cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methods for training the technical editor in interpersonal skills

In-depth interviews with more than 20 professional writers and editors show a growing concern among professionals for strengthening interpersonal skills. Seventy-five per cent of the sample interviewed stressed the need to improve interpersonal skills while 65% of this same sample noted that written documents benefit when the writer and the editor work collaboratively as early in the process as possible. A technical editing course that examines the process of taking a manuscript from rough draft to publishable form can accomplish this goal by involving students as completely as possible in the writing-editing process. Working collaboratively in a workshop environment, students learn to appreciate the writing act from both a writer's and an editor's perspective. As editors immersed in the writing act, they gain a better understanding of the writer's perspective and of the difficulties encountered when one tries to express abstract ideas in clear prose.
Comprehensive Evaluation of Corticospinal Tract Metabolites in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Using Whole-Brain 1H MR Spectroscopy

Changes in the distribution of the proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) observed metabolites N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), total-choline (Cho), and total-creatine (Cre) in the entire intracranial corticospinal tract (CST) including the primary motor cortex were evaluated in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The study included 38 sporadic definite-ALS subjects and 70 age-matched control subjects. All received whole-brain MR imaging and spectroscopic imaging scans at 3T and clinical neurological assessments including percentage maximum forced vital capacity (FVC) and upper motor neuron (UMN) function. Differences in each individual metabolite and its ratio distributions were evaluated in the entire intracranial CST and in five segments along the length of the CST (at the levels of precentral gyrus (PCG), centrum semiovale (CS), corona radiata (CR), posterior limb of internal capsule (PLIC) and cerebral peduncle (CP)). Major findings included significantly decreased NAA and increased Cho and Cho/NAA in the entire intracranial CST, with the largest differences for Cho/NAA in all the groups. Significant correlations between Cho/NAA in the entire intracranial CST and the right finger tap rate were noted. Of the ten bilateral CST segments, significantly decreased NAA in 4 segments, increased Cho in 5 segments and increased Cho/NAA in all the segments were found. Significant left versus right CST asymmetries were found only in ALS for Cho/NAA in the CS. Among the significant correlations found between Cho/NAA and the clinical assessments included the left-PCG versus FVC and right finger tap rate, left -CR versus FVC and right finger tap rate, and left PLIC versus FVC and right foot tap rate. These results demonstrate that a significant and bilaterally asymmetric alteration of metabolites occurs along the length of the entire intracranial CST in ALS, and the MRS metrics in the segments correlate with measures of disease severity and UMN function.
IDENTIFICATION OF A 59 BP ENHANCER LOCATED AT THE FIRST EXON/INTRON BOUNDARY OF THE HUMAN O6-METHYLGUANINE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE GENE

The DNA repair enzyme, O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) is responsible for repair of damage induced by alkylating agents that produce adducts at O6-guanine in DNA. Although the MGMT gene promoter has housekeeping gene promoter characteristics, unlike these genes which are expressed at a constant level, MGMT transcriptional activity varies between cell types. During an attempt to identify regions of the MGMT regulatory sequence sensitive to variations in transcription factors between cell types, we have identified a 59 bp enhancer which is required for efficient MGMT promoter function. This fragment produced increased transcriptional activity in reporter gene constructs containing either the MGMT or UMP-synthase promoter when transfected into either of two cell lines; it seems therefore that this enhancer may interact with relatively common trans-acting factors. Functional activity is only detected when the enhancer is in 'cis' with respect to the promoter, suggesting that complexes are formed between proteins bound to the enhancer and promoter sequences. We propose that the enhancer-binding protein may be a novel transcription factor since there are no obvious consensus sequences within the 59 bp sequence for known DNA-binding proteins.
Can niacin slow the development of atherosclerosis in coronary artery disease patients already taking statins

Can niacin slow the development of atherosclerosis in coronary artery disease patients already taking statins?
Native Maize Resistance to Corn Earworm, Helicoverpa zea1, and Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda1, with Notes on Aflatoxin Content

Abstract. Fifteen genotypes of maize, Zea mays L., varying from putatively resistant to susceptible to corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), based on visual observations in a breeding nursery, were evaluated for leaf and ear injury, yield, and aflatoxin content in an open field experiment. The genotypes were nine nontransgenic inbred lines and six hybrids including a Bt hybrid containing transgene events MON810 and MON88017. Larval development and progressive leaf injury were measured on selected genotypes in companion laboratory larval feeding and field-cage experiments. Resistance to corn earworm was confirmed for one nontransgenic inbred line in the open field as observed by significantly less ear injury with deepest penetration of larval feeding as low as 1.61 cm and total surface area as low as 1.44 cm2, compared to injury of susceptible genotypes (e.g., depth of penetration as high as 7.53 cm and surface ear injury as hi...
Experimental Investigation on the Resonance of a Liquid Column in a Capillary Tube.

Abstract Using a visualization technique, we observed the resonance of a water column trapped in a vertically oriented capillary tube due to acoustic excitation. The analysis of the quasi-static response suggests that the upper nonvisible meniscus followed the imposed flow by means of a sliding contact line without changing its shape. We compared the experiments with a previously developed theoretical model that addresses dissipation by assuming an axially symmetric and incompressible flow field that is spatially constant along the tube axis. Whereas the model agrees well with the measured quasi-static response, the deviations in the dynamic response reveal shortcomings of the model due to the simplified treatment of the viscous dissipation.
Decision Analysis and Medical Malpractice

Normative decision theory has been applied to the problem of evaluating alternative diagnosis-treatment strategies. The courts rely on a different set of doctrines in performing the same sort of evaluation. This paper investigates the differences. It is suggested that the alleged "malpractice crisis" results largely from the application of a set of ambiguous and mutually inconsistent medico-legal principles such as "reasonable medical certainty," "standards of good medical practice in the community," and "proximate cause." The expected utility criterion of decision analysis is proposed as an alternative to this melange, both for the purposes of establishing the existence of negligence and for determining the proper amount of compensation.
Communication, Social Justice, and Joyful Commitment

Combining an overview of the history of communication scholarship with lessons learned from 20 years of experience as a prison abolitionist and peace activist, Hartnett argues that the discipline of communication can be enriched intellectually and made more politically relevant by turning our efforts toward community service, problem-based learning, and new means of collective scholarly production. Drawing from his personal experiences to address the consequences and opportunities of engaging in such work, Hartnett calls upon communication scholars to forego heroic narratives of triumph, instead focusing on what he calls “joyful commitment,” a Buddhist-inspired sense of seeking fulfillment via solidarity with others.
First visible-light measurements from the IOTA interferometer

We present the result of the first stellar diameter measurements done in visible light(l = 665 nm) at the Infrared Optical Telescope Array (IOTA) located on Mt. Hopkins in southern Arizona. The data for these measurements were acquired using IOTA's 'rapid scanning piezo mirror' which allows us to acquire complete interferograms at a rate of about two per second. The resulting frequency distribution of visibilities matches the theoretical statistical distribution from radio astronomy when on a priori criterion is used to select 'good' scans. The interpretation of this result is difficult, however, due to the differences between the distribution of radio and optical fringe visibilities. Therefore, a very simple-minded selection criterion for 'good' fringes is used in the final analysis, and the resulting diameter measurements are in close agreement with other published results.
Entropy correlations with ethanol-induced changes in specified patterns of nerve impulses: evidence for 'byte' processing in the nervous system.

Abstract 1. 1. Average entropy, percent total entropy, and the variability of entropy (standard deviation, coefficient of variation) were calculated on the basis of inequality test techniques that encode the serial relationships of 2–5 neuronal action potential intervals as a series of symbols. 2. 2. These entropy measures correlated with the number of patterns (symbol groups) whose probability of occurrence changed in a statistically significant manner in response to ethanol injections. 3. 3. The overall ‘message,’ or at least the change in the ‘message’ induced by ethanol injections, seems to have been encoded by the relative changes in the probability of occurrence of certain quadgrams (i.e. a grouping of four symbols based on the serial order relationship of five intervals). The ethanol induced ‘message’ may be based on the combination of certain quadgrams that increase in incidence and those that decrease in incidence (i.e. the quadgrams whose incidence changes in opposite directions, may be ‘linked’ in some way). This suggests some higher order pattern analysis or ‘byte’ processing by neurons in the central nervous system.
Measurement of the extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic field emission from a ship

The electromagnetic (EM) fields radiating from a ship are widely recognized as important components of underwater detection. Galvanic currents flowing in the water around the hull and in the hull generate an underwater electric field. This field is responsible for the extremely low frequency (ELF) EM emission. The rotation of the shaft(s) modulates the galvanic current passing through the shaft-bearing-hull and thus an ELF EM signal is generated into the water. The ELF EM signal from ships was analyzed using the cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence. The phase angle statistics demonstrated the presence of an additional ELF magnetic field component that was identified as being generated by a rotating vertical permanent magnet. The only vertical part of the ship rotating with the same frequency as the shaft is the nickel aluminum bronze propeller, which contains 3–5% iron. The paper presents the measurements and the investigation methodology that led to the separation of an additional ELF component, and to the calculation of the magnetic moment that caused it.
A Central Texas Synoptic Climatology and its Use as a Precipitation Forecast Tool

Abstract A synoptic precipitation climatology was derived for central Texas centering on Austin. Characteristics of the 500 mb wind field were combined with a surface wind parameter to “type” the 1200 GMT circulation pattern for 2327 days of study. The relative frequency of precipitation was computed for three consecutive 12 h periods following 1200 GMT for each circulation type. Use of the derived precipitation frequencies as a first estimate of the probability of precipitation, given a predicted circulation pattern, was evaluated for its effectiveness as a forecast tool. Results indicated that for the first 12 h period, use of the synoptic climatology provided guidance inferior to that currently available to forecasters in the field. However, for the second and the third 12 h periods, the synoptic climatology provided guidance better than that available to meteorologists over teletype and the weather facsimile network.
Thomas Reid, On Intelligible Objects

Reid's philosophy is an attempt to describe the operations of the mind. The author is less concerned with objects than with the power or faculty by means of which the mind is furnished with objects. This faculty he calls con ception or apprehension or understanding, and he is careful always to dis tinguish it from the power of judgment by means of which we come to possess belief or knowledge. Much of what is most distinctive in Reid's philosophy is to be found in his account of these two faculties and of the way in which they are related to each other. In directing his attention to powers and their operations, Reid seems to have been influenced by the logic handbooks that were current in his day. Reid approved of attempts inspired by Descartes to reform the teaching of logic by treating of the operations of conception, judgment, and reasoning rather than simply dealing with the properties of concepts, propositions, and arguments. Early in his career, however, Reid remarked on the error involved in supposing that, because concepts are in some sense prior to propositions, the operation of conception?which logicians were calling simple apprehen sion?must be considered as the first operation of the mind, with the result that perception and memory were classified together with imagination as simple apprehensions.1 On the contrary, said Reid, perception, memory, and consciousness are judgments; they include, together with a conception of the object, a belief in the object's existence. Simple apprehension, by which we imagine or conceive of an object without judging as to whether it exists, comes after judgment, and can work only with materials given to it in percep tion or consciousness.
Adsorption of proteins onto polymeric surfaces of different hydrophilicities—a case study with bovine serum albumin

Abstract A radiolabeling technique was employed to study adsorption equilibrium and kinetics of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on five polymeric surfaces of different hydrophilicities and on glass. One concludes that static adsorption leads to multilayer adsorption. The first layer (sometimes even a few layers) is more strongly bound, while the other layers are more loosely bound and can be removed by rinsing or by desorption in fresh protein-free solutions. Quantitative information was obtained experimentally regarding the strongly as well as the loosely bound proteins. An improved explanation regarding the thermodynamic driving force for protein adsorption is proposed. There are two positive entropic contributions: (i) an entropy gain due to the dehydration of the protein and surface, and (ii) an entropy gain due to adsorption (which involves the attachment of a part of the protein molecule, and the dangling of a portion of the protein in the solution as loops and tails). There are also two enthalpic effects: (i) a positive one associated with dehydration, and (ii) a negative one due to the interactions with the solid. The total entropic effect dominates and therefore protein adsorption is entropically driven. The amount adsorbed presents a maximum near the isoelectric point when plotted against pH. This occurs because at the isoelectric point the molecule has a more globular configuration, while for smaller and larger pH values, the intramolecular electrostatic repulsion leads to a more extended configuration. Therefore, at the isoelectric point, the number of neighboring sites on the surface needed for the adsorption of a protein molecule is the smallest, and hence the likelihood of adsorption the greatest. In addition, for pH values that differ from the isoelectric point, the adsorbed protein molecules generate a repulsive electrostatic interaction which slows further adsorption. The increase in the amount adsorbed as the ionic strength increases is a result of both the shielding of double-layer repulsion as well as the promotion of a more globular shape of the protein. Six solids of various hydrophilicities were utilized in the experiments and their surface properties have been characterized by determining the dispersion and the polar components of their surface free energies. An attempt was made to explain the specificity of adsorption in terms of the Hamaker constant between protein and solid, which was evaluated in terms of the dispersion and the polar components of the surface free energies involved.
How uncertainty about outside options impedes international cooperation

International cooperation often requires costly policy adjustments. States may worry, however, that such adjustments weaken their outside options, and thus reduce their bargaining power. How does uncertainty about the effects of policy adjustments on outside options influence the depth of cooperation that states can achieve? My game-theoretic analysis shows that uncertainty about outside options is an obstacle to deep cooperation. If states agree on deep cooperation, they have to compensate vulnerable states with weak outside options for their losses. Under uncertainty, states that are not vulnerable have an incentive to falsely claim that they are vulnerable (i) to avoid a side payment or (ii) to obtain compensation for being vulnerable. The result holds even if the added value of deep cooperation would be large enough to fully compensate the losers. In equilibrium, the more vulnerable state sometimes offers a side payment to the less vulnerable one. More broadly, the analysis reveals a new international cooperation problem and provides a new rationale for costly signaling mechanisms and delegation to international organizations.
Prothymosin α in Vivo Contains Phosphorylated Glutamic Acid Residues

Human and monkey prothymosin alpha contain activated carbonyl groups on glutamic acid residues. Three lines of evidence indicate the existence of unusual phosphates. 1) Prothymosin alpha continued to be metabolically labeled with [32P]orthophosphoric acid despite a mutation at Ser1, the sole site of phosphate in purified bovine prothymosin alpha (Sburlati, A. R., De La Rosa, A., Batey, D. W., Kurys, G. L., Manrow, R. E., Pannell, L. K., Martin, B. M., Sheeley, D. M., and Berger, S. L. (1993) Biochemistry 32, 4587-4596). 2) Immediately upon cell lysis, the pH stability curves of metabolically labeled native [32P]prothymosin alpha or a [32P]histidine-tagged variant resembled the pH stability curve of acetyl phosphate. 3) After a brief incubation at pH 7, these curves changed from a pattern diagnostic for an acyl phosphate to that characteristic of a serine or threonine phosphate, an observation consistent with transfer of phosphate in vitro. Our data indicate that most of prothymosin alpha's phosphates are subject instantaneously to hydrolysis, based on the observation that greater than 90% of the phosphate initially found at pH 7 disappeared at the extremes of pH. Rapid loss of phosphate was not affected by the presence of phosphatase inhibitors including 50 mM sodium fluoride, 1 mM okadaic acid, and 0.5 mM calyculin A. The amount of phosphate missing could not be ascertained, but the trifling amount recovered on Ser or Thr depended heavily on conditions favoring the transient survival of labile phosphate. Further analysis using COS cells lysed in the presence of sodium borohydride showed that: 1) phosphate recovered on prothymosin alpha decreased 8-fold when lysates were treated with borohydride; 2) the reagent caused 4-8 glutamic acid residues/molecule to vanish; 3) using [3H]NaBH4, label was introduced into proline, a product derived from reductive cleavage of phosphoglutamate; and 4) [3H]proline was localized almost exclusively to a peptide with pronounced homology to the histone binding site of nucleoplasmin, a chromatin remodeling protein found in Xenopus laevis. Our data demonstrate that prothymosin alpha is energy-rich by virtue of stoichiometric amounts of glutamyl phosphate.
Fellowship training in surgical oncology – an international affair

It is well-recognized that the contemporary surgical oncologist must be skilled not only in performing highly complex surgical procedures, but must also fully understand the biology of the disease to be recognized as an expert in this era of the multidisciplinary management of the cancer patient. Recognizing these challenges, two articles by Naredi and colleagues [1,2] address the need for a recommended core curriculum for specialist training in surgical oncology in Europe in this issue of Surgical Oncology. Before examining these articles, a brief overview of the Society of Surgical Oncology fellowship training program in surgical oncology is warranted. To facilitate the training of the next generation(s) of surgical oncologists, the Society of Surgical Oncology (SSO) established a set of formal guidelines and requirements that constitute the framework for what is now a network of SSO-approved fellowship training programs in surgical oncology in the United States and Canada. While established approximately two decades ago for surgical oncology, a parallel breast fellowship program (developed in partnership with the American Society of Breast Surgeons
The Expanded Diversity of Methylophilaceae from Lake Washington through Cultivation and Genomic Sequencing of Novel Ecotypes

We describe five novel Methylophilaceae ecotypes from a single ecological niche in Lake Washington, USA, and compare them to three previously described ecotypes, in terms of their phenotype and genome sequence divergence. Two of the ecotypes appear to represent novel genera within the Methylophilaceae. Genome-based metabolic reconstruction highlights metabolic versatility of Methylophilaceae with respect to methylotrophy and nitrogen metabolism, different ecotypes possessing different combinations of primary substrate oxidation systems (MxaFI-type methanol dehydrogenase versus XoxF-type methanol dehydrogenase; methylamine dehydrogenase versus N-methylglutamate pathway) and different potentials for denitrification (assimilatory versus respiratory nitrate reduction). By comparing pairs of closely related genomes, we uncover that site-specific recombination is the main means of genomic evolution and strain divergence, including lateral transfers of genes from both closely- and distantly related taxa. The new ecotypes and the new genomes contribute significantly to our understanding of the extent of genomic and metabolic diversity among organisms of the same family inhabiting the same ecological niche. These organisms also provide novel experimental models for studying the complexity and the function of the microbial communities active in methylotrophy.
Ceftaroline plus Avibactam Demonstrates Bactericidal Activity against Pathogenic Anaerobic Bacteria in a One-Compartment In Vitro Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Model

Anaerobic pathogens are often associated with polymicrobial infections, such as diabetic foot infections. Patients with these infections are often treated with broad-spectrum, multidrug therapies targeting resistant Gram-positive bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, as well as Gram-negative bacteria and anaerobes. The broad-spectrum, non-beta-lactam, beta-lactamase inhibitor avibactam has been combined with ceftaroline and may provide a single-product alternative for complicated polymicrobial infections. We compared the activity of ceftaroline-avibactam (CPA) to that of ertapenem (ERT) against common anaerobic pathogens in an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model. Simulations of doses of ceftaroline-fosamil at 600 mg every 8 h (q8h) (maximum free drug concentration [fCmax], 17.04 mg/liter, and half-life [t1/2], 2.66 h) plus avibactam at 600 mg q8h (fCmax, 11.72 mg/liter, and t1/2, 1.8 h) and of ertapenem at 1 g q24h (fCmax, 13 mg/liter, and t1/2, 4 h) were evaluated against two strains of Bacteroides fragilis, one strain of Prevotella bivia, and one strain of Finegoldia magna in an anaerobic one-compartment in vitro PK/PD model over 72 h with a starting inoculum of ∼8 log10 CFU/ml. Bactericidal activity was defined as a reduction of ≥3 log10 CFU/ml from the starting inoculum. Both CPA and ERT were bactericidal against all four strains. CPA demonstrated improved activity against Bacteroides strains compared to that of ERT but had similar activity against Finegoldia magna and P. bivia, although modest regrowth was observed with CPA against P. bivia. No resistance emerged from any of the models. The pharmacokinetics achieved were 92 to 105% of the targets. CPA has potent in vitro activity against common anaerobic pathogens at clinically relevant drug exposures and may be a suitable single product for the management of complicated polymicrobial infections.
Stretching Helical Semiflexible Polymers

We study the elastic behavior of a helical semiflexible polymer under extension. The polymer is described with a coarse-grained model recently developed by us (V. Varshney, et al. Macromolecules 2004, 37, 8794) where the chain is modeled using the freely rotating chain model and each bead can be in one of two possible conformations, helix or coil, depending on the value of its torsion. In this study, we extend the original model to include the effect of external mechanical forces and solve it using a Monte Carlo simulation approach based on the Wang-Landau sampling scheme. We found that the application of a mechanical force first increases the helix-to-coil transition temperature and then decreases it. This nonmonotonic behavior is a consequence of a change in the nature of the helix-coil transition which becomes a helix-extended coil transition for strong forces. We also found that the force-elongation curve at constant temperature displays three different behaviors depending on the temperature of the system. At temperatures below or slightly above the helix-coil transition temperature the force-elongation curve shows one or two coexistence regions, respectively. In these regions, helical sequences and random coil domains coexist while the strength of the force and temperature determine the fraction of the polymer adopting each conformation. At high temperatures, our model recovers the elastic behavior of a random coil. We also present a quantitative comparison of our simulation results with the theoretical ones obtained by Buhot and Halperin, and very good agreement is found. A qualitative comparison with experimental data for Xanthan is also presented.
The demand for foreign bonds

This paper derives the demand for foreign bonds in a simple general equilibrium model in which the exchange rate is perfectly correlated with the terms of trade. A necessary condition for the demand for foreign bonds to be an increasing function of the domestic currency value of imports is derived. Earlier work shows that the demand for foreign bonds is an increasing function of imports if the domestic investor's degree of relative risk tolerance is smaller than one. The present paper shows that the demand for foreign bonds can be a decreasing function of imports if the degree of relative risk tolerance is smaller than one when the consumption expenditure elasticity of imports exceeds one.
TOWARD A THEORY OF ROLE ACCUMULATION

The assumption that multiplicity of roles produces a strong tendency toward role strain as a consequence of role conflict or role overload is disputed. The benefits of role accumulation tend to outweigh any stress to which it might give rise, thereby yielding net gratification. Four types of rewards derived from role accumulation are discussed: role-privileges; overall status security; resources for status enhancement and role performance; and enrichment of the personality and ego gratification. The importance of taking rights more fully into account in research and theory is emphasized. The possibility that barriers to role accumulation are a source of social instability is briefly assayed. A key assumption underlies current theories of social roles-that multiple relationships with diverse role partners is a source of psychological stress and social instability. Goode (1960:485) in particular supports this viewpoint, although it is more or less implicit in the writings of most role theorists. Goode introduced the term "role strain" to signify the difficulty of performing multiple roles, asserting that the resultant tendency toward strain is a ubiquitous feature of social life.
The L76V Drug Resistance Mutation Decreases the Dimer Stability and Rate of Autoprocessing of HIV-1 Protease by Reducing Internal Hydrophobic Contacts.

The mature HIV-1 protease (PR) bearing the L76V drug resistance mutation (PR(L76V)) is significantly less stable, with a >7-fold higher dimer dissociation constant (K(d)) of 71 ± 24 nM and twice the sensitivity to urea denaturation (UC(50) = 0.85 M) relative to those of PR. Differential scanning calorimetry showed decreases in T(m) of 12 °C for PR(L76V) in the absence of inhibitors and 5-7 °C in the presence of inhibitors darunavir (DRV), saquinavir (SQV), and lopinavir (LPV), relative to that of PR. Isothermal titration calorimetry gave a ligand dissociation constant of 0.8 nM for DRV, ∼160-fold higher than that of PR, consistent with DRV resistance. Crystal structures of PR(L76V) in complexes with DRV and SQV were determined at resolutions of 1.45-1.46 A. Compared to the corresponding PR complexes, the mutated Val76 lacks hydrophobic interactions with Asp30, Lys45, Ile47, and Thr74 and exhibits closer interactions with Val32 and Val56. The bound DRV lacks one hydrogen bond with the main chain of Asp30 in PR(L76V) relative to PR, possibly accounting for the resistance to DRV. SQV shows slightly improved polar interactions with PR(L76V) compared to those with PR. Although the L76V mutation significantly slows the N-terminal autoprocessing of the precursor TFR-PR(L76V) to give rise to the mature PR(L76V), the coselected M46I mutation counteracts the effect by enhancing this rate but renders the TFR-PR(M46I/L76V) precursor less responsive to inhibition by 6 μM LPV while preserving inhibition by SQV and DRV. The correlation of lowered stability, higher K(d), and impaired autoprocessing with reduced internal hydrophobic contacts suggests a novel molecular mechanism for drug resistance.
RADIOACTIVITY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION OF POTASSIUM

1. The non-radioactive cesium ion can replace the potassium ion almost quantitatively in solutions required for the development of the egg of the sea urchin into swimming blastulae. 2. Thorium chloride and uranium acetate cannot replace the potassium chloride in the solutions required for the development of the egg. 3. Thorium chloride and uranium acetate do not antagonize the action of the potassium contained in sea water upon the development of eggs.
Improved tissue culture conditions for engineered skeletal muscle sheets.

The potential clinical utility of engineered muscle is currently restricted by limited in vitro capacity of expanded muscle precursor cells to fuse and form mature myofibers. The purpose of this study was to use isotropic skeletal muscle sheets to explore the impact of (1) fibroblast coculture and (2) fibroblast-conditioned media (fCM) on in vitro myogenesis. Muscle sheets were prepared by seeding varying ratios of skeletal myoblasts and fibroblasts on a biomimetic substrate and culturing the resulting tissue in either control media or fCM. Muscle sheets were prepared from two cell subpopulations, (1) C2C12 and NOR-10 and (2) primary neonatal rat skeletal muscle cells (nSKM). In C2C12/Nor-10 muscle sheets fCM conferred a myogenic advantage early in culture; at D1 a statistically significant 3.12 ± 0.8-fold increase in myofiber density was observed with fCM. A high purity satellite cell population was collected from an initially mixed population of nSKMs via cell sorting for positive α7-integrin expression. On D6, tissue sheets with low fibroblast concentrations (0 & 10%) cultured in fCM had increased average myofiber density (4.8 ± 0.2 myofibers/field) compared to tissue sheets with high fibroblast concentrations (50%) cultured in control media (1.0 ± 0.1 myofibers/field). Additionally, fCM promoted longer, thicker myofibers with a mature phenotype.
Chronic inflammatory tumors of the ileocecal segment with case report

Abstract A brief review has been made of the literature on chronic inflammatory tumors of the ileocecal region. A case has been recorded of an ileocecal tumor mass which presented an extensive involvement of the adjacent structures as the result of a chronic proliferative inflammation. The mass was not resectable. The appendix, ovary, uterine tube and a portion of the mesentery were surgically removed. A cecostomy was done for drainage of the cecum.
Bonding of Spanish kid goats to cattle and sheep

Abstract Spanish kid goats, white-face range lambs, and yearling beef heifers were used to study the effects of close interspecies confinement on bonding of the small ruminant species to each other or to cattle. Treatment groups consisted of (1) 3 Spanish kids, 3 heifers and 3 young lambs (43–53 days with no previous exposure to cattle); (2) 3 Spanish kids, 2 heifers and 3 older lambs (74–105 days with some previous exposure to cattle). Each of these treatments was replicated three times. During field testing, following 30 days pen confinement, the older lambs stayed closer ( P P >0.05) existed between young and old lambs following 60 days pen confinement. Spanish kids did not differ ( P >0.05) in the degree of bonding from lambs. After testing at 60-days, the groups originally confined together were re-combined and sorted into kid-heifer and lamb-heifer groups and tested at pasture for affinity of kid goats to heifers and lambs to heifers, independent of the other small ruminant species. Lambs separated from cattle during the 3-h test; whereas kid goats consistently stayed with cattle. In an extended field test, kid goats stayed with cattle over a 5-consecutive-day test with no observed separations. It was concluded that Spanish kids can bond to cattle and stay with them under free-ranging conditions. The data also suggest that with lambs, a bond may become stronger as the time of close association is extended beyond 30 days.
Piezoresistive Properties of Heavily Doped n -Type Silicon

The piezoresistance effect has been studied in $n$-type silicon over the impurity concentration range from approximately 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{15}$ to 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{20}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. From the analysis of the results, it is concluded that for Fermi energies up to 0.08 eV above the band edge, the total number of states below the Fermi level is correctly given by assuming that the band is parabolic with a density-of-states effective mass equal to that found in pure silicon. The qualitative dependence of the mobility anisotropy on impurity concentration and temperature is determined from the piezoresistance results. From the temperature dependence of the coefficient ${\ensuremath{\pi}}_{11}$, it is concluded that the deformation potential in $n$-type silicon increases by approximately 25% between 77 and 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Finally, the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}_{44}$ coefficient is found to increase with increasing impurity concentration at the highest concentrations. This behavior is attributed to the Fermi level approaching the energy of the conduction band at the [100] zone boundary in silicon having an electron concentration of the order of 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{20}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$.
Morphology and Mechanical Performance of Polystyrene/Polyethylene Composites Prepared in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Polystyrene/polyethylene composites have been prepared by the heterogeneous radical polymerization of styrene within supercritical carbon dioxide−swollen high density polyethylene (HDPE) substrates. Composition of the composites can be controlled with reaction time and initial ratio of styrene to HDPE. The polystyrene produced within the substrate is of high molecular weight. Differential scanning calorimetry and wide-angle X-ray diffraction indicate that the crystalline portion of the HDPE substrate is unaffected by the procedure used in this investigation. Scanning electron microscopy indicates that the polystyrene resides in the noncrystalline domains and permeates throughout the spherulitic structure of the HDPE substrates. This morphology is very different from the morphology of polystyrene/polyethylene blends produced by conventional melt/mixing techniques. The strengthening of the spherulitic structure of HDPE produces an efficient enhancement in the modulus of the overall composite. The tensile st...
Online Communication Attitude Similarity in Romantic Dyads: Predicting Couples' Frequency of E-Mail, Instant Messaging, and Social Networking Site Communication

Following the interaction enjoyment approach (Burleson & Denton, 1992), this investigation examined whether (a) romantic couples possess similar online communication attitudes and (b) such attitudes predict frequency of email, instant messaging, and social networking site communication between dyad members. Results indicated couples possessed similar attitudes toward online social connection but not online self-disclosure; moreover, couples' attitudes predicted media use in a communal pattern, with equivalent actor and partner effects. Attitude toward online social connection positively predicted all forms of online communication, with attitude toward online self-disclosure positively predicting social networking site communication and inversely predicting e-mail communication. One implication of these results is that relational context may moderate the extent to which individual attitudes predict media use patterns.
Implementation of Autotuning in Interacting Tanks to Emulate a Bioreactor

The set of two interacting tanks in the Chemical Engineering Lab is a prototype process that can be used to test novel and interesting control schemes. For this project a process that can be represented as a form of an either first order plus dead time (FOPDT) or a second order plus dead time (SOPDT) is tuned using a self-tuning algorithm, with Deadtime added to the control scheme to allow the simulation of a bioreactor. The algorithm uses an intelligent form of a PID controller that determines the tuning settings; thereby eliminating the need for the manually setting of the classical PID controller settings. Because there are a myriad of tuning algorithms, we followed the suggestion of Luyben (1) to provide 3 user selectable tuning settings that the user could choose from â??on the flyâ?. These PI settings are calculated using three distinct methods; Ziegler Nichols (ZN), Tyreus Luyben (TL) and IMC methods. The auto-tuning algorithm and deadtime loop were designed, and the PLC and relay feedback tests were conducted to validate that the set up worked properly. An auto-tuning relay feedback algorithm implemented and system parameters values calculated. The algorithm was successfully able to maintain control during upsets.
Residential Firewood Use in the United States

An empirical relation between residential firewood use and population density was developed from survey data for 64 counties in New England and was corroborated by data from other states. The results indicate that usage is concentrated in urbanized areas of the Northeast and north central states and that about 9.0 to 11.0 percent of U.S. space heating input is from firewood. No constraints due to the supply of wood were apparent in 1978-1979. These findings have implications for effects on air quality.
Developmental morphology of limb reduction in Hemiergis (Squamata: Scincidae): chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and heterochrony.

Digit loss is a common theme in tetrapod evolution that may involve changes in several developmental processes. The skink genus Hemiergis provides an ideal model to study these processes in closely related taxa: within three Western Australian Hemiergis species, digit quantity ranges between two and five. For three consecutive reproductive seasons, gravid females of Hemiergis were collected in the field and their embryos prepared for histological analysis of limb skeletal development (chondrogenesis and osteogenesis). Comparative studies of skeletal developmental morphology demonstrate that limbs with fewer than five digits do not result from a simple truncation of a putative ancestral (five-digit) developmental program. The developmental and adult morphologies in two-, three-, and four-digit Hemiergis are neither predicted nor explained by a simple model of heterochrony involving either chondrogenesis or osteogenesis. In postnatal Hemiergis, digit number and relative limb length do not correlate in a simple linear fashion. Instead, limb size and digit reduction may correlate with substrate conditions and burrowing behavior. J. Morphol. 254:211–231, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Time Varying Risk Premia in Futures Markets

This paper undertakes an econometric investigation into the presence of risk premium in commodity futures markets. The statistical tests are derived from a formal model of asset pricing and are applied to futures prices in a variety of commodity markets. The results suggest that for several commodities there is evidence of a time varying risk premium, particularly in futures contracts maturing six months ahead. The implications of the study for the efficiency of the futures markets and the costs of using these markets for hedging are also noted.
The treatment of acute interstitial nephritis: More data at last.

Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is an uncommon form of acute renal failure that is usually medication related. Although the clinical features and renal histopathology are well recognized, therapy beyond discontinuing the offending drug has been a challenge. The use of corticosteroids, although supported by numerous small retrospective studies and anecdotal case reports, has been controversial. The study by Gonzalez et al., although it has limitations, provides solid support for the early use of corticosteroids in the treatment of drug-related AIN.
Parental Divorce and the “Switching” of Religious Identity

This article examines the impact of parental divorce on the likelihood that an individual has changed their religious identify. Using data from the National Survey of Family and Households, we use a theoretical framework of family structure and community ties to test the hypothesis that religious mobility is more likely among children of divorce compared to those from intact families. Distinguishing between parental divorce in childhood and parental divorce in adulthood allows us to assess the impact of parental divorce on religious socialization. For individuals raised as either moderate Protestant, conservative Protestant or Catholic, parental divorce increases the likelihood of both switching to another religion and apostasy. The impact of divorce is particularly strong for Catholics and conservative Protestants, who are, in general, less likely to be religious mobile. These findings add religious disaffiliation to the set of likely sequelae of parental divorce. In addition, the results of the study highlight the need to consider the relationship between family structure and religious processes in a community context.
Human computer interaction via the human hand: a hand model

A new method for building lifelike hand models which articulate in a realistic manner is presented. This method has distinct benefits over previous methods, since the fitting to a particular person's hand is quick, simple and very accurate. Following the calibration process which fits it to a particular person's hand, this hand model can be used in numerous HCI scenarios. Calibration is based on anatomical studies of the human hand and on the specific method of recognition to be employed in the HCI scenarios. The calibration method is done visually and requires only three views of the hand to be modeled. The calibration system is designed to be accurate, to be easy to use and to allow for a short calibration time. These characteristics are all desirable when one is working in the realm of a human computer interfacing. >
Evaluating the relationship of methadone concentrations and EDDP formation in chronic pain patients.

Methadone is used to treat moderate to severe pain in patients not responsive to non-narcotic analgesics and for maintenance treatment of opioid addiction. Methadone is primarily metabolized by N-demethylation to an inactive metabolite 2-ethylidene-1,5dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidene (EDDP) by CYP3A4 and CYP2B6. Establishing expected concentrations for metabolism of methadone to EDDP using urine excretion data may be useful for monitoring “medications” and toxicity. Urine specimens from chronic pain patients were collected during routine clinic visits. Methadone and EDDP were quantified by liquid chromatography –tandem mass spectrometry. Approximately 8,000 subjects who reported taking methadone had creatinine concentrations � 20 mg/dL, and excreted concentrations of methadone and EDDP above � 100 ng/mL were selected. The median methadone urine concentration was 3.03 mg/g cr. Ninety-five percent of the population had concentrations between 0.175 and 20.9 mg/g cr. EDDP was, on average, twice the methadone concentration. The wide variance in relationship of methadone to its metabolite was not concentration-dependent. Variability between subjects was larger than variability within subjects. As the urinary pH increased, the proportion of excreted EDDP increased, implying a preferred excretion of EDDP.
Minimal realization of a spatial stiffness matrix with simple springs connected in parallel

This article presents a method for determining a minimal realization of an arbitrarily specified stiffness dominated spatial impedance through the use of a mechanism constructed of passive springs. This mechanism consists of simple springs connected in parallel, where the term simple spring refers to a purely translational or purely rotational passive spring. Not every stiffness matrix K can be realized with a parallel connection of simple springs. The characterizing condition is that the zipper right 3/spl times/3 submatrix of K has zero trace. Using this condition, the author shows how one can always synthesize any realizable spatial stiffness matrix with r parallel simple springs where r is the rank of K. These results are also applicable to realizing a spatial damping matrix.