cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Heritability and Repeatability of Milk and Milk Fat Production with Selection Effects Removed

Abstract Two groups of data were used for this study. One group contained 110,084 and the other group 106,296 lactations on registered and grade Holstein cows. All records were analyzed as deviations from regressed adjusted herd-year-season averages. Estimates of the relationship between various pairs of lactations made by using five different methods gave essentially the same results. It was concluded that regressions or intraclass correlations, where all records of the pair are included, are much easier to compute and give essentially the same results as the more complicated procedures of Maximum Likelihood and construction of variances and covariances to try to remove the effects of selection. Heritability estimates obtained by using paternal half-sib analyses of variance were much lower than daughter-dam regression estimates for one group of data, but they were in good agreement in the other group of data. Estimates of heritability obtained by intrasire, intraherd regression of daughter on dam were slightly lower that use of devated records does not remove all variations due to herds from a daughter-dam regression. The derivation of a method to estimate heritability and repeatability by removing the effects of selection is presented.
“We Are Not Criminals”: Social Work Advocacy and Unauthorized Migrants

Using semistructured interviews and participant observation, this two-year pilot study of male Mexican migrants in Freehold, New Jersey, explored how day laborers perceive their struggles to support families despite escalating anti-immigrant legislation at virtually all levels of government. In particular, the author looks at efforts by Mexican migrants to contest characterizations of them as "illegal," a term that has clear connotations of criminality, and to distance themselves from others who commit crimes. Migrants questioned the moral legitimacy of U.S. immigration laws, an indicator that vigorous legal efforts to thwart their arrival could prove fruitless. This finding is critical for social work, which must find the means to serve this vulnerable population. Language: en
Improvement in suicidal ideation after ketamine infusion: Relationship to reductions in depression and anxiety

Abstract Objective Suicide is a psychiatric emergency. Currently, there are no approved pharmacologic treatments for suicidal ideation. Ketamine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist that rapidly reduces suicidal ideation as well as depression and anxiety, but the dynamic between these symptoms is not known. The aim of this analysis was to evaluate whether ketamine has an impact on suicidal thoughts, independent of depressive and anxiety symptoms. Methods 133 patients with treatment-resistant depression (major depressive disorder or bipolar I/II disorder) received a single subanesthetic infusion of ketamine (0.5 mg/kg over 40 min). Post-hoc correlations and linear mixed models evaluated the relationship between suicidal ideation and depression and anxiety symptoms using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), Scale for Suicidal Ideation (SSI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) focusing on 230 min post-infusion. Results At 230 min post-infusion, correlations between changes in suicidal ideation and depression ranged from 0.23 to 0.44 (p Conclusions Improvements in suicidal ideation after ketamine infusion are related to, but not completely driven by, improvements in depression and anxiety. Investigation of the specific effects of ketamine on suicidal thoughts is warranted.
Female Perpetrators of the Rwandan Genocide

AbstractThis article explores and analyzes the role of women who exercised agency as perpetrators during the genocide in Rwanda in 1994. Genocide narratives traditionally cast women as victims, and many women did suffer horrific abuses and become victims of torture in Rwanda. However, this gender-based characterization of women is inaccurate and incomplete. After presenting a multidisciplinary body of literature relevant to female agency during genocide, this article explores three core questions related to female agency during the Rwandan genocide. It discusses how women were mobilized before and during the genocide, the specific actions of women who exercised agency and finally what happened to these women in the aftermath of the genocide. This article is based upon research that was gathered by the author and includes interviews of female perpetrators as well as victims and witnesses of direct violence committed by women. The article asserts that women played an active role in the Rwandan genocide but ...
Lessons learned in the management of hemolytic uremic syndrome in children

Escherichia coli O.157:H7 is a serious and common human pathogen that can cause diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). During a massive outbreak of infection with E coli O157:H7 in January 1993 in Washington State, more than 600 people, mostly children, acquired symptomatic infection, and 37 were hospitalized with HUS at Children's Hospital and Medical Center in Seattle, and six at other hospitals in Washington. Twenty-one (57%) required dialysis. Nineteen (51%) had significant extrarenal pathology: gastrointestinal in 14 patients (38%), cardiovascular in 13 (35%), pulmonary in 9 (24%), and neurological in 6 (16%). Most patients were managed nonoperatively, but three required total abdominal colectomy and one a left colectomy. No child had perforation. Three patients died, all of whom had multisystem disease. The authors recommend (1) that all patients with bloody diarrhea undergo microbiological evaluation for E coli O157:H7 before any surgical intervention; (2) avoidance of antibiotics and antimotility agents in patients with proven or suspected infection with E coli O157:H7 until the safety and efficacy of such interventions have been established in controlled trials; (3) that patients with E coli O157:H7 infections be evaluated for microangiopathic changes consistent with HUS in the week after onset of diarrhea; (4) nasogastric suction for severe symptoms, and frequent abdominal evaluations, tests (electrolytes/amylase), and roentgenograms to exclude treatable abdominal disorders; and (5) institution of hemodialysis for oliguria/anuria, acidosis, or rising creatinine. The authors recommend surgical exploration for toxic megacolon, colonic perforation, acidosis unresponsive to dialysis, or recurrent signs of obstruction or colonic stricture.
Spillover Effects of U.S. Business Cycles on Latin America and the Caribbean

This paper studies the spillover effects of economic fluctuations in the United States on economic activity in Latin America and the Caribbean. Fluctuations in U.S. GDP growth have spillover effects that stimulate real growth and accelerate price inflation across many countries. Underlying these spillover effects are significant movements in private consumption, and to a larger extent, private investment. Openness to the United States has significant effects that accelerate growth of exports and/or imports across many countries. The net effects on the trade and current account balances vary across countries. Overall, the evidence supports concerns about adverse spillover effects of a slowdown in the U.S. economy on neighboring countries, necessitating careful mobilization of countercyclical domestic tools to hedge against potential risk and mitigate the severity of economic downturns.
A “test of concept” comparison of aerodynamic and mechanical resuspension mechanisms for particles deposited on field rye grass (Secale cercele). Part 1. Relative particle flux rates

Abstract Resuspension of uniform latex micro spheres deposited on a single seed pod of field rye grass stalk and head was investigated experimentally in a wind tunnel. The experiment was designed to distinguish aerodynamic (viscous and turbulent) mechanisms from mechanical resuspension resulting from the oscillatory impact of the grass hitting a stationary object. The experiment was run for deposited spherical latex particles with diameters from 2 to 10 μm. Wind tunnel tests were run for wind speeds from 2 to 18.5 m s−1 and a turbulence intensity (root-mean-square fluctuation wind speed/mean wind speed) of 0.1. Our experiments showed the following for our test of concept experiment: • Resuspension particle flux increases when mechanical impacts occur. • Mechanical resuspension dominated for 2 μm particles over purely aerodynamic resuspension, but for larger particles aerodynamic mechanisms were roughly equally effective in resuspending particles.
Incorporation of detailed chemistry into a three-dimensional Lagrangian–Eulerian hybrid model: application to regional tropospheric ozone

Abstract During the last 20 years a variety of models have been developed to study the transport, transformation and deposition of pollutants on the regional scale. Different levels of complexity have been considered to depict these phenomena. The representation of the chemical transformations has been one of the most challenging tasks. A detailed non-linear Eulerian chemistry module (CheM) has here been added to the hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory (HY-SPLIT) model. The model is applied to analyze changes in hourly averaged ozone concentration over the period of 8–12 July 1996. Comparisons between simulation results and measurements from 11 monitoring stations throughout Pennsylvania show that hybrid Lagrangian–Eulerian modeling techniques are promising and may be useful for predicting air quality variables in general.
Tissue culture and its use in investigations of insect resistance of maize

Abstract Southwestern corn borer ( Diatraeagrandiosella Dyar), sugarcane borer ( Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius)), and European corn borer ( Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner) larvae were reared for 7 days on callus initiated from two maize ( Zea mays L.) hybrids with resistance to leaf feeding by the southwestern corn borer and two susceptible hybrids. Mean weights for larvae from resistant and susceptible hybrids were 4.8 and 7.0 mg for the southwestern corn borer, 5.5 and 7.6 mg for sugarcane borer, and 7.2 and 10.2 mg for European corn borer, respectively. When larvae were allowed to choose among calli of the four hybrids, significantly fewer of each species chose to feed on the southwestern corn borer-resistant hybrids. Both antibiosis and larval nonpreference appeared to be operating as mechanisms of resistance to southwestern corn borer, sugarcane borer, and European corn borer.
The proliferative capacity of the cells of the avian harderian gland

The largest concentration of plasmacytic cells within avian lymphomyeloid tissue appears in the Harderian Gland (HG). Mature plasma cells were the least frequent cell at day old and the most frequent by 5-weeks of age. Failure of phytohemagglutinin-M to stimulate blasting of HG cells may reflect the low number of T cells in the HG. On the other hand, the uptake of tritiated thymidine by HG cells after short term culture in complete medium was significantly greater than that of splenic cells. The proliferating cells were the plasmablast, and mature plasma cell. Our data demonstrated that labeled B-cells, administered intravenously to 2- or 6-week old syngeneic or allogeneic chickens, did not migrate to the HG. The origin of HG plasma cells may be B-cells which entered prior to 2 weeks of age or the HG may possess a special microenvironment which allowed stem cell differentiation. The maintenance of a high concentration of plasma cells in the HG in the presence of low levels of B-cells may reflect the long-lived nature of the resident B-cell and/or the inherent proliferative capacity of the HG plasmacytic cell.
Population Recovery and Natural Recruitment of Lake Trout at Gull Island Shoal, Lake Superior, 1964–1992

We documented an increase in the abundance of wild lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) at Gull Island Shoal in western Lake Superior and examined the relationship between parental-stock size and recruitment of age-0 fish in 1964–1992. Abundance of adult wild female lake trout and densities of age-0 fish both increased during the 28-year period. A significant positive, linear relationship (P = 0.0002) was found between the abundance of wild females on the spawning reef in the fall and density of age-0 lake trout on adjacent nursery grounds in August and September of the following year. The abundance of hatchery-origin females did not explain significant amounts (P = 0.107) of variation in recruitment. We concluded that most recruitment in 1965–1992 was the result of natural reproduction of wild females. After 28 years of recovery the Gull Island Shoal lake trout population appears to have additional capacity to increase because the stock-recruitment relationship is still linear. Therefore, restoration periods on the order of 30 years may be needed for other lake trout populations in the Great Lakes. We recommend that the refuge established to protect this population be maintained to allow further study of the relationship between parental stock and recruitment, and to provide a major source of recruitment to the lake trout population in the surrounding waters.
Application of Bayesian classification with singular value decomposition method in genome-wide association studies

To analyze multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms simultaneously when the number of markers is much larger than the number of studied individuals, as is the situation we have in genome-wide association studies (GWAS), we developed the iterative Bayesian variable selection method and successfully applied it to the simulated rheumatoid arthritis data provided by the Genetic Analysis Workshop 15 (GAW15). One drawback for applying our iterative Bayesian variable selection method is the relatively long running time required for evaluation of GWAS data. To improve computing speed, we recently developed a Bayesian classification with singular value decomposition (BCSVD) method. We have applied the BCSVD method here to the rheumatoid arthritis data distributed by GAW16 Problem 1 and demonstrated that the BCSVD method works well for analyzing GWAS data.
Seismic performance of architectural glass in a storefront wall system

Abstract An experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate the seismic performance of common types of architectural glass used in a typical storefront wall system. Two seismic loading histories were developed and employed in the laboratory to simulate the effects of moderate and severe earthquakes on a full‐scale storefront wall system test assembly. Serviceability limit states and ultimate limit states of storefront glass and related glazing components were defined and assessed at moderate and severe earthquake loading levels. Experimental results indicated that for all glass types tested, serviceability limit states of glass edge damage and gasket seal degradation in the storefront wall system were exceeded during the moderate earthquake simulation. Ultimate limit states of major cracking and glass fallout were reached for the most common storefront glass type, 1/4 in. annealed monolithic glass, during the severe earthquake simulation. Annealed laminated glass, fully tempered monolithic glass, and...
Institutional Pressures as Sources of Improvisations: A Case Study from a Developing Country Context

AbstractThis article applies concepts and ideas from institutional theory to study improvisations in IT and organizational change. Within the information systems (IS) discipline, IT and organizational change models have evolved from early teleological models to more dynamic models which consider the role of IT in organizational change as emergent based on improvisations. Improvisations are regarded as unexpected actions aimed at solving crises and/or exploiting opportunities. However, the sources of these crises or opportunities have not been adequately accounted for - leaving it a fruitful area for research. Applying institutional ideas, we suggest in this article that the sources of these crises/opportunities are the normative, mimetic and coercive prescriptions found within the institutional context of the organization. A major implication of applying institutional ideas to the study of improvisations is that the sources of improvisations are extended to include established norms of practice from withi...
Design of an Asynchronous Internet-Based Course for Advanced Placement Chemistry Teachers

This paper may be of particular interest to readers who are interested in designing the non-laboratory portion of an Advanced Placement (AP†) Chemistry workshop and/or interested in a basic design for a simple asynchronous distance-learning Web site.
The Case Against Statistical Significance Testing, Revisited

AbstractAt present, too many research results in education are blatantly described as significant, when they are in fact trivially small and unimportant. There are several things researchers can do to minimize the importance of statistical significance testing and get articles published without using these tests. First, they can insert statistically in front of significant in research reports. Second, results can be interpreted before p values are reported. Third, effect sizes can be reported along with measures of sampling error. Fourth, replication can be built into the design. The touting of insignificant results as significant because they are statistically significant is not likely to change until researchers break the stranglehold that statistical significance testing has on journal editors.
β-Glucosidase and β-xylosidase of rat kidney

Abstract 1. 1.|Subcellular distribution studies of rat kidney β-glucosidase ( β- d - glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.21), β-xylosidase ( β- d - xyloside xylohydrolase , EC 3.2.1.37) and β-galactosidase (β- d -galactoside galactohydrolase EC 3.2.1.23) using p-nitrophenol derivative substrates show β-glucosidase and β-galactosidase to be localized in lysosomes and the supernatant fraction. β-Xylosidase activity is mainly localized in lysosomes, however, the supernatant fraction has significant activity. 2. 2.|Lysosomal β-glucosidase and β-xylosidase are tightly bound to the membrane, whereas β-galactosidase is easily solubilized by a free-thaw treatment. 3. 3.|Lysosomal β-glucosidase and β-xylosidase have optimum activity at pH 5.0. The supernatant β-glucosidase and β-xylosidase have optimum activity at pH 6.4 and 5.2, respectively. The supernatant β-galactosidase has two pH optima, 2.2–3.4 and 3.6–4.8. 4. 4.|Glucono(1→4)lactone inhibits the hydrolysis of p- nitrophenyl -β- d -glucopyranoside and p- nitrophenyl -β- d -xylopyranoside ; β-galactosidase activity is inhibited at pH 6.6 but not at pH 3.4. p-Chloromercuribenzoate inhibits all three activities. 5. 5.|The pH stabilities of lysosomal β-glucosidase and β-xylosidase activities at 37° are similar. 6. 6.|Lysosomal β-glucosidase and β-xylosidase have the same elution pattern from a DEAE-cellulose column, as does the supernatant β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase and β-galactosidase (pH 6.6). 7. 7.|The results of these studies strongly support the conclusion that a single enzyme is responsible for both β-glucosidase and β-xylosidase activity in lysosomes. β-Glucosidase and β-xylosidase, and probably β-galactosidase (pH 6.6), activities in the supernatant fraction are exhibited by a single enzyme.
Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Outcomes in Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction

Abstract Background The role of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction remains unclear. Methods Of the 10,570 patients aged ≥65 years with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction (≥40%) in the Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized Patients With Heart Failure (2003-2004) linked to Medicare (through December 2008), 7304 were not receiving angiotensin receptor blockers and had no contraindications to ACE inhibitors. After excluding 3115 patients with pre-admission ACE inhibitor use, the remaining 4189 were eligible for new discharge prescriptions for ACE inhibitors, and 1706 received them. Propensity scores for the receipt of ACE inhibitors, calculated for each of the 4189 patients, were used to assemble a cohort of 1337 pairs of patients, balanced on 114 baseline characteristics. Results Matched patients had a mean age of 81 years and mean ejection fraction of 55%, 64% were women, and 9% were African American. Initiation of ACE inhibitor therapy was associated with a lower risk of the primary composite end point of all-cause mortality or heart failure hospitalization during 2.4 years of median follow-up (hazard ratio [HR], 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84-0.99; P = .028), but not with individual end points of all-cause mortality (HR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.88-1.05; P = .373) or heart failure hospitalization (HR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.83-1.05; P = .257). Conclusion In hospitalized older patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction not receiving angiotensin receptor blockers, discharge initiation of ACE inhibitor therapy was associated with a modest improvement in the composite end point of total mortality or heart failure hospitalization but had no association with individual end point components.
An APL approach to differential calculus yields a powerful tool

An APL workspace is developed for the purpose of calculating numerical values of derivatives. The heart of the method, called automatic differentiation, is manipulation of numerical vectors --- an APL way of thinking. The method is not symbolic manipulation as taught in calculus, nor is it approximation as taught in numerical analysis. Automatic differentiation is implemented as a workspace (called GRADIENT) of 14 simple, one-line, numerical vector functions that perform all of the formal differentiation rules. The ideas are introduced for simple first derivatives of single variable functions. We then show that the GRADIENT workspace enables the calculation of all first-order partial derivatives of any typical function in any number of variables. This workspace is used as a tool in the solution of systems of nonlinear equations by Newton's method. Finally, we discuss how APL concepts led to a new approach to higher-order derivatives. This approach enables the calculation of higher-order derivatives for problems that overwhelm commercial symbolic differentiation programs; moreover, the resulting accuracy cannot be obtained by numerical approximation techniques.
Why sniff fast? The relationship between sniff frequency, odor discrimination, and receptor neuron activation in the rat.

Many mammals display brief bouts of high-frequency (4–10 Hz) sniffing when sampling odors. Given this, high-frequency sniffing is thought to play an important role in odor information processing. Here, we asked what role rapid sampling behavior plays in odor coding and odor discrimination by monitoring sniffing during performance of discrimination tasks under different paradigms and across different levels of difficulty and by imaging olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) input to the olfactory bulb (OB) during behavior. To eliminate confounds of locomotion and object approach, all experiments were performed in head-fixed rats. Rats showed individual differences in sniffing strategies that emerged during discrimination learning, with some rats showing brief bouts of rapid sniffing on odorant onset and others showing little or no change in sniff frequency. All rats performed with high accuracy, indicating that rapid sniffing is not necessary for odor discrimination. Sniffing strategies remained unchanged even when task difficulty was increased. In the imaging experiments, rapid sniff bouts did not alter the magnitude of odorant-evoked inputs compared with trials in which rapid sniffing was not expressed. Furthermore, rapid sniff bouts typically began before detectable activation of ORNs and ended immediately afterward. Thus rapid sniffing did not enable multiple samples of an odorant before decision-making. These results suggest that the major functional contribution of rapid sniffing to odor discrimination performance is to enable the animal to acquire the stimulus more quickly once it is available rather than to directly influence the low-level neural processes underlying odor perception.
Developmental control of a promoter-specific factor that is also regulated by the E1A gene product.

Abstract We have detected a cellular factor in F9 teratocarcinoma cells that recognizes an adenovirus E1A inducible promoter. This factor, termed E2F, was previously identified in HeLa cells and was found at increased levels as a function of the E1A gene product. Upon differentiation of F9 cells with retinoic acid and cAMP, the factor declines to near undetectable levels, consistent with the control of this factor by E1A and the presence of a cellular E1A-like activity in F9 cells but not in differentiated F9 cells. Finally, if the E1A gene is introcuced into differentiated cells by an adenovirus infection, there is a large increase in the level of the factor. We suggest that the control of E2F during F9 differentiation is indeed due to an E1A-like activity.
The Usefulness of the Theory of Planned Behavior: Understanding U.S. Fast Food Consumption of Generation Y Chinese Consumers

The purpose of this study was to assess how well a popular U.S. developed behavioral model, the theory of planned behavior, was able to explain Generation Y Chinese consumers’ purchase behavior regarding a fast food restaurant meal. Results provided considerable support in terms of robustness of the theory of planned behavior to predict and explain intentions to buy a fast food meal. The model also provided reasonable measures of fit for the Chinese sample. The findings can enhance the extant literature on the universal applicability of the model and can serve as useful references for further investigations of the validity of the model under other cultural settings and for other behavioral categories.
Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Carbon Dioxide Flux in Crop and Grass Land-Use Systems

Understanding the field-scale variability of CO2 fluxes in space and time under different land-use conditions is important for designing efficient sampling schemes for monitoring C loss from soil. The objectives of this study were to characterize the variability structure of CO2 fluxes and its change throughout a year, evaluate the temporal stability of spatial CO2 flux patterns, and quantify relationships with biotic and abiotic factors in crop and grass systems. In an 80- by 60-m field divided into grass and crop systems, CO2 fluxes were measured with a photo-acoustic analyzer at 60 locations 22 times during a year. Soil respiration was high when it was warm and wet and low under cool and wet conditions. Measurements of CO2 flux were spatially and temporally dependent for a longer distance and time in the grass system than in the crop system. Spatial patterns of soil respiration were temporally stable, and the larger the average spatial CO2 flux, the more obvious was the temporal stability. The variation of soil respiration was more pronounced in time than in space during the study period. At each location, soil temperature was the major factor controlling the temporal variability of CO2 flux; however, soil temperature did not explain the spatial CO2 flux pattern. Land use impacted the spatial and temporal variability dynamics of CO2 flux. These dynamics should be taken into account for experimental design, the detection of spatial and temporal associations with other variables, and C loss prediction.
619 SALICYLATES AND REYE'S SYNDROME

Serum salicylate levels ([ASA]) were obtained at admission from 172 cases of Reye's Syndrome (RS), 130 of whom were biopsy proven. Shown are [ASA] for biopsy proven cases, by clinical grade, and age matched, community matched, sick and well control children. Liver biopsy ultrastructure of RS pts with high [ASA] (≥20mg/dl) was not different from that of comparably ill pts with low [ASA] (≤2mg/dl); both differed greatly from that of a non-RS pt with acute ASA intoxication (ASA 66 mg/dl). There is no correlation between clinical grade, mean [ASA] or outcome; but RS pts had 10× higher [ASA] than controls. We propose the higher [ASA] in RS pts are due to liver injury and reduced metabolism rather than the cause of the injury.
Effectiveness of primary care-public health collaborations in the delivery of influenza vaccine: a cluster-randomized pragmatic trial.

Abstract Objective To assess effectiveness and feasibility of public–private collaboration in delivering influenza immunization to children. Methods Four pediatric and four family medicine (FM) practices in Colorado with a common public health department (PHD) were randomized at the beginning of baseline year (10/2009) to Intervention (joint community clinics and PHD nurses aiding in delivery at practices); or control involving usual care without PHD. Generalized estimating equations compared changes in rates over baseline between intervention and control practices at end of 2nd intervention year (Y2 = 5/2011). Barriers to collaboration were examined using qualitative methods. Results Overall, rates increased from baseline to Y2 by 9.2% in intervention and 3.2% in control ( p p Conclusions In spite of barriers, public–private collaboration resulted in significantly higher influenza immunization rates, particularly for older, healthy children who visit providers less frequently.
Exploration and visualization of gene expression with neuroanatomy in the adult mouse brain

Spatially mapped large scale gene expression databases enable quantitative comparison of data measurements across genes, anatomy, and phenotype. In most ongoing efforts to study gene expression in the mammalian brain, significant resources are applied to the mapping and visualization of data. This paper describes the implementation and utility of Brain Explorer, a 3D visualization tool for studying in situ hybridization-based (ISH) expression patterns in the Allen Brain Atlas, a genome-wide survey of 21,000 expression patterns in the C57BL\6J adult mouse brain. Brain Explorer enables users to visualize gene expression data from the C57Bl/6J mouse brain in 3D at a resolution of 100 μm3, allowing co-display of several experiments as well as 179 reference neuro-anatomical structures. Brain Explorer also allows viewing of the original ISH images referenced from any point in a 3D data set. Anatomic and spatial homology searches can be performed from the application to find data sets with expression in specific structures and with similar expression patterns. This latter feature allows for anatomy independent queries and genome wide expression correlation studies. These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression information in the adult mouse brain and the ability to perform data mining and visualization of gene expression and neuroanatomy in an integrated manner.
Relative entropy as a universal metric for multiscale errors.

We show that the relative entropy, ${S}_{\text{rel}}$, suggests a fundamental indicator of the success of multiscale studies, in which coarse-grained (CG) models are linked to first-principles (FP) ones. We demonstrate that ${S}_{\text{rel}}$ inherently measures fluctuations in the differences between CG and FP potential energy landscapes, and develop a theory that tightly and generally links it to errors associated with coarse graining. We consider two simple case studies substantiating these results, and suggest that ${S}_{\text{rel}}$ has important ramifications for evaluating and designing coarse-grained models.
Phase I and Pharmacokinetic Study of the Oral Farnesyltransferase Inhibitor Lonafarnib Administered Twice Daily to Pediatric Patients With Advanced Central Nervous System Tumors Using a Modified Continuous Reassessment Method: A Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium Study

Purpose A dose-escalation phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor lonafarnib (SCH66336) was conducted in children with recurrent or progressive CNS tumors. Primary objectives were to estimate the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) and to describe the dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) and pharmacokinetics of lonafarnib. Farnesylation inhibition of HDJ-2 in peripheral blood was also measured. Patients and Methods Lonafarnib was administered orally twice daily at dose levels of 70, 90, 115, 150, and 200 mg/m2/dose bid. A modified continual reassessment method (CRM) was used to estimate the MTD based on actual dosages of lonafarnib administered and toxicities observed during the initial 4 weeks of treatment. Results Fifty-three children with progressive or recurrent brain tumors were enrolled, with a median age of 12.2 years (range, 3.9 to 19.5 years). Dose-limiting pneumonitis or myelosuppression was observed in three of three patients at the 200 mg/m2/dose level. A relatively constant...
Vibrational circular dichroism theory: a localized molecular orbital model

Abstract A new set of equation is presented for the calculation of vibrational circular dichroism intensities. These are the first such equations to be derived from first principles using the Born-Oppenheimer approximation and they include a dynamic contribution from the electronic motion.
Gene transfer in bacteria: speciation without species?

Abstract Although Bacteria and Archaea reproduce by binary fission, exchange of genes among lineages has shaped the diversity of their populations and the diversification of their lineages. Gene exchange can occur by two distinct routes, each differentially impacting the recipient genome. First, homologous recombination mediates the exchange of DNA between closely related individuals (those whose sequences are sufficient similarly to allow efficient integration). As a result, homologous recombination mediates the dispersal of advantageous alleles that may rise to high frequency among genetically related individuals via periodic selection events. Second, lateral gene transfer can introduce novel DNA into a genome from completely unrelated lineages via illegitimate recombination. Gene exchange by this route serves to distribute genes throughout distantly related clades and therefore may confer complex abilities—not otherwise found among closely related lineages—onto the recipient organisms. These two mechanisms of gene exchange play complementary roles in the diversification of microbial populations into independent, ecologically distinct lineages. Although the delineation of microbial “species” then becomes difficult—if not impossible—to achieve, a cogent process of speciation can be predicted.
Banding of the Pulmonary Artery Results in 111 Children

The results of banding of the pulmonary artery in 111 children with cardiac malformations associated with excessive pulmonary blood flow are presented. Thirty-three of these children died, eleven either of late band complications or after a corrective operation. Patients with ventricular septal defect represent the largest group of malformation among the 111 patients. The overall mortality for banding in patients with isolated ventricular septal defect is 10%, as compared to 36% in patients with ventricular septal defect complicated by an associated lesion. In all infants with ventricular septal defect banded under age 3 months the mortality is 59%, as compared to a mortality of 21% in those banded after age 3 months and only 7% if banded after age 1 year. The overall mortality figures for pulmonary arterial banding have not changed appreciably since 1966; future improvement in banding mortality will depend on improved postoperative management of these infants. Serial hemodynamic studies in patients bande...
Expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β1) in human epithelial alveolar cells: a pro-inflammatory mediator independent pathway

Regulation of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta1) expression remains unclear. Inflammation has been inferred to play a major role in stimulating TGF-beta1 production since high concentrations of TGF-beta1 have been found in the lungs of patients with various diffuse inflammatory lung diseases. To establish an association between inflammation and TGF-beta1 expression, human alveolar epithelial (A549) cells were co-cultured with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta) and Interleukin 8 (IL-8) for 12 hours. Total and bioactive TGF-beta1 protein were then measured. A549 cells transiently transfected with a plasmid containing the TGF-beta1 promoter linked to a luciferase reported gene were then co-cultured with the same inflammatory peptides for 12 hours and TGF-beta1 promoter activity determined. Nuclear transcription factors AP-1 (c-jun) or NF-kappa (p65, p50 and p105) were over expressed in A549 cells transiently transfected with the TGF-beta1 promoter and TGF-beta1 promoter activity subsequently measured. Stimulation with inflammatory signals LPS, TNFalpha, IL-1beta, IL-8 resulted in no increase of total or bioactive TGF-beta1 activity above constitutive concentrations in vitro. TGF-beta1 promoter activity was also unchanged from baseline levels in response to the same inflammatory peptides. Expression of c-jun however led to significant increases of TGF-beta1 promoter activity over constitutive levels. In contrast p65 and p105 expression resulted in inhibition of TGF-beta1 promoter activity below baseline levels. We conclude that in a human alveolar epithelial cell line, inflammation does not regulate TGF-beta1 expression. These studies suggest that in lung pathologies such as asthma, lung fibrosis and CLD, TGF-beta1 production may involve pathways independent of inflammatory mediators LPS, TNFalpha, IL-1beta and IL-8.
Preliminary results for GAMMI: Genetic algorithms for motif-module inference

We have developed GAMMI, an approach to the inference of cis-regulatory modules that employs an evolutionary search to identify modules conserved across a set of DNA sequences from different species. This paper describes the motivation and system design for GAMMI, and presents the results of initial tests of the system using artificial sequences with implanted artificial modules. Based on these preliminary tests, GAMMI appears to be a promising approach to the module inference problem.
Intergenic complementation in chick melanocyte heterokaryons.

Abstract Melanocytes from chick embryos of the pinkeye ( pk pk ) and recessive white ( c c ) genotypes do not produce melanin in cell culture. However, aberrant melanogenic organelles are evident when these cells are examined with the electron microscope. Melanocytes of each genotype, previously grown for 5 days in cell culture, were co-cultured for 24 h and then fused with inactivated Sendai virus. Twenty-four hours after fusion faintly pigmented cells could be seen in the culture dishes. These cells were invariably multinucleated. At 48 h post-fusion many darkly pigmented, multinucleated cells could be seen. Pigment-producing cells were found in four separate experiments and occurred at a frequency of approx. 1 per 40 000 cells treated. Co-culturing of the melanocytes without virus treatment failed to elicit pigment production. When one genotype was labeled with [3H]thymidine prior to fusion, autoradiograms showed that the pigmented cells contained at least one labeled and one unlabeled nucleus. Electron micrographs of the pigmented cells confirmed that cell fusion was complete and showed normal pigment granules with welldefined matrices and deposited melanin. The results show that recessive white and pinkeye can complement as heterokaryons. This indicates that each mutation affects a different melanogenic function and that the expression of the normal function of each does not require nuclear integration. The simplest hypothesis is that the two mutations affect structural genes and that the complementing cytoplasms contain functional gene products. The hypothesis that one or both mutants have altered control functions cannot be ruled out, however.
Vertical Sidewall Reactive Ion Etching (RIE) Of GaAs and Al x Ga 1 _ x AS (X=0.76) Using BC1 3 /CC1 2 F 2 /He At Equal Rates

A phenomenological study of Reactive Ion Etching (RIE) of GaAs and Al.Gal_xAS (x=0.76) using BC13/CC12F2/He has been carried out in order to obtain equal rates for etching the two semiconductors with vertical walls and smooth etched surfaces. The influences of 02 and H2, added purposely or inadvertently, the roles of added CC1 2 F 2 and He, and the effect of wafer size (loading effect) have been investigated on a limited basis. Equal etch rates, vertical (to tilde 1°) etched walls and smooth etched surfaces were attained for both GaAs and A1GaAs with and without a GaAs capping layer and with no special surface treatment of the wafers prior to etching in a commercially available RIE system used for the studies.
Places to visit on the internet

Navigat ing the In te rne t AltaVista http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Help/searchdetails.html#Alta Excite http://www.excite.com/ Galaxy http://galaxy.einet.net/galaxy.html InfoSeek Guide http://guide.infoseek.com/ Lycos: Hunting WWW Information http://gnn-eld.gnn.conffgnn/wic/netserv.07.html Open Text Index http://opentext.uunet.ca: 8080/ Web Crawler Searching (Operated by America Oline) http://webcrawler.conff Yahoo A Guide to WWW http://www.yahoo.com/
Customizing information capture and access

This article presents a customizable architecture for software agents that capture and access information in large, heterogeneous, distributed electronic repositories. The key idea is to exploit underlying structure at various levels of granularity to build high-level indices with task-specific interpretations. Information agents construct such indices and are configured as a network of reusable modules called structure detectors and segmenters. We illustrate our architecture with the design and implementation of smart information filters in two contexts: retrieving stock market data from Internet newsgroups and retrieving technical reports from Internet FTP sites.
Microsystems for isolation and electrophysiological analysis of breast cancer cells from blood.

This paper presents the development of a microsystem for separating suspended breast cancer cells in peripheral blood and for sorting them based on their electrophysiological characteristics. A continuous paramagnetic capture mode (PMC) magnetophoretic microseparator was utilized for the isolation of suspended breast cancer cells in peripheral blood based on the native magnetic properties of blood cells without any tagging such as with magnetic probes. A micro-electrical impedance spectroscopy (μ-EIS) system was used as a downstream cell analysis tool to extract the pathological characteristics from the breast cancer cells. The system was fabricated on silicon and glass substrates utilizing microfabrication and stereolithography technologies. The experimental results of the PMC microseparator show that 94.8% of the breast cancer cells could be continuously separated out from a spiked blood sample with a 0.2 T external magnetic flux. The electrical impedances of human breast cancer cell lines of different pathological stages (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-435) were measured using μ-EIS and compared to those of normal human breast tissue cell line MCF-10A.
Association between baseline body mass index and overall survival among patients over age 60 with acute myeloid leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is more common and more lethal among patients over the age of 60. Increased body mass index (BMI) has been associated with a higher incidence of various malignancies, including AML. We sought to determine whether patient BMI at the time of AML diagnosis is related to overall survival (OS) among elderly patients. We identified 97 patients with AML diagnosed after the age of 60 and treated with cytarabine-based induction chemotherapy. The median age was 68 years (range 60–87); 52% of patients were male, and our study population was predominantly white (89% of patients). The median OS for all patients was 316 days (95% CI 246–459). The hazard ratio for mortality was increased among patients with a BMI < 25 compared to BMI ≥ 30 (HR 2.14, P = 0.009, 95% CI 1.21–3.77), as well as with older age (HR 1.76, P = 0.015, 95% CI 1.12–2.79) and with secondary versus de novo disease (HR 1.95, P = 0.006, 95% CI 1.21–3.14). After multivariable analysis, we did not find a significant association between OS and other potential confounders such as coronary artery disease or diabetes among these patients. We conclude that increased BMI was independently associated with improved OS among older AML patients at our institution. Am. J. Hematol. 88:642–646, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
1.1.1 Classifying Systems

In response to concerns within the field of systems engineering about the overuse and possible misuse of the term ‘systems‘, this paper presents an in-depth analysis of current schemes for classifying systems and proposes a scheme of nine classes that is simple, intuitive, and focuses on man-made systems. The author's expectation is that individuals who are interested in the field of systems will communicate more effectively by qualifying systems and speaking of specific types of systems instead of speaking of systems in general. This can also be a first step in a process of developing methodologies and tools that are targeted to the different types of systems.
The rationality debate revisited

Horton, Robin. Patterns of Thought in Africa and the West. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993. xi + 471 pp. including chapter references and index. $64.95 cloth Masolo, D. A. African Philosophy in Search of Identity. Bloomington and Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1994. ix + 301 pp. including chapter references and index. $39.95 cloth, $15.95 paper.
Entrance of colloidal ThO2 tracer into the T tubules and longitudinal tubules of the guinea pig heart.

Colloidal ThO2 particles (diameter of ∼ 60 A) were used as electron-opaque markers to trace the “intracellular” compartments continuous with the bulk interstitial fluid of guinea pig ventricular muscle. Beating and quiescent hearts in a Langendorff preparation were perfused for 30 min with oxygenated Ringer solution containing 1% ThO2. The hearts were immediately fixed by perfusing with glutaraldehyde solution. The colloidal ThO2 particles entered into many of the T tubules and into longitudinallyrunning tubules. No differences in distribution of ThO2 were observed in a heart which was not exposed to ThO2 until after it was fixed. Tracer did not penetrate into the intercalated disk clefts in the guinea pig hearts and one frog heart used for comparison. Tubular profiles filled with ThO2 were not seen in frog heart, an observation which confirms the absence of T tubules in this amphibian. It is concluded that, in mammalian cardiac muscle, the lumens of the longitudinal tubules are continuous with the lumens of the T tubules, forming an extensively interconnected T-L tubular system. Hence, every myofibril has close access to a fluid-filled space which is continuous with the interstitial fluid and which may be of similar cationic composition; such an arrangement should facilitate excitation-contraction coupling.