cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanical analysis of twelve toggle suture constructs for stabilization of coxofemoral luxations.

Objective To compare the mechanical performance of 12 commonly used toggle suture constructs (TSCs). Study Design In vitro biomechanical study. Sample Population Toggle suture constructs (n = 136). Methods TSC evaluated included #5 OrthoFiber, double strand of 5 Ethibond sutures (polyethylene terephthalate suture), 80 lb monofilament nylon, or #5 FiberWire, combined with Piermattei toggle (3/32" Steinmann pin), modified Piermattei toggle (0.045" Kirschner wire), and 1/8" Securos toggle rod for a total of 12 test groups. Acute and cyclic testing were performed using a servohydraulic testing machine and load at failure and cycles to failure were determined. Results In acute testing, modified Piermattei TSCs failed by toggle deformation and Piermattei and Securos TSCs failed by suture breakage at the eyelet. Mean failure load of Piermattei-#5 OrthoFiber TSC (1416 ± 74 N) was significantly greater than that of Piermattei-#5 Ethibond (883 ± 38 N); both were significantly greater than all other TSCs. Only the Piermattei TSC with #5 OrthoFiber, #5 Ethibond, and 80 lb monofilament nylon did not fail during cyclic testing. Conclusion A combination of the Piermattei toggle and #5 OrthoFiber or #5 Ethibond achieved a higher load at failure than all other groups, and resisted the greatest number of cycles to failure. Long-term mechanical testing of these TSCs are warranted to further define their durability.
Effect of hydrophobicity on the stability of the wetting films of water formed on gold surfaces

We have developed a methodology that can be used to determine disjoining pressures (Π) in both stable and unstable wetting films from the spatial and temporal profiles of dynamic wetting films. The results show that wetting films drain initially by the capillary pressure created by the changes in curvature at the air/water interface and subsequently by the disjoining pressure created by surface forces. The drainage rate of the film formed on a gold surface with a receding contact angle (θ(r)) of 17° decreases with film thickness due to a corresponding increase in positive Π, resulting in the formation of a stable film. The wetting film formed on a hydrophobic gold with θ(r)=81° drains much faster due to the presence of negative Π in the film, resulting in film rupture. Analysis of the experimental data using the Frumkin-Derjaguin isotherm suggests that short-range hydrophobic forces are responsible for film rupture and long-range hydrophobic forces accelerate film thinning.
What Do Rain Gauges Tell Us about the Limits of Precipitation Predictability

AbstractA generalizable method is presented for establishing the potential predictability for seasonal precipitation occurrence using rain gauge data. This method provides an observationally based upper limit for potential predictability for 774 weather stations in the contiguous United States. It is found that the potentially predictable fraction varies seasonally and spatially, and that on average 30% of year-to-year seasonal variability is potentially explained by predictable climate processes. Potential predictability is generally highest in winter, appears to be enhanced by orography and land surface coupling, and is lowest (stochastic variance is highest) along the Pacific coast. These results depict “hot” spots of climate variability, for use in guiding regional climate forecasting and in uncovering processes driving climate. Identified “cold” spots are equally useful in guiding future studies as predictable climate signals in these areas will likely be undetectable.
Selection of a Vac-Ion Pump for a Terminal Ion Source

An 800 l/s electrostatic ion pump and a 500 l/s magnetic triode ion pump have been tested to determine which would be most suitable for pumping the hydrogen gas emanating from a duoplasmatron ion source. The ion source and pump will be located in the terminal of a High Voltage Engineering Corporation (HVEC) type MP tandem accelerator. The two pumps were mounted on a pump test stand with a manometer, two needle valves, and two ion gauge controllers. The hydrogen flow to each pump was increased slowly until the pump was near the point of pressure instability. Flow rates and pressure were recorded for approximately 1000 hours. The performance of the magnetic triode ion pump was superior to that of the electrostatic pump. The magnetic triode ion pump has undergone another test pumping the hydrogen gas from a duoplasmatron. Pumping speed measurements, modes of failure, and other details of these continuing tests will be presented.
Synthesis and heme-binding correlation with antimalarial activity of 3,6-bis-(ω-N,N-diethylaminoamyloxy)-4,5-difluoroxanthone

In this study, the effect of fluorine upon the heme-binding ability of the xanthone nucleus was investigated for 3,6-bis-(omega-N,N-diethylaminoamyloxy)-4,5-difluoroxanthone (F2C5). 2-Fluoro-1,3-dimethoxybenzene was prepared by a new, improved method and used to build up the xanthone nucleus. The interaction of F2C5 with heme was investigated by UV-vis, (1)H NMR, and (19)F NMR spectroscopy. For the first time, NMR studies for the heme-drug interactions are carried out at pH 5.0, physiological for the acidic food vacuole of the malaria parasite.
Adaptive rendering of Catmull-Clark subdivision surfaces

In this paper, we present a new adaptive rendering method for general Catmull-Clark subdivision surfaces. The new method is based on direct evaluation of the limit surface to generate an inscribed polyhedron of the limit surface. The method generates fewer polygons in the final rendering process because inscribed approximation usually provides faster convergent rate than circumscribed approximation. The new adaptive rendering method can precisely measure error for every point of the limit surface. Hence, it has complete control of the accuracy of the rendering result. Cracks are avoided by using a recursive marking process to ensure that adjacent patches or subpatches use the same limit surface points in the construction of the shared boundary. The new method performs limit surface evaluation only at points that are needed for the final rendering process. Therefore it is very fast and memory efficient.
Happy birthday BEC

Bose–Einstein condensation in atomic gases was first observed in 1995. As we look back at the past 20 years of this thriving field, it's clear that there is much to celebrate.
The Effect of Surfactant Adsorption on the Dynamic Wetting of Fibers

A “wetting profile” is developed to characterize the interaction between liquids and real (i. e., geometrically and chemically heterogeneous) surfaces. For a given physical system, such a profile consists of averaged advancing and receding contact angles as a function of interline velocity, the frequency and rms amplitude of fluctuations about the averaged values, and the retraceability of cyclic wetting. An experimental technique is developed for obtaining wetting profiles of fiber-liquid systems and in particular is used to assess the wetting modification achieved by surfactant adsorption onto both natural and synthetic fibers.
A comparison of college students’ perceptions of older and younger tattooed women

A randomly assigned sample of 376 college students responded to a survey involving a between-subjects 2 × 3 experiment designed to assess the impact of age (older versus younger) and tattoo status (i.e., no tattoo, feminine tattoo, or masculine tattoo) on three dependent measures: credibility, attractiveness, and promiscuity. Older and younger women are perceived differently depending on tattoo status. Not wearing a tattoo may lead to a more favorable perception of older women than wearing one, but wearing a feminine tattoo may engender a more favorable impression of older women than having a masculine tattoo. But not having a tattoo may not be as helpful for the perception of younger women as it is for older women. Also, while younger women may be rewarded for gender role transgression with respect to tattoo status, this is not so for older women.
Personalized nutrition through big data.

A systems model of glycemic response identifies individually tailored diets that keep blood sugar in check.
Transportation and Retirement

Medical and economic advances are creating a new period in the normal life history retirement. A study of the mobility and transportation of a 1.3% sample of retired people in San Antonio is not encouraging. Automobile driving is satisfactory for the minority (about 15%) who have cars and can drive without restriction. Those least likely to drive are also least capable of using public transit members of ethnic minority-groups, the unwell and the very poor. Many retired people (40%) never use public transit; those who do, experience a number of problems with it. For reasons of health and economy, retired people tend to be unusually dependent upon and unusually handicapped for walking. The majority must use their feet as means of transportation to some destinations, but pedestrian facilities tend to be inconvenient and dangerous. The findings suggest that, unless transportation is significantly improved to support mobility during retirement, this phase in the life history will be, for most persons, one of loneliness and inactivity rather than self-fulfillment and social contribution.
Free-Standing Films from Aqueous Dispersions of Lysozyme, Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, and Polyvinyl Alcohol

Transparent antibacterial films were produced by casting concentrated dispersions of lysozyme (LSZ), single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The initial SWNT dispersion state had a significant influence on the films’ mechanical properties. Films containing 9 wt % bundled SWNTs had six times higher Young’s modulus than control films produced without SWNTs. Removal of SWNT bundles by centrifugation prior to concentrating the dispersions resulted in films that contained only 4.5 wt % SWNT but had over eight times higher Young’s modulus than the control films.
Related Rates Collide with Vectors

(2000). Related Rates Collide with Vectors. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 116-119.
A Load-Based Approach for Selecting the Backbone Terminals for a Hierarchical Ad Hoc Network

Efficient routing in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) is highly desired and connected dominating sets (CDS) have been gaining significant popularity in this regard. The CDS based approach reduces the search for a minimum cost path between a source and destination terminals to the set of terminals forming the backbone network. Researchers over the years have developed numerous distributed and localized algorithms for constructing CDSs which minimize the number of terminals forming the backbone or which provide multiple source-destination paths between each pair of terminals. However none of this research focuses on minimizing the load at the bottleneck terminal of the backbone network constructed by the CDS algorithms. A terminal becomes a bottleneck if the offered traffic load is greater than its effective transmission rate. In this paper we analyze the load based performance of a CDS algorithm and a k-connected k-dominating set (k-CDS) algorithm and compare it with our centralized algorithm which has been designed to minimize the load at the bottleneck terminals of the backbone network. We verify the effectiveness of our algorithm by simulating a large number of random test networks.
Phase Engineering of 2D Tin Sulfides

Tin sulfides can exist in a variety of phases and polytypes due to the different oxidation states of Sn. A subset of these phases and polytypes take the form of layered 2D structures that give rise to a wide host of electronic and optical properties. Hence, achieving control over the phase, polytype, and thickness of tin sulfides is necessary to utilize this wide range of properties exhibited by the compound. This study reports on phase-selective growth of both hexagonal tin (IV) sulfide SnS2 and orthorhombic tin (II) sulfide SnS crystals with diameters of over tens of microns on SiO2 substrates through atmospheric pressure vapor-phase method in a conventional horizontal quartz tube furnace with SnO2 and S powders as the source materials. Detailed characterization of each phase of tin sulfide crystals is performed using various microscopy and spectroscopy methods, and the results are corroborated by ab initio density functional theory calculations.
On Marx's View of Human Nature and Its Practical Significance

Human nature is the root of being a man.The ancient and modern philosophers have a different view on the question of human nature.This paper focuses on Marxist view of human nature from the perspective of the unity of human nature and human nature of social relations,and the characteristics of Marx's view of human nature,then on the background of building a harmonious socialist society to exposition practical significance of the Marxist view of human nature.
Epidemiological Analysis of HIV/AIDS in Lianyungang City

[Objective]To analyze the HIV epidemic characteristics in Lianyungang City during 1996—2008,and provide scientific evidence for improving AIDS prevention and control.[Methods]The HIV case confirmed by western blot method,each confirmed case of HIV/AIDS had been surveyed timely.The obtained information was analyzed statistically.[Results]By the ends of 2008,71 cases of HIV/AIDS were reported in Lianyungang City since the first AIDS found in 1996.17 cases were AIDS,among which 11 were dead in 8 counties and districts.74.65% infectors were youth and adult aged 20~39 years.50.70% were infected by heterosexual contact.49 cases of HIV/AIDS(69.01%)were reported during 2007—2008.[Conclusion]The number of reported HIV/AIDS cases has been increasing fast during recent 2 years,the mode of transmission was through sexual contact,youth and adult were high-risk group,therefore AIDS prevention and control should be enhanced.
Bi-magnitude processing framework for nonlinear acoustic echo cancellation on Android devices

This paper presents a new paradigm for acoustic echo control on mobile Android devices. The echo path on these devices has nonlinearities including not only the results of overdriven power amplifiers and miniaturized loudspeakers, but also those caused by hardware audio dynamic range compressor (ADRC). While the former form of nonlinearities was widely investigated in past research, the latter has not yet been taken into account. The ADRC adds extra gains to the echo path and makes it become a fast time-varying system. This presents a great challenge to traditional (both linear and nonlinear) echo cancellation systems. Here we propose a novel bi-magnitude processing framework, which is based on a two-state model for the echo path. The algorithm can deal with the ADRC problem and offers robust control for identification of input nonlinearities. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated on recordings made in an anechoic chamber using real Android devices.
The Case for Inclusion of Competitive Teams in Security Education.

Through industry news as well as contemporary reporting, the topic of computer security has become omnipresent in our daily lives. Whether the news is about corporate data breaches, international cyber espionage, or personal data compromises and identity theft – EVERYONE has had to deal with digital security in some way. Because of this, one of the fastest growing areas of need in the CIS discipline and workforce is for skilled and knowledgeable security workers, and a gap has formed that has left hundreds of thousands of jobs unfilled possibly compromising overall security even more. While nothing trumps actual experience, it is possible to instill some experience into undergraduate students through simulations and especially cyber-security competitions. Inclusion of a competitive team in a second level security course is shown to increase student satisfaction with the course material, instructor effectiveness, and student perception of preparedness in the field.
A Tale of Three Paradoxes: The Weak Socioeconomic Gradients in Health Among Hispanic Immigrants and Their Relation to the Hispanic Health Paradox and Negative Acculturation

Although Latino immigrants come from countries with high levels of inequality, their socioeconomic gradients in health are generally weaker than those among their US-born co-ethnics and much weaker than those of US-born non-Hispanic (NH) whites. We review this literature among Latin American immigrants looking at the role of: factors related to conditions in the country of origin, or “gradient importation”; migration-related factors, such as Socioeconomic Status (SES)-graded health selectivity in emigration and return; destination-based factors, including SES-graded protection and selection; and data artifacts, which might be more likely to occur at lower levels of SES. Despite the relative scarcity of studies on the social gradients in health among immigrants, recent research has provided interesting insights on the potential mechanisms driving the Hispanic Health Paradox and on the potential role of socioeconomic status on “acculturation” in health. We discuss which of the reviewed mechanisms may be more relevant in late life, point out potential avenues for future research, and reflect upon the steepness of white gradients in the United States.
Active auditory experience in infancy promotes brain plasticity in Theta and Gamma oscillations.

Language acquisition in infants is driven by on-going neural plasticity that is acutely sensitive to environmental acoustic cues. Recent studies showed that attention-based experience with non-linguistic, temporally-modulated auditory stimuli sharpens cortical responses. A previous ERP study from this laboratory showed that interactive auditory experience via behavior-based feedback (AEx), over a 6-week period from 4- to 7-months-of-age, confers a processing advantage, compared to passive auditory exposure (PEx) or maturation alone (Naive Control, NC). Here, we provide a follow-up investigation of the underlying neural oscillatory patterns in these three groups. In AEx infants, Standard stimuli with invariant frequency (STD) elicited greater Theta-band (4-6Hz) activity in Right Auditory Cortex (RAC), as compared to NC infants, and Deviant stimuli with rapid frequency change (DEV) elicited larger responses in Left Auditory Cortex (LAC). PEx and NC counterparts showed less-mature bilateral patterns. AEx infants also displayed stronger Gamma (33-37Hz) activity in the LAC during DEV discrimination, compared to NCs, while NC and PEx groups demonstrated bilateral activity in this band, if at all. This suggests that interactive acoustic experience with non-linguistic stimuli can promote a distinct, robust and precise cortical pattern during rapid auditory processing, perhaps reflecting mechanisms that support fine-tuning of early acoustic mapping.
Summary of the Works-in-Progress Session at IMC’16

The Internet Measurement Conference provided a formal works-in-progess (WiP) session in November, 2016. This report describes the process for organizing and selecting participants, the format of the event, and summaries of the work presented.
Modeling, Tuning, and Validating System Dynamics in Synthetic Electric Grids

A synthetic network modeling methodology has been developed to generate completely fictitious power system models with capability to represent characteristic features of actual power grids. Without revealing any confidential information, synthetic network models can be shared freely for teaching, training, and research purposes. Additional complexities can be added into synthetic models to widen their applications. Thus, this paper aims to extend synthetic network base cases for transient stability studies. An automated algorithm is proposed to assign appropriate models and parameters to each synthetic generator, according to fuel type, generation capacity, and statistics summarized from actual system cases. A two-stage model tuning procedure is also proposed to improve synthetic dynamic models. Several transient stability metrics are developed to validate the created synthetic network dynamic cases. The construction and validation of dynamics for a 2000-bus synthetic test case is provided as an example. Simulation results are presented to verify that the created test case is able to satisfy the transient stability metrics and produce dynamic responses similar to those of actual system cases.
Room‐Temperature Ferroelectricity in an Organic Cocrystal

Ferroelectric materials exhibit switchable remanent polarization due to reversible symmetry breaking under an applied electric field. Previous research has leveraged temperature-induced neutral-ionic transitions in charge-transfer (CT) cocrystals to access ferroelectrics that operate through displacement of molecules under an applied field. However, displacive ferroelectric behavior is rare in organic CT cocrystals and achieving a Curie temperature (TC ) above ambient has been elusive. Here a cocrystal between acenaphthene and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane is presented that shows switchable remanent polarization at room temperature (TC =68 °C). Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and solid-state NMR spectroscopy indicate the ferroelectric behavior is facilitated by acenaphthene (AN) rotation, deviating from conventional design strategies for CT ferroelectrics. These findings highlight the relevance of non-CT interactions in the design of displacive ferroelectric cocrystals.
Analgesia induced by chronic nicotine infusion in rats: differences by gender and pain test.

Rationale: Acute administration of nicotine induces analgesia with subsequent development of tolerance. In human studies, females are less sensitive to the analgesic effects of nicotine than males. Few previous animal studies have investigated analgesic effects of chronic nicotine administration or addressed gender differences. Objectives: To investigate whether chronic administration of nicotine induces analgesia in male and female rats as assessed by a battery of standard pain assays, if tolerance develops, and if hyperalgesia occurs following cessation of nicotine. Methods: Nicotine (free base; 6 mg/kg/day i.v.) or saline was administered for 2 weeks via implanted osmotic pumps. Pain behavior was assessed before, during, and for 3 weeks after nicotine infusion by measuring tail flick latency, hot-plate latency, and thermal paw withdrawal latency. The paw-withdrawal threshold to non-noxious mechanical stimuli was also measured. Effects of nicotine infusion, gender, and time were assessed by three-way analyses of variance. Results: Both male and female rats exhibited a comparable degree of analgesia in the hot-plate test with development of tolerance during the 2-week infusion period. Males, but not females, showed analgesia in the tail flick test. Analgesia was not observed for thermally evoked paw withdrawal in either males or females, nor did nicotine affect non-noxious mechanically evoked paw withdrawals. Males and females showed cessation of weight gain during the first week of nicotine infusion. Conclusions: Chronic nicotine-induced analgesia was confirmed in both male and female rats as assessed using the hot-plate test which reflects integrated pain behavior. Males, but not females, exhibited analgesia in a nociceptive withdrawal reflex test (tail flick), indicating that nicotine-induced analgesia may depend on both the type of pain test and gender. The lack of nicotine-induced analgesia assessed by the tail flick reflex test in female rats is consistent with recent human studies showing that nicotine reduces pain elicited by brief noxious cutaneous stimulation in male but not female subjects.
The Chronically Anxious Patient

Anxiety, tension, and stress are significant and pervasive problems in our society, so much so that the twentieth century has sometimes been called the Age of Anxiety. The magnitude of anxiety-related problems is reflected by the fact that Valium and Librium are two of the most frequently prescribed drugs in this country. The major focus of this chapter will be on the chronically anxious patient, the patient who experiences an extreme degree and amount of anxiety. Although the chronically anxious patient will be our primary focus, we will also discuss briefly stress-disease relationships in other patients.
Effect of variations and variation tolerance in logic circuits

Variations in process parameters affect the operation of integrated circuits (ICs) and pose a significant threat to the continued scaling of transistor dimensions. This fluctuation in device geometries might prevent them from meeting timing and power criteria and degrade the parametric yield. Process limitations are not exhibited as physical disparities only; transistors experience temporal device degradation as well. On top of it, power management techniques like voltage scaling, dual V TH, further magnify the variation-induced reliability issues. On the other hand, conventional resiliency techniques like transistor upsizing and supply voltage boosting typically increase the power consumption. Low-power dissipation and process variation tolerance therefore impose contradictory design requirements. Such issues are expected to further worsen with technology scaling. To circumvent these non-idealities in process parameters, we describe two approaches: (1) variation-tolerant circuit designs and (2) circuits that can adapt themselves to operate correctly under the presence of such inconsistencies. In this chapter, we first analyze the effect of process variations and time-dependent degradation mechanisms on logic circuits. We consider both die-to-die and within-die variation effects. Next, we provide an overview of variation-tolerant logic design approaches. Interestingly, these resiliency techniques transcend several design abstraction levels – however in this chapter, we focus on circuit level techniques to perform reliable computations in an unreliable environment.
Substrates of Nuclear Protein Kinases in Rat C6 Glial Cell Cultures

Publisher Summary Nuclear proteins of confluent rat C6 glial cell cultures are very highly phosphorylated. Their separation after labeling with Na 2 H 32 PO 4 by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and identification by autoradiography has allowed researchers to identify between 250 and 300 individual phosphorylated peptides. The chemical nature and function of most of these peptides are unknown and it can be assumed that most of the phosphorylations are of constitutive nature. This chapter identifies a number of the better characterized nuclear proteins as phosphoproteins, for example, histones, HMG 14 and 17, and RNA polymerase 11, and illustrates that that the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation state of these proteins is either subject to effector agent regulation or occurs preferentially at certain loci of the chromatin which differ in their transcriptional activities.
The Role of Values in Determining Agency Policy

The author highlights the role of values in determining agency policy by analyzing an agency's policy on sexual behavior of persons with cognitive disabilities in group homes. The value orientation...
Integrated Behavioral Health and Counseling Gender and Sexual Minority Populations

abstractCounselors are increasingly expected to operate within an integrated behavioral health framework across systems of care. This critical literature review provides an overview of the integrated behavioral health paradigm, including the practice of interprofessional collaboration, with specific application to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer (LGBTQ), and other gender and sexual minority issues. Implications for practice and research are discussed, along with a focus on concrete recommendations for application practicing interprofessionally with and on behalf of LGBTQ clients.
The acute effects of stretching with vibration on dynamic flexibility in young female gymnasts.

BACKGROUND While stretching with vibration has been shown to improve static flexibility; the effect of stretching with vibration on dynamic flexibility is not well known. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of stretching with vibration on acute dynamic flexibility and jump height in novice and advanced competitive female gymnasts during a split jump. METHODS Female gymnast (N.=27, age: 11.5±1.7 years, Junior Olympic levels 5-10) participated in this cross-over study. Dynamic flexibility during gymnastic split jumps were video recorded and analyzed with Dartfish software. All participants completed both randomized stretching protocols with either the vibration platform turned on (VIB) (frequency of 30 Hz and 2 mm amplitude) or off (NoVIB) separated by 48 h. Participants performed 4 sets of three stretches on the vibration platform. Each stretch was held for 30 seconds with 5 seconds rest for a total of 7 minutes of stretch. RESULTS Split jump flexibility decreased significantly from pre to post measurement in both VIB (-5.8±5.9°) (P<0.001) and NoVIB (-2.6±6.1°) (P=0.041) conditions (adjusted for gymnast level). This effect was greatest in lower skill level gymnasts (P=0.003), while the highest skill level gymnasts showed no significant decrease in the split jump (P=0.105). Jump height was not significantly different between conditions (P=0.892) or within groups (P=0.880). CONCLUSIONS An acute session of static stretching with or without vibration immediately before performance does not alter jump height. Stretching with vibration immediately prior to gymnastics competition decreases split jump flexibility in lower level gymnasts more than upper level gymnasts.
Meet Them Where They Are: An Outreach Model to Address University Counseling Center Disparities

Although University Counseling Centers continue to report increased rates of served students, those who hold marginalized identities continue to be underrepresented. Many factors may contribute to ...
Chapter 5 – CONFORMAL MAPPINGS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the concept of conformal mapping. A simple, but important, type of conformal mapping is called linear fractional transformation. Any linear fractional transformation is a composition of four special types of such transformations: translation, rotation, magnification, and inversion. The fundamental property of linear fractional transformations is that they map circles onto circles in ℳ. A circle in ℳ corresponds to a circle or a straight line in L, as lines in the plane correspond to circles through ∞ on the Riemann sphere. Geometrically, it is clear that translations and rotations carry circles onto circles. The chapter also discusses Schwarz–Christoffel formula, which is an explicit formula for mapping the upper half plane onto a polygon. In addition, the chapter presents three analogous examples of steady state vector fields occurring in nature: fluid flow, heat flow, and the electrostatic field.
Residual Shunt After Patent Foramen Ovale Closure and Long-Term Stroke Recurrence.

Recent evidence has demonstrated the efficacy of patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure in preventing recurrent stroke. Residual shunt, however, may be observed after percutaneous closure. This study e...
Genetic testing and referral patterns of non-BRCA mutation carriers at increased or uncertain risk of ovarian cancer.

1585Background: While the management of BRCA1/2 is clear, management of non-BRCA mutations with increased risk or uncertain risk of ovarian cancer (OC) is not well established. Previously, we repor...
Directly comparing subtitling and dubbing using Netflix: Examining enjoyment issues in the natural setting

Digital streaming services, such as Netflix, provide viewers with unprecedented access to foreign language TV and film content. The two most prevalent translation methods are subtitling and dubbing, and today’s Netflix viewer often has the opportunity to select a specific translation method. While previous research on subtitling/dubbing has investigated a wide range of outcome variables, the impact on viewer enjoyment has received virtually no attention. This research is, to our knowledge, the first investigation that has allowed participants to (a) view content in the natural setting, and (b) make a direct comparison of both translation methods by using a repeated measures design. Specifically, participants (N = 45) watched back-to-back episodes of a Netflix original foreign language series at a time and place that they choose to replicate the typical viewing experience. In between episodes, participants changed the translation method, allowing for a direct comparison of subtitling/dubbing on viewer enjoyment. Results indicated that the subtitling condition not only increased enjoyment of individual episodes, but a strong majority indicated they would select subtitling over dubbing to enjoy future foreign language viewing. Limitations of the generalizability of the results and ideas for future research using the naturalistic repeated measures design outlined in this paper are discussed.
A conservative high-order method utilizing dynamic transfinite mortar elements for flow simulations on curved nonconforming sliding meshes

Abstract We introduce two concepts in this work: polynomial mortar and transfinite mortar, and apply them to curved nonconforming sliding meshes. It is shown that, on curved meshes, polynomial mortar always carries geometric errors while transfinite mortar has no such errors, which makes the latter superior to the former in almost every aspect. For example, the latter has better accuracies and introduces smaller numerical disturbances. The proposed sliding-mesh method utilizing transfinite mortar is conservative, arbitrarily high-order accurate in space, retains the order of accuracy of a time marching scheme, does not change flow characteristics, and has minimum sliding-speed effects. It is by far the most accurate and most thoroughly studied sliding-mesh method. This method can be extended and applied to a wide range of flow problems, such as propellers, wind turbines, stirred tanks, etc.
A budget impact analysis of gilteritinib for the treatment of relapsed or refractory FLT3mut+ acute myeloid leukemia in a US health plan.

To estimate the economic impact of the introduction of gilteritinib for the treatment of relapsed/refractory (R/R) FLT3 mutation-positive (FLT3mut+) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) from a US payer’s p...
Uses and abuses of statistical control variables: Ruling out or creating alternative explanations?

Abstract Although an increasing number of articles examining statistical control variables exist, the use of control variables receives less scrutiny than other methodological topics, and research has yet to show how adding or dropping a control variable can damage causal inferences. By showing the unexpected consequences of including and excluding a control variable, this article challenges the view that additional control variables always strengthens causal conclusions. This study first illustrates the purification role of statistical control variables, and then quantifies the omitted variable bias. Using the Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG), this essay differentiates confounding bias from overcontrol and endogenous selection bias. While using control variables may at times rule out alternative explanations, it is equally possible that adding control variables introduces overcontrol and endogenous selection biases, creating alternative interpretations rather than ruling them out. This paper concludes by discussing how and whether scholars should include certain control variables.
A Generalized Cross Ratio

In one complex variable, the cross ratio is a well-known quantity associated with four given points in the complex plane that remains invariant under linear fractional maps. In particular, if one knows where three points in the complex plane are mapped under a linear fractional map, one can use this invariance to explicitly determine the map and to show that linear fractional maps are $3$-transitive. In this paper, we define a generalized cross ratio and determine some of its basic properties. In particular, we determine which hypotheses must be made to guarantee that our generalized cross ratio is well defined. We thus obtain a class of maps that obey similar transitivity properties as in one complex dimension, under some more restrictive conditions.
Fatigue Performance of Ball Grid Array Components at Elevated Temperature

The reliability of an electronic product highly attributes to the fatigue failure of an interconnected solder joint. The normal operating temperature for many electronic assemblies is at elevated temperature, such as automotive under-the-hood applications. Therefore, it is essential to study the fatigue performance of the electronic components at elevated temperature. This study includes customized sandwich Ball Grid Array test vehicles with 3×3 solder joints connected between two substrates. The tested solder alloys were SAC305 (Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu), SnPb (63Sn37Pb), and SAC-Bi (Sn-3.41Ag-0.52Cu-3.3Bi). Instron Micromechanical Tester is used to perform strain-controlled fatigue tests at elevated temperature of 75 °C. The surface finishes of the electronic assemblies were OSP and ENIG. The hysteresis loops for each sample were systematically recorded to measure inelastic work per cycle and plastic strain range. It is found that the elevated temperature would have a negative effect on the fatigue life of all the tested materials. OSP surface finish performs better than the ENIG surface finish at elevated temperature. It is also found that increasing the temperature has less effect on the fatigue life of SAC-Bi, compared with SAC305 and SnPb.
Comparison of Nernst-Planck and reaction rate models for multiply occupied channels.

ABSTRACT The Nernst-Planck continuum equation for a channel that can be occupied by at most two ions is solved for two different physical cases. The first case is for the assumption that the water and ion cannot get around each other anywhere in the channel, so that if there are two ions in the channel the distance between them is fixed by the number of water molecules between them. The second case is for the assumption that there are regions at the ends of the channel where the ion and water can get around each other. For these two cases, the validity of the simple two-site reaction-rate approximation when there is a continuously varying central energy barrier was evaluated by comparing it with the exact Nernst-Planck solution, For the first continuum case, the kinetics for the continuum and reaction-rate models are nearly identical. For the second case, the agreement depends on the strength of the ion-ion interaction energy. For a low interaction energy (large channel diameter) at high ion concentrations, there is a large difference in the flux as a function of voltage for the two models—with the continuum flux becoming more than four times larger at 250 mV. Simple analytical expressions are derived for the two-ion continuum channel for the case where the ends are in equilibrium with the bulk solution and for the case where ion mobility becomes zero when there are two ions in the channel. The implications of these results for biological channels are discussed.
Influence of Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion Genomic Variants on Tacrolimus/Sirolimus Blood Levels and Graft-versus-Host Disease after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

Abstract Allelic variants of genes implicated in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) determine the pharmacokinetic variability of many medications and are increasingly recognized as important factors determining the success or failure of medical treatments. Both tacrolimus and sirolimus have narrow therapeutic ranges maintained by therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). Using an ADME panel that covers >99% of the PharmaADME working group core list (188 single nucleotide polymorphism [SNP] and 12 copy number variant [CNV] assays in 36 pharmacogenetically relevant genes), we studied 177 patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) using tacrolimus/sirolimus–based graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis. We tested for possible associations between ADME variants and tacrolimus/sirolimus drug levels, concentration/dose (C/D) ratio, and clinical endpoints, including acute GVHD. A total of 62 SNP and 6 CNV assays were evaluable after removing the variants, which were homozygous in (nearly) all samples. For sirolimus, rs2032582 (ABCB1) T-carriers versus non–T-carriers were associated with higher blood levels (P = .01), with similar results for C/D ratio. Generalized estimating equation analysis supported these findings. For tacrolimus, rs776746 CYP3A5*3/*3 and CYP3A5*3/*1 were associated with higher blood levels than CYP3A5*1/*1 (P = .002). By multivariable analysis, rs776746 CYP3A5*3/*3 and CYP3A5*3/*1 were independently associated with decreased acute GVHD compared with CYP3A5*1/*1, after adjustment for conditioning, donor type, race/ethnicity, and age. We demonstrated association of specific ADME genetic polymorphisms with blood levels of tacrolimus/sirolimus, and incidence of acute GVHD after HCT, in spite of TDM and dose adjustment. A larger ongoing study will determine whether these associations have clinical utility beyond TDM.
Chapter 32. Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology of Interest to Medicinal Chemists

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the regulatory aspects of gene transcription, RNA processing, and protein post-translational processing, as these processes may offer opportunities for therapeutic intervention at regulatory sites in medicinally relevant systems. The chapter outlines the use of recombinant technology to supplement classical techniques for the study of the mechanisms of action of expressed proteins. Finally, it discusses how recombinant DNA methodologies can improve the understanding of the etiology of and suggest possible therapy for inherited metabolic diseases. Despite remarkable progress in the last decade, recombinant DNA technology is still an embryonic field. Nevertheless, it has enabled some very far-reaching questions to be asked that is likely to have a significant impact on future drug development. The molecular mechanisms that regulate the expression of genes at the level of transcription and translation are being unraveled, so that the possibility of therapeutic intervention in these areas can be evaluated. Experiments designed to provide an expression system for genes in mammalian cells, as exemplified in the study of insulin gene expression, are particularly important illustrations of the potential offered. The opportunity to study proteins of interest previously available only in trace amounts and an understanding of the molecular basis for hereditary disease also afford the promise of new therapeutic strategies.
Modeling High-Frequency Order Book Dynamics with Support Vector Machines

We propose a machine learning framework to capture the dynamics of high-frequency limit order books in financial equity markets and automate real-time prediction of metrics such as mid-price movement and price spread crossing. By characterizing each entry in a limit order book with a vector of attributes such as price and volume at different levels, the proposed framework builds a learning model for each metric with the help of multi-class support vector machines. Experiments with real data establish that features selected by the proposed framework are effective for short-term price movement forecasts.
The Hemoglobins of the Bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana PARTIAL AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF THE β CHAIN OF THE MAJOR ADULT COMPONENT

Abstract At least two electrophoretically distinct components of hemoglobin, B and C, occur in hemolysates of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana (Aggarwal, S.J., and Riggs, A. (1969) J. Biol. Chem. 244, 2372–2383). Component C polymerizes by disulfide bond formation between tetramers, but component B does not. Component C also has a higher oxygen affinity and a smaller Bohr effect than does component B. The amino acid sequence of the first 105 of 141 residues has been determined for the β chain of component C. The sequences of segments of the remaining 35 residues have also been determined. The first 105 residues together with these segments differ in 29 of the 125 identified positions (excluding one deletion and one insertion) from the corresponding segment of the β chain of the European frog, Rana esculenta (CHAUVET, J.-P., AND ACHER, R. (1972) Biochemistry 11, 916–927). This large difference suggests that these frogs, although in the same genus, may have been separated from one another for as long as 150 to 250 x 106 years if the procedure of Dickerson ((1971) J. Mol. Evol. 1, 26–45) is assumed. Alignment of the sequence with that of the human β chain shows that the first 6 residues of the NH2-terminal segment of the human chain are absent in the bullfrog β chain. Among the remainder (125 residues in the bullfrog), 67 of 125 (54%) are identical. In mammalian hemoglobins a hydrogen bond between the imidazole group of the histidyl residue at β146 and the aspartyl residue at β94 appears responsible for about half the Bohr effect. The position corresponding to this aspartyl residue is a glycyl residue at β88 in the bullfrog. Therefore, if the COOH-terminal histidine of the β chain is involved in the Bohr effect it must be hydrogen-bonded to a different residue in unliganded bullfrog hemoglobin.
Application-specific configuration selection in the cloud: Impact of provider policy and potential of systematic testing

Provider policy (e.g., bandwidth rate limits, virtualization, CPU scheduling) can significantly impact application performance in cloud environments. This paper takes a first step towards understanding the impact of provider policy and tackling the complexity of selecting configurations that can best meet the cost and performance requirements of applications. We make three contributions. First, we conduct a measurement study spanning a 19 months period of a wide variety of applications on Amazon EC2 to understand issues involved in configuration selection. Our results show that provider policy can impact communication and computation performance in unpredictable ways. Moreover, seemingly sensible rules of thumb are inappropriate — e.g., VMs with latest hardware or larger VM sizes do not always provide the best performance. Second, we systematically characterize the overheads and resulting benefits of a range of testing strategies for configuration selection. A key focus of our characterization is understanding the overheads of a testing approach in the face of variability in performance across deployments and measurements. Finally, we present configuration pruning and short-listing techniques for minimizing testing overheads. Evaluations on a variety of compute, bandwidth and data intensive applications validate the effectiveness of these techniques in selecting good configurations with low overheads.
Dynamic Pricing Under Consumer Reference-Price Effects

In this article, we explore the current-state of literature on how dynamic pricing models incorporate consumer reference-price effects in developing more informed dynamic pricing strategies for products that have repeated consumer interactions. We first examine the literature on how consumer demand is impacted by reference-price effects and how consumers form reference prices through their purchase experience. We then explore, in detail, the dynamic pricing models with consumer reference-price effects in major studies, in order to highlight their key findings and insights. We conclude our review by pointing out research gaps and future research directions on dynamic pricing area in the presence of consumer reference-price effects. Keywords: dynamic pricing; reference prices; reference-price effects; frequently purchased products