cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship between bovine carotid artery grafts for hemodialysis access and human leukocyte antigen sensitization.

Introduction Bovine carotid artery (BCA) Artegraft is a biologic graft that can be utilized as a conduit for permanent hemodialysis access and has been shown to outperform polytetrafluoroethylene grafts. However, concern regarding immunologic sensitization may limit the use of BCA in the transplant candidate. Panel reactive antibody (PRA) is an immunological test utilized in transplant recipient selection whereas increases in PRA limit access to transplantation. The purpose of our study was to determine whether BCA graft placement was adversely associated with increases in PRA. Methods Of patients listed for kidney transplant at our institution, we identified 10 patients who underwent BCA placement for hemodialysis access and a matched cohort of 10 patients who underwent native arteriovenous fistula (AVF) creation between 2014 and 2017. The PRA value nearest to the surgery date was compared to postsurgery PRA value for the BCA and AVF patients using a paired t test. Presurgery PRAs were also compared to the maximum PRA at 0 to 6, 6 to 12, 12 to 18, and 18 to 24 months postsurgery. Findings Prior to the dialysis access operation, the mean PRA was 14.1% ± 23.5% vs. 17.1% ± 29.0% (P = 0.76) and the median postsurgery follow-up time was 16 and 15 months for BCA and AVF cohorts, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between presurgery and postsurgery PRA for BCA and AVF patients, regardless of time interval postsurgery. The difference in presurgery/postsurgery PRA change between cohorts was not statistically significant for PRAs closest to surgery (0.2% ± 40.6% vs. 1.0% ± 2.8%, P = 0.95, at a median 4 and 3 months postsurgery, respectively) or when using the maximum in any postsurgery interval. Prior to their dialysis access surgery, there were 16 sensitizing events in 5 patients in the BCA group compared to 10 events in 5 patients in the AVF group (P = 0.20). Only 1 of the 10 patients in the BCA group had a clinically relevant and sustained increase in PRA following their dialysis access operation vs. no patients in the AVF group (P > 0.99). However, this patient had a known sensitizing event (blood transfusion) between the BCA surgery and the postoperative PRA. Three of 10 patients in the BCA cohort vs. 5 of 10 patients in the AVF cohort went on to have successful kidney transplants (P = 0.65). Discussion The utilization of BCA for dialysis access was not associated with statistically significant changes in PRA. These data suggest that implantation of BCA will not affect access to organ transplantation.
Using eye-tracking to understand relations between visual attention and language in children’s spatial skills

Abstract Relations between children’s spatial language and spatial skills raise questions regarding whether the effects are unique to language or reflect non-linguistic processes. Different paradigms provided mixed evidence: experimenter-provided language supports spatial performance more than visual cues; however, children’s non-verbal attention predicts their spatial performance more than their language production. The current study used eye-tracking during spatial recall to compare effects of language versus visual cues. Four- to five-year-old children completed two tasks requiring memory for the location of a toy under one of four cups in an array of cups and landmarks after a 5 s delay and array rotation. Children first completed the baseline task with non-specific cues, followed by the cue-manipulation task with either language, visual, or non-specific cues provided by the experimenter. As in prior studies, language cues were most effective in facilitating recall. Children’s visual attention was directed by both language and visual cues to support their recall. However, visual attention only partially mediated the effects of language: language supported recall above and beyond directing visual attention. These results indicate that visual attention supports spatial recall, but language has additional unique influences. This may result from language providing a more coherent or redundant code to visual information, or due to the pragmatic nature of language cueing relevance in ways visual cues do not. Additionally, differences across conditions may reflect more benefit from endogenous versus exogenous attentional control. Through using eye-tracking, this research provided new insights into processes by which language and visual attention influence children’s spatial cognition.
Muse Design Studio: Advancing Creative Problem Solving as a Platform for Interdisciplinary Education

This paper details an ongoing project aimed at building the capacity for creative leadership in undergraduate students from diverse backgrounds and disciplinary focuses. Central to this project is the belief that creative leadership is best fostered through interdisciplinary experiences and holds value beyond commonly practiced creative strategies and skills (Reiter-Palmon, R., Leadership Q 15:55–77, 2004). This tripartite exploration of teaching, learning, and service can act as a case study for future interdisciplinary research and practice related to creative problem solving.
Progress of amino acid nutrition for diet protein reduction in poultry

There is growing interest among nutritionists in feeding reduced protein diets to broiler chickens. Although nearly a century of research has been conducted providing biochemical insights on the impact of reduced protein diets for broilers, practical limitation still exists. The present review was written to provide insights on further reducing dietary protein in broilers. To construct this review, eighty-nine peer reviewed manuscripts in the area of amino acid nutrition in poultry were critiqued. Hence, nutritional research areas of low protein diets, threonine, glycine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, histidine, and glutamine have been assessed and combined in this text, thus providing concepts into reduced protein diets for broilers. In addition, linkages between the cited work and least cost formation ingredient and nutrient matrix considerations are provided. In conclusion, practical applications in feeding reduced protein diets to broilers are advancing, but more work is warranted.
Decolonizing VAWA 2021: A Step in the Right Direction for Protecting Native American Women:

The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) was hallmark legislation aimed at combating violence against women. While violence against women is a national issue that affects women of all race/ethnicities...
Enrichment of 1, 4-dioxane from water by sweep gas membrane distillation on nano-carbon immobilized membranes

Abstract In this paper, we report the enrichment of 1,4-dioxane from aqueous solution by low temperature sweep gas membrane distillation (SGMD) on nanocarbon immobilized membranes. Carbon nanotube (CNT), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and their derivatives were immobilized over commercial polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane, and their separation performances were investigated. The surface modification resulted in higher 1,4-dioxane flux and enhanced enrichment factor. The SGMD operation showed excellent separation at lower temperatures due to relatively higher vapor pressure of 1, 4-dioxane compared to water. Among the various membranes, CNT immobilized membrane (CNIM) showed the best performance followed by rGO immobilized membrane (rGOIM) and carboxylated functionalized carbon nanotube membranes (CNIM-f). At 60 °C the CNIM membrane showed 50% increase in enrichment factor and 25% increase in 1,4-dioxane flux compared to the control PTFE membrane. The performance enhancement can be attributed to the faster and preferential sorption–desorption over the nanocarbon surfaces.
Estimating the Perceived Returns to College

The primary determinant of an individual's college attendance is their perceived lifetime return to college. I infer agents' perceived returns by assuming a dollar-for-dollar relationship between perceived returns and tuition costs in a binary choice model of college attendance. This method has the advantage of estimating perceived returns in terms of compensating variation without assuming rational expectations on actual returns or agent knowledge of tuition costs. Estimating the model using both maximum likelihood and moment inequalities, I find that the scale of the distribution of perceived returns is an order of magnitude lower than past work has found when assuming rational expectations on income returns. The low variance I find in perceived returns implies high responses to financial aid. I predict a 2.6 percentage point increase in college attendance from a $1,000 universal annual tuition subsidy, which is consistent with quasi-experimental estimates of the effects of tuition assistance on college attendance. Because I estimate the complete distribution of perceived returns, my results can be used to predict heterogeneous effects of counterfactual financial aid policies.
Talent Thoracic Stent Graft

The Talent device is a preloaded stent graft incorporated into a Coil-Tracs delivery system.1 It is composed of a polyester graft (Dacron; C.R. Bard, Haverhill, PA) sewn to a self-expanding nitinol wire frame skeleton. Radiopaque “figure-of-8” markers are sewn to the graft material to aid in visualization during fluoroscopy. The CoilTrac delivery system (Fig. 26.1) is sheathless and push rod based. Preloaded onto an inner catheter, the Talent device is deployed by pulling back an outer catheter, allowing the device to self-expand and contour to the aorta. A balloon may be used to ensure proper apposition of the graft to the aneurysmal aorta after deployment.
Tricon-M uncemented total knee arthroplasty

Ninety-six uncemented total knee arthroplasties done using the Tricon-M prosthesis were followed for longer than 2 years. The implant has a multilevel porous surface to facilitate biologic ingrowth and flanged polyethylene pegs for immediate fixation. Each patient was matched for age, body habitus, and diagnosis to a patient with a cemented total knee arthroplasty. There was no statistical difference between the matched pairs as related to pain, eventual range of motion, stability, or patient satisfaction; the uncemented group did as well clinically as the cemented group. Subsidence of the tibial component was noted in cases of obese patients taking systemic corticosteroids and in whom there was inadequate coverage of the cut tibial plateau surface. The mean 2-year Hospital for Special Surgery rating score was 81 in the osteoarthritis group and 83 in the rheumatoid arthritis group.
Conjugative transposition of Tn916 : the transposon int gene is required only in the donor

Conjugative transposition of transposon Tn916 has been shown to proceed by excision of the transposon in the donor strain and insertion of this element in the recipient. This process requires the product of the transposon int gene. We report here the surprising finding that the int gene is required only in the donor during conjugative transposition. We find that Tn916 int-1, whose int gene has been inactivated by an insertion mutation, transposes when a complementing wild-type int gene is present only in the donor during mating. When the int+ gene is present in a plasmid and is expressed from the spac promoter, conjugative transposition is very inefficient. However, when the Int+ function is supplied from a coresident distantly linked Tn916 tra-641 mutant, which is defective in a function required for conjugation, efficient conjugative transposition of Tn916 int-1 occurs. This suggests either that Int is not required for integration of Tn916 in gram-positive bacteria or that the protein is transferred from the donor to the transconjugant during the mating event. When the nonconjugative plasmid pAT145 was present in the donor, it was rarely cotransferred with Tn916. This suggests that complete fusion of mating cells is not common during conjugative transposition. Images
Engaging computing: makin' it real for kids and undergrads

Engaging Computing makes computation real for students of all ages. Rather than operating on abstract data, software programs can use physical sensors for input, and drive lamps, motors, and sound as output. Computing is at the heart of projects that engage with the world.
Clinical experiences with fetal heart rate monitoring of one thousand patients in labor.

Abstract A series of 1,000 labor patients has been monitored electronically, and their records reviewed. Monitoring provides accurate objective evidence that fetal condition is good and that tolerance for labor is normal. With a normal record, the likelihood is strong that a normal baby will be delivered. Electronic fetal heart rate monitoring is unreliable in the prediction of babies born in poor condition. It does, however, provide an excellent screening test for selection of patients for scalp pH determinations. Electronic monitoring of fetal heart rate provides early evidence of fetal anoxia. It should be carried out in all patients receiving oxytocin during labor to avoid episodes of fetal anoxia. External monitoring methods currently available permit routine monitoring of all patients in labor. Whether monitoring all normal patients will improve fetal health and survival is still an unanswered question.
The induction of urea carboxylase and allophanate hydrolase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract Saccharomyces cerevisiae can utilize urea as a sole nitrogen source; this compound is degraded to CO2 and NH3 by a multienzyme complex (Whitney, P. A., and Cooper, T. G. (1972) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 49, 45) composed of urea carboxylase and allophanate hydrolase. Since these activities are present in cultures grown in media containing urea, arginine, or a purine base, the nature of the inducer was investigated. The data presented here indicate that it is the intermediate compound, allophanate, which is the inducer of both urea carboxylase and allophanate hydrolase. This conclusion is based on the observation that: (a) urea induces both activities in a wild type strain, (b) urea has no effect on the basal levels of allophanate hydrolase produced by mutants lacking urea carboxylase, and (c) urea has no effect on the high constitutive level of urea carboxylase produced by a mutant lacking allophanate hydrolase. Consistent with this view is the observation that a urea analogue, formamide, cannot induce allophanate hydrolase in a strain lacking urea carboxylase activity, whereas an allophanate analogue, hydantoic acid, is able to serve as an inducer in such a strain. Both of these compounds are able to effect the induction of both activities in a wild type strain. Mutants blocked in either arginase or urea carboxylase were also used to show that the derepression of allophanate hydrolase following the onset of nitrogen starvation is, in fact, internal induction, and is contingent upon the ability of the cells to produce the inducer, allophanate, from internal arginine and urea pools.
Incidence and Predictors for Ipsilateral Hydronephrosis Following Ureteroscopic Lithotripsy

Objective To review our experience in using ureteroscopy (URS) with lithotripsy for renal or ureteral calculi to determine the incidence and predictors of postprocedural ipsilateral hydronephrosis. Patients and Methods Records of 324 URS cases for renal or ureteral calculi with imaging performed 4-12 weeks postprocedure were reviewed. Ipsilateral hydronephrosis was determined by computed tomography scan or renal ultrasound. Univariate and multivariate analyses determined the factors associated with hydronephrosis. Results 176 men and 148 women with a median age of 50 years were included. Median stone size was 6 mm and operative duration was 60 minutes; 30% of patients had multiple calculi; and 35% had undergone a prior ipsilateral URS. Overall, 49 of 324 patients (15%) had evidence of hydronephrosis, with 65% of these patients having symptoms and 40% requiring ancillary procedures. On multivariate analysis, increasing stone diameter (odds ratio [OR] 8.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9-23.8, P = .03), prior ipsilateral URS (OR 7.7, 95% CI 1.8-28.2, P = .006), longer operative duration (OR 6.5, 95% CI 1.8-16.3, P = .02), and renal colic symptoms (OR 48.3, 95% CI 14.7-71.4, P <.001) independently predicted hydronephrosis. Conversely, other factors including stone impaction at procedure, ureteral dilation, use of an access sheath, intraoperative perforation, or use of a stent did not associate with ipsilateral hydronephrosis. Conclusion In this contemporary cohort study, 15% of patients undergoing URS had evidence of ipsilateral hydronephrosis. Larger stone size, longer OR duration, prior ipsilateral URS, and recurrent colic were associated with an increased likelihood for this observation. Patients and stone cases with such characteristics likely warrant imaging modalities beyond plain radiography.
Professional education and subsequent careers: a follow-up study of former students of the Department of Library and Archival Studies, University of Ghana, Legon

This survey collected information on the careers and views of former students of the graduate diploma programme in library studies at the University of Ghana. The findings are compared with results of an earlier study. The results showed, among others, that the library profession in Ghana is still male­ dominated, and also there is a rising rate of unemployment among professional librarians. As in the case of the previous study, there are suggestions for a review of the programme of the Library School.
Turn-Taking Based on Information Flow for Fluent Human-Robot Interaction

Turn-taking is a fundamental part of human communication. Our goal is to devise a turn-taking framework for human-robot interaction that, like the human skill, represents something fundamental about interaction, generic to context or domain. We propose a model of turn-taking, and conduct an experiment with human subjects to inform this model. Our findings from this study suggest that information flow is an integral part of human floor-passing behavior. Following this, we implement autonomous floor relinquishing on a robot and discuss our insights into the nature of a general turn-taking model for human-robot interaction.
Enhanced detection of gold nanoparticles in agarose gel electrophoresis

Gel electrophoresis is a powerful tool in gold nanoparticle (AuNP) research. While the technique is sensitive to the size, charge, and shape of particles, its optimal performance requires a relatively large amount of AuNP in the loading wells for visible detection of bands. We here describe a novel and more sensitive method for detecting AuNPs in agarose gels that involves staining the gel with the common organic fluorophore fluorescein, to produce AuNP band intensities that are linear with nanoparticle concentration and almost an order of magnitude larger than those obtained without staining the gel.
CHAN: An efficient critical path analysis algorithm

An efficient critical path analysis algorithm (CHAN) based on the automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) method PODEM is presented. The approach does not require generation of the path list and elimination of false paths, and the critical path of the circuit is found accurately. In CHAN, the limitations of conventional approaches are overcome, and the critical path is detected in vastly improved times in most cases considered. >
Almost periodic flows on 3–manifolds

A 3–manifold which supports a periodic flow is a Seifert fibered space. We define a notion of almost periodic flow and give conditions under which a manifold supporting an almost periodic flow is Seifert fibered. It is well-known that ℝ3 does not support fixed point free periodic flows, and our results include that ℝ3 does not support certain almost periodic flows.
Sex-role stereotyping in the United States: Is it changing?

A checklist composed of 66 adjectives was used to measure sex-role stereotypes of college and senior high school students (15- to 21-year-olds) in the University of Kansas area. Three hypotheses were tested: (a) Traditional ways of describing men and women will be very much in evidence, and a strong agreement between the sexes concerning these attributes will exist. (b) Females will stereotype sex roles to a lesser degree than males. (c) Females will value feminine characteristics more positively than masculine characteristics, but males as usual will value masculine characteristics more positively than feminine characteristics. All the hypotheses were supported with a single exception: Male subjects did not differentially value masculine and feminine characteristics.
Modeling KDP bulk damage curves for prediction of large-area damage performance

Over the past two years extensive experimentation has been carded out to determine the nature of bulk damage in KDP. Automated damage testing with small beams has made it possible to rapidly investigate damage statistics and its connection to growth parameter Variation. Over this time we have built up an encyclopedia of many damage curves but only relatively few samples have been tested with large beams. The scarcity of data makes it difficult to estimate how future crystals will perform on the NIF, and the campaign nature of large beam testing is not suitable for efficient testing of many samples with rapid turn-around, it is therefore desirable to have analytical tools in place that could make reliable predictions of large-beam performance based on small-beam damage probability measurements. To that end, we discuss the application of exponential and power law damage evolution within the framework of Poisson statistics in this memo. We describe the results of fitting these models to various damage probability curves on KDP including the heavily investigated KDP214 samples. We find that both models are capable of fitting the damage probability S-curves quite well but there are multiple parameter sets for each model that produce comparable {chi}{sup 2} values. In addition, the fit parameters from the exponential model do not agree well with the measured evolution from large-beam OSL experiments where pinpoint density was shown to evolve according to n(F)=n{sub 0}exp(bF). The largest discrepancy is in determination of the b values. For the O'Connell formalism the power law case developed here, we find that the best-fit powers have approximately the same magnitude as the Weibull exponent of Feit's formalism, but it is difficult to extract information about the defect concentration using the O'Connell approach. In addition, we found that the power law case provides slightly better {chi}{sup 2} values in roughly half of the cases. We discuss these results in terms of fluence measurement precision and the observed fluctuation of damage density observed on OSL testing. We conclude that these two formalisms are not yet well-enough developed to provide reliable parameters for predicting large-scale damage performance of KDP. In outlining possible steps for refining the models, we also call for any future small-spot damage model to include the effects of laser conditioning.
On the velocity of epidemic waves in model plant disease epidemics

Abstract Previous work on the temporal and spatial spread of plant diseases has focused on models generating epidemics with constant frontal velocity (traveling epidemic waves). But the theory of turbulent diffusion, the laws of which govern the dispersal of windborne spores of most foliar plant pathogens, suggests that spread becomes more efficient as the area with diseased plants expands. This should result in epidemics with increasing frontal velocity (dispersive epidemic waves). As a first step toward an analytic treatment of dispersive waves of plant diseases this study considers two simple models based on reaction-diffusion equations with scale-dependent diffusivity. Predictions from these models are compared qualitatively to data on the spread of potato late blight ( Phytophthora infestans ) epidemics over different temporal and spatial scales. The paper concludes with a brief discussion on the merit of simple, analytical models for studying, interpreting, and testing of abstract epidemiological concepts, such as traveling and dispersive waves.
Aspects of the Personological System of Henry A. Murray

This symposium by six psychologists celebrates their enthusiasm for Henry A. Murray's life and works, especially his Personological System: the multidisciplinary study of human persons, in detail, over time. The presentations touch on various aspects of Murray's Personological System as well as the authors' own lifelong studies catalyzed by Murray's work.
The semigroup of a strongly connected automaton

We show that each member of a class of strongly connected automata (containing all the finite ones) whose input semigroup is the semigroup of the automaton is isomorphic to an automaton (A,S,ν) where S is a semigroup of row-monomial matrices over a group G, A is a set of equivalence classes of monomial vectors over G and η is the usual product of a matrix acting on a vector.
Antagonist properties of phentolamine at both presynaptic α2-adrenoceptors and presynaptic dopamine receptors using field stimulated right cat atria☆

Abstract Phentolamine, which is considered a specific α-adrenoceptor antagonist, was tested for antagonist properties at presynaptic dopamine receptors and presynaptic α 2 -adrenoceptors present on sympathetic nerve terminals in isolated right cat atria. Field stimulation induced a transient tachycardia which was inhibited by stimulation of presynaptic dopamine receptors using apomorphine or by stimulation of presynaptic α 2 -adrenoceptors using clonidine. The presynaptic inhibitory effects of apomorphine were competitively antagonized by sulpiride, which is considered a specific dopamine receptor antagonist, and by phentolamine and yohimbine which are considered α-adrenoceptor antagonists. The presynaptic inhibitory effects of clonidine were competitively antagonized by phentolamine and yohimbine but not by sulpiride. pA 2 values for phentolamine against apomorphine and phentolamine against clonidine suggest that phentolamine may be an antagonist at both presynaptic dopamine receptors and presynaptic α 2 -adrenoceptors.
Report on a collaborative study of the assay of ergot

This report presents a record of the results of a collaborative study of the assay of ergot extending over a period of several years. A colorimetric method is recommended by which ergot and ergot preparations are assayed for total alkaloids and for ergonovine.
Immunoaffinity Chromatography for Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Corals

A hybrid analytical procedure, consisting of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO 2 followed by immunoaffinity columns (IAC) cleanup, was developed for the analysis of benzo[a] pyrene (B[a]P) and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coral (Porites). Samples prepared with this protocol can be used for both enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The IAC removed numerous interfering compounds from the SFE extracts, improved resolution by GC-MS, and lowered the detection limit of the PAHs to less than 25 ng/g in coral. The IAC columns could be regenerated as many as seven times. The SFE extracts were fortified with a B[a]P internal standard before IAC and analyzed by ELISA and GC-MS. Recovery of B[a]P standards averaged 94-96%, with a standard deviation of 7-14%, in three consecutive uses of three different columns. Recovery of B[a]P from fortified coral samples averaged 76%. Kaneohe Bay and Trig Island are locations with very different coastal uses and pollution histories. PAHs identified in these samples included fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, triphenylene, benzo[e]pyrene, and B[a]P. The Kaneohe Bay coral had about a 5-fold higher amount of PAHs than the samples from Trig Island.
Tests of an electron monitor for routine quality control measurements of electron energies

The depth dose for electrons is sensitive to energy and the AAPM Task Group 24 has recommended that tests be performed at monthly intervals to assure electron beam energy constancy by verifying the depth for the 80% dose to within {plus minus}3 mm. Typically, this is accomplished by using a two-depth dose ratio technique. Recently, a new device, the Geske monitor, has been introduced that is designed for verifying energy constancy in a single reading. The monitor consists of nine parallel plate detectors that alternate with 5-mm-thick absorbers made of an aluminum alloy. An evaluation of the clinical usefulness of this monitor for the electron beams available on a Varian Clinac 20 has been undertaken with respect to energy discrimination. Beam energy changes of 3 mm of the 80% dose give rise to measurable output changes ranging from 1.7% for 20-MeV electron beams to 15% for 6-MeV electron beams.
Effect of concurrent calcium leucovorin infusion on 5-fluorouracil cytotoxicity against murine L1210 leukemia.

We examined the effect of concurrent SC infusion of calcium leucovorin (LV) on the action of 5-fluorouracil (FUra) against mouse L1210 leukemia implanted either SC or IP. Mice bearing the SC tumor treated with FUra (100 mg/kg, IP, day 1) plus infusion with either LV (11.5 mg · kg-1 · day-1, days 1–4), or 0.9% NaCl (days 1–4) resulted in an identical increase in median lifespan (ILS) of 28%. Similar experiments with FUra (100 mg/kg) plus LV infusion (115 mg · kg-1 · day-1) or FUra (200 mg/kg) plus LV infusion (115 mg · kg-1 · day-1) resulted in 50% and 59% ILS, respectively, which were not different from that obtained with the same doses of FUra plus 0.9% NaCl infusion. Mice bearing the IP tumor treated with FUra (100 mg/kg, IP, day 1) plus infusion with either LV (11.5 mg · kg-1 · day-1, days 1–4) or 0.9% NaCl (days 1–4) had an identical 56% ILS. Similar experiments with FUra (100 mg/kg) plus LV infusion (115 mg · kg-1 · day-1) or FUra (200 mg/kg) plus LV infusion (115 mg · kg-1 · day-1) resulted in 67% and 94% ILS, respectively, which were not different from those obtained with the same doses of FUra plus 0.9% NaCl infusion. Treatment of normal mice with FUra (200 mg/kg, IP, day 0) plus LV infusion (115 mg · kg-1 · day-1, days 0–3) was no more toxic than FUra plus 0.9% NaCl infusion, judging by similar transient decreases in body weight and no mortality. The data indicate that concurrent infusion with the LV failed to enhance the action of FUra against the mouse L1210 leukemia.
The genetics of phenotypic plasticity. III. Genetic correlations and fluctuating asymmetries

We examined the relationship of three aspects of development, phenotypic plasticity, genetic correlations among traits, and developmental noise, for thorax length, wing length, and number of sternopleural bristles in Drosophila melanogaster. We used 14 lines which had previously been selected on either thorax length or plasticity of thorax length in response to temperature. A half-sib mating design was used and offspring were raised at 19” C or 25” C. We found that genetic correlations were stable across temperatures despite the large levels of plasticity of these traits. Plasticities were correlated among developmentally related traits, thorax and wing length, but not among unrelated traits, lengths and bristle counts. Amount of developmental noise, measured as fluctuating asymmetry and withinenvironmental variation, was positively correlated with amount of plasticity only for some traits, thorax length and bristle number, and only at one temperature, 25” c.
Microstructure and chemical composition of the phases of the fused low-silica chromite-periclase materials

In order to produce chromite (chrome)-periclase bearing refractories having a low silica content, one makes use of beneficiated concentrates of chromium ores or synthetic chromiumbearing materials [i, 2] Which require presintering or prior melting because of the fine dispersion of the products of benefieiation and synthesis. It was previously shown [3, 4] that fused materials can exhibit significant differences in the structure and that ferrochromium has a negative effect on the service properties of the products.
U.S. Capitalism, 1972-1992: The Jobs Problem

The official U.S. government estimates of the employment problem underestimate its true extent. In this article, I develop the argument that "subemployment" provides a more comprehensive and accurate conceptualization and measure of the problem than the government's focus on unemployment alone. Data on subemployment for the years from 1972 through 1992 are presented to demonstrate the characteristic insufficient supply of adequate jobs and that the problem is tending to worsen. While the subemployment data reveal a labor market that is producing both too few jobs and inadequate jobs, the problem of adequate jobs is the larger of the two employment deficits. Some implications are drawn from the analysis.
Original antigenic sin in dengue revisited

The four dengue virus serotypes (DENV-1 to -4) cause the most important arthropod-borne viral disease of humans, with ∼100 million cases each year and over 3 billion people at risk for infection (1). The immune response to DENV infection is complex, because it can be either protective or pathogenic. The “original antigenic sin” in secondary (2°) DENV infections is defined as the dominance of cross-reactive antibodies or T-cell responses to a first infecting DENV serotype (the “original antigen”) over the current infecting serotype. In acute DENV infections, cross-reactive T-cell responses have been associated with more severe disease, consigning cross-reactive T-cell responses to a pathogenic role (2, 3). In this issue of PNAS, Weiskopf et al. (4) challenge the idea that cross-reactive T-cell responses are only associated with pathogenesis by demonstrating that although CD8+ T-cell responses were indeed skewed toward the first DENV infection, this did not result in impaired responses, either qualitatively or quantitatively. Furthermore, they found that higher magnitude T-cell responses were associated with HLA alleles that have been linked to reduced susceptibility to severe dengue. Thus, these results suggest that human cross-reactive T-cell responses can be associated with a robust and multifunctional response that can induce protection, as has been shown in dengue mouse models (5⇓–7).
Polyphenolic Glycosides and Aglycones Utilize Opposing Pathways To Selectively Remodel and Inactivate Toxic Oligomers of Amyloid β

Substantial evidence suggests that soluble prefibrillar oligomers of the Aβ42 peptide associated with Alzheimer's disease are the most cytotoxic aggregated Aβ isoform. Limited previous work has revealed that aromatic compounds capable of remodeling Aβ oligomers into nontoxic conformers typically do so by converting them into off-pathway aggregates instead of dissociating them into monomers. Towards identifying small-molecule antagonists capable of selectively dissociating toxic Aβ oligomers into soluble peptide at substoichiometric concentrations, we have investigated the pathways used by polyphenol aglycones and their glycosides to remodel Aβ soluble oligomers. We find that eleven polyphenol aglycones of variable size and structure utilize the same remodeling pathway whereby Aβ oligomers are rapidly converted into large, off-pathway aggregates. Strikingly, we find that glycosides of these polyphenols all utilize a distinct remodeling pathway in which Aβ oligomers are rapidly dissociated into soluble, disaggregated peptide. This disaggregation activity is a synergistic combination of the aglycone and glycone moieties because combinations of polyphenols and sugars fail to disaggregate Aβ oligomers. We also find that polyphenolic glycosides and aglycones use the same opposing pathways to remodel Aβ fibrils. Importantly, both classes of polyphenols fail to remodel nontoxic Aβ oligomers (which are indistinguishable in size and morphology to Aβ soluble oligomers) or promote aggregation of freshly disaggregated Aβ peptide; thus revealing that they are specific for remodeling toxic Aβ conformers. We expect that these and related small molecules will be powerful chemical probes for investigating the conformational and cellular underpinnings of Aβ-mediated toxicity.
Lack of menstrual cycle effects on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia.

OBJECTIVE Limited data are available on the effects of the menstrual cycle on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) function. This study evaluates HPA axis reactivity to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia over the menstrual cycle. PATIENTS Twelve normal women were randomized to placebo and evaluated during three successive menstrual cycles. Menstrual phase was documented by menstrual diary and by oestradiol and progesterone levels at the time of each insulin tolerance test (ITT). Six normal men were included as a comparison in the statistical analysis. MEASUREMENTS Afternoon ITTs were performed initially on the second or third day of menses in women, then seven more ITTs followed at one or two week intervals during the next 10 weeks. Serum measurements of glucose, adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) and cortisol were obtained. RESULTS The glucose and ACTH responses to the ITTs were similar between men and women. Cortisol levels at baseline and during the test were higher in men than in women, although the amount of change was similar. Glucose, ACTH and cortisol response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia did not vary over the menstrual cycle or during repeat testing in men or women. CONCLUSIONS These data show that it is unnecessary to control for menstrual cycle during insulin tolerance tests performed at 1600 hours. It is, however, necessary to control for the effect of sex on cortisol levels. Repeat testing more than one week apart does not appear to influence the glucose, ACTH or cortisol response to insulin stress.
Dynamic Properties of a Type II Cadherin Adhesive Domain: Implications for the Mechanism of Strand-Swapping of Classical Cadherins

Cadherin-mediated cell adhesion is achieved through dimerization of cadherin N-terminal extracellular (EC1) domains presented from apposed cells. The dimer state is formed by exchange of N-terminal beta strands and insertion of conserved tryptophan indole side chains from one monomer into hydrophobic acceptor pockets of the partner molecule. The present work characterizes individual monomer and dimer states and the monomer-dimer equilibrium of the mouse Type II cadherin-8 EC1 domain using NMR spectroscopy. Limited picosecond-to-nanosecond timescale dynamics of the tryptophan indole moieties for both monomer and dimer states are consistent with well-ordered packing of the N-terminal beta strands intramolecularly and intermolecularly, respectively. However, pronounced microsecond-to-millisecond timescale dynamics of the side chains are observed for the monomer but not the dimer state, suggesting that monomers transiently sample configurations in which the indole moieties are exposed. The results suggest possible kinetic mechanisms for EC1 dimerization.
The politics of sex research

The politics of sex research is intimately related to the politics of sexual behavior. The politics of sex is the foundation for the politics of abortion, contraception, and the current politics of family values. As patterns of sexual behavior have been transformed during the past century, opposing groups have been organized to affect government action on behalf of particular sexual moralities. Research on patterns of sexual behavior cannot avoid becoming a part of the politics of sex. Sex research lifts the veil of pluralistic ignorance and tells us what people are doing. Some think we would be better off not knowing. Some people think sex research legitimates nontraditional sexual behavior. Sex researchers often become identified with nontraditional sexual views. In this way, the researchers themselves may become partisans in the politics of sex. The recent political interventions to block large national sex surveys funded by the National Institutes of Health are a natural outgrowth of these political p...
Pathologic conditions of the plantar fascia

Plantar heel pain in adults is commonly seen in the office of the podiatric foot and ankle specialist. These symptoms may have developed acutely or over a period of time. Often the plantar fascia is the source of the pain, which is caused by a traumatic event or a biomechanical flaw. It is imperative that the podiatric physician understands the multiple causes of plantar foot pain and is able to differentiate the multiple causes of heel pain to confirm a specific diagnosis and formulate a proper treatment plan. A thorough history and physical examination are necessary to obtain this information, and diagnostic procedures are sometimes needed.
Oxyhemoglobin Saturation during Sleep in Subjects with and without the Obesity-Hypoventilation Syndrome

The etiology of the obesity-hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) is unknown. Recent reports that treatment of obstructive sleep apnea with nasal continuous positive-airway pressure eliminates the manifestations of OHS suggests that obstructive sleep apnea may contribute to OHS. The purpose of this study was to determine whether hypoxemia during sleep was more severe in patients with OHS than in those without OHS. In our sleep laboratory, we studied 32 subjects with a ratio of the forced expiratory volume in one second over the forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) greater than 0.73 and no neuromuscular disease. Seven subjects had OHS characterized by obesity and daytime hypercapnia, and 25 subjects did not. The seven patients with OHS all had sleep apnea. Of the 25 without OHS, 23 had sleep apnea. Subjects with OHS had significantly greater oxyhemoglobin desaturation during sleep than subjects without OHS, even when subjects with and without OHS were matched for sex and weight. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that severe sleep apnea is a contributing cause of OHS.
Pretreatment with antiserum against dynorphin, substance P, or cholecystokinin enhances the morphine-produced anti-allodynia in the sciatic nerve ligated mice

It is generally accepted that neuropathic pain is resistant to amelioration by morphine in clinical studies and insensitivity to intrathecal (i.t.) administered morphine in experimental models of neuropathic pain has been demonstrated. This study is to determine if endogenous dynorphin, substance P or cholecystokinin is involved in the lack of anti-allodynia of morphine in a partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSL) model of CD-1 mice. Mice exhibited tactile allodynia in the ipsilateral hind paw 1 day after PSL, and reached its maximal allodynic effect at 2 days and remained allodynic for 7 days. Morphine (3.0 nmol) given i.t. did not alter the tactile allodynic threshold in ipsilateral paw of mice pretreated i.t. with normal rabbit serum 2 days after PSL. However, the same dose of morphine (3.0 nmol) given i.t. reduced markedly allodynia in mice pretreated for 2h with antiserum against dynorphin A(1-17) (200 microg); the morphine-produced anti-allodynia developed slowly, reached its peak effect at 30 min and returned to an allodynic state in 60 min. Similarly, i.t. injection of morphine reduced the allodynia in PSL mice pretreated with antiserum against substance P (10 microg) or cholecystokinin (200 microg) for 2h. Intrathecal pretreatment with antiserum against dynorphin A(1-17), substance P or cholecystokinin for 2h injected alone did not affect the baseline mechanical tactile threshold in ipsilateral paw 2 days after PSL. The results indicate that endogenous dynorphin A(1-17), substance P and cholecystokinin are involved in PSL-induced neuropathic allodynia to attenuate the anti-allodynic effect of morphine.
Interprovincial Migration, Population Redistribution, and Regional Development in China: 1990 and 2000 Census Comparisons*

Abstract Until recently, migration has had a limited role to play in China's space economy because of central-planning logic and mechanisms. Mobility increases and economic restructuring since the 1980s, however, call for new conceptualizations of migration. Using interprovincial migration data from China's 1990 and 2000 censuses, I analyze migration rates, migration effectiveness, population growth, net migration flows, and spatial focusing of migration. The analysis supports the notions that migration is an increasingly effective factor of population redistribution and that it has a strong relationship with regional development. While these relationships have been documented in many other parts of the world, they have been less well addressed in the case of China. Regional divergence in economic development during the 1990s was accompanied by a marked increase in interprovincial migration and sharply concentrated migration flows, especially from relatively poor central and western provinces to the rapid...
Storage mode operation of a phototransistor and its adaptation to integrated arrays for image detection

It will be shown that a phototransistor possesses all the necessary requirements to operate in a photon flux integration mode; i.e. 1) a storage element, 2) a nearly ideal switch, and 3) a current source which depends on incident illumination level. The technique for realizing this mode of operation with a phototransistor and the resulting performance will be described. It will be shown that the signal charge will be enhanced by the gain of the transistor over that available from a comparable photodiode operated in the same mode. The simplicity of the structure permits fabrication of monolithic integrated arrays of closely spaced detectors without the need for electrical isolation, either with a dielectric or a junction. As a result a fundamental restriction on spacing density has been eliminated. Also, the restrictions imposed on spectral range and sensitivity by an isolation have been eliminated. Both linear and two-dimensional arrays may be fabricated using this structure. Sampling techniques will be described for a two-dimensional array which eliminates both crosstalk and the need of multiple load resistors for signal recovery.
Target tracking using log-polar transform-based shifted phase-encoded joint transform correlation

Automatic target detection and tracking requires efficient recognition of the target pattern in variable environmental conditions. Optical joint transform correlation (JTC) method has been proven to be efficient in recognizing a target without requiring complex optical set up. However, the classical JTC suffers from poor correlation performance, which can be improved through the use of different and modified designs. A very successful scheme is developed by employing phase-shifted and phase-encoded fringe-adjusted JTC (SPFJTC), which provides with a high discrimination between a target and non-target objects in a given scene and better utilization of the space-bandwidth resource. Further enhancement of the target detection performance can be achieved by incorporating log-polar transform in the SPFJTC technique. We applied the SPFJTC technique to the log-polar transformation of both the reference image and the input scene that makes the pattern recognition invariant to rotation and scale variations. Peak-to-side lobe ratio is measured and a threshold operation is employed to detect and track a target in an unknown input scene.