cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Contribution of Surface Tension-Dependent Alveolar Septal Stress Concentrations to Ventilation-Induced Lung Injury in the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

In the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), surface tension, T, is likely elevated. And mechanical ventilation of ARDS patients causes ventilation-induced lung injury (VILI), which is believed to be proportional to T. However, the mechanisms through which elevated T may contribute to VILI have been under-studied. This conceptual analysis considers experimental and theoretical evidence for static and dynamic mechanical mechanisms, at the alveolar scale, through which elevated T exacerbates VILI; potential causes of elevated T in ARDS; and T-dependent means of reducing VILI. In the last section, possible means of reducing T and improving the efficacy of recruitment maneuvers during mechanical ventilation of ARDS patients are discussed.
Containment and Mitigation Measures of COVID-19-A Scoping Review

The epidemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) in China and a number of countries had led to the Covid-19 pandemic declaration by WHO. The aim of this study is to assess the evidence and to report the effectiveness of Covid-19 containment and mitigation measures among the affected countries. A comprehensive search strategy was performed using the MESH terms of “Novel coronavirus,” “Novel coronavirus 2019”, “2019 nCoV”, “Covid-19”, “Wuhan coronavirus”, “SARS-CoV-2”, “Containment”, “Mitigation” and “Control”. After completion of the initial screening, 922 articles were excluded for the following reasons: the article did not meet the inclusion criteria (N = 862), the article was a duplicate (N = 60). The remaining 72 articles were screened at the full-text level. After full review for relevancy, 41 articles were excluded and a total of 31 articles were selected for scoping review. The two most successful countries that managed to control this pandemic were Hong Kong and South Korea. While, the United States of America (USA) and Brazil are the countries yet unable to significantly reduce the Covid-19 cases. The aggressiveness of government efforts and the compliance among the population are the main factors contributing to the effectiveness of the containment and mitigation measures implemented.
Evaluation of Project Development Process at State Transportation Agencies

In the United States, transportation agencies across the country are increasingly challenged to deliver projects with greater speed and efficiency. This study evaluated the comprehensiveness of the...
H\"older regularity of the nonlinear stochastic time-fractional slow and fast diffusion equations on $\mathbb{R}^d$

In this paper, we use local fraction derivative to show the Holder continuity of the solution to the following nonlinear time-fractional slow and fast diffusion equation: $$\left(\partial^\beta+\frac{\nu}{2}(-\Delta)^{\alpha/2}\right)u(t,x) = I_t^\gamma\left[\sigma\left(u(t,x)\right)\dot{W}(t,x)\right],\quad t>0,\: x\in\mathbb{R}^d,$$ where $\dot{W}$ is the space-time white noise, $\alpha\in(0,2]$, $\beta\in(0,2)$, $\gamma\ge 0$ and $\nu>0$, under the condition that $2(\beta+\gamma)-1-d\beta/\alpha>0$. The case when $\beta+\gamma\le 1$ has been obtained in \cite{ChHuNu19}. In this paper, we have removed this extra condition, which in particular includes all cases for $\beta\in(0,2)$.
Minimally invasive management of retained products of conception and the adherent placenta.

Purpose of review Retained products of conception (POC) may occur independently or as a consequence of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS). Managing these conditions depends on the clinical scenario, and in some cases, can involve the use of minimally invasive techniques. This review presents the role of hysteroscopy and laparoscopy in the treatment of retained POC and the adherent placenta. Recent findings Hysteroscopic resection of retained POC is reported to have favorable outcomes compared to blind dilation and curettage, including higher success rates and a lower risk of intrauterine adhesion formation. Hysteroscopic and laparoscopic techniques for managing PAS are limited to select cases where uterine preservation is desired, or a laparoscopic gravid or postpartum delayed hysterectomy is feasible. Data on these methods are limited to case reports. Summary A hysteroscopic approach is preferred over dilation and curettage for retained POC. Minimally invasive surgery may have a role in unique cases of PAS.
Applying theory to overcome internal barriers for healthy behavior change in adults with intellectual disabilities.

Adults with disabilities are 57% less physically active than individuals without disabilities and two times as likely to be obese. With obesity, adults with disabilities also face increased risk of...
Multi-factor association dependence modelling for project risk analysis

This article presents an analytic (non-simulation) dependence model for quantitative project risk analysis. The multi-factor association model (MFAM) accounts for multiple association factors in typical project settings and provides a closed-form solution to a complete and mathematically consistent correlation matrix. Given standardized, ubiquitous project plans (e.g., work breakdown structure, resource allocation, or risk register), the MFAM establishes a hierarchical tree of association factors, which is subsequently encoded into an analytic model for quantitative risk analysis. In this article, we present the MFAM programmed in Microsoft Excel and demonstrate the computational efficiency of the MFAM using two alternative schedules with distinct resource utilizations. With the enhanced robustness in dealing with multiple risk factors in a project and the computational efficiency from the non-simulation second-moment approach, the MFAM offers additional flexibility for and scalability to large-scale project risk analysis problems. The modelling procedures and solutions presented in this article highlight three potentials of the MFAM as a robust quantitative risk analysis tool. • The MFAM can be fully programmed in Microsoft Excel using only basic cell functions. • Under mild assumptions, the MFAM provides reliable risk estimates comparable to Monte Carlo simulation. • The MFAM is scalable to high-dimensional risk problems (i.e., with multi-thousands or more) with an affordable computational burden.
Why Do Foreign PhD Students Return Home

Amid concerns about a “brain drain” from less-developed to developed economies, one issue that arises is the role of doctoral students from these countries enrolling in universities in developed economies and then staying (as opposed to returning and bringing their enhanced human capital home). Developed economies may also be concerned with their young scholars remaining abroad post-PhD. Examining confidential micro-data from the National Science Foundation’s Survey of Earned Doctorates from 2001-2016, this paper explores the determinants of the return decision, based on a sample of more than 100,000. There is clear support for the view that new PhDs with large amounts of graduate student debt and limited family resources are more likely to return home. Financial considerations seem especially important in the return decision facing students from developing countries not graduating from the most elite US institutions.
Safety and Tolerability of APOE Genotyping and Disclosure in Cognitively Normal Volunteers From the Butler Alzheimer's Prevention Registry.

Aims:Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a gradually progressive neurodegenerative disease that ultimately results in total loss of cognitive and functional independence in older adults. This study aimed t...
Evaluation of Two Fractal Methods for Magnetogram Image Analysis

Fractal and multifractal techniques have been applied to various types of solar data to study the fractal properties of sunspots as well as the distribution of photospheric magnetic fields and the role of random motions on the solar surface in this distribution. Other research includes the investigation of changes in the fractal dimension as an indicator for solar flares. Here we evaluate the efficacy of two methods for determining the fractal dimension of an image data set: the Differential Box Counting scheme and a new method, the Jaenisch scheme. To determine the sensitivity of the techniques to changes in image complexity, various types of constructed images are analyzed. In addition, we apply this method to solar magnetogram data from Marshall Space Flight Centers vector magnetograph.
A STUDY OF STORAGE, CHILD BEHAVIORAL TRAITS, AND MOTHER'S KNOWLEDGE OF TOXICOLOGY IN 52 POISONED FAMILIES AND 52 COMPARISON FAMILIES

Like the paper that immediately precedes it, the following paper casts serious doubts on widely used countermeasures against poisoning--the safe storage of toxic products and the education of parents as to the toxicity of products commonly used in the home. The significant variable in childhood poisonings, according to these investigators, is the characteristic behavior of the child. Like many other studies of the same general type, however, the present one raises two questions, one having to do with the methodology, the other with the implications of the findings. In retrospective studies which rely on recollections or other subjective reports by an interested party, one must always suspect that the event being studied (in this case a poisoning incident) may very well have distorted the subjective report. Is the mother of a child who has recently been hospitalized for poisoning more likely to report that her child "is always getting into everything" than the mother who has not experienced the same sort of event? The use of a control group, no matter how carefully selected, offers no protection against such distortion. The only satisfactory solution is to rely on objective records made before the event (and these are usually difficult to obtain) or to make the study a longitudinal one (which is especially difficult in accident research because accidents occur infrequently). Any study that relates accidental injury to the personal characteristics of the victim raises more questions than it answers with respect to the development of effective countermeasures. Should efforts be directed toward changing the child's behavior pattern--by working with the child or with his mother or both? Or, once the child's behavior pattern is identified, should efforts be made to protect his environment by educating the parent about toxicity or by safeguarding toxic products, or both? At present these questions remain unanswered. Language: en
On Thickening Ice

The large ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica play an important role in global climate. Much attention has focused on the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. In his Perspective, [Alley][1] highlights the report by [ Joughin et al .][2], who show that in the region of the West Antarctic drainage into the Ross Sea, on average, the ice sheet is thickening slowly. Earlier studies indicated a net thinning in this region. The results may indicate the stabilization or readvance of the ice sheet, but the system is complex and existing data are insufficient to identify a trend. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/295/5554/451 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/295/5554/476
Tropomyosin Isoforms in Nonmuscle Cells

abstract Vertebrate nonmuscle cells, such as human and rat fibroblasts,express multiple isoforms of tropomyosin, which are generated from four different genes and a combination of alternative promoter activities and alternative splicing. The amino acid variability among these isoforms is primarily restricted to three alternatively spliced exon regions; an amino-terminal region, an internal exon, and a carboxyl-terminal exon. Recent evidence reveals that these variable exon regions encode amino acid sequences that may dictate isoform-specific functions. The differential expression of tropomyosin isoforms found in cell transformation and cell differentiation, as well as the differential localization of tropomyosin isoforms in some types of culture cells and developing neurons suggest a differential isoform function in vivo .Tropomyosin in striated muscle works together with the troponin complex to regulate muscle contraction in a Ca 2+ -dependent fashion. Both in vitro and in vivo evidence suggest that multiple isoforms of tropomyosin in nonmuscle cells may be required for regulating actin filament stability,intracellular granule movement, cell shape determination, and cytokinesis.Tropomyosin-binding proteins such as caldesmon, tropomodulin, and other unidentified proteins may be required for some of these functions. Strong evidence for the distinct functions carried out by different tropomyosin isoforms has been generated from genetic analysis of yeast and Drosophila tropomyosin mutants.
Europe’s Common Foreign and Security Policy

Outlines the institutions which form and implement the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the European Union (EU CFSP) and the instruments those institutions apply to implement the EU CFSP. Examines the history of the EU CFSP. Compares the current conflict in Syria to the past failure of the EU to manage a similar conflict in Yugoslavia. Argues that while the EU may contribute to the peaceful transition of power in Syria as mediator between the U.S. and Russia and/or between Assad and Rebels, that it is much likelier that paralyis, incapacity, and disintegration of the failing state are likelier outcomes. No matter how well considered the EU CFSP institutions and instruments are they are consensus oriented and to present there is no decisive coherent will sufficiently powerful to propose and broker a viable solution to the crisis in Syria. The death of Syria is bad for business - and worse for peace and human rights. Realistically, the E.U. does have soft-power mechanisms. Hopefully in concert with E.U. trading partners a better solution than the long agony will be found.
NSF project highlights: policy made public: technologies of deliberation and representation in rebuilding lower Manhattan

New digital technologies have figured critically in the process of deciding the future of Lower Manhattan after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack. Digital technologies have not only supplied the infrastructure for soliciting public input into planning decisions, but have opened new channels of communication between citizens, designers, advocacy groups, and decision-makers. Our research combines multiple lines of investigation to assess whether and how these new technologies are restructuring the landscape of civic participation. In these highlights, we report on only one line of ongoing investigation and focus on one set of findings.
Speed of Light in Gravitational Fields

A spherically symmetric and static metric that describes physical coordinates is introduced. It is defined to be a metric that gives coordinate independent results for physically observable quantities without a further coordinate transformation. The suggested metric also makes a prediction for the second order gravitational red shift effect that can be utilized for a precision experimental test in the future. A possible new experimental test would be provided by a modern Michelson Morley experiment on the earth with the two arms in vertical and horizontal directions to see the validity of isotropy or anisotropy for the speed of light. The possibility of using pulsars and GPS (Global Positioning System) for a general relativity test is discussed.
Everywear: The quantified self and wearable fitness technologies

What does it mean to wear a routine? This article explores a number of implications for the engagement of wearable fitness technology in everyday life. It straddles both a critical hermeneutic that explores the institutional prescription of wearable technology to combat the so-called “obesity epidemic” in American society, as well as a more phenomenological and experiential analysis that argues these data-driven technologies actually produce a qualitative re-engagement with social relationships. Expanding and enriching Adam Greenfield’s concept of “everyware” to describe ubiquitous technologies, this article develops the sub-variant “everywear” as a way to understand the increasing prevalence of technologies that are worn or in some way tethered to the body. Ultimately, it argues that studies of technology in everyday life must attend to a multiplicity of complex individual and institutional values and engagements. Furthermore, it suggests quantitative and qualitative modes of being operate dialectically ...
Risk Expectation Management for Building Secure Information Systems

This paper describes the process of building Information Systems that integrate security mechanisms to protect from unauthorized access and mistreatment Risk expectation management for information systems is associated with security requirements-policy-architecture-risk analysis and synthesis. Cognizance of threat is the most important part of developing secure information systems. The paper organizes the complexity of information security principles into a structured approach intended to minimize the expected security risk. An example is presented in the appendix.
Identification of potential target genes for Adr1p through characterization of essential nucleotides in UAS1.

Abstract Adr1p is a regulatory protein in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that binds to and activates transcription from two sites in a perfect 22-bp inverted repeat, UAS1, in the ADH2 promoter. Binding requires two C2H2 zinc fingers and a region amino terminal to the fingers. The importance for DNA binding of each position within UAS1 was deduced from two types of assays. Both methods led to an identical consensus sequence containing only four essential base pairs: GG(A/G)G. The preferred sequence, TTGG(A/G)GA, is found in both halves of the inverted repeat. The region of Adr1p amino terminal to the fingers is important for phosphate contacts in the central region of UAS1. However, no base-specific contacts in this portion of UAS1 are important for DNA binding or for ADR1-dependent transcription in vivo. When the central 6 bp were deleted, only a single monomer of Adr1p was able to bind in vitro and activation in vivo was severely reduced. On the basis of these results and previous knowledge about the DNA binding site requirements, including constraints on the spacing and orientation of sites that affect activation in vivo, a consensus binding site for Adr1p was derived. By using this consensus site, potential Adr1p binding sites were located in the promoters of genes known to show ADR1-dependent expression. In addition, this consensus allowed the identification of new potential target genes for Adr1p.
Laparoscopy in gastrointestinal emergency

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopy is an established component of modern visceral surgery. To one extent or another, it is used for operations on virtually all abdominal organs, depending on the specialization and expertise of the respective department. In spite of its extensive use, there are no clear guidelines for the application of laparoscopy in acute situations. The reports in the literature do not at present suffice for the formulation of such guidelines. METHODS: This survey covers the role of laparoscopy in seven different types of emergency abdominal surgery. We carefully evaluated the relevant literature on the use of laparoscopy in emergency abdominal surgery. RESULTS: Many relevant works are case reports or uncontrolled series that are only concerned with feasibility. Further, comparative studies often have poor selection criteria and so cannot provide a reliable answer to the question as to whether laparoscopic technique should be used in gastrointestinal emergencies. Our experience shows that laparoscopy is also suitable for acute abdominal situations. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopy can be successfully applied for all seven indications considered here. Patient safety and efficacy depend on the experience and manual dexterity of the laparoscopic surgeon. It should be borne in mind that in emergency settings, it is important to recognize in time the need to convert to open surgery
Early-Lethal Costello Syndrome Due to Rare HRAS Tandem Base Substitution (c.35_36GC>AA; p.G12E)–Associated Pulmonary Vascular Disease:

Costello syndrome is a rare, autosomal-dominant syndrome caused by activating missense mutations in the Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (HRAS), most often p.G12S. Several rare mutations have consistently been associated with a more severe phenotype that is often lethal in infancy. Cause of death is most often respiratory failure, with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy playing a significant role in morbidity. Impaired fibroblast elastogenesis is thought to contribute to the Costello phenotype, but reports of histologic evidence of disordered elastogenesis at autopsy are limited. We report a patient with Costello syndrome due to a rare tandem base substitution (c.35_36GC>AA) resulting in the p.G12E missense change. The proband died at the age of 3 months from respiratory failure, with minimal evidence of cardiomyopathy. The autopsy disclosed pulmonary vascular dysplasia affecting small arteries and veins associated with abnormal elastin distribution in tortuous dilated arteries and veins, with nonuniform wall thickness and semiobstructive lesions at artery branch points typical of early pulmonary hypertensive vascular disease. Elastic fibers in the dermis were abnormally short and fragmented. This case suggests that disordered elastogenesis in the pulmonary vasculature and undiagnosed (or underdiagnosed) pulmonary hypertension may contribute to morbidity in patients with Costello syndrome.
Photodetachment spectra of H- in parallel electric and magnetic fields.

Simple analytic formulas are presented for the photodetachment cross section of ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ in the presence of parallel electric and magnetic fields. A rich array of photodetachment spectra are displayed that illustrate the strong dependence of the cross section on the polarization of the photons and on the electric and magnetic fields.
The "skinny aorta".

This article reviews the imaging findings of focal narrowing of the descending thoracic and/or abdominal aorta and stresses the clinical manifestations that may help differentiate specific entities. Various entities including coarctation of the aorta, Takayasu's arteritis, neurofibromatosis, radiation therapy, and infantile hemangioendothelioma are discussed and key differential points are emphasized.
MITRAL PARAVALVULAR LEAK: DESCRIPTION AND ASSESSMENT OF A NOVEL ANATOMICAL METHOD OF LOCALIZATION

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and fluoroscopy provide visualization of a mitral prosthesis from different orientations. Accurate localization and communication between the echocardiographer and interventionalist is key to successful percutaneous closure of paravalvular mitral leaks. In this
Subjective career success: The influence of individual difference, family, and organizational variables.

Abstract This study examines the extent to which individual difference, family, and organizational variables influence subjective career success. Data from 424 faculty members at two research institutions show significant support for the model. Controlling for rank and tenure, the independent variables of self-esteem, sense of competence, multiple role stress, resource availability, and networking were all found to contribute significantly to the feelings of career success. Discussion focuses on the implications of these findings for faculty and university administrators, as well as for future research on subjective career success.
Techniques for isolation and characterization of apical organelles from Eimeria tenella sporozoites.

Apical organelles contain molecules that are of critical importance for the interaction of all apicomplexan parasites with their target host cells. Thus, there is considerable interest in characterizing and understanding the function of molecules that reside in these organelles. Large numbers of surface-sterilized oocysts of Eimeria tenella, an apicomplexan coccidian of the chicken, can be routinely obtained from the animal host, and invasive sporozoites, which contain abundant apical organelles, can be rapidly prepared from these oocysts in the laboratory. Thus, E. tenella is proving to be an amenable parasite for subcellular fractionation techniques that allow the direct isolation and characterization of apical organelles. In this paper, a series of protocols is described for the large-scale culture of E. tenella parasites, the preparation of invasive sporozoites, the isolation of apical organelles, and the use of in vitro culture for localization and functional studies.
Auger, zero-energy photoelectron, coincidence spectroscopy: Chemical-site-selective Auger electron spectroscopy

Abstract The Auger electron spectrum associated with decay of a core-hole on the terminal nitrogen and that associated with the central nitrogen of nitrous oxide, N2O, are obtained individually through the use of a coincidence technique. Specifically, each of the two Auger electron spectra is obtained by detection of Auger electrons in coincidence with near zero energy (threshold) photoelectrons at the respective ionization thresholds. These zero energy electrons serve to identify the core-ionization continuum associated with the different Auger electrons. The salient features of the experimental spectra are in good agreement with theoretical calculations. The low counting rate generally associated with coincidence experiments, especially in the gas phase, is not encountered because the low energy electrons are collected over a 4π solid angle. Also, velocity discrimination is accomplished by a spatial filter rather than by time-of-flight to utilize the maximum duty cycle of the synchrotron source. These data are believed to be the first examples of chemical-site-selective molecular Auger spectra.
The Effect of Active Learning Methods on Student Retention in Engineering Statistics

Abstract An experiment was carried out to investigate the long-term effects of active learning methods on student retention in an introductory engineering statistics class. Two classes of students participated in the study—one class was taught using traditional lecture-based learning, and the other class stressed group projects and cooperative learning-based methods. Retention was measured by examining the students immediately after the course finished, and then again eight months later. The findings suggest that active learning can help to increase retention for students with average or below average scores. Graphical displays of the data, along with standard statistical analyses, help explain the observed difference in retention between students in the two different learning environments.
Origin of quartz clusters in Vinalhaven granite and porphyry, coastal Maine

We use the crystallographic orientations of quartz crystals, as determined with EBSD, to provide new evidence for the formation of clustered quartz crystals during magma crystallization. Vinalhaven is dominated by granite, with minor porphyry that formed when granite remelted during input of coeval basalt. CL zoning suggests that most quartz clusters in granite and porphyry formed by synneusis, the “swimming together” of preformed crystals. In granite, most quartz pairs in clusters have random orientations—only about 10% have parallel or Esterel twin orientations. Porphyry has fewer quartz clusters, and all pairs have approximately parallel or Esterel twin orientations. CL zoning of quartz pairs in porphyry indicates that they attached prior to a major remelting event. Interpretation of the Vinalhaven quartz clusters leads us to propose that oriented synneusis occurs during crystal accumulation on a magma chamber floor. During hindered settling, some quartz crystals should have come into contact along their dipyramidal faces. Once in contact, continued settling and loss of interstitial melt may have rotated some quartz crystals such that lattices on their dipyramidal faces matched—producing parallel and Esterel twin orientations and creating strong bonds between pairs. Only a small proportion of pairs with matched dipyramidal faces formed in the granite and, during rejuvenation to produce porphyry, only these oriented pairs survived. Hence, the presence of oriented synneusis in a plutonic rock may demonstrate a history of crystal accumulation.
On discretizing continuous aperture distributions

A new method for applying continuous aperture design results to discrete antenna arrays is described. Instead of sampling the continuous aperture distribution, one requires that the pattern zeroes found in the continuous case also occur in the starting pattern for the discrete case. If the resulting pattern does not meet the design goal, a perturbation procedure is applied to the discrete distribution in order to bring the final pattern within specification. The approach is illustrated by two examples: 1) a 20 dB Taylor pattern, modified so that the innermost three sidelobes on one side of the main beam are down 30 dB and 2) a pattern in which the innermost seven sidelobes on one side of the main beam are at -25 dB, whereas on the other side they cascade in 5 dB steps from -45 dB next to the main beam to -15 dB for the seventh sidelobe.
Foliar symptom expression in association with early infection and xylem colonization by Fusarium virguliforme (formerly F. solani f. sp. glycines), the causal agent of soybean sudden death syndrome.

Abstract Soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS), caused by Fusarium virguliforme (FV), is a root disease that results in severe foliar symptoms during the reproductive stage. In a regular growing seas...
First report on the use of a novel self-expandable stent for treatment of ST elevation myocardial infarction.

A 69-year-old female underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention with a Stentys™ self-expandable stent. Potential benefits of this stent are less intimal proliferation, reduced need for predilatation, reduced risk of malapposition and distal embolization. After written informed consent, the occluded proximal left anterior descending artery was successfully treated with thrombosuction, followed by implantation of the self-expandable stent. Intravascular ultrasound examination postprocedure and at 5 days showed good stent apposition and it appeared that the vessel diameter had increased probably due to self-expanding properties of the stent and relief of coronary spasm. The patient was discharged event-free. A larger patient cohort is needed to investigate safety and feasibility of this novel stent. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On Tests of Symmetry Against One-Sided Alternatives

To test that an experimental treatment is better than an existing one (or control), one can equivalently consider the difference in their response and test if the distribution of the difference is symmetric (about zero) versus it exhibits positive bias (skewness to the right). In this paper, we test the symmetry (about zero) of a discrete distribution against two particular classes of one sided alternatives. We obtain the maximum likelihood estimators under each alternative. The asymptotic null distributions of the likelihood ratio statistics are shown to have chi-bar square type distributions. A power study is performed to compare these one-sided alternatives with other one-sided tests. The theory developed is illustrated by an example.
Atmosphere sensitive CuO/ZnO junctions

Abstract Rectifying CuO/ZnO heterojunctions were successfully fabricated by sputtering thin film p -type CuO onto n -type ZnO polycrystalline substrates. The thermally activated, forward-bias current increased with decreasing oxygen partial pressure pointing to a close correlation between barrier height and adsorbed oxygen at the interface. Both dc I–;V and ac impedance measurements were utilized to characterize the deviation from ideality of the characteristics and were found to increase with decreased oxygen partial pressure, ( P O 2 ). An energy band diagram was synthesized and examined in light of the measurements performed in this study.
Dynamics of Incomplete Wetting on Porous Materials

Abstract The spreading kinetics of incompletely wetting liquids on porous substrates, highlighting the competition between composite interface spreading and liquid infiltration into the porous substrate are considered. The energetic impact of the surface porosity on the advancing of the contact line is modeled by using three idealized microtopologies associated with the kinetic behavior of the liquid in the pores. The results are used to modify a previously developed hydrodynamic spreading model to include the effects of substrate porosity. The results of a previously developed model for the depletion of a liquid droplet on a porous substrate are then used to consider the interaction between the spreading and depletion processes. It is predicted that, for a wide class of situations, a major portion of the spreading process will generally be completed before liquid drainage becomes significant. A contact angle hysteresis associated with spreading on a porous substrate is predicted to occur, with the advancing angle being larger than the receding angle; and an analogy is made with spreading on a rough or pitted substrate which provides a mechanism for contact angle hysteresis on such surfaces.
Histocompatibility Antigens: A Laboratory and Epidemiologic Tool

The value of HL-A antigens as genetic markers and epidemiologic tools in various disease states is becoming increasingly apparent. The antigens of the HL-A system (the major histocompatibility locus in man) are found on most human cells, especially the leukocytes and cells of the epidermis and the dermis. Associations have recently been found for HL-A antigens in psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, systemic lupus ervthematosus, dermatitis herpetiformis, pemphigus vulgaris and malignant melanoma of the skin; in several other diseases, associations with HL-A antigens are also probably present. Two possible mechanisms of association of HL-A with various diseases are (1) a close linkage between a gene governing immunologic responsiveness to a disease and HL-A genes, or (2) antigenic (chemical) cross-reaction between HL-A antigens and the etiologic agent (e.g.. streptococci or viral capsular antigen) associated with the disease.
Assessing the limits of MPI tracer performance

Simulations of m'(H) (Fig 1B), which matched MPS (Fig 1C, D) and PSFs (Fig 1A), can be used to predict tracer behavior during imaging. Under applied field conditions commonly used in MPI (25 kHz, 20 mT/μ0), our model predicts that hysteresis will appear in m(H) loops for particles larger than 20 nm diameter, when Keff is 6000 [J m-3], which is the average Keff measured for our MPI tracer. Due to thermal fluctations, the model predicts a maximum coercive field that is less than predicted by the original Stoner-Wohlfarth model, which is given by 2Keff/Ms, where MS, is the saturation magnetization. For a fixed value of Keff, the model predicts that coercive field increases with median particle size, however the FWHM of m'(H) remains relatively unchanged as the loop opens up with increasing particle size. In simulations, the FWHM of m'(H) decreased with Keff. The minimum FWHM predicted by the model when Keff is 6000 was 5 mT; this was consistent with the measured FWHM (5.5 mT) for 25 nm tracers.
Strategies to determine the molecular basis of chemical communication by trematodes.

The identification of pheromones and chemicals that may inhibit or stimulate growth and reproduction necessarily leads to the consideration of biochemical methods to isolate and characterize these molecules. Analysis ofSchistosoma mansoni surface antigens by direct radioiodination, metabolic labeling with tritiated and14C-tagged hexose precursors, affinity chromatography, isoelectric focusing, hydrophobic chromatography, and competitive inhibition is presented to illustrate methods of immunochemical analysis and antigen purification. Technical problems that may arise when investigating parasite molecular biology are described. Evidence of diminished fecundity of female worms in acutely infected mice supports the theory of a “crowding effect” in murine schistosomiasis and suggests the possibility that worm secretions or metabolites may function as chemical messages to inhibit oviposition. There is also evidence that the immune response of mice to an isolated surface antigen from adult worms results in the attenuation of hepatic granulomata of challenge infections. Several hypotheses are proposed to elucidate the molecular basis for chemical communication between trematodes and analytical approaches to test these hypotheses are outlined.
Calcium carbonate preservation in the ocean

Recent microelectrode pH and O 2 measurements across the sediment-water interface suggest CaCO 3 dissolution kinetics substantially slower than laboratory values and support a dissolution response to organic matter degradation near the sediment surface. We report a modelling exercise, motivated by these results, that indicates the pattern of calcium carbonate preservation in the equatorial Atlantic and Indian oceans is most readily reproduced using a dissolution rate constant 10 to 100 times smaller than those measured in the laboratory. The model suggests that 40% or more of the particulate CaCO 3 rain dissolves at the calcite saturation horizon in response to organic matter degradation within the sediments, and that this effect is insensitive to the choice of dissolution rate constant in ranges measured. Implications are that the dissolution flux from the sediments is greater than previously thought, and that calcium carbonate preservation in the deep sea should be strongly dependent on the particulate organic carbon to calcium carbonate rain ratio.
Some Operations Research Applications in the Conservation of Wildland Resources

This paper was written to indicate some of the limited O.R. work done on wildland problems and to call attention to the ever-increasing opportunity for more effort. The first example presents a beginning approach to the problem of minimizing wildland fire costs---one which shows that a sizable increase in prevention and presuppression activities can lead to considerable savings if total costs include fire losses. The second example challenges the commonly used strategy of insect pest control---in large part because of the non-Markovian nature of the problem. The third example deals with the application of linear programming to the problem of managing a wildland area as a continuing source of one or more products or services. Finally, two examples of simulation techniques---applied to forest management and forest sampling---are described briefly.
Proton irradiation of ZnO schottky diodes

Zinc oxide is generally considered to be radiation hard, although there are few experimental reports supporting this assertion. In this paper, we present results on the changes in electrical performance of bulk Pt/ZnO Schottky rectifiers exposed to 40-MeV protons at fluences from 5×109 cm−2 to 5×1010 cm−2. These doses correspond to more than 10 years or 100 years, respectively, in low-earth satellite orbit. The reverse breakdown voltage of the ZnO diodes increased from ∼3.6V in unirradiated devices to ∼4 V after the highest proton dose. The effective barrier height decreased with proton dose, while the diode ideality factor increased from 1.8 to 1.9 for the highest dose. These devices appear promising for both aerospace and terrestrial applications where irradiation hardness is a prerequisite. The main degradation mechanism appears to be creation of recombination centers and traps.
Effect of interface conditions on yield behavior of passivated copper thin films

Wafer curvature was used to study the thermal-mechanical behavior of 1-μm Cu thin films capped with a 100-nm-thick Si 3 N 4 layer. These films were grown with either a Ta or a Si 3 N 4 underlayer. Films on Si 3 N 4 that wereexposed to oxygen at the film/capping layer interface or at the center of the copper layer exhibited Bauschinger-like yielding at low stress. Stacks deposited under continuous vacuum, with a Ta underlayer, with carbon exposure at the upper surface of the copper film, or with oxygen exposure of only the underlayer did not demonstrate the anomalous yielding. Preferential diffusion of oxygen into copper grain boundaries or interfaces is the likely cause of the early yield behavior. Possible mechanisms include an increase in interface adhesion due to the presence of oxygen in solution and diffusion-induced dislocation glide as an additional driving force for dislocation motion at low applied stress.
The apolipoprotein(a) gene: characterization of 5' flanking regions and expression in transgenic mice.

Abstract The human genome contains at least six homologues of the apolipoprotein(a) and plasminogen genes, which contain over 90% identity in the region corresponding to 5′ flanking sequences and exon one. This region of the apolipoprotein(a) gene contains transcription control elements, and sequence differences in this region account for some of the variation in plasma Lp(a) concentration. Transgenic mice expressing human apolipoprotein(a) develop aortic lesions resembling the early stages of human atherosclerosis after 3.5 months on a high fat diet. The transgenic mouse model should prove a useful system for studying the role of apolipoprotein(a) in disease.
Solvation ultrafast dynamics of reactions. 8. Acid-base reactions in finite-sized clusters of naphthol in ammonia, water, and piperidine

In this contribution, studies of the dynamics of proton-transfer reactions in solvent cages are presented, building on earlier work [Breen, J. J.; et al. J. Chem. Phys. 1990, 92, 805. Kim, S. K.; et al. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1994, 228, 369]. The acid-base system studied in a molecular beam is 1-naphthol as a solute and ammonia, piperidine, or water as the solvent, with the number of solvent molecules (n) varying. The rates and threshold for proton transfer have been found to be critically dependent on the number and type of solvent molecules: n = 2 for piperidine and n = 3 for ammonia; no proton transfer was observed for water up ton = 21. With subpicosecond time resolution, we observe a biexponential transient for the n = 3 cluster with ammonia. From these observations and the high accuracy of the fits, we provide the rate of the proton transfer at short times and the solvent reorganization at longer times. From studies of the effect of the total energy, the isotope substitution, and the number and type of solvent molecules, we discuss the nature of the transfer and the interplay between the local structure of the base solvent and the dynamics. The effective shape of the potential energy surface is discussed by considering the anharmonicity of the reactant states and the Coulombic interaction of ion-pair product states. Tunneling is related to the nature of the potential and to measurements specific to the isotope effect and energy dependence. Finally, we discuss a simple model for the reaction in finite-sized clusters, which takes into account the proton affinity and the dielectric shielding of the solvent introduced by the local structure.
Plutonium polymerization—I A spectrophotometric study of the polymerization of plutonium(IV)

Abstract Standard spectra of the Pu species have been observed and then used in the calculations of the distribution of Pu(III), (IV), (V), (VI) and polymeric Pu(IV) in solutions containing ∼ 0·009M total Pu at initial acidities of 0·1, 0·075, 0·06 and 0·04M HNO3, and at 25°, 50° and 75°C. the distributions of the Pu species are given for the four acidities at 25°C, and the distributions are given for the initial acidity of 0·075M HNO3 at 25°, 50° and 75°C. In these studies the polymer is not formed when the initial acidity is 0·1M and the temperature is 25°C, but the degree of polymerization continuously increases at the lower acidities and is almost quantitative when the initial acidity is 0·04M. The effect of an increasing temperature is to increase the rate of polymerization at the expense of the ionic Pu species. The amount of polymer formed at 75°C is ∼ 3·5 times as great as the amount at 25°C when the initial acidity is 0·075M.
Body fat deposition: effects of dietary fat and two exercise protocols.

We evaluated the effects of two levels of dietary fat (0 and 20g beef tallow/100g diet) and two treadmill exercise protocols (low-intensity, high-intensity) on fat deposition in rats.Male Wistar rats (n = 50) remained sedentary or were forced to run 840 meters/day, 5 days/week, on a rodent treadmill. Those on the high-intensity protocol covered this distance in less time (38 min) than those on the low-intensity program (60 min). Responses to high-fat (HF) and low-fat (LF) diets were compared within each exercise group for this 8-week study.High fat feeding, as a single factor, did not affect energy intake, carcass fat, intramuscular fat, or fat associated with any tissue studied. The HF diet also did not affect responses to either exercise protocol. The high-intensity-exercised animals had less carcass fat (LF: 21% less; HF: 33% less), smaller omental fat pads (LF: 20% less; HF: 37% less), and retroperitoneal fat pads (LF: 19% less; HF: 38% less), and lower serum triglyceride levels (LF: 26% less; HF: 41%...
In search of the optimal measure for assessment of parasympathetic control of heart rate.

Springer-Verlag 2010 Parasympathetic control of heart rate is mediated via acetylcholine-dependent muscarinic receptor signaling at the sinoatrial node. Stimulation of the muscarinic type 2-receptor slows sinoatrial rate through Gi-coupled activation of inward rectifying KAch channel activity and indirect adenyl cyclase-dependent inhibition of the hyperpolarization activated If current [11, 15]. Parasympathetic control of heart rate can be indirectly assessed in human subjects by measurement of resting heart rate (with or without pharmacological blockade of muscarinic and adrenergic receptors), assessment of heart rate variability in time- and/or frequency domains, measurement of cardiovagal baroreceptor sensitivity in response to physiological maneuvers or pharmacologically induced changes in blood pressure, and assessment of the early phase of post-exercise heart rate recovery [1, 2, 12, 13]. All of these measures have been utilized to assess parasympathetic control of heart rate in a variety of human research settings, but there are few published data comparing multiple measures within the same individual. The two most commonly reported non-invasive measures of parasympathetic function are resting heart rate variability (HRV) and post-exercise heart rate recovery (HRR). Both of these measures are known to respond dynamically to various modes of physical training, and to be associated with clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease [6, 9, 14]. Nonetheless, there is accumulating evidence that these measures are frequently discordant within a given individual and thus may be
Terminal Regions of β-Catenin Come into View

β-catenin is remarkably multifunctional, acting in adhesion, cytoskeletal regulation, and Wnt signaling. In this issue, Xing et al. (2008) present the full-length structure of β-catenin, providing a clearer picture of how these terminal regions modulate β-catenin activities.
Dynamic range of photorefractive holograms for optical signal processing

Results of an experimental investigation of the dynamic range of the photorefractive effect in several ferroelectric crystals are described in the context of adaptive filtering applications. The results indicate a very large (greater than 80 dB) dynamic range for several samples; the dynamic range is shown to be limited by noise processes inherent in the crystals. The large photorefractive dynamic range of the ferroelectric signals investigated should prove useful for signal processing and computing applications.