cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neutron dosimetry in boron neutron capture therapy using aqueous solutions of lithium acetate

Abstract This paper presents the development of a dosimetry method, based on liquid scintillation (LS) counting of the tritium that is produced in aqueous solutions of lithium acetate, for the determination of the boron and nitrogen absorbed doses in-phantom in BNCT. The dosimeter is passive, integrating, approximately tissue equivalent, and insensitive to gamma rays and the elastic scattering of fast neutrons. The dosimetry method exhibits a response which is proportional to the boron and nitrogen absorbed doses and which can be calibrated to NIST standard solutions of water spiked with tritium. For 0.2 g of lithium acetate dissolved in a milliliter of water, the measured sensitivity is (1.73±0.04)×10 −9 cpm per unit of thermal neutron fluence (in neutrons/cm 2 ). For the LS analyzer that was used, the background signal was 12.84±0.02 cpm, yielding a thermal neutron fluence threshold for this detection method of approximately 7×10 9 neutrons/cm 2 .
Composite Filter System Development and Performance

Gas turbine operation in urban environments creates new challenges in inlet filtration. The particulate concentration could be light, but significant quantities of the particles are sub-micron in size. Additionally, the presence of hydrocarbons can cause problems with air filter performance, both through short life and turbine fouling.A new filter system for these environments is described. Development objectives for the medias and filter systems are discussed, test and evaluation procedures are defined, and the performance of the resulting product is documented.Copyright © 1994 by ASME
Effects of treatment with GABAA receptor subunit antisense oligodeoxynucleotides on GABA-stimulated 36Cl− influx in the rat cerebral cortex

GABAA receptor function was studied in cerebral cortical vesicles prepared from rats after intracerebroventricular microinjections of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (aODNs) for α1, γ2, β1, β2 subunits. GABAA receptor α1 subunit aODNs decreased α1 subunit mRNA by 59±10%. Specific [3H]GABA binding was decreased by α1 or β2 subunit aODNs (to 63±3% and 64±9%, respectively) but not changed by γ2 subunit aODNs (94±5%). Specific [3H]flunitrazepam binding was increased by α1 or β2 subunit aODNs (122±8% and 126±11%, respectively) and decreased by γ2 subunit aODNs (50±13%). The “knockdown” of specific subunits of the GABAA receptor significantly influenced GABA-stimulated 36Cl− influx. Injection of α1 subunit aODNs decreased basal 36Cl− influx and the GABA Emax; enhanced GABA modulation by diazepam; and decreased antagonism of GABA activity by bicuculline. Injection of γ2 subunit aODNs increased the GABA Emax; reversed the modulatory efficacy of diazepam from enhancement to inhibition of GABA-stimulation; and reduced the antagonist effect of bicuculline. Injection of β2 subunit aODNs reduced the effect of diazepam whereas treatment with β1 subunit aODNs had no effect on the drugs studied. Conclusions from our studies are: (1) α1 subunits promote, β2 subunits maintain, and γ2 subunits suppress GABA stimulation of 36Cl− influx; (2) α1 subunits suppress, whereas β2, and γ2 subunits promote allosteric modulation by benzodiazepines; (3) diazepam can act as an agonist or inverse agonist depending on the relative composition of the receptor subunits; and (4) the mixed competitive/non-competitive effects of bicuculline result from activity at α1 and γ2 subunits and the lack of activity at β1 and β2 subunits.
BENEFITS OF STRUCTURED REQUIREMENTS METHODS FOR MARKET‐BASED ENTERPRISES

The Land Mobile Products Sector of Motorola is currently transforming its commercial core business processes. Systems engineering has been recognize as a key solution for balancing the system developer, user, customer, and internal business manager perspectives. A cost effective balance between these various perspectives is of vital importance for commercial enterprise success dealing with complex internal and external environments. The first component of systems engineering capability adopted by Motorola Land Mobile Products Sector has been the functional area of requirements capture, analysis, and management. Improvement in the requirements functional area within Motorola Land Mobile Products Sector has lead to an improvement in delivered systems quality and a reduction in systems development cycle time. This paper describes the relationship between driving requirements, systems development cycle time, and systems quality from a commercial systems engineering perspective with some supporting data results.
Two Fluid Modeling of Microbubble Turbulent Drag Reduction

An unstructured 3D multiphase CFD method has been adapted and applied for the modeling of high Reynolds number external flows with microbubble drag reduction (MDR). An ensemble averaged multi-field two-fluid baseline differential model is employed. Interfacial dynamics models are incorporated to account for drag, lift, virtual mass and dispersion. Wall kinematic constraints, porous-wall shear apportionment, coalescence, breakup and attendant turbulence attenuation are also accounted for. The results of several high Reynolds number applications are presented, including quasi-1D analysis of an equilibrium bubbly boundary layer, 2D analysis of flat plate flow across a range of gas injection flow rates, and 3D analysis of a notional high lift hydrofoil with MDR. For the flat plate analyses, quantitative comparisons are made with available experimental skin friction measurements, and qualitative comparisons are made with available volume fraction profile measurements. Though some accuracy shortcomings remain, the generally good agreement observed serves to validate the appropriateness of two-fluid modeling in these flows, while elucidating areas where modeling improvements can be made. It is observed that the extraction of turbulent kinetic energy from the liquid phase by the action of bubble breakup can be a significant source of skin friction reduction. Also, the role of mixture density in the boundary layer on wall shear stress is discussed in the context of the homogenous mixture and two-fluid simulations presented.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Study of the martensitic transformation in shape-memory nitinol alloy by time-of-flight neutron diffraction techniques☆

The present paper reports a study of thermally induced martensite (M) and its parent (P) structure in the shape-memory NiTi alloy (Nitinol) by neutron time-of-flight diffraction. The specimen was a 0.6-mm-dia wire in which the martensitic reaction occurred at 33 ± 7°C with zero applied stress. We made seven measurements in a closed cycle of temperature between − 18 to 90°C, using neutrons with wavelengths between 0.72 and 4.15 A, sorted into 120 channels of 1.5% resolution. Neutron scattered at angles between 30 and 60° were detected by an area detector. The provided scattering data were used in these programs for obtaining the spectrum of the Bragg peaks for given angle θ and T, the lattice constants of the unit cells of both P and M phases, and the specimen texture at a given T. We found, as did previous authors, that the P phase has a CsCl-type cell with the lattice constant 3.032 ± 0.5%, and the M phase is monoclinic which can be formed with both P1121/m and P12/c 1 unit cells. The lattice constants of these cells were found to deviate ±0.4 to ±1.4% from their average values. Although the martensite is predominantly long-range ordered with either Ni or Ti atoms at the cell corners, our data lead us to suggest that in our specimen there are some small fractions of this structure in which the cell corners are occupied by both Ni and Ti atoms in four different ordered arrangements. These domains, together with the atomic positions deduced from our results, eliminate the controversies among the models proposed by previous X-ray and TEM workers, and unifies their findings with our experimental results. The Bragg peak line spectra obtained with a given angle θ, reveal that during the P → M reaction, each peak of the P phase is replaced by two peaks, each of which is composed of a number of peaks of the M phase. We have phenomenologically formulated this so-called “Bp transition”, and identified some families of habit planes. The “transformation twins” are discussed, and it is found that the habit planes {100} are the sources of the two twin systems (110) [111] and (112) [111] which are formed on {111} planes. The branching angles of all twins are estimated to be within the range 57–62°. The cycle of M → P → M transformations revealed a hysteresis of about 15°C, but no anomaly or premartensitic effects in the Bragg peak spectra.
Two Algorithms for Computing Reliability

This paper developes two algorithms for finding the time-dependent reliability of any active-redundant system in terms of component failure probabilities. These algorithms apply to non-loaded, continuously-operating systems in which drift-type failures are neglected. The first algorithm is used when each component can fail in only one mode. A procedure, based on the Quine-McCluskey technique from switching circuit theory, is stated in conjunction with this algorithm which permits rapid simplification of the reliability expression. Two failure modes are permitted in the second algorithm. The relation between the expressions resulting from the algorithms and lifetime random variables is given so that the algorithms do not depend on specific component failure distributions.
Protective coronal coverage of the pulpless tooth

In the restoration of the pulpless tooth, the utmost care and preoperative planning must be utilized to assure that the remaining tooth structure be given maximum strength. The coronal restoration should be considered at the time of endodontic therapy. A major shortcoming has been failure to cap or tie together the buccal and lingual cusps.
Improved packing of poly(ethylenimine)/DNA complexes increases transfection efficiency.

We have developed a modified poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) transfection procedure that significantly increases PEI’s transfection efficiency. While the basic transfection procedure had a transfection efficiency of 37%, our modified procedure yielded a 53% transfection efficiency. The altered procedure gives improved results because of two simultaneous actions: free polycations are removed from the transfecting solutions, and the composition of the PEI complexes that are administered to cells has been modified. The reduction in the amount of free polycations in transfecting solutions reduced the toxicity sometimes associated with the administration of polycations to cellular environments. The structural modification of PEI/DNA transfecting complexes involves improved PEI packing around the delivered plasmid to yield a greater buffering capacity without a change in the complex’s surface charge concentration. These structural properties were confirmed by titration and ζ potential analyses. Whether the modified PEI/DNA complexes are more effective because of increased cellular uptake or an enhanced ability to escape from endolysosomes has been addressed. The increase in transfection efficiency was obtained when the buffering capacity of the PEI/DNA was increased without a change in surface charge concentration, which implies that it is the property of enhanced lysosomal buffering that is responsible for successful PEI transfection.
Smoking cessation and risk of age-related cataract in men.

(95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64-0.98), 0.73 (95% CI, 0.61-0.88), and 0.74 (95% CI, 0.63-0.87), respectively, after adjustment for other risk factors for cataract and age at smoking inception. The RR for never smokers was 0.64 (95% CI, 0.54-0.76). The reduced risk in past smokers was principally due to a lower total cumulative dose (RR of cataract for increase of 10 pack-years of smoking, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.04-1.10). A benefit of stopping smoking independent of cumulative dose was suggested in some analyses. Results for cataract extraction were similar. Conclusion These prospective data indicate that while some smoking-related damage to the lens may be reversible, smoking cessation reduces the risk of cataract primarily by limiting total dose-related damage to the lens.
Rapid Approximate Method for Analyzing Nuclear Rocket Performance

T h e effects of core geome t ry a n d surface t e m p e r a t u r e l i m i t a t i o n s on n u c l e a r rocke t per formarn a r e s t ud i ed u s i n g t h e h e a t t r ans fe r f r ic t ion ana logy a n d o n e d i m e n s i o n a l g a s d y n a m i c s . Approx m a t e r e l a t i onsh ips be tween t h r u s t coefficient, specific i m p u l s e , core geome t ry a n d m a x i m u m su face t e m p e r a t u r e a r e o b t a i n e d . H igh t h r u s t coefficient a n d h i g h specific i m p u l s e a r e n o t c o n pa t ib l e , a n d a c o m p r o m i s e m u s t be m a d e be tween t h e s e two r e q u i r e m e n t s . Off-design opera t ic is also cons idered .
Synthesis and biological activity of 28-homobrassinolide and analogues

Abstract 28-Homobrassinolide has been synthesized from stigmasterol in an overall yield of 21%. The biological activity of 28-homobrassinolide, brassinolide, 24-epibrassinolide, 22 S ,23 S ,24-epibrassinolide, and 22 S ,23 S ,28-homobrassinolide have been compared in the soybean epicotyl elongation assay. All the steroids except 22 S ,23 S ,28-homobrassinolide exhibited a similar biological activity, but the latter compound was substantially less active. There appears to be a correlation between biological activity and overall dimensions of the steroidal side chain.
Transient growth of a Mach 5.92 flat-plate boundary layer

The laminar-turbulent transition of hypersonic boundary layers has a significant effect on drag calculation and aerothermal analysis of hypersonic vehicles. Surface roughness has been shown to have profound effects on boundary layer transition. Recent research has shown that one possible explanation to roughness induced bypass transition is the transient growth theory. However, there has been very few direct numerical simulation studies on transient growth in hypersonic boundary layers. This paper presents some results in on-going numerical simulation study on the transient growth of a Mach 5.92 flat-plate boundary layer to small three-dimensional surface roughness. The main objective is to study the effects of nonparallel flow and spanwise wave on transient growth. The freestream flow conditions are the same as those used in our previous study [1] . The responses of the boundary layer to surface roughness are computed by solving three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations with a fifth-order shockfitting method and a Fourier collocation method. The numerical results show that no transient growth is observed when surface roughness is located in parallel flow region, which indirectly demonstrates that nonparallel flow effects enhance transient growth. It is also shown that surface roughness with a smaller spanwise wave number is more efficient in inducing disturbances with respect to energy norm.
What if you caught them using? Prospective teachers' beliefs about responding to student substance use.

This survey research examined how prospective teachers' (N = 384) beliefs about the nature of adolescence, their substance use, and their preparedness for dealing with substance use situations are linked to perceptions of how they would respond to students' possession or use of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana at school. Results suggested that prospective teachers are not prepared for these situations. Feeling prepared, perceiving that few adolescents engage in problem behavior, and low personal substance use were associated with more responses to substance use situations. Women were more likely than men to think they would respond to adolescent substance use yet they felt less prepared. Males who used alcohol, cigarettes, or marijuana recently were the least likely to perceive that they would respond to adolescents using substances at school.
Computationally Efficient Models of Neuromuscular Recruitment and Mechanics

We have improved the stability and computational efficiency of a physiologically realistic, virtual muscle (VM 3.*) model (Cheng et al 2000 J. Neurosci. Methods 101 117–30) by a simpler structure of lumped fiber types and a novel recruitment algorithm. In the new version (VM 4.0), the mathematical equations are reformulated into state-space representation and structured into a CMEX S-function in SIMULINK. A continuous recruitment scheme approximates the discrete recruitment of slow and fast motor units under physiological conditions. This makes it possible to predict force output during smooth recruitment and derecruitment without having to simulate explicitly a large number of independently recruited units. We removed the intermediate state variable, effective length (Leff), which had been introduced to model the delayed length dependency of the activation–frequency relationship, but which had little effect and could introduce instability under physiological conditions of use. Both of these changes greatly reduce the number of state variables with little loss of accuracy compared to the original VM. The performance of VM 4.0 was validated by comparison with VM 3.1.5 for both single-muscle force production and a multi-joint task. The improved VM 4.0 model is more suitable for the analysis of neural control of movements and for design of prosthetic systems to restore lost or impaired motor functions. VM 4.0 is available via the internet and includes options to use the original VM model, which remains useful for detailed simulations of single motor unit behavior.
Men and women as providers of health care.

Abstract This paper discusses the sex differential in the provision of health care in the United States. Although women are the overwhelming majority of the health labor force, the key medical functions are controlled by men. This male domination of the division of labor in the medical sector reflects the political, economic and social power structure of American capitalist society. The consolidation of “scientific medicine” as the dominant mode of medical practice at the turn of the century legitimated and institutionalized the differentiation of occupation by sex. “Scientific medicine” is oriented toward specialized, acute, in-patient hospital treatment with priority given to high-level technology, surgery and drug therapy. These particular functions are primarily controlled by the physician, the vast majority of whom are white, male and upper, or upper-middle, class. The paper concludes by calling for an examination of the practice of “scientific medicine” as well as for a change in the sex, race and class division of labor in the medical sector.
Pneumococcal vaccination in nursing homes: does race make a difference?

Objectives Known disparities in pneumococcal vaccination in the community raise the question of whether disparities also exist in the nursing home setting, which is better controlled. This study used nationally representative nursing home data to compare black and white nursing home residents with respect to receiving, not receiving, or having an unknown PPV vaccination status, and to examine the interaction of race with various facility characteristics. Design Multinomial logistic regression was used to analyze a 2-year merged file (1997 and 1999) of the National Nursing Home Survey, a cross-sectional national probability sample of nursing homes and residents. Setting and Participants Residents 65 years or older (n = 14,782) residing in nursing homes between July and December of 1997 or 1999. Measurements Record-based staff report of whether residents ever had a pneumococcal immunization (yes/no/unknown); race measured as black or white. Results Pneumococcal vaccination rates are lower for black nursing home residents than for white residents, as shown using a merged file of the 1997 and 1999 National Nursing Home Surveys. Participants include 14,303 randomly sampled residents 65 years or older. In this sample, 31% of black residents compared with 24% of white residents 65 years or older had never received pneumococcal vaccination (P Conclusions Results suggest that the racial difference in pneumococcal vaccination exists predominantly in certain facility types. In addition, facility-based interventions such as having an organized PPV immunization program or improving documentation of vaccination status can be effective in increasing vaccination rates for all races.
Real-time acousto-optic processor for synthetic aperture radar

An optical ambiguity function processor fabricated from off-the-shelf components, which is augmented with preprocessing and postprocessing electronics, is presently demonstrated to process the return echoes of each radar pulse to form the image of the terrain illuminated by a SAR in real time. The reconstruction of the SAR image proceeds by compressing the signal first in azimuth, and then in range, by means of an ambiguity-function generator, which measures the Doppler effect imparted onto the return signal by a target and then measures the range to the target on a pulse-by-pulse basis.
Methodological streamlining of SNP discovery and genotyping via high-resolution melting analysis (HRMA) in non-model species.

Abstract The exponential growth of genetic resources is fueled by continued advances in genomic technologies and the adoption of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for population studies. Concomitant to these developments, there is growing need for rapid screening and subsequent genotyping of SNPs in non-model organisms. Here we provide a rapid and low-cost workflow utilizing high-resolution melting analysis (HRMA) for nuclear marker development and genotyping of 774 Atlantic and Mediterranean swordfish ( Xiphias gladius ) that is amendable to other species. Preliminary HRMA screening of amplicons (> 290 bp) for 10 nuclear loci revealed the presence of nucleotide polymorphisms, however, length and variability precluded diagnostic genotyping. Two variants of HRMA were therefore utilized to provide diagnostic genotyping assays. Short-amplicon HRMA (SA-HRMA), in which primers flank closely a SNP of interest, was identified as a low cost, rapid, closed-tube diagnostic genotyping assay that could distinguish between homozygous genotypes by ΔT m , and heterozygous genotypes by heteroduplex melting curve profiles. When the patterns of sequence variation were not suitable for SA-HRMA, unlabeled probe (UP)-HRMA was utilized. UP-HRMA has the advantage of being capable of genotyping multiple linked SNPs in a single closed-tube assay without Bayesian haplotype reconstruction, and can identify new SNPs while genotyping populations. Almost 37% of the SNPs genotyped via UP-HRMA were discovered while genotyping populations and not from preliminary screening. Analysis of swordfish in the North Atlantic (NA, n = 419), South Atlantic (SA, n = 296), and Mediterranean (MED, n = 59) found no significant linkage disequilibrium. To assess whether deviations in HWE could be the result of genotyping error rather than population admixture only swordfish from reported spawning areas in the NA (n = 49), MED (n = 59), and SA (n = 42) were analyzed and all loci were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Significant genetic differentiation (P
Leg flexion conditioning in the rat: Its advantages and disadvantages as a model system of age-related changes in associative learning

Twelve- and 28-month-old Fischer 344 rats of both sexes received five 60-trial sessions of Pavlovian conditioning in which the CS was a 75 dB, 10,000 Hz tone, and the US was a 0.5-mA, 0.5-sec duration footshock. Right foreleg flexion was measured as the conditioned response (CR). Other animals received a random sequence of unpaired tones and footshock and served as pseudoconditioning control groups. Interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of 1.5 and 3.5 sec were studied. The longer ISI resulted in higher rates of responding in both the conditioning and pseudoconditioning groups. However, with the exception of the young males, all animals showed significantly higher levels of responding in the conditioning groups. Females also showed faster acquisition and higher levels of responding than males. A significant sex by age by sessions interaction occurred, suggesting that old males may be somewhat retarded in acquiring the leg flexion CR compared to the other groups of animals. Old males were also slower to reach a criterion of 5 successive CRs than either young males or young or old females.
Distribution of Hexagenia nymphs and visible oil in sediments of the Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels

As part of the study of the Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service examined the occurrence of Hexagenia nymphs and visible oil in sediments at 250 stations throughout the St. Marys River and the St. Clair-Detroit River system from May 14 to June 11, 1985. The mean density of Hexagenia nymphs per square meter averaged 194 for the total study area, 224 in the St. Marys River, 117 in the St. Clair River, 279 in Lake St. Clair, and 94 in the Detroit River. The maximum density of nymphs ranged from 1,081 to 1,164 m-2 in the three rivers and was 3,099 m-2 in Lake St. Clair. A comparison of nymph density at 46 stations where oil was observed in sediments physically suitable for nymphs showed that densities were lower in oiled sediments (61 m-2) than in sediments without oil (224 m-2). Densities of nymphs were relatively high at only four stations where oil was observed in sediments. In general, oiled sediments and low densities of nymphs occurred together downstream from industrial and municipal discharges.
Sources of Situational Variation in Ethnic Identity and Psychological Well-Being: A Palm Pilot Study of Chinese American Students

Experience sampling reports collected randomly six times a day for 1 week examined the association between context, ethnic salience, psychological well-being, and stable ethnic centrality and ethnic private regard among Chinese American university students (N = 62). At the level of the situation, ethnic composition, family, and language were associated with higher ethnic salience. Stable ethnic centrality moderated the association between ethnic salience and family where higher centrality was related to stronger ethnic salience when students were with family. At the situation level, ethnic salience was associated with fewer depressive symptoms and increased positive mood. Stable ethnic private regard moderated this association where higher private regard was related to fewer depressive symptoms and higher levels of positive mood when ethnicity was salient.
Inattention, hyperactivity, and emergent literacy: different facets of inattention relate uniquely to preschoolers' reading-related skills.

Although extant studies indicate that there is a strong association between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and reading ability in elementary school children, knowledge regarding the relation between inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive behaviors and emergent literacy in preschool children is less established. This study examined the unique and overlapping relations between measures that assess inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity and emergent literacy skills in preschool children. Participants included 204 preschool children (M age = 56 months, 50.9% female, 79.8% European American). Behavioral rating scales were completed by teachers, and the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and the Test of Preschool Early Literacy were completed by the preschoolers. Across measures, inattention was a unique correlate of emergent literacy skills, whereas hyperactivity/impulsivity was not. Both rating scales and the CPT indices of inattention were uniquely associated with emergent literacy skills. These r...
Computer anxiety: sex, race and age

Two studies are described in this article. The first examined antecedents of computer anxiety and the second exposed two groups of subjects who had no previous experience with computers to two treatments designed to lower the anxiety. Results indicated that for those persons with high anxiety an English composition course treatment in which students used word-processing as a tool was more significantly effective than was a course in computer programming in reducing computer anxiety. The programming course, however, was significantly more effective in reducing anxiety than was no treatment. Women were represented more often than men in the high-anxiety conditions. Results are discussed in terms of appropriate training techniques in educational and workplace environments to lower anxiety in vulnerable populations so that all might participate in the technological revolution.
A Study of Noise Exposure and Hearing Sensitivity in a High School Woodworking Class

The purpose of this study was to determine if noise in a high school woodworking class could contribute to the incidence of hearing loss. Students in the woodworking class served as the experimental group, and students in a technical drawing class were the control group. Four separate experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 consisted of measuring and comparing the sound levels in the woodworking and the technical drawing class environments. In Experiment 2, dosimetry samples of the students in both classrooms were collected. In Experiment 3, the temporary threshold shifts (TTSs) were determined for students in both groups by assessing hearing thresholds at the beginning and end of a single class period. The focus of Experiment 4 was to determine if a threshold shift had occurred in the hearing of the students in the woodworking class over a semester. Results of this study suggest that hazardous noise levels in the high school woodworking shop caused statistically significant TTS among the students. Relat...
Regulation and regulatory activities of centrosomes.

The centrosome functions in the organization of the cytoskeleton, in specification of cell polarity, and in the assembly of the bipolar spindle during mitosis. These activities are largely the result of microtubule nucleation activity and the centrosome's structural influence on the form of the microtubule array that it anchors. Centrosome duplication and microtubule nucleation activity are precisely regulated during development and the cell cycle. Loss of normal centrosome regulation and function may lead to alterations in cell polarity and to chromosomal instability through mitotic defects resulting in aneuploidy. This is particularly true for many malignant tumors. Here, we review the regulation and regulatory activities of centrosomes and consider some of the questions of current interest in this area. J. Cell. Biochem. Suppls. 32/33:192–199, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Some neurolinguistic implications of prearticulatory editing in production.

Abstract This paper argues that a complete model of language production must include a prearticulatory editing component. The function of this component is to monitor planned speech for deviations from the speaker's intention and repair any deviations that are found. It is claimed that adding such an editing component onto a production model fundamentally changes any account of aphasic symptoms using that model. As a case in point it is shown that E. M. Saffran's (1982, British Journal of Psychology , 73, 317–337) argument that agrammatic Broca's aphasia involves a deficit at the functional level of M. F. Garrett's (1975, in G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation , New York: Academic Press) production model is no longer sound when prearticulatory editing processes are considered.
Finding the needle in the haystack: using full-chip process window analysis to qualify competing SRAF placement strategies for 65 nm

It is widely understood that the IC Industry's adherence to Moore's Law is widening the gap between the wavelength of light used in semiconductor manufacturing and the features that they define. Increasingly, the patterning community has turned to higher complexity imaging solutions to fill the gap. This steadily increasing complexity is placing a new burden on lithographers and resolution enhancement technology engineers to guarantee that the highly complex patterning strategies will work for all patterns. Traditionally, lithography strategies have been characterized using relatively simple one-dimensional "litho test patterns." Real circuits are highly randomized however, and complex two-dimensional interactions are the rule rather than the exception. This paper extends the paradigm for use of newly available post-OPC verification (POV) technology to the realm of RET development. We offer a case study where two competing 65-nm logic node sub-resolution assist feature (SRAF) strategies for poly layer patterning are evaluated on a full chip using commercially available post-OPC verification technology. We are able to evaluate differences in CD control process window, SRAF printability (illustrated in Figure 1), MEEF sensitivity, and catastrophic defect propensity. In several critical cases, we show silicon confirmation of the simulated results. This methodology allows leveraging of existing full-chip POV technology to enable the selection of the best SRAF strategy with minimal use of costly split lot silicon.
A Conceptual Framework for a Psychometric Theory for Standard Setting with Examples of Its Use for Evaluating the Functioning of Two Standard Setting Methods

A conceptual framework is proposed for a psychometric theory of standard setting. The framework suggests that participants in a standard setting process (panelists) develop an internal, intended standard as a result of training and the participant's background. The goal of a standard setting process is to convert panelists' intended standards to points on a test's score scale. Psychometrics is involved in this process because the points on the score scale are estimated from ratings provided by participants. The conceptual framework is used to derive three criteria for evaluating standard setting processes. The use of these criteria is demonstrated by applying them to variations of bookmark and modified Angoff standard setting methods.
Measurement of an unusual M 1 transition in the ground state of Ti-like W 5 2 +

Using a high-efficiency, transmission grating spectrometer the ${3s}^{2}{3p}^{6}{3d}^{4}$ $J=2--3$ ground-state transition was measured in Ti-like ${\mathrm{W}}^{52+}.$ The measurement has achieved 20 times better precision than the only previously reported high-$Z$ measurement. As such, it tests recent structure calculations for complex highly charged ions. Discrepancies of around $100 \AA{}$ are found. This is true even for semi-empirical calculations. The measurement, however, validates a very recent calculation with which agreement is within $2 \AA{}.$
Ultrastructural changes produced by hypertonicity in cat cardiac muscle

Abstract The effect of tonicity on the ultrastructure of cat cardiac muscle was examined because tonicity has a profound influence on cardiac electrophysiology. Hearts in a Langendorff preparation were perfused with oxygenated solutions of various tonicities before being rapidly fixed with glutaraldehyde solution infused into the coronary arteries. The equilibrating Ringer solution was made hypotonic (0.75 times isotonicity) by dilution, and hypertonic (2 times isotonicity) by addition of sucrose. The osmolarity of the fixative solution was made to match that of the equilibrating solution, sucrose being added to produce the hyperosmolar fixative. In a separate set of experiments, it was demonstrated that the tonicity of the fixative is crucial in reversing or in producing the typical effects of hypertonicity. The mean cell diameters were 16.6 ± 0.5 μm ( s.e. )for isotonicity, 10.6 ± 0.5 μm for hypertonicity, and 21.9 ± 0.7 μm for hypotonicity. The mitochondria shrank in hypertonic solution, and became swollen and disrupted in hypotonic solution. The diameters of the transverse tubules averaged 1050 ± 50 A at isotonicity; the transverse tubules remained unchanged in hypotonicity, but became markedly swollen (5010 ± 380 A) in hypertonicity. The average width of the junctional cleft at the intercalated disks was 210 ± 10 A in isotonic, stayed the same in hypotonic (220 ± 10 A), but increased about 59% (300 ± 10 A) in hypertonic solutions. The frequency of occurrence of the gap junctions also markedly decreased in hypertonic solutions, apparently because many of these regions were pulled apart. Thus, pronounced changes in the ultrastructure of the intercalated disks and transverse tubules were rapidly produced by hypertonic equilibrating (and/or fixative) solutions, and these changes may be rapidly reversed.
A full energy positron source for the UCLA phi factory

Abstract We describe a full energy injection system suitable for rapid filling of a compact phi factory with high luminosity. Several novel approaches are suggested to minimize power on the positron target and to allow single bunch injection of electrons.
Waring's problem for commutative rings

Abstract For any prime number k ≥ 3 and any commutative ring A , we describe the subring A k of A consisting of all sums of k th powers. For some k such as k = 11 or 19, we prove that every element of A k is the sum of k 3 k th powers (for any A ). For the other k , we assume that the ring A is generated by 1 and t other elements to conclude that every element of A k is the sum of k 3 t k th powers.
Targeted therapies: Importance of patient selection for EGFR TKIs in lung cancer.

Platinum-based chemotherapy has been the standard first-line treatment for patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer for decades. However, a recent study has shown the superiority of gefitinib treatment in comparison with chemotherapy in a molecularly selected cohort of patients harboring sensitizing EGFR mutations. These results demonstrate the importance of incorporating molecular selection into the design of lung cancer trials that use EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Of Harold and Chimbu revisited

: This paper discusses my collaboration with Harold Brookfield in the study of Chimbu land and society. We began in 1958 at the Australian National University and worked together until 1965 in joint fieldwork and writing, and then collaborated occasionally after that. It began both of our professional contributions that continued throughout our professional careers. The work could never have been done by one person, either geographer or anthropologist. Our joint paper of 1990 may be the only multigenerational land study in anthropology/geography. Our long-term study of the Mintima area is a constant reminder of the hazards of short-sighted development projections. Brookfield always knew what he wanted to find out, and always constructed original methods of research and analysis. The Chimbu–Mintima maps were redrawn many times with many different measuring methods, new air photography and increasing precision. He always connected any specific study and report of work to general theory and would compare a wide range of related findings in other places. His work is a model of scientific method and its place in geographical theory.
NO hyperpolarizes pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells and decreases the intracellular Ca2+ concentration by activating voltage-gated K+ channels

Abstract NO causes pulmonary vasodilation in patients with pulmonary hypertension. In pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells, the activity of voltage-gated K+ (Kv) channels controls resting membrane potential. In turn, membrane potential is an important regulator of the intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and pulmonary vascular tone. We used patch clamp methods to determine whether the NO-induced pulmonary vasodilation is mediated by activation of Kv channels. Quantitative fluorescence microscopy was employed to test the effect of NO on the depolarization-induced rise in [Ca2+]i. Blockade of Kv channels by 4-aminopyridine (5 mM) depolarized pulmonary artery myocytes to threshold for initiation of Ca2+ action potentials, and thereby increased [Ca2+]i. NO (approximately 3 microM) and the NO-generating compound sodium nitroprusside (5-10 microM) opened Kv channels in rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. The enhanced K+ currents then hyperpolarized the cells, and blocked Ca(2+)-dependent action potentials, thereby preventing the evoked increases in [Ca2+]i. Nitroprusside also increased the probability of Kv channel opening in excised, outside-out membrane patches. This raises the possibility that NO may act either directly on the channel protein or on a closely associated molecule rather than via soluble guanylate cyclase. In isolated pulmonary arteries, 4-aminopyridine significantly inhibited NO-induced relaxation. We conclude that NO promotes the opening of Kv channels in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. The resulting membrane hyperpolarization, which lowers [Ca2+]i, is apparently one of the mechanisms by which NO induces pulmonary vasodilation.
Imipramine and tetrabenazine: effects on monoamine receptor binding sites and phosphoinositide hydrolysis.

Abstract Treatment of rats for 21 days with tetrabenazine, a drug which depletes monoamines and is used behaviorally to screen for antidepressants, significantly decreased 5-HT 2 receptor density, increased α 1 -adrenoceptor density but did not alter β-adrenoceptor density in homogenates of frontal cortices labeled with [ 3 H]ketanserin, [ 3 H]prazosin and [ 3 H]dihydroalprenolol, respectively. These effects were not opposite to those of the antidepressant drug imipramine which decreased both 5-HT 2 and β-adrenoceptor density and did not alter α 1 -adrenoceptor density. Some evidence for antagonistic interactions between the two drugs was found in that imipramine partially prevented the tetrabenazine-induced increase in α 1 -adrenoceptor density and tetrabenazine partially prevented the imipramine-induced decrease in β-adrenoceptor density. Neither drug altered phosphoinositide hydrolysis coupled to α 1 -adrenoceptors. While the effects of tetrabenazine are frequently attributed to its reserpine-like action of depleting monoamines, these results provide the first indication that tetrabenazine alters 5-HT 2 and β-adrenoceptor density in a manner different from that of reserpine.
In the Wake of Laurence Veysey: Re-examining the Liberal Arts College

In The Emergence of the American University, Laurence R. Veysey enriched our understanding of the American university at its creation in the second half of the nineteenth century. He demonstrated how this new institution drew on German approaches and valued experimental, empirical methods of knowledge. The university introduced the lecture and seminar. It valued graduate school training above all; the doctoral dissertation required that its students become creators of new knowledge, preferably by experimental methods. Veysey helped us understand the emerging American university by creating a useful ideal type.
Application of the Cubic Spline Function in the Description of Dental Arch Form

Cubic splines were fitted to the maxillary dental arches of 27 children with permanent dentitions, all having Class I molar, cuspid, and buccal segment relationships. A set of data points was chosen to represent arch form, and of these points, five were used as knots of the spline. Error of the fit of the curve was evaluated through the analysis of normals to the curve computed from those points not used as knots. Analysis demonstrates that the errors are minimal, and the spline function appears to adequately represent either symmetric or asymmetric dental arch forms.
LIGHT AND pH INDUCED CHANGES IN THE SURFACE PRESSURE‐AREA ISOTHERMS OF BACTERIORHODOPSIN

Abstract— Pressure-area isotherms of monolayers of purple membrane fragments were measured at an air-water interface. The pH of the aqueous phase was varied from 2 to 10. Over the pH range 5 to 9 the area/molecule of bacteriorhodopsin was constant and illumination of the film had no effect on the isotherms. At pH's more acid than 5 and more alkaline than 9, there were large decreases in area/molecule. Under these conditions of extreme pH the monolayer was very sensitive to light. Illumination resulted in irreversible increases in area/molecule.
ACTINOXYLON BANKSII GEN. ET SP. NOV.: A PROGYMNOSPERM FROM THE MIDDLE DEVONIAN OF NEW YORK

A B S T R A C T A new genus from a Middle Devonian locality near Cairo, N. Y., is described. Actinoxylon gen. nov. is based upon pyritic petrifactions. Three orders of branching are present: penultimate branch, ultimate branch, and leaf. The penultimate branch bears spirally arranged ultimate branches and leaves, the leaves apparently replacing the branches in the spiral. The ultimate branches bear opposite to subopposite and decussate leaves. The leaves are non-planated, unwebbed structures which show at least three dichotomies. Each segment of the lefaf is terete as are all other axes. Internally the penultimate branch has a six-lobed actinostele with mesarch protoxylem areas, one or two per lobe. Secondary xylem is visible in the oldest parts of several specimens. The xylem has helical-reticulate, reticulate, scalariform and circular-pitted elements. The presumptive areas of phloem are occupied by cells with dark contents. The cortex is composed of a parenchymatous inner region and a selerenchymatous outer region. The ultimate branch traces are at first three-lobed protosteles, later becoming four-lobed. Several ultimate branch traces also possess secondary xylem while within the cortex of the penultimate branch. The leaf traces are terete strands. Below each forking of a leaf segment there is a corresponding forking of the vascular strand. Actinoxylon is compared with the progymnosperms Actinopodium, Svalbardia, Archaeopteris, Siderella, and Tetraxylopteris. The anatomy of the penultimate branch of Actinoxylon is similar to that of Actinopodium, Archaeopteris macilenta, and Siderella. The ultimate branch traces of Archaeopteris and Actinoxy7on are similar. The ultimate branch stele and pattern of trace formation in Actinoxylon is similar to the stelar configuration and trace formation in the r + 2 axes of Tetraxylopteris schmidtii. The uinwebbed leaves are similar to those of Archaeopteris fissilis, Svalbardia, and the terminal units of the Aneurophytales.
Deep frontotemporal dermoid cyst presenting as a discharging sinus: a case report and review of literature

The commonest location for dermoid cysts in the head and neck is at the frontotemporal or brow region. They usually present as discrete slow growing masses located superficially at the angle of the brow. The presentation as a discharging sinus in the frontotemporal region is rare. In contrast, it is common for nasal dermoids to present as sinuses or fistulae (10-45%) and with a tract extending deep to involve the underlying bone or intracranium. In view of their differences in presentation, preoperative CT scans are generally recommended for the nasal dermoids but not for the frontotemporal dermoids. We report a rare case of a deep frontotemporal dermoid cyst presenting as a discharging sinus at the right temporal region in a girl aged 2 years and 6 months. It had a sinus tract extending deep to form an intraosseous cyst in the frontal and sphenoid bone. The base of the cyst was attached to the dura of the middle cranial fossa. Only a few similar cases were reported in the literature. In the light of our experience with this case, we recommend that this rare type of frontotemporal cyst sinus be operated only after a CT or MRI scan.
Self-trapping and time evolution in some spatially extended quantum nonlinear systems: Exact solutions

We present exact analytical solutions of the discrete nonlinear Schro\ifmmode\ddot\else\textasciidieresis\fi{}dinger equation for N-site systems by generalizing methods employed previously for the quantum nonlinear dimer and trimer. The transition from localized to delocalized states is markedly different from that in the dimer. A transition, for which there is no dimer analog, occurs in which an initial excitation that is partially localized over a group of sites is found to be partially localized over these same sites or over a different group of sites depending on the strength of the nonlinearity and the asymmetry of the lattice.