cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Results of a School-Based Obesity Prevention Program Targeting Early Childhood Students

The purpose of this study was to determine whether early childhood students who participated in the Healthy for Life/PE4ME program experienced significant changes in their age-adjusted body mass index (BMI) percentiles, obesity-related behaviors, and identification of healthy foods and physical activities. The school-based program included nutrition education and physical activity components implemented by the teacher and program dietitian. Participants were 356 children and their parents, in17 Southern California schools with a high percentage of ethnically diverse, low income students. Parents completed a survey assessing their children’s demographics; family medical history; and obesity-related lifestyle behaviors; at pre-test and post-test. Students completed a picture scale activity to assess their ability to identify healthy versus. unhealthy foods and active vs. less active physical activities. BMI percentiles significantly decreased among children who were overweight or obese at pre-test; they also significantly decreased their junk food consumption (e.g., soda, Cheetos©). Obese children at pre-test significantly decreased their consumption of whole milk and increased their consumption of low-fat milk. Normal weight children significantly increased their consumption of milk and their physical activity. These findings provide preliminary evidence that the Healthy for Life/PE4ME program may be effective in reducing the childhood obesity trend in Orange County preschool children.
Redirected Walking in Mixed Reality Training Applications

To create effective immersive training experiences, it is important to provide intuitive interfaces that allow users to move around and interact with virtual content in a manner that replicates real world experiences. However, natural locomotion remains an implementation challenge because the dimensions of the physical tracking space restrict the size of the virtual environment that users can walk through. To relax these limitations, redirected walking techniques may be employed to enable walking through immersive virtual environments that are substantially larger than the physical tracking area. In this chapter, we present practical design considerations for employing redirected walking in immersive training applications and recent research evaluating the impact on spatial orientation. Additionally, we also describe an alternative implementation of redirection that is more appropriate for mixed reality environments. Finally, we discuss challenges and future directions for research in redirected walking with the goal of transitioning these techniques into practical training simulators.
Combination of arginine deprivation with TRAIL treatment as a targeted-therapy for mesothelioma.

UNLABELLED In the present study we present data to show that certain tumor cells including malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) cells do not express argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS), and thus are unable to synthesize arginine from citrulline. Exposure of these ASS-negative cells to the arginine degrading enzyme, arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG20), for 72 h results in significant increases in cleaved caspase-3. Importantly, this apoptotic signal is further strengthened by the addition of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). Using flow cytometry, we showed that the combination treatment (ADI-PEG20 at 50 ng/ml and TRAIL at 10 ng/ml) for 24 h resulted in profound cell death with 67% of cells positive for caspase-3 activity, while ADI-PEG20 alone or TRAIL alone resulted in only 10-15% cell death. This positive amplification loop is mediated through the cleavage of proapototic protein "BID". CONCLUSION Our work represents a new strategy for treating patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma using targeted molecular therapeutics based on selected tumor markers, thus avoiding the use of potentially cytotoxic chemotherapy.
Multiconfiguration Pair-Density Functional Theory.

We present a new theoretical framework, called Multiconfiguration Pair-Density Functional Theory (MC-PDFT), which combines multiconfigurational wave functions with a generalization of density functional theory (DFT). A multiconfigurational self-consistent-field (MCSCF) wave function with correct spin and space symmetry is used to compute the total electronic density, its gradient, the on-top pair density, and the kinetic and Coulomb contributions to the total electronic energy. We then use a functional of the total density, its gradient, and the on-top pair density to calculate the remaining part of the energy, which we call the on-top-density-functional energy in contrast to the exchange-correlation energy of Kohn–Sham DFT. Because the on-top pair density is an element of the two-particle density matrix, this goes beyond the Hohenberg–Kohn theorem that refers only to the one-particle density. To illustrate the theory, we obtain first approximations to the required new type of density functionals by trans...
The Responsibilities of Competence in the Global Village

Specialists in world affairs have a special responsibility to not only teach and conduct high-quality research, but to address the major problems confronting the global village. Two basic problems today are poverty and war, and the evidence suggests that very little progress can be made in the former until considerable progress has been made in regard to the latter. Armed rivalry between East and West so permeates and corrupts the underdeveloped societies that neither resources nor infrastructure can be put into place until that rivalry is brought under control. Among our responsibilities as teachers, researchers, writers and practitioners, is the need for less tolerance and acquiescence in ‘business as usual’. For example, our research requires greater attention to reproducible evidence and to generalizations based on entire classes of cases, rather than a small number based on selective recall. Our teaching requires not only greater attention to methodological rigor, but to explicit consideration of rival and unconventional interpretations. As writers and journalists, we need to be more critical of the arguments and evidence adduced by the elites and the counter-elites. And, as practitioners, it is time for us to pay more attention to the needs of our societies than to the short-run consideration of bureaucratic and personal interests. The problems are menacing, the time is short, and the responsibilities and opportunities are clearly in our hands.
The Development of Pentac® Resistance in an Outcrossing Swarm of the Two-Spotted Spider Mite

An outcrossing swarm of Tetranychus urticae Koch showed a rapid shift in response to Pentac ® (bis (pentachloro-2,4-cyclopentadien-1-yl) selection. No appreciable shift in response to Pentac selection was found in greenhouse strains under long-term Pentac control programs. In nature, free genetic variability was not available for the development of resistance. The imposed outcrossing system used in this study was a prerequisite to the release of variability for the response to selection.
A Certain Quadratic Diophantine Invariant

(1939). A Certain Quadratic Diophantine Invariant. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 203-208.
Behavior and Influence of Oxygen in Chromium Silicide Formation

We investigated the redistribution of oxygen after a thermally induced reaction of an evaporated chromium film deposited on an Si substrate. To monitor the redistribution, 18 O was implanted in the metal film or in the silicon substrate. Depth profiles were determined by the isotope-specific reaction 18 O (p,α) 15 N before and after thermal annealing. Silicide formation was monitored by 2 MeV 4 He + backscattering spectrometry. It was found that oxygen in the chromium film remains stationary with respect to the chromium during silicide formation, but oxygen in the silicon substrate accumulates at the silicon-silicide interface. The phase formed is CrSi 2 , as for the unimplanted reference samples. The effect of oxygen on the rate of silicide formation is much more pronounced when the oxygen is in the silicon substrate rather than in the chromium film. This asymmetry is attributed to the fact that silicon is the dominant diffusing species during CrSi 2 formation. These results are contrasted with those for nickel and platinum, where the metal moves in the silicide formed by these metals.
Observations on the “Latent Period” in Experimental Diabetes Insipidus.

ConclusionIn the light of the foregoing analysis it seems that the early temporary alleviation of d.i. which invariably occurs when prolonged d.i. is precipitated by hypothalamic lesions is not due to a fleeting depression of anterior pituitary function.†
The effects of weighting function errors on spatial filters for structural control

Distributed-effect sensors, which respond to spatially distributed inputs over a significant gauge length, encompass piezoelectric laminate films, modal-domain optical fiber sensors, and holographic sensors; they can be fabricated with spatially varying sensitivity to a distributed measurand for spatial filtering. Such spatial filters are configurable to extract various structural parameters from distributed measurements that cannot be directly measured by sensors. A modeling is presently conducted for distributed-effect sensors' integration into state-space structural models, noting the effects of fabrication errors on sensor operation.
Emotion Regulation and Memory: Differential Associations in Younger and Midlife/Older Adults

Background/Study Context: Older adults may devote more cognitive resources to the processing and regulation of emotion stimuli than younger adults, but no studies have determined associations between episodic memory performance and naturalistic emotion recovery in a mixed-age sample. The current study ascertained if episodic memory scores were associated with emotion recovery in younger and midlife/older adults and if these associations were moderated by age.Methods: Participants watched a montage of film clips about interpersonal loss. Self-reported negative and positive emotions were assessed prior to the video, immediately after, and again 10 min after the video. Executive functions, processing speed, and episodic memory were assessed.Results: Participants with better episodic memory recovered more quickly from the mood induction than participants with lower scores. Age moderated the association between joviality recovery and memory. Specifically, there was a significantly stronger, positive associatio...
Leukocyte counts of germ-free neonatally thymectomized CFW mice.

Examination of hematologic data from germ-free, germ-free thymectomized, conventional, and conventional thymectomized CFW mice revealed few statistically significant differences in hematocrit values or total leukocyte counts. Germ-free thymectomized and conventional thymectomized mice had significantly higher counts than their controls on 8 and 9 days out of the first 2 weeks following thymectomy, but not after 2 weeks. A slight decrease in agranulocytes was noted in both groups of thymectomized mice only during the first 2 weeks postthymectomy. With the onset of wasting disease both granulocyte and agranulocyte counts increased in the conventional thymectomized mice.
Experimental concurrent infection of cattle with Ostertagia ostertagi and Salmonella dublin.

Six seven-month-old Friesian steers were given 8.1 × 109 Salmonella dublin orally. Four had been infected with third stage larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi on four occasions over the previous three months. All became pyrexic and excreted S dublin in the faeces for eight to 15 days. Intravenous injection of 8.7 × 108 S dublin six weeks later produced similarly mild effects in parasitised and control animals alike. Two parasitised animals stopped excreting S dublin after three and five weeks respectively; the other four were still excreting regularly when killed eight weeks after intravenous infection. S dublin was recovered from the carcases of all six. O ostertagi, unlike Fasciola hepatica, did not increase susceptibility to S dublin or predispose to prolonged infection.
Electronic and optical properties of the cubic spinel phase of c − Si 3 N 4 , c − Ge 3 N 4 , c − SiGe 2 N 4 , and c − GeSi 2 N 4

The electronic and optical properties of the new cubic spinel nitrides $c\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Si}}_{3}{\mathrm{N}}_{4},$ $c\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{3}{\mathrm{N}}_{4},$ and that of the predicted double nitrides $c\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{SiGe}}_{2}{\mathrm{N}}_{4}$ and $c\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{GeSi}}_{2}{\mathrm{N}}_{4}$ are studied by a first-principles method. They are all semiconductors with band gaps between 1.85 and 3.45 eV and a bulk modulus between 258 and 280 GPa. From the total-energy calculations, it is shown that $c\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{SiGe}}_{2}{\mathrm{N}}_{4}$ should be a stable compound while $c\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{GeSi}}_{2}{\mathrm{N}}_{4}$ could be metastable. The compound $c\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{SiGe}}_{2}{\mathrm{N}}_{4}$ is of particular interest because of a favorable direct band gap of 1.85 eV and a conduction-band effective mass of 0.49. The crystal has a very strong covalent bonding character as revealed by the calculated Mulliken effective charge and bond order. The strong covalent bonding in $c\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{SiGe}}_{2}{\mathrm{N}}_{4}$ is attributed to the optimal arrangement of the cations. The smaller Si ion occupies the tetrahedrally coordinated $(8a)$ site and the larger Ge ion occupies the octahedrally coordinated $(16d)$ site.
Parallelizing Latent Semantic Indexing using an FPGA-based architecture

Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) has played a significant role in discovering patterns on the relationships between query terms and unstructured documents. However, the inherent characteristics of complex matrix factorization in LSI make it difficult to meet stringent performance requirements. In this paper, we present a deeply pipelined reconfigurable architecture for LSI, which parallelizes the matrix factorization and dimensionality reduction, computation of cosine similarity between vectors, and the ranking of documents. Our architecture implements the reduced Singular Value Decomposition with Hestenes-Jacobi algorithm, in which both singular values and orthogonal vectors are collected, and its components can be reconfigured to update query vector coordinate and calculate query-document similarity. In addition, an ordered tree structure is used to reduce the matrix dimension and rank the documents. Analysis of our design indicates the potential to achieve a performance of 8.9 GFLOPS with dimension-dependent speedups over an optimized software implementation that range from 3.8× to 10.1× in terms of computation time.
Facile Reductive Silylation of UO2 2+ to Uranium(IV) Chloride

General reductive silylation of the UO22+ cation occurs readily in a one-pot, two-step stoichiometric reaction at room temperature to form uranium(IV) siloxides. Addition of two equivalents of an alkylating reagent to UO2 X2 (L)2 (X=Cl, Br, I, OTf; L=triphenylphosphine oxide, 2,2'-bipyridyl) followed by two equivalents of a silyl (pseudo)halide, R3 Si-X (R=aryl, alkyl, H; X=Cl, Br, I, OTf, SPh), cleanly affords (R3 SiO)2 UX2 (L)2 in high yields. Support is included for the key step in the process, reduction of UVI to UV . This procedure is applicable to a wide range of commercially available uranyl salts, silyl halides, and alkylating reagents. Under this protocol, one equivalent of SiCl4 or two equivalents of Me2 SiCl2 results in direct conversion of the uranyl to uranium(IV) tetrachloride. Full spectroscopic and structural characterization of the siloxide products is reported.
Individual Differences in Video Gaming: Defining Hardcore Video Gamers

The purpose of this study is two-fold: 1) replicate the results of Phan, Jardina, Hoyle, and Chaparro (2012), and 2) extend their work on video gamers by understanding how female and male hardcore ...
Short-term performance and evolution of material properties of warm-and hot-mix asphalt pavements

This paper presents case studies of the short-term field performance and material property evolution of four warm-mix asphalt (WMA) projects in Iowa, Louisiana, Montana, and Tennessee, constructed in 2011 and 2012. Each project had one or several WMA overlay sections and a control hot-mix asphalt (HMA). Two rounds of performance investigations were conducted, including a survey of field distress and characterization of material properties. Field cores from the two rounds (the first immediately after construction, the second 2 to 3 years after construction) were used to evaluate the performance of the mixtures in terms of dynamic modulus, creep compliance, fracture testing at intermediate and low temperatures, and the Hamburg wheel-tracking test. The following tests were also used to evaluate the extracted asphalt binders: performance grading, multiple stress creep recovery, and monotonic fracture at two temperatures. This study showed that the material properties (rutting and cracking resistance) evolved ...
No evidence of a role of the β4 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in alcohol-related behaviors

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors have gained attention in the last several years as mediators of alcohol-related behaviors. The genes that code for the α5, α3, and β4 subunits (Chrna5, Chrna3, and Chrnb4, respectively) map adjacent to each other on human chromosome 15/mouse chromosome 9. Genetic variants in this region have been associated with alcohol phenotypes and mice that overexpress these three subunits have reduced ethanol intake. In the present experiments, we examined the role of the Chrnb4 gene in three ethanol behaviors: consumption, ataxia, and sedation. Wildtype, heterozygous, and knockout mice were tested for ethanol consumption with a 2-bottle choice procedure and the drinking-in-the-dark paradigm. Ethanol-induced ataxia was measured with the balance beam and dowel test. Finally, the sedative effects of ethanol were measured with the loss of righting reflex paradigm. We observed no significant genotypic effects on any of the ethanol behaviors examined, suggesting that the β4 subunit is not involved in mediating these responses. While we found no evidence for the involvement of the β4 subunit in ethanol responses, it is possible that this subunit modulates other behaviors not tested and further work should address this before completely ruling out its involvement.
Dead matter: The meaning of iconic corpses by Margaret Schwartz

In the brief preface to Dead Matter, Margaret Schwartz begins her study by plainly stating that her father died, at home, of a massive heart attack when she was 15 years old. This early experience ...
Muslims of Russia Communities

This chapter introduces the discourse about Islam in the North Caucasus and some positions held by non-Muslim Russians, with particular reference to visions of Russia’s place in the world and in history, and of the place of Islam in Russia. It also offers a specific discussion of the Russkie Musul’mane movement.
Development of a real-time prediction model of driver behavior at intersections using kinematic time series data

As connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs) enter the fleet, there will be a long period when these vehicles will have to interact with human drivers. One of the challenges for CAVs is that human drivers do not communicate their decisions well. Fortunately, the kinematic behavior of a human-driven vehicle may be a good predictor of driver intent within a short time frame. We analyzed the kinematic time series data (e.g., speed) for a set of drivers making left turns at intersections to predict whether the driver would stop before executing the turn. We used principal components analysis (PCA) to generate independent dimensions that explain the variation in vehicle speed before a turn. These dimensions remained relatively consistent throughout the maneuver, allowing us to compute independent scores on these dimensions for different time windows throughout the approach to the intersection. We then linked these PCA scores to whether a driver would stop before executing a left turn using the random intercept Bayesian additive regression trees. Five more road and observable vehicle characteristics were included to enhance prediction. Our model achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.84 at 94m away from the center of an intersection and steadily increased to 0.90 by 46m away from the center of an intersection.
Bioequivalence of Topical Dermatological Products

Topical products include a broad array of preparations that are designed to deliver drugs externally to prevent or treat disease and/or to alleviate symptomatology. General categories include ophthalmic and otic preparations, mouth, throat, and anorectal preparations, spermicides and vaginal preparations, irrigating solutions, antiseptics and germicides, and dermatological products.1 This chapter will consider only the last of these categories, topical dermatological products, and will focus on issues concerning the documentation of bioequivalence between topical dermatological formulations containing the same active agent. Documentation of bioequivalence is required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to approve generic versions of products that have been approved as “new drugs,” that is, for products which have been approved through the submission, review, and approval of data in a New Drug Application (NDA). Bioequivalence is generally not required for over-the-counter products, nor is it necessarily a concern for drugs or products that do not now come under regulatory scrutiny. This chapter will not address bioavailability/bioequivalence of products that are applied topically but are designed to administer drugs into the systemic circulation. Bioavailability/bioequivalence of these transdermal formulations is considered in Chapter 22 of this volume.
Future Directions for Positive Behavior Support: A Commentary:

Clarke et al. provide a summary of research published in Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions over the past 17 years and identify trends in the type of scholarship guiding the field. We offer...
A quasi-experimental synthetic control evaluation of a place-based police-directed patrol intervention on violent crime

This research evaluates the impact of an implementation of a place-based police-directed patrol intervention—originally based on the Data Driven Approaches to Crime and Traffic Safety (DDACTS) model—on violent crime in Flint, Michigan, USA. We utilize recent advances in synthetic control methods to implement a retrospective quasi-experimental design across seven separate intervention areas, producing a counterfactual estimate of what would have happened to violent crime had the intervention never been implemented. We use survey weight calibration to produce counterfactual intervention areas using comparison block groups in Flint, and account for treatment diffusion by using comparison block groups from Detroit. The synthetic control method calibrated a set of weights to exactly match the intervention hot spots to counterfactuals from Flint and Detroit. Although basic trend analyses suggested declines in violent crime in the treatment areas, the synthetic controls raised questions about treatment effects. Specifically, the Flint comparison revealed an unexpected increase in aggravated assaults associated with the intervention, whereas the Detroit comparison suggested a similar effect but also possible reduction in robberies. This evaluation presents mixed findings regarding the effect of the intervention on violent crime. Inconsistent program effects may be attributable to incongruences between the program as implemented and the prescribed DDACTS model on which it was based. The findings also suggest the need for future research to investigate potential differential effects of directed patrol on specific types of violent crime. The synthetic control method provides a powerful means for counterfactual estimation in retrospective evaluations.
A ca. 40 kDa maize (Zea mays L.) embryo dehydrin is encoded by the dhn2 locus on chromosome 9

Dehydrins (LEA D11 proteins) are the products of multigene families in a number of higher plants [5]. To date, however, only one dehydrin locus, dhn1 (a major embryo and drought-induced protein of ca. 18 kDa) has been placed on chromosome 6L of the genetic linkage map of maize. The presence of a larger, ca. 40 kDa embryo protein that is also specifically detected by anti-dehydrin antibodies had been observed in some maize inbreds, including B73, suggesting that other dhn loci may exist. The ca. 22 kDa and ca. 40 kDa immunopositive proteins were purified from B73 and their amino acid compositions determined. The two proteins' amino acid compositions are typical of dehydrins, yet they differ from each other, indicating that they are distinct dhn gene products. Different size alleles for both proteins, or presence/absence in the case of the ca. 40 kDa protein, were evident from comparisons of embryo proteins of various maize inbreds. Analysis of segregating F2 progeny derived from self-pollination of F1 hybrids from four crosses (B73 × OH43, Mo17 × A632, AHO × A632, Latente × A632) revealed that alleles of the two genes assort independently. Map positions of the two dhn loci were then determined using two maize recombinant inbred line (RIL) mapping populations. The predicted map position of the gene controlling production of the ca. 22 kDa protein confirmed that this protein is the product of the dhn1 gene. The gene encoding the ca. 40 kDa dehydrin-like protein maps to a new locus on chromosome 9S near wx1, which we have named dhn2.
Warring Cosmologies and The Emergence of Eurocentric Science

In the previous chapter I said a lot about the arguments Aristotle made about two issues: first, the construction of new knowledge through reason and second, the nature of reality and the role of our senses in understanding that nature. Aristotle and his followers accepted that there was an external objective world that was separate from our consciousness, that we could perceive reality but not create it and for each of us that perception was unique. They accepted that axioms used in deductive reasoning were self-evident fundamental principles that did not need proof and that knowledge came from experience-based reasoning, which for all living things was unique to humans. Consistent with most Greek philosophers, Aristotle believed and argued that matter was continuous. This put him at odds with philosophers called atomists, which included both Democritus (usually the only atomistic philosopher presented in chemistry textbooks with the implication that he came up with the idea of atoms when we know from the previous chapter this is a myth) who Aristotle critiques in his writings, and Epicurus, a follower of Democritus.
Results of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Lung Project

The New York lung cancer detection program is part of the cooperative study initiated at Johns Hopkins Hospital and at the Mayo Clinic, and supported by the National Cancer Institute [2, 8, 9, 11]. We began screening in 1974, and over a period of 3½ years, 10,040 men were entered into the program. All were 45 years of age or older, and smoked one or more packs of cigarettes a day for over 20 years.
Perceived Discrimination, Coping Mechanisms, and Effects on Health in Bisexual and Other Non-Monosexual Adults.

Bisexual individuals experience unique discrimination related to their sexual orientation, which may increase their risk of adverse health outcomes. The study goal was to investigate how bisexual and other non-monosexual individuals experience discrimination, understand how they perceive discrimination to affect their health, and examine the ways in which they cope with discrimination by analyzing responses to open-ended survey questions. The sample included 442 bisexual and other non-monosexual adults, ages 18–68 years (M = 28.97, SD = 10.30), who either reported a bisexual identity or reported attractions to more than one gender. Gender identities included women (n = 347), men (n = 42), and transgender/non-binary individuals (n = 53); 29% of participants were currently located outside of the U.S. Participants completed an online survey, including three open-ended questions regarding their experiences with discrimination, how discrimination affects their health, and methods used to cope with discrimination. Themes related to perceived discrimination included: double discrimination of bisexuals and other non-monosexual individuals by heterosexuals, lesbian and gay individuals; bisexual invalidation and erasure; and sexual victimization. Themes related to the perceived effects of discrimination on health included: impact on mental health; impact on physical health; and effect of discrimination in healthcare. Themes related to coping with discrimination included: social support; resilience; and identity-specific media consumption. Findings demonstrate that bisexual and other non-monosexual individuals’ experiences of discrimination can be additive, based on other marginalized facets of identity, including race/ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status. Our findings have implications for advancing bisexual health research from an intersectionality framework.
A comparative study between adenoids and nasal mucosa for ciliated epithelium in children with recurrent or chronic rhinosinusitis.

Abstract Objective To determine whether adenoid epithelium is superior to nasal mucosa for biopsy of ciliated epithelium for electron microscopy (EM) to evaluate pediatric patients with rhinosinusitis for primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). Methods A retrospective review compared electron microscopic results in children with chronic or recurrent rhinosinusitis who underwent both adenoidectomy or nasopharyngeal biopsy and nasal mucosa biopsy in the course of evaluation for PCD at a tertiary care institution. Results Forty pediatric patients met inclusion criteria for this study. Nine of these patients had a prior adenoidectomy and therefore underwent nasopharyngeal biopsy for collection of adenoid tissue. All nine of the nasopharyngeal biopsies and 25 of the 31 (80.6%) adenoid biopsies had sufficient cilia for EM evaluation of the ultrastructure. Of the 40 patients who also had a nasal biopsy, only 12 (30.0%) had sufficient cilia for EM analysis. The distribution of sufficient versus insufficient cilia for analysis between adenoid and nasal mucosa was statistically significant (P Conclusions In current practice, the nasal cavity is a common location for obtaining ciliated epithelium for EM analysis, as it is easily accessible for biopsy and the procedure itself causes relatively low patient morbidity. Chronic rhinosinusitis, however, has been associated with decreased cilia density on nasal respiratory epithelium. Given that adenoidectomies are often performed in children with chronic rhinosinusitis, our data suggest that adenoid tissue is a better source of ciliated tissue for analysis compared to turbinate epithelium.
Sepsis Core Measures - Are They Worth the Cost?

Abstract Background In 2015, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and the Joint Commission launched the sepsis core measures in an attempt to decrease sepsis morbidity and mortality. Recent studies call into question the multiple treatment measures in early goal-directed therapy on which these CMS measures are based. Objectives The purpose of this study is to compare the utilization of resources due to the implementation of the sepsis core measures while examining whether complying with these treatment guidelines decreases patient mortality. Methods Data were collected on patients suspected of sepsis in a suburban academic emergency department. These data were collected over the course of 3 consecutive years. The data collected included lactates, blood cultures, and antibiotics (vancomycin, piperacillin/tazobactam) ordered. The mortality rate of patients with a final diagnosis of sepsis present on arrival was calculated for a 3-month period of each year and compared. Results There was no difference in the mortality rates of patients with sepsis across the 3 years. There was an increase in the amount of piperacillin/tazobactam and vancomycin administered. There was a significant increase in the number of lactates and blood cultures ordered per patient across all 3 years. Conclusions There was no difference in the mortality rate of patients with a final diagnosis of sepsis. However, there was a significant increase in the utilization of resources to care for these patients. As a result of the overutilization of these resources, the cost for both patients and hospitals has increased without improvement in mortality.
Analysis in ℂp

This chapter tries to give the reader a taste of what analysis in ℂ p is like. Rather than attempt to be exhaustive, which would violate the goals of this book, we try to touch on a few remarkable points: the theory of Newton polygons, the p-adic Weierstrass Preparation Theorem, the description of entire functions. As usual, the first step is to re-appropriate all the results we obtained earlier. We then go on to consider how to extend the p-adic valuation to polynomials and power series. This will yield a norm on the spaces of polynomials and of power series, which will prove to be an important tool. We then go on to proving the main theorems themselves.
Medical Student H&Ps: Do You Have to Observe Them All At Once?

Objectives Direct observation of medical students' history and physical examination (H&P) skills by attendings is essential in ensuring trainees' competence. This study compared whether partial observations by multiple pediatric attendings across various clinical encounters versus a full observation by one attending affected students' performance on the pediatric Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) and the Year 3 Clinical Performance Examination (CPX3). Methods For the 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 academic years, 323 medical students submitted either H&P checklists completed by one attending observing an entire H&P (full observations) versus multiple attendings observing portions of the H&P (partial observations). The full and partial observation groups were compared by their pediatric OSCE and CPX3 performance. Results Students submitting full observations (n = 185) versus partial observations (n = 138) revealed no difference in OSCE (3.10 vs 3.10, P = 0.98) or CPX3 scores (74.49 vs 75.31, P = 0.18). Students submitting checklists by clerkship midpoint performed better on the OSCE (3.11 vs 2.88, P = 0.001) and CPX3 (75.00 vs 72.25, P = 0.03). Conclusions Partial versus full observations of students' H&P skills have no effect on standardized clinical examination performance, and clerkships should consider using partial observations of students for efficient assessments. Promptness of checklist submission also may be an indicator of examination performance.
Quantitative Risk Assessment of Cyber Physical Power System Using Bayesian Based on Petri Net

By analyzing the impact of cyber attack on the cyber physical power system (CPPS), a Bayesian based on petri net(BBPN) quantitative risk assessment method was proposed in this paper. Petri net as an important formal tool for modeling, analysis and analysis of distributed, parallel and real-time systems provides a solid foundation for CPS modeling. However, Petri nets lack the ability to describe spatial information, so it is impossible to fully model CPS. Incorrect system modeling can directly affect system reliability and even life-threatening and property safety, Therefore, when modeling and analyzing CPS characteristics, a more complete modeling method is needed. This paper extends the Defect extension time Petri net and constructs a spatiotemporal Petri net that can describe the positional changes of CPS physical entities. This paper also analyzes the physical characteristics of CPS in detail, starting from the classification and characteristics of physical entities, and deeply studying the properties of CPS physical entities and their location transition process. Proposing a formal modeling method for CPS physical entities; Introducing spatial factors on the basis of Petri nets by analyzing the characteristics that Petri nets must satisfy, getting the formal definition of Petri net, It can not only describe the physical entity logic and time-level behavior, but also describe the state changes caused by physical entity location changes.Firstly, using petri net to finely model important equipment in information systems, and then based on these models and the attack source delivery path, establishing the fine Bayesian cyber attack model. With the combination of the observed real-time attack events, we dynamically update the probability of attack behavior based on Bayesian reasoning. Finally, we proposed the optimal load control algorithm considering the node failure, comprehensive quantitative assessing the impact of cyber attacks on the CPPS.
Process planning for hybrid additive and subtractive manufacturing to integrate machining and directed energy deposition

Abstract This paper presents a hybrid additive and subtractive manufacturing method to integrate process planning considerations. This method could offer a new solution to deliver parts in a timely manner, minimizing inventory and material waste. The method essentially incorporates the base plate of additive manufacture into a final additive/subtractive manufactured product. Manufacturing begins with a base plate, where a set of subtractive steps will first create a portion of the design geometry. Next, the additive manufacturing process will be planned to create geometry on the machined base plate in two opposite directions, to minimize support structure and build height. Finally, a secondary machining process is planned to produce finished surfaces on the additively manufactured near net shape geometry. The work is implemented in the form of planning algorithms that integrate the aforementioned subtractive and additive process planning stages.
Measuring place of residence across urban and rural spaces: An application to fears associated with outdoor recreation

Abstract Place of residence is one factor that may affect individual engagement and experiences in outdoor recreation. In this paper we assess four measures of place of residence and their associations with fears related to outdoor recreation. Data are from a statewide survey of Missouri households conducted in 2013 (n = 3,204). Logistic regression models are used to examine different measurements of place of residence and their relationship to the likelihood respondents reported environmental or social fears related to participation in outdoor recreation. The relationship between place of residence and reporting environmental fears was contingent on how place of residence was measured. In contrast, results related to social fears were more consistent such that residents of more urban and suburban settings were significantly more likely to report a social fear related to outdoor recreation activities regardless of how place of residence was operationalized.
Preparation of osteogenic matrices from cultured cells.

Abstract Bone is a composite material consisting primarily of cells, extracellular matrices, accessory proteins and the complex calcium phosphate salt hydroxyapatite. Collectively, the extracellular network of proteins and accessory molecules that provide the organic component of bone tissue is referred to as the osteogenic extracellular matrix (OECM). OECM provides tensile strength and increases the durability of bone, but the OECM also serves as an attachment site and regulatory substrate for cells and a repository for growth factors and cytokines. Increasingly, purified OECM generated by osteogenic cells in culture has attracted interest because it has the capacity to improve the growth and viability of attached cells, enhances the osteogenic program in vitro and in vivo, and shows great promise as a therapeutic tool for orthopedic tissue engineering. This chapter will describe fundamental protocols for the selection and culture of osteogenic cells and conditions for their osteogenic differentiation, and the synthesis, purification and characterization of OECM. Some examples of immobilization to surfaces for the purpose of two- and three-dimensional culture will also be described.
Response to "Is the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection in solid organ transplant recipients really similar to that of the general population?"

We read with great interest the letter titled "Is the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection in solid organ transplant recipients really similar to that of the general population?" by Mendoza et al. regarding our recently published paper. We agree with the authors that based on current data we can only speculate that once admitted to the hospital or intensive care unit (ICU), clinical outcomes of solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients and non-SOT recipients are comparable, but it is still unclear whether SOT recipients have similar outcomes to COVID-19 infected patients in the outpatient setting.
Aging Patient Population With Ruptured Aneurysms: Trend Over 28 Years.

BACKGROUND Given increasing life expectancy in the United States and worldwide, the proportion of elderly patients affected by aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) would be expected to increase. OBJECTIVE To determine whether an aging trend exists in the population of aSAH patients presenting to our institution over a 28-yr period. METHODS A prospectively maintained database of consecutive patients presenting to our institution with subarachnoid hemorrhage between January 1991 and December 2018 was utilized. The 28-yr period was categorized into 4 successive 7-yr quarter intervals. The age of patients was compared among these intervals, and yearly trends were derived using linear regression. RESULTS The cohort consisted of 1671 ruptured aneurysm patients with a mean age of 52.8 yr (standard deviation = 15.0 yr). Over the progressive 7-yr time intervals during the 28-yr period, there was an approximately 4-fold increase in the proportion of patients aged 80 yr or above (P < .001) and an increase in mean patient age from 51.2 to 54.6 yr (P = .002). Independent of this trend but along the same lines, there was a 29% decrease in the proportion of younger patients (<50 yr) from 49% to 35%. On linear regression, there was 1-yr increase in mean patient age per 5 calendar years (P < .001). CONCLUSION Analyses of aSAH patients demonstrate an increase in patient age over time with a considerable rise in the proportion of octogenarian patients and a decrease in patients younger than 50 yr. This aging phenomenon presents a challenge to the continued improvement in outcomes of aSAH patients.
Character Assassination: Amending Federal Rule of Evidence 404(B) to Protect Criminal Defendants

There is a war raging over the admissibility of the prior bad acts of criminal defendants in federal trials. While many circuits treat Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b) as a rule of “inclusion” and liberally admit such prior bad-acts evidence with predictably explosive effects on criminal juries, a few circuits are developing rigorous standards designed to foreclose prosecutorial use of such bad-acts evidence. This Article chronicles the well-documented permissive admission of the prior bad acts of criminal defendants notwithstanding the prohibition on such evidence by Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b)(1), as well as recent efforts by some federal circuits to restrict such evidence. In light of these contemporary developments, the Judicial Conference Advisory Committee on Evidence Rules is currently considering amendments to Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b) to restore the intended exclusionary purpose of the Rule. This Article details several drafting alternatives being considered by the Committee, as well as the likely costs and benefits of each, and proposes a simple and elegant fix for what ails Rule 404(b) — a more protective balancing test that admits the prior bad acts of criminal defendants only when their probative value outweighs any unfair prejudice to the defendant. Tipping the scale in favor of exclusion of prior bad-acts evidence would restore the protective purpose of Rule 404(b), while continuing to permit the government to admit such evidence in appropriate and necessary circumstances. This balance would bring Rule 404(b) into alignment with existing Federal Rule of Evidence 609, which allows the felony convictions of testifying criminal defendants to be admitted for impeachment purposes only when their probative value outweighs unfair prejudice. This Article takes on the thorny contemporary issues surrounding the admissibility of prior bad-acts evidence and identifies the optimal amendment to Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b). This amendment would resolve the current conflict among the federal circuits and restore the prohibition on trial by character, which is a cornerstone of the American criminal process.
The Promise and Pitfalls of Online ‘Conversations’

Good conversations are one of the great joys of life. Online (social media) ‘conversations’ rarely seem to make the grade. In this paper I use some tools from philosophy in an attempt to illuminate what might be going wrong.
Subdural Hemorrhage Due to Acquired Von Willebrand Syndrome in a Patient With Polycythemia Vera.

Polycythemia vera (PV) is a chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm associated with thrombosis. A 48-year-old female with PV presented with right eye pain following a low-impact head trauma. She consumed aspirin for analgesia and took preparations of Chinese herbs. CT head revealed right-sided subdural hematoma. She had reduced Von Willebrand activity to 26%. Direct angiographic imaging showed an aneurysm arising from a right middle cerebral atery (MCA) branch. The patient was given 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) prior to the craniotomy. Intra-operative examination revealed that the aneurysm-like structure was a small grape-like structure of the fibrinous part of the subdural membrane that had formed from the subdural hematoma. Acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AVWS) is an important risk factor for bleeding in PV. DDAVP may be useful to increase levels of Von Willebrand Factor (VWF) and decrease the risk of bleeding perioperatively. Exogenous substances such as ginseng should be investigated as possible contributors to bleeding tendency and discontinued.
Causal inference using deep-learning variable selection identifies and incorporates direct and indirect causalities in complex biological systems

ABSTRACT In complex diseases, causal structure learning across biological variables is critical to identify modifiable triggers or potential therapeutic agents. A limitation of existing causal learning methods is that they cannot identify indirect causal relations, those that would interact through latent mediating variables. We developed the first computational method that identifies both direct and indirect causalities, causal inference using deep-learning variable-selection (causalDeepVASE). To accurately identify indirect causalities and incorporate them with direct causalities, causalDeepVASE develops a deep neural network approach and extends a flexible causal inference method. In simulated and biological data of various contexts, causalDeepVASE outperforms existing methods in identifying expected or validated causal relations. Further, causalDeepVASE facilitates a systematic understanding of complex diseases. For example, causalDeepVASE uniquely identified a possible causal relation between IFNγ and creatinine suggested in a polymicrobial sepsis model. In future biomedical studies, causalDeepVASE can facilitate the identification of driver genes and therapeutic agents.