cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Making use of what's given: Children's detailing in mathematical argumentative writing

Abstract The nature of mathematical argumentative writing (MAW) is relatively understudied, particularly in the context of early childhood. While much of the literature on MAW, and mathematical argumentation in general, has focused on the manner in which procedures and warrants are sequenced, the present study focused on the grammatical resource of mathematical detailing. Mathematical detailing involves the linguistic operationalization of given information within and across the sequencing of warrants to support a mathematical claim. The present study examined the effect of varying the complexity of the given information in two similar tasks on how children used given information in their mathematical writing. Findings indicate that increasing the complexity of the givens can encourage many children to operationalize the given information, as well as provide insight into children's communicated conceptions of the mathematics at hand.
TGFbeta1-dependent contraction of fibroblasts is mediated by the PDGFalpha receptor.

PURPOSE: Contraction of fibroblasts and the resultant tractional force is a contributing factor to fibrotic diseases of the eye, such as proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta is abundant in the eye, and is one of the growth factors thought to contribute to the development of PVR. A second is platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). In the current study, the relationship between TGFbeta1 and PDGF was investigated at the level of cellular contraction. METHODS: To study cellular contraction, an in vitro type I collagen gel contraction assay was used with a panel of fibroblast lines that expressed the PDGFalpha receptor (alphaPDGFR) or PDGFbeta receptor (betaPDGFR) or no PDGFRs. The agents tested included rabbit vitreous, TGFbeta1, and PDGF. RESULTS: Vitreous promoted cellular contraction, and approximately 60% of this activity was eliminated by preincubation of the vitreous with neutralizing TGFbeta antibodies. The alphaPDGFR-expressing cells responded better than cells expressing the betaPDGFR or no PDGFRs. Both of the PDGFR-expressing cell lines contracted in response to PDGF, whereas the best response to TGFbeta1 was observed with cells expressing the alphaPDGFR. Finally, TGFbeta1 promoted the tyrosine phosphorylation of both of the PDGFRs, and the alphaPDGFR was more strongly phosphorylated than the betaPDGFR. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the vitreous promotes cellular contraction, that TGFbeta is the major factor responsible, and that at least a portion of the TGFbeta-dependent contraction proceeds through the alphaPDGFR-that is, indirectly. Therefore, the alphaPDGFR is responsible for mediating cellular contraction of multiple growth factors: TGFbeta and members of the PDGF family.
Relations between social skills and language and literacy outcomes among disruptive preschoolers: Task engagement as a mediator

Abstract Preschool children with disruptive behavior problems are at risk for social and academic difficulties. Many studies have shown a positive link between social skills and child outcomes, but the mechanism driving the link is not well understood. One possibility is that children with better social skills are better able to engage in tasks within the classroom, since preschool classrooms place significant social demands on children. The purpose of this study was to examine task engagement as a mediator between social skills at the start of the year and gains in language and literacy among children with disruptive behavior problems. Participants were 470 children aged 30 to 66 months ( M = 48.7, SD = 6.7). Preschool teachers rated children's social skills and language and literacy, and independent observers rated their task engagement across multiple classroom settings. Path models showed that task engagement significantly mediated the association between social skills and language and literacy gains. When task engagement was divided into engagement during free play and engagement during whole group, only task engagement during whole group time, and not free play, was a significant mediator, although the size of the indirect effect was very small. Results suggest that stronger social skills help disruptive children engage in classroom activities, which in turn leads to stronger language and literacy gains. Results provide very limited support for the idea that task engagement during whole group, rather than free play, is important to language and literacy gains, although this finding needs replication before conclusions can be drawn.
Lean Question Answering over Freebase from Scratch

For the task of question answering (QA) over Freebase on the WEBQUESTIONS dataset (Berant et al., 2013), we found that 85% of all questions (in the training set) can be directly answered via a single binary relation. Thus we turned this task into slot-filling for tuples: predicting relations to get answers given a question’s topic. We design efficient data structures to identify question topics organically from 46 million Freebase topic names, without employing any NLP processing tools. Then we present a lean QA system that runs in real time (in offline batch testing it answered two thousand questions in 51 seconds on a laptop). The system also achieved 7.8% better F1 score (harmonic mean of average precision and recall) than the previous state of the art.
Proteomic and Genomic Analyses of the Rvb1 and Rvb2 Interaction Network upon Deletion of R2TP Complex Components

The highly conserved yeast R2TP complex, consisting of Rvb1, Rvb2, Pih1, and Tah1, participates in diverse cellular processes ranging from assembly of protein complexes to apoptosis. Rvb1 and Rvb2 are closely related proteins belonging to the AAA+ superfamily and are essential for cell survival. Although Rvbs have been shown to be associated with various protein complexes including the Ino80 and Swr1chromatin remodeling complexes, we performed a systematic quantitative proteomic analysis of their associated proteins and identified two additional complexes that associate with Rvb1 and Rvb2: the chaperonin-containing T-complex and the 19S regulatory particle of the proteasome complex. We also analyzed Rvb1 and Rvb2 purified from yeast strains devoid of PIH1 and TAH1. These analyses revealed that both Rvb1 and Rvb2 still associated with Hsp90 and were highly enriched with RNA polymerase II complex components. Our analyses also revealed that both Rvb1 and Rvb2 were recruited to the Ino80 and Swr1 chromatin remodeling complexes even in the absence of Pih1 and Tah1 proteins. Using further biochemical analysis, we showed that Rvb1 and Rvb2 directly interacted with Hsp90 as well as with the RNA polymerase II complex. RNA-Seq analysis of the deletion strains compared with the wild-type strains revealed an up-regulation of ribosome biogenesis and ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis genes, down-regulation of response to abiotic stimulus genes, and down-regulation of response to temperature stimulus genes. A Gene Ontology analysis of the 80 proteins whose protein associations were altered in the PIH1 or TAH1 deletion strains found ribonucleoprotein complex proteins to be the most enriched category. This suggests an important function of the R2TP complex in ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis at both the proteomic and genomic levels. Finally, these results demonstrate that deletion network analyses can provide novel insights into cellular systems.
The Child Paradox in First Amendment Doctrine

Courts have increasingly scaled back children’s First Amendment rights and deferred to schools’ fear of disruption; today, children face discipline for even off-campus expression. Meanwhile, in the name of others’ free speech rights, the Supreme Court has discounted the state’s claimed interest in children’s welfare and has repeatedly rejected restrictions on third parties’ abilities to approach children with sexually explicit, commercial, and violent speech. These dueling trends have created a paradox. Although First Amendment principles indicate that children’s ability to speak is more important than their access to others’ speech, the doctrine errs in the wrong direction and protects speech to children more strongly than it protects children’s own expression. Therefore, the Court should both allow for greater government restrictions on speech to children and more strongly protect children’s speech rights, especially outside school. This modified doctrine would be more sensitive to the government’s regulatory interest in children and to the principles behind the First Amendment.
Regulating Versus Paying Land Owners to Protect the Environment

One of the most important questions in the field of land use is whether society should pursue its objectives through regulation or by using incentives. Over the last thirty-five years, the United States has shifted from a heavy emphasis on regulation to a heavy emphasis on incentives, mostly in response to political hostility to regulation but with little fundamental debate about the actual merits of each alternative. This article, partly building on prior work by J. Barton Thompson, seeks to create a framework for analyzing the issue. The regulation vs. incentive debate involves two basic questions: who decides, and whether the government pays or not. The potential answers to the who-decides question are private firms or individuals, private parties and the government jointly, or the government. Thus, the two basic questions yield a three-by-two matrix that accurately categorizes the available policy options. Focusing on two of the primary options, traditional regulation (government decides, government does not pay) and voluntary, publicly financed land acquisitions (private parties and the government decide jointly, government pays), the article examines the relative merits of each policy approach based on the criteria of efficiency, fairness, and democratic accountability. The analysis yields no pat answers but raises a variety of concerns about the voluntary acquisition approach. One of the conclusions of the article is that overuse of the voluntary acquisition approach has the potential to undermine the practical and legal availability of the regulatory option over the long term.
Lying and the Stress for Cognitive Consistency

The practice of lying is probably as common as the pious homilies injoined against it; the practice of political lying is no doubt as ancient as the art itself. For most of the world at most times honest government is the exception, little matter how much preferred. Yet, perhaps precisely because we imagine we desire it so much, the tendency is to see the political lie especially the governmental lie as exceptional. Or, if not exceptional, perhaps then an unwanted exposure of that which we suspect but would prefer to remain unrevealed. Some such mechanism is seemingly required to explain our collective reluctance to acknowledge the amount of governmental lying about Viet-Nam, both pre- and post-Pentagon Papers. Clearly, in retrospect, the dynamic of that which became Watergate grew and acquired form in direct proportion to the national relinguishment of its belief that precisely this event could not be taking place. Perhaps never in the history of a nation has a citizenry required it be led so reluctantly into the throes of a major political scandal. Popular attitudes toward governmental lying are mixed and unclear.
Dynamic Reconfiguration vs. DVFS: A Comparative Study on Power Efficiency of Processors

As the processor manufacturers focus on designing performance and power efficient cores, asymmetric multicore processors (AMP) have emerged as a viable option. AMPs include multiple cores with varying power and performance characteristics, allowing a workload to choose the best core for power efficiency, which varies during the course of execution. Naturally, this involves migration of execution across cores, which also entails performance and power overhead. This overhead limits the frequency of migration. Recent papers has proposed the implementation of micro architectural heterogeneity within a core, that makes fine grain switching possible by reducing migration overhead. Another way to implement heterogeneity in core is application of Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS). DVFS also involves a transition overhead during which no execution can take place. Recent designs report faster voltage transition and PLL relock time, thus enabling fine grain DVFS. In this work, we study the power efficiency at fine grain switching of a dynamically reconfigurable non-monotonic processor versus pure DVFS. Comparison is extended to a Big/Little processor with both fine and coarse grain switching support.
COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA : AN UPDATE

Despite the discovery of new pathogens and the evolving problem of antibiotic resistance, the basic trends in community-acquired pneumonia remain remarkably constant. This article reviews the common pathogens, new pathogens, their clinical presentations, the diagnostic workup, the decision to hospitalize, antibiotic resistance, and antibiotic choices.
The Undergraduate Program in Mathematics

(1970). The Undergraduate Program in Mathematics. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 77, No. 7, pp. 752-755.
Effects of the Sowing Time on Growth and Yield of Rice Lv Han No1

By methods of field trials and randomized blocks design,the influences of sowing time by seedling-broadcast cultivation on growth and yield of Rice Lv Han No1 in the areas along Huaihe River had been studied.The result indicated that the plant height,biological yield,effective panicles number,actual grain number and economical yield all decreased with delay sowing time from May 25 to July 5.But the tendency of 1000-seed weight and economic coefficient ascend in first and descend at last.When the sowing date was put off,the yield were significantly decreased.Seeding before June 15,the yield compared with the treatment CK decreased the scope to be smaller;But Seeding after June 22,the yield Compared with the treatment CK decreased by 17.9%-43.9%.So it is very important to be sure to do the sowing in good time.It should be seeded before June 15 for Lv Han No 1 along the Huaihe River in the wheat stubble.Sowing in advance has remarkable effect on yield,to avoid sowing in June after 29.
Abstract LB-C24: Resistance to ALK inhibition is associated with enhanced BRD4 dependence in ALK-mutated MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma

Despite substantial therapeutic advances, the long-term survival rate of patients with high-risk neuroblastoma (NB), a tumor of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system is still dismal. Activating mutations in the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) receptor tyrosine kinase represent promising therapeutic targets in this disease and have prompted clinical trials of ALK inhibitors. But as with all molecularly targeted therapies, resistance is inevitable and will limit the ultimate utility of this therapeutic strategy. To elucidate the mechanisms of resistance to ALK inhibitors, we have generated isogenic NB cells, expressing the tumorigenic ALKF1174L mutation and amplified MYCN, with acquired resistance to the ALK inhibitor TAE684, through continuous exposure of increasing concentrations of the compound over time. We found that resistance was associated with downregulation of ALK activity, thus ruling out secondary mutations as a mechanism of resistance, and interestingly the other major oncogenic driver in neuroblastoma, MYCN, was downregulated as well. A comparative genome-wide expression analysis revealed global transcriptional downregulation in the resistant cells, as compared with their parental sensitive counterparts, in accordance with the aforementioned MYCN downregulation, as MYCN is known to act as a transcriptional amplifier in MYCN-amplified NB cells. Additionally, these resistant cells exhibited a 10-fold increased sensitivity to the BRD4 inhibitor JQ1, compared to sensitive cells, and MYCN as well as global gene expression were rescued after treatment. These results strongly suggest that resistance to ALK inhibition in ALKF1174L MYCN-amplified NB cells leads to a MYCN-independent enhanced BRD4 dependence, therefore providing a rationale for the use of BET inhibitors to overcome such resistance. Studies are currently underway to characterize the unique epigenetic landscape driving the resistant cells9 survival and therefore identify novel targets that could be taken advantage of in future therapeutic strategies. Citation Format: David Debruyne, Bandana Sharma, Nathanael Gray, Rani George. Resistance to ALK inhibition is associated with enhanced BRD4 dependence in ALK-mutated MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr LB-C24.
Does Gender Ideology Matter in Migration

This article analyzes how patriarchal gender ideology, economic imperatives, and individual agency influence men's and women's migration decisions in the Republic of Georgia. Research on labor migration demonstrates both the empowering potential of migration for women and the tenacity of patriarchal norms and structures. These contradictory findings can be explained in part by differences in the households of origin of female migrants. Drawing on both a national survey of migration and thirty-four interviews with returned migrants and family members of migrants in two Georgian cities, I argue that women who migrate tend to come from households that are either more inclined to egalitarian beliefs or structured in such a way that women's migration provides the least possible challenge to patriarchal household organization. More traditional households are likely to send a male migrant. Although women's labor migration is becoming increasingly common in Georgia, women, particularly mothers, face practical con...
Incremental Stream Processing of Nested-Relational Queries

Current work on stream processing is focused on approximation techniques that calculate approximate answers to simple queries by focusing on a fixed or sliding window that contains the most recent tuples from an input stream and by using condensed synopses to summarize the state. It is widely believed that without using approximation techniques, most interesting queries would be blocking i.e., they would have to wait for the end of stream to release their results or unbounded i.e., their memory requirements would grow proportionally to the stream size, which may be infinite. The goal of this paper is to convert nested-relational queries to incremental stream processing programs automatically. In contrast to most current stream processing systems that calculate approximate answers, our system derives incremental programs that return accurate results. This is accomplished by retaining a state during the query evaluation lifetime and by using incremental evaluation techniques to return an accurate snapshot answer at each time interval that depends on the current state and the data in the current fixed window. Our methods can handle most forms of declarative queries on nested data collections, including arbitrarily nested queries, group-by with aggregation, and equi-joins. We report on a prototype system implementation and we show some preliminary results on evaluating queries on a small computer cluster running Spark.
Investigating supply chain performance under game theory framework using intelligent particle swarm optimisation

Game theory has been extensively used for analysis of situations comprising of multi-agents and their strategies. Supply chain can be defined as a network of multi-organisations interacting with each other during the decision analysis. Therefore, this paper exploits the salient features of game theory in mathematically modelling a supply chain problem and investigating its functioning under various alliances among partners of the same stage. The proposed structure of supply chain considers four different stages in the illustrative example. Profit of an individual partner at each stage while satisfying the constraints is considered in the objective function. In addition, transportation cost and facility utilisation within the whole supply chain are also targeted. Normalised values of different objectives are combined to formulate a multi-objective optimisation problem. This paper introduces a novel intelligent particle swarm optimisation algorithm which is embedded with two beneficial attributes viz.: 1) normal distribution in traditional particle swarm optimisation; 2) time varying acceleration coefficients. The computational experiment finds that maximum profit is gained when players are in union. It is also evident from results that the proposed algorithm outperforms over other variants of algorithm for the underlying problem thereby authenticating its superiority.
Investigation of Plasma Material Erosion Under Mechanical Stress

The operational lifetime of traditional Hall effect thrusters is limited by the erosion of the discharge channel walls. Erosion during long-duration life testing of Hall effect thrusters produces surface features that are unexplained by present models. Anomalous erosion ridges are one such unexplained feature. Hall effect thrusters are also expected to be under moderate (100 kPa to 6 MPa) thermomechanical stresses when operating, due to heat loads from the plasma. Thus, there may be a relationship between mechanical stress and the erosion features observed in Hall effect thrusters. This work investigates the plasma erosion of materials placed under mechanical loads. An experiment is designed to detect any changes to the erosion of material samples due to stress. Amorphous fused-silica samples are investigated in this paper. Fused silica erodes quickly and has no material heterogeneity. Three pairs of fused-silica samples, each pair with one control sample and one sample loaded to 6.0, 14.4, and 25.0±1.1 ...
Drosophila Genes and Anoxia

This article addresses the environmental stresses of oxygen and glucose deprivation and their consequences, especially in the central nervous system and in sensitive organs in early life. Such stresses can be rather mild or moderate and can activate mechanisms that allow the organism or a specific tissue to adapt and survive the stress. More severe stresses may be injurious to the organism and may lead to cell death, tissue death, and ultimately death of the whole organism.
A Logic-Based Computational Framework for Inferring Cognitive Affordances

The concept of “affordance” refers to the relationship between human perceivers and aspects of their environment. Being able to infer affordances is central to commonsense reasoning, tool use and creative problem solving in artificial agents. Existing approaches to inferring affordances have focused on functional aspects, relying on either static ontologies or statistical formalisms to extract relationships between physical features of objects, actions, and the corresponding effects of their interaction. These approaches do not provide flexibility with which to reason about affordances in the open world, where affordances are influenced by changing context, social norms, historical precedence, and uncertainty. We develop a computational framework comprising a probabilistic rules-based logical representation coupled with a computational architecture (cognitive affordances logically expressed) to reason about affordances in a more general manner than described in the existing literature. Our computational architecture allows robotic agents to make deductive and abductive inferences about functional and social affordances, collectively and dynamically, thereby allowing the agent to adapt to changing conditions. We demonstrate our approach with experiments, and show that an agent can successfully reason through situations that involve a tight interplay between various social and functional norms.
Symmetric CMOS in fully-depleted silicon-on-insulator using P/sup +/-polycrystalline SiGe gate electrodes

In this work, polycrystalline SiGe gate electrodes have been implemented on fully-depleted silicon-on-insulator with light channel doping. Symmetric NMOS and PMOS operation is achieved, with threshold voltages in the range of 0.4-0.6 V. The devices exhibit good short-channel behavior and near-ideal subthreshold slope. CMOS ring oscillators with enhancement-mode NMOS and PMOS have been fabricated, exhibiting propagation delays comparable to previously reported values for fully-depleted SOI. >
Social amoebae mating types do not invest unequally in sexual offspring.

Unequal investment by different sexes in their progeny is common and includes differential investment in the zygote and differential care of the young. The social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum has a sexual stage in which isogamous cells of any two of the three mating types fuse to form a zygote which then attracts hundreds of other cells to the macrocyst. The latter cells are cannibalized and so make no genetic contribution to reproduction. Previous literature suggests that this sacrifice may be induced in cells of one mating type by cells of another, resulting in a higher than expected production of macrocysts when the inducing type is rare and giving a reproductive advantage to this social cheat. We tested this hypothesis in eight trios of field-collected clones of each of the three D. discoideum mating types by measuring macrocyst production at different pairwise frequencies. We found evidence that supported differential contribution in only two of the 24 clone pairs, so this pattern is rare and clone-specific. In general, we did not reject the hypothesis that the mating types contribute cells relative to their proportion in the population. We also found a significant quadratic relationship between partner frequency and macrocyst production, suggesting that when one clone is rare, macrocyst production is limited by partner availability. We were also unable to replicate previous findings that macrocyst production could be induced in the absence of a compatible mating partner. Overall, mating type-specific differential investment during sex is unlikely in microbial eukaryotes like D. discoideum.
How Much Is Enough for a Fiduciary? How Much Does a Mutual Fund Company Have to Disclose in Its Mutual Fund Disclosures Under the Department of Labor’s New Best Interest Contract Exemption for Funds Governed by ERISA

Now that the Department of Labor has adopted new regulations for how financial institutions deal with retirement investors under Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, financial institutions have a lot of landscaping to do as it relates to disclosures. This article serves as a practical guide for anyone involved in the process of updating new rules as it relates to the new regulations. The new rules come as no shock to most; they have been debated for some time. The rules define what a fiduciary is under ERISA and the rules also give a Best Interest Contract Exemption. Because this is a complex matter, it is important that financial institutions and attorneys alike have a practical guide to advise them as their mutual fund disclosures are updated. This article will examine how existing disclosures as it relate to potential conflicts of interest my fare under the new prohibition on misleading communications. The Introduction of this article gives a detailed look at the new rules and how they have changed from the 1975 regulations. Part 1 discusses the possible areas where conflicts of interest that must be disclosed will be found in mutual fund disclosures. Part 2 gives a detailed analysis of 15 mutual fund disclosures from various financial advisors. This analysis assessed each area of potential conflict of interest as well as whether the disclosures would be materially misleading under the new rules.
Hippocampal Contributions to Dopamine Receptor-Mediated Effects of Cocaine

Several areas of the hippocampal formation receive dopaminergic innervation from the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra pars compacta and thus contain synapses where cocaine can exert its pharmacological effects. Here, we review recent findings indicating that cocaine exposure elicits increases in dopamine neurotransmission within the hippocampal formation and produces prolonged hippocampal neuroplasticity, at least in part via D1-like dopamine receptor-dependent mechanisms. In turn, cocaine-induced hippocampal neuroplasticity augments dopamine release and D1-like receptor stimulation in brain regions where hippocampal and dopaminergic axons coterminate and alters dopamine neuronal activity via feedback to the midbrain. The septal and temporal subdivisions of the hippocampal formation differ in dopaminergic innervation and extrahippocampal connectivity and play complementary roles in phenomena related to cocaine addiction. Specifically, D1-like receptor stimulation in the septal hippocampal formation controls cocaine-associated contextual learning and memory, while the temporal hippocampal formation modulates dopamine neurotransmission to encode cocaine reward and reinforcement as well as the motivational effects of cocaine-associated environmental stimuli.
Efficacy of Laropiprant in Minimizing Brain Injury Following Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is one of the most devastating and disabling forms of stroke, yet effective treatments are still lacking. Prostaglandins and their receptors have been implicated in playing vital roles in ICH outcomes. Recently, laropiprant, a DP1 receptor antagonist, has been used in combination with niacin to abolish the prostaglandin D2-(PGD2)-induced flushing. Here, we test the hypothesis that laropiprant limits bleeding and rescues the brain from ICH. Wildtype (WT) and DP1−/− mice were subjected ICH and neurologic deficits and hemorrhagic lesion outcomes were evaluated at 72 hours after the ICH. To test the therapeutic potential of laropiprant, WT mice subjected to ICH were treated with laropiprant at 1 hour after the ICH. The putative effect of laropiprant on limiting hematoma expansion was tested by an in vivo tail bleeding cessation method and an ex vivo coagulation method. Finally, the roles of laropiprant on gliosis and iron accumulation were also investigated. A significant decrease in the injury volume was observed in DP1−/− as well as laropiprant-treated WT mice. The tail bleeding time was significantly lower in laropiprant group as compared with the vehicle group. Significantly lower Iba-1 and Perls’ iron staining in DP1−/− and laropiprant-treated WT groups were observed. Altogether, the data suggest that laropiprant treatment post-ICH attenuates brain damage by targeting primary as well as secondary injuries.
Patterns in stream greenhouse gas dynamics from mountains to plains in northcentral Wyoming

Quantification of stream contributions to global carbon cycling is key to understanding how freshwater streams transmit and transform carbon between terrestrial and atmospheric pools. To date, greenhouse gas emissions of carbon dioxide and methane from freshwaters, particularly in mountainous regions, remains poorly characterized due to a lack of direct field observations. Using a unique longitudinal approach, we conducted field surveys across two ecoregions (Middle Rockies and Great Plains) in the Clear Creek watershed, a sub-watershed of Wyoming's Powder River Basin. We took direct measurements of stream gases using headspace sampling at thirty sites (8 June - 23 October). We observed the lowest and most variable concentrations in headwaters, which flow through a federally designated alpine wilderness area. By contrast, the Great Plains exhibited 1.45 and 4 times higher pCO2 and pCH4 concentrations and the relative contributions of methane increased downstream. Fluxes during snowmelt were 45% and 58% higher for CO2 and CH4 than during baseflow but overall were lower than estimates for other systems. Variability for pCO2 was highest during late summer and in the uppermost sections of the headwaters. The high heterogeneity and common undersaturation observed through space and time, especially in the mountains, suggests downscaled regional estimates may fail to capture variability in fluxes observed at these smaller scales. Based on these results, we strongly recommend higher resolution time series studies and increased scrutiny of systems at near equilibrium, inclusive of winter storage and ice-off events, to improve our understanding of the effects of seasonal dynamics on these processes.
Fatigue behavior and cyclic deformation of additive manufactured NiTi

Abstract The aim of this study is to experimentally investigate the fatigue behavior of additively manufactured (AM) NiTi (i.e. Nitinol) specimens and compare the results to the wrought material. Additive manufacturing is a technique in which components are fabricated in a layer-by-layer additive process using a sliced Computer-Aided Design (CAD) model based on the desired geometry. NiTi rods were fabricated in this study using Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS), a Direct Laser Deposition (DLD) AM technique. Due to the high plateau stress of the as-fabricated NiTi, all the AM specimens were heat-treated to reduce their plateau stress, close to the one for the wrought material. Two different heat treatment processes, resulting in different stress plateaus, were employed to be able to compare the results in stress- and strain-based fatigue analysis. Strain-controlled constant amplitude pulsating fatigue experiments were conducted on heat-treated AM NiTi specimens at room temperature (∼24 °C) to investigate their cyclic deformation and fatigue behavior. Fatigue lives of AM NiTi specimens were observed to be shorter than wrought material specifically in the high cycle fatigue regime. Fractography of the fracture surface of fatigue specimens using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed the presence of microstructural defects such as voids, resulting from entrapped gas or lack of fusion and serving as crack initiation sites, to be the main reason for the shorter fatigue lives of AM NiTi specimens. However, the maximum stress level found to be the most influential factor in the fatigue behavior of superelastic NiTi.
Promise constraint satisfaction: structure theory and a symmetric boolean dichotomy

A classic result of Schaefer [STOC, 1978] classifies all constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs) over the Boolean domain to be either in P or NP-hard. This paper considers a promise-problem variant of CSPs called PCSPs. Many problems such as approximate graph and hypergraph coloring, the (2 + ∈)-SAT problem due to Austrin, Guruswami, and Hastad [SIAM Journal on Computing, 2017], and the digraph homomorphism problem can be placed in this framework. This paper is motivated by the pursuit of understanding the computational complexity of Boolean PCSPs, determining which PCSPs are polynomial-time tractable or NP-hard. As our main result, we show that PCSPs exhibits a dichotomy (it is either polynomial-time tractable or NP-hard) when the clauses are symmetric and allow for negations of variables. In particular, we show that every such polynomial-time tractable instance can be solved via either Gaussian elimination over F2 or a linear programming relaxation. We achieve our dichotomy theorem by extending the weak polymorphism framework of AGH which itself is a generalization of the algebraic approach used by polymorphisms to study CSPs. In >both the algorithm and hardness portions of our proof, we incorporate new ideas and techniques not utilized in the CSP case.
High Rate Mechanical Properties of the Hybrid Iii and Cadaveric Lumbar Spines in Flexion and Extension

The purpose of this study was to use a high-rate testing machine to establish the flexion and extension stiffnesses of the human lumbar spine with simulated extensor muscle tone. Two Hybrid III lumbar spines were used to develop the test methodology and to obtain the response of the Hybrid III lumbar spines. A low-mass, high-frequency response, five-axis load cell was used to measure forces and moments at the inferior end of the spine, and an angular velocity sensor was attached at the superior end of the spine in order to measure angular displacement. When comparing the high rate (4 m/s) and low rate (100 mm/s) loading characteristics of the Hybrid III lumbar spine in flexion, the initial high rate response resembles that at low rate. However, at about six degrees of flexion, the high rate curve takes a sharp rise, having a notable effect on maximum load. Similar results were found for extension tests. Human lumbar spines were tested by adopting the same methodology developed for the Hybrid III lumbar spines. A cable pulley system was designed to maintain a constant compressive load on the spine during testing, in order to simulate the effect of erector muscle loading in flexion. Results demonstrated that the Hybrid III lumbar spine is stiffer in flexion than in extension. While cadaver tests demonstrated that the cadaveric lumbar spine is stiffer in extension than in flexion when erector muscle tone is not considered, it is less stiff when erector muscle tone is accounted for.
Short-Term Intensive Services

There is a compelling logic to the strategy of providing a continuum of services for individuals who are developmentally disabled. Because the range of impairment spans a vast diversity of severity, it follows that services are required across a wide range of intensities, settings, and specificity. However, although the logic appears sound, it is nonetheless true that for one end of the continuum, one cannot make strong positive statements concerning the efficacy of institution-based treatment services, particularly for children (Romanczyk, Kistner, & Crimmins, 1980). Although there are clear exceptions, the norm for institutional care is poor. Similarly, for the opposite end of the continuum—the school setting—effectiveness is also problematic. For example, it is estimated that as many as 90% of autistic children are institutionalized as adults. Thus, models must be created to provide effective intensive services, both residential and nonresidential, to prepare the severely impaired child to function as independently as is possible in a more normalized community setting. Community-based, intensive facilities should have certain characteristics. First, such facilities should be bidirectional in nature. That is, they should assist in preventing the need for placement in an institution through intensive services and should also provide a vehicle for returning an individual to the community from an institutional setting.
Squalus clarkae sp. nov., a new dogfish shark from the Northwest Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, with comments on the Squalus mitsukurii species complex

Sharks of the genus Squalus have slow reproductive rates coupled with low genetic diversity, as is typical of deep-water sharks, making this group slow to rebound from depletion due to overfishing. The number of species within Squalus has been expanding recently due to increased attention on taxonomic revision, and a growing research focus on little-known deep-water sharks in general. Here we use genetics and morphology to describe a new species of dogfish shark, Squalus clarkae sp. nov. from the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) which replaces Squalus mitsukurii in this region, and place it in the context of congeners from the Atlantic and elsewhere. Previously, S. clarkae sp. nov. was considered a part of the Squalus mitsukurii species complex, a group of closely related but distinct species. We sequenced the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and the NADH Dehydrogenase II gene of S. mitsukurii from the type location in Japan, S. clarkae sp. nov. from the GoM, as well as three closely related species (S. cubensis, S. blainville, and S. megalops) and S. cf. mitsukurii from Brazil. Squalus clarkae sp. nov. is genetically distinct from other species with significant statistical support (>98.6% bootstrap support/posterior probability), and 2.8% divergent from S. mitsukurii in the type location of Japan. Morphological estimates also revealed differences between S. clarkae sp. nov., S. mitsukurii, and other Atlantic Squalus species, with S. clarkae sp. nov. exhibiting a longer body, smaller interorbital space, shorter caudal fin, and a differently-proportioned first dorsal fin. In general, dogfish sharks in the Atlantic and GoM are characterized by similar but distinct morphology, significant genetic variation, and small species ranges.
Prediction of Physicochemical Properties Using a Semi-Empirical Group Contribution Approach

Considerable effort has been directed in the past toward understanding the relationship between molecular structure and the distribution-transport characteristics of chemicals and drugs. Although distribution is an equilibrium process and transport is a rate process, transport is subject to distribution for all passive diffusion processes and for most active transport phenomena in their presaturation phase. For example, a substantial portion of drug absorption involves partitioning into the rate-controlling membrane. The lipophilic-hydrophilic balance of ophthalmic drugs, for instance, largely determines their transcorneal absorption rate. Similarly, the rate of GI absorption of passively absorbed drugs usually depends on their ability to partition into the rate-determining barrier membrane. This condition is also true for dermal agents.
Clinical decision support: effectiveness in improving quality processes and clinical outcomes and factors that may influence success.

The use of electronic health records has skyrocketed following the 2009 HITECH Act, which provides financial incentives to health care providers for the “meaningful use” of electronic medical record systems. An important component of the “Meaningful Use” legislation is the integration of Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) into the computerized record, providing up-to-date medical knowledge and evidence-based guidance to the physician at the point of care. As reimbursement is increasingly tied to process and clinical outcomes, CDSS will be integral to future medical practice. Studies of CDSS indicate improvement in preventive services, appropriate care, and clinical and cost outcomes with strong evidence for CDSS effectiveness in process measures. Increasing provider adherence to CDSS recommendations is essential in improving CDSS effectiveness, and factors that influence adherence are currently under study.
Nationwide Trends in Drug-Coated Balloon and Drug-Eluting Stent Utilization in the Femoropopliteal Arteries

Abstract Objective Drug-coated balloons (DCB) and drug-eluting stents (DES) have significantly altered treatment paradigms for femoropopliteal lesions. We aimed to describe changes in practice patterns as a result of the infusion of these technologies into the treatment of peripheral arterial disease. Methods We queried the Vascular Quality Initiative registry from 2010 to 2017 for all peripheral vascular interventions involving the superficial femoral artery and/or the popliteal artery. Cases were divided into a PRE and a POST era with a cutoff of September 2016, when specific device identity was first recorded in Vascular Quality Initiative. For each artery, a primary treatment was identified as either plain balloon angioplasty, atherectomy, DCB, bare-metal stent, or DES. The relative distribution of primary treatments between the PRE and POST eras was evaluated, as were lesion characteristics associated with DCB and DES use and regional variability in the adoption of these new technologies. Results Of 210,666 arteries in the dataset, 91,864 femoropopliteal arteries (across 74,842 procedures in 55,437 patients) were included. Each artery received 1.5 ± 0.6 treatments. Primary treatment use changed from 40% balloon angioplasty, 45% stenting, and 15% atherectomy in the PRE era to 22% plain balloon angioplasty, 26% bare-metal stent, 8% atherectomy, 37% DCB, and 8% DES in the POST era (P Conclusions There has been a rapid dissemination of DCB and DES technology in the femoropopliteal vessels, with nearly one-half of arteries receiving a drug-containing therapy in modern practice. DCBs are most used in medium length, minimally calcified lesions and DESs are most used in longer, more heavily calcified lesions. There is significant regional variability in adoption, especially with DES.
The Recognition of No-Body

In the 1980s, Jurgen Habermas moved the Frankfurt School of Critical Theory from the critique of political economic and ideological domination to a discursive theory of “distorted communication” limiting the realization of the project of a democratic modernity. But with this move, much of the direction of the early Frankfurt School was eclipsed, as were concerns with culture ranging from the role of “culture industries “to the emancipatory potential of the esthetic realms. This tradition was further developed by Axel Honneth whose selective interpretation of Hegel’s master/slave relationship as the struggle for recognition became the fundamental basis for a critical theory based on recognition within interpersonal context. He implicitly embraced Durkheim’s notion of an organic society that, notwithstanding the division of labor, was held together by a shared morality, and moved away from the Freudian theory of desire, repression, and defense ambivalence to a symbolic interactionist perspective based on the more cognitive and linguistic aspects of interaction as constituting the self, leaving us with disembodied subjectivities struggling for recognition. Given the centrality of recognition/misrecognition, many sympathetic to identity politics have embraced his position; but identity politics cannot be encapsulated apart from the political economy of its context.
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Indoor Localization with CSI Images

With the increasing demand of location-based services, Wi-Fi based localization has attracted great interest because it provides ubiquitous access in indoor environments. In this paper, we propose CiFi, deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN) for indoor localization with commodity 5GHz WiFi. Leveraging a modified device driver, we extract phase data of channel state information (CSI), which is used to estimate the angle of arrival (AoA). We then create estimated AoA images as input to a DCNN, to train the weights in the offline phase. The location of mobile device is predicted based using the trained DCNN and new CSI AoA images. We implement the proposed CiFi system with commodity Wi-Fi devices in the 5GHz band and verify its performance with extensive experiments in two representative indoor environments.
How semi-coherent b.c.c. hydride interfacial interactions affect the inelastic deformation and fracture behavior of h.c.p. zirconium alloys

Abstract We analyzed how b.c.c. semi-coherent interfaces, within an h.c.p. matrix, have a central effect on the fracture of these multi-phase aggregates. We obtained 36 unique Orientation Relations (ORs) related to semi-coherent interfaces between the hydrides and the parent matrix, and calculated interfacial misfit strains between the matrix and hydride crystalline structures. We then coupled these microstructural interactions to a dislocation-density framework with a fracture nucleation and propagation approach to understand and predict different failure scenarios. The analysis indicates that misfit strains have a dominant mechanistic effect that is essential for an understanding of multi-phase crystalline aggregate behavior that spans different length scales.
Collaboration between experiment and theory in solar fuels research

As the challenges in science increase in scope and interdisciplinarity, collaboration becomes increasingly important. Our groups have maintained close collaborations for solar fuels research over the past decade. Based on this experience, we discuss strategies for collaboration between experiment and theory including facilitation of effective communication and navigation of problems that arise. These strategies are illustrated by case studies of collaborative efforts in solar fuels research pertaining to interfacial electron transfer in dye-sensitized metal oxides and the design and mechanism of water-oxidation catalysts.