cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring distance through turbid media: a simple frequency domain approach

ABSTRACT In both industry and medicine there is no optical technique to measure distance through light scattering media.Such a technique may be useful for localizing embedded structures, or may be a non-contact method of measuringturbid media. The limits of a frequency domain based technique were explored in three polyurethane opticalphantoms. We have demonstrated a simple method to measure the distance between an intensity modulatedlight source and detector in turbid media based on the proportionality of the phase lag to the distance. Thelimits of the technique were evident for distances less than 5mm, particularly when µ s < 0.1mm  1 and distancesgreater than 55mm for the phantoms studied. This method may prove useful in industry and medicine as a nondestructive way measure distance through light scattering media.Keywords: frequency domain, distance 1. INTRODUCTION In both industry and medicine there is no optical technique to measure distance through light scattering media.Such a technique may be useful for localizing embedded structures, or may be a non-contact method of measuringturbid media.
Two-dimensional mathematical analysis of a planar type junction field-effect transistor

A two-dimensional mathematical analysis is presented of the steady-state mechanisms of operation within a planar type junction field-effect transistor (JFET). This analysis showst hat the potential distribution within the source-drain channel follows from solutions of Poisson's equation rather than from Laplace's equation. In particular, velocity-limited carrier transport produces a region of carrier accumulation in a region of the source-drain channel previously assumetod be depleted of carriers by the gate junction space-charge layers. The results of this two-dimensional mathematical analysis are presented in graphic form.
Time trends of ulcer mortality in non-European countries.

Aims The aim of the present study was to follow the time trends of mortality from gastric and duodenal ulcer in countries outside Europe and compare them with previous reports of ulcer mortality from Europe and North America. Methods Mortality data from eight different countries were analyzed, including Argentina, Australia, Chile, Hong Kong, Japan, Mexico, Singapore, and Taiwan. The age-standardized death rates of individual countries were followed from 1971 to 2004. Japan and Australia had mortality data for more than 50 yr that provided the opportunity to conduct a birth-cohort analysis. Results The data from all countries were characterized by a decline in gastric and duodenal ulcer mortality. Except for Hong Kong, mortality from gastric ulcer was higher than mortality from duodenal ulcer. In Japan and Australia, mortality from gastric and duodenal ulcer displayed time trends that were consistent with an underlying birth-cohort phenomenon. The risk of dying from gastric and duodenal ulcer increased in consecutive generations born between the mid- and the end of the nineteenth century and decreased in all subsequent generations. The peak mortality from gastric ulcer occurred among generations born in 1875, whereas peak mortality from duodenal ulcer occurred among generations born 10-20 yr later. Conclusions The ubiquitous decline in ulcer mortality in countries from different parts of the world is likely to be associated with a worldwide decline in the occurrence of H. pylori infection. The events accompanying the receding infection in developed countries must have similarly affected populations exposed to increasing standards of hygiene.
Enzyme capable of modifying d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) IN RABBIT LYMPHOID CELLS AND MURINE MOPC 315 myeloma cells

Enzymatic activity resulting in the modification of LSD was found in the lysates of rabbit antibody producing and murine MOPC 315 tumor cells. The LSD by-product was relatively more hydrophilic in a thin layer chromatography system. In vitro incorporation studies with whole cells indicated that the by-product is probably the incorporable analogue of tryptophan.
The Dramatic Element in Spanish Literature and an English Dramatization of a Spanish Source

The dramatization of suitable material as a form of creative and interpretative elaboration supplementary to the reading of literature. Examples of dramatized Spanish literature. Don Manuel's “El Escolar y el Nigromante” source of the one-act play, “Ingratitude.”
Determination of Residual Stresses on a Centrifugal Compressor Impeller

This paper reports a comparison of two methods to perform residual stress measurements. The specimens tested by each method were two blades from a shrouded centrifugal compressor impeller. The first method is the conventional hole drilling strain gage method which was used to predict residual stresses across the blade surface. The residual stresses are released by drilling a hole in the blade. The second method is called the nonlinear harmonic (NLH) scanning method and is based on the principal that the magnetic domains of ferrous materials vary in a non-linear way relative to internal stress. The effects of residual stress may be either helpful or harmful, depending on the magnitude of the residual with respect to the operating stresses. If not adequately relieved by heat treatment, residual tensile stress that develops in the welding process of shrouded impellers, will add to the stress developed by rotation which moves the point to the right on the Goodman diagram and reduces allowable alternating stress. The results showed comparable residual stress measurements of the NLH method compared to the conventional hole drilling method.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
How the indigenous got seats at the UN table

Indigenous peoples are the only distinct segment of national populations having voting membership in UN bodies devoted to defining their rights and advancing their concerns. This unusual result was the result of the confluence of three factors familiar to students of transnational social movement politics: a) presence within UN offices and bodies of supporters opening forums and agendas to indigenous concerns, b) deference to the growing network of indigenous activists by anthropologists—the professional community best placed to serve as advocates speaking on behalf of indigenous communities, and c) indigenous activists' success in developing and projecting a globally-valid indigenous identity as “peoples” simultaneously uniting the various indigenous communities and providing a rationale for establishing voting rights that enough other actors could be persuaded to accept. Comparison with UN treatment of other groups indicates that indigenous voting rights are more likely to remain an isolated success rather than a harbinger of similar practices in other UN bodies.
Reduction of pain and EMG activity in the masseter region by trapezius trigger point injection

In this open, uncontrolled trial, 20 patients with upper trapezius muscle trigger point pain and ipsilateral masseter muscle pain received a single trigger point injection of 2% lidocaine solution (without epinephrine) in the upper trapezius muscle. Following the trapezius injection, there was a significant (P < 0.001) reduction in pain intensity ratings for pain in the masseter region. In addition, there was a significant (P < 0.03) reduction in EMG activity in the masseter muscle. Overall, however, a significant relationship between EMG activity in the masseter and the self-report of pain was not found with the present data set. These clinical findings support the contention that sources of deep pain can produce heterotopic sensory and motor changes in distant anatomical regions.
Some phytotoxic glycopeptides from Ceratocystis ulmi, the Dutch Elm Disease pathogen.

Abstract Ceratocystis ulmi, the causal agent of Dutch Elm Disease, produces phytotoxic glycopeptides in culture. A mixture of phytotoxic glycopeptides has been prepared by affinity chromatography on a concanavalin A-Sepharose column and collectively they have been termed the toxin. The polydisperse component that makes up the majority of the toxin (80%) by weight has a molecular weight of about 2.7·105. The large molecular weight component (
Physical Infrastructure and Economic Growth in El Paso

Prior research on the impacts of public capital stocks on economic growth has generally used either national macroeconomic or multijurisdictional regional data. This study attempts to contribute to this area of the discipline by using time series data for a single metropolitan economy. To allow for both short-run and long-run effects, an error-correction modeling framework is used for the empirical analysis. Because comprehensive public infrastructure stocks are not published for El Paso, Texas, estimates for those variables are calculated using information regarding annual public capital investment data. Estimation results indicate that physical infrastructure investment may disrupt short-run economic growth but does improve long-run metropolitan economic performance.
In vivo two-photon excited fluorescence microscopy reveals cardiac- and respiration-dependent pulsatile blood flow in cortical blood vessels in mice

Subtle alterations in cerebral blood flow can impact the health and function of brain cells and are linked to cognitive decline and dementia. To understand hemodynamics in the three-dimensional vascular network of the cerebral cortex, we applied two-photon excited fluorescence microscopy to measure the motion of red blood cells (RBCs) in individual microvessels throughout the vascular hierarchy in anesthetized mice. To resolve heartbeat- and respiration-dependent flow dynamics, we simultaneously recorded the electrocardiogram and respiratory waveform. We found that centerline RBC speed decreased with decreasing vessel diameter in arterioles, slowed further through the capillary bed, and then increased with increasing vessel diameter in venules. RBC flow was pulsatile in nearly all cortical vessels, including capillaries and venules. Heartbeat-induced speed modulation decreased through the vascular network, while the delay between heartbeat and the time of maximum speed increased. Capillary tube hematocrit was 0.21 and did not vary with centerline RBC speed or topological position. Spatial RBC flow profiles in surface vessels were blunted compared with a parabola and could be measured at vascular junctions. Finally, we observed a transient decrease in RBC speed in surface vessels before inspiration. In conclusion, we developed an approach to study detailed characteristics of RBC flow in the three-dimensional cortical vasculature, including quantification of fluctuations in centerline RBC speed due to cardiac and respiratory rhythms and flow profile measurements. These methods and the quantitative data on basal cerebral hemodynamics open the door to studies of the normal and diseased-state cerebral microcirculation.
Federalism means inequality

circlement of the United States by Russia. Once the Soviet model was rejected by most socialists in the Western world, socialism became a kind of romantic movement in that it embraced a dream of an egalitarian society without any model on earth to guide it. To that extent, socialism could become an inspiration without being a threat, but this was no cure for the American disease. Despite a clear demonstration in American history that the environment was not hospitable to socialism, and despite an equally clear demonstration based upon the experience of the Western social democracies that socialism is not even a threat to capitalism, the American anxiety continues unabated. Whether it will abate as conditions actually become more favorable toward the emergence of socialism is a question that can hardly be answered at this point but nonetheless deserves serious speculation. [] READINGS SUGGESTED BY THE AUTHOR: Bums, James MacGregor. The Vineyard of Liberty. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1982. Huntington, Samuel P. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968. Kammen, Michael. People of Paradox. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980. Sombart, Werner. "Study of the Historical Development and Evolution of the American Proletariat." International Socialist Review 6 (1905-06). Sombart, Werner. "American Capitalism's Economic Rewards." In John Laslett and S.M. Lipset, eds. Failure of a Dream? Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday-Anchor, 1974.
Aspects of Parietal Cell Biology: Cells and Vesicles

Many features of these gastric vesicles satisfy the requirements for the gastric H+ pump. For example, we have: (a) K+ requirement, (b) KA for K+ of about 30 mM; (c) identical cation sequence for tissue and vesicles, (d) similar anion sequence, (e) localization at the microvillus of the secretory canaliculus, (f) TI+ inhibiting H+ transport of both systems, and (g) the K+ gradient satisfying the osmotic gradient requirement for HCl-flow out of the parietal cell. Points that require explanation are lack of SCN- effects and regulation of KCl permeability.
Comparative effects of ractopamine hydrochloride and zilpaterol hydrochloride on growth performance, carcass traits, and longissimus tenderness of finishing steers.

Ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) and zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) are beta-adrenergic agonists that improve growth performance and affect carcass characteristics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the comparative effects of RAC and ZH when fed to beef steers during the last 33 d of the finishing period. Three hundred crossbred beef steers (516 +/- 8 kg) were grouped by BW, BCS, and breed type and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments (10 steers per pen; 10 pens per treatment). Treatments were control (no beta-agonists added), RAC (200 mg of ractopaminexhdx(-1)d(-1), for 33 d), or ZH (75 mg of zilpaterolxanimalx(-1)d(-1), for 30 d, removed 3 d for required withdrawal period). Steers were slaughtered, carcass characteristics were evaluated, and cut-out yields were determined. Both RAC and ZH increased final BW, ADG, feed efficiency (G:F), and HCW compared with controls (P 0.05). Steaks from RAC steers had greater (P < 0.05) Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) values than steaks from control steers at 3 and 7 d of aging, but did not differ from controls after 14 d of aging. Steaks from ZH steers had greater WBSF values (P < 0.05) than steaks from controls and RAC steaks throughout the 21-d postmortem aging period. Although both beta-adrenergic agonists were effective at improving feedlot performance, RAC showed no negative effect on WBSF after 14 d, whereas WBSF values for ZH steaks were significantly greater than controls after 21 d.
TH‐D‐AUD C‐07: Theoretical Analysis of a New Generation Portal Imaging Sensor Based On Thin‐Film CdTe: A Feasibility Study For Clinical High Energy X‐Ray Detection

Purpose: Currently most popular electronic portal imaging devices (EPIDs) are manufactured from hydrogenated amorphous silicon, a material with low atomic number and electron density, exhibiting low quality images and poor radiation hardness when used for megavoltage imaging. We propose a new generation of portal imagers based on thin‐film Cadmium Telluride (CdTe), offering device improvement in both imaging and dosimetric properties. In this paper the result of our optimization studies in material/thickness combinations with an estimate of its output signal under typical conditions are presented. Method and Materials: Due to very small thickness (∼100 microns) the sensor has to be combined with a metal plate facilitating conversion of high‐energy photons to charge carriers directly, maximizing the deposited dose in the sensor layer. Monte Carlo (MC) package MCNP5 was utilized to optimize type and thickness of the material used for this purpose. We modeled an ELEKTA SL‐25 Linac head matching characteristics of a 6MV X‐ray beam. The effect of CdTe layer thickness on frequency‐dependent detective quantum efficiency DQE(f) of the device was also analyzed. Based on MC generated profiles we evaluated the voltage output signal of the CdTedetector for different thickness of sensor layers, as well as the effect of front and back exposure, using the software package SCAPS‐1D. Results: Based on calculations of DQE(f) we proved CdTe‐based detector system to have higher performance than those using amorphous silicon or selenium. We established the optimal material/thickness combinations for thin‐film CdTe/metal plate detector and found that resultant charge carrier generation leads to the voltage output of 0.2 – 0.3 Volts, warranting pulse mode operation without biasing and cooling. Conclusion: Following a successful mathematical modeling of an optimized detector and measured output voltage, we believe the thin‐film CdTe‐based detector is well suited for imaging with high energy x‐rays used in clinical radiation therapy.
Intergenerational Solidarity in Korean Immigrant Families

Abstract The purpose of this qualitative study is to advance the concepts of the intergenerational solidarity model by using samples of Korean immigrant families. This advancement will be useful for subsequent quantitative studies. This exploratory study uncovered multiple themes that support intergenerational solidarity between Korean immigrant grandparents and grandchildren. These themes characterized supportive relationships based on affection, consensus, a mutual exchange of resources, familial norm, and structural factors such as cohabitation or religion. At the same time, this study showed disagreement and tensions between generations which resulted from different attitudes toward roles and values, as well as being burdened by care. The results of this study provide basic perspectives to clinicians, service providers, and researchers and will improve their understanding of intergenerational relationships among Korean immigrants.
Racial differences in patients with heart failure.

Background and hypothesis: Limited data exist regarding racial differences in heart failure. The objective of this prospective study was to document racial differences in the baseline demographics and patterns of health care utilization and outcomes in patients with heart failure. Methods: The data on 163 consecutive patients (113 black, 50 white) admitted with a diagnosis of heart failure confirmed by pulmonary congestion on chest x-ray were prospectively evaluated. Patient demographics, physical examination findings at admission, comorbid conditions, and medications at admission and discharge were analyzed. Follow-up was performed to document visits to the physician's office after discharge and readmission rate during a 6-month time period. Results: Compared with whites, blacks were younger in age (mean age 63.8 ± 13.7 years vs. 70.8 ± 13.1, p = 0.003), and had a higher prevalence of hypertension (86 vs. 66%, p = 0.004), left ventricular hypertrophy (24 vs. 8%, p=0.02), ejection fraction <40% (64 vs. 43%, p = 0.03), and readmission rate (33 vs. 18%, p = 0.05). Whites had a higher prevalence of atrial fibrillation (42 vs. 21 %, p = 0.006) and more frequently followed up with their cardiologists as outpatients (58 vs. 39%, p = 0.04). Conclusion: Significant racial differences exist in patients with heart failure with regard to age, incidence, etiologic factors, left ventricular hypertrophy, left ventricular function, and clinical follow-up. It is important to consider these racial differences in the evaluation and management of patients with heart failure.
Intravenous Nitroglycerin and Ethanol Intoxication

Excerpt To the editor: Shook and associates (1) have reported in a recent issue two cases of ethanol intoxication in patients receiving high doses of intravenous nitroglycerin. We have had occasion...
Enhancement of Glutathione Content in Glutathione Synthetase-Deficient Fibroblasts from a Patient with 5-Oxoprolinuria via Metabolic Cooperation with Normal Fibroblasts

Fibroblasts from patients with the disease 5-oxoprolinuria have reduced glutathione synthetase activity and are thus glutathione (GSH) deficient. In this study, 5-oxoprolinuria fibroblasts (GM3877 cells) contained less GSH than normal diploid fibroblasts as determined by biochemical analysis and by flow cytometry using monochlorobimane. They also contained lower gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase activity than normal cells. However, cocultures of GM3877 cells and normal cells displayed either normal or slightly elevated GSH content, depending upon the assay used. When differentially labeled with fluorescent beads, cocultured, and then isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, both GM3877 cells and normal cells had GSH content similar to that of sorted normal cells cultured alone, whereas sorted GM3877 cells cultured alone showed depressed GSH content. GM3877 cells had detectable levels of gamma-glutamylcysteine (gamma-GC) when cultured alone, but gamma-GC was undetectable in these cells when they were cocultured with normal cells, indicating that it was efficiently metabolized to GSH by the normal cells. These changes in low-molecular-weight thiols were likely to have been mediated by metabolic cooperation across gap junctions because they were dependent upon confluency and because media conditioned by either cell type failed to significantly alter the GSH content of the other cell type. Cocultures exposed to moderate levels of hydrogen peroxide showed less depletion of GSH than GM3877 cells cultured alone, suggesting that the sharing of low-molecular-weight thiols or other reductants via metabolic cooperation can protect cells from oxidative stress.
Food Preparation Methods Used And Nutritional Information Provided by Nebraska Restaurants

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To develop strategies for marketing nutritious menu items on restaurant menus. Consumer interest in nutrition and health impacts the restaurant industry as a greater proportion of meals are eaten away from home than at home. This study examined menu item preparation methods and determined the availability of nutrition information on menus in Nebraska restaurants. After piloting and revision, a survey was mailed to 1043 restaurants. A total of 537 were returned which represents a 51.5% response rate; however, only 428 were useable surveys. Statistical Analysis System (SAS) Procedure Frequency was used to determine response frequency and percentages. Comparisons were made using Pearson's chi-square, Likelihood chi-square, and Fisher's exact test. Restaurants (42.9%) were located in cities with a population greater than 15,000 or in cities (38.6%) with populations under 3,000. Most restaurants had seating capacities of 50-99 seats (35.6%), were independently owned and had gross sales under $299,999. Mangers reported increased consumer interest (60.8%) in nutritious menu selection. Chefs developed 41% of menu item selections and nutrition programs and food distributors provided 33.6% of menu item selections and 32.6% of nutrition program information. The majority of restaurants did not label or market menu items as nutritious. One-hundred twenty-three restaurants label or market 25% or less of their menu items as nutritious. Over half of the beef and pork was prepared using low fat methods of cookery (steam, bake, saute, & roast). Forty-seven percent of poultry, 43% of seafood, and 39% of fish were prepared using low fat methods. Consumers are wanting more nutritious menu selections, but the industry is not aggressively marketing nutritious selections. Consumers want a combination of foods, that are low fat, low calorie, and low salt but also the comfort foods found on the restaurant menu.
Odoratin and paucin: Cytotoxic sesquiterpene lactones from, Baileya pauciradiata (compositae)

An ethanol extract of Baileya pauciradiata exhibited cytotoxic activity against the human epidermoid carcinoma of the nasopharynx and the lymphocytic leukemia test systems. Two constituents responsible for this activity were isolated and identified as odoratin and paucin. Their identities were proven by IR, PMR, and mass spectral data; elemental analysis; preparation of their acetates; and melting-point determinations. Odoratin was confirmed by comparison with an authentic sample.
Measurement of local size and velocity probability density distributions in two-phase suspension flows by Laser-Doppler technique

Abstract A technique is presented for the simultaneous measurement of the local number and velocity probability densities of a dilute two-phase suspension which has a distribution of particle sizes and a predominate direction of flow orientation such as in the cases of pipe and boundary-layer flows. It is shown that by a suitable scheme of discrimination on the amplitude as well as the residence time and frequency of the individual Laser-Doppler bursts, one can obtain the statistics on the size number density distribution and, for each size range, velocity distribution of the particulate phase together with the velocity probability distribution of the fluid phase. Results have been obtained for experiments conducted on a laminar uniform flow and a turbulent shear flow of a dilute glass particle-water suspension having a particle size distribution. Calibration needed for the scheme was accomplished by analyzing particle size and number density distribution data obtained from a Coulter particle sizing counter on a sample taken with an isokinetic probe.
Explanatory Rationalism and Contingent Truths

This paper extends the orthodox bounds of explanatory rationalism by showing there can be an explanation of why there are positive contingent truths. A positive contingent truth is a true proposition that entails that at least one contingent concrete object exists. It is widely thought that it is impossible to explain why there are positive contingent truths. For example, it is thought by Rowe that ‘God created the universe’ is a positive contingent truth and therefore cannot explain why there are positive contingent truths. I show, however, that the reasoning behind this orthodox view is unsound and that it is possible to explain why there are positive contingent truths.
Peak oil, the rise of China and India, and the global energy crisis

Abstract Should current trends continue, China and India are widely expected to play leading roles in the world economy in the twenty-first century. However, the economic rise of China and India coincides with the decline of fossil fuels. There is growing consensus that the world's total oil production is likely to reach its peak in the near future and, to alleviate global warming, it is necessary to dramatically reduce the use of all forms of fossil fuels. This article discusses the interactions between the economic rise of China and India and the global energy crisis. Several scenarios that range from the failure of the Chinese and the Indian national development projects to global environmental catastrophes are discussed.
Formation constants of protonated and lanthanon N′-methylethylenediamine-N,N,N′-triacetate species

Abstract Formation constants of protonated and chelate species formed between hydrogen ion and rare-earth cations and the anion of the recently synthesized N′-methylethylenediamine-N,N,N′-triacetic acid were determined at an ionic strength of 0.100 M (KNO3) and 25° by a potentiometric method.
A hyperspectral anomaly detector based on partialing out a clutter subspace

ABSTRACT An anomaly detector for hyperspectral imaging based on partialling out the eect of the clutter subspace isdevised. The partialling maximizes the squared correlation between each spectral component and a linearpredictor, with no restrictions on the form of the probability distribution. The detection step is dened bythresholding a Mahalanobis measure of the prediction error. The method is compared to conventional anomalydetectors using VNIR hyperspectral imagery.Keywords: Anomaly detection, hyperspectral imaging, partialling 1. BACKGROUND Anomaly detection in hyperspectral imagery refers to a detection algorithm that identies an abnormal pixelthat deviates signicantly from a population of normal pixels. For hyperspectral imagery, anomaly detection isparticularly useful for identifying man-made objects in a natural background. Common hyperspectral anomalydetectors are discussed by Schaum 1 and Stein et al. 2 Of particular interest to this paper are hyperspectralmethods that can be implemented in real time with a minimal number of parameters such as the RX and theSSRX (Subspace RX) algorithms.The RX detector by Reed and Yu
A stochastic model of traffic flow: Gaussian approximation and estimation

A Gaussian approximation of the stochastic traffic flow model of Jabari and Liu (2012) is proposed. The Gaussian approximation is characterized by deterministic mean and covariance dynamics; the mean dynamics are those of the Godunov scheme. By deriving the Gaussian model, as opposed to assuming Gaussian noise arbitrarily, covariance matrices of traffic variables follow from the physics of traffic flow and can be computed using only few parameters, regardless of system size or how finely the system is discretized. Stationary behavior of the covariance dynamics is analyzed and it is shown that the covariance matrices are bounded. Consequently, Kalman filters that use the proposed model are stochastically observable, which is a critical issue in real time estimation of traffic dynamics. Model validation was carried out in a real-world signalized arterial setting, where cycle-by-cycle maximum queue sizes were estimated using the Gaussian model as a description of state dynamics. The estimated queue sizes were compared to observed maximum queue sizes and the results indicate very good agreement between estimated and observed queue sizes.
The role of service-learning to promote early childhood physical education while examining its influence upon the vocational call to teach

Background: The implementation of service-learning as a teaching and learning method has been well grounded in education, yet the discipline of physical education teacher education (PETE) has been slow to establish itself in this experiential learning paradigm. This study examined the role that service-learning plays in teacher candidates' vocational call to teach. Purpose: One role of service-learning is career exploration. This study examined the influence of service-learning upon first-year PETE candidates' vocational call to teach, measured through journals and a post-program survey. Participants, setting and research design: A group of 26 freshman physical education majors, enrolled in an early childhood motor development course with a course-embedded service-learning project, taught preschool-age children, with and without disabilities, one day weekly for 45 minutes over a full semester at a university gymnasium. A mixed methodology design was employed. Data collection: Data were collected from week...
A New Parameterization of an Asymmetry Factor of Cirrus Clouds for Climate Models

Abstract The aspect ratio (AR) of a nonspherical ice particle is identified as the key microphysical parameter to determine its asymmetry factor for solar radiation. The mean effective AR is defined for cirrus clouds containing various nonspherical ice particles. A new parameterization of the asymmetry factor of cirrus clouds in terms of AR and mean effective size, Dge, is developed for solar radiation. It is based on geometric ray-tracing calculations for hexagonal ice crystals with a simple representation of particle surface roughness. The present parameterization well reproduces the asymmetry factors of complicated ice particles such as bullet rosettes, aggregates with rough surfaces, and fractal crystals and agrees well with observations. It thus can be properly applied to cirrus clouds containing various nonspherical ice particles. The asymmetry factor from this parameterization in the visible spectrum ranges from about 0.73 to more than 0.85. Radiative transfer calculations show that for a cirrus cl...
Nanowire Solar Cells

The nanowire geometry provides potential advantages over planar waferbased or thin-film solar cells in every step of the photoconversion process. These advantages include reduced reflection, extreme light trapping, improved band gap tuning, facile strain relaxation, and increased defect tolerance. These benefits are not expected to increase the maximum efficiency above standard limits; instead, they reduce the quantity and quality of material necessary to approach those limits, allowing for substantial cost reductions. Additionally, nanowires provide opportunities to fabricate complex single-crystalline semiconductor devices directly on low-cost substrates and electrodes such as aluminum foil, stainless steel, and conductive glass, addressing another major cost in current photovoltaic technology. This review describes nanowire solar cell synthesis and fabrication, important characterization techniques unique to nanowire systems, and advantages of the nanowire geometry.
High-performance polysilicon thin film transistors on steel substrates

We fabricated thin film transistors in polycrystalline silicon on steel substrates. The polycrystalline silicon films were made by thermally annealing hydrogenated amorphous silicon precursor films, which had been deposited on stainless steel coated with0.5 lm thick 810∞C-annealed SiO2. We employed annealing temperatures ranging from 600∞C, which is the furnace annealing temperature limit for conventional glass substrates, to 750∞C. Films were crystallized at 650∞C in 1 h with 1-h hydrogen plasma seeding, at 700∞C in 10 min either with or without hydrogen plasma seeding, and at 750∞C in 2 min. The best top-gate transistors were made from films crystallized at 650∞C and had an average electron field-eAect mobility of 64 cm 2 /V s in both the linear and saturated regimes. Thus steel substrates permit a substantial reduction in crystallization time over conventional glass substrates, and produce polycrystalline silicon with an electron mobility greater than other substrates. ” 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Precise Millimeter-Wave Laboratory Frequencies for CS and C34S

Nine successive rotational lines in the ground vibrational state of CS and C34S between 96 GHz (J = 2-1) and 500 GHz (10-9) were measured in the laboratory to an accuracy of a few kHz. When our measurements are combined with the submillimeter-wave measurements of Ahrens & Winnewisser, the entire rotational spectrum of both isotopic species is predicted to an accuracy of about 1 part in 108 up to 500 GHz and 5 parts in 108 near 1000 GHz. These frequencies should be useful for quantitative studies of cloud core collapse and star formation in the millimeter- and submillimeter-wave bands.
Elimination of Foreign DNA during Somatic Differentiation in Tetrahymena thermophila Shows Position Effect and Is Dosage Dependent

In the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila, approximately 15% of the germ line micronuclear DNA sequences are eliminated during formation of the somatic macronucleus. The vast majority of the internal eliminated sequences (IESs) are repeated in the micronuclear genome, and several of them resemble transposable elements. Thus, it has been suggested that DNA elimination evolved as a means for removing invading DNAs. In the present study, bacterial neo genes introduced into the germ line micronuclei were eliminated from the somatic genome. The efficiency of elimination from two different loci increased dramatically with the copy number of the neo genes in the micronuclei. The timing of neo elimination is similar to that of endogenous IESs, and they both produce bidirectional transcripts of the eliminated element, suggesting that the deletion of neo occurred by the same mechanism as elimination of endogenous IESs. These results indicate that repetition of an element in the micronucleus enhances the efficiency of its elimination from the newly formed somatic genome of Tetrahymena thermophila. The implications of these data in relation to the function and mechanism of IES elimination are discussed.
An observer for use with mechanically-steered, limited-scan phased array radars

A state observer is developed to provide the dynamic platform position, rate, and acceleration estimates and predictions required to control a pencil-beam, limited-scan phased array radar used in a multiple-target tracking application. The system design consists of a mechanically steered radar employing an agile electronically scanned aperture with the attendant grating lobes. The selected design can be executed in real time by the system data processor in parallel with operating and controlling other aspects of the system. The suboptimal design utilizes a lookup table approach to selecting filter gains as a function of state vector, turret motor status, and turret dynamic lag. These gains are derived to achieve a balance between required transmit and receive beam steer accuracy and ability to follow turret dynamics during the accelerations with minimum lag. >
Rice GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF1 is a gibberellin receptor that illuminates and raises questions about GA signaling.

Recently, gibberellins (GAs) joined the list of plant hormones with a known receptor protein with the report by [Ueguchi-Tanaka et al. (2005)][1] that the GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF1 (GID1) protein of rice has the expected properties of the long-sought GA receptor. This exciting discovery not
A communication architecture and programming abstractions for real-time embedded sensor networks

Data distribution in embedded real-time sensor networks requires new protocols and programming environments that achieve time-sensitive message delivery and provide useful abstractions to the application programmer Attainment of these goals requires changes to multiple layers of the communication protocol stack. In this paper, we review a protocol suite developed by the authors for data communication in embedded sensor networks. It takes into account time constraints and exports attribute-based connections that are tightly integrated with properties of the monitored environment. A programming language is described that allows external physical objects to be represented as first class abstractions in the computing System. The language facilitates writing monitoring applications. The system was implemented on a prototypical sensor network based on MICA motes.
Coupled-inductor design optimization for fast-response low-voltage DC-DC converters

Multiphase voltage regulator modules (VRMs) for microprocessor power delivery with coupled output inductors are discussed. Strong coupling is shown to be feasible and effective at reducing ripple if the correct magnetic topology is used. For more than two phases, this can be a "ladder" core with windings around each rung. Typical ripple reduction is better than a factor of six with no effect on response time. One can also chose to improve response time while still significantly reducing ripple. A simultaneous numerical optimization of the magnetics and the circuit is used to minimize loss in a fast-response 100 A design.
The Relationship between the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 and Sport Performance: A Meta-Analysis

The multidimensional approach to the study of anxiety (Martens, Vealey, & Burton, 1990a) considers subcomponents of anxiety, specifically cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence. Much of the research based on this theory has utilized the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory (CSAI-2) (Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump, & Smith, 1990b). Findings have been inconsistent, with some research suggesting that the three subcomponents have separate relationships with performance and other studies failing to find any relationship between the anxiety subcomponents and performance. This metaanalysis examined the effect of state anxiety as measured by the CSAI-2 (i.e., cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence) on athletic performance. Studies were coded for characteristics that could potentially moderate the effects of anxiety on performance (i.e., features of design, subjects, sport). Interdependency between the three subscales was examined using multivariate meta-analytic techniques (Becker & Schram, 1994). Relationships among cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, self-confidence, and performance appeared weak. Exploratory modeling showed that self-confidence displayed the strongest and most consistent relationship with performance.
MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS OF THE EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD.

Abstract : A survey of observational and theoretical work pertaining to the origin of planetary magnetic fields is given with special emphasis on the dynamo theory which attempts to explain these fields as arising from magnetohydrodynamic regenerative action. Some points are raised regarding what a satisfactory theory should contain. It is suggested that reversals may occur without a drastic change in the internal flow. A method of using one model of dynamo action to obtain information about the structure of the flow in the core of the earth is proposed.
Generating Kinetic Data for Use in Design and Evaluation of High Temperature Food Processing Systems

The kinetics of sucrose (pH 2.5), Blue#2 (pH 11.3) and Blue#2 (pH 9.5) were determined for high food processing temperatures. A traditional batch kinetic data generation and a novel continuous flow method were examined. The novel method consisted of a tubular flow reactor designed to establish the time-temperature equivalent points for any process. Activation energy values determined for the continuous method were 46.0, 27.2 and 52.3 kJ/mol for sucrose, Blue#2 (pH 11.3) and Blue#2 (pH 9.5), respectively. Values utilizing the traditional batch (capillary tube) generation method yielded 94.6, 58.2 and 74.5 kJ/mol, respectively. Based on these results, a new thermal evaluation technique is proposed for describing difficult to define continuous flow systems.
Provenance in collection-oriented scientific workflows

We describe a provenance model tailored to scientific workflows based on the collection-oriented modeling and design paradigm. Our implementation within the Kepler scientific workflow system captures the dependencies of data and collection creation events on preexisting data and collections, and embeds these provenance records within the data stream. A provenance query engine operates on self-contained workflow traces representing serializations of the output data stream for particular workflow runs. We demonstrate this approach in our response to the first provenance challenge. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of different host substrates on hemipteran salivary protein profiles

Three species of phytophagous insects (Empoasca fabae, E. abrupta and Lygus hesperus) and one species of entomophagous insect (Podisus maculiventris) were transferred from rearing hosts to treatment hosts (THs). After feeding on the THs, the insects were transferred to collection diet sachets (CD) for saliva recovery. The collected salivary proteins were analysed by gel electrophoresis. Different salivary protein profiles were observed for E. fabae and E. abrupta when fed on the same diet. Within species, in the protein profile of E. fabae, more bands were visible from insects fed on broad bean [faba bean] than those fed on a simple diet (SD) [composition not specified]. Also, one band of about 45 kDa was present at much greater percentage composition from insects on the broad bean diet than on SD. E. abrupta demonstrated more bands after being fed SD than pinto bean (PB, Phaseolus vulgaris). For L. hesperus, different banding patterns were observed with insects fed on different diets. More bands were observed for insects that fed on an artifical Lygus-rearing diet than on cotton or PB. More bands were observed after insects fed on cotton compared to PB. Starved insects fed and salivated more than the non-starved insects, yet the protein components of the saliva were similar. In contrast to the phytophagous insects, P. maculiventris showed minimal differences in salivary protein profiles after feeding on Trichoplusia ni or an artificial diet.
Some reflections on the economics of prosecutors: Mandatory vs. selective prosecution

Mandatory prosecution is inefficient according to legal economists. We argue that when prosecutors are fairly insulated from their performance or are highly risk-averse mandatory prosecution is better than selective prosecution. This result has important implications for comparative law. We use our findings to provide a positive explanation for the stylized fact that mandatory prosecution generally prevails in civil law jurisdictions whereas selective prosecution is typical of common law jurisdictions.
Toward Understanding the Risk of Secondary Airborne Infection: Emission of Respirable Pathogens

Certain respiratory tract infections are transmitted through air. Coughing and sneezing by an infected person can emit pathogen-containing particles with diameters less than 10 μ m that can reach the alveolar region. Based on our analysis of the sparse literature on respiratory aerosols, we estimated that emitted particles quickly decrease in diameter due to water loss to one-half the initial values, and that in one cough the volume in particles with initial diameters less than 20 μ m is 6 × 10− 8 mL. The pathogen emission rate from a source case depends on the frequency of expiratory events, the respirable particle volume, and the pathogen concentration in respiratory fluid. Viable airborne pathogens are removed by exhaust ventilation, particle settling, die-off, and air disinfection methods; each removal mechanism can be assigned a first-order rate constant. The pathogen concentration in well-mixed room air depends on the emission rate, the size distribution of respirable particles carrying pathogens, a...
Some discontents with theoretical unification: A response to Henriques' “Psychology Defined”

In response to Henriques' article “Psychology Defined” (this issue), I argue that theoretical unification should not be pursued for its own sake and that many psychologists are unlikely to endorse the specific unifying principles of the Tree of Knowledge System. It is suggested that other scholarly endeavors such as the open pursuit of truth, sustained dialogue among diverse discourse communities, and critical reflection on psychological theories and practice are more important than theoretical unification. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Discriminatively Trained Sparse Code Gradients for Contour Detection

Finding contours in natural images is a fundamental problem that serves as the basis of many tasks such as image segmentation and object recognition. At the core of contour detection technologies are a set of hand-designed gradient features, used by most approaches including the state-of-the-art Global Pb (gPb) operator. In this work, we show that contour detection accuracy can be significantly improved by computing Sparse Code Gradients (SCG), which measure contrast using patch representations automatically learned through sparse coding. We use K-SVD for dictionary learning and Orthogonal Matching Pursuit for computing sparse codes on oriented local neighborhoods, and apply multi-scale pooling and power transforms before classifying them with linear SVMs. By extracting rich representations from pixels and avoiding collapsing them prematurely, Sparse Code Gradients effectively learn how to measure local contrasts and find contours. We improve the F-measure metric on the BSDS500 benchmark to 0.74 (up from 0.71 of gPb contours). Moreover, our learning approach can easily adapt to novel sensor data such as Kinect-style RGB-D cameras: Sparse Code Gradients on depth maps and surface normals lead to promising contour detection using depth and depth+color, as verified on the NYU Depth Dataset.