cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adam Smith, scientist and evolutionist: modelling other-regarding behavior without social preferences

In this essay, I want to illustrate the power of Sentiments to bring order to contemporary experiments where the traditional game-theoretic models failed decisively to predict human action even under the conditions of anonymity. Sentiments is about sympathy, an undefined primitive human characteristic known and identified through the work it does in enabling the emergence of the human capacity for fellow feeling (in: Smith (ed) The theory of moral sentiments, Oxford, Oxford University Press, p. 10, 1759). Fellow feeling provides the experiential foundation for our rule-following conduct, and constitutes the evolutionary basis for human sociality. Similarly, gravity in Newtonian physics was a primitive concept known by the work it does in governing the orderly motion of all bodies in the observable universe, as it was known in Newton’s time. Both systems sought to explain and understand observations by means of postulated forces at work in nature, but insensible to human awareness.
What are my chances? An imagery versus discursive processing approach to understanding ratio-bias effects

Abstract Ratios are often used to communicate risk. Thus, it is important to understand when and why certain ratios communicate greater risk. Prior research on the ratio-bias effect suggests that people often assume greater risk when ratios use larger than smaller numbers. Yet, support for this effect has been mixed. The present research contributes to this literature by applying a dual-process theory that distinguishes between discursive and imagery-based processing of ratios, thereby offering new insights into the ratio-bias effect and when it occurs. Specifically, when processing discursively (as numbers), the ratio-bias effect should emerge. However, because imagery processing is more holistic, the ratio-bias effect should reverse when imagery processing is encouraged (via graphics or instructions to imagine). The results of six studies support these predictions. In addition to shedding light on how different ways of processing numerical information influences risk judgments and willingness to act, this research has important implications for crafting messages designed to communicate risk.
Can We Use Platform Information Locally

We now discuss how accumulated platform information (Section 2) can benefit a local user. Unfortunately, these measurements cannot be used to directly provide information to local software; i.e., it does not make sense for higher-privileged software to use these measurements to convey information to less-privileged software, since the less-privileged software must already trust the higher-privileged software.
Enteral nutrition and enteral tube feeding: Review of the evidence

A large body of evidence points to the harmful consequences of undernutrition in older persons. These consequences can include decline in anemia, sarcopenia, and decline in immune function, as well as decline in activities of daily living and increased risks of falls and fractures. Awareness of these dangers and identification of patients with undernutrition or at high risk for undernutrition is the first and most important step in correcting these conditions. Interventions include dietary advice, hypercaloric feedings, and nutritional supplements. This article focuses on enteral nutrition to enhance the nutritional status of elderly persons who are at risk or already are suffering from undernutrition and its consequences.
Versatile communication algorithms for data analysis

Large-scale parallel data analysis, where global information from a variety of problem domains is resolved in a distributed memory space, relies on communication. Three communication algorithms motivated by data analysis workloads--merge based reduction, swap based reduction, and neighborhood exchange--are presented, and their performance is benchmarked. These algorithms communicate custom data types among blocks assigned to processes in flexible ways, and their performance is optimized by tunable parameters. Performance is compared with an MPI implementation and with previous communication algorithms on an IBM Blue Gene/P supercomputer at a variety of message sizes and process counts.
Ultrasensitive Biomems Sensors Based on Microcantilevers Patterned with Environmentally Responsive Hydrogels

An innovative platform was developed for ultrasensitive microsensors based on microcantilevers patterned with crosslinked copolymeric hydrogels. A novel UV free-radical photolithography process was utilized to precisely align and pattern environmentally responsive hydrogels onto silicon microcantilevers, after microcantilevers were fabricated and released. Specifically, a crosslinked poly(methacrylic acid) network containing high amounts of poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate was prepared and investigated. Hydrogels were patterned onto the silicon microcantilevers utilizing a mask aligner to allow for precise positioning. The silicon surface was modified with γ-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane to gain covalent adhesion between the polymer and the silicon. The hydrogels sensed and responded to changes in environmental pH resulting in a variation in surface stress that deflected the microcantilever. The bending response of patterned cantilevers with a change in environmental pH was observed, showing the possibility to construct MEMS/BioMEMS sensors based on microcantilevers patterned with environmentally responsive hydrogels. An extraordinary maximum sensitivity of 1 nm/5×10−5ΔpH was observed, demonstrating the ultrasensitivity of this microsensor platform.
New Approaches to the Diagnosis and Classification of the Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas

Malignant lymphomas have been traditionally classified morphologically. The classification published by Rappaport in 1966 (1), with minor modifications (2,3), has been the one most widely employed for clinicopathologic studies (table 1).
Pore-scale modelling of multiphase reactive flow: application to mineral dissolution with production of

A micro-continuum approach is proposed to simulate the dissolution of solid minerals at the pore scale in the presence of multiple fluid phases. The approach employs an extended Darcy–Brinkman–Stokes formulation that accounts for the interfacial tension between the two immiscible fluid phases and the moving contact line at the mineral surface. The simulation framework is validated using an experimental microfluidic device that provides time-lapse images of the dissolution dynamics. The set-up involves a single-calcite crystal and the subsequent generation of bubbles during the injection of acid in a carbonate formation may limit the overall dissolution rate and prevent the emergence of wormholes.
Hybrid Rigid-Soft Hand Exoskeleton to Assist Functional Dexterity

A hybrid hand exoskeleton, leveraging rigid and soft elements, has been designed to serve as an assistive device to return the ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL) and improve quality of life for a broad population with hand impairment. This glove-like exoskeleton, the SeptaPose Assistive and Rehabilitative (SPAR) Glove, is underactuated, enabling seven hand poses which support most ADLs. The device resides on the spectrum between traditional rigid devices and the latest soft robotic designs. It includes novel ergonomic elements for power transmission and additional features to enable self-donning and doffing. Embedded sensors enable pose estimation and intent detection for intuitive control of the glove. In this paper, we summarize the overall design of the glove, and present details of the novel rigid palm bar and hyperextension prevention elements. We characterize the grasp force and range of motion (ROM) of the glove, and present initial feedback from an end user. The SPAR Glove meets or exceeds the functional requirements of ADLs for both ROM and grasp force. Additionally, the glove exceeds the grasp force capabilities of comparable devices, while simultaneously offering the highest number of poses. In addition to its role as an assistive device, the SPAR Glove exoskeleton has the potential to provide “hands-in” rehabilitation, centered on performing functional tasks. In the near term, the glove is a highly capable prototype for exploring hybrid assistive device design, intent detection, and user interface research.
American Indian women cancer survivors' coping with depressive symptoms.

Objective: Depressive symptoms have been identified as a primary predictor of quality of life among cancer patients. Depression and cancer are co-occurring and disproportionately elevated for Ameri...
Lack of association of biologic therapy for psoriasis with psychiatric illness: An electronic medical records cohort study.

Background Psoriasis and biologic therapies have been associated with psychiatric illnesses. Objective To determine if persons with psoriasis or those exposed to biologics are more likely to develop a psychiatric illness. Methods Retrospective electronic medical records cohort study. Results Individuals with psoriasis were significantly more likely to have a history of several medical (eg, cardiovascular illnesses) and psychiatric (eg, depression, suicide) illnesses than those without psoriasis. Those with psoriasis who were prescribed a biologic therapy were significantly less likely than those with psoriasis not prescribed a biologic agent to receive a psychiatric illness diagnosis (hazard ratio for any psychiatric illness 0.52, 95% confidence interval 0.51-0.53, P Limitations These findings were likely attributable to treatment selection bias. Conclusion Individuals with psoriasis have an increased risk of several medical and psychiatric illnesses. Individuals with psoriasis prescribed biologic agents are less likely than those not prescribed biologic agents to develop psychiatric illnesses. Most likely because of treatment selection, individuals with psoriasis prescribed biologic therapy are not currently at increased risk of a psychiatric outcome.
Smart Homes: See Multiple Heartbeats Through Wall Using Wireless Signals

In this paper, we developed a new multiple-subject heart-rates monitoring algorithm through a wall using a wireless sensor. We proposed an adaptive heart-rate estimation algorithm to enable continuous heart-rate monitoring. Finally, we demonstrated the proposed theory through experimental demonstration.
Trends in thermal maturity indicators for the organic sulfur-rich Eagle Ford Shale

Abstract Thermal maturity is critical to evaluate petroleum systems and to interpret biomarker results for paleoenvironmental and geobiology studies. Many thermal maturity indices were developed for marine source rocks containing type II kerogen, but their behavior in organic sulfur-rich source rocks requires more investigation. Here, we present geochemical analyses of whole and extracted rock, isolated kerogen, and extractable organic matter across a natural thermal maturity sequence of the Upper Cretaceous Eagle Ford Shale to evaluate the behavior of maturity parameters in organic sulfur-rich source rocks. The samples have similar mineralogy and trace element composition, minimizing potential facies effects on thermal maturity parameters. Atomic H/C ratios of isolated kerogen, extractable organic matter yield, and programmed pyrolysis results show that the samples range from the pre-oil through dry gas generation windows. Programmed pyrolysis data and kerogen elemental ratios show that the immature samples host both type IIS (atomic Sorg/C > 0.04) and sulfur-rich type II kerogen (kerogen Sorg/C: 0.03–0.04) while samples with lower kerogen Sorg/C ratios (kerogen Sorg/C
Following the Leaders? How to Restore Progress in Global Climate Governance

The Paris Agreement is in trouble. Here we assess the potential for climate leaders to bring the global climate regime back on track by developing a strategic understanding of followership. In othe...
Availability of medical cannabis dispensaries and cannabis abuse/dependence-related hospitalizations in California.

Aims To estimate associations between both current- and prior-year medical cannabis dispensary densities and hospitalizations for cannabis use disorder in California, USA between 2013 and 2016. Design Spatial analysis of ZIP code-level hospitalization discharge data using Bayesian Poisson hierarchical space-time models over 4 years. Setting and cases California, USA from 2013 to 2016 (6832 space-time ZIP code units). Measurements We assessed associations of annual hospitalizations for cannabis use disorder [assignment of a primary or secondary code for cannabis abuse and/or dependence using ICD-9-CM or ICD-10-CM (outcome)] with the total number of medical cannabis dispensaries per square mile in a ZIP code as well as dispensary temporal and spatial lags (primary exposures). Other exposure covariates included alcohol outlet densities, manual labor and retail sales densities and ZIP code-level economic and demographic conditions. Findings One additional dispensary per square mile was associated with a median risk ratio of 1.021 (95% credible interval 1.001, 1.041). Prior-year dispensary density did not appear to be associated with hospitalizations (median risk ratio = 1.006, 95% CrI = 0.986, 1.026). Higher median household income, higher unemployment, greater off-premises alcohol outlet density and lower on-premises alcohol outlet density and poverty were all associated with decreased ZIP code-level risk of cannabis abuse/dependence hospitalizations. Conclusions In California, USA, the increasing density of medical cannabis dispensaries appears to be positively associated with same-year but not next-year hospitalizations for cannabis use disorder.
Comments on the Efficacy and Safety of Diclofenac–Hyaluronate Conjugate Trial by Nishida and Colleagues

Nishida and colleagues conducted a Phase III placebo-controlled repeated knee injection study on persons with radiographically confirmed symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (1). This design allows for the determination of true effects of the active ingredient (diclofenac etalhyaluronate) over that attributable to placebo (contextual) injection effects and non-specific effects (2). My comments on the trial relate to three issues.
State income taxes and team performance

Professional athletes are both highly paid and highly mobile workers. Previous research has shown that athletes respond to state income taxes differentials through bargaining and migration. If athletes are compensated for state tax burden, teams located in higher taxed states may be at a competitive disadvantage. I examine the effect of state income taxes on professional sports team performance. Using within-team variation in state top marginal income tax rates, I show that, only after the availability of free agency, did state income tax increases lower team winning percentages. I find that for each percentage point increase in state income tax rates, team winning declines by 0.70 percentage points.
Clinicopathologic characteristics and oncologic outcomes in adenosarcoma of gynecologic sites

Objectives: Adenosarcoma is a rare neoplasm of which there is limited data available in the literature. The objective of this study is to examine clinicopathologic characteristics and oncologic outcomes of patients diagnosed with adenosarcoma. In addition, this study aims to evaluate fertility preservation as a practical management option in early-stage disease. Methods: A retrospective review was performed of 31 patients treated for uterine, ovarian, or cervical adenosarcoma at our institution between 1/2000-3/2020. Results: Median age was 51 years (IQR: 41-68). Median follow-up time was 26 months (IQR:13-83). Primary sites included uterus (n=23, 74.2%), cervix (n=7, 22.6%), and ovary (n=1, 3.2%). Stage at diagnosis was as follows: IA (n=18, 58.1%), IB (n=7, 22.6%), IC (n=3, 9.7%), IIIA (n=1, 3.2%), IIIC (n=1, 3.2%), and IVB (n=1, 3.2%). Surgical management primarily consisted of total hysterectomy±bilateral salpingo-oopherectomy±lymph node dissection. Fifteen (48.1%) patients underwent lymph node dissection; no patients had positive nodes. Ovaries were preserved in 6 (19.4%). In terms of adjuvant therapy, 22 (71.0%) patients received none, 4 (12.9%) received chemotherapy, 1 (3.2%) received chemoradiation, and 3 (9.7%) received hormonal therapy. Seven patients had recurrences, of which 1 was vaginal, 2 were regional, and 4 were distant. Of these 7 patients, 4 were patients with early-stage disease. Sarcomatous overgrowth (p=0.04), high grade histology (p=0.002), and greater degree of myometrial invasion (p=0.001) were associated with higher rate of recurrence. Adjuvant therapy was not associated with decreased rate of recurrence. None of the 6 patients with ovarian preservation had recurrences. At last follow up, 21 patients (67.7%) had no evidence of disease, 7 (22.6%) were deceased due to disease, and 3 (9.7%) were deceased due to non-related reasons. Conclusions: Early stage adenosarcoma appears to have a relatively good prognosis, especially in the absence of risk factors, such as sarcomatous overgrowth, high grade histology, and myometrial invasion. Lymphadenectomy and chemotherapy may play a limited role in this patient cohort. Further, ovarian preservation appears to be a feasible management option with non-inferior outcomes for premenopausal women with early stage disease.
NRF2 promotes urothelial cell response to bacterial infection by regulating reactive oxygen species and RAB27B expression.

Summary Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) cause urinary tract infections (UTIs) by invading urothelial cells. In response, the host mounts an inflammatory response to expel bacteria. Here, we show that the NF-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) pathway is activated in response to UPEC-triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. We demonstrate the molecular sequence of events wherein NRF2 activation in urothelial cells reduces ROS production, inflammation, and cell death, promotes UPEC expulsion, and reduces the bacterial load. In contrast, loss of NRF2 leads to increased ROS production, bacterial burden, and inflammation, both in vitro and in vivo. NRF2 promotes UPEC expulsion by regulating transcription of the RAB-GTPase RAB27B. Finally, dimethyl fumarate, a US Food and Administration-approved NRF2 inducer, reduces the inflammatory response, increases RAB27B expression, and lowers bacterial burden in urothelial cells and in a mouse UTI model. Our findings elucidate mechanisms underlying the host response to UPEC and provide a potential strategy to combat UTIs.
The Role of Antibiotics, Immunizations, and Adenoviruses in Pertussis

Sixty-five patients with pertussis were identified by a clinical criterion, and Bordetella pertussis was isolated from 75% of these patients or their symptomatic household contacts. Negative nasopharyngeal cultures were usually associated with either a history of antibiotic therapy with erythromycin or tetracycline (two of three patients), two or more diphtheria and tetanus toxoids with pertussis (DTP) vaccines (six of eight patients), or both (two of three patients). Erythromycin therapy resulted in the elimination of B. pertussis from the nasopharynx in 2 to 7 days (mean, 3.6 days) compared with 7 to 17 or more days (mean, greater than 12 days) in patients treated with no antibiotics, but had no effect on the duration or severity of illness as judged by length of hospitalization. Adenoviruses were recovered from five of 44 patients cultured. Four of these isolates were from throat swabs obtained early in the illness and the remaining isolate was from one of 33 repeated viral cultures obtained two to three weeks later; B. pertussis was also isolated from these five patients. Paired serum samples were obtained from only two of these patients. Neither demonstrated a fourfold rise in adenoviral complement-fixing antibodies. Therefore, in these patients, adenoviral isolation may have been secondary to reactivation of a latent viral infection by infection with B. pertussis.
Correlations between vibrational entropy and dynamics in liquids.

An approximate relation between the vibrational entropy and the mean square displacement of the particles is derived. Using observations of the short-time dynamics in liquids of various fragility, it is argued that (i) if the crystal entropy is significantly smaller than the liquid entropy at Tg, the extrapolation of the vibrational entropy leads to the correlation TK T0, where TK is the Kauzmann temperature and T0 is the temperature extracted from the Vogel-Fulcher fit of the viscosity, and (ii) the jump in specific heat associated with vibrational entropy is very small for strong liquids, and increases with fragility. The analysis suggests that these correlations stem from the stiffening of the Boson peak under cooling, underlying the importance of this phenomenon on the dynamical arrest. © 2010 The American Physical Society.
THE ENERGY LOST BY DIFFERENTIAL ROTATION IN THE GENERATION OF THE SOLAR TOROIDAL MAGNETIC FIELD

The integrals, Ii(t) = ∫GL ui j × B i dv over the volume GL are calculated in a dynamo model of the Babcock–Leighton type studied earlier. Here, GL is the generating layer for the solar toroidal magnetic field, located at the base of the solar convection zone (SCZ); i=r, θ, φ, stands for the radial, latitudinal, and azimuthal coordinates respectively; j = (4π)-1 ∇ × B, where B is the magnetic field; ur,uθ are the components of the meridional motion, and uφ is the differential rotation. During a ten-year cycle the energy ∫cycle Iφ(t)dt needs to be supplied to the azimuthal flow in the GL to compensate for the energy losses due to the Lorentz force. The calculations proceed as follows: for every time step, the maximum value of |Bφ| in the GL is computed. If this value exceeds Bcr (a prescribed field) then there is eruption of a flux tube that rises radially, and reaches the surface at a latitude corresponding to the maximum of |Bφ| (the time of rise is neglected). This flux tube generates a bipolar magnetic region, which is replaced by its equivalent axisymmetric configuration, a magnetic ring doublet. The erupted flux can be multiplied by a factor Ft, i.e., by the number of eruptions per time step. The model is marginally stable and the ensemble of eruptions acts as the source for the poloidal field. The arbitrary parameters Bcr and Ft are determined by matching the flux of a typical solar active region, and of the total erupted flux in a cycle, respectively. If E(B) is the energy, in the GL, of the toroidal magnetic field Bφ = B sin θ cos θ, B (constant), then the numerical calculations show that the energy that needs to be supplied to the differential rotation during a ten-year cycle is of the order of E(Bcr), which is considerably smaller than the kinetic energy of differential rotation in the GL. Assuming that these results can be extrapolated to larger values of Bcr, magnetic fields ≈104 G, could be generated in the upper section of the tachocline that lies below the SCZ (designated by UT). The energy required to generate these 104 G fields during a cycle is of the order of the kinetic energy in the UT.
Integrase mutants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with a specific defect in integration.

A previous genetic analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase protein failed to identify single amino acid substitutions that only block the integration of viral DNA (C.-G. Shin, B. Taddeo, W.A. Haseltine, and C.M. Farnet, J. Virol. 68:1633-1642, 1994). Additional substitutions of amino acids that are highly conserved among retroviral integrases were constructed in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and analyzed for their effects on viral protein synthesis and processing, virion morphology, and viral DNA synthesis and integration in an attempt to identify mutants with a specific defect in integration. Four single amino acid substitutions resulted in replication defective viruses. Conservative, single amino acid substitutions of the two invariant aspartic acid residues found in all retroviral integrases prevented the integration of viral DNA and had no detectable effect on the other stages in the viral replication cycle, indicating that these mutants exhibited a specific defect in integration. Mutations at two positions, S-81 and P-109, blocked the integration of viral DNA but also resulted in the production of viral particles that exhibited reduced reverse transcriptase activity, suggesting additional defects in viral replication. Substitution of the highly conserved amino acid T66 had no effect on viral replication in a CD4+ human T-cell line. This analysis extends the range of possible phenotypes that may be produced by single amino acid substitutions in conserved residues of the integrase protein.
Ultrathin InAs-channel MOSFETs on Si substrates

Planar ultrathin InAs-channel MOSFETs were demonstrated on Si substrates with gate lengths (L g ) as small as 20 nm. The III-V epitaxial buffer layers were grown on 300 mm Si substrates by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) and the subsequent InAlAs bottom barriers and InAs channel were grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The devices at 20 nm L g show high transconductance, ∼2.0 mS/μm at V DS =0.5V.
That Dog Don't Hunt: The Twelfth Amendment after Jones v. Bush

Prior to the 1804 presidential election, electors did not cast separate ballots for President and Vice President. The candidate receiving the most votes was elected President and the runner up, Vice President. To differentiate between the party's choices for each office, one elector was designated to cast an odd vote so that the two candidates would not receive identical totals. The latent difficulty with this provision came to the fore in 1800 when the Democratic-Republican nominees dead- locked. The Twelfth Amendment was subsequently adopted to correct this defect, and, thereafter, electors have been required to cast separate ballots for President and Vice President. Amendment XII states:The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President....Although the District Court's decision with regards to the definition of "inhabitant" in Jones v. Bush is not binding precedent, it does call for an examination of the Twelfth Amendment's meaning of "inhabitant" and the role of the Federal judiciary in the certification process of electoral votes. The court ruled that the term "inhabitant," as used in the Twelfth Amendment, is coextensive with the legal doctrine of domicile used in determining state residency for the purpose of establishing diversity jurisdiction in Federal courts.' This interpretation effectively swallows whole the requirement that both candidates standing for election for President and Vice President be from different states. It also contravenes both the text of the Twelfth Amendment, and the intentions of the Framers to prevent two favorite sons of the same state from running together. Based upon the decision in Jones v. Bush, future presidential candidates could reasonably read it to allow the selection of running mates that may be clearly inhabitants of the same state under the Twelfth Amendment, but cosmetically change their residence in order to run for high office.This Article seeks to: (II) examine the decision in Jones v. Bush and its implications regarding the future of the Twelfth Amendment's inhabitancy requirement, (III) examine the meaning of the term "inhabitant" as intended by the Framers and as it applies to the Cheney case, and (IV) argue that the interpretation of the meaning of the term "inhabitant" in the Twelfth Amendment is intended to be made by the United States Congress in its capacity as the certifier of electoral votes, not the Judiciary, thereby coming under the rubric of the Political Question Doctrine.
The reference materials system—a framework for substitution analysis*

A comprehensive systems approach to materials policy analysis, the Reference Materials System (RMS), has been developed and is described. The RMS provides a systematic approach to organizing diverse materials on all processes ranging from extraction of resources through their refinement, transportation, fabrication, installation, and maintenance at the point of end use, as well as recycling. This system can be used for the assessment of material technologies, substitutions and policies, and has been applied to assess the role of renewable materials as substitutes for energy intensive nonrenewables.
Local behavior of the Newton method on two equivalent systems from linear programming

Newton's method is a fundamental technique underlying many numerical methods for solving systems of nonlinear equations and optimization problems. However, it is often not fully appreciated that Newton's method can produce significantly different behavior when applied to equivalent systems, i.e., problems with the same solution but different mathematical formulations. In this paper, we investigate differences in the local behavior of Newton's method when applied to two different but equivalent systems from linear programming: the optimality conditions of the logarithmic barrier function formulation and the equations in the so-called perturbed optimality conditions. Through theoretical analysis and numerical results, we provide an explanation of why Newton's method performs more effectively on the latter system.
Service delivery of care to children who have had strokes: Review of the initial diagnosis and ongoing treatments

Delivery of care during diagnosis and on-going treatment of childhood strokes, which impact 1 in 4000 live births, is not standardized and relies on both parents and medical professionals to be aware of stroke and stroke symptoms in order to ensure timely care. This system does break down due to the reliance on individuals. The research study utilizes Six Sigma quality approach to determine current state of service delivery from the perspective of parents or guardians within the U.S. and propose solutions to minimize errors in diagnosis and treatment of childhood strokes. The authors of this study researched non-pharmacological treatments of childhood strokes. This study surveyed parents or guardians of children who had strokes and found areas of improvement. One major finding of the survey was that only 39% of children received a referral to a specialist when stroke symptoms were initially reported. Proposed solutions were derived from analysis of the survey data from parents or guardians in the U.S., which helped in labeling current gaps in the system and devising poka-yokes for error proofing the system.
Grasping the World: The Idea of the Museum

Grasping the World: The Idea of the Museum. DONALDPREZIOSIand CLAIRE J.FARAGO, Editors. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Pub. 2004. Pp. xxiv, 804.
Transcript synchronization using local dynamic programming

A local text alignment algorithm is introduced in this work for synchronizing transcripts. The proposed algorithm can be used for any transcript alignment process where high computational complexity is a concern. Dynamic programming is typically used to align a set of transcripts: however, the computational complexity of dynamic programming is high. To reduce the computational complexity, a local dynamic programming algorithm is introduced that aligns subsections of the transcripts. Aligning subsections of the transcripts greatly reduces the information needed for accurate synchronization. The information is reduced because it is not necessary to compare all words between the two transcripts. For example, words at the beginning of one transcript would not be compared to the words at the end of the other transcript. The subsection size is dependent on the total number of alignment errors between the transcripts. It is shown that the computational complexity of the proposed local dynamic programming algorithm is greatly reduced while preserving alignment accuracy.
Taxonomic Responsibilities of Non-Taxonomists

Kevan perceived that investigators in many branches of biology study specific aspects of their research animals but know very little about the organisms as a whole. These scientists are unfamiliar with life history, habits, and distribution data unless it pertains to their specific research. Even more common is their unfamiliarity, or unconcern, with the classification and current nomenclature status of their research animals.
Irony as relevant inappropriateness

Abstract This article presents a theory of irony which claims that an ironical utterance is both inappropriate and relevant to its context. Extensive discussion of previous theories of irony is presented to justify the various aspects of the theory and in particular its two-stage processing approach and the vexing issue of the motivation for the speakers' use of irony.
Rate control was not inferior to rhythm control for recurrent persistent atrial fibrillation.

Source Citation Van Gelder IC, Hagens VE, Bosker HA, et al. A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with recurrent persistent atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1834-40...
Histological Evidence of Protein Aggregation in Mutant SOD1 Transgenic Mice and in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Neural Tissues

The mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration in ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) are not well understood, but cytosolic protein aggregates appear to be common in sporadic and familial ALS as well as transgenic mouse models expressing mutant Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1). In this study, we systematically evaluated the presence of these aggregates in three different mouse models (G93A, G85R, and G37R SOD1) and compared these aggregates to those seen in cases of sporadic and familial ALS. Inclusions and loss of motor neurons were observed in spinal cords of all of these three mutant transgenic lines. Since a copper-mediated toxicity hypothesis has been proposed to explain the cytotoxic gain-of-function of mutant SOD1, we sought to determine the involvement of the copper chaperone for SOD1 (CCS) in the formation of protein aggregates. Although all aggregates contained CCS, SOD1 was not uniformly found in the inclusions. Similarly, CCS-positive skein-like inclusions were rarely seen in ALS neurons. These studies do not provide strong evidence for a causal role of CCS in aggregate formation, but they do suggest that protein aggregation is a common event in all animal models of the disease. Selected proteins, such as the glutamate transporter GLT-1, were not typically observed within the inclusions. Most inclusions were positively stained with antibodies recognizing ubiquitin, proteasome, Hsc70 in transgenic lines, and some Hsc70-positive inclusions were detected in sporadic ALS cases. Overall, these observations suggest that inclusions might be sequestered into ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and some chaperone proteins such as Hsc70 may be involved in formation and/or degradation of these inclusions.
Enteral and parenteral nutrition in terminally Ill cancer patients: A review of the literature

Many terminally ill patients who are able to eat appear to be eating less than they should, losing weight, and becoming malnourished, and many others develop difficulties with eating. These symptoms and signs are usually a marker of advanced cancer, rather than the cause of decreasing functional status, and providing supplemental nutrition rarely changes the course of the disease. This article reviews evidence on issues relevant to enteral and parenteral nutrition in patients with advanced cancer, including benefits, risks, and discomforts; how these types of nutrition are used and perceived, and how decisions are made; and how decision-making might be improved.
Avances recientes en sistemas clasificatorios y diagnósticos

Estamos presenciando un nuevo ciclo de revisiones de sistemas de clasificacion de enfermedades y al mismo tiempo el desarrollo de planteamientos innovadores sobre el concepto y alcances del diagnostico en psiquiatria. Tras breves consideraciones historicas y metodologicas, se resumen estos avances y se plantea una perspectiva integradora
Macrofungal diversity of a temperate oak forest: a test of species richness estimators

Two 0.1-ha plots, each divided into 10 contiguous subplots, were established in a Quercus-dominated deciduous forest in the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. Macrofungi were surveyed on these plots at weekly intervals during the fruiting season over 3 years. During this survey 177 species were recorded, including 30 species inhabiting leaf litter, 36 ectomycorrhizal species, 29 non-mycorrhizal soil-inhabiting species, and 79 wood-inhabiting species. This species richness is comparable to, but slightly higher than, that reported by other plot-based studies undertaken in hardwood forests. We compared the ability of seven species-richness estimation techniques to determine the true species richness on these plots. While some estimators performed better than others, in general the estimations were too low based on the following year's data and were not consistent from year to year. We found some evidence of spatial autocorrelation of communities of fungi found in adjacent subplots. This indicates that the ben...
Zur Herstellung von Kupfer-Einkristallschichten durch Hochvakuumaufdampfung

Kupfer wurde bei einem Vakuum von 5 bis 8 · 10−6 Torr auf (001) von NaCl aufgedampft. Die Tragerkristalle wurden in Luft gespalten sowie abgedampft und mit Wasser benetzt. Die in Luft gespaltenen Proben wurden einer anschliesenden Temperung ausgesetzt. Die Untersuchung der erzeugten Cu-Schichten erfolgte mit einem Transmissionselektronenmikroskop durch Beugung und Abbildung. Es wurden die Bedingungen (Tragertemperatur, Schichtdicke, Aufdampfrate) festgestellt, bei denen Cu auf NaCl in einer Einkristall-Orientierung aufwachst. Copper was evaporated onto (001)-NaCl in a vacuum of 5 to 8 × 10−6 Torr. Different treatments of substrates were: cleavage in air, evaporation in vacuo and wetting with water. Samples with air-cleaved substrates were subsequently annealed also. The Cu-films were examined by TED and TEM. Conditions (substrate temperature, film thickness, condensation-rate) for monocrystalline epitaxy of Cu on NaCl are stated.
PHOTOSENSITIZATION OF HUMAN DIPLOID CELL CULTURES BY INTRACELLULAR FLAVINS AND PROTECTION BY ANTIOXIDANTS

Abstract— The damaging effects of near ultraviolet and visible light on WI-38 human diploid lung fibroblasts were investigated. WI-38 cells in culture were killed by light doses ranging from 2 to 10 × 103 W/m2 h. There was an inverse correlation between culture age, i.e. population doubling level and photosensitivity. However, this effect could not be related to capacity for DNA synthesis and cell division. Flavins were clearly implicated as endogenous photosensitizers, and antioxidants such as d, l-α-tocopherol (vitamin E), BHT and ascorbic acid were found to afford the cells protection from light damage. Furthermore, products of lipid peroxidation could be detected in cell homogenates irradiated in the presence of ribofiavin.
Oxidation induced by phthalocyanine dyes causes rapid calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles

Abstract The copper containing phthalocyanine dyes, alcian blue, copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid, and Luxol fast blue MBSN are found to induce rapid calcium efflux from actively loaded sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles. Alcian blue (5 μ m ), with 1 m m free Mg 2+ triggered Ca 2+ efflux at rates greater than 20 nmol/mg of SR/s. As in the case of Ca 2+ efflux induced by calcium, heavy metals, or SH oxidation with Cu 2+ /cysteine, efflux induced by phthalocyanines is also stimulated by adenine containing nucleotides and inhibited by millimolar Mg 2+ and submicromolar ruthenium red (RR). In addition, analogs of RR, such as hexamminecobalt(III) chloride or hexammineruthenium(III) chloride also inhibit Ca 2+ efflux but are effective at somewhat higher concentrations (~50 μ m ). Calcium release stimulated by phthalocyanines is specific for SR derived from the terminal cisternae region rather than longitudinal SR. Preincubation of alcian blue with the reducing agents, sodium dithionite, dithiothreitol, or cysteine causes complete loss of Ca 2+ release activity from SR vesicles. Reoxidation of the alcian blue leads to return of the Ca 2+ release activity of the phthalocyanine dye. The copper containing phthalocyanine dyes appear to cause rapid Ca 2+ release from SR vesicles by oxidizing sulfhydryl groups associated with the calcium release channel. Moreover, phthalocyanines appear to act by oxidizing a pair of neighboring sulfhydryls to a disulfide because subsequent additions of the reducing agent dithiothreitol promote the closure of the Ca 2+ channel and calcium re-uptake.
Advantages and limitations of the RICH technique for particle identification

The ring imaging Cherenkov (RICH) technique for hadronic particle identification (PID) is described. The advantages and limitations of RICH PID counters are compared with those of other classic PID techniques, such as threshold Cherenkov counters, ionization loss (dE/dx) in tracking devices, and time of flight (TOF) detectors.
Determination of Blood Glucose by Quantitative TLC on Preadsorbent Silica Gel Plates

Abstract A thin layer chromatography method was developed for quantification of glucose in human blood serum using preadsorbent silica gel plates, acetonitrile-water (85:15) mobile phase, methanolic sulfuric acid detection reagent, and scanning densitometry. Results are reported for the measurement of glucose by the TLC method before and after consumption of a sucrose solution. The method was validated by determining the precision for replicate analyses and accuracy by analyzing a spiked sample and also comparing results with those given by a commercial kit intended for use by diabetics for home monitoring of glucose levels. The TLC method is simple to perform and can serve for the analysis of other sample types and as an interesting experiment illustrating quantitative TLC in college analytical chemistry or biochemistry laboratory courses.
Requirement of RNA synthesis for pathfinding by growing axons

The effects of actinomycin D were studied in cultured grasshopper embryos at different stages of development by following the outgrowth patterns of identified neurones known as aCC, pCC, and Q1. When administered at stages occurring before 31% of embryonic development, actinomycin D (0.05-0.10 μM for 24-48 hours) prevented axon extension, whereas it did not affect the development of the nervous system in embryos older than 34% of development. At 31--34% of development, actinomycin D perturbed pathfinding of aCC without blocking axon extension. Thus, only 22% of the aCCs (n=271) in embryos treated with actinomycin D extended an axon along the intersegmental nerve as in control embryos. In the remaining embryos, aCC failed to turn into the intersegmental nerve root; its growth cone remained in the longitudinal connective, above or below the turning point. Neurones of the group caudal to the intersegmental nerve root could extend along either the anterior or posterior commissure of the next posterior segment. In contrast to the observations made with aCC, only 1.2% of pCC (n=166) and 0.0% of Q1 (n=45) in embryos treated with actinomycin D showed axon growth along aberrant pathways. The position of the growth cones of most pCCs and all Q1s observed were in various points along their normal pathway. Both pCC and Q1, as a population, showed an extension rate significantly lower than that of their control counterparts. The effect of actinomycin D on aCC pathway choice was probably mediated by inhibition of RNA synthesis, because incorporation of uridine into RNA was reduced by 40%. The labelling of several monoclonal antibodies (1C10, 3B11, 7F7) that recognise surface glycoproteins (lachesin, fasciclin I, and REGA-1) involved in nervous system development of grasshopper embryos was suppressed. Our results suggest that the navigation of some axons along different pathways requires the synthesis of new mRNA. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Prostaglandin requirements are greater for protection in cold restraint-induced than alcohol-induced gastric mucosal injury.

Exogenous prostaglandins inhibit visible gastric muscosal lesions produced by both absolute ethanol and cold restraint in the rat. Pretreatment with “mild irritants” significantly reduces the magnitude of ethanol-induced lesions presumably by stimulating endogenous prostanoid production. The effect of mild irritant pretreatment on cold restraint-induced lesion formation has not been previously reported. This study was designed to compare the protective effect of pretreatment with two “mild irritants,” 4% NaCl and 0.35 M HCl, and the synthetic prostanoid, 16,16 dimethyl PGE2)16,16-dm PGE2), on lesions produced by cold restraint or absolute ethanol. Pretreatment with both mild irritants produced complete visible protection against ethanol-induced injury but had variable effects against cold restraint-induced injury. Whereas 5 μg/kg 16,16-dmPGE2 provided complete visible protection against ethanol-induced injury, 20 μg/kg 16,16-dmPGE2 was required for complete visible protection against cold restraint-induced injury. We conclude that prostaglandin requirements for protection against cold restraint injury are greater than for protection against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury.
Clinical interpretations of transient otoacoustic emissions

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to characterize the relation of different ordinal patterns of transient otoacoustic emissions (TEOAES) with respect to underlying otologic disorders and auditory status. Patients and Methods: The results of TEOAEs in 225 patients with various auditory disorders were investigated and compared with normative data established from 90 subjects of various ages. TEOAEs were categorized according to four patterns: (1) normal (general response level within 90% of normative data, (2) reduced amplitude (general response level was ≥2 dB peak sound pressure level (pSPL), but less than the mean −1.64 SD of the normative data), (3) abnormal morphology of frequency spectrum (general response level was within normal limits, but reduced at ≥2 individual octave frequencies between 1,000 and 5,000 Hz), and (4) total absence (response level Results: This study showed that the normal pattern of TEOAEs, in terms of response amplitude, varied with age. Our results further indicated that a reduced amplitude pattern of TEOAEs was noted in patients with a mild sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), negative tympanometric pressure, a pressure-equalization tube, and Meniere's disease. TEOAEs provided good frequency-specific information for patients with a noise-induced hearing loss. All patients with ossicular chain abnormalities, more than moderate SNHL, and a middle ear mass or effusion had total absence of TEOAEs. Patients with acoustic neuroma and brainstem lesions presented a complex profile of TEOAEs. In the follow-up of auditory function in patients undergoing otologic surgery, different patterns of TEOAEs between the preoperative and postoperative recordings were evident, which correlated with the hearing thresholds and middle ear status. The abnormal findings of TEOAEs due to specific auditory diseases were discussed. Conclusion: The interpretation of TEOAEs can be facilitated through an analysis of specific patterns and in combination with other audiologic tests.
GLC of mycophenolic Acid and Related Compounds

A GLC method is described for the quantitative determination of mycophenolic acid and monosodium mycophenolate. Data are presented to show that both the methyl ester and ethyl ester derivatives of mycophenolic acid can be chromatographed along with a cyclic acid hydrolysis product of mycophenolic acid. In addition, quantitative results are presented for the assay of mycophenolic acid and the monosodium salt in various formulations. Spectral and TLC results are also included.