cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advanced diagnostics for minimizing hydrocarbon emissions from a direct-injection gasoline engine

Minimizing unburned-hydrocarbon (HC) emissions at light load is essential for realizing the potential fuel-economy, cold-start, and transient-HC advantages of direct-injection (DI) stratified-charge engines. This paper summarizes the application of several advanced diagnostics to understand and quantify HC sources in an experimental DI two-stroke engine. Single-cycle (two-dimensional) and multicycle-averaged (two-dimensional and reconstructed three-dimensional) laser-induced-fluorescence (LIF) imaging of gasoline (1) characterizes the highly stratified fuel distribution at the time of ignition, (2) identifies cyclic variations in the fuel concentration near the spark gap as a principal cause of misfires and partial burns, (3) reveals regions of fuel-air mixture around the periphery of the fuel cloud that are too lean to burn, and (4) detects the outgassing of unburned fuel from the fuel injector nozzle-exit crevice late in the engine cycle. Cyclic variations are investigated further by collecting continuous, time-resolved data on liquid fuel distributions, combustion, and exhaust hydrocarbon emissions over many consecutive engine cycles. Specifically, high-speed (4000 frames/s) video imaging of the fuel spray and of spectrally resolved combustion luminosity is combined with simultaneous exhaust-HC sampling using a close-coupled fast-response (∼2 ms) flame-ionization detector. Cylinder pressure is also digitized simultaneously, so that the imaging results can be correlated with the heat released and the exhaust HC mass for each engine cycle. The results (1) show that combustion begins as partially premixed flame propagation and ends as slower mixing-limited or diffusion burning, (2) reveal quantitatively the fate of unburned fuel in misfire and partial-burn cycles, and (3) provide strong evidence that the dominant HC sources are incomplete combustion of the injected fuel cloud and late release of fuel trapped in the injector nozzle-exit crevice (rather than fuel trapped in the piston top-ring-land crevice, which is the dominant HC source in conventional homogeneous-charge four-stroke engines).
CYSTINE: HELICAL COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY CHARACTERIZATION OF ROUGH AND SMOOTH CALCULI IN VITRO

ABSTRACTPurpose: The classification of cystine stones into rough and smooth varieties has been suggested as an aid to choosing treatment for these difficult stones. Since the surface of stones is difficult to visualize preoperatively, we tested the hypothesis that the surface morphology of cystine stones correlates with their internal structure, as viewed by helical computerized tomography (CT).Materials and Methods: Cystine stones were examined visually and categorized into rough (15 stones) and smooth (16 stones) subpopulations of similar size. Each stone was scanned in a helical CT scanner (GE Quad Scanner) to assess radiological characteristics and to measure attenuation values. Scans were also performed using a μCT 20 high resolution laboratory scanner (Scanco Medical AG, Bassersdorf, Switzerland) at 34 μm voxel size and the percent of internal voids was determined.Results: Mean helical CT attenuation values ± SD for rough stones were lower than for smooth stones (702 ± 206 vs 921 ± 51 HU, p <0.002) ...
The Growth of Prognostic Differences Between GLAS Model Forecasts from SAT and NOSAT Initial Conditions

A study has been conducted to determine the cause of a major synoptic difference in the 72 h GLAS model forecasts from 0000 GMT 19 February 1976 that resulted from the inclusion of satellite data. The prognostic differences that resulted in diverging cyclone paths between the forecast that included satellite temperature soundings (SAT) and the forecast that excluded satellite sounding data (NOSAT) have been traced to initial state differences in the upper level wind and temperature patterns. These modifications enhanced the variation of thermal vorticity and thermal advection across the cyclone center and in the SAT case, gave a greater initial rate of movement of the upper-level vorticity maximum associated with the surface cyclone.
Syndecan-1 couples the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor to inside-out integrin activation.

Syndecan-1 (Sdc1) engages and activates the αvβ3 (and/or αvβ5) integrin when clustered in human carcinoma and endothelial cells. Although the engagement is extracellular, the activation mechanism is cytoplasmic. This talin-dependent, inside-out signaling pathway is activated downstream of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R), whose kinase activity is triggered by Sdc1 clustering. In vitro binding assays using purified receptors suggest that association of the Sdc1 ectodomain with the integrin provides a ‘docking face’ for IGF1R. IGF1R docking and activation of the associated integrin is blocked by synstatin (SSTN92–119), a peptide derived from the integrin engagement site in Sdc1. IGF1R colocalizes with αvβ3 integrin and Sdc1 in focal contacts, but fails to associate with or activate the integrin in cells either lacking Sdc1 or expressing Sdc1Δ67–121, a mutant that is unable to form the Sdc1–integrin–IGF1R ternary complex. Integrin activation is also blocked by IGF1R inhibitors or by silencing IGF1R or talin expression with small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs). In both cases, expression of the constitutively active talin F23 head domain rescues integrin activation. We recently reported that SSTN92–119 blocks angiogenesis and impairs tumor growth in mice, therefore this Sdc1-mediated integrin regulatory mechanism might be a crucial regulator of disease processes known to rely on these integrins, including tumor cell metastasis and tumor-induced angiogenesis.
The fate of biodegradable microspheres injected into rat brain.

Abstract Biodegradable microspheres made with poly-[ d , l -lactide-co-glycolide] represent an evolving technology for drug delivery into the central nervous system. Even though these microspheres have been shown to be engulfed by astrocytes in vitro, the purpose of the present study was to track the fate of biodegradable microspheres in vivo. This was accomplished using microspheres containing the fluorescent dye coumarin-6 followed 1 day, 1 week and 1 month after intracerebral injections of this material were made into the rat brain. Using dual color immunohistochemistry and antisera against glial fibrillary acidic protein for astrocytes versus phosphotyrosine for microglia, results demonstrate that phagocytosis of small coumarin-containing microspheres
Generalization of the electromagnetic current operator

The present experimental data for the radiative decays of vector mesons require a generalization of the Gell-Mann--Nishijima formula for the electromagnetic current. This generalization will affect the values of the magnetic moments but not the charges.
Spatial aspects of electron energy degradation in atomic oxygen

Spatial (radial and longitudinal) yield spectra for electron energy degradation in atomic oxygen have been obtained using a Monte Carlo method for 25 eV to 10 keV incident electrons. Four-dimensional yield spectra have been analytically represented in terms of a model containing three simple microplumes. We find that the scaled spatial yield spectra for O is approximately the same as for N2. This feature provides a basis for inferring yield spectra for any atmosphere gas or mixture of gases.
AML1-ETO reprograms hematopoietic cell fate by downregulating scl expression

AML1-ETO is one of the most common chromosomal translocation products associated with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Patients carrying the AML1-ETO fusion gene exhibit an accumulation of granulocyte precursors in the bone marrow and the blood. Here, we describe a transgenic zebrafish line that enables inducible expression of the human AML1-ETO oncogene. Induced AML1-ETO expression in embryonic zebrafish causes a phenotype that recapitulates some aspects of human AML. Using this highly tractable model, we show that AML1-ETO redirects myeloerythroid progenitor cells that are developmentally programmed to adopt the erythroid cell fate into the granulocytic cell fate. This fate change is characterized by a loss of gata1 expression and an increase in pu.1 expression in myeloerythroid progenitor cells. Moreover, we identify scl as an early and essential mediator of the effect of AML1-ETO on hematopoietic cell fate. AML1-ETO quickly shuts off scl expression, and restoration of scl expression rescues the effects of AML1-ETO on myeloerythroid progenitor cell fate. These results demonstrate that scl is an important mediator of the ability of AML1-ETO to reprogram hematopoietic cell fate decisions, suggesting that scl may be an important contributor to AML1-ETO-associated leukemia. In addition, treatment of AML1-ETO transgenic zebrafish embryos with a histone deacetylase inhibitor, Trichostatin A, restores scl and gata1 expression, and ameliorates the accumulation of granulocytic cells caused by AML1-ETO. Thus, this zebrafish model facilitates in vivo dissection of AML1-ETO-mediated signaling, and will enable large-scale chemical screens to identify suppressors of the in vivo effects of AML1-ETO.
Estimation of Subsurface Temperature Anomaly in the North Atlantic Using a Self-Organizing Map Neural Network

AbstractA self-organizing map (SOM) neural network was developed from Argo gridded datasets in order to estimate a subsurface temperature anomaly (STA) from remote sensing data. The SOM maps were trained using anomalies of sea surface temperature (SST), height (SSH), and salinity (SSS) data from Argo gridded monthly anomaly datasets, labeled with Argo STA data from 2005 through 2010, which were then used to estimate the STAs at different depths in the North Atlantic from the sea surface data. The estimated STA maps and time series were compared with Argo STAs including independent datasets for validation. In the Gulf Stream path areas, the STA estimations from the SOM algorithm show good agreement with in situ measurements taken from the surface down to 700-m depth, with a correlation coefficient larger than 0.8. Sensitivity of the SOM, when including salinity, shows that with SSS anomaly data in the SOM training process reveal the importance of SSS information, which can improve the estimation of STA in ...
Comparison of short-term outcomes between transvaginal hybrid NOTES cholecystectomy and laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Introduction A natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) approach offers the potential of reducing pain and convalescence after intra-abdominal operations. We present a single-institution series of transvaginal hybrid NOTES cholecystectomies (TVC) and compare outcomes with patients undergoing standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC).
X-ray mapping of nanoparticle superlattice thin films.

We combine grazing-incidence and transmission small-angle X-ray diffraction with electron microscopy studies to characterize the structure of nanoparticle films with long-range order. Transmission diffraction is used to collect in-plane diffraction data from single grains and locally aligned nanoparticle superlattice films. Systematic mapping of samples can be achieved by translating the sample in front of the X-ray beam with a spot size selected to be on the order of superlattice grain features. This allows a statistical determination of superlattice grain size and size distribution over much larger areas than typically accessible with electron microscopy. Transmission X-ray measurements enables spatial mapping of the grain size, orientation, uniformity, strain, or crystal projections and polymorphs. We expand this methodology to binary nanoparticle superlattice and nanorod superlattice films. This study provides a framework for characterization of nanoparticle superlattices over large areas which comple...
Mixed Electoral Rules and Party Strategies: Responses to Incentives By Ukraine's Rukh and Russia's Yabloko

Research on mixed electoral systems indicates that contamination effects between proportional representation and single-member district components should encourage political parties to maximize the number of placements in single-member districts under non-compensatory mixed rules. However, many parties in Russia and Ukraine fielded candidates in relatively few district races, while some nominated candidates in most districts in recent parliamentary elections. The article proposes possible solutions to this puzzle, identifying incentives and disincentives to maximizing candidate nominations in the districts and illustrating them with case analyses of strategies pursued by Ukraine's Rukh and Russia's Yabloko parties.
Probing the high density behavior of the nuclear symmetry energy with high energy heavy-ion collisions.

High energy heavy-ion collisions are proposed as a novel means to constrain stringently the high density (HD) behavior of nuclear symmetry energy. Within an isospin-dependent hadronic transport model, it is shown for the first time that the isospin asymmetry of the HD nuclear matter formed in high energy heavy-ion collisions is uniquely determined by the HD behavior of the nuclear symmetry energy. Experimental signatures in two sensitive probes, i.e., ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ to ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ ratio and neutron-proton differential collective flow, are also investigated.
Amplification and attenuation of increased primary production in a marine food web

We used an end-to-end ecosystem model that incorporates physics, biogeochemistry, and predator−prey dynamics for the Eastern Subarc- tic Pacific ecosystem to investigate the factors con- trolling propagation of changes in primary produc- tion to higher trophic levels. We found that lower trophic levels respond to increased primary produc- tion in unexpected ways due to complex predatory interactions, with small phytoplankton increasing more than large phytoplankton due to relief from predation by microzooplankton, which are kept in check by the more abundant mesozooplankton. We also found that the propagation of production to upper trophic levels depends critically on how non- predatory mortality is structured in the model, with much greater propagation occurring with linear mor- tality and much less with quadratic mortality, both of which functional forms are in common use in eco - system models. We used an ensemble simulation approach to examine how uncertainties in model parameters affect these results. When considering the full range of potential responses to enhanced pro- ductivity, the effect of uncertainties related to the functional form of non-predatory mortality was often masked by uncertainties in the food-web parameter- ization. The predicted responses of several commer- cially important species, however, were significantly altered by non-predatory mortality assumptions.
Interspecies Uptake of Polymeric Microspheres

Particle uptake into intestinal tissue has seen increasing attention due to its implications in drug delivery. We attempted to observe a delivery system in vivo and examine uptake in different species. Microspheres were fabricated from polymers including polyanhydrides and delivered to an isolated loop of intestine in several species. The microspheres contained a dye either conjugated to a protein or incorporated freely and were used to qualitatively detect and locate the spheres in the villi of the length of the small intestine. Microspheres were dispersed, sized by a Coulter particle size analyzer, and characterized by confocal and cross-polarized light microscopy, FTIR and SEM. Coulter analysis revealed microspheres to be generally less than 5 microns in diameter. SEM typically showed homogeneous morphology among groups of microspheres. In vivo uptake experiments were performed in rodents, pigs, and ruminants using various microsphere formulations. Microspheres were delivered into the proximal end of the jejunum of anesthetized animals and allowed adequate transit time to be taken up. Animals were euthanized at various time points for explantation of tissue and sampling of blood. Excised samples were embedded inq polyvinyl alcohol, frozen, and cut into sections ranging between 7 and 14 μm in thickness. Our method of incorporating dyes allowed for simultaneous visualization by visible light microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Two-fluorochrome fluorescence of the microspheres and optical sectioning confirmed the presence of microspheres within intestinal tissue. The amount of uptake depended on the animal model, the duration of the experiment, and the composition of the microsphere. An assay for either the fluorescent dye, the protein attached to it, or the polymer encapsulating it may enable us to determine intracellular concentrations of mierospheres for the quantification of uptake.
Surgical management of vagal paragangliomas

Vagal paragangliomas are uncommon, vascular tumors that can present in the head and neck region. They may involve the lower neck, parapharyngeal space, or extend intracranially and often involve the lower cranial nerves. An appropriate preoperative evaluation determines appropriate surgical candidates and allows counseling patients about postoperative cranial nerve deficits. This article discusses the surgical management of these complex tumors.
Transient Aerodynamic Response to Leading Edge Flow Control

The aerodynamic response to active control of flow separation is investigated experimentally to elucidate the associated physical phenomena. Particular emphasis is placed on documenting the transient aerodynamic response at the onset of actuation. Pulsed, normal blowing is engaged near the leading edge of a NACA 643-618 airfoil at a Reynolds number of 6.4x10 4 . There are inherent dynamics associated with the specific actuation configuration employed, and also with the aerodynamic characterisitics of the chosen airfoil. Adding airfoil pitch oscillations to this pulsed control further complicates these dynamics. High frequency response sensing of the unsteady flow is achieved with on-surface hot-film sensors placed at zero, twenty and forty percent chord. The leading edge sensor is monitored to understand the time delays and response times associated with the initialization of pulsed normal blowing. Black-box models are developed to quantify this response. The effects of angle of attack and pitch rate on these models are investigated. The sensors at twenty and forty percent chord are monitored for a deeper understanding of the transient phenomena.
A Follow-Up Study of Resource/Consulting Teachers: Factors that Facilitate and Inhibit Teacher Consultation.

Twenty-seven graduates of the Resource/Consulting Teacher program at the University of Illinois were interviewed by telephone, with 24 of the graduates completing questionnaires as well. The major ...
Coincident-frequency entanglement via extended phase matching

We demonstrate a source of entangled photon pairs with identical frequency spectra. An Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometric measurement of this source shows a high visibility of 85% under pulsed pumping and without any spectral filtering.
Augmenting board test coverage with new intel powered opens boundary scan instruction

Serious erosion of board test access demands a re-look on the current test strategy. This paper describes implementation of Extest Toggle* and its effectiveness. Note *: Extest Toggle is a design for test (DFT) method of providing a square wave at  TCK, while driving the remaining pins on the bus to a static level for guarding.
Mutant Prevention Concentrations of ABT-492, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, and Gatifloxacin against Three Common Respiratory Pathogens

The purpose of this study was to compare the mutant prevention concentration (MPC) of ABT-492 to those of levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and gatifloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. The fluoroquinolones had comparable mutation selection windows, which is the ratio of MPC/MIC, for all isolates.
Effect of chromium on properties of Fe3Al

The effects of the addition of chromium on several properties of Fe3Al, including tensile strength and ductility, fracture behavior, and slip and dislocation characteristics, were studied. Alloying with up to 6 at. % chromium results in an increase in room temperature ductility from approximately 4% to 8–10%. Along with this increase in ductility, the addition of chromium produces a change in fracture mode from transgranular cleavage to a mixed mode of intergranular-transgranular cleavage, and a change in slip behavior from coarse straight slip to fine wavy slip. These phenomena are discussed in terms of the effect of chromium on the antiphase boundary energies and dislocation characteristics.
Computer usage in engineering education

Summary form only given. Minimal requirements for electrical engineering and computer engineering courses are examined. It is noted that, at the undergraduate level, the introduction of courses such as digital systems, programming languages, microprocessors, and computer architecture in an electrical engineering degree which has remained at four-years duration has necessitated a corresponding reduction of courses in traditional areas such as electromagnetics and control. As a consequence, today's electrical engineer is much mode knowledgeable in computers but less sophisticated in analytical methods than those of 20 years ago. While this shift in educational goals is inevitable, and probably desirable for the industry-bound engineer with a B.S. degree, it poses serious problems in graduate study and research. >
Dry forest restoration and unassisted native tree seedling recruitment at Auwahi, Maui

Efforts to restore highly degraded but biologically significant forests draw from a limited toolbox. With less than 10% of their former distribution remaining, Hawaiian dry forests, though critically endangered, remain impor- tant biological and cultural refugia. At restoration onset (1997), vegetation of restoration and control areas of degraded Auwahi dry forest, Maui Island, was similar, dominated by nonnative graminoids (restoration 78.3%; control 75.4%), especially Cenchrus ( Pennisetum) clandestinus. In 2012, unrestored control area vegetation was basically unchanged. In contrast, in the restoration area in 2012, native shrub cover increased from 3.1% to 81.9%, and cover of nonnative gram- inoids declined from 75.4% to 3.3%. In 2012, nonplanted seedlings of 14 of 22 native tree species and six of seven native shrub species were observed in restora- tion plots; the majority (99%) were five native (Dodonaea viscosa, Coprosma foliosa, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Chamaesyce celastoides, Nestegis sandwicensis) and one nonnative species (Bocconia frutescens). By 2012, stem counts of native woody plants had increased from 12.4 to 135.0/100 m 2 , and native species diversity increased from 2.4 to 6.6/100 m 2 . By 2012, seven rare dry forest tree species, Charpentiera obovata, Nothocestrum latifolium, Ochrosia haleakalae, Pleomele auwa- hiensis, Santalum ellipticum, S. haleakalae, and Streblus pendulinus, had established seedlings and/or saplings within the restoration site, especially notable because natural reproduction is largely lacking elsewhere. Without development and implementation of appropriate management strategies, remaining Hawaiian dry forest will likely disappear within the next century. Multicomponent restoration incorporating ungulate exclusion, weed control, and outplanting as described here offers one strategy to conserve and restore tracts of high-value but de- graded forests.
Design and Implementation of a Digital Controller for An Infrasonic Speaker System

A variety of conditions in combatant zones exposes soldiers to high level infrasonic reverberations. In an effort to achieve realistic simulation in training exercises, it is desirable to duplicate the high level infrasonics, in a controlled and cost effective manner. Both commercial audio voice-coil and motor-driven speaker systems are inadequate for this application. In this paper, we design and implement a digital tracking controller for a modified motor-driven speaker system to generate infrasonic waves and minimize the motor drift and wave distortion. Frequency and time domain aspects of the design are considered, and both computer simulations and experimental results of the feedback control system are presented.
Obesity, body image, and unsafe sex in men who have sex with men

Little is known about the relationship among body weight, body image, and HIV/AIDS sexual risk behaviors. We examined this issue in a midwestern U.S. metropolitan area community sample of 316 men who have sex with men, a group at relatively high risk for HIV/AIDS. All data were self-reported by questionnaire using standard items to assess current body image, height and weight, and HIV/AIDS sexual risk behaviors. Logistic regression models were used to estimate cross-sectional associations. Forty-nine (15%) of the 316 men were classified as obese, and 56 (18%) had unsafe sex in the past three months. Normal weight or overweight men were 3.6 times more likely than obese men to have had unsafe sex, after adjusting for differences in body image and age. Men with better body image were 1.4 times more likely than men with lower body image to have had anal sex, after adjusting for differences in body weight and age. Non-obese men were no more or less likely than were obese men to have engaged in anal sex or in any sex in the past three months. This is the first study showing a positive relationship between below-obese body weight and unsafe sex and between better body image and anal sex in men who have sex with men. Future research should investigate these novel findings, perhaps using other study designs and data collection tools with less measurement error. Advances in knowledge about HIV/AIDS risk factors, including body weight and body image, could potentially contribute to more effective approaches to reducing this risk.
Exchanging market access at the outsiders' expense: the case of customs unions

Under a customs union, countries can exchange preferential market access by coordinating external tariffs to shift profits from excluded countries. I show that the exporting rents resulting from this coordination can offset trade diversion losses produced by the union, even if its members are relatively small in world markets. Such gains come, however, at the expense of excluded countries. I show that small countries can use customs unions also to foster multilateral cooperation, by increasing the incentives of excluded countries to support global free trade. le cas des unions douanieres. Dans le cas d'une union douaniere, les pays peuvent marchander l'acces preferentiel a un marche en coordonnant leurs tarifs externes de maniere a extraire des profits des pays exclus. On montre que les rentes a l'exportation qui resultent de cette coordination peuvent compenser les pertes attribuables a la diversion du commerce qui decoule de l'union douaniere, meme si ses membres sont relativement de petite taille dans les marches mondiaux. De tels gains se font cependant aux depens des pays exclus. On montre que les petits pays peuvent utiliser les unions douanieres pour stimuler la cooperation multilaterale, en accroissant les incitations des pays exclus a poursuivre des strategies de libre echange global.
The Risk of Suicide Mortality in Chronic Pain Patients

Chronic pain has long been considered an important risk factor for suicidal behavior. Less well understood are the factors associated with the increased risk for suicide death within chronic pain populations. The purpose of this review is to examine recent research with regard to rates of and risk factors for suicide mortality in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. We conclude that patients with a number of chronic pain states are at increased risk for suicide death, and that this risk appears to be due, at least in part, to other well-known correlates of pain such as depression and substance use disorders. However, in all likelihood, there are aspects of chronic pain itself that add uniquely to an individual's suicide risk profile. Lastly, we address a theoretical perspective and offer recommendations for clinical practice.
Quantitative approaches for defining the quality and threshold of auditory brainstem responses

The author reviews the principles and clinical applications of objective quantitative techniques for (1) defining auditory brainstem response (ABR) quality and threshold and (2) forming an average weighted toward sweeps having the best signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) using estimates of the background noise and Bayesian principles. It is concluded that the techniques are useful for exploring the complex relationship between perceptual and electrophysiological measures, maximizing the averaging efficiency, and developing truly objective quantitative procedures. >
Vendor and Client Interaction for Requirements Assessment in Software Development: Implications for Feedback Process

We study agency problems that arise when prototypes are used for requirements assessment. The precision with which the prototype helps a client assess his requirements depends on (a) the type of prototype provided by the vendor and (b) the client's feedback effort. The vendor can provide either a neutral or nonneutral prototype: The nonneutral prototype influences the client towards one particular set of requirements that may not be the true requirement, and the neutral prototype allows the client to assess his true requirements. This leads to the vendor's moral hazard problem. The client chooses to exert either the high or low feedback effort after the vendor provides the prototype. Because the effort is unobservable to the vendor, it can lead to the client exerting the low feedback effort: the client's commitment problem. In this paper we develop and discuss the role of the contract payment to provide the vendor with incentives to supply the neutral prototype, as well as for the client to commit to the high feedback effort. In this setting, we also examine the “anchoring” effect, wherein even a high-feedback effort can influence the client more toward a particular set of requirements with the nonneutral prototype. Our results highlight the interplay among the feedback effort, anchoring, and vendor payments.
Too late, too little, or both?

1(On autonomy and participation in rehabilitation) is quite good. It is a well written, clear statement of some very important things which need to be heard by all persons in the ®eld of rehabilitation. Autonomy and related participation in society (whether it be society at large or society within a rehabilitation institution) are important both for successful rehabilitation of persons with disabilities and because they are fundamental rights of individuals. It is also a good critique of the ICIDH-2 (now known as the ICF with its full name being the International Classi®cation of Functioning, Disability and Health) and quality of life measures. The ®rst two thirds of the article give ample reasons why the ICIDH, the ICIDH-2, the ICF, and the various measures of quality of life are lacking in usefulness, why they violate the rights of people with disabilities, and why they should not be used in the ®eld of rehabilitation. However, Cardol et al. 1 do overgeneralize.
Metacommunity Dynamics Over 16 Years in a Pyrogenic Shrubland

Metacommunity theory allows predictions about the dynamics of potentially interacting species' assemblages that are linked by dispersal, but strong empirical tests of the theory are rare. We analyzed the metacommunity dynamics of Florida rosemary scrub, a patchily distributed pyrogenic community, to test predictions about turnover rates, community nestedness, and responses to patch size, arrangement, and quality. We collected occurrence data for 45 plant species from 88 rosemary scrub patches in 1989 and 2005 and used growth form, mechanism of regeneration after fire, and degree of habitat specialization to categorize species by life history. We tested whether patch size, fire history, and structural connectivity (a measure of proximity and size of surrounding patches) could be used to predict apparent extinctions and colonizations. In addition, we tested the accuracy of incidence-function models built with the patch survey data from 1989. After fire local extinction rates were higher for herbs than woody plants, higher for species that regenerated only from seed than species able to resprout, and higher for generalist than specialist species. Fewer rosemary specialists and a higher proportion of habitat generalists were extirpated on recently burned patches than on patches not burned between 1989 and 2005. Nestedness was highest for specialists among all life-history groups. Estimated model parameters from 1989 predicted the observed (1989-2005) extinction rates and the number of patches with persistent populations of individual species. These results indicate that species with different life-history strategies within the same metacommunity can have substantially different responses to patch configuration and quality. Real metacommunities may not conform to certain assumptions of simple models, but incidence-function models that consider only patch size, configuration, and quality can have significant predictive accuracy.
The vibrating ribbon problem revisited

A revised formal solution of the vibrating ribbon problem of hydrodynamic stability is presented. The initial formulation of Gaster (1965) is modified by application of the Briggs method and a careful treatment of the complex double Fourier transform inversions. Expressions are obtained in a natural way for the discrete spectrum as well as for the four branches of the continuous spectra. These correspond to discrete and branch-cut singularities in the complex wavenumber plane. The solutions from the continuous spectra decay both upstream and downstream of the ribbon, with the decay in the upstream direction being much more rapid than that in the downstream direction. Comments and clarification of related prior work are made.
Novel, potent P2-P3 pyrrolidine derivatives of ketoamide-based cathepsin K inhibitors.

Abstract Starting from a potent pantolactone ketoamide cathepsin K inhibitor discovered from structural screening, conversion of the lactone scaffold to a pyrrolidine scaffold allowed exploration of the S3 subsite of cathepsin K. Manipulation of P3 and P 1 ′ groups afforded potent inhibitors with drug-like properties.
Energy-Based Methods for Stabilization of Controlled Lagrangian Systems

In this final chapter we briefly discuss two recent energy-based methods for stabilizing second-order nonlinear systems and their application to nonholonomic systems. The first is the method of controlled Lagrangians (or Hamiltonians) and “matching.” This is developing into a rather large subject, which we just touch on here in order to explain something of the role of connections in the subject and its potential applications to nonholonomic systems. The second is a geometric approach to averaging second-order systems that arise as models of controlled superarticulated (or underactuated) mechanical (Lagrangian) systems. While not yet constituting a complete theory, the results of this chapter may be thought of as intrinsically second-order versions of the results on kinematically nonholonomic systems presented in Chapters 4 and 6 Needless to say, this chapter just touches on the vast subject of energy-based stabilization.
Statin Use and Aneurysm Risk in Patients With Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease.

Background No medical therapy has been proven to prevent the progression of aortic dilatation in bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) disease, and prophylactic aortic surgery remains the mainstay of treatment. Hypothesis Among patients with BAV disease who are referred for surgery, preoperative statin use is associated with decreased odds of ascending aortic dilatation. Methods We reviewed all BAV patients who underwent aortic valve and/or aortic surgery at our center between April 2004 and December 2013. Aortic diameter (AD), defined as the maximum ascending aortic dimension, was determined by magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, or echocardiography. Patients were divided into 2 groups: maximal AD <4.5 cm or ≥4.5 cm. The association between preoperative statin use and aortic dilatation was assessed using multivariable logistic regression modeling. Results Of 680 consecutive patients, 405 (60%) had AD <4.5 cm (mean age, 60 ± 14 years; 45% on statins), whereas 275 (40%) had AD ≥4.5 cm (mean age, 54 ± 13 years; 35% on statins) at the time of surgery. After adjusting for age, body surface area, sex, hypertension, aortic stenosis, severity of aortic regurgitation, and use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and β-blockers, patients with AD ≥4.5 cm had 0.66× lower odds (95% confidence interval: 0.45-0.96) of being on preoperative statins compared with those with AD <4.5 cm (P = 0.029). Conclusions In a retrospective study of BAV patients referred for surgery, preoperative statin use was associated with lower odds of clinically significant ascending aortic dilatation.
Self-Organizing and Self-Healing Schemes in Wireless Sensor Networks

The basis of sensor networks is the process of sensing, data processing, and information communication [1]. In this chapter we investigate methods for computing self-healing and self-configuring strategies that can be encoded into a sensor unit prior to deployment. A strategy is a set of rules that assigns actions to specific states; specifically, a sensor unit periodically checks whether its current state matches some rule, and in affirmative the corresponding action (or actions) is executed. Ideally, an optimization method evaluates the rules, refines them, and converges to a temporarily optimal strategy. We do not address reliability of the sensor node or the correctness of the data collected through the sensing unit. The design of self-organization is different among the wireless networks models (e.g., MANET, cellular networks, WSN) due to the performance objective of the network Clare et al. (Proc SPIE 3713: 229–237, 1999); (Sohrabi et al. IEEE Pers Comm Mag 7: 16–27, 2000); Sohrabi and Pottie (Proc IEEE Vehicular Tech Conf, 1222–1226, 1999).
BENCHMARK OF COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS USING TEMPERATURES MEASURED WITHIN ENCLOSED VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL ARRAYS OF HEATED RODS

Experiments and computational fluid dynamics/ radiation heat transfer simulations of an 8 X 8 array of heated rods within an air-filled aluminum enclosure are performed. This configuration represents a region inside the channel of a boiling water reactor fuel assembly between two consecutive spacer plates. The rods are oriented horizontally or vertically to represent transport or storage conditions. The measured and simulated rod temperatures are compared for three different rod heat generation rates to assess the accuracy of the simulation technique. Simulations show that temperature gradients in the air are much steeper near the enclosure walls than they are near the center of the rod array. The measured temperatures of rods at symmetric locations are not identical, and the difference is larger for rods close to the wall than for those far from it. Small but uncontrolled deviations of the rod positions away from the design locations may cause these differences. The simulations reproduce the measured temperature profiles. For a total rod heat generation rate of 300 W, the maximum rod-to-enclosure temperature difference is 150°C. Linear regression shows that the simulations slightly but systematically overpredict the hotter rod temperatures but underpredict the cooler ones. For all rod locations, heat generation rates, and rod orientations, 95% of the simulated temperatures are within 11°C of the correlation values. For the hottest rods, which reside in the center of the domain where the air temperature gradients are small, 95% of the simulated temperatures are within 4.3°C of the correlation values. These results can be used to assess the accuracy of using simulations to design spent nuclear fuel transport and storage systems.
Modeling Oxygen Requirements in Ischemic Cardiomyocytes

Heart disease remains the leading cause of death globally. Although reperfusion following myocardial ischemia can prevent death by restoring nutrient flow, ischemia/reperfusion injury can cause significant heart damage. The mechanisms that drive ischemia/reperfusion injury are not well understood; currently, few methods can predict the state of the cardiac muscle cell and its metabolic conditions during ischemia. Here, we explored the energetic sustainability of cardiomyocytes, using a model for cellular metabolism to predict the levels of ATP following hypoxia. We modeled glycolytic metabolism with a system of coupled ordinary differential equations describing the individual metabolic reactions within the cardiomyocyte over time. Reduced oxygen levels and ATP consumption rates were simulated to characterize metabolite responses to ischemia. By tracking biochemical species within the cell, our model enables prediction of the cell's condition up to the moment of reperfusion. The simulations revealed a distinct transition between energetically sustainable and unsustainable ATP concentrations for various energetic demands. Our model illustrates how even low oxygen concentrations allow the cell to perform essential functions. We found that the oxygen level required for a sustainable level of ATP increases roughly linearly with the ATP consumption rate. An extracellular O2 concentration of ∼0.007 mm could supply basic energy needs in non-beating cardiomyocytes, suggesting that increased collateral circulation may provide an important source of oxygen to sustain the cardiomyocyte during extended ischemia. Our model provides a time-dependent framework for studying various intervention strategies to change the outcome of reperfusion.
Automatic Transmission Systems

An automatic transmission system fulfils exactly the same requirements as a manual transmission in that it: (a) Multiplies engine torque to suit varying load and speed requirements. (b) Provides a means of travelling the vehicle. (c) Provides a patmanent position of neutral.
Comparison of ion chromatography and traditional chemical method in determination of sulfur dioxide in foods

Objective To compare the ion chromatography method and conventional chemical method for determination of sulfur dioxide levels in food. Methods Ion chromatography and traditional chemical method were analyzed and compared in term of range of application,sample pre-treatment,linear range of the calibration curve,recovery rate,precision,accuracy,detection limit and test results. Results By ion chromatography,the detection limit of sulfur dioxide in foods was 0. 1 mg / kg,good linearity was in the range of 0. 1 mg / L ~ 20. 0 mg / L( r = 0. 9999),the recovery was 99. 0% ~ 101. 2% and RSD% was 0. 5% ~ 1. 3%. While by traditional chemical method,the detection limits were 1. 6 mg / kg and 2. 0 mg / kg,good linearity was in the range of 0. 40 μg ~ 4. 00 μg( r = 0. 9999),the recoveries were 85. 0 % ~ 100. 1% and 89. 2% ~ 99. 5%,RSD% were from 1. 2% to 2. 0% and from 0. 9% to 1. 4%. Ion chromatography showed better detection limit,recovery rate,accuracy and precision in determination of sulfur dioxide in food than traditional chemical method. Conclusion Ion chromatography was better than traditional chemical method,and it was more popular for determination of large batches of samples.
Disengaging Parents in Urban Schooling.

Drawing on a 5-year qualitative study, this article explores opportunities for and barriers to parental engagement in a small, urban school district. Two competing narratives of parental involvemen...
Magnetic and fluorescent carbon-based nanohybrids for multi-modal imaging and magnetic field/NIR light responsive drug carriers

Carbon nanomaterials have gained significant momentum as promising candidate materials for biomedical applications due to their unique structure and properties. After functionalization with magnetic and fluorescent components, the resultant carbon-based nanohybrids can serve not only as magnetic resonance and fluorescence imaging contrast agents, but also as photothermally/magneto-thermally responsive drug carriers for combined photothermo/chemotherapy. This mini-review summarizes the latest developments and applications and addresses the future perspectives of carbon-based magnetic and fluorescent nanohybrids in the biomedical field.
A Rare Case of Pediatric Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Presenting with Severe Thrombocytosis without Leukocytosis.

Abstract Pediatric chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is uncommon. We report a pediatric patient with CML presenting with a normal white blood cell count and no circulating immature myeloid cells. The patient presented with extreme thrombocytosis (platelet count range: 2,175-3,064 x 109/L) noted incidentally. No splenomegaly was found. Examination of the bone marrow aspirate (BMA) revealed normal cellularity and normal myeloid: erythroid ratio with marked megakaryocytic hyperplasia. Molecular studies on the BMA detected both the major BCR/ABL1p210 fusion transcript (9,280 copies; p210/ABL1 ratio: 38.2%) and the minor p190 transcript (below limit of quantitation). The platelet count normalized within 2 weeks after treatment with the second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib. Follow-up 3 months later revealed a 1.87 log reduction in p210 transcripts compared to diagnosis and no detectable p190 transcripts. This case highlights the need to include BCR/ABL1 fusion testing to accurately diagnose pe...
Bortezomib in relapsed and relapsed/ refractory multiple myeloma

Proteasome inhibition was validated as a rational therapeutic approach when bortezomib (VELCADE®), the first-in-class proteasome inhibitor, was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2003. This initial approval, which was for multiple myeloma patients who had received at least two prior therapies, and whose disease had demonstrated progression on the last of these, also made bortezomib the first new agent to be available for myeloma in over a decade. Since that time, further studies of bortezomib both alone, and as part of rationally designed, molecularly based combination regimens, have shown the versatility of this agent, and made it a universally accepted standard of care. Importantly, this use of bortezomib has been associated with ever increasing overall response rates and response qualities, and, most importantly, long-term outcome measures, including overall survival. These findings have rightfully entrenched bortezomib as one of the most important parts of our chemotherapeutic armamentarium against multiple myeloma. In this chapter, we will review the role of bortezomib as a single-agent, and in combination with other chemotherapeutics, to combat myeloma in the relapsed and relapsed/refractory settings. Also, emerging data about retreatment with bortezomib will be presented to provide insights into the possible role of this agent in the modern era, in which patients may have already been previously treated as part of induction therapy with bortezomib. Finally, approaches that show promise to overcome primary or secondary resistance to bortezomib will be examined, to determine if this agent may be of benefit in a number of myeloma settings in each individual patient.