cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Satellite Measurements of the Moon's Magnetic Field: A Preliminary Report

A preliminary analysis of the data from the UCLA magnetometer on board the Apollo 15 subsatellite indicates that remnant magnetization is a characteristic property of the Moon, that its distribution is such as to produce a rather complex pattern or fine structure, and that a detailed mapping of its distribution is feasible with the present experiment. The analysis also shows that lunar induction fields produced by transients in the interplanetary magnetic field are detectable at the satellite orbit so that in principle the magnetometer data can be used to determine the latitudinal and longitudinal as well as radial dependences of the distribution of electrical conductivity within the Moon. Finally, the analysis indicates that the plasma void or diamagnetic cavity which forms behind the Moon when the Moon is in the solar wind, is detectable at the satellite's orbit and that the flow of the solar wind near the limbs is usually rather strongly disturbed.
HARD AND SOFT ACIDS AND BASES

Recently (1) the rate data for the generalized nucleophilic displacement reaction were reviewed.
A Governance-Based Typology of Family Foundations: The Effect of Generation Stage and Governance Structure on Family Philanthropic Activities

This article brings together research on philanthropy, family business, and governance to examine patterns of giving by U.S. family versus nonfamily independent foundations. The authors use a sampl...
Sensor fusion algorithms for the detection of nuclear material at border crossings

In this age of global terrorism the ability to detect nuclear material (i.e., radioactive sources) at border crossings is of great importance. Today radiation sensing devices range from handheld detectors to large ultra high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometers. The latter are stationary devices and often used in the form of "portals" placed at border crossings. Currently, border crossings make use of these radiation portals as isolated passive devices. A threshold is set on each detector and any time that threshold is reached an alarm is triggered. Once an alarm is triggered it is assumed that first responders with handheld detectors will disperse in order to determine the location of the radioactive source. This manner of locating a threat is highly dependent upon the reaction of the first responders, thus causing unpredictable delays. We seek to better automate the identification of radioactive sources, by using sensor fusion algorithms which combine the data from multiple sensors (radioactive, RFID, vision) to deduce the location of the source. These algorithms capitalize upon the geometry of a "typical" border crossing layout where parallel lines of vehicles or people are queued so that the location can be computed in near real-time. We find that source location is quickly computable, using using as few as one sensitive radioactive detector, augmented by a visual or RFID tracking system.
THE EFFECTS OF NOREPINEPHRINE ON THE HEMODYNAMICS AND MYOCARDIAL METABOLISM OF NORMAL HUMAN SUBJECTS.

Abstract Studies on the circulation and on cardiac metabolism were carried out during intravenous infusion of norepinephrine in 15 human subjects. There was a marked increase in the myocardial extraction of free fatty acids. No significant change in coronary blood flow or myocardial oxygen consumption was observed. Coronary vascular resistance and myocardial efficiency increased. A rise in the difference in the redox potential (lactate/pyruvate) between coronary venous and arterial blood (Δ E h ) was found during infusion of norepinephrine. This demonstrates increased oxygenation of the heart muscle under these conditions.
Thalamic excitation of hippocampal CA1 neurons: a comparison with the effects of CA3 stimulation.

CA1 is the major output area for the hippocampus, and current evidence shows that it is excited primarily from ipsilateral and contralateral CA3 pyramidal cells in the rat. Direct connections from the midline thalamic nuclei to the hippocampus have been described anatomically, but the physiological role of these connections has not been reported until the recent observation that these inputs may have a mild excitatory effect (subthreshold for population spikes). In this study, we report a more powerful excitatory effect of thalamic stimulation on the response of the CA1 neurons in the urethane-anesthetized rat. Electrical stimulation to the midline thalamus induced responses similar to responses from stimulation of the contralateral hippocampus (CA3), with well-developed field excitatory postsynaptic potentials and large population spikes. The latency of the CA1 response suggested that the thalamic connection was monosynaptic, and there was a laminar CA1 response profile that depended on the site of stimulation (contralateral CA3 or thalamus). In an initial examination of possible differences in the physiological effects of these two pathways on the CA1 region, we tested both sites for long-term potentiation of CA1, for the effects of repetitive stimulation on CA1 responses (e.g., possible augmenting responses) and for the effect of paired-pulse stimulation. In these three measures, there were clear and statistically significant differences between the effects of CA3 and thalamic stimulation on CA1 responses. This study demonstrates that the well-described thalamic connection to the hippocampus allows for the direct and powerful excitation of the CA1 region. This thalamohippocampal connection bypasses the trisynaptic/commissural pathway that has been thought to be the exclusive excitatory drive to CA1. In addition, preliminary data indicate that the thalamus and CA3 inputs have different physiological effects on CA1 pyramidal cells.
Planning for the unexpected [business agility]

Over the last few years, companies have been focused on increasing their efficiencies and in that process have tried to become lean. They have documented business processes and cut non value-added costs. In doing so, they have ensured that business processes are executed consistently and at low costs. However, they have not focused on how to adapt these business processes quickly to external events. This is where business agility actually comes in. In measuring the latency between the appearance of an external event and the implementation of the appropriate change, companies measure their level of agility. Performance scenario planning ahead of time to hedge risks can reduce this latency. In this paper, the author describes the importance of combining the efficiency element of lean with a level of agility. Organizational change, business process redesign, application transformation, and infrastructure adaptability needs to be addressed to increase the business agility of an enterprise.
A New Differentiable Parameterization Based on Principal Component Analysis for the Low-Dimensional Representation of Complex Geological Models

A new approach based on principal component analysis (PCA) for the representation of complex geological models in terms of a small number of parameters is presented. The basis matrix required by the method is constructed from a set of prior geological realizations generated using a geostatistical algorithm. Unlike standard PCA-based methods, in which the high-dimensional model is constructed from a (small) set of parameters by simply performing a multiplication using the basis matrix, in this method the mapping is formulated as an optimization problem. This enables the inclusion of bound constraints and regularization, which are shown to be useful for capturing highly connected geological features and binary/bimodal (rather than Gaussian) property distributions. The approach, referred to as optimization-based PCA (O-PCA), is applied here mainly for binary-facies systems, in which case the requisite optimization problem is separable and convex. The analytical solution of the optimization problem, as well as the derivative of the model with respect to the parameters, is obtained analytically. It is shown that the O-PCA mapping can also be viewed as a post-processing of the standard PCA model. The O-PCA procedure is applied both to generate new (random) realizations and for gradient-based history matching. For the latter, two- and three-dimensional systems, involving channelized and deltaic-fan geological models, are considered. The O-PCA method is shown to perform very well for these history matching problems, and to provide models that capture the key sand–sand and sand–shale connectivities evident in the true model. Finally, the approach is extended to generate bimodal systems in which the properties of both facies are characterized by Gaussian distributions. MATLAB code with the O-PCA implementation, and examples demonstrating its use are provided online as Supplementary Materials.
Osprey: Implementing MapReduce-style fault tolerance in a shared-nothing distributed database

In this paper, we describe a scheme for tolerating and recovering from mid-query faults in a distributed shared nothing database. Rather than aborting and restarting queries, our system, Osprey, divides running queries into subqueries, and replicates data such that each subquery can be rerun on a different node if the node initially responsible fails or returns too slowly. Our approach is inspired by the fault tolerance properties of MapReduce, in which map or reduce jobs are greedily assigned to workers, and failed jobs are rerun on other workers.
DIVERGENT CORTICAL CONNECTIONS TO ENTORHINAL CORTEX FROM AREA TF IN THE MACAQUE

The entorhinal cortex (EC) is an important component of the medial temporal lobe memory system in the primate and is often viewed as a "gatekeeper" area that passes on highly convergent cortical inputs toward the hippocampus. Further analysis of these connections at a microcircuitry level regarding the actual size and shape of arbors and terminations is not yet available, but may contribute to understanding the role of the EC in memory or other functions. The main emphasis of this report was on serial section analysis of anterogradely labeled axons that project from area TF (lateral parahippocampal cortex; Bonin and Bailey, 1947) to the EC (n = 12). By way of evaluating network organization, other projections from area TF--to TH (in the medial parahippocampal gyrus; n = 5) and to posterior visual areas (n = 3)--were also investigated. All three systems were found to terminate heavily in layer 1, as expected from previous investigations, but some terminations were verified in layer 6 of the EC as well. This technique further demonstrated that terminal fields are widely divergent and elongated. In the EC, terminal fields extended over 6-11 mm and spanned multiple cell islands and interislands. These axons resemble "feedback" cortical connections by virtue of their layer 1 terminations and their markedly divergent geometry, but not by their origin from layer 3. Spatially extended terminal fields recall the nontopographic, distributed character of olfactory connections and raise questions of how these features might be related to the memory functions attributed to medial temporal regions.
Use of genetic algorithms for optimization in digital control of dynamic systems

This paper presents a method to optimize proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control parameters, given a discrete model of the controlled process. This method is based on Holland's genetic algorithm (GA). It does not require a mathematical model of the controller to represent its dynamic behavior. It gives a solution that is not only optimal but also meets engineering constraints. Genetic algorithms do a global search without derivatives for points in a multi-dimensional search space. This method works for non-linear as well as linear systems. The objective function of the GA is based on the integrated product of time and absolute error (ITAE). The performance of the GA is compared to that of the other optimization methods. The results show that it is simple and effective.
An engineering analysis of the externalities and benefit/cost opportunities associated with the clean-up of a dismantled uranium production plant

This paper presents a benefit/cost analysis for different alternatives considered as remedial actions to reduce potential health hazards associated with radioactive uranium tailings remaining at a dismantled mill in Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A. The analysis was carried out in two phases. Phase one considered: (1) the health hazards associated with each of the alternatives over various future time periods; (2) parametric benefit/cost analyses using various monetary values of human life and real estate; and (3) discount and inflation rates. The analysis was undertaken with and without including opportunity costs. Phase two focused on non-quantifiable constraints that had not been covered in the first phase, and eliminated nil but three of the alternatives.
Future fundamental combustion research for aeropropulsion systems

Physical fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and chemical kinetic processes which occur in the combustion chamber of aeropropulsion systems were investigated. With the component requirements becoming more severe for future engines, the current design methodology needs the new tools to obtain the optimum configuration in a reasonable design and development cycle. Research efforts in the last few years were encouraging but to achieve these benefits research is required into the fundamental aerothermodynamic processes of combustion. It is recommended that research continues in the areas of flame stabilization, combustor aerodynamics, heat transfer, multiphase flow and atomization, turbulent reacting flows, and chemical kinetics. Associated with each of these engineering sciences is the need for research into computational methods to accurately describe and predict these complex physical processes. Research needs in each of these areas are highlighted.
Identification of a 3'->5' exonuclease activity associated with human RNA polymerase II

Abstract Human RNA polymerase II is shown to be associated with a 3'-->5' exonuclease activity that removes nucleoside 5'-monophosphates from the 3' end of the transcripts in isolated ternary complexes. This activity is stimulated by SII, a protein that acts as a transcription elongation factor in vitro. In addition, we show that another transcription factor, TFIIF, stimulates a competing pyrophosphorolysis reaction. These findings raise interesting questions about the roles of these activities in vivo, including the possibility that this RNA polymerase may proofread the nascent transcript.
EFFECT OF ALIPHATIC AMINE BASES ON THE AGGREGATION OF ALKALI METAL SALTS OF 3,5-DI-TERT-BUTYLSEMIQUINONE (3,5-DBSQ)

The alkali metal salts (Li+, Na+, K+) of 3,5-di-tert-butylsemiquinone anion (3,5-DBSQ) have been prepared in the presence of three amine bases, triethylamine (TEA), tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA), and pentamethyldiethyltriamine (PMDTA), as well as in the absence of amine in two solvents, toluene and THF. EPR spectral evidence shows that for M(3,5-DBSQ), aggregation of the lithium and sodium salts is effectively prohibited by Lewis basic amines PMDTA and TMEDA, with the former being more effective than the latter. The EPR spectra of the least Lewis acidic metal ion, K+, are unaffected by addition of amines. In the absence of amines, the coordinating solvent, THF, is effective at preventing aggregation, while substantial aggregation occurs in the noncoordinating solvent, toluene. The effectiveness of PMDTA is so great that M(3,5-DBSQ) (M = Li+ and Na+) aggregation is prevented even in toluene. The combination of solution and frozen solution spectra is best for determining the presence of aggregates due ...
Characteristics of patients who die with heart failure and a low ejection fraction in the new millennium.

Abstract Background Therapies for heart failure (HF) with a low ejection fraction (EF) have delayed disease progression and prolonged survival, but the implications of these therapies on the end stages of HF have not been examined. Methods and Results Patients seen by the Brigham and Women's cardiomyopathy service with an EF ≤35%, at least 1 outpatient visit or at least 30 days of follow-up who died between January 1, 2000, and October 20, 2003, were evaluated retrospectively. Of the 160 patients who died since 2000, 80 (50%) were outpatients. In the 6 months before death, 93% of patients had New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III or IV symptoms. The NYHA class, clinical characteristics, medications, and comorbidities differed little between inpatient and outpatient deaths. Renal insufficiency and hyponatremia were worse in the months preceding death than at the time of death (creatinine: 3.2 versus 2.3 mg/dL, P P Conclusion Deaths in the current era of HF management occur in patients with long-standing HF characterized by biventricular dysfunction and advanced symptoms. Most deaths are heralded by hyponatremia, acute on chronic renal insufficiency, and frequent hospitalizations.
Mechanism of an unusual QRS pattern associated with right ventricular pacing.

Right ventricular pacing is conventionally accompanied by a QRS complex with a left bundle branch block (LBBB) morphology. Occasionally, right ventricular stimulation has been reported to result in a right bundle branch block (RBBB) QRS morphology.’ In this report, widely differing QRS complex morphologies associated with different right ventricular endocardial stimulation sites are described. J.P., a 65-year-old man with coronary artery disease and left ventricular aneurysm was admitted for recurrent ventricular tachycardia. A resting ECG showed sinus rhythm with an old inferior wall myocardial infarction and persistent ST-T changes of an inferior ventricular aneurysm. Multiple antiarrhythmic drugs, including quinidine, disopyramide, procainamide, and propranolol, were unsuccessful. Electrophysiologic studies were performed for management of this tachyarrhythmia. All antiarrhythmic therapy was withdrawn. Programmed right ventricular stimulation at multiple pacing cycle lengths demonstrated no retrograde ventriculoatrial conduction. Retrograde His bundle deflections or the V, phenomenon were not noted. A bipolar electrode catheter placed in the right ventricular apex showed LBBB paced QRS patterns. The following morning intermittent right ventricular capture was noted with an increase in threshold (7 mA). The paced QRS pattern was interpreted as extreme right axis (-240 degrees) with a RBBB morphology (Fig. 1). Fluoroscopic examination showed the catheter was within the right ventricular cavity pointing posteriorly; a free-floating catheter tip was noted on cineradiographic examination. Unipolar intracardiac electrograms demonstrated no injury currents with the catheter in situ or during its subsequent withdrawal. Repositioning in the right ventricular apex anteriorly showed normal pacing patterns for this site (Fig. 2). G.K., a 57-year-old man with known congestive cardiomyopathy was hospitalized for near syncopal episodes and congestive heart failure. A resting ECG revealed sinus tachycardia with LBBB. Holter monitoring revealed complex ventricular arrhythmias. After withdrawal of all cardioactive drugs for 36 hours, pacing during electrophysiologic studies was performed from various locations in the right ventricle. Right ventricular apical pacing
Anesthesia LXXI. Pharmacologic and physicochemical comparison of flurothyl and its isomer.

Discussion and summaryThe pharmaco-logic antagonism between the isomers is striking. It appears that each isomer is competing for its respective receptor site, namely, the convulsive or anesthetic site. In the “balanced state” the action of one is nullified by the other, and an apparently normal animal results.Not any of the physicochemical properties or measurements conducted on the isomers, flurothyl and ISO, revealed a marked difference which might be considered responsible for their respective pharmacologic responses. The surfactant phenomenon was not a constant finding with all fluorinated, convulsive ethers. We were unable to establish any relationship between this physical property and pharmacologic response; however, it was sufficiently unusual and interesting to warrant exploration.
Trends in treatment and outcomes for acute myocardial infarction: 1975-1995.

PURPOSE: To review the trends in treatment and survival for patients with acute myocardial infarction over the last 20 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Studies were identified through MEDLINE searches and review of study bibliographies. Additional data were obtained from the Health Care Financing Administration including data from Medicare claims files (part A). Thirty-day mortality rates were calculated using Medicare data and case fatality rates from the National Hospital Discharge Survey. Published meta-analyses were used to determine treatment effects. Published studies were included if they reported the use of therapies for acute myocardial infarction at a population level. Trends in the demographic characteristics of the patients as well as infarct characteristics, medication use, and revascularization were recorded. RESULTS: The use of acute treatments that are known to improve survival among patients with myocardial infarction has increased markedly during the last 20 years, leading to an estimated 9.6% reduction (from 27.0% to 17.4%) in 30-day mortality. After adjusting for potential interactions between therapies, the increase in use of aspirin, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and reperfusion can explain 71% of the decrease in the 30-day age- and sex-adjusted mortality rate from 1975 to 1995. The greatest effect of a given therapy was that of aspirin, which accounted for 34% of the decrease in 30-day mortality, followed by thrombolysis (17%), primary angioplasty (10%), beta-blockers (7%), and ACE inhibitors (3%). If other treatments (such as heparin or nonprimary angioplasty), whose effects on mortality are less certain, are included, up to 90% of the decrease in 30-day mortality can be explained by changes in treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The primary reason for the decrease in early mortality from myocardial infarction during the last 20 years appears to be increased use of effective treatments.
Herbert J Gans: an interview with Shamus Khan

SK Shamus Khan HG Herbert J. Gans SK In your Identities piece you argue that cultural sociologists can't really agree on a definition of their object. I wonder how much of a problem this is really ...
Gender differences in medical treatment: the case of physician-prescribed activity restrictions

A growing scientific literature highlights concern about the influence of social bias in medical care. Differential treatment of male and female patients has been among the documented concerns. Yet, little is known about the extent to which differential treatment of male and female patients reflects the influence of social bias or of more acceptable factors, such as different patient preferences or different anticipated outcomes of care. This paper attempts to ascertain the underlying basis for an observed differential in physicians' tendency to advice activity restrictions for male and female patients. We explore the extent to which the gender-based treatment differential is attributable to: (1) patients' health profile, (2) patients' role responsibilities, (3) patients' illness behaviors, and (4) physician characteristics. These four categories of variables correspond to four prominent social science hypotheses concerning gender differences in health and health care utilization (i.e, biological basis hypothesis, fixed role hypothesis, socialization hypothesis, physician bias hypothesis). Data are drawn from the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS), a longitudinal observational study of 1546 patients of 349 physicians practicing in three U.S. cities. Multivariate logistic regression is used to evaluate the likelihood of physician-prescribed activity restrictions for male and female patients, and to explore the absolute and relative influence of patient and physician factors on the observed treatment differential. Results reveal that the odds of prescribed activity restrictions are 3.6 times higher for female patients than for males with equivalent characteristics. The observed differential is not explained by differences in male and female patients' health or role responsibilities. Gender differences in illness behavior and physician gender biases both appear to contribute to the observed differential. Female patients exhibit more illness behavior than males, and these behaviors increase physicians' tendency to prescribe activity restrictions. After accounting for illness behavior differences and all other factors, the odds of prescribed activity restrictions among female patients of male physicians is four times that of equivalent male patients of those physicians. Medical practice, education, and research must strive to identify and remove the likely unconscious role of social bias in medical decision making.
Magnetoencephalography in epilepsy

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)-also known as magnetic source imaging when combined with magnetic resonance imaging-has developed to the point that it has now entered routine clinical application. Epilepsy MEG studies show that it can accurately localize spike sources--both ictal and interictal--as compared to both direct (intracranial EEG) and indirect (imaging abnormalities) measures. Challenges remain with difficulties in detecting complex or deep sources when recording spontaneous cerebral activity. Magnetoencephalography not only provides a novel tool to localize and characterize epileptiform disturbances, it also has an important role in determining the significance of abnormalities seen on both structural and functional imaging. Combined with mapping of normal or eloquent brain function, MEG should ultimately play a major role in the totally noninvasive epilepsy surgery evaluation.
Effect of gender, caregiver, on cholesterol control and statin use for secondary prevention among hospitalized patients with coronary heart disease.

Women with coronary heart disease (CHD) are consistently less likely than men with CHD to be at low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol goals, and the reasons for the gender gap are not established. We studied 2,190 patients with CHD or equivalent (34% women, 42% racial/ethnic minority) who participated in the Family Cardiac Caregiver Investigation to Evaluate Outcomes (FIT-O) Study and had baseline lipid data to determine whether having a paid or informal caregiver was independently associated with adherence to LDL cholesterol goals (
The Politics of Judicial Development in Indonesia

Legal approaches to judicial development in the new states of Asia and Africa seem to be inadequate for at least two reasons. One is that we cannot assume a prior knowledge of the political and social factors bearing on the process of change in these countries. The second is that by emphasizing legislative aspects of development, the spotlight is shifted away from the institutions themselves. One way of meeting these two objections is to bypass momentarily the normal function of judicial institutions and to look at them first of all as organizations like any other with group interests to defend and ambitions to pursue. From that starting point, it is possible to get a glimpse of the politics and sociology of legal and institutional change.
Impact of 18F-FDG PET/CT on the management of adrenocortical carcinoma: analysis of 106 patients

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and aggressive malignancy. Limited data are available about on value of 18F-FDG PET/CT in ACC. We evaluated the impact of PET/CT on the management of ACC. We performed a retrospective review in patients with ACC who had undergone PET/CT. The impact of PET/CT on the management plan was evaluated by comparing the findings on PET/CT to the findings on contrast-enhanced CT. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of each form of imaging were calculated. The correlations between PET/CT parameters, including maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), total lesion glycolysis, and decline in SUVmax after chemotherapy, and clinical outcome were evaluated. Included in the analysis were 106 patients with 180 PET/CT scans. Of the 106 patients, 7 underwent PET/CT only for initial staging, 84 underwent PET/CT only for restaging, and 15 underwent PET/CT for both initial staging and restaging. PET/CT changed the management plan in 1 of 22 patients (5 %) at initial staging and 9 of 99 patients (9 %) at restaging. In 5 of the patients in whom PET/CT changed the management plan, PET/CT showed response to chemotherapy but contrast-enhanced CT showed stable disease. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 100 %, 100 %, and 100 % for PET/CT at initial staging; 92.6 %, 100 %, and 96.4 % for CT at initial staging; 98.4 %, 100 %, and 99.5 % for PET/CT at restaging; and 96.8 %, 98.6 %, and 98.0 % for CT at restaging, respectively. No PET/CT parameters were associated with survival at either initial diagnosis or recurrence. PET/CT findings could substantially change the management plan in a small proportion of patients with ACC. Although lesion detection was similar between PET/CT and CT, PET/CT may be preferred for chemotherapeutic response assessment because it may predict response before anatomic changes are detected on CT.
Effects of cortical stimulation on estrous behavior in estrogen-primed ovariectomized rats.

Sexual receptivity was facilitated in estrogen-primed, ovariectomized female rats by applying current to the cortex with chronically implanted bipolar silver ball electrodes. The rats were primed with 2 μg of estradiol benzoate per day for 3 days and on the fourth day given a sexual behavior test in which male rats were allowed to mount each female 10 times. The number of lordosis responses was used as an index of estrous behavior and expressed as a lordosis quotient. The EEG was monitored before and after cortical stimulation. There was a significant increase in the lordosis quotient after 400 μA (5-sec train of monophasic rectangular pulses, 20 cps, 0.1 msec) had been applied to the cortex, and the animals displayed EEG after discharge activity, hyperlordosis responses and increased behavioral sensitivity to vaginal stimulation with a glass rod. In estrogen-primed rats cortical stimulation at 400 μA was sufficient to produce, after a latency of 5 min, a degree of sexual receptivity which was comparable ...
The minimal genome concept

Abstract Complete genome sequences are becoming available for a large number of diverse species. Quantification of gene content, of gene family expansion, of orthologous gene conservation, as well as their displacement, are now possible – laying the ground for the estimation of the minimal set of proteins sufficient for cellular life. The consensus of computational results suggests a set close to 300 genes. These predictions will be evaluated by engineering of small bacterial genomes.
The use of "overall accuracy" to evaluate the validity of screening or diagnostic tests.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluations of screening or diagnostic tests sometimes incorporate measures of overall accuracy, diagnostic accuracy, or test efficiency. These terms refer to a single summary measurement calculated from 2 × 2 contingency tables that is the overall probability that a patient will be correctly classified by a screening or diagnostic test. We assessed the value of overall accuracy in studies of test validity, a topic that has not received adequate emphasis in the clinical literature.
Youth cohorts and political unrest in South Korea

Abstract South Korea's population is currently passing through an age-structure transition featuring the emergence of a high proportion of young adults, those in the 15–24 age range. This paper describes the effect of this transition on political stability in South Korea, and uses population projections to show the potential effect of age-structure change, and discusses the efforts of the government to counteract negative features of this impact. A growing awareness among population scholars of the relation of age-structure to political instability has led them to note that in many countries unrest arises when the proportion of young adults is larger than 20 percent. Given that proportion as a possible danger level, it is projected that for South Korea as a whole, and for most provinces, the danger is almost over. However, proportions above 20 percent will likely remain in Seoul and Pusan for three or four years more. Unrest among students and young workers over the past seven years may be seen as a not surprising result of the youth bulge, and decline in levels of unrest may be expected in the relatively near future.
Life and Labor in a Seabird Colony: Hawaiian Guano Workers, 1857–70

AbstractThis article presents two parallel narratives of mid-nineteenth-century guano extraction in the Pacific Islands, one from the perspective of nesting seabirds and the other from the perspect...
Localization of nucleoside diphosphatase in the onion root tip.

Nucleoside diphosphatase activity occurs in the Golgi apparatus, on the plasmalemma, between the plasmalemma and the definitive cell wall, and in the endoplasmic reticulum of the onion root tip. The presence and/or relative concentrations of reaction product at each of these cellular sites occur in distinctive developmental patterns within the root. Cells with high NDPase activity at any combination of these sites also produce large amounts of a polysaccharide-rich product. A vacuolar activity also occurs in the pericycle and cortex in a developmentally distinctive pattern, but its location has not been correlated to polysaccharide secretory activity.
The parental care behaviour of Paratilapia polleni (Perciformes, Labroidei), a phylogenetically primitive cichlid from Madagascar, with a discussion of the evolution of maternal care in the family Cichlidae

The parental behaviour of the Madagascan cichlid,Paratilapia polleni, was studied in the laboratory. According to current hypotheses of phylogenetic intrarelationship for the family Cichlidae,Paratilapia is a representative of a phylogenetically primitive cichlid lineage, and as such is of particular interest in comparative evolutionary studies. Given the basal phylogenetic placement ofParatilapia it seems reasonable to expect that, if maternal participation in brood care arose within the extant Cichlidae, then the proposed plesiomorphic system of extensive male care of eggs and embryos may be retained in this taxon. This is not the case, and already by the fertilized-egg interval male and female roles inParatilapia are strongly differentiated with the female as the primary care giver. In addition to specialized behavioural roles, a unique egg morphology and mobile egg mass is described forParatilapia. The results of the study are discussed in the context of theories of the evolution of maternal brood care within the Cichlidae.
Iterative Linear Solvers in a 2D Radiation-Hydrodynamics Code

Computer codes containing both hydrodynamics and radiation play a central role in simulating both astrophysical and inertial confinement fusion (ICF) phenomena. A crucial aspect of these codes is that they require an implicit solution of the radiation diffusion equations. We present in this paper the results of a comparison of five different linear solvers on a range of complex radiation and radiation?hydrodynamics problems. The linear solvers used are diagonally scaled conjugate gradient, GMRES with incomplete LU preconditioning, conjugate gradient with incomplete Cholesky preconditioning, multigrid, and multigrid-preconditioned conjugate gradient. These problems involve shock propagation, opacities varying over 5?6 orders of magnitude, tabular equations of state, and dynamic ALE (Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian) meshes. We perform a problem size scalability study by comparing linear solver performance over a wide range of problem sizes from 1000 to 100,000 zones. The fundamental question we address in this paper is: Is it more efficient to invert the matrix in many inexpensive steps (like diagonally scaled conjugate gradient) or in fewer expensive steps (like multigrid)? In addition, what is the answer to this question as a function of problem size and is the answer problem dependent? We find that the diagonally scaled conjugate gradient method performs poorly with the growth of problem size, increasing in both iteration count and overall CPU time with the size of the problem and also increasing for larger time steps. For all problems considered, the multigrid algorithms scale almost perfectly (i.e., the iteration count is approximately independent of problem size and problem time step). For pure radiation flow problems (i.e., no hydrodynamics), we see speedups in CPU time of factors of ?15?30 for the largest problems, when comparing the multigrid solvers relative to diagonal scaled conjugate gradient. For the incomplete factorization preconditioners, we see a weak dependence of iteration count on problem size. The speedups observed for pure radiation flow are typically on the order of 10 relative to diagonal scaled conjugate gradient. For radiation?hydrodynamics problems, we again see multigrid scaling perfectly. However, for the problems considered, we see speedups relative to diagonal scaled conjugate gradient of no more than ?10, with incomplete Cholesky in fact either equaling or outperforming multigrid. We trace these observations to the time step control and the feature of ALE to relax distorted zones.
Stimulated Emission from a Two-Level Atom Coupled to a Waveguide

We study stimulated emission from a two-level atom coupled to a waveguide containing an incident single photon pulse. By replacing the atom with a side-coupled cavity we show that the strong photon-photon interaction induced by the atom plays a very crucial role in the stimulated emission process.
Kinetics of the reaction Cl + CH4 → CH3+ HCl from 200° to 500deg;K

The rate constant for the reaction has been determined over the temperature range of 200°–500°K using a discharge flow system with resonance fluorescence detection of atomic chlorine under conditions of large excess CH4. For 300° > T > 200°K the data are best fitted to the expression k1 = (8.2 ± 0.6) × 10−12 exp[−(1320 ± 20)/T] cm3/sec. Curvature is observed in the Arrhenius plot such that the effective activation energy increases from 2.6 kcal/mol at 200° < T < 300°K to 3.5 kcal/mol at 360° < T < 500°K. The data over the entire range may be fitted by the expression k1 = 8.6×10−18T2.11 exp[−795/T]. These results are compared with other experimental studies and with a semiempirical transition state calculation. Their atmospheric significance is discussed.
SCH28080 prevents omeprazole inhibition of the gastric H+/K+-ATPase.

The interaction between SCH28080 and omeprazole, two specific inhibitors of gastric H+/K+-ATPase, was investigated using gastric glands and isolated gastric membranes. For gastric glands, inhibition of acid formation by SCH28080 was not reversed by washing whereas inhibition by omeprazole was partially reversed after washing. These features are opposite to what is found with isolated membranes. However, if gastric glands were permeabilized with digitonin after exposure to the inhibitors and recovery measured as ATP-dependent acid formation or H+/K+-ATPase activity, inhibition by SCH28080 was completely reversed while inhibition by omeprazole was non-reversible. Using a procedure of pretreatment with inhibitors followed by permeabilization and assay of recovered activity, it was found that a combined treatment with SCH28080 plus omeprazole prevented the irreversible inhibition by omeprazole, i.e. acid forming capability and ATPase activity were fully recovered. In order to test the possibility that SCH28080 prevented activation of omeprazole by dissipating an acid environment, control experiments were performed with SCN, which gave equivalent dissipation of the acid gradient but did not prevent the irreversible inhibition by omeprazole. These results were confirmed in isolated gastric membranes where residual p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity was assayed following exposure of acid transporting vesicles to omeprazole. Compared to control conditions, omeprazole inhibited 48% of the phosphatase activity whereas simultaneous addition of SCH28080 reduced the inhibition to 14%. The results therefore suggest that SCH28080 selectively blocks irreversible inhibition by omeprazole and thus that these two agents interact at a common region of the luminal aspect of the gastric H+/K+-ATPase.
Reaction and ignition delay times in the oxidation of propane

Empirical correlations between "reaction" and "ignition delay" times and the pressure, temperature, and composition have been obtained for propaneoxygenargon mixtures. Experiments were conducted by shock heating these mixtures to initial pressures and temperatures between 0.5 and 5.5 atm and 1000° and 1600°K for equivalence ratios and dilutions in the ranges 0.1 to 1.5 and 80 to 99% Ar, respectively. The radiation emitted behind incident shock waves was monitored as a function of time simultaneously in 9 spectral channels in the wavelength range 0.23-5.1//, and the refractive index gradient-time profile was recorded using a laser-schlieren technique. Reaction times were determined from 1) the cessation of CO2 formation, 2) the termination of OH emission, and 3) termination of the refractive index gradient signal; the ignition delay times were determined from 1) an initial rise in OH emission, 2) a second rise in OH emission, and 3) the initial rise in CO2 emission. The ratio of the reaction to the ignition delay time was found to be significantly greater than one and in the case of most interest to SCRAM JET applications this ratio was as large as 50. The restrictions on the utility of the empirical correlations for reaction and ignition delay times resulting from the occurrence of detonations and the introduction of systematic error by shock wave attenuation, boundary-layer growth, flow instabilities, and the difficulty of transforming observations from laboratory to particle coordinates are discussed.
Hemangioendothelial sarcoma of penis

Hemangioendothelial sarcoma of the penis in a 44-year-old man was treated by preoperative radiation, penectomy, and chemotherapy. The patient was free of evident disease 2 years later. Electronmicroscopy showed differentiated vascular structures at the periphery of the lesion and anaplastic cells throughout the remainder of the tumor.
Structural characteristics of bias sputtered CoCrTa/Cr films

Crystallographic texture and lattice spacings of bias sputtered CoCrTa/Cr and Co/Cr thin films have been studied by X-ray diffraction. While only an insignificant change in the Co lattice spacing for the Co/Cr films was observed as the substrate bias voltage was increased, the increase in the CoCrTa lattice spacing for the CoCrTa/Cr films was substantial. The CoCrTa films showed nearly unchanged lattice spacings after a vacuum annealing for film stress release. The lattice increase appeared to be linearly proportional to the Ta content in the CoCrTa film. This implies that the Ta atoms tend to substitute randomly onto the hexagonal sites within the CoCrTa crystal grains, and that very little, if any of the Ta segregates to the grain boundaries. >
A sensorless insertion strategy for rigid planar parts

The companion paper (see ibid. "Computing wrench cones for planar contact tasks", p869 (2002)) derives an algorithm that determines the external wrenches consistent with constraints on the contact interactions between two rigid planar bodies. In this paper, we show how this algorithm may be used to create sensorless plans which guarantee that a workpiece is correctly inserted into a fixture. Our method explicitly removes all wrenches consistent with undesirable contact modes, and therefore avoids the frictional indeterminacy problem.
An adaptive system identification approach to optical trap calibration.

A method of adaptive system identification for the modeling of an optical trap’s system dynamics is presented. The system dynamics can be used to locate the corner frequency for trapping stiffness calibration using the power spectral method. The method is based on an adaptive least-mean-square (LMS) algorithm, which adjusts weights of a tapped delay line filter using a gradient descent method. The identified model is the inverse of the high order finite impulse response (FIR) filter. The model order is reduced using balanced model reduction, giving the corner frequency which can be used to calibrate the trapping stiffness. This method has an advantage over other techniques in that it is quick, does not explicitly require operator interaction, and can be acquired in real time. It is also a necessary step for an adaptive controller that can automatically update the controller for changes in the trap (e.g., power fluctuations) and for particles of different sizes and refractive indices.
THE MORPHOLOGY AND PASSIVE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF CLAW CLOSER NEURONES IN SNAPPING SHRIMP

The morphology and passive electrical properties of the dimorphic pincer and snapper claw closer neurones were examined in the snapping shrimp, Alpheus heterochelis . No differences were found between homologous pincer and snapper neurones for input resistance and length constant in the proximal portion of the axons, or for the proximal axonal and dendritic anatomies using intracellular cobalt staining. To determine the effect of cell body size upon the passive electrical properties of the neurones, we modelled the neurones by computer. The difference in cell body size causes less than a 3% change in the electrical properties of the neurone at the axon root. Thus, despite the striking behavioural dissimilarities between the pincer and snapper claws, there is no electrical or morphological basis in the claw closer neurones for this difference.
Selection and validation of predictive regression and neural network models based on designed experiments

Model selection and validation are critical in predicting the performance of manufacturing processes. The correct selection of variables minimizes the model mismatch error whereas the selection of suitable models reduces the model estimation error. Models are validated to minimize the model prediction error. In this paper, the relevant literature is reviewed and a procedure is proposed for the selection and cross-validation of predictive regression analysis and neural network models. Specifications on surface roughness and tolerances impact on manufacturing process plans, and differentiate product quality, and ultimately the product cost and lead times. Experimental data from a turning surface roughness study is used to demonstrate the developed concepts with regression and neural network techniques being used for the purpose of predictive rather than descriptive modeling.
GAMETOPHYTIC INHERITANCE IN SPHAEROCARPOS I. INTRACLONAL VARIATION, AND THE INHERITANCE OF THE TUFTED CHARACTER

Page 530, table of contents, line 20, for "580" read "579." Page 577, line 27, for "sporophyte-producing" read "sporophyte producing