cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Clinton Economic Plan of the 1990's and Economic Growth: An Exercise in Contemporary Keynesian Economics

In 1992 when Bill Clinton was elected president of the United States the national annual deficit was projected to rise to more than $357 billion by the end of his first term in office. The total deficit was projected to rise to more than $3 trillion, the highest in United States history. To the surprise of most economists the United States entered a period of unprecedented economic growth and expansion, the result of a well structured economic stimulus plan. The Clinton economic strategy emphasized three key initiatives including: an economic stimulus package which focused on job creation, public investment aimed at increasing productivity and an aggressive deficit reduction initiative centered on spending cuts and tax increases designed to reduce long-term interest rates and spur private sector investment. This paper examines the Clinton Administration economic plan of the 1990's to determine the extinct to which it was responsible for the tremendous economic expansion. An extensive review of the philosophical and ideological approach embraced by the Clinton economic strategy is included in this assessment. This paper also evaluates the economic initiatives of the 1990's and highlights lessons learned from the strategy employed by the Clinton Administration. Finally, this paper examines the Clinton economic strategy of the 1990's to determine whether or not it is a useful model for future national economic development initiatives.
In What Form Does Global Capital Flow Leave Behind Memories? The Story of the Apple Snail Caught Between the Green Revolution and the Organic Food Movement

Focusing on a study of Taiwan’s United News Daily archive and the shifting discourses of the Green Revolution and the organic food movement, the project analyzes the narrative frameworks produced on the apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) in Taiwan. Apple snail has become invasive to many East Asian countries since the 1980s; it is considered among the world’s 100 most invasive species. During the era of the Green Revolution, the economy of killing the apple snail with pesticide was generated by a narrative of how greedy merchants imported invasive apple snail and led to the systematic disruption of Taiwan’s ecology. The paper explores how the organic food movement responded to and was shaped by such a narrative of innocence lost, and emphasizes the importance of going beyond the hyper-real narratives of irreparable ecological destructions by recognizing sites of memories left behind by global capital flow.
Runx2-Smad signaling impacts the progression of tumor-induced bone disease.

Runx2, a master regulator of osteogenesis, is abnormally expressed in advanced prostate cancer. Here we addressed Runx2 contribution to formation of prostate cancer-related osteolytic and osteoblastic bone lesions by mediating TGFβ/BMP signaling through direct interaction with Smads. Further, we examined involvement of the Runx2-Smad complex in mediating tumor growth and distal metastasis. To identify Runx2-Smad specific mechanisms of prostate tumor activity in bone, we generated PC3 prostate cancer cell lines expressing Runx2-WT or one of two mutant proteins (Runx2-HTY and Runx2-ΔC) that each disrupt the Runx2-Smad interaction, either directly through a point mutation or by deletion of the functional C-terminus, respectively. Intratibial tumors generated from these cells revealed that Runx2-WT expressing cells resulted in predominantly osteolytic disease, while cells expressing mutant proteins exhibited tumors with mixed osteolytic/osteoblastic lesions. Extent of bone loss and of woven bone formation was assessed by radiography and micro-computed tomography. Bioluminescent imaging showed the presence of labeled prostate cancer cells in the lung at the latest time point examined, with Runx2-WT group exhibiting increased incidence of tumor cells in lung. Notably, disruption of the Runx2-Smad interaction significantly reduced incidence and size of lung tumors. Altered expression of Runx2 target genes involved in invasion, growth, adhesion and metastasis supported our findings. Thus, our studies demonstrate that Runx2 in prostate cancer cells plays a significant role in intratibial prostate cancer-related tumor growth and bone loss through mechanisms mediated by the Runx2-Smad signaling pathway. This work expands upon the potential importance of Runx2 as a therapeutic target in cancer.
User analysis in the Borrow Direct marketplace

Purpose – This paper is an analysis of user demographics in the Borrow Direct resource sharing service. The paper looks to determine who uses the service and to what extent. Design/methodology/approach – Five years of user data was culled from the system and analysed by user status and number of transactions. Findings – Borrow Direct is a core service for supporting graduate level research across the twelve partner institutions. Originality/value – This analysis indicates that resource sharing remains a vital resource, particularly for graduate level research, even at top-tier academic libraries.
Bell and gray: Contrasts in style, politics, and etiquette

In the late 1870's both Alexander Graham Bell and Elisha Gray claimed to be "the inventor" of the telephone. Both held substantial claims to this title. Yet, conventional folk wisdom tells us that Bell invented the telephone. This paper explores one reason for this outcome: the difference in the style of invention between Bell, a professional speech teacher, and Gray, a professional inventor. Just as style is crucial in the success of an author or an artist, style is also critical in an inventor's success. Central to this study of the differences in Bell's and Gray's style is the element of science. The two inventors saw science in very different ways. Thinking that the electrical transmimion of speech was more a matter of interest to the scientific community than the technical community, Gray chose not to develop his mature ideas on how this could be accomplished. Bell, on the other hand, saw great commercial possibilities in the telephone. In developing the device, Bell not only applied what science he knew, he also used the scientific community to establish priority for his invention and to provide expert witnesses for his ideas. He achieved success in this regard because he understood the norms of science in America and followed them with perfect etiquette.
CORPORATE RESPONSES TO INDUSTRIAL POLICY

Industrial policy as practiced by the Japanese is aimed at creating comparative advantage for its industry. This article emphasises Japan's integrated approach to industrial policy. Examples of the application of industrial policy to specific industries are presented. The importance of incorporating the effects of such industrial policies for an analysis of competition in international markets is highlighted. Then, some appropriate strategic countermeasures to such industrial targeting are discussed.
278. Therapeutic Activities of IL-12 Gene- Modified Macrophages Embedded in Gelatin Matrix Hemostatic Sealant (FloSeal®) in a Mouse Model of Residual Prostate Cancer

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Despite improved surgical techniques local tumor recurrence after radical prostatectomy is not uncommon. We previously reported that IL-12 gene modified macrophages (IL-12/M|[Phi]|) suppress tumor growth and metastasis in pre-clinical mouse models of prostate cancer (Satoh et al, Cancer Res., 63: 7853-7860, 2003).
Waveguide studies of soil modification techniques for enhanced mine detection with ground-penetrating radar

Waveguide studies of the effectiveness of soil modification techniques for non-metallic mine detection with ground penetrating radar are described. Visibility improvements for a nylon target buried in sand are considered as varying amounts of water or liquid nitrogen are added to the sand. Experiments are performed in an S-band waveguide (2.6 - 3.8 GHz), and results show that increased water content improves shallow buried target visibility initially due to increased dielectric contrast between the target and background medium, but eventually obscures target responses due to increased loss. Initial tests of the addition of liquid nitrogen show reduced loss in the high moisture content case, so that targets can again be made visible. Analytical model results are also presented for the experimental configuration and found to be in good agreement with measured data, and further studies of soil modification effects with the analytical model are performed. A finite difference time domain (FDTD) electromagnetic model for more complicated geometries involving general target shapes and inhomogeneous water contents is also described.
Improving Community-Based Mental Health Care for Children: Translating Knowledge into Action

There is urgent need for improvement in community-based mental health care for children and families. Multiple studies have documented serious limitations in the effectiveness of “usual care.” Fortunately, many empirically-supported strategies to improve care have been developed, and thus there is now a great deal of knowledge available to address this significant public health problem. The goal of this selective review is to highlight and synthesize that empirically-supported knowledge to stimulate and facilitate the needed translation of knowledge into action. The review provides a sound foundation for constructing improved services by consolidating descriptive data on the status quo in children’s mental health care, as well as evidence for an array of promising strategies to improve (a) Service access and engagement; (b) Delivery of evidence-based practices; and (c) Outcome accountability. A multi-level framework is used to highlight recommended care improvement targets.
Code Status Discussions Between Attending Hospitalist Physicians and Medical Patients at Hospital Admission

BACKGROUND Bioethicists and professional associations give specific recommendations for discussing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
The Effect of 17β-Estradiol on Adrenocortical Sensitivity, Responsiveness, and Steroidogenesis in Postmenopausal Women1

Aging in women is associated with reduced production of adrenal androgens (AAs); this decrease may in part be the result of menopausal hypoestrogenism. To determine the effects of physiological concentrations of estradiol (E2) on adrenocortical sensitivity and responsiveness in postmenopausal women, we determined steroid responses to a continuous incremental ACTH-(1–24) infusion (0, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320, 640, and 1280 ng/1.5 m2/h), followed by an ACTH-(1–24) bolus of 0.25 mg, after overnight dexamethasone suppression before and after 3 months of E2 therapy (transdermal E2, 0.05 mg/day) in 14 postmenopausal women. After E2 treatment, subjects demonstrated an increase in serum E2 concentrations from 29.8 ± 2.6 to 49.9± 6.0 pg/mL (P < 0.005) and a decline in mean FSH levels from 83.1 ± 24.4 to 57.5 ± 17.3 mIU/mL (P < 0.004). E2 administration had no effect on basal, postdexamethasone, or maximally stimulated serum levels of cortisol (F), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenedione (A4), or 17-hydroxyproge...
A US Client's learning from outsourcing IT work offshore

Based on 45 interviews and significant documentation, we explore the offshore outsourcing experiences of a US-based biotechnology company. This company offshore outsourced 21 IT projects to six suppliers in India. Senior managers and the official documents from the Program Management Office consistently reported that offshore outsourcing was successful in reducing the company's IT costs. But interviews with knowledgeable participants actually managing the projects suggest that many projects were not successful in meeting cost, quality, and productivity objectives. We found evidence that this company's offshore strategy to simply replace domestic contractors with cheaper, offshore suppliers was a poor fit with its social and cultural contexts. Specifically, we found that strong social networks between the company's internal IT employees and domestic contractors were not easily replicated with offshore suppliers. Furthermore, the internal project management processes were often incompatible with offshore suppliers' processes. This paper also analyzes seven project characteristics that differentiate highly-rated projects from poorly-rated projects. These project characteristics are type of IT work, size of supplier firm, location of supplier employees (onsite/offshore), dollar value of the contract, duration of the project, timing of the project, and client unit managing the project. The paper concludes with four overall insights for clients and suppliers.
Cytarabine-induced anaphylaxis. Demonstration of antibody and successful desensitization.

• An anaphylactic episode occurred in a patient receiving cytarabine (Ara-C) for acute myeloid leukemia. Specific allergy of the patient to cytarabine was demonstrated in vivo by intradermal testing and in vitro by four-hour passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in guinea pigs. Desensitization to cytarabine was successfully performed. This case represents the first known report of both cytarabine anaphylaxis and densensitization, and provides immunologic evidence implicating an allergic reaction to cytarabine. ( Arch Intern Med 140:425-426, 1980)
The utility of locus of control for predicting adolescent substance use

Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine the utility of locus of control (LOC) for predicting adolescent substance use. As part of a larger three-wave cohort-sequential study (1983–1989), 155 secondary school-based adolescents completed questionnaires on substance use, personality characteristics, family/peer influences, and health behaviors. Latent variable indicators were developed from the Nowicki-Strickland Personal Reaction Survey and substance use survey items. LOC was a weak predictor of substance use. In two instances were relationships significant: (a) 7th grade LOC predicted 11th grade alcohol use; and, (b) 9th grade LOC correlated with 11th grade cannabis use. Small samples precluded analysis of gender and social class effects. SEM with panel data offers a methodological approach for examining the explanatory capability of LOC. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 20: 229–245, 1997
A system for selection of responses for averaging

Abstract A system for enhancing evoked potentials by selecting artifact-free responses for averaging is described. A block diagram of the components for the system is provided.
Classifying African Christianities, part two: the anthropology of Christianity and generations of African Christians

Current approaches to classifying African Christianities include generalizing approaches like Ogbu Kalu’s assertion of ongoing revival and particular studies associated with the anthropology of Christianity. Here I argue for a generational approach to African Christian communities, noting what has been achieved and what remains to be done.Two recent ethnographies show the promise in the anthropology of Christianity for fruitful comparative approaches to African Christianity. Dorothy Hodgson’s study of Catholic evangelization of the Maasai and Matthew Engelke’s examination of a Zimbabwean independent church both develop concepts—inculturation and semiotic ideology, respectively—that prioritize African theological work in making Christianity suitable for African believers. Such conceptual approaches can include African Christians overlooked in past classifications and promote insightful comparisons. However, concepts that offer a comparative framework to address sociological belonging to mission-founded churches are still needed for a generational approach to African Christian communities.
The “Deep Secret” and Dangers of Karāmat: MiraculousActs, Revelation, and Secrecy in a South Indian Sufi Tradition

In classical Islamic traditions, miraculous deeds are identified by two words: mujizat and karāmat, words distinguishing the miraculous deeds of prophets and imams from those of the saints. Mujizat are public acts that confirm the identity of the prophets, whereas karāmat are not intended to be public, for fear of witnesses misunderstanding the source and nature of the miracle. However,in contemporary Indian Sufi practice, karāmat are often public acts through which the religious authority of the saint/pīr is identified. Nevertheless, the“deep secret” of how karāmat “work” can be understood only by the spiritually adept. This article analyzes the ambivalent nature of the secrecy of karāmat in the practice and narrative performance of a South Indian Sufi female healer, a pirānimā, and her pīr husband.
Rapid method for the determination of lysine in cereal grains without hydrolysis.

Abstract A rapid spectrophotometric method for lysine determination in cereal grains is reported. The reagent is sodium dinitrobenzene sulfonate (DNBS). The absorbance of the acid solution of the DNBS derivative is read at 385 nm. Under prescribed conditions, the reagent is sensitive and specific for free or protein-bound lysine. The conditions: For rice, the reaction medium is a urea-phosphate-HgCl2 solution (pH 10.5); reaction at 60°C for 1 hr. For other grains, the reaction medium is a urea-phosphate-phenylmercuric chloride (PMC) solution (pH 12.3); reaction at 40°C for 1 hr. Interferences are eliminated by ether extraction after color development and acidification and addition of formic acid and the sulfhydryl masking agents, HgCl2 or phenylmercuric chloride (PMC). NaOH extracts of cereal proteins are used for analysis. Values are in agreement with those of the ion-exchange amino acid analyzer.
Evaluation of Tactical Conflict Resolution Algorithms for Enroute Airspace

Algorithms for resolving air traffic conflicts are tested on archived tracking data from 102 actual operational errors (violations of minimum required separation due to controller error). The algorithms compute horizontal or vertical resolution maneuvers for tactical conflicts in which the minimum required separation is predicted to be lost within approximately two minutes. The horizontal maneuvers are issued as heading vectors, and the vertical maneuvers are issued as standard altitude clearances. Algorithms for the vertical resolutions were presented in an earlier paper, and algorithms for the horizontal resolutions are described in this paper. Simulation results show that these resolution algorithms could have prevented most of the archived operational errors. In some cases, the controller failed to enter an altitude amendment consistent with the voice clearance, and in eight such cases the conflict was not detected early enough to be resolved in the simulation. The correct altitude amendments were added to the recorded data for those cases (to simulate the correct entry by the controller), and successful resolution was then achieved for all cases.
Clinical correlates of functional impairment in children and adolescents with obsessive–compulsive disorder

Abstract Pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with functional impairment across multiple domains, although little information exists regarding clinical correlates of impairment. It has been suggested that subjective well-being (SWB) be considered in assessment of functional impairment related to various chronic health conditions, although SWB has not yet been examined in youth with OCD. Participants were 65 youth (ages 6–17 years) with a primary diagnosis of OCD recruited from a specialty clinic. Youth and their caregiver were administered the children's Yale–Brown obsessive compulsive scale. Youth completed the children's OCD impact scale-revised, children's depression inventory 2 self-report, multidimensional anxiety scale for children, Student's life satisfaction scale, and positive and negative affect scale for children; parents completed the child behavior checklist and children's OCD impact scale-revised. Results suggested that parent-rated impairment was positively associated with internalizing symptoms and obsessive–compulsive symptom severity, while child-rated impairment was positively associated with child-rated anxiety symptoms but not obsessive–compulsive symptom severity. Subjective well-being was negatively correlated with both parent- and child-rated impairment. Increasing anxiety symptoms and decreasing SWB predicted child-rated impairment. Increasing scores on the CBCL withdrawn/depressed subscale predicted parent-rated impairment above and beyond obsessive–compulsive symptom severity, while SWB did not.
Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide immunohistochemical localization in the rat brain

Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is a brain-enriched mRNA with a protein product(s) that is a candidate brain neurotransmitter. We have developed antisera to CART peptide fragment 106-129 and have demonstrated specific immunoreactivity (IR) at the light microscopic level throughout the brain, spinal cord, and retina. All brain nuclei previously shown to express CART mRNA are now shown to contain CART peptide IR. Although it is premature to define CART peptide(s) as a neurotransmitter(s), the localization found here suggests an involvement of CART in many processes. CART peptide staining in the nucleus accumbens and basolateral amygdala continue to suggest a role in drug-induced reward and reinforcement. Staining in the olfactory bulbs, the cortical barrels, the retina and its projection areas, the thalamic nuclei, the lateral and dorsal horns of the spinal cord, and the nuclei of the solitary tract are compatible with a major role for CART in sensory processing and autonomic regulation. CART peptides appear to colocalize with some classical neurotransmitters and appear to occur in peripheral neurons as well.
Complex aphthosis: A forme fruste of Behçet's syndrome?

The evaluation of the rare patient who presents with oral and genital aphthae or almost constant, multiple (greater than 3) oral aphthae, but no systemic signs or symptoms (i.e., complex aphthosis), is difficult because no laboratory test is available to exclude Behcet's syndrome. Six patients with complex aphthosis were evaluated. In addition, patients with simple aphthosis, those with seronegative arthritis, and normal controls were assessed for circulating immune complexes (CIC) by in vitro and in vivo assays and for neutrophil migration by subagarose methods, since these tests have given significant results in patients with Behcet's syndrome. Patient 1, with complex aphthosis, had Raji cell evidence for CIC (51.2 mg aggregated human gamma globulin Eq/ml), C1q, and C3 in dermal blood vessels 4 hours post intradermal histamine injection and had a Sweet's syndrome-like vasculitis 24 hours post histamine injection. In addition, her serum enhanced the migration of patient neutrophils (3.6 +/- 0.6 to 4.6 +/- 0.5; N = 6, p less than or equal to 0.01). All other test and control patients had negative or normal CIC and neutrophil migration determinations. Sixteen-month clinical follow-up has confirmed that Patient 1, but not Patients 2 to 6, has developed overt manifestations of Behcet's syndrome.
Buffer composition mediates a switch between cooperative and independent binding of an initiator protein to DNA.

Abstract The regulation of many biological processes, including DNA replication, is frequently achieved by protein-protein interactions, as well as protein-DNA interactions. Multiple protein-binding sites are often involved. For example, the replication of plasmid R6K involves binding of the initiator protein n to seven 22-bp direct repeats (DR) in the γ origin of replication (γ ori ). A mutant protein πS87N has been isolated, that in Tris·borate buffer (TB) binds cooperatively to seven DR, whereas wild-type (wt) π binds independently [Filutowicz et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 22 (1994) 4211–4215]. Surprisingly, we found that wt π can also bind cooperatively when Tris·acetate (TA), Tris·succinate or Tris·glutamate buffers are used instead of TB. The cooperative binding of the wt π protein was also observed in the TB buffer at high concentrations of Na 2 EDTA. These results suggest that n may be able to assume two functionally distinct conformations as a result of either mutation or buffer composition. Moreover, we found that the mode of n binding is determined not by the composition of the buffer in which the reaction was assembled, but by the composition of the electrophoresis buffer. We discuss the general implications of these findings.
An organotin mixture found in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe is not immunotoxic to adult Sprague-Dawley rats.

Organotin compounds used in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe production are of concern to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) because they leach from supply pipes into drinking water and are reported multisystem toxicants. Immune function was assessed in male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to the mixture of organotins used in PVC pipe production. Although several of these organotins are reported immunotoxicants, their immunotoxicity as a mixture when given by drinking water has not been evaluated. Adult male rats were given drinking water for 28 d containing a mixture of dibutyltin dichloride (DBTC), dimethyltin dichloride (DMTC), monobutyltin trichloride (MBT), and monomethyltin trichloride (MMT) in a 2:2:1:1 ratio, respectively, at 3 different concentrations (5:5:2.5:2.5, 10:10:5:5, or 20:20:10:10 mg organotin/L), MMT alone (20 or 40 mg MMT/L), or plain water as a control. Delayed-type hypersensitivity, antibody synthesis, and natural killer cell cytotoxicity were evaluated in separate endpoint gro...
Failure of Nicotinic Acid to Prevent Nutritional Cytopenia in the Monkey.

SummaryFive monkeys were given a diet which experience had shown would produce anemia, leukopenia and death. Three of the monkeys received daily supplements of 10 mg, and 2 received 50 mg of nicotinic acid. The nicotinic acid did not prevent the cytopenia or prolong life. It is evident that this syndrome in the monkey is not analogous to black-tongue in dogs or pellagra in man. We wish to propose the designation "vitamin M" for the hitherto undifferentiated factor which prevents this nutritional cytopenia in the monkey.
Effect of the wicking behavior of multifilament sutures.

The purpose of this study was to compare the wicking propensity of multifilament sutures. Dexon II, Vicryl, and black silk suture (BSS) were dipped in saline or soaked for 48 h, then suspended on a microscope slide. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-D) was placed at the suture mid points, and its movement was observed using fluorescence microscopy. The experiment was repeated, replacing the FITC-D with mixture of S. salivarius and saline, incubating the suture specimens in culture medium, and evaluating microbial growth. Dipped sutures showed FITC-D movement in the Dexon II group only. All 48-h soaked sutures demonstrated FITC-D movement with significant (p S. salivarius , whereas Vicryl and BSS did not (p
Die aktive Spezies in homogenen Ziegler‐Natta‐Katalysatoren für die Äthylenpolymerisation

Cp2TiCl2 und Cp2TiEtCl (Cp = Cyclopentadienyl, Et = Athyl) in Verbindung mit Aluminiumalkylen eignen sich als Modell-Katalysatorsysteme fur die Athylenpolymerisation. Die katalytische Aktivitat dieser Systeme wird auf ein komplexes Molekul zuruckgefuhrt, das ein alkyliertes Ti(IV) und eine alkylierte Al-Spezies enthalt, die uber Chlor-Brucken miteinander verbunden sind. Die Umgebung des Titans ist von oktaedrischer Symmetrie und weist eine fur die Koordination von Athylen verfugbare Leerstelle auf. Die uber Chlor-Brucken gebundene AlEtCl-Gruppierung bewirkt eine Destabilisierung der Ti-Alkyl-Bindung („Transeffekt”), welche die Polymerisation begunstigt. Die in diesem System nicht zu vermeidende Reduktion Ti(IV) → Ti(III) geht mit irreversiblem Wechsel von oktaedrischer zu tetraedrischer Symmetrie und Verlust der katalytischen Aktivitat einher. Zur Untersuchung wurden magnetische Methoden (Suszeptibilitat und ESR) sowie die Kinetik der Polymerisation herangezogen.
Self-Regulating Work Groups: A Socio-Technical Synthesis

Self-regulating work groups are a promising alternative to traditional forms of work design. Their emergence from socio-technical systems theory and field experimentation is discussed, and their theoretical bases and implementation strategies presented. Managerial functions appropriate to their design and supervision are also proposed.
Malabsorption and deficiency of vitamin B12 in HIV-infected patients with chronic diarrhea.

Deficiency of vitamin B12 is commonly reported in HIV-infected patients. We measured vitamin B12 levels in 36 HIV-infected patients with chronic diarrhea (>3 stools/day for six weeks or more). Eight patients had an identifiable cause of diarrhea. Vitamin B12 levels were low in 39%. Sixteen of these patients were selected to undergo further testing, eight patients with low levels of vitamin B12 and eight with normal B12 levels. These 16 patients had both a stage II Schilling test and measurement of multiple serumd-xylose concentrations performed after both oral and intravenous doses ofd-xylose. Integrated areas under the curves (AUC) ford-xylose concentration versus time were calculated for intravenous and oral doses, andd-xylose bioavailability was determined. Stage II Schilling tests were abnormal in 11 patients, (69%).d-Xylose bioavailability correlated closely with vitamin B12 absorption (r=0.648,P<0.01). Comparisons of mean values for CD4 count, serum albumin, Karnovsky score, six-month weight loss, 1-hr serumd-xylose levels and MCV failed to reveal a significant difference between those with and without abnormal serum vitamin B12 levels. These data indicate that below-normal levels of vitamin B12 are highly prevalent in HIV-infected patients with chronic diarrhea. Malabsorption of vitamin B12 occurs in the setting of an enteropathic process effecting both the proximal and distal small bowel. Since no risk factors for vitamin B12 deficiency could be identified, screening for vitamin B12 deficiency in HIV-infected patients with chronic diarrhea is strongly recommended.
Implicit representation in genetic algorithms using redundancy

A new representation combining redundancy and implicit fitness constraints is introduced that performs better than a simple genetic algorithm (GA) and a structured GA in experiments. The implicit redundant representation (IRR) consists of a string that is over-specified, allowing for sections of the string to remain inactive during function evaluation. The representation does not require the user to prespecify the number of parameters to evaluate or the location of these parameters within the string. This information is obtained implicitly by the fitness function during the GA operations. The good performance of the IRR can be attributed to several factors: less disruption of existing fit members due to the increased probability of crossovers and mutation affecting only redundant material; discovery of fit members through the conversion of redundant material into essential information; and the ability to enlarge or reduce the search space dynamically by varying the number of variables evaluated by the fitness function. The IRR GA provides a more biologically parallel representation that maintains a diverse population throughout the evolution process. In addition, the IRR provides the necessary flexibility to represent unstructured problem domains that do not have the explicit constraints required by fixed representations.
Effect of dietary lipid and dimethyl sulfoxide on lindane metabolism.

Abstract Previous investigations have suggested that there is a requirement of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids for full expression of microsomal enzyme induction. The conclusions in these studies were primarily based on in vitro enzyme activity, sleeping time recovery, or hepatic cytochrome P-450 content, measured 24 hr after treatment with an inducing agent. This study set out to examine the influence of dietary lipids, containing different fatty acid compositions, on the storage and self-induction of lindane metabolism. The alteration in metabolism was followed on a daily basis throughout the treatment period. Twenty-four female weanling rats were fed fat-free diets either unsupplemented or supplemented with 7% hydrogenated coconut oil, 7% peanut oil, or 5% menhaden oil plus 2% linseed oil for 12 days prior to treatment with lindane. All rats then received a daily po dose of 2.5 mg of lindane in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for 7 days. On Day 8, all rats were treated with 2.5 mg of lindane (containing 1.93 μCi of [14C]lindane and they were sacrificed 24 hr later. Tissue samples were analyzed for radioactivity. Liver samples were assayed for microsomal phospholipid, protein, and cytochrome P-450 plus the enzymatic dehydrogenation of lindane. In addition, the fatty acid content of microsomal phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was determined. Depressed food consumption and growth rate, an impaired metabolite excretion pattern, low specific microsomal phospholipid content, and a decreased microsomal PC PE ratio containing a reduced proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids suggested that a toxic lindane-DMSO-dietary lipid interaction had occurred.
Entire plasmas can be restructured when electrons are emitted from the boundaries

It is well known that electron emission can restructure the thin sheaths at plasma-facing surfaces. But conventional models assume that the plasma's structure negligibly changes (the “presheath” is still thought to be governed by ion acceleration to the Bohm speed). Here, it is shown by theory and simulation that the presheath can take a fundamentally different structure where the emitted electrons entering the quasineutral region cause numerous changes. Gradients of total plasma density, ion and electron pressures, and electric potential throughout the “inverted” presheath can carry different magnitudes, and opposite signs, from Bohm presheaths.
OTA director to be Clinton's science advisor

President Clinton has nominated John H. “Jack” Gibbons to be Assistant to the President for Science and Technology, and director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP). For over a decade, Gibbons has served as director of the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA), a bipartisan research arm of Congress. In nominating Gibbons, Clinton said, “I am delighted to appoint a brilliant scientist and gifted administrator… It is profoundly important that the president have a science advisor who understands science, who understands technology, who understands the practical application of these disciplines to the myriad of problems we face today. And I can tell you that from [Vice-president] Al Gore on down to every other member of Congress I have discussed John Gibbons with, I have hardly ever received more glowing and more consistent recommendations for anyone.”
Thin Film YBCO Pixels for MMW Detector

This research addresses the fabrication of crack-free 40-nm thin film YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO) pixel structures based on high temperature superconductor (HTSC) microbolometers for highly sensitive thermal detectors that can be miniaturized for affordable passive millimeter-wave (MMW) imaging. A completely dry etch process is described for suspended transition edge bolometers by removing (releasing) the silicon substrate underneath a 3 micrometer wide pixel using gaseous plasma sulfurhexafluoride (SF6) chemical reaction. This is an improvement over conventional selective wet chemical etching techniques that are both harsh on the YBCO and require additional complex alignment steps to the substrate material leading to very poor device yields and performance. Issues relating to material roughness, etch redeposition, and silicon undercutting will be analyzed and methodologies to overcome/minimize such problems will be explained in detail.
Structure of the steroidal alkaloid muldamine and its deacetyl derivative

Abstract Spectral techniques have established the structure of muldamine from Veratrum californicum as (22 S , 25 S )-22,26-epiminocholest-5-ene-3β,16
CONFLICTING C-COMMAND REQUIREMENTS

The paper concentrates on the locality problem that arises in the context of raising verbs when the embedded subject moves over the experiencer. I review the major approaches put forth in the minimalist program, showing how each of them is inadequate. I propose a solution that crucially relies on the timing of operations. To the extent that it is successful, the present analysis provides evidence for the strictly derivational approach to syntactic relations.
Estimating variation in a landscape simulation of forest structure

Abstract Modern technology makes it easy to show how forested landscapes might change with time but it remains difficult to estimate how sampling error affects landscape simulation results. To address this problem we used two methods to project the area in late-seral forest (LSF) structure for the same 6070 hectare (ha) study site over 30 years. The site was stratified into patches by using aerial photos and data were collected on sample plots within the stratum. Our two methods differed in how the initial forest conditions in unsampled patches were attributed. Using method 1, we randomly assigned empirical plot data from sampled patches to unsampled patches within the same stratum; with method 2 we bootstrapped the plot data to identify a probability distribution of LSF structure for a sampled patch and then randomly assigned these probabilities to unsampled patches within the same stratum. Both methods used an individual tree growth model to project changes in forest structure. In the first decade, the ‘assignment’ method produced an estimate of 2489 ha of LSF structure, an amount lying at the upper tail of the projection interval created by using the bootstrapped or ‘probabilistic’ method. The probabilistic method identified the variation in LSF structure within landscape stratum, the strata most likely to contribute to LSF structure, the projected mean area in LSF structure each decade, and the variation in hectares associated with the projections. Data maps from both methods, together with projection intervals from the probabilistic method, offer enhanced ways to communicate the potential variation in landscape simulation.
The neck growth mechanisms in low energy laser sintering of gold nanoparticles: a molecular dynamics simulation study

Molecular Dynamics simulations were employed to investigate the mechanism and kinetics of the sintering of two crystalline gold nanoparticles (4.4-10.0nm) induced by low energy laser heating. At low temperature (300K), sintering can occur between two bare nanoparticles by elastic and plastic deformations driven by strong local potential gradients. This initial neck growth occur very fast (<150ps), therefore they are essentially insensitive to laser irradiation. This paper focuses on the subsequent longer time scale intermediate neck growth process induced by laser heating. The classical diffusion based neck growth model is modified to predict the time resolved neck growth during continuous heating with the diffusion coefficients and surface tension extracted from MD simulation. The diffusion model underestimates the neck growth rate for smaller particles (5.4nm) while satisfactory agreement is obtained for larger ones (10nm). The deviation is due to the ultra-fine size effect of below 10nm particles. Possible mechanisms were discussed.
Engineering Design for a Central Station Photovoltaic Power Plant

The engineering design effort presented in this paper is an attempt to bring the various components and subsystems that would be required in a Central Station Photovoltaic Power Plant together in the form of a complete preliminary engineering design for the plant. The design identifies all of the subsystems and defines the interfaces required for integrating each subsystem into the total plant system. The resultant preliminary engineering design can be used for further subsystem optimization and tradeoff studies.
Interaction graphs for planning problem decomposition

A brief survey of distributed planning techniques is pro vided in Mali Kambhampati An important and perhaps the rst step in solving a distributed planning prob lem is to decompose the given problem Currently there are no general and automatic techniques to e ectively de compose planning problems into subproblems with limited interactions In this paper we introduce interaction graphs which can be used to achieve highly e ective problem de composition in many domains An interaction graph allows splitting of the initial state of a planning problem besides goal and it allows splits into entirely independent subprob lems under certain conditions This eliminates the cost of resolving con icts among plans of individual agents In the remainder of the text IG will stand for interaction graph As in most classical planners we use STRIPS represen tation of actions Predicates like on A B can be consid ered as propositions by rewriting them as onAB An action e g move A B C is a ground instance of an operator e g move x y z Capitalized letters in arguments of an action are speci c objects and lowercase letters are variables We denote an action by oi A planning problem is speci ed as I G O where I denotes the completely speci ed ini tial state G denotes the goal and O denotes the set of all actions in the domain We assume that I contains only true propositions Oi denotes the set of actions that agent i can use to synthesize its individual plan Clearly Oi O Ii and Gi denote respectively the initial world state and the conjunctive goal of the planning problem of agent i
Nonlinear control of diffusion-convection-reaction processes

Abstract This work addresses the nonlinear control of a non-isothermal packed-bed reactor, modeled by two quasilinear parabolic partial differential equations (PDEs). Initially, nonlinear Galerkin's method and the concept of approximate inertial manifold are used to derive a minimal-order ordinary differential equation (ODE) model, which accurately describes the dynamics of the process. This model is then used for the synthesis of a nonlinear finite-dimensional controller that guarantees closed-loop stability and enforces output tracking. Computer simulations are used to evaluate the performance of the controller.
Do high-top shoes reduce ankle inversion? A dynamic x-ray analysis of aggressive cutting in a high-top and low-top shoe

Ankle strains and sprains are one of the most common basketball injuries. These injuries are often the result of excessive ankle inversion. High-top shoes are worn because it is thought that they limit inversion and, therefore, reduce the risk of inversion injuries. However, it is difficult to quantify inversion of the ankle inside the shoe with traditional measurement techniques, making comparison between footwear conditions difficult. The purpose of this study was to compare inversion of the ankle and shoe in a high-top and a low-top shoe during aggressive lateral cutting. It was hypothesised that ankle inversion would be lower than shoe inversion in both a high-top shoe and a low-top shoe. Six male basketball players were analysed over three dynamic cutting trials in each condition. As hypothesised, shoe inversion during aggressive cutting was higher than ankle inversion in the high-top shoe (17°) and the low-top shoe (25.5°). Future research should focus on determining the relative contribution of ank...
Medical student homophobia.

Abstract Objective:To determine whether homophobia existed in a sample of the second-year medical school class before beginning a course on Human Sexuality. Method:We administered a questionnaire to a sample of the second-year class at an introductory lecture to the course on Human Sexuality. This questionnaire asked twelve questions regarding attitudes about homosexuality, and incorporated questions from other surveys used previously. Results:The data indicated significant homophobia. One-quarter of the students reported believing homosexuality is immoral and dangerous to the institution of the family, and expressed aversion to socializing with homosexuals. Nine percent believed homosexuality to be a mental disorder and 14% felt more homophobia since AIDS. Conclusions:Medical student homophobia, if left unchallenged, will hinder care provided to homosexual patients. Physician homophobia may disallow a healthy doctor-patient relationship and may cause a decrease in patients' ability to disclose sensitive ...
Effect of recurrent mutagen seed treatments on mutation frequency and combining ability for forage yield in pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum)

The effects of 3 cycles of recurrent seed treatment with thermal neutrons (TN), ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS), and diethyl sulfate (DS) on mutant frequency and combining ability in pearl millet ( Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum., formerly P. typhoides ) were studied for eleven years. TN seed treatments gave the highest percentages of M 1 striped plants, the lowest percentage of M 1 selfed seed set, and the highest M 2 frequency of chlorophyll-deficient seedlings of the mutagens tested. Combining a low dose of EMS or DS with high and low TN treatments generally increased these effects. Normal lines, which looked like the controls, selected from lines subjected to 3 cycles of mutagen treatment, were compared with controls in 3 × 3 or larger Design II hybrid matings in 9 × 9 forage-yield trials. The 1,637 singlecrosses between normal lines from mutagen treatment failed to exceed the 825 control singlecrosses in average forage yield or highest forage yield. These results suggest that pearl millet has many specific-yield genes, none of which exerts a very great effect on yield. Genetic variances estimated from the Design II diallels were not significantly altered by mutagen seed treatment. EMS treatments increased the percentage of non-additive genetic variance over that in the control and TN treatments, but the failure of any of the 486 hybrids from EMS lines to outyield the best control hybrid suggested that these variance estimates might not be significant. The study suggests that attempts to improve the combining ability of inbred lines of pearl millet by mutagen treatment without several cycles of recurrent selection are not likely to succeed.
Detection of Bacillus subtilis spores in water by means of broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy

Broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectroscopy is used for detection of bacterial spores in aqueous solution. Polarization CARS spectroscopy is employed to suppress the non-resonant background. CARS spectrum recorded in the spectral region from 700 to 1900 cm(-1) exhibits all the characteristic features of spontaneous Raman spectrum taken for a solid powder and resembles that one of the dipicolinic acid, which is considered to be the major component of bacterial spores, including anthrax.
Comparing benefit estimates from travel cost and contingent valuation using confidence intervals for Hicksian welfare measures

An approach to determining whether benefit estimates derived from the travel cost method and contingent valuation method are statistically different is presented. Unlike past comparisons compensating variation is estimated for both methods. Benefit comparisons are made more rigorous by use of confidence intervals which are developed using the same Krinsky and Robb simulation technique for both valution mothods. The techniques are applied to deer hunting in California. While point estimates of benefits from both truncated and untruncated adjusted travel cost methods are lower than the contingent valuation method, the confidence intervals on the untruncated travel cost method do overlap the contingent valution method benefit estimates.