cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exposure to traffic and early life respiratory infection: A cohort study

Summary We examined whether proximity to a major roadway and traffic density around the home during pregnancy are associated with risk of early life respiratory infection in a pre-birth cohort in the Boston area. We geocoded addresses for 1,263 mother-child pairs enrolled during the first trimester of pregnancy in Project Viva during 1999–2002. We calculated distance from home to nearest major roadway and traffic density in a 100 m buffer around the home. We defined respiratory infection as maternal report of ≥1 doctor-diagnosed pneumonia, bronchiolitis, croup, or other respiratory infection from birth until the early childhood visit (median age 3.3). We used relative risk regression models adjusting for potential confounders to estimate associations between traffic exposures and risk of respiratory infection. Distance to roadway during pregnancy was associated with risk of respiratory infection. In fully adjusted models, relative risks (95% CI) for respiratory infection were: 1.30 (1.08, 1.55) for <100 m, 1.15 (0.93, 1.41) for 100 to <200 m, and 0.95 (0.84, 1.07) for 200 to <1,000 m compared with living ≥1,000 m away from a major roadway. Each interquartile range increase in distance to roadway was associated with an 8% (95% CI 0.87, 0.98) lower risk, and each interquartile range increase in traffic density was associated with a 5% (95% CI 0.98, 1.13) higher risk of respiratory infection. Our findings suggest that living close to a major roadway during pregnancy may predispose the developing lung to infection in early life. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:252–259. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evolving Understanding of Growth Regulation in Human Breast Cancer: Interactions of the Steroid and Peptide Growth Regulatory Pathways

Ablation of systemic estrogen production in a breast cancer patient is considered to be one of the fi rst targeted therapies employed for the treatment of a human malignancy. Since Beatson’s ( 1 ) initial clinical description of a breast tumor response to oophorectomy in 1896, many approaches that disrupt the estrogen – estrogen receptor (ER) signaling pathway have been developed and used widely in clinical practice. These range from surgical approaches such as oophorectomy, adrenalectomy, and hypophysectomy to the use of highly refi ned antagonists of the ER and agents that directly target estrogen production, such as aromatase inhibitors. The routine measurement of ER in breast cancers and the relative restriction of hormonally directed therapies to patients with ER-positive tumors has led to a more rational and appropriate use of these modalities. These antiendocrine interventions have had a clinically signifi cant benefi t for many patients with advanced disease. Moreover, these approaches have made a substantial impact on clinical outcomes when used in the adjuvant setting, and some agents (like tamoxifen) have also shown effi cacy when used as part of prevention strategies. Unfortunately, for many patients, the initial clinical benefi ts are followed by the development of recurrent disease that either does not respond or responds minimally to further manipulation of the estrogen signaling pathway. Other patients display de novo rather than acquired resistance, despite having ER-positive tumors. This antihormone resistance or hormone-independent phenotype has been the subject of intense study for more than 40 years, and many hypotheses have been put forward to address its molecular basis. Proposed resistance mechanisms range from alterations (i.e., mutation, overexpression, or gene amplifi cation) in the ER target to mechanisms that inactivate the therapeutic drug itself. Although these studies have provided some interesting insights, none of these hypotheses has explained the molecular basis of resistance in most nonresponsive human breast cancers. Since the identifi cation of the progesterone receptor (PR) as a downstream target of the liganded ER and the subsequent development of techniques to routinely measure PR levels in breast cancer specimens, data have accumulated indicating that ER-positive/ PR-negative (ER + /PR − ) tumors are less responsive than ER + /PR + tumors to therapeutics directed at the ER. This fi nding led many to postulate that a major mechanism of resistance to estrogen/ERdirected treatments was an altered or “ nonfunctioning ” ER signaling pathway and that a lack of PR expression was a refl ection of this loss of activity. This hypothesis has held prominence for many years until, in part, the publication of recent clinical trials demonstrating that ER + /PR + and ER + /PR − tumors respond similarly to an aromatase inhibitor that decreases systemic and/or local tissue estrogen levels ( 2 ) . These data suggest that the ER pathway is functional in many ER + /PR − breast cancers.
Synchrotron-radiation study of the five-dimensional modulated phase of tetrathiafulvalene-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TTF-TCNQ) at 15 K

The 2k/sub F/ modulated structure of tetrathiafulvalene-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TTF-TCNQ) at 15 K has been analyzed by use of a set of satellite intensities collected at the National Synchrotron Light Source. The analysis in the five-dimensional superspace group P:P2/sub 1//c:cmm shows the largest modulation to be a slip of the TTF molecules with an amplitude of about 0.02 A, in the direction of the long molecular axis of the molecule. The TCNQ translational modulations are similar, but of much smaller magnitude . Rotations about the long molecular axes of both type of molecules are also observed.
Cognitive and perceptual measures as predictors of fourth‐grade achievement

This study used a multivariate approach and longitudinal design to examine the relationship of early perceptual and cognitive development to later school achievement. The extent to which a set of 4th-grade achievement measures could be predicted from a set of variables collected when the students were in first grade was determined through a series of canonical and multiple correlation analyses. These results were compared to results of an earlier phase of the study. Similarities between the two phases indicated that: (a) A measure of visual perception added significantly to the prediction of achievement afforded by consideration of sex and academic aptitude. (b) The variables used to predict achievement may differ somewhat between boys and girls. (c) The usefulness of sex as a predictor of school achievement depends upon the specific achievement area under consideration. Differences in the two phases involved the extent to which sex was a predictor of a specific achievement area.
Surface film softening in iron single crystals

The plastic deformation behavior of crystals can be markedly affected by surface films. This paper investigates the effects of Ni films on the low-temperature (77/sup 0/K) deformation of iron single crystals in order to characterize the surface film softening phenomenon in iron. Stress--strain curves are shown. 8 figures. (RWR)
Exceptions to the Stark law: practical considerations for surgeons.

Background The purpose of this study was to provide an understanding of the applicable legislative exceptions to prohibitions under the Stark law, which governs common legitimate business relationships in surgical practice. Methods Stark I and II prohibits all referrals (and claims) for the provision of designated health services for federal reimbursement if a physician or immediate family member has any financial relationship with the entity. Regardless of intent (unlike the antikickback statute), any financial relationship is illegal unless specifically excepted by statute. These exceptions are relevant to ownership, compensation arrangements, or both. The most important ones relevant to surgeons are as follows: physician service exception (services rendered in an intragroup referral); in-office ancillary services exception (office-based vascular laboratory); the whole hospital exception (ownership interest in a hospital or department); lease exception (conditions that must be met for a lease not to be considered illegal); bona fide employment exception (important to academic medical centers); personal services arrangement exception (vascular laboratory medical directorship); physician incentive plans exception (if volume or value of referrals are an issue); hospital-affiliated group practice exception (physician services billed by a hospital); recruitment arrangement exception (inducements by hospitals to relocate); items/services exception (transcription services purchased from a hospital); fair market value exception (covers services provided to health care entities); indirect compensation arrangements (dealings between a hospital and entity owned by physicians); and academic medical centers exception (new phase II rules broaden the definition of academic medical centers and ease the requirement that practice plans be tax-exempt organizations, among other changes. Conclusions Although expert legal advice is required for navigation through the maze of Stark laws, it is incumbent on surgeons in private practice and at academic centers to have basic knowledge of exceptions under this burdensome statute. Antikickback "safe harbors" provide some protection against possible Stark violations. Penalties for violating Stark laws are severe, including fines of up to $15,000 per service and the economic threat of exclusion from participation in federal health care programs.
Adolescent and Adult Predictors of Vocational Adaptation.

Abstract A longitudinal study of the maturing of 68 professional and managerial men provided adolescent and adult test, questionnaire, and interview data about their personalities and competence that were predictive of their vocational adaptation. Degree of vocational adaptation was measured by a 28 item Vocational Adaptation Scale completed by each man, wife, closest friend, and colleague who knew his vocational adjustment most intimately. Self- and judge-rated vocational adaptation was directly related to satisfaction with one's vocation, cordiality of one's work relationships, competence in a variety of nonoccupational roles, but not to salary. Psychological maturity, whether measured when an adolescent or adult more than a decade later, very consistently predicted vocational adaptation. The results provided further support for a dimensional model of maturing that identifies the personality traits associated with good vocational adaptation of professional and managerial men.
Framework for exercising I/O exception handling code

The FlakyIO exception injection architecture provides a means for developers to exercise exception handling code during the coding phase of development. This will allow developers to test and fix runtime problems rather than uncovering them when code has been deployed. FlakyIO implements Software Exception Injection (SWEI). This paper presents the results of developing several SWEI prototypes for I/O systems: data intensive applications, wireless handheld applications, storage systems, and network applications. An evaluation of the implementations to illustrate the implications of the major design choices is presented.
MUCLIN expression in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator knockout mouse.

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Cystic fibrosis is characterized by increased secretion of glycoconjugates with altered carbohydrate composition, but no specific gene products that show these changes have been identified. The aim of this study was to use a recently described sulfated mucin- like glycoprotein ( MUCLIN: formerly called gp300) as a model glycoconjugate to study such changes in the gastrointestinal system in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) knockout mouse (cftrm1Unc). METHODS: Western and Northern blots were used to determine the tissue levels of MUCLIN and its messenger RNA (mRNA) in normal and CFTR knockout mice. Immunocytochemistry was used to determine the localization of MUCLIN. RESULTS: MUCLIN is expressed in the normal mouse intestinal tract, pancreas, and gallbladder. In CFTR knockout mice, MUCLIN shows increased expression at both mRNA and protein levels in pancreas and duodenum, but not in the gallbladder. In the duodenum, MUCLIN was localized intracellularly in crypt enterocytes and on the luminal surface, and luminal surface labeling was dramatically increased in the CFTR knockout mouse. In the CFTR knockout mouse duodenum and gallbladder, MUCLIN showed retarded electrophoretic migration indicating altered posttranslational processing. CONCLUSIONS: MUCLIN shows increased expression and possibly altered posttranslational processing in the CFTR knockout mouse and will serve as a good model for understanding changes in the composition of mucous secretions in patients with this disease. (Gastroenterology 1997 Aug;113(2):521-32)
Electrophysiological properties of cultured dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord neurons of normal and trisomy 16 fetal mice

Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal cord neurons from normal and trisomy 16 fetal mice, an animal model for human trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), were maintained in primary culture and their electrical membrane properties were compared with intracellular recording techniques. After 3–4 weeks in culture, trisomic DRG neurons had a higher mean resting potential (+10%), a higher specific membrane resistance (+50%) and higher excitability (+17%), a shorter action potential (−22%), higher maximal rates of depolarization (+39%) and of two phases of repolarization (+20% and +10%) and a lower duration (−42%) of the afterhyperpolarization, than did control DRG neurons (P < 0.05). The duration of the action potential was 2× greater than in control neurons, when external calcium was elevated from 1.2 to 10 mM. Differences in the electrical parameters like those observed in DRG neurons also were found in cultured spinal cord neurons. These results indicate that trisomy 16 in fetal mice alters passive and active electrical membrane properties in DRG and spinal cord neurons, and suggest that some differences are related to differences in calcium currents.
Atropisomerism of a monosubstituted perfluoro[2.2]paracyclophane. A combined synthetic, kinetic, spectroscopic and computational study

The product of SNAr addition of the enolate of ethyl acetoacetate to perfluoro[2.2]para-cyclophane exists entirely as its enol tautomer 5. This enol exhibits two NMR signals for its enolic proton, and these signals were shown to derive from the presence of two, equal energy conformations that were observable as distinct, stable conformations at room temperature, but which when heated, interconverted with an energy barrier of 23.5 kcal mol−1. These atropisomers were characterized by NMR, with details of this analysis being provided. Computational work corroborated the NMR conclusions, and provided additional insight into all structural, thermodynamic and kinetic results. Enol product 5 was cyclized, under basic conditions, to form a benzofuran product 6. Its structure was confirmed by NMR, with further structural and mechanistic insights being provided by calculations.
The synthesis and characterization of some fluorinated uranium(IV) β-diketonates

Abstract Several U(IV) compounds with fluorinated and bulky β-diketones have been synthesized by a novel route. The compounds have been characterized by elemental and mass spectroscopic analyses, IR and electronic spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction patterns. The electronic and steric effects of the β-diketone substituents on the properties of the compounds are discussed.
Progressive penile amputation. Tourniquet injury secondary to hair

In the past three years we have treated 5 cases of penile strangulation secondary to entrapment by human hair in the coronal groove. All patients had been circumcised and were between fourteen months and five years of age. Total urethral transection occurred in 2 children. Their presentation and our method of management are discussed.
Adapting first order nonlinear systems using extremum seeking

We extend extremum seeking model reference adaptive control (ES-MRAC) to a certain class of first order nonlinear systems. Different cost functions and compensators are examined and corresponding stability and convergence theorems are provided. We then extend our method to nonlinear systems classified as “adaptive integrator backstepping”, and provide an ES-MRAC counterpart. Finally, we supply simulation results illustrating the theory developed.
Aerodynamics of a Flapping and Pitching Wing Using Simulations and Experiments

Computational fluid dynamics simulation results for a thin cambered plate airfoil, and flow visualization and force measurements from experiments conducted in water on a flapping-and-pitching thin flat-plate wing of semi-elliptic planform at low Reynolds numbers are reported. Time-varying force data, measured using a force transducer, provide a means to understand the mechanisms that lead to enhanced performance observed in insect flight compared with fixed-wing aerodynamics. Experimental uncertainties associated with low-level (∼1 N) fluid dynamic force measurements on flapping-and-pitching wings, including inertia effects, are addressed. A previously proposed pitching mode in which the leading-edge and trailing-edge switch roles to allow using cambered airfoils is shown to be feasible. A vortex-trapping model is proposed to explain the aerodynamic advantages of switching. The present results also support the authors' proposed idea that an optimum reduced flapping frequency might exist. The study has applications in micro air vehicle development.
Preparation of fish tissues for electron microscopy

Many of the techniques applied to study the morphology of lower vertebrates were originally developed for analysis of mammalian tissues. However, not all of these methods, especially those involving tissue perfusion, can be directly applied to piscine tissues because of the considerable physiological differences between fish and mammals. The present paper examines these physiological variables in fish and describes how they might affect morphological studies that employ tissue perfusion. A method for perfusion of fish tissues is described in detail. This procedure can be used for administration of fixatives, chemical markers, and vascular replicating resins.
Development of bedding-normal boudins in the Pilot Mountains, Nevada

Boudins with long axes (BA) oriented subnormal to bedding and to associated fold axes are observed in folded rocks in a thrust sheet exposed near the base of a regionally extensive allochthon in west-central Nevada, USA. Formation of the boudins is related to development of a regional fold-set coeval with major thrusting. The axes of boudins lie at a high angle to bedding, and in some instances, boudins define tight to isoclinal folds which are geometrically associated with the regional deformation. Quartz c-axis fabrics from oriented thin-sections of the boudins indicate extension parallel to the boudin axes (BA). These relations and other mesoscopic structural data indicate a complex deformational history for boudin development. The history involves thin layers (to become boudins) deformed in folds disharmonic to major structures within the thrust sheet followed by flattening and associated extension parallel to fold axes. During flattening, arcuation occurred within the deforming mass resulting in rotation of fold axes and boudin axes (BA) toward the axis of finite extension (X). Extension parallel to BA recorded in the petrofabrics of boudins records incremental strain axes oriented at a high angle (50°) to the finite X and is probably related to an early plane-strain state associated with disharmonic folding. The finite extension (X) is down-dip in axial planes of major folds formed during thrusting and indicates a northwest to southeast transport for the thrusts.
The sounds produced by flies and bees

The sounds produced by the thoracic flight machinery of bees and flies appear to be composed of two main vibration modes. The lower frequency one corresponds to the wingbeat frequency. The higher frequency vibration, which is in the kcps. range, is reset in phase on every wingbeat half-cycle. Therefore Sonagraphic or Fourier analysis of the sounds gives only harmonics of the wingbeat frequency. However, oscillograms of the waveforms show that the higher frequency vibration is nearly independent of wingbeat frequency. The high frequency vibration is probably important in bee communication. We speculate that it is due to skeletal vibration which is relatively undamped by muscular and aerodynamic loading.
All-fiber wavemeter and Fourier-transform spectrometer

An all-fiber Fourier-transform spectrometer is proposed and demonstrated, based on the diffraction of light through the side of a standard optical fiber by a UV-induced fiber grating. The interference pattern, whose Fourier transform yields the optical spectrum, is formed by light diffracted from counterpropagating modes in the fiber. The device is simple and compact and functions as a wavemeter, a fiber-optic network monitor, or a tool for fabrication and testing of long fiber Bragg gratings.
The DNA-directed RNA polymerases of soybean

Abstract Four cellular RNA polymerases have been partially purified from hypocotyls of soybean ( Glycine max ). Enzyme isolation from nuclear preparations indicate the DEAE polymerases I and II are localized within the nucleus. Inhibitor studies showed that DEAE polymerase II was preferentially inhibited by α-amanitin, DEAE peaks III and IV were sensitive to rifampin, whereas all of the polymerases were insensitive to cycloheximide. The DEAE polymerase I was most active in the presence of Mn 2+ , whereas the DEAE polymerase II was more active in the presence of Mg 2+ . DNA stimulation and dependency on the four riboside triphosphates were shown to be characteristic of all four polymerase fractions. KOH hydrolysis and ribonuclease digestion indicate that the product was a polyribonucleotide. RNA polymerase I was most effective with native soybean nuclear DNA, whereas RNA polymerase II preferred denatured soybean nuclear DNA. The kinetics of the polymerizing reactions were linear for 10 min for both nuclear enzymes at 30 °C. Further purification was attempted using glycerol gradient centrifugation and chromatography on phosphocellulose. Glycerol gradient centrifugation of the nuclear polymerases resolved each into two components. Phosphocellulose chromatography of polymerase II resulted in two components differing in their sensitivity to α-amanitin.
Closed-list proportional representation in Russia The fates of former district deputies

This work considers how a ruling party in an increasingly authoritarian regime utilizes legislative electoral system changes. It argues that the placement of former district deputies on the list of...
393 Novel Findings of Upregulated Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) in Myocytes of Advanced Heart Failure Patients

Conclusions: We identify 11 probe sets that correlate with changes in ventricular ectopy in patients treated chronically with b-blockers. These genes are involved in various properties of cell function including sympathetic control (SLC6A2), energy metabolism (TDO2, ALDOA), cell development (NEO1, LGALS3), apoptosis (LGALS3), and transcription (RPL27). Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which beta-blockers improve the electrical stability in heart failure may lead to new therapies, biomarkers or diagnostic tools.
A self-tuning self-optimizing approach for automated network anomaly detection systems

Parameter tuning in network anomaly detection systems is typically accomplished off-line and in an ad-hoc fashion. For operational deployment in a variety of conditions, it is important but challenging for a system to adaptively tune itself meeting performance goals and constraints. We propose and develop a self-tuning self-optimizing approach for automated network anomaly detection systems. Operators set performance expectations and priorities on a collection of metrics. A controller based on reinforcement learning and neural networks automatically performs control actions to meet expectations according to defined priorities. Tuning is accomplished without requiring direct operator access to system parameters. We examine the approach on AGHSOM anomaly detection system. We validate its effectiveness using a dataset consisting of both live trace and simulated network events. Experimental results show that the approach can self-calibrate its control parameters to meet operator performance requirements. It can self-optimize itself by maximizing individual performance metrics subject to the operator defined constraints. This work is a significant step towards building automated anomaly detection systems.
Motivations for Citizen Involvement in a Community Crime Prevention Initiative: Pennsylvania's TIP (Turn in a Poacher) Program

Every fall, nearly 500,000 Steelhead Trout enter northwest Pennsylvania tributary streams attracting both the ethical angler and the poacher. Although there are certainly more ethical anglers on the streams than poachers, the latter cause a great deal of concern not only for conservation officers, but also for landowners, ethical anglers, and the general public. This article examines a specific, grassroots, crime prevention initiative called “Turn in a Poacher” (TIP) designed to identify and deter poachers, and assist conservation officer efforts to control this problem. Drawing on data generated through in-depth interviews, and secondary data sources, this article reports on poaching of trout in northwest Pennsylvania. The major findings suggest that fish poachers in northwest Pennsylvania are viewed as environmental thieves who pose a real danger to ethical anglers, property owners, conservation officers, and stream access. Given these findings, this article argues that poaching of fish can no longer re...
Endoscopic skipping of the distal terminal ileum in Crohn's disease can lead to negative results from ileocolonoscopy.

Background & Aims Crohn's disease often involves the terminal ileum (TI), but skipping of the distal TI can occur. This can lead to negative results from ileocolonoscopy. We analyzed advanced cross-sectional images to determine how frequently this occurs. Methods We analyzed data from 189 consecutive patients (55% women) with Crohn's disease, evaluated in 2009 by computed tomography enterography (CTE) and ileocolonoscopy. The discharge impression of the gastroenterologist who treated the patients was used as the reference standard for Crohn's disease activity. Results Of the patients evaluated, 153 underwent TI intubation during endoscopy; 67 of these (43.8%) had normal results from ileoscopy, based on endoscopic appearance. Despite their normal results from ileoscopy, 36 of these patients (53.7%) had active, small-bowel Crohn's disease. The ileum appeared normal at ileoscopy because the disease had skipped the distal ileum of 11 patients (30.6%), developed only in the intramural and mesenteric distal ileum of 23 patients (63.9%), and appeared only in the upper gastrointestinal region of 2 patients (5.6%). These patients had a shorter duration of disease (61.1% for less than 5 years) compared with those found to have Crohn's disease based on ileoscopy (41.1% for less than 5 years; P Conclusions Ileoscopy examination can miss Crohn's disease of the TI because the disease can skip the distal ileum or is confined to the intramural portion of the bowel wall and the mesentery. CTE complements ileocolonoscopy in assessing disease activity in patients with Crohn's disease.
Equilibria in the fibrinogen-fibrin conversion. II. Reversibility of the polymerization steps.

Abstract Ultracentrifuge, flow birefringence, and light-scattering experiments have been carried out on various mixtures of fibrinogen and thrombin, and also of dissolved fibrin, at several pH's in 1 M NaBr. These experiments demonstrate the reversibility of the polymerization steps (subsequent to the thrombin-induced proteolytic action on fibrinogen) in fibrin formation. If fibrin is dissolved in 1 M NaBr at pH 5.3 the monomeric form of activated fibrinogen f is obtained. If it is dissolved in 1 M NaBr at pH 5.8–6.1 a mixture of the monomer and a series of intermediate polymers f n is formed. The conversion of f to f n and vice versa is easily accomplished by control of pH from 5.3 to 6.1 and back. The monomeric form (solubilized fibrin at pH 5.3) appears to be suitable for equilibrium and kinetic studies of the polymerization process. On the basis of these results a possible mechanism of the clotting process has been proposed in terms of hydrogen bonding. The acceptor sites are assumed to exist on the original fibrinogen molecule, but the donor sites appear only after fibrinopeptide is liberated in step 1. The subsequent polymerization of step 2, while involving numerous equilibria, does not fit a scheme of equal equilibrium constants, but rather one in which the equilibrium constant depends on the size of the intermediate polymer. A possible explanation for the subsequent cross-linking of step 3 has been presented.
Whirling disease dynamics: An analysis of intervention strategies

Abstract Whirling disease (WD), a severe and widespread disease of salmonids, is caused by the myxosporean parasite Myxobolus cerebralis. It is further characterized by a unique two-host life cycle, utilizing the oligochaete Tubifex tubifex as an intermediate host. M. cerebralis is an invasive species that has been affecting populations in the United States including epidemics that killed in excess of 90% of populations in Colorado and Montana streams within the past 20 years. Currently, there is no known cure for WD, and the accepted method of control is removal of infected fish from the population. We have created a compartmental model of the WD system in order to assess more efficient means of control and management of the disease. Using data gathered from the literature, we used Bayesian model fitting to estimate model parameters and estimated that R0 ≈ 1.51 (95% CI: 1.39, 1.72), a value which implies that WD can be controlled using available strategies. To this end, we posit several parameters that we expect to be most influential to WD propagation, namely: release of triactinomyxons by T. tubifex, release of spores by salmonids, and infectious particle loads in each respective host. Based on currently available control strategies, approaches targeting the infectious particles and the oligochaete host appear the most effective alternative strategies for management and control of WD.
Effects of anxiety on dominant and nondominant intratask responses: A modified replication

Modifications of a previous study (Bernstein, 1963) which had failed to illustrate the facilitating effects of anxiety on the acquisition of dominant intratask responses and the interfering effects of anxidy on nondominant responses led to findings which generally support predictions from drive (anxiety) theory. Possible defects in the earlier design are discussed. Pursuing a suggestion by Hill (1957), two studies (Katalm, 1964; Katalm & Lyda, 1966) have investigated the effects of anxiety in a verbal learning task in which it is possible to demonstrate the relative strength of four intratask response classes for each S prior to learning. High anxiety was found to facilitate the ac­ quisition of responses.in the dominant class and to inter­ fere with the acquisition of responses in the lower ranking response classes. These results supported pre­ dictions derived from Spence-Taylor drive theory (spence, 1958).
CD4 and the immunopathology of AIDS.

Since its original description as a lymphoycte differentiation antigen in 1980, much has been learned about the cell surface glycoprotein CD4. Initially identified on T lymphocytes with helper/inducer function, CD4 has a wider distribution and is present on some T lymphocytes with suppressor, cytotoxic, or macrophage-activating function. CD4 is also expressed on many cells of the monocyte phagocytic system including peripheral blood monocytes, macrophages isolated from a variety of sites (including the lung), and dendritic and Langerhans cells, though typically at lower levels than on lymphocytes. The molecular cloning of the CD4 cDNA by Maddon and colleagues (I) permitted an accurate physical description of the mature protein. CD4 is a 55 kD monomer with four extracellular domains homologous to immunoglobulin variable regions. It has a single membrane-spanning domain and a short, highly charged cytoplasmic tail with three serine residues which may serve as phosphorylation sites for protein kinase C. Thus, CD4 is a member of the immunoglobulin supergene family with a structure consistent with its function as a signal transducing receptor. The function of CD4 on lymphocytes is a matter of considerable debate, although some basic premises have become generally accepted (reviewed in references 2 and 3). CD4 binds MHC class II proteins and it appears to function in concert with the T cell receptor OCR) for antigens presented by MHC class II-bearing antigen presenting cells. In the context of foreign antigen binding to the TCR, the interaction of CD4 and class II MHC proteins is believed to augment signaling by the TCR. This action of CD4 could occur simply by adhesion, promoting the physical association of the T cell with the antigen presenting cell. An alternative hypothesis with considerable experimental support holds that CD4 functions as a co-receptor for antigen-MHC II in direct, noncovalent association with the TCR. Signal transduction by CD4 in this model augments that of the signal transducing component of the TCR. Binding certain anti-CD4 mAb to CD4 results in intracellular calcium mobilization and CD4 was recently found to be associated with a lymphoid-specific tyrosine kinase, p56lck (4). Stimulation of CD4 with mAb
Anaplastic astrocytoma of the adult cerebrum. Prognostic value of histologic features

Initial biopsy and resection specimens from 78 cerebral astrocytomas with anaplastic foci occurring in adults were examined for the presence of five specific histologic features traditionally considered indicative of anaplasia. Anaplastic astrocytomas with foci of tumor necrosis had been classified as glioblastoma multiforme and excluded from this analysis. Median actuarial survival was shorter for patients whose tumors contained vascular endothelial proliferation (3.5 years versus 5.5 years) or greater than 1 mitosis per 10 high power microscopic fields (1 year versus 5.5 years). No correlation with survival was found for estimation of nuclear pleomorphism and cell density or the presence of secondary structures. Vascular endothelial proliferation and increased mitotic activity may serve as prognostically significant histologic markers in cerebral astrocytomas of intermediate malignancy.
Isolation and characterization of an acidic chemotactic factor from complement-activated human serum

Abstract Optimal conditions for chemotactic activation of human serum are described and a simple chromatographic procedure for the rapid isolation of chemotactic activity generated in human serum is outlined. A basis chemotactic factor similar to C5a is described. However, a second chemotactic factor was consistently found which was immunochemically related to C5, which behaved in anionic-exchange chromatography and isoelectric focusing as an acidic peptide and which sedimented in sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation in the position of the albumin marker. Chromatography in the presence of detergents failed to shift the chemotactic activity away from the albumin position. The acidic chemotactic factor caused the chemotactic migration of both rabbit and human neutrophils. Although it induced lysosomal enzyme release from rabbit neutrophils, with human neutrophils the release of granule contents due to the acidic chemotactic factor was undetectable for both azurophil (primary) and specific (secondary) granules. It is not known whether the acidic chemotactic factor represents a large molecular weight fragment of C5 or whether it results from the complexing of C5a or C5a des Arg to another serum protein during complement activation.
Getting to know my teacher: Does the relation between perceived mastery goal structures and perceived teacher support change across the school year?

Abstract We investigated the relation of students’ perceptions of mastery goal structure and of teacher support. Original formulations of achievement goal theory proposed that social–relational aspects of classrooms were integral to perceptions of a mastery goal structure, but these components have not survived in current conceptions of goal theory. Recent studies have found that student perceptions of mastery goal structure and of teacher support are highly interrelated, if not identical constructs. We propose that the interrelations between these perceptions may, in fact, emerge over time, as suggested by Tharp, Estrada, Dalton, and Yamauchi’s (2000) four stage model of the development of intersubjectivity between students and teachers. Students in grade 6 (N = 1197, 65 classrooms) and in grade 7 (N = 1036, 37 classrooms) reported perceptions of the mastery goal structure and of teacher support in the fall and the spring. Structural equation models with maximum likelihood estimation were used to test two competing models. We hypothesized that student perceptions of mastery goal structures and of teacher support were separate constructs in the fall, but converged by spring. The hypothesized model fit the data better than the alternative model for 6th and 7th grade students. Our findings both replicated those of others, and suggest that students’ perceptions of classroom environments develop over time. Theoretical implications include the reexamination of current conceptualizations of mastery goal structure and the stability of motivational constructs. Methodological implications include timing measurement occasions to assess possible changes in perceptions during the school year.
Autophagy promotes oligodendrocyte survival and function following dysmyelination in a long-lived myelin mutant.

The Long–Evans shaker (les) rat has a mutation in myelin basic protein that results in severe CNS dysmyelination and subsequent demyelination during development. During this time, les oligodendrocytes accumulate cytoplasmic vesicles, including lysosomes and membrane-bound organelles. However, the mechanism and functional relevance behind these oligodendrocyte abnormalities in les have not been investigated. Using high-magnification electron microscopy, we identified the accumulations in les oligodendrocytes as early and late autophagosomes. Additionally, immunohistochemistry and Western blots showed an increase in autophagy markers in les. However, autophagy did not precede the death of les oligodendrocytes. Instead, upregulating autophagy promoted membrane extensions in les oligodendrocytes in vitro. Furthermore, upregulating autophagy in les rats via intermittent fasting increased the proportion of myelinated axons as well as myelin sheath thickness in les and control rats. Overall, this study provides insight into the abnormalities described in les as well as identifying a novel mechanism that promotes the survival and function of oligodendrocytes.
The crucial roles of apolipoproteins E and C-III in apoB lipoprotein metabolism in normolipidemia and hypertriglyceridemia.

Purpose of reviewTo describe the roles of apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) and apoE in VLDL and LDL metabolismRecent findingsApoC-III can block clearance from the circulation of apolipoprotein B (apoB) lipoproteins, whereas apoE mediates their clearance. Normolipidemia is sustained by hepatic secreti
Worry for the Dai Nation: Sipsongpannā, Chinese Modernity, and the Problems of Buddhist Modernism

Over the last thirty years or so, there has been a broad consensus about what constitutes modern forms ofTherav?da Buddhism. "Buddhist modernism," as it has been called, has been marked by an understanding of the Buddha's thought as in accord with scientific rationalism; increased lay participation, par ticularly in meditation practice and leadership of the Buddhist community; and increased participation by women in the leadership of the Sangha. In this paper, I call into question the universality of these forms by examining a contemporary Therav?da Buddhist community in southwest China, where Buddhism is best understood within the context of the modern governance practices of the Chinese state. Buddhists of the region describe their knowledge and practices not in terms of scientific rationality, for example, but within the ethnic categories of the Chinese state. I suggest that instead of understanding modern forms of Buddhism as a natural response to modernity, scholars should pay attention to how Buddhist institutions shift within the context of modern forms of state power.
Susceptibility to bronchiolitis in infants.

Purpose of reviewBronchiolitis is a complex disease that exhibits tremendous heterogeneity with respect to cause, clinical presentation, outcome and susceptibility of afflicted patients. Although respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is widely considered to be the most important cause of bronchiolitis i
Direct observation of liquid-like behavior of a single Au grain boundary

Behavior of matter at the nanoscale differs from that of the bulk due to confinement and surface effects. Here, we report a direct observation of liquid-like behavior of a single grain boundary formed by cold-welding Au nanoparticles, 40 nm in size, by mechanical manipulation in situ TEM. The grain boundary rotates almost freely due to the free surfaces and can rotate about 90 degrees. The grain boundary sustains more stress than the bulk, confirming a strong bonding between the nanoparticles. Moreover, this technique allows the measurement of the surface diffusion coefficient from experimental observations, which we compute for the Au nanoparticles. This methodology can be used for any metal, oxide, semiconductor or combination of them.
Sonographic assessment of renal size and growth in premature infants

Low birth-weight infants are at risk for renal disease when renal insults occur in the neonatal period. Renal growth as measured by sonography over time is utilized by many nephrologists as predictors of future renal disease. To identify infants at risk by defining normal renal growth for the very premature infant. Renal growth was evaluated in 30 infants whose birth weight was 1,500 g or less and gestational age was <31 weeks. During a 2-month time period, three US measurements were taken (first week of life, age 28 days, and age 56 days or earlier if discharged). Infants were divided according to birth weight: the extremely low birth-weight group (ELBW) was <1,000 g (n = 14), and the very low birth-weight group (VLBW) was 1,000–1,500 g (n = 16). In both groups, the right and left renal lengths were similar. In the ELBW group, the initial mean length was 3.25 cm and grew to 4.16 cm, while the mean volume was 4.85 cm and grew to 10.39 cm. In the VLBW group the initial mean length was 3.69 cm and grew to 4.35 cm while the mean volume was 7.25 cm and grew to 11.83 cm. These data establish normal expected growth for future studies.
Grape Phylloxera: Incidence of Foliage Damage to Wine Grapes in Pennsylvania

Foliage damage caused by Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch) was recorded on 23 commercial wine grape cultivars and on wild grapevines, Vitis riparia Michx, in Erie County, Pa., from 1971–75. Wild grapevines sustained the heaviest foliage damage from grape phylloxera. Commercial cultivars sustaining the heaviest foliage damage were ‘Aurora’, ‘Cascade’, ‘Chancellor’, ‘Rayon D’Or’, ‘Seyval’, and ‘Villard Blanc’.
Short-Term Dynamics of the U.S. Interstate Migration System, 1980–1988

This paper identifies short-term fluctuations in the [U.S.] interstate migration system using annual state-to-state migration flow data from Internal Revenue Service (IRS) records for the period 1980 to 1988. Measures of migration efficiency are employed to indicate the net redistribution of population between states relative to the size of underlying gross interstate flows. Three findings stand out: (1) migration was more effective in redistributing the population in years of economic retrenchment than during periods of growth and expansion (2) the dominant pattern of population redistribution shifted from a core-periphery configuration evident in the 1970s and early 1980s to a bi-coastal distribution by the mid-1980s and (3) the most dramatic event of the 1980s was the oil glut and decline in oil prices and profits which ravaged the economies of energy states in the West South Central and Mountain regions....Overall results demonstrate the high degree of temporal and spatial volatility in the U.S. interstate migration system. (EXCERPT)
Remote sensing and geographic database management systems applications for the protection and conservation of cultural heritage

The Getty Conservation Institute is exploring the feasibility of using remote sensing associated with a geographic database management system (GDBMS) in order to provide archaeological and historic site managers with sound evaluations of the tools available for site and information management. The World Heritage Site of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, a complex of archeological sites dating to the 10th to the 13th centuries AD, was selected as a test site. Information from excavations conducted there since the 1930s, and a range of documentation generated by the National Park Service was gathered. NASA's John C. Stennis Space Center contributed multispectral data of the area, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory contributed data from ATLAS (airborne terrestrial applications sensor) and CAMS (calibrated airborne multispectral scanner) scanners. Initial findings show that while 'automatic monitoring systems' will probably never be a reality, with careful comparisons of historic and modern photographs, and performing digital analysis of remotely sensed data, excellent results are possible.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Cautionary Note on Using the Internet to Survey Recent Hunter Education Graduates

This Findings Abstract presents the results of a single-contact Web-based survey administered to recent graduates of Wisconsin's hunter education program. The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resour...
Structure of a Copper-Mediated Base Pair in DNA

Stable and selective DNA base pairing by metal coordination was recently demonstrated with nucleotides containing complementary pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate (Dipic) and pyridine (Py) bases (Meggers, E.; Holland, P. L.; Tolman; W. B.; Romesberg, F. E.; Schultz, P. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 10714−10715). To understand the structural consequences of introducing this novel base pair into DNA we have solved the crystal structure of a duplex containing the metallo-base pair. The structure shows that the bases pair as designed, but in a Z-DNA conformation. The structure also provides a structural explanation for the B- to Z-DNA transition in this duplex. Further solution studies demonstrate that the metallo-base pair is compatible with Z- or B-DNA conformations, depending on the duplex sequence.
Quantification of myosin heavy-chain mRNA during myogenesis.

Complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized from a 26-S poly(A)-containing RNA fraction consisting predominately of myosin mRNA, and used to quantitate the amounts of myosin mRNA during development. RNA . cDNAmyosin hybridizations were performed with RNA isolated from tertiary cultures of chick fibroblasts, and the proportion of myosin RNA determined. The levels of myosin RNA present in primary chick myoblast cultures undergoing development were also analyzed by RNA . cDNAmyosin hybridizations. Correlation of these values with the rate of myosin heavy chain synthesis indicates that myosin mRNA is subject to post-transcriptional or translational control.