cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solution-processed colloidal quantum dot photodiodes for low-cost SWIR imaging

While InGaAs-based focal plane arrays (FPAs) provide excellent detectivity and low noise for SWIR imaging applications, wider scale adoption of systems capable of working in this spectral range is limited by high costs, limited spectral response, and costly integration with Si ROIC devices. RTI has demonstrated a novel photodiode technology based on IR-absorbing solution-processed PbS colloidal quantum dots (CQD) that can overcome these limitations of InGaAs FPAs. We have fabricated devices with quantum efficiencies exceeding 50%, and detectivities that are competitive with that of InGaAs. Dark currents of ~2 nA/cm2 were measured at temperatures compatible with solid state coolers. Additionally, by processing these devices entirely at room temperature we find them to be compatible with monolithic integration onto readout ICs, thereby removing any limitation on device size. We will show early efforts towards demonstrating a direct integration of this sensor technology onto a Si ROIC IC and describe a path towards fabricating sensors sensitive from the visible to 2200 nm at a cost comparable to that of CMOS based devices. This combination of high performance, dramatic cost reduction, and multispectral sensitivity is ideally suited to expand the use of SWIR imaging in current applications, as well as to address applications which require a multispectral sensitivity not met by existing technologies.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Efficient synthesis of chiral α,β-epoxyesters via a cyclic sulfate intermediate

Abstract An efficient synthesis of chiral α,β-epoxyester 1 from chiral 2,3-dihydroxyester 2 has been developed. Ester 2 is converted to the corresponding cyclic sulfate 3, which is opened with either LiBr in THF or Bu4NBr in acetone at rt to furnish 2-bromo-3-hydroxyester 4. Treatment of 4 with K2CO3 in methanol at low temperature gives α,β-epoxyester 1 in excellent overall yield and in the same ee as in the starting diol.
Field Comparison of PM10 Samplers

Fugitive emissions of PM10 (particulate matter with equivalent aerodynamic diameter of 10 µm or less) are an increasing concern for concentrated animal feeding operations, including open-lot beef cattle feedlots. Various federal reference method (FRM) and equivalent samplers can be used to measure PM10 concentrations. This research compared the performance of Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance™ (TEOM), FRM high-volume (HV), and low-volume (LV) PM10 samplers in measuring PM10 concentrations in the vicinity of large cattle feedlots in Kansas. Each of the three samplers was installed at the downwind and upwind perimeters of two commercial cattle feedlots (KS1 and KS2). Samplers were operated from May 2006 to February 2008 at KS1 and from February 2007 to February 2008 at KS2. PM10 concentration ranged from <10 to 832 µg m-3 at KS1 and from <10 to 713 µg m-3 at KS2. Comparison of collocated PM10 samplers showed that measured PM10 concentration was generally largest with the TEOM PM10 sampler and smallest with the LV PM10 sampler. Differences in PM10 concentration among samplers were affected by location and duration of sampling, season, and slightly by weather conditions.
Predictors of CNS injury as measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the setting of chronic HIV infection and CART

The reasons for persistent brain dysfunction in chronically HIV-infected persons on stable combined antiretroviral therapies (CART) remain unclear. Host and viral factors along with their interactions were examined in 260 HIV-infected subjects who underwent magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Metabolite concentrations (NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, MI/Cr, and Glx/Cr) were measured in the basal ganglia, the frontal white matter, and gray matter, and the best predictive models were selected using a bootstrap-enhanced Akaike information criterion (AIC). Depending on the metabolite and brain region, age, race, HIV RNA concentration, ADC stage, duration of HIV infection, nadir CD4, and/or their interactions were predictive of metabolite concentrations, particularly the basal ganglia NAA/Cr and the mid-frontal NAA/Cr and Glx/Cr, whereas current CD4 and the CPE index rarely or did not predict these changes. These results show for the first time that host and viral factors related to both current and past HIV status contribute to persisting cerebral metabolite abnormalities and provide a framework for further understanding neurological injury in the setting of chronic and stable disease.
A hybrid thermochemical-electrolytic process for hydrogen production based on the Reverse Deacon Reaction.

Abstract Development has been initiated on a three-reaction, hybrid thermochemical-electrolytic process for splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen. This process can be run at 500 ∘ C , making it suitable for linking to nuclear reactors that run colder than the very highest temperature gas cooled reactors. This feature also makes the materials requirements less stringent than for high temperature cycles, many of which require temperatures in the range of 800– 900 ∘ C . The process consists of three reactions—two thermochemical and one electrolytic. The thermochemical reactions sum to the reverse Deacon reaction. The electrolytic step involves the electrolysis of anhydrous HCl. The estimated energy savings for this process relative to electrolysis of water are in the vicinity of 15%, due to the low energy requirements of anhydrous HCl electrolysis. Preliminary experimental results indicate that a silicalite-supported catalyst for the reverse Deacon reaction has the potential of promoting fast reaction kinetics and long-term stability of the solids.
The adaptive classical capacity of a quantum channel, or Information capacities of three symmetric pure states in three dimensions

We investigate the capacity of three symmetric quantum states in three real dimensions to carry classical information. Several such capacities have already been defined, depending on what operations are allowed in the protocols that the sender uses to encode classical information into these quantum states, and that the receiver uses to decode it. These include the C1,1 capacity, which is the capacity achievable if separate measurements must be used for each of the received states, and the C1,â capacity, which is the capacity achievable if joint measurements are allowed on the tensor product of all of the received states. We discover a new classical information capacity of quantum channels, the adaptive capacity C1,A, which lies strictly between the C1,1 and the C1,â capacities. The adaptive capacity allows the use of what is known as the LOCC (local operations and classical communication) model of quantum operations for decoding the channel outputs. This model requires each of the signals to be measured by a separate apparatus, but allows the quantum states of these signals to be measured in stages, with the first stage partially reducing their quantum states; measurements in subsequent stages may depend on the results of a classical computation taking as input the outcomes of the first round of measurements. We also show that even in three dimensions, with the information carried by an ensemble containing three pure states, achieving the C1,1 capacity may require a positive operator valued measure (POVM) with six outcomes.
Designing a better weather display

Weather maps commonly display several variables at once, usually a subset of the following: atmospheric pressure, surface wind speed and direction, surface temperature, cloud cover, and precipitati...
Uplink performance of large optimum-combining antenna arrays in poisson-cell networks

The uplink of a wireless network with base stations distributed according to a Poisson Point Process (PPP) is analyzed. The base stations are assumed to have a large number of antennas and use linear minimum-mean-square-error (MMSE) spatial processing for multiple access. The number of active mobiles per cell is limited to permit channel estimation using pilot sequences that are orthogonal in each cell. The cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the spectral efficiency of a randomly located link in a typical cell of such a system is derived when accurate channel estimation is available. A simple bound is provided for the spectral efficiency when channel estimates suffer from pilot contamination. The results provide insight into the performance of so-called massive Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems in spatially distributed cellular networks.
Magnetization and magnetic susceptibility of GdH3

The magnetization and differential magnetic susceptibility of powdered samples of DyH3 have been measured at 4.2 K in applied magnetic fields ranging to 9 Teslas. The differential magnetic susceptibility has also been studied in zero applied field as a function of temperature. The magnetization data are described by an equation of the form M = aB/(1 + bB + cB. The ratio a/b is a measure of the saturation magnetization and gives an effective moment of 5.12 Bohr magnetons per ion. The zero field susceptibility exhibits a maximum at T = 3.45 K, and an inflection point near 2.85 K. The susceptibility at 4.2 K has a 1/B squared dependence on the applied magnetic field for B approximately greater than 0.3 Teslas.
A new procedure for the phosphorylation of nucleosides: application to the discovery of inhibitors of HIV integrase.

A new phosphorylating agent for nucleosides, 2-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl) ethylsulfonylethan-2′-yl-phosphate (1), has been developed by us. In the many examples studied by us, phosphorylation yields were found to be very high (about 90%). The procedure appears to be remarkably general and can be utilized for the phosphorylation of many biomolecules. Successful application of this phosphorylation method has contributed to the discovery of inhibitors of HIV integrase in our laboratory.
A Survey of Methods for Analyzing and Improving GPU Energy Efficiency

Recent years have witnessed phenomenal growth in the computational capabilities and applications of GPUs. However, this trend has also led to a dramatic increase in their power consumption. This article surveys research works on analyzing and improving energy efficiency of GPUs. It also provides a classification of these techniques on the basis of their main research idea. Further, it attempts to synthesize research works that compare the energy efficiency of GPUs with other computing systems (e.g., FPGAs and CPUs). The aim of this survey is to provide researchers with knowledge of the state of the art in GPU power management and motivate them to architect highly energy-efficient GPUs of tomorrow.
RADIO EMISSION ASSOCIATED WITH ULTRALUMINOUS X-RAY SOURCES IN THE GALAXY MERGER NGC 3256

We present new 6, 3.6, and 2 cm VLA radio observations of the nearby merger system NGC 3256, with resolutions of ~100 pc, which reveal compact radio sources embedded in more diffuse emission at all three wavelengths. The two radio nuclei are partially resolved, but the two dominant compact sources that remain coincide with the two most powerful compact ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) recently reported by Lira et al. The radio/X-ray ratios for these two sources are too high by factors of more than 100-1000 to be normal X-ray binaries. However, their radio and X-ray powers and ratios are consistent with low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (LLAGNs), and optical emission lines suggest the presence of a nuclear disk around the northern nucleus. If the two nuclear ULXs are LLAGNs, their associated black holes are separated by only ~1 kpc, making them about 6 times closer to one another than those found recently in the merger galaxy NGC 6240. A third ULX on the outskirts of the merger is also a radio source and probably is a collection of supernova remnants. The remaining ULXs are not coincident with any source of compact radio emission and are consistent with expectations for beamed X-ray binaries or intermediate-mass black holes.
A Modified Procedure for Sonogashira Couplings: Synthesis and Characterization of a Bisporphyrin, 1,1-Bis[zinc(II) 5‘-ethynyl-10‘,15‘,20‘-trimesitylporphyrinyl]methylenecyclohexane

The preparation of a bisporphyrin, 1,1-bis[zinc(II) 5‘-ethynyl-10‘,15‘,20‘-trimesitylporphyrinyl]methylenecyclohexane (1), is described. The new molecule was prepared by two routes employing modified palladium-mediated coupling methodology. Our modification consists of in situ liberation of alkyne from the corresponding TMS-protected compound. This variation decreases yields of undesired products presumably by keeping the unprotected alkyne concentration low during the reaction. In addition, our method obviates TMS-alkyne deprotection and subsequent purification steps. The electronic absorption spectrum of 1 is compared to two model compounds.
Enantioselective catalysis and complexity generation from allenoates

Lewis base catalysis of reactions with allenoates using phosphine and amine nucleophiles has emerged as a key platform for the generation of molecular complexity. Investigations in this area have established a range of suitable coupling partners for allenoates, including electron-deficient olefins, imines, and aldehydes. This tutorial review will describe these methodologies, with a special emphasis on recent work regarding asymmetric reactions using chiral Lewis base catalysts.
Improved Method for the Synthesis of β-Carbonyl Silyl-1,3-Dithianes by the Double Conjugate Addition of 1,3-Dithiol to Propargylic Carbonyl Compounds

Base-mediated double conjugate addition of 1,3-propane dithiol to various silylated propargylic aldehydes and ketones allows for an efficient and scalable synthesis of β-carbonyl silyl-1,3-dithianes.
Radiation of an Acoustic Source Near the Trailing Edge of a Wing in Forward Motion

The acoustic sources simulating engine or jet noise are located near the trailing edge. During landing or take-off operations the flap angle is not small. Solutions for the scattering of the acoustic sources, monopoles, dipoles or quadrupoles, by the wing with the flap at finite angle are constructed for the case that the acoustic wave length is much larger than the length of the flap but may be of the same order as the chord. For each given geometry of the flap and the position of the singularities, critical orientations of the dipoles and the quadrupoles are defined along which the noise becomes 'suppressed', i.e., the far field pressure becomes one order smaller.
Systematic self-report bias in health data: impact on estimating cross-sectional and treatment effects

This paper examines the effect of systematic self-report bias, the non-random deviation between the self-reported and true values of the same measure. This bias may be constant or variable, and can mislead empirical analyses based on descriptive statistics, program evaluation and instrumental variables estimation. I illustrate these issues with data on self-reported and measured overweight/obesity status, and BMI, height and weight z-scores of public school students in California from 2004 to 2006. I find that the prevalence of overweight/obesity is 2.4–7.6% points lower in self-reported data relative to measured data in the cross-section. A school nutrition policy changed the bias differentially in the treatment and control groups so that program evaluations could find spurious positive or null impacts of the intervention. Potential channels for this effect include improved information and stigma.
Stable Image Reconstruction Using Total Variation Minimization

This paper presents near-optimal guarantees for stable and robust image recovery from undersampled noisy measurements using total variation minimization. In particular, we show that from $O(s\log(N))$ nonadaptive linear measurements, an image can be reconstructed to within the best $s$-term approximation of its gradient up to a logarithmic factor, and this factor can be removed by taking slightly more measurements. Along the way, we prove a strengthened Sobolev inequality for functions lying in the null space of a suitably incoherent matrix.
The synthesis of complex spatial filters for coherent optical data processing

Abstract The key elements in coherent optical processors are the spatial filters. To realize the full potential of coherent processors much work should be devoted to the synthesis of and the production techniques for them. In this paper, some recent work on filters synthesis will be summarized, and the implications in optical computation, image processing (enhancement), image restoration (deblurring) and image detection examined. In addition, some advances on the production techniques for the spatial filters will be briefly reviewed. This would include the extension of Vander Lugt's filters to the multiply-exposed filters, the binary filters, the phase only filters, and the introduction of nonlinear filters.
A tight bound for black and white pebbles on the pyramid

Lengauer and Tarjan proved that the number of black and white pebbles needed to pebble the root of a tree is at least half the number of black pebbles needed to pebble the root. This result is extended to a larger class of acyclic directed graphs including pyramid graphs.
Risk and ambiguity in models of business cycles

Abstract We inject aggregate uncertainty — risk and ambiguity — into an otherwise standard business cycle model and describe its consequences. We find that increases in uncertainty generally reduce consumption, but they do not account, in this model, for either the magnitude or the persistence of the most recent recession. We speculate about extensions that might do better along one or both dimensions.
Modeling the Time Variability of Accreting Compact Sources

We present model light curves for accreting black hole candidates (BHCs) based on a recently proposed model for their spectro-temporal properties. According to this model, the observed light curves and aperiodic variability of BHCs are due to a series of soft photon injections at random (Poisson) intervals near the compact object and their reprocessing into hard radiation in an extended but nonuniform hot plasma corona surrounding the compact object. We argue that the majority of the timing characteristics of these light curves are due to the stochastic nature of the Comptonization process in the extended corona, whose properties, most notably its radial density dependence, are imprinted in them. We compute the corresponding power spectral densities (PSD), autocorrelation functions, time skewness of the light curves, and time lags between the light curves of the sources at different photon energies and compare our results to observation. Our model light curves compare well with observations, providing good fits to their overall morphology, as manifest by the autocorrelation and skewness functions. The lags and PSDs of the model light curves are also in good agreement with those observed (the model can even accommodate the presence of quasi-periodic oscillations). Finally, while most of the variability power resides at timescales approximately a few seconds, at the same time, the model allows also for shots of a few milliseconds in duration, in accordance with observation. We suggest that refinements of this type of model along with spectral and phase lag information can be used to probe the structure of this class of high-energy sources.
Synthesis and activity studies of conformationally restricted α-ketoamide factor Xa inhibitors

Abstract Conformationally restricted borolysine compounds containing a 2-(2-cyanophenylthio) benzoyl in the P3 position unexpectedly led to enhanced factor Xa inhibition. In an effort to improve both the potency and selectivity of this series by extending into the S′ domain, we have replaced the boronic acid with α-ketoamides, utilizing a novel process that was developed in our labs.
A GAUSSIAN RADON TRANSFORM FOR BANACH SPACES

We develop a Radon transform on Banach spaces using Gaussian measure and prove that if a bounded continuous function on a separable Banach space has zero Gaussian integral over all hy- perplanes outside a closed bounded convex set in the Hilbert space corresponding to the Gaussian measure then the function is zero out- side this set.
Infrared Dyes For Optical Storage

There is current interest in developing optical storage materials that can be written with GaAlAs lasers. Dyes which absorb strongly at those wavelengths are potential candidates for this application due to their attractive thermal properties. Through optical and thermal modelling, the properties that are necessary if they are to be writeable at energies of ?1 nJ are examined. A specific class of infrared absorbing dyes, squarylium, is discussed and preliminary data on optical characteristics, writing energy, and stability are presented.
Biorthogonal systems in Banach spaces

We give biorthogonal system characterizations of Banach spaces that fail the Dunford-Pettis property, contain an isomorphic copy of c0, or fail the hereditary Dunford-Pettis property. We combine this with previous results to show that each infinite dimensional Banach space has one of three types of biorthogonal systems.
Wind-Tunnel Results of the B-52B with the X-43A Stack

A low-speed wind-tunnel test was performed with a 3%-scale model of a booster rocket mated to an X-43A research vehicle, a combination referred to as the Hyper-X launch vehicle. The test was conducted both in freestream air and in the presence of a partial model of the B-52B airplane. The objectives of the test were to obtain force and moment data to generate structural loads affecting the pylon of the B-52B airplane and to determine the aerodynamic influence of the B-52B on the Hyper-X launch vehicle for evaluating launch separation characteristics. The windtunnel test was conducted at a low-speed wind tunnel in Hampton, Virginia. All moments and forces reported are based either on the aerodynamic influence of the B-52B airplane or are for the Hyper-X launch vehicle in freestream air. Overall, the test showed that the B-52B airplane imparts a strong downwash onto the Hyper-X launch vehicle, reducing the net lift of the Hyper-X launch vehicle. Pitching and rolling moments are also imparted onto the booster and are a strong function of the launch-drop angle of attack.
Laser manipulation of atomic beam velocities: Demonstration of stopped atoms and velocity reversal.

Experience de ralentissement d'un faisceau d'atomes Na a des vitesses nulle ou negatives en utilisant le rayonnement d'un laser qui se propage en sens inverse et dont la frequence varie de facon precise par modulation electrooptique. Obtention d'une temperature de ∼50 mK avec une densite superieure a 10 6 atomes/cm 3 . Possibilites de la methode pour ralentir, deflechir ou stocker des atomes
Why real interest rates, cost of capital and price/earnings ratios vary across countries

Abstract This paper examines how productivity changes affect real rates of return and price/earnings ratios in a small open economy. The model provides conditions under which increased productivity in a country's traded goods sector causes prices of non-traded goods to increase relative to the price of traded goods. Under these conditions, real rates of interest decline and the production of certain non-traded durable goods (such as capital equipment and housing) immediately increase. This `overconstruction' has two effects. First, the increase in capital relative to labor in these sectors increases the marginal product of labor and hence immediately causes an increase in wages and the prices of non-traded goods. Second, an `oversupply' of capital goods and housing depresses their rental rates in the current period, thereby increasing their price to rental ratios or equivalently, their price/earnings ratios.
Alkyldithiocarboxylation of 3-hydroxy-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one

Abstract 4-Alkyldithiocarboxylate-3,5-dihydroxy-1-phenylpyrazoles 2, are prepared in good yield by the reaction of 3-hydroxy-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one 1 with sodium acetate in dimethylformamide (DMF), carbon disulfide and alkyl halides.
DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT IN INSTRUCTION

This paper describes an experimental program of interactive assessment and instruction called GUIDES to Learning and Instruction. The program was designed for instruction in college level remedial and developmental programs and has been experimentally implemented in four colleges. By the use of micro-computer administration of measurement, the program provides sustained involvement in realistic tasks, uses a variety of response formats, including free response, probes for explanations of poor performance, gives feedback and second tries, and communicates to students and instructors. The paper discusses conclusions from implementation research regarding patterns of use, validity for instruction, and roles of instructors.
HYDRODYNAMICS OF THE VACUUM

Hydrodynamics is the appropriate "effective theory" for describing any fluid medium at sufficiently long length scales. This paper treats the vacuum as such a medium and derives the corresponding hydrodynamic equations. Unlike a normal medium the vacuum has no linear sound-wave regime; disturbances always "propagate" nonlinearly. For an "empty vacuum" the hydrodynamic equations are familiar ones (shallow water-wave equations) and they describe an experimentally observed phenomenon — the spreading of a clump of zero-temperature atoms into empty space. The "Higgs vacuum" case is much stranger; pressure and energy density, and hence time and space, exchange roles. The speed of sound is formally infinite, rather than zero as in the empty vacuum. Higher-derivative corrections to the vacuum hydrodynamic equations are also considered. In the empty-vacuum case the corrections are of quantum origin and the post-hydrodynamic description corresponds to the Gross–Pitaevskii equation. We conjecture the form of the post-hydrodynamic corrections in the Higgs case. In the (1+1)-dimensional case the equations possess remarkable "soliton" solutions and appear to constitute a new exactly integrable system.
The Particularized Judgment Account of Privacy

Questions of privacy have become particularly salient in recent years due, in part, to information-gathering initiatives precipitated by the 2001 World Trade Center attacks, increasing power of surveillance and computing technologies, and massive data collection about individuals for commercial purposes. While privacy is not new to the philosophical and legal literature, there is much to say about the nature and value of privacy. My focus here is on the nature of informational privacy. I argue that the predominant accounts of privacy are unsatisfactory and offer an alternative: for a person to have informational privacy is for there to be limits on the particularized judgments that others are able to reasonably make about that person.
Prospective analysis of the mobile health information systems in China

With the rapidly growing Chinese economy in the past few decades, the people of mainland China are now enjoying increasingly more economic benefits than ever before. Out of the many growing technologies, mobile devices, especially cell phones, have been gaining popularity throughout the country. According to the latest statistics from 2007, more than one-third of Chinese citizens have cell phones. In addition to the basic uses of voice communication, cell phones have many other promising applications. In particular, as a pervasive technology, mobile devices offer a great opportunity to deliver health information directly to people at an affordable cost. This paper analyses the potential of mobile health information systems in China. This prospective analysis will be conducted from four important perspectives: technology, market demand, a business model and government policy.
Echo: the editor's wisdom with the elegance of a magazine

The explosive growth of user generated content, along with the continuous increase in the amount of traditional sources of content, has made it extremely hard for users to digest the relevant pieces of information that they need to pay attention to in order to make sense of their needs. Thus, solutions are needed to help both professionals (e.g lawyers, analysts, economists) and ordinary users navigate this flood of information. We present a novel interaction model and system called Echo which uses machine learning techniques to traverse a corpus of documents and distill crucial opinions from the collective intelligence of the crowd. Based on this analysis, Echo creates an intuitive and elegant interface, as though constructed by an editor, that allows users to quickly find salient documents and opinions, all powered by the wisdom of the crowd. The Echo UI directs the user's attention to critical opinions using a natural magazine style metaphor, with visual call outs and other typographic changes. Therefore, this paper present two key contributions (an algorithm and interaction model) that allow a user to "read as normal," while focusing her attention on the important opinions within documents, and showing how these opinions relate to those of the crowd.
Symbolic dynamics and Markov partitions

The decimal expansion real numbers, familiar to us all, has a dramatic generalization to representation of dynamical system orbits by symbolic sequences. The natural way to associate a symbolic sequence with an orbit is to track its history through a partition. But in order to get a useful symbolism, one needs to construct a partition with special properties. In this work we develop a general theory of representing dynamical systems by symbolic systems by means of so-called Markov partitions. We apply the results to one of the more tractable examples: namely hyperbolic automorphisms of the two dimensional torus. While there are some results in higher dimensions, this area remains a fertile one for research.
FAST PARTIAL-DIFFERENTIAL SYNTHESIS OF THE MATCHING POLYNOMIAL OF C72-100

The Thesis algorithm uses partial-differential edge operators and a grammatical structure to generate and avoid expanding the Matching Polynomial. To run the algorithm efficiently, the vertexes of fullerene graphs C60-100 were sorted into three-dimensional sectors.
Switching in Bistable Circuits

Switching or triggering in certain nonlinear circuits having two stable states is studied in graphic detail. The minimum and maximum pulse requirements are discussed and some of the general ideas of bistability considered. A convenient technique for studying the response of circuits, apparently in slow motion, is described. A classroom demonstration relating to nerve impulse generation is given.
A First-Quantized Formalism for Cosmological Particle Production

Given suitable boundary conditions, we show that the initial state and the amount of particle production in a cosmological spacetime are encoded in the Feynman propagator. The propagator can be represented in terms of a particle path integral in an auxiliary spacetime, and particle production can be extracted from the auxiliary propagator. This provides a first-quantized formalism for computing cosmological particle production which, unlike conventional Bogolubov transformations, may be amenable to a string-theoretic generalization.
Diastereoselective organocuprate addition to homochiral ketals of 3-acetylcyclopent-2-en-1-one

Abstract Addition of lower or higher order cuprates to the enone homoketals 4a–d give the alkylated products with de's ranging from 12% to 34%.
Nonlinear Realization of a Dynamical Poincaré Symmetry by a Field-Dependent Diffeomorphism

Abstract We consider a description of membranes by (2, 1)-dimensional field theory, or alternatively a description of irrotational, isentropic fluid motion by a field theory in any dimension. We show that these Galileo-invariant systems, as well as others related to them, admit a peculiar diffeomorphism symmetry, where the transformation rule for coordinates involves the fields. The symmetry algebra coincides with that of the Poincare group in one higher dimension. Therefore, these models provide a nonlinear representation for a dynamical Poincare group.
A New Approach for Identifying the Parameters of a Tax Capitalization Model

Abstract This study re-estimates property tax capitalization rates with two empirical innovations. First, the underidentification problem inherent in all capitalization studies is resolved using estimates of rental values instead of estimates of the net user cost. Second, the methodology along with the utilization of a unique data set mitigates biases resulting from potential correlations between property tax rates and unobservable amenities or public services. The extent of tax capitalization estimated here is greater than estimates reported in many recent studies and is statistically indistinguishable from full capitalization. The study also provides insights regarding the variability of the net user cost of housing.
New alignment liquid crystal techniques for operation at harsh ambient conditions and high intensity light

Liquid crystal alignment is a key process in the production of modern display devices and other liquid crystal based optical elements. The traditional alignment procedures, dealing with treatment of organic films (rubbing, photopolymerization, ion beam treatment, etc), do not satisfy the increasing demands of modern technology. Because of the presence of a degradable polymer layer, none of these methods provides stability of the liquid crystal orientation for operation in high intensity visible, UV or infrared light. This problem can be solved using anisotropically treated inorganic thin films. The alignment is very sensitive; both polar and azimuthal anchoring energy parameters can be controlled by either conditions of the treatment process or the history of the inorganic film formation. The non-organic nature of the substrates provides non-degrading stability of the liquid crystals alignment while operating in high intensity visible, UV or infrared light. We demonstrate and discuss the use of this technology in many light modulating devices, including high intensity light phase retarders and displays operating at harsh ambient conditions.
Applications of spectroscopic ellipsometry to microelectronics

Abstract Ellipsometry has been applied to problems in the microelectronics industry since the 1960s. Recently, spectroscopic ellipsometry has been introduced. In situ during-process ellipsometry offers great promise for monitoring and control of a wide variety of microelectronics processes. This review covers some applications in silicon technology such as oxidation, chemical vapor deposition, etching, interfaces, and new processing techniques such as plasma, ion beam and rapid thermal processing, in an effort to demonstrate the kinds of crucial microelectronics information and processes that modern ellipsometry can access. The conclusion is that single wavelength ellipsometry alone is not sufficient; spectroscopic ellipsometry is required to establish the optimum ellipsometry measurement conditions. The future of ellipsometry in microelectronics is assessed.
Synthesis of Thiophene 1,1-Dioxides and Tuning Their Optoelectronic Properties

A 2,5-bis(tributylstannyl)thiophene 1,1-dioxide was prepared from 2,5-bis(trimethylsilyl)thiophene 1,1-dioxide, bis(tributyltin) oxide, and tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF). The 2,5-bis(tributylstannyl)thiophene 1,1-dioxide and a 2,5-diiodothiophene 1,1-dioxide were utilized in a series of Stille cross-coupling reactions to afford thiophene 1,1-dioxides with either electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituents. Electron-withdrawing groups greatly facilitate the reduction of these sulfone heterocycles, and –C6H4-p-NO2 substituents produce a 510 mV shift as compared to a thiophene 1,1-dioxide with two phenyl groups.
Serum immunoreactive erythropoietin in health and disease.

Erythropoietine immunoreactive du serum : impact sur l'etat general et les pathologies L'erythropoietine, glycoproteine qui regule l'erythropoiese, est unique parmi les facteurs de croissance hematopoietiques en ceci qu'elle est la seule a se comporter comme une hormone. Elle est synthetisee originellement dans le rein de l'adulte et interfere avec les precurseurs erythrocytaires dans la moelle osseuse pour accroitre la synthese des globules rouges. Du fait que l'erythropoietine se comporte comme une hormone, la mesure de l'erythropoietine dans le serum est un moyen efficace de determiner quand la synthese de cette hormone est inadequate. L'hypoxie des tissus est le seul stimulus physiologique de la synthese de l'erythropoietine et, dans les cas d'anemie, le niveau d'erythropoietine du serum peut s'accroitre. A supposer que la fonction de la moelle osseuse est normale et que les apports nutritifs sont corrects, lorsque l'anemie est associee a un niveau faible d'erythropoietine dans le serum, on peut deduire que l'anemie est en partie causee par le defaut d'erythropoietine et peut etre corrigee par administration d'erythropoietine. Dans la meme optique, un niveau eleve d'erythropoietine dans le serum (superieur a 500 mU/ml) en presence d'anemie laisse supposer que l'on arrive au terme d'une insuffisance organique et dans ce cas, le traitement a l'erythropoietine ne semble pas conseille.
WEYL'S THEOREM, $a$-WEYL'S THEOREM, AND LOCAL SPECTRAL THEORY

We give necessary and sufficient conditions for a Banach space operator with the single valued extension property (SVEP) to satisfy Weyl’s theorem and a-Weyl’s theorem. We show that if T or T ∗ has SVEP and T is transaloid, then Weyl’s theorem holds for f(T ) for every f ∈ H(σ(T )). When T ∗ has SVEP, T is transaloid and T is a-isoloid, then a-Weyl’s theorem holds for f(T ) for every f ∈ H(σ(T )). We also prove that if T or T ∗ has SVEP, then the spectral mapping theorem holds for the Weyl spectrum and for the essential approximate point spectrum.
Total synthesis of (−)-stemoamide

Abstract An enantiocontrolled total synthesis of the tricyclic alkaloid, stemoamide ( 2 ), is reported.
A Polynomial Time Algorithm for Lossy Population Recovery

We give a polynomial time algorithm for the lossy population recovery problem. In this problem, the goal is to approximately learn an unknown distribution on binary strings of length n from lossy samples: for some parameter m each coordinate of the sample is preserved with probability m and otherwise is replaced by a `?'. The running time and number of samples needed for our algorithm is polynomial in n and 1/e for each fixed m>0. This improves on algorithm of Wigderson and Yehudayoff that runs in quasi-polynomial time for any m > 0 and the polynomial time algorithm of Dvir et al which was shown to work for m > rapprox 0.30 by Batman et al. In fact, our algorithm also works in the more general framework of Batman et al. in which there is no a priori bound on the size of the support of the distribution. The algorithm we analyze is implicit in previous work; our main contribution is to analyze the algorithm by showing (via linear programming duality and connections to complex analysis) that a certain matrix associated with the problem has a robust local inverse even though its condition number is exponentially small. A corollary of our result is the first polynomial time algorithm for learning DNFs in the restriction access model of Dvir et al [9].
Rational syntheses of porphyrins bearing up to four different meso substituents.

Porphyrins bearing specific patterns of substituents are crucial building blocks in biomimetic and materials chemistry. We have developed methodology that avoids statistical reactions, employs minimal chromatography, and affords up to gram quantities of regioisomerically pure porphyrins bearing predesignated patterns of up to four different meso substituents. The methodology is based upon the availability of multigram quantities of dipyrromethanes. A procedure for the diacylation of dipyrromethanes using EtMgBr and an acid chloride has been refined. A new procedure for the preparation of unsymmetrical diacyl dipyrromethanes has been developed that involves (1) monoacylation with EtMgBr and a pyridyl benzothioate followed by (2) introduction of the second acyl unit upon reaction with EtMgBr and an acid chloride. The scope of these acylation methods has been examined by preparing multigram quantities of diacyl dipyrromethanes bearing a variety of substituents. Reduction of the diacyl dipyrromethane to the c...
Do stony meteorites come from comets

The solar gas content of stony meteorites is used to determine their place of origin. The inert gas content and surface exposure age of meteorites and lunar regolith samples are compared, and the results suggest that gas implantation took place between 1 and 8 AU from the sun, i.e., in the asteroid belt. The prevalence of gas-rich meteorites is cited to indicate that the parent body must remain in the asteroid belt long enough to develop a substantial regolith, a condition which can be met by asteroids, but not by short period comets. It is concluded that all stony meteorite classes with gas-rich members, including carbonaceous chondrites, originated in asteroidal material.
Experimental investigation of condensation predictions for dust-enriched systems

Condensation models describe the equilibrium distribution of elements between coexisting phases (mineral solid solutions, silicate liquid, and vapor) in a closed chemical system, where the vapor phase is always present, using equations of state of the phases involved at a fixed total pressure (<1 bar) and temperature (T). The VAPORS code uses a CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 (CMAS) liquid model at T above the stability field of olivine, and the MELTS thermodynamics algorithm at lower T. Quenched high-T crystal + liquid assemblages are preserved in meteorites as Type B Ca-, Al-rich inclusions (CAIs), and olivine-rich ferromagnesian chondrules. Experimental tests of compositional regions within 100 K of the predicted T of olivine stability may clarify the nature of the phases present, the phase boundaries, and the partition of trace elements among these phases. Twenty-three Pt-loop equilibrium experiments in seven phase fields on twelve bulk compositions at specific T and dust enrichment factors tested the predicted stability fields of forsteritic olivine (Mg2SiO4), enstatite (MgSiO3), Cr-bearing spinel (MgAl2O4), perovskite (CaTiO3), melilite (Ca2Al2SiO7–Ca2Mg2Si2O7) and/or grossite (CaAl4O7) crystallizing from liquid. Experimental results for forsterite, enstatite, and grossite are in very good agreement with predictions, both in chemistry and phase abundances. On the other hand the stability of spinel with olivine, and stability of perovskite and gehlenite are quite different from predictions. Perovskite is absent in all experiments. Even at low oxygen fugacity (IW-3.4), the most TiO2-rich experiments do not crystallize Al-, Ti-bearing calcic pyroxene. The stability of spinel and olivine together is limited to a smaller phase field than is predicted. The melilite stability field is much larger than predicted, indicating a deficiency of current liquid or melilite activity models. In that respect, these experiments contribute to improving the data for calibrating thermodynamic models including MELTS.
Women's primary care providers and breast cancer screening: who's following the guidelines?

Objective Screening mammography for woman ages 50 to 69 years has resulted in early breast cancer detection and reduced mortality rates. However, the providers who are responsible for women's preventive health care differ in breast cancer screening guideline adherence. We compared screening practices across provider specialty and training degree types. Study design Using a retrospective cohort design, we examined 472 patient records that represented 16 million preventive health care visits among women ages 50 to 69 years from the 2000 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. We calculated relative risk ratios for breast examination and mammography during preventive visits across provider specialty and training types. Results Among specialists, gynecologists are more likely than internists or general/family practitioners to follow breast cancer screening guidelines. Across training degree types, mid-level providers are more likely than medical doctors or osteopaths to adhere to guidelines. Conclusion Regardless of specialty type or training degree, women's health care providers should adhere to breast cancer screening guidelines during preventive care visits.
Looking for design in materials design.

Despite great advances in computation, materials design is still science fiction. The construction of structure–property relations on the quantum scale will turn computational empiricism into true design.
Existence of equilibrium with nonconvexities and finitely many agents

Abstract Many economic models in the fields of public finance, location theory, and choice under uncertainty involve characteristic nonconvexities in either preferences or production sets for some types of commodities. One useful way to attack such nonconvexities is to employ the convexifying effect of large numbers of agents on demand for a finite number of commodities. The alternative proposed here relies on the convexifying effect of large numbers of commodities rather than agents. Sufficient substitutability and a large number of commodities can be used to replace some convexity assumptions. Existence of an equilibrium and the first welfare theorem are proved using Zame's existence theorem and Lyapunov's theorem as the key tools.
Alzheimer-type neuropathological changes in morbidly obese elderly individuals.

OBJECTIVE: Middle age obesity increases risk for Alzheimer disease (AD). This study evaluated neuropathological changes in morbidly obese patients ranging in age from 21-70 years. METHODS: 12 autopsied morbidly obese patients (> or = 136 kg, BMI 45.3-81.1, 7 male, 5 female, ages 21-70), without cognitive impairment, were compared to 10 non-obese controls (52-106 kg, BMI 17.4-32.5, 8 male, 2 female, ages 29-74), and 3 AD controls (1 male, 2 female, ages 63-78). Standard hippocampal sections were stained for Bielschowsky, A beta (4G8), tau (AT8), or A beta PP (monoclonal, Pierce) and evaluated using semiquantitative criteria. RESULTS: Obese patients had normal-sized brains, but larger hearts (713 +/- 273 vs. 438 +/- 71 g, p 65 years showed high levels of all indices, in some cases comparable to those seen in AD. Compared to non-obese, non-AD controls, the differences in tau and A beta PP expression (but not A beta) were significant (p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U-test). CONCLUSION: Alzheimer-type neuropathological changes were frequent in our small sample of morbidly obese elderly individuals without clinical history of cognitive impairment, approaching those seen in Alzheimer disease for some patients. Such changes were not seen in younger obese patients. These changes may be attributable to comorbid conditions such as congestive heart failure, obstructive sleep apnea, or metabolic lipid abnormalities.
Performance of Heat Pumps at Elevated Evaporating Temperatures—With Application to Solar Input

As part of the study of Solar Assisted Heat Pump (SAHP) systems, the performance of the heat pump component itself under conditions attendant to series solar input is being investigated. Notably the effect of high source temperatures, for which current heat pumps are not designed, and the associated thermodynamic potential to raise peformance are of interest. Theoretical predictions, results of systematic experiments run on a special heat pump simulator, and interpretation/analysis of how high Coefficients of Performance (COP) heat pumps can be used in installed SAHP systems are presented. The latter aspect is vital for - although results have shown that substantial increase in COP can be achieved even using off-the-shelf heat pump components - the more difficult problem is supplying sufficient solar energy to the heat pump with a practical, cost-competitive system. The approach taken to the high temperature heat pump study makes the results generally applicable to any vapor compression heat pump with elevated evaporating temperatures.