cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consistency in Measures of Social Homogeneity: A Connection with Proximity to Single Peaked Preferences

A survey of work is presented that is related to the relationship between measures of social homogeneity and probability that a Pairwise Majority Rule Winner (PMRW), or Condorcet Winner, exists. Little evidence has been reported to support the notion of a strong relationship between these two factors. Exact probability representations are derived to show that it is possible to find a parameter that is directly observable from voter profiles that can be systematically changed, so that an expected decrease in social homogeneity will lead to a counterintuitive increase in the expected probability that a PMRW exists. Using a different observable profile parameter that reflects a rough measure of the proximity of profiles to completely single-peaked preferences adds a sufficient degree of consistency among voters' preferences to produce the expected outcome.
Nuclear track studies of alpha-recoil damage in nature: Relation to isotopic disequilibrium and leaching of radionuclides

Abstract One of the special characteristics of nuclear track studies is the wide variety of phenomena for which track etching provides useful information. This paper describes such a case, with applications ranging from isotope geochemistry, to mineral exploration, seismology, and health physics. Independent work relating to the danger from inhaled radioactive aerosols (Raabe et al. , 1973) nucleated these studies, which later led to other areas. What Raabe and co-workers did was to observe large differences between the solubilities of isotopically different plutonium dioxides. That result has led to the recognition of preferential etching of recoil damage as a widespread phenomenon for alpha-active radionuclides. The associated preferential solubility of the products of alpha-decay, along with direct recoil ejection, are two specific microscopic mechanisms that have been shown, using nuclear track techniques, to be causes of isotopic disequilibrium in the U and Th decay series. A similar alpha-decay process (of 226 Ra) causes leaching to play a significant role in releasing 222 Rn from natural substances, 222 Rn being the immediate decay product of 226 Ra. The average annealing time in nature of the alpha-recoil damage sites can be inferred from the extent of isotopic disequilibrium for different isotopic pairs in the Th and U decay chains.
Dynamical Formation of a Small-Scale Filament

We report a numerical analysis of the electromagnetic wave equation with a saturable, intensity-dependent, refractive index. The solutions show the dynamical self-focusing of an intense optical beam through the focus. The transverse intensity profile develops a complex ringed structure, the central maximum of which has many of the properties of the small-scale filaments observed experimentally.
Changes in running speed after incentive shifts

Rats experienced shifts in reward magnitude after 24, 54, or 108 trials to the first reward magnitude. All Ss were run in a two-way runway situation with six trials every day. As days of preshift training increased, the number of trials before postshift performance shifts occurred also increased. Since Ss with extended training and only one directional response do not take a long time to shift response rate (Crespi, 1942), the present results were related to the two responses that were required.
Learning to Perceive and Act by Trial and Error

This article considers adaptive control architectures that integrate active sensory-motor systems with decision systems based on reinforcement learning. One unavoidable consequence of active perception is that the agent's internal representation often confounds external world states. We call this phoenomenon perceptual aliasing and show that it destabilizes existing reinforcement learning algorithms with respect to the optimal decision policy. We then describe a new decision system that overcomes these difficulties for a restricted class of decision problems. The system incorporates a perceptual subcycle within the overall decision cycle and uses a modified learning algorithm to suppress the effects of perceptual aliasing. The result is a control architecture that learns not only how to solve a task but also where to focus its visual attention in order to collect necessary sensory information.
Availability and quality of industry and occupation information in the Massachusetts Cancer Registry.

Background Industry and occupation (I/O) data from state cancer registries can be useful in generating and evaluating hypotheses about occupational cancer risks. The quality of these data is uncertain. Methods We reviewed medical records on 1,020 cases from the Massachusetts Cancer Registry (MCR). We compared the presence and detail of I/O data from this dedicated record review (DRR) with routine reporting to the MCR in order to evaluate the potential to increase the availability of I/O data. Results Compared to routine reporting, the DRR increased the percentage of codable I/O data from 63.6 to 80.4%. The DRR also provided more detail in existing codes in 15.4% of cases. Other sections of the medical record in addition to the face sheet and sections of the record from the period before cancer diagnosis were important sources of additional information. Duration and timing of the corresponding I/O information were rarely recorded. Conclusions The nearly one-third (32%) of records that had some improvement in I/O information with a dedicated review indicates considerable opportunity to improve the utility of this resource. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:98–106, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Haematoxylin-Phloxine-Alcian Blue-Orange G Differential Staining of Prekeratin, Keratin and Mucin

This is a modification of Kreyberg's stain with Alcian blue 8GS used to stain acid much while phloxine B and orange G stain keratin and prekeratin. Procedure: Dewax formalin-fixed paraffin sections in xylene and hydrate through alcohol. Stain in Mayer's haemalum, 10 min; blue in tap water; wash in distilled water; stain in 1% phloxine, 3 min; wash in running water, 1 min; wash in distilled water; stain in 0.5% aqueous Alcian blue in 0.5 acetic acid, 5 min; wash in distilled water; stain in 0.5% orange G dissolved in 2.0% phosphotungstic acid, 13 min; dehydrate quickly in 2 changes of 95% alcohol and 2 changes of absolute alcohol; clear in several changes of xylene; mount in a synthetic resin. Acid mucopolysaccharides are stained turquois blue; prekeratin and keratin are orange to red orange.
Biocompatibility of methylcellulose-based constructs designed for intracerebral gelation following experimental traumatic brain injury.

Abstract Tissue engineering in the post-injury brain represents a promising option for cellular replacement and rescue, providing a cell scaffold for either transplanted or resident cells. We have characterized the use of methylcellulose (MC) as a scaffolding material, whose concentration and solvent were varied to manipulate its physical properties. MC solutions were produced to exhibit low viscosity at 23°C and form a soft gel at 37°C, thereby making MC attractive for minimally invasive procedures in vivo. Degradation and swelling studies in vitro demonstrated a small amount of initial polymer erosion followed by relative polymer stability over the 2-week period tested as well as increased hydrogel mass due to solvent uptake. Concentrations up to 8% did not elicit cell death in primary rat astrocytes or neurons at 1 or 7 days. Acellular 2% MC (30 μl) was microinjected into the brains of rats 1 week after cortical impact injury (velocity=3 m/s, depth=2 mm) and examined at 2 days (n=8; n=3, vehicle injected) and 2 weeks (n=5; n=3, vehicle injected). The presence of MC did not alter the size of the injury cavity or change the patterns of gliosis as compared to injured, vehicle-injected rats (detected using antibodies against GFAP and ED1). Collectively, these data indicate that MC is well suited as a biocompatible injectable scaffold for the repair of defects in the brain.
The influence of phenolic and phytic acid food matrix factors on iron bioavailability potential in 10 commercial lentil genotypes (Lens culinaris L.)

Abstract This study aimed to identify lentil ( Lens culinaris L.) genotypes with superior Fe concentrations and phenolic and phytic acid profiles for enhanced Fe bioavailability. Ten commercial lentil cultivars were analyzed for concentrations of Fe, phytic acid (PA; Fe absorption inhibitor), ascorbic acid (AA; Fe absorption promoter), gallic acid (GA; Fe absorption inhibitor), and chlorogenic acid (CLA; Fe absorption inhibitor). Fe concentrations were measured using inductively coupled plasma-emission spectroscopy. Phytic acid and phenolic compounds were determined using high performance liquid chromatography. Fe concentration across genotypes was 56–70 mg kg −1 . Phytic acid was observed at concentrations between 6.3 and 8.7 mg g −1 . Mean concentrations of other food matrix factors were as follows: AA = 72.4 mg kg −1 ; GA = 25.0 mg kg −1 ; and CLA = 17.4 mg kg −1 . Phytic acid to Fe molar ratios in lentil ranged from 8.6 to 13.0, indicating moderate Fe bioavailability. Overall, lentil appears to have considerable potential for Fe biofortification with proper genetic and environmental sourcing. In addition, measurements of food matrix factors (promoters and inhibitors) in conjunction with in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell cultures are suggested to determine lentil genotypes with superior Fe bioavailability.
Systemic Mastocytosis and the Mastocytosis Syndrome

A patient with extensive systemic mastocytosis and the mastocytosis syndrome was studied by light and electron microscopy. Mast cell proliferation was found in the bone marrow, the liver, spleen and lymph node. In addition, the patient had telangiectasia macularis eruptiva perstans and elevated histamine levels.
Quark Matter 1987: Concluding remarks

This year marked the beginning of the experimental program at BNL and CERN to probe the properties of ultra dense hadronic matter and to search for the quark-gluon plasma phase of matter. Possible implications of the preliminary findings are discussed. Problems needing further theoretical and experimental study are pointed out.
Computer-aided vs. manual program restructuring

Restructuring a software system as it evolves promises to reduce associated maintenance costs. To simplify restructuring, we have developed a tool that preserves the meaning of a program as the engineer applies structural transformations. To help evaluate the prototype tool and its underlying approach, we ran an experiment to compare how people using standard editing tools restructure a program against the computer-aided style that our tool supports.We drew three conclusions from the experiment. First, the subjects generally used a mix of copy/paste and cut/paste editing paradigms; our tool gives the engineer the safety of copy/paste and the speed of cut/paste. Second, most of the subjects made mistakes, including simple syntactic errors and semantic errors (such as not updating the call site after modifying a function definition); our tool avoids errors by the engineer using compensation (for instance, it automatically updates call sites when a procedure definition is changed) or by signalling an error. Third, manual restructuring tends to be haphazard, with engineers handling the order of changes, testing, etc. in inconsistent and potentially error-prone ways; by separating restructuring from functional maintenance and by ensuring preservation of meaning during restructuring, our approach can make the maintenance process more orderly.
CROSSING OVER IN CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDI

THE UNICELLULAR green alga Chlamydomonas has been used for genetic investigations by several workers who have studied the inheritance of sexuality (Moewus, 1938; Smith and Regnery, 1950; Lewin, 1953), and the production and the inheritance of several types of morphological and physio-logical mutant strains (Lewin, 1952, 1953; Nybom, 1953; Sager, 1954, 1955; Eversole and Tatum, 1956; Eversole, 1956). The most extensive contribution to the present knowledge of Chlamydoomonas genetics has been made by Moewus. One of the most interesting results of his work was the finding that during meiosis crossing over in C. eugametos occurred at the four-strand stage at room temperature but only at the two-strand stage at temperatures below 5?C. (Moewus, 1938). Since these results are of considerable theoretical interest as to the mechanism of crossing over, investigations were begun in an effort to determine whether crossing over at the two-strand stage could be detected in another species, C. reinhardi. The studies reported here involve the recovery of genetically useful mutant strains, the establishment of linked markers, and the analysis of tetrads to distinguish between crossing over at the twoand at the four-strand stage. MATERIALS AND METHODS.-Tlaploid (+) and (-) cultures of C. reinhardi (strain 137C) obtained from G. M. Smith were used for this investigation [mating type (+) and (-) is enclosed in parentheses in order to avoid confusion with + which is used to designate the wild-type alleles of mutant genes]. Stocks were maintained in pure culture on agar slants and were grown at 26?C. under daylight fluorescent lamps at a constant light intensity of 150 f.-c. The life cycle of C. reinhardi has been described recently by Sager (1955). Media.-A mineral nutrient medium composed of 10 per cent Beijerinck's solution (Bold, 1942), 2 per cent agar, and M/150 phosphate buffer (pH 6.8-7.0) in distilled water supports growth of both the (+) and (-) wild-type strains of C. reinhardi in the light. This minimal medium was used throughout except where otherwise indicated. Detection of mutants and types of mutant strains obtained.-After ultraviolet irradiation of vegetative cells mutant strains were recovered by means of the layering method of Lederberg and Tatum (1946) or the surface irradiation technique of Wyckoff (1930). The supplemented medium used with both of these techniques was prepared by the
Electronic mail and weak ties in organizations

How information flows through an organization is important to many organizational processes. The information people receive influences the perceptions they have of the organization they work for and the tasks they are assigned. Electronic mail constitutes a new medium in organizational communication. It may alter some of the information flow in the organizations in which it is used. My analysis suggests that some new communication occurs in large organizations that have electronic mail. I suggest that this new communication occurs because the way electronic mail is organized allows people to find other people with common interests at a low cost to either party. This new communication creates links between people who would otherwise not share information. Granovetter's work on the significance of weak ties suggests that such connections may have substantial influence on the way in which behavior is shaped and constrained by one's network and in the manipulation of networks to achieve specific goals. These processes are important to organizational socialization and problem solving, respectively. Other functions of large formal organizations may also be affected.
Alternations in the efficacy of naloxone induced by stress, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, and morphine tolerance

Abstract Pretreatment of mice with a single injection of morphine or by chronic implantation of morphine pellets increased the ability of naloxone to antagonize the antagonize the analgetic effects of morphine. However, this increased effectiveness of naloxone was also produced by pretreatment with diethylether, ACTH, corticosterone or dexamethasone. Thus, the increased potency of naloxones observed after pretreatment witn narcotics may be due, at least in part, to those pretreatments on the pituitary—adrenal axis. In addition, in animals made highly tolerant and dependent by cAMP administration during morphine pellet implantation, the narcotic antagonist potency of naloxones was similar to that of untreated animals.
Preoperative imaging does not predict intrahepatic involvement in choledochal cysts

Abstract Introduction Choledochal cyst (CDC) is a congenital malformation of the bile ducts, which can include the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts. We hypothesize that preoperative intrahepatic ductal dilation is not predictive of postoperative intrahepatic involvement. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all cases of CDC in children diagnosed at a single institution between 1991 and 2013. Results Sixty-two patients were diagnosed with CDC during the study period with a median follow-up time of 2.25 (range 0–19.5) years. Forty-two patients (68%) were diagnosed with type I disease preoperatively, and 15 patients (24%) were diagnosed with type IV-A disease. The most common presenting symptoms included pain (34%), jaundice (28%), and pancreatitis (25%). There were no deaths or malignancies and only one postoperative stricture. Forty-two patients (68%) had intrahepatic ductal dilation preoperatively. Only four patients (9%) had intrahepatic ductal dilation following resection ( P Conclusion Preoperative intrahepatic ductal dilation is not predictive of postoperative intrahepatic ductal involvement in children with CDC. The preoperative distinction between type I and IV disease is not helpful in treating these patients.
ETHICS AND EDUCATION FORTY YEARS LATER

R.S. Peters’s 1966 book Ethics and Education is one of the most significant works in twentieth-century philosophy of education. At least in the United States, however, it is now rarely read or discussed. In this essay, Bryan Warnick looks at the virtues and vices of Ethics and Education, examining some major criticisms of the book in light of key developments in philosophy and educational theory that have occurred since it was first published. He finds that some of the criticisms seem unjustified and overstated, while others can be met with a reading of the text that places its language analysis within a framework of communitarian ethics, a move made possible by rejecting Peters’s fact/value dichotomy. This way of reading Ethics and Education reveals an interesting conception of what philosophy of education can be: namely, a sort of normative analytic anthropology. It also shows the value of engaging more with the recent history of philosophy of education.
Evidence of increased formation of products retaining strong antioxidant activity from estradiol-17β oxidation in the presence of human plasma lipoproteins

Estradiol-17β (E2) exhibits potent antioxidant effects that cause continuous suppression of metal-catalyzed oxidation of low-density-lipoprotein in vitro. We sought to learn whether unidentified oxidation products retaining strong antioxidant property may be generated from E2 incubated with lipoproteins and subjected to oxidation by reactive oxygen species generators. E2 oxidation was markedly stimulated in the presence of both LDL and high-density lipoprotein. We have isolated two novel products (less polar than E2), formed when E2 was oxidized with copper sulfate and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of lipoproteins). Both compounds had molecular weights of 306 on gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. They appear to be as strong as E2 in inhibiting LDL oxidation in vitro. Because of their increased hydrophobicity, they have the potential of being associated with LDL and offer promise as agents that can limit LDL oxidation, thereby contributing to cardioprotection. (J Lab Clin Med 2002;139:357-63)
The conserved potassium channel filter can have distinct ion binding profiles: Structural analysis of rubidium, cesium, and barium binding in NaK2K

Potassium channels are highly selective for K+ over the smaller Na+. Intriguingly, they are permeable to larger monovalent cations such as Rb+ and Cs+ but are specifically blocked by the similarly sized Ba2+. In this study, we used structural analysis to determine the binding profiles for these permeant and blocking ions in the selectivity filter of the potassium-selective NaK channel mutant NaK2K and also performed permeation experiments using single-channel recordings. Our data revealed that some ion binding properties of NaK2K are distinct from those of the canonical K+ channels KcsA and MthK. Rb+ bound at sites 1, 3, and 4 in NaK2K, as it does in KcsA. Cs+, however, bound predominantly at sites 1 and 3 in NaK2K, whereas it binds at sites 1, 3, and 4 in KcsA. Moreover, Ba2+ binding in NaK2K was distinct from that which has been observed in KcsA and MthK, even though all of these channels show similar Ba2+ block. In the presence of K+, Ba2+ bound to the NaK2K channel at site 3 in conjunction with a K+ at site 1; this led to a prolonged block of the channel (the external K+-dependent Ba2+ lock-in state). In the absence of K+, however, Ba2+ acts as a permeating blocker. We found that, under these conditions, Ba2+ bound at sites 1 or 0 as well as site 3, allowing it to enter the filter from the intracellular side and exit from the extracellular side. The difference in the Ba2+ binding profile in the presence and absence of K+ thus provides a structural explanation for the short and prolonged Ba2+ block observed in NaK2K.
Cell migration and activated PI3K/AKT-directed elongation in the developing rat Müllerian duct.

In vertebrates, the Mullerian duct elongates along the Wolffian duct, a mesonephric structure that is required for Mullerian duct formation. Recently, several genes required for initial Mullerian duct formation have been identified. However, the precise mechanism of Mullerian duct elongation remains to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated dynamic morphological changes in the elongating Mullerian duct in rat urogenital ridges in organ culture manipulated by microincision and/or chemical inhibitors. Mechanical division of the developing Mullerian duct showed that epithelial cells of the Mullerian duct actively migrate along the anterior-posterior axis independent of the proliferative expansion of the anterior portion of the duct. We found that the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is activated in the Mullerian duct epithelium and is required for elongation of the tip of the duct; however, migration of Mullerian duct epithelial cells proximal to the tip remains intact when PI3K/AKT is inactivated. Although much is known about the molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to Mullerian duct regression, the present findings provide a fuller understanding of the mechanisms contributing to Mullerian duct formation and to the general process of early tubulogenesis.
Evolution of residual stresses in three-dimensionally constrained epoxy resins

Residual stresses arising from the curing process in a three-dimensionally constrained epoxy resin have been determined experimentally by a strain-gauge method. The results were analysed using the theory of incremental elasticity for an ageing, linear thermoelastic material subjected to dimensional constraints. It was found that large residual stresses developed in three-dimensionally constrained epoxy resins and that, by modifying the cure schedule, the internal stresses could be reduced. The bulk behaviour of the epoxy resin under volumetric constraints was also investigated. Values for the bulk modulus of the epoxy resin were calculated from the results at temperatures above and below the glass transition temperature of the resin.
Treatment of Sexual Dysfunctions: What Social Workers Need to Know

This article examines the role of social work professionals in the assessment, treatment, and research of sexual dysfunction, specifically dysfunctions of desire and arousal. Diagnostic categories of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM-IV)are reviewed briefly. Relationship and intimacy issues are descnbed as amenable to psychosocial interven tion, and research pertinent to assessment and treatment is examined. The special topic of sexual dysfunction of gay men is explored. The importance of supporting social workers in their continued involvement in the treatment of sexual dysfunctions is highlighted.
Fuzzy co-clustering of documents and keywords

Conventional clustering algorithms such as K-means and SAHN (also known as AHC) have been well studied and used in the information retrieval community for clustering text documents. More recently, efforts have been made to cluster documents and words simultaneously. The FCCM algorithm due to Oh et al. is a fuzzy clustering algorithm that maximizes the co-occurrence of categorical attributes (keywords) and the individual patterns (documents) in clusters. However, this algorithm poses certain problems when the number of documents or the number of words is very large. In this paper, we modify the FCCM algorithm so that it can be used to cluster large text corpora. Our experiments show that the modified algorithm is scalable and produces meaningful clusters. We also show the relation between FCCM and the Spherical K-Means (SKM) algorithm and introduce the Spherical Fuzzy c-Means (SFCM) algorithm.
The epidemiology of ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer is the second most common cancer of the female reproductive system and the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancies. In 1995, 26,600 women will be diagnosed with ovarian cancer in the U.S., and 14,500 women will die from the disease. Between 1986-1900, the overall age-adjusted incidence was 14.3/100,000 women; mortality was 7.8/100,000 women. Ovarian cancer, rare before age 40, increases steeply thereafter and peaks at ages 65-75. Incidence and mortality rates are higher among white women than among African-American women. Over the last three decades, ovarian cancer incidence has remained stable in high-risk countries, while an increasing trend has been reported in low-risk countries. Despite recent advancements in treatment, the overall five-year survival rates continues to be low (39%). Over 70% of ovarian tumors are diagnosed when regional or distant involvement has already occurred, causing survival rates to remain stable. The etiology of ovarian cancer is poorly understood. Most studies have focused on the epidemiology of invasive epithelial ovarian tumors, while few have explored the epidemiology of epithelial tumors of low malignant potential and nonepithelial tumors. Factors associated with an increased risk for invasive epithelial ovarian cancer include age, race, nulliparity, family history of ovarian cancer, and history of endometrial or breast cancer. Factors associated with a reduced risk are history of one or more full-term pregnancies, use of oral contraceptives, history of breast feeding, tubal ligation, and hysterectomy. Other factors such as infertility drugs, hormone replacement therapy, age at menarche, age at menopause, dietary factors, lactose intolerance, talc use, coffee and alcohol consumption have been suggested, but their role is still inconclusive.
Comparative effects of the herbal constituent parthenolide (Feverfew) on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory gene expression in murine spleen and liver

Parthenolide, a major sesquiterpene lactone present in extracts of the herb Feverfew, has been investigated for its inhibitory effects on mediators of inflammation, including the proinflammatory cytokines. Although parthenolide's anti-inflammatory effects have been investigated in vitro, little in vivo data are available. Moreover, the molecular mechanisms for these inhibitory effects are not fully understood. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that parthenolide suppresses lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced serum (interleukin) IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1β and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression in mice as indicated by reduced splenic and liver mRNA levels. Mice were co-treated i.p. with LPS (1 mg/kg bw) and parthenolide (5 mg/kg bw) and blood, spleen and liver collected. Serum was analyzed for IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β by ELISA. Total RNA was extracted from spleen and liver, and real-time RT-PCR was used to determine relative mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and COX-2. LPS induced increases in serum IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations with only IL-6 being suppressed in parthenolide-treated mice. Induction of IL-6 mRNA was reduced, TNF-α and COX-2 mRNAs unchanged, and IL-1β mRNA increased in spleens of parthenolide plus LPS co-treated animals compared to LPS-only. No significant differences were observed in inflammatory gene expression between these two groups in liver samples. Overall, mRNA expression of each proinflammatory gene was much higher in spleen when compared to liver. In summary, only one gene, IL-6, was modestly suppressed by parthenolide co-exposure which contrasts with many in vitro studies suggesting anti-inflammatory effects of this compound. Also, LPS evoked greater effects in spleen than liver on expression of proinflammatory genes. Further study of the effects of parthenolide and other herbal constituents on inflammatory gene expression using model animal systems as described here are critical to evaluating efficacy of such supplements as well as elucidating their mechanisms of action.
Normal Fetal Growth Assessment: A Review of Literature and Current Practice:

A review of literature and current practice of normal fetal growth assessment is presented. Ultrasonographic dating of pregnancy in the first, second, and third trimester is reviewed. Individual bi...
Policy issues raised by the FCC's 1983 and 1984 subcarrier decisions

This paper analyzes the outcome of the 1983 and 1984 subcarrier decisions—including where this unused spectrum space is, how it could be used, why it was not used prior to the 1980s and what policy questions using it raises.
Naming a phonological process

In response to the editorial note published recently in JIPA (Wells 1974), we wish to indicate one of the several problems involved in establishing the terminology of diachronic (and morphophonemic) processes. There are evidently three different variables that could be used for classifying (and hence naming) the conditioned sound changes: (1) the environment that induces the change, (2) the sound that undergoes the change, and (3) the sound that results from the change.
An Abstraction-Oriented, Path-Based Approach for Analyzing Object Equality in Java

The standard collection data structures in Object-Oriented languages require their element classes provide a predicate to compare two objects for equality. Among other correctness requirements, this predicate must be an equivalence relation. The chance of mistakes increases when equality is implemented in a type hierarchy. Detection of such problems requires reasoning about the equality at a higher level semantics than the code, involving the state, the behavior, and the sub-typing relations in the type hierarchy. We present a path-based, abstraction-oriented approach to checking the correctness of equality implementation in a type hierarchy. In our approach, code patterns on paths are identified and translated into abstractions in Alloy. The Alloy model is then automatically checked to reveal any problems related to the equivalence relation. Our evaluation shows that this approach (1) found problems in the production code, and (2) scaled to a project as large as JDK 1.5. We believe that it has a potential to be used on a developer's desktop on a daily basis.
Protocol design and throughput analysis of frequency-agile multi-channel medium access control

Time-varying channel conditions, due to multipath fading, present a unique challenge for wireless network design. In this paper, we take a cross-layer approach to study frequency-agile medium access control design for ad hoc networks. Specifically, building on the IEEE 802.11 standard, we propose an opportunistic multi-channel MAC protocol (OMC-MAC), with three key features: 1) by exploiting the channel variations across multiple channels, OMC-MAC achieves selection diversity gain in an opportunistic and distributed manner; 2) the size of the contention window is adjusted adaptively based on the estimate of the number of competing stations, which is obtained via using a sequential Monte Carlo technique; and 3) OMC-MAC achieves "resource pooling" and thus improves the stability of the network. Analysis results reveal that OMC-MAC in wireless LANs achieves significant throughput gain, even under heavy traffic conditions. Extensive simulation studies show that OMC-MAC can achieve efficient channel utilization for each added channel, compared with the standard 802.11 MAC protocol and other multichannel protocols such as DCA and MMAC. Finally, we show via examples that the sequential Monte Carlo method is effective for the adaptation of the contention window size
Issues in constructing program theory

In designing theory-driven evaluations, it is important to understand the normative and causative aspects of program theory, different theory-construction approaches, the typology of theory-driven evaluations, and analytical techniques for carrying out the evaluations.
Epidemiology of Inherited Colon Cancer

Inherited colorectal cancer (CRC) represents 15-30% of all CRC cases. Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer and familial adenomatous polyposis are the 2 main syndromes that comprise this category, and both have a well-defined genetic defect. The introduction of immunohistochemistry and genetic testing has resulted in earlier and more sensitive diagnosis of these hereditary syndromes. The incidence of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer is estimated at 2-5% of all CRC cases and is due to a mutation of the DNA mismatch repair genes. Familial adenomatous polyposis comprises 1% of all CRC cases and is caused by a mutation in the APC tumor suppressor gene. Familial X CRC syndrome contains the remainder of the inherited CRC cases (10-25% of all CRC cases) and encompasses patients who clinically fit the Amsterdam criteria, but do not have an identifiable genetic abnormality. The implementation of rigorous screening guidelines for the primary disease and associated extracolonic tumors in these patients has resulted in significantly improved outcomes. However, the associated extracolonic tumors continue to represent the main cause of morbidity and mortality and demonstrate the ongoing need for further elucidation of the genetic interactions responsible for these syndromes.
Planar spiral inductors with multilayer micrometer-scale laminated cores for compact-packaging power converter applications

Ultralow (0.4 mm) profile spiral inductors with multilayer micrometer-scale NiFe laminated cores were developed for compact-packaging power applications. A simple sacrificial Cu etching process was used to realize seven layers of 1.8-/spl mu/m-thick laminations, forming the magnetic cores. The laminated cores were combined with a spiral coil to fabricate the spiral inductor in a hybrid fashion. The dimension of a complete device is 40 /spl times/ 15 mm. In situ electrical characterization verified compatibility with compact-packaging applications. The inductor was implemented in a boost converter (5-10 V) operating at 2.2 MHz, which demonstrated 2-W output with overall efficiency exceeding 70%.
Guidelines for HER2 testing in the UK

The need to update in a new era of immunohistochemistry testing For decades anatomical pathologists have established and managed diagnostic immunohistochemistry (IHC) laboratories to assist in accurate tissue diagnosis. Although test validation, quality control (QC), and quality assurance (QA) procedures have always been a part of routine operations, test results were always viewed in the context of clinical, morphological, and other IHC test results. However, there has been a shift in the use of these tests. Now, targeted treatments are being determined based on the results of a stand alone IHC test. Specifically, eligibility for traztuzamab is determined by IHC testing (in the UK) or by IHC and/or fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) testing in the USA. Because this represents a fundamental change in the use of IHC in the clinical laboratory, additional attention to the performance and interpretation of this IHC test is warranted. In the current issue of the Journal of Clinical Pathology , Ellis and colleagues detail guidelines for HER2 testing in the UK.1 The guidelines can be briefly summarised as follows: 1. Formalin fixation should be used. In the USA, testing is only approved by the Federal Drug Administration for formalin fixed tissue. Other fixatives such as Bouin’s type fixatives and, in our experience, some of the newer formalin alternative fixatives preclude FISH testing. 2. A relatively high case load is recommended because this is correlated with better performance. 3. A two tiered system is recommended in which clear IHC results (either 0–1+ or 3+) can be accepted. An equivocal result (2+) should be arbitrated by FISH testing. 4. IHC methods …
Structure of a Synthetic Molecular Oxygen Carrier

VASKA (1) has characterized a simple synthetic molecular oxygen carrier O2IrCl(CO)[P(C6H5)3]2 prepared by the addition of molecular oxygen to IrCI(CO)[P(C6H5)3]2 in benzene solution. This synthetic oxygen carrier, which is a reasonably stable crystalline solid, differs from most reported in the past in that there is but one molecule of oxygen per metal atom, as there is in oxyhemoglobin. The mode of attachment of oxygen to iridium in this cornpound is thus of interest both in itself and especially in relation to theories of the mode of attachment of molecular oxygen to the iron atom in oxyhemo — globin.
Long-range heterochromatin association is mediated by silencing and double-strand DNA break repair proteins

The eukaryotic genome is highly organized in the nucleus, and this organization affects various nuclear processes. However, the molecular details of higher-order organization of chromatin remain obscure. In the present study, we show that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae silenced loci HML and HMR cluster in three-dimensional space throughout the cell cycle and independently of the telomeres. Long-range HML–HMR interactions require the homologous recombination (HR) repair pathway and phosphorylated H2A (γ-H2A). γ-H2A is constitutively present at silenced loci in unperturbed cells, its localization requires heterochromatin, and it is restricted to the silenced domain by the transfer DNA boundary element. SMC proteins and Scc2 localize to the silenced domain, and Scc2 binding requires the presence of γ-H2A. These findings illustrate a novel pathway for heterochromatin organization and suggest a role for HR repair proteins in genomic organization.
Contact-invariant optimization for hand manipulation

We present a method for automatic synthesis of dexterous hand movements, given only high-level goals specifying what should happen to the object being manipulated. Results are presented on a wide range of tasks including grasping and picking up objects, twirling them between the fingers, tossing and catching, drawing. This work is an extension of the recent contact-invariant optimization (CIO) method, which introduced auxiliary decision variables directly specifying when and where contacts should occur, and optimized these variables together with the movement trajectory. Our contribution here is extending the unique contact model used in CIO which was specific to locomotion tasks, as well as applying the extended method systematically to hand manipulation.
Identification of two novel cis-elements in the promoter of the prostate-specific antigen gene that are required to enhance androgen receptor-mediated transactivation

A monomeric androgen responsive element (ARE) is not sufficient to mediate significant androgen induction of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) gene. Co-transfection experiments using a series of 5'deletion fragments of the proximal promoter region of the PSA gene linked to bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) as a reporter have identified two motif sequences which are indispensable for androgen receptor (AR)-mediated transactivation of the PSA promoter and have been designated as motifs A and B respectively. Of note, motif B alone has very little independent enhancer activity regardless of the presence or absence of androgen, whereas multi-copies of motif A exert androgenic inducibility for a heterologous promoter independent of the presence of ARE. Nucleotide substitutions in either motif significantly decrease the androgen inducibility and the nuclear protein binding ability. Furthermore, gel band shift experiments consistently demonstrate that nuclear proteins can bind these motifs, and they are non-receptor factors. Our data indicate that these two DNA motifs are novel cis -regulatory elements and exhibit different mechanisms in cooperation with ARE for AR-mediated transactivation.
How to draw the line in biomedical research

The use of the least squares method to calculate the best-fitting line through a two-dimensional scatter plot typically requires the user to assume that one of the variables depends on the other. However, in many cases the relationship between the two variables is more complex, and it is not valid to say that one variable is independent and the other is dependent. When analysing such data researchers should consider plotting the three regression lines that can be calculated for any two-dimensional scatter plot.
Insights toward robot-assisted evacuation

This paper discusses the application of robotic technologies to an evacuation assistance task. We describe how this kind of task diers from the more prevalent search and rescue eorts, and how this dierence aects the approach taken in building systems focused on the evacuation phase. The paper describes the implementation and evaluation of a deployment algorithm intended to distribute audio navigational cues throughout an oce building environment. A review of evacuation dynamics methods is presented and particular methods are used within the deployment algorithm in an on-line sense. We use a pedestrian simulation and a simple model of audio-evacuee interaction in order to show the eects of beacon deployment; this indicates that even a very few beacons can result in a large decrease in the mean and variance of egress distance (and time). We also advance possible uses for human motion based methods of environment evaluation more broadly for mobile robotics in general.
Experimental Integration of Planning in a Distributed Control System

This paper describes a complete system architecture integrating planning into a two-armed robotic workcell. The system is comprised of four major components: user interface, planner, the dual-arm robot control and sensor system, and an on-line simulator.
Text Messaging and IM Linguistic Comparison of American College Data

While instant messaging (IM) via computers is well entrenched in the United States, text messaging on mobile phones is a more recent technology in America. To investigate the emergence of American texting, this study compared text messages and IMs produced by American college students with respect to transmission length, emoticons and lexical shortenings, and sentential punctuation. We examine our findings in light of other statistical studies of texting and IM, and with respect to personal computer use in the United States that predates text messaging.
Applying latent dirichlet allocation to group discovery in large graphs

This paper introduces LDA-G, a scalable Bayesian approach to finding latent group structures in large real-world graph data. Existing Bayesian approaches for group discovery (such as Infinite Relational Models) have only been applied to small graphs with a couple of hundred nodes. LDA-G (short for Latent Dirichlet Allocation for Graphs) utilizes a well-known topic modeling algorithm to find latent group structure. Specifically, we modify Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) to operate on graph data instead of text corpora. Our modifications reflect the differences between real-world graph data and text corpora (e.g., a node's neighbor count vs. a document's word count). In our empirical study, we apply LDA-G to several large graphs (with thousands of nodes) from PubMed (a scientific publication repository). We compare LDA-G's quantitative performance on link prediction with two existing approaches: one Bayesian (namely, Infinite Relational Model) and one non-Bayesian (namely, Cross-association). On average, LDA-G outperforms IRM by 15% and Cross-association by 25% (in terms of area under the ROC curve). Furthermore, we demonstrate that LDA-G can discover useful qualitative information.
Thermal Reversal of Magnetic Grains Under Arbitrary Time Varying Pulse Field

A model based on optimal reversal path of stochastic dynamics of magnetization is used to characterize thermal reversal behavior of magnetic grains under arbitrary pulse field below medium coercivity. The effects of pulse field duration, width, magnitude and angular effects on magnetic grain thermal switching behavior is studied using the model.
How do children learn to cross the street? The process of pedestrian safety training

ABSTRACTObjective: Pedestrian injuries are a leading cause of child death and may be reduced by training children to cross streets more safely. Such training is most effective when children receive repeated practice at the complex cognitive–perceptual task of judging moving traffic and selecting safe crossing gaps, but there is limited data on how much practice is required for children to reach adult levels of functioning. Using existing data, we examined how children's pedestrian skills changed over the course of 6 pedestrian safety training sessions, each composed of 45 crossings within a virtual pedestrian environment.Methods: As part of a randomized controlled trial on pedestrian safety training, 59 children ages 7–8 crossed the street within a semi-immersive virtual pedestrian environment 270 times over a 3-week period (6 sessions of 45 crossings each). Feedback was provided after each crossing, and traffic speed and density were advanced as children's skill improved. Postintervention pedestrian beha...
Licensing sentence-internal readings in english: an experimental study

Adjectives of comparison (AOCs) like same, different and similar can compare two elements sentence-internally, i.e., without referring to any previously introduced element. This reading is licensed only if a semantically plural NP is present. We argue in this paper that it is incorrect to describe a particular NP as either licensing or not licensing the sentence-internal reading of a specific AOC: licensing is more fine-grained. We use experimental methods to establish which NPs license which AOCs and to what extent and we show how the results can be interpreted against the background of a formal semantic analysis of AOCs. Finally, we argue that using Bayesian methods to analyze this kind of data has an advantage over the more traditional, frequentist approach.
Lustration Politics: Transitional Justice Derailed in the Post-Communist World

Why do some post-communist states limit the political participation of former authoritarian elites and their collaborators, while others do not? This article examines the adoption and implementation of lustration, a transitional-justice mechanism that vets members of previous regimes and sanctions past oppressors for abuses of human rights. I use a nested research design to construct a theory of “lustration politics” that highlights the interactive effect of structural and voluntarist factors on lustration. Based on new panel data from thirty-one post-communist states, I find that lustration is more likely, more extensive, and more durable when the practice of democracy is more competitive. I introduce a notion of a “lustration democracy minimum” threshold in order to claim that once a country achieves a sufficient level of political competition, its elites aim at using the discourse of the past and the opportunities of the international environment to justify lustration employed against their political opponents or for consolidating political base. The cross-national statistical analysis is deepened by case studies of Georgia – which adopted a lustration law – and Russia – which failed in adopting lustration – in order to illuminate the causal mechanism. This study contributes to our understanding of an underexplored means used by transitional elites to gain and maintain political power.