cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RECURRENT SCROTAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the scrotum are rare vascular lesions. To our knowledge we report the first case of recurrent scrotal AVM. CASE REPORT A 67-year-old American Indian male with a history of scrotal AVM diagnosed and treated at our institution with preoperative embolization followed by hemiscrotectomy was disease-free for 12 years. Recently a chronic nonhealing ulcer developed on the right hemiscrotum. The patient presented elsewhere on 2 occasions in shock secondary to severe arterial bleeding from the ulcer requiring prompt resuscitation.
Peripheral Nerve Phospholipid Composition: Development in Normal Nerve and Age‐Dependent Changes in Wallerian Degenerated Nerve

The phospholipid composition of normal peripheral nerve as a function of developmental age as well as that of Wallerian-degenerated nerve as a function of age at nerve transection and duration of Wallerian degeneration have been quantitated in rabbit sciatic nerve. During development, increases in the proportions of ethanolamine plasmalogen, sphingomyelin, and combined phosphatidyl serine plus phosphatidyl inositol and decreases in the proportions of phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine correlated well with the concurrent myelin accretion. During Wallerian degeneration, age-dependent changes in phospholipid composition were observed. The large and statistically significant increase in the proportion of phosphatidyl choline and decrease in the proportion of ethanolamine plasmalogen were manifest promptly in nerves transected at 2 weeks of age but in a delayed manner in nerves transected at 8, 12, and 20 weeks of age. The rate of loss of individual phospholipids was greater in nerves transected at younger ages. The findings from normal developing peripheral nerve may well serve as baseline data for subsequent studies of phospholipid composition in pathological peripheral nerve. The findings from Wallerian-degenerated peripheral nerve provide additional evidence for age-dependent chemical changes occurring in Wallerian-degenerated peripheral nerve that may be of significance in explaining the superior functional recovery from peripheral nerve injury observed in younger compared with older subjects.
Heterogeneity of savanna canopy structure and function from imaging spectrometry and inverse modeling

Arid and semiarid ecosystems cover >40% of the earth’s terrestrial surface. Woody plants and herbaceous species, each with distinct allocation and phenological characteristics, respond to and constrain ecosystem function and biogeochemistry in these regions. High-resolution estimates of vegetation extent, aboveground allocation, and phenology are needed to improve regional links between ecosystem structure and function, especially under conditions of changing land use. We used a combination of imaging spectrometry and radiative transfer inverse modeling techniques to quantify the structural and biophysical attributes of plant canopies and land-cover types in a South Texas savanna. Estimated canopy structural attributes were used to calculate the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR; 400–700 nm) absorbed by plant canopies and the live foliage and nonphotosynthetic components of the canopies. A landscape analysis of these variables revealed the complexity of the biotic, abiotic, and anthropo...
West Nile Virus: Review of the Literature

Importance Since its introduction in North America in 1999, West Nile virus has produced the 3 largest arboviral neuroinvasive disease outbreaks ever recorded in the United States. Objective To review the ecology, virology, epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, prevention, and control of West Nile virus, with an emphasis on North America. Evidence Review PubMed electronic database was searched through February 5, 2013. United States national surveillance data were gathered from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Findings West Nile virus is now endemic throughout the contiguous United States, with 16 196 human neuroinvasive disease cases and 1549 deaths reported since 1999. More than 780 000 illnesses have likely occurred. To date, incidence is highest in the Midwest from mid-July to early September. West Nile fever develops in approximately 25% of those infected, varies greatly in clinical severity, and symptoms may be prolonged. Neuroinvasive disease (meningitis, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis) develops in less than 1% but carries a fatality rate of approximately 10%. Encephalitis has a highly variable clinical course but often is associated with considerable long-term morbidity. Approximately two-thirds of those with paralysis remain with significant weakness in affected limbs. Diagnosis usually rests on detection of IgM antibody in serum or cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment is supportive; no licensed human vaccine exists. Prevention uses an integrated pest management approach, which focuses on surveillance, elimination of mosquito breeding sites, and larval and adult mosquito management using pesticides to keep mosquito populations low. During outbreaks or impending outbreaks, emphasis shifts to aggressive adult mosquito control to reduce the abundance of infected, biting mosquitoes. Pesticide exposure and adverse human health events following adult mosquito control operations for West Nile virus appear negligible. Conclusions and Relevance In North America, West Nile virus has and will remain a formidable clinical and public health problem for years to come.
Rapid fiber reorganization after early olfactory tract section and bulbectomy in the hamster

Details of neuronal reorganization were investigated in golden hamster pups 10 days after neonatal olfactory lesions. Pups sustained unilateral olfactory tract section (ULOT) or unilateral olfactory bulbectomy (UOB) on postnatal day 5 (P5) and were then behaviorally tested through P15. UOBs were sacrificed after P15 to assess the extent of lesions. ULOTs were processed with degeneration techniques to demonstrate the terminal distribution of bulb fibers whose path had been either deflected or severed by the early tract section. Ten days after complete tract section, extensive sprouting of bulb fibers had occurred rostral to the cut in olfactory as well as adjacent nonolfactory (e.g., neocortical) regions. The pattern of rostral sprouting was similar to, and in some cases exceeded, that described in adults subjected to neonatal tract sections (Devor, 76b). Fibers grew caudally past the cut following aberrant paths to reinnervate limited regions of the olfactory tubercle and less frequently, the piriform cortex. Unlike the continuous band of terminals soon in the caudal field of adults given neonatal tract sections, at this early stage of regrowth, fibers were organized in small discontinuous fascicles that tended to cluster at the islands of Calleja of the tubercle. Although these fibers innervated a relatively restricted region in comparison with normal innervation, their connections were apparently functional, as measured by a thermotaxis behavioral assay for the effects of UOB. The ther-motaxis behavior of most pups showing tubercle reinnervation returned to normal, while the behavior of pups without tubercle reinnervation remained similar to UOBs (Small and Leonard, ′82). Excessive rostral sprouting and invasion of neocortex were seen in all tract-sectioned pups and were, therefore, apparently not sufficient to sustain normal behavior on this assay. Regrowth of sensory olfactory fibers and extensive formation of glo-meruli in the anterior olfactory nucleus and, occasionally, in prefrontal neocortex were found following olfactory bulbectomy. There was no correlation between the extent of glomerulization and the behavioral performance, however. The olfactory system provides an appropriate system for investigating the parameters governing age-dependent axonal sprouting and functional recovery following early brain damage.
SEL-TM: Selective Eager-Lazy Management for Improved Concurrency in Transactional Memory

Hardware Transactional Memory (HTM) systems implement version management and conflict detection in hardware to guarantee that each transaction is atomic and executes in isolation. In general, HTM implementations fall into two categories, namely, eager systems and lazy systems. Lazy systems have been shown to exploit more concurrency from potentially conflicting transactions. However, lazy systems manage a transaction's entire write set lazily, which gives rise to two main disadvantages: (a) a complex cache protocol and implementation are required to maintain the speculative modifications, and, (b) the latency of committing the entire write set often leads to severe performance degradation of the whole system. It is observed in a wide range of workloads that more than 55% of the transaction aborts are due to conflicts on only three memory blocks. Thus we argue that an eager HTM system can achieve the same level of concurrency as lazy systems by managing only a small portion of a transaction's write set lazily. In this paper, we present Selective-Eager-Lazy HTM (SEL-TM), a new HTM implementation to adopt complementary version management schemes within a transaction whose write set is divided into eagerly- and lazily-managed memory addresses at runtime. An intelligent hardware scheme is designed to select the memory addresses for lazy management as well as determining whether each dynamic instance of a transaction benefits from hybrid management. Experimental results using the STAMP benchmarks show that, on average, SEL-TM improves performance by 14% over an eager system and 22% over a lazy system. The speedup demonstrates that our design is capable of harvesting the concurrency benefit of lazy version management while avoiding some of the performance penalties in lazy HTMs.
EXTRAOCULAR PHOTORECEPTION IN AMPHIBIANS

Amphibians possess extraocular photoreceptors (EOPs) which exclusively or together with the lateral eyes perceive light for various physiological and behavioral activities. Several kinds of EOPs are discussed but emphasis is given to the pineal complex: the dermal frontal organ (or stirnorgan) found only in frogs and toads among amphibians and the intracranial pineal body (or epiphysis cerebri) found in all Amphibia. Both structures are derived as dorsal evaginations of the diencephalon and have a retina-like fine structure. Both are sensitive to visible and UV light but not to IR, mechanical or chemical stimuli. The frontal organ gives chromatic and achromatic responses but in most species only achromatic ones are recorded from the pineal. Photopigments have been identified for some of these responses. Pineal EOPs are involved in several activities: (i) neurosecretory activity by the subcommissural organ in the brain; (ii) body-lightening reaction in larval amphibians, involving the light-inhibited release by the pineal of a hormone, presumably melatonin, which contracts melanophores in the skin; (iii) cuing of circadian locomotor rhythms, including phase shifts and synchronization with environmental light cycles; (iv) perception of celestial cues for use in time-compensated compass orientation; and (v) possibly perception of linearly-polarized light. Non-pineal EOPs have been implicated in (i) tail-darkening reaction of frog larvae where light has a direct effect on melanophores; and (ii) in phototaxis where unknown EOPs in various parts of the body and tail mediate withdrawal from light. Evidence for use of pineal and non-pineal EOPs and location of specific receptors is reviewed drawn from biochemical, ultrastructural, neurophysiological and behavioral studies. The possible use of EOPs for other biological functions and their possible adaptive value are briefly discussed.
Toward resolution of the debate regarding purported crypto-Jews in a Spanish-American population: Evidence from the Y chromosome

Background: The ethnic heritage of northernmost New Spain, including present-day northern New Mexico and southernmost Colorado, USA, is intensely debated. Local Spanish-American folkways and anecdotal narratives led to claims that the region was colonized primarily by secret- or crypto-Jews. Despite ethnographic criticisms, the notion of substantial crypto-Jewish ancestry among Spanish-Americans persists. Aim: We tested the null hypothesis that Spanish-Americans of northern New Mexico carry essentially the same profile of paternally inherited DNA variation as the peoples of Iberia, and the relevant alternative hypothesis that the sampled Spanish-Americans possess inherited DNA variation that reflects Jewish ancestry significantly greater than that in present-day Iberia. Subjects and Methods: We report frequencies of 19 Y-chromosome unique event polymorphism (UEP) biallelic markers for 139 men from across northern New Mexico and southern Colorado, USA, who self-identify as ‘Spanish-American’. We used three...
American Opportunity Credit: Key to Education for Lower and Middle Income College Students.

The Tax Relief Act of 1997 created an important tax provision which helped taxpayers offset the cost of higher education. This provision was in the form of education tax credits. Because a tax credit is a dollar for dollar reduction in tax liability, these education credits were designed to reduce the amount of tax due for college students or their parents. Introduced in 1998, and known as the Hope Scholarship and the Lifetime Learning tax credits, these credits were established to counterbalance the monies spent on tuition, fees, and some course materials during postsecondary education. While these credits proved to be beneficial to many taxpayers over the past decade, most recently, the signing of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009 provided a new provision which was intended to increase access to education and to stimulate the economy. The ARRA of 2009 established for two years (2009 and 2010) the “American Opportunity” tax credit as a replacement for the Hope credit. Similar to the previous education credits, the American Opportunity tax credit helps students and families pay for post-secondary education. However, the most significant condition of this credit is that 40% of the American Opportunity tax credit is refundable and therefore available to households with little or no tax liability. Since refundable credits generate refunds over and above the withholding amount instead of just reducing the tax liability, the American Opportunity tax credit is available to the lowest income tax payers. As a result, it is possible for many taxpayers to receive a maximum amount of refundable credit of up to $1,000. Unfortunately, the American Opportunity credit is proposed to be available only on a taxpayer’s 2009 and 2010 tax return. After this time, the credit is expected to revert to its original form prior to the ARRA of 2009. Many taxpayers will no longer be eligible for the refundable portion of the credit nor many of its other beneficial provisions. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new American Opportunity Credit and to show the need for the continuance of this credit that is not only crucial for the welfare of the lower to middle income taxpayers but the larger, refundable credit would extend educational assistance to low to moderate income students, making it easier for them or their parents to afford college and thus encouraging attendance.
Nationalism and democracy: dichotomies, complementarities, oppositions

Nationalism and democracy: dichotomies, complementarities, oppositions, edited by Andre Lecours and Luis Moreno, Oxford and New York, Routledge, 2010, xii + 275 pp., £85.00/$128.00 (hardback), ISBN...
Update on Anti-angiogenesis Therapy in Colorectal Cancer

Angiogenesis is a complex biologic process critical to growth and proliferation of colorectal cancer. The safety and efficacy of various anti-angiogenic agents have been investigated in many treatment settings. Bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agent, has efficacy in both the first-line setting and beyond progression in metastatic colorectal cancer. The decoy vascular endothelial growth factor receptor aflibercept has been approved in combination with 5-fluorouracil-, leucovorin-, and irinotecan-based chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer patients whose disease has progressed on a prior oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy regimen. The multikinase inhibitor regorafenib is modestly effective in the refractory colorectal cancer setting but confers significant toxicity. Ramucirumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 molecule, has efficacy in combination with 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan after disease progression on a first-line bevacizumab-, oxaliplatin-, and fluoropyrimidine-containing regimen. Questions regarding optimal treatment setting, predictive biomarkers of response, and cost-effectiveness of these anti-angiogenic agents and others are as yet unanswered.
Efficient semiparametric estimation of haplotype-disease associations in case-cohort and nested case-control studies.

SUMMARY Estimating the effects of haplotypes on the age of onset of a disease is an important step toward the discovery of genes that influence complex human diseases. A haplotype is a specific sequence of nucleotides on the same chromosome of an individual and can only be measured indirectly through the genotype. We consider cohort studies which collect genotype data on a subset of cohort members through case–cohort or nested case–control sampling. We formulate the effects of haplotypes and possibly timevarying environmental variables on the age of onset through a broad class of semiparametric regression models. We construct appropriate nonparametric likelihoods, which involve both finite- and infinitedimensional parameters. The corresponding nonparametric maximum likelihood estimators are shown to be consistent, asymptotically normal, and asymptotically efficient. Consistent variance–covariance estimators are provided, and efficient and reliable numerical algorithms are developed. Simulation studies demonstrate that the asymptotic approximations are accurate in practical settings and that case–cohort and nested case–control designs are highly cost-effective. An application to a major cardiovascular study is provided.
Studies in cell permeability: the uptake of pyruvate by yeast.

The uptake of pyruvate by yeast was studied under a variety of conditions of temperature, extracellular concentration, O2 pressure, and pH. It was shown that physical diffusion adequately explains the permeation of undissociated pyruvic acid into the outer and inner regions of the cell. The entrance of pyruvate ion into the outer region appears to take place by the same process. The passage of pyruvate ion across the membrane separating the outer from the inner region was found to occur only under conditions under which pyruvate is metabolized. The mechanism of the active process involved in the uptake of pyruvate is not known.
Evidence for an eolian origin for the silt-enriched soil mantles on the glaciated uplands of eastern Upper Michigan, USA

Abstract We provide textural, geochemical, and mineralogical data on a thin, silty deposit that unconformably mantles glaciated uplands in the eastern Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Previous research on this deposit, which we hypothesize to be loess, is nonexistent. The uplands were islands or narrow peninsulas within one or more glacial lakes. We compare the distribution, likely source and nature of the 20–60 cm thick silty mantle by using the loess formation model of Mason et al. [Mason, J.A., Nater, E.A., Zanner, C.W., Bell, J.C., 1999. A new model of topographic effects on the distribution of loess. Geomorphology 28, 223–236], which focuses on the generation of eolian silt by saltating sand across upwind, barren surfaces. Parabolic dunes, with arms open to the NW, are common on former lake floors upwind of the silt-mantled uplands, attesting to the strength and direction of paleowinds. The abrupt termination of the dunes at the footslopes of the uplands, associated with silt deposition on upland soil surfaces in downwind locations, are both consistent with the model of Mason et al. [Mason, J.A., Nater, E.A., Zanner, C.W., Bell, J.C., 1999. A new model of topographic effects on the distribution of loess. Geomorphology 28, 223−236]. Sediments on former lake floors contain abundant strata of fine/medium sand and silt, and thus are likely sources for the silt and dune sand. The cap, dune and lake sediments are similar along many different geochemical axes, whereas the substrate sediment, i.e., the drift below the cap, is unique. Cap sediments, normally containing roughly 30% silt, are enriched in quartz and depleted in Ti and Zr, relative to dune sediment. The dune sediment, a more residual eolian deposit, is enriched in Ti and Zr, relative to the cap, probably due to its greater abundance of heavy minerals. Therefore, we conclude that the silty cap is loess that was deflated from abandoned lake floors after nearby glacial lakes drained, probably contemporaneously with dune migration across the former lake floors.
Instrumentality of aggression, feedback, and frustration as determinants of physical aggression.

Physical aggression was studied in relation to 5 variables. There were 2 intensities of frustration plus a control group. The aggression (delivery of electric shock) was either of instrumental value in overcoming the frustration or of no instrumental value. The victim cither gave feedback (moans, groans) or did not. Ss were cither men or women; the victims were either men or women. Frustration did not lead to more aggression than a control. When aggression was of instrumental value, it was more intense than when it was of no value. Feedback lowered aggression intensity. Men aggressed more intensely than women, and male victims received more intense aggression than women. Thus frustration was the only variable that did not affect aggression, a fact which bears on both the definition of frustration and the frustrationaggression relationship. There have been hundreds of studies of aggression (see Berkowitz, 1962; Buss, 1961) but only a few in which a subject aggresses physically against another person. These are experiments by Berkowitz and his students (Berkowitz, 1962), Hokanson and colleagues (e.g., Hokanson, Burgess, & Cohen, 1963), Milgram (1963), Walters and his students (e.g., Walters & Thomas, 1963), and the author (e.g., Buss, 1963). Investigations of the relationship between pure frustration and actual aggression (as opposed to projective or inventory measures) are even more rare. Of course this statement depends upon one's definition of frustration. Berkowitz (1962) adopts an inclusive position, denning frustration as: the interruption of an internal response sequence or the blocking of some drive. Similarly, a person who steps on our toes might also arouse anger if this action interrupted or interfered with the internal response oriented toward the preservation or attainment of security and comfort [p. 30].
Response bias is unaffected by delay length in a delay discounting paradigm.

This study examined the contribution of response bias to measures of delay discounting in Long–Evans rats (n = 8) using the adjusting amount procedure. Under this procedure, we assessed preference for 150l of 10% sucrose solution delivered following a delay over a variable-amount alternative delivered immediately. Bias was calculated based on relative preference when reinforcers were delivered immediately from both alternatives. We extended this assessment procedure to examine preference when rewards from both alternatives were equally delayed (2, 4, 8, or 16 s) in addition to assessing a traditional delay discounting function. Relative preference was similar across delays and slightly larger than 150l. These results indicate that response bias was stable and suggests a relative aversion for the adjusting alternative, which may be due to the variability in reward size associated with that alternative. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A low-cost comprehensive process for assessing electromagnetic environment (EME) effects on flight-critical control computers

A process is presented for assessing the effects of electromagnetic environments on flight-critical aircraft control computers. The assessment process is a combination of analysis, simulation, and tests and is currently under development for demonstration at the NASA Langley Research Center in the High Intensity Radiated Fields (HIRF) Laboratory and Closed-Loop Test (CLT) Laboratory. The assessment process is comprehensive in that it addresses (i) closed-loop operation of the controller under test, (ii) real-time dynamic detection of controller malfunctions that occur due to the effects of electromagnetic disturbances caused by lightning, HIRF, and electromagnetic interference and incompatibilities, and (iii) the resulting effects on the aircraft relative to the stage of flight, flight conditions, and required operational performance. In addition, this method uses electromagnetic field modeling codes to determine internal electromagnetic environments to which onboard electronic equipment will be subjected. Lower cost demonstrations of certification compliance should be realizable using this method due to the reduction or elimination of costly full-aircraft tests.
The Power of Resilience: A Theoretical Model to Empower, Encourage and Retain Teachers

Due to the many challenges that teachers face in today’s classrooms to facilitate the academic success of all children and to meet federal and state accountability standards, having both the competence and the ability to adjust to meet these challenges are required. Teacher retention is an ongoing issue in the United States; teachers who lack these traits may have a negative impact on teacher retention. Resiliency is a critical element that teachers need to meet these challenges and remain in the education profession. In this study, the stories of four female African American teachers who taught in the same school district in a rural community in the South before, during, and after desegregation, were examined. Using qualitative methodology and a narrative inquiry technique, the data analyzed from the stories of the four women confirmed eight themes of resilience as identified in Polidore’s Theory of Adult Resilience in Education (2004). An additional resilience theme, efficacy, also emerged. The additional theme provided an enhanced conceptualization and construct of Polidore’s Theory of Adult Resilience in Education model. With the massive challenges facing educators today, the stories of the four teachers can be used to empower, encourage and retain teachers in the education profession. Keywords: Resilience, African American Teachers, Teacher Retention, Efficacy
Response of microbial communities to water stress in irrigated and drought-prone tallgrass prairie soils

Abstract To better understand how water stress and availability affect the structure of microbial communities in soil, I measured the change in phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) and the incorporation of 13C-labeled glucose into the PLFA following exposure to water stress. Overlaid on the laboratory water stress treatment, samples were collected from drought-prone and irrigated (11 years) tallgrass prairie soil (0–10 cm depth). In the laboratory, soils were either incubated at −250 kPa or dried steadily over a 3-d period to −45 MPa. On the fourth day, the dried samples were brought up to −250 kPa and then all samples received 250 μg of glucose-C (+4000 δ13C-PDB) solution that brought them to −33 kPa matric water potential. Samples were then extracted for PLFA following 6 and 24 h of incubation (25 °C). Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) techniques and multi-response permutation procedure (MRPP) showed that the largest effect on the mol% distribution of PLFA was related to the field scale water addition experiment. In response to irrigation, the PLFA 16:1ω5, 18:1+, and 18:2ω6,9 showed increases, and a15:0, a17:0, and cy19:0 showed decreases in their respective mol%. Effects related to the induction of laboratory water stress were predominantly associated with a decrease in the mol% distribution of the putative fungal biomarker (18:2ω6,9) with little to no change in the mol% distribution of the bacterial biomarkers. Interestingly, the flow of C to the microbial community was not strongly related to any single PLFA, and differences were rather subtle, but multivariate MRPP detected change to the community structure related to the laboratory water stress treatment but not related to the 11 years of field irrigation. Our results suggest that both the total and the actively metabolizing bacterial community in soil were generally resistant to the effects of water stress brought by rewetting of dry soil. However, more research is needed to understand the nature of the fungal response to drying and rewetting in soil.
Dual Regulation with Ser/Thr Kinase Cascade and a His/Asp TCS in Myxococcus xanthus

Fruiting body development of Myxococcus xanthus is propelled by temporal gene expression directed via stage-specific intercellular signaling pathways. M. xanthus exhibits social behaviors during its complex life cycle and is a potential source for production of natural products such as secondary metabolites. The numerous signaling pathways of M. xanthus consist of not only the two-component His-Asp phosphorelay system (TCS) but also protein Ser/Thr kinases (PSTKs) that regulate gene expression, motility and multicellular development. Recent studies have uncovered the unique molecular regulatory mechanism of MrpC, a transcription factor essential for fruiting body development and sporulation. mrpC expression is activated early in development by MrpB, which belongs to the NtrC family of TCS. MrpC, is, in turn, a transcriptional activator of fruA that encodes another key transcription factor, FruA. FruA is essential for fruiting body development and sporulation and regulates positively and negatively the synthesis of many developmental proteins. In addition, expression of mrpC during vegetative growth is kept at a low level by the PSTK Pkn8-Pkn 14 kinase cascade which negatively regulates MrpC-binding activity to its own promoter. Therefore, M. xanthus utilizes a novel dual system with both eukaryotic PSTK cascade and prokaryotic TCS signaling systems to tightly and precisely regulate MrpC levels, which activate timely fruA expression and propel fruiting body development and sporulation.
Relations among emotion regulation and DSM-5 symptom clusters of PTSD

Abstract Emotion regulation has been implicated as a risk and maintaining factor for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Three aspects of emotion regulation have demonstrated the strongest relations with PTSD symptoms: experiential avoidance, rumination, and thought suppression. Given that emotion regulation has demonstrated differential relations with DSM-IV PTSD symptom clusters, the current study sought to examine these relations with the DSM-5 symptom clusters of PTSD. Participants were recruited via Amazon's Mechanical Turk (N = 403). All participants endorsed trauma exposure. Measures included the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II), the negative affect scale of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS-NA; included as a control variable), the Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS), and the White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI). A path analysis model in Mplus indicated that the AAQ-II demonstrated large effects with all four PTSD symptom clusters. Of those relations, the largest was observed for the AAQ-II and the Negative Alterations in Cognition and Mood cluster of PTSD. Results suggest that individual variation in PTSD symptoms may have implications for the salience of particular emotion regulation strategies.
Proposition 13 - Even More Protection Than What We Thought

Wright asks whether, under California's property tax limit, Proposition 13, a property owner can get their property revalued downward if the value of the property sinks. And does Proposition 13 kick in again to limit the valuation increase as the market moves back up again?
Lubrication and Safety in Compound Pressure Vessels

Various types of high-pressure apparatus utilize Compound cylinders to contain pressures in the range up to about ten GPa (100 kbar). Compound construction vessels usually consist of a high strength innermost die preloaded in compression by surrounding concentric support rings. Figure 1 shows a cross-section of such a vessel typical of a piston-cylinder apparatus for use to 7 GPa (70 kbar). The compressive preload on the innermost ring is achieved by inserting the die and its adapter shim into the tapered ID of the binding ring assembiy with a substantial interference fit. The preload pressure on the OD of the die ranges from about 1.5–2.0 at higher pressures. Thus for bore lubrication, 25 μm (.001 in.) thick lead foil emerges as an effective and critical lubricant.
Adaptive Geometry Wind Turbine Blades for Increasing Performance

With wind turbines working to capture energy at different wind speeds rotor morphing could potentially increase energy capture over wind speeds up to the rated speed. This study examines what the optimal geometry might look like at different wind speeds, how it might differ from one speed to another, and how much increase in power and annual energy production could be realized with the optimal geometry at each wind speed. Using a blade-element theory based analysis and conducting simulations on the 1.5 MW WindPACT turbine and the 5MW NREL concept turbine, variations in blade twist and collective pitch, chord, radius, and airfoil characteristics were considered. The results indicate that there are negligible benefits to changing blade collective pitch, twist, chord, and airfoil characteristics. Only radius increase has a dominant effect, with 20% increase in radius resulting in power increase of over 45% at 8 and 10 m/s and much higher percentage increases at lower speeds, for both turbines. The increase in annual energy production is in the range of 20%. However, a larger radius increases rotor thrust.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The combination of phylogenetic analysis with epidemiological and serological data to track HIV-1 transmission in a sexual transmission case.

Objective To investigate the linkage of HIV transmission from a man to a woman through unprotected sexual contact without disclosing his HIV-positive status.
Visual Attention in West Syndrome

The maturation of visual attention is evaluated prospectively in a study of infants with West syndrome (WS) before, during and after the onset of seizures, followed until age 24 +/- 2 months at Catholic University, Rome, and University of Pisa, Italy.
Prose Writing in an Age of Orality: A Study of 2 Sam 5:6-9

The brief, cryptic account of Jerusalem’s takeover by David in 2 Sam 5:6-9 has elicited a considerable number of historical investigations into what events may have transpired according to this story. But what has received less historical attention is the scribal culture responsible for this text’s composition. With this concern in mind, the aim of this study is to approach 2 Sam 5:6-9 as a scribal artifact in an effort to examine how this text took form and what cultural expectations guided its production. What comes to light through this manner of inquiry, I contend, is a text deeply shaped by an oral storytelling tradition. The results of this analysis are then brought to bear on certain interpretive questions connected to how one reads ancient prose accounts rendered by scribes who lived in a world of oral, living speech.
Stereotypical Reasoning and Advertisements

Good advertisements can mingle their manifestative and implicative complement each other,and becomes more impressive.Both the reading and creation of this kind of advertisements need stereotypical reasoning.Stereotypical relation,a natural connection between two entities,which might be seen from two dimensions:proximity and similarity,is a tool for people to know the world by way of relations.The audience may work out the implicative embedded in advertisements,while advertisers may create wise and interesting advertisements,both applying stereotypical reasoning.
The Survey of Smoking, Passive Smoking and Tobacco Control Knowledge Among Adult in Shihezi

OBJECTIVE To provide a basis for future tobacco control by understanding the status of smoking and passive smoking in residents, investigating the residents of tobacco against tobacco control knowledge and attitudes. METHODS Adopt a questionnaire that Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Tobacco Control Office developed and designed, select hospitals, shopping malls, stations, waiting room and the government's office conducted a total of 200 residents in the survey by the method of random intercept. RESULTS Population smoking rates and smoking rates now were both 40.0%, 69.5% smoking rate for men was significantly higher than female smoking rate of 7.4%; Passive smoking rate for 61.1%, 59.4% of male rate of passive smoking and passive smoking rate of 64.77% of women no difference (P0.05). CONCLUSION The situation of smoking and passive smoking are serious, the dangers of tobacco smoking awareness and attitude needs to be improved in Shihezi City, it is necessary to intensify anti-smoking, non-smoking interventions and comprehensive health education, to build all the people involved in social mechanisms, the development of practical laws and regulations.
Induction of Proteins in Interferon‐α‐ and Interferon‐γ‐Treated Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) treatment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) results in an activation of their functions. Studying the IFN responsiveness of PMNs and using antibodies to the IFN-induced proteins, we have observed the ability of IFN-alpha to stimulate the production of the IFN-induced 67,000 and 56,000 dalton proteins and the ability of IFN-gamma to induce the synthesis of the 67,000, 56,000, and 42,000 dalton proteins. The induction of these proteins is dependent on de novo RNA synthesis, as its induction is inhibited if the IFNs and actinomycin D are added to the cells simultaneously. The results of this study confirm the ability of PMNs to carry out gene activation and demonstrate the ability of PMNs to respond to both IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma.
Phosphate enemas and GFR decline: it’s premature to sound the alarm

Oral sodium phosphate solutions can cause acute phosphate nephropathy, resulting in acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. A recent cohort study suggests that phosphate enemas may also be associated with a decline in glomerular filtration rate, but further study is needed to establish a causal relationship.
Purification and Properties of the Human Plasma Selenoenzyme, Glutathione Peroxidase

About 80% of the selenium (Se) present in ovine erythrocytes is associated with glutathione peroxidase (GPx).l In contrast, less than 4% of the Se present in rat plasma was calculated to be present as GPx.2 Consistent with this, evidence has been obtained in our laboratory that the majority of the Se present in human plasma is not associated with GPx.1 Other workers have shown that the antigenicity of human erythrocyte GPx differs from this selenoenzyme in plasma.3 Therefore, the human plasma GPx was purified to determine how its properties may differ from the erythrocyte enzyme.
SU-F-T-537: Prone Breast Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation Using Non-Coplanar Volumetric Arc Therapy

Purpose: To demonstrate that Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) can be an alternative technique to Brachytherapy Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation (APBI) for treating large breasted women. The non-coplanar VMAT technique uses a commercially available couch and a small number of angles. This technique with the patient in the prone position can reduce high skin and critical structure doses in large breasted women, which are usually associated with Brachytherapy APBI. Methods: Philips Pinnacle treatment planning system with Smart Arc was used to plan a left sided laterally located excision cavity on a standard prone breast patient setup. Three thirty-degree arcs entered from the lateral side at respective couch angles of 345, 0, and 15 degrees. A fourth thirty degree arc beam entered from the medial side at a couch angle of 0 degrees. The arcs were selected to avoid critical structures as much as possible. A test run was then performed to verify that the beams did not collide with the patient nor support structures. NSABP B-39/RTOG 0413 protocol guidelines were used for dose prescription, normal tissue, and target definition. Results: Dose Volume Histogram analysis indicated that all parameters were equal or better than RTOG recommendations. Of particular note regarding the plan quality:1.(a) For a prescribed dose of 3850cGy the PTV-EVAL target volume receiving 100 percent of the dose(V100) was 93; protocol recommendation is V90 > 90 percent. (b) Maximum dose was 110 percent versus the allowed 120 percent .2. Uninvolved percentage of normal breast V100 and V50 were 17 and 47 versus allowed 35 and 60 percent respectively.3. For the skin, V100 was 5.7cc and the max dose to 0.1 cc was 4190cGy. Conclusion: Prone Breast non-coplanar VMAT APBI can achieve better skin cosmesis and lower critical structure doses than Brachytherapy APBI.
Deleterious Effects of Drugs on the Developing Nervous System

In the past two decades, several categories of drugs have emerged as serious neuroteratogens. These include vitamin A congeners, isotretinoin and etretinate, certain antiepileptic drugs, especially trimethadione, and valproic acid. Other antiepileptic drugs have low teratogenic potential and variably affect the developing CNS. When multiple antiepileptics are administered during pregnancy, however, the risk to the fetus increases considerably.
Carbenes as Intermediates

The combination of zinc–copper coupled with methylene iodide generates carbene–zinc iodide complex. The base-catalyzed generation of halocarbenes from haloforms also provides a general route to 1, 1-dihalocyclopropanes via carbene addition, as does the nonbasic generation of dihalocarbenes from phenyl (trihalomethyl) mercury compounds. Photolytically generated carbene undergoes a variety of undiscriminated addition and insertion reactions and is therefore of limited synthetic utility. The discovery of the generation of carbenes by the zinc–copper couple, however, makes carbene addition to double bonds synthetically useful. The iodo-methylzinc iodide complex is believed to function by electrophilic addition to the double bond in a three-center transition state giving essentially cis addition. Phenyl (trihalomethyl) mercury compounds decompose when heated in a solvent giving dihalocarbenes. However, when the solvent contains a suitable olefin, carbene addition occurs, giving 1, 1-dihalocyclopropane derivatives. Strong base is not required in the reaction mixture, which is an advantage, and base-sensitive olefins (for example, acrylonitrile) can be made to undergo carbene addition.
Spatial coherence model for passive ranging using distributed arrays

This work presents our data analysis results on modeling spatial coherence in a distributed passive array ranging system consisting of three volumetric module arrays. We show that a simple analytical approximation that was previously derived for modeling signal spatial coherence losses in wireless system which represented the random medium effects by a random scatter field can accurately model the spatial coherence losses measured in actual underwater acoustic data. We also discuss its implications in wavefront curvature range estimation.
Accelerated Apoptosis and Aberrant Retention of Bone Marrow Cells in Myelokathexis Are Two Independent Pathways Triggered by Mutant CXCR4 and Normalized upon Treatment with Specific Inhibitors.

Myelokathexis (MK) is a rare congenital hematopoietic disease characterized by hypercellular marrow and severe neutropenia. In some patients there is an association of Warts, Hypogammaglobulinemia, and severe Infections with Myelokathexis (WHIM syndrome). We and others reported accelerated apoptosis of bone marrow myeloid cells in MK evidenced by electron microscopy and flow cytometry studies. The impaired cell survival in MK was associated with reduction in Bcl-X expression at least partially restored by G-CSF treatment. Heterozygous mutations in the CXCR4 gene were reported in most of the families with WHIM syndrome. Interaction of CXCR4, a G-protein coupled chemokine receptor with SDF-1 ligand plays a key role in homing and mobilization of CXCR4-expressing hematopoietic cells. It has been reported that expression of mutant CXCR4 leads to reduced receptor internalization, increased calcium flux and enhanced chemotaxis of transduced CD34+ cells toward SDF1. However, the mechanism of mutant CXCR4-triggered neutropenia in MK remains largely unknown. We examined 11 patients representing 6 unrelated families with MK and found heterozygous CXCR4 mutations in affected but not healthy family members. We identified truncation and deletion mutations including a novel mutation resulting in a deletion of the last 29 amino acids in the cytoplasmic domain of CXCR4. Expression of deletion and truncation mutants in human promyelocytic cells triggered apoptosis similar to that observed in MK patients. Specifically, the rate of apoptotic annexin-positive cells was approximately 2-fold higher in cells transfected with CXCR4 mutants compared with control cells transfected with normal CXCR4. Accelerated apoptosis appeared to stem from a significantly increased dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential as determined by flow cytometry analysis of DIOC6-labeled cells expressing CXCR4 mutants compared with controls with normal CXCR4 (p
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors: case report

Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors (ATRTs) are a rare pediatric brain tumor with high mortality rate. Several large series have reported achieving gross-total resection (GTR) in less than 50% of patients due to the lesions' large size, vascularity, and limited blood volume in young patients. While neoadjuvant chemotherapy for choroid plexus carcinomas in pediatric patients has become widely accepted, it has not been used as widely for other pediatric brain tumors. To the best of the authors' knowledge, there are only 3 published cases of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for ATRTs. In the present report, the authors present a fourth case of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for ATRT and review the available literature on this strategy. A 17-month-old child presented with a left ventricular ATRT for which imaging raised concern for a highly vascularized tumor. The authors undertook neoadjuvant chemotherapy with 2 cycles of Head Start II therapy, which reduced the size of the ventricular tumor by 35% and decreased the vascularity of the lesion on imaging. The estimated blood loss during resection was 425 ml and GTR was achieved. The patient continued with postoperative chemotherapy but suffered an on-therapy recurrence. While higher-quality data are necessary, available evidence suggests that neoadjuvant chemotherapy can reduce the size and vascularity of ATRTs and facilitate a surgical avenue for large or "inoperable" tumors.
American Health Is Global Health

As he prepares his match list, an international medical student reflects on how possible changes in U.S. immigration policy and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act could affect his own f...