cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mathematical optimization in multi-disciplinary design

This paper presents a brief discussion of mathematical optimization and the motivation for the development of more recent numerical research procedures. A review of recent developments and issues in multi-disciplinary optimization are also presented. These developments are discussed in the context of preliminary design of aircraft structures. A capability description of programs FASTOP, TSO, STARS, LAGRANGE, ELFINI and ASTROS is included.
New computationally efficient quadrature formulas for triangular prism elements

Abstract Triangular prism elements are widely used in finite element/volume computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes, where one of the major computational expenses is the evaluation of integrals over the volumes of the elements. In practice, these integrals are typically computed using products of existing, lower-dimensional numerical integration, or quadrature, formulas of a sufficiently high-degree. While this approach is easily applied, it generally results in the use of a far greater number of quadrature points and weights than necessary. Therefore, in this paper, new efficient so-called nonproduct numerical integration formulas designed specifically for integrating complete polynomials of degree d over triangular prisms are derived using the method of polynomial moment fitting, where the weights and points of the formulas are determined by a system of coupled, highly nonlinear equations. Given that the size of the systems of equations quickly becomes prohibitively large in three dimensions, symmetry groups over the triangular prism are constructed and utilized to reduce the number of equations and unknowns. The new formulas, which in some cases are optimal, i.e., minimal-point, are the most efficient means available for numerically computing volume integrals over triangular prism elements in that they require fewer points than any other presently available formulas of the same polynomial degree. By comparison, conventional approaches using products of one-dimensional Gaussian formulas require, on average, more than twice as many points and weights to integrate a complete polynomial of degree d as the new formulas derived here.
DataNet: An emerging cyberinfrastructure for sharing, reusing and preserving digital data for scientific discovery and learning

D ataNet is an emerging, enabling cyberinfrastructure for open access, and long-term preservation of digital data funded by the National Science Foundation. DataNet will create unprecedented opportunities for advancing research and education in science and engineering, by creating an environment consisting of data repositories and new tools and services for sharing and reusing important digital data across disciplines. This will foster transformative, interdisciplinary scientific collaboration on a grand scale, permit scientists to build knowledge that will provide better understanding of and sustainable solutions to important scientific challenges, offer better public understanding of technological problems through openly accessible information in well articulated repositories, and provide a format for resolving the data-driven nature of scientific and technological problems of societal importance (i.e., grand challenge and other problems). This perspective article presents an overview of the DataNet initiative and its vision, and outlines various opportunities that DataNet will afford science and engineering. Opportunities specifically available to chemical engineers include the possibility of (1) sharing data with scientists and engineers from other disciplines on technical challenges ranging from molecular modeling to carbon capture/storage to energy and biofuels production, and others, (2) initiating new collaborations on ‘‘big’’ science or grand challenges, (3) depositing and preserving data for research and education in secure and protected national repositories, (4) getting involved in various cyberinfrastructure activities, (5) receiving credit for sharing data by publishing that data in a peer-reviewed manner, (6) enhancing grantsmanship, and (7) more. Many branches of science and engineering are becoming increasingly data driven. For example, the second generation of the panoramic survey telescope and rapid response system (Pan-Starrs), called PS4, is an effort for continuously scanning the entire sky for the purpose of scientific discovery and for monitoring near earth objects. For general information, see http://pan-starrs.ifa.hawaii.edu/public/. Pan-Starrs is expected to go online in 2012 and, when completed, will consist of four wide field imaging telescopes (three in addition to the one that already exists on Maui, HW called PS1). It will gather somewhere in the neighborhood of 30 terabytes (1TB 1⁄4 10 bytes) of data per night. This is a large amount of data, equivalent to 30,000 one gigabyte (GB) memory sticks or several million pages in a digitized book. Computational chemistry is another discipline in which large amounts Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to A. Lucia at lucia@egr.uri.edu
Krukenberg tumors: A review

A Krukenberg tumor is a rare tumor of the ovary derived from metastatic gastrointestinal tissue. Although the eponym is attributed to Dr. Friedrich Krukenberg, a German gynecologist and pathologist, the Krukenberg tumor was actually described by both Paget (1854) and Wilks (1859). Worldwide, they account for about 1% of all ovarian neoplasms. Gastric cancer is the most frequent primary source, followed by breast, colon and appendix. For those carcinomas originating from the intestinal tract, about 80% are found within either the sigmoid colon or rectum. Presenting symptoms include nonspecific abdominal pain, distention, ascites, virilization, hirsutism and menometrorrhagia. This paper presents the hospital course and operative intervention on a 48-year-old female with bilateral ovarian Krukenberg tumors metastasized from an adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon. Citation: Ben-Jacob TK, Gordon CR, Koniges F (2015) Prog Science 2(2):e12 | doi: 10.14721/pscience.2015.e12 Original Published: J Surg Radiol. 2010 Jul 1;1(1) | Republished: 02/20/2015 Copyright: © 2015 Ben-Jacob TK. et al. Published by TranScience. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. Funding: none Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. E-mail: ben-jacob-talia@cooperhealth.edu elevated at 13 and 882, respectively, and her hemoglobin was low at 10.9. Her electrolytes were all within normal limits and her urinalysis was positive for a urinary tract infection. An obstruction series was performed that revealed a laterally-displaced, dilated loop of colon in the left lower quadrant (Figure 1). The patient was admitted to the general medicine service, with consults placed to the gastroenterology, general surgery, and gynecology-oncology services. A computed tomography (CT) scan of her abdomen/pelvis demonstrated a large pelvic mass of unknown etiology (Figure 2). The mass was displacing her small bowel in the cephalad direction and partially obstructing her left ureter, with bi-lobar liver lesions suspicious for metastasis. A colonoscopy revealed a nearobstructing colon lesion reported to be at 60 cm from the anal verge. Biopsies were obtained and consistent with colonic adenocarcinoma. She underwent an exploratory laparotomy, with plans for a diverting ileostomy or colostomy and mass biopsy. Exploratory laparotomy revealed two large, complex ovarian masses. The right ovary was easily mobilized and resected. The ovary measured 25 x 23 x 8 cm and weighed 2,500 grams (Figure 3). The left ovary was also massive, but unlike the other, was adherent to the patient’s sigmoid colon and pelvic sidewall. After careful dissection,
Franchising: Selecting a strategy for rapid growth

Abstract Franchising has become an important growth strategy but there are few guidelines for managing franchise systems ‘strategically”. This article develops a strategic perspective on franchising by first discussing the growth and strategic importance of franchising. The authors then show how the strategic concepts of portfolio management, global strategy and network analysis can be used in formulating and implementing franchise strategies. These perspectives are combined into a framework for the use of practising managers.
Protective effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol against N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced AF5 cell death

Abstract The neuroprotective effects of Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) were examined using an in vitro model in which the AF5 CNS cell line was exposed to toxic levels of N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA), an agonist of the NMDA glutamate receptor. NMDA toxicity was reduced by THC, but not by the more specific cannabinoid receptor agonist, WIN55,212-2. Addition of dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP) to the culture medium did not alter the neuroprotective effect of THC and did not unmask a neuroprotective effect of WIN55,212-2. The cannabinoid antagonist SR141716A did not inhibit the neuroprotection induced by THC or alter the response to WIN55,212-2, even in the presence of dbcAMP, indicating that the neuroprotective effect of THC was cannabinoid receptor-independent. On the other hand, both THC and WIN55,212-2 produced cellular toxicology at higher dosages, an effect which was blocked in part by SR141716A. Capsaicin, an antioxidant and vanilloid receptor agonist, also produced a protective effect against NMDA toxicology. The protective effect of capsaicin was blocked by co-application of ruthenium red, but was not blocked by the specific vanilloid receptor antagonist capsazepine, and the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) and ANKTM1 transcripts were not detected in AF5 cells. Thus, the neuroprotective effects of THC and capsaicin did not appear to be mediated by TRP ion channel family receptors. The antioxidant α-tocopherol prevented neurotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, THC may function as an antioxidant to increase cell survival in NMDA-induced neurotoxicity in the AF5 cell model, while higher dosages produce toxicity mediated by CB1 receptor stimulation.
Structure and dynamics of the estrogen receptor

To evaluate the structure and function of estrogen receptor (ER) in various mammalian systems, the cytosolic forms of receptor from calf uterus and from MCF-7 human breast cancer cells have been purified to virtual homogeneity by sequential selective adsorption to estradiol-Sepharose and heparin-Sepharose. In both cases, the purified steroid-receptor complex appears to exist as an activated 5S homo- or heterodimer of mol. wt 65,000 (4S) steroid-binding subunits. Purified ER has high affinity for DNA and serves as a substrate for phosphorylation by a purified rat brain kinase. Several monoclonal antibodies prepared against affinity-purified MCF-7 cytosol ER have been used to localize receptor by an indirect immunoperoxidase technique in fixed, frozen sections of human breast tumors, human uterus, rabbit uterus and in other mammalian reproductive tissues and cancers, as well as in fixed MCF-7 cell cultures and in paraffin-embedded sections of breast tumors and human endometrium. In all cases, we have observed only nuclear localization of immunoreactive receptor in tissues and whole cells, even under conditions in which virtually all of the receptor is found in a low-salt extract (cytosol) of the target cells. Treatment of cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro with estradiol alters the intensity but not the distribution of specific staining for ER. By immunoelectron microscopy, receptor was localized in the euchromatin, but not in the marginated heterochromatin or nucleoli of MCF-7 nuclei and epithelial and stromal nuclei of postmenopausal human endometrium. These observations suggest that the majority of the unoccupied receptor may actually reside in the nucleus, rather than in the cytoplasm as previously thought. Thus, hormone action may involve binding of the steroid directly to receptor loosely associated with nuclear components, followed by conversion of the steroid-receptor complex to an activated form which becomes more tightly associated with chromatin.
Design and Analysis of a Shear Stress Sensor for Microcirculation Investigations (Invited Paper)

Blood flow regulation in the microvascular network has been investigated by means of computational fluid dynamics, in vivo particle tracking and microchannel models. It is evident from these studies that shear stress along the wall is a key factor in the communication network that results in blood flow modification, yet current methods for shear stress determination are acknowledged to be imprecise. Micromachining technology allows for the development of implantable shear stress sensors that will enable us to monitor wall shear stress at multiple locations in arteriole bifurcations. In this study, a microchannel was employed as an in vitro model of a microvessel. Thermal shear stress sensors were used to mimic the endothelial cells that line the vessel wall. A three dimensional computational model was created to simulate the system’s thermal response to the constant temperature control circuit and related wall shear stress. The model geometry included a silicon wafer section with all the fabrication layers — silicon dioxide, poly silicon resistor, silicon nitride — and a microchannel with cross section 17 μm × 17 μm. This computational technique was used to optimize the dimensions of the system for a 0.01 Reynolds number flow at room temperature in order to reduce the amount of heat lost to the substrate and to predict and maximize the signal response. Results of the design optimization are presented and the fabrication process discussed.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Very-large-format pulse-counting UV detectors

Multi-anode microchannel array (MAMA) detector systems with formats of 2048 x 2048 pixels and pixel dimensions of 25 x 25 microns are being developed for use in the NASA Goddard Hubble Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph. This paper describes the current state of development of these detector systems.
Cytidine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic CMP) II. Initiation of leukemia L-1210 cell growth in vitro

Summary Leukemia L-1210 cells grown in vitro to stationary phase and cooled for 1 hr at 4°, undergo a lag of approximately 2 hr before they resume growth upon addition of 9 volumes of fresh (37°) medium. This lag is abolished by cyclic CMP, and resumption of cell growth is detected within 15 min. Under the same conditions of growth, cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP or cyclic UMP prolong the 2 hr lag by 1.5 – 22 hr; in the presence of cyclic CMP this extended lag is abolished. It is suggested by these observations that cyclic CMP can assume a growth regulatory function.
In-plane anisotropic strain of elastically and plastically deformed III-nitrides on lithium gallate

Abstract We have investigated both elastically and plastically deformed GaN films on lithium gallate, LiGaO2, by molecular beam epitaxy. The in-plane lattice parameters were determined from high resolution X-ray diffraction and indicated two different groups of in-plane lattice parameters, influenced by the a- and b-axis of LiGaO2. The measured in-plane lattice parameters indicate that there exist both compressive and tensile strains of in-plane GaN along the a- and b-axis of LiGaO2, respectively. This anisotropic strain in GaN films forms a slight distortion of the basal-plane hexagonal structure of GaN films, leading to a different critical thickness of 4.0 ± 0.17 and 7.8 ± 0.7 nm along the a- and b-axis of LiGaO2, respectively.
X-ray-induced chromosome aberrations in mouse dictyate oocytes. I. Time and dose relationships

Abstract Structural chromosome aberrations were analyzed in superovulated metaphase-I oocytes of the mouse. Mus muscullus, at various times after a single acute dose of 200 of X-rays. The aberrations seen were of the chromatid type, i.e. chromatid intechanges, isochromatid deletions and chromatid deletions. The aberration frequency was low during the interval 24 h to 5 days between irradiation and ovulation; peak frequencywas reached when irradiation was given 14 days prior to ovulation. A dose-response study was made 14 days prior to ovulation at doses of 50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 R. A curve of these data indicated that a significant two-track component was present for both intechanges and deletions. Centromere staining revealed that symmetrical and asymmetrical interchanges occured at approximately equal frequency and also that the asymmetrical equivalent of crossing-over was induced at a measurable frequency.
Relationship between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in estuarine anemones

1. 1. Several species of sea anemones and corals survive long-term exposure to low oxygen conditions. 2. 2. Sustained aerobic metabolism during such exposure would require reduction of the aerobic metabolic rate by 89·4–99·7 per cent for periods of 4–11 days. 3. 3. Exposure to low oxygen conditions results in oxygen debt responses in three species of sea anemones. 4. 4. These results suggest that anaerobic pathways are involved in energy production during low oxygen exposure. 5. 5. In Metridium senile, oxygen debt responses are not elicited unless the animals have completely ceased detectable aerobic metabolism.
MYOADENYLATE DEAMINASE DEFICIENCY: DIAGNOSIS BY FOREARM ISCHEMIC EXERCISE TESTING AND PLASMA PURINE MEASUREMENTS.: 216

MYOADENYLATE DEAMINASE DEFICIENCY: DIAGNOSIS BY FOREARM ISCHEMIC EXERCISE TESTING AND PLASMA PURINE MEASUREMENTS.: 216
Mitral valve-sparing operation in subaortic stenosis caused by anomalous papillary muscle and discrete subaortic stenosis.

1. Borst HG, Walterbusch G, Schaps D. Extensive aortic replacement using the “elephant trunk” prosthesis. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1983; 31:37-40. 2. Parodi JC, Palmaz JC, Barone HD. Transfemoral intraluminal graft implantation for abdominal aortic aneurysms. Ann Vasc Surg. 1991; 5:491-9. 3. Coselli JS, Oberwalder P. Successful repair of mega aorta using reversed elephant trunk procedure. J Vasc Surg. 1998;27:183-8. 4. Westaby S, Katsumata T. Proximal aortic perfusion for complex arch and descending aortic disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998;115:162-7. 5. Minale C, Splittberger F, Wendt G, Messmer BJ. One-stage intrathoracic repair of extended aortic aneurysms. J Card Surg. 1994;9:604-13. 6. Dake MD, Miller DC, Semba CP, Mitchell RS, Walker PJ, Lindell HP. Transluminal placement of endovascular stent-grafts for the treatment of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms. N Engl J Med. 1994;331: 1729-34. 7. Palma JH, Almeida DR, Carvalho AC, Andrade JC, Buffolo E. Surgical treatment of acute type B aortic dissection using an endoprosthesis (elephant trunk). Ann Thorac Surg. 1997;63:1081-4. 8. Orihashi K, Sueda T, Watari M, Okada K, Ishii O, Matsuura Y. Endovascular stent-grafting via the aortic arch for distal aortic arch aneurysm: an alternative to endovascular stent-grafting. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2001;20:973-8. 9. Griepp RB. Cerebral protection during aortic arch surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001;121:425-7. 10. Bachet J, Guilmet D, Goudot B, Dreyfus GD, Delentdecker P, Brodaty D, et al. Antegrade cerebral perfusion with cold blood: a 13-year experience. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;67:1874-8. 11. Hagl C, Ergin MA, Galla JD, Lansman SL, McCullough JN, Spielvogel D, et al. Neurologic outcome after ascending aorta-aortic arch operations: effect of brain protection technique in high-risk patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001;121:1107-21.
Calcium-sensitive action potential of long duration in the fertilized egg of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis ieidyi☆

Abstract The membrane properties of fertilized eggs of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi were studied using standard microelectrode techniques. The resting potential was approximately −80 mV, and was dependent on the extracellular K concentration. Depolarizing current injections elicited an action potential with an initial peak amplitude of +20 to +40 mV (duration about 5 sec) and a long lasting (duration 3 to 10 min) plateau phase. The depolarizing phase and the plateau phase appeared to have different ionic mechanisms. The entire action potential could be prevented by removal of extracellular Ca, but only the amplitude of the depolarizing phase, not the plateau phase, was dependent on the extracellular Ca concentration. The plateau phase was not observed in the absence of Ca, but in the presence of Ca its duration was dependent on the external Ca concentration. The data suggest that the plateau phase is activated as a consequence of Ca influx during the initial depolarizing phase. Removal of external Na resulted in only minor changes in the waveform of repolarization. The action potential was resistant to low concentrations of Mn and Cd in the presence of Ca. The role of this action potential in ctenophore development is not known, but in its waveform and duration it resembles the sperm-gated potentials that have been seen in eggs of other phyla. These experiments show ctenophore embryos to be excitable at very early stages, and suggest their utility in the study of the differentiation of cellular electrical properties.
Helical CT in the evaluation of renal colic.

Abstract This study assessed the clinical effectiveness of unehanced helical (spiral) computed tomography (CT) for evaluation of patients presenting with symptoms of renal colic. Two hundred patients with symptoms and signs of renal colic (flank or groin pain, hematuria) were imaged. Unenhanced CT was performed using 5-mm collimation with a pitch of 1.5 to 1.8 Image reconstruction was performed at 3-mm intervals. Exam time was approximately 5 minutes. The financial charge at the study institution was the same as for an intravenous urogram. Clinical follow-up was performed by review of available medical records and patient interviews. The sensitivity for detecting clinically relevant ureteral and bladder calculi was 0.862 (0.95 confidence interval [CI] 0.771 to 0.927), the specificity was 0.914 (0.95 CI 0.837 to 0.962), and the accuracy was 0.89 (0.95 CI 0.833 to 0.931). Helical CT is an effective technique in the evaluation of suspected acute urinary tract obstruction.
Promoting Cooperative Learning Experiences for Students with Reading, Writing, and Learning Disabilities.

The need for alternative instructional methods to address the problems experienced by large numbers of students failing in school has become a prominent educational concern. Cooperative learning is an instructional technique in which pairs or groups of students work together on an instructional task. There is ample research in the professional literature to support the use of cooperative learning in the classroom. Hundreds of studies have supported the utility of using cooperative grouping techniques in the classroom. Cooperative learning techniques with applicability in reading and writing instruction for students with special learning needs are the focus of this article.
ROBUSTNESS AND THE NEW RIDDLE REVIVED

The problem of induction is perennially important in epistemology and the philosophy of science. In response to Goodman's 'New Riddle of Induction', Frank Jackson made a compelling case for there being no new riddle, by arguing that there are no non-projectible properties. Although Jackson's denial of nonprojectible properties is correct, I argue here that he is mistaken in thinking that he thereby shows that there is no new riddle of induction, and demonstrate that his solution to the grue paradox fails to rule out the possibility of equally justified contradictory inductions. More importantly, in illuminating where Jackson's argument fails, the paper casts a new light on the problem of induction, locating the problem not in the nature of the next (unexamined) x, but in the counterfactual robustness of properties of already examined x's.
Trends in breast cancer presentation and care according to age in a single institution.

Abstract Background This study sought to determine the differences in presentation and treatment of young women (≤40 years of age) with breast cancer. Methods A prospective database was analyzed for differences in presentation and care in breast cancer patients ≤40 and >40 years of age. Results The study group consisted of 1685 women. Younger women were more likely to present with a palpable mass, have estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor (ER/PR)-negative tumors, and have more advanced disease at presentation. Although there was no difference in breast conservation rates, younger women were more likely to have postmastectomy reconstruction. Younger women were more likely to receive chemotherapy, even with node-negative tumors less than 1 cm in diameter (37% vs. 13%, P = 0.01). Conclusions The presentation of younger women with breast cancer differs from that of older women. Although the surgical management is similar, adjuvant therapy differs, with younger women more likely to be treated with chemotherapy.
Finite element-based model for crack propagation in polycrystalline materials

In this paper, we use an extended form of the finite element method to study failure in polycrystalline microstructures. Quasi-static crack propagation is conducted using the extended finite element method (X-FEM) and microstructures are simulated using a kinetic Monte Carlo Potts algorithm. In the X-FEM, the framework of partition of unity is used to enrich the classical finite element approximation with a discontinuous function and the two-dimensional asymptotic crack-tip fields. This enables the domain to be modeled by finite elements without explicitly meshing the crack surfaces, and hence crack growth simulations can be carried out without the need for remeshing. First, the convergence of the method for crack problems is studied and its rate of convergence is established. Microstructural calculations are carried out on a regular lattice and a constrained Delaunay triangulation algorithm is used to mesh the microstructure. Fracture properties of the grain boundaries are assumed to be distinct from that of the grain interior, and the maximum energy release rate criterion is invoked to study the competition between intergranular and transgranular modes of crack growth.
A Prospective Study of Positive Early Life Psychosocial Factors and Favorable Cardiovascular Risk in Adulthood

Background—The American Heart Association’s national goals for cardiovascular health promotion emphasize that cardiovascular risk originates early in life, but little is known about childhood factors that may increase the likelihood of having a favorable cardiovascular risk (FCR) in adulthood. We examined the prospective association between positive childhood factors and the likelihood of midlife FCR. We also considered pathways through which childhood factors may influence FCR. Methods and Results—We studied 415 adults (mean age=42.2 years) of the Collaborative Perinatal Project, a national cohort initiated in 1959 to 1966. We examined 3 positive childhood factors assessed at age 7 years: attention regulation (ability to stay focused), cognitive ability, and positive home environment. Of these adults, 10.6% had FCR in midlife. Adjusting for demographics and childhood cardiovascular health, a 1-unit increase in childhood attention regulation, cognitive ability, and positive home environment was associated...
Double aortic arch system producing obstruction to left ventricular outflow.

Abstract The occurrence of a double aortic arch system with intracardiac defects is unusual. Clinical recognition may be difficult in the absence of upper airway obstruction. This report describes the diagnosis and surgical management of an infant with Interruption of the ventral left arch and hypoplasia of the dorsal right arch who presented with evidence of pulmonary and systemic venous congestion caused by obstruction to left ventricular outflow and a large left to right ventricular shunt.
The Emperor Julian and his School Law

Few historical figures have earned a remembrance of so fixed and angular features as the fourth century Roman Emperor, Flavius Claudius Julianus. Yet, it is doubtful that except for one event in his short reign of less than two years, he would have aroused more than a fraction of the commentary since devoted to his rule. Having announced his defection from Christianity upon succeeding to the throne of Constantius, it was probably expected that religious terrors, like those of the third century, would immediately be loosed upon the followers of Jesus. Not until some seven months had passed, however, did anything like the expected blow descend. And this, oddly, was a nonsanguine policy intended to do no more than purge the public schools of their Christian faculties.
Modeling of Galvanostatic Charge and Discharge of the Lithium/Polymer/Insertion Cell

The galvanostatic charge and discharge of a lithium anode/solid polymer separator/insertion cathode cell is modeled using concentrated solution theory. The model is general enough to include a wide range of polymeric separator materials, lithium salts, and composite insertion cathodes. Insertion of lithium into the active cathode material is simulated using superposition, thus greatly simplifying the numerical calculations. Variable physical properties are permitted in the model. The results of a simulation of the charge/discharge behavior of the system are presented. Criteria are established to assess the importance of diffusion in the solid matrix and transport in the electrolyte. Consideration is also given to various procedures for optimization of the utilization of active cathode material.
Genomic and pharmacogenetic studies of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

With the cure rate of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) approaching 90%, further improvement in the treatment outcome and quality of life of patients will require better understanding of the mechanisms of drug resistance, identifying new leukemic cell genetic lesions that are amendable to available target therapy, and optimizing treatment based on host pharmacodynamics and pharmacogenomics. Deeper characterization of leukemic cell genetic abnormalities has discovered new subtypes of leukemia such as early T-cell precursor ALL and Philadelphia chromosome-like ALL, and identified many genomic alterations that have diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic implications. In this regard, several novel fusion transcripts are responsive to ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors and potentially to JAK inhibitors. Genome-wide analyses have also unraveled the role of inherited cancer predisposing genes and small nucleotide polymorphisms of several genes in the development of childhood ALL. These advances promise to lead to more sophisticated personalized treatment strategies in the near future.
Toxicokinetics of bromodichloroacetate in B6C3F1 mice.

The oral and i.v. elimination kinetics were investigated for bromodichloroacetate (BDCA), a haloacetate found in drinking water. The BDCA was administered at a dose of 5, 20 and 100 mg kg(-1) to B6C3F1 mice and appears to distribute to the total body water with a mean volume of distribution of 427+/- 79 ml kg(-1). It is subject to first-pass hepatic metabolism with a range of bioavailabilities of 0.28-0.73. A mean terminal half-life of 1.37+/- 0.21 h. was calculated from the two lower doses of both i.v. and oral administration. Non-linear behavior was exhibited at doses greater than 20 mg kg(-1), with a much higher than expected area under the curve (AUC), a decrease in total body clearance (CL(b)) and an increase in the terminal half-life to 2.3 h at the highest dose. The average CL(b) was 220 ml h(-1) kg(-1) for the lower two doses but decreased to 156 ml h(-1) kg(-1) at the high dose. The BDCA is primarily eliminated by metabolism, with only 2.4% of the parent dose being re covered in the urine at the high dose. The unbound renal clearance, as calculated from the high dose, was 15.0 ml h(-1) kg(-1). The BDCA is moderately boundmore » to plasma proteins (f(u)= 0.28) and preferentially distributes to the plasma with a blood/plasma ratio of 0.88. Copyright 2001 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.« less
Mechanisms of cross hyporesponsiveness to toll-like receptor bacterial ligands in intestinal epithelial cells

Background & Aims: Despite the ability to participate in immune responses and the continuous presence of bacteria and bacterial products, functional responses of intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) seem to be muted. Previously, tolerance to Toll-like receptors (TLRs) ligands has been described in monocytic cells. However, mechanisms in the intestine are unknown. Methods: The effect of purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoicacid (LTA) on expression and function of TLRs in intestinal epithelial cells (Colo205, SW480, T84) was assessed by Northern and Western blot and FACS analysis, kinase activity assays, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA. Results: Expression of TLRs except 10 was detected in primary IEC and TLR1-10 in the cultured cells. Short-term stimulation with LPS or LTA activated proinflammatory signaling cascades in IEC, including phosphorylation of IRAK and MAP kinases and increased IL-8 secretion, whereas prolonged incubation resulted in a state of hyporesponsiveness with no reactivation of the cells by a second challenge with either substance detected. The cells remained responsive to tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Hyporesponsive cells showed no alteration in expression of TLR or signaling molecules but revealed a decrease in TLR surface expression and IRAK activity. Toll-interacting protein (Tollip) mRNA and protein expression were increased in hyporesponsive cells, and overexpression of Tollip in IEC resulted in a significantly decreased proinflammatory response. Conclusions: Continuous presence of specific bacterial components results in a status of hyporesponsiveness in otherwise reactive IEC. Down-regulation of TLR surface expression and up-regulation of inhibitory Tollip with decreased phosphorylation of IRAK might all contribute to this hyporesponsiveness.
Historical processes and landscape context influence genetic structure in peripheral populations of the collared lizard ( Crotaphytus collaris )

Populations at the periphery of a species' range often show reduced genetic variability within populations and increased genetic divergence among populations compared to those at the core, but the mechanisms that give rise to this core-periphery pattern in genetic structure can be multifaceted. Peripheral population characteristics may be a product of historical processes, such as founder effects or population expansion, or due to the contemporary influence of landscape context on gene flow. We sampled collared lizards (Crotaphytus collaris) at four locations within the northern Flint Hills of Kansas, which is at the northern periphery of their range, to determine the genetic variability and extent of genetic divergence among populations for ten microsatellite loci (n = 229). We found low genetic variability (average allelic richness = 3.37 ± 0.23 SE; average heterozygosity = 0.54 ± 0.05 SE) and moderate pop- ulation divergence (average FST = 0.08 ± 0.01 SE) among our sample sites relative to estimates reported in the literature at the core of the species' range in Texas. We also identified differences in dispersal rates among sampling locations. Gene flow within the Flint Hills was thus greater than for other peripheral populations of collared lizards, such as the Missouri glade system where most of the mesic grasslands have been converted to forest since the last glacial retreat, which appears to have greatly impeded gene flow among populations. Our findings signify the importance of considering landscape context when evaluating core- peripheral trends in genetic diversity and population structure.
Neuropathology: Many Paths Lead to Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia

Studies with animal models are providing new insights into the pathology of hereditary spastic paraplegia, particularly how mutations in multiple, converging pathways can lead to this family of neuropathies.
Ceria Incorporation into YSZ Columnar Nanostructures

We report the growth of porous yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) columnar nanostructures by glancing angle deposition (GLAD) technique. CeO₂ sol solution was incorporated into YSZ creating high interface density columnar nanostructures. Initial experiments suggest higher conductivity in CeO₂/YSZ columnar nanostructures than polycrystalline CeO₂ and lower conductivity than single crystal YSZ in the intermediate temperature range of 600-825 K. GLAD/sol-gel process combination to create high density columnar nanostructures is discussed in the context of solid oxide fuel cells operating at intermediate temperatures.
Hydromorphone and Hydrocodone Interference in GC/MS Assays for Morphine and Codeine

The specificity of a GC/MS assay of morphine and codeine was examined with particular regard to the potential interference due to hydromorphone and hydrocodone, compounds that cross-react extensively in opiate screening tests. A GC/MS method with solid-phase extraction and acetylation or trimethylsilylation was used. The equilibrium between keto and enol forms of the potential interferents was evaluated. Sodium borohydride was tried as a means for converting potential interferents into products that are more clearly separated from morphine and codeine. It was found that borohydride reduction proceeded easily and led to products that could be distinguished from morphine and codeine. Moreover, the quantitation of morphine in the presence of hydromorphone was improved if the borohydride step was included in the analysis.
The tubal factor in gynaecological tuberculosis

SummaryA study has been made of the tubal factor in 711 patients with proved gynaecological tuberculosis investigated between I January 1951 and I September 1992. It is probable that all, or almost all patients had tubal infection but proof was obtained in only 21 per cent. Adnexal masses were present in 46 per cent. Twentyseven tubal pregnancies occurred after treatment in 23 patients. Tubal patency tests were carried out in 277 patients, and the tubes were found to be blocked in 167 (60 per cent).
Neural Discriminability of Object Features Predicts Perceptual Organization

How does the neural representation of simple visual features affect perceptual operations, such as perceptual grouping? If the strength of feature representations in the brain is indicative of how the perceptual system partitions information into visual elements, then identifying the underlying neural representation may determine why things look the way they do. During functional MRI, participants viewed objects that varied along three feature dimensions: shape, color, and orientation. Afterward, participants performed an independent perceptual-grouping task outside the scanner to measure the strength of feature grouping. In lateral occipital cortex, neural feature discriminability, characterized using functional MRI multivariate pattern classification, positively predicted feature grouping strength: The more distinct the neural representations of a particular feature, the stronger the grouping was for that feature outside the scanner. Thus, variation in neural feature representation can be quantified to predict perceptual organization.
'Yu No Sidon, Yu Wan Ledon – Yu Go Fodon' I: Rice, Hunger, and Memory in Sierra Leone

Mende farmers have subsisted in inhospitable environments for centuries by growing Oryza glaberrima (African rice), which became deeply integrated into Mende culture and society as a building block of community and the essence of prosperity. Yet today, no matter farmers’ proficient laboring, Mende people in much of rural Sierra Leone experience an annual “Hungry Season.” This paper explores the causes of food insecurity in post-conflict settings by examining conditions in three villages in the Kailahun District of Sierra Leone. Oral accounts of the civil war (1991-2002), collected in 2011 and 2013, attest to survivors’ adaptability during the conflict, when Mende people fled from their razed homes into the bush and refugee camps. Displaced from their farming communities, they were cast into a prolonged state of physical insecurity and social instability. The paper argues that these wartime experiences altered Mende people’s senses of “hunger,” which a decade after the conflict in Sierra Leone proved not just gastronomic, but existential. In the years immediately following the war, the assurance of peace was as much a staple among Mende as has been Oryza for centuries. Situating Mende people’s recently modified values within a broader history illuminates the magnitude of these consequential changes.
Morality and Adult Attachment Style as Predictors of Psychotherapy Process and Outcome Expectations

This study examined whether moral foundations and adult attachment style predict expectations for counseling. Hierarchical regression models were used to analyze self-report questionnaires of 963 participants. Moral foundations related to harm–care, fairness–reciprocity, and authority–respect were significantly positively related to both process and outcome counseling expectations. Adult attachment anxiety was positively related to outcome expectations, whereas adult attachment avoidance was negatively related to process and outcome expectations. Moral foundations and adult attachment style are important predictors of therapy process and outcome expectations. Implications for practitioners and future research are discussed.
An Economic Feasibility Study on the Research Infrastructure Project of ICT Device and SW Globalization

The research infrastructure project for the ICT devices and device SW is aimed to support and strengthen the capability of the SMEs when they are trying to enter into the global ICT core market. In other words, this project is to support the IT device and device SW SMEs which have innovative technoloigies with the tangible and/or intangible infrastructures which are needed for them to enter into the global ICT collaboration ecosystems. The purpose of this paper is to assess the economic feasibility of this project by analyzing its cost and benefit of this research infrastructure project for ICT devices and device SW which will be implemented according to the need of these days. The result of the analysis showed that the BC ratio was 1.510, which means this project has the economic feasibility. And this study did the sensitivity analysis on the two factors, the revenue ratio by cost reduction and the discount ratio, and the durability analysis of the effects.
Business Gaming for Marketing Decisions

Business gaming has profitable applications in education, research, and problem solving.The author dispels several misconceptions about business gaming and shows how it can provide marketing manage...
From Dealing to Healing: Social Movements and Changing Conceptions of Marijuana in California

Over the past 25 years, social movement organizations and market entrepreneurs have helped transform marijuana from a black market intoxicant for “getting high” into a state-sanctioned medicine and...
Distributed on-chip regulation: theoretical stability foundation, over-design reduction and performance optimization

While distributed on-chip voltage regulation offers an appealing solution to power delivery, designing power delivery networks (PDNs) with distributed on-chip voltage regulators with guaranteed stability is challenging because of the complex interactions between active regulators and the bulky passive network. The recently developed hybrid stability theory provides an efficient stability checking and design approach, giving rise to highly desirable localized design of PDNs. However, the inherent conservativeness of the hybrid stability criteria can lead to pessimism in stability evaluation and hence large over-design. We address this challenge by proposing an optimal frequency-dependent system partitioning technique to significantly reduce the amount of pessimism in stability analysis. With theoretical rigor, we show how to partition a PDN system by employing optimal frequency-dependent impedance splitting between the passive network and voltage regulators while maintaining the desired theoretical properties of the partitioned system blocks upon which the hybrid stability principle is anchored. We demonstrate a new stability-ensuring PDN design approach with the proposed over-design reduction technique using an automated optimization flow which significantly boosts regulation performance and power efficiency.
Biguanides and targeted anti-cancer treatments

Drug repositioning and molecularly targeted novel drug development are two contrasting strategies in cancer research. Yet, certain combinations of the two may bring together the best of both worlds. Drug repositioning, i.e. the use of a drug for treating diseases other than the drug-specified, is a strategy to advance patient care more quickly and efficiently. The idea was promoted in 2012 through the Discovering New Therapeutic Uses for Existing Molecules program, initiated by NIH. Several drugs used for other purposes have proved to be effective anti-cancer agents, including thalidomide, aspirin, and celecoxib. In contrast, novel drug development is a lengthy process. Molecularly tailored drugs fail for various reasons including inadequate bioavailability and adverse side effects, and are often very expensive. Despite drawbacks to targeted drug development, there are also successes in this area of research. Cancer therapeutics designed to inhibit kinases involved in cell growth and survival pathways are potent and selective in the short term. By directly blocking cell signaling, often at the source of over-activation, these drugs kill cancer cells. One example of success in targeted therapy is the development of BRAFV600E inhibitors, vemurafenib and dabrafenib, and their ability to prolong progression-free survival time in melanoma patients. However, a major problem with monotherapy is the inevitable development of resistance. Even with combination treatment using specific inhibitors, such as BRAFV600E and MEK inhibitors in melanoma, improvement in patient outcome is limited [1,2] and resistance emerges. There is increasing interest in combining targeted inhibitors with common metabolic regulators to hinder resistance. This unique combination reaps both the intrinsic benefits of repurposing drugs and the selectivity of targeted therapy. The major biguanides, metformin and phenformin, have known pharmacokinetics, high safety profiles, and are relatively inexpensive. Metformin in particular is widely used for treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes. Although there is evidence in literature for both pro-cancer and anti-cancer effects of metformin on cancer cells, a clear association between metformin therapy and reduced risk of cancer in diabetic patients exists. Recent studies point out direct cellular benefits of combining biguanides with current targeted therapy.
Levels of Speech Usage: A Self-Report Scale for Describing How People Use Speech

People use speech in a variety of ways to fulfill life roles and responsibilities. Documenting speech usage is critical in clinical work to plan relevant intervention goals for individual clients, and in clinical research to better describe participant characteristics. A few voice-use classification scales exist; however, they are limited in scope (e.g., focus almost exclusively on occupation) and in applicability beyond voice-disordered populations. The Levels of Speech Usage is a self-report categorical rating scale intended for use with adults across a wide range of communication disorders and life situations. This article presents data from the initial analysis of this scale in a sample of 200 people with spasmodic dysphonia (SD). Speech usage was significantly associated with age, education level, and work status (full time, part time, no paid work). Speech usage was not significantly associated with gender, SD duration, self-rating of voice, treatment status, presence of other medical conditions, Voice Handicap Index, or a measure of communicative participation. Further research is needed to explore the function of this scale in other populations.