cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coating of Peanuts with Edible Whey Protein Film Containing α‐Tocopherol and Ascorbyl Palmitate

Physical properties of whey protein isolate (WPI) coating solution incorporating ascorbic palmitate (AP) and alpha-tocopherol (tocopherol) were characterized, and the antioxidant activity of dried WPI coatings against lipid oxidation in roasted peanuts were investigated. The AP and tocopherol were mixed into a 10% (w/w) WPI solution containing 6.7% glycerol. Process 1 (P1) blended an AP and tocopherol mixture directly into the WPI solution using a high-speed homogenizer. Process 2 (P2) used ethanol as a solvent for dissolving AP and tocopherol into the WPI solution. The viscosity and turbidity of the WPI coating solution showed the Newtonian fluid behavior, and 0.25% of critical concentration of AP in WPI solution rheology. After peanuts were coated with WPI solutions, color changes of peanuts were measured during 16 wk of storage at 25 degrees C, and the oxidation of peanuts was determined by hexanal analysis using solid-phase micro-extraction samplers and GC-MS. Regardless of the presence of antioxidants in the coating layer, the formation of hexanal from the oxidation of peanut lipids was reduced by WPI coatings, which indicates WPI coatings protected the peanuts from oxygen permeation and oxidation. However, the incorporation of antioxidants in the WPI coating layer did not show a significant difference in hexanal production from that of WPI coating treatment without incorporation of antioxidants.
“Ictal” lateralized periodic discharges

Abstract Objective Whether lateralized periodic discharges (LPDs) represent ictal or interictal phenomena, and even the circumstances in which they may represent one or the other, remains highly controversial. Lateralized periodic discharges are, however, widely accepted as being ictal when they are time-locked to clinically apparent symptoms. We sought to investigate the characteristics of “ictal” lateralized periodic discharges (ILPDs) defined by time-locked clinical symptoms in order to explore the utility of using this definition to dichotomize LPDs into “ictal” and “nonictal” categories. Methods Our archive of all continuous EEG (cEEG) reports of adult inpatients undergoing prolonged EEG monitoring for nonelective indications between 2007 and 2011 was searched to identify all reports describing LPDs. Lateralized periodic discharges were considered ILPDs when they were reported as being consistently time-locked to clinical symptoms; LPDs lacking a clear time-locked correlate were considered to be “nonictal” lateralized periodic discharges (NILPDs). Patient charts and available neuroimaging studies were also reviewed. Neurophysiologic localization of LPDs, imaging findings, presence of seizures, discharge outcomes, and other demographic factors were compared between patients with ILPDs and those with NILPDs. p-Values were adjusted for false discovery rate (FDR). Results One thousand four hundred fifty-two patients underwent cEEG monitoring at our institution between 2007 and 2011. Lateralized periodic discharges were reported in 90 patients, 10 of whom met criteria for ILPDs. Nine of the patients with ILPDs demonstrated motor symptoms, and the remaining patient experienced stereotyped sensory symptoms. Ictal lateralized periodic discharges had significantly increased odds for involving central head regions (odds ratio [OR] = 11; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.16–62.6; p = 0.018, FDR adjusted), with a trend towards higher proportion of lesions involving the primary sensorimotor cortex (p = 0.09, FDR adjusted). Conclusions When defined by the presence of a time-locked clinical correlate, ILPDs appear to be strongly associated with a central EEG localization. This is likely due to cortical irritability in central head regions having greater propensity to manifest with positive, clinically apparent, and time-locked symptoms. Thus, dichotomization of ILPDs and NILPDs on this basis principally reflects differences in underlying anatomical locations of the periodic discharges rather than providing a clinically salient categorization.
Student-led solar cell fabrication pilot line: Engaging the next generation of PV engineers

A student-led solar cell fabrication pilot line has been formed with the goal of encouraging young engineering students to pursue PV related research careers, and to better prepare them for addressing our future energy needs. One example of its impact is a five week REU (Research Experience for Undergraduates) that was implemented on the pilot line. From evaluations administered at the start and end of the program, the most notable outcomes are the improvement of the participants' self-efficacy resultant from hands-on experience and a general increase in PV related knowledge.
Compact Method for Optical Induction of Proximal Probe Heating and Elongation

A tapered, metal-coated, optical fiber probe will elongate when heated by light input through a fiber. The induced motion can be used for data storage or nanostructuring of a surface. The elongation produced by this alignment-free system is measured with force feedback in a near-field scanning optical microscope NSOM. The input light intensity controls the elongation magnitude, which ranges from a few nanometers to more than 100 nm. A 0.5-mW input energy yields 20 nm of probe elongation. The elongation quantified here can create artifacts in any experiment using pulsed laser light with a NSOM or an atomic force microscope. © 2002 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 180.5810, 350.1820, 230.4000, 260.2160, 260.3910, 260.3060.
Far infrared, raman and microwave spectra of some substituted allyl compounds

Abstract The far infrared (500-50 cm −1 ), Raman (3500-50 cm −1 ) and/or microwave (40-18 GHz) spectra of gaseous 3-fluoropropene, trans-1-fluoro-2-butene and 3-fluoro-2-methyl propene have been recorded. These data clearly indicate the existence of both the cis and gauche conformations in all three molecules; however, in the case of the latter two molecules, the determination of the more stable conformer is not conclusive. In all cases the asymmetric torsions for both conformers occur at frequencies below 170 cm −1 in the far infrared and/or Raman spectra of the vapor. From these data the potential function governing the internal rotation of the CH 2 F moiety have been determined and are consistent with the cis rotamer being the thermodynamically preferred species. Additionally, when the gauche fundamental has been characterized by a broad poorly defined band in the far infrared spectra, relative intensities obtained from the assigned microwave spectra have allowed the determination of the 1 ← 0 asymmetric torsional fundamental for this rotamer. These data, in relation to the corresponding chlorides, are presented.
Metabolic implications of polymorphism as an adaptive strategy.

ENZYME polymorphisms are known to be widespread in natural populations1–3. No adequate theory has been advanced to account for their frequent occurrence; some workers support the proposition that they are selectively “neutral”4–6, while others present evidence that they are maintained in natural populations through natural selection rather than by non-selective processes1,7–9.
Mosquitofish reproduction: effects of photoperiod and nutrition

Abstract Photoperiods of 13L:11D and 15L:9D stimulated reproductive development in mosquitofish ( Gambusia affinis ). However, nutritional limitations of the artificial flake diet were correlated with heavy mortality among developing females. Dietary supplements (tubificid worms) with increased lipids (+41%), protein (+26%), and calories (+12%) decreased fish mortality, increased reproduction, and increased hepatic and gonadal lipids in female mosquitofish at 25 °C. Photostimulated (15L:9D) fish showed a reproductive surge 11–12 weeks before fish on naturally increasing (control) photoperiods, when both groups had adequate nutrition.
Semantic development of African-American children prenatally exposed to cocaine

Semantic content categories were described for the single word, multiple word, and verb relation utterances of 22 African-American 2-year-olds during a 90-min laboratory session. Half of the toddlers had been exposed prenatally to cocaine and half were unexposed, as documented by biological assay in the newborn period. The exposed and unexposed groups were carefully matched on demographic, medical, and proximal caregiving variables. Children's spontaneous utterances were transcribed from audio- and videotapes during the laboratory session and scored for semantic features by a team of reliable coders who were masked to child exposure status. General productive language features (utterance length, verbosity, and intelligibility) were also assessed. To evaluate general language and cognitive skills, the toddlers were evaluated with the Sequenced Inventory of Communicative Development-Revised (SICD-R) and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID). Although exposed and nonexposed toddlers exhibited similar sequences of semantic development, the exposed toddlers were more restricted and delayed in their semantic representations. No significant group differences were observed, however, for structural features of language (e.g., utterance length, distribution of utterance types) or for children's general language and cognitive functioning as assessed by standardized assessments (i.e., SICD-R, BSID). Thus, a history of prenatal cocaine exposure and associated risk factors (e.g., prenatal exposure to alcohol, diminished birth weight) are related to delays in early semantic development. Proposed diagnostic and treatment strategies are discussed.
Rare-earth-based alloy electrodes for a nickel-metal hydride battery

Abstract Extensive work has been carried out on utilizing MmNi 5 -based alloys (Mm, mischmetal) as a low cost negative battery electrode. The replacement of nickel by cobalt was effective in improving cycle lifetime but caused a decrease in capacity and high rate capability. The replacement of lanthanum by large amounts of cerium of neodymium gave the alloy a satisfactory cycle lifetime with small amounts of cobalt present and without impairing the high rate capability. The alloy MmNi 3.5 Co 0.7 Al 0.8 was selected consistent with the above requirements. Induction-melting tests showed that the surface region with a columnar structure had a longer cycle lifetime than the inner region with an equiaxed structure. Annealing treatment also caused a decrese in the cycle lifetime. It was considered that alloys with smaller crystal grains had a longer cycle lifetime because the protective surface layer on the grain would remain effective after pulverization. The deviation from stoichiometric composition to the nickel-rich side or the Mm-rich side also caused a decrease in cycle lifetime, accompanied by the precipitation of nickel or Mm on the grain boundaries. It was concluded that the surface layer of the crystal grain played a very important role in preventing capacity decay.
Ischemic preconditioning ameliorates excitotoxicity by shifting glutamate/γ-aminobutyric acid release and biosynthesis

Excitotoxicity is recognized to play a major role in cerebral ischemia-induced cell death. The main goal of the present study was to define whether our model of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) promotes a shift from excitatory to inhibitory neurotransmission during the test ischemia to diminish metabolic demand during the reperfusion phase. We also determined whether gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) played a role in IPC-induced neuroprotection. Ten minutes of cerebral ischemia was produced by tightening the carotid ligatures bilaterally following hypotension. Samples of microdialysis perfusate, representing extracellular fluid, were analyzed for amino acid content by HPLC. IPC promoted a robust release of GABA after lethal ischemia compared with control rats. We also observed that the activity of glutamate decarboxylase (the predominant pathway of GABA synthesis in the brain) was higher in the IPC group compared with control and ischemic groups. Because GABAA receptor up-regulation has been shown to occur following IPC, and GABAA receptor activation has been implicated in neuroprotection against ischemic insults, we tested the hypothesis that GABAA or GABAB receptor activation was neuroprotective during ischemia or early reperfusion by using an in vitro model (organotypic hippocampal slice culture). Administration of the GABAB agonist baclofen during test ischemia and for 1 hr of reperfusion provided significant neuroprotection. We concluded that increased GABA release in preconditioned animals after ischemia might be one of the factors responsible for IPC neuroprotection. Specific activation of GABAB receptor contributes significantly to neuroprotection against ischemia in organotypic hippocampal slices.
Syntheses and characterization of statistical and block fluorinated copolymers with linear and star-like architectures via ATRP

The synthesis of a fluorinated macroinitiator for copper-catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is reported, as well as its use for the controlled living polymerization of poly(propylene glycol) methacrylate (PPGM) in MEK at 80 °C. The ATRP system used was efficient for polymerization of the functionalized monomer and the molecular weight of the polymer estimated by NMR spectroscopy was in close agreement with the theoretical molecular weight, as expected for controlled processes. The statistical copolymerization of PPGM or methyl ether poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (MPEGMA) with a perfluoroalkyl ethyl methacrylate by copper-mediated ATRP was also investigated and led to copolymers with essentially random incorporation of monomers. The syntheses and characterization of star-like homopolymers of MPEGMA or the fluorinated monomer via ATRP are also reported, as well as an amphiphilic star-like block copolymer containing ethyleneglycol units as the core and fluorinated moieties in the shell. The micellar behavior of this copolymer was investigated as a function of the external environment.
Overview of Transonic to Hypersonic Stage Separation Tool Development for Multi-Stage-To-Orbit Concepts

An overview of research efforts at NASA in support of the stage separation and ascent aerothermodynamics research program is presented. The objective of this work is to develop a synergistic suite of experimental, computational, and engineering tools and methods to apply to vehicle separation across the transonic to hypersonic speed regimes. Proximity testing of a generic bimese wing-body configuration is on-going in the transonic (Mach numbers 0.6, 1.05, and 1.1), supersonic (Mach numbers 2.3, 3.0, and 4.5) and hypersonic (Mach numbers 6 and 10) speed regimes in four wind tunnel facilities at the NASA Langley Research Center. An overset grid, Navier-Stokes flow solver has been enhanced and demonstrated on a matrix of proximity cases and on a dynamic separation simulation of the bimese configuration. Steady-state predictions with this solver were in excellent agreement with wind tunnel data at Mach 3 as were predictions via a Cartesian-grid Euler solver. Experimental and computational data have been used to evaluate multi-body enhancements to the widely-used Aerodynamic Preliminary Analysis System, an engineering methodology, and to develop a new software package, SepSim, for the simulation and visualization of vehicle motions in a stage separation scenario. Web-based software will be used for archiving information generated from this research program into a database accessible to the user community. Thus, a framework has been established to study stage separation problems using coordinated experimental, computational, and engineering tools.
Adaptive stochastic resonance

This paper shows how adaptive systems can learn to add an optimal amount of noise to some nonlinear feedback systems. This "stochastic resonance" (SR) effect occurs in a wide range of physical and biological systems. The noise energy can enhance the faint periodic signals or faint broadband signals that force the dynamical systems. Fuzzy and other adaptive systems can learn to induce SR based only on samples from the process. The paper derives the SR optimality conditions that any stochastic learning system should try to achieve. The adaptive system learns the SR effect as the system performs a stochastic gradient ascent on the signal-to-noise ratio. The stochastic learning scheme does not depend on a fuzzy system or any other adaptive system. Simulations test this SR learning scheme on the popular quartic-bistable dynamical system and on other dynamical systems. The driving noise types range from Gaussian white noise to impulsive noise to chaotic noise.
EVALUATION OF A RAPID IMMUNOCHROMATOGRAPHIC DIPSTICK TEST FOR DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES TO TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI IN DOGS EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED WITH ISOLATES OBTAINED FROM OPOSSUMS (DIDELPHIS VIRGINIANA), ARMADILLOS (DASYPUS NOVEMCINCTUS), AND DOGS (CANIS FAMILIARIS) FROM THE UNITED STATES

Abstract Dogs are reservoir hosts for Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of American trypanosomiasis. A rapid immunochromatographic dipstick test (ICT) is available commercially for canine serological testing. The ICT was developed with the use of sera from South American dogs, but it is not routinely used in the United States. We evaluated the utility of the ICT in detecting anti–T. cruzi antibodies in dogs from the United States. Dogs (N = 64) were experimentally infected with United States' isolates of T. cruzi from an opossum (Didelphis virginiana), an armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus), and a domestic dog (Canis familiaris), and were tested after experimental infection. Sera from uninfected United States dogs (n = 79; hemaculture negative) were used as negative controls. In a blind study, sera were tested by the ICT and compared to the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test with the use of Brazil-strain epimastigotes as antigen. The sensitivity of the ICT was 91% and the specificity was 98% i...
Self-Care for Stoma Surgery: Mastering Independent Stoma Self-Care Skills in an Elderly Woman

According to Orem, active participation in caring for self contributes to the behavior of self-care. Before an individual is able to care for oneself, however, many factors must be considered. This article is based on an alert, oriented 85-year old widow, known as EL, who was recently diagnosed with rectal cancer. With postoperative hypertension and sinus tachycardia, EL is having difficulty learning self-care. This article demonstrates a scenario where Orem's self-care deficit theory of nursing assisted in developing an effective plan of self-care for an elderly woman who underwent an ileostomy.
Geostatistics in soil science: state-of-the-art and perspectives

This paper presents an overview of the most recent developments in the field of geostatistics and describes their application to soil science. Geostatistics provides descriptive tools such as semivariograms to characterize the spatial pattern of continuous and categorical soil attributes. Various interpolation (kriging) techniques capitalize on the spatial correlation between observations to predict attribute values at unsampled locations using information related to one or several attributes. An important contribution of geostatistics is the assessment of the uncertainty about unsampled values, which usually takes the form of a map of the probability of exceeding critical values, such as regulatory thresholds in soil pollution or criteria for soil quality. This uncertainty assessment can be combined with expert knowledge for decision making such as delineation of contaminated areas where remedial measures should be taken or areas of good soil quality where specific management plans can be developed. Last, stochastic simulation allows one to generate several models (images) of the spatial distribution of soil attribute values, all of which are consistent with the information available. A given scenario (remediation process, land use policy) can be applied to the set of realizations, allowing the uncertainty of the response (remediation efficiency, soil productivity) to be assessed.
Collaborative mapping with autonomous underwater vehicles in low-bandwidth conditions

This paper presents a survey and mapping strategy developed and simulated at the University of Idaho (UI). The UI mapping strategy utilizes low-bandwidth acoustic communication to populate and maintain a distributed representation of the search area among a small fleet of autonomous underwater vehicles. Using available acoustic communications, the individual vehicles create a multi-level representation of the search area. A low-resolution map contains information about the positions of other vehicles in the fleet, estimated coverage of the search area, low-resolution mine-like object (MLO) locations, and potentially dangerous areas for the autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). A high-resolution map contains significantly more accurate location estimates for MLO contacts. Maintenance of such a map of the search area enables certain advanced behaviors by the fleet of AUVs, as well as ensuring redundancy in the storage of important information; this redundancy provides assurance that, even if a vehicle were to be lost during a mission, much of the data obtained by that AUV would still be recoverable. These improvements allow for the more efficient and reliable conduct of autonomous mine countermeasure (MCM) missions.
The Application of Cost Averaging Techniques to Robust Control of the Benchmark Problem

A method is presented for the synthesis of robust controllers for linear time invariant systems with parameterized uncertainty structures. The method involves minimizing the average quadratic (H 2 ) cost over the parameteried system. Bounded average cost implies stability over the set of systems The average cost functional is minimized to derive robust fixed-order dynamic compensators. The robustness properties of these controllers are demonstrated on the sample problem.
Distributed simulation and control: the foundations

This paper seeks a new simulation and execution paradigm for the design and operation of complex systems. An expanded life cycle for a simulation model is first provided. It is assumed that complex systems can be represented as systems of interacting subsystems, which evolve by executing tasks upon objects. Care is taken to distinguish the real world where process execution occurs from the virtual world where planning is addressed. It is illustrated that the ideal model should be able to both evaluate and control the subsystem that it addresses. The advantages of such approach are discussed with relation to both validation and execution needs. In particular, it is demonstrated that a distributed-controller based paradigm could provide significant advantages in the evaluation of the system using distributed simulation. This form of execution is also contrasted to evolving on-line simulation requirements that will support the realtime distributed management of these systems.
Protein markers of malignant potential in penile and vulvar lichen sclerosus.

Purpose: Lichen sclerosus is an inflammatory skin disorder affecting anogenital areas in males and females that is associated with squamous cell carcinoma. However, there is a lack of data on the role of biomarkers for predicting lichen sclerosus progression to squamous cell carcinoma. We focused on early protein markers of squamous cell carcinoma and their expression in lichen sclerosus to improve the mechanistic and diagnostic understanding of lichen sclerosus.Material and Methods: We performed an extensive PubMed® and MEDLINE® search for protein markers found in early stages of vulvar and penile squamous cell carcinoma, and their prevalence in associated lichen sclerosus lesions.Results: In recent years several markers have been implicated as precursor markers for malignant transformation of lichen sclerosus into squamous cell carcinoma, including p53, Ki-67, γ-H2AX, MCM3 and cyclin D1. These proteins are up-regulated in lichen sclerosus of the vulva/penis and squamous cell carcinoma. Various levels of...
Vascular dysfunction in Type 2 diabetes: emerging targets for therapy.

Vascular dysfunction associated with Type 2 diabetes is initially manifested in the pre-diabetic condition and continuously expressed as this complex disease progresses to include other cardiovascular complications that collectively increase patient risk to morbidity and mortality. Many factors are known to affect vascular function and this review focuses on the role of adipokines and obesity in this process. Growing evidence suggests that adipose-derived adipokines, such as cytokines, chemokines and hormones, plays a significant role in the regulation of vascular function. Inhibition of vascular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and lowering plasma free fatty acid level are all potential therapeutic targets for type 2 diabetes-induced vascular dysfunction. Bariatric surgery is a relatively new and more aggressive treatment for the morbidly obese patient that also results in an instant and obvious improvement of vascular function through as yet unexplained mechanisms. These therapies show great promise for the prevention and cure of diabetes-induced vascular dysfunction.
Linking Nontraditional Physical Activity and Preterm Delivery in Urban African-American Women

Abstract Background Traditional risk factors for preterm delivery (PTD) do not account for the disparate rates among African-American women. Physical activity during pregnancy may protect women from PTD, but few studies exist in African Americans. Our objective was to examine the relationships between PTD and intensity and duration of leisure time physical activity (LTPA) as well as non-LTPA such as stair climbing and walking for a purpose during pregnancy. Methods Data were from a hybrid retrospective/prospective cohort study of urban low-income African-American women enrolled from 2001 to 2004 in the Baltimore PTD Study (n = 832). PTD was defined as birth before 37 completed weeks of gestation. Study participants reported physical activity during prenatal (n = 456) and post-partum (n = 376) interviews. Findings The rate of PTD was 16.7%. In unadjusted log-binomial regression models, we found no significant associations. However, in models adjusted for illicit drug use, locus of control, and a validated family resources scale, we found a significant decrease in prevalence of PTD for women who walked for a purpose more than 30 min/d (prevalence ratio, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.43–0.94), compared with women who walked less than or equal to 30 min/d. Conclusions These results suggest that walking for a purpose during pregnancy may confer protection against PTD among urban low-income African Americans.
What's a Typical Commit? A Characterization of Open Source Software Repositories

The research examines the version histories of nine open source software systems to uncover trends and characteristics of how developers commit source code to version control systems (e.g., subversion). The goal is to characterize what a typical or normal commit looks like with respect to the number of files, number of lines, and number of hunks committed together. The results of these three characteristics are presented and the commits are categorized from extra small to extra large. The findings show that approximately 75% of commits are quite small for the systems examined along all three characteristics. Additionally, the commit messages are examined along with the characteristics. The most common words are extracted from the commit messages and correlated with the size categories of the commits. It is observed that sized categories can be indicative of the types of maintenance activities being performed.
Prevalence and correlates of sibling victimization types

a b s t r a c t Objective: The goal of this study was to document the prevalence and correlates of any past year sibling victimization, including physical, property, and psychological victimization, by a co-residing juvenile sibling across the spectrum of childhood from one month to 17 years of age. Methods: The National Survey of Children's Exposure to Violence data set (N = 1,705) was used which includes telephone interviews conducted with an adult caregiver (usually a parent) about one child randomly selected from all eligible children living in a household. If the selected child was 10-17 years old, the main telephone interview was conducted with the child. Results: Sibling victimization rates were 37.6% for the full sample, peaking at 45% for the 2-5 year olds and 46% for the 6-9 year olds. Rates were higher for males, whites, and those who were closer in age to their sibling. Sibling victimization was also higher in brother-brother pairs and among children who had a parent with some college education. Conclusion: The results add to a growing body of literature on aggressive sibling behavior by demonstrating the importance of taking a comprehensive approach to studying sibling victimization and considering individual, sibling, and family correlates of such behavior. This study's approach to the study of sibling aggression also extends the literature on this
Tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme activities in adult Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum

Reduced tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme activities were found in paired adult Schistosoma mansoni and S. japonicum in comparison to those reported for S. mansoni cercariae (Coles, 1973). Succinate dehydrogenase activity, which has not been previously reported for either adult blood fluke, is more than twice as great in paired adult S. japonicum as in paired adult S. mansoni, but the activity is low in both species of adult worms. The similar low levels of tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme activities which occur in adult S. mansoni and S. japonicum further substantiate the fact that anaerobic glycolysis is the major energy source in adults of both species.
Electric properties of macromolecules. X. Conduction and the question of ferroelectricity in solid sodium deoxyribonucleate

Data are presented for electric conduction in solid sodium deoxyribonucleate as a function of water content and over a wide range of frequencies. We have also examined the loops seen in a ferroelectric hysteresis bridge. It is proposed that both the conductivity and the loops of samples with high water content are probably due to ion conduction and electrolysis. Dry samples appear to have the characteristics of an inhomogeneous semiconductor. Possible mechanisms of carrier generation are briefly discussed.
Distribution and Formation of North Pacific Intermediate Water

Abstract The North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW), defined as the main salinity minimum in the subtropical North Pacific, is examined with respect to its overall property distributions. These suggest that NPIW is formed only in the northwestern subtropical gyre; that is, in the mixed water region between the Kuroshio Extension and Oyashio front. Subsequent modification along its advective path increases its salinity and reduces its oxygen. The mixed water region is studied using all bottle data available from the National Oceanographic Data Center, with particular emphasis on several winters. Waters from the Oyashio, Kuroshio, and the Tsugaru Warm Current influence the mixed water region, with a well-defined local surface water mass formed as a mixture of the surface waters from these three sources. Significant salinity minima in the mixed water region are grouped into those that are directly related to the winter surface density and are found at the base of the oxygen-saturated surface layer, and thos...
Structural and electronic properties of crystalline graphite-like BC3

Abstract We investigated the crystalline stacking and electronic properties of graphite-like layered BC 3 using van der Waals density functional theory calculations. By exploring the energy landscape with respect to the stacking morphology, we identified two different stackings as the most stable structures which we investigated further in detail. Our calculations show that the electronic structure of this material dramatically changes from a semiconductor to a metal through the most likely direction of layer gliding between the energetically favored AB -stacking and an aligned AA -like stacked structure where B atoms sit on top of C atoms. These results could provide an explanation for the semimetallic character found in the experiments for the turbostratic form and open a venue for engineering the electronic properties of this material through the control of its crystalline structure.
MiRNA-Target Interaction Reveals Cell-Specific Post-Transcriptional Regulation in Mammalian Cell Lines.

This is a copy of an article published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences © 2016 MDPI Publications.
Inelastic Buckling-From a Designer's Viewpoint

I HAS B E E N nearly 70 years since the first analysis was made of a stability problem in which the compressive stress was greater than the proportional limit of the material. The classical papers of Engesser, Considere, von Karman, and Southwell, 1 f published between 1889 and 1912, extended the column theory of Euler into the inelastic or plastic range. By rationalizing the short column theory, these authors also strengthened the Euler presentation which was in some disrepute due to a lack of agreement with experiments in the short column range. Although some papers continued to be published in this field after 1912, it was not until approximately 1940 t ha t a new major a t tack was made on the problem. This was largely due to the increased efforts of the aircraft designer to achieve lighter and more efficient structures for the air frame. Still more recently a new parameter has been added to the problem, t ha t of elevated temperature and the creep associated with high temperatures in structural materials. These temperatures arise from the aerodynamic heating tha t , in turn, is caused by the ever-increasing flight velocities of aircraft and missiles. The problem of plasticity and plastic buckling is many-faceted, and the l i terature on it is extensive. Prager has indicated tha t the field can be roughly divided into three major parts—namely, (1) the physical theory of plasticity, which is based on the general concepts of the structure of mat te r ; (2) the mathematical theory of plasticity, which is concerned with a critical discussion of the fundamental stress-strain laws in the plastic range; and (3) the solution of concrete problems of stress and strain in the plastic range. I t is the third of the above fields of interest t ha t will be discussed here. The questions t ha t will be posed, and to which partial answers have been found, are the following: from an engineering design standpoint, what stability problems concerning stresses above the proportional limit have been solved to such an extent t ha t design equations are available to the stress analyst; what are the orders of accuracy of these equations; and what areas need further experimental and /o r theoretical investigation? The hypothetical engineer asking these questions is not, in general, concerned with
Peripheral urocortin inhibits gastric emptying and food intake in mice: differential role of CRF receptor 2.

Intraperitoneal urocortin inhibits gastric emptying and food intake in mice. We investigated corticotropin-releasing factor receptor (CRF-R) subtypes involved in intraperitoneal urocortin actions u...
Measurement and Analysis of Arthropod Predation on Velvetbean Caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in Soybeans

Arthropod predation on small (second instar) velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner, in Florida soybeans, Glycine max (L.), by a complex of arthropod predators was measured using cage exclusion techniques. Average per capita rates of predation remained relatively constant during two seasons. Relative contributions of the species composition of predator complexes, predator number, small velvetbean caterpillar number, temperature, and soybean leaf area to predation dynamics are described. The searching universe of predators in soybeans was influenced by the dynamics of soybean leaf area. Compensation for leaf area changes by predators searching more area is suggested as an important factor influencing predation on small velvetbean caterpillar in soybeans.
THE ROLES OF FLUCTUATING SELECTION AND LONG-TERM DIAPAUSE IN MICROEVOLUTION OF DIAPAUSE TIMING IN A FRESHWATER COPEPOD.

Direct observations of selection response in natural, unmanipulated populations in the wild are rare. Those that exist have resulted from major changes in environment during an ongoing study. Selection response should be more common and more readily observable in short-lived organisms where the direction of selection changes from year to year. We examined how the interaction of fluctuating selection, and emergence from long-term diapause, caused ongoing microevolutionary change over eight years in an important life-history trait (diapause timing) in the freshwater calanoid copepod Diaptomus sanguineus. Emergence from long-term diapause releases into the population lineages that did not experience the most recent bout of selection, thereby promoting the maintenance of the heritable trait variation that allows continual selection response. A mechanistic selection model was created on the basis of field and laboratory studies to predict how interannual variations in predation intensity generate year-to-year changes in mean diapause timing and in net reproductive success for alternate trait values. The predicted selection response and the estimated effect of emergence from diapause were both significantly correlated with observed changes in trait mean. A linear model combining selection response and emergence from diapause explained 59% of the variance in year-to-year changes in trait mean. According to this model, strong selection occurred in about half of the years studied, and the average annual contributions to changes in trait mean from selection and emergence were roughly equal. Thus, both fluctuating natural selection and emergence from prolonged diapause affect the expression of diapause timing by D. sanguineus. Fluctuating selection is ubiquitous in nature and may provide opportunities in other populations to witness ongoing natural selection without directional trends in mean phenotype.
Associations between household income, height and BMI in contemporary US children: infancy through early childhood

AbstractBackground: Previous studies report positive associations between household income and height in childhood and negative associations between income and body mass index (BMI). No study has evaluated concurrent associations in early-life.Aim: To evaluate the association between household income and anthropometric development in early-life.Subjects and methods: The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Birth Cohort (ECLS-B) is a representative sample of US children born in 2001 and followed from ∼9 months through 5 years. A generalized linear mixed modelling framework estimates income associations to the levels and velocities of height and BMI.Results: A doubling of permanent income is associated with an ∼0.26 cm height advantage over the ages of the sample and an approximate 0.11 cm/year faster velocity at 9 months. All race–sex sub-groups show some positive association between income and height. Income shows little association to BMI at 9 months but by 5 years a doubling of income is associated with a...
On the insulin content of pancreatic juice.

SummaryCommarized insulin added to fresh pancreatic juice can be extracted from the juice and its effect noted on the glucose uptake by the diaphragm in quantities as small as 0.0045 unit per milliliter juice.In extracting pancreatic juice alone, no clear-cut demonstration of insulin effect (i.e., an increase in glucose uptake of 50-100%) could be obtained, even though the extracts of as much as 7 milliliters of fresh juice per milliliter of substrate were tested. (The 20 to 25% averaged increase of glucose uptake by pancreatic juice is not of statistical significance.)Thus if insulin is present in pancreatic juice, the amount extractable and detectable by our methouds must be less than .005/7 or .0007 unit per milliliter of juice.
Inducing nonlinear dynamic response via piezoelectric circuitry integration

Owing to the two-way electro-mechanical coupling characteristics, piezoelectric transducers have been widely used as sensors and actuators in sensing and control applications. In this research, we explore the integration of piezoelectric transducer with the structure, in which the transducer is connected with a Wheatstone bridge based circuitry subjected to chaotic excitation. It is shown that a type of Wheatstone bridge circuit with proper parameters configuration can increase sensitivity in detecting structural anomaly. Such integration has the potential to significantly amplify the response change when the underlying structure is subject to property change. Comprehensive analytical and experimental studies are carried out to demonstrate the concept and validate the performance improvement.
On Home-Range Gap-Crossing

Gap-crossing may be defined as any movement by animals across swaths of inhospitable habitat. Such behavior is the least understood of the factors that control metapopulation dynamics. We differentiate among active and passive dispersal gap-crossing and active and passive home-range gap-crossing. From observations of active home-range gap-crossing by permanent-resident birds wintering in 47 woodlots in an agricultural landscape, we conclude that larger birds were more likely than smaller ones to cross gaps, and to cross wide gaps, and that proximity and prevalence of woodlands in the surrounding landscape were consistently positively related to the proportion of species that crossed gaps. We discuss these results in relation to the migration equation of Baker and the marginal value theorem of Charnov. Knowledge of decision rules relating active home-range gap-crossing to resource levels within individual habitat fragments and risk of movement among fragments appears to be important for valid calculations of local population densities and metapopulation persistence.
Li 6 + Li 6 Scattering at E c . m . = 5 − 17 MeV

For the elastic scattering of $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ + $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$, excitation functions at c.m. angles of 60, 70, 80, and 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} have been studied in the c.m. energy range 5-17 MeV, and angular distributions have been measured at c.m. energies of 6, 10, and 14 MeV. The excitation functions are relatively featureless, with a broad gross-structure peak at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} centered around 13 MeV. Good fits to individual angular distributions are obtained with the optical model and, except for the highest energies studied, parametrized phase-shift calculations. These calculations, however, do not correctly reproduce the energy dependence of the data. The single most outstanding conclusion from the present analysis is that $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ + $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ is dominated by absorption, and this dominance leads to scattering behavior very different from that found for other heavy ions.
Granular corneal dystrophy: a novel approach to classification and treatment.

Purpose The purpose of this case report is to review granular corneal dystrophy (GCD) and examine the new paradigm in its classification and treatment. Case report A 49-year-old white male patient reported yearly for monitoring of GCD. He had an ocular surgical history in the left eye for penetrating keratoplasty in 1989 and phototherapeutic keratectomy with mitomycin C for graft recurrence of stromal bread-crumb opacities 17+ years later in 2002. At his last examination, the patient's vision and comfort was stable in each eye, with minimal recurrence of granular opacities in the left surgical eye, stable granular opacities in the right eye, no recurrent corneal erosion symptoms in either eye, and best spectacle-corrected vision of 20/40 OD and 20/30 OS. Conclusions GCD is a Category 1, Stromal, TGFBI-associated corneal dystrophy. Although it is classified as a stromal dystrophy, research suggests the possibility that the granular opacities have an origination to the corneal epithelium with a migratory effect to the corneal stroma. Patients with Groenouw I, like the one in this report, usually do not have severely compromised vision. When vision is significantly affected or recurrent corneal erosion occurs, despite first- and second-line treatments, viable management options thereafter include photokeratectomy and other new surgical treatments such as femtosecond deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty and femtosecond laser-assisted keratoplasty. Future advancements in diagnostic technology, immunohistologic and genetic testing, medications, and surgery will allow for advancements in treating and managing patients with GCD.
Rapid progression of carotid artery atherosclerosis and stenosis in a patient with a ventricular assist device

This case describes the management of cerebrovascular disease in a patient with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) who was awaiting cardiac transplantation. It demonstrates several unique features in managing vascular disease in patients with cardiac assist devices. First, we detail the difficulties in using duplex ultrasound to assess patients with altered hemodynamic physiology. Second, we report an instance of rapid progression of known carotid stenosis in a patient with a recently placed LVAD. This case suggests that patients with any degree of carotid stenosis before LVAD placement should be monitored closely for progression after the LVAD is placed.
Abstract SY15-01: SWI/SNF (BAF) complex mutations in cancer: Mechanisms and vulnerabilities

Data emerging over the last several years implicate the SWI/SNF (BAF) chromatin remodeling complex as a major tumor suppressor as frequent inactivating mutations in at least nine different SWI/SNF subunits, collectively identified in twenty percent of all cancers. These include recurrent mutations of ARID1A (BAF250a) in ovarian, endometrioid, bladder, stomach, colorectal and pancreatic cancers and neuroblastoma; of the BRG1 (SMARCA4) subunit in medulloblastomas and non-small cell lung cancers; of the PBRM1 (BAF180) subunit in renal carcinomas; of the ARID2 subunit in hepatocellular, lung, and pancreas carcinomas as well as melanomas; of the BRD7 subunit in breast cancers. The SWI/SNF complex includes both core and lineage-specific subunits and utilizes the energy of ATP to modulate chromatin structure and regulate transcription. My laboratory began studying the SWI/SNF complex when SNF5 (SMARCB1/INI1/BAF47) became the first SWI/SNF subunit linked to tumor suppression over fifteen years ago when it was found to be biallelically inactivated in nearly all cases of a highly aggressive type of pediatric cancer called malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT). Despite the extremely aggressive and lethal nature of MRT we have shown that these cancers are diploid and have remarkably simple genomes. We now study the complex using mouse models, cell lines and primary human tumor samples. Insights into the normal function of SWI/SNF complexes, the mechanisms by which mutation of the complexes drive cancer formation, and potential therapeutic vulnerabilities created by mutation of the complex will be presented including our recent efforts that identify EZH2 and polycomb complexes as potential therapeutic vulnerabilities in these cancers. Citation Format: Charles W.M. Roberts. SWI/SNF (BAF) complex mutations in cancer: Mechanisms and vulnerabilities. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr SY15-01.