cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spinal cord recordings in rats during skilled reaching task

Descending signals in the rat cervical spinal cord (C5/C6) were recorded using a 15-channel microelectrode array during reach-to-grasp task. Signals were segregated into frequency bands to investigate the frequency content. Population activity was obtained by band-pass filtering the signals between 300Hz-3kHz. Local field potentials (LFPs) were analyzed between 0–13Hz, 13–30Hz, and 30–100Hz. The population activity and the LFPs in 0–13Hz were able to predict the behavior onset. Spectrograms indicated a clear difference between the quiet and behavioral state of the animal.
Threshold for spontaneous mode locking in Q-switched lasers

An expression for the threshold output power density for spontaneous mode locking in Q -switched lasers is derived. The resulting expression is readily evaluated in terms of laser emission cross section and linewidth and cavity geometry. The expression is evaluated for several experiments which previously reported spontaneous mode locking.
Counseling Men in Groups

This article advocates group counseling as an effective intervention strategy for problems that characteristically confront men. It is maintained that aspects of the traditional male socialization process create therapeutic obstacles for counseling men in groups; the purpose of the male's defenses is anxiety reduction, although the male's coping behaviors are usually an excellent example of his inner personal problems. Counseling men in groups also has implications for group counselors, specifically with regard to counselor sexism, countertransference issues, and special applications of group counseling techniques and skills.
Alleviating mucositis: are we on track for a novel therapeutic?

Oral and gastrointestinal mucositis has emerged as an important toxicity of cancer therapy. In addition to supportive care measures, agents for the prevention or treatment of mucositis in specific patient populations are described in the evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published by the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer/International Society of Oral Oncology. However, there still remains an unmet clinical need for preventive and therapeutic agents in several patient populations. The successful development of such agents will rely on our improved understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying mucositis. Studies are also underway on novel delivery mechanisms and risk prediction models that can facilitate the selective use of interventions for mucositis in a targeted and cost–effective manner. A large number of agents are at various stages in the clinical development pipeline. Enhanced management of this dose-limiting toxicity will allow the delivery of optimal cancer t...
Phase I and Pharmacodynamic Study of the Oral MEK Inhibitor CI-1040 in Patients With Advanced Malignancies

Purpose This phase I study was undertaken to define the toxicity, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, maximum tolerated dose (MTD), and clinical activity of CI-1040, a small-molecule inhibitor of the dual-specificity kinases MEK(mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) -1 and MEK2 , in patients with advanced malignancy. Patients and Methods CI-1040 was tested in multiple daily dosing frequencies administered for 21 days repeated every 28 days leading ultimately to continuous administration, and effect of food on absorption was tested. Single dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics were assessed during cycle 1 and phosphorylated extracellular receptor kinase (pERK) levels were assessed in WBCs and also in tumor tissue from selected patients. Results Seventy-seven patients received CI-1040 at dose levels ranging from 100 mg QD to 800 mg tid. Grade 3 asthenia was dose limiting at the highest dose level tested, 800 mg tid administered with food. Ninety-eight percent of all drug-related adverse events were grad...
Silver-intensified gold and peroxidase as dual ultrastructural immunolabels for pre- and postsynaptic neurotransmitters

An ultrastructural immunostaining method that uses silver-intensified gold was combined with another procedure that uses biotin peroxidase conjugates to allow simultaneous identification of two neurotransmitter-related antigens in the central nervous system. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons labeled with silver-intensified gold could be differentiated at both light and electron microscopic levels from glutamate decarboxylase-immunoreactive neurons labeled with peroxidase. Cross reactivity of the second group of immunoreagents with the first group was reduced by the heavy metal silver shell formed around the colloidal gold immunoglobulin complex. With this dual pre-embedding method, peroxidase-stained axons containing the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid were found to synapse directly on silver-stained dopamine neurons in the rat dorsomedial hypothalamus. This approach can be used in combination with a post-embedding immunocytochemical colloidal gold procedure, allowing ultrastructural identification of three neurotransmitter-related antigens in the same tissue section.
Is dimensional scoring important only for subthreshold levels of severity in personality disorders other than borderline

Abstract Research assessing the utility of dimensional and categorical models of personality disorders (PDs) overwhelmingly supports the use of continuous over categorical models. Using borderline PD as an example, recent studies from the Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnostic Assessment and Services (MIDAS) project suggested that continuous (criteria count) scoring of PDs is most informative for “subthreshold” levels of pathology, but is less important once a patient meets the diagnostic threshold. Using PD criteria count, the current study compared 7 indices of psychosocial morbidity for patients above and below diagnostic threshold for 3 additional PDs: paranoid, avoidant, and obsessive–compulsive. Results showed that for all tested PDs, only number of current Axis I disorders was more correlated with PD criteria in the sub-threshold group as compared to those who met criteria for the disorder. Results for the remaining 6 indices of psychosocial morbidity varied by PD tested.
An LBP-Based Active Contour Algorithm for Unsupervised Texture Segmentation

This paper presents a novel algorithm for unsupervised texture segmentation. The proposed algorithm incorporates the Local Binary Pattern operator under a segmentation framework based on the Active Contour Without Edges model. The experiments performed, show that it can be used for fast segmentation of two-textured images, outperforming recent texture segmentation algorithms, with a segmentation quality that reaches 99% on average.
The management of uncertainty in commercial expert system building tools

The uncertainty management schemes (UMSs) found in commercial expert system building tools (ESBTs) are analyzed. Important issues characterizing UMSs are considered, and UMS approaches in general are surveyed. Specific criteria which categorize the UMSs of ESBTs are presented, and uncertainty schemes in several popular ESBTs are described. The acquisition of certainty values is also discussed. Possible enhancements to UMSs in ESBTs are suggested. >
Displaced acetabular fractures: indications for operative and nonoperative management.

Displaced acetabular fractures are a challenging problem. In contradistinction to most conditions in which surgery is based on specific operative indications, displaced acetabular fractures should be considered an operative problem unless specific criteria for nonoperative management are met. These include a congru- ent hip joint on the anteroposterior and oblique (Judet) radiographs, an intact weight-bearing surface (as defined by roof arc and subchondral arc measure- ments on computed tomographic scans), and a stable joint. The final decision about the treatment method must also consider the patient's functional demands, expectations, and physical condition and the physician's experience and institutional support for dealing with this type of injury. Displaced both- column fractures with secondary congruence may have better results than other displaced fractures. In older patients, nonoperative management may be effec- tively utilized. Understanding the current criteria for effective use of nonopera- tive treatment will help the surgeon make these difficult decisions. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2001;9:18-28
Sexual Assessment and History Interview

The necessity of doing an in-depth history on clients entering sex therapy is still open to debate. Some clinicians such as Dr. William H. Masters and Virginia Johnson advocate extensive interviews lasting a total of around seven hours, while others do no history-taking beyond the initial evaluation interview. It is probably safe to say, however, that most clinicians spend some time reviewing the past history of their clients.
Why People Agree to Participate in Surveys

This chapter addresses a major question regarding survey research—why do people agree to participate. We present a framework for explaining survey response. This framework has various stages, and is applicable to all modes of data collection—mail, personal interview, telephone, and web. Next, we discuss six theories from the literature that have been used—to a greater or lesser extent—to explain survey response behavior. Such theories have been applied to the appeals to participate and to overall research design and technique that would encourage and facilitate respondent completion and submissions. Specific data collection techniques that can have an effect on response quantity and quality are then discussed briefly (these topics are discussed elsewhere in this book). Finally, the matter of effect of topic is presented. Both interest in topic and sensitivity of topic have potential impacts on response rate and data quality.
Break-Away Experiments

The break-away experiments consist of allowing the arm to come to rest (static friction) and ramping up torque, measuring the torque required to initiate motion. The beauty of the break-away experiment is its ability to sample static friction at extremely high spatial frequency. The break-away experiment does not suffer from problems of mechanical compliance, phase lag and instrument bandwidth that are associated with motion experiments. The data are useful because they correlate well with the position-dependent disturbance observed in the motion data. An example of the alignment between break-away data and the unexplained friction in the motion data is shown in figure 5.1, where the solid trace is the error torque experienced during a motion, similar to that presented in figure4.4. The dashed trace is taken from break-away data, suitably scaled and offset to align with the motion data. Both traces have been low pass filtered to 20 cycles per radian. As an aside, the break-away data were collected on June 6, 1987, and the motion data on January 12, 1988, six months and a thousand machine operating hours later.
Experimental Investigation of the Complete Inner Shell Hydration Energies of Ca2+: Threshold Collision-Induced Dissociation of Ca2+(H2O)x Complexes (x = 2–8)

The sequential bond energies of Ca2+(H2O)x complexes, where x = 1–8, are measured by threshold collision-induced dissociation (TCID) in a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer. From an electrospray ionization source that produces an initial distribution of Ca2+(H2O)x complexes where x = 6–8, complexes down to x = 2 are formed using an in-source fragmentation technique. Ca2+(H2O) cannot be formed in this source because charge separation into CaOH+ and H3O+ is a lower energy pathway than simple water loss from Ca2+(H2O)2. The kinetic energy dependent cross sections for dissociation of Ca2+(H2O)x complexes, where x = 2–9, are examined over a wide energy range to monitor all dissociation products and are modeled to obtain 0 and 298 K binding energies. Analysis of both primary and secondary water molecule losses from each sized complex provides thermochemistry for the sequential hydration energies of Ca2+ for x = 1–8 and the first experimental values for x = 1–4. Additionally, the thermodynamic onsets leadi...
Identification of Apo B48 and other novel biomarkers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patient fibroblasts

Aim: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a debilitating fatal neurodegenerative disorder. 90–95% of ALS cases are sporadic with no clear risk factors associated with the disease. Identification of biomarkers associated with ALS may lead to early detection and make it more amenable to therapeutic intervention. Materials & methods: SILAC was used to quantitatively analyze the proteomes of ALS and control human fibroblasts. Results: Out of total of 861 proteins identified, 33 were found to be differentially regulated. ApoB48 and Hsp20 were downregulated, while Fibulin-1 was upregulated. Conclusion: We report the differential regulation of these proteins in ALS fibroblasts, and their potential as novel biomarkers and possible drug targets for ALS.
Guaraní Kinship and the Encomienda Community in Colonial Paraguay, Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries

In April 1577, a company of Spanish soldier-settlers, led by Captain Ruy Diaz de Melgarejo (lieutenant governor of Paraguay), was on its way to Villa Rica del Espiritu Santo, a brand new city in Gu...
Transvaginal ultrasound scanning of ovarian follicles.

L'utilisation de la voie transvaginale pour etudier le developpement folliculaire par ultrasonographie parait interessante chez certaines patientes chez lesquelles l'epaisseur de la paroi abdominale ou l'existence de cicatrices et d'adherences pelviennes genent l'etude ovarienne par voie transabdominale
Conversion of catalase to the secondary catalase-peroxide complex (compound II) by alpha-methyldopa.

α-Methyldopa stimulates the conversion of the primary catalase-peroxide complex (Compound I) to the catalytically inactive secondary catalase-peroxide complex (Compound II) in solutions of purified catalase as well as in suspensions of isolated hepatocytes. The rate of Compound II formation is dependent upon both the rate of H2O2 generation and the concentration of α-methyldopa. The catalase-dependent oxidation of α-methyldopa to the corresponding dihydroxyindole nucleus occurs much more rapidly than the formation of Compound II and suggests that the catalase-dependent one-electron oxidation of α-methyldopa may initiate a free radical process. These reactions may be important in α-methyldopa-induced hepatotoxicity.
Robust multiple external stimuli classification in functional MRI images

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is an effective imaging modality in analyzing neural activation of human brain to external stimuli. The general analysis process includes feature selection and classification. Feature selection can be limited to specific anatomical regions or be implemented by using univariate or multi-variate statistical methods. However, both of these introduce some limitations for decoding different brain states. This paper introduces a new hybrid univariate and multivariate feature selection scheme, and explores different feature selection methods, i.e. orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP), smoothed Io (SL0) and principal feature analysis (PFA). The selected feature voxels are then classified by support vector machine (SVM) to produce predictions of perceived stimuli. Experimental results on Haxby single subject multiple stimuli dataset show the high effectiveness of this new multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) method.
Chemical-looping processes for fuel-flexible combustion and fuel production

Abstract Chemical-Looping Combustion (CLC) is a rapidly emerging technology for clean combustion of fossil and renewable fuels. In CLC, the combustion of a fuel is broken down into two, spatially separated steps: The oxidation of fuel in contact with an ‘oxygen carrier’ (typically a metal oxide), and the subsequent reoxidation of the carrier with air. CLC thus produces sequestration-ready CO2 streams with only minor efficiency penalties for CO2 capture. While recent interest in chemical looping was almost exclusively focused on combustion, the underlying reaction engineering principle forms a flexible platform for fuel conversion with a long history in chemical engineering. This chapter gives a brief review of the status of chemical-looping processes for fuel conversion, focused predominantly on reforming and partial oxidation of fossil and renewable fuels and on the impact of fuel composition on combustion.
Educational privilege: The role of school context in the development just world beliefs among Brazilian adolescents

The purpose of this study is to understand the development of Brazilian adolescents' justice perceptions across different contexts of educational privilege. Past research has found that, in adolescence, the belief in a just world (BJW) differentiates between personal and general and declines. However, prior research has not included adolescents from various socioeconomic statuses, samples in Latin America, or focused on the role of the educational context on the developmental trajectory. Participants were 385 adolescents from 3 schools (private, public and military) in Southern Brazil between 9th and 11th grade. Students completed the personal and general BJW survey. Results revealed a significant interaction of school and grade level of adolescents' personal BJW. Contrary to previous research, personal and general BJW was not always lower in higher grades. Among privileged educational contexts, data indicated that personal BJW may even increase, with the decrease notable in the lower resourced school. In contrast, general BJW was relatively consistent across all Brazilian adolescents. Results provide important insight into the role that privilege and education play across adolescents' development of BJW. This research questions the generalizability of previous studies on the development of BJW and indicates that the trajectory may be dependent upon educational and cultural context.
Stuck in the Middle: Fibronectin-Binding Proteins in Gram-Positive Bacteria

Fibronectin is a multidomain glycoprotein found ubiquitously in human body fluids and extracellular matrices of a variety of cell types from all human tissues and organs, including intestinal epithelial cells. Fibronectin plays a major role in the regulation of cell migration, tissue repair, and cell adhesion. Importantly, fibronectin also serves as a common target for bacterial adhesins in the gastrointestinal tract. Fibronectin-binding proteins (FnBPs) have been identified and characterized in a wide variety of host-associated bacteria. Single bacterial species can contain multiple, diverse FnBPs. In pathogens, some FnBPs contribute to virulence via host cell attachment, invasion, and interference with signaling pathways. Although FnBPs in commensal and probiotic strains are not sufficient to confer virulence, they are essential for attachment to their ecological niches. Here we describe the interaction between human fibronectin and bacterial adhesins by highlighting the FnBPs of Gram-positive pathogens and commensals. We provide an overview of the occurrence and diversity of FnBPs with a focus on the model pathogenic organisms in which FnBPs are most characterized. Continued investigation of FnBPs is needed to fully understand their divergence and specificity in both pathogens and commensals.
Single-Molecule Imaging With One Color Fluorescence.

Single-molecule fluorescence imaging is a powerful tool that enables real-time observation of DNA-protein or RNA-protein interactions with a nanometer precision. Here, we provide a detailed procedure for a previously developed single-molecule fluorescence method, termed "single-molecule protein-induced fluorescence enhancement" (smPIFE). While smFRET (Forster resonance energy transfer) requires both donor and acceptor, protein-induced fluorescence enhancement (PIFE) employs a single dye and measures the increase in fluorescence intensity induced by protein binding near the dye. PIFE displays distance sensitivity within 0-4nm, making it a powerful complementary or alternative tool to FRET method. In this chapter, we will discuss the various ways that PIFE has been utilized to study protein-nucleic acid interactions.
Overview of Treatment Options in Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system that results in inflammation, demyelination, and axonal and neuronal loss. The typical course of MS is one of symptom exacerbations followed by periods of remission; however, patients will eventually accrue disability from the exacerbations. Several drugs, including interferon beta, glatiramer acetate, natalizumab, and fingolimod, are effective in lowering relapse rates and slowing the progression of MS. For patients with suboptimal response to medication, switching to another first- or second-line medication can be an effective strategy.
Evolution of Sleep from Birth to Adolescence and Sleep Disorders in Children

This chapter describes the evolution of sleep from birth through adolescence including polysomnographic findings. The second section of this chapter deals with sleep-related breathing disorders in children including obstructive sleep apnea, hypoventilation and upper airway resistance syndromes, central sleep apnea, and primary snoring. Epidemiology, clinical features, and diagnostic testing are reviewed with particular emphasis upon how these differ for children compared to adults. A comprehensive account is also give of treatment options and outcome.
The effect of tinnitus retraining therapy on chronic tinnitus: A controlled trial

Objectives The goal of this study was to compare treatment outcomes for chronic bothersome tinnitus after Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (TRT) versus standard of care treatment (SC) and to determine the longevity of the effect over an 18-month period. Study Design A randomized controlled trial comparing TRT to SC for chronic tinnitus. Methods Adults with subjective, stable, bothersome chronic tinnitus associated with hearing loss amenable to aural rehabilitation with hearing aids were recruited. The Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) was the primary outcome measure and the Tinnitus Functional Index (TFI) the secondary outcome measure of tinnitus severity and impact. Data were collected at screening, entry (0 months), and 6, 12, and 18 months after the beginning of treatment, using an integrated digitized suite of evaluation modules. TRT consisted of directive counseling and acoustic enrichment using combination hearing aids and sound generators; SC consisted of general aural rehabilitation counseling and hearing aids. Results Significant improvement in tinnitus impact occurred after both TRT and SC therapy, with a larger treatment effect obtained in the TRT group. Lasting therapeutic benefit was evident at 18 months in both groups. THI initial scores were unstable in 10% of enrolled participants, showing moderate bidirectional fluctuation between screening and baseline (0 month) assessment. Conclusion Adults with moderate to severe tinnitus and hearing loss amenable to amplification, benefit from either TRT or SC treatment when combined with hearing aid use. TRT benefit may exceed that of SC. The global improvement in tinnitus severity that accrued over an 18-month period appeared to be robust and clinically significant. Level of Evidence I
Dusting Off the Messy Middle: Assessing Students’ Inquiry Skills Through Doing and Writing

Researchers are trying to develop assessments for inquiry practices to elicit students’ deep science learning, but few studies have examined the relationship between students’ doing, i.e. performance assessment, and writing, i.e. open responses, during inquiry. Inquiry practices include generating hypotheses, collecting data, interpreting data, warranting claims, and communicating findings [1]. The first four practices involve “doing” science, whereas the last involves writing scientific explanations, i.e. arguing using evidence. In this study, we explored whether what students wrote in their constructed responses reflected what they did during science inquiry in the Inq-ITS system. Results showed that more than half of the students’ writing did not match what they did in the environment. Findings revealed multiple types of students in the messy middle, which has implications for both teacher instruction and intelligent tutoring systems, such as Inq-ITS, in terms of providing real-time feedback for students to address the full complement of inquiry practices [1].
Effects of fuel components and combustion particle physicochemical properties on toxicological responses of lung cells

The physicochemical properties of combustion particles that promote lung toxicity are not fully understood, hindered by the fact that combustion particles vary based on the fuel and combustion conditions. Real-world combustion-particle properties also continually change as new fuels are implemented, engines age, and engine technologies evolve. This work used laboratory-generated particles produced under controlled combustion conditions in an effort to understand the relationship between different particle properties and the activation of established toxicological outcomes in human lung cells (H441 and THP-1). Particles were generated from controlled combustion of two simple biofuel/diesel surrogates (methyl decanoate and dodecane/biofuel-blended diesel (BD), and butanol and dodecane/alcohol-blended diesel (AD)) and compared to a widely studied reference diesel (RD) particle (NIST SRM2975/RD). BD, AD, and RD particles exhibited differences in size, surface area, extractable chemical mass, and the content of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Some of these differences were directly associated with different effects on biological responses. BD particles had the greatest surface area, amount of extractable material, and oxidizing potential. These particles and extracts induced cytochrome P450 1A1 and 1B1 enzyme mRNA in lung cells. AD particles and extracts had the greatest total PAH content and also caused CYP1A1 and 1B1 mRNA induction. The RD extract contained the highest relative concentration of 2-ring PAHs and stimulated the greatest level of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) cytokine secretion. Finally, AD and RD were more potent activators of TRPA1 than BD, and while neither the TRPA1 antagonist HC-030031 nor the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) affected CYP1A1 or 1B1 mRNA induction, both inhibitors reduced IL-8 secretion and mRNA induction. These results highlight that differences in fuel and combustion conditions affect the physicochemical properties of particles, and these differences, in turn, affect commonly studied biological/toxicological responses.
A Legacy of Leadership: Black Female Adult Educators

This paper profiles the lives of four Black female adult educators whose leadership, power, and activism influenced the educational and political advances of the Black community. While it is not the author’s intention to marginalize the stories of the women presented in this manuscript, Anna Julia Cooper, Charlotte Forten Grimke, Ida B. Wells, Septima Clark, and Fannie Lou Hamer made significant contributions as activists and educators who embodied teaching as a leadership style that focused on the development of others. Their struggles and lessons learned remain relevant even today. The biographical summaries presented on these remarkable female adult educators are an important reminder of how education became and remains the vehicle for social mobility and economic success that Black women used to not only improve their lives but also the quality of life for the Black community as a whole. Keywords : Forten Grimke; Ida B. Wells; Septima Clark; Fannie Lou Hamer; Adult Educators; Black Women; Adult/Continuing Education; Women and Gender Studies; Race, Ethnicity and Class
Retention of People Living with HIV/AIDS in Oral Health Care

a ABSTRACT Objective. We identified factors associated with retention in oral health care for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and the impact of care retention on oral health-related outcomes. Methods. We collected interview, laboratory value, clinic visit, and service utilization data from 1,237 HIV-positive patients entering dental care from May 2007 to August 2009, with at least an 18-month observation period. Retention in care was defined as two or more dental visits at least 12 months apart. We conducted multivariate regression using generalized estimating equations to explore factors associated with retention in care. Results. In multivariate analysis, patients who received oral health education were 5.91 times as likely (95% confidence interval 3.73, 9.39) as those who did not receive this education to be retained in oral health care. Other factors associated with care retention included older age, taking antiretroviral medica- tions, better physical health status, and having had a dental visit in the past two years. Patients retained in care were more likely to complete their treat- ment plans and attend a recall visit. Those retained in care experienced fewer oral health symptoms and less pain, and better overall health of teeth and gums. Conclusions. Retention in oral health care was associated with positive oral health outcomes for this sample of PLWHA. The strongest predictor of reten- tion was the receipt of oral health education, suggesting that training in oral health education is an important factor when considering competencies for new dental professionals, and that patient education is central to the develop- ment of dental homes, which are designed to engage and retain people in oral health care over the long term.
Conducting Multicenter Cohort Studies: Lessons from MOON

One of the most well-known success stories of orthopedic clinical research is the Multicenter Orthopaedic Outcomes Network (MOON), the largest prospective anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction cohort in the United States. This chapter aims to chronicle the story of MOON, from its initial vision to its execution and current state.
Actions of cofinite groups on cofinite graphs

Abstract We defined group actions on cofinite graphs to characterize a unique way of uniformly topologizing an abstract group with profinite topology, induced by the cofinite graphs, so that the aforesaid action becomes uniformly equicontinuous.
CT Cardiac Anatomy

Accurate interpretation of cardiac CT studies requires detailed knowledge of cardiac anatomy, including that of the coronary arteries, coronary veins, cardiac chambers, cardiac valves, and pulmonary veins. In addition to routine axial, sagittal, and coronal views, cardiac radiologists should be familiar with the standard cardiac planes that can be generated from CT data sets that are analogous to those obtained with echocardiography and MRI.
An ultrasound study of American English laterals produced by first graders

Longitudinal studies of child speech production development have traditionally relied on perceptual evaluation and acoustics to track acquisition norms and phonological patterns. The present study administers novel techniques in speech imaging to investigate the articulation and acoustics of speech sounds in developing children, focusing on the lateral sound /l/ as produced by first graders. Real-time three-dimensional ultrasound images with synchronous audio and video recordings were collected from L1 English speaking children. The stimuli were sourced from the GFTA-3—a clinical picture-naming instrument—which was administered by a speech-language pathology student-clinician. Three-dimensional tongue surface reconstructions and the accompanying audio signals were then compared across tokens and across speakers to find common and divergent patterns for lateral sounds. The results show highly variable articulatory strategies that nevertheless can be categorized into three groups. The wide articulatory variety is not obviously tied to acoustic variability, which is relatively small; formant positions are relatively consistent across tokens and across subjects, with few outliers. From the acoustics alone, these children consistently produce what is traditionally described as the dark /l/, but articulation suggests greater variety. Longitudinal studies of child speech production development have traditionally relied on perceptual evaluation and acoustics to track acquisition norms and phonological patterns. The present study administers novel techniques in speech imaging to investigate the articulation and acoustics of speech sounds in developing children, focusing on the lateral sound /l/ as produced by first graders. Real-time three-dimensional ultrasound images with synchronous audio and video recordings were collected from L1 English speaking children. The stimuli were sourced from the GFTA-3—a clinical picture-naming instrument—which was administered by a speech-language pathology student-clinician. Three-dimensional tongue surface reconstructions and the accompanying audio signals were then compared across tokens and across speakers to find common and divergent patterns for lateral sounds. The results show highly variable articulatory strategies that nevertheless can be categorized into three groups. The wide articulatory vari...
Neutrophilia and mortality in women with uterine carcinosarcoma.

Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between pre-treatment absolute neutrophil count and clinical outcomes in patients with uterine carcinosarcoma. Methods In an Institutional Review Board approved, retrospective cohort study of 103 patients with uterine carcinosarcoma, the pre-treatment absolute neutrophil count data were obtained from the medical records, along with clinical, pathologic, treatment, and outcome data. Kaplan–Meier survival estimates were calculated and compared by the log rank test. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to examine the relationship of pre-treatment absolute neutrophil count with progression-free survival and overall survival. Results Uterine carcinosarcoma patients in the highest quartile of pre-treatment absolute neutrophil count had significantly reduced progression-free survival (p Conclusions High pre-treatment absolute neutrophil count is an independent poor prognostic factor in patients with uterine carcinosarcoma and may be useful as a potential biomarker in clinical trials. The mechanistic relationship of neutrophilia and uterine carcinosarcoma progression merits further investigation.
Transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation blocks stress-induced activation of Interleukin-6 and interferon-γ in posttraumatic stress disorder: A double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a highly disabling condition associated with alterations in multiple neurobiological systems, including increases in inflammatory function. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) decreases inflammation, however few studies have examined the effects of non-invasive VNS on physiology in human subjects, and no studies in patients with PTSD. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of transcutaneous cervical VNS (tcVNS) on inflammatory responses to stress. Thirty subjects with a history of exposure to traumatic stress with (N ​= ​10) and without (N ​= ​20) PTSD underwent exposure to stressful tasks immediately followed by active or sham tcVNS and measurement of multiple biomarkers of inflammation (interleukin-(IL)-6, IL-2, IL-1β, Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNFα) and Interferon gamma (IFNγ) over multiple time points. Stressful tasks included exposure to personalized scripts of traumatic events on day 1, and public speech and mental arithmetic (Mental Stress) tasks on days 2 and 3. Traumatic scripts were associated with a pattern of subjective anger measured with Visual Analogue Scales and increased IL-6 and IFNγ in PTSD patients that was blocked by tcVNS (p ​< ​.05). Traumatic stress had minimal effects on these biomarkers in non-PTSD subjects and there was no difference between tcVNS or sham. No significant differences were seen between groups in IL-2, IL-1β, or TNFα. These results demonstrate that tcVNS blocks behavioral and inflammatory responses to stress reminders in PTSD.
Neutron Crystallography Data Collection and Processing for Modelling Hydrogen Atoms in Protein Structures.

Neutron crystallography is a structural technique that allows determination of hydrogen atom positions within biological macromolecules, yielding mechanistically important information about protonation and hydration states while not inducing radiation damage. X-ray diffraction, in contrast, provides only limited information on the position of light atoms and the X-ray beam rapidly induces radiation damage of photosensitive cofactors and metal centers. Presented here is the workflow employed for the IMAGINE and MaNDi beamlines at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to obtain a neutron diffraction structure once a protein crystal of suitable size (> 0.1 mm3) has been grown. We demonstrate mounting of hydrogenated protein crystals in quartz capillaries for neutron diffraction data collection. Also presented is the vapor exchange process of the mounted crystals with D2O-containing buffer to ensure replacement of hydrogen atoms at exchangeable sites with deuterium. The incorporation of deuterium reduces the background arising from the incoherent scattering of hydrogen atoms and prevents density cancellation caused by their negative coherent scattering length. Sample alignment and room temperature data collection strategies are illustrated using quasi-Laue data collection at IMAGINE at the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR). Furthermore, crystal mounting and rapid freezing in liquid nitrogen for cryo-data collection to trap labile reaction intermediates is demonstrated at the MaNDi time-of-flight instrument at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS). Preparation of the model coordinate and diffraction data files and visualization of the neutron scattering length density (SLD) maps will also be addressed. Structure refinement against neutron data-only or against joint X-ray/neutron data to obtain an all-atom structure of the protein of interest will finally be discussed. The process of determining a neutron structure will be demonstrated using crystals of the lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase Neurospora crassa LPMO9D, a copper-containing metalloprotein involved in the degradation of recalcitrant polysaccharides via oxidative cleavage of the glycosidic bond.
Regional Housing Prices in the US: An Empirical Investigation of Non-Linearity

Existing literature on housing prices is predominantly in a linear framework, and an important question that has not been addressed is whether housing prices exhibit non-linearity. We examine Smooth Transition Autoregressive (STAR) model based nonlinear properties of housing prices over the 1969-2004 period for the entire US and the four regions. Our main findings are (i) housing price for the entire US and all regions except for the Midwest show non-linearity; (ii) the dynamic properties implied by the nonlinear estimation explain the typical patterns that have characterized each housing market; and (iii) results of Granger causality tests look more plausible in the nonlinear framework where we find stronger evidence of Granger causality from housing price to employment and also from mortgage rates to housing price.
Food Insecurity: Hidden Problems, Real Remedies

In 2020, there were over 50 million food insecure people living in the US, with highest rates among low-income households, families with children, and Black and Hispanic households. Food insecurity ranges from reduced quality but adequate quantity of diet to individuals with disrupted eating patterns and reduced food intake. Food insecurity exerts a broad range of negative health effects on children and adults and can lead to increased medical utilization, emergency department (ED) visits, and hospitalizations; the healthcare costs associated with food insecurity are estimated at over $70 billion. Within the ED, food insecurity is prevalent but invisible; however, brief screeners such as the two question “Hunger Vital Sign™” have the potential to readily identify individuals in need of help (Goldman et al. The hunger vital sign: Children’s HealthWatch. 2014:1–4). Multiple federal, state, and local programs are important mitigators of food insecurity and can be initiated within the ED. This chapter provides guidance about the identification of food insecurity among ED patients and how to help patients with short- and long-term solutions.
Abnormal responses to cold stress in Charcot-Marie-Tooth I syndrome

In Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome (CMT, Hereditary Motor Sensory Neuropathy), patient complaints of cold intolerance are common but their peripheral responses to cold have not been documented. Using digital plethysmography, a simple test of vascular reactivity with 1 minute cold stress, 20 unrelated adult CMT patients showed a significantly increased average heart rate and decreased average arterial oxygen saturation following cold when compared to 50 age-matched normal controls. There did not appear to be a unique or characteristic CMT vascular reaction to cold stress in CMT patients because their abnormal peripheral vascular responses were variable. Variability in CMT neuropathic responses to cold is consistent with the known irregular segmental demyelination of CMT peripheral nerves as well as abnormal CMT sweating patterns. Though understanding the precise patterns of CMT patient peripheral nerve disturbances remains difficult, awareness of CMT patient's abnormal responses to cold may facilitate CMT patient care and rehabilitation.
H I: A Chemical Tracer of Turbulent Diffusion in Molecular Clouds

Turbulence is widespread in the interstellar medium, and turbulent diffusion has been suggested as a means of accounting for the lower than expected O2 abundance observed in molecular clouds by the Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite. Here we present the results of new chemical models of clouds incorporating turbulent diffusion, together with gas-grain interactions and H2 and CO self-shielding. We find H I to be a very sensitive tracer of the diffusion process, with H I/H2 larger in the interior than predicted by static models. Our model may explain observations of H I/H2 in cold cores. The model results for other species, e.g., O, O2, H2O, C, and CO, are also consistent with available observations. This work demonstrates the potential importance of chemical studies in the elucidation of turbulent processes in the interstellar medium.
Effects of dehydration on the microtubules of the mitotic spindle: Studies in Vitro and with the electron microscope

The effects of dehydration upon endosperm cells of Haemanthus katherinae Bak. were studied with the light and electron microscope. Using a technique which permits observation of the same cell in vitro, during fixation and dehydration, and in the electron microscope, it was found that the chromosomes shrink from 4 to 9% of their original length in ethanols 70 to 100%. The maximum shrinkage occurs in 95% ethanol. The kinetochores remain stationary during shrinkage. Waviness of spindle microtubules (as seen in the electron microscope) can be correlated with shrinkage of the chromosome arms. It is concluded that microtubules in the mitotic spindle of living cells are in principle straight; abrupt bends are caused by shrinkage of chromosome arms during dehydration. Shrinkage of the whole cell may cause gentle bends. The effects of shrinkage on chromosomes, spindle, and microtubules and its relevance to interpretations of mitotic events are discussed.
Teaching African American History Through Museum Theatre

The Charles H. Wright Museum in Detroit, Michigan is the largest museum of African American history in the world, housing over 30,000 artifacts and documents. The museum is located in Detroit’s cultural center, across from the Detroit Institute of Arts and the Detroit Science Center. In addition to interpreting cultural artifacts, the staff of the Charles H. Wright has, since 2004, been educating the public about African American history through museum theatre. Visitors, including school groups, are led through major events in African and African American history by actors who, dressed in costumes, recite scripts inspired by historical records and oral histories. The Charles H. Wright is the only African American history museum which has a long-term, core exhibit employing museum theatre. This article examines museum theatre as a means of teaching African American history. Surveys of 104 adults who toured the museum suggest that theatre heightens interest in the past and fosters historical empathy. The majority of the participants viewed museum theatre as an effective teaching tool.
Repeated play of the SVM game as a means of adaptive classification

The field of machine learning strives to develop algorithms that, through learning, lead to generalization; that is, the ability of a machine to perform a task that it was not explicitly trained for. An added challenge arises when the problem domain is dynamic or non-stationary with the data distributions or categorizations changing over time. This phenomenon is known as concept drift. Game-theoretic algorithms are often iterative by nature, consisting of repeated game play rather than a single interaction. Effectively, rather than requiring extensive retraining to update a learning model, a game-theoretic approach can adjust strategies as a novel approach to concept drift. In this paper we present a variant of our Support Vector Machine (SVM) Game classifier which may be used in an adaptive manner with repeated play to address concept drift, and show results of applying this algorithm to synthetic as well as real data.
Application of immunohistochemistry to the diagnosis of primary and metastatic carcinoma to the lung.

Abstract Context.—Immunohistochemistry is a very valuable and often used tool in the differential diagnosis of lung carcinomas whether primary or secondary to the lung. The most useful application ...
Control of the Boussinesq equations with implications for sensor location in energy efficient buildings

In this paper we consider the problem of computing feedback functional gains for control problem governed by the Boussinesq equations. These gains and the corresponding feedback laws provide insight into determining good spatial location of sensors for optimal operation of energy efficient buildings. Theoretical and numerical results are presented to illustrate the ideas and to suggest areas for future research.