cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Household food insecurity and child health.

Food insecurity, the lack of consistent access to sufficient quality and quantity of food, affects an estimated 800 million people around the world. Although household food insecurity is generally associated with poor child nutrition and health in the USA, we know less about household food insecurity and child health in developing countries. Particularly lacking is research assessing how associations between household food insecurity and children's health outcomes may differ by child age and among children beyond age 5 years in low-income settings. We use data from a population-based sample of households with children ages 3-11 years (N = 431) in Leon, Nicaragua to consider how household food insecurity is associated with three measures of child health: illness, anaemia and low height-for-age. Our results provide new evidence that even mild household food insecurity is detrimental to children's health; and that child age conditions the associations between household food insecurity and child health. We find that food insecurity is especially harmful to health during early childhood, but continues to have significant associations with health into middle childhood (up to ages 7-8 years). We discuss the potential implications of these results for future child health research and policies in low-income countries. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Analysis on Water Quality and Hygiene Status of Centralized Water Supply and Secondary Water Supply in Urban Area of Xiangtan

Objective To investigate the hygiene condition from the different types of water supply units in urban area of Xiangtan and to survey the water quality. Methods Hygiene management,facilities and equipments,the quality of supplying water of 3 water works with municipal centralized water supply,4 water works with unit self-built centralized water supply,and 16 secondary water supply units in urban area of Xiangtan were surveyed. Results The qualified rates of water supply from the municipal centralized water supply units,from unit centralized water supply factories,and from secondary water supply units were 91.98%,72.92%,and 73.44% during the period of 2008～2010.The qualified rate of municipal centralized water supply was the highest(P0.01).There were 11 indicators unqualified,including 3 indicators in municipal centralized water supply,7 in unit centralized water supply,and 10 in secondary water supply.Secondary water supply facilities had the obvious effect on the result of water quality.Hygiene management,facilities and equipments of centralized water supply units met the relevant requirements,but secondary water supply units had the phenomena of unclear management main body,without disinfection facilities,without hygiene licence of secondary water supply,and so on. Conclusions Water enterprises should protect the water sources and accelerate the transformation of water technology and water distribution system.The surveillance departments should strengthen the supervision dynamics,ensure the quality of drinking water in accordance with hygienic standards,and guarantee the hygiene safety of drinking water.
Benign infantile convulsions associated with mild gastroenteritis analysis of 28 cases

Objective To investigate the clinical features of benign infantile convulsions associated with mild gastroenteritis(BICE) in Baoding.Methods The infants of BICE were observed and followed up from January 2010 to July 2011.Results The infants of BICE were about 1～2years.The BICE occurred in autumn and winter.The 22cases occurred in the number of2 ～3day.The seizures occurred generalized toinc-clonic pattern.The testing about the electroencephalogram 、the brain imaging,the blood biochemical profile et al didn't show abnormality.Conclusions The prognosis of BICE is good.
School Choice May Not Be a Shangri-La

AbstractFor the past half century, the American public school system has been on the receiving end of a considerable amount of criticism. People of faith have often been at the forefront of expressing that criticism. Attached to their criticism religious people have often called for school choice programs that include faith-based schools as the centerpiece of their ideas for reform. However, this article asserts that these reform ideas are often prepounded with little regard for the possible diadvantages of school choice. The author calls for a more balanced approach to assessing the costs and benefits of potential school choice programs.
Crizotinib inhibits NF2-associated schwannoma through inhibition of focal adhesion kinase 1

Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is a dominantly inherited autosomal disease characterized by schwannomas of the 8th cranial nerve. The NF2 tumor suppressor gene encodes for Merlin, a protein implicated as a suppressor of multiple cellular signaling pathways. To identify potential drug targets in NF2-associated malignancies we assessed the consequences of inhibiting the tyrosine kinase receptor MET. We identified crizotinib, a MET and ALK inhibitor, as a potent inhibitor of NF2-null Schwann cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. To identify the target/s of crizotnib we employed activity-based protein profiling (ABPP), leading to identification of FAK1 (PTK2) as the relevant target of crizotinib inhibition in NF2-null schwannoma cells. Subsequent studies confirm that inhibition of FAK1 is sufficient to suppress tumorigenesis in animal models of NF2 and that crizotinib-resistant forms of FAK1 can rescue the effects of treatment. These studies identify a FDA approved drug as a potential treatment for NF2 and delineate the mechanism of action in NF2-null Schwann cells.
Purification of nitrophenols using complex-assisted crystallization

Solution-phase chemical complexation can be used to enhance the purity of crystallized products. Using the separation of nitrophenol isomers as a model, we experimentally demonstrated that complex-assisted crystallization can efficiently remove structural isomers as impurities without affecting product crystal form or decreasing yield. Experiments showed that lattice-impurity incorporation of 3-nitrophenol into 4-nitrophenol can be prevented in an aqueous system using 3-aminobenzoic acid as a complexing agent. Purity enhancements of more than 80% (mass) with respect to non-complexed controls were observed with no yield reduction. The formation of complexes in solution was verified experimentally by measuring the change in rejection coefficient of the impurity through a nanofiltration membrane in the presence of the complexing agent. These results serve to further the known applicability of complex-assisted crystallization as a technique for enhancing traditional crystallization processes, providing the first example of a system without a carboxylic acid-containing impurity and the first separation of structural isomers.
“Lesbian”/female same-sex sexualities in Africa

Understandings of African lesbian sexualities have been affected by silence, repression, and uncertainty. The subject of lesbian experiences and sexualities in Africa constitutes an opportunity for feminist scholars to address the transnational politics of knowledge production about African lesbians' lives and the contours of lesbian art, activism, and relationships in African nations. This article contextualizes the state of research on African lesbian sexualities and introduces the special issue.
The Physics Force of the College of Science and Engineering at the University of Minnesota

Abstract This article is about outreach to students and the general public. The evolution of a thirty year old program at the UM is described. The goal of this paper is to stimulate others in the research community in their quest to educate, motivate, and entertain in the name of science.
Sensor-Free Affect Detection for a Simulation-Based Science Inquiry Learning Environment

Recently, there has been considerable interest in understanding the relationship between student affect and cognition. This research is facilitated by the advent of automated sensor-free detectors that have been designed to “infer” affect from the logs of student interactions within a learning environment. Such detectors allow for fine-grained analysis of the impact of different affective states on a range of learning outcome measures. However, these detectors have to date only been developed for a subset of online learning environments, including problem-solving tutors, dialogue tutors, and narrative-based virtual environments. In this paper, we extend sensor-free affect detection to a science microworld environment, affording the possibility of more deeply studying and responding to student affect in this type of learning environment.
Effectiveness of a clinical pharmacist medication therapy management program in discontinuation of drugs to avoid in the elderly

BACKGROUND: Despite evidence of fall risk associated with some drugs to avoid in the elderly (DAEs), many aged patients continue to receive them. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of a clinical pharmacist medication therapy management program (MTM) on discontinuation of prescribed DAEs. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study conducted at an integrated health care delivery system. Kaiser Permanente Colorado beneficiaries aged ≥65 years who were MTM-eligible and targeted for a DAE dispensing between 01/01/2015 and 09/30/2015 were included in the observation group. Medicare beneficiaries who were not eligible for MTM but had a targeted DAE dispensing during the same time period were included in the control group. The percentage of patients with another DAE dispensing of the same specified medication (no matter the strength) during the 100 days following index DAE dispensing was assessed. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS: A total of 9,059 Medicare ...
Using Internet-Based Applications to Increase Collaboration Among Stakeholders in Special Education:

Input from parents of children with disabilities is highly valuable; however, barriers such as lack of time or travel can hinder the partnership between parents and stakeholders. Internet-based app...
Arabidopsis mRNA decay landscape arises from specialized RNA decay substrates, decapping-mediated feedback, and redundancy

The decay of mRNA plays a vital role in modulating mRNA abundance, which, in turn, influences cellular and organismal processes. In plants and metazoans, three distinct pathways carry out the decay of most cytoplasmic mRNAs: The mRNA decapping complex, which requires the scaffold protein VARICOSE (VCS), removes a protective 5′ cap, allowing for 5′ to 3′ decay via EXORIBONUCLEASE4 (XRN4, XRN1 in metazoans and yeast), and both the exosome and SUPPRESSOR OF VCS (SOV)/DIS3L2 degrade RNAs in the 3′ to 5′ direction. However, the unique biological contributions of these three pathways, and whether they degrade specialized sets of transcripts, are unknown. In Arabidopsis , the participation of SOV in RNA homeostasis is also unclear, because Arabidopsis sov mutants have a normal phenotype. We carried out mRNA decay analyses in wild-type, sov , vcs , and vcs sov seedlings, and used a mathematical modeling approach to determine decay rates and quantify gene-specific contributions of VCS and SOV to decay. This analysis revealed that VCS (decapping) contributes to decay of 68% of the transcriptome, and, while it initiates degradation of mRNAs with a wide range of decay rates, it especially contributes to decay of short-lived RNAs. Only a few RNAs were clear SOV substrates in that they decayed more slowly in sov mutants. However, 4,506 RNAs showed VCS-dependent feedback in sov that modulated decay rates, and, by inference, transcription, to maintain RNA abundances, suggesting that these RNAs might also be SOV substrates. This feedback was shown to be independent of siRNA activity.
Substrate controls on valley formation by groundwater on Earth and Mars

Valleys with amphitheater-shaped headwalls on Mars have been used to constrain early martian hydrology and, importantly, have been interpreted as eroded from groundwater-fed springs, which might have constituted hospitable environments for life on ancient Mars. Groundwater-fed springs have carved valleys in rare examples on Earth; however, these valleys are in loose sandy sediments and weakly cemented sandstones, and it is unclear whether groundwater is also an effective erosion agent in the basaltic bedrock and boulders within martian valleys. Here we develop a theoretical model for the efficiency of valley formation by groundwater-seepage erosion, and we show that valley formation by groundwater is limited to narrow ranges in aquifer permeabilities and sediment sizes that are characteristic of loose or weakly consolidated sand. The model is validated against groundwater-carved valleys in loose sand in physical experiments and natural valleys on Earth. Applied to valleys near Echus Chasma, Mars, our model precludes a formation by seepage erosion due to the inferred basaltic bedrock; instead, the model implies that surface flows of water were required to form the valleys, with significant implications for the hydrology, climate, and habitability of ancient Mars.
Biosynthesis of Glycosaminoglycans

The low levels of glycosaminoglycans present in nervous tissue have in the past deterred the study of their chemistry and metabolism in this tissue. Now, however, the use of radioisotopes, the recent development of sensitive, specific colorimetric and enzyme methodologies, and the development of procedures for the isolation of the various cell types and subcellular fractions unique to nervous tissue have prompted renewed interest as to the role of glycosaminoglycans in the development and function of this tissue in health and disease. This chapter reviews recent progress concerning the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans in nervous tissue.
“Queering Criminology”: Overview of the State of the Field

This chapter provides an overview of the treatment of sexual orientation and gender identity issues and LGBTQ populations in the field of criminology. The chapter advances three main points. First, it argues that there is very little data on LGBTQ people’s experiences of crime, both in terms of victimization and offending. Second, the overwhelming majority of criminological engagement with sexual orientation and gender identity occurred prior to the 1980s, and discussed these concepts insofar as assessing whether “homosexuality”—a term that was often employed to describe non-heterosexual sexualities and gender non-conforming identities/expressions—was or was not a form of criminal sexual deviance. Third, to date, there is little to no theoretical engagement with sexual orientation and gender identity in each of the four major schools of criminological thought: biological, psychological, sociological, and critical. I argue that these three points are a reflection of the historical and continuing stigma of the sexual deviance framework on the treatment of sexual orientation and gender identity concepts, and LGBTQ people in the field. This chapter makes a call to “queer criminology,” which in my view, requires overcoming the sexual deviance framework and reorienting criminological inquiry to give due consideration to sexual orientation and gender identity as non-deviant differences that may shape people’s experiences of crime and experiences in the criminal justice system more generally.
The role of prolactin in carcinogenesis.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of prolactin in mammary carcinogenesis. Prolactin plays a major role in mammary carcinogenesis on a par with its natural inducer, estrogen. There are still numerous dark areas concerning carcinogenesis by both of these hormones. Their role is regulation of growth and function of the mammary gland, aided by several other hormones. Estrogens can be directly carcinogenic as it is capable of changing the genetic code. Natural estrogens have a structural homology with carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons and are physiologically led to the nucleus complexed with their cytoplasmic receptors. However, the nonsteroidal estrogenic diethylstilbestrol (DES) seems to be also carcinogenic. Prolactin acts on the plasma membrane, where its instructions for growth and function of the mammary epithelium are carried out by the “second messenger,” cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Estrogen is a “cosmopolitan” hormone— that is, it has receptor sites in many cells, in addition to the mammotrope of the pituitary.
Traditional knowledge in a time of crisis: climate change, culture and communication

Science as it has come to be defined in Western thought is at the root of our current environmental problems. This article reviews the historical trajectory of specific facets in Western thought, including the disenchantment of nature, the apotheosis of reason, the technological domination of nature, and the Puritan temper. Illuminating this history points out that what is called “rational” and what popularly acceptable as “science” is in fact a by-product of specific historical, cultural, and political circumstances, and has produced a culture of “scientism” that is ideological, not value-free, and is in fact contrary to the open inquiry of science. These ideas are linked to economic rationality, colonialism, and human rights, severing modern humans from our Indigenous roots and fostering an ideology of rapacious environmental exploitation. The author proposes “indigeneity” as embracing the holistic knowledge and wisdom found in traditional cultures while also utilizing the advances in science and other areas of human endeavor. Specifically, the paper argues for bringing about a new cultural discourse that helps reshape human behavior into a more sustainable direction. The role of communication and storytelling is emphasized, with an example given in the story of Polynesian voyaging and the five values of the voyaging canoe.
Analog Neurons that Signal with Spiking Frequencies

Neuron circuits that signal via spiking frequencies are described here. Biomimetic circuits including a frequency-sensitive adaptive synapse, voltage-dependent axon hillock, and STDP learning logic are proposed in this paper. The circuit functions are discussed in detail with HSPICE simulations. This work explores a possible nonlinear autonomous learning component in neuromorphic systems through introducing a band-pass frequency filter-like synapse that could learn to detect the appropriate frequency via the reward process.
Investigation of the photocorrosion of n-GaP photoanodes in acid with in situ UV-Vis spectroscopy

Semiconductors of the III–V class are among the most promising materials for high efficiency solar fuels applications, particularly in tandem devices. Unfortunately, these materials are known to undergo oxidative corrosion as photoanodes in strongly acidic or alkaline electrolyte. In striving to overcome this challenge, researchers need to understand the fundamental degradation behavior during photoelectrochemical operation. Studying the in situ photocorrosion process has largely been limited thus far to expensive and labor-intensive techniques that are not widely available in most labs. Herein, the corrosion of n-GaP, a promising III–V material for tandem top subcells, was investigated in strongly acidic electrolyte using an in situ UV-Vis spectroscopy technique to monitor dissolved Ga and P species as a function of applied bias and time. The changing faradaic efficiency of the electrochemical GaP oxidation reaction was calculated from this data and used to interpret the corrosion process in conjunction with SEM and XPS characterization. Most notably, p+-GaP and n-GaP displayed strikingly different corrosion behavior, with p+-GaP dissolving uniformly across the active area and the corrosion faradaic efficiency increasing to a steady value. Illuminated n-GaP, in contrast, showed initially high corrosion faradaic efficiency which decreased during operation and was attributed to the phenomena of anisotropic surface etching and micropore formation during the beginning stages of photoanodic operation. In addition, corrosion measurements were made with thin conformal coatings of TiO2 as a protective barrier layer on the GaP surface. Although the protective coating slowed the rate of GaP dissolution, the TiO2 layers produced herein contributed significant charge-transfer resistance and still showed similar trends in the corrosion faradaic efficiency vs. time as the bare n-GaP.
Dynamic signatures of lipid droplets reveal cellular metabolic changes associated with stimuli and drug treatments (Conference Presentation)

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy was used to disclose dynamic information from lipid droplets (LDs) in living cancer cells. Statistical analyses of LD dynamics show different pools of LDs associated with LD synthesis and degradation processes. We found that each LD population satisfies a log-normal distribution, thus allowing quantitative comparison through fitting of population histograms. Two-dimensional analyses of LD displacements and speeds offer dynamic signatures of cells to monitor responses to stimuli and drugs. We revealed hypothermia-induced cellular metabolic changes and a two-step metabolic response during apoptosis. We also explored dynamic signatures of LDs during starvation and various drug exposures.
The relationship between leptin, leptin receptor, and FGFR1 in primary human breast tumors.

e13578Background: General/overall obesity and visceral/central obesity are associated with increased breast cancer risk and poorer cancer outcomes; however, the precise etiology of these observatio...
An implant for long-term cervical vagus nerve stimulation in mice

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a neuromodulation therapy with the potential to treat a wide range of chronic conditions in which inflammation is implicated, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis and heart failure. Many of these diseases have well-established mouse models but due to the significant surgical and engineering challenges that accompany a reliable interface for long-term VNS in mice, the therapeutic implications of this bioelectronic approach remain unexplored. Here, we describe a long-term VNS implant in mice, developed at 3 research laboratories and validated for between-lab reproducibility. Implant functionality was evaluated over 3-8 weeks in 81 anesthetized or conscious mice by determining the stimulus intensity required to elicit a change in heart rate (heart rate threshold, HRT). HRT was also used as a method to standardize stimulation dosing across animals. Overall, 60-90% of implants produced stimulus-evoked physiological responses for at least 4 weeks, with HRT values stabilizing after the second week of implantation. Furthermore, stimulation delivered through 6-week-old implants decreased TNF levels in a subset of mice with acute inflammation caused by endotoxemia. Histological examination of 4- to 6-week-old implants revealed fibrotic encapsulation and no gross fiber loss. This implantation and dosing approach provide a tool to systematically investigate the therapeutic potential of long-term VNS in chronic diseases modeled in the mouse, the most widely used vertebrate species in biomedical research.
Generation mechanisms of tire/road noise

Abstract Tire/road noise is an important part of the overall vehicle noise and its importance has grown with the recent technological advances in the reduction of engine and powertrain noise and the advent of electric vehicles. Tire and road surface interactions result in generation of noise and vibrations which are transmitted to the cabin and vehicle surroundings. The generated vibrations are filtered by different suspension and chassis components along the transmission path. Similarly, the generated noise is amplified by some acoustic amplification mechanisms and later filtered by different body panels and components along the acoustic transmission path. The transmitted noise and vibration can be perceived inside the car as cabin noise or human body vibrations and outside the car as tire pass-by noise. In order to control the cabin and pass-by tire noise and vibrations, different noise and vibration generation and transmission mechanisms need to be well understood. In this chapter, we offer an introduction to these different generation, transmission, and amplification mechanisms. Some existing methods to characterize and to modify these mechanisms to improve the tire noise and vibration will be covered in the other chapters of this book.
Medical Symptom Validity Test (MSVT) profiles in individuals being evaluated for Alzheimer's disease.

Our purpose was to determine whether Medical Symptom Validity Test (MSVT) profiles could differentiate performance invalidity from true impairment in patients with varying levels of memory impairme...
Media Markets and Localism: Does Local News En Español Boost Hispanic Voter Turnout?

Since the dawn of broadcasting, and especially in the past decade, Americans have turned their attention from local to more distant sources of news and entertainment. While the integration of media markets will raise the private welfare of many consumers, a globalized information and entertainment industry can undermine civic engagement, transforming locally engaged citizens into viewers consuming programming from distant sources. In response to such concerns, many regulatory agencies, including the Federal Communication Commission in the United States, curtail the integration of media markets to promote %u201Clocalism.%u201D Determining the right balance between the private benefits of integrated markets and the public value of civic engagement requires evidence on the size of the positive spillovers from local media. In this paper, we exploit the rapid growth of Hispanic communities in the United States to test whether the presence of local television news affects local civic behavior. We find that Hispanic voter turnout increased by 5 to 10 percentage points, relative to non-Hispanic voter turnout, in markets where local Spanish-language television news became available. Thus, the tradeoff between integrated media markets and civic engagement is real, and our results provide a basis for the continued pursuit of regulatory policies that promote localism.
Recent Developments in the Law of Lawyering: The New Illinois Rules of Professional Conduct

The Illinois Supreme Court recently amended the Rules of Professional Conduct. The new rules are similar to the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct, but there are a number of important differences. This article reviews all the recent changes to the rules in Illinois.
Stereo-Smell via Electrical Trigeminal Stimulation

We propose a novel type of olfactory device that creates a stereo-smell experience, i.e., directional information about the location of an odor, by rendering the readings of external odor sensors as trigeminal sensations using electrical stimulation of the user's nasal septum. The key is that the sensations from the trigeminal nerve, which arise from nerve-endings in the nose, are perceptually fused with those of the olfactory bulb (the brain region that senses smells). As such, we propose that electrically stimulating the trigeminal nerve is an ideal candidate for stereo-smell augmentation/substitution that, unlike other approaches, does not require implanted electrodes in the olfactory bulb. To realize this, we engineered a self-contained device that users wear across their nasal septum. Our device outputs by stimulating the user's trigeminal nerve using electrical impulses with variable pulse-widths; and it inputs by sensing the user's inhalations using a photoreflector. It measures 10x23 mm and communicates with external gas sensors using Bluetooth. In our user study, we found the key electrical waveform parameters that enable users to feel an odor's intensity (absolute electric charge) and direction (phase order and net charge). In our second study, we demonstrated that participants were able to localize a virtual smell source in the room by using our prototype without any previous training. Using these insights, our device enables expressive trigeminal sensations and could function as an assistive device for people with anosmia, who are unable to smell.
Virtual Multi-Specialty Point-of-Care Ultrasound Rotation for 4 th Year Medical Students during COVID-19: Innovative Teaching Techniques Improve Ultrasound Knowledge and Image Interpretation.

Objectives: Point-of-Care Ultrasound (PoCUS) has been integrated into undergraduate medical education. The COVID-19 pandemic forced medical schools to evolve clinical rotations to minimize interruption through implementation of novel remote learning courses. To address the students' need for remote clinical education, we created a virtual PoCUS course for our fourth year class. We present details of the course's development, implementation, quality improvement processes, achievements, and limitations. Methods: A virtual PoCUS course was created for 141 fourth-year medical students. The learning objectives included ultrasound physics, performing and interpreting ultrasound applications, and incorporating PoCUS into clinical decisions and procedural guidance. Students completed a 30-question pre and post-test focused on ultrasound and knowledge of clinical concepts. PoCUS educators from 10 different specialties delivered the course over 10 days using video-conferencing software. Students watched live scanning demonstrations and practiced ultrasound probe maneuvers using a cellular telephone to simulate ultrasound probe. Students completed daily course evaluations which were used as a continuous needs assessment to make improvements. Results: 141 students participated in the course, all received a passing grade. The mean pre and post-test scores improved from 58% to 88% (p <0.001) through the course duration. Daily evaluations revealed the percentage of students who rated the course's live scanning sessions and didactic components as "very well" increased from 32.7% on day 1 to 69.7% on day 10. The end-of-course evaluation revealed 91% of students agreed they received effective teaching. Conclusions: In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, our multi-specialty faculty expeditiously developed a virtual PoCUS curriculum for the entire fourth year class. This innovative course improved students' ultrasound knowledge, image interpretation and clinical application while utilizing novel techniques to teach a hands-on skill virtually. As the demand for PoCUS instruction continues to increase, the accessibility of virtual training and blended learning will be beneficial.
Toll-Dorsal signaling regulates the spatiotemporal dynamics of yolk granule tubulation during Drosophila cleavage.

Abstract The Toll-Dorsal signaling pathway controls dorsal-ventral (DV) patterning in early Drosophila embryos, which defines specific cell fates along the DV axis and controls morphogenetic behavior of cells during gastrulation and beyond. The extent by which DV patterning information regulates subcellular organization in pre-gastrulation embryos remains unclear. We find that during Drosophila cleavage, the late endosome marker Rab7 is increasingly recruited to the yolk granules and promotes the formation of dynamic membrane tubules. The biogenesis of yolk granule tubules is positively regulated by active Rab7 and its effector complex HOPS, but negatively regulated by the Rab7 effector retromer. The occurrence of tubules is strongly biased towards the ventral side of the embryo, which we show is controlled by the Toll-Dorsal signaling pathway. Our work provides the first evidence for the formation and regulation of yolk granule tubulation in oviparous embryos and elucidates an unexpected role of Toll-Dorsal signaling in regulating this process.
Impacts of wildfire recency and frequency on an Appalachian oak forest

Cabwaylingo State Forest in southern West Virginia has experienced numerous anthropogenic wildfires over the past 36 years. In this case study, we assessed the relationship between fire frequency and recency and stand composition and structure, with emphasis on oak and its competitors. Frequent and recent fire was significantly correlated with reduced red maple overstory stem density and basal area. Overstory oak density did not significantly vary with either fire frequency or recency. Total overstory basal area was greatest in areas of either no fire or nonrecent fire. Oak sapling density was significantly greater with high frequency and recent fire. Red maple sapling densities were greatest when fires were infrequent and recent, and red maple seedlings were greatest in no fire and low-frequency nonrecent fire areas. Our results suggest that recurring fire can enhance the development of large oak advanced reproduction. However, frequent fires without a sufficient fire-free interval could prevent the recruitment of oaks into the overstory.
Proceedings of the 8th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the Internet Measurement Conference 2008 (IMC'08), sponsored by ACM SIGCOMM and in cooperation with USENIX and ACM SIGMETRICS. For the past 8 years, the Internet Measurement Conference has been the premier forum for presentation of research results that contribute to the current understanding of how to collect or analyze Internet measurements, or provide insight into how the Internet behaves. This year we received a record number of 185 submissions from Asia, Australia, Canada, Europe, and the United States. Each paper under consideration was reviewed by at least two reviewers from the Program Committee, over 80% received three reviews, and a small number had four or more reviews. The set of papers under consideration was winnowed down over multiple rounds of reviews and a discussion phase via the on-line review system before the PC meeting. At the end of the discussion phase, about 70 papers were recommended for further discussion and consideration at the PC meeting, which was hosted at Intel Research Pittsburgh. After heated discussion and careful deliberations that lasted a full day, 32 papers---with a balanced mixture of full-length (14 pages) and short (6 pages) papers---were identified by the program committee to be included in the technical program. The resulting program covers a wide range of topic areas related to Internet measurement. For the first time, the conference program also includes a keynote speech by Prof. Christos Faloutsos of Carnegie Mellon University, and a panel session on "Measurement Challenges in Online Social Networks." After the end of the technical program, there will be a tutorial on the IETF IPFIX protocol by Elisa Boschi and Brian Trammell. Following the tradition of past IMC conferences, a Best Paper Award paper is selected among those in the program that makes their measurement data publically available. This year's Best Paper Award goes to "Experimental Study of Router Buffer Sizing," by Neda Beheshti (Stanford University), Yashar Ganjali (University of Toronto), Monia Ghobadi (University of Toronto), Nick McKeown (Stanford University), Geoff Salmon (University of Toronto). Congratulations to the authors of the award paper, and we hope the released data are well used by the community.
SALMONELLA MYOCARDITIS. REPORT OF A CASE WITH VENTRICULAR RUPTURE.

Abstract Acute myocarditis is an unusual expression of Salmonella septicemia. Salmonella choleraesuis , because of its inherent virulence, is most often incriminated as the cause of serious focal disease. A case of overwhelming invasion by this organism in a patient with underlying malignant disease is presented. The terminal event of cardiac rupture through an area of myocardium heavily infiltrated by tumor and inflammatory cells is of particular interest. The unusual aspects of this case are discussed briefly.
A phylogenetic analysis of the extant Aeshnidae (Odonata: Anisoptera)

Abstract A cladistic analysis of the world Aeshnidae is presented, based on fifty-eight characters of adult and larval anatomy. The ingroup taxa include all the extant genera of Aeshnidae, and the austropetaliid genera Phyllopetalia and Hypopetalia were chosen as the outgroup. The strict consensus tree obtained after successive weighting shows that the subgroups defined traditionally for Aeshnidae are paraphyletic or polyphyletic. The previous reclassification derived from analyses based on wing venation is supported in terms of the monophyly of Aeshnidae, Gomphaeschninae and its sister group comprising the remaining Aeshnidae. Gomphaeschninae is confirmed as sister group of the remaining Aeshnidae (= Aeshnodea Bechly). The sister-group relationships between Gomphaeschna+Sarasaeschna and Linaeschna+Oligoaeschna are corroborated. Within Aeshnodea, three monophyletic groups emerged: Boyeria + (Petaliaeschna+ (Limnetron+Gynacanthaeschna+Periaeschna)) + ((Cephalaeschna+Caliaeschna) + (Allopetalia (Notoaeschna+Spinaeschna))); Dendroaeschna+ (Epiaeschna+ (Aeschnophlebia+ (Nasiaeschna+ (Tetracanthagyna+Brachytron)))); and Polycanthagyna+ (Basiaeschna+ (Amphiaeschna+ (Indaeschna+ (Oplonaeschna+ (Racenaeschna+Plattycantha+Agyrtacantha+Triacanthagyna+ (Subaeschna+Austrogynacantha+Gynacantha) + (Heliaeschna+ (Neuraeschna+Staurophlebia))) + ((Castoraeschna+Coryphaeschna+Remartinia) + (Oreaeschna+ (Aeshna+ (Anaciaeschna+ ((‘A.’isosceles+Andaeshna) + (Anax+Hemianax)))))). Additional informative characters are required to test the relationships suggested here between the main groups of Aeshnodea and some enigmatic basal taxa (Antipodophlebia, Austroaeschna, Acanthaeschna, Telephlebia, Austrophlebia and Planaeschna).
Lac Repressor: SPECIFIC PROTEOLYTIC DESTRUCTION OF THE NH2-TERMINAL REGION AND LOSS OF THE DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID-BINDING ACTIVITY

Abstract Lac repressor is characterized by the amino acid sequence of its first 59 amino acid residues and the sequence of additional peptides, accounting for a total of 104 residues, or about 30% of the molecule. Trypsin and chymotrypsin readily inactivate the DNA binding of repressor without a loss in binding properties for the inducer isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactoside. Characterization of the trypsinized repressor shows that digestion under native conditions yields a trypsin-resistant core molecule, which is still a tetramer and exhibits full inducer binding. The inducer binding activity as well as the tetrameric structure can be recovered after denaturation in a random coil solvent. The monomer molecular weight of the tryptic core is approximately 28,000, compared to 38,000 for the intact repressor polypeptide chain indicating the release of about 80 to 90 amino acid residues in the form of tryptic peptides. Characterization of these peptides indicates that they include the NH2-terminal 59 residues of the lac repressor and that they all probably come from the NH2-terminal region of the molecule. Thus, trypsin or chymotrypsin is able to attack the NH2-terminal regions of the repressor tetramer without inducing any further internal nicks in the polypeptide chain. These findings provide substantial support for the hypothesis that the NH2-terminal region of lac repressor is required for binding to the lac operator, but not for the binding of inducer or for the folding of the subunit and its association into a tetrameric structure.
Lung Pathology in Pediatric Pulmonary Vein Stenosis.

Pulmonary vein stenosis is a rare progressive narrowing of the extrapulmonary pulmonary veins, presenting predominantly in infancy and virtually always lethal. It typically arises following repair of congenital heart disease, particularly anomalous pulmonary venous return. Histologic characterization of pediatric pulmonary vein stenosis, not previously well described, may provide insight into the disease pathobiology. We retrieved archival lung specimens (biopsy, explant, or autopsy) from patients with pediatric pulmonary vein stenosis. Medical records were reviewed. Microscopic examination included hematoxylin and eosin (HE 18% were premature. Within the lungs, interlobular septal veins showed thickened muscular coats (in 58%), proliferation/tortuosity (in 6%), and fibromyxoid intimal proliferation (in 3%). Associated arterial hypertensive changes were seen in 30 (91%). The one patient with intrapulmonary venous fibromyxoid intimal proliferation was the only patient with apparent primary familial disease. Lymphangiectasia and arterial medial hypertrophy were histologic features that correlated with clinical grouping. We conclude that in pediatric pulmonary vein stenosis, intrapulmonary pulmonary veins commonly show muscular thickening, best interpreted as venous hypertensive remodeling. Fibromyxoid intimal proliferation resembling that of the extrapulmonary pulmonary veins is uncommon. Awareness of intrapulmonary features in various clinical subtypes of pulmonary vein stenosis may be diagnostically and therapeutically informative considering that current catheter-based and surgical therapy is directed at the extrapulmonary component of pulmonary vein stenosis.
Receptor Tails Unlock Developmental Checkpoints for B Lymphocytes

Two reports, one previously published in Science (Gong and Nussenzweig, 19 April, p. 411) and one in this week9s issue (Torres et al ., p. 1804), report the surprising phenotypes of genetically engineered (knockout) mice missing the Ig-alpha and Ig-beta accessory proteins of the B cell antigen receptor. DeFranco and Roth discuss in their Perspective how the characteristics of these mice reveal two new checkpoints in the developmental pathway of the B cell.
The significance of bright spots observed during the 1971 Martian dust storm

Abstract Mariner 9 photographs of the southern hemisphere of Mars taken during the 1971 planet-wide dust storm display circular bright spots at a time when all near-surface features were totally obscured. Correlating the positions and diameters of these spots with topography shows that they correspond to craters. About half of all the large craters in thestudy area were brightened. The associated craters are large and flat-floored, have significant rim uplift, and contain dark splotches on their floors. The depth/diameter relationship of the bright spot craters is comparable to that of a planet-wide sample. Depth may not be important in selectively brightening certain craters. The visibility of bright spots in A-camera photographs is strongly dependent on the wavelength of the filter used during exposure. It is proposed that bright spots result from the multiple scattering of incident light in dust clouds entrained within craters during dust storms. The appearance of the dust clouds is a function of the availability of a dust supply and, perhaps, air turbulence generated by winds flowing over upraised rims and rough crater floors. Bright spots persist during the final stage of the planet-wide dust storm. If bright spots are dust clouds, this persistence demonstrates that crater interiors are the last regions of clearing.
Observation and investigation of increasing isosteric heat of adsorption of ethane on zeolite-templated carbon

Ethane adsorption was measured on zeolite-templated carbon (ZTC) and compared to superactivated carbon MSC-30. Isotherms measured at temperatures between 252 and 423 K were fitted using a superposition of two Langmuir isotherms, and thermodynamic properties were assessed. Unlike typical carbon adsorbents, the isosteric heat of adsorption on ZTC increases by up to 4.6 kJ/mol with surface coverage. This increase is attributed to strong adsorbate–adsorbate intermolecular interactions, a hypothesis that is shown to be consistent with fundamental estimates of intermolecular interactions. Furthermore, the molar entropy of the adsorbed phase was measured and compared to an estimate derived from statistical mechanics. While the measured and estimated entropies of the adsorbed phase of ethane on MSC-30 are in agreement, they differ significantly on ZTC at high coverage, indicative of the atypical properties of ethane adsorption on ZTC.
Regional and Systemic Hemodynamic Patterns in Rabbits with Neurogenic Hypertension

The hemodynamic basis of neurogenic hypertension was studied in unanesthetized rabbits 10 minutes to 30 days after sinoaortic denervation (SAD). The fractional distribution of 86Rb to body tissues was determined and used to calculate regional blood flow from the value of cardiac output obtained from an arterial dilution curve of the indicator. Sham-operated rabbits served as controls. Increased cardiac output was a major hemodynamic component of SAD hypertension in 69% of the rabbits studied 1-40 hours postoperatively (acutely) but in only 25% of those studied 3-30 days after surgery (chronically). In the majority of the chronic SAD rabbits, increased total peripheral resistance (TPR) was the basis of the hypertension. All SAD rabbits had increased heart rates. Acutely, most high-cardiac output hypertensive rabbits had increased splanchnic resistance with normal blood flow, whereas all of them had low or normal renal resistance with high blood flow. Flows were increased in other major regions. Acutely, in the few high-TPR hypertensive rabbits, resistance was significantly increased in splanchnic tissue, liver, and carcass but not in the kidneys. Chronically, renal resistance was elevated in both types of hypertension. Chronic high-TPR rabbits had increased resistance in all major regions, but, unlike the acute high-TPR group, increased carcass resistance was located in bone rather than skeletal muscle. In the few chronic high-cardiac output hypertensive rabbits, TPR was reduced and regional blood flows were high with the exception of that to the kidneys and liver. Skin received a larger percent of cardiac output in chronic hypertensive rabbits than it did in acute hypertensive rabbits regardless of the hemodynamic basis of the hypertension.
Contact-hole MEEF comparison between ALTA and 50-KeV written masks

Patterning of small contact holes has arisen as one of the principal challenges in all of semiconductor lithography. It has been established that the wafer print CD of a contact is related to the effective area of the contact hole on the mask, and that area MEEF values for 130 nm node contact holes utilizing 248 nm lithography can exceed 4.0. As such, there is strong motivation to ensure the best possible reticle level CD control. The move to 50KeV mask write processes has been accompanied by improvements in across reticle CD control. This paper will compare the wafer level printing performance, including area MEEF, for contact reticles written with 50KeV vector scan versus ALTA laser write tools. The results suggest that conventional mask specifications based upon a "CD" measurement are insufficient and that area based metrology is required.
Magnetohydrodynamic effect on open-channel flow

References 1 Kourganoff, V., Basic Methods in Transfer Problems (Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1963), p. 33-35. 2 Heaslet, M. A. and Baldwin, B. S., "Predictions of the structure of radiation-resisted shock waves/' Phys. Fluids 6, 781-791 (1963). 3 Tricomi, F. G., Integral Equations (Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, 1957), p. 49. 4 Ryhming, I. L., "On the structure of a radiation-resisted shock in a simple dissociating gas," Aerospace Corporation, TDR-269(4230-20)-7 (May 15, 1964). Fig. 2 Theoretical curves of free surface.
An improved automatic incremental algorithm for the efficient solution of nonlinear finite element equations

Abstract A review and comparison of the existing arc-length algorithms for the automatic incremental solution of nonlinear finite element equations in static analysis are presented. These include the general spherical arc-length method, the Crisfield cylindrical arc-length method, and the Bergan current stiffness parameter ellipsoidal arc-length method. A set of benchmark problems are tested for comparison purposes. Finally, an improved algorithm is introduced that effectively handles severe snap-back geometry and extremely steep negative slope. Results of two typical problems are presented.