cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TIBIAL NERVE PERINEURAL INJECTIONS AT THE POSTERIOR TARSAL TUNNEL

Introduction: Posterior tarsal tunnel syndrome (PostTTS) refers to compression of the tibial nerve (TN) within this tunnel. PostTTS is most commonly secondary to entrapment with subsequent inflammation. As it is true with other entrapment-type neuropathies, corticosteroids could provide therapeutic relief. To the authors' knowledge, the feasibility of such injections using ultrasound guidance has not been described in the literature. We hypothesize that one can inject the TN perineural space immediately proximal to the posterior tarsal tunnel utilizing ultrasonography US-guidance. Methods: This research was a pilot study using four cadaveric models. US was utilized to image the proximal posterior tarsal tunnel. Perineural injections of methylene blue were performed with subsequent dissection. Injections were designated as accurate (referring to nerve staining) and precise (referring to dye localization). Results: One cadaver was precluded due to pronounced musculoskeletal abnormality. 5-of-6 (83%) injections were accurate and 6-of-6 (100%) precise. Conclusion: Initial attempt was inaccurate and precise, while later injections were both accurate and precise. The most apparent source of error was from one cadaver's pronounced musculoskeletal deformity, which precluded successful injections bilaterally. Of the three cadavers unaffected by musculoskeletal deformity, accuracy was 5-of-6 (83%) and precision was 6-of-6 (100%). While surgery is the definitive treatment for refractory PostTTS, therapeutic effect of corticosteroid injections has not been evaluated in this patient population. Such injections could provide symptomatic relief and postpone surgical intervention. Small sample size not withstanding the results suggest that TN perineural injections are feasible under US-guidance. This study suggests that US-guidance can increase accuracy and precision and is a potential adjunct to the treatment. Future study will expand the initial data set and categorize consistent protocol. Subsequent translational research will then be sought to evaluate therapeutic efficacy in this patient population.
An evaluation of the heat stress of a protective face mask

This paper examines the physiological response of a group of four volunteers working for 120 min in a warm environment, DB/WB 34/25-5°C, whilst wearing each of two clothing assemblies, KD and OG, w...
Domestic violence against women in the international community.

The emergency medicine physician or healthcare worker should be prepared to screen for, diagnose, and treat women in the international community who are victims of domestic violence. To diagnose such cases effectively, a physician must acknowledge personal racial or ethnic biases that could lead him or her to minimize or dismiss a battered woman's complaints. The physician also should understand the social, legal, linguistic, financial, and cultural factors that can make it more difficult for foreign-born women to overcome physically or psychologically abusive domestic and employment situations. The physician should be prepared to use various medical, legal, social, and community resources to provide the battered woman who is a member of the international community with viable treatment and safety options.
EXPLICIT BAYESIAN SOLUTION FOR INCOMPLETE PRE-POST TEST PROBLEMS USING INVERSE BAYES FORMULAE

Pre-Post test design is one of the commonly used designs in clinical trials where patients serve as their own control and the differentail effect of a treatment is assessed. The same scenario also arises in comparing pre-post test changes in either physiological variables or molecular or genetic targets. When missing data occurs due to either patients drop-out or some other unknown reasons, an important issue is how to best use the incomplete data to make inference. We develop an explicit Bayesian solution using noninformative priors on the parameters of interest assuming the data is missing at random. The explicit joint posterior is obtained via a noniterative sampling approach based on the inverse Bayes formulae (IBF) as opposed to the iterative sampling using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. Therefore, convergence diagnostics are no longer needed and analysis is greatly facilitated. We consider both the cases of a known and an unknown covariance matrix. The method is illustrated with an ongoing...
Resorption of grafted alveolar bone associated with abnormal dental follicle: is it a rare incident or not?

Abstract El Deeb ME, Gatto D, Edmunds R, Waite D. (1984). Alveolar bone graft resorption associated with abnormal dental follicle. Cleft Palate J 21:22–28.
Yields of medium mass nuclear fragments: Statistical emission

The results of a calculation using a newly developed statistical emission formalism are compared with the recently published data of Finn et al. for nuclear fragment yields from high energy proton-nucleus interactions on /sup 132/Xe. Good agreement is noted.
Preparation of (η5-C5H5)(CO)2Fe(η2-B2H5): A neutral metallo-diborane(6) analogue of a metal-olefin complex

Abstract The reaction of B2H6 with K[(η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)2] in dimethyl ether at -78°c gives (η5-C5H5)(CO)2Fe(η2-B2H5). This compound may be viewed as a direct electronic and structural analogue of the metal-olefin complex [(η5-C5H5)(CO)2Fe(η2-C2H4)]+.
Prevalence and risk factors for mesh erosion after laparoscopic-assisted sacrocolpopexy

Introduction and hypothesis The purpose of this study is to identify risk factors for mesh erosion in women undergoing minimally invasive sacrocolpopexy (MISC). We hypothesize that erosion is higher in subjects undergoing concomitant hysterectomy.
How facts matter

I agree with Bernard Rollin (in "Some Conceptual and Ethical Concerns About Current Views of Pain") that it is implausible to hold that linguistic competence is a necessary condition for consciousness of pain. However, Rollin is incorrect to characterize this criterion as insulated from empirical disproof, because the best current theories of phenomenal consciousness that would support the criterion are themselves open to empirical disproof. Although I agree with Rollin that it would be implausible to deny that any nonhuman animals can feel pain, when we look closely at the relevant behavioral and neurophysiological evidence, we see that a good case can be made for saying that invertebrates (with the possible exception of cephalopods) probably cannot feel pain.
Giving Body to Thought Entwinements Between Women

This essay explores the entanglements concerning sexuality and femininity that take place in the treatment relationship between female analysts and female patients. Focusing on the female analyst's contribution by way of her embodied gender and its symbolic functions, it advocates that women seek something specific to their sexual identities from other women and that, as women analysts, we can provide a gendered container for our patients' concrete and symbolic identity needs. This idea is developed within the context of post-Lacanian views of femininity and sexuality.
Dynamic fracture toughness of 4340 VAR steel under conditions of plane strain

Plate impact experiments are conducted to study the dynamic fracture processes in 4340 VAR steel which occur on submicrosecond timescales. These experiments involve the plane strain loading of a planar crack by a plane tensile pulse with a duration of approximately 1 μs. The loading is achieved by impacting a precracked, disk-shaped specimen by a thin flyer plate. Motion of the rear surface of the specimen, caused by waves diffracted from the stationary crack and by waves emitted from the running crack, is monitored at four points ahead of the crack tip using a laser interferometric system. The measured rear surface motion is compared with the calculated motion using the finite element method to gain understanding of the dynamic fields that occur near the crack tip during crack initiation and propagation. For low temperature experiments, the measured rear surface particle velocity fields are in good agreement with the computed profiles obtained for a constant velocity crack propagation model. For the room temperature experiments, the experimental free surface particle velocityvs time profiles show a sharp spike, with a duration of less than 100 ns at the moment of crack initiation. The spike, which is not predicted by the inverse square root singular stress fields of linear elastic fracture mechanics, is understood to be related to the onset of crack growth. Critical values of the fracture toughness are estimated from the crack initiation times determined both from the velocity time profiles and the elastodynamic modeling of crack advance. The toughness values obtained increase with increasing impact velocity and are as large as 170 MPa√m at the highest impact velocity. Such relatively high values appear to be consistent with the ductile mode of crack initiation observed at all impact velocities used in the present study.
Basics of multivariate analysis in neuroimaging data.

Multivariate analysis techniques for neuroimaging data have recently received increasing attention as they have many attractive features that cannot be easily realized by the more commonly used univariate, voxel-wise, techniques1,5,6,7,8,9. Multivariate approaches evaluate correlation/covariance of activation across brain regions, rather than proceeding on a voxel-by-voxel basis. Thus, their results can be more easily interpreted as a signature of neural networks. Univariate approaches, on the other hand, cannot directly address interregional correlation in the brain. Multivariate approaches can also result in greater statistical power when compared with univariate techniques, which are forced to employ very stringent corrections for voxel-wise multiple comparisons. Further, multivariate techniques also lend themselves much better to prospective application of results from the analysis of one dataset to entirely new datasets. Multivariate techniques are thus well placed to provide information about mean differences and correlations with behavior, similarly to univariate approaches, with potentially greater statistical power and better reproducibility checks. In contrast to these advantages is the high barrier of entry to the use of multivariate approaches, preventing more widespread application in the community. To the neuroscientist becoming familiar with multivariate analysis techniques, an initial survey of the field might present a bewildering variety of approaches that, although algorithmically similar, are presented with different emphases, typically by people with mathematics backgrounds. We believe that multivariate analysis techniques have sufficient potential to warrant better dissemination. Researchers should be able to employ them in an informed and accessible manner. The current article is an attempt at a didactic introduction of multivariate techniques for the novice. A conceptual introduction is followed with a very simple application to a diagnostic data set from the Alzheimer s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), clearly demonstrating the superior performance of the multivariate approach.
Reduction in Light accompanying Exceptionally Heavy Rain

WE are indebted to Prof. J. H. J. Poole for the suggestion that our record of illumination during very heavy rain last August might be worth studying further. We accordingly compared the data for sunshine, rainfall until 3 p.m., maximum vertical illumination in kilolux and the illumination integral in kilolux-hours for four days : August 10, clear and sunny; August 11, completely overcast sky until about 11 a.m. G.M.T. ; August 14, clear and sunny ; and August 15, exceptionally dark and wet until about 1 p.m. The Lynmouth flood was occasioned by the rain of August 15, falling rather later in that district.
Optical channel capacity – From Mb/s to Tb/s and beyond

Abstract The history of optical channel capacity growth, from Mb/s to Tb/s and beyond, is reviewed. By considering only one polarization various types of optical channels can be categorized into three basic designs: Single Carrier Single Modulation-path (SCSM), e.g. a single carrier ETDM channel; Single Carrier Multiple Modulation-paths (SCMM), e.g. an OTDM channel; and Multiple Carrier Multiple Modulation-paths (MCMM), e.g. a superchannel. Techniques, such as polarization multiplexing (PM) and multi-level modulations, can be applied to the basic channel designs. The single carrier ETDM channel design has successfully supported all commercially available optical transport systems with channel capacity up to 100 Gb/s, which is the highest channel capacity deployable in current fiber networks. Commercial optical channel designs for channel capacity beyond 100 Gb/s, however, may experience a paradigm change from the single carrier ETDM channel to the multi-carrier superchannel based on the analysis in this paper.
Interactions Between a Discrete Convective Element and a Shearing Environment: A Numerical Simulation

Abstract The effects of vertical shear on the evolution of an element of dry thermal convection are investigated by numerically integrating an appropriate set of equations. The study examines the effects of different magnitudes of uniform shear as well as exponential and jet-like wind profiles. Vertical shear inhibits the growth and maximum vertical velocity of the thermal in proportion to the magnitude of the shear. The maximum horizontal inflow is increased for all except the strongest of shears. The characteristic toroidal circulation of the thermal remains in evidence under even the most severe shearing deformation. The center of the toroidal circulation and the center of buoyancy of the thermal refuse to rise through a jet but vertical motions do rise through the jet and decrease the intensity of the jet by transporting momentum away from it. Circulations developed by interaction with the jet are longer lived than in the other shearing environments due to a flow instability. The experiments produced ...
Urethral recurrence after cystoprostatectomy: Implications for urinary diversion and monitoring

Abstract Objectives To review our cystoprostatectomy (CP) database to determine the urethral recurrence rate. Urethral recurrence after CP has been reported to occur in up to 10% of patients. Recent data have suggested a much lower incidence. This has important implications when considering the type of urinary diversion and postoperative monitoring. Methods We retrospectively analyzed our single-surgeon, consecutive CP series and determined the urethral recurrence rate and prognostic factors for recurrence. Urethrectomy was performed at CP if the prostatic apical margin was positive for carcinoma. All patients were followed up quarterly for 2 years and then semiannually. Urethral wash cytology was obtained if the patient had an ileal conduit. Cytology and cystoscopy were performed if they had an orthotopic neobladder. Results A total of 226 men had undergone radical CP. The mean age for all patients was 69 years. Eight (3.5%) had undergone urethrectomy at CP. The mean follow-up was 42 months for the remaining 218 patients, of whom 108 had an orthotopic neobladder and 110 had supravesical diversion. Of the 218 patients, 8 (3.7%) developed urethral recurrence, 7 (6.4%) in the 110 who had undergone supravesical diversion and 1 in the 108 (0.9%) who had an orthotopic neobladder. Seven patients underwent urethrectomy for the recurrence and had no evidence of disease at last follow-up. One patient died of metastatic transitional cell carcinoma at 61 months. Conclusions In our series, the risk of urethral recurrence after radical CP was low. The risk was substantially lower for patients who had an orthotopic neobladder. Our results show that urethrectomy at CP is rarely necessary because the proximal urethral margin is usually free of cancer. An orthotopic neobladder can therefore be safely considered in most patients. Delayed urethrectomy can be safely performed in those few patients with isolated urethral recurrence without compromising their survival.
Transmission and learning of tongue gymnastic ability.

Observations were made for two weeks on the ability to roll, twist, and fold the tongue in the four members of an American family of northern European background. Photographs and questions were mailed to relatives, thus providing data for a total of 13 persons in three generations. It was found that ample time and example must be provided for learning tongue tricks, even if they be genetically determined. Also, there was evidence for the independent transmission of folding and rolling, and of transitory intermediate positions of the tongue before full expression of the abilities appeared.
Interactive way-finding : Map style and effectiveness

To evaluate the effectiveness of three map variables on simulated way-finding ability in a 2 by 2 by 2 design (color vs black & white; high vs low level of detail; and labels in a legend vs labels adjacent to landmarks), 43 males and 43 females were randomly assigned to one of these eight different map conditions. Using a touch screen monitor for all aspects of the study, participants were instructed to study first a map, then locate a number of landmarks on their map and indicate which paths to follow when proceeding to a specified destination. Participants in map conditions with landmarks identified by number and labeled in a legend (legend condition) took significantly longer than those in conditions where the landmark names were listed at the site of the landmarks themselves (labels intact condition) to locate one of the specified landmarks. Males were faster than females to indicate which paths to follow for the simulated mapping task and reported significantly less frustration performing the way-finding tasks than did females. Left-handers made significantly fewer errors than right-handers in indicating which paths to follow on the simulated way-finding task. Implications for map and kiosk designers are discussed.
Fine-to-Coarse scale disambiguation in stereopsis

Spatial frequency selectivity has been incorporated into various theories of stereo matching, along with spatial scale interactions operating from coarse-to-fine spatial scales. We concentrate here on the role of fine scale information in the stereo matching process and show that fine scale information is capable of disambiguating matches made at coarser scales. An ambiguous coarse scale stimulus was created by presenting a low frequency (2 c/deg) sine wave in anti-phase to the two eyes, whose endpoints betrayed no information about which way the sine waves should be matched. It could be seen with crossed or uncrossed disparity equally validly and at chance from trial to trial. To this was added a fine scale (8 c/deg) filtered random dot stimulus specifying unambiguously a certain disparity. Observers judged the apparent depth of the two stimuli as the disparity of the fine scale stimulus was varied. The sine wave was usually perceived to have the same sign disparity as the fine scale stimulus. Depth matching with the two superimposed stimuli confirmed that the coarse scale stimulus was actually disambiguated, and seen with disparities equal to half its spatial period. The results suggest the operation of a cross-spatial scale matching disambiguation process, which can operate in a fine-to-coarse fashion.
Likert Scaling Using the Graded Response Latent Trait Model

The two-parameter graded response latent trait model was applied to data collected from a conven tionally constructed Likert-type attitude scale. Com parisons were made of both the person latent trait esti mates and the item parameter estimates with their counterparts from the conventional scaling method. Also studied were the goodness of fit of the graded re sponse model and the information function feature of the model indicating the precision of measurement at each level of the attitude trait continuum. The results demonstrated that the graded response model could be successfully used to perform attitude measurement for Likert scales.
Justification as Declaration and Deification

Theological accounts of the way God justifies sinners often struggle to combine forensic or declarative ideas about justification with transformationist ones. Luther seems to have especially steep problems here, not because he fails to think of justification as transformation – indeed deification – but because his forensic claims seem to take back what he says about transformation. Yet in the end Luther shows how forensic and transformationist ideas of even the boldest sort can cohere. At one level the concept of justifying faith as union with Christ extra nos combines the two, but their deeper unity is trinitarian: it lies in the Father’s eternal verdict on the work of his incarnate Son, whose death and resurrection win for us the coming of the Spirit.
Disorder-specific Impact of Coordinated Anxiety Learning and Management Treatment for Anxiety Disorders in Primary Care

Context Anxiety disorders commonly present in primary care, where evidence-based mental health treatments often are unavailable or suboptimally delivered. Objective To compare evidence-based treatment for anxiety disorders with usual care (UC) in primary care for principal and comorbid generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Design A randomized controlled trial comparing the Coordinated Anxiety Learning and Management (CALM) intervention with UC at baseline and at 6-, 12-, and 18-month follow-up assessments. Setting Seventeen US primary care clinics. Patients Referred primary care sample, 1004 patients, with principal DSM-IV diagnoses of GAD (n = 549), PD (n = 262), SAD (n = 132), or PTSD (n = 61) (mean [SD] age, 43.7 [13.7] years; 70.9% were female). Eighty percent of the participants completed 18-month follow-up. Interventions CALM (cognitive behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy recommendations) and UC. Main Outcome Measures Generalized Anxiety Disorder Severity Scale, Panic Disorder Severity–Self-report Scale, Social Phobia Inventory, and PTSD Checklist–Civilian Version scores. Results CALM was superior to UC for principal GAD at 6-month (−1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], −2.42 to −0.79), 12-month (−2.34; −3.22 to −1.45), and 18-month (−2.37; −3.24 to −1.50), PD at 6-month (−2.00; −3.55 to −0.44) and 12-month (−2.71; −4.29 to −1.14), and SAD at 6-month (−7.05; −12.11 to −2.00) outcomes. CALM was superior to UC for comorbid SAD at 6-month (−4.26; 95% CI, −7.96 to −0.56), 12-month (−8.12, −11.84 to −4.40), and 18- month (−6.23, −9.90 to −2.55) outcomes. Effect sizes favored CALM but were not statistically significant for other comorbid disorders. Conclusions CALM (cognitive behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy medication recommendations) is more effective than is UC for principal anxiety disorders and, to a lesser extent, comorbid anxiety disorders that present in primary care.
Glucagon-Stimulated Lipolysis of Primary Cultured Broiler Adipocytes

A procedure for maintaining broiler adipocytes in culture was established and used to evaluate the effect of selected culture ingredients on glucagon-stimulated lipolysis. Adipocytes were isolated by collagenase and trypsin digestion of abdominal adipose tissue from 40- to 70-day-old broilers. Freshly isolated adipocytes did not exhibit glucagon-stimulated lipolysis. However, after 24 h in culture, lipolysis was stimulated maximally at doses of glucagon from 5 to 100 ng/mL with 50% stimulation occurring at .7 +/- .4 ng/mL. This responsiveness was maintained for an additional 24 h in culture. Inclusion of 2 or 5% chicken serum in the medium reduced (P less than or equal to .05) the responsiveness of the cells to glucagon. A 30% reduction (P less than or equal to .001) in responsiveness occurred when bovine serum albumin was removed from the medium. The results indicate that broiler adipocytes can be maintained in culture and that certain culture ingredients alter the responsiveness of the cells to glucagon.
Effects of along-shore wind stress and surface cooling on the formation of shelf sea fronts in a simple air-sea interaction model

This paper presents numerical simulation results from a set of control and sensitivity experiments on the effects of winter-time air-sea interaction on the variability of sea surface temperature (SST) on a two-dimensional continental shelf which is uniform in the along-shore direction and is bounded to the west by a straight coast and to the east by a prescribed Gulf Stream front. In the control experiment, the model ocean circulation is driven by a time-dependent wind forcing which is parameterically coupled to the cross-shelf SST gradient. In the sensitivity experiments, wind stress, diabatic cooling and air-sea coupling are turned on separately to estimate the individual contribution of each effect to the cross-shelf SST variation. Experiments have also been carried out for different coupling strengths and diabatic cooling rates to examine the model sensitivity to these paramenters. The model results indicate that air-sea interaction could induce a secondary SST front on the shelf. Comparisons of model results with observations obtained during the Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment conducted off the east coasts of the Carolinas during January and February 1986 qualitatively confirm our finding.
Substructure of freeze-substituted plasmodesmata

The substructure of plasmodesmata in freeze-substituted tissues of developing leaves of the tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum L. var. Maryland Mammoth) was studied by high resolution electron microscopy and computer image enhancement techniques. Both the desmotubule wall and the inner leaflet of the plasmodesmatal plasma membrane are composed of regularly spaced electron-dense particles approximately 3 nm in diameter, presumably proteinaceous and embedded in lipid. The central rod of the desmotubule is also particulate. In plasmodesmata with central cavities, spoke-like extensions are present between the desmotubule and the plasma membrane in the central cavity region. The space between the desmotubule and the plasma membrane appears to be the major pathway for intercellular transport through plasmodesmata. This pathway may be tortuous and its dimensions could be regulated by interactions between desmotubule and plasma membrane particles.
Processes of carbonate precipitation in modern microbial mats

Abstract Microbial mats are ecosystems that arguably greatly affected the conditions of the biosphere on Earth through geological time. These laminated organosedimentary systems, which date back to > 3.4 Ga bp, are characterized by high metabolic rates, and coupled to this, rapid cycling of major elements on very small (mm-µm) scales. The activity of the mat communities has changed Earth's redox conditions (i.e. oxidation state) through oxygen and hydrogen production. Interpretation of fossil microbial mats and their potential role in alteration of the Earth's geochemical environment is challenging because these mats are generally not well preserved. Preservation of microbial mats in the fossil record can be enhanced through carbonate precipitation, resulting in the formation of lithified mats, or microbialites. Several types of microbially-mediated mineralization can be distinguished, including biologically-induced and biologically influenced mineralization. Biologically-induced mineralization results from the interaction between biological activity and the environment. Biologically-influenced mineralization is defined as passive mineralization of organic matter (biogenic or abiogenic in origin), whose properties influence crystal morphology and composition. We propose to use the term organomineralization sensu lato as an umbrella term encompassing biologically influenced and biologically induced mineralization. Key components of organomineralization sensu lato are the “alkalinity” engine (microbial metabolism and environmental conditions impacting the calcium carbonate saturation index) and an organic matrix comprised of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which may provide a template for carbonate nucleation. Here we review the specific role of microbes and the EPS matrix in various mineralization processes and discuss examples of modern aquatic (freshwater, marine and hypersaline) and terrestrial microbialites.
Highly efficient sex chromosome interchanges produced by I-CreI expression in drosophila

The homing endonuclease I-CreI recognizes a site in the gene encoding the 23S rRNA of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. A very similar sequence is present in the 28S rRNA genes that are located on the X and Y chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. In this work we show that I-CreI expression in Drosophila is capable of causing induced DNA damage and eliciting cell cycle arrest. Expression also caused recombination between the X and Y chromosomes in the heterochromatic regions where the rDNA is located, presumably as a result of a high frequency of double-strand breaks in these regions. Approximately 20% of the offspring of males expressing I-CreI showed exceptional inheritance of X- and Y-linked markers, consistent with chromosome exchange at rDNA loci. Cytogenetic analysis confirmed the structures of many of these products. Exchange between the X and Y chromosomes can be induced in males and females to produce derivative-altered Y chromosomes, attached-XY, and attached-X chromosomes. This method has advantages over the traditional use of X rays for generating X-Y interchanges because it is very frequent and it generates predictable products.
Incorporating Historic Knowledge into a Communication Library for Self-Optimizing High Performance Computing Applications

Emerging computing systems have a wide variety of hardware and software components influencing the performance of parallel applications, presenting end-users with a (nearly) unique execution environment on each parallel machine. One of the big challenges of High Performance Computing is therefore to develop portable and efficient codes for any execution environment. The Abstract Data and Communication Library (ADCL) is a self-optimizing runtime communication library aiming at providing the highest possible performance for application level communication operations. The library provides for a given communication pattern a large number of implementations and incorporates a runtime selection logic. This selection aims at adaptively choosing the best performing implementation on the current platform and for the given problem. In this paper, we present a recent enhancement to the library which introduces the capability of utilizing information from previous executions in order to minimize the overhead of the runtime selection logic which mainly stems from testing under performing implementations. We introduce the notion of similar problems by using a proximity measure for a given operation. The approach is evaluated for the n-dimensional neighborhood communication for two different network interconnects and for a large range of different problems.
Catalytic Mechanism of Cellulose Degradation by a Cellobiohydrolase, CelS

The hydrolysis of cellulose is the bottleneck in cellulosic ethanol production. The cellobiohydrolase CelS from Clostridium thermocellum catalyzes the hydrolysis of cello-oligosaccharides via inversion of the anomeric carbon. Here, to examine key features of the CelS-catalyzed reaction, QM/MM (SCCDFTB/MM) simulations are performed. The calculated free energy profile for the reaction possesses a 19 kcal/mol barrier. The results confirm the role of active site residue Glu87 as the general acid catalyst in the cleavage reaction and show that Asp255 may act as the general base. A feasible position in the reactant state of the water molecule responsible for nucleophilic attack is identified. Sugar ring distortion as the reaction progresses is quantified. The results provide a computational approach that may complement the experimental design of more efficient enzymes for biofuel production.
Lazy-Adaptive Tree: an optimized index structure for flash devices

Flash memories are in ubiquitous use for storage on sensor nodes, mobile devices, and enterprise servers. However, they present significant challenges in designing tree indexes due to their fundamentally different read and write characteristics in comparison to magnetic disks.In this paper, we present the Lazy-Adaptive Tree (LA-Tree), a novel index structure that is designed to improve performance by minimizing accesses to flash. The LA-tree has three key features: 1) it amortizes the cost of node reads and writes by performing update operations in a lazy manner using cascaded buffers, 2) it dynamically adapts buffer sizes to workload using an online algorithm, which we prove to be optimal under the cost model for raw NAND flashes, and 3) it optimizes index parameters, memory management, and storage reclamation to address flash constraints. Our performance results on raw NAND flashes show that the LA-Tree achieves 2x to 12x gains over the best of alternate schemes across a range of workloads and memory constraints. Initial results on SSDs are also promising, with 3x to 6x gains in most cases.
Computer-assisted total knee replacement arthroplasty

The reliability of techniques to position a total knee replacement (TKR) is still limited by the relative inaccuracy of the instrumentation. The main obstacle encountered by mechanical instrumentation systems is the inconsistency of the reference points. These reference points are the centers of joint articulation that will allow the establishment of the mechanical axis for the lower limb. These references guide the placement of the bone-cutting guides. At present, it is impossible to accurately locate these articular centers preoperatively. This handicaps the accuracy of the mechanical instruments and limits their accuracy. The goal of the total knee instrumentation procedure is to achieve cuts that are perpendicular to the mechanical axes of the femur and the tibia. The longevity of total knee arthroplasty is closely related to its intraoperative positioning. The computer-assisted procedure offers an effective and novel positioning method that improves the accuracy of the surgical technique of the TKR. We have chosen to present the steps of the computer-assisted TKR technique next to the corresponding steps of a currently available, mechanically based technique that is representative of many that are presently in use.
Homelessness and CKD: A Cohort Study

Summary Background and objectives This study examined the associations between homelessness and clinical outcomes of CKD among adults from the urban healthcare safety net. Design, setting, participants, & measurements This retrospective cohort study examined 15,343 adults with CKD stages 3–5 who received ambulatory care during 1996–2005 from the Community Health Network of San Francisco. Main outcome measures were time to ESRD or death and frequency of emergency department visits and hospitalizations. Results Overall, 858 persons (6%) with CKD stages 3–5 were homeless. Homeless adults were younger, were disproportionately male and uninsured, and suffered from far higher rates of depression and substance abuse compared with adults with stable housing (P Conclusions Homeless adults with CKD suffer from increased morbidity and mortality and use costly acute care services far more frequently than peers who are stably housed. These findings warrant additional inquiry into the unmet health needs of the homeless with CKD to provide appropriate and effective care to this disadvantaged group.
TOMATO PEROXIDASE: PURIFICATION VIA HYDROPHOBIC CHROMATOGRAPHY

With a large number of isoenzyme species and substrates, peroxidases have been difficult to purify to homogeneity. By including hydrophobic chromatography in the purification scheme, a homogeneous tomato fruit peroxidase isoenzyme was obtained. The isoenzyme had a clean spectrum in the visible region and a Rz (403 nm/280 nm) value of 2.36. It showed up as a single band in disc gel electrophoresis in basic and acidic buffers, in acetate strip electrophoresis, and in both tube and slab gel SDS electrophoresis. Molecular weight estimation of this tomato peroxidase was 43,000 ± 2,000 daltons. The pH optima were at 5.5 and 7.5 with guaiacol and pyrogallol as substrate, respectively. Kinetic studies showed that pyrogallol and hydrogen peroxide could provide substrate inhibition at 5 mM concentration. Hydrophobic chromatography may be useful for purification of other food enzymes similar to tomato peroxidase.
Changing Animal and Environmental Attitudes with Evidence of Animal Minds

An awareness of the mental lives of nonhuman animals may raise ethical concern for them and, as a consequence, for their natural habitats. This was explored in a recent study at a Midwestern university. Students attended either an animal-focused or a human-focused introductory psychology course. Students in the animal-focused course reported an increase in proanimal attitudes after the course, whereas, the attitudes of their human-focused cohorts actually decreased. Additionally, students in the animal-focused course reported an increase in concern for animals' natural habitats. Comparative psychology may be a powerful component of a complete environmental education curriculum.
Patient Satisfaction with Outpatient Detoxification from Alcohol

Outpatient medical detoxification has become an increasingly common form of treatment for mild to moderate alcohol withdrawal, yet few studies have examined this phenomenon from the patient's perspective. Therefore, we reviewed Patient Satisfaction Survey (PSS) results from each of 57 alcohol-dependent patients who successfully completed a course of outpatient detoxification from among 64 who initiated such treatment in conjunction with an intensive day treatment program (89%). Those who completed detoxification were asked to evaluate specific aspects of clinical care. On a 5-point Likert scale, subjects responded to statements related to safety, comfort, information and instructions about medications, availability of the nurse, and participation in the day treatment program. Additional qualitative feedback was sought through two open-ended questions to determine what was viewed as most helpful, and suggestions for program improvement. High rates of completion and patient satisfaction were realized with o...
Display repertoire analysis of Sceloporus undulatus hyacinthinus (Sauria: Iguanidae) from south-western Virginia

Abstract Sceloporus undulatus hyacinthinus display behaviour was studied in the field and laboratory. Four major conclusions emerged. First, ‘jiggling’ seems to be a generalized behaviour appearing in many contexts with no apparent specialized function. Second, there are two distinct display types (A and B) in the species' repertoire besides jiggling. Third, based on 177 video-taped displays by 11 males, each of the two display types was extremely stereotyped. Last, the stereotypy is of two kinds. For the A displays, all males performed a display pattern common to the population (intra-population stereotypy); this would structure the behaviour for a species recognition function. For the B display, each male performed a consistent pattern. However, each male's B displays were to a lesser or greater extent individually unique (intra-individual stereotypy); this would facilitate individual recognition. Some males' B displays showed sufficient pattern variation to make it impossible to present a single display pattern representing the type B pattern for the population.
Higher risk for incident heart failure and cardiovascular mortality among community‐dwelling octogenarians without pneumococcal vaccination

Aims Octogenarians have the highest incidence of heart failure (HF) that is not fully explained by traditional risk factors. We explored whether lack of pneumococcal vaccination is associated with higher risk of incident HF among octogenarians. Methods and results In the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), 5290 community-dwelling adults, ≥65 years of age, were free of baseline HF and had data on pneumococcal vaccination. Of these, 851 were octogenarians, of whom, 593 did not receive pneumococcal vaccination. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations of lack of pneumococcal vaccination with incident HF and other outcomes during 13 years of follow-up were estimated using Cox regression models, adjusting for demographics and other HF risk factors including influenza vaccination. Octogenarians had a mean (±SD) age of 83 (±3) years; 52% were women and 17% African American. Overall, 258 participants developed HF and 662 died. Lack of pneumococcal vaccination was associated with higher relative risk of incident HF (aHR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.01–1.85; P = 0.044). There was also higher risk for all-cause mortality (aHR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.02–1.49; P = 0.028), which was mostly driven by cardiovascular mortality (aHR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.06–1.98; P = 0.019). Octogenarians without pneumococcal vaccination had a trend toward higher risk of hospitalization due to pneumonia (aHR, 1.34; 95% CI, 0.99–1.81; P = 0.059). These associations were not observed among those 65–79 years of age. Conclusions Among community-dwelling octogenarians, lack of pneumococcal vaccination was associated with a significantly higher independent risk of incident HF and mortality, and trend for higher pneumonia hospitalization.
Minimizing power consumption in direct sequence spread spectrum correlators by resampling IF samples-Part I: performance analysis

Most modern digital receivers sample the received RF signal at an intermediate frequency (IF), then downconvert to the baseband in the digital domain. The baseband samples are subsequently correlated with a time-limited square pulse, which is readily implemented as an integrator. Since correlation is performed at the sampling frequency, the receiver correlates at an unnecessarily high frequency. This high frequency results in significant power dissipation especially if parallel correlators are employed. By downsampling after appropriate filtering to slightly above the signal Nyquist rate, correlation is achieved at a fraction of the sampling frequency, resulting in corresponding reduction in power consumption. Furthermore, by resampling to an integer number of samples per chip, architectural changes in the correlators are possible, allowing even more reduction in power consumption. In this paper, a resampling correlator with minimal hardware overhead that outperforms the conventional correlator is presented.
Gigahertz-bandwidth optoelectronic differential amplifier

A wideband differential amplifier for electrical signals using modulated laser diodes and a novel optical receiver design shows better than 25-dB common-mode rejection ratio over a bandwidth of greater than 1 GHz.
Lexical Acquisition for Opinion Inference: A Sense-Level Lexicon of Benefactive and Malefactive Events

Opinion inference arises when opinions are expressed toward states and events which positive or negatively affect entities, i.e., benefactive and malefactive events. This paper addresses creating a lexicon of such events, which would be helpful to infer opinions. Verbs may be ambiguous, in that some meanings may be benefactive and others may be malefactive or neither. Thus, we use WordNet to create a sense-level lexicon. We begin with seed senses culled from FrameNet and expand the lexicon using WordNet relationships. The evaluations show that the accuracy of the approach is well above baseline accuracy.
Review of gravitomagnetic acceleration from accretion disks

We review the development of the equations of gravitoelectromagnetism and summarize how the motion of the neutral masses in an accretion disk orbiting a black hole creates a general-relativistic magnetic-like (gravitomagnetic) field that vertically accelerates neutral particles near the accretion disk upward and then inward toward the axis of the accretion disk. Even though this gravitomagnetic field is not the only mechanism to produce collimated jets, it is a novel means to identify one general relativistic effect from a much more complicated problem. In addition, as the accelerated material above or below the accretion disk nears the axis with a nearly vertical direction, a frame-dragging effect twists the trajectories around the axis thus contributing to the collimation of the jet.
On pure word deafness, temporal processing, and the left hemisphere.

Pure word deafness (PWD) is a rare neurological syndrome characterized by severe difficulties in understanding and reproducing spoken language, with sparing of written language comprehension and speech production. The pathognomonic disturbance of auditory comprehension appears to be associated with a breakdown in processes involved in mapping auditory input to lexical representations of words, but the functional locus of this disturbance and the localization of the responsible lesion have long been disputed. We report here on a woman with PWD resulting from a circumscribed unilateral infarct involving the left superior temporal lobe who demonstrated significant problems processing transitional spectrotemporal cues in both speech and nonspeech sounds. On speech discrimination tasks, she exhibited poor differentiation of stop consonant-vowel syllables distinguished by voicing onset and brief formant frequency transitions. Isolated formant transitions could be reliably discriminated only at very long durations (>200 ms). By contrast, click fusion threshold, which depends on millisecond-level resolution of brief auditory events, was normal. These results suggest that the problems with speech analysis in this case were not secondary to general constraints on auditory temporal resolution. Rather, they point to a disturbance of left hemisphere auditory mechanisms that preferentially analyze rapid spectrotemporal variations in frequency. The findings have important implications for our conceptualization of PWD and its subtypes. (JINS, 2005, 11, 456–470.)
Experimental bone transplants.

One hundred and fifty-seven bone and callus transplantations to ulnar defects or to the gluteal muscles of rabbits were performed. The specimens were studied by routine histological methods, as well as by stains for collagen, alkaline phosphatase, and phosphates. Although homogenous bone was usually well incorporated, best results were obtained with autogenous iliac bone. Shave grafts of tibial bone incited extensive osteoclastic and fibroplastic reactions, and were almost completely destroyed before healing of the defect occurred. The mechanism of destruction of the grafts has been discussed in the light of preliminary in vitro experiments involving bone digestion. Alkaline phosphatase localization and its role in osteogenesis have been briefly discussed. Although peripheral areas of trabeculated iliac bone and of callus transplanted to muscle tissue occasionally survived, all such transplants to bone defects became necrotic, indicating that the speed of revascularization of a graft bed is probably the principal determining factor in maintaining viability of transplanted elements. There was no evidence of direct osteogenetic stimulation by any elements of the transplanted fragments.
Interpreting failure to reject the null hypothesis of displacement from wind turbines in three species of grassland birds: Response to Johnson (2016)

ABSTRACT Johnson (2016) criticized our 3-year study investigating displacement in breeding grassland birds at an operational wind facility in the southern Great Plains. Although Johnson characterized our statistical methods as inappropriate and our study as intentionally misleading, his claims are based on his own view of the appropriate analysis and interpretation. Although we failed to reject the null hypothesis of no displacement in breeding grassland birds at our study site, the main message of our manuscript was a cautionary tale—that is, that at many wind facilities it will be difficult to isolate the effect of distance to turbine from other factors that covary with distance.