cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feminism in the Global Political Economy: Contradiction and Consensus in Cuba

Much has been written about the globalization of feminist networks and its impact on the local condition of women. Transborder feminist organizing has transformed local, national, regional, and international discourses and practices. Global feminist initiatives have fostered the development of international legal standards that take into consideration the needs and circumstances of women, and have contributed to the gender mainstreaming of human rights norms. At the same time, the feminist enterprise has also served to promote a neoliberal agenda that has focused on individual empowerment and self-esteem issues, and thus raised questions about who is defining the agendas and strategies for women’s struggles for rights.An exploration of Cuban feminism in this context sets in relief the different ways that globalization impacts women, while at the same time underscores the ways that women share similar opportunities to make beneficial use of global networks. This article addresses the ways that Cuban feminism is decisively shaped by its national history as well as by the experience of colonization and neoliberal globalization, both essential mainstays for unequal global political economies. Among other issues, this article considers gendered migration strategies that have developed as a result of punitive U.S. policies and economic downturns. It also examines the gendered impact of the current cycle of Cuban economic reforms characterized by severe cuts to public sector employment that will drive increasing numbers of Cubans into self-employment (proprio cuentismo). Given that global self-employment data suggest that women fare poorly compared to men in self-employment endeavors, Cuban feminists must once again determine how to avoid a reversal of gains. Cuban feminism continues to adapt in a globalized world, and to choose those strategies that will advance the interests of both women and the nation. As Cuba’s economy moves between socialism based on principles of social justice and recently introduced market mechanisms, Cuban women, shaped by their history and their national character, continue their efforts to advance toward full gender equality.
Library and marketing class collaborate to create next generation learning landscape

Purpose – In order to increase students' awareness and usage of the college library, an undergraduate marketing class collaborated with an academic librarian to create and develop new marketing ideas for the library. This case study aims to detail the results of the class‐faculty‐librarian collaboration.Design/methodology/approach – Student teams produced marketing plans for the library as their semester project.Findings – Students became strong advocates of the library as they became familiar with its resources, collections, and its overall value to them. A variety of feasible ideas for promoting the services and resources of the library resulted from student‐led research. This study confirms the value shown in previous studies of including students in the development of library marketing plans. It also shows that student learning interest and engagement significantly increases with the opportunity to solve a real‐world problem. This insight corroborates user‐centered and problem‐based learning methods f...
Discrimination Out of Dismissiveness: The Example of Infertility

ly-Perceived Problem, 7 DEMOGRAPHY 53, 53 (1970). Views may be changing about world population. As fertility rates have declined, a number of experts have warned about the threat from underpopulation. See, e.g., WATrENBERG, supra note 162, at 23-27 ("Today... every modem nation ... is below the 2.1 replacement level."); Russell Shorto, No Babies?, N.Y. TIMES, June 29, 2008, (Magazine) at 36 (discussing very low fertility rates in Europe). 166. See, e.g., Paul A. Murtaugh & Michael C. Schlax, Reproduction and the Carbon Legacies ofIndividuals, 19 GLOBAL ENVTL. CHANGE 14, 18 (2009) (calling for a consideration of a person's reproductive choices in calculating that person's impact on the global environment). 167. David Owen, Green Manhattan, NEW YORKER, Oct. 18, 2004, at 111. 168. See McAllister & Clarke, supra note 145, at 192 tbl.6.1. 169. U.S. CENSUS BUREAU, supra note 145. 170. The total fertility rate refers to the number of children per woman throughout her life, and the replacement rate refers to the number of children required per woman to maintain a country's population at a steady level. Fertility rates are also measured in terms of children per 1,000 women in a specific year. For example, the baby boom fertility rate peaked in 1957 at 122.9 births per 1,000 women. VAN HORN, supra note 119, at 85. 2010]
Pension portability and labor mobility: Evidence from the survey of income and program participation

Abstract The evidence presented in this paper casts doubt on the proposition that pension backloading is responsible for the low job mobility rates observed for pension covered workers. It corroborates earlier findings by the authors, based on different data, that pension covered jobs offer higher levels of compensation than workers can obtain elsewhere, and it is this compensation premium, rather than non-portability, that accounts for lower turnover among pension covered workers. This evidence is further bolstered by the finding that defined contribution plans, which are not backloaded, and defined benefit plans, bear similar negative relations to mobility.
Calibrating Prejudice in Milliseconds

Psychological social psychologists have devoted great effort to measuring the elusive construct of unconscious prejudice. However, recent work underscores both the psychometric flaws of these measures and the weaknesses in claims that they predict behavior in realistic organizational settings. Before accepting unconscious prejudice as an inevitable source of individual-level disparate treatment and endorsing structural solutions such as quotas, sociological social psychologists need to explore the relative efficacy of institutional norms and accountability systems widely used for checking both conscious and unconscious forms of individual-level bias.
A consumption-based model of the term structure of interest rates ☆

Abstract This paper proposes a consumption-based model that accounts for many features of the nominal term structure of interest rates. The driving force behind the model is a time-varying price of risk generated by external habit. Nominal bonds depend on past consumption growth through habit and on expected inflation. When calibrated to data on consumption, inflation, and the aggregate market, the model produces realistic means and volatilities of bond yields and accounts for the expectations puzzle. The model also captures the high equity premium and excess stock market volatility.
Encountering the Scarlet Woman of Wall Street: Speculative Comments at the End of the Century

How does a country achieve a public capital market in which firms can raise capital from investors? In seeking clues and hypotheses, this article looks back to the dawn of the public corporation in the United States. The battles for control of the Erie Railroad, known as the "Scarlet Woman of Wall Street," a reference to its ill repute, stand at the symbolic center of these developments. The battles for control, which waxed and waned between 1868 and 1872, involved: the titan of the transportation age, Cornelius Vanderbilt; the brilliant and notorious stock market manipulator and takeover entrepreneur, Jay Gould; the largest and most powerful railroad of the era, the Pennsylvania; control over rail transportation to New York City; and the politics and courts of New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. It was played out in the securities markets, the courts, the legislatures, and the newspapers and attracted the attention, and condemnation, of some of the leading commentators of the day. Rereading this history from the vantage point of the end of the twentieth century, several features are striking. First, the battles are remarkably familiar: they are recognizably modern battles for control over a widely-held corporation. Second, many of the tactics utilized are now illegal. Finally, surprising connections emerge between antitrust, federalism, and the emergence of public capital markets.
The Role of Marketing in Social Media: How Online Consumer Reviews Evolve ☆

Abstract Social media provide an unparalleled platform for consumers to publicize their personal evaluations of purchased products and thus facilitate word-of-mouth communication. This paper examines relationships between consumer posting behavior and marketing variables—such as product price and quality—and explores how these relationships evolve as the Internet and consumer review websites attract more universal acceptance. Based on automobile-model data from several leading online consumer review sources that were collected in 2001 and 2008, this study demonstrates that the relationships between marketing variables and consumer online-posting behavior are different at the early and mature stages of Internet usage. For instance, in the early stage of consumer Internet usage, price is negatively correlated with the propensity to post a review. As consumer Internet usage becomes prevalent, however, the relationship between price and the number of online consumer reviews shifts to a U-shape. In contrast, in the early years, price has a U-shaped relationship with overall consumer rating, but this correlation between price and overall rating becomes less significant in the later period. Such differences at the two different stages of Internet usage can be driven by different groups of consumers with different motivations for online review posting.
Privatization and Foreign Investment in the Utilities Industries of Kazakhstan

An American economist specializing in the natural resource and related industries of Kazakhstan examines the experience in the privatization of that country's power generation, telecommunications, and postal services sectors. A focus is on the involvement of foreign companies in the process, the terms of the management contracts/joint-venture agreements, and the extremely short time frame within which privatization was implemented. Difficulties resulting from the rapid pace of privatization are described: unclear terms of sale, reversals of tender awards and cancellation of agreements, nonpayment by consumers, and uncertainties in the setting of rates. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: F21, G34, L90. 1 figure, 1 table, 30 references.
Price Stickiness in Ss Models: New Interpretations of Old Results

Abstract What is the relation between infrequent price adjustment and the dynamic response of the aggregate price level to monetary shocks? The answer to this question ranges from a one-to-one link [Calvo, G., 1983. Prices in a utility maximizing framework. Journal of Monetary Economics 12, 383–398] to no connection whatsoever [Caplin, A., Spulber, D., 1987. Menu costs and the neutrality of money. Quarterly Journal of Economics 102, 703–726]. The purpose of this paper is to provide a unified framework to understand the mechanisms behind this wide range of results. In doing so, we propose new interpretations of key results in this area, which in turn suggest the kind of Ss model that is likely to generate substantial price rigidity. Among these new interpretations, we revisit Caplin and Spulber's monetary neutrality result. We show that when price stickiness is measured in terms of the impulse response function, this result is not a consequence of aggregation, as is often assumed, but is due instead to the absence of price stickiness at the microeconomic level. We also show that the “selection effect,” according to which units that adjust their prices are those that benefit the most, is neither necessary nor sufficient to account for the higher aggregate flexibility of Ss -type models compared to Calvo models. Instead, the key concept is the contribution of the extensive margin of adjustment to the aggregate price response. The aggregate price level is more flexible than suggested by the microeconomic frequency of adjustment if and only if this term is positive.
Depth of Reasoning and Higher Order Beliefs

Abstract As demonstrated by the email game of Rubinstein (1989) , the predictions of the standard equilibrium models of game theory are sensitive to assumptions about the fine details of the higher order beliefs. This paper shows that models of bounded depth of reasoning based on level- k thinking or cognitive hierarchy make predictions that are independent of the tail assumptions on the higher order beliefs. The framework developed here provides a language that makes it possible to identify general conditions on depth of reasoning, instead of committing to a particular model such as level- k thinking or cognitive hierarchy.
Legislative Coalitions in Presidential Systems: The Case of Uruguay

The article analyzes executive-legislative relations in Uruguay between 1985 and 2005. It demonstrates that even after controlling for ideological affinity and acknowledging that ideology affects presence in the cabinet, legislators whose factions hold ministerial positions behave in a mor ep rogovernment way than their ideology would predict. This result not only shows that coalitions “work” but suggests that they work because the presidents use resources under their control to attract support from legislators. This article presents a systematic analysis of executive-legislative relations in multiparty settings that builds on the finding that nonideologically contiguous coalitions often form to separate the ideological from the strategic determinants of legislative behavior. It also contributes to the literature by presenting a new set of roll call data and, more generally, highlights the risks of attempting to infer ideology directly from legislative behavior in presidential multiparty settings.
Generalizations of Alder’s conjecture via a conjecture of Kang and Park

Let $$\varDelta _d^{(a,b)}(n) = q_d^{(a)}(n) - Q_d^{(b)}(n)$$ where $$q_d^{(a)}(n)$$ counts the number of partitions of n into parts with difference at least d and size at least a, and $$Q_d^{(b)}(n)$$ counts the number of partitions into parts $$\equiv \pm b \ \left( \mathrm {mod}\ d + 3\right) $$ . In 1956, Alder conjectured that $$\varDelta _d^{(1,1)}(n) \ge 0$$ for all positive n and d. This conjecture was proved partially by Andrews in 1971, by Yee in 2008, and was fully resolved by Alfes, Jameson and Lemke Oliver in 2011. Alder’s conjecture generalizes several well-known partition identities, including Euler’s theorem that the number of partitions of n into odd parts equals the number of those into distinct parts, as well as the first of the famous Rogers–Ramanujan identities. In 2020, Kang and Park constructed an extension of Alder’s conjecture which relates to the second Rogers–Ramanujan identity by considering the difference $$\varDelta _d^{(a,b,-)}(n) = q_d^{(a)}(n) - Q_d^{(b,-)}(n)$$ , where $$Q_d^{(b,-)}(n)$$ counts the number of partitions into parts $$\equiv \pm b \ \left( \mathrm {mod}\ d + 3\right) $$ excluding the part $$d+3-b$$ . Kang and Park conjectured that $$\varDelta _d^{(2,2,-)}(n)\ge 0$$ for all $$d\ge 1$$ and $$n\ge 0$$ , and proved this when $$d = 2^r - 2$$ and n is even. Here, we prove Kang and Park’s conjecture for all $$d\ge 62$$ . Toward proving the remaining cases, we adapt work of Alfes, Jameson and Lemke Oliver to generate asymptotics for the related functions. Additionally, we present a more generalized conjecture for higher $$a=b$$ and prove it for infinite classes of n and d.
Of talk, economics, love and innovation☆

Abstract Few economists speak of talk in considering human interaction. Deirdre McCloskey is one who does. The paper considers what it means to take talk seriously, its connection to moral philosophy, and to innovation.
From me to we . . . and back again: Returning to business as usual

The events of September 11, 2001, unified our nation. But how long can this unity last? I examine the dynamics of the national shift between individualism (“me”) and communalism (“we”) on the heels of September 11 through comparison with analogous patterns in interorganizational behavior. Based on these patterns, I conclude that, despite the severity of the crisis, the United States will again return to “business as usual”.
The compatibility of liberalism and mandatory environmental education

Recently scholars have wondered whether liberals can promote mandatory programs of formal environmental education, including education for the environment or sustainable development. Critics maintain that they cannot on grounds that environmental education is a threat to student autonomy or cannot be justified using liberal principles. We argue that the perceived conflict between liberalism and environmental education is exaggerated. Whatever the environmentalist ambitions of environmental education, any complete conception of it must prioritize education for skills and virtues that are consistent with students’ prospective autonomy. Liberalism is also compatible with meeting the demands of intergenerational justice, which arguably will include sustainability education if not other forms of environmental education. Finally, the skills and virtues future citizens need to manage today’s most pressing environmental problems are compatible both with those discussed in international statements on environmental...
An information-theoretical analysis of budget-constrained nonpoint source pollution control

Abstract This paper analyzes budget-constrained, nonpoint source (NPS) pollution control with costly information acquisition and learning. To overcome the inherent ill-posed statistical problem in NPS pollution data the sequential entropy filter, a cross entropy econometric approach, is applied to the sediment load management program for Redwood Creek, which flows through Redwood National Park in northwestern California. We simulate dynamic budget-constrained management with information acquisition and learning, and compare the results with those from the current policy. The analysis shows that when information acquisition increases overall abatement effectiveness the fiscally constrained manager can reallocate resources from abatement effort to information acquisition, resulting in lower sediment generation than would otherwise exist. In addition, with learning about pollution generation occurring over time the manager may switch from a high intensity of data collection to a lower intensity to further reduce sediment generation. Also, as sediment control proceeds at upstream sources, at some time in the future the marginal reduction in sediment for a given expenditure will equalize across the sources such that uniform abatement effort may occur across all sources.
Real Copyright Reform

A copyright system is designed to produce an ecology that nurtures the creation, dissemination, and enjoyment of works of authorship. When it works well, it encourages creators to generate new works, assists intermediaries in disseminating them widely, and supports readers, listeners, and viewers in enjoying them. If the system poses difficult entry barriers to creators, imposes demanding impediments on intermediaries, or inflicts burdensome conditions and hurdles on readers, then the system fails to achieve at least some of its purposes. The current U.S. copyright statute is flawed in all three respects. In this Article, I explore how the current copyright system is failing its intended beneficiaries. The foundation of copyright law’s legitimacy, I argue, is built on its evident benefits for creators and for readers. That foundation is badly cracked, in large part because of the perception that modern copyright law is not especially kind to either creators or to readers; instead, it concentrates power in the hands of the intermediaries who control the conduits between creators and their audience. Those intermediaries have recently used their influence and their copyright rights to obstruct one another’s exploitation of copyrighted works. I argue that the concentration of copyright rights in the hands of intermediaries made more economic sense in earlier eras than it does today. The key to real copyright reform, I suggest, is to reallocate copyright’s benefits to give more rights to creators, greater liberty to readers, and less control to copyright intermediaries. I. THE WEAKNESSES OF THE CURRENT COPYRIGHT SYSTEM 8 A. CREATORS’ COPYRIGHT 8 B. READERS’ COPYRIGHT 13  John F. Nickoll Professor of Law and Professor of Information, University of Michigan. I’m grateful to Jon Weinberg, Seana Shiffrin, Jane Ginsburg, Rebecca Tushnet, Tom Cotter, and Kurt Hunt for helpful comments on earlier drafts. I also owe an enormous debt to Pamela Samuelson for raising the topic of copyright reform and sponsoring ongoing discussions of the shape reform might take. My conversations with many people have influenced my thinking, but I am especially grateful to Jon Baumgarten, Mike Carroll, Julie Cohen, Troy Dow, Laura Gasaway, Daniel Gervais, Terry Illardi, Lydia Loren, Tyler Ochoa, Tony Reese, Jule Sigall, Kate Spelman, Chris Sprigman, and Jeremy Williams. I am confident that none of them would agree with the majority of my conclusions, but our conversations helped me to figure out what I really
Mass Media and the Diffusion of Collective Action in Authoritarian Regimes: The June 1953 East German Uprising

A growing literature attributes the rapid diffusion of anti-regime collective action in authoritarian regimes to mass media broadcasts. We examine this relationship in the context of the June 17, 1953 uprising in East Germany, the first national rebellion against communist rule in Eastern Europe. The uprising was characterized by an extraordinarily swift and wide-ranging spread of anti-regime collective action. Observers on both sides of the Iron Curtain attributed the uprising to Western media broadcasts, particularly news broadcasts by the Radio in the American Sector (RIAS) of Berlin. Although historians have strongly endorsed this view it has never been empirically tested. We exploit plausibly exogenous variation in RIAS signal strength across East Germany and an unusually rich set of covariates to investigate the relationship between municipality-level protest events and RIAS broadcasts. We find no evidence to support the hypothesis that RIAS caused the diffusion of protest during the uprising. Instead, our results suggest that social ties played an important role in the swift diffusion of anti-regime collective action.
The quality of a firm's exports: Where you export to matters

Abstract What drives export quality? Using Portuguese firm-level data on exports by product and destination market, we find that f.o.b. unit values increase systematically with distance, and tend to be higher in shipments to richer nations. These relationships reflect not only the sorting of firms across markets, but also the within-firm variation of unit values across destinations. Within product categories, higher-productivity firms tend to ship greater quantities at higher prices to a given market, consistent with higher quality. In addition, firm productivity tends to magnify the positive effect of distance on within-product unit values, suggesting that high-productivity, high-quality firms are more able to serve difficult markets.
Total Recall: The Rise and Fall of Teacher Tenure

This article will examine the evolution of tenure in K-12 public schools and explore new pathways of protecting teachers from unfair labor practices while advancing education reform. In this article, I argue that the Reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act should include an increased federal role in teacher quality through the creation of a uniform teacher evaluation system. Additionally, I will propose a collaborative framework for teachers and school districts that will maintain teacher rights while employing an evaluation system that affords school districts a means for removing ineffective teachers, regardless of their seniority. The larger ambition of this article is to help illustrate that we can create laws that achieve education equity without unfairly targeting or infringing on teachers' employment rights. Part I will explore the evolution of teacher tenure in K-12 schools and the impact on teachers' employment rights. Part II will examine the intersection of school reform and teacher tenure, with a particular emphasis on how reform measures have contributed to the erosion of teacher tenure. Part III will highlight the recent wave of antitenure legislation and discuss the implications for teacher rights in K-12 schools. Part IV will synthesize the current labor law landscape for teachers and argue that the Reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act should include procedural safeguards such as a uniform teacher evaluation system to ensure that teacher's employment rights are not violated. Part V will conclude with discussion of the future of teacher tenure in K-12 public schools and the implications for school reform.
Profit Determination for a Guided Tour Provider Operating in a Stochastic Environment

In this note, we study a guided tour providing firm that operates in a stochastic environment. The environment is stochastic because this firm’s costs are deterministic but its revenues are stochastic. Since revenues are stochastic, the profits of this firm are also stochastic. For such a firm, we show how to compute the expected profit function in two cases. In the first case, the revenues accruing to this firm over time are continuous random variables and in the second case these same revenues are discrete random variables.
Religious Minorities and Resistance to Genocide: The Collective Rescue of Jews in the Netherlands during the Holocaust

This article hypothesizes that minority groups are more likely to protect persecuted groups during episodes of mass killing. The author builds a geocoded dataset of Jewish evasion and church communities in the Netherlands during the Holocaust to test this hypothesis. Spatial regression models of 93 percent of all Dutch Jews demonstrate a robust and positive correlation between the proximity to minority churches and evasion. While proximity to Catholic churches increased evasion in dominantly Protestant regions, proximity to Protestant churches had the same effect in Catholic parts of the country. Municipality level fixed effects and the concentric dispersion of Catholicism from missionary hotbed Delft are exploited to disentangle the effect of religious minority groups from local level tolerance and other omitted variables. This suggests that it is the local configuration of civil society that produces collective networks of assistance to threatened neighbors.
Corporate governance norms and practices

We evaluate the impact of corporate governance on the valuation of firms in a large cross-section of countries. Unlike previous work, we differentiate between minimally accepted governance attributes that are satisfied by all firms in a given country and governance attributes that are adopted at the firm level. This approach allows us to differentiate between firm-level and country-level corporate governance, thus contributing to an ongoing debate in the literature about whether governance attributes are largely determined by country factors or firm characteristics. Despite the costs associated with improving corporate governance at the firm level, we find that many firms choose to adopt governance provisions beyond those that are adopted by all firms in the country, and that these improvements in corporate governance are positively associated with firm valuation. Firms that choose not to adopt sound governance mechanisms tend to have concentrated ownership and sizeable free cash flow, consistent with agency theories based on self-interested managers and controlling shareholders. Our results indicate that the market rewards companies that are prepared to adopt governance attributes beyond those required by laws and common corporate practices in the home country.
Harmony with the rest of the world? The America Invents Act

On September 16, 2011, President Obama signed the America Invents Act (AIA) into law, years after Congress and U.S. industry began their efforts to overhaul the U.S. patent system in 2004. This paper outlines the most important aspects of AIA that will affect interests of European patent owners for their patent procurement and enforcement in the United States.
The Impact of Securities Litigation Reform on the Disclosure of Forward-Looking Information By High Technology Firms

This study evaluates corporate voluntary disclosure of forward-looking information under the safe harbor provision of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Using a sample of 523 computer hardware, computer software, and pharmaceutical firms, we find a significant increase in both the frequency of firms issuing earnings and sales forecasts and the mean number of forecasts issued following the Act’s passage. To provide more direct evidence that our findings are attributable to the Act reducing firms’ legal exposure, we develop a proxy for litigation risk and examine whether the increase in disclosure is more pronounced for firms at greatest risk of a lawsuit. As expected, we find that the change in disclosure is increasing in firms’ ex ante risk of litigation. Finally, we report that the safe harbor had no adverse impact on the quality of forward-looking information. Forecast errors, whether directional or non-directional, were not significantly affected by the Act’s passage.
How Important is State Enforcement for Trade

According to conventional wisdom, state-provided contract enforcement is critical to an expansive, growing trade. This paper estimates state enforcement's impact on international trade for one hundred and fifty-seven countries over the last half a century. I find that state enforcement increases trade between nations by about fifteen to thirty-eight percent. This effect is significant though modest compared to intuition about the importance of government enforcement, the long-run growth of trade, and the estimated effect of trade's other determinants. Thus, while state enforcement appears to enhance trade, it does so less impressively than its status as essential for flourishing trade tends to suggest.
Is Mexico A Lumpy Country

Mexico's experience before and after trade liberalization presents a challenge to neoclassical trade theory. Though labor abundant, it nevertheless exported skill-intensive goods and protected labor-intensive sectors prior to liberalization. Post-liberalization, the relative wage of skilled workers rose. Courant and Deardorff (1992) have shown theoretically that an extremely uneven distribution of factors within a country can induce behavior at odds with overall comparative advantage. We demonstrate the importance of this insight for developing countries. We show that Mexican regions exhibit substantial variation in skill abundance, offer significantly different relative factor rewards, and produce disjoint sets of industries. This heterogeneity helps to both undermine Mexico's aggregate labor abundance and motivate behavior that is more consistent with relative skill abundance.
Bankruptcy as Implicit Health Insurance

This paper examines the implicit health insurance that households receive from the ability to declare bankruptcy. Exploiting multiple sources of variation in asset exemption law, I show that uninsured households with a greater financial cost of bankruptcy make higher out-of-pocket medical payments, conditional on the amount of care received. In turn, I find that households with greater wealth at risk are more likely to hold health insurance. The implicit insurance from bankruptcy distorts the insurance coverage decision. Using a microsimulation model, I calculate that the optimal Pigovian penalties are three-quarters as large as the average penalties under the Affordable Care Act.
Meaning and Motive in the Law of Homicide

Many criminal law scholars have criticized the Model Penal Code’s restrictive conception of culpability as awareness of risk, and have sought to incorporate motives and desires into culpoability analysis. In his excellent book Judging Evil, Samuel Pillsbury has applied this richer conception of culpability to homicide law. The result is a comprehensive theory of homicide liability, unified by an effort to predicate liability on deficient moral reasoning rather than merely awareness of risk. This review essay explicates and commends Pillsbury’s theory but also criticizes one crucial deficiency. Pillsbury shrinks from one of the most obvious but potentially most controversial implications of his premises for the law of homicide: the legitimacy of felony murder liability. The essay outlines a defense of felony murder on the basis of Pillsbury’s premises, and concludes that such an argument would have enhanced the coherence, comprehensiveness and significance of his theory.
The application-conditions for design inferences : Why the design arguments need the help of other arguments for God's existence

Proponents of design arguments attempt to infer the existence of God from various properties or features of the world they take to be evidence of intelligent design. Thus, for example, the fine-tuning argument attempts to infer the existence of a divine designer from the improbable fact that life would not be possible if any of approximately twoto three-dozen fundamental laws and properties of the universe had been even slightly different. Similarly, the argument from biochemical complexity attempts to infer the existence of a divine designer from the improbable fact that living beings frequently instantiate what proponents call irreducible specified complexity. In this essay, I argue that we are justified in making design inferences only in contexts where there is already strong independent reason to think that there exist intelligent agents with the ability to bring about the occurrence of the relevant entity, feature, or property. Only in such contexts is there sufficient information to justify assigning a probability to the design hypothesis that is higher than the probability that we are presumably justified in assigning to the chance hypothesis. Accordingly, design arguments implicitly presuppose that some other argument for God's existence justifies assigning a probability to the design hypothesis that is larger than the probability we can assign to the chance hypothesis. What this means, contra the intentions of proponents, is that design arguments for the existence of God cannot stand by themselves.
How the 'Haves' Come Out Ahead in the Twenty-First Century

This paper attempts to bridge and link the “speculations” in Marc Galanter’s seminal article in 1974 regarding how repeat players influence public legal institutions by playing for favorable rules and Lauren Edelman and Marc Suchman’s hypotheses in 1999 that organizational repeat players have created a private legal order. In particular, I suggest the two theories need to be connected and explored empirically if we want to better understand the link between public and private legal orders and the effect public and private institutional arrangements have on statutorily created legal rights. I focus not just on how repeat players play for favorable rules in courts, but how organizations play for favorable dispute resolution structures that operate outside courts but are ultimately codified into law, deferred to by courts and alter the infrastructure of access for consumers. I use a case study of California consumer protection laws to show how manufacturers initially subject to powerful consumer protection laws, weakened the impact of these laws by creating dispute resolution venues. The legislature and courts subsequently incorporated private dispute resolution venues into statutes and court decisions and made consumer rights and remedies largely contingent on consumers using manufacturer-sponsored venues. In this instance, organizations created a private legal order, then influenced the public legal order, in order to utilize and maintain a private legal order. Thus, I offer a theory that explores how organizations seamlessly flow through these increasingly blurred boundaries between the public and private sphere and ultimately shape the content and meaning of law designed to regulate them in both domains.
Perceived economic pressures and farmer ethics

We hypothesize that an increase in the economic pressures a farmer feels could result in that farmer being more tolerant of unethical conduct than farmers not experiencing economic pressures. To test this hypothesis, we use data from a survey of 3,000 Missouri farmers with farm sales in excess of $10,000 in 2005 in which farmers were asked how acceptable they considered various unethical or questionable farming practices. The survey also contained questions designed to measure perceived economic pressures. We find evidence that economic pressures result in a greater willingness of farmers to tolerate unethical conduct, particularly in the case of actions that have the potential of causing harm or that are influenced by law or contract. We also find that the more frequently a farmer reports observing an unethical action, the more accepting he is of it.
The accuracy of disclosures for complex estimates: Evidence from reported stock option fair values

In this study, we exploit the unique reporting requirements for employee stock options to provide large sample evidence on the accuracy of footnote disclosures related to a specific complex estimate, the fair value of options granted. We first document the frequency and magnitude of differences between (1) the reported weighted-average fair value of options granted and (2) the calculated option fair value using the disclosed weighted-average valuation model inputs and the Black-Scholes option pricing model. In a sample of 23,358 firm-year observations between 2004 and 2011, we find that 23.9 percent have reported and calculated option fair values that differ by more than ten percent, and that these differences are sticky and are frequently significant as a percentage of net income. We also find that fair value differences are larger for firms that (1) exhibit anomalous stock option footnote disclosures that likely result from disclosure errors, (2) have more complex and hence error-prone stock option programs, and (3) have lower quality financial reporting. Taken together this evidence is consistent with large fair value differences that are primarily due to unintentional errors in the stock option footnote disclosures. To document the consequences of these fair value differences, we provide evidence that errors in the reported fair values prevent financial statement users from using the reported values to reliably estimate future stock option expense for many firms. Consistent with this result, we also find that analyst forecasts are less accurate and more disperse for firms with larger fair value differences.
New Challenges for International Business Research: A Review of Extant Research and the Unique Contributions of John Dunning

Relative to other fields, international business is a young field of study. Tracing its origins to the mid-1950s, the field began to develop unique theories and paradigms in the 1970s and 1980s. The field has developed rich research streams since and has become firmly established as an independent field of study and important part of university curricula. John Dunning (1902–2009) is widely regarded as a father of the field, carving out unique theories from his primary field of economics and through his efforts hiring and training future prominent international business scholars. This article examines the evolution of the international business field and unique contributions of John Dunning's research to the development of extant theory. It then reviews Dunning's last contribution—his fifth and last book entitled New Challenges for International Business Research: Back to the Future.
The Importance of Accounting Information in Portfolio Optimization

We study the economic importance of accounting information as defined by the value that a sophisticated investor can extract from publicly available financial statements when optimizing a portfolio of U.S. equities. Our approach applies the elegant new parametric portfolio policy method of Brandt, Santa-Clara, and Valkanov (2009) to three simple and firm-specific annual accounting characteristics-accruals, change in earnings, and asset growth. We find that the set of optimal portfolio weights generated by accounting characteristics yield an out-of-sample, pre-transact ions-costs annual information ratio of 1.9 as compared to 1.5 for the standard price-based characteristics of firm size, book-to-market, and momentum. We also find that the delevered hedge portion of the accounting-based optimal portfolio was especially valuable during the severe bear market of 2008 because unlike many hedge finds it delivered a hedged return in 2008 of 12 percent versus only 3 percent for price-based strategies and −38 perc...
Information Technology, US Union Organizing and Union Effectiveness

This paper examines the effects of information technology (IT) on organizing and union effectiveness in US national unions. Original survey data and data from government and independent sources are combined to model outcomes including membership growth, success in representation elections, and union leaders' assessments of effectiveness as a product of environmental and organizational characteristics. The results suggest that the practical impact of IT use on organizing outcomes can be quite important. Evidence regarding the impact of IT on overall effectiveness (i.e. organizational or union effectiveness) is more mixed.
Culture differences and tax morale in the United States and in Europe

Much recent research has investigated whether values, social norms, and attitudes differ across countries and whether these differences have measurable effects on economic behavior. One area in which such studies are particularly relevant is tax compliance, given both the noted differences across countries in their levels of tax compliance and the marked inability of standard economic models of taxpayer compliance to explain these differences. In this paper we estimate the determinants of an individual’s intrinsic willingness to pay taxes – what is sometimes termed “tax morale” – using information from the World Values Survey for a wide range of countries over several years of data. We first analyze a cross-section of individuals in Spain and the United States. In line with previous experimental results, our findings indicate a significantly higher tax morale in the United States than in Spain, controlling in a multivariate analysis for additional variables. We then extend our multivariate analysis to include an additional 14 European countries. Our results again indicate that individuals in the United States have the highest tax morale across all countries, followed by Austria and Switzerland. We also find a strong negative correlation between the size of shadow economy and the degree of tax morale in those countries.
Disability Cash Transfers in the Context of Poverty and Unemployment: The Case of South Africa

Summary South Africa’s Disability Grant (DG) program has been criticized for its poor administration and the dependency culture it promotes. This paper assesses the program’s targeting effectiveness and its effects on labor supply. Using disability self-reports and standard measures of economic well being, the results suggest that DG’s inclusion errors are relatively limited but exclusion errors are substantial and serious. The paper also shows that increased leniency in disability screening policy in the Gauteng province in the early 2000s does not appear to have altered labor market behaviors relative to Northern Cape, a province where there was no change in policy.
State and Local Police Enforcement of Immigration Laws

Federal law enforcement agencies responded to the attacks of September 11, 2001, with forceful initiatives directed at noncitizens and their communities. In the years since the September 11 attacks, some of these initiatives have waned, but one that may come to rank among the most dangerous and enduring has seemingly gathered steam: the effort to enlist state and local police in the routine enforcement of federal immigration laws. Over the past century, individual police departments have occasionally participated in federal immigration enforcement, but the strategy rapidly became central to the federal government's post September 11 "war on terror" in a series of law enforcement initiatives.Together, these initiatives mark a sea change in the traditional understanding that federal immigration laws are enforced exclusively by federal agents, with local policing priorities set principally by local officials. The federal effort to enlist, or even conscript, state and local police in routine immigration enforcement has also prompted numerous policy criticisms. This Article first considers the validity and implications of the administration's determination that state and local police possess the "inherent authority" under federal law to make immigration arrests. Part II examines the lawfulness of a chief FBI method adopted to encourage such arrests, namely the use of its NCIC database to disseminate immigration status information to state and local police. Part III analyzes some of the implications of state and local immigration enforcement for racial profiling and selective enforcement.
The discourse of “contract” and the law of marriage

Marriage is often compared to a “contract.” This analogy purports to proceed from a settled concept called “contract,” under which legitimate obligations derive from consent. The analogy creates confusion when applied in the legal context. In law, “contract” refers to a broad category of legal obligation. Many legal theorists believe “contractual” enforceability should be based solely on consent. But as a matter of positive legal doctrine, consent is neither necessary nor sufficient to establish enforceability. A contract's enforceability also depends on its relationship to public welfare. Thus the “contract” analogy does not constitute a legal justification for an approach to marriage based solely on the consent of the parties. It merely expresses a normative preference for a consent-based approach. The chapter illustrates this point using examples of current marriage-related issues, such as covenant marriage, prenuptial agreements, and same-sex marriage.
Partisan motivated reasoning and misinformation in the media: Is news from ideologically uncongenial sources more suspicious?

In recent years, concerns about misinformation in the media have skyrocketed. President Donald Trump has repeatedly claimed that various news outlets are disseminating ‘fake news’ for political purposes. But when the information contained in mainstream media news reports provides no clear clues about its truth value or any indication of a partisan slant, do people rely on the congeniality of the news outlet to judge whether the information is true or false? In a survey experiment, we presented partisans (Democrats and Republicans) and ideologues (liberals and conservatives) with a news article excerpt that varied by source shown (CNN, Fox News, or no source) and content (true or false information), and measured their perceived accuracy of the information contained in the article. Our results suggest that the participants do not blindly judge the content of articles based on the news source, regardless of their own partisanship and ideology. Contrary to prevailing views on the polarization and politicization of news outlets, as well as on voters' growing propensity to engage in ‘partisan motivated reasoning,’ source cues are not as important as the information itself for partisans on both sides of the aisle.