cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Promise Initiative: Promoting a trauma-informed police response to sexual assault in a mid-size Southern community.

AIMS A mixed-methods study details a multidisciplinary team's efforts to assess and transform police response to sexual assault in a mid-size community. METHOD A police department-wide survey (n = 331) determined baseline levels of officer exposure to trauma-informed training, rape myth acceptance, and awareness of community and nationwide sexual assault movements to understand officer attitudes towards factors influencing sexual assault investigations. These data, in conjunction with SAMHSA's (2012) trauma-informed assumptions, were leveraged to develop and adopt trauma-informed policies that would enhance the police department's response to sexual assault. RESULTS At baseline, few officers reported receiving trauma-informed interviewing training (21.8%) or having knowledge of local SAK, #MeToo, or #TimesUp movements (10.0%, 7.2%, 3.9%, respectively). Chi-square analyses suggested officer knowledge of community SAK movement, personal investment in learning about sexual assault, and understanding of trauma were higher in officers with versus without training; of concern, officers with more sexual assaults on their caseload were more likely to endorse rape myths. Training understanding was related to lower rape myth acceptance. CONCLUSIONS Policy changes, including adding trauma-informed training to the Police Academy, were implemented by the MDT to promote a system-wide trauma-informed approach to sexual assault and ensure community safety.
Ultra-compact wave-based solvers for fractional-calculus equations

In recent years, metamaterial and nanophotonic structures have been proposed as a new platform to perform basic mathematical operations such as integration and differentiation on a propagating wave signal. Based on suitably engineered metamaterial waveguide networks, more complex operations can be performed, for example solving integral and differential equations. In this paper, we first discuss the design of basic fractional-calculus operational elements based on compact Fourier-optics configurations. Then, we show that these basic elements can be combined in a metamaterial waveguide network to act, for example, as an analog wave-based PID controller. Finally, we present a compact optical cavity, the topology of which is equivalent to an optical feedback system, that solves fractional calculus equations. The footprint of the wave-based solver is as small as approximately 4λ0*4λ0, where λ0 is the free-space wavelength, orders of magnitude smaller than conventional Fourier-optics systems. The proposed analog wave-based equation solvers may be used as a hardware accelerator for existing digital signal and image processors.
Learning progressions: framing and designing coherent sequences for STEM education

The coupled influences of scholarship in the fields of Psychology, Philosophy, and Pedagogy beginning in the 1950s, set in motion the emergence of new images, methodological perspectives, theories, and design principles about learners and learning. Advances in cognitive and sociocultural psychology, shifting images of the nature of science, recognition of the importance of disciplinary discourse practices in learning, the scaffolding of learning by tools and technologies, along with the adoption of ‘assessment for learning’ instructional strategies are among the factors that have led researchers and practitioners to advance positions that learning ought to be coordinated and sequenced along conceptual trajectories, developmental corridors, and learning progressions (LP). Following opening Introduction and LP Research Framework sections that provide an overview of the runup to LP research and development, I then turn to future research discussions and implications targeting five LP domains: Using Knowledge with Scientific Practices; Instructional Pathways – Early Childhood Learning; Teaching Experiments – Science and Mathematics; Upper/Lower Anchors for Measuring Progress; and Concepts & Practices. The Conclusion section points to overarching challenges for researchers, planners, and teachers in STEM education. There is much to learn for all!
An Asynchronous Curriculum for Teaching Practical Interpretation Skills of Clinical Images to Residents in Emergency Medicine.

Abstract Background Interpretation of radiologic images is a critical skill for resident physicians in emergency medicine (EM), however, few training programs offer formal training in this realm. Time and money also need to be considered when adding to the curriculum of trainees. Objective We sought to determine the utilization and benefit of an asynchronous curriculum in the interpretation of diagnostic imaging. Methods Radiologic images were obtained from emergency department patients and presented to the trainees on a weekly basis from April to December 2017; discussion questions regarding the images were posed, all via the online workplace platform Slack. Trainees were surveyed prior to and 8 months after initiation of the curriculum to ascertain their confidence with radiologic image interpretation and their use of Slack. Results Of the 36 potential resident physician participants in this study, 31 (86%) completed the pre-intervention survey and 28 (78%) completed the post-intervention survey. The curriculum was found to be beneficial to all respondents (100%) and increased their confidence with image interpretation from 2.93 ± 0.89 pre-intervention (5-point Likert scale) to 3.46 ± 0.83 post-intervention (p Conclusions Use of an asynchronous curriculum in image interpretation increased the confidence of trainees and was well-utilized. The implications of this are far-reaching, given that a similar intervention could be undertaken for any topic in any specialty in medicine, and with no cost of money or didactic time.
Access to healthcare among youth experiencing homelessness: Perspectives from healthcare and social service providers

Abstract Access to healthcare services is critical for youth experiencing homelessness (YEH) given their high risk of experiencing adverse physical and mental health outcomes. Previous studies have identified factors that impact YEH’s access to healthcare services from the perspective of YEH, but less is known from the perspective of providers. The purpose of this study was to examine providers’ experiences and perceptions of the barriers and facilitators that impact YEH’s access to healthcare. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 healthcare and social service providers in Houston, Texas. Drawing on constructs from healthcare access frameworks, findings were categorized into barrier-and facilitator-related themes that reflect five dimensions of healthcare access: approachability, acceptability, accommodation, affordability, and adequacy. The most commonly reported barrier was the high-barrier healthcare service delivery system (e.g., numerous documentation requirements, multi-step process) that YEH had to navigate in order to access healthcare services, followed by the limited availability of free and low-cost healthcare services. The most commonly reported facilitator was building interagency relationships that helped streamline the referral process and provided direct organizational contacts that could be called upon when YEH need assistance. This was followed by offering healthcare navigation assistance (e.g., teaching YEH how to identify healthcare services online) and accompanying YEH to appointments, which better ensured YEH’s access to care. Collectively, study findings indicate that the complex way in which healthcare services are currently organized and delivered fails to adequately accommodate YEH, who need low-threshold access to youth-centered healthcare services. Gaps in YEH’s access to healthcare services can be narrowed using a combination of administrative strategies and research efforts. These include implementing policies, programs, and practices that incorporate trauma-informed principles in YEH-serving organizations; establishing interagency collaborations to better facilitate the service connection process; and developing and evaluating patient navigator programs designed to increase YEH’s access to healthcare services.
Laparoscopy allows the harvest of the DIEP flap with shorter fascial incisions as compared to endoscopic harvest: A single surgeon retrospective cohort study.

Summary Background We present a comparative series to utilize minimally invasive endoscopic, total extraperitoneal laparoscopic (TEP-lap), and transabdominal preperitoneal robotic perforator (TAP-RAP) harvest of the deep inferior epigastric (DIE) vessels for autologous breast reconstruction (ABR) to mitigate donor site morbidity. We hypothesized that TEP-lap and TAP-RAP harvests of abdominal-based free flaps are safe techniques associated with decreased fascial incision when compared with the endoscopic harvest. Methods We designed a retrospective cohort series of subjects with newly diagnosed breast cancer who presented for ABR using endoscopic (control), laparoscopic, or robotic assistance between September 2017 and April 2019. The primary outcome variables were flap success (i.e., absence of perioperative flap loss), fascial incision length, and intraoperative complications. Secondary variables included operating time, costs, and postoperative complications within 90 days (arterial thrombosis, venous congestion, bulge/hernia, and operative revision). Exclusion criteria included Results In total 94, 38, and 3 subjects underwent endoscopic, TEP-lap, and TAP-RAP flap harvests. Mean lengths of fascial incisions for the endoscopic and laparoscopic cohorts were 4.5 ± 0.5 cm and 2.0 ± 0.6 cm (p Conclusion Minimally invasive DIEP flap harvest may decrease fascial injury when compared with conventional open harvest. There are significant trade-offs among harvest methods. TEP-lap harvest may better balance the trade-off related to abdominal wall morbidity.
Twisted topological structures related to M-branes II: Twisted Wu and Wuc structures

Studying the topological aspects of M-branes in M-theory leads to various structures related to Wu classes. First we interpret Wu classes themselves as twisted classes and then define twisted notions of Wu structures. These generalize many known structures, including Pin- structures, twisted Spin structures in the sense of Distler–Freed–Moore, Wu-twisted differential cocycles appearing in the work of Belov–Moore, as well as ones introduced by the author, such as twisted Membrane and twisted Stringc structures. In addition, we introduce Wuc structures, which generalize Pinc structures, as well as their twisted versions. We show how these structures generalize and encode the usual structures defined via Stiefel–Whitney classes.
How do we assess resilience and grit among internal medicine residents at the Mayo Clinic? A longitudinal validity study including correlations with medical knowledge, professionalism and clinical performance.

Background There has been limited research on the positive aspects of physician wellness and to our knowledge there have been no validity studies on measures of resilience and grit among internal medicine (IM) residents. Objectives To investigate the validity of resilience (10 items Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC 10)) and grit (Short Grit Scale (GRIT-S)) scores among IM residents at a large academic centre, and assess potential associations with previously validated measures of medical knowledge, clinical performance and professionalism. Methods We evaluated CD-RISC 10 and GRIT-S instrument scores among IM residents at the Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota between July 2017 and June 2019. We analysed dimensionality, internal consistency reliability and criterion validity in terms of relationships between resilience and grit, with standardised measures of residents’ medical knowledge (in-training examination (ITE)), clinical performance (faculty and peer evaluations and Mini-Clinical Evaluation Examination (mini-CEX)) and professionalism/dutifulness (conference attendance and evaluation completion). Results A total of 213 out of 253 (84.2%) survey-eligible IM residents provided both CD-RISC 10 and GRIT-S survey responses. Internal consistency reliability (Cronbach alpha) was excellent for CD-RISC 10 (0.93) and GRIT-S (0.82) overall, and for the GRIT subscales of consistency of interest (0.84) and perseverance of effort (0.71). CD-RISC 10 scores were negatively associated with ITE percentile (β=−3.4, 95% CI −6.2 to −0.5, p=0.02) and mini-CEX (β=−0.2, 95% CI −0.5 to −0.02, p=0.03). GRIT-S scores were positively associated with evaluation completion percentage (β=2.51, 95% CI 0.35 to 4.67, p=0.02) and conference attendance (β=2.70, 95% CI 0.11 to 5.29, p=0.04). Conclusions This study revealed favourable validity evidence for CD-RISC 10 and GRIT-S among IM residents. Residents demonstrated resilience within a competitive training environment despite less favourable test performance and grittiness that was manifested by completing tasks. This initial validity study provides a foundation for further research on resilience and grit among physicians in training.
Molecular mechanisms of sperm motility are conserved in a basal metazoan

Efficient and targeted sperm motility is essential for animal reproductive success. Studies in mammals and echinoderms have uncovered a highly conserved signaling mechanism in which sperm motility is stimulated by pH-dependent activation of the cAMP-producing enzyme soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC). However, the presence of this pathway in basal metazoans has, until now, been unexplored. Here we found that cytoplasmic alkalinization induced a rapid burst of cAMP signaling and the full activation of motility in sperm from the reef-building coral Montipora capitata. Coral sperm expressed sAC in the flagellum, midpiece, and acrosomal regions, indicating that this molecular pH sensor may play a role in regulating mitochondrial respiration and flagellar beating. In bilaterians, sAC is a central node of a broader pH-dependent signaling pathway that alters cellular behavior in response to changes to the extracellular environment. We present transcript-level evidence that a homologous pathway is present in coral sperm, including the Na+/H+ exchanger SLC9C1, protein kinase A, and the CatSper Ca2+ channel conserved even in mammalian sperm. Our discovery of this pathway in a basal metazoan species highlights the ancient origin of the pH-sAC-cAMP signaling node in sperm physiology and suggests that it may be present in many other marine invertebrate taxa for which sperm motility mechanisms remain unexplored. These results emphasize our need to better understand the role of pH-dependent signaling in marine reproductive success, particularly as worsening ocean acidification and warming due to climate change continue to impair the physiology of corals and other marine invertebrates.
Performance Evaluation and Efficiency of Laser Holographic Peripherals

The introduction of virtual and voice recognition technologies have been at the forefront of HCI development in the last decade. The tech world has embraced the user experience when it comes to design and innovation. The way we communicate with computers has evolved over the years, things are moving from the more manual way of passing information to the computer into a more virtual style. Keyboards and mouses have been the two most important tools for doing this job, and innovation has transitioned them from the standard setups into virtual and holographic setups that take up minimal space. They are a part of green computing which promotes recycling and less plastic and electronic wastes. This paper would explore the evolution of the keyboard and explain how the new technology works. The paper would analyze both the hardware and the software to observe the design and the inner workings of two selected virtual devices: A virtual keyboard and ODin holographic mouse. There are several approaches used to process the information such as 3D optical ranging, the paper would include details about the mechanism behind it. An important concern is whether these virtual machines are accurate enough when it comes to performance and durability as compared to the standard styles. This paper would discuss the experiment performed to determine the user experience and accuracy based on monitored tasks that were repeated on the standard version as well. Deep Learning, Recurrent neural networks, in particular, is another important feature of this paper with their ability to improve the devices.
How Perceived Similarity Moderates Sympathy and Pride Appeal in Organ Donation Messages.

ABSTRACT Background Organ transplantation is the only medical procedure that can save a person who is suffering from organ failure. However, the shortage of transplantable organs remains a universal problem. Although more than 90% of the America population supports the concept of organ donation, less than half are registered as donors. Methods An online experiment (N = 224) was conducted to examine how perceived similarity moderates pride and sympathy appeal messages for organ donation. Participants were recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk. Emotional appeal messages were respectively manipulated through emphasizing patient's suffering (sympathy) and organ donor's achievements (pride). A pretest was also performed on Amazon Mechanical Turk to ensure the effectiveness of emotional appeal message. Perceived similarity was achieved by presenting a picture of either a male or female individual with a neutral emotion to participants. Results The study showed that perceived similarity was a positive predictor of intentions to become an organ donor. Furthermore, perceived similarity can moderate the effects of both sympathy and pride appeal messages on attitudes and intentions of organ donation. Conclusions This study found that perceived similarity could change people's behavioral intentions to become organ donors. Therefore, this study can inform potential strategies to persuade people to become organ donors through emphasizing perceived similarity and using emotional appeals.
Re/membering Ignacio Martín-Baró: Provocations and Insights Towards Liberating Psychology in the Twenty-First Century

The growing visibility and engagement with the ideas of social psychologist and Jesuit priest Ignacio Martin-Baro by an international network of psychologists and practitioners raises questions about whether and how Martin-Baro’s work has contributed to the project he envisioned of liberating psychology as the twentieth century transitions into the twenty-first. This chapter discusses key epistemological, methodological, and ethical challenges Martin-Baro put forward in articulating his vision for a liberation psychology and offers a selective review of the contributions of psychologists inspired by his legacy over the last 30 years, many of them decolonial scholar activists and practitioners located in the Third and Fourth Worlds and at the margins of the academy in core neoliberal capitalist countries. In doing so, it also addresses ontological and epistemological assumptions, limiting institutional practices, and problems of professional self-interest that Martin-Baro challenged and that persist within the discipline today.
Thermogravimetric determination of ethylenediamine and quinine with dilituric acid: Solubilities of some polymethylenediamine diliturates

Abstract The thermolysis curve's of ethylenediamine, trimethylenediamine, tetramethylenediamine pentamethylenediamine, trimethylamine and quinine diliturates were determined. These curves established that (either the hydrated or the anhydrous form of ethylenediamine and quinine diliturate is stable enough for their gravimetric use to be possible. Both ethylenediamine and quinine were determined by precipitation with alcoholic dilituric acid .solution. In addition the solubilities of some polymethylenediamine diliturates were determined.
Computational left ventricular heart failure model with patient specific inputs and outputs

A computational left ventricle model simulating the physiological effects of heart failure has been designed in order to improve physician choice of intervening medical treatment for patients suffering from heart failure.
Abnormal interaction of oligomeric amyloid-β with phosphorylated tau: implications to synaptic dysfunction and neuronal damage.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative mental illness characterized memory loss, multiple cognitive impairments and changes in the personality and behavior. The purpose of our study was to determine the interaction between monomeric and oligomeric Aβ, and phosphorylated tau in AD neurons. Using postmortem brains from AD patients at different stages of disease progression and control subjects, and also from AβPP, AβPPxPS1, and 3XAD.Tg mice, we studied the physical interaction between Aβ and phosphorylated tau. Using immunohistological and double-immunofluorescence analyses, we also studied the localization of monomeric and oligomeric Aβ with phosphorylated tau. We found monomeric and oligomeric Aβ interacted with phosphorylated tau in neurons affected by AD. Further, these interactions progressively increased with the disease process. These findings lead us to conclude that Aβ interacts with phosphorylated tau and may damage neuronal structure and function, particularly synapses, leading to cognitive decline in AD patients. Our findings suggest that binding sites between Aβ and phosphorylated tau need to be identified and molecules developed to inhibit this interaction.
Undifferentiated Intimal Sarcoma of the Inferior Vena Cava with Extension to the Right Atrium and Renal Vasculature

Primary sarcomas of the great vessels (aorta, pulmonary artery, and inferior vena cava (IVC)) are exceedingly rare. We report a rare case of an undifferentiated intimal sarcoma of the IVC with extension to the right atrium, adrenal, and renal veins. The patient underwent extensive resection, reconstruction of the IVC, and subsequent adjuvant chemotherapy. Patient has tolerated chemotherapy and, at 17 months after resection, the patient remains free of tumor recurrence. Undifferentiated intimal sarcomas remain a rare entity with only five cases of venous undifferentiated intimal sarcomas reported in the literature, two of which occurred in the IVC. Intimal sarcomas tend to carry a poor prognosis with the limited literature available on treatment approaches. Our objective is to highlight this rare entity and possible treatment approach which we utilized. Primary sarcomas of IVC need to be included as part of a complete differential diagnosis in patients with atrial masses or recurrent pulmonary emboli.
Enacting Critical Literacy: The Case of a Language Minority Preservice Teacher

AbstractThis narrative study of an Asian female prospective teacher describes a language minority student’s ways of enacting critical literacy in a teacher preparation program in the United States. It discusses how she exerted her agency despite her perceived marginalization as a non‐native English speaker. The findings demonstrate how she resisted the identity imposed as a “slow learner” by an instructor while simultaneously challenging the tenets of critical literacy. Ultimately, the study suggests that personal narratives in teacher education from critical perspectives can be a powerful means through which to better understand the lived experiences of language minority preservice teachers.
Biology, Development, and Human Systems

Biology has genetic, epigenetic, developmental, ecological, and evolutionary components. In addition to the scientific fields contributing to biology the philosophy of science also frames the field. As is the case with all the sciences, progress in biology depends on advances in theory building, empirical research, and modeling. Development, as one of the central processes of biology, has been the focus of both empirical and theoretical attention for centuries. Research techniques and methods used in biology to study development have evolved dramatically over the past several decades, generating a wealth of detailed empirical data. Metatheoretical frameworks, theories, and modeling have likewise advanced, calling into question established interpretations and assumptions about development, including the relation between genotype and phenotype, the nature and extent of heredity, the links between development and evolution, and the biological bases of behavior and cognition. In this chapter, we review the history and current status of biology's view of development and discuss the broader implications of this view for a psychobiological systems view of human development. Keywords: behavioral genetics; brain development; developmental systems; epigenetics; evolutionary theory; experience-dependent development; genetics; heritability; nativism; nature-nurture; psychobiology
Electronic commerce comes to the ‘Net‘

While the fundamental business-to-business (e.g. supply chain) trading model has not significantly changed in hundreds, if not thousands, of years, many of the underlying business processes and trading practices have changed and continue to evolve. In some cases, these changes have been more successful than others. While the primary purpose to this paper is to discuss the effect of Internet-based electronic commerce on supply chain business processes and trading practices, if also provides a historical review of electronic commerce. As George Santayana once said: "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it."
The (Un)Enforcement of Corporate Officers' Duties

Over the past few decades, officers have arguably become some of the most important individuals in the corporation. From the implosions of Enron and WorldCom, to the success of companies like Apple and Microsoft, to the Wall Street crisis that sunk the world into near global recession, corporate officers have played a role in each of these storylines and countless (albeit lesser known) others. In spite of the well-publicized scandals, officers continue to be given wide latitude to carry out their role of managing the day-to-day operations of their companies. The primary constraint on this power under state corporate law is the imposition of fiduciary obligations. Fiduciary duties thus play a vital role in checking the considerable power and authority of officers. Fiduciary duties will only affect officer behavior, however, if there is an effective enforcement scheme that holds officers accountable. This Article discusses how the development of corporate doctrine, coupled with the dynamic in today’s corporate management has created impediments and disincentives for the enforcement of officer fiduciary duties. In light of the problematic state of the current enforcement scheme, this Article evaluates possible changes that would alleviate deterrents in the enforcement process. This Article concludes that in order to regulate officer behavior with fiduciary duties, there must be a collective correction to the enforcement mechanisms in place for internal enforcers beginning with reevaluating stockholder derivative litigation burdens.
Implementing a high-assurance smart-card OS

Building a high-assurance, secure operating system for memory constrained systems, such as smart cards, introduces many challenges. The increasing power of smart cards has made their use feasible in applications such as electronic passports, military and public sector identification cards, and cell-phone based financial and entertainment applications. Such applications require a secure environment, which can only be provided with sufficient hardware and a secure operating system. We argue that smart cards pose additional security challenges when compared to traditional computer platforms. We discuss our design for a secure smart card operating system, named Caernarvon, and show that it addresses these challenges, which include secure application download, protection of cryptographic functions from malicious applications, resolution of covert channels, and assurance of both security and data integrity in the face of arbitrary power losses.
Combined treatment with an LHRH agonist and testosterone in man: reversible oligozoospermia without impotence.

We have previously shown that LHRH agonist [D-Trp Pro -Net]LHRH (LHRHA) results in reversible oligozoospermia when given to normal subjects for up to 10 weeks. A fall in plasma testosterone was accompanied by loss of libido and potency. The authors now report on 6 subjects who were evaluated by semen analysis and hormone profile at 2-week intervals during 10-week basal 20-week treatment and posttreatment periods lasting at least 10 weeks. Treatment consisted of LHRHA (50 mcg subcutaneously daily) and testosterone enanthate (100 mg intramuscularly every 2 weeks). Sperm density (mean basal 76.7 +or- 8.7x10 /ml) fell consistently in each subject to a mean nadir of 12.3 +or- 4.5x10 /ml (P /ml achieved when LHRHA was given alone. In each individual subject sperm density returned to his basal level after cessation of treatment. No consistent changes were seen in sperm motility or morphology or in semen volume. Libido and potency were maintained in all subjects. An additional 3 subjects received testosterone enanthate alone in identical dosage for 20 weeks. No change in sperm density was observed. In contrast to treatment with LHRHA alone combination treatment produces reversible oligozoospermia without attendant change in potency. (authors)
Thermodynamics of Life

Thermodynamic equilibrium for life is death and decomposition. Life itself continues without achieving equilibrium. Life processes move toward a meta-stable state, that is less than equilibrium.It is noteworthy that there must be some cap or limitation on the probabilities in order to not go to thermodynamic equilibrium. The processes that do occur follow theme and variation rules. The possible movement towards equilibrium is limited to a series of directions that are variations on a theme. This is the Emergence that the System Theorists describe. The combination of several such processes being available lead to the multiple combinations of life traits.Life also needs to provide balance as it proceeds so it does not reach thermodynamic equilibrium. The entropy [Shannon entropy] becomes a probabilistic dispatcher that attempts to distribute the possibilities equitably (in the long run or based on the theory of large numbers). In this way the probabilities need to overlap related processes so the necessities of balance can be described as being the result of entropy.
A culturally sensitive approach to the prevention of interpersonal violence among urban black youth.

Black-on-black interpersonal violence is a major problem for black youth living in poor urban areas. Diverse lines of research converge to suggest that interpersonal violence among inner-city black youth may result from a combination of environmental stressors, racial identity problems, and health and mental health problems. A culturally sensitive approach to the prevention of interpersonal violence among black youth is described. It is concluded that insensitivity to the significant role of racial or cultural factors in black-on-black violence contributes to the relative inattention to the problem. Language: en
Onset of the acquired potentiality for fusion in the palatal shelves of rats

This paper is concerned with that phase of palate development in rats leading to fusion of the shelves in the midline. Previous experimentation in palate development in mammals has encompassed both the earlier phase of assumption of the horizontal position of the palatal shelves, and the subsequent approximation and fusion of the shelves. Since the two processes do not occur simultaneously and can theoretically be studied separately, it was possible and feasible to confine the experiment to the later fusion phase. The present research was designed to eliminate the possible confounding effects of palate rotation in vitro on the fusion of the shelves by approximation of the explanted palatal shelves in the same horizontal plane, irrespective of their original positions in the oral cavity. Current theories of cleft palate pathogenesis hold that either the palatal shelves fail to assume (rotate to) the horizontal position, or, that having done so, they fail to fuse.
Crystal structure of rat intestinal fatty-acid-binding protein. Refinement and analysis of the Escherichia coli-derived protein with bound palmitate.

Abstract Rat intestinal fatty-acid-binding protein (I-FABP) is a small (15,124 Mr) cytoplasmic polypeptide that binds long-chain fatty acids in a non-covalent fashion. I-FABP is a member of a family of intracellular binding proteins that are thought to participate in the uptake, transport and/or metabolic targeting of hydrophobic ligands. The crystal structure of Escherichia coli-derived rat I-FABP with a single molecule of bound palmitate has been refined to 2 A resolution using a combination of least-squares methods, energy refinement and molecular dynamics. The combined methods resulted in a model with a crystallographic R-factor of 17.8% (7775 reflections, σ > 2.0), root-mean-square bond length deviation of 0.009 A and root-mean-square bond angle deviation of 2.85 °. I-FABP contains ten antiparallel β-strands organized into two approximately orthogonal, β-sheets. The hydrocarbon tail of its single C16:0 ligand is present in a well-ordered, distinctively bent conformation. The carboxylate group of the fatty acid is located in the interior of I-FABP and forms a unique “quintet” of electrostatic interactions involving Arg106, Gln115, and two solvent molecules. The hydrocarbon tail is bent with a slight left-handed helical twist from the carboxylate group to C-16. The bent methylene chain resides in a “cradle” formed by the side-chains of hydrophobic, mainly aromatic, amino acid residues. The refined molecular model of holo-I-FABP suggests several potential locations for entry and exiting of the fatty acid.
Resisting Everything Except Temptation: Evidence and an Explanation for Domain‐specific Impulsivity

We propose a model of impulsivity that predicts both domain–general and domain–specific variance in behaviours that produce short–term gratification at the expense of long–term goals and standards....
Gene Dosage for 5S Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid in Escherichia coli and Bacillus megaterium

The number of gene copies for 5S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA), relative to that for 16 and 23S rRNA, has been determined by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-RNA hybridization for Escherichia coli and Bacillus megaterium. In both cases, the number of 5S rRNA genes equals the number of 16 or 23S rRNA genes. Rapid procedures for preparing extremely highly purified DNA suitable for DNA-RNA hybridization experiments and chemically pure 5S rRNA are described.
Zero Deforestation Zones: The Case for Linking Deforestation-Free Supply Chain Initiatives and Jurisdictional REDD+

The Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) presents the idea of Zero Deforestation Zones (ZDZs) as a solution to implement private sector deforestation-free supply chain commitments by leveraging synergies between Jurisdictional REDD+, private sector initiatives, and governmental laws and regulations. Companies would source commodities that meet their deforestation commitments from jurisdictions implementing REDD+ programs, government monitoring systems, and functioning private sector initiatives. A definition of “zero deforestation” would be created through a multistakeholder process considering a number of different elements. ZDZs would align incentives between actors, generating multiple benefits for companies, governments, and local communities—including reduced costs of monitoring deforestation, low-risk areas for long-term investment, increased legal compliance, and conflict resolution between companies and local communities. Environmental integrity would also be improved because a larger area of forest w...
Candidates, Issues and Voters: The Role of Inference in Political Perception

The study of political perception has been dominated by research on the perception of candidates' issue positions, focusing on the processes of projection and persuasion. This research has limited our understanding of political perception by interpreting projection and persuasion narrowly in terms of cognitive balance theory. Only recently has the possible impact of candidate ambiguity on voters' perception come to be appreciated. In this paper, we use a more comprehensive theory of perception to specify a series of lagged recursive equations and estimate the parameters using the CPS 1974-76 panel data. Our results provide no support for the persuasion hypothesis, and only limited evidence of projection. Rather, the inference of candidates' issue positions from party positions and the candidates' ideological stances are much more important factors in candidate perception.
An electron microscopic study of primary afferent terminals from slowly adapting type I receptors in the cat

Primary afferent fibers transmitting impulses from slowly adapting (SA) Type I receptors in the glabrous skin of the hind paw of the cat were injected intraaxonally in the spinal cord with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). At the light microscopic level, terminal arborizations were observed in the medial dorsal horn extending up to 6 mm rostrocaudally in and near the seventh lumbar segment. Boutonlike swellings labelled with HRP were distributed in clusters in Rexed's laminae III-VI. There was a tendency for the most dorsal clusters from an individual fiber to be located rostrally and for the most ventral clusters to be located caudally. At the electron microscopic level, a combination of morphometric analysis and serial reconstruction revealed the following: (1) All the boutons labelled with HRP contained predominantly clear, round synaptic vesicles, 40–50 nm in diameter. (2) Labelled boutons (n = 75) had cross-sectional longest dimensions of 1.72 ± 0.53 μm (Mean ± S.D.), perimeters of 4.95 ± 1.52 μn, and areas of 1.18 ± 0.59 μm2. Their shapes in section varied from rounded to elongated forms. (3) The sizes of labelled boutons decreased significantly and linearly with depth from lamina IV to VI. The shapes of the bouton cross sections also became rounder with depth in the dorsal horn. (4) About 72% of synaptic contacts associated with HRP-filled boutons were with dendritic spines and shafts; most of these synapses were of the asymmetric type. (5) The remainder (28%) of the appositions were synapselike contacts between labelled boutons and unlabelled structures containing flattened or pleomorphic vesicles, and occasional dense-cored vesicles. (6) We observed no unequivocal axosomatic contacts made by labelled boutons. (7) The lengths of synaptic appositions with dendritic spines (0.46 ± 0.20 μm) or with dendritic shafts (0.51 ± 0.18 μm) were significantly greater than the synapselike contacts with vesicle-containing unlabelled structures (0.29 ± 0.09 μm). (8) Complex neuropilar organization was occasionally seen with labelled boutons as central elements, although simpler organizations were much more common. In summary, HRP-labelled fibers ended predominantly in boutons containing clear, round vesicles forming axospinous and axodendritic synapses. This is consistent with physiological observations of postsynaptic excitation of dorsal horn cells by the primary afferent fibers from SA Type I receptors in the glabrous skin.
Regulation of Tight Junction Resistance in T84 Monolayers by Elevation in Intracellular Ca2+: A Protein Kinase C Effect

Elevation in intracellular Ca2+ acting via protein kinase C (PKC) is shown to regulate tight junction resistance in T84 cells, a human colon cancer line and a model Cl- secretory epithelial cell. The Ca2+ ionophore A23187, which was used to increase the intracellular Ca2+ concentration, caused a decrease in tight junction resistance in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Dual Na+/mannitol serosal-to-mucosal flux analysis performed across the T84 monolayers treated with 2 microM A23187 revealed that A23187 increased both fluxes and that in the presence of ionophore there was a linear relationship between the Na+ and mannitol fluxes with a slope of 56.4, indicating that the decrease in transepithelial resistance was due to a decrease in tight junction resistance. Whereas there was no effect of 0.1 microM A23187, 1 or 2 microM produced a 55% decrease in baseline resistance in 1 hr and 10 microM decreased resistance more than 80%. The A23187-induced decrease in tight junction resistance was partially reversible by washing 3 times with a Ringer's-HCO3 solution containing 1% BSA. The A23187 effect on resistance was dependent on intracellular Ca2+; loading the T84 cells with the intracellular Ca2+ chelator BAPTA significantly reduced the decrease in tight junction resistance caused by A23187. This intracellular Ca2+ effect was mediated by protein kinase C and not calmodulin. While the protein kinase C antagonist H-7 totally prevented the action of A23187 on tight junction resistance, the Ca2+/calmodulin inhibitor W13 did not have any effect. Sphingosine, another inhibitor of PKC, partially reduced the A23187-induced decline in tight junction resistance. The PKC agonist PMA mimicked the A23187 effect on resistance, although the effect was delayed up to 1 hr after exposure. In addition, however, PMA also caused an earlier increase in resistance, indicating it had an additional effect in addition to mimicking the effect of elevating Ca2+. The effects of a phospholipase inhibitor (mepacrine) and of inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism (indomethacin for the cyclooxygenase pathway, NDGA for the lipoxygenase pathway, and SKF 525A for the epoxygenase pathway) on the A23187 action were also examined. None of these agents altered the A23187-induced decrease in resistance. Monolayers exposed to 2 microM A23187 for 1 hr were stained with fluorescein conjugated phalloidin, revealing that neighboring cells did not part one from another and that A23187 did not have a detectable effect on distribution of F-actin in the perijunctional actomyosin ring. The results indicate that elevation in intracellular Ca2+ decreases tight junction resistance in the T84 monolayer, acting through protein kinase C by a mechanism which does not involve visible changes in the perijunctional actomyosin ring.
THE CHALLENGES OF PROFESSIONAL SERVICES MARKETING

Many well‐qualified professionals feel that the quality of their services should be high enough to permit them to “hang out a shingle” and wait for clients to come. In doing so, the professional is exerting no control over his or her type of practice. The controversy surrounding the issue of advertising in the professions has clouded the large issue of professional services marketing. The article describes in depth the challenges of one profession, law, in order to demonstrate the perspective and challenges for marketing. Lawyers have been selected since they deal with many changes—the impact of redefinition caused by changes in the regulatory environment, the overabundance in the field, new methods of competition, the consumerism movement, and a poor public image. Practical methods are described to help the professionals understand their business better. By recognizing their practice as both a profession and a business, professionals can develop an ethical, dignified marketing plan—which may or may not include advertising—in order to place themselves in a better position to utilize their unique expertise with clients who can best appreciate their talents.
Fused Chemical Reactions. 3. Controlled Release of a Catalyst To Control the Temperature Profile in Tubular Reactors

The feasibility of an exothermic fused chemical reaction (FCR) system to control the temperature profile inside a tubular reactor is demonstrated in a 300-m laboratory-scale flow loop. The exotherm...
The impact of writing instruction on learning to read

Abstract A review of the literature concerning the relationship of learning to read and learning to write. Special emphasis is given to those aspects of writing instruction or activity which may have a positive impact upon learning to read. A critical examination of several studies reveals that reading and writing are, indeed, related; and, that, at least under some conditions, writing does seem to influence reading development. Literature pertaining to the word recognition, comprehension, and affective dimensions of this relationship is examined. Although the available research does not indicate precisely how writing influences reading ‐ or the best ways to take advantage of the overlap for instructional design, six tentative instructional recommendations are made. Included are suggestions as to when writing instruction should be initiated, how spelling and grammar should be dealt with, and the types of assignments and activities which are most apt to stimulate reading growth.
Quantification of urinary aflatoxin B1 dialdehyde metabolites formed by aflatoxin aldehyde reductase using isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry

The aflatoxin B 1 aldehyde reductases (AFARs), inducible members of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily, convert aflatoxin B 1 dialdehyde derived from the exo- and endo-8,9-epoxides into a number of reduced alcohol products that might be less capable of forming covalent adducts with proteins. An isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry method for quantification of the metabolites, C-8 monoalcohol, dialcohol, and C-6a monoalcohol, was developed to ascertain their possible role as urinary biomarkers for application to chemoprevention investigations. This method uses a novel (13)C 17-aflatoxin B 1 dialcohol internal standard, synthesized from (13)C 17-aflatoxin B 1 biologically produced by Aspergillus flavus. Chromatographic standards of the alcohols were generated through sodium borohydride reduction of the aflatoxin B 1 dialdehyde. This method was then explored for sensitivity and specificity in urine samples of aflatoxin B 1-dosed rats that were pretreated with 3 H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione to induce the expression of AKR7A1, a rat isoform of AFAR. One of the two known monoalcohols and the dialcohol metabolite were detected in all urine samples. The concentrations were 203.5 +/- 39.0 ng of monoalcohol C-6a/mg of urinary creatinine and 10.0 +/- 1.0 ng of dialcohol/mg of creatinine (mean +/- standard error). These levels represented about 8.0 and 0.4% of the administered aflatoxin B 1 dose that was found in the urine at 24 h, respectively. Thus, this highly sensitive and specific isotope dilution method is applicable to in vivo quantification of urinary alcohol products produced by AFAR. Heretofore, the metabolic fate of the 8,9-epoxides that are critical for aflatoxin toxicities has been measured by biomarkers of lysine-albumin adducts, hepatic and urinary DNA adducts, and urinary mercapturic acids. This urinary detection of the alcohol products directly contributes to the goal of mass balancing the fate of the bioreactive 8,9-epoxides of AFB 1 in vivo.
Phorbol myristate acetate induction of chemotactic migration of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils

The in vitro migration of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) was studied employing an enzymatic assay of cell migration with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) as the test stimulant. Our data clearly show that PMA in concentrations between 1 and 100 ng/ml in the lower wells of blind-well chambers induced chemotactic migration. Chemokinesis (increased migration) was not induced when PMA was present in both the upper and lower chambers (i.e., in a nongradient mode). Clearly our data indicate that PMA is chemotactic for human PMNs and, coupled with published studies of the effect of PMA on PMNs, suggest activation of an intracellular gradient of membrane-associated protein kinase C as a possible new mechanism for the induction of oriented migration of PMNs. Such a mechanism may be generalized to include membrane-soluble materials (e.g., inflammatory mediators, microbial products), which establish internal gradients of activated PKC rather than via the "classic" agonist-surface receptor mechanism, providing an alternative pathway for the induction of leukocyte chemotaxis.