cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of a Broad-Spectrum Arenavirus Entry Inhibitor

Several arenaviruses, including Lassa virus (LASV), are causative agents of hemorrhagic fever, for which effective therapeutic options are lacking. The LASV envelope glycoprotein (GP) gene was used to generate lentiviral pseudotypes to identify small-molecule inhibitors of viral entry. A benzimidazole derivative with potent antiviral activity was identified from a high-throughput screen utilizing this strategy. Subsequent lead optimization for antiviral activity identified a modified structure, ST-193, with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of 1.6 nM against LASV pseudotypes. ST-193 inhibited pseudotypes generated with other arenavirus envelopes as well, including the remaining four commonly associated with hemorrhagic fever (IC(50)s for Junin, Machupo, Guanarito, and Sabia were in the 0.2 to 12 nM range) but exhibited no antiviral activity against pseudotypes incorporating either the GP from the LASV-related arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) or the unrelated G protein from vesicular stomatitis virus, at concentrations of up to 10 microM. Determinants of ST-193 sensitivity were mapped through a combination of LASV-LCMV domain-swapping experiments, genetic selection of viral variants, and site-directed mutagenesis. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that sensitivity to ST-193 is dictated by a segment of about 30 amino acids within the GP2 subunit. This region includes the carboxy-terminal region of the ectodomain and the predicted transmembrane domain of the envelope protein, revealing a novel antiviral target within the arenavirus envelope GP.
Seismicity and thermal structure along the northern San Andreas Fault system, California, USA

Abstract The correlation between depth patterns of seismicity and crustal thermal regime are investigated for the San Andreas Fault system. Regions of anomalous behavior include the occurrence of seismicity at temperatures (depths) substantially greater than or the cessation of seismicity at temperatures (depths) less than typical values observed in seismically active regions of the continents. Seismicity at temperatures significantly greater than target values indicate a need to re-evaluate the assumed geotherm and crustal lithology model. Regions where the seismicity cutoff is at temperatures significantly below target values are possible sites for the future occurrence of significantly deeper earthquakes than presently observed. Such sites need further study for analysis of possible increased earthquake risk. Comparisons of seismicity patterns with crustal thermal models may also provide a powerful tool in the evaluation of the patterns of heat production and thermal conductivity in heterogeneous continental crust.
Genetic analysis of the antibody response to AAV2 and factor IX

We have analyzed the antibody response against either AAV2 or canine F.IX (cF.IX) in parental C57BL/6 (B6) and DBA/2 (D2) and 18 strains of B6 x D2 (BXD) recombinant inbred (RI) strains of mice after iv administration of AAV2-(ApoE)4/hAAT-cF.IX. There was a higher anti-AAV2 capsid response in B6 compared to D2 mice, with IgG2b being the major isotype separating the high and low responders in these two strains. In contrast, the antibody response to cF.IX was lower than the response to the AAV2 capsid and was limited to the IgG1 isotype in both strains. Genetic linkage analysis of the IgG2b anti-AAV2 antibody response in BXD RI strains revealed a significant locus at D4Mit164 (29 cM, LRS=15.3) and two suggestive loci at D6Mit16 (30.5 cM, LRS=11.2) and D17Mit187 (47.4 cM, LRS=13.1). Genetic linkage analysis of the IgG1 anti-cF.IX antibody response revealed a suggestive locus at D1Mit218 (67 cM, LRS=14.1). Significant epistatic interaction was found between two loci (D8Mit45 and D16Mit47; LOD=6.54) for anti-AAV2 and two other loci (D5Mit348 and D15Mit161; LOD=7.66) for anti-cF.IX. These results indicate that multiple genetic loci independently regulate the isotype-specific antibody response to the AAV2 capsid and the cF.IX transgene.
Oil separation from wet-milled corn germ dispersions by aqueous oil extraction and aqueous enzymatic oil extraction☆

The many recent dry-grind plants that convert corn to ethanol are a potential source of substantial amounts of corn oil, if an economical method of separating it can be developed. Oil separation from corn germ by aqueous extraction (AE) was studied. Batches of 5–20% germ in a buffer solution were preheated in a pressure cooker, ground in a blender or colloid mill, churned in an incubator/shaker and centrifuged to separate a free oil fraction. The highest oil yields were obtained when the germ mass fraction was between 0.1 and 0.16. Addition of an enzyme solution to the ground germ suspension prior to churning, aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE) gave an oil yield twice as high as the AE yield, carried out using similar conditions. Both types of extraction produced the most oil after a 122 ◦C cook followed by churning at 160 rpm and 70 ◦ C. Oil yield increased linearly with dispersion loading, from 0.5 up to 1.0 g/cm2 based on beaker cross-section (0.09–0.12 germ mass fraction). Over a several month period the germ used for the extractions became more difficult to extract, despite storage at 4 ◦C.
CO Oxidation on Rh/SiO2/Mo(112) Model Catalysts at Elevated Pressures

Well-defined model catalyst samples, prepared under ultra-high-vacuum (UHV) conditions, hold the potential of bridging the gap between traditional surface science and technical catalysis studies. H...
Effect of the condenser subcooling on the performance of vapor compression systems

This paper presents a theoretical study about the effect of condenser subcooling on the performance of vapor-compression systems. It is shown that, as condenser subcooling increases, the COP reaches a maximum as a result of a trade-off between increasing refrigerating effect and specific compression work. The thermodynamic properties associated with the relative increase in refrigerating effect, i.e. liquid specific heat and latent heat of vaporization, are dominant to determine the maximum COP improvement with condenser subcooling. Refrigerants with large latent heat of vaporization tend to benefit less from condenser subcooling. For an air conditioning system, results indicate that the R1234yf (+8.4%) would benefit the most from condenser subcooling in comparison to R410A (7.0%), R134a (5.9%) and R717 (2.7%) due to its smaller latent heat of vaporization. On the other hand, the value of COP maximizing subcooling does not seem to be a strong function of thermodynamic properties.
Intraoperative dynamic MRI: Localization of sites of brain tumor recurrence after high-dose radiotherapy

In patients with malignant astrocytomas or metastatic brain disease treated with high-dose radiotherapy, conventional imaging methods may not adequately distinguish recurrent tumor from radiation change. We used a fast spoiled gradient refocusing technique in the open-configuration intraoperative MR system to assess the rate of regional enhancement of the treated tumor bed and to localize specific sites for pathologic sampling to determine whether gadolinium uptake correlated with histologic data. Twenty-four patients were studied. Fourteen of 15 patients with areas of early enhancement had recurrent tumor present in histologic samples, and 8 of the remaining 9 patients had only reactive changes. Dynamic MRI was predictive of recurrent tumor (P < .0005, Fisher exact test and P < .002, Student t test). We conclude that dynamic MRI in the open-bore magnet is a promising method for localizing potential sites of active tumor growth in patients treated for malignant astrocytomas and metastatic brain lesions.
Watching the pot boil

Selective antagonists of the two cannabinoid receptors unveil distinct but synergistic peripheral analgesic activities for endogenous cannabinoids.
On the examination of zone melting

Abstract Mathematical model of zone melting of systems with variable distribution coefficient was solved using numerical methods under the condition of complete liquid mixing. Theoretical multipass distributions were predicted for one- and multi-zone processes, and parameter-sensitivity studies were made to find conditions under which the effectiveness of separation can be increased.
Interspecific differences in host (Diptera: Muscidae) size and species usage among parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in a poultry house

Fly pupae, primarily house fly, Musca domestica L., and stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), were collected from a poultry house in northern Indiana, and parasitoid wasps developing in them were allowed to emerge. Fly pupae density, relative species abundance, and size varied with collection date. Four species of parasitoid wasps were reared from the fly pupae: Spalangia endius Walker, S. cameroni Perkins, S. nigroaenea Curtis, and Muscidifurax raptor Girault & Sanders (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). There was some evidence of differential host species and size usage among the wasp species; but the differences were small, and there was considerable overlap. Percentage of parasitism was independent of host species for S. endius and S. cameroni , but M. raptor emerged from house fly pupae more frequently than expected by chance and from stable fly pupae less frequently than expected. S. endius emerged from larger hosts than did S. cameroni , despite S. endius being on average smaller than S. cameroni . This is the first study to examine differences of host size among these parasitoid wasps.
A Correlation Between Thermal Efficiency and Biological Network Cyclicity

This article investigates a correlation between the thermal efficiency of ideal power cycles and a structural measure of the degree of interactions in networks known as cyclicity. Efficient design of networks that reuse materials and energy motivates the work. Corporate “take-back” plans, multi-company industrial symbioses and public recycling programs recover products, components and materials using partially closed loop networks. As resources become scarcer and more expensive, the prevalence of these networks is likely to increase, and the importance of designing efficient networks grows. Multiple structural and material flow metrics that one might use to aid network design exist. One novel approach to network design involves patterning industrial networks on ecological ones. This latter idea lays at the heart of industrial symbiosis efforts. However, neither the materials metric approach nor the bioinspired ecological patterns approach stands upon a strong theoretical base. As a test of both approaches, this work uses a structural cycling metric, cyclicity, previously used to quantify patterns in ecosystems, to quantify energy flow in ideal thermodynamic cycles. The objective is not to learn about thermodynamic cycles. Rather, the intent of the comparison is to reveal whether trends in network structure as given by cyclicity relate to the fundamental laws of thermodynamics. Familiar ideal power cycles are first redrawn as energy flow networks. Cyclicity values are then calculated for these networks. A comparison shows that thermal efficiency increases with increasing cyclicity for fixed source and sink temperatures within a cycle. This results from the practice of adding cyclical energy paths (i.e. a regenerator) to an ideal power cycle, to increase thermal efficiency. The remainder of the article comments on the potential ramifications of this finding for the design of cycling industrial networks.© 2011 ASME
Energy-efficient U.S. buildings and equipment: Progress toward least lifecycle cost

Abstract New energy-conserving technologies for the buildings sector are reviewed, and it is argued that such technologies have the potential to cut specific energy use (per house, per refrigerator, per square meter of commercial floor space) approximately in half within 20 yr, at economically justifiable cost. Technologies for efficient lighting and for efficient windows are described, with emphasis on those now being investigated at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Modern approaches to lighting are discussed, involving gas discharge lamps with dynamic controls, high-frequency solid-state ballasts, mercury vapor with altered isotope composition to reduce ultraviolet self absorption, and external magnetic fields parallel to the main current. Modern approaches to windows designed to improve overall annual thermal performance are also discussed; these include low-emittance surfaces in the infrared (heat mirrors), movable insulated window shades, and silica aerogel, an intrinsically insulating microporous glazing material with good optical properties. A methodology for assessing the potential for conservation is described, requiring the development of supply curves for conservation: lists of conservation investments ordered by the cost of the energy saved (annualized investment divided by annualized energy savings). Calculating an annualized investment from a one-time investment necessitates the selection of a consumer's operative discount rate, whose most appropriate value depends on the quality of information available to the consumer; better information lowers the operative discount rate, increasing both the optimum level of investment and the achieved savings. It is argued that in view of this linkage, one crucial component of conservation strategy is the introduction of trustworthy information programs, such as home energy rating systems.
The Effects of Fluency-Evoking Conditions on Voicing Onset Types in Persons Who Do and Do Not Stutter.

Voicing onset changes between control conditions and three fluency-evoking conditions (choral reading [CHORAL], delayed auditory feedback [DAF], and noise [NOISE]) were studied in 12 persons who do not stutter and 10 who do stutter. Voicing onsets were distinguished physiologically using airflow prior to voicing, with zero airflow prevoicing categorized as hard and the rest as breathy. Persons who stutter were more fluent under all fluency-evoking conditions than control conditions. Speaking under fluency-evoking conditions did not significantly increase the overall proportion of breathy onsets from control conditions for either group. However, looking only at hard onsets in the control condition, we found that both groups changed significantly more to breathy (p = 0.001) under CHORAL and NOISE. In persons who stutter, onset type was not associated with whether a word was produced fluently or dysfluently in the control condition. Also, no relationship was found between onsets changing to breathy under fluency-evoking conditions and onsets changing to fluent. The results suggest that although fluency-evoking conditions can modify some voicing onset behaviors, these modifications do not relate to improvements in fluency.
A global sensitivity test for evaluating statistical hypotheses with nonidentifiable models

We consider the problem of evaluating a statistical hypothesis when some model characteristics are nonidentifiable from observed data. Such a scenario is common in meta-analysis for assessing publication bias and in longitudinal studies for evaluating a covariate effect when dropouts are likely to be nonignorable. One possible approach to this problem is to fix a minimal set of sensitivity parameters conditional upon which hypothesized parameters are identifiable. Here, we extend this idea and show how to evaluate the hypothesis of interest using an infimum statistic over the whole support of the sensitivity parameter. We characterize the limiting distribution of the statistic as a process in the sensitivity parameter, which involves a careful theoretical analysis of its behavior under model misspecification. In practice, we suggest a nonparametric bootstrap procedure to implement this infimum test as well as to construct confidence bands for simultaneous pointwise tests across all values of the sensitivity parameter, adjusting for multiple testing. The methodology's practical utility is illustrated in an analysis of a longitudinal psychiatric study.
Immersive visualization in K-12 education

In this presentation we review prior research of immersive visualization technology for K-12 educational settings, discuss current research, affordable technology and effective strategies to support K-12 education with immersive displays. Open dialog is encouraged among participants to identify and discuss challenges, solutions, and explore future directions. Costs of immersive visualization displays, invasiveness of devices, interactivity, mobility and re-deploy ability of displays, selecting appropriate content applications, content development, and integration with teachers and curriculum are among topics addressed. Present work at the University of Kentucky's Center for Visualization and Virtual Environments is featured using commodity based collaboratively rendered environments suitable for educational settings and diverse populations.
Chondrules: Suggestion Concerning the Origin

The millimeter-sized, sometimes glassy spheroids called chondrules that occur abundantly in stony meteorites may have been produced by lightning in the primitive Laplaciantype nebula while earthy materials were condensing and collecting to form the asteroids and the terrestrial planets.
Review of FD-TD numerical modeling of electromagnetic wave scattering and radar cross section

Applications of the finite-difference time-domain (FD-TD) method for numerical modeling of electromagnetic wave interactions with structures are reviewed, concentrating on scattering and radar cross section (RCS). A number of two- and three-dimensional examples of FD-TD modeling of scattering and penetration are provided. The objects modeled range in nature from simple geometric shapes to extremely complex aerospace and biological systems. Rigorous analytical or experimental validations are provided for the canonical shapes, and it is shown that FD-TD predictive data for near fields and RCS are in excellent agreement with the benchmark data. It is concluded that, with continuing advances in FD-TD modeling theory for target features relevant to the RCS problem, and with continuing advances in vector and concurrent supercomputer technology, it is likely that FD-TD numerical modeling will occupy an important place in RCS technology in the 1990s and beyond. >
Characterization of a new chromosomal marker for acute lymphoblastic leukemia from a long-term cell line

Abstract A bone marrow aspirate from a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) at first relapse was used to establish cell line # 697. The cultured line and marrow aspirates taken at initial diagnosis and first relapse were examined and compared. Similarities in all patterns evaluated confirmed the leukemic origin of the line. Morphologically, the cells were typically lymphoblastic. Cytochemically, they were slightly acid phosphatase-positive and negative for peroxidase, ASD chloroacetate esterase, and nonspecific esterase. Immunologically, they were found positive for common-ALL antigen (CALLA), Ia-associated antigen, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), and cytoplasmic IgM (cIgM) and slightly positive for surface IgM (sIgM). Testing for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) capsid antigen was also positive. Cytogenetic evaluations performed on initial, relapse, and cell line specimens each revealed the presence of a pseudodiploid cell line characterized by a consistent marker chromosome. GTG-, QFQ-, and RF-banding identified the marker as being derived from a translocation involving chromosomes #7 and #19: t(7;19) (q11;q13). Iso 7q, −5, −9, and +2 were also found in significant association with the marker and were viewed as demonstrating continued karyotypic evolution within the cell line. From these data, cell line #697 has been classified as a leukemic line of B-cell lineage in a transitional stage between pre-B and mature B cells.
Methyl bromide residues in fresh cherries: effects of parameters of fumigation

Determinations were made of the desorption rate of residual free methyl bromide from fresh sweet cherries during the aeration period that followed fumigation with methyl bromide. The results showed that the desorption followed approximately pseudo-first-order kinetics. Ventilation rates during aeration, which were greater than or equal to the rates used at commercial fumigation chambers, had no effect on desorption rate. The concentration and persistence of residue was dependent on two parameters of the fumigation: the load factor, which is the ratio of the volume of cherries to the volume of the fumigation chamber, and the pulp temperature of the cherries. The relationship between load factor, pulp temperature and desorption rate was used to derive a mathematical model of the desorption of methyl bromide from cherries. The model gave good estimates of residue concentrations over a wide range of load factors, pulp temperatures and aeration periods, and was used to predict the length of the aeration period required to reduce the residue to a proposed tolerance of 0-1 mg kg−1.
γ-Silyl Cyclobutyl Carbocations

A series of 3-trimethylsilyl-1-substituted cyclobutyl trifluoroacetates have been prepared and reacted in CD3CO2D. Rate data indicate that the substrates with the trimethylsilyl group cis to the leaving group react with assistance due to γ-silyl participation. Rate enhancements range from a factor of 209 for α-phenyl-substituted cations to 4.6 × 104 for α-methyl-substituted cations to >1010 for the unsubstituted γ-trimethylsilylcyclobutyl cation. Acetate substitution products are formed with net retention of stereochemistry. These experimental studies, as well as B3LYP/6-31G* computational studies, are consistent with the involvement of carbocations where the rear lobe of the γ-Si−C bond interacts strongly with the developing cationic center. Solvolytic rate studies, as well as computational studies, suggest that the secondary γ-trimethylsilylcyclobutyl cation is even more stable than the β-trimethylsilylcyclobutyl cation, i.e., the γ-silyl effect actually outweighs the potent β-silyl effect. Although com...
Bedouin, Settlers, and Holiday‐Makers: Egypt's Changing Northwest Coast

Bedouin, Settlers, and Holiday-Makers: Egypt's Changing Northwest Coast. Donald P. Cole and Soraya Altorki. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. 1998. vii. 246 pp., maps, bibli- ography, index.
Three-dimensional reconstruction of the x-ray emission in laser imploded targets

To investigate the uniformity of compression of spherical targets irradiated with high-energy CO(2) lasers, an array of pinhole cameras has been set up to obtain 2-D views from four different directions. To reconstruct the 3-D source we have devised a computer code based on a maximum entropy algorithm. With synthetic input data the code gives acceptable reconstructions provided the source is smooth and has a simple shape. We present a set of serial slices through the reconstructed x-ray emission distribution in a glass microsphere imploded with the LASL two-beam CO(2) laser.
Decay of two-point functions for $(d+1)$-dimensional percolation, Ising and Potts models with $d$-dimensional disorder

Let\(\left\{ {J_{\left\langle {x,y} \right\rangle } } \right\}_{\left\langle {x,y} \right\rangle \subset Z^d } \) and\(\left\{ {K_x } \right\}_{x \in Z^d } \) be independent sets of nonnegative i.i.d.r.v.'s, denoting a pair of nearest neighbors inZd; let β, γ>0. We consider the random systems: 1. A bond Bernoulli percolation model onZd+1 with random occupation probabilities Open image in new window 2. Ferromagnetic random Ising-Potts models onZd+1; in the Ising case the Hamiltonian is $$H = - \beta \sum\limits_t {\sum\limits_{\left\langle {x,y} \right\rangle } {J_{\left\langle {x,y} \right\rangle } \sigma (x,t)\sigma (y,t) - } \gamma \sum\limits_x {\sum\limits_t {K_x \sigma (x,t)} \sigma (x,t + 1)} } $$ For such (d+1)-dimensional systems withd-dimensional disorder we prove: (i) for anyd≧1, if β and γ are small, then, with probability one, the two-point functions decay exponentially in thed-dimensional distance and faster than polynomially in the remaining dimension, (ii) ifd≧2, then, with probability one, we have long-range order for either and β with γ sufficiently large of β sufficiently large and any γ.
Promoting sustainable logging in Brazil's national forests: Tax revenue for an indemnity fund

Abstract The Brazilian government is rapidly establishing millions of hectares of national forests (FLONAs) in the Amazon rainforest. The strategy behind the establishment of the FLONAs is to bring legal logging to areas where it is more easily controlled, taxed, and sustainably managed than the “boom and bust” logging that occurs, and has historically occurred, on private property in the Amazon. Management of the FLONAs includes the levying of stumpage fees and administration taxes to generate operating revenue and foster more sustainable logging practices. We consider alternative policies available to FLONA administrators that, under a certain set of assumptions, are sufficient to indemnify some social costs of tropical deforestation. Specifically, we look at various rates of profit and severance tax and examine how these affect logging firms' decisions regarding harvest rates and how these taxes might be used to establish an indemnity fund. This fund could be used to cover the FLONA's operations costs, placate local non-loggers, and offset externalities of logging.
Foveal vision is impaired in Parkinson's disease.

Abstract Purpose The article aims to review foveal involvement in Parkinson's disease. Scope Clinical observations as well as electrophysiological and anatomical studies in animal models provide evidence that Parkinson's disease (PD) affects vision. The retina is the most distal locus of visual dysfunction in PD as shown by electroretinographic (ERG) and optical coherence tomographic (OCT) studies. Thinning of the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) and the fovea has been reported in PD. This review summarises retinal physiology and foveal visual dysfunction in PD and quantification of retinal thinning as reported in different studies and using different instruments. At this point due to methodological diversity and relatively low number of subjects studied, a meta-analysis is not yet possible. Results obtained on one equipment are not yet transferable to another. The author also briefly alludes to some links of visual processing deficits beyond visual detection, such as visual discrimination, visual categorisation and visuospatial orientation in PD. Conclusions There are some promising results suggesting the potential applicability of ST-Oct as a biomarker in PD. Furthermore, these data raise some interesting neurobiological questions. However, there are identifiable pitfalls before OCT quantification may be used as a biomarker in PD. Analysis standardisation is needed on a larger than existing healthy and patient population. Furthermore, longitudinal studies are needed. The exact relationship between retinal foveal deficits and visuo-cognitive impairment in PD remains a challenging research question.
A Robust Quantification of Galaxy Cluster Morphology Using Asymmetry and Central Concentration

We present a novel quantitative scheme of cluster classification based on the morphological properties that are manifested in X-ray images. We use a conventional radial surface brightness concentration parameter (c SB) as defined previously by others and a new asymmetry parameter, which we define in this paper. Our asymmetry parameter, which we refer to as photon asymmetry (A phot), was developed as a robust substructure statistic for cluster observations with only a few thousand counts. To demonstrate that photon asymmetry exhibits better stability than currently popular power ratios and centroid shifts, we artificially degrade the X-ray image quality by (1) adding extra background counts, (2) eliminating a fraction of the counts, (3) increasing the width of the smoothing kernel, and (4) simulating cluster observations at higher redshift. The asymmetry statistic presented here has a smaller statistical uncertainty than competing substructure parameters, allowing for low levels of substructure to be measured with confidence. A phot is less sensitive to the total number of counts than competing substructure statistics, making it an ideal candidate for quantifying substructure in samples of distant clusters covering a wide range of observational signal-to-noise ratios. Additionally, we show that the asymmetry-concentration classification separates relaxed, cool-core clusters from morphologically disturbed mergers, in agreement with by-eye classifications. Our algorithms, freely available as Python scripts (https://github.com/ndaniyar/aphot), are completely automatic and can be used to rapidly classify galaxy cluster morphology for large numbers of clusters without human intervention.
Transactional memory retry mechanisms

Software Transactional Memory (STM) systems, if they support condition synchronization, typically do so through a retry mechanism. Using retry, a transaction explicitly self aborts and deschedules itself when it discovers that a precondition for its operation does not hold. The underlying implementation may then track the set of locations read by the retrying transaction, and refrain from scheduling the transaction for re-execution until at least one location in the set has been modified by another transaction. While retry is elegant and simple, the conventional implementation has several potential drawbacks that may limit both its efficiency and its generality. In this note, we present a retry mechanism based on Bloom filters that is entirely orthogonal to TM implementation. Our retry is compatible with hardware, software, and hybrid TM implementations, and has no impact on memory management or on the cache behavior of shared locations. It does, however, serialize writer transactions after their commit point when there are retrying transactions. We describe our mechanism and compare it to an optimized version of the conventional implementation.
An internal blast analysis of a steel box memberThis article is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Blast Engineering.

This paper presents a unique approach that can be used for the analysis of a blast due to an internal detonation. The information in this paper focuses on understanding the blast effects in a confi...
Can a Humanist Criminologist Be a Sociologist

Here I reflect on my career as a criminologist, focusing on a failed attempt to become recognized as a legitimate sociologist, and on how I have found community in the company of members of the Association for Humanist Sociology.
Expression of the murine homeo box gene Hox 1.5 during embryogenesis.

The spatial pattern of expression of the murine homeo box-containing gene Hox 1.5 was studied during embryogenesis. In situ hybridization of single-stranded RNA probes to mouse embryo sections revealed a specific spatial distribution of the Hox 1.5 transcripts in mouse embryos 8.5 to 12.5 days postcoitum (p.c.). Analysis of mouse embryos 8.5 days p.c. showed that the gene is expressed in a spatially restricted manner. Expression appears to be limited to the central nervous system with an anterior boundary in the hindbrain and extending posteriorly through caudal regions of the spinal cord. The same spatial pattern of expression was observed in embryos 9.5 to 12.5 days p.c. These results show that the murine Hox 1.5 gene is expressed in a spatially restricted manner during embryonic development similar to the patterns observed in Drosophila homeotic genes.
A Model Program for Increasing Treatment Access for African American Women Who Use Crack Cocaine and Are at Risk of Contracting HIV

ABSTRACT In the United States, the threat of HIV/AIDS to African-American women's health has become the focus of much concern. This article describes a federally funded community-based program that provides services to African-American women at risk for HIV/AIDS in Nashville, TN. This program provides a culturally relevant set of interventions specific to crack cocaine users aimed at reducing substance use and HIV/AIDS risk behaviors. The model is important to the continued development of culturally relevant interventions that are vital to stemming the disproportionate rates of HIV/AIDS within the African-American community by ensuring treatment access to all populations.
The Cold, Massive Molecular Cloud G216-2.5. III. Infrared Properties

We present results concerning the star-forming activities and dust properties of the unusual giant molecular cloud G216–2.5. As suggested by earlier CO observations, we confirm that this cloud is unusually cold for a GMC and shows no evidence for massive star formation. The average temperature of the dust based on the extended emission at 60 and 100 μm is 22–26 K. We attribute this low value to the lack of substantial internal heating sources. Dust heating in the cloud is probably dominated by the interstellar radiation field. Near-infrared imaging of the IRAS point sources seen toward G216–2.5 reveal at least four sites of low-luminosity, and presumably low-mass, star formation within the cloud. All four sites lie preferentially toward the edge of the cloud. Two small groupings of stars are identified as the near-infrared counterparts to two of the IRAS point sources, and the group members may be similar to T Tauri stars. Somewhat more luminous and massive stars appear to be associated with two other IRAS point sources. Even the most luminous star formation site in G216–2.5 has a far-infrared luminosity of only 300 L☉.
Quiescent distortion and resonant oscillations of a liquid drop in an electric field

Abstract A general theoretical analysis of the behavior of a conducting liquid drop in an electric field is presented. Numerical results are given for the quiescent distortion, resonant frequencies, and normal modes of oscillation of the drop as functions of applied field strength.
ASME B31.3 Appendices P and S: Compensating for Shortcomings

The 2004 edition of ASME B31.3 Process Piping Code [1] introduced both Appendix P and Appendix S Example 1; Examples 2 and 3 were included in the 2006 edition. Appendix P is to illustrate a nearly computer stress analysis basis by defining alternative rules for displacement stress range evaluation, and Appendix S contains examples describing how to satisfy the requirements of B31.3 when performing computer based stress analysis. As is possible with any extensive addition to any code, these first offerings contained shortcomings either explicitly or by lack of clarity. This paper discusses some of these issues, provides workarounds when using today’s commercially available piping stress analysis software, and proposes revisions to both Appendices for the 2010 edition of the B31.3 Process Piping Code.© 2008 ASME
Extending our view of mind

In Supersizing the Mind, Andy Clark defends the idea that cognition depends constitutively on structures that are literally outside the body. Where does the mind stop and the rest of the world begin? According to Clark, it is prejudice to think that the limits of the cognitive system must be those of the organism. Artifacts, symbols or tools (e.g. maps, landmarks, systems of writing, the abacus) might be no less linked with cognitive operations than what is internal. For example, the ability to perform long division might depend on pencil and paper no less than it does on the normal action of the brain.
High performance thin layer chromatographic analysis of neutral lipids in the urine of BALB/c mice infected with Echinostoma caproni

Silica gel high performance thin layer chromatography-densitometry was used to determine the neutral lipid profile in the urine of BALB/c mice experimentally infected with adults of Echinostoma caproni. An approximate 30 worm burden per host induced certain changes in the neutral lipid profile of the mice at 2 to 10 weeks post-infection (PI) relative to the uninfected controls. Infection caused a significant increase (Student's t test, P < 0.05) in the methyl oleate fraction at 6 and 7 weeks PI relative to the uninfected controls. Neutral lipid profiles of urine may serve as an indicator of experimental infection of echinostomes in mice.
Evidence for genetic association of RORB with bipolar disorder

Background: Bipolar disorder, particularly in children, is characterized by rapid cycling and switching, making circadian clock genes plausible molecular underpinnings for bipolar disorder. We previously reported work establishing mice lacking the clock gene D-box binding protein (DBP) as a stress-reactive genetic animal model of bipolar disorder. Microarray studies revealed that expression of two closely related clock genes, RAR-related orphan receptors alpha (RORA) and beta (RORB), was altered in these mice. These retinoid-related receptors are involved in a number of pathways including neurogenesis, stress response, and modulation of circadian rhythms. Here we report association studies between bipolar disorder and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in RORA and RORB. Methods: We genotyped 355 RORA and RORB SNPs in a pediatric cohort consisting of a family-based sample of 153 trios and an independent, non-overlapping case-control sample of 152 cases and 140 controls. Bipolar disorder in children and adolescents is characterized by increased stress reactivity and frequent episodes of shorter duration; thus our cohort provides a potentially enriched sample for identifying genes involved in cycling and switching. Results: We report that four intronic RORB SNPs showed positive associations with the pediatric bipolar phenotype that survived Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons in the case-control sample. Three RORB haplotype blocks implicating an additional 11 SNPs were also associated with the disease in the case-control sample. However, these significant associations were not replicated in the sample of trios. There was no evidence for association between pediatric bipolar disorder and any RORA SNPs or haplotype blocks after multiple-test correction. In addition, we found no strong evidence for association between the age-at-onset of bipolar disorder with any RORA or RORB SNPs. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that clock genes in general and RORB in particular may be important candidates for further investigation in the search for the molecular basis of bipolar disorder.
Zinc and Infection

Zinc is necessary for the normal functioning of all living systems. In microbes and mammals vital biological roles of zinc include the presence of this metal in metalloenzymes and membrane stabilization. In addition, zinc may bind nonspecifically to sulfhydryl, histidine, or other moieties on membranes, enzymes, or other proteins and alter their activity. Serum levels of zinc decrease sharply in many infections. Levels slightly below normal seem to be associated with optimal phagocytic function, and low concentrations of zinc may decrease microbial virulence. Brief decreases in serum levels appear to have no detrimental effect on host immunity and may act as a protective measure by decreasing the ability of indigenous or infecting microbes to thrive. However, prolonged zinc deficiency in mammals is associated with depressed T-cell function but near normal B-cell function. More work is needed for better understanding of zinc-related biochemistry and for determining the relationship between zinc status and susceptibility to infection in mammals.
Hand-arm vibration part III: A distributed parameter dynamic model of the human hand-arm system

Abstract An anatomically analogous distributed parameter dynamic model of the human arm is proposed and quantitatively validated. Distributed mass and stiffness parameters have been obtained by representing each long bone of the arm as a flexural beam. A distributed damping parameter was introduced by allowing the beam stiffness to be a complex quantity. Hand properties were modelled as a lumped parameter damped spring-mass system. Mechanical driving point impedance techniques were used to verify the model. A dual beam model of the forearm was first proposed, and its frequency response was compared with impedance data collected on the forearm. After having established the validity of the forearm model, it was then extended to include the upper arm. The frequency response of the whole-arm model was then compared with impedance data on the whole arm collected by a previous investigator. It is concluded that the beam model of the human arm adequately represented its dynamic behavior as measured by mechanical driving point impedance techniques. The amount of information concerning the dynamic behavior of the arm yielded by the distributed parameter model is found to be vastly greater than that yielded by lumped parameter models.
Binders for radioactive waste forms made from pretreated calcined sodium bearing waste

Radioactive waste generated during the reprocessing of fuel rods by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is stored in underground tanks at Hanford, Savannah River and INEEL. The liquid fraction commonly referred to as sodium bearing waste (SBW), is a highly alkaline solution containing large amounts of sodium hydroxide, sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite. It has been shown that SBW can be mixed with a reducing agent and metakaolin and then calcined at 500°–700°C to form a calcine containing sodium aluminosilicate phases such as zeolite A, hydroxysodalite and/or cancrinite. Although calcination of the pretreated SBW produces a reasonable waste form in its own right, existing regulations require that granular calcines must be solidified before they can be shipped off site. It is possible to solidify the calcine in a number of ways. The calcine can be mixed with additional metakaolin and NaOH solution followed by mild curing (90°–200°C). The solid that forms (aka hydroceramic) has both strength and suitably low leachability. The current study examines the feasibility of using a more conventional Portland cement binder to solidify the calcine. Although strength was adequate, the leachabilities of the Portland cement solidified samples were higher than those of companion samples made with metakaolin. The zeolitic phases in the calcine acted like pozzolans and reacted with the Ca(OH)2 in the Portland cement binder forming additional calcium silicate hydrate (C—S—H). Typically C—S—H is unable to host large amounts of sodium ions in its structure, thus a majority of the sodium present in the zeolites became concentrated in the pore solution present in the Portland cement binder and readily entered the leachant during PCT testing. In this instance metakaolin mixed with NaOH proved to be a superior binder for solidification purposes.
Iliac venous thrombosis in infants and children after cardiac catheterization.

Twenty-two patients developed thrombosis of the lower abdominal portion of the inferior vena cava, iliac or femoral vein (IVT) after cardiac catheterization. All patients had at least one previous study from 1 day to 11 months of age (mean, 2 months) and seven had two catheterizations before discovery of IVT. Transposition of the great arteries was the most common defect associated with IVT (12/22, 55%). From one to seven catheter changes were made during the time of venous cannulation (mean, 105 minutes). No clinical evidence of IVT was present immediately after the preceding cardiac catheterization. The discovery of significant IVT usually necessitated the use of a vein from the upper extremity to complete the cardiac catheterization. IVT was associated with previous BAlloon atrial septostomy using either a Fogarty or Rashkind septostomy catheter in 13/22 patients (59%). In addition, 86% of the patients had either of these BAlloon catheters or a Swan-Ganz catheter used during a previous study. The potential development of IVT should be considered especially in cyanotic infants and small children in whom balloon catheters are used.
EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION OF MULTIPLE ROBOT COOPERATIVE TARGET INTERCEPT

This paper presents experimental results for the simultaneous intercept of preassigned targets by a team of mobile robots. The robots are programmed to mimic the dynamic behavior of unmanned air vehicles in constant-altitude flight. In proceeding to their targets, robots must avoid both known static threats and pop-up threats. An overview of the cooperative control strategy followed is given, as well as a description of the robot hardware and software used. Experimental results demonstrating simultaneous intercept of targets by the robot team are presented.
Deep linking: an ethical and legal analysis

Deep linking, the practice of linking to a subsidiary page rather than the home page of another organization's Web site, is the subject of considerable controversy. In several recent lawsuits, plaintiffs have alleged violations of copyright, trademark, and commercial laws. I review the legal and ethical issues regarding deep linking and comment on how the ethical conflict between rights and utility motivates the controversy. I conclude that protecting site owners' rights to control deep linking to their sites is a stronger value than enhancing the utility of the Web for users by allowing completely unrestricted deep linking. Finally, I recommend a collection of resources for Web developers interested in staying current with the evolving controversy.
Changing resource profiles: aspirations among orphans in Central Mozambique in the context of an AIDS mitigation intervention.

In this article the resource profile approach is used as a framework to explore wellbeing and future aspirations among orphans and vulnerable children in Central Mozambique who took part in an AIDS mitigation project aimed at shoring up rural livelihoods. It is shown that participation in the project has altered the resource profile of participants, not least in terms of shoring up cultural resources and enhancing the capacity to aspire. This has wider implications for individuals' resource profile dynamics more generally and strengthens the case for interventions into HIV/AIDS based on a holistic understanding of people's wellbeing.
The impact of a simple, low-cost oral care protocol on ventilator-associated pneumonia rates in a surgical intensive care unit.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a simple low-cost oral care protocol on ventilator-associated pneumonia rates in a surgical intensive care unit. Design: Preinte...
Efficacy of a single doramectin injection against adult female Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the final stages of engorgement before detachment.

The efÞcacy of injectable doramectin applied at 200 g/kg was evaluated against adult female Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) (Acari: Ixodidae) in the later stages of engorgement before detachment. Lethal levels of doramectin in the serum of treated cattle (9.7Ð36.6 ppb) were reached and sustained within 24 h after treatment. However, treatment at 19 or 20 d postinfestation allowed greater tick survival and reproductive capability (IF) than at 18 d postinfestation, indicating that a signiÞcant portion of the ticks were able to engorge and detach before obtaining a lethal dose of doramectin. Thus, treatment at 18 d after infestation provided signiÞcantly higher overall control (99.5%) than treatment at 19 or 20 d postinfestation (95.8 and 89.1%, respectively). Analysis of control on a daily basis demonstrated that treatment at 18 d postinfestation provided 99% on each day of the evaluation. Conversely, treatment at 19 or 20 d postinfestation produced levels of control ranging from 22.6 to 85.6% during the Þrst 2 d of female detachment, and 99% control was not achieved until after the fourth day of female detachment, where it remained throughout the study. Therefore, application of injectable doramectin at 18 d after tick infestation was the only treatment regime considered acceptable for use in the U.S. Boophilus Eradication Program. Treatment intervals 18 d postinfestation could pose a substantial risk of dispersing viable ticks to tick-free areas outside the permanent quarantine zone that has been established along the TexasÐMexico border.