cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AMPA Receptor Dynamics and Synaptic Plasticity

[Song-Hai Shi][1] was born in a small Chinese village in 1973 and attended Tsinghua University in Beijing from 1991 to 1996. Accepted into the Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Dr. Shi studied mathematics, physics, and chemistry as well as experimental biology. He then came to the United States to pursue graduate training in the Joint Genetics Program at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) and the State University of New York, Stony Brook. Working with Roberto Malinow at CSHL, Dr. Shi investigated the mechanisms of long-term potentiation. His research on the synaptic regulation of AMPA receptors in hippocampal pyramidal neurons was published in two first-author papers in Science and one in Cell . After receiving his Ph.D., Dr. Shi joined Dr. Yuh Nung Jan's laboratory in May 2001 to pursue postdoctoral work at the University of California, San Francisco. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/294/5548/1851
Dielectric properties of an epoxy resin and its composite. I: Moisture effects on dipole relaxation

Dipole relaxation dielectric loss behavior of a fiberglass-epoxy composite has been studied following submersion in polar and nonpolar organic solvents as well as in acidic and basic aqueous solutions. Certain adsorbed organic solvents, such as 1,2-dichloroethane, had little influence on the epoxy relaxation behavior. Other solvents, including chloroform, increased the composite relaxation intensity and shifted the temperature-frequency region over which the relaxation occurred. Both the amount of solvent uptake and the degree of interaction of solvent molecules with epoxy polar functional groups appear to control the amount of relaxation behavior perturbation. Arrhenius activation energies for relaxation were lowered by solvent uptake from the dry composite value of 18 kcal/M to between 6 and 16 kcal/M, depending on the solvent adsorbed. Submersion in methanol and chloroform sharply increased the direct current conductivity of the composite. Two molar acidic and basic solutions had little influence on composite dipole relaxation behavior other than the well known behavior associated with moisture uptake.
Spatial working memory: absence of gender differences in schizophrenia patients and healthy control subjects

Abstract Background: Spatial working memory dysfunction has been suggested to be a cardinal feature of schizophrenia. But schizophrenia is heterogeneous in its clinical profile, course, and outcome. One fundamental contributor to this heterogeneity may be gender. No report has yet addressed gender differences in spatial working memory, as measured by the delayed-response task (DRT). Methods: We aggregated data from three previously published studies of spatial working memory in schizophrenia and also collected DRT data from a new sample of subjects in order to examine potential gender differences in DRT performance. Results: As previously reported, schizophrenia patients ( n = 71) showed deficits in spatial working memory relative to normal control subjects ( n = 213), however, no within-group or between-group gender differences were present. Conclusions: These findings provide evidence for the absence of gender differences in spatial working memory function.
Role of the pituitary in controlling aldosterone production in sodium-depleted rats.

In sodium-depleted rats an intact pituitary was found to be essential for normal stimulation and maintenance of aldosterone production. To define better this pituitary involvement the effects on aldosterone production of whole and posterior pituitary extracts, ACTH, GH, FSH, LH and l-thyroxin injections were studied in hypophysectomized rats fed a diet low in sodium. None of the injections resulted in aldosterone secretion rates which approached those measured in intact, sodium-depleted rats. Whole pituitary extracts, ACTH and GH had some aldosterone stimulatory effect. In order to avoid the effects of prolonged hypophysectomy, rats were first sodium depleted and then hypophysectomized. The ability of pituitary hormones to maintain the elevated aldosterone secretion and in vitro production rate was studied. ACTH only partially maintained aldosterone secretion and in vitro production while maintaining corticosterone production in vitro. GH also partially maintained aldosterone secretion and production but ...
The rearrangement of acetylene, benzene, ethane, ethylene, methane and naphthalene in a microwave discharge

The rearrangement of ethane, ethylene and methane (Group A) and of acetylene, benzene and naphthalene (Group B) was studied in a microwave discharge. Hydrogen was the major gaseous rearrangement product of Group A hydrocarbons with small amounts of low-molecular weight hydrocarbons. No gases were detectable on rearrangement of Group B hydrocarbons. A film with a characteristic H/C ratio was the rearrangement product of any of the gases. All films took up additional hydrogen from a hydrogen discharge and approached a limiting H/C ratio of 1·6. Films with lower H/C ratios took up proportionally greater amounts of hydrogen. X-Ray and electron diffraction studies of the films showed that the films were amorphous. Other properties of the films produced from the two groups were markedly different. Infra-red analyses indicated that the films from Group B were more unsaturated than those from Group A but neither set contained aromatic bonding. The films from Group B exhibited high concentrations of free spins. The results are consistent with a rearrangement mechanism which is independent of the type of bonding in the original hydrocarbon. The mechanism may involve CH.
Effect of cement paste on drinking water

When water conduits are made of concrete or are lined with cement mortar, the cement paste can be leached by water. This occurs to a significant degree if the water remains in prolonged contact with the cement paste. The consequences of leaching are an increase in pH and in the content of CaCO3. Recent rules of the European Union endeavour to deal with this problem. As the tolerable amount of leachate depends on the original properties of the water, tests are not easy to perform. The use of admixtures and of high-alumina cement are discussed. The actual levels of various chemical species in different waters in service and of tolerable quantities of these species need to be established so that a safe use of cement in conduits can be assured.
Chronic constipation in overweight children.

Background: Obesity and functional constipation seem to share a common biopsychosocial model of causation. Though chronic constipation can significantly affect the quality of life of an overweight child, this association has not been highlighted in the literature. The purpose of this study was to compare the proportion of overweight children among children with chronic constipation with a control group of children with normal bowel habits. Methods: Retrospective chart review with a control population. One hundred one consecutive children 5–18 years of age referred to the Subspecialty Clinic for functional constipation were the study group. The control group consisted of 100 consecutive children from the general pediatric practice seen for physicals and minor illnesses. Children with a body mass index (BMI) of >85 percentile from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) 2000 chart were classified as overweight. Results: The control and study groups were statistically comparable in mean age (10.97± 3.83 year...
THE ACTION OF IMMUNE SERUM ON HUMAN INFLUENZA VIRUS IN VITRO

Studies have been conducted on the effect of immune serum upon a strain of human influenza virus (PR8) grown in chick embryo tissue culture medium. The results have demonstrated (a) that when cells are exposed to the action of immune serum of high titer and subsequently washed freely, these cells support the growth of virus as well as cells treated with normal serum; (b) that, in agreement with the results of other workers, when virus is added to cell suspensions before the addition of immune serum of low titer, virus survives in the cells; (c) that when mixtures of immune serum of low titer and virus are added to cells, there is little evidence of survival or multiplication of the virus. Furthermore, when immune serum of high titer is used the virus is inactivated regardless of whether the cells are first exposed to virus or immune serum. Finally, virus mixed with a strong immune serum is inactivated in the absence of cells, as shown by the fact that centrifugation at high speeds of such serum-virus mixtures yields no active virus, whereas normal serum-virus mixtures yield fully active virus.
Use of auto-by-cross correlation for the quantification of transient signals in multiphoton photoionization spectroscopy

Abstract The technique of auto-by-cross correlation (ABCC) is explored as an alternative to gated integration for the quantification of transient signals in spectroscopy. ABCC combines the simplicity of autocorrelation with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) near that of cross-correlation. ABCC has been applied to the transient photocurrent signals generated by laser-excited photoionization of an organic test molecule in a polar solvent. It is demonstrated that the SNR is within a factor of two of gated integration and cross-correlation. These results are attained with the use of digital and analog signal processing and for flow-injection analysis with analog processing. System noise characteristics are studied to demonstrate the fact that the arrangement used is not, in fact, optimum owing to problems unique to photoconductive detection of the photoionization event. It is also demonstrated that rigorous timing of the detection circuitry is not required for optimum SNR with ABCC, allowing the elimination of relatively complex and expensive signal processing equipment.
Clinical implications of appetite suppressants

A 41-YEAR-OLD woman with a past medical history significant for asthma, tubal ligation, and mild systemic hypertension presented with the chief complaint of severe exertional dyspnea. She was essentially well until 6 weeks before presentation when she began to experience exertional dyspnea that progressed rapidly over the next few weeks. Her systemic hypertension had been wellcontrolled by lisinopril 10 mg/d and she was using inhaled bronchodilators and occasional steroid therapy to treat her asthma. Approximately 7 months before presentation, the patient, who was a long-time smoker (10 pack-year), had asked her primary care physician to prescribe an appetite suppressant. Although not markedly overweight, she intended to quit smoking and was concerned about possible weight gain following smoking cessation. Fen-phen (fenfluramine with phentermine) was prescribed, which the patient took daily for approximately 4 months. The drug was discontinued by the patient when she began experiencing nausea and vomiting, which she associated with drug intake. There was no history of illicit drug use, human immunodeficiency virus risk factors, connective tissue disease, or liver disease. Physical examination revealed a moderately overweight woman (92 kg and 163 cm), but was otherwise normal. A chest x-ray film revealed clear lungs and a significantly enlarged cardiac silhouette compared with a normal examination obtained 1.5 years previously. An echocardiogram revealed a markedly dilated right atrium and ventricle, septal paradoxical motion, 3+ tricuspid regurgitation, and an estimated pulmonary systolic pressure greater than 80 mm Hg. The left ventricular function was normal. The diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension was confirmed by right heart catheterization. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure was 50 mm Hg and pulmonary vascular resistance index 824 dynes, s/cmS/m 2. A ventilation-perfusion scan and Doppler studies of the lower extremities were normal. Acute drug testing with oral calcium channel blocker, performed under hemodynamic monitoring, resulted in a 30% reduction in mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance index. The patient was given 120 mg of diltiazem slow release twice a day, which significantly improved her tolerance to exercise as assessed by a 6-minute walk test. She was also given warfarin daily. She remains stable on therapy 10 months after diagnosis, although a repeat echocardiogram has revealed no change in estimated pulmonary artery pressure.
Study of the polymerization of ethylene over homogenous R2V(OtBu))2ErmEtnAlCl2−n catalytic systems☆

Abstract The system R n V ( Ot  Bu ) 4− n (R= Mem CH 2 Ph , n =0, 2)-Al(C 2 H 5 ) 2 Cl is shown to be an ethylene polymerization catalyst. The type of ligand present on the vanadium atom has been established to affect the thermal stability and the catalytic activity of such systems.
Major Depression and Disability in Older Primary Care Patients With Heart Failure

The purpose of this study was to examine the association between dependence in activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental ADL (IADL) and major depression among 415 community-dwelling primary...
The rete mirabile cranica in the genus Mobula: A comparative study

Devil rays (Mobulidae) have large brains that rest in a voluminous chondrocranium almost completely filled by a rete mirabile cranica (RMC). The RMC is a massive arterial network grossly divisible into a "caudal RMC" supplying blood to the brain, and an expanded, more complex "precerebral RMC" nested within the large cranial cavity rostral to the telencephalon. Both the caudal and precerebral retia originate from the posterior portion of the profundae cerebri arteries, which lie ventral to the brain and form the sides of a vascular triangle, the base of which is anterior and formed by the joining of the internal carotids; the vertex is posterior and median, corresponding to the anterior extreme of the spinalis impar artery. Vessels of the caudal RMC branch posteriorly from the profundae cerebri and course over and into the brain. Vessels branching more anteriorly course rostrally to form the precerebral RMC, which takes the shape of the cranial cavity and completely envelops the olfactory peduncles. Large retial arteries (1-mm diameter) branch and taper to about 50-150 μm, forming a system of small arteries or arterioles. Many give rise to a mesh of tertiary vessels (precapillary arterioles or capillaries, ca. 20-50 μm in diameter), which, along with arterioles, are embedded in the adventitia of these arteries, with which they communicate by numerous anastomoses. Although the function of the RMC remains enigmatic, its complexity and fine structure are suggestive, and hypotheses of its role are discussed.
Rapid Memory CD8+ T-Lymphocyte Induction through Priming with Recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis

The most promising vaccine strategies for the induction of cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte responses have been heterologous prime/boost regimens employing a plasmid DNA prime and a live recombinant-vector boost. The priming immunogen in these regimens must elicit antigen-specific memory CD8+ T lymphocytes that will expand following the boosting immunization. Because plasmid DNA immunogens are expensive and their immunogenicity has proven disappointing in human clinical trials, we have been exploring novel priming immunogens that might be used in heterologous immunization regimens. Here we show that priming with a prototype recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis strain expressing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120-elicited CD4+ T lymphocytes with a functional profile of helper cells as well as a CD8+ T-lymphocyte population. These CD8+ T lymphocytes rapidly differentiated to memory cells, defined on the basis of their cytokine profile and expression of CD62L and CD27. Moreover, these recombinant-mycobacterium-induced T lymphocytes rapidly expanded following boosting with a recombinant adenovirus expressing HIV-1 Env to gp120-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes. This work demonstrates a remarkable skewing of recombinant-mycobacterium-induced T lymphocytes to durable antigen-specific memory CD8+ T cells and suggests that such immunogens might be used as priming vectors in prime/boost vaccination regimens for the induction of cellular immune responses.
On the expressibility of stochastic switching circuits

Stochastic switching circuits are relay circuits that consist of stochastic switches (that we call pswitches). We study the expressive power of these circuits; in particular, we address the following basic question: given an arbitrary integer q, and a pswitch set {1/q, 2/q, …, q−1/q}, can we realize any rational probability with denominator qn (for arbitrary n) by a simple series-parallel stochastic switching circuit? In this paper, we generalized previous results and prove that when q is a multiple of 2 or 3 the answer is positive. We also show that when q is a prime number the answer is negative. In addition, we prove that any desired probability can be approximated well by a linear in n size circuit, with error less than q−n.
Isometric scaling in home-range size of male and female bobcats (Lynx rufus)

For solitary carnivores a polygynous mating system should lead to predictable patterns in space-use dynamics. Females should be most influenced by resource distribution and abundance, whereas polygynous males should be strongly influenced by female spatial dynamics. We gathered mean annual home-range-size estimates for male and female bobcats (Lynx rufus (Schreber, 1777)) from previous studies to address variation in home-range size for this solitary, polygynous carnivore that ranges over much of North America. Mean annual home ranges for bobcats (171 males, 214 females) from 29 populations covering the entire north to south and east to west range demonstrated female home-range sizes varied more than an order of magnitude and that, on average, males maintained home ranges 1.65 times the size of females. Male home-range sizes scaled isometrically with female home-range sizes indicating that male bobcats increase their home-range size proportional to female home-range size. Using partial correlation analysis we also detected an inverse re- lationship between environmental productivity, estimated using the normalized difference vegetation index, and home- range size for females but not males. This study provides one of the few empirical assessments of how polygyny influen- ces home-range dynamics for a wide-ranging carnivore.
Tools and procedures for robust control of nonlinear systems

We review some of the existing results on the Lyapunov design of robustly stabilizing feedback laws for uncertain nonlinear systems. Using the concept of a robust control Lyapunov function, we present robust backstepping tools and demonstrate how they can be used in systematic design procedures. >
Crossing Spatial and Temporal Boundaries in Globally Distributed Projects: A Relational Model of Coordination Delay

In globally distributed projects, members have to deal with spatial boundaries (different cities) and temporal boundaries (different work hours) because other members are often in cities within and across time zones. For pairs of members with spatial boundaries and no temporal boundaries (those in different cities with overlapping work hours), synchronous communication technologies such as the telephone, instant messaging (IM), and Web conferencing provide a means for real-time interaction. However, for pairs of members with spatial and temporal boundaries (those in different cities with nonoverlapping work hours), asynchronous communication technologies, such as e-mail, provide a way to interact intermittently. Using survey data from 675 project members (representing 5,674 pairs of members) across 108 projects in a multinational semiconductor firm, we develop and empirically test a relational model of coordination delay. In our model, the likelihood of delay for pairs of members is a function of the spatial and temporal boundaries that separate them, as well as the communication technologies they use to coordinate their work. As expected, greater use of synchronous web conferencing reduces coordination delay for pairs of members in different cities with overlapping work hours relative to pairs of members with nonoverlapping work hours. Unexpectedly, greater use of asynchronous e-mail does not reduce coordination delay for pairs of members in different cities with nonoverlapping work hours, but rather reduces coordination delay for those with overlapping work hours. We discuss the implications of our findings that temporal boundaries are more difficult to cross with communication technologies than spatial boundaries.
Oxidation of Escherichia coli Sulfhydryl Components by the Peroxidase-Hydrogen Peroxide-Iodide Antimicrobial System

The chemical modification of bacterial components was studied following incubation of Escherichia coli with the peroxidase-hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-iodide (I(-)) antimicrobial system or with iodine (I(2)). The oxidation of cell sulfhydryls and the iodination of cell components were measured. Both the peroxidase system and I(2) oxidized sulfhydryls. When the I(-) concentration in the peroxidase system was greater than 100 muM, the peroxidase system and I(2) were equivalent. That is, sulfhydryl oxidation or killing per mole of H(2)O(2) equaled that per mole of I(2). These results were consistent with peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of I(-) to yield 1 mol of I(2) per mol of H(2)O(2). Sulfhydryls were oxidized to yield sulfenic acids and free I(-). With I(-) concentrations in the range of 10 to 100 muM, the amount of sulfhydryls oxidized by the peroxidase system could exceed the amount of I(-). Because the oxidation of sulfhydryls to sulfenic acids did not consume I(-), one I(-) ion could participate in the oxidation of many sulfhydryls. With I(-) concentrations lower than 10 muM, complete oxidation of sulfhydryls was not obtained. Incorporation of I(-) into iodinated derivatives of bacterial components partly depleted the system of I(-) and limited the formation of I(2). These results indicated that antimicrobial activity was due to peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of I(-) to I(2), followed by I(2) oxidation of cell components. There was a direct relationship between sulfhydryl oxidation and antimicrobial action. Although iodination of bacterial components accompanied sulfhydryl oxidation, the amount of I(-) incorporation was not directly related to antimicrobial action. Also, incorporation of I(-) interfered with antimicrobial action at low I(-) concentrations.
Sperm output and hormone concentrations in finn and dorset rams exposed to long- and short-day lighting

Seasonal changes in photoperiod have a substantial effect on sexual behavior and reproduction in rams. Little information is available on sperm output from high libido versus average libido rams subjected to intensive semen collection while being exposed to controlled short versus long photoperiods. Six Finn and six Dorset rams were compared in a reversal design, which allowed rams of both breeds to be exposed to 8 h versus 16 h of light. During each of two 84-d periods rams were subjected twice to an initial depletion of epididymal sperm reserves by collecting up to 26 ejaculates of semen in 3 d, followed by up to 10 ejaculates per day, 1, 3, 5, and 7 d after the initial depletion. A total of 2673 semen samples were collected. Nearly twice as many ejaculates (63.6% of the total) were obtained from Finn rams as from Dorset rams during both the initial and subsequent 3-d sperm depletion periods. This difference in libido was associated with obtaining 33.6 ± 3.1 × 109 sperm from Finn rams versus 10.0 ± 2.2 × 109 sperm from Dorset rams during the initial depletion period (P 0.05) in Finn rams, but may have affected Dorset rams. With 16 h of light, prolactin was significantly (P < 0.05) increased in both breeds, particularly in Finn rams. Testosterone in both breeds followed an endogenous rhythm, not affected by the change in controlled photoperiods.
The β-cleavage reaction in ethers

β-Cleavage in n-butyl ethyl ether occurs neither by simple bond fission with oxiranium ion formation nor by a mechanism analogous to the γ-cleavage reaction in carbonyl compounds, but instead it involves skeletal rearrangement within the butyl chain.
Characterization of a Cabbage Off-flavor in Whey Protein Isolate

Whey protein isolate (WPI) is a value-added protein with multiple ingredient applications. A bland flavor is expected in WPI, and off-flavors can limit its use in foods. Recently, a cabbage off-flavor was noted in some WPI. The objective of this study was to characterize the source of cabbage flavor in WPI. WPI with and without cabbage flavor were collected, and descriptive sensory analysis was conducted on the rehydrated WPI using a trained panel and a previously identified sensory language. Volatile compounds were extracted by solvent extraction followed by solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE), followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-olfactometry (GCO), to identify and characterize aroma-active compounds. Dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) (cabbage aroma) was identified by GCO and GC-MS in WPI with the cabbage flavor. DMTS was quantified by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with GC-MS. Orthonasal thresholds of DMTS in deodorized water and WPI were determined by ascending forced choice analysis, and descriptive analysis of model systems was used to confirm instrumental results. DMTS levels were 1.94 ± 0.26 and 3.25 ± 0.61 parts per billion (ppb) in WPI with cabbage flavor, and 0.44 ± 0.25 and 0.43 ± 0.18 ppb in those without cabbage flavor. The orthonasal thresholds for DMTS in water and WPI were 0.07 ± 1.28 parts per trillion (ppt) and 0.80 ± 0.45 ppb, respectively. Descriptive analysis of model systems confirmed the role of DMTS in the cabbage off-flavor. Knowledge of the source of this flavor will aid in identification of ways to minimize or prevent DMTS formation in WPI.
On the Roles, Values, and Performance of Future Artists: a Conceptual and Empirical Exploration*

(1968). On the Roles, Values, and Performance of Future Artists: a Conceptual and Empirical Exploration. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 516-530.
Three-dimensional densitometric assessment of coronary artery stenosis

Biplane densitometric measurements of area reduction percentages in coronary arteries should result in equal values for both planes. Strong discrepancies have, however, been reported by some authors. To examine the role of an inadequate spatial orientation of the cross sections relative to the X-rays of both planes, stenoses of sixty-four patients were measured in biplane digital angiograms. First, the densitometric areas of the reference and stenotic cross sections and the resulting area reduction percentages were computed in each plane. Then, the four spatial angles between vessel axis and X-rays needed to correct the densitometric areas for inadequate orientation of the corresponding cross sections in space were determined by 3D-reconstruction of the relevant vessel segments. Comparison of the interplane correlation of the area reduction percentages before and after correction of the densitometric cross sectional areas showed that the initial discrepancies were more than halved.
School Vouchers: Does Increased Competition Benefit the Masses?

The following review attempts to organize and consolidate these competing schools of thought [about school voucher programs]. In the next section, I will summarize the different policies implemented by state and national institutions, as well as their varying degrees of effectiveness. Later sections will discuss public school inefficiencies and nonmarket interactions such as the peer effect. A concluding section summarizes the policy implications of the review and discusses potential directions for future research. This article is available in The Park Place Economist: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol15/iss1/13 The Park Place Economist, Volume XV 47 School Vouchers: Does Increased Competition Benefit the Masses? Anna Konradi
Dynamic Topography Estimates Using Geosat Data and A Gravimetric Geoid In the Gulf Stream Region

SUMMARY A gravimetric geoid undulation, on a 3' x 3' grid has been calculated in the Gulf Stream region: 30" 5 @ I 45", 278" 5 ,I 5 318". These undulations were calculated using two 360 potential coefficient models, land, ship and altimeter-derived gravity anomalies, and bathymetric data. Least-squares collocation and fast Fourier transform procedures were used with various data selection and gridding procedures. Results from five different undulation computations are described with comparisons made with synthetic geoid undulations along Geosut tracks in the region. The standard deviation of the undulation differences was f14cm when a cubic polynomial was used to model long-wavelength errors. A point verification of the geoid undulation at the laser tracking station on Bermuda was also made with a discrepancy ('ground truth' minus model undulation) of 40 cm, within the predicted standard deviation. The gravimetric geoid undulation was used to compute dynamic topography along Geosat tracks for comparison with existing estimates based on hydrographic data in the Gulf Stream region. The agreement between these two estimates is on the order of f15 cm although the discrepancies can reach 60 cm. The larger differences are usually associated with a location on a track that passes near a seamount where the gravity data may be inadequate to represent the high-frequency variations in the geoid undulations. This effect will be represented in the undulation standard deviations that have been calculated using the least-squares collocation procedure. The average accuracy is fl6cm with the range from f14 to f48cm. The dynamic height derived from the gravimetric undulations and altimeter data has been used to calculate characteristics of the Gulf Stream (width, velocity, centre location, height profile) using an implied velocity model for the set. The results are compared with previous estimates with generally good agreement. However, the maximum velocities and the jump function are approximately 30 per cent larger than previous studies that used an average of altimeter tracks to define the geoid undulation. The dynamic topography was calculated for the entire region using a mean sea surface based on Geos-3, Seasat and Geosat data. The results are compared with two hydrographic estimates due to Martel/Wunsch and LeTraon/Mercier. The agreement is at the f25cm level with the best correlation coefficient reaching 0.72 with the Martel/Wunsch model.
Is there an association between multiple myeloma and prostate cancer

In a series of 700 consecutive patients with prostate cancer, four patients were noted to have a history of multiple myeloma. An association between prostate cancer and multiple myeloma had not been previously described. An exploratory investigation of the biological basis of these two malignancies was undertaken to determine a possible mechanism for this association. A review of the genetic, molecular and chemical basis of prostate cancer and multiple myeloma development and progression is presented. A model suggesting the possible impact of immunosuppression from multiple myeloma and chemokines released by circulating myeloma cells including IGF-1, IL6, SDF1 and VEGF on the progression of prostate cancer to detectable stages is presented.
Evaluation and management of diabetic and non-diabetic hypoglycemia in end-stage renal disease

Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) regardless of diabetes status are at increased risk of hypoglycemia with a resultant array of adverse clinical outcomes. Therefore, hypoglycemia should be thoroughly evaluated in ESRD patients. In diabetic dialysis patients, hypoglycemic agents and nutritional alterations can trigger hypoglycemia in the background of diminished gluconeogenesis, reduced insulin clearance by the kidney and improved insulin sensitivity following initiation of renal replacement therapy. Detailed evaluation of antidiabetic regimen and nutritional patterns, patient education on self-monitoring of blood glucose and/or referral to a diabetes specialist may reduce risk of subsequent hypoglycemia. In certain situations, it is important to recognize the possibility of non-diabetic causes of hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes and to avoid treating pseudo-hyperglycemia caused by glucose- non-specific glucometers in patients utilizing icodextrin-based solutions for peritoneal dialysis. Adrenal insufficiency, certain medications, malnutrition and/or infection are among the most common causes of hypoglycemia in non-diabetic ESRD patients, and they should be suspected after exclusion of inadvertent use of hypoglycemic agents. The goal of this review article is to summarize approaches and recommendations for the work up and treatment of hypoglycemia in ESRD.
LATE TRIASSIC GASTROCHAENID AND LITHOPHAGINID BORINGS (MOLLUSCA: BIVALVIA) FROM NEVADA (USA) AND AUSTRIA

The endolithic life habit has evolved several times in the Bivalvia, e.g., in the superfamilies Modiolopsoidea (family Modiolopsidae), Mytiloidea (family Mytilidae, subfamily Lithophaginae), Arcoidea (family Arcidae), Cardioidea (family Tridacnidae), Veneroidea (family Petricolidae), Gastrochaenoidea, Myoidea (family Myidae), Hiatelloidea, and Pholadoidea (families Pholadidae and Teredinidae) (Otter, 1937; Yonge, 1963; Cox, 1969; Carter, 1978; Kleemann, 1980). The oldest known definite bivalve borings are Ordovician slotlike depressions in stromatoporoids, made by the facultative nestler/borer modiolopsid Corallidomus Whitfield, 1893 [1895] (Pojeta and Palmer, 1976; Wilson and Palmer, 1988). Pojeta and Palmer (1976) and Morton (1990) cited Corallidomus as the ancestor of the Lithophaginae. However, lithophaginids more likely evolved from modiolinid mytilids, which in turn evolved from modiolopsids (Fang and Morris, 1997; Fang, 1998; Carter et al., 2000). Lithophaga -like shells are known from the Carboniferous and Permian, but these Upper Paleozoic examples are not known to have been endolithic (Kleemann, 1983, 1990, table 2). Wilson and Palmer (1998) attributed certain borings without associated shells in Upper Carboniferous limestone cobbles to lithophaginids because the borings are widest near their anterior end and they lack a constricted neck. However, if, as Wilson and Palmer suggested, these borings are not posteriorly truncated, then their openings are relatively much wider than typical lithophaginid borings. One boring illustrated by Wilson and Palmer (1998, fig. 4) has an irregular anterior cross-sectional shape that is unlike lithophaginid and gastrochaenid borings. This irregularity recalls the Early Ordovician ichnospecies Gastrochaenolites oelandicus Ekdale and Bromley, 2001, which is similarly vase-shaped. Ekdale and Bromley (2001) noted that the latter boring predates known endolithic bivalves, so they attributed it to an unknown invertebrate. Fully endolithic bivalves, i.e., borers with the shell entirely enclosed by hard substrate except for a constricted posterior aperture, first appeared in the …
Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase Deficiency: Report of a Second Family

Recent advances in the understanding of human purine metabolism have been stimulated by the discovery of specific inborn errors of this pathway in man. In particular, the demonstration of the deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome and in some patients with gout has contributed essential information on the regulation of purine biosynthesis de novo and on the critical role of this reutilization pathway in central nervous system function in man. The search for other disorders led to the description of a partial deficiency of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) in four members in three generations of one family. Each of the subjects partially deficient in APRT exhibited a normal serum urate concentration and the propositus had a normal excretion of uric acid (Kelley, et al., 1968). We have investigated a second family partially deficient in APRT (Fox and Kelley, in press).
The LonA protease regulates biofilm formation, motility, virulence, and the type VI secretion system in Vibrio cholerae

ABSTRACT The presence of the Lon protease in all three domains of life hints at its biological importance. The prokaryotic Lon protease is responsible not only for degrading abnormal proteins but also for carrying out the proteolytic regulation of specific protein targets. Posttranslational regulation by Lon is known to affect a variety of physiological traits in many bacteria, including biofilm formation, motility, and virulence. Here, we identify the regulatory roles of LonA in the human pathogen Vibrio cholerae. We determined that the absence of LonA adversely affects biofilm formation, increases swimming motility, and influences intracellular levels of cyclic diguanylate. Whole-genome expression analysis revealed that the message abundance of genes involved in biofilm formation was decreased but that the message abundances of those involved in virulence and the type VI secretion system were increased in a lonA mutant compared to the wild type. We further demonstrated that a lonA mutant displays an increase in type VI secretion system activity and is markedly defective in colonization of the infant mouse. These findings suggest that LonA plays a critical role in the environmental survival and virulence of V. cholerae. IMPORTANCE Bacteria utilize intracellular proteases to degrade damaged proteins and adapt to changing environments. The Lon protease has been shown to be important for environmental adaptation and plays a crucial role in regulating the motility, biofilm formation, and virulence of numerous plant and animal pathogens. We find that LonA of the human pathogen V. cholerae is in line with this trend, as the deletion of LonA leads to hypermotility and defects in both biofilm formation and colonization of the infant mouse. In addition, we show that LonA regulates levels of cyclic diguanylate and the type VI secretion system. Our observations add to the known regulatory repertoire of the Lon protease and the current understanding of V. cholerae physiology.
Affect and Future Orientation as They Relate to Performance and Test Anxiety

The effects on task performance of affect toward and perceived future importance of a task were examined in 86 high- and 83 low-test anxious students. Results showed that high affect increased performance of students high and low in anxiety about equally. The effect of future orientation was more specific. Students low in anxiety performed significantly better than students high in anxiety in the high but not the low future-oriented group. Affect and future orientation increment performance by different means.
Intrastromal antifungal injection with secondary lamellar interface infusion for late-onset infectious keratitis after DSAEK.

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to report the successful medical management of 2 cases of late-onset endothelial keratoplasty-related stromal interface infections. METHODS All cases of endothelial keratoplasty-related infections treated with intrastromal antifungal injections were compiled. The following information was collected: demographic data, surgical indications, donor rim cultures, donor mate outcomes, clinical course, diagnostic tests, and clinical outcome. RESULTS Two cases of interface fungal keratitis diagnosed on clinical appearance and confocal microscopy were identified. Both patients refused to undergo further surgery and failed systemic and/or topical therapy. Each received 3 to 4 intrastromal injections, with secondary infusion into the graft-host interface, which resulted in the complete involution of their interface opacities. CONCLUSIONS Intrastromal antifungal injection may be an effective alternative to surgical intervention in late-onset fungal Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty interface keratitis. Early treatment may preserve graft viability and result in a good visual outcome without the need for either penetrating keratoplasty or potential pathogen exposure to the anterior chamber.
Interinstitutional Variation in Emerging Adulthood Does Selectivity Matter

Research has examined variation in emerging adulthood across demographic groups and across different countries. Yet no research has explored emerging adulthood across students enrolled in different...
Application and Perspective of Conservation Action Planning(CAP) in China

Nature reserve is the largest category of the protected areas in China.However,the many nature reserves haven' t been managed effectively and scientifically due to various threats and constraints.Systematic and scientific conservation methods are vital to improve protection effectiveness.Conservation Action Planning(CAP),widely used in nature resources management in nature reserves and other protected areas,is an approach following project management process and will help the conservation practitioners focus on focal targets and critical threats.In review of the main conservation planning methods used in China,this study focused on formation,process and characteristics of CAP,as well as summarized application status and challenges in promoting application of CAP in China.Based on application and research of CAP,application perspectives of CAP in China have been carried out.
PRELIMINARY STUDY ON SPACE MUTAGENESIS OF THREE SPECIES OF WOODY PLANTS

Dry seeds of three woody plants,Xanthoceras sorbifolia,Acer mono and Robiniap pseudoacacia,were carried into space by the return satellite for mutation breeding.The seed vigor,leaf pigments of seedlings,MDA contents and growth volume were analyzed.Compared with the earth control,the seed vigor of three woody plants were extremely improved by space-induced mutation,the seed germination rate,planting and survival rate of seedlings were all higher than those of earth control,and the MDA contents of Xanthoceras sorbifolia and Acer mono were declined.The leaf pigments content of the trees were all lower than those of the control,specially Robinia pseudoacacia and Acer mono,which were both significantly different from their control at 0.01 levels.The growth volume of the mutation group were inhibited in the first year;however,from the second year,the growth of Xanthoceras sorbifolia and Acer mono were faster than those of control,indicating that the space mutation can promote the seed vigor and seedling resistance of three woody plants.
Trends, Changes with Administration and Spatial Dispersion

Psychiatric repression of Soviet political and religious agitators peaked in 19711 and 1972, measured in terms of new forced hospitalizations in this examination of the 1928–912 period (see Figure 5.1). After a drop to low levels in 1974 and 1976, court-ordered compulsory hospitalizations again built slowly to another relative maximum in 1982, when a December amnesty carefully excluded political detainees. Unlike court-mandated commitments, new administrative detentions did not subside in the mid-seventies. They show at least a local peak in 1974, for President Ford’s trip to Vladivostok, with local hospitals at capacity. As an evident effort to avoid World Psychiatric Association censure, which nevertheless took place in August of 1977, administrative hospitalizations were reduced in that year, but rebounded exponentially over the next three years. (See Figures 5.1–5.3.)
Fiscal slack, budget shocks, and performance in public organizations: evidence from public schools

ABSTRACTSome scholars equate fiscal slack with organizational inefficiency, while others argue that it is a useful environmental buffer. This study takes the first step in reconciling these opposing views, by classifying fiscal slack as absorbed and unabsorbed slack in public organizations. In a sample of 1,000 Texas public school districts over 17 years, fund balance (unabsorbed fiscal slack) does not seem to affect student performance, unless there is a major downward budget shock. In the absence of a negative budget shock, non-instructional spending per pupil (absorbed fiscal slack) has a negative impact on performance change in an average school district, but no meaningful impact on student performance during a major budget shock.
Engaging the Educators: Facilitating Civic Engagement Through Faculty Development

Incorporating civic engagement into academically rigorous classroom practice requires the retooling of course delivery. In this article, the authors describe an 8-week seminar that acts as a structured, incentivized opportunity for course redesign for Salisbury University (Maryland) faculty who wish to incorporate rigorous and effective civic engagement across the liberal arts curriculum. Lessons learned include the effect of providing space for discussion and pedagogical imagining, the importance of disciplinary literacy and social responsibility, perspectives for dealing with differing faculty expecations of student engagement, strategies for moving beyond roadblocks, and challenges posed by concepts of citizenship and “civic” within the seminar.
Verifying Continuous-time Stochastic Hybrid Systems via Mori-Zwanzig model reduction

In this work, we develop a method for verifying Continuous-time Stochastic Hybrid Systems (CTSHSs) using the Mori-Zwanzig model reduction method, whose behaviors are specified by Metric Interval Temporal Logic (MITL) formulas. By partitioning the state space of the CTSHS and computing the optimal transition rates between partitions, we provide a procedure to both reduce a CTSHS to a Continuous-Time Markov Chain (CTMC), and the associated MITL formulas defined on the CTSHS to MITL specifications on the CTMC. We prove that an MITL formula on the CTSHS is true (or false) if the corresponding MITL formula on the CTMC is robustly true (or false) under certain perturbations. In addition, we propose a stochastic algorithm to complete the verification. Finally, as an example, we implement the method in a Billiard Problem.
Spindle cell lesions of the breast: Multimodality imaging and clinical differentiation of pathologically similar neoplasms

Spindle cell lesions of the breast comprise a wide-range of entities including reactive, benign and malignant proliferations. They can be pathologically challenging to differentiate as there is often immunohistochemical and morphologic similarities with characteristic spindle shaped cellular patterns. Radiological and pathological correlation is essential. Radiology detects, defines the size and extent, and assists in localizing the lesions. Pathology confirms the diagnosis and provides prognostic parameters. Familiarity with the clinicoradiological features of these diagnostically challenging lesions helps to establish an accurate pathological diagnosis and subsequent clinical decision making.
Integrated CO2 Storage and Brine Extraction

Abstract Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) can reduce CO2 emissions from fossil fuel power plants by injecting CO2 into deep saline aquifers for storage. CCUS typically increases reservoir pressure which increases costs, because less CO2 can be injected, and risks such as induced seismicity. Extracting brine with enhanced water recovery (EWR) from the CO2 storage reservoir can manage and reduce pressure in the formation, decrease the risks linked to reservoir overpressure (e.g., induced seismicity), increase CO2 storage capacity, and enable CO2 plume management. We modeled scenarios of CO2 injection with EWR into the Rock Springs Uplift (RSU) formation in southwest Wyoming. The Finite Element Heat and Mass Transfer Code (FEHM) was used to model CO2 injection with brine extraction and the corresponding increase in pressure within the RSU. The model was analyzed for pressure management, CO2 storage, CO2 saturation, and brine extraction due to the quantity and location of brine extraction wells. The model limited CO2 injection to a constant pressure increase of two MPa at the injection well with and without extracting brine at hydrostatic pressure. We found that brine extraction can be used as a technical and cost-effective pressure management strategy to limit reservoir pressure buildup and increase CO2 storage associated with a single injection well.
Complicating Colorism: Race, Skin Color, and the Likelihood of Arrest:

Both conventional public beliefs and existing academic research on colorism presuppose that variation in skin color predicts social outcomes among minorities but is inconsequential among whites. Th...