cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Continuum strong-coupling expansion for quantum electrodynamics

We derive from the path integral a continuum strong-coupling expansion for QED in $d$-dimensional Euclidean space-time. It is a double expansion in the fermion and boson kinetic energy (inverse free propagators), which leads to a double power series for the Green's functions of the cutoff theory in terms of $\frac{1}{{e}^{2}}$ and $\frac{{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{2}}{{M}^{2}}$. $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ is a smooth cutoff in Euclidean momentum space, and $M$ is an infrared regulator mass for the photons needed to define the local part of the path integral. We demonstrate how dimensional continuation is necessary to control the broken gauge invariance of the cutoff theory. Restricting to $d=2$ (the Schwinger model) we show how to remove the cutoff using Pad\'e approximants. We find some evidence that as $\frac{{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{2}}{{M}^{2}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ gauge invariance is restored and we calculate the vector-meson mass, keeping the first three terms in the expansion in powers of the bare photon inverse propagator.
The yearend effect in stock returns over business cycles: A technical note

This paper provides evidence in support of the claim that the well-knownJanuary effect is influenced by the stage of the business cycle. Using monthly data for the S&P Composite Index for the period from November 1948 through December 1988 and the standard methodology for seasonal anomalies, the authors show that theJanuary effect is present during the entire period examined as well as in the expansionary phases of that period. However, its existence was not detected during the contractionary phases of that period.
Aleration of electrophysiological properties of airways smooth muscle from sensitized guinea-pigs

Glass microelectrodes were used to study electrophysiological properties of guinea-pig airway smooth muscle (m. trachealis transversus). The resting membrane potential (Em) of airway smooth muscle was found to be -40.4 +/- 0.5 mV (307 cells, 28 preparations). Twenty-seven percent of all cells successfully impaled showed regular spontaneous electrical activity (amplitude of 2-20 mV, with maximum rate of depolarization 15.0 +/- 2.2 mV . sec-1). Forty-four percent of cells showed irregular fluctuations in Em and the remaining cells showed no electrical activity. All three groups of cells had a similar distribution of individual Em values. The sensitization of animals (14 days incubation period) caused a slight but significant increase (P less than 0.001) in Em to -43.1 +/- 0.9 mV. Repeated daily exposure of sensitized animals to aerosolized albumin for two weeks caused a significant reduction of Em to -27.8 +/- 0.8 mV (P less than 0.001). Five weeks repeated exposure caused a further reduction in Em of airway smooth muscle cells to -22.6 +/- 0.7 mV (P less than 0.001). The responses to both histamine (10(-4) M) and isoprenaline (5 x 10(-6) M), as gauged by changes in Em, were altered in the trachea of chronically exposed guinea-pigs. The changes in airway smooth muscle electrical properties were related to the number of times the animals were exposed to inhaled antigen. Even after two weeks of daily exposure, the changes were marked. Airway smooth muscle alteration may be important in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma.
Coordination of metronidazole to Cu(II): Structural characterization of a mononuclear square-planar compound

Abstract The reaction between metronidazole [1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole, MET] and CuCl 2 ⋅2H 2 O in methanol solution has allowed isolation of blue crystals of composition Cu(MET) 2 Cl 2 ⋅MeOH. These crystals have been shown by X-ray diffraction to consist of mononuclear square-planar trans -Cu(MET) 2 Cl 2 molecules in which the metronidazole ligands are trans to each other, as are the Cl ligands. The structure of this compound is very different from other compounds that have been obtained from the reaction between CuCl 2 ⋅2H 2 O and metronidazole, namely [Cu(MET) 2 (μ-Cl)Cl] 2 and [Cu(MET) 2 (μ-Cl)(OH 2 )] 2 [Cl] 2 , which are dimers featuring bridging chloride ligands.
Predictors of mortality in adult patients with congestive heart failure receiving nesiritide—Retrospective analysis showing a potential adverse interaction between neseritide and acute renal dysfunction

Background. A recent meta-analysis has suggested that nesiritide (NES), a new agent for the treatment of congestive heart failure (CHF), is associated with an increased risk of short-term mortality. Methods. We retrospectively examined this issue among 1407 consecutive elderly CHF patients by Pearson’s chi-squared test, and determined independent risk factors for 60-day mortality by multivariate analysis in a cohort of 682 patients for whom we had sufficient clinical and laboratory data. Results. Univariate analysis revealed that NES usage was associated with increased mortality (n ¼ 1407, 10 vs 6%, P ¼ 0.011; n ¼ 682, 19 vs 12.5%, P ¼ 0.046). However, by forward stepwise regression analysis, NES usage did not survive as an independent predictor of mortality. The following variables were independent predictors of mortality: development of acute renal failure (ARF) defined as an increase of serum creatinine (SCr) � 0.5 mg/dl; lack of b-adrenergic blockade; increased admission blood urea nitrogen; digoxin use; and increased admission brain natriuretic peptide. When patients were stratified according to NES usage, ARF emerged as an independent risk factor for mortality only among patients who received NES. Strikingly, among CHF patients who developed ARF (n ¼ 102), NES usage emerged as the only independent predictor of mortality (P ¼ 0.006, OR ¼ 3.73, 95% CI 1.45–9.56). Conclusion. We conclude that, while NES per se is not independently associated with an increased risk for mortality, the development of ARF in association with NES use may confer an increased risk of mortality.
Totally self-checking checker designs for Bose-Lin, Bose, and Blaum codes

The totally self-checking (TSC) circuit concept is well established in the area of concurrent error detection (CED). The outputs of a functional circuit are encoded and are monitored by a TSC checker. Thus errors can be detected concurrently with normal operation. Both permanent and transient faults can be detected. Some efficient systematic codes have been developed for detecting unidirectional errors in t or fewer bits (Bose-Lin code) and for detecting burst unidirectional errors (Bose and Blaum codes). Since unidirectional errors are the most common errors in VLSI circuits, such codes should find widespread use. TSC checker designs have been found for the three codes mentioned above. The designs are easily testable, relatively economical, and have a modular structure. >
DUAL-FUNCTION DETECTOR-MODULATOR SMART-PIXEL MODULE

We describe a smart-pixel circuit that permits the use of a GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum well diode to be used both as a detector for data input and a modulator for data output. The module provides the ability to double the number of inputs or outputs to the array and is well suited to cascaded optoelectronic system architectures that require bidirectional communition.
Determinants of Judicial Independence: Lessons from Three ‘Cases’ of Constitutional Courts in Peru (1982–2007)

The Peruvian Constitutional Tribunal (CT) is currently an independent institutional actor in Peru's politics. By comparing and contrasting the recent history of the CT and two previous ‘cases’ of ‘failed’ constitutional courts – the CT's role during the Fujimori regime and its predecessor, the Tribunal of Constitutional Guarantees – the article tests several theories that aim to explain the emergence of independent courts in democracies. The three cases provide evidence in support of theories that highlight the importance of political pluralism as a necessary condition for the emergence of independent courts, but the cases also show that an institutional design that ‘mirrors’ this pluralism is crucial to attain this outcome. The importance of these political and institutional factors suggests that it is too soon to be optimistic about the likelihood that the present CT can maintain its independence in the future.
Fostering Youth Entrepreneurship: Preliminary Findings From the Young Entrepreneurs Study

Entrepreneurship offers a viable and proven pathway to economic growth and personal fulfillment. However, the number of individuals engaged in entrepreneurial behaviors remains low. This discrepancy between entrepreneurial attitudes and action underscores the need for programs that foster the development of entrepreneurship in today's youth. We argue that a relational developmental systems approach can help researchers understand and facilitate the development of entrepreneurship. In this study, we triangulate across quantitative and qualitative data from the Young Entrepreneurs Study, showing that self-regulation skills, financial risk tolerance, innovation orientation, and the presence of entrepreneurial adults may be especially important for promoting entrepreneurial intent in older adolescents and young adults. We discuss limitations of the present data set and future directions for research.
Clinical research participation among aging adults enrolled in an Alzheimer's Disease Center research registry.

In light of our limited understanding of what motivates older adults to participate in clinical studies of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the current study examines incentives and barriers to participating in AD clinical research among older adults. 235 participants enrolled in the Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center research registry (75 ± 8 years, range 58–99 years, 60% female), a longitudinal registry from which individuals are recruited into other clinical studies, completed a survey assessing registry participation satisfaction, religiousness, trust in healthcare institutions, and medical research attitudes. Most participants reported initially enrolling in the registry for societal benefit. Insufficient time was a commonly endorsed barrier to enrolling in other Center-approved studies, particularly among younger participants. Driving and a lack of transportation to the medical facility were also barriers, particularly for older participants. Transportation was the most popular incentive, followed by home-based visits (particularly for older participants and participants with less formal education) and compensation (particularly among respondents from racial/ethnic minority groups). Participation interest in other studies was associated with favorable medical research attitudes (r = 0.34, p = 0.00003) but not religiousness (r = −0.09 p = 0.21) or trust in healthcare institutions (r = 0.09, p = 0.17). Among older adults, societal benefit is a motivating factor for registry enrollment; however, participation in additional studies is hindered by insufficient time among younger participants and transportation barriers among older participants. Providing transportation, home-based visits, and modest compensation may improve participation rates. Furthermore, favorable attitudes toward medical research are strongly associated with interest in enrolling in additional studies and may serve as a beneficial outreach triage technique.
Experimental determination of UWB ranging errors in an outdoor environment

Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology is a good candidate to provide accurate position information indoors and in dense urban environments where Global Positioning System (GPS) is usually not reliable. This paper provides the results of a UWB ranging measurement campaign carried out in a dense urban environment. Measurements were taken with two different antenna heights in line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions. It is observed that the ranging errors increases when the antennas are closer to the ground, and is more significant in NLOS conditions. Also, in NLOS conditions ranging errors of more than 10 meters were observed when the LOS component is completely blocked by a building. Errors of such magnitude are typically not captured by IEEE 802.15.4a CM6 (outdoor NLOS) channel model. Since the conventional thresholding schemes provide bad ranging accuracy in presence of multiuser interference (MUI), we propose a nonlinear processing scheme of time-hopping impulse radio (TH-IR) and apply it to our measurements to show that it gives much better ranging accuracy.
The Malacological Works and Taxa of Sylvanus Hanley (1819–1899)

ABSTRACT The malacological works of Sylvanus Hanley (and his relative Charles Thorpe) are discussed and their dates in some cases clarified. The taxa that first appear in these works are listed, their type specimens noted when known, and the current status of the available taxa discussed. Of the 375 species-group names that first appear in these works, 367 are available, and 8 are nomina nude. Of the 367 available species-group taxa, approximately 219 are now considered valid. Approximately 60% of the available species are represented by type material, mainly in the Natural History Museum in London and in the Leeds City Museum in Leeds, U.K. Hanley also described several genus-group and family-group names, some of which are still considered valid.
${\rm MgB}_{2}/{\rm MgO/MgB}_{2}$ Josephson Junctions for High-Speed Circuits

MgB2/MgO/MgB2 sandwich-type Josephson junctions have been fabricated using MgB2 films grown by hybrid physical-chemical vapor deposition (HPCVD). The MgO barrier and the insulating layer between wiring layers were made by RF magnetron sputtering. The junctions exhibit non-vanishing Jc up to 40 K, the Tc of MgB2. MgB2 wiring is achieved without significantly changing the junction properties. The fabrication and properties of the junctions are described in detail. The I-V curves of the junctions are hysteretic at temperatures below 25 K and are RSJ-like above 25 K. Multiple Andreev reflection was observed, manifested by subgap peaks in the dI/dV-V curves and in good agreement with the theory. The Jc spread (1σ) of 10 junctions on one chip is better than 10%, which is likely due to the defects inside the MgO barrier as identified by transmission electron microscopy. Superconducting circuits made of these junctions may be expected to work at frequencies up to 1 THz or at temperatures over 20 K.
On Connectedness: A Solution Based on Oscillatory Correlation

A long-standing problem in neural computation has been the problem of connectedness, first identified by Minsky and Papert (1969). This problem served as the cornerstone for them to establish analytically that perceptrons are fundamentally limited in computing geometrical (topological) properties. A solution to this problem is offered by a different class of neural networks: oscillator networks. To solve the problem, the representation of oscillatory correlation is employed, whereby one pattern is represented as a synchronized block of oscillators and different patterns are represented by distinct blocks that desynchronize from each other. Oscillatory correlation emerges from LEGION (locally excitatory globally inhibitory oscillator network), whose architecture consists of local excitation and global inhibition among neural oscillators. It is further shown that these oscillator networks exhibit sensitivity to topological structure, which may lay a neurocomputational foundation for explaining the psychophysical phenomenon of topological perception.
Probing the Early Temporal and Spatial Interaction of the Sindbis Virus Capsid and E2 Proteins with Reverse Genetics

A 7-A cryoelectron microscopy-based reconstruction of Sindbis virus (SINV) was recently generated. Fitting the crystal structure of the SINV capsid protein (Cp) into the density map revealed that the F2-G2 loop of the Cp was shifted away from cytoplasmic domain of E2 (cdE2) in the 7-A reconstruction relative to its position in the Cp crystal structure. Furthermore, the reconstruction demonstrated that residue E395 in region I of the cytoplasmic domain of the E2 envelope protein (cdE2-RI) and K252 of Cp, part of the Cp F2-G2 loop, formed a putative salt bridge in the virion. We generated amino acid substitutions at residues K250 and K252 of the SINV Cp and explored the resulting phenotypes. In the context of cells infected with wild-type or mutant virus, reversing the charge of these two residues resulted in the appearance of Cp aggregates around cytopathic vacuole type I (CPV-I) structures, the absence of nucleocapsid (NC) formation, and a lack of virus particle release in the infected mammalian cell. However, expressing the same Cp mutants in the cell without the envelope proteins or expressing and purifying the mutants from an Escherichia coli expression system and assembling in vitro yielded NC assembly in all cases. In addition, second-site mutations within cdE2 restored NC assembly but not release of infectious particles. Our data suggest an early temporal and spatial interaction between cdE2-RI and the Cp F2-G2 loop that, when ablated, leads to the absence of NC assembly. This interaction also appears to be important for budding of virus particles.
Error estimation and step size control for delay differential equation solvers based on continuously embedded Runge-Kutta-Sarafyan methods

Abstract This paper considers the use of continuously embedded Runge-Kutta-Sarafyan methods for the solution of delay differential equations. It discusses simple ways to improve the error estimation and step size selection strategies for delay solvers based on Sarafyan methods. Numerical results are given which demonstrate the manner in which these estimates improve the accuracy of the solvers in a natural way.
Magnesium deterioration and lead stabilization/solidification using the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure

Recent research in cement has investigated the mechanisms of magnesium corrosion; magnesium reacting with calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) and destroying its durability. Relatively high levels of magnesium may be found in certain cements, or it may penetrate cements from seawater or soils. Magnesium, a common industrial waste component, may also contribute to the deterioration of cement-based stabilization/solidification (S/S). This article reports results showing how various amounts of magnesium may impact lead S/S treatment after short- and long-term curing. In general, lead S/S was more effective for samples with comparable mass amounts of lead and magnesium. For samples with incomparable amounts of lead and magnesium, lead leaching increased with sample curing age. Fly ash additions to cement-based stabilized/solidified treatment decreased lead leaching in the presence of magnesium. For all project samples, the addition of fly ash increased the number of samples below regulatory limits by a factor of 1.6. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 437–443, 2014
The Functional Performance of Elderly Urban African-American Women Who Return Home to Live Alone After Medical Rehabilitation

Objective Elderly women who live alone are at increased risk for loss of independence. Hospitalization, in particular, often marks the transition from independent living to institutional care. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of rehabilitation admission to the subsequent function of elderly women and their ability to return to live-alone status. Method The women in the study (N = 138) were admitted to a geriatric rehabilitation unit at a large urban medical center between September 1997 and September 1998. The findings reported here pertain to the subset of African-American women (n = 122), the majority of the sample. Data were collected using several standardized assessments, including the Functional Independence Measure (FIM). Results The FIM motor scores improved significantly for the total sample between admission and discharge, and the mean FIM motor score for the group that subsequently attained live-alone status was significantly higher than the non-live-alone group at 3 months and 6 months postdischarge. The participants who returned to live alone also reported significantly greater independence than did their non-live-alone counterparts across a variety of activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living skills. Conclusion These data suggest that rehabilitation is associated with improved functional outcomes, and higher functional performance is related to live-alone status.
The first infinity

We return to the M.C. {x t , t∈T} which is assumed to be well-separable and Borel measurable. Furthermore we assume that for each i, q i , > 0 and that (p’ ij (0)) = (q ij ) is a conservative Q-matrix. By Theorem 18.2 this is equivalent to the validity of the first system of differential equations. In probabilistic language, all states are stable and non-absorbing and the discontinuity of the sample functions at any exit time is an ordinary jump with probability one (see Theorems 15.2 and 15.6). It follows that we can enumerate the successive jumps until the first discontinuity that is not a jump, if such a discontinuity exists. By Theorem 7.4, since only case (c) there is possible, the sample function tends to infinity as this discontinuity is approached from the left.
Longitudinal Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Disability Burden Among Older Persons

Results. Moderate (odds ratio = 1.30; 95% confi dence interval: 1.18 – 1.43) and high (odds ratio = 1.68; 95% confi dence interval: 1.50 – 1.88) depressive symptoms were associated with mild disability, whereas only high depressive symptoms were associated with severe disability (odds ratio = 2.05; 95% confi dence interval: 1.76 – 2.39). Depressive symptoms were associated with disability burden in both men and women, with modest differences by sex; men had an increased likelihood of experiencing severe disability at both moderate and high levels of depressive symptoms, whereas only high depressive symptoms were associated with severe disability in women. Conclusions. Levels of depressive symptoms below the threshold for subsyndromal depression are associated with increased disability burden in older persons. Identifying and treating varying levels of depressive symptoms in older persons may ultimately help to reduce the burden of disability in this population.
Method for Delineating Districts of Varying Shape

Numerous problems involve subdividing a region into a number of nonfragmented districts of specified size. A model for delineating such districts which vary in shape as well as size is described. The model is based on an iterative technique originally designed to construct compact districts and extended to the problems of generating wedge-shaped and elongated districts. The purpose in delineating these district shapes is to reflect the general orientation of a street network using only coordinate data describing demand locations rather than the actual distance between these points. This capability is useful for solving a variety of problems such as facility location, vehicle routing, and data clustering. Language: en
Intellectuals at Auschwitz: Jean Améry and Primo Levi on the Mind and Its Limits

For Jean Amery, the uselessness of intellectual culture in the “borderline situation” of Auschwitz proved the essential incompetence of the intellect as such. For Primo Levi, the intellect served as a precious resource in dealing with the realities of the camp. Levi’s debate with Amery, the author of this article argues, is of fundamental value for our understanding of the nature and function of the intellect. A comparison of Amery’s spirited defiance of the conditions of existence at Auschwitz with Levi’s reflective openness to these same conditions yields convincing evidence of the intellect’s essentially social character. Unlike Levi, Amery lacked intellectual companionship at Auschwitz; his testimony therefore reflects the essential deformation the mind suffers when dialogical communion with others becomes impossible.
Postnatal development of lung alveoli: suppression by 13% O2 and a critical period.

We studied the effect of 13% O2 on the development of the lung's gas-exchange region. Rats, acclimatized to 13% O2, remained in 13% O2 while pregnant, and were kept with their pups in 13% O2 until ...
Motion on a Submanifold

Interesting applications of Newton’s equations of motion occur when the motion of a particle in space is not free, but rather is constrained to lie on a given curve or surface. A typical example is the ball in the hoop (pendulum) in Example 5 from Chapter 1. A ball, subject only to gravity, rolls along inside a hollow tube bent into a circular shape of a hoop and the hoop is in a vertical plane. See Figure 10.1.
Wealth, Labor Income and House Prices

In this research, we compare the effect of aggregate U.S. financial wealth with the effect of aggregate U.S. labor income on house prices at the national and city levels. Financial wealth is measured by the net worth of U.S. households minus the equity of owners in home real estate or by the aggregate U.S. stock market index. After adjusting for the volatility of each explanatory variable, we find the economic impact of growth in financial wealth on the aggregate U.S. house price appreciation to be statistically significant and similar to that of labor income growth. We also find a significant wealth effect on some of the city-level house price appreciations. For the cities where both wealth and income effects are significant, the economic impacts of the two effects are found to be similar. While labor income growth has a contemporaneous effect on the house price appreciation, change in financial wealth, and in particular, the stock market, leads house price appreciation but not vice versa.
Contextual flow

Matching based on local brightness is quite limited, because small changes on local appearance invalidate the constancy in brightness. The root of this limitation is its treatment regardless of the information from the spatial contexts. This papers leaps from brightness constancy to context constancy, and thus from optical flow to contextual flow. It presents a new approach that incorporates contexts to constrain motion estimation for target tracking. In this approach, one individual spatial context of a given pixel is represented by the posterior density of the associated feature class in its contextual domain. Each individual context gives a linear contextual flow constraint to the motion, so that the motion can be estimated in an over-determined contextual system. Based on this contextual flow model, this paper presents a new and powerful target tracking method that integrates the processes of salient contextual point selection, robust contextual matching, and dynamic context selection. Extensive experiment results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Review Essay: Pigmentocracy, Melting Pot, Mosaic, Salad, or Stew?: Some Current Thinking About Race in the USA

(1995). Review Essay: Pigmentocracy, Melting Pot, Mosaic, Salad, or Stew?: Some Current Thinking About Race in the USA. The Oral History Review: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 95-104.
Integrin receptors play a key role in the regulation of hepatic CYP3A

Landmark studies describing the effect of microbial infection on the expression and activity of hepatic CYP3A used bacterial lipopolysaccharide as a model antigen. Our efforts to determine whether these findings were translatable to viral infections led us to observations suggesting that engagement of integrin receptors is key in the initiation of processes responsible for changes in hepatic CYP3A4 during infection and inflammation. Studies outlined in this article were designed to evaluate whether engagement of integrins, receptors commonly used by a variety of microbes to enter cellular targets, is vital in the regulation of CYP3A in the presence and absence of virus infection. Mice infected with a recombinant adenovirus (AdlacZ) experienced a 70% reduction in hepatic CYP3A catalytic activity. Infection with a mutant virus with integrin-binding arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequences deleted from the penton base protein of the virus capsid (AdΔRGD) did not alter CYP3A activity. CYP3A mRNA and protein levels in AdlacZ-treated animals were also suppressed, whereas those of mice given AdΔRGD were not significantly different from uninfected control mice. Silencing of the integrinβ-subunit reverted adenovirus-mediated CYP3A4 suppression in vitro. Silencing of theα-subunit did not. Suppression of integrin subunits had a profound effect on nuclear receptors pregnane X receptor and constitutive androstane receptor, whereas retinoid X receptorαwas largely unaffected. To our knowledge, this is the first time that extracellular receptors, like integrins, have been indicated in the regulation of CYP3A. This finding has several implications owing to the important role of integrins in normal physiologic process and in many disease states.
Prolonged safe aortic clamping by combining membrane stabilization, multidose cardioplegia, and appropriate pH reperfusion

We studied results of standard cardiopulmonary bypass in 40 dogs. Six underwent 4 hours of continuous coronary perfusion (control). Ten underwent a standard 1 hour ischemic injury with only topical hypothermic protection. To increase the safety of 1 hour of hypothermic ischemia, we tested the effects of (I) membrane stabilization (procaine hydrochloride), (2) cardioplegia (500 c.c. of 12° C. potassium chloride, glucose, insulin, thromethamine (THAM), plasma, and albumin), and (3) reperfusion (just before unclamping) with 500 c.c. of blood buffered to pH 7.8. Eight dogs underwent prolonged cross-clamping (2 hours) when membrane stabilization, cardioplegia (multidose), and pH 7.8 reperfusion were combined. The deleterious effects of 1 hour of ischemic arrest with topical hypothermia (left ventricular compliance fell 48 ±7 percent, † left ventricular performance fell 40 ± 3 percent†) were improved substantially by membrane stabilization alone, cardioplegia alone, and pH 7.8 reperfusion; however, postischemic values did not return to normal. In contrast, 2 hours of cross-clamping with combined membrane stabilization, cardioplegia (multidose), and pH 7.8 reperfusion resulted in (1) highest left ventricular flows (150 ± 21 c.c. per 100 Gm. per minute†), (2) most favorable flow distribution (endo/epi 2.0 ± 0.3†), (3) greatest left ventricular oxygen uptake (0.06 ± 0.01 c.c. per 100 Gm. per beat†), (4) best left ventricular compliance (87 ± 5 percent recovery†), and (5) normal (97 ± 4 percent recovery) postischemic function. We conclude that combining membrane stabilization, multidose cardioplegia, and appropriate pH reperfusion allows aortic cross-clamping in the normal heart for up to 2 hours with as much safety as if the coronary arteries were perfused continually with oxygenated blood.
Nerve Blocks in the Critical Care Environment

Neural blockade using local anesthetics is indicated in the critical care patient to provide analgesia for painful conditions, anesthesia for invasive procedures, sympathetic nerve block, and information to aid diagnosis of painful conditions. Benefits of nerve blocks in addition to relieving pain are presented. Basic local anesthetic pharmacology is reviewed, and specific clinical techniques of neural blockade are discussed.
White matter shifts in MRI: Rehabilitating the Lorentz sphere in magnetic resonance

A thorough exposition and analysis of the role of the Lorentz sphere in magnetic resonance is presented from the fundamental standpoint of macroscopic magnetostatics. The analysis will be useful to those interested in understanding susceptibility and chemical shift contributions to frequency shifts in magnetic resonance. Though the topic is mature, recent research on white matter shifts in the brain promotes the notion of replacing the Lorentz sphere with a generalized Lorentzian cylinder, and has put into question the long standing spherical approach when elongated structures are present. The cavity shape issue can be resolved by applying Helmholtz's theorem, which can be expressed in a differential and an integral formulation. The general validity of the Lorentz sphere for any situation is confirmed. Furthermore, a clear exposition of the "generalized approach" is offered, using the language of Lorentz's theory. With the rehabilitation of the Lorentz sphere settled, one must consider alternative contributions to white matter shifts and a likely candidate is the effect of molecular environment on chemical shifts.
Communication Development in Children

(1984). Communication Development in Children. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 8, Communication Yearbook 8, pp. 198-266.
Autologous Breast Reconstruction with the Denervated, Extended Latissimus Dorsi Musculocutaneous Flap

Breast reconstruction with latissimus dorsi (LD) musculocutaneous flap allows to recreate a symmetrical breast mound with the contralateral side. Procedure of extended LD flap avoids need for implant also in moderately-sized breasts. The complication rate and donor site morbidity are low and patient satisfaction with this procedure is high. The twitching transposed LD muscle causes significant discomfort for the patients and thus diminishes the satisfaction after the surgery. The muscular contraction deformities can be treated noninvasively with botulin toxin injections or surgically by excising at least 1 cm segment of the most proximal aspect the thoracodorsal nerve. Autologous breast reconstruction with the pedicled, extended, denervated LD flap is a well-established surgical technique with high rate of long-term good aesthetic outcomes with the natural tissue consistency. The routine division of the thoracodorsal nerve will reduce the complication of troublesome breast movements.
Rejoinder to Szreter

Simon Szreter's recent article replies to an earlier article we published in this journal, showing that central statistical results in his book Fertility, class and gender are seriously flawed. Szreter's reply asserts that a revised classification scheme and the use of weights provide results that support his original arguments. In this rejoinder we demonstrate that the revised scheme makes little difference. Our article did in fact use weights, and the use of weights with the revised scheme makes little difference. We argue that the weights used by Szreter are inappropriate in any case.
The facial triad in the α-ketoglutarate dependent oxygenase FIH: A role for sterics in linking substrate binding to O2 activation.

Abstract The factor inhibiting hypoxia inducible factor-1α (FIH) is a nonheme Fe(II)/αKG oxygenase using a 2-His-1-Asp facial triad. FIH activates O2 via oxidative decarboxylation of α-ketoglutarate (αKG) to generate an enzyme-based oxidant which hydroxylates the Asn803 residue within the C-terminal transactivation domain (CTAD) of HIF-1α. Tight coupling of these two sequential reactions requires a structural linkage between the Fe(II) and the substrate binding site to ensure that O2 activation occurs after substrate binds. We tested the hypothesis that the facial triad carboxylate (Asp201) of FIH linked substrate binding and O2 binding sites. Asp201 variants of FIH were constructed and thoroughly characterized in vitro using steady-state kinetics, crystallography, autohydroxylation, and coupling measurements. Our studies revealed each variant activated O2 with a catalytic efficiency similar to that of wild-type (WT) FIH (kcataKM(O2) = 0.17 μM− 1min− 1), but led to defects in the coupling of O2 activation to substrate hydroxylation. Steady-state kinetics showed similar catalytic efficiencies for hydroxylation by WT-FIH (kcat/KM(CTAD) = 0.42 μM− 1 min− 1) and D201G (kcat/KM(CTAD) = 0.34 μM− 1 min− 1); hydroxylation by D201E was greatly impaired, while hydroxylation by D201A was undetectable. Analysis of the crystal structure of the D201E variant revealed steric crowding near the diffusible ligand site supporting a role for sterics from the facial triad carboxylate in the O2 binding order. Our data support a model in which the facial triad carboxylate Asp201 provides both steric and polar contacts to favor O2 access to the Fe(II) only after substrate binds, leading to coupled turnover in FIH and other αKG oxygenases.
Building a bipolar floating power supply module

They are various type of automated test equipment (ATE) in the market targeted for testing different types of devices. For example, high voltage and high current ATE for power management devices. A mix signal ATE for devices required analog and digital testing with relatively lower power demand compared to power management devices. What if the device required high power and mix signal testing together? The paper proposed a method to overcome the ATE capability constraint by using a floating power supply hardware module to step up the ATE supply voltage.
A comparative genomic analysis of putative pathogenicity genes in the host-specific sibling species Colletotrichum graminicola and Colletotrichum sublineola

Following the publication of this article [1], the authors informed us of the following error.
Swarm Intelligence Based Traffic Control System

Traffic congestion is one of the major problems in many of metro cities all over the world today. It affects daily life in many aspects such as improper time management, stress, frustration which leads to reckless driving. Average time to reach destination is decided by travel speed which is directly proportional to traffic congestion and also the wait time at each and every traffic signal. In this paper a novel Swarm Intelligence based Traffic Control System (SITS) inspired from nature mimicking (Particle Swarm Optimization) is discussed. This State of the art SITS with Six Degrees of Separation approach to traffic congestion is applying swarm intelligence to traffic lights to avoid waiting of vehicles at red light decreasing wait time and congestion. Here cars will not take random paths or will not take dynamic routes. Six degrees of separation will be employed at each node (traffic signal) to limit computational power and to improve efficiency.
Critique [of Fascism: A Review of Its History and Its Present Cultural Reality in the Americas]

To quote the cartoon character Pogo: “We have met the enemy and he is us.” The key strength in Forbes9 analysis of fascism is his wide-ranging historical sweep and the way he shows that many elements in American character, such as prejudice against immigrants and eagerness for the spread of American ideas overseas, are related to fascistic tendencies throughout American history.
And She's Buying a Stairway to Health: Signs and Participant Factors Influencing Stair Ascent at a Public Airport.

Several studies have demonstrated that point-of-choice prompts modestly increase stair use (i.e., incidental physical activity) in many public places, but evidence of effectiveness in airport settings is weak. Furthermore, evaluating the effects of past physical activity on stair use and on point-of-choice prompts to increase stair use is lacking. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of sign prompts and participant factors including past physical activity on stair ascent in an airport setting. We used a quasi-experimental design, systematically introducing and removing sign prompts daily across 22 days at the San Diego International Airport. Intercept interviewers recruited stair and escalator ascenders (N = 1091; 33.0% interview refusal rate) of the only stairs/escalators providing access to Terminal 1 from the parking lot. A 13-item questionnaire about demographics, physical activity, health behavior, and contextual factors provided data not available in nearly all other stair use studies. We examined the effects of signs and self-reported covariates using multivariable logistic regression analyses, and tested whether physical activity and other covariates modified the intervention effect. Adjusting for all significant covariates, prompts increased the odds of stair use (odds ratio 3.67; p < .001). Past participation in vigorous physical activity increased the odds of stair use by 1.62 (p = 0.001). None of the covariates moderated the intervention effect. In conclusion, vigorous physical activity and correlates of physical activity were related to stair use in expected directions, but did not modify the effect of the intervention. This indicates that the effects of point-of-choice prompts are independent of past physical activity, making them effective interventions for active adults and the higher risk population of inactive adults. Signs can prompt stair use in an airport setting and might be employed at most public stairs to increase rates of incidental physical activity and contribute to overall improvements in population health.
Long Noncoding RNAs AC009014.3 and Newly Discovered XPLAID Differentiate Aggressive and Indolent Prostate Cancers.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The molecular mechanisms underlying aggressive versus indolent disease are not fully understood. Recent research has implicated a class of molecules known as long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in tumorigenesis and progression of cancer. Our objective was to discover lncRNAs that differentiate aggressive and indolent prostate cancers. METHODS: We analyzed paired tumor and normal tissues from six aggressive Gleason score (GS) 8-10 and six indolent GS 6 prostate cancers. Extracted RNA was split for poly(A)+ and ribosomal RNA depletion library preparations, followed byRNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) using an Illumina HiSeq 2000. We developed an RNA-Seq data analysis pipeline to discover and quantify these molecules. Candidate lncRNAs were validated using RT-qPCR on 87 tumor tissue samples: 28 (GS 6), 28 (GS 3+4), 6 (GS 4+3), and 25 (GS 8-10). Statistical correlations between lncRNAs and clinicopathologic variables were tested using ANOVA. RESULTS: The 43 differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs between aggressive and indolent prostate cancers included 12 annotated and 31 novel lncRNAs. The top six DE lncRNAs were selected based on large, consistent fold-changes in the RNA-Seq results. Three of these candidates passed RT-qPCR validation, including AC009014.3 ( P P = .049 in tumor tissue and P = .048 in normal tissue). XPLAID and AC009014.3 show promise as prognostic biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS: We discovered several dozen lncRNAs that distinguish aggressive and indolent prostate cancers, of which four were validated using RT-qPCR. The investigation into their biology is ongoing.
In-package matching network validation for improving power amplifier performance

The performance of RF and microwave transistors and MMICs can be significantly affected by parasitics presented by the package. This paper presents a technique to validate a package model by replacing the active device with a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitor of similar size and known value, allowing small-signal measurement of the full package. The technique is demonstrated with a 10-W Infineon LDMOS device at a fundamental frequency of 2.6 GHz, in a custom-designed package with both fundamental and 2nd harmonic pre-match and termination impedances implemented within the package. Full-wave simulations allow accurate models of the passive elements above the 2nd harmonic frequency.
Tourism’s uneven impact: History on Cannery Row

Abstract Many writers have criticized the influence of tourism on urban neighborhoods, believing it homogenizes formerly distinct places. Others argue that it creates the atmosphere of an upscale shopping mall and, in doing so, displaces diverse populations. Yet other claim that in places of historical significance, history tends to be simplified or completely erased. All these criticisms can be applied to Cannery Row in Monterey, California. However, a close examination of the Row also reveals the inconsistencies and gaps in tourism’s impact. The city shows a resilience to the standardizing influence of global tourism, but it also shows some of the challenges to balancing the needs of hosts and guests.
Relationship between Hyperglycemia and Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis

Uremia in diabetics as a result of progressive glomerulosclerosis accounts for one fourth of patients newly accepted in maintenance hemodialysis and renal transplant programs in the United States. Convincing evidence indicates that degenerative vasculopathy in the diabetic eye and glomerulus are a direct result of hyperglycemia and a function of duration of diabetes. Based on animal models of diabetes and clinical observations over the past few years, the thesis that careful control of blood glucose will preempt development of vasculopathy and correct abnormalities of intermediate metabolites and hormonal disturbances is increasingly accepted. Development of simplified methods of self-monitoring of blood glucose and of lightweight battery-powered insulin infusion systems has permitted study of nearly euglycemic diabetics for a year or longer. It can be anticipated that the lessons learned in recent advances in diabetic management will in sum improve well-being and retard development of vasculopathy. Mogenson,1 for example, has shown that control of hypertension in azotemic diabetics retards deterioration of glomerular filtration at the rate of 9 ml/min/year. Our preliminary experience suggests that, in addition to reduction of blood pressure, morbidity in renal transplanted and uremic diabetics can be further reduced by incorporating self-monitoring of blood glucose into the treatment regimen.
Tectonic denudation of Mesozoic contractile structures by a low-angle normal fault and associated faults, southern White Pine Range, Nevada

The Blackrock Canyon area in the southern White Pine Range, Nevada mostly consists of the highly extended upper plate of a low-angle normal fault, the Blackrock fault The post-31.3 Ma Blackrock fault places upper Paleozoic sedimentary rocks and overlying Tertiary volcanic rocks of the Garret Ranch Group in its hangingwall against a 50' E-dipping homocline of Cambrian through Mississippian rocks in its footwall. The 15 to 30'W -dipping Blackrock fault is non-planar and consists of two fault segments and a pronounced corrugation, the Bull Spring corrugation. These geometric irregularities suggest the slip direction on the fault was east-southeast or west-northwest. Additional geometric data such as dips of footwall strata and bedding-to-fault angles constrain the slip direction to west-northwest This movement of the upper plate over the irregular Blackrock fault resulted in non-conservative deformation within the hangingwall block. Blackrock upper plate faults with diverse attitudes are approximately synchronous and orthorhombically symmetrical. Classical Andersonian conjugate faulting theory, which employs two-dimensional (plane) strain cannot explain these geometric and temporal fault relationships. Rather, these data suggest that nonconjugate processes generated these faults and that they represent three-dimensional or non-plane strain. A kinematic model, which invokes movement of the hangingwall block over a geometrically irregular detachment, explains the non-conservative, threedimensional deformation observed in the Blackrock upper plate.
Proline hydroxylase in injury-induced arteriosclerosis.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses proline hydroxylase in injury-induced arteriosclerosis. The involvement of collagen and other connective tissue components in the development of angiosclerotic diseases is suggested from numerous histological reports on experimental and human vascular diseases. Protocollagen proline hydroxylase synthesizes the hydroxyproline in collagen in a unique pathway in which proline and lysine are hydroxylated after incorporation into a large polypeptide precursor of collagen. The chapter presents an experiment involving100 rabbits with aortic injury produced by epinephrinethyroxine. In the experiment, aortic enzyme activity for each animal was expressed as a percentage of the respective control activity observed in that group because of the inherent variability in substrate specific activity. It was found that although an apparent progressive increase does occur with severity of lesion formation, the aortic proline hydroxylase elevation occurs early in the development of the angiosclerotic process in this species.