cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards understanding residential privacy by analyzing users' activities in foursquare

Location-based social network systems (LBSNSs) are becoming increasingly popular. At the same time, privacy of users' information in these systems is becoming a huge concern. In LBSNSs, such as Foursquare, users' residential addresses and their check-ins at the residential venues are regarded as sensitive and private information as the exposure of such information can reveal users' home addresses and their absence from their homes. Analysis of users' activities involving residential venues in LBSNSs, therefore, provides useful insights into users' residential privacy concerns. In addition, such analysis can help researchers to better understand users' activities related to their residential privacy so as to develop better privacy protection mechanisms. In this paper, we first analyze Foursquare data to explore the following questions related to users' residential privacy: 1) how users share the addresses of the residential venues; 2) how users share their check-ins at the residential venues. Our analysis shows that users tend to be aware of their residential privacy and try to protect their personal information in Foursquare. During the data analysis, we also identify several system vulnerabilities and privacy risks that can be exploited to violate users' residential privacy in Foursquare. Such vulnerabilities and privacy risks are actually caused by the system's design flaws and users' incautious activities. Based on the results of the data analysis, we then propose a framework that includes access control and alert mechanisms to address these privacy issues.
A comment on: “SSIMS identification of surface intermediates in the thermal decomposition of TMGa on Si(100)” by C.R. Flores, X.L. Zhou and J.M. White [Surface Science 261 (1992) 99]

Flores, Zhou and White [Surface Science 261 (1992) 99] examined the decomposition of trimethylgallium on a 100 K Si(100) sample and reached some unexpected couclusions about the decomposition process. This paper presents some TPD data which calls into question Flores, Zhou and White's main conclusions. The new data show that in contrast to the results in Flores, Zhou and White, the trimethylgallium desorbs molecularly in a series of peaks extending up to 500 K, dimethylgallium desorbs in a series of peaks up to 520 K and monomethylgallium desorbs at 620 K. Desorption of methane, ethylene and methyl radicals is also seen in contrast to Flores, et al
2011 Special Issue: A neural network model of normal and abnormal auditory information processing

The ability of the brain to attenuate the response to irrelevant sensory stimulation is referred to as sensory gating. A gating deficiency has been reported in schizophrenia. To study the neural mechanisms underlying sensory gating, a neuroanatomically inspired model of auditory information processing has been developed. The mathematical model consists of lumped parameter modules representing the thalamus (TH), the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), auditory cortex (AC), and prefrontal cortex (PC). It was found that the membrane potential of the pyramidal cells in the PC module replicated auditory evoked potentials, recorded from the scalp of healthy individuals, in response to pure tones. Also, the model produced substantial attenuation of the response to the second of a pair of identical stimuli, just as seen in actual human experiments. We also tested the viewpoint that schizophrenia is associated with a deficit in prefrontal dopamine (DA) activity, which would lower the excitatory and inhibitory feedback gains in the AC and PC modules. Lowering these gains by less than 10% resulted in model behavior resembling the brain activity seen in schizophrenia patients, and replicated the reported gating deficits. The model suggests that the TRN plays a critical role in sensory gating, with the smaller response to a second tone arising from a reduction in inhibition of TH by the TRN.
On a class of quasilinear partial integrodifferential equations with singular kernels

Abstract We prove local and global existence theorems for a model equation in nonlinear viscoelasticity. In contrast to previous studies, we allow the memory function to have a singularity. We approximate the equation by equations with regular kernels and use energy estimates to prove convergence of the approximate solutions.
The Place of Political Diversity within the Social Work Classroom.

This article examines political ideology and its implications as a newer diversity variable within social work education. Responding to internal assessments and external critiques of social work education, the dynamics of how diverse political ideologies might manifest in 5 core course concentrations—human behavior in the social environment, research, practice, field education, and policy—are highlighted. The authors offer a series of critical questions, a typology for addressing political ideology, and a set of educational guidelines to assist educators, administrators, and students as they grapple with attending to political diversity in a variety of social work classrooms.
Cut elimination for a simple formulation of epsilon calculus

Abstract A simple cut elimination proof for arithmetic with the epsilon symbol is used to establish the termination of a modified epsilon substitution process. This opens a possibility of extension to much stronger systems.
Motile properties of the kinesin-related Cin8p spindle motor extracted from Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells

We have developed microtubule binding and motility assays for Cin8p, a kinesin-related mitotic spindle motor protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The methods examine Cin8p rapidly purified from crude yeast cell extracts. We created a recombinant form of CIN8 that fused the biotin carrying polypeptide from yeast pyruvate carboxylase to the carboxyl terminus of Cin8p. This form was biotinated in yeast cells and provided Cin8p activity in vivo. Avidin-coated glass surfaces were used to specifically bind biotinated Cin8p from crude extracts. Microtubules bound to the Cin8p-coated surfaces and moved at 3.4 ± 0.5 μm/min in the presence of ATP. Force production by Cin8p was directed toward the plus ends of microtubules. A mutation affecting the microtubule-binding site within the motor domain (cin8-F467A) decreased Cin8p's ability to bind microtubules to the glass surface by >10-fold, but reduced gliding velocity by only 35%. The cin8–3 mutant form, affecting the α2 helix of the motor domain, caused a moderate defect in microtubule binding, but motility was severely affected.cin8-F467A cells, but not cin8–3 cells, were greatly impaired in bipolar spindle forming ability. We conclude that microtubule binding by Cin8p is more important than motility for proper spindle formation.
Core erythropoietin receptor signals for late erythroblast development.

Critical signals for erythroblast formation are transduced by activated, tyrosine-phosphorylated erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) complexes. Nonetheless, steady-state erythropoiesis is supported effectively by EpoR alleles that are deficient in cytoplasmic phosphotyrosine sites. To better define core EpoR action mechanisms, signaling capacities of minimal PY-null (EpoR-HM) and PY343-retaining (EpoR-H) alleles were analyzed for the first time in bone marrow–derived erythroblasts. Jak2 activation via each allele was comparable. Stat5 (and several Stat5-response genes) were induced via EpoR-H but not via EpoR-HM. Stat1 and Stat3 activation was nominal for all EpoR forms. For both EpoR-HM and EpoR-H, Akt and p70S6-kinase activation was decreased multifold, and JNK activation was minimal. ERKs, however, were hyperactivated uniquely via EpoR-HM. In vivo, Epo expression in EpoR-HM mice was elevated, while Epo-induced reticulocyte production was diminished. In vitro, EpoR-HM erythroblast maturation also was attenuated (based on DNA content, forward-angle light scatter, and hemoglobinization). These EpoR-HM–specific defects were corrected not only upon PY343 site restoration in EpoR-H, but also upon MEK1,2 inhibition. Core EpoR PY site-independent signals for erythroblast formation therefore appear to be Stat5, Stat1, Stat3, p70S6-kinase, and JNK independent, but ERK dependent. Wild-type signaling capacities, however, depend further upon signals provided via an EpoR/PY343/Stat5 axis.
Analysis of N-n-propylnorapomorphine in plasma and tissue by capillary gas chromatography—electron-capture detection

Capillary gas chromatography combined with electron-capture detection (GC-ECD) was applied to the detection and quantitation of N-n-propylnorapomorphine (NPA) and related compounds in serum and tissue using trifluoroacetyl (TFA) derivatives. The detection limits for NPA using GC-ECD of TFA derivative extend into the subpicogram level, but quantitation in serum was limited to levels of 100 ng/ml due to matrix interferences. The method was applied to the analysis of NPA in rat serum after administration of a moderate dose of the drug and was applied to the detection of NPA in rat brain after the peripheral administration of (-)10,11-methylenedioxy-N-n-propylnoraporphine (MDO-NPA). These results support previous proposals that MDO-NPA is a prodrug of NPA, which acts at cerebral dopamine-receptors.
Learned Resourcefulness, Danger in Intimate Partner Relationships, and Mental Health Symptoms of Depression and PTSD in Abused Women

The study investigated the relationships among learned resourcefulness, dangerousness in abusive relationships, and symptoms of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a sample of abused sheltered women. A cross-sectional descriptive research design was utilized and 42 women met criteria for participation. Data were collected over a ten-month period from June 2010 to March 2011 using the following instruments: (1) demographic data collection form, (2) Self-Control Schedule (SCS), (3) Danger Assessment (DA), (4) Index of Spouse Abuse (ISA), (5) Beck Depression Inventory, Second Edition (BDI-II), and (6) Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS). Results indicated that 74% of the sample reported symptoms of depression and 67% met criteria for PTSD. In addition, there was 62% comorbidity between depression and PTSD. High levels of danger and low levels of resourcefulness were associated with increased symptoms of depression and PTSD. Further research is necessary, but results of the study s...
Autonomic interactions and chronotropic control of the heart : Heart period versus heart rate

Autonomic control of the heart varies more linearly with heart period than with rate. Relative linearity confers a greater independence of basal autonomic activation and heart period changes. Thus, heart period appears to be more appropriate for characterizing cardiac phenomena such as autonomic interactions that involve significant baseline shifts. Simulated and published empirical data were used to demonstrate the importance of the chronotropic metric for characterizing autonomic interactions. Simulations revealed a significant autonomic interaction when heart rate, but not heart period, was the chronotropic metric. Published heart rate data also show a substantial autonomic interaction, whereas heart period data do not. These findings suggest that the choice of chronotropic metric can overstate the extent of autonomic interactions on cardiac chronotropic function.
Spectrophotometric cell sorter.

A new device can physically separate cells of predetermined optical properties, from large populations of cells in suspension.
Responding to an RFP: a vendor's viewpoint

A typical vendor of library automation systems cannot, and most likely will not want to, respond to all requests for proposals (RFPs) that it receives. Certain “elimination factors” contribute to the decision to bid or not bid. These include: 1) specifications for the use of computer equipment not employed by the vendor; 2) required features not provided by the vendor's software; 3) performance requirements not met or performed differently by the vendor; 4) a “wired” RFP based on a competitor's system; 5) the size and complexity of the RFP itself; and 6) competition for a vendor's time, such as posed by numerous other previously‐received RFPs that must be answered.
Enzymatic modification of vegetable protein: Immobilization of Penicillium duponti enzyme on reconstituted collagen and the use of the immobilized‐enzyme complex for solubilizing vegetable protein in a recycle reactor

Penicillium duponti enzyme was immobilized on reconstituted collagen by macromolecular complication, impregnation, and covalent crosslinking techniques. The immobilization of the enzyme on collagen has a twofold purpose: (1) providing a protein microenvironment for the proteolytic enzyme; and (2) extending the useful life the enzyme once immobilized on the collagen matrix. Two types of collagen were used, one produced by the United States Department of Agriculture and the other produced by FMC. The USDA collagen contained unhydrolyzed telepeptide linkages and required pretreatment to reduce collagenaselike activity of the enzyme. Activity analysis of the immobilized enzyme complex showed that membranes with enzyme loading less than 10 mg enzyme/g of wet membrane in the reactor were dimensionally stable. The degree of crosslinking was an important parameter. Membranes with structural opening up to three times the initial dry thickness were found to be the maximum limit for controlled release of enzyme from the collagen membrane during enzymatic reaction. Higher activities and better stability of the enzyme in collagen membrane were found for covalent crosslinking of the enzyme to treated collagen films. The hydrolysis of soybean vegetable protein with the immobilized enzyme in a recycle reactor at enzyme loading of mg/g of wet membrane at 40°C, pH 3.4, produced 56.5% of soluble protein in 10h. The production is equivalent to 1.84 h total contact time between the substrate and the immobilized enzyme. The average productivity based on a stable enzyme activity and 20g of dry membrane was 329 mg of protein/g/mg of active enzyme immobilized. The productivity of the free enzyme in a batch reactor was 62.5 mg protein/h/mg enzyme.
Hierarchical multi-scale classification of nearshore aquatic habitats of the Great Lakes: Western Lake Erie.

Classification is a valuable conservation tool for examining natural resource status and problems and is being developed for coastal aquatic habitats. We present an objective, multi-scale hydrospatial framework for nearshore areas of the Great Lakes. The hydrospatial framework consists of spatial units at eight hierarchical scales from the North American Continent to the individual 270-m spatial cell. Characterization of spatial units based on fish abundance and diversity provides a fish-guided classification of aquatic areas at each spatial scale and demonstrates how classifications may be generated from that framework. Those classification units then provide information about habitat, as well as biotic conditions, which can be compared, contrasted, and hierarchically related spatially. Examples within several representative coastal or open water zones of the Western Lake Erie pilot area highlight potential application of this classification system to management problems. This classification system can assist natural resource managers with planning and establishing priorities for aquatic habitat protection, developing rehabilitation strategies, or identifying special management actions.
Metabolism of pyridine and 3-hydroxypyridine under aerobic, denitrifying and sulfate-reducing conditions

The transformation of pyridine and several hydroxypyridines was investigated under different physiological conditions. Pyridine and 2-, 3- and 4-hydroxypyridine were metabolized aerobically within 9 days in a mineral salt medium inoculated with 10% sewage sludge. Under anaerobic conditions in the presence of nitrate or sulfate, pyridine and 3-hydroxypyridine were metabolized after a lag period of 2 months, while no transformation of 2- or 4-hydroxypyridine was detected. Experiments with14C-labeled-pyridine showed that under denitrifying as well as under sulfate-reducing conditions pyridine was oxidized to carbon dioxide. Disappearance of nitrate and sulfate under anaerobic conditions was 79% and 85%, respectively, of the amount predicted from the stoichiometric equation for the complete transformation of pyridine.
Video semaphore decoding for free-space optical communication

Using teal-time image processing we have demonstrated a low bit-rate free-space optical communication system at a range of more than 20km with an average optical transmission power of less than 2mW. The transmitter is an autonomous one cubic inch microprocessor-controlled sensor node with a laser diode output. The receiver is a standard CCD camera with a 1-inch aperture lens, and both hardware and software implementations of the video semaphore decoding algorithm. With this system sensor data can be reliably transmitted 21 km form San Francisco to Berkeley.
Experimental studies in chickens on the initial nutrition of tendon grafts

A study of nutrition of various tendon graft preparations in adult chickens (up to 2 weeks after grafting), using tritiated proline and a trichloracetic acid extraction technique which separated the free and metabolized amino acid fractions, suggests that diffusion of nutrients is an important process in the initial nutrition of tendon grafts, that tendon grafts are metabolically active and viable structures, that adhesions which are frequently associated with tendon grafts do not appear to be essential to the nutrition of grafts, and that tendon grafts within fibrous pseudosheaths are nourished as effectively as grafts within synovial sheaths.
Soft photon nucleon--nucleon bremsstrahlung in the potential model

The soft photon theorem for bremsstrahlung has been derived nonrelativistically for two particles interacting via a nonlocal spin and isospin dependent potential. The result is in a simple form easily applicable to the special cases in which one or both particles have zero charge, spin, or isospin. (AIP)
Fabrication and measured quality of the MMT primary mirror

The primary mirror for the Multiple Mirror Telescope Conversion is the first 6.5 m honeycomb sandwich mirror cast and polished by the Steward Observatory Mirror Lab. We describe the optical fabrication and testing of the f/1.25 paraboloid, and present the final measurements of figure accuracy and inferred image quality. Figuring was performed with a 1.2 m stressed lap--which bends under active control to match the local curvature of the optical surface--and a variety of small passive tools. The mirror was pressurized to compensate for polishing loads and thereby eliminate print-through of the honeycomb structure. The net result is a smoother surface on scales of 5 - 20 cm than has been achieved on previous honeycomb sandwich mirrors. The figure was measured with IR and visible interferometers, using refractive null correctors to compensate 810 microns of aspheric departure. The final measurements were used to calculate synthetic stellar images in a variety of seeing conditions.
Terminal innervation pattern in striated muscle of the oyster toadfish,Opsanus tau

Striated muscle fibers from the body and head muscles of the oyster toadfishOpsanus tau, have been examined with particular attention to the innervation pattern and the characteristic shape and arrangement of the fibrils in the red and white muscle fibers. Methylene blue perfusion, gold chloride toning and cholinesterase localization were used to stain peripheral nerves and their endings. Both preterminal nerve fibers and motor endings show (AChE) activity. Red and white muscle fibers have multiple filamentous junctions throughout their length. The morphology and distribution of the motor endings on white muscle fibers is more diversified than on red fibers. The nerve terminals on white muscles appear as clusters of droplets while on red muscle fibers they appear as finger-like extensions of verrucosities. The innervation of red muscle is more dense than white muscle. Both red and white muscle fibers are polyinervated. Following fixation in gluteraldehyde and osmium tetroxide, transverse sections stained with a mixture of equal parts of 0.5% toluidine blue and 0.5% azure B show two types of fibrillar arrangement. The white muscle fibers show a single layer of ribbon-like fibrils around the periphery of the fiber and many polygonal fibrils in the center of the fiber. Nearly all of the fibrils in toadfish red muscle are larger and more irregularly disposed than in white muscle. The red muscle cells also contain more sarcoplasm than the white fibers.
EPA Priorities for Biologic Markers Research in Environmental Health

Recent advances in molecular and cellular biology allow for measurement of biologic events or substances that may provide markers of exposure, effect, or susceptibility in humans. The application of these new and emerging techniques to environmental health offers the possibility of significantly reducing the uncertainties that traditionally hamper risk assessments. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) health research program emphasizes the validation of appropriate biologic markers and their application to high-priority Agency issues. The rationale for EPA's biomarker research program is presented, and future research directions are discussed. Exposure biomarkers will receive most of the research emphasis in the near term, particularly body burden indicators of exposure to high-priority chemicals, such as benzene, ozone, selected heavy metals, and organophosphate pesticides. Research on effects biomarkers will attempt to validate the relationship between the observed biological effects and adverse health consequences in humans, especially for cancer, pulmonary toxicity, immunotoxicity, and reproductive/developmental toxicity.
Concealment, Pseudepigraphy and the Study of Esotericism in Antiquity

Historians of antiquity and of the modern and postmodern world have made advances in defining esotericism and mysticism and ought to be in conversation with one another. Collaborative work among scholars of esotericism of diverse periods is at a beginning stage, despite shared methodologies and commitment to undergirding studies in cultural and historical contexts. Contemporary study of esoteric rhetoric aids our understanding of hiddenness, secrecy and revelation in ancient Jewish and Christian texts. The practice of pseudepigraphy in antiquity, which obscures a text’s author, may be related, though, to religious experience or to a traditionary process. Scholars who are aware of misrepresentations of esotericism have a responsibility to consider manifold reasons for the practice of pseudepigraphy, in contrast to the scholars who associate use of pseudonyms with duplicity and malfeasance.
Understanding Indiana's Reverse Transfer Students: A Case Study in Institutional Research

Among all the students who transfer from one institution to another during their academic careers, a distinct group of “reverse transfer” students has emerged over time. Reverse transfer occurs when students begin their college careers at 4-year institutions but eventually transfer into 2-year institutions. Using student unit record data from the state of Indiana, this study used regression analysis to identify student characteristics that influence reverse transfer. The authors discuss state and institutional policy implications of this nontraditional enrollment pattern.
Seeing the unobservable: Van Fraassen and the limits of experience

Van Fraassen maintains that the information that we canglean from experience is limited to those entities and processes that are detectable bymeans of our unaided senses. His challenge to the realist, I suggest, is that the attemptto inferentially transcend those limits amounts to a reversion to rationalism. Under pressurefrom such examples as microscopic observation, he has recently widened the scope of thephenomena to include object-like experiences without empirical objects of experience.With this change in mind, I argue that van Fraassen needs an account of perception whoseconsequence is that we can only see what we see with the unaided eye. I then argue thatreflection on the epistemically significant aspects of the perceptual process rendersvan Fraassen's characterization of the limits of experience implausible; technologicallyenhanced perception brings ``unobservables'' within those limits. An empiricismthat is compatible with realism results.
U.S. Bureau of the Census CD-ROMS: unleashing the potential

Abstract This article demonstrates opportunities afforded by the database file format of many U.S. Bureau of the Census CD-ROMs. It specifically illustrates what can be achieved by modifying and linking files extracted from these CD-ROMs, and then by adding these files as thematic map layers. The article concludes by suggesting ways in which the documents specialist can network these files and maps throughout the local community.
Obligatory role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in ischemic preconditioning

Sublethal insults can induce a transient tolerance toward subsequent lethal ischemia, a phenomenon termed ischemic preconditioning (IPC). In the myocardium, nitric oxide derived from ‘inducible’ nitric oxide synthase (iNOS or NOS II) plays a critical role in the expression of IPC produced by sublethal ischemia. Here, we investigated whether iNOS is involved in IPC in brain. Ischemic preconditioning was produced in mice by three episodes of 1-min bilateral common carotid artery (BCCA) occlusion, each followed by 5 mins of reperfusion. After 24 h, mice underwent middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion for 20 mins. Intraischemic cerebral blood flow was monitored during both in BCCA and MCA occlusion (MCAO) by laser-Doppler flowmetry. Mice were killed 3 days after MCAO, and infarct volume was determined in thionine-stained sections. Infarct volume was significantly reduced 24 h after IPC (70%; Po0.05). Treatment with the iNOS inhibitor aminoguanidine (400 mg/kg), abolished the IPC-induced protection. Furthermore, IPC failed to induce ischemic tolerance in iNOS-null mice. In wild-type mice, IPC increased the resistance to Ca 2 þ -mediated depolarization in isolated brain mitochondria. However, in iNOS-null mice IPC failed to induce such resistance. We conclude that iNOS is required for the full expression of IPC and that such effect is coupled to an increased resistance of mitochondria to injury. Thus, iNOS-derived nitric oxide, in addition to its deleterious effects on the late stages of ischemic brain damage, can also be beneficial by promoting ischemic tolerance through signaling, ultimately resulting in mitochondrial protection.
Frontal Parietal Control Network Regulates the Anti-Correlated Default and Dorsal Attention Networks

Recent reports demonstrate the anti-correlated behaviors between the default (DF) and the dorsal attention (DA) networks. We aimed to investigate the roles of the frontal parietal control (FPC) network in regulating the two anti-correlated networks through three experimental conditions, includ- ing resting, continuous self-paced/attended sequential finger tapping (FT), and natural movie watch- ing (MW), respectively. The two goal-directed tasks were chosen to engage either one of the two competing networks—FT for DA whereas MW for default. We hypothesized that FPC will selectively augment/suppress either network depending on how the task targets the specific network; FPC will positively correlate with the target network, but negatively correlate with the network anti-correlated with the target network. We further hypothesized that significant causal links from FPC to both DA and DF are present during all three experimental conditions, supporting the initiative regulating role of FPC over the two opposing systems. Consistent with our hypotheses, FPC exhibited a significantly higher positive correlation with DA (P ¼ 0.0095) whereas significantly more negative correlation with default (P ¼ 0.0025) during FT when compared to resting. Completely opposite to that observed dur- ing FT, the FPC was significantly anti-correlated with DA (P ¼ 2.1e-6) whereas positively correlated with default (P ¼ 0.0035) during MW. Furthermore, extensive causal links from FPC to both DA and DF were observed across all three experimental states. Together, our results strongly support the notion that the FPC regulates the anti-correlated default and DA networks. Hum Brain Mapp 00:000- 000, 2011. V C 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Correlations of inhibitor kinetics for Pneumocystis jirovecii and human dihydrofolate reductase with structural data for human active site mutant enzyme complexes.

To understand the role of specific active site residues in conferring selective dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibition from pathogenic organisms such as Pneumocystis carinii (pc) or Pneumocystis jirovecii (pj), the causative agent in AIDS pneumonia, it is necessary to evaluate the role of these residues in the human enzyme. We report the first kinetic parameters for DHFR from pjDHFR and pcDHFR with methotrexate (MTX), trimethoprim (TMP), and its potent derivative, PY957. We also report the mutagenesis and kinetic analysis of active site mutant proteins at positions 35 and 64 of human (h) DHFR and the crystal structure determinations of four hDHFR ternary complexes of NADPH and PY957 with the wild type DHFR enzyme, the single mutant protein, Gln35Lys1, and two double mutant proteins, Gln35Ser/Asn64Ser and Gln35Ser/Asn64Phe. These substitutions place into human DHFR amino acids found at those sites in the opportunistic pathogens pcDHFR (Q35K/N64F) and pjDHFR (Q35S/N64S). The Ki inhibition constant for PY957 showed greatest potency of the compound for the N64F single mutant protein (5.2 nM), followed by wild type pcDHFR (Ki 22 nM), and then wild type hDHFR enzyme (Ki 230 nM). Structural data reveal significant conformational changes in the binding interactions of PY957 in the hDHFR Q35S/N64F mutant protein complex compared to the other hDHFR mutant protein complexes and the pcDHFR ternary complex. The conformation of PY957 in the wild type DHFR is similar to that observed for the single mutant protein. These data support the hypothesis that the enhanced selectivity of PY957 for pcDHFR is in part due to the in the design more selective inhibitors that target these opportunistic pathogens.
SU-E-T-543: The Use of a Proportional-Integral-Derivative Design for Optimized Real-Time Head Motion Correction in Frameless SRS

Purpose: While less invasive, the immobilization devices used in frameless SRS techniques generally allow for more head movement than a frame, leading to a larger PTV. To maintain traditional SRS accuracies, we have developed a robotic 3D head motion stage to correct for these sub‐ millimeter head deviations occurring during treatment. To achieve optimal head motion management we report on our use of a proportional‐integral‐ derivative (PID) feedback loop to monitor and compensate for real‐time patient motion during frameless SRS. Methods: A PID controller consists of three corrective parameters: a proportional term to account for the error difference between the desired patient position and the actual position; an integral term that accelerates the position correction toward the desired setpoint value; and a derivative term that accounts for the instantaneous rate of change of the patient position error. These parameters were tuned according to manual and heuristic Zielger‐Nichols methods. The PID algorithm was integrated into existing Labview software designed to control patient motion via a computer‐controlled 3D stepper motor stage. For realtime head position feedback either a Polaris external marker tracker or VisionRT system was used. The PID correction was tested both on phantom and healthy volunteers. Results: With volunteers in a relaxed supine position, the PID method maintained head motion to under 0.25 mm as based on the optical monitoring system in all three directions for greater than 90% of the time. Artificial introduction of extreme 1–5 mm head shifts by manual couch moving were corrected 2–3 times faster by PID when compared to our prior constant motor velocity approach Conclusions: In the event of patient head deviations, a properly tuned PID controller can offer significant time sparing advantages. This would allow for quicker initial setup after coarse couch positioning and a higher duty cycle during treatment.
Wind Forecasting for Yacht Racing at the 1991 Pan American Games

The U.S. Sailing Team competed successfully at the 1991 Pan American Games despite having no previous experience with the sailing conditions off Havana, Cuba. One of the key factors in the team's success was meteorological support in the form of wind climate analysis; application of sea breeze forecasting typical of the south Florida area, modified by tropical weather systems; and effective preregatta briefing.
Lateral interactions in visual cortex.

In drawing relationships between visual psychophysics and physiology, one point of view has held that there is a closer correspondence between the function of higher order visual areas and perception, with primary visual cortex representing precognitive events. Because of the small size of receptive fields and their response to simple stimuli such an oriented line or edge, it appeared that the primary cortex served to decompose an object into a series of short oriented line segments, which presumably had to be reintegrated at a later stage in order to form a unified percept. In this paper we present evidence that such an integrative process may begin at an early stage, involving the primary visual cortex. A related problem applies to the different aspects of the visual stimulus, the submodalities of form, color, movement and depth. One line of experimental evidence, in both physiology and psychophysics, argues that these modalities are treated separately, by different populations of cells. Once again, the obvious question is how these properties come to be assigned to a single object, the so-called “binding” problem. Within the submodality of form, the binding of different component contours of an object is also referred to as segmentation. The neural mechanisms underlying binding or segmentation are still unknown, but both anatomical and physiological evidence, some of which will be described in this paper, points towards ways in which information from different visual submodalities and from different parts of the visual field interacts. Our understanding of the interactive mechanisms of cortex is based on examining the relationship between cortical microcircuitry, functional architecture and receptive field structure.
Combining Optical Transparency with Electrical Conductivity: Challenges and Prospects

Transparent conductors are neither 100% optically transparent nor metallically conductive. From the band structure point of view, the combination of the two properties in the same material is contradictory: a transparent material is an insulator which possesses completely filled valence and empty conduction bands; whereas metallic conductivity appears when the Fermi level lies within a band with a large density of states to provide high carrier concentration. Efficient transparent conductors find their niche in a compromise between a sufficient transmission within the visible spectral range and a moderate but useful in practice electrical conductivity [1–6]. This combination is achieved in several commonly used oxides – In2O3, SnO2, ZnO and CdO. In the undoped stoichiometric state, these materials are insulators with optical band gap of about 3 eV. To become a transparent conducting oxide (TCO), these TCO hosts must be degenerately doped to displace the Fermi level up into the conduction band. The key attribute of any conventional n-type TCO host is a highly dispersed single freeelectron-like conduction band [7–13] (Figure 1.1). Degenerate doping then provides both (i) the high mobility of extra carriers (electrons) due to their small effective mass and (ii) low optical absorption due to the low density of states in the conduction band. The high energy dispersion of the conduction band also ensures a pronounced Fermi energy
Randomized trial of a multifaceted commercial weight loss program.

ROCK, CHERYL L., BILGE PAKIZ, SHIRLEY W. FLATT, AND ELIZABETH L. QUINTANA. Randomized trial of a multifaceted commercial weight loss program. Obesity. 2007;15:939–949. Objective: To test whether a commercial weight loss program promotes greater weight loss in overweight or obese women compared with control conditions and to describe the effect on plasma lipids, carotenoids, hormones, and fitness. Research Methods and Procedures: Overweight or obese women were randomized to commercial weight loss program or control conditions (n 35 each). Results: At randomization, participants were 41.1 (11.4) (mean [standard deviation]) years, BMI 34.0 (3.5) kg/m 2 , and weight 92.0 (11.1) kg. At 6 months, change in weight by intent-to-treat (ITT) analysis was 7.2 (6.7) kg and 7.8% (7.2%) in the intervention group vs. 0.3 (3.9) kg and 0.3% (4.5%) in the control group (n 35 for each; p 0.01). One-year ITT analysis revealed significantly greater change in weight, percent weight, BMI, and waist and hip circumferences in the intervention vs. control group. Completers at 1 year exhibited change in weight of 7.3 (10.4) kg for the intervention group (n 32) vs. 0.7 (5.6) kg for controls (n 33) (p 0.01), and 7.8% (11.1%) weight change for the intervention group vs. 0.7% (6.2%) for controls (p 0.01). High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration increased significantly in the intervention group. Fasting serum insulin decreased in the intervention but increased in the control group at 6 months (p 0.01), remaining different at 1 year (p 0.05). Discussion: The commercial program successfully facilitated weight loss, which was notably maintained at 1 year, and promoted favorable changes in plasma lipid and hormone concentrations.
Melt‐processable blends of ionic poly(p‐phenylene terephthalamide) and poly(4‐vinylpyridine): Relaxation behavior

Melt-processable blends were prepared from rigid molecules of an ionically modified poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) and flexible-coil molecules of poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PVP). Dynamic mechanical analyses of blends with 50% or more of the ionic PPTA component revealed the presence of two distinct phases. The glass- transition temperature of the more stable, ionic PPTA-rich phase increased linearly with the ionic PPTA content. The second phase present in these blends was an ionic PPTA-poor, or a PVP-rich, phase. For this phase, a reasonably good fit of the data, showing the glass-transition temperature as a function of the ionic PPTA content, was achieved between the results of this study and the reported results of previous inves- tigation of molecular composites of the same two components with ionic PPTA contents of 15 wt % or less. The possible influence of annealing on the blend structure of a 90/10 blend of ionic PPTA and PVP was examined. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 1468 -1475, 2003
Bilateral Teleoperation of Multiple Cooperative Robots over Delayed Communication Networks: Application

In a companion paper [1], we propose a control framework for the bilateral teleoperation between a single master robot and multiple cooperative slave robots over delayed communication network. In this paper, we perform simulation and semi-experiment (i.e. real master and simulated slaves) to illustrate and validate properties of the proposed control scheme. In particular, the three key properties of the proposed control framework are highlighted in this paper: 1) cooperative fixtureless grasping and manipulation of inertial and deformable objects by multiple slave robots; 2) passive teleoperation of the overall behavior of the multiple slave robots (and the grasped object) over the delayed communication with force reflection; and 3) grasping safety (i.e. secure grasping) and interaction stability regardless of the communication delay and human command.
The work of software development as an assemblage of computational practice

Science and technology studies (STS) is a discipline concerned with examining how social and technological worlds shape each other. In this paper, we argue that STS can be used to study the work of software development as a complex, interacting system of people, organizations, culture, practices, and technology, or in STS terms, an assemblage. We illustrate the application of these ideas to the work of software development, where STS theory directs us towards examining at human-human relations, human-machine relations, and machine-machine relations. We conclude by discussing some of the challenges of applying STS in empirical software engineering.
Comparison of linkage and association strategies for quantitative traits using the COGA dataset

Genome scans using dense single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data have recently become a reality. It is thought that the increase in information content for linkage analysis as a result of the denser scans will help refine previously identified linkage regions and possibly identify new regions not identifiable using the sparser, microsatellite scans. In the context of the dense SNP scans, it is also possible to consider association strategies to provide even more information about potential regions of interest. To circumvent the multiple-testing issues inherent in association analysis, we use a recently developed strategy, implemented in PBAT, which screens the data to identify the optimal SNPs for testing, without biasing the nominal significance level. We compare the results from the PBAT analysis to that of quantitative linkage analysis on chromosome 4 using the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism data, as released through Genetic Analysis Workshop 14.
Reading a Quaker's Book: Elizabeth Ashbridge's Testimony of Quaker Literary Theor y

Elizabeth Ash bridge offers one of the most striking transadantic spiritual autobiographies of the eighteenth century. While historians and scholars alike have given careful atten­ tion to this now-canonical text, no one to date has yet positioned this narrative in the context of the transadantic Friends' unique literary traditions. Turning to the first gen­ eration of Friends, who also cal led themselves 'The Publishers of Truth' , this essay explores the Quakers' mystical relationship to language, prophecy and writing, and their subsequent creation of a New Word. I trace how the Friends created their own literary theory, locating the written word as the site of divine opening. T hey consequendy created a religious print culture, perceiving their literature as a spiritual and political force which had the power to convince, to heal, and to usher in the apocalyptic world. Elizabeth Ashbridge's spiritual autobiography upholds and reflects this tradition in the eighteenth century: framed around her pivotal moment of reading a Quakers' Book, hers is ultimately a text about spiritual literacy and the act of reading the sacred act which transforms lives. Placing her work in relation to other Quaker women diarists, Spiritual Mothers and Traveling Ministers, I consider how Ashbridge's narrative represents the transadantic religious reading culture among Friends which intentionally fostered and influenced succeeding generations of readers and writers.
Leaf traits and leaf life spans of two xeric-adapted palmettos.

Plants of nutrient-poor, arid environments often have leaf traits that include small size, sclerophylly, long life span, low nutrient concentration, and low photosynthetic rate. Hence, the success of two large-leaved palmettos in peninsular Florida’s seasonally xeric, nutrient-impoverished uplands seems anomalous, given that their leaves are orders of magnitude larger than the leaves of sympatric species. An examination of a 16-yr data set of leaf traits and leaf life spans across four vegetative associations differing in available light showed that Serenoa repens and Sabal etonia had low rates of leaf production coupled with long leaf life spans reaching 3.5 yr in heavily shaded plants. The adaptation of these palmettos to xeric, nutrient-poor habitats has generated dwarf statures, diminished leaf sizes and numbers, increased leaf life spans, and reduced rates of leaf production relative to other palms and congeners of more mesic sites. Leaf and petiole size, plant leaf canopy area, and leaf life span increased in both palmettos with decreasing available light, helping to compensate for reduced photosynthetic rates under shaded conditions and for the high leaf construction costs of the large, thick palmetto leaves. Large leaf size in these palmettos, likely due to phylogenetic conservatism, is compensated by other leaf traits (e.g., heavily cutinized epidermises, thick laminas) that increase survival in seasonally xeric, nutrient-impoverished environments.
High‐Temperature Superconductors: Playgrounds for Broken Symmetries

Studies of symmetries and the consequences of breaking them have led to deeper understanding in many areas of science. The high‐temperature superconductors, discovered in 1986, motivated an unprecedented worldwide flurry of research, not only because applications are promising, but because they also represent a new state of matter that breaks certain fundamental symmetries. In this narrative for nonspecialists, we provide a general background on broken symmetries and superconductivity. Then we show how planar tunneling spectroscopy can detect the broken symmetries of gauge (superconductivity), reflection (d‐wave superconducting order parameter), and time‐reversal (ferromagnetism).
A study of cochlear innervation patterns in cats and rats with the Golgi method and Nomarski optics

Cochlear innervation patterns were studied in infant cats and rats with the rapid Golgi method. Examination of thick serial sections and surface preparations with the differential interference contrast microscope (Nomarski optics) allowed direct visualization of individually impregnated spiral ganglion cells, complete with their peripheral processes and endings in the organ of Corti. Individually impregnated efferent fibers could be recognized as heavily varicose axons that project radially to endings beneath inner and outer hair cells after taking a tangential course in the intraganglionic spiral bundle. It was often possible to visualize unimpregnated hair cells in contact with the impregnated endings of both types of fibers. There are at least two types of spiral ganglion cells in the cochlea of the infant cat and rat. One type innervates only inner hair cells by means of radial fibers. These ganglion cells constitute the overwhelming majority of ganglion cells impregnated in our preparations, and each cell typically innervates two inner hair cells. Hence, these ganglion cells establish nearly “point-to-point” connections between the auditory nerve and the organ of Corti. The other type of ganglion cell innervates outer hair cells by means of long spiral fibers; each cell typically innervates many outer hair cells through the numerous angular enlargements and short end branches of its spiral fiber. In addition, a few of these spiral fibers also send branches to inner hair cells by means of short collaterals; it remains to be seen if such fibers also occur in mature cochleas. Efferent fibers have been traced to inner and outer hair cell regions. The simplest pattern is formed by fine beaded axons with only a few branches ending mainly beneath inner hair cells. More complex patterns are formed by larger axons with many branches ending beneath inner or outer hair cells. Many efferent fibers send branches to both inner and outer hair cells. Electrophysiological studies so far have not demonstrated different populations of units that clearly correspond to the spiral and radial fibers. Therefore, the physiological differences between inner and outer hair cell innervation remain undefined.