cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advancing Fusion with Machine Learning Research Needs Workshop Report

Machine learning and artificial intelligence (ML/AI) methods have been used successfully in recent years to solve problems in many areas, including image recognition, unsupervised and supervised classification, game-playing, system identification and prediction, and autonomous vehicle control. Data-driven machine learning methods have also been applied to fusion energy research for over 2 decades, including significant advances in the areas of disruption prediction, surrogate model generation, and experimental planning. The advent of powerful and dedicated computers specialized for large-scale parallel computation, as well as advances in statistical inference algorithms, have greatly enhanced the capabilities of these computational approaches to extract scientific knowledge and bridge gaps between theoretical models and practical implementations. Large-scale commercial success of various ML/AI applications in recent years, including robotics, industrial processes, online image recognition, financial system prediction, and autonomous vehicles, have further demonstrated the potential for data-driven methods to produce dramatic transformations in many fields. These advances, along with the urgency of need to bridge key gaps in knowledge for design and operation of reactors such as ITER, have driven planned expansion of efforts in ML/AI within the US government and around the world. The Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science programs in Fusion Energy Sciences (FES) and Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR) have organized several activities to identify best strategies and approaches for applying ML/AI methods to fusion energy research. This paper describes the results of a joint FES/ASCR DOE-sponsored Research Needs Workshop on Advancing Fusion with Machine Learning, held April 30–May 2, 2019, in Gaithersburg, MD (full report available at https://science.osti.gov/-/media/fes/pdf/workshop-reports/FES_ASCR_Machine_Learning_Report.pdf ). The workshop drew on broad representation from both FES and ASCR scientific communities, and identified seven Priority Research Opportunities (PRO’s) with high potential for advancing fusion energy. In addition to the PRO topics themselves, the workshop identified research guidelines to maximize the effectiveness of ML/AI methods in fusion energy science, which include focusing on uncertainty quantification, methods for quantifying regions of validity of models and algorithms, and applying highly integrated teams of ML/AI mathematicians, computer scientists, and fusion energy scientists with domain expertise in the relevant areas.
Teacher Training and Pedagogy in Africa

This chapter provides an overview of the qualifications and the kinds of training provided to teachers in the elementary and secondary levels of education in Africa. It highlights training modalities (or lack thereof) both at the teacher preparatory colleges and short seminars and workshops by companies or organizations deploying educational technologies in Africa. Additionally, data on teacher training that were obtained during the author’s 2010 research on the OLPC projects in Nigeria and Ghana also enriched this chapter. It also focused on the clash between the African culture, African teacher-training methodologies, and constructionism. Constructionism or the constructivist approach of pedagogy is an archetypical pedagogy in which the controller of the learning process and knowledge creation is the student rather than the teacher. Within this paradigm, the teacher therefore, is simply a mediator between what is learned, the knowledge that is created, and the student who creates it.
Strategies of Network Intervention: A Pragmatic Approach to Policy Implementation and Public Problem Resolution through Network Science.

Public administration has produced a significant body of literature on public sector networks, examining network drivers, dynamics, and outcomes. However, this literature has yet to examine networks in terms of intervention, where network mechanisms are manipulated to promote behavioral change and improve social, organizational, and community outcomes. Building on Valente's (2012) typology, we develop a framework for strategies of public sector network intervention. First, we describe the core concepts in the theory of network interventions found primarily in public health. Next, we expand the existing typology of interventions to include macro-institutional strategies suited to public administration settings. We then identify extant public sector literatures that provide the building blocks for a framework for intervention. Finally, we classify the modes of intervention along three dimensions and discuss how each strategy might be implemented in practice. This typology categorizes intervention strategies based on the processes targeted for change (network formation versus network effects), the types of nodes in the network (organizations versus individuals), and the level at which the intervention operates (macro versus micro). We provide scholars and practitioners a useful way to conceptualize where, why, and how network interventions might be deployed. Ultimately, to fulfill the potential of network scholarship in public administration, the field requires a framework for intervention approaches tailored to the relational and interdependent context of public problems.
The Role of Social Interaction in the Development of Higher-Order Thinking in Logo Environments

This paper reviews research examining the role of social processes as mediators of the effects of Logo computer programming on elementary-grade students’ higher-order thinking. Specifically, we examined the extent to which engagement in conflicts or disagreements during problem solving with Logo accounted for cognitive gains. In three separate studies, students were observed working in pairs in Logo and control (computer-assisted instruction) environments and behaviors reflecting conflict and its resolution were identified. After completion of the computer sessions, students were administered problem-solving posttests. Overall, results suggest that Logo facilitates conflict resolution and development of higher-order thinking. Furthermore, the enhancement of cognitive skills may be mediated by engagement in specific conflict resolution strategies that are engendered by the Logo environment. Specifically, the critical social process fostered by Logo may be the interpersonal coordination of divergent ideas. This research advances our understanding of the specific features of Logo computer environments that foster changes in higher-order thinking and extends existing theory by suggesting that specific types of interpersonal conflict resolution facilitate cognitive growth.
Some Observed Properties of 4He and Neon Submonolayers

A review is given of recent data obtained for the isosteric heat of adsorption and monolayer coverages from adsorption isotherm measurements of 4He and neon on bare sintered copper and on Grafoil and on these two substrates coated with a monolayer of argon. The data indicate that the argon-coated substrates are more uniform and more homogeneous than the corresponding bare materials. They also show that the isosteric heats of adsorption on the argon-coated materials are rather independent of the base material. A brief review is given of evidences for phase transitions provided by adsorption isotherms and it is shown that only on homogeneous materials such as graphite, Grafoil and alkalihalide crystals do such evidences appear. Data are also provided on the electrical and thermal conductivities at low temperatures of Grafoil.
Biological Activity of 5-Hydroxymethyluracil and Its Deoxynucleoside in Noninfected and Phageinfected Bacillus subtilis

Abstract 14C-hydroxymethyldeoxyuridine (dHMU) is specifically incorporated into the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of bacteriophage SP8. Incorporation experiments demonstrate that the initiation of phage SP8 DNA synthesis occurs between 12.5 to 15 min after infection. Incorporation into host DNA does not occur. 14C-dHMU can be used as an analytical tool for screening conditionally lethal phage mutants containing hydroxymethyluracil in their DNA to select those that are defective in DNA synthesis under restrictive conditions. The pyrimidine, 14C-hydroxymethyluracil (HMU), is not incorporated into bacterial or phage DNA. Neither HMU nor dHMU can replace thymine as a growth requirement for Bacillus subtilis 168 Ind− Thy−. HMU does not inhibit the utilization of thymine. Although dHMU inhibits deoxythymidine utilization, the inhibition is not competitive.
Olfactory Insights from Transcriptional Profiling

Identification of the > 10 000 genes expressed by olfactory sensory neurons reveals the biological processes and pathways active in these neurons. Expression profiling for odorant receptors, the largest mammalian gene family, confirms their expression by these neurons and is now being used to identify the odorant receptors that respond to an odorant ligand in vivo. Adult olfactory neurogenesis is molecularly similar to neurogenesis in embryonic brain. It involves changes in > 6000 mRNAs that support neuronal apoptosis, macrophage infiltration and maturation, progenitor cell proliferation, and four stages of neuronal differentiation.
Using Linear Programming in the Design and Analysis of Approximation Algorithms: Two Illustrative Problems

One of the foremost techniques in the design and analysis of approximation algorithms is to round the optimal solution to a linear programming relaxation in order to compute a near-optimal solution to the problem at hand. We shall survey recent work in this vein for two particular problems: the uncapacitated facility location problem and the problem of scheduling precedence-constrained jobs on one machine so as to minimize a weighted average of their completion times.
MacCrate Report: A Restatement of Legal Education - The Need for Reflection and Horse Sense

Legal education has evolved to meet changing needs and visions and has changed significantly over time. Its One issue has been the extent to which it should focus on the skills necessary for actual law practice. While there is general agreement on the substantive and the problem-solving aspects of legal education, the lawyering skills components for a variety of reasons, is less securely established and is still subject to debate. One academic tendency has been to denigrate the skills component as vocational - mere technical training as opposed to education that is intellectual and analytical. Other academics, along with the practicing bar and its institutions such as the American Bar Association, have felt that skills training not only belongs in law schools, but warrants greater emphasis. The ABA's recent MacCrate Report makes that argument. This essay reviews and assesses the MacCrate Report. The report is a comprehensive study of lawyers' educational and professional development needs. The report's general theme is that lawyers, especially beginning lawyers, are inadequately prepared to handle the necessary lawyering tasks and that they need more instruction in fundamental lawyering skills and professional values - primarily, although not exclusively, instruction in law schools by permanent full-time faculty. The report's vision of legal education is a law school with a strong focus on skills training, derived primarily from what practicing lawyers actually do. As this essay discusses, implementing the report's recommendations would raise several problems, have significant cost implications, and require critical educational tradeoffs.
Diel nitrogen fixation by cyanobacterial surface blooms in sanctuary lake, pennsylvania.

Diel nitrogen fixation studies were conducted with assemblages of cyanobacteria sampled from surface blooms on Sanctuary Lake, Pa. The studies were conducted between July and September of 1982 to 1985 by using the acetylene reduction technique. Assemblages with the lowest cell concentrations (0.9 × 109 to 1.0 × 109 cells per liter) exhibited nitrogen fixation activity throughout the day, with maximum fixation rates occurring in mid to late afternoon; fixation proceeded throughout the night at rates equivalent to 23 to 28% of the afternoon maximum. In studies conducted with the highest cell concentrations (3.7 × 109 to 6.7 × 109 cells per liter), fixation rates reached maximum values in mid to late morning. The rates declined rapidly throughout the midday period and subsequently ceased from late afternoon until sunrise on the following day. The afternoon decline and cessation of fixation exhibited by high cell concentrations correlated with photosynthetically induced low total CO2 and supersaturating O2 concentrations. The midday decline could be prevented and partially reversed by experimentally lowering O2 and increasing total CO2 concentrations. Under experimental conditions which simultaneously prevented supersaturating O2 concentrations and maintained high total CO2 availability, nitrogen fixation continued throughout the solar day, with maximum rates occurring at midday. These observations indicate that temporal changes in photosynthetic activity may affect diel fluctuations in nitrogen fixation.
Spectroscopy with Single Dish Radio Telescopes

This chapter is in three parts. The first presents the fundamental equations of level populations and radiative transfer which govern spectral line emission and absorption. Lines in the cm-wave band have similarities which allow us to simplify the equations. The further simplification of a two level system (a good approximation for H I gives the familiar formulae for the 21-cm line. The second part of the lesson deals with mapping, and the combination of single dish and interferometer data. We consider the effect of gridding single dish data using a convolving function. Mapping speeds and techniques are discussed. The third part discusses the spectral line cube and its moments. The use of the first moments to determine the dynamical structure of a disk is discussed.
Acute response to inhaled nitric oxide in newborns with respiratory failure and pulmonary hypertension.

Objective Systemic oxygenation is improved by inhaled nitric oxide therapy in some newborns with respiratory failure and pulmonary hypertension. Our results with inhaled nitric oxide were reviewed to determine factors associated with an acute improvement in systemic oxygenation. Methods Newborns with oxygenation indices of 25 to 40 were prospectively randomized to receive conventional therapy with or without 20 ppm inhaled nitric oxide. All newborns with oxygenation indices greater than 40 were treated with inhaled nitric oxide. Hemodynamic, blood gas, and Doppler ultrasound measurements were performed before and after 30 to 60 minutes of observation or therapy. The severity of lung disease was classified by the chest radiograph as: (1) normal or focal disease; (2) moderate diffuse disease-diffuse lung disease with well-defined heart borders; or (3) severe diffuse disease-diffuse lung opacification with indistinct heart borders. Results Heart rate, blood pressure, and ductal diameters did not change. Blood gases and ductal shunting acutely improved only in patients treated with inhaled nitric oxide. Patients with normal lung fields or focal disease had the greatest degree of improvement in systemic oxygenation. Changes in oxygenation were not influenced by gestational age, baseline blood gases, the proportion of right-to-left ductal shunting, prior treatment with a surfactant, or the use of conventional or high-frequency jet ventilation. Collectively, blood gases and ductal shunting did not improve with inhaled nitric oxide in patients with lung hypoplasia or severe diffuse lung disease. Sustained improvement in oxygenation occurred in 87% of patients with oxygenation indices greater than 40 in whom oxygenation indices less than 40 acutely developed after exposure to nitric oxide, whereas 90% of patients in whom oxygenation indices less than 40 did not acutely develop were treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or ultimately died. Conclusions Inhaled nitric oxide acutely improves systemic oxygenation in many newborns with respiratory failure and pulmonary hypertension. The diagnosis and chest radiograph are helpful in identifying patients who will have favorable acute responses to therapy. In patients with severe hypoxemia, the need for invasive support with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation may be determined by an acute trial of inhaled nitric oxide.
Framework to identify and evaluate the cause of conflicts within a Matrix organization in construction industry using fuzzy expert system

Construction industry is expanding by leaps and bounds, so are the sizes of organizations. Experts have focused on understanding and identifying a suitable organization structure that matches the needs of the construction industry. The need for a functional organization structure that is more flexible and can tackle the challenges of competitive industry led to adoption of Matrix Management. Considered as one of the ideal structures for effective control of decentralized units, it allows organizations to be more flexible and adaptive to trends. However, Matrix organizations have also been associated with attributes of ambiguity, confusion and inefficiency due to conflicts between various functional roles. The objective of this paper is to understand and identify the reasons of conflicts between various functional units within an organization. The proposed model attempts to identify the sources of conflict in early stages. It is a preliminary study that aims to develop a tool that aids top management in identifying potential conflict areas and supports in making critical decisions.
Nonlinear Shock Acceleration and Cosmic-Ray Production in Young Supernova Remnants

A number of young supernova remnants (SNRs) are now known to have nonthermal X-ray spectra. The steepness of the X-ray emission suggests that it is synchrotron from TeV electrons, and if this is the case, efficient shock acceleration is likely occurring in these objects. Here we use a model of nonlinear diffusive shock acceleration to fit the broad-band emission from SN1006, Tycho’s, and Kepler’s SNRs. Our fits confirm that all of these SNRs are producing TeV particles, but also show that the electron and ion spectra do not extend as a power law above a few TeV, well below the cosmic ray ‘knee’ at 1015 eV.
Z-ranking: using statistical analysis to counter the impact of static analysis approximations

This paper explores z-ranking, a technique to rank error reports emitted by static program checking analysis tools. Such tools often use approximate analysis schemes, leading to false error reports. These reports can easily render the error checker useless by hiding real errors amidst the false, and by potentially causing the tool to be discarded as irrelevant. Empirically, all tools that effectively find errors have false positive rates that can easily reach 30-100%. Z-ranking employs a simple statistical model to rank those error messages most likely to be true errors over those that are least likely. This paper demonstrates that z-ranking applies to a range of program checking problems and that it performs up to an order of magnitude better than randomized ranking. Further, it has transformed previously unusable analysis tools into effective program error finders.
Quantity vegetarian meal patterns

Production and service of quantity vegetarian meals requires skills that are used in most quantity food kitchens around the world. Menu planning with the vegetarian in mind requires the substitution of meat, fish, and poultry entrees with vegetable sources of protein. Variety of available alternatives is good in many locations; creativity in selecting alternatives contributes to excitement in meals and improved nutrition. Specific protein sources appropriate for quantity feeding include many ethnic foods as well as standard North American and Western European favorites that may require slight modifications. The computer plays a role in monitoring nutritional quality of menus served to customers. Other computer applications provide feedback for cost analysis and control of menu, inventory, and production planning. Research in production times of vegetarian entrees provides a basis for comparison of production times of menu items for cost analysis.
Five Years After A Nation at Risk: An Annotated Bibliography

More than five years have passed since A Nation at Risk was published in 1983 by then‐Secretary of Education Terrance Bell's National Commission on Excellence in Education. Those years have seen the publication of an enormous body of both primary material, composed of research reports, essays, and federal and state reform proposals and reports; and secondary material, composed of summaries and reviews of the original reform reports and reports about effective programs that are based on reform recommendations. This annotated bibliography seeks to identify, briefly describe, and organize in a useful manner those publications dealing with K‐12 education reform and improvement. The overall purposes of this article are to bring organization to that list, and also to trace relationships and influences from the federal initiatives to the states and professional associations, and from there to the school districts and individual schools.
Silicone polymer waveguide bridge for Si to glass optical fibers

Multimode step index polymer waveguides achieve high-speed, (<10 Gb/s) low bit-error-rates for onboard and embedded circuit applications. Using several multimode waveguides in parallel enables overall capacity to reach beyond 100 Gb/s, but the intrinsic bandwidth limitations due to intermodal dispersion limit the data transmission rates within multimode waveguides. Single mode waveguides, where intermodal dispersion is not present, have the potential to further improve data transmission rates. Single mode waveguide size is significantly less than their multimode counterparts allowing for greater density of channels leading to higher bandwidth capacity per layer. Challenges in implementation of embedded single mode waveguides within printed circuit boards involves mass production fabrication techniques to create precision dimensional waveguides, precision alignment tolerances necessary to launch a mode, and effective coupling between adjoining waveguides and devices. An emerging need in which single mode waveguides can be utilized is providing low loss fan out techniques and coupling between on-chip transceiver devices containing Si waveguide structures to traditional single mode optical fiber. A polymer waveguide bridge for Si to glass optical fibers can be implemented using silicone polymers at 1310 nm. Fabricated and measured prototype devices with modeling and simulation analysis are reported for a 12 member 1-D tapered PWG. Recommendations and designs are generated with performance factors such as numerical aperture and alignment tolerances.
A simple method for the detection of insoluble aggregates in protein formulations

Low levels of insoluble aggregates in protein formulations can sometimes only be detected by visual inspection. To overcome the subjectivity and other limitations associated with visual inspection, a microscopic technique based on filtration/staining was developed. This method is a simple modification of the microscopic method listed in USP for particulate matter analysis and it provides two major advantages over the original method. First, particles are easier to see because of the staining. Second, this method is specific to protein aggregates so that it avoids interferences from other nonproteinaceous particles. In addition, this method does not have any restrictions on the rheological or optical properties of the samples. This method can be a useful tool in protein formulation development as demonstrated by its application in the evaluation of monoclonal antibody formulations.
Computational prediction of condensed phase properties from statistical characterization of molecular surface electrostatic potentials

Macroscopic condensed phase properties that depend upon noncovalent interactions can be expressed analytically, to good accuracy, in terms of a small subset of a group of statistically-defined quantities that characterize molecular surface electrostatic potentials. The objectives are not only to develop predictive capabilities for the various properties, but as well to gain insight into the factors governing the interactions. The overall procedure is summarized conceptually in terms of a general interaction properties function (GIPF). The statistical analysis of surface potentials also provides an effective basis for designing and evaluating molecules having specific types of interactive behavior. An overview of the general approach is presented, and a number of examples of various applications are discussed.
Carrier illumination measurement of dopant lateral diffusion

Abstract This paper describes the application of the carrier illumination technique to non-destructively measure the lateral diffusion of implanted dopants after annealing. Experiments to validate the feasibility of this method employed test structures with a constant line width of 300 nm and varying undoped spaces of 100–5000 nm. The test patterns were implanted with a p-type dopant and annealed in a 3 × 3 matrix. For each implant condition, the measured lateral diffusion was found to increase with annealing temperature, as expected. More interestingly, the lateral diffusion was not observed to relate to the vertical diffusion by a fixed proportionality factor, as is usually assumed. The ratio of lateral to vertical diffusion varies with annealing temperature, with a trend that depends on the implant condition.
Decrease in specific activity of heart and muscle aldolase in old mice

Abstract 1. 1. Aldolase was purified from mouse heart and muscle cells by column chromatography. The enzyme from 3- and 30-month old mouse tissues was assayed under different temperature and pH conditions in order to determine the effect of these parameters on the activity of aldolase from the two age groups. 2. 2. The results showed that the specific activity of aldolase decreases as a function of mouse senescence. The specific activity of young mouse muscle aldolase is 1 1 2 times that of the enzyme from old mouse muscle. This trend was also observed with heart cell aldolase. 3. 3. These results indicate that the heart and muscle cells of old mice accumulate inactive molecules of aldolase.
Changes in the passive electrical properties of human stratum corneum due to electroporation.

The stratum corneum (SC) is the main barrier to molecular and ionic transport across mammalian skin and has been extensively studied by others at low voltages (Uskin(t) 40 V. In contrast, the dynamic resistance (describing passive electrical behavior in a nonlinear range) changes dramatically by application of pulses between 40 V and 80 V and then it settles at levels between 50 Ω and 100 Ω. We also found that recovery of the low voltage electrical parameters after pulsing depends mainly on the voltage, and, for multiple pulse protocols, on the number of pulses. For single pulses of Uskin,0 ≈ 90 V or less electrical recovery was almost complete, returning to within 0.90 of the pre-pulse value. In contrast, larger pulses result progressively in decreased recovery. The recovery for pulses > 90 V revealed several characteristic times, suggesting the involvement of different processes. For multiple pulses with Uskin,0 > 130 V almost no recovery of the transdermal resistance, Rskin, was evident (returning to < 0.10 for pre-pulse values), i.e., essentially permanent changes in the stratum corneum occurred. This is similar to that of single bilayer membrane electroporation, for which a transition from reversible to irreversible behavior occurs as transmembrane voltage is increased. Thus, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that ‘high-voltage’ pulses cause electroporation within the SC, i.e., that elevated transmembrane voltages result in creation of new aqueous pathways (‘pores’) across SC lipid regions.
Noninfectious Wound Complications in Clean Surgery: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Association with Antibiotic Use

Noninfectious wound complications are frequent and often are confused with and treated as infection. We assessed the epidemiology, impact, risk factors, and associations with antibiotic use of noninfectious wound complications in clean orthopedic and trauma surgery. We report a single-center, prospective, observational study in an orthopedic department. Among 1,073 adult patients, 630 (59%) revealed clinically relevant postoperative noninfectious wound complications, leading to a significant prolongation of hospital stay (14 vs. 12 days; Wilcoxon rank-sum test; p < 0.02) compared with patients without complications. The most frequent and severe complications were discharge with dehiscence (n = 437; 41%) and hematoma (n = 379; 35%). Forty-seven patients (47/630; 7%) underwent reoperation for dehiscence (n = 39) or hematoma (n = 8). These patients made up 4.3% of the entire study population (47/1,073). In multivariate analysis, an ASA score ≥2 points, age ≥ 60 years, surgery duration for ≥90 min, implant-related surgery, and poor compliance toward nurses’ recommendations were pronounced risk factors for these complications, whereas antibiotic-related parameters had no influence. Staple use was significantly associated with wound discharge but not with hematoma. Wound complications, such as dehiscence with discharge or hematoma after clean orthopedic and trauma surgery, are frequent with an overall incidence of 60%. Although they lead to few surgical reinterventions, they prolong hospital stay by 2 days. Few clinical parameters show association with wound complications. Among them, improvements of patient compliance and avoidance of staples use for skin closure are the most promising actions to decrease complication risk.
Selection of single chain antibody fragments against the gm-csf receptor

Abstract GM-CSF has an important role in the survival and function of cells of the myeloid lineage. The alpha subunit of the GM-CSF receptor (GMR) is expressed on over 95% of AML blasts. This leads to the possibility that GMR can be exploited as a target for leukemia therapy. Our goal is to determine if variable region fragments of monoclonal antibodies against GMR can be be developed as a minimally toxic treatment for patients with AML. The single chain variable region (scFv) cDNAs of four of these unique monoclonal antibodies to GMR have been cloned and inserted into a vector for production in bacteria. Sequence analysis shows similarity in the heavy chain sequence of the monoclonals from the same mouse and a very different heavy chain from the other mouse. The light chain sequences were similar to each other but not derived from the light chain found in the NS1 cells used to made the hybridoma lines. The four unique scFvs and a negative control scFv were expressed as bacteriophage surface gene 3 fusion proteins. Western blot analysis of input phage showed that each scFv phage was made and adequately represented in the mix. The mixture was used to pan cells expressing transfected GMR by three rounds of binding, washing to remove poorly bound scFv phage, elution, and expansion of selectively bound phage. Wild type untransfected cells were used as negative controls. The anti-GMR scFv with the highest affinity was selected.
Polyethism in workers of Nasutitermes costalis (Holmgren)

A field study of colonies ofNasutitermes costalis in a montane rain forest in Puerto Rico indicated that third stage large workers returned much more readily to nest surfaces to make repairs following a breaching disturbance than other worker types. Where no recent disturbance had been (or was an hour past) small workers, constituting (presumably) only about 24% of all workers in a nest, composed over 46% of the workers collected at the construction site. These findings are evidence of polyethism within theN. costalis worker caste.
The Use of a Manual Vibrator in the Speech Therapy Program of Four School-Age Mentally Retarded Children.

Abstract This article discusses the use of a manual vibrator to supplement the traditional speech therapy program for four mentally retarded six- and seven-year old children attending a special education class. The vibrator was applied to the masseter muscle and around the upper and lower lips. Vibrator stimulation with speech therapy techniques led to an increase in control and mobility of the lips and tongue tip, a decrease in drooling, and improvement in articulation.
Auxilary-Subunitdependent Modulation of SLO1 BK Channels that Underlies the Hypotensive Effectof Fish Oil

Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids are thought to offer many health-promoting effects but their molecular effectors are only beginning to be elucidated. Slo1 BK channel complexes are subject to modulation by select omega-3 fatty acids in an auxiliary subunit-dependent manner. In predominantly vascular Slo1+β1 and largely neuronal Slo1+β4 complexes, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty with a 22-carbon chain, reversibly increases ionic currents up to ∼20 fold by accelerating the opening transition of the ion conduction pathway in the absence of the allosteric influences of the voltage and Ca2+ sensors. The action of DHA is strikingly smaller in Slo1+ β2 (without inactivation) and in Slo1 alone, and DHA even decreases currents through Slo1+β1 (LRRC26). The stimulatory effect of DHA on Slo1+ β1 and Slo1+ β4 critically depends on two potentially interacting residues in each N terminus. The mutagenesis based on DHA-sensitive and -insensitive Slo1 channels reveals the importance of a residue in the S6 segment. The consequence of the DHA interaction with the channel involving this S6 residue is greatly amplified by the presence of β1 or β4. The β1 subunit-dependent effect of DHA underlies the blood-pressure lowering effect of the fatty acid acutely injected into anesthetized mice, and the hypotensive effect is absent in Slo1 knockout mice.
Water Absorption by Secondary Organic Aerosol and Its Effect on Inorganic Aerosol Behavior

The hygroscopic nature of atmospheric aerosol has generally been associated with its inorganic fraction. In this study, a group contribution method is used to predict the water absorption of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Compared against growth measurements of mixed inorganic−organic particles, this method appears to provide a first-order approximation in predicting SOA water absorption. The growth of common SOA species is predicted to be significantly less than common atmospheric inorganic salts such as (NH4)2SO4 and NaCl. Using this group contribution method as a tool in predicting SOA water absorption, an integrated modeling approach is developed combining available SOA and inorganic aerosol models to predict overall aerosol behavior. The effect of SOA on water absorption and nitrate partitioning between the gas and aerosol phases is determined. On average, it appears that SOA accounts for approximately 7% of total aerosol water and increases aerosol nitrate concentrations by approximately 10%. At h...
100 years of Drosophila research and its impact on vertebrate neuroscience: a history lesson for the future

Studies in fruit flies have greatly aided our understanding of the nervous system. Bellen and colleagues take us through the key findings in the last century. They argue that thanks to the unmatched wealth of tools that can be used inDrosophila melanogaster, research in flies will continue to contribute to many aspects of vertebrate neuroscience. Discoveries in fruit flies have greatly contributed to our understanding of neuroscience. The use of an unparalleled wealth of tools, many of which originated between 1910–1960, has enabled milestone discoveries in nervous system development and function. Such findings have triggered and guided many research efforts in vertebrate neuroscience. After 100 years, fruit flies continue to be the choice model system for many neuroscientists. The combinational use of powerful research tools will ensure that this model organism will continue to lead to key discoveries that will impact vertebrate neuroscience.
Finite element analysis of the magnetic tape slitting process

Abstract The quality of factory-slit tape edges plays an important role in determining the performance of tape drives and is a controlling factor for data track density. A theoretical study of the slitting process and parameters involved could assist greatly in the optimization of the process and development of better quality slit edges. Various finite element studies exist in the area of sheet metal blanking and cutting but a similar study in the area of polymer slitting is lacking. In this study, the slitting process of the tape substrate is modeled using the finite element method and the effect of various blade and web parameters on the quality of the edge is analyzed. The material of a typical substrate has been accurately modeled and a failure criterion incorporated to model the material separation. A criterion for goodness of the edge is proposed. Parametric study of the effect of blade and web parameters has been conducted. Horizontal clearance, blade angle, edge radius and tape thickness are varied and their effect on edge quality is analyzed. Edge profiles are generated for different values of the critical damage value using the failure criterion. Finally, two pairs of blades are modeled separated by a tape width and it is shown that the stress distributions at the two edges of the tape are different.
A Practitioner’s Guide to Prescribing Levetiracetam for Adults with Intellectual Disabilities

We developed this levetiracetam guideline using drug prescribing ­information and reviewing the available literature on relevant neuropsychiatric disorders in populations without intellectual disabilities because of the dearth of available literature on the population with intellectual disabilities. This guideline includes indications, contraindications, assessments prior to and during treatment, dosing with particular focus on dosing modifications required by drug–drug interactions or personal characteristics, and adverse drug reactions. The procedures contained in this guideline may not fully account for all of the possible risks of treatment in this population because of the limited studies available; thus, there will be a need to periodically update this guideline as new information becomes available. Nevertheless, we believe that this guideline provides a useful resource for clinicians who treat epilepsy in adult individuals with intellectual disabilities. A levetiracetam drug utilization review that summarizes this guideline is described.
Hydrodynamic interactions between two equal spheres in a highly rarefied gas

This paper describes hydrodynamic interactions between two spherical particles having equal radii, a, and translating with velocities U1 and U2 in a highly rarefied gas. The center-to-center distance between the two spheres is aχ. The gas is at rest far from the two particles. The spheres move with speeds that are much smaller than the mean thermal speed of the gas molecules so that the Mach number, M≡max(U1,U2)/c, characterizing the deviation from equilibrium is much less than one. Here c is the mean thermal speed of the gas molecules. Gas molecules are assumed to be diffusively reflected from the particle surfaces. Our analysis is confined to the case where the particle Knudsen number is very large, i.e., Kno≡λo/a→∞, λo being the mean free path of the gas far from the two particles. We first study the free-molecular drag on the two sphere configuration for arbitrary translations of the spheres. For small Mach number, the general time-dependent, nonlinear problem may be approximated by a quasisteady, linear problem in which the spheres are held fixed and molecules reflected from each sphere have a modified Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of velocities. A standard integral equation formulation based on flux balances at the particle surfaces is then employed to calculate the drag force acting on the spheres. The results obtained can be used as leading estimates for the forces acting on the spheres when Kno≫1 and 2⩽χ≪Kno. We then consider the case where the flow in the vicinity of each sphere is nearly free-molecular, but the flow in the O(aχ) space between the spheres is nearly continuum in nature. In this limit, the flow in the gap between the spheres is studied using the method of reflections. This approach can be used for arbitrary Kno provided Kno≪χ≪Kno M−1. The leading correction to the drag force due to the hydrodynamic interactions between the spheres when Kno≫1 is obtained. In all cases studied, the temperature of the two spheres is assumed to be the same as that of the surrounding gas.
Hormonal Control of Cell Proliferation and Xylem Differentiation in Cultured Tissues of Glycine max var. Biloxi

The relationship between tracheary element differentiation, cell proliferation and growth hormones was examined in agar-grown soybean callus. The time course of cell division and tracheary element formation in tissues grown on a medium containing 5 × 10−7m kinetin and 10−5m NAA was determined by means of maceration technique. After a slight lag period, a logarithmic increase in cell number was observed through the twelfth day of the culture period. Cell numbers increased at a considerably slower rate after the twelfth day. The rate of tracheary element formation varied with the rate of cell proliferation. Tracheary elements increased logarithmically during the log phase of growth. As the rate of cell division decreased after the twelfth day of culture, the rate of tracheary element formation also decreased. In the presence of 10−5m NAA, cell number increased as the kinetin concentration was increased between 10−9 and 10−6m. However, tracheary element formation was not initiated unless the kinetin concentration was 5 × 10−8m or above. When the Biloxi callus was subcultured repeatedly on media containing 10−8m kinetin, a tracheary element-free population of cells was obtained. This undifferentiated tissue produced tracheary elements upon transfer to a medium containing 5 × 10−7m kinetin. In the presence of 5 × 10−7m kinetin, NAA stimulated cell proliferation between 10−7 and 10−5m, but no tracheary elements were formed without auxin, or with 10−7m NAA. Neither NAA nor kinetin at any concentration tested stimulated tracheary element formation in the absence of an effective level of the other hormone. However, 2,4-D at 10−7 or 10−6m promoted both cell proliferation and tracheary element differentiation in the absence of an exogenous cytokinin.
Quantitative estimation of steric effects. Part II. Substituent constants and steric contributions to the chemical shifts of methyl group protons in ring chlorinated methylbenzenes

Abstract Proton magnetic resonance spectra were systematically analyzed for H27 methylbenzenes and corresponding ring iodinated derivatives based on toluene, o-, m- , and p -xylenes, mesitylene, durene, pentamethylbenzene, and hexamethylbenzene. Typical changes in the chemical shift of methyl group protons attributable to the presence of ortho, meta , and para iodine atoms and methyl groups were calculated. Unusually large low field shifts occurred in sterically crowded molecules. In ring periodinated compounds, proton magnetic resonance signals of methyl group protons occurred at lower fields up to 0.94 ppm relative to a predicted position, one of the largest steric shifts yet reported. A table is presented summarizing the generally useful substituent constant data obtained from examination of H59 methylbenzenes and ring halogenated derivatives.
Why Dickson Left Quadratic Reciprocity Out of His History of the Theory of Numbers

In a 1993 letter to the Notices of the American Mathematical Society, Irving Kaplansky called attention to an astonishing omission in the history of mathematics [27]. "Everybody knows," Kaplansky asserted, "that Dickson's History of the Theory of Numbers covers all of number theory up to about 1918. Right?" "Wrong," he answered solidly, "[t]ry looking up quadratic reciprocity." Kaplansky is right. Leonard Eugene Dickson's monumental compendium of the history of number theory excludes the history of quadratic reciprocity, the "crown jewel of elementary number theory" [27]. Why? Why did Dickson leave this celebrated number theoretic result out of his History? Kaplansky offers a brief explanation: "he farmed it out to a student" [27]. Again, Kaplansky is right, on some level at least. In this paper, we offer further insight into this perplexing omission. In the process, we reveal an entirely new perspective on Dickson and unfold yet another example in the history of mathematics where extra-mathematical factors contribute to the development of mathematics. The history of Dickson's History actually begins in the last decade of the nineteenth century. While Dickson pursued a Ph.D. at the young Chicago from 1894 to 1896, the then group-theoretically minded E. H. Moore inspired him to write a thesis on (what we would call) permutation groups [15]. Although group theory would remain among Dickson's research interests throughout his career, he would add finite field theory, invariant theory, the theory of algebras, and number theory to his repertoire of research interests. In the spring of 1900, just a few months past his twenty-sixth birthday, the Chicago Mathematics Department invited Dickson to join them as an assistant professor. From this position, Dickson made significant contributions to the consolidation and growth of the algebraic tradition in America [23]. Specifically, Dickson spent forty years (all but the first two) of his professional career on the faculty at Chicago where he directed 67 Ph.D. students, wrote 18 books and roughly 300 manuscripts, served as editor of the American Mathematical Monthly and the Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, and guided the American Mathematical Society as its President from 1916 to 1918 [3]. Yet, this mathematical workhorse, who played billiards and bridge by day and did mathematics from 8:30 to 1:30 a.m. every night [1, 377], interrupted his thriving pure mathematical career for nearly a decade to write a three-volume, 1500 page historical account of the theory of numbers. As he explained it himself, he undertook this project because "it fitted with my conviction that every person should aim to perform at some time in his life some serious useful work for which