cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A high-throughput microfluidic bilayer co-culture platform to study endothelial-pericyte interactions

Microphysiological organ-on-chip models offer the potential to improve the prediction of drug safety and efficacy through recapitulation of human physiological responses. The importance of including multiple cell types within tissue models has been well documented. However, the study of cell interactions in vitro can be limited by complexity of the tissue model and throughput of current culture systems. Here, we describe the development of a co-culture microvascular model and relevant assays in a high-throughput thermoplastic organ-on-chip platform, PREDICT96. The system consists of 96 arrayed bilayer microfluidic devices containing retinal microvascular endothelial cells and pericytes cultured on opposing sides of a microporous membrane. Compatibility of the PREDICT96 platform with a variety of quantifiable and scalable assays, including macromolecular permeability, image-based screening, Luminex, and qPCR, is demonstrated. In addition, the bilayer design of the devices allows for channel- or cell type-specific readouts, such as cytokine profiles and gene expression. The microvascular model was responsive to perturbations including barrier disruption, inflammatory stimulation, and fluid shear stress, and our results corroborated the improved robustness of co-culture over endothelial mono-cultures. We anticipate the PREDICT96 platform and adapted assays will be suitable for other complex tissues, including applications to disease models and drug discovery.
Exploring adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) as a platform for the predictive modeling of tangible collection usage

Abstract Low-use tangible print collections represent a long-standing problem for academic libraries. Expanding on the previous research aimed at leveraging machine learning (ML) toward predicting patterns of collection use, this study explores the potential for adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) as a foundation for developing actionable predictive models of print title use. This study deploys the AdaBoost algorithm, with random forests used as the base classifier, via the adabag package for R. Methodological considerations associated with dataset congruence, as well as sample-based modeling versus novel data modeling, are explored in relation to four AdaBoost models that are trained and tested. Results of this study show AdaBoost as a promising ML solution for predictive modeling of print collections, with the central model of interest able to accurately predict use in over 85% of cases. This research also explores peripheral questions of interest related to general considerations when evaluating ML models, as well as the compatibility of similar models trained with e-book versus print book usage data.
Design and validation of plasmid vectors for characterizing protein-protein interactions in Spodoptera frugiperda insect cells

There are limited molecular biology resources for interrogating protein-protein interactions (PPI) in insect cells. To address this deficiency, we developed plasmid vectors for localization, bi-mol...
A photonics Masters program at a regional metropolitan university

Many Physics students opt for a master’s degree in Physics without plans for pursuing a doctorate in the future. These students typically wish to find jobs in industry after receiving the M.S. degree. The traditional Physics master’s degree program, with courses mirroring those of the first year of a program leading to a Ph.D., is not addressed to the needs of many of these students. On the other hand, offering broad and extensive training for a variety of careers in industry may place burdens on the resources of smaller graduate programs. In this presentation, we describe a new Optics-Photonics program and course sequences developed for a small graduate Physics department at a regional metropolitan university (Southern Illinois University Edwardsville) which has successfully placed students in rewarding careers in industry that heavily utilize their Physics training.
Therapeutic challenges of multi‐being

This paper emerges from an attempt to shift the locus of understanding human action from the individual to relationship. In doing so we come to see persons as multi-beings, that is, as constituted within multiple relationships from which they emerge with multiple, incoherent, and often conflicting potentials. Therapy, in this context, becomes a collaborative relationship with the aim of transforming the client's broader relational network. In this view, schooling in a singular practice of therapy artificially limits the therapist's potential, and thus the possible outcomes of the client–therapist relationship. Invited, then, is a reflective eclecticism, in which the myriad potentials of both the therapist and client are considered in tandem. This view is illustrated by contrasting three relational conditions in which clients find themselves, each of which invites a different form of self-expression from the therapist.
A user‐friendly one‐dimensional model for wet volcanic plumes

[1] This paper presents a user-friendly graphically based numerical model of one-dimensional steady state homogeneous volcanic plumes that calculates and plots profiles of upward velocity, plume density, radius, temperature, and other parameters as a function of height. The model considers effects of water condensation and ice formation on plume dynamics as well as the effect of water added to the plume at the vent. Atmospheric conditions may be specified through input parameters of constant lapse rates and relative humidity, or by loading profiles of actual atmospheric soundings. To illustrate the utility of the model, we compare calculations with field-based estimates of plume height (∼9 km) and eruption rate (>∼4 × 105 kg/s) during a brief tephra eruption at Mount St. Helens on 8 March 2005. Results show that the atmospheric conditions on that day boosted plume height by 1–3 km over that in a standard dry atmosphere. Although the eruption temperature was unknown, model calculations most closely match the observations for a temperature that is below magmatic but above 100°C.
Determination and localized analysis of intersatellite line of sight gravity difference: Results from the GRAIL primary mission

[1] The line of sight (LOS) gravity difference between two coorbiting spacecrafts is determined in terms of intersatellite range-acceleration measurements available from the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL). The precise orbit data are crucial for retrieving gravity difference from range acceleration and aligning the LOS data particularly in altitude. A relative orbit error of a few centimeters in position and a few tens µm/s in velocity is commensurate with the GRAIL-ranging instrument noise at a few μGal in LOS gravity difference. The power spectrum, as well as the topography correlation and admittance, is quantified by upward continuing the topographic potential, forward modeling the LOS gravity along the spacecraft trajectory (i.e., Bouguer correction) and comparing with the GRAIL LOS observations. Based on the data analysis from the primary GRAIL mission, I found that the LOS gravity difference observation produced near unity correlation with topography potential out to degree 550, higher than the global estimate, over the areas covered by the low-altitude orbit (~20 km). The crustal density was estimated to be 2500–2600 kg/m3 with regional variations of about 10%, by minimizing the Bouguer coherence of the GRAIL data at the degree band 150–300. Systematic decrease in the density estimates by 3–4% or 100 kg/m3 was observed at shorter wavelengths (degree band 300–500). It implies the inadequacy of a uniform density model across the entire lithosphere and suggests radial stratification of the bulk density (or porosity). Due to spatially localized characteristic, the LOS gravity difference data are well suited to regional analysis at the highest-possible resolution.
TwinsNet: a cooperative MIMO mobile sensor network

A distributed sensor network with mobility provides an ideal system platform for surveillance and for search and rescue applications. We consider a system design consisting of a set of autonomous robots communicating with each other and with a base station to provide image and other sensor data. A robot-mounted sensor which detects interesting information coordinates with other mobile robots in its vicinity to stream its data back to the base station in a robust and energy-efficient manner. The system is partitioned into twin sub-networks in such a way that any transmitting sensor will pair itself with another nearby node to cooperatively transmit its data in a multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) fashion. At the same time, other robots in the system will cooperatively position themselves so that the overall link quality is maximized and the total transmission energy in minimized. We efficiently simulate the system’s behavior using the Transaction Level Modeling (TLM) capability of SystemC. The simulation results demonstrate the utility of our design and provide insights into performance of the system.
Uniform Traversal Combinators: Definition, Use and Properties

In this paper we explore ways of capturing well-formed patterns of recursion in the form of generic reductions. These reductions, called uniform traversal combinators, can substantially help the theorem proving process by eliminating the need for induction and can also be an aid in achieving effective program synthesis.
Idiopathic Calcium Oxalate Lithiasis in a Recurrent Stone-Forming Patient

Low urinary volume, coupled with hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria, and high urinary sodium, increases the risk of calcium oxalate lithiasis. Complex interrelationships exist between dietary factors that influence urinary solute excretion. A standard yet individualized nutrition protocol has been developed for treatment of kidney stones that includes normalization of protein and calcium intake, avoidance of oxalate and purine excess, moderation of sodium intake, and generous fluid intake to attain and maintain a urine volume more than 2 L/d. A dietary approach appears safe and logical in decreasing urinary risk factors, but it has not been proven effective in the prevention of recurrent idiopathic calcium lithiasis.
Soft tissue effects of the THC:YAG laser on canine vocal cords.

Recently, a laser based on a thulium-holmium-chromium (THC) doped yittrium-aiuminum-garnet (YAG) rod has been developed that produces light of 2.15 microns wave-length and can be transmitted through a low OH- silica fiberoptic cable. This wave-length falls on one of the peaks of the energy absorption spectrum of water. Thus, the THC:YAG laser eliminates the disadvantage of a cumbersome delivery system found in the CO2 laser while still providing precise cutting and minimal tissue injury inherent in lasers emitting light absorbed by water. We evaluated the soft tissue effects of this laser on canine vocal cords. Ablative lesions were produced by the THC:YAG laser and histologically examined on postoperative days 1, 7, and 28. Results indicate that the depth of tissue penetration is easily controlled and the healing response to tissue injury is comparable to that of the CO2 laser. The THC:YAG laser should prove to be a superior laser for use in otorhinolaryngology, especially when adapted to a flexible endo...
Fundamental physics behind high-efficiency organo-metal halide perovskite solar cells

Organo-metal halide perovskite solar cells have shown remarkable progress in power conversion efficiencies in the past five years due to some amazing intrinsic properties such as long-range ambipolar transport characteristics, high dielectric constants, low exciton binding energies, and intrinsic ferroelectric polarizations. This review article discusses recent results with the focus on fundamental physics involved in internal photovoltaic processes in perovskite solar cells. The discussion includes charge transport, photoexcited carriers versus excitons, exciton binding energies, ferroelectric properties, and magnetic field effects. The objective of this review article is to provide the critical understanding for materials synthesis and device engineering to further advance photovoltaic actions in the state-of-the-art organo-metal halide perovskite solar cells.
Severe Zinc Deficiency: Effects on the Distribution of Nine Elements (Potassium, Phosphorus, Sodium, Magnesium, Calcium, Iron, Zinc, Copper and Manganese) in Regions of the Rat Brain

The effect of severe zinc deficiency on the distribution of nine elements (potassium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, calcium, iron, zinc, copper and manganese) in brain regions (olfactory lobes, right and left hippocampi, cerebellum and the rest of the brain) has been studied. After male rats (30 days old) were fed a zinc-deficient diet for 28 days, the zinc concentration of most brain parts was similar to zinc-adequate control values. Olfactory lobe zinc, on the other hand, was slightly depressed. However, the levels of other metals were dependent on zinc nutriture. Zinc deficiency caused an elevation in copper concentrations in most brain parts. Restriction of food intake caused a similar increase in brain copper but generally the effect was less than with zinc deficiency. Levels of calcium, manganese, sodium and potassium, in certain brain regions, also appeared to be altered by the zinc status of an animal. Of the minerals examined, only zinc and copper displayed asymmetrical distribution between the right and left hippocampus, and severe zinc deficiency did not affect lateral distribution of these trace metals in the hippocampus. The data suggest the hypothesis that changes in brain metal content, associated with zinc deficiency, contribute to the behavioral abnormalities that occur.
Atherosclerosis: Viewing the Problem from a Different Perspective Including Possible Treatment Options

This paper proposes that atherosclerosis is initiated by a signaling event that deposits calcium hydroxyapatite (Ca-HAP). This event is preceded by a loss of mechanical structure in the arterial wall. After Ca-HAP has been deposited, it is unlikely that it will be reabsorbed because the solubility product constant (Ksp) is very small, and the large stores of Ca+2 and PO4-3 in the bones oppose any attempts to dissolve Ca-HAP by decreasing the common ions. The hydroxide ion (OH-) of Ca-HAP can be displaced in nature by fluoride (F-) and carbonate (CO3-2) ions, and it is proposed that anions associated with cholesterol ester hydrolysis and, in very small quantities, the enolate of 7-ketocholesterol could also displace the OH- of Ca-HAP, forming an ionic bond. The free energy of hydration of Ca-HAP at 310 K is most likely negative, and the ionic radii of the anions associated with the hydrolysis of cholesterol ester are compatible with the substitution. Furthermore, examination of the pathology of atherosclerotic lesions by Raman and NMR spectroscopy and confocal microscopy supports deposition of Ca-HAP associated with cholesterol. Investigating the affinity of intermediates of cholesterol hydrolysis for Ca-HAP compared to lipoproteins such as HDL, LDL, and VLDL using isothermic titration calorimetry could add proof of this concept and may lead to the development of a new class of medications targeted at the deposition of cholesterol within Ca-HAP. Treatment of acute ischemic events as a consequence of atherosclerosis with denitrogenation and oxygenation is discussed.
Electrospinning zwitterion-containing nanoscale acrylic fibers

Abstract Free radical copolymerization of n -butyl acrylate and a sulfobetaine methacrylamide derivative provided high molecular weight zwitterionic copolymers containing 6–13 mol% betaine functionality, and the electrospinning of low T g zwitterionomers was explored for the first time. Copolymerizations were performed in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) rather than fluorinated solvents previously reported in the literature. Dynamic mechanical analysis of zwitterionomer films revealed biphasic morphology and featured a rubbery plateau and two distinct thermal transitions. Electrospinning from chloroform/ethanol (80/20 v/v) solutions at low concentrations between 2 and 7 wt% afforded nanoscale polymeric fibers with diameters near 100 nm. The presence of only 6 mol% zwitterion allowed the formation of low T g , free-standing, non-woven mats, and we hypothesize that zwitterionic aggregation rather than chain entanglements facilitated electrospinning at these relatively low solution concentrations. To our knowledge, this is the first report of electrospun zwitterionic polymers and these non-woven membranes are expected to lead to new applications for sulfobetaine copolymers.
Heat trap with flare as multimode antenna

A heat trap, also called a Winston cone or compound parabolic concentrator, has been designed and built to serve as the beam defining optic for the far-infrared absolute spectrophotometer on the Cosmic Background Explorer satellite. This quasi-optical multimode antenna is coupled to a flared entrance section shaped like a trumpet bell to reduce response to off-axis radiation. The antenna has very low sidelobes over a two-decade frequency range from 1 to 100/cm. Fabrication is described, and stray light data are presented and compared to theory. A novel optical figure test for concentrators is presented.
Reactions of male fighters to male and female mice, untreated or deodorized

Four experiments were performed to investigate the male mouse fighter’s reaction toward mature male and female mice. The first two experiments showed that normal DBA and blind SJL fighters were able to make differential reactions; they were more aggressive toward males than females. Thus, it was hypothesized that olfactory cues were responsible for this differential reaction. Experiment 3 partly substantiated the hypothesis by showing that a deodorant, Man-power, reduced DBA fighters’ reactions to males, while another deodorant, Pristeen, did not alter the fighters’ behavior. Experiment 4 showed that fighters were more aggressive toward sham-operated males than toward castrated males, thus suggesting that male hormone, androgen, might produce pheromone to evoke the aggressive tendency in fighters.
Conflict and Cooperation among Adult Siblings During the Transition to the Role of Filial Caregiver

Based on data from 40 open-ended interviews with working- and middle-class adult children and children-in-law currently caring for an elderly parent, this study focused on the transition to the role of filial caregiver. Class differences in the formation of parent-caring networks among siblings and in the conflict that ensued when siblings did not provide assistance were examined. Although only one-third of the sample received assistance from siblings, it occurred more often in working-class families and was usually the result of family values which emphasized helping one another and an obligation to provide care for one's parents. When siblings did not provide assistance, sisters were more likely to ask for help while brothers demanded it. Often, lack of sibling assistance was a reflection of prior family histories. Implications for later-life families are discussed.
Disease-specific electrophysiological findings in adult ceroid-lipofuscinosis (Kufs disease)

Two adults with mild dementia and a history of memory loss and disequilibrium were seen in the eye clinic following complaints of acuity loss in the 20/30–20/70 (Snellen) range. Results from the fundus examination of one patient were entirely normal; the other showed minimal vascular attenuation and optic atrophy. Electrophysiology was remarkable: (1) Photopic ERG b-waves were reduced, delayed, and showed pronounced oscillations. (2) EOG ‘light-rise’ potentials were absent or very small. (3) Binocular pattern-VER signals showed addition of the monocular signal. Scotopic ERG signals were normal. Brain biopsy and microscopy showed intercellular, autofluorescent ceroid deposits which provided a clear diagnosis of Kufs disease. Histology of model animal retinal cells show ceroid deposits in cell classes implicated by the human retinal signals. The cluster of electrophysiological results point toward early changes in the pigment epithelium and inner plexiform layer cells as a means of non-invasive diagnosis.
Generative art: a practical guide using Processing, by Matt Pearson

Generative art: a practical guide using Processing, by Matt Pearson, Greenwich, CT, Manning Publications, 2011, 240 pp., Softcover, (US)$39.95, ISBN-13 978-193-518-262-7 This is the fourth review t...
Synthesis and interfacial properties of sophorolipid derivatives

Biosurfactants made by fermentation from renewable resources provide “environmental friendly” processes and products. A natural sophorolipid mixture was produced by the yeast Candida bombicola when cultured on glucose and oleic acid. The sophorolipid mixture was chemically modified to form the corresponding sophorolipid alkyl (methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl) esters by reaction with the corresponding sodium alkoxides. Interfacial properties of these surfactants, such as surface tension reduction, aggregation, and adsorption, were systematically studied. It was found that the critical micelle concentration of sophorolipid esters decreases to about 1/2 per additional one CH2 group to the alkyl ester moiety. Interestingly, these surfactants were found to adsorb strongly on alumina but weakly on silica. They have properties that make them attractive candidates for uses in detergents, cosmetics, soil remediation, and enhanced oil recovery.
CHARACTERIZATION OF DOWNWELLING SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE FLUCTUATIONS

Profiles of downwelling spectral irradiance fluctuation (e1(z,λ)) are determined from data taken during the Optical Dynamics Experiment in the North Pacific Ocean. These vertical profiles are based upon values of e'(z,X), defined as the root mean square deviations of the instantaneous irradiance from the smoothed (9m running mean) irradiance. Time scales associated with these deviations range from ~1 to 13s and are probably associated with surface gravity wave processes. Vertical variations of attenuating materials are minimal as data are from the upper mixed layer (upper 50m). Profiles indicate that e'(z,λ) decreases nearly exponentially with depth and can be modeled with the form e'(z,λ) = A(λ) exp(-B(X)z). This simple expression accounts for at least 90% of the observed vertical variations of ei(z,λ). The ensemble mean A(λ) is roughly 5% of the mean spectral irradiance just beneath the sea surface. The mean B(λ) varies from about 1 to 2 times the mean diffuse spectral attenuation coefficient, with the largest values occurring for the most penetrating wavelengths of light. Possible mechanisms contributing to the observed variations and their relationships with other parameters are discussed.
Placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized pilot study of imiquimod 5% cream applied once per week for 6 months for the treatment of actinic keratoses.

Background Imiquimod 5% cream applied twice weekly for 16 weeks is effective for treating actinic keratoses but may be limited by local side effects. Objective We sought to explore the efficacy and safety of a once weekly for 24 weeks dosing regimen using a left versus right side of head design. Results Twenty patients were enrolled; 15 completed and 5 discontinued for reasons unrelated to adverse events. At the posttreatment visit (week 28), 7 (46.7%) of 15 patients had marked improvement or better on the imiquimod side versus one (6.7%) of 15 on the placebo side. The average investigator assessment scale score change was +2.20 for imiquimod compared with –0.27 for placebo ( P = .0002, Wilcoxon signed rank test). Skin reactions were minimal or nonexistent in most patients. Limitations Limitations of the study include a small sample size and a lack of objective measure of local side effects. Conclusion Imiquimod 5% cream applied once weekly for 24 weeks was convenient for patients and resulted in improvement of actinic keratoses with minimal side effects.
An immunochemical method to measure atmospheric allergens

Abstract Because particulate aeroallergens may exist in amorphous form as well as in pollen grains and fungal spores and because symptoms of allergic diseases presumably correlate with the total amount of allergen exposure, an immunochemical method of assay of aeroallergens would be useful. We report such a method based on (1) capture of airborne pollen, fungal spores, and amorphous particles 0.3 μm in diameter on fiberglass sheets with a high-volume air sampler; (2) elution of the sheets with buffered saline; and (3) analysis of eluate allergen content by radioallergosorbent test (RAST) inhibition assays. In preliminary indoor experiments we applied various quantities of short ragweed (SRW) pollen or dry Alternaria powder to the sheets while airflow was maintained at 1.19 m3/min. We compared techniques for extraction of allergen from the sheets, including homogenization, cutting and soaking, and descending elution of sheets. Although all three methods successfully extracted allergen from the sheets, an 8-hr descending elution procedure was optimal from the standpoint of yield and convenience. Eluates from filters exposed to as little as 4 mg of SRW pollen or Alternaria powder produced satisfactory RAST inhibition curves. When the sampler was operated outdoors continuously we could measure the atmospheric allergenic activity for both Alternaria and SRW from July to September. This allergenic activity was highly correlated with the traditional morphologic counts of airborne ragweed pollen and Alternaria spores.
Information theory and the complexity of boolean functions

This paper explores the connections between two areas pioneered by Shannon: the transmission of information with a fidelity criterion, and the realization of Boolean functions by networks and formulae. We study three phenomena: 1. The effect of the relative number of O's and l's in a function's table on its complexity. 2. The effect of the number of unspecified entries in a partially specified function's table on its complexity. 3. The effect of the number of errors allowed in the realization of a function on its complexity.
An unusual right arm injury.

previously healthy 37-year-old, right-hand-domiant man came to the Emergency Department (ED) omplaining of a right arm injury. He had “grabbed” a eavy wooden bench and attempted to slide it across he floor. He heard a pop and developed sudden pain bove the right elbow. Immediately thereafter, he had ifficulty bending his right elbow. He denied any ssociated arm or hand numbness and there were no ther injuries. The patient reported no past medical istory, took no daily medications, and had no known rug allergies. On physical examination, the patient preferentially eld his right elbow in 80° of flexion with his forearm lightly pronated and his hand in the neutral position Figure 1). The neurovascular examination distal to the njury was normal. The pinprick sensation was intact and e had a strong radial pulse. He had full motor strength n his hand and wrist. The examination was remarkable or a tender mass palpable over the belly of the biceps rachii muscle near the junction of the proximal and iddle thirds. Range-of-motion testing revealed weakess and significant pain with active flexing of the elbow r supinating of the forearm. With any such attempt, the iceps mass would become more prominent and retract roximally, accentuating the asymmetry between the ight and left arms and confirming the identity of the ass as the biceps muscle (Figure 2, 3). The elbow joint ad no effusion, had no ecchymosis or erythema, and
Leakage of ingested carbon by gastropod larvae, and its effect on the calculation of assimilation efficiency

In most studies of zooplankton assimilation efficiency, it is assumed that all ingested food eventually appears as production, excretion, respiration, and/or unassimilated fecal material. The data presented here suggest that unassimilated carbon may be “leaked” in soluble form by larval gastropods. Ignoring this source of loss of unassimilated food material could result in substantial overestimation of assimilation efficiency when assimilation is calculated by standard indirect means.
The reading, writing, and arithmetic of the medical literature, part 2: critical evaluation of statistical reporting

Objective To offer suggestions to help improve clinicians' understanding of the statistical analyses in the literature and their use of these methods in their own medical writings. Data Sources Literature searches began at the National Library of Medicine's online database and were traced to primary sources. Study Selection All referenced information in this article was cited from primary sources. Results Physicians should be able to determine the variables studied and how they were measured, the comparisons that were made, the difference (with 95% confidence interval) between the groups, the exact P value for the difference, the statistical test used in the analysis, whether the data conformed to the assumptions of the test, whether the study had adequate statistical power, and the clinical importance of the difference. Conclusion Clinicians should know how to interpret statistical results so that they can use medical science to its full extent in treating patients.
116 Measuring of Intra-Abdominal Pressure in Critically Ill Children by Nurses

Objective of the study: Delayed diagnosis of increased intra-abdominal pressure in PICU patients increases morbidity and mortality rates. In 2007 our PICU implemented a protocol for indirect intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) measurements by an indwelling bladder catheter using a pressure transducer. One of the indications to start IAP measurement is an increased abdominal distension. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of this protocol, including the nurses' compliance. Methods: This retrospective study included patients admitted between 2007-2009. Children who underwent IAP measurements and/or abdominal girth measurements were identified from the Patient Data Management System and their records were analyzed. Results: Over the study period 36 children (19 male) with a mean age of 23 months (±49.3) underwent IAP measurements and 175 underwent three or more abdominal girth measurements. Both measurements were performed in 23 children. IAP measurements were mostly performed in neonates (52.8%) after closure of abdominal wall defects. The median number of IAP measurements was 14 (range 3-79); the median IAP was 8 mmHg (range 1-44). Eleven children (31%) had an IAP > 20 mmHg, indicating abdominal compartment syndrome. Most patients were treated conservatively and three underwent a surgical intervention. Conclusions: This study shows that after implementation of the IAP protocol nurses most often applied abdominal girth measurements in cases of suspected increased intra-abdominal pressure. We can conclude the nurses' compliance is moderate with IAP protocol. Strategies should be used to improve this.
Cardiovascular Effects of Sevoflurane, Isoflurane, Halothane, and Fentanyl–Midazolam in Children with Congenital Heart Disease: An Echocardiographic Study of Myocardial Contractility and Hemodynamics

Background The cardiovascular effects of halogenated anesthetic agents in children with normal hearts have been studied, but data in children with cardiac disease are limited. This study compared the effects of halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane, and fentanyl-midazolam on systemic and pulmonary hemodynamics and myocardial contractility in patients with congenital heart disease. Methods Fifty-four patients younger than age 14 scheduled to undergo congenital heart surgery were randomized to receive halothane, sevoflurane, isoflurane, or fentanyl-midazolam. Cardiovascular and echocardiographic data were recorded at baseline and at randomly ordered 1 and 1.5 minimum alveolar concentrations, or predicted equivalent fentanyl-midazolam plasma concentrations. The shortening fraction and ejection fraction (using the modified Simpson rule) were calculated. Cardiac index was assessed by the velocity-time integral method. Results Halothane caused a significant decrease in mean arterial pressure, ejection fraction, and cardiac index, preserving only heart rate at baseline levels. Fentanyl-midazolam in combination caused a significant decrease in cardiac index secondary to a decrease in heart rate; contractility was maintained. Sevoflurane maintained cardiac index and heart rate and had less profound hypotensive and negative inotropic effects than halothane. Isoflurane preserved both cardiac index and ejection fraction, had less suppression of mean arterial pressure than halothane, and increased heart rate. Conclusions Isoflurane and sevoflurane preserved cardiac index, and isoflurane and fentanyl-midazolam preserved myocardial contractility at baseline levels in this group of patients with congenital heart disease. Halothane depressed cardiac index and myocardial contractility.
Dialysis dose as a determinant of adequacy

The intent-to-treat analyses of all patients in the HEMO trial suggested that increases in dose of dialysis as measured by urea Kt/V were of marginal or no benefit when dialysis was provided in a 3 times/wk schedule. The as-treated analysis in the HEMO trial pointed to markedly increased mortality when the delivered dose decreased even slightly below the targeted dose, evidence of a dose-targeting bias. The intent-to-treat HEMO study results suggested a potential interaction between sex and the dose-mortality relationship, and this also has been found in some cross-sectional studies, the cause of which remains unexplained. Whether dialysis dose should continue to be targeted based on urea distribution volume (V), or targeted to a body size measure that is a lower power of body weight (such as body surface area), remains an open question. The lack of benefit of increasing the dialysis dose in a 3 times/wk setting is more understandable if one looks at measures of equivalent continuous solute removal, such as the standard Kt/V. Differences in standard Kt/V in the 2 dose arms of the HEMO trial, for example, were only about 15%. Without going into removal of very large solutes (eg, beta-2-microglobulin), which is discussed elsewhere in this issue, or protein-bound uremic solutes, the only way to provide significantly more dialysis dose may be to move to more frequent dialysis schedules and/or to very long session lengths. Here, benefit may be related as much to better control of salt and water balance as to better removal of uremic toxins.
Acetylcholine and its metabolic enzymes in developing antennae of the moth, Manduca sexta

Abstract Antennae of the moth, Manduca sexta, are thickly populated with sensory neurons, which send axons through antennal nerves to the brain. These neurons arise by cell divisions and differentiate synchronously during the 18 days of metamorphosis from pupa to adult. Biochemical studies support the hypothesis that antennal neurons use acetylcholine (ACh) as a neurotransmitter: (1) Antennae incubated with [14C]choline synthesize and store [14C]ACh; several other transmitter candidates do not accumulate detectably when appropriate radioactive precursors are supplied; (2) antennae and antennal nerves contain endogenous ACh; and (3) extracts of mature antennae contain choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with properties similar to those reported for the enzymes from other arthropods. Levels of ACh, ChAc, and AChE begin to increase in antennae soon after the sensory neurons are “born.” Levels rise exponentially for over a week as the neurons differentiate and then reach a plateau, at about the time the neurons reach morphological maturity, that is maintained into adulthood. In contrast, levels of carnitine acetyltransferase, cholinesterase, and soluble protein, presumably not confined to nervous tissue, change little during metamorphosis. Levels of ACh, ChAc, and AChE rise in an intracranial segment of antennal nerve at about the same time as in the antenna, indicating that axons can transport neurotransmitter machinery at an early stage in their development.
Results of von Neumann analyses for reproducing kernel semi-discretizations†

The reproducing kernel particle method (RKPM) has many attractive properties that make it ideal for treating a broad class of physical problems. RKPM may be implemented in a ‘mesh-full’ or a ‘mesh-free’ manner and provides the ability to tune the method, via the selection of a window function and its associated dilation parameter, in order to achieve the requisite numerical performance. RKPM also provides a framework for performing hierarchical computations making it an ideal candidate for simulating multi-scale problems. Although the method has many appealing attributes, it is quite new and its numerical performance is still being quantified with respect to more traditional discretization techniques. In order to assess the numerical performance of RKPM, detailed studies of the method on a series of model partial differential equations has been undertaken. The results of von Neumann analyses for RKPM semi-discretizations of one and two-dimensional, first- and second-order wave equations are presented in the form of phase and group errors. Excellent dispersion characteristics are found for the consistent mass matrix with the proper choice of dilation parameter. In contrast, row-sum lumping the mass matrix is demonstrated to introduce severe lagging phase errors. A ‘higher-order’ mass matrix improves the dispersion characteristics relative to the lumped mass matrix but also yields significant lagging phase errors relative to the fully integrated, consistent mass matrix. Published in 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In the Green Room: An Experiment in Ethnographic Method at the WTO

Contemporary anthropological research needs innovations in its culture of ethnographic method, stimulated by encounters with subjects whose perspectives, curiosity, and intellectual ambitions parallel the ethnographer's own. They are often, but not always, subjects who are elites and experts. These encounters go beyond the data-gathering or rapport-promoting interview or conversation. In an anticipatory way, what is transacted shapes directly the evolving analytic frames and conceptual apparatus that figure in the results of research. We explore one such innovation: the staging of para-sites as research events. An interaction with reflexive subjects orchestrated alongside ongoing fieldwork activities, the para-site seeks a mutual shift in stance from researcher–subject to epistemic partnership. Its purpose is to risk interpretations together in a manner that disrupts both researcher's and subject's habitual analytic modes in order to access in situ the emergence of ideas. We report on the conduct of a para-site experiment at the World Trade Organization.
Assessment of "best practice" treatment patterns for a "radiation oncology community outreach group" engaged in cancer disparities outcomes.

Objective Minority patients with cancer have higher recurrence rates than the general population and are more likely to be treated at community centers where the standard of care has been reported to be inferior to that at academic centers. These issues are being explored by Radiation Oncology Community Outreach Group (ROCOG), a consortium of 5 Community Radiation Oncology centers participating in a National Cancer Institute-funded Disparities Grant. As a quality assurance/quality improvement initiative, this study was undertaken to ensure that treatment was at a "best practice" level. Methods With the use of the American College of Radiology (ACR) accreditation criteria, an initial self-evaluation was done on 10 randomly selected cases at each of 5 radiation oncology clinics for patients treated between July 2002 and December 2003. The results were analyzed and presented to the centers with recommendations for improvements in April 2004. As part of an application to the ACR for accreditation, a second self-evaluation was performed on randomly selected cases treated between July and December 2004. ACR surveyors conducted the last randomly selected case evaluation. Results All centers had acceptable standards at baseline. The ROCOG average compliance rate at first evaluation was 88% vs 92% for ACR-accredited facilities. At reevaluation, the ROCOG average compliance rate was 95% vs 92% (ACR-accredited facilities). At the final evaluation, the ROCOG average compliance rate was 92% vs 90% (ACR-accredited facilities). All 5 sites received ACR accreditation. Conclusion Despite a small sample, patients served by these institutions, regardless of minority status, received radiation oncology care at or above the accepted standards. A quality assessment/quality improvement initiative using ACR accreditation to ensure that "best practice" levels led to improved standards. Accreditation is one method that could be used to support a "pay-for-performance" program.
The Nature of Radiation

BOTHE and Geiger have recently performed an experiment on the Compton effect (Die Naturwissenschaften, 13, p. 440, May 15, 1925; Zs. f. Phys., 32, p. 639, 1925) indicating that the recoil electron, and the photoelectron emitted by the scattered radiation, appear simultaneously. Prof. A. H. Compton has made another experiment (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 11, p. 303, 1925), showing that the direction in which the scattered radiation acts in producing ionisation, and the direction of the recoil electron, are related. The natural interpretation of these experiments is in terms of a corpuscular theory of radiation, in which a corpuscular quantum, glancing off a scattering atom with emission of a recoil electron, very soon hits another atom and emits a photoelectron. This contradicts the suggestion, discussed by Bohr, Kramers, and the writer (Phil. Mag., 47, p. 785, 1924), that there was a virtual field, like the ordinary fields of optical theory, emitted during the stationary states of the atom, the function of which was to induce a probability of transition; for on that view the probabilities of ejection of electrons by the scattering and absorbing atoms would be independent, both being induced by a radiation field existing continuously, and the two electrons would be in general ejected at different times and in unrelated directions. I wish to point out, however, that a corpuscular theory still is not in conflict with the main part of the idea of virtual fields.
An initial investigation into the possible influence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in chronic nerve compression injuries and the effects of osteopathic manipulative therapy (OMT)

Introduction Results from our lab indicate that changes in muscle morphology and function caused by nerve compression can be ameliorated by use of muscle energy OMT. Design In attempting to determine the mechanism by which these effects occur, we have conducted experiments to establish whether ROS, known to be generated during neural degeneration, may be involved, and whether or not OMT has its effects by decreasing or helping eliminate ROS in and around the muscle. To do so, we have compared the effects of OMT with those of the antioxidant Ginkgo biloba, a known neuroprotective compound. Methods Rats underwent unilateral chronic sciatic nerve compression (at 100 mmHg) via suture ligation for four, six or eight weeks. Of these experimental animals, four underwent no treatment, four underwent two-times weekly OMT, four were fed Ginkgo biloba (Gb; incorporated into food pellets), and a final group of four received both OMT and Gb. As in previous experiments, OMT included both passive and active muscle energy techniques and effleurage and petrissage. All other methods were the same as previously presented. Animals were euthanized after four, six or eight weeks, and single fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus fibers were dissected and chemically demembranated. As in previous studies, we assessed fiber morphology by direct measurement, and function as the change in force generation caused by the fatigue metabolite inorganic orthophosphate (Pi; (H2PO4−)). Results Under all experimental conditions, there was a tendency for amelioration of the enhanced Pi sensitivity caused by nerve compression, with significant differences among the OMT groups at four, six and eight weeks, with Gb reducing muscle sensitivity to Pi to a lesser degree, and with the reduction being similar at four, six and eight weeks. Differences at four, six and eight weeks remained when OMT was combined with Gb. In all cases, the combined OMT and Gb effects were less than fully additive. OMT, but not Gb, reduced muscle atrophy. Conclusions Present results provide further evidence of the palliative effect of OMT, in the case of muscle morphology and function, in chronic nerve compression syndromes. Also, since the effects of OMT and Gb are not totally additive, we hypothesize that, while OMT and Gb may work via altering oxidative conditions within and around the muscle, in agreement with our previous results, OMT provides an additional ameliorative effect not related to ROS.
Cyanogen Condensations as a Route to 3-Amino-2-imino-l,3-benzothiazin-4-ones with CNS Depressant Potential

Seven new 3-amino-2-imino-1,3-benzothiazin-4-ones, prepared from the condensation of cyanogen and 2-mercapto-benzhydrazides, were evaluated in a neuropharmacological mouse profile. CNS depression was observed in several members of the class.
Hostility, social support, and perceptions of work

The aim of this study was to determine whether hostility and perceived availability of social support are related to perceptions of the work environment. The W.W. Cook and D.M. Medley (1954) Hostility (Ho) scale; the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (S. Cohen, R. Mermelstein, T. Kamarck, & H. Hoberman, 1985); and measures of collegiality, time pressure, and job dissatisfaction were completed by 204 attorneys (159 men and 45 women). After controlling for age, gender, and other job characteristics, high Ho scores were related to lower perceived supportive collegiality at work. Low perceived availability of social support was related to greater job dissatisfaction. Neither hostility nor social support was associated with perceptions of time pressure at work. These findings suggest that hostility and availability of social support may be an important pathway linking certain job characteristics to cardiovascular disease and other illnesses.
Intrinsic SEU Reduction from Use of Heterojunctions in Gallium Arsenide Bipolar Circuits

Use of GaAs/AlGaAs heterojunctions at the base emitter junction in MBE-type GaAs bipolar circuits reduces the thickness of the SEU sensitive volume associated with each transistor to about 0.2?m. This results in a sharply reduced charge collection and a correspondingly sharp reduction in SEU sensitivity even for low values of the critical charge. The effect is illustrated with an HI2L gate array developed at Texas Instruments in which shift registers do not exhibit upsets upon exposure to heavy ions with LET values of up to 20 MeVcm2/mg(GaAs) which is equivalent to over 30 MeVcm2/mg(Si). A low-current version of the same shift registers exhibits an upset cross section of only 3 E-13 cm2/bit at an LET of 20 MeVcm2/mg and zero at 11 MeVcm2/mg(GaAs). Neither of the devices could be upset by exposure to 63 MeV protons at a fluence of 1E + 12 p/cm2 in agreement with the predictions of the CUPID codes.