cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Recurrently Generated Overlay Architecture for Rapid FPGA Application Development

Recent FPGA research has increasingly focused on overlays---virtual coarse-grained architectures---to address widely known application-design productivity problems such as lengthy compilation times and a lack of portability. However, existing overlay research has not yet been adopted due to several key limitations: 1) a general focus on datapath-centric applications with little control logic, and/or 2) manual creation of overlays for a given application or domain. Ideally, FPGA design tools would automatically generate specialized overlays for any application. In this paper, we present a first step towards this ideal goal by integrating datapath-centric overlays with finite-state-machine overlays, which we recurrently generate as application characteristics and resource requirements change during application development. By generating overlays capable of supporting arbitrary controllers and datapaths, our approach enables rapid development of numerous FPGA applications, while potentially providing a target architecture to enable high-level synthesis that is comparable in productivity to compilers for microprocessors and GPUs. We demonstrate that our proposed overlay architecture can enable compilation times that are over 100,000x faster than register-transfer-level designs, with overheads comparable to existing overlays. For iterative development, we show recurrent overlay generation provides faster development cycles than traditional FPGA development after only two design iterations, which improves further for additional iterations by amortizing overlay generation across multiple rapid virtual compilations and reconfigurations.
Does iron loading of oxygen-sensing prolyl hydroxylases rather than random Fenton-driven radical formation drive programmed ferroptosis and degeneration in neurological diseases?

Cellular oxygen sensors are not only sensitive to oxygen but also to iron levels. Accordingly, they are ideally positioned to serve important roles not only in oxygen sensing but also in iron homeostasis and dyshomeostasis. Here, I review the literature which supports the notion that iron is essential for neurodegeneration including stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Neurodegenerations with Brain Iron Accumulation via its ability to optimize activities of oxygen-sensing, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylases. In this context, HIF PHDs act to drive prodeath transcription via the leucine zipper transcription factor ATF4, and not via decreases in HIF stability. I also discuss evidence which suggests that oxidative stress leads to cell death via a programmed pathway of ferroptosis that is unlikely to involve random, non-enzymatic, Fenton-mediated radical formation. Altogether, this evolving model broadens our view of how oxygen sensors and iron can regulate cell degenerations in neurological diseases under normoxic or hypoxic conditions.
Management of a late-presenting complex--an unclassified uterine anomaly in the presence of large leiomyomas.

This is a case report of a unique, late-presenting, Mullerian anomaly in an infertile patient. The authors discuss the diagnostic challenges of characterizing distorted gynecological anatomy by Mullerian anomalies in the presence of sizeable coexisting fibroids. This case report adds new insight to the already-existing understanding of Mullerian anomalies by demonstrating how a symptomatic and benign uterine pathology can complicate the diagnosis and management of patients with Mullerian defects.
[Expression Levels of HES1, C-MYC and NF-kB in Peripheral Blood of Patients with T Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Their Significance].

Objective To analyze and investigate the expression levels of HES1, C-MYC and NF-kB in peripheral blood of patients with T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and their significance. Methods Sixty patients with T-ALL and 60 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) diagnosed in our hospital from June 2012 to March 2015 were enrolled in T-ALL group and AML group, respectively. Another 30 healthy people were enrolled in the control group. Peripheral blood was collected to detect the expression levels of HES1, C-MYC and NF-kB by RT-PCR. The general data and the expression of HES1, C-MYC and NF-kB in peripheral blood were compared among the patients with different type of leukemia, cytogenetical types and different prognosis. Results There was no significant difference in baseline data, such as age and sex among the 3 groups (P＞0.05). The Hb level, WBC and Plt count, BM blast cell ratio in T-ALL and AML groups all were significantly higher than those in control group (P＜0.01), but there were no statistical difference in above-mentioned indicators between T-ALL and AML groups (P＞0.05). The expression levels of HES1, C-MYC and NF-kB in peripheral blood among 3 groups were significantly differenct (P＜0.01), the expressions levels of HES1, C-MYC and NF-kB in T-ALL and AML groups were significantly higher than those in control were significantly group (P＜0.01), moreover, the expression levels of above-mentional indicators in T-ALL groups were significantly higher than than those in AML group (P＜0.01). The expression levels of HES1, C-MYC and NF-kB iin T-ALL patients with poor prognosis were significantly higher than those in T-ALL patients with favorable prognosis (P＜0.01); the expression levels of HES1, C-MYC and NF-kB in peripheral blood of patients with different theraptic efficacy were follow: complete remission group＜partial remission group＜no remission group (P＜0.01). Conclusion The HES1, C-MYC and NF-kB are highly expressed in peripheral blood of the patients with T-ALL, moreover, the expression levels maybe different, because of the cytogenetic, and theraptic efficacy.
Redesigning a testbed of simulation-optimization problems and solvers for experimental comparisons

We describe major improvements to the testing capabilities of SimOpt, a library of simulation-optimization problems and solvers. Foremost among these improvements is a transition to GitHub that makes SimOpt easier to use and maintain. We also design two new wrapper functions that facilitate empirical comparisons of solvers. The wrapper functions make extensive use of common random numbers (CRN) both within and across solvers for various purposes; e.g., identifying random initial solutions and running simulation replications. We examine some of the intricacies of using CRN to compare simulation-optimization solvers.
A Phenomenological Study Exploring the Meaning of Global Engagement Among Former Participants of a Backpack Journalism Program

This phenomenological qualitative study explores the meaning of global engagement among former students who participated in a Backpack Journalism course from 2010 through 2016. Through semi-structured interviews, the researcher explored the meaning of global engagement as it relates to global education, experiential/project-based learning, and public interest communications. The resulting participant themes (community, unexpected/eye opening, discomfort, making a difference, and reflection/discernment) will further inform classroom instruction for upcoming Backpack Journalism courses and may serve as a guide for global educational experiences and public interest communications in other settings. Future research also is explored.
Congenital Hearing Loss Is Associated With a High Incidence of Central Nervous System Abnormalities.

Objective(s) To assess the incidence of central nervous system abnormalities in pediatric subjects with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Methods One hundred forty-three pediatric subjects evaluated for SNHL at a single academic center from 2007 to 2014 were included and divided into eight diagnosis groups based on etiology of SNHL. One hundred forty-three age- and gender-matched control subjects with no known brain-related pathology or history of hearing loss were included as healthy controls for comparison. Two neuroradiologists independently evaluated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans for each subject. Comparison of abnormal cerebral development was performed using an ordinal logistic regression model. Concordance between CT and MRI of the temporal bone was assessed using the kappa statistic. Results The etiologies of hearing loss in our cohort were 37.8% genetic, 12.6% infectious, 1.4% ototoxin-induced, and 48.3% idiopathic. Brain MRI revealed cerebral developmental abnormalities in defined regions in >30% of the SNHL cohort, significantly more than in normal-hearing pediatric controls. The Sylvian fissure, Virchow-Robin spaces, and lateral ventricles were most commonly affected. In the temporal bone, the percentage of subjects with concordant findings on CT and MRI was ≥92% across all anatomical structures. Conclusion MRI revealed a high incidence of intracranial abnormalities, suggestive of aberrant development of auditory and nonauditory neural structures associated with SNHL. CT and MRI share a high degree of concordance in detecting temporal bone anomalies. Inclusion of MRI as part of the workup of congenital SNHL may facilitate the detection of developmental anomalies of the brain associated with SNHL.
Remédier aux silences : le cas des Archives nationales de la Mongolie

Cet article se penche sur l’apport de nouvelles archives au travail des historiens de la Chine, et plus specifiquement, sur le cas des Archives nationales de la Mongolie Khalkha, qui fit partie de l’empire des Qing de 1690 a 1911. Nous examinerons le lien entre la materialite documentaire et les premices epistemologiques du domaine de l’histoire de la Chine et de ses frontieres.
Pair-copula Models for Analyzing Family Data

The construction of multivariate models for analyzing family data can be challenging due to the various dependencies between family members. These models typically have parameters that are subject to intricate and stringent constraints, which make it more difficult to arrive at a proper estimation of these model parameters. Recently, vines and pair-copula constructions have been utilized in order to simplify construction of multivariate models for both continuous and discrete data. The pair-copula models break down the hierarchy of dependence into vines and employ bivariate or pair-copulas as “building bricks” to generate appropriate multivariate distributions. This paper discusses pair-copula methods to model the convoluted dependence structure and proposes using a C-Vine type copula to model the dependence among family members. Analysis of actual, real-world family data is presented to illustrate our models and estimation procedures.
Etiologies and outcome of lower gastrointestinal bleeding in patients presenting to a tertiary care Children's Hospital.

Objective: To determine etiology and outcome of children with lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB). Methods: This was a prospective study conducted at the Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Children’s Hospital and The Institute of Child’s Heath, Multan, Pakistan, from July 2019 to March 2020. A total of 148 cases presented with bleeding per rectum and underwent colonoscopy, were included. Children of both genders and aged three month to 15 years were included. Detailed history, clinical examination, laboratory studies, colonoscopy and histopathology were done in all cases. Study information like demographics, complaints, general clinical examination, colonoscopy and histopathological findings were recorded. Results: Overall, mean age was noted to be 7.20±1.83 years. Abdominal pain was reported in 41 (27.7%), diarrhea 36 (24.3%), fever 12 (8.1%) and constipation in 4 (2.7%). Pallor was noted among 68 (45.9%), weight loss 39 (26.3%) and tachycardia 31 (20.9%). Colonoscopy revealed juvenile colonic / rectal polyps, infectious colitis and solitary rectal ulcer (SRU) as the most common etiologies found among 58 (39.2%), 20 (13.5%) and 19 (12.8%) cases respectively. Juvenile polyps and non-specific colitis were the commonest histopathological findings seen in 55 (37.2%) and 20 (13.5%) cases respectively. Colonoscopic polypectomy was used to remove all juvenile polyps. Conclusion: LGIB is presentation of various underlying causes. Children with LGIB commonly present with abdominal pain. Juvenile polyps were the most frequent cause of LGIB among children flowed by non-specific colitis. Most of the children having LGIB were diagnosed and treated successfully, few are in remission and very few were found resistant to treatment. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.2.2676 How to cite this:Talib MA, Aziz MT, Suleman H, Khosa GK, Joya SJ, Hussain I. Etiologies and outcome of lower gastrointestinal bleeding in patients presenting to a tertiary care Children’s Hospital. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(2):556-560. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.2.2676 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Neurological Complications of COVID19 during March 2020 at LCMC Health University Medical Center: Dataset.

We reviewed the electronic medical records (EMR) of patients hospitalized during the peak of the pandemic, March 1st through March 31st, to document the type and frequency of neurological problems seen in patients with COVID-19 at presentation to the emergency room. Secondary aims were to determine: 1) the frequency of neurological complaints during the hospital stay; 2) whether the presence of any neurological complaint at presentation or any of the individual types of neurological complaints at admission predicted three separate outcomes: death, length of hospital stay, or the need for intubation; and 3) if the presence of any neurological complaint or any of the individual types of neurological complaints developed during hospital stay predicted the previous three outcomes. Setting: The Louisiana Health Sciences Center - New Orleans Institutional Review Board and the University Medical Center Clinical Research Review Committee approved the study protocol. Data acquisition: We reviewed the electronic medical records (EMR) of patients hospitalized during March (March 1st through March 31st) 2020 at the University Medical Center New Orleans (UMCNO), who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 during the same hospitalization. The EMR team generated a list of 257 patients admitted for COVID-19. We excluded seven patients because of a negative COVID-19 test result or incomplete medical record documentation. Three neurology residents (DC, MS, DB) reviewed the EMR in detail to capture the relevant medical history, clinical course, and laboratory test results and abstracted data into an electronic data collection spreadsheet.We recorded the presentation or development of the following neurological complaints: headache, syncope, altered mental status, seizure, status epilepticus, and ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. Statistical analysis: We used "R" (statistics software) and Microsoft Excel to generate summary tables. To analyse hospital length of stay or death, we fitted a competing risks proportional hazards model for time to discharge or death using the crr() function in R version 4.0.0. The competing risks model allowed the analysis of hospital stay, taking into account that the censoring of cases due to death was not random. To predict the likelihood of intubation, we used the glm() function in R to fit a logistic regression model. For each model, we determined baseline demographic variables predictive of the outcomes and generated adjusted models. For variables with less than five cases per cell, we reported the p-values for Fisher's Exact Test.The analyses and results are published in:Chachkhiani, David et al. " Neurological complications in a predominantly African American population of COVID-19 predict worse outcomes during hospitalization." Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery (in press).These data will be useful for researchers trying to build larger datasets regarding COVID19 neurological complications for metanalysis or to answer other questions requiring larger sample sizes.
How much could a low COVID-19 pandemic change the injury trends? A single-institute, retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: COVID-19 has changed the epidemiology of trauma. However, Taiwan is a country with a low COVID-19 threat, and people's daily lives have remained mostly unchanged during this period. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the trend of trauma incidence and the service of trauma care is affected by the relatively minor COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan. DESIGN: A single-institute, retrograde cohort study. SETTING: An observational study based on the trauma registry of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (CGMH). PARTICIPANTS: Trauma patients presented to the emergency department of CGMH in the period of 1 January to 30 June 2020 (week 1 to week 26) were designated as the COVID-19 group, with 1980 patients in total. Patients of the same period in 2015-2019 were designated as the pre-COVID-19 group, with 10 334 patients overall. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome is the incidence of trauma admission. Differences in trauma mechanism, severity, location and outcome were also compared in both groups. RESULTS: A decrease in trauma incidence during March and April 2020 was noticed. Significant change (p<0.001) in trauma mechanisms was discovered, with decreased burn (5.8% vs 3.6%) and assault (4.8% vs 1.2%), and increased transport accidents (43.2% vs 47.2%) and suicide (0.2% vs 1.0%) in the COVID-19 cohort. A shift in injury locations was also found with a 5% decrement of workplace injuries (19.8% vs 14.8%, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The limited COVID-19 outbreak in Taiwan has led to a decreased incidence of trauma patients, and the reduction is mostly attributed to the decline in workplace injuries.
Trends in the Use of Conventional and New Pharmaceuticals for Hemophilia Treatments Among Medicaid Enrollees, 2005-2020.

This cohort study used Medicaid data to examine trends in the use of and spending for hemophilia pharmaceuticals from 2005 to 2020.
Dislocation of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the index finger requiring open reduction due to the presence of an intra-articular sesamoid bone.

Complex dislocation of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the index finger is rare and often requires surgical intervention. Here, we present a case of an index finger metacarpophalangeal joint dislo...
A Study of the Implementation of English Program Policy in Secondary Schools under the Secondary Educational Service Area Office 7

Recognizing that English skills are vital for international communications, for the economic development of the country, and for Thailand to compete with other nations, the Thai government has formalized the teaching of English in its Basic Education Curriculum. In 1999, the Ministry of Education reformed and decentralized the Thai educational system with the National Education Act B.E. 2542 (A.D. 1999). In 2001, the Ministry of Education issued an English Program Policy allowing qualified schools to teach certain subjects under the Basic Education Curriculum in English as an alternative mode of instruction. This mixed method research investigated the implementation of the English Program Policy of three Secondary Schools under the Secondary Educational Service Area Office 7. Instruments used was opinionnaire surveys adopted from the Office of Basic Education Council (OBEC) English Program Educational Standard Educational Institution Self-Assessment Questionnaire and the English Program/ Mini English Program Implementation Student Questionnaire and selected validated questions from studies by Chantarasiri, and Senachit. Respondents were administrators from the Secondary Educational Service Area 7 Office and from the three selected schools with English Program, and teachers and students from the mentioned schools. The data analysis from this study showed that the level of implementation of the English Policy among administrator was Very High, while the level of implementation among students was High. There was no significant difference in the level of implementation among administrators and teachers, and the study found no significant difference in the level of implementation among teachers when compared by the number of years in the position.
Colon-targeted oral drug delivery systems: design trends and approaches.

Colon-specific drug delivery systems (CDDS) are desirable for the treatment of a range of local diseases such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic pancreatitis, and colonic cancer. In addition, the colon can be a potential site for the systemic absorption of several drugs to treat non-colonic conditions. Drugs such as proteins and peptides that are known to degrade in the extreme gastric pH, if delivered to the colon intact, can be systemically absorbed by colonic mucosa. In order to achieve effective therapeutic outcomes, it is imperative that the designed delivery system specifically targets the drugs into the colon. Several formulation approaches have been explored in the development colon-targeted drug delivery systems. These approaches involve the use of formulation components that interact with one or more aspects of gastrointestinal (GI) physiology, such as the difference in the pH along the GI tract, the presence of colonic microflora, and enzymes, to achieve colon targeting. This article highlights the factors influencing colon-specific drug delivery and colonic bioavailability, and the limitations associated with CDDS. Further, the review provides a systematic discussion of various conventional, as well as relatively newer formulation approaches/technologies currently being utilized for the development of CDDS.
The Colloquial Preterit

A common cause of confusion for the learner of English as a second language (ESL) is the discrepancy between the rules learned in the classroom and the English used by native speakers outside the classroom. The mismatch is often the result of sociolinguistic factors that operate in spoken American English, causing native speakers to “break” the rules that ESL students have struggled to master. When language variation is not taken into consideration in ESL instruction and materials development, the students receive an inaccruate and confusing representation of current usage. This chapter focuses on syntactic variation, specifically in the present perfect, a notably problematic grammatical category in the ESL curriculum. Following a brief look at the most common approach to presenting the present perfect, the chapter describes a syntactic variation study, based on interviews with native speakers, and examines the findings of this study in light of the specific concerns of the ESL classroom. The final section proposes guidelines for a presentation of the present perfect that takes language variation into account and demonstrates how sociolinguistic analysis can have a direct bearing on ESL materials development.
On the Stability of Cochlear Mechanical Models

We have found that the introduction of nonlinear damping into stable computational simulations of active cochlear mechanical models generally made the simulations unstable in the sense that unbounded or oscillatory responses were obtained. This paper reports preliminary results of our efforts to determine what combinations of several possible causes might be responsible.
The use of pulmonary artery catheterization has declined

Even without the proof of benefit by randomized controlled trials, pulmonary artery catheterization (PAC) has been in wide clinical use in critical care and cardiology since its introduction in 1970. However, during the past decade, several studies and editorials have questioned its safety and have suggested increased risk of morbidity and mortality from its use. During the same period, there were also publications supporting its continued wide use. We hypothesized that these publications had no effect on the frequency of use of the PAC. We performed this study to determine whether or not there was a change in the use of PAC, and if so in which direction and under what circumstances.
Measurement of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein

Toxicant-induced injury of the adult or developing central nervous system results in hypertrophy of astrocytes at the site of injury. The hallmark of this response is enhanced expression of the major intermediate filament protein of astrocytes, glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP). A protocol is provided for assaying GFAP levels in detergent homogenates of brain tissue using a sandwich ELISA.
Enhanced Seat Belt Reminder Systems for Teenage Drivers and Passengers

Failure to use a seat belt is a significant highway safety concern for teenagers. The current Federally-required seat belt reminder system is limited in its effectiveness, and many automobile manufacturers are now providing enhanced seat belt reminder (ESBR) systems. Current systems are designed for the general driving public and their design must represent a trade-off between effectiveness in promoting belt use and consumer acceptance. Teens may respond differently to system features and trade-off considerations may be different for risk-prone teens. This study conducted research to evaluate teen driver and passenger reactions to a variety of ESBR systems and features. The study was conducted in an operational, but stationary vehicle, with simulated drives. Systems and features were evaluated regarding their likelihood of increasing belt use, annoyance, signal appropriateness, desirability, and other aspects. Discussion groups were also held with the parents of teen drivers. Based on findings of the experiment and discussions, a set of recommendations was developed for the design of optimal ESBR systems oriented toward teen drivers and their passengers.
The Death Penalty in Florida

This article summarizes the findings and recommendations of the ABA Death Penalty Moratorium Implementation Project's Florida Assessment Team, which I chaired. Relying on an analysis of caselaw, studies, news reports, and interviews, the article describes significant flaws in Florida's death penalty law and practice in nine areas: the police investigative process; the analysis of scientific evidence; the conduct of prosecutors; the qualifications, reimbursement and competence of defense attorneys; the decision-making process of judges; the structure and decision-making process of capital sentencing juries; clemency; the system's reaction to the race of the victim; and the treatment of people with mental disability. It also notes that administration of the death penalty in Florida is extremely expensive and thus may undermine the reliability of adjudications in noncapital cases.
Muscular subaortic stenosis: Reversibility with varying cardiac cycle length

Abstract In 4 patients with muscular subaortic stenosis the left ventricular outflow tract obstruction was completely reversible from beat to beat with varying cardiac cycle length, being absent in beats following normal or short diastolic periods and present in moderate or severe form in beats following longer diastolic periods. The varying cycle length was due to atrial fibrillation in 2 cases and to ventricular extrasystoles in 2 cases. In 1 patient with atrial fibrillation, a critical cycle length and left ventricular systolic pressure could be demonstrated above which severe outflow tract obstruction was consistently present. The appearance and disappearance of outflow tract obstruction was associated with marked variation in the intensity of the aortic systolic ejection murmur and with marked changes in the arterial pulse contour. These observations suggest a specific abnormality of the outflow tract in patients with muscular subaortic stenosis, since patients with simple diffuse hypertrophy of the left ventricle do not show such phenomena. Disproportionate hypertrophy of the ventricular septum is the most likely abnormality. In 1 case, systemic hypertension appeared to cause the myocardial hypertrophy. The variability of obstruction might be due to changes in contractile force which occur with varying degrees of diastolic filling and varying aortic diastolic pressure in atrial fibrillation. It could also be due to variations in contractile force which occur as a result of varying cycle length alone, the augmentation following longer cycles in atrial fibrillation being similar to post-extrasystolic augmentation as simulated by paired electrical stimulation.
17p Allelic Losses in Diploid Cells of Patients with Barrett's Esophagus Who Develop Aneuploidy

Abstract Inactivation of the p53 gene, located on chromosome 17p, leads to genetic instability and aneuploidy in vitro. Aneuploid cell populations from Barrett9s adenocarcinomas have a high prevalence of 17p allelic losses, and there is substantial evidence that the target of these losses is the p53 gene. If 17p allelic losses lead to aneuploidy in Barrett9s esophagus, then they should be present in diploid cells from patients who develop aneuploidy. We detected 17p allelic losses in diploid cells from 10 of 11 patients (91%) with Barrett9s esophagus who developed aneuploid cell populations. Our data strongly suggest that 17p allelic losses precede the development of aneuploidy during neoplastic progression in Barrett9s esophagus in vivo and, therefore, support in vitro evidence for the role of p53 in genetic instability.
Nonglobal logarithms at three loops, four loops, five loops, and beyond

We calculate the coefficients of the leading nonglobal logarithms for the hemisphere mass distribution analytically at 3, 4, and 5 loops at large ${N}_{c}$. We confirm that the integrand derived with the strong-energy-ordering approximation and fixed-order iteration of the Banfi-Marchesini-Syme (BMS) equation agree. Our calculation exploits a hidden $\mathrm{PSL}(2,\mathbb{R})$ symmetry associated with the jet directions, apparent in the BMS equation after a stereographic projection to the Poincar\'e disk. The required integrals have an iterated form, leading to functions of uniform transcendentality. This allows us to extract the coefficients, and some functional dependence on the jet directions, by computing the symbols and coproducts of appropriate expressions involving classical and Goncharov polylogarithms. Convergence of the series to a numerical solution of the BMS equation is also discussed.
CD44 is a metastasis suppressor gene for prostatic cancer located on human chromosome 11p13.

Abstract We have used microcell fusion-mediated chromosomal transfer to introduce normal human chromosomes into highly metastatic rodent prostatic cancer cells to map the location of a metastasis suppressor gene(s). Using this approach, several chromosomal regions have been identified that harbor such metastatic suppressor genes, including human chromosome 11 between p11.2–13 (T. Ichikawa et al., Cancer Res., 52: 3486–3490, 1992, 54: 2299–2302, 1994; N. Nihei et al., Genes Chromosomes & Cancer, 14: 112–119, 1995; C. W. Rinker-Schaeffer et al., Cancer Res., 54: 6249–6256, 1994). Using positional cloning, a metastatic suppressor gene, termed KAI1, was identified, which is located at human chromosome 11p11.2 (5). Overexpression of KAI1 results in metastasis suppression in certain highly metastatic Dunning R-3327 rat prostatic cancer sublines, such as AT6.1, without metastasis suppression in other highly metastatic sublines, such as A%3.1. This suggests that an additional metastasis suppressor gene is located within the human chromosome 11p11.2–13 region. The CD44 gene is located on human chromosome 11p13 and encodes an integral membrane glycoprotein that participates in specific cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Down-regulation of CD44 expression both at the mRNA and protein levels correlates with metastatic potential within the Dunning system of rat prostatic cancer sublines. Transfection-induced enhanced expression of the Mr 85,000 standard form of CD44 in the highly metastatic AT3.1 rat prostatic cells greatly suppresses their metastatic ability to the lungs without suppression of their in vivo growth rate or tumorigenicity. These results suggest that CD44 is a metastasis suppressor for prostatic cancer and that decreased expression of the standard form of CD44 is involved in the progression of prostatic cancer to a metastatic state.
Enigmatic declines in bird numbers in lowland forest of eastern Ecuador may be a consequence of climate change

Bird populations have declined in many parts of the world but most of those declines can be attributed to effects of human activities (e.g., habitat fragmentation); declines in areas unaffected by human activities are not common. We have been sampling bird populations at an undisturbed site in lowland forest of eastern Ecuador annually since 2001 using a combination of mist nets and direct observations on two 100-ha plots. Bird numbers fluctuated on both plots during the first 8 years but did not show a consistent pattern of change. Since about 2008, numbers of birds on both plots have declined; capture rates in 2014 were ∼40% less than at the start of the study and observation rates were ∼50% less. Both understory and canopy species declined in abundance. Overall, insectivores showed the most pronounced declines but declines varied among trophic groups. The period from 2008 onward also was a period of stronger La Nina events which, at this study site, are associated with increased rainfall. The mechanism for the declines is not known but likely reflects a combination of reduced reproductive success coupled with reduced survival associated with changing climate.
Principles of Differential Diagnostic Pacing Maneuvers: Serial versus Parallel Conduction

In this article we will review differential diagnostic pacing maneuvers. It is not meant to be an exhaustive review of all such maneuvers. Rather, we offer some general analytic principles as they apply to electrophysiology (EP) and illustrate their use through several examples. Our hope is to provide a framework for thinking about electrogram data that acts more like a compass and map than like a specific set of directions. Amongst the most helpful pieces of advice that we can offer the EP trainee is to actively try to picture the waves of electricity spreading through the heart, passing beneath the recording electrodes and generating the electrograms you seek to interpret. Digest the fact that more than one propagation pattern can result in the same electrogram pattern and that differential diagnostic pacing is aimed at distinguishing between these possibilities. A fundamental tenet of differential diagnostic maneuvers of any kind (not simply pacing) is to choose a test that maximizes the difference between possible explanations. This perspective and a careful and meticulous cataloguing of what you can unambiguously conclude from the electrograms versus what remains to be determined via pacing offers the best approach to succeeding at EP. We will discuss pacing maneuvers in three contexts: differential diagnosis of narrow complex tachycardia, mapping of accessory pathways, and Para-Hisian pacing.
One-Step Immunoaffinity Purification of Recombinant Human Retinoic Acid Receptor γ

Abstract Retinoic acid receptors (RAR) are members of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily and serve as ligand-activated transcription factors. In order to facilitate studies of receptor protein, we have generated a monoclonal antibody to the human RARγ, and have developed a procedure to purify the full-length receptor expressed in insect cells. The monoclonal antibody (A10) was developed using as antigen a carboxy-terminal fragment of the human RARγ expressed as a bacterial fusion protein. The A10 monoclonal antibody binds to both native and denatured forms of the human RARγ. This antibody was immobilized on a resin and used to purify full-length, baculovirus-expressed human RARγ to near homogeneity. The immunoaffinity-purified receptor is >90–95% pure as revealed by silver-stained gels. The identity of the single protein band as RARγ was verified by immunoblotting using a polyclonal antibody to an epitope distinct from that recognized by the A10 antibody. The pure human RARγ is functional with respect to both ligand and DNA binding. Scatchard analysis of 3 H-labeled all- trans retinoic acid binding to purified human RARγ revealed a single, high-affinity binding site with a K d of ∼2 n m . Binding of the pure RARγ to a DR5-type retinoic acid response element was also studied. Response element binding by RARγ required the presence of the retinoid X receptor, but did not require the presence of additional proteins. Human RARγ protein purified in this fashion will be useful in future structural and functional studies.
Acute Lung Injury and the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Challenges in Clinical Trial Design

Despite significant advances in the understanding of the complex pathophysiology, only a limited number of new treatments for acute lung injury (ALI) have emerged in the last 2 decades. This article discusses some of the challenges that remain in conducting clinical research in patients who have ALI and acute respiratory distress syndrome. New definitions that incorporate prognostic measures and reduce patient heterogeneity will allow more efficient enrollment of patients. Delineating outcomes attributable to the lung injury will improve the power of studies to detect significant treatment effects. Future collaborative studies will be needed to investigate longer-term clinical outcomes.
The National Geodetic Survey project “POLARIS”

Abstract The National Geodetic Survey (N.G.S.) of the National Ocean Survey has undertaken a new project called POLar-motion Analysis by Radio Interferometric Surveying (POLA-RIS). The premier goal of the project is to establish a fully operational polar motion monitoring network, with a spatial resolution and accuracy of 10 cm and a temporal resolution of 24 hours. The new network will utilize radio interferometric techniques. The fixed POLARIS observatories may also serve as base stations to be used in conjunction with small-aperture, 3–10-m, mobile units for positional surveys for geodetic and geo-dynamic applications. The N.G.S. plans to cooperate fully with other governmental organizations having related responsibilities and interest in polar motion, earth rotation and geodynamics [e.g., National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), United States Geological Survey (U.S.G.S.), United States Naval Observatory (U.S.N.O.)] as well as academic and private researchers.
Comparison of land surface temperatures derived from satellite observations with ground truth during FIFE

Surface temperatures of the FIFE (First ISLSCP Field Experiment) experimental area derived from thermal infrared radiances recorded from different satellite platforms at different scales were compared with reference observations by means of infrared thermometers at ground stations distributed over the area. FIFE was conducted during late spring, summer and fall over an area of 15 km by 15 km in a hilly tall-grass prairie region in northeastern Kansas. The data available for this purpose were produced by AVHRR and TOVS instruments aboard NOAA-9 and NOAA-10, the TM instrument aboard Landsat-5, and VISSR instrument aboard GOES-7. The scales covered by these instruments span a wide range, namely between hundreds of meters (Landsat TM) and hundreds of kilometers (TOVS). The data are analyzed both with and without the application of an atmospheric correction.
Significant sex differences in the correlation of electrocardiographic exercise testing and coronary arteriograms

Two hundred fifty-one patients (195 male and 56 females) referred for evaluation of chest pain were studied by multistage submaximal stress testing and selective coronary arteriography. In men with positive exercise tests the incidence rate of true positive exercise test results--that is, positive tests associated with 75 percent of greater coronary stenosis--was 89 percent in contrast to a 33 percent incidence rate of true positive exercise test results in women. The incidence rate of false positive excercise test results--that is, positive tests associated with no coronary stenosis or less than 50 percent stenosis--was 8 percent in men in contrast to 67 percent in women. Conversely, the incidence rate of false negative exercise test results (that is, negative exercise tests associated with 75 percent or greater coronary stenosis) was higher in men (37 percent) than in women (12 percent). It is concluded that in men a positive multistage stress test is useful in predicting the presence of significant coronary artery disease although a negative stress test cannot be relied upon to rule out the presence of significant disease. In women, a positive exercise test is of little value in predicting the presence of significant coronary artery disease, whereas a negative test is quite useful in ruling out the presence of significant disease. New criteria should be developed for stress testing of women.
Winter sediment resuspension in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, and its ecological implications

Sediment resuspension is a common phenomenon whose importance may be magnified in nearshore environments surrounding Antarctica, especially during the austral winter. Analyses suggest that sediments in the vicinity of McMurdo Station contain viable algal material throughout this period of darkness. The resuspension of these sediments, shown by sediment trap collections and underwater observations, would introduce organics into the water column and may provide an alternative food source for planktonic herbivores inhabiting near-shore environments during the Antarctic winter.
Change: How Young Voters Interpreted the Messages Sent During the 2008 Presidential Election Season:

Change became the mantra of the 2008 presidential campaign. During the primaries, Senators Clinton, McCain and Obama, as well as Governor Huckabee, all used the idea of change as part of their campaign rhetoric. During the general election campaign, both Obama and McCain continued using change as their slogan. This study sought to determine what the youth vote believed that change meant, both in an overall sense and as attributed to each of the candidates. The data for Study 1 were conducted before the March 4, 2008, primary, and the data for Study 2 were collected in October 2008. In Study 1, 784 undergraduates from six states and nine colleges and universities participated. In Study 2, there were 260 undergraduates who participated. The findings in both studies reveal that the candidates were effective in their use of the word change , as the respondents were able to differentiate between the different campaign messages. Analysis of the open-ended data found several overall categories of change, and sub...
Managing training in a technology context

Training in some contexts has become a quasi-information systems department. A multi-case study highlights this link by investigating the organizational context, technology deployment strategy, and staffing strategy of four organizational training units. The argument is made that this environment provides a potential career path for new and experienced information systems professionals. Strategic decision-making regarding technology-supported learning is discussed and issues for future information systems research are enumerated.
Precision of Bone Mineral Density Scans at the Proximal Tibia in Osteoarthritic Subjects

Abstract This study was conducted to assess the precision of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurements at the proximal tibia and compare it with precision at other skeletal sites. Precision at the proximal tibia was determined in two groups: 14 subjects with knee osteoarthritis (OA) and 14 normal subjects who were scanned bilaterally four times each, with repositioning. Precision of femoral neck, trochanter, and total hip was also determined in both groups. Group mean bone mineral density (BMD), standard deviation (SD), and root mean squared coefficient of variation (%CV) were determined for both tibias and hips, lumbar spine (L2–L4) and total body. The %CV of the proximal tibia ranged from 1.01% to 1.24% and did not differ significantly in the two groups. The %CV of the hips, spine, and total body ranged from 0.79% to 2.28%. We conclude that DXA scans at the proximal tibia are highly reproducible and that precision at the proximal tibia is comparable to that of the hip, spine, and total body. A larger study is needed to determine whether proximal tibia BMD measurements have research or clinical application for osteoarthritis or other conditions.
Depression in Children and Adolescents

Depression is a common, recurrent, and impairing disorder that is relatively rare during childhood, but increases substantially during adolescence. Moreover, some risks for depression in adulthood have their origin earlier in development. This chapter describes the current diagnostic criteria, continuity and phenomenology, epidemiology, and etiology of depression in children and adolescents from a developmental psychopathology perspective. Etiological factors reviewed include genetics, neurobiology, temperament, negative cognitions, self-regulation, stress and trauma, and interpersonal relationships. Suggestions for an integrated model of depression are presented and important issues for future research are highlighted.
Annulus upsizing for mitral valve re-replacement in children

Background Mitral valve replacement remains the last resort for treatment of congenital mitral valve disease. Enlarging the mitral annulus at the time of mitral valve replacement may allow implantation of a larger prosthesis in children. Methods All mitral valve replacement procedures from 1990 to 2012 were included, and mitral annulus enlargement techniques were analyzed. A control group of patients undergoing replacement of a previously implanted mechanical mitral valve prosthesis was compared with the cohort of patients who underwent annular enlarging procedures. Primary end points were increases in annulus size and Z score, and freedom from paced rhythm. Results Among 205 mitral valve replacement procedures, 16 (8%) included techniques to upsize the mitral annulus in 15 patients, all but 1 of whom had undergone prior mitral valve replacement. These patients were compared with a control cohort of 53 patients undergoing mitral valve re-replacement without annulus enlargement. The annulus was upsized by 18% ± 11% (compared with 16% ± 20% in controls, P = .5) using open balloon dilation in 4 patients, radial annular incisions in 5 patients, and patch augmentation of the aorto-mitral continuity in 7 patients. The mean valvar diameter Z score increased from −0.2 ± 1.3 to +1.1 ± 1.4 ( P P Conclusions In children undergoing mitral valve replacement, various techniques can be used to upsize the mitral annulus and allow implantation of a larger prosthesis. There is a nontrivial risk of heart block with annulus upsizing, which deserves further study.
The era of open

We are definitely in the open era. What does that mean and what does the future hold? I will provide a practitioners perspective on these questions as someone involved in running widely used biological databases, a producer of open source software and as founding editor in chief of an open access journal from the Public Library of Science (PLOS). In a nutshell it means profound change in the way educate, collaborate, disseminate and comprehend. I look forward to an open dialog as to more details of what that really means drawing on some examples from my own experiences.
The structure of modular program

Choosing the right program structures can lead to better programs, says Joshua Turner. He advocates modular design to make large programs more manageable. Turner reviews the possible structural relationships between the modules of a program and generates a tentative morphology of program structure types. He concludes that, with some exceptions, the hypothetical pure tree structure is the best choice for most data processing applications.