cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Model Linking Diverse Women’s Child Sexual Abuse History With Sexual Risk Taking

The purpose of our study was to examine the role that child sexual abuse may play in body surveillance and sexual risk behaviors among undergraduate women. First, a measured variable path analysis was conducted, which assessed the relations among a history of child sexual abuse, body surveillance, and sexual risk behaviors. Furthermore, body shame, sexual self-efficacy, and alexithymia were examined as intervening variables. Second, a multigroup path analysis was conducted comparing the hypothesized models applied to data from 556 ethnically diverse women. Within the overall model, results revealed that a history of child sexual abuse and body surveillance were not related to one another, but both variables were directly related to sexual risk behaviors. Moreover, body shame mediated the relationship between body surveillance and alexithymia, and alexithymia mediated the relationship between body shame and sexual self-efficacy. Child sexual abuse history was related directly with body shame and alexithymia. RESULTS from the multigroup path analysis revealed that the model was invariant between African American and White women, although one difference emerged: body surveillance significantly predicted alexithymia in White, but not African American, women. Furthermore, White, Asian/Pacific Islander, and Hispanic/Latina women demonstrated more body shame than African American women, and White women endorsed higher levels of sexual self-efficacy than African American and Asian/Pacific Islander women. Counseling interventions that seek to decrease alexithymic symptoms, body surveillance, and body shame, while also increasing sexual self-efficacy, seem especially warranted. Language: en
Community-Level Analyses of Racial Socioeconomic Inequality A Cautionary Note

A large literature spanning some 35 years investigates variation in racial socioeconomic inequality across communities. A widely accepted hypothesis in this tradition holds that this variation is determined in large part by intercommunity variation in race differences in education. Strong positive correlations between educational inequality and socioeconomic inequality have been reported in many studies and interpreted as support for the thesis. Thus measures of educational inequality are now routinely included as independent variables in community-level analyses of racial socioeconomic inequality (either as controls or as variables of intrinsic interest) and their omission is likely to be criticized by reviewers. The present article argues that this practice is flawed and likely to generate misleading results. It then suggests that disaggregated data must be used in order to take account of the impact of race differences accurately in education on racial socioeconomic inequality. Examples of analyses usi...
An Inversion-Based Approach to Fault Detection and Isolation in Switching Electrical Networks

This paper proposes a framework for fault detection and isolation (FDI) in electrical energy systems based on techniques developed in the context of invertibility of switched systems. In the absence of faults-the nominal mode of operation-the system behavior is described by one set of linear differential equations or more in the case of systems with natural switching behavior, e.g., power electronics systems. Faults are categorized as hard and soft. A hard fault causes abrupt changes in the system structure, which results in an uncontrolled transition from the nominal mode of operation to a faulty mode governed by a different set of differential equations. A soft fault causes a continuous change over time of certain system structure parameters, which results in unknown additive disturbances to the set(s) of differential equations governing the system dynamics. In this setup, the dynamic behavior of an electrical energy system (with possible natural switching) can be described by a switched state-space model where each mode is driven by possibly known and unknown inputs. The problem of detection and isolation of hard faults is equivalent to uniquely recovering the switching signal associated with uncontrolled transitions caused by hard faults. The problem of detection and isolation of soft faults is equivalent to recovering the unknown additive disturbance caused by the fault. Uniquely recovering both switching signal and unknown inputs is the concern of the (left) invertibility problem in switched systems, and we are able to adopt theoretical results on that problem, developed earlier, to the present FDI setting. The application of the proposed framework to fault detection and isolation in switching electrical networks is illustrated with several examples.
From scientific software libraries to problem-solving environments

As more scientists and engineers adopt computation as a primary tool, they will want more problem-solving help from easy-to-use, comprehensive software systems. A workshop discussed the long path to this vision of scientific software's future, and the roadblocks in the way. In order to understand the findings of the workshop, the paper presents some background on software libraries and problem solving environments.
Atrial fibrosis: A risk stratifier for atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF), especially persistent and long-standing persistent AF, may result in electro-anatomical changes in the left atrium, resulting in remodeling and deposition of fibrous tissue. There are emerging data that atrial substrate modification may increase the risk of thromboembolic complications, including stroke. Several studies have reported that atrial fibrosis is due to complex interactions among several cellular and neurohumoral mediators. Late gadolinium enhancement MRI has been reported to allow quantitative assessment of myocardial fibrosis in patients at risk of developing a stroke. Current stroke risk stratification criteria for AF do not utilize atrial fibrosis as an independent risk factor despite its association with AF and stroke. Further research is required in developing adequate risk stratification tools for predicting the stroke risk and catheter ablation outcomes in AF.
A Mechanistic Model of Ozone Transport by Planetary Waves in the Stratosphere

Abstract The role of planetary-scale waves in the transport of ozone in middle and high latitudes is studied with a linearized model which takes into account the coupling between radiation, chemistry and dynamics. The governing equations are a quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity equation and a continuity equation for perturbations of the O3 mixing ratio. These equations include the effects of absorption of solar radiation by O3, temperature-dependent O3 photochemistry and advection of O3 by wave motions. Model runs show that, with a basic state representative of winter conditions, ultralong waves can produce O3 perturbation which exhibit a phase shift of nearly 180° between the lower stratosphere (where the O3 perturbations are controlled by advection) and the upper stratosphere (where they are controlled by photochemical processes). This phase shift brings the O3 perturbation into phase with the eddy meridional velocity (and 180° out of phase with the eddy vertical velocity) at ∼45 km, giving rise to l...
A Design Optimization Method Using Evidence Theory

Early in the engineering design cycle, it is difficult to quantify product reliability or compliance to performance targets due to insufficient data or information to model uncertainties. Probability theory can not be therefore, used. Design decisions are usually, based on fuzzy information that is vague, imprecise qualitative, linguistic or incomplete. Recently, evidence theory has been proposed to handle uncertainty with limited information as an alternative to probability theory. In this paper, a computationally efficient design optimization method is proposed based on evidence theory, which can handle a mixture of epistemic and random uncertainties. It quickly identifies the vicinity of the optimal point and the active constraints by moving a hyper-ellipse in the original design space, using a reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) algorithm. Subsequently, a derivative-free optimizer calculates the evidence-based optimum, starting from the close-by RBDO optimum, considering only the identified active constraints. The computational cost is kept low by first moving to the vicinity of the optimum quickly and subsequently using local surrogate models of the active constraints only. Two examples demonstrate the proposed evidence-based design optimization method.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
The Careful Art of Resuscitation

Resuscitation during ongoing hemorrhagic shock attempts to restore physiologic balance by achieving rapid surgical control of hemorrhage, providing fluid and blood products and titrating to laboratory and clinical parameters. Phases of resuscitation occur in the pre-hospital environment, emergency room, operating room, and intensive care unit (ICU) where multiple health care providers and physicians influence patient outcome by their attentiveness and diligence to this careful art.
Control of Multiagent Formations: A Multiplex Information Networks-Based Approach

This paper makes the first attempt to show how information exchange rules represented by a network having multiple layers (multiplex information networks) can be designed for enabling spatially evolving multiagent formations. Toward this goal, we consider the invariant formation problem and introduce a distributed control architecture that allows capable agents to spatially alter the resulting formation’s density and orientation without requiring global information exchange ability. Efficacy of the proposed approach is illustrated on numerical examples.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Geometry and the Orthographic Projection

It has been nearly 15 years since the publication of Scott Cohen's groundbreaking text, Contested Symmetries and other Predicaments in Architecture. Cohen's eagerly anticipated book, amidst the ear...
Fluoroscopically guided lumbar facet joint injection using an interlaminar approach and loss of resistance technique

To describe a new technique for performing fluoroscopically guided lumbar facet joint injections using an interlaminar approach and loss-of-resistance technique and to report the initial success rate of this technique in a small series of patients. The institutional radiology database was retrospectively reviewed to identify patients who underwent fluoroscopically guided lumbar facet joint injections. Between 1 May 2014 and 31 October 2015, one radiologist attempted fluoroscopically guided lumbar facet joint injections using an interlaminar approach and loss-of-resistance technique in ten severely osteoarthritic facet joints (4 patients). Patient demographics, facet joint side and level, and whether or not an intra-articular facet joint injection was achieved were recorded. Intra-articular injection was achieved using the interlaminar approach and loss-of-resistance technique in five facet joints. Fluoroscopically guided lumbar facet joint injection using an interlaminar approach and loss-of-resistance technique is an alternative approach to a direct posterior facet joint injection and may be particularly useful for severely osteoarthritic facet joints, where bulky osteophytes and/or extreme curvature of the joints in the transverse plane threaten to preclude direct posterior access to the joints.
Clinical Evaluation of Albicans ID

The reliability of Albicans ID (bioMerieux Vitek, Hazelwood, Mo), a chromogenic medium, for recovering yeast and identifying Candida albicans was compared with that of reference media and standard methods of yeast identification. Also, other yeast isolates were identified using Vitek Yeast Biochemical Cards (YBC) inoculated with a suspension of colonies from Albicans ID agar. The results were compared with those obtained using Sabouraud dextrose agar. These methods recovered 128 yeasts from 100 of the 131 sputum specimens evaluated; 89 were C albicans. The sensitivity of Albicans ID in identifying C albicans was 89.9% after 24 hours, and 100% at 48 hours, based on colony morphology and blue pigmentation. Isolates with a different appearance were not identified as C albicans. The Vitek YBC method identified the 33 non–C albicans yeasts recovered on Albicans ID at the same rate as current standard practice.
Role of Low-Valent Rhenium Species in Catalytic Hydrosilylation Reactions with Oxorhenium Catalysts

The catalytic competency of a Re(III) complex has been demonstrated. In the presence of silane, oxorhenium(V) catalysts are deoxygenated to produce species that are significantly more active than t...
Water-Driven Debris Impact Forces on Structures: Experimental and Theoretical Program

Water-driven debris generated during tsunamis and hurricanes can impose substantial impact forces on structures that are often not designed for such loads. This paper presents the design and results of an experimental and theoretical program to quantify these potential impact forces. Two types of prototypical debris are considered: a wood log and a shipping container.Full-scale impact tests at Lehigh University were carried out with a wooden utility pole and a shipping container. The tests were carried out in-air, and were designed to provide baseline, full-scale results. A 1:5 scale shipping container model was used for in-water tests in the Oregon State University large wave flume. These tests were used to quantify the effect of the fluid on the impact forces.Results from both experimental programs are presented and compared with theoretical predictions. The analytical predictions are found to be in sufficient agreement such that they can be used for design. A fundamental takeaway is that the impact forces are dominated by the structural impact, with a secondary affect provided by the fluid. Both forces are quantified in the paper.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Inoculation of alastrim or West Indian smallpox

For about twenty years there has been observed in tropical and subtropical America an eruptive disease of very low mortality, the identity of which with smallpox has been a subject of question, especially since previous epidemics of smallpox in these regions have been attended with high mortality. This disease outside the United States has been variously termed alastrim, varioloid varicella, and kaffir pox. It has been asserted that a point of difference between this disease and true smallpox was the resistance of lower animals to inoculation; no positive result from inoculation with West Indian or South American strains has been reported in any of the available literature, though Aragao1 described the development of Guarnieri bodies in the cornea of rabbits inoculated with this disease.Through Professor W. G. MacCallum, of Johns Hopkins Medical School, pustule contents preserved in 0.5 per cent. phenol at a low temperature for several months, were obtained from two Jamaican cases; also through Lt. Com. G...
Annual report of retinopathy of prematurity screening

Objectives To investigate the incidence and risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity(ROP)in Yu-ying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College,and to provide preliminary data for evaluating the appropriateness of the ROP screening criteria set by Ministry of Health in 2004. Methods Records of 254 premature infants who had undergone ROP screening when hospitalized in the NICU of Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College between Jan. 1 and Dec. 31,2007 were analyzed. Screening criteria included preterm infants with low birth weight(LBW)of 2000 g or less. The first examination was done at 4 to 6 weeks chronologic age or 32 weeks post conceptual age. They were followed up until vascularization in the peripheral retina had been detected. The results were analyzed and comparisons between criteria of British,American and Chinese were done. Results In the 254 infants,24(9.4%)had developed ROP. Among them,18 with stageⅠROP,4 with had stage Ⅱ ROP,and 2 had stage Ⅲ ROP. Two infants needed laser therapy and there was none with visual loss. There would be 21 cases of ROP missed(including 2 cases of ROP needed laser therapy)if the screening was done in according to American guidelines(BW ≤ 1 500 g or GA ≤ 28 weeks). There would be 8 cases of ROP missed(including one case of ROP needed laser therapy)if the screening was done in according to British guidelines(BW ≤ 1 500 g or GA ≤ 31 weeks). Premature infants with birth weight over 1 500 g were further divided into four groups. The analysis revealed that most of the premature infants had birth weight over 1 601 g (165/ 195). The birth weights of infants with ROP were between 1 501 g to 1 600 g,the differences were significant when the comparisons were done among others (P 0.01). Logistic regression analysis indicated that low birth weight,low gestation age,long-term oxygen therapy,mechanical ventilation,respiratory distress syndrome (RDS),and blood transfusion were the high risk factors of ROP. Conclusions Birth weight ≤ 1 600 g is more practical for ROP screening in China. ROP screening should also be done for the premature infants with birth weight 1 600 g but with unstable clinical course. Further epidemiological data are needed to modify the guideline accordingly.
Review: Saccharomyces boulardii reduces risk for antibiotic-associated diarrhea.

Source Citation Szajewska H, Mrukowicz J. Meta-analysis: non-pathogenic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;22:365-72. 1...
Father of the Pan Masala Industry: Sri Mansukh Lal Mahadev Bhai Kothari

‘PAN PARAG’ has also earned the stature of a massive brand synonymous to mouth freshener or Pan Masala category and in fact brought an association to Kanpur city, many a times post 1980’s called as ‘PAN PARAG city’ where the city Kanpur and brand PAN PARAG have complemented each other. Not forget the old classic advertisement of Pan Parag is a special in many Indian household. With cliche ‘Brands are not built in a day or even a year’ here we are talking on creation of Industry. Pan Masala Industry was born with branding of ‘PAN PARAG’ in mid-1970 by ‘FATHER OF PAN MASALA INDUSTRY’ Sri Mansukh Lal Mahadev Bhai Kothari.
Aging and Confidence Judgments in Item Recognition.

We examined the effects of aging on performance in an item-recognition experiment with confidence judgments. A model for confidence judgments and response time (RTs; Ratcliff & Starns, 2013) was used to fit a large amount of data from a new sample of older adults and a previously reported sample of younger adults. This model of confidence judgments allows us to distinguish between changes evidence from memory and changes in decision-related components and it accounts for both RT distributions and response proportions. Older adults took longer to respond than younger adults, older adults exhibited a small decrease in the strength of evidence from memory compared with younger adults and a slight bias toward judging items as "old." The difference in RTs between the 2 age groups was primarily explained by the difference in the nondecision component. Although our small sample size makes the general conclusions about aging tentative, the results are consistent with other research examining the effects of aging in two-choice RT tasks and response-signal tasks, and the study demonstrates that confidence judgment choice proportion and RT distribution data from older adults can be fit with the response time and confidence 2 (RTCON2) model. (PsycINFO Database Record
Abstract 296: Norepinephrine Evoked Salt-Sensitive Hypertension Results in Impaired NCC Function, but Not Expression

Aim: Recent controversial studies have proposed that excess norepinephrine (NE) evokes impaired NCC regulation to drive salt-sensitive hypertension. The following studies examine the impact of excess NE on salt-sensitivity and sodium homeostasis in conscious Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods: Naive male SD rats, rats receiving a s.c. vehicle infusion (DMSO/Saline, 50:50), or rats receiving a s.c. NE infusion (600ng/min) were fed a 0.4% (NS) or 8% NaCl (HS) diet for 14 days. Additional rats received s.c. hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ, 4mg/kg/d) in combination with NE (600ng/min) for 14 days on HS. On day 14, MAP, FENa, MAP response to i.v. hexamethonium (30mg/kg), and peak natriuresis to i.v. HCTZ (2mg/kg) infusion were assessed (N=4/gp). A PCR array examining NCC associated genes was performed on kidney cortex samples from each group. Results: NE increased MAP, FENa and vascular sympathetic tone (MAP [mmHg] NS 127±2, NE+NS 151±3, p Conclusion: The results support previous studies in mice and highlight an opposing interaction between excess NE and high salt intake on sodium homeostasis which exacerbated NE-induced hypertension via a mechanism independent of NE-mediated vascular constriction. Physiologically, our results show impaired NCC function, supporting previous data. In contrast, we failed to detect elevated NCC or WNK4 mRNA in response to NE infusion contradicting data generated in mice and suggesting a key role of altered NCC phosphorylation versus expression in NE treated rats.
New Social Program Participation During the Great Recession: The Case of SNAP*

Objectives It is unknown if the explosion in Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) usage during the Great Recession was due to an inflow of new participants or instead because former participants cycled back into the program. It is also unknown if the profiles of new and return participants differed on a set of core demographic characteristics, including race/ethnicity, gender, education, age, household configuration, and location. Methods I examine the complete adult SNAP participation histories for a nationally representative cross-section of 7,680 individuals at the end of the Great Recession. Data are from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics with observations spanning the period 1968–2010. Results A large number of adult SNAP participants used the program for the first time during the Great Recession. New participants were not solely young adults and often originated from groups not typically associated with social program participation, such as: whites, suburbanites, and the highly educated. Repeat participants had varying program histories prior to the recession. Some spent a substantial portion of adulthood receiving program benefits while most others were only sporadic participants. Conclusions The findings demonstrate that SNAP was very successful in reaching the many new types of people who were exposed to the risk of poverty as a result of the economic downturn.
Ultrafast Insulator-Metal Transition in Strained Vanadium Dioxide Films

Strained VO2 films are characterized by optoelectronic autocorrelation measurements that reveal a material response of 400 fs. This suggests the insulator-metal transition in strained VO2 can be activated by electronic, rather than thermal, means.
Integrating traditional biomedical and high reliability organisation approaches: solving puzzles and problems

Objective To describe the important distinctions between traditional biomedical and high reliability organisation (HRO) approaches in advancing healthcare delivery. To further describe how these two concepts can be integrated in a learning health system to improve care for patients, providers’ experience and healthcare organisations’ effectiveness. Methods and analysis A description of how HRO and traditional biomedical approaches address problems in healthcare is provided, along with a description of their key characteristics. This is followed by a discussion on how to combine these concepts synergistically to the benefit of all stakeholders in a learning health system. Results Health systems are challenged to become learning health systems but the path toward this goal is not well described, particularly on how to integrate existing approaches. Conclusion HRO and traditional biomedical approaches are important strategies to improving healthcare. However, they fundamentally address the challenges in healthcare differently. It is important to find ways to integrate these concepts to achieve maximum benefit in a learning health system.
Factors Associated with Mortality Within 24h of Liver Transplantation: An Updated Analysis of 65,308 Adult Liver Transplant Recipients Between 2002 and 2013

Abstract Study objectives Intracardiac and pulmonary thromboembolism (ICPTE), its risk factors and contribution to 24-hour mortality after adult liver transplantation for end-stage liver disease. Design Retrospective analysis of Standard Transplant Analysis and Research electronic database files. Setting Perioperative. Patients Electronic files of 65,308 adult liver transplant recipients between 2002 and 2013 obtained from Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. Interventions Mortality cause analysis and design of a multivariable logistic regression model for predicting the risk of 24-hour mortality due to devastating ICPTE. Measurements Perioperative mortality, donor and recipient demographics, donor cause of death, graft ischemic times, etiologies of recipient end-stage liver disease, functional status, comorbidities, and laboratory values. Main results 41,324 patients were included. 38,293 (92.6%) survived 30days after transplantation. Postoperative 24-hour mortality was 547 (1.3%) and 2484 (6.0%) within subsequent 30days. Uncontrolled hemorrhage (57 patients, 0.14%), devastating ICPTE (54 patients, 0.13%) and primary graft failure (49 patients, 0.12%) contributed the most and equally to the 24-hour mortality. For the ICPTE, recipients' prior history of pulmonary embolism, portal vein thrombosis, functional status (Karnofsky score) p Conclusions Devastating ICPTE contributes significantly to the 24-hour mortality after adult cadaveric liver transplantation. Its most significant risk factors could be expressed as an index with a good predictive accuracy. Further studies of perioperative factors with potential impact on ICPTE and related mortality and morbidity are needed.
Trends and Patterns of Utilization of Hypofractionated Postmastectomy Radiotherapy: A National Cancer Database Analysis.

Abstract Background The acceptance of hypofractionated radiotherapy in treating breast cancer in the breast conservation therapy setting has stimulated interest in hypofractionated postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT). We assessed national trends and patterns of utilization of hypofractionated PMRT. Patients and Methods Women 18 years of age or older with breast cancer treated with mastectomy and PMRT to the chest wall with or without regional lymph nodes from 2004 to 2014 were identified from the National Cancer Database. A standard fractionation cohort was defined as patients receiving 180 to 200 cGy per fraction to a total dose of 4500 to 7000 cGy over 5 to 7 weeks, and a hypofractionation cohort was defined as those receiving 250 to 400 cGy per fraction to a total dose of 3000 to 6000 cGy over 2 to 5 weeks. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with hypofractionated PMRT use. Results We identified 113,981 patients who met study criteria. Overall, hypofractionated PMRT use was low (1.1%) although utilization increased over time ( P ≤ .001). Older age, greater comorbidity, further distance from treatment facility, treatment at academic facilities, less extensive disease, and recent treatment year were statistically significant predictors of hypofractionation use compared with standard fractionation. Conversely, breast reconstruction and receipt of chemotherapy were negative predictors. Conclusion Because of the absence of high-level evidence to support its use, hypofractionated PMRT was uncommonly utilized in the United States from 2004 to 2014, although a small increase in use was noted over time. Findings from this study might be useful in designing future studies, and might serve as a baseline for evaluation of future changes in practice patterns.
Effect of Transistor Variants on Single-Event Transients at the 14-/16-nm Bulk FinFET Technology Generation

Single-event transient (SET) data for the 14-/16-nm bulk finFET technology generation are presented and analyzed for variations in threshold voltage and number of fins in the transistor. The heavy-ion experimental data over a range of supply voltage allows for a comparison of the impact of drive current on the SET response of each transistor variant. The results show that the transistor drive current is a key factor for determining SET pulsewidths and cross sections for high linear energy transfer particle irradiation. Transistor variant data that result in matching transistor drive current show an excellent match for SET pulsewidths and cross sections.
Rational Functions and Rational Maps

Let X ⊂ A n be an irreducible affine variety. Since its coordinate ring A(X) is an integral domain, we can form its quotient field; this is called the rational function field of X and is usually denoted K(X); its elements are called rational functions on X. Note that if Y ⊂ X is an open subset that is an affine variety in its own right (as in the discussion on page 19), the function field of Y will be the same as that of X.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HELIUM PURGE FLOW IN SOLID BREEDER PEBBLE BED AND ITS IMPACT ON DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

One of the design objectives of helium purge in the solid breeder is to keep the HT partial pressure in the purge system low to minimize the tritium inventory and permeation through the clad. The helium purge flow rate is set at the highest possible value to achieve this criterion. A distinguishable feature of the helium purge flow in a pebble bed design is its velocity jet due to high local porosity near the wall. Thermalhydraulic calculations based on 2-D non-Darcian momentum equations showed that the peak velocity is about 8 times or more higher than the bulk velocity at Reynolds number relevant to solid breeder blanket application. This velocity profile results in reducing the tritium permeation rate through the cald based on the low tritium partial pressure at the wall associated with this peak velocity by a factor of 2 or more.
Creating Connections, Building Community: The Role of Oral History Collections in Documenting and Sharing Campus Diversity

The collection and sharing of oral history is a growing area that libraries and archives are using to connect with their communities and document campus diversity. This column discusses opportunities for libraries and archives to include diverse and underrepresented voices in the historical record, highlighting the Wolf Tales project from the North Carolina State University Libraries, which was the topic of a talk by Virginia Ferris at the 2018 North Carolina Serials Conference. This column discusses that presentation and briefly examines oral history projects at several other institutions, providing perspective on the efforts to use oral histories to document campus and community diversity in the profession. Further resources for institutions interested in pursuing or growing oral history programs are also provided.
"I want us to be a normal family": Toward an understanding of the functions of anonymity among U.S. oocyte donors and recipients.

Background: Anonymity remains the more common practice in gamete donations, but legislation prohibiting anonymity with a goal of protecting donor-conceived children’s right to know their genetic or...
Lighting A Fire: The Power of Intrinsic Motivation in Online Teaching

Motivation is important to success in many endeavors, and the field of education is no exception. The literature establishes that students who are motivated to learn enjoy more success in their courses and master course content and skills better than students who lack such motivation. But what causes one student to be more motivated than another? This Article addresses this question in the context of law students, focusing in particular on how teachers can increase student “intrinsic” motivation through interesting and engaging course content, as well as regular and consistent formative assessments and feedback. It surveys the literature on motivating students to learn, contributing original empirical data from student surveys and focus groups. Analysis of that data supports the literature on intrinsic motivation, showing that interesting and engaging course content and regular assessments and feedback motivate students to learn and master course content and skills. Indeed, our data collected from over 300 law students shows that students want professors to provide them with intrinsic motivators in their courses. Specifically, student comments evidence that students crave interesting and engaging course content, as well as opportunities for assessment and feedback. We share those comments and suggest techniques to help law professors design online courses that will motivate students and ensure they are engaged and learning course content.
Towards the Implementation of a Wirelessly Powered Dielectric Sensor With Digitized Output for Implantable Applications

This article proposes a wirelessly powered dielectric sensor for industrial and medical applications. The sensor includes a 5-bit binary-weighted capacitor bank and an energy-harvesting rectifier realized as an integrated circuit (IC). With an automated algorithm, the capacitor bank is adjusted to counterbalance the influence of the dielectric material under test. The digitized values of the capacitor bank offer a quantitative measurement of the dielectric constant. The IC was fabricated in 180-nm CMOS process, and the control algorithm was implemented in a discrete microcontroller. The rectifier adopts a differentially cross-connected topology which achieves the rectification efficiency around 72%–82%. The proposed system is used to measure the volume of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), in which the sensor is placed under the petri dish with PBS samples. This work shows promise for implantable applications such as bladder urine monitoring and other body fluid analysis.
Association of Geography and Access to Health Care Providers With Long-Term Prescription Opioid Use in Medicare Patients With Severe Osteoarthritis: A Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the variation in long-term opioid use in osteoarthritis (OA) patients according to geography and health care access. METHODS We designed an observational cohort study among OA patients undergoing total joint replacement (TJR) in the Medicare program (2010 through 2014). The independent variables of interest were the state of residence and health care access, which was quantified at the primary care service area (PCSA) level as categories of number of practicing primary care providers (PCPs) and categories of rheumatologists per 1,000 Medicare beneficiaries. The percentage of OA patients taking long-term opioids (≥90 days in the 360-day period immediately preceding TJR) within each PCSA was the outcome variable in a multilevel, generalized linear regression model, adjusting for case-mix at the PCSA level and for policies, including rigor of prescription drug monitoring programs and legalized medical marijuana, at the state level. RESULTS A total of 358,121 patients with advanced OA, with a mean age of 74 years, were included from 4,080 PCSAs. The unadjusted mean percentage of long-term opioid users varied widely across states, ranging from 8.9% (Minnesota) to 26.4% (Alabama), and this variation persisted in the adjusted models. Access to PCPs was only modestly associated with rates of long-term opioid use between PCSAs with highest (>8.6) versus lowest (<3.6) concentration of PCPs (adjusted mean difference 1.4% [95% confidence interval 0.8%, 2.0%]), while access to rheumatologists was not associated with long-term opioid use. CONCLUSION We note a substantial statewide variation in rates of long-term treatment with opioids in OA, which is not fully explained by the differences in access to health care providers, varying case-mix, or state-level policies.
End-tidal carbon dioxide on emergency department arrival predicts trauma patient need for transfusion, vasopressors, and operative hemorrhage control in the first 24 hours

Introduction: Predicting early need for trauma resuscitation is an important goal of trauma systems. Aim/Hypothesis: We sought to compare the predictive value of end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) compared to hemoglobin, shock index, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate in determining transfusion requirement, need for operative hemorrhage control, or pressor use in the first 24 h after trauma alert activation. Materials and Methods: A convenience sample of trauma patients at a Level 1 community trauma center were enrolled. EtCO2 was measured via nasal cannula upon arrival, in addition to initial hemoglobin levels and vital signs. Once stable and competent, patients or families were consented. EtCO2 average over three measurements 3 min apart was used as the EtCO2 value. The electronic medical record was reviewed by a trained research associate who was not involved in the care of the patient to determine the need for transfusion, pressor use, or operative hemorrhage control within the first 24 h of hospitalization. Results: Fifty patients were enrolled, with a median age of 52 years. Seven patients required transfusion, pressor use, and/or surgical hemorrhage control. Vital signs between groups were statistically no different. The mean EtCO2 in patients requiring transfusion was 26.8 (19.5–34.1) versus 34.1 (31.8–36.3) in those who did not (P = 0.027). A cutoff value of EtCO2 ≤33 mmHg was 100% sensitive and 62.8% specific, with an area under the curve of 0.889. Conclusion: EtCO2 has a high sensitivity in predicting the need for intervention in trauma patients. Additional research is needed to determine further utility of this value in the triage and treatment of trauma patients. The following core competency statement: Patient care and Systems-based practice.
Tumblr was a trans technology: the meaning, importance, history, and future of trans technologies

Building from previous researchers’ conceptions of queer technologies, we consider what it means to be a trans technology. This research study draws from interviews with Tumblr transition bloggers ...
Community-based forestry on federal lands in the western United States: A synthesis and call for renewed research

Abstract An approach to community-based forestry (CBF) on federal forestlands in the western United States consists of a number of informal civil society institutions for communities to better organize internally and interact with government. We review the body of research on this topic, which has an explicit focus on the three interlinked aspects of democratic governance practiced to provide community benefits and ecological sustainability. We situate its prominent concepts and themes relative to the global literature on CBF, and initiate new conversation about what CBF may mean within the context of contemporary federal forest governance in the US. Drawing on our collective research and practice experience, we then propose premises and questions for a vision of a contemporary research agenda around CBF in the western US that is influenced by salient questions from the global community forestry literature, and current social and policy trends in federal lands governance.
Observed Tightening of Tropical Ascent in Recent Decades and Linkage to Regional Precipitation Changes

Climate models predict that the tropical ascending region should tighten under global warming, but observational quantification of the tightening rate is limited. Here we show that the observed spatial extent of the relatively moist, rainy and cloudy regions in the tropics associated with large‐scale ascent has been decreasing at a rate of −1%/decade (−5%/K) from 1979 to 2016, resulting from combined effects of interdecadal variability and anthropogenic forcings, with the former contributing more than the latter. The tightening of tropical ascent is associated with an increase in the occurrence frequency of extremely strong ascent, leading to an increase in the average precipitation rate in the top 1% of monthly rainfall in the tropics. At the margins of the convective zones such as the Southeast Amazonia region, the contraction of large‐scale ascent is related to a long‐term drying trend about −3.2%/decade in the past 38 years.
Where You Lead, I Will Follow: Exploring Sibling Similarity in Brain and Behavior During Risky Decision Making

This exploratory study examined whether social learning increases similarity in adolescent siblings' behavior and neural patterns during risky decision making. Participants included 86 adolescents (43 sibling dyads; younger siblings: Mage = 12.2 years; 22 females; older siblings: Mage = 14.6 years; 20 females) who completed questionnaires, and a decision-making task during an fMRI scan. Younger siblings became more similar to their older siblings' risky decision making after observing their older sibling take risks). Younger siblings who reported greater modeling of their older sibling, and less differentiation from them, showed increased neural similarity to their older siblings in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and the right anterior insula and ventral striatum, respectively. These findings highlight siblings as salient social agents in how adolescents process risky decision making.
Inhalable Nanoparticles/Microparticles of an AMPK and Nrf2 Activator for Targeted Pulmonary Drug Delivery as Dry Powder Inhalers

Metformin is an activator of the AMPK and Nrf2 pathways which are important in the pathology of several complex pulmonary diseases with unmet medical needs. Organic solution advanced spray drying in the absence of water in closed-mode was used to design and develop respirable dry powders. Following comprehensive characterization, the influence of physicochemical properties was correlated with performance as aerosols using inertial impaction and three different human dry powder inhaler (DPI) devices varying in device properties. In vitro cell assays were conducted to test safety in 2D human pulmonary cell lines and in 3D small airway epithelia comprising primary cells at the air-liquid interface (ALI). In addition, in vitro transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was carried out. Metformin remained crystalline following advanced spray drying under these conditions. All SD powders consisted of nanoparticles/microparticles in the solid state. In vitro aerosol dispersion performance showed high aerosolization for all SD metformin powders with all DPI devices tested. High emitted dose for all powders with all three DPI devices was measured. Differences in other aerosol performance parameters and the interplay between the properties of different formulations produced at specific pump rates and the three different DPI devices were correlated with spray drying pump rate and device properties. Safety over a wide metformin dose range was also demonstrated in vitro. Aerosol delivery of metformin nanoparticles/microparticles has the potential to be a new "first-in-class" therapeutic for the treatment of a number of pulmonary diseases including pulmonary vascular diseases such as pulmonary hypertension.
Abstract 14697: Nt-probnp and Outcomes in Patients With and Without Heart Failure Hospitalized With Severe Covid-19 Pneumonia

Introduction: The value of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in hospitalized patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is unclear. Hypothesis: Elevated NT-proBNP ...
Auditory Brain Stem Response Predictors of Hearing Outcomes after Middle Fossa Resection of Vestibular Schwannomas

Objectives To analyze the relationship between preoperative and intraoperative auditory brain stem response (ABR) characteristics and hearing outcomes in patients with vestibular schwannomas (VS) undergoing hearing preservation (HP) surgery via a middle cranial fossa (MCF) approach. Design Prospective study. Setting Academic tertiary skull base referral center. Methods Pre- and postoperative pure-tone average (PTA) and word recognition score (WRS) were examined. Intraoperative ABR wave III latency, wave V latency, and amplitude were recorded. HP was defined as postoperative WRS ≥50%. Participants Adult patients with VS and WRS ≥50% who underwent MCF tumor resection between November 2017 and September 2019. Main Outcome Measures Postoperative hearing outcomes. Results Sixty patients were included. Mean tumor size was 9.2 mm (range, 3–17). HP rates were 56.7% for the cohort and 69.7% for tumors Conclusion Of the examined preoperative and intraoperative ABR characteristics, a stable wave V intraoperatively was the strongest predictor of HP after MCF resection of VS. Level of Evidence Level III.
Clinical and Radiological Safety of Retained Implantable Doppler Devices Used for Free Flap Monitoring

Introduction:Implantable Doppler devices are reliable adjuncts used for free flap monitoring. Occasionally, the probe/wire is not removed and remains in the soft tissues. The clinical safety of the...
Unifying Monolithic Architectures for Large-Scale System Design Optimization

Large-scale system design optimization is a numerical technique used in solving system design problems that involve a large number of design variables. These systems are often multidisciplinary, wi...
Nonviolent Struggle: Theories, Strategies, & Dynamics

In Nonviolent Struggle, the author’s purpose is to provide a single source text that surveys the field of nonviolence studies, primarily for scholars. The book is intended to provide an outline of ...
A Novel Model for the RNase MRP-Induced Switch between the Formation of Different Forms of 5.8S rRNA

Processing of the RNA polymerase I pre-rRNA transcript into the mature 18S, 5.8S, and 25S rRNAs requires removing the "spacer" sequences. The canonical pathway for the removal of the ITS1 spacer involves cleavages at the 3' end of 18S rRNA and at two sites inside ITS1. The process can generate either a long or a short 5.8S rRNA that differs in the number of ITS1 nucleotides retained at the 5.8S 5' end. Here we document a novel pathway to the long 5.8S, which bypasses cleavage within ITS1. Instead, the entire ITS1 is degraded from its 5' end by exonuclease Xrn1. Mutations in RNase MRP increase the accumulation of long relative to short 5.8S rRNA. Traditionally this is attributed to a decreased rate of RNase MRP cleavage at its target in ITS1, called A3. However, results from this work show that the MRP-induced switch between long and short 5.8S rRNA formation occurs even when the A3 site is deleted. Based on this and our published data, we propose that the link between RNase MRP and 5.8S 5' end formation involves RNase MRP cleavage at unknown sites elsewhere in pre-rRNA or in RNA molecules other than pre-rRNA.