cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
So, How Deep Is the Mariana Trench?

HMS Challenger made the first sounding of Challenger Deep in 1875 of 8184 m. Many have since claimed depths deeper than Challenger's 8184 m, but few have provided details of how the determination was made. In 2010, the Mariana Trench was mapped with a Kongsberg Maritime EM122 multibeam echosounder and recorded the deepest sounding of 10,984 ± 25 m (95%) at 11.329903°N/142.199305°E. The depth was determined with an update of the HGM uncertainty model combined with the Lomb-Scargle periodogram technique and a modal estimate of depth. Position uncertainty was determined from multiple DGPS receivers and a POS/MV motion sensor.
Age at symptom onset predicts severity of motor impairment and clinical outcome of glutaric acidemia type 1.

Abstract Objectives: In patients with glutaric acidemia type 1 (GAI), biochemical and molecular markers fail to predict the course of individual patients; therefore we sought to identify nonbiochemical variables that correlate with severity of motor deficits or overall clinical outcome. Study design: Archival data was collected from 42 published articles describing 115 patients with GA1. A forward, stepwise, multiple regression analysis was used to find predictors for outcome. Results: Analyses show that in patients who did not have a precipitating illness before the first appearance of motor symptoms, the age at onset was significantly associated with the severity of motor impairments and overall clinical outcome. In patients who had a precipitating illness, the age at onset did not predict the outcome. In both groups of patients, basal ganglia degeneration, enlargement of spaces containing cerebrospinal fluid, and white matter abnormalities were indicative of a poorer prognosis. Treatment given after the appearance of symptoms was not associated with a better clinical outcome or fewer motor deficits. Conclusion: Because the age at symptom onset can significantly predict the severity of motor deficits and the overall outcome, it is important to identify patients with GA1 as early as possible. Several studies suggest that presymptomatic treatment may prevent or postpone the onset of symptoms. (J Pediatr 2000;137:681-6)
“The Most Popular Unpopular Man in Baseball”: Baseball Fans and Ty Cobb in the Early 20th Century

This essay deciphers the complexities of early twentieth century American male sports spectator behavior by examining how baseball fans responded to one of the most controversial athletes of the early 20th century—Ty Cobb. By exploring the ways in which fans interpreted Cobb’s fierce style of play, this essay argues baseball fans were active agents in the early stages of the emerging mass culture. Though they went to the ballpark for escape and release, fans responded to events on the field in ways that gave these events personal meaning. By cheering and booing, that is to say endorsing some behaviors and censuring others, early 20th century baseball fans projected their collective concerns about changing conceptions of masculinity onto the ball field. Specifically, they looked to stars like Cobb for evidence of ideal manhood. By their active participation in the game, fans tested Cobb, challenging him to display those attributes of manhood that they valued the most—especially that quality of manhood that they called nerve. More times than not, Cobb succeeded and thus became their hero—the personification of their hopes and dreams amidst the changing conceptions of manhood in the early 20th century.
Use of Highway Underpasses by Large Mammals and Other Wildlife in Virginia: Factors Influencing Their Effectiveness

Wildlife crossing structures are gaining recognition by transportation agencies as effective measures to reduce animal-vehicle collisions and to connect wildlife habitats across transportation corridors. For the species that pose the highest risk in terms of animal-vehicle accidents in Virginia, namely, white-tailed deer and black bears, research is lacking on structural and location attributes of effective crossing structures. The Virginia Transportation Research Council began a 1-year study in June 2004 to monitor potential crossing structures and to determine the features that make a crossing successful for Virginia's large mammals. The underpasses, most not specifically designed as wildlife crossings, consist of box culverts and bridges of varying sizes. Remote cameras installed at seven underpass sites have recorded more than 2,700 wildlife photographs and documented 1,040 white-tailed deer crossings in the most heavily used structures. Underpasses with a minimum height of 12 ft were successful in fa...
Comparative outcomes of severe obstructive sleep apnea in pediatric patients with Trisomy 21.

A B S T R A C T Objectives: To analyze the outcomes of severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in pediatric patients with Trisomy 21 compared with non-syndromic patients. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed for patients with a diagnosis of severe obstructive sleep apnea, (defined as, Apnea–Hypopnea index (AHI) of 10) in a tertiary children’s hospital. Data were analyzed for subjective and objective outcomes along with perioperative care and health care utilization. Patients with Trisomy 21 were compared with non-syndromic patients. Results: A total of 230 patients with severe OSA were included in the study. Eighteen of these patients had Trisomy 21. Adenotonsillectomy was the most common surgical intervention in both groups. There was no statistical difference in the preoperative AHI between groups. Post treatment AHI in the Trisomy 21 group changed from an average of 26.6 to an average of 11.6 as compared with 24.5 to 3.6 in the nonsyndromic group. The average perioperative hospital stay was 3.8 days in Trisomy 21 group compared to 1.7 days for the non-syndromic group (p < 0.001, Mann–Whitney U test). Complete resolution was seen in 35% of the Trisomy 21 group versus 75% in the non-syndromic group. Conclusions: A majority of Trisomy 21 patients with severe OSA had residual symptoms following surgical intervention. There is also an increased risk of post-operative airway intervention and increased length of hospital stay in these patients.
Concurrency control in a dynamic search structure

A design of a data structure and efficient algorithms for concurrent manipulations of a dynamic search structure by independent user processes is presented in this paper. The algorithms include updating data, inserting new elements, and deleting elements. The algorithms support a high level of concurrency. Each of the operations listed above requires only constant amount of locking. In order to make the system even more efficient for the user processes, maintenance processes are introduced. The maintenance processes operate independently in the background to reorganize the data structure and “clean up” after the (more urgent) user processes. A proof of correctness of the algorithms is given and some experimental results and extensions are examined.
Popular Culture/Multiculturalism

L'A. tente de definir les concepts de culture populaire, et de multiculturalisme, et de mieux preciser leurs rapports. Il traite des champs approches par les intellectuels qui s'interesse a ces deux aires culturelles, des definitions de la culture qui ont lieu dans ces domaines, de la maniere dont l'institution universitaire integre ces espaces de reflexion. Le role que ces concepts et ces pratiques ont joue dans la transformation de l'idee generale de culture et dans l'apparition et la reconnaissance de groupes culturelles minoritaires est egalement souligne
A one-step approach to the analysis of the QT interval in conscious telemetrized dogs

Abstract Introduction To account for heart rate-induced changes in the QT interval, correction formulas are generally applied to normalize the QT interval for heart rate. None of these formulas is entirely accurate because correction or normalization of any parameter in biology may introduce an additional source of variation in estimating the parameter. In this article, a one-step approach for the statistical analysis of the QT interval was proposed based on modeling the functional relationship between the QT interval and heart rate. Methods The QT–HR relationship was incorporated into the statistical analysis to provide a model-based correction. This was accomplished by including HR as a covariate in the QT interval analysis. The approach was demonstrated using data generated from Lilly Research Laboratories. We compared the false positive rate and statistical power of QT, QTcF, and the proposed one-step method. Results We found the one-step method demonstrated the greatest sensitivity in detecting a QT interval change without an increase in the false positive rate. It was shown that the one-step QT analysis could detect a 5%–6% increment of the QT interval. This is approximately equivalent to an increase of 11–13 ms in QT interval in beagle dogs. Discussion Several advantages and unique features of the one-step method are discussed. These include evaluating treatment effect on QT without applying a heart rate correction formula and estimating QT difference flexibly at any selected heart rate. In addition to the linear QT–HR relationship, other functional relationships can be easily implemented to this approach.
Succinyldicholine-induced Return of the Eyes to the Basic Deviation: A Motion picture Study

Succinyldicholine 2 mg/kg body weight returned the eyes of 20 anesthetized subjects to the same basic horizontal position as when conscious. The distance between the two eyes, as measured from motion pictures, agreed when the patient was in the conscious state and succinyldicholine-stimulated unconscious state by 99 +/- 10%. Since succinyldicholine has been shown by others to selectively produce a sustained contraction of en grappe muscle fibers, these muscle fibers are implicated as determinants of the basic ocular position and a cause of strabismus.
DSS-CMM: A Capability Maturity Model for DSS Development Processes

While DSS development methodologies and implementation research are abound in the DSS literature, a gap still exists in terms of the ability to provide a holistic conceptual structure for improving the management and development of decision support systems, the ability to capture and share understanding of key DSS development processes, and most notably, the ability to provide guidance for DSS development and process improvements. This paper proposes a Decision Support System Capability Maturity Model DSS-CMM. The model leverages related DSS literature and input from DSS researchers and practitioners to identify pertinent DSS development processes and capability levels. From a theoretical perspective, DSS-CMM provides a meta-model for DSS development processes and represents the first maturity model specifically targeting DSS development. From a practical perspective, the model provides a framework for organizations to assess the capability level of their DSS development processes and devise process improvement initiatives to address any limitations with existing practices.
Aliens Behaving Badly: Children's Acquisition of Novel Purity-Based Morals.

The traditional cognitive developmental perspective on moral acquisition posits that children actively construct moral beliefs by assessing the negative impacts of antisocial behaviors. This account is not easily applied to actions that are considered immoral despite lacking consequences for others' welfare. We studied the moralization of behaviors without tangible impacts, specifically examining the independent and joint roles of feelings and norms in children's acquisition of purity-based morals. Seven-year-olds were shown pictures of anthropomorphic aliens engaged in unfamiliar activities and were asked to judge whether these actions were wrong or OK. Relative to a control condition matched for valence and informational complexity, children made elevated wrongness judgments when they were either disgusted or led to believe that the behaviors were unnatural. However, it was only in a condition that included both disgust induction and information about unnaturalness that children exhibited robust tendencies to judge the actions as wrong. This research therefore demonstrates that feelings and norms work in concert such that purity morals are most readily acquired when both factors are involved. The implications for accounts of moral development are discussed.
Singatoka dune sands, Viti Levu (Fiji)

Abstract The provenance of the coastal sands at the mouth of the Singatoka River is a mountainous interior drainage carved largely from the Tertiary volcano-plutonic orogen of Viti Levu. On the combined evidence of field relations, the human artifacts they contain, and mechanical analyses, the exposed sands are judged to be younger dune and older eolian flat deposits that accumulated within the last 2,500 (?) years during a marine transgression upon a delta margin. The sands are all well-sorted (So ∼ 1.25) and positively skewed, but the eolian flat deposits that underlie the modern dunes are coarser grained, more skewed, and tend to have higher kurtosis. The sands are rich in heavy minerals, but the recalculated mean modal composition of nine samples is Q34F24L42. Ancient volcaniclastic sandstones of similar composition were probably derived from similar juvenile tectonic highlands within orogenic belts.
Assessment of Urinary Incontinence in the Elderly

Urinary incontinence is a major health problem affecting the lives of many elderly people. A formal urologic examination often is not required for proper diagnosis and successful treatment of incontinence. This article focuses on safe, accurate, and inexpensive methods of incontinence assessment that can be performed in a variety of settings by nurse practitioners. The evaluation described incorporates medical, behavioral, and physiologic assessment of deficits commonly encountered in older incontinent individuals.
Comparison of daily couch shifts using MVCT (TomoTherapy) and B-mode ultrasound (BAT System) during prostate radiotherapy.

The purpose of this study was to compare daily couch shifts after prostate localization between megavoltage CT (MVCT, Hi-ART® TomoTherapy) and b-mode ultrasound (BAT system). Nine hundred and thirteen couch shifts from 22 consecutive patients treated using MVCT localization were compared to 853 shifts from 23 randomly selected patients treated using b-mode ultrasound prostate localization. Shifts were made in three principal axes based on prostate position after comparing daily images to the initial planning CT. Mean shift for each axis and the shift variability both between and within individual subjects were calculated. Variability was higher for BAT compared to MVCT for vertical and cranial-caudal (CC) shifts (p = 0.0084 and 0.01037, respectively), while lateral shifts were significantly greater for MVCT. For each individual, the pairwise correlations between shifts in different axes were calculated. Among all the groups and pairings, only the pairing of vertical and cranial/caudal adjustments in BAT-localized patients showed significant evidence of correlation after adjustment for multiple pairwise comparisons (p = 0.0006). When compared to MVCT, the use of BAT for prostate localization results in greater variability of positional adjustments in vertical and CC directions. This likely reflects differences in the ability to precisely align b-mode ultrasound contours to KVCT images, as well as prostate excursion in vertical and CC direction caused by the ultrasound probe. These considerations need to be made when defining treatment volumes, and argue for the use of less disruptive techniques for daily prostate localization.
Basic Substances as Synergists for Fat Antioxidants

ADDED fatty acids decrease the effectiveness of a number of antioxidants in marine and other oils and fats1. It has now been demonstrated that many oil-soluble basic substances may act as synergists. For example, a primary amine (octadecylamine, ODA), a secondary amine (proline), and a tertiary amine (triisooctylamine, TOA) provided unexpectedly great protection against oxidation to oils containing added 6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-di-hydroquinoline (EMQ, ‘Santoquin’), whereas in the absence of the last-named they conferred only slight or no protection at the same levels (Table 1).
Repair of potentially lethal x ray damage and possible applications to clinical radiotherapy

The relationship of potentially lethal damage repair (PLDR) to clinical radiotherapy has not been studied in great detail. We have therefore examined the cellular and molecular basis of PLDR in bacterial, animal and human tumor systems and attempted to relate laboratory data to clinical fractionation schemes. We also have examined how the repair of potentially lethal damage may alter the therapeutic ratio by altering tumor radiocurability and normal tissue tolerance.
A Comprehensive Review of DFCI's Adult HSCT Data

s / Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 19 (2013) S257eS278 S274 challenges to be found for Pre-TED and Post-TED Forms were included in the new work flow. A list of diseasespecific staging was developed to guide disease status at annual evaluations. A visual approach was created in the spreadsheet to track forms completion with all patients due dates as follows: green form may be completed, red time to complete form has not yet been reached, blue form is ready to be reported, yellow form must be reviewed, purple patient underwent another HSCT and black death. Conclusion: In October 2012 our goal was achieved and we were able to update and report all 193 patients. Team work and new efficient tools allowed control of due dates and optimization of time spent with data capturing, CRA/physician meetings and forms review. All items from all patients will now be timely reported.
Convenient unimolecular sources of aryloxyl radicals. III - photolysis of bis(aryloxy)phosphine azides

Abstract Photolysis of sterically hindered bis(aryloxy)phosphine azides in solution, frozen matrix, or neat solid states leads to facile unimolecular production of aryloxyl radicals.
Reference equations for ultrasound bone densitometry of the radius in Central European children and adolescents

Bone density measurements are important for evaluation and follow-up of children with alterations in their mineral status (increased risk for fractures and osteoporosis subsequently). Interpretation of these measurements relies on the availability of appropriate reference equations. We developed gender-specific, age-dependent reference values of bone density for Central European children. In recent years, there has been an increasing demand for the measurement of bone density in children exposed to an increased risk of early alterations in their bone status. These values must be compared to an adequate reference population. The aim of the present study was to create reference equations of radial speed of sound (SOS) for Central European children and adolescents. In this cross-sectional study, SOS values were measured at the distal third of the radius in 581 Swiss children and adolescents (321 girls and 260 boys) aged 6 to 16 years using the Sunlight Omnisense® 7000P quantitative ultrasound system. Gender-specific reference equations for SOS values were derived by polynomial regression and combined a cubic dependence of age and a linear dependence of height. The fitted SOS curves in our study population show a plateau period in both genders for younger ages followed by an increase phase beginning at the age of 12 in girls and 14 in boys. Neither the reported level of physical activity nor additional sport nor self-reported calcium intake influenced the reference equations. Our results show a good agreement with similar studies using the same measurement technique on other body parts, suggesting a wide applicability of the obtained reference curves over different European populations.
Episodes of low dissolved oxygen indicated by ostracodes and sediment geochemistry at Crystal Lake, Illinois, USA.

Low dissolved oxygen during the summer and early fall controls profundal continental ostracode distribution in Crystal Lake (McHenry County), Illinois, favoring Cypria ophthalmica and Physocypria globula at water depths from 6 to 13 m. These species also thrived in the lake’s profundal zone from 14,165 to 9600 calendar year before present (cal yr B.P.) during the late Bolling, Allerod, and Younger Dryas chronozones, and early Holocene. Characterized by sand, cemented tubules, large aquatic gastropod shells, and littoral ostracode valves, thin (1– 6 cm) tempestite deposits punctuate thicker deposits of organic gyttja from 16,080 to 11,900 cal yr B.P. The succeeding 2300 yr (11,900–9600 cal yr B.P.) lack tempestites, and reconstructed water depths were at their maximum. Deposition of marl under relatively well-oxygenated conditions occurred during the remainder of the Holocene until the arrival of Europeans, when the lake returned to a pattern of seasonally low dissolved oxygen. Such conditions are also indicated in the lake sediment by the speciation of phosphorus, high concentrations of organic carbon, and abundant iron and manganese occluded to mineral grains. Initial low dissolved oxygen was probably caused by the delivery of dissolved P and Fe in shallow groundwater, the chemistry of which was influenced by Spodosol pedogenesis under a spruce forest. The triggering may have been regionally warm and wet conditions associated with retreat of the Lake Michigan lobe (south-central Laurentide Ice Sheet).
A relação salário-lucro no Brasil: análise de insumo-produto, 1970 e 1975

This paper develops a Marxian model of prices and income distribution and applies it to Brazilian data. The wage-profit trade-offs, estimated with inputoutput data aggregated into nine sectors, show that both the maximum and the
Macromolecular cytosolic delivery: cell membranes as the primary obstacle.

The “evolution” of a thing, a custom, an organ is thus by no means its progressus toward a goal, even less a logical progressus by the shortest route and with the least expenditure of force, but a succession of more of less profound, mutually independent processes of subduing, plus the resistances they encounter, the attempts at transformation for the purpose of defense and reaction, and the results of successful counteractions. The form is fluid, but the “meaning” is even more so (Friedrich W. Nietzsche).
Cooperative Spectrum Sensing with a Progressive MAP Detection Algorithm

In this paper, a new cooperative spectrum sensing algorithm is proposed for a cognitive radio network with multiple secondary users (SUs) sharing spectrum with one or more primary users (PUs). Unlike most previous spectrum sensing algorithms that do not consider the time domain traffic statistics of the PU, the algorithm in this paper is developed by exploiting the statistical properties of the PU's transmission pattern, which is modeled with a Markov chain with two states: busy (1) and idle (0). Each SU performs energy detection based on an observation of the Markov chain, and the detection results are forwarded to a fusion center (FC) through a noisy channel. The FC recovers the decisions of the SUs by using a new progressive maximum a posteriori (MAP) algorithm, where the a priori probability essential to the MAP detection is obtained by progressively estimating the transition probabilities of the Markov chain. Analytical expressions are derived for the probabilities of false alarm and missing detection, with both the majority data fusion rule and the OR data fusion rule. Both theoretical analysis and simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm can provide reliable and efficient spectrum sensing over a large range of system configurations.
Presence of native limbal stromal cells increases the expansion efficiency of limbal stem/progenitor cells in culture

Niche factors are important in the maintenance and regulation of stem cells. Limbal stromal cells are potentially a component of limbal stem cell (LSC) niche. We investigated the role of the limbal stromal cells in the ex vivo expansion of limbal stem/progenitor cells. Limbal epithelial cells were cultured as single-cell suspension and cell clusters from dispase II or collagenase A (ColA), or tissue explant. ColA isolated limbal stromal cells along with limbal epithelial cells. In the presence of limbal stromal cells, a higher absolute number of p63αbright cells (p < 0.05) and a higher proportion of K14 positive epithelial cells were obtained from both ColA and explant tissue cultures. Expansion of the stem/progenitor population from dispase isolation was more efficient in the form of cell clusters than single cell suspension based on the absolute number of p63αbright cells. Expansion of the stem cell population is similar in the single cell and cell cluster cultures that are derived from ColA isolation. Our finding suggests that limbal stromal cells and an intact cell–cell contact help to maintain LSCs in an undifferentiated state in vitro during expansion.
Why rehabilitation research does not work (As well as we think it should)

Establishing treatment effectiveness is a high priority for rehabilitation research. The use of traditional quantitative null hypotheses to achieve this priority is reviewed. Three problems are identified in the analysis and interpretation of investigations based on statistical testing of hypotheses: (1) confusion of clinical and statistical significance, (2) low statistical power in detecting clinically important results, and (3) a failure to understand the importance of replication in developing a knowledge base for rehabilitation practice. Technical aspects associated with each problem are reviewed and examples presented illustrating the impact of low statistical power and the results of misinterpreting statistical significance tests. Several specific recommendations are made to improve the clinical usefulness of quantitative research conducted in rehabilitation.
Rathke's pouch morphogenesis in the chick embryo

Origin of Rathke's pouch ectoderm is complex. Anterior neural ridge and plate extend and reflect ventrally, then caudad, under the head into the subcephalic pocket. At least pouch roof and part of the walls form from ventral neural ridge. Pouch roof anchors to brain floor along the ventral suture line. Pouch tip, floor, and the rest of the walls are from stomodeal ectoderm. Pouch tip anchors to prechordal plate, and floor to Seessel's pocket along the midline. The prosencephalon bulges ventrally, bending attached pouch roof at right angles to pouch floor. The pouch tip is a pivotal point about which the head of the embryo enfolds. Cranial flexure bends the head ventrally, then caudad, folding the pouch roof parallel to its floor. Prosencephalon floor elongation stretches attached pouch roof. That these forces help form the pouch is shown in experiments in which parts are surgically altered, or glass rods are placed in brain cavity or in the foregut to stop the movements and thereby affect pouch formation. Pouch wall formation is due to accumulation of mesenchyme beneath lateral, unattached ectoderm. The full length of pouch floor ectoderm is present in early embryos and is gradually incorporated into the pouch as the walls form. The pouch does not invaginate nor change its position relative to the brain floor. The true infundibulum evaginates from brain floor over the pouch tip on the fifth day of incubation, which also is when an earlier, more caudal structure called “infundibulum” disappears.
Cellular Mechanisms of Fatal Early-Onset Autoimmunity in Mice with the T Cell-Specific Targeting of Transforming Growth Factor-β Receptor

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) has been implicated in the control of differentiation and proliferation of multiple cell types. However, a role for TGF-beta in the control of immune homeostasis is not fully understood because of its pleiotropic action. Here we report that complete ablation of the TGF-beta signaling in T cells engendered aggressive early-onset, multiorgan, autoimmune-associated lesions with 100% mortality. Peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with TGF-beta-receptor II (TGF-betaRII) deficiency activated cytolytic and T helper 1 (Th1) differentiation program in a cell-intrinsic T cell receptor (TCR)-specific fashion. Furthermore, TGF-betaRII deficiency blocked the development of canonical CD1d-restricted NKT cells. Instead, it facilitated generation of a highly pathogenic T cell subset exhibiting multiple hallmarks of NK cells and sharply elevated amounts of FasL, perforin, granzymes, and interferon-gamma. Thus, TGF-beta signaling in peripheral T cells is crucial in restraining TCR activation-dependent Th1, cytotoxic, and NK cell-like differentiation program which, when left unchecked, leads to rapidly progressing fatal autoimmunity.
Telemarketing for the Business School as a Sales Course Project

Client-based projects provide a more comprehensive learning experience than other participation exercises in business school courses. Most client-based projects, however, share two basic disadvantages: changing clients each semester entails heavy work and constantly intense learning curves for the faculty involved, and extensive cold calling exposes students to a potentially high rate of rejection, which may discourage them from pursuing sales careers. This article describes a client-based telemarketing project that avoids these disadvantages by using the students' own business school as the client and prospects who have already indicated some interest in the school. Methodology and teaching considerations are discussed.
Flexibility of Trunnion Piping Elbows

Trunnion piping elbows are commonly used in piping systems in power and chemical plants. The flexibility of the trunnion piping elbows is normally less than that of the plain piping elbows. In this paper, the finite element method is used to derive the in-plane and out-of-plane flexibility factors of trunnion piping elbows. The results can be easily adopted into the piping flexibility analysis.
Norbornenyl-Substituted Thiophenes and Terthiophenes: Novel Doubly Polymerizable Monomers

The synthesis and polymerization of norbornenyl-substituted thiophenes (2 and 4) and terthiophenes (3 and 5) are reported. All monomers readily undergo ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP)...
Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) skin test in the diagnosis of cellular immunodeficiency

Abstract Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) is a nonspecific activator of lymphocytes and is of value in the in vivo and in vitro assessment of cellular immunity. One hundred and four subjects were skin tested with an intradermal injection of 1 μg of PHA. Ninety-one of 94 subjects with no apparent cellular immunodeficiency gave a positive response at 24 hours, including 5 patients with antibody deficiency but normal cellular immunity. There was a correlation between the in vivo and in vitro response to PHA in 22 of 23 normals tested. Four of 10 patients with cellular immunodeficiencies had no response to a 1 μg PHA skin test; in addition, the mean response for this group was significantly reduced when compared to normals. Five of 10 patients in the cellular immunodeficiency group gave positive skin tests in the presence of an abnormal in vitro response. The PHA skin test is a simple and useful screening test for cellular immune function and is of particular value in infants and young children since it does not require prior sensitization.
Fat and Sugar Levels are High in Snacks Purchased From Student Stores in Middle Schools

Abstract Objective Children consume about one third of their daily energy at school, mostly from cafeteria food and bag lunches. Students also shop at studentrun stores that generate revenue for extracurricular activities; yet the nutritional value of snacks sold at student stores has not been documented to our knowledge. Design Cross-sectional study of foods sold at student stores in middle schools. Subjects/setting Twentyfour San Diego County (Calif) public middle schools, grades 6 through 8 (age 11 to 13), from 9 school districts. The schools represent a diversity of ethnic groups and socioeconomic levels. Statistical analyses performed Descriptive statistics, Pearson product moment correlations, analysis of variance. Results Snacks averaged 8.7g fat and 23.0g sugar. Overall, 88.5% of store inventory was high in fat and/or high in sugar. Sugar candy accounted for one third of store sales. Chocolate candy was highest in fat content: 15.7g. Fourteen of the 24 schools had stores that sold food and were run by student organizations. Stores were open daily for about 90minutes; half sold food during lunch. Conclusions Adolescents need opportunities to supplement main meals; however, student stores in middle schools sell primarily high-fat, high-sugar snacks. Key intervention possibilities include limiting sales of chocolate candy and substituting low-fat varieties of cakes, cookies, chips, and crackers. Competition with cafeterias for sales at lunchtime should be addressed. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000; 100:319 322 .
Cardiovascular endocrinology 1: aldosterone function in diabetes mellitus: effects on cardiovascular and renal disease.

Type 2 diabetes and its complications are increasing rapidly in Westernized, industrialized societies, in part, because the population is aging and becoming more obese and sedentary (1–6). Type 2 diabetes is also more common in minority populations, including Hispanics and African Americans, whose relative numbers are increasing in this country (1). Up to 20 million people in the United States have diabetes, of whom approximately 4–5 million are unaware that they have this disorder (5, 6). Diabetes is the most frequent underlying cause of new blindness, end stage renal disease, and lower extremity amputations in the United States (1–3). Diabetes also leads to premature cardiovascular disease (CVD; Refs. 2–4), stroke (7–13), and markedly increased premature mortality (2, 3). The role of the reninangiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) in increasing the risk for hypertension and CVD in patients with type 2 diabetes has recently engendered considerable interest (13–22). In this review, we will present the evidence supporting the role of aldosterone as a risk factor above and beyond that of angiotensin II (Ang II) in the pathophysiology of CVD in people with diabetes. We will also discuss the potential benefits of blocking the cardiovascular and renal actions of aldosterone in lessening the burden of CVD and renal disease in these patients (13–25).
Differential processing of excitation by GABAergic gain modulation in canine caudal ventral respiratory group neurons.

The discharge frequency (F n) patterns of medullary respiratory premotor neurons are subject to potent tonic GABAergic gain modulation. Studies in other neuron types suggest that the synaptic input...
Mars Surface Mobility Leading to Sustainable Exploration

A Mars rocket-propelled hopper concept was evaluated for feasibility through analysis and experiments. The approach set forth in this paper is to combine the use of in-situ resources in a new Mars mobility concept that will greatly enhance the science return while providing the first opportunity towards reducing the risk of incorporating ISRU into the critical path for the highly coveted, but currently unaffordable, sample return mission. Experimental tests were performed on a high-pressure, self-throttling gaseous oxygen/methane propulsion system to simulate a two-burn-with-coast hop profile. Analysis of the trajectory, production plant requirements, and vehicle mass indicates that a small hopper vehicle could hop 2 km every 30 days with an initial mass of less than 60 kg. A larger vehicle can hop 15 km every 30 to 60 days with an initial mass of 300 to 430 kg.
Free-bound-free resonance fluorescence in the K2 yellow diffuse band: Theory and experiment

Abstract Free-bound-free resonance fluorescence of the K 2 yellow diffuse band directly excited by single mode dye lasers has been investigated. Quantum-mechanical treatments of this type of fluorescence are described. Simulation spectra with slightly shifted ab initio potentials have been calculated for both absorption and resonance fluorescence. In terms of relative intensities, rather satisfying agreements between observed spectra and their simulated counterparts have been obtained.
Development of a novel photochemical technique for modifying poly (arylsulfone) ultrafiltration membranes

Abstract A novel and general method for modifying hydrophobic poly (arylsulfone) ultrafiltration membranes to produce highly hydrophilic surfaces has been developed. This method consists of the direct UV irradiation of poly (arylsulfone) membranes in the presence of water or methanol soluble monomers. It was discovered that the poly (arylsulfone)s are intrinsically photoactive and that no photoinitiators are required for this process. Membranes were obtained in which polymeric segments derived from the hydrophilic vinyl monomers are directly bound to the poly (arylsulfone) chains by direct chemical bonds. A mechanism involving a photochemically induced free radical cleavage of the poly (arylsulfone) chains has been proposed. The effects of the irradiation conditions and the monomer concentration of three monomers: 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and methacrylic acid (MAc) on the extent and depth of modification in the membrane were examined.
A variational principle and a stability criterion for the dipole modes of pulsation of stellar models in general relativity.

A variational principle is found for the frequencies of the dipole modes of pulsation of spherical stellar models in general relativity. This principle reveals that if the relativistic Schwarzschild discriminant, S, is not positive definite, then a stellar model is unstable to dipole perturbations. In addition, if S is positive definite the eigenfrequencies of all of the normal modes are real. (AIP)
Synthesis of Cyclic Polystyrenes Using Living Anionic Polymerization and Metathesis Ring-Closure

A combination of living anionic polymerization and metathesis ring-closure provides an efficient method for synthesis of well-defined, macrocyclic polymers over a broad molecular weight range. A series of well-defined, α,ω-divinylpolystyrene precursors (Mn = 2800, 8600, 17000, and 38000 g/mol) were synthesized by 4-pentenyllithium-initiated polymerization of styrene followed by termination with 4-chloromethylstyrene. Efficient cyclization of these α,ω-divinylpolystyrene precursors was effected in CH2Cl2 and CH2Cl2/cyclohexane mixtures using a Grubb’s catalyst, bis(tricyclohexylphosphine)benzylidine ruthenium(IV) chloride. As the precursor Mn increased, more cyclohexane was added and the concentration of the precursor was decreased from 1.41 × 10–4 to 2.15 × 10–6 M. The macrocyclic polymers were uniquely characterized by MALDI–TOF mass spectrometry in terms of peaks that appeared characteristically 28 m/z units lower than those of the corresponding open-chain precursor peaks, corresponding to the loss of a...
Functional Recovery and Exercise Behavior in Men and Women 5 to 6 Years Following Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) Surgery

Improvement following coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery has been reported to be less in women than men. Relationships between exercise behavior and functional status of men and women 5 to 6 years after CABG have not been examined in a representative patient sample. This study compared the 5- to 6-year recovery in a cohort of 184 patients at the Minnesota site of the Post CABG Biobehavioral Study. Data were collected by telephone interview and self-administered questionnaires. Results showed that women had lower physical ( p </=.004) and social ( p=.001) functioning scores; men were more likely to participate in regular exercise ( p =.01). Exercisers had higher functional status scores. ANCOVA demonstrated that differences in measures of functional status by exercise category were maintained even after controlling for age, sex, and symptom severity ( p </=.01). In conclusion, individuals who exercised had more positive functional outcomes 5 to 6 years post-CABG.
Feline Leukemia Virus Long Terminal Repeat Activates Collagenase IV Gene Expression through AP-1

Leukemia and lymphoma induced by feline leukemia viruses (FeLVs) are the commonest forms of illness in domestic cats. These viruses do not contain oncogenes, and the source of their pathogenic activity is not clearly understood. Mechanisms involving proto-oncogene activation subsequent to proviral integration and/or development of recombinant viruses with enhanced replication properties are thought to play an important role in their disease pathogenesis. In addition, the long terminal repeat (LTR) regions of these viruses have been shown to be important determinants for pathogenicity and tissue specificity, by virtue of their ability to interact with various transcription factors. Previously, we have shown that, in the case of Moloney murine leukemia virus, the U3 region of the LTR independently induces transcriptional activation of specific cellular genes through an LTR-generated RNA transcript (S. Y. Choi and D. V. Faller, J. Biol. Chem. 269:19691–19694, 1994; S.-Y. Choi and D. V. Faller, J. Virol. 69:7054–7060, 1995). In this report, we show that the U3 region of exogenous FeLV LTRs can induce transcription from collagenase IV (matrix metalloproteinase 9) and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) promoters up to 12-fold. We also show that AP-1 DNA-binding activity and transcriptional activity are strongly induced in cells expressing FeLV LTRs and that LTR-specific RNA transcripts are generated in those cells. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases 1 and 2 (MEK1 and -2) by the LTR is an intermediate step in the FeLV LTR-mediated induction of AP-1 activity. These findings thus suggest that the LTRs of FeLVs can independently activate transcription of specific cellular genes. This LTR-mediated cellular gene transactivation may play an important role in tumorigenesis or preleukemic states and may be a generalizable activity of leukemia-inducing retroviruses.
Developing attachments to new political institutions: a multi-level model of attitude formation in post-Communist Europe

In America and Western Europe, legislatures preceded democratization and contributed to the establishment and maintenance of democratic regimes in the late 18th and the 19th centuries. In Central and Eastern Europe in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, legislatures and democratic regimes appeared simultaneously. In the first 15 years of post-Communist transitions in 12 countries, attachments to the new regimes have been influenced by their institutional structures, their economic performance, and their records in protecting human freedom, while attachment to the new parliaments have been predominantly influenced by cultural factors related to early life socialization including education, age, gender, social status, and attitudes toward the former communist regime. Attachment to parliament was a product more than a cause of attachment to the new regimes, but the parliamentary system of government created a context that contributed to citizens’ attachment to their new political institutions. In that respect, attitudes toward parliaments in Central and Eastern Europe played a role similar to the role that these attitudes played in an earlier stage of democratization in Europe and North America, the role of attaching citizens to new political institutions.
The French Revolution, the Union of Avignon, and the Challenges of National Self-Determination

National self-determination was one of the most important and controversial concepts in twentieth century international relations and law. The principle has had a remarkable history, from Woodrow Wilson's assertion that the peoples of Eastern Europe ought to form their own national states in place of ruined multiethnic and multilinguistic empires after the First World War; to decolonization after the Second World War, when populations worldwide invoked a right to throw off the yoke of imperialism; to the breakup of and war in the former Yugoslavia at century's end in precisely the same area in which a nation's self-determination was first intended to be a panacea for the region's diverse peoples. And yet, national self-determination, if not always called that, has a much longer lineage. Some note its earliest appearance in 1581, when the Dutch claimed independence from Hapsburg Spain. However, it was not until the French Revolution when, as Alfred Cobban remarks, “the nation state ceased to be a simple historical fact and became the subject of a theory,” that a people's right to determine its destiny in international as in domestic affairs was first articulated and applied. The clearest instance of this articulation and application during the Revolution was the union of Avignon and France.
A Geometry-Inclusive Fading Model for Random Wireless Networks

A new fading model is proposed and discussed that combines the uncertainties in the transmission distance as well as small-scale fading. If nodes are assumed to be distributed according to a Poisson point process and the fading is Rayleigh, the joint fading distribution is particularly simple. Interpreting fading as a stochastic mapping, we show that a node cannot infer on the presence of fading by measuring link qualities. Other applications of the fading model include connectivity, opportunistic communication, and probabilistic progress.
A pseudospectral feedback method for real-time optimal guidance of reentry vehicles

Motivated by the emerging needs of the next-generation of reusable launch vehicles (RLV), a pseudospectral (PS) feedback method is designed and applied to guide an RLV across multiple phases of an entry trajectory. That is, by generating real-time, open-loop, optimal controls, it is shown that a single PS-feedback law successfully guides an X-33-type vehicle in the presence of large disturbances, g-load and heating-rate constraints. The notion of a Caratheodory-pi solution is used to design, develop and implement the guidance algorithm.
An executable graph representation for evolutionary generative music

We focus on a representation for evolutionary music based on executable graphs in which nodes execute arithmetic functions. Input nodes supply time variables and abstract control variables, and multiple output nodes are mapped to MIDI data. The motivation is that multiple outputs from a single graph should tend to behave in related ways, a key characteristic of good music. While the graph itself determines the short-term behaviour of the music, the control variables can be used to specify large-scale musical structure. This separation of music into form and content enables novel compositional techniques well-suited to writing for games and film, as well as for standalone pieces. A mapping from integer-array genotypes to executable graph phenotypes means that evolution, both interactive and non-interactive, can be applied. Experiments with and without human listeners support several specific claims concerning the system's benefits.
THE MOORE OF THE MOORE-PENROSE INVERSE ∗

A summary and restatement, in plain English and modern notation, of the results of E.H. Moore on the generalized inverse that bears his name.
Class-E zero-voltage-switching and zero-current-switching rectifiers

A number of class-E, half-wave and full-wave, zero-voltage-switching (low dv/dt), zero-current-switching (low di/dt), and mixed-mode rectifiers are introduced and verified experimentally. The rectifiers are derived from conventional rectifiers by adding reactive components. New conventional rectifiers are also introduced and presented in a systematic manner. The principle of class-E rectifier operation is explained using current and voltage waveforms. The class-E rectifiers offer a means of rectification suitable for high-frequency applications, e.g. in resonant DC/DC power converters. A general approach to the synthesis of resonant DC/DC converters is presented. >