cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DETACHED EDDY SIMULATIONS FOR AIRFOIL WITH ICE SHAPES

Numerical simulations using the Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) approach were conducted with the aim of improving the predictions of stall for iced airfoils. The WIND code with the DES methodology was first validated with a well-documented circular cylinder flow. The validation results were in good agreement with the experimental and previous numerical results for the time-averaged aerodynamic forces. The unsteady flow field pattern associated with separation was also captured with the WIND DES simulation. Based on these results, a method was established for iced airfoils. The DES computation for an iced NACA23012 airfoil shows a maximum lift coefficient and stall phenomenon qualitatively consistent with experiments, whereas RANS simulations of the same case failed to predict a maximum lift coefficient. Three-dimensional vortex shedding processes were reasonably captured and the surface pressure plateaus in the separation region after ice shape were reasonably predicted, however with some variations as compared to the experimental results.
Characterization of Traveling Wave Ion Mobility Separations in Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations

We report on the development and characterization of a traveling wave (TW)-based Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations (TW-SLIM) module for ion mobility separations (IMS). The TW-SLIM module uses parallel arrays of rf electrodes on two closely spaced surfaces for ion confinement, where the rf electrodes are separated by arrays of short electrodes, and using these TWs can be created to drive ion motion. In this initial work, TWs are created by the dynamic application of dc potentials. The capabilities of the TW-SLIM module for efficient ion confinement, lossless ion transport, and ion mobility separations at different rf and TW parameters are reported. The TW-SLIM module is shown to transmit a wide mass range of ions (m/z 200–2500) utilizing a confining rf waveform (∼1 MHz and ∼300 Vp-p) and low TW amplitudes (<20 V). Additionally, the short TW-SLIM module achieved resolutions comparable to existing commercially available low pressure IMS platforms and an ion mobility peak capacity of ∼32 for TW speeds...
Disposable Pipette Extraction for the Analysis of Organophosphate Pesticides in Cabbage Using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

A rapid analytical method for determination of organophosphorus pesticides in cabbage was established based on disposable pipette extraction(DPE)and gas chromatography-mass spectrometryselective ion monitoring(GC/MS-SIM).The intrinsic rapid mixing capabilities of DPE result in fast and efficient extractions,and eluates are concentrated by using minimal elution solvent volumes rather than solvent evaporation methods.The pretreatment process is easy,simple,economic and efficient.The organophosphorus pesticide residues were analyzed by GC/MS-SIM and quantified with external standards.The results showed average recoveries between 80.5% and 105.3%for nonpolar and slightly polar pesticides(logP≥2),with relative standard deviations(RSD)13%.The limits of detection of the method were below 5.9μg/kg and the limits of quantitation were below 17.7μg/kg.The method is simple and rapid and applicable to determine organophosphorus pesticide residues in vegetables.
Coarse‐grained simulations of proton‐dependent conformational changes in lactose permease

During lactose/H(+) symport, the Escherichia coli lactose permease (LacY) undergoes a series of global conformational transitions between inward-facing (open to cytoplasmic side) and outward-facing (open to periplasmic side) states. However, the exact local interactions and molecular mechanisms dictating those large-scale structural changes are not well understood. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to investigate the molecular interactions involved in conformational transitions of LacY, but the simulations can only explore early or partial global structural changes because of the computational limits (< 100 ns). In this work, we implement a hybrid force field that couples the united-atom protein models with the coarse-grained MARTINI water/lipid, to investigate the proton-dependent dynamics and conformational changes of LacY. The effects of the protonation states on two key glutamate residues (Glu325 and Glu269) have been studied. Our results on the salt-bridge dynamics agreed with all-atom simulations at early short time period, validating our simulations. From our microsecond simulations, we were able to observe the complete transition from inward-facing to outward-facing conformations of LacY. Our results showed that all helices have participated during the global conformational transitions and helical movements of LacY. The inter-helical distances measured in our simulations were consistent with the double electron-electron resonance experiments at both cytoplasmic and periplasmic sides. Our simulations indicated that the deprotonation of Glu325 induced the opening of the periplasmics side and partial closure of the cytoplasmic side of LacY, while protonation of the Glu269 caused a stable cross-domain salt-bridge (Glu130-Arg344) and completely closed the cytoplasmic side. Proteins 2016; 84:1067-1074. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In Vitro Generation of Allospecific Human CD8+ T Cells of Tc1 and Tc2 Phenotype

We have previously shown that allospecific murine CD8+ T cells of the Tc1 and Tc2 phenotype could be generated in vitro, and that such functionally defined T-cell subsets mediated a graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect with reduced graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). To evaluate whether analogous Tc1 and Tc2 subsets might be generated in humans, CD8+ T cells were allostimulated in the presence of either interleukin-12 (IL-12) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) (Tc1 culture) or IL-4 (Tc2 culture). Tc1-type CD8 cells secreted the type I cytokines IL-2 and interferon gamma (IFN-γ), whereas Tc2-type cells primarily secreted the type II cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10. Both cytokine-secreting populations effectively lysed tumor targets when stimulated with anti–T-cell receptor (TCR) antibody; allospecificity of Tc1- and Tc2-mediated cytolytic function was demonstrated using bone marrow–derived stimulator cells as targets. In addition, both Tc1 and Tc2 subsets were capable of mediating cytolysis through the fas pathway. We therefore conclude that allospecific human CD8+ T cells of Tc1 and Tc2 phenotype can be generated in vitro, and that these T-cell populations may be important for the mediation and regulation of allogeneic transplantation responses.
Microbial and Sensory Quality of Refrigerated Market Fryers1

Equal numbers of dressed, bagged whole frying chickens from major Oregon and southern and midwestern processors were purchased from retail markets in each of the four seasons in 1988 for a total of 288 samples. Birds were stored at 3°C for 6 d. Sensory evaluation was done by a minimum of 9 and a maximum of 12 trained panelists using 9-point scales. The flavor and intensity of cooked meat and skin, the aroma and intensity of raw and simmered meat, and raw sliminess were evaluated. Total aerobic microorganisms, psychrotrophic microorganisms, and pseudomonads and thermophilic Campylobacter (two seasons) were determined on raw samples. A slime smear test was also used to determine sliminess. The season and sources of fryers had no significant effect on the microbial counts and sensory qualities. Whether the chicken was evaluated before the "sell-by" date on the package or after was not significantly related to sensory scores or microbial numbers. The mean scores for flavor of cooked meat and skin and aroma of raw and simmered meat were all above fair. Only the raw aroma intensity was significantly correlated (r=-0.88) to the aroma quality. The slime smear tests had a positive relationship (p<0.05) to the raw sliminess score by panelists and to microbial counts. Correlations between microbial counts and flavor of cooked meat and aroma of raw and simmered meat were all significant but weak. The narrow range of microbial counts may explain the weakness of correlations found. Cephalothin-resistant, thermophilic Campylobacter was recovered from 42% of the raw birds.
Energy Levels, Classified Lines, and Zeeman Effect of Neutral Thorium.

A list of about 9500 classified lines of Th I in the range 2345-29 662 A is given. Lines in the range 2345-9239 A were observed and measured at NBS. Zeeman effect data for 2281 lines are listed. Lists of 254 even and 322 odd levels including their g values are presented. Among them there are 72 new levels, which were not contained in earlier publications.
Novel Tumor Suppressor Protein Programmed Cell Death 4 (PDCD4) Suppresses Activity of PI3K/Akt Pathway and Regulates Expression of p27 (Kip1) and c-myc, DAP5 and Willm’s Tumor (WT1) in Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Abstract Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) is a recently identied novel tumor suppressor protein that inhibits cap-dependent mRNA translation. PDCD4 inhibits tumor promoter incuced carcinogenesis and transformation by suppressing the helicase activity of eIF4A, leading to translational inhibition. Recently we found that PDCD4 is required for all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced granulocytic differentiation of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cells (OzpolatA17) and a differentiation block. Here we investigated the downstream mediators or targets of PDCD4 in leukemia cell differentiation. ATRA is currently used as a first line standard treatment in APL. Recently, we reported that ATRA induces translational suppression through multiple posttranscriptional mechanisms that involve suppression of translation initiation, a rate limiting step of protein synthesis (Harris&Ozpolat et al, Blood , 104 (5) 2004). We found that ATRA treatment induced PDCD4 expression in NB4 APL, HL60 AML, primary APL patient leukemia cells and normal human CD34+ bone marrow progenitors cells during granulocytic differentiation. However, ATRA/maturation resistant NB4.R1 and HL60R cells failed to express and translocate PDCD4 into nucleus after ATRA treatment. To identify downstream targets of PDCD4 we knock downed PDCD4 expression by siRNA and examined changes in the expression of target proteins that are known to be regulated by ATRA by Western blot analysis in NB4 cells. We found that PDCD4 represses c-myc, and WT1 expression however, it is required for the expression of DAP5 (death associated protein 5), and cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p27KIP1, and but not c-jun, p21Cip1, and tissue transglutaminase (TG2). Inhibition of PDCD4 by siRNA resulted in upregulation of phospho-P70S6K, suggesting that PDCD4 inhibits activity of PI3K/Akt pathway. RT-PCR analysis revealed that mRNA of these proteins did not change suggesting that PDCD4 tumor suppressor protein regulates expression of these important cellular proteins at translational level and suppresses PI3K/Akt pathway. Furthermore we rapamycin, a specific mTOR inhibitor currently in clinical trials in AML, induced a marked expression of PDCD4, which regulates c-myc and p27 Kip1, revealing a novel mechanism of action of rapamycin, providing new rationale for targeting translational pathways as a therapeutic intervention in the treatment of AML. Overall, data suggest that PDCD4 regulates expression of critical cellular proteins involved in differentiation of leukemia cells and PDCD4 mediated translational control may be an important regulatory mechanism for regulation of gene expression.
Scalable 3D spatial queries for analytical pathology imaging with MapReduce

3D analytical pathology imaging examines high resolution 3D image volumes of human tissues to facilitate biomedical research and provide potential effective diagnostic assistance. Such approach - quantitative analysis of large- scale 3D pathology image volumes - generates tremendous amounts of spatially derived 3D micro-anatomic objects, such as 3D blood vessels and nuclei. Spatial exploration of such massive 3D spatial data requires effective and efficient querying methods. In this paper, we present a scalable and efficient 3D spatial query system for querying massive 3D spatial data based on MapReduce. The system provides an on-demand spatial querying engine which can be executed with as many instances as needed on MapReduce at runtime. Our system supports multiple types of spatial queries on MapReduce through 3D spatial data partitioning, customizable 3D spatial query engine, and implicit parallel spatial query execution. We utilize multi-level spatial indexing to achieve efficient query processing, including global partition indexing for data retrieval and on-demand local spatial indexing for spatial query processing. We evaluate our system with two representative queries: 3D spatial joins and 3D k-nearest neighbor query. Our experiments demonstrate that our system scales to large number of computing nodes, and efficiently handles data-intensive 3D spatial queries that are challenging in analytical pathology imaging.
Subsymbolic Parsing of Embedded Structures

Symbolic artificial intelligence is motivated by the hypothesis that symbol manipulation is both necessary and sufficient for intelligence [34]. Symbolic systems have been quite successful, for example, in modeling in-depth natural language processing [[13], [26], [43]], episodic memory [[22], [24], and problem solving [[23], [35], [36]]. In such systems, knowledge is encoded in terms of explicit symbolic structures, and processing is based on handcrafted rules that operate on these structures.
The Concept of Relegation for Decentralized Control

Abstract Relegation is the assignment of control tasks and information channels in view of coutrol effectiveness, on-line computational complexity, controller capabilit.ies, and physical and structural constraints. In this paper one particular form of relegation, namely decentralized set-point relegation will be introduced. The decentralized control utilized here consists of proportional state feedback and integral output error feedback for each input/output channel. The choice of output set-points is constrained by a given function which has to be satisfied while minimizing the overall cost criterion of the linear quadratic regulator. We consider the cases of uncoupled and coupled subsystems, linear and nonlinear constraint equations.
New Nonlinear Methodologies for Modeling Molecular and Cellular Systems

Abstract Understanding the inherent organizational complexity of biological systems requires mathematical representations that can capture all observed types of system behaviors and yet are simple enough to yield insight and permit analytical evaluations. The Power-Law Formalism provides such representations. Its associated S-system differential equations can be used in two ways: (1) As nonlinear approximations they have proven to be successful modeling tools in a variety of biological areas; (2) As mathematical entities they include a vast range of functions and differential equations as special cases and can be used for classification and efficient evaluation. The review addresses both aspects and discusses their relationships with corresponding properties of Lotka-Volterra models.
ROBIN, a Telepresence Robot to Support Older Users Monitoring and Social Inclusion: Development and Evaluation.

Abstract Introduction: This article describes an enhanced telepresence robot named ROBIN, part of a telecare system derived from the GIRAFFPLUS project for supporting and monitoring older adults at...
Aesthetic Revolution and Modern Democracy: Rancière's Historiography

It has now been some fifteen years that Jacques Ranciere has been developing his meticulous research on the aesthetic revolution that has deeply marked the last two centuries. His work testifies to a remarkable originality insofar as it opposes the modernist discourse that obstinately dominates debates on art history by trafficking in simple and reductive conceptual schemes: classical art and modern art, art theory and artistic practice, art for art's sake and committed art, the non- or anti-representative rupture, the intransitive turning point, and so on. Ranciere's method, moreover, consists in integrating all of those who have been seduced by these schematic representations into his own historical project, turning them into pieces on his chessboard, via what I propose to call explanatory and synthetic polemics. His work also has the particularity of breaking with the dominant categories for thinking the relationship between art and politics, whether those of the Marxist tradition, those of the sociology of art, or those of the post-structuralists. In proposing the notion of a distribution of the sensible common to art and politics, he masterfully analyses their consubstantiality by showing that art, to the extent that it distributes and redistributes the categories of the sensible world (the visible and the invisible, the expressible and the inexpressible, the possible and the impossible, etc.), is already political. In the case of the aesthetic regime of art, he foregrounds, moreover, the proximity between the aesthetic revolution of the last two centuries and the egalitarian politics of democracy, without however confusing the two. Given the unequalled rigour of Ranciere's research, the originality of the positions he takes, and all of the methodological innovations that he introduces, his reader cannot but be surprised that he only rarely broaches a question that nonetheless appears essential to his project, namely that of historical causality: why did the aesthetic revolution, in the specific form that it takes in Ranciere's work, begin near the end of the eighteenth century? Why did it develop in such an intimate, but often conflictual, relationship with modern democracy? Ranciere sometimes refers to a few key events of the modern age, be it the French Revolution, the revival of Christianity, the emergence of the social sciences, the democratic surge of the nineteenth century, or sometimes the birth of the museum and the circulation of novels.
Robust Time-Optimal Guidance in a Partially Uncertain Time-Varying Flow-Field

In this paper, we address the problem of guiding an aerial or aquatic vehicle to a fixed target point in a partially uncertain flow-field. We assume that the motion of the vehicle is described by a point-mass linear kinematic model. In addition, the velocity of the flow-field, which is taken to be time varying, can be decomposed into two components: one which is known a priori and another one which is uncertain and only a bound on its magnitude is known. We show that the guidance problem can be reformulated as an equivalent pursuit evasion game with time-varying affine dynamics. To solve the latter game, we propose an extension of a specialized solution approach, which transforms the pursuit–evasion game (whose terminal time is free) via a special state transformation into a family of games with fixed terminal time. In addition, we provide a simple method to visualize the level sets of the value function of the game, along with the corresponding reachable sets. Furthermore, we compare our conservative game-theoretic solution with a pure optimal control solution, for the special case in which the flow-field is perfectly known a priori.
Nonlinear Parabolic Equations

In this chapter we wish to consider the nonlinear parabolic equation $$ \begin{gathered} {{u}_{t}} - {{u}_{{xx}}} = g(u) \hfill \\ u(0, t) = u(1,t) = 0 \hfill \\ \mathop{{\lim }}\limits_{{t \to 0}} u(x,t) = f(x) \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ (1) We wish to establish an analogue of the classical PoincareLyapunov theorem:If \(g\left( u \right)\) is a power series in u lacking constant and first degree terms if \(parallel f\parallel\) is sufficiently small, then the solution exists for all positive t.
On the Continuum as an Assemblage of Homogeneous Elements or States

Some of the implications are explored of considering a continuum or a “point” in a material as an assemblage of simple models. A discussion is given of the need for and the distinction between a thermodynamics based upon a highly specialized or restricted model and one which is applicable to a wide class of material behavior. A thermodynamic statement developed on the basis of a model of material cannot be a valid general principle if it is not applicable to the combined response of two or more such models. Combinations of viscous models and combinations of elastic — perfectly plastic models are discussed in these terms. The significance of reversibility, or the ability to restore the initial state through mechanical deformation and moderate temperature changes alone, is related to dislocation concepts. Materials which work-harden with strain cycling are contrasted with those which work-soften and those which have been stabilized and do neither. The distinction between frictional and plastic behavior is discussed in thermodynamic terms along with the related questions of the degree of path independence in a space of controllable state variables and the order of the infinity of independent state variables.
Scalable Genome Assembly through Parallel de Bruijn Graph Construction for Multiple k -mers

Remarkable advancements in high-throughput gene sequencing technologies have led to an exponential growth in the number of sequenced genomes. However, unavailability of highly parallel and scalable de novo assembly algorithms have hindered biologists attempting to swiftly assemble high-quality complex genomes. Popular de Bruijn graph assemblers, such as IDBA-UD, generate high-quality assemblies by iterating over a set of k-values used in the construction of de Bruijn graphs (DBG). However, this process of sequentially iterating from small to large k-values slows down the process of assembly. In this paper, we propose ScalaDBG, which metamorphoses this sequential process, building DBGs for each distinct k-value in parallel. We develop an innovative mechanism to “patch” a higher k-valued graph with contigs generated from a lower k-valued graph. Moreover, ScalaDBG leverages multi-level parallelism, by both scaling up on all cores of a node, and scaling out to multiple nodes simultaneously. We demonstrate that ScalaDBG completes assembling the genome faster than IDBA-UD, but with similar accuracy on a variety of datasets (6.8X faster for one of the most complex genome in our dataset).
After-Hours EEG: Relative Value of Emergent Routine Versus Prolonged EEG Recordings.

Objective:After-hours EEG is increasingly used in hospital patients. Although the detection of seizures and interictal epileptiform discharges has been shown to be higher with prolonged EEG (pEEG) than routine-duration EEG, the relative value for particular indications can inform utilization.Method:
Exploring the ins and outs of biodiversity in the moral community

Abstract If moral concern for nonhuman nature underpins conservation, it is essential to understand how individuals populate their “moral communities,” a core concept from environmental ethics, with various elements of biodiversity. Using data from an online survey of the United States public (N = 1331), we investigated the extent to which respondents' moral communities align with four worldviews discussed in the environmental ethics literature: anthropocentrism, zoocentrism, biocentrism, and ecocentrism. Each worldview provides a vision for how the moral community should be constituted. To assess inclusion in terms consistent with ethical theory, we measured whether and the extent to which respondents included abstract sets of entities (humans, sentient/subjective entities, living organisms, entities with vital interests). To assess inclusion in terms relevant to conservation, we measured whether and the extent to which respondents included specific kinds of entities within those sets (e.g., Americans, cougar, fungus, rainforest ecosystem). Roughly half the sample could be affiliated with anthropocentrism, zoocentrism, biocentrism, or ecocentrism, but these respondents did not always include the specific entities they were expected to include based on ethical theory. However, respondents with more inclusive worldviews did believe more entities are included in the moral community, and also professed those beliefs more strongly than respondents with less inclusive worldviews. If strength of inclusivity beliefs is associated with other pro-conservation attitudes, intentions, and behaviors, then people with larger, more diverse moral communities may more strongly support biodiversity conservation.
Long-Term Otitis Media Outcomes in Infants With Early Tympanostomy Tubes:

ObjectiveTo review the otologic outcomes of infants who failed the newborn hearing screen (NBHS) and received early tympanostomy tubes for otitis media with effusion (OME).Study DesignRetrospective...
Modulating microenvironments for treating glioblastoma.

This review focuses on the development and progression of glioblastoma through the brain and glioma microenvironment. Specifically, we highlight how the tumor microenvironment contributes to the hallmarks of cancer in hopes of offering novel therapeutic options and tools to target. The hallmarks of cancer represent elements of cancer that contribute to the disease’s malignancy, yet elements within the brain tumor microenvironment, such as other cellular types as well as biochemical and biophysical cues that can each uniquely affect tumor cells, have not been well-described in this context and serve as potential targets for modulation. Here, we highlight how the brain tumor microenvironment contributes to the progression and therapeutic response of tumor cells. Specifically, we examine these contributions through the lens of Hanahan and Weinberg’s “Hallmarks of Cancer” in order to identify potential novel targets within the brain that may offer a means to treat brain cancers, including the deadliest form of brain cancer, glioblastoma.
The Utopian promise of pop: Dialectic of pop, by Agnès Gayraud, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 2019, 470 pp., $29.95 (pb), ISBN: 9781913029555

Agnes Gayraud has a bone to pick with Theodor Adorno and other critics of pop music. Though Adorno’s major critiques from the 1940s precede contemporary iterations of pop, his view of the genre as ...
Data feminism: by Catherine D’Ignazio and Lauren F. Klein, Cambridge, MA, The MIT Press, 2020, pp. 328, hardcover $29.95, ISBN 9780262044004

All data have biographies: they are collected, cleaned, and complied before they could support powerful decisions. Every junction on this trajectory matters. Yet, according to Catherine D’Ignazio a...
Assessing the Rental Value of Residential Properties: An Abductive Learning Networks Approach

This paper attempts to estimate rental value of residential properties using Abductive Learning Networks (ALN), an artificial intelligence technique. The results indicate that the ALN model provides an accurate estimation of rents with only seven input variables, while other multivariate statistical techniques do not. The ALN model automatically selects the best network structure, node types and coefficients, and therefore it simplifies the maintenance of the model. Once the final model is synthesized, the ALN model becomes very compact, rapidly executable and cost-effective.
Optimal Chemotherapy Scheduling for Non-Genetic Drug Resistance

One of the most difficult challenges in cancer therapy is the emergence of drug resistance within tumors. Sometimes drug resistance can emerge as the result of mutations and Darwinian selection. However, recently another phenomenon has been discovered, in which tumor cells switch back and forth between drug-sensitive and pre-resistant states. Upon exposure to the drug, sensitive cells die off, and pre-resistant cells become locked in to a state of permanent drug resistance. In this paper, we explore the implications of this transient state switching for therapy scheduling. We propose a model to describe the phenomenon and estimate parameters from experimental melanoma data. We then compare the performance of continuous and alternating drug schedules, and use sensitivity analysis to explore how different conditions affect the efficacy of each schedule. We find that for our estimated parameters, a continuous therapy schedule is optimal. However we also find that an alternating schedule can be optimal for other, hypothetical parameter sets, depending on the difference in growth rate between pre- drug and post-drug cells, the delay between exposure to the drug and emergence of resistance, and the rate at which pre-resistant cells become resistant relative to the rate at which they switch back to the sensitive state.
Vitamin D is Associated with α4β7+ Immunophenotypes and Predicts Vedolizumab Therapy Failure in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Vitamin D downregulates the in vitro expression of the gut-tropic integrin α4β7 on immune cells. The clinical relevance of this finding in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that vitamin D is associated with α4β7 immunophenotypes and risk of vedolizumab (anti- α4β7) failure in IBD. METHODS We performed single-cell immunophenotyping of peripheral and intestinal immune cells using mass cytometry (CyTOF) in vedolizumab-naive patients with IBD (N=48). We analyzed whole-genome mucosal gene expression (GSE73661) from GEMINI I and GEMINI long-term safety (LTS) to determine the association between vitamin D receptor (VDR) and integrin alpha-4 (ITGA4) and beta-7 (ITGB7) genes. We estimated the odds of vedolizumab failure with low pre-treatment vitamin D in a combined retrospective and prospective IBD cohort (N= 252) with logistic regression. RESULTS Immunophenotyping revealed that higher 25(OH)D was associated with decreased α4β7+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells (R = -0.400, P < 0.01) and α4β7+ intestinal leukocytes (R = -0.538, P= 0.03). Serum 25(OH)D was inversely associated with α4β7+ peripheral B cells and natural killer (NK) cells and α4β7+ intestinal B cells, NK cells, monocytes, and macrophages. Mucosal expression of VDR was inversely associated with ITGA4 and ITGB7 expression. In multivariate analysis, 25(OH)D < 25 ng/mL was associated with increased vedolizumab primary non-response during induction (OR 26.10, 95% CI 14.30-48.90, P<0.001) and failure at 1-year follow-up (OR 6.10, 95% CI 3.06-12.17, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Low serum 25(OH)D is associated with α4β7+ immunophenotypes and predicts future vedolizumab failure in patients with IBD.
Applications of psychoneuroimmunology models of toxic stress in prevention and intervention efforts across early development.

Abstract Although evidence supporting psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) models of toxic stress have emerged over the past decade, the PNI field has struggled to integrate these important findings into real-world practical applications. There is great potential for these models to reduce the societal burden of childhood adversity by facilitating early detection and prevention with those children and adolescents at greatest risk for stress-related physical and psychological disorders. But further research is needed to validate and scale developmentally appropriate interventions with specific immune and endocrine mechanism-based targets that are developmentally sensitive. The allostatic load and additive PNI models of toxic stress exposure in youth are summarized. These models highlight the importance of integrating a standardized screening of environmental and interpersonal risk factors with stable and scalable cognitive and biological markers of risk. PNI models of toxic stress illustrate the need for intervention delivery as early as possible to prevent negative health outcomes in youth and comprehensive screening efforts would facilitate the deployment of community and family level interventions. This review discusses practical applications of toxic stress models that are currently under investigation, clarifies key obstacles, such as research gaps and scalability, and provides potential solutions, including cross-disciplinary partnerships.
The Musculoskeletal Disorders, Pain Characteristics, and Activity Levels of Caregivers During the Rehabilitation Process and the Consequences on Sleep Condition, Health Status, and Quality of Life

Objective Taking care of a patient can significantly impact both physical and psychological statuses of caregivers. This study aimed to examine musculoskeletal problems, health status, and quality of life of caregivers. This study is novel in determining musculoskeletal disorders, pain characteristics, activity levels, sleep condition, general and psychological health statuses, and quality of life of caregivers. Design A cross-sectional study Patients and Methods A total of 240 participants were enrolled in this prospective and cross-sectional study conducted at a tertiary rehabilitation center (patients, n = 120; caregivers, n = 120). The demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants were recorded during the evaluation process. The Functional Ambulation Classification Scale (FAS) and Barthel Scale scores of the patients were determined. The pain level of the caregivers was evaluated according to the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)–short form was used to evaluate caregivers’ activity levels. The quality of life of caregivers was evaluated with the World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment Scales score (WHOQOL-BREF). The anxiety and depression status of the caregivers were interpreted using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, The health level of the caregivers was evaluated using the Health Assessment Questionnaire. Results A statistically significant positive correlation was found between the duration of caregiving (hours per week) and the pain duration of the caregiver (month) (P = 0.000, r = 0.766). the caregivers who provided longer-term care for their patients (hours per week) had higher VAS scores (P = 0.000, r = 0.944). A significant reverse correlation was found between the duration of caregiving (hours per week) and IPAQ-Walking MET (metabolic equivalent) scores (minutes/week) (P = 0.000, r = –0.811). On the contrary, a positive significant association was detected between the duration of caregiving (hours per week) and IPAQ-Vigorous MET scores (minutes/week) due to the caregiving activities of the patients such as lifting, positioning, and so forth. Also, a significant positive correlation was observed between the duration of caregiving (hours per week) and Hospital Depression Scale scores (P = 0.000, r = 0.394), Hospital Anxiety Scale scores (P = 0.000, r = 0.548), and Health Assessment Questionnaire scores (P = 0.000, r = 0.415). Conclusion Providing protective exercise programs, including walking activity, to caregivers and organizing education programs that include caregiving techniques can positively affect the quality of life of caregivers.
FAN1’s protection against CGG repeat expansion requires its nuclease activity and is FANCD2-independent

The Repeat Expansion Diseases, a large group of human diseases that includes the fragile X-related disorders (FXDs) and Huntington's disease (HD), all result from expansion of a disease-specific microsatellite via a mechanism that is not fully understood. We have previously shown that mismatch repair (MMR) proteins are required for expansion in a mouse model of the FXDs, but that the FANCD2 and FANCI associated nuclease 1 (FAN1), a component of the Fanconi anemia (FA) DNA repair pathway, is protective. FAN1's nuclease activity has been reported to be dispensable for protection against expansion in an HD cell model. However, we show here that in a FXD mouse model a point mutation in the nuclease domain of FAN1 has the same effect on expansion as a null mutation. Furthermore, we show that FAN1 and another nuclease, EXO1, have an additive effect in protecting against MSH3-dependent expansions. Lastly, we show that the loss of FANCD2, a vital component of the Fanconi anemia DNA repair pathway, has no effect on expansions. Thus, FAN1 protects against MSH3-dependent expansions without diverting the expansion intermediates into the canonical FA pathway and this protection depends on FAN1 having an intact nuclease domain.
Complementary population codes in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus during associative learning

Memories are multifaceted and layered, incorporating external stimuli and internal states, and at multiple levels of resolution. Although the hippocampus is essential for memory, it remains unclear if distinct aspects of experience are encoded within different hippocampal subnetworks during learning. By tracking the same dCA1 or vCA1 neurons across cue-outcome learning, we find detailed and externally based (stimulus identity) representations in dCA1, and broad and internally based (stimulus relevance) signals in vCA1 that emerge with learning. These dorsoventral differences were observed regardless of cue modality or outcome valence, and representations within each region were largely stable for days after learning. These results identify how the hippocampus encodes associative memories, and show that hippocampal ensembles not only link experiences, but also imbue relationships with meaning and highlight behaviorally relevant information. Together, these complementary dynamics across hippocampal subnetworks allow for rich, diverse representation of experiences.
Superscalar Floating-Point Vector Computation in Scheme

Scheme is a dialect of Lisp that is based on the lambda calculus, is statically scoped, and has good facilities for abstraction with macros and higher order functions [1]. Numerical applications are written in Scheme using vector objects and operations provided on them. In practice these vectors often contain only floating-point numbers (henceforth referred to as flonums) and common operations are referencing an element, adding two sets of vectors, etc., [2]. The vectors in Scheme are heterogenous structures and so their elements can be any Scheme data objects. Since Scheme is a latently typed language, every element of the vector has a tag describing the type of data object therein [3]. This being the case, using generic (heterogenous) vectors for numerical applications is inefficient for the following three reasons. Operations performed on the elements involve manipulation of the tags. A level of indirection is introduced to fetch or store the data since flonums and the tags cannot be stored in a single word. Also vector-based numerical operations (scalar reduction, vector addition etc.,) are hard to optimize as they require complex static and dynamic analysis. These problems are resolved by introducing new datatypes (flovec's) and associated operations (scalar reduction, vector addition etc.,) to handle homogenous vectors of single and double precision flonums. By virtue of their being homogenous the need for tagging each element is eliminated and along with it the first two problems. Also, since the operations that are provided are specific to the datatype, they can be optimized for speed. This allows elegant and efficient implementation of numeric intensive programs in Scheme. A prototype implementation generating code for Intel's i860 superscalar RISC processor running on the Alliant FX 2800 at University of Illinois has been completed and has yieled good speedup.
Rebuttal from David C. Poole

Direct observation of the muscle microcirculation at rest reveals moving red blood cells (RBCs) in most capillaries, and this is consonant with dye injections in conscious animals and rest and exercise measurements of muscle [hemoglobin] in humans (Fraser et al. 2012; Poole, 2014; Poole et al. 2011, 2013; Richardson et al. 2003). There is substantial heterogeneity of RBC flux and haematocrit among capillaries and across time within capillaries. Thus, the notion of a given capillary, or unit of its surface area, representing a quantum unit of exchange either for RBC-borne O2 or for plasma substrates is absurd. The presence of the endothelial surface layer (glycocalyx) means that RBCs and plasma move at very different rates. This phenomenon renders the notion of ‘blood volume’ obscure because the volumetric proportion of RBCs versus plasma varies widely and is dependent upon flow rate. My learned colleagues (Barrett et al. 2014) find evidence for insulin-induced capillary recruitment in skin (Meijer et al. 2012). Whilst suggesting that, for some undisclosed reason, thin muscles are not representative of thicker muscles, they suppose that skin capillaries behave synonymously to those in muscle, contrary to their own data (Meijer et al. 2012). Profound organ-dependent differences exist with respect to capillary structure and function (Poole, 2014; Poole et al. 2011, 2013). The support by Barrett et al. (2014) for de novo capillary recruitment is predicated upon model-based interpretation of increased contrast-enhanced ultrasound bubbles and 1-methyl xanthine metabolism with insulin (non-flow dependent) and muscle contractions (partly flow dependent). These indirect techniques have been heavily criticized (Poole, 2014, Poole et al. 2011, 2013). Moreover, their observed microvascular volume increases are accounted for in toto by modification of the endothelial surface layer (Eskens et al. 2013). In addition, the studies by Barrett and colleagues (Inyard et al. 2007; Barrett et al. 2014) are implausible because contractions in healthy muscle were not accompanied by an increased blood flow‡ The wrong view of science obscures basic mechanisms of function/ dysfunction. For instance, heart failure and diabetes (type I/II) decrease the proportion of muscle capillaries supporting flow (Poole et al. 2011, 2012, 2013). An understanding of this phenomenon helps to explain the reduced O2 diffusing capacity and impaired glucose uptake in these diseases. This pathology would be undetected if massive capillary stasis were considered normal, and the correct therapeutic targets may be missed. In closing, Barrett et al. (2014) and I agree that ‘microvascular recruitment’ is important for increased delivery of O2 and substrates to muscle. However, the nature of that recruitment is not massive initiation of RBC flux in non-flowing vessels with insulin or contractions but, rather, an expansion of capillary volume by endothelial surface layer modification and longitudinal recruitment of exchange capacity along the length of already flowing capillaries.
The Effects of Resin Thermal Degradation on Thermostructural Response of Carbon-Phenolic Composites and the Manufacturing Process of Carbon-Carbon Composites

Research in the effects of thermal degradation of phenolic resins on the anomalous behaviors in the thermostructural response of carbon-phenolic composites and in the manufacturing process of carbo...
Songwriting as Musicological Inquiry: Examples from the Popular Music Classroom

Drawing upon firsthand experience developing and assessing such assignments and contextualizing these projects within the best practices developed in music education, this essay argues that songwriting and composition exercises, coupled with guided reflection and analysis, can offer rich opportunities for students to engage creatively with key musical concepts, to learn about musical structure and style through hands-on activities, and to reach a strong understanding of the various ways that music can signify meaning across time and social settings.
Broad band excitation of Dy/sup 3+/ emission by localized tail state absorption in chalcogenide glasses

We have previously reported investigations of Er-doped and Pr-doped Ge/sub 33/As/sub 12/Se/sub 55/ glasses, both of which displayed exceptionally broad rare earth photoluminescence (PL) bands. In addition, the photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra of both the 1640 nm Pr(3+) emission (/sup 3/F/sub /spl rarr///sup 3/H/sub 4/) and the 1540 nm Er/sup 3+/ emission (/sup 4/I/sub 13/2//spl rarr//sup 4/I/sub 15/2/) exhibit nearly identical broad excitation bands from /spl sim/500-1000 nm. On the basis of their line shapes, these broad PLE bands were attributed to absorption by defect- or impurity-related localized band tail states in the host glass, which then transferred their energy to the rare earth atoms. We present here a parallel investigation of Dy-doped Ge/sub 33/As/sub 12/Se/sub 55/ glass. This is an excellent system in which to test our hypothesis concerning the origin of the broad PLE bands because the Dy atoms have a series of emissions ranging from 2800 nm to 1150 nm, all terminating in the ground slate. In addition, Dy-doped chalcogenide glasses are of technological interest because of possible application in fiber amplifiers.
Modeling tensile strength of materials processed by accumulative roll bonding

Abstract Nanostructured materials are a relatively new class of materials that exhibit advanced mechanical properties, thus improving performance and capabilities of products, with potential applications in the automotive, aerospace and defense industries. Among the severe plastic deformation (SPD) methods currently used for achieving nanoscale structures, accumulative roll bonding (ARB) is the most favorable method to produce grain refinement for continuous production of metallic sheets at a bulk scale. In this article, a model that describes the evolution of material strength due to processing via accumulative roll bonding was developed. ARB experiments were conducted on CP-Ti Grade 2 at a selected set of conditions. The results showed significant grain refinement in the microstructure (down to ∼120 nm) and a two-fold increase in tensile strength as compared to the as-received material. The developed model was validated using the experimental data, and exhibited a good fit over the entire range of ARB processing cycles. To further validate the model and ensure its robustness for a wider array of materials (beyond CP-Ti), a review of efforts on ARB processing was carried out for five other materials with different initial microstructures, mechanical properties, and even crystalline structures. The model was still able to capture the strengthening trends in all considered materials.
The formation of volatile corrosion products during the mixed oxidation-chlorination of cobalt at 650 °C

The reaction of cobalt with 1 pct Cl2 in 1,10, and 50 pct O2/Ar atmospheres has been studied at 650 °C with thermogravimetry and mass spectrometry. The principal vapor species appear to be CoCl2 and CoCl3. In all cases, CoCl2 (s) forms at the oxide/metal interface and equilibration of the volatile chlorides with Co3O4 does not occur in the early stages of the reaction. In the 1 pct C12-1 pct O2-Ar case, continuous volatilization occurs. In the 1 pct C12-10 pct O2-Ar and 1 pct C12-50 pct O2-Ar cases, volatilization occurs only in the first few minutes of reaction. Afterwards, the reaction is predominantly oxidation.
Neurotoxicity of immunosuppressive drugs

The clinical profile of neurotoxicity caused by immunosuppression has changed. When toxic levels are reached, both cyclosporine and tacrolimus may produce a clinical spectrum that varies from tremor and acute confusional state to status epilepticus and major speech or language abnormalities. Coma has become an unusual manifestation. Magnetic resonance imaging has been better defined, and abnormalities may be more widespread than those in the posterior lobes. These white matter lesions are caused by vasogenic edema, but may lead to apoptosis and cytotoxic edema if exposure is prolonged. Recent evidence suggests inhibition of a drug-efflux pump and dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier by enhanced nitric oxide production.