cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frequency and significance of bone marrow involvement by metastatic solid tumors

We have evaluated 3,620 bone marrow aspirates from 2,877 patients with solid tumors for the presence of clinically unsuspected metastasis. All aspirates were obtained from the iliac crest as part of the prechemotherapy workup and processed as smear and paraffin sections of the clot. Of the 2,877 patients, 263 (9.1%) showed metastatic tumor. Of these, metastasis was most frequent in neuroblastoma (48.2%), Ewing's sarcoma (35.5%), oat cell carcinoma (20.7%), prostate carcinoma (20.3%), breast carcinoma (19.6%), squamous cell carcinoma of the lung (15.7%), rhabdomyosarcoma (16.2%), and melanoma (6.8%). In most instances (92%), tumor cells were demonstrated simultaneously on both smears and clot sections. However, in lung and breast carcinoma, metastasis was noted more frequently in clot sections, while smears were superior for detecting both neuroblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma. The prognostic significance of bone marrow involvement in 83 patients with state IV malignant melanoma scheduled for immunochemotherapy was investigated. In 39 patients (Group B, no bone marrow infiltration), the median survival was 59 weeks. In 44 patients (Group A, infiltrated bone marrow), the median survival was 6 weeks. Although bone marrow metastasis did not preclude response to immunochemotherapy, after 40 weeks only two patients of Group A were still alive, compared to 16 in Group B. This study demonstrates the usefulness of combining clot section and smear examinations for increased detection of unsuspected bone marrow metastasis and suggests the prognostic significance of bone marrow involvement in malignant melanoma.
CONCILIATION, CONFLICT, OR COMPLEMENTARITY: RESPONSES TO THREE VOICES IN THE HINDUISM AND SCIENCE DISCOURSE

This essay is a response to three review articles on two recently published books dealing with aspects of Hinduism and science: Jonathan Edelmann's Hindu Theology and Biology: The Bhāgavata Purāṇa and Contemporary Theory, and my own, Hindu Perspectives on Evolution: Darwin, Dharma and Design. The task set by the editor of Zygon for the three reviewers was broad: they could make specific critiques of the two books, or they could use them as starting points to engage in a broad discussion of Hinduism and science, or religion and science in general. In my response, I first provide a fairly detailed reply to David Gosling's many critiques of my book, and in the process call into question his Advaitic conciliation of Hinduism and science. Thomas Ellis's thesis of basic incompatibility between Hinduism and science is much closer to my own viewpoint. One of the main objectives of my book was to explain and illustrate this incompatibility with specific regard to Hindu and Darwinian perspectives on evolution. In this essay I provide a few examples in support of Ellis's incompatibility thesis, encompassing both epistemological and metaphysical dissonances. Finally, I reflect upon Varadaraja V. Raman's wide-ranging exposition on the all-encompassing nature of the Hindu tradition that readily accommodates both religious and scientific quests for knowledge. Raman uses the two books only as starting points for his own thoughts, without reference to my book. I confine myself, accordingly, to a brief critique of his complementarity approach to Hinduism and science, and of his radical inclusivism that enfolds basically all philosophical positions into the warm embrace of the Hindu tradition, including even the extreme antireligious materialism of the Cārvāka.
Nodal Temperature Estimation Algorithms for Nonlinear Thermal Network Models

Algorithms for estimating temperatures at arbitrary nodes of steady-state thermal network models, given noisy measured values of a subset of the nodes of the network, are described. Applications where temperature estimation is desired include correlation of test and analysis results, thermal-stress estimation, and others. An optimization problem is formulated to recover the temperatures at the unobservable nodes. This problem is an example of nonlinear, least-squares minimization with a single quadratic constraint (imposed by the measured data) and is solved with the method of Lagrange multipliers. New algorithms are developed that find local minima of the cost functional through a Newton-type iteration procedure. At each iteration a least-squares problem with a quadratic inequality is solved with a fast and memory-efficient method. The proposed algorithms are shown to be at least an order of magnitude faster than standard algorithms. Their accuracy and speed are examined through a series of tests on thermal models from ongoing NASA missions
A model of convection-induced oscillatory structure formation in peritectic alloys

In the two-phase region of a peritectic system, experimental studies have shown that the primary phase (α) often forms a large treelike structure that is surrounded by peritectic phase (β). The formation of this novel structure has been attributed to the presence of convection in the liquid. Here, specific physical mechanisms of convection-induced treelike structure formation are proposed. A mathematical model based on advection-diffusion of solute, with prototype flows for advection, is presented and solved numerically to show that an oscillating fluid motion can give rise to a complex oscillatory, treelike structure. Three different regimes are established: diffusive, steady convective, and unsteady convective regimes. In the diffusive regime, a banded structure is predicted within a narrow composition range, and the spacing of the bands is dictated by the nucleation undercoolings of the two phases. Under steady convection, the primary phase transforms into the peritectic phase with a curved α:β interface. Finally, in the presence of oscillating convection, a treelike shape of the primary phase is predicted, as observed experimentally.
Enzymic isoprenylation of tryptophanyl cyclic dipeptides by Aspergillus amstelodami

Abstract Cyclo - l -prolyl- l -tryptophanyl, a component of several metabolites of Aspergillus ustus and cyclo - l -alanyl- l -tryptophanyl were compared as co-substrates with 3-methyl-2-butenyl-[1- 3 H ]-1-pyrophosphate for an enzyme from A. amstelodami which previously had been described to isoprenylate cyclo - l -alanyl- l -tryptophanyl. Both compounds were equally active as isoprene acceptors using the A. amstelodami enzyme. The mass spectrum of the isoprenylated cyclo - l -prolyl- l -tryptophanyl indicated that the product was a monoisoprenylated derivative of the starting cyclic dipeptide. The most probable structure for this enzymic product is cyclo - l -prolyl-2(1,1-dimethylallyl)- l -tryptophanyl. The cyclo -pentylidene analogue of 3-methyl-2-butenyl-1-pyrophosphate did not serve as an alkylating agent when cyclo - l -alanyl- l -tryptophanyl was used as co-substrate.
Spatial Designs and Properties of Spatial Correlation: Effects on Covariance Estimation

In a spatial regression context, scientists are often interested in a physical interpretation of components of the parametric covariance function. For example, spatial covariance parameter estimates in ecological settings have been interpreted to describe spatial heterogeneity or “patchiness” in a landscape that cannot be explained by measured covariates. In this article, we investigate the influence of the strength of spatial dependence on maximum likelihood (ML) and restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimates of covariance parameters in an exponential-with-nugget model, and we also examine these influences under different sampling designs—specifically, lattice designs and more realistic random and cluster designs—at differing intensities of sampling (n=144 and 361). We find that neither ML nor REML estimates perform well when the range parameter and/or the nugget-to-sill ratio is large—ML tends to underestimate the autocorrelation function and REML produces highly variable estimates of the autocorrelation function. The best estimates of both the covariance parameters and the autocorrelation function come under the cluster sampling design and large sample sizes. As a motivating example, we consider a spatial model for stream sulfate concentration.
Gap states of iodine-doped β-carotene

Abstract The absorption spectra of both neutral and iodine-doped β-carotene in p-xylene solution are reported for the spectral range 0.5 to 4 eV. The neutral β-carotene spectrum exhibits a π–π ∗ absorption band with a clear vibronic structure. The 0–0 transition appears at 2.53 eV and the vibronic separation is 0.17 eV. The iodine-doped absorption spectrum shows a reduced π–π ∗ absorption band and, in addition, a mid-gap absorption band centered at 1.3 eV. No ESR signal is observed for either the neutral or doped β-carotene in p-xylene solution. We discuss doping models of the β-carotene molecule to account for the observed data.
Long-term outcomes of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for pediatric chronic ulcerative colitis

Abstract Background: Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is the surgical treatment of choice for patients with chronic ulcerative colitis (CUC). In the pediatric population, short-term outcomes of IPAA are excellent but long-term data limited. The purpose of this study is to report long-term functional and quality of life outcomes of IPAA in pediatric patients. Methods: Functional outcomes and quality of life (QoL) following IPAA in patients ≤18years of age were prospectively assessed by survey over a 30year period. Preoperative information, chronic pouchitis and pouch loss were retrospectively reviewed. Results: Over 30years, 202 children with CUC underwent IPAA. Questionnaires were returned by 87% and median (range) survey follow-up was 181.5 (7.8–378.5) months. Postoperative day and night-time stool frequency did not increase over time though incontinence increased slightly. Quality of life (QoL) was generally excellent and stable over time. Crohn's disease (CD) was diagnosed in 33 (16%) patients during the follow-up period. Chronic pouchitis occurred in 22 patients and pouch failure in 13 patients. Kaplan Meier estimates of pouch survival at 20years were 61% for patients with CD and 92% for CUC. Conclusions: Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis has long-term durability as a cure for pediatric chronic ulcerative colitis, with most patients reporting stable bowel function and QoL. Chronic pouchitis and pouch failure affect a minority of patients and require further study.
Identification of a novel nutrient-deprivation-induced Sinorhizobium meliloti gene (hmgA) involved in the degradation of tyrosine.

Summary: Sinorhizobium meliloti strain N4 carries a Tn5luxAB insertion in a gene which is induced by nitrogen and carbon deprivation as well as in the presence of tyrosine. The Tn5luxAB-tagged locus was found to share significant similarity with the human hmgA gene and the corresponding Aspergillus nidulans gene, encoding the enzyme homogentisate dioxygenase, which is involved in the degradation of tyrosine. Extended DNA sequence analysis of the tagged locus revealed the presence of several ORFs, including one encoding a polypeptide sharing a high degree of similarity with human and fungal maleylacetoacetate isomerases. Strain N4 was found to be unable to use tyrosine as carbon source, to lack homogentisate dioxygenase activity, to produce a melanin-like pigment and to be affected in stationary-phase survival. This is believed to be the first report of a hmgA-homologous gene in bacteria.
From Zygote to Morula: Fortifying Weakened ASLR on Android

There have been many research efforts to secure Android applications and the high-level system mechanisms. The low-level operating system designs have been overlooked partially due to the belief that security issues at this level are similar to those on Linux, which are well-studied. However, we identify that certain Android modifications are at odds with security and result in serious vulnerabilities that need to be addressed immediately. In this paper, we analyze the Zygote process creation model, an Android operating system design for speeding up application launches. Zygote weakens Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) because all application processes are created with largely identical memory layouts. We design both remote and local attacks capable of bypassing the weakened ASLR and executing return-oriented programming on Android. We demonstrate the attacks using real applications, such as the Chrome Browser and VLC Media Player. Further, we design and implement Morula, a secure replacement for Zygote. Morula introduces a small amount of code to the Android operating system and can be easily adopted by device vendors. Our evaluation shows that, compared to Zygote, Morula incurs a 13 MB memory increase for each running application but allows each Android process to have an individually randomized memory layout and even a slightly shorter average launch time.
A candidate pair of standard targets for calibrating a scientific echo sounder over the frequency band 80–130 kHz

The potential design of a new scientific echo sounder, with nominal operating frequency band 80–130 kHz, raises the question of its calibration. It is proposed that this be done by the standard-target method. Based on an earlier study, which optimized a pair of solid elastic spheres for a broadband multibeam sonar with operating frequency band 70–120 kHz [Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/OCEANS.2006.306944], a new target pair is specified by scaling considerations. Using the respective center frequencies of the two bands, the diameters of the new standard spheres of tungsten carbide with 6% cobalt binder are roughly 19/21 of the previous diameters, 75 and 84 mm, hence 68 and 76 mm. The broadband target strengths of the two targets are computed over a range of environmental conditions, proving their robustness.
Ureogenesis in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis jugularis

Abstract 1. Arginase activity (EC 3.5.3.1) in homogenates of Lymnaea stagnalis digestive gland has been re-examined and further characterized. 2. Ornithine transcarbamylase (EC 2.1.3.3) was demonstrable in CTB homogenates of digestive using glycylglycine buffer at pH 8·3. 3. Metabolism of citrulline to arginine, characteristic of tissues with urea cycle activities, could not be demonstrated in vitro uisng digestive gland homogenates in a system similar to the “overall” system of Ratner less ATP-generating components.
Nitric Oxide Inhibition Normalizes Splenocyte Interleukin-10 Synthesis in Murine Thermal Injury

Objective: To examine the effect of nitric oxide inhibition on cytokine production and immunologic function in a murine thermal-injury and an alcohol (ETOH)–ingestion model. Design: Randomized controlled experiment. Setting: University surgical research laboratory. Animals: Forty male Balb/C mice. Interventions: Animals were randomized to four groups: normal saline solution—sham (NS-sham), ETOH-sham, NS-burn, and ETOH-burn. Animals received 20% ETOH or NS daily for 14 days by gavage. A 20% full-thickness burn was induced 4 hours after the last dose of ETOH or NS was administered. Animals were killed 4 days after the burn was induced. Main Outcome Measures: Splenocytes were harvested and stimulated with the mitogens lipopolysaccharide or concanavalin A. These mitogen-stimulated splenoctye cultures had the addition of exogenous N-monomethyl-L-arginine (2.5 or 10 μg/mL), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Splenocyte production of interleukin-10 (IL-10), interferon-γ, nitrite, and prostaglandin E 2 were measured, and lymphocyte proliferative response was examined. Results: Interleukin-10 and interferon-γ production were significantly suppressed in thermal injury, and lymphocyte proliferative response was markedly reduced. Exogenous N-monomethyl-L-arginine normalized splenocyte IL-10 production in a dose-dependent manner in NS-burn and ETOH-burn groups, improved lymphocyte proliferative response, and significantly decreased splenocyte nitrite production. Interferon-γ release was not up-regulated by N-monomethyl-L-arginine. Conclusions: Thermal injury is associated with a suppression of splenocyte IL-10 production and lymphocyte proliferative response. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis normalized IL-10 production and significantly improved splenocyte proliferative response. These data suggest that nitric oxide is an important modulator of cytokine regulation and immunologic function in thermal injury, thereby ultimately influencing host defense. (Arch Surg. 1994;129:1276-1283)
Registration of TAM 01E-22 Upland Cotton Germplasm Line with Improved Fiber Bundle Strength

TAM 01E-22 upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) germplasm line (Reg. No. GP-889, PI 652865) was developed by the Cotton Improvement Laboratory, Department of Soil and Crop Sciences and released in 2007 by Texas AgriLife Research. TAM 01E-22 exhibits high volume instrument (HVI) Upper Half Mean fi ber length and HVI fi ber bundle strength exceeding the best medium staple uplands commonly grown by Texas producers for these traits. All other HVI fi ber properties are within acceptable ranges and lint yield potential is lower than current cultivars.
Patient compliance; wherefore art thou?

In April of this year, a policy meeting was held to review the scientific literature and garner expert opinions regarding the effectiveness and appropriateness of opioid contracts/agreements betwee...
Random shearing direction models for isotropic turbulent diffusion

Recently, a rigorous renormalization theory for various scalar statistics has been developed for special modes of random advection diffusion involving random shear layer velocity fields with long-range spatiotemporal correlations. New random shearing direction models for isotropic turbulent diffusion are introduced here. In these models the velocity field has the spatial second-order statistics of an arbitrary prescribed stationary incompressible isotropic random field including long-range spatial correlations with infrared divergence, but the temporal correlations have finite range. The explicit theory of renormalization for the mean and second-order statistics is developed here. With e the spectral parameter, for −∞<e<4 and measuring the strength of the infrared divergence of the spatial spectrum, the scalar mean statistics rigorously exhibit a phase transition from mean-field behavior for e<2 to anomalous behavior for e with 2<e<4 as conjectured earlier by Avellaneda and the author. The universal inertial range renormalization for the second-order scalar statistics exhibits a phase transition from a covariance with a Gaussian functional form for e with e<2 to an explicit family with a non-Gaussian covariance for e with 2<e<4. These non-Gaussian distributions have tails that are broader than Gaussian as e varies with 2<e<4 and behave for large values like exp(−C c |x|4−e), withC c an explicit constant. Also, here the attractive general principle is formulated and proved that every steady, stationary, zero-mean, isotropic, incompressible Gaussian random velocity field is well approximated by a suitable superposition of random shear layers.
Minimum harmonic detection order for Rayleigh resolution in modulation spectroscopy

Wavelength Modulation Spectroscopy (WMS) utilizes low frequency modulation of the probe, followed by synchronous detection at the modulation frequency or at one of the harmonics. WMS provides a particularly useful tool for resolving highly disparate overlapping lines, because the high-order derivative-like structure of higher harmonics results in an enhancement of features, not possible with conventional ("direct") absorption spectroscopy. An important question, not yet systematically addressed in the literature is, "Given that in any measurement seeking to resolve overlapping spectra there is always a minimum harmonic detection order, how does one determine this order?" To address this issue, a Rayleigh-like criterion is defined and used to determine when two lines are barely resolved. Shannon's information theoretical principles are then used to calculate the information obtained when overlapping spectra are barely resolved at a particular harmonic. The results obtained allow one to predict the minimal harmonic detection order that should be used to resolve overlapping lines.
Metallabenzenes and Valence Isomers. 3. Unexpected Rearrangement of Two Regioisomeric Iridabenzenes to an (η5-Cyclopentadienyl)iridium(I) Complex

The reaction of (Z)-1-phenyl-2-(trimethylsilyl)-3-(2-lithiovinyl)cyclopropene (4) with Vaska's complex generates the iridabenzvalene 8, the iridabenzene 9, and the cyclopentadienyl complex 10 in a 10:2:3 ratio. Heating this mixture to 75 °C converts 8 and 9 to 10. NMR studies over a 24 h period at 75 °C show that samples containing pure 8 isomerize to 10 in high yield and generate regioisomeric iridabenzene 11 as an intermediate.
Active Implementation Frameworks for Successful Service Delivery: Catawba County Child Wellbeing Project.

Traditional approaches to disseminating research based programs and innovations for children and families, which rely on practitioners and policy makers to make sense of research on their own, have...
THE CHARACTERS OF KUPFFER CELLS LIVING IN VITRO

The Kupffer cells procured from the liver of the rabbit and dog for culture in vitro have the typical characters of clasmatocytes. They are readily discriminated from the monocytes washed from the liver with them; and they have certain peculiar features which suffice to differentiate them from some at least of the clasmatocytes of other organs. Their surface is extraordinarily sticky,-far more so than that of blood leukocytes or of the clasmatocytes found in peritoneal exudates; and in consequence they are exceedingly difficult to handle in vitro. They put forth enormous, pellucid, circular membranes resembling those of exudate clasmatocytes but larger. Splenic clasmatocytes, on the other hand, put forth rather small, one-sided ground-glass membranes like broad tongues. On comparing them with Kupffer cells and exudate clasmatocytes one perceives that they are not wholly identical in their characters, but have secondary peculiarities. However, there exist good morphological reasons for grouping them together and terming them all reticulo-endothelial. Kupffer cells are notably sensitive to injury, surviving in Tyrode solution for a much shorter time than blood leukocytes. However, they can be readily cultured on lens paper in serum. Under such circumstances they scatter on the fibres and live separately, presenting the same general aspect as when in the liver; but in the course of proliferation they soon lose some of their pronounced characters, retaining such as are common to clasmatocytes in general. A considerable population of ordinary leukocytes exists in the hepatic sinuses over and above those circulating in the blood. During infection, their number may greatly increase. Several cubic centimeters of packed white cells have been obtained from the liver of a sick dog. The fact has been realized that leukocytes may stop a while in the liver, yet the extent of the accumulation which sometimes takes place seems deserving of stress.
In vitro studies of the effect of MAb NDA 4 linked to toxin on the proliferation of a human EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid B cell line and of gibbon MLA leukemia cell line

The rejection of allografts is mediated by cytolytic T cells and antibody-secreting B cells. Selective ablation of these activated cells from peripheral blood lymphocytes may offer a a method of controlling allograft rejection. An immunotoxin was prepared from the monoclonal antibody (mAb) NDA 4, which recognizes a differentiation antigen (NDA 4) common to activated B and T cells. MAb NDA 4 was conjugated to the ribosome-inhibiting protein gelonin via a cleavable disulfide bond provided by a crosslinking reagent. The purified immunotoxin was evaluated for in vitro cytotoxicity on NDA 4 positive T and B cell lines. Conjugation of mAb NDA 4 to gelonin increased the in vitro cytotoxicity by a concentration factor of 1000, compared to gelonin alone. The specificity and saturability of mAb NDA 4 binding, as well as the number of antigenic sites per cell on resting versus activated T lymphocytes, were also evaluated. Resting T cells expressed 400-800 sites per cell. PHA-activated T cells and the MLA T cell leukemia expressed 10,000 to 80,000 sites per cell. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from allografted baboons in quiescence or undergoing rejection were compared for NDA 4 expression by flow cytometry. Lymphocytes obtained from baboons rejecting a heart allograft expressed NDA 4, whereas transplant recipients in quiescence showed no detectable NDA 4. These results suggest that mAb NDA 4-derived immunotoxins may be valuable for the selective depletion of activated lymphocytes while sparing the resting population.
R-Smad Competition Controls Activin Receptor Output in Drosophila

Animals use TGF-β superfamily signal transduction pathways during development and tissue maintenance. The superfamily has traditionally been divided into TGF-β/Activin and BMP branches based on relationships between ligands, receptors, and R-Smads. Several previous reports have shown that, in cell culture systems, “BMP-specific” Smads can be phosphorylated in response to TGF-β/Activin pathway activation. Using Drosophila cell culture as well as in vivo assays, we find that Baboon, the Drosophila TGF-β/Activin-specific Type I receptor, can phosphorylate Mad, the BMP-specific R-Smad, in addition to its normal substrate, dSmad2. The Baboon-Mad activation appears direct because it occurs in the absence of canonical BMP Type I receptors. Wing phenotypes generated by Baboon gain-of-function require Mad, and are partially suppressed by over-expression of dSmad2. In the larval wing disc, activated Baboon cell-autonomously causes C-terminal Mad phosphorylation, but only when endogenous dSmad2 protein is depleted. The Baboon-Mad relationship is thus controlled by dSmad2 levels. Elevated P-Mad is seen in several tissues of dSmad2 protein-null mutant larvae, and these levels are normalized in dSmad2; baboon double mutants, indicating that the cross-talk reaction and Smad competition occur with endogenous levels of signaling components in vivo. In addition, we find that high levels of Activin signaling cause substantial turnover in dSmad2 protein, providing a potential cross-pathway signal-switching mechanism. We propose that the dual activity of TGF-β/Activin receptors is an ancient feature, and we discuss several ways this activity can modulate TGF-β signaling output.
Direct interaction between Rsc6 and Rsc8/Swh3, two proteins that are conserved in SWI/SNF-related complexes

The RSC complex of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is closely related to the SWI/SNF complex. Both complexes are involved in remodeling chromatin structure and they share conserved components. The RSC proteins Sth1, Rsc8/Swh3, Sfh1 and Rsc6 are homologs of the SWI/SNF proteins Swi2/Snf2, Swi3, Snf5 and Swp73 respectively. To investigate the RSC complex, we isolated a temperature-sensitive swh3 allele. A screen for multicopy suppressors yielded plasmids carrying the RSC6 and MAK31 loci. RSC6 also suppressed the formamide sensitivity of a strain with a C-terminal truncation of SWH3 . We show that Swh3 and Rsc6 fusion proteins interact in the two-hybrid system and that the swh3-ts mutation impairs this interaction. Finally, bacterially produced Swh3 and Rsc6 fusion proteins interact in vitro , supporting the genetic evidence for direct interaction between Swh3 and Rsc6 in vivo . We have previously shown that Swh3 also interacts with Sth1. These findings, together with the conservation of these proteins in the SWI/SNF complex and in mammalian SWI/SNF-related complexes, strongly suggest that these proteins form a structural core for the complex.
The management of resistant fluid-retention states with intravenous L-arginine monohydrochloride in combination with mercurial diuretics.

Abstract The daily intravenous administration of a large dose of l -arginine monohydrochloride is a safe and effective method of producing hyperchloremic acidosis and restoring responsiveness to mercurial diuretics in patients with refractory retention of fluid due to hepatic cirrhosis or congestive heart failure. Results obtained with 5 patients thus treated, and the advantages of this agent in certain clinical situations, are discussed.
SLUCUBE: Innovative high performance nanosatellite science and technology demonstration mission

Abstract The Space Systems Research Laboratory (SSRL) at Saint Louis University is developing SLUCUBE nanosatellite as part of the space mission design program. The objective of the mission is to demonstrate space capability of high performance nanosatellite components that has been developed at SSRL for the past three years. The objective of the program is to provide extremely low-cost and rapid access to space for scientists and commercial exploitation using commercial-off-the-shelf components. SLUCUBE is a double CubeSat with dimensions 10×10×20 cm and a mass of 2 kg. This nanosatellite features suite of technology demonstration components to enlarge the capability of space mission for such class of spacecrafts. The primary mission of SLUCUBE is to test and demonstrate several enabling technologies by flying a number of university developed high performance components. This paper describes the new developed technologies by providing details of specific components developed along with the R&D efforts and laboratory facilities. A brief discussion about the student involvement and educational benefits will also be presented.
Calibration of the DRASTIC ground water vulnerability mapping method

Ground water vulnerability maps developed using the DRASTIC method have been produced in many parts of the world. Comparisons of those maps with actual ground water quality data have shown that the DRASTIC method is typically a poor predictor of ground water contamination. This study significantly improved the effectiveness of a modified DRASTIC ground water vulnerability map by calibrating the point rating schemes to actual ground water quality data by using nonparametric statistical techniques and a geographic information system. Calibration was performed by comparing data on nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen (NO2 + NO3-N) concentrations in ground water to land-use, soils, and depth to first-encountered ground water data. These comparisons showed clear statistical differences between NO2 + NO3-N concentrations and the various categories. Ground water probability point ratings for NO2 + NO3-N contamination were developed from the results of these comparisons, and a probability map was produced. This ground water probability map was then correlated with an independent set of NO2 + NO3-N data to demonstrate its effectiveness in predicting elevated NO2 + NO3-N concentrations in ground water. This correlation demonstrated that the probability map was effective, but a vulnerability map produced with the uncalibrated DRASTIC method in the same area and using the same data layers was not effective. Considerable time and expense have been out-laid to develop ground water vulnerability maps with the DRASTIC method. This study demonstrates a cost-effective method to improve and verify the effectiveness of ground water vulnerability maps.
Management and organizational changes in banking: a comparison of regulatory intervention with private creditor actions in nonbank firms

Abstract A key component of proposals for the mandatory closure of inadequately capitalized institutions is the requirement that management be replaced in any institution that fails to be recapitalized. The rationale for limiting regulatory discretion is that without rules, regulators will forbear. While regulators appear unwilling to impose losses on uninsured depositors, we present evidence that regulators act decisively in imposing penalties on managers of banks that perform poorly. We find that management-borne costs of poor performance are at least as great in banking as in other industries and that the costs of distress in banking increased during the 1980s.
Synthesis of D-ribitol 5-phosphate by an inorganic pyrophosphate-ribitol phosphotransferase activity of microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase.

Abstract 1. 1.Liver microsomal preparations have been shown to catalyze the stereospecific synthesis of a ribitol phosphate from ribitol and inorganic pyrophosphate (PP i ). 2. 2.The compound formed has been isolated as a lithium or barium salt and identified as d -ribitol 5-phosphate ( l -ribitol 1-phosphate). Thus the enzyme activity is specific for that primary hydroxyl group of ribitol which corresponds, from the viewpoint of the meso C atom at C-3, to that hydroxyl group of glycerol which is similarly phosphorylated to give glycerol 1-phosphate ( d -α-glycerophosphate). 3. 3.The ribitol phosphate produced from ribitol with ATP and the l -ribulokinase of Aerobacter aerogenes has been identified as d -ribitol 5-phosphate. 4. 4.Glucose is a competitive inhibitor for the synthesis of ribitol phosphate by PP i -ribitol phosphotransferase activity, while ribitol inhibits the synthesis of glucose 6-phosphate non-competitively. 5. 5.The hydrolysis of PP i , which proceeds simultaneously with synthetic phosphotransferase activity, is accelerated by ribitol, as by glycerol, whereas it is inhibited greatly by glucose and slightly by ribose. 6. 6.The four pentitols, under identical conditions, serve as acceptors for phosphotransferase activity from PP i at varying rates: d -arabitol > ribitol > l -arabitol > xylitol . 7. 7.In the livers of fasted and alloxan diabetic rats the levels of enzyme activity are greatly elevated over those found in normal fed animals. In vitro the enzyme is activated by pretreatment of microsomal preparations by NH 4 OH or by detergents. These properties, as well as the kinetics of the enzyme reaction, support the conclusion that PP i -ribitol phosphotransferase activity is a property of the same particulate, membrane bound enzyme which is responsible for glucose-6-phosphatase and PP i -glucose (or glycerol) phosphotransferase activities.
Electroless deposition of amorphous Ni–Re–P alloys from acidic hypophosphite solutions

Abstract Amorphous Ni–Re–P alloys of varying composition (at.% rhenium 0.0–3.5%) were prepared using electroless deposition from acidic solutions of Ni 2+ , perrhenate, hypophosphite and succinic acid/succinate. A pH of 4.5 produced deposits more readily than other pH values. All of the alloys prepared in this study were amorphous and the crystallization temperatures of the alloys increased with increasing rhenium (decreasing phosphorus) composition. The composition of each alloy was determined using microprobe analysis and varies as a function of solution composition. The mole ratio of rhenium to nickel in the alloys is approximately one half the value for that ratio in the solution from which it is deposited.
Drawing Chemical Equipment with Adobe Illustrator, Part 2: Creating and Modifying Shapes

Adobe Illustrator CS3 provides tools that let authors of chemistry textbooks and laboratory manuals create complex drawings and publish their own original material. Part 2 of this three-part tutorial focuses on shapes.
Beyond Cross-Language Transfer: Reconceptualizing the Impact of Early Bilingualism on Phonological Awareness

This study investigates effects of early bilingualism on phonological awareness that are abstract and beyond cross-language transfer. It extends the scope of previous research by systematically examining hypotheses derived from structural sensitivity theory. The theory postulates that having access to two languages renders structural similarities and differences between languages more salient, thus allowing bilingual children to form representations of language structure at a more abstract level. About 200 bilingual and monolingual kindergartners, first-graders, and second-graders in Taiwan participated in experiments taking into account the syllable structures, the phoneme inventories, and the phonotactics of the bilinguals' two languages. Findings from the study provide empirical support for structural sensitivity theory and indicate the need to reconceptualize the bilingual effect on metalinguistic development beyond cross-language transfer.
THE IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL SUPPORT FOR RURAL MENTAL HEALTH

While the mentally ill are considered to be vulnerable as a group, those who are mentally ill and reside in rural communities are at a greater disadvantage due to limited access to health care, a scarcity of resources, and traditional cultural belief systems. Social support has been found to have a direct effect on the well-being of families and individuals. Specific strategies are presented which will assist rural health nurses in providing the support systems necessary to help rural residents in managing and coping with stress and mental health problems.
Autoradiographic study of the decidual cell reaction in the rat.

Abstract The epithelium or the periluminal stromal cells of pregnant or pseudopregnant uteri were selectively labeled by giving a local injection of thymidine- 3 H on different days after induction of pregnancy or pseudopregnancy and before decidualization. The epithelium was labeled when the injection was done on days 1–3, the stroma on day 4 or 5. Radioautographs of these uteri were studied after a decidual reaction had developed. The label was found on the decidual cells when originally the periluminal stromal cells had been labeled. When instead the epithelium was initially labeled, the label was not seen in the decidual cells, but only on fragments of epithelial cells. The role of mitosis in the formation of the decidual reaction is examined and the hormonal meaning of the day 4 change from epithelial to stromal DNA synthesis discussed.
Kinetics of Ultrasonic Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil

This study reports the kinetics of ultrasonic transesterification of waste cooking oil into fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). Direct sonication of waste cooking oil under controlled external temperatures was performed. Transesterification kinetics under the influence of direct sonication was studied using eight different individual reaction orders with respect to waste cooking oil and methanol. The results show that reaction temperature has a very small effect on the transesterification reaction under direct sonication. The reaction rate constants for different temperatures (35, 45, 55, and 65°C) are determined as: 10.642 g2 mol−2 min−1; 7.053; 7.9727; 10.971 g mol−1 min−1 respectively and the activation energy of the ultrasonic transesterification of waste cooking oil was 19,645 J mol−1 K−1. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 1051–1058, 2014
Demographic implications of the biological determinants of female fecundity

(1975). Demographic implications of the biological determinants of female fecundity. Social Biology: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 17-22.
Environmental aspects of fibrous glass production and utilization.

Abstract The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health is studying facilities manufacturing and using both large and small diameter glass fibers, with major emphasis on evaluating the levels of worker exposure to respirable fibers. Results of the studies show that worker exposure to respirable fibers in small diameter fiber operations, such as the manufacture of high temperature insulation and filtration paper, to be many orders of magnitude higher than that in conventional insulation, textile, and reinforced plastic operations.
Symmetric social choices and collective rationality

Abstract A social choice function C defined on the m -element subsets of a set X for n voters assigns a non-empty subset C ( A,R ) of A to each pair ( A,R ) in which ¦ A ¦ = m , A X , and R is an n -tuple of voter preference orders on X . When n > 2, 3 ⩽ m X ¦, and C satisfies natural conditions of independence, symmetry among voters and alternatives, and collective rationality, it is proved that C is completely indecisive in the sense that C ( A,R ) = A for all ( A,R ). This non-binary result complements a binary ( m = 2) result proved by Hanson. It suggests that there is a fundamental incompatibility between collective rationality and conditions designed to assure equitable treatment of voters and of alternatives.
Micro and semimicro determination of sulfur in organic compounds by potentiometric titration with lead perchlorate

A method for the micro- and semimicro-determination of sulfur in organic compounds is described. After combustion in an oxygen-flask, the sulfur-containing species are oxidized to sulfate with sodium nitrite. The sulfate is titrated potentiometrically with 0.01M lead perchlorate in a 60% 1,4-dioxane solution at pH 4 to 6.5. A lead ion-specific electrode is used in conjunction with an expanded-scale pH meter to monitor the emf. Results are within the ±0.3% absolute limits considered acceptable for microanalysis. Halogens do not interfere. The interference of fluoride is eliminated by complexation with boric acid. If, in addition to sulfur, both fluorineand chlorine are present, the former is removed by acidification with perchloric acid. Phosphorus interferes and must be separated prior to sulfur analysis.
Microspectrophotometry of nuclear DNA during the early development of a sea urchin, a sand dollar, and their interordinal hybrids.

Abstract Reciprocal, interordinal hybrids were studied using two-wavelength microphotometry. The DNA content of whole embryos and of single cells was investigated. The results are reported as follows: 1. 1. The growth of whole hybrid and parent embryos is described in terms of the number of genome equivalents (nuclei) per embryo as a function of time after fertilization. 2. 2. The relative DNA content per cell was estimated for hybrids and parents. The distribution of values for DNA per cell is presented as a function of the time after fertilization. Early developmental stages remain somewhat synchronous; later stages show increasingly larger proportions of the cell populations in the G 0 or G 1 stage of the cell cycle. 3. 3. There is no evidence for gross endopolyploidization or massive chromatin loss in most of the cells of both parents and their hybrids. The hybrids, however, show more evidence for limited heteroploidy than either parent. 4. 4. The results of the present experiments are compared with observations of others investigating different echinoid hybrids.
Mitochondrial toxins in models of neurodegenerative diseases. I: in vivo brain hydroxyl radical production during sytemic MPTP treatment or following microdialysis infusion of methylpyridinium or azide ions

Mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) function is selectively reduced in multiple tissues, including brain, from patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The ETC defects are specific to each illness, involve complex I in PD and complex IV in AD, are transferable with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and lead to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mtDNA-deficient clonal neuronal cells hybridized with mtDNA ('cybrids') from PD or AD patients. C57BL/6 mice treated with MPTP developed elevated tissue hydroxyl radical ('OH) levels in striatum and ventral midbrain but not cerebellum. In brain microdialysis in awake rats, striatal 'OH output increased 3-5-fold after infusion of methylpyridinium ion (MPP+), a complex I inhibitor, or sodium azide, a complex IV inhibitor. Elevated 'OH after MPP+ was blocked stereospecifically by infusion of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor nitro-L-arginine or by the NMDA channel blocker MK801. Neither NOS inhibition nor NMDA blockade altered azide-induced 'OH production. ETC inhibition in vivo increases production of toxic 'OH, but the underlying mechanisms vary as a function of which ETC complex is inhibited. These results support the concept of developing oxygen free radical scavengers for both AD and PD and further suggest that inhibition of NOS and blockade of NMDA receptor function may alter progression of idiopathic PD.
Role of vacuolar ATPase in the trafficking of renal type IIa sodium-phosphate cotransporter.

Background/Aims: Total body phosphate homeostasis is regulated by expression of type IIa sodium phosphate cotransporter (NpT2a) in the apical membrane (BBM) of renal proximal tubule cells. NpT2a expression is regulated by dietary phosphate and PTH but the mechanisms for trafficking of the protein are unknown. Based on 2D gel electrophoresis and mass spectroscopy data that changes in dietary phosphate stimulated changes in BBM expression of vacuolar H+-ATPase, we hypothesized that vacuolar H+-ATPase plays a significant role in regulation of NpT2a in opossum kidney (OK) cells, a model for renal proximal tubule transport. Methods: Role of vacuolar H+-ATPase was studied in opossum kidney (OK) cells by examining the effect of inhibition of vacuolar H+-ATPase on Pi uptake and NpT2a expression. Results: Pretreatment of OK cells with bafilomycin A1 and concanamycin A, inhibitors of vacuolar H+-ATPases, blocked high phosphate- and PTH-induced degradation of NpT2a, but had no effect on high phosphate or PTH induced inhibition of sodium-dependent phosphate transport. Exposure of the cells to bafilomycin A1 significantly decreased phosphate transport and apical membrane expression of NpT2a. Treatment with brefeldin A, an inhibitor of Golgi transport, decreased phosphate transport and apical membrane expression of NpT2a while treatment of cells with both brefeldin A and bafilomycin A1 had no additive effect. Conclusion: We conclude that vacuolar H+-ATPase plays a significant role in exocytosis of NpT2a into the apical membrane and in degradation of NpT2a but has no role in endocytosis.
Incidence, prognosis, and etiology of end-stage liver disease in patients receiving home total parenteral nutrition.

Abstract Background: Elevations in liver function tests have been reported in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN). The clinical aspects of end-stage liver disease (ESLD) associated with the prolonged use of home TPN have not been fully clarified. In previous series patients with duodenocolostomies appeared to be at higher risk than persons with some jejunum or ileum remaining in situ. Methods: The records of 42 patients treated with home TPN for more than 1 year were examined. This constituted 283 person-years of home TPN. Patients with duodenocolostomies were examined as a separate group on the basis of the literature experience. Results: Six of 42 patients who received chronic home TPN had ESLD with 100% subsequent mortality, at an average of 10.8 ± 7.1 months after the initial bilirubin elevation. Thirteen of 42 patients had superior mesenteric artery or vein thrombosis (SMT) leading to duodenocolostomy. In 8 of these 13 patients with SMT and underlying inflammatory or malignant disorder, 2 had ESLD. The remaining 5 SMT patients who had only minimal liver enzyme elevation over 13.6 ± 6.7 (range 3 to 19) years of home TPN were significantly younger (36 ± 7 years vs 64 ± 13 years) and did not have underlying inflammation either by clinical diagnosis or as reflected in the high normal serum albumin level (≥4.0 g/dL). Despite their extreme short bowel syndrome and long exposure to home TPN, ESLD did not develop. Conclusions: Approximately 15% of patients who receive prolonged TPN have ESLD with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The combination of chronic inflammation and the short bowel syndrome appears to be necessary for the development of ESLD with prolonged home TPN. (Surgery 1999;126:28-34.)
Introduction to the Special Issue on Analytics in Sports, Part I: General Sports Applications

Sports is a rapidly growing application area for analytics. The use of analytics is pervasive in the professional sports community as evidenced by the increased role for those practicing sports analytics in front-office management and coaching. Part I of this Special Issue on Analytics in Sports is devoted to the application of a variety of methodologies to a broad range of sports. The papers analyze golf, hockey, baseball, motorcycle racing, and college football. The methodologies employed draw from many areas of analytics including optimization, probabilistic modeling, and choice models.