cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex differences in the activational effects of gonadal hormones on food intake and body weight

Estrogens have been shown to decrease, and androgens to increase body weight (BWt) of guinea pigs (GPs). The magnitude of the BWt sex difference shown by intact adult GPs is due primarily to these concurrent, or activational, effects of gonadal steroids. However, a small but significant sex difference in BWt persists in animals gonadectomized at birth, indicating that early hormonal exposure may permanently influence certain steroid sensitive weight regulatory mechanisms in the two sexes. Three experiments were therefore designed to investigate the short term effects of estradiol and testosterone on food intake (FI) and BWt of gonadectomized adult male and female GPs. In the first experiment, GPs gonadectomized in adulthood were given a single injection of 6 micrograms estradiol benzoate (EB). Although EB treatment reduced FI and BWt of both females and males, significantly larger reductions occurred in females. In the second experiment, GPs gonadectomized at birth received treatments of oil or 2 micrograms EB for 7 days. EB treatment also produced significantly larger effects on FI and BWt in the neonatally gonadectomized females. The third experiment involved GPs gonadectomized as adults who were injected with either oil or 1 mg/day testosterone propionate in oil (TP) for 32 days. Compared to changes in oil injected controls, TP produced significantly larger increases in male BWt than female BWt. Therefore, although GPs show only minor sex differences in BWt which might relate to prenatal gonadal hormonal exposure, significant sex differences remain in their responsiveness to the activational effects of gonadal steroids on FI and BWt in adulthood.
Reductive dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride with elemental iron

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was abiotically dechlorinated to chloroform (CHCl3) and methylene chloride (CH2Cl2) by zero valent iron (Fe0). Dechlorination of CCl4 was rapid, and approximately followed first-order kinetics in the range of concentrations tested (CCl4: 1.5–5.5 μM; Fe0 powder: 1–10 g per 265 ml distilled water). Initial dechlorination rate coefficients for anoxic batch reactors (0.290 ± 0.009 h−1 for 1 g Fe0; 1.723 ± 0.078 h−1 for 10 g Fe0) increased with iron surface area (initially 2.4 ± 0.2 m2/g). Rate coefficients also increased with time, probably because of an increase in reactive surface area due to cathodic depolarization and pitting of the iron surface. Dechlorination also occurred under oxic conditions, although the rates were significantly slower (e.g., 0.085 ± 0.041 h−1 for 1 g Fe0 and initial dissolved oxygen 7.4 mg/l). A rapid pH increase was synchronous to dissolved oxygen consumption, and the pH remained constant after the oxygen was depleted. This was attributed to the proton and oxygen consuming aerobic corrosion of the Fe0 surface. The potential for developing remediation technology with Fe0 is discussed.
Causal attributions, affect, and expectations for a day's work performance.

Two studies were conducted to explore the relationships between perceived job performance, causal attributions, employee affect, and expectations for a day's work. In both studies, causal categorie...
Can Injected Sulfur be Utilized by the Animal Organism

ConclusionUnder the conditions of this experiment colloidal sulfur was not utilized by rats either for production of cystine or for growth.
Decreased endometrial blood flow and plasma progesterone level after instillation of 10 μg prostaglandin F2α into the lumen of the uteri of rhesus monkeys

Abstract Instillations of 10 μg prostaglandin F 2α were performed once a week for four weeks into the lumina of the uteri of three nonsedated rhesus monkeys. Before and immediately after the instillation the endometrial blood flow was measured with the 133 Xenon clearance technique. Plasma progesterone was measured by a radioimmunoassay method in blood samples taken before and 20 hrs after the instillation. The results showed a significant (p = 0.01) decrease to 39% (mean) of the original blood flow and a decrease to 23% (mean) of the original plasma progesterone content. The results also indicated a conditioning of the monkeys, causing a decreased endometrial blood flow, to the prostaglandin treatment from the third week on. The decrease of the endometrial blood flow may be caused by a local PG 2α -induced vasoconstriction. The decrease in plasma progesterone may be a direct luteolytic effect of prostaglandin F 2α , or it may be caused by a uterine factor, the secretion of which is stimulated by the relative ischaemia lasting at least 15 mins.
Face recognition based on depth maps and surface curvature

This paper explores the representation of the human face by features based on the curvature of the face surface. Curature captures many features necessary to accurately describe the face, such as the shape of the forehead, jawline, and cheeks, which are not easily detected from standard intensity images. Moreover, the value of curvature at a point on the surface is also viewpoint invariant. Until recently range data of high enough resolution and accuracy to perform useful curvature calculations on the scale of the human face had been unavailable. Although several researchers have worked on the problem of interpreting range data from curved (although usually highly geometrically structured) surfaces, the main approaches have centered on segmentation by signs of mean and Gaussian curvature which have not proved sufficient in themselves for the case of the human face. This paper details the calculation of principal curvature for a particular data set, the calculation of general surface descriptors based on curvature, and the calculation of face specific descriptors based both on curvature features and a priori knowledge about the structure of the face. These face specific descriptors can be incorporated into many different recognition strategies. A system that implements one such strategy, depth template comparison, giving recognition rates between 80% and 90% is described.
PATTERNS OF SELECTED CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF SPIRODELA OLIGORHIZA FORMED UNDER VARIOUS CONDITIONS OF AXENIC CULTURE.

Patterns of Selected Chemical Components of Spirodela oligorhiza formed under Various Conditions of Axenic Culture
Presentation Does Not Guarantee Recall: Students Need to Learn Study Habits

When we attempted to teach visualization as a study strategy to investigate whether recall was enhanced, we discovered that the students did not study; most did not review until shortly before an examination. Failure to study was verified by 98 students enrolled in two sections of a senior course at a 4-yr. university. Recall shortly before an examination was not as good as on the day of initial presentation. Working to improve presentations or teach specific study skills must be accompanied by teaching study habits to improve recall in education. Failure to study clarifies many educational problems.
Ammonia exchange between the atmosphere and the surface waters at two locations in the Chesapeake Bay

Excess phytoplankton production, which contributes to hypoxic conditions, is nitrogen limited in the Chesapeake Bay during the summer months. Therefore, understanding the flux of ammonia by direct deposition to the biologically active surface layer is critical to understanding the nutrient dynamics of the bay. This paper presents the results of a 2-yr study measuring gaseous ammonia (NH3) and aerosol ammonium (NH4+) in Baltimore and Solomons, MD, from which direct atmospheric loading of total ammonia (Nt = NH3 + NH4+) to the Chesapeake Bay is estimated. Mean atmospheric concentrations of total ammonia for Baltimore and Solomons were 2.7 +/- 1.7 and 1.0 +/- 0.8 microg of N m(-3), respectively. Monte Carlo estimates of gross dry deposition ranged from <100 to 4900 microg of N m(-2) d(-1). However, based upon water quality parameters, Monte Carlo estimates of gross volatilization of NH3 were calculated to range from <100 to 7700 microg of N m(-2) d(-1). The resulting net air-sea exchange flux varied seasonally from a net deposition into the water during the winter to a net volatilizing into the atmosphere during the summer. A total of 60% of the paired air-water samples had flux estimates that were not significantly different than equilibrium at the 90% confidence interval. The gross deposition, gross volatilization, and net air-sea fluxes were greater and more variable in Baltimore relative to the rural site. Atmospheric ammonia concentrations decrease during the winter at the rural site. However, the net exchange is still into the water due to an exponential decrease in [NH3]eq with temperature. These results indicate that the nitrogen-limited Chesapeake Bay can act as a source of ammonia to the local atmosphere.
Comparing groups with ranks

If a random sample of n 1 observations is taken from Population 1 and independently another random sample of n 2 observations is taken from Population 2, one often wishes to compare the two populat...
Neurogenesis and Epilepsy

Persistent neural stem cells generate dentate granule cells (DGCs) throughout life. Evidence suggests that aberrant neurogenesis contributes to epileptic structural abnormalities, but that normally integrating adult-born DGCs may restore inhibition. Current research focuses on how epileptogenic insults alter neurogenesis, and whether restoring normal neurogenesis will attenuate epilepsy or its comorbidities. For an expanded treatment of this topic see Jasper's Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies, Fourth Edition (Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, Olsen RW, Delgado-Escueta AV, eds) published by Oxford University Press (available on the National Library of Medicine Bookshelf [NCBI] at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books).
Transatrial membranotomy for Budd-Chiari syndrome

In a 7-year period, transatrial membranotomy was performed in 11 patients with membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava. There were 5 men and 6 women, ranging in age from 23 to 53 years. Clinical symptoms included jaundice in 4 patients, hepatomegaly in 4, leg edema or varicose veins in 10, and venous collaterals over the abdominal and chest wall in all 11 patients. Transatrial membranotomy was performed through a median sternotomy in all patients. When inferior vena cava venography revealed that the obstruction was accompanied by long segmental thrombosis, additional dilation was performed with a Hegar dilator. There was no surgical mortality. Early operative complications included pulmonary embolism in 2 patients and bleeding requiring reoperation in 1. In a mean follow-up period of 30.6 months (range, 2 to 88 months), 9 patients had no symptoms, transient pericardial constriction developed in 1 patient and resolved 1 month later, and restenosis of the inferior vena cava developed in another patient 1 year after the first operation. This latter patient received a second transatrial membranotomy followed by percutaneous balloon angioplasty of the inferior vena cava, with a satisfactory result at 8 months follow-up. We conclude that transatrial membranotomy is an effective and safe procedure for patients with membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava.
Concepts of the Agricultural Economy and Economic Accounting

the 1972 meetings to discussing "our obsolete data systems." At that time the AAEA Economic Statistics Committee pointed out quite vividly that the ". . . conceptual foundation of the [data] system is crumbling-and has been for some time" [1, p. 867]. The Economic Research Service, USDA, has also been exploring problems associated with economic accounting in the food and fiber sector [2, 4]. Thus, economists both in and out of government have been concerned about economic accounting for agriculture and the future direction it should take. The purpose of this paper is to suggest new conceptual views of the food and fiber sector and its implications for accounting systems. Certain caveats are in order. The subject will be presented only in rough outline form. Volumes have been written on accounting in economics as the subject is both "broad" as well as "deep." We shall start with the premise that we are suggesting an ideal system: for it is recognized that at times ideals must be sacrificed in the real world. Many problems exist in implementing the suggestions below, one of which is the lack of data on some elements. The discussion will be limited to aggregate economic accounts for the food and fiber sector within the national economy. Many of the side issues that can be raised while discussing the topic of economic accounting will not be explored. What is meant by the food and fiber sector? Basically we are referring to the production, processing, and distribution of domestically produced food and fiber products.' Also included are those industries which provide direct inputs for domestic food production. For example, fertilizer and farm machinery manufacturing might be defined in the sector while primary steel production would not.
On the computational complexity of best Chebyshev approximations

Abstract The best Chebyshev approximation of degree n to a continuous function f on [0, 1] is the unique polynomial ϕ of degree less than or equal to n such that the maximum difference of f and ϕ on [0, 1] is minimized. On the basis of a formal model of computation, it is shown that the question of whether the best Chebyshev approximations of polynomial-time computable functions on [0, 1] are always polynomial-time computable depends on the relationship among well-known discrete complexity classes. In particular, P = NP implies that these best approximations are polynomial-time computable, and EXP ≠ NEXP implies that these best approximations are not polynomial-time computable. It is also pointed out that the fact that the popular Remes algorithm converges fast does not conflict with the above result, since the Remes algorithm requires, in each iteration, the finding of maximal points of continuous functions on an interval [a, b], which is, in general, provably intractable.
Foreign Competition and Trade Policy for the Florida Lime Industry

ports began in the mid-1970s and has focused on their potentially adverse effect on Florida prices and production. In order to evaluate the potential threat of foreign competition on Florida's lime industry and the trade policy alternatives, quantitative estimates are needed of the impact of imports on the industry. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the effects of import competition and alternative trade policies on the Florida lime industry (Andrew, DeBoon, McPherson; Freebairn and Rausser; Novakovic and Thompson; Salathe, Dobson, Peterson). The methodology involves specifying and estimating an econometric model of the Florida lime and U.S. trade sectors. A set of reduced-form equations is derived from the simultaneous equation model. The estimated multipliers are used to measure the impacts of alternative U.S. tariff and quota policies on lime imports, Florida lime production, and prices.
Children of substance abusers: the life experiences of children of opiate addicts in methadone maintenance

We interviewed 70 substance abusers in methadone maintenance treatment regarding the life experiences of their 188 children. Sixty-four percent of the mothers reported using psychoactive drugs during their pregnancies. Eighty percent of parents reported an arrest during the time the child was growing up, 34% reported receiving treatment for an emotional disorder, and 14% were hospitalized. Four percent of the parents reported that their children had been placed in adoptive care, 9% in foster care, and 1% had a child in a group home. Forty-one percent of the parents reported that at least one of their children repeated a grade in school, 19% were involved in truancy, and 30% had been suspended from school. Twenty percent of parents reported their children's involvement with the law, and 17% reported drug or alcohol use. Problems with the law correlated highly with 1) being held back a grade, 2) truancy, 3) suspension from school, 4) expulsion from school, and 5) treatment for alcohol or drug abuse.
Single Plane Radial, Magnetic Bearings Biased With Poles Containing Permanent Magnets

Magnetic bearings biased with permanent magnets have lower coil resistance power losses, and the magnets can also be used to help support a constant side load. In this paper, the performance of a single plane radial magnetic bearing biased with permanent magnets in several poles is presented. Although it has less load capacity and stiffness than a similarly sized electrically biased single plane heteropolar bearing, it does not require bias current, and its ratio of load capacity to coil resistance power loss is significantly better. This type of permanent magnet bearing has only a single plane of poles. It can be distinguished from the homopolar bearing type which has two planes and which can also be biased with permanent magnets. Magnetic circuit models for the novel single plane bearing are presented along with verification by finite element models. Equations for the key performance parameters of load capacity, stiffness, coil inductance and resistive power loss are also presented.
Effects of glycemic control on saliva flow rates and protein composition in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Abstract Objective. The objective of this study was to determine whether improvements in the level of diabetic control in a group of subjects with poorly controlled non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus influence salivary output and composition. Study design. Repeated whole unstimulated and stimulated parotid saliva samples were collected from diabetic patients attending an outpatient diabetes education program and a matched nondiabetic control group. Saliva was analyzed for flow rates, parotid protein concentration and composition, and amylase activity. Subjective responses to questions about salivary hypofunction were tested. Results. There were no significant differences in whole unstimulated and stimulated parotid flow rates or stimulated parotid protein concentration and composition between diabetics and the control group. Amylase activity was higher in diabetics and decreased with improved glycemic control. Subjects reporting taste alterations had higher mean blood glucose levels than subjects with normal taste sensation. Conclusions. Poorly controlled non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus has no influence on saliva output, although amylase activity may be elevated, and there may be taste alterations.
Dialysis Patients and Patterns of Symptom Report on the Symptom Checklist-90-R:

This descriptive study of 156 persons undergoing outpatient dialysis shows that two-thirds met the operational definition of caseness for psychiatric disorder (a T score ≥ 63 on the global summary scale or on any two primary dimensions) using the Symptom Checklist 90-R. Over-all, the dialysis patients showed more psychopathology than a normal sample but less than an outpatient psychiatric sample. Length of time as an outpatient on dialysis was not an important predictor of psychopathology.
PET-FDG test-retest reliability during a visual discrimination task in schizophrenia

OBJECTIVE Reliability of assessment is important in any kind of neuropsychiatric study, but is particularly pivotal in schizophrenia research where symptom instability is common. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two fluorodeoxyglucose PET scans, 1 week apart, were carried out in schizophrenic patients while they were performing a simple visual discrimination task. Subject and scan conditions were held constant. Regional metabolic rates of glucose utilization were calculated as absolute and scaled; they were compared using correlational statistics. RESULTS Average differences between scans were 5-9% for the parietal and occipital cortices, but 1-3% for other cortical areas, differences comparable with reported variances in normal controls. CONCLUSION These results suggest that test-retest variance in metabolic imaging in schizophrenia is relatively low and that task performance increases metabolic stability in brain areas unrelated to task performance.
Lobbying as Legislative Subsidy

Professional lobbyists are among the most experienced, knowledgeable, and strategic actors one can find in the everyday practice of politics. Nonetheless, their behavioral patterns often appear anomalous when viewed in the light of existing theories. We revisit these anomalies in search of an alternative theory. We model lobbying not as exchange (vote buying) or persuasion (informative signaling) but as a form of legislative subsidy—a matching grant of policy information, political intelligence, and legislative labor to the enterprises of strategically selected legislators. The proximate political objective of this strategy is not to change legislators' minds but to assist natural allies in achieving their own, coincident objectives. The theory is simple in form, realistic in its principal assumptions, and counterintuitive in its main implications. Empirically, the model renders otherwise anomalous regularities comprehensible and predictable. In a later section, we briefly bring preferences back in, examining the important but relatively uncommon conditions under which preference-centered lobbying should occur.
Transport in few body systems

Abstract Transport in few body systems is a subject of importance in a very wide variety of problems. These range from large macroscopic systems found in celestial mechanics through the small microscopic systems of nuclear physics. In this paper we outline a theory of multidimensional ( N ≥ 3) transport that is applicable to all of these systems. This theory, which has its origin in geometrical mechanics, allows one to obtain analytical expressions for the various geometrical objects associated with bottlenecks to the flow within phase space. Once these objects have been obtained, it is straightforward to calculate reaction rates and other important transport properties. Applications to nuclear, atomic and celestial system are discussed.
Ein Vergleich von sieben Methoden zur In‐vitro‐Empfindlichkeitsprüfung von klinischen Hefe‐Isolaten gegenüber Fluconazol

Four commercially available in vitro test systems (Candifact®, E-test, Mycototal®, Spiral-Gradient Endpoint Method), agardissusion with 25 μg test tablets, and agardilution were compared to the microbroth dilution method by fluconazole susceptibility testing of 145 clinical isolates. In addition, the culture media provided or recommende by the manufacturers of the test systems were compared to the high resolution (HR) antifungal test medium. With all currently available culture media growth problems (inhibition or delayed growth of the clinical isolates) occurred with solid or semi-solid media. With minor improvements, HR medium demonstrated the most reproducible and comparable results (supplementation with asparagine and deletion of sodium hydrogen carbonate). Best correlation to microdilution was obtained by the agardilution method (>95% concordance) followed by the spiral-gradient endpoint method (85%), Candifast® (83%), Mycototal® (81%) and the E-test (78%). Regression analysis demonstrated good correlation between agar-diffusion and micro-/agardilution (r>0.9)
OBSERVATIONS ON HORMONE WITHDRAWAL BLEEDING IN CASTRATED MACAQUES1

THE MACACUS RHESUS MONKEY has become important in the study of the mechanism of menstruation because these animals periodically bleed at intervals which approximate those in the human (1, 2, 3). The normal occurrence of anovulatory as well as ovulatory menstrual cycles was first definitely established in these animals (3–7). When the ovaries of normal macaques have been removed, the ovulatory type of menstrual cycle may be simulated by the injection of estrogenic substances during a ‘priming’ period, which is followed by treatment with progesterone (8–14). With the cessation of this hormone treatment, bleeding occurs (10, 14–17). The anovulatory type of cycle may be produced by treatment with estrogen alone (5, 18–30). In some instances bleeding may occur during the course of the injections (5,9,19, 26, 28, 31). Bleeding always follows the withdrawal of an appropriate estrogen stimulus (5, 9, 18–30).
Human epicardial adipose tissue: A review

We discuss the anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of epicardial adipose tissue and its relationship to coronary atherosclerosis. Epicardial fat stores triglyceride to supply free fatty acids for myocardial energy production and produces adipokines. It shares a common embryological origin with mesenteric and omental fat. Like visceral abdominal fat, epicardial fat thickness, measured by echocardiography, is increased in obesity. Epicardial fat could influence coronary atherogenesis and myocardial function because there is no fibrous fascial layer to impede diffusion of free fatty acids and adipokines between it and the underlying vessel wall as well as the myocardium. Segments of coronary arteries lacking epicardial fat or separated from it by a bridge of myocardial tissue are protected against the development of atherosclerosis in those segments. However, when epicardial fat is totally absent in congenital generalized lipodystrophy, coronary atherosclerosis can still occur. Macrophages are more numerous and densely packed in the periadventitial fat of human atherosclerotic coronary arteries with lipid cores than in that of fibrocalcific or nonatherosclerotic coronary arteries. In obese patients with multiple cardiovascular risk factors, epicardial fat around atheromatous coronaries secretes several proinflammatory cytokines and is infiltrated by macrophages, lymphocytes, and basophils. Epicardial adipokine expression in obesity without coronary atherosclerosis has not been determined. In nonobese patients, epicardial fat around atheromatous coronary arteries expresses proinflammatory cytokines but produces either less adiponectin, a vasoprotective adipokine, than fat around nonatheromatous coronaries or a similar amount compared with thoracic subcutaneous fat. Further studies should be done to test the hypothesis that adipokines produced by and released from human epicardial adipose tissue might contribute locally to the pathogenesis of coronary atherosclerosis.
Intracardiac measurement of pre-ejection myocardial velocities estimates the transmural extent of viable myocardium early after reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction

OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that wall motion velocity during pre-ejection is proportional to the regional content of viable myocardium after reperfusion for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). BACKGROUND Pre-ejection wall motion consists of short and fast inward and outward movement towards and away from the center of the left ventricle (LV) and is altered during regional ischemia. This short-lived event can be accurately quantified by Doppler myocardial imaging (DMI). METHODS Fourteen open-chest pigs underwent 60 to 120 min of left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion followed by 30 min of reperfusion. The DMI data were collected using a phased-array intracardiac catheter (LV cavity) from ischemic and nonischemic myocardium encompassed within a plane passing through two epicardial bead markers. Peak tissue velocities during isovolumic contraction (IVC) (peak positive and peak negative), ejection (S) and early filling (E) were measured. The cardiac specimen was sliced through the epicardial markers in a plane approximating the ultrasound imaging plane. The transmural extent of necrosis (TEN) (%) was measured by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. RESULTS During ischemia, positive IVC velocity was zero in ischemic walls with TEN >20%. At reperfusion, positive IVC velocity correlated better with TEN (r = -0.94, p < 0.0001) than it did S (r = -0.70, p < 0.01) and E (r = -0.81, p < 0.01). Differential IVC (the difference between peak positive and peak negative velocity) highly correlated with TEN, during ischemia (r = -0.78, p < 0.001) and during reperfusion (r = -0.93, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Pre-ejection tissue velocity, as measured by intracardiac ultrasound, allows rapid estimation of the transmural extent of viable myocardium after reperfusion for AMI.
Dynamics of the roughening transition in one dimension

In one dimension, the roughening transition occurs only at zero temperature. In that case it is well known that the static critical properties exhibit an essential singularity. We present results for the dynamics at both finite and low temperatures. We found that the diffusion coefficient decreases to a finite value as the temperature approaches zero similar to the two-dimensional situation; however, the rate of decrease is now given by a functional form $D(T)={D}_{0}+\ensuremath{\alpha}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{\ensuremath{\beta}}{T}}$. This result is discussed and compared with that of the one-dimensional kinetic Ising model studied by Glauber.
Agriculture Loses Its Uniqueness

Some time ago a friend asked me, "What is the most important event that has happened in agriculture during your lifetime?" I put him off for a month while I reflected on this provocative question. Then I told him I had an answer which would take me forty minutes to deliver. He said, "I don't want to know that much about it." So, from that time to this I have borne an undelivered speech. When Jim Hildreth invited me to give this lecture I wasn't long in accepting, and I wasn't long in naming a subject. My subject is, agriculture is losing its uniqueness. This is a matter of profound significance, economically, socially, and politically. My contention is that, while we have perceived it in general fashion, it is time that we examine it in depth.
Quantifying the Hydrophobic Effect. 1. A Computer Simulation−Molecular-Thermodynamic Model for the Self-Assembly of Hydrophobic and Amphiphilic Solutes in Aqueous Solution

Surfactant micellization and micellar solubilization in aqueous solution can be modeled using a molecular-thermodynamic (MT) theoretical approach; however, the implementation of MT theory requires an accurate identification of the portions of solutes (surfactants and solubilizates) that are hydrated and unhydrated in the micellar state. For simple solutes, such identification is comparatively straightforward using simple rules of thumb or group-contribution methods, but for more complex solutes, the hydration states in the micellar environment are unclear. Recently, a hybrid method was reported by these authors in which hydrated and unhydrated states are identified by atomistic simulation, with the resulting information being used to make MT predictions of micellization and micellar solubilization behavior. Although this hybrid method improves the accuracy of the MT approach for complex solutes with a minimum of computational expense, the limitation remains that individual atoms are modeled as being in on...
Bounds on parameter estimation precision for optical ranging systems

Many errors contribute to the accuracy of a ranging system, among them calibration and estimation errors. In this paper we address the estimation error contribution of an optical ranging system. We present achievable RMS errors in estimating the phase, frequency, and intensity of a direct-detected intensity-modulated optical pulse train. For each parameter, the Cramer-Rao-Bound (CRB) is derived and the performance of the Maximum Likelihood estimator is illustrated. Approximations to the CRBs are provided, enabling an intuitive understanding of estimator behavior as a function of the signaling parameters. The results are compared to achievable RMS errors in estimating the same parameters from a sinusoidal waveform in additive white Gaussian noise. This establishes a framework for a performance comparison of radio frequency (RF) and optical science. Comparisons are made using parameters for state-of-the-art deep-space RF and optical links. Degradations to the achievable errors due to clock phase noise and detector jitter are illustrated.
Generation and suppression of radiation by solitary pulses

The description of the spatio-temporal dynamics of an extended active/dispersive medium can be simplified considerably if the dynamics is dominated by a fixed number of solitary pulses separated by radiation-free flat substrates. Radiation is generated in a noise-free environment when excess mass drains out of a pulse in the form of a spreading shelf and the radiation grows rapidly by feeding on the active substrate. However, this growth can be suppressed if the localized radiation packet is absorbed by a second pulse. It is shown that both the generation and suppression mechanisms can be quantitatively understood by analyzing the essential spectrum and a peculiar discrete spectrum of the equilibrium pulse called resonance pole. An explicit criterion is then developed and verified numerically for when the spatio-temporal dynamics of the generalized Kuramoto-Sivashinsky (gK S) equation is dominated by robust solitary pulses.
Differential cross sections for electron transfer and elastic scattering in collisions between α particles and hydrogen atoms

Differential cross sections have been calculated for electron transfer and elastic scattering in collisions between \ensuremath{\alpha} particles and hydrogen atoms at \ensuremath{\alpha}-particle energies from 1 to 70 keV. Differential cross sections for lower individual principal quantum numbers have also been determined. The electronic transition amplitudes in the eikonal equations for the scattering amplitudes were obtained by several coupled-molecular-state calculations: perturbed-stationary-state calculations with 2\char21{}22 states neglecting translational factors and the origin taken to be on the proton, and calculations with 4\char21{}10 states including plane-wave translational factors. The sensitivity of the differential cross sections to the size and type of basis is discussed, and a comparison is made with the two sets of theoretical results available at one energy. The qualitative validity of a simple semiclassical model at larger angles is shown; diffraction is shown to be limited to rather small angles.
Acceptor and exciton states in {InGaAs}/{GaAs} strained quantum wells

Abstract We calculate variationally the acceptor and the exciton ground state energies in InGaAs GaAs strained quantum wells. The difference between these two energies (measurable directly in photoluminescence) turns out to be quite sensitive to the in-plane effective mass of the heavy holes and therefore can be used to determine this parameter.
Gene therapy for diabetes: reinventing the islet.

A cure for type 1 (insulin dependent) diabetes might be found in generating surrogate insulin-producing cells to replace β cells. A gene therapy strategy using constructs designed to allow glucose-regulated insulin transcription when delivered to non-pancreatic tissues has not fully recreated the stringent control of blood glucose provided by the β cell. A more promising gene therapy approach has been to express pancreatic endocrine developmental factors, such as PDX-1, NeuroD/BETA2 and Neurogenin 3, to promote differentiation of non-endocrine cells towards a β cell or islet phenotype, enabling these cells to synthesize and secrete insulin in a glucose-regulated manner. Further research is necessary, however, to better define the most effective pro-endocrine factors and the most amenable cell types to achieve transdifferentiation for β cell replacement.
Cobalt(II) and nickel(II) complexes of carbamylmethylenephosphonates

Abstract The coordinating ability of the organic compounds with the basic skeleton has been investigated and their completely chelated cobalt(II) and nickel(II) complexes have been isolated. These complexes have been characterized by means of their electronic and i.r. spectra and their properties are compared with those of the complexes of similar ligands. The trends observed are rationalized in terms of steric interactions, electronic effects of the substituents, and size of the chelate ring formed.
Evaluation of facility layout alternatives for a remanufacturing environment

Remanufacturing environments involve a higher degree of system complexity when compared to traditional manufacturing environments due to the variability associated with the routing, processing times and demand. Many of the consequences of this system complexity can be dealt with through operational-based approaches using specialized production planning and control techniques. However, it is also possible to improve overall system performance through the analysis of appropriate structural issues such as facility layout. This paper presents the results of a simulation-based analysis of four different layout alternatives: traditional job shop, cellular, fractal and holonic. An analysis of each layout alternative is conducted while varying product complexity, dispatching rules, number of workcenters, number of part types, shop load and demand variability with respect to flow time, WIP and machine utilization. The results of the analysis reveal under which conditions each layout alternative would be preferred to achieve the best overall system performance.
The Improvement of Learning through the Use of Underlying Principles and Schema.

The major subject fields, philosophy, and educational research on instruction identify some of the basic underlying principles, schema, and instructional processes. In addition, we need to think of instructional techniques that will enable students to understand and use these basic ideas and processes. To date this area is not well documented by empirical findings. Future research should be~in to turn towards the identification of these underlying principles and processes, as well as the instructional conditions under which they can be learned and used effectively.
Inhibition of Cyclooxygenase‐2 Expression: An Approach to Preventing Head and Neck Cancer

Cyclooxygenase (COX) catalyzes the formation of prostaglandins (PG) from arachidonic acid. A large body of evidence has accumulated to suggest that COX-2, the inducible form of COX, is important in carcinogenesis. In this study, we determined whether (1) COX-2 was overexpressed in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) and whether (2) retinoids, a class of chemopreventive agents, blocked epidermal growth factor (EGF)-mediated activation of COX-2 expression. Levels of COX-2 mRNA were determined in 15 cases of HNSCC and 10 cases of normal oral mucosa. Nearly a 100-fold increase in amounts of COX-2 mRNA was detected in HNSCC. By immunoblot analysis, COX-2 protein was detected in 6 of 6 cases of HNSCC but was undetectable in normal mucosa. Because retinoids protect against oral cavity cancer, we investigated whether retinoids could suppress EGF-mediated induction of COX-2 in cultured oral squamous carcinoma cells. Treatment with EGF led to increased levels of COX-2 mRNA, COX-2 protein, and synthesis of PG. These effects were suppressed by a variety of retinoids. Based on the results of this study, it will be important to establish whether newly developed selective COX-2 inhibitors are useful in preventing or treating HNSCC. Moreover, the anticancer properties of retinoids may be due, in part, to inhibition of COX-2 expression. Combining a retinoid with a selective COX-2 inhibitor may be more effective than either agent alone in preventing cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract.
The existence of [NO−2;e+] and [NO−3;e+] systems

Abstract The [NO − 2 ;e + ] and [NO − 3 e + ] systems are examined via Hartree-Fock-Roothaan calculations. The positron affinities obtained are 3.43 eV (NO − 2 ) and 3.19 eV (NO − 3 ). A “cycle” argument suggests that [NO − 3 ; e + ] is stable with respect to NO 3 + Ps, but [NO − e + ] appears unstable.
The influence of prescriptive and subjective phrase markers on retrieval latencies

To investigate the effect of subjective (pause defined) and prescriptive (grammatically defined) phrase markers on subjective grouping, subjects were presented simple declarative sentences in which the subjective and prescriptive phrase markers were either the same or different. In the same condition a 2-sec pause was placed at the major syntactic boundary, while in the different condition the pause was inserted within a constituent. Retrieval latencies for words following probes in the sentence were influenced by grammatical structure and, to a lesser extent, by the pause. The results suggest that, while sentential organization may be influenced by inserting pauses, this influence is highly constrained by the sentence’s grammatical structure.
Analysis of amino acids as formamidene butyl esters by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.

Amino acid formamidene butyl esters are optimally prepared by heating amino acids with dimethylformamide dimethylacetal (DMF-DMA) for 2 minutes at 65 °C and then with n-butanol/hydrogen chloride for 15 minutes at 65 °C. The formamidene butyl esters of simple α-amino acids and β-amino acids afford between 1.1 and 20 times the signal intensity of the corresponding butyl esters during electrospray ionization tandem mass spectral analysis. Complex α-amino acids, such as ornithine, arginine and citrulline, and γ-amino acids are better analyzed as butyl esters. Secondary α-amino acids, such as proline and sarcosine, give a mixture of two iminium salts with the DMF-DMA derivatization method. A derivative incorporating two molecules of the amino acid predominates at higher derivatization temperatures. Contrary to a previous report, N-formylamino acids were not detected. The presence of secondary amino acids in amino acid mixtures, derivatized as formamidene butyl esters, affords derivatives that incorporate two different amino acids. The new formamidene butylation method is unlikely to replace the butylation procedure used by neonatal blood spot screening programs for amino acid disorders, since a much poorer response was obtained with formamidene butyl esters of arginine and citrulline, important in the diagnosis of arginase deficiency and citrullinaemia. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fructose-1,6-diphosphatase Deficiency and Glyceroluria: One Possible Etiology for GIS

Fructose-1,6-diphosphatase (FDPase) deficiency is characterized by episodes of lactic acidemia, hypoglycemia, and ketonuria. Liver biopsy and subsequent enzyme analysis most reliably make the diagnosis. Review of the literature reveals 85 cases. Glycerol intolerance syndrome (GIS) is less well defined. There are only a handful of cases reported. We describe a patient with FDPase deficiency and significant glyceroluria and propose that GIS may be caused by partial deficiency of FDPase.
Concept analysis in web informatics- 5th GrC model - Using ordered granules

5th GrC model is the formal model specified into the category of sets It is a theory of ordered granules, namely, granules are ordered “subsets” of the universe, We extract a 5th GrC model from a set of web pages. A granule is a high frequent sequence of keywords, It is a tuple in a relation and naturally carries some concept expressed in web pages. The concept analysis in this paper is about true human concepts that are expressed in web documents.
Yeast Mutants Containing Elevated Methionine

Mutants of Candida tropicalis ATCC 1369, Candida tropicalis ATCC 9968 and Candida utilis ATCC 9950 were produced by treatments with ultraviolet light (UV), ethionine, or nitrous acid (NA). The UV and NA derived mutants grew on a methionine-free medium and exhibited an increased growth response to added sulfate in a sulfate-free medium. The mutant 1369/0 had an increase of 54.6% methionine as a percentage of protein above that of the parent strain. The increase of the mutant 1369/0 over the parent in % relative nutritive value (% RNV) was 4.35%. Sonication of yeast cells increased the % RNV and average of 8% above that of the intact cell.
Evaluation of radar precipitation estimates near gap regions: a case study in the Colorado River basin

Radar precipitation estimation is very useful for hydrological and climatological studies. However, radar precipitation has inherent difficulty in estimating precipitation in mountainous regions. In developed countries such as the United States where there are extensive precipitation radar networks, gaps in the radar precipitation field are usually due to radar beam blockage by mountains. The goal of this study is to evaluate the performance of a daily radar precipitation field (Stage-II) against rain gauge measurements near radar gap areas in the Colorado River basin of the United States (southwestern Colorado, southeastern Utah, northeastern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico). We evaluated daily precipitation data for the years spanning from 2007 to 2009. Statistical score skills including correlation and bias are used for evaluation. Compared to gauge measurements, Stage-II fails to capture the altitude dependence of precipitation in the region. Bias analysis shows that Stage-II underestimates precip...
Effect of Clothing on Perception of Masculine and Feminine Managerial Traits

This study examined the effect of masculinity of clothing on the perception of masculine and feminine managerial traits in women. Each of 70 subjects viewed one of four videotapes of a woman interv...
Physiological Responses of Yellow Perch to Hypoxia, Air Exposure, and Bleeding

AbstractThe North American Yellow Perch Perca flavescens is a promising candidate species for aquaculture. To evaluate potential problems resulting from husbandry practices, we measured changes in the levels of blood glucose, pH, pO2, pCO2, hematocrit, Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Cl− in response to hypoxia, blood withdrawal, and exposure to air at five time intervals over 24 h. Results were examined against resting or baseline values. Hypoxic conditions induced significant decreases in blood pH, pO2, and Na+ concentration and increases in K+, blood glucose, and hematocrit. Bleeding led to significant decreases in blood Na+, Cl−, and hematocrit and a nearly five-fold increase in blood glucose. Blood pH, pO2, and hematocrit decreased and pCO2, K+, and glucose decreased at 2 h after air exposure, were over-compensated for at 6 h, and returned slowly to levels near baseline through 24 h; Na+ and Ca2+ concentrations decreased and remained low through 24 h. Further research defining responses to culture practices and co...
Application of a particle-in-cell method to solid mechanics

Abstract An extension to solid mechanics of the FLIP particle-in-cell method is presented. The particle-in-cell method uses two representations of the continuum, one based on a collection of material points and the other based on a computational grid. The material points are followed throughout the deformation of a solid and provide a Lagrangian description that is not subject to mesh tangling. This feature permits constitutive equations with history-dependent variables to be applied at these material points with no requirement for mapping the history parameters from one point to another. A grid, which can be held fixed or adapted as the need arises, is used to determine spatial gradients. Since the grid is used as an updated Lagrangian frame, the nonlinear convection term associated with Eulerian formulations does not appear. With the use of maps between material points and the grid, the advantages of both Eulerian and Lagrangian schemes are utilized. No-slip impact between bodies, inelastic, elastic, or rigid, is handled automatically by the method without resorting to a special contact algorithm.