cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
[32P]2-iodo-N6-methyl-(N)-methanocarba-2'-deoxyadenosine-3',5'-bisphosphate ([32P]MRS2500), a novel radioligand for quantification of native P2Y1 receptors.

Analysis of the P2Y family of nucleotide-activated G-protein-coupled receptors has been compromised by the lack of selective high-affinity, high-specific-radioactivity radioligands. We have pursued quantification of the P2Y1 receptor through the development of a series of selective P2Y1 receptor antagonists. Recently, we synthesized 2-iodo-N6-methyl-(N)-methanocarba-2′-deoxyadenosine 3′,5′-bisphosphate (MRS2500), a selective, competitive antagonist that exhibits a Ki of 0.8 nM in competition-binding assays with [3H]MRS2279. A 3′-monophosphate precursor molecule, MRS2608, was radiolabeled at the 5′ position with 32P using polynucleotide kinase and [γ32P]ATP to yield [32P]MRS2500. [32P]MRS2500 bound selectively to Sf9 insect cell membranes expressing the human P2Y1 receptor (Sf9-P2Y1), but did not detectably bind membranes expressing other P2Y receptors. P2Y1 receptor binding to [32P]MRS2500 was saturable with a KD of 1.2 nM. Agonists and antagonists of the P2Y1 receptor inhibited [32P]MRS2500 binding in Sf9-P2Y1 membranes with values in agreement with those observed in functional assays of the P2Y1 receptor. A high-affinity binding site for [32P]MRS2500 (KD=0.33 nM) was identified in rat brain, which exhibited the pharmacological selectivity of the P2Y1 receptor. Distribution of this binding site varied among rat tissues, with the highest amount of binding appearing in lung, liver, and brain. Among brain regions, distribution of the [32P]MRS2500 binding site varied by six-fold, with the highest and lowest amounts of sites detected in cerebellum and cortex, respectively. Taken together, these data illustrate the synthesis and characterization of a novel P2Y1 receptor radioligand and its utility for examining P2Y1 receptor expression in native mammalian tissues. British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 147, 459–467. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706453
Modelling national technological capacity with patent indicators

Scientific, technological, and economic data are investigated for 128 countries. A stepwise regression analysis is carried out on the data, using domestic patent counts as the dependent variable. The form of the regression equations is the Cobb-Douglas production function. The analysis shows that domestic patents (as indicator of national technological capacity, and treated here as the dependent variable) are closely related to GNP (a measure of national economic size), counts of scientific publications (an indicator of scientific capacity), and counts of national patents obtained in the U.S. (a measure of world class technological capacity). Together, these three independent variables account for more than 92 percent of the variance in the dependent variable.
The relationship between p53 status, DNA repair and chromatid aberration induction in G2 mouse embryo fibroblast cells treated with bleomycin

The involvement of p53 in the formation of chromosome aberrations was assessed by analyzing bleomycin-induced, chromatid-type aberrations in G 2 phase fibroblasts derived from embryos from wild-type and p53 knock-out mice. Cells that were p53+/- or p53-/- were more sensitive to the induction of aberrations than the p53+/+ cells, particularly at concentrations of 7.5 and 10.0 μg/ml. The p53-deficient cells also showed an overdispersed distribution of bleomycin-induced chromatid aberrations, a greater amount of overall genomic instability and a possible loss of a cell death pathway. These data are interpreted as indicating a role for p53 in DNA repair in the G 2 phase, with a loss of p53 leading to an increased frequency of deletions (incomplete repair) and interchanges (misrepair). The specific role remains to be elucidated. The mitotic index decreased with increasing bleomycin concentration to a similar extent in all three cell lines, indicating that the loss of a G 2 checkpoint in p53-/- and p53+/- cells was not an explanation for the increased sensitivities in these cells compared with the p53+/+.
Social Protection in a Crisis: Argentina's Plan Jefes y Jefas

Galasso and Ravallion assess the impact of Argentina's main social policy response to the severe economic crisis of 2002. The program aimed to provide direct income support for families with dependents for whom the head had become unemployed due to the crisis. Counterfactual comparisons are based on a matched subset of applicants not yet receiving the program. Panel data spanning the crisis are also used. The authors find that the program reduced aggregate unemployment, though it attracted as many people into the workforce from inactivity as it did people who would have been otherwise unemployed. While there was substantial leakage to formally ineligible families, and incomplete coverage of those eligible, the program did partially compensate many losers from the crisis and reduced extreme poverty. This paper is a product of the Poverty Team, Development Research Group. The work reported is part of the ex-post evaluation of the World Bank's Social Protection IV Project in Argentina.
Quasi-optical power-combining arrays

Semiconductor devices have limited power handling capabilities at high frequencies, particularly at millimeter-wave frequencies. A method is presented for overcoming this problem by combining the outputs of several devices quasi-optically in a resonator cavity. This method has been applied to a number of solid-state devices, including Gunn diodes and MESFETs. The devices do not require an external locking signal because they lock to a mode of the resonator cavity. Effective radiated powers of 22 W for a 4*4 array of Gunn diodes and 25 W for a 10*10 array of MESFETs have been achieved. >
SME opportunity for growth or profit: what is the role of product and process improvement?

The process by which small firms avail themselves of the opportunity for growth or profitability is an important issue for firm managers and researchers alike. This study develops a conceptual research model that examines SME opportunities for growth or profitability - two dimensions of performance - derive from innovation that is product improvement oriented or process improvement oriented. The innovation/performance relationship is examined within the context of environmental uncertainty and SME internationalisation actions. The findings of the study suggest that internationalisation and innovation have a positive relationship to product improvements and process improvements, while environmental uncertainty, internationalisation and product improvement have positive relationships with growth as a performance dimension. Indeed opportunity for growth seems to be a more important dimension for SMEs in the sample.
Obesity Increases Vascular Senescence and Susceptibility to Ischemic Injury Through Chronic Activation of Akt and mTOR

Obesity and age are important risk factors for cardiovascular disease. However, the signaling mechanism linking obesity with age-related vascular senescence is unknown. Here we show that mice fed a high-fat diet show increased vascular senescence and vascular dysfunction compared to mice fed standard chow and are more prone to peripheral and cerebral ischemia. All of these changes involve long-term activation of the protein kinase Akt. In contrast, mice with diet-induced obesity that lack Akt1 are resistant to vascular senescence. Rapamycin treatment of diet-induced obese mice or of transgenic mice with long-term activation of endothelial Akt inhibits activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-rictor complex 2 and Akt, prevents vascular senescence without altering body weight, and reduces the severity of limb necrosis and ischemic stroke. These findings indicate that long-term activation of Akt-mTOR signaling links diet-induced obesity with vascular senescence and cardiovascular disease.
Medical therapy for ulcerative colitis 2004

There continue to be evolutionary changes in the management of ulcerative colitis despite the fact that, aside from a variety of aminosalicylate formulations, no new therapies have been approved over the past few decades. Nevertheless, debates continue regarding the optimization of treatment with aminosalicylates and the short- and long-term benefits of immunomodulation in ulcerative colitis. This article focuses on the most recent clinical studies pertaining to the management of ulcerative colitis and explores both the advances and controversies pertaining to aminosalicylate therapy, corticosteroids, cyclosporine, and the purine antimetabolites. Novel therapeutic approaches--including preliminary experience with biological therapies directed at tumor necrosis factor and other cytokines, adhesion molecules, growth factors, and probiotics--will be reviewed. Recent data regarding potential chemoprevention in long-standing ulcerative colitis and management of postoperative complications and pouchitis will also be discussed.
The partners in care approach to ethics outcomes in quality improvement programs for depression.

Objective: Patient centeredness and equity are major quality goals, but little is known about how these goals are affected by efforts to improve the quality of care. The authors describe an approach to addressing these goals in a randomized trial of quality improvement for depressed primary care patients. Methods: For four ethics goals (autonomy, distributive justice, beneficence, and avoiding harm), the authors identify intervention features, study measures, and hypotheses implemented in Partners in Care, a randomized trial of two quality improvement interventions, relative to usual care and summarize published findings pertinent to these outcomes. Results: To implement an ethics framework, modifications were required in study design and in measures and analysis plans, particularly to address the autonomy and justice goals. Extra resources were needed for sample recruitment, for intervention and survey materials, and to fund an ethics coinvestigator. The interventions were associated with improvements in all four ethics areas. Patients who received the interventions were significantly more likely to receive the treatment they had indicated at baseline as their preferred treatment (autonomy goal). Intervention-associated benefits occurred more rapidly among sicker patients and extended to patients from ethnic minority groups, resulting in a reduction in ethnic-group disparities in health outcomes relative to usual care (distributive justice goal). The interventions were associated with improved quality of care and health outcomes (beneficence goal) and with reduced use of long-term minor tranquilizers (goal of avoiding harm). Conclusions: It is feasible to explicitly address ethics outcomes in quality improvement programs for depression, but substantial marginal resources may be required. Nevertheless, interventions so modified can increase a practice’s ability to realize ethics goals. (Psychiatric Services 55:532–539, 2004)
Convolutional frames and the frame potential

Abstract The recently introduced notion of frame potential has proven useful for the characterization of finite-dimensional tight frames. The present work represents an effort to similarly characterize finite-dimensional tight frames with additional imposed structure. In particular, it is shown that the frame potential still leads to a complete description of tight frames when restricted to the class of translation-invariant systems. It is natural to refer to such frames as convolutional because of the correspondence between translation-invariant systems and finite-dimensional filter banks. The fast algorithms associated with convolution represent one possible advantage over nonconvolutional frames in applications.
Attack-related life disruption and child psychopathology in New York City public schoolchildren 6-months post-9/11.

In the aftermath of disasters, understanding relationships between disaster-related life disruption and children's functioning is key to informing future postdisaster intervention efforts. The present study examined attack-related life disruptions and psychopathology in a representative sample (N = 8,236) of New York City public schoolchildren (Grades 4–12) surveyed 6 months after September 11, 2001. One in 5 youth reported a family member lost their job because of the attacks, and 1 in 3 reported their parents restricted their postattack travel. These forms of disruption were, in turn, associated with elevated rates of probable posttraumatic stress disorder and other anxiety disorders (and major depressive disorder in the case of restricted travel). Results indicate that adverse disaster-related experiences extend beyond traumatic exposure and include the prolonged ripple of postdisaster life disruption and economic hardship. Future postdisaster efforts must, in addition to ensuring the availability of m...
Do Twin Boundaries Always Strengthen Metal Nanowires

It has been widely reported that twin boundaries strengthen nanowires regardless of their morphology—that is, the strength of nanowires goes up as twin spacing goes down. This article shows that twin boundaries do not always strengthen nanowires. Using classical molecular dynamics simulations, the authors show that whether twin boundaries strengthen nanowires depends on the necessary stress for dislocation nucleation, which in turn depends on surface morphologies. When nanowires are circular cylindrical, the necessary stress of dislocation nucleation is high and the presence of twin boundaries lowers this stress; twin boundaries soften nanowires. In contrast, when nanowires are square cylindrical, the necessary stress of dislocation nucleation is low, and a higher stress is required for dislocations to penetrate twin boundaries; they strengthen nanowires.
STAPHYLOCOCCAL PROTEIN A BINDING TO VH3 ENCODED IMMUNOGLOBULINS

Staphylococcal protein A (SPA) is a B-cell superantigen which binds specifically to the variable region of human VH3 encoded antibodies. We undertook to identify the VH3 regions involved in the interaction with SPA by producing mutant antibodies in the baculovirus expression system. We had previously shown that a single amino acid change at position 57 in the CDR2 of a human SPA nonbinding VH3 encoded rheumatoid factor converted it to an SPA binder, implicating CDR2 in SPA binding. When regions of the mutated binder were exchanged with those from a mouse nonbinding antibody, the pattern of SPA binding indicated that residues in FR1, CDR2 and FR3 are involved in the interaction between VH3 encoded antibodies and SPA. In addition, all three regions are simultaneously required for SPA binding to occur. When any one of the three regions was altered, SPA binding was severely disrupted.
Spectroscopic study of α‐ and β‐phase isotactic polypropylene and of atactic polypropylene in solution

Raman spectroscopy is used to investigate the conformation and packing of isotactic crystalline α-phase polypropylene compared with lower-order β-phase isotactic polypropylene and to study the solution behavior of atactic polypropylene. The high-frequency region of the spectrum is analyzed in light of a normal-mode calculation that takes into account the methyl-group vibrations. This region is sensitive to both chain conformation and packing, and because of the high intensity of the methyl and methylene high-frequency stretching modes, it can be used to probe small changes in intermolecular or intramolecular order. Differences in the thermal behavior between the two solid isotactic polypropylene samples are explained interms of packing defects which exist in the β-phase form. In the solution study, we demonstrate that, for molecules in which bands sensitive to intermolecular interactions exist, as is the case of the methyl and methylene vibrations of polypropylene, spectroscopic techniques can be used to estimate the minimum overlap concentration.
Social and demographic characteristics of nicaraguan health volunteers.

Although the training and mobilization of volunteer health aides is widely promoted in Third World Countries little is known about those who volunteer. A survey of Nicaraguan volunteers in 1982 revealed findings which are similar to results found elsewhere. Women young people and students have tended to be those groups which volunteer most often. Less is known about the level of responsibility and organizational affiliation of volunteers. In the Nicaraguan case it was found that although most volunteers were female they usually do not represent a womens organization. A majority of the volunteers represent non-traditional organizations or no organization at all. Those volunteers with greater responsibility tend to be older better educated are more likely to be female and more commonly represent an organization which came into existence after the countrys 1979 revolution. As the generation of Nicaraguans that brought the Sandinistas to power grows older the average age of volunteers seems to be growing older as well. The present war continues to mobilize young people to fight in the army. A shift is underway to permanent more highly trained brigadistas creating a demand for more responsibility and training. Changes in the organization of health promotion campaigns are likely to influence the recruitment and retention of volunteers. The remarkable success of Nicaraguas health campaigns is the result of both popular interest in health matters and flexibility and motivation of Ministry of Health in working with community groups. (authors modified)
The Balance of Power in the Balance

This article reviews four recent books on balancing and the balance of power. Both in isolation and when taken together, they provide strong analytical and empirical warrants against the proposition that balance of power equilibria represent the “normal condition” or “natural tendency” of international relations. They also reflect the growing dissensus among realists concerning how to conceptualize and operationalize the key concept of “balancing.” The author argues that their analysis implies a tripartite distinction between balance of power theory , theories of power balances , and theories of balancing . Recognizing this distinction undermines many objections to expanding the concept of balancing to include “nontraditional” variants, but it also helps elucidate why we should eschew describing nontraditional balancing through the language of hard and soft balancing. Even a more expansive conception of balancing, however, fails to insulate balance of power theory against mounting disconfirming evidence. While one might be able to salvage a “weak” variant of balance of power theory, realists are probably better off adopting a more nuanced and comprehensive approach to power-political competition. The entire field would benefit from treating “balancing” and the “balance of power” as objects of inquiry in their own right, rather than as the province of realist theory.
Placental tryptophan metabolism as a potential novel pathway for the developmental origins of mental diseases

Dysfunction of brain serotonin (5-HT) signaling contributes to the pathophysiology of several psychiatric disorders. However, before 5-HT acts as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator in the adult brain, increasing evidence suggests that it plays crucial roles in the modulation of essential neurodevelopmental processes. It was recently demonstrated that the placenta synthesizes 5-HT from maternally derived tryptophan during pregnancy. Therefore, genetic and environmental perturbations that affect placental tryptophan metabolism could alter neurodevelopmental processes in the developing embryo, and contribute to the developmental origin of psychiatric disorders. Here we discuss how disruptions of the placental tryptophan metabolic pathway may lead to abnormal brain development and function in adult life. Keywords: placenta; serotonin; tryptophan; schizophrenia; autism; stress; fetal programming; fetal brain (Publication: 9 September 2013) Citation: Translational Developmental Psychiatry 2013, 1 : 20593 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tdp.v1i0.20593
One-Electron Oxidation of Heterodinuclear Organometallic Compounds Having Polyphosphido Bridges†

The electrochemical behavior of several heterometallic compounds having polyphosphido bridges has been investigated. Reversible one-electron oxidations were observed for Cp*Fe(P5)TaCp‘ ‘ (2), Cp*Fe(P5)[Ir2(CO)2Cp*2] (3), and Cp‘ ‘‘2Co2(P2)2 (4) (Cp* = C5M5, Cp‘ ‘ = C5H3tBu2, Cp‘ ‘‘ = C5H2tBu3). In contrast to the pseudo-sandwich polyphosphido complex Cp*FeP5 (1), compounds 2−4 undergo very facile oxidations and the corresponding monocations may be generated by bulk electrolysis or by reaction with ferrocenium ion. E1/2 values (vs Cp2Fe0/+) for the oxidations are −0.24 V for 2, −0.58 V for 3, and −0.33 V for 4 in CH2Cl2/0.1 M [NBu4][PF6], in contrast to 0.57 V for 1. Although ESR spectra of 2+ display hyperfine coupling to 181Ta, the SOMO appears to have only minor Ta character. IR spectroelectrochemistry of the 3/3+ couple reveals an increase of νCO of only 11 cm-1, indicating that the oxidation of 3 also occurs predominantly at the iron center. The fact that the Fe-based oxidations of 2 and 3 are more ne...
Negative mood and sexual behavior among non-monogamous men who have sex with men in the context of methamphetamine and HIV.

Abstract Background Research comparing the independent and combined contextual effects of methamphetamine dependence (METH) and HIV-infection (HIV) on mood and sexual behavior among men who have sex with men (MSM) has been sparse and inconsistent. This study examined the contextual influence of METH, HIV-infection and their combination on mood states and sexual behavior. Methods 175 non-monogamous MSM concordant or discordant for METH and HIV were included. Multivariate analysis was conducted to examine mood and sexual behavior differences between groups, as well as to elucidate the relationship between mood and sexual risk behavior and explore the potential moderator (i.e. contextual) effects of METH and/or HIV on this relationship. Results METH+/HIV+ participants reported condom use less than 25% of the time whereas METH-/HIV+ participants reported condom use 51–75% of the time. METH+ and HIV+ status were associated with higher depression and confusion scores. Univariate regressions revealed negative relationships between mood states (depression, tension, anger, fatigue and confusion) and condom use. Neither METH nor HIV status moderated the relationships between negative mood and condom use. Limitations Results are derived from cross-sectional data, sample sizes for each of the four groups were relatively small, and condom use could not be linked to specific sexual practices and/or partner types. Conclusion METH dependence, HIV seropositivity, and negative moods are associated with reduced condom use among non-monogamous MSM. Independent effects of METH dependence and negative mood on condom use suggest that sexual risk reduction interventions for MSM should incorporate multi-faceted approaches, including substance abuse and mental health treatment.
Osteogenic protein-1 enhances phenotypic expression in ROS 17/2.8 cells

Osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1) stimulates bone morphogenesis in vivo and modulates osteoblast growth and differentiation in vitro. Treatment of ROS 17/2.8 cells with OP-1 resulted in a time- and concentration-dependent inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation. In contrast, OP-1 treatment stimulated phenotypic differentiation in ROS 17/2.8 cells, as indicated by enhanced 1) alkaline phosphatase activity (4-fold); 2) alkaline phosphatase mRNA (5-fold); 3) parathyroid hormone receptor mRNA (2-fold), and 4) parathyroid hormone-stimulated adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate accumulation (2-fold). OP-1-induced changes in cell growth and gene expression were sensitive to cycloheximide and actinomycin D. Measurement of [3H]thymidine incorporation and alkaline phosphatase activity in situ revealed heterogeneity in the cellular responses to OP-1. Proliferating cells exhibited less alkaline phosphatase activity than nonproliferating cells, whereas cells expressing high levels of alkaline phosphatase incorporated little [3H]thymidine. Our data delineating the responses of mature differentiated osteoblasts to OP-1 suggest that potentiation of osteoblast differentiated function is an important component of bone morphogenesis in vivo.
Qualitative, model-based diagnosis of complex physical devices

We describe the basic paradigm that is commonly used for model-based anomaly detection and isolation. In particular, we are interested in techniques that use an abstract, qualitative representation as opposed to a precise numerical specification to describe the relevant structural and behavioral properties of the system. In general, these techniques describe the system using a structural model defining the qualitative relationships between a finite set of components coupled with a declarative specification of the valid behaviors for each component. The diagnostic engine reasons about the interaction between components to derive a description of the expected system behavior which in turn is used to detect discrepancies by comparing the expected behavior against the observations. Once a discrepancy is detected, the model is used to identify components whose failure could result in the observed behavior. This basic approach can be used when reasoning about either the steady state or the time varying behavior of both discrete and continuous systems.
Two Grand Challenges for EC

The field of evolutionary computation has developed and matured significantly over the past 40 years. As with other disciplines attempting to understand complex adaptive systems, this progress has raised as many new and interesting questions as it has answered. In this chapter I describe some of the key open questions by organizing them in the form of two grand challenges: unification and expansion.
Between a Gay and a Straight Place: Bisexual Individuals’ Experiences with Monosexism

Bisexual people experience monosexism, the privileging of sexual attraction to one sex or gender, from heterosexual, gay, and lesbian communities. The current study of 745 bisexual-identified participants explored their experiences of monosexism with heterosexual family members, heterosexual friends, gay family members, and gay friends. Results indicated that bisexual individuals reported significantly more discrimination from the heterosexual community in comparison to the gay or lesbian community, although the effect size was small. Acceptance of bisexuality from family and acceptance of bisexuality from friends were negative predictors of antibisexual discrimination. Clinical and research implications are discussed.
Advancing Co-parenting Education: Toward a Foundation for Supporting Positive Post-Divorce Adjustment

The nature and quality of parents’ post-divorce relationships are linked with children’s emotional and behavioral wellbeing. As such, many states require that divorcing parents participate in coparenting education designed to decrease parental conflict and increase cooperation; yet, few of these courses are rigorously evaluated. A new program entitled Successful Co-parenting After Divorce ( coparenting.fsu.edu ) was created to be a freely accessible, online divorce education program for parents of minor children. The program was launched in Florida, but is available nationally for parents, as well as social workers, mental health professionals, and lawyers who assist parents during the divorce process. Description of the training, including innovations in the use of video and technology is provided. An evaluation plan, which includes assessment of co-parenting attitudes and behaviors, mental health symptomology, and childhood trauma is detailed. Future directions for the implementation of the program are discussed. In addition, description of a new measure to assess post-divorce co-parenting behaviors is provided.
Self-care after hospital discharge: knowledge is not enough

In this issue of BMJ Quality and Safety , Greysen and colleagues present results of a large, multi-institutional interview study of readmitted patients’ perspectives of post-discharge care.1 Investigators interviewed over 1000 patients while they were readmitted to one of 12 academic medical centres and asked them a variety of questions about barriers to recovery after their previous discharge. More than half of patients reported difficulty carrying out the care plan given to them when they were first discharged from the hospital, even though the vast majority reported no difficulties understanding what they were supposed to do. Post-discharge self-management can be conceptualised as a three-legged stool comprised of knowledge, planning and ability. The patient needs to know what to do (for instance, take a medication three times a day). The patient also needs to have a plan for how to do it (for instance, use a pill box with three slots per day; fill it accurately on a weekly basis; use a reminder system to signal time for medication). And crucially, the patient has to be able and willing to carry out that plan (for instance, buy the medication and pill box; have some help if needed filling it; …
A climatology of Central American Gyres

AbstractCentral American gyres (CAGs) are large, closed, cyclonic circulations that occur during the rainy season (May–November), which can yield exceptional rainfall leading to catastrophic flooding and large societal impacts. A reanalysis-based climatology of CAGs is developed from an algorithm that distinguishes CAG cases from other systems. This algorithm identified CAG cases based on circulation intensity, a broad radius of maximum winds, and the existence of closed, Earth-relative, cyclonic flow. Based on these criteria, 47 CAG cases were identified from 1980 to 2010, featuring a bimodal distribution of cases with maxima in May–June and September–November.CAG cases are composited into two categories based on their upper-tropospheric PV structure: nonbaroclinic CAGs are more common (N = 42) and characterized by an upper-tropospheric anticyclone, while baroclinic CAGs are less common (N = 5) and characterized by an upper-tropospheric trough. Whereas a nonbaroclinic CAG has anomalous moisture and preci...
Modernization Arrested: Child Naming and the Family in a Utah Town

We can no more deny today that American family history is "in quite as disorganized a state as the family itself" than we could when that claim was made in 1965. But whereas two decades ago the problem was a lack of scholarship, now there is clearly an embarrassment of riches. Not only is there evidence to fix the advent of the 'modern' family any time during several centuries; there is also serious challenge to the idea that fundamental change happened at all. Indeed, it may not be realistic to expect an orderly development of a modern family from a traditional one: The kind of change by fits and starts that characterizes the history of American society in general undoubtedly applies as well to the history of the family, and each social class and ethnic group probably has a family history of its own. Disorganization may be the bane of family history simply because it has been the hallmark of America as a society of families.' Yet disorganization does not mean chaos in family history. Evidence about so simple an act as child naming can point to a structure underlying the puzzling variety of past family behavior. Regularities, or lack of them, in name choices give important clues to husbands' and wives' perceptions of their families. Regularities themselves, especially consistent naming of children for relatives, suggest a nonmodern mentality. Rigid rules for naming children are today found mostly in tradition-bound societies; the modern American suburban family, of course, picks whatever names it fancies, generally oblivious to any rules. That contrast implies that naming reflects modernization, and studies of social change occasionally argue that individuation in naming signaled the modern family's appreciation of children's worth.2
Precueing response factors in choice reaction time: a word of caution.

This note discusses the assumption researchers make when movement attributes are precued in a choice reaction time (RT) paradigm—i.e., that the precue only reduces the number of response alternatives, so that changes in RT reflect the programming time for the unprecued attributes. However, it is argued that since the precue reduces the number of stimulus alternatives, changes in RT reflect changes in both stimulus processing and response programming. Therefore, the interpretation made by Klapp (1977), using the precue paradigm, that response selection and response timing are not independent sequential stages in the programming sequence, is not necessarily correct.
Specific Cation Binding Stiffens Actin Filaments by Adhering D-Loops to Adjacent Monomers

Ions play a key role in mediating interactions between cytoskeletal proteins, helping to govern the assembly process and mechanical properties of actin filaments, which are composed of negatively charged monomers. Recent work using structural bioinformatics and site-specific mutagenesis suggests the existence of two specific divalent cation binding sites, one of which participates in the actin polymerization process, while the other modulates actin filament stiffness and plays a role in cofilin-mediated filament severing. To date, structural methods have not been able to resolve cation-associated filaments, and so in this work we turn to molecular dynamics simulations to predict candidate binding pocket geometries and to elucidate the mechanism by which binding in the stiffness site effects a filament's mechanical properties. We find that little change is necessary to an actin monomer conformation in order to incorporate an additional magnesium ion in the “polymerization site,” positioned in the long axis between actin monomers. We furthermore show that binding of an additional magnesium ion in the “stiffness site” adheres the actin D-loop to the adjacent actin's target binding cleft, resulting in a decrease in torsional flexibility and an increase in filament persistence length, consistent with previous biochemical and biophysical studies. Given these candidate structures, our simulations allow us to dissect the mechanism for this stiffening by studying the conformational space accessible to the D-loop. We also compute the burial of certain key conserved residues in the D-loop with and without coordinated magnesium ions, and hence predict their accessibility to enzymes known to regulate actin filament dynamics by post-translational modification of these amino-acids.
Measurement with High Voltage for Temperature Coefficient and Voltage Coefficient of High Precision Resistors

The resistance instability of resistor is a major cause of the divider ratio change of DC voltage ratio standard.The temperature coefficient and voltage coefficient of resistor was introduced in this paper.Aiming at the development of DC voltage ratio standard,a measurement method for the temperature coefficient and voltage coefficient of resistor by balanced bridge with high voltage was proposed,and three different types of resistors were measured by this method,the impact of the temperature coefficient and voltage coefficient of these resistors on their resistance at their practical working voltage was obtained.The measurement method proposed in this paper is closer to the practical working voltage of resistor,and is able to provide a basis for choosing resistor in the development of DC voltage ratio standard.
Detection of rotavirus and analysis of epidemiological features of1568 infants with diarrhea

Objective To detect the rotavirus(RV) pathogens in feces of 1568 infants with diarrhea and analyze their epidemiological features. Methods The immunogold labeling technique was used to detect the RV pathogens in feces of 1568 infants with diarrhea who were treated in our hospital from January to December 2012, and the detection results were analyzed statistically. Results Of the 1568 cases of feces samples, 632 cases were positive, with the positive rate of 40.3%; The positive detection rates were not significantly different between the infants of different gender, with no statistical significance(P 0.05).The detection rate of October to December was the highest, of which November was the highest. Conclusion Rotavirus(RV) is the main pathogen of infantile diarrhea, whose disease attack displays prominent seasonality. It is recommended that 6 to 24 month-old infants be vaccinated in prevalent seasons.
STOCHASTIC WAVE-FUNCTION APPROACH TO NON-MARKOVIAN SYSTEMS

We extend the quantum Monte Carlo wave-function method of quantum optics to non-Markovian system-reservoir interactions. The finite correlation time of the reservoir and the associated memory effects are incorporated into the dynamics by expanding the initial system using fictitious harmonic-oscillator modes, which have Markovian dissipative interactions. The underlying principle is the fact that a class of reservoir spectral functions can be approximated by a finite superposition of Lorentzian functions with positive coefficients.
Who Is at Risk for Periprosthetic Joint Infection

Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is one of the most devastating complications after total joint arthroplasty (TJA). The number of TJAs and PJIs is increasing annually, and it is crucial for surgeons to reduce the burden of PJI. In order to effectively do this, an understanding of risk factors for developing PJI is critical for patient selection, instituting preventative measures, and performing preoperative medical risk optimization prior to elective surgery. Unfortunately, even with the absence of risk factors, PJI may still occur. The literature regarding PJI continues to evolve and hundreds of studies and several PJI risk calculators have been generated in the last decade. As we identify new risk factors and enhance our understanding of PJI, it will become increasingly important for surgeons to be cognizant of these risk factors and institute methods to modify them. This chapter aims to succinctly review the current literature regarding preoperative risk factors, including both patient-related risk factors, such as comorbidities and demographics, and surgical factors.
Multitarget stool DNA test: clinical performance and impact on yield and quality of colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening

Background and Aims Multitarget stool DNA (MT-sDNA) testing is now approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for average-risk colorectal cancer screening. Trials leading to its approval used blinded colonoscopy as the reference standard. In the postapproval screen setting, the clinical performance and impact of MT-sDNA testing on unblinded colonoscopy has not been described. We measured the impact that knowledge of a positive MT-sDNA test result has on colonoscopy yield and quality. Methods The unblinded group comprised all patients with positive MT-sDNA results on screening from September 1, 2014 to September 30, 2015 at a single tertiary center. Off-label test patients were excluded. The blinded group included all MT-sDNA–positive participants in a preapproval screening study from the same center. Detailed colonoscopy findings and withdrawal times were recorded. Results There were 172 MT-sDNA–positive patients in the unblinded group and 72 in the blinded group. More total adenomatous/sessile serrated polyps (70% vs 53%, P = .013) and advanced neoplasms (28% vs 21%, P = .27) were detected in unblinded than in blinded groups. Median numbers of polyps detected were 2 (IQR, 1-4) and 1 (IQR, 0-2) in unblinded and blinded groups, respectively ( P = .0007). Among polyps detected, flat or slightly raised lesions in the right side of the colon were proportionately more frequent with unblinded (40%) than with blinded examinations (9%) ( P = .0017). Median withdrawal time was 19 minutes (IQR, 13-29) in the unblinded group compared with 13 minutes (IQR, 10-20) in the blinded group ( P = .0001). Conclusions Knowledge of a positive MT-sDNA result appears to have a beneficial impact on the diagnostic yield and quality of subsequent colonoscopy.
Combining CNNs and Pattern Matching for Question Interpretation in a Virtual Patient Dialogue System.

For medical students, virtual patient dialogue systems can provide useful training opportunities without the cost of employing actors to portray standardized patients. This work utilizes word- and character-based convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for question identification in a virtual patient dialogue system, outperforming a strong word- and character-based logistic regression baseline. While the CNNs perform well given sufficient training data, the best system performance is ultimately achieved by combining CNNs with a hand-crafted pattern matching system that is robust to label sparsity, providing a 10% boost in system accuracy and an error reduction of 47% as compared to the pattern-matching system alone.
A Novel BTB/POZ Transcriptional Repressor Protein Interacts With the Fanconi Anemia Group C Protein and PLZF

Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive cancer susceptibility syndrome. The phenotype includes developmental defects, bone marrow failure, and cell cycle abnormalities. At least eight complementation groups (A-H) exist, and although three of the corresponding complementation group genes have been cloned, they lack recognizable motifs, and their functions are unknown. We have isolated a binding partner for the Fanconi anemia group C protein (FANCC) by yeast two-hybrid screening. We show that the novel gene, FAZF, encodes a 486 amino acid protein containing a conserved amino terminal BTB/POZ protein interaction domain and three C-terminal Kruppel-like zinc fingers. FAZF is homologous to the promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) protein, which has been shown to act as a transcriptional repressor by recruitment of nuclear corepressors (N-CoR, Sin3, and HDAC1 complex). Consistent with a role in FA, BTB/POZ-containing proteins have been implicated in oncogenesis, limb morphogenesis, hematopoiesis, and proliferation. We show that FAZF is a transcriptional repressor that is able to bind to the same DNA target sequences as PLZF. Our data suggest that the FAZF/FANCC interaction maps to a region of FANCC deleted in FA patients with a severe disease phenotype. We also show that FAZF and wild-type FANCC can colocalize in nuclear foci, whereas a patient-derived mutant FANCC that is compromised for nuclear localization cannot. These results suggest that the function of FANCC may be linked to a transcriptional repression pathway involved in chromatin remodeling.
Sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma with eosinophilia: Cytologic characterization of a rare distinct entity in the thyroid

Sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma with eosinophilia (SMECE) is an extremely rare thyroid carcinoma with limited cytologic descriptions in the literature. Here, we present a 52-year-old woman with a 3.9 cm thyroid nodule. Fine-needle aspiration smears consisted of a highly cellular specimen with tumor cells in isolated patterns and solid squamoid nests. Tumor cells had round to oval nuclei, prominent nucleoli, smooth nuclear contours, and moderate amounts of dense cytoplasm. In addition to the polymorphous population of lymphocytes, the background contained a striking abundance of eosinophils. The subsequent right thyroidectomy showed histologic features diagnostic for SMECE.
A crisis of rights and responsibility: feminist geopolitical perspectives on Latin American refugees and migrants

With the advent of the Trump presidency we are facing the most anti-refugee and immigrant administration in recent U.S. history. This follows on the heels of the Obama era, characterized by record ...
Jointing of Vitrified Clay Sewer Pipe

When the first sewer collection systems were installed, leak-proof sewer lines were not considered to be necessary. As a matter of fact, leaking lines were often considered to be desirable because in low areas leaking joints contributed to the lowering of the ground-water level. Little thought was given to the exfiltration of sewer waters into the ground, since pure-water systems were being installed in urban areas at about the same time as sewer systems.
Combustion Flame Deposition of Diamond

Combustion synthesis is one of the competing chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technologies for diamond film growth. It was invented in 1988 by Hirose [3.1], who realized that acetylene flames produce copious amounts of atomic hydrogen and hydrocarbon radicals that are required for diamond growth. The discovery was subsequently confirmed at the Naval Research Laboratory [3.2] and has become the subject of intensive study. It has been argued that combustion synthesis is the most flexible of the CVD alternatives because of its scaleable nature, minimal utility requirements, and significantly reduced capital costs relative to plasmaaided processes [3.3]. In this chapter, the development of combustion CVD will be discussed from its inception, when conventional welding torches were used, to its present implementation with flat-flame burners. The unique features of the combustion CVD system are highlighted. The key experimental parameters, and their impact on deposition, are discussed in detail. The chemistry of combustion diamond CVD and its relation to the deposition mechanism is analyzed through a combination of in-situ diagnostics and detailed reactor modeling. Lastly, examples of the implementation of combustion synthesis for specific applications are provided.
Pathology in the Cholinergic Basal Forebrain: Implications for Treatment

The development of effective treatments for the cognitive impairment characteristic of dementing illnesses represents a major challenge to neuroscientists in the future. Success in this endeavor will depend on understanding the biological basis of normal cognition. In order to make scientific progress in understanding the neural basis of cognition and the consequences of dysfunction in these systems in dementia, we must isolate components or subsystems in order to study them. As we make simplifying assumptions, we must remember the dangers of such simplication and the importance of eventually modelling the entire network of interacting systems that support normal thought and that are impaired in dementia.
Models and simulations of surfactant-driven fracture in particle rafts

Abstract A continuum-based model for the surfactant-driven fracture of closely-packed particle rafts is extended to examine the influence of micro-scale density variability. The model treats the particle monolayer as an elastic sheet endowed with a critical fracture energy that can be reduced through interaction with a flowing surfactant. In addition to the displacement of the monolayer, the model employs a surfactant damage field that serves as both an indicator function for the surfactant concentration as well as the damage to the monolayer. Spatial variability in the particle packing is incorporated in the model through a continuum mapping approach. The formulation gives rise to a coupled system of nonlinear partial differential equations with an irreversibility constraint. The evolution equations are recast in variational form and discretized with an adaptive finite element method. Simulations are provided to demonstrate convergence of the model, illustrate the sensitivity of the fracture process to variations in the initial packing fraction field, and make comparisons with experimental observations. The results indicate that crack bifurcations can occur in regions with spatially uniform packing as well as spatially variable packing, suggesting that both the macro-scale mechanics and the random aspects of the packing contribute to these instabilities. The model is also used to predict the response of these systems to multiple injection sources and obstacles in the domains. Finally, the model is extended to non-planar surfaces as a means to study systems in which confinement and jamming can only occur due to multiple injection sites.