cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Livestock grazing and habitat for a threatened species: Land-use decisions under scientific uncertainty in the White Mountains, California, USA

The North Fork of Cottonwood Creek, in the White Mountains, Inyo National Forest, California, is a critically important refuge for the Paiute cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki seleniris), a federally listed threatened species. Habitat for these fish appears to be limited by excessive levels of fine sediment in the channel, and livestock grazing of riparian meadows has been implicated in delivery of sediment to the channel. However, the relationships between land use and sediment yield have not been conclusively determined, in large part because there are no historically ungrazed sites to serve as long-term controls. Accordingly, land-use decisions must be made under scientific uncertainty. To reduce erosion and sedimentation in the stream, the Forest Service spent approximately US$260,000 from 1981 to 1991 to repair watershed damage from livestock grazing, prevent livestock from traversing steep banks, and limit livestock access to the channel. Throughout this period, livestock grazing has continued on these lands, yielding less than $12,000 in grazing fees. In revising its Allotment Management Plan for the basin, the Forest Service rejected the “no-grazing” alternative because it was inconsistent with its Land and Resource Management Plan, which specifies there is to be no net reduction of grazing.
Competitive advantages in new corporate ventures: The impact of resource sharing and reporting level

Abstract Ideally, new ventures “born” into a corporation's “family” of existing businesses have a wealth of established resources to successfully draw upon. Such new corporate ventures do not have to reinvent every wheel. There are already marketing programs and plants in place as part of the existing business' operations, and they should be able to piggyback upon these. Likewise, the managers from across the corporation already have established a brand name and gained important experience in dealing with customers, and the new venture should get to ride on these coattails. However, along with these benefits come costs that may be more than offsetting. Corporations may try to force the new venture into the established way of doing things in the name of efficiently utilizing existing resources. Perhaps the new venture will be hamstrung by an effort to coordinate its development with the ongoing operations of the corporation's established businesses. It is not at all clear that sharing corporate resources is always a good thing for new corporate ventures. Some have argued that for new ventures to be successful, they often need the direct involvement of top management to see that they get the benefits of corporate resources without suffering the costs. This suggests the general hypothesis underlying much of this work: reporting to top management will be especially beneficial to new corporate ventures heavily involved in sharing corporate resources. In considering this idea, we explore the complicated relationship between resource sharing, top-management involvement, and the ability of new corporate ventures to establish a competitive advantage. We consider both the relative overall quality and relative production costs as forms of competitive advantage. We find that in new corporate ventures heavily involved in resource sharing, achieving either of these advantages is highly contingent upon the level of corporate management to which the new venture regularly reports. In ventures heavily involved in resource sharing, reporting to top-ranking managers appears to be beneficial in terms of controlling cost, but detrimental in terms of the new venture's overall relative quality. In other words, when it comes to benefiting from shared corporate resources, reporting directly to top management is apparently a “two-edged” sword, offering both benefits and costs. (Reporting level appeared to make little difference in new ventures not involved in corporate resource sharing, and competitive advantage is complex and counter to some existing theories.) New theoretical arguments are needed to explain the empirical results. We develop three such theories, all appropriate for further empirical examination.
Pregnancy after tubal sterilization with bipolar electrocoagulation

Abstract Objective: To determine risk factors for pregnancy after tubal sterilization with bipolar electrocoagulation. Methods: A total of 2267 women who had bipolar electrocoagulation were followed for up to 8 to 14 years as part of a multicenter, prospective, cohort study conducted in medical centers in nine United States cities. We used proportional hazards analysis and cumulative life-table probabilities to assess pregnancy risk in these women. Results: The 5-year cumulative probability of pregnancy for women sterilized in 1978–1982 was 19.5 per 1000 procedures (95% confidence interval [CI], 12.2, 26.9); the comparable probability for women sterilized in 1985–1987 was significantly lower, 6.3 per 1000 procedures (95% CI, 0.0, 13.5) (one-tailed P = .01). Women enrolled in 1985–1987 who had fewer than three sites of coagulation had a probability of failure of 12.9 per 1000 procedures (95% CI, 0.0, 38.0); by contrast, women who had three or more sites coagulated had a probability of failure of 3.2 per 1000 procedures (95% CI, 0.0, 9.6) (one-tailed P = .01). Conclusion: The long-term probability of pregnancy after tubal sterilization with bipolar coagulation was very low when three or more sites of the fallopian tube were coagulated. Bipolar coagulating systems can be highly effective for sterilization when the fallopian tube is coagulated adequately.
Sealing of Transected Neurites of Rat B104 Cells Requires a Diacylglycerol PKC-Dependent Pathway and a PKA-Dependent Pathway

To survive, neurons and other eukaryotic cells must rapidly repair (seal) plasmalemmal damage. Such repair occurs by an accumulation of intracellular vesicles at or near the plasmalemmal disruption. Diacylglycerol (DAG)-dependent and cAMP-dependent proteins are involved in many vesicle trafficking pathways. Although recent studies have implicated the signaling molecule cAMP in sealing, no study has investigated how DAG and DAG-dependent proteins affect sealing. By means of dye exclusion to assess Ca(2+)-dependent vesicle-mediated sealing of transected neurites of individually identifiable rat hippocampal B104 cells, we now report that, compared to non-treated controls, sealing probabilities and rates are increased by DAG and cAMP analogs that activate PKC and Munc13-1 and PKA. Sealing is decreased by inhibiting DAG-activated novel protein kinase C isozymes η (nPKCη) and θ (nPKCθ) and Munc13-1, the PKC effector myristoylated alanine rich PKC substrate (MARCKS) or phospholipase C (PLC). DAG-increased sealing is prevented by inhibiting MARCKS or protein kinase A (PKA). Sealing probability is further decreased by simultaneously inhibiting nPKCη, nPKCθ, and PKA. Extracellular Ca(2+), DAG, or cAMP analogs do not affect this decrease in sealing. These and other data suggest that DAG increases sealing through MARCKS and that nPKCη, nPKCθ, and PKA are all required to seal plasmalemmal damage in B104 and likely all eukaryotic cells.
Testing time series linearity via goodness-of-fit methods

Abstract We consider the problem of testing time series linearity. Existing time domain and spectral domain tests are discussed. A new approach relying on spectral domain properties of a time series under the null hypothesis of linearity is suggested. Under linearity, the normalized bispectral density function Z is a constant. Under the null hypothesis of linearity, properly constructed estimators of 2|Z|2 have a non-central chi-squared distribution with two degrees of freedom and constant non-centrality parameter 2|Z|2. If the null hypothesis is false, the non-centrality parameter is non-constant. This suggests goodness-of-fit tests might be effective in diagnosing non-linearity. Several approaches are introduced.
Multidisciplinary approach to deep-seated lesions requiring radiologically-guided fine-needle aspiration

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is a diagnostic modality that continues to improve in accuracy as training and experience accumulate. With increasing operator expertise and improved localization techniques, greater numbers of patients are able to benefit from FNAs performed on sites that are otherwise difficult or dangerous to reach by conventional surgery. We present a retrospective review of a 2-yr experience with radiologically-guided deep-seated FNA. In 115 cases involving transthoracic and transabdominal sites, we achieved the following overall figures: 91.9% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 93.9% diagnostic accuracy, 100% positive predictive value, and 80.6% negative predictive value. Our results are compared to those in other series. When properly applied, FNA of deep-seated lesions through image guidance is equivalent to tissue diagnosis obtained by laparotomy or surgical procedures. The benefits of FNA with or without core biopsy vs. scalpel biopsy are readily apparent when one considers the morbidity, cost, turnaround time, and trauma to the patient.
Foam for gas well deliquification

Foam is used to remove liquid loading up in gas well and increase gas production. The experimental methods were developed to stimulate the foam deliquification process. Effects of temperature, hydrocarbon, brine and particle on foam were studied. Foam height was reduced with increasing temperature, presence of hydrocarbon, brine, particles and demulsifier. A foam model was also developed to predict the foam unloading application for gas well with consideration of reduction of surface tension and fluid density by the foam.
The Predictive Validity of Cognitive and Affective Measures in a Small Religiously Oriented Liberal Arts College

For a total sample of 224 freshman students entering Westmont College in the fall of 1981 as well as for each of two subsamples differentiated by sex (144 females and 80 males), the degree of relationship was sought between each of two criterion measures-freshman grade point average (GPA) and number of units satisfactorily completed during the freshman year-and each of four cognitive and eleven affective variables. In addition, the amount of association was obtained between each criterion measure and optimally weighted composites of the cognitive variables alone, the affective measures themselves, and a mixture of both cognitive and affective predictors. The statistical data revealed that (1) the criterion measure represented by freshman year college GPA could be predicted far more accurately than could one indicating the number of units satisfactorily completed, (2) high school GPA was overwhelmingly the most valid predictor of college achievement despite the presence of modest validities for standardize...
Explore Arctic Health.

The Arctic Health web site ( ) is a portal to Arctic-specific, health-related content. The site provides expertly organized and annotated resources pertinent to northern peoples and places, including health information, research publications, and environmental information. This site also features the Arctic Health Publications Database, which indexes an array of Arctic-related resources.
Social–Emotional Problems in Early Childhood and the Development of Depressive Symptoms in School-Age Children

Research Findings: The present longitudinal study investigated whether a range of social–emotional difficulties in early childhood predict the development of depressive symptoms in middle childhood. Participants were 56 children and their teachers. Teachers' reports of internalizing and externalizing behaviors were obtained during preschool, and children's displays of negative affect were observed through classroom videotapes in preschool. Children's self-reports of depressive symptoms were collected approximately three and a half years later. Teachers' ratings of social problems and atypical behaviors were positively associated with later depressive symptoms. Teachers' ratings of rule breaking and observed negative affect in preschool were stronger predictors of later depressive symptoms in girls than in boys. Findings point to social non-conformity as an important feature in the developmental course of depressive symptoms. Results lend support to a developmental psychopathology framework, showing change...
Impurity transport in the Advanced toroidal facility

The spectral line emissions from impurities injected using the laser ablation technique have been modelled in order to deduce impurity transport coefficients in the Advanced Toroidal Facility (ATF). The transport is found to be mainly diffusive, with little or no convective component. To reproduce the observed line emission it is necessary to postulate a radially dependent diffusion coefficient. For plasmas heated by electron cyclotron frequency waves the impurity transport is best fitted with a diffusion coefficient of 1000 cm2/s in the centre, increasing to 5000 cm2/s at the plasma edge. The global impurity particle confinement time for these plasmas is 65 ms and is considerably larger than the corresponding energy confinement time. Plasmas heated by high energy neutral particle beams display different impurity transport, with the best fit being a diffusion coefficient that is peaked on axis (5000 cm2/s) and that decreases towards larger minor radii (500 cm2/s at the plasma boundary). These transport coefficients have been successfully used to simulate the evolution of intrinsic impurities as well as laser ablated impurities in ATF
FILIPPO SALVIATI: A BAROQUE VIRTUOSO

RIASSUNTO Si presentano nuove indicazioni documentarie a proposito della biografia di Filippo Salviati. Si mostra che, contrariamente a quanto creduto, la partenza di Filippo da Firenze nel 1613 non fu conseguenza di dispute a corte. La seconda parte dell'articolo discute una possibile relazione tra la cultura patrizia di Filippo e il suo sostegno alla scienza di Galileo.
Selves and Moral Units

Derek Parfit claims that, at certain times and places, the metaphysical units he labels “selves” may be thought of as the morally significant units (i.e., the objects of moral concern) for such things as resource distribution, moral responsibility, commitments, etc. But his concept of the self is problematic in important respects, and it remains unclear just why and how this entity should count as a moral unit in the first place. In developing a view I call “Moderate Reductionism,” I attempt to resolve these worries, first by offering a clearer, more consistent account of what the concept of “self” should involve, and second by arguing for why selves should indeed be viewed as moral (and prudential) units. I then defend this view in detail from both “conservative” and “extreme” objections.
Multiple Process Parameter Optimization of WEDM on AISI304 Using Utility Approach

Wire EDM is an exceptionally precise, efficient and economical manufacturing route in many applications, allowing customers to design parts for optimum function, without the many restrictions of other metal working process. This paper describes the development of multi-characteristic optimization technique using Utility concept to predict and select the optimal setting of machining parameters of Wire EDM on AISI304 material. Multi characteristic optimization was performed for MRR,SR and DD by using utility concept to find out the optimal process parameter setting .The level of significance of the machining parameters for their effect on the output response were determined by using analysis of variance(ANOVA). The experiment has been done using Taguchi orthogonal array L27. Each experiment was carried out with different conditions of input parameters. The input parameters used for optimization are pulse on time, pulse off time, servo voltage, wire feed, wire tension, and di-electric pressure. The response table and ANOVA for overall utility value were established and the best combination of parameters was obtained. The results revealed that optimum combination of process parameters for multi process parameter optimization, by using utility approach was of, pulse on time level1, pulse off time level 2, servo voltage level1, water pressure level3, wire feed level3 and wire tension level 3.
Limited Ethanol Exposure Selectively Alters the Proliferation of Precursor Cells in the Cerebral Cortex

The present in vivo study tests the hypothesis that limited (4-day) exposure to ethanol differentially affects the proliferation of cortical precursors in the two cortical germinal zones [the ventricular zone (VZ) and the subventricular zone (SZ)] and their descendants in the mature brain. The offspring of pregnant rats fed a liquid diet containing 6.7% (v/v) ethanol when prosencephalic stem cells [gestation day (G) 6-69], VZ cells (G12-G15), and SZ cells were proliferating (G18- G21) throughout much of gestation (G6-G21). In addition, the offspring of rats pair-fed a liquid control diet or fed chow were examined. The pregnant dams were administered with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) on either G15 or G21. The ratio of the number of cells that incorporated BrdU to the total number (the labeling index) was determined 1-hr postinjection (i.e., on G15 or G21) or on postnatal day 60, Ethanol treatment between G6 and G21 reduced the ratio of cells labeled by an injection of BrdU on G15 in the fetus and in the adult, and increased the ratio of cells labeled on G21. Regardless of when the injection was placed, ethanol treatment between G6 and G9 had no effect upon the ratio of BrdU-labeled cells in the fetus or mature cortex. Exposure from G12 to G15 decreased the number of VZ cells in the fetus and the number of immunolabeled cells in the adult cortex labeled by an injection on G15. This exposure had no effect on the incorporation by SZ cells. In contrast, ethanol exposure from G18 to G21 increased the labeling indices for fetal SZ cells and for cells in the adult, but it had no effect on the ratio of labeled VZ cells. Although ethanol had no apparent effect on the proliferation of stem cells, it did alter the proliferation of cells in the VZ and SZ. These effects are time-dependent and underlie the ethanol-induced changes in the number of cells in the adult.
Two-Dimensional (2D) DNA Crystals Assembled from Two DNA Strands

Sequence symmetry has been used to simplify the design of a DNA double-crossover (DX) molecule. The resulting DX molecule can self-assemble into two-dimensional (2D) crystalline arrays, but only requires two instead of otherwise four different DNA strands.
Application-aware prefetch prioritization in on-chip networks

Data prefetching is an effective technique for hiding memory latency. When issued prefetches are inaccurate, performance can degrade. Prior research provided solutions to deal with inaccurate prefetches at the cache and memory levels, but not in the interconnect of a large-scale multiprocessor system. This work introduces application-aware prefetch prioritization techniques to mitigate the negative effects of prefetching in a network-on-chip (NoC) based multicore system. The idea is to rank prefetches from different applications based on their potential utility for the application and propensity to cause interference to other applications. Our evaluation shows that this approach provides significant performance improvements over a baseline that does not distinguish between prefetches from different applications.
Nonlinear Analysis Of Visual Systems Using Leds And Optic Fibers

AbstractNovel use is made of multiple 20 and 65 p.m optic fibers coupled to LEDs to provide light stimuli inspecific spatial configurations to a visual nervous system. The LEDs' currents, hence output light intens-ities, are modulated in a Gaussian white -noise fashion to utilize techniques, developed by Wiener, forcomputing nonlinear generalizations of the impulse response function for the visual system. In particular,nonlinear spatial crosstalk between adjacent regions of a crustacean eye are examined using so- called Wiener kernels. The optical and computational techniques are useful for a wide variety of research areasand are easily extended to them. Introduction Visual systems are comprised of two basic parts: a photoreceptor layer of light sensitive cells whichtransduce photon presence into voltage gradations; and the plexus of cells which process those signals intoa representation of the visual environment meaningful to the animal. That representation is determined bythe "receptive field" properties of the cells which transmit the processed signals from the eye to theanimal's brain. Receptive fields are defined in terms of the locus of points on the photoreceptor layerwhose excitation induces a response in the cell under study.To "decipher" the messages used by the animal in reconstructing its visual environment it is necessaryto study the spatial and temporal properties of the component receptive fields comprising the visual system.Receptive fields have been found in a variety of types.
Distance between nucleotide site and cysteine-373 of G-actin by resonance energy transfer measurements.

The distance between the nucleotide site and the reactive cysteine-373 of G-actin was determined from resonance energy transfer measurements by using 1,N 6-ethenoadenosine triphosphate (eATP) as the donor and 4-[N-(iodoacetoxy)ethylN methyl]amino 7 nitrobenz 2 oxa 1,3 diazole covalently attached to the sulphydryl group as acceptor. The quenching of the lifetime of bound donor in the presence of attached acceptor arose predominantly from transfer of excitation energy. The polarization spectrum of free eATP in glycerol revealed that the minimum value of its fundamental anisotropy is 0.32 at 340 nm, indicating that the maximum value of the angle between the absorption and emission dipoles of the ethenoadenosine moiety is 21°. The polarization result indicates that the bound nucleotide is depolarized and has considerable motional freedom. This motion is restricted and unlikely to be rapid or isotropic during the time interval of energy transfer. The attached acceptor is highly immobile, however. The range of the donor-acceptor distance is 24–45 A. This range was not affected by polymerization. In the absence of independent structural information it is not possible to assign a single value to the donor-acceptor separation.
In the Shadow of a Rainbow: The History of Animal Hospice

This article outlines the young history of animal hospice by first focusing on the history of human hospice, with special emphasis on the last 200 years. It then examines similarities between the two, showing how human hospice has informed its animal counterpart and defined it as specialized comfort care benefiting terminally ill companion animals in their home setting as well as a unique journey wherein the caregiver understands that quality of death is as important as quality of life. The article includes a bibliography and two specialized reading lists—on human hospice and on the growing field of animal hospice.
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in susceptible and resistant strains of mice after adoptive transfer of T cells activated by antibodies to the T cell receptor complex

Lymphoid cells from normal and myelin basic protein (MBP)-immune PL/J, SJL/J and (SJL x PL)F1 hybrid mice were activated by in vitro culture with monoclonal antibodies specific for CD3 or specific T cell receptor (TCR) V beta chains. Lymphoid cells activated in this manner from MBP-immune animals did not readily transfer experimental acute encephalomyelitis (EAE) to naive syngeneic recipients in contrast to lymphoid cells from the same source cultured with concanavalin A (ConA) or myelin basic protein (MBP). However, recipients of anti-TCR antibody-activated MBP-specific blasts showed accelerated onset and increased severity of EAE following immunization with MBP as compared to unmanipulated control animals. Anti-TCR activated cells incorporated [3H]-thymidine at a level comparable to ConA or antigen-stimulated cells and secreted interleukin (IL)-2 at comparable levels Anti-TCR activated blasts were greater than 90% positive for CD3 and alpha/beta TCR, 60% CD4+ and 30% CD8+. PL/J or (SJL x PL)F1 recipients of anti-TCR-activated spleen cells from syngeneic normal mice also had more severe EAE than control mice following immunization with MBP. Non-responder C57BL/10SnJ mice could be converted to responders by infusion of anti-CD3 or anti-V beta 8 monoclonal antibody-treated syngeneic spleen cells taken from normal syngeneic unimmunized mice.
Drosophila seminal fluid proteins enter the circulatory system of the mated female fly by crossing the posterior vaginal wall

Seminal fluid proteins from males of many insect species affect the behavior and physiology of their mates. In some cases, these effects result from entry of the proteins into the female's circulatory system. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, some seminal fluid proteins enter the female's circulatory system after transfer from the male while others remain confined within the reproductive tract. To address where and how seminal fluid proteins enter the hemolymph of the mated female, we compared the kinetics of transfer and localization in mated females of two seminal fluid proteins that enter the hemolymph (Acp26Aa and Acp62F) and one that does not (Acp36DE). We also generated transgenic flies that produce Acp26Aa tagged with Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein (GFP) to monitor its transfer in vivo. We report that Acps enter the female circulatory system from the posterior vagina immediately after insemination. The ability of Acps to enter the female hemolymph correlates with their ability to cross the intima that lines the posterior vagina. The ventral posterior vagina is structurally unlike other parts of the female reproductive tract in that it lacks muscles. We hypothesize that it has higher permeability thus affording access to the female's circulatory system.
Being (t)here: mobilising ‘mediaspaces’ of learning

The mobile learning literature, particularly studies that focus on interaction or context, has the tendency to be top-down and highly scripted. Mobility is designed into learning scenarios and spaces. In this article, I proposed a practice perspective for research as an alternative starting point to ‘set in motion’ all modes of learning (blended, e-, distance, campus-based and mobile) based on mobilities research. A practice perspective seeks to understand what is being done in terms of both the social and material reconfiguration of bodies, spaces and technologies through the increasingly dialectic links between absence and presence, proximity and distance and individualism and community. This article takes into account not only the technologies we ‘wear’, but also the embodied and material performances implied by repeated and relocated media production and consumption in terms of what used to be known as oxymorons: absent presence, public privacy and isolated connectivity. These realities do not merely ...
Cosmic texture and the microwave background

The isotropic cosmic microwave background may come from the antipode of a spatially closed, but <1 textured universe.
Workspace Analysis and Visualization of Mechanical Manipulators With Non-Unilateral Constraints

An analytical method is presented to obtain all surfaces enveloping the workspace of a general n degree-of-freedom mechanism with non-unilateral constraints. The method is applicable to kinematic chains that can be modeled using the Denavit-Hartenberg representation method for serial manipulators. The method introduced in this paper is based upon analytical criteria for determining singular behavior of the mechanism. A perturbation approach is implemented to determine the interior and exterior of the workspace. The complete mathematical formulation is presented and illustrated using 3 and 4 DOF spatial manipulators. The paper present a rigorous analysis of the sub-Jacobians to determine a classification of singularities: Type I sets are position Jacobian singularities; Type II sets are instantaneous singularities that are due to a generalized joint that is reaching its apex; Type III sets are domain boundary singularities, which are associated with the initial and final values of the time interval; Type IV sets are coupled singularities, which are associated with a relative singular Jacobian, where the null space is reduced in one submatrix due to either of two occurrences: a Type II or Type III singularities. The paper presents a general formulation for determining the workspace.© 2005 ASME
Multidimensional Atomic Force Microscopy: A Versatile Novel Technology for Nanopharmacology Research

Nanotechnology is giving us a glimpse into a nascent field of nanopharmacology that deals with pharmacological phenomena at molecular scale. This review presents our perspective on the use of scanning probe microscopy techniques with special emphasis to multidimensional atomic force microscopy (m-AFM) to explore this new field with a particular emphasis to define targets, design therapeutics, and track outcomes of molecular-scale pharmacological interactions. The approach will be to first discuss operating principles of m-AFM and provide representative examples of studies to understand human health and disease at the molecular level and then to address different strategies in defining target macromolecules, screening potential drug candidates, developing and characterizing of drug delivery systems, and monitoring target–drug interactions. Finally, we will discuss some future directions including AFM tip-based parallel sensors integrated with other high-throughput technologies which could be a powerful platform for drug discovery.
Morphology and Size Differences Between Local and High-redshift Luminous Infrared Galaxies

We show that the star-forming regions in high-redshift luminous and ultraluminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs and ULIRGs) and submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) have similar physical scales to those in local normal star-forming galaxies. To first order, their higher infrared (IR) luminosities result from higher luminosity surface density. We also find a good correlation between the IR luminosity and IR luminosity surface density in starburst galaxies across over five orders of magnitude of IR luminosity from local normal galaxies to z ~ 2 SMGs. The intensely star-forming regions of local ULIRGs are significantly smaller than those in their high-redshift counterparts and hence diverge significantly from this correlation, indicating that the ULIRGs found locally are a different population from the high-redshift ULIRGs and SMGs. Based on this relationship, we suggest that luminosity surface density should serve as a more accurate indicator for the IR emitting environment, and hence the observable properties, of star-forming galaxies than their IR luminosity. We demonstrate this approach by showing that ULIRGs at z ~ 1 and a lensed galaxy at z ~ 2.5 exhibit aromatic features agreeing with local LIRGs that are an order of magnitude less luminous, but have similar IR luminosity surface density. A consequence of this relationship is that the aromatic emission strength in star-forming galaxies will appear to increase at z>1 for a given IR luminosity compared to their local counterparts.
Evaluation of Two Pen Mouse Designs

Two pen mouse designs were compared with a conventional mouse design in a laboratory experiment. Sixteen Ss (8 men; 8 women) used each of the mice to perform a series of tasks. Wrist posture was measured while holding each mouse. Results show the pen mice decreased ulnar deviation and wrist pronation, the latter being more reduced for women. However, wrist extension was lowest for the conventional mouse. No significant differences in task performance were found between the 3 designs that were tested. Ss reported that the conventional mouse was easier to use than the pen mice and just over half of the Ss preferred this design. A longer-term study is warranted.
Transitional, entraining, cloudy, and coastal boundary layers

Atmospheric boundary layers are marvelously varied and complex. Recent research has examined some of that variety. Boundary layers over land undergo drastic changes throughout the day as the sun rises and sets, and as clouds form and dissipate. Air is entrained at the top of the boundary layer at varying rates. As air moves over the coast, the boundary layer reacts to changes in surface forcing. All of these changes affect pollutant transport and weather formation. In this paper, research attempting to understand transitional, cloud-topped, and coastal boundary layers, and boundary-layer top entrainment, is reviewed.
NAFTA and the Pollution Haven Hypothesis

The “Pollution Haven Hypothesis” is the prediction that trade liberalization will lead to the movement of polluting industries from high income/stringent environmental regulation countries to low income/lax environmental regulation countries. This prediction has led to concerns that NAFTA would be an environmental disaster for Mexico. The three articles included in this collection investigate the post-NAFTA environmental performance of Mexico using both aggregate data on pollution emissions as well as firm-level data on environmental abatement efforts. In this article, I summarize the contribution in the context of the trade/environmental literature and provide some suggestions for future work.
Chromate reduction in wastewater at different pH levels using thin iron wires—A laboratory study

The effectiveness of using thin zero-valent iron (Fe0) wires in the treatment of wastewater generated from a metal cleaning facility and with a pH in the range of 2 to 10 was examined. It was found that (1) when the sample containing low levels of total chromium (≤14 mg/L) was mixed with iron wires at a pH of 3 to 8, 50 to 90% of the total chromium could be reduced in 4 h; (2) the initial reduction efficiency was pH-dependent: the lower the pH, the higher the reduction rate; (3) variations of solution pH, redox electrical potential, and electrical conductivity (EC) in samples were also pH-dependent; (4) the adsorption/reduction efficiency was limited by the diffusion of Cr(VI) from wastewater to the iron surface when the test duration was long; (5) when the initial pH = 3, iron corrosion and redox reaction dominated the reduction process; however, with pH = 8 or 10, corrosion, surface passivation, or metal precipitation could compete with reduction; (6) the used iron wires were still effective in chromium removal in new samples at pH = 3; and (7) some desorption of adsorbed chromium was observed in acidic samples when the test duration was long. Scanning electron microscope images and energy-dispersive X-ray spectra collected from iron samples also indicate that the efficiency of chromium adsorption/reduction is pH-dependent. Our results suggest that using zero-valent iron to polish acidic wastewater containing low contents of chromium and other heavy metals is feasible. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2005
A cell decomposition approach to visibility-based pursuit evasion among obstacles

In this paper, we address the problem of surveillance in an environment with obstacles. We consider the problem in which a mobile observer attempts to maintain visual contact with a target as it moves through an environment containing obstacles. This surveillance problem is a variation of traditional pursuit-evasion games, with the additional condition that the pursuer immediately loses the game if at any time it loses sight of the evader. We analyze this tracking problem as a game of kind. We use the method of explicit policy to compute guaranteed strategies for surveillance for the observer in an environment containing a single corner. These strategies depend on the initial positions of the observer and the target in the workspace. Based on these strategies a partition of the visibility polygon of the players is constructed. The partitions have been constructed for varying speeds of the observer and the target. Using these partitions we provide a sufficient condition for escape of a target in a general environment containing polygonal obstacles. Moreover, for a given initial target position, we provide a polynomial-time algorithm that constructs a convex polygonal region that provides an upper-bound for the set of initial observer positions from which it does not lose the game. We extend our results to the case of arbitrary convex obstacles with differentiable boundaries. We also present a sufficient condition for tracking and provide a lower-bound on the region around the initial position of the target from which the observer can track the target. Finally, we provide an upper bound on the area of the region in which the outcome of the game is unknown.
Experimental investigation of ductile fracture by white light moiré interferometry

Abstract A portable white light moire interferometry unit was constructed and applied to ductile fracture analysis. Fracture parameters such as the J-integral, crack opening displacement (COD), and crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) were calculated or directly obtained from the moire fringes and then used to analyze crack initiation and the subsequent stable crack growth of aluminum single-edge-notched (SEN) specimens. A brief sensitivity analysis is presented for moire interferometry with real gratings. Advantages and disadvantages of white light moire interferometry are also discussed.
A parallel algorithm for detecting dominant points on multiple digital curves

Abstract A new parallel algorithm is proposed for detecting corners of multiple planar curves or shapes. This algorithm is based on an analysis of morphological residues and corner characteristics. The method is different from traditional chain-code based corner detection algorithms which associate with a chain coding and floating point computation. For multiple objects in an image, the proposed algorithm treats them uniformly and applies simultaneously on curves and shapes of multiple objects. The experiments demonstrate that the algorithm can be effectively executed on an SIMD parallel computer. A boundary-constrained morphological method is presented for filling closed curves into shapes which are subsequently used for corner detection.
On the calculation of total electron inelastic scattering cross sections for neutral atoms in the keV energy range

Abstract The total inelastic cross sections for electron scattering from neutral atoms are calculated by integrating the Morse inelastic intensity over all scattering angles using the Waller-Hartree values of the inelastic scattering factors given by Tavard.
Synthesis of cast metal matrix particulate composites

The present review begins by briefly tracing history in the early days of development of cast metal-matrix composites and also outlines different casting routes for their synthesis. The problems faced by the quality of cast products and their relation to the process variables and characteristics of a given process, constitute the main theme of the review. The development of microstructure has been discussed in view of nucleation behaviour anticipated on the basis of estimated interface energies. The solidification around dispersoids and in regions away from it has been highlighted. Porosity in cast composites (its origin and control in cast components by suitable mould design) has engaged attention because of damage to mechanical properties due to porosity. The chemical reactions at the interface between dispersoid and matrix during processing of certain important systems of composites, have been described and the means of controlling these reactions have been indicated. The review concludes by drawing attention to the potential for application of cast composites in different industrial components and underlines the necessity of research in certain related fields so that industrial application of cast metal-matrix composites will soon become a reality.
Prospective validation of eight different adherence measures for use with administrative claims data among patients with schizophrenia.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the predictive validity of eight different adherence measures by studying the variability explained between each measure and hospitalization episodes among Medicaid-eligible persons diagnosed with schizophrenia on antipsychotic monotherapy. Methods: This study was a retrospective analysis of the Arkansas Medicaid administrative claims data. Continuously eligible adult schizophrenia (ICD-9-CM = 295.**) patients on antipsychotic monotherapy were identified in the recruitment period from July 2000 through April 2004. Adherence rates to antipsychotic therapy in year 1 were calculated using eight different measures identified from the literature. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to prospectively predict all-cause and mental health-related hospitalizations in the follow-up year. Results: Adherence rates were computed for 3395 schizophrenic patients with a mean age of 42.9 years, of which 52.5% (n = 1782) were females, and 52.8% (n = 1793) were white. The proportion of days covered (PDC) and continuous measure of medication gaps measures of adherence had equal C-statistics of 0.571 in predicting both all-cause and mental health-related hospitalizations. The medication possession ratio (MPR) continuous multiple interval measure of oversupply were the second best measures with equal C-statistics of 0.568 and 0.567 for any-cause and mental health-related hospitalizations. The multivariate adjusted models had higher C-statistics but provided the same rank order results. Conclusions: MPR and PDC were among the best predictors of any-cause and mental health-related hospitalization, and are recommended as the preferred adherence measures when a single measure is sought for use with administrative claims data for patients not on polypharmacy.
The iSH2 domain of PI 3-kinase is a rigid tether for p110 and not a conformational switch.

Abstract Class IA PI 3-kinases are heterodimeric proteins with distinct catalytic (p110) and regulatory (p85) subunits. The minimal fragment of p85 capable of regulating p110 activity (p85ni) is the N-terminal SH2 domain linked to the iSH2 coiled-coil domain. We used cysteine mutagenesis and 14C-NEM-labeling to show that the p110-binding site in the iSH2 domain includes two regions: residues 482–484 and 532–541. These regions are adjacent to each other in the three-dimensional structural model of the iSH2 domain, and define a coherent binding site. We then used spin labeling and EPR spectroscopy to demonstrate that the conformation of the iSH2 domain is unaffected by binding to the N-terminal fragment of p110 (residues 1–108), and/or by phosphopeptide binding to p85ni/p110(1–108) heterodimers. Finally, we show that the cSH2 domain cannot substitute for the nSH2 domain with regard to inhibition of p110. These data support a model in which the iSH2 domain is a rigid tether for p110, and regulation of p85/p110 is mediated by nSH2-p110 contacts.
Comparing GEE and Robust Standard Errors for Conditionally Dependent Data

In recent years political scientists have become increasingly sensitive to questions of conditional dependence in their data. I outline and compare two general, widely-used approaches for addressing such dependence—robust variance estimators and generalized estimating equations (GEEs)—using data on votes in Supreme Court search and seizure decisions between 1963 and 1981. The results make clear that choices about the unit on which data are grouped, i.e., clustered, are typically of far greater significance than are decisions about which type estimator is used.
XX. Solubility and supersolubility from the osmotic standpoint

(1912). XX. Solubility and supersolubility from the osmotic standpoint. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 24, No. 140, pp. 254-268.
Voltage-Biased Superconducting Transition-Edge Bolometer with Strong Electrothermal Feedback Operated at 370 mK.

We present an experimental study of a composite voltage-biased superconducting bolometer (VSB). The tested VSB consists of a Ti-film superconducting thermometer (Tc ∼ 375 mK) on a Si substrate suspended by NbTi superconducting leads. A resistor attached to the substrate provides calibrated heat input into the bolometer. The current through the bolometer is measured with a superconducting quantum interference device ammeter. Strong negative electrothermal feedback fixes the bolometer temperature at Tc and reduces the measured response time from 2.6 s to 13 ms. As predicted, the measured current responsivity of the bolometer is equal to the inverse of the bias voltage. A noise equivalent power of 5 × 10-17 W/√Hz was measured for a thermal conductance G ∼ 4.7 × 10-10 W/K, which is consistent with the expected thermal noise. Excess noise was observed for bias conditions for which the electrothermal feedback strength was close to maximum.
Ne i-like resonance lines and Na i-like satellites in argon and chlorine

Using the beam-foil technique, we have measured the decay times of the resonance lines $2{p}^{6}^{1}S\ensuremath{-}2{p}^{5}3s^{1,3}P$ of Ne i-like Cl viii and Arix. We compare our results with theoretical values of the absorption oscillator strengths of these transitions and those of lighter ions of the isoelectronic sequence. We have partially resolved the Na i-like satellite spectra and suggest some identifications based on relativistic Hartree-Fock calculations. Some new observations of transitions between $n=3$ and $n=4$ levels of the Ne i-like ions are reported.
Rapid cycling of subducted sediments into the Samoan mantle plume

Harzburgite xenoliths from the Samoan hotspot carry extraordinarily enriched Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic ratios previously attributed to metasomatism by a carbonatitic fluid derived from recycled sediments. I describe here the gas composition and microthermometric properties of fluid inclusions that have trapped this unusual agent. The inclusions are dominantly pure CO_2 and were apparently formed at the base of the crust. They have high ^3He/^4He ratios (12 times the atmospheric ratio), inconsistent with the radiogenic values expected for recycled sediments. Furthermore, inclusion C/^3He ratios of ∼3 × 10^9 are indistinguishable from typical mantle values and are far lower than those in sediments (>10^(11)). These striking observations imply that little of the helium and carbon in the metasomatic fluid was derived from the recycled source required by the Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes. The metasomatic fluid is probably a product of mixing within the Samoan hot spot of a volatile-rich high ^3He/^4He plume melt and recycled sediments. The retention of high ^3He/^3He ratios in such a mixture requires very rapid cycling of the sedimentary component through the mantle (probably <10^7 yr), rather than the billions of years often envisaged. This time scale indicates involvement of material recently returned to the mantle at the nearby Tonga Trench, and pelagic sediments near the trench have approximately the requisite geochemical signature. The unique isotopic characteristics of the Samoan plume likely arise from its unusual tectonic setting at the northern terminus of subduction in the Tonga Trench.
Race, space, place: notes on the racialisation and spatialisation of commercial sex work in Dubai, UAE.

This paper focuses on the perceived racialisation and resultant spatialisation of commercial sex in Dubai. In recent years, the sex industry in Dubai has grown to include women from the Middle East, Eastern Europe, East Asia and Africa. With the increase in sex workers of different nationalities has come a form of localised racism that is embedded in structures and desires seen within specific locations. The physical spatialisation of sex work hinges on perceived race and produces distinct income generating potential for women engaged in the sex industry in Dubai. The social and physical topography of Dubai is important in marginalising or privileging these various groups of sex workers, which correlates race, space and place with rights and assistance. I begin with a description of the multidirectional flows of causality between race, space, place and demand. I then discuss how these various groups are inversely spatialised within the discourse on assistance, protection and rights. The findings presented...