cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carrier-to-noise ratio gain factor of coherent array detection system for laser radar and communications under different conditions of atmospheric turbulence

A coherent array detection system can improve the heterodyne mixing efficiency compared to a conventional coherent detection system which is limited by the finite transverse coherence length of received laser field due to atmospheric turbulence for laser radar and communications. This implies a gain factor in the mean power of the IF signal from the coherent array detection system compared to the conventional coherent detection system even though the two systems receive the same power of laser signal. This gain factor is actually the mean carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) gain factor of the coherent array detection over the conventional coherent detection if the two systems have the same local oscillator and are shot noise-limited of the local oscillator. But the mean CNR gain factor depends on the conditions of atmospheric turbulence. This paper describes the theoretical analyses of the mean CNR gain factor for the coherent array detection system under different conditions of atmospheric turbulence which include weak, strong, and saturation conditions, corresponding to the lognormal, the K, the I-K, the negative exponential (Rayleigh for amplitude), and the gamma (Nakagami for amplitude) distributions for the laser intensity fluctuations.
Thermal dissociation of synthetic lambda (λ) RNA-Escherichia coli DNA hybrids

Abstract The possible existence of nucleotide sequence complementarity between the temperate phage lambda (λ) and its host, Escherichia coli , was examined by means of thermal dissociation studies of RNA-DNA hybrids. Radioactive λ RNA and T4 RNA were synthesized “in vitro” using the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. RNA-DNA hybrids were formed between λ RNA and λ DNA, T4 RNA and T4 DNA, and λ RNA and E. coli DNA. The λ RNA-λ DNA hybrid dissociated over the same temperature range as the λ RNA- E. coli DNA hybrid. This range was considerably broader than that exhibited by the T4 RNA-T4 DNA complex. Correlation of the shape and average dissociation temperature ( T M ) 4 of the melting curves of the RNA-DNA hybrids with those previously reported for λ DNA and T4 DNA provides physical evidence that nucleotide sequence complementarity exists between primer DNA and the synthetic RNA product. It is also possible to conclude that complementarity exists between λ DNA and E. coli DNA. The broad range of dissociation temperatures for the λ RNA-λ DNA and λ RNA- E. coli DNA hybrids demonstrates the presence of a relatively large amount of intramolecular chemical heterogeneity in λ DNA.
Title: Return-to-flight electromagnetic measurements — The NASA shuttle ascent debris radar system

The NASA Debris Radar (NDR) system was developed to characterize ascent debris liberated during the Shuttle's ascent into space. Radar is well suited for characterizing ascent debris, and is essential during night launches when optical sensors are severely degraded. The NDR mission presents challenging radar requirements in terms of target detection, tracking, minimum detectable radar cross-section (RCS), calibration accuracy, power profile management, and operational readiness. After revisiting the Columbia accident investigation, I describe the NDR system, consisting of a stationary C-band radar located at Kennedy Space Center and two sea-based X-band radars. During the 3 year development effort, the NDR team examined static and dynamic radar signatures of the shuttle and liberated debris, and executed an “in-situ” Electromagnetic Interference Measurement on the Orbiter “Discovery” to certify its safety from radar EMI. Since Shuttle Mission Managers needed definitive safety assessments within 24-30 hrs of launch, analysis tools and software provided shuttle metric data in real-time, visualize metric and signature data during post-mission analysis, automatically detect and characterize debris tracks in signature data, determine ballistic numbers for detected debris objects, and assess material type, size, release location and threat to the orbiter based on radar scattering and ballistic properties of the debris.
Börjeson‐Forssman‐Lehmann syndrome: Further delineation in five cases

We have studied five males with Borjeson-Forssman-Lehmann syndrome (BFLS) from two unrelated families. They had a characteristic facial appearance with prominent supraorbital ridges, deep-set eyes, ptosis, and large ears, as well as obesity, severe mental retardation, hypotonia, and hypogonadism. Ophthalmologic, EEG, and skeletal abnormalities were also present. The findings in several presumed or possible heterozygous women were evaluated and suggested a wide range of phenotypic effects varying between apparent normality to mild or moderately evident BFLS manifestations. The observed pattern of occurrence of the BFLS in our two families provides strong support for X-linked inheritance. In clinically normal female relatives at risk for being carriers of BFLS, we have been unsuccessful in identifying a reliable screening test. The condition in our and previously reported patients was contrasted with other malformation syndromes and our findings support the conclusion that BFLS is a distinct and clinically indentifiable disorder.
An “Algebra” of Possibilities Relating Regions in Object and Image Space for a System of Thin Lenses

A method is presented of associating to each thin lens a matrix operator which transforms a finite number of regions of object space into regions of image space. By making use of the fact that the logical relation “or” has properties similar to the ordinary notion of addition, we can obtain by matrix multiplication a single matrix which represents the transformation properties of a combination of any number of thin lenses axially aligned. In such a way we can store in a single resultant matrix all the information as to possible locations of an image in any of a finite number of regions covering image space, when the object is located in any of the similarly divided regions of object space. The method is very simple in principle and practice, and it is hoped that the loss of information due to the treating of whole regions together will result in an increase in the speed and facility with which one might determine the general features of a system of lenses.
Cell attachment peptide of C‐reactive protein: critical amino acids and minimum length

Human C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase blood component that accumulates at sites of tissue damage and necrosis and is degraded by neutrophils to biologically active peptides. A dodecapeptide composed of amino acids 27-38 of CRP mediates cell attachment in vitro. This peptide was designated the cell-binding peptide (CB-Pep) of CRP. Characterization of the interaction between fibroblasts and modified synthetic peptides with sequential deletions from either the N-terminus or C-terminus revealed that the minimal sequence for cell attachment or inhibition of cell attachment to the CB-Pep was Phe-Thr-Val-Cys-Leu, which corresponds to residues 33-37 within each of the five 206 amino acid subunits of CRP. The pentapeptide by itself mediated cell attachment. Substitutions for each residue within the CB-Pep indicated that the critical residues for activity were Phe-33 and Thr-34. This cell-binding pentapeptide represents a recognition motif for cell adhesion not found in other proteins.
Novel gene identified in an exome-wide association study of tanning dependence.

Growing evidence suggests that some individuals may exhibit symptoms of dependence to ultraviolet light, a known carcinogen, in the context of tanning. Genetic associations with tanning dependence (TD) have not yet been explored. We conducted an exome-wide association study in 79 individuals who exhibited symptoms of TD and 213 individuals with volitional exposure to ultraviolet light, but who were not TD based on three TD scales. A total of 300 000 mostly exomic single nucleotide polymorphisms primarily in coding regions were assessed using an Affymetrix Axiom array. We performed a gene burden test with Bonferroni correction for the number of genes examined (P < 0.05/14 904 = 3.36 × 10−6). One gene, patched domain containing 2 (PTCHD2), yielded a statistically significant P-value of 2.5 × 10−6 (OR = 0.27) with fewer individuals classified as TD having a minor allele at this locus. These results require replication, but are the first to support a specific genetic association with TD.
Social Factors Influence the Acoustic Variability in the Long‐distance Calls of Male Chimpanzees

Acoustic variability in the species-typical long-distance calls of male chimpanzees was investigated. Analysis of 13 acoustic features revealed that calls varied more within than between individuals. Although only a limited amount of acoustic variability was attributable to different populations, discriminant-function analysis confirmed that males from two populations produce acoustically distinguishable calls. Additional investigation suggested that social factors may contribute to the patterns of acoustic variation both between and within individuals. Matrix-permutation tests revealed a positive association between the amount of time males spent together and a measure of call similarity. Vocal similarities between individuals appeared to result from a dynamic process involving chorusing behaviour: males matched the acoustic characteristics of each other's vocalizations when calling together. Chorusing may also affect the degree of within-individual acoustic variation in calls. Males who chorused often with others produced more variable calls than individuals who chorused less often or called alone.
The Impact of Economic Instability on Defense of Organizational Inefficiencies

How does economic instability impact employees’ perceptions of their own organizations? While employees might be expected to be especially vigilant to problems within their organization during time...
Reduction of Residential Heating and Cooling Requirements Possible Through Atmospheric Seeding with Ice-Forming Nuclei

Abstract A rough analysis shows that it may be economically feasible to reduce space heating costs during the cold season in the northern United States by modifying naturally-occurring cloud cover, or by artificially forming clouds in otherwise clear skies.
Soil Properties' Role in Stem Canker Infection of Soybean

On a etudie la relation entre quelques proprietes du sol et le niveau de la maladie. On a remarque que le taux d'infection etait important sur des sols a pH, a taux de matiere organique et a teneur en eau eleves, et sur des sols qui contiennent peu de potassium
Regulatory Light Chain Phosphorylation Mimic S15D Causes Partial Rescue of Isometric Force Production in FHC Causing Mutation D166V

Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC) is characterized by a pathological thickening of the muscle surrounding the heart and is the leading cause for sudden cardiac death in young people. There are numerous mutations in sarcomeric proteins that have been implicated in causing FHC. Myosin, the molecular motor that powers cardiac muscle contraction, consists of a globular domain and an elongated α-helical neck region, which is thought to undergo large conformational changes during muscle contraction. The myosin regulatory light chain (RLC) functions to support the neck region, therefore it is not surprising that several single amino acid substitutions in the RLC have been implicated in FHC.Here we studied D166V, an RLC point mutation that is associated with increased left ventricular wall thickness, abnormal electrocardiogram, and decreased isometric force and ATPase in skinned fibers from transgenic mouse hearts. We have expressed porcine cardiac β myosin (the same isoform found in humans) and replaced the endogenous RLC with a human RLC. The exchanged RLC contained either wild type (WT), D166V, S15A, or a double mutant D166V/S15A, or D166V/S15D. The S15D mutation served as a phosphorylation mimic. We performed frictional loading assays using a modified in vitro motility assay and determined the average force produced by a bed of monomeric myosin. While maximal unloaded velocity was unchanged for all of the mutants studied, the force of D166V and D166V/S15A was significantly reduced compared to WT, with an additive decrease in the double mutant. D166V/S15D resulted in a significant increase in force compared to D166V/S15A and was restored to near WT levels. These results suggest that D166V causes a reduction in myosin isometric force production and phosphorylation may act to recover it.
Estimation and simulation of 3-systems

A method has been developed to estimate the parameters of systems of nonlinear stochastic differential equations. This method uses quasilinearization at each observation and conditional least squares for the loss function on the one step ahead prediction. This method has been applied to estimate the parameters of a S-system that models the feeding and growth of animals. This application has been programmed in the GAUSS language for IBM/PC microcomputers. A related simulation program has also been programmed in GAUSS and has been used to evaluate the distribution of parameter estimates for a two equation three parameter S-system. Theoretical results for conditional least squares imply assymptopic normality of these parameter estimates. The simulation results for 30 time periods indicate that some parameter estimates approach normality in relatively small samples while others require longer series. The algorithm allows the inclusion of unobserved variables in the S-system. The result is to allow for the possibility of an ARMA error process in the observed variables. The complete listing of the code is available upon request to the author.
An on-line algorithm for fitting straight lines between data ranges

Applications often require fitting straight lines to data that is input incrementally. The case where a data range [ak, ok] is received at each tk, t1
Lynch Syndrome - is breast cancer a feature?

Background The debate on whether or not breast cancer is in the tumor spectrum for Lynch syndrome produces a conundrum for healthcare providers. The classic tumor spectrum for Lynch Syndrome (LS) includes colon, endometrial, ovarian, stomach, small intestine, hepatobiliary, urinary tract and brain/central nervous system cancers. Muir-Torre Syndrome (MTS) is a variant of LS that is associated with additional skin lesions including sebaceous gland tumors and keratoacanthomas. MTS was observed in 28% of LS families when assessing for MTS skin lesions [1]. It has also been reported that 10-14% of individuals with MTS present initially with breast cancer [2,3]. An extensive study published in 2002 excluded breast cancer as part of the tumor spectrum associated with LS [4]. However, more recently it was reported that DNA mismatch repair (MMR) gene deficiencies were identified in 51% of breast cancers arising in MMR mutation carriers [5]. Another study reported a male with an MLH1 mutation who had both colon and breast cancer. The breast cancer exhibited somatic reduction to homozygosity for the MLH1 mutation [6]. Here we report two unrelated families in which the proband has a germline MMR gene mutation and bilateral breast cancer, and one family in which the proband had ovarian and renal cancer and her daughter, maternal aunt and cousin had breast cancer at age 47, 59, and 48 respectively. This raises the question are these breast cancers associated with the MMR mutations or a breast cancer susceptibility gene and what testing should be offered?
Effect of ACE inhibitors on angiotensin II in rat mesangial cells cultured in high glucose.

This study investigates whether angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors can block high glucose-induced increase of angiotensin II (Ang II) levels in cultured rat mesangial cells. Incubation of cells with high glucose for 5 days increased Ang II in the cell media (extracellular) and cell lysates (intracellular) by ∼1.5-fold and ∼2.2-fold, respectively. Captopril blocked high glucose-induced increase in extracellular Ang II levels but not in intracellular Ang II levels. Since the inability of captopril to inhibit intracellular Ang II in intact cells could be explained by failure of the drug to enter the cells, further studies were performed using lysates from cells pre-treated with high glucose for 5 days. Addition of captopril to cell lysates was indeed able to inhibit Ang I conversion to Ang II but only partially. These findings suggest the involvement of non-ACE mechanisms in Ang II formation from Ang I in mesangial cells.
Comparison of microphone and neck-mounted accelerometer monitoring of the performing voice

Summary One method for monitoring individuals in live performances may be the use of vibration sensors, or accelerometers, rather than using microphones that pick up environmental noises as well as the vocal signals of interest. This study was concerned with a comparison of microphone and accelerometer monitoring of the amplitude characteristics of singers' voices. From the results obtained it appears that accelerometers are not applicable for monitoring amplitude characteristics of the voice, but are useful for periodicity measures. In addition, accelerometers may be of use in verifying the kinesthetic patterns sensed by a performer during the process of “singing into a mask” or producing the singer's “ring.”
Effects of nonionizing prepulses in high-intensity laser-solid interactions.

We present theoretical and experimental evidence that nonionizing prepulses with intensities as low as 10{sup 8}--10{sup 9} W/cm{sup 2} can substantially alter high intensity laser-solid interactions. We show that prepulse-heating and vaporization of the target can lead to a preformed plasma once the vapor is ionized by the rising edge of the high-intensity pulse. Our results indicate that peak prepulse intensity is not the only important parameter to consider in determining preformed plasma thresholds, and that a more comprehensive analysis of the prepulse duration and the target material is required.
The struggle for mastery in Europe, 1985-1993

The demise of the Soviet threat and the growing importance of economic affairs have led to a loosening of international coalitions. We propose a spatial model to help understand the dynamics of international coalitions. States form coalitions to realize preferred outcomes of international issues. A coalition's ability to shift the status quo to such preferred outcomes depends on its members’ capabilities. Shifts in the issue positions that states hold or shifts in their capabilities lead to changes in coalition membership. We show how the end of the Cold War and its aftermath can be explained by the spatial model. We conclude by identifying several feasible post‐Cold War alternative futures.
N-Acetyl procainamide causing torsades de pointes

ualve, connected the right-sided anatomic right atrium to the left-sided anatomic left uentricle, and the tricuspid value, located anterior to the mitral value, connected the left-sided anatomic left atrium to the right-sided anatomic right urntricle. The only outlet for blood from the left ventricle u1a.s a ventricular septal defect. Roth aorta and pulmonary trunk arose from the right wntricle. The pulmonic oalvp was severely stenotic and heavily calcified (Fig. 6), and a portion of its sinus wall protruded anteriorly (Fig. 1).
Cortical neurons projecting to the cervical and lumbar enlargements of the spinal cord in young and adult rhesus monkeys

Abstract Cortical neurons projecting to cervical and lumbar segments of the spinal cord in five young and one adult monkeys were identified using the retrograde transport method following multiple unilateral injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the anterior horn at cervical and lumbar levels of the spinal cord. Somatotopically organized labeled neurons were found in the precentral and postcentral gyri, the rostral half of both the medial and dorsal aspects of area 5, the cingulate sulcus within the medial aspect of area 6, and the second somatosensory area within the lateral sulcus. All HRP-positive neurons were confined to cortical layer V or to a depth corresponding to the fifth layer in regions where delineation of cortical layers was obscured due to freezing or sectioning artifacts. Although cross-sectional areas of labeled neurons varied widely within each field, more large labeled neurons were present in the leg than in the arm subdivision of the precentral gyrus. HRP-positive neurons in the first and second somatosensory areas as well as those in the medial aspect of area 5 were of medium size, and those in the primary and supplementary motor areas as well as those within the dorsal aspect of area 5 were of medium or larger size.
A Higher-Dimensional Generalization of the Goss Zeta Function

Abstract Let X be a smooth projective variety over the finite field F q . Let X ⊃ X n − 1 ⊃ X n − 2 ⊃ · · · ⊃ X 0 be a complete flag of smooth irreducible subvarieties, dim X i = i , such that X i − 1 is ample in X i . In this set-up we are able to use an idea of Parshin to "localize at the flag" and obtain the completion k ∞ = F q (( t 1 )) · · · (( t n )), as well as the exponent space S = ( k * ∞ ) n × Z p . We then define a zeta function and prove it to be a family of entire n -dimensional power series. Finally, we study the values of this zeta function at negative integers and show that they are integral (i.e., in the affine ring A of X − X n − 1 ) and have good congruences at the closed points of A .
The Abstraction of Visual Prototypes by Children.

Abstract The present studies demonstrated that children as young as second graders could form prototypical representations from a set of highly similar stimuli. The prototype-plus-transformation model of this performance ( Franks & Bransford, 1971 ) was contrasted with an attribute-frequency model (Neumann, 1974) . Results supported the latter model when trigram stimuli were used to test differential predictions from the models.
THE KOLMOGOROV METRIC AND A GENERALIZATION ON A CLASSIFICATION OF CELLULAR AUTOMATA

This paper introduces and applies a new metric, on the space of bi-infinite strings (sequences), to the linear cellular automata classification approach of R. Gilman. The metric presented herein is a generalization of the metric used in the classification work of Gilman and it is shown that those original classification results also hold with this generalized metric.
Multinational Quality Assurance.

This chapter highlights the dilemmas facing traditional models of quality assurance in a global environment where higher education institutions can and do cross geopolitical borders.
Mineral oil granulomatosis of scrotum

Abstract An unusual case of mineral oil granulomatosis of the scrotum in an elderly male patient is presented. Failure to consider the diagnosis of foreign-body granuloma in any nonulcerating lesion of the external genitalia may result in erroneous preoperative diagnosis and unnecessary surgical procedures.
Contextualism, Metaphor, and What is Said

On a familiar and prima facie plausible view of metaphor, speakers who speak metaphorically say one thing in order to mean another. A variety of theorists have recently challenged this view; they offer criteria for distinguishing what is said from what is merely meant, and argue that these support classifying metaphor within ' what is said ' . I consider four such criteria, and argue that when properly understood, they support the traditional classifi cation instead. I conclude by sketching how we might extract a workable notion of ' what is said ' from ordinary intuitions about saying. 1. Contextualism and ' What is Said ' Metaphor is a deeply context-sensitive linguistic phenomenon. In the right context, nearly any term or sentence can be used metaphorically, and can be used to express a wide variety of contents. The standard way to accommodate this broad variability is to treat metaphor as a form of speaker meaning, on which speakers intentionally say one thing in order to communicate something different ( Grice, 1975; Searle, 1979; Martinich, 1984 ). On this view, by uttering: (1) Bill is a mouse Alice knowingly says something which, if she meant it, would commit her to the claim that Bill is a small rodent. Normally, she won ' t intend to be taken as committing herself to such an absurdly false claim; her hearers realize this, and interpret her metaphorically instead. The particular assumptions she intends her hearers to employ in determining her metaphorical content can vary considerably across different conversational contexts, producing a wide variety of possible metaphorical meanings. This broadly Gricean model is both intuitively plausible and theoretically satisfying. It nicely subsumes metaphor within a larger theory of communication, on which speakers intentionally exploit shared conversational presuppositions in order to communicate effi ciently. And it accomplishes this while allowing us to retain an attractive view of the relation between speaker and sentence meaning. On Grice ' s own preferred way of thinking, ' what is said ' by an utterance of a
USE OF A SENSITIVE ASSAY TO DOCUMENT ELEVATED INSULIN LEVELS IN CONGENITAL HYPERINSULINISM. † 575

USE OF A SENSITIVE ASSAY TO DOCUMENT ELEVATED INSULIN LEVELS IN CONGENITAL HYPERINSULINISM. † 575
Block Substitutions Using Orthomorphic Mappings

Block substitutions, or bijective mappings of n-bit binary n-tuples, are widely used in cryptography. There is a continuing interest in finding such mappings which are resistant to cryptanalysis. Orthomorphisms can be used for this purpose, and they are shown to be characterized by the property that each maximal subgroup of the group of binary n-tuples is mapped half into itself and half into its complement.
Preventative maintenance and unscheduled downtime from an economic perspective

A spreadsheet-based model for economically characterizing the operation of a radiation treatment program has been used to perform a quantitative financial analysis of scheduled and unscheduled downtime. The incremental cost of downtime is broken down into three categories: remuneration of in-house or third party service technologists, decreased patient capacity, and local operating procedures for dealing with downtime. Different service arrangements and operating procedures are simulated to demonstrate the financial cost of treatment machine unavailability due to either preventative maintenance or unexpected breakdown. Depending on the service arrangement and operating policies for accommodating downtime, the combined cost of scheduled and unscheduled downtime (at 5%) can exceed 10% of the total cost of the radiation treatment program. It has also been demonstrated that the greatest cost component of downtime is decreased patient capacity, which can exceed $400,000 (CAN) when unscheduled downtime reaches 5%. The interpretation of this cost depends on the funding environment. Although the emphasis of this study has been the financial consequences of downtime, there are other factors which must be considered when developing policies and procedures for accommodating downtime such as effects on treatment, patient convenience and quality of life for staff. Even though the numerical results are strictly valid only within the context of the simulations performed, they do provide a broad framework within which medical physicists can make recommendations regarding service support and downtime.
Partial purification of an immunosuppressive protein from a human tumor cell line and analysis of its relationship to transforming growth factor β

Abstract The A673 human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line constitutively produces an acid-soluble, potent immunosuppressive factor (ISF), which inhibits T-cell proliferation. We have partially purified this factor from the culture supernatant of A673 cells by a sequence of acid extraction, gel filtration, cation exchange chromatography, and reverse-phase HPLC. Characterization studies indicate that ISF is similar or identical to transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). ISF exhibits a molecular weight of 25 kDa in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. ISF, like TGFβ, is a very basic protein (p I = 9.5) that is sensitive to reduction. Anti-TGFβ1 antibodies completely block ISF activity in the thymocyte assay. Furthermore, ISF, like TGFβ, stimulated the anchor-age-independent growth of normal rat kidney fibroblasts in soft agar.
Regularity in two-dimensional variational problems with perimeter penalties

Abstract We consider a model variational problem over sets, where the energy to be minimized contains a penalty on perimeter. We show that in two dimensions the boundary of each component of any minimizing set is smooth. Our proof suggests that such regularity will generally occur in two-dimensional variational problems containing perimeter penalties.
Shortage, Shortage, Who's Got the Shortage?

Shortages, while rare, do appear in the United States. Under what circumstances might this happen? Which alleged shortages are “true” economic shortages? When do true shortages emerge in a market economy? What does this tell us about how market economies work? Six types or categories of “true” economic shortages and one category of alleged shortages are identified in this article. Examples include shortages of Christmas toys, flu vaccines, nurses, concert and sporting event tickets, airline seats, parking spaces, and blood supply. Do a few fundamental underlying causes link the six categories? Questions for class discussion are included throughout.
On scattering of an SH-wave by a corner comprised of two different elastic materials

The problem of the scattering of plane SH-waves by a corner comprised of two different elastic materials is considered. This problem is the analogy of the dielectric wedge problem in electromagnetics. A Fourier transform method is used to derive equations which can readily be solved numerically. The unknowns are the Fourier transforms of the displacements and tractions on the interfaces of the wedge. Fredholm integral equations of the second kind with simple continuous kernels are obtained after taking a physically reasonable representation of the unknown quantities. Numerical results for the diffraction coefficients are presented. The method can be generalized for incidence of Stonely, plane P-, or SV-waves.
Zinc-induced synthesis of low molecular weight zinc-binding protein by human lymphocytes

Incubation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes with zinc transferrin (with or without phytohemagglutinin) induces the synthesis of protein that elutes from a Sephadex G-75 column at aVe/Vo value corresponding to a molecular weight of 6600. Synthesis depends on the concentration of zinc transferrin in the medium and is sensitive to actinomycin D. Detectable synthesis occurs 5h after initiation of lymphocyte culture and plateaus at 24–30h. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the zinc-induced protein showed two closely moving bands, both of which show immunologic identity to rat liver metallothionein. Partial characterization of this protein yielded the following results: absorbance maximum at 220 nm; zinc content of 5.8 mol/6600 daltons; sulfhydryl content of 20.2 mol/6600 daltons. Additionally, synthesis of zinc-induced protein is altered in both chronic lymphocytic leukemic and acute lymphoblastic leukemic lymphocytes.
Broad-scale applicability of correlation detectors to China seismicity

[1] It is demonstrated that cross-correlation methods can successfully be applied on a large scale to the detection of seismic events arising in a variety of tectonic settings. The locations of about thousand earthquakes a year occurring in and near China are reported using phase picks from a large national network. We performed more than 100 million cross correlations on the waveforms of more than 18,800 events over 20 years, as recorded by a relatively sparse network; and detected about two thirds of the nationally reported events. Additional events (70% increase), beyond what standard processing detects for China on the sparse network, were also found. A corresponding reduction in detection threshold approaches 0.9 magnitude units for increasing station distance. As networks densify and archives grow, cross-correlation is likely to become more and more useful for purposes of maximizing the number of detected events and hence to improve knowledge of seismicity.
Flux noise, vortex glass transition, and irreversibility line in ceramic Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10−δ high-Tc superconductors

Abstract The flux noise and irreversibility line in ceramic Tl 2 Ba 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 10− δ high- T c superconductors have been measured by a DC SQUID, and the vortex glass transition has been detected by the standard four-terminal I vs. V measurement. In the low magnetic field region (0 H ≤1000 Oe), it is found that the flux-noise peak coincides with the vortex glass phase transition temperature T g . However, there is an obvious difference in temperature between the irreversibility temperature T irr and T g . T irr is always higher than T g . Our experimental results indicate that the irreversibility line is a dynamical boundary rather than a phase boundary.
Successes and Challenges on Using VR in Product Design and Engineering

Through our multidimensional world, our actions and the methods which we solve problems are based on our knowledge and experience. Moreover, the knowledge and methods used to develop and engineer products follow this same principle. For product design and engineering, the enabling technologies provided by a host of virtual reality hardware and software have provided marked efficiencies. These efficiencies are realized not only by replicating the physical world virtually, but by creating efficient virtual evaluations that go beyond what is possible in the physical world. However, challenges do exist. There are gaps in functionality in hardware, software and in methodology. These gaps are significant and do leave room for an evaluator to question the accuracy of a virtual evaluation. If specific tenets are adhered to regarding virtual assessments, trust in the results increases. Also, as technology improves, realism improves. Correlation with the natural world directly relates to believability in the results. Baron will explain the VR systems used at Ford and the successes and challenges of virtual reviews. She will relay the practical principles Ford employs regarding conducting virtual assessments, as well as the types of assessments that are used in vehicle development and engineering. And she will also provide insight on where gaps exist in the current suite of VR tools, and thoughts on the future of human/computer interaction for vehicle engineering and design.
Bias in Magnitude Estimation Following Left Hemisphere Injury

There is a growing interest both in identifying the neural mechanisms of magnitude estimation and in identifying forms of bias that can explain aspects of behavioral syndromes like unilateral neglect. Magnitude estimation is associated with activation of temporo-parietal cortex in both cerebral hemispheres of normal subjects; however, it is unclear if and how left hemisphere lesions bias magnitude estimation because the infrequency of neglect and the presence of aphasia in these subjects confound examination. In contrast, we examined magnitude estimation using 12 different types of sensory stimuli that spanned five sensory domains in two patients with very different clinical presentations following unilateral left hemisphere stroke. One patient had neglect sub-acutely without aphasia. The other had aphasia chronically after a temporo-parietal lesion but not neglect. The neglect patient was re-examined 48 h after being treated with modafinil (Provigil) for decreased arousal. Both patients demonstrated bias in magnitude estimation relative to normal subjects (n = 83). Alertness improved in the neglect patient after taking modafinil. His neglect also resolved and his magnitude estimates more closely resembled those of normal subjects. This is the first evidence, to our knowledge, that left hemisphere injury can bias magnitude estimation in a manner similar but not identical to that associated with right hemisphere injury.
Recognizing Tide-Dominated Versus Tide-Influenced Deltas: Middle Devonian Strata of the Baltic Basin

Abstract This paper examines the differences between tide-dominated and tide-influenced deltas, as well as tide-dominated deltas and tide-dominated estuaries. The deltaic deposits of the Middle Devonian Kernave and Arukula formations were documented in cores and outcrops in the Baltic Basin and interpreted as tide-dominated delta deposits. These tide-dominated deposits consist of three vertically stacked progradational to aggradational packages, 20–40 m thick. Each package consists of two stratigraphic intervals. The lower upward-coarsening interval contains seaward-accreting prodelta to distal tidal-bar and proximal tidal-bar deposits. The upper upward-fining interval consists of tidal-flat deposits and minor tidal gully, distributary-channel, supratidal muds, and paleosol deposits. The overall character of these delta deposits indicates a subaqueous delta with no river-dominated delta-plain. Comparison of these successions with modern and ancient tide-dominated and tide-influenced deltas suggests that tide-dominated deltaic deposits tend to form in conditions of relative sea-level rise succeeding transgressions, when tidal currents are strong enough to redeposit most river-derived sediments. Tide-dominated deltas form subaqueous deltas, where the bulk of the deposits are tidally reworked. In contrast, tide-influenced deltas contain tidal indicators in delta-front and lower-delta-plain deposits, whereas the upper delta plain is river-dominated. Our data suggest that tide-dominated deltas may change into tide-influenced deltas during delta evolution when they prograde to the mouth of the restricted or funnel-shaped bay, given the rate of fluvial sediment supply exceeds the rate of accommodation increase.
Experimental studies of a KrF and ArF discharge laser

We have explored the operating characteristics of UV preionized discharge lasers producing 10-100 mJ from noble-gas/ monofluoride excimers. We have studied in detail the temporal characteristics of the discharge, the effects of instabilities, variations of circuit parameters, and the effects of varying degrees of preionization on energy deposition and lasing. Spectral characteristics, tuning, stable and unstable resonator geometries, and beam focusability are also discussed. A companion paper presents the results of a computer modeling of the laser.
Potential Application of Biogeophysics to EOR And Remediation Investigations

Summary In this work we discuss the potential application of biogeophysical studies to enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and remediation. We present the results of our recent biogeophysical laboratory studies that investigate the geophysical response of microbial-active media. We show that complex conductivity measurements are sensitive to metabolic byproducts (e.g. biosurfactants) and increases in microbial cell concentrations resulting from microbial growth. We suggest that geophysical measurements may be used to effectively characterize/monitor in situ biological activity during EOR and remediation.
SVM-based direct thrust control of permanent magnet linear synchronous motor with reduced force ripple

This paper presents a simple space vector modulation based direct thrust control (SVM-DTC) method for position control of a permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM). The proposed SVM-DTC method has constant switching frequency and low flux and force ripple while maintaining advantages of conventional switching-table-based DTC (ST-DTC) such as elimination of current loops, excellent dynamic response, simplicity and robustness. In the proposed method the force error value and flux error sign are used to determine the amplitude and angle of reference voltage vector. Simulation results of the proposed SVM-DTC method are presented and compared with both ST-DTC and conventional SVM-DTC methods to verify the steady state and dynamic performance of the proposed method.
A pharmacological study of oesophageal muscularis mucosae from the cat, dog and American opossum (Didelphis virginiana)

Strips of muscularis mucosae from the oesophagi of cat, dog and opossum have been studied to determine their responses to drugs to electrical field stimulation. All tissues were contracted by acetylcholine, histamine and, with the exception of strips of muscularis mucosae from the opossum proximal oesophagus, noradrenaline. The effects of acetylcholine and histamine were competitively antagonized by atropine (50 nM) and mepyramine (50 nM) and were abolished by atropine (1 microM) and mepyramine (1 microM) respectively. Contractile responses to noradrenaline were competitively antagonized by phentolamine (50 nM) but were converted to propranolol (50 nM)-sensitive relaxations by phentolamine (1 microM). Relaxations were abolished by propranolol (1 microM). Cholecystokinin octapeptide, gastrin 1 and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were ineffective on any of the tissues examined. Substance P caused contractions in tissue from all three species. These effects were atropine and tetrodotoxin insensitive. All tissues gave atropine (50 nM)- and tetrodotoxin (100 nM)-sensitive contractions in response to electrical field stimulation. Contractions were not followed by relaxations and spontaneous mechanical activity was not suppressed between periods of stimulation. No evidence was obtained for the presence of non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic inhibitory innervation of the oesophageal muscularis mucosae in any species. During electrical field stimulation noradrenaline always reduced the amplitude of evoked contractions and, with the exception of tissue from proximal opossum oesophagus, increased resting tension. In opossum distal oesophageal muscularis mucosae, the effects of noradrenaline during electrical field stimulation were abolished by a 30 min pretreatment of the tissue with phentolamine (1 microM) and propranolol (1 microM). To Achieve this in all other tissues, it was also necessary to use yohimbine (1 microM). 7 In all tissues where noradrenaline caused a phentolamine (1 microM)-and propranolol (1 microM)- resistant depression of electrically evoked responses, clonidine produced a yohimbine (1 microM)- sensitive depression. 8 Evidence was obtained for the presence of excitatory alpha 1-and inhibitory alpha 2- and beta-adrenoceptors. Inter-species differences in their distribution are discussed.
Hybrid ARQ-random network coding for wireless media streaming

This paper proposes hybrid ARQ-random network coding frameworks for real-time media broadcast over single-hop wireless networks. We model the wireless channel as a packet erasure channel and our proposed schemes aim at minimizing the packet erasure rate in order to enhance the media quality at receivers. We consider two forms of random network coding: uniform random network coding (URNC) and hierarchical random network coding (HRNC) in combination with a number of packet scheduling policies based on a limited number of feedbacks from receivers. Our simulation results show that the hybrid frameworks can improve the quality of media applications significantly compared with the conventional scheme without using network coding.
Model-based Tagging: Promoting Access to Online Texts on Complex Systems for Interdisciplinary Learning

The task of biologically inspired design requires designers to access, understand, and apply knowledge of biological systems. One common source for obtaining this kind of knowledge is scholarly biology articles accessed from online libraries and bibliographic databases (e.g., Web of Science, Google Scholar). However, our studies show that such online information environments do not adequately support this kind of interdisciplinary research. Designers need more help with both accessing relevant biology articles and understanding the biological systems that are described in those articles. In this paper, we present Biologue, a social citation cataloging system that uses model-based tagging to address these challenges.
Fileprints: identifying file types by n-gram analysis

We propose a method to analyze files to categorize their type using efficient 1-gram analysis of their binary contents. Our aim is to be able to accurately identify the true type of an arbitrary file using statistical analysis of their binary contents without parsing. Consequently, we may determine the type of a file if its name does not announce its true type. The method represents each file type by a compact representation we call a fileprint, effectively a simple means of representing all members of the same file type by a set of statistical 1-gram models. The method is designed to be highly efficient so that files can be inspected with little or no buffering, and on a network appliance operating in high bandwidth environment or when streaming the file from or to disk.
Role of aldo-keto reductase enzymes in mediating the timing of parturition.

A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the initiation of parturition would provide an important step towards the development of more effective therapies for the prevention of pre-term labor and the associated neonatal morbidity and mortality. Expression of aldo-keto reductases (AKR) from the 1D, 1C, and 1B subfamilies are likely to play an important role in determining the timing of parturition through their effects on metabolism of progesterone and prostaglandins. Placental expression of AKR1D1 (human 5β reductase) likely contributes to the maintenance of pregnancy by inhibiting myometrial contractility through the formation of 5β-dihydroprogesterone (DHP). AKR1C1, AKR1C2, and AKR1C3 all catalyze the 20-ketosteroid reduction of progestins and can also catalyze the 3-ketosteroid reduction of pregnanes. They could therefore be playing an important role in eliminating tocolytic progestins at term. Activation of the F prostanoid receptor by its ligands also plays a critical role in initiation of labor. AKR1C3 also has prostaglandin (PG) F synthase activities that would contribute to the initiation of labor. AKR1C3 converts PGH2 to PGF2α and PGD2 to 9α,11β-PGF2. AKR1B1 also contributes to the conversion of PGH2 to PGF2α, but does not form 9α,11β-PGF2. Consistent with the potential role for AKR1C3 in the initiation of parturition, indomethacin, which is a potent and isoform selective inhibitor of AKR1C3, has long been used for tocolysis.
Identification of Sequences in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 ICP22 That Influence RNA Polymerase II Modification and Viral Late Gene Expression

Previous studies have shown that the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) immediate-early protein ICP22 alters the phosphorylation of the host cell RNA polymerase II (Pol II) during viral infection. In this study, we have engineered several ICP22 plasmid and virus mutants in order to map the ICP22 sequences that are involved in this function. We identify a region in the C-terminal half of ICP22 (residues 240 to 340) that is critical for Pol II modification and further show that the N-terminal half of the protein (residues 1 to 239) is not required. However, immunofluorescence analysis indicates that the N-terminal half of ICP22 is needed for its localization to nuclear body structures. These results demonstrate that ICP22's effects on Pol II do not require that it accumulate in nuclear bodies. As ICP22 is known to enhance viral late gene expression during infection of certain cultured cells, including human embryonic lung (HEL) cells, we used our engineered viral mutants to map this function of ICP22. It was found that mutations in both the N- and C-terminal halves of ICP22 result in similar defects in viral late gene expression and growth in HEL cells, despite having distinctly different effects on Pol II. Thus, our results genetically uncouple ICP22's effects on Pol II from its effects on viral late gene expression. This suggests that these two functions of ICP22 may be due to distinct activities of the protein.