cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of diverse populations in phylogenetic analysis

The most popular approaches for reconstructing phylogenetic trees attempt to solve NP-hard optimization criteria such as maximum parsimony (MP). Currently, the best-performing heuristic for reconstructing MP trees is Recursive-Iterative DCM3 (Rec-I-DCM3), which uses a single tree (or solution) to guide its way through an exponentially-sized tree space. To improve performance further, we designed Cooperative Rec-I-DCM3, a population-based approach for utilizing a population of Rec-I-DCM3 trees.We compare the performance of Cooperative Rec-I-DCM3 to Rec-I-DCM3 on four large biological datasets. Of particular interest is Cooperative Rec-I-DCM3's selection criteria for maintaining a population of solutions. Our experiments reveal that diverse populations outperform Rec-I-DCM3 in terms of average rates of convergence to best-known MP scores. To achieve greater performance, we designed an elitist population strategy, in which each solution's tree score matches that of the best score found in each generation. The elitist strategy was by far the worst overall performer in our experiments. Hence, being greedy is not always the best approach. Instead, a population of diverse solutions allows our cooperative algorithm to achieve the greatest performance improvements.
Do technical trading profits remain in the foreign exchange market? Evidence from 14 currencies

Abstract We examine the in- and out-of-sample behavior of two popular trading systems, Alexander and Double MA filters, for 14 developed-country currencies using daily data with bid-ask spreads. We find significant in-sample returns in the early periods. But out-of-sample returns are lower and only occasionally significant. We show that a currency risk factor proposed in the literature is systematically related to these returns. We find no support for the hypotheses that falling transactions costs are responsible for declining trading profits or for the Adaptive Market hypothesis. Importantly, we show that algorithms that simulate out-of-sample returns have serious instability difficulties.
What's new?: making web page updates accessible

Web applications facilitated by technologies such as JavaScript, DHTML, AJAX, and Flash use a considerable amount of dynamic web content that is either inaccessible or unusable by blind people. Server side changes to web content cause whole page refreshes, but only small sections of the page update, causing blind web users to search linearly through the page to find new content. The connecting theme is the need to quickly and unobtrusively identify the segments of a web page that have changed and notify the user of them. In this paper we propose Dynamo, a system designed to unify different types of dynamic content and make dynamic content accessible to blind web users. Dynamo treats web page updates uniformly and its methods encompass both web updates enabled through dynamic content and scripting, and updates resulting from static page refreshes, form submissions, and template-based web sites. From an algorithmic and interaction perspective Dynamo detects underlying changes and provides users with a single and intuitive interface for reviewing the changes that have occurred. We report on the quantitative and qualitative results of an evaluation conducted with blind users. These results suggest that Dynamo makes access to dynamic content faster, and that blind web users like it better than existing interfaces.
Hearing outcomes in the neonatal intensive care unit graduate

Abstract Universal hearing screening is accepted as a standard of care in the United States. Infants in the neonatal intensive care unit are at increased risk of hearing loss. Delay in the diagnosis of hearing loss may delay language and communication skills that result in life-long challenges for these infants and their families. Types of hearing loss, methods of screening, and interventions are reviewed.
The effect of platelet-rich plasma on autologous osteochondral transplantation: an in vivo rabbit model.

Background: Autologous osteochondral transplantation restores a cartilage defect with a cylindrical unit of bone and articular cartilage. Previous studies have described poor graft integration at the chondral interface and degeneration of the cartilage. This has prompted the investigation of adjuncts to address these concerns, including platelet-rich plasma (PRP), which has the potential to improve chondral interface integration and decrease cartilage degeneration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of PRP on autologous osteochondral transplantation in a rabbit model. Methods: Bilateral osteochondral defects (2.7 mm in diameter and 5 mm in depth) were created on the femoral condyles of twelve New Zealand White rabbits. Osteochondral grafts were harvested from the ipsilateral femoral condyle and, after randomization, were treated with either PRP or saline solution before implantation into the defect site. The rabbits were killed at three, six, or twelve weeks postoperatively. The osteochondral graft was assessed using the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) macroscopic and modified ICRS histological scoring systems. Results: Macroscopic assessment revealed no significant difference between the two groups (mean and standard deviation, 11.2 ± 0.9 for the PRP-treated group versus 10.3 ± 0.9 for the control group; p = 0.09). The mean modified ICRS histological score was significantly higher overall and at each time point for the PRP-treated osteochondral transplants compared with the controls (overall mean, 18.2 ± 2.7 versus 13.5 ± 3.3; p = 0.002). Assessing graft integration specifically, the mean score for the PRP-treated group was significantly higher than that for the control group (2.5 ± 0.9 versus 1.6 ± 0.7; p = 0.004). No adverse events occurred as a result of the surgical procedure or PRP. Conclusions: PRP may improve the integration of an osteochondral graft at the cartilage interface and decrease graft degeneration in an in vivo animal model. Clinical Relevance: The use of PRP as a biological adjunct to autologous osteochondral transplantation has the clinical potential to enhance graft integration, decrease cartilage degeneration, and improve clinical outcomes of autologous osteochondral transplantation.
Fish heart motion measurements with a body-contact Doppler radar sensor

This paper presents preliminary results demonstrating detection of cardiac motion and monitoring of fish heart rate using a contact antenna as a less-invasive alternative to surgical electrocardiogram (ECG) measurements. Ringtail Surgeonfish were used as initial test subjects with pcb patch and spiral antennas. The frequency of operation, 2.4 GHz, was chosen as a tradeoff between antenna size and propagation. The data show the importance of antenna placement for satisfactory heart motion detection. Measured heart rates varied with time and sedation level, generally near 60 bpm. Of the antennas used, the spiral antenna-provided signal most closely matched that seen with human test subjects.
Vertical Flexibility in Supply Chains

Jordan and Graves (Jordan, W. C., S. C. Graves. 1995. Principles on the benefits of manufacturing process flexibility. Management Sci. 41(4) 577–594) initiated a stream of research on supply chain flexibility, which was furthered by Graves and Tomlin (Graves, S. C., B. T. Tomlin. 2003. Process flexibility in supply chains. Management Sci. 49(7) 907–919), that examined various structures for achieving horizontal flexibility within a single level of a supply chain. In this paper, we extend the theory of supply chain flexibility by considering placement of vertical flexibility across multiple stages in a supply chain. Specifically, we consider two types of flexibility—logistics flexibility and process flexibility—and examine how demand, production, and supply variability at a single stage impacts the best stage in the supply chain for each type of flexibility. Under the assumptions that margins are the same regardless of flexibility location, capacity investment costs are the same within and across stages, a...
Ralph Bunche: An American Life

From modest beginnings, Ralph Bunche rose to become one of the architects of the United Nations and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize. He was a most effective diplomat with a string of successes in the world's trouble spots including Palestine, Cyprus and the Congo. In this portrayal, we see how Bunche's racial consciousness and pride were forged and how they sustained him through a lifetime's battle with prejudice, from his work at the United Nations to his sympathetic engagement with both Martin Luther King, Jr and Malcolm X.
Estimates of non-traditional secondary organic aerosols from aircraft SVOC and IVOC emissions using CMAQ

Abstract. Utilizing an aircraft-specific parameterization based on smog chamber data in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model with the volatility basis set (VBS), we estimated contributions of non-traditional secondary organic aerosols (NTSOA) for aircraft emissions during landing and takeoff (LTO) activities at the Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport. NTSOA, formed from the oxidation of semi-volatile and intermediate volatility organic compounds (S/IVOCs), is a heretofore unaccounted component of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in most air quality models. We expanded a prerelease version of CMAQ with VBS implemented for the Carbon Bond 2005 (CB05) chemical mechanism to use the Statewide Air Pollution Research Center 2007 (SAPRC-07) chemical mechanism and added species representing aircraft S/IVOCs and corresponding NTSOA oxidation products. Results indicated that the maximum monthly average NTSOA contributions occurred at the airport and ranged from 2.4 ng m−3 (34 % from idle and 66 % from non-idle aircraft activities) in January to 9.1 ng m−3 (33 and 67 %) in July. This represents 1.7 % (of 140 ng m−3) in January and 7.4 % in July (of 122 ng m−3) of aircraft-attributable PM2.5 compared to 41.0–42.0 % from elemental carbon and 42.8–58.0 % from inorganic aerosols. As a percentage of PM2.5, impacts were higher downwind of the airport, where NTSOA averaged 4.6–17.9 % of aircraft-attributable PM2.5 and, considering alternative aging schemes, was as high as 24.0 % – thus indicating the increased contribution of aircraft-attributable SOA as a component of PM2.5. However, NTSOA contributions were generally low compared to smog chamber results, particularly at idle, due to the considerably lower ambient organic aerosol concentrations in CMAQ compared to those in the smog chamber experiments.
Real-time shared control system for space telerobotics

A shared control system is a modular real-time system which is designed to execute complex tasks through the intelligent coordination of task modules. A state machine is used to control task sequencing and, due to the automatic switching, the accuracy and reliability with which tasks are executed is greatly improved. Tasks consist of sets of independent, modular and reusable subtasks whose outputs are combined to create the robot control. This system has proved itself useful for rapid development of reliable high-level, multiple sensor-based manipulation and control tasks. Additionally, an extensible neural network-based visual servoing system, semi-compliant Cartesian trajectory-following heuristics, and a real-time graphical user interface have been developed. The shared control system was developed for the Self-Mobile Space Manipulator to handle a range of tasks associated with locomotion, manipulation, and material transportation on Space Station Freedom.
Steps towards a science of heuristic search

There are many algorithms designed to solve the shortest path problem. Each of the published algorithms has a demonstrated use; a situation in which it is the clear choice. Unfortunately, if faced with a novel problem, there is no reliable robust way to figure out which algorithm should be used to solve the new problem. When classifying things, the first step is to identify relevant features for classifications. In the context of heuristic search, it not clear what pieces of information should be used to predict search algorithm performance, and the question of algorithm selection for a novel domain is an open question. We first analyze which domain attributes common algorithms leverage, and discuss how to identify domains containing these attributes. In addition to discussing how to classify domains, we also discuss why the classifications matter for various algorithms. Ultimately, this will allow us to offer more accurate runtime predictions for various algorithms we analyze, allowing us to determine which algorithm will likely offer the best performance.
Propulsion architectures using mechanical energy storage

Alternative propulsion architecture systems are described, and evaluated from the standpoint of efficiency and potential for use as mechanical energy storage systems in automobiles. We study air hybrids and describe modelling and simulation results along with experimental data from a test-bed to assess round-trip efficiencies of such storage systems. This is followed by an assessment of hydraulic hybrids and flywheel hybrids. These systems are sized for comparable applications. Simulations are then used to objectively compare losses in these systems and to estimate operating round-trip efficiencies in energy storage applications.
Real-time obstacle avoidance for fast mobile robots in cluttered environments

The method described, named the vector field histogram (VFH), permits the detection of unknown obstacles and avoids collisions while simultaneously steering the mobile robot toward the target. A VFH-controlled mobile robot maneuvers quickly and without stopping among densely cluttered obstacles. The VFH method uses a two-dimensional Cartesian histogram grid as a world model. This world model is updated continuously and in real time with range data sampled by the onboard ultrasonic range sensors. Based on the accumulated environmental data, the VFH method then computes a one-dimensional polar histogram that is constructed around the robot's momentary location. Each sector in the polar histogram holds the polar obstacle density in that direction. Finally, the algorithm selects the most suitable sector from among all polar histogram sectors with low obstacle density, and the steering of the robot is aligned with that direction. Experimental results from a mobile robot traversing a densely cluttered obstacle course at an average speed of 0.7 m/s demonstrate the power of the VFH method. >
Outdoor weathering of facial prosthetic elastomers differing in Durometer hardness

Abstract Statement of problem Facial prosthetic elastomers with wide ranges in hardness are available, yet material weatherability is unknown. Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess color, Durometer hardness, and tensile property changes after 3000 hours of outdoor weathering. Material and methods Unpigmented elastomers with Durometer hardness 5, 30, 50, 70, and A-2186 were polymerized into dumbbells (ASTM D412) and disks, 34 mm in diameter by 6 mm thick. Materials were subjected to outdoor or time passage environments for 3000 hours. CIELab color (n=5), Durometer hardness (n=5), and tensile mechanical properties (n=10) were measured at 0 and 3000 hours, and group differences were assessed by material and weathering condition (ANOVA/Tukey, α=.05). Results Except for A-2186, the mean Durometer changes for all materials were 1 unit or less, with no significant differences observed between time passage and weathered groups ( P ≥.05). Three-thousand-hour tensile mechanical property results demonstrated nonsignificant differences between time passage and weathered materials but significantly changed properties from immediately tested materials ( P Conclusions With a few exceptions, outdoor weathering produced relatively small changes in color, Durometer hardness, or tensile properties compared with time passage.
Homework and hangovers: the joys of empowering a student staff

Living in the economic climate that exists today, many universities are looking at ways to cut cost while maintaining a high level of service. One method to cutting cost is to increase the staffing of students in support roles that in the past were held by full time employees. However, managing students can be a hassle. Not only are they prone to sudden schedule changes due to academic obligations (that need to be completed within 24 hours), they have yet to be able to discern between a hangover and a legitimate illness. There exist many hurdles need to be overcome on a daily basis. When managing students, these hurdles include utilizing successful hiring techniques, scheduling around class and academic activities, motivating a student employee, dealing with the unexpected, helping the student employee develop a strong work ethic, walking the thin line of appropriate social media usage, along with many more issues. The VCU helpIT Center has attempted to tackle the issues that arise with student employment, and has maintained a high level of customer satisfaction while utilizing a primarily transient student staff. This presentation will focus on their successes, while highlighting the lessons they learned along the way.
SHUSH: reactive transmit power control for wireless MAC protocols

Asymmetric transmission ranges caused due to transmit power control have the undesirable effect of increasing the number of hidden terminals in the network as well as increasing the unfairness in channel access. In this paper we present a new reactive power controlled MAC protocol, SHUSH, which tackles the above problems. We compare the performance of SHUSH with four other transmit power controlled MAC protocols and demonstrate that SHUSH achieves superior aggregate goodput, spatial reuse, fairness, and minimal energy consumption.
Recursive moving target detection with distributed MIMO radar in clutter with non-homogeneous power

Our previous study addresses moving target detection (MTD) using a distributed multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar in clutter with non-homogeneous power. The developed detector, referred to as the MIMO-GLRT detector, assumes perfect knowledge of the clutter subspace and uses the assumed clutter subspace to construct a projection matrix which is required to compute the test statistic. In this work, we take into account uncertainties on the clutter subspace, i.e., the subspace dimension is not known a priori, and develop a recursive version of the MIMO-GLRT detector by integrating a computationally efficient updating algorithm for the subspace projection matrix from one iteration to another, together with a generalized Akaike Information criterion (GAIC) for the subspace dimension selection. Simulation results with a synthesized dataset and a general clutter dataset are provided to demonstrate the performance degradation of the standard MIMO-GLRT detector when an over-estimated or under-estimated clutter subspace is used, and show that the recursive MIMO-GLRT detector is able to mitigate such degradation by choosing a proper clutter subspace directly from the received signals.
Toward an Artificial Golgi: Redesigning the Biological Activities of Heparan Sulfate on a Digital Microfluidic Chip

Using digital microfluidics, recombinant enzyme technology, and magnetic nanoparticles, we have created a functional prototype of an artificial Golgi organelle. Analogous to the natural Golgi, which is responsible for the enzymatic modification of glycosaminoglycans immobilized on proteins, this artificial Golgi enzymatically modifies glycosaminoglycans, specifically heparan sulfate (HS) chains immobilized onto magnetic nanoparticles. Sulfo groups were transferred from adenosine 3′-phosphate 5′-phosphosulfate to the 3-hydroxyl group of the d-glucosamine residue in an immobilized HS chain using d-glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase. After modification, the nanoparticles with immobilized HS exhibited increased affinity for fluorescently labeled antithrombin III as detected by confocal microscopy. Since the biosynthesis of HS involves an array of specialized glycosyl transferases, epimerase, and sulfotransferases, this approach should mimic the synthesis of HS in vivo. Furthermore, our method demonstrates the ...
BMP4 regulates vascular progenitor development in human embryonic stem cells through a Smad-dependent pathway

The signals that direct pluripotent stem cell differentiation into lineage-specific cells remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the roles of BMP on vascular progenitor development from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). In a serum-free condition, hESCs sequentially differentiated into CD34+CD31-, CD34+CD31+, and then CD34-CD31+ cells during vascular cell development. CD34+CD31+ cells contained vascular progenitor population that gives rise to endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. BMP4 promoted hESC differentiation into CD34+CD31+ cells at an early stage. In contrast, TGFbeta suppressed BMP4-induced CD34+CD31+ cell development, and promoted CD34+CD31- cells that failed to give rise to either endothelial or smooth muscle cells. The BMP-Smad inhibitor, dorsomorphin, inhibited phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8, and blocked hESC differentiation to CD34+CD31+ progenitor cells, suggesting that BMP Smad-dependent signaling is critical for CD34+CD31+ vascular progenitor development. Our findings provide new insight into how pluripotent hESCs differentiate into vascular cells.
Millimeter-wave orotron oscillation - Part II: Experiment

Experimental observation of orotron oscillation is reported in the frequency band from 53 to 73 GHz. The output power in a quasi-CW mode and beyond an output window is approximately 100 mW at a beam current of 90-100 mA. Oscillation has been observed on several modes of the open resonator of the orotron, with starting currents ranging from 35 to 82 mA. The electronic tuning transconductance within a single mode was measured by mixing the orotron signal with another signal from a klystron, yielding df/dV = 0.25 MHz/V. The spectrum of the orotron output signal was also measured by this method, and the linewidth was determined to be less than 0.4 MHz at 70 GHz.
Population Pharmacokinetics II: Estimation Methods

OBJECTIVETo present, compare, and contrast the various approaches to estimating population pharmacokinetic (PPK) models with respect to the mathematical foundation, statistical aspects, software programs for implementation, and underlying assumptions.DATA SOURCESInformation on PPK was retrieved from a MEDLINE search (1977–August 2004) of literature and a bibliographic review of review articles and books. This information is used in conjunction with experience to explain the various methodologic approaches to PPK.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTIONAll articles indentified from data sources were evaluated and relevant information was included in this review.DATA SYNTHESISOver 80 articles dealing with PPK estimation methods and/or their implementation were identified and reviewed. Sixty-four of these were chosen for their direct relevance to the subject of this article. Different estimation methods ranging from the naive averaging and naive pooled approaches through the standard two-stage approach to the non...
Ordered dynamics in biased and cooperative Boolean networks

This paper contributes to the theoretical analysis of the qualitative behavior of two types of Boolean networks: biased and cooperative ones. A Boolean network is biased if at least a specified fraction of its regulatory functions returns one Boolean value more often than the other and is cooperative if there are no negative interactions between the variables. We prove nontrivial upper bounds on the maximum length of periodic orbits in such networks under the assumption that the maximum number of inputs and outputs per node is a fixed constant r. For the case of n-dimensional networks with r = 2 in which only AND and OR are allowed, we find an upper bound of 10 n/4 , which is asymptotically optimal in view of previously published counterexamples. The theoretical results are supplemented by simulations of the generic behavior of cooperative networks which indicate that for large indegrees, trajectories tend to converge rapidly towards a steady state or a small periodic orbit. The latter starkly contrasts with the behavior of random arbitrary Boolean networks. MSC: 05A15; 06A07; 34C12; 39A33; 94C10; 92C42
α-Linolenic Acid, A Nutraceutical with Pleiotropic Properties That Targets Endogenous Neuroprotective Pathways to Protect against Organophosphate Nerve Agent-Induced Neuropathology

α-Linolenic acid (ALA) is a nutraceutical found in vegetable products such as flax and walnuts. The pleiotropic properties of ALA target endogenous neuroprotective and neurorestorative pathways in brain and involve the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a major neuroprotective protein in brain, and downstream signaling pathways likely mediated via activation of TrkB, the cognate receptor of BDNF. In this review, we discuss possible mechanisms of ALA efficacy against the highly toxic OP nerve agent soman. Organophosphate (OP) nerve agents are highly toxic chemical warfare agents and a threat to military and civilian populations. Once considered only for battlefield use, these agents are now used by terrorists to inflict mass casualties. OP nerve agents inhibit the critical enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) that rapidly leads to a cholinergic crisis involving multiple organs. Status epilepticus results from the excessive accumulation of synaptic acetylcholine which in turn leads to the overactivation of muscarinic receptors; prolonged seizures cause the neuropathology and long-term consequences in survivors. Current countermeasures mitigate symptoms and signs as well as reduce brain damage, but must be given within minutes after exposure to OP nerve agents supporting interest in newer and more effective therapies. The pleiotropic properties of ALA result in a coordinated molecular and cellular program to restore neuronal networks and improve cognitive function in soman-exposed animals. Collectively, ALA should be brought to the clinic to treat the long-term consequences of nerve agents in survivors. ALA may be an effective therapy for other acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders.
The association between post resuscitation hemoglobin level and survival with good neurological outcome following Out Of Hospital cardiac arrest.

Abstract Aims to explore the association between post return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) hemoglobin level and survival with good neurological outcome following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Methods We studied adults with non-traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest who achieved ROSC within 50min of collapse. We quantified the association between post ROSC hemoglobin level and good neurological outcome (defined as Cerebral Performance Category score of 1or 2), using multivariate logistic regression analyses. The impact of Post ROSC hemoglobin level ≥10gdl −1 and time varying hemoglobin level ≥10gdl −1 on time to Survival with good outcome was assessed using Cox proportional hazard models. Results Of 931 cardiac arrest patients, 146 (16%) achieved ROSC and 30 survived to discharge with a good neurological outcome. Of those with post ROSC hemoglobin level ≥10gdl −1 , 28% (27/98) had good outcome, whereas of those with level −1 only 6% (3/48) had good outcome (CPC P =0.003). The use of blood transfusions and therapeutic hypothermia were comparable in both good and bad outcome groups. An immediate post ROSC hemoglobin level ≥10gdl −1 was significantly associated with good neurological outcome (AOR 8.31 95% CI 1.89–36.52 P =0.005). Patients with post ROSC hemoglobin ≥10gdl −1 were more likely to achieve good outcome earlier (HR 6.02 95% CI 1.75–20.72 P =0.004). Conclusions Post ROSC hemoglobin level ≥10gdl −1 is associated with survival with good neurological outcome. The importance of time to achieve such level and the role of blood transfusion warrants further investigation.
Early Modern Almanacs and The Witch of Edmonton

'Early Modern Almanacs and The Witch of Edmonton ' argues for a reconsideration of Thomas Dekker, John Ford, and William Rowley's 1621 drama in light of the environmental preternatural forces at play upon and within the bodies of Edmonton's citizens. In this case, Cuddy Bank's reading of almanacs, texts which warn against these preternatural influences by looking to the stars, allows for him to interpret and interact with the demonic figure of Dog. This essay explores how early modern almanacs suggest a much more embedded narrative of human and bodily experience within the external world than the more learned medical tracts of the period articulate. Early modern almanacs provide a means for reading this environment and offer ways in which to predit and withstand external agents. Cuddy, equipped with this knowledge, is thus in a position to recognize and later exile the demonic forces in Edmonton.
A Quantum Mechanical Evaluation of Line Breadths Involved in Tuned-Laser Absorption and Stimulated Emission Spectroscopy

An analysis is given of collision- and power-broadening effects in Tuned-Laser Absorption Spectroscopy using time-dependent perturbation theory. The results are compared with the earlier analysis based on the Lorentz theory of collision broadening given by Gerritsen and Heller. Finally, the analysis is extended to include similar broadening effects on the net gain coefficient when both stimulated emission and absorption are involved.
Large contribution to inland water CO2 and CH4 emissions from very small ponds

Very small ponds have been omitted from greenhouse gas budgets. Estimates of CO2 and CH4 emissions from 427 lakes and ponds show that very small ponds account for 15% of CO2 and 40% of diffusive CH4 emissions, but 8.6% of lake and pond area. Inland waters are an important component of the global carbon cycle. Although they contribute to greenhouse gas emissions1,2,3,4,5, estimates of carbon processing in these waters are uncertain. The global extent of very small ponds, with surface areas of less than 0.001 km2, is particularly difficult to map, resulting in their exclusion from greenhouse gas budget estimates. Here we combine estimates of the lake and pond global size distribution, gas exchange rates, and measurements of carbon dioxide and methane concentrations from 427 lakes and ponds ranging in surface area from 2.5 m2 to 674 km2. We estimate that non-running inland waters release 0.583 Pg C yr−1. Very small ponds comprise 8.6% of lakes and ponds by area globally, but account for 15.1% of CO2 emissions and 40.6% of diffusive CH4 emissions. In terms of CO2 equivalence, the ratio of CO2 to CH4 flux increases with surface area, from about 1.5 in very small ponds to about 19 in large lakes. The high fluxes from very small ponds probably result from shallow waters, high sediment and edge to water volume ratios, and frequent mixing. These attributes increase CO2 and CH4 supersaturation in the water and limit efficient methane oxidation. We conclude that very small ponds represent an important inland water carbon flux.
TransMR: data-centric programming beyond data parallelism

MapReduce and related data-centric programming models have proven to be effective for a variety of large-scale distributed computations, in particular, those that manifest data parallelism. The fault-tolerance model underlying these programming environments relies on deterministic replay, which makes data-sharing (side-effects) across computations harder to support. This significantly limits the application scope of MapReduce and related models. This paper: (i) investigates data sharing (side-effects) in programming models operating on distributed key-value stores, specifically, the inconsistencies between the fault recovery mechanisms in execution and storage layers; (ii) defines semantics for a novel programming model, TransMR (Transactional MapReduce), which addresses these inconsistencies; and (iii) demonstrates broad application scope and enhanced performance through data-sharing across computations for a prototype implementation of the proposed semantics.
An electrochemical sensor for nitrobenzene using π-conjugated polymer-embedded nanosilver

A novel electrochemical sensing platform for nitrobenzene has been developed using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) embedded in the poly(amic) acid (PAA) polymer matrix (PAA–AgNPs). PAA was synthesized via the polycondensation reaction of para-phenylenediamine and benzene-1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylic dianhydride. PAA–AgNP nanocomposites were synthesized by the in situ reduction of a silver precursor by the polymer at room temperature in a one-step approach without using an extraneous reducing or capping agent. The composite was subsequently characterized in solution and as a thin film. The X-ray diffraction technique revealed the crystalline nature of the PAA films with the embedded AgNPs. Unlike conventional polymers, the synthesized PAA membrane exhibits significant UV/Vis spectroscopic response. The sequestered nanoparticles also show the characteristic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peaks confirming the presence of AgNPs. Integrated charge areas were 4.826 mC and 2.176 C for PAA/GC and PAA–AgNPs/GC respectively. The charge at the PAA–AgNP/GC electrode is 451 times greater than that at the PAA/GC electrode suggesting that the AgNP composite exhibits higher electroactivity. When tested as a sensor for nitrobenzene, the PAA–AgNP modified GC electrode showed promising potential as an electrochemical sensor. The electrochemical sensors exhibit a wide linear dynamic range (10–600 μM) with a correlation coefficient of 0.9735, a detection limit of 1.68 μM and a sensitivity of 7.88 μA μM−1. The sensor also exhibited minimal interference effects on structurally-similar nitroaromatic compounds and metal species such as 4-nitroaniline (4-NA), 2-nitrophenol (2-NP), dinitrobenzene (DNB), Pb2+ and Cd2+.
Disguised unemployment in underdeveloped economies.

Dualism and disguised unemployment (in some form) are frequently said to characterize much of the underdeveloped world common agreement on the definitions of these terms has not been reached as yet. Discussion focuses on the bearing of these concepts upon the formulation of an analytical account of the development process. For simplicity in presentation 1 celebrated model of economic development is used as a focus: W.A. Lewiss adaptation of the growth models of the English classical school. In the course of this critique several general problems of model building in the underdeveloped territories can be illuminated. Lewis begins his analysis by dividing the underdeveloped economy into 2 components: the capitalist sector and the subsistence sector. The capitalist sector is defined as "that part of the economy which uses reproducible capital and pays capitalists for the use thereof." The subsistence sector embraces the traditional economic activities of the indigenous peoples whose production is concentrated in agriculture. Lewis offers an account of the connecting links between the 2 sectors within the dualistic economic structure. The expansive force in the system is generated from the capitalist sector. As it grows labor is withdrawn from the subsistence sector and enters capitalist employment. According to Lewis the real wage necessary to induce a voluntary movement of labor into the capitalist sector will be based upon the average product in the subsistence sector. Lewis offers 1 interpretation of dualism in his division of the economy into subsistence and capitalist sectors. Recent literature on underdeveloped areas has introduced other concepts. It is now possible to set down the manner in which dualism within an underdeveloped economy may be more profitably treated. For present purposes the economic system of a typical underdeveloped country is regarded as having 2 distinct components--the indigenous economy and the capitalist economy. The conventional interpretation of disguised unemployment in underdeveloped areas rests on special assumptions which are not common to all underdeveloped areas meaning distinctions must be drawn between general and periodic disguised unemployment if the expansion process in the underdeveloped world is to be adequately understood. With the benefit of this distinction it is possible to observe a special stage in process of expansion--quasi full employment. The properties of this stage do not fit neatly into the categories of classical or neoclassical models. When quasi full employment emerges prospects that economic expansion will follow a smooth and uninterrupted path are uncertain. And when quasi full employment merges it is questionable whether the operation of economic forces will minimize the disequilibrium characterized by dualism in the underdeveloped society.
NI-45KINETIC ANALYSIS OF TRYPTOPHAN PET CAN ESTIMATE HISTOLOGIC GRADE AND PROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY IN MENINGIOMAS

BACKGROUND: Positron emission tomography (PET) with alpha[11C]methyl-L-tryptophan (AMT) can track the immunosuppressive kynurenine pathway, which is often upregulated in human tumors; while AMT is not incorporated into proteins. In recent tissue studies, we have shown expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), the key enzyme of the kynurenine pathway in meningiomas (Zitron et al., Cancer Biol Ther, 2013). In the present study, we explored the utility of AMT-PET for predicting histologic grade and proliferative activity in meningiomas. METHODS: Ten patients (mean age: 55.4 years) with MRI-detected meningioma underwent AMT-PET followed by tumor resection. AMT uptake was measured both by standardized uptake values (SUV) and kinetic analysis (using dynamic AMT-PET and serial blood radioactivity data) in the tumor as well as contralateral normal cortex. Two kinetic parameters were calculated: (i) the volume of distribution (VD) is an estimate of net tracer transport from blood to tissue; and (ii) the unidirectional uptake rate (K) is a measure of tissue trapping of AMT. Tumor/cortex ratios for each PET parameter were correlated with histologic grade and Ki-67 labeling index (characterizing proliferative activity). RESULTS: All 10 meningiomas (grade I: n = 6, grade II: n = 3, grade III: n = 1) showed increased AMT uptake as compared to normal cortex (mean SUV tumor/cortex ratio: 1.47 [range: 1.12-2.03]). AMT K tumor/cortex ratios were variable (range: 0.4-1.15) and showed a positive correlation with histologic grade (Spearman's rho = 0.72, p = 0.019). AMT VD was high in all meningiomas (mean tumor/cortex ratio: 2.2 [range:1.3-3.6]) and showed a negative correlation with Ki-67 labeling index (Spearman's rho = -0.74, p = 0.014). AMT SUV tumor/cortex ratios were not reliable predictors of meningioma grade or proliferative index (p ≥ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: AMT accumulates in grade I-III meningiomas, and tracer kinetic analysis can assist reliable estimation of histologic grade and proliferative activity. This information may facilitate clinical decisions regarding the optimal management strategy.
Development of a Practical Computer Interface for the Visually Impaired

The potential benefits of a low-cost tactile sensory computer interface to the visually impaired community would be significant. Proposed is a system which would allow visually impaired individuals to interface any existing software or data base networks accessible by microcomputers. The system is based on a tactual sensing device which translates the screen code from a Commodore 64 computer monitor into Grade 1 braille. Within the paper, subsequent details of the system's design are compared with that of similar aids for the visually disabled.
Individual and Environmental Sources of Work Stress Among Prison Officers

Work stress has been linked to a number of negative outcomes for employees and organizations. Drawing from the Job Demand–Control (–Support) model, we examined the influences of work stress among more than 1,800 prison officers working in 45 prisons across Ohio and Kentucky. Multilevel analyses revealed that individual factors such as experiencing victimization and greater job demands were related to more stress among prison officers, whereas perceived control over inmates and support from coworkers and supervisors were associated with less stress. Facility violence was also linked to higher levels of officer stress across prisons.
The internal processes and behavioral dynamics of hospital boards: an exploration of differences between high- and low-performing hospitals.

Background Nonprofit hospital boards are under increasing pressure to improve financial, clinical, and charitable and community benefit performance. Most research on board effectiveness focuses on variables measuring board structure and attributes associated with competing ideal models of board roles. However, the results do not provide clear evidence that one role is superior to another and suggest that in practice boards pursue hybrid roles. Board dynamics and processes have received less attention from researchers, but emerging theoretical frameworks highlight them as key to effective corporate governance. Purpose We explored differences in board processes and behavioral dynamics between financially high- and low-performing hospitals, with the goal of developing a better understanding of the best board practices in nonprofit hospitals. Methodology/approach A comparative case study approach allowed for in-depth, qualitative assessments of how the internal workings of boards differ between low- and high-performing facilities. Findings Boards of hospitals with strong financial performance exhibited behavioral dynamics and internal processes that differed in important ways from those of hospitals with poor financial performance. Practice implications Boards need to actively attend to key processes and foster positive group dynamics in decision making to be more effective in governing hospitals.
Integration of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes with aggressively scaled CMOS gate stacks

Here we report the first study towards the integration of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes (CNT) in the gate stack of CMOS technology, which is a promising hybrid approach of top-down and bottom-up fabrication process. Prospective processes for C60 and CNT deposition over an aggressively scaled 2 nm gate oxide in the MOS capacitor structure have been monitored. CV measurements show minimal silicon contamination and interface states. Step charging at a specific voltage that corresponds to a fixed number density of C60 is used to establish the structural integrity and size-mono-dispersion of C60. The CV method can be further used to probe the charge injection into C60 and its anions to establish fundamental understanding of their molecular orbital (MO) structure.
Some recent developments of millimeter-wave RFIC attenuators

Recent developments of millimeter-wave CMOS radio frequency integrated circuit (RFIC) attenuators possessing switching and band-pass filtering functions are presented. The attenuators are developed using 0.18-µm SiGe BiCMOS technology. The CMOS dual-function attenuator capable of switching is designed for 4-bit operations and 10–67-GHz bandwidth, which achieves measured attenuation flatness of 2.4– 6.8 dB, attenuation range of 32–42 dB, and isolation of 42–67 dB. The minimum attenuation is 8.4–15.2 dB across 10–67 GHz. The 1-dB compression power is greater than 14 dBm at 40 GHz. The CMOS dual-function attenuator with band-pass filtering response is designed for 3-bit operations and 44-GHz center frequency, which has measured insertion loss of 4.4–5.9 dB, RMS amplitude error of 0.8–1.4 dB, RMS phase error of 1.9–6.7° over 36–52 GHz, input P1dB higher than 20 dBm at 44 GHz, and band-pass-filtering response with stop-band rejections greater than 18 dB at 24 and 64 GHz.
Midlife and older women's experiences and advice about sex with men, risk behaviors, and HIV prevention education.

ABSTRACTThis article reports on older women’s experiences and advice on condom use, male-female relationships, HIV risk, and prevention education. It reports on findings from five written, open-ended questions with 110 ethnically and economically diverse women, 40–80 years old. Analysis revealed four themes: (a) Gap between condom use advice and condom use behavior; (b) invisibility with age; (c) negative expectations of men; and (d) desire for education that breaks the silence on sex. The article discusses the meaning of the findings as they relate to current knowledge about HIV prevention education and midlife and older women and offers recommendations for research and education.
Skin Resurfacing Procedures of the Upper Face

With upper facial cosmetic surgery, the skin must be youthful appearing to give an overall esthetic appearance. Resurfacing has been an established treatment option for years with chemical peels and fully ablative laser treatments being the most common treatment options. In the appropriately selected patient, fractionated laser results are favorable and predictable for upper facial rejuvenation with limited sequelae and complications.
Genetic and Developmental Responses of Radiation Sensitive Mutants of the Nematode, C. elegans , to Ultraviolet, High and Low LET Radiation

Some responses of the nematode C. elegans to ultraviolet (UV), high and low LET ionizing radiation are reported. This animal will be part of a dosimetric stack that will fly on a future space shuttle mission. Ten million larval worms will be sent into orbit to measure the effects of the space radiation environment on both the genetic and developmental processes in this biological test system. Here we report on some of the lethal, developmental, and mutational responses of wild type (N2) and five radiation sensitive mutants (rad-1, rad-2, rad-3, rad-4 and rad-7) to UV (254 nm), 60Co γrays, protons, and various high energy sub-atomic ions (HZE’s) generated at the BEVALAC facility. An ideal candidate for studies involving UV is identified (rad-3). Radiation mutant sensitivity, compared to wild type, was not evident for experiments conducted with HZE’s. A suitable mutational tester strain (JP10) has been developed for flight. Whether, in addition, a mutant hypersensitive to HZE’s can be incorporated into this strain before launch is still questionable. C. elegans progeny, produced during the shuttle mission, will be conceived, born, and developed in the space environment.