cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy Templates: Exploiting Application Information to Save Energy

In this work we consider a novel application centric approach for saving energy on large-scale parallel systems. By using a priori information on the expected application behavior we identify points at which processor-cores will wait for incoming data and thus may be placed in a low power state to save energy. The approach is general and complements many of the existing approaches that rely on saving energy at points of global synchronization. We capture the expected application behavior into an Energy Template whose purpose is to identify when cores are expected to be in an idle state and allow the runtime to use the template information and change the power state of the core. We prototype an Energy Template for a wave front algorithm that contains an complex processing pattern in which cores wait for incoming data before processing local data and whose wait-time varies from phase to phase. The implementation uses PMPI and requires minimal changes to the application code. Using a power instrumented cluster we demonstrate that using an Energy Template for the wave front application lowers the power requirements by 8% when using 216 cores, from the system maximum of 23%, and the energy requirements by 4%. We also show that the wave front's inherent parallel activity will lead to increased savings on larger systems.
Developmental changes in the visual pigments of the yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares

Previous studies have suggested that adult tunas have only two visual pigments in their retinas - a rod pigment with a wavelength at maximum absorbance (u max) around 485 nm and one with similar u max in both twin and single cones inferred from extraction data. Using microspectrophotometry we confirm the presence of a u max 483 nm visual pigment in the rods of adult yellowfin tuna and a u max 485 nm pigment in both members of the twin cones. However, all single cones contain a previously undetected violet visual pigment with u max 426 nm making the adult yellowfin tuna a photopic dichromat. The situation for larvae and early juveniles is different from that of the adults. The all single-cone retina of preflexion larvae shows a wide distribution in individual cone absorbances suggesting not only mixtures of the two adult cone pigments, but the presence of at least a third visual pigment with u max greater than 560 nm. With growth, the variation in cone absorbances decreases with convergence to the adult co...
The multiple equilibrium analysis quantitative prediction of single and multi-component adsorption isotherms on carbonaceous and zeolitic solids

Abstract The previously introduced multiple equilibrium analysis (MEA), which produces equilibrium constants ( K i ), capacities ( n i ), and thermodynamic parameters (enthalpies, Δ H i , and entropies, Δ S i ) of adsorption for each process, has been used to predict adsorption isotherms for N 2 , CO, CH 4 , C 2 H 6 , and SF 6 on one zeolitic (HZSM-5) and five carbonaceous (A-572, A-563, A-600, F-300, and BPL) solids. The adsorption of CO is best reproduced on each of the solids. In general, the adsorption of N 2 has been accurately predicted, while CH 4 and C 2 H 6 are underpredicted and SF 6 is overpredicted. Previously reported high-pressure data for the adsorption of CH 4 on BPL was very accurately predicted. The application of the MEA prediction of adsorption behavior has quite a potential for a variety of applications. Adsorbents can be used for catalyst supports, gas separation, respiratory protection, environmental applications, and even have the potential for fuel storage capabilities. The prediction of adsorption performance will lead to a greater understanding of the fundamental interactions involved in these systems and will help create new and better systems.
Isolation and identification of foetidissimin: a novel ribosome-inactivating protein from Cucurbita Foetidissima

Abstract Cucurbita foetidissima was analyzed for ribosome-inactivating proteins, which potentially could be used as specific anticancer and antiviral agents, and in plant protection. A novel type II RIP, foetidissimin, was found and characterized in this study. Foetidissimin was isolated from the roots of C. foetidissima by size exclusion and ion exchange chromatographic methods. A non-radioactive protein synthesis inhibition assay was used to guide the separation. The molecular weight of the dimeric protein is 63 kDa and the two chains are held together by non-covalent interactions. Using a non-radioactive protein synthesis inhibition assay, foetidissimin inhibited cell-free translation in rabbit reticulocyte lysate with an LC 50 of 25.9 nM. The N-terminal sequence analysis of the first 14 amino acids showed that the A chain of foetidissimin shares 88% similarity with α-trichosanthin, a type I RIP, and 72% similarity with A chain of nigrin F, a type II RIP.
Racial Mistrust Among Immigrant Minority Students

This paper examines perception of racial mistrust held by minority students towards white teachers during middle school years. The investigation determined relationships between levels of racial mistrust and the length of time English-speaking West Indian and Haitian students lived in the United States. Results indicate 35 to 50% of the students perceived moderate or high levels of racial mistrust. While no statistically significant relationships were indicated during the 6th and 7th, or 8th grades towards the ending of the 9th grade positive and statistically significant relationships were indicated for English-speaking West Indian as well as Haitian students. In addition to risks of unfavorable levels of racial mistrust low academic achievements remained a concern for both groups. Implications for social work research and practice with immigrant students are addressed.
Metal substitution and atom displacement effects in PZT and PSZT

First principles electronic structure calculations in the framework of Local Density (LD) theory have been performed for the lead zirconate-lead titanate (PZT) solid solution near the experimentally interesting antiferroelectric-ferroelectric phase boundary. The Discrete Variational Xα Method (DV-Xα) with an embedded cluster scheme was used to investigate electronic structure, energy levels, charge distribution and chemical bonding in the paraelectric (PE) and antiferroelectric (AFE) regions of the PZT phase diagram. Isovalent metal substitution at the Zr site leads to measurable changes in the band gap and charge distribution. Mossbauer isomer shift parameters for tin substituted compound PSZT have been calculated.
Measurement of Sinoatrial Conduction Time by Premature Atrial Stimulation in the Rabbit

The premature atrial stimulation technique was investigated as a method of measuring sinoatrial conduction time in the rabbit. Fifteen studies were performed in which intracellular recordings were obtained from a sinus node cell and atrial electrical activity was recorded from the crista terminalis by a surface electrogram. An additional ten studies were performed without microelectrode recordings. Atrial premature depolarizations late in the cardiac cycle produced compensatory atrial return cycles, but earlier premature depolarizations produced less than compensatory return cycles. Compensatory return cycles only occurred with atrial premature depolarizations that failed to capture the sinus node cell. The transition from compensatory to less than compensatory return cycles occurred with late atrial premature depolarizations that failed to capture the sinus node. Therefore, the transition from compensatory to less than compensatory atrial return cycles failed to indicate sinus node capture by an atrial premature depolarization. Although these premature depolarizations were too late to capture the sinus node cell, they still shortened the sinus node and atrial return cycles to make the atrial return cycle less than compensatory. This shortening of the sinus node return cycle was due to a shortening of the sinus node action potential by electrotonic interaction between sinus node and adjacent cells during repolarization. The electrotonic effect resulted in shortening of the sinus node action potential and accounted for the poor correlation ( r = 0.64) between estimated and measured values of sinoatrial conduction time. These data indicate that there are significant limitations to the use of the premature atrial stimulation technique for estimating sinoatrial conduction time.
Reply to comment by B. Andreotti et al. on “Solving the mystery of booming sand dunes”

This reply addresses three main issues raised in the comment of Andreotti et al. [2008]. First, the turning of ray paths in a granular material does not preclude the propagation of body waves and the resonance condition described by Vriend et al. [2007]. The waveguide model still holds in the dune for the observed velocities, even with a velocity increase with depth as implied by Andreotti et al. [2008]. Secondly, the method of initiation of spontaneous avalanching does not influence the booming frequency. The frequency is independent of the source once sustained booming starts; it depends on the subsurface structure of the dune. Thirdly, if all data points from Vriend et al. [2007] are included in the analysis (and not an average or selection), no correlation is observed between the sustained booming frequency and average particle diameter.
Inhibition of alkaline phosphatase by substituted xanthines.

Abstract Various xanthine derivatives were synthesized and tested as inhibitors of calf intestinal and beef hepatic alkaline phosphatases. Three derivaties, 1-carboxymethyl-3-isobutylxanthine, theophylline and 1-carboxymethyl-3-methylxanthine, were potent uncompetitive inhibitors of calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase. 1-Carboxymethyl-3-methylxanthine, theophylline and 1-carboxymethyl-3-isobutylxanthine, at 80 μM concentrations, inhibited intestinal alkaline phosphatase by 50.0, 21.3 and 38.7 per cent respectively. Theophylline was also a potent inhibitor of beef hepatic alkaline phosphatase (53.2 per cent inhibition at 80μM). The most potent inhibitors of the beef liver enzyme were 1-isoamyl-3-methy +lxanthine, 1-n-propyl-3-methylxanthine and 1-phenethyl-3-methylxanthine, which inhibited the beef liver enzyme by 56.6, 46.4 and 45.5 per cent respectively, at 80 μM. These inhibitors of the beef liver enzyme, however, except for theophylline. were ineffective inhibitors of the calf intestine enzyme.
Metabolic efficiency of macronutrient utilization in humans

Macronutrient utilization in humans is a complex phenomenon, with each macronutrient having its separate storage and utilization pathways. Carbohydrate and fat are to some extent interdependent, but while carbohydrate utilization is greatly dependent on intake, fat is not. The food quotient of the diet is important in determining how nutrients are utilized and stored, and thus is an important determinant of body composition. Also, the effect of these two macronutrients on food intake differs. The bioenergetics of utilization of the macronutrients are discussed.
A reverse glyoxylate shunt to build a non-native route from C4 to C2 in Escherichia coli

Most central metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, fatty acid synthesis, and the TCA cycle have complementary pathways that run in the reverse direction to allow flexible storage and utilization of resources. However, the glyoxylate shunt, which allows for the synthesis of four-carbon TCA cycle intermediates from acetyl-CoA, has not been found to be reversible to date. As a result, glucose can only be converted to acetyl-CoA via the decarboxylation of the three-carbon molecule pyruvate in heterotrophs. A reverse glyoxylate shunt (rGS) could be extended into a pathway that converts C4 carboxylates into two molecules of acetyl-CoA without loss of CO2. Here, as a proof of concept, we engineered in Escherichia coli such a pathway to convert malate and succinate to oxaloacetate and two molecules of acetyl-CoA. We introduced ATP-coupled heterologous enzymes at the thermodynamically unfavorable steps to drive the pathway in the desired direction. This synthetic pathway in essence reverses the glyoxylate shunt at the expense of ATP. When integrated with central metabolism, this pathway has the potential to increase the carbon yield of acetate and biofuels from many carbon sources in heterotrophic microorganisms, and could be the basis of novel carbon fixation cycles.
Malignant biphasic pleural mesothelioma metastatic to the liver diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration.

As malignant pleural mesotheliomas are most often rapidly fatal, distant metastases are rarely detected. Here, we report a unique case in which the diagnosis of metastatic pleural mesothelioma was made via cytologic examination of a fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of the liver. Recognition of the cytomorphologic features inherent to mesothelioma cells on FNA material may become important for proper patient management. To the best of our knowledge, the diagnosis of malignant pleural mesothelioma metastatic to the liver made by FNA has not been previously documented. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2006;34:33–36. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Drawing from Experience: The Development of Alternative Communication Strategies

We present a case report of a right-handed man who experienced a left hemisphere stroke and the onset of severe, persistent aphasia at age 52. This man is of interest because of his remarkable use of drawing for communication that was initiated at two years post-onset of aphasia. We provide an overview of his course of treatment from one to 5 years postonset and describe the development of his effective multimodal approach to communication.
Current Analysis in Circuits Containing a Resistance Modulator

The function of a resistance modulator is to produce in an electric circuit a current which is a copy of an exciting impulse such as speech or light waves. The principal example is the carbon granule telephone transmitter. It is desirable that the electric current be an exact copy of the exciting impulse. There is inherent in such a device however, a distorting effect, for the current copy is produced by reason of Ohm's law and thus is an inverse function of the modulated resistance and not a true copy of it. The amount of distortion arising from this effect depends upon the electrical constants of the modulator and its associated circuit. The study quantitatively analyzes this distorting effect by two methods in a circuit containing a modulator, a battery, and a resistance for single frequency modulation, and by one of the methods for double frequency modulation. An analysis is also developed for a special test circuit. The study shows that the relation between modulators and circuits is a design problem.
The isomerization and metathesis of n-butenes: I. Unreduced molybdena-alumina catalysts

A significant change in the catalytic characteristics of an unreduced molybdena-alumina catalyst occurred at room temperature with increasing duration of contact with the reactant cis-2-butene. Butene isomerization over the fresh catalyst was effected by an acidic mechanism with the concomitant intermolecular transfer of H and D. The chief diagnostic characteristics for this mechanism were maintained throughout pulse experiments, but changed to those characteristic of isomerization by metathesis after soaking in butene for 15 min or when a static recirculation reactor was used, i.e., with increasing contact time, the acidic character of the catalyst decreased and the activity for metathesis increased. Thus, in the later stages of the reaction, equimolar mixtures of cis-2-butene d0 and d8 isomerized to produce cis- and trans-C4H4D4, C4H8, and C4D8 in ratios of 2:1:1 without other hydrogen scrambling.
Enterprise transformation: an analytics-based approach to strategic planning

The importance of strategic planning is universally recognized in the business world as an effective approach to enable achievement of enterprise business objectives over long time periods. However, despite the criticality of the task, the strategic planning process often does not take advantage of analytics to support the process in a consistent way. This paper describes a transformation of the strategic planning process for a globally integrated enterprise through development of a planning system that provides a planning framework as well as a set of analytic capabilities to improve both efficiency and effectiveness. The system consists of a hierarchically structured data store, rules that govern relationships among data elements, and an enterprise dashboard with reports and insights supported by analytic capabilities. The hierarchical nature of the planning model can account for the needs and opportunities of individual lines of business while yielding a coherent, executable strategy at the enterprise level. Integrated scenario and sensitivity analysis, enterprise simulation, and other analytic capabilities enable optimal planning in the face of volatile and uncertain market conditions characteristic of a long planning horizon. In addition, the system fosters collaboration among planners and exemplifies the key attributes of a Smarter Planet™ instrumentation, interconnectedness, and intelligence.
Stimulus-dependent phosphorylation of MacMARCKS, a protein kinase C substrate, in nerve termini and PC12 cells.

Abstract MacMARCKS (also known as myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS)-related protein) is a member of the MARCKS family of protein kinase C substrates, which binds Ca/calmodulin in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Immunoprecipitation demonstrated that MacMARCKS is present in both PC12 cells and in neurons. Upon depolarization of PC12 cells with 60 mM KCl, MacMARCKS phosphorylation increased 4-fold over basal levels in a Ca-dependent manner. By immunofluorescence microscopy, MacMARCKS was co-localized in PC12 cells to neurite tips with the synaptic vesicle membrane protein synaptophysin and to vesicles in the perinuclear region. Subcellular fractionation demonstrated that MacMARCKS associates tightly with membranes in PC12 cells. In Percoll-purified rat cerebrocortical synaptosomes, depolarization with 60 mM KCl in the presence of exogenous Ca transiently increased MacMARCKS phosphorylation, whereas phorbol ester promoted a sustained increase in MacMARCKS phosphorylation. Subcellular fractionation of rat brain indicated that MacMARCKS was present in both soluble and particulate fractions; particulate MacMARCKS was associated with both small vesicles and highly purified synaptic vesicles. These results are consistent with a role for MacMARCKS in integrating Ca-calmodulin and protein kinase C-dependent signals in the regulation of neurosecretion.
A simple telemetering system for electrophysiological data

Abstract An inexpensive light weight transmitter, based on an existing design is used to telemeter EKG data over a range of about 300 feet.
Use of Artificial Stream Mesocosms to Investigate Mercury Uptake in the South River, Virginia, USA

Mercury is a globally distributed pollutant that biomagnifies in aquatic food webs. In the United States, 4,769 water bodies fail to meet criteria for safe fish consumption due to mercury bioaccumulation. Although the majority of these water bodies are affected primarily by atmospheric deposition of mercury, legacy contamination from mining or industrial activities also contribute to fish consumption advisories for mercury. The largest mercury impairment in Virginia, a 130-mile stretch of the South and South Fork Shenandoah rivers, is posted with a fish-consumption advisory for mercury contamination that originated from mercuric sulfate discharges from a textile facility in Waynesboro, Virginia, between 1929 and 1950. Although discharges of mercury to the river ceased >60 years ago, mercury levels in fish remain greater than levels safe for human consumption. This is due to the continued cycling of historic mercury in the river and its eventual uptake and biomagnification through aquatic food webs. This study investigated the relative importance of waterborne versus sediment-borne mercury in controlling biological uptake of mercury into the aquatic food web. Twelve artificial stream channels were constructed along the contaminated South River in Crimora, Virginia, and the uncontaminated North River in nearby Port Republic, Virginia, to provide four experimental treatments: a control with no Hg exposure, a Hg in sediment exposure, a Hg in water exposure, and a Hg in sediment and water exposure. After 6 weeks of colonization and growth, algae in each treatment was collected and measured for mercury accumulation. Mercury accumulation in water-only exposures was four times greater than in sediment-only exposures and was equivalent to accumulation in treatments with combined water and sediment exposure. This indicates that mercury in the water column is much more important in controlling biological uptake than mercury in near-field sediments. As a result, future remediation efforts need to focus on strategies that either remove mercury from the water column or decrease flux to the water column.
Conduction in Random Systems

We have calculated numerically the conductivity of a system of random points connected by conductances that decrease exponentially with the separation distance. We compare critically various methods that have been proposed to solve the problem of hopping conduction in amorphous semiconductors and observe that the numerical results can be quantitatively understood using ideas based on percolation theory.
Issues in identifying asthma and estimating prevalence in an urban school population

This article first presents salient issues related to identifying children in urban schools who might benefit from asthma services. It discusses a brief questionnaire for identifying cases and problems in estimating asthma prevalence. Subsequently, results of case detection in 14 urban schools are presented and discussed in light of these issues. The questionnaire was employed with parents of 4,653 African-American children in Detroit. Results suggest that determining number, type, and frequency of symptoms may be necessary to ascertain prevalence of asthma. Using only number and type produced a rate of asthma of 25%. Adding frequency provided a more conservative estimate of 19%. About 9% of children exhibiting symptoms of asthma had no physician diagnosis. Only 25% with symptoms reflecting mild persistent, 35% with moderate persistent, and 26% with severe persistent disease had prescriptions for anti-inflammatory medicine. Further, 23% of children with asthma-like symptoms had no prescription for asthma medicine of any type. Conclusions: (1) low-cost procedures can be used in schools to identify children with suspected undiagnosed and undertreated asthma; (2) prevalence estimates for asthma in the group of urban school children studied are among the highest in the United States; and (3) asthma is undertreated in this sample.
What is "critical" about critical design?

Critical design is a research through design methodology that foregrounds the ethics of design practice, reveals potentially hidden agendas and values, and explores alternative design values. While it seems to be a timely fit for today's socially, aesthetically, and ethically oriented approaches to HCI, its adoption seems surprisingly limited. We argue that its central concepts and methods are unclear and difficult to adopt. Rather than merely attempting to decode the intentions of its originators, Dunne and Raby, we instead turn to traditions of critical thought in the past 150 years to explore a range of critical ideas and their practical uses. We then suggest ways that these ideas and uses can be leveraged as practical resources for HCI researchers interested in critical design. We also offer readings of two designs, which are not billed as critical designs, but which we argue are critical using a broader formulation of the concept than the one found in the current literature.
Differential induction of c-Jun and Fos-like proteins in rat hippocampus and dorsal striatum after training in two water maze tasks

Abstract Research examining the neuroanatomical bases of memory in mammals suggests that the hippocampus and dorsal striatum are parts of independent memory systems that mediate “cognitive” and stimulus-response “habit” memory, respectively. At the molecular level, increasing evidence indicates a role for immediate early gene (IEG) expression in memory formation. The present experiment examined whether acquisition of cognitive and habit memory result in differential patterns of IEG protein product expression in these two brain structures. Adult male Long–Evans rats were trained in either a hippocampal-dependent spatial water maze task, or a dorsal striatal-dependent cued water maze task. Ninety minutes after task acquisition, brains were removed and processed for immunocytochemical procedures, and the number of cells expressing Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-like-IR) and c-Jun-IR in sections from the dorsal hippocampus and the dorsal striatum were counted. In the dorsal hippocampus of rats trained in the spatial task, there were significantly more c-Jun-IR pyramidal cells in the CA1 and CA3 regions, relative to rats that had acquired the cued task, yoked controls (free-swim), or naive (home cage) rats. Relative to rats receiving cued task training and control conditions, increases in Fos-like IR were also observed in the CA1 region of rats trained in the spatial task. In rats that had acquired the cued task, patches of c-Jun-IR were observed in the posteroventral striatum; no such patches were evident in rats trained in the spatial task, yoked-control rats, or naive rats. The results demonstrate that IEG protein product expression is up-regulated in a task-dependent and brain structure-specific manner shortly after acquisition of cognitive and habit memory tasks.
the domestic cycle in India: natural history of a will‐o‘‐the‐wisp

The concept of the domestic cycle is evaluated by an analysis of the changes that domestic groups have undergone in the Indian village of Shanti Nagar during a 19-year period. Diversity of family histories precludes the existence of a single domestic cycle, or even of two or three dominant cycles. There are, however, significant regularities, such as the frequent evolution of nuclear families into lineal joint families. [India, social structure, domestic cycle, family types, peasant society]
A comparison of the quenching of the fluorescence of saturated hydrocarbons excited below and above the ionization threshold

Abstract The effect of perfluoro- n -hexane to quench the fluorescence of some neat liquid saturated hyrocarbons has been investigated for optical excitation ≈ eV above and below the photoionization threshold and for fast electron excitation. Analysis of the data permits extraction of the dependence on quencher concetration, c q , of the probability, p †, for scavenging geminate ion-pairs. For both photoexcited and fast-electron-excited systems, p † is found to be best represented by a Stern-Volmer form at least over a concentration range extending from ⋍0.01 to 0.2M for cyclohexane and from ⋍0.0004 to 0.05 M for decalin. The contrast between this behavior and that obtained for p † from studies of product formation via geminate ion scavenging is considered.
PGD13 Does the Duration of Pulmonary Rehabilitation Affect the Magnitude of Patient Response

OBJECTIVE:To determine if there is a dosage effect associated with the length of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR). METHODS:We used a battery of outcome measures to quantify the amount of change that was achieved from baseline to discharge in 286 patients completing a PR program in 1 of 12 institutions participating in PROAS. The programs were of varying durations. Paired t-tests indicated overall that while the pulmonary rehabilitation programs did not yield improvements in physiologic (FEV1, FVC, % predicted FEV1) outcomes, the patients did achieve significant improvements in symptomatic (Borg score), functional (6-minute walk), general healthrelated quality of life [SF-36 Health Survey (SF-36)], and disease-specific HRQL [Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (CRQ) variables. RESULTS:Based on a series of stepwise multiple regressions using the amount of change in each outcome variable as the dependent variable and adjusting for the corresponding baseline value and 11 clinical and sociodemographic characteristics, the number of hours of education (HREDU, 13.5 hr ± 6.7), activities of daily living (HRADL, 2.2 hr ± 6.6), and psychosocial support (6.5 hr ± 5.6) both individually and collectively (42.4 hr ± 11.8) generally did not contribute to explaining the magnitude of change achieved by the patients. However, the number of hours of supervised exercise (HREX, 25.4 hr ± 9.2) did contribute to explaining increases in 5 of the 8 SF-36 domains: physical function (p = 0.027), physical role (p = 0.0002), health perceptions (p = 0.0167), vitality (p = 0.034), and social function (p = 0.0035). CONCLUSION:These data suggest that outcomes specifically related to pulmonary diseases are not affected by a longer duration for this type of intervention, but that broader, population-based assessments may need an additional period of intervention, or elapsed time, to detect improvement.
Price behavior in tight oligopoly

The study examines price behavior in tight oligopoly. The investigation proceeds from the premise that tacit cooperation is the rational response of firms comprising tight oligopoly. The study’s thesis is that cooperative conduct in tight oligopoly will reflect one of two general pricing patterns: (1) shared monopoly pricing, or (2) mark-up pricing. A unique empirical test of this dual price hypotheses is developed. The test focuses on the nature of price responses to cost and demand changes as reflected in a price equation that is estimated for each of fifty four-digit SIC industries. The study’s results indicate infrequent, but still notable, instances of shared monopoly pricing. More common is evidence of mark-up pricing, a general category within which demand proved to be significant in roughly half of the industries examined. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
The problem of knowledge decoupling in software development projects

In our ethnographic investigation of software integration projects a recurrent pattern emerges. The detailed understanding leaders have of the design and development decreases over time as they become busier and busier attending meetings, creating documents, and resolving issues and thus cannot spend much time on design or development work. As a result, their leadership becomes increasingly decoupled from the work of the project. We discuss various dimensions of this problem.
Hadron-Lepton cascade calculations (1–20 GeV) for a PbAl-lucite calorimeter

The results of Monte Carlo calculations for ..pi../sup -/ (1- to 20-GeV) and e/sup -/ (1- to 10 GeV) normally incident on the center of a cylindrical calorimeter are presented. The calorimeter design has 60 unit cells of alternating Pb-Ai-Lucite plates and is a simplified model of one to be used at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. General characteristics of the total and spatial energy deposition are given. Pulse height spectra, as well as spectra of the transverse fractional energy distributions and of their first and second moments, are given to aid in hadron-lepton discrimination. Sampling fluctuations are also examined for this purpose. Some results for the effects of a uniform probability of incidence over central transverse strip and also some longitudinal discriminants are presented.
Irreversible blockade of D2 dopamine receptors by fluphenazine-N-mustard increases glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA in rat striatum

The influence of dopaminergic activity on the function of GABAergic neurons in striatum was examined by administrating rats the irreversible D2 dopamine receptor antagonist, fluphenazine-N-mustard (FNM), and determining the level of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) mRNA in striatum. Rats were given either an acute single injection or chronic daily injections of FNM (20 gmmol/kg, i.p.) for 6 days. The level of GAD mRNA in striatum was determined by in situ hybridization histochemistry. The results showed that acute treatment with FNM failed to significantly change striatal GAD mRNA. However, chronic FNM treatment significantly increased in the level of striatal GAD mRNA. These results demonstrate that irreversible blockade of D2 dopamine receptors increases the expression of GAD mRNA in rat striatum.
Enriching distinctive microbial communities from marine sediments via an electrochemical-sulfide-oxidizing process on carbon electrodes

Sulfide is a common product of marine anaerobic respiration, and a potent reactant biologically and geochemically. Here we demonstrate the impact on microbial communities with the removal of sulfide via electrochemical methods. The use of differential pulse voltammetry revealed that the oxidation of soluble sulfide was seen at + mV (vs. SHE) at all pH ranges tested (from pH = 4 to 8), while non-ionized sulfide, which dominated at pH = 4 was poorly oxidized via this process. Two mixed cultures (CAT and LA) were enriched from two different marine sediments (from Catalina Island, CAT; from the Port of Los Angeles, LA) in serum bottles using a seawater medium supplemented with lactate, sulfate, and yeast extract, to obtain abundant biomass. Both CAT and LA cultures were inoculated in electrochemical cells (using yeast-extract-free seawater medium as an electrolyte) equipped with carbon-felt electrodes. In both cases, when potentials of +630 or 130 mV (vs. SHE) were applied, currents were consistently higher at +630 then at 0 mV, indicating more sulfide being oxidized at the higher potential. In addition, higher organic-acid and sulfate conversion rates were found at +630 mV with CAT, while no significant differences were found with LA at different potentials. The results of microbial-community analyses revealed a decrease in diversity for both CAT and LA after electrochemical incubation. In addition, some bacteria (e.g., Clostridium and Arcobacter) not well known to be capable of extracellular electron transfer, were found to be dominant in the electrochemical cells. Thus, even though the different mixed cultures have different tolerances for sulfide, electrochemical-sulfide removal can lead to major population changes.
AN IMPROVED PROCESS FOR ISOLATION OF GLANDLESS COTTONSEED PROTEIN USING INDUSTRIAL MEMBRANE SYSTEMS

An improved process employing a combination of isoelectric precipitation and ultrafiltration to isolate glandless cottonseed protein was developed. The effectiveness of Ca(OH)2, NaOH, and KOH in extracting storage protein (SP) was compared at pH 10, 9.5 and 9.0. KOH and NaOH each solubilized ca 88% of the flour nitrogen at pH 10, 87% at pH 9.5, and 85% at pH 9.0. Ca(OH), proved less effective, solubilizing about one-fifth as much as the other two hydroxides. Nonstorage protein (NSP) extract was separated by acid precipitation into curd and whey: The lysine-rich NSP whey was then added to SP extract and the mixture ultrafiltered to obtain a higher yield of SP isolate having a lighter color and increased lysine content.
Grating-based interferometric processor for real-time optical Fourier transformation

A processing approach is introduced that is capable of performing 1-D real-time Fourier transformations on the intensity distribution of an incoherent optical input. The processing approach is based on grating interferometers, and the resulting processors are simple in structure and easily implemented. Possible processor configurations together with experimental results demonstrating the operation of the system are presented. Analyses are given comparing the grating interferometric processor to the Michelson stellar interferometer and the classical coherent optical processor.
Desulfuromonas carbonis sp. nov., an Fe(III)-, S0- and Mn(IV)-reducing bacterium isolated from an active coalbed methane gas well

A novel, mesophilic, obligately anaerobic, acetate-oxidizing, dissimilatory iron-, sulfur-, and manganese-reducing bacterium, designated strain ICBMT, was obtained from an active, coalbed methane gas well in Indiana, USA. Strain ICBMT was a Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, non-motile bacterium that was rich in c-type cytochromes and formed red colonies in solid medium. Strain ICBMT conserved energy to support growth from the oxidation of acetate, propionate, pyruvate, malate, fumarate, succinate and dl-lactate, concomitant with dissimilatory iron reduction. Strain ICBMT fermented fumarate yielding succinate and acetate. Strain ICBMT was able to grow in the temperature range of 10 °C to 37 °C, NaCl concentration range of 0 to 1.2 M, and pH range of 6.5 to 8.0. The physiological characteristics of strain ICBMT indicated that it belongs to the Desulfuromonas cluster. The G+C content of its genomic DNA was 61.2 mol%. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0 (39.3 %), C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH (36.6 %). The closest cultured phylogenetic relative of strain ICBMT was Desulfuromonas michiganensis BB1T with only 95 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. This confirmed that strain ICBMT is affiliated with the genus Desulfuromonas . On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic differences between strain ICBMT and other taxa of the genus Desulfuromonas , strain ICBMT represents a novel species for which the name Desulfuromonas carbonis sp. nov. is proposed (type strain ICBMT = DSM 29759T = JCM 30471T). Strain ICBMT is the first Fe(III)-, S0-, and Mn(IV)-reducing bacterium that was isolated from a coal bed.
On the mechanism of the Elbs peroxydisulfate oxidation and a new peroxide rearrangement

Abstract Semiempirical calculations show that the intermediate formed by reaction between peroxydisulfate anion and the phenolate ion (the Elbs oxidation) is the species resulting from reaction of the tautomeric carbanion rather than the one resulting from attack by the oxyanion. This is confirmed by synthesis of the latter intermediate by reaction between Caro's acid dianion (peroxymonosulfate) and some nitro-substituted fluorobenzenes. This intermediate rearranges preferentially to give the phenol ortho -sulfate rather than the para -sulfate characteristic of the Elbs oxidation. This reaction of an arylperoxysulfate to give a phenol ortho -sulfate is a new rearrangement.
Mechanisms of intrinsic force in small human airways.

Abstract We quantified the magnitude and investigated mechanisms regulating intrinsic force (IF) in human airway smooth muscle (hASM). IF was identified by reducing extracellular calcium (Ca 2+ ) concentration to nominally zero in freshly isolated isometrically mounted 2 mm human bronchi. Our results show: (1) the magnitude of IF is ∼50% of the maximal total force elicited by acetylcholine (10 −5 M) and is epithelial independent, (2) IF can also be revealed by β-adrenergic activation (isoproterenol), non-specific cationic channel blockade (La 3+ ) or L-type voltage gated Ca 2+ channel blockade (nifedipine), (3) atropine, indomethacin, AA-861, or pyrilamine did not affect IF, (4) IF was reduced by the intracellular Ca 2+ ([Ca 2+ ] i ) chelating agent BAPTA-AM, (5) ω-conotoxin had no effect on IF. In studies in cultured hASM cells nominally zero Ca 2+ buffer and BAPTA-AM reduced [Ca 2+ ] i but isoproterenol and nifedipine did not. Taken together these results indicate that rapid reduction of [Ca 2+ ] i reveals a permissive relationship between extracellular Ca 2+ , [Ca 2+ ] i and IF. However IF can be dissipated by mechanisms effecting Ca 2+ sensitivity. We speculate that an increase of IF, a fundamental property of ASM, could be related to human airway clinical hyperresponsiveness and must be accounted for in in vitro studies of hASM.
Closure of Alternative Vascular Sites, Including Axillary, Brachial, Popliteal, and Surgical Grafts

Although common femoral arterial access remains the cornerstone for endovascular interventions, alternative arterial access sites such as the brachial, axillary, and popliteal arteries as well as surgical bypass grafts offer additional options when the conventional approach is unavailable or impractical. Each of these alternative access sites features a unique blend of risks and benefits, and the interventionalist should be well versed not only in how to safely enter the arterial system at these locations but also in how to safely exit. Manual compression represents the gold standard method for hemostasis at all vascular access sites, though variations and modifications in the technique exist based on anatomical factors in different arteries. Vascular closure devices widely used for common femoral arteriotomy closure have also been applied in "off-label" settings for multiple additional arteries. In this article, we discuss the pertinent anatomy as well as summarize the literature and anecdotal experience regarding methods for achieving hemostasis at multiple alternative arterial access sites.
Development of a competitive liposome-based lateral flow assay for the rapid detection of the allergenic peanut protein Ara h1

A competitive lateral flow assay for detecting the major peanut allergen, Ara h1, has been developed. The detector reagents are Ara h1-tagged liposomes, and the capture reagents are anti-Ara h1 polyclonal antibodies. Two types of rabbit polyclonal antibodies were raised either against the entire Ara h1 molecules (anti-Ara h1 Ab) or against an immunodominant epitope on Ara h1 (anti-peptide Ab). All of them reacted specifically with Ara h1 in Western Blot against crude peanut proteins. Moreover, the anti-Ara h1 Ab was chosen for this assay development because of its highest immunoactivity to Ara h1-tagged liposomes in the lateral flow assay. The calculated limit of detection (LOD) of this assay is 0.45 microg mL(-1) of Ara h1 with a dynamic range between 0.1 and 10 microg mL(-1) of Ara h1 in buffer. Additionally, the visually determined detection range is from 1 to 10 microg mL(-1) of Ara h1 in buffer. Results using this assay can be obtained within 30 min without the need of sophisticated equipment or techniques; therefore, this lateral flow assay has the potential to be a cost-effective, fast, simple, and sensitive method for on-site screening of peanut allergens.
Measuring the derivatives of couplings with respect to lattice spacing for dynamical Wilson fermions

Abstract In finite temperature QCD, the calculation of thermodynamic quantities requires the derivatives of the couplings with respect to lattice spacings in different directions. A method of calculating these derivatives from measurements of long distance observables on a set of three lattices with symmetric and asymmetric couplings is presented. Our simulations at β = 5.3 and κ = 0.158 indicate that an asymmetric change in the gauge couplings does not produce an asymmetric lattice, within statistical errors, while changing κ asymmetrically does produce different lattice spacings. This indicates that the derivatives of the gauge couplings with respect to different lattice spacings are large and their perturbative values should not be used in the calculation of nonperturbative thermodynamic quantities.
Healing Across Cultures: Learning from Traditions

The health and wellness of an individual are reliant on the integrated effects of mind, body, and spirit. This triad is intricately set within a backdrop of the environment, our earth. Western cultures often disregard this holism, especially this fourth component, in its considerations of wellness as described by modern medicine. This practice is unlike that of many of the traditional cultures in the world. These cultures focus more on balance in the context of environmental respect. Varied cultures share remarkable similarities in their healing modalities, especially considering the relative isolation from one to another—evidence that there is truth to the healing knowledge they possess. We are not disconnected from the natural world in terms of health, but dependent and interconnected within ourselves and to everything around us. Social change is required to assure that the practice of modern medicine evolves to incorporate this integral aspect of health and wellness, and this can be done through partnerships with traditional healers. There is a growing demand for wellness and earthly responsibility. It is time to appropriately learn from age- old societies and their healing traditions for they do have answers we are seeking in sustainability and harmony, environmental stewardship and planetary respect, and holistic health. For thousands of years, our ancestors have known the secrets of long life—this knowledge needs to be preserved through the apprenticeship of future generations. We propose a collaboration that develops mutually beneficial learning partnerships combining modern medical knowledge with the wisdom of traditional healers around the world.
Tunable UV and compact 2- to 12-micron laser development

The Edgewood Research, Development, and Engineering Center (ERDEC) within the Chemical and Biological Defense Command (CBDCOM) is the Army's principal R&D center for chemical and biological defense technology, engineering, and service. ERDEC has been developing tunable 9 - 11 micron CO2 lidar systems for remote sensing of chemical agents for many years. However, due to the extended range requirements for conventional missions such as fixed site defense and reconnaissance, these systems are relatively large. Smaller, even handheld, standoff detection lidar systems would be useful for the individual warfighter or for decontamination efforts, as well as for numerous environmental monitoring applications. Lidar modeling calculations have been performed for such a system at the Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate, (NVESD) the Army's lead laboratory for low energy lasers. The modeling indicates that fewer than 5 mJ of solid-state laser pulse energy would achieve the required detection sensitivity criteria for standoff chemical agent detection at ranges of several kilometers. This result coupled with recent advances in solid-state laser and frequency conversion technologies allow for extremely compact, tunable lasers and lidars to be produced which are suitable for a handheld standoff detection device. ERDEC has therefore begun an effort in development of compact 2 - 12 micron lasers and lidars. Three different approaches are being investigated and will be described. A review of completed efforts in tunable UV laser source development for remote sensing of biological agents via laser induced fluorescence (LIF) will also be presented.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Risk preference and productivity measurement under output price uncertainty

This paper deals with joint estimation of production and risk preference functions in the presence of output price uncertainty. We use quadratic production and utility functions under the assumption that producers maximize expected utility of anticipated profit. A panel data on Norwegian salmon farms is used for this purpose. Empirical results show that all salmon farmers are risk averse. Relative risk premium (the implicit cost of private risk bearing) is found to be about 15% of mean profit. We also find rapid technological change taking place (3.75% per year) in the salmon farming industry.