cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hepatic tissue sterol regulatory element binding protein 2 and low-density lipoprotein receptor in nephrotic syndrome

Hypercholesterolemia is a main feature of nephrotic syndrome (NS) and is, in part, caused by acquired low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor deficiency. The LDL receptor deficiency in NS is accompanied by normal hepatic LDL receptor messenger RNA (mRNA) abundance. Expression of LDL receptor, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, and several other cholesterol-regulatory factors is regulated by sterol regulatory element binding protein 2 (SREBP-2). This study tested the hypothesis that nephrotic hypercholesterolemia may be associated with dysregulation of hepatic tissue SREBP-2 abundance or activity. Protein and mRNA abundance of SREBP-2, LDL receptor, and HMG-CoA reductase was determined in the livers of rats with chronic puromycin-induced NS and of control rats. The nephrotic group showed heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, severe hypercholesterolemia, and normal liver tissue total and free cholesterol concentrations. Despite severe hypercholesterolemia, the inactive microsomal and the active nuclear SREBP-2 levels were unchanged in the liver of the nephrotic animals. This was associated with a marked reduction in LDL receptor protein abundance. In confirmation of our earlier studies, LDL receptor and HMG-CoA reductase mRNA levels were unchanged in nephrotic animals. Hepatic SREBP-2 abundance and activity in hypercholesterolemic nephrotic rats were similar to those found in the normocholesterolemic control animals, representing a maladaptive response. This paradox may be, in part, due to acquired LDL receptor deficiency that helps sustain SREBP-2 expression/activity and maintain hypercholesterolemia by limiting hepatic cholesterol uptake. This is because SREBP-2 expression and activity are, in part, regulated by intracellular as opposed to plasma cholesterol.
Language Abilities After Left Hemisphere Brain Injury A Case Study of Twins

This paper describes the language abilities of two twin pairs in which one twin (the experimental subject) suffered brain injury to the left cerebral hemisphere around the time of birth and one (the control) did not. One pair of twins was initially assessed at age 23 months, the other at about 30 months, and they were subsequently evaluated in their homes three times at about 6-month intervals. The results showed that subjects scored at or above the normal range on all formal tests. Their scores were similar to the controls' on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, and the receptive scale of the Sequenced Inventory of Communicative Development (SICD) but lower than the controls' on the Expressive One Word Test and the expressive scale of the SICD. Analysis of language samples revealed that the subject in one pair used a smaller vocabulary and shorter, less complex sentences than his twin, but progressed at a similar rate. In these cases the subtle differences in lan...
Llano del Jicaro

Llano del Jicaro, Veracruz, is a workshop site where Olmec monuments were carved from exposed boulders of Cerro Cintepec basalt. The site, which lies in the hinterland of the major Olmec center of Laguna de los Cerros, was discovered in 1960 by Alfonso Medellin Zenil, who moved one of its unfinished monuments to the Museum of Anthropology in Jalapa. In 1991 more intensive archaeological investigations at Llano del Jicaro located nine additional boulders, including a tabletop altar, with evidence of carving. Excavations around four of these monoliths uncovered debitage and hammerstones from the manufacturing process. Survey also located the remains of the probable residences of the stonecarvers.
Effects of irrigation water salinity and electrostatic water treatment for sugarcane production

Excess salinity in irrigation water reduces sugarcane yield and juice quality. This study was conducted to compare the effect of irrigation with water of 1.3 dS m-1 vs. 3.4 dS m-1 on sugarcane yield and quality, and to evaluate whether an electrostatic conditioning treatment of the water influenced the salt effects. The study was conducted in a commercial field divided into large plots ranging from 1.0 to 1.2 ha in size. Cane and sugar yields were reduced approximately 17% by the 3.4 dS m-1 water compared to the 1.3 dS m-1 water, but juice quality parameters were not affected. Conditioning of the irrigation water using a device called an �electrostatic precipitator� which claimed to affect various water properties had no effect on cane yield, juice quality or soil salinity levels. The detrimental effect of the high salt irrigation water was somewhat less than might be expected, probably due to good late summer rainfall which may have flushed the root zone from the excessive salts
Theorems for efficient identification of indistinguishable fault pairs in synchronous sequential circuits

We introduce theorems that enable efficient identification of indistinguishable fault pairs in synchronous sequential circuits using an iterative logic array of limited length. These theorems can be used for identifying fault pairs that can be dropped from. consideration before diagnostic ATPG starts, thus improving the efficiency of diagnostic ATPG. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed theorems, which allow us to identify almost all the indistinguishable fault pairs in finite-state machine benchmarks.
Antibody to a Lytic Cycle Viral Protein Decreases Gammaherpesvirus Latency in B-Cell-Deficient Mice

While antiviral antibody plays a key role in resistance to acute viral infection, the contribution of antibody to the control of latent virus infection is less well understood. Gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68) infection of mice provides a model well suited to defining contributions of specific immune system components to the control of viral latency. B cells play a critical role in regulating γHV68 latency, but the mechanism(s) by which B cells regulate latency is not known. In the experiments reported here, we determined the effect of passively transferred antibody on established γHV68 latency in B-cell-deficient (B-cell−/−) mice. Immune antibody decreased the frequency of cells reactivating ex vivo from latency in splenocytes (>10-fold) and peritoneal cells (>100-fold) and the frequency of cells carrying latent viral genome in splenocytes (>5-fold) and peritoneal cells (>50-fold). This effect required virus-specific antibody and was observed when total and virus-specific serum antibody concentrations in recipient B-cell−/− mice were <8% of those in normal mice during latent infection. Passive transfer of antibody specific for the lytic cycle γHV68 RCA protein, but not passive transfer of antibody specific for the v-cyclin protein or the latent protein M2, decreased both the frequency of cells reactivating ex vivo from latency and the frequency of cells carrying the latent viral genome. Therefore, antibody specific for lytic cycle viral antigens can play an important role in the control of gammaherpesvirus latency in immunocompromised hosts. Based on these findings, we propose a model in which ongoing productive replication is essential for maintaining high levels of latently infected cells in immunocompromised hosts. We confirmed this model by the treatment of latently infected B-cell−/− mice with the antiviral drug cidofovir.
Assessment of the Knowledge and Beliefs Regarding Probiotic Use

Background: Although there is mounting evidence of the benefits of probiotics, many consumers are unaware of the definition of probiotics and are unable to state which foods contain these live microorganisms. Purpose: This study attempted to determine if participants were able to state the definition of probiotics, whether they utilize these products regularly and if they would consider consuming probiotics if it were recommended by a health professional. Methods: The subjects were evaluated via an 18-item questionnaire. A total of 335 surveys were returned completed. Results: This study demonstrates that 38.5% of respondents had heard of probiotics, but only 27.2% stated that they knew what probiotics are. Those participants who stated they knew what probiotics are were more likely to try them when recommended. Participants who were able to state the benefit of probiotics, consumed them in greater frequency. Discussion: The results of this study support the hypothesis that many consumers are unaware of the definition of probiotics and are unable to state which foods contain these live microorganisms. Translation to Health Education Practice: These results indicate a need for further education of the general public in regards to the definition, benefits, and sources of probiotics.
Design-performance aspects of Glass Ceramic in comparison to Alumina Ceramic and organic FCPBGA packages for high link densities of high speed SerDes

High performance glass ceramic (HPGC) packages widely used in various range of IBM server applications are characterized for high frequency performance of SerDes differential links using TDR and network analyzer measurements and their design to performance aspects are analyzed in depth. Also HPGCspsila merits and design to electrical factors are discussed in comparison with an Alumina Ceramic and an organic Flip-chip Plastic Ball Grid Array (FCPBGA) packages alongside application space as the three types of packages were built on the same footprints of chip and board IO interfaces for a test site involving different design strategies to accommodate high link density of SerDes links. While HPGC has greater advantage for reliability and high power, and FCPBGA has greater advantage for cost, both demonstrate similar performance in compromising between through transmission and noise isolation parameters. Both HPGC and FCPBGA perform better than Alumina Ceramic in those areas.
Pixel-Exact Rendering of Spacetime Finite Element Solutions

Computational simulation of time-varying physical processes is of fundamental importance for many scientific and engineering applications. Most frequently, time-varying simulations are performed over multiple spatial grids at discrete points in time. In this paper, we investigate a new approach to time-varying simulation: spacetime discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods. The result of this simulation method is a simplicial tessellation of spacetime with per-element polynomial solutions for physical quantities such as strain, stress, and velocity. To provide accurate visualizations of the resulting solutions, we have developed a method for per-pixel evaluation of solution data on the GPU.We demonstrate the importance of per-pixel rendering versus simple linear interpolation for producing high quality visualizations. We also show that our system can accommodate reasonably large datasets - spacetime meshes containing up to 20 million tetrahedra are not uncommon in this domain.
Uprooting Kunta Kinte: On the Perils of Relying on Encyclopedic Informants

In the late summer of 1976, amid considerable publicity, Doubleday and Company published Alex Haley's Roots: The Saga of an American Family. Almost overnight author and book gained considerable fame. Americans and soon others accepted the essential validity of the story of Haley's maternal ancestors, which reached back to the Gambia River and to the eighteenth century. Within a few months of its publication Roots had been serialized for televison. Before a year had passed Doubleday had sold over 1,500,000 copies of the book, it had gone into translation in several dozen languages, and Haley had been awarded a special Pulitzer Prize, neither for fiction nor non-fiction, but for something in between felicitously denominated “faction.” The magnitude of Roots' impact makes criticism of the basis of its argument somewhat indivious but perhpas all the more necessary.One aspect of Roots that added considerably to its popularity was the apparent authenticity of the genealogy which Haley used to identify his African ancestor. Haley claimed that, largely through oral history, he had proved the existence of his ancestor, one Kunta Kinte, who had been kidnapped into slavery over two hundred years ago and brought directly to the British North American colonies. A decade of diligent searching had made it possible for Haley to piece together the basic outlines of his ancestry. To nearly everyone who read the book or heard the story of his quest, such success in locating his roots in Africa, after a century of slavery and another of difficult freedom, seemed to justify the endeavor.
A Novel Technique for Denial of Service Identification in Optical Access Networks

We discuss the limitations of current optical access networks in providing protection against physical layer attacks like denial of service and present a scheme for identifying intruders causing this attack.
3-Trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) toxicity and hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity in larval and adult bullfrogs

Effects of TFM (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol) were observed in bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) larvae and adults in vivo by aqueous and intraperitoneal (i.p.) exposures. UDP-glucuronyltransferase (UDPGT) kinetics were examined in vitro from larval and adult hepatic microsomes. The effect of TFM on bullfrog egg development was also examined. Bullfrog larvae and adults showed similar sensitivities to TFM by i.p. exposure (LD50s = 11.62 and 15.35 mg/kg, respectively), however, larvae were more sensitive than adults in aqueous exposures (LC50s = 0.95 and 12.99 mg/l, respectively). Bullfrog egg development was arrested at the blastula stage at ≥ 1.0 mg/l TFM. No microscopic lesions were observed in tissues from TFM-exposed larvae. TFM-UDPGT kinetics in bullfrog larvae and adults differed significantly (P < 0.05). Vmax for TFM-UDPGT in bullfrog larvae and adults was calculated to be 1.05 and 2.45 nmol/min · mg, respectively; the apparent Km for bullfrog larvae and adults was 38 and 64 μM, respectively. However, the enzyme VmaxKm ratio between the two life stages was not significantly different. Based on data from this and other studies, greater sensitivity to aqueous TFM in gill-respiring larvae (compared with adults) does not primarily appear to be a function of differences in UDPGT-mediated metabolism, but rather may reflect differences in other processes such as uptake.
Practically Grounded: Convergence of Land Use Law Pedagogy and Best Practices

The changing dynamics in the field of land use and sustainable community development law demand that land use law professors rethink the way in which we prepare law students to practice law in this area. This needed paradigm shift converges with the growing momentum of the best practices movement which urges law schools to dramatically revise the curricular approach to legal education, arguing that traditional models are no longer effectively serving the goal of producing competent and fully prepared new lawyers. A perfect storm is present and a unique opportunity exists through the application of many “best practices” concepts for land use law faculty to lead the academy in reinventing curriculum and teaching strategies to better prepare students for the practice of law. A brief history of the best practices movement is described in Part II, as well as an assertion as to why land use should be the “poster child” for best practices. Part III reports on an empirical survey of land use law professors conducted by the authors in 2008 that examines, among other things, the opportunities to apply best practices to the subject of land use law. It also offers additional innovative examples of teaching methods that can be effectively utilized within the confines of the traditional classroom, using the land use law course as a model, as well as an example of how the land use law course can be used across the curriculum as a best practices capstone experience. The article concludes in Part IV with the observation that the shortcomings of the traditional casebook approaches to teaching land use within the four walls of the classroom can be easily converted into exciting opportunities that engage student learners, stretch the limits of student creativity, continue to instill and refine a sense of professionalism in law students and, consistent with the findings and recommendations of the Best Practices report and related literature, prepare students to be more effective lawyers when they graduate.
On the problem of defining the charge on an atom in a molecule

Abstract It is shown that the Mulliken and the Lowdin definitions of atomic charge lead to significantly different wave functions and physical interpretations, when they are used as criteria of self-consistency in computing the wave functions.
Tidally Generated Turbulence over the Knight Inlet Sill

Very high turbulent dissipation rates (above «5 1024 Wk g 21) were observed in the nonlinear internal lee waves that form each tide over a sill in Knight Inlet, British Columbia. This turbulence was due to both shear instabilities and the jumplike adjustment of the wave to background flow conditions. Away from the sill, turbulent dissipation was significantly lower ( «5 1027 to «5 1028 Wk g 21). Energy removed from the barotropic tide was estimated using a pair of tide gauges; a peak of 20 MW occurred during spring tide. Approximately twothirds of the barotropic energy loss radiated away as internal waves, while the remaining one-third was lost to processes near the sill. Observed dissipation in the water column does not account for the near-sill losses, but energy lost to vortex shedding and near-bottom turbulence, though not measured, could be large enough to close the energy budget.
Rapid risk stratification for obstructive sleep apnea, based on snoring severity and body mass index.

OBJECTIVE: It is unclear whether all snoring patients require polysomnography, and there are no highly sensitive clinical predictors of sleep apnea. Our objective was to develop a simple clinical screening test for OSA in snoring patients. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, IRB-approved study at a university sleep disorders center. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In 211 patients undergoing polysomnography, snoring severity, Epworth sleepiness scale, body mass index, demographic, and sleep study data were collected. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and Pearson correlation were used to develop a sensitive screening test for OSA. RESULTS: Snoring severity score (SSS) and BMI were the two most accurate predictors of OSA on the ROC curve. A bipartite threshold of SSS 4 or BMI 26 carried sensitivity of 97.4%, specificity of 40%, positive predictive value of 82.3%, and negative predictive value of 84.2% for moderate/severe OSA. Patients at high risk were those with BMI 32 (89% PPV) or SSS 7 (92% PPV). CONCLUSIONS: The statistic most predictive of OSA was snoring severity. Combining this with BMI yielded a highly sensitive screening test for moderate/severe OSA. This clinical assessment may be useful in risk-stratifying patients for polysomnography and therapy, facilitating deferred work-up in low-risk patients and expedited therapy in high-risk patients. © 2008 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in cirrhotic patients

Abstract Background: Reported mortality for open cholecystectomy in patients with cirrhosis ranges from 10% to 80%. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has gained acceptance in the general population and has become the procedure of choice for symptomatic cholelithiasis. We reviewed our experience with the use of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in this group. Study Design: We did a retrospective review of the records of 25 consecutive laparoscopic choleoystectomy procedures performed on cirrhotic patients from May 1992 to July 1996. Results: There were no mortalities in our group. All procedures were completed laparoscopically. Mean length of stay was 1.7 days (range, 1 to 8 days). Morbidity consisted of wound hematomas, pneumonia, and ascites for a rate of 32%. Only patients with Child's Class A and Class B cirrhosis were operated on. Conclusions: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be performed safely in cirrhotic patients with well compensated liver function.
Smart Assemblies for Robust Design: A Progress Report

Research conducted over the past decade has resulted in a suite of methods for robust design which can be applied during different design stages. These methods focus on reducing the sensitivity of the design to variation without removing its causes. In this research we are investigating an additional and very powerful means for achieving robustness that complements the other methods developed to date. We have dubbed this area “smart assemblies.” A smart assembly has features, not otherwise required by the function of the design, which allow the design to absorb or cancel out the effects of variation. In this paper we report our results to date. We discuss the close connection between smart assembly design and exactly constrained design. We present the beginnings of a smart feature classification system, a preliminary methodology for smart assembly design, and a case study.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Modifying Factors in Sports-Related Concussion: Dangerous Style of Play

AbstractIn its third iteration, the Concussion in Sport Group identified 10 modifying factors that were presumed clinically to influence the investigation and management of concussions in sports. “Dangerous style of play” was delineated as one of these factors, most likely based on clinical lore. These modifying factors were retained in a more recent Concussion in Sport Group statement. To date, there has been no concerted effort to support or refute the inclusion of this constellation of behaviors as a modifying factor in sports-related concussion. This article reviews and summarizes the limited evidence related to a dangerous style of play in sports-related concussion, offers a preliminary assessment of its relevance as a modifying factor, and provides additional information on other aspects of player, coach, and governing body behavior and their potential effect(s) on reducing concussive injuries.
Perception of “gilding” in occupational statuses

Abstract Ninety-five white female undergraduates rated various occupations on “gilding” (communicative behavior intended by the communicator to falsify what he actually believed to be “true”) in a 3 × 29 correlated measure design. The effects of (a) ethnicity of occupational status incumbent (WASP, Jewish, Black), and (b) nature of occupation (supervisory, non-supervisory) were significant. Differences were found among (1) the 29 occupations, (2) supervisory and nonsupervisory levels of occupations, and (3) WASP as compared with Jewish and Black incumbents, though not between the two ethnic targets themselves.
Coherence area profiling in multi-spatial-mode squeezed states

The presence of multiple bipartite entangled modes in squeezed states generated by four-wave mixing enables ultra-trace sensing, imaging, and metrology applications that are impossible to achieve with single-spatial-mode squeezed states. For Gaussian seed beams, the spatial distribution of these bipartite entangled modes, or coherence areas, across each beam is largely dependent on the spatial modes present in the pump beam, but it has proven difficult to map the distribution of these coherence areas in frequency and space. We demonstrate an accessible method to map the distribution of the coherence areas within these twin beams. We also show that the pump shape can impart different noise properties to each coherence area, and that it is possible to select and detect coherence areas with optimal squeezing with this approach.
Distribution of Chains in Polymer Brushes Produced by a “Grafting From” Mechanism

The molecular weight and polydispersity of the chains in a polymer brush are critical parameters determining the brush properties. However, the characterization of polymer brushes is hindered by the vanishingly small mass of polymer present in brush layers. In this study, in order to obtain sufficient quantities of polymer for analysis, polymer brushes were grown from high surface area fibrous nylon membranes by ATRP. The brushes were synthesized with varying surface initiator densities, polymerization times, and amounts of sacrificial initiator, then cleaved from the substrate, and analyzed by GPC and NMR. Characterization showed that the surface-grown polymer chains were more polydisperse and had lower average molecular weight compared to solution-grown polymers synthesized concurrently. Furthermore, the molecular weight distribution of the polymer brushes was observed to be bimodal, with a low molecular weight population of chains representing a significant mass fraction of the polymer chains at high s...
Pamphleteers Construct Concini

This paper is built around a problem of textual analysis that I have been wrestling with for some time as a historian of early seventeenth-century political propaganda. Stated broadly the problem is how to use the texts of hundreds of political pamphlets to reconstruct the world of discourse within which pamphlet readers reacted to printed political tracts. Take for example the dozens of pamphlets concerning the rise to power and assassination in April 1617 of Concino Concini. Concini, also referred to as the Marechal d'Ancre, was for a time one of the principal ministers in the administration of Marie de Medicis during the youth of Louis XIII.The Bibliotheque Nationale holds over 100 pamphlets published against Concini between 1614 and 1617, and another 16 (or so) in his favor. It is interesting to note that almost half of the pamphlets published against Concini appeared after his death. In fact, carefully edited accounts of Concini's strange career and horrible demise formed the centrifugal center of a legally sanctioned (and no doubt subsidized) campaign of printed propaganda. Fifty-seven (57) of the one hundred one (101) pamphlets against Concini at the B.N. were published after the events of April 24th, and many of these were published well after the subsequent trial and execution of Concini's widow on July 8th of the same year.
Scaling collapse at the jamming transition

The jamming transition of particles with finite-range interactions is characterized by a variety of critical phenomena, including power-law distributions of marginal contacts. We numerically study a recently proposed simple model of jamming, which is conjectured to lie in the same universality class as the jamming of spheres in all dimensions. We extract numerical estimates of the critical exponents, θ=0.451±0.006 and γ=0.404±0.004, that match the exponents observed in sphere packing systems. We analyze finite-size scaling effects that manifest in a subcritical cutoff regime and size-independent but protocol-dependent scaling curves. Our results support the conjectured link with sphere jamming, provide more precise measurements of the critical exponents than previously reported, and shed light on the finite-size scaling behavior of continuous constraint satisfiability transitions.
Taming Virtualization

Although the term virtualization has been around for decades, only recently has it become a buzzword in the computer systems community with the revival of virtual machines (VMs), driven by efforts in industry and academia. VMs are software entities that emulate a real machine's functionality; they execute under the control of a hypervisor that virtualizes and multiplexes low-level hardware resources. Hypervisors come in two flavors: non-hosted, which run directly on top of the hardware, and hosted, which are integrated with a host operating system (OS). The presence of a hypervisor makes VMs subject to a level of visibility and control that's hard to achieve with real machines. The small size, isolation, and mediation power of an ideal hypervisor over VMs make it an interesting candidate for a trusted computing base, with applications in security research fields such as intrusion detection, integrity protection, and malware analysis, among others.
Structural behavior of zirconia thin films with different level of yttrium content

The preparation of dense, high conductive electrolyte layers is important for the development of intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells and other devices based on oxygen-ion conductivity. Thus a number of techniques have been used to produce these structures. This study makes use of one of these methods to produce dense nanocrystalline 0.1 to 1 micron layers of zirconia. Polymeric precursors were used to prepare zirconia films with different level of yttrium substitution. The films were annealed at a series of temperatures in the range of 400 to 1000°C and were characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). It was found that initially (after 400°C annealing) the films had cubic structure and grain size of ∼5 nm regardless of Y content. The situation changed when the annealing temperature was increased. Y (16mol %) stabilized zirconia (YSZ) did remain cubic over the entire temperature region investigated (up to 1000°C), but for compositions with lower Y content changes in crystal structure occurred. The samples with 4 and 8mol% Y transformed to the tetragonal phase at about 700°C, and undoped zirconia became monoclinic at the same temperature. The results were compared with sintered zirconia and it was shown that the behavior of thin films is quite similar to that of the sintered material, if the annealing temperature was high enough (>700°C). The main differences between polymeric prepared films and sintered material are the existence of the cubic structure at low temperatures (< 600°C) and lower transition temperatures to the high temperature phase, which can be explained by small initial grain size in polymer-derived zirconia.
MEANTIME: achieving both minimal energy and timeliness with approximate computing

Energy efficiency and timeliness (i.e., predictable job latency) are two essential - yet opposing - concerns for embedded systems. Hard timing guarantees require conservative resource allocation while energy minimization requires aggressively releasing resources and occasionally violating timing constraints. Recent work on approximate computing, however, opens up a new dimension of optimization: application accuracy. In this paper, we use approximate computing to achieve both hard timing guarantees and energy efficiency. Specifically, we propose MEANTIME: a runtime system that delivers hard latency guarantees and energy-minimal resource usage through small accuracy reductions. We test MEANTIME on a real Linux/ARM system with six applications. Overall, we find that MEANTIME never violates real-time deadlines and sacrifices a small amount (typically less than 2%) of accuracy while reducing energy to 54% of a conservative, full accuracy approach.
NT-3 Increases Amplitude of EPSPs Produced by Axotomized Group Ia Afferents

We thank K. Foli for technical support and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals for providing NT-3. This research was supported by National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Grants NS-15913 (Javits Neuroscience Award) to J. B. Munson and NS-16996 (Javits Neuroscience Award) to L. M. Mendell. Additional support was furnished by NS-14899 and NS-32264 to L. M. Mendall. Present addresses: R. D. Johnson, Dept. of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610; L. M. Mendell, Dept. of Neurobiology and Behaviour, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794.
Pathogenesis of Senecavirus A infection in finishing pigs.

Senecavirus A (SVA) is an emerging picornavirus that has been associated with vesicular disease and neonatal mortality in swine. Many aspects of SVA infection biology and pathogenesis, however, remain unknown. Here the pathogenesis of SVA was investigated in finishing pigs. Animals were inoculated via the oronasal route with SVA strain SD15-26 and monitored for clinical signs and lesions associated with SVA infection. Viraemia was assessed in serum and virus shedding monitored in oral and nasal secretions and faeces by real-time reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and/or virus isolation. Additionally, viral load and tissue distribution were assessed during acute infection and following convalescence from disease. Clinical signs characterized by lethargy and lameness were first observed on day 4 post-inoculation (pi) and persisted for approximately 2–10 days. Vesicular lesions were first observed on day 4 pi on the snout and/or feet, affecting the coronary bands, dewclaws, interdigital space and heel/sole of SVA-infected animals. A short-term viraemia was observed between days 3 and 10 pi, whereas virus shedding was detected between days 1 and 28 pi in oral and nasal secretions and faeces. Notably, RT-qPCR and in situ hybridization (ISH) performed on tissues collected on day 38 pi revealed the presence of SVA RNA in the tonsils of all SVA-infected animals. Serological responses to SVA were characterized by early neutralizing antibody responses (day 5 pi), which coincided with decreased levels of viraemia, virus shedding and viral load in tissues. This study provides significant insights into the pathogenesis and infectious dynamics of SVA in swine.
Comparing Self-Regulation-Associated Event Related Potentials in Preschool Children with and without High Levels of Disruptive Behavior

Deficient self-regulation plays a key role in the etiology of early onset disruptive behavior disorders and signals risk for chronic psychopathology. However, to date, there has been no research comparing preschool children with and without high levels of disruptive behavior using Event Related Potentials (ERPs) associated with specific self-regulation sub-processes. We examined 15 preschool children with high levels of disruptive behavior (35 % female) and 20 peers with low disruptive behavior (50 % female) who completed a Go/No-go task that provided emotionally valenced feedback. We tested whether 4 ERP components: the Error Related Negativity, the Error Positivity, the Feedback Related Negativity, and the No-go N2, differed in preschool children with and without high levels of disruptive behavior. Preschoolers with high levels of disruptive behavior showed less differentiation between the Error Positivity and corresponding waveforms following correct responses at posterior sites. Preschoolers with high and low disruptive behavior also showed differences in Go/No-go N2 waveform amplitudes across electrodes. These findings suggest that preschool children with high levels of disruptive behavior may show abnormal brain activity during certain self-regulation sub-processes, informing potential advances in conceptualizing and treating early disruptive behavior.
An Argo mixed layer climatology and database

A global climatology and database of mixed layer properties are computed from nearly 1,250,000 Argo profiles. The climatology is calculated with both a hybrid algorithm for detecting the mixed layer depth (MLD) and a standard threshold method. The climatology provides accurate information about the depth, properties, extent, and seasonal patterns of global mixed layers. The individual profile results in the database can be used to construct time series of mixed layer properties in specific regions of interest. The climatology and database are available online at http://mixedlayer.ucsd.edu. The MLDs calculated by the hybrid algorithm are shallower and generally more accurate than those of the threshold method, particularly in regions of deep winter mixed layers; the new climatology differs the most from existing mixed layer climatologies in these regions. Examples are presented from the Labrador and Irminger Seas, the Southern Ocean, and the North Atlantic Ocean near the Gulf Stream. In these regions the threshold method tends to overestimate winter MLDs by approximately 10% compared to the algorithm.
Review of Cardiac Pacemaker Lead Designs for Computational Models in a VR Environment

An implantable cardiac pacemaker is used to modify and treat irregular heartbeats [1] and invented in 1958 [2]. Devices have no fixation or fixed to the heart wall. No fixation leads lay in the bottom of heart cavities, while fixed leads have tines (passive) or a helix screw (active) to attach to the heart. Lead geometries and material properties vary between companies, with geometric sizing based primarily on the internal mechanics of the lead.Finite element analysis (FEA), computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and bench-top simulations are used to evaluate cardiac leads. These simulations analyze only one lead and struggle to compare and test variations in lead designs. Advanced computational resources can run many computer simulations of anatomical environments, however model complexity increases the time to run each simulation.To address this issue, we present a simplified parameterized design space for cardiac pacemaker leads in the right atrium. This information will be used to run multiple simulations of leads in blood flow, for visualization in a single virtual reality (VR) environment and allow the designer to iterate through many design variations (See Figure 1).Copyright © 2017 by ASME
Certified concurrent abstraction layers

Concurrent abstraction layers are ubiquitous in modern computer systems because of the pervasiveness of multithreaded programming and multicore hardware. Abstraction layers are used to hide the implementation details (e.g., fine-grained synchronization) and reduce the complex dependencies among components at different levels of abstraction. Despite their obvious importance, concurrent abstraction layers have not been treated formally. This severely limits the applicability of layer-based techniques and makes it difficult to scale verification across multiple concurrent layers. In this paper, we present CCAL---a fully mechanized programming toolkit developed under the CertiKOS project---for specifying, composing, compiling, and linking certified concurrent abstraction layers. CCAL consists of three technical novelties: a new game-theoretical, strategy-based compositional semantic model for concurrency (and its associated program verifiers), a set of formal linking theorems for composing multithreaded and multicore concurrent layers, and a new CompCertX compiler that supports certified thread-safe compilation and linking. The CCAL toolkit is implemented in Coq and supports layered concurrent programming in both C and assembly. It has been successfully applied to build a fully certified concurrent OS kernel with fine-grained locking.
Bone health in type 1 diabetes

Purpose of reviewThis article reviews recent publications on the effect of type 1 diabetes (T1D) on fracture risk, bone mineral density (BMD), bone structure, and bone tissue quality. Possible fracture prevention strategies for patients with T1D have also been reviewed.Recent findingsT1D is associat
Predictors of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Two Underserved U.S. Populations: A Parallel Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Despite declining colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality rates in the United States, significant geographic and racial disparities in CRC death rates remain. Differences in guideline-concordant CRC screening rates may explain some of these disparities. We aim to assess individual and neighborhood-level predictors of guideline-concordant CRC screening within two cohorts of individuals located within CRC mortality geographic hotspot regions in the U.S. METHODS: A total of 36,901 participants from the Southern Community Cohort Study (SCCS) and 4,491 participants from the Ohio Appalachia CRC screening study were included in this study. Self-reported date of last CRC screening was used to determine if the participant was within guidelines for screening. Logistic regression models were utilized to determine the association of individual-level predictors, neighborhood deprivation and residence in hotspot regions on the odds of being within guidelines for CRC screening. RESULTS: Lower household income, lack of health insurance and being a smoker were each associated with lower odds of being within guidelines for CRC screening in both cohorts. Area-level associations were less evident, although up to 15% lower guideline adherence was associated with residence in neighborhoods of greater deprivation and in the Lower Mississippi Delta, one of the identified CRC mortality hotspots. CONCLUSIONS: These results reveal the adverse effects of lower area-level and individual socioeconomic status on adherence to CRC guideline screening.
Associations of Maternal Beliefs and Distress in Pregnancy and Postpartum With Breastfeeding Initiation and Early Cessation

Background:Breastfeeding plays an important role in both maternal and infant health and well-being. While researchers have examined the relationship between postpartum psychological distress and br...
Fit and skill in employee selection : Insights from a study of headhunters

We draw upon evidence from a qualitative study of headhunters to provide insights into the character and importance of candidate “fit” and skill for the selection of a broad range of white-collar employees. Headhunters suggest that the “fit” of a job candidate is assessed at two levels, one corresponding with a general compatibility with organization-level norms, culture, and strategy, the other corresponding more closely with traits and characteristics of the person or persons with whom the job candidate actually interviews. Skill—a factor which is largely neglected by those who tout the importance of fit—also plays an important and independent role in employee selection. Stalls that influence the selection of employees from a pool of candidates tend to be highly specific if not idiosyncratic, and take the form of what headhunters call “hot buttons.” We conclude by discussing the conceptualization, causes, and implications of fit; we also consider how the importance of fit and hot buttons challenges the explanatory logic of standard accounts of labor-market success.
Enabling Complete Ligand Exchange on the Surface of Gold Nanocrystals through the Deposition and Then Etching of Silver

We report an indirect method for the effective replacement of ligands on the surface of Au nanocrystals with different morphologies. The method involves the deposition of an ultrathin layer of Ag to remove a strong capping agent such as cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC), followed by selective etching of the Ag layer in the presence of citrate ions as a stabilizer. Using multiple characterization techniques, we confirm that the surface of the Au nanocrystals is covered by citrate ions after the indirect ligand exchange process, and there is essentially no aggregation during the entire process. We also demonstrate that this method is effective in suppressing the toxicity of Au nanospheres by completely replacing the initially used CTAC with citrate.
Factors Associated With the Improved Survival of Head and Neck Neuroblastomas Compared to Other Body Sites.

Objective:To examine pediatric neuroblastoma survival and management in the head and neck compared to other body sites.Study Design:Retrospective analysis of a large population database.Methods:Pat...
Readily Available Primary Aminoboranes as Powerful Reagents for Aldimine Synthesis

Primary aminoboranes (RNHBR2 ), which are readily available by spontaneous dehydrocoupling of amines and boranes cleanly react at room temperature with aldehydes to give aldimines. The overall transformation from amines to aldimines can be conveniently performed by a sequential one-pot reaction. This synthetic strategy is especially useful for electron poor and bulky amines which are reluctant to react with aldehydes under dehydration conditions. Using a Glorius robustness screen, we show that this methodology is chemoselective, and functional group tolerant. Computational and experimental data support the irreversible formation of the aldimine product in marked contrast with traditional methods.
Queue Spillback and Demand Uncertainty in Dynamic Network Loading

In the field, queue spillback contributes substantially to urban congestion. Therefore, most dynamic network loading models either explicitly include spillback, or frame a failure to model spillbac...
MATURITY OF PRECURSOR CELLS FOR GERMINAL CENTERS

According to the cells localizing directly in germinal centers the direct precursor of germinal center cells is a large cell both in the chicken, where low density (larger) bursa cells show a better localization in germinal centers than do higher density (smaller) bursa cells,1 and in the rabbit where the larger cells of lower density of appendix localize in germinal centers whereas smaller cells localize in the corona of follicles.2 However, we cannot conclude from such findings whether the maturity of the donor cells is the determining factor or whether these findings mean only that blast B cells have a different localization pattern from small B cells. The other evidence presented at this meeting, concerning surface Ig markers (α and γ) of peanut agglutinin positive B cells from peripheral lymphoid tissue, representing primarily germinal center cells,3,4,5 suggests a greater maturity of these cells rather than an immature precursor nature, since these would be expected to bear μ. If, however, switching from μ to other Ig isotypes occurs through interaction between sister chromatids during mitosis, this process might occur in germinal centers and could possibly take place within the first mitosis of cells entering these structures.
Bone Health in Women with Chronic Kidney Disease

Bone health maintenance is a major focus in the care of women. Women are especially vulnerable to bone disease. Women with CKD are even at greater risk for bone disease. This chapter discusses the evaluation of bone health in women with CKD as well as appropriate treatment options for these women.
Classifying Parenchymal Lung Disease

This chapter reviews the relevant microanatomy and physiology of pulmonary lobules. Specific pathologic terms are defined and discussed. Different types of pathologic presentations and types of nodules are discussed, including the importance of size and location within the lung. Differential causes for common parenchymal lung diseases are discussed.
An Overview of Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry Responses to Photovoltaic Faults

Spread spectrum time domain reflectometry (SSTDR) is a broadband electrical reflectometry technique that has been used to detect and locate faults on live electrical systems, including photovoltaic systems. In this article, we evaluate the detectability and localizability from both existing literature and our own measurements using SSTDR of open-circuit faults, connection faults, short-circuit faults, ground faults, arc faults, shading faults, bypass diode faults, and accelerated degradation faults in PV cells and mini-modules. Reflection magnitudes for these faults are compared. Preliminary data on buried and grounded PV cable along with arc fault detection are presented.
Disengagement Is as Revealing as Prosocial Action for Young Children's Responding to Strangers in Distress: How Personal Distress and Empathic Concern Come into Play.

In a paradigm of simulated stranger distress designed to elicit empathic arousal, this study examined multiple elements of responding in 61 preschoolers. Disengagement from stranger distress was un...