cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relaxed nonlocal models of hysteresis

In this paper we present energy minimization problems for deformations of materials whose bulk energies have two potential wells. (Two-well models have often been used in simple models of shape memory alloys.) The higher-dimensional models feature relaxed bulk energies derived from double-well potentials with two compatible quadratic wells. The relaxation of the double quadratic well can be calculated explicitly. The relaxed minimization problems are regularized through the use of spatially nonlocal forces. These forces are related to Van der Waals capillary forces and interfacial or coherence forces used in phase fraction theories. We describe an algorithm for computing stationary points of the energy, and do a number of calculations on 1-D static deformations. Our calculations show a rich class of metastable states that form themselves into hysteresis loops and subloops.
Effects of lucanthone on chinese hamster V-79 cells I. Interaction with radiation in monolayers and spheroids

Abstract Lucanthone has previously been shown to reduce the capacity of cells to accumulate and repair sublethal radiation damage, which suggests its potential as an adjuvant to clinical radiotherapy. Present results indicate that lucanthone was effective even for V-79 cells having a markedly enhanced shoulder on the radiation survival curve as a result of growth as multicell spheroids. Lucanthone also proved to be an effective cytotoxic agent in large spheroids. Unlike radiation toxicity, however, lucanthone toxicity was equal for cells from asynchronous monolayers or small spheroids. Thus, for equal levels of drug toxicity, the radiation-modifying effect of lucanthone was greater in the spheroid; the “interaction” was larger in the system which had a greater capacity for accumulation and repair of sublethal radiation damage. Direct extrapolation of this result to the clinic would suggest that lucanthone be used judiciously, and that it might be of value as an adjuvant to radiotherapy only in the unusual circumstance where the malignant tissue has a larger capacity for accumulation and repair of sublethal radiation damage than the surrounding normal tissue.
Dual anterior interventricular arteries.

A patient with dual left anterior descending (R. interventricularis anterior of the left coronary artery) coronary artery is presented. A normally arising left anterior descending was hypoplastic, and an anomalous left anterior descending, which arose from the right sinus aorticus had a normal caliber. The anomalous left anterior descending artery traversed between the aorta and the pulmonary artery supplying most of the anterior myocardial wall of the left ventricle. This rare coronary anomaly can potentially have implications on percutaneous coronary interventions or on surgical revascularization procedures. Clin. Anat. 12:153-158, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) and Cenozoic stratigraphic sequence, northeast Caribbean (St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands)

The stratigraphic sequence exhibited on St. Croix (United States Virgin Islands) constitutes the available data essential to interpretation of subsea stratigraphy in the northeast Caribbean. Stratigraphic columns define a sequence of Upper Cretaceous to lower Pliocene deposits containing six formally recognized rock units on St. Croix. Strongly folded Upper Cretaceous deep-water (oceanic) calcareous turbidites and volcaniclastics (>10.6 km thick; 34,700 ft) are divisible into the Caledonia, Allandale, Cane Valley, and Judith Fancy Formations, which are separated by gradational contacts. The top of the Judith Fancy Formation is marked by an unconformity. Between the Upper Creta- ceous formations and the two recognized Cenozoic rock units, the Jealousy Formation and the Kingshill Limestone, is an unexposed and unnamed lower Tertiary (Paleocene?) accumulation. This unit is ∼1.7 km thick (5,500 ft), and its earliest strata are of unknown origin but are inferred to be hemi-pelagic in nature, like the gently folded, overlying carbonates. The foraminiferal composition of the carbonate rocks indicates a shoaling (basinal) environment of deposition. The oldest named Tertiary rock unit, the Jealousy Formation, is composed of ∼430 m (1,400 ft) of blue, green, and gray clays; the youngest, the marly Kingshill Limestone, is 180 m (600 ft) thick. The unnamed lower Tertiary strata may be diachronous with the clay deposits; the clay and limestone strata are herein shown to be time-transgressive. An abrupt contact separates the Kingshill Limestone from an overlying lower Pliocene limestone, which is unconformably overlain by Quaternary coral reefs, alluvial sands, and beach deposits. Correlation of biochronologic ages of the exposed Cenozoic sediments with biostratigraphic zonations on the basis of planktonic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils indicates that (1) the sediments correspond to respective early Eocene Zones P9 and NP13 through early Pliocene Zones N19 and NN15; (2) the Jealousy Formation appears to be at least early Eocene to early middle Miocene and is, in part, contemporaneous with the Kingshill Limestone; and (3) deposition of the mostly Miocene Kingshill Limestone began during late Oligocene time.
Location of muscarinic type 2 receptors within the synaptic circuitry of the cat visual thalamus.

A cholinergic projection from the parabrachial region (PBR) of the brainstem to the visual thalamus has been studied in great detail during the past 20 years. A number of physiological studies have demonstrated that this projection causes a dramatic change in thalamic activity during the transition from sleep to wakefulness. Additionally, the PBR may mediate more subtle changes in thalamic activity as attentional levels fluctuate during the waking state. The synaptic circuitry underlying these events has been identified in the cat thalamus. However, there is currently no anatomical information regarding the distribution of cholinergic receptors in relation to this circuitry. To begin to understand how the PBR projection modulates thalamic activity, we used immunocytochemical techniques to examine the distribution of muscarinic type 2 (M2) receptors in the visual thalamus of the cat. The distribution of M2 receptors correlates well with previous reports of the distribution of cholinergic terminals in the visual thalamus. At the light microscopic level, dense M2 staining was seen in the neuropil of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and pulvinar nucleus and in somata and proximal dendrites of cells in the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN). In the dLGN and pulvinar nucleus, we quantitatively analyzed the distribution of M2 receptors using electron microscopy. Postembedding immunocytochemistry for gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) was used to determine whether M2 receptors are present on interneurons or thalamocortical cells. In particular, we examined the distribution of M2 receptors with respect to the known sites of PBR terminations. The dendrites of both thalamocortical cells and interneurons were stained for the M2 receptors in both the glomerular and extraglomerular neuropil. However, the densest staining was found in glomerular GABAergic profiles that displayed the morphology associated with interneuron dendritic terminals (F2 profiles). Our data suggest that M2 receptors play an important role both in blocking thalamic spindle oscillations and in increasing the efficacy of signal transmission during increased attentional states. J. Comp. Neurol. 410:431–443, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The CACC Box and Myocyte Enhancer Factor-2 Sites within the Myosin Light Chain 2 Slow Promoter Cooperate in Regulating Nerve-specific Transcription in Skeletal Muscle

Abstract Previous experiments showed that activity of the −800-base pair MLC2slow promoter was 75-fold higher in the innervated soleus (SOL) compared with the noninnervated SOL muscles. Using in vivo DNA injection of MLC2slow promoter-luciferase constructs, the aim of this project was to identify regulatory sites and potential transcription factors important for slow nerve-dependent gene expression. Three sites within the proximal promoter (myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF2), E-box, and CACC box) were individually mutated, and the effect on luciferase expression was determined. There was no change in luciferase expression in the SOL and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles when the E-box was mutated. In contrast, the MEF2 mutation resulted in a 30-fold decrease in expression in the innervated SOL muscles (10.3 versus 0.36 normalized relative light units (RLUs)). Transactivation of theMLC2slow promoter by overexpressing MEF2 was only seen in the innervated SOL (676,340 versus 2,225,957 RLUs;p < 0.01) with no effect in noninnervated SOL or EDL muscles. These findings suggest that the active MLC2slowpromoter is sensitive to MEF2 levels, but MEF2 levels alone do not determine nerve-dependent expression. Mutation of the CACC box resulted in a significant up-regulation in the EDL muscles (0.23versus 4.08 normalized RLUs). With the CACC box mutated, overexpression of MEF2 was sufficient to transactivate the MLC2slow promoter in noninnervated SOL muscles (27,536 versus1,605,797 RLUs). Results from electrophoretic mobility shift and supershift assays confirm MEF2 protein binding to the MEF2 site and demonstrate specific binding to the CACC sequence. These results suggest a model for nerve-dependent regulation of theMLC2slow promoter in which derepression occurs through the CACC box followed by quantitative expression through enhanced MEF2 activation.
Perception of binary acoustic events associated with the first heart sound

The resolving power of the auditory apparatus permits discrete vibrations associated with cardiac activity to be perceived as one or more events. Irrespective of the vibratory combinations recorded by conventional phonocardiography, in normal adults and in most adult patients auscultators tend to discriminate only two discrete events associated with the first heart sound S1. It is stressed that the heart sound S4 may be present when a binary acoustic event associated with S1 occurs in the sequence 'low pitched sound preceding high pitched sound', i.e., its components are perceived by auscultation as 'dull-sharp'. The question of S4 audibility arises in those individuals, normal and diseased, in whom the major components of S1 ought to be, at least clinically, at their customary high pitch and indeed on the PCG appear as high frequency oscillations. It is revealed that the apparent audibility of recorded S4 is not related to P-R interval, P-S4 interval, or relative amplitude of S4. The significant S4-LFC (low frequency component of S1) differences can be related to acoustic modification of the early component of S1.
The Role of the Academic Nurse and Physician in the Criminal Prosecution of Nursing Home Mistreatment

Academic health care professionals have worked with the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Attorney General's office in a number of capacities to examine the quality of care in several Philadelphia area nursing homes. These tasks include: evaluating the quality of care; helping the prosecution understand the complexities of the cases; and testifying in court, in particular, educating the court about aging, disease, nursing homes, and the appropriate care of infirm elderly. This paper discusses the responsibilities of physician and nurse expert witnesses, using the cases of Ms. E and Ms. W as examples. It also describes some of the tensions that arise when educators work with prosecutors.
Spinal transection reduces both spinal antinociception and CNS concentration of systemically administered morphine in rats

Abstract Within one day after spinal transection, the antinociceptive effect of systemically administered morphine on the spinal withdrawal reflex is significantly reduced. This observation has provided important empirical support for the present model of opiate-induced analgesia. One prediction from this model is that the antinociceptive effect of intrathecal (spinal) morphine injections should not be reduced by spinalization. When examined experimentally, this prediction was not supported; the antinociceptive effect of intrathecally administered morphine was significantly enhanced after acute spinalization. This result suggested an alternate hypothesis of morphine-induced analgesia. One prediction from this new hypothesis is that the decreased behavioral response to systemic morphine in spinal rats is due to a decrease in the spinal concentration of morphine produced by spinal transection. To test this prediction separate groups of intact rats and acute (one day) spinal rats, were assessed with the tail-flick (TF) procedure 60 min after subcutaneous injection of various doses of morphine (0.75, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0 or 9.0 mg/kg) or at different time points (30, 60, 90, 150 or 240 min) after a single injection of 9.0 mg/kg. Immediately after behavioral testing, the rats were killed and brains, spinal cords and blood samples were collected and subsequently analyzed with a morphine radioimmunoassay. The results show that the concentration of morphine in the brain and spinal cords of acute spinal rats is significantly lower than that of intact rats, whereas morphine levels in the blood do not differ. These data suggest that the decreased that the decreased antinociceptive effect of subcutaneous morphine in acute spinal rats is due to a decrease in the concentration of the opiate in the central nervous system. The data are consistent with a recently proposed model of morphine-induced analgesia and are discussed in the context of that hypothesis.
Electroconvulsive therapy-induced hemodynamic changes unmask unsuspected coronary artery disease

Abstract Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is known to produce increases in heart rate and blood pressure during seizure activity due to sympathetic stimulation and systemic catecholamine surges. These intense, brief hemodynamic changes can adversely affect myocardial oxygen supply and demand. In patients with compromised myocardial circulation, ECT can unmask undiagnosed cardiac disease. In this case report, ECT was performed on a 64 year-old white male with negative cardiac history. The patient awakened complaining of chest pain and ST wave depression was noted on the electrocardiogram. Cardiology consultation and cardiac catherization were followed by coronary artery bypass surgery for significant coronary artery stenosis prior to resumption of ECT treatments. The physiological changes that occur during ECT are discussed, as well as pitfalls in evaluation of these patients for ECT treatment.
Neutral Gas Density in Damped Lyα Systems

We estimate the intrinsic neutral gas density in damped Lyα (DLA) systems (Ω) in the redshift range 2.2 z 5 from the SDSS DR3 DLA sample of optically selected quasars. We take into account self-consistently the obscuration on background quasars due to the dust present in damped Lyα systems. We model the column density and redshift distribution of these systems by using both a nonparametric and a parametric approach. Under conservative assumptions on the dust content of DLA systems, we show that selection effects lead to underestimating the intrinsic neutral gas density by at least 15% with respect to the observed neutral gas density. Over the redshift range 2.2-5.5, we find Ω = 0.97 × 10-3, where the first set of error bars gives the 1 σ random errors and the second set gives the modeling uncertainty dependent on the fraction of metals in dust, from 0% to 50%. This value compares with Ω = 0.82 × 10-3 (1 σ error bars), which is obtained when no correction for dust is introduced. In the model with half of the metals mass in dust, we cannot constraint Ω at a confidence level higher than 90%. In this case there is indeed a probability of about 10% that the intrinsic column density distribution of DLA systems is a power law f(N) ∝ 1/N. In contrast, with 25% of the metals in dust, the most realistic estimate, a power law is ruled out at a 99.5% confidence level.
Stretch increases inositol trisphosphate and inositol tetrakisphosphate in cultured pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells

There are no reports of the effect of stretch on inositol phosphates in smooth muscle. Phosphoinositide and inositol phosphate metabolism was studied in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells subjected to stretching. The masses of inositol trisphosphate and tetrakisphosphate increased (+34 ± 7% and +58 ± 12%, respectively; p 45 Ca 2+ efflux (+52 ± 5%, p 2+ .
Politics Even Closer to Home: Repositioning CME from the Standpoint of Communication Studies

This essay aims to bring politics closer to home in two main ways. First, we address geographical and disciplinary spaces and identities in order to propose a fruitful `breeding ground' for critical management education (CME) in the US context: organizational and instructional communication studies. Second, we engage recent calls for self-reflexivity among CME scholars, re-directing the critical lens from `mainstream' management education to political dynamics embedded in our own practices. As we articulate possibilities for both institutional, theoretical and practical collaboration, we emphasize how CME and communication scholars might work together to illuminate and transform embodied relations of difference.
Dwindling resources and fragmentation of landscapes around parks: wetlands and forest patches around Kibale National Park, Uganda

Landscapes surrounding parks in most of the developing world, while still containing considerable biodiversity, also have rapidly growing human populations and associated agricultural development. Since the establishment of Kibale National Park first as a Crown Forest Reserve in 1932 and later as a park in 1993 in western Uganda, most access and resource extraction has been prohibited. The park has become nearly a complete island of forested land cover surrounded by intensive small-scale agriculture and some large-scale tea plantations, along with a network of wetland and forest patches. As the population grows outside the park and land becomes more scarce, remaining forests and wetlands are being used more intensively for material resources (e.g., fuelwood, building poles) and converted to other land uses (e.g., pasture, agriculture). This study uses both discrete and continuous data analyses of satellite imagery to examine these diminishing resource bases at the landscape level placing the results within the social context of conservation and parks. Findings reveal that the park boundaries have remained fairly intact whereas, the landscape surrounding the park has become increasingly fragmented. From a landscape perspective, while the park has indeed maintained its forest cover, it has become increasingly islandized with wetland and forest patches in the surrounding landscape becoming smaller in number and size. Those that have survived are now more isolated and even lower productivity than in 1984, which may be a precursor to their eventual loss in this landscape.
Integrating Nephelometer Response Corrections for Bimodal Size Distributions

Correction factors are calculated for obtaining true scattering extinction coefficients from integrating nephelometer measurements. The corrections (specific to MRI 1560/1590 instruments) are based on the bimodal representation of ambient aerosol size distributions and take into account the effects of angular truncation and sampling efficiency cutoff. Numerical values of correction factors appropriate to the conventional governing equation of the integrating nephelometer are shown to be indistinguishable from those of the more complex governing equation of Rabinoff and Herman.
Anatomical and Ecological Evidence of Endothermy in Dinosaurs

Recognition of endothermy in dinosaurs can explain both the success and the extinction of this group in the Mesozoic.
When under threat, we all look the same: Distinctiveness threat induces ingroup homogeneity in face memory

The current research investigated the well-established outgroup homogeneity effect in face memory (worse recognition for outgroup faces than ingroup faces). Because past research has shown that group distinctiveness threat can enhance ingroup homogeneity, of interest in the current research was whether distinctiveness threat affects face recognition. Across two studies, we found that threatening White American participants’ ethnic distinctiveness led to a reduction in same-race face recognition. In other words, distinctiveness threat created ingroup homogeneity in face memory. In both studies, distinctiveness threat led Whites’ same-race recognition to drop to cross-race levels. Implications were discussed in terms of how the structure of intergroup relations may drive intergroup differences in face memory.
Die Gitterenergie der Alkalihalogenide und die Elektronenaffinität der Halogene

Die in der vorstehenden Arbeit angegebene Formel fur die Gitterenergie von Ionenkristallen wird auf die Alkalihalogenide angewandt und an verschiedenen empirischen Daten gepruft. Die sich daraus ergebenden Werte der Elektronenaffinitaten der Halogene durften auf etwa 2% richtig sein.
The Role of Thoracic Epidural Blockade in Predicting Responsiveness to Left Sympathetic Denervation in Patients With Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia

k POLYMORPHIC VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA (VT) is a rare event in children. Although the exact number of small children who have episodes of VT is unknown, VT is thought to be relatively uncommon. Authors have observed, in an unselected pediatric population, that the incidence of VT is 1.1 episodes/100,000 childhood years.1 PVT can be caused by ongenital or acquired structural cardiac anomalies or by genetic utations at the level of the cardiac calcium channels or the alcium-binding protein.2 Once cardiac structural anomalies such as hamartomas and long QT syndrome have been ruled out, the most common diagnosis is catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT). Inherited mutations in cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) and calsequestrin genes (CASQ2) have been noted to account for autosomal dominant and recessive forms of CPVT, respectively.3 Similar to CPVT, the long QT syndrome s a genetically inherited condition with many variants including n autosomal dominant form, the Romano-Ward syndrome, and n autosomal recessive form called the Jervell and Lange-Nielsen yndrome. These genetic traits result in a severe arrhythmogenic isease characterized by adrenergic-mediated polymorphic VT. atients typically present with syncope triggered by exercise and tress. When unrecognized and untreated, the mortality rate is bout 30% to 50% by age 40. Current therapeutic interventions nclude -blockade, amiodarone, and implantable cardioverterefibrillators (ICDs).2,4 For patients who fail or cannot tolerate -blocker therapy, left cardiac sympathetic denervation (LCSD) can be an effective alternative therapy, with a reported success rate of 71%.5,6 A case of polymorphic VT in a previously healthy 2-year-old female who presented in cardiogenic shock after days of acute respiratory illness is reported. A high thoracic epidural was used as a tool to evaluate the potential benefit of surgical left thoracic sympathectomy.
Acetylcholine Protection of Adult Pig Retinal Ganglion Cells from Glutamate-Induced Excitotoxicity

Purpose To determine which glutamate receptor (GluR) subtypes are responsible for glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in cultured adult pig retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and to characterize the neuroprotective effect of acetylcholine (ACh) on pig RGCs. Methods Adult pig RGCs were isolated from other retinal tissue by a modified panning technique using Thy 1.1 antibody. Isolated RGCs were cultured in control media and media containing: glutamate, NMDA, or KA; glutamate and CNQX, MK-801, or AP-7; ACh, nicotine or muscarine; ACh and alpha-bungarotoxin (Bgt) or methyllycaconitine (MLA); and glutamate and choline or glutamate, choline, and MLA. To determine cell viability, cells were loaded with calcein and counted. Results Ninety-eight percent of isolated cells were immunolabeled with Thy 1.1 antibody. Chronic exposure to 500 microM glutamate decreased the number of surviving large and small RGCs, compared to control conditions. This glutamate-induced excitotoxicity was mediated through both NMDA and non-NMDA GluRs. In neuroprotective studies, ACh, nicotine, and choline significantly reduced glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in adult pig RGCs through alpha-Bgt-sensitive nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs). Discussion This was the first report of a modified panning technique to isolate adult pig RGCs. Cell viability was relatively high using this method, and both large and small RGCs grew extensive neurites in culture. The finding that both NMDA and non-NMDA GluRs were involved in glutamate-induced excitotoxicity suggests that isolated pig RGCs provide a good model for glaucoma. In addition, activation of AChRs may be useful in protecting RGC from excitotoxic insults occurring in neurodegenerative diseases such as glaucoma.
Solution superstructures: truncated cubeoctahedron structures of pyrogallol[4]arene nanoassemblies

Giant nanocapsules: the solution-phase structures of PgC1Ho and PgC3Ho have been investigated using in situ neutron scattering measurements. The SANS results show the presence of spherical nanoassemblies of radius 18.2 A, which are larger than the previously reported metal-seamed PgC3 hexamers (radius = 10 A). The spherical architectures conform to a truncated cubeoctahedron geometry, indicating formation of the first metal-containing pyrogallol[4]arene-based dodecameric nanoassemblies in solution.
Mdm2 inhibition induces apoptosis in p53 deficient human colon cancer cells by activating p73- and E2F1-mediated expression of PUMA and Siva-1

Camptothecin (CPT) and Nutlin-3 caused apoptosis by increasing p53 protein and its activation in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6). We studied the effectiveness of these inducers on apoptosis in human colon cancer cells (Caco2) lacking p53 expression. CPT failed to activate caspase-3 and cause apoptosis in these cells. The absence of p53 expression, higher basal Bcl-xL and lower Bax proteins prevented CPT-induced apoptosis. However, the Mdm2 antagonist Nutlin-3 induced apoptosis in a dose dependent manner by activating caspases-9 and -3. Nutlin-3 prevented the activation of AKT via PTEN-mediated inhibition of the PI3K pathway. Nutlin-3 increased the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein causing E2F1 release leading to induction of Siva-1. Nutlin-3-mediated degradation of Mdm2 caused the accumulation of p73, which induced the expression of p53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA). E2F1 and p73 knockdown decreased the expression of Siva and PUMA, respectively and abolished Nutlin-3-induced caspase-3 activation. Cycloheximide (CHX) inhibited Nutlin-3-induced Siva, Noxa, and PUMA expression and inhibited apoptosis in IEC-6 and Caco2 cells. These results indicate that translation of mRNAs induced by Nutlin-3 is critical for apoptosis. In summary, apoptosis in Caco2 cells lacking functional p53 occurred following the disruption of Mdm2 binding with p73 and Rb leading to the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins, PUMA, Noxa, and Siva-1.
Some mathematical limitations of the general-purpose analog computer

We prove that the Dirichlet problem on the disc cannot be solved by the general-purpose analog computer, by constructing, on the boundary, a function u"0 that does satisfy an algebraic differential equation, but whose Poisson integral u satisfies no algebraic differential equation on some line segment inside the disc.
Geometry, complexity, and combinatorics of permutation polytopes

Abstract Each group G of permutation matrices gives rise to a permutation polytope P(G) = conv( G ) ⊂ R d × d , and for any χϵ R d , an orbit polytope P ( G , χ ) = conv( G · χ ). A broad subclass is formed by the Young permutation polytopes , which correspond bijectively to partitions λ = ( λ 1 … λ k ) ⊢ n of positive integers, and arise from the Young representations of the symmetric group. Young polytopes provide a framework allowing a unified study of many combinatorial optimization problems of different computational complexities. In particular, the much studied traveling salesman polytope is a certain Young orbit polytope, and many decision problems, such as simplical complex isomorphism, reduce to optimizing linear functionals over Young polytopes. First, the classical polytope of bistochastic matrices P ( S n ) = P (( n − 1, 1)) is studied. Large stable sets in its 1-skeleton, induced by the Young representations, are exhibited, and it is shown that its stability number α ( n ) is 2 ω ( n logn) . Next, we study low dimensional skeletons of Young polytopes in general. Letting m be the largest integer for which P ( λ ) is m -neighborly, under some restrictions on λ it is shown that ⌊ k 2 2 ⌋ ⩽ m 1 2 (k + 1) !. Finally, we study the following semialgebraic geometric question, posed by D. Kozen: Is the combinatorial type of the polytope, and oriented matroid, of a generic orbit, unique? We show that, while a theorem of Rado implies a positive answer for the symmetric group, the general answer is negative, and the induced stratifications are nontrivial, and should be the subject of a future study.
Fundamentals of photoelectric effects in molecular electronic thin film devices: applications to bacteriorhodopsin-based devices.

Abstract This tutorial lecture focuses on the fundamental mechanistic aspects of light-induced charge movements in pigment-containing membranes. The topic is relevant to molecular electronics because many prototypes optoelectronic devices are configured as pigment-containing thin films. We use reconstituted bacteriorhodopsin membranes as an example to illustrate the underlying principle of measurements and data interpretation. Bacteriorhodopsin, a light-driven proton pump, is the only protein component in the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium. It resembles the visual pigment rhodopsin chemically but performs the function of photosynthesis. Bacteriorhodopsin thus offers an unprecedented opportunity for us to compare the visual photoreceptor and the photosynthetic apparatus from a mechanistic point of view. Bacteriorhodopsin, well known for its exceptional chemical and mechanical stability, is also a popular advanced biomaterial for molecular device construction. The tutorial approaches the subject from two angles. First, the fundamental photoelectric properties are exploited for device construction. Second, basic design principles for photosensors and photon energy converters can be elucidated via ‘reverse engineering’. The concept of molecular intelligence and the principle of biomimetic science are discussed.
GWAS identifies a common breast cancer risk allele among BRCA1 carriers

A genome-wide association study conducted among women with deleterious BRCA1 mutations has identified a common allele associated with breast cancer risk in BRCA1 carriers and estrogen receptor–negative breast cancer in the general population. This suggests that genetic association studies focused on particular subtypes may provide further insight into complex diseases.
Preparing for the age of the digital palimpsest

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to define and stimulate interest in a potential new specialty within the information science field.Design/methodology/approach – Sources on digital forensics and digital archeology are discussed, and the topic is examined critically from a librarian perspective. The author examines the possibility of an information science specialty pursuing the reconstruction of “digital palimpsests”, where data that later becomes historically significant has been deleted or partially overwritten on digital media.Findings – The author identifies at least one key incident (the NASA moon landing tapes) where this potential field has already started to be defined. Examination of the literature indicates that emphasis in data recovery to this point has centered on the needs of law enforcement and disaster recovery rather than on the considerations of manuscript preservation, recovery, and curation. The author emphasizes the need for librarians to bring together the skills of multiple fi...
Effective optical properties of two-layered turbid media using the frequency-domain multi-distance method

We measured the effective absorption and reduced scattering coefficients on the surface of two-layered turbid media using a frequency-domain multi-distance method. We measured the amplitude and the phase of the modulated intensity at source-detector distances ranging from 1.5 to 3.0 cm. We considered several combinations of one layer (L) (thickness: 0.1-1.6 cm) placed on top of one block (B) (thickness ~ 5 cm). We found that for layers less than about 0. 40 cm thick the frequency-domain multi-distance method yields the optical properties of the underlying block. We also found that for layers more than 1.3 cm thick the frequency-domain multi-distance method yields a reduced scattering coefficient which reproduces that of the superficial layer. For a layer thickness in the range of 1.31.6 cm, the effective absorption coefficient approaches the layer absorption coefficient but does not match it to within experimental errors.
‘Abd Allah Ibn Al‐Muqaffa’ and the ‘Abbasid revolution

The life and works of 'Abd Allah b. al-Muqaffa', probably the Abdala the Saracen with whose mention the Christian humanist Pico della Mirandola opens his great Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486), have received some attention in modem scholarship.' His life and work, however, have not been systematically studied in the context of the revolution of his time-namely, the 'Abbasid revolution. This paper will try to show that Ibn al-Muqaffa"s impressive intellectual output appears in a new light when it is properly put in this context, and is seen from the perspective of the breakdown of the Umayyad state and the ensuing process of revolution.
Analysis of brain injury following intrahippocampal administration of β-amyloid in streptozotocin-treated rats

It has been suggested that the vulnerability of the aged brain to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis depends on a number of risk factors, including abnormal glycolytic metabolism and beta-amyloid accumulation. Intrahippocampal injections of beta-amyloid and related peptides were administered to chronically hyperglycemic rats to examine beta-amyloid toxicity and the interaction with imbalances of glucose metabolism. Chronic hyperglycemia was induced by systemic injection of streptozotocin (STZ) which selectively destroys pancreatic beta-islet cells. Ten days after intrahippocampal injection of synthetic beta-amyloid peptides (beta 1-42, beta 25-35, scrambled beta 25-35), lesion volume, blood glucose, and plasma corticosterone concentrations, beta 1-42 immunoreactivity and gliosis were assessed to determine peptide toxicity in the normoglycemic and hyperglycemic conditions. Glucose levels correlated with plasma corticosterone concentrations (r = 0.85) and increased lesion volume size (r = 0.36). Intrahippocampal peptide injections in normoglycemic subjects did not induce significant damage as compared to control injections of vehicle alone. STZ-treated groups demonstrated a trend for increased lesion volume size following injection of either vehicle, beta 1-42, or beta 25-35. The combination of the beta 1-42 peptide and streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia was toxic and induced significantly larger lesions (p < 0.01) of the dorsal blade of the dentate gyrus as compared to injections of beta 1-42 into normoglycemic subjects.
Concentration of soy protein isolate affects starch-based confections' texture, sensory, and storage properties.

: The effects of increasing soy protein isolate concentration on the physico-chemical properties of starch-based grape confectionery gels were investigated using thermal, textural, and sensory analyses. Soy protein isolate decreased hardness, cohesiveness, and gumminess, demonstrating potential as a texture modifier. Increasing soy protein concentration progressively decreased the elastic properties of the starch network demonstrated by a lower G’-G” crossover frequency. High levels of soy protein also created a more homogeneous water population, one which was lost at lower temperatures compared to standard confections. An improvement in taste and texture acceptability of the confections upon addition of soy protein isolate was found by sensory analysis. Finally, physico-chemical properties were compared up to 20 d of storage at ambient temperature. Soy-containing confections demonstrated lower gumminess and cohesiveness during the entire storage period but a significant increase in hardness after 20 d of storage. Practical Application: Soy protein isolate imparted soft texture to starch-based confections on a concentration-dependent basis. Increasing soy protein isolate concentration decreased elastic properties of the starch network in starch confections and significantly improved flavor and texture. Gumminess and cohesiveness of soy protein isolate confection was lower during 20 d of storage.
Ambulatory and challenge-associated heart rate variability measures predict cardiac responses to real-world acute emotional stress.

Background Heart rate variability (HRV) measures homeostatic regulation of the autonomic nervous system in response to perturbation and has been previously shown to quantify risk for cardiac events. Despite known interactions among stress vulnerability, psychiatric illness, and cardiac health, however, this is the first study to our knowledge to compare directly the value of laboratory HRV in predicting autonomic modulation of real-world emotional stress. Methods We recorded electrocardiograms (ECG) on 56 subjects: first, within the laboratory and then during an acute emotional stressor: a first-time skydive. Laboratory sessions included two 5-min ECG recordings separated by one ambulatory 24-hour recording. To test the efficacy of introducing a mild emotional challenge, during each of the 5-min laboratory recordings, subjects viewed either aversive or benign images. Following the laboratory session, subjects participated in the acute stressor wearing a Holter ECG. Artifact-free ECGs ( n = 33) were analyzed for HRV then statistically compared across laboratory and acute stress sessions. Results There were robust correlations ( r = .7–.8) between the laboratory and acute stress HRV, indicating that the two most useful paradigms (long-term wake, followed by short-term challenge) were also most sensitive to distinct components of the acute stressor: the former correlated with the fine-tuned regulatory modulation occurring immediately prior and following the acute stressor, whereas the latter correlated with gross amplitude and recovery. Conclusions Our results confirmed the efficacy of laboratory-acquired HRV in predicting autonomic response to acute emotional stress and suggest that ambulatory and challenge protocols enhance predictive value.
Presidential Prospects, Political Support, and Stock Market Performance

I exploit the sudden and dramatic jolt that Osama Bin Laden's capture gave to Barack Obama's 2012 re-election prospects to gauge the relationship between presidential prospects and stock market valuation changes. Using campaign contributions as an indicator of political support, I find that following Bin Laden's death, firms that had previously supported Democrats registered significant positive returns, whereas firms that had supported Republicans registered significant negative returns. Across the S$P 500, the president's transformed re-election prospects shifted market capital worth $101 billion over one day and $245 billion over one week. My findings indicate that the relationship between the presidency and firm valuations is associated with patterns of past political support, substantively and significantly important, and more pronounced for the presidency than for Congress.
Particle physics opportunities at μ+μ− colliders

We discuss the capabilities of future muon colliders to resolve important particle physics questions. A collider with c.m. energy √ s = 100 to 500 GeV offers the unique opportunity to produce Higgs bosons in the s -channel and thereby measure the Higgs masses, total widths and several partial widths to high precision. At this same machine, tt and W + W − threshold studies would yield superior precision in the determination of m t and m w . A multi-TeV μ + μ − collider would open up the realm of physics above the 1 TeV scale, allowing, for example, copious production of supersymmetric particles up to the highest anticipated masses or a detailed study of the strongly-interacting scenario of electroweak symmetry breaking.
Trans‐state entities: Postmodern cracks in the great Westphalian dam

With the seemingly sudden end of the Cold War and the succeeding disintegration of the Soviet Union, the 1990s opened as a decade promising structural change in a geopolitical system premised on the overall stability of superpower rivalry. Yet as the decade comes to a close, challenges to the structure of global politics have grown deeper and more pervasive than could have been conceived only ten years before. Postmodernist deconstructions of the meaning and viability of states have emerged throughout the course of the decade to challenge the very viability of the Westphalian state system upon which the fundamental principles of global politics have been based. Concurrent with these philosophical developments has been the institutional emergence of quasi‐political entities, herein referred to as ‘trans‐state entities’ (TSEs), comprised of the constituent parts of neighbouring states. It is argued that TSEs manifest themselves as the result of a convergence of the increased permeability of boundaries betwe...
Gabapentin’s minimal action on markers of rat brain arachidonic acid metabolism agrees with its inefficacy against bipolar disorder

In rats, FDA-approved mood stabilizers used for treating bipolar disorder (BD) selectively downregulate brain markers of the arachidonic acid (AA) cascade, which are upregulated in postmortem BD brain. Phase III clinical trials show that the anticonvulsant gabapentin (GBP) is ineffective in treating BD. We hypothesized that GBP would not alter the rat brain AA cascade. Chronic GBP (10 mg/kg body weight, injected i.p. for 30 days) compared to saline vehicle did not significantly alter brain expression or activity of AA-selective cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) IVA or secretory (s)PLA2 IIA, activity of cyclooxygenase-2, or prostaglandin E2 or thromboxane B2 concentrations. Plasma esterified and unesterified AA concentration was unaffected. These results, taken with evidence of an upregulated AA cascade in the BD brain and that approved mood stabilizers downregulate the rat brain AA cascade, support the hypothesis that effective anti-BD drugs act by targeting the brain AA cascade whereas ineffective drugs (such as GBP) do not target this pathway, and suggest that the rat model might be used for screening new anti-BD drugs. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Rationale for early treatment with interferon beta-1a in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis

Disease-modifying therapies are now available for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RR-MS). These drugs have transformed the management of RR-MS from simply treating symptomatic disease to providing effective but incomplete prophylaxis against further disease activity. Our ability to modify disease activity is limited to reducing exacerbations and delaying progression of disability. No intervention has yet been shown to reverse disability once it is established. To prevent disability, therapy should be initiated early in the course of the illness. The rationale for early treatment is as follows: (1) a high percentage of patients with clinically definite RR-MS progress from isolated attacks to neurologic impairment and then to disability within a short time; (2) survival in MS is directly related to disability, so delaying the onset of disability could be expected to influence survival; (3) interferon (IFN) beta-1a has been shown to slow the progression of disability when given to RR-MS patients with impairment or mild disability; and (4) magnetic resonance imaging studies indicate that MS patients frequently have evidence of central nervous system inflammation without overt clinical symptoms, and it has been postulated that treatment of subclinical disease as identified by magnetic resonance imaging may improve long-term outcome. IFN-beta reduces the number of new T2-weighted lesions, as well as the number and volume of gadolinium-enhanced lesions. Aggressive early treatment with IFN beta-1a is recommended, particularly for patients with risk factors suggesting an unfavorable prognosis.
550 kV and 765 kV high pressure oil filled pipe cable system

This paper presents the results of a comprehensive 2 year scheduled acceptance test program performed at Waltz Mill Test Site under the auspices of EPRI on a 500/550 kV high-pressure oil-filled pipe cable system, described in detail in reference 1. Test data are also included for the extended phase of the original program where the cable was evaluated for higher rated voltages up to 765 kV. A detailed review of the test data as obtained at Waltz Mill and laboratory analysis of electrical characteristics of oil impregnated cellulosic laminar dielectric are presented. The temperature/voltage capabilities of cellulosic paper insulated oil impregnated EHV cable are determined and included in this paper.
Basolateral KCl co-transport in a NaCl-absorbing epithelium

In NaCl–absorbing epithelia such as proximal renal tubule, small intestine and gallbladder, Na+-dependent Cl− entry across the luminal membrane is an electroneutral transport process that has been attributed to Na–Cl symport1–4, Na–K–Cl symport5,6, or a double (Na–H, Cl–HCO3) antiport7–9. At the basolateral (antiluminal) membrane, Na+ extrusion can be attributed to the Na+–K+ pump, and Cl− transport could be explained in principle by electrodiffusion since the intracellular Cl− activity is higher than predicted for equilibrium distribution1–3. However, in Necturus gallbladder10, as in other epithelia11–14, the electrodiffusional Cl− permeability of the membrane (PCl) is too low to account for the transepithelial Cl− transport rate10. Because K+ is at a higher chemical potential in the cell than in the extracellular fluid3, and because serosal Cl− substitutions have only small effects on membrane potential10, the hypothesis of carrier-mediated electroneutral KCl co-transport was proposed10. The experiments reported here were designed to test this hypothesis in Necturus gallbladder epithelium. Intracellular Cl− and K+ activities (aCli, aKi were measured with ion-sensitive intracellular microelectrodes before, during and after ionic substitutions of the serosal (basolateral) bathing medium. The results demonstrate a Na+-independent basolateral membrane KCl symport.
Optimal control of classical anharmonic molecules represented with piecewise harmonic potential surfaces: analytic solution and selective dissociation of triatomic systems

Abstract In this paper we apply optimal control theory to manipulate the dynamics of molecular systems with anharmonic potential surfaces modelled as a series of continuous piecewise harmonic sections within the classical approximation. In analogy to the simple harmonic case, an analytic solution is possible, yet bond dissociation is allowed. This methodology was applied to several model systems. It was found that the molecular objective of selective dissociation was achieved for a model linear triatomic system.
The Celsus Library at Ephesus: Spatial Rhetoric, Literacy, and Hegemony in the Eastern Roman Empire

Building upon the insights of historians of rhetoric and architecture, this study examines the Celsus Library at Ephesus through the lenses of literacy studies and hegemony. By drawing on first-hand observations of the extant structure and historical studies that re-create its original appearance and relationship with its architectural context, the author speculates on the uses and functions of the library during the early second century CE. While the library's elite patrons experienced its instrumental impact, passersby from all levels of society witnessed the building's hegemonic display of Rome's cultural and political power.