cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IT Governance on One Page

As firms strive to generate value from information technology (IT), managers are increasingly aware that IT-related decisions and behaviors must be aligned with organizational performance goals. But many individuals throughout organizations make daily decisions influencing the value received from IT. IT governance is the process by which firms align IT actions with their performance goals and assign accountability for those actions and their outcomes. To be effective, IT governance must be actively designed, not the result of isolated mechanisms (e.g. steering committee, office of IT architecture, service level agreements) implemented at different times to address the challenge of the moment. Based on the best practices of 300 enterprises in 23 countries this paper offers an assessment and a one-page framework to help firms design and communicate IT governance.
Brief announcement: an analysis framework for distributed hierarchical directories

Distributed hierarchical directories are data structures that enable one to access shared objects whenever needed. These directories are used to implement fundamental coordination problems in distributed systems, including distributed transactional memory [4,5], distributed queues [2], and mobile object tracking [1]. These directories support access to the shared objects in a network through three basic operations: (i) publish, allowing a shared object to be inserted in the directory so that other nodes can find it; (ii) lookup, providing a read-only copy of the object to the requesting node; and (iii) move, allowing the requesting node to write the object locally after getting it.
LAC4 IS THE STRUCTURAL GENE FOR β-GALACTOSIDASE IN KLUYVEROMYCES LACTIS

Using genetic and biochemical techniques, we have determined that beta-galactosidase in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis is coded by the LAC4 locus. The following data support this conclusion: (1) mutations in this locus result in levels of beta-galactosidase activity 100-fold lower than levels in uninduced wild type and all other lac- mutants; (2) three of five lac4 mutations are suppressible by an unlinked suppressor whose phenotype suggests that it codes for a nonsense suppressor tRNA; (3) a Lac+ revertant, bearing lac4--14 and this unlinked suppressor, has subnormal levels of beta-galactosidase activity, and the Km for hydrolysis of o-nitrophenyl-beta, D-galactoside and the thermal stability of the enzyme are altered; (4) the level of beta-galactosidase activity per cell is directly proportional to the number of copies of LAC4; (5) analysis of cell-free extracts of strains bearing mutations in LAC4 by two-dimensional acrylamide gel electrophoresis shows that strains bearing lac4--23 and lac4--30 contain an inactive beta-galactosidase whose subunit co-electrophoreses with the wild-type subunit, while no subunit or fragment of the subunit is observable in lac4--8, lac14--14 or lac4--29 mutants; (6) of all lac4 mutants, only those bearing lac4--23 or lac4--30 contain a protein that cross-reacts with anti beta-galactosidase antibody, a finding consistent with the previous result; and (7) beta-galactosidase activity in several Lac+ revertants of strains carrying lac4--23 or lac4--30 has greatly decreased thermostability.
Detecting Structural Events for Assessing Non-Native Speech

Structural events, (i.e., the structure of clauses and disfluencies) in spontaneous speech, are important components of human speaking and have been used to measure language development. However, they have not been actively used in automated speech assessment research. Given the recent substantial progress on automated structural event detection on spontaneous speech, we investigated the detection of clause boundaries and interruption points of edit disfluencies on transcriptions of non-native speech data and extracted features from the detected events for speech assessment. Compared to features computed on human-annotated events, the features computed on machine-generated events show promising correlations to holistic scores that reflect speaking proficiency levels.
The effects of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) on the gastrointestinal tract.

Abstract Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) immunoreactivity is distributed throughout the gastrointestinal tract and the pancreas. We have studied the effect of TRH on several gastrointestinal functions in intact, unanesthetized dogs. Intravenous TRH stimulated gastric action potentials (p
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma among the population in Jerusalem

Abstract Purpose : Because the incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma differs in various ethnic groups, the heterogeneous population of Jerusalem was selected for an epidemiologic study. Materials and Methods : Data from 63 consecutive patients diagnosed with nasopharyngeal carcinoma were collected in a retrospective manner. Information regarding sex, age, ethnic origin, tobacco and alcohol consumption, chronic sinusitis, and immunoglobulin (lg)G to Epstein-Barr virus capsid antigen was tabulated and was statistically analyzed by the z test. Results : The results showed an increased incidence of disease in the Sephardi Jews, especially of Moroccan origin. The histologic type was 100% poorly differentiated squamous carcinoma, and was associated with a better prognosis than is usually seen n the literature. Concluslon : This study identified an ethnic-related pattern of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Jerusalem, and found a 100% incidence of poorly differentiated squamous carcinoma, and a better survival rate than the literature suggests, which may be attributable to the histologic type.
Some minimal pairs of α-recursively enumerable degrees

Exploitation of the model theoretic properties of G6del's constructible sets led in [61 to a generalization of the Friedberg-Muchnik finite injury (or priority) method from ¢o to every E l admissible ~. In order to generalize, it was necessary to sacrifice the standard indexing of arecursively enumerable sets, and hence of the requirements associated with finite injury arguments. For some a's tile indexing was demonstrably not a-recursive. 131 gave an alternative view of [6] that centered on the nature of the indexing. This paper continues the study of indexing of requirements, and applies it to construct minimal pairs of a-recursively enumerable sets for some, but not all, ~x. The Friedberg-Muchnik solution of Post's problem generalizes in a trivial fashion to every 2; 2 admissible ordinal. All the complications of [31 and [61 resulted from forcing a 2;1 admissible ordinal a to do the work of a ~2 admissible ordinal. In this paper a is forced to do a much larger share of that work, and even
Application of passive imaging polarimetry in the discrimination and detection of different color targets of identical shapes using color-blind imaging sensors

Important aspects of automatic pattern recognition systems are their ability to efficiently discriminate and detect proper targets with low false alarms. In this paper we extend the applications of passive imaging polarimetry to effectively discriminate and detect different color targets of identical shapes using color-blind imaging sensor. For this case of study we demonstrate that traditional color-blind polarization-insensitive imaging sensors that rely only on the spatial distribution of targets suffer from high false detection rates, especially in scenarios where multiple identical shape targets are present. On the other hand we show that color-blind polarization-sensitive imaging sensors can successfully and efficiently discriminate and detect true targets based on their color only. We highlight the main advantages of using our proposed polarization-encoded imaging sensor.
The Secant Method for Buckling Load of Centrally Compressed Member with Residual Stresses

A fast method for elastic-plastic buckling of centrally compressed members is put forward, which is suitable for the medium length column considering the effect of residual stresses. The problem of elastic-plastic buckling is simplified as a nonlinear function of axial strain, and the secant algorithm is built based on the nonlinear function. The advantages of the new method are discussed and the iterative calculation process is listed. The new method offers significant improvements in accuracy, robustness and calculation amount of the solution, which can be used for members with any type section. An example of I-shape member is calculated by the new method and the result is compared with the analytical solution. The contrast of the buckling load verifies the reliability of the new method.
Assessment of landscape functionality changes as one aspect of reclamation quality – the case of Velká podkrušnohorská dump, Czech Republic

Abstract Spatial patterns of surface temperature and a wetness index, from remote sensing data, and surface-water conductivity from field monitoring, were used in an evaluation of landscape function of an area of spoil heap restoration from opencast brown coal mining. LANDSAT scenes were used for the surface temperature and wetness index calculation. Conductivity was measured in the surface waters discharged from the dump restored area. All parameters were transformed to a final synthetic raster layer which reflected the quality of landscape functioning. The high wetness and lower temperatures, and low conductivity, indicate better functioning landscape segments and areas that are stabilized. Areas displaying low wetness, high temperatures and high water conductivity belong to landscape segments that are disturbed and represent localities at risk. This approach was applied to a large dump area (Velka podkrusnohorska dump, NW Czech Republic) to determine landscape functionality at various phases of the ongoing reclamation process and observe the development detectable during a year of intensive reclamation work. The evaluation of results revealed notable differences in landscape functionality between early and mature dump elements as well as their differences in development; nevertheless, the dump as a whole underwent a positive change. The applied method allows a fast and objective screening of large, heterogeneous and difficult-to-survey areas, and as such especially useful for the evaluation of post-mining landscapes and reclamation processes.
Between the quack and the fanatic: movements in our self-belief

Separate from the question of whether our patients believe us as doctors is the question of whether we ourselves believe in our healing ‘performances’. Borrowing from Bernard Williams’ model of truth based on the two irreducible virtues of sincerity and accuracy, this article describes a spectrum of states of self-belief, from the quack who does not believe in his acts to the fanatic who does not ‘dis-believe’, with ranges of pious fraud and bad faith in between and on either side of a variable range of justified self-belief. I describe how as practitioners we move and are moved up and down this range throughout our careers and as a result of the behaviors of others. The model provides the basis for a critique of the marketing efforts of industries related to medical practice.
Target Linearization and Model Predictive Control of Polymerization Processes

Modeling and control of prototypical industrial polymerization processes are presented in the presence of disturbances and plant-model mismatch. The process model consists of the material balances for the reactor, energy balance for the reactor, and a simplified dynamic model for the downstream flash separator. The process model is used to develop a TLMPC that separates the target calculation from dynamic regulation in a closed-loop setting. The main feature of the proposed controller (TLMPC) is that the targets are calculated from the nonlinear model, and then used to get the correct linearized model. The linearized model is utilized to calculate the actual control moves for dynamic regulation, and develop an extended Kalman filter for state estimation. The resulting TLMPC controller does not have the computational burdens associated with a full NMPC and gives similar performance to NMPC. The TLMPC shows optimal plant startup, product grade transitions, and regulation around a set point for the polymerization process in comparison to a fixed LMPC. Robustness with respect to incorrect model kinetic parameters, initial state estimates and measured disturbances is also shown for TLMPC, as compared to LMPC.
Morphology of polymer films and single molecules

Seven polymeric substances were examined by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Features on the scale of the diameter of single molecular chains were observed. Polymers examined include (1) linear polyethylene (Mw = 52,000), (2) linear polyethylene (Mw approximately 5,000,000), (3) poly(cis-1,4-butadiene), (4) poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamate, (5) poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK), (6) deuterated polystyrene-poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) block copolymer, and (7) a polydiacetylene, poly(1,12-di(butoxy-carbonylmethylurethanyl)-5,8-dodecadiyne), also called poly-4BCMU. A variety of methods were used to prepare dispersed single molecules and very thin films, some of which had regions with strands containing only a few molecules. Staining with RuO4 revealed structures near the surface of the films that were reproducible and characteristic of each polymer.
Sediments and Water Interactions

This volume is an assemblage of 44 individual papers that are generally representative of the content of the Third International Symposium on Interaction Between Sediments and Water, held in Geneva, Switzerland, August 27–31, 1984. The papers reflect the interest among scientists in the mechanisms that control nutrient cycling, speciation, and the distribution of heavy metals in sediments. However, little of the current work relating to the role of organic contaminants is represented, although it is recognized that the papers were written several years ago. This implies that attention is being directed to toxic substances as a discrete topic rather than to the processes operating at the sediment-water interface with which contaminants interact.
A distributed reactivity model for sorption by soils and sediments. 7. Enthalpy and polarity effects on desorption under supercritical fluid conditions

Mechanisms of phenanthrene desorption from five subsurface materials in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO2) were investigated by measuring isotherms in the presence of fixed quantities of a polar cosolvent (methanol) and by calculating desorption enthalpies from the temperature dependence of the isotherms. The addition of 7.4 mol % methanol to the SC CO2 phase resulted in 2−11-fold reductions in Freundlich capacity factors at 120 atm and 50 °C. The capacity reduction greatly exceeded that expected from the 21% increase in phenanthrene solubility accompanying cosolvent addition. Isotherms became more linear at 120 atm and 50 °C upon methanol addition for all sorbents except a shale sample. Solubility and organic carbon-normalized phenanthrene sorption capacities declined with increasing solvent polarity, in the order dry SC CO2 > methanol-amended SC CO2 > aqueous solution, and declined with sorbent organic carbon content. Sorption enthalpies from an ideal gas reference state ranged from −106 to −70 kJ/mo...
Dissipative Solitons in Normal-Dispersion Fiber Lasers: Exact Pulse Solutions of the Complex Ginzburg-Landau Equation

A recently-developed modelocked fiber laser is analyzed with the Ginzburg-Landau equation. A range of experimental pulse shapes are predicted remarkably well by an exact analytical solution, and thus constitute dissipative temporal solitons.
MULTI-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATIONS OF ROTATING PAIR-INSTABILITY SUPERNOVAE

We study the effects of rotation on the dynamics, energetics, and 56Ni production of pair instability supernova (PISN) explosions by performing rotating two-dimensional (2.5D) hydrodynamics simulations. We calculate the evolution of eight low-metallicity (Z = 10–3, 10–4 Z ☉) massive (135-245 M ☉) PISN progenitors with initial surface rotational velocities of 50% of the critical Keplerian value using the stellar evolution code MESA. We allow for both the inclusion and the omission of the effects of magnetic fields in the angular momentum transport and in chemical mixing, resulting in slowly rotating and rapidly rotating final carbon-oxygen cores, respectively. Increased rotation for carbon-oxygen cores of the same mass and chemical stratification leads to less energetic PISN explosions that produce smaller amounts of 56Ni due to the effect of the angular momentum barrier that develops and slows the dynamical collapse. We find a non-monotonic dependence of 56Ni production on rotational velocity in situations when smoother composition gradients form at the outer edge of the rotating cores. In these cases, the PISN energetics are determined by the competition of two factors: the extent of chemical mixing in the outer layers of the core due to the effects of rotation in the progenitor evolution and the development of angular momentum support against collapse. Our 2.5D PISN simulations with rotation are the first presented in the literature. They reveal hydrodynamic instabilities in several regions of the exploding star and increased explosion asymmetries with higher core rotational velocity.
The role of caveolae in endothelial cell dysfunction with a focus on nutrition and environmental toxicants

Complications of vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, are the number one cause of death in Western societies. Dysfunction of endothelial cells is a critical underlying cause of the pathology of atherosclerosis. Lipid rafts, and especially caveolae, are enriched in endothelial cells, and down-regulation of the caveolin-1 gene may provide protection against the development of atherosclerosis. There is substantial evidence that exposure to environmental pollution is linked to cardiovascular mortality, and that persistent organic pollutants can markedly contribute to endothelial cell dysfunction and an increase in vascular inflammation. Nutrition can modulate the toxicity of environmental pollutants, and evidence suggests that these affect health and disease outcome associated with chemical insults. Because caveolae can provide a regulatory platform for pro-inflammatory signalling associated with vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, we suggest a link between atherogenic risk and functional changes of caveolae by environmental factors such as dietary lipids and organic pollutants. For example, we have evidence that endothelial caveolae play a role in uptake of persistent organic pollutants, an event associated with subsequent production of inflammatory mediators. Functional properties of caveolae can be modulated by nutrition, such as dietary lipids (e.g. fatty acids) and plant-derived polyphenols (e.g. flavonoids), which change activation of caveolae-associated signalling proteins. The following review will focus on caveolae providing a platform for pro-inflammatory signalling, and the role of caveolae in endothelial cell functional changes associated with environmental mediators such as nutrients and toxicants, which are known to modulate the pathology of vascular diseases.
Structural and biochemical characterization of engineered tissue using FTIR spectroscopic imaging: melanoma progression as an example

Engineered tissue represents a convenient path to providing models for imaging and disease progression. The use of these models or phantoms is becoming increasingly prevalent. While structural characterization of these systems is well-documented, a combination of biochemical and structural knowledge is often helpful. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic imaging is a rapidly emerging technique that combines the molecular selectivity of spectroscopy with the spatial specificity of optical microscopy. Here, we report on the application of FTIR spectroscopic for analysis of a melanoma model in engineered skin. We first characterize the biochemical properties, consistency and spectral changes in different layers of growing skin. Results provide simple indices for monitoring tissue consistency and reproducibility as a function of time. Second, we introduce malignant melanocytes to simulate tumor formation and growth. Both cellular changes associated with tumor formation and growth can be observed. FTIR images indicate holistic chemical changes during the tumor growth, allowing for the development of automated pathology protocols. FTIR imaging being non-destructive, further, samples remain entirely compatible with downstream tissue processing or staining. We specifically examined the correlation of structural changes, molecular content and reproducibility of the model systems. The development of analysis, integrating spectroscopy, imaging and computation will allow for quality control and standardization of both the structural and biochemical properties of tissue phantoms.
When Wet Gets Wetter: Decoupling of Moisture, Redox Biogeochemistry, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in a Humid Tropical Forest Soil

Upland humid tropical forest soils are often characterized by fluctuating redox dynamics that vary temporally and spatially across the landscape. An increase in the frequency and intensity of rainfall events with climate change is likely to affect soil redox reactions that control the production and emissions of greenhouse gases. We used a 24-day rainfall manipulation experiment to evaluate temporal and spatial trends of surface soil (0‐20 cm) redox-active chemical species and greenhouse gas fluxes in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. Treatments consisted of a high rainfall simulation (60 mm day -1 ), afl uctuating rainfall regime, and a control. Water addition generated high temporal and spatial variation in soil moisture (0.3‐0.6 m 3 m -3 ), but had no significant effect on soil oxygen (O2) concentrations. Extractable nitrate (NO3 - ) concentrations decreased with daily water additions and reduced iron (Fe(II)) concentrations increased towards the end of the experiment. Overall, redox indicators displayed a weak, non-deterministic, nonlinear relationship with soil moisture. High concentrations of Fe(II) and manganese (Mn) were present even where moisture was relatively low, and net Mn reduction occurred in all plots including controls. Mean CO2 fluxes were best explained by soil C concentrations and a composite redox indicator, and not water addition. Several plots were CH4 sources irrespective of water addition, whereas other plots oscillated between weak CH4 sources and sinks. Fluxes of N2 Ow ere highest in control plots and were consistently low in water-addition plots. Together, these data suggest (1) a relative decoupling between soil moisture and redox processes at our spatial and temporal scales of measurement, (2) the co-occurrence of aerobic and anaerobic biogeochemical processes in well-drained surface soils, and (3) an absence of threshold effects from sustained precipitation on redox reactions over the scale of weeks. Our data suggest a need to re-evaluate representations of moisture in biogeochemical models.
The Role of Bioflocculation on Suspended Solids and Particulate COD Removal in the Trickling Filter Process

Understanding that there is a significant presence of extracellular polymeric substances at the biofilm/wastewater interface and that the primary constituent of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in domestic wastewaters is organic particulates, this research describes the kinetics of particulate removal in a pilot-scale trickling filter (TF) and the role of bioflocculation in the removal process. Recent research has described the role of bioflocculation on particulate COD (PCOD) removal in suspended growth biological wastewater treatment systems. However, no research pertaining to PCOD removal by bioflocculation in attached growth systems was identified prior to this study. For this study, experiments were conducted using both bench- and pilot-scale biofilm reactors and provided evidence that the removal of organic and inorganic particulate matter in a TF bioreactor follows a first-order bioflocculation rate equation. The statistical analysis of data obtained from the pilot TF fits the dispersion model to suspended solids and PCOD remaining in the pilot TF.
Texture of mantle lithosphere along the Dead Sea Rift: Recently imposed or inherited?

Seismic anisotropy, a property linked to the texture of the mantle rock, should be distributed with depth along the trace of the Dead Sea Rift (DSR), owing to a combination of present day and ancient tectonics. Using data from four permanent and one temporary seismic observatories we evaluate birefringence (splitting) of 91 teleseismic core-refracted shear waves, primarily SKS phases. We find significant levels of birefringence in the bulk of observed phases. We also find that birefringence parameters (fast directions and delays) vary as a function of source–receiver geometry. Notably, the pattern of this directional variation in birefringence is quite similar at all sites we have examined. We interpret observed birefringence in SKS phases in terms of one- and two-layer models. Single-layer models for all stations exhibit a fast polarization oriented 12–19 ◦ east of north, with anisotropy sufficient to generate 1.3-s time delay. We find strong evidence for at least two distinct anisotropic layers. For the two layer models, the upper layers resemble the single-layer models, showing near-north fast polarizations and delays on the order of 1 s. Three out of four sites show fast polarizations in the lower layer that strike 50–80 ◦ CW from north with time delays 0.3–0.6 s. One site, at the northern end of the DSR, displays a higher degree of anisotropy in the lower layer, and a more northerly fast polarization. Overall, the lower layers at all sites appear to be consistent with the deformation caused by plate motion relative to the asthenosphere. The fabric in the upper layer is sub-parallel to the present-day transcurrent motion on the DSR, but also matches the typical orientation of lithospheric seismic anisotropy in the Arabian shield. Our overall conclusion is that the impact of the DSR on the rock fabric of the mantle lithosphere is probably quite weak.
A Model and Observations of Time-Dependent Upwelling over the Mid-Shelf and Slope

Abstract A simple model of time-dependent quasi-geostrophic upwelling over an outer continental shelf and slope region is considered with the velocity assumed independent of the alongshore coordinate The flow is at rest and stably stratified when a uniform alongshore wind stress τ is applied. Initially, the onshore flow in the water column balances the offshore top Ekman volume flux. As time progresses the bottom Ekman layer supplies increasingly more of the required onshore flux and the onshore flow in the interior of the water column decreases. The shallower water spins up first leading to both a coastal jet and an upward bulge in the isopycnal surfaces which propagates offshore with a speed equal to 0.012(τ/p)½/hx, where hx is the local slope. At the shelf break, if hxxh/hx2>2 another upward bulge of the isopycnal surfaces will develop at the onset of upwelling favorable winds and will be of greater amplitude than the propagating bulge. The theory is generalized to include the effects of a time-depende...
Enhancing tensile strength and toughness in syntactic foams through nanoclay reinforcement

Abstract Nanoclay hybrid syntactic foams are developed for applications requiring high energy absorption and damage tolerance. Four types of hollow glass particles with different densities are used for fabrication. All foams are fabricated with a constant (35%) volume fraction of resin. Eight types of nanoclay hybrid foams are made by combining two volume fractions of nanoclay particles (2 and 5%, respectively) with each microballoon type. Results from tensile testing of hybrid and pure syntactic foams are compared. Microstructural characterization is performed to determine the interaction of nanoclay particles with the surrounding matrix and to study their role in altering the fracture behavior of microballoons. Results indicate that tensile strength has increased upon the addition of nanoclay particles. Modulus has decreased, which indicates a large increase in fracture strain and toughness of syntactic foams due to the presence of nanoclay particles. Presence of nanoclay particles plays a significant role in delaying crack initiation and growth, resulting in enhanced tensile strength and toughness. Low density foam fracture due to microballoon failure and crack propagation. High density foams fracture due to matrix–microballoon debonding and crack propagation around intact microballoons.
Random walk approach to wave radiation in cylindrical and spherical domains

Two- and three-dimensional Helmholtz equations in the exterior cylindrical and spherical domains are addressed by the random walk method. The solutions of the Dirichlet problems in such domains are represented as mathematical expectations of specified functionals on trajectories of random motions running in designated domains of a multi-dimensional complex space. The numerical examples confirm the efficiency of the random walk approach to the analysis of wave radiation.
A case for the utilization of a scaffolding case study in travel and tourism education.

This research examines how an instructional intervention helped undergraduate college students develop intercultural competence in the context of a regular travel and tourism undergraduate university course. The rationale for this instructional intervention is based on the need for intercultural-competent individuals in the travel and tourism industry. The instructional intervention, called a scaffolding case study, created metacognitive stimuli to promote the students' intercultural competence development. The results show that when using the scaffolding case study, the number of students who showed intercultural competence development increased and their levels of intercultural competence increased as well. These outcomes reinforce the understanding among researchers that intercultural competence is not innate, that it must be learned. This study contributes to the literature on authentic learning pedagogy effectiveness as intercultural competence education is wanting in American travel and tourism curr...
Abstract 813: Mechanism of cellular uptake of Pt drugs: The role of hCTR1

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Cisplatin is an anti-cancer drug used to treat various human malignancies including breast, testicular, ovarian, prostrate, lung, head, neck, and colon cancers. While this drug has been shown to successfully treat tumors, its use is limited by the rapid development of resistance. This drug has been used since the 70's to treat different forms of cancer and recent studies have attempted to understand the mechanism of resistance by examining how this anti-cancer drug is taken into the cell, distributed within the cell, and exported. It has been claimed that hCTR1, the human high affinity Cu transporter, is the major entry pathway for cis-Pt and related anti-cancer drugs in human cells. Furthermore, that the entry mechanism via hCTR1 mimics that of Cu. Since hCTR1 is a very selective transporter for Cu(I), its function as a cisplatin entry pathway is unexpected. We will describe the results of our recent studies on HEK293 cells that over-express wild-type hCTR1 and a number of mutant Cu transporters, ovarian tumor cells that are sensitive or resistant to cis-Pt, and a number of human breast cell tumor lines. We have compared the relative entry rates of Cu and Pt in these cells and, via cell surface biotinylation and imaging, the effects of extracellular Cu, which causes regulatory endocytosis of the transporter, to that of the cis-Pt drugs. Our results suggest that hCTR1 is not the major entry route of Pt drugs into human cells and that the response of the transporter, in a number of these cells, to the presence of extracellular drug is different from its response to Cu. Supported by NIH Grant P01 GM 067166. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 813. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-813
Long-term growth in small-for-date children.

. Fitzhardinge, P.M. and Inwood, S. (Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada). Long-term growth in small-for-date children. Acta Paediatr Scand [Suppl] 349: 27, 1989. The growth patterns of 158 infants with significant intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) were studied for the first 2 years of life. Eighty-four infants were born after 36 completed weeks. All these full-term infants survived; complete follow-up data were obtained for 78. Acceleration of growth in weight began soon after birth and continued for an average of 6 months. Acceleration of linear growth began somewhat later, but was limited to the first 9 months. Twenty-three infants (29%) were still below the 5th centile for both weight and height by 2 years of age. There was a negative correlation between the neonatal ponderal index and length at 18 months for females only. Seventy-four infants were born prematurely, before 37 weeks’gestation. Mortality in this group was 18% and complete follow-up data were obtained for 49 of the 61 survivors. Birth weight was regained on average at 11 days; accelerated weight velocity began 4–6 weeks before the expected date of delivery (term date). The potential for catch-up growth lasted up to 9 months after the term date. By 18 months, however, 44% of these pre-term infants were still below the 5th centile for weight. Size at 18 months post-term was correlated with weight at the term date and length at 3 months post-term, but not with the degree of IUGR or with the ponderal index.
A Study of the Relation Between Feed Consumption and Milk Secretion

While many yearly milk production records are available which permit the study of the normal course of milk secretion during the lactation period, records of feed consumption during the course of the lactation period are very limited in number. Studies showing the relation between total feed consumption and total milk production are the basis of the modem feeding standards for d ~ cattle, but the relation between feed consumption and milk secretion during the course of the lactation period has not been determined. Study (1) of the characteristics of the yearly milk secretion curves of the various breeds of dairy cattle and a number of groups of cows within certain breeds indicate that under favorable conditions of feeding and management the factors controlling the rate of increase in milk secretion during the early part of the lactation period and the rate of decline following the period of maximum production appear to be inherited characteristics governing the mechanism of milk secretion. The object of this paper is to present data showing the characteristics of the feed consumption curves during the course of the lactation period and their relation to milk secretion and change of live weight.
Hope as a Moderator of the Associations Between Common Risk Factors and Frequency of Substance Use Among Latino Adolescents

Ample research suggests that delinquency, depressive symptoms, and peer substance use are common risk factors associated with adolescent substance use. However, the factors that may help to buffer the deleterious effects of these risk factors on adolescent substance use, such as hope, have yet to be examined. The current study evaluated hope as a moderator of the associations between these common risk factors and frequency of substance use (alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana) in a sample of Latino high school students (M age = 16.14 years, SD = 1.30; 55 % female). Findings indicated that the influence of delinquency on frequency of tobacco and marijuana use depended on levels of hope, with delinquency only positively associated with frequency of use when levels of hope were low. Additionally, hope moderated the association between depressive symptoms and alcohol use, such that depressive symptoms were only positively associated with frequency of alcohol use when levels of hope were low. Results and their implications for intervention are reviewed.
HIGH-HEAT-FLUX REGIME OF SUPERFLUID COOLING IN VERTICAL CHANNELS.

Limiting temperature gradients at the breakdown of superfluid heat transport have been measured as a function of temperature for three configurations of insulated vertical channels. Values of the temperature gradient calculated from a vaporization hypothesis are in good agreement with the experimentally measured gradients, indicating that metastable superheating does not occur. Systematic discrepancies noted at low temperatures and high heat fluxes show that the vaporization hypothesis is not a complete description. Values of the Gorter-Mellink constant have been determined and are found to exhibit a systematic dependence on channel size as well as temperature. Limiting heat fluxes calculated using the experimentally determined Gorter-Mellink constant are in good agreement with experimental values above \ensuremath{\sim} 1.6 K; deviations are observed at lower temperatures.
Effects of detergents on proliferation and metabolism of human keratinocytes

Effects of low concentrations of detergents on cultured human foreskin keratinocytes were assessed in vitro. The viability and activity of keratinocytes were assessed by measuring reduction of a tetrazolium dye as an indicator of mitochondrial metabolism. The keratinocyte proliferative responses after incubation with detergents were assessed by a spectrophotometric assay employing crystal violet dye and a fluorometric assay determining total DNA content. Both the cationic detergent cetyltrimethylammonium bromide [CTAB] and the anionic detergent sodium lauryl sulfate [SLS] showed toxic effects on keratinocytes at concentrations as low as 3 micrograms/mg, but SLS was less toxic. However, both SLS and CTAB activated keratinocytes at very low concentrations. Proliferative activity and mitochondrial metabolism increased. Serum partially protected keratinocytes against toxic and stimulatory activities of both detergents. We suggest that detergents may directly damage keratinocytes and thereby produce irritant contact dermatitis, but activation of keratinocytes by low concentrations may also produce dermatitis, perhaps by causing keratinocytes to release cytokines.
Real-time parameter estimation for degrading and pinching hysteretic models

Abstract Many civil and mechanical structures exhibit hysteresis with degradation and/or pinching when subject to severe cyclic loadings such as earthquakes, wind, or sea waves. The modeling and identification of non-linear hysteretic systems with degradation and pinching is therefore a practical problem encountered in the engineering mechanics field. On-line identification of degrading and pinching hysteretic systems is quite a challenging problem because of its complexity. A recently developed technique, the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) which is capable of handling any functional non-linearity, is applied to the on-line parametric system identification of hysteretic differential models with degradation and pinching. Simulation results show that the UKF is efficient and effective for the real-time state estimation and parameter identification of highly non-linear hysteretic systems with degradation and pinching.
Assessment and Intervention for PTSD in Children Exposed to Violence

Summary Recent research has established that exposure to domestic violence is a major risk factor for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children. However, one issue that has been relatively neglected in research conducted to date concerns developmental differences: both in the expression of PTSD symptoms across childhood and adolescence, and in the techniques appropriate for assessing and intervening with PTSD in children at different ages. The available literature is reviewed concerning the conceptualization, measurement, and treatment of PTSD in children, with special attention to the case of children of battered women. Guidelines are provided for developmentally sensitive approaches to assessment and treatment.
An ultrastructural analysis of the developing enteric nervous system of the guinea-pig small intestine.

The developing enteric nervous system of the guinea-pig has been analysed ultrastructurally. In addition, electron microscope autoradiography, following incubation with tritiated 5-hydroxytryptamine ([3H]5-HT) or tritiated norepinephrine ([3H]NE) was used to locate the developing axons of enteric serotoninergic and adrenergic neurons respectively. Observations have been correlated with previous studies of the development of the various types of enteric neuron and the onset of intestinal neuromuscular function. Prior to 25 days of gestation no neurons can be recognized morphologically. Neurons first appear at 25 days' gestation, together with a primitive neuropil in neural islands within the outer gut mesenchyme. Ganglion cell precursors are primitive at first and resemble the cells in the surrounding mesenchyme. Growth cones are abundant but there are no terminal varicosities or synapses. The circular muscle also begins to form at this time. At 32 days' gestation the longitudinal layer of smooth muscle can be discerned and, within the myenteric plexus, terminal axonal varicosities appear containing small (about 50 nm in diameter) electron-lucent synaptic vesicles. The submucosal plexus appears to be derived from neurons and neurites that reach it from the earlier-developing myenteric plexus. The submucosal plexus can be recognized at 38 days of gestation but is not well developed until day 42. Synapses on ganglion cell somata first appear in the myenteric plexus on gestational day 38 and are numerous on day 42 when the first axo-dendritic synapses can be seen. Between days 42 and 48 the developing neural tissue and growing smooth muscle cells interdigitate but after day 48, the plexus becomes ensheathed by supporting cells and connective tissue and this interdigitation is lost. Prior to day 48 most varicosities contain small electron-lucent synaptic vesicles; however, after this time a variety of terminals appears. Between days 48 and 53 of gestation evidence of degenerating neuronal processes is common, indicating that cell death may occur. Electron microscopic autoradiography with [3H]5-HT reveals labelling of axons in the neuropil of the myenteric plexus at day 32 of gestation. Some primitive appearing cell bodies, however, are also labelled and these cells seem to be entering the myenteric plexus from the surrounding mesenchyme. After 42 days of gestation [3H]5-HT labels only axons of both nerve plexuses. Often, labelled terminals are apposed to ganglion cells or dendrites. In contrast, significant labelling by [3H]NE is not found until gestational day 48. Axons are labelled by [3H]NE and these tend to be located at the interface between the myenteric plexus and the surrounding connective tissue.
Specialty and full-service hospitals: a comparative cost analysis.

Objective To compare the costs of physician-owned cardiac, orthopedic, and surgical single specialty hospitals with those of full-service hospital competitors.
Contour-Based Postprocessing of Coded Images

A new contour-based postprocessing scheme for encoded images that reduces quantization artifacts near edges and improves perceptual quality is proposed. Based on extracted contour information, our scheme selectively processes the image along edges. This scheme works very effectively by removing distortions around edges while at the same time avoiding edge blurring. Furthermore, edges are sharpened by independent directional filtering of each side of the edge, thereby enhancing perceptual quality. We demonstrate a visually distinctive improvement in perceptual quality for images coded at low rates based on vector quantization and transform coding techniques.
A moonlighting metabolic protein influences repair at DNA double-stranded breaks

Catalytically active proteins with divergent dual functions are often described as 'moonlighting'. In this work we characterize a new, chromatin-based function of Lys20, a moonlighting protein that is well known for its role in metabolism. Lys20 was initially described as homocitrate synthase (HCS), the first enzyme in the lysine biosynthetic pathway in yeast. Its nuclear localization led to the discovery of a key role for Lys20 in DNA damage repair through its interaction with the MYST family histone acetyltransferase Esa1. Overexpression of Lys20 promotes suppression of DNA damage sensitivity of esa1 mutants. In this work, by taking advantage of LYS20 mutants that are active in repair but not in lysine biosynthesis, the mechanism of suppression of esa1 was characterized. First we analyzed the chromatin landscape of esa1 cells, finding impaired histone acetylation and eviction. Lys20 was recruited to sites of DNA damage, and its overexpression promoted enhanced recruitment of the INO80 remodeling complex to restore normal histone eviction at the damage sites. This study improves understanding of the evolutionary, structural and biological relevance of independent activities in a moonlighting protein and links metabolism to DNA damage repair.
Business Ethics and the Decision to Adopt Golden Parachute Contracts: Empirical Evidence of Concern for All Stakeholders

Golden parachutes are often viewed as a form of excessive compensation because they provide senior management with substantial payouts following an acquisition while other stakeholders are subjected to layoffs, disrupted business relationships and other negative externalities. Using a sample of S&P 500 firms, an economic and ethical justification for this type of contract is given. Golden parachutes ensure effective corporate governance that, in turn, preserve the firm's value for all stakeholders. Boards of directors enter into parachute agreements to protect recently hired CEOs' human capital during periods of financial uncertainty and, thus, potential takeover activity. From an ethics viewpoint, golden parachutes are valuable to all stakeholders because they encourage merger or acquisition in lieu of bankruptcy.
Extensions of CGS algorithms: Generalized least-square solutions

The CGS (conjugate Gram-Schmidt) algorithms of Hestenes and Stiefel are formulated so as to obtain least-square solutions of a system of equationsg(x)=0 inn independent variables. Both the linear caseg(x)=Ax−h and the nonlinear case are discussed. In the linear case, a least-square solution is obtained in no more thann steps, and a method of obtaining the least-square solution of minimum length is given. In the nonlinear case, the CGS algorithm is combined with the Gauss-Newton process to minimize sums of squares of nonlinear functions. Results of numerical experiments with several versions of CGS on test functions indicate that the algorithms are effective.
Harmonically structured ULF pulsations observed by the AMPTE CCE Magnetic Field Experiment

Spectrograms of ULF waves in the 0 to 80 mHz frequency range have been prepared from magnetic field data obtained by the elliptically orbiting AMPTE/CCE satellite (with an apogee of approximately 8.8 earth radii). The most prominent feature of these spectrograms (which cover a full 15.6-h orbit) is the presence of harmonically structured, azimuthally polarized pulsations in the outer magnetosphere during daytime hours. The frequencies of these pulsations decrease with increasing radial distance from the earth, indicating that they represent independent resonances of local magnetic flux tubes. The latitudinal structure of these harmonic pulsations, observed as AMPTE/CCE traveled to + or - 16 deg magnetic latitude, is consistent with accepted field line resonance models.