cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reply to Brintnall

The book by Brintnall contains much detail to be sure, but the bulk of it is neutral with regard to the central argument of the book: the appearance of social classes and class consciousness in an Indian community due to the emergence of Protestant individualism and capitalistic spirit. Certainly there is no other issue more central to the book, for it is the analytical framework within which Brintnall interprets the data. That I remain unconvinced of the validity of the analysis is because the evidence is largely neutral.
The lipid peroxidation end-product and oxidant 4-hydroxynonenal induces insulin resistance in rat slow-twitch skeletal muscle.

AbstractContext: The lipid peroxidation end-product and oxidant 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) impairs cell function. However, the impact of 4-HNE on the glucose transport system in mammalian slow-twitch skeletal muscle is not known. Objective: We assessed the effects of 4-HNE on insulin signalling and glucose transport activity in slow-twitch muscle by incubating soleus strips from lean Zucker rats with 4-HNE (50 µM) in the absence or presence of insulin (5 mU/ml) for up to 6 hr. Results: Insulin-stimulated glucose transport activity was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased by 4-HNE at 2 hr. AS160 Thr642 phosphorylation was decreased at 2 hr, whereas Akt Ser473 phosphorylation and IRS-1 protein expression were not substantially changed until 4 hr. IRS-2 protein expression was slightly decreased only at 6 hr. Conclusions: The lipid peroxidation end-product and oxidant 4-HNE induces insulin resistance of glucose transport activity in rat slow-twitch skeletal muscle, initially associated with impaired phosphorylati...
Anion activation of maleate hydratase.

Abstract Maleate hydratase ( d -malate hydro-lyase) has been found to have an absolute requirement for certain univalent anions. The relative effectiveness of the various anions in activating the hydratase can be ranked Br − − Cl −, NO 3 − I − SCN − formate − F − accetate − = o Activation appears to be independent of pH in the range 6.0–9.0 and, at least in the case of Cl−, is described by the expression V v =(I+ K s [S] ) (I + K a [A] ) where the v is the initial velocity; V , the maximal initial velocity; [ S ] substrate concentration; [A], anion concentration; K s , a Michaelis constant; and K a , the apparent dissaciation constant of enzyme with activating anion
Modification of Planck Blackbody Emissive Power and Intensity in Particulate Media Due to Multiple and Dependent Scattering

The dispersion relation for an electromagnetic wave is obtained in particulate media using effective field approximation (EFA) and quasi-crystalline approximation (QCA). Due to multiple and dependent scattering the density of states, phase velocity and group velocity of photons are modified. Modification of these parameters modifies the Planck blackbody equilibrium radiation intensity and emissive power
Realizing the information future: The internet and beyond: NRENAISSANCE Committee, National Research Council. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1994. 301 pp. $24.95 (ISBN: 0-309-05044-8)

Abstract LISR considers for review reference works, dissertations, research methods texts, computer software, and professional literature covering the research process and applications of research. Views expressed are those of the reviewers and do not necessarily reflect views of the Editorial Board or publisher. Anyone wishing to write reviews or suggest titles should contact Debora Shaw at the School of Library and Information Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405 〈shawd@ indiana.edu or shawd@iubacs.bitnet〉. Publishers, likewise, are requested to forward announcements of new and forthcoming titles that may interest LISR readers.
Mutant mice deficient in NOS-1 exhibit attenuated long-term facilitation and short-term potentiation in breathing

The objective of the present study is to examine the potential role of nitric oxide (NO) in short-term potentiation (STP) and long-term facilitation (LTF) of breathing. Experiments were performed in wild-type (WT) and mutant mice deficient in nitric oxide synthase-1 (NOS-1), as well as in WT mice administered the NOS-1 inhibitor 7-nitroindazole (7-NI; 50 mg kg−1; i.p.). Respiratory responses following either single or recurrent episodes of hypoxia (7 % O2, balance N2) were analysed in unanaesthetised animals by body plethysmography along with rate of O2 consumption (VO2) and CO2 production (VCO2). After a single hypoxic challenge, respiration in WT mice remained elevated for 5 min, suggesting STP in ventilation. Following termination of three consecutive hypoxic challenges, respiration remained elevated during normoxia for as long as 30 min, indicating LTF in breathing under awake conditions. STP and LTF were significantly attenuated or absent in WT mice after 7-NI. A similar attenuation or absence of STP and LTF was also seen in NOS-1 mutant mice. Changes in VO2 and VCO2 were comparable among mice during the post-hypoxic period, suggesting that the absence of STP and LTF was not due to alterations in body metabolism. These results suggest endogenous NO is an important physiological modulator of ventilatory STP and LTF.
Synthesis and biodistribution of acetyl‐3,5‐br‐82‐dibromosalicylic acid

Acetyl-3,5-Br-82-dibromosalicylic acid (dibromoaspirin) was synthesized by radiobromination of salicylic acid to yield 3,5-dibromosalicylic acid, followed by acetylation of this intermediate. Biodistribution studies in mice with and without a neuroblastoma showed that the tumor/blood radioactivity ratio was low (0.3 at one hour). Thin layer chromatography of urine indicated that only 20 to 30% of the radioactivity corresponded to dibromoaspirin. Studies of rabbits with inflammatory lesions showed that the inflammatory/normal tissue uptake ratio was 1.0 to 1.9. The RBC/plasma ratio was less than 0.5. Low uptake of radioactivity was likely due to rapid dehalogenation in vivo.
Microbial Analyses of Ancient Ice Core Sections from Greenland and Antarctica

Ice deposited in Greenland and Antarctica entraps viable and nonviable microbes, as well as biomolecules, that become temporal atmospheric records. Five sections (estimated to be 500, 10,500, 57,000, 105,000 and 157,000 years before present, ybp) from the GISP2D (Greenland) ice core, three sections (500, 30,000 and 70,000 ybp) from the Byrd ice core, and four sections from the Vostok 5G (Antarctica) ice core (10,500, 57,000, 105,000 and 105,000 ybp) were studied by scanning electron microscopy, cultivation and rRNA gene sequencing. Bacterial and fungal isolates were recovered from 10 of the 12 sections. The highest numbers of isolates were found in ice core sections that were deposited during times of low atmospheric CO2, low global temperatures and low levels of atmospheric dust. Two of the sections (GISP2D at 10,500 and 157,000 ybp) also were examined using metagenomic/metatranscriptomic methods. These results indicated that sequences from microbes common to arid and saline soils were deposited in the ice during a time of low temperature, low atmospheric CO2 and high dust levels. Members of Firmicutes and Cyanobacteria were the most prevalent bacteria, while Rhodotorula species were the most common eukaryotic representatives. Isolates of Bacillus, Rhodotorula, Alternaria and members of the Davidiellaceae were isolated from both Greenland and Antarctica sections of the same age, although the sequences differed between the two polar regions.
Modeling and Control of an Injection Pultrusion Process

Injection Pultrusion (IP) is a novel process that combines the best features of traditional Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) and wet bath pultrusion for manufacturing polymer composites. Few researchers have dealt with the quality control aspects of this process which is extremely crucial to the plant economics. The main contribution of this paper is the study of the IP process from the point of view of product quality control while maximizing production rates. A mathematical model that includes resin flow and cure, and heat transfer in the part and the die is used to determine sensitivity of the quality variables to important processing variables and parameters. Similarities and differences with traditional pultrusion process are pointed out. Control-relevant features of the process are identified and the requirements necessary for a control system are presented. A cascaded control strategy which uses an on-line process model is proposed.
Evidence questioning cromolyn’s effectiveness and selectivity as a ‘mast cell stabilizer’ in mice

Cromolyn, widely characterized as a 'mast cell stabilizer', has been used in mice to investigate the biological roles of mast cells in vivo. However, it is not clear to what extent cromolyn can either limit the function of mouse mast cells or influence biological processes in mice independently of effects on mast cells. We confirmed that cromolyn (at 10 mg/kg in vivo or 10-100 μM in vitro) can inhibit IgE-dependent mast cell activation in rats in vivo (measuring Evans blue extravasation in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and increases in plasma histamine in passive systemic anaphylaxis (PSA)) and in vitro (measuring peritoneal mast cell (PMC) β-hexosaminidase release and prostaglandin D(2) synthesis). However, under the conditions tested, cromolyn did not inhibit those mast cell-dependent responses in mice. In mice, cromolyn also failed to inhibit the ear swelling or leukocyte infiltration at sites of PCA. Nor did cromolyn inhibit IgE-independent degranulation of mouse PMCs induced by various stimulators in vitro. At 100 mg/kg, a concentration 10 times higher than that which inhibited PSA in rats, cromolyn significantly inhibited the increases in plasma concentrations of mouse mast cell protease-1 (but not of histamine) during PSA, but had no effect on the reduction in body temperature in this setting. Moreover, this concentration of cromolyn (100 mg/kg) also inhibited LPS-induced TNF production in genetically mast cell-deficient C57BL/6-Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice in vivo. These results question cromolyn's effectiveness and selectivity as an inhibitor of mast cell activation and mediator release in the mouse.
Attracting the World: Institutional Initiatives’ Effects on International Students’ Decision to Enroll

Community colleges have increased their efforts to attract international students, but little is known how these active efforts influence international students’ decisions to attend a community college. This longitudinal study focuses on international students at one community college that embarked on an active international student recruitment initiative employing a full-time recruiter and increasing student services. Using a qualitative case study design, two sets of three students were interviewed: one set predated these initiatives, and the other set postdated the enhanced efforts. This study examined if, and in what ways, the active international student recruitment efforts influenced the decision making process of the students. The Bohman International Student Community College Decision Model, a multitheoretical framework encompassing World Culture Theory, Push-pull Theory, and Cognitive Decision Making Theory, was used to interpret the data. The findings reveal a deliberate process of international...
Photoelectron spectroscopy study of YBa2Cu3Ox with varied oxygen stoichiometry: Possible evidence for strong coupling superconductivity

Photoelectron spectroscopy measurements are reported for samples of YBa2Cu3Ox with oxygen content varied in the range 6.2<x<6.9. For the most oxygen rich samples, a prominent cutoff at the Fermi edge is observed. The electronic density of states at the Fermi level N(EF) falls as oxygen is depleted. The superconducting transition temperature TcαtN(EF) suggest ing that a strong coupling mechanism controls the superconductivity.
Sensitivity of Positive Ion Mode Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry in the Analysis of Thiol Metabolites

High signal intensities of glutathione (GSH), [GSH+H]+ (m/z 308), cysteine (CySH), [CySH+H]+ (m/z 122), and homocysteine (hCySH), [hCySH+H]+ (m/z 136), are observed in ESI MS with on-line electrochemistry (EC). Dimers formed by H-bonding, which are not electrochemical products, are detected as [2GSH+H]+ (m/z 615), [2CySH+H]+ (m/z 243) and [2hCySH+H]+ (m/z 271) together with disulfide dimers GSSG, CySSCy and hCySSCyh, [GSSG+H]+ (m/z 613), [CySSCy+H]+ (m/z 241) and [hCySSCyh+H]+ (m/z 269). When dopamine is present a thiol/dopamine quinone (DAQ) adduct is observed. Formation of this adduct is proposed to occur by an electrochemical mechanism during ESI. Catalysis of thiol oxidation and analysis of thiol mixtures is addressed.
The use of electric circuit simulation for power grid dynamics

Traditional grid models for large-scale simulations assume linear and quasi-static behavior allowing very simple models of the systems. In this paper, a scalable electric circuit simulation capability is presented that can capture a significantly higher degree of fidelity including transient dynamic behavior of the grid as well as allowing scaling to a regional and national level grid. A test case presented uses simple models, e.g. generators, transformers, transmission lines, and loads, but with the scalability feature it can be extended to include more advanced non-linear detailed models. The use of this scalable electric circuit simulator will provide the ability to conduct large-scale transient stability analysis as well as grid level planning as the grid evolves with greater degrees of penetration of renewables, power electronics, storage, distributed generation, and micro-grids.
Efficacy, Safety, and Potential Economic Benefits of Oral Ciprofloxacin in the Treatment of Infections

Ciprofloxacin is a new 4-quinolone carboxylic acid derivative with a broad spectrum of activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, chlamydiae, rickettsiae, and related organisms. The drug has been administered orally to 2,018 patients, primarily in the United States. In open trials oral ciprofloxacin has been shown to constitute effective therapy for osteomyelitis, gonorrhea, and infections of the urinary and gastrointestinal tracts, respiratory tree, and skin and soft tissues. In controlled comparative trials, most of which were doubly blinded, oral ciprofloxacin was equal in terms of safety and therapeutically equal or superior to oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in urinary and gastrointestinal infections, to oral ampicillin in respiratory infections, and to parenteral cefotaxime in skin and soft tissue disease. Adverse reactions were infrequent and generally mild. The emergence of resistance was encountered rarely; the organisms implicated were usually those for which initial minimal inhibitory concentrations were high, albeit in the sensitive range (such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Ciprofloxacin potentiates the toxicity of theophylline. Concurrent administration of antacids may diminish gastrointestinal absorption of the drug.
On Edgeworth's method for minimum absolute error linear regression

The Edgeworth (1887) algorithm for minimizing absolute error is known to suffer from convergence problems when the data contains degeneracies. In this paper, it is shown that for the particular problem of fitting a line to a set of uniformly sampled data, the problem of degeneracy may be easily avoided by utilizing a stable sorter for the weighted median operation needed in Edgeworth's method. Proof of convergence is based on establishing an equivalence between the use of a stable sorting routine and perturbing the original data in such a way that no degeneracies exist. In addition, it will be shown that the data set size may be selected so that the minimum error fit is unique. >
Allozyme differentiation in five species of North American shrews (Soricidae: Mammalia)

Starch gel electrophoresis was used to investigate patterns of genetic variation in five species of shrews from southern Illinois, and western Kentucky and Tennessee. Four of the five species occur sympatrically. Twenty-eight presumptive loci were examined in the following species: pygmy shrew Sorex hoyi Baird, southeastern shrew Sorex longirostris, northern short-tailed shrew Blarina brevicauda, southern short-tailed shrew Blarina carolinensis, and least shrew Cryptotis parva. Of the 28 loci, 11 were monomorphic for the same allele in all species. Only one locus (Mpi) was diagnostic, with a different allele for each species. At two other loci (Est and PepD) the two species of Blarina also demonstrated significant differences. These three loci could be used to distinguish the two morphologically very similar species of Blarina. The mean heterozygosity values for B. brevicauda and S. hoyi were higher than previously reported. Levels of heterozygosity did not show a correlation with known degree of habitat specialization in the five species. Genetic distance analysis demonstrated greater genetic similarity between the two Blarina species than the two Sorex species. A dendrogram produced from a genetic distance matrix is consistent with current views of soricid phylogeny.
Less is not always more: embracing (appropriate) medical intensity

As healthcare costs continue to rise globally, policy makers and researchers have focused on inefficiencies in healthcare delivery. In the USA, the combination of high costs and disappointing outcomes associated with a fragmented delivery system has generated the idea that substantial reductions in spending are possible without sacrificing patient care. Indeed, we know that high spending often fails to produce optimal outcomes and therefore, reductions in spending should be achievable with no detrimental effects on quality. The evidence that less can sometimes be more is all around us. Front-line providers know all too well the human and financial costs of aggressive treatment of terminally ill patients who might otherwise prefer a palliative approach. Redundant testing due to inadequate care coordination and lack of information sharing is another example. Preventable adverse events exemplify how poor-quality care can drive up costs and harm patients at the same time. From these instances, a new mantra has emerged among many health policy leaders: less is better. Intensity is bad. What is clinical intensity? It is often described as the tendency to do more: perform more procedures, admit more patients, consult more specialists and prescribe more medications.1 Why does level of intensity appear to vary widely across institutions? Some have suggested that variation in clinical intensity is due to differences in the underlying patient population, although others have argued that patient factors matter very little. Detailed work by researchers at Dartmouth has suggested that both medical intensity and its variation among providers are fundamentally inefficient …
the role of narCIssIstIC personalIty features In sexual aGGressIon

Narcissism has been identified as a potential risk factor for sexual aggression among men. the purpose of the present study was to examine whether specific facets of narcissism differed in terms of their association with sexual aggression. this was accomplished by examining the associations that the normal and pathological forms of narcissism had with sexual aggression. the results showed that only certain facets of narcissism were associated with sexual aggression. Facets of narcissism that concerned feelings of entitlement and a willingness to exploit others were positively associated with sexual aggression whereas pathological forms of narcissistic grandiosity were negatively associated with sexual aggression. discussion focuses on the implications of these results for understanding the connection between narcissistic personality features and sexually aggressive behavior. It is unfortunately common for individuals to either feel pressured or be forced to engage in sexual activities against their will. These unwanted sexual experiences are often separated into those involving the use of physical force (i.e., sexual aggression) and those that do not involve physical force (i.e., sexual coercion). Sexual aggression is generally considered to be the more severe and harmful of these behaviors and it is accompanied by clear legal consequences for perpetrators. This type of behavior includes events such as forcible rape, drug-facilitated rape, and incapacitated rape (Kilpatrick, Resnick, Ruggiero, Conoscenti, & McCauley, 2007). A great deal of
An objective scoring system for laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Abstract Background: Direct observation with structured criteria for performance is the most reliable and valid method of assessing technical skill during operative procedures. We developed such a system to evaluate technical performance during a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The reliability and validity of the system were tested by analyzing the correlation among three observers in a multicenter study and comparing performance with years of surgical experience. Study Design: Thirty consecutive cases of laparoscopic cholecystectomy were recorded on videotape, 10 from each of 3 institutions. Independent scores were generated by three observers examining each of the videotapes, providing a total of 90 scores. Points were awarded for successful completion of each of 23 different steps required to perform a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Error points were tabulated based on the frequency and relative severity of each of 21 potential technical mistakes during the operation. The final score was assumed to be a relative measure of technical skill and was derived by subtracting error points from points awarded for completion of each step of the procedure. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to assess agreement among examiners and correlation with year of surgical experience. Results: Agreement in final scores among the three observers was excellent (r = 0.74–0.96) despite the fact that one observer assigned significantly fewer error points. Correlation between year of experience and two-handed technique scoring was good (r = 0.5, p=0.057), but the correlation between experience and one-handed technique scores was poor (r = 0.02). Conclusions: The technical skills required to perform laparoscopic cholecystectomy can reliably be measured using this tool. This method can be used to track the learning curve of surgeons in training, evaluate the efficacy of alternative training tools, and provide a means of self-assessment for the trainee.
Accumulation of HSP70 in juvenile and adult rainbow trout gill exposed to metal-contaminated water and/or diet

The accumulation of heat shock cognate (hsc)/heat shock protein (hsp) 70 was measured in gill and liver from juvenile and adult rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to waterborne metals and/or fed a metal-contaminated diet. These experiments are part of a larger study in which physiological responses were documented in adult and juvenile rainbow trout after exposure to food-borne and/or waterborne metals for 21 d. Western blot analyses were used to measure the accumulation of hsp70 and hsc70. Hsc/hsp70 levels were significantly increased in gills of juveniles exposed to metals, in both water and food. The importance of metals in the diet as well as the water was confirmed for the juveniles. Significant increases in hsp/hsc70 could not be demonstrated in the adults.
The DAN family: Modulators of TGF‐β signaling and beyond

Extracellular binding proteins or antagonists are important factors that modulate ligands in the transforming growth factor (TGF-β) family. While the interplay between antagonists and ligands are essential for developmental and normal cellular processes, their imbalance can lead to the pathology of several disease states. In particular, recent studies have implicated members of the differential screening-selected gene in neuroblastoma (DAN) family in disease such as renal fibrosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and reactivation of metastatic cancer stem cells. DAN family members are known to inhibit the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) of the TGF-β family. However, unlike other TGF-β antagonist families, DAN family members have roles beyond ligand inhibition and can modulate Wnt and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathways. This review describes recent structural and functional advances that have expanded our understanding of DAN family proteins with regards to BMP inhibition and also highlights their emerging roles in the modulation of Wnt and VEGF signaling pathways.
Integrated 64-channel optoelectronic interconnect and application to image processing

Integrated 64-channel parallel optoelectronic interconnect and image processing system is developed using VCSEL and photodetector optical interconnect technology. Analog-to-digital halftoning image processing with appropriate image compression is reported.
282 Alemtuzumab Minimizes Airway Ischemic Reperfusion Injury (aIRI), Which Is Associated with Graft Damage and Deaths Post-Lung Transplant (LT)

There were no differences in CMV among R pts, nor in chest wall (4% vs 6%) or other infections (30% vs 35%, including mediastinitis, empyema, pneumonia, bacteremia, C. diff and invasive fungal infection). At 3, 6 and 12 mos post-LT, mean cumulative ACR grade A1 for Bmab pts (0.7, 1.3 and 1.4) was higher than Amab (0.2, 1.9 and 2.3), (p 0.02, 0.003 and 0.02, respectively). Moreover, Bmab pts were more likely to develop ACR grade A1 within 3 mos of LT (33% vs 17%; p 0.04); 5% of Bmab pts required ATG or Amab within 3 mos of LT. Colon ischemia requiring emergent colectomy was higher among BaAb pts (1.5% vs 11%; p 0.02); outbreak investigation implicated higher MMF doses in Bmab pts as causative (median 3g vs 2 g/d; p 0.0001). There was no difference in wound dehiscense or healing between groups, nor in survival. Conclusions: There was a trade-off with Amab regimens: significantly less ACR and fewer colonic emergencies, but increased CMV infection in D /RLT. Impact on chronic rejection requires more follow-up. Bmab may be preferable in CMV D /RLT, and Amab in others.
Constrictive Pericarditis in the Modern Era Evolving Clinical Spectrum and Impact on Outcome After Pericardiectomy

Background —The clinical spectrum of constrictive pericarditis (CP) has been affected by a change in incidence of etiological factors. We sought to determine the impact of these changes on the outcome of pericardiectomy. Methods and Results —The contemporary spectrum of CP in 135 patients (76% male) evaluated at the Mayo Clinic from 1985 to 1995 was compared with that of a historic cohort. Notable trends were an increasing frequency of CP due to cardiac surgery and mediastinal radiation and presentation in older patients (median age, 61 versus 45 years). Perioperative mortality decreased (6% versus 14%, P =0.011), but late survival was inferior to that of an age- and sex-matched US population (57±8% at 10 years). The long-term outcome was predicted independently by 3 variables in stepwise logistic regression analyses: (1) age, (2) NYHA class, and most powerfully, (3) a postradiation cause. Of 90 late survivors in whom functional class could be determined, functional status had improved markedly (2.6±0.7 at baseline versus 1.5±0.8 at latest follow-up [ P Conclusions —The evolving profile of CP, with increasingly older patients and those with radiation-induced disease in the past decade, significantly affects postoperative prognosis. Long-term results of pericardiectomy are disappointing for some patient groups, especially those with radiation-induced CP. By contrast, surgery alleviates or improves symptoms in the majority of late survivors.
On the choice between capital and labour mobility

Trade theorists, since the pioneering work of Kemp (1966). have considered the question of national advantage from international factor mobility by considering only one factor to be so mobile. Kemp analyzed elegantly the question of optimal policies in 2 x 2 x 2 model and showed that, since monopoly power could exist in both the goods and factor markets in consequence of international capital mobility, the optimal policy intervention would generally involve two policy instruments: tariffs (-cum-subsidies) on goods and duties(-cum-subsidies) on international capital flows. Jones (1967) subsequently extended Kemp’s argument to the secondbest context by examining the optimal level of one of these instruments when the other was arbitrarily set at zero. Elsewhere in this issue, Brecher (1983) shows, in an elegant and original contribution, that the Jones policy problem is, in fact, a third-best, rather than a second-best, problem, as generally believed, and that if only one of the tariff and capital mobility taxes(-cumsubsidies) can be used, it is generally possible to improve welfare further by admitting an altogether different, domestic policy instrument: namely a production or consumption tax-cum-subsidy, as the case may be.’ *The research of Bhagwati was supported by the German Marshall Fund Grant No. l-34015. The problem analyzed in the paper was posed in Bhagwati (1979) and an early ingenious and neglected analysis in Ramaswami (1968) was noted by Bhagwati. We have profited greatly from these contributions; also from reading Webb (1970), Ramaswami (1970) and a recent paper of Calvo and Wellisz (1983) on this problem. ‘This result is in consonance with the results of Bhagwati, Ramaswami and Srinivasan (1969) for the case without international capital mobility; but the consonance is ‘intuitive’ only after the result was established for the case with international capital mobility.
Vocal fold varices and risk of hemorrhage

Objectives/Hypothesis To establish risk of hemorrhage in patients with varices compared to those without, determine additional risk factors, and make evidence-based treatment recommendations. Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods Patients who were vocal performers presenting for care during a 24-month period were analyzed to determine incidence of hemorrhage. Patients with varices were compared to those without. Demographic information and examination findings (presence, location, character, and size of varices; presence of mucosal lesions or paresis) were analyzed to determine predictors of hemorrhage. Results A total of 513 patients (60.4% female, mean age 36.6 years ± 13.95 years) were evaluated; 14 patients presenting with hemorrhage were excluded. One hundred and twelve (22.4%) patients had varices; 387 (77.6%) did not. The rate of hemorrhage in patients with varices was 2.68% at 12 months compared to 0.8% in patients without. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis revealed a hazard ratio of 10.1 for patients with varix developing hemorrhage compared to nonvarix patients (P < 0.0001). The incidence rate of hemorrhage was 3.3 cases per 1,000 person-months for varix patients compared to 0.5 cases per 1,000 person-months in the nonvarix group. There was no significant difference in the incidence of paresis, mucosal lesions, location of varix (left or right side; medial or lateral), or varix morphology (pinpoint, linear, lake) between patients who hemorrhaged and those that did not. Conclusion The presence of varices increases the risk of hemorrhage. Varix patients had 10 times the rate of hemorrhage compared to nonvarix patients, although the overall incidence is low. This data may be used to inform treatment of patients with varices. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 126:1163–1168, 2016
Effect of Graphite on Microstructure and Drying Shrinkage of Clay

Graphite specimens bonded by kaolinite-illite clay, in which planar orientation of the graphite flakes and clay platelets had been produced by deformation, showed enhanced differential drying shrinkage with increased graphite content. The greater shrinkage was perpendicular to the plane of preferred orientation. Comparable additions of quartz grains to the clay made the drying shrinkage less differential. The volume drying shrinkage was first increased and then decreased by successive additions of graphite. The increase was ascribed to the increasing concentration of water in the clay bond as the clay content diminished. The subsequent decrease appeared because the drying shrinkage of the clay was reduced near the graphite and because the graphite itself did not shrink.
Eating disorders in the elderly.

Background: Eating disorders in the elderly are often overlooked. When they occur, significant morbidity and mortality result. In this study we review all existing literature on eating disorders in the elderly and provide practical guidelines for clinicians in recognizing and managing eating disorders in the elderly.Methods: A literature search using Medline(R), PubMed(R), Web of Knowledge(R), and PsychINFO(R) revealed 48 published cases of eating disorders in people over the age of 50 years.Results: The mean age was 68.6 years (range 50–94), and the majority (88%) of cases were females. The majority (81%) of cases had anorexia nervosa, and 10% had bulimia nervosa. Late onset eating disorders were more common (69%) than early onset. Comorbid psychiatric conditions existed in 60%, most commonly major depression. Management with a combination of behavioral and pharmacologic interventions was most successful, although only 42% were treated successfully. Mortality was high (21%) secondary to the eating disorder and its complications.Conclusion: Eating disorders do occur in the elderly and should be included in the differential diagnosis of unexplained weight loss in the elderly.
BACs to the future: new genetic models for cardiovascular discovery

One of the great challenges of modern biology is to contextualize highly detailed molecular discoveries in order to prioritize the most medically relevant events. The response to heart damage, for example, likely involves tens of thousands of cells of multiple lineages, each undergoing complex signalling cascades that trigger other equally complex molecular interactions including cell migration, lineage induction, secretion, fibrosis, and revascularization. In determining the relevance of discrete molecular events within these broader contexts, we often infer their involvement from experiments in isolated cells under somewhat artificial conditions. How do we know that these exquisitely specific events occur under realistic clinical conditions? If so, to what extent? At what point in the process do they occur (acute damage, repair, etc.)? And perhaps most importantly, are they critical to the process? In short, how do we answer as early as possible the ‘so what’ question with respect to our favourite protein–protein interaction, transcriptional induction, or other molecular event, and thereby avoid spending years studying a potential epiphenomenon? One approach is to do …
A 30-GHz triple-push oscillator on silicon for mm-wave applications

Methodologies for a manufacturable design, and layout optimization of voltage controlled oscillators in triple push architectures for mm-wave applications, are proposed. The techniques are applied in the design of a fully-monolithic 30GHz triple push oscillator in 130nm CMOS technology.The oscillator provides an output power up to 0dBm with a maximum fundamental harmonic suppression of −18.66dBc and second harmonic suppression better than −30dBc. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first triple push oscillator on silicon and the highest levels of harmonic rejections reported for integrated triple-push oscillators.
Influence of the crystal field effect on chemical transport in Earth's mantle: Cr3+ and Ga3+ diffusion in periclase

Experiments were performed to determine concentration-dependent diffusion coefficients of Cr3+ and Ga 3+ in periclase at temperatures of 1563–2273 K. Diffusion profiles measured in the quenched samples are consistent with a theoretical model in which the mobile species is a bound M 3+ -vacancy pair, and each profile was fitted to determine the binding energy and diffusion coefficient of the pair. Trivalent chromium-vacancy pairs diffuse more slowly than Ga 3+ -vacancy pairs, and with higher migration energy, 237 kJ/mol vs. 190 kJ/mol. Cation vacancies also bind less tightly to Cr3+ than to Ga3+, with average binding free energies of −22 and −83 kJ/mol, respectively. At all concentrations and temperatures, Cr 3+ diffuses much more slowly than Ga3+, by up to two orders of magnitude. The differences between Cr3+ and Ga3+ cannot be explained by differences in ionic radius or dipole polarizability, but are consistent with the influence of the crystal field on the partially occupied 3d orbitals of Cr 3+
Retrospective analysis of double-strand break rejoining data collected using warm-lysis PFGE protocols

Sample preparation procedures for the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) assay usually involve a lysis step at temperatures as high as 508C. During this warm-lysis procedure, multiply damaged sites containing heat-labile sites (HLS) can be converted into double-strand breaks (DSB). Once formed, these DSB cannot be distinguished from the DSB formed directly by ionizing radiation. This paper develops a method to correct DSB estimates for the effects of HLS in warm-lysis protocols. A first-order repair model is used to predict the number of HLS available for conversion into DSB as a function of the time available for repair before initiating warm-lysis. A mathematical expression is derived to separate prompt DSB from those formed through the artefactual conversion of HLS into DSB. The proposed formalism only requires the specification of two adjustable parameters, both of which can be estimated from measured data. Estimates of prompt DSB yields obtained by correcting warm-lysis data are in good agreement with estimates obtained using cold-lysis protocols, which do not include the effect of HLS. The retrospective analyses of two published datasets suggest that corrections for HLS have a substantial impact on DSB yields within the first 20‐30 min after irradiation. Bi-exponential fits to the DSB data for Chinese hamster ovary cells suggest that corrections for HLS reduce the half-time for fast DSB rejoining by about 15%, whereas the half-time for the slow DSB rejoining only decreases by 4%. The total DSB yield and the fraction of fast-rejoining DSB decrease by 24 and 38%, respectively, when the correction is applied. The proposed formalism can be used to characterize trends and uncertainties in DSB rejoining kinetics associated with the artefactual conversion of HLS into DSB. The retrospective application of the methodology to warm-lysis data enhances their relevance and usefulness for studies of DSB rejoining kinetics.
Gate drive development and empirical analysis of 10 kV SiC MOSFET modules

This paper presents detailed characterization of a representative 10 kV SiC MOSFET module of the type recently developed for shipboard power applications; these modules have not been exhaustively described in the literature to-date. The characterization data presented includes forward curves, transfer curves, and capacitance-voltage (CV) curves, as well as estimates of packaging parasitic impedances obtained through frequency-domain analysis. In addition, the design of a high-peak-current gate-drive circuit for transient operation of this module is presented, along with preliminary switching waveforms obtained through double-pulse testing.
Dartmouth Atlas Area‐Level Estimates of End‐of‐Life Expenditures: How Well Do They Reflect Expenditures for Prospectively Identified Advanced Lung Cancer Patients?

Objective Assess validity of the retrospective Dartmouth hospital referral region (HRR) end-of-life spending measures by comparing with health care expenditures from diagnosis to death for prospectively identified advanced lung cancer patients. Data/Setting/Design We calculated health care spending from diagnosis (2003–2005) to death or through 2011 for 885 patients aged ≥65 years with advanced lung cancer using Medicare claims. We assessed the association between Dartmouth HRR-level spending in the last 2 years of life and patient-level spending using linear regression with random HRR effects, adjusting for patient characteristics. Findings For each $1 increase in the Dartmouth metric, spending for our cohort increased by $0.74 (p < .001). The Dartmouth spending variable explained 93.4 percent of the HRR-level variance in observed spending. Conclusions HRR-level spending estimates for deceased patient cohorts reflect area-level care intensity for prospectively identified advanced lung cancer patients.
OSTEOCLASIS FOR SUPINATION DEFORMITIES IN CHILDREN

1. Not infrequently supination deformities of the forearm follow the flaccid paralysis of the lower-arm type of brachial palsy at birth or poliomyelitis. 2. Very little has been written with regard to the significance and treatment of these deformities. 3. Persistent supination of the forearm renders ineffective an otherwise useful hand and is cosmetically objectionable. 4. Deformities of this type resist correction by plastic soft-tissue operations only. 5. In children simple osteoclasis of the middle third of the forearm safely corrects the deformity. 6. There is usually a rapid loss of part of the correction. All possible pronation up to 90 degrees should be maintained in plaster from four to six weeks. 7. Gradual partial recurrence of the deformity will take place. 8. Following osteoclasis an increase rather than a diminution of the range of motion is frequently obtained, and this motion is through a more useful arc.
Seismicity of the Galápagos Islands and vicinity

Abstract A study has been made of seismographically recorded submarine earthquakes between 1935 and 1961 in the region between 10°S and 20°N and 75°W and 110°W. Observational material on travel times was taken from the I.S.S., B.C.I.S. and U.S.C.G.S. catalogues for 191 earthquakes. New hypocentral solutions were found in each case by a uniform method of least-square adjustment. The earthquakes occur in the following belts: (a) the crest of the East Pacific Rise, (b) the Tehuantepec Ridge, (c) the Central American Trench, (d) the trench south of Panama and (e) around the Galapagos Islands. Focal depths and magnitudes of earthquakes are discussed. Escarpments appear to be aseismic.
VARIABILITY OF ANTIPLATELET EFFECT WITH TICAGRELOR VERSUS CLOPIDOGREL IN DIABETIC PATIENTS

Patients with type 2 diabetes have higher platelet reactivity and reduced sensitivity to clopidogrel. Ticagrelor is known to have a faster and more potent antiplatelet effect than clopidogrel. It has a lower event rate in CAD patients, but in the diabetic population of PLATO trial, it did not show
Continued ambulation gains through high school in a student with cerebral palsy: a case report.

Purpose The purpose of this case report is to describe school-based physical therapy services received throughout high school by a student with diplegic cerebral palsy and to share her functional gains. Key points This previously discharged 15-year-old freshman was re-referred due to a perceived walking regression using long-leg braces/reverse rolling walker and her desire to again try crutches. She subsequently resumed walking, typically 4 days per week at school and progressed to axillary crutches on level surfaces and stairs. Gross Motor Function Measure scores increased from 66.4% freshman year to 78.8% senior year, with the greatest dimension changes in standing (35.9%-69.2%) and walking, running, and jumping (8.3%-25.0%). Conclusion School-based physical therapists are uniquely positioned to work with students in natural environments to optimize activity and participation. This report shows that continued ambulation gains in individuals with cerebral palsy are possible throughout adolescence.
Commentary on: What Do Patients Want? Technical Quality Versus Functional Quality: A Literature Review for Plastic Surgeons

I have to admit that I am a picky patient when it comes to how I rate my personal health care experiences. I underwent a knee arthroscopy at a private orthopedic clinic’s ambulatory surgical center last summer. My experiences, with regard to both the technical quality (TQ) of the outcome (being able to resume my ultra-marathons) and the functional quality (FQ), were extremely positive. From start to finish, I was treated respectfully, had little waiting, was engaged by cheerful staff, and was not abandoned in some cubicle because there were not enough caregivers to push me out the door in a wheel chair. Moreover, a survey was put in my hand at discharge. The whole experience was excellent, and I could not find anything the least bit wrong. I could not have had a better experience, even if I had designed it myself. My basis of service comparison was a similar procedure in 1992, which I remember principally as listening to 2 nurses seated in the nearby nurse’s station, engaged in a discussion about their pet’s favorite brand of dog food. While a 15-minute discourse on animal nutrition might be interesting to some, my take on this was that these 2 ladies found their work in the hospital so boring that they disengaged themselves from patient care. A long wait to be discharged from the unit exceeded the wait to …
Girdle and Plant Part Associations of Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper Nymphs (Homoptera: Membracidae) on Soybean

Plant part and girdle associations of Spissistilus festinus (Say) instars on soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, were investigated by inspecting randomly selected whole plants. Locations of many nymphs changed from stem to nonstem stmctures as plant development increased and later back to stem structures as lateral branches became available. Third to fifth instars preceded first and second instars in these changes. A large proportion (≥39%)of nymphs was associated with main stems regardless of plant phenology. Association of nymphs with plant reproductive structures was least (2%) during blooming and greatest (13%)during pod fill. Association of nymphs with stem and petiole girdles increased with nymphal age. Also, a greater proportion of older nymphs was oriented above girdles. Girdle association was higher for nymphs on leaves and petioles than for those on stems, but most nymphs were not associated with girdles. The absence of differences in associations of S. festinus instars with reproductive structures contrasted with the differences observed in associations with girdles, suggesting that the factors responsible for nymphal association with the two types of structures may differ.
The Philippine Emigration State: Facilitating Labor Export as Economic Development Policy

This paper explains how the management of post-secondary educational institutions in the Philippines is an important explanation for why the labor export continues to be part of the country’s economic development path. Using region-level data for years 1989 to 2004, this papers shows a statistically significant relationship between an increase in tertiary enrollment and tertiary graduates, and the number of Filipinos leaving the country on an overseas contract labor. The flexible, unregulated nature of Philippine tertiary education continues to adjust and feed the labor export industry with Filipinos ready to work abroad. But on the other hand, the technical and vocational education developed by President Ferdinand Marcos under the Technical Educational and Skills Training Authority (TESDA) actually plays an important role in reversing this trend so Filipinos are trained for the domestic labor market. Using regional-level data for years 1989 to 2004, this analysis finds a statistically significant relationship between an increase in technical skills and vocational education instituted by TESDA and a decrease in the number of overseas Filipino Workers, controlling for other factors.
Respiratory infections in children.

The first of two articles focuses on infections to the level of the bronchi, including acute nasopharyngitis, sinusitis, acute pharyngotonsillitis, laryngitis, and bronchitis. Which medications are and are not useful is spelled out.