cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A New Target for Hodgkin Lymphoma - Camidanlumab Tesirine.

There are limited treatment options for relapsed/refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) patients who progress on brentuximab vedotin and programmed death-1 inhibitors. Camidanlumab Tesirine (Cami) is a new agent that has shown activity in multiply relapsed/refractory cHL patients. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of Cami. In phase 1 study of Cami in relapsed/refractory cHL and non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL), Cami was noted to be safe with encouraging clinic activity in multiply relapsed/refractory cHL. Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were reported in 95% (n = 73 of 77) of patients, while grade 3 TEAEs were reported in 66% (n = 51) of cHL patients. Cami was associated with immune-related adverse events (irAEs) including peripheral sensory neuropathy, Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS)/radiculopathy, colitis, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroiditis, and pneumonitis. The overall response rate (ORR) and complete (CR) rate were 71%/40% in the cHL cohort (n = 75). In the interim analysis of an ongoing phase 2 study in 2020, Cami demonstrated good clinical efficacy with an ORR/CR rate of 83%/38% among the 47 evaluable cHL patients. The toxicity profile was similar to that seen in the phase 1 study, with no new safety signals.. As the phase 2 study with Cami is continuing to accrue patients and we await the final results, the preliminary results with Cami are encouraging and provide an additional therapeutic option especially for patients with multiply relapsed/refractory cHL and perhaps other hematological malignancies expression CD25.
"Choose Your Plate": A Nutritional Education Curriculum Intended to Create Young Health Advocates

As a focus on preventative health education continues to grow, there is a rising need to deliver this information at an earlier age to establish long-term health behaviors. Young people are intimately embedded within their communities and can become prime health advocates for their families and peers. This study intends to establish a well-versed understanding of the United States Department of Agriculture's “My Plate” nutritional standards using visual learning and photography under a community-based participatory research (CBPR) framework. Twelve female fourth grade students participated in the study. The group met with the principal investigator for four core educational modules, each of which included a specific lesson and a visual learning activity. Participants also took three photographs of their meals, before and after the curriculum was delivered, to serve as comparison data points. A concluding session was held to demonstrate the participants' comprehension of the material and provide a platform...
Review of Marine Hydrokinetic Power Generation and Power Plant

AbstractMarine hydrokinetic power generation is a relatively new type of renewable generation. Its predecessors, such as wind power generation, hydropower plant generation, geothermal generation, photovoltaic generation, and solar thermal generation, have gained a lot of attention because of their successful implementation. The successful integration of renewable generation into the electric power grid has energized the power system global communities to take the lessons learned, innovations, and market structure to focus on the large potential of marine hydrokinetic to also contribute to the pool of renewable energy generation. This article covers the broad spectrum of marine hydrokinetic generation. The state of the art of power take-off will be discussed. Types of electrical generators will be presented, and the options for implementation will also be presented.
Harmonic mappings of the Sierpinski gasket to the circle

Harmonic mappings from the Sierpinski gasket to the circle are described explicitly in terms of boundary values and topological data. In particular, all such mappings minimize energy within a given homotopy class. Explicit formulas are also given for the energy of the mapping and its normal derivatives at boundary points.
A new ensemble-based consistency test for the Community Earth System Model (pyCECT v1.0)

Abstract. Climate simulation codes, such as the Community Earth System Model (CESM), are especially complex and continually evolving. Their ongoing state of development requires frequent software verification in the form of quality assurance to both preserve the quality of the code and instill model confidence. To formalize and simplify this previously subjective and computationally expensive aspect of the verification process, we have developed a new tool for evaluating climate consistency. Because an ensemble of simulations allows us to gauge the natural variability of the model's climate, our new tool uses an ensemble approach for consistency testing. In particular, an ensemble of CESM climate runs is created, from which we obtain a statistical distribution that can be used to determine whether a new climate run is statistically distinguishable from the original ensemble. The CESM ensemble consistency test, referred to as CESM-ECT, is objective in nature and accessible to CESM developers and users. The tool has proven its utility in detecting errors in software and hardware environments and providing rapid feedback to model developers.
FUSE Observations of the DAO White Dwarf Feige 55

The star Feige 55 is a spectroscopic binary consisting of a metal-rich DAO white dwarf and an unseen degenerate companion, with an orbital period of approximately 1.5 days. This star has been observed at several epochs by the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE). FUSE spectra reveal photospheric absorption lines from H, He, C, N, O, Si, P, S, Fe, and Ni, often in multiple ionization stages. We will report on progress in achieving self-consistent estimates for the effective temperature, surface gravity, and elemental abundances.
Characterization of ascorbic acid uptake by isolated rat kidney cells.

Isolated kidney cells accumulated L(1-14C)ascorbic acid in a time-dependent manner and reached a steady state after 15 min at 37 degrees C. Initial velocity for uptake was over 300 pmol/mg protein per min when cells were separated from the bathing solution using a density gradient established during centrifugation. The uptake process was saturable with an apparent concentration at half maximal uptake of 36 mumols/L. Ascorbate uptake was reduced by metabolic inhibitors and was temperature dependent. Although ascorbic acid is an acid anion at pH 7.4, uptake did not appear to be inhibited by other acid anions such as p-aminohippurate and probenecid; however, involvement of the ion gradient established by Na+, H(+)-adenosine triphosphatase could not be confirmed. Replacing the sodium ion with other monovalent ions reduced the accumulation of ascorbate significantly. Isoascorbic and dehydroascorbic acids inhibited ascorbate uptake (34 and 13 mmol/L, respectively), whereas high concentrations of glucose showed some stimulation. These findings indicated that ascorbic acid is reabsorbed by the kidney in a sodium-dependent active transport process that is not common to other acid anions and has some specificity for the ascorbic acid structure.
1210 IMMUNOTYPING AND OPSONIZATION OF MUCOID STRAINS OF PSEUDOMONAS

In order to study the typing and immunologic specificity of mucoid strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (mPa), 56 mPa were collected from the sputa of 27 patients with cystic fibrosis. mPa isolates were not typeable by agglutination with antisera to the seven Parke-Davis immunotypes (“protective antigens”). All mPa became non-mucoid (nmPa) by serial passage on agar. 47 of these 56 nmPa (84%) agglutinated with one or more of the antisera. For analysis of immunotype prevalence, only the first typeable isolate from each patient was studied. Only 5 (19%) were agglutinated by a single antiserum (4 type 1 and 1 type 2), but 20 strains agglutinated more strongly with one than the others. Of these 25 strains, there were 9 type 1, 1 type 2, 1 type 3, 8 type 4, 0 type 5, 6 type 6 and 0 type 7. Since the immunotype antigen confers opsonic specificity, 16 of the strains were tested for opsonization with the homologous immunotype antisera. 15/16 nmPa were opsonized with antiserum (as) plus complement (c) or c alone and one was resistant. Of mPa variants of the same strains, 7/16 could not be opsonized by as + c; 4 were opsonized by c alone; and 5/16 were opsonized by as + c ( but 3 of these required a higher concentration of as than the corresponding nmPa). These data suggest that along with colonial morphologic transformation from mPa to nmPa, there is an exposure of the immunotype antigen to agglutination and opsonization by specific antiserum.
Optimization and Parallelization on a Multimeida Application

As digital video data becomes more pervasive, mining information from multimedia data becomes increasingly important. However, the huge computational requirement prohibits its wide use in practice. This paper presents some optimization techniques and parallel approaches to accelerate a real video mining application -goalmouth detection in soccer video. By tuning the application performance with efficient optimization techniques (fast lookup tables, SIMD technology, and cache blocking) and exploiting the thread level parallelism, we enable the real time processing for this application on Intel latest dual core desktop machine -Core 2 Dual. Our study shows that with proper optimization and parallelization, multimedia mining can be used widely in our daily life soon.
The Impact of Ionization States of Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors on Docking-Based Inhibitor Design

The influence of ionization states of hydroxamates and retrohydroxamates and the presence of zinc ions in the active site were investigated using the wild-type and E402Q mutant of MMP-9. The deprotonated hydroxamates showed a significantly enhanced enrichment factor in the presence of zinc ions. A pharmacophore model was developed based on the deprotonated compounds and was used to identify four structurally diverse compounds with antiproliferative activities.
A non-native student's experience on collaborating with native peers in academic literacy development: A sociopolitical perspective

Abstract This sociopolitically-oriented case study aims to further explore the complex social network non-native students are engaged in during their literacy activities. In previous research, institutional policies, supervisors and instructors, and gatekeepers of target journals are normally regarded as key players to influence students fulfilling their sociopolitical purposes. Native speaking peers are rarely viewed as key players in non-native students' writing endeavors. Taking the perspectives of a non-native graduate student and drawing upon the concepts of “Community of Practice” and “individual agency”, the current case study qualitatively reports the social and political interaction and collaboration between the non-native participant and her native peers in completing group writing projects across two semesters. The analysis shows that power inequality did exist between these two parties with native peers initially assuming more powerful and central roles and the non-native participant being placed in the periphery. However, the non-native student gained disciplinary knowledge and developed coping strategies in the power-infused sociopolitical contexts, which eventually resulted in a much better group writing experience. The author proposes the importance of raising students and instructors' awareness of existence of power relations between non-native and native novice writers in group projects and puts forward some questions for future research.
Role of ion-ion recombination for alkali chloride cluster formation in liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry

Liquid secondary ionization mass spectra of solutions of alkali chlorides in glycerol were studied as a function of salt concentration. The experimental abundances of glycerol ions and of Cs+(CsCl) n cluster ions were successfully reproduced by assuming that most of the randomly distributed ions pair up with counterions shortly after impact. Further, it is considered that clustering (or proton transfer) reactions occur mainly between an ion that survives the pairing process and ion pairs (or basic analytes) in the immediate vicinity; however, some mixing undoubtedly occurs in the later stages of the desorption process. At the density of the original matrix, the range of proton transfer is calculated to be 5–15 A, and that of clustering approximately 25% shorter. These reaction distances are inversely correlated with the internal energy of the ejected ions. In general, liquid secondary ionization mass spectra of alkali chloride solutions can be seen to result from competitive ion-ion recombination reactions in the decaying matrix. Finally, from the abundances of cluster ions containing [glycerol - H]− ions, it is estimated that approximately 1% of the glycerol molecules in the ejected volume are ionized in the collision cascade.
Unintentional drug overdose death trends in New Mexico, USA, 1990-2005: combinations of heroin, cocaine, prescription opioids and alcohol.

Aims To determine the contribution of heroin, prescription opioids, cocaine and alcohol/drug combinations to the total overdose death rate and identify changes in drug overdose patterns among New Mexico subpopulations. Design We analyzed medical examiner data for all unintentional drug overdose deaths in New Mexico during 1990– 2005. Age-adjusted drug overdose death rates were calculated by sex and race/ethnicity; we modeled overall drug overdose death adjusting for age and region. Findings The total unintentional drug overdose death rate in New Mexico increased from 5.6 per 100 000 in 1990 to 15.5 per 100 000 in 2005. Deaths caused by heroin, prescription opioids, cocaine and alcohol/drug combinations together ranged from 89% to 98% of the total. Heroin caused the most deaths during 1990–2005, with a notable rate increase in prescription opioid overdose death during 1998–2005 (58%). During 1990–2005, the 196% increase in single drug category overdose death was driven by prescription opioids alone and heroin alone; the 148% increase in multi-drug category overdose death was driven by heroin/alcohol and heroin/cocaine. Hispanic males had the highest overdose death rate, followed by white males, white females, Hispanic females and American Indians. The most common categories causing death were heroin alone and heroin/ alcohol among Hispanic males, heroin/alcohol among American Indian males and prescription opioids alone among white males and all female subpopulations. Conclusions Interventions to prevent drug overdose death should be targeted according to use patterns among at-risk subpopulations. A comprehensive approach addressing both illicit and prescription drug users, and people who use these drugs concurrently, is needed to reduce overdose death.
Ab initio MO studies on the photodissociation of C2H2 from the S1 (1Au) state. Non-adiabatic effects and S-T interaction

Abstract Ab initio MO calculations at the EOM-CCSD and CASSCF level have been carried out for several low lying electronic states of C 2 H 2 . Many minima on the seam of crossing and transition states are located. For photodissociation from the S 1 state, a non-adiabatic path involving a S 1 → S 2 transition followed by a S 2 → S 0 crossing which produces mainly C 2 H(X 2 Σ + ) is preferred at low energy to the S 1 adiabatic path producing mainly C 2H (A 2 II), in agreement with experimental propensity. A minimum on the seam of crossing between S 1 and T 3 is found. T 3 may be a strong perturbing state in the ZAC spectrum of S 1 .
Hippocampal 5-HT and NE release in the transgenic rat TGR(mREN2)27 related to behavior on the elevated plus maze

Abstract The transgenic rat TGR(mREN2)27 was generated to study mechanisms involved in the hypertensive process. A characteristic of this rat is a high expression of the murine renin-2 gene in several peripheral tissues and in the brain. The high expression of the transgene is associated with increased local formation of angiotensin II. In a previous study, we studied for the first time the behavior of male TGR(mREN2)27 rat in the open field and on the elevated plus maze. There were no differences between TGR(mREN2)27 and SPRD-controls in locomotor activity measured in the open field. While placed on the elevated plus maze, however, the TGR(mREN2)27 rats showed a greater “anxiogenic” profile than the SPRD-rats. The present study was aimed to characterize neurotransmitter release involved in anxiety in hippocampus of TGR(mREN2)27 rats during exposure to the elevated plus maze. Exposure to the maze resulted in an increased intrahippocampal serotonin release with the same maximum both in the transgenic rats and in the control rats. However, the subsequent decrease was significantly faster in the TGR(mREN2)27 compared to the SPRD-controls. The latter suggests that the serotonergic system is functionally changed in the TGR(mREN2) rat, too. In contrast, norepinephrine release did not change during exposure to the maze and there were no significant differences in norepinephrine release between transgenics and controls.
Accuracy of CT biopsy: Laser guidance versus conventional freehand techniques

Rationale and Objectives. The purpose of this study was to determine whether laser-guided computed tomographic (CT) biopsy is more accurate than CT-guided biopsy with conventional freehand techniques. Materials and Methods. Two independent operators performed an equal number of freehand and laser-guided needle passes at varying single and double angles (0°, 30°, 60°, 25°/30°, and 25°/60°) on targets within six pork and beef phantoms. A total of 180 biopsy passes were performed, and error distances of needle tip to target were tabulated. Data were analyzed by means of repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare the accuracy of laser guidance with freehand passes. ANOVA and correlation analysis were also used to confirm the relative equivalency of phantom targets and biopsy parameters. Results. Overall, laser-guided passes were statistically significantly more accurate than freehand passes. Mean error with laser guidance was 5.01 mm (standard error [SE] = 0.41 mm), whereas mean error with freehand techniques was 10.58 mm (SE = 0.82 mm) (F = 52.0, df = 1,17, P = .0001). Ninety-three percent of laser-guided passes and 56% of freehand passes were within 1 cm of the intended target. Error increased for both laser-guided and freehand techniques with larger angles or double-angle biopsies, but the increases were greater with free-hand technique. No statistically significant differences existed between the targets themselves or biopsy parameters for the two operators. Conclusion. Laser-guided CT biopsies were more accurate than freehand CT biopsies. Practical advantages of laser guidance over freehand CT biopsy methods may include decreased procedure times and reduced patient morbidity.
Study of pulsed-current loading of direct methanol fuel cells using a new time-domain model based on bi-functional methanol oxidation kinetics

This work describes a non-linear time-domain model of a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) and uses that model to show that pulsed-current loading of a direct methanol fuel cell does not improve average efficiency. Unlike previous system level models, the one presented here is capable of predicting the step response of the fuel cell over its entire voltage range. This improved model is based on bi-functional methanol oxidation reaction kinetics and is derived from a lumped, four-step reaction mechanism. In total, six states are incorporated into the model: three states for intermediate surface adsorbates on the anode electrode, two states for the anode and cathode potentials, and one state for the liquid methanol concentration in the anode compartment. Model parameters were identified using experimental data from a real DMFC. The model was applied to study the steady-state and transient performance of a DMFC with the objective to understand the possibility of improving the efficiency of the DMFC by using periodic current pulses to drive adsorbed CO from the anode catalyst. Our results indicate that the pulsed-current method does indeed boost the average potential of the DMFC by 40 mV; but on the other hand, executing that strategy reduces the overall operating efficiency and does not yield any net benefit.
Antibiotic Resistance in Community-Acquired Respiratory Tract Infections: Current Issues

Objectives In recent years, antibiotic resistance has emerged as an important global problem. The major goal of this review is to update important issues pertaining to antibiotic resistance, with an emphasis on antibiotic resistance involving community-acquired respiratory pathogens. In addition, this review examines potential reasons why antibiotic resistance has increased in recent years, how clinicians can better understand commonly used laboratory antibiotic resistance tests, and possible solutions to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance. The article emphasizes the diagnosis, therapy, and prevention of antibiotic-resistant infections. Data sources We identified relevant English-language articles through MEDLINE search (1966 to March 1998). All articles related to antibiotic resistance and the scope of the articles included original investigative articles, reviews, letters, and editorials. In addition, we selected additional references from the bibliographies of the identified articles. Study selection We selected articles for detailed review if they provided direct insight into the cause of antibiotic resistance, testing for antibiotic resistance, or the treatment of antibiotic resistance. Most, but not all, of the articles selected pertained to antibiotic resistance and respiratory tract infections. We performed a detailed review on approximately 40% of the originally selected articles. Results Multiple factors that play a significant role in the development of antibiotic resistance include the overuse of antibiotics in both humans and animals, situations such as day care that enhance transmission via frequent close personal contact, and widespread dissemination of resistant strains via global travel. Most respiratory pathogens have developed resistance to commonly used antibiotics either by producing beta-lactamase or by altering binding site proteins. Conclusions In many regions of the United States, the level of antibiotic resistance has impacted the clinical management of common respiratory pathogens. Future efforts to curtail antibiotic resistance will require a concerted effort in multiple areas, particularly enhanced epidemiologic surveillance to better detect resistance trends, judicious use of antibiotics, and new drug development.
Lead content of plants and soils from three abandoned smelter areas in and near Socorro, New Mexico.

Two primary lead smelters and one secondary lead smelter have been active in the Socorro, New Mexico (USA) area in the last 110 years: the Billing smelter from 1883 to 1894, the Cuba Road smelter from 1881 to 1900, and Cal West from 1979 to 1984. Samples of plants and surface soil under each plant from all three sites were analysed for lead. The plants consisted of sparse grasses, cacti, creosote bush, snakeweed, mesquite and fourwing saltbush. Lead levels in the plants increased (2-440 μg g−1) as the lead in the alkaline soils (25-10000 ng g−1) increased. However, the BAC (biological absorption coefficient), which is the ratio of lead content in the plant to the lead content in the soil, a measure of relative accumulation, decreased by one to two orders of magnitude, except for grasses and snakeweed. At background lead levels, there was little difference between lead in rootsversus foliage. At high lead levels, there was higher lead in roots versus foliage at the Billing and Cuba Road sites. The reverse was noted at Cal West. Because this is a recent operation, the higher lead in foliage may be due to foliar uptake. Plant growth at all sites appeared healthy.
Soil aggregation and carbon and nitrogen pools under rhizoma peanut and perennial weeds

Roots of rhizoma peanut [(Arachis glabrata Benth.), a warmseason perennial legume forage] and perennial weeds may influence soil aggregation and associated C and N pools. We compared aggregate-size distribution and concentrations of organic C and N, NH 4 -N, NO 3 -N, potential C and N mineralization (PCM and PNM), microbial biomass C and N (MBC and MBN), and particulate organic C and N (POC and PON) in whole-soil and aggregates under 10-yr-old rhizoma peanut and perennial weeds [dominated by henbit (Lamium amplexicaule L.) and cut-leaf evening primrose (Oenothera laciniata Hill)]. Field plots were established on a Norfolk loamy fine sand in April 1991 in central Georgia. While soil aggregation and assodated C and N pools were not influenced by treatments, whole-soil NH 4 -N and PON at the 0- to 15-cm, PCM at the 30- to 90-cm, and MBC at the 0- to 30-cm depth were 28 to 100% greater under peanut than under weeds. Under both treatments, the amount of soil present in the 4.75- to 2.00-mm aggregate-size class and mean-weight diameter of aggregates were 21 to 47% greater at 15- to 60- than at 0- to 15-cm, indicating improved aggregation in the subsurface compared with the surface soil. At 0 to 15 cm, concentrations of organic C and N, MBC, MBN, POC, and PON were greater in the <0.25-mm than in the 4.75- to 0.50-mm size class. At 0 to 30 cm, NO 3 -N was greater in the 4.75- to 0.85-mm than in the 0.50- to 0.25-mm size class. Although treatments did not influence soil organic C and N levels, rhizoma peanut may increase microbial activities and labile N pools compared with perennial weeds. Rhizoma peanut and perennial weeds may improve aggregation in the subsurface compared with the surface soil and C and N pools in aggregates <0.25 mm in diameter.
Factors influencing fundamental frequency range estimates in children

Selected elicitation conditions were manipulated to determine their effect on fundamental frequency (Fo) range estimates in children. Forty normal children each responded to five autiotaped tone conditions: (a) discrete steps, (b) slow steps, (c) fast steps, (d) slow glissando, and (e) fast glissando. These tonal stimuli were devised to elicit each child's maximal and minimal Fo. The traditional discrete-steps condition was associated with a lower maximal Fo, higher minimal Fo, and a more restricted Fo range than all other conditions.
N-Heptane Pyrolysis and Oxidation in Ethylene–Methane and Iso-Octane Mixtures

Single pulse shock-tube experiments were conducted examining how ignition delay may be influenced by the interactive chemistry of fuels and their pyrolytic and oxidative decomposition products. Ignition delay was not measured directly but is assumed to be positively correlated to the temperature (above 1000 K) at which CO2 is formed in constant time experiments. Using this definition, it was found that heptane, ethylene, heptane–ethylene, and heptane–ethylene–methane mixtures had similar CO2 formation temperatures. This suggests that the primary reasons for the difference in ignition delay of the individual constituents and their mixtures are the reactions of the parent fuel leading to formation of the smaller molecules and the thermochemistry of the system. In contrast, heptane–iso-octane mixtures had different CO2 onset temperatures compared with pure components, suggesting that the cross reactions between radical pools of both components affect the overall chemistry. Heptane and iso-octane, pure and in...
Two new maytansinoids from maytenus buchananii

Reinvestigation of fractions derived from large-scale fractionation of Maytenus buchananii led to the isolation of two new maytansinoids. The structures of these principles were determined using electrospray MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and 2D NMR techniques. One principle was found to be 2‘-N-demethylmaytanbutine (2), while the other was found to be maytanbicyclinol (3), the first maytansinoid with two macrocyclic rings to be isolated from a Maytenus species.
Towards automatic aerial triangulation

Digital photogrammetry has a great influence on aerial triangulation. Several digital aerial triangulation systems are now in various stages of development. Two distinct different approaches can be observed: interactive systems which require human operator guidance and softcopy workstations; and automatic systems. Automatic aerial triangulation systems attempt to reduce the aerial triangulation problem to a batch process, with little or no help of a human operator. Today's systems are close to meet this challenge, but the identification and measurement of control points remains an interactive task. The paper focuses on automatic aerial triangulation. Major effort is spent on identifying essential tasks that are independent of existing systems. The tasks, such as selecting suitable tie points, determining accurate approximations and matching multiple images, are derived from the objectives of digital aerial triangulation and by considering the potential of image processing and computer vision. The solution of these essential tasks brings a myriad of challenging problems. The concluding remarks comment on the differences between traditional and digital approaches and discuss the consequences.
Young Children's Understanding of Different Types of Beliefs

The purpose of this investigation was to see whether children's understandings of different types of beliefs develop concurrently. Children of 3, 4, and 5 years of age were told or shown that child story characters held beliefs different from their own or from one another, not only concerning matters of physical fact ("false beliefs"), but also concerning morality, social convention, value, and ownership of property. In contrast to the older subjects, most 3-year-olds had difficulty in attributing to others deviant beliefs of all types, except perhaps ownership, sometimes even after having been told repeatedly what the other child believed. In addition, intercorrelations among different belief tasks were positive and substantial. It was suggested that an emerging representational conception of the mind is what enables older preschoolers to understand the possibility of belief differences of all these types.
Archaeobotanical inference of Bronze Age land use and land cover in the eastern Mediterranean

Abstract Charcoal and charred seeds at five Bronze Age archaeological sites discern ancient land use in the eastern Mediterranean. Seed frequencies of orchard crops, annual cereals and pulses, and wild or weedy plants are used to characterize plant utilization at different archaeological sites on the island of Cyprus, in the Rift Valley of Jordan, and in the Jabbul Plain and along the upper Euphrates River valley in Syria. Seed to charcoal ratios provide proxies to determine the relative usage of dung versus wood for fuel across the ancient Mediterranean landscape. Greater charcoal and lower charred seed values are interpreted to represent a wooded environment, while higher amounts of charred seeds and minimal wood charcoal suggest a much great use of dung as a fuel source. Interestingly, Politiko-Troullia (Cyprus, Cypriot archaeological sites are, by convention, named for the nearest modern village (Politiko), followed by an italicized toponym (Troullia) referring to the plot of land that incorporates the site) has the lowest seed to charcoal ratio, suggesting its residents primarily burned wood and that the landscape surrounding Troullia remained relatively wooded during the Bronze Age. In contrast, villagers at Tell el-Hayyat (Jordan) utilized a mixture of wood and dung, in contrast to Tell Abu en-Ni’aj (Jordan), and especially Umm el-Marra and Tell es-Sweyhat (Syria), where inhabitants relied solely on dung fuel. Comparative analysis and interpretation of seed and charcoal evidence thus illustrates the variety of fuel use strategies necessitated by the dynamic and diverse Bronze Age landscapes of the Eastern Mediterranean.
On the assessment of the impact of reducing parameters and identification of parameter uncertainties for a hydrologic model with applications to ungauged basins

In this paper, we investigate model parameter uncertainties associated with hydrological process parameterizations and their impacts on model simulations in the Three-Layer Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC-3L) land surface model. We introduce an alternative subsurface flow parameterization into VIC-3L to reduce the impacts of model parameter uncertainties on model simulations by reducing the number of model parameters that need to be estimated through a calibration process. The new subsurface flow parameterization is based on the concepts of kinematic wave and hydrologic similarity, and has one parameter for calibration. Results from the 12 MOPEX (Model Parameter Estimation Experiment) basins obtained by applying the VIC-3L model with the new subsurface flow formulation show that the performance of the new parameterization is comparable to the original subsurface flow formulation, which has three parameters for calibration. In addition, a probabilistic approach based on Monte Carlo simulations is used to evaluate model performance and uncertainties associated with model parameters over different ranges of streamflow. Studies based on the 12 MOPEX watersheds show that compared to the parameter associated with the new subsurface flow parameterization, the VIC shape parameter (i.e. the b parameter that represents the shape of the heterogeneity distribution of effective soil moisture capacity over a study area) has a larger impact on model simulations and could introduce more uncertainty if not estimated appropriately. Furthermore, investigations on the b parameter suggest that the ensembles (i.e. the mean response and its bounds) from the Monte Carlo simulations could provide reasonable predictions and uncertainty estimates of streamflows, which have important implications for applications to ungauged basins. The study also shows that appropriate reduction of the number of model parameters is an effective approach to reduce the impacts of parameter uncertainties on model simulations. This is more so for applications to ungauged basins or basins with limited data available for calibration. The new subsurface flow parameterization and the probabilistic uncertainty analysis approach are general and can be applied to other modeling studies.
Sensitivity of stratospheric geoengineering with black carbon to aerosol size and altitude of injection

Simulations of stratospheric geoengineering with black carbon (BC) aerosols using a general circulation model with fixed sea surface temperatures show that the climate effects strongly depend on aerosol size and altitude of injection. 1 Tg BC/a injected into the lower stratosphere would cause little surface cooling for large radii but a large amount of surface cooling for small radii and stratospheric warming of over 60 C. With the exception of small particles, increasing the altitude of injection increases surface cooling and stratospheric warming. Stratospheric warming causes global ozone loss by up to 50% in the small radius case. The Antarctic shows less ozone loss due to reduction of polar stratospheric clouds, but strong circumpolar winds would enhance the Arctic ozone hole. Using diesel fuel to produce the aerosols is likely prohibitively expensive and infeasible. Although studying an absorbing aerosol is a useful counterpart to previous studies involving sulfate aerosols, black carbon geoengineering likely carries too many risks to make it a viable option for deployment.
Chronic exposure to caffeine during early development modifies spatial behavior in juvenile jewel fish schools

Thirty sibling African jewel fish (Hemichromis bimaculatus) were either chronically exposed to caffeine between 50 to 100 days of age (at a concentration of 14 mg/l) or reared without drug in a control environment. After caffeine was withdrawn, fish in each group were videotaped for 30 minutes while schooling in a large tank. From the video record, mean distances and coefficients of variation of spacing were computed for each fish and its 1st to 9th nearest neighbors in all observations. Spacing distances were nearly identical for the two groups, but the caffeine fish exhibited much more variability in their spacing behavior (p<0.00001). This study demonstrates an effect on behavior of moderate caffeine levels present throughout the early developmental period, and illustrates a quantitative method to test for such effects.
Mitral cell dendrites: a comparative approach.

Phylogenetically persistent structures such as the mitral cells of the vertebrate olfactory bulb undergo changes in their dendritic arbor in the course of evolution. The morphology of mitral cells and the main elements of the olfactory bulb circuit in all classes of vertebrates are reviewed in this paper. Most of the neuronal elements found in the mammalian olfactory bulb are present in anamniotes. However, in contrast to those of amniotes, the mitral cells of most anamniotes lack basal dendrites, and periglomerular cells are absent in fish. This suggests a different circuitry and therefore drastic changes in the processing of olfactory information within the olfactory bulb. Lateral inhibition, conferred by basal dendrites in amniotes, must then utilize other mechanisms in anamniotes. Moreover, the marked segregation of olfactory inputs onto mammalian mitral cells is less obvious in mitral cells of anamniotes that lack basal dendrites. The general role of dendrites, including those of mitral cells, is discussed in the light of increasing evidence for dendritic excitability. The evolutionary significance of mitral cell basal dendrites is also discussed.
Revolutions Reloaded: Updating the Literature

Democratic Revolutions: Asia and Eastern Europe. By Mark R. Thompson. New York: Routledge, 2004. 192 pp., $104.95 (ISBN: 0-41530415-6). Mark Thompson's Democratic Revolutions is a much-needed update that seeks to address a variety of conceptual challenges that recent revolutions around the world have created for the comparative revolution literature. Unfortunately, the book is just a patch and not a truly significant work that helps us understand revolutions in a new way. The greatest drawback of this interesting book is that it could have been so much more. Thompson's introduction positions the book among other recent comparative studies of revolution—such as Jeff Goodwin's No Other Way Out (2001) and Misagh Parsa's States, Ideologies, and Social Revolutions (2000). However, Democratic Revolutions does not measure up to these works. The key difference between Thompson's democratic revolutions and Goodwin's peripheral revolutions or Parsa's social revolutions is that Thompson has no overarching theoretical framework. He does not give us an explanation for democratic revolutions. What Thompson does do, however, makes Democratic Revolutions an interesting addition to the revolution literature that suggests new applications of old ideas. Rather than setting out a theoretical framework, Thompson is content to make the case that democratic revolutions do exist and are valid objects of study. He defines democratic revolutions as “spontaneous popular uprisings—peaceful, urban-based, and cross-class in composition—which topple unyielding dictators to begin a transition process which leads to the consolidation of democracy” (p. 1). To highlight …
Bioprosthetic mitral valve thrombosis complicating antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, successfully treated with thrombolysis.

The incidence of bioprosthetic valve thrombosis and related embolic complications is extremely rare, obviating the need for long-term anticoagulation. As a result, experience in the diagnosis and treatment of bioprosthetic valve thrombosis is fairly limited. We report the first case of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome presenting as bioprosthetic mitral valve thrombosis, 15 months after valve replacement, and successfully treated with thrombolytic therapy.
Pharmacological and chromatographic studies of the neurohypophysial activities of the pituitary of further elasmobranch species.

Acetone-dried powders from the neurointermediate lobes of the pituitaries of elasmobranch species of widely differing size ( Dasyatis sabina, Squalus acanthias, Sphyrna mokarran, Eulania milberti, and Carcharinus leucas ) possessed milk-ejection, oxytocic (rat uterus), and antidiuretic activities in an approximate ratio of 3:1:0.05. Although the powders from relatively large specimens were of low potency, the oxytocic activity of one such species ( Negaprion brevirostris ) was shown to be labile to 0.01 M sodium thioglycollate treatment, and to warming with 0.1 N sodium hydroxide. Despite a large variation in the body weights of the six species (133-fold), in the potency of the powders (195-fold), in the total mU oxytocic activity per kilogram body weight (612-fold), the total oxytocic activity per pituitary was relatively constant (10-fold variation) and was in the range 15.2–152.1 mU per pituitary. The elasmobranch oxytocic moieties were subjected to chromatography in various glass-paper and paper chromatography systems which differentiated oxytocin from arginine and lysine vasopressins. In general, there was a close similarity between the chromatographic behaivor of the elasmobranch oxytocic agents and oxytocin. The importance of the discrepancies in suggesting a difference between the chemical nature of the elasmobranch oxytocic activity and oxytocin is discussed. It is concluded that a neurohypophysial principle with characteristics similar to oxytocin, but not identical to it, predominates in the neurointermediate lobe of the elasmobranch species investigated.
Exploring Women's Experiences with Job Loss and Community College Retraining: What Do I Do Now?

As the United States economy moves away from manufacturing, members of this workforce are facing an uncertain future. In this study, an interpretive methodological framework is used to explore women's experiences with textile manufacturing job loss, and subsequent retraining at a local community college. Narratives of four displaced workers and one community college administrator are used to illustrate the dimensions of participant experiences with the transition from being a full-time manufacturing employee to becoming a full-time student. Consideration of what their experiences mean for the role of the community college in the changing job economy provides a framework for interpretation.
Bivariate Downscaling With Asynchronous Measurements

Statistical downscaling is a useful technique to localize global or regional climate model projections to assess the potential impact of climate changes. It requires quantifying a relationship between climate model output and local observations from the past, but the two sets of measurements are not necessarily taken simultaneously, so the usual regression techniques are not applicable. In the case of univariate downscaling, the Statistical Asynchronous Regression (SAR) method of O’Brien, Sornette, and McPherron (Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 13247–13259, 2001) provides a simple quantile-matching approach with asynchronous measurements. In this paper, we propose a bivariate downscaling method for asynchronous measurements based on a notion of bivariate ranks and positions. The proposed method is preferable to univariate downscaling, because it is able to preserve general forms of association between two variables, such as temperature and precipitation, in statistical downscaling. This desirable property of the bivariate downscaling method is demonstrated through applications to simulated and real data.
Vibratory Characteristics of Teflon-Injected and Noninjected Paralyzed Vocal Folds

This study compared the vibratory characteristics of normal vocal folds, Teflon-injected paralyzed vocal folds, and noninjected paralyzed vocal folds. Laryngeal videostroboscopy under eight phonatory conditions showed that the Teflon-injected vocal folds were adynamic. The noninjected vocal folds, however, vibrated during each of the phonatory conditions although not necessarily like a normal vocal fold. In terms of vocal fold physiology, it appeared that the noninjected paralyzed vocal folds were too compliant, whereas the Teflon-injected vocal folds were too stiff. Because vocal fold paralysis is often treated in voice therapy with "digital manipulation" and "head turning," the effect of these techniques on vocal fold vibration was also studied. The results showed that digital manipulation was superior to head turning for improving glottal closure but that neither technique appeared to influence the periodicity, amplitude, or extent of vocal fold vibration for either the injected or noninjected vocal folds.
Constitutional Unionists: The Party That Tried to Stop Lincoln and Save the Union

On 12 February 1860, nine months before the November presidential election, as the fate of the nation hung by a thread, the national Constitutional Union Party announced its formation with a clario...
The effect of articulation on fundamental frequency in singers and speakers

The fundamental frequency (F0) of voice (the physical correlate of vocal pitch) is a critical parameter of speech and a crucial variable in singing. As such, the control of F 0 has been a prime focus of research on laryngeal function since long before the modern era of scientific investigation. The myoelastic-aerodynamic theory of voice production (1) with its more recent elaborations, improvements, and mathematical models (2-7) consistently demonstrates that F0 is jointly determined by the mechanical properties of the vocal folds, the aerodynamics of the glottis, and the driving pressure acting on it. By far the most potent influence is the biomechanical adjustment of the vocal folds, and this area has attracted the lion's share of researchers' attention. Nonetheless, the influence of changes in the laryngeal driving pressure, which is the power supply from which the vocal signal is fashioned, recently intrigued us; in the last 2 years, we examined this area more closely in a series of studies. In the first, (8) we had speakers sustain a vowel into an apparatus containing a computer-controlled ball valve. When the valve suddenly closed, the impedance of the airway was abruptly raised by a known amount. Although the laryngeal driving pressure is likely to depend on several factors, including the pressure difference between the trachea and supraglottal spaces and the geometry of the glottis itself (5), it has commonly been approximated by the pressure drop across the larynx, taken as lung pressure minus oral pressure. When our apparatus forced intraoral pressure to increase, the estimated driving
Gossip in same-gender and cross-gender friends' conversations

Gossip initiations and listener responses were examined in conversations between 25 female-female, 19 male-male and 24 female-male pairs of friends. Participants were 18 to 21 years of age (mean age = 19) and had known one another at least 2 months (mean length = 24 months). Transcribed tape recordings of 5–minute unstructured conversations were analyzed for gossip initiations (evalutive comments about a familiar third person) and gossip responses (discouraging, neutral, mildly encouraging, moderately encouraging, highly encouraging). Overall, encouraging responses were more likely than discouraging or neutral responses. Group differences were also observed. Negative gossip was more likely to occur between female pairs than between male pairs or cross-gender pairs. Also, among female pairs only, negative gossip was more likely than positive gossip. Furthermore, the female pairs tended to respond to evaluative gossip with highly encouraging comments. There were no gender differences within the cross-gender pairs associated with any behaviors. The findings suggest that women may be more likely than men to use and encourage gossip in same-gender friendships in order to establish solidarity and make social comparisons.