cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orbital decompression of exophthalmos

In summary, we have presented our clinical experience, diagnostic techniques, surgical recommendations, and the results in 252 patients who have undergone transantral orbital decompression for malignant exophthalmos. Reduction of proptosis up to 12 mm. has been obtained. In 80 per cent of the patients the eyes were balanced within 1 mm. Complications have been minimal. We believe that this procedure has proved its efficacy in the treatment of malignant exophthalmos. In most cases it makes possible the preservation or improvement of vision and arrests the progressive extraocular muscle imbalance. The importance of close cooperation between the otolaryngologist, endocrinologist, and ophthalmologist cannot be overemphasized in the management of this disorder.
Quinine-induced immune thrombocytopenia associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome: a new clinical entity

Three patients are described who developed severe thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and acute renal failure after ingestion of quinine. In one patient, the same clinical findings recurred several months later after another exposure to quinine. Serum from one patient contained quinine-dependent IgG antibodies reactive with the platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ib/IX complex. In the second and third cases, serum contained IgG and IgM antibodies reactive with both the GP Ib/IX and IIb/IIIa complexes in the presence of quinine. Quinine appears to have induced both immune thrombocytopenia and the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in these individuals. Findings made in these cases may have implications for the pathogenesis of some forms of HUS.
International Trade and Developing Countries (Introduction)

This article is an introduction to the Fordham International Law Journal, Volume 29, Number 2. The journal issue addresses the challenge of trade and developing countries. The most powerful countries have sound financial, political, environmental, and social reasons to promote sustainable economic growth throughout the world. Nevertheless, the policies used to do so have failed or have, in some instances, been designed in such a hypocritical way that they could not possibly succeed in their ostensible purposes. The issue offers a useful contribution to the debate about what works and does not work in promoting development.
The role of nature in the urban context.

Urban nature. The juxtaposition may strike some as a contradiction. If one thinks of nature as somewhere else, removed from human influence and inaccessible to major segments of the population, then it would make little sense to speak of nature in the urban context. But nature is an elusive concept. It can and does exist even in the city. In fact, in that context, nature not only survives human influence, it often depends on it.
Uncertain gains: Labor in Chile's new export sectors

Natural-resource-based export-oriented growth strategies have resurfaced as the dominant development approach in Latin America. While a growing literature exists on the economic, equity, gender, and environmental impacts of this development strategy, insufficient attention has been paid to its significance for labor. This article seeks to help fill this gap by analyzing its effects on Chilean workers. Based on a study of the fruit, forestry, and fishing sectors, my work shows that this type of development strategy can be very labor-absorbing and can offer significant benefits for labor when it leads to agro-industrialization. Nonetheless, although working conditions clearly improved after the late 1980s, it is likely that the first decade of the twenty-first century will not be a repeat of the 1990s. The hypercompetition that now characterizes these sectors is putting tremendous pressure on firms to reduce costs, including that of labor. Stripped of basic state protections and left with little social power, Chilean workers are much more vulnerable than they were before
Ligament versus bone cell identity in the zebrafish hyoid skeleton is regulated by mef2ca.

Heightened phenotypic variation among mutant animals is a well-known, but poorly understood phenomenon. One hypothetical mechanism accounting for mutant phenotypic variation is progenitor cells variably choosing between two alternative fates during development. Zebrafish mef2cab1086 mutants develop tremendously variable ectopic bone in their hyoid craniofacial skeleton. Here, we report evidence that a key component of this phenotype is variable fate switching from ligament to bone. We discover that a ‘track’ of tissue prone to become bone cells is a previously undescribed ligament. Fate-switch variability is heritable, and comparing mutant strains selectively bred to high and low penetrance revealed differential mef2ca mutant transcript expression between high and low penetrance strains. Consistent with this, experimental manipulation of mef2ca mutant transcripts modifies the penetrance of the fate switch. Furthermore, we discovered a transposable element that resides immediately upstream of the mef2ca locus and is differentially DNA methylated in the two strains, correlating with differential mef2ca expression. We propose that variable transposon epigenetic silencing underlies the variable mef2ca mutant bone phenotype, and could be a widespread mechanism of phenotypic variability in animals.
Effective interventions to strengthen early language and literacy skills in low-income countries: comparison of a family-focused approach and a pre-primary programme in Ethiopia

ABSTRACTGlobally, governments as well as international and donor organizations are increasingly emphasizing the need for investment in effective early childhood programmes that can provide an equitable start for all children. Research is scant, however, on the effectiveness of different interventions supporting early language as well as broader school readiness skills in low-income countries. This paper aims to contribute to the literature by comparing the impact of two interventions with high potential for scale-up in Ethiopia: (1) a one-year pre-primary classroom-based model run by the government and (2) a family-based model that engages parents and caregivers in bolstering early language and overall school-readiness skills at home through simple games, in lieu of a standard centre-based programme. No significant differences were found between the gains made by children in the family-based program and the children in the standard pre-primary classes in terms of early literacy, early math, socio-emotiona...
Preventing Inadvertent Information Disclosures via Automatic Security Policies

Enterprises constantly share and exchange digital documents with sensitive information both within the organization and with external partners/customers. With the increase in digital data sharing, data breaches have also increased significantly resulting in sensitive information being accessed by unintended recipients. To protect documents against such unauthorized access, the documents are assigned a security policy which is a set of users and information about their access permissions on the document. With the surge in the volume of digital documents, manual assignment of security policies is infeasible and error prone calling for an automatic policy assignment. In this paper, we propose an algorithm that analyzes the sensitive information and historic access permissions to identify content-access correspondence via a novel multi-label classifier formulation. The classifier thus modeled is capable of recommending policies/access permissions for any new document. Comparisons with existing approaches in this space shows superior performance with the proposed framework across several evaluation criteria.
Developmental and adult-specific processes contribute to de novo neuromuscular regeneration in the lizard tail

Peripheral nerves exhibit robust regenerative capabilities in response to selective injury among amniotes, but the regeneration of entire muscle groups following volumetric muscle loss is limited in birds and mammals. In contrast, lizards possess the remarkable ability to regenerate extensive de novo muscle after tail loss. However, the mechanisms underlying reformation of the entire neuromuscular system in the regenerating lizard tail are not completely understood. We have tested whether the regeneration of the peripheral nerve and neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) recapitulate processes observed during normal neuromuscular development in the green anole, Anolis carolinensis. Our data confirm robust axonal outgrowth during early stages of tail regeneration and subsequent NMJ formation within weeks of autotomy. Interestingly, NMJs are overproduced as evidenced by a persistent increase in NMJ density 120 and 250 days post autotomy (DPA). Substantial Myelin Basic Protein (MBP) expression could also be detected along regenerating nerves indicating that the ability of Schwann cells to myelinate newly formed axons remained intact. Overall, our data suggest that the mechanism of de novo nerve and NMJ reformation parallel, in part, those observed during neuromuscular development. However, the prolonged increase in NMJ number and aberrant muscle differentiation hint at processes specific to the adult response. An examination of the coordinated exchange between peripheral nerves, Schwann cells, and newly synthesized muscle of the regenerating neuromuscular system may assist in the identification of candidate molecules that promote neuromuscular recovery in organisms incapable of a robust regenerative response.
Cascaded quadruple active bridge structures for multilevel DC to three-phase AC conversion

This paper introduces a multilevel architecture comprised of interconnected dc to three-phase ac converter units. To enable series connected operation, each converter unit contains a quadruple active bridge (QAB) converter that provides isolation between the dc side and each of the three ac sides. Since each converter unit transfers dc-side power as constant balanced three-phase power on the ac side, this implies instantaneous input-output power balance and allows elimination of bulk capacitive energy storage. In addition to minimizing required capacitance, the proposed approach simultaneously enables simplified dc-link controllers amenable to decentralized implementation, supports bidirectional power transfer, and exhibits a modular structure to enhance scalability. Isolation provided by the QAB allows a wide range of electrical configurations among multiple units in various dc-ac, ac-dc or ac-ac applications. In this paper, the focus is on series connections on the ac side to emphasize multilevel operation, and the approach is experimentally validated in a dc-ac system containing two cascaded converter units.
BIOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF THERMOPHILIC METHANOGENESIS FROM CATTLE WASTES

Abstract Methane production from waste of beef cattle fed a high-grain finishing diet was investigated using continuously stirred 3-liter-working-volume anaerobic reactors at 60° C. At 55° C an effective culture was generated within 8 days in which waste was the only source of bacteria. The culture readily adapted to 60° C where methane production was greatest. When feed concentrations of volatile solids (VS, organic matter) were increased in steps of 2% after equilibration at a given % VS, the maximum concentrations for efficient fermentation were 8.2, 10.0, 11.6, and 11.6% VS for the retention times (RT) of 3, 6, 9 and 12 days, respectively. The VS destructions for these and lower VS concentrations were 31–37, 36–40, 47–49 and 51–53% for the 3, 6, 9 and 12-day RT, respectively; and the corresponding methane production rates were about 0.16, 0.18, 0.20 and 0.22 liters/day/g VS in the feed (volume corrected to 0° C, 760 mm Hg). At these RT and feed concentrations, pH rose to 7.5–7.8, NH 3 to 64–90 mM and volatile acids to 850–2050 mg/liter. The 3-day-RT reactor fed 8.2% VS produced methane at the very high rate of 4.5 liters/day/ liter of reactor. Similar results were obtained with a second lot of waste. They indicate that loading rates can be much higher than those generally thought possible for maximizing methanogenesis from cattle waste. When wastes of dairy cattle fed diets containing corn silage and haylage as 72% of the dry matter were studied, methane production and VS destruction averaged only 62 and 63% of comparable values for the feedlot waste. The solid waste annually produced by farm animals in the United States is estimated at two billion tons; and roughly half of this is produced by intensive animal production systems ( Bhattacharya and Taylor, 1975 ; Humphrey, 1975 ). Anaerobic bacterial conversion of this waste with methane production may offer a partial solution to the resultant problems of pollution ( Miner and Smith, 1975 ) and also serve to supplement the supply of natural gas. Research of Pfeffer (1974 and this seminar) and Pfeffer and Liebman (1976) indicate that methanogenesis from municipal organic refuse may become economical and especially if carried out at thermophilic temperature. Higher rates of digestion, greater conversion of waste to gas, faster solid-liquid separation, less capital costs, and less threat of microbial pathogens are some benefits obtained with the higher temperature. While some work has been done on methanogenesis from cattle wastes ( Miner and Smith, 1975 ), little has been done at the optimum thermophilic temperature or at high loading rates ( Turk and Coe, 1972 ). Our studies were initiated to investigate the biological efficiency of thermophilic methanogenesis at long to short rention times (RT) and from low to high influent feed concentrations.
Bacterial Collagenase Injection Intracerebral Hemorrhage Rat Model

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has been modeled in the laboratory with the intracerebral injection of autologous blood, injection of emboli, or proteolysis of the basal lamina surrounding cerebral capillaries by bacterial collagenase (BC). Selection of the model depends on the concept of the pathophysiology behind the bleeding. Modeling a rapidly progressive bleed without excessive tissue destruction can be done by the injection of autologous blood. Injection of small blood clots into the carotid artery of the rabbit mimics an embolic stroke with hemorrhagic transformation. BC produces a highly reproducible model of intracerebral bleeding that evolves over several hours, produces inflammation around the lesion, and slowly resolves, simulating the process that has been observed to occur in human studies of serially imaged patients with ICH. BC initiates an injury that is propagated by the production of endogenous proteolytic enzymes of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) gene family. The inflammatory response, which is seen in both the BC model and the autologous blood model, is an important part of the pathological changes produced in the brain by the disruption of the blood vessels and brain edema. MMP inhibitors reduce the damage to the brain by the hemorrhagic mass lesion. A number of other therapeutic agents reduce injury in BC-induced ICH.
Allosteric and non-allosteric E. coli phosphofructokinases: effects on growth.

Abstract In wild type Escherichia coli K-12 ca. 90% of phosphofructokinase is known to be the allosteric enzyme Pfk-1, and the rest is Pfk-2, a non-allosteric enzyme. An isogenic strain series has now been constructed with varying combinations and amounts of Pfk-1 and Pfk-2 (e.g., no Pfk-1, high level of Pfk-2; normal level Pfk-1, high level Pfk-2, etc.). In minimal medium with glucose, glucose-6-P, and glycerol, aerobically and anaerobically, provided there is adequate total amount of enzyme, what allosteric type it is does not make much difference to growth rate or yield of this organism.
Hair-bearing epithelium serving as a nidus for intravesical stone formation in a male who underwent exstrophy repair: A case report

Bladder calculi are rare in children; they are typically associated with congenital abnormalities of the bladder, foreign bodies, intestinal mucosa, or infection. There is a high risk of bladder calculi with bladder exstrophy, a rare congenital condition. Primary bladder closure is usually performed in the first days of life, but subsequent bladder calculi are associated with about 15% of bladder exstrophy repairs. We report a case of hair-bearing epithelium serving as a nidus for intravesical stone formation in a 24-year-old male who underwent exstrophy repair as an infant. Our case emphasizes need for close and continued follow-up in patients who receive bladder exstrophy repair as infants. This is the first report in the literature of hair-bearing epithelium serving as the nidus for bladder stones in this unique patient population.
Street rules: does zoning support main street?

This paper investigates the relationship between zoning and “main street.” We define “main street” as a normative ideal: streets composed of blocks that have small, locally owned businesses in walkable contexts. In an urban setting, such main streets would ideally have essential services mixed with amenities, local ownership of businesses, some residences (i.e., apartments over stores), and pedestrian quality. The simultaneous presence of these characteristics has been significantly challenged in recent decades by online shopping, corporate retailing, and auto-oriented urbanism. Little research has sought to understand the role of zoning in this predicament. We use the City of Chicago to analyze how main streets are zoned and whether zoning supports main street qualities. First, we identify the zoning districts and rules that would be best aligned with main street as an ideal. Second, we classify the blocks of Chicago to identify those that might be considered examples of main street. Third, we assess whether these two dimensions—main street-supportive zoning and main street qualities—are, in fact, aligned. Our analysis shows that Chicago’s main street blocks are not zoned in a particularly supportive way. More than two-thirds of the blocks exemplifying main street qualities have zoning designations that potentially compromise their essential characteristics. Specifically, the majority of blocks with main street qualities are zoned for automobile-oriented shopping centers or single-family housing. We argue that zoning should recognize and support main streets in a more specific and concerted way.
A Model-Integrated Approach to Designing Self-Protecting Systems

One of the major trends in research on Self-Protecting Systems is to use a model of the system to be protected to predict its evolution. However, very often, devising the model requires special knowledge of mathematical frameworks, that prevents the adoption of this technique outside of the academic environment. Furthermore, some of the proposed approaches suffer from the curse of dimensionality, as their complexity is exponential in the size of the protected system. In this paper, we introduce a model-integrated approach for the design of Self-Protecting Systems, which automatically generates and solves Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) to obtain optimal defense strategies for systems under attack. MDPs are created in such a way that the size of the state space does not depend on the size of the system, but on the scope of the attack, which allows us to apply it to systems of arbitrary size.
Skills and Competencies for Digital Transformation

Digital transformation requires a special set of skills and competencies, such as BPM, robotic process automation, cloud computing, emerging technology, agile program management, cybersecurity, and effective internal and external communications skills.
Intracranial Electroencephalography in Pediatric Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.

Objectives Electroencephalography is used in neurocritical care for detection of seizures and assessment of cortical function. Due to limited resolution from scalp electroencephalography, important abnormalities may not be readily detectable. We aimed to identify whether intracranial electroencephalography allows for improved methods of monitoring cortical function in children with severe traumatic brain injury. Design This is a retrospective cohort study from a prospectively collected clinical database. We investigated the occurrence rate of epileptiform abnormalities detected on intracranial electroencephalography when compared with scalp electroencephalography. We also investigated the strength of association of quantitative electroencephalographic parameters and cerebral perfusion pressure between both intracranial and scalp electroencephalography. Setting This is a single-institution study performed in the Phoenix Children's Hospital PICU. Patients Eleven children with severe traumatic brain injury requiring invasive neuromonitoring underwent implantation of a six-contact intracranial electrode as well as continuous surface electroencephalography. Interventions None. Measurements and main results Visual detection of epileptiform abnormalities was performed by pediatric epileptologists. Association of intracranial and scalp electroencephalography total power, alpha percentage, and alpha-delta power ratio to cerebral perfusion pressure was performed using univariate dynamic structural equations modeling. Demographic data were assessed by retrospective analysis. Intracranial and scalp electroencephalography was performed in 11 children. Three of 11 children had observed epileptiform abnormalities on intracranial electroencephalography. Two patients had epileptiform abnormalities identified exclusively on intracranial electroencephalography, and one patient had seizures initiating on intracranial electroencephalography before arising on scalp electroencephalography. Identification of epileptiform abnormalities was associated with subsequent identification of stroke or malignant cerebral edema. We observed statistically significant positive associations between intracranial alpha-delta power ratio to cerebral perfusion pressure in nine of 11 patients with increased strength of association on intracranial compared with scalp recordings. Conclusions These findings suggest that intracranial electroencephalography may be useful for detection of secondary insult development in children with traumatic brain injury.
Maladaptive consequences of repeated intermittent exposure to uncertainty

Recently we reported that nucleus accumbens (NAcc) dopamine (DA) tracks uncertainty during operant responding for non-caloric saccharin. We also showed that repeated intermittent exposure to this uncertainty, like exposure to drugs of abuse, leads to sensitization of the locomotor and NAcc DA effects of amphetamine and promotes the subsequent self-administration of the drug. Here we review these findings together with others showing that NAcc glutamate signaling is similarly affected by uncertainty. Extracellular levels of glutamate in this site also track uncertainty in a task in which nose poking for saccharin on an escalating variable ratio schedule of reinforcement is associated with progressively increasing variance between performance of the operant and payout. Furthermore, sensitized behavioral responding to and for amphetamine following exposure to uncertainty is accompanied by increased levels of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation as well as altered protein levels of the transcription factor ∆FosB (increased) and glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1; decreased) in NAcc tissues. Notably, phosphorylation by CaMKII and PKC regulates AMPA receptor trafficking and function in this site, is elevated following psychostimulant exposure, and is necessary for the expression of enhanced drug taking. Increased ∆FosB and decreased GLT1 levels are observed following psychostimulant exposure, are associated with increased drug taking and seeking, and are known to modulate AMPA receptors and extracellular glutamate levels respectively. These adaptations in glutamate transmission as well as those observed with DA following repeated intermittent exposure to uncertainty are similar to those produced by exposure to abused drugs. Together, they point to the recruitment of both DA and glutamate signaling pathways in the NAcc in both drug and behavioral addictions. As uncertainty is central to games of chance, these findings have particular relevance for gambling disorders known to exhibit comorbidity with drug abuse.
Políticas sociales de vivienda en Chile: de la autoconstrucción tutelada a la privatización segregada 1967-1997

This article presents the problem of the participation of the poor in Chile, through the analysis of two paradigmatic cases of the housing policies: Villa La Reina built in 1967, during the called freedom revolution and Villa San Arturo built thirty years after during the period of democratic negotiation. Through the analysis of this two periods it is possible to observe how the planning of the social housing policies lost the emphasis in some of the basics principles of the process of building a society more integrated, democratic and equal.
Non-linear phenomena in continua

These lectures will consist of a sequence of problems, mainly from the theories of large elastic deformation and viscoelastic flow. In these theories, properties of materials are described by equations that are not linear. They are usually so badly nonlinear that it is just as well to regard the functions that appear in them as almost arbitrary.
Update on Insect Sting Anaphylaxis.

This review describes improvement in diagnostic accuracy, prediction of outcomes, identifying high-risk factors, and refinements of treatment that continue to evolve over the past 5–10 years. The risk of anaphylaxis is relatively low ( 90%). Use of recombinant venom allergens and basophil activation tests may improve diagnostic accuracy. Elevated serum tryptase (and possible mastocytosis) occurs in 10% of patients with insect sting allergy, and in 25% of those with hypotensive reactions. Rush VIT is proven safe and rapidly effective. There are known high-risk factors that justify treatment beyond 5 years. Diagnostic accuracy and prediction of risk have improved in recent years. There are still knowledge gaps related to prediction and management of risk with current diagnostic and therapeutic modalities.
Abstract PO-052: Radiation regimen and timing of PD1 blockade critically influence response to combination therapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) constitute the sixth most common cancer worldwide, with a 5-year survival of less than 50% for advanced HNSCC patients. Radiation therapy (RT) is widely used in the treatment of HNSCC patients. Preclinical studies have shown that RT can trigger immune mediated response that potentiates tumor regression. However, the use of RT in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitor, specifically programmed death protein-1 blockade (αPD-1), has not been extensively examined in HNSCC. In vitro studies in our laboratory revealed that radiation increased PD-L1 expression in HNSCC tumor cells in a dose-dependent manner. Based on this observation, we hypothesized that the efficacy of RT and αPD-1 therapy would be critically influenced by the timing of αPD-1 of administration. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a preclinical study using a novel orthotopic immunocompetent mouse model of HNSCC (RPMOC1). Tumor bearing mice were randomized into the following arms: RT (single dose 10 Gy), fractionated RT (fRT- 2Gy x 5), RT prior to αPD-1(200 μg), RT post αPD-1, fRT prior to αPD-1 and fRT post αPD-1. Non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to monitor tumor response to therapy. All treatment regimens were well tolerated and did not result in weight loss during the experiment. The most potent tumor growth inhibition was observed in the RT (10 Gy) and αPD-1 combination therapy group. RT given either before or after αPD-1 therapy resulted in a significant decrease in tumor volumes (p Citation Format: Aparajita Verma, Michael Habitzruther, Kristopher Attwood, Mukund Seshadri. Radiation regimen and timing of PD1 blockade critically influence response to combination therapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Radiation Science and Medicine; 2021 Mar 2-3. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2021;27(8_Suppl):Abstract nr PO-052.
Connecting Activity Implementation Characteristics to Student Buy-In Toward and Utilization of Formative Assessments Within Undergraduate Biology Courses

While formative assessments (FAs) can facilitate learning within undergraduate STEM courses, their impact likely depends on many factors, including how instructors implement them, whether students buy-in to them, and how students utilize them. FAs have many different implementation characteristics, including what kinds of questions are asked, whether questions are asked before or after covering the material in class, how feedback is provided, how students are graded, and other logistical considerations. We conducted 38 semi-structured interviews with students from eight undergraduate biology courses to explore how various implementation characteristics of in-class and out-of-class FAs can influence student perceptions and behaviors. We also interviewed course instructors to provide context for understanding student experiences. Using thematic analysis, we outlined various FA implementation characteristics, characterized the range of FA utilization behaviors reported by students, and identified emergent themes regarding the impact of certain implementation characteristics on student buy-in and utilization. Furthermore, we found that implementation characteristics have combined effects on student engagement and that students will tolerate a degree of “acceptable discomfort” with implementation features that contradict their learning preferences. These results can aid instructor reflection and guide future research on the complex connections between activity implementation and student engagement within STEM disciplines.
Aziridine synthesis by coupling amines and alkenes via an electrogenerated dication.

Aziridines—three-membered nitrogen-containing cyclic molecules—are important synthetic targets. Their substantial ring strain and resultant proclivity towards ring-opening reactions makes them versatile precursors of diverse amine products1–3, and, in some cases, the aziridine functional group itself imbues important biological (for example, anti-tumour) activity4–6. Transformation of ubiquitous alkenes into aziridines is an attractive synthetic strategy, but is typically accomplished using electrophilic nitrogen sources rather than widely available amine nucleophiles. Here we show that unactivated alkenes can be electrochemically transformed into a metastable, dicationic intermediate that undergoes aziridination with primary amines under basic conditions. This new approach expands the scope of readily accessible N-alkyl aziridine products relative to those obtained through existing state-of-the-art methods. A key strategic advantage of this approach is that oxidative alkene activation is decoupled from the aziridination step, enabling a wide range of commercially available but oxidatively sensitive7 amines to act as coupling partners for this strain-inducing transformation. More broadly, our work lays the foundations for a diverse array of difunctionalization reactions using this dication pool approach. The synthesis of aziridines—three-membered nitrogen-containing heterocycles—is achieved by a new method involving the electrochemical coupling of alkenes and amines, via a dicationic intermediate.
The Neurobiology of Gesture and Its Development

The study of gesture, which describes the hand and arm movements that speakers produce to communicate, has provided important information about the neurobiological organization of language. Specifically, the emerging literature on the neurobiology of gesture and its development suggests that to process gestures, listeners recruit the same brain regions of the ventral language stream involved in processing semantic information, and they also recruit regions of the dorsal language stream involved in processing sensorimotor information. Moreover, age-related changes in these brain regions are revealed when children view gestures compared with adults. Together, the literature on the neurobiology of gesture supports the notion that symbolic gesture and spoken language are each pillars within a single semiotic system, that they develop together in children, and that they share an overlapping neural substrate in the developing and adult brain.
Umbilical cord blood transplantation and cytomegalovirus: posttransplantation infection and donor screening

This study assessed the incidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection after transplantation of cord blood (CB) from unrelated donors and evaluated strategies for screening CB donors. Posttransplantation CMV infection, reported in 23% of 1221 CB recipients, was associated with patient pretransplantation CMV serology (P < .001), but not with CMV serology in CB donors or their mothers. A total of 26 988 infant CB donors were evaluated by viral culture of saliva. Subgroups were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction in CB (CB-PCR) in 2 case-control studies. In the first study, 33 of 47 saliva culture-positive CB donors were confirmed by CB-PCR. All mothers of the 33 infants with confirmed CMV infection were CMV-total antibody positive, but only 1 of 3 had CMV-IgM antibody. The second study evaluated infants born to mothers with CMV-IgM antibody. Of these, 5 of 170 saliva culture-negative infants were positive by CB-PCR. The incidence of congenital CMV infection in CB donors was low (0.12%). Maternal serology had poor predictive value for CMV infection in their infant CB donors and bore no detected relationship to CMV infection in CB recipients. Saliva culture for CMV had both false-positive and -negative results. CB-PCR was a useful alternative for detecting CMV in CB donors.
Using a neural network as a feedback controller

The design and implementation of an automatic controller such as a PID (proportional, integral, and derivative) controller or a self-tuning regulator has been of much interest in process control, and has been the subject of research in the past decade. Many of the controllers in use today require manual tuning of the gain constants. Using the inverted pendulum as an application, it is possible to use a heuristic to both balance the pole and restore the cart to the proper position. It is shown that an artificial neural network (ANN) can be used as the heart of the controller. The ANN controller can be trained by the same heuristic to balance the broom. >
Global authentication in an untrustworthy world

With the advent in the 1980's of truly global hierarchical naming (via the Domain Name Service), security researchers realized that the trust relationships needed to authenticate principals would often not follow the naming hierarchy [1,13]. The most successful non-hierarchical authentication schemes are based on X.509 and RFC 5280, as used for example in TLS and Authenticode. These are extremely widely deployed, and are trusted for most people's everyday use of the Internet. Unfortunately several incidents in the last few years have proved that this trust is misplaced [9,14]. We explore the weaknesses of this machinery, helped by a large database of X.509 certificates, and we offer an analysis technique and a suggestion for how the trust could be enhanced.
Do physicians follow evidence-based guidelines in the diagnostic work-up of IBS?

Many clinicians approach the diagnosis of IBS as one of exclusion, even though diagnostic testing usually has a low yield and the Rome guidelines encourage diagnosis on the basis of symptoms alone. This Viewpoint discusses patterns of IBS diagnosis in practice, provides theories on why guidelines are not adhered to, and offers some practical guidance on IBS diagnosis.
Growth, respiration and cytology of acetate-negative mutants of Candida albicans.

A number of acriflavine-induced mutants ofCandida albicans, characterized by their inability to grow on acetate as a source of energy, were screened for their cytochrome absorption spectra. Three mutants with different spectra, along with their parent, were selected for comparative studies, of their growth, respiratory activities and cellular structure. The spectrum of one of the mutants was the same as that of the wild-type, but the growth rate and yield of cells on glucose medium were only about 60% of the wild-type's; those of a second mutant deficient in cytochromes aa3 were 50%, and those of a third mutant deficient in cytochromes aa3 and b were less than 5% of those of the wild-type. The cytochrome-complete mutant and the wild-type showed respiratory activity both on glucose and ethanol well above the endogenous, the cytochrome aa3-deficient mutant showed only endogenous respiration, and the cytochrome aa3, b-deficient mutant no respiration at all. Electron microscopy of the wild-type cells revealed discrete, regular ovoidal, cristate mitochondria spaced near the periphery of the protoplasm; the cytochrome-complete mutant showed an abundance of large, cristate, but morphologically irregular mitochondria; the cytochrome aa3-deficient mutant had fewer but still large, cristate, somewhat irregular mitochondria; and the cytochrome aa3, b-deficient mutant only a few simple vesicles without discernible cristae.
A computationally efficient abstraction of long-term potentiation

Abstract A computational abstraction of long-term potentiation (LTP) is proposed. The abstraction captures key temporal and cooperative properties of LTP, and also lends itself to rapid computation. The abstraction is used to simulate the recruitment of binding-detector cells in the dentate gyrus (DG). The simulation results are used to validate a quantitative analysis of binding-detector cell recruitment in DG. The analysis shows that (i) a large number of binding-detector cells would be recruited in response to entorhinal cortex activity and (ii) cells recruited for distinct bindings would exhibit very low cross-talk. These results help in understanding the neural basis of episodic memory.
Correlations Between Structure, Magnetism, and Polymerization Activity of Paramagnetic Benzylchromium Complexes

Reaction of [{Cp*Cr(μ-Cl)}2] with benzyllithium yielded [{Cp*Cr-(μ-Bz)}2] (1), a CrII alkyl complex with bridging benzyl groups and a CrCr bond, which rearranged at room temperature to [Cp*Cr(η1-Bz)(μ-η3:η6-Bz)CrCp*] (2), a mixed valent (CrI/CrIII) complex with a benzyl ligand coordinating as an η6-arene ligand to one chromium and as an η3-allyl ligand to the other one. Upon heating, 2 reductively eliminated bibenzyl and yielded [(Cp*Cr)2(μ-η6:η6-Bz-Bz)] (3), in which two 17-electron sandwich complexes are linked by an ethano bridge. The crystal structures of 2 and 3 have been determined. Magnetic susceptibility and saturation magnetization measurements showed 2 to be ferromagnetically coupled (ground state S = 2, J = + 23(1) cm−1). Of the three isomers, only 2 catalyzed the polymerization of ethylene, presumably because it contains a CrIII alkyl.
Family surrogates? The drug culture or the methadone maintenance program.

Review af existing treatment methods coupled with extensive clinical contact with outpatient methadone maintenance clients suggests that, the primary difficulty in treatment u nut in the chemical properties af the drug “per se” but rather what the drug represents – a sustaining familial life style system. Item analysis of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles indicates that social deviance is incorporated as an adopted life style which extremely resistant to change. The tenacity with which the individual dings to the drug abuse life style is an indicant of the support provided by the drug culture and is indicative of the amount of support which must be provided before any permanent change can be effected.
Inducible expression of the signal transduction protein 14-3-3γ in injured arteries and stimulated human vascular smooth muscle cells

Although the 14-3-3 family of proteins have been shown to be key signal transduction proteins involved in regulation of cellular growth and proliferation, little has been reported on their expression in pathophysiological states. We hypothesized that expression of one isoform, 14-3-3gamma, would also be increased in vascular proliferative diseases. We observed 14-3-3gamma expression induced in human coronary artery vasculopathy (CAV) as compared with coronary arteries isolated from normal and end-stage heart failure patients. 14-3-3gamma is acutely expressed in aortic medial smooth muscle cells in experimental models of arterial injury including rat cardiac allografts balloon angioplasty-injured swine coronary arteries. In each case, 14-3-3gamma protein expression is induced by 3 days and peaks at 7-10 days post-injury. Expression of this protein in cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) is associated with cytokine-induced VSMC activation, rather than direct injury to the VSMC themselves, and is unique among other 14-3-3 family proteins. Potential 14-3-3gamma protein-protein interactions are also differentially regulated by cytokine stimulation. This study indicates that 14-3-3gamma expression is induced in arterial trauma by cytokines, and suggests that this protein may play an important role in progression of vascular proliferative diseases.
A Behavioral Model of Pan-African Disintegration Again

Mr. Ntalaja's summary of my article (December 1970 issue) omits the essence of my argument: that a distorted system of incentives, which is unlikely to be seriously altered, makes Pan-Africanism purely academic and points the way to eventual upheaval and anti-intellectural revolution. Furthermore, because a disproportionate part of government revenues in Africa are obtained from the relatively poor, an expanding government bureaucracy implies an expanding system of exploitation of the poor and the productive by the rich certified elite who "administer." In my abstract model I have defined certified elite as the people who hold certificates and diplomas from the existing educational system. The degree to which these certified people do control the governments of Africa is open to empirical verification; I have merely gone on the basis of my own casual observation in a number of African countries over the past eighteen years and decided to assume that they do for the purposes of my model. I obviously believe that my assumption is the only relevant one. The administrative or corporate state appears to have arrived in several African nations and to be well on the way in others.
CORRECTION OF SANFILIPPO A SKIN FIBROBLASTS BY RETROVIRAL VECTOR-MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER

ABSTRACT The recent cloning of the sulfamidase gene has made possible the consideration of gene-based therapies for Sanfilippo A syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA), one of the most common o...
Boundary-Layer Similarity Under an Axisymmetric, Gradient Wind Vortex

We present similarity solutions for the mean boundary-layer profiles under an axisymmetric vortex that is in gradient wind balance; the similarity model includes the nonlinear momentum advection and curvature terms. These solutions are a generalization of the Ekman layer mean flow, which is the canonical boundary-layer basic state under a uniform, geostrophically-balanced flow. Near-surface properties such as inflow angle, surface wind factor, diffusive transport of kinetic energy into the surface layer and dissipational heating are calculated and shown to be sensitive to the choice of turbulence parameterization.
“Just like Baking a Cake”: Women Describe the Necessary Ingredients for Successful Reentry after Incarceration:

Eighteen female ex-prison inmates describe the strengths they used to manage their reentry after release from prison. As a group, the women stressed that a mix of personal resiliency, interpersonal capacities, and social resources facilitated their successful transition. On the basis of study findings, the author suggests practice and policy changes to assist women in the transition from institution to community.
Modified denture flask for three-piece ear molds

A method of modifying a conventional large denture flask to accomodate a three-piece ear mold has been presented. The modified flask is useful in producing accurate castings with a decrease in the incidence of stone fracture.
POSITIVE CONTRAST: CONTROL OF CEILING EFFECT USING A LONG RUNWAY

One method of preventing a ceiling effect (running speeds at the upper limit of the organism's capability) from obscuring the occurrence of positive contrast is to use a long apparatus requiring successive turns to slow S down (Shanab & Ferrell, 1970). The purpose of this experiment was to determine if positive contrast would occur in a long U-shaped runway but not in a shortstraight runway where the ceiling effect might obscure differences between shifted and nonshifted groups. A total of 40 male albino rats, 80 days old, were given 28 preshift trials and 24 postshift trials (4/day). Two groups of 10 Ss each were given eight 45-mg. Noyes food pellets in both phases. One of these groups was trained in a short ( 113.75 cm. long) straight runway (Group S8-8) and the other in a long U-shaped (113.75 X 98.75 X 113.75 un. lengths) wooden runway (Group L8-8). Two other groups were shifted from 1 to 8 pellets after the 28 preshift trials, one group in the short runway (Group S1-8) and the other in the long runway (Group L1-8). Start times were measured from the opening of the startbox door to a point 15 cm. inside the runway (other measures failed to show significant postshift effects, and are therefore omitted). Comparisons between Groups L8-8 and L1-8 showed positive contrast (Ll-8 faster rhan L8-8; 2.44 ft. per sec. vs 1.96 ft. per sec.) on the second, third and fourth days postshift ( p < .05, using Duncan's correction procedure for post hoc comparisons). The start speeds of Group L8-8 were consistently slower than those for Group S8-8 (1.96 ft. per sec. vs 2.28 ft. per sec.) implying that the positive contrast effect was due to the prevention of the ceiling effect through the use of a long runway, consistent with Shanab and Ferrell (1970). These data are also consistent with studies demonstrating positive contrast utilizing continuous delay of reinforcement to prevent the ceiling effect (Mellgren, 1971).
VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE: The Six‐Point Plan

THE ‘Six Point Plan’ referred to in the last article needs to be well and firmly introduced before industrial visits are begun, if any material benefit is to be forthcoming from the ‘fact‐finding’ undertaken.
Measurement of nitrogen in Czochralski silicon by means of infrared spectroscopy

Abstract A novel method for the quantitative measurement of nitrogen in Czochralski silicon by means of low temperature Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (LT-FTIR) is presented, based on measurement in the far-infrared range. Its main advantage is the high sensitivity to nitrogen, 5×1012 at. cm−3. The method consists in measuring the sample at a temperature less than 15 K, in the spectral range 190–300 cm−1, where the absorption bands related to the electronic transition of the N–O species are present. The samples are prepared by means of a thermal treatment at a suitable temperature (e.g. 650 °C) for a long enough time in order to reach the saturation of the N–O concentration and, therefore, assure that an equilibrium situation is obtained.
A Compact Correlation Filter For On-Chip Learning in a Spiking Neural Network

A Hebbian learning algorithm based on proportion sampling is presented that can be used to implement on-chip learning for a binary spiking neural network. A correlation filter estimates when statistical independence has been obtained between subsequent samples. Simulation shows that the correlation filter reduces falsely learned connections in environments were inputs are randomly activated an average of 83% of the total time. A correlation filter for 255 binary samples is implemented using 21 gates and a surface area of .0008cm2 for a .5? fabrication process. Compared to traditional neural networks, the spiking neural network learned an odor in a single epoch resulting in only a 7% error, while classical learning algorithms required multiple epochs and typically resulted in 30% error.