cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some elementary connections between curvature and mismatch strain in compositionally graded thin films

A thin film structure with through-the-thickness variation of properties and/or mismatch strain is considered. The relationship of the overall curvature of the film to the variation of properties and mismatch strain is reviewed. It is shown that, if the material properties are known, the mismatch strain distribution in the film can be expressed in terms of the dependence of curvature on film thickness. In addition, the case of film growth under conditions for which the mismatch strain of deposited material depends on the local strain conditions of the growth surface is considered. By means of an illustration, it is shown that the final state of strain within a free film following growth depends on the constraint conditions that were imposed on the film during its growth.
A historical review of sympathetic ophthalmia and its epidemiology.

Abstract Sympathetic ophthalmia was given its complete clinical description by William Mackenzie in 1840, and fully described in terms of its histopathology by Ernst Fuchs in 1905. A review of epidemiologic data from the 19th and 20th centuries reveals that acceptable statistical studies have yet to be carried out, but suggests that the disease has always been of extremely low incidence. Further, there does not appear to be a markedly decreased incidence in the “modern era”. The etiology of the disease remains elusive, although the pathogenesis appears to be due to delayed hypersensitivity (cell-mediated immunity), possibly directed at a surface membrane antigen that is shared by photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium and choroidal melanocytes. The only effective therapy remains preventive enucleation of the injured eye, despite modern usage of immunosuppressive agents. Studies have suggested that early enucleation of a blind exciting eye can improve the prognosis for the sympathizing eye.
Vulnerability to Extreme Heat in Metropolitan Phoenix: Spatial, Temporal, and Demographic Dimensions

This study assessed the spatial distribution of vulnerability to extreme heat in 1990 and 2000 within metropolitan Phoenix based on an index of seven equally weighted measures of physical exposure and adaptive capacity. These measures were derived from spatially interpolated climate, normalized differential vegetation index, and U.S. Census data. From resulting vulnerability maps, we also analyzed population groups living in areas of high heat vulnerability. Results revealed that landscapes of heat vulnerability changed substantially in response to variations in physical and socioeconomic factors, with significant alterations to spatial distribution of vulnerability especially between eastern and western sectors of Phoenix. These changes worked to the detriment of Phoenix's Hispanic population and the elderly concentrated in urban-fringe retirement communities.
The pioneering contributions of cayley and sylvester to the mathematical description of chemical structure

Abstract The foundations of modern chemical graph theory were laid by the pioneering work of the mathematicians Arthur Cayley (1821–1895) and James Sylvester (1814–1897). In attempting to characterize chemical structure in purely mathematical terms, they established that an isomorphism exists between the structures of individual chemical molecules and mathematical graphs. They thereby first demonstrated the relevance of the graph in the chemical context. Cayley made use of graphs in the enumeration of constitutional isomers for the members of the alkane and other homologous series, whereas Sylvester employed graphs for both the depiction of molecules and the derivation of polynomial expressions thought to be characteristic of chemical structures. The long-term impact of their work is now seen to have been immense. In particular, recent years have witnessed a dramatic growth in the various applications of chemical graph theory. Papers exploiting the concept of the chemical graph are currently appearing at the rate of almost 600 per annum.
View Angle Tilting Echo Planar Imaging for Distortion Correction

Geometric distortion caused by field inhomogeneity along the phase-encode direction is one of the most prominent artifacts due to a relatively low effective bandwidth along that direction in magnetic resonance echo planar imaging. This work describes a method for correcting in-plane image distortion along the phase-encode direction using a view angle tilting imaging technique in spin-echo echo planar imaging. Spin-echo echo planar imaging with view angle tilting uses the addition of gradient blips along the slice-select direction, concurrently applied with the phase-encode gradient blips, producing an additional phase. This phase effectively offsets an unwanted phase accumulation caused by field inhomogeneity, resulting in the removal of image distortion along the phase-encode direction. The proposed method is simple and straightforward both in implementation and application with no scan time penalty. Therefore, it is readily applicable on commercial scanners without having any customized postprocessing. The efficacy of the spin-echo echo planar imaging with view angle tilting technique in the correction of image distortion is demonstrated in phantom and in vivo brain imaging.
Vapor-based polymer gradients.

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) co-polymerization was used to fabricate polymer coatings, which comprise of reactive surface composition gradients. Two functionalized derivatives of [2.2]paracyclophane were fed into a two-source CVD system at a 1808 angle, then copolymerized and deposited as a polymer gradient. Infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the compositional changes within the bulk polymer and at the surface. By manipulating process parameters, gradients of tailored compositional slope can be deposited on a wide range of substrates. We also were able to selectively immobilize fluorescence-labeled ligands onto the reactive polymer gradients, making CVD-based gradient surfaces a flexible platform for fabricating biomolecular substrates.
Source mechanisms of terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes

[1] The source of terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs) has remained a mystery since their discovery in 1994. Recent Reuven Ramaty High-Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) observations show that these intense bursts of MeV gamma rays likely originate much deeper in the atmosphere than previously inferred from Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) data, with the source altitude <21 km. Using existing measurements of the intensity and duration of BATSE and RHESSI TGFs, along with limits on the electric field set by the relativistic feedback mechanism involving backward propagating positrons and x-rays, it is found that TGFs cannot be produced by relativistic runaway electron avalanches acting on natural background radiation or extensive cosmic-ray air showers alone, as has been assumed by many previous models. Instead, the energetic seed particle production most likely involves either relativistic feedback or runaway electron production in the strong electric fields associated with lightning leaders or streamers, similar to the energetic radiation observed on the ground from lightning.
Insulin resistance in the conscious spontaneously hypertensive rat: Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp study

To determine whether spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) are insulin resistant when compared with their genetic control, Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY), insulin-stimulated glucose utilization was studied in both strains with the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp technique. This methodology can determine if insulin resistance is present and whether it is due to ineffective stimulation of peripheral glucose utilization, or to incomplete suppression of (hepatic) endogenous glucose production (EGP) by insulin, or both. Twelve WKY and 15 SHR (all male) had long-term catheters surgically placed. After surgical recovery, fasting metabolic parameters were measured in the conscious, unstressed state. Clamp studies were then performed on nine WKY and eight SHR. EGP was measured before and during euglycemic hyperinsulinemia with the tracer-dilution technique (6-3H-glucose). Indices of fasting metabolism (plasma glucose, insulin, and hepatic EGP) were not different between WKY and SHR. During the clamp studies, the glucose infusion rate (GIR) required to maintain euglycemia was significantly lower in SHR (SHR, 0.055 ± 0.003 v WKY, 0.106 ± 0.001 mmol/kg · min−1; P < .001). EGP was completely suppressed during euglycemic hyperinsulinemia in all WKY and in six of eight SHR. We conclude that conscious, nonstressed SHR are insulin resistant when compared with WKY. Attenuated insulin-stimulated peripheral glucose utilization implicates skeletal muscle, and not liver, as the primary site of insulin resistance in SHR.
ANTIMETABOLITES AND CYTOTOXIC DRUGS

Mycophenolic mofetil, azathioprine, thioguanine, methotrexate, and cyclophosphamide were initially used for the treatment of malignancies. Because of their immunosuppressive activity, the range of diseases responsive to these medications has expanded to include various autoimmune-related diseases. Discussion includes a historical perspective of each medication, recent updates on responsive dermatologic conditions, dosages, monitoring guidelines, and medication expense.
(How Much) is the Law to Blame for Baseball's Turbulent Labor Relations?:

Three bodies of law have had significant impact on labor relations in professional sports including baseball. The first, antitrust law, was not available in baseball until 1998. Players in the National Football League used antitrust law effectively against owners in the 1980s, but it is now available only to players outside a formal collective bargaining relationship. The second, National Labor Relations Act, has been used by both owners and player unions to achieve specific objectives, but doctrines developed under the statute have contributed to posturing and to crisis bargaining. The third, a specialized contract law developed for interpreting and enforcing collective bargaining agreements, has generally worked fairly well in professional sports, particularly the principles encouraging the use of arbitration.
Photoemission spectra of Ce compounds and their relation to ground-state and dynamical properties

Abstract 4f-derived features in photoemission spectra of Ce compounds are described by using a Ce-ligand cluster model which takes into account strong 4f-electron correlation, 4f-ligand hybridization and band-structure effects. In terms of this model it is shown that ground-state properties such as the disappearance of the local magnetic moment and the small lattice volume results from the 4f-ligand orbital hybridization in mixed valent and tetravalent Ce compounds. Applicability of the present and other models for spectroscopic, ground-state and low energy dynamical properties of Ce compounds is discussed.
Intermediate range forecasting - observational requirements and techniques

Abstract The 1990s will witness a significant increase in meteorological observations, both traditional and innovative. Numerical weather forecast models will improve in terms of scale definition and physics. The role the observations, especially those from space, may play in improving the intermediater range forecast is presented. The greatest challenge is to insure that the modeler and the observationalist exploit their opportunities together.
Manipulation of the amount of RNA in post-mitotic nuclei

Abstract Because all (or almost all) nuclear RNAs are liberated to the cytoplasm during mitosis and then return to the post-mitotic nuclei, we expected that if cytoplasm were amputated from mitotic cells the post-division nuclei would possess less than normal amounts of RNA. Experiments performed with amebae ( A. proteus ) show that this is in fact what happens. Furthermore, since the enucleate fragment cut from a mitotic cell possesses an “excess” of returnable nuclear RNAs, a normal interphase nucleus implanted into such mitotic cytoplasm might be expected to acquire above-normal amounts of RNA. Experiments reported here show that this expectation also is realized. Thus, the regulation of the normal nuclear concentration of these RNAs involves mechanisms other than a limited number of intranuclear “binding” sites and most likely is restricted by the rate of synthesis of these RNAs. The demonstration that nuclei can be depleted or enriched for RNAs, many of which are unique to nuclei, makes it possible to determine the consequences for cell metabolism of altered amounts of nuclear RNA. Hopefully, such studies will reveal the function(s) of these RNAs.
Evolution of stacked, ductile shear zones in carbonates from mid-crustal levels: Tuscan Nappe, N. Apennines, Italy

Abstract The evolution of ductile shear zones within the Portoro Limestone of the Tuscan Nappe, Portovenere region, Italy, has been determined using three-dimensional strain analysis. Shear zones, composed of calcite matrix and carbonate veins, are parallel to bedding and alternate with undeformed layers of mixed calcite and dolomite. The shear zones developed under conditions of non-coaxial, rotational deformation as determined from the rotation and shape change of veins within the shear zones and the angular relationship between the shear zone fabric and shear zone boundary. In addition, apparently complex flow that would be recorded by additional components of strain, such as layer-parallel shortening or extension or wrenching did not occur based on the lack of significant veins strike changes and pellet shape changes in sections parallel to the shear plane. Minor, localized volume loss occurred in some shear zones where high and low strains are juxtaposed. The shear zones, therefore, developed under conditions of non-coaxial rotational strain that was heterogeneously distributed along layers parallel to bedding and were locally accompanied by volume loss.
Dynamics of Localized Charges in Dopamine-Modified TiO2 and their Effect on the Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species

Modification of TiO2 nanoparticles with dopamine enables harvesting of visible light and promotes spatial separation of charges. The formation of reactive oxygen species (OH, 1O2, O2−, HO2, H2O2) upon illumination of TiO2/dopamine was studied using complementary spin-trap EPR and radical-induced fluorescence techniques. The localization of holes on dopamine suppresses oxidation of adsorbed water molecules at the surface of nanoparticles, and thus formation of OH radicals. At the same time, dopamine does not affect electronic properties of photogenerated electrons and their reaction with dissolved oxygen to produce superoxide anions. Superoxide anions are proposed to generate singlet oxygen through dismutation reaction, resulting in a low yield of 1O2 detected.
Identification of the Dimer Interface of a Bacterial Ca2+/H+ Antiporter

Members of the calcium/cation antiporter superfamily, including the cardiac sodium/calcium exchangers, are secondary active transporters that play an essential role in cellular Ca2+ homeostasis. A notable feature of this group of transporters is the high levels of sequence similarity in relatively short sequences constituting the functionally important α-1 and α-2 regions in contrast to relatively lower degrees of similarity in the extended adjoining sequences. This suggests a similar structure and function of core transport machinery but possible differences in topology and/or oligomerization, a topic that has not been adequately addressed. Here we present the first example of purification of a bacterial member of this superfamily (CAXCK31) and analyze its quaternary structure. Purification of CAXCK31 required the presence of a choline headgroup-containing detergent or lipid to yield stable preparations of the monomeric transporter. H+-driven Ca2+ transport was demonstrated by reconstituting purified CAX...
Multiple path analysis of reflectance from turbid media

A novel method to calculate the reflectance of light from a turbid medium is presented. The method takes an approach similar to that of the Beer-Lambert law, where the intensity of light is attenuated by an exponential factor involving the path length and the absorption coefficient. Due to scatter, however, there are many path lengths; in the present method all possible path lengths are weighted by their probabilities and summed over. A path length probability density is derived by considering a photon random walk through the medium. The result is a simple expression for the reflectance based on the physical properties of the medium.
Synthesis of a novel cyclic pentacovalent phosphoenol ether derived from a dienone. Approaches to the syntheses of phosphonate analogs of sphingomyelin, sphingosine 1-phosphate and ceramide 1-phosphate

Abstract The synthesis of a new pentacovalent oxaphospholene from a dienone, and its use as an enolate equivalent in the approach toward the syntheses of a phosphonate analog of sphingomyelin, sphingosine 1-phosphate and ceramide 1-phosphate is described. Condensation of the new P(V) reagent with an azodicarboxylate, followed by reduction of the ketone produced cis - and/or trans -oxazolidinones, potential precursors to the sphingomyelin, sphingosine and ceramide molecules. A study of reducing agents to produce the desired cis -oxazolidinone is presented.
Effects of urbanization on trophic dynamics of arthropod communities on a common desert host plant

Urbanization is a dominant demographic trend that radically alters ecological patterns. Most urban ecology studies, however, are strictly observational, and the mechanisms underlying these patterns have not been experimentally examined in cities. We manipulated vertebrate and invertebrate predators and water availability of a common native shrub to investigate the mechanisms controlling trophic dynamics of associated arthropod communities in an outlying desert, an urban desert remnant, and a mesic yard. The outlying desert had higher diversity and greater evenness but lower abundances than urban sites. The desert remnant resembled the mesic yard in terms of arthropod seasonality, abundances, and diversity. Surprisingly, top-down pressures on arthropods were stronger in urbanized areas and controlled already elevated herbivore abundances. Predators were especially sensitive to water availability, suggesting that stress plays an important role in this trophic system. Shifts in trophic dynamics are likely common in cities and preserved remnants may not mimic the trophic structure and function of their more pristine counterparts. If these patterns hold in other urbanized areas, they would have broad implications for conservation biology given that simply preserving natural habitats in urbanizing areas may not be enough to ensure an associated fauna that reflects the more intact and less urbanized habitat.
Characterization of 5.8-S RNA from a complex with 26-S ribosomal RNA from Arbacia punctulata.

Abstract The 28-S rRNA of rat liver, the 26-S rRNA of Arbacia punctulata and the 25-S rRNA of pea seedlings are hydrogen-bonded to small molecular weight RNA's of approx. 140–150 nucleotides. These particular small RNA's are designated here, for the purposes of identification, as 5.5-S rRNA 28 for rat liver, 5.8-S rRNA 26 for Arbacia punctulata and 5.8-S rRNA 25 for pea seedlings. These small rRNA's can only be obtained from the large rRNA species and are released by heat or urea treatment. These hydrogen-bonded RNA species appear to be a characteristic of rRNA of eucaryotic cells and have not been observed in Escherichia coli . The base composition of 5.8-S rRNA 26 is 56% (G+C) and it is not methylated as measured by [ Me - 14 C]methionine incorporation. The 5.8-S rRNA 26 hybridizes to the DNA genome to the extent of 0.003–0.004%.
Fitting forms for isothermal data

Abstract Isothermal data in the (V, P)-plane are generally not sufficiently precise to determine the bulk modulus and its pressure derivative using finite differences. Instead the data are fit to an analytic expression and the derivatives of the analytic expression are used. The derivatives obtained in this fashion may be sensitive to the fitting form and the domain of data used for the fit. This point is illustrated by re-analyzing two data sets for β-HMX. With the third order Birch-Murnaghan equation and a Hugoniot based fitting form we show that the uncertainty in the modulus due to the fitting forms is greater than the statistical uncertainty of the fits associated with the experimental error bars. Moreover, there is a systematic difference between the two data sets. Both fitting forms give statistically good fits for both experiments, although the modulus at ambient pressure ranges from 10.6 to 17.5 GPa. The large variation in the initial value of the modulus is due in part to the lack of data in the...
Making Sense of Competing Constructs of Teacher as Professional.

Abstract This paper presents a comparative case study involving eight teachers from two Reggio-inspired schools that focuses on how teachers negotiate a Reggio-inspired approach in the American context. This study first identifies the struggles these eight teachers faced in applying the philosophical beliefs borrowed from this Italian-born approach. With the assumption that roles and identity are socially defined and sustained, this study pays particular attention to how participants negotiate two competing constructs of professional identity; one being participants' own cultural construct and the other being their Reggio-inspired construct of teacher as professional. Findings from this study suggest that one of the core aspects of the Reggio Emilia approach—building relationships with parents—can prove to be complex and problematic for teachers working within the American context. These competing constructs often caused a power struggle with parents who were unfamiliar with the Reggio Emilia philosophy. ...
An optimal inventory solution for Weibull demand distributions

Abstract The problem considered here is an infinite stage inventory decision process in which the penalty cost for failing to have in stock sufficient items to satisfy demand at the next stage includes a fixed administrative cost (red tape) and a cost proportional to the deficiency in stock. It is shown here that when the demand follows a Weibull distribution, optimal constant stock level solution exists. A simple computer program is given to calculate this optimal solution.
Evaluation of selectivity and robustness of near-infrared glucose measurements based on short-scan Fourier transform infrared interferograms

The selectivity and robustness of near-infrared (near-IR) calibration models based on short-scan Fourier transform (FT) infrared interferogram data are explored. The calibration methodology used in this work employs bandpass digital filters to reduce the frequency content of the interferogram data, followed by the use of partial least-squares (PLS) regression to build calibration models with the filtered interferogram signals. Combination region near-IR interferogram data are employed corresponding to physiological levels of glucose in an aqueous matrix containing variable levels of alanine, sodium ascorbate, sodium lactate, urea, and triacetin. A randomized design procedure is used to minimize correlations between the component concentrations and between the concentration of glucose and water. Because of the severe spectral overlap of the components, this sample matrix provides an excellent test of the ability of the calibration methodology to extract the glucose signature from the interferogram data. The robustness of the analysis is also studied by applying the calibration models to data collected outside of the time span of the data used to compute the models. A calibration model based on 52 samples collected over 4 days and employing two digital filters produces a standard error of calibration (SEC) of 0.36 mM glucose. The corresponding standard errors of prediction (SEP) for data collected on the 5th (18 samples) and 7th (10 samples) day are 0.42 and 0.48 mM, respectively. The interferogram segment used for the analysis contained only 155 points. These results are compatible with those obtained in a conventional analysis of absorbance spectra and serve to validate the viability of the interferogram-based calibration.
Meeting the challenges of the digital medical enterprise of the future by reusing enterprise software components

Managing medical digital information objects, and in particular medical images is an enterprise-grade problem. Firstly, there is the sheer amount of digital data that is generated in the proliferation of digital (and film-free) medical imaging. Secondly, the managing software ought to enjoy high availability, recoverability and manageability that are found only in the most business-critical systems. Indeed, such requirements are borrowed from the business enterprise world. Moreover, the solution for the medical information management problem should too employ the same software tools, middlewares and architectures. It is safe to say that all first-line medical PACS products strive to provide a solution for all these challenging requirements. The DICOM standard has been a prime enabler of such solutions. DICOM created the interconnectivity, which made it possible for a PACS service to manage millions of exams consisting of trillions of images. With the more comprehensive IHE architecture, the enterprise is expanded into a multi-facility regional conglomerate, which presents extreme demands from the data management system. HIPPA legislations add considerable challenges per security, privacy and other legal issues, which aggravate the situation. In this paper, we firstly present what in our view should be the general requirements for a first-line medical PACS, taken from an enterprise medical imaging storage and management solution perspective. While these requirements can be met by homegrown implementations, we suggest looking at the existing technologies, which have emerged in the recent years to meet exactly these challenges in the business world. We present an evolutionary process, which led to the design and implementation of a medical object management subsystem. This is indeed an enterprise medical imaging solution that is built upon respective technological components. The system answers all these challenges simply by not reinventing wheels, but rather reusing the best “wheels” for the job. Relying on such middleware components allowed us to concentrate on added value for this specific problem domain.
Testing for and against an Order Restriction on Multinomial Parameters

Abstract Likelihood-ratio statistics are considered for testing a simple null hypothesis on a collection of multinomial parameters against an order-restricted alternative and for testing an order restriction against all alternatives. For the former test, the asymptotic distribution of the test statistic under the null hypothesis is a version of the chi-bar-squared distribution. This extends the work of Chacko (1966). For the latter test, homogeneity is, asymptotically, the least favorable configuration and under this hypothesis the asymptotic distribution of the test statistic has tail probabilities which are weighted averages of standard chi-squared tail probabilities.
Ovarian steroids directly alter luteinizing hormone (LH) release by pituitary homografts.

The direct role of estradiol and proges-terone in sensitizing the adenohypophysis to the releasing action of LHRH (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone) has been examined in rats bearing pituitary homografts. Groups (10–14/group) of virgin female rats (CDF strain) were hypophysec-tomized, ovariectomized, and pituitaries obtained from long-term ovariectomized donors were implanted under the kidney capsule. The animals were treated on the sixth day after transplantation with sesame oil vehicle, estradiol (1.6 /μ.g/100 g BW), progesterone (0.6 mg/100 g BW), or estradiol plus progesterone. This injection regimen was repeated 12 h later. Ninety minutes after the steroid injection on day 7 half of the animals in each group received LHRH (ip) and half received saline. Basal levels of LH in the steroid-treated groups not injected with LHRH were, in general, elevated as compared tothe oil-injected group. Following LHRH, blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture under light ether anesthesia at 5, 15, 30, 60...
Lithographically fabricated optical antennas with sub-10nm gaps formed by a sacrifical layer

We lithographically fabricate arrays of optical antennas with ∼6nm gaps. The enhancement factor from surface-enhanced Raman scattering measurement is ∼5 times larger than the same structure with ∼18nm gaps.
Transformations of F-Alkyl Iodides and Bromides Induced by Nickel(0) Carbonyl.

Adducts of primary F-alkyl iodides with nickel carbonyl are formed readily in donor solvents and pyrolyze at 100−150 °C to give olefinic coupling products in high yield. The mechanism proposed to a...
Molecular-level variations in particulate organic matter subclasses along the Mid-Atlantic Bight

Abstract A significant portion of oceanic primary productivity occurs on continental margins. As the fate of this primary production has not been clearly determined, continental margins have been the focus of increased research over the past two decades. In the present study, molecular-level characteristics of particulate organic matter (POM) subclasses from the Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB) were explored in an attempt to further our understanding of organic matter cycling in productive continental shelf and slope waters. Small-particle POM (2→53 μm), large-particle POM (>53 μm), “phytoplankton” (2→53 μm) and “detritus” (2→53 μm) were isolated from surface waters collected from different regimes (mid-shelf, shelf-edge, and slope) along the MAB in March 1996. Broad-band molecular-level variations within these subclasses were explored using direct temperature-resolved mass spectrometry (DT–MS) and multivariate analysis techniques. Correlations between molecular-level compositional differences and external environmental and biological variables such as salinity, temperature, and chlorophyll a concentrations were also examined. Both large-particle and small-particle POM exhibited molecular-level variations related to regime. Large-particle POM from the continental shelf exhibited chemical characteristics consistent with a greater zooplankton biomass component, as indicated by an enhanced chitin, protein, and cholesterol signature. In contrast, large-particle POM from slope waters appeared to contain a greater phytodetrital component, as indicated by enrichment in molecular-level characteristics similar to those of phytoplankton. A higher relative proportion of phytoplankton biomass was present in small-particle POM from the shelf-edge than from the mid-shelf or the slope. In addition, there was also an alongshelf (roughly north–south) trend in the composition of 2→53 μm POM, with samples farther south exhibiting enrichment in polysaccharides, fatty acids, chlorophyll, and diglycerides (the latter may result from triglycerides, phospholipids, or diglycerides within the samples). The molecular-level composition of “phytoplankton” also appeared to vary as a function of location, while the composition of “detritus” illustrated no easily interpretable variations with either location or external variables.
Perturbative Evaluation of the Conformal Anomaly at New Critical Points with Applications to Random Systems

Abstract The conformal anomaly number for new two-dimensional critical points obtained by adding a slightly relevant perturbation φ (renormalization group eigenvalue y ⪡ 1) to a given critical theory is obtained to lowest order in y to be c ′ = c − y 3 / b 2 + …, where b is the operator product expansion coefficient in φφ ∼ (− b ) φ . This problem is equivalent to determining the effect of a relevant perturbation on finite size scaling of the free energy on a strip. Corrections to scaling of the free energy are computed for small perturbations from the new fixed point. Conditions for the applicability of the Kac formula at the new critical point are derived. The results are used to explain the way the relevant operators change position in the conformal grid in the series of Z 2 -multicritical points in the Andrews, Baxter and Forrester models. For the random and replicated q -state Potts models the conformal anomaly is obtained perturbatively in q − 2; it is shown that the scaling dimension of the random energy operator cannot be obtained from the Kac formula for general q near 2; modular invariance is shown to imply an infinite operator product algebra and negative multiplicities. The finite-size correction to the conformal anomaly and of the energy correlation length of the random Ising model in strips is obtained.
Cylindrical and spherical shells with cracks

Meridional crack problem for cylindrical and spherical shells solved for uniform membrane load and bending moment, obtaining stress intensity components
INVESTOR EXPECTATIONS OF VOLATILITY INCREASES AROUND LARGE STOCK SPLITS AS IMPLIED IN CALL OPTION PREMIA

Recent studies find abnormal common stock price behavior associated with ex-dates of stock splits. Volatility increases are substantia) and abrupt. This study extends previous analyses to the options market by examining investor perceptions of volatility increases through implied standard deviations of returns. Investors fail to anticipate volatility increases until the ex-date. Furthermore, abnormal option returns are present. The increased volatility and these results suggest option market inefficiency.
The integrin complex αvβ3 participates in the adhesion of microvascular endothelial cells to fibronectin

Abstract Fibronectin is a major adhesive glycoprotein of the vascular basement membrane. Since fibronectin is also found in the interstitium, it may be important not only for attachment but also for endothelial cell migration during neovascularization. We have analyzed how human dermal microvascular endothelial cells use their diverse set of integrin receptors to interact with this ligand. Immunofluorescent staining with specific antibodies identified both β 1 and β 3 integrin receptor complexes in focal adhesion plaques on cells adhering to immobilized fibronectin. Adhesion assays with blocking monoclonal antibodies implicated both β 1 and β 3 complexes, specifically α 5 β 1 and α v β 3 , in the initial adhesion of cells to fibronectin. Finally, ligand affinity chromatography of extracts of surface radiolabeled cells established that both α 5 β 1 and α v β 3 could bind to the 110-kDa cell-binding fragment of fibronectin. An additional receptor complex composed of an α v subunit and a β 5 -like subunit was also detected. These results provide evidence that microvascular endothelial cells use multiple integrin receptors, from several β families, to attach to fibronectin surfaces.
Net renal tubular reabsorption of zinc in healthy man and impaired handling in sickle cell anemia.

Zinc deficiency is a significant clinical finding in sickle cell anemia (SCA) and abnormalities of zinc handling such as hyperzincuria are present. The cause of increased urinary zinc excretion in SCA is not clear. To define the renal handling of zinc in SCA and in healthy subjects, we measured zinc (total and ultrafilterable plasma zinc, urine zinc) and creatinine clearance in eight healthy and seven SCA subjects. Ultrafilterable zinc in plasma was assessed by equilibration of plasma with 65Zn followed by filtration through Amicon Cetriflo CF25 cones. While the mean filtered load of zinc was not significantly different between the two groups, the mean zinc excretion rate was approximately three-fold higher in patients (1.73 +/- 0.96 vs. 0.63 +/- 0.39 micrograms/min, P less than .05). In controls, zinc excreted was significantly less than zinc filtered (P less than .005), the fractional excretion of zinc averaging 0.49 +/- 0.31, indicating net reabsorption. This was not the case for the SCA patients. We conclude that there is impaired renal tubular handling of zinc in SCA.
Perinatal Outcomes of Southeast Asians with Pregnancies Complicated by Gestational Diabetes Mellitus or Preeclampsia

To examine risks for adverse perinatal outcomes among Southeast Asian women with pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) or preeclampsia. Perinatal outcomes of singleton births of Cambodian (3,489), Laotian (2,038), Vietnamese (11,605), Japanese (3,083) and non-Hispanic White women (33,088) were analyzed using Washington state linked birth certificate and hospitalization discharge records (1993-2006). Both Cambodian (aOR = 1.68) and Laotian (aOR = 1.71) women with GDM had increased odds of macrosomia when compared with Japanese women with GDM. Southeast Asian women with GDM had reduced odds of macrosomia when compared with White women. Southeast Asian women with preeclampsia had increased odds for preterm delivery when compared with Japanese and White women with preeclampsia. Research is needed to understand why Southeast Asian women with GDM are more likely to have better perinatal outcomes when compared with White women. Vigilant monitoring and culturally sensitive care for Southeast Asian women with preeclampsia is needed.
The location and incidence of accessory pulpal canals in periodontal pockets.

A radiopaque material was injected into 100 teeth, extracted because of periodontal disease, to determine the percentage of teeth in which accessory canals were located within a periodontal pocket as recorded before tooth extraction. Periodontal pocket depths were determined around 100 teeth to be extracted for periodontal reasons. After the extractions, a radiopaque material was injected into the teeth, and the teeth were radiographed and examined to determine the location of lateral canals. Of the 100 teeth examined, 23 had one or more lateral canals and in two of these teeth, the lateral canal was located in a periodontal pocket.
Pisolithus tinctorius fails to improve plantation performance of inoculated conifers in southwestern Oregon.

Bare-root stock of Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine, white fir, and grand fir, inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius and handled by standard nursery, cold storage and planting practices performed no better than stock which was not intentionally inoculated but which had formed mycorrhizae with indigenous, nursery fungi on a variety of different outplanting sites in southwestern Oregon. Climate, planting sites and nursery practices in the Pacific Northwest differ drastically from those in the southeastern United States, where P. tinctorius has increased plantation survival and growth. Before P. tinctorius can be recommended for nursery inoculation in the Pacific Northwest, its reaction to each phase of the nursery and planting process needs to be carefully analyzed to determine where the problems lie.
Genetic analysis of non-essential bacteriophage T7 genes.

Abstract Isolation and genetic characterization of a series of deletions and point mutants affecting two non-essential genes of bacteriophage T7 is described. The T7 ligase gene falls between genes 1 and 2, and is designated gene 1.3. Another non-essential gene, designated gene 0.7, has been mapped to the left of gene 1. In order to facilitate isolation and characterization of these mutants, host strains were found in which one or both of these T7 genes is required for growth.
Osteoporosis in postmenopausal women

Eleven postmenopausal complete denture patients participated in a study to evaluate some possible predictors of osteoporosis. Most participants in the study reported a low caloric intake and consumed considerably less than the recommended daily allowances of sodium, cholesterol, calcium, fluoride, magnesium, zinc, and folic acid. Many participants in the study were taking additional daily vitamin and mineral supplements. The CCT as measured on radiographs of the second phalynx of the fifth digit of the right hand correlated linearly with the CBD corrected for soft tissue. Panoramic radiographs revealed that all individuals had severe residual ridge resorption. All serum calcium and phosphorus means were within the normal range, while more than 60% of the patients had below normal plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. In conclusion, although based on a small sample, it appears that the diet of elderly women in New York is somewhat deficient for adequate skeletal homeostasis. Ideally, the vitamin D status of each patient should be determined and proper supplements prescribed. However, the high cost of analysis suggests that dietary analysis be used on a selected but more frequent basis. Radiation techniques for measuring skeletal porosity are also too complex to perform on a routine basis and should, like dietary analysis, be reserved for patients in whom other clinical signs and symptoms indicate metabolic bone disease.
The influence of family-friendly policies on turnover and performance in South Korea

This study investigates the relationship between family-friendly policies and organizational performance, voluntary turnover rate, and labor productivity, using the Korea Workplace Panel Survey dat...
DNA Replication in Quiescent Cell Nuclei: Regulation by the Nuclear Envelope and Chromatin Structure

Quiescent nuclei from differentiated somatic cells can reacquire pluripotence, the capacity to replicate, and reinitiate a program of differentiation after transplantation into amphibian eggs. The replication of quiescent nuclei is recapitulated in extracts derived from activated Xenopus eggs; therefore, we have exploited this cell-free system to explore the mechanisms that regulate initiation of replication in nuclei from terminally differentiated Xenopus erythrocytes. We find that these nuclei lack many, if not all, pre-replication complex (pre-RC) proteins. Pre-RC proteins from the extract form a stable association with the chromatin of permeable nuclei, which replicate in this system, but not with the chromatin of intact nuclei, which do not replicate, even though these proteins cross an intact nuclear envelope. During extract incubation, the linker histones H1 and H10 are removed from erythrocyte chromatin by nucleoplasmin. We show that H1 removal facilitates the replication of permeable nuclei by increasing the frequency of initiation most likely by promoting the assembly of pre-RCs on chromatin. These data indicate that initiation in erythrocyte nuclei requires the acquisition of pre-RC proteins from egg extract and that pre-RC assembly requires the loss of nuclear envelope integrity and is facilitated by the removal of linker histone H1 from chromatin.
A Monolithic High-Efficiency 2.4-GHz 20-dBm SiGe BiCMOS Envelope-Tracking OFDM Power Amplifier

A monolithic SiGe BiCMOS envelope-tracking power amplifier (PA) is demonstrated for 802.11g OFDM applications at 2.4 GHz. The 4-mm2 die includes a high-efficiency high-precision envelope amplifier and a two-stage SiGe HBT PA for RF amplification. Off-chip digital predistortion is employed to improve EVM performance. The two-stage amplifier exhibits 12-dB gain, <5% EVM, 20-dBm OFDM output power, and an overall efficiency (including the envelope amplifier) of 28%.
Explicit Generic Common Knowledge

The name Generic Common Knowledge (GCK) was suggested by Artemov to capture a state of a multi-agent epistemic system that yields iterated knowledge I(ϕ): ‘any agent knows that any agent knows that any agent knows…ϕ’ for any number of iterations. The generic common knowledge of ϕ, \(\mbox{\em GCK}(\varphi)\), yields I(ϕ), $$ \mbox{\em GCK}(\varphi)\rightarrow I(\varphi) $$ but is not necessarily logically equivalent to I(ϕ). Modal logics with GCK were suggested by McCarthy and Artemov. It has been shown that in the usual epistemic scenarios, GCK can replace the conventional common knowledge. Artemov noticed that such epistemic actions as public announcements of atomic sentences, generally speaking, yield GCK rather than the conventional common knowledge. In this paper we introduce logics with explicit GCK and show that they realize corresponding modal systems, i.e., GCK, along with the individual knowledge modalities, can be always made explicit.
Cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia: unifying basic research and clinical aspects

Seeking to unite psychological and biological approaches, this paper links cognitive and cellular hypotheses and data about thought and language abnormalities in schizophrenia. The common thread, it is proposed, is a dysregulated suppression of associations (at the behavioral and functional neural systems level), paralleled by abnormalities of inhibition at the cellular and molecular level, and by an abnormal anatomical substrate (reduced MRI gray matter volume) in areas subserving language. At the level of behavioral experiments and connectionist modeling, data suggest an abnormal semantic network connectivity (strength of associations) in schizophrenia, but not an abnormality of network size (number of associates). This connectivity abnormality is likely to be a preferential processing of the dominant (strongest) association, with the neglect of preceding contextual information. At the level of functional neural systems, the N400 event-related potential amplitude is used to index the extent of “search” for a semantic match to a word. In a short stimulus-onset-asynchrony condition, both schizophrenic and schizotypal personality disorder subjects showed, compared with controls, a reduced N400 amplitude to the target words that were related to cues, e.g. cat-dog, a result compatible with behavioral data. Other N400 data strongly and directly suggest that schizophrenics do not efficiently utilize context. At the level of anatomical system substrates, considerable MRI data indicate abnormalities in the temporal lobe structures that subserve language and verbal associations. Gray matter volume is reduced in the posterior portion of the dominant superior temporal gyrus in both chronic and first episode schizophrenics (but not in manic-depressive psychosis), with the magnitude of reduction correlating with the degree of thought disorder. At the level of in vitro cellular and molecular analysis, NMDA receptors on inhibitory neurons are much more sensitive to blockade than are excitatory projections. A resulting failure of recurrent inhibition may account for the psychotomimetic effects of such NMDA receptor blockers as ketamine and phencyclidine, and may also be present in schizophrenia, where an endogenous NMDA receptor blocker, NAAG, is increased, and where other abnormalities of recurrent inhibition may be present. A biophysical simulation of this circuit abnormality in a model of learned pattern recognition produced, because of the reduction in recurrent inhibition, aberrant spread of excitation, resulting in confusion of normally distinguishable patterns. We suggest the neural circuit failure of inhibition and consequent aberrant spread of activation may be the substrate for an inability to use context, with the behavioral and functional consequences just described. Furthermore, there is the possibility that the unbalanced excitation might lead to progressive, neurodegenerative changes in gray matter, marked by progressive volume reduction.