cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fish Acoustics Science Review

Abstract : To understand and exploit acoustic reverberation by and transmission through fish and related acoustic signal processing. The focus will be on swimbladder-bearing fish with resonance frequencies in the 100's of Hz to low kHz.
Instantaneously Optimized Controller for a Multimode Hybrid Electric Vehicle

A multimode transmission combines several power-split modes and possibly several fixed gear modes, thanks to complex arrangements of planetary gearsets, clutches and electric motors. Coupled to a battery, it can be used in a highly flexible hybrid configuration, which is especially practical for larger cars. The Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid is the first light-duty vehicle featuring such a system. This paper introduces the use of a high-level vehicle controller based on instantaneous optimization to select the most appropriate mode for minimizing fuel consumption under a broad range of vehicle operating conditions. The control uses partial optimization: the engine ON/OFF and the battery power demand regulating the battery state-of-charge are decided by a rulebased logic; the transmission mode as well as the operating points are chosen by an instantaneous optimization module that aims at minimizing the fuel consumption at each time step. The controller is then implemented in a Simulink/Stateflow controller that can be used in Argonne's PSAT (Powertrain System Analysis Toolkit), a forward-looking powertrain simulation toolkit with dynamic plant models. As a result, the controller described in this paper is realistically implementable on an actual vehicle. Simulation results show the mode use and describe the practical operations of the system.
A formal definition for trust in distributed systems

Trust is an important concept in distributed computing environments and plays a critical role in ensuring and enhancing system security. Although various trust models have been proposed for distributed or pervasive computing systems, little research has been conducted to describe trust in precise and formal way. In this paper, we present a formal definition to express the meaning of trust in distributed computing systems. With this definition, we rigorously analyze the important properties of trust relation, such as reflexivity and conditional transitivity, and describe the trust relations in Role-Based Access Control. Our definition is comprehensive in that the semantic meaning of the trust definition is feasible to describe trust relations in both traditional distributed systems and dynamic pervasive computing environments. This research provides a solid base for formal trust reasoning and effective trust management implementation in distributed systems and pervasive computing environments.
Toll Bridge over Troubled Waters: New Deal Agriculture Programs in the South

In this paper, we explore the political basis of the New Deal, with special reference to agricultural programs in the South. An analysis of specific New Deal programs is largely missing from the literature. To that end, we investigate federal emergency relief efforts targeting agriculture—one of the hardest hit sectors of the economy and one of the Roosevelt administration’s top priorities. Our analysis suggests that the cross-state distribution of agricultural relief was guided more by President Roosevelt’s electoral strategy and by the interests of the members of key congressional agriculture committees than by objective economic need.
Between the Ivory Tower and the Market

Who Owns Academic Work? Battling for Control of Intellectual Property. Corynne McSherry. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2001. 287 pp. $29.95, £20.50, €34.40. ISBN 0-674-00629-1. McSherry marshals legal, historical, and qualitative social analysis to argue that intellectual property threatens the ideals of the research university and, reciprocally, that scientific research troubles the principles of intellectual property.
A Model Validation Procedure when Covariate Data are Missing at Random.

. In the presence of missing covariates, standard model validation procedures may result in misleading conclusions. By building generalized score statistics on augmented inverse probability weighted complete-case estimating equations, we develop a new model validation procedure to assess the adequacy of a prescribed analysis model when covariate data are missing at random. The asymptotic distribution and local alternative efficiency for the test are investigated. Under certain conditions, our approach provides not only valid but also asymptotically optimal results. A simulation study for both linear and logistic regression illustrates the applicability and finite sample performance of the methodology. Our method is also employed to analyse a coronary artery disease diagnostic dataset.
An information transmission analysis of signal flash rate discriminability.

Flashing lights are used for a number of signaling purposes. Yet there has been little research, and much of what is known about optimizing such displays is based on inference from general perceptual principles (McCormick and Sanders, 1982). There has been some research interest, however, in determining optimum flash rates. Rates of from 3 to 10 Hz have variously been recommended for attracting attention (Woodson and Conover, 1964), and McCormick and Sanders (1982) have suggested that a 4-Hz flash is best. Within this range of flash rates, there are times when useful information may be transmitted in terms of a change in the rate of flashing of a signal light. However, as with other stimulus dimensions, the human observer has a limited ability to make perceptual discriminations of flash rates. The re-
Commutator anomalies in finite-element quantum electrodynamics

Abstract The equations of motion for four-dimensional quantum electrodynamics have been formulated on a hypercubic Minkowski lattice. This model is used to investigate the lattice current algebra. Regularization of the current is shown to arise in a natural and nonarbitrary manner.
Liquid Lignin from the SLRPTM Process: The Effect of Processing Conditions and Black-Liquor Properties

CO2 acidification of Kraft black liquors was performed at temperatures of 100–150°C and pressures of 5–8 bar in an investigation of the SLRPTM process. At these conditions, a highly hydrated, lignin-rich liquid (vs. the usual solid) separated out to form a new phase. The solids content/ionic strength of the starting black liquor was found to be a key variable for controlling the bulk and molecular properties of the „liquid-lignin” (LL) phase. For example, black liquors of lower ionic strengths (20% solids) produced LLs with lower ash contents and higher molecular weights, albeit in lower yields. In contrast, higher ionic strengths/solids content (40%) produced LLs in higher yields with higher aromatic and aliphatic hydroxyl contents. Temperature effects were significant only at the highest levels. The degree of hydration of the LL phase was found to be a useful measure of the water available for hydration of ionized/polarizable groups in lignin.
Barchan Dunes of the Salton Sea Region, California

Rates and directions of motion have been determined for 19 barchan dunes near the Salton Sea, California, for the period 1941 to 1981. Between 1941 and 1956 these barchans moved with an average speed of 15.5 m y−1 in the direction 89° T (T = from true north). During the period 1956–1963 the rate of motion increased to 24.4 m y−1, and the direction shifted northward to 80° T. Finally, during the 18 years between 1963 and 1981, the rate of advance of these dunes declined to 16.2 m y−1, and the bearing was again more southerly, 96° T. Fluctuations in speed and direction are superimposed on changes in the dunefield brought on by an apparent diminution of sand supply over the last 140 years. A decrease in the sand supply may be because of increasing maturation of an upwind, incised drainage pattern that interferes with sand flow and dune mobility, and to modern channelization associated with highway construction. At the downwind edge of the dune area, some barchans are entering the Salton Sea. They may ultimately become vegetated shoreline dunes. Members of the southernmost group of dunes appear to dissipate entirely before reaching the water. The overall picture is of a dunefield declining in area and population owing to a combination of adverse geological and cultural developments.
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY of SELECTED JUICES: INFLUENCES of TEMPERATURE, SOLIDS CONTENT, APPLIED VOLTAGE, and PARTICLE SIZE

A device was developed to determine the electrical conductivities of foods under ohmic or conventional heating conditions. Orange and tomato juices (serum and various solids contents) were tested in the device. the electrical conductivity of juices increased with temperature and decreased with solids content. the temperature dependence of conductivity was linear, both under conventional and ohmic heating. Experiments on suspensions of carrot juice solids, and polystyrene spheres in sodium phosphate solution showed an increase in electrical conductivity of the suspension with decreasing particle size.
Some new uniqueness and continuous dependence results for evolutionary equations of indefinite type: The weighted energy method

In this paper, we study the questions of uniqueness and continuous dependence on the initial data for evolutionary equations of the form: dnudtn = Mu, n = 1, 2, 3,…, n fixed, where M is a linear operator on a subdomain D of a Hilbert space and u: [0, T) → D is a vector valued function. M is either symmetric or skew symmetric and need not be bounded or even semibounded. The method of proof is based on the so called “weighted energy method.” The results can be applied to the study of improperly posed problems.
The HDZ's Embattled Mandate: Divergent Leadership, Divided Electorate, 2003

The electorate has shifted toward the right while the Croatian Democratic Union has become an advocate of moderation.
Symmetric Matrix Derivatives with Applications

Abstract Dwyer (1967) provided extensive formulas for matrix derivatives, many of which are for derivatives with respect to symmetric matrices. The results of his article are only for symmetric matrices whose (j, i) element is considered to differ from the (i, j) element even though their scalar values are equal. A simple result is given that extends the use of Dwyer's formulas to symmetric matrices in which the (i, j) element is considered functionally equal to the (j, i) element. Application of the results are illustrated by deriving the multivariate normal information matrix.
Augmentation mammoplasty: implications for the primary care provider.

Purpose To inform primary care nurse practitioners (NPs) of the risks and possible complications of augmentation mammoplasty and suggest guidelines for counseling and monitoring women who have undergone this procedure. Data Sources Selected research and clinical articles, government documents, and the author's experience. Conclusions Because so many women have had breast augmentation mammoplasty, it is inevitable that NPs will see patients in the primary care settings who have complications related to the procedure or the type of implant. The most common complications include (a) changes in breast sensation, (b) capsular contracture, (c) calcifications, (d) mammography distortion or inaccuracies, (e) gel-bleed, (f) implant rupture or leakage, and (g) possible systemic reactions involving the immune system. Implications for Practice In addition to providing support and high quality preventive care, NPs may need to take on the task of coordinating other specialties and services when treating complications or when screening for breast cancer or implant rupture.
Isolation and characterization of a spontaneously arising long-lived line of human keratinocytes (NM1)

The long-lived keratinocyte line, NM1, was isolated from the epidermis of a pool of foreskins obtained from apprently, normal neonates at the time of circumcision. Cultures were initiated in Dulbecco’s minimal essential medium containing 20% fetal bovine serum, 0.4 μg/ml hydrocortisone, 10−9M cholera, toxin, and 10 ng/ml epidermal growth factor using mitomycin C-treated 3T3 cells as a feeder layer. Unlike normal keratinocytes which survive for only 150 generations these cells have been in culture for more than a year and have been carried for more than 400 doublings. The cells seem to follow a pathway, of growth and differentiation that is very similar to normal keratinocytes. Cytokeratin fibrils, intercellular attachments, and cornified envelopes were observed. The keratin polypeptides isolated from the NM 1 cells were similar to those previously described in normal cultured, cells; the presence of profilaggrin and involucrin was demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis and immunoblotting with monoclonal antibodies specific to these proteins. The NM 1 cells showed a reduced dependency on 3T3 feeder cells but did not form tumors when placed into athymic nude mice. Screening of the cells for SV40, BK, HPV 16, and HPV 18 viruses was negative. The NM1 cells showed trisomy of chromosome 8. The long-lived nature of these cells makes them a valuable model for studying growth and differentiation of kerationocytes.
Relationship between the working alliance and social support on counseling outcome

The purpose of this study was to test the impact of two predictor variables, one representing extratherapeutic factors and one representing relationship factors, on outcome at a university counseling training clinic. A naturalistic design was used to collect session-by-session outcomes on 135 clients seen by 88 counselors. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to test hypotheses about the effects of clients' pretreatment social support (extratherapeutic factor) and working alliance (relationship factor) at session 3 on change over time. Results showed that higher rated alliances predicted greater change over the first 8 sessions. When clients reported poorer social supports, the therapeutic alliance was even more important in predicting a positive outcome. Limitations of the design and implications for further outcome studies are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 67:1–11, 2011.
Determination of land surface skin temperatures and surface air temperature and humidity from TOVS HIRS2/MSU data

Abstract Global climate models operate at scales that are compatible with satellite observations of the earth surface. It is very useful to use retrieved satellite data for the purposes of comparisons with models for validation and calibration. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate that the TOVS Pathfinder Path A data set is useful for the study of land surface process/dynamics for contrasting climatic regions and the relationships between different surface variables. The results show that the anomalies of the diurnal difference of surface skin temperature are related to the anomalies of the monthly precipitation with increasing precipitation anomalies corresponding with decreasing diurnal skin surface temperature difference anomalies. This follows our understanding that increased surface wetness leads to increased evapotranspiration and reduced diurnal (pm minus am) surface skin temperature differences.
Rapid increase of prostaglandin F2-alpha in neurons after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats: an immunohistochemical study.

The effects of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) with various degrees of increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) on the staining of prostaglandin F2-alpha (PG F2alpha) were studied in rat brains. SAH was produced in 18 rats by injection of 0.18-0.20 ml of autologous arterial blood/100 g body weight into the cisterna magna. By changing the speed of injection, the ICP was transiently increased by 346 +/- 68 (mean +/- S.D.) mm Hg in eight rats (including three pretreated with indomethacin), by 200 +/- 42 mm Hg in five rats, and by 6 +/- 4 mm Hg in the other five. Three rats injected with the same volume of mock cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with ICP increased by 217 +/- 67 mm Hg and five normal rats without injection served as controls. All animals were decapitated 15 min after injection. The cryosections were stained for PG F2 alpha using an indirect immunofluorescence method. Positive staining for PG F2 alpha was noted only in pial vessels in all normal and mock-CSF-injected rats. In SAH rats with ICP increased by 6 +/- 4 mm Hg, there was a positive reaction in hippocampal neurons and Purkinje cells as well as blood vessels. SAH rats with higher ICP showed stronger PG F2 alpha staining in the above areas, as well as in cerebellar granule cells. All rats pretreated with indomethacin showed a smaller increase in staining. The above results indicate that subarachnoid blood clots per se produce a rapid increase of PG F2 alpha in neurons and blood vessels of both cerebrum and cerebellum, and that this increase is augmented by intracranial hypertension.
Energy yield loss caused by dust deposition on photovoltaic panels

Large-scale solar plants are generally located in semi-arid and desert lands where abundant sunlight is available for solar energy conversion. These plants, however, suffer from two major environmental degradation factors: high ambient temperature and high concentration of atmospheric dust. Degradation of solar collectors’ performance caused by soiling results in a considerable loss of energy yield in all solar plants of the world. Dust and other particulate accumulation on solar collectors causes transmission loss. This is true with respect to transmission losses in photovoltaic (PV) and concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) systems, and for reflection losses in concentrated solar power (CSP) systems. We present here a brief review of the energy yield losses caused by dust deposition on solar collectors, with particular emphasis on flat-panel photovoltaic (PV) systems. The review includes some of the major studies reported on energy-yield losses on solar plants in operation in several regions of the world. In addition, laboratory-soiling studies are also included. We report on degradation in the performance of solar plants based on the type of solar collectors, geographical location, local climate, and exposure period of the collectors absent any manual cleaning. An analysis of the advantages of cleaning processes that include natural, manual, automatic, and passive methods is presented. Our objective is to provide solar plant designers with a database for predicting anticipated soiling losses in different parts of the world, and for assessing effective cleaning methods for restoring a system’s energy yield. 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Visual-cognitive processing deficits in pediatric multiple sclerosis.

Background: Children with multiple sclerosis (MS) can suffer significant cognitive deficits. This study investigates the sensitivity and validity in pediatric MS of two visual processing tests borrowed from the adult literature, the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMTR) and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT).Objective: To test the hypothesis that visual processing is disproportionately impacted in pediatric MS by comparing performance with that of healthy controls on the BVMTR and SDMT.Methods: We studied 88 participants (43 MS, 45 controls) using a neuropsychological assessment battery including measures of intelligence, language, visual memory, and processing speed. Patients and demographically matched controls were compared to determine which tests are most sensitive in pediatric MS.Results: Statistically significant differences were found between the MS and control groups on BVMTR Total Learning (t (84) = 4.04, p < 0.001, d = 0.87), BVMTR Delayed Recall (t (84) = 4.45, p < 0.001, d = 0.9...
Plug-in HEV with CVT: configuration, control, and its concurrent multi-objective optimization by evolutionary algorithm

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (Plug-in HEV) has dramatic improvements in fuel economy and emission reduction. It is most important to decide its optimal configuration, energy management strategy, powertrain sizes, and control logic parameters. For multi-objective optimization, we present a concurrent optimization methodology based on an optimal Plug-in HEV powertrain configuration with continuous variable transmission (CVT). The novelty is using evolutionary algorithm in conjunction with an instantaneous optimal energy management strategy. Simulation results indicate the proposed method can significantly reduce fuel consumption and emissions by simultaneously optimizing the propulsion system parameters as well as the energy control parameters.
Ocular fluorophotometry in the normal- and diabetic monkey

Normal- and diabetic rhesus monkeys without retinopathy demonstrable by ophthalmoscopy or fluorescein angiography were examined with ocular fluorophotometry to detect alterations in their blood-ocular barriers. All vitreous fluorophotometry values were corrected for fluorescence attributable to background levels and then normalized to a blood fluorescein level of 10 μg ml−1. Reproducibility studies demonstrated an average coefficient of variation of 0·17 for all animals combined. Insulin-dependent monkeys, both pancreatectomized and strepozotocin-treated, demonstrated significantly higher posterior vitreous fluorescence levels than either control animals or monkeys treated with streptozotocin that were not insulin-dependent. These results cannot be attributed to differences in fluorescein binding or to vitreous abnormalities. However, 14 out of 24 (58%) of the insulin-dependent animals exhibited posterior vitreous fluorescence values within two standard deviations of the control mean. No correlation was apparent between the vitreous values and age or duration of treatment. No difference in anterior chamber concentrations was found between groups after correction. Our results indicate that alterations in the blood-retinal barrier can occur in insulin-dependent diabetic monkeys before development of retinopathy.
The biogeochemistry of a north-temperate grassland with native ungulates: Nitrogen dynamics in Yellowstone National Park

Nutrient dynamics of large grassland ecosystems possessing abundant migratory grazers are poorly understood. We examined N cycling on the northern winter range of Yellowstone National Park, home for large herds of free-roaming elk (Cervus elaphus) and bison (Bison bison). Plant and soil N, net N mineralization, and the deposition of ungulate fecal-N were measured at five sites, a ridgetop, mid-slope bench, steep slope, valley-bottom bench, and riparian area, within a watershed from May, 1991 to April, 1992.
A Nanoscale Model Catalyst Preparation: Solution Deposition of Phosphine-Stabilized Gold Clusters onto a Planar TiO2(110) Support

Agglomeration of noble metal particles has been a long-standing obstacle in the preparation of planar, finely dispersed, metal cluster−oxide support model catalyst systems. A solution deposition method was devised. Six-atom gold clusters, in the form of [Au6(PPh3)6][BF4]2 (Au6L6), were deposited onto a TiO2(110) single crystal after an acetone pretreatment of the substrate and examined with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). STM revealed single-unit entities of clusters ca. 1 nm in height, corresponding to the six-atom Au center with the triphenyl phosphine ligands attached. As a check on the success of the homogeneous dispersion, electron-stimulated desorption (ESD) was performed, irradiating the TiO2(110) surface with a 0.12 C cm-2 electron beam flux followed by STM, HREELS, and XPS. Evidence for ligand removal was shown by a pronounced reduction in height in the STM, a disappearance of the aromatic...
The effect of gender upon heritability and common environmental estimates in measures of scholastic achievement

Abstract Although previous studies have examined mean gender differences in scholastic achievement, interesting results may also be gained by studying the genetic and environmental influences underlying individual variation in academic achievement. Few studies have examined this research question in a school-age population. The current study examines the effects of gender upon measures of scholastic achievement in a sample of 138 mono- and 125 dizygotic twin pairs, ranging in age from 6 to 12 years, who participated in the Western Reserve Twin Project. Results indicate individual differences in academic achievement may be more heavily influenced by genetic variance in females and environmental variance in males. It is hypothesized that this effect may be caused by an additional source of environmental variance supplied by teachers to males and not to females.
Enhanced alpha-adrenergic responsiveness in ischemic myocardium: Role of alpha-adrenergic blockade

Abstract α-Adrenergic blockade with phentolamine or prazosin but not β-adrenergic blockade reduces premature ventricular complexes and abolishes ventricular fibrillation induced by coronary artery ligation or reperfusion in cats. These protective influences were independent of regional coronary flow or systemic hemodynamics. Efferent sympathetic nerve stimulation increased the idioventricular rate (IVR) prior to myocardial ischemia, a response blocked by propranolol, whereas during reperfusion the increased IVR was abolished only by α-blockade. Enhanced α-adrenergic responsiveness during reperfusion was also apparent with the α-agonist methoxamlne. More recently we have demonstrated that α-adrenergic receptors, assessed by ligand binding with 3 H-prazosin, increased nearly twofold in ischemic myocardium by 30 minutes (B max = 14 ± 2 to 27 ± 3 fmol/mg prot) and remain elevated during early reperfusion (12 ± 1 to 18 ± 1) before returning to control values by 15 minutes after reperfusion. 3 H-DHA binding or Na + K + adenosine triphosphatase activity was not altered at any time, indicating the specificity of the alteration. Thus enhanced α-adrenergic responsiveness occurs during myocardial ischemia associated with increased numbers of α-adrenergic receptors and suggests the potential use of α-adrenergic blockade as one intervention to alleviate these malignant dysrthythmias.
Microscopic calculations for upper-fp,g 9/2 shell nuclei: Ge & Se

Shell-model calculations for isotopes of Ge and Se are reported where valence nucleons beyond the N = 28 = Z core occupy levels of the normal parity upper-fp shell (f5/2,p3/2,p1/2) and the unique parity g9/2 intruder configuration. Results are given for realistic interactions of the Kuo-Brown-3 type with various model space truncations that key in on the number of nucleon pairs allowed to occupy the intruder level. Electromagnetic (E2 & M1) rates as well as decay probabilities are calculated, some of which are key in determining the structure of “waiting point” nuclei that regulate certain nucleo-astrosynthesis processes. The role of the intruder level, which is treated on an equal footing with the normal parity levels, is shown to be important for reproducing structural details. The levels of the upper-fp shell are handled within the framework of a normal ls-coupled basis as well as its pseudo-SU(3) counterpart, and respectively, the g9/2 as a single level and as a member for the complete gds shell. The second of these two approaches, namely, the SU(3) picture, allows one to better probe the effect of deformation.
Hemoglobin AIc in the glucose-intolerant, streptozotocin-treated or pancreatectomized macaque monkey.

Hemoglobin A Ic (Hb A Ic ), a glycosylated minor variant of Hb A, is elevated in diabetic patients. In our study, macaque monkey model with acquired glucose intolerance [both streptozotocin (STZ)-treated or pancreatectomized] was evaluated for the presence of Hb A Ic and for evidence of a possible physiologic effect on oxygen-carrying capacity. Blood from 29 Macaca monkeys (27 rhesus), including 22 with carbohydrate intolerance (17 treated with STZ and five that were pancreatectomized), was analyzed for minor hemoglobins using Amberlite IRC-50 with cyanide-phosphate elution. Unlike in man, no Hb A Ic peak was identified in any control animals. However, all five pancreatectomized animals and 10 of 17 STZ-treated animals had clearly identified peaks that eluted similarly to human A Ic and had an increased glucose content after acid hydrolysis relative to the major Hb A peak. Of the more severely carbohydrate-intolerant animals (fasting blood sugar > 200 mg. per deciliter) that were receiving insulin, seven of eight monkeys had Hb A Ic . peaks compared with seven of 14 animals with less severe carbohydrate intolerance (fasting blood glucose Ic peak postpartum. In a group of five control and three STZ-treated nonpregnant animals, no differences were observed in whole blood pH, PCO 2 , P50, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, adenosine triphosphate, and adenosine diphosphate, and plasma inorganic phosphate, while plasma glucose was variably elevated. The glucose-intolerant macaque model has potential for studying the long-term effects of acquired hyperglycemia, the biochemistry of the glycohemoglobin, and the possible pathophysioiogic effects of Hb A Ic in pregnancy.
Liver transplantation for adult polycystic liver disease

Patients with adult polycystic liver disease and massive cystic replacement of the liver may present with severe debilitation and impairment of functional performance or, rarely, with signs of portal hypertension or hepatic dysfunction. In those patients incapacitated by severe hepatomegaly secondary to massive cystic replacement with predominantly small cysts (2 cm) without areas of parenchymal sparing, liver transplantation is a therapeutic option. Five patients with incapacitating symptoms from polycystic liver disease underwent liver transplantation as a final therapeutic procedure. Two patients had previous fenestration procedures without significant relief. All patients had radiographic evidence of concomitant polycystic kidney disease; two of these patients were dialysis-dependent at the time of liver transplantation. One patient underwent combined liver-kidney transplantation, whereas another received a six-antigen matched kidney transplant 64 months after liver transplantation. Four of five patients are alive 84, 39, 20, and 8 months after successful liver transplantation. All four have returned to normal functional status with complete resolution of symptoms. Liver transplantation is a suitable option for the patient with bilobar small cystic liver disease without areas of parenchymal sparing. However, only patients with severely compromised functional status should be offered this therapy. Concomitant renal evaluation is mandatory, and a knowledge of the natural history of this disease will aid in the decision of whether a combined liver-kidney transplantation is indicated.
Pattern of Use of Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Stage II Colon Cancer: A Single-Institution Experience

Abstract Purpose American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) guidelines define high-risk prognostic features (HRFs) in stage II colon cancer and recommend limiting adjuvant chemotherapy to patients with HRFs. We evaluated the extent to which HRFs influenced decisions on adjuvant chemotherapy before and after publication of the guidelines. Patients and Methods We reviewed data from 100 consecutive patients with stage II colon cancer resected between January 2000 and June 2007. Practice pattern in the pre-guideline era (2000 through 2004) was compared with the postguideline era (2005–2007). Results The median age of the cohort was 65.8 years. A total of 60 patients had ≥ 1 HRF. Overall, 38% of the patients with HRFs did not receive chemotherapy; 37.5% without HRFs did. Seventy-one percent of the patients given adjuvant chemotherapy had HRFs versus 48% of the patients not given chemotherapy. There was no association between the presence/absence of HRFs and chemotherapy ( P = .25). The association between number of HRFs per individual and chemotherapy was significant ( P = .0255). Bowel obstruction and T4 disease were the only individual HRFs significantly associated with chemotherapy ( P = .0059 and .0294, respectively). A significant drop in use of chemotherapy for all patients occurred after publication of the guidelines, but this was caused mostly by a drop in treatment for patients with HRFs from 80% to 36% ( P = .001). Conclusion Decisions for or against adjuvant chemotherapy did not adhere completely to ASCO guidelines. Publication of the guidelines led to a significant drop in appropriate use of adjuvant chemotherapy in high-risk patients.
An examination of market efficiency: Information order effects in a laboratory market

Abstract A series of laboratory double auction experiments is conducted to examine whether the order of information releases affects market prices. Behavioral research on belief revision has shown that individuals are influenced by the order in which a series of information items is presented. The experiments are designed to provide a controlled investigation of whether order effects as displayed by individuals also can influence prices in a market setting where outcomes are not a simple aggregation of individual behavior. Significant evidence is found of a recency effect in the experimental asset markets.
Rheology and the swallow-safe bolus

Competence in swallowing depends on the physical nature of ingested food and drink, and a person's ability to form a “swallow-safe” bolus. Here is discussed the role of bolus consistency in swallowing, since this has been found to be an important characteristic in evaluation and feeding therapy of dysphagic persons. A basic review of rheology, the study of the deformation and flow of materials, is presented with an emphasis toward quantifying that property of consistency of a bolus that can be safely swallowed by a feeding-impaired person.
Repression of γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor α1 Polypeptide Biosynthesis Requires Chronic Agonist Exposure

Although it is well established that the number of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors declines in cortical neurons exposed to GABAA receptor agonists, the mechanisms responsible for this use-dependent down-regulation remain unclear. Two hypotheses have been proposed: (i) agonist-evoked sequestration and degradation of surface GABAA receptors and (ii) repression of receptor subunit biosynthesis. We have addressed this problem using [35S]Met/Cys pulse-chase labeling of chick cortical neurons in culture and immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting with an antibody (RP4) directed against a GABAA receptor alpha1-(331-381) fusion protein. Exposure of the cells to GABA or isoguvacine for 2 h to 4 days had no effect on the initial rate of 35S incorporation into the GABAA receptor 51-kDa alpha1 polypeptide, but this rate declined by 33% after a 7-day treatment. This is consistent with a previous report (Baumgartner, B. J., Harvey, R. J., Darlison, M. G., and Barnes, E. M. (1994) Mol. Brain Res. 26, 9-17) that a 7-day GABA treatment of this preparation produced a 45% reduction in the alpha1 subunit mRNA level, while a 4-day exposure had no detectable effect. On the other hand, after a 4-day exposure to these agonists, a 30% reduction in the level of the alpha1 polypeptide was observed on immunoblots, similar to that found previously for down-regulation of GABAA receptor ligand-binding sites. Thus, the de novo synthesis of GABAA receptor alpha1 subunits is subject to a delayed use-dependent repression that was observed after, rather than before, the decline in neuronal levels of the polypeptide. Pulse-chase experiments showed a monophasic degradation of the GABAA receptor 35S-alpha1 subunit with a t1/2 = 7.7 h, a process that was unaffected by the addition of GABA to neurons during the chase period. These nascent 35S-labeled polypeptides are presumably diluted into the neuronal pool of unlabeled unassembled alpha1 subunits, which was found to exceed by a 4:1 molar ratio the amount assembled into [3H]flunitrazepam binding sites. Thus, the data reveal an alternative scheme for degradation of GABAA receptor polypeptides: a pathway that may participate in the agonist-independent degradation of unassembled receptor subunits. This differs from another pathway for the agonist-dependent degradation of mature GABAA receptors derived from the neuronal surface (Calkin, P. A., and Barnes, E. M., Jr. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 1548-1553).
Recent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use increases the risk of early recurrence of bleeding in patients presenting with bleeding ulcer

Abstract Background: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use is a well-known risk factor for ulcer formation and ulcer complications. The purpose of this study was to determine whether recent NSAID use increases the risk of early recurrence of bleeding in patients who present with bleeding ulcer. Methods: Clinical and endoscopic data were collected prospectively. Dose, frequency, and duration of recent NSAID use were quantified. Recent NSAID use was defined as consumption of over-the-counter or prescription NSAIDs or aspirin for at least 5 days of the 2-week period preceding the index episode of bleeding. Endoscopy was performed within 24 hours of admission to confirm the source of bleeding and endoscopic intervention was applied for stigmata of bleeding. Early recurrence of bleeding was defined as melena, hematochezia or blood per nasogastric tube with a 2 gm or greater decrease in hemoglobin during a period of 48 hours, occurring less than 2 weeks from index episode of bleeding. Results: One hundred twenty patients (52 NSAID users and 68 nonusers) were enrolled in the study; mean age was 56 years. NSAID users were older than nonusers ( p = 0.003); nonusers were more likely to have a history of ulcer disease ( p Helicobacter pylori infection ( p = 0.05). Recent NSAID use was associated with a significantly higher frequency of early recurrence of bleeding and in-hospital recurrent bleeding compared with nonusers: 19% vs. 6%, p = 0.02, and 17% vs. 6%, p = 0.04, respectively. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the significant association between recent NSAID use and early recurrence of bleeding persisted ( p = 0.0048) while controlling for age and other covariates. Conclusions: Recent NSAID use predisposes bleeding ulcer patients to early and in-hospital recurrent bleeding, probably via its effects on platelet function, mucosal prostaglandins, and ulcer healing. (Gastrointest Endosc 2000;51:146-51.)
Predictors of Sexual Risk in Latino Gay/Bisexual Men: The Role of Demographic, Developmental, Social Cognitive, and Behavioral Variables

This study examined four types of predictors of sexual risk within a sample of 110 predominantly English-speaking Latino gay/bisexual men residing in the city of San Francisco. More than one-fourth of the sample reported at least one instance of unprotected anal intercourse in the last 30 days; one-fifth of the sample reported unprotected anal intercourse with a nonmonogamous sexual partner within the same time period. Findings suggest that weak personal intentions for safer sex and low levels of perceived self-efficacy are associated with risky sexual practices. In addition a history of sexual abuse in childhood drug use during sexual activity and frequency of sex in public cruising environments emerged as significant predictors of sexual risk. Multivariate analyses indicated that a four-predictor model (including a young age low levels of intention/self-efficacy a high frequency of sex under the influence of drugs and a high frequency of sex with nonmonogamous partners) is the most parsimonious model to predict sexual risk in this population. A history of childhood sexual abuse correlated positively with all predictors of risk in the model except age. (authors)
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein as a risk assessment tool for cardiovascular disease

Almost half of first cardiovascular events occur in individuals with no known risk factors. Attempts in the last decade to predict cardiovascular risk more accurately have led to the emergence of a novel risk factor, C-reactive protein (CRP), which has proved to be as good a risk predictor as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. C-reactive protein is an index of inflammation that is now believed to promote directly all stages of atherosclerosis, including plaque rupture. As measured by high-sensitivity assays, high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) also independently predicts recurrent events in patients with known coronary artery diseases. Recent evidence implicates hs-CRP, and thus inflammation, in the metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus, particularly in women. As a clinical tool for cardiovascular risk assessment, hs-CRP testing enhances information provided by lipid screening or global risk assessment. Statin therapy and other interventions can lower hs-CRP. Whether or not such reductions can prevent cardiovascular events is under investigation.
An ultra high vacuum low temperature gyroscope clock

Abstract We propose to perform a null-gravitational redshift experiment by comparing a mechanical gyroscope clock with atomic clocks. The Gravity-Probe-B Relativity Gyroscope Experiment provides the opportunity for this co-experiment. The goal is to measure the effect to an accuracy of 0.01% of the gravitational redshift due to the eccentricity of the orbit of the earth about the sun. This corresponds to an integrated frequency measurement over one year of Av/v=3∗10−14. A major disturbance torque on the gyroscope is due to fluctuations in the molecular drag of the residual gas caused by temperature variations. We propose to use a low temperature bake-out technique in order to achieve the required vacuum of 10−17torr.
The relationship of place and turn alternation to reactive inhibition.

(1956). The Relationship of Place and Turn Alternation to Reactive Inhibition. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 89, No. 2, pp. 183-197.
2010 Financial reform: A guide for corporate treasurers

The Dodd-Frank Financial Reform Bill of 2010 is the most ambitious piece of financial reform legislation since the Great Depression. Every U.S. corporation and citizen will be affected. For treasurers of financial firms like banks and brokers, the entire regulatory universe will be upended. But what will it mean for the corporate treasurer of a nonfinancial firm? The author provides a road map of what to expect, including future legislative changes and expected implementation problems. There is also a checklist for treasurers to help them handle the key issues. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Early oral health promotion program for new mothers may have impact on child dental caries after 5 years.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Evaluation of an oral health promotion program at the time of birth on dental caries in 5-year-old children in Vorarlberg, Austria. Wagner Y, Greiner S, Heinrich-Weltzien R. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2014;42(2):160-9. Reviewer Juan E. Onetto, DDS Purpose/Question To assess the effect of a one-off intervention at the time of birth on dental caries in 5-year-old children in an early oral health promotion program. Is a one-off intervention at the time of birth sufficient to improve the oral health of young children? Source of Funding No financial support. Logistic support from Zahnprophylaxe Vorarlberg GmbH, Bregenz, Austria Type of Study/Design Cross-sectional study Level of Evidence Level 3: Other evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable
Assessing a Political Skills Curriculum.

In the past few years there has been considerable interest in the teaching of values. While this interest is important in itself, there has been very little concern with the participatory skills of today's students. This article describes the curriculum of a political skills laboratory in which undergraduate students were given training in specific political skills, such as organizational development, leadership, bargaining, stress management, crisis management, and coalition-building. For purposes of evaluating the political skills laboratory, a quasi-experimental design was used (pretests and posttests). A number of instruments were employed to measure political attitudes, task performance, personality, perceptions of decision-making, and the general evaluation of the course. Statistically significant changes were found in the area of perceptions of decision-making, where attitudes shifted in the direction of increased pragmatism. Participants also reported changes in perceptions of “self,” along with a...
Time–frequency control of ultrafast plasma generation in dielectrics

This paper examines ultrafast laser-induced plasma generation in dielectrics by modeling ionization and pulse propagation in glass. Photoionization models for solids predict that the multi-photon ionization rate should increase for near-UV frequencies when compared to those in the visible or near-IR. Conversely, the frequency dependence of a Drude-type absorption by free electrons can produce an increased ionization yield through avalanching for frequencies in the IR. The simulations presented in this paper reveal how such frequency-dependent models influence the plasma formation during nonlinear pulse propagation in fused silica. It is further shown by a multi-rate equation model that the contribution from avalanching, when properly delayed, is reduced by an order of magnitude at near-IR frequencies throughout the propagation. A modified multi-rate equation is then introduced to model combinations of ultrashort high-frequency and low-frequency pulses that can maximize plasma generation while operating at the lowest possible fluences.
Changes in ventilatory adaptations associated with long-term intermittent hypoxia across the age spectrum in the rat.

Intermittent hypoxia (IH) induces alterations in respiratory control that reflect various types of ventilatory plasticity. In freely behaving rats, acute exposure to IH elicits enhancements in normoxic minute ventilation (VE), termed ventilatory long-term facilitation. Exposure to longer time periods of IH induces unique ventilatory adaptations to intermittent hypoxia (VAIH). We hypothesized that long-term IH-induced ventilatory plasticity may be developmentally regulated and thus, IH exposures at progressively later post-natal ages may elicit differential effects on the magnitude of VAIH. To examine this issue, male Sprague–Dawley rats were exposed to 30 continuous days of IH beginning at post-natal ages 1, 10, 30, 60, 180, 360, and 540 days. Control animals were exposed to normoxic conditions with room air. Normoxic VE was significantly higher in IH-exposed rats (p < 0.01) except for the group in which IH was initiated at post-natal age 540 days (p = NS). The magnitude of VAIH was greatest in rats exposed in the immediate post-natal period and gradually diminished with advancing post-natal age. Enhanced normoxic VE was due to significant contributions from both frequency (p < 0.01) and tidal volume (p < 0.01), and could not be accounted for by changes in metabolic rate. We conclude that the magnitude of IH-induced ventilatory plasticity is age-dependent with progressive declines becoming apparent with advancing post-natal age.