cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure prediction of G protein-coupled receptors and their ensemble of functionally important conformations.

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are integral membrane proteins whose “pleiotropic” nature enables transmembrane (TM) signal transduction, amplification, and diversification via G protein-coupled and β arrestin-coupled pathways. GPCRs appear to enable this by being structurally flexible and by existing in different conformational states with potentially different signaling and functional consequences. We describe a method for the prediction of the three-dimensional structures of these different conformations of GPCRs starting from their amino acid sequence. It combines a unique protocol of computational methods that first predict the TM regions of these receptors and TM helix shapes based on those regions, which is followed by a locally complete sampling of TM helix packings and their scoring that results in a few (~10–20) lowest energy conformations likely to play a role in binding to different ligands and signaling events. Prediction of the structures for multiple conformations of a GPCR is starting to enable the testing of multiple hypotheses related to GPCR activation and binding to ligands with different signaling profiles.
Compulsive buying: Earlier illicit drug use, impulse buying, depression, and adult ADHD symptoms

This longitudinal study examined the association between psychosocial antecedents, including illicit drug use, and adult compulsive buying (CB) across a 29-year time period from mean age 14 to mean age 43. Participants originally came from a community-based random sample of residents in two upstate New York counties. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to study the relationship between the participant's earlier psychosocial antecedents and adult CB in the fifth decade of life. The results of the multivariate linear regression analyses showed that gender (female), earlier adult impulse buying (IB), depressive mood, illicit drug use, and concurrent ADHD symptoms were all significantly associated with adult CB at mean age 43. It is important that clinicians treating CB in adults should consider the role of drug use, symptoms of ADHD, IB, depression, and family factors in CB.
Human thymocyte maturation in vitro: A flow cytometric analysis

Using an in vitro culture system, light scatter analyses, and two-color flow cytometry, we provide evidence that the interleukin-2 (IL-2) and transferrin receptors can be induced within 48 hr on nonproliferating immature thymocytes. The thymocytes (greater than 35%) that expressed the transferrin and IL-2 receptors demonstrated nuclear activation as measured by log 90 degrees light scatter analysis. Increases in antigen-receptor-associated T3-antigen expression followed transferrin and IL-2-receptor induction and occurred on maximally activated T4+T8+ thymocytes on Day 3 of culture. Maximal T3 expression did not occur until Days 5-7 and paralleled loss of T4, T8 coexpression, suggesting an association between a mature T3-Ti antigen receptor complex and a mature T4, T8 phenotype.
SUPPORT FOR RESOURCE CONSERVATION: A PREDICTION MODEL*

Normative support is created for social movements in a variety of ways. In previous studies of the diffusion of environmentalism, the complexity of this process has not been recognized. By synthesizing Smelser's (1962) collective behavior theory, Olson's (1971) theory of collective action and generalizations from diffusion research, we develop a theoretical model of support for resource conservation which includes socioeconomic status and aspiration, need identification, perceived problem immediacy, assessment of problem solubility and perceived personal efficacy. To provide a preliminary test of the theoretical model, survey data were gathered from a sample of 485 undergraduate students. The six measured predictors explained 25 percent of the variance in support for resource conservation. The results suggest that the internal logic of conservationism may be self-defeating, and that therefore the diffusion of support for voluntary resource conservation will probably not be extensive.
Comparison of Conventional and Miniemulsion Copolymerizations of Acrylic Monomers Using Poly(vinyl alcohol) as the Sole Stabilizer

Particle nucleation and growth mechanisms in conventional emulsion and miniemulsion copolymerizations of n-butyl acrylate (BA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) (50/50 wt %) employing poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as the stabilizer were investigated in terms of the evolution of the particle size and the number of particles using capillary hydrodynamic fractionation (CHDF). All results strongly indicate the continuous nucleation and limited aggregation mechanism for conventional emulsion polymerizations and primarily droplet nucleation mechanism for miniemulsion polymerizations. Colloidal instability in conventional emulsion polymerizations was investigated and compared with the corresponding miniemulsion polymerizations in terms of the amounts of grafted and serum PVA and the molecular weight of the serum PVA. Unexpectedly, there was no direct correspondence between the amount of grafted PVA and the colloidal stability in the conventional emulsion polymerizations. Also, the colloidal instability in the latter rea...
Provision of regulation service reserves by flexible distributed loads

Following our previous work on the control of multiple appliances in response to Independent System Operator (ISO) Regulation Service Signals (RSS), we model the ISO's RSS dynamics - evolving in a time scale of seconds - as a two level Markov process whose transition probabilities are calibrated on actual data. Appliance response is modeled as a Markov modulated process consistent with an exponentially distributed time to switch off and an expected utility that is concave in the price charged when an appliance turns on. Prices are broadcasted dynamically by a Smart Building Operator (SBO) with the objective of maximizing the time average of utility gained when appliances turn on minus the cost of imperfect RSS tracking. We prove certain properties of the stochastic Dynamic Programming (DP) policies that allow us to formulate the problem as an approximate Discrete State and Control Space DP and propose a reasonable approximation that renders the problem scalable to multiple appliance categories. The discretized state DP solution can be obtained as a solution to a Linear Program (LP). The LP provides the optimal dynamic price control policies and in addition yields the requisite information needed by the SBO to bid optimally for energy and Regulation Service Reserve (RSR) Capacity in the hour ahead balancing market. Solving for the discretized real time market optimal price policies, using them to calibrate a continuous analytic policy function, and extracting from the real time optimal policies the optimal bid to the hour ahead forward balancing market is the main contribution of this paper.
Role of a Cumulus Parameterization Scheme in Simulating Atmospheric Circulation and Rainfall in the Nine-Layer Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres General Circulation Model

The influence of a cumulus convection scheme on the simulated atmospheric circulation and hydrologic cycle is investigated by means of a coarse version of the GCM. Two sets of integrations, each containing an ensemble of three summer simulations, were produced. The ensemble sets of control and experiment simulations are compared and differentially analyzed to determine the influence of a cumulus convection scheme on the simulated circulation and hydrologic cycle. The results show that cumulus parameterization has a very significant influence on the simulation circulation and precipitation. The upper-level condensation heating over the ITCZ is much smaller for the experiment simulations as compared to the control simulations; correspondingly, the Hadley and Walker cells for the control simulations are also weaker and are accompanied by a weaker Ferrel cell in the Southern Hemisphere. Overall, the difference fields show that experiment simulations (without cumulus convection) produce a cooler and less energetic atmosphere.
Asystole in Young Athletic Women During Breast Augmentation: A Report of Three Cases

Reported herein are three cases of spontaneous bradycardia progressing to asystole during routine breast augmentation in healthy, adult female patients with a history of endurance training and resting bradycardia (heart rate <60 beats per minute). The incidence of this phenomenon is minimally reported and virtually unexplained in literature. Our goal is to alert the plastic surgery community of the possibility of these events occurring without warning in athletic patients, attempt to explain these findings, and provide a plan of action to minimize morbidity and mortality in these patients. The most severe case was that of a 38-year-old female who became severely bradycardic progressing to asystole during routine breast augmentation. She had no history of any medical problems, but did have a resting heart rate of <60. Glycopyrrolate, an antimuscarinic agent, was given and chest compressions started. After 10–20 s of chest compressions the patient’s normal sinus rhythm resumed. Two other cases are also reported, although these patients responded to antimuscarinic agents without requiring chest compressions. Both were endurance athletes with a resting heart rate of <60. Bradycardia caused by a vagal response during surgery is not uncommon and routinely treated successfully with administration of atropine-like agents. Bradycardia progressing to frank asystole is rare and has not been reported in young, otherwise healthy, aesthetic surgery patients. This report should serve to alert the plastic surgeon to the possibility of this situation occurring and how to treat it successfully, especially in the outpatient or office-based surgery setting.
RECIPROCITY LAW FOR X-RAYS. PART I. VALIDITY FOR HIGH-INTENSITY EXPOSURES IN THE NEGATIVE REGION

A 50-kv beryllium window x-ray tube was used to confirm the validity of the reciprocity law for x-radiation over an exposure rate range from approximately 0.033 r/sec to approximately 1100 r/sec for the ascending branches of the characteristic curves of two widely used radiation monitoring films. A fast rotary shutter producing pulses of ten microseconds in duration facilitated the coverage of this 1:30 000 range. Conventional x-ray development as well as surface and internal development were employed. From the absence of reciprocity-law failure in the ascending branches of the characteristic curves the conclusion is drawn that, under the present experimental conditions, luminescence does not compete with the photographic effect.
Use of coherence analysis for the evaluation and adjustment of robot gear performance

Abstract Previous work by our group has demonstrated that it is possible to use the robot joint excitation technique and coherence analysis function to adjust robot joint gears for maximum robot precision. A robot joint gear box equipped with gear adjustment mechanism was instrumented so that the gap between the teeth of a pair of gears (backlash) could be measured. The translational and rotational components of robot link motion were decoupled using multiple sensors so that the relationship between the coherence analysis function of each type of motion and gear backlash could be investigated. The sensitivity of the adjustment technique to various input signals and sensor positions was also examined. Results show that coherence analysis can be used as a measurement technique to determine the precision with which the robot joint link responds to control signal input.
Interruptible Water Markets in the Pacific Northwest

This paper analyzes the potential for using a market to shift water from irrigation to hydropower use in periods of low river flow in the Snake River basin of Idaho. The water could be used for irrigation in most years but in dry years would be very valuable for firming up electric power supplies. A model of crop growth and water use was utilized to estimate farmer responses and resulting farm income losses due to market‐restricted irrigation water supplies. Results indicate that estimated hydropower benefits are ten times greater than estimated lost farm income, so the proposed water market should be economically feasible.
Food intake in baboons: effects of a long-acting cholecystokinin analog.

Abstract Food intake of four adult male baboons ( Papio c. anubis ) was monitored during daily experimental sessions lasting 22 h. Food was available under a two-component operant schedule. Following completion of the first “procurement component” response requirement, access to food, i.e. a meal, became available under the second “consumption component” during which each response produced a 1-g food pellet. After a 10-min interval in which no response occurred, the consumption component was terminated. A long-acting cholecystokinin (CCK) analog U-67827E (U-67: 0.80–3.2 μg/kg) was administered, in the thigh muscle, at 1100 hrs immediately prior to the start of the daily session on Tuesdays and Fridays. U-67 significantly reduced intake during the first 8-h of the session, and intake during the entire 22-h session. The decreased intake was due to a significant decrease in the size of the first meal of the session as a consequence of decreased duration of feeding without a change in response rate. U-67 also produced dose-dependent increases in latency to the first meal of up to 2.5 h. These results demonstrate that a long-acting CCK analog decreases food intake over a prolonged period of time in a naturalistic feeding situation. In addition, the effects of U-67 were limited to the consumption component, suggesting that this CCK analog affected food intake by interacting with physiological mechanisms specifically associated with feeding.
Sodium fluoride thin films by chemical vapor deposition

Abstract Thin films of sodium fluoride have been deposited for the first time by chemical vapor deposition of the fluorinated metal organic precursors sodium hexafluoroisopropoxide, sodium perfluoro- t -butoxide, sodium hexafluoroacetylacetonate and sodium heptafluoro-octadionate. The best quality films were obtained using sodium hexafluoroisopropoxide in vacuo at a substrate temperature of 250–300°C.
Some neuroanatomical aspects of primate locomotor evolution

Abstract Primate locomotor patterns are the result of osteological and myological interactions, the effectiveness of which is governed by various afferent, internuncial and efferent central nervous system pathways. The distribution of primary afferents following lumbosacral ganglionectomies and the distribution of corticospinal fibers following lesion of contralateral motor cortex to medial and lateral ventral horn motor nuclei have been discussed for the tree shrew and bushbaby. Based on limited data it has been suggested that the tree shrew is the best living example of the quadrupedal Paleocene forms from which primates presumably evolved, and the bushbaby is one of the best examples of the vertical clingers and leapers which appeared in the Eocene. Both forms have dense primary afferent distribution to cells of the lateral portion of the ventral horn, which are related to appendicular musculature, and sparse projection to the medial part of the ventral horn which innervates axial musculature. Corticospinal fibers in the tree shrew do not synapse in any portion of the ventral horn at any spinal cord level. The bushbaby has direct cortical motor control over cells located in the medial portion of the ventral horn and, consequently, over axial musculature. Extrapolations from studies on the tree shrew and other generalized forms suggested that Paleocene quadrupeds lacked cortical control over axial and appendicular musculature and depended primarily on subcorticospinal pathways and spinal reflexes for the execution of their locomotor pattern. Eocene vertical clingers and leapers retained the reflex pathways of their Paleocene ancestors but acquired direct cortical motor control over axial musculature, thus indicating a first level of neuroanatomical adaptation related to evolving locomotor styles. It was suggested that there are correlations between locomotor style and neuromorphological specializations, and that comparative observations on key extant phylogenetic forms may provide a clearer and more complete picture of initial locomotor adaptations in the primate series.
Outward K+ channels in Brassica chinensis pollen protoplasts are regulated by external and internal pH.

Patch-clamp whole-cell and single-channel recording techniques were used to investigate the regulation of outward K + channels by external and internal protons in Brassica chinensis pollen protoplasts. Outward K + currents and conductance were insensitive to external pH (pH o ) except at pH 4.5. Maximal conductance (G m a x ) for the outward K + currents was inhibited at acidic external pH. Half-activation voltage (E 1 , 2 ) for the outward K - currents shifted to more positive voltages along with the decrease in pH o . E 1 / 2 can be described by a modified Henderson-Hasselbalch equation expected from a single titratable binding site. The activation kinetics of the outward K + channels was largely insensitive to pH o . An internal pH (pH i ) of 4.5 significantly increased outward K + currents and conductance. G m a x for the outward K + currents decreased with elevations in pH 3 . In contrast to the effect of pH o , E 1 / 2 was shifted to more positive voltages with elevations in pH i . The outward K + currents. G m a x and E 1 / 2 can he described by the modified Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Furthermore, acidifying pH i accelerated the activation of the outward K + currents significantly. The differences in electro-physiological properties among previously reported and currently described plant outward K + channels may reflect differences in the structure of these channels.
Extreme sensitivity of obese hyperglycemic mice to caffeine and coffee.

Abstract Mice with the hereditary obese hyperglycemic syndrome are unusually sensitive to the toxic action of caffeine. A single injection of caffeine, or the replacement of drinking water by coffee for 1 week causes a drastic and prolonged (2 or more months) elevation of blood glucose. Administration of purines and pyrimidines other than alloxan (shown previously to cause in this syndrome prolonged lowering of blood glucose and regranulation of beta cells) did not lead to striking results. No explanation for this unexpected effect of caffeine is offered.
Hydrogen isotope separation by bipolar electrolysis with countercurrent electrolyte flow

Abstract Separation of hydrogen isotopes has been successfully demonstrated using bipolar electrolysis combined with electrolyte flow countercurrent to the transport of hydrogen isotope species. Use of multibipolar electrode cells in a squared-off cascade is shown theoretically to be capable to efficient tritium separation. Experimental operation of multibipolar cells and analysis of their operation by McCabe-Thiele techniques is described.
Photosynthesis and Dry Matter Accumulation in Different Chlorophyll-Deficient Rice Lines

Abstract Three different chlorophyll-deficient rice isogenic lines chl, fgl and pgl, and their recurrent parent zhefu802 (zf802) were used to study effects of leaf color on photosynthesis, dry matter accumulation, yield, and quality in early season indica rice. Analysis showed that the chlorophyll (Chl.) a/b ratio of isogenic lines chl-8, pgl and fgl was 5.35, 10.00 and 15.46, respectively, among them, line fgl had higher leaf area index (LAI), higher net photosynthetic rate and higher grain-filling rate than its recurrent parent zf802 at the later period of grain filling stage; while LAI, net photosynthetic rate and dry matter accumulated in lines chl-8 and pgl were lower than in zf802. Differences were found in the grain yield and quality among chlorophyll deficient isogenic lines, lines fgl, chl-8 and zf802 had similar grain yield, which was significantly higher than that of pgl; the highest milling quality was observed in isogenic line fgl, with relatively high protein content. This study showed that isogenic line fgl would become a unique material for the development of high yield rice with high grain quality because of its slow aging process and relative steady grain-filling rate.
First-episode types in bipolar disorder: predictive associations with later illness.

Objective Characteristics of initial illness in bipolar disorder (BD) may predict later morbidity. Method We reviewed computerized clinical records and life charts of DSM-IV-TR BD-I or BD-II patients at affiliated mood-disorder centers to ascertain relationships of initial major illnesses to later morbidity and other clinical characteristics. Results Adult BD patient–subjects (N = 1081; 59.8% BD-I; 58.1% women; 43% ever hospitalized) were followed 15.7 ± 12.8 years after onsets ranking: depression (59%) > mania (13%) > psychosis (8.0%) ≥ anxiety (7.6%) ≥ hypomania (6.7%) > mixed states (5.5%). Onset types differed in clinical characteristics and strongly predicted later morbidity. By initial episode types, total time-ill ranked: mania ≥ hypomania ≥ mixed-states ≥ psychosis > depression > anxiety. Depression was most prevalent long-term, overall; its ratio to mania-like illness (D/M, by per cent-time-ill) ranked by onset type: anxiety (4.75) > depression (3.27) > mixed states (1.39) > others (all <1.00). The MDI (mania or hypomania–depression–euthymia interval) course-pattern was most common (34.4%) and associated with psychotic or manic onset; the depression before mania (DMI) pattern (25.0%) most often followed anxiety (38.8%), depression (30.8%), or mixed onsets (13.3%); both were predicted by initial mania depression sequences. Conclusion First-lifetime illnesses and cycles predicted later morbidity patterns among BD patients, indicating value of early morbidity for prognosis and long-term planning.
Profile data made available, more collected

Three seismic refraction profiles will be shot in central Alaska in 1987 by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as a continuation of work on the USGS Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT) project. USGS invites interested parties to collaborate in recording the explosions in this experiment. In addition, seismic refraction data collected in 1984 by USGS in southern Alaska are now available, to be followed soon by the data from 1985.
Biaxially oriented poly(propylene-g-maleic anhydride)/phosphate glass composite films for high gas barrier applications

Abstract The solid state structure and oxygen transport properties of biaxially oriented poly(propylene-graft-maleic anhydride) (PPgMA) reinforced with a low glass transition temperature (Tg) phosphate glass (Pglass) were investigated. Composites were prepared by melt blending PPgMA with up to 20 volume% Pglass. Melt blended composites were compression molded into monolayer structures and then biaxially stretched at a temperature above the Tg of the Pglass. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that biaxial stretching transformed the spherical Pglass particles into platelets oriented in the plane of the film. Gas transport measurements revealed a reduction in the oxygen permeability by as much as 2 orders of magnitude compared to the unoriented PPgMA film. The permeability was analyzed according to performance models for dispersions of platelet-like fillers proposed by Cussler and Nielson. Aspect ratios ranging from 15 to 80 were obtained by fitting the experimental data to the models. Mechanical tests revealed that blending with Pglass increased the modulus of the stretched film but reduced the elongation at break only slightly.
The Ubiquitous EOQ — Its Relation to Discrete Lot Sizing Heuristics

The EOQ formula is definitely the oldest and best known single stage lot sizing technique. Its use reportedly dates back to 1904, even though it was not published until a later date. It is often looked upon with scepticism by practitioners and academicians alike, although the reasons for this may differ; it seems, however, to be the most widely used lot sizing technique overall.
Neuroendocrine responsivities of the pituitary dopamine system in male schizophrenic patients during treatment with clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, sulpiride, or haloperidol.

Background Atypical antipsychotic drugs, in clinical doses, occupy 5-HT2 receptors near saturation, while D2 dopamine receptors, assessed usually in striatum by SPECT or PET methods, are occupied to different degrees. We hypothesized that these differences in D2 receptor occupancies may also be evaluated by a neuroendocrine approach, namely by measuring the plasma prolactin responses to i. m. administered haloperidol, since the expected elevations depend mainly on the free remaining D2 receptors in the tuberoinfundibular tract. Methods We measured the plasma prolactin levels at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after administration of 5 mg haloperidol i. m. in six groups of male patients with schizophrenia: a) 33 patients in a drug-free state, b) 15 patients on treatment with clozapine (range 200–600 mg/day), c) 15 patients on olanzapine (10–30 mg/day), d) 14 patients on risperidone (8–16 mg/day), e) 23 patients on haloperidol (10–40 mg/day), f) 14 patients on sulpiride (600–1600 mg/day). Data were also obtained from a group of 14 healthy male control subjects. The differences in baseline prolactin levels and in the responses to acute haloperidol of the seven groups were compared. Results The baseline prolactin levels did not differ significantly in the groups of controls (8.3±3.8 ng/ml), drug-free patients (8.0±3.6) and patients treated with clozapine (7.7±3.8), they were moderately elevated in patients treated with olanzapine (16.8±8.9), elevated in patients on haloperidol (34.4±17.3), and they were even higher in the groups of patients treated with risperidone (54.9±22.4) or sulpiride (58.8±27.0). All groups of patients gave attenuated prolactin responses to i. m. haloperidol compared to healthy controls. During treatment with haloperidol, risperidone, or sulpiride, no significant prolactin increases after i. m. haloperidol were observed. The group treated with olanzapine gave significant prolactin increases, which were lower than those obtained in the group of patients treated with clozapine, who gave responses similar to that of the drug-free patients. Conclusions Plasma prolactin levels and responses to i. m. haloperidol of patients on treatment with antipsychotic drugs, reflect the prolactin release potencies of the drugs, which are related, but not restricted, to their affinities to D2 dopamine receptors. According to the prolactin baseline levels and responses to i. m. haloperidol, the drugs of this study can be categorized for their potency to the pituitary dopamine system that controls prolactin release, as follows: sulpiride > risperidone > haloperidol > olanzapine > clozapine. This categorization is similar to that obtained by binding studies in striatal D2 dopamine receptors using brain imaging techniques.
Development of Eimeria larimerensis from the Uinta ground-squirrel in cell cultures

Cell cultures of embryonic bovine liver, lamb kidney, whole ground-squirrel embryos and adult Madin-Darby bovine kidney were used to study the in vitro development of Eimeria larimerensis from the Uinta ground-squirrel, Spermophilus armatus. Leighton tubes were inoculated with sporozoites and the monolayers were examined with phase-contrast microscopy at various intervals; fixed and stained material also was studied. In all cell types, sporozoites penetrated and developed to trinucleate second-generation schizonts. The intracellular sporozoites increased in size and underwent nuclear divisions. The sporozoite-shaped schizonts had motility similar to that of the sporozoites. After the formation of 4–10 nuclei, transformation from the sporozoite-shaped schizont to a spheroidal schizont occurred by a lateral outpocketing in the anterior region or a progressive increase in width of the body. In 10 specimens, completion of the transformation process at 37 C required an average of 57 min. The greatest numbers of spheroidal schizonts were seen at 48 hr. Merozoites were apparently formed by a radial budding process, which required an average of 72 min at 37 C. The largest numbers of mature first-generation schizonts were seen at 60 hr after inoculation; these had 4–36 merozoites. Each merozoite had anterior and posterior refractile bodies; some also had small posterior refractile granules. The refractile bodies of the merozoite were derived from the posterior refractile body of the sporozoite. Second-generation trophozoites were seen at 60 hr, and second-generation bi- and trinucleate schizonts were seen at 60 and 72 hr after inoculation.
New and Future Medications for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

With almost 30 million individuals predicted to be diagnosed by the year 2025, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become one of the most prevalent diseases in the United States. Because of the progressive dysfunction of the pancreatic β-cells and increasing insulin resistance over time, the need for treatments with different mechanisms or addition of medications to a regimen is becoming commonplace. Because of this, developing new medications to treat T2DM has been the focus of a lot of recent research and drug development. Molecular substrates such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), and the sodium glucose transporter-2 (SGLT2) have all become new therapeutic targets. GLP-1 agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors are 2 of the newest classes of Food and Drug Administration–approved medications for diabetes. By increasing GLP-1 to supraphysiologic levels (GLP-1 agonists) and delaying endogenous GLP-1 degradation (DPP-4 inhibitors), these drugs increase insulin secretion and decrease ...
Flow Factors for Lubrication With Emulsions in Ironing

Oil-in-water emulsions are widely used as lubricants/coolants in the ironing of beverage and food containers. This paper investigates this system, where the two phased flow problem presented by the emulsion is modeled using the Dynamic Concentration Theory of Wilson et al. (1994) developed for rolling. An important part of such a model is the development of flow correction factors needed to model the interactions of oil and water. Flow factors suitable for ironing emulsions are developed computationally and take two forms, namely that for large oil droplets that are entrained as cylinders and that for small droplets entrained as hemispheres. The Dynamic Concentration Theory framework is developed for ironing emulsions using these new flow factors.
Conformationally-restricted arginine analogues as alternative substrates and inhibitors of nitric oxide synthases.

Abstract Conformationally restricted arginine analogues (1–5) were synthesized and found to be alternative substrates or inhibitors of the three isozymes of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). A comparison of kcat/Km values shows that (E)-3,4-didehydro- d,l -arginine (1) is a much better substrate than the corresponding (Z)-isomer (2) and 3-guanidino- d,l -phenylglycine (3), although none is as good a substrate as is arginine; 5-keto- d,l -arginine (4) is not a substrate, but is an inhibitor of the three isozymes. Therefore, it appears that arginine binds to all of the NOS isozymes in an extended (E-like) conformation. None of the compounds exhibits time-dependent inhibition of NOS, but they are competitive reversible inhibitors. Based on the earlier report that Nω-propyl- l -arginine is a highly selective nNOS inhibitor (Zhang, H. Q.; Fast, W.; Marletta, M.; Martasek, P.; Silverman, R. B. J. Med. Chem. 1997, 40, 3869), (E)-Nω-propyl-3,4-didehydro- d,l -arginine (5) was synthesized, but it was shown to be weakly potent and only a mildly selective inhibitor of NOS. Imposing conformational rigidity on an arginine backbone does not appear to be a favorable approach for selective NOS inhibition.
Application Of Cross Correlation Technique In Left Ventricular Wall Motion Assessment

A method has been developed for the analysis of left ventricular wall motion which obviates the operator's involvement in the relative positioning of the systolic and diastolic contours. This was achieved by maximizing the cross correlation function for the two silhouettes. The technique was compared with a standard method requiring the operator's definition of a long axis for the left ventricle. The results for 21 normal angiograms showed that with the cross correlation technique the confidence region of the wall motion curves was markedly narrower and the symmetry in the contractile pattern between the anterior and posterior wall segments was better than with the standard technique.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Root-End Fracture During Retropreparation: A Comparison Between Zirconium Nitride-Coated and Stainless Steel Microsurgical Ultrasonic Instruments

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a stainless steel (CT-5) and zirconium nitride coated (KiS) microsurgical ultrasonic instrument with regard to possible root-end fracture production during retropreparation. Forty extracted human central incisors were prepared in a crown-down fashion. Canals were obturated with gutta-percha by lateral condensation. Root-ends were resected. Teeth were placed in methylene blue for 48 h and evaluated by three independent evaluators under microscope. Teeth with existing fractures were eliminated from the study. The remaining teeth were randomly divided into two equal groups. Group A was prepared with the CT-5 tip and Group B with the KiS tip. Preparation time was recorded for all roots. The teeth were again immersed in methylene blue for 48 h and reevaluated. No root-end fractures were produced by either the KiS or CT-5 microsurgical ultrasonic instruments.
Noninvasive quantification of systemic-to-pulmonary collateral flow: a major source of inefficiency in patients with superior cavopulmonary connections.

Background— Systemic-to-pulmonary collateral flow (SPCF) is common in single-ventricle patients with superior cavopulmonary connections (SCPC). Because no validated method to quantify SPCF exists, neither its hemodynamic burden nor its clinical impact can be systematically evaluated. We hypothesize that (1) the difference in total ascending aortic (Ao) and caval flow (superior vena cava [SVC]+inferior vena cava [IVC]) and (2) the difference between pulmonary vein and pulmonary artery flow (PV−PA) provide 2 independent estimators of SPCF. Methods and Results— We measured Ao, SVC, IVC, right (RPA) and left (LPA) PA, and left (LPV) and right (RPV) PV flows in 17 patients with SCPC during routine cardiac MRI studies using through-plane phase-contrast velocity mapping. Two independent measures of SPCF were obtained: model 1, Ao−(SVC+IVC); and model 2, (LPV−LPA)+(RPV−RPA). Values were normalized to body surface area, Ao, and PV, and comparisons were made using linear regression and Bland-Altman analysis. SPCF ranged from 0.2 to 1.4 L/min for model 1 and 0.2 to 1.6 L/min for model 2, for an average indexed SPCF of 0.5 to 2.8 L/min/m2: 11% to 53% (mean, 37%) of Ao and 19% to 77% (mean, 54%) of PV. The mean difference between model 1 and model 2 was 0.01 L/min ( P =0.40; 2-SD range, −0.45 to 0.47 L/min). Conclusions— We present a noninvasive method for SPCF quantification in patients with SCPC. It should provide an important clinical tool in treating these patients. Furthermore, we show that SPCF is a significant hemodynamic burden in many patients with bidirectional Glenn shunt physiology. Future investigations will allow objective study of the impact of collateral flow on outcome. Received November 10, 2008; accepted July 7, 2009. # CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE {#article-title-2}
Identification of Patients with Increased Risk of Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus after Renal Transplantation

Forty-nine recipients of renal allografts were studied for infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) before and at sequential intervals after transplantation. Forty-four (90%) of the patients studied were initially seropositive for neutralizing antibody to HSV type 1. HSV was not shed prior to transplantation nor by any of the five seronegative recipients after transplantation. Twenty-nine (66%) of the 44 seropositive patients shed virus postoperatively: 23 in saliva, three in urine, and three in both sites. Twenty (63%) of 32 seropositive patients examined developed herpetic mucocutaneous lesions. Both viral shedding and lesions were most prevalent during the first four weeks after transplantation. Twenty-nine (85%) of 34 patients with antibody titers of 1:256-1:4,096 and zero of 10 with titers of 1:8-1:128 shed HSV postoperatively (P less than 0.0001). The group with high antibody titers before transplantation were also more likely to develop lesions after transplantation (P = 0.002) as were those with a positive history (P = 0.017). The ability to predict symptomatic HSV recurrences in renal transplant patients could be a valuable aid in identifying individuals with which to evaluate antiviral compounds.
Dysfunction of the adrenal cortex: An exploration of molecular mechanisms

Adrenal dysfunction caused by acute damage to the adrenal cortex may result in adrenal insufficiency, which may have critical consequences in severely ill patients. There is also a form of chronic dysfunction, occurring in all individuals over the lifespan, which results in a loss of adrenal androgen secretion. Here it is hypothesized that these acute and chronic changes are related. Injury to the adrenal cortex ranges from severe life-threatening hemorrhage to small infarcts/limited apoptosis. A common pathway of damage may involve injury of the microvasculature. Cell death may occur via necrosis of a segment of tissue or via a series of cellular events involving DNA damage, p53 and p21. Chronic changes may be the result of multiple small-scale acute changes that occur from time to time. The permanency of the changes is accounted for by an imperfect repair of the acute damage, and therefore over long periods the damage is cumulative. Whereas acute dysfunction of the adrenal cortex is an important clinica...
The relative contribution of calcium, zinc and oxidation-based cross-links to the stiffness of Arion subfuscus glue

Metal ions are present in many different biological materials, and are capable of forming strong cross-links in aqueous environments. The relative contribution of different metal-based cross-links was measured in the defensive glue produced by the terrestrial slug Arion subfuscus. This glue contains calcium, magnesium, zinc, manganese, iron and copper. These metals are essential to the integrity of the glue and to gel stiffening. Removal of all metals caused at least a 15-fold decrease in the storage modulus of the glue. Selectively disrupting cross-links involving hard Lewis acids such as calcium reduced the stiffness of the glue, while disrupting cross-links involving borderline Lewis acids such as zinc did not. Calcium is the most common cation bound to the glue (40 mmol l(-1)), and its charge is balanced primarily by sulphate at 82-84 mmol l(-1). Thus these ions probably play a primary role in bringing polymers together directly. Imine bonds formed as a result of protein oxidation also contribute substantially to the stiffness of the glue. Disrupting these bonds with hydroxylamine caused a 33% decrease in storage modulus of the glue, while stabilizing them by reduction with sodium borohydride increased the storage modulus by 40%. Thus a combination of metal-based bonds operates in this glue. Most likely, cross-links directly involving calcium play a primary role in bringing together and stabilizing the polymer network, followed by imine bond formation and possible iron coordination.
Writing Numbers in Base 3, the Hard Way.

(2001). Writing Numbers in Base 3, the Hard Way. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 74, No. 1, pp. 51-54.
Blockade of endogenous tissue kallikrein aggravates renal injury by enhancing oxidative stress and inhibiting matrix degradation

Levels of tissue kallikrein (TK) are significantly lower in the urine of patients with kidney failure, and TK expression is specifically diminished in rat kidney after recovery from ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this study, we investigated the functional consequence of blocking endogenous TK activity in a rat model of chronic kidney disease. Inhibition of endogenous TK levels for 10 days by neutralizing TK antibody injection in DOCA-salt rats caused a significant increase in blood urea nitrogen and urinary protein levels, and a decrease in creatinine clearance. Kidney sections from anti-TK antibody-treated rats displayed a marked rise in tubular dilation and protein cast accumulation as well as glomerular sclerosis and size. TK blockade also increased inflammatory cell infiltration, myofibroblast and collagen accumulation, and collagen fraction volume. Elevated renal inflammation and fibrosis by anti-TK antibody were associated with increased expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Moreover, the detrimental effect of TK blockade resulted in reduced nitric oxide (NO) levels as well as increased serum lipid peroxidation, renal NADH oxidase activity, and superoxide formation. In cultured proximal tubular cells, TK inhibited angiotensin II-induced superoxide production and NADH oxidase activity via NO formation. In addition, TK markedly increased matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity with a parallel reduction of TIMP-2 and PAI-1 synthesis. These findings indicate that endogenous TK has the propensity to preserve kidney structure and function in rats with chronic renal disease by inhibiting oxidative stress and activating matrix degradation pathways.
Imaging Optical Reflectance in Rodent Barrel and Forelimb Sensory Cortex

Abstract Novel neuroimaging techniques are extending the scope for studying dynamic brain function. We have developed a system which enables the repeatable imaging of rapid function in rodent primary somatosensory cortex (S-I), based on activity-related changes in its optical reflectance (intrinsic signals). The S-I cortices of anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed. Images were acquired with a slow-scan, cooled, charge-coupled device camera (CCD) through filters at 550, 610, and 850 nm before, during, and after contralateral stimulation (vibrissal deflection or fore-paw stimulation). Images were divided by prestimulus controls and then averaged across 9-27 trials to produce maps of stimulus-related reflectance change. Optical activity had magnitude 10-3 of baseline reflectance and consistently comprised two distinct spatiotemporal components over cortex, depending on paradigm. The diffuse signal at 610 nm begins 0.5-1 s after stimulus onset and has a duration of 4-5 s. The second signal is macrovenous and is delayed by 1 s. Similar response patterns were observed at 550 and 850 nm. Evoked potentials, recorded at sites inside and outside the zone of optical activity, confirmed the functional nature of these signals. Using a CCD we have imaged functional reflectance changes over rodent S-I which commence, peak, and extinguish over a time scale of seconds. This optical activity is consistent with the etiologies of microvascular recruitment and chromophore redox change.
Regulation of CCAAT/Enhancer binding protein, interleukin-6, interleukin-6 receptor, and gp130 expression during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion.

Background —Interleukin (IL)-6 is elevated in myocardium after ischemia and reperfusion. The IL-6 promoter/enhancer region contains response elements for nuclear factor-κB, AP-1, and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP). Expression and regulation of C/EBP in rat myocardium after ischemia and reperfusion has not been defined, nor has the behavior of the specific IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) or the signal transducer gp130. Methods and Results —C/EBP DNA binding activity was not detected in shams or in previously ischemic tissue at 15 minutes of reperfusion; it was detected at 30 minutes of reperfusion, increased at 1 hour of reperfusion, and declined by 6 hours of reperfusion. A supershift was observed with anti–C/EBP-β but not with anti-α or anti-δ antibodies. mRNA and protein levels of IL-6 and gp130 were detected at low levels in controls, increased at 1 hour of reperfusion, and remained high until 6 hours of reperfusion. IL-6R mRNA and protein were not detected in controls, but its mRNA was induced at 1 hour of reperfusion and its protein at 2 hours of reperfusion. Although effects of reperfusion were rapid, in ischemic tissue not reperfused, low levels of C/EBP were detected at 4 hours, and at 24 hours the levels were slightly elevated. Significant upregulation in IL-6, IL-6R, and gp130 occurred only at 24 hours of sustained ischemia. Conclusions —Reperfusion after a brief period of ischemia caused induction of myocardial C/EBP (β-subunit). The rapid and sustained production of IL-6 with concomitant expression of IL-6 receptor and gp130 suggest that these factors may participate in a local inflammatory cascade after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion.
Perceived Contingency of Reinforcements, Helplessness, Locus of Control, and Academic Performance.

To determine the relationships among perceived contigency of teacher-administered reinforcements, locus of control, teacher ratings of children's helplessness-competence, and academic achievement, 86 sixth graders (43 girls and 43 boys) were studied. In general, children's internality of locus of control and their perceptions that teachers administer rewards contingently were predictive of good academic achievement and teacher ratings of the children as competent as opposed to helpless. Perceptions of the contingency of teacher-administered punishments were unrelated to academic achievement or teacher ratings. For boys, locus of control and perceived contingency of teacher-administered rewards were significantly related, while for girls they were unrelated. Results are related to prior research linking perceived contingency of reinforcements, locus of control, and academic achievement.
The effect of stray light in the 300–320-nm range and the role of cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimers in 365-nm lethality

The importance of the stringent elimination of stray light in the 300-320-nm range for studies with monochromat ic 365-nm radiation has been demonstrated. The stringent shortwave filter Coming 0-52, which effectively removes stray light of wavelengths shorter than 330 nm, decreases the sensitivity of Escherichia coli strains WP2 (wild-type) and WP2s (urvA) to 365-nm radiations by factors of 3 6 compared with the less effective Mylar or Corning 0-53 filters. In addition, data are cited that demonstrate firstly, that monochromat ic 365-nm radiation produces pyrimidine dimers, and secondly that these dimers are biologically effective in certain double repair-deficient strains of E. coli. Recently Hodges et al. (1980), on the basis of H a r m ' s conclusions (Harm, 1978) have questioned the specificity of action of the photoreactix, ating enzyme in repairing the cyclobutyl dimers produced in Escherichia coli by 365-nm radiation. This specificity, established by Setlow and Carrier (1966) and Setlow (1967), has been generally accepted. The pr imary conclusions of H a r m were based on about a 10-fold smaller difference between the sensitivity of repair-deficient and repair-proficient strains obtained with near-UV radiation than with far-UV radiation, reported previously by a number of investigators (Webb and Lorenz, 1970; Tyrrell, 1976; Webb et al., 1976; Webb, 1977). This result was used by Harm to indicate that dark repair is less efficient with near-UV than with far-UV lesions and, therefore, could not be repairing cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimers produced by 365 nm. However, the
Electrophoresis and surface conductance

Abstract For microscopic particles of Pyrex glass both bare as well as covered with a layer of adsorbed bovine serum albumin, the surface conductance correction which should be applied to the electrophoretic mobility becomes important below a concentration of about 0.01 M sodium chloride. The surface conductance of Pyrex glass covered with bovine serum albumin is a marked function of pH and approaches a sharp minimum at or near the isoelectric point of the protein.