cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human Facial Expressions as Adaptations:Evolutionary Questions in Facial Expression Research

The importance of the face in social interaction and social intelligence is widely recognized in anthropology. Yet the adaptive functions of human facial expression remain largely unknown. An evolutionary model of human facial expression as behavioral adaptation can be constructed, given the current knowledge of the phenotypic variation, ecological contexts, and fitness consequences of facial behavior. Studies of facial expression are available, but results are not typically framed in an evolutionary perspective. This review identifies the relevant physical phenomena of facial expression and integrates the study of this behavior with the anthropological study of communication and sociality in general. Anthropological issues with relevance to the evolutionary study of facial expression include: facial expressions as coordinated, stereotyped behavioral phenotypes, the unique contexts and functions of different facial expressions, the relationship of facial expression to speech, the value of facial expressions as signals, and the relationship of facial expression to social intelligence in humans and in nonhuman primates. Human smiling is used as an example of adaptation, and testable hypotheses concerning the human smile, as well as other expressions, are proposed.
Modern technologies for retinal scanning and imaging: an introduction for the biomedical engineer

This review article is meant to help biomedical engineers and nonphysical scientists better understand the principles of, and the main trends in modern scanning and imaging modalities used in ophthalmology. It is intended to ease the communication between physicists, medical doctors and engineers, and hopefully encourage “classical” biomedical engineers to generate new ideas and to initiate projects in an area which has traditionally been dominated by optical physics. Most of the methods involved are applicable to other areas of biomedical optics and optoelectronics, such as microscopic imaging, spectroscopy, spectral imaging, opto-acoustic tomography, fluorescence imaging etc., all of which are with potential biomedical application. Although all described methods are novel and important, the emphasis of this review has been placed on three technologies introduced in the 1990’s and still undergoing vigorous development: Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy, Optical Coherence Tomography, and polarization-sensitive retinal scanning.
Redescription of Protomagalhaensia blaberae Peregrine, 1970 (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Blabericolidae) Parasitizing the Bolivian Cockroach, Blaberus boliviensis (Dictyoptera: Blaberidae)

Protomagalhaensia blaberae Peregrine, 1970 is redescribed from the type host, the Bolivian cockroach Blaberus boliviensis. Complete morphometric data on all life cycle stages is presented, the taxon is stabilized with the deposition of new voucher specimen material, and P. blaberae is distinguished from all other species in the genus (Protomagalhaensia cerastes, Protomagalhaensia granulosae, and Protomagalhaensia wolfi). Species of Protomagalhaensia are distinguished by differences in relative metric ratios, morphology of oocysts, and by relative metric ratios of mature gamonts in association. The status of Protomagalhaensia serpentula is considered and the taxon is determined species inquirenda.
A High-Quality-Factor Film Bulk Acoustic Resonator in Liquid for Biosensing Applications

We report a high-quality-factor (Q) film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) operating in liquid environments. By integrating a microfluidic channel to a longitudinal-mode FBAR, a Q of up to 150 is achieved with direct liquid contacting. A transmission line model is used to theoretically predict the Q behavior of the FBAR. The model suggests an oscillatory pattern of Q as a function of the channel thickness and the acoustic wavelength in the liquid, which is experimentally verified by precisely controlling the channel thickness. This FBAR biosensor is characterized in liquids for the real-time in situ monitoring of the competitive adsorption/exchange of proteins, the Vroman effect. The FBAR offers a minimum detectable mass of 1.35 ng/cm2 and is successfully implemented in a Pierce oscillator as a portable sensing module.
Reduced Pathology and Improved Behavioral Performance in Alzheimer's Disease Mice Vaccinated With HSV Amplicons Expressing Amyloid-β and Interleukin-4.

Immunotherapeutics designed to dissolve existing amyloid plaques or to interrupt amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation may be feasible for treatment and/or prevention of Alzheimer's disease (AD). “Shaping” the immune responses elicited against Aβ is requisite toward generating an efficacious and safe outcome; this can be achieved by minimizing the possibility of deleterious inflammatory reactions in the brain as observed in clinical testing of Aβ peptide/adjuvant-based modalities. Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-based amplicons can coexpress multiple antigens and/or immunomodulatory genes due to their large genetic size capacity, thereby facilitating antigen-specific immune response shaping. We have constructed an amplicon (HSVIEAβCMVIL-4) that co-delivers Aβ1–42with interleukin-4 (IL-4), a cytokine that promotes the generation of Th2-like T-cell responses, which are favored in the setting of AD immunotherapy. Triple-transgenic AD (3xTg-AD) mice, which progressively develop both amyloid and neurofibrillary tangle pathology, were vaccinated thrice with HSVIEAβCMVIL-4, or a set of control amplicon vectors. Increased Th2-related, Aβ-specific antibodies, improved learning and functioning of memory, and prevention of AD-related amyloid and tau pathological progression were observed significantly more in the HSVIEAβCMVIL-4 vaccinated mice as compared to the other experimental groups. Our study underscores the potential of Aβ immunotherapy for AD and highlights the potency of amplicons in facilitating the immune response modulation to a disease-relevant antigen.
Sparse channel estimation for OFDM: Over-complete dictionaries and super-resolution

Wireless multipath channels can often be characterized as sparse, i.e., the number of significant paths is small even when the channel delay spread is large. This can be taken advantage of when estimating the unknown channel frequency response using pilot assisted modulation. Other work has largely focused on the greedy orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm, using a dictionary based on an equivalent finite impulse response filter to model the channel. This is not necessarily realistic, as the physical nature of the channel is continuous in time, while the equivalent filter taps are based on baseband sampling. In this paper, we consider sparse channel estimation using a continuous time path-based channel model. This can be linked to the direction finding problem from the array processing literature and solved using the well-known root-MUSIC and ESPRIT algorithms, which have no formal time resolution. In addition, we show that a dictionary with finer time resolution considerably improves the performance of OMP and the related Basis Pursuit (BP) algorithm.
Mode choice for school trips: long-term planning and impact of modal specification on policy assessments

Over the past decade, policy makers and researchers in various disciplines have increasingly focused on school trip behavior. Active transportation modes have been promoted to students to improve their health and help mitigate traffic congestion and air pollution in urban areas. Policies that advocate greater use of active transport modes should account for child safety, which has been shown to be parents' primary concern. This paper focuses on the reciprocal impact between mode choice and escorting decisions for school trips. Decisions on escorting and modes of transport were modeled jointly through use of a data-mining method, a random forest method, and an econometric (nested logit) approach. The nested logit model has the advantage of allowing interpretation of independent variables; the random forest method provides a close fit to the data. RESULTS show that the prediction potential of the random forest model is around twice as high as that of the nested logit model. To predict the probability of choosing the walking mode, for instance, a policy maker might underestimate results by about 40% if using the nested logit model. RESULTS also demonstrate that independent consideration of these two decisions can result in a misleading assessment of policies. Keywords: SR2S
Models for single-sector stochastic air traffic flow management under reduced airspace capacity

Air traffic efficiency is heavily influenced by unanticipated factors that result in capacity reduction. Of these factors, weather is the most significant cause of delays in airport and airspace operations. Considering weather-related uncertainty, air traffic flow management involves controlling air traffic through allocation of available airspace capacity to flights. The corresponding decision process results in a stochastic dynamic problem where aircraft on the ground and in the air are controlled based on the evolution of weather uncertainty. We focus on the single-sector version of the problem that is applicable to a majority of cases where a volume of airspace has reduced capacity due to convective weather. We model the decision process through stochastic integer programming formulations and computationally analyse it for tractability. We then demonstrate through actual flight schedule data that a simplistic but practically implementable approximation procedure is a generally effective solution approach for these models.
Discourse structure and variation in manuscript reviews: Implications for genre categorization

Abstract Recent studies on the manuscript review, an occluded genre, have focused mainly on its discourse features and not on discourse variation in reviews according to final reviewer recommendation. This paper reports on a study of two sub-sets of manuscript reviews written for English for Specific Purposes, with the final reviewer recommendation of “major revision” and “reject.” An analysis of the organization of the commentary section of manuscript reviews indicates that “major revision” reviews are characterized by discourse units with the function of recommendation while “reject” reviews tend to foreground discourse units with the function of negative evaluation. Lexicogrammatical features associated with the functions of recommendation and negative evaluation were also found to vary in frequency in the two sub-groups of texts through analysis using Python, a computer language. I argue that “reject” and “major revision” reviews have different positions on two continua, one for recommendation and the other for negative evaluation, and I use these positions to explain the variation in discourse organization and lexicogrammatical features revealed in the “text-first” analysis suggested by Askehave and Swales (2001). I suggest that sub-categories for heterogeneous genres with multiple communicative purposes could be established through use of the centrality of a particular purpose.
Quantity of sucrose alters the tissue pattern and time course of insulin resistance in young rats.

To determine the effects of the amount of sucrose in the diet on insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism, euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamps were performed on male Wistar rats after one of the following dietary treatments (n = 6-8/treatment): 1) high-starch diet (68% of total energy) for 8 wk (ST8), 16 wk (ST16), or 30 wk (ST30); 2) high-sucrose diet (68% of total energy) for 8 wk (SU8), 16 wk (SU16), or 30 wk (SU30); or 3) low-sucrose diet (18% of total energy) for 8 wk (SUL8), 16 wk (SUL16), or 30 wk (SUL30). Body weights were similar in starch- and sucrose-fed rats at 8 wk (502 +/- 9 g), 16 wk (563 +/- 10 g), and 30 wk (607 +/- 26 g). The glucose infusion rate (mumol.g-1.min-1) required to maintain similar glycemia during clamps was 73.1 +/- 8.8 in ST8, 29.7 +/- 4.9 in SU8 (P < 0.05 vs. ST8 and SUL8), and 76.4 +/- 8.2 in SUL8; 69.9 +/- 8.1 in ST16, 35.1 +/- 5.1 in SU16 (P < 0.05 vs. ST16 and SUL16), and 63.2 +/- 6.5 in SUL16; and 65.4 +/- 7.7 in ST30, 26.0 +/- 5.3 (P < 0.05 vs. ST30), and 36.3 +/- 6.0 in SUL30 (P < 0.05 vs. ST30). Impaired suppression of hepatic glucose production accounted for 43, 39, and 34% of the decrease in the glucose infusion rate in SU8 compared with ST8, SU16 compared with ST16, and SU30 compared with ST30, respectively, but 78% in SUL30 compared with ST30. These results suggest that both high- and low-sucrose diets can produce insulin resistance in young rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
United States Pension Benefit Plan Design Innovation: Labor Unions as Agents of Change

Labor unions played an historic role creating the occupational pension system in the private and public sectors in the post-World War II era. That system, which was dominated by defined benefit pension plans, is in decline. The transition to a new system is economically and socially painful, and has been accelerated by two financial crises in the past decade. This paper uses a case study of a private sector union to demonstrate how labor unions can influence the renegotiation of the pension contract for American workers. The case study describes how one union evaluated the pension crisis from a sustainability viewpoint, and responded pro-actively by developing a hybrid pension plan that attempted to align the interest of all the stakeholders through equitable risk sharing. The hybrid plan developed by this union eventually had a broader influence on the pension community at large and the public policy debate around the pension crisis.
Estradiol Concentrating Neurons in the Amygdala

SummaryAfter injection of a physiologic dose of 3H-estradiol into female and male rats, radioactive labeling was found in certain neurons of the amygdala, while not in others. Labeled neurons were concentrated in the nucleus medialis; nucleus centralis; nucleus lateralis, pars anterior; nucleus basalis, pars medialis; and nucleus corticalis. In the ventroanterior portion of the hippocampus, close to the lateral ventricle, weakly labeled neurons were found. The stria terminalis, the ventral amygdalofugal pathway, and the medial corticohypothalamic tract are considered interlinking pathways for estrogen-neuron systems in the amygdala and diencephalon. Estrogen-neuron systems seem to constitute a major component of what has been regarded the “sex center” or “sex centers” in the brain.
Some Practical Aspects Of Masw Analysis And Processing

We use multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW) on seismic data in an attempt to test data acquisition parameters and compare those results to reaffirm existing general theoretical recommendations and rules of thumb. Of particular interest were optimum seismic receiver spread size, minimum and maximum receiver offsets and dominant geophone frequency for best-case fundamental-mode dispersion-curve evaluation of the Rayleigh wave. Recommended MASW parameter selection criteria are tested on seismic data collected at various sites, such as desert setting, river sediments, and glacier, for which shear-wave properties were estimated. Presented MASW results demonstrate that observing optimal parameter selection can improve the resolution and quality of the fundamental-mode dispersion-curve images of the surface wave and the final 2D Vs section. After comparing the optimal parameter selection approach with the general theoretical recommendations it was concluded that the rules of thumb are s a good starting point, especially when applying the MASW method at a site with unknown seismic characteristics. However, optimal acquisition and processing MASW parameter selection can be best achieved using field site tests and is the preferred approach over theoretical recommendations. Specifically testing a selected brand of geophones, it is expected that, in general, frequencies as low as one octave and a half bellow the natural geophone frequency can be recommended used for most MASW analysis.
The Effect of Medial and Lateral Calcaneal Osteotomies on the Tarsal Tunnel

Background:As an entrapment phenomenon, tarsal tunnel syndrome has been described after calcaneal osteotomy, and since the tibial nerve has also been shown to be very sensitive to ankle position, position of the calcaneus after osteotomy and displacement was thought to likely influence the environment of the tibial nerve within the tarsal canal. The respective volume of the tarsal canal was therefore hypothesized to decrease with medial or lateral displacement osteotomies of the calcaneus.Methods:Anterior and posterior calcaneal osteotomies were made in cadaveric matched pairs and brought through sequential medial and lateral displacements. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to estimate the comparative resultant volume of the tarsal canal after each of these new positions were assumed, as compared with baseline. The proximity of the osteotomy cut to the nerve’s location was also measured.Results:The tarsal tunnel volume was calculated for all 5 displacement states and were as follows: far-lateral (9506 m...
Periodontal Disease and Breast Cancer—Letter

Freudenheim and colleagues report that periodontal disease was associated with increased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer, particularly among former smokers who quit in the past 20 years ([1][1]). We have corroborated these results using oral health data from The Behavioral Risk Factor
Applied Research of Laparoscopic Common Bile Duct Stone

Objective To discuss clinical efficiency of choledocholithotomy by laparoscopic surgery.Methods The clinical data of 28 patients with choledocholithiasis underwent laparoscopic common bile duct exploration combined with choledochoscopy and at the same time,39 patients received open choledocholithotomy from January 2009 to June 2012 was analyzed retrospectively.The clinical data in the two groups were analyzed comparatively.Results The patients of two groups were cured to discharge from hospital.In the operative time,the volume of intraoperative bleeding,there was no significant difference(P0.05).However,in time of gastrointestinal recovery and hospitalization time,the choledocholithotomy by laparoscopic surgery group was much superior to the group treated by open surgery(P0.05).Conclusions The laparoscopic common bile duct exploration is safe and economy,attain the goat of minimally invasive.
Killing the Mother

There is a secret agreement between past generations and the present one. Our coming was expected on earth. Like every generation that preceded us, we have been endowed with a weak Messianic power, a power to which the past has a claim. That claim cannot be settled cheaply.
Cloud Computing Governance, Risk, and Compliance – The Quintessential Globalization Challenge

As cloud computing innovations move at warp speed, technology at light speed, and associated legislation at a snail’s pace, the penultimate globalization challenge appears to be the reduction of the governance, risk, and compliance bottlenecks that continue to plague industry, especially within the security assurance arena world-wide.
Interference-insensitive synchronization scheme of MSK for transmit-only Wireless Sensor Network

In this paper, we propose a complete data-aided (DA) synchronization algorithm for minimum-shift keying (MSK) transmission, which addresses features of the transmit-only Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). To provide reliable packet detection even under a packet overlapping scenario, our frame synchronization metric is based on a pseudo-random (PN) sequence preamble and keeps a constant low false alarm by dynamic thresholding based on real-time error floor level. The carrier frequency offset algorithm exploits the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). Meanwhile, the preamble is also used as the training sequence for phase offset estimation based on a least-square (LS) estimator, to reduce the transmit energy. We simulate the packet detection rate, false alarm rate, and the root mean square (RMS) error of all synchronization parameters for the scenarios with and without packet overlapping. The computer simulation shows the robust performance of the synchronization process and reveals the great flexibility and trade-off control between complexity and performance by adjusting system design parameters.
Minimum Delay Forwarding in Intermittently Connected Sensor Networks

We consider rechargeable wireless sensor networks that experience intermittent connectivity due to power outages caused by insufficient energy harvesting and limited storage. We present a predictive retransmission strategy that is integrated with opportunistic routing and unicast routing with cooperative relaying to reduce the transmission delay in such networks. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed predictive retransmission scheme and the relative performance of opportunistic and cooperative unicast routing under realistic network models.
BUROCRACIA E TEORIA DE CURRÍCULO

Kliebard delineates past history of the emphasis in efficiency in the educational movement in the USA to compare to its contemporary version — educational objectives. Criticizes current determinists, in terms of applying bureaucratic metaphor to education. This article recapitulates the Taylor's influence on the main curriculum theorists such as Bobbit, Charters and Snedden.
Compatibility of dual metal gate electrodes with high-k dielectrics for CMOS

Dual metal electrodes such as Ru, Ru-Ta alloy, TaN and TaSiN were investigated on low EOT single layer HfO/sub 2/ and stacked HfO/sub 2//SiO/sub 2/ gate dielectrics. It was found that the work function values of metal gates on HfO/sub 2/ and on SiO/sub 2/ are similar. Thermal anneal studies of selected metals on the above dielectrics were also performed to evaluate the change in EOT and V/sub FB/ values.
Eminence and Omniscience: Statistical and Clinical Prediction of Merit.

In this article, I review, comment upon, and assess some of the suggestions for evaluating scientific merit as suggested by contributors to this symposium. I ask the reader to take the perspective of the individual who has the final say in making a tenure, promotion, or hiring decision. I also ask that one imagine the difference between the fallible human state we are in on such an occasion and what it would be like to be omniscient when making such decisions. After adopting the terminology of “deep” and “surface” eminence, I consider what an omniscient being would take into account to determine eminence and to guide decision-making. After discussing how some proposed improvements in assessing merit might move us closer to wise decisions, I conclude by noting that both data and judgment are, and will continue to be, necessary. A clerk cannot determine eminence.
Collision avoidance laws for objects with arbitrary shapes

In the collision avoidance problem, it is a common practice to approximate the shapes of the robots and obstacles by circles or spheres. However, such approximations can be overly conservative when the objects are more elongated in one direction when compared to another, and/or non-convex. This paper develops two analytical collision avoidance laws, which do not require any approximations to the object shapes. These laws are based on the collision cone approach which has previously been used to develop exact collision conditions for objects with arbitrary shapes, moving on a plane. The first collision avoidance law governs the magnitude of the acceleration (applied at an arbitrary angle), while the second collision avoidance law governs the direction of the acceleration (applied with a magnitude of 0 or 1). The effect of time delays on the performance of the laws is analyzed. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the working of these collision avoidance laws.
Characterizing bars in low surface brightness disc galaxies

In this paper, we use $\textit{B}$-band, $\textit{I}$-band, and 3.6 $\mu$m azimuthal light profiles of four low surface brightness (LSB) galaxies (UGC 628, F568-1, F568-3, F563-V2) to characterise three bar parameters: length, strength, and corotation radius. We employ three techniques to measure the radius of the bars, including a new method using the azimuthal light profiles. We find comparable bar radii between the $\textit{I}$-band and 3.6 $\mu$m for all four galaxies when using our azimuthal light profile method, and that our bar lengths are comparable to those in high surface brightness galaxies (HSBs). In addition, we find the bar strengths for our galaxies to be smaller than those for HSBs. Finally, we use Fourier transforms of the $\textit{B}$-band, $\textit{I}$-band, and 3.6 $\mu$m images to characterise the bars as either `fast' or `slow' by measuring the corotation radius via phase profiles. When using the $\textit{B}$ and $\textit{I}$-band phase crossings, we find three of our galaxies have faster than expected relative bar pattern speeds for galaxies expected to be embedded in centrally-dense cold dark matter haloes. When using the $\textit{B}$-band and 3.6 $\mu$m phase crossings, we find more ambiguous results, although the relative bar pattern speeds are still faster than expected. Since we find a very slow bar in F563-V2, we are confident that we are able to differentiate between fast and slow bars. Finally, we find no relation between bar strength and relative bar pattern speed when comparing our LSBs to HSBs.
A New Kind of Nursing: Walking the labyrinth of Cook County Jail

This paper examines the application of public health nursing education with an emphasis on the social determinants of health within a correctional facility. The innate tension between public health practice and the punitive nature of correctional confinement is discussed through the perspective of student involvement. Exemplars of unexpected contingencies endemic to this practice setting are provided as are insights gleaned from this pilot collaboration between a college of nursing and a county correctional system.
Hot-Melt Extrusion Process Design Using Process Analytical Technology

Emerging analytical technologies have facilitated a range of testing approaches to assess critical material attributes of pharmaceutical products. As the industry moves toward a continuous manufacturing paradigm, unit operations capable of supporting this approach to drug production will continue to gain importance. Hot-melt extrusion (HME) is one such operation, conducted in a continuous nature, which can be streamlined with the implementation of process analytical technology (PAT) to function as next generation technology. By incorporation of in-line probes and spectral detectors it is possible to determine compositional and process aspects of the production. This chapter describes the underlying principles of extrusion and associated monitoring technologies for implementation of a PAT-based development approach.
Initiating a CAD renaissance: Multidisciplinary analysis driven design: Framework for a new generation of advanced computational design, engineering and manufacturing environments

Abstract We present a critical analysis of the effectiveness of the current field of CAD, and discuss some of the forces that have taken it so far off course from its strikingly foresighted origins. Armed with the ensuing understanding of the operational forces that have taken CAD adrift, we conclude that the disparity between CAD’s mired state-of-the-art condition relative to more appropriate, inspired and achievable goals for CAD calls for more drastic measures. It is asserted that, well beyond the evolutionary progression of incremental steps characteristic of next version system releases, the field is overdue for developing a class of genuine design-centric, ab initio, CAD systems architectures effecting the original CAD vision through the powerful instruments of contemporary computing tools and technologies.
Magnetic resonance imaging of obstructive sleep apnea in children

Sleep-disordered breathing has a spectrum of severity that spans from snoring and partial airway collapse with increased upper airway resistance, to complete upper airway obstruction with obstructive sleep apnea during sleeping. While snoring occurs in up to 20% of children, obstructive sleep apnea affects approximately 1-5% of children. The obstruction that occurs in obstructive sleep apnea is the result of the airway collapsing during sleep, which causes arousal and impairs restful sleep. Adenotonsillectomy is the first-line treatment of obstructive sleep apnea and is usually effective in otherwise healthy nonsyndromic children. However, there are subgroups in which this surgery is less effective. These subgroups include children with obesity, severe obstructive sleep apnea preoperatively, Down syndrome, craniofacial anomalies and polycystic ovarian disease. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the first-line therapy for persistent obstructive sleep apnea despite previous adenotonsillectomy, but it is often poorly tolerated by children. When CPAP is not tolerated or preferred by the family, surgical options beyond adenotonsillectomy are discussed with the parent and child. Dynamic MRI of the airway provides a means to identify and localize the site or sites of obstruction for these children. In this review the authors address clinical indications for imaging, ideal team members to involve in an effective multidisciplinary program, basic anesthesia requirements, MRI protocol techniques and interpretation of the findings on MRI that help guide surgery.
Analyzing preferential attachment in peer-to-peer bitcoin networks

Due to the anonymous and remote nature of Electronic Commerce (E-commerce), reviews of products and vendors left by previous customers have emerged as an integral part of most online transactions. The reviews may influence the decision of customers buying the product since E-commerce websites/services do not allow customers to validate and inspect products in-store. In this paper, we analyze data from two BITCOIN marketplaces which include transactions between marketplace users and the ratings of those transactions given by those users. In this analysis we create a synthetic network model with similar topological properties as the networks of the interactions of both marketplaces. The results of our analysis show an interesting phenomenon in which user ratings, which range from -10 to 10, converge to a value of approximately two as the number of a user's transactions increase. Finally, we suggest future work on our synthetic model to improve its agreement with the transaction networks in order to better understand how reviews influence user decisions on transactions.
Is the Sheath Potential Positive or Negative at Strongly Emitting Surfaces

In the recent literature, two distinct sheath solutions under strong electron emission have been reported in theoretical models, simulations, and in experiments [1], a “space-charge limited” (SCL) sheath and an “inverse” sheath. It is important to determine which sheath occurs under what conditions because they lead to sharply different particle and energy fluxes. Our current study [2] offers a unifying analysis of the strong emission problem, addressing both the presheath and sheath. We confirm from first principles that two equilibria, one with SCL sheaths and Bohm presheaths, and one with inverted sheaths/presheaths, are indeed possible whenever the emission coefficient exceeds unity, regardless of the plasma’s upstream properties (e.g., N and T e ). However, we also show [3] that if cold ions are born in the potential dip of a SCL sheath, the accumulating ion space charge forces a transition to an inverse sheath. This explains why stable SCL sheaths were only observed in simulation studies without collisions in the plasma domain [4]. Assuming some ionization or CX collisions are always present in real sheaths, we predict only a monotonic inverse sheath should exist at any surface under strong emission conditions, whether a divertor plate, emissive probe, dust grain, Hall thruster channel wall, or sunlit object in space. Our new 1D simulations [2] illustrate that SCL and inverse equilibria have major differences of ion flow velocities and density gradients over presheath length scales. This will enable future experimental studies to identify the sheath state without having to probe inside the sheath itself.
Dilute Betadine Lavage Reduces the Risk of Acute Postoperative Periprosthetic Joint Infection in Aseptic Revision Total Knee and Hip Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Abstract Background The purpose of this randomized, controlled trial is to determine whether dilute betadine lavage compared to normal saline lavage reduces the rate of acute postoperative periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) in aseptic revision total knee (TKA) and hip arthroplasty (THA). Methods A total of 478 patients undergoing aseptic revision TKA and THA were randomized to receive a 3-minute dilute betadine lavage (0.35%) or normal saline lavage before surgical wound closure. Fifteen patients were excluded following randomization (3.1%) and six were lost to follow-up (1.3%), leaving 457 patients available for study. Of them, 234 patients (153 knees, 81 hips) received normal saline lavage and 223 (144 knees, 79 hips) received dilute betadine lavage. The primary outcome was PJI within 90 days of surgery with a secondary assessment of 90-day wound complications. A priori power analysis determined that 285 patients per group were needed to detect a reduction in the rate of PJI from 5% to 1% with 80% power and alpha of 0.05. Results There were eight infections in the saline group and 1 in the betadine group (3.4% vs 0.4%, P = .038). There was no difference in wound complications between groups (1.3% vs 0%, P = .248). There were no differences in any baseline demographics or type of revision procedure between groups, suggesting appropriate randomization. Conclusion Dilute betadine lavage before surgical wound closure in aseptic revision TKA and THA appears to be a simple, safe, and effective measure to reduce the risk of acute postoperative PJI. Level of Evidence Level I.
Large-scale contractions of Friedreich's ataxia GAA repeats in yeast occur during DNA replication due to their triplex-forming ability.

Friedreich’s ataxia (FRDA) is a human hereditary disease caused by the presence of expanded (GAA)n repeats in the first intron of the FXN gene [V. Campuzano et al., Science 271, 1423–1427 (1996)]. In somatic tissues of FRDA patients, (GAA)n repeat tracts are highly unstable, with contractions more common than expansions [R. Sharma et al., Hum. Mol. Genet. 11, 2175–2187 (2002)]. Here we describe an experimental system to characterize GAA repeat contractions in yeast and to conduct a genetic analysis of this process. We found that large-scale contraction is a one-step process, resulting in a median loss of ∼60 triplet repeats. Our genetic analysis revealed that contractions occur during DNA replication, rather than by various DNA repair pathways. Repeats contract in the course of lagging-strand synthesis: The processivity subunit of DNA polymerase δ, Pol32, and the catalytic domain of Rev1, a translesion polymerase, act together in the same pathway to counteract contractions. Accumulation of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) in the lagging-strand template greatly increases the probability that (GAA)n repeats contract, which in turn promotes repeat instability in rfa1, rad27, and dna2 mutants. Finally, by comparing contraction rates for homopurine-homopyrimidine repeats differing in their mirror symmetry, we found that contractions depend on a repeat’s triplex-forming ability. We propose that accumulation of ssDNA in the lagging-strand template fosters the formation of a triplex between the nascent and fold-back template strands of the repeat. Occasional jumps of DNA polymerase through this triplex hurdle, result in repeat contractions in the nascent lagging strand.
Factors associated with tobacco cessation attempts among inpatients in a psychiatric hospital

IntroductionSeveral effective evidence-based tobacco treatment approaches can optimize cessation attempts; however, little is known about the utilization of such strategies by people with mental illnesses (MI) during their cessation attempts.AimsTo examine methods used during and factors associated with tobacco cessation attempts among people with MI.MethodsSelf-administered cross-sectional survey data were obtained from 132 tobacco using inpatients from a psychiatric facility in Kentucky, USA.ResultsOur study found ‘cold turkey’ as the most reported method by inpatient tobacco users with MI in their prior cessation attempts regardless of the psychiatric diagnosis category. Multivariate logistic regression found ethnicity (OR 26.1; 95% CI 2.9–237.1), age at 1st smoke (OR 1.1; 95% CI 1.0–1.1), importance to quit (OR 1.2; 95% CI 1.0–1.4), and receipt of brief tobacco treatment interventions (OR 1.1; 95% CI 1.0–1.3) significantly associated with quit attempt in the past year.ConclusionDespite the existence of various evidence-based approaches to enhance tobacco cessation among people with MI, ‘cold-turkey’ was the most preferred method in this sample. In addition, this study highlighted ethnicity, importance to quit, age at 1st smoke, and receipt of brief interventions as important factors to consider when tailoring tobacco cessation in this population. Though ethnicity is a non-modifiable factor, an informed provider may intervene skillfully by addressing socio-cultural barriers specific to an ethnic group. Lower ratings on the motivation ruler and early age of smoking initiation could also inform providers when using motivational interviewing and other evidence-based tobacco-cessation approaches.
Two cases of uveitis associated with severe transaminitis during a Rickettsia typhi outbreak in Los Angeles County.

Abstract Purpose To report the clinical presentation, multimodal imaging, and management of two patients with Rickettsia typhi infection who presented with transaminitis and bilateral uveitis. Observations We report two cases of murine typhus-associated uveitis in the setting of a Rickettsia typhi outbreak in Los Angeles County. In case 1, a 29-year-old Hispanic female presented with scotoma of the right eye and bilateral floaters after 2 weeks of persistent fevers, maculopapular rash, and arthralgia. Clinical examination and optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed vitreous cell and scattered white spots in both eyes at the level of the inner retina, and a cotton wool spot inferiorly in the left eye. Multiple hyperautofluorescent spots were seen on widefield fundus autofluorescence (FAF). Retinal vascular leakage and optic disc hyperfluorescence were visualized on widefield fluorescein angiography (FA). These findings were concerning for a white dot syndrome (WDS). The patient was started on oral prednisone 30 mg daily. Serologic testing during the convalescent phase returned positive for R. typhi infection and she was started on doxycycline. 3 weeks later, she reported complete resolution of scotoma and significant improvement of bilateral floaters. In the second case, a 42-year-old Hispanic male presented with sudden bilateral increased floaters and blurry vision after 12 days of persistent fever and headache. Clinical examination revealed trace flare with 1+ cell in the anterior chamber, 1+ vitreous cell, and multiple white dots in both eyes at the level of the inner retina. FAF showed scattered hyperautofluorescent spots in both eyes. FA demonstrated late retinal vascular leakage with bilateral hyperfluorescent optic discs. He was started on oral prednisone 40mg, prednisolone acetate 1% drops, and cyclopentolate 1% drops daily. 2 weeks later, serologic titers returned positive for murine typhus and he was started on doxycycline with gradual taper off of steroids. He subsequently had complete resolution of floaters, blurry vision, and the inner retinal white spots. Conclusions and Importance Murine typhus-associated uveitis may present with scotoma and increased floaters in the setting of persistent fevers and transaminitis, with pre- or inner retinal white spots seen on fundus examination. Ophthalmologists may aid in prompt diagnosis and initiation of antibiotic therapy, which can shorten the course of the disease and in turn, reduce the risk of severe complications.
Basolateral amygdala to nucleus accumbens projections differentially mediate flexibility of sign- and goal-tracking rats

Abstract Rats rely on communication between basolateral amygdala (BLA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) to express lever directed approach in a Pavlovian lever autoshaping (PLA) task that distinguishes sign- and goal-tracking rats. While sign-tracking rats inflexibly respond to cues even after the associated outcome is devalued, goal-tracking rats flexibly suppress conditioned responding during outcome devaluation. Here, we sought to determine whether BLA-NAc communication in sign-trackers drives rigid appetitive approach that is insensitive to manipulations of outcome value. Using a contralateral chemogenetic inactivation design, we injected contralateral BLA and NAc core with inhibitory DREADD (hm4D-mcherry) or control (mcherry) constructs. To determine sign- and goal-tracking groups, we trained rats in five PLA sessions in which brief lever insertion predicts food pellet delivery. We sated rats on training pellets (devalued condition) or chow (valued condition) prior to systemic clozapine injections (0.1 mg/kg) to inactivate BLA and contralateral NAc during two outcome devaluation probe tests, in which we measured lever and foodcup approach. Contralateral BLA-NAc chemogenetic inactivation promoted flexible lever approach in sign-tracking rats, but disrupted flexible food-cup approach in goal-tracking rats. Consistent with a prior BLA-NAc disconnection lesion study, we find contralateral chemogenetic inactivation of BLA and NAc core reduces lever, but not foodcup approach in PLA. Together these findings suggest rigid appetitive associative encoding in BLA-NAc of sign-tracking rats hinders the expression of flexible behavior when outcome value changes.
Machine learning improves accounting: discussion, implementation and research opportunities

Machine learning has been growing in importance in empirical accounting research. In this opinion piece, I review the unique challenges of going beyond prediction and leveraging these tools into generalizable conceptual insights. Taking as springboard “Machine learning improves accounting estimates” presented at the 2019 Conference of the Review of Accounting Studies, I propose a conceptual framework with various testable implications. I also develop implementation considerations panels with accounting data, such as colinearities between accounting numbers or suitable choices of validation and test samples to mitigate between-sample correlations. Lastly, I offer a personal viewpoint toward embracing the many low-hanging opportunities to bring the methodology into major unanswered accounting questions.
Phytoplankton Community Response to Changes in Light: Can Glacial Rock Flour Be Used to Control Cyanobacterial Blooms?

Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms are one of the most prominent threats to water quality in freshwater ecosystems and are expected to become more common as the climate continues to change. While traditional strategies to manage algal blooms have focused on controlling nutrients, manipulating light as a way to reduce cyanobacteria is less frequently explored. Here, we propose the addition of glacial rock flour (GRF), a fine particulate that floats on the water’s surface and remains suspended in the water column, to reduce light availability and in turn, phytoplankton biomass dominated by cyanobacteria. To determine if a sustained reduction in light could reduce cyanobacteria biomass and associated cyanotoxins, we applied GRF to mesocosm tanks for 9 consecutive days. Mesocosm tanks were amended with nitrogen and phosphorus to generate chlorophyte- and cyanophyte-dominated experimental tanks. To assess how the phytoplankton community was impacted in each tank, we measured photosynthetic irradiance parameters, the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, gross primary productivity (GPP), phytoplankton biovolume, and phytoplankton community composition before and after the addition of GRF. GRF effectively reduced cyanophyte biovolume by 78% in the cyanophyte-dominated tanks, despite no significant change in total phytoplankton community biovolume. Cyanophytes were replaced by cryptophytes, which increased by 106% in the chlorophyte-dominated tanks and by 240% in the cyanophyte-dominated tanks. The change in photosynthetic irradiance parameters and GPP after the addition of GRF was not significantly different between any of the experimental groups, suggesting that either the cyanophytes will likely recover if light availability increases, or that the new cryptophyte-dominated community was well suited to a reduced light environment. Cyanobacterial blooms are expected to increase in frequency and magnitude as climate change progresses, but our study suggests that light manipulation may be a useful in-lake management strategy for controlling these blooms and warrants further investigation.
Machine learning based algorithms for uncertainty quantification in numerical weather prediction models

Abstract Complex numerical weather prediction models incorporate a variety of physical processes, each described by multiple alternative physical schemes with specific parameters. The selection of the physical schemes and the choice of the corresponding physical parameters during model configuration can significantly impact the accuracy of model forecasts. There is no combination of physical schemes that works best for all times, at all locations, and under all conditions. It is therefore of considerable interest to understand the interplay between the choice of physics and the accuracy of the resulting forecasts under different conditions. This paper demonstrates the use of machine learning techniques to study the uncertainty in numerical weather prediction models due to the interaction of multiple physical processes. The first problem addressed herein is the estimation of systematic model errors in output quantities of interest at future times, and the use of this information to improve the model forecasts. The second problem considered is the identification of those specific physical processes that contribute most to the forecast uncertainty in the quantity of interest under specified meteorological conditions. In order to address these questions we employ two machine learning approaches, random forests and artificial neural networks. The discrepancies between model results and observations at past times are used to learn the relationships between the choice of physical processes and the resulting forecast errors. Numerical experiments are carried out with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The output quantity of interest is the model precipitation, a variable that is both extremely important and very challenging to forecast. The physical processes under consideration include various micro-physics schemes, cumulus parameterizations, short wave, and long wave radiation schemes. The experiments demonstrate the strong potential of machine learning approaches to aid the study of model errors.
Chronic tissue inflammation and metabolic disease

Obesity is the most common cause of insulin resistance, and the current obesity epidemic is driving a parallel rise in the incidence of T2DM. It is now widely recognized that chronic, subacute tissue inflammation is a major etiologic component of the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction in obesity. Here, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of immunometabolism. We discuss the characteristics of chronic inflammation in the major metabolic tissues and how obesity triggers these events, including a focus on the role of adipose tissue hypoxia and macrophage-derived exosomes. Last, we also review current and potential new therapeutic strategies based on immunomodulation.