cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct current bias studies on (Bi2O3)0.8(Er2O3)0.2 electrolyte and Ag-(Bi2O3)0.8(Er2O3)0.2 cermet electrode

Abstract 20 mol% erbia stabilized bismuth oxide (ESB) in the cubic fluorite structure is one of the highest oxygen ion conductors known. On annealing at temperatures below the transition temperature (∼600 °C), a fast continuous decay in oxygen ion conductivity occurs which has been attributed to the occupational and positional ordering on the oxygen ion sublattice. The reverse transition is characterized by the enthalpy required to disorder the ordered lattice. This study looked into the effect of direct current bias on the ordering kinetics of ESB solid electrolytes using symmetrical cells consisting of Ag–ESB cermet electrodes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies showed that on isothermal annealing at 500 °C, the current bias does not have a significant effect on the conductivity decay, though the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies showed that under bias the endotherm related with the reverse transition appeared at shorter annealing time periods. Ag–ESB electrodes showed good performance, though were unstable at 625 °C under higher bias currents due to the Ag electromigration along with the oxygen flux.
PEDIATRIC HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) INFECTIONS: FACTORS INFLUENCING CASE IDENTIFICATION AND PROGNOSIS

PEDIATRIC HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) INFECTIONS: FACTORS INFLUENCING CASE IDENTIFICATION AND PROGNOSIS
The Role Played by Strain Fields, Dislocation Arrays, and Domain Boundaries During the Catalytic Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes

Ex-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed on catalytically-grown multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), leading to the identification of two types of catalyst-nanotube wall interfaces – respectively characterized by a quasi-spherical, low aspect ratio particle closer to the nanotube root and by a tapered, high aspect ratio particle farther away from it. The nanotubes exhibit two distinct types of boundaries between crystalline domains with different orientations – twist and twin boundaries in correspondence with quasi-spherical particles and tilt boundaries in correspondence with the tapered particles. TEM evidence suggests that the domain boundaries maintain a rather steady position coupled to the catalytic particles, while the carbon atoms diffuse along the nanotube axis away from the particles. From these considerations, it is possible to conclude that the relative movement of the carbon atoms with respect to the dislocation lines comprising the nanotube domain boundary located at the catalyst-wall interface is a significant mechanism for nanotube crystal growth mainly driven by surface diffusion. The results are interpreted in light of the concurrence of base- and tip- growth for the catalytic synthesis of nanotubes dominated by surface diffusion.
Russia's Passive Army Rethinking Military Coups

Military coups are considered most likely when state political capacity is low and the army's corporate interests are threatened. However, these conditions are also frequently present in situations...
Acute abdominal pain as a leading symptom for Degos' disease (malignant atrophic papulosis)

We report a case of a 16-yr-old white female patient with acute abdominal pain due to visceral involvement of Degos' disease that required extensive small bowel resection. Skin manifestations of her disease had been present for 2 yr before the correct diagnosis. She died as a result of central nervous system involvement from Degos' disease.
The accumulation of mercury by the thornback ray, Raja clavata L.

Abstract The accumulation of inorganic and organic mercury by the thornback ray has been studied using 203 HgCl 2 and CH 3 203 HgCl. Observations have been made on the rates of intake and loss of 203 Hg, from both labelled food and sea water, and the internal distributions of the isotope compared with that of total mercury. Both forms were readily absorbed from sea water. Retention of the two forms from food was, however, dissimilar in that, in contrast to inorganic mercury, methylmercury was readily absorbed and only slowly eliminated. The results are compared with data on the accumulation of mercury by the plaice.
Rocket observation of the NII 2143A dayglow

The slant column emission rate of the NII 2143A doublet airglow has been determined to be 333 + or - 67 Rayleighs at a zenith angle of 87.6 deg by means of rocketborne spectrometry, at an altitude of 200 km. The photoionization of molecular nitrogen by solar extreme-UV radiation, and the photoelectron impact excitation of molecular nitrogen, are suggested as excitation mechanisms for the phenomenon.
Transcriptional regulation of the lung fatty acid synthase gene by glucocorticoid, thyroid hormone and transforming growth factor-β1

Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of lung surfactant. FAS expression in fetal lungs is increased by glucocorticoids and this effect is largely due to increased transcription. The stimulatory effect of glucocorticoid on FAS expression is antagonized by thyroid hormone and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1). To determine the glucocorticoid responsive regions of the FAS gene we employed deletion analysis and reporter gene assays. A549 cells were transfected with various FAS gene constructs ligated to the firefly luciferase gene and cultured with dexamethasone (Dex) for 24 h after which luciferase activity was measured. Dex increased luciferase expression in response to a fragment in the promoter and 5'-flanking region of the FAS gene, from -1592 to +65 bp. This increase was antagonized by triiodothyronine (T(3)) and TGF-beta 1. Serial deletions showed that the full response to Dex and T(3) were retained in the 89 bp -33/+56 bp fragment whereas the response to TGF was mediated by the immediately upstream -104/-34 bp sequence. The Dex responsive region of the FAS gene could not be separated from the minimal promoter showing that they are intimately associated. The extents of Dex stimulation and antagonism by T(3) and TGF in A549 cells were similar to those noted on parameters of FAS expression in fetal lung explants. These data show that the effects of Dex, T(3) and TGF on FAS expression are mediated by DNA sequences in the promoter region of the gene.
A Green Approach to Separate Spinach Pigments by Column Chromatography

Chromatography has been a fundamental technique used for chemical separation that dates back to the 1850s. Specifically, column chromatography, typically taught in introductory organic chemistry laboratories, traditionally involves the use of halogenated or harmful solvents, which novice students often overuse. This situation runs contrary to the principles of responsible chemical and waste management emphasized by the green chemistry movement. Since this movement began, conventional means of separation using harmful solvents have been modified to emphasize the need for safer, less hazardous materials and the generation of such waste. The current experiment emphasizes the green chemical principles of renewable feedstocks and recycling to minimize waste, while simultaneously introducing or reinforcing common organic techniques, including solvent extraction, column chromatography, and thin-layer chromatography for the isolation and identification of photosynthetic pigments from spinach leaves. Students gain...
Seasonal dynamics of water and air chemistry in an indoor chlorinated swimming pool.

Abstract Although swimming is known to be beneficial in terms of cardiovascular health, as well as for some forms of rehabilitation, swimming is also known to present risks to human health, largely in the form of exposure to microbial pathogens and disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Relatively little information is available in the literature to characterize the seasonal dynamics of air and water chemistry in indoor chlorinated swimming pools. To address this issue, water samples were collected five days per week from an indoor chlorinated swimming pool facility at a high school during the academic year and once per week during summer over a fourteen-month period. The samples were analyzed for free and combined chlorine, urea, volatile DBPs, pH, temperature and total alkalinity. Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry (MIMS) was used to identify and measure the concentrations of eleven aqueous-phase volatile DBPs. Variability in the concentrations of these DBPs was observed. Factors that influenced variability included bather loading and mixing by swimmers. These compounds have the ability to adversely affect water and air quality and human health. A large fraction of the existing literature regarding swimming pool air quality has focused on trichloramine (NCl 3 ). For this work, gas-phase NCl 3 was analyzed by an air sparging-DPD/KI method. The results showed that gas-phase NCl 3 concentration is influenced by bather loading and liquid-phase NCl 3 concentration. Urea is the dominant organic-N compound in human urine and sweat, and is known to be an important precursor for producing NCl 3 in swimming pools. Results of daily measurements of urea indicated a link between bather load and urea concentration in the pool.
Transrectal ultrasonography of the prostate.

Transrectal prostatic ultrasonography has been performed in 203 patients within the last year. This new diagnostic modality has proven reliable in quantitating decrease in volume of the primary tumor following therapy in 71% of patients with prostatic carcinoma (10 of 14 patients) in whom long-term follow-up is available. In 12 patients staged prior to radical prostatectomy, prostatic ultrasonography was extremely valuable in detecting capsular involvement. This new diagnostic modality has significantly enhanced the staging capabilities in patients with localized prostatic carcinoma. Cancer 53:1369-1372, 1984.
A New View of the Origin of the Deuteronomic Credo

first of all the fruit of the ground is to be handed over at the chosen place of worship It is a token that Israel has now entered the land promised to the fathers. In this ceremony there is a recital of a few past events in the nation's history. There is mention of the Aramean father who had been an outcast; how he went down to Egypt and, becoming a nation, in turn, prospered, became enslaved, was rescued, and received the land. Certain questions are noteworthy. Why is a historical summary of past events linked with an offering of firstfruits? Also, why is there a reference to the outcast or wandering Aramean father? Another puzzling question for many scholars is the lack of a reference to the law-giving at Sinai. In this article I put forward certain observations, not fully noted so far, but which do give clear answers to these questions, amounting to a new view of the Deuteronomic credo. Gerhard VON RAD'S work on 'the little historical credo' of Deut.
Renal disease appears not to affect carcinogenesis in CD151-null mice.

As published in Oncogene,1 CD151 null mice were backcrossed four generations onto the FVB/N genetic background to increase chemical carcinogenesis sensitivity.2 Although CD151-null mice can have substantial kidney pathology in the FVB/N background,3, 4 we are confident that kidney pathology is not a major confounding issue in our studies of CD151 in a skin chemical carcinogenesis model,1 and in an ErbB2 transgene expression model.5
Oxidative and nonoxidative decarboxylation of N-Alkyl-N-phenylglycines by horseradish peroxidase. Mechanistic switching by varying hydrogen peroxide, oxygen, and solvent deuterium.

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) typically oxidizes aniline derivatives using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. The action of HRP on N-alkyl-N-phenylglycine derivatives 1b−1e (PhN(R)CH2COOH; R = Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, respectively) is highly unusual if not unique. Under standard peroxidatic conditions (HRP/H2O2/air), the major product (ca. 70%) is the secondary aniline 2b−2e (PhNHR) resulting from the expected oxidative decarboxylation process, but a significant amount (ca. 30%) of the related tertiary aniline PhN(CH3)R (3b−3e) arises from an unexpected nonoxidative decarboxylation process. Under anaerobic, peroxide-free conditions only the tertiary anilines 3b−3e are formed in a reaction that is extremely rapid compared to those in which H2O2, molecular oxygen, or both are present. In D2O buffers, the product is exclusively the monodeutero tertiary aniline PhN(CH2D)R and the reaction is much slower (k(H2O)/k(D2O) = 5.7), suggesting that a proton transfer step is substantially rate-limiting in turnover. It is pr...
Female Sexual Subjectivity and Verbal Consent to Receiving Oral Sex

Women are less likely than men are to report receiving oral sex from their partners. Elements of sexual subjectivity may have implications for women's communication of consent to specific sexual acts. Sexually active women (n = 237) between 18 and 71 years of age (M = 28.85 years) completed an online survey measuring sociodemographic variables, entitlement to pleasure from partner, self-efficacy in achieving sexual pleasure, and consent communication at last receptive oral sex event. Participants were predominantly White (84.8%, n = 201) and in exclusive or monogamous sexual relationships (54.9%, n = 130). The authors used a 4-step test of mediation to determine whether self-efficacy in achieving sexual pleasure mediated the relation between entitlement to pleasure from partner and verbal consent communication. Self-efficacy emerged as a significant predictor of verbal consent communication (p .05), indicating full mediation. Therefore, entitlement to pleasure predicted verbal consent to oral sex as a function of self-efficacy in achieving sexual pleasure. Sex-positive educational interventions may improve disparities between men and women in receiving oral sex from their partners. Results of this study offer insight into the ways in which culture-level forces affect interpersonal and intraindividual sexual health behaviors.
COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF PARGYLINE AS AN ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT.

Abstract Pargyline is a potent antihypertensive drug with a predominantly orthostatic antihypertensive effect. The accompanying use of a thiazide diuretic increases the response in the supine position, reduces the dosage requirement of the drug, and thereby decreases the incidence of accompanying side reactions. The antihypertensive potency of pargyline is similar to that of guanethidine, and both are more potent than methyl dopa when these agents are used singly. In contrast with the cardiac hemodynamic response elicited by guanethidine, neither pargyline nor methyl dopa reduces cardiac output. On the other hand, methyl dopa has a more beneficial renal hemodynamic effect. In general, pargyline and guanethidine can be recommended for severe hypertensive situations, whereas methyl dopa has greater application in less severe hypertensive states and in cases of renal hypertension.
Intelligent vision systems using dynamic neural networks

The design of a silicon eye using dynamical neural networks. Our silicon eye is capable of not only able to compensate for defocus, but it can also compensate for other aberrations including astigmatism, coma, and spherical aberrations. In addition, the silicon retina acts as a reconfigurable dynamic neural network to enable real-time image processing. The silicon eye uses three key enabling technologies. First, high-speed active pixel photo-diodes are used as photo-detectors for both imaging and for wavefront sensing. The design of the active pixel photo- detectors is described along with experimental results characterizing their performance. Second, the analog signals received from the photo-detectors and processed by the active pixel circuitry is fed into a smart vision chip. The smart vision chip is a reconfigurable neural network capable of real-time reconstruction of the phase information associated with the imaging system. The micro mirrors are active optic devices that can be used to compensate for optical aberrations. Experimental results obtained from the circuit implementation of the dynamical network networks are presented. The experimental results obtained from our intelligent vision system demonstrate that dynamical neural networks offer advantages in speed, cost, size, and power consumption.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
In-beam implantation of iron into germanium, silicon and diamond studied by the Mössbauer effect

The Mossbauer effect of57Fe implanted into diamond structure semiconductors, Ge, Si and C, has been studied by in-beam implantation of57Fe ions, which were excited to the 14 keV state by a35Cl beam from a tandem Van de Graaff accelerator. The time between the stopping of the57Fe nucleus and the emission of the 14 keV γ-ray is determined by the lifetime (140 ns) of the 14 keV state. In each material the Mossbauer spectrum exhibits a doublet with velocity coordinates (in mm/s) at room temperature, relative to a sodium ferrocyanide absorber, as follows: diamond (−0.99, 1.10), silicon (−0.80, 0.21), and germanium (−0.88, −0.02). In silicon and germanium crystals the spectra were observed over the temperature range between 13 K and 870 K. The relative line intensities changed dramatically and the positions of the lines shifted systematically with temperature. In addition, channelling studies were made on iron that had been implanted into silicon.
AN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK ALGORITHM FOR DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING

An artificial neural network (ANN) formulation for solving the dynamic programming problem (DPP) is presented. The DPP entails finding an optimal path from a source node to a destination node which minimizes (or maximizes) a performance measure of the problem. The optimization procedure is implemented and demonstrated using a modified Hopfield–Tank ANN. Simulations show that the ANN can provide a near-optimal solution during an elapsed time of only a few characteristic time constants of the circuit for DPPs with sizes as large as 64 stages with 64 states in each stage. An application of the proposed algorithm to an optimal control problem is presented. The proposed artificial neural network dynamic programming algorithm is attractive due to its radically improved speed over conventional techniques especially where real-time near-optimal solutions are required.
A Search for Seismic Waves from the Impact of the SL/9 R Fragment

Abstract Jupiter was observed in the aftermath of its impact with fragment R of Comet Shoemaker–Levy/9 to search for seismic waves excited by the collision. Observations were made in the 7.8 μm methane emission band with the MIRAC2 camera at the IRTF in an attempt to detect the local perturbation to the equilibrium stratospheric temperature profile induced by the wave. Detection of a jovian seismic wave would provide the tightest constraint to date on interior models of Jupiter. Seismic waves were detected in neither direct images of the planet nor in a composite time–distance diagram which utilizes all of the available imagery. This non-detection allows us to place an upper limit on the energy of the fragment R impact of 1 × 10 28 erg, assuming a seismic wave excitation efficiency of 15%.
Automation of Layer 7 DDoS Attacks and Post Forensic Analysis of Server Logs

Application layer (L7) Distributed Denial of Service attacks are becoming more common and an emerging threat to legitimate sites. The goal of these attacks is to prevent legitimate users from accessing a website. Due to the nature of the attacks, the low rate, and the sophisticated imitation of user behavior from automated bots, it is difficult to diagnose these on time. There is an evolving 'industry' of blackmailing and using these attacks for illegal profit [1]. Even though L7 DDoS attacks are a serious threat, studying and experimenting with them is challenging. Organizations do not share server logs because of privacy concerns. Furthermore, implementing these attacks requires instrumentation and real testbeds in order to produce realistic attacks for analysis. Therefore, it is difficult to evaluate mitigation and detection techniques. Our contribution is twofold. First, we have developed a set of testbeds on the GENI (Global Environment for Network Infrastructure) cloud infrastructure [2] to facilitate research and development of detection and mitigation techniques of L7 DDoS attacks. Second, we have used a library of attacks to perform post forensic analysis and classify L7 DDoS attacks based on their individual characteristics. Our work automates and simplifies log generation of L7 DDoS attacks for research and experimentation, as well as provides criteria to detect abnormal requests using a library of attacks.
TRACHEAL ASPIRATE (TA) LECITHIN SPHINGOMYELIN RATIO (L/S) AND RECOVERY FROM RDS

Previously we have demonstrated that changing TA L/S were associated with survival from RDS. In this current report L/S of serial TA obtained during the first 120 hrs. of life were examined in 30 infants with severe RDS requiring endotracheal intubation. The infants were divided into two groups by survival: survivors (S), n=19; non-survivors (NS), n=ll. The means of all L/S values per day in infants with at least three samples per 24 hr. period were calculated. In S 10/14 (71%), 10/12 (83%) and 9/9 (100%) infants had mean L/S > 2.5 on days 3, 4 and 5 respectively. In NS 1/5 (20%), 1/6 (17%) and 1/7 (14%) infants had mean L/S > 2.5 on days 3, 4 and 5 respectively. This difference was significant by day 4 (p 2.5 by day 4 appears to be a chemical predictor of survival in infants with severe RDS. A significant observation in this study was that the attainment of a TA L/S > 2.5 on day 4 was independent of gestational age. This observation suggests that TA L/S is related to postnatal factors.
Organizational outcomes of creativity

While considerable research has been conducted on creativity, almost no research has been aimed at identifying creative behaviors and outcomes in ongoing organizations. In this study, organizational outcomes of creativity were explored for a sample of 182 scientific and technical employees of a large oil and gas firm. Results indicated that respondents were able to identify key behaviors as indicative of creativity and could identify organizational outcomes of those behaviors reasonably well. A comment on method is made and some practical implications offered.
Rates of hospital-acquired and healthcare-associated MRSA declined in the USA between 2005 and 2008

Commentary on: AJ Kallen, Y Mu, S Bulens, et al..; Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs) MRSA Investigators of the Emerging Infections Program. Health care-associated invasive MRSA infections, 2005–2008. JAMA2010;304:641–8.
Magnetic resonance imaging of an equine fracture model containing stainless steel metal implants

Summary Reasons for performing study Post operative imaging in subjects with orthopaedic implants is challenging across all modalities. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is preferred to assess human post operative musculoskeletal complications, as soft tissue and bones are evaluated without using ionising radiation. However, with conventional MRI pulse sequences, metal creates susceptibility artefact that distorts anatomy. Assessment of the post operative equine patient is arguably more challenging due to the volume of metal present, and MRI is often not performed in horses with implants. Novel pulse sequences such as multiacquisition variable resonance image combination (MAVRIC) now provide improved visibility in the vicinity of surgical-grade implants and offer an option for imaging horses with metal implants. Objectives To compare conspicuity of regional anatomy in an equine fracture-repair model using MAVRIC, narrow receiver bandwidth (NBW) fast spin echo (FSE), and wide receiver bandwidth (WBW) FSE sequences. Study design Nonrandomised in vitro experiment. Methods MAVRIC, NBW FSE and WBW FSE were performed on 9 cadaveric distal limbs with fractures and stainless steel implants in the third metacarpal bone and proximal phalanx. Objective measures of artefact reduction were performed by calculating the total artefact area in each transverse image as a percentage of the total anatomic area. The number of transverse images in which fracture lines were visible was tabulated for each sequence. Regional soft tissue conspicuity was assessed subjectively. Results Overall anatomic delineation was improved using MAVRIC compared with NBW FSE; delineation of structures closest to the metal implants was improved using MAVRIC compared with WBW FSE and NBW FSE. Total artefact area was the highest for NBW FSE and lowest for MAVRIC; the total number of transverse slices with a visible fracture line was highest in MAVRIC and lowest in NBW FSE. Conclusion MAVRIC and WBW FSE are feasible additions to minimise artefact around implants.
Inhaled corticosteroid and children’s growth

No one ever died because they fell 1 cm short of their potential final height, but many families understandably worry about the side effects of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), and may stop ICS treatment in consequence. It is important to state at the outset that reduced linear growth in a child with asthma should not uncritically be attributed to ICS, but should rather lead to a critical re-evaluation of the child. Atopy per se may lead to delay in puberty and a more prolonged prepubertal growth deceleration1; poorly controlled asthma, as with any chronic disease, may lead to growth failure2; and coincidental disease such as growth hormone deficiency should be considered. Indeed, it has been argued that accurate height measurement, with the results plotted on an appropriate centile chart is an essential part of the paediatric asthma clinic.3 Children still do die of asthma attacks, which may result from non-adherence to treatment.4 So it is essential that all professionals treating children with asthma understand the risks of side effects of ICS, and also their benefits, and are able to give balanced and credible reassurance to families. Among the more common family worries about ICS are their effects on final height. There have been numerous ultrashort-term studies measuring tibial length as a surrogate for change in height over time using knemometry, and short-term studies using direct measurement of height, usually using stadiometry.5 ,6 They all illustrate the dictum of the late Professor David Flenley that you cannot do a 5 year study in less than 5 years. However, at long last, and the nearest we are likely to get to a definitive answer, has come from the Children's Asthma Management Program (CAMP) study in the USA. The original question that the …
Risk factors for mortality after the Norwood procedure.

Objectives: Recent studies have suggested that survival following the Norwood procedure is influenced by anatomy and is worse for patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), particularly aortic atresia (AA), as compared to other forms of functional single ventricle and systemic outflow tract obstruction. The current study was undertaken to evaluate our recent experience with the Norwood procedure and to evaluate potential predictors of operative and 1-year mortality. Methods: A retrospective study of risk factors for operative and 1-year mortality in 158 patients undergoing the Norwood procedure between January 1, 1998 and June 30, 2001. Results: HLHS was present in 102 patients (70 with AA) and other forms of functional single ventricle with systemic outflow tract obstruction in the remaining 56. Operative survival was 77% (122/158), 78% for patients with HLHS and 75% for patients with other diagnoses. Multivariable analysis identified birth weight (odds ratio (OR) 0.18/kg, 95% confidence limit (CL) 0.08‐0.42, P , 0:001), associated cardiac anomalies (OR 4.45, 95% CL 1.50‐13.2, P ¼ 0:001), total support time (OR 1.02/min, 95% CL 1.01‐1.03, P ¼ 0:004), and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or ventricular assist device (VAD) support (OR 17.8, 95% CL 4.40‐71.0, P , 0:001) as predictors of operative mortality. The anatomic diagnosis (HLHS versus non-HLHS) was not a predictor of mortality, P ¼ 0:6). The Kaplan‐Meier survival estimate at 1 year was 66% (95% CL 58‐73%) and was not different for patients with HLHS compared to non-HLHS, P ¼ 0:5. For patients who have survived the Norwood procedure, survival to 1 year was 86% (95% CL 78‐91%). Presence of an extra-cardiac anomaly or genetic syndrome (OR 2.70, 95% CL 0.98‐7.41%, P ¼ 0:05) and presence of an additional cardiac defect (OR 3.99, 95% CL 1.67‐9.57, P ¼ 0:002) were predictors of worse survival in the first year of life. Conclusions: The Norwood procedure is currently being applied to a heterogeneous group of patients. Operative and 1-year survival are equivalent for patients with HLHS and those with other cardiac defects. The presence of additional cardiac or extra-cardiac anomalies are predictors of poor outcome. q 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Toenail Nicotine Levels as Predictors of Coronary Heart Disease among Women

The authors assess the ability of toenail nicotine levels as a biomarker to predict incident coronary heart disease (CHD). A nested case-control study was carried out among 62,641 women aged 36-61 years in the Nurses' Health Study cohort who provided toenail clippings in 1982. Between 1984 and 1998, 905 incident CHD cases were diagnosed and matched with two controls by age and date of toenail collection. Using multivariate logistic regression analyses, the authors found a statistically significant dose-response association between increasing toenail nicotine levels and risk of CHD (p(trend) < 0.0001); women in the highest quintile had a relative risk of 3.44 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.56, 4.62) compared with women in the lowest quintile. With each increase in the log-transformed unit of continuous toenail nicotine levels, there was a 42% increase in the risk of CHD (relative risk = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.33, 1.52). The association remained significant when the number of cigarettes smoked and passive smoking were included as covariates (relative risk = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.24). In conclusion, toenail nicotine levels are predictive of CHD among women independent of other risk factors and remained significant even after adjustment for history of cigarette smoking.
Extraversion as a moderator of the cognitive dissonance associated with disagreement

A common finding in research on cognitive dissonance is that people vary in their reactions to dissonance arousing situations. To evaluate whether individual differences in extraversion explain this variation, the authors examined data from a study demonstrating that disagreement within a group creates cognitive dissonance. Participants believed that other members of their group either agreed or disagreed with their own position on an issue of interest to the group. Although those exposed to disagreeing others generally experienced more dissonance discomfort than those exposed to agreeing others, introverts experienced more discomfort than extraverts. As a likely consequence of the dissonance discomfort, introverts also showed more attitude change in the direction of the majority than did extraverts. This study not only demonstrates that extraversion can moderate feelings of cognitive dissonance, it also offers an explanation for this moderation in terms of vulnerability to arousing experiences.
Hyporesponsiveness of the systemic and mucosal humoral immune systems in chickens infected with Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis at one day of age.

Abstract Newly hatched chicks lack immunological maturity, which could compromise their ability to respond to infection by pathogens such as Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (S. enteritidis; SE). A study was conducted in which chicks were infected with a sublethal dose of SE at 1 d posthatch, and the systemic and intestinal immune responses to the challenge were followed over time. Birds infected at this age experienced difficulty in clearing the infection, and 50% of the individual birds remained persistently infected until 23 wk of age. These birds exhibited only a marginal systemic and mucosal humoral immune response to the infection. No response or little response was observed 1 wk postchallenge; responses increased somewhat over time. On many of the sampling times, 50% or more of the culture-positive birds lacked a detectable plasma or intestinal response. Levels of 10(3) to 10(5) SE/g of feces could be found in the intestines of birds eliciting a good IgA response, indicating that, when these birds did respond mucosally, the IgA produced was incapable of clearing the organism once the infection was established. Birds infected during this time also experienced reduced ability to respond to vaccination. Compared with uninfected controls, depressed responsiveness to an S. enteritidis bacterin was observed in infected birds 1 and 2 wk after administration, whereas those individuals receiving an inactivated Newcastle disease vaccine (NDV) experienced a reduced response 4 and 6 wk postvaccination, indicating that the persistent infection affected the ability of the immune system to respond to homologous and heterologous antigens. These results demonstrate that exposure of chickens to SE early in life interferes with the ability of these individuals to respond humorally to the infection and to other antigenic stimuli; such effects can be observed for at least 23 wk.
Region- and Type-Specific Induction of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Post–Myocardial Infarction Remodeling

Background— Induction of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) contributes to adverse remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). Whether a region- and type-specific distribution of MMPs occurs within the post-MI myocardium remained unknown. Methods and Results— Ten sheep were instrumented with a sonomicrometry array to measure dimensions in 7 distinct regions corresponding to the remote, transition, and MI regions. Eight sheep served as reference controls. The relative abundance of representative MMP types and the tissue inhibitors of the MMPs (TIMPs) was quantified by immunoblotting. Segment length increased from baseline in the remote (24.9±5.4%), transition (18.0±2.9%), and MI (53.8±11.0%) regions at 8 weeks after MI (P<0.05) and was greatest in the MI region (P<0.05). Region- and type-specific changes in MMPs occurred after MI. For example, MMP-1 and MMP-9 abundance was unchanged in the remote, fell to 3±2% in the transition, and was undetectable in the MI region (P<0.05). MMP-13, MMP-8, and MT1-MMP incr...
Inferring evolutionary trees with PAUP

This unit provides a general description of reconstructing evolutionary trees using PAUP* 4.0. The protocol takes users through an example analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequence data using the parsimony and the likelihood criteria to infer optimal trees. The protocol also discusses searching options available in PAUP* and demonstrates how to import non-NEXUS formats. Finally, a general discussion is given regarding the pros and cons of the "model-free" and "model-based" methods used throughout the protocol.
Environmental enrichment influences neuronal stem cells in the adult crayfish brain

New neurons are incorporated throughout life into the brains of many vertebrate and nonvertebrate species. This process of adult neurogenesis is regulated by a variety of external and endogenous factors, including environmental enrichment, which increases the production of neurons in juvenile mice and crayfish. The primary goal of this study was to exploit the spatial separation of the neuronal precursor cell lineage in crayfish to determine which generation(s) of precursors is altered by environmental conditions. Further, in crayfish, an intimate relationship between the first-generation neuronal precursors (stem cells) and cells circulating in the hemolymph has been proposed (Zhang et al., 2009). Therefore, a second goal was to assess whether environmental enrichment alters the numbers or types of cells circulating in the hemolymph. We find that neurogenesis in the brains of sexually differentiated procambarid crayfish is enhanced by environmental enrichment as previously demonstrated by Sandeman and Sandeman (2000) in young, sexually undifferentiated Cherax destructor. We also show that environmental enrichment increases the cell cycle rate of neuronal stem cells. Although there was no effect of environment on the overall numbers of cells circulating in the hemolymph, enrichment resulted in increased expression of glutamine synthetase (GS), a marker of the neuronal stem cells, in a small percentage of circulating cells; there was little or no GS immunoreactivity in hemolymph cells extracted from deprived animals. Thus, environmental enrichment influences the rate of neuronal stem cell division in adult crayfish, as well as the composition of cells circulating in the hemolymph. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 351–361, 2011
Extracting and characterizing gene-drug relationships from the literature.

A fundamental task of pharmacogenetics is to collect and classify relationships between genes and drugs. Currently, this useful information has not been comprehensively aggregated in any database and remains scattered throughout the published literature. Although there are efforts to collect this in
Searching for a holistic paradigm and policy guide: a proposal for the future of emergency management

The following article illustrates that whilst the disaster resistant community, disaster resilient community and sustainable development concepts provide many unique advantages for disaster scholarship and management, they fail to sufficiently address each of the hazards, phases, actors, variables and disciplines pertaining to calamitous events. In making this argument, the paper asserts that any future paradigm and policy guide must be built on - yet go further than - comprehensive emergency management. The article also notes the importance of vulnerability as it relates to disasters, and consequently suggests that "invulnerable development" - a process of vulnerability management - is better suited to guide scholarly and practitioner efforts to understand and reduce disasters.
Scavenging in a turbocharged gasoline engine

The phenomenon of air escaping the engine intake directly to the exhaust during valve overlap is commonly known as scavenging. This phenomenon is primarily observed at low-speed, high-load in engines with significant overlap between intake valve opening and exhaust valve closing. Evaluation on a turbocharged-gasoline engine shows increased low-speed torque when operating under scavenging conditions. This paper investigates the occurrence of scavenging and analyzes its consequences. A methodology is presented to infer the amount of scavenging using airflow and in-cylinder pressure measurements. Scavenging increases catalyst exotherm when operating with stoichiometric exhaust. A model is proposed to predict the additional exotherm.
The TEI: History, Goals, and Future

This paper traces the history of the Text Encoding Initiative, through the Vassar Conference and the Poughkeepsie Principles to the publication, in May 1994, of the Guidelines for the Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange. The authors explain the types of questions that were raised, the attempts made to resolve them, the TEI project’s aims, the general organization of the TEI committees, and they discuss the project’s future.
The Subfossil Occurrence and Paleoecological Significance of Small Mammals at Ankilitelo Cave, Southwestern Madagascar

Small mammals are rarely reported from subfossil sites in Madagascar despite their importance for paleoenvironmental reconstruction, especially as it relates to recent ecological changes on the island. We describe the uniquely rich subfossil small mammal fauna from Ankilitelo Cave, southwestern Madagascar. The Ankilitelo fauna is dated to the late Holocene (,500 years ago), documenting the youngest appearances of the extinct giant lemur taxa Palaeopropithecus, Megaladapis, and Archaeolemur, in association with abundant remains of small vertebrates, including bats, tenrecs, carnivorans, rodents, and primates. The Ankilitelo fauna is composed of 34 mammalian species, making it one of the most diverse Holocene assemblages in Madagascar. The fauna comprises the 1st report of the short-tailed shrew tenrec (Microgale brevicaudata) and the ring-tailed mongoose (Galidia elegans) in southwestern Madagascar. Further, Ankilitelo documents the presenc eo f southwestern species that are rare or that have greatly restricted ranges today, such as Nasolo’s shrew tenrec (M. nasoloi), Grandidier’s mongoose (Galidictis grandidieri), the narrow-striped mongoose (Mungotictis decemlineata), and the giant jumping rat (Hypogeomys antimena). A simple cause for the unusual small mammal occurrences at Ankilitelo is not obvious. Synergistic interactions between climate change, recent fragmentation and human-initiated degradation of forested habitats, and community-level processes, such as predation, most likely explain the disjunct distributions of the small mammals documented at Ankilitelo.
The influence of nymphal and adult dietary protein on food intake and reproduction in female brown‐banded cockroaches

Female brown-banded cockroaches, Supella longipalpa (F.) (Dictyoptera : Blattellidae), failed to elevate consumption rates when fed a 5~o protein diet compared with females fed either 25~o protein or commercial rat food. Adult performance was directly influenced by dietary protein level: Females fed 65 ~o protein died rapidly, while in females fed 5 ~o protein feeding and reproductive rates were reduced after production of three oothecae. In females fed a low protein diet as both late instar nymphs and as adults, mating was delayed and they required more time to form oothecae than females switched to 25 ~o protein as adults. The role of nymphal reserves in adult reproduction is discussed.
Analysis and transformation in an interactive parallel programming tool

The ParaScope Editor is a new kind of interactive parallel programming tool for developing scientific Fortran programs. It assists the knowledgeable user by displaying the results of sophisticated program analyses and by providing editing and a set of powerful interactive transformations. After an edit or parallelism-enhancing transformation, the ParaScope Editor incrementally updates both the analyses and source quickly. This paper describes the underlying implementation of the ParaScope Editor, paying particular attention to the analysis and representation of dependence information and its reconstruction after changes to the program.
A 225 MHz resonant clocked ASIC chip

We have recently designed, fabricated, and successfully tested an experimental chip that validates a novel method for reducing clock dissipation through energy recovery. Our approach includes a single-phase sinusoidal clock signal, an L-C resonant sinusoidal clock generator, and an energy recovering flip-flop. Our chip comprises a dual-mode ASIC with two independent clock systems, one conventional and one energy recovering, and was fabricated in a 0.25 /spl mu/m bulk CMOS process. The ASIC computes a pipelined discrete wavelet transform with self-test and contains over 3500 gates. We have verified correct functionality and obtained power measurements in both modes of operation for frequencies up to 225 MHz. In the energy recovering mode, our power measurements account for all of the dissipation factors, including the operation of the integrated resonant clock generator, and show a net energy savings over the conventional mode of operation. For example, at 115 MHz, measured dissipation is between 60% and 75% of the conventional mode, depending on primary input activity. To our knowledge, this is the first ever published account of a direct experimentally-measured comparison between a complete energy recovering ASIC chip and its conventional implementation correctly operating in silicon at frequencies exceeding 100 MHz.
An EGFR targeted PET imaging probe for the detection of colonic adenocarcinomas in the setting of colitis.

Colorectal cancer is a serious complication associated with inflammatory bowel disease, often indistinguishable by screening with conventional FDG PET probes. We have developed an alternative EGFR-targeted PET imaging probe that may be used to overcome this difficulty, and successfully assessed its utility for neoplastic lesion detection in preclinical models. Cetuximab F(ab′)2 fragments were enzymatically generated, purified, and DOTA-conjugated. Radiolabeling was performed with 67 Ga for cell based studies and 64 Cu for in vivo imaging. Competitive binding studies were performed on CT26 cells to assess affinity (KD) and receptors per cell (Bmax). In vivo imaging using the EGFR targeted PET probe and 18 F FDG was performed on CT26 tumor bearing mice in both control and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) induced colitis settings. Spontaneous adenomas in genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models of colon cancer were additionally imaged. The EGFR imaging agent was generated with high purity (> 98%), with a labeling efficiency of 60 ± 5% and ≥99% radiochemical purity. The KD was 6.6 ± 0.7 nM and the Bmax for CT26 cells was 3.3 ± 0.1 × 10 6 receptors/cell. Target to background ratios (TBR) for CT26 tumors compared to colonic uptake demonstrated high values for both 18 F-FDG (3.95 ± 0.13) and the developed 64 Cu-DOTA-cetuximab-F(ab′)2 probe (4.42 ± 0.11) in control mice. The TBR for the EGFR targeted probe remained high (3.78 ± 0.06) in the setting of colitis, while for 18 F FDG, this was markedly reduced (1.54 ± 0.08). Assessment of the EGFR targeted probe in the GEM models demonstrated a correlation between radiotracer uptake in spontaneous colonic lesions and the EGFR staining level ex vivo. A clinically translatable PET imaging probe was successfully developed to assess EGFR. The imaging agent can detect colonic tumors with a high TBR for detection of in situ lesions in the setting of colitis, and opens the possibility for a new approach for screening high-risk patients.
Tenax extraction as a simple approach to improve environmental risk assessments.

It is well documented that using exhaustive chemical extractions is not an effective means of assessing exposure of hydrophobic organic compounds in sediments and that bioavailability-based techniques are an improvement over traditional methods. One technique that has shown special promise as a method for assessing the bioavailability of hydrophobic organic compounds in sediment is the use of Tenax-extractable concentrations. A 6-h or 24-h single-point Tenax-extractable concentration correlates to both bioaccumulation and toxicity. This method has demonstrated effectiveness for several hydrophobic organic compounds in various organisms under both field and laboratory conditions. In addition, a Tenax bioaccumulation model was developed for multiple compounds relating 24-h Tenax-extractable concentrations to oligochaete tissue concentrations exposed in both the laboratory and field. This model has demonstrated predictive capacity for additional compounds and species. Use of Tenax-extractable concentrations to estimate exposure is rapid, simple, straightforward, and relatively inexpensive, as well as accurate. Therefore, this method would be an invaluable tool if implemented in risk assessments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:1445–1453. © 2015 SETAC