cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of selenous acid on the hematopoietic system of chicken embryos.

Abstract The yolk sac injection of selenous acid into fertilized White Plymouth Rock eggs during day 4 of incubation produced anemia in a number of malformed and grossly normal 19-day-old embryos. The anemia was characterized by low red blood cell counts and hemoglobin values. The mean corpuscular hemoglobin showed a wide range of variation around the mean especially in the grossly normal embryos. Although a higher percentage of malformed embryos were anemic, some of the grossly normal embryos had lower red blood cell counts and hemoglobin values. The number of circulating white blood cells (granulocytes) of 19-day-old embryos injected with selenium on day 4 of incubation was not significantly different from those of normal controls. Radioautographic studies revealed that, in vivo , selenous acid caused a decrease in the uptake of tritiated thymidine in the circulating blood cells of 4-day-old embryos. The in vitro uptake of tritiated thymidine also decreased in the lymphocytes of the bursa of Fabricius and spleen removed from 19-day-old embryos treated with selenous acid during early development.
Enucleation eliminates a differentiation-specific surface marker from normal and leukemic murine erythroid cells.

Abstract Mammalian erythropoiesis includes a step in which the nucleus is extruded through the cell membrane. We have investigated the relationship between concanavalinA (conA) plasma membrane receptors, which are known to leave the incipient reticulocyte during enucleation, and regions of the plasma membrane which bind merocyanine 540, a differentiation-specific marker of hematopoietic cells. The distribution of these two fluorescent probes was examined on living cells from the spleens of neonatal mice and on erythroleukemia cells induced to enucleate in culture. In both cases, the region of the membrane extruded with the nucleus preferentially binds conA and merocyanine 540, whereas the plasma membrane which is left behind retains the capacity to bind another lectin, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). The implications of these findings are discussed with respect to the mechanism by which markers are eliminated from the erythrocyte cell surface.
13C-Enrichment of Urinary Uric Acid after l-[Ring-2-13C]Histidine Dose in Adult Humans

We determined whether ring-2 carbon of histidine is folate-dependently transferred to carbons 8 (C8) and/or 2 (C2) in urinary uric acid in humans. Two adults collected each urine void for four days. Aliquots of urine for the first day were used for baseline values; then the subjects ingested 0.7 g (3.3 mmol) of l-[ring-2-13C]histidine and collected urine for three experimental days. Aliquots were analyzed for percentage 13C-content at C2 and C8 by a liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Percentage enrichment was determined by subtracting time-of-day paired baseline percentage 13C-content from experimental percentage 13C-content for each void. C2 was predominantly 13C-enriched in the majority of voids. The percentage enrichments at C2 for two subjects were 0.14 (±0.028 [SEM], n = 26) and 0.18 (±0.049, n = 21), whereas at C8, they were 0.008 (±0.006) and −0.005 (±0.008), respectively. The mean C2-enrichments were significantly greater than zero (p 0.2). The enrichment had a diurnal rhythm peaking in the morning. Our results may be useful in the estimation of the timing for the administration of drugs that interfere with purine nucleotide biosynthesis in the treatment of cancer and autoimmune disease.
Structural Rationale for the Broad Neutralization of HIV-1 by Human Monoclonal Antibody 447-52D

447-52D is a human monoclonal antibody isolated from a heterohybridoma derived from an HIV-1-infected individual. This antibody recognizes the hypervariable gp120 V3 loop, and neutralizes both X4 and R5 primary isolates, making it one of the most effective anti-V3 antibodies characterized to date. The crystal structure of the 447-52D Fab in complex with a 16-mer V3 peptide at 2.5 A resolution reveals that the peptide β hairpin forms a three-stranded mixed β sheet with complementarity determining region (CDR) H3, with most of the V3 side chains exposed to solvent. Sequence specificity is conferred through interaction of the type-II turn (residues GPGR) at the apex of the V3 hairpin with the base of CDR H3. This novel mode of peptide-antibody recognition enables the antibody to bind to many different V3 sequences where only the GPxR core epitope is absolutely required.
The α-secondary isotope effect in the 1,2∼C rearrangement of cyclopropylchlorocarbene

Abstract The experimental α-secondary kinetic isotope effect for the rearrangement of (2,2-dideuteriocylopropyl)chlorocarbene, 2- d 2, to chlorocyclobutenes, 4 and 5, is k H/ k D = 1.20 at 21 °C. The corresponding value calculated by ab initio electronic structure methods is 1.12. The isotope effect very largely originates in hybridization changes at the migrating carbon atom.
High trans selectivity in the copper bis(oxazoline)-catalyzed asymmetric cyclopropanation of olefins by (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane

Copper(I) bis(oxazoline) species are among the most enantioselective cyclopropanation catalysts that have been reported, although these catalysts generally give low diastereoselectivities. We have observed greatly improved diastereoselectivities using (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane as the carbon source. We have also identified several bis(oxazoline) species that also give comparable or higher enantioselectivities with (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane compared to the more readily available ethyl diazoacetate. The application of this methodology to several olefins has been explored.
Subfascicle Stimulation Selectivity with the Flat Interface Nerve Electrode

The flat interface nerve electrode (FINE) is an alternative to cylindrical nerve cuffs for functional electrical stimulation (FES). By elongating the nerve in cross section, the FINE places more stimulating contacts around the nerve, and moves central axons closer to the electrode surface. Previous experiments have demonstrated that the FINE can activate selectively each fascicle in the cat sciatic nerve, and modeling studies have indicated that it should be possible to selectively activate groups of axons within individual fascicles. This hypothesis is tested using a combination of experimental and modeling techniques. Pairs of contacts stimulating the same fascicle were tested for subfascicle level selectivity, defined as the fraction of fibers activated by one contact but not by the other. It was possible to achieve greater than 90% selectivity with the FINE, but there was considerable variation in the results. The modeling studies showed that the selectivity achievable with a given contact pair depended strongly on the relative locations of the electrode and fascicle. Therefore, reshaping the cross section of a nerve can provide selectivity at the subfascicular level, but the electrode design must be optimized to improve selectivity across different nerve geometries. © 2003 Biomedical Engineering Society.
Localization and Sampling Error Correction in Ensemble Kalman Filter Data Assimilation

Ensemble Kalman filters use the sample covariance of an observation and a model state variable to update a prior estimate of the state variable. The sample covariance can be suboptimal as a result of small ensemble size, model error, model nonlinearity, and other factors. The most common algorithms for dealing with these deficiencies are inflation and covariance localization. A statistical model of errors in ensemble Kalman filter samplecovariancesisdescribedandleadstoanalgorithmthatreducesensemblefilterroot-mean-squareerror for some applications. This sampling error correction algorithm uses prior information about the distribution ofthecorrelationbetweenanobservationandastatevariable.OfflineMonteCarlosimulationisusedtobuild a lookup table that contains a correction factor between 0 and 1 depending on the ensemble size and the ensemble sample correlation. Correction factors are applied like a traditional localization for each pair of observations and state variables during an ensemble assimilation. The algorithm is applied to two low-order models and reduces the sensitivity of the ensemble assimilation error to the strength of traditional localization. When tested in perfect model experiments in a larger model, the dynamical core of a general circulation model, the sampling error correction algorithm produces analyses that are closer to the truth and also reduces sensitivity to traditional localization strength.
Serological and molecular detection of tobacco veinal necrosis isolates of Potato virus Y (PVY N ) from potatoes grown in the Western United States

Isolates ofPotato virus Y potyvirus that induced systemic veinal necrosis in tobacco (PVYN) were transmitted from potatoes grown in Washington, Oregon, California, and Idaho. The detection of these viruses by serological and molecular methods was evaluated. In addition to PVYN-like isolates, putative recombinant isolates (PVYN:O) were detected. ELISA tests using monoclonal antibodies specific for ordinary (PVYO) or necrosis-inducing (PVYN) serotypes of the virus indicated that both O and N serotypes were represented among the PVYN isolates. All of the necrosis-inducing PVYN and PVYN:O isolates were rapidly detected and differentiated from the ordinary strain using a novel coupled, one-tube, duplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (cRT-PCR) assay.
Negative modulation of alpha1 (I) procollagen gene expression in human skin fibroblasts : transcriptional inhibition by interferon-gamma

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), a multifunctional cytokine produced by activated Th1 lymphocytes, exerts potent effects on the extracellular matrix by regulating fibroblast function. In this study, we examined the modulation of alpha1(I) procollagen gene (COL1A1) expression by recombinant IFN-gamma. The results showed that IFN-gamma stimulated the rapid accumulation of interferon regulated factor (IRF)-1 mRNA, followed by a delayed and dose-dependent inhibition of alpha1(I) procollagen mRNA expression in skin fibroblasts from several different donors. The inhibitory response was abrogated in fibroblasts stably expressing IRF-1 in the antisense orientation. A marked decrease in the amount of heterogeneous nuclear pre-mRNA preceded the inhibition of COL1A1 mRNA expression. In fibroblasts transiently transfected with COL1A1 promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene plasmids, IFN-gamma selectively inhibited promoter activity and abrogated its stimulation induced by TGF-beta. The inhibition by IFN-gamma was not due to downregulation of TGF-beta receptor mRNA expression in the fibroblasts or decreased ligand binding to the receptor. IFN-alpha and IFN-beta by themselves had little effect on promoter activity, but IFN-alpha augmented the inhibitory effect of IFN-gamma. Using a series of 5' deletion constructs, a proximal region of the COL1A1 promoter was shown to function as an IFN-gamma response element. This region of the gene harbors overlapping binding sites for transcription factors Sp1, Sp3, and NF-1 but no homologs of previously characterized IFN-gamma response elements. The putative IFN-gamma response region was sufficient to confer inhibition of reporter gene expression by treatment with IFN-gamma. Gel mobility shift analysis showed that two distinct and specific DNA-protein complexes were formed when fibroblast nuclear extracts were incubated with oligonucleotides spanning the IFN-gamma response region. IFN-gamma did not modify the ability of nuclear proteins to bind to this region. The results indicate that IFN-gamma inhibits COL1A1 expression in fibroblasts principally at the level of gene transcription. Inhibition involves IRF-1 and is mediated through a short proximal promoter segment but without an apparent change in promoter occupancy. The findings provide novel insight into the mechanism of IFN-gamma regulation of fibroblast function.
901-54 Exercise Echocardiography is More Cost Efficient than Exercise ECG as an Initial Test for Evaluation of Cardiac Symptoms in Women

Although exercise echo (ExE) has been shown to be more accurate and specific than exercise electrocardiography (ExECG) in women, the clinical and cost implications of incorporating ExE in the evaluation of suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) in women has not been well resolved. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy, angiography rate. and cost of various diagnostic strategies in women. A consecutive group of 161 female patients (age 60 ± 9 yrs) underwent ExECG, ExE and coronary angiography. Positive ExECG was defined as g 0.1 mV ST depression, and positive ExE was defined by a new or worsening wall motion abnormality. Sensitivity (sens) and specificity (spec) were calculated by comparison of ExE (sens 79%, spec 81%) and ExECG (sens 77%, spec 56%) with angiography(significant stenosis g 50%). Pre-test CAD probability (44 ± 33%) was calculated from age and symptoms. Seven different strategies (see table) involving angiography, ExECG ExE, selective combination (ExE for nondiagnostic ExECG), stepwise combination (ExE for positive or nondiagnostic ExECG), and Bayesian approaches (all high pre-test CAD probability pts undergoing angiography, intermediate probability pts undergoing angiography, if ExE or ExECG positive); Strategy Cost/pt ($) Angio(%) Negative angio (%) FalseNeg% I Angiography 1.434 100 63 0 II Exercise ECG 1,023 69 56 11 III Exercise Echo 828 41 29 13 IV Selective ECG/echo 836 51 44 14 V Stepwise ECG/echo 663 31 26 22 VI Bayesian ECG 745 37 27 25 VII Bayesian ExEcho 641 51 48 29 Use of ExE in all pts, with angiography only with positive ExE (III) involved less angiography and was less expensive at a similar level of accuracy to I and II. Strategy IV is least expensive but would lead to an unacceptable number of false negatives. The Bayesian approaches are compromised by the limitations of clinical stratification of women into high and low probability groups based on symptoms. Conclusion The greater spec of ExE in women avoids inappropriate angiography. Use of ExE as an initial test for CAD in women is justifiable on cost grounds.
Frequency selective coupler for integrated optics systems

A frequency selective coupler which consists of two thin film waveguides imbedded in a periodic medium is studied using the Brillouin diagram. Detailed results for the relative bandwidth and the coupling factor are plotted as a function of normalized frequency for a representative case.
An Example of Symmetry Breaking to Heteroclinic Cycles

is orbitally asymptotically stable.Suppose now that we consider a small system symmetry breakingperturbation of (1.1),z*= f(z)+=g(z), (1.2)where = is small and g is only 2-equivariant where 2/1 is a Lie subgroup.When = is sufficiently small, normal hyperbolicity guarantees that there isa (perturbed) flow invariant manifold X
Massive Osteolysis of the Mandible: Report of Case

A case of massive osteolysis of the mandible is reported. When he was admitted to the hospital, the patient complained of severe pain in the left side of his mandible, as well as a facial deformity that had progressed over two years caused by the shrinking of his jaw. The cause of osteolysis has not been established; results of laboratory tests usually are normal, but biopsy specimens show evidence of acute osteoblastic resorption. Medication for relief of pain was prescribed for this patient, but no treatment was attempted.
Effect of hydride nucleation rate on the hydrogen capacity of Mg

Abstract The hydrogen capacity of magnesium is usually below its theoretical value of 7.6 wt.% hydrogen. Based on the model that hydrogen capacity is reached when the hydride colonies/grains nucleated on the surface of Mg powders impinge on each other, we designed two hydrogenation methods in order to shed light on the effect of hydride nucleation rate on the hydrogen capacity of a commercial pure magnesium powder. We have demonstrated that increasing the nucleation rate significantly reduces the hydrogen capacity. It is elucidated that at a high nucleation rate, the complete coverage of the powder surface is reached at a smaller volume fraction of magnesium hydride. The results of the analysis of the hydrogenation curves using the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami (JMA) equation revealed three stages of hydrogenation. The modification of the nucleation rate was found to affect stages 1 and 2, where the nucleation and growth of the hydride take place, most significantly.
Renal Metabolism in Fetal and Newborn Sheep

ABSTRACT: The substrate and oxygen uptake by some organs in intact developing animals has been described, however, the kidney has not been studied. To examine substrate and oxygen uptake by the kidney, we implanted polyvinyl catheters into the renal vein, descending aorta, inferior vena cava, and urinary bladder of 11 fetal sheep (120–125 days gestation) and eight newborn lambs (1 day postnatal). Four days after surgery, blood samples were obtained simultaneously from the renal vein, aorta, and inferior vena cava for determination of oxygen content and saturation, and glucose and lactate concentrations. Renal blood flow was determined by the radionuclide-labeled microsphere method in the fetal lambs and by measuring, 14C-inulin clearance in the newborn lambs. The fetal and newborn kidneys consumed oxygen at rates of 123 ± 16 and 785 ± 79 μmol/min/100 g kidney weight (mean ± SEM), respectively. The increase in oxygen consumption from the fetal to the newborn period was accompanied by an increase in oxygen extraction from 25–35%, a large increase in oxygen delivery from 418 ± 38 to 2231 ± 127 μmol/min/100 g, and marked increases in glomerular filtration rate and sodium reabsorprion (measured in six additional fetal sheep and the eight newborn lambs). This suggests that the postnatal increase in renal tubular activity is associated with an increase in oxygen consumption. Lactate was taken up by both fetal and newborn kidneys, and in nine of the 11 fetuses and in four of the eight newborns, there was net glucose release from the kidney.
Tanʼs universal contact and collective oscillations of strongly interacting Fermi gases

Abstract We study strongly interacting two component Fermi gas near a Feshbach resonance. By using a ground state energy functional constructed based on asymptotic limits and Monte Carlo calculations, we calculate the contact, structure factor, and collective oscillation frequencies in the BCS–BEC crossover region. The calculated contact and structure factor show excellent agreements with recent experiments. We compare these results with a standard mean-field theory and find that the contact is proportional to the square of superfluid order parameter. Further, we present the chemical potential and the polytropic index in terms of homogeneous energy and the contact.
Short-term surgical mission to the Dominican Republic: a cost-benefit analysis.

Abstract Objective : This study determines the cost-effectiveness of a recurring short-term surgical mission trip to the Dominican Republic. Background : The global burden of surgical disease is significant. Recent investigations have shown surgical treatment to be cost-effective at established hospitals within low- or middle-income countries (LMIC), drawing attention to surgical diseases world-wide. Another method of providing general surgical care in LMIC is short-term mission trips, but no studies have examined their cost-effectiveness. Methods : Consecutive week-long trips by the Midwest Medical Missions Michigan Chapter to the Dominican Republic were studied in 2010 and 2012. All costs were recorded, and operative logs were maintained. Costs of identical procedures carried out at the authors' host institution were estimated. Direct comparisons were made between the cost of surgeries performed in the USA and the estimated amount of money spent on the mission trips attributable to each procedure. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted were calculated for both trips. Results : The cost for all cases in 2010 would have been $255,187 if performed at the United States hospital and $398,177 in 2012. The amount actually spent on the trips was $61,924 in 2010 and $82,368 in 2012 – a relative cost-reduction of 79%. 473 DALYs were averted. An average of 6.9 DALYs were averted per patient, and the cost per DALY averted was $304.88. Conclusions : The procedures on a surgical mission trip to the Dominican Republic were less expensive than similar care provided in the United States. The cost per DALY averted is low, demonstrating the cost-effectiveness of the trips.
Effect of Apple Fiber and Cellulose on the Physical Properties of Wheat Flour

Various amounts of apple fiber and cellulose were added to wheat gluten and water-holding capacities (WHC) of the different mixtures were determined. A linear relationship between concentrations of two kinds of fiber and WHC was not observed, indicating a possible interaction between fiber and gluten which reduced the WHC of mixtures. Mixograph studies of wheat flour and fiber mixtures demonstrated that the dilution of gluten by fiber could not account for all of the observed changes in mixing properties of the wheat flour/fiber blends. This is further evidence for a possible interaction of fiber and gluten which may explain the poor baking properties of apple fiber bread.
A Click-And-Release Approach to CO Prodrugs

Carbon monoxide belongs to the family of signaling molecules and has been shown to possess therapeutic effects. Similar to NO, safe delivery of CO is a key issue in developing CO-based therapeutics. Herein we report a “click and release” CO-prodrug approach, which allows the release of CO under physiological conditions without the need for light irradiation. The system releases CO in a triggered and controllable manner and possesses the potential of tunable release rates.
LONELINESS IN OLDER WOMEN: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

Older women report more loneliness than male peers. Loneliness is an area of concern related to the well being of older women because it is a cause of emotional distress and is linked to a variety of health problems in older individuals. Life changes, including widowhood and relocation, are associated with increased vulnerability to loneliness. Gender, social, and cultural factors influence the experience of loneliness in older women. Cognitive and interactionist theoretical approaches to loneliness have utility for nursing practice and research with older women who experience loneliness.
A force of nature: Molecular mechanisms of mechanoperception in plants

The ability to sense and respond to a wide variety of mechanical stimuli—gravity, touch, osmotic pressure, or the resistance of the cell wall—is a critical feature of every plant cell, whether or not it is specialized for mechanotransduction. Mechanoperceptive events are an essential part of plant life, required for normal growth and development at the cell, tissue, and whole-plant level and for the proper response to an array of biotic and abiotic stresses. One current challenge for plant mechanobiologists is to link these physiological responses to specific mechanoreceptors and signal transduction pathways. Here, we describe recent progress in the identification and characterization of two classes of putative mechanoreceptors, ion channels and receptor-like kinases. We also discuss how the secondary messenger Ca 2+ operates at the centre of many of these mechanical signal transduction pathways.
Crossing Cultural Borders: `Girl' and `Look' as Markers of Identity in Black Women's Language Use

This study explores the use of two discourse markers - `girl' and `look' - used by a group of Black women in talk about their language use across cultural borders. In both group and individual interviews participants reported that they not only use language differently across cultural borders, but also see their relationships with others as different in those various cultural worlds. While the use of `girl' indicates solidarity between Black women, the use of `look' is reported as calling attention to differences in identity with those who are not Black and female. The women's use and talk about the use of these two discourse markers indicates an awareness of the implications of language choice when negotiating identity and social distance in various cultural worlds.
Sources of survey error: Implications for evaluation studies

Attention to multiple forms of error can improve the effectiveness of surveys in evaluation.
Review of nocturnal sleep‐related eating disorders

This review provides a historical background on sleep-related eating disorders, summarizes findings from a series of 38 adults, and presents a current classification. The "night-eating syndrome" was first reported in 1955; only nine reports on this syndrome appeared during the next 36 years, seven being single-case studies and two containing the objective monitoring of sleep, that is, polysomnography. In 1991 our sleep center reported on 19 cases, and in 1993 on 38 cases, diagnosed by polysomnography and clinical evaluations. Mean age was 39 years, mean duration of night-eating was 12 years, 66% were women, 68% had nightly binge eating, and 44% were overweight from night-eating. Sleepwalking was the predominant disorder responsible for night-eating; restless legs syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea, and various other conditions (including two cases of anorexia nervosa) were also identified. Cognitive-behavioral therapies were ineffective, but pharmacotherapy was very effective in controlling night-eating and inducing loss of excess weight, and often consisted of a dopaminergic agent taken with codeine at bedtime. Thus, sleep-related eating can be an occult but often treatable cause of obesity. Further research, utilizing polysomnography, is encouraged.
Trace Eyeblink Conditioning Increases CA1 Excitability in a Transient and Learning-Specific Manner

Time-dependent, learning-related changes in hippocampal excitability were evaluated by recording from rabbit CA1 pyramidal neurons in slices prepared at various times after acquisition of trace eyeblink conditioning. Increased excitability (reduced postburst afterhyperpolarizations and reduced spike-frequency adaptation) was seen as early as 1 hr after acquisition to behavioral criterion, was maximal in neurons studied 24 hr later, and returned to baseline within 7 d, whereas behavioral performance remained asymptotic for months. Neurons were held at −67 mV to equate voltage-dependent effects. No learning-related effects were observed on input resistance, action-potential amplitude or duration, or resting membrane potential. The excitability changes were learning-specific, because they were not seen in neurons from very slow learning (exhibited <30% conditioned responses after 15 training sessions) or from pseudoconditioned control rabbits. Neurons from rabbits that displayed asymptotic behavioral performance after long-term retention testing (an additional training session 14 d after learning) were also indistinguishable from control neurons. Thus, the increased excitability of CA1 neurons was not performance- or memory-dependent. Rather, the time course of increased excitability may represent a critical window during which learning-specific alterations in postsynaptic excitability of hippocampal neurons are important for consolidation of the learned association elsewhere in the brain.
Sorting Signals Required for Trafficking of the Cysteine-Rich Acidic Repetitive Transmembrane Protein in Trypanosoma brucei

In trypanosomatids, endocytosis and exocytosis are restricted to the flagellar pocket (FP). The cysteine-rich acidic repetitive transmembrane (CRAM) protein is located at the FP of Trypanosoma brucei and potentially functions as a receptor or an essential component for lipoprotein uptake. We characterized sorting determinants involved in efficient trafficking of CRAM to and from the FP of T. brucei. Previous studies indicated the presence of signals in the CRAM C terminus, specific for its localization to the FP and for efficient endocytosis (H. Yang, D. G. Russell, B. Zeng, M. Eiki, and M.G.-S. Lee, Mol. Cell. Biol. 20:5149-5163, 2000.) To delineate functional domains of putative sorting signals, we performed a mutagenesis series of the CRAM C terminus. Subcellular localization of CRAM mutants demonstrated that the amino acid sequence between -5 and -14 (referred to as a transport signal) is essential for exporting CRAM from the endoplasmic reticulum to the FP, and mutations of amino acids at -12 (V), -10 (V), or -5 (D) led to retention of CRAM in the endoplasmic reticulum. Comparison of the endocytosis efficiency of CRAM mutants demonstrated that the sequence from amino acid -5 to -23 (referred to as a putative endocytosis signal) is required for efficient endocytosis and overlaps with the transport signal. Apparently the CRAM-derived sorting signal can efficiently interact with the T. brucei micro1 adaptin, and mutations at amino acids essential for the function of the transport signal abolished the interaction of the signal with T. brucei micro1, strengthening the hypothesis of the involvement of the clathrin- and adaptor-dependent pathway in trafficking of CRAM via the FP.
Healthy youth development: getting our priorities right

Promotion of healthy youth development is a worldwide priority that cannot be achieved by parents and families alone. Health professionals must use and advocate for evidence-based strategies that enhance key protective factors in the lives of young people. The United Nations' Millennium Development Goals create an unprecedented opportunity to partner with professional and youth-led organisations to ensure young people in the most vulnerable settings benefit from this initiative to reduce extreme poverty and threats to health and wellbeing.
Information resources project management communication: personal and environmental barriers

Knowledge is more than the retrieval of sets of information: it is the task of explaining them and contextualizing them and empowering the information to change the face or workings of a corporation. Placed in this sophisticated role, 20th century project managers now find themselves revolutionizing the concept of what information and information management means to themselves and their corporations. The Information Resources Project Manager (IRPM), the program/project manager leading a multi-departmental or multi-organizational ad hoc project, is becoming the maker of meaning and can become the driver of organizational learning. The task undertaken by IRPMs often may be to help their organizations make sense of their interpretations of their environment. To flourish in this role, the IRPM must constantly be aware of the barriers to effective communications. This brief theoretical review of communications barriers serves as a checklist for the IRPM whose attention must be directed more and more heavily to audience and the very humanness of communications.
Special Thinking in Special Settings: A Qualitative Study of Expert Special Educators

Researchers have suggested that educating learners with special needs entails particular cognitive skills and that teachers make differential judgments about students with disabilities (Bartelheim & Evans, 1993; Bay & Bryan, 1991; Blanton, Blanton, & Cross, 1994). In this study, a stimulated recall procedure was used to examine the instructional decision making of 19 expert special educators. Qualitative analysis of the data indicated that a highly detailed and extensive knowledge base about students enabled these teachers to (a) assess their students' academic and emotional states of mind and (b) effectively address the students' needs within the classroom. The authors suggest that what is central to effective special education instruction is the knowledgeable, reflective, and concerned responsiveness of teachers to individual students.
Media Dependency and Political Perceptions in an Authoritarian Political System.

Il est difficile de nier aujourd'hui que les medias jouent un role important dans la definition des perceptions politiques. Tandis que les recherches se concentrent sur les mecanismes dans les systemes politiques democratiques, il semble au contraire important pour l'A. de montrer les relations entre la dependance des medias et les perceptions politiques dans un contexte de monopolisation ideologique des medias. L'exemple du Chili est ici etudie a travers l'analyse de la gauche politique. En effet, dans une societe ou les medias officiels ont une tres faible credibilite liee a l'existence de controles gouvernementaux stricts, on pourrait s'attendre a un impact minime des messages mediatiques sur les perceptions politiques, tout au moins dans les segments de l'audience dans l'opposition. Pourtant, il est montre que les medias, sans tenir compte de leur orientation politique dans un regime autoritaire, ont un impact sur les perceptions politiques, dans les conditions de dependance donnees
Signal-response modeling of partial hormone feedback networks.

Background: Endocrine feedback control networks are typically complex and contain multiple hormones, pools, and compartments. The hormones themselves commonly interact via multiple pathways and targets within the networks, and a complete description of such relationships may involve hundreds of parameters. In addition, it is often difficult, if not impossible, to collect experimental data pertaining to every component within the network. Therefore, the complete simultaneous analysis of such networks is challenging. Nevertheless, an understanding of these networks is critical for furthering our knowledge of hormonal regulation in both physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions. Methods: We propose a novel approach for the analysis of dose-response relationships of subsets of hormonal feedback networks. The algorithm and signal-response quantification (SRQuant) software is based on convolution integrals, and tests whether several discretely measured input signals can be individually delayed, spread in time, transformed, combined, and discretely convolved with an elimination function to predict the time course of the concentration of an output hormone. Signal-response quantification is applied to examples from the endocrine literature to demonstrate its applicability to the analysis of the different endocrine networks. Results:
Biotransformation and hepatotoxicity of HCFC-123 in the guinea-pig : potentiation of hepatic injury by prior glutathione depletion

The chlorofluorocarbon substitute 1,1-dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123) is a structural analog of halothane. Both are oxidatively metabolized by CYP2EI, producing a reactive trifluoroacyl acid chloride intermediate and have been shown to cause acute liver necrosis in the guinea pig. With halothane, liver injury has been associated with the degree of reactive intermediate binding to hepatic protein. This injury can be potentiated by prior glutathione (GSH) depletion. Thus, the combination of GSH depletion and HCFC-123 exposure was evaluated for its hepatotoxic potential in this species. Male outbred Hartley guinea pigs were injected with either 0.8 g/kg l-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO) to deplete hepatic glutathione or vehicle control solution 24 hr before a 4-hr inhalation exposure to 1.0% (v/v) HCFC-123 with 40% O2. HCFC-123 caused minimal liver injury with only 1 of 8 exposed animals displaying confluent zone 3 necrosis. GSH depletion potentiated injury producing submassive to massive liver necrosis in some animals. This potentiation was associated with a 36% increase in covalent binding of reactive HCFC-123 intermediates to hepatic protein. These results were not due to alterations in the biotransformation of HCFC-123 as indicated by plasma concentrations of the metabolites trifluoroacetic acid and fluoride ion which were not affected by BSO pretreatment. HCFC-123 was also found to cause a decrease in liver GSH concentrations following exposure. These findings demonstrate a role for hepatic GSH in helping to prevent covalent binding by the trifluoroacyl acid chloride intermediate. Inhalation of HCFC-123 can cause acute hepatic injury in the guinea pig that is worsened by low hepatic GSH concentrations.
To Be Ethical Or Not To Be: An International Code Of Ethics For Leadership

To be ethical or not to be that is the question? Leadership is about setting the right example and making a difference in people's lives. You do not have to do great things to make a difference (Ayres, 2004). Honesty, tell the truth no matter what, respect, punctuality, not judgmental, just, humble, and dignity can be international code of ethics every leader should follow. Much has changed in our world in the past several decades including people’s beliefs of what is right and wrong. Have their ethics changed as well? This paper introduces an international code of ethics that can guide all different international leadership styles. What is the definition of Ethical Leadership? How can we introduce an international code of ethics for leadership? Finally, leadership is all about example. While an extensive review of literature was not conducted, this researcher was unable to identify an international code of ethics for leadership. Consequently, it is the opinion of this researcher that the following leader characteristics may apply beyond international and cultural boundaries in most instances— honesty, tell the truth no matter what, respect, punctuality, not judgmental, just, humble, and dignity.
Foreign body presenting as a duodenal mass: Case report and literature review

Importance: An abnormal clinical presentation of foreign body ingestion and its therapeutic approach. Review of the literature to determine rate of perforation along the gastrointestinal tract by foreign body ingestion and to identify appropriate diagnosis and treatment of ingested foreign bodies in the duodenum. Observations: A case report of a 57-year-old female presenting with abdominal pain, chest pain, and headaches for two days. With computed tomography imaging, findings of an intraluminal mass in the duodenum and retroperitoneal air were identified, leading to suspicion of a perforated duodenal malignancy. On endoscopic ultrasound, a toothpick was identified protruding through the wall of the third portion of the duodenum, which was removed by upper endoscopic forceps. A review of the literature yielded 236 cases of foreign body perforation of the gastrointestinal tract between the years 2000 to 2015 in adults 18 years and older. Perforation rate of the small bowel was highest at 39.8% followed by the duodenum 22%, colon 20.3%, sigmoid 5.5%, and unidentified site 1.7%. Literature analysis for therapeutic options for gastrointestinal injury by foreign body ingestion included endoscopy, laparotomy, or laparoscopy. A diagnostic therapeutic algorithm for duodenal foreign body ingestion was created. Conclusions: Ingested foreign bodies can present with a variety of clinical symptoms. Thus, they should be considered as part of a differential diagnosis for cases with gastrointestinal symptoms without clear etiology. Even with imaging studies, foreign body ingestion can be difficult to diagnose initially. Sharp objects, especially toothpicks, have an increased rate of perforation of the gastrointestinal tract and have a high associated morbidity and mortality. As such, prompt diagnosis and management are necessary to improve outcomes.
An Update on Current Treatment Options for Pediatric Genitourinary Tract Tumors

Most of the success and advances made in the care of children with genitourinary (GU) cancer over the last 50 years are thanks in large part to the efforts of the cooperative pediatric oncology groups both in North America and Europe. Currently, children with tumors of the kidney, bladder, prostate, and testis/para-testis largely enjoy a good prognosis thanks to the outstanding research into these relatively rare diseases. Evidence-based and protocol-driven care has resulted in outstanding rates of cure. The future of the care for these children with GU malignancy is to preserve these outcomes while minimizing the morbidity of therapy. One area of great interest across these entities is risk stratification which holds the potential to reduce the burden of therapy in those who can afford to do so and reserve more aggressive treatments for those with risk factors for poor prognosis. From a surgical standpoint, there is an increasing interest in reducing morbidity as well. For renal tumors, this includes nephron-sparing and minimally invasive surgery when possible. For bladder and prostate tumors, there is an increasing emphasis on organ preservation and non-exenterative surgery. Regardless of these surgical advances, the future of pediatric GU cancer therapy likely rests more in tumor-biology-driven risk stratification and personalized therapy. Thus, from a surgical standpoint, there is motivation for surgeons to think beyond just the surgery and to be involved and be knowledgeable about all of the multidisciplinary aspects of pediatric cancer care.
Effective Business Tax Rates for the States, 1991-2001

The author looks at effective business tax rates for the states; he finds much variance among the states. The highest effective tax rates tend to be among East Coast states, but Massachusetts has suprisingly low rates, the author says.
The uncounted dead--American civilians dying overseas.

The authors analyze mortality among U.S. citizens traveling or residing in other countries. "A previously unreported unexamined data source is analyzed by cause sex age length of stay and country of death of Americans dying overseas. The major findings are [first] most Americans who die overseas die in the developed countries of Western Europe where most Americans live or visit....[Second] the deaths of Americans in less developed countries are not from infectious and tropical disease as many health professionals would expect but are from chronic diseases injuries suicides and homicides. [Data are from records of deaths]...reported to the U.S. Passport Office by the Consular Representatives of the United States in the various countries of the world." (EXCERPT)
The Problem of Cross-world Predication

While standard first-order modal logic is quite powerful, it cannot express even very simple sentences like “I could have been taller than I actually am” or “Everyone could have been smarter than they actually are”. These are examples of cross-world predication, whereby objects in one world are related to (sometimes the same) objects in another world. Extending first-order modal logic to allow for cross-world predication in a motivated way has proven to be notoriously difficult. In this paper, I argue that the standard accounts of cross-world predication all leave something to be desired. I then propose an account of cross-world predication based on quantified hybrid logic and show how it overcomes the limitations of these previous accounts. I will conclude by discussing various philosophical consequences and applications of such an account.
Hepatic Oncocytes: Incidence, Staining Characteristics, and Ultrastructural Features

Hepatocytes with orcein-positive ground-glass cytoplasm have been shown to contain abundant hepatitis B surface antigen in the cisternae of excess smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Hepatocytes with similar cytoplasmic changes that did not react with orcein were observed in 26.5% of 49 cases of cirrhosis. These cells exhibited granular, deeply eosinophilic cytoplasm that stained with phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin and contained numerous densely packed mitochondria as demonstrated by electron microscopy. Therefore, these cells were designated hepatic oncocytes. They were detected predominantly in cases of established cirrhosis, unrelated to etiology. Hepatic oncocytes may form nodular aggregates, but they did not show evidence of regeneration. The nature and pathogenesis of these cells remain unclear. Because of similar appearance, histochemical stains may be necessary to distinguish ground-glass hepatocytes from hepatic oncocytes.
Thermal, Rheological, and Ion-Transport Properties of Phosphonium-Based Ionic Liquids

Phosphonium-based ionic liquids with varying counteranions from commercially available ionic liquid precursors enabled tunable viscosity, ionic conductivity, and thermal stability. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed a relationship between thermal stability and anion composition where anions with lower basicity remained stable to higher temperatures. Determination of glass transition temperatures and melting temperatures using differential scanning calorimetry revealed supercooling, crystallization, and dependence on anion composition. Rheological and ionic conductivity measurements determined the temperature-dependence of the viscosity and ionic conductivity of the phosphonium-based ionic liquids. Arrhenius analyses of conductivity and viscosity provided activation energies, which showed a decrease toward larger, more delocalized anions. An assessment according to the Walden plot displayed their efficacy relative to other ionic liquids.
Cytochemical studies on oocyte growth in the lancelet, Branchiostoma caribaeum.

1. The general pattern of RNA and protein yolk synthesis in growing lancelet oocytes was similar to that encountered in most animal groups; i.e., after an initial period of increasing concentrations of cytoplasmic and nuclear RNA, these declined coincident with the initiation of protein yolk synthesis. 2. As the cytoplasmic concentration of RNA decreased in late stage one and subsequent stages, a central vacuole appeared in the nucleoli and progressively enlarged. In late stage two and stage three oocytes a filamentous intravacuolar ribonucleoprotein component became particularly prominent in the nucleolus. 3. Cytoplasmic and nucleolar staining was obtained with a method for histones; the intensity and distribution of staining paralleled that of RNA, being greatest in stage one and decreasing in subsequent stages. This indicated that the material stained by this method was probably associated with RNA rather than DNA. The possibility that material stained by the histone method in oocytes might be ribosomal protein was discussed. 4. Coincident with the elaboration of protein yolk, there was a dramatic increase in the concentration of non-chromosomal karyoplasmic protein. This represents an instance of cytochemically demonstrable nuclear differentiation. The possible developmental significance of this accumulation of nuclear protein in oocytes was discussed. 5. During stages two and three a cortical zone of acid mucopolysaccharide material was produced in lancelet oocytes. This cortical zone corresponded both morphologically and cytochemically with the zona radiata of teleost oocytes. The zona radiata of lancelet oocytes was clearly produced by the oocyte rather than the investing connective tissue cells.