cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mixed Methods Research

Mixed methods as an avenue of inquiry has developed into a field of its own, distinguishable from quantitative and qualitative analyses. Because this approach to research reflects a pragmatic means of accruing culturally sensitive data from multiple lenses in a single study, it may offer an important opportunity for cross-cultural and cultural psychologists. Conducting mixed methods studies allows cultural researchers to simultaneously gather broader, culturally valid quantitative data and provide additional meaning through deep, qualitative understanding. This task is not simple, however, as it requires an understanding of qualitative and quantitative methods as well as the means of integrating data into a single study. Despite the potential difficulties in intentionally combining methods in a single study, mixed methods offers cross-cultural and cultural psychologists the opportunity to gather multiple types of data, draw comparisons, and better understand culturally-relevant phenomena. Keywords: cross-cultural methodologies; mixed methods designs; pragmatic approaches to cross-cultural psychology
Porous Silicon Optical Label-Free Biosensors

Because of its large internal surface area, porous silicon (PSi) is an attractive material for chemical and biological sensing applications. This chapter describes label-free optical biosensors consisting of PSi photonic bandgap structures. After a brief review of the material science and key properties of PSi, the design, fabrication, and sensitivity of various PSi photonic bandgap structures is discussed. The properties of one type of these structures, namely PSi microcavities, are discussed in detail. The sensitivity of these structures is then verified experimentally via the detection of a single monolayer of silane and glutaraldehyde. Examples of biosensing are then discussed. They include the detection of DNA segments, Gram negative bacteria, IgG, and pathogenic E. coli.
Antitrust, Institutions, and Merger Control

This article makes two primary contributions to the antitrust literature. First, it identifies the dynamic interrelationship across antitrust institutions. Second, it provides new empirical evidence from practitioner surveys to explore how the dynamic institutional interrelationship plays out in the area of merger control. This article provides a descriptive, analytical overview of the various institutions to better frame the larger institutional interrelations for a comparative institutional analysis. In the next Part it examines mergers as a case study of how one might apply antitrust institutional analysis across these different kinds and levels of antitrust institutions. The Article utilizes both quantitative and qualitative methods based on survey data of antitrust practitioners on merger issues to better understand institutional choice and the decision-making process. The surveys reveal results that run counter to the popular antitrust discourse about the level of merger enforcement under Bush. Slightly more than half of all practitioners surveyed found no change in merger enforcement under Bush in their own practice and the vast majority of the rest found a change in enforcement to be merely at the margins. The Article concludes with observations from the case study and appeals for more theoretical and empirical work in antitrust institutional analysis.
Estimates of the air quality benefits of using natural gas in industrial and transportation applications in Lima, Peru

Reductions in air pollutant emission and ambient concentrations of air pollutants, which would occur in Lima when natural gas (NG) is substituted for existing fuels, were estimated. The analysis suggests that current emission inventories under-predict ambient concentrations. Despite the uncertainty in emissions, the analysis also suggests that significant changes in air pollutant concentrations could be achieved with widespread replacement of diesel and gasoline fuels with NG.
Fiber-optic endomicroscopy for intrinsic two-photon fluorescence imaging of epithelial cells and tissues

An endomicroscope with enhanced signal collection efficiency was developed using customized double-clad fiber and aspherical compound-lens. Ex vivo two-photon fluorescence imaging of epithelial tissues was demonstrated for the first time with an all-fiber-optic scanning endomicroscope.
A Class of Toeplitz Operators on the Hardy Space

Let D be the open unit disk in the complex plane. The Hardy space H2 consists of analytic functions $$f(z) = \sum\limits_{n = 0}^\infty {\mathop a\nolimits_n } \mathop z\nolimits^n ,z \in D,$$ such that $$ \left\| f \right\| = {{\left[ {\sum\limits_{{n = 0}}^{\infty } {{{{\left| {{{a}_{n}}} \right|}}^{2}}} } \right]}^{{\frac{1}{2}}}} < {\text{ + }}\infty . $$
Large deviations in non-uniformly hyperbolic dynamical systems

We prove large deviation principles for ergodic averages of dynamical systems admitting Markov tower extensions with exponential return times. Our main technical result from which a number of limit theorems are derived is the analyticity of logarithmic moment generating functions. Among the classes of dynamical systems to which our results apply are piecewise hyperbolic diffeomorphisms, dispersing billiards including Lorentz gases, and strange attractors of rank one including Hattractors.
SOME DECIDABILITY RESULTS ON GRAMMATICAL INFERENCE AND COMPLEXITY

The problem of grammatical inference is considered and a number of positive answers to decidability questions obtained. Conditions are prescribed under which it is possible for a machine to infer a grammar (or the best grammar) for even the general rewriting systems.
Strong Selection Significantly Increases Epistatic Interactions in the Long-Term Evolution of a Protein.

Epistatic interactions between residues determine a protein’s adaptability and shape its evolutionary trajectory. When a protein experiences a changed environment, it is under strong selection to find a peak in the new fitness landscape. It has been shown that strong selection increases epistatic interactions as well as the ruggedness of the fitness landscape, but little is known about how the epistatic interactions change under selection in the long-term evolution of a protein. Here we analyze the evolution of epistasis in the protease of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) using protease sequences collected for almost a decade from both treated and untreated patients, to understand how epistasis changes and how those changes impact the long-term evolvability of a protein. We use an information-theoretic proxy for epistasis that quantifies the co-variation between sites, and show that positive information is a necessary (but not sufficient) condition that detects epistasis in most cases. We analyze the “fossils” of the evolutionary trajectories of the protein contained in the sequence data, and show that epistasis continues to enrich under strong selection, but not for proteins whose environment is unchanged. The increase in epistasis compensates for the information loss due to sequence variability brought about by treatment, and facilitates adaptation in the increasingly rugged fitness landscape of treatment. While epistasis is thought to enhance evolvability via valley-crossing early-on in adaptation, it can hinder adaptation later when the landscape has turned rugged. However, we find no evidence that the HIV-1 protease has reached its potential for evolution after 9 years of adapting to a drug environment that itself is constantly changing. We suggest that the mechanism of encoding new information into pairwise interactions is central to protein evolution not just in HIV-1 protease, but for any protein adapting to a changing environment.
Status of vaccine research and development of vaccines for Nipah virus

Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic, recently emerged paramyxovirus that has been responsible for sporadic outbreaks of respiratory and encephalitic disease in Southeast Asia. High case fatality rates have also been associated with recent outbreaks in Malaysia and Bangladesh. Although over two billion people currently live in regions in which NiV is endemic or in which the Pteropus fruit bat reservoir is commonly found, there is no approved vaccine to protect against NiV disease. This report examines the feasibility and current efforts to develop a NiV vaccine including potential hurdles for technical and regulatory assessment of candidate vaccines and the likelihood for financing.
The Exclusive Origins of the American Order-Building Project in the Twentieth Century

In this paper I argue that the American leaders of the twentieth century came to prefer, advocate and enact the distinct vision of order they did based on the same basic impulses that motivated the European statesmen most often associated with the age of great power politics. And whereas previous scholarship has highlighted the inclusive nature of international order, I posit that the motivations for order building at important historical junctures have most often been exclusionary. Specifically, hegemonic powers are most likely to reshape the foundational rules and institutions of world politics when they perceive a major and rising threat to their security and enduring primacy. I demonstrate the power of this exclusionary logic through an analysis of the American order-building project at three critical moments in the twentieth century: 1919, 1945, and 1989. Overall, I conclude that the degree to which the American-led order represents a clean break from the past has heretofore been severely overstated.
CHEMICAL INDUCTION OF PYRONEMA DOMESTICUM APOTHECIA IN THE DARK

Chemical treatment with potassium permanganate, sodium bicarbonate, or potassium bicarbonate induced apothecial formation by Pyronema domesticum in the dark althdugh light is normally required. Three-da old vegetative cultures on Claussen's agar were partially flooded with 0.5 ml of the chemical solution and then incubated in the dark for an additional 4 da. Apothecia were formed only in that part of the culture in contact with the chemical solution. Lysis occurred in some hyphae as a result of this treatment. Apothecia were white or faintly pink, unlike the salmon colored ones that develop in the light. Potassium permanganate and potassium bicarbonate induced well-developed apothecia with mature ascospores. Apothecia formed after sodium bicarbonate treatment were typically incompletely expanded, had poorly developed ascogenous hyphae, and rarely formed asci. Cultures treated at the time of inoculation, or at 1 or 7 da of age with potassium permanganate or sodium bicarbonate formed apothecia in fewer cultures than when treated at 3 da. Treatment with potassium permanganate or sodium bicarbonate did not induce apothecial formation on Claussen's agar containing 3 g amino acids/I or on potato dextrose agar although apothecia will form on these media under certain light conditions. Negative results were obtained with several other chemicals tested.
Job Training and Rotations in Japanese Manufacturing Organizations

This study investigates employee perceptions of job training and rotations in Japanese manufacturing organizations. An attention is focused on the issue of how on-the-job training and job rotations operate in Japanese organizations, and whether these work activities motivate Japanese employees. The results from an analysis of qualitative data obtained from 40 Japanese employees suggest that on-the-job training and job rotations operate without causing major employee dissatisfaction, despite the fact that employees receive no substantive rewards for thesework activities. Institutional factors embedded in the workplace, such as normsgoverning co-worker relations, appear to be important prerequisites for sustaining the system of skill formation in Japan. The results also indicate that on-the-job training and job rotations do not necessarily enhance employees work motivation. Japanese employees tend to view co-worker training as burden. Job rotations seem to discourage employees when they are obliged to move against theirwill.
A Theory of Channel Control

The degree of coordination among activity stations in a channel is a measure of the competitive position of that system. The author discusses problems of channel control. He presents a model of the...
In vitro hydrodynamic comparison of mitral valve prostheses at high flow rates

A pulse duplicator system for evaluating the hemodynamic performance of mitral prostheses is described. Under conditions stimulating normal resting physiology, all valves tested had measurable but acceptably small pressure drops. Under conditions simulating exercise, all were moderately to severely stenotic. Valves with nearly equal mounting diameters were compared. The Hancock, Beall, and Starr-Edwards valves (Group A) were found to be significantly more stenotic than the Bjork-Shiley, Cutter-Cooley, Ionescu-Shiley, and Lillehei-Kaster valves (Group B). In the 29 to 30 mm. mounting diameter size at cardiac outputs of 5 and 9 L. per minute, Group A had average pressure drops of 3.2 and 10.5 mm. Hg and Group B, pressure drops of 1.6 and 5.3 mm. Hg, respectively. In the 24 to 26 mm. mounting diameter size, at cardiac outputs of 9 L. per minute, all the valves had critically large pressure drops (9 to 17.6 mm. Hg). The standard Gorlin formula is inappropriate for computing the orifice area of prosthetic valves. The discharge coefficient for a valve (a measure of how well the valve uses its primary flow area) and a performance index (a measure of how well the valve uses its mounting area) have been computed from a knowledge of the orifice size, without the necessity of assuming a value for the discharge coefficient required by the Gorlin formula. The biological valves (Hancock and Ionescu-Shiley) provide an efficient orifice for fluid flow at the free leaflet margins and have large discharge coefficients. On the basis of the fluid dynamic equation of motion, steady flow, root mean square (RMS) flow, and peak flow, combined with the appropriate transvalvular gradients, were all shown to yield equally accurate characterizations of valvular hydrodynamic performance. Mean flow, unfortunately the only value obtainable clinically, yielded effective orifice areas 10 percent smaller than either of the other three flow values.
Nonnutritive Constituents in Chocolate and Cocoa

Contaminants include the toxic metals lead, cadmium, and nickel; the pesticides; and ochratoxin A, a mold-produced toxin. Lead, ochratoxin A, and probably pesticides are associated with the shells and enter cocoa and chocolate through imperfect shell removal. Lead, though present in soil, is not taken up by the plant. What lead is found in cocoa and chocolate results from beans being dried on bare soil, which adheres to the shell or from which it is absorbed by the shell. Cadmium and nickel are taken up by the plant from the soil, and the concentration in the bean depends on soil type. Fertilizer use may increase the cadmium content of the soil. Ochratoxin A concentration in cocoa powder is greater than expected from simple inclusion of shell fragments, as if, like lead, it is concentrated during processing. Concentrations of contaminants are generally within mandated guidelines, and the fraction of chocolate products in the diet is so small that what contaminants are present will have little effect on overall intake.
Pattern formation in zebrafish--fruitful liaisons between embryology and genetics.

Publisher Summary Cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the establishment of the zebrafish embryonic body plan appear strikingly similar to those operating in amphibians or other vertebrates. The specification of embryonic polarity is initiated at early stages of zebrafish development, leading to the establishment of a dorsal blastula signaling center, an equivalent of the Nieuwkoop center, by the midblastula stage. In contrast to Xenopus, fertilization of the zebrafish egg is restricted spatially and occurs at a single sperm entry point located at the future animal pole of the embryo. The initial characterization of a collection of zebrafish mutations affecting early pattern formation provided key genetic evidence for the model of dorsoventral patterning of the gastrula via the antagonistic interactions between the ventral morphogen, BMP-2/4, and its dorsal inhibitors. It is likely that zebrafish mutants also will identify novel components of the early patterning system. It is likely that zebrafish mutants also will identify novel components of the early patterning system. Furthermore, they will be an important tool in the elucidation of the genetic hierarchies regulating this process as well as in the functional analysis of the genes involved.
The Pop Connection

What is the role of popular culture in society? Does popular culture have a role in the education process of our young? Is there a connection between popular culture and social education? Popular culture is at the center of societal controversy and debate at present. Many from one end of the spectrum criticize its very nature and suggest that it only serves to destroy American morals and values. These folks call for increased censorship and the like. Many on the other end of the spectrum also criticize the nature of popular culture and suggest that it only perpetuates the status quo and enhances corporate and American hegemony. These folks call for more openness and less corporate domination of our culture.
Localized Spatiotemporal Effects in the Determinants of Property Prices: A Case Study of Seoul

This research investigates both spatial and temporal elements of the apartment pricing process in Seoul, South Korea by modeling the determinants of apartment prices over a ten-year period from 2006 to 2015 with a hedonic price model containing a spatio-temporal lag model calibrated by geographically weighted regression (GWR). The results yield information on both spatial and temporal variations in the processes affecting apartment prices and demonstrate the use of GWR for generating local spatial dependency measures which are conditioned on various covariates rather than being simple descriptions of pattern. The study utilizes a combined approach to account for both spatial dependency in housing prices and spatial heterogeneity in the processes generating those prices. The results suggest that there are spatial variations in the determinants of apartment prices and that these spatial variations are fairly consistent over time. The effect of the spatial lag on house prices exhibits strong spatial variation which again is reasonably consistent over time.
An Empirical Exploration Into the Measurement of Rape Culture

Feminist scholars have long argued the presence of a "rape culture" within the United States; however, limited efforts have been made to quantify this construct. A model of rape culture was first proposed in 1980 and expanded in the 1990s in an effort to quantify rape myth acceptance. This model posits that five underlying components make up a rape culture: traditional gender roles, sexism, adversarial sexual beliefs, hostility toward women, and acceptance of violence. Although these components are proposed as cultural phenomenon and thus distinct from individually held beliefs, they have been exclusively explored on an individual level. Thus, to promote exploration of this phenomenon beyond individually held beliefs, the authors adapted a series of well-established measures to assess the perceived peer support of the constructs proposed to underlie rape culture and assess initial reliability and validity in a sample of 314 college students. Following determination of reliability and validity of these adapted measures, a hierarchical confirmatory factor analysis was run to examine the proposed model of rape culture. Results of this study highlight the uniqueness between individual and cultural factors as several items did not translate from an individual (i.e., personal endorsement) to a cultural level (i.e., perceived peer support) and were subsequently removed from the proposed final measurements. Furthermore, initial support for the aforementioned model of rape culture was identified. These findings are crucial given that limited conclusions may be drawn about the existence and in turn eradication of rape culture without an agreed upon definition and source of measurement.
Amicus curious: structure and play in investment arbitration

Arbitration literature has well covered the doctrine on non-disputing third-party (NDTP or ‘amicus’) participation in investor–state disputes. This is little help to potential NDTPs navigating doct...
Precious cut: exploring creative pattern cutting and draping for zero-waste design

The purpose of this practice-based study was to introduce and test within zero-waste framework the application of Transformational Reconstruction (TR), which is an innovative pattern-making techniq...
WAVES IN A SPHERICAL GUIDE

The waveguide is excited by vertical or horizontal electric or magnetic dipole sources, and its boundaries are characterized by surface impedances. The resulting waves are expressed as a superposition of T.M. and T.E. modes. The wave numbers, excitation factors, height-gain functions, and height-dependent impedances are examined for both types of modes. A thin-shell approximation of the radial wave functions is shown to be adequate for phase-velocity estimates, but other propagation parameters are of restricted validity in the V.L.F. range, where Airy integral approximations provide more reliable data. A horizontal electric dipole is shown to provide a nearly omnidirectional coverage of horizontal field components in the frequency range of the lower Schumann resonances; and for an elevated source, the horizontal fields are essentially omnidirectional also in the V.L.F. range. Near fields of vertical and horizontal electric dipoles are expressed as a summation of waveguide modes. At the antipode the horizontal field components vanish for a vertical electric dipole, and the vertical electric field vanishes for a horizontal electric dipole.
VCSEL Arrays as Micromanipulators in Chip-Based Biosystems

The potential use of vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays for applications in cell analysis and tissue engineering is investigated by means of parallel optical trapping and active manipulation of biological cells on microfluidic chips. The simultaneous and independent transport of nine cells using a 3×3 array of VCSELs has been demonstrated experimentally; indicating that larger 2-dimensional array transport using individually addressable tweezers is achievable with VCSEL array devices. The transport properties of VCSEL tweezers have been investigated for various types of cells including 3T3 Murine fibroblasts, yeast, rat primary hepatocytes and human red blood cells. Due to the low relative index of refraction between the biological cell and surrounding medium and the relatively low optical power available with present VCSELs, the Laguerre-Gaussian laser mode output of the VCSEL is more favorable to use in an optical tweezer since the highest intensity is located at the outer ring of the optical aperture, producing stronger optical confinement at lower power levels. For larger biological cells or cells with a lower relative index of refraction, the power limitations of a single VCSEL were overcome through the binning of several VCSELs together by combining the outputs of a sub-array of VCSELs into a collective optical tweezer. A comprehensive analysis and simulation of how the VCSELs’ pitch and output beam divergence influence the operation of the resultant optical tweezer array is presented along with our experimental data. Employing the methods of parallel array transport and the binning of multiple VCSEL outputs, allows for the manipulation and spatial arrangement of different types of cells in a co-culture so as to facilitate the formation of engineered tissues.
Expanding the CONSORT Figure: Increasing Transparency in Reporting on External Validity.

Introduction There are major problems with failure to replicate research findings. Contributing to this problem is a failure to report on factors related to external validity. Frequently, researchers have little knowledge whether findings apply more generally, especially to low-resource settings and underserved populations. The CONSORT flow diagram has improved reporting on variables related to internal validity, but it has very limited detail on issues related to external validity. A recent CONSORT update and other publications have called for more transparent reporting on external validity and context, and information regarding the sustainability of interventions. All of these elements influence the generalizability of findings from outcomes research. Methods Drawing on theory, a prior meeting, and recent recommendations for reporting factors related to external validity, the authors propose an expansion of the basic CONSORT flow diagram for clinical trials to concisely summarize these data that recent CONSORT statements and other guidelines have recommended. Results The authors propose the use of an expanded CONSORT figure and illustrate its utility with an example. The expanded CONSORT figure adds data about participation and representativeness at the levels of settings and staff, and about intervention sustainability after project support ends. The authors provide an expanded CONSORT figure reporting template, and demonstrate its use. Conclusions Improving transparent reporting on external validity by using the proposed expanded CONSORT figure would help to address both the scientific replication crisis and health equity concerns. This figure provides a method to efficiently address the representativeness, generalizability, and sustainability of outcomes research.
How accurate are static polarizability predictions from density functional theory? An assessment over 132 species at equilibrium geometry

Static polarizabilities are the first response of the electron density to electric fields, and are therefore important for predicting intermolecular and molecule-field interactions. They also offer a global measure of the accuracy of the treatment of excited states by density functionals in a formally exact manner. We have developed a database of benchmark static polarizabilities for 132 small species at equilibrium geometry, using coupled cluster theory through triple excitations (extrapolated to the complete basis set limit), for the purpose of developing and assessing density functionals. The performance of 60 popular and recent functionals are also assessed, which indicates that double hybrid functionals perform the best, having RMS relative errors in the range of 2.5-3.8%. Many hybrid functionals also give quite reasonable estimates with 4-5% RMS relative error. A few meta-GGAs like mBEEF and MVS yield performance comparable to hybrids, indicating potential for improved excited state predictions relative to typical local functionals. Some recent functionals however are found to be prone to catastrophic failure (possibly as a consequence of overparameterization), indicating a need for caution in applying these.
Microtonal Analysis of "Blue Notes" and the Blues Scale

Microtonal evaluation of blue notes in the early blues scale by empirical pitch measurement and statistical characterization has not yet been performed in existing research. To address this, fifteen recorded classic blues performances by acknowledged early masters of the blues were studied. Computer based methods were used to collect the audio frequencies of note samples from each performance. Each note had its frequency ratio with respect to the average tonic tone for the performance converted to microtonal cents format. Cluster analysis was performed on these note collections to identify individual note clusters. The fourth and fifth were clearly identified. Three principal "blue note" clusters were isolated with means of 319.1, 582.8, and 1037.9 cents. These values corresponded closely to the harmonic half diminished seventh chord (i.e. 1, ♭3, ♭5, ♭7 with harmonics 5:6:7:9). The "neutral" third was confirmed to occur in this sample. A similar blending of the perfect fourth and tritone was demonstrated in this study. The flat 7th presented as three separate clusters. Several clusters idiosyncratic to individual performers were also identified. Findings are discussed with regards to the array of theories proposed to explain the blues.
Service Learning in a Non-majors Biology Course Promotes Changes in Students’ Attitudes and Values About the Environment

I was interested in whether the inclusion of a service-learning experience would affect students’ attitudes and values about the environment. To investigate this question, I incorporated a service-learning project into the laboratory portion of one of the two sections of my non-majors biology course, and kept the lecture portions of the course identical. Several methods were used to assess the impact of the service-learning experience: the New Ecological Paradigm survey was used to measure changes in students’ attitudes and values about the environment at the beginning and end of the semester, and reflective writing assignments were used throughout the semester qualitatively assess changes. Students’ evaluations of the course and the instructor were also compared. As predicted, participation in a service-learning project was associated with changes in students’ attitudes and values about the environment. Students in the service-learning lab were also more likely to positively rate the course and the instructor.
Behavioral Modeling of a Charge Trap Transistor One Time Programmable Memory

Charge Trap Transistor One Time Programmable Memories were introduced in 14nm as a secure non-volatile memory. This paper highlights some of the test features and complexities that were modeled in a Verilog behavioral model.
Management of Immunosuppression in Kidney Transplant Recipients Who Develop Malignancy

The risk of cancer increases after transplantation. However, the consensus on immunosuppression (IS) adjustment after diagnosis of malignancy is lacking. Our study aims to assess the impact of IS adjustment on mortality of post-kidney transplant patients and allograft outcomes. We retrospectively reviewed the data in our center of 110 subjects. Our results showed IS dose adjustment was not statistically associated with mortality risk (HR 1.94, 95%CI 0.85–4.41, p = 0.12), and chemotherapy was the only factor that was significantly related to mortality (HR 2.3, 95%CI 1.21–4.35, p = 0.01). IS reduction was not statistically associated with worsening graft function (OR 3.8, 95%CI 0.77–18.71, p = 0.10), nor with graft survival (SHR 4.46, 95%CI 0.58–34.48, p = 0.15) after variables adjustment. Creatinine at cancer diagnosis and history of rejection were both negatively associated with graft survival (SHR 1.72, 95%CI 1.28–2.30, p < 0.01 and SHR 3.44, 95%CI 1.25–9.49, p = 0.02). Reduction of both mycophenolate and calcineurin inhibitors was associated with worsening graft function and lower graft survival in subgroup analysis (OR 6.14, 95%CI 1.14–33.15, p = 0.04; HR 17.97, 95%CI 1.81–178.78, p = 0.01). In summary, cancer causes high mortality and morbidity in kidney transplant recipients; the importance of cancer screening should be emphasized.
Legitimate Pluralities: Preparing Future Language Educators to View National Culture(s) through an Inclusive Lens

Focusing on the case of Foreign Language (FL) teacher preparation, this article makes the case that when teacher candidates conceptualize and in turn represent to students singular notions of natio...
What’s in a name? Shakespeare’s inventio and the topic of ' notatio ' (names)

Shakespeare is widely believed to have received a grammar school education at Stratford, and this education would have included training on the three canons of rhetorical composition— inventio, dispositio, and elocutio (invention , arrangement , and style). Yet while we know a great deal about Shakespeare’s uses of the tropes and figures (his elocutio ), much less is known about Shakespeare’s uses of inventio . This paper will introduce the methods of inventio and distinguish between the “specific topics” of invention (related to particular modes of discourse) and the “universal topics” of invention that could be used for any subject. These universal topics were first systemized by Cicero’s Topica (44 BCE), whose scheme of 16 topics included the topic of “ notatio ” (names), which asks writers to consider the name of the thing and the denotation of that name. While Shakespeare’s interest in developing material around the theme of “names” has been noted, with some suggesting this relates to the philosophical nominalism prevalent in the medieval and renaissance periods, this paper argues that Shakespeare’s interest is more consistent with the heuristic process of considering the topic of “ notatio ” (names) to invent material for a speech. This paper argues that when Juliet says, “What’s in a name?” ( RJ, 2.2.43), and Falstaff says, “What is in that word “honour?”” ( 1HIV, 5.1.134), and Cassius says, “what should be in that ‘Caesar?’” ( JC, 1.2.141), and the Countess says, “What’s in ‘mother’/ That you start at it?” ( AW, 1.3.138-9), these four passages were developed by the same method of considering the topic of names. Shakespeare’s key sources will also be examined to help confirm that these passages were indeed his own, and it will be shown that Shakespeare appears also to use other topics alongside his treatment of “names”—helping to affirm the proposal that Shakespeare was trained in a fuller suite of topics and using them in his work. These findings provide new ways of understanding Shakespeare’s text and his artistry whilst contributing to an under-researched field of Shakespeare studies—shedding light on how Shakespeare used his rhetorical training to help invent the argumentative flair of his expressions.
Towards Image-Based Dark Vendor Profiling: An Analysis of Image Metadata and Image Hashing in Dark Web Marketplaces

Anonymity networks, such as Tor, facilitate the hosting of hidden online marketplaces where dark vendors are able to anonymously trade paraphernalia such as drugs, weapons, and hacking services. Effective dark marketplace analysis and dark vendor profiling techniques support dark web investigations and help to identify and locate these perpetrators. Existing automated techniques are text-based, leaving non-textual artifacts, such as images, out of consideration. Though image data can further improve investigative analysis, there are two primary challenges associated with dark web image analysis: (a) ethical concerns over the presence of child exploitation imagery in illegal markets, and (b) the computational overhead needed to download, analyze, and store image content. In this research, we investigate and address the aforementioned challenges to enable dark marketplace image analysis. Namely, we examine image metadata and explore several image hashing techniques to represent image content, allowing us to collect image-based intelligence and identify reused images among dark marketplaces while preventing exposure to illegal content and decreasing computational overhead. Our study reveals that approximately 75% of dark marketplace listings include image data, indicating the importance of considering image content for investigative analysis. Additionally, 2% of considered images were found to contain metadata and approximately 50% of image hashes were repeated among marketplace listings, suggesting the presence of easily obtainable incriminating evidence and frequency of image reuse among dark vendors. Finally, through an image hash analysis, we demonstrate the effectiveness of using image hashing to identify similar images between dark marketplaces.
Biodistribution of degradable polyanhydride particles in Aedes aegypti tissues.

Insecticide resistance poses a significant threat to the control of arthropods that transmit disease agents. Nanoparticle carriers offer exciting opportunities to expand the armamentarium of insecticides available for public health and other pests. Most chemical insecticides are delivered by contact or feeding, and from there must penetrate various biological membranes to reach target organs and kill the pest organism. Nanoparticles have been shown to improve bioactive compound navigation of such barriers in vertebrates, but have not been well-explored in arthropods. In this study, we explored the potential of polyanhydride micro- and nanoparticles (250 nm– 3 μm), labeled with rhodamine B to associate with and/or transit across insect biological barriers, including the cuticle, epithelium, midgut and ovaries, in female Ae. aeygpti mosquitoes. Mosquitoes were exposed using conditions to mimic surface contact with a residual spray or paint, topical exposure to mimic contact with aerosolized insecticide, or per os in a sugar meal. In surface contact experiments, microparticles were sometimes observed in association with the exterior of the insect cuticle. Nanoparticles were more uniformly distributed across exterior tissues and present at higher concentrations. Furthermore, by surface contact, topical exposure, or per os, particles were detected in internal organs. In every experiment, amphiphilic polyanhydride nanoparticles associated with internal tissues to a higher degree than hydrophobic nanoparticles. In vitro, nanoparticles associated with Aedes aegypti Aag2 cells within two hours of exposure, and particles were evident in the cytoplasm. Further studies demonstrated that particle uptake is dependent on caveolae-mediated endocytosis. The propensity of these nanoparticles to cross biological barriers including the cuticle, to localize in target tissue sites of interest, and to reach the cytoplasm of cells, provides great promise for targeted delivery of insecticidal candidates that cannot otherwise reach these cellular and subcellular locations.
HOLMS: Alternative Summary Evaluation with Large Language Models

Efficient document summarization requires evaluation measures that can not only rank a set of systems based on an average score, but also highlight which individual summary is better than another. However, despite the very active research on summarization approaches, few works have proposed new evaluation measures in the recent years. The standard measures relied upon for the development of summarization systems are most often ROUGE and BLEU which, despite being efficient in overall system ranking, remain lexical in nature and have a limited potential when it comes to training neural networks. In this paper, we present a new hybrid evaluation measure for summarization, called HOLMS, that combines both language models pre-trained on large corpora and lexical similarity measures. Through several experiments, we show that HOLMS outperforms ROUGE and BLEU substantially in its correlation with human judgments on several extractive summarization datasets for both linguistic quality and pyramid scores.
The Political Economy of Bad Data: Evidence from African Survey & Administrative Statistics

Across multiple African countries, discrepancies between administrative data and independent household surveys suggest official statistics systematically exaggerate development progress. We provide evidence for two distinct explanations of these discrepancies. First, governments misreport to foreign donors, as in the case of a results-based aid program rewarding reported vaccination rates. Second, national governments are themselves misled by frontline service providers, as in the case of primary education, where official enrollment numbers diverged from survey estimates after funding shifted from user fees to per pupil government grants. Both syndromes highlight the need for incentive compatibility between data systems and funding rules.
Leukemic Infiltration of Myocardium Presenting as Cardiac Arrest.

Abstract Clinically significant myocardial infiltration by leukemic cells is a rare phenomenon. We describe a case of a 47-year-old woman with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia and pleuritic c...
Conceptual Models for Clinical Nurse Specialist Role and Practice

A model or framework is central to achieving clinical nurse specialist (CNS) role consistency and sustainability and in supporting evolution of CNS as a distinct and legitimate healthcare expert in the healthcare delivery system. Models can describe CNS practice, CNS role structure, or regulatory authority to practice as a CNS. A model explaining CNS role structure describes the elements and characteristics of the role and the relationships between and among those elements. A model for CNS practice is a process model demonstrating interrelationships among elements constituting practice including domains of practice, practice competencies, and desired outcomes. Process models explain the relationship between practice competencies and clinical outcomes. A regulatory model explains the authority to practice, including legal requirements and the associated scope of practice. Existing models explaining CNS role and practice are limited; many current models are developed to explain advanced practice nursing and are not role specific. Existing models and frameworks are discussed for their usefulness in explaining CNS role and practice. Multiple models are needed to provide deeper understanding of the unique characteristics of the CNS role and core CNS practice competencies. No one model is best; the best model is the one that explains the phenomenon of interest.
Killing, Letting Die, and the Alleged Necessity of Military Intervention

Recent international developments have introduced the possibility of war waged on behalf of people unable to defend themselves, and when the attacking parties’ interests appear not to be at stake. Are purely military forms of “humanitarian intervention” sometimes morally required? Can such military missions be reconciled with the widely held belief in the moral distinction between killing and letting die? In exploring these questions, the two dominant paradigms in writing about war are considered: just war theory and utilitarianism. The moral centrality of intentions emerges through an explanation of the distinction often made between natural and man-made catastrophe. Ultimately, the alleged permissibility of the “collateral damage” to which military intervention gives rise implies the permissibility of pacifism, thus invalidating the claim that the resort to deadly force is sometimes morally obligatory.
Ethical discussions in an undergraduate tissue engineering course: 2nd joint conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society and the Biomedical Engineering Society

In a tissue engineering (TE) course, a discussion of ethics can provide a unique insight for the student. At Saint Louis University, ethics is part of the core curriculum, and in the TE course we take advantage of the student's prior exposure to ethics to discuss issues arising in TE and medicine in general. Because of their previous exposure to ethical theory, most students can discuss ethics from a variety of perspectives including deontological, utilitarian, natural law, and theological perspectives. The intended outcome of the discussions is the establishment of a set of ethical guidelines applicable to the course project.
Evolutionary Social Cognition

It is nearly trite to note that the human social world is complex, dynamic, and rich in information. It is also a well-worn trope in psychology that the human mind lacks the capacity to process all this information, online or otherwise. So what’s a mind to do? The answer is that the mind attends to some bits of information while ignoring others, uses a variety of mental shortcuts to reduce processing load, and generally engages a wide range of simplifying processes to muddle through in the face of an otherwise daunting task. Such social cognition is often viewed as irrational and error prone, with ill consequences
The Dominant Water Estate and Water Reallocation

: Different parts of the hydrologic cycle have been separated into different property rights regimes. With different property rules applying to the same water in different parts of the hydrologic cycle, management within a reallocation context can be confusing. If the water estate is made dominant and public, then the other property rules would be subservient to it. This does not mean private rights are precluded. They can be represented by a marketable permit. The dominant estate would allow for market and legislative reallocation. Management goals would be achieved through an adaptive management process.
Minimally invasive microdiscectomy

Although many minimally invasive treatments of lumbar disc pathology have been developed over the years, until the introduction of the current generation of tubular retractor systems none have afforded the same elements of bony decompression and completeness of exploration of the disc space as open microdiscectomy. Accordingly, none have provided the same success rate and low complication rate as open discectomy. Current tubular retractor systems have overcome these difficulties and provide the benefits associated with traditional microdiscectomy through a minimally invasive approach. We review the use of these techniques with particular attention to surgical technique and anatomy.
Directional cell movement during early development of the teleost Blennius pholis: II. Transformation of the cells of epithelial clusters into dendritic melanocytes, their dissociation from each other, and their migration to and invasion of the pectoral fin buds

After clusters of pigmented epithelial cells have rested immobile in the yolk sac of Blennius pholis for 2-4 days (Trinkaus, '88), their constituent cells transform into mesenchymal, dendritic melanocytes. Then these melanocytes dissociate from one another and migrate directionally toward the developing pectoral fin bud (PFB) on either side. Each of these changes takes place in a proximodistal sequence, starting with the epithelial cluster closest to each PFB. Even individual clusters conform to this sequence, the proximal side dissociating first. Eventually, all melanocytes reach and invade the PFB. This is a 100% efficient morphogenetic cell movement. At the completion of this developmental sequence, each PFB is filled with melanocytes arranged in an arc with their filopodia extending outward and the yolk sac is bereft of pigment cells. The form and surface activity of these cells in relation to their motility and to their rate of movement are considered in detail. Attempts to understand the forces involved in giving directionality to these cell migrations are described. Finally, the significance of these observations for morphogenetic cell movements generally and for the relation between epithelial and mesenchymal cells is discussed briefly.