cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Connection of Elastic Electromagnetic Nucleon Form Factors at Large Q 2 and Deep Inelastic Structure Functions Near Threshold

It is suggested that if the structure function $\ensuremath{\nu}{W}_{2}$ for deep inelastic electron-proton scattering behaves near threshold as $\ensuremath{\nu}{W}_{2}\ensuremath{\sim}(\frac{1}{\ensuremath{\omega}}){(1\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{\ensuremath{\omega}})}^{p} \mathrm{for} \ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\equiv}\frac{2M\ensuremath{\nu}}{{Q}^{2}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1,$ then the elastic electromagnetic form factor of the proton ${F}_{1}$ behaves for large momentum transfers as ${F}_{1}({Q}^{2})\ensuremath{\sim}{(\frac{1}{{Q}^{2}})}^{\frac{(p+1)}{2}} \mathrm{for} {Q}^{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$
Detecting the threshold of anaerobic metabolism in cardiac patients during exercise

Abstract The measurement of the respiratory gas exchange ratio (R) during a standard exercise test is used to detect the onset of anaerobic metabolism during exercise, which results from failure of the cardiovascular system to supply the oxygen requirements of the tissues. The method described uses end-tidal gas concentrations to calculate R while the exercise test is taking place. Blood sampling is unnecessary, and the results can be determined during the test, thus avoiding exhaustive exercise. The method provides an objective measurement of one of the factors influencing exercise tolerance.
Artificial Feeding of Yearling and Adult Largemouth Bass

This study was financed by Southern Illinois University and Illinois Department of Conservation. had been refilled and stocked with fish, the feeding was started. Two of the ponds were fed daily on tadpoles that had been frozen and held in storage. At feeding time, the tadpoles were thawed and, several at a time, were thrown into the pond. For the first several days, while the bass were becoming conditioned to being fed, only a few tadpoles were offered. After the fish had become accustomed to the
Beta-barrel Proteins that Reside in the E. coli Outer Membrane In Vivo Demonstrate Varied Folding Behavior In Vitro

Little is known about the dynamic process of membrane protein folding, and few models exist to explore it. We have doubled the number of Escherichia coli outer membrane proteins (OMPs) for which folding into lipid bilayers has been systematically investigated. We cloned, expressed, and folded nine OMPs: outer membrane protein X (OmpX), OmpW, OmpA, the crcA gene product (PagP), OmpT, outer membrane phospholipase A (OmpLa), the fadl gene product (FadL), the yaet gene product (Omp85), and OmpF. These proteins share a transmembrane β-barrel motif, but vary in barrel size and primary sequence. We quantified their ability to fold into a matrix of bilayer environments by SDS-PAGE. Several trends emerged from these experiments: higher pH values, thinner bilayers, and increased bilayer curvature promote folding of all OMPs. Increasing the incubation temperature promoted folding of several OMPs but inhibited folding of others. We discovered that OMPs do not have the same ability to fold into any single bilayer environment. We show that while environmental factors are influential, OMP folding must also be modulated by intrinsic protein properties. To rationalize the differences in folding results between OMPs, we explored their kinetic profile and determined their resistance to thermal denaturation. Although these proteins share a common structural motif and have evolved to reside in the same bilayer environment in vivo, we found that these OMPs vary in their folding behavior.
Fragmentation in 252Cf-plasma desorption mass spectrometry. 1. Positive ions of behenic acid

Abstract Positive ions observed in the 252Cf Plasma Desorption Mass Spectrum of behenic acid occur at masses consistent with several cations and cation radical derivatives. Fragmentation mechanisms are suggested by the disparate populations of alkyl, allyl, acyl, ketene and olefinic ions.
Interaction of nonparallel, noncoplanar dislocations

Abstract Equations for the mutual forces on pairs of nonparallel, noncoplanar dislocations of specific orientations are presented. In particular six cases of perpendicular dislocations with various orientations of the Burgers vector are discussed. It is shown that the mutual forces between perpendicular dislocations generally are finite and of the same order of magnitude as the forces between parallel dislocations. Specific examples of possible dislocation interactions in various crystal structures are also presented. The impact of these considerations on theories of work-hardening and resulting configurations which might be observed in transmission microscopy is discussed.
Evidence suggesting that both the corticopontine and cerebellopontine systems are each composed of two separate neuronal populations: an electron microscopic and horseradish peroxidase study in the rat.

Evidence from horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and electron microscopic (EM) studies was interpreted to suggest that both the corticopontine and cerebellopontine systems each arise from two separate populations of neurons within their respective sites of origin. Following injection of HRP into the pontine nuclei using a ventral approach, labeled neurons in sensorimotor cortex included the large pyramidal cells deep in layer Vb and small-to-intermediate-sized neurons located more superficially in Vb. Previous studies (Wise and Jones, '77) have shown that these same large pyramidal neurons give rise to fibers of the corticospinal system while smaller more superficial cells project either to various brainstem locations or also to the spinal cord. In these same cases, HRP-positive neurons were also observed in visual cortical areas where they were again restricted to layer Vb, which has been shown to be the source of cells projecting to the superior colliculus and pulvinar (Gilbert and Kelley, '75; Lund et al., 75). These findings suggest that the corticopontine projection consists of collateral terminations of the corticospinal system as well as branches of a corticofugal system which arises from neurons in sensorimotor and visual cortices and projects primarily to certain brainstem locations. In support of this notion, EM studies revealed that following sensorimotor or visual cortex lesions both filamentous and dark degenerating boutons were evident in the pons. The small dark boutons terminated distally on pontine neurons and predominated after sensorimotor lesions while the larger filamentous endings contacted more proximal parts of pontine neurons and predominated after visual cortex lesions. Similar results were obtained in studies of the cerebellopontine system. Basilar pontine HRP injections resulted in the labeling of cells in each of the cerebellar nuclei, the majority of which were classified as medium-to-large multipolar neurons while a lesser number appeared to be smaller fusiform or spindle-shaped cells. After interruption of cerebellopontine axons in the brachium conjuctivum, many large filamentous degenerating boutons were observed in contact with a characteristic cluster of dendritic spines as well as somata and dendritic shafts. In addition, a lesser number of small boutons undergoing the typical dark type of degeneration were found in apposition to singular, small dendritic shafts. Thus, the combination of HRP and EM observations has been interpreted to suggest that the cerebellopontine system, like the corticopontine system, consists of two neuronal elements: (1) larger multipolar neurons giving rise to the large boutons which form the central element in a characteristic synaptic complex and undergo filamentous degeneration, and (2) smaller neurons whose axons terminate as the small boutons which contact only small dendritic profiles and do not participate in the synaptic complexes.
Serpentine soil has little influence on the root-associated microbial community composition of the serpentine tolerant grass species Avenula sulcata

Soil chemistry is a known influence on plant species distribution. Serpentine soils provide a striking example of this due to their discrete nature and long-studied influence on plant communities. Characterized by high levels of heavy metals and low levels of nutrients, they present a challenge for most plant species and allow only a relatively restricted set of species to grow. We do not yet fully understand the suite of adaptations present in serpentine endemics allowing them thrive where other plant species perform poorly or not at all. In this paper we explore the possibility that serpentine plants interact with a unique set of microbial endophytes, which allow them to make a living on this challenging substrate. To examine broad-scale patterns of microbial community composition we used phospholipid fatty acid analysis. To focus more narrowly on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi community composition we used 18S rDNA markers specific to these fungi. We found only very weak evidence for a relationship with distinct microbial communities using either technique and no evidence to show increased reliance on AMF by serpentine plants. Our results indicate that adaptation of plants to serpentine soil does not involve adaptation to a unique community of soil mutualists.
p-Type zinc oxide powders

Abstract Zinc oxide powders prepared by decomposition of zinc peroxide and zinc nitrate show evidence of acceptor states from iodometric titrations. Chemical analysis also shows the presence of nitrogen in the samples prepared by nitrate decomposition. The evidence for acceptor states disappears on heating samples, eliminating the possibility of transport measurements on sintered samples. Complex impedance spectra suggest room temperature conductivities as high as 5 × 10−4 and 2 × 10−3 S/cm for these peroxide and nitrate derived zinc oxide powders, respectively. As zinc oxide particles become small there is an increase in unit cell dimensions and a red shift of the absorption edge. An even stronger red shift is observed in the case of N doping.
Age and composition of Archean crystalline rocks from the southern Madison Range, Montana: Implications for crustal evolution in the Wyoming craton

The southern Madison Range of southwestern Montana contains two distinct Precambrian lithologic assemblages: (1) a complex of tonalitic to granitic gneisses that has been thrust over (2) a medium-grade metasupracrustal sequence dominated by pelitic schist. Crystallization ages for the protolith of a granodioritic gneiss that intruded the metasupracrustal sequence ([approximately]2.6 Ga)-along with an intercalated meta-andesite ([approximately]2.7 Ga) confirm the sequence as Archean. Chemical (major and trace element), isotopic (Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, Pb-Pb), and geochronologic (U-Pb zircon) data for selected components of the gneiss complex indicate two groups of gneisses: an older, tonalitic to trondhjemitic group ([approximately]3.3 Ga) and a younger, mostly granitic group ([approximately]2.7 Ga). Both groups of gneisses exhibit the radiogenic Pb and nonradiogenic Nd isotopic signature characteristic of Middle and Late Archean rocks from throughout the Wyoming province. The older gneisses, in particular, appear to be compositionally, isotopically, and chronologically comparable to other Middle Archean gneisses from the northern part of the province (for example, Beartooth Mountains). The Late Archean gneisses, however, exhibit some distinct differences relative to their temporal counterparts, including (1) trace-element patterns that are more suggestive of crustal melts than subduction activity and (2) higher initial Sr isotopic ratios that suggest more involvement of older crustmore » in their petrogenesis. These comparisons suggest that the juxtaposition of Late Archean terranes in the northern Wyoming province was the result, at least in part, of intracratonic processes. 41 refs., 6 figs., 2 tabs.« less
Criterion for Spontaneous Ignition of Radiantly Heated Organic Solids

Abstract In analytical studies of radiant ignition of organic solids, one of the important tasks is to quantitatively describe what ignition is. Experimentally, ignition is signalled by the inception of a flame or of an abrupt change in such crucial gas property as temperature. Some ignition criteria which evolved from experimental observations and intuition are the attainment of a critical: (i) temperature of the exposed surface; (ii) pyrolyzate efflux rate; (iii) char depth in the pyrolyzing slab; (iv) rate of local gas temperature in the boundary layer; and (vii) gas temperature gradient at the solid-gas interface. In this paper, a one-dimensional mathematical model is presented for the radiantly induced spontaneous ignition of solids to examine the issue of ignition criterion. The model takes into account the transient heat conduction within the heated solid, consequent pyrolysis, and exothermic oxidation reactions in the developing natural convective boundary layer in the gas-phase. The results show ...
Illness severity and parental permission for clinical research in a pediatric ICU population.

Objective: Research in child subjects requires parental permission. We examined whether parental authorization of involvement in a clinical study is influenced by the child's severity of illness at the time of the consent decision. Design and setting: Observational study in a multidisciplinary tertiary pediatric and neonatal intensive care. Patients and participants: Parents of 421 children (age range from preterm to 18 years) were asked to consent for participation in a study focusing on measuring their child's nutritional status within 24 h after admission to the ICU. Over 20% of the parents (n=88) refused consent, most of them because they expected the study to be too burdensome for their child. Measurements and results: Patient and disease characteristics were comparable in the children for whom consent had or had not been obtained. A higher illness severity score did not decrease the probability of obtaining informed consent, but parents of children with a history of disease were 3.2 times less likely to consent. Conclusions: Parents of children with higher illness severity scores are not more likely to decline permission to include their child in clinical observational research on the ICU. History of disease and subjectively perceived burden to the child are important factors that must be considered.
Evolution of structure and information processing in the nervous system: Part IV of a general theory

Starting from fundamental principles, evolution of the nervous system is modelled as a random walk process in a multidimensional representation space (the F-space). This space is not flat, it is highly structured in terms of step probability. Fundamental considerations of evolutionary speed, efficiency of information processing, and priorities lead to specific theoretical predictions of the most probable pathways of evolution of the nervous system and its mechanisms of information processing. These processes are represented as vector paths (F-paths) in the F-space. Cognition becomes a process of correlations of the input signal to information stored in memories. Higher level brain processes involve extrapolation and interpolation along F-paths, input data reduction by clearly specifiable abstraction methods, and a unique process using abstracted analogs. These processes define and limit what the brain does and how it can do it. These considerations lead to certain inevitable conclusions (consequences of the fundamental principles) for the basis of our logical reasoning, decision-making, the process of dreaming (conscious and sleep), and explicit definitions of consciousness, unconsciousness, and personality. Detailed applications of this theory for analyzing empirical findings are suggested in the final paragraphs.
Contributions from the energy level structure of the 4f115d1 intermediate configuration to the electronic raman scattering intensities of TmPO4

Abstract A direct calculation of the electronic Raman scattering intensities of TmPO4 which includes the detailed energy level structure of the intermediate excited configuration 4f115d1 is given. The contributions to the scattering intensities from various perturbations within the 4f115d1 configuration are enumerated. Most of the calculated relative scattering intensities are improved when compared to the results of the conventional Judd-Ofelt-Axe calculations. However, there are significant differences remaining between the experimental and calculated intensities.
On the construction of zero-deficiency parallel prefix circuits with minimum depth

A parallel prefix circuit has n inputs x1, x2, …, xn, and computes the n outputs yi= xi•xi−1•…•x1, 1 ≤i≤n, in parallel, where • is an arbitrary binary associative operator. Snir proved that the depth t and size s of any parallel prefix circuit satisfy the inequality tps≥2n−2. Hence, a parallel prefix circuit is said to be of zero-deficiency if equality holds. In this article, we provide a different proof for Snir's theorem by capturing the structural information of zero-deficiency prefix circuits. Following our proof, we propose a new kind of zero-deficiency prefix circuit Z(d) by constructing a prefix circuit as wide as possible for a given depth d. It is proved that the Z(d) circuit has the minimal depth among all possible zero-deficiency prefix circuits.
The amazing diversity of cap-independent translation elements in the 3′-untranslated regions of plant viral RNAs

Many plant viral RNAs lack the 5′-cap structure that is required on all host mRNAs for interacting with essential translation initiation factors. Instead, uncapped viral RNAs take over the host translation machinery by harbouring sequences that functionally replace the 5′-cap. Recent reports reveal at least eight different classes of CITE (cap-independent translation element) located in the 3′-UTRs (untranslated regions) of various viruses. We describe how the structure and behaviour of each class of element differs from the other classes, suggesting that they recruit translation factors and, ultimately, the ribosome by diverse mechanisms. These results greatly expand our understanding of ways in which mRNAs can recruit ribosomes, and they provide insight into the regulation of virus gene expression.
A video driver system designed using a top-down, constraint-driven methodology

To accelerate the design cycle for analog and mixed-signal systems, we have proposed a top-down, constraint-driven design methodology. The key idea of the proposed methodology is hierarchically propagating constraints from performance specifications to layout. Consequently, it is essential to provide the necessary tools and techniques enabling the efficient constraint propagation. To illustrate the applicability of the proposed methodology to the design of larger systems, we present in this paper the complete design flow for a video driver system. Critical advantages of the methodology illustrated with this design example include avoiding costly low level re-designs and getting working silicon parts from the first run. Following our approach, a jitter constraint is imposed at the system level and then is propagated hierarchically to the circuit blocks and layout, using behavioral modeling and simulation. Experimental results are presented from working fabricated parts.
A Signal Processing System for a Semiconductor Detector Ladder

The resolution of the NBS high resolution electron spectrometer has been improved recently by installing a new 48 channel detector array at its focal plane, in place of the original channel array that has been in use for some time. This has necessitated the design and construction of a new electronics system to accommodate the increased amount of information from the detectors. The new detector system digitally processes the signals from the detectors after amplification and discrimination. It is coupled on line to a computer which accumulates and manipulates the processed data. An effective and economical solution has been found for the construction of a large logic network for nuclear data accumulation. The functions provided are those normally found only in modular from; e.g. coincidence, with the necessary time resolution. Time differences for simultaneous signal paths have been restricted to ±1 ns maximun with a minimum pulse width of 5 ns for any pulse input. The entire system is dc coupled and the pulse pair resolution, measured during construction, is 10 ns.
Characterization of a Mycobacterium smegmatis gene that confers resistance to phages L5 and D29 when overexpressed

Bacteriophage infection requires a specific interaction with the outer surface of a bacterial host followed by interaction with the cell membrane and phage DNA injection. Phages of the mycobacteria encounter a cell wall that is rich in unusual lipid- and sugar-containing components which form a formidable barrier that must be passed to gain access to the membrane. We describe here a gene of Mycobacterium smegmatis that confers resistance to mycobacteriophages L5 and D29. The phage-resistance phenotype results not from mutation but from elevated expression of a wild-type gene. It appears that the product of this multicopy phage-resistance (mpr) gene may alter the structure of the host cell wall or membrane, thereby inhibiting productive phage DNA injection.
Reduction of the calcite content of ground shale by liquid—liquid particle transfer

The removal of calcite from a naturally occurring shale is described. The technique used involves making the calcite particles hydrophobic by ball-milling the shale in aqueous suspension in the presence of sodium oleate conditioner. The calcite particles are then selectively absorbed by a viscous petroleum oil which is brought into contact with the suspension. Calcite removal was improved by increasing conditioner concentration, time of grinding and oil/suspension contact time. Some of the advantages and disadvantages of the process are pointed out.
The Differential Diagnosis of Colitis in Endoscopic Biopsy Specimens: A Review Article

Context.—A variety of inflammatory disorders may affect the colon, with widely differing clinical outcomes and management. These conditions encompass a spectrum of acute and chronic conditions. Objective.—Review the pathology of the major colitides and highlight the most diagnostically useful features. Data Sources.—Review of recent literature supplemented with personal experience in the field of gastrointestinal pathology. Conclusions.—The etiologies associated with the various types of colitis are diverse and the range of histologic changes is somewhat limited. Nevertheless, the combination of clinical and endoscopic data coupled with histopathology allows for accurate classification in the majority of cases.
Single-substrate decohesion test (SSDT) for interfacial fracture toughness measurement

We have developed a test method, called the Single-Substrate Decohesion Test (SSDT), to measure the interfacial fracture toughness for thin-film interfaces used in microelectronic applications. SSDT can be used to measure the interfacial fracture toughness over a range of mode mixity. In this work the results of the measurement of the full mode mixity versus interfacial fracture toughness curve for a submicron physical vapor deposited titanium thin film on a silicon substrate using SSDT are presented.
The random-utility-based multiregional input-output model: solution existence and uniqueness

Abstract A number of operational land use-transportation models make use of spatial input–output (SIO) models, some of which are based on random-utility theory. The random-utility-based multiregional input–output (RUBMRIO) model has been solved in practice by iteratively applying a set of equations. Each of the model equations describes relationships among key model variables. This paper examines the existence and uniqueness of the RUBMRIO solution, which represents the spatial allocation of productive activities and commodity flows. Formulating the set of equations as a fixed-point problem illuminates these two key properties, and provides a general solution algorithm. Several numerical examples illustrate the solution uniqueness and algorithm convergence. These results are valuable for efficient application of such models to large-scale problems. By proving that a unique solution does exist and offering an algorithm that is guaranteed to converge, this work adds valuable support to the growing popularity of this integrated transportation-land use modeling framework.
Comparison of the DNA Association Kinetics of the Lac Repressor Tetramer, Its Dimeric Mutant LacI adi , and the Native Dimeric Gal Repressor

Abstract The rates of association of the tetrameric Lac repressor (LacI), dimeric LacIadi (a deletion mutant of LacI), and the native dimeric Gal repressor (GalR) to DNA restriction fragments containing a single specific site were investigated using a quench-flow DNase I “footprinting” technique. The dimeric proteins, LacIadi and GalR, and tetrameric LacI possess one and two DNA binding sites, respectively. The nanomolar protein concentrations used in these studies ensured that the state of oligomerization of each protein was predominantly either dimeric or tetrameric, respectively. The bimolecular association rate constants (ka ) determined for the LacI tetramer exceed those of the dimeric proteins. The values ofka obtained for LacI, LacIadi, and GalR display different dependences on [KCl]. For LacIadi and GalR, they diminish as [KCl] increases from 25 mm to 200 mm, approaching rates predicted for three-dimensional diffusion. In contrast, the ka values determined for the tetrameric LacI remain constant up to 300 mm[KCl], the highest salt concentration that could be investigated by quench-flow footprinting. The enhanced rate of association of the tetramer relative to the dimeric proteins can be modeled by enhanced “sliding” (Berg, O. G., Winter, R. B., and von Hippel, P. H. (1981) Biochemistry 20, 6929–6948) of the LacI tetramer relative to the LacIadi dimer or a combination of enhanced sliding and the superimposition of “direct transfer” mediated by the bidentate DNA interactions of the tetramer.
Performance Projections for Ballistic Graphene Nanoribbon Field-Effect Transistors

The upper limit performance potential of ballistic carbon nanoribbon MOSFETs (CNR MOSFETs) is examined. Calculation of the bandstructure of nanoribbons using a single pz-orbital tight-binding method and evaluation of the current-voltage characteristics of a nanoribbon MOSFET were used in a semiclassical ballistic model. The authors find that semiconducting ribbons a few nanometers in width behave electronically in a manner similar to carbon nanotubes, achieving similar ON-current performance. The calculations show that semiconducting CNR transistors can be candidates for high-mobility digital switches, with the potential to outperform the silicon MOSFET. Although wide ribbons have small bandgaps, which would increase subthreshold leakage due to band to band tunneling, their ON-current capabilities could still be attractive for certain applications
M-ary optical data storage for CD, DVD and beyond

In this paper, we introduce the theoretical and practical concepts behind M-ary signaling on optical recording systems such as compact disc (CD), digital versatile disc (DVD) and evolving next generation formats based on blue lasers. We show that there is sufficient signal-to-noise ratio on all recording formats (ROM, R and R/W) and give examples of how density and data transfer rate can be improved by two to three times with no changes in disc media or recorder.
Measurements and modeling of the n-channel MOSFET inversion layer mobility and device characteristics in the temperature range 60-300 K

Discussed is the use of the high-frequency split C-V method to measure accurately the effective mobility of the n-channel MOS transistor as a function of temperature, bulk charge Q/sub b/, and inversion layer charge Q/sub i/. The experimental data for Q/sub b/ and Q/sub i/ were verified by comparison with the results of numerical simulation. The results of the measurements were used to develop the mobility model, which is accurate in the 60-300 K temperature range. The proposed mobility model incorporates Coulombic, lattice, and surface roughness scattering modes and generalizes the previous model, which was limited to low-temperature operation of the MOSFET. The deviation from the universal (for different back biases) mu (E/sub eff/) dependence, which becomes more pronounced at low temperatures and low E/sub eff/, is included in the model and can be associated with the Coulomb scattering mechanism. The proposed model is verified by comparison of experimental data and simulated MOSFET I-V characteristics for different temperatures. >
A study on CBR-based supplier selection under networked manufacturing

Supplier selection is the precondition to implement networked manufacturing. The method of case-based reasoning (CBR) was used to evaluate supplier. There are some evaluation factors such as price, quality, production capacity, network information level, networked condition and credit in supplier selection. Then the proposed method involves establishing source cases warehouse, describing historic suppliers, and retrieving the source case for the target case by calculating similarity degree. Also, the networked manufacturing-based supplier choosing process was analyzed from four aspects: demands generation, supplier selecting strategy analysis, supplier evaluation and supplier cooperation implement. At last, a numerical example is presented to illustrate the method.
RIBOSOME-INACTIVATING PROTEINS: A Plant Perspective

Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are toxic N-glycosidases that depurinate the universally conserved alpha-sarcin loop of large rRNAs. This depurination inactivates the ribosome, thereby blocking its further participation in protein synthesis. RIPs are widely distributed among different plant genera and within a variety of different tissues. Recent work has shown that enzymatic activity of at least some RIPs is not limited to site-specific action on the large rRNAs of ribosomes but extends to depurination and even nucleic acid scission of other targets. Characterization of the physiological effects of RIPs on mammalian cells has implicated apoptotic pathways. For plants, RIPs have been linked to defense by antiviral, antifungal, and insecticidal properties demonstrated in vitro and in transgenic plants. How these effects are brought about, however, remains unresolved. At the least, these results, together with others summarized here, point to a complex biological role. With genetic, genomic, molecular, and structural tools now available for integrating different experimental approaches, we should further our understanding of these multifunctional proteins and their physiological functions in plants.
Gold nanorods as nanotransducers to monitor the growth and swelling of ultrathin polymer films

In this work, we demonstrate that plasmonic nanostructures can be employed as nanoscale transducers to monitor the growth and phase transitions in ultrathin polymer films. In particular, gold nanorods with high refractive index sensitivity (~150 nm/refractive index unit (RIU)) were employed to probe the growth and swelling of polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEM). By comparing the wavelength shift and extinction intensity increase of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of the gold nanorods coated with PEM in air and water, the swelling of PEM was estimated to be 26% ± 6%. The swelling was quantitatively confirmed with independent thickness measurement of PEM in dry and swollen states using AFM. The deployment of shape-controlled metal nanostructures with high refractive index sensitivity represents a novel and facile approach for monitoring the phase transition in polymers with nanoscale resolution.
Beyond the Jamming Avoidance Response: weakly electric fish respond to the envelope of social electrosensory signals

SUMMARY Recent studies have shown that central nervous system neurons in weakly electric fish respond to artificially constructed electrosensory envelopes, but the behavioral relevance of such stimuli is unclear. Here we investigate the possibility that social context creates envelopes that drive behavior. When Eigenmannia virescens are in groups of three or more, the interactions between their pseudo-sinusoidal electric fields can generate ‘social envelopes’. We developed a simple mathematical prediction for how fish might respond to such social envelopes. To test this prediction, we measured the responses of E. virescens to stimuli consisting of two sinusoids, each outside the range of the Jamming Avoidance Response (JAR), that when added to the fish9s own electric field produced low-frequency (below 10 Hz) social envelopes. Fish changed their electric organ discharge (EOD) frequency in response to these envelopes, which we have termed the Social Envelope Response (SER). In 99% of trials, the direction of the SER was consistent with the mathematical prediction. The SER was strongest in response to the lowest initial envelope frequency tested (2 Hz) and depended on stimulus amplitude. The SER generally resulted in an increase of the envelope frequency during the course of a trial, suggesting that this behavior may be a mechanism for avoiding low-frequency social envelopes. Importantly, the direction of the SER was not predicted by the superposition of two JAR responses: the SER was insensitive to the amplitude ratio between the sinusoids used to generate the envelope, but was instead predicted by the sign of the difference of difference frequencies.
HYDRAULIC REQUIREMENTS OF GEOCOMPOSITE FIN-DRAIN MATERIALS UTILIZED IN PAVEMENT SUBDRAINAGE

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the hydraulic requirements of geocomposite fin-drain materials utilized in pavement subdrainage. The study consists of a laboratory testing program, field subdrainage outflow studies, and analysis of all data to define the fin-drain core flow capacity requirements. Two separate laboratory testing procedures were used to evaluate the hydraulic properties of five selected geocomposite fin-drain materials. One test procedure followed the general guidelines of ASTM D4716-87. The second test procedure followed a non-standard approach which utilized a 7·3 m long channel. Field subdrainage outflow data were obtained from two test sites in Illinois. These data are presented in terms of volume of outflow as a function of time. The data were collected by use of tipping-bucket flow meters. A comparison was made between the observed core flow capacity of the fin-drain materials in the laboratory and the flow volume observed from field subdrainage systems. Based on this comparison it was indicated that geocomposite fin-drain systems will be required to provide flow-zone capacities in excess of 567·8 litres/h at 0% pavement gradient and in excess of 757 litres/h at gradients of 1% or greater, to compare with a standard pipe and sand envelope system. When compared with a more permeable aggregate envelope system or a high-performance fin-drain system, flow-zone capacities in excess of 757 litres/h to 1135·5 litres/h may be desirable, depending upon the pavement gradients and the number and size of joint and crack openings. In-plane flow rates based on ASTM D4716-87 should be greater than 3·3–3·7 litres/s/m width for 61-cm-long specimens tested at a hydraulic gradient of 0·1 and unit load similar to field conditions. Based on faulting measurements it is indicated that a fin-drain subdrainage system can improve pavement performance to a level equivalent to or better than that for some standard systems.
1 Real-Time and Continuous Sensors of Protein Kinase Activity Utilizing Chelation-Enhanced Fluorescence

Protein kinases, the enzymes responsible for phosphoryl transfer from a chemical donor such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to a peptide or a protein acceptor, are integral enzymes in signaling cascades, play crucial roles in numerous cellular processes, and are of fundamental importance in systems biology. In addition, aberrant kinase activities are commonly associated with disease states, making kinases important therapeutic targets in current drug development initiatives. Therefore, understanding kinase activation dynamics is of utmost biological and clinical importance. Accurate and physiologically relevant methods to quantify kinase activities are needed to understand the intricate dynamics of kinase activation and inactivation. This chapter describes the design, evolution, and application of fluorescent-based Ser/Thr/Tyr kinase activity sensors that take advantage of chelation-enhanced fluorescence (CHEF). These sensors are compatible with physiological conditions, are selective for specific protein kinases, and provide real-time kinetic information regarding kinase activity.
Subunit-specific potentiation of recombinant N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors by histamine

Histamine has numerous functions in the brain and has recently been shown to modulate responses of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors on hippocampal neurons by a mechanism that does not involve classical histamine receptors. In the present work, voltage-clamp recording was used to study the effects of histamine on recombinant NMDA receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes, to determine whether histamine acts directly on NMDA receptors and to investigate the subunit specificity of the effects of histamine. Histamine potentiated responses to NMDA at heteromeric NR1/NR2 receptors containing splice variants of the NR1 subunit (NR1A or NR1E) that lack the amino-terminal insert, together with the NR2B subunit but not the NR2A or NR2C subunit. Stimulation by histamine (EC50 = 10 microM) had a novel profile, involving a rapid increase in the magnitude of NMDA-induced currents followed by slow (approximately 1-min) desensitization to a steady state level. Desensitization of the response to histamine was time dependent and could occur in the absence of receptor activation by NMDA. Stimulation by histamine was dependent on the concentration of agonist used to activate NR1A/NR2B receptors and was seen with high but not low concentrations of NMDA and glutamate. The effect of histamine was not blocked by classical histamine receptor antagonists but was mimicked by the histamine metabolite 1-methylhistamine. At a high concentration (1 microM) histamine produced a voltage-dependent inhibition of NMDA currents at NR1A/NR2B receptors and at receptors (NR1B/NR2B) that are not sensitive to stimulation by histamine. The results suggest that histamine acts directly at a novel recognition site on some subtypes of NMDA receptors to increase their activity.
Competency Assessment in Senior Emergency Medicine Residents for Core Ultrasound Skills

Introduction Quality resident education in point-of-care ultrasound (POC US) is becoming increasingly important in emergency medicine (EM); however, the best methods to evaluate competency in graduating residents has not been established. We sought to design and implement a rigorous assessment of image acquisition and interpretation in POC US in a cohort of graduating residents at our institution.
I Mean Green So i Eat Organic: Testing the Effect of Peer Pressure on the Purchase and Consumption of Organic Food

Obesity is currently one of the most important health concerns in America, with roughly one-third of American adults now considered obese (Flegal et al., 2010), and unhealthy dietary habits are cited as one big reason for this societal malady. Consumers associate organic food with healthy and low-calorie nutrition (Schuldt and Schwarz 2010), although there is no empirical evidence that organic food has better nutrient quality compared to conventional food (Dangour et al. 2009). Consequently, the sale of organic food products in the United States has risen from approximately $1 billion in 1990 to nearly $25 billion in 2009 (OTA, 2010). So while organic food products are surely and steadily gaining acceptance among Americans, marketers are still grappling with the question of what would be effective strategies to market organic food products to customers.
Serving the DIY Client: A Guide to Unbundling Legal Services for the Private Practitioner

We live in a do-it-yourself (DIY) society. Consumers are comfortable going online to handle business and professional transactions. They shop, conduct banking and investing, earn degrees and communicate with family and friends over the Internet. The public has gotten used to controlling online interactions and many individuals see the benefit and convenience of handling business on their own time. For at least the past five years, online legal service companies, such as LegalZoom, have educated consumers about DIY legal services. Consumers fill out questionnaires and purchase automated legal forms for sale online that they must then be responsible for executing and filing at the courthouse. DIY legal form kits are also for sale at most office supply stores. Other consumers make the dangerous choice to cut and paste together legal forms from samples they have found online on various free legal resource websites. Countering this trend, some non-profits and court systems have taken steps to create self-help centers and to work with private practitioners who volunteer in court-sponsored limited services programs. However, these resources are not available for all individuals and may pertain to assistance in only certain areas of the law. While some law firms have provided unbundled legal services for years, it is not a practice that private practitioners have widely embraced. This ebook will provide a basic introduction to unbundling for private practice lawyers, discuss ethics concerns and best practices, and provide practical suggestions for implementation. As a side goal, this ebook will hopefully start a renewed dialogue between the private and public sectors of the legal profession about using unbundling as an alternative solution for chipping away at the nation’s access to justice deficiencies.
Improvement of a Naive Bayes Sentiment Classifier Using MRS-Based Features

This study explores the potential of using deep semantic features to improve binary sentiment classification of paragraphlength movie reviews from the IMBD website. Using a Naive Bayes classifier as a baseline, we show that features extracted from Minimal Recursion Semantics representations in conjunction with back-off replacement of sentiment terms is effective in obtaining moderate increases in accuracy over the baseline’s n-gram features. Although our results are mixed, our most successful feature combination achieves an accuracy of 89.09%, which represents an increase of 0.76% over the baseline performance and a 6.48% reduction in error.
A Systematic Review of Research Strategies Used in Qualitative Studies on School Bullying and Victimization

School bullying and victimization are serious social problems in schools. Most empirical studies on bullying and peer victimization are quantitative and examine the prevalence of bullying, associated risk and protective factors, and negative outcomes. Conversely, there is limited qualitative research on the experiences of children and adolescents related to school bullying and victimization. We review qualitative research on school bullying and victimization published between 2004 and 2014. Twenty-four empirical research studies using qualitative methods were reviewed. We organize the findings from these studies into (1) emic, (2) context specific, (3) iterative, (4) power relations, and (5) naturalistic inquiry. We find that qualitative researchers have focused on elaborating on and explicating the experiences of bully perpetrators, victims, and bystanders in their own words. Directions for research and practice are also discussed.
Run-Time Library for Parallel I/O for Irregular Applications*

We present a runtime library design based on the two-phase collective I/O technique for irregular applications and show the performance results on the Intel Paragon. We obtained up to 40MBytes/sec. application level performance on the Caltech's Intel Paragon(with 16 I/O nodes, each containing one disk) which includes on-the-fly reordering costs. We observed up to 60MBytes/sec. on the ASCI/Red Teraflops with only three I/O nodes (with RAIDs).
STRUCTURE/MAJORITY CARRIER RELATIONSHIPS IN ION-IMPLANTED POLYMER FILMS.

Ion implantation of selected polymer films leads to the formation of semiconductive (σ ~ 10 −4 S/cm) derivatives, which are presumably partially carbonacėous products derived from gross structural rearrangements. In support of this contention we find that Br-implanted polyacrylonitrile, PAN, exhibits a narrow ESR signal with a g-value of 2.0033, consistent with the presence of free radicals delocalized within a П-electron system. Thermopower measurements reveal that the sign of the majority carrier is dependent upon the molecular structure of the parent polymer.For example, implantation of PAN with Br + affords n-type derivatives while under similar conditions poly(p-phenylene sulfide), PPS, and poly(2,6-dimethylphenylene-oxide), PPO, yield p-type semiconductors. It is suggested that the majority carriers arethe ions (carbenium ions or carbanions) which are best stabilized by the parent polymerstructure, remnants of which presumably exist after implantation. Resonance and/or inductive effects are invoked to explain the data. For example, the rather electron-rich backbone of PPQ is expected to stabilize holes more effectively than electrons, and the observed p-type behavior is consistent with this prediction.
Aerodynamic Simulation of Heavy Trucks with Rotating Wheels

Aerodynamic simulations were carried out for the Ground Transportation System model, a 1/8 th scale tractor-trailer model, that was tested in the NASA Ames 7’x10’ tunnel. The computed forces and pressure coefficients are compared to experiment. Detailed comparisons are also carried out for the wake in the symmetry plane of the model. A DES version of the two equation k-e/k-ω ω ω ω hybrid turbulence model is shown to predict the single vortex structure observed in the experiment. Simulations are also carried out for an isolated rotating wheel and the results are compared to experiment data. A theoretically predicted jet arising at the contact patches was observed computationally with its magnitude matching the theoretical predictions. Representative simulations were also carried out for a tractortrailer model with rotating wheels.
Acute myeloid leukemia in children treated with epipodophyllotoxins for acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Abstract Background and Methods. Treatment of cancer with the epipodophyllotoxins (etoposide and teniposide) has been linked to the development of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in children and adults, but the factors that might influence the risk of this complication of therapy are poorly defined. We therefore assessed the importance of potential risk factors for secondary AML in 734 consecutive children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who attained complete remission and received continuation (maintenance) treatment according to different schedules of epipodophyllotoxin administration. Results. Secondary AML was diagnosed in 21 of the 734 patients, in 17 of whom this complication was the initial adverse event. Prolonged administration of epipodophyllotoxin (teniposide with or without etoposide) twice weekly or weekly was independently associated with the development of secondary AML (P<0.01 by Cox regression analysis). The overall cumulative risk of AML at six years was 3.8 percent (95 percent confidence...