Relationship Satisfaction, and Dyadic Coping

Intercultural couples - partners from two different countries - may face increased levels of stress within their relationship (internal stress). Although internal stress is negatively associated with relationship satisfaction, communication of such stress can help foster partners’ coping behaviors. Specifically, partners can engage in positive dyadic coping (DC) to help lower stress levels and improve relationship satisfaction. Despite the wealth of research on DC, examination of the associations of stress communication and DC in intercultural couples has been limited. To address this gap in the literature, this study used a sample of 73 self-identified heterosexual intercultural couples to examine their perceptions of internal stress, and associations between DC and relationship satisfaction. Cross-sectional survey data revealed negative main effects for both individuals’ own and their partner’s perceptions of internal stress on relationship satisfaction, and positive main effects for all forms of positive DC with relationship satisfaction. Stress communication by oneself moderated the association between partner’s perceived internal stress and one’s own relationship satisfaction, such that relationship satisfaction was higher when partners reported more engagement in stress communication at lower levels of internal stress. However, there were no significant main association between negative DC and relationship satisfaction, or significant moderations for any type of DC. Implications for relationship researchers and mental health professionals working with intercultural couples are discussed.
An Ontology for Collaborative Navigation Among Autonomous Cars, Drivers, and Pedestrians in Smart Cities

While existing transportation research is mostly focused on taking the behavior of different travelers (mostly drivers) into account in traffic situations, currently there is a gap in research that addresses collaboration among all travelers. To fill this gap, we propose to develop the foundational knowledge for collaboration among travelers and the surrounding infrastructure using advanced navigation systems. Our vision is that unlike current navigation systems that assist drivers and pedestrians with navigation within urban cities in isolation, the future generation of navigation systems will be collaborative where drivers, autonomous cars, and pedestrians will interact and share their mobility needs and preferences to meet a specific objective. These objectives could be car crash avoidance, pedestrian accident avoidance, or environmentally friendly mobility, among other things. This paper presents an ontology as the foundation for the proposed collaborative navigation, which is an important feature of smart cities. Navigation sensors, which are commonplace and anticipated to be widespread in smart cities, constitute the underlying information for the proposed ontology where interactions between different participants are conceptualized.
Sex Disparities in the Presentation of Gallbladder Disease

IntroductionAlthough gallbladder disease is more common in women, there is a trend toward more complicated cases in male patients.MethodsAll cholecystectomies captured by the National Surgical Qual...
Intellectuals in Politics

ABSTRACTIntellectuals represent a class largely ignored in mainstream American political science, which limits the discipline’s ability to articulate the full range of challenges posed by our curre...
Chapter 6 – Pentapeptides

Publisher Summary The application of a formaldehyde thioacetal group for protection and introduction of cystine has been demonstrated in a new synthesis of oxidized glutathione. This chapter presents a summary of this approach. Another pentapeptide synthesis published in the fall of 1972 corresponded to positions 1–5 of the fibrinogen protein C-chain. 539 The latter substance is of interest from the standpoint of the clotting process, which is complex and involves in part release of two of the three protein chains of fibrinogen by the enzyme thrombin. The fibrinogen pentapeptide synthesis was also used to explore the 4-picolyl ester method of peptide bond formation.
Game—Logistics to the Rescue: An Elementary Introduction to Planning in Disaster Response Decision Environments

Logistics to the Rescue is a spreadsheet K–12 game designed as a platform to familiarize students with emergency logistics. In the game, students play the role of an emergency dispatcher, assigning...
Multi-sample assessment of stress reactivity as a mediator between childhood adversity and mid- to late-life outcomes.

We examined whether adult stress reactivity accounts for the relationship between early life adversity (ELA) and psychological, physical, and cognitive outcomes.We examined the relationship between...
Compensation in Nonprofit Organizations

Although the nonprofit sector is enormous, we know little about how workers there are compensated. This may be due, in part, to the fact that the literature is scattered across many fields including Human Resources Management, Accounting, Economics, Finance, Organizational Behavior, Political Science, and Sociology. This chapter aims to synthesize the research on nonprofits from an economics point of view, while carefully considering the work in the many other areas. In addition to using data from the U.S. census to provide a description of employment and wages in the nonprofit sector as well as a comparison with the for-profit sector, this study describes institutional details in nonprofits, considers why organizations form as nonprofits, reviews possible theories for a for-profit/nonprofit wage gap, performance pay in nonprofits, management compensation in nonprofits, gender issues, and international research.
First-principles calculations of the vibrational and thermal properties of the type-I clathrates Ba 8 Ga 16 Si x Ge 30-x and Sr 8 Ga 16 Si x Ge 30-x

We have performed density-functional calculations of the vibrational and thermal properties of some of the type-I semiconductor clathrate ``alloys'' ${\text{Ba}}_{8}{\text{Ga}}_{16}{\text{Si}}_{x}{\text{Ge}}_{30\ensuremath{-}x}$ and ${\text{Sr}}_{8}{\text{Ga}}_{16}{\text{Si}}_{x}{\text{Ge}}_{30\ensuremath{-}x}$ as a function of Si composition $x$. We find that the guest-atoms Ba and Sr produce localized vibrational modes lying below $80\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, which tend to reduce the acoustic bandwidth of the host material. Our results also predict an upshift in the flat optic modes of the host framework as the Si content of the lattice increases and that the guest-atom-associated Einstein temperature in these materials varies with $x$. Our calculated isotropic atomic displacement parameters as functions of temperature for the guest Ba and Sr atoms in these clathrates predict that Sr has a larger isotropic displacement parameter than Ba, thus suggesting that Sr should be more efficient than Ba in suppressing the thermal conductivity. We have also calculated the temperature dependences of the vibrational contributions to the specific heat, the entropy, and the Helmholtz free energy in these materials. We find that the heat capacities of these clathrates increase smoothly with temperature and approach the Dulong-Petit value at around room temperature. As expected, we also find that in these materials, there is also a slight $x$ dependence of the heat capacity, free energy, and vibrational entropy.
Paleogene calcite compensation depth in the eastern subtropical Pacific: Answers and questions

[1] Ocean Drilling Program Leg 199 drilled a north-south transect across the Eocene paleoequator in the eastern Pacific, permitting reconstruction the calcite compensation depth (CCD) since earliest Eocene time. The CCD was relatively shallow near the early Eocene Pacific equator, 3200 m, and unlike modern latitudinal CCD gradients deepened to the north (to ∼3600 m; paleolatitude ∼10°N). At 41 Ma the CCD underwent a brief, sharp, transient deepening of 700 m, then remained shallow until the Eocene/Oligocene boundary. At the E/O boundary, the CCD deepened by 1200 m in less than 300 kyr. This rapid deepening served to more than double the area of seafloor subject to CaCO3 deposition. Sea level fall associated with ice volume buildup, and ensuing shelf-basin fractionation, is unlikely to be the sole cause of the increased deep-ocean CaCO3 burial; rather, a sudden, rapid increase in the amount of Ca entering the ocean appears necessary to explain the observations.
Oxidative dehydrogenation of propane by non-stoichiometric nickel molybdates

Publisher Summary Desired catalysts for oxidative dehydrogenation of lower alkanes need to be sufficiently active for hydrogen atom abstraction from a C–H bond, yet operate at temperatures that minimize the oxygenation of the desired products. Catalysts based on transition metal molybdates, typically bismuth, cobalt, and nickel molybdates, have received recent attention. Typically, such molybdates are prepared by calcination of precipitated precursors. The structure of such a precursor has recently been solved. This precursor, having a nickel to molybdenum molar ratio equal to one, forms a stoichiometric NiMoO4 upon calcination at 550 °C. The solution of the crystal structure showed the chemical formula of the precursor to be (NH4)HNi2(OH)2(MoO4)2. A detailed investigation into the structure of this material showed it to be a member of a solid solution series of (NH4)H2xNi3−xO(OH)(MoO4)2, where 0 ≤ x ≤ 3/2. The nonstoichiometry arises from variable occupancy of the octahedral site, accommodating the nickel atoms. The series of nonstoichiometric ammonium nickel molybdate precursors, having the general formula (NH4)H2xNi3−xO(OH)(MoO4)2, where 0 ≤ x ≤ 3/2, is an excellent family of materials for the preparation of transition metal molybdate catalysts, having well-controlled stoichiometry. This flexibility allowed for a systematic study into the relationship between catalytic performance and catalyst structure. This class of layered transition metal (LTM) precursors, encompassing a Ni/Mo ratio of 0.75 to 1.5, forms pure β-Ni1+δMol1−δ/3O4 on calcination at reaction conditions.
The CPEB3 Protein Is a Functional Prion that Interacts with the Actin Cytoskeleton.

Summary The mouse cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein 3 (CPEB3) is a translational regulator implicated in long-term memory maintenance. Invertebrate orthologs of CPEB3 in Aplysia and Drosophila are functional prions that are physiologically active in the aggregated state. To determine if this principle applies to the mammalian CPEB3, we expressed it in yeast and found that it forms heritable aggregates that are the hallmark of known prions. In addition, we confirm in the mouse the importance of CPEB3's prion formation for CPEB3 function. Interestingly, deletion analysis of the CPEB3 prion domain uncovered a tripartite organization: two aggregation-promoting domains surround a regulatory module that affects interaction with the actin cytoskeleton. In all, our data provide direct evidence that CPEB3 is a functional prion in the mammalian brain and underline the potential importance of an actin/CPEB3 feedback loop for the synaptic plasticity underlying the persistence of long-term memory.
Gauge theory of high-temperature superconductors and strongly correlated Fermi systems.

In this paper we show that the development of resonating-valence-bond correlations and the subsequent superconducting order in the high-${T}_{c}$ oxide superconductors are described by an U(1) lattice-gauge theory. The insulating state has an almost-local gauge symmetry and doping changes this to a global symmetry, which is spontaneously broken at low temperatures, resulting in superconductivity. New topological excitations associated with the singlet field are found.
On the concept and application of ‘partial coherence’ in non-linear wave propagation

Abstract The concept of coherence was introduced to describe a state in which the concentration velocities of all components present within a composition are equal. A slightly less stringent state termed ‘partial coherence’ is defined, in which a particular sub-group of components may attain a state of coherence before the complete group of components does. Examples of physical systems in which partial coherence may occur are described: ion exchange with ideal co-ion exclusion, ion-exchange with clays in the presence of surfactant, two-phase flow with sorbable components partitioning between solid and aqueous phases, and precipitating and dissolving solids. The chief advantage of recognising systems as partially coherent is that it makes their analysis more straightforward under conditions previously regarded as non-coherent.
A compact electron energy analyzer for measuring field emission energy distributions

A simple instrument to determine field emission tip work functions and shape functions from simultaneous current–voltage (I–V) characteristics and field emission energy distributions of field emitter tips and tip arrays is described. This instrument uses a cylindrical energy analyzer with a few correcting elements to simulate a hemispherical analyzer and provides a low cost and more compact alternative to a commercial hemispherical spectrometer. I–V curves and energy distributions may be automatically obtained as a function of time to study field emission tip degradation with usage and/or exposure to gases of interest.
The poly A polymerase Star‐PAP controls 3′‐end cleavage by promoting CPSF interaction and specificity toward the pre‐mRNA

Star-PAP is a poly (A) polymerase (PAP) that is putatively required for 3'-end cleavage and polyadenylation of a select set of pre-messenger RNAs (mRNAs), including heme oxygenase (HO-1) mRNA. To investigate the underlying mechanism, the cleavage and polyadenylation of pre-mRNA was reconstituted with nuclear lysates. siRNA knockdown of Star-PAP abolished cleavage of HO-1, and this phenotype could be rescued by recombinant Star-PAP but not PAPα. Star-PAP directly associated with cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) 160 and 73 subunits and also the targeted pre-mRNA. In vitro and in vivo Star-PAP was required for the stable association of CPSF complex to pre-mRNA and then CPSF 73 specifically cleaved the mRNA at the 3'-cleavage site. This mechanism is distinct from canonical PAPα, which is recruited to the cleavage complex by interacting with CPSF 160. The data support a model where Star-PAP binds to the RNA, recruits the CPSF complex to the 3'-end of pre-mRNA and then defines cleavage by CPSF 73 and subsequent polyadenylation of its target mRNAs.
Work in progress — An interactive, execution-safe system for teaching e-commerce using real-time feedback

An e-commerce sandbox is being developed to supplement a course teaching the technology and business aspects of e-commerce at the University of Virginia. The system consists of a collection of relevant course materials and a sandbox environment for students to perform guided modules and receive useful automated feedback. The primary goal of the sandbox is to allow students to safely practice real-world e-commerce skills while promoting a self-guided learning approach. The system currently provides 22 modules covering topics in PHP and MySql. The administrative interface provides tools to create arbitrary modules so that the sandbox can expand and evolve with the state of the practice. Based upon our first classroom experience, we found that use of the interactive modules increased student code quality while providing a beneficial adjunct to the lecture portion of the class.
The Influence of Personal Characteristics on Rumor Knowledge and Transmission Among the Deaf

Students who viewed themselves as members of the deaf culture listed all the current rumors they knew and the number of people to whom they typically transmit rumors. These two rumor variables, knowledge and transmission, were related to general anxiety level, extraversion, gender, self-reported preferred mode of communication, and type of high school attended. Congruent with previous research on hearing populations, deaf participants who were more anxious knew more rumors than did less anxious deaf participants. Results unique to the deaf population are also discussed.
Isotopic splitting in matrix isolated BF3

Abstract Small isotopic frequency shift information, if precisely determined, provides an effective constraint on intramolecular force fields. The most precise data for these frequency shift parameters Δν are derived from high resolution, gas-phase infrared spectral analyses. In the present study, we compare for BF3 the isotopic frequency shift Δν4 from a recently published gas-phase study with the value for Δν4 that we obtain from the spectrum of matrix isolated BF3. The excellent agreement between the two methods suggests further applications of the matrix technique for obtaining precise frequency shift data.
Strong control of surface roughness variations on the simulated dry season regional atmospheric response to contemporary deforestation in Rondônia, Brazil

The atmospheric effects of Amazon deforestation have frequently been studied in the context of small scales (≈1 km) and very large scales (hundreds of kilometers). However, analysis of intermediate-scale deforestation (tens of kilometers) has received less attention, despite the fact that it better represents the contemporary landscape in some parts of the Amazon. In this study, the dynamic and thermodynamic effects of contemporary intermediate-scale deforestation in Rondonia, Brazil are investigated through variable resolution Global Circulation Model (GCM) simulations carried out with the Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Model. In particular, the atmospheric response to surface roughness changes brought about by deforestation is emphasized. This study shows that reductions in surface roughness associated with intermediate-scale deforestation give rise to a mesoscale circulation. This circulation is capable of convective triggering, but it also weakens the turbulent exchange of energy between land and atmosphere. Furthermore, this mesoscale circulation has distinct impacts on the hydroclimates of the western and eastern halves of Rondonia, increasing shallow cloudiness in the former while suppressing it in the latter. These results show that the atmospheric response to contemporary intermediate-scale deforestation in Rondonia is likely to be more influenced by differences in surface roughness between forest and forest clearings than by the differences in the surface energy partitioning.
Ethylene evolution stimulated by chilling in citrus and persea sp.

Chilling temperatures (below 10' but above the freezing point of the tissue) injure fruits of coldsensitive crops native to tropical and subtropical areas (1,4, 5). Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osb.) fruits, even though mature internally, may not lose their chlorophyll on the trees when grown in tropical climates. However, oranges grown on the northern fringes of the sutbtropical regions of Florida, Texas, Arizona, and California lose their green color at the onset of cool autumtnn weather (4). Yellowing and shedding of leaves occur in the trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] in subtropical and temperate regions (6). Most citrus varieties, however, are evergreen, in the sense that the leaves normally remain green allI fall and winter. The physiological reasons for these chilling-induced phenomena are not known. Cooper et al. (3) reported that chilling temperatures of 5' increased the evoluttion of ethylene in calamondins (C. reticulata -var. anstera? X Fortunella sp?) ; and thereafter, the fruit lost its chlorophyll con-tent rapidly. We now have gas chromatographic evidence that chilling causes ethylene production in fruit of grapefruit (C. paradisa Macf.), sweet oranges, and avocados (Persea avierican,a Miller), and in leaves of the deciduotus trifoliate orange before leaf abscission.
Copula of trivariate Rayleigh distribution with exponential correlation

Exact expressions of the copula and its density of the trivariate Rayleigh distribution with exponential correlation (TRDEC) are derived. The TRDEC is induced from the correlation among three aligned antennas displaced with equal distance.
From Interface to Correspondence: Recovering Classical Representations in a Pragmatic Theory of Semantic Information

One major fault line in foundational theories of cognition is between the so-called "representational" and "non-representational" theories. Is it possible to formulate an intermediate approach for a foundational theory of cognition by defining a conception of representation that may bridge the fault line? Such an account of representation, as well as an account of correspondence semantics, is offered here. The account extends previously developed agent-based pragmatic theories of semantic information, where meaning of an information state is defined by its interface role, to a theory that accommodates a notion of representation and correspondence semantics. It is argued that the account can be used to develop an intermediate approach to cognition, by showing that the major sources of tension between "representational" and "non-representational" theories may be eased.
Real-time deformation invariant optical pattern recognition using coordinate transformations

The well-known scale and rotation invariant polar-logarithmic coordinate transformation is used to achieve in-plane distortion invariant pattern recognition. The coordinate transform is produced by a computer-generated hologram on a laser printer. Attention is given to weighting terms in the output and their effect on resolution and the number of input plane pixels removed near the origin. The optically produced coordinate transformed input pattern is interfaced to a correlator by a pocket liquid crystal TV to provide real-time processing. Experimental results are included.
Co-production of Cellulases and Manganese Peroxidases by Bacillus sp. R2 and Bacillus Cereus 11778 on Waste Newspaper: Application in Dyes Decolourization

Abstract In the current study two different strains of Bacillus (Bacillus sp. R2 and Bacillus cereus 11778) were used in single and mixed culture to study the co-production of cellulases and manganese peroxidases using waste newspaper as a sole carbon source. The highest level of cellulases production was noticed after 24 h in the mixed culture (1.08 ± 0.02 FPU mg-1). While the lowest production was observed also in the mixed culture after 72 h of incubation (0.47 ± 0.03 FPU mg-1). For the peroxidases production we noticed that Bacillus sp. R2 and the mixed culture have shown an important capacity to produce peroxidases. A strong positive correlation between cellulase and Mn peroxidase was detected in Bacillus sp. R2, In Bacillus cereus there was no correlation detected, while in the mixed culture we noticed that cellulase has a strong negative correlation with Mn peroxidase. The obtained results showed a remarkable dyes decolorization. Concerning Methylene blue the highest level of decolourization was noticed in Bacillus cereus (47%). For neutral red the degree of decolourization was around 80% and that for all cultures. Finally, for Congo red decolourization has reached his maximum level after only 135 min of reaction for the three cultures (69%, 69% 72% respectively).
Biodegradation of polysiloxanes in lymph nodes of rats measured with 29Si NMR

Abstract Linear and cyclic polysiloxanes and extracts (free polymer) from a silicone gel-filled implant are used to investigate the reactivity of silicones in vivo. Aqueous emulsions of polysiloxanes and controls (without polysiloxanes) are injected once (day 0, ∼10% w/v) or six times (starting at day 0, every 14 days, ∼3% w/v) in the right thigh of rats and the popliteal and lumbar lymph nodes are harvested (3 rats per time point and compound investigated) at 2, 16, 30, 44, 58 and 72 days after the injection. 29 Si NMR spectroscopy is used to detect and evaluate the presence of polysiloxanes and their metabolites in the lymph nodes. In addition to the resonance associated with the polysiloxane injected (∼−20 ppm), the NMR spectra of lymph nodes show new resonances that are attributed to partially hydrolyzed polysiloxanes (−5 to −15 ppm) and silica (−90 to −120 ppm). These resonances are not present in polysiloxanes emulsions before injection or in the lymph nodes of controls. Our results demonstrate that all polysiloxanes and extracts from silicone gel-filled implants are biotransformed in the lymph nodes, but high molecular weight polymer degrades at a slower rate than oligomers.
Self-ion sputtering yields for copper, nickel, and aluminum

Abstract Self-ion sputtering yields were determined for copper, nickel, and aluminum at 60 keV, 90 keV, and 120 keV. The sputtering yields were determined by Rutherford backscattering measurements of the energy shifts of a deeply implanted xenon marker layer and by measuring the distribution and amount of sputtered material on a catcher foil using backscattering and particle induced X-ray emission. The effect of dose rate and net fluence on the yield were examined. Optical monitoring of the light intensity emitted by the sputtered particle confirmed no measurable change in the yield using self ion bombardment. The self-ion sputtering yields measured in this study are less than predicted by theory but are self consistent within experimental error independent of measurement technique. Additional measurement of self-ion sputtering yields in this energy range are needed for applications in materials modification.
The effect of ion trap temperature on the dissociation of peptide ions in a quadrupole ion trap

Abstract Thermally-assisted collision-induced dissociation can substantially increase the amount of dissociation in quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer experiments. The experiments discussed here were performed to assess the effect on dissociation pathways as the bath gas temperature is increased in thermally-assisted collision-induced dissociation (TA-CID) experiments. Double resonance experiments in which a product ion was ejected during collision-induced dissociation of the parent ion provided data to asses competitive versus consecutive dissociation pathways. Consecutive dissociation pathways are indicated when lower mass product ions decrease in intensity when a higher mass product ion is ejected during CID. For the peptide ions studied, those that dissociate to give predominately N-terminal product ions show increased consecutive dissociation with increased temperature during TA-CID. For peptide ions that dissociate via formation of C-terminal product ions, competitive dissociation pathways were more prevalent and increasing the temperature had much less effect. N-terminal product ions consecutively dissociate to smaller N-terminal ions whereas C-terminal product ions dissociate to internal fragments.
A new fluorinated anion for room-temperature ionic liquids

Abstract A new room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) consisting of the fluorinated anion bis(trifluoromethyl)-phosphinate((CF3)2PO2−) coupled with the 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazoliuim (BMIM) cation has been synthesized and characterized by physicochemical and electrochemical means including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis, viscosity, conductivity and cyclic voltammetry measurements. Properties are compared with those of the known RTIL consisting of BMIM coupled with the bis(trifluoromethyl)-sulfonylimide (TFSI) anion.
Rb Loss is Characteristic of Prostatic Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma

Purpose: Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate is likely to become increasingly common with recent advances in pharmacologic androgen suppression. Thus, developing molecular markers of small cell differentiation in prostate cancer will be important to guide diagnosis and therapy of this aggressive tumor. Experimental Design: We examined the status of RB1, TP53 and PTEN in prostatic small cell and acinar carcinomas via immunohistochemistry (IHC), copy number variation analysis and sequencing of formalin fixed paraffin-embedded specimens. Results: We found Rb protein loss in 90% (26/29) of small cell carcinoma cases with RB1 allelic loss in 85% (11/13) of cases. Of acinar tumors occurring concurrently with prostatic small cell carcinoma, 43% (3/7) showed Rb protein loss. In contrast, only 7% (10/150) of primary high grade acinar carcinomas, 11% (4/35) of primary acinar carcinomas with neuroendocrine differentiation, and 15% (2/13) of metastatic castrate resistant acinar carcinomas showed Rb protein loss. Loss of PTEN protein was seen in 63% (17/27) of small cell carcinomas, with 38% (5/13) showing allelic loss. By IHC, accumulation of p53 was observed in 56% (14/25) of small cell carcinomas, with 60% (6/10) of cases showing TP53 mutation. Conclusions: Loss of RB1 by deletion is a common event in prostatic small cell carcinoma and can be detected by validated IHC assay. As Rb protein loss rarely occurs in high grade acinar tumors, these data suggest that Rb loss is a critical event in the development of small cell carcinomas and may be a useful diagnostic and potential therapeutic target.
Mere exposure has differential effects on attention allocation to threatening and neutral stimuli

The mere exposure (ME) effect is the phenomenon whereby familiar stimuli are rated more positively than their novel counterparts (e.g., Zajonc, 1968). Though the effect of mere familiarity on a variety of affective judgments is robust and well documented, relatively little research has examined the effects of ME on other non-affective outcomes. The current research addressed this issue by examining the effects of ME on selective attention to threatening and neutral stimuli. We predicted and found that threatening stimuli, which typically arouse negative affect and capture attention, were attended to less following ME; conversely, neutral stimuli, which typically do not arouse affect nor capture attention, were attended to more following ME. The implications of these findings for the literatures on mere exposure and attention are discussed as are speculations about mediators of these effects.
Retinoic Acid Induces Apoptosis in PC12 Cells Independent of Neurotrophic Factors

PC12 cells are known to undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis) when they are deprived of serum. Nerve growth factor (NGF) rescues PC12 cells from serum deprivation-induced apoptosis. In the present study, we examined the effects of retinoic acid (RA), a classic morphogen, on apoptosis in PC12 cells after serum deprivation and NGF-mediated rescue. In naive PC12 cells, all trans-RA treatment induced cell death in the presence of NGF. RA also abolished the protective effects of dibutyryl cyclic AMP or insulin under serum-free conditions. The death process was accompanied by nuclear condensation and DNA fragmentation, typical of apoptosis. In addition, RA also increased the extent of apoptosis in PC12 cells after serum deprivation. Cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, did not abolish the effects of RA on serum-deprived PC12 cells. RA also decreased thymidine incorporation and proliferation in NGF-treated PC12 cells. Furthermore, although the total DNA binding activity of the AP-1 transcription factor was not changed after RA treatment, RA decreased a specific AP-1 transcriptional activity. It is surprising that differentiated PC12 cells resisted the toxic effects of RA. These data suggest that RA might function as an endogenous inducer of apoptosis during neural differentiation by a mechanism distinct from that of serum deprivation.
Teaching image synthesis as a physical science

Abstract Most educators are teaching compter graphics in the same way, and covering the same material, as it was taught 10 years ago. These courses begin with 2D scan-conversion techniques, with 3D topics discussed at the end of the course. This does not take advantage of the great increase in computational and graphics capability of inexpensive computer systems. In this paper, the author proposes a radically different way to approach the introductory course. The new course starts with the basic physics of light-surface interaction, discusses global illumination, and derives the Phong illumination model. The students write ray-tracing programs that incorporate these principles plus shadows and texture mapping. Conventional scan conversion techniques are then discussed later in the course.
Tracheobronchial injury diagnosed by computed tomography scan: a case report

Tracheobronchial injuries are uncommon after pediatric blunt trauma. Because they are easily missed and potentially life-threatening, surgeons caring for pediatric patients with trauma should be aware of this spectrum of injuries. We present a case of tracheobronchial injury in a 10-year-old girl caused by blunt trauma sustained during an all-terrain vehicle collision. This injury was diagnosed in a timely fashion with computed tomography scan, and operative repair was accomplished. A discussion of the management of tracheobronchial injury with brief literature review follows.
Electron capture at very small scattering angles from atomic hydrogen by 25 --125 keV protons

Differential cross sections for electron capture in collisions between protons and hydrogen atoms have been experimentally determined for incident proton energies of 25, 60, and 125 keV in the center-of-mass scattering-angle range of 0 --3 mrad. The experimental results compare more favorably with the results of both a multistate and a two-state calculation than with the results of a continuum distorted-wave-approximation calculation. There is no evidence of a Jackson-Schiff-type minimum.