cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examination of the software architecture change characterization scheme using three empirical studies

Software maintenance is one of the most crucial aspects of software development. Software engineering researchers must develop practical solutions to handle the challenges presented in maintaining mature software systems. Research that addresses practical means of mitigating the risks involved when changing software, reducing the complexity of mature software systems, and eliminating the introduction of preventable bugs is paramount to today's software engineering discipline. The Software Architecture Change Characterization Scheme (SACCS) provides software maintainers with a systematic approach to analyzing and characterizing the impact of a change prior to its implementation. SACCS was designed to help novice developers understand change requests, facilitate discussion among developers, and provide a higher-quality change compared with an ad hoc approach. In addition, this paper describes three controlled experiments designed to assess the viability of using SACCS and its ability to fulfill its goals. The successive studies build upon each other to enable progressive insights into the viability of the scheme. The results indicate that SACCS: 1) provides insight into the difficulty of a change request by assisting novice developers to consider various aspects of the request's potential to impact the system, 2) helps to facilitate discussion among developers by providing a common tool for change assessment, and 3) is a useful tool for supporting change implementation. The three experiments provide insight into the usefulness of SACCS, motivate additional research questions, and serve as a baseline for moving forward with research and further development of the approach.
Pediatric Renal Neoplasms

This chapter reviews the most common causes of renal masses, both benign and malignant, in the pediatric population. Renal masses are usually incidental and may be found during routine physical examination. Pediatric renal neoplasms are rare, lack specific symptomatology, and may confer challenges during clinical and histopathological diagnosis. The management of renal masses relies on the final pathologic diagnosis, which can lead to different courses of treatment. Radiology and clinical history guide the diagnosis, determine correct preoperative approach, and can help exclude nonneoplastic pseudotumor-like masses. The distinction between nonneoplastic lesions and benign or malignant neoplasia is crucial for correct approach and patient care. Wilms tumor is the most common malignant renal neoplasm of the pediatric kidney, accounting for 92 % of kidney tumors diagnosed in children under 5 years of age. Numerous benign and malignant neoplasms can mimic this tumor and affect the course of treatment. This chapter provides a multidisciplinary compendium for clinicians and pathologists to confidentially evaluate, diagnose, and treat the vast spectrum of pediatric renal masses.
A prospective trial of involved field radiation (IFRT) + chemotherapy compared to extended field (EFRT) radiation for favorable Hodgkin disease: Survival differences and implications of mature follow-up for current combined modality therapy

8014 Background: We conducted a prospective randomized trial from 1980–88 comparing IFRT plus VBM (vinblastine, bleomycin, methotrexate) chemotherapy to extended field radiation (EFRT) in patients ...
Methane Oxy-Combustion for Low CO2 Cycles: Blowoff Measurements and Modeling

Increasing concerns about climate change have encouraged interest in zero-CO2 emission hydrocarbon combustion techniques. In one approach, nitrogen is removed from the combustion air and replaced with another diluent such as carbon dioxide or steam. In this way, formation of nitrogen oxides is prevented and the exhaust stream can be separated into concentrated CO2 and water by a simple condensation process. The concentrated CO2 stream can then be sequestered or used for enhanced oil recovery. Burning fuels in an O2 /CO2 diluent raises new combustion opportunities and challenges for both emissions and operability: this study focuses on the latter aspect. CH4 /O2 /CO2 flames are known to be characterized by slower chemical kinetics than methane-air flames and as such, flame stability is more problematic as they are easier to blow off. This issue was investigated experimentally by characterizing the stability boundaries of a swirl stabilized combustor. Near stoichiometric CO2 and N2 diluted methane/oxygen flames were considered and compared with baseline methane/air flames. Numerical modeling of chemical kinetics was also performed to analyze the dependence of laminar flame speeds and extinction strain rates upon dilution by different species and to develop correlations for blowoff boundaries. Finally, blowoff trends at high pressure were extrapolated from atmospheric pressure data to simulate conditions closer to those of gas turbines.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Muscular and Ligamentous Cervical Spine Injuries

The bony cervical spine and spinal cord are stabilized and further supported by groups of ligaments and muscles. These ligaments and muscles are susceptible to sport-related injury, and there are several anatomic and radiographic characteristics of the pediatric cervical spine that can make evaluation difficult. Ligamentous injuries can be difficult to detect as they are not always obvious on initial radiographic views of the cervical spine; thus, a high clinical suspicion must be maintained. Ligamentous injuries to the cervical spine include cervical vertebral subluxation, acute atlantoaxial instability, atlantoaxial rotary subluxation, and spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality. Muscular injury to the cervical spine is often a diagnosis of exclusion after imaging modalities have confirmed to evidence of bony or ligamentous injury. Muscular injuries to the cervical spine include cervical strain or sprain and whiplash.
Concordance Between Aspiration Detected on Upper Gastrointestinal Series and Videofluoroscopic Swallow Study in Bottle-Fed Children

The increasing incidence of pediatric dysphagia has raised questions about how to identify children at risk for aspiration. Multiple investigative imaging modalities are considered in diagnostic algorithms, since dysphagia may involve any or all phases of swallowing. Although upper gastrointestinal (UGI) series and videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS) are common procedures, the utility of UGI for detection of aspiration and the impact of oropharyngeal imaging during UGI on radiation exposure have not been well described. We hypothesized that diagnosis of aspiration on UGI would be predictive of aspiration on VFSS and screening swallows during UGI would increase radiation exposure. A retrospective review was completed of bottle-fed children undergoing UGI series within 1 month before/after standardized VFSS. UGI was imaged at 3 frames per second (fps) pulsed and VFSS at 30 fps continuous fluoroscopy. Cumulative radiation dose (CD) and dose area product (DAP) were recorded. VFSS and UGI were performed in 49 patients; however, only 21 (43 %) had documentation of swallow function on an UGI series. All children with aspiration on UGI demonstrated thin liquid aspiration on VFSS; however, 53 % without aspiration on UGI aspirated on VFSS. CD for UGI with versus without swallowing documentation was significantly higher (median = 0.33 vs. 0.21 mGy, p = 0.02) but within variability ranges reported for fluoroscopy equipment. DAP was not significantly higher for UGI with documentation of swallowing compared to without documentation of swallowing (median = 4.11 vs. 3.02 μGy cm2, p = 0.09). UGI findings are specific but not sensitive markers for aspiration on VFSS. Imaging of swallowing on UGI may have an appreciable increase on radiation exposure.
The Effects of Moisture and Microorganisms on the Persistence and Metabolism of Some Organophosphorous Insecticides in Soils, with Special Emphasis on Parathion

Parathion, methyl parathion, and malathion were applied at 5 lb/acre to Carrington silt loam plots. Residue levels of approximately 0.1 ppm (3.1% of the applied dosage) were reached under field conditions with malathion within 8 days, with methyl parathion within 30 days, and with parathion within 90 days after the insecticidal application to the soil. Under laboratory conditions (30° C), 95% of the applied methyl parathion and 30% of the parathion were lost within 12 days after application to a loam soil. The effects of moisture and microorganisms on the persistence and metabolism of parathion in Carrington silt loam soil were tested under laboratory conditions at 30° C. The insecticide was most persistent in dry soil and least persistent in soils with a high moisture content. Parathion was not lost through volatilization, as is the case with some insecticides of the chlorinated hydrocarbon group. Degradation of parathion was either by hydrolysis or by reduction to its amino form depending on populations of soil microorganisms. In soils of low numbers of microorganisms (autoclaved soil) or of low microorganism activity (dry soils) , parathion persisted for a relatively long time. No amino parathion was formed in autoclaved soils. Yeast was primarily responsible for the reduction of parathion in soil to aminoparathion. Bacteria apparently had no effect on this reduction. Para-oxon was hydrolyzed within 12 hours after its application at 20 ppm to loam soil. During that time the amount of para-oxon constantly decreased while the amount of p -nitrophenol produced increased. Amino parathion or p .nitrophenol, added to soils, disappeared within 2 and 16 days, respectively.
Work-up and management of sudden cardiac death survivors.

Management of patients resuscitated from an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest can be divided into three phases: (1) the in-hospital phase primarily deals with treatment of the cardiac, pulmonary, and neurologic complications of the resuscitation; (2) the second phase consists of diagnostic studies to identify any underlying cardiac pathology or predisposing factors and to characterize the nature of the patient’s arrhythmia; and (3) in the final phase, these data are used to guide the appropriate choice of therapy.
Crystal Chemistry of Electrochemically and Chemically Lithiated Layered αI-LiVOPO4

LiVOPO4 is an attractive cathode for lithium-ion batteries with a high operating voltage and the potential to achieve the reversible insertion of two lithium ions between VOPO4 and Li2VOPO4. Among the three known forms of LiVOPO4 (α, β, and αI), the αI-LiVOPO4 has a layered structure that could promote better ionic mobility and reversibility than others. However, a comprehensive study of its lithiated product is not available as αI-LiVOPO4 is metastable and difficult to prepare by conventional approaches. We present here a facile synthesis of highly crystalline αI-LiVOPO4 and αI-LiVOPO4/rGO nanocomposite by a microwave-assisted solvothermal method and its electrochemical/chemical lithiation. The LiVOPO4/rGO cathodes exhibit a high reversible capacity of 225 mAh g–1, indicating the insertion of more than one lithium into VOPO4. Both electrochemical and chemical lithiation imply a solid-solution reaction mechanism on inserting the second lithium into αI-LiVOPO4, but a two-phase reaction feature could also o...
Statistical Inference for Pairwise Graphical Models Using Score Matching

Probabilistic graphical models have been widely used to model complex systems and aid scientific discoveries. As a result, there is a large body of literature focused on consistent model selection. However, scientists are often interested in understanding uncertainty associated with the estimated parameters, which current literature has not addressed thoroughly. In this paper, we propose a novel estimator for edge parameters for pairwise graphical models based on Hyv\"arinen scoring rule. Hyv\"arinen scoring rule is especially useful in cases where the normalizing constant cannot be obtained efficiently in a closed form. We prove that the estimator is $\sqrt{n}$-consistent and asymptotically Normal. This result allows us to construct confidence intervals for edge parameters, as well as, hypothesis tests. We establish our results under conditions that are typically assumed in the literature for consistent estimation. However, we do not require that the estimator consistently recovers the graph structure. In particular, we prove that the asymptotic distribution of the estimator is robust to model selection mistakes and uniformly valid for a large number of data-generating processes. We illustrate validity of our estimator through extensive simulation studies.
Emissions and Economics of Behind-the-Meter Electricity Storage.

Annual installations of behind-the-meter (BTM) electric storage capacity are forecast to eclipse grid-side electrochemical storage by the end of the decade. Here, we characterize the economic payoff and regional emission consequences of BTM storage without colocated generation under different tariff conditions, battery characteristics, and ownership scenarios using metered loads for several hundred commercial and industrial customers. Net emissions are calculated as increased system emissions from charging minus avoided emissions from discharging. Net CO2 emissions range from 75 to 270 kg/MWh of delivered energy depending on location and ownership perspective, though in New York, these emissions can be reduced with careful tariff design. Net NOx emissions range from −0.13 to 0.24 kg/MWh, and net SO2 emissions range from −0.01 to 0.58 kg/MWh. Emission rates are driven primarily by energy losses, not by the difference between marginal emission rates during battery charging and discharging. Economics are fav...
Evaluation of specialist referrals at a rural health care clinic

Purpose Transition to a value-based care system involves reducing costs improving population health and enhancing the patient experience. Many rural hospitals must rely on specialist referrals because of a lack of an internal system of specialists on staff. This evaluation of the existing specialist referrals from primary care was conducted to better understand and improve the referral process and address costs, population health, and the patient experience. Data sources A 6-month retrospective chart review was conducted to evaluate quality and outcomes of specialty referrals submitted by 10 primary care providers. During a 6-month period in 2015, there was a total of 13,601 primary care patient visits and 3814 referrals, a referral rate of approximately 27%. Conclusions The most striking result of this review was that nearly 50% of referred patients were not making the prescribed specialist appointment. Rather than finding a large number of unnecessary referrals, we found overall referral rates higher than expected, and a large percentage of our patients were not completing their referrals. Implications for practice The data and patterns emerging from this investigation would guide the development of referral protocols for a newly formed accountable care organization and lead to further quality improvement projects: a LEAN effort, dissemination of results to clinical and executive staff, protocols for orthopedic and neurosurgical referrals, and recommendations for future process improvements.
Pulmonary invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma and mixed invasive mucinous/nonmucinous adenocarcinoma-a clinicopathological and molecular genetic study with survival analysis

Invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma is a variant of lung adenocarcinoma, which may be mixed with nonmucinous adenocarcinoma. KRAS mutations are common, but other clinical and genetic features are not clearly established. Lung adenocarcinomas (n=760) with ≥5 years of follow-up comprised 3 nonoverlapping cohorts for survival analysis. Mucinous tumors were evaluated with Ion AmpliSeq Cancer Hotspot Panel v2. Cases without detected mutations were tested for ALK and ROS1 and by OncoScan array. Fifty-seven invasive mucinous adenocarcinomas and 54 mixed mucinous/nonmucinous adenocarcinomas were identified. Mucinous tumors constituted 27 of 218 nonselected patients (12.4%), 23 of 268 never-smokers (8.6%), and 61 of 274 in a smokers cohort enriched for lepidic growth (22.3%). In the lepidic-enriched smokers, patients with mucinous tumors experienced worse overall survival (P=.006) and progression-free survival (P=.024), which persisted on multivariable analysis. No survival differences were observed in the other cohorts. KRAS mutations were common (76% of invasive mucinous adenocarcinomas, 68% of mixed mucinous/nonmucinous), and 38% of KRAS mutations occurred with other mutations, especially STK11. Six cases had potentially targetable mutations (3 ALK, 2 EGFR, 1 BRAF V600E). All ALK-rearranged tumors were mixed mucinous/nonmucinous. Four of 6 cases without hotspot mutations showed complex copy number/structural abnormalities. Pulmonary invasive mucinous adenocarcinomas and mixed nonmucinous/mucinous adenocarcinomas are clinically and genetically similar, except for a higher rate of ALK rearrangement in mixed tumors. Survival for mucinous tumors is similar to that for nonmucinous tumors in a nonselected cohort, although worse survival was seen in a cohort of smokers enriched for lepidic growth.
Uterine balloon tamponade for the management of postpartum haemorrhage: a challenge and an opportunity for better evidence.

Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide.The most common cause of PPH is uterine atony (80%) of cases, resulting from suboptimal uterine involution and poor contraction of spiral arteries following placental separation. The goal of therapy is timely intervention to prevent haemorrhagic hypovolemic shock, intravascular disseminated coagulopathy, reduced tissue perfusion, and metabolic acidosis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Investigation of beamforming patterns from volumetrically distributed phased arrays

This work presents distributed beamforming using three dimensional randomly distributed volumetric arrays. This work examines a statistical ensemble (mean-valued) of average beampattern behavior for canonical and non-canonical volumetrically bound distributed (random) antenna arrays. Cubical, cylindrical, and spherical topologies of isotropic elements are analyzed to show beamforming and scanning from zenith to meridian for canonical topologies. In addition, small amounts of work have previously been investigated and therefore this work helps to enlighten with illustrations of the beampattern phenomena of a select few non-conically bound distributed and volumetric structures. To validate the distributed array pattern behavior, the manifold is composed of one million isotropic radiators densely populated amongst geometrical bounds to examine characteristic pattern behavior. This provides faithful convergence of numerical beampatterns to their expected (mean) patterns. Last of all, results show an increasing complexity of pattern behavior for use in many spatial advancements in distributed beamforming.
On Staying in Character: Virtue and the Possibility of Deep Disagreement

The concept of deep disagreement is useful for highlighting skills and resources required for reasons-giving to be effective in restoring cooperative or joint action. It marks a limit. When it is instead understood as a challenge to be overcome by using reasons, it leads to significant practical, theoretical, and moral distortions.
Cell phone puppets: turning mobile phones into performing objects

We introduce Puppettime, a digital puppetry project that uses mobile phones as interfaces to control virtual puppetry via motion gestures. The goal of the project is to explore cell phones as performative objects in novel interaction designs. Combining the evolution of mobile devices into tangible interfaces with traditional puppetry, the paper discusses the connections between these domains. It describes the design rationale behind the Puppettime project as well as its implementation and first feedback, focusing on the core thesis that puppetry provides a valuable and underused metaphor for interface design that supports digital entertainment between co-present players.
Using serial ultrasound measures to generate models of marbling and backfat thickness changes in feedlot cattle.

Serial ultrasound estimates of backfat thickness and marbling score were obtained on two groups of steers fed high-energy rations for averages of 166 and 148 d. These measurements were used to develop mathematical models that described the changes in those two attributes as functions of days on feed. An exponential model best described the increase in backfat thickness, and the rate coefficients were .0117 and .0096 for the two groups (doubling times = 59 and 72 d, respectively). A modified power function was better than either a linear or exponential model for describing the development of marbling. In this model, marbling increased very slowly, approximately one degree every 100 d, in the interval from low Select to low Choice but then increased at faster rates as initial marbling scores became higher. Ultrasound backfat measures could be used to predict days to reach a target carcass backfat level with an average error of 30 d or less when backfat thickness averaged more than 3 mm at evaluation. Projections from measurements taken when cattle were started on feed were not accurate from one group, which averaged only 1.7 mm backfat at that time. Projections of carcass marbling improved as evaluation date neared slaughter date. Projections from the initial evaluation date allowed tentative categorization of candidates for Choice or not Choice but were only 64% accurate. Projections from evaluations made later in the feeding period exceeded 75% accuracy in distinguishing Choice from Select. Only small relationships (r2 = .07 or .16) existed between carcass backfat thickness and marbling score. Results indicate that ultrasound estimates of backfat and marbling made during the feeding period can be used to predict carcass merit at slaughter.
Coupled ring resonance and unitary groups

The group-theoretic content of photonic coupled microring resonance phenomena is shown with, in particular, an interesting emergence of pseudo-unitary groups. The application to the resonance condition in a tri-microring configuration is solved exactly. A practical application of this work will be in the resonance frequency tuning based on the coupling coefficient. In particular, the Mach–Zehnder interferometer approach was analyzed for the coupling modulation.
Rethinking rent seeking for technological change and development

The analysis of rents and rent-seeking is highly relevant for evolutionary economics but it has received little attention. This paper surveys the recent literature on technological change, rents, and rent-seeking applied to economic development. Economic development requires developing countries to upgrade technologically while coping with pervasive rent-seeking activities. We assess these issues in turn. This paper first surveys the literature on technical learning and institutional change due to the adoption and adaptation of new technology. Next, the debate on rents and rent-seeking, especially in relation to the issue of technological change in the process of development, is presented. Finally, we assess the roles of the state in solving the critical constraints faced by firms and industries. This paper asserts that the processes of development and industrial upgrading require understanding the mechanisms of rent management—a configuration of incentives and pressures that fully correspond to the existing political, institutional, and industrial structures of a developing country. The rent management analysis emphasizes the diversity of empirical contexts across and within countries.
Closet Indexing: The Cost of Falling Asset Management Fees

In recent decades, investors have benefited from decreasing asset management fees and increasing availability of passive investment products. However, the practice of closet indexing, in which funds charge active management fees while closely mimicking a benchmark, has grown to include over 30% of mutual fund assets (Cremers and Petajisto 2009). We ask whether these trends are related, and develop a model to analyze how fees (in levels and types) affect funds' incentives to closet index. Building upon the notion that investors' flows compete away abnormal returns (Berk and Green 2004), our model endogenizes information production and closet indexing, and also decomposes fees into two components: passive fees for delegated portfolio management services and active fees for expected outperformance. Our analysis shows that lower passive fees lead to increased closet indexing and decreased information production. Rather than behaving as substitutes, where decreasing revenues from passive fees increase information production incentives, the two revenue sources are complementary. While investors benefit directly from decreasing costs of portfolio management, this result highlights an indirect cost: less active research may lead to less efficient prices. Furthermore, if given the ability to signal via a performance-based fee, high-skill funds forgo the option and only middle-skill funds adopt the signaling mechanism. This counter-intuitive result is driven by funds' desires to attract high AUM and high accompanying revenue from passive fees. For high-skill funds, relying on future performance to separate is less costly than charging performance-based fees, because retaining a portion of abnormal returns decreases AUM and rents from investors' passive fees.
Examining the capability of reanalyses in capturing the temporal clustering of heavy precipitation across Europe

The aim of this study is to examine the capability of reanalyses in capturing the temporal clustering of heavy precipitation over Europe. We focus on four widely used products: the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) and version 2 (MERRA2); European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts’ ERA-Interim; Japanese Meteorological Agency’s Japanese 55-year Reanalysis (JRA-55). We define as heavy precipitation days those exceeding the 95th percentile of the precipitation distribution at every pixel, and investigate the temporal clustering in these events with respect to the Arctic Oscillation (AO) or the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). We evaluate the performance of these datasets in reproducing the temporal clustering in the observations using Cox regression. The results of this work indicate that: (1) heavy precipitation events over Europe exhibit temporal clustering; (2) all of the reanalysis products we have considered are capable of well reproducing the temporal clustering exhibited by the observations, and in general JRA-55 performs the best; moreover, our findings indicate that MERRA2 performs better than its predecessor MERRA in representing the relationship between heavy precipitation and these two climate indices; (3) all the reanalysis products in general tend to agree in terms of the temporal variability of NAO/AO.
Outlook for tuberculosis elimination in California: An individual-based stochastic model

Author(s): Goodell, Alex J; Shete, Priya B; Vreman, Rick; McCabe, Devon; Porco, Travis C; Barry, Pennan M; Flood, Jennifer; Marks, Suzanne M; Hill, Andrew; Cattamanchi, Adithya; Kahn, James G | Abstract: RationaleAs part of the End TB Strategy, the World Health Organization calls for low-tuberculosis (TB) incidence settings to achieve pre-elimination (l10 cases per million) and elimination (l1 case per million) by 2035 and 2050, respectively. These targets require testing and treatment for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI).ObjectivesTo estimate the ability and costs of testing and treatment for LTBI to reach pre-elimination and elimination targets in California.MethodsWe created an individual-based epidemic model of TB, calibrated to historical cases. We evaluated the effects of increased testing (QuantiFERON-TB Gold) and treatment (three months of isoniazid and rifapentine). We analyzed four test and treat targeting strategies: (1) individuals with medical risk factors (MRF), (2) non-USB, (3) both non-USB and MRF, and (4) all Californians. For each strategy, we estimated the effects of increasing test and treat by a factor of 2, 4, or 10 from the base case. We estimated the number of TB cases occurring and prevented, and net and incremental costs from 2017 to 2065 in 2015 U.S. dollars. Efficacy, costs, adverse events, and treatment dropout were estimated from published data. We estimated the cost per case averted and per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained.Measurements and main resultsIn the base case, 106,000 TB cases are predicted to 2065. Pre-elimination was achieved by 2065 in three scenarios: a 10-fold increase in the non-USB and persons with MRF (by 2052), and 4- or 10-fold increase in all Californians (by 2058 and 2035, respectively). TB elimination was not achieved by any intervention scenario. The most aggressive strategy, 10-fold in all Californians, achieved a case rate of 8 (95% UI 4-16) per million by 2050. Of scenarios that reached pre-elimination, the incremental net cost was $20 billion (non-USB and MRF) to $48 billion. These had an incremental cost per QALY of $657,000 to $3.1 million. A more efficient but somewhat less effective single-lifetime test strategy reached as low as $80,000 per QALY.ConclusionsSubstantial gains can be made in TB control in coming years by scaling-up current testing and treatment in non-USB and those with medical risks.
Enhancing In-Flight Transoceanic Communications Using Swift-64 Packet Mode Service

Current aeronautical communications can be divided into two segments. The first provides state of the art, packet switched technology to the cabin passengers so that they have access to e-mail and web services. The second provides basic circuit switch communication technology to the cockpit, which does not use bandwidth as efficiently as packet switching nor promotes resource sharing. This paper explores the research efforts currently being conducted by the NASA/Glenn Research Center (GRC) for transoceanic communications. The goal is to bring packet mode services to both the cabin and the cockpit of the aircraft and be able to attain benefits by sharing the data link with cabin services. First, this paper will outline the goals of the program and detail the benefits and issues related to this research. We will explain our current laboratory setup and show an architecture implemented in the testbed. Finally, we will present a work plan that will show the progression of research over the next year. This plan will describe a complete cycle from conceptual design and laboratory implementation to the final flight testing.
Targeting tryptophan catabolic kynurenine pathway enhances antitumor immunity and cytotoxicity in multiple myeloma.

Our prior studies showed that dysfunctional plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) contribute to multiple myeloma (MM) pathogenesis. Specifically, pDC interactions with tumor and T/NK effector cells in the bone marrow (BM) milieu induce immune suppression and MM cell proliferation. Delineation of the mechanism(s) mediating pDC–MM–T–NK cell interactions will identify novel therapeutic targets to both enhance cytotoxicity and anti-MM immunity. Here, we utilized gene expression profiling (GEP) to show that pDC–MM interactions trigger upregulation of immunosuppressive tryptophan catabolic kynurenine (Kyn) pathway. In particular, we show that Kyn pathway enzyme kynurenine-3-monooxygenase (KMO) is upregulated during pDC–MM interactions. Using our coculture models of patient autologous pDC–T–NK–MM cells, we show that pharmacological blockade of KMO activates pDCs and triggers both MM-specific cytotoxic T-cell lymphocytes (CTL) and NK cells cytolytic activity against tumor cells. Furthermore, we show that simultaneous inhibition of Kyn pathway and immune checkpoint PD-L1 enhances antitumor immunity and cytotoxicity in MM. Our preclinical data therefore provide the basis for novel immune-based therapeutic approaches targeting Kyn metabolic pathway enzyme KMO, alone or in combination with anti-PD-L1 Ab, to restore anti-MM immune responses in MM.
PET/CT Imaging Characteristics After Radioembolization of Hepatic Metastasis from Breast Cancer.

To define positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging characteristics during follow-up of patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) treated with yttrium-90 (Y90) radioembolization (RE). From January 2011 to October 2017, 30 MBC patients underwent 38 Y90 glass or resin RE treatments. Pre-RE PET/CT was performed on average 51 days before RE. There were 68 PET/CTs performed after treatment. Response was assessed using modified PERCIST criteria focusing on the hepatic territory treated with RE, normalizing SUVpeak to the mean SUV of liver uninvolved by tumor. An objective response (OR) was defined as a decrease in SUVpeak by at least 30%. Of the 68 post-RE scans, 6 were performed at 0–30 days, 15 at 31–60 days, 9 at 61–90 days, 13 at 91–120 days, 14 scans at 121–180 days, and 11 scans at > 180 days after RE. Of the 30 patients, 25 (83%) achieved OR on at least one follow-up. Median survival was 15 months after the first RE administration. Highest response rates occurred at 30–90 days, with over 75% of cases demonstrating OR at that time. After 180 days, OR was seen in only 25%. There was a median TTP of 169 days among responders. In MBC, follow-up PET/CT after RE demonstrates optimal response rates at 30–90 days, with progression noted after 180 days. These results help to guide the timing of imaging and also to inform patients of expected outcomes after RE.
Typification of Adesmia arborea (Fabaceae): Not a Nomen Nudum after All and Its Relevance to A. Microphylla and A. Confusa

The name Adesmia arborea Bertero has been considered a nomen nudum since Colla's assertation that all new names in Bertero's publication detailing his Chilean collections of 1828 were nomina nuda. Subsequent authors seeking to validate the name A. arborea have provided conflicting descriptions adding confusion about the identity of the species. These problems arose from equating this name with other new names published by Bertero in the same work and because material collected and annotated by Bertero as A. arborea represents two different taxa. Here I show that A. arborea was, in fact, validly published by Bertero, provide evidence as to the collection number from which type must be chosen, and designate a Lectotype and Isolectotypes.
Federalism, Intergovernmental Relationships, and Emergency Response: A Comparison of Australia and the United States

The recent COVID-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted governance. A strong intergovernmental response is critical for stemming the worst damage during the outset of a disaster. Collaborative planning with networks of constituent governments, medical experts, and emergency managers are needed to provide a holistic response to the highly technical and complex issues brought on by the novel coronavirus. This commentary highlights the differences in response by the United States and Australia, provides a comparison of intergovernmental relationships, and sheds light on how these federations vertical and horizontal collaborative efforts were stymied by politics or facilitated by existing intergovernmental forums.
Transrectal Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Drainage of a Tubo-Ovarian Abscess Via a Lumen-Apposing Metal Stent

Tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) is a potentially lethal condition, often requiring a combination of medical and surgical interventions. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided drainage is a known modality for safe and effective management of pelvic fluid collections, but its role for the treatment of TOA is not well documented. We report the first known case of successful treatment of a large TOA with EUS-guided transrectal drainage using a lumen-apposing metal stent.
ASCA (and HST) observations of NLS1s

Abstract The study of NLS1s using ASCA has many advantages. A representative sample can be studied; to date, observations of more than 30 NLS1s have been made. ASCA observations are conducted contiguously, so their X-ray variability properties can be studied systematically. ASCA detectors have a broad band pass and moderate energy resolution, properties which allow their complex X-ray spectrum to be deconvolved. ASCA observations have revealed that a soft excess extending up to 1 keV is frequently found in the X-ray spectra from NLS1s. The hard X-ray photon index has been shown to be systematically steeper than in Seyfert 1 galaxies with broad optical lines. NLS1s also exhibit larger amplitude variability than broad-line Seyferts of similar hard X-ray luminosity. On occasion, features in the soft X-ray band have been detected that appear to be specific to NLS1s; ionized iron lines have also been observed. These results have been fundamental for building our current picture of the X-ray emission from NLS1s. Many of the properties can be explained if the specific accretion rate is larger in NLS1s than in Seyfert 1 galaxies with broad optical lines. NLS1s may exemplify an extreme state of an intrinsic physical parameter and therefore their study may lead to an enhanced understanding of AGN in general. This proceedings contribution has two parts. First I describe and discuss some of the results obtained from a study of the X-ray variability in NLS1s using ASCA data (Leighly, 1999a,b). Then, I discuss the results from our HST observations of NLS1s that were first presented during this meeting (Leighly and Halpern, 2000).
Interpretable Hawkes Process Spatial Crime Forecasting with TV-Regularization

Interpretable models for criminal justice forecasting are desirable due to the high-stakes nature of the application. While interpretable models have been developed for individual level forecasts of recidivism, interpretable models are lacking for the application of space-time crime hotspot forecasting. Here we introduce an interpretable Hawkes process model of crime that allows forecasts to capture near-repeat effects and spatial heterogeneity while being consumable in the form of easy-to-read score cards. For this purpose we employ penalized likelihood estimation of the point process with a total-variation regularization that enforces the triggering kernel to be piece-wise constant. We derive an efficient expectation-maximization algorithm coupled with forward backward splitting for the TV constraint to estimate the model. We apply our methodology to synthetic data and space-time crime data from Indianapolis. The TV-Hawkes process achieves similar accuracy to standard Hawkes process models of crime while increasing interpretability and transparency.
Principal Turnover: Using Teacher-Assessments of Principal Quality to Understand who Leaves the Principalship:

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to estimate the relationship between principal quality and turnover. Principals can have potentially large effects on student outcomes. When school leaders l...
Construct Forensic Evidence Networks from Information Fragments

The advancement of modern technologies led to many challenges for digital forensic investigators, who now need to know every fragmentary, trivial, and isolated digital information to stitch an overall, solid evidence picture for each case. While the reality is they lack a mature model to help them accomplish their high-demanded works (such as data collection, protection, retrieval, recovery, analytic, archive). In this paper, we introduce a new concept, “Evidence Networks”, and propose to build solid evidence networks from information pieces by reusing the existing successful network models. Additionally, the jigsaw puzzle model is used to analyze the practical problems that an evidence network may encounter.
Radiolabeling of Methylphosphonate and Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides and Evaluation of Their Transport in Everted Rat Jejunum Sacs

Purpose. The therapeutic use of antisense oligonucleotides will likely involve their administration over protracted periods of time. The oral route of drug dosing offers many advantages over other possible routes when chronic drug administration is necessary. However, little is known about the potential for oligonucleotide uptake from the gastrointestinal tract. This issue is addressed in the current work.
Hard Knocks: Domestic Violence and the Psychology of Storytelling

Introduction. 1. Hard Ground: From Solitary Suffering to Sisterhood. 2. Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Feminist Psychology and the Politics of Violence. 3. Damsels in Distress: Popular Culture and Stories of Domestic Abuse. 4. Going Underground: Feminism and Shelter Practices. 5. Between the Devil and the Deep: Intervening with Batterers. 6. Running on Empty: Women, Children, and Strategies of Survival. 7. Conclusions: Beyond Survival.
Hypercoagulable states in pregnancy.

Abstract Alterations in the clotting mechanism have long been recognized in certain pregnancy complications, but the pathophysiology is a subject of some controversy. In its most flagrant form, the clotting mechanism may collapse totally, resulting in a hypocoagulable state through the medium of a consumption coagulopathy or disseminated intravascular clotting. Fibrin deposition is a common denominator in this process, and this has been extended to pregnancy toxemia where the clotting factors may or may not be appreciably altered. In an attempt to reconcile this obvious paradox and to unify the various etiologic concepts that have been proposed in the acquired clotting defect in pregnancy, an exploration has been made into the preconsumptive or the hypercoagulable phase of disseminated intravascular clotting. This study is thus directed with particular emphasis on the intrinsic stimulus to clotting. Some observations are reported in preconvulsive toxemia and the dead baby syndrome, suggesting that a hypercoagulable state may occur and may account for the differences in reported results in the clotting mechanism in pregnancy toxemia and wherever there is systemic fibrin deposition.
Russia's (Un)Civil Society: Authoritarianism by the People

Why has democracy failed to take root in Russia? In the waning years of the Soviet Union and in the beginning of the 1990s, Russia experienced a dramatic political opening. Since the second half of the 1990s, however, Russia has experienced one of the world’s most striking returns to authoritarianism. Building on the collective findings of scholars of Russian regime change, I argue that patterns in mass political participation following political liberalization is the crucial link that lies between structure and historical factors, on the one hand, and the survival of democracy, on the other. By analyzing trends in non-voting political participation over time in Russia, this paper will demonstrate that Russian citizens did not engage in the participatory behaviors that serve to constrain the powers of elites. As a result, over time it became easier for political leaders to erode the democratic gains Russia had achieved in the early 1990s, leading ultimately to a new authoritarian regime.
The relationship of pharmacology to side effects

Most traditional neuroleptics have a narrow therapeutic-to-toxic index, and thus, the novel antipsychotics are the result of a search to substantially widen the distance between the dose that treats psychosis and the one that produces adverse effects. In vitro binding profiles have been created for the atypical antipsychotics that have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-clozapine, olanzapine, and risperidone and those that are under FDA review-quetiapine and sertindole. These profiles, which were compared with that of the typical neuroleptic haloperidol, provide guidance for predicting the adverse effects produced by these drugs. Most conventional antipsychotics have central nervous system effects, particularly extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) and tardive dyskinesia, sedation, and dulling of cognition. Other adverse effects of the typical antipsychotics include the neuroleptic malignant syndrome, orthostatic hypotension, changes in liver function, anticholinergic and antiadrenergic side effects, sexual dysfunction, and weight gain. The newer agents have a lower incidence of EPS and tardive dyskinesia, while weight gain and changes in blood pressure and liver function tests are adverse effects that have been associated with the use of the newer agents. The favorable side effect profile of these new antipsychotics is likely to make patients more willing to continue treatment, and thus these agents represent a step forward in the treatment of patients with severe, chronic mental illness.
Kinetics of Catalyzed Reactions – Homogeneous

Catalysts are not static entities, instead they are species that repetitively recycle through at least two forms, and sometimes more. The catalyst opens a new pathway with a lower Gibbs energy of activation; it does not somehow lower the activation energy of an existing pathway. Certain mathematical approaches to the analysis of data from catalytic kinetics are given. Forms that are useful in practice must allow for the coexistence, at comparable concentration, of these three species: the catalyst (C), its complex with substrate (C·S) and very likely with product (C·P). The steady-state approximation often provides a tractable solution, although its form may require one to rely on initial-rate method rather than integration of the reaction progress over its entire time course. A more precise solution can be obtained by methods employing numerical integration or its equivalent, programs for which can be downloaded from the Internet. Some catalytic systems require the consideration of inhibitory phenomena, and the case of competitive, noncompetitive, and uncompetitive inhibition are presented. Data from the very earliest stages of a reaction, before product has accumulated, can provide rate constants for the important catalytst–substrate binding phase. Keywords: microscopic reversibility; homogeneous reactions; steady state; “improved” steady state; ordinary steady state; reactions with a single intermediate; single and dual substrates; Michaelis–Menten kinetics; Michaelis constant; progress curve; initial rate kinetics; kinetic simulations; Runge–Kutta method; stochastic algorithm; catalytic inhibitors; transient-phase kinetics; pre-steady state kinetics
Dermatopathology of the foreskin: an institutional experience of over 400 cases.

Background Diseases of the foreskin may manifest with an array of pathologic findings, including potentially under-recognized dermatologic conditions. Herein, we summarize an institutional experience in foreskin dermatopathology. Methods Diagnoses rendered on foreskin specimens between 1982 and April 2009 were obtained through a computer-based keyword search. Cases given normal, non-specific or descriptive diagnoses were reviewed by a dermatopathologist. Results Keyword search yielded 414 foreskin diagnoses. Interpretations included normal foreskin (n = 131), benign lesions (n = 262) and malignant/dysplastic entities (n = 21). Of 353 cases given normal, descriptive or non-specific diagnoses, 334 were reviewed. Of reviewed cases, 209 (63%) were given more specific diagnoses [e.g. spongiotic dermatitis (n = 115), lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSA; n = 41), interface/lichenoid dermatitis (n = 26), psoriasiform dermatitis (n = 7)]. Discrepancy between the clinical and pathologic impression was frequently noted (n = 77). Conclusions This study shows benign inflammatory lesions represent the most frequent foreskin pathology. When possible, specific diagnoses should be rendered, as accurate classification may be of clinical importance. There is an abundance of recent literature on the role of circumcision in disease prevention, and this topic is explored. We discuss the theoretical possibility that foreskin inflammation compromises the mucosal/epithelial barrier, thus playing a role in disease transmission.