cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development and implementation of an herbal and natural product elective in undergraduate medical education

Background Medical students have consistently expressed interest in learning about alternative healing modalities, especially herbal and natural products. To fill this void in medical education at our institution, a novel elective was developed and implemented for fourth year medical students. This herbal/natural product course uses guest lecturers, classroom presentations, and active learning mechanisms that include experiential rotations, case-based learning, and team-based learning to increase student knowledge of herbal/natural product safety and efficacy.
Interaction of the basolateral amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex is critical for drug context-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in rats.

The basolateral amygdala (BLA) and lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) are critical elements of the neural circuitry that regulates drug context-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior. Given the existence of dense reciprocal anatomical connections between these brain regions, this study tested the hypothesis that serial information processing by the BLA and OFC is necessary for drug context-induced cocaine-seeking behavior. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were trained to lever press for un-signaled cocaine infusions (0.15 mg/infusion, i.v.) in a distinct environment (cocaine-paired context) then underwent extinction training in a different environment (extinction context). During four subsequent test sessions, rats were re-exposed to the cocaine-paired and extinction contexts in order to assess cocaine-seeking behavior (non-reinforced active lever responding). Immediately before each test session, rats received microinfusions of the GABAA/GABAB agonist cocktail, baclofen+muscimol (BM: 1.0/.01 mM), or vehicle unilaterally into the BLA plus the contralateral or ipsilateral OFC, or unilaterally into the OFC alone. Exposure to the previously cocaine-paired context, but not the extinction context, reinstated extinguished cocaine-seeking behavior. BM-induced unilateral OFC inactivation failed to alter this behavior, similar to the effect of unilateral BLA inactivation in our previous study (Fuchs et al, 2007). Conversely, neural inactivation of the BLA plus the contralateral or ipsilateral OFC equally attenuated drug context-induced cocaine seeking without altering food-reinforced instrumental responding, relative to vehicle pretreatment. These findings suggest that the BLA and OFC co-regulate drug context-induced motivation for cocaine either through sequential information processing via intra- and interhemispheric connections or by providing converging input to a downstream brain region.
KS−KL regeneration amplitude in copper at 2.5 GeV/c and phase of η+−

Abstract Reported data for the time dependent charge asymmetry in the Ke3 mode and the relative π+π− rate following a copper regenerator have been reanalyzed. We now find for the KL−KS regeneration amplitude at 2.5 GeV/c, the phase φƒ = arg [ i (ƒ−ƒ) p ] = t-49.9±5.4)° − 95° × ( Δm gG S −0.469) and |ƒ− f | p = (2.55 ±0.15) × 10 −26 cm 2 . Combining our results for φƒ with measurements of the 2π interference phase φ +− − φƒ , we find the phase of the CP violating parameter η +− :φ +− = (37.1±7.1)° + 104° × ( Δm Γ S −0.469) . Denoting by x the ration of ΔS = ΔQ rule violating to conserving amplitudes, we find (1 − |x| 2 ) |1 + x| 2 = (0.96 ± 0.05) , consistent with no violation.
A general method for exploiting QSAR models in lead optimization.

Computer-aided drug design tools can generate many useful and powerful models that explain structure−activity relationship (SAR) observations in a quantitative manner. These models can use many different descriptors, functional forms, and methods from simple linear equations through to multilayer neural nets. Using a model, a medicinal chemist can compute an activity, given a structure, but it is much harder to work out what changes are needed to make a structure more active. The impact of a model on the design process would be greatly enhanced if the model were more interpretable to the bench chemist. This paper describes a new protocol for performing automated iterative quantitative structure−activity relationship (QSAR) studies and presents the results of experiments on two QSAR sets from the literature. The fundamental goal of this work is to try to assist the chemist in his search for what to make next.
The US as ‘Sovereign International Last-Resort Lender’: The Fed's Currency Swap Programme during the Great Panic of 2007–09

Beginning in late-2007 and culminating in autumn 2008, the US Federal Reserve took extraordinary action to address global dollar scarcity through the provision of dollar swap lines with a total of 14 foreign central banks. At their peak, these emergency credit lines provided nearly $600 billion in financing to economies starved of dollars. This case represents an archetypal example of ‘sovereign international last-resort lending’. The article explores this case in order to engage the following two questions. First, what criteria qualify a state to play the role of international lender of last resort (ILOLR)? Second, under what conditions will a state with the capacity to act choose to do so? The article argues that the primary factor from which states derive the capacity to act as ILOLR is the international status of their national currency. Additionally, it contends that states with the capacity to act as ILOLR do so for defensive reasons. Examining the Fed's swap programme, three spillover effects are i...
Colonic polyp characterization and detection based on both morphological and texture features

Abstract In this paper, a method is presented for detection of colonic polyps using both morphological and texture features of the colon wall from the abdominal computed tomography (CT) images. This method consists of two steps. In the first step, suspicious patches of the colon wall are quickly identified by utilizing special local and global geometrical information of the segmented inner-wall mucosa layer. In the second step, a special mapping strategy is employed to identify the growing region of each suspected polyp. Then its internal CT density textures are extracted and quantitatively analyzed based on an assumed ellipsoid polyp model. Finally, both the extracted texture and morphological information are applied to eliminate the false-positives from the identified suspicious patches. With all the extracted geometrical, morphological and texture features, this presented computer-aided detection (CAD) method has demonstrated a significant improvement in detection of the colonic polyps over the previously reported geometry-based CAD methods for CT-based virtual colonoscopy.
Coping responses by adults who stutter: part II. Approaching the problem and achieving agency.

Abstract As with the first of two companion manuscripts, this investigation employed a grounded theory approach to identify patterns of coping responses by adults responding to the stress resulting from the threat of stuttering. The companion paper described emotion-based avoidant coping responses that were used to protect both the speaker and the listener from experiencing discomfort associated with stuttering. This paper describes two cognitive-based approach patterns that emphasize self-focused and problem-focused forms of coping. The first of the cognitive-based coping patterns involved speakers approaching stuttering with a broader perspective about themselves and the experience of stuttering, resulting in an improved self-concept and increased self-confidence. The second coping pattern involved speakers focusing on their own goals which results in increased agency and self-confidence. Participants described the development of more functional coping responses. They moved from emotion-based avoidant patterns of coping that focused on protecting the self and the listener from experiencing discomfort associated with stuttering to cognitive-based approach patterns that focused on the needs of the speaker. As the participants chose to approach rather than avoid or escape stuttering, they experienced many positive social, physical, cognitive, and affective results. Educational objectives: The reader will be able to: (1) describe, from the perspective of a select group of adults who stutter, the themes associated with the process of coping with stuttering, (2) describe the basic rationale for the procedures associated with grounded theory methods, (3) describe the factors that influence coping choices, and (4) explain the factors that contribute the use of approach-oriented and agentic coping strategies.
Proliferative retinopathy: absence of white matter lesions at MR imaging.

One form of retinopathy associated with diabetes is a proliferative small vessel process thought to be mediated by biochemical, hemodynamic, and endocrinologic factors. The authors conducted a prospective study to determine whether patients with diabetes who had proliferative retinopathy had evidence of intracranial microangiopathy visible at magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Twenty-five patients under 40 years of age with proliferative retinopathy and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and 10 age-matched control subjects were studied with MR imaging. Axial images were reviewed by two neuroradiologists for the presence of white matter foci of high signal intensity. No patients demonstrated evidence of these foci. There was no evidence of ischemic foci in any of the patients (all patients were neurologically asymptomatic). The vasculopathy associated with proliferative retinopathy does not appear to affect the intracranial circulation to the extent detectable with MR imaging. The presence of white matter f...
Settling and Feeding Responses of Pea Weevil (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) to Flowers of Selected Pea Lines

This study characterized the settling and feeding responses of female pea weevils, Bruchus pisorum (L.), to flowers of pea lines varying in their susceptibility to pea weevil oviposition and, in so doing, sought to examine the potential of using weevil responses to flowers to screen pea germplasm for antixenosis resistance. In dual-choice laboratory tests, weevils were less frequently observed settling and feeding on flowers of plant introduction lines (PI 196027, PI 263026) with pod antixenosis to ovipositing weevils than on flowers of 2 cultivars ('Alaska', 'Garfield') susceptible to oviposition. Weevils did not discriminate when exposed to 2 flowers from susceptible lines or 2 flowers from resistant lines. These results suggest it may be possible to use a flower assay to screen pea germplasm for antixenosis resistance to pea weevil. This study also demonstrates the application of Markov chain models for the analysis of data in which repeated categorical responses of test insects are observed.
Humidity-temperature relationships in the tropical troposphere

Abstract Based on the observed interannual variations of water vapor and temperature over the past 26 years the authors have examined the relationship between the variations of water vapor and temperature in the tropical troposphere. The authors find that in both the lower and upper troposphere, tropical mean specific humidity increases with temperature. The rate of fractional increase of specific humidity with temperature at 500 mb is as large as that in the surface boundary layer. However, the rate of fractional increase of specific humidity with temperature is significantly smaller than that given by a model with a fixed relative humidity, particularly in the region immediately above the tropical convective boundary layer. The variations of tropical mean relative humidity show consistently a negative correlation with the temperature variations. The authors have further compared the spatial structure of the specific humidity variations with that of the temperature variations. Though the vertical structu...
Breakdown of Bohr's Correspondence Principle

Bohr's correspondence principle, i.e., the expectation that the semiclassical approximation works better for states with greater quantum numbers, is shown to break down in all quantum systems in which the asymptotic interaction between the fragments behaves as ${\ensuremath{-}C}_{n}/{r}^{n}$ with $ng2$.
Efficient syntheses of calix[4]arenes in the 1,2-alternate conformation via intramolecular benzoate ester migrations

Abstract A previously known imidazole-initiated intramolecular ester migration was modified by replacing the imidazole with Cs2CO3 to effect the efficient conversion of 25, 27-bis-p-methoxy-, 25,27-bis-p-fluoro and 25, 27-bisbenzoyloxycalix[4]arene in the flattened cone conformation to the corresponding 25,26-benzoyloxy compounds in the 1,2-alt. The rearrangement was highly efficient for the unsubstituted and methoxy-substituted esters; the 1,2-alternate isomers were isolated in 80–88% yield, but less efficient for the fluoro-substituted ester (isolated yield 58%). The p-methoxy- and p-fluoroesters were further functionalized in subsequent alkylation reactions with methyl p-toluenesulfonate and pentaethyleneglycol-di-p-tosylate to produce dimethoxy- and calixcrown-ester derivatives in the 1,2-alt. in moderate to good yields. The high yields of the 1,2-alt. are attributed to a π-metal template effect involving the soft cesium ion from the base, two aryl rings and the two phenolate oxygens of the deprotonated calixarene.
Characterization of Tungsten Silicides Formed by Rapid Thermal Annealing.

Tungsten silicide samples were formed by sputter depositing 80 nm W metal onto (100) oriented, 5 ohm-cm Si wafers. After deposition, the samples were fast radiatively processed in an RTA system using quartz-halogen tungsten lamps as radiation sources for time intervals ranging from 20 to 60s under high vacuum. Films processed at 22–25 W/cm2 radiation with the film side of the samples oriented away from the lamps result in films which are metallic or cloudy in color, and have mixed composition as evidenced by x-ray diffraction (W, W5 Si3 and WSi2). Films processed with the film side oriented toward the lamps show the occurrence of a phase transformation clearly nucleated at the film edge. The new phase is grey and mostly composed of WSi2, with film resistivities 55–60 μΩ-cm. AES measurements show a uniformly distributed Si diffusion profile into the metal film, while SEM indicates a nucleation and growth of the phase once diffusion occurs.
Multi-level Elastoplastic Damage Mechanics for Elliptical Fiber-reinforced Composites with Evolutionary Fiber Debonding

A micromechanical multi-level elastoplastic evolutionary damage framework is proposed to predict the overall mechanical behavior and interfacial damage evolutions of elliptical fiber-reinforced ductile composites. Progressively debonded fibers are replaced by equivalent microvoids. The effective elastic moduli of three phase composites, composed of a ductile matrix, randomly located yet monotonically aligned elliptical fibers and elliptical microvoids, are derived by using a micromechanical formulation. In order to characterize the homogenized elastoplastic behavior, an effective yield criterion is derived based on the ensemble-area averaging process and the first-order effects of eigenstrains. The resulting effective yield criterion, together with the overall associative plastic flow rule and the hardening law, constitutes the analytical framework for the estimation of effective elastoplastic damage responses of ductile composites containing both perfectly bonded and completely debonded fibers. An evolutionary interfacial fiber debonding process, governed by the internal stresses of fibers and the interfacial strength, is incorporated into the proposed work. The Weibull's probabilistic distribution is employed to describe the varying probability of fiber debonding. Further, systematic numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the potential of the proposed methodology.
Charged Boson Gas

The ground state energy and elementary excitations of a charged gas of bosons at high densities are examined by use of the method developed by Bogoliubov for boson gases. It is conjectured, but not herein established, that this method yields exact results in the high-density limit analogous to those obtained by Gell-Mann and Brueckner, and by Sawada, in the corresponding case of a charged fermion gas. The ground state energy is essentially correlation energy, and is therefore negative, and its magnitude varies as the one-fourth power of the density at high densities. The elementary excitations have for low momenta the energy appropriate to plasma waves, and for high momenta the energy appropriate to single-particle excitation. There is therefore an energy gap, suggesting that the gas is both a superfluid and a superconductor at low temperatures. At low densities the behavior of a charged gas is independent of statistics; hence, such a gap must disappear as the system is expanded.
Study of the Dynamic and Thermodynamic Calcium Induced Transition in the Downstream Regulatory Element Antagonist Modulator (DREAM) using Photothermal Beam Deflection (PBD)

Here we show the implementation of photothermal beam deflection (PBD) as a useful label free technique for the measurement of millisecond and sub-millisecond kinetics. Moreover, by taking advantage of the photosensitive calcium chelating compound DM-nitrophen, we have been able to photo trigger the release of calcium and consequent binding to four DREAM constructs. The PBD traces for photolysis of Ca2+DMNP show a fast 300 μs decay, whereas upon addition of DREAM(65-256) an additional slow phase with a decay of 1 ms can be resolved. Moreover, a construct lacking the first 161 amino acids shows a slower 5 ms decay. The differences in kinetics can be correlated with the oligomerization transition associated with each construct, where DREAM(65-256) undergoes a tetramer to dimer and DREAM(161-256) a monomer to dimer transition upon calcium binding. Furthermore, the slow transition is measured to be exothermic with a concomitant volume expansion. Together, these results establish the implementation of PBD for dynamic and thermodynamic study of calcium induced transitions in DREAM protein.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Fluid flow model of the hydrocyclone: an investigation of device dimensions

Abstract In a number of publications we have proposed a mathematical model of the hydrocyclone based on the physics of fluid flow. The aim of this investigation is to examine the stability of the model with wide variations in device dimensions and thus confirm its validity. Five hydrocyclones were the subject of this study, and in each case the velocity profiles of the fluid were measured by an LDV. The measured and predicted velocity profiles agree closely throughout each of the units. In addition, the analysis of the measured velocity profiles sheds new light on the effects of variations in hydrocyclone dimensions. Most importantly, the classification efficiency curves of each hydrocyclone operated with dilute limestone slurries are also well predicted.
Sequential intestinal lengthening procedures for refractory short bowel syndrome

Better understanding of the long-term delivery of parenteral nutrition (PN) in neonates and children has increased the survival for patients who have neonatal short bowel syndrome. Most infants with short bowel syndrome experience progressive enteral adaptation and are weaned from PN. This report describes the authors' clinical experience with nine infants and children who had refractory short bowel syndrome; single or sequential procedures were performed to lengthen the small bowel. Gut lengthening procedures used included a small bowel nipple valve constructed distally, to provide temporary partial obstruction and thereby induce dilatation and lengthening of the proximal small intestine (six patients). Bianchi's technique was used in three patients primarily and in six others after the bowel had been dilated and lengthened by the nipple valve. Kimura's gut lengthening technique was used in one patient after the small bowel had spontaneously become dilated subsequent to a Bianchi procedure. In all, 16 lengthening procedures were performed on the nine patients. Preoperatively, the nine patients tolerated less than 10% of their caloric intake enterally, with no evidence of improvement for a minimum of 6 months. Small bowel segments ranged from 6 to 92 cm originally and were increased an average of 2 1/2 times the original length. Two patients have been totally weaned from PN. For the patients whose lengthening procedure was performed more than 1 year ago, the percentage of enteral caloric intake averages 50%. One of the patients was profoundly impaired neurologically and was not resuscitated from an apneic episode. Another patient died in his sleep of unknown causes 1 year after intestinal lengthening.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Peer expectations about outstanding competencies of men and women medical students

Men and women enrolled in a combined premedical-medical school programme were asked as they began their clinical training to rate their anticipated competence on sixteen criteria relevant to medical practice. Competence dimensions tapped scientific/technical skills, dedication/commitment, and interpersonal skills. Students then were asked to nominate one classmate whom they expected might be‘the best’in each area. Self-ratings revealed few differences among men and women. Peer nominations, however, revealed a preponderance of male nominees in ten competence areas. Women dominated nominations only in the category of sensitivity to patients. Patterns persisted when peer nominations were controlled for students’academic standing and self-ratings on parallel dimensions. The data suggest that medical school peer groups share expectations about competencies of men and women as physicians which are consistent with generalized sex stereotypes and career patterns of men and women physicians.
Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I regulate hepatic insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 by different mechanisms.

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is associated with decreased levels of circulating insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), which are restored toward normal by treatment with insulin and/or infusion of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). To understand underlying mechanisms, we studied IGFBP-3 production in cocultures of parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells from the livers of normal rats. Release of IGFBP-3 was measured by ligand blotting and was increased 1.9- and 15-fold by 10(-8) and 10(-8) M Insulin compared with 10(-10) M (P < 0.05 for 10(-6) vs. 10(-10) M). Expression of IGFBP-3 mRNA was increased concomitantly by 23 and 226% (P < 0.05 for 10(-6) M vs. 10(-10) M), consistent with regulation in part at pretranslational levels. To evaluate mRNA stability, transcription was inhibited with 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-benzimidazole (DRB): IGFBP-3 mRNA t1/2 was estimated at 13 h and 17 h with addition of 10(-5) M and 10(-10) M insulin, respectively, ruling out regulation at the...
Bank forbearance: A market-based explanation

Abstract Why does forbearance for insolvent banks occur? We offer an explanation based on stockholders’ ability to appeal to the courts for reversal and monetary damages after the regulator has initiated a receivership action. Although this has always been theoretically possible, precedents and common law standards now exist. We calculate the market’s perceived postponement of receiverships for banks thought to be insolvent. We explain the receivership delays with the regulator’s reluctance to proceed when investors’ pricing of the bank’s stock and accountants’ assessment of the bank’s solvency do not support a receivership action. Our clinical evidence is consistent with this notion. Jel Classification: G180; G200; G210; G280
Analysis of a repowering proposal to the power generation system of a steel mill plant through the exergetic cost method

Abstract The rational use of energy became a priority for all industries in Brazil after the energetic rationing in 2001. The aim of this work is to assess a proposal of a power generation system for Companhia Siderurgica Tubarao, a steel mill plant. The current system is based on a regenerative Rankine cycle using two gases from steel production—blast furnace gas (BFG) and coke oven gas (COG)—to generate electric power and occasionally steam for the process. The proposed system is a combined cycle comprising two gas turbines, two heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs), and a steam turbine. The fuel for the gas turbines is BFG, and the supplementary firing of HRSG uses COG. The proposed HRSGs work at three pressure levels. The system was assessed by means of two thermoeconomic methodologies, Theory of Exergetic Cost and Thermoeconomic Functional Analysis; exergetic and monetary costs of power production were calculated and compared to the respective values of the current system.
Promoting Fruit and Vegetable Consumption In Different Lifestyle Groups: Recommendations for Program Development Based on Behavioral Research and Consumer Media Data

Fruit and vegetable consumption affects the etiology of cardiovascular disease as well as many different types of cancers. Still, Americans' consumption of fruit and vegetables is low. This article builds on initial research that assessed the validity of using a consumer-based psychographic audience segmentation in tandem with the theory of planned behavior to explain differences among individuals' consumption of fruit and vegetables. In this article, we integrate the findings from our initial analyses with media and purchase data from each audience segment. We then propose distinct, tailored program suggestions for reinventing social marketing programs focused on increasing fruit and vegetable consumption in each segment. Finally, we discuss the implications of utilizing a consumer-based psychographic audience segmentation versus a more traditional readiness-to-change social marketing segmentation. Differences between these two segmentation strategies, such as the ability to access media usage and purchase data, are highlighted and discussed.
Computer modeling of subtypes of κ opioid receptors in adrenal medulla

Abstract The existence of multiple subtypes of κ opioid receptors in brain and adrenal medulla, has been controversial. We have characterized opioid receptors in frozen membranes from bovine adrenal medulla by use of objective mathematical modeling. [ 3 H]Etorphine, [ 3 H]ethylketocyclazocine (EKC) and [ 3 H][D-Ala 2 , D-Leu 5 ]enkephalin (DADL) were utilized as labeled ligands. Self- and cross-displacement curves were constructed using the three corresponding unlabeled ligands in the presence or absence of increasing concentrations of DADL. Results indicated: (1) each of the three ligands studied individually showed the presence of heterogeneity of binding sites; (2) sites labeled by etorphine were heterogeneous: 84% of etorphine binding was displaceable by 10 −4 M DADL, while the remaining 16% was DADL non-suppressible; (3) 75% of the binding of EKC was displaceable by DADL while 25% was non-suppressible; (4) mathematical modeling showed the presence of three subtypes of κ binding sites (a) κ 1 , showing slight selectivity for EKC relative to etorphine; (b) κ 2 , with K d ≈ 1 nM for etorphine, and sufficiently high affinity for DADL (K d ≈ 150 nM) so that it is suppressible by 100 μM DADL; and (c) K 3 , with no measurable affinity for DADL and a 27-fold selectivity for etorphine relative to EKC. The three subtypes of κ sites were present at concentrations of 7.4, 75, and 55 fmol/mg protein, respectively. The relative affinities of a series of κ agonists for the etorphine-binding sites were characterized. The present studies confirm the existence of three subtypes of κ opioid receptors in bovine adrenal medulla, and indicate the utility of mathematical modeling for characterization of complex receptor systems.
Mechanisms of resistance to HIV infection

The global expansion of the HIV-1 pandemic represents one of the world’s most pressing public health problems. HIV-1 has spread from the sites of the original epidemic in Africa, North America and Europe to involve all corners of the globe. This includes the rapid and devastating spread of HIV-1 into human populations in India, Southeast Asia, and South America. The vast majority of new HIV-1 infections worldwide occur through sexual contact. The second most common route of transmission is from mother to infant during pregnancy and delivery, or after birth as a result of breast feeding. In comparison to these routes of transmission, the worldwide incidence of new HIV-1 infections from direct intravenous injection of contaminated blood, either via medical administration of contaminated blood products or from sharing of needles during the recreational use of intravenously injected drugs, is almost negligible.
Function Organization of primate oculomotor system revealed by cerebellectomy.

Unilateral cerebellar lobectomy was carried out in young and mature macaques. There is no significant abnormality in saccadic eye movement or in the vestibulo-ocular reflex. There is a constant drift of the eyes in the contralateral direction, and the abilities to maintain eccentric gaze and to make smooth pursuit movements are jointly affected. The syndrome is transient in young monkeys, and even bilateral cerebellar lobectomy carried out serially leaves some ability to hold eccentric gaze and pursue smoothly. The findings permit the conclusion that the primate oculomotor organization depends on the active maintainence of straight ahead gaze. Saccades move the eyes in a coordinated way, and are also associated with correlated innervation to hold the gaze in the new position. Since cerebellar interventions which cause centripetal drift also always produce defects in pursuit movements, the abilities to maintain eccentric gaze and to pursue smoothly must have a common origin.
Finessing the Academic and Social-Emotional Balance: A Revised Developmental Advising Model for Students with Learning Disabilities or AD/HD.

Advisor perceptions of and responses to the social and emotional needs of college students with learning disabilities (LDs) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) are studied. Through a mixed-method approach of surveys and focus groups, four themes emerged: social-emotional issues that students present in the advising relationship; advisor challenges and responses to presenting issues; sources of advisor support; and monitoring of student medication. Data support a revised and expanded developmental advising model that includes the complex layering of social and emotional challenges that face students with LDs or AD/HD and the factors that keep this complex domain in balance with academic and career exploration. The revised model may also be useful for advisors whose students have any social or emotional challenges.
Lowering the age requirement for adult courts: An analytical framework

The influence of drugs, drug money, gang-related incidents and the ease of acquiring a lethal weapon are all contributing factors to the juvenile crime problem. In the past, we have tried two approaches to reducing the inordinate amount of crime: increasing the budget for law enforcement and imposing more stringent statutes and stiffer penalties on those apprehended. However, one particularly effective way to increase the sentence or fine for juvenile offenses, that has not been considered generally, is to reduce the age requirement for adult courts.
Transmembrane domains 1 and 2 of the latent membrane protein 1 of Epstein-Barr virus contain a lipid raft targeting signal and play a critical role in cytostasis

The latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1) oncoprotein of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a constitutively active, CD40-like cell surface signaling protein essential for EBV-mediated human B-cell immortalization. Like ligand-activated CD40, LMP-1 activates NF-kappaB and Jun kinase signaling pathways via binding, as a constitutive oligomer, to tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors (TRAFs). LMP-1's lipid raft association and oligomerization have been linked to its activation of cell signaling pathways. Both oligomerization and lipid raft association require the function of LMP-1's polytopic multispanning transmembrane domain, a domain that is indispensable for LMP-1's growth-regulatory signaling activities. We have begun to address the sequence requirements of the polytopic hydrophobic transmembrane domain for LMP-1's signaling and biochemical activities. Here we report that transmembrane domains 1 and 2 are sufficient for LMP-1's lipid raft association and cytostatic activity. Transmembrane domains 1 and 2 support NF-kappaB activation, albeit less potently than does the entire polytopic transmembrane domain. Interestingly, LMP-1's first two transmembrane domains are not sufficient for oligomerization or TRAF binding. These results suggest that lipid raft association and oligomerization are mediated by distinct and separable activities of LMP-1's polytopic transmembrane domain. Additionally, lipid raft association, mediated by transmembrane domains 1 and 2, plays a significant role in LMP-1 activation, and LMP-1 can activate NF-kappaB via an oligomerization/TRAF binding-independent mechanism. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of an activity's being linked to individual membrane-spanning domains within LMP-1's polytopic transmembrane domain.
Cycle Correlation in Late Pennsylvanian Strata of Midland Basin: ABSTRACT

Cyclic sedimentary units composed of successions of shales, limestones, and sandstones have long been reported from the Eastern shelf of the Midland basin, but recognition that cycles are of regional extent has been hindered by the lateral variability encountered in lithologic characteristics of shoal-water portions of the cycles. Most cycles are vertically asymmetric, with a thin transgressive sequence and a much thicker regressive sequence, and have lithologic asymmetry, in which carbonates are more common in the transgressive parts of the cycle, whereas sandstones are much more prevalent in the regressive parts of the cycle. Many cycles of the Canyon Group and lower portion of the Cisco Group can be shown to be of regional extent on the eastern shelf by tracing the dee er water deposits of the cycle. These consist of phosphate nodule-bearing black shales containing many ammonoids, and can be distinguished from deposits of all other environments by either the phosphatic lithologic character or the ammonoid content. Phosphatic black shales in most cycles are thin, 1 to 2 m (3 to 6 ft), but laterally as extensive as the subjacent sheet-like limestones that are used for subsurface correlations. This couplet of limestone and overlying black shales is the most reliable means of identifying cycles. In the upper Canyon and lower Cisco Groups, couplets include the Ranger Limestone and basal Colony Creek Shale, Home Creek Limestone and basal Finis Shale, Bunger Limestone and basal Necessity Shale, and upper Gunsight Limestone and basal Wayland Shale. The entire interval consists of regular cycles. The remainder of the interval not included in the couplets consists of shoal-water and terrestrial deposits. Basinwide correlation potential for these cycles is shown by the similarity of Midland basin cycles to Mid-Continent cyclothems, and by great similarity to the mapped extensions of these cyclothems into the eastern Oklahoma basins and Ouachita front areas. Variations occur in the basic cycle pattern owing to variable rates of sedimentation and local tectonic control, but the cycles can be identified and mapped across facies boundaries. Cycle correlation is a reality in the Mid-Continent and is also possible in the Midland basin with the mapping of transgressive limestone and phosphatic black shale couplets, or other indicators of deepest water deposition even in lithologically dissimilar strata. A cycle correlation system could be determined in the Midland basin, and a standard cycle hronology established for this region. End_of_Article - Last_Page 120------------
Genetic basis of congenital platelet disorders

Over the past 4 decades, a better understanding of the genetic origins of inherited platelet disorders has illuminated avenues of investigation in megakaryopoiesis and has identified targets of pharmacologic intervention. Many of these discoveries have been translated into clinical medicine. The success of inherited platelet disorder research is underpinned by broader advances in methodology through the biochemical and molecular revolution of the 20(th) and 21(st) centuries, respectively. Recently, modern genomics techniques have affected platelet and platelet disorders research, allowing for the discovery of several genes involved in platelet production and function and for a deeper understanding of the RNA and miRNA networks that govern platelet function. In this short review, we focus on recent developments in the genetic elucidation of several disorders of platelet number and in the molecular architecture that determines the "genetic makeup" of a platelet in health and disease.
Self-Concept and Imitation:

4-yr.-olds, 18 girls and 18 boys, either imitated or failed to imitate a sequence of modeled acts. Children who imitated at least one modeled act showed higher self-concept scores following modeling than those children who failed to imitate. Imitators vs non-imitators did not differ in their self-concept scores prior to modeling. Results were discussed in terms of a competence model.
Faculty and Community in the Liberal Arts College (With Observations on Research and Teaching)

Political scientists and other faculty members at liberal arts colleges belong and contribute to many communities-the civic community, the community of our schools, a variety of faith communities, and others. Two communities, however, are especially vital: the campus community and the community of our academic discipline. I am concerned that the relation between the two communities, especially at the more ambitious liberal arts colleges, is graduallyand wrongheadedly-being tilted in favor of the latter.
Effects of Time‐of‐Day and Photoperiod Phase Shifts on Voluntary Ethanol Consumption in Rats

Two experiments were conducted to examine the circadian fluctuations in voluntary ethanol (ETOH) consumption in male Sprague-Dawley rats conditioned to consume ETOH in their homecage and exposed to photoperiod phase shifts equivalent to those experienced by humans. Using a maintenance concentration of 20% w/v ETOH, changes in homecage drinking in 42 rats were assessed after photoperiod phase shifts similar to those inducing "jet lag" in humans and after experimenter-induced "hangover." A single 8-hr photoperiod phase advance significantly increased ETOH intake for three consecutive days, and a single photoperiod phase-delay increased intake only on the day of the phase shift. Acute ETOH withdrawal significantly reduced the voluntary consumption of ETOH for two consecutive days. In a second group of 30 rats maintained to consume a lower concentration of 10% w/v ETOH, the long-term effects of "shift lag" initiated by repeated photoperiod phase shifting similar to those experienced by humans working under a rotating work schedule were examined. Significant increases in intake occurred over the 2-month testing period. The significant alterations in voluntary intake initiated by the shift work schedule was related to the significant changes in blood alcohol concentrations.
Follow-up of Children from Academic and Cognitive Preschool Curricula at Age 9

We report here cognitive and academic outcome measures at ages 12 and 16 for approximately 80% of a sample of 205 children who had been randomly assigned to 2 programs for developmentally delayed preschoolers, Direct Instruction (DI) and Mediated Learning (ML). There were no main effect differences between programs, but there were aptitude-by-treatment interactions similar to those found earlier: initially lower functioning students benefited more from the ML program, whereas initially higher functioning students benefited more from the DI program. Multiple regression analyses suggested that lower scores on cognitive and academic achievement measures are associated with greater experience in special education, even controlling for preschool period ability measures, gender, and ethnicity. The challenges of interpreting this result are discussed.
Firm and industry as determinants of executive perceptions of the environment

This study examines variation in top executives’ environmental perceptions within firms and within industries. More specifically, we investigate how industry and organizational membership affect top executives’ perceptions of five environmental attributes. Results indicate that significant homogeneity of perceptions exists within firms and also within industries. Approximately 40 percent of the variance in individual top-level executives’ perceptions of aspects of their respective organization’s environment is explained by their organizational and industry membership. Implications of the findings for strategic management and organization theory and for future research are presented. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Commonality of views about a firm’s environment among a firm’s top managers is frequently discussed, but there is little empirical evidence to validate the notion. We do not know whether homogeneity of perceptions within top management teams (TMTs) is more imaginable than real—an assumed executive team property corresponding to what ‘common sense’ says should be the case. Further, if there is within-firm commonality of views concerning the environment, we do not know whether this might not actually be an industry effect. The purpose of the research reported here is to assess the degree of homogeneity in executives’ perceptions within firms and within industries and to compare organizational vs. industry membership as explanations of the relative proportion of agreement about organizational environments. One of the most compelling reasons to examine the homogeneity of top managers’ environmental perceptions within firms and within industries
Effects of smoking, distraction, and gender on pain perception.

Whereas research on the antinociceptive effects of cigarette smoking has produced inconsistent findings, certain aspects of attentional processing repeatedly have been found to have an impact on pain perception. In an effort to delineate the relation between smoking and pain, the present study tested the attentional mediation model of smoking in pain perception. The authors hypothesized that by narrowing attentional focus, smoking in the presence of a distractor would facilitate distraction from painful stimuli, producing the most pronounced antinociceptive effect, compared with smoking or distraction alone. On the basis of previous findings of gender differences in pain, the authors hypothesized that the effects would vary by gender. The authors used the cold pressor test to assess pain threshold and tolerance in 76 smokers. A 2 (smoking/not smoking) × 2 (distraction/no distraction) × 2 (male/female) between-subjects analysis of variance (ANOVA) yielded Distraction × Gender interactions for pain threshol...
RANDOM ATTRACTORS FOR SECOND ORDER STOCHASTIC LATTICE DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS WITH MULTIPLICATIVE NOISE IN WEIGHTED SPACES

In this paper, we study the asymptotic behavior of solutions of a second order stochastic lattice differential equation with multiplicative white noise in weighted spaces. We first provide some sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of solutions, and then establish the existence of tempered random bounded absorbing sets and global random attractors.
A post-genomic view of behavioral development and adaptation to the environment

Abstract Recent advances in molecular genetics and epigenetics are reviewed that have major implications for the bio-behavioral sciences and for understanding how organisms adapt to their environments at both phylogenetic and ontogenic levels. From a post-genomics perspective, the environment is as crucial as the DNA sequence for constructing the phenotype, and as a source of information in trying to predict phenotypes. The review is organized with respect to four basic processes by which phenotypes adapt to environmental challenges, with an emphasis on the data for humans: (1) developmental plasticity, (2) epigenetic mechanisms, (3) genotype-environment correlations, and (4) gene × environment interactions.
Refractory Hypertension Evidence of Heightened Sympathetic Activity as a Cause of Antihypertensive Treatment Failure

Refractory hypertension is an extreme phenotype of treatment failure defined as uncontrolled blood pressure in spite of ≥5 classes of antihypertensive agents, including chlorthalidone and a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist. A prospective evaluation of possible mechanisms of refractory hypertension has not been done. The goal of this study was to test for evidence of heightened sympathetic tone as indicated by 24-hour urinary normetanephrine levels, clinic and ambulatory heart rate (HR), HR variability, arterial stiffness as indexed by pulse wave velocity, and systemic vascular resistance compared with patients with controlled resistant hypertension. Forty-four consecutive patients, 15 with refractory and 29 with controlled resistant hypertension, were evaluated prospectively. Refractory hypertensive patients were younger (48±13.3 versus 56.5±14.1 years; P=0.038) and more likely women (80.0 versus 51.9%; P=0.047) compared with patients with controlled resistant hypertension. They also had higher urinary normetanephrine levels (464.4±250.2 versus 309.8±147.6 µg per 24 hours; P=0.03), higher clinic HR (77.8±7.7 versus 68.8±7.6 bpm; P=0.001) and 24-hour ambulatory HR (77.8±7.7 versus 68.8±7.6; P=0.0018), higher pulse wave velocity (11.8±2.2 versus 9.4±1.5 m/s; P=0.009), reduced HR variability (4.48 versus 6.11; P=0.03), and higher systemic vascular resistance (3795±1753 versus 2382±349 dyne·s·cm(5)·m(2); P=0.008). These findings are consistent with heightened sympathetic tone being a major contributor to antihypertensive treatment failure and highlight the need for effective sympatholytic therapies in patients with refractory hypertension.
Analyze the worm-based attack in large scale P2P networks

Peer-to-peer (P2P) computing has become an interesting research topic during recent years. In this paper, we address issue related to analyzing the worm-based attack in P2P systems. Particularly, our technologies include: 1) generic mathematical models for attacker/defender and different P2P systems; 2) practical and effective attack prevention schemes. We find that our proposed defense strategy can efficiently improve the performance of worm detection and system recovery.