cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Adaptive Polyploid Memetic Algorithm for scheduling trucks at a cross-docking terminal

Abstract Many supply chain stakeholders rely on the cross-docking concept, according to which products delivered in specific transportation management units to the cross-docking terminal (CDT) undergo decomposition, sorting based on the end customer preferences, consolidation, and then transported to the final destinations. Scheduling of the inbound and outbound trucks for service at the CDT doors is considered as one of the convoluted decision problems faced by the CDT operators. This study proposes a new Adaptive Polyploid Memetic Algorithm (APMA) for the problem of scheduling CDT trucks that can assist with proper CDT operations planning. APMA directly relies on the polyploidy concept, where copies of the parent chromosomes (i.e., solutions) are stored before performing the crossover operations and producing the offspring chromosomes. The number of chromosome copies is controlled through the adaptive polyploid mechanism based on the objective function improvements achieved and computational time changes. Moreover, a number of problem-specific hybridization techniques are used within the algorithm to facilitate the search process. Computational experiments show that the application of adaptive polyploidy alone may not be sufficient for the considered decision problem. Hybridization techniques that directly consider problem-specific properties are required in order to improve solution quality at convergence. Furthermore, the APMA algorithm developed in this article substantially outperforms some of the well-known state of the art metaheuristics with regards to solution quality and returns truck schedules that have lower total truck service cost.
Assessment of landscape quality based on the perception of people: Study of two parks in Newcastle upon Tyne

People experience different types of landscapes every day. The quality of these landscapes has a major effect on their psychological well-being and general satisfaction of a place. Determining the quality of landscapes is an important issue for policy makers and planners, especially when making decisions about the conservation or transformation of urban landscapes. Defining quality based on people’s perception has received significant attention from planners and decision makers as it can lead to greater public involvement and improve the reliability of the decisions. This research aimed to determine the criteria important for landscape quality assessment by using walk-and-talk interviews in two green landscapes in Newcastle upon Tyne (UK). The attributes affecting people’s choices include naturalness, locomotion, smoothness, surprise, variety, sense of place, tranquillity, rarity, legibility, safety, complexity, mystery, openness, accessibility, maintenance and management. Not all of these attributes have the same weight, as some are more influential in determining people’s preferences, however, categorizing them into primary and secondary attributes, provided a means of evaluating landscape that is less costly and time-consuming.
You Hoboken! Semantics of an expressive label maker

‘You bastard’ is insulting because ‘bastard’ is an expletive, but what’s wrong with ‘You Hoboken’ or ‘You big wet noodle’? This paper explores the semantics of a vocative construction that is particularly efficient at coining what I call ‘expressive labels’; these are affect-transmitting expressions that present themselves as apt for identifying their discourse target via speaker affect. Building on work by Portner (in Schwab and Winkler (eds) On information structure, meaning and form. Benjamins, Amsterdam, 2007) and Gutzmann (The grammar of expressivity, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2019), I show how discourse properties direct and constrain the conversion to expressive label, and offer a semantics for this construction that unifies these cases with more conventional evaluative vocatives, like ‘you bastard’.
Urban-Rural Differences in Health Care Utilization for Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the USA, 2017.

Urban–rural differences in IBD-specific health care utilization at the national level have not been examined in the USA. We compared urban and rural rates of IBD-related office visits and IBD-specific (Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC)) hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) visits. From multiple national data sources, we compared national rates using Z test and compared estimates of patient and hospital characteristics and hospitalization outcomes between urban and rural areas using Chi-square and t tests. In 2015 and 2016, digestive disease-related office visit rates, per 100 adults, were 3.1 times higher in urban than in rural areas (8.7 vs 2.8, P < 0.001). In 2017, age-adjusted rates per 100,000 adults were significantly higher in rural than urban areas for CD-specific hospitalizations (26.3 vs 23.6, P = 0.03) and ED visits (49.3 vs 39.5, P = 0.002). Compared with their urban counterparts, rural adults hospitalized for CD or UC in 2017 were more likely to be older and non-Hispanic white, have lower household income, Medicare coverage, and an elective admission, and were discharged from hospitals that were large, non-federal government owned, and in the Midwest or South. There were no significant urban–rural differences in length of stay and 30-day readmission rate. While IBD or digestive disease-related office visit rates were lower in rural compared to urban areas, CD-specific hospitalization and ED visit rates were higher. Strategies that improve office-based care among rural patients with IBD may help to avoid more costly forms of health care use.
Co-operative Education: A Means of Relating Work and Education

Publisher Summary This chapter analyzes co-operative education as a means of relating work and education. Co-operative education was first initiated in the United States at the University of Cincinatti in 1906 by an engineering professor, Herman Schneider. Through this novel approach to education, he sought to solve two problems he had observed. First, he noted that many elements of most professions, and certainly engineering, could not be taught adequately in the classroom, but required practical experience for mastery. Second, he found that most students worked part-time during their college years simply because they needed to—most often at menial jobs, unrelated to their career goals. Through co-operative education he found a way to satisfy students' needs for practical, state-of-the-art experience and for financial assistance. Today more than 900 US colleges and universities operate programs of co-operative education with over 170,000 undergraduate and over 4000 graduate students participating in virtually every field of study.
Sorting and Join Algorithms for Multiprocessor Database Machines

Several multiprocessor database machines [GARDA81] [BABBE79] [DEWIT79]. have been or are currently being developed. The main objective of these machines is to answer complex queries against very large data bases, with better performance than conventional database systems [CHAMB81] [STONE76].
Distance Matrix Completion by Numerical Optimization

Consider the problem of determining whether or not a partial dissimilarity matrix can be completed to a Euclidean distance matrix. The dimension of the distance matrix may be restricted and the known dissimilarities may be permitted to vary subject to bound constraints. This problem can be formulated as an optimization problem for which the global minimum is zero if and only if completion is possible. The optimization problem is derived in a very natural way from an embedding theorem in classical distance geometry and from the classical approach to multidimensional scaling. It belongs to a general family of problems studied by Trosset (Technical Report 97-3, Department of Computational & Applied Mathematics—MS 134, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1892, 1997) and can be formulated as a nonlinear programming problem with simple bound constraints. Thus, this approach provides a constructive technique for obtaining approximate solutions to a general class of distance matrix completion problems.
Beyond Arthur Andersen: Searching for answers

Recent corporate scandals, fraud, and misuse of resources involving top executives and multi‐billion dollar companies such as Sunbeam, Tyco, Medco, Enron, Worldcom, the NYSE and others – not to mention accounting giant, Arthur Andersen, threaten the viability and continued success of the US economy, the global economy, and world‐wide political stability. Stock markets, employees' pension funds, national employment rates, and the ability of citizens to trust in economic systems are all adversely affected. It is time, therefore, to begin to assess and recognize actual risks and costs of political and corporate breeches of ethics.
Erosion of Inflatable Penile Prosthesis Reservoir into Neobladder

Abstract Introduction Erosion of the reservoir into surrounding tissues is a rare complication after inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) implantation. Aim To present a new case and a review of the literature including discussion of pathogenesis, risk factors, and management options. Methods We present the case of a 75-year-old male who underwent placement of an IPP for postoperative erectile dysfunction with a history of bladder cancer requiring radical cystoprostatectomy and Studer neobladder. Six years after IPP placement, he presented with recurrent febrile urinary tract infection that seemed to be precipitated by cycling of his penile prosthesis. Cystoscopy and cross-sectional computed tomography imaging demonstrated erosion of the inflatable penile prosthesis reservoir into the neobladder. Results Patient underwent open removal of the IPP reservoir and cystorrhaphy with a plan for future prefascial reimplantation of an IPP reservoir. Conclusions In patients with a history of abdomino-pelvic surgery or radiation therapy, the retroperitoneal space may be extremely fibrotic and the transversalis fascia may have thickened. Potential intraoperative complications as well as reservoir erosion may be avoided by using a two-piece device or ectopic reservoir placement. Management options for reservoir erosion include explantation of the entire device as well as reservoir removal with salvage of remaining components. Tran CN, Boncher N, Montague DK, and Angermeier KW. Erosion of inflatable penile prosthesis reservoir into neobladder. J Sex Med 2013;10:2343–2346.
Positive emotion learning through music listening

This paper focuses on the need to design a template for an AI system that analyzes computer music and simulates the audience's emotional reaction. This system may possibly aid computer music composers in creating pieces that are more appealing to the wider audiences. Conceptual design of the proposed system is based on the most recent findings in understanding how the human brain processes musical patterns.
Functional Analysis of Seasonally-Changing Gut Microbiotas in Hibernating Ground Squirrels

Host diet influences the gut microbiota in species that regularly consume food. We showed that winter fasting in hibernating ground squirrels increases relative abundance of bacterial taxa that can degrade host glycans (e.g., mucins) and reduces abundance of taxa that prefer plant glycans. Here we determined the functional significance of seasonally changing microbiotas by gavaging summer squirrels and aroused hibernators in early and late winter with 13C-inulin (25 mg/kg), a plant-derived fiber resistant to digestion by mammalian enzymes. Subsequent measurement of δ13CO2 in breath over 2-4 h was used an index of bacterial degradation of 13C-inulin. Compared with summer, peak changes in δ13CO2 in hibernators were delayed and/or reduced by 60-90% after 1 month of hibernation (early winter) and nearly abolished after 4 months (late winter). Intraperitoneal injection of 13C-inulin in summer squirrels produced minimal changes in breath δ13CO2, confirming the bacterial nature of the δ13C signal. The results su...
How Area Sensitivity in Birds is Studied

Studies of avian area sensitivity have been prolific over the last 3 decades, yet general conclusions about the phenomenon are lacking. We undertook a systematic literature review to determine how widespread area sensitivity is; whether published information is biased toward certain geographic regions, habitat types, or taxonomic groups; whether the nature of area effects varies with respect to these criteria; and whether tests of area effects for individual species produce consistent results. Analysis of over 2700 area sensitivity tests, from more than 870 species, indicated the phenomenon is widespread across regions, habitats, and taxonomic groups, but that significant biases in research focus exist. North American forest habitats and Passeriformes (especially Fringillidae, Regulidae, and Paridae) are disproportionately represented in the literature. Detection of area effects was more common in tests of occurrence (47%) than in those for abundance (25%) and varied significantly among regions, habitats, and taxonomic groups. Inconsistent results for species studied multiple times and between tests of occurrence and abundance were common. These results suggest a need for future research to focus more on why area sensitivity patterns differ among studies and less on simple pattern description.
Neuropeptide S : A novel modulator of stress and arousal

Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a recently identified bioactive peptide that modulates stress and arousal. NPS is expressed in a few discrete nuclei in the brainstem, such as the pericoerulear (locus coeruleus (LC)) area and the parabrachial nucleus. NPS activates its cognate G protein-coupled receptor at low nanomolar agonist concentrations and induces elevation of intracellular Ca2+ and cAMP, therefore acting as an excitatory transmitter. The NPS receptor is widely expressed in the brain, including regions known to regulate stress responses such as hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex. We have recently reported that the NPS system can modulate stress responses and induce wakefulness based on a battery of behavioral tests. Activation of NPS receptors induces arousal and reduces all sleep stages. At the same time, NPS produces anxiolytic-like effects in rodents. These studies indicate that the NPS system has a unique pharmacological profile to promote both anxiolytic and arousal effects. NPS might interact with other hypothalamic neuropeptide systems that are known to be involved in stress and appetite control and thus might be a valuable target for development of a new class of drugs to treat anxiety disorders.
Contractility of sphincter pharyngoplasty: Relevance to speech outcomes.

Sphincter pharyngoplasty has shown time-tested results as a surgical treatment for velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI). On its introduction by Hynes in 1950 (1), it was believed that with its use, velopharyngeal closure would be augmented not only by narrowing the lateral extents of the velopharyngeal port, but would be further improved by the contractile properties of the muscles (originally the salpingopharyngeus, later including the palatopharyngeus). Since then, this notion has come under scrutiny. In 1998, Witt et al (2) reviewed pre- and postoperative video-fluoroscopies to account for minimal and maximal excursion of the sphincter in the basal view. In this study, the authors concluded that sphincter pharyngoplasty appeared to be dynamic after the majority of their surgeries. In a follow-up study the same year, Witt et al (3) questioned whether the dynamism of the sphincter was due to pre-existing posterior pharyngeal wall motion. They performed lateral videofluoroscopic evaluations preoperatively and postoperatively for 20 patients who underwent sphincter pharyngoplasty and concluded that after comparing preoperative and postoperative parameters, the surgery did not significantly affect posterior pharyngeal wall motion and that pre-existing posterior pharyngeal wall motion was not the cause of sphincter dynamism. Georgantopoulou et al (4) used tracings of a velopharyngeal port made from pre- and postoperative videofluoroscopies to measure velar elevation associated with port closure in patients who had undergone sphincter pharyngoplasty. They concluded that there was a significant increase in postoperative palatal movement. However, they also concluded that there was no correlation between movement increase and improvement in speech. In 1999 (5) and 2006 (6), Ysunza et al studied the contractile properties of the transposed palatopharyngeus muscles. Under video-fluoroscopy, the veloparyngeal port was studied for signs of improved dynamic closure. At the same time, an electromyographic study of the superior pharyngeal constrictor, the levator veli palatini and the palatopharyngeus muscles themselves was obtained. While 92% of the study sample demonstrated complete velopharyngeal closure after the operation, none of the patients showed electromyographic activity (ie, contraction) of the transposed palatopharyngeus muscles during attempted velar closing. Confounding interpretation of these results, however, was the fact that patients were not used as their own controls in pre- and postoperative comparison. Neither Witt et al (2,3) nor Ysunza et al (5,6) compared speech outcomes in patients with dynamic sphincters versus adynamic sphincters in these studies. The studies discussed above highlight the controversy surrounding the contractility of the transposed muscles. Completely unaddressed is whether the dynamism of the sphincter affects speech outcomes. In the present study, we investigated whether resolution of nasal emission and hypernasality differs following sphincter pharyngoplasty among patients with dynamic and adynamic sphincters.
Applying adaptive safety analysis techniques [for embedded software]

Current needs for high-reliability reusable software, rapid evolutionary development and verification of innovative software architectures have focused attention on improving techniques for analysing the safety and reliability of embedded software. The work reported in this paper integrates two successful safety analysis techniques which have been used separately on software and hardware into the system engineering process. This process combines SFMECA (software failure modes and effects criticality analysis) and SFTA (software fault tree analysis) in a way that can be readily adapted to a particular project's evolving system needs. The technique was used on two recent space instruments: the Mars Microprobe Project and the Earth Orbiting System's Microwave Limb Sounder. The main lessons learned from this experience are discussed: (1) flexible use, (2) a risk-driven rather than sequential approach, (3) "zoom-in/zoom-out" use, (4) SFMECA and SFTA as complementary techniques, (5) preserving traceability, and (6) applicability to fault protection software.
Collisional effects in the passage of fast molecular ions through thin foils

Abstract Some recent developments in studies on the interactions of fast molecular-ion beams with thin foil targets are discussed.
Viscoelastic Material Properties of the Myocardium and Cardiac Jelly in the Looping Chick Heart

During embryonic development, stress plays an important role in controlling growth, remodeling, and morphogenesis [1]. Embryonic tissues as viscoelastic materials exhibit time-dependent stress during deformation. Therefore, the viscoelastic response of tissues may have a significant effect on the timing and regulation of embryonic development. Here, using microindentation experiments and nonlinear finite element (FE) modeling, we determine the viscoelastic properties of the embryonic chick heart during the morphogenetic process of c-looping, as the relatively straight heart tube bends and twists toward the right side of the embryo [2]. Abnormalities that arise during looping can lead to severe congenital defects of the heart and cardiovascular system [3]. The chick embryo, in which heart development parallels that in the human embryo, undergoes c-looping during Hamburger and Hamilton (HH) stages 10 to 12 (approximately 36 to 48 h of incubation) [4]. At this time, the heart tube is composed of a two-cell-thick outer layer of myocardium (MY), a thick middle layer of extracellular matrix known as cardiac jelly (CJ), and a single-cell-thick endocardium (Fig. 1(a)). The present study focuses on the MY and CJ, which are the primary load-bearing layers. Previous studies of the looping heart have focused on pseudoelastic properties [5]. Viscoelastic properties of MY have been measured at later stages [6–8], but the microstructure changes considerably as cardiomyocytes differentiate [9], suggesting that these data do not apply to earlier stages. Our data are useful for studies of the physical mechanisms that drive and regulate looping. Fig. 1 (a) Schematic of heart cross section showing indentation of the side of the heart (MY: myocardium; CJ: cardiac jelly; EN: endocardium; L: lumen). (b) Axisymmetric cylindrical model with 8-node quadratic hybrid elements was used to represent the indentation ...
Rates of mental illness and suicide by state.

Arieti (1974) provided rates of schizophrenia in 47 of the 48 continental states of the USA, and the present note explores whether these rates of schizophrenia are related to the suicide rates of the states. Suicide and homicide rates were obtained for 1950 for each continental state from the Vital Statistics of the United States, 1950, published by the National Center for Health Statistics. Rates of schizophrenia were obtained from Arieti (1974). The Pearson rs between rates of schizophrenia and suicide and homicide rates were 0.14 and 0.18, respectively, and nonsignificant. Thus, the incidence of schizophrenia in a region was unrelated to the rate of suicide in the region in the present study.
Experimental investigation of aluminum combustion in sulfur hexafluoride atmosphere

Abstract : The goal of this report is to summarize the experimental results and studies of aluminum combustion in sulfur hexafluoride atmosphere. The particles has been ejected from exploding wire. Using photography, burning time, particle size, velocity, deceleration, and temperature were measured. Typical results are as follows: 380 + or - 25 micron diameter; particles burn in 10 + or - .75 ms; the average initial velocities were from 10 m/s to 15 m/s; the average decelerations were from 4000 m/sq s to 8000 m/sq s. The average temperature of the burning particle was 2750 + or - 150 K. According to the burning studies of the particles and the measured temperature results the mechanism of burning can be surface burning or vapor phase burning that occurs close to the surface of the hot particle. (Author)
Toward a noncomputational cognitive neuroscience.

The near universally accepted theory that the brain processes information persists in current neural network theory where there is "subsymbolic" computation (Smolensky, 1988) on distributed representations. This theory of brain information processing may suffice for simplifying models simulated in silicon but not for living neural nets where there is ongoing chemical tuning of the input/output transfer function at the nodes, connection weights, network parameters, and connectivity. Here the brain continually changes itself as it intersects with information from the outside. An alternative theory to information processing is developed in which the brain permits and supports "participation" of self and other as constraints on the dynamically evolving, self-organizing whole. The noncomputational process of "differing and deferring" in nonlinear dynamic neural systems is contrasted with Black's (1991) account of molecular information processing. State hyperspace for the noncomputational process of nonlinear d...
TECHNOLOGY IN HIGHER EDUCATION: EXPLORING DISTANCE LEARNING FROM A CONSTRUCT/VIST PERSPECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to explore the extent to which distance learning (distance learning vs. traditional) may influence undergraduate education majors’ emerging constructivist perspective. Elementary education majors at 2 universities (N = 102) volunteered to complete questionnaires. The 3 independent variables were traditional vs. distance learning, whether or not ever enrolled in distance learning, and instructor difference. The 3 dependent variables were concerned with what the instructor provided; what the instructor demonstrated; and what students believed they learned. A Multiple Analysis of Variance (Manova) compared the 3 independent variables across the 3 dependent variables and indicated that students in traditional classrooms rated what the instructor provided, what the instructor demonstrated, and what students believed they learned significantly greater than students in distance learning classrooms. An interpretation suggests that distance learning technology may hold potential for f...
An experimental study of two-phase flow in simulated reduced-gravity condition: dispersed droplet to slug flow transition and slug flow

The results from an experimental study of reduced-gravity two-phase flows are reported in this paper. The experiments were conducted in simulated reduced-gravity conditions in a ground-based test facility with a circular test section of 25 mm inner diameter. The flow conditions for which data were acquired lie in the dispersed droplet to slug flow transition and slug flow regime. Local data were acquired for 17 different flow conditions at three axial locations. The acquired data complement and extend those discussed in an earlier paper by the authors (Vasavada et al. in, Exp Fluids 43: 53–75, 2007). The radial profiles and axial changes in the local data are analyzed and discussed in this paper. The area-averaged data, in conjunction with the local data, are discussed to highlight important interaction mechanisms occurring between fluid particles, i.e., drops. The data clearly show the effect of progressive coalescence leading to formation of slug drops. Furthermore, the shape of slug drops in reduced-gravity conditions was observed to be different from that in normal-gravity case. The analyses presented here show the presence of drop coalescence mechanisms that lead to the formation of slug drops and transition from dispersed droplet flow to the slug flow regime. The most likely causes of the coalescence mechanism are random collision of drops driven by turbulence eddies in the continuous phase and wake entrainment of smaller drops that follow preceding larger drops in the wake region. Data from flow conditions in which the breakup mechanism due to impact of turbulent eddies on drops illustrate the disintegration mechanism.
Silencing of NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase genes (yqhD and dkgA) in furfural-resistant ethanologenic Escherichia coli.

Low concentrations of furfural are formed as a side product during the dilute acid hydrolysis of hemicellulose. Growth is inhibited by exposure to furfural but resumes after the complete reduction of furfural to the less toxic furfuryl alcohol. Growth-based selection was used to isolate a furfural-resistant mutant of ethanologenic Escherichia coli LY180, designated strain EMFR9. Based on mRNA expression levels in the parent and mutant in response to furfural challenge, genes encoding 12 oxidoreductases were found to vary by more than twofold (eight were higher in EMFR9; four were higher in the parent). All 12 genes were cloned. When expressed from plasmids, none of the eight genes in the first group increased furfural tolerance in the parent (LY180). Expression of three of the silenced genes (yqhD, dkgA, and yqfA) in EMFR9 was found to decrease furfural tolerance compared to that in the parent. Purified enzymes encoded by yqhD and dkgA were shown to have NADPH-dependent furfural reductase activity. Both exhibited low Km values for NADPH (8 μM and 23 μM, respectively), similar to those of biosynthetic reactions. Furfural reductase activity was not associated with yqfA. Deleting yqhD and dkgA in the parent (LY180) increased furfural tolerance, but not to the same extent observed in the mutant EMFR9. Together, these results suggest that the process of reducing furfural by using an enzyme with a low Km for NADPH rather than a direct inhibitory action is the primary cause for growth inhibition by low concentrations of furfural.
Photothermal patterning of microgel/gold nanoparticle composite colloidal crystals

We present a new method for laser direct writing in self-assembled hydrogel microparticle colloidal crystals via photothermal excitation of co-assembled colloidal Au particles. Close-packed colloidal crystals are assembled from approximately 224 nm diameter, thermoresponsive, poly-N-isopropylacrylamide hydrogel microparticles (microgels); these crystals display sharp Bragg diffraction peaks in the mid-visible region of the spectrum due to the periodic dielectric function of the assembly. Raising the temperature of the crystal above the characteristic volume phase transition temperature of the microgel particles results in a reversible melting of the crystalline material due to the particle-based deswelling event. This transition can be used either to anneal defects from the crystalline material or to controllably and reversibly convert the assembly from the colored, crystalline state to a nondiffracting glassy material. Crystal-to-glass transitions are similarly accomplished via photothermal excitation when 16 nm diameter colloidal Au particles are co-assembled with the responsive microgels. Excitation of the colloidal Au plasmon absorption with a frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser (lambda = 532 nm) results in optically directed conversion of either glasses to crystals or crystals to glasses, depending on the initial state of the assembly and the illumination time. These results represent a fundamentally new method for the patterning of self-assembled photonic materials.
Microbial control of the production of hydrogen sulfide by sulfate-reducing bacteria

A sulfide-resistant ctrain of Thiobacillus denitrificans, strain F, prevented the accumulation of sulfide by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans when both organisms were grown in liquid medium or in Berea sandstone cores. The wild-type strain of T. denitrificans did not prevent the accumulation of sulfide produced by D. desulfuricans. Strain F also prevented the accumulation of sulfide by a mixed population of sulfate-reducing bacteria enriched from an oil field brine. Fermentation balances showed that strain F stoichiometrically oxidized the sulfide produced by D. desulfuricans and the oil field brine enrichment to sulfate. These data suggest that strain F would be effective in controlling sulfide production in oil reservoirs and other environments.
Autohydrolysis pretreatment of coastal Bermuda grass for increased enzyme hydrolysis.

Coastal Bermuda grass (GBG) was pretreated using an autohydrolysis process with different temperatures and times, and the pretreated materials were enzymatically hydrolyzed using a mixture of cellulase, xylanase and β-glucosidase with different enzyme loadings to evaluate sugar yields. Compared with untreated CBG, autohydrolysis pretreatments at all elevated temperatures and residence times tested enhanced enzymatic digestibility of both cellulose and hemicellulose. Increasing the temperature and residence time also helps to solubilize hemicelluloses, with 83.3% of the hemicelluloses solubilized at 170 °C for 60 min treatment. However, higher temperatures and longer times resulted in an overall lower sugar recovery when considering monosaccharides in the prehydrolyzate combined with the enzyme hydrolyzate. Autohydrolysis at 150 °C for 60 min provided the highest overall sugar yield for the entire process. A total of 43.3 g of sugars, 70% of the theoretical sugar yield, can be generated from 100 g CBG, 15.0 g of monosaccharide in the prehydrolyzate and 28.3 g in the enzyme hydrolyzate. The conversion efficiency could be further improved by optimizing enzyme dosages and xylanases:cellulases ratio and pretreatment conditions to minimize sugar degradation.
In Situ Electrochemical Characterization of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Fabricated with Pd–Pt–Ni Cathode Catalysts

The performance of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) with Pd-Pt-Ni as an oxygen reduction reaction catalyst has been evaluated and analyzed with operation time using current-voltage polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques. The cell performance increases continuously in the whole current density range with the cell operation time, but the rate of increase slows down gradually and the performance becomes constant on the seventh day. The invariable membrane resistance and the continually decreasing charge transfer resistance as indicated by the EIS data illustrate that the enhanced interfacial kinetics at the cathode contributes to the cell voltage increase. CV data reveal that the electrochemical active surface area decreases, while the catalyst surface changes from Pd-enrichment to Pt-enrichment and the peak potential for surface oxide stripping shifts positively due to metal dissolution, with operation time. The latter serves as the origin for the enhancement in catalytic activity and the overall cell performance. With the Pt-mass activity and specific activity improvement, respectively, by factors of 1.8 and 1.9 compared to commercial Pt, the Pd-Pt-Ni alloys are promising cathode catalysts for PEMFC.
Puppet play in a thirteen-year-old boy: Remembering, repeating, and working through

This paper presents and attempt to understand some of the enduring psychological sequelae of abuse, deprivation, and rejection in the life of a 13-year-old boy. This child recreated in four puppet play dramas many of the memories and associated emotions of what had occurred. These dramas also represented an attempt at restitution and mastery of the previous trauma. A means of conceptualizing both the nature of the trauma suffered and the restitutive effort is discussed. The fact of psychological sequelae persisting in the child on a long-term basis has important implications for current approaches to the treatment of child abuse and neglect because frequently the focus is solely on parental counseling or training.
Comparison of Mode Cost by Time of Day for Nondriving Airport Trips to and from New York City's Pennsylvania Station

A novel methodology used taxi global position system data and high-resolution transit schedule information to compare travel times and travel fares of the two main nondriving travel modes for airport ground access: taxi and transit. Five origin-destination pairs between Pennsylvania Station in New York City and three airports in the New York region were used as an example to demonstrate these methods. An analysis of total trip cost considered both travel time and expenditures on fare. A binary logit model was used to model the mode choice of travelers. The results indicate that transit is the more likely choice during most of the day except the midnight period when transit service has longer headways. A sensitivity analysis shows the relationship between the value of time and total trip cost per passenger for different numbers of passengers traveling together and at different times of day. The higher the value of time and the number of passengers in a group, the more likely it is that a taxi is chosen for...
Electron-impact ionization rates for excited atoms and ions

Abstract Electron collisional-ionization rate coefficients for plasmas with excited (including ground-state) atoms (ions) and with Maxwellian free electrons are presented. An energy state of the atom (ion) is represented by a semiclassical energy-distribution function which depends on the quantum numbers n and l. The method permits calculation of direct, as well as electron-exchange collisions, and also includes interference effects. The criterion of validity of the method is given, from which it follows that the rate coefficients are applicable to different species (e.g., H(I), He(II), He(III), Li(III), C(IV), N(V), O(VI), Ne(VIII) and Ne(X)). The present theoretical results are compared with available experimental data and with other theories.
Cellulosic Insulation Material I. Overall Degradation Kinetics and Reaction Heats

Abstract Kinetic studies on the thermal and oxidative decomposition of untreated cellulosic insulation have been carried out with thermal analytical techniques (TGA and DSC) to provide input parameters for smoldering studies of this material. In dry nitrogen, the weight loss proceeds in one overall step that follows a diffusion-controlled rate law with parameters: A = 1.1 × 1013 min-1 and E = 39 kcal/mol. In air the decomposition proceeds in two overall steps, the first of which consumes ca 65 percent of the starting material via a diffusion-controlled rate law and has the activation parameters A = 7 × 1014 min-1, E = 41.5 kcal/mol. TGA experiments have shown the first oxidative step to be 0.43 order in oxygen mass fraction in the range of Yox = 0.0147 to 0.21. The second oxidation step follows a 3-D diffusion-controlled rate law and has the activation parameters A = 4 × 1010 min-1 and E = 39 kcal/mol. Heats of thermal and oxidative decomposition have been determined with the differential scanning calorim...
Observations on the histologic features of the human edentulous ridge. Part III: Bone.

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Isolation and amino acid composition of the isotypes of a rat Clara cell specific protein.

A protein of molecular weight about 10,000 (Clara cell protein C) present in lung lavage fluid and specific to Clara cells has been shown to have three isotypes. The isotypes have been individually isolated and purified by a combination of molecular sieving, ion exchange chromatography, column chromatofocusing, and reverse phase chromatogra-phy. The protein was monitored by immunoblotting and its purity tested by silver staining of the gel following sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. About 33.7% of the 10-kDa protein present in starting rat lavage was recovered in final pure preparation. The 10-kDa Clara cell protein amounted to 0.38% of the total protein in rat lung lavage fluid. The three isotypes were present in a ratio of 1.0:2.8:8.8, the amounts increasing with decreasing pI None of the isotypes bound to concanavalin A. The amino acid compositions of the three isotypes were similar and were remarkable in that the contents of leucine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, serine, and p...
Photo-electric effects in bilayer membranes; electrometers and voltage clamps compared

— Laser flash induced voltage transients recorded with high speed electrometers are compared to signals generated by voltage clamps, using chromophores which generate photo-electric effects in membranes by different mechanisms and with time constants that varied from 1 s. The chromophores used were; (i) azo dye, 3,3-bis-(α-(trimethylammonium)methyl) azobenzene-bromide, (ii) cyanine dye, 3,3-dimethyl-2,2-oxacarbocyanine-chloride, (iii) xanthene dye, 2,4, 5, 7-tetraiodofluorescein or erythrosin, and (iv) chlorophyll a. A scheme for classifying photo-electric effects is presented. Voltage clamp signals are functions of both apparatus and photo-current time constants. They vary with aqueous solution salt concentration, and usually mask kinetic information that may be obtained with electrometers.
Natural Mentoring in Oxford House Recovery Homes: A Preliminary Analysis

The present study examined the role of natural mentoring in the substance use recovery process. Men and women living in recovery homes in a large Midwestern city were surveyed and participated in focus groups to determine characteristics of natural mentoring and the relationship between mentoring activities, helping behavior, and perceived social support. Results suggested that participants engaged most frequently in mentoring activities related to their recovery and to helping others through this process. Further results indicated a significant relationship between gender, mentoring activities and recovery-oriented helping, and social support. Implications for substance use recovery research and treatment are discussed.
Karl Weick's Organizing: The Problem of Purpose and the Search for Excellence

Karl Weick's creative approach to organizing is gaining increasing influence in the academic world. Additionally, with the great success of In Search of Excellence, which was heavily influenced by Weick's ideas, his concepts are receiving prominent attention at managerial levels throughout the private and public sectors of the economy. Because of this prominence, Weick's theorizing requires critical review, particularly with regard to his subordination of the importance of purpose in organizing activity. Weick's concepts lead to a one-sided behavioral view that ignores essential questions of organizational purpose and morality. A complete model of organizing requires attention to the administrative function as a moral endeavor.
High resolution 3D MRI of mouse mammary glands with intra-ductal injection of contrast media

The purpose of this study was to use high resolution three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study mouse mammary gland ductal architecture based on intra-ductal injection of contrast agents. Female FVB/N mice age 12-20 weeks (n=12), were used in this study. A 34G, 45° tip Hamilton needle with a 25μL Hamilton syringe was inserted into the tip of the nipple. Approximately 20-25μL of a Gadodiamide/Trypan blue/saline solution was injected slowly over one minute into the nipple and duct. To prevent washout of contrast media from ducts due to perfusion, and maximize the conspicuity of ducts on MRI, mice were sacrificed one minute after injection. High resolution 3D T1-weighted images were acquired on a 9.4T Bruker scanner after sacrifice to eliminate motion artifacts and reduce contrast media leakage from ducts. Trypan blue staining was well distributed throughout the ductal tree. MRI showed the mammary gland ductal structure clearly. In spoiled gradient echo T1-weighted images, the signal-to-noise ratio of regions identified as enhancing mammary ducts following contrast injection was significantly higher than that of muscle (p<0.02) and significantly higher than that of contralateral mammary ducts that were not injected with contrast media (p<0.0001). The methods described here could be adapted for injection of specialized contrast agents to measure metabolism or target receptors in normal ducts and ducts with in situ cancers.
Hyperactivation of p21ras and PI3K cooperate to alter murine and human neurofibromatosis type 1–haploinsufficient osteoclast functions

Individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) have a high incidence of osteoporosis and osteopenia. However, understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of these sequelae is incomplete. Osteoclasts are specialized myeloid cells that are the principal bone-resorbing cells of the skeleton. We found that Nf1(+/-) mice contain elevated numbers of multinucleated osteoclasts. Both osteoclasts and osteoclast progenitors from Nf1(+/-) mice were hyperresponsive to limiting concentrations of M-CSF and receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) levels. M-CSF-stimulated p21(ras)-GTP and Akt phosphorylation was elevated in Nf1(+/-) osteoclasts associated with gains of function in survival, proliferation, migration, adhesion, and lytic activity. These gains of function are associated with more severe bone loss following ovariectomy as compared with that in syngeneic WT mice. Intercrossing Nf1(+/-) mice and mice deficient in class 1(A) PI3K (p85alpha) restored elevated PI3K activity and Nf1(+/-) osteoclast functions to WT levels. Furthermore, in vitro-differentiated osteoclasts from NF1 patients also displayed elevated Ras/PI3K activity and increased lytic activity analogous to those in murine Nf1(+/-) osteoclasts. Collectively, our results identify a what we believe to be a novel cellular and biochemical NF1-haploinsufficient phenotype in osteoclasts that has potential implications for the pathogenesis of NF1 bone disease.
Multipath routing for reducing network energy

Reducing energy consumption in networks has been recently receiving attention. Networks are typically designed to support peak loads. Energy saving is potentially achieved by appropriately provisioning network capacity, by shutting down unnecessary network elements while the capacity of remaining network elements still meets traffic demand. Traditionally, topology control techniques are employed to reduce the network to an appropriate size. In this paper, we propose techniques to construct an appropriate topology that takes the traffic demands into account. We also study how much multipath routing can contribute to energy saving compared to single/shortest path routing. We show that the proposed techniques reduce energy consumption by an additional 17% over previous schemes.
Data compression studies for NOAA Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES) using 3D integer wavelet transforms with 3D set partitioning in hierarchical trees

The next-generation NOAA/NESDIS GOES-R hyperspectral sounder, now referred to as the HES (Hyperspectral Environmental Suite), will have hyperspectral resolution (over one thousand channels with spectral widths on the order of 0.5 wavenumber) and high spatial resolution (less than 10 km). Hyperspectral sounder data is a particular class of data requiring high accuracy for useful retrieval of atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles, surface characteristics, cloud properties, and trace gas information. Hence compression of these data sets is better to be lossless or near lossless. Given the large volume of three-dimensional hyperspectral sounder data that will be generated by the HES instrument, the use of robust data compression techniques will be beneficial to data transfer and archive. In this paper, we study lossless data compression for the HES using 3D integer wavelet transforms via the lifting schemes. The wavelet coefficients are processed with the 3D set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) scheme followed by context-based arithmetic coding. SPIHT provides better coding efficiency than Shapiro's original embedded zerotree wavelet (EZW) algorithm. We extend the 3D SPIHT scheme to take on any size of 3D satellite data, each of whose dimensions need not be divisible by 2 N , where N is the levels of the wavelet decomposition being performed. The compression ratios of various kinds of wavelet transforms are presented along with a comparison with the JPEG2000 codec.