cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CENTER-OF-MASS MOTION IN MANY-PARTICLE SYSTEMS

An explicit construction is found for a unitary operator which insures the free motion of the center of mass of any many-particle wave function on which it is allowed to act. The transformation is used to calculate recoil correction terms for the internal encrgy and external interactions of nuclei, and some numerical evaluations are given for cases of interest. The many-body harmonic- oscillator problem is exactly soluble when one uses the transformation, and one is thus enabled to give a more general discussion of the spurious states. (auth)
Do algorithm animations assist learning?: an empirical study and analysis

Algorithm animations are dynamic graphical illustrations of computer algorithms, and they are used as teaching aids to help explain how the algorithms work. Although many people believe that algorithm animations are useful this way, no empirical evidence has ever been presented supporting this belief. We have conducted an empirical study of a priority queue algorithm animation, and the study's results indicate that the animation only slightly assisted student understanding. In this article, we analyze those results and hypothesize why algorithm animations may not be as helpful as was initially hoped. We also develop guidelines for making algorithm animations more useful in the future.
Collisionless tearing instability of a bi‐Maxwellian neutral sheet: An integrodifferential treatment with exact particle orbits

The integrodifferential equation describing the linear tearing instability in the bi-Maxwellian neutral sheet is solved without approximating the particle orbits or the eigenfunction psi. Results of this calculation are presented. Comparison between the exact solution and the three-region approximation motivates the piecewise-straight-line approximation, a simplification that allows faster solution of the integrodifferential equation, yet retains the important features of the exact solution.
Antarctic surface melting dynamics: Enhanced perspectives from radar scatterometer data

[1] Antarctic ice sheet surface melting can regionally influence ice shelf stability, mass balance, and glacier dynamics, in addition to modulating near-surface physical and chemical properties over wide areas. Here, we investigate variability in surface melting from 1999 to 2009 using radar backscatter time series from the SeaWinds scatterometer aboard the QuikSCAT satellite. These daily, continent-wide observations are explored in concert with in situ meteorological records to validate a threshold-based melt detection method. Radar backscatter decreases during melting are significantly correlated with in situ positive degree-days as well as meltwater production determined from energy balance modeling at Neumayer Station, East Antarctica. These results support the use of scatterometer data as a diagnostic indicator of melt intensity (i.e., the relative liquid water production during melting). Greater spatial and temporal melting detected relative to previous passive microwave-based studies is attributed to a higher sensitivity of the scatterometer instrument. Continental melt intensity variability can be explained in part by the dynamics of the Southern Annular Mode and the Southern Oscillation Index, and extreme melting events across the Ross Ice Shelf region may be associated with El Nino conditions. Furthermore, we find that the Antarctic Peninsula accounts for only 20% of Antarctic melt extent but greater than 50% of the total Antarctic melt intensity. Over most areas, annual melt duration and intensity are proportional. However, regional and localized distinctions exist where the melt intensity metric provides greater insight into melting dynamics than previously obtainable with other remote sensing techniques.
To Be an American: Immigration, Hyphenation, and Incorporation

Central to many immigration debates in the United States, past and present, are questions about what it means to be an American. In this article, I address three forms of this question: (a) What is an immigrant? (b) What is an American? and (c) What is a hyphenated American. Answers to these questions can vary, depending upon whether one is taking the perspective of the observer/host or of the immigrant himself or herself. Data suggest that neither unidimensionality nor simple dichotomy are appropriate frames for analyzing national identity.
The Play of Tragedy

In The Dawn Nietzsche describes himself as “a teacher of slow reading,” as one whose writings “will drive to despair everyone who is ‘in a hurry.’” His works, he tells us, must be read slowly and attentively, with inner thoughts, with mental doors left open, with delicate fingers and eyes. He appeals to his readers: “Learn to read me well!”1 Elsewhere he tells us that his writings make use of “the most abbreviated language ever spoken by a philosopher” and require, therefore, to be “diluted, liquefied, mixed with water.” Silence is, he warns us, one of his instincts2; we must hear what is not said if we are to understand properly what is said.
Adaptive chirplet representation of signals on time-frequency plane

Dynamic spectra, which exhibit the spectral content of a signal as time elapses, are based on subdivision of the time–frequency plane into minimum-area rectangular cells. The cell dimensions in time and frequency are usually held constant throughout. A more general spectral analysis would allow the cells to change aspect ratio with time. Elementary cells assuming oblique forms (chirplets) are proposed, together with an adaptive method for selecting their aspect ratio and obliquity to suit the data.
4-N,N-Dialkylaminophenethanols,-Alkanoic Acids and Esters: New Accelerators for Dental Composites

The newly synthesized 4-N,N-dialkylaminophenethanol, 4-N,N-dialkylaminophenalkanoic acid and ester are highly reactive accelerators for the polymerization of composites. With low amine concentration, nearly colorless restorations having good color stability are obtained.
A Styrene-alt-Maleic Acid Copolymer Is an Effective Inhibitor of R5 and X4 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection

An alternating copolymer of styrene and maleic acid (alt-PSMA) differs from other polyanionic antiviral agents in that the negative charges of alt-PSMA are provided by carboxylic acid groups instead of sulfate or sulfonate moieties. We hypothesized that alt-PSMA would have activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) comparable to other polyanions, such as the related compound, poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) (PSS). In assays using cell lines and primary immune cells, alt-PSMA was characterized by low cytotoxicity and effective inhibition of infection by HIV-1 BaL and IIIB as well as clinical isolates of subtypes A, B, and C. In mechanism of action assays, in which each compound was added to cells and subsequently removed prior to HIV-1 infection (“washout” assay), alt-PSMA caused no enhancement of infection, while PSS washout increased infection 70% above control levels. These studies demonstrate that alt-PSMA is an effective HIV-1 inhibitor with properties that warrant further investigation.
Radiative heat transfer in fiber drawing and crystal pulling

An analysis of the cooling of semi-transparent thin fibers and larger diameter crystals that are grown from their melts has been carried out. Both conduction and radiation heat transfer are considered and the radiation theory is tailored for materials which absorb weakly. Using the differential approximation for the radiative transport, a solution valid in the optically thin limit is obtained for fibers. An improved solution that is applicable for crystals of larger diameter is also developed.
A performance analysis of the IRIDIUM® low earth orbit satellite system with a degraded satellite constellation

There are currently several commercial Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite systems under development that will provide worldwide voice, data, facsimile, and paging services. This article presents a performance analysis of the IRIDIUM® LEO satellite system, as several satellites become non-operational. The analysis is conducted using a computer simulation of the system. First, it examines the system's capability to meet real-time communications constraints of end-to-end delay and packet rejection rate with non-operational satellites. Then, it examines the effects of these non-operational satellites on a user's ability to access the network. The analysis is conducted at low, medium and high traffic loading levels with both uniform and non-uniform traffic distributions. The results indicate that the IRIDIUM® system is capable of providing real-time voice communications with several non-operational satellites. Both the loading level and the traffic distribution have a significant effect on the performance of the system.
Suggested roles of endosymbiosis and encephalitis in the evolution of sexual behavior

Could some of the behaviors in Table 1 be (or have been) of utility to the host as well? Note that the behavioral symptoms may not coincide with impaired intellect [Greenebaum and Lurie(1948)]. Furthermore, these symptoms may be vestigial in the sense of having been of utility to the host species at a time when the latter possessed lower intelligence to begin with. It is also important to note that encephalitis is often triggered by physical and emotional stress, so that utility of behaviors is better assessed for such conditions.
A freeze-tolerant solid medium for detection and sampling of air-borne microorganisms at subzero temperature.

Summary We have developed a freeze-tolerant base suitable for solidification of nutrients required for sampling subzero microbial aerosols with slit samplers. The base was composed of 3% cornstarch and 3% agar. Unlike conventional agar, media prepared with this base withstood freeze and thaw processes, did not express water, and retained their structural integrity. When samples of aerosolized vegetative cells were impacted on either frozen heart infusion or SB broth containing the base, we found more well isolated colonics than when samples were collected on corresponding media at room temperature. There were no significant differences between colony yields when air-borne spores were collected on frozen and nonfrozen media.
High-Pressure Transition Boiling in Internal Flows

Transition boiling heat transfer was studied for the case of internal flow of high-pressure water. Transition boiling results were determined from measurements from 138 steady-state tests conducted in a temperature-controlled facility. Water flowed vertically upward inside a tube with inside diameter = 10.1 mm and vertical length = 13.1 m, as it was heated by liquid sodium flowing countercurrent in a surrounding annulus. The water parameter range of the experiments was pressure 7--15.3 MPa and mass flux 0.7--3.2 Mg/m/sup 2/xs. A mathematical model was developed that predicted the transition boiling heat transfer coefficient well over the entire parameter range.
Muscarinic receptor regulation of cardiac adenylate cyclase activity.

Stimulation and inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity are mediated by the guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins Gs and Gi, respectively. Two general mechanisms have been proposed for the inhibition of activated adenylate cyclase: direct inhibition of the catalyst by Gi, and indirect inhibition of the activated catalyst mediated by Gi inhibition of Gs. We have assessed direct inhibition of adenylate cyclase by evaluating the ability of Gpp (NH)p to inhibit the forskolin-stimulated enzyme in the presence of various concentrations of magnesium ions and the guanine nucleotide. Gpp(NH)p inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity was only observed in the presence of forskolin and low concentrations of MgCl2. Muscarinic agonists did not increase Gpp(NH)p inhibition of the forskolinstimulated enzyme, even in the presence of low concentrations of MgCl2 and guanine nucleotide (near the respective Kact or Ki). Whether in the absence or presence of muscarinic agonists, no concentration of Gpp(NH)p was found to inhibit basal adenylate cyclase activity in the abscence of forskolin. In addition, muscarinic agonists had no effect on the rate constant (kon) for Gpp(NH)p activation of the enzyme. In contrast to these data, the muscarinic agonist methacholine stimulated the inactivation rate constant (koff) for isoproterenol plus GTP-activated adenylate cyclase activity 15-fold, and the increase in koff was blocked by atropine. Moreover, the sarcolemma displayed specific, high affinity GTP hydrolytic activity which was stimulated by methacholine activation of muscarinic receptors. These data further support our original hypothesis, indicating that although direct inhibition of the catalyst by Gi may occur in cardiac sarcolemma, physiologically relevant attenuation of adenylate cyclase activity by muscarinic agonists occurs by a mechanism linked to GTP hydrolysis.
Earnings of the internationally educated nurses in the U.S. labor market.

BACKGROUND Internationally educated registered nurses comprise 5.4% of the U.S. nursing workforce. These nurses perceive unequal treatment in the workplace. However, studies comparing their wages to U.S.-educated registered nurses are limited and inconclusive. It is unclear whether there is a wage differential in the U.S. labor market. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to determine if there is a difference in the wages of internationally and U.S.-educated nurses and to determine the extent to which the wage gap relates to differences in the human capital, employment, and demographic characteristics of the two groups. METHODS The 2008 National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses data were used for this secondary data analysis study. The sample included 988 internationally educated nurses and 21,715 U.S.-educated nurses. Multiple regression and Oaxaca decomposition were used to find predictors of log hourly wages. RESULTS Internationally educated nurses earned 5% higher log hourly wages, controlling for human capital, employment, and demographic characteristics. Male gender, working in a metropolitan area, hospital job, union representation, higher nursing experience, and higher education exerted significant positive effects on hourly wages. Oaxaca decomposition showed that 67% of the wage differential was because of the differences in the characteristics of two groups. DISCUSSION If there is any form of discrimination against internationally educated nurses in the United States, it does not translate into wage inequality. Predictors of economic success should be explored in future research.
The world of music composition in Bali

Abstract This article traces the history of music composition and explores compositional genres and processes in Bali, Indonesia, in relation to the island's changing political landscape. Focusing on two genres, kreasibaru and musik kontemporer, it considers issues including musical innovation, spirituality, and globalization. Active composition began in the early‐twentieth century after Dutch colonization restricted the revenue of Balinese courts, resulting in the pawning of court gamelans to villages. Village musicians then experimented with traditional styles and developed the gam‐elan style known as gong kebyar. During the following decades, numerous musicians developed a variety of forms and styles that mark Bali as one of the world's most active and dynamic musical cultures. The tremendous creativity of some of these composers was tapped by government‐run conservatories, which sought to control expressive images of Bali; during the late‐twentieth century, a number of official directives were imposed...
Methemoglobin Effects on Coagulation: A Dose-Response Study With HBOC-200 (Oxyglobin) in a Thrombelastogram Model

Objectives Because oxidation affects platelet and coagulation factors, hemoglobin auto-oxidation in HBOCs results in the transformation to methemoglobin, which may have additive adverse effects on coagulation. The risk of coagulopathy after different dilutions of HBOC-200 with low and high methemoglobin concentrations was studied. Design A laboratory study on donor blood using thromboelastography (TEG; Haemoscope, Niles, IL). Setting A university laboratory. Participants Volunteer donor blood. Interventions Blood samples simulated hemodilution during clinical resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock with varying doses of HBOC-200 (Oxyglobin; Biopure Corp, Cambridge, MA). Coagulopathy related to 1:11, 1:5, 1:2, and 1:1 dilution of whole blood with HBOC-200 high methemoglobin concentrations (65%) and HBOC-200 low methemoglobin concentrations (1%) were analyzed. Measurements and Main Results Analysis of fixed effects of dilution on coagulation showed that the progressive dilution of HBOC-200 (low methemoglobin) and HBOC-200 (high methemoglobin) produced significant prolongation in reaction time (R) and clot propagation (K) and significant decreases in clot kinetics (α) and clot strength (MA and G). Analysis of fixed effects of treatment group on coagulation showed that clot propagation (K, α) and clot strength (MA and G) are significantly different in HBOC-200 (high methemoglobin) compared with HBOC-200 (low methemoglobin). Conclusions High methemoglobin concentrations in HBOC-200 cause additive coagulation impairment that likely results from the effects of oxidative substances on platelet function and coagulation proteins. Oxidative products adversely react with coagulation factors and modify redox-sensitive sites in the platelets. Therefore, if methemoglobinemia occurs as a result of HBOC administration and if the levels are significantly elevated (greater than 10%), impairment of coagulation is possible.
A qualitative and quantitative approach to investigating cellular DNA repair mechanisms

A procedure to investigate the molecular process of DNA repair is described. Undergraduate students irradiate strains of bacteria with UV light to induce pyrimidine dimer formation, Students then qualitatively and quantitatively determine the amount of light and dark repair that takes place. This laboratory experiment uses relatively simple equipment and provides opportunities for an inquiry-based approach.
Basal lamina development in chicken muscle spindles

The development of basal laminas was examined in immunohistochemical sections of chicken leg muscle spindles from embryonic day (E) 13 to 8 weeks postnatal. Fragments of basal laminas as seen with immunostaining for isoforms of laminin were already observed in E6 muscles. When clusters of intrafusal myotubes were first recognized at E13-14, they were surrounded by basal laminas which were incomplete both in terms of coverage and molecular composition. More mature basal lamina tubes individually enclosed young myofibers at E18. After afferents made contact with myotubes, synaptic portions of basal laminas at myosensory junctions reacted strongly with antibodies against s-laminin and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, while extrasynaptic portions were negative or reacted only weakly. At synaptic basal laminas of neuromuscular junctions heparin sulfate proteoglycan and s-laminin became prominent after E16. Contrary to the early presence of basal lamina proteins around intrafusal fibers, initial deposition of basal lamina proteins in the outer spindle capsule was not recognized until E17-18, and significant amounts were not detected until postnatal week 1. Unlike intrafusal basal laminas, capsular basal laminas developed no distinct specialized regions; however, molecular compositions of intrafusal and capsular basal laminas were similar.
Syntheses and Photochemically Induced Rearrangements of Tetrasilyl- and Trisilylgermyl Complexes of Iron: (η5-C5R5)Fe(CO)2(SiMe2)3EMe2Ph (R = H, Me; E = Ge, Si)

Oligosilyl and oligosilylgermyl complexes (η5-C5R5)Fe(CO)2(SiMe2)3EMe2Ph (R = H (1), Me (2); E = Ge (a), Si (b)) have been synthesized, characterized, and photolyzed. All complexes isomerized clean...
Local generation of angiotensin II as a mechanism of aldosterone secretion in rat adrenal capsules.

~ ~~~ Abstract Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is found in the adrenal gland, but the role of adrenal ACE in the formation of angiotensin II (All) and subsequent stimulation of aldosterone is unclear. We examined the effect of adrenal ACE activity on aldosterone secretion by superfusing rat adrenal capsules with angiotensin I (Al) in the presence and absence of the ACE inhibitor, lisinopril. Angiotensin I (10 pM) stimulated aldosterone secretion from 914 f 41 to 1465 & 118 pg/min/capsule (P c 0.05). Simultaneous superfusion of Al plus lisinopril(lO0 pM) inhibited the stimulation of aldosterone by 73% (P c 0.05). Perfusion of the capsules with angiotensin II (1 pM) stimulated aldosterone from 893 & 180 to 1466 f 181 pg/min/capsule (P c 0.01). In contrast, simultaneous superfusion of All plus lisinopril(lO0 pM) did not inhibit the All stimulation of aldosterone. The failure of lisinopril to inhibit All stimulation of aldosterone argues against a toxic or nonspecific action of lisinopril. The inhibition of Al stimulation of aldosterone release by lisinopril is mostly due to lisinopril inhibition of ACE and resulting decreased conversion of Al to All. These results demonstrate that adrenal ACE may generate All from Al in the adrenal gland, and this locally produced All stimulates aldosterone. (P S E B M 1991, Vol196)
Performance Analysis of Packet Capture Methods in a 10 Gbps Virtualized Environment

Network speeds are increasing and processor core counts rise while processor clock rates stagnate. This has led to both packet processing applications distributing their workload over several cores and to the virtualization of physical systems also using multiple cores. However, these two concepts are at odds with each other as both must take full advantage of multi-core systems for desirable performance. In this paper, we look at the performance considerations of dealing with 10 Gbps traffic rates in worst case loads using a bare-metal system and a virtual appliance model and several difference packet capture methods. We also discuss potential ideas to improve the performance of these virtual systems.
New MOV Failure Mode Identification Invention

This patent pending technology relates, generally, to surge protection devices. More particularly, it relates to a surge protection device that relies on the capacitive properties of the metal oxide varistor (MOV) as a part of an impedance network for failure identification. Unlike other designs that rely on thermal fusing to identify MOV operability, in this design the MOV is used as part of a capacitive network that would operate at a frequency other than 60 Hz. During normal operation (no failure), every capacitive impedance, including the MOV, will exhibit a voltage drop across them. On the other hand when the MOV fails as an open circuit then the current in this network will be zero and as a result zero voltage drops will be across the capacitive impedances. The reason only open circuit failure will be detected is because MOVs initially fail as a short circuit but eventually they fail as open circuit, due to continuous conduction .
The moons of Uranus

The topographies of the major moons of Uranus are described, and reasons for the appearances of the surfaces are given. Oberon and Titania, the two outermost major moons, have similar bulk properties but different appearances. Oberon appears to have been a largely passive structure for incoming projectiles, while Titania's surface shows extensive resurfacing. Umbriel and Ariel also have similar bulk properties and contrasting appearances, the former being totally bland except for two unexplained bright spots and the latter having a extensive network of surface faults. Miranda, the smallest and innermost of the major moons, has three large, remarkable ovoid regions on its surface. It is suggested that these ovoids are due to an uncompleted differentiation process.
Analytic approximations in multi-level excitation theory

Abstract We discuss applicability of simple single-term analytic approximation formulas, based upon infinite-level excitation sequences, to the description of time-dependent populations of resonantly excited N -level atoms or molecules.
Unexpected Manifestations of (Dis)Orientation: Learning From 12-Year-Old Girls How to Talk Back in Order to Be Enough

The story presented here is adapted from my phenomenological dissertation project, which I wrote as a multigenre dissertation in a format similar to a teen magazine. It is a story of bodies and girls and resistance. It is a story of an incredible group of seventh grade girls of color who embodied some kind of agency in resistance-to a phenomenon I named bodily-not-enoughness: those moments in American culture when someone or something tells girls and women we are not enough of something in our lived or physical bodies. Because this story is about lives that are not yet over, I present it in the way that stories are lived: fragmented, selectively, contextually constructed (Richardson, 1997), and with plenty of interruptions.
Development and Preclinical Studies of Broad-spectrum Anti-HIV Agent (3′R,4′R)-3-Cyanomethyl-4-methyl-3′,4′-di-O-(S)-camphanoyl-(+)-cis-khellactone (3-Cyanomethyl-4-methyl-DCK)

In prior investigation, we discovered that (3′R,4′R)-3-cyanomethyl-4-methyl-3′,4′-di-O-(S)-camphanoyl-(+)-cis-khellactone (4, 3-cyanomethyl-4-methyl-DCK) showed promising anti-HIV activity. In these current studies, we developed and optimized successfully a practical 10-step synthesis for scale-up preparation to increase the overall yield of 4 from 7.8% to 32%. Furthermore, compound 4 exhibited broad-spectrum anti-HIV activity against wild-type and drug-resistant viral infection of CD4+ T cell lines as well as peripheral blood mononuclear cells by both laboratory-adapted and primary HIV-1 isolates with distinct subtypes and tropisms. Compound 4 was further subjected to in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies. These studies indicated that 4 has moderate cell permeability, moderate oral bioavailability, and low systemic clearance. These results suggest that 4 should be developed as a promising anti-HIV agent for development as a clinical trial candidate.
D-amphetamine-like stimulus properties are produced by morphine injections into the ventral tegmental area but not into the nucleus accumbens.

Abstract We investigated whether injections of morphine into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) or the nucleus accumbens (NAS) could produce amphetamine-like stimulus properties and locomotor stimulant effects. Rats were trained to discriminate 1.0 mg/kg D-amphetamine from saline using both VI-30 and FR-16 reinforcement schedules and they were then tested following bilateral injections of morphine sulfate (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 μg/side) either into the VTA or the NAS. Intra-VTA injections of morphine produced significant increases in amphetamine-lever responding that were comparable to increases observed following intra-NAS D-amphetamine (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 μg/side). Such increases were not observed, however, following intra-NAS injections of morphine. Tests for the effects of intracerebral morphine and D-amphetamine on locomotor activity produced a similar pattern of results. Locomotor activity was increased following intra-VTA morphine and intra-NAS D-amphetamine injections, but not after intra-NAS morphine injections. Together, these findings indicate that activation of opioid receptors within the VTA, but not the NAS, can produce a behavioral state which mimics to some degree the state produced by systemic and intra-NAS injections of D-amphetamine.
External lateral dislocation of the elbow

Abstract 1.1. A study of external lateral dislocation of the elbow is presented, indicating that reported cases of both complete and incomplete dislocations are infrequent. 2.2. This type of dislocation is often complicated by fractures, in or about the elbow and at the lower levels of the forearm. Therefore, an x-ray study of the whole forearm should always be a part of the examination. 3.3. As early recognition is of importance, the chief of service should see such cases promptly. 4.4. Reduction, under general anesthesia, should be attempted at once, but the force exerted should be gentle. 5.5. If early closed reduction fails, open operation should be performed at once, especially if there is interposition of bone fragments. 6.6. Extensive skin lacerations and joint swelling, as a rule, contraindicate operation. However, operation may be considered in these cases if they are seen within three hours after accident, as tissues retain a resistance to infection within this period. 7.7. Open reduction permits inspection of the joint and removal of interposed tissues and extravasated blood, while reducing the possibilities of later joint changes. 8.8. Fixation should be maintained in supination with flexion to such an acute angle as may be permitted by the swelling. 9.9. It is a wise precaution to hospitalize these patients several days for observation. 10.10. Early active motion is essential in either open or closed reduction to obtain early restoration of joint function. 11.11. As in all elbow injuries, prognosis must be guarded. 12.12. Adequate follow-up supervision is indicated for a proper rating of end results. 13.13. Six case reports are given.
A critical review of models of coupled heat and mass transfer in falling-film absorption

Abstract In absorption space-conditioning systems, the performance of the absorber is critical to the overall system performance, size, and first-cost. The objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the significant efforts that researchers have made to mathematically model the coupled heat and mass transfer phenomena that occur during falling-film absorption. A detailed review of the governing equations, boundary conditions, assumptions, solution methods, results, and validation of these investigations is presented. This review excludes experimental work in this area, the effect of additives, and the effect of non-absorbable gases. It is shown that most work found in the literature has focused on the particularly simplified case of absorption in laminar vertical films of water-lithium bromide. Fewer researchers have considered the important situations of wavy films, turbulent films, and films on horizontal tubes. Investigations of the ammonia-water fluid pair have been generally more empirical in nature and/or restricted to vertical laminar films. This review is used to highlight key areas which need attention such as film and vapor hydrodynamics, especially the non-periodicity, instability, and recirculatory motion of waves in the vertical wall case and droplets and waves in the horizontal tube case. Also the potential interaction of the heat and mass transfer process on the film hydrodynamics, surface wetting, heat transfer in the vapor phase, and common simplifications to the governing equations should all be considered carefully. Finally, emphasis must be placed on experimental validation of the local conditions and transfer processes within the absorber, not just overall transport values.
VistaClara: an interactive visualization for exploratory analysis of DNA microarrays

We have created VistaClara to explre the effectiveness of applying an extended permutation matrix to the task of exploratory data analysis of multi-experiment microarray studies. The permutation matrix is a visualization technique for interactive exploratory analysis of tabular data that permits both row and column rearrangement, and fits well with the tabular forms of data characteristic of gene expression studies. However, this technique has been largely overlooked by current bioinformatics research. Our implementation supports direct incorporation of supplemental data and annotations into the matrix view. This enables visually searching for patterns in gene expression measurements that correlate with other types of relevant data (disease classes, clinical, histological, drug treatments, etc.). The heatmap visualization common in microarray analysis is extended to provide a novel alternative using size as well as color to graphically represent experimental values, thus allowing more effective quantitative comparisons. Methods to sort rows or columns by similarity extend the possible permutation operations, and allow more efficient searching for biologically relevant patterns in very large data sets. Based on overview+detail principles, a dynamic compressed heatmap view of the entire data set provides the user with overall context, including possible correlations not currently visible in the more detailed view. Combined, these techniques make it possible to perform highly interactive ad hoc visual explorations of microarray.
An Oracle implementation of the PRA97 model for permission-role assignment

In role-based access control (RBAC) permissions are associated with roles, and users are made members of appropriate roles thereby acquiring the roles’ permissions. Using RBAC to manage RBAC provides additional administrative convenience. ARBAC97 is an administrative model recently proposed by Sandhu et al [SBC+97]. In this paper we demonstrate the implementation of one of the components of ARBAC97 which deals with permission-role assignment and is called PRA97. Although PRA97 is quite different from that built into the Oracle database management system, we demonstrate how to use Oracle stored procedures to implement it.
Effect of adrenalectomy and sodium intake on sympathetic nervous function in the rat

Abstract Bilateral adrenalectomy in the rat produced a fall in blood pressure and increases in urinary norepinephrine excretion and tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the superior cervical ganglion. The fall in blood pressure and the increase in tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the superior cervical ganglion were prevented by giving the adrenalectomized animals 0.9% saline as their only drinking fluid. Daily administration of 0.5 mg/kg of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) to animals that had water as their only drinking fluid diminished but did not prevent the fall in blood pressure, the increase in norepinephrine excretion or the increase in tyrosine hydroxylase activity. Daily deoxyeorticosterone acetate administration to animals that had 0.9% saline to drink prevented each of these adrenalectomy-induced changes. It is suggested that sodium intake may play an important role in the adrenalectomy-induced changes in blood pressure and sympathetic nervous system function.
Interpolation of translation matrix in MLFMA

The translation matrix for the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) in an FISC (fast Illinois solver code) is calculated directly, and the complexity is O(N3/2), where N is the number of unknowns. For a problem with a small electrical size, the CPU time for calculating the translation matrix can be negligible. But for large problems, the calculation time increases significantly. In this paper, we use interpolation to calculate the translation matrix, and the complexity is reduced to O(N). Different interpolation techniques are tested, and it is found that the Lagrange polynomial interpolation with high sampling rates is the best. The saving factor is 10 for the VFY218 at 4 GHz. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 109–114, 2001.
Reduction of image-based ADI-to-AEI overlay inconsistency with improved algorithm

In image-based overlay (IBO) measurement, the measurement quality of various measurement spectra can be judged by quality indicators and also the ADI-to-AEI similarity to determine the optimum light spectrum. However we found some IBO measured results showing erroneous indication of wafer expansion from the difference between the ADI and the AEI maps, even after their measurement spectra were optimized. To reduce this inconsistency, an improved image calculation algorithm is proposed in this paper. Different gray levels composed of inner- and outer-box contours are extracted to calculate their ADI overlay errors. The symmetry of intensity distribution at the thresholds dictated by a range of gray levels is used to determine the particular gray level that can minimize the ADI-to-AEI overlay inconsistency. After this improvement, the ADI is more similar to AEI with less expansion difference. The same wafer was also checked by the diffraction-based overlay (DBO) tool to verify that there is no physical wafer expansion. When there is actual wafer expansion induced by large internal stress, both the IBO and the DBO measurements indicate similar expansion results. The scanning white-light interference microscope was used to check the variation of wafer warpage during the ADI and AEI stages. It predicts a similar trend with the overlay difference map, confirming the internal stress.
Responses of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) life stages to high carbon dioxide or low oxygen atmospheres.

Eggs, mature larvae, diapausing larvae, pupae, and adult stages of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), were exposed to two controlled atmospheres at 25°C and either 60 or 95% RH. The atmospheres used were either a simulated combustion atmosphere (0.5% O2, 10% CO2, balance nitrogen) such as that produced by an exothermic generator fueled with methane or propane, or a 60% CO2 in air atmosphere. Mortality data were converted to logits and multiple regression analyses of logit versus time were performed for each life stage. LT95’s were estimated from the regression models. The trend from least to most tolerant stage was: eggs, adults < pupae < mature larvae < diapausing larvae. Atmospheres at 60% RH killed all life stages except eggs more quickly than those at 95% RH; for eggs, the difference was not significant. Except for pupae, the carbon dioxide atmospheres caused faster mortalities than the low oxygen atmospheres. LT95’s for eggs were <2 d, while LT95’s for larvae ranged from 7 to 19 d. Diapausing larvae were killed with 60% CO2 atmosphere in 13–24 d, whereas with the low oxygen atmosphere approximately 70% mortality was attained after 18 d at 60% RH, and 60% mortality was attained after 42 d at 95% RH.
A state-space model of radiation belt electron flux dynamics

Abstract A state-space model was optimized from data and used to characterize the linear dynamics governing variations observed in 2–6 MeV electron flux across a range of magnetic L shells. A correction term exploits correlated structure in previous one-step prediction errors, or innovations, to improve the current forecast. More importantly, this correction term helps reduce parameter estimation bias that arises when relevant inputs are ignored, or higher-order linear and nonlinear dynamical terms are left out of the model while it is being trained. Analyses of the L -dependent response functions, one-step predictions, and prediction error statistics, lead to several conclusions: (1) the direct effects of first-order solar wind perturbations only penetrate to L ∼4 R E , while linear feedback, which dominates flux dynamics throughout the radiation belts, accounts for over 80% of the observed variability below this location; (2) electron flux diffuses upward above L ∼5 R E , and downward below L ∼5 R E , except below L ∼1.75 R E , where the estimated model parameters are considered suboptimal anyway; (3) corrections to model output required above L ∼4 R E suggest that modified or additional solar wind drivers may be required for a more complete physical description of solar wind-radiation belt coupling; while (4) corrections to model output required below L ∼4 R E indicate episodic reconfigurations of the global electron radiation belt state, a type of variation that will never be captured with linear dynamics alone.
Isolated hip and ankle fatigue are unlikely risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament injury.

fatigue through concentric plantar flexion contractions on an isokinetic dynamometer. Initial contact (IC) kinematics and peak stance (PS) kinetics and kinematics were analyzed pre- and post-fatigue. Hip rotator fatigue increased IC (P 5 0.05) and PS (P 5 0.04) hip internal rotation angles. Triceps surae fatigue decreased IC knee flexion (P 5 0.01) angle. Isolated hip rotator and triceps surae fatigue each produced modifications in lower limb kinematic parameters viewed as risk factors for ACL injury. These modifications, however, do not appear of sufficient magnitude to compromise ligament integrity, suggesting injury via an integrative lower extremity fatigue mechanism is more likely.
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and diethylstilbestrol affect thymocytes at different stages of development in fetal thymus organ culture.

Abstract 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) and estrogen induce thymic atrophy and alter thymocyte development. In the present study we investigate whether TCDD and the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) alter intrathymic development by the same or different mechanisms. We compared the effects of TCDD and DES on thymocyte development in fetal thymus organ culture (FTOC) and found that both compounds caused a reduction in cell yield. TCDD- and DES-treated FTOCs yielded fewer CD4+CD8+ double-positive cells. However TCDD treatment also led to a greater percentage of cells in the CD8+ single-positive compartment. At lower dioxin concentrations, our results demonstrated an actual increase in CD8+ cells, whereas DES-treated fetal thymocytes were mainly enriched in CD4−CD8− double-negative cells. More αβ-TCR+ positive cells were seen in TCDD- but not in DES-exposed cultures. Furthermore, in this study we found that TCDDand DES also alter intrathymic development at different stages in the CD4−CD8− double-negative compartment. TCDDinduced a relative increase in c- kit +CD44+CD25−HSA−thymocytes, while DES induced an relative increase inc- kit −CD44−CD25+HSA+ cells. RT-PCR revealed that TCDD reduced RAG-1, RAG-2, and TdT gene expression in the CD4−CD8− double-negative thymocytes. Co-treatment by TCDD and DES in FTOC yielded a mixture of effects induced by each agent. Taken together, our results demonstrate that TCDD and DES affect thymocytes at different stages of development, suggesting distinct mechanisms for induction of thymic atrophy.
Thermal decomposition kinetics of functionalized polynorbornene

The mechanism and kinetic parameters for the thermal decomposition of four functionalized addition-polymerized polynorbornenes were studied by dynamic and isothermal thermogravimetric analyses and by mass spectrometry. The dynamic and isothermal thermogravimetric analyses showed a first-order degradation reaction mechanism with an activation energy of 229.6 ± 12.5 kJ/mol. Based on the polymer structure, reference mass spectra for related molecules, and a cross-comparison of the mass spectra, the backbone, free-radical scission mechanism was found to occur by cleavage of the linkages between bicyclic rings and the production of volatile monomer and oligomers. The degradation of polynorbornene occurred via a depropagation and transfer reaction process. Initially, the depropagation pathway was preferred, but with increasing conversion, intra- and intermolecular hydrogen transfer reactions dominated.
Gas Chromatography of Alkaloids, Alkaloidal Salts, and Derivatives

A number of alkaloids and alkaloidal derivatives have been gas chromatographed on columns of silicone rubber SE-30. The method has also been applied to alkaloidal extracts of crude drugs. Phenolic alkaloids are readily gas chromatographed as the trimethylsilyl ethers. Alkaloidal salts have been gas chromatographed directly. The salt dissociates in the flash heater and the alkaloid is eluted as the base. Under certain conditions, many alkaloids decompose when subjected to gas chromatography. These decompositions often appear to be catalyzed by the glass wool used on top of the column packing.
LID Assignment in InfiniBand Networks

To realize a path in an InfiniBand network, an address, known as local identifier (LID) in the InfiniBand specification, must be assigned to the destination of the path and used in the forwarding tables of intermediate switches to direct the traffic following the path. Hence, routing in InfiniBand has two components: (1) computing all paths, and (2) assigning LIDs to destinations and using them in intermediate switches to realize the paths. We refer to the task of computing paths as path computation and the task of assigning LIDs as LID assignment. This paper focuses on the LID assignment component, whose major issue is to minimize the number of LIDs required to support a given set of paths. We prove that the problem of realizing a given set of paths with a minimum number of LIDs is NP-complete, develop an integer linear programming formulation for this problem, design a number of heuristics that are effective and efficient in practical cases, and evaluate the performance of the heuristics through simulation. The experimental results indicate that the performance of our best performing heuristic is very close to optimal.
Prophylactic ophorectomy: primum non nocere

s / Maturitas 81 (2015) 105–121 107 survivors, mainly psychological, hypo-estrogenic and sexual desire disorders. Some factors that may exacerbate sexual dysfunction in cancer survivors: 1. Body image may deteriorate. 2. Premature Menopause. 3. Fear of an unplanned pregnancy. 4. Vasomotor Symptoms. 5. Genitourinary symptoms (pruritus and dyspareunia). 6. Consequences of hysterectomy and pelvis radiation therapy. In conclusion, sexual disorders are commonly among breast/gynecological cancer survivors, and many physicians fail to address this dimension of thewomen health. Advise, or even better anticipate, potential for sexual side effects of breast/gynecological cancer treatments with proactive management may help these patients avoid occurrence of distress and disappointment they often experience after successful treatment of their cancers. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.02.018
Growth History of Stromatolites in a Holocene Fringing Reef, Stocking Island, Bahamas

ABSTRACT A stromatolite and algal ridge reef complex 2.1 m thick fringes the east coast of Stocking Island, Exuma Cays, Bahamas. This reef was established on a Pleistocene calcarenite terrace about 4500 yr B.P. Stromatolites, which occur in back-reef and reef-flat zones, are up to 1 m thick and were constructed by cyanobacterial-dominated communities. Study of the growth history of these stromatolites, ranging in scope from facies analyses to details of microfabric construction, presents new perspectives on stromatolite formation. Lithologies identified in eight cores from across the Stocking Island reef complex, together with plots of 13 radiocarbon dates in relation to a Bahamian sea-level curve, indicate that this reef began as an intertidal vermetid gastropod buildup. Subsequent flooding of the Pleistocene terrace allowed the branching coralline alga Neogoniolithon strictum to overgrow the vermetids and eventually form an emergent algal ridge about 1500 years ago. Shifting sands accumulated in the lee of this ridge and excluded most benthic communities and herbivores, thereby promoting growth of cyanobacterial mats that formed stromatolite buildups. With a decrease in wave energy over the last 500 years, possibly due to the growth of offshore patch reefs, the urchin Echinometra lucunter coloni ed the algal ridge. Resultant bioerosion by this urchin destroyed the emergent part of the ridge and is now undercutting the seaward edge of the stromatolite buildups. Lamination in the Stocking Island stromatolites results from early lithificafion processes in cyanobacterial mats, possibly in response to biogeochemical changes in the mats during hiatuses in sediment accretion. These processes, which create partially indurated laminae with a distinct microstructure, involve precipitation of thin micrite crusts, intense microboring along a surface below this crust, micritization of sediment grains, and precipitation of point-contact cement between micritized grains. Introduction of turf algae to the cyanobacterial mat community disrupts formation of the lithified laminae, thereby inhibiting stromatolite development.