cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Palynology of Neogene sediments at the Gray Fossil Site, Tennessee, USA: Floristic implications

Abstract The Gray Fossil Site, northeastern Tennessee, is formed by multiple karst sub-basins filled with lacustrine sediments. The oldest sediments found were recently dated as Paleo-Eocene by palynological means, whereas the youngest sediments are considered Mio-Pliocene based on their faunal assemblage. In this study, we examined the Mio-Pliocene lacustrine sediments from the Gray Fossil Site to determine the Late Neogene floral characteristics of a site within the southern Appalachian Mountains. The Mio-Pliocene lacustrine sinkhole fill preserves a unique fossil assemblage, which includes invertebrate, vertebrate, and floral remains. Floral remains are represented by wood, seeds, leaves, and pollen grains. Forty-seven palynological samples from six different test-pits were analyzed. All pits exhibit a low pollen yield, a result of basic pH levels, drought, and fire events that occurred during deposition. The palynofloral assemblage has a low to moderate diversity and is largely dominated by a Quercus–Carya–Pinus assemblage (~ 90% of the palynoflora). The presence of Pterocarya grains supports a Late Neogene age for these lacustrine sediments. Comparison with modern pollen-based floras from North America suggests that: (1) examined pits can be discriminated into two separate groups based on their palynofloral signatures, (2) the Mio-Pliocene vegetation at the site ranged between a closed to open woodland setting, depending on the intensity and frequency of drought and fire events, and (3) the fossil palynofloral assemblage is comparable to what would be expected in the modern North American Mesophytic Forest region.
The Number of Patent Tibial Vessels does not Influence Primary Patency after Nitinol Stenting of the Femoral and Popliteal Arteries

Objective Initial TransAtlantic Inter-Society consensus (TASC) II classification has been shown to influence the patency of stented femoral and popliteal arteries. Although several studies have shown the effect of the number of runoff vessels on the durability of infrainguinal angioplasty without stenting, the influence of tibial vessel runoff on the patency of primarily stented femoral and popliteal arteries has not been as well defined. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the number of patent tibial vessels affects primary patency after primary stenting of the femoral and popliteal arteries. Methods The records of all patients undergoing angioplasty and primary nitinol stenting of the femoral and popliteal arteries, by or under the supervision of one vascular surgeon, were reviewed. Results were analyzed by both the number of patent tibial vessels documented on periprocedural angiography and by using a modified Society for Vascular Surgery runoff score. TASC II classification was also recorded. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were plotted and differences between groups tested by log-rank method. Fisher exact and χ 2 tests were used to compare categoric factors. Results During a 7-year period, 289 limbs in 236 patients underwent primary stenting of the femoral and popliteal arteries. Overall primary patency was 70.3% at 12 months, 52.4% at 24 months, and 39.1% at 36 months. Limbs classified as TASC A or B had significantly better patency rates than those classified as TASC C or D ( P P = .024), overall ( P = .355), and within individual TASC classes ( P ≥ .092 for each), there was no difference in the primary patency of stented segments with good runoff and those with compromised runoff. Limbs with poor runoff (one or no vessels) were no more likely to fail with occlusion than their counterparts with two or three patent tibial vessels ( P = .383). The number of patent tibial vessels at the time of initial stenting did not impact ultimate limb salvage ( P = .063). Conclusions The number of patent tibial vessels does not influence the primary patency of primarily stented femoral and popliteal arteries. TASC II classification appears to be significantly more predictive of initial failure after angioplasty and stenting of these vessels.
Peasants and Globalization in Latin America: A Survey of Recent Literature

This review essay examines trends in the multinational literature of books published on the theme of peasants and globalization in Latin America between 1990 and 2001 and cataloged by the Library of Congress. It organizes the literature by countries covered as well as by theoretical approaches. It demonstrates the influence of contending paradigms regarding the future of peasantries and argues that most books defend the notion
The Utility of Supplemental Oxygen During Emergency Department Procedural Sedation and Analgesia With Midazolam and Fentanyl: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

Study objective To determine whether supplemental oxygen reduces the incidence of hypoxia by 20% in study patients receiving midazolam and fentanyl for emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia. Methods Patients were randomized to receive either supplemental oxygen or compressed air by nasal cannula at 2 L per minute. Physicians were blinded to the gas used and end-tidal carbon dioxide (etco 2 ) data. Respiratory depression was defined a priori as oxygen saturation less than 90%, etco 2 level greater than 50 mm Hg, an absolute change from baseline of 10 mm Hg, or loss of the etco 2 waveform. Results Of the 80 patients analyzed, 44 received supplemental oxygen and 36 received compressed air. Twenty supplemental oxygen patients and 19 compressed air patients met at least 1 criterion for respiratory depression. Six supplemental oxygen patients and 5 compressed air patients experienced hypoxia ( P =.97; effect size 0%; 95% confidence interval –15% to +15%). Fourteen patients in each group met etco 2 criteria for respiratory depression but were not hypoxic. Physicians identified respiratory depression in 8 of 11 patients who became hypoxic and 0 of 28 patients who met etco 2 criteria for respiratory depression but who did not become hypoxic. There were no adverse events. Conclusion Supplemental oxygen did not reduce (or trend toward reducing) the incidence of hypoxia in patients moderately sedated with midazolam and fentanyl. However, our lower-than-expected rate of hypoxia limits the power of this comparison. Blinded capnography frequently identified respiratory depression undetected by the treating physicians.
Milk Ejection Burst-Like Electrical Activity Evoked in Supraoptic Oxytocin Neurons in Slices From Lactating Rats

To examine the mechanisms underlying milk-ejection bursts of oxytocin (OT) neurons during suckling, both in vivo and in vitro studies were performed on supraoptic OT neurons from lactating rats. Th...
M-TREE: a high efficiency security architecture for protecting integrity and privacy of software

Secure processor architectures enable new sets of applications such as commercial grid computing, software copy protection and secure mobile agents by providing secure computing environments that are immune to both physical and software attacks. Despite a number of secure processor designs have been proposed, they typically made trade-offs between security and efficiency. This article proposes a new secure processor architecture called M-TREE, which offers a significant performance gain while without compromising security. The M-TREE architecture uses a novel hierarchical Message Authentication Code Tree (MACTree) for protecting applications' integrity at a minimal performance overhead. M-TREE also introduces a new one-time-pad class encryption mechanism that accelerates security computation over the existing block cipher-based schemes with high security guarantee. Based on the results of our performance simulation, the performance overhead of the M-TREE integrity check mechanism is as small as 14% in the worst case, a substantial improvement over the 60% slowdown reported by previously proposed techniques. Meanwhile, the overhead of M-TREE encryption scheme is approximately 30%, compared to 50% of using block cipher encryption. In overall, our M-TREE architecture can provide a tamper-resistant and tamper-evident computing environment with low-performance impact, thereby offering a transparent and practical security computing platform.
On "Evaluating the bounded-input-bounded-output stability integral for second-order systems"

It is shown that the value of this integral is easily calculated by using the nastiest disturbance switch curve in spiral coordinates.
Representation of discrete sequences with three-dimensional iterated function systems

Several recent papers have shown the ability of iterated function system (IFS) models to represent discrete sequences where the attractor of an IFS is self-affine either in R/sup 2/ or R/sup 3/ or is piece-wise self-affine in R/sup 2/. We extend the piece-wise self-affine IFS model from R/sup 2/ to R/sup 3/ and we call this model the piece-wise hidden-variable fractal model. This extension permits the representation of discrete sequences with a fractal model that is general and flexible. This new model is presented and a constrained inverse algorithm for identification of the model parameters is given. Examples of this model to seismic data and speech data are then presented. >
Identifying cohesive subgroups

Cohesive subgroups have always represented an important construct for sociologists who study individuals and organizations. In this article, I apply recent advances in the statistical modelling of social network data to the task of identifying cohesive subgroups from social network data. Further, through simulated data, I describe a process for obtaining the probability that a given sample of data could have been obtained from a network in which actors were no more likely to engage in interaction with subgroup members than with members of other subgroups. I obtain the probability for a specific data set, and then, through further simulations, develop a model which can be applied to future data sets. Also through simulated data, I characterize the extent to which a simple hill-climbing algorithm recovers known subgroup memberships. I apply the algorithm to data indicating the extent of professional discussion among teachers in a high school, and I show the relationship between membership in cohesive subgroups and teachers' orientations towards teaching.
Silicon Nanosensor for Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Proteomic Markers

A silicon nanosensor technology based on electrical impedance measurements has been developed for the detection of proteins. The nanosensor miniaturizes the high-density, low-volume multiwell plate concept. The scientific core of this technology lies in integrating nanoporous membranes with microfabricated chip platforms. This results in the conversion of individual pores into nanowells of picoliter volume. Monoclonal antibodies were localized and isolated into individual wells. Detection of two cardiac proteomic biomarkers has been demonstrated with this technology. The two proteins, C-reactive protein and NT-pro-brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), are associated with adverse cardiac outcomes in clinical samples when detected in the pg/mL concentration. The formation of the antibody-antigen binding complex occurs in individual wells. The membrane allows for robust separation among individual wells. This technology has the capability to achieve near real-time detection with improved sensitivity at 1 ag/mL for BNP and 1 fg/mL for CRP from human serum.
Nuclear spin-lattice relaxation in 3 He- 4 He mixtures

Spin-lattice relaxation times ${T}_{1}$ in $^{3}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}^{4}$He solutions have been measured at temperatures between 1.5 and 3.3 K and for molar concentrations of 10%, 1%, and 0.1%. Little concentration dependence was observed. Below the lambda point, ${T}_{1}$ increases rapidly with increasing temperature; above, it is fairly constant. The data are well described by a wall relaxation mechanism, in which ${T}_{1}$ depends upon the time for the $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ spins to diffuse to the walls. We discuss a theory for diffusion in dilute solutions at high temperatures where the diffusion coefficient is primarily determined by $^{3}\mathrm{roton}$ scattering.
A Comparative Study of Static and Dynamic Lifting Tasks

A study was conducted to compare dynamic lifting task with a simulated static lifting task. 17 subjects 12 males and 5 females volunteered to participate in this study. The independent variables were the type of task (static and dynamic), frequency of lift (2, 4, and 6 lifts/min), and muscle group (back lift, leg lift, and arm lift). The psychophysical methodology was used in this study. The results showed highly significant differences between maximum acceptable static effort (MASE) and maximum acceptable dynamic effort (MADE) for both males and females. The frequency was also statistically significant. The muscle groups were significant for females and not significant for males. On the average MADE values were 45% of those of MASE values for females and 38% for males. The ratio of female to male data, on the average, were 39% for MASE values and 44% for MADE values. Regression models for the prediction of maximum of MADE from MASE and other task and worker variables were developed.
Investigation of the Impact of Streamflow Temporal Variation on Dam Overtopping Risk: Case Study of a High-Hazard Dam

Overtopping is the leading reason of dam failure worldwide. Dam overtopping can be due to various reasons such as large inflow and extreme rainfall. Recent climate change has intensified the risk of extreme hydrologic events such as floods, which can potentially increase the dam overtopping risk. Thus, it is essential to analyze how the overtopping risk changes over the years. In the US, there are up to 15000 high-hazard dams, and this number is on the rise due to the population growth and urbanization. While there are up to 15000 high-hazard dams in the US, the state of North Carolina ranks second among the US states. Burnett Dam is one of these high-hazard dams, which is located in the upstream of the city of Asheville, in the state of North Carolina. An inspection report on 1980, showed that the dam cannot pass the Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) without overtopping due to inadequate spillway capacity. At that time, maximum flood of 40 cms at dam location was reported, which belonged to the 1977 flood event. However, analysis of the measured annual peak streamflow in the upstream from 1989 to 2013 (time span with available observed data), shows that a greater flood magnitude than 1977 flood event occurred in more than one-third of the years. The increase is significant in most of the years, in which peak streamflow of 228.7 cms (nearly six times larger than 1977 event) can be observed. Considering the substantial increase in the streamflow and the inadequacy of the dam spillway, this study investigates the impact of streamflow temporal variation on annual overtopping risk of Burnett Dam using a risk and reliability analysis approach. Overtopping risk is defined as the probability of reservoir inflow exceeding the spillway capacity. A performance function is used to determine the annual overtopping risk, which has two primary inputs: 1) dam resistance: total spillway capacity; and 2) maximum load: highest inflow discharge. Highest inflow discharge is determined by analysis of the peak streamflow records of a gaging station upstream of the dam. At each year, the highest peak streamflow is routed through the dam upstream channel using a calibrated hydrologic model. Taking the routed inflow, the overtopping risk is determined in each year. Temporal change in the overtopping risk is finally investigated in 1989-2013 period using Mann-Kendall Test. The results indicate that: 1) annual overtopping risk has an increasing trend in the period of interest; 2) comparing to the 1977 flood event, the annual overtopping risk has been 1050 World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2015: Floods, Droughts, and Ecosystems © ASCE 2015 World Environmental and Water Resources Congress Austin, TX | 17-21 May 2015 Floods, Droughts, and Ecosystems: Managing Our Resources Despite Growing Demand and
Responses of Cell Cultures to Insecticides. I. Acute Toxicity to Human Cells.

SummaryHuman Chang liver and HeLa cells were exposed to organophosphorous, organochlorine, and dinitrophenol insecticidal compounds. The acute cytotoxicity was measured during 48-hour incubation and the effects expressed in two ways: the toxic dose (TD50) based on cytopathological effects observed microscopically; and the growth inhibition (ID50) based on inhibition of cell protein synthesis. Results by each criterion closely correlated but the growth inhibition test was generally more sensitive. All insecticides tested were cytotoxic in both cell lines and induced progressive morphological changes leading to destruction of cells. For liver cells the ID50 values ranged from 0.3 μg to 170 μg per ml of medium. For HeLa cells the results were approximately the same. Dinitrophenol insecticides were relatively more toxic than organochlorine and organophosphorus compounds.
A Vision for Open Cyber-Scholarly Infrastructures

The characteristics of modern science, i.e., data-intensive, multidisciplinary, open, and heavily dependent on Internet technologies, entail the creation of a linked scholarly record that is online and open. Instrumental in making this vision happen is the development of the next generation of Open Cyber-Scholarly Infrastructures (OCIs), i.e., enablers of an open, evolvable, and extensible scholarly ecosystem. The paper delineates the evolving scenario of the modern scholarly record and describes the functionality of future OCIs as well as the radical changes in scholarly practices including new reading, learning, and information-seeking practices enabled by OCIs.
Poor children remain poor.

A longitudinal national study emphasizes the greater levels and longer terms of poverty experienced by children
Molecular dynamics simulations of glycoproteins using CHARMM

Molecular dynamics simulations are an effective tool to study the structure, dynamics, and thermodynamics of carbohydrates and proteins. However, the simulations of heterogeneous glycoprotein systems have been limited due to the lack of appropriate molecular force field parameters describing the linkage between the carbohydrate and the protein regions as well as the tools to prepare these systems for modeling studies. In this work we outline the recent developments in the CHARMM carbohydrate force field to treat glycoproteins and describe in detail the step-by-step procedures involved in building glycoprotein geometries using CHARMM-GUI Glycan Reader.
Abstract 3698: The effect of epigenetic silencing and p53 mutation on DLL4 expression in human cancer stem cell disorder: The Li-Fraumeni syndrome

Tumorigenesis results from an accumulation of mutational and epigenetic changes that alter normal cell growth and survival pathways. Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous inherited cancer syndrome that can provide powerful insights into our understanding of the somatic mutations present in sporadic cancers. LFS is currently linked to heterozygous mutation in the tumor suppressor gene p53 (TP53), which encodes a transcription factor that responds to diverse cellular stresses through the regulation of target genes that induce apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and senescence. We previously showed a balanced reciprocal chromosomal translocation t(11;15)(q23;q15) in the non-cancerous skin fibroblasts of a bilateral breast cancer patient in LFS family. This prompted us to investigate the breakpoint region of the translocation, which uncovered a gene that encodes DLL4, (Delta-like ligand 4; locus at 15q15.1), a Notch ligand that is a key target in tumor vasculature. DLL4 regulates T-cell lineage thymopoiesis and further affects cancer immunosurveillance. In the breakpoint region of chromosome 15q15, we examined THBS1, DNAJC17, Rad51, DLL4, CHAC1 and INO80 gene expression levels. We found that specifically DLL4 is abrogated in all the LFS cell lines as well as MDA231 breast cancer cell line, and drastically down-regulated in MCF7 breast and IMR32 brain cancer cell lines and several human organ-specific tumor samples. Furthermore, DNA methylation studies revealed that DLL4 promoter is silenced only in MCF7 and MDA231 but not in LFS cell lines. ChIP and siRNA knockdown assays demonstrated that p53 binds to DLL4 promoter through its association with CTCF, a chromosomal networking protein CCCTC binding factor. These results imply a possible karyotype-phenotype correlation with respect to DLL4 in LFS and breast cancer initiation and progression. The drastic reduction or absence in the expression of DLL4 in normal skin fibroblasts of LFS patients as well as breast and brain cancer cells is significant and supports the concept that this ligand may also play a role in cancer immune-surveillance; and its resuscitation in the tumor microenvironment may stimulate T-cell immunity and suppress tumor growth. Citation Format: Zhixing Yao, Zaki A. Sherif. The effect of epigenetic silencing and p53 mutation on DLL4 expression in human cancer stem cell disorder: The Li-Fraumeni syndrome. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3698.
Making market rationality: material semiotics and the case of congestion pricing in New York City

ABSTRACTWhat were politicians, planners, and activists able to make of market concepts and market devices as they crafted congestion pricing plans in the context of New York City’s regional governance structure, its transportation infrastructure, and its physical geography? The answer challenges typical assumptions about the use of market mechanisms in restructuring urban space. Market mechanisms and market rationality created a platform for political debate about citywide mobility and its costs. From 2003 to 2014, through five formal plans, advocates and detractors opened up a political space for debating the interests of actors, from drivers, to pedestrians, to the local and global environment to citywide mobility. Market rationality was a provisional assemblage into which actors sought to embed values like sustainability and fairness. These values became more important in each new plan as advocates sought to address the political vulnerabilities of the one that had come before. The changes from plan to...
Emendation of Carpobothrium (“Tetraphyllidea”) from Bamboosharks (Orectolobiformes: Hemiscyliidae) with Redescription of Carpobothrium chiloscyllii and Description of a New Species from Borneo

ABSTRACT: Collection of new material from the bamboosharks Chiloscyllium indicum (Gmelin, 1789) and Chiloscyllium hasseltii Bleeker, 1852, from Indonesian and Malaysian Borneo prompted reevalutation of the identity and host associations of the cestode genus Carpobothrium Shipley and Hornell, 1906. Light microscopical examination of whole mounts, histological sections, and egg preparations, in combination with scanning electron microscopy of scoleces, led to redescription of the type species Carpobothrium chiloscyllii Shipley and Hornell, 1906, from Ch. indicum, as well as description of a new species from Ch. hasseltii. The proglottid anatomy of C. chiloscyllii is described for the first time. The genus was confirmed to exhibit pouch-like bothridia with relatively small anterior and posterior flaps that have a tendency to retract into the bothridial pouches, testes that are entirely pre‐poral, a uterus that extends only to the cirrus sac, and a vas deferens that coils posterior to the cirrus sac. Althoug...
The Queen’s Easter Pardons, 1554: Ancient Customs and the Gift of Thucydides

In 1553–1554, Mary I, the granddaughter of English and Iberian monarchs, worked assiduously to establish her newly acquired regal authority. Surrounding her were numerous men who sought to provide assistance and advice. Cultivating an authoritative voice in an arena occupied by aristocratic men proved a difficult task and required a great deal of education, talent, and skill. Mary’s sister, Elizabeth, became famous for her enigmatic use of language: “She says the most extraordinary things” a Spanish ambassador once wrote.1 Mary’s voice tended to be more straightforward. This essay is a study of Mary’s struggle to be heard in the weeks following the collapse of Wyatt’s Rebellion and it reveals the struggle she faced even among her supporters. It was during this time that the Imperial ambassador gave what appeared to be an appropriately diplomatic gift to the queen, but it was, in fact, a complex and cynical political move aimed at changing Mary’s behavior and her queenship.
INSIGHT Telling and Showing: The Intersection of Visual Communication Content Knowledge and Pedagogical Strategies in STEM

Decades of research in (oral) communication across the curriculum can provide a firm foundation for many forms of communication, but the related research focused on discipline-specific visual modalities is sparse. For this pilot investigation, we interviewed 12 faculty members across STEM fields about how students are asked to use visual communication within a course and what kind of visual communication instruction or guidance they are given. The results provide an empirically supported investigation into the perception of the value of visuals in STEM, how students in STEM disciplines learn how to create and use visuals, and how this instruction is accomplished through communities of practice. Based on these results, we argue that it is not enough to teach students discipline-specific writing and oral skills with a quick nod to visuals, but instead there should be special attention devoted to unique pedagogical strategies in teaching visual communication construction.
Crambe Meal as a Source of Supplemental Protein for Growing-Finishing Beef Cattle

A series of 4 experiments were conducted with growing beef cattle to evaluate crambe (Crambe abyssinica) seed meal as a source of supplemental protein. The crambe meal contained hulls and from 25-31% protein. In 2 of the experiments, nonsignificant increases in gain were associated with additions of good quality crambe meal. In the other 2 experiments where nonsignificant decreases in gain were obtained, the crambe meals were of lower quality as indicated by analytical data and lower apparent acceptability to the cattle. In 1 of the experiments, cattle fed higher levels of crambe meal required less (P < .05) feed per kg gain.
“I’ve Just Never Gotten Around to Doing It”: Men’s Approaches to Managing BRCA -Related Cancer Risks

Abstract Objective To examine men’s approaches to managing BRCA -related cancer risks. Methods 25 Qualitative interviews were conducted with men who are at risk for BRCA -related cancers. Thematic analysis was conducted using the constant comparison. Results Qualitative analysis revealed two different approaches for how men managed their BRCA -related cancer risks. Men were engaged when: (1) initially seeking information, (2) uptake of genetic testing, and (3) population screening procedures. Men were passively avoidant for: (1) follow-up information seeking, (2) uptake of genetic testing, and (3) BRCA- specific screening. Men’s justifications for engaged risk management were to: (1) protect their family, (2) respond to encouragement from others, and (3) get knowledge for themselves. Their justifications for passively avoidant management were due to: (1) limited access to clear risk information, (2) little fear of cancer development, (3) barriers to testing/screening, and (4) reliance on incomplete illness representations. Conclusions Men at risk for developing BRCA -related cancers approached risk management by primarily using a passive avoidance approach. That approach should be interpreted in context with the inconsistent information available to them, and the minimal NCCN guidelines for their risk surveillance. Practice implications Findings may assist healthcare providers and family members in helping men manage their BRCA -related cancer risks.
‘Swimming Against the Tide’: Working-Class Discourse on Gentrification in North Brooklyn

DeSena’s chapter focuses on the once predominantly working-class neighbourhood of Greenpoint in northern Brooklyn to show how it is being destabilized by gentrification. Moreover, as gentrification is assisted by the large-scale development of luxury housing, upscale retail establishments and trendy entertainment venues, the cost of living continues to escalate, outpacing the economic resources of its working-class residents. Through the ‘stories’ of working-class residents, DeSena examines the perspective of working-class residents on gentrification, the effect that it has had on them and their strategies to maintain a place in their neighbourhood. The ethnography suggests that the working class exercises its activism through informal social networks and local traditional institutions.
Predatory Behavior of a Shell-Boring Muricid Gastropod

Invertebrate animals in a wide range of taxa have evolved complex mechanisms for excavating boreholes through the mineralized exoskeletons of live prey to obtain food. Although the mechanism of penetration has been the subject of increasing research in recent years (Carriker et al., 1969), predatory behavior has received less attention (Carriker and Smith, 1969).
Fluorescent light-activated flavor in milk

Homogenized milk packaged in polyethylene containers exposed to fluorescent lights showed flavor and vitamin deterioration. Off-flavor development began within 2 to 4 h after exposure to a lighting system simulating commercial display cases. Detection of light-induced flavor was slight, medium, and strong after 4, 7 and 24 h of exposure. Decreases in riboflavin and ascorbic acid were directly proportional to the amount of light exposure. Various types of colored lamps and lamp filters were tested to prevent this off-flavor and vitamin degradation in milk. Yellow lamps or yellow and green filters protected milk from off-flavor development for 30 to 40 h. It is evident that light-induced off-flavors and vitamin destruction in fluid milk packaged in polyethylene containers can be reduced by colored lamps and lamp filters.
Strategies for the Use of Live Recombinant Avirulent Bacterial Vaccines for Mucosal Immunization

Publisher Summary Live recombinant avirulent microorganisms can be used as antigen delivery vehicles to especially induce mucosal immune responses following immunization of individuals by oral, intranasal, and intravaginal routes. There are a number of issues of importance in considering the use of live microorganisms for this purpose. One is whether the vaccine induces just a localized mucosal immune response or a generalized response with production of secretory IgA in all secretory glands, and from mucosal tissues throughout the body. Bacteria in at least eight genera have been used to achieve immune responses at mucosal sites. It is likely that others will be evaluated in the future. Lactobacillus fermentum has been used to express foreign antigens, but since these organisms seem not to colonize except in the colon, which may not be the best inductive site for a mucosal immune response. Repetitive oral immunizations of recombinant L. fermentum are required to achieve adequate immune responses. Streptococcus gordonii has been genetically engineered to express antigens. Vibrio cholerae and certain strains of Escherichia coli represent microorganisms with the ability to adhere to specific mucosal tissues, but without the ability to survive following uptake into M cells and entry into phagocytic cells in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).
COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION AND OTHER COMORBIDITIES | Behavioral and Cognitive Comorbidities

Children with epilepsy with average intelligence have a high rate of a wide range of psychiatric diagnoses as well as subtle cognitive deficits irrespective of the type of epilepsy, cryptogenic epilepsy with focal involvement, and complex partial seizures (CPS) or childhood absence epilepsy (CAE). However, the predictors of these comorbidities differ in these two epilepsy groups. Verbal IQ predicts CPS psychopathology but seizure frequency/AEDs and a history of prolonged seizure/febrile convulsions predict IQ scores. In CAE seizure frequency and duration of illness relate to psychopathology, duration of illness to Verbal IQ, and antiepileptic drug treatment to IQ scores. In CPS, the association of inferior frontal gyrus and amygdala volumes with psychopathology and different relationships of frontotemporal volumes with age and IQ compared with normal children imply a possible role for the underlying neuropathology in the development of behavioral and cognitive comorbidities in pediatric CPS.
Sulfonation of blocky brominated PEEK to prepare hydrophilic-hydrophobic blocky copolymers for efficient proton conduction

Abstract Hydrophilic-hydrophobic blocky copolymers of poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) were prepared using a two-step post-polymerization technique. First, PEEK was brominated in the semicrystalline gel state to create a blocky BrPEEK template, which was subsequently functionalized by sulfonating the remaining runs of unfunctionalized PEEK units. The resultant degree of sulfonation of the blocky brominated, sulfonated PEEK (BrSPEEK) copolymers was inversely related to the degree of bromination, and degrees of sulfonation ranging from 26 to 71 mol% were obtained for degrees of bromination between 27 and 144 mol%. Thermal analysis using DSC and DMA revealed distinct multi-phase behavior for blocky BrSPEEK copolymers at degrees of sulfonation up to 40 mol%, suggesting phase separation between the densely brominated blocks and the sulfonated blocks into hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains, respectively. This phase separation contributed to improved dimensional stability upon swelling and enhanced proton transport at lower water content for blocky BrSPEEK membranes compared to random SPEEK membranes. Finally, morphological analysis using SAXS demonstrated that ionic aggregate size remained relatively unchanged for blocky BrSPEEK at all degrees of sulfonation, and the ionic aggregates became more closely spaced with increasing degree of sulfonation. Overall, this work demonstrates a facile, post-polymerization technique to prepare hydrophilic, hydrophobic blocky copolymers with excellent dimensional swelling and transport properties that rival those of directly polymerized block copolymers.
White identity politics: linked fate and political participation

Hopes that Barack Obama’s election in 2008 would usher in a post-racial America were dashed by the rise of the Tea Party and the 2016 presidential contest. Despite renewed attention to White politi...
Training Prospective Teachers of Multiply Handicapped Blind Children

The proposed program for the training of teachers of multiply handicapped blind children at Florida State University involves the development of their competency in classroom and home teaching, adm...
The Individual-Level Deterrent Effect of “Call-In” Meetings on Time to Re-Arrest:

Focused on deterrence popular model to address community-level violence, however little research has examined the individual-level effect of deterrent messaging on subsequent offending. To answer t...
Laminate Al 2 O 3 /Ta 2 O 5 Metal/Insulator/Insulator/Metal (MIIM) Devices for High-Voltage Applications

We evaluate for high-voltage (HV) applications a series of metal/insulator/insulator/metal (MIIM) devices with relatively thick asymmetric Al2O3/Ta2O5 bilayer insulator barriers in which the Al2O3:Ta2O5 layer thickness ratio is varied from 1:1 to 1:9, with the thickness of the Al2O3 layer fixed at 30 nm. The impact of Ta2O5 to Al2O3 stack order and layer thickness ratio on current versus voltage asymmetry, reverse leakage, breakdown, and programable resistance ratio is investigated. Regions of operation are distinguished, and the responsible underlying dominant conduction mechanisms, including Schottky emission over the various barriers, ohmic conduction and Fowler–Nordheim tunneling through Al2O3, and defect-based Frenkel–Poole emission through Ta2O5 are identified. It was found that under positive bias, the low-resistance state in one-time programable usage is controlled by the thickness and properties of the Ta2O5 layer while the high-resistance state is determined by the thickness and properties of the Al2O3 layer. These results demonstrate that atomic layer deposition (ALD) bilayers are an effective way to engineer the electrical properties of HV metal-insulator-metal (MIM) devices.
Quantitative phase retrieval for EUV photomasks

We present a comparison of experimental techniques for measuring the as-built phase shift of EUV photomasks to meet the unique requirements for EUV lithography at the resolution limit. Attenuated phase-shift masks provide superior image quality for certain applications such as low-k1 contact and pillar arrays, offering increased throughput and reduced stochastic printing failures. But whereas the traditional phase-shift is π, rigorous electromagnetic simulations suggest the optimal phase-shift for an EUV photomask must be adjusted to account for Mask 3D effects, which are themselves difficult to measure. In this work, we explore at-wavelength metrology including reflectometry, scatterometry, and phase imaging for measuring multilayer and absorber reflectance, as well as complex scattering amplitudes for a grating with pitch p = 420nm and duty-cycle D = 0.33. Using rigorous electromagnetic simulations, we find that relying only on reflectometery and the Fresnel thin-mask model predicts the complex scattering amplitudes with 22% accuracy due to 3D effects, whereas a combination of scatterometry and through-focus imaging can achieve a promising 0.6% accuracy, and a combination of scatterometry and Zernike Phase-Contrast imaging can achieve a superior 0.1% accuracy. Experimental results based on imaging and scatterometry clearly display 3D effects that differ substantially from idealized rigorous simulations, suggesting the difficulty of accurately predicting 3D effects and hence the need to accurately measure them.
Using Diffuse Optics to Measure Cerebral Blood Flow and Oxygen Saturation during Hypothermic Circulatory Arrests

Cerebral blood flow monitoring is crucial during hypothermic circulatory arrest for aortic arch surgery. This study uses diffuse optics to demonstrate simultaneous monitoring of cerebral blood flow and blood oxygen saturation during surgery.
Age-of-Information Revisited: Two-way Delay and Distribution-oblivious Online Algorithm

The ever-increasing needs of supporting real-time applications have spurred a considerable number of studies on minimizing Age-of-Information (AoI), a new metric characterizing the data freshness of the system. This work revisits and significantly strengthens the seminal results of Sun et al. on the following fronts: (i) The optimal waiting policy is generalized from the 1-way delay to the 2-way delay setting; (ii) A new way of computing the optimal policy with quadratic convergence rate, an order-of-magnitude improvement over the state-of-the-art bisection methods; and (iii) A new low-complexity adaptive online algorithm that provably converges to the optimal policy without knowing the exact delay distribution, a sharp departure from the existing AoI algorithms. Contribution (iii) is especially important in practice since the delay distribution can sometimes be hard to know in advance and may change over time. Simulation results in various settings are consistent with the theoretic findings.
Prioritizing teacher emotions: shifting teacher training to a digital environment.

This paper is in response to the manuscript entitled, “Success, failure and emotions: Examining the relationship between performance feedback and emotions in diagnostic reasoning,” (Jarrell, Harley, Lajoie, & Naismith, Educational Technology & Research Development, 65, 1263–1284: 2017) from a K-12 teacher and administrator educational perspective. Jarrell et al.’s (Educational Technology & Research Development, 65, 1263–1284: 2017) findings indicate a strong relationship between outcome emotions and performance tasks: highest performing medical students had the most positive emotions. The authors suggested that medical students who fail and experience negative emotions could experience a loss of confidence and lead to dropping out of medical school. These results can be applied to teachers and administrators in K-12 settings as they make the shift to digital learning by including emotional assessments into the new digital learning platforms in order to address areas of emotional stress and teacher burnout before leading to attrition. This perspective makes suggestions of ways Jarrell et al.’s (Educational Technology & Research Development, 65, 1263–1284: 2017) findings could be a starting place for educational stakeholders to prioritize teachers’ emotional well-being and offer an opportunity to provide intervention support in order to increase teacher self-efficacy in the shift to digital and possibly reduce teacher burnout.
Oxidant Stress and Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity: Mechanism-Based Drug Development

Significance: Acetaminophen (APAP) is one of the quantitively most consumed drugs worldwide. Although safe at therapeutic doses, intentional or unintentional overdosing occurs frequently causing se...
X-57 “Maxwell” High-Lift Propeller Testing and Model Development

NASA’s X-57 “Maxwell” distributed electric propulsion flight demonstrator has a high-lift system that includes 12 fixed-pitch high-lift propellers located upstream of the wing leading edge for lift augmentation at low speeds. These high-lift propellers are not required at higher speeds and are folded conformally along the nacelles to reduce drag when not in operation. Aircraft performance models and flight simulations incorporate propeller performance to predict thrust, moments, and power consumption and propeller model accuracy is important in identifying safe operating regimes for this aircraft. Current high-lift propeller performance models have been verified and calibrated against numerous computational fluid dynamics analyses under a variety of flight conditions. We performed a series of full-scale wind tunnel tests at the NASA Langley Research Center Low Speed Aeroacoustic Wind Tunnel to further validate these models, to identify any adverse operating conditions for these propellers, and to assess the accuracy of the facility’s new Propeller Test Stand. The results indicate that the models accurately predicted performance and that the right-handed propeller showed lower torque and thrust for a given propeller speed compared to the left-handed version. Acoustic data support these measurements, showing higher tonal noise for the left versus right propeller. We suspect this is due to slight differences in the material properties between the early production (right) and more recent (left) blade sets leading to greater detwisting in the right-handed blades under load. Both propellers demonstrated very stable operation throughout the test including during deployment, stowing, and windmilling. Furthermore, high-speed imagery of the spinning propeller indicated no blade oscillations or instabilities for any test case. We also leveraged these images to analyze the effects of propeller loading on blade detwisting and tip position. Unfortunately, the thrust measurements varied significantly during the test due to cross-loading of the Propeller Test Stand load cell, though trends in the thrust data were still observable. The torque measurement, however, remained very precise for all test points and was used for performance comparisons. As a result of this test, we validated and improved the X-57 high-lift propeller performance models, obtained detailed propeller acoustic data and high-speed imagery, observed the propeller operating safely during a variety of dynamic events, and identified two potentially adverse, low-propeller-speed conditions which will be avoided during normal aircraft operation.
GLP-1 Analogs Are Superior in Mediating Weight Loss But Not Glycemic Control in Diabetic Patients on Antidepressant Medications: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Objective: Both antipsychotic and antidepressant medications have been associated with weight gain and hyperglycemia. Our previously published retrospective cohort study suggests that GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) analogs may be superior to alternative regimens for both glycemic and weight control in patients on antipsychotic plus/minus antidepressant medications. In the current study, we asked whether GLP-1 analogs or SGLT-2 (sodium-glucose-transporter-2) inhibitors would be similarly beneficial in patients on antidepressant medications alone. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we included all patients with type 2 diabetes on antidepressant medications referred to our endocrine clinics between January 1, 2016, and January 1, 2017. Overall, 61 patients were started on a GLP-1 analog, 9 patients were started on an SGLT-2 inhibitor, and 134 were on alternative regimens (controls). Results: The groups did not differ in age, sex, ethnicity, and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, although body mass index levels were higher in patients started on a GLP-1 analog (P < .0001). After 12 months, patients on GLP-1 analogs lost 4 kg, patients on SGLT-2 inhibitors lost 2.4 kg, and controls gained 0.8 kg (P < .001 for controls versus GLP-1 analog group). Subanalyses revealed that GLP-1 analog-related weight loss was most notable in women and patients on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. On the other hand, all serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor users lost weight over time, independent of the antidiabetic regimen applied. In contrast to the above noted differences in weight control, HbA1c reductions were comparable and somewhat diminished in all patients on antidepressant medications (-0.3% to 0.6%). Conclusions: In this retrospective cohort study, we confirm superiority of GLP-1 analogs in mediating weight loss in patients on psychotropic and, more specifically, antidepressant medications. We also note overall blunted glycemic improvements in patients on antidepressant medications, a finding that was independent of the treatment strategy used. It could be a result of mental distress or suboptimal self-care and clearly requires further attention by future, prospective studies.
Peyronie disease and erectile dysfunction: A potential new paradigm.

Viewing Peyronie disease as related to erectile dysfunction allows for the possibility of preventing the disease in patients with erectile insufficiency.
Major Disruptions of Pancreaticojejunostomy

Advances in operative technique and perioperative care have driven mortality following pancreaticoduodenectomy to historic lows, but morbidity remains 30–50 %. A majority of this morbidity is a result of disruptions of the pancreatic anastomosis. Major disruptions of the pancreatic anastomosis (International Study Group on Pancreatic Fistula (ISGPF) grade C leaks; see below) are rare events accounting for 3–5 % of all pancreatic fistulae. Mortality following grade C leaks has been reported to be as high as 25 %, so avoidance is paramount and requires adherence to principles of a tension-free, well-vascularized anastomosis. Options for management include percutaneous or open drainage, repair, or revision of the anastomosis versus completion pancreatectomy. Major disruptions are challenging to manage, requiring careful handling of profound physiologic derangements, control of pancreatic secretions, and aggressive nutritional support.