cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advantages of Battery Energy Storage System for Frequency Regulation

For the existing frequency stability problems that occur in a power system due to such as high wind generation penetration,this paper analyzes the inherent defect of the conventional frequency regulation technology and the law of impacts of high wind generation penetration on the frequency stability.Based on the characteristics of power and frequency,advantage of fast response and high short-term power throughput capacity of the battery energy storage system(BESS),it is found that the BESS is a suitable new means in assisting the traditional power frequency modulation(FM) technology.The quantitative comparison with the traditional FM unit in terms of FM effect and an analysis of the relative policies at home and abroad favorably demonstrate the advantages and good prospect of the BESS.
Extra-pattern killer defectivity improvement and enhancement of within-feature barrier coverage by optimization of TaN barrier PVD process in 90p Cu wire interconnects for 28nm technology

The BEOL Barrier-Seed deposition process is a key component in achieving the desired electrical and electro-migration performance while balancing the step coverage. The process also has a multifold impact on wafer yield parametric since it serves multiple passes for the various metal levels. Two major challenges with the barrier sputter deposition are: (A) achieving optimal within-feature barrier coverage while balancing resistance parameters; (B) flake defectivity — the process is prone to flake defectivity due to inherent adhesive properties of nitride films. Several different parameters play a role in dictating the quality and quantity of the barrier film that is being deposited. This paper analyzes the impact of one such critical parameter — the AC bias during barrier deposition to modulate the chamfer coverage and the electrical Via-resistance. Furthermore it elucidates the methodology of addressing the source of massive killer flakes that cause severe pattern damage that act as "killer" defects for the dies. Post implementation of the changes discussed, the massive defects of interest that were sourced from the sputter process were completely eliminated. A detailed study supported by electrical and cross-sectional analysis allowed zeroing in on the optimal Bias power to derive the best possible chamfer stability while being able to achieve a lower Via-resistance as desired.
Exponentially weighted moving average charts for correlated multivariate Poisson processes

ABSTRACTIn this article, we study exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control schemes to monitor the multivariate Poisson distribution with a general covariance structure, so that the practitioner can simultaneously monitor multiple correlated attribute processes more effectively. The statistical performance of the charts is assessed in terms of the run length properties and compared against other mainstream attribute control schemes. The application of the proposed methods to real-life and simulated datasets is demonstrated.
Thrombophilia and Thrombocytopenia in the Pregnant Woman

Pregnant women face hemostatic challenges during labor and delivery. However, a subset of this population will additionally face an increased risk of thromboembolic events secondary to inherited or acquired risk factors during the prepartum or postpartum period. Pregnancy itself, because of changes in the coagulation cascade and anatomic factors, represents a state of heighted risk for clotting events. Who should receive anticoagulants, at what dose, and for how long are frequent issues that arise when dealing with a patient at increased risk for thromboembolism during pregnancy. Another common hematologic condition during pregnancy is thrombocytopenia which frequently can be categorized as a benign, gestational thrombocytopenia, but other more serious conditions such as idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura should be considered. Here we discuss the risk of vascular thromboembolism in various inherited and acquired thrombophilias and their management during pregnancy as well as the differential diagnosis of thrombocytopenia in the pregnant woman with discussion on the management.
Implementing Effective Educational Practices at Scales of Social Importance.

Implementing evidence-based practices is becoming both a goal and standard across medicine, psychology, and education. Initial successes, however, are now leading to questions about how successful demonstrations may be expanded to scales of social importance. In this paper, we review lessons learned about scaling up evidence-based practices gleaned from our experience implementing school-wide positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS) across more than 23,000 schools in the USA. We draw heavily from the work of Flay et al. (Prev Sci 6:151–175, 2005. doi: 10.1007/s11121-005-5553-y ) related to defining evidence-based practices, the significant contributions from the emerging “implementation science” movement (Fixsen et al. in Implementation research: a synthesis of the literature, University of South Florida, Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, The National Implementation Research Network (FMHI Publication #231), Tampa 2005), and guidance we have received from teachers, family members, students, and administrators who have adopted PBIS.
Olefin Cross-Metathesis in Polymer and Polysaccharide Chemistry: A Review.

Olefin cross-metathesis, a ruthenium-catalyzed carbon–carbon double bond transformation that features high selectivity, reactivity, and tolerance of various functional groups, has been extensively applied in organic synthesis and polymer chemistry. Herein, we review strategies for performing selective cross-metathesis and its applications in polymer and polysaccharide chemistry, including constructing complex polymer architectures, attaching pendant groups to polymer backbones and surfaces, and modifying polysaccharide derivatives.
Paleontology of leaf beetles

The fossil record of the Chrysomelidae can be tentatively traced back to the late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic (Triassic). Mesozoic records (at least 9 subfamilies, 19 genera, and 35 species), are represented by the Sagrinae, the exclusively Mesozoic Protoscelinae, Clytrinae, Cryptocephalinae, Eumolpinae, Chrysomelinae, Galerucinae, Alticinae, and Cassidinae. Cenozoic records (at least 12 subfamilies — 63% of the extant — 121 genera, and 325 species), include the same extant subfamilies as well as the Donaciinae, Zeugophorinae, Criocerinae, and Hispinae and can be frequently identified to genus, especially if preserved in amber. Quaternary records are often identified to extant species. In total, at least 131 genera (about 4% of total extant), and 357 species (< 1%) have been reported. At least, 24 genera (< 1% of the extant) seem to be extinct.
Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist

Gary B. Nash is one of the most prolific historian on the American Revolution in the modern era, having written a number of books that investigate the lives of Native Americans, Blacks, and Quakers...
Moving Toward a Unified Global HIV/AIDS Agenda: Communities of Color in Crisis

At the conclusion of 2007, UNAIDS and the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that there were 33.2 million people living with HIV (PLWHA) worldwide.1 Since the first cases were identified more than 25 years ago, HIV infection has been reported in every region of the world. However, the most dire consequences of this disease have been manifested in resource-poor settings where health care infrastructure is suboptimal, access to education is minimal, and poverty is rampant. Over the course of the last 5 years, efforts have been initiated to mitigate the disparate impact that HIV has in these settings. Though universal access to treatment is an unmet and distant goal, antiretroviral therapy is now more widely available. In addition, there has been a decrease in the number of new HIV infections, primarily due to strides made in both prevention and access to effective care and treatment1
Cues Supporting Recognition of the Orientation or Direction of Movement of Tactile Stimuli

In a previous investigation of human subjects with stimulation of the volar surface of the forearm (Jones and Vierck, 1973), it was shown that discrimination of line lengths is quite good, relative to traditional measures of spatial resolution, such as the two-point or compass test. Whereas two-point thresholds of 30 to 40 mm are reported for the forearm (Weinstein, 1968), line-length thresholds ranged from 4.8 mm to 9.6 mm, depending on the length of the standard, the orientation of the stimuli and the method of presentation (i.e. whether the standard and comparison stimuli were presented separately or in sequence on a given trial). Considering the large receptive fields that have been observed for CNS neurons receiving tactile input from the forearm (Powell and Mountcastle, 1959), these results support the contention that certain spatial attributes can be coded effectively by systems of neurons with large, overlapping receptive fields (Erickson, 1968; Mcllwain, 1976); and it is pertinent to inquire as to the variety of spatial discriminations that are mediated with reasonable acuity on the basis of Input from the skin of the forearm.
Maternal body mass index and cervical length among women with a history of spontaneous preterm birth

AbstractObjectives: To evaluate whether women with a prior spontaneous preterm birth (SPTB) with a higher body mass index (BMI) have a lower risk of a shortened cervix in a subsequent pregnancy.Stu...
Fetal Opioid Exposure and Smaller Birth Head Circumference: Cause for Concern?

* Abbreviation: NAS — : neonatal abstinence syndrome On a daily basis, the media remind us that our national opioid crisis unremittingly causes human tragedy. Rates of opioid prescriptions, admissions to substance use disorder treatment programs for the misuse of prescription drugs, and opioid-related deaths have all increased significantly over the past decade.1 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that opioid overdose contributed to 140 077 emergency department visits and 78 840 acute hospitalizations in 2015 and to 42 249 deaths in 2016 (669 in children age ≤19).2 Now, more people die in the United States of opioid overdose than of motor vehicle trauma. The striking increase in the death rate from all drug overdoses (from slightly >6 per 100 000 in the population in 1999 to 19.8 per 100 000 in the population in 2016) has resulted from sequential increases in deaths associated with prescription opioids (circa 2000), a resurgence of heroin-related fatalities (circa 2010), and a recent steep climb in the mortal abuse of potent synthetic opioids (circa 2013). The largest and most visible impact on children stems from the increased use of opioids by women of child-bearing age. The number of newborns with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) has exploded because the rate of this condition has risen fivefold since 2000. In some states, >30 infants per 1000 live births develop NAS, effectively transforming some NICUs into NAS wards.3 Although NAS can be a challenging condition to manage and requires intense investment of human resources, acute signs of withdrawal are transient and ultimately resolve. More important than how to manage NAS … Address correspondence to Mark L. Hudak, MD, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine – Jacksonville, University of Florida, 653-1 W 8th St, LRC Box L-1600, Jacksonville, FL 32209. E-mail: mark.hudak{at}jax.ufl.edu
A Clean Slate

The teaching of the jubilee constitutes a fundamental pillar for the comprehension of the biblical theology about justice and peace. Juan Stam, distinguished theologian identified with Latin Americ...
A Method for Direct Amino Acid Sequence Analysis of the NH2-Terminal Regions of Fibrinogen

Fibrinogen is one of the major plasma protein involved in blood coagulation and its primary structure has been completely determined 1–6 (Fig. 1). A number of abnormal fibrinogens have been purified and their structural defects have been found mainly in the NH2-terminal regions7, 8. However, fibrinogen is a macromolecule containing six polypeptide chains and the NH2-terminal amino acids of the two Bβ-chains are pyroglutamates which are not susceptible to direct sequence analysis by automated Edman degradation. In this report we present a simple method for the direct sequence analysis of the NH2 -terminal regions of fibrinogen without prior separation of the polypeptide chains to investigate the structural abnormalities of fibrinogen.
An antisense RNA induces epigenetic silencing of a tumor suppressor gene

2526 Epigenetics involves non-sequence based cellular memory heritable during cell division, and epigenetic changes are common in human cancer. Tumour suppressor genes (TSGs) inhibiting normal cellular growth are frequently silenced epigenetically in cancer. DNA methylation is commonly associated with TSG silencing, yet mutations in the DNA methylation initiation and recognition machinery and their precise role in carcinogenesis are not well known. An intriguing possible mechanism for gene regulation involves widespread ncRNAs such as miRNA, piRNAs and antisense RNAs. Widespread sense-antisense transcripts have been systematically identified in mammalian cells, and global transcriptome analysis show that up to 70% of transcripts have antisense partners and that perturbation of antisense RNA can alter the expression of the sense gene. For example, it has been shown that an antisense transcript not naturally occurring but induced by genetic mutation leads to gene silencing and DNA methylation causing thalassemia in a patient. Here we show that many TSGs have nearby antisense RNAs, and we focused on the role of one RNA in silencing of p15, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor implicated in acute lymphocytic and acute myelocytic leukaemia. We found an inverse relationship between p15 antisense (p15AS) and p15 sense expression in leukaemia. A p15AS expression construct induced p15 silencing in cis and in trans through heterochromatin formation but not DNA methylation, and the silencing persisted after p15AS was turned off, although both methylation and heterochromatin inhibitors reversed this process. The p15AS-induced silencing was dicer-independent. Expression of exogenous p15AS in mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells caused p15 silencing and increased growth, through heterochromatin formation, as well as DNA methylation after differentiation of the ES cells. Thus, natural antisense RNA may be a trigger for heterochromatin formation and DNA methylation in TSG silencing in tumour stem cells.
Old T Cells Interfer(on) with Neurogenesis

Adult neurogenesis plays an important role in brain function and declines with aging. A recent report demonstrates clonal T cell expansion within neurogenic niches of the aged brain, impairing neurogenesis through IFNγ signaling (Dulken et al., Nature, 2019). These results highlight T cells as important contributors to and potential therapeutic targets for age-related brain dysfunction.
Gender Violence: The 1917–1922 Ukrainian Pogroms and the Challenges of Modernity

By conducting a detailed analysis of the diverse evidence of mass rape of Jewish women in Ukraine during the Civil War pogroms, this article explores the impact of gender violence that was employed as a strategic weapon of genocide by pogrom perpetrators. Various accounts of witnesses, humanitarian workers, and medical practitioners suggest that there was a group of victims who demonstrated a similar set of reactions to the traumatic experience of mass rape. Further research established that this unique response is specific to the group of victims solely identified by their exposure to secular education. To discern how exposure to secularism shaped the traumatic experience, this study pursues in-depth analyses of victim narratives as they fall along gender lines. The established gender narrative patterns suggest that the Jewish women were particularly traumatized by the visceral, wild, and carnivalesque nature of the pogrom rape that was tragically juxtaposed against their commonly shared ethical values. Victims exposed to secularism had a more internalized and solitary experience of the gruesome ordeal, and, as a result, demonstrated less coping ability which resulted in a variety of outcomes ranging from acute despair and depression, to suicidal tendencies when the trauma proved unbearable to the victim. The most widespread outcome of pogrom rape among secularized survivors was to escape it by leaving terrible memories behind forever and concealing the traumatic experience.
Technocultural Pluralism: A "Clash of Civilizations" in Technology?

At the end of the Cold War, the renowned political scientist, Samuel Huntington, argued that future conflicts were more likely to stem from cultural frictions -- ideologies, social norms, and political systems -- rather than political or economic frictions. Huntington focused his concern on the future of geopolitics in a rapidly shrinking world. This paper argues that a similar dynamic is at play in the interaction of technology cultures. We emphasize the role of culture in the evolution of technology and identify the particular role that culture (esp. privacy culture) plays in the development of AI/ML technologies. Then we examine some implications that this perspective brings to the fore.
Numerical semigroup tree of multiplicities 4 and 5

A numerical semigroup S is a cofinite submonoid of the nonnegative integers under addition. The cardinality of the complement of S in the nonnegative integers is called the genus. The smallest nonzero element of S is the multiplicity of S. There is an extensive literature about the tree of numerical semigroups, which has been used to count numerical semigroups by genus, yet the structure of the tree itself has not been described in the literature. In this paper, we completely describe the structure of the subtrees of the numerical semigroup tree of multiplicities 4 and 5. We conclude with an application of these numerical semigroup trees’ structure.
General Relativity and Maximum Entropy Method

A central concept in thermodynamics is that of entropy. Thermodynamics has a long history of application in General Relativity this from the point of view of generalizing thermodynamic entropy to relativity, and applications of thermodynamics in the relativistic mechanics of gases and fluids and similarly to matter and energy densities and fields. Other approaches seek to understand geometrical metrics of entropy and similar topological considerations of such measures. As a central concept in thermodynamics is that of entropy, a related approach to equilibrium and beyond that nonequilibrium statistical mechanics as derived from thermodynamics is the maximum entropy method, where the optimal or least biased probability density function is that whose entropy is at a maximum, and under given constraints representing measurable observables. In this letter we discuss some applications of the maximum entropy method to general relativity.
An Optimal Kalman-Consensus Filter for Distributed Implementation Over a Dynamic Communication Network

With the rising number of applications for sensor networks comes a need for more accurate cooperative fusion algorithms. In this paper, a distributed and optimal state estimator is presented for implementation through a dynamically switching, yet strongly connected, directed communication network to cooperatively estimate the state of a dynamic system. The Kalman-Consensus filter approach is used to incorporate a consensus protocol of neighboring state estimates into the traditional Kalman filter. It has been known that the main difficulty associated with implementing such an optimal solution is its fully coupled covariance matrix. Presented is a distributed computation of the covariance matrix at every node achieved by taking advantage of its independence from state estimates. Reductions to the distributed covariance computations are achieved through shared processing made available by the strongly connected digraph. Should the digraph change over time, a distributed topology estimation algorithm is included to facilitate the implementation of the proposed Kalman-Consensus filters. Together, these advances render a distributed and optimal solution to the consensus-based cooperative Kalman filter design problem. Convergence and stability of the proposed algorithms are analyzed and analytically concluded with performance verified through simulation of an illustrative example.
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 51

Douglas J. Futuyma, H. Bradley Shaffer, and Daniel Simberloff, eds. 2020. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 51. (ISSN: 1543-592X, ISBN-13: 978-0-8243-1451-4, hbk). Annual Reviews, Inc., 4139 El Camino Way, P.O. Box 10139, Palo Alto, California 94303, U.S.A. (Orders: annualreviews.org, science@annualreviews.org), $118.00 US, 612 pp., 9.5" × 7.5".
Machine Learning Based Retrieval Algorithms: Application to Ocean Optics

Global ocean color measurements from satellites provide critical information about ocean ecology and biogeochemistry, this advances our knowledge of the carbon cycle and its impact on climate disturbances. The repeated synoptic observations of spectral leaving reflectance can be used to estimate marine inherent optical properties. The spatial, angular, and spectral distributions of underwater light field depend upon the absorption and scattering characteristics, the inherent optical properties (IOPs), of oceanic particles or hydrosols. The remote sensing algorithms or inverse methods typically rely on forward models to relate the satellite observed quantity, remote sensing reflectance, with the corresponding IOPs. The viewing angle dependence, spectral, and polarization states of reflected light contain rich information on the retrieval IOP parameters. The inverse methods depend on a reliable atmospheric correction algorithm. However, due to the presence of absorbing aerosols and complex optical properties of coastal waters, it is difficult to achieve successful atmospheric correction over coastal waters or when absorbing aerosols are involved. To overcome the limitations of atmospheric correction in coastal and inland waters involving absorbing aerosols, the use of multi-angle, multi-wavelength, polarized measurements to characterize aerosol and hydrosol properties would be beneficial. The polarized signal is measured by several multi-angular polarimeters like POLDER, the Research Scanning Polarimeter (RSP), the Airborne Multiangle SpectroPolarimetric Imager (AirMSPI), the Spectropolarimeter for Planetary EXploration (SPEX) and the HyperAngular Rainbow Polarimeter (HARP). Notably, NASA’s Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission plans to carry SPEXone and HARP2 as well as the Ocean Color Instrument (OCI), which will acquire an abundance of unprecedented co-located datasets of polarimeter and ocean color measurements. To handle the huge volume of data it is critical to use a fast ocean reflectance model that can be used in the retrieval algorithms to achieve operational retrieval of aerosol and ocean color information. The retrieval algorithms need to call radiative transfer models iteratively in order to minimize the difference between measurements and model prediction, which is computationally expensive. In this chapter, available fast retrieval algorithms based on machine learning techniques used by the community are reviewed. Their scopes and limitations is discussed. Particularly this chapter summarizes various machine learning and optimization algorithms used in ocean optics studies.
Gazing into a crystal ball-cancer therapy in the post-genomic era.

The sequencing of the human genome is likely to speed the discovery of factors involved in cancer pathogenesis and lead to an age of individually tailored anti-cancer drugs. But does the ability to obtain an abundance of genetic information mean that we necessarily know how to use it?
From Equity Premium Puzzle to Expectations Puzzle: A General Equilibrium Production Economy with Stochastic Habit Formation.

This paper develops a general equilibrium model for a representative agent, production economy with stochastic internal habit formation. The model describes a scale-independent economy, with a unique stochastic investment opportunity set. Local correlation between the stochastic interest rate and time-varying market price of risk can be determined endogenously and leads to correct predictions on the sign and magnitude of several major empirical puzzles in both equity and bond markets. In the empirical part of the paper, we calibrate our model, simultaneously, to the equity premium puzzle, the risk-free rate puzzle, and the expectations puzzle, and show that the three puzzles are completely resolved under reasonable parameter values. Thus, we establish, conclusively, the inextricable link between the equity and bond markets, both theoretically and empirically. Our model subsumes the internal habit formation models of Sundaresan (1989) and Constantinides (1990), and, perhaps somewhat surprisingly, the external habit formation model of Campbell and Cochrane (1999).
Influence of Plant Growth at High CO2 Concentrations on Leaf Content of Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase and Intracellular Distribution of Soluble Carbohydrates in Tobacco, Snapdragon, and Parsley

We have examined the possible role of leaf cytosolic hexoses and the expression of mannitol metabolism as mechanisms that may affect the repression of photosynthetic capacity when plants are grown at 1000 versus 380 [mu]L L-1 CO2. In plants grown at high CO2, leaf ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase content declined by [greater than or equal to]20% in tobacco (Nicotiana sylvestris) but was not affected in the mannitol-producing species snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) and parsley (Petroselinum hortense). In the three species mesophyll glucose and fructose at midday occurred almost entirely in the vacuole (>99%), irrespective of growth CO2 levels. The estimated cytosolic concentrations of glucose and fructose were [less than or equal to]100 [mu]M. In the three species grown at high CO2, total leaf carbohydrates increased 60 to 100%, but mannitol metabolism did not function as an overflow mechanism for the increased accumulation of carbohydrate. In both snapdragon and parsley grown at ambient or high CO2, mannitol occurred in the chloroplast and cytosol at estimated midday concentrations of 0.1 M or more each. The compartmentation of leaf hexoses and the metabolism of alternate carbohydrates are further considered in relation to photosynthetic acclimation to high levels of CO2.
Volatile compounds from dried Jimbu (Allium wallichii)

A fractional purge and cryogenic trap method for the isolation of volatiles from dried Jimbu (Allium wallichii) was studied. Thermal desorption and trapping of volatiles at −73°C gave the best results in terms of volatile recovery. A total of 96 compounds were identified from the three different cryogenic traps, including twenty-seven sulfur compounds. Among the sulfur volatiles, 1,2 bis (methylthio) ethene, 2,4 dimethyl thiophene, dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide were found to be the major volatile components of dried Jimbu.
Heteroduplex mapping of heat-resistant deletion mutants of bacteriophage t5.

Abstract The bacteriophage T5 is known to spontaneously generate deletion mutants (st mutants) exhibiting enhanced resistance to heat inactivation in citrate buffer. A series of such mutants has been isolated and the deletions visualized by electron microscopy of heteroduplex molecules. The deletions are found to cluster in one region of the chromosome.
Sleepy watermark tracing: an active network-based intrusion response framework

Network-based intrusion has become a serious threat to today's highly networked information systems, yet the overwhelming majority of current network security mechanisms are " passive" in response to network-based attacks. In particular, tracing and detection of the source of network-based intrusion has been left largely untouched in existing intrusion detection mechanisms. The fact that intruders can log in through a series of hosts before attacking the final target makes it extremely difficult to trace the real source of network (---) based instrusions. In this paper, we apply active networking principles to address the problem of tracing net-work-based intrusion with such chained connections, and propose a novel intrusion response framework: Sleepy Watermark Tracing (SWT). SWT is "sleepy" in that it does not introduce overhead when no intrusion is detected. Yet it is "active" in that when an intrusion is detected, the target will inject a watermark into the backward connection of the intrusion, and wake up and collaborate with intermediate routers along the intrusion path. By integrating a sleepy intrusion response scheme. A watermark correlation technique and an active tracing protocol, SWT provides a highly efficient and accurate source tracing on interactive intrusions through chained telnet of rlongin. Our prototype shows that SWT can trace back to the farthest trustworthy security gateway to the origin of intrusion, within one keystroke. With its unique active tracing, SWT can even trace when intrusion connections are idle by the intruder.
Green Chemistry, Applications

Environmental chemistry deals with contaminants from human activities that have found their way into soil, water, and air, how to detect them and how to remediate the problems. The purpose of green chemistry is to avoid these problems altogether. Green chemistry is based on the twelve principles set forth by Anastas and Warner. The twelve principles are listed and examples of developments keeping with the principles are discussed. Details are given for replacing toxic or detrimental chemicals and processes. Some of the chemicals and reactions in need of replacement are phosgene, HCN, formaldehyde, heavy metals, chlorine, oxidations, catalysts, acids and bases, separations, and solvents. Suggestions for alternatives are given. This article also extends the discussion to other areas in need of attention. Biocatalysis, eg, offers the possibility of making products without carrying out chemical reactions under rigorous conditions. Stereochemistry and the importance of optical isomers and resolution of racemic mixtures are discussed. Agrochemicals products such as pesticides, fertilizers, etc, can be toxic and cause environmental damage. Alternative methods can be found. Other topics include materials for a sustainable future, chemistry of longer wear, recycling, and energy and the environment. Keywords: Green chemistry; Chemical alternatives; Toxic chemicals; Biocatalysis, Agriculture; Recycling; Twelve principles; Stereochemistry; Biodiversity; Sustainability
Panel: Usable Cryptography: Manifest Destiny or Oxymoron?

Outside of SSL, Notes/Domino, and federal PKIs, PK cryptography hasn't caught on. SSL is hugely successful in providing network protection. But its server authentication feature is currently useless in phishing attacks, and its client authentication is largely unused. A number of user studies indicate that while some subset of users know about and notice "the padlock", few know what it really is, and none use it to protect them from phishing. This panel posits that the points where the cryptographic system meets the user are where its success has been blocked (e.g. key mgmt, password for protecting keys, understanding risk, threat, and assurance). We explore that assumption, and the past, present, and future of usable cryptography.
The combined effect of birth weight and length of gestation on neonatal mortality among single premature births.

The combined effect of birth weight and length of gestation on mortality during the neonatal period was studied, using information obtained from birth and death certificates filed with the New York State Department of Health for births occurring during 1949, 1950, and 1951 in New York State, exclusive of New York City. The study covered 436,254 single live births over 20 weeks gestation for which data on both birth weight and length of gestation were available. Case fatality rates were determined by birth weight and gestation groups for the entire neonatal period and for 3 age intervals during the neonatal period. For the neonatal period as a whole a characteristic pattern is observed. Within each birth weight group 2500 gm. or less, longer gestation increases the chance of survival; within each gestation group 36 weeks or less, a higher birth weight has a similar effect. A typical example is the range in fatality rates for infants weighing 1001 to 1500 grams at birth. Within this birth weight group, the fatality rate ranges from 40 per cent in the gestation group of 36 weeks or over to 75 per cent in the 24 to 27 weeks gestation group. When fatality rates are computed for 3 successive age periods within the neonatal period, the combined effect of birth weight and gestation produces a characteristic pattern of fatality which is found to be most clearly defined during the first day after birth. However, a similar pattern of fatality is found to exist as well in the age periods from 1 through 6 days and for the remainder of the neonatal period.
Carbohydrate metabolism in yeast accompanying an inhibition of cell division by x-rays.

The carbohydrate constituents of rapidly growing yeast cells were found to change in amount both in irradiated and unirradiated cells. Growing cultures were sampled at 0, 2, 4, and 6 hr either as controls or as continuously irradiated cells. Irradiated-cell mannan was less than the control at each sampling, though it did not decrease progressively. Glucan decreased to the greatest extent; a bigger radiation dose and a longer time period both produced a greater effect. Acid-extracted glycogen responded as did glucan, while total glycogen showed a significant decrease only at 6 hr. Trichloracetic acid extract carbohydrate also did not decrease until 6 hours. Total carbohydrate was reduced at each sampling period; at 6 hours it was 56 per cent of the control. Irradiation produced an increased cell permeability and the loss of some cell contents. (auth)
Determination of Free Thyroxine in Serum by Low-Temperature Equilibrium Dialysis

Equilibrium dialysis of thyroxine (T4) in diluted serum at low temperature gives consistent and reproducible values for the dialyzable fraction (DF) of this hormone. The quantity of serum required for the determination is minimized by dilution, which is technically advantageous. Variations caused by temperature, dialysis time, dilution of serum, buffer system, and stability of 125I-T4 could be controlled by parallel use of a normal reference serum in each experiment. The reference serum was assigned a DF value of 0.04%, which was corrected by a factor derived from the ratio of assigned DF to the observed DF calculated from the experimental data for this reference serum. This correction factor permits the observed DF results for concurrent unknown samples to be related to the values for the DF of the normal reference serum. The free thyroxine concentration is calculated from the product of the DF and the total serum thyroxine concentration as determined by competitive binding analysis. The method is convenient for use in clinical laboratories, and data for free thyroxine obtained from patients with metabolic thyroid disorders are diagnostically discriminatory.
413 HEMOCARBOPERFUSION IN CHILDHOOD HEPATIC COMA

Fulminant hepatic failure and coma in children has a mortality rate of 60 to 70%. Hemocarboperfusion (HCP) employing an acrylic hydrogel polymer coated charcoal column was used in three children ages 8,11, and 13 years presenting with acute encephalopathy and hepatic failure. Two children were in stage IV hepatic coma and one in stage V Reye syndrome. Following HCP all patients showed significant improvements in deranged serum chemistries. Serum ammonia and amino acid concentrations decreased dramatically. Serial examinations revealed no evidence of hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, or microembolization secondary to HCP. One of three patients survived and had no evidence of cerebral edema. The other two patients developed posturing and pupillary changes suggestive of severe cerebral edema prior to HCP. Continuous intracranial pressure monitoring (employing Richmond screw) in one patient showed > 50mmHg (N:0-10) which transiently diminished with mannitol infusion but failed to respond to HCP. The patients who expired had nearly isoelectric EEGs which showed no improvement following HCP. The patient who responded to HCP and had no evidence of cerebral edema is well without complications after a two year period. It is concluded that for effective HCP in children with hepatic encephalopathy, the therapy should be initiated before the onset of cerebral edema.
Maximum principle for optimal control of distributed-parameter systems with singular mass matrix

A maximum principle for the open-loop optimal control of a vibrating system relative to a given convex index of performance is investigated. Though maximum principles have been studied by many people (see, e.g., Refs. 1–5), the principle derived in this paper is of particular use for control problems involving mechanical structures. The state variable satisfies general initial conditions as well as a self-adjoint system of partial differential equations together with a homogeneous system of boundary conditions. The mass matrix is diagonal, constant, and singular, and the viscous damping matrix is diagonal. The maximum principle relates the optimal control with the solution of the homogeneous adjoint equation in which terminal conditions are prescribed in terms of the terminal values of the optimal state variable. An application of this theory to a structural vibrating system is given in a companion paper (Ref. 6).
Children and the ingestion of alcohol: a statistical analysis of children attending an A & E department

The results of a survey of children attending an Accident and Emergency (A & E) Department following ingestion of alcohol are reported. Data were analysed to indicate age and sex of children, date and time of attendance, method of transport to hospital, whether accompanied to hospital and if so by whom, and whether admitted or discharged. Trends in children's consumption of alcohol, as observed by the author, are discussed.
The Dimension of Focussed Attention: Relationship to Behavior and Cognitive Functioning in Children:

A sample of 73 nonreferred school children were administered a newly developed Visual Focussed-attention Test along with other measures of attentional, cognitive, and behavioral functioning. Internal reliability and construct validity for the test were established. Children were then divided into underfocussed (distractible, n = 6), normofocussed (n = 38), and overfocussed (n = 5) groups based upon their test scores. The three groups did not differ with regard to age, intellectual functioning, or academic achievement. However, the underfocussed and overfocussed groups contained a greater proportion of behaviorally disturbed children than the normofocussed group. Underfocussed children, as a group, were rated higher than normofocussed, but not higher than overfocussed children on the Hyperactivity factor of the Conners Teacher Questionnaire. The significance of these focussed attention deficits is reviewed in relation to the more familiar concepts of distractibility and hyperactivity.
Numerical Analysis of Laminar Natural Convection in Rectangular Enclosures of Different Aspect Ratios With and Without Aerosol Nanofluid

Natural convection heat transfer in rectangular enclosures is important in many real-world engineering applications. Included in these applications are the energy efficient design of buildings, operation and safety of nuclear reactors, solar collector design, passive energy storage, heat transfer across multi-pane windows, thermo-electric refrigeration and heating devices, and the design-for-mitigation of optical distortion in large-scale laser systems, environmental engineering and electronic packaging. A common industrial application of natural convection is free air cooling without the aid of fans and can happen on small scales such as computer chips to large scale process equipment. In addition to temperature gradient convection strength within the enclosure can vary due to the existence of nanoparticles with the base fluid.The field of nanofluid research has been expanding in recent years. Most of the research performed for the purpose of heat transfer using nanofluids has been conducted on liquid based nanofluids, leaving the aerosol-based nanofluid research lagging. There is also a deficit in the research previously performed to develop a computer model of heat transfer enhancement using nanofluid. The transport of solid particles and liquid droplets in a fluid has long been a subject of great interest. Understanding, measuring, and quantifying the deposition of aerosol on walls is important in various sectors of science and technology. Some examples are the deposition of drugs and harmful substances in the nasal and respiratory tracts in medical science and engineering; deposition of particles and droplets in gas and steam turbines in power plant engineering; the atmospheric dispersal of pollutants and the determination of indoor air quality in environmental science; the transport and sedimentation of various substances in rivers in civil engineering; fouling of process and heat transfer equipments in process industries; and the transport of chemical aerosols in chemical process engineering. In this research work the case of pure air was first solved for 6 different aspect ratios, then the nanofluid was introduced and the resulting heat transfer was observed. The aerosol nanofluid used was composed of air with copper nanoparticles suspended in an enclosure. This procedure was repeated for multiple aspect ratios. This research also develops a functional computer model for heat transfer enhancement using nanofluid.© 2013 ASME
Effects of the use of percentage agreement on behavioral observation reliabilities: A reassessment

The percentage agreement index has been and continues to be a popular measure of interobserver reliability in applied behavior analysis and child development, as well as in other fields in which behavioral observation techniques are used. An algebraic method and a linear programming method were used to assess chance-corrected reliabilities for a sample of past observations in which the percentage agreement index was used. The results indicated that, had kappa been used instead of percentage agreement, between one-fourth and three-fourth of the reported observations could be judged as unreliable against a lenient criterion and between one-half and three-fourths could be judged as unreliable against a more stringent criterion. It is suggested that the continued use of the percentage agreement index has seriously undermined the reliabilities of past observations and can no longer be justified in future studies.
The membrane volume occupied by anesthetic molecules: A reinterpretation of the erythrocyte expansion data

Abstract Seeman and coworkers (Seeman, P. (1972) Pharmacol. Rev. 24, 583–655) calculated that anesthetic agents exapnd membrane volume ten times more than the van der Waals volume of the agent alone. Their calculation was based on the assumption that the thickness of the erythrocyte membrane expands at the same rate as the surface area. However, recent data on bilayer membranes demonstrate that an expansion of membrane surface area is accompanied by a decrease in membrane thickness. A reinterpretation of their erythrocyte area expansion data using an appropriate contraction of membrane thickness suggests the volume in a membrane occupied by anesthetic molecules is approximately equal to their van der Waals volume.
Further analysis of active and passive touch in pattern discrimination

Discrimination of cookie-cutter patterns by active and passive touch was compared in humans under conditions which attempted to equate the contactual movement of the stimulus over the skin surface in the two modes. We find that the lack of self-initiated movement made no difference in accurate identification of these patterns, contrary to the postulation by Gibson (1962). Further, the results agree with certain neurophysiological findings which suggest that the dorsal columns are critical for the tactile discrimination of spatiotemporal features of stimuli, rather than for mediation of active vs. passive touch per se.
Isoflurane produces delayed preconditioning against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury: role of cyclooxygenase-2

Background: Whether volatile anesthetics produce a second window of preconditioning is unclear. The authors tested the hypothesis that isoflurane causes delayed preconditioning against infarction and, further, that cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 mediates this beneficial effect. Methods: Rabbits (n = 43) were randomly assigned to receive 0.9% intravenous saline, the selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib (3 mg/kg intraperitoneal) five times over 2 days before coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion, or isoflurane (1.0 minimum alveolar concentration) 24 h before acute experimentation in the absence or presence of celecoxib pretreatment. Two additional groups of rabbits received a single dose of celecoxib either 30 min before or 21.5 h after administration of isoflurane. Rabbits were then instrumented for measurement of hemodynamics and underwent 30 min of coronary occlusion followed by 3 h of reperfusion. Myocardial infarct size was measured using triphenyltetrazolium staining. Western immunoblotting to examine COX-1 and COX-2 protein expression was performed in rabbit hearts that had or had not been exposed to isoflurane. Results: Isoflurane significantly (P < 0.05) reduced infarct size (22 ± 3% of the left ventricular area at risk) as compared with control (39 ± 2%). Celecoxib alone had no effect on infarct size (36 ± 4%) but abolished isoflurane-induced cardioprotection (36 ± 4%). A single dose of celecoxib administered 2.5 h before coronary occlusion and reperfusion also abolished the delayed protective effects of isoflurane (36 ± 4%), but celecoxib given 30 min before exposure to isoflurane had no effect (22 ± 4%). Isoflurane did not alter COX-1 and COX-2 protein expression. Conclusions: The results indicate that the volatile anesthetic isoflurane produces a second window of preconditioning against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. Furthermore, COX-2 is an important mediator of isoflurane-induced delayed preconditioning.
Electrical conduction through thin amorphous SiC films

The current density through amorphous SiC films 80 to 800 A thick deposited pyrolytically on refractory metal substrates is described by j = K(T,d)V^nn(T,d) where T is the absolute temperature and d the film thickness. This type of electrical characteristic is similar to that obtained for compressed granulated SiC pellets or varistors and also for amorphous thin films of semiconductors and insulators.
Analogues of the Potent Nonpolyglutamatable Antifolate Nα-(4-Amino-4-deoxypteroyl)-Nδ-hemiphthaloyl-l-ornithine (PT523) with Modifications in the Side Chain, p-Aminobenzoyl Moiety, or 9,10-Bridge: Synthesis and in Vitro Antitumor Activity

Seven Nα-(4-amino-4-deoxypteroyl)-Nδ-hemiphthaloyl-l-ornithine (2, PT523) analogues were synthesized by modifications of the literature synthesis of the corresponding AMT (1) analogues and were tested as inhibitors of tumor cell growth. In growth assays against cultured CCRF-CEM human leukemic cells exposed to drug for 72 h, the IC50 values of analogues in which N10 was replaced by CH2 and CHMe were found to be 0.55 ± 0.07 and 0.63 ± 0.08 nM, and thus these analogues are more potent than 1 (IC50 = 4.4 ± 1.0 nM) or 2 (IC50 = 1.5 ± 0.39 nM). The 10-ethyl-10-deaza analogue of 2 (IC50 = 1.2 ± 0.25 nM) was not statistically different from 2 but was more potent than edatrexate, the 10-ethyl-10-deaza analogue of 1, which had an IC50 of 3.3 ± 0.36 nM. In contrast, the analogue of 2 with both an ethyl and a CO2Me group at the 10-position had an IC50 of 54 ± 4.9 nM, showing this modification to be unfavorable. The 4-amino-1-naphthoic acid analogue of 2 had an IC50 of 1.2 ± 0.22 nM, indicating that replacement of th...