cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constitutional inclusion of animal rights in Germany and Switzerland: how did animal protection become an issue of national importance?

Provisions for animal rights have been included in the national constitutions of Switzerland (1992, 2000) and Germany (2002). Protective constitutional inclusion is a major social movement success, and in view of the other movements also seeking increased political visibility and responsiveness, it is worth asking how and why nonhuman animals were allowed into this realm of political importance. This research seeks to explain how animal activists achieved this significant goal in two industrialized democracies. Using an approach drawn from the mainstream canon on social movements, this comparative study attempts to show how cultural factors, institutional selectivity, and the influence of spontaneous events, along with the tactic of “frame-bridging,” determined the success of both movements.
Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty with a Minimally Invasive Anterior Approach

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) through the anterior approach is a minimally invasive technique that allows component implantation without muscle detachment from bone. The anterior approach is advantageous because the hip is an anterior joint, closer to the skin anterior than posterior; the approach follows an internervous plane between the superior and inferior gluteal nerves laterally and the femoral nerve medially; and the approach involves no muscle detachment. The anterior approach described here provides good access to the acetabulum and femur through the same incision, preservation of the hip muscular attachments, improved control of acetabular cup position and leg lengths, and no hip dislocation precautions postoperatively.
PC 27 Apical and coronal microleakage of two root canal filling techniques

Root Canal Filling Techniques. M. Carter, S. Frost, V. Karapanou*, C. Pastan, M. Goldman, R. White, Tufts University, Boston, MA This study assessed apical and coronal dye leakage of a single gutta percha cone, resin sealer, filling technique compared with lateral condensation of gutta percha and sealer. 68 single canal teeth were instrumented to an apical size of 40 using a crown-down, step-back technique. To remove the smear layer, final irrigation with 15% E.D.T.A. was followed by 5.25% NaOCl. The teeth were then randomly divided into 2 groups of 30 and 4 controls. 30 samples in Gr. A were filled using lat. condensed g.p. and Z.O.E. sealer. A single fitted cone and resin sealer were used to fill the 30 teethin Gr. B. (+) controls were filled with loosely fitted g.p. w/out sealer. (-) controls were covered with sticky wax. Wax covered all but the apical foramen in 15 teeth from Gr. A and B. Wax covered all surfaces except the coronal access of the remaining 15 teeth in each group. After 7 days, all samples were placed in 2% methylene blue under a vacuum. The samples were then split longitudinally and measured for leakage by 2 examiners. Inter-examiner reliability correlated_. A students' "T" test demonstrated that the resin sealer demonstrated siqnificantly less coronal leakaqe than lateral condensation. There was no siqnificant difference in the apical leakaqe.
NATO BENEFITS, BURDENS AND BORDERS: COMMENT

This note refutes criticism raised by Solomon about past tests used to ascertain the concordance between NATO benefits and burdens. In so doing, a case is made for keeping the benefit proxy based on exposed borders. Moreover, a truer sensitivity analysis than that offered by Solomon is suggested.
Pricing strategies of electronic B2B marketplaces with two-sided network externalities

B2B electronic commerce has become an important issue in the debate about electronic commerce. How should the intermediary charge suppliers and buyers to maximize profits from such a marketplace? We analyze a monopolistic B2B marketplace owned by an independent intermediary. The marketplace exhibits two-sided network externalities where the value of the marketplace to buyers is dependent on the number of suppliers, and value to suppliers is dependent on the number of buyers and suppliers. When these two-sided network externalities exist, we find that the optimal price for buyers and the fraction of buyers in the electronic market are dependent on the switching cost and the strength of the network effect of both types: buyers and suppliers. The same is true for the optimal price for suppliers and the fraction of suppliers in electronic markets. In other words, the parameters that define the buyers also affect the optimal price for suppliers and the fraction of suppliers in electronic market and vice versa. Our results also point to some counterintuitive optimal pricing strategies that depend on the nature of the industry served by the marketplace.
Cytoskeletal alterations might account for the phylogenetic vulnerability of the human brain to Alzheimer's disease

A theory is presented here in the attempt to explain why Alzheimer's disease (AD) primarily affects areas of the human brain that have been acquired recently in phylogenesis. Disturbances in cytoskeletal function are proposed to play a fundamental role in triggering the sequence of pathologic events leading to the occurrence of AD-related histopathological markers and to the degeneration and death of neurons. These deficits are supposed to occur more likely in neuronal populations that possess a high degree of plasticity, the substrate of memory functions, and that constitute, in fact, the phylogenetically new telencephalic regions of the human brain.
SMALL FAMILY BUSINESS SURVIVAL: STRATEGIES FOR COPING WITH OVERLAPPING FAMILY AND BUSINESS DEMANDS

This study identified 14 adjustment strategies employed by household and business managers to cope with overlapping work and family demands using data from 1997 and 2000 versions of the National Family Business Survey (NFBS). Significant differences were found between surviving small family firms by managerial role (single or dual) regarding gross income, gender, number of children under age 18, community size and trade sector. Both surviving and non-surviving enterprises tended to bring household work to the business field when times were hectic and demanding, and took care of family responsibilities while at the business. However, in non-surviving businesses, business managers reported a greater tendency to bring work home, demonstrating that work entered the family field more frequently than in surviving businesses. Managers of surviving businesses were more likely to make financial adjustments by hiring temporary help for the business or home, and less likely to ask others to help in the business without pay. Significant differences were also noted regarding the use of non-financial adjustments; managers of surviving family businesses were able to shift away from business work to spend time on family aspects, and to spend less time sleeping to help the business.
Minimalism beyond computer documentation

L'A. prone les avantages de la documentation minimaliste en informatique qui remplacerait les piles d'ouvrages et les informations stockees sur ordinateur
Contextual use of the push-up display by the sagebrush lizard, Sceloporus graciosus

Abstract Abstract. The push-up display has been categorized into 'Assertion' and 'Challenge' displays on the basis of hypothesized function. Assertion displays are spontaneous displays given in the absence of a direct audience, and may be used to broadcast information about the identity of the displaying animal. Challenge displays are of greater intensity and are produced in the presence of territorial intruders. These differences have not been described or quantified explicitly, and the specific meaning or information content of these displays has not been examined in any detail. In this study, I examine the social and behavioural contexts in which the push-up display of Sceloporus graciosus is produced. Focal-animal observations of both male and female lizards in the field show that lizards of both sexes produce structurally different types of push-up displays in different contexts. Certain body postures that expose the blue belly and gular patches are used only in push-up displays produced during agonistic, territorial interactions. Displays used during courtship do not include the use of these body postures, and include slightly fewer head-bobs and fewer legs being extended. Displays produced in the absence of a direct audience are more variable but tend to include even fewer head-bobs, fewer legs extended, and less frequent use of specific body postures. Also, lizards tend to produce push-up displays following bouts of locomotion, and the fine structure of the display is related to the distance traversed immediately before the display is produced.
SLA-based Data Integration on Database Grids

A database grid can provide a robust distributed environment for accessing and manipulating different database resources. While current challenges focus on managing database resources and ensuring the quality of data integration. This paper describes a service level agreement (SLA) based data integration model, which includes SLA-based resource description model, SLA-based query model, SLA-based matching algorithm and SLA-based evaluation model. The SLAs of a database resource is defined by SLA-based resource description model. The SLA-based query model is defined to normalize the various types of queries. The SLA-based matching algorithm has been proposed to match schemas of resources for each sub-query, and then the quality of database resources is evaluated by SLA-based evaluation model to obtain the final query solutions. Experimental results have shown that SLA-based data integration model can provide more stable database resources and save time cost in data integration applications as well.
An Examination of the Effectiveness of Case Method Teaching Online: Does the Technology Matter?

This article discusses the effectiveness of the case method when teaching online by comparing synchronous and asynchronous communication technologies with respect to how well they each embody Chick...
Cell surface expression and function of an HLA class II molecule with class I domain configuration

Recombinant major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules were expressed with extracellular polypeptide domains reorganized to form heavy (H) and light (L) chains (alpha 1-beta 1-beta 2 and alpha 2) analogous to class I. Accurate protein folding and dimerization is demonstrated by the ability of this 3+1-DR1 construct to bind class II-restricted peptides and stimulate CD4+ T cells. Cell surface expression of a functional class II molecule consisting of H and L chains supports the validity of current class II models and affirms the evolutionary relatedness of class I/II. MHC functions that differ between class I/II may be influenced by domain configuration, and the use of domain-shifted constructs will allow examination of this possibility.
Inhibition of STAT3 using shRNA inhibits Thymidine Kinase (TK) mediated glioma cell death in vitro and abrogates Flt3L and TK dependent tumor regression in vivo.

4991 STAT3 signaling plays important roles in tumor progression and immune mechanisms. It is required for survival and proliferation of tumor cells and also mediates the function of tumor immune cells. Recently, preclinical models have investigated whether STAT3 antagonists can be used in combination with immunotherapy to induce tumor cell death and enhance immune responses against GBM antigens. Owing to the multiple roles of STAT3 in both tumor cells and immune cells, we wished to investigate whether inhibition of STAT3 using adenoviral vectors expressing STAT3 specific shRNA would augment or inhibit T cell dependent tumor regression. We have previously demonstrated that intratumoral delivery of Flt3L and TK using adenoviral vectors drives T cell dependent tumor regression. Here, we demonstrate that expression of STAT3 shRNA from U6 promoter can specifically silence STAT3 expression and activity by more than 95% (p
Nitrate dynamics within the Pajaro River, a nutrient-rich, losing stream

The major ion chemistry of water from an 11.42-km reach of the Pajaro River, a losing stream in central coastal California, shows a consistent pattern of higher concentrations during the 2 nd (dry) half of the water year. Most solutes are conserved during flow along the reach, but (NO3 � ) decreases by ;30% and is accompanied by net loss of channel discharge and extensive surface-subsurface exchange. The corresponding net NO3 � uptake length is 37 6 13 km (42 6 12 km when normalized to the conservative solute Cl � ), and the areal NO3 � uptake rate is 0.5 lmol m � 2 s � 1 . The observed reduction in (NO3 � ) along the reach results from one or more internal sinks, not dilution by ground water, hill-slope water, or other water inputs. Observed reductions in (NO3 � ) and channel discharge along the experimental reach result in a net loss of 200-400 kg/d of NO3 � -N, ;50% of the input load. High-resolution (temporal and spatial) sampling indicates that most of the NO3 � loss occurs along the lower part of the reach, where there is the greatest seepage loss and surface-subsurface exchange of water. Stable isotopes of NO3 � , total dissolved P concentrations, and streambed chemical profiles suggest that denitrification is the most significant NO3 � sink along the reach. Denitrification efficiency, as expressed through downstream enrichment in 15 N-NO3 � , varies considerably during the water year. When discharge is greater (typically earlier in the water year), denitrification is least efficient and downstream enrichment in 15 N-NO3 � is greatest. When discharge is lower, denitrification in the streambed appears to occur with greater efficiency, resulting in lower downstream enrichment in 15 N-NO3 � .
The Commercial Property Endowment Model for Delivering Park and Recreation Services

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: The Commercial Property Endowment Model, emanating from the genre known as social enterprises, has been adopted in the cities of Milton Keynes and Peterborough in the U.K. In both cases, nonprofit organizations were established to operate park systems independent of the cities. The non-profits were given commercial properties which were incomeearning assets to manage as well as parks. The rationale for this was that lease fees generated from these properties would provide a sustainable income stream that could be used to fund their mission of operating, maintaining, renovating, and enhancing the park system. These two cases are compared with a similar model at Mission Bay Park in San Diego whose operations also are financed by commercial property lease fees. In the U.S., the Commercial Property Endowment Model would be classified as an operating foundation. However, in the U.S., operating foundation endowments typically have been created by philanthropic action or from self-generated revenues, rather than commercial property leases. The paper discusses the effectiveness and characteristics of several U.S. operating foundations, and compares their cultures with those of public agencies. Circumstances and contexts in which the Commercial Property Endowment Model may be viable, together with the trade-offs involved with its implementation, are suggested.
Is the wrong question being asked in infertility research

A persistent finding is that assisted reproductive technology (ART) is associated with compromised birth outcomes, including higher risks for prematurity, low birthweight, and congenital malformations, even among singletons. Over the past decade, our research group, the Massachusetts Outcome Study of Assisted Reproductive Technology (MOSART), has evaluated pregnancy and birth outcomes among three groups of women, those women treated with ART, those with indicators of subfertility but without ART treatment, and fertile women. We have also explored the influence of infertility-related diagnoses on outcomes for women and infants. Over the course of our research, we have changed our perspective from an original focus on ART treatment parameters as the primary cause of excess morbidity to one centered instead on the underlying infertility-related diagnoses. This paper summarizes the research findings from our group that support this change in focus for infertility-based research from a primary emphasis on ART treatment to greater attention to the contribution of preexisting pathology underlying the infertility and suggests directions for future analyses.
Firm Governance as a Determinant of Capital Lock-In

This paper has two main components: methodological and substantive. Methodologically, it develops a new way of measuring and coding contractual, statutory, and regulatory variables through series of Monte-Carlo simulations. Substantively, it tests whether the extent to which a firm locks in its capital is related to the level of agency costs. In a study of lock-in choices of venture capital funds, I find that the degree of capital lock-in is inversely related to several measures of expected agency costs. Better venture organizations (the ones with fewer failed and more succeeded companies) lock their capital more tightly, as do funds where managers' compensation is more heavily based on performance and funds that employ alternative governance devices.
Cleaning, standardization, and assessment of the accuracy and consistency of the Yellowstone National Park dataset (log book)

Yellowstone National Park (YNP), Wyoming USA, contains over 10,000 geothermal features and 2 to 5 % of these features are geysers. Yellowstone has about half of the world’s geysers and the majority of YNP geysers are located in Upper geysers Basin. Beginning in 1970, details (time of eruption, height, duration, etc.) of about 25 geysers activities have been recorded in log books and later transcribed into an electronic dataset and posted on the park’s website. The data was collected by park rangers, visitors, and geyser enthusiasts, among others. The data collected by direct observation, camera, electronic, etc. The dataset contains a great deal of information that is relevant to scientists, educators and the public. However, the use of the dataset is severely limited without cleaning and standardization. Given the size, time span over which the data was collected, and the number of people involved in collecting the data, it’s inevitable that the data contains many inconsistencies. The dataset has been cleaned, standardized, reorganized in some parts and converted to a spreadsheet which makes the dataset much better suited for computations and analysis. The reorganization consists of two steps: step one was to remove text type information and extra information to a newly created column; and step two was to reorder the information in a set of records so that individual data entry is consistent with the column heading under which it should have been listed. The overall and monthly statistical summary of the data shows that interval and duration are both bimodal normally distributed, height is normally distributed and preplay display a Rayleigh type distribution. Comparison of the YNP and the electronic dataset was not feasible for all geysers and all variables; however, where it’s feasible such as the case for interval data, the two datasets are nearly identical.
Role of Fitness & Recreation Centers in the Economy of Lancaster County

The fitness and recreation centers industry is an important part of the history and economy of Lancaster county in Pennsylvania. The industry creates jobs and compensation for workers throughout this county and influences tax revenues in the county.
Regional carbon cycle responses to 25 years of variation in climate and disturbance in the US Pacific Northwest

Variation in climate, disturbance regime, and forest management strongly influence terrestrial carbon sources and sinks. Spatially distributed, process-based, carbon cycle simulation models provide a means to integrate information on these various influences to estimate carbon pools and flux over large domains. Here we apply the Biome-BGC model over the four-state Northwest US region for the interval from 1986 to 2010. Landsat data were used to characterize disturbances, and forest inventory data were used to parameterize the model. The overall disturbance rate on forest land across the region was 0.8 % year−1, with 49 % as harvests, 28 % as fire, and 23 % as pest/pathogen. Net ecosystem production (NEP) for the 2006–2010 interval on forestland was predominantly positive (a carbon sink) throughout the region, with maximum values in the Coast Range, intermediate values in the Cascade Mountains, and relatively low values in the Inland Rocky Mountain ecoregions. Localized negative NEPs were mostly associated with recent disturbances. There was large interannual variation in regional NEP, with notably low values across the region in 2003, which was also the warmest year in the interval. The recent (2006–2010) net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) was positive for the region (14.4 TgC year−1). Despite a lower area-weighted mean NECB, public forestland contributed a larger proportion to the total NECB because of its larger area. Aggregated forest inventory data and inversion modeling are beginning to provide opportunities for evaluating model-simulated regional carbon stocks and fluxes.
Immune Responses Directed Against Self

Paul Ehrlich and Julius Morgenroth proposed the concept of “horror autotoxicus” in 1901 to explain their observation that the immune system normally will not react to or produce pathology directed against self-antigens. Within a few years, Julius Donath and Karl Landsteiner demonstrated the induction of a clinical disease by antibodies to self-red blood cells. Following these observations, other investigators attempted to stimulate the production of pathological autoantibodies to several different organs with limited success. Finally, Noel Rose induced rabbits to produce antithyroglobulin antibodies that resulted in thyroid pathology. When the thyroids from these rabbits were observed by a clinician specializing in thyroid disease, the relationship between the pathology seen in the experimental thyroids and that seen in Hashimoto thyroiditis was noted. This was the first proof that self-reactive antibodies might be involved in causing clinical disease. Subsequently more than 80 diseases have been identified with an underlying autoimmune etiology. Many of these diseases had been described decades or even centuries earlier, but their etiology was unknown. The knowledge that the symptoms of these disorders were attributable to autoantibodies or self-reactive lymphocytes has enhanced the development of new and more successful therapeutic modalities.
A novel method for equivalent circuit synthesis from frequency response of multi-port networks

Interconnects in electrical/electronic systems are commonly modeled in frequency-domain. However system level electrical analysis involving signal and power integrity simulations are typically done in time-domain, which calls for circuit level representation of the interconnect networks. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel iterative method that approximates a multi-port frequency responses to an equivalent circuit netlist consisting of the basic elements — resistor, capacitor and inductor. Each iteration picks a few consecutive points from the frequency response, identifies a local transfer function matching their response and synthesizes it as a branch in the approximant. A 3-port network comprised of power delivery planes with three vias is synthesized. The equivalent circuit response closely matches the given frequency response, demonstrating the potential of the method for signal/power integrity modeling and simulation of interconnect networks.
Examining the high rate of cigarette smoking among adults with a GED

Objectives We seek to identify characteristics of GED holders that explain their very high smoking rates compared with high school (HS) graduates.
Valutazione del rischio di suicidio: Protocollo e segnali d’allarme

Si verificano approssimativamente 31.500 suicidi ogni anno negli Stati Uniti: sono piu o meno 86 suicidi al giorno, oppure un suicidio ogni 17 minuti; tutto cio si traduce in un tasso di suicidi annuo di 10,8 per 100.000. Negli Stati Uniti, il suicidio e la terza causa piu importante di morte per soggetti tra i 15 e i 24 anni e l’ottava per persone di tutte le eta; in questo Paese, le persone uccidono piu spesso se stesse che gli altri.
Fire and Brimstone (and Linguistics): The Sermon in Moby-Dick

Many commentators discuss the broad theme of religion in Melville’s Moby-Dick. None have yet attempted a more precise, linguistic analysis of the novel in order to better illuminate this theme. Linguistic analysis can elucidate the defining characteristics of the “seamen’s chapel” sermon, a sub-genre of the sermon. These characteristics can then be compared to other passages in Moby-Dick. Close comparison shows that Melville’s use of the sermon in Moby-Dick was largely influenced by his knowledge of the “seamen’s chapel” sermon type. This is evident not only in Father Mapple’s sermon, but throughout the text. Most interestingly, Melville prefers the style of the "seamen's chapel" genre whenever he conveys a profound philosophical idea to the reader.
Beyond Rott’s Thermoacoustics

Chapter 6 completed a review of the foundations of thermoacoustics, based mostly on the work of Nikolaus Rott. Chapter 4, summarized in Fig. 4.15, showed that any thermoacoustic apparatus can be regarded as a series of short channels (possibly with internal structure, such as in a stack), each of which can be analyzed using the momentum and continuity equations. This allows a short length of arbitrary thermoacoustic component to be treated as a combination of only five impedance elements: series inertance, series viscous resistance, parallel compliance, parallel thermal-relaxation resistance, and the parallel current-controlled current source that appears when a nonzero temperature gradient exists along the channel.
Integrating Health Education in Core Curriculum Classrooms: Successes, Challenges, and Implications for Urban Middle Schools.

Background School-based health education efforts can positively affect health behaviors and learning outcomes; however, there is limited available time during the school day for separate health education classes. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and sustainability of implementing a classroom-based health education program that integrates skill development with health learning. Methods A wait-list control study design was conducted among 168 6th graders in 2 urban schools. Data on program implementation, feasibility, and health outcomes were collected from students at 3 time points and from 5 teachers across the implementation of the 10-week program. Results There were barriers to implementation, including time limitations, unexpected school-wide disruptions, and variations in student reading ability and teacher preparedness. However, analyses revealed there were significant increases in self-efficacy regarding fruit and vegetable consumption and outcome expectations following program implementation, which were also sustained post-program implementation. Despite inconsistent implementation in the wait-list control school, small gains were also noted following the completion of the program. Conclusions Integrating health education efforts within core curricula classes can lead to favorable outcomes. However, implementation barriers must be actively addressed by schools and program developers to improve program fidelity and maximize the sustainability of program gains.
Isomorphism through algorithms: Institutional dependencies in the case of Facebook:

Algorithms and data-driven technologies are increasingly being embraced by a variety of different sectors and institutions. This paper examines how algorithms and data-driven technologies, enacted ...
Freeing “workplace prisoners” in higher education: Configurations for collective knowledge building and educational value decisions

Abstract “Workplace prisoners” are people who stay in their jobs despite feeling unmotivated, disengaged, and generally negative about their employer. These feelings come from a perceived inability to influence the organization. Consequently, they impede organizational progress and reduce organizational value. Workplace prisoners exist in higher education because competition in conjunction with continual policy and management changes develops an environment with conflicts and tensions. Intelligence and emotional recognition theory states that procedural justice creates trust, commitment, voluntary cooperation promoting institutional decision-making that leads to more perceived educational value. Using a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), this study specifies organizational justice and faculty engagement conditions that contribute to educational value. The results advance theory by demonstrating the importance of distributive justice for institutional decision-making and educational value when the comparison of individual outcomes is most salient with organizational outcomes.
Insurgencies as Networks of Event Orderings

Progress in theorizing networks and events requires formulating a greater diversity of networks and, in particular, enabling network analysis to exploit relations between events and the attributes,...
Making Someone Feel Guilty

Guilt is an aversive emotion. It involves a sense of remorse, regret, tension, and arousal (Baumeister, Reis, & Delespaul, 1995; Tangney, 1995) and often co-occurs with shame (Ferguson & Stegge, 1995; Tangney, 1995). Because guilt is experientially bad, the act of making another person feel guilty clearly qualifies as an aversive interpersonal behavior. To make someone feel guilty is to inflict a negative, undesired emotional state that most people normally try to avoid.
Incidental findings during ultrasound of thyroid, breast, testis, uterus and ovary in healthy term neonates

Incidental sonographic findings in thyroid and estrogen-responsive organs have been described in children and adults, but no publications describe incidental findings of these organs in infancy. We describe ultrasound features in thyroid, breast buds, testes, uterus, and ovaries in infants up to 32 weeks old that vary from the expected tissue architecture. Infants described in this paper were enrolled as healthy term neonates in a longitudinal study of normal feeding practices. Radiology reports for ultrasound exams in these infants described a range of findings that are similar to those reported in older populations. Knowledge of these asymptomatic variants occurring in infancy may guide radiologists in interpretation of these findings during clinical exams.
An in situ study on Kr ion–irradiated crystalline Cu/amorphous-CuNb nanolaminates

Nanocrystalline and nanolaminated materials show enhanced radiation tolerance compared with their coarse-grained counterparts, since grain boundaries and layer interfaces act as effective defect sinks. Although the effects of layer interface and layer thickness on radiation tolerance of crystalline nanolaminates have been systematically studied, radiation response of crystalline/amorphous nanolaminates is rarely investigated. In this study, we show that irradiation can lead to formation of nanocrystals and nanotwins in amorphous CuNb layers in Cu/amorphous-CuNb nanolaminates. Substantial element segregation is observed in amorphous CuNb layers after irradiation. In Cu layers, both stationary and migrating grain boundaries effectively interact with defects. Furthermore, there is a clear size effect on irradiation-induced crystallization and grain coarsening. In situ studies also show that crystalline/amorphous interfaces can effectively absorb defects without drastic microstructural change, and defect absorption by grain boundary and crystalline/amorphous interface is compared and discussed. Our results show that tailoring layer thickness can enhance radiation tolerance of crystalline/amorphous nanolaminates and can provide insights for constructing crystalline/amorphous nanolaminates under radiation environment.
Fracture Propagation in Heterogeneous Porous Media: Pore-Scale Implications of Mineral Dissolution

Open-mode fractures in sediments and rock occur both in natural processes and in engineering practice. In contrast to long planar fractures predicted by solutions in homogeneous media, laboratory and field observations often evidence complex and non-planar open-mode fracture networks in geological media. One cause of fracture complexity is the heterogeneity of material mechanical properties. This study focuses on the effects of mineral dissolution on pore structure modification in heterogeneous porous media and ensuing changes on fracture propagation characteristics. We performed semicircular bending experiments on limestone samples pre- and post-acidizing, mapped 3-D pore structure with X-ray microtomography, and used a finite element formulation based on the phase-field approach and linear elastic fracture mechanics to model initiation and propagation of open-mode fractures. Semicircular bending experiments on acidized carbonate rock samples show that non-planar fractures follow high porosity regions and large pores, and that fracture toughness correlates well with local porosity. Numerical modeling shows that a direct relationship between fracture toughness and porosity permits replicating fracture stress intensity at initiation and non-planar fracture propagation patterns observed in experiments. The results of this study indicate that mineral dissolution can affect fracture propagation patterns and that a coupling of mechanical and reactive processes in porous media formulations can be achieved through porosity and toughness. The understanding of fracture propagation patterns and geometry manipulation is critical for safe and effective use of reactive fluids in the subsurface, such as in hydraulic fracturing and carbon geological sequestration applications.
Biological Knowledge Guided Deep Neural Network for Brain Genotype-Phenotype Association Study

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the main cause for age-related dementia. Many machine learning methods have been proposed to identify important genetic bases which are associated to phenotypes indicating the progress of AD. However, the biological knowledge is seldom considered in spite of the success of previous research. Built upon neuroimaging high-throughput phenotyping techniques, a biological knowledge guided deep network is proposed in this paper, to study the genotype-phenotype associations. We organized the Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) according to linkage disequilibrium (LD) blocks, and designed a group 1-D convolutional layer assembling both local and global convolution operations, to process the structural features. The entire neural network is a cascade of group 1-D convolutional layer, 2-D sliding convolutional layer and a multi-layer perceptron. The experimental results on the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) data show that the proposed method outperforms related methods. A set of biologically meaningful LD groups is also identified for phenotype discovery, which is potentially helpful for disease diagnosis and drug design.
Creating Third Space through Critical Interactions in a High School: Examining Latin@ Students’ Experiences in Neocolonial Society

English Learners (ELs) often face school environments dominated by White, English speaking values, history, and education practices. This qualitative action research study focuses on the third spac...
How to measure the economic health cost of wildfires – A systematic review of the literature for northern America

There has been an increasing interest in the economic health cost from smoke exposure from wildfires in the past 20 years, particularly in the north-western USA that is reflected in an emergent literature. In this review, we provide an overview and discussion of studies since 2006 on the health impacts of wildfire smoke and of approaches for the estimation of the associated economic cost. We focus on the choice of key variables such as cost estimators for determining the economic impact of mortality and morbidity effects. In addition, we provide an in-depth discussion and guidance on the functioning, advantages and challenges of BenMAP-CE, freely available software of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that has been used in a growing number of studies to assess cost from wildfire smoke. We highlight what generates differences in outcomes between relevant studies and make suggestions for increasing the comparability between studies. All studies, however, demonstrate highly significant health cost from smoke exposure, in the millions or billions of US dollars, often driven by increases in mortality. The results indicate the need to take health cost into account for a comprehensive analysis of wildfire impacts.
Treatment Guidelines in Rheumatoid Arthritis—Optimizing the Best of Both Worlds

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) leads to significant joint damage and systemic complications. Available treatment options for RA has made it possible to achieve a good control over disease activity and improve patient outcomes. In this review, we discuss management guidelines for RA and their practical application by discussing clinical scenarios commonly encountered in rheumatology practice. European League Against Rheumatism recently updated treatment recommendations for management of RA. The general fundamentals of these recommendations are similar to those of the 2015 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for the treatment of RA but with some key distinctions. We discuss three RA cases to illustrate key aspects of treatment guidelines. New data show increased cardiovascular risk in patients with RA that is possibly related to associated systemic inflammation. While several questions about RA remain unanswered, the clinical outcomes have improved in recent years. A strategic approach to manage RA is recommended which involves early diagnosis and treatment and escalating treatments to achieve a therapeutic target. In addition to treating RA disease activity, management of comorbid conditions is imperative to prevent long-term systemic damage.
Structure and diversity of urinary cell-free DNA informative of host-pathogen interactions in human urinary tract infection

Infections of the urinary tract are the most common form of infection in the human population. Here, we tested the utility of urinary cell-free DNA (cfDNA) to comprehensively monitor host and pathogen dynamics in the scope of bacterial and viral urinary tract infections. We assayed cfDNA isolated from 141 urine samples obtained from a cohort of 82 kidney transplant recipients by next-generation sequencing. We find that urinary cfDNA simultaneously informs about the composition of the bacterial and viral components of the microbiome, antimicrobial susceptibility, bacterial growth dynamics, kidney allograft injury, and the host response to infection. These different layers of information are accessible from a single assay and individually agree with corresponding clinical tests based on quantitative PCR, conventional bacterial culture, and urinalysis. In addition, cfDNA reveals the frequent occurrence of pathologies that remain undiagnosed in conventional diagnostic workups. Our work identifies urinary cfDNA as a highly versatile tool to monitor infections of the urinary tract.
Possible association between myocardial infarction with nonobstructed coronary arteries and SARS-CoV-2 infection.

KEY POINTS A 26-year-old man presented to the emergency department with a 1-month history of gradually progressive dyspnea on exertion. He had no history of fever, cough, chest pain, diarrhea or flu-like symptoms. He had no notable medical history and did not smoke. On examination, his pulse was 117
Bilateral emphysematous pyelonephritis.

Abstract A 57-year-old man presenting with bilateral flank pain and hematuria was found to have severe bilateral emphysematous pyelonephritis. The patient was managed with a conservative approach consisting of systemic antimicrobials and decompression via percutaneous nephrostomy tubes with piperacillin-tazobactam instillations via nephrostomy and made a full recovery.
Unstable basis function for joint radar-communication systems

Abstract In this paper, we develop a joint radar-communication waveform based on the unstable basis function. Basis functions of a chaotic waveform are uncertain, vary continuously and hence the use of a traditional matched filter is not practical. Corron et al. [1,2] demonstrated a chaotic circuit for which an analytic matched filter could be constructed, solving the signal detection problem. The Corron circuit produced a narrow band signal, which is not optimal for spread spectrum communications and radar applications. In this paper, we adapt Corron’s concept of a chaotic signal composed of a linear combination of basis functions and show how the basis functions are used to design joint radar-communications systems that still have simple analytic matched filters. The form of the matched filter makes it useful for both the radar and communications systems where it is necessary to minimize weight or power consumption.
Naturally acquired SARS-CoV-2 immunity persists for up to 11 months following infection.

Background Characterizing the kinetics of the antibody response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is of critical importance to developing strategies that may mitigate the public health burden of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We conducted a prospective, longitudinal analysis of COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors at multiple time points over an 11-month period to determine how circulating antibody levels change over time following natural infection. Methods From April 2020 to February 2021, we enrolled 228 donors. At each study visit, subjects either donated plasma or had study samples drawn only. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 donor testing was performed using the VITROS Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Total and IgG assays and an in-house fluorescence reduction neutralization assay. Results Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were identified in 97% of COVID-19 convalescent donors at initial presentation. In follow-up analyses, of 116 donors presenting at repeat time points, 91.4% had detectable IgG levels up to 11 months after symptom recovery, while 63% had detectable neutralizing titers; however, 25% of donors had neutralizing levels that dropped to an undetectable titer over time. Conclusions Our data suggest that immunological memory is acquired in most individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 and is sustained in a majority of patients for up to 11 months after recovery. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT04360278.
College students' choice of careers in home economics and non-home economics professions

25 INTRODUCTION 26 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES 30 CONCEPTUALIZING THE MODEL 34 MODEL REVISION 37 SUMMARY 40 REFERENCES 41 SECTION II. PATHS INTO HOME ECONOMICS: DETERMINANTS OF COLLEGE STUDENTS' CAREER CHOICES 43 ABSTRACT 44 INTRODUCTION 46 Purpose of the Study 49 METHODOLOGY 51 Model construction 51 Research instrument ' 5144 INTRODUCTION 46 Purpose of the Study 49 METHODOLOGY 51 Model construction 51 Research instrument ' 51
Micosis superficiales en pacientes de servicios dermatológicos de la V región: estudio de prevalencia en el periodo 1984-1989

Con el objeto de establecer la prevalencia de los agentes micoticos en relacion a edad, sexo y tipo de lesion, se estudiaron en el periodo 1984-1989, 1180 muestras clinicas (546 masculinos y 634 femeninos) positivas a hongos patogenos, en un numero similar de pacientes provenientes de consultorios dermatologicos y privados. El 69% de ellos fueron positivos a dermatofitos y un 30% a levaduras
Chiral Symmetry Restoration in QCD

One of the central problems of modern physics is to understand the structure of the QCD ground state, the “QCD vacuum”. It is as a kind of a dense matter, composed of gauge and quark fields, interacting in a complicated non-perturbative way. Theorists working in the field use different approaches: (i) lattice gauge theory (LGT); (ii) QCD sum rules, based on the Operator Product Expansion (OPE);(iii) models of the QCD vacuum (e.g. the instanton-based ones, to be emphasized below);(iv) effective theories (chiral Lagrangians, etc); (v) various models of quark-quark interactions (potential quark models, NJL, bag models etc.). A common ground for the comparison of their results are the so called QCD correlation functions, see recent review [1].
Myelin Treated Macrophages Release Mitogen for Schwann Cells

Schwann cell (SC) proliferation is a prominent feature of Wallerian degeneration, however the signal for this response is not yet known. Interruption of cellular contact between SCs (1) or SC and axolemma (2) have been proposed as possible stimuli for SC mitosis. A possible involvement of the myelin sheath has been suggested by Salzer and Bunge (3). Finally, the role of macrophages (macs) has been implicated by Beuche and Friede (4) who correlate SC division with mac phagocytosis of myelin debris. We have previously shown that cultured SCs prepared from sciatic nerves of two day old rat pups proliferate in response to an exogenously added rat CNS myelin-(MEF) and axolemma-enriched fraction (AEF) (5). We are studying the role of macs in mediating the mitogenic response of cultured SCs to MEF using cultured rat peritoneal macs. We have shown that conditioned medium (CM) from rat peritoneal macs which have phagocytosed rat CNS MEF is mitogenic to SCs.
What Is Granulomatous Dermatitis

Unlike the term dermatitis as used by dermatology practitioners and dermatopathologists (referring to superficial skin pathology involving the epidermis and papillary dermis), the use of the term dermatitis in “granulomatous dermatitis” is loose and simply refers to a process in the skin in which the infiltrate is granulomatous, that is primarily histiocytic.
Induced mappings of homology decompositions

We give conditions for a map of spaces to induce maps of the homology decompositions of the spaces which are compatible with the homology sections and dual Postnikov invariants. Several applications of this result are obtained. We show how the homotopy type of the (n + 1)st homology section depends on the homotopy type of the nth homology section and the (n+ 1)st homology group. We prove that all homology sections of a co-H-space are coH-spaces, all n-equivalences of the homology decomposition are co-H-maps and, under certain restrictions, all dual Postnikov invariants are co-H-maps. We give a new proof of a result of Berstein and Hilton which gives conditions for a co-H-space to be a suspension.
Immuniological Costs of Mating to Male Sagebrush Crickets

Male sagebrush crickets, Cyphoderris strepitans, offer an unusual nuptial food gift to females during mating: females chew on the ends of the males' fleshy hind wings and ingest hemolymph seeping from the wounds they inflict. Previous research has shown that once a male has mated, his probability of obtaining an additional copulation is reduced relative to that of a virgin male seeking to secure his first mating, a pattern known as the virgin-male mating advantage. One hypothesis that may explain this phenomenon is that mated males experience an energetically costly immune response via their wounds and therefore may be unable to sustain the costly acoustical signaling needed to attract additional females. To distinguish between the effects of mounting a costly immune response and the costs of producing a spermatophore, we mimicked a nonÂ­virgin mating status by injecting virgin males with bacterial lipopolysaccharides, a non-living elicitor of several immune pathways. After they had been treated, males were released in the field and recaptured over the course of the breeding season to monitor their mating success. Contrary to our prediction, LPS injected males did not take longer to secure matings than sham-injected virgin males. However, a companion study revealed that immunochallenged virgin males spent significantly less time calling (as assayed using time-lapse video photography) than shamÂ­control virgin males. This confirms work in other cricket species showing a decline in mating effort following an immune challenge.