cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of sample size allocation when using stratified random sampling to estimate accuracy and area of land-cover change

The ground reference data obtained to assess map accuracy can be simultaneously used to estimate area (extent). This dual-purpose use of ground reference data is examined for the special case of a two-class map of ‘change’ and ‘no change’. To assess the accuracy of a change map, stratified sampling is often implemented with a disproportionately larger sample size allocated to the map change stratum. But this allocation targeting user's accuracy of change is not necessarily effective for the competing objective of estimating the area of change. Sampling theory provides the basis for deciding a sample size allocation to strata when multiple, but competing estimation objectives are of interest. Neyman optimal allocation is preferred for estimating the area of change as well as overall accuracy, whereas equal allocation is effective for estimating user's accuracy. The results and recommendations developed in this article extend to any dichotomous classification in which one class is relatively rare.
Structure of the NF-κB transcription factor: a holistic interaction with DNA

An unexpected mode of binding to DNA is revealed in two crystal structures of a transcription factor that is essential for many signalling pathways in eukaryotic cells.
Choice in a self-control paradigm: effects of uncertainty.

Four experiments examined humans' self-control and impulsiveness as a function of reinforcer uncertainty. Uncertainty was manipulated by varying the probability and durations of interruptions, temporary periods of timeout from reinforcement. In Experiment 1 the probability of an interruption varied while its duration was constant. In Experiment 2 the duration of an interruption varied while its probability was constant. In Experiment 3, the subjects were interrupted only during the delay to the larger, more delayed reinforcer. In Experiment 4 the subjects experienced the same amounts and delays of reinforcement as in Experiments 1-3, but did not experience any interruptions. The subjects in Experiments 1 and 2 were not significantly more impulsive than the subjects in Experiment 4. In Experiment 3, the subjects exhibited significantly more impulsiveness than the subjects in Experiments 1, 2 and 4 when the reinforcement rates were equal, but not when they were unequal. Reinforcer uncertainty affects choice behavior to the extent that it influences the relative reinforcement rate.
Acute cholecystitis preceding mycotic aortic pseudoaneurysm in a heart transplant recipient.

Mycotic pseudoaneurysm is a rare complication after orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT). This case describes a middle-aged OHT recipient who developed a mycotic pseudoaneurysm after an episode of acute cholecystitis. The region of involved aorta was effectively repaired using a patch of bovine pericardium and a brief period of hypothermic circulatory arrest. (J Card Surg 2010;25:749-751)
8 EFFECT OF CIRCULATING LEPTIN LEVELS AT SYNCHRONIZATION ON SUBSEQUENT FIXED-TIMED ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION PREGNANCY RATES IN CROSSBRED BEEF HEIFERS

It is generally accepted that reproductive efficiency is the limiting factor in the profitability of most livestock operations. The heritabilities of reproductive traits are typically low, so most advances in reproductive efficiency must be achieved through changes in management practices. Recent research indicates that leptin may play a role in the reproductive processes for many domesticated livestock species. Leptin has been shown to affect nutrient intake, metabolic efficiency, and animal adiposity, and may be associated with age at puberty onset and the length of the postpartum interval in cattle. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether circulating leptin concentrations during estrous synchronization would affect subsequent pregnancy rates after fixed-timed AI (FTAI) in crossbred beef heifers. Before the initiation of the spring breeding season, 54 crossbred (Red Angus × Simmental) long yearling heifers, averaging 326 ± 6.3 kg with a mean body condition score (BCS) of 5.2 ± 0.33, a mean reproductive tract score of 2.1 ± 0.57, and a mean ovary score of 2.7 ± 0.76, were synchronized with a controlled internal drug-release (CIDR) vaginal implant and 2 mg of estradiol benzoate (EB) on Day 0, a 25-mg injection of prostaglandin and CIDR removal on Day 7, and 2 mg of EB on Day 8, with FTAI occurring 52 hours post-CIDR removal. Blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture 4 times: twice during the synchronization protocol starting 2 days post-CIDR insertion, once at insemination, and once 4 days after insemination. All females were inseminated with frozen–thawed semen from the same fertile bull. Pregnancy was determined 45 days postinsemination via transrectal ultrasonography. Twenty females (37%) were confirmed pregnant to FTAI. There was no difference in average weights (324 ± 6.6 v. 323 ± 3.7 kg), BCS (5.1 ± 0.1 v. 5.2 ± 0.07), reproductive tract scores (2.2 ± 0.5 v. 2.1 ± 0.5) or ovary scores (2.7 ± 0.2 v. 2.7 ± 0.1) for the pregnant and nonpregnant females, respectively. However, those females that were pregnant from FTAI had higher (P = 0.02) mean plasma leptin concentrations (3.33 ± 0.22 ng mL–1) compared with heifers that did not conceive to FTAI (2.66 ± 0.19 ng mL–1) across all sampling days. In addition, as early as 2 days post-CIDR insertion, females that became pregnant from FTAI tended to have higher (P = 0.13) plasma leptin concentrations (2.76 ± 0.18 ng mL–1) compared with those heifers that did not conceive to FTAI (2.19 ± 0.15 ng mL–1). These results indicate that circulating plasma leptin levels in beef cattle during synchronization may be associated with subsequent fertility and might be a useful tool to select females to increase the efficacy of FTAI protocols in beef cattle.
Genetic effects of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in Neurospora crassa.

The mutagenicity of N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was studied with a genetically marked, balanced heterokaryon of Neurospora crassa. Types of genetic alterations detectable in this system are (a) point mutations in the ad-3 A and ad-3 B loci, (b) multilocus (chromosome) deletions in the ad-3 region, and (c) recessive lethal mutations in the whole genome. Study of the inactivation kinetics of the heterokaryotic and homokaryotic conidial fractions makes it possible to distinguish between nuclear and cytoplasmic inactivation.
Terror, Terrorism, Terrorists*:

The terms terror, terrorism, and terrorist do not identify causally coherent and distinct social phenomena but strategies that recur across a wide variety of actors and political situations. Social scientists who reify the terms confuse themselves and render a disservice to public discussion. The U.S. government's own catalogs of terrorist events actually support both claims.
Pionic contribution to the scalar and longitudinal N-Δ transition quadrupole form factors

Abstract The pionic contribution to the scalar and longitudinal p → Δ+ transition quadrupole form factors is calculated. It is shown that the πN channel contributes +0.023 − i 0.093 fm2 at photon momentum q = 400 MeV (EMR ≈ (+1.4 − i 5.7) %). This might be larger than the “core” quadrupole moment, and one should be careful in comparing experimental data and theoretical predictions. This pionic contribution makes the measurement of the phase of the quadrupole moment more interesting.
The bone and beyond: 'Dem bones' are made for more than walking

Bone is an endocrine organ that reaches out to other tissues, orchestrating responses that may have a role in pathology and physiology at distant sites. In 'Bench to Bedside', L. Darryl Quarles discusses recent studies showing how a feedback loop between the bone hormone FGF-23 and renal phosphate excretion and vitamin D metabolism is integrated with the classical PTH–vitamin D axis in chronic kidney disease (CKD). This new paradigm may change the diagnosis and treatment of disordered mineral homeostasis of people with CKD. A recent epidemiological study argues a mechanistic link between bone loss and atherosclerosis, maladies usually linked to aging. In 'Bedside to Bench', Sundeep Khosla discusses how this clinical study underpins research showing that mediators of inflammation and oxidative stress share common mechanisms that may lead to this calcium shift during aging.
Limited proteolysis and biophysical characterization of the lipovitellin homology region in apolipoprotein B.

Apolipoprotein B (apoB) is the essential nonexchangeable protein in chylomicrons and very low-density lipoprotein-derived lipoprotein particles, including low-density lipoprotein (LDL). ApoB has been a key target for cardiovascular research because of its essential role in the assembly, secretion, delivery, and receptor binding of LDL. The three-dimensional structure of apoB has not been determined. However, the N-terminal region of apoB is homologous to the lipid storage protein lipovitellin, which allows the modeling of this region based on the X-ray structure of lipovitellin. The model of the N-terminal 17% of apoB (B17) suggests that, like lipovitellin, B17 consists of an N-terminal β-barrel domain, a helical domain, and a β-sheet domain (C-sheet). Here we test the validity of this model by limited proteolysis of B17 and the characterization of individual domains expressed in Escherichia coli and insect cell systems that are consistent with the model and proteolysis data. Circular dichroism studies of...
Issues and tensions in popular education in Latin America

Abstract This article examines a set of issues pertaining to the goals, content, processes, and outcomes of popular education projects in Latin America. Special attention is given to how these issues affect the status of women. Tensions in popular education projects in conservative and reformist societies are contrasted with those in a society undergoing radical change, Sandinista Nicaragua.
Comparison of mechanical properties of compacted calcium hydroxide and portland cement paste systems

Abstract Mechanical properties of Ca(OH)2 are compared with those of portland cement paste at different porosities. Intrinsic values of modulus of elasticity (E) and microhardness (H) for Ca(OH)2 compacts were obtained by extrapolating to zero porosity log E and log H versus porosity curves. The values for the Ca(OH)2 and portland cement paste systems are of similar magnitude. Flexural strength values for both systems were also determined to be of similar magnitude for the porosity range studied. Fracture terms (Kc, Jc, Gc, YT) were determined. Kc and YT versus porosity plots for both systems revealed that these fracture terms are of similar magnitude in the porosity range common to both.
Clearance and recovery calculations in hemodialysis: Application to plasma, red blood cell, and dialysate measurements for cyclophosphamide

The hemodialyzability of cyclophosphamide was investigated in four patients on long-term hemodialysis. Cyclophosphamide 100 mg was given intravenously over 10 min before hemodialysis. Blood and dialysate samples were collected periodically during the 4 hr dialysis and measured by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) for cyclophosphamide. Dialysis clearance calculated by arterial-venous difference and actual drug recovery in dialysate averaged 104 ml/min, which is in the range of the metabolic clearance of 95 ml/min for the drug. The extraction efficiency of the hollow-fiber dialyzers averaged 40% for plasma and red blood cell (RBC) samples. A mean of 37% of the administered dose of cyclophosphamide was removed during hemodialysis. The half-life (t 1/2) of the beta phase was 3.3 hr in our patients during hemodialysis, a 49% reduction of the 6.5 hr to t 1/2 reported in uremic patients. Because of the reduction in elimination t 1/2, larger dialysis clearance than metabolic clearance, high extraction efficiency, and significant drug removal during dialysis, we conclude that cyclophosphamide is dialyzable.
Echocardiographic Manifestation of Right Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm

This case report describes the distinctive echocardiographic pattern in a patient with a congenital right sinus of Valsalva aneurysm. The echocardiogram demonstrated an abnormal structure extending from the aortic root into the left ventricular chamber adjacent to the interventricular septum. The structure showed diastolic motion away from the septum and systolic motion toward the septum. This movement was consistent with cineangiographic filling of the aneurysm during diastole and emptying during systole. After operative closure of the aneurysm, the echocardiogram showed dense thickening along the aortic root and contiguous interventricular septum, probably representing thrombosis and fibrosis within the obliterated aneurysmal sac; but no abnormal movement of the structure was present.
Shear stabilization of morphological instability during directional solidification

Abstract A linear stability analysis is performed on the interface formed during the directional solidification of a dilute binary alloy in the presence of a time-periodic flow. In general, the flow is generated by translating the crystal relative to the far-field flow in elliptical orbits parallel to the interface. The presence of this complex, unsteady flow can either stabilize or destabilize the system relative to the case without flow, with the result depending on the frequency and amplitude of the oscillations as well as the properties of the material. We find, however, that proper selection of the frequency and amplitude of the modulation, both physically realizable, can eliminate the possibility of morphological instability for a significant range of solute concentrations.
BUBBLE POINT MEASUREMENTS FOR TERNARY SYSTEMS CONTAINING NITROGEN AND METHANE WITH PROPANE, n-BUTANE, OR n-PENTANE

Bubble Point measurements were made for the following ternary systems: nitrogen-methane-propane, nitrogen-methane-normal butane, and nitrogen-methane-normal pentane. The temperature range was 122 to 205 K and the pressure range was 0.34 to 5.37 MPa. Bubble point pressures were reproducible to within ±0.007 MPa.
Justifying profitable pricing

Economic theory depicts a price‐setter who is cognizant of both the incremental profit implications of changing price and likely competitive reactions. Marketplace observations suggest otherwise; several studies and anecdotal evidence find a tendency for pricing to be driven by cost and market share rather than marginal profit. Further, recent evidence suggests that competitive reactions are often overlooked. This paper develops an explanation of these observations via decision accountability. The literature on accountability is based on the premise that in any social or organizational context, people are compelled to make decisions that can be justified. This justification involves searching for criteria on which those decisions will be judged by others and decision making which can be rationalized on those criteria. New evidence reviewed here suggests that people tend to justify decisions on the basis of more familiar and less ambiguous criteria, giving too little weight to more ambiguous but important considerations. The omission of future profit projections and competitive behavior in decision making, then, can be explained by ambiguity surrounding the estimation of these factors (relative to more concretely measured and familiar internal criteria). I examine three case studies that illustrate how firms have changed information strategy, culture, and competitive thinking in the interest of making profitability and competitive information more justifiable inputs for pricing decisions.
Human B cell lines can be triggered to secrete an interleukin 2-like molecule

To determine whether human B cells can be triggered to secrete interleukin 2 (IL-2), 19 tumor cell lines derived from patients with undifferentiated lymphomas of Burkitt's and non-Burkitt's types and 6 normal lymphoblastoid cell lines were tested. Cells were grown in the presence or absence of the new tumor promoter teleocidin, and culture supernatants were assayed for IL-2 activity using the standard CTLL-2 assay. Teleocidin (10 ng/ml) triggered IL-2 secretion in 7/8 (87%) EBV-negative lymphoma cell lines of American origin and in 6/6 (100%) normal lymphoblastoid cell lines, but in only 1/6 (16%) EBV-positive tumor cell lines of American origin. Teleocidin had no effect on 5/5 (0%) African Burkitt's cell lines. IL-2 secretion was not detected in control supernatants. IL-2 secretion correlated with the induction of IgM secretion and was linked to both EBV status and karyotype. The following similarities in the functional biological characteristics of T cell and B cell IL-2 suggest that B cell IL-2 is not a factor which mimics IL-2 activity in the CTLL-2 assay: (i) neutralization of IL-2 by anti-IL-2 monoclonal antibody (DMS-1); (ii) elution of IL-2 following its adsorption to CTLL-2 cells; (iii) determination of the MW of IL-2 by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis; and (iv) ability of B cell IL-2 to support T cell proliferation and blocking of this activity by anti-tac monoclonal antibody. cDNA probes for T cell IL-2, however, did not detect IL-2 mRNA in B cells. The cell lines were also found to constitutively express IL-2 receptors detected by anti-tac monoclonal antibody, and to secrete soluble IL-2 receptors measured by ELISA. Our results imply that under certain circumstances, B cells can be triggered to secrete IL-2 or an IL-2-like molecule and thus influence T cell activation and proliferation.
δ13C signatures of organic carbon in southern high latitude deep sea sediments; paleotemperature implications

Abstract The 7% carbon-13 depletion in cold water phytoplankton provides a striking signal that is traceable in deep-sea cores taken in high latitude regions of the Southern hemisphere. This signal may be weakened by noise due to (1) terrestrially derived debris in areas close to the continents; (2) changing current patterns resulting in varying settling trajectories; (3) erosion and redeposition and (4) maturation-diagenetic effects. Data for two cores taken southwest of Australia are evaluated with respect to these interferences.
Microvascular structure after embolic focal cerebral ischemia in the rat.

Objectives: We analyze morphological alterations of cerebral neovascularization after stroke using a new 3D imaging software program. Methods: Male Wistar rats underwent unilateral embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) by a single fibrin rich clot. Subjects were sacrificed from 1 to 28 days post infarct. Vessel perimeters were measured on coronal sections stained with endothelial cell-specific antibody to von Willebrand’s factor. Vessel segment lengths, diameters and number of vessels were analyzed on cerebral microvessels perfused with FITC-dextran 14 days after ischemia using LSCM and a 3-D vessel quantification program. Results: The mean number of microvessels with enlarged perimeters significantly increased in the ipsilateral cortex at day 7 when compared to the contralateral cortex (29.7±14.7 vs. 3.7±2.5, P<0.05). Subsequently, differences in the number of microvessels with enlarged perimeters decreased on days 14 and 28. Fourteen days post-MCA occlusion, microvessel segment length (15.0 vs. 26.0 μm, P<0.05) and diameter (3.14 vs. 3.75 μm, P<0.05) significantly decreased in the ipsilateral hemisphere when compared to the contralateral hemisphere, respectively. Furthermore, the mean total number of these smaller microvessels increased in the ipsilateral hemisphere (57.33±14.5 vs. 32.22±11.7, P<0.05). Conclusions: Focal cerebral ischemia induces morphological changes (early dilated microvessels followed by decreased microvessel segment length and diameter) that are consistent with newly generated microvessels.
The prevalence of interstitial cystitis, endometriosis, adhesions, and vulvar pain in women with chronic pelvic pain

Study objective To estimate the prevalence of bladder-origin pain, intraperitoneal pathology, and vulvar pain in patients undergoing laparoscopy for chronic pelvic pain (CPP). Design Prospective, observational one-site (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). Setting Referral gynecology specialty private practice. Participants Sixty-four patients undergoing laparoscopy for CPP were prospectively assessed to establish the source of their CPP over a 12-month period. Interventions All patients received an intravesical potassium sensitivity test (PST), cystoscopy with double-fill hydrodistension, a physical examination for vulvar pain, and laparoscopy to assess the presence of peritoneal pathology. The validated pelvic pain/urgency/frequency (PUF) screening questionnaire was given to all patients to assess symptoms. Measurements and main results Forty-four patients (69%) were found to have a positive PST indicating pain of bladder origin due to bladder epithelial dysfunction. Cystoscopic findings diagnosed only seven cases of classic interstitial cystitis (11%). Laparoscopic findings revealed biopsy-proven endometriosis in 28% and adhesions in 64%. Vulvar pain was diagnosed on examination in 20%. Assessment of intraperitoneal pathology and bladder-origin pain accurately diagnosed 95% of patients. There was no statistical difference in the prevalence of endometriosis, adhesions, or vulvar pain when groups were stratified to PST-positive or -negative groups. Bladder pain, peritoneal pathology, and vulvar pain are independent risk factors of CPP although a trend of severity was noted in patients who had worse symptoms (increased voids per day, urgency, pain, and PUF scores). Patients with increased symptoms had a higher likelihood of having pain from bladder epithelial damage and intraperitoneal pathology. Conclusions The etiology of CPP may arise from multiple sites in the pelvis including the bladder, pelvic peritoneum, and vulva. This study demonstrated that in a group of women undergoing a comprehensive work-up for CPP, the bladder was the predominant pain generator. A work-up for CPP should include an assessment of bladder epithelial function and an assessment for intraperitoneal pathology.
Misacylation of tRNA in prokaryotes: a re-evaluation

Misacylation of tRNA by a non-cognate amino acid is a natural phenomenon and occurs with a frequency of approximately 1 in 10,000 due to occasional mistakes in aminoacyl transfer RNA (tRNA) synthesis. In a number of prokaryotic organisms, misacylation of selenocysteinyl tRNA, glutaminyl tRNA and aspartyl tRNAs has particular physiological meaning. Recently, misacylation has emerged as a powerful tool for studying specific interactions between aa-tRNAs and associated protein factors. The present review provides an overview of the application of misacylated tRNA in research.
Impact ionization of deep-impurities (In, Ni, Au) in silicon†

Abstract Hot carrier impact ionization of carriers trapped on deep energy levels in a, semiconductor is studied theoretically and oxperimentally. The electric field dependent free-carrier energy distribution is needed to calculate changes of the impact ionization and capture rates with field. Displaced Maxwell—Boltzmann treatments are not adequate for determination of free-carrier energy distributions. The free-carrier phonon interaction constants are calculated from the low-field temperature-dependent conductivity mobilities. Monte-Carlo treatments give the high-field free-carrier energy distributions from these interaction constants. These calculations also give the dependence of drift velocity at high fields in n or p silicon with good agreement with experimental results. Impact ionization is then studied for In, Ni and Au-doped silicon under steady-state conditions, in tho temperature range 65—200°K, for field strengths up to about 104 v-em−1. From the free-carrier concentrations near breakdown condit...
Improved residue contact prediction using support vector machines and a large feature set

Predicting protein residue-residue contacts is an important 2D prediction task. It is useful for ab initio structure prediction and understanding protein folding. In spite of steady progress over the past decade, contact prediction remains still largely unsolved. Here we develop a new contact map predictor (SVMcon) that uses support vector machines to predict medium- and long-range contacts. SVMcon integrates profiles, secondary structure, relative solvent accessibility, contact potentials, and other useful features. On the same test data set, SVMcon's accuracy is 4% higher than the latest version of the CMAPpro contact map predictor. SVMcon recently participated in the seventh edition of the Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction (CASP7) experiment and was evaluated along with seven other contact map predictors. SVMcon was ranked as one of the top predictors, yielding the second best coverage and accuracy for contacts with sequence separation >= 12 on 13 de novo domains. We describe SVMcon, a new contact map predictor that uses SVMs and a large set of informative features. SVMcon yields good performance on medium- to long-range contact predictions and can be modularly incorporated into a structure prediction pipeline.
Digital tunable color filter and beam scanner

A new technology invented at JPL of color filtering and beam scanning device based on electro-optical switching of internal-reflection states have been proposed for use in DWDM, display and measurement applications.
Dynamics of genome evolution in facultative symbionts of aphids

Summary Aphids are sap-feeding insects that host a range of bacterial endosymbionts including the obligate, nutritional mutualist Buchnera plus several bacteria that are not required for host survival. Among the latter, ‘Candidatus Regiella insecticola’ and ‘Candidatus Hamiltonella defensa’ are found in pea aphids and other hosts and have been shown to protect aphids from natural enemies. We have sequenced almost the entire genome of R. insecticola (2.07 Mbp) and compared it with the recently published genome of H. defensa (2.11 Mbp). Despite being sister species the two genomes are highly rearranged and the genomes only have ∼55% of genes in common. The functions encoded by the shared genes imply that the bacteria have similar metabolic capabilities, including only two essential amino acid biosynthetic pathways and active uptake mechanisms for the remaining eight, and similar capacities for host cell toxicity and invasion (type 3 secretion systems and RTX toxins). These observations, combined with high sequence divergence of orthologues, strongly suggest an ancient divergence after establishment of a symbiotic lifestyle. The divergence in gene sets and in genome architecture implies a history of rampant recombination and gene inactivation and the ongoing integration of mobile DNA (insertion sequence elements, prophage and plasmids).
The cytotoxicity of oxalate, metabolite of ethylene glycol, is due to calcium oxalate monohydrate formation

Oxalate is a minor, but important metabolite of ethylene glycol and has been directly linked with acute and subchronic renal toxicity in ethylene glycol poisoning. Numerous studies have characterized the cytotoxicity of oxalate as including plasma membrane damage and organelle injury. Oxalate has two forms in vivo: oxalate ions and calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals that readily form in the presence of calcium. The present study was designed to compare the cytotoxicity of the oxalate ion and COM crystals in human and rat cells. In rat red blood cells, the oxalate ion did not increase hemolysis, while COM crystals produced hemolysis with a concentration-dependent increase. In human proximal tubule (HPT) cells in culture, COM suspensions, at concentrations >3 mM but with no oxalate ion, caused cytotoxicity as evidenced by the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) into media. Cytotoxicity was not observed in HPT cells treated with oxalate solutions that contained no COM because EDTA prevented its formation. The cytotoxic effects of COM to HPT cells were potentiated by acidosis (pH 6.5), but not by glycolate, the major metabolite of ethylene glycol. The toxicity of COM to HPT cells and to proximal tubule cells from Wistar and F-344 rats, compared using both ethidium homodimer uptake and LDH leakage, increased in human and rat cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Rat cells were more sensitive to COM than HPT cells, but there were no apparent differences between the effects in Wistar cells and F-344 cells. These results demonstrate that COM crystals, and not the oxalate ion, are responsible for the membrane damage and cell death observed in normal human and rat PT cells and suggest that COM accumulation in the kidney is responsible for the renal toxicity associated with ethylene glycol exposure.
Molecular Recognition: Use of Metal‐Containing Molecular Clefts for Supramolecular Self‐Assembly and Host–Guest Formation

Molecular clefts consisting of a rigid spacer linked to two parallel cofacially disposed terpy-M-X (M = Pd{sup 2+}, Pt{sup 2+}) units, which can vary in separation from 6.6 to 7.2 {angstrom}, have been used as molecular receptors and for self-assembly with linear and triangular linkers to produce rectangles and trigonal prisms, respectively. Aromatic molecules form multiple host-guest adducts with the molecular cleft receptors and with the rectangles and trigonal prisms. Planar complexes of Pt{sup 2+} also form host-guest adducts. The forces that control this molecular recognition, namely, {pi}-{pi} interactions, charge-induced dipole interactions, charge-charge forces, weak metal-metal interactions and solvation effects, are discussed and assigned to the various adducts.
THE ROLE OF SOCIAL COMPETENCE IN CONTEXTUAL THEORIES OF ADULT INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT

Current theoretical models of adult intetlectual development adopt a contextual perspective on intelligence, emphasizing the role of human adaptation in intelligent behavior. One implication from these contextual models is that abilities traditionally considered to be outside the domain of intelligence are now posited to be within the domain of intelligence (e.g., everyday intellectual skills). Research on people's intuitive ideas of intellectual development throughout the life span will be reviewed to demonstrate that social competence is viewed as an integral component of intelligence throughout development. The management setting will be explored as a setting where social skills are particularly salient during adulthood. It is argued that the development of social skills during the adult life span may be better captured by a model of adaptation to the demands of one's particular social environment than by a normative stage‐like theory of social competence. The educational implications of incorporating ...
Atmospheric science: Quiet weather, polluted air

Severe air pollution episodes are caused by certain types of weather. Now, research suggests these meteorological conditions will become more common due to climate change.
A new species of Coniothyrium parasitic on sclerotia.

Coniothyrium minitans was isolated from parasitized sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum obtained from Sclerotinia-diseased guayule from near Salinas, California, and from Brussels sprouts from ne...
Influence of the electrode potential on the Ehrlich-Schwoebel barrier

Using the surface-embedded-atom-model, recently modified to describe atomic interactions at the electrolyte-metal interface, we calculate the variation of terrace-diffusion and Ehrlich-Schwoebel (ES) barriers for Ag adatoms migrating on Ag surfaces with variations of the electrode potential. We consider both hopping and exchange diffusion. We find that whereas the terrace diffusion barrier on the flat (unstepped) (111) surface is relatively insensitive to the potential, the ES barrier is extremely sensitive, undergoing a rapid increase at potentials positive of the potential of zero charge (PZC) with an increase of the order of 1 eV between 0.5 and 1 V positive of the PZC. This sensitivity arises from changes in the position of step-edge atoms brought about by the changes in the surface stress and vertical relaxation caused by the potential changes. On the Ag(100) surface, however, both terrace diffusion and ES barriers are sensitive to changes in the potential, but the situation is complicated by the different effect of the potential on exchange and hopping diffusion resulting in the switchover from one to the other mechanism being dominant. We also assess the effect of the electrode potential on the ES barriers for Ag adatoms migrating on overlayers of Ag on Au(111) and its role on the observed Stranski-Krastanov growth observed for Ag electrodeposited on Au(111).
Metadata mega mess in Google Scholar

Purpose – Google Scholar (GS) has shed the beta label on the fifth anniversary of launching its service. This paper aims to address this issue.Design/methodology/approach – As good as GS is – through its keyword search option – to find information about tens of millions of documents, many of them in open access full text format, it is as bad for metadata‐based searching when, beyond keywords in the title, abstract, descriptor and/or full text, the searcher also has to use author name, journal title and/or publication year in specifying the query. This paper provides a review of recent developments in Google Scholar.Findings – GS is especially inappropriate for bibliometric searches, for evaluating the publishing performance and impact of researchers and journals.Originality/value – Even if the clean up of Google Scholar accelerates it should not be forgotten that those evaluations of individuals and journals that have been done based on Google Scholar in the past few years have grossly handicapped many au...
The idiopathic interstitial pneumonias

This review includes the seven idiopathic interstitial pneumonias defined by The American Thoracic Society and The European Respiratory Society 2002 publication. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is the clinical term for usual interstitial pneumonia. The radiologic pattern includes basal and subpleural ground glass and reticular opacities and honeycomb lung. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia is characterized with a radiologic pattern of subpleural and basal ground glass and reticular opacities. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia is manifest radiologically by peribronchial ground glass opacities and subpleural consolidation. Acute interstitial pneumonia is the clinical term for idiopathic diffuse alveolar damage and the exudative phase is characterized radiologically with diffuse ground glass opacification and dependent consolidation with the additional feature of lung architectural distortion in the organizing phase. Respiratory bronchiolitis associated interstitial lung disease manifests as centrilobular ground glass opacities on CT. Desquamative interstitial pneumonia is characterized by ground glass opacities with lower zone predominance on CT. Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia manifests by ground glass opacities and nodular interlobular septal thickening on CT. The diagnosis of an IIP should be rendered ideally only after all clinicoradiologic-pathologic data have been reviewed.
On the selection of working fluids for OTEC power plants

Abstract This paper analyzes the effect of three different working fluids (ammonia, propane, and freon-114) on the size of OTEC heat exchangesrs and system performance. Seven different combinations of shell-and-tube heat exchangers are considered. For each combination, a simple computer model of the OTEC power system is used to compare the three fluids. The comparison is made on the basis of A/Wnet, where A is the total heat transfer area (evaporator plus condenser) and Wnet is the net power output of the plant. Overall, ammonia is shown to be the best fluid (i.e. it yields the lowest value of A/Wnet), although in some cases only by a small margin. The thermophysical property that gives ammonia its general superiority is its relatively high thermal conductivity. The paper also discusses heat exchanger design problems associated with liquid entrainment and boiling liquid superheat.
Standard molar enthalpy of formation by fluorine-combustion calorimetry of tungsten diselenide (WSe2). Thermodynamics of the high-temperature vaporization of WSe2. Revised value of the standard molar enthalpy of formation of molybdenite (MoS2)

A high-purity sample of WSe2, containing in total mass fraction less than 1 × 10−4 of oxygen and other impurities, has been synthesized by combination of the elements. The standard specific energy of combustion of pure WSe2 in fluorine, as measured by high-precision calorimetry, is −(10993.7±15.0) J · g−1, and the derived standard molar enthalpy of formation ΔfHmo is −(185.3 ± 5.5) kJ · mol−1 at T = 298.15 K and po = 0.101325 MPa. This result is compared with other literature values, and the equilibrium partial pressures of Se2(g) and Se(g) are estimated for decomposition of WSe2 to {W + Se2(g)} and 12WSe2 to {12W + Se(g)}. Our published result (J. Chem. Thermodynamics 1970, 2, 797) for ΔfHmo(MoS2) at 298.15 K has been revised to −(271.8 ± 4.9) kJ · mol−1.
Development of Distress Progression Models Using Panel Data Sets of In-Service Pavements:

Pavement distress progression models predict the extent of a distress on pavement sections as a function of age, design characteristics, traffic loads and environmental factors. These models are usually developed using data from in-service facilities to calibrate the parameters of mechanistic deterioration models. The data used for the statistical estimation of such models consist of observations of pavements for which the distress has already appeared. Unfortunately, common statistical methods, when applied to such data sets, produce biased and inconsistent model parameters. This type of bias is known as selectivity bias, and it results from the fact that less durable pavement sections are over-represented in the sample used for model estimation. A joint pavement distress initiation and progression model, consisting of a discrete model of distress initiation and a continuous model of pavement progression is presented. This approach explicitly accounts for the self-selected nature of the sample used in de...
Developing Information-Processing Skills through Structured Activities with a Computerized File-Management Program:

Considerable attention has been focused recently on the development of thinking skills among pre-college students. Advocates of computer-based education have suggested that computerized file-management programs can enhance thinking skills, especially those involving the identification, retrieval, organization and evaluation of information required for effective problem solving. Employing a randomized block design, a two-treatment experiment to test this claim was devised, involving fourteen paired classrooms and 665 seventh- through twelfth-grade students. The treatments and treatment materials were adapted from commercially produced social studies curriculum data bases. The computer-using/structured-activities treatment group achieved significantly higher mean scores than the non-computer-using/non-structured-activities group on a 14-item power test of selected information-processing skills (effect size = .27). The difference persisted when verbal ability and grade level were controlled. Suggestions for ...
On-line inspection of poultry carcasses by a dual-camera system

Abstract The Instrumentation and Sensing Laboratory (ISL) has developed a multi-spectral imaging system for on-line inspection of poultry carcasses. The ISL design is based on two principles: (1) wholesome and unwholesome birds have different chemical compositions of tissues and may have different skin color, and (2) unwholesome carcasses may have physical abnormalities which can be detected by computerized imaging. On-line trials of the multi-spectral chicken carcass inspection system were conducted during a 14-day period in a poultry-processing plant in New Holland, Pennsylvania, where spectral images of 13,132 wholesome and 1459 unwholesome chicken carcasses were measured. For off-line model development, the accuracies for classification of wholesome and unwholesome carcasses were 95% and 88%. On-line testing of the neural network classification models with combination of the filter information was performed. The inspection system gave accuracies of 94% and 87% for wholesome and unwholesome carcasses, respectively. This accuracy was consistent with the results obtained previously on laboratory studies. Thus, the inspection system shows promise for separation of unwholesome chicken carcasses from wholesome carcasses in poultry processing lines.
Optimizing Recovery From A Strong Water-Drive West Texas Gas Reservoir Through Integrated Reservoir Simulation Studies

This paper presents a field study funded by the Gas Research Institute (GRI) to determine reservoir management and production strategies to economically maximize recovery from the Vermejo/Moore-Hooper strong water-drive gas reservoir in West Texas. The reservoir is greater than 16,000 feet deep and contains high pressure sour gas, and it is composed of geologically complex fractured dolomite and chert. The water drive is exceptionally strong, the reservoir has experienced no more than 5 percent pressure depletion during its 20-year history, and late in life the field is beginning to re-pressurize. Detailed Engineering and Geologic studies were performed and reservoir simulation of the field tested the most effective methods to economically maximize recovery. The management strategies evaluated were comprised of various methods to maximize field productivity, reduce bottom-hole flowing pressure, improve the ability of the wellbore to unload water and reduce/retard aquifer influx. Specific strategies that were tested included the drilling of an infill well, placing the wells on compression, installation of coiled tubing, installation of gas lift, installation of an optimal tubing string, injection of a permeability barrier into the reservoir and de-pressuring the aquifer by downdip water production. It was concluded that the most economic method to deplete themore » field was to place the remaining wells on compression at 200 psia wellhead pressure and to install coiled tubing when the wells begin to experience water load-up problems. The gas-lift and optimal tubing cases predicted higher recoveries, but were economically less favorable. The methods tested to reduce aquifer influx to the reservoir actually decreased recovery of gas reserves. The study also identified the need for a multiphase flow correlation which fully handles the complexity involved with high water-gas-ratio systems (up to 10 stb/mscf).« less
Functional nephrotoxicity of gentamicin in the rat.

Abstract Gentamicin sulfate (GM), 100 mg/kg, was administered once daily for up to 4 days to adult male rats and was found to concentrate in cortical regions of the kidney. Uptake of the organic base N -methylnicotinamide (NMN) by rental cortical slices was reduced by GM treatment, whereas uptake of the organic acid p -aminohippurate (PAH), the sugar analog α-methyl- d -glucopyranoside (AMG), and the amino acid analog α-aminoisobutyrate (AIB) were unaffected. Gentamicin reduced sulfate renal slice formation of glucose and ammonia and the rate of slice respiration. In addition, GM increased urinary excretion of glucose and β- d -galactosidase (β- d -Gal), a proximal tubular cytoplasmic enzyme. These results have led to the hypothesis that GM is a mitochondrial toxin which exerts deleterious effects specifically on the kidney because of selective uptake in this organ.
Optimal Energy Delivery by a Brain Pacemaker for Cerebellar Control of After-Discharge

In recent years, electrical stimulation of the cerebellum has been used successfully to control epileptic seizure activity in man. This paper deals with the minimization of the energy transferred from a brain pacemaker to the cerebellum. Reducing this energy may reduce considerably the damage done to the brain tissue, and will probably prolong the life of an implanted power source used to energize such a pacer. Using an electrical model for stainless steel electrodes imbedded in brain tissue, it is shown theoretically that an exponentially increasing stimulating pulse can reduce the energy for inhibition of after-discharge activity by at least 30 percent compared to the corresponding quantity obtained for a rectangular waveform. Preliminary in vivo tests of this theory have been conducted in cats. Electrically induced after-discharge activity was obtained by stimulating the sensorymotor cortex. Three different waveshapes (rectangular, triangular, and exponentially increasing) were applied to the cerebellum, and the minimum energy required to inhibit the elicited after-discharge was found for various pulsewidths, repetition rates, and train lengths. The preliminary data indicate that nonrectangular waveforms require less energy than the rectangular waveshape to achieve threshold inhibition of after-discharge activity.
Abstract 5759: The landscape of copy-number changes across multiple human cancer types

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Genomic regions undergoing frequent alteration in human cancers often point to genes that play causal roles in oncogenesis. We have performed high-resolution analyses of copy-number alterations from 3131 cancer specimens across multiple histological types. We identified 158 regions of that are significantly altered by focal copy-number changes. Among these, 122 regions cannot be explained by the presence of a known cancer gene. Several gene families are enriched among these regions, including the BCL2 family of apoptosis regulators and the NF-κB pathway. Cell lines with amplifications of the anti-apoptotic genes MCL1 and BCL2L1 depend upon these genes for survival. Finally, we find that the majority of copy-number changes identified in individual cancer types are present across multiple cancer types. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5759.
Allocatable Fixed Inputs and Jointness in Agricultural Production: Implications For Economic Modeling: Comment

Some of the most challenging production economic concepts are those of "technical interdependence" and "jointness" as pertaining to the products in a multiproduct firm. Thus, Shumway, Pope, and Nash should be applauded for their attempt to clarify these notions. However, their contention that allocatable fixed inputs can lead to jointness has mainly added to the confusion. It is demonstrated here that jointness, as traditionally represented, exists only with nonallocatable inputs, in direct contrast to what is suggested by Shumway, Pope, and Nash. This paper favors the jointness concepts from Carlson and Lau and suggests another kind of jointness based on Shumway, Pope, and Nash. Carlson's classic book still represents one of the most concise statements about the reasons for, and the character of, multiproduct firms and jointness. Carlson saw jointness as the primary reason for the existence of the multiproduct firm. As shown below, Carlson made the key points: (a) technical product complementarity may induce jointness; (b) all joint production, which arises from jointness, has the feature of being technically interdependent, whether of the complementary or competitive variety; and (c) over some ranges of multiproduct production, there could actually be technical independence. Seemingly, because of this last feature, we could find multiproduct firms without jointness in their technologies. However, Carlson would likely have argued that this situation does not occur bcause multiproduct firms are due to the lower costs under technically complementary products, or simply because the products can not be separated for the technically competitive case. The raison d'etre of the multiproduct firm rests in the jointness.