cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diurnal and Semidiurnal Variations of the Surface Wind Field over the Tropical Pacific Ocean

Abstract The climatological large-scale patterns of diurnal and semidiurnal near-surface wind variations over the tropical Pacific Ocean are documented using 3 yr of hourly measurements from the Tropical Atmosphere–Ocean moored buoy array. Semidiurnal variations account for 68% of the mean daily variance of the zonal wind component, while diurnal variations account for 82% of the mean daily variance of the meridional wind component. The spatially uniform amplitude (0.15 m s−1) and phase (0300 LT) of the semidiurnal zonal wind variations are shown to be consistent with atmospheric thermal tidal theory. The diurnal meridional wind variations on either side of the equator are approximately out of phase. This pattern results in a diurnal variation of wind divergence along the equator, with maximum divergence in the early morning (∼0800 LT). The average amplitude of the diurnal cycle in zonal mean divergence is 0.45 × 10−6 s−1, which corresponds to a day–night change of 45% relative to the daily mean. The rela...
Prevention of sudden cardiac death beyond the ICD: Have we reached the boundary or are we just burning the surface?

Preventing sudden cardiac death (SCD) remains a major unsolved problem in contemporary medical practice. As the most common cause of SCD, treatment for ventricular arrhythmias is the target area of interest in research field. While implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) effectively decreases death from ventricular arrhythmias in highly selected patients, risk of inappropriate shocks, mortality from frequent therapy, chance of failing in abortion of arrhythmias despite having a defibrillator, and our inability to recognize which of several hundreds of thousands of patients at risk for sudden death but do not meet current criteria for defibrillator, limit ICD effectiveness. In this article, a brief review of mechanism leading to SCD, the existing evidence for a defibrillator and the lacunae in present guidelines for patients clearly at risk for sudden death but without proven benefit from a defibrillator are presented in Section I. Following this, interventional approaches, both catheter-based and general measures that may serve as adjuncts to a defibrillator in preventing this all too common catastrophic end event, are summarized in Section II.
Language, Culture, and Early Childhood Education in Catalonia and the Basque Region of Spain.

Spain has within its borders indigenous minority groups with their own languages and cultures, who are a majority in their respective regions, and whose autonomy has only recently been to some degree restored. Although Catalonia and the Basque Autonomous Community (BAC) were each influenced by differing historical, geographic, political, socioeconomic, and linguistic factors — their own indigenous languages and cultures were victimized by the policies of the central government for the four decades ending with the death of Franco in 1975. Catalonia and the BAC have had to learn how to crawl (to use a child development analogy) after having been gagged and swaddled by a national policy that totally repressed their languages and cultures in an unremitting policy of assimilation. It was through the education system that the Franco government tried to stop the use of Catalan (and Euskara) so it is not surprising that schools are again viewed as a major means of language revival (McNair, 1980). The impressionable years of early childhood are viewed as critical in this effort in both regions. This paper provides an overview of current “normalization” policies and legislation guiding these recuperation efforts, and then describes current educational practices in each region, focusing on innovative early childhood programs. Attention is given to both the resistance and accomplishments of these normalization efforts.
Seeing sleep: dynamic imaging of upper airway collapse and collapsibility in children.

Abstract Sleep disordered breathing in children ranges from snoring, which has a prevalence of 12%, to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome, which has a prevalence of 2?3% in the general population [1]. The underlying causes of pediatric OSA are extremely complex. There are bony structural influences, as seen in craniofacial abnormalities, and soft tissue abnormalities, such as a large tongue, redundant soft tissue, or compliance/collapsibility issues. In some groups, such as those with Down syndrome, a combination of these factors comes into play.
Trinuclear nickel clusters, [Ni3(μ3-L)(μ3-I)(μ2-dppm)3]n+ (L = I−, CO, CNCH3, CN-2,6-Me2C6H3, CN-i-C3H7, CN-t-C4H9, CN-n-C4H9, NO+) and the “dimer of trimer” hexanuclear nickel clusters {[Ni3(μ3-I)(μ2-dppm)3]2(μ3,μ3′,η1,η1′- CN-R-NC)}2+, (R = −(CH2)6−, p-C6H4): characterization of large clusters by mass spectrometry

Abstract The mass spectra of a series of trinuclear nickel clusters of the general formula [Ni3(μ3-L)(μ3-I)(μ2-dppm)3]n+, where L = I− (1), CO (2), CNCH3 (3), CN-2,6-Me2C6H3 (4, CN-i-C3H7 (5), CN-t-C4H9 (6), CN-n-C4H9 (7), and NO+ (8) and n = 0, 1, 2 were measured by Plasma Desorption (PD) and Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry. Strong molecular ion peaks were observed for all of the trinuclear clusters except 8 by both techniques. Ion fragmentation followed similar pathways in both ionization modes. Dimers of trinuclear clusters, {[Ni3(μ3-I)(μ2-dppm)3]2(μ3,μ3′,η1,η1′-CN-R-NC)}2+ where R = −(CH2)6− (9) and 1,4-C6H4 (10) were prepared by the reaction of two equivalents of 1 with one equivalent of the appropriate diisocyanide, CN-R-NC. Clusters 9 and 10 were not distinguishable from simple trimers such as 3–7 by 31P NMR and optical spectroscopies, but were unambiguously identified by PD and FAB mass spectrometry. The parent ions are different for the two techniques: MI+ in the former case and M+ in the latter.
The development of a comprehensive computer program for the study of solid-solid atomic interfaces

Abstract This paper describes the construction of a comprehensive computer program to model the structure of the silicon–silicon dioxide (Si–SiO 2 ) boundary layer of semiconductor devices by combining experimental data from an X-ray storage ring with graphical simulations on a multiprocessor distributed net (or a multiprocessor supercomputer). The term ‘comprehensive’ refers to the program's planned ability to incorporate all stages necessary to translate 2D X-ray spectra to the final 3D atomic image with little or no human intervention. If successful, our efforts will provide materials scientists, engineers, and manufacturers of integrated circuits with an additional tool for understanding interfacial chemistry and thereby suggest new ways to improve the chemical and electronic behavior of their devices.
Fine needle aspiration biopsy of epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the oral cavity: report of one case and review of literature.

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) is an uncommon vascular tumor with biological behavior intermediate between hemangioma and angiosarcoma. It rarely occurs in the oral cavity. We report a case of an 81-yr-old woman with a 2-mo history of a 2 × 2 cm2 submucosal buccal mass. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) smears were paucicellular and showed mainly single atypical large epithelioid cells in a bloody background. The atypical cells had abundant dense cytoplasm, some with fine vacuoles. Occasionally, cells with large cytoplasmic lumina were seen. Cytology preparations from fresh tissue received for frozen section revealed numerous neoplastic cells with large intracytoplasmic lumina, some of which contained red blood cells. In addition, cells with distinct intranuclear inclusions were present. Histologic sections and immunohistochemical stains confirmed the diagnosis of EHE. Although the histologic features of EHE are well recognized, reports of FNA cytology findings are sparsely existent in the literature as several case reports. The characteristic cytological features of EHE are reviewed in this report. We believe that the diagnosis of this rare tumor can be suggested when an adequate FNA specimen is obtained. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2006;34:218–223. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Segregation of EAV-HP Ancient Endogenous Retroviruses within the Chicken Population

Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J), an exogenous avian retrovirus, is thought to have evolved by recombination with the highly identical env gene of the endogenous avian retrovirus EAV-HP. Embryonic expression of EAV-HP env has been suggested to be associated with the induction of immunological tolerance, a feature observed in a significant proportion of meat-type chickens infected with ALV-J. In support of this hypothesis, we demonstrate that EAV-HP loci, some of which could be associated with tolerance, are still segregating within the chicken population.
Structural and functional characterization of an anesthetic binding site in the second cysteine-rich domain of protein Kinase Cδ*

Elucidating the principles governing anesthetic-protein interactions requires structural determinations at high resolutions not yet achieved with ion channels. Protein kinase C (PKC) activity is modulated by general anesthetics. We solved the structure of the phorbol-binding domain (C1B) of PKCδ complexed with an ether (methoxymethylcycloprane) and with an alcohol (cyclopropylmethanol) at 1.36-A resolution. The cyclopropane rings of both agents displace a single water molecule in a surface pocket adjacent to the phorbol-binding site, making van der Waals contacts with the backbone and/or side chains of residues Asn-237 to Ser-240. Surprisingly, two water molecules anchored in a hydrogen-bonded chain between Thr-242 and Lys-260 impart elasticity to one side of the binding pocket. The cyclopropane ring takes part in π-acceptor hydrogen bonds with the amide of Met-239. There is a crucial hydrogen bond between the oxygen atoms of the anesthetics and the hydroxyl of Tyr-236. A Tyr-236-Phe mutation results in loss of binding. Thus, both van der Waals interactions and hydrogen-bonding are essential for binding to occur. Ethanol failed to bind because it is too short to benefit from both interactions. Cyclopropylmethanol inhibited phorbol-ester-induced PKCδ activity, but failed to do so in PKCδ containing the Tyr-236-Phe mutation.
Disorders of the Isodendritic Core of the Brainstem

The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia has not lived up to its explanatory potential. Other efforts have been made but have depended heavily on the limbic system in their analysis of the problem. Based on the clinical and basic research that has been conducted so far, the thesis is presented here that the group of schizophrenias is due to disorders of the isodendritic core of the brainstem. The concept of the core is described, and the data that support the contention are presented briefly.
Primary structure of the amino terminal regions of chicken fibrin chains.

Abstract Fibrinogen and fibrin, isolated from chicken plasma, was studied in terms of a) its subunit polypeptide chain amino acid composition, b) their respective molecular size, and c) their partial NH2-terminal amino acid sequence. Based on the observation that intact fibrinogen yielded only tyrosine as an N-terminal residue, it was concluded that the N-terminal residues of both Aα and Bβ chains are probably blocked. Consistent with this observation was the finding that neither the isolated Aα and Bβ chain S-carboxymethyl derivatives could be sequenced. The γ-chain was sequenced 34 steps with 31 definite identifications. NH2-terminal amino acii sequence analysis was successfully carried out for 12 steps on all three (α, β, γ) S-carboxymethyl chains derived from fibrin. When compared to mammalian species (man and dog) the amino acid composition and partial NH2-terminal primary structure of the three fibrin chains did not differ dramatically. One major difference observed was the slightly reduced molecular size of the α-chain.
Anaerobic metabolism and behavior during predatory encounters between snakes (Thamnophis elegans) and salamanders (Plethodon jordani)

1. We staged predatory encounters between snakes and salamanders in the laboratory. 2. Both snakes and salamanders accumulated significant quantities of lactic acid (0.3–2.3 mg/g) during predatory encounters. In a typical 14.4 min encounter, lactate concentration reached 260% of resting levels in snake predators and 880% of resting levels in salamander prey. This is one of the first demonstrations of anaerobiosis during natural ‘burst’ activity in both predator and prey. 3. Salamander responses to snake attack were surprisingly variable, and included writhing, thrashing, tail wrapping, tail autotomy, and biting. Antipredator responses were effective in nearly one third of trials. Lactate concentration was significantly correlated with duration of predatory encounters (r=0.57), snake mass, and salamander mass (Table 3). 4. Our calculations suggest that attack and ingestion of prey may cost snakes less than 1% of energy assimilated from prey.
Solving partial differential equations on multiprocessors

The problem of solving time dependent and independent partial differential equations on multiprocessors is addressed. It is shown how one can decompose the partial differential equation so as to minimize the communication between processors as well as to maximize the computational tasks of the processors. The partitioning process can be static or dynamic and depends on the properties of the problem. Examples are given. Computer systems need to be able to handle both types of partitionings.
Upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis and paralysis: A case report

Upper-extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) has been understudied in the rehabilitation population. Patients undergoing rehabilitation often have many risk factors that predispose them to DVT. It is important to recognize upper-extremity DVT, because recent studies have shown it to pose a significant risk for pulmonary embolus and death. This is the first reported association of an upper-extremity DVT with paralysis.
Temperature dependence of the C2(X1Σg+) reaction with H2 and CH4 and C2(X1Σg+ and a 3Πu equilibrated states) with O2

Abstract Temperature dependence measurements of the rates of reaction of C 2 (X 1 Σ g + ) with H 2 and CH 4 are reported along with similar measurements for an equilibrated mixture of C 2 (X 1 Σ g + and a 3 Π u spin states with O 2 over the 300–600 K range. All the reactions are characterized by low activation energies. Singlet C 2 likely reacts with hydrocarbons by an insertion mechanism followed by fragmentation.
Developing Cultural Intelligence: An Undergraduate Course Assessment Framework

To develop students' cultural intelligence (CQ), some business schools offer at least two options: an on-campus global business course (GBC) or an international study tour (IST). However, not much is known about the pedagogies' relative effectiveness. To bridge the gap, this study uses extant literature and a secondary analysis of student feedback to develop a course assessment framework. We believe both study tours and on-campus classes improve students' overall cultural intelligence. Nevertheless, given student self-selection and the differences in course content and delivery, it is likely that students' learning outcomes are not identical. The framework proposes that IST participants gain a deeper level of cognitive and metacognitive intelligence, while GBC students gain wider breadth. Also, given the direct exposure and the opportunities to practice and receive feedback in realistic settings, we propose that study tour participants will improve their motivational and behavioral intelligences to a grea...
Coherently Coupled Bottom-Emitting Vertical Cavity Laser Arrays

We demonstrate 2-dimentional coherently coupled bottom-emitting VCSEL arrays. In-phase operation has been obtained from 3-element triangular arrays, while out-of-phase operation has been obtained from 2x2, 3x3, and 4x4 arrays.
Successful long-term cryopreservation and transplantation of human fetal pancreas

To obtain sufficient quantities of human fetal pancreatic tissue (HFP) for transplantation, long-term storage of the tissue must be achieved. The functional viability of HFP after cryopreservation by stepwise addition of dimethyl sulfoxide was determined. Human fetal pancreas explants (1-2 mm3; gestational age 16-21 wk) were prepared and slowly cooled (0.25 degrees C/min) to -40 degrees C before placement in liquid nitrogen. After rapid thaw (37 degrees C) and overnight culture, insulin release in response to high glucose and theophylline challenge determined in vitro functional viability. No difference was found between the responses of fresh and cryopreserved tissue (fresh 29.2 +/- 3.0 ng/mg tissue, cryopreserved 29.9 +/- 3.3 ng/mg tissue; P greater than .1). Diabetic BALB/c nu/nu mice transplanted with cryopreserved HFP returned to normoglycemia in 11 +/- 2 wk (range 8-15 wk). Oral glucose tolerance tests indicated in vivo serum glucose control equivalent to or better than that of nondiabetic control mice (peak serum glucose of nondiabetic mice 164 +/- 66 mg/dl, of cryopreserved grafted mice 180 +/- 67 mg/dl; P greater than .8). In vitro insulin release of cryopreserved grafted tissue demonstrated that the tissue had differentiated and matured and was now capable of responding to high-glucose challenge (39.3 +/- 11.5 ng insulin released/mg tissue). The results described herein are the first demonstration that cryopreserved HFP maintains the in vivo capacity to differentiate and mature and the capacity to reverse diabetes in an animal system.
Generation and characterization of variants of mouse hepatoma cells with defects in hepato-specific gene expression. I. Albumin synthesis variants

Clonal variants of mouse hepatoma cells that either fail to produce albumin (variant 19/2) or show significantly reduced levels (100-fold less) of albumin production (variant 1/c/1) were isolated from the parental line, Hepa la, after a single exposure to N-methyl-N′-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Intracellular levels of albumin in both variants were below detection by our assay. Analyses by cDNA-RNA reassociation kinetics indicate that there are approximately 3900 molecules of cytoplasmic albumin mRNA per cell in the parent and less than 10 molecules per cell in both variants. Southern blotting of the Eco RI restriction fragments of cellular DNA from the parent and variants did not indicate any major deletions in the albumin gene DNA sequences. We conclude that in the two variants studied, processes that regulate albumin production via alterations in the level of cytoplasmic albumin mRNA have been affected. Our analyses have also shown that alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) production is lacking in one variant (19/2) and is slightly reduced in the other (1/c/1). Transferrin secretion is lower than the parental line in both variants. Thus multiple nonlethal defects in hepatic gene expression can be obtained in Hepa la cells in culture that will be useful in determining the number and kinds of genes that control the expression of liver-specific loci.
Extending range queries and nearest neighbors

Abstract Given an initial rectangular range or k nearest neighbor ( k -nn) query (using the L ∞ metric), we consider the problems of incrementally extending the query by increasing the size of the range, or by increasing k , and reporting the new points incorporated by each extension. Although both problems may be solved trivially by repeatedly applying a traditional range query or L ∞ k -nn algorithm, such solutions do not minimize the overall time to process all extensions. We present algorithms that obtain efficient overall query times by performing novel searches of multiple range trees and extending k -nn trees, a new data structure introduced here. In two dimensions, when queries eventually incorporate Θ(N) points or require E=Ω(N) extensions, the overall retrieval time of our algorithms is O (E+N) , which is optimal. Our extending L ∞ k -nn algorithm immediately provides a new solution to the traditional L ∞ k -nn problem, improving upon previous results. Our search techniques and data structures generalize to algorithms for extending fixed polytope range queries and extending k -nn using polytope distance functions. In two dimensions, under the same conditions as above, these algorithms also have optimal overall extension times.
Pastoral considerations on abortion and sterilization

Concerns over sterlization and abortion typify our current moral dilemma. These matters begin as individual problems but rapidly expand to become pressing social concerns. The ethical, psychological, and physical factors related to sterilization in men and women are examined and a careful scrutiny of the meaning of the decision to the parties is advised. Abortion is an even more complex issue. The counselor's value system is always a part of the counseling process. Rigidity is not helpful in attempts to adjudicate conflicting rights among the child, the mother, and the father. Four alternative approaches to counseling with persons considering abortion are described.
Fish Assemblages and Environmental Correlates in Least-Disturbed Streams of the Upper Snake River Basin

Abstract Fish assemblages and environmental variables were evaluated from 37 least-disturbed, 1st- through 6th-order streams and springs in the upper Snake River basin, western USA. Data were collected as part of the efforts by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment Program and the Idaho State University Stream Ecology Center to characterize aquatic biota and associated habitats in least-disturbed coldwater streams. Geographically, the basin comprises four ecoregions. Environmental variables constituting various spatial scales, from watershed characteristics to instream habitat measures, were used to examine distribution patterns in fish assemblages. Nineteen fish species in the families Salmonidae, Cottidae, Cyprinidae, and Catostomidae were collected. Multivariate analyses showed high overlap in stream fish assemblages among the ecoregions. Major environmental factors determining species distributions in the basin were stream gradient, watershed size, conductivity, and percentage o...
Unusual Structural and Spectroscopic Features of Some PNP-Pincer Complexes of Iron

We report a structural, spectroscopic, and computational study of two tBuPNP (2,6-bis(di-tert-butyl-phosphinomethyl)pyridine) complexes of iron, (tBuPNP)FeCl2 (1) and (tBuPNP)Fe(CO)2 (3). Complex 1, (tBuPNP)FeCl2, also independently synthesized by Milstein, has unusually long iron−ligand bond distances. DFT calculations show that these are clearly attributable to its high-spin electronic structure, and in particular to occupancy of the strongly antibonding dx2−y2 orbital. The crystal structure of 3 reveals two unusual aspects. (1) The geometry around the iron atom in 3 is much closer to square pyramidal (SQP; apical CO) than to trigonal bipyramidal (TBP), although five-coordinate Fe(0) complexes are generally expected to be TBP; moreover, Chirik et al. have reported that (iPrPNP)Fe(CO)2 has essentially a perfect TBP structure (iPrPNP = 2,6-bis(di-isopropyl-phosphinomethyl)pyridine). (2) The apical carbonyl ligand in 3 deviates significantly from linearity (Fe−C−O = 171.9°). Additionally, complex 3 is inte...
Rab11-FIP2, an Adaptor Protein Connecting Cellular Components Involved in Internalization and Recycling of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors *

Rab11-FIP2 is a member of a newly identified family of Rab11-binding proteins that have been implicated in the function of recycling endosomes. Here we show that Rab11-FIP2 may also be involved with the process of receptor-mediated endocytosis. First we demonstrate that Rab11-FIP2 contains an NPF motif that allows it to bind Reps1, a member of a family of EH domain proteins involved in endocytosis. We also show that Rab11-FIP2 associates with the α-adaptin subunit of AP-2 complexes, which are known to recruit receptors into clathrin-coated vesicles. Finally, we find that overexpression of Rab11-FIP2 suppresses the internalization of epidermal growth factor receptors, but not transferrin receptors, through binding sites that promote complex formation with Rab11, Reps1, and α-adaptin. These findings suggest that Rab11-FIP2 may participate in the coupling of receptor-mediated endocytosis to the subsequent sorting of receptor-containing vesicles in endosomes.
African American Students at Predominantly White Institutions: A Motivational and Self-Systems Approach to Understanding Retention

Predominantly White institutions have not been as effective as historically Black institutions in retaining and conferring degrees upon African American college students. This review seeks to embed the psychological aspects of the retention process proposed by Bean and Eaton [A psychological model of college student retention. In J. M. Braxton (Ed.), Reworking the student departure puzzle (pp. 48–61). Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 2000] in a culturally-sensitive framework and consider how African American students attending PWIs may experience the processes in retention. We first give a brief overview of Bean and Eaton’s [A psychological model of college student retention. In J. M. Braxton (Ed.), Reworking the student departure puzzle (pp. 48–61). Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 2000] model of retention, then we propose and discuss revisions to Bean and Eaton’s model that we believe would make the model more applicable to African American students attending predominantly White institutions. Specifically, we address students’ attitudes towards their institution, academic self-efficacy, motivation, achievement goals, attributions, and ethnic and bicultural identity development. The discussion concludes with implications and directions for future study.
Understanding children's use of secrecy in the context of eyewitness reports.

To investigate socioemotional influences on children's eyewitness accuracy, we examined children's reports for activities they were motivated to conceal. Forty-eight 3–6-year-old children participated in a standardized play session with their mothers. Half of the children were told by an experimenter not to play with certain toys, but did so at the urging of their mothers, who told their children to keep the play activities secret. The remaining children were not restricted from playing with the toys, nor told by their mothers to keep the play activities secret. Later, all children were interviewed about the activities with free narrative and detailed questions. Half were given an interview that consisted of highly suggestive questions; half were given an interview consisting of specific, less suggestive questions. Results indicated that older children who were instructed to keep events secret withheld more information than did older children not told to keep events secret. Younger children's reports were not significantly affected by the secret manipulation. There were no significant effects associated with interview type. We discuss implications for understanding the development of children's knowledge and use of secrecy, and applications of the research to issues that arise when child witnesses give reports in legal contexts.
The Effect of Changes in Relative Humidity on the Hydration Rate of Pachuca Obsidian

Abstract The effect of relative humidity on the hydration rate of obsidian and other glasses has been debated since the early work of [I. Friedman, R. Smith, Am. Antiquity 25 (1960) 476]. While more recent work has been in general agreement that a relative humidity dependence does exist, hydration profiles as a function of relative humidity have not been obtained. In this paper we present the results of a study in which samples of Pachuca obsidian were hydrated for approximately 5 days at 150 °C at relative humidities ranging from 21% to 100%, and the resultant profiles were measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The results suggest that the hydration rate is, indeed, a function of relative humidity, but for the relative humidity levels commonly observed in most soils the effects on hydration dating are expected to be relatively small. In addition, analysis of the surface values as sorption isotherms and comparisons with nitrogen sorption isotherms suggests that water is relatively strongly bound to the obsidian surface. By assuming a situation in which the ‘surface’ refers to active centers within the glass we have shown that an adsorption model provides a useful approach to modeling the diffusive process.
N-benzyl-N-lactyl dithiocarbamate treatment of mice after chronic cadmium administration

Administration ofN-benzyl-N-lactyl dithiocarbamate (BLDTC) to mice after chronic cadmium (Cd) administration evoked a prompt, dose-dependent reduction of the whole body burden; 75% of the retained Cd was mobilized and excreted after 20 i.p. injections of BLDTC at 1.0 mmol/kg/injection. This same dose regimen produced 71% and 98% reductions of the renal and hepatic Cd concentrations, respectively. There was no reduction by BLDTC of the endogenous level of any of seven other metals measured: iron, magnesium, selenium, copper, calcium, zinc, and manganese. Renal proximal tubular damage in mice which received Cd followed by BLDTC was much less than that observed in kidneys from mice which received Cd alone. Chronic Cd administration led to substantial epithelial vacuolar damage to renal distal tubules, and this process was not apparently reversed or antagonized by BLDTC treatment to the extent observed in proximal tubules.
Preliminary report: epidemiology of infections due to the atypical acid-fast bacilli.

SUMMARY 1.The atypical mycobacteria are distinct bacteriologic entities differing from M. tuberculosis both in cultural and biochemical characteristics and in animal pathogenicity. They need to be more adequately defined bacteriologically. 2.The atypical mycobacteria need to be considered as actual or potential human pathogens with variations in pathogenicity by groups. They are less capable than M. tuberculosis of producing progressive pulmonary disease. 3.Of all our known cases, elderly white men constitute the group of largest number. Preliminary data suggest that the colored race, and especially the colored male, has the higher attack rate. 4.Men who were born and have lived most of their lives in the rural southeast are most commonly involved with the non-photochromogens. 5.People found to harbor these organisms belong chiefly to the low socio-economic stratum. 6.There is in our series a distinct seasonal variation in the occurrence and/or recognition of newly identified cases. 7.The available data suggest a clustering by families of those exhibiting evidence of exposure to these bacteria, but conclusive evidence of transmission from man to man has not been obtained. 8.The habitat of these organisms remains uncertain; they could be derived from an extra-human source—possibly the soil. 9.Production of overt disease by these bacteria may be related to previous pulmonary abnormality and lowered pulmonary resistance. 10.All aspects of these infections must have additional study.
Role of cytomegalovirus infection in allograft rejection: a review of possible mechanisms

Several lines of evidence indicate that viral infections, particularly with cytomegalovirus (CMV), play a role in the pathogenesis of solid organ allograft rejection. A diagnostic feature of acute rejection is infiltration of allograft parenchyma by lymphocytes, a process regulated by induction of adhesion molecules on vascular endothelial cells and their ligand on leucocytes. Data derived from biopsies of CMV-infected transplant recipients, as well as from experimental models of transplantation, indicate that CMV infection can result in an upregulation of such adhesion molecules, thereby facilitating the inflammatory process. Infection with CMV is also associated with an increased expression of MHC class II on multiple cell types. Since recognition of nonself MHC antigens is the major determinant of allograft rejection, an upregulation of these molecules could contribute to graft failure. Infection with CMV has also been implicated in the induction of smooth muscle proliferation and intimal thickening, both hallmarks of transplant atherosclerosis, which constitutes the most common cause of heart allograft failure. CMV can be classified into four, possibly five, different genotypes based on restriction length polymorphism of the envelope glycoprotein B gene; these genotypes may exhibit varied geographic and demographic frequency distributions and also differ in their pathogenicity and cell tropism. Further studies are needed to evaluate these issues and in particular the genetic contribution of the recipient to CMV modulation of rejection.
New Reference Locality for Saratoga Chalk, Howard County, Arkansas: ABSTRACT

The Saratoga Chalk (Navarro Group, Gulf Series, Upper Cretaceous) crops out in a narrow band trending northeast-southwest through Howard, Hempstead, Pike, and Clark Counties, southwest Arkansas. The Saratoga Chalk is a fossiliferous, hard, sandy chalk, somewhat glauconitic in composition, with thin beds of marly chalks and chalky sands scattered through the formation. Lying disconformably on the Marlbrook Marl, the basal contact is quite distinctive owing to a persistent break in lithology and faunal types. The overlying Nacatoch sandstone disconformably overlies the Saratoga Chalk. The outcrop, located in Sec. 32, T11S, R27W, approximately 0.5 mi (800 m) west of the Saratoga townsite, provides a complete, easily accessible exposure of the Saratoga Chalk (here 24 ft or 7 m thick) within 1 mi (1.6 km) of the type locality. This new reference locality will complement the poor exposure of the formation at the type locality at Saratoga, Arkansas. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1214------------
Top Picks, Columnists, and Artists

This column discusses the process of choosing articles from the computer architecture conferences of 2011 for the Top Picks issue. It also acknowledges the 100th column of Micro Economics and the new cover artist for IEEE Micro.
The infrared and Raman spectra of octachloro-, octafluoro-, and octahydroxycycfobutane

Abstract Infrared and Raman spectra are reported for cyclo -C 4 Cl 8 , c -C 4 F 8 , and c -C 4 (OH) 8 . In each case the infrared measurements extended down to 35 cm −1 . For c -C 4 Cl 8 infrared data were obtained on the solid, and Raman data on the solid at room temperature and at −168°C, on a saturated CS 2 solution, and on the melt at 280°C. For c -C 4 F 8 infrared measurements were made on the gas and on the solid at ~ −173°C and Raman ones on the gas and the liquid (both at room temperature). For c -C 4 (OH) 8 infrared data were obtained on the solid and Raman data on the solid and on an aqueous solution. These are the first vibrational results reported for c -C 4 Cl 8 , and almost the first for c -C 4 (OH) 8 . For c -C 4 F 8 our data are more extensive and accurate than those in the literature, and require modification of 8–10 of the assignments. The results provide convincing evidence that the carbon rings in c -C 4 Cl 8 and c -C 4 F 8 are puckered, and that the molecules have D 2d symmetry. Unfortunately the frequency of the puckering mode could not be found. In c -C 4 (OH) 8 the evidence is equally clear that the ring is planar and the symmetry is D 4 h . It is suggested that this surprising result is due to internal hydrogen bonding, which provides an added constraint against folding the ring. For each molecule assignments are made to nearly all the spectroscopically-active fundamentals. Typically about half of these are certain, while the remainder are in doubt to varying degrees.
Trajectories of childhood aggression and inattention/hyperactivity: Differential effects on substance abuse in adolescence.

Abstract Objective Aggression and hyperactivity/inattention each are linked to risk of alcohol use disorder (AUD), but their unique contributions remain ambiguous. The present study disaggregated these two domains developmentally and examined the relation between childhood behavior trajectories and adolescent substance use. Method A total of 335 children of alcoholic and nonalcoholic fathers were studied prospectively. Parallel process latent trajectory class analysis was developed with behavioral ratings by parents and teachers of aggression and inattention/hyperactivity across ages 7 to 16. Membership in the four latent classes was used as a predictor for problem adolescence alcohol use and substance onset. Results Youths in the four latent trajectory classes differed in number of alcohol problems at age 16: healthy class (39% of sample, mean 2.1 alcohol-related problems), inattentive/hyperactive but not aggressive (33%; mean 2.7 problems), aggressive but not inattentive/hyperactive (4%, mean 5.0 problems), and comorbid (24%; mean 4.0 problems). Survival analysis revealed that the aggressive, comorbid, and inattentive/hyperactive classes had significantly earlier onsets of drinking, drunkenness, and marijuana use than the healthy class. Illicit drug use was also significantly increased in the comorbid, aggressive, and inattentive/hyperactive classes compared to the healthy class. Conclusions Three levels of behavioral risk of substance abuse exist, the highest having trajectories of increased aggressive and inattentive/hyperactive problems throughout childhood, the next involving only an increased inattentive/hyperactive behavioral trajectory, and the lowest involving those with neither type of problem. Children with both inattention/hyperactivity and aggression have the greatest need for childhood intervention to prevent substance abuse in adolescence.
Quantification of the upper and second sacral segment safe zones in normal and dysmorphic sacra

Objectives:To quantify the obliquity and dimensions of the upper and second sacral segment iliosacral screw safe zones and to determine the differences between normal and dysmorphic sacral morphology.Design:Retrospective cohort.Setting:University Level I trauma center.Patients/Participants:Fifty pat
Effects of Cardiomyopathy-Related Troponin T Mutations on the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System

Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC) is a disease of the myocardium that can be caused by a mutation in a sarcomeric gene. TNNT2 encodes cardiac troponin T (cTnT), a sarcomeric protein important for cardiac muscle contraction. Mutations in TNNT2 are frequently linked to sudden cardiac death (SCD); however their role in heart failure and cardiomyopathy is unclear. We hypothesize that changes in the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) are related to increased risk of cardiac death, and that changes in the UPS may be related to calcium sensitization caused by TNNT2 mutations. We examined two mutations in TNNT2, R278C, which is associated with mild effects and late-onset heart disease, and the calcium-sensitizing mutation I79N, which is early-onset and has severe cardiac effects, including SCD. In 3-month-old transgenic mice expressing the I79N mutant form of troponin T, expression of the proteasome subunit PSMA6 was decreased by approximately 35% in I79N mice when compared to hearts from wild-type transgenic mice. Protein levels of the 19S regulator subunit Rpt1 were increased in the hearts of 3-month-old I79N mice and decreased in the hearts of 1-year-old R278C mice. Expression of PKC alpha, an important regulator of cardiac contractility, was decreased in R278C mice at 1 year. Activity of the lysosomal protease cathepsin L was increased in 1-year-old I79N mice, indicating disruption of another major proteolytic system in these hearts. Quantitative real-time PCR of the genes involved in the ubiquitination pathway (E1, E2, and E3 enzymes) showed that transcript levels were increased or decreased for 25 genes in I79N mice and three genes in R278C mice. These data demonstrate that the UPS is affected at the gene expression and protein level in R278C and I79N mice, indicating that changes in the UPS may be involved in FHC.
The success of emergency endotracheal intubation in trauma patients: a 10-year experience at a major adult trauma referral center.

Background Emergency airway management is a required skill for many anesthesiologists. We studied 10 yr of experience at a Level 1 trauma center to determine the outcomes of tracheal intubation attempts within the first 24 h of admission. Methods We examined Trauma Registry, quality management, and billing system records from July 1996 to June 2006 to determine the number of patients requiring intubation within 1 h of hospital arrival and to estimate the number requiring intubation with the first 24 h. We reviewed the medical record of each patient in either cohort who underwent a surgical airway access procedure (tracheotomy or cricothyrotomy) to determine the presenting characteristics of the patients and the reason they could not be orally or nasally intubated. Results All intubation attempts were supervised by an anesthesiologist experienced in trauma patient care. Rapid sequence intubation with direct laryngoscopy was the standard approach throughout the study period. During the first hour after admission, 6088 patients required intubation, of whom 21 (0.3%) received a surgical airway. During the first 24 h, 10 more patients, for a total of 31, received a surgical airway, during approximately 32,000 attempts (0.1%). Unanticipated difficult upper airway anatomy was the leading reason for a surgical airway. Four of the 31 patients died of their injuries but none as the result of failed intubation. Conclusions In the hands of experienced anesthesiologists, rapid sequence intubation followed by direct laryngoscopy is a remarkably effective approach to emergency airway management. An algorithm designed around this approach can achieve very high levels of success.
Treatment outcomes for patients with chloroma receiving radiation therapy

Introduction This study aims to analyse treatment outcomes, disease control and toxicity in patients with chloromas referred for radiation therapy (RT). Methods Medical records were retrospectively reviewed for 41 patients with chloromas treated with RT at our institution. Results Twenty-five patients were treated with palliative intent, whereas sixteen received RT as a component of curative intent therapy in addition to systemic chemotherapy with or without haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). All patients received RT for chloroma (median dose 24 Gy). Median survival was 5.4 months after RT (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.5–12.6 months), and no significant difference in overall survival was identified based on prior treatment with systemic chemotherapy alone or HSCT. Patients treated with curative intent had a median survival of 26.2 months (95% CI 6.1–48.9 months) and a Kaplan–Meier estimate of 15% overall survival at 5 years. At the end of the study follow-up period, 38 patients were dead and three patients treated with curative intent remained alive. After palliative RT, 44% of patients experienced partial relief and 48% experienced complete symptomatic improvement without significant acute toxicities. Conclusions RT provides timely symptom palliation for patients with chloromas with minimal morbidity, but the prognosis remains poor. Long-term remission can be achieved in selected patients with salvage chemotherapy and HSCT.
Does empowering resident families or nursing home employees in decision making improve service quality

This research examines how the empowerment of residents’ family members and nursing home employees in managerial decision making is related to service quality. The study was conducted using data from 33 nursing homes in the United States. Surveys were administered to more than 1,000 employees on-site and mailed to the primary-contact family member of each resident. The resulting multilevel data were analyzed using hierarchical linear modeling. The empowerment of families in decision making was positively associated with their perceptions of service quality. The empowerment of nursing staff in decision making was more strongly related to service quality than the empowerment of nonnursing staff. Among nursing staff, the empowerment of nursing assistants improved service quality more than the empowerment of nurses.
Retinoic Acid Inhibits HIV-1–Induced Podocyte Proliferation through the cAMP Pathway

HIV-associated nephropathy is characterized by renal podocyte proliferation and dedifferentiation. This study found that all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) reverses the effects of HIV-1 infection in podocytes. Treatment with atRA reduced cell proliferation rate by causing G1 arrest and restored the expression of the differentiation markers (synaptopodin, nephrin, podocin, and WT-1) in HIV-1-infected podocytes. It is interesting that both atRA and 9-cis RA increased intracellular cAMP levels in podocytes. Podocytes expressed most isoforms of retinoic acid receptors (RAR) and retinoid X receptors (RXR) with the exception of RXRgamma. RARalpha antagonists blocked atRA-induced cAMP production and its antiproliferative and prodifferentiation effects on podocytes, suggesting that RARalpha is required. For determination of the effect of increased intracellular cAMP on HIV-infected podocytes, cells were stimulated with either forskolin or 8-bromo-cAMP. Both compounds inhibited cell proliferation significantly and restored synaptopodin expression in HIV-infected podocytes. The effects of atRA were abolished by Rp-cAMP, an inhibitor of the cAMP/protein kinase A pathway and were enhanced by rolipram, an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 4, suggesting that the antiproliferative and prodifferentiation effects of atRA on HIV-infected podocytes are cAMP dependent. Furthermore, both atRA and forskolin suppressed HIV-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 and 2 and Stat3 phosphorylation. In vivo, atRA reduced proteinuria, cell proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis in HIV-1-transgenic mice. These findings suggest that atRA reverses the abnormal phenotype in HIV-1-infected podocytes by stimulating RARalpha-mediated intracellular cAMP production. These results demonstrate the mechanism by which atRA reverses the proliferation of podocytes that is induced by HIV-1.
Nosocomial Infection with Gentamicin-Carbenicillin-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to both gentamicin and carbenicillin was isolated with increasing frequency at the Cincinnati Veterans Administration Hospital during the period 1971 to 1974. A comparison of patients from whom P. aeruginosa was isolated during this period failed to reveal any significant clinical differences between the patients colonized or infected with resistant organisms and those colonized or infected with susceptible organisms. Overt clinical infection attributable to either organism was rare. The antibiotic-resistant organisms were isolated most frequently from urine. Isolation of the antibiotic-resistant organisms was more frequent from patients who had previously received gentamicin.
Review of magnetometry

This article reviews developments in magnetometry since the symposium of the 12th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials in 1966. No new principles have been discovered since then. However, many variations of force, magnetic induction and indirect techniques have been published which satisfy a variety of different applications. The basic principles and selected examples of some of these are discussed. The advantages and limitations of each method are outlined. The choice of a particular technique often depends on the constraints imposed by the specimen environment. Measurements by ac and dc force and magnetic induction, SQUID detectors, moving sample, rotating sample and field, and some indirect techniques are examined.