cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
17α-Dihydroequilenin increases hippocampal dendritic spine density of ovariectomized rats

Abstract The effects of estradiol and 17α-dihydroequilenin on the apical dendrite spine density of pyramidal cells of the CA1 region of rat hippocampus were compared. 17α-Dihydroequilenin was as effective as estradiol in increasing spine densities relative to controls. 17α-Dihydroequilenin is not uterotrophic like estradiol but does have beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system, suggesting that it may be an effective single-agent hormone replacement therapy to treat menopausal symptoms and reduce chronic disease risk in menopausal women.
The Dumbing Down of SportPhishing

The current crop of phisherpersons can't see the phorest phor the phurze. Legend has it that the first description of the phishing technique dates back to a 1987 presentation at an Interex conference by Jerry Felix and Chris Hauck (“System Security: A Hacker's Perspective”; (www.peterjbentley.com/ bibliography.pdf). Within 10 years, the technique was informally named phishing (www.brighthub.com/internet/security-privacy/articles/82116.aspx). That was eons ago in IT years-plenty of time to evolve into new and mysterious techniques. So why is it that we're still trolling for the bottom feeders of the phishing world?
The anxiolytic effect of acute ethanol or diazepam exposure is unaltered in μ-opioid receptor knockout mice

Abstract Previous researchers demonstrate an opioidergic involvement in the anxiolytic and rewarding actions of ethanol and diazepam. Therefore, to further characterize the role of the opioid system in the anxiolytic action of ethanol and diazepam, normal (C57BL/6J), hybrid (B6129F1) and μ-opioid receptor knockout mice were given i.p. ethanol (0, 1.0 or 1.6 g/kg) or diazepam (1.5 mg/kg). The anxiolytic properties of these agents were then tested in the elevated plus-maze. Additional ethanol-treated μ-opioid receptor knockout mice (1 g/kg) were pretreated with the κ-opioid receptor antagonist nor-BNI (0 or 3 mg/kg) to assess the involvement of κ-opioid activity in ethanol’s anxiolytic actions. The anxiolytic action of ethanol and diazepam in the μ-opioid receptor knockout mouse did not differ from the effects obtained in normal mice and pretreatment with nor-BNI did not significantly attenuate ethanol’s actions in μ-opioid receptor knockout mice. Thus, the anxiolytic actions of ethanol and diazepam appear to be independent of opioid system activity in the μ-opioid receptor knockout mouse.
Comment on "Low-frequency Raman-scattering study of the liquid-glass transition in aqueous lithium chloride solutions"

A conclusion arrived at by Tao et al. [Phys. Rev. 44, 6665 (1991)] related to the assignment of the nominal 60-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ feature from liquid water is corrected. The 60-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ band from liquid water due to the O-O-O bending mode is nearly degenerate with the O-O-Cl bending mode from aqueous LiCl solutions.
Urinary cyclic AMP excretion is increased in Macaca fascicularis and Macaca mulatta compared to humans.

Changes in parathyroid hormone and its second messenger cyclic AMP have been implicated in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Nonhuman primate models have been useful in the study of osteoporosis, but the physiology of mineral metabolism in certain species is different than in humans. We investigated parameters of mineral metabolism in 15 normal adult female cynomolgus and 14 normal adult female rhesus monkeys. In both species, urinary cyclic AMP was increased compared with humans, and the nephrogenous cyclic AMP in the cynomolgus monkeys was also elevated. Despite this, there was no evidence for hyperparathyroidism in either species as evaluated by serum or plasma phosphorus and midregion-specific and/or aminoterminal-specific immunoreactive parathyroid hormone. Given the increasing use of nonhuman primates in the study of osteoporosis, understanding basic changes in mineral metabolism is important before pathologic effects of bone loss can be understood.
Business ethics at the crossroads

During the last decade, the intensity of interest in the subject of business ethics has surprised even the most ardent defenders of the movement. It is easy to become euphoric over such developments. Yet, we should not be lulled into believing that such growth has no limits. The fact is that the movement stands at a watershed where certain alternative courses of action are available. In this paper, I outline what some of those crossroads are and what the consequences will be if certain actions are or are not taken. The key to success is dependent upon a multidisciplinary approach that relies on dialogue and cooperation among colleagues in the academy and in business. This will ensure a true mix of theory and practice.
Probabilistic response of truss-type space structure with joint and member imperfections

A truss-type space structure having a special type of joint defect and member initial imperfection is analyzed to determine its deterministic and probabilistic response. The joint defect is created by considering only the global translation (but not the rotation) degrees of freedom of selected member end nodes—the same as those of the joint at which the member ends meet. The initial member imperfection is considered in terms of some members being initially bent or crooked into a sinusoidal shape. A finite element computational code, "Numerical Evaluation of Stochastic Structures under Stresses," of the NASA Lewis Research Center is used for the determination of the structural response. Results from the study include deterministic and probabilistic vibration frequencies, displacements, and buckling loads. Cumulative probability levels and sensitivity factors are obtained for these responses to delineate the effects on them of random changes in certain geometric, loading, and material design parameters. Results from both the deterministic and probabilistic studies show that the member-end connection defect has significant effects on vibration frequencies, especially the first mode. However, the deterministic results indicate that effects on displacements and buckling loads due to one end-connection defect are small. Larger numbers of member end connection (joint) defects, however, can have appreciable influence on the displacement. Initial member imperfections are observed to have small effects on the structural response. Results from the probabilistic analysis indicate that although overall cumulative probabilities of displacements and buckling loads change very slightly as a result of initial member imperfection, different sets of design variables show greater sensitivity than in the case of the joint defect.
Value of routine evaluation of the voiding phase when performing urodynamic testing in women with lower urinary tract symptoms.

Purpose: Lower urinary tract symptoms in women are often evaluated by cystometrography. We only assessed the bladder response to filling and not the impact of abnormal voiding, which is known to cause lower urinary tract symptoms. We determined the prevalence of voiding abnormalities in women with lower urinary tract symptoms and compared cystometrography to cystometrography plus voiding pressure flow study for evaluating this condition. We also determined whether storage or voiding symptoms predicted abnormal voiding.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of 134 women who underwent video urodynamics with cystometrography and voiding pressure flow study to evaluate lower urinary tract symptoms. Patients with a history of neurological disease, grade 4 pelvic prolapse or a primary complaint of stress incontinence were excluded from study. All participants completed an American Urological Association symptom index and scores were subclassified as total, storage and voiding. A diagnosis was made in ea...
Impact of correlation on predictive ability of biomarkers.

In this paper we investigate how the correlation structure of independent variables affects the discrimination of risk prediction model. Using multivariate normal data and binary outcome we prove that zero correlation among predictors is often detrimental for discrimination in a risk prediction model and negatively correlated predictors with positive effect sizes are beneficial. A very high multiple R-squared from regressing the new predictor on the old ones can also be beneficial. As a practical guide to new variable selection, we recommend to select predictors that have negative correlation with the risk score based on the existing variables. This step is easy to implement even when the number of new predictors is large. Our results are illustrated using real-life Framingham data suggesting that the conclusions hold outside of normality. The findings presented in this paper might be useful for preliminary selection of potentially important predictors, especially is situations where the number of predictors is large.
Antigen and Lymphopenia-Driven Donor T Cells Are Differentially Diminished by Post-Transplantation Administration of Cyclophosphamide after Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

Abstract Administration of cyclophosphamide after transplantation (post-transplantation cyclophosphamide, PTC) has shown promise in the clinic as a prophylactic agent against graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). An important issue with regard to recipient immune function and reconstitution after PTC is the extent to which, in addition to diminution of antihost allo-reactive donor T cells, the remainder of the nonhost allo-reactive donor T cell pool may be affected. To investigate PTC's effects on nonhost reactive donor CD8 T cells, ova-specific (OT-I) and gp100-specific Pmel-1 T cells were labeled with proliferation dyes and transplanted into syngeneic and allogeneic recipients. Notably, an intermediate dose (66 mg/kg) of PTC, which abrogated GVHD after allogeneic HSCT, did not significantly diminish these peptide-specific donor T cell populations. Analysis of the rate of proliferation after transplantation illustrated that lymphopenic-driven, donor nonhost reactive TCR Tg T cells in syngeneic recipients underwent slow division, resulting in significant sparing of these donor populations. In contrast, after exposure to specific antigens at the time of transplantation, these same T cells were significantly depleted by PTC, demonstrating the global susceptibility of rapidly dividing T cells after an encounter with cognate antigen. In total, our results, employing both syngeneic and allogeneic minor antigen-mismatched T cell replete models of transplantation, demonstrate a concentration of PTC that abrogates GVHD can preserve most cells that are dividing because of the accompanying lymphopenia after exposure. These findings have important implications with regard to immune function and reconstitution in recipients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Pesticide transport with runoff from creeping bentgrass turf: Relationship of pesticide properties to mass transport.

The off-site transport of pesticides with runoff is both an agronomic and environmental concern, resulting from reduced control of target pests in the area of application and contamination of surrounding ecosystems. Experiments were designed to measure the quantity of pesticides in runoff from creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris) turf managed as golf course fairway to gain a better understanding of factors that influence chemical availability and mass transport. Less than 1 to 23% of applied chloropyrifos, flutolanil, mecoprop-p (MCPP), dimethylamine salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), or dicamba was measured in edge-of-plot runoff when commercially available pesticide formulations were applied at label rates 23 ± 9 h prior to simulated precipitation (62 ± 13 mm). Time differential between hollow tine core cultivation and runoff did not significantly influence runoff volumes or the percentage of applied chemicals transported in the runoff. With the exception of chlorpyrifos, all chemicals of interest were detected in the initial runoff samples and throughout the runoff events. Chemographs of the five pesticides followed trends in agreement with mobility classifications associated with their soil organic carbon partition coefficient (KOC). Data collected from the present study provides information on the transport of chemicals with runoff from turf, which can be used in model simulations to predict nonpoint source pollution potentials and estimate ecological risks. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1209–1214. © 2010 SETAC
FREEMASONS AND THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

(1992). Freemasons and the American Revolution. The Historian: Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 315-330.
Dewey’s “Science as Method” a Century Later: Reviving Science Education for Civic Ends

Over a hundred years ago, John Dewey delivered his now-well-known address “Science as Subject-Matter and as Method” to those assembled at the Boston meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in which he lamented the nearly exclusive focus on content knowledge in early-20th-century school science classrooms. This article revisits Dewey’s talk and examines the development of science education in the United States in the years since that address. Dewey’s critique of science education in 1909 provides fertile ground for a renewed critique of science education practices today. It is argued that there is, specifically, a need to recover the rapidly fading civic aims of science teaching, which requires greater attention to the methods of science—the idea Dewey highlighted so strongly back then.
PSEUDO-RC-INJECTIVE MODULES

The main purpose of this work is to introduce and study the concept of pseudo-rc-injective module which is a proper generalization of rc-injective and pseudo-injective modules. Numerous properties and characterizations have been obtained. Some known results on pseudo-injective and rc-injective modules generalized to pseudo-rc-injective. Rationally extending modules and semisimple modules have been characterized in terms of pseud-rc-injective modules. We explain the relationships of pseudo-rc-injective with some notions such as Co-Hopfian , directly finite modules.
Self-organizing sensing infrastructure for autonomic management of green datacenters

The scale and complexity of modern datacenters are growing at an alarming rate due to the rising popularity of the cloud computing paradigm as an effective means to cater to the ever increasing demand for computing and storage. The management of modern datacenters is rapidly exceeding human ability, making autonomic approaches essential. In this article, methods for acquiring thermal awareness using real-time measurements and heat and air circulation models as well as solutions for proactive autonomic datacenter management that exploit this awareness are discussed. Novel communication and coordination schemes that enable self-organization of a network of external heterogeneous sensors (e.g., thermal cameras, scalar temperature and humidity sensors, airflow meters) into a multitier sensing infrastructure capable of real-time datacenter monitoring are also presented.
A Classification Method to Compare Modular Product Concepts

In recent years the design of modular products has become the focus of significant research in the area of design theory and methodology. This focus is the result of the increased awareness of the power of modularity to achieve certain product objectives. To add to this surge in modular product research, this paper focuses on developing design tools for use in industrial settings where modular products are being designed. In developing these tools the many definitions and methods for classifying modular products are consolidated and refined. Drawing from this consolidated research a new scheme for classifying modularity types, the Modularity Type Space (MTS), is developed. This classification scheme not only succinctly defines the types of modularity, but shows the relationships between them. Metrics and tools are also presented that are to be used for the purposes of classifying modular products on the MTS.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Power losses and thermal modeling of a 4H-SiC VJFET inverter

This paper presents a set of models for a SiC VJFET inverter from device level to system level. The simulations for SiC and Si inverters indicated that the SiC inverter has a much lower junction temperature, much less power loss, significantly enhanced energy efficiency, and a dramatic reduction in heatsink size as compared with the Si inverter. This demonstrated the technical feasibility and benefits of the all-SiC inverter. In addition to the simulations, experimental tests have also been conducted on SiC VJFETs and Schottky diodes for parameter extraction.
73. Focal multineuropathy at axilla in midshaft clavicular fracture treated with figure-of-eight bandage

Midshaft clavicular fractures are usually treated non-operatively with sling or figure-of-eight bandage. Most studies report few neurogenic complications not distinguishing between fracture related plexopathies and device related neuropathies. A 68 years old man, wearing figure-of-eight bandage since five weeks because of displaced right midshaft clavicular fracture, underwent to our observation complaining numbness and weakness in right forearm/hand. Neurophysiological examination showed motor conduction blocks (CB), without evident demyelination, between Erb-point and axilla in radial (−81%), median (−62%) and ulnar (−86%) nerves. Distal CMAPs and SAPs were reduced. Three weeks after bandage removal median and radial CB improved (
Simple quantification of multiplexed Quantum Dot staining in clinical tissue samples

In this paper, we present a simple method for the processing and quantification of multiplexed Quantum Dot (QD) labeled images of clinical cancer tissue samples. QDs provide several features which make them ideal for reliable quantification, including long-term signal stability, high signal-to-noise ratios, as well as narrow emission bandwidths. Deconvolution of QD spectra is accomplished in a batch mode in which unmixing parameters are preserved across samples to allow for quantitative and reproducible comparisons. After unmixing the QD images, we segment each one to exclude acellular regions. We use a simple average intensity to quantify the level of QD staining for each image. We illustrate the viability of this approach by testing it on 28 tissue samples using a tissue microarray. We show that using as few as two QD protein targets (MDM-2, and B-actin), the Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) samples are distinguishable from adjacent normal tissue samples. A simple linear discriminant results in 100% classification of 25 RCC samples and 3 normal samples. This suggests that multiplexed QDs can be used to properly diagnose RCC from otherwise healthy tissue. We expect to apply this work to larger panels of more robust QD biomarker targets to aid in clinical decision-making for the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases, such as cancer.
Sedation and Pain Management in the ICU

During the past decade, critical care physicians have recognized that routinely maintaining patients in a pharmacological deep stupor or unconsciousness as a consequence of sedation is not beneficial. Data has since emerged to support the concept that more optimal, lower dosing of sedatives with preservation of the wakeful state is important in reducing mortality and shortening the duration of mechanical ventilation and overall intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS) [1, 2, 3, 4]. Such emphasis also aids in supporting patient autonomy and in the prevention of and early intervention for evolving neurological deterioration [5, 6, 7]. Such tenets are in keeping with the guidelines from the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) for patient sedation [8]. More interactive patients require that regular assessments be made to ensure adequacy of comfort and analgesia. Along parallel lines, the US Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) introduced in 2000 their mandate for the implementation of standards for pain assessment and treatment in hospitalized patients [9].
A novel 60-GHz millimeter-wave over fiber with independent 10-Gbps wired and wireless services on a single wavelength using PolMUX and wavelength-reuse techniques

A PolMUX 60-GHz MMoF system that simultaneously provides 10-Gbps symmetric independent wired and wireless downstream and wavelength-reuse upstream on same wavelength with high nonlinear tolerance and only 0.2-dB interference penalty is first proposed and demonstrated.
Calculating sample size in trials using historical controls

Background Makuch and Simon [Sample size considerations for non-randomised comparative studies. J Chronic Dis 1980; 33: 175—81.] developed a sample size formula for historical control trials. When assessing power, they assumed the true control treatment effect to be equal to the observed effect from the historical control group. Many researchers have pointed out that the Makuch—Simon approach does not preserve the nominal power and type I error when considering the uncertainty in the true historical control treatment effect.Purpose To develop a sample size formula that properly accounts for the underlying randomness in the observations from the historical control group.Methods We reveal the extremely skewed nature in the distributions of power and type I error, obtained over all the random realizations of the historical control data. The skewness motivates us to derive a sample size formula that controls the percentiles, instead of the means, of the power and type I error.Results A closed-form sample size...
Diagnosing climatic and tectonic controls on topography: Eastern flank of the northern Bolivian Andes

High relief and steep rainfall gradients make the eastern flank of the northern Bolivian Andes an excellent location for deciphering the relative roles of tectonics and climate on erosion and landscape evolution. We seek to resolve the climate versus tectonics debate in this location by linking topographic analyses and erosion rate data with fluvial bedrock incision theory and numerical landscape evolution modeling. We find that patterns in the channel steepness index (channel slope normalized for drainage area) in both transverse channels that drain across the rainfall gradient through the driest and wettest parts of the landscapes, and frontal channels that drain only the wettest regions are indicative primarily of a gradient in rock uplift rate, although climate likely plays a secondary role in shaping these channel profiles. Previously published erosion rates from 23 watersheds vary with the proposed rock uplift gradient and inversely with rainfall rate, suggesting that increased rainfall is not driving increased rock uplift and erosion. The channel steepness index in an additional 35 tributary watersheds increases with the proposed rock uplift gradient. Simulations from a landscape evolution model that isolate the signatures of rainfall and uplift patterns on landscape morphology corroborate our interpretation that the morphology of this landscape is primarily controlled by a gradient in rock uplift rate, with rainfall rates playing a secondary role. Model results also suggest that the differences between channel steepness values in the transverse and frontal channels cannot be explained by the uplift and rainfall patterns alone. Differences in lithology may be contributing to the higher channel steepness values in the transverse channels, or the transverse channels may be affected by a transient oversteepening phenomenon seen in tools-and-cover river incision models. The conclusions are possible only after detailed comparisons among real and modeled rivers of different sizes that drain different locations. We present best practices for future studies that seek to resolve the relative imprint of rock uplift and rainfall on a landscape.
Providing premium power through distributed resources

The modern industrial facility depends on sensitive electronic equipment that can be shut down suddenly by severe power system disturbances. A large number of these disturbances on the power system are a result of line faults which can cause momentary voltage sags. This results in equipment malfunctioning and high restart cost. This papers describes the control of distributed resources as a solution to such problems. In particular the focus is on systems of distributed resources that can switch from grid connection to island operation without causing problems for critical loads.
VIBRATIONS OF A FOUR-DEGREE-OF-FREEDOM RIGID BODY SLIDING AGAINST A WAVY SURFACE

It has been shown that certain patterns of surface waviness on a counter surface, in conjunction with speed and stiffness of a slider can create vibrations that reduce slider wear. This study attempts to simulate these vibrations, with the goal of understanding how the slider interacts with the surface waviness, to produce a given vibration. This paper develops a model of a four-degree-of-freedom rigid body pressed against a sliding counter surface, and studies its vibration motions under several conditions. The four degrees of freedom include one translation normal to the sliding surface and three rotations. The effects of waviness of the counter surface on the system responses are also studied. To model loading effects between the slider and a wavy counter surface that has multiple points of contact, an equivalent contact point is defined that is assumed to move along a certain path on the slider's contact surface. Several possible paths of the equivalent contact point over the slider face were studied, and their effects are discussed. With appropriate choice of parameters, the simulation results were comparable to experimental results obtained in a previous study.
An algorithm for the numerical evaluation of the Hankel and Abel transforms

A procedure for the efficient numerical evaluation of the Hankel and Abel transforms is proposed. The Abel transform is reduced to a convolution which is evaluated in part analytically and in part with an FFT. The Hankel transform is obtained by following the Abel transform with an FFT.
Calcium in renal cells. Modulation of calcium-dependent activation of phospholipase A2.

Calcium has been implicated as a regulatory factor in many physiological and pathophysiological processes in the renal cell. Under physiological conditions, the cytosolic free calcium concentration...
Mapping the probability of large fire occurrence in northern Arizona, USA

In the southwestern U.S., wildland fire frequency and area burned have steadily increased in recent decades, a pattern attributable to multiple ignition sources. To examine contributing landscape factors and patterns related to the occurrence of large (⩾20 ha in extent) fires in the forested region of northern Arizona, we assembled a database of lightning- and human-caused fires for the period 1 April to 30 September, 1986–2000. At the landscape scale, we used a weights-of-evidence approach to model and map the probability of occurrence based on all fire types (n = 203), and lightning-caused fires alone (n = 136). In total, large fires burned 101,571 ha on our study area. Fires due to lightning were more frequent and extensive than those caused by humans, although human-caused fires burned large areas during the period of our analysis. For all fires, probability of occurrence was greatest in areas of high topographic roughness and lower road density. Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)-dominated forest vegetation and mean annual precipitation were less important predictors. Our modeling results indicate that seasonal large fire events are a consequence of non-random patterns of occurrence, and that patterns generated by these events may affect the regional fire regime more extensively than previously thought. Identifying the factors that influence large fires will improve our ability to target resource protection efforts and manage fire risk at the landscape scale.
THE EVOLUTION OF COMPENSATION TO HERBIVORY IN SCARLET GILIA, IPOMOPSIS AGGREGATA: HERBIVORE-IMPOSED NATURAL SELECTION AND THE QUANTITATIVE GENETICS OF TOLERANCE

Tolerance is the ability of plants to maintain fitness after experiencing herbivore damage. We investigated scarlet gilia tolerance to browsing in the framework of phenotypic plasticity using both an operational and candidate trait approach. Individuals from full-sib families were split into an artificial clipping treatment, a natural-damage treatment, or left as controls. We tested for genetic variation in tolerance by evaluating family x herbivory treatment interactions on fitness in a mixed model analysis of variance. In addition, we used selection analyses to assess the function of flowering phenology and compensatory regrowth (via branch production) as candidate tolerance traits. We found a strong detrimental fitness effect of browsing and considerable variation among sire half-sib families in levels of tolerance (25% to 63% of the fitness of controls). There was no evidence of overcompensation at either the population or family level and no additive genetic variation in operationally defined tolerance. Phenotypic selection analyses provide evidence that early flowering and compensatory regrowth function as tolerance characters. We found strong linear and correlational selection for early flowering and increased branch production for damaged plants and linear selection for apical dominance (reduced branchiness) and early flowering in control plants. Moreover, reduced phenological delay and increased plasticity in branch production were correlated with tolerance. We detected significant additive genetic variation in flowering phenology in both treatments and a positive genetic correlation between the phenology of control and damaged plants. We found significant additive genetic variation in branch production in undamaged and naturally damaged plants, but not in clipped plants. Damaged plants exhibited marginally significant additive genetic variance in fitness, although its heritability was very low (approximately 3.6%). We failed to find additive genetic variation in the fitness of control plants. Our results suggest that tolerance traits are under herbivore-imposed natural selection in this population, but that responses to selection are limited by available genetic variation and selective constraints.
Distribution of Natural Enemies of Euonymus Scale, Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) (Homoptera: Diaspididae), in New Jersey

A statewide survey of New Jersey was carried out during 2001 to determine the current establishment and distribution of introduced natural enemies of euonymus scale. One hundred twenty-two sites were surveyed, and their location was recorded. Euonymus scale infestations were recorded at 89% of the sites surveyed. The most commonly encountered natural enemies were Cybocephalus sp.nr. nipponicus Enrody-Younga, Chilocorus kuwanae Silvestri, and the endoparasitoid, Encarsia citrina Craw. Neither of the introduced aphelinid parasitoid species, Encarsia sp.nr. diaspidicola (Silvestri) and Aphytis proclia (Walker), were recovered from the collection sites. The geographic distributions of the most commonly encountered natural enemies of euonymus scale are discussed.
Enumeration of Full Graphs: Onset of the Asymptotic Region

A full graph on n vertices, as defined by Fulkerson, is a representation of the intersection and containment relations among a system of n sets. It has an undirected edge between vertices representing intersecting sets and a directed edge from a to b if the corresponding set A contains B;. Kleitman, Lasaga, and Cowen gave a unified argument to show that asymptotically, almost all full graphs can be obtained by taking an arbitrary undirected graph on the n vertices, distinguishing a clique in this graph, which need not be maximal, and then adding directed edges going out from each vertex in the clique to all vertices to which there is not already an existing undirected edge. Call graphs of this type members of the dominant class. This article obtains the first upper and lower bounds on how large n has to be, so that the asymptotic behavior is indeed observed. It is shown that when n > 170, the dominant class predominates, while when n < 17, the full graphs in the dominant class compose less than half of the total number of realizable full graphs on n vertices.
A network modeling approach to policy implementation in natural resource management agencies

Abstract Natural resource agencies are responsible for managing specific aspects of the environment through the development and implementation of policies. Computational advances have emerged in recent years that provide opportunities for simulating the influence that agency structure has on policy outcomes, particularly those stemming from the area of network theory and analysis. However, there remains a need for methods that can measure and visualize the confounding effects that multiple agency characteristics may impose on policy implementation. The complex interactions among these factors require an approach that can evaluate these factors in relation to one another and provide a way to abstract meaningful findings that can be useful for both scientists and agencies to consider for future policy development. In this study, we present a network simulation modeling approach that (1) builds upon existing conceptualizations of bureaucrat decision-making within agency networks, (2) uses network theory to construct idealized natural resource agency networks that can be used to evaluate how agency structure influences policy implementation, and (3) visualizes simulation results to better understand how bureaucrat behaviors and relationships in concert with agency structure influence policy outcomes. Using this approach, we demonstrate how different aspects of decision-making by bureaucrats interact with the spatial constraints of institutional networks to influence policy outcomes. The network modeling and visualization methods presented here offer an alternative approach in the policy science toolbox that can help generate new assumptions and questions about the ways in which natural resources are governed.
The Politics of Military Coalitions

Preface 1. Introduction 2. Why coalitions? 3. Power, preferences, and cooperation 4. Cooperation, signaling, and war 5. Durability, balancing, and conflict expansion 6. Conclusion.
Influence of ionic strength on triplet-state natural organic matter loss by energy transfer and electron transfer pathways.

Triplet state excited natural organic matter chromophores (3NOM*) are important reactive intermediates in indirect photochemical processes, yet the impact of salt concentrations relevant to estuarine and marine environments on 3NOM* is poorly understood. The formation rates, pseudo-first-order loss rate constants, and steady-state concentration of 3NOM* were monitored using the sorbate probe method in synthetic matrices with increasing ionic strength (IS) to seawater values using seawater halides or other salts. The steady-state concentration of 3NOM* approximately doubled at seawater IS, regardless of the salt used, due to a decrease in the 3NOM* decay rate constant. The electron transfer-mediated degradation of 2,4,6-trimethylphenol (TMP) by 3NOM* was significantly slowed at higher IS. A model is proposed wherein high IS slows intra-organic matter electron transfer pathways, an important 3NOM* loss pathway, leading to longer 3NOM* lifetimes. Although IS did not appear to impact energy transfer pathways ...
Improved purification of α-amylase isolated from Rhizomucor pusillus by affinity chromatography

A highly purified extracellular α-amylase was isolated fromRhizomucor pusillus with minimum loss of enzymatic activity. The enzyme was purified from the mycelium-free liquid filtrate of the thermophilic moldRhizomucor pusillus. Maximum enzyme yields were attained after 5 days of growth on liquid starch-yeast extract at 45°C and pH 7.0. The crude enzyme preparation was first concentrated 80-fold by ultrafiltration. Purification was recently achieved with high-performance liquid chromatography and Waters Protein Pak 300 SW. Improved purification was then achieved with a dextrin-bound affinity column, with a 59-fold increase in specific activity from the crude enzyme preparation. This final enzyme preparation produced a single band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight determined by SDS gel electrophoresis was 52,000 daltons.
Tracing Nuclear Explosions

The ways in which explosions are identified are largely a matter of secret information. However, we offer the following article as a partial illustration of how convincing the available data can be. We are grateful to the editors of Nucleonics for permission to use the figures and make a summary-review of this article, which appeared in the August 1952 issue of that journal.
Using fatty acids to fingerprint biofilm communities: a means to quickly and accurately assess stream quality

The assessment of lotic ecosystem quality plays an essential role to help determine the extent of environmental stress and the effectiveness of restoration activities. Methods that incorporate biological properties are considered ideal because they provide direct assessment of the end goal of a vigorous biological community. Our primary objective was to use biofilm lipids to develop an accurate biomonitoring tool that requires little expertise and time to facilitate assessment. A model was created of fatty acid biomarkers most associated with predetermined stream quality classification, exceptional warm water habitat (EWH), warm water habitat (WWH), and limited resource (LR-AMD), and validated along a gradient of known stream qualities. The fatty acid fingerprint of the biofilm community was statistically different (P = 0.03) and was generally unique to recognized stream quality. One striking difference was essential fatty acids (DHA, EPA, and ARA) were absent from LR-AMD and only recovered from WWH and EWH, 45 % more in EWH than WWH. Independently testing the model along a stream quality gradient, this model correctly categorized six of the seven sites, with no match due to low sample biomass. These results provide compelling evidence that biofilm fatty acid analysis can be a sensitive, accurate, and cost-effective biomonitoring tool. We conceive of future studies expanding this research to more in-depth studies of remediation efforts, determining the applicable geographic area for the method and the addition of multiple stressors with the possibility of distinguishing among stressors.
BSN Program Admittance Criteria: Should Emotional Intelligence Be Included?

Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to identify and monitor emotions and remain aware of how emotions affect thoughts and actions. Emotional intelligence has been discussed as a better predictor of personal and occupational success than performance on intellectual intelligence tests. PROBLEM Despite the importance of one's emotional intelligence, BSN (Bachelor of Science in Nursing) nursing schools routinely admit candidates based on the student's cumulative college course grade point average (GPA). Nursing is a profession that requires one's ability to empathize, care, and react in emotionally sound manners. Is the GPA enough to determine if a student will evolve into a professional nurse? EXPLORATION This article will explore the routine admittance criteria for BSN nursing programs and propose the concept of using the emotional intelligence tool as an adjunct to the cumulative college course GPA. The emotional intelligence theory will be identified and applied to the nursing profession.
Equity, fairness, and the development of a sustainability ethos

Estimates made just before the 21 st century indicate that, by the year 2100, Earth may have between 10 and 11 billion people—not quite double the 6 billion population count reached in October 1999. Sustainable use of the planet requires that human needs be met without impairing the integrity of the planet's ecological life support system. This objective will almost certainly require equity and fairness in resource allocation among members of the human species and with natural sys- tems upon which humans depend. For the first time in history, humans have the power to create seri- ous disequilibrium in natural systems at a global level. Nature is not vengeful, but it is opportunistic; new 'equilibrium conditions' are likely to be far less favorable to humans than present conditions. To prevent disequilibrium, a new ethos or set of guiding beliefs regarding human society's relationship with natural systems is essential. The best descriptor of the new ethos is eco-ethics (www.eeiu.org) guided by ethical science and implemented by compassionate, reasoned environmental politics. ESEP, the publication organ of the Eco-Ethics International Union, should be a powerful force in developing the necessary integration of science and value systems while maintaning the integrity of both.
Fast ion instability at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring Test Accelerator

Fast ion instability can lead to deterioration of an electron beam (increasing emittance and instability of a train of bunches) in storage rings and linacs. We study this at the Cornell electron storage ring test accelerator using a 2.1 GeV low emittance beam. As the source of ions is residual gas, our measurements are conducted at various pressures, including nominal vacuum as well as injected gas (Ar, Kr). We experiment with mitigation techniques, including changing the bunch pattern to have mini-trains instead of one long train, as well as increasing the initial vertical emittance of the beam. We also check to ensure that ion-trapping is not a substantial effect in our measurements. We measure turn-by-turn vertical bunch size and position, as well as the multibunch power spectrum. Our measurements confirm fast ion instability under all vacuum conditions. A detailed simulation is then used to compare theory with observations.
Education Research in Physical Therapy: Visions of the Possible

Education research has been labeled the "hardest science" of all, given the challenges of teaching and learning in an environment encompassing a mixture of social interactions, events, and problems coupled with a persistent belief that education depends more on common sense than on disciplined knowledge and skill. The American Educational Research Association specifies that education research-as a scientific field of study-examines teaching and learning processes that shape educational outcomes across settings and that a learning process takes place throughout a person's life. The complexity of learning and learning environments requires not only a diverse array of research methods but also a community of education researchers committed to exploring critical questions in the education of physical therapists. Although basic science research and clinical research in physical therapy have continued to expand through growth in the numbers of funded physical therapist researchers, the profession still lacks a robust and vibrant community of education researchers. In this perspective article, the American Council of Academic Physical Therapy Task Force on Education Research proposes a compelling rationale for building a much-needed foundation for education research in physical therapy, including a set of recommendations for immediate action.
GOALS OF UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION IN GERONTOLOGY

The psychology of adult development and aging is receiving increasing attention from educators in the field of human development. As more courses at the undergraduate level begin to include this area, curriculum planning that takes into account the goals and interests of students will be necessary. These will vary according to the students' level, major fields of study, and future career interests. In this paper, the issue of relating course material in adult development and aging to other academic areas is discussed. The goals of liberal arts, community college, and continuing education students are examined separately. Within each of these levels, students in the behavioral, social, and natural sciences, as well as the humanities may wish to pursue different aspects of adult development. One goal that underlies any course on adulthood and aging is that of preparing students as much as possible for the changes they may expect to encounter in their own lives and those of their peers and family. Implementa...
Performance of reconstruction and processing techniques for dense full-spectrum x-ray computed tomography

We have recently developed a novel x-ray computed tomography (CT) system capable of dense spectral measurements along the energy axis using a photon-counting single-pixel detector. The reconstructions have high energy axis resolution but suffer from noise due to dividing the total x-ray counts into multiple energy bins. We have recently developed two methods to suppress the noise along the energy axis: a Penalized Weighted Least Squares Algorithm (PWLS) for iterative reconstruction along the energy axis and an Eigenvector Filtering Algorithm for noise suppression in the energy domain using a set of basis functions. The two methods are briefly presented. We present a detailed comparison of the two algorithms focusing on the noise-energy resolution relationship in both methods, comparing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) ratio for both methods. Results show that the SNR is distributed differently across the energy spectrum for the two methods. We investigate combining the two methods forming a hybrid PWLS-Eigenvector method. The hybrid method is shown to take advantage of both methods' SNR improvements. We conclude that both algorithms offer significant noise suppression while preserving key energy axis data.
Assessing and Predicting Small-Group Literacy Instruction in Early Childhood Classrooms

ABSTRACTResearch Findings: The present study assessed the extent to which early childhood educators utilized small-group literacy instruction and explored factors potentially associated with the use of this evidence-based practice. The classroom activities of 83 early childhood educators were observed in the fall and spring, and videos were coded to calculate time spent in small-group literacy instruction. Educators completed questionnaires indicating classroom adult:child ratios, literacy beliefs, and feelings of self-efficacy. Classroom Assessment Scoring System scores for classroom organization and instructional support measured the quality of classroom management and instructional interactions, respectively. On average, educators provided 11.4 min (SD = 10.6) of small-group literacy instruction a day. It is notable that many educators provided little or no small-group literacy instruction. Negative binomial regression analyses indicated that educators with better classroom management, higher quality i...
Developmental Math Pilot: Massive Open Online Course (MOOC), Psychology Concepts, and Group Work

ABSTRACTResearchers observed their students’ frequent choices to use technology and the students' weak developmental math course completion rates. These observations piqued researchers' interest to find a new approach to improve students’ math learning—utilizing disruptive innovation. The purpose of this study was to understand students’ perceptions about learning developmental math with a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) and face-to-face group activities interwoven with psychology of learning concepts. Research findings suggest that MOOCs used in developmental math coursework can improve math success, and group work within face-to-face classrooms can increase connectivity to learning. A MOOC was merged with face-to-face psychology of learning group projects, and students described increased connectivity to their learning. For example, Haley exclaimed, “So definitely learned how to learn all over again this semester and I’m doing awesome … It’s like I’m breezing through!”