cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
T-cell-rich large B-cell lymphoma in children and adolescents: a clinicopathologic report of six cases from the Children's Cancer Group Study CCG-5961.

BACKGROUND T-cell–rich large B-cell lymphoma (TCRLBCL) is a morphologic subset of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that has been confused with Hodgkin disease and reactive lymphadenopathies. To the authors' knowledge the majority of reports of TCRLBCL are from adults, and it is not widely recognized as occurring in the pediatric population. The current study reports a cohort of six cases of TCRLBCL from the Children's Cancer Group CCG-5961 study. METHODS Biopsies from patients entered on CCG-5961 were submitted for central pathology review and immunophenotyping. Six cases of TCRLBCL were identified and correlated with clinical characteristics. RESULTS Of 86 cases centrally reviewed to date on CCG-5961, 20 (23%) were diagnosed as diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Of these, 6 cases (7% of total cases and 30% of large B-cell cases) were TCRLBCL, based on a diffuse growth pattern with a minor population of neoplastic large B cells and an associated extensive reactive T-cell infiltrate. All patients with TCRLBCL were males ages 12–16 years. Three patients with TCRLBCL had advanced stage disease. No bone marrow or central nervous system involvement was detected in any case. CONCLUSIONS TCRLBCL is a morphologic subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that may be difficult to recognize due to the extensive infiltrate of reactive T cells. This entity is not well recognized in pediatric patients, but in the current study represented 7% of all cases and 30% of large B-cell lymphomas received for central review from the ongoing CCG-5961 protocol. Because TCRLBCL may be confused with Hodgkin disease and reactive lymphadenopathies, it is essential that this entity be recognized in the pediatric age group. Cancer 2000;88:2378–86. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
Sex differences in the endothelial function of untreated hypertension.

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012;14:228–235. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Vascular endothelial dysfunction is associated with increased risk for adverse cardiovascular (CV) events. However, less is known about sex differences in the endothelial function of untreated hypertensive individuals. The purpose of this study was to assess endothelial function in women and men with untreated hypertension. Ninety participants (35 women, 55 men), aged 40 to 60 years (mean age, 46.1±8.2 years), with untreated stage 1 hypertension (systolic blood pressure 140–159 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure 90–99 mm Hg) underwent brachial artery endothelial-dependent flow-mediated dilation and endothelial-independent glyceryl trinitrate dilation. Women had a smaller flow-mediated dilation response than men (adjusted mean±standard error of the mean [SEM]; 1.8±0.6% vs 3.9±0.4%, P=.036), adjusting for baseline arterial diameter (P=.004), age (P=.596), ethnicity (P=.496), log shear stress ratio (P<.001), body mass index (P=.009), 24-hour diastolic blood pressure (P=.169), high-density lipoprotein (P=.225), log creatinine (P=.927), and log physical activity (P=.682). Glyceryl trinitrate dilation did not differ by sex in adjusted models. Women between the ages of 40 and 60 years with untreated stage 1 hypertension exhibited a greater impairment of endothelial function compared with their male counterparts. These findings raise the possibility that female sex may impart a greater risk of CV events in patients with untreated stage 1 hypertension potentially due to poorer endothelial function.
External adjustment in large countries

Abstract The relationship between exchange rates and current account balances is examined via a model of two large cooperating countries. Examples are discussed in which two countries aiming to reduce an external imbalance should shift their monetary-fiscal policy mix in the same direction. The explanation is that interest rates affect the investment accounts of creditor and debtor countries in opposite directions, and this effect will normally be the dominant influence of monetary policy on current-account balances. In these circumstances, the sign of the exchangerate change in relation to the change in the external balance will be ambiguous.
Solar Spicules: A Review of Recent Models and Targets for Future Observations – (Invited Review)

Since their discovery over 100 years ago, there have been many suggestions for the origin and development of solar spicules. Because the velocities of spicules are comparable to the sound and Alfven speeds of the low chromosphere, linear theory cannot fully describe them. Consequently, detailed tests of theoretical ideas had to await the development of computing power that only became available during the 1970s. This work reviews theories for spicules and spicule-like features over approximately the past 25 years, with an emphasis on the models based on nonlinear numerical simulations. These models have given us physical insight into wave propagation in the solar atmosphere, and have helped elucidate how such waves, and associated shock waves, may be capable of creating motions and structures on magnetic flux tubes in the lower solar atmosphere. So far, however, it has been difficult to reproduce the most-commonly-quoted parameters for spicules with these models, using what appears to be the most suitable input parameters. A key impediment to developing satisfactory models has been the lack of reliable observational information, which is a consequence of the small angular size and transient lifetime of spicules. I close with a list of key observational questions to be addressed with space-based satellites, such as the currently operating TRACE satellite, and especially the upcoming Solar-B mission. Answers to these questions will help determine which, if any, of the current models correctly explains spicules.
The relationship between prenatal care and subsequent modern contraceptive use in Bolivia, Egypt and Thailand

Determinants of modern contraceptive use are usually examined in isolation of the effect of exposure to other aspects of health care systems. Maternal interaction with organised health service provision during post-conception and postpartum stages of reproduction can provide an opportunity to transfer contraceptive service information and counselling. We found that living in a community in which women have widespread health service contact is related to both prenatal care use and subsequent modern contraceptive use. After controlling for effects of living in high health service contact areas and various demographic and background factors, our results suggest that prior use of prenatal care has a strong influence on subsequent use of modern contraception in Bolivia, Egypt and Thailand.
Cyclic dinucleotides mediate gap junction-dependent spread of DNA-induced IRF3 activation. (IRM9P.729)

Cell death and sterile inflammation are central to the pathogenesis of human diseases such as myocardial infarction and acute liver failure. Since patients often present after injury has begun, a primary therapeutic goal is to limit the extent and duration of injury. Therefore, we investigated the molecular mechanisms by which innate immune responses to dying cells are spread. When a cell dies, it releases danger signals such as DNA, which are sensed by neighboring cells and spread by undefined mechanisms, ultimately defining the extent and duration of injury. To study this process, we created stable monoclonal fluorescent reporter cell lines for key transcriptional regulators of danger signaling (IRF3 and NFkB), exposed them to various danger signals, and monitored their spatiotemporal activation by quantitative fluorescence microscopy. We found IRF3 to be strongly activated not only in cells sensing DNA, but also in their unexposed neighbors. Using pharmacologic inhibitors and genetically modified co-cultures, we found that spread of IRF3 activity is contact-dependent and requires gap junctions. We also provide evidence that the recently described cyclic dinucleotide cGAMP is a gap junction permeable mediator of IRF3 activation spread. In vivo experiments show that genetic or pharmacologic modulation of gap junction communication is protective against acute organ injury, demonstrating the importance of injury spread, and its promise as a therapeutic target.
Nonmedical Prescription Opioid Use in Childhood and Early Adolescence Predicts Transitions to Heroin Use in Young Adulthood: A National Study

Objectives To examine the relationship between nonmedical use of prescription opioids and heroin initiation from childhood to young adulthood, and to test whether certain ages, racial/ethnic, and income groups were at higher risk for this transition. Study design Among a nationally representative sample of US adolescents assessed in the 2004-2011 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health cross-sectional surveys (n = 223 534 respondents aged 12-21 years), discrete-time hazard models were used to estimate the age-specific hazards of heroin initiation associated with prior history of nonmedical use of prescription opioids. Interactions were estimated between prior history of nonmedical use of prescription opioids and age of nonmedical use of prescription opioid initiation, race/ethnicity, and income. Results A prior history of nonmedical use of prescription opioids was strongly associated with heroin initiation (hazard ratio 13.12, 95% CI 10.73, 16.04). Those initiating nonmedical use of prescription opioids at ages 10-12 years had the highest risk of transitioning to heroin use; the association did not vary by race/ethnicity or income group. Conclusions Prior use of nonmedical use of prescription opioids is a strong predictor of heroin use onset in adolescence and young adulthood, regardless of the user's race/ethnicity or income group. Primary prevention of nonmedical use of prescription opioids in late childhood may prevent the onset of more severe types of drug use such as heroin at later ages. Moreover, because the peak period of heroin initiation occurs at ages 17-18 years, secondary efforts to prevent heroin use may be most effective if they focus on young adolescents who already initiated nonmedical use of prescription opioids.
Facepalms and cringes: liberal education misapprehended

Many well-intentioned engineering faculty, eager to integrate engineering and liberal arts, do not seem to truly grasp the meaning and intent of liberal education. Most of us are doing it wrong, and our colleagues across campus would cringe or facepalm at our efforts. Such moments reveal our (conscious or unconscious) misapprehensions of liberal education. Reflexive engagement of these misapprehensions may be a productive site for our own liberal education.
Induction of tetraploidy in meristematically active seeds of Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii var. atropurpurea) through exposure to colchicine and oryzalin

Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii DC) is an invasive shrub, widely naturalized across the United States, whose numerous cultivars remain an important horticultural commodity. Maintaining this crop for the future necessitates the development of sterile clones. Exposure to the mitotic inhibitors colchicine and oryzalin is a traditional method for inducing tetraploidy in breeding lines as a precursor to creating sterile genotypes. Treatments utilized pre-germinated B. t. var. atropurpurea seeds with emerged radicles. Seeds were immersed in aqueous solutions of colchicine (.02%, .05%, .1% and .2%) and oryzalin (.002%, .005%, .01% and .02%) dissolved in 1% DMSO for 6, 12 and 24 h durations. Seedling ploidy level was determined via flow cytometry following 6 and 52 weeks of growth in the greenhouse. Both anti-mitotic chemicals proved effective at inducing tetraploidy and produced comparable efficiency rates. The survival rate of treated seeds decreased in response to both increased mitotic inhibitor concentration and longer exposure duration. While exposure to oryzalin produced greater seed mortality than colchicine, most seedlings that survived had altered ploidy levels. The most efficient oryzalin concentration was 0.002% with a rating of 28%, while the most efficient colchicine concentrations were in the range from 0.05% to 0.2%. Duration of exposure to mitotic inhibitor was not a significant factor over the range from 6 to 24 h. Reversion of tetraploid plants to the diploid state occurred at a low frequency following a dormancy period. Some tetraploid seedlings derived from exposure to both chemicals displayed foliar abnormalities including irregular leaf margins and mottled lamina. The primary advantage of colchicine was low seedling toxicity, while oryzalin was notable for its ability to induce tetraploidy at low concentrations.
Anaerobic sampling of body fluids in bivalve molluscs.

Abstract 1. A method is described for anaerobic sampling of pericardial fluid and haemolymph from live, intact bivalve molluscs, without taxodont dentition, with special reference to the clam Rangia cuneata. 2. No difference is found between pericardial fluid and haemolymph of R. cuneata with respect to osmolality, chloride concentration, protein concentration, concentration of ninhydrin positive substances, pH, and oxygen tension. 3. Hypoxia and acidosis in R. cuneata is not evident before 1–2 days of air exposure.
Bremsstrahlung Cross-Section Measurements for 50-kev Electrons

The dependence of the bremsstrahlung differential cross section on photon energy and angle for 50-kev electrons (${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{0}\ensuremath{\approx}0.4$) incident on a 10-\ensuremath{\mu}g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ gold target and a 17-\ensuremath{\mu}g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ aluminum target has been determined from measurements made with a scintillation spectrometer at angles ranging from 10 to 140 degrees. The experimental results are compared with the Sommerfeld-Kirkpatrick-Wiedmann cross sections multiplied by the relativistic correction factor ${(1\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{0}cos\ensuremath{\theta})}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$. For high photon energies (45 kev), the experimental results show good agreement with the theory at the peak intensity angles, approximately 50 and 60 degrees for gold and aluminum, respectively, but at the extreme angles there are differences of about 50% with the theory. For low photon energies (10 kev), discrepancies with the theory also increase at the extreme angles, with maximum differences of about 30% for aluminum and 40% for gold. Good agreement is obtained between theory and experiment over the whole angular range for 45-kev photons emitted from the aluminum target, when rough estimates of retardation and screening effects are also included in the theory. The experimental values for the Heitler parameter, $\frac{{\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{\mathrm{rad}}}{\overline{\ensuremath{\varphi}}}$, are 5.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6 and 6.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.7 for aluminum and gold respectively, compared to the theoretical value (including the above relativistic correction factor) of approximately 6.9 for both aluminum and gold.
Revascularization with Saphenous Vein Bypasses for Complex Intracranial Aneurysms

Most intracranial aneurysms can be managed with either microsurgical clipping or endovascular coiling. A subset of complex aneurysms with aberrant anatomy or fusiform/dolichoectatic morphology may require revascularization as part of a strategy that occludes the aneurysm or parent artery or both. Bypass techniques have been invented to revascularize nearly every intracranial artery. An aneurysm that will require a saphenous vein bypass is one that cannot be treated with conventional microsurgical clipping or endovascular coiling and also requires deliberate sacrifice of a major intracranial artery as part of the alternative treatment strategy. In the past 7 years the senior author (MTL) has performed a total of 110 bypasses, of which 46 were for aneurysms. Twenty-two of these patients received high-flow extracranial-to-intracranial bypasses using saphenous vein grafts, of which 16 had aneurysms that were giant in size. We review the indications for saphenous vein bypasses for complex intracranial aneurysms, surgical techniques, and clinical management strategies.
Comparison of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, neutron activation analysis,and Hall effect techniques using antimony doped germanium

Abstract Three independent characterization techniques, Hall effect, neutron activation analysis (NAA) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were investigated to measure the antimony (Sb) concentration in Sb-doped germanium single crystals. The three LEC grown crystals had initial Sb concentrations ranging from 1×10 15 to 1×10 17 at/cm 3 . The agreement between these three techniques was very good, averaging 15% below the Hall effect measurements for the ICP-MS measurements and averaging 2% below the Hall effect measurements for the NAA measurements. It was also found that the ICP-MS technique had the least variation among the three techniques.
Electrophoretic and dielectrophoretic field gradient technique for separating bioparticles.

We describe a new device for separation of complex biological particles and structures exploiting many physical properties of the biolytes. The device adds a new longitudinal gradient feature to insulator dielectrophoresis, extending the technique to separation of complex mixtures in a single channel. The production of stronger local field gradients along a global gradient allows particles to enter, initially transported through the channel by electrophoresis and electroosmosis, and to be isolated according to their characteristic physical properties, including charge, polarizability, deformability, surface charge mobility, dielectric features, and local capacitance. In this work, the separation mechanism is described in terms of the relevant electromechanical principles, and proof-of-principle is demonstrated using various bacteria cells as model systems. The results demonstrate the selectivity of the technique and suggest that it may form the foundation for a versatile and useful tool for separating mix...
Variation of color in titanium and zirconium nitride decorative thin films

The color variation in zirconium and titanium nitrides was investigated with respect to the atomic ratio between nitrogen and transition metals and with oxygen as the contaminant. The nitride thin films were deposited using cathodic arc evaporation. The stoichiometry of the films was varied through changes in nitrogen gas flow rate and total pressure in the deposition chamber. Thickness of all nitride films was controlled at 0.5 μm. Oxygen content in the thin films was correlated to their color. The reflectivity spectra of ZrN and TiN thin films were measured in the visible region of the spectrum and their color was quantified in the L*a*b* color system. Increasing the atomic ratio of nitrogen to transition metals causes the overall reflectivity of the gold-like color to decrease and the yellowness to increase. A change of the stoichiometry without a noticeable change of thin film color is wider for TiN than ZrN. The variation in oxygen contents results in the color change in the same direction as that of the variation of nitrogen content. Therefore, oxygen found in the nitride thin films behaves as nitrogen; it consumes free electrons from transition metal.
Peptide synthesis using proteases dissolved in organic solvents

Abstract Organic solvent-soluble α-chymotrypsin (CT) and subtilisin Carlsberg (SC) are effective catalysts for peptide synthesis in homogeneous organic solutions. The soluble enzymes have values of k cat K m for the reaction of N-Bz-L-Tyr-OEt with L-Leu-NH2 to yield the dipeptide N-Bz-L-Tyr-L-Leu-NH2 that are over 3 orders of magnitude higher than their suspended counterparts in isooctane (containing 30% (v/v) tetrahydrofuran (THF) to aid in substrate solubility). Both enzymes are substantially more active in hydrophobic organic solvents than hydrophilic solvents. Adding small concentrations of water (
Adsorption and recombination of hydrogen atoms on a model graphite surface

The adsorption and recombination of atomic hydrogen on a model graphite grain have been examined in a series of calculations in which a modified, iterative, extended Hueckel program was used. The hydrogen atom is found to be chemisorbed at a site with a zero-point binding energy of 0.7 eV and at an equilibrium distance of 2.25 A above the site. Despite a barrier of about 0.4 eV between adjacent sites, calculations suggest that at temperatures as low as 10 K, an H atom will tunnel through to adjacent sites in less than one nanosecond. However, a potential barrier to the recombination of two hydrogen atoms has been found which displays high sensitivity to the mutual arrangement of the two hydrogen atoms with respect to the graphite surface. Results show that at very low temperatures, recombinations can occur only by tunneling. Consistent with experiment, the region in which H2 begins to form exhibits a repulsive potential with respect to possible chemisorption of the incipient H2 entity.
Sustained oxygenation without ventilation in paralyzed pigs with high-flow tracheal oxygen.

Abstract Objectives It is generally assumed that ventilation is necessary for oxygenation. This study tested if paralyzed animals without respirations can maintain arterial oxygenation when administered high-flow oxygen delivered by a catheter in the trachea. Methods Design: Prospective observational study. Setting: University research laboratory. Participants: 3 anesthetized/paralyzed swine weighing 29.5 ± 4.2 kg. Interventions/observations: Pigs were intubated, anesthetized with intravenous tiletamine and a pentobarbital drip. A femoral arterial line was placed to record arterial blood gases and vital signs every 5 minutes. Respiratory paralysis was obtained with vecuronium 150 μg/kg and repeated at any sign of movement. A catheter was placed in the trachea to deliver oxygen at 15 L/min. Outflow gas from the endotracheal tube was analyzed for O 2 and CO 2 . O 2 was discontinued at 75 minutes. The institutional animal care and use committee approved the protocol. Results All pigs survived to 75 minutes. Pao 2 was more than 100 mm Hg throughout the study period. Mean Paco 2 was 37.4 ± 2.8 mm Hg at baseline, 146 ± 59 at 30 minutes, then rose above 200 mm Hg in all pigs by 45 minutes. Mean arterial pH fell from 7.47 ± 0.04 at onset to 6.75 ± 0.06 at 75 minutes. When oxygen was terminated at 75 minutes, Pao 2 fell to 16.5 ± 7.6 mm Hg within 5 minutes, and all pigs were sacrificed within 10 minutes. For outflow gas, O 2 was more than 98% and expired CO 2 less than 1% throughout the study period. Conclusions Paralyzed, unventilated pigs receiving high-flow oxygen via a tracheal catheter remained alive after 75 minutes, although a profound respiratory acidosis developed.
Computer-controlled drug doses for IV drug self-administration.

This report describes a novel procedure for computer-controlled drug-dose determination for IV drug self-administration studies. By modifying the duration of each infusion of a single concentration of a drug solution, five or more unit doses (mg/kg/inj) can be dispensed from the same syringe. The advantages of this procedure include the following: (1) it is not necessary to prepare a new syringe for each dose change; (2) the sterility of the IV catheter line is broken less often and; (3) the confounding effect of flushing through the catheter line with the previous drug dose is avoided. This procedure is accurate and reliable and can be applied to multiple sessions of any duration across days or weeks.
Immune system-neuroendocrine dysregulation in spinal cord injury

Multiple communicative pathways among the nervous, endocrine and immune systems facilitate physiological immunoregulation. Spinal cord injury (SCI) patients have decreased natural (NK cell) and adaptive (T cell) immune function and reduced blood levels of cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) that participate in immune function and wound healing. We found decreased LFA-1 and VLA-4 on peripheral blood leukocytes in SCI patients and lower levels of CAMs in SCT patients with pressure ulcers than in those without them. SCI might affect immune cells and immune responsiveness by: (1) disrupting the outflow of signals from the sympathetic nervous system to lymphoid tissues and their blood vessels as well as the returning afferent signals from these tissues to the brain; (2) immunosuppression caused by the stressors affecting SCI patients; (3) interrupting returning signals to the CNS from the periphery thereby reducing facilitation of immunoregulatory CNS neurons and decreasing their activity; or a combination of all three. SCI patients may develop dysregulation of the sympathetic nervous system that is intimately involved in immune function. Chronic stress mediates immunosuppression by corticosteroids, catecholamines, endorphins and met-enkephalin. The hypothalamus coordinates the response to stress through the release of soluble products from the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Whereas the nervous and endocrine systems are not concerned with immunological specificity, they do influence the intensity, kinetics and localization of immune responses. Products of an activated immune system may generate feedback circuits capable of inhibiting, enhancing or regulating neuronal input. Immune system cells can produce neurologically active peptides including ACTH, CRF, growth hormone, thyrotropin, prolactin, human chorionic gonadotropin, endorphin, enkephalins, substance P, somatostatin and VIP. Cytokines are likely important mediators of the HPA response to immune stimuli.
A new approach to batch process optimization using experimental design

Empirical and mechanistic experimental design methods are combined to construct partial models, which are, thus, used to design a process. The grid algorithm restricts the next experimental point to potential process optima, according to the confidence intervals around the optimal points, and works with any experimental design algorithm such as D-optimal. Two case studies show the advantages of implementing the grid algorithm. On average the improvement due to the grid algorithm was 15–20% in the first case study. The second case study is based on thin film growth using four potential models, with the most probable model used for experimental design. The grid algorithm balances the trade-off between two extremes: D-optimal designs and sampling at the predicted optimal point. The methodology presented shows that the experimenter does not have to decide ahead of time on purely empirical or mechanistic experimental design methods, since both may be useful. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Cationic cure of epoxy resins via benzylsulfonium salts covalently bound to glass surfaces

The cure behavior of epoxy resins in the presence of glass fillers was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A novel benzylsulfonium salt capable of covalently bonding to glass surfaces through a trialkoxysilane moiety were synthesized. Coupling of the salt to silica gel (as a model glass surface), characterization of the bound material, and its ability to initiate the cationic cure of DGEBA resins were investigated. The bound material was characterized by solid-state 13 C and 29 Si CP/MAS NMR, FTIR, and TGA. The sulfonium salt was coupled with silica as the Br anion form because of the insolubility of the SbF 6 salt. After anion exchange, silica-bound salt with SbF 6 counterion was shown to initiate cure of epoxy resins but only at temperatures much higher than with an analogous unbound salt (>200°C and <100°C, respectively). The inability to get complete anion exchange of Br anions for SbF 6 (necessary for cationic initiation activity) after coupling allowed formation of excess tetrahydrothiophene (THT) during heating, through decomposition of the residual Br salt, causing temporary termination and a large delay in cure. The temporary termination mechanism involved reaction of THT and the active oxonium ion to give a primary alkylsulfonium salt. In addition, it was discovered that the silica gel itself had an inhibiting effect on the cure of epoxy resins cured with unbound initiator, giving low T g materials. This was due to inherent surface interaction with the salt and not to chemical reaction with the surface or with a physically adsorbed contaminant (such as water). The degree of inhibition increased with increasing filler content. Low surface area glass beads also inhibited cure, although surface modification of the glass beads with bound benzylsulfonium salt (SbF 6 form) improved cure significantly, reducing onset delay and giving high T g materials. The degree of delay was inversely dependent on the amount of silane coupled to the surface and varied with counterion.
Spectral response of solar-cell structures

Abstract The purpose of this study was to measure the spectral response of silicon solar-cell structures, and to observe how the response varied with the depth of the p - n junction. Spectral response was defined as the relative short-circuit current as a function of the wavelength of incident light for equal energy incident upon the cell at all wavelengths. Cells were made with the junction depths varying from 0·6 to 5·0 μ, and having both smooth (etched) surfaces and rough (lapped) surfaces. Response curves from these cells are presented. These curves indicate that in order to increase the relative short-wavelength response (λ 0·75 μ) the junction must be made comparatively far below the surface. The effect of having a lapped surface on the cell is to reduce the lifetime near the surface, thus reducing the response to short wavelengths of incident light. A simple theoretical model is presented which appears adequately to describe the mechanism involved in determining the shape of the response curves.
Involvement of the heart by small and medium vessel vasculitis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The heart may be involved in many different ways by the systemic vasculitides. In this review, we focus on recently described diagnostic and therapeutic issues in small and medium vessel vasculitis of the heart. RECENT FINDINGS Data have emerged on the prevalence and significance of cardiac involvement in the systemic vasculitides. There is an increasing array of sophisticated imaging modalities including echocardiography, PET, and cardiac MRI that aid in the clinical diagnosis. SUMMARY Most small and medium vessel vasculitides may involve the heart; however, the mode and incidence of cardiac involvement vary with the different vasculitic syndromes. This review describes the various cardiac manifestations of small and medium vessel vasculitis and the advantages of modern imaging modalities including echocardiography, MRI, and PET coupled with biologic biomarkers such as brain natriuretic peptide and antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies in the diagnosis and management of disease.
Federal priorities and programs in the hydrological sciences

How high a priority is hydrologic research for U.S. federal agencies? Although hydrology affects human lives and economic activity significantly, federal agency research priorities ultimately reflect the ability of the research community to generate political support, both locally and nationally. Unless the research community cultivates a vocal constituency by demonstrating the practical benefits of hydrologic research products, we risk declining federal support as other scientific disciplines step forward to direct federal agency priorities. Also, several hydrology programs require immediate mobilization of support to prevent losses in research capabilities. These were the conclusions of panel members participating in a uniquely frank “Town Hall Meeting” of the Hydrology Section at the 1998 AGU Fall Meeting. Agency representatives attending included Ghassem R. Asrar, NASA Associate Administrator for Earth Science; D.James Baker, NOAA Administrator; Robert M. Hirsch, Director of the USGS Water Resources Division; and George M. Hornberger, Chair of the National Research Council (NRC) Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources (CGER).
Formation of a Metastable BCC Solid Solution and Decomposition to a C 15 Laves Phase in Melt-Spun CrNb 10 Ti 10

A metastable, disordered bcc phase has been formed from the melt in a Cr-rich alloy of the Nb-Cr-Ti system, where large volume fractions of the Laves phase would develop under equilibrium solidification conditions. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies and lattice constant determinations confirm that the melt-spun ribbons contain a bcc phase beyond its terminal solid solution limits. Solidification pathways are proposed based upon metastable and equilibrium phase diagrams. Microstructures have been studied using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Cross-sectional TEM reveals tiny, dispersed Laves phase precipitates within the metastable bcc grains near the chill (wheel) side. Away from the wheel, the microstructure changes to a dendritic structure of the bcc and C15 Laves phase. Annealing of the melt-spun ribbons produces a fine, two phase microstructure of the equilibrium phases. Microstructures from the melt-spun and arc melted processing conditions are compared. The micro structural control afforded through this metastable processing route enables a methodology to tailor phase distributions for optimized toughness in Laves phase alloys.
On eigenfunctions with sign definite components in weakly coupled linear elliptic systems

On considere le systeme Lu=λ(m 11 u+m 12 v), Lv=λ(m 21 v+m 22 v) dans Ω; u=v=0 sur ∂Ω, ou Ω ⊂ R n est un domaine borne a frontiere lisse, L est un operateur uniformement fortement elliptique d'ordre 2
Ebulliometric measurement of the vapor pressures of R123 and R141b

Abstract We have used the technique of comparative ebulliometry to measure the vapor pressures of several alternative refrigerants. A description is given of a simple apparatus that was built for this purpose, and results are reported for the vapor pressures of R123 and R141b. Data cover the range 270 K to 312 K at pressures from 25 to 129 kPa. The results are compared with published data.
Pareto ranking optimal tariffs under foreign monopoly

Abstract This paper shows that whether or not optimal ad valorem and specific tariffs can be Pareto ranked for a country trading with a foreign monopoly firm depends on parameters of the economy.
The Effect of Pitch Count on Shoulder Kinematics and Strength in Adolescent Baseball Pitchers

rotational osteotomy because of incomplete reduction and head collapse at tenmonths postoperatively. At 181months the remaining head had collapsed and a hemiarthroplasty was implanted. A second patient had an excellent result until 180months postoperatively, then synovial chondromatosis which led to revision with a RTSA at 186 months after allograft reconstruction. Thus at final follow-up, two of the 19 reviewed patients had a prosthesis. Of the other seventeen, 4 had radiographically advanced, 4 hadmild and nine had no or minimal OA. 18 shoulders were subjectively (including two with replacement surgery) excellent none good, one fair. The final Constant Score averaged 77 points (range 52-98 p), the subjective shoulder value averaged 88% (range 75-100%) and only two patients had mild to moderate pain. Mean active anterior elevation was 145 and mean external rotation with the arm at the side was 42 degrees. Conclusion: Segmental reconstruction of humeral head defects for large anteromedial impaction fractures caused by locked posterior dislocations durably restores stability and freedom from pain with an excellent subjective long-term outcome. Development and progression of osteoarthritis did occur but was not associated with significant pain, or work disability or need for disability payments. Set 1 Set 2 Set 3 Set 4 Set 5 Set 6
Oblique Excitation of Nearly-Longitudinal Waves in Thick Plates

Our earlier research has studied the generation of nearly-longitudinal waves in thick plates by edge excitation at relatively high frequency-thickness products. These nearly-longitudinal waves, also known as trailing pulses, are promising for flaw detection due to their shorter wavelength and the capability of retaining the pulse characteristics after scattering from defects. However, in reality, the edges of the structures may not be accessible. This paper explores exciting ultrasonic waves using a wedge transducer at oblique incidence. We first describe a simple model for the formation of trailing pulses by oblique excitation. We then use simulations to examine the creation of nearly-longitudinal waves in a thick plate, study the effect of incidence angles and discuss the energy distribution through the thickness. Next we provide experimental results from both pitch-catch and pulse-echo tests to validate the characteristics of the nearly-longitudinal waves excited by oblique incidence. The good agreement between the simulation and experiments shows oblique excitation can also produce nearly-longitudinal waves with uniformly-spaced trailing pulses over a range of incidence angles. The amplitude level of such pulses reaches its maximum when the incidence angle approaches to the critical angle at the plexiglass-steel interface. The responses by oblique excitation are weaker than those by edge excitation, but can still illuminate the plate through the thickness when the incidence angle is close to the critical angle. The results show that the nearly-longitudinal waves by oblique excitation are a good alternative for infrastructure inspection, especially for plates limiting edge access or permitting only surface access.
Rapid reduction of alkyl tosylates with lithium triethylborohydride. A convenient and advantageous procedure for the deoxygenation of simple and hindered alcohols. Comparison of various hydride reagents

Lithium triethylborohydride (super-hydride) in tetrahydrofuran reduces the p-toluenesulfonates of primary and secondary alcohols to the corresponding alkanes in excellent yields. The reaction is general and applicable even to tosylates derived from cycloalkanols, hindered alcohols, and polyhydroxy derivatives. Examination of the scope of the reaction and comparison with the results realized with other hydridic reducing agents reveals the advantages of this new procedure.
Selective syntheses of no-carrier-added 2- and 3-[18F]fluorohalopyridines through the radiofluorination of halopyridinyl(4′-methoxyphenyl)iodonium tosylates

No-carrier-added 2- and 3-[18F]fluorohalopyridines were readily synthesized as potentially useful labeling synthons for prospective PET radiotracers through the selective radiofluorination of halopyridinyl(4′-methoxyphenyl)iodonium tosylates, themselves conveniently prepared in a single pot from iodohalopyridines.
How did Illiterates Fare as Literacy Became Almost Universal? Evidence from Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Liverpool

A sample of marriage registers from the parish of Liverpool St. Nicholas Church in England between 1839–1927 is used to examine changing characteristics of grooms who signed with a mark over this period. The proportion of illiterate grooms in the parish fell from about a third to under 5%. Age at marriage and likelihood of being a widower rose markedly for illiterates over the period relative to literate grooms. The percentage of illiterate grooms marrying literate brides rose markedly as well; however, in contrast with national tendencies, there was less evidence of assortative mating by literacy or of any downward trend in this for the Liverpool sample. There was no evident rise in literacy requirements for employment in the transport sector which dominated the Liverpool economy throughout the period under consideration. This implied that even in the first three decades of the 20th century with signature ability almost universal, most illiterate grooms in Liverpool were not in unskilled occupations. However, illiterate grooms were increasingly less likely over time to be in skilled manual occupations.
Mathematical model for transport, interconversion, and removal of gaseous and particulate air pollutants—application to the urban plume

Abstract A steady state, three-dimensional solution of the atmospheric diffusion equation including settling, deposition, and first-order removal is presented. The solution is applied to the prediction of airborne concentrations of gaseous and particulate pollutants in the case in which gases are converted to secondary particulate matter. The conversion of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons to particulate sulfate, nitrate, and organics in the Los Angeles atmosphere and urban plume is analysed.
Analysis-Driven Design Optimization of a SMA-Based Slat-Cove Filler for Aeroacoustic Noise Reduction

Airframe noise is a significant component of environmental noise in the vicinity of airports. The noise associated with the leading-edge slat of typical transport aircraft is a prominent source of airframe noise. Previous work suggests that a slat-cove filler (SCF) may be an effective noise treatment. Hence, development and optimization of a practical slat-cove-filler structure is a priority. The objectives of this work are to optimize the design of a functioning SCF which incorporates superelastic shape memory alloy (SMA) materials as flexures that permit the deformations involved in the configuration change. The goal of the optimization is to minimize the actuation force needed to retract the slat-SCF assembly while satisfying constraints on the maximum SMA stress and on the SCF deflection under static aerodynamic pressure loads, while also satisfying the condition that the SCF self-deploy during slat extension. A finite element analysis model based on a physical bench-top model is created in Abaqus such that automated iterative analysis of the design could be performed. In order to achieve an optimized design, several design variables associated with the current SCF configuration are considered, such as the thicknesses of SMA flexures and the dimensions of various components, SMA and conventional. Designs of experiment (DOE) are performed to investigate structural response to an aerodynamic pressure load and to slat retraction and deployment. DOE results are then used to inform the optimization process, which determines a design minimizing actuator forces while satisfying the required constraints.
Aspergillus terreus accessory conidia are unique in surface architecture, cell wall composition and germination kinetics.

Infection with Aspergillus terreus is more likely to result in invasive, disseminated disease when compared to other Aspergillus species; importantly this species appears to be less susceptible to the antifungal drug amphotericin B. Unique to this species is the ability to produce specialized structures denoted as accessory conidia (AC) directly on hyphae both in vitro and in vivo. With the hypothesis that production of AC by A. terreus may enhance virulence of this organism, we analyzed the phenotype, structure and metabolic potential of these conidia. Comparison of A. terreus phialidic conidia (conidia that arise from conidiophores, PC) and AC architecture by electron microscopy revealed distinct morphological differences between the two conidial forms; AC have a smoother, thicker outer cell surface with no apparent pigment-like layer. Further, AC germinated rapidly, had enhanced adherence to microspheres, and were metabolically more active compared to PC. Additionally, AC contained less cell membrane ergosterol, which correlated with decreased susceptibility to AMB as determined using a flow cytometry based analysis. Furthermore, AC exhibited surface patches of β1-3 glucan, suggestive of attachment scarring. Collectively, the findings of this study suggest a possible role for AC in A. terreus pathogenesis.
Paper trails: the Outdoor Recreation Resource Review Commission and the rationalization of recreational resources.

Abstract This article examines the history of the Outdoor Recreation Resource Review Commission (ORRRC) in the United States between 1955 and 1963 and efforts to make recreational resources legible for federal governance. By drawing on insights from Critical Resource Geography, I highlight the ways that the ORRRC systematically accounted for and categorized recreational resources, creating a “patchwork landscape” that zoned outdoor recreational resources and promoted efficient use and rational resource conservation. I argue that these efforts required a negotiation between abstraction and an awareness of the situated nature of recreational landscapes.
Catalytic and noncatalytic nucleotide binding sites of chloroplast F1 ATPase. Photoaffinity labeling and peptide sequencing.

Abstract Exposure of chloroplast F1 ATPase to 2-azido-ATP results in the noncovalent tight binding of 2-azido-ATP or 2-azido-ADP to noncatalytic or to catalytic sites. Subsequent photolysis results in covalent labeling of adjacent tryptic peptides of the β-subunit. Binding at noncatalytic sites results in labeling of tyrosine 385 by an ATP or an ADP moiety. Binding at catalytic sites results in labeling of tyrosine 362 by only an ADP moiety. Similar labeling patterns are observed for the heat-activated or the membrane-bound enzymes.
Regulation of the pentose phosphate pathway by an androgen receptor–mTOR-mediated mechanism and its role in prostate cancer cell growth

Regulation of the pentose phosphate pathway by an androgen receptor–mTOR-mediated mechanism and its role in prostate cancer cell growth
Similar development of tolerance to barbital-induced inhibition of avoidance behavior and loss of righting reflex in rats

Abstract In order to determine if tolerance develops to the inhibition of avoidance behavior by the barbiturates, the effects of barbital on avoidance were determined in rats given barbital in their sole source of drinking water for 7 or 33 days. For comparison tolerance to the loss of righting reflex was also determined in other rats at the same time. All rats were trained by one 60-min session in a one-way active avoidance task; they were then put on the chronic drug administration schedule and then tested on the appropriate day after a single IP injection of 250 mg/kg sodium barbital. To assess the degree of tolerance, the brain level of barbital found at the biological endpoint—the loss of avoidance or loss of righting reflex—was compared in the chronic barbital treated rats and controls. A similar degree of tolerance developed to both effects of the drug and it appeared to be as great after 7 as after 33 days of chronic barbital treatment.
The Enculturation of Bomee: Looking At the World Through Deaf Eyes

A cultural model of deafness is offered as an alternative to more popular pathological models. The cultural model attempts to describe the experiences of a deaf child as enculturation into a deaf world- to see the world from the deaf child's point of view. The implications of this view on social, cognitive, and linguistic development are explored through the use of rich description of one deaf child who is being raised in a multilingual, multicultural environment.
Mechanical reliability and safety of, and patient satisfaction with the Ambicor inflatable penile prosthesis: results of a 2 center study.

Purpose: We reviewed the experience with the 2-piece Ambicor penile prosthesis (American Medical Systems, Minnetonka, Minnesota) at 2 medical centers to investigate its mechanical reliability and complication rates as well as patient and partner satisfaction with the device.Materials and Methods: From 1995 through 1999, 131 men underwent implantation of an Ambicor penile prosthesis at 2 medical centers. We performed a 3-part study consisting of a retrospective clinical record review, mailed patient and partner questionnaire, and mailed modified patient and partner Erectile Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction questionnaire. Mean followup was 43.4 months (range 12 to 73).Results: All 131 men had a history consistent with an organic etiology of erectile dysfunction, including vascular disease in 62%, radical retropubic prostatectomy in 17%, Peyronie’s disease in 15%, neophallus construction in 4% and radical pelvic surgery in 2%. Mean patient age was 56.8 years (range 22 to 76) at implantation. O...