cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Basement Membrane Zone Remodeling During Appendageal Development in Human Fetal Skin. The Absence of Type VII Collagen is Associated with Gelatinase-A (MMP2) Activity

Epithelial cell adhesion, migration, and differentiation are controlled by interactions at the basement membrane zone (BMZ). Type VII collagen is the major collagenous component of anchoring fibrils that are essential for the attachment of the epidermis to the dermis. Gelatinase A (MMP-2) is believed to be necessary for the degradation of type VII collagen. In this study we have examined the in vivo distribution of type VII collagen and gelatinase A (Gel A) in the developing human epidermis and its appendages. At 13–15 wk of gestation a marked decrease in type VII collagen immunoreactivity was seen in the BMZ surrounding invading appendageal buds; however, type VII collagen mRNA was strongly expressed in the budding epidermal keratinocytes adjacent to the BMZ. At these stages, Gel A-positive mesenchymal-like cells were found scattered throughout the stroma with numerous Gel A-containing cells in direct contact with the developing appendageal buds. In situ zymography was used to show Gel A-activity in vivo . Gel A-mediated lysis was present at the interface between the appendageal buds and the underlying BMZ. By 20–25 wk of gestational age, immunostaining for type VII collagen protein was absent from the BMZ surrounding the distal portion of invading appendageal epithelial cords of both hair follicles and sweat glands. In contrast, type VII collagen mRNA was present in the basal keratinocytes adjacent to the BMZ surrounding the distal portion of these invading appendageal epithelial cords. At these stages Gel A-positive cells were present in the stroma directly adjacent to the distal portion of developing appendageal cords that lacked type VII collagen. In situ zymography showed zones of Gel A-mediated stromal lysis at the distal portion of developing appendageal cords. Interestingly, no differences were seen in the distribution of type IV collagen in the BMZ of both budding and resting fetal epidermis. These observations suggest that the absence of type VII collagen protein correlates directly with the presence of Gel A-activity at the BMZ. Gel A appears to play a major role in appendageal development and contributes to remodeling of the BMZ during fetal skin morphogenesis.
RESPONSIBILITY AND DISABILITY

: This essay explores the boundaries of the moral community—the collection of agents eligible for moral responsibility—by focusing on those just inside it and those just outside it. In particular, it contrasts mild mental retardation with psychopathy, specifically among adults. For those who work with and know them, adults with mild mental retardation are thought to be obvious members of the moral community (albeit not full-fledged members). For those who work with and theorize about adult psychopaths, by contrast, they are not members of the moral community (albeit not in such a full-fledged fashion as the insane). Both psychopaths and adults with MMR have a disability, and the essay is interested in how disability sometimes exempts one from the moral community and sometimes doesn't. It will be through two associated puzzles that we will eventually come to see the complicated tripartite relation between disability, responsibility, and moral community.
What is the stabilizing interaction with nucleophilic solvents in the transition state for solvolysis of tertiary derivatives: nucleophilic solvent participation or nucleophilic solvation?

We propose that controversy concerning the mechanism for solvolysis at tertiary carbon is semantic and can be avoided by making a clear distinction between (1) nucleophilic solvent participation, which is stabilization of the transition state for concerted solvolysis by formation of a partial covalent bond to the solvent nucleophile, and (2) nucleophilic solvation, which is stabilization of the transition state for stepwise solvolysis through carbocation or ion pair intermediates by charge−dipole interactions with nucleophilic solvents.
Relativistic cross sections for atomic K- and L-shell ionization by protons, calculated from a Dirac-Hartree-Slater model

Abstract Relativistic direct ionization cross sections for proton impact have been computed for atomic K and L shells, with Dirac-Hartree-Slater wave functions. Corrections for binding, polarization, and Coulomb deflection are included. Results are tabulated for proton energies from about 0.1 to 3 MeV, for 27 elements with atomic numbers 22 ⩽ Z ⩽ 92.
Phenotypic heterogeneity of hereditary gynecologic cancers: a report from the Creighton hereditary cancer registry

To determine the validity of observations suggesting a significant dichotomy of gynecologic cancers determined by linkage to specific genetic defects associated with two major autosomal dominant hereditary cancer syndromes; the Creighton University Hereditary Cancer Registry was searched for female carriers of germ line mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2, associated with the Hereditary Breast Ovarian Cancer syndrome, and in the mismatch repair (MMR) genes MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6, associated with Lynch syndrome, who were registered with invasive uterine, ovarian, fallopian tube or peritoneal cancers between January 1, 1959 and December 31, 2010. From 217 such cases, a total of 174 subjects, consisting of 95 BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers and 79 carriers of mutations in MMR genes, were identified who had current signed Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act forms and complete primary diagnostic pathology reports and clinical records. Data meticulously extracted from these cases were categorized and statistically analyzed. There were highly significant differences between carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations and carriers of MMR gene mutations in the proportion of serous carcinomas compared with endometrioid carcinomas of the uterus, including cervix and endometium (p < 0.002), ovaries (p < 0.001) and overall, including fallopian tube and peritoneum cancers (p < 0.001). Endometrioid carcinoma was found in one and transitional carcinoma in another of the 14 BRCA1 mutation carriers with fallopian tube cancer, and endometrioid carcinoma was found in two of four MMR gene mutation carriers with fallopian tube cancers. All other fallopian tube cancers were serous carcinomas. Seven BRCA1 and one BRCA2 mutation carriers were diagnosed with primary peritoneal serous carcinoma; no peritoneal carcinomas were registered in MMR gene mutation carriers. Nine of 14 gynecologic cancers with associated endometriosis in mutation carriers were endometrioid or endometrioid mixed carcinomas compared with just three of other histologic types. Primary breast cancers, that characterize the HBOC syndrome, were much more frequent in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers; while multiple gynecologic cancers and associated colorectal and urinary tract cancers, which are features of Lynch syndrome, were more common in MMR gene mutation carriers. Both serous and endometrioid carcinomas were diagnosed in MMR gene mutation carriers at significantly younger ages than in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers (p < 0.0006). These findings confirm a clear dichotomy of uterine, ovarian and fallopian tube cancers associated with inheritance of mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 contrasted with inheritance of MMR gene mutations. This opens possibilities for new approaches to molecular genetic research into carcinogenic pathways and raises important new considerations regarding counseling, screening, prophylaxis and treatment of mutation carriers.
Distribution of δ opioid receptor immunoreactivity in the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus and intergeniculate leaflet

The hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is innervated by a dense plexus of enkephalin-containing axons originating from cells in the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) of the thalamus. However, the distribution of opioid receptors within the hamster SCN has not been reported. Opioid receptors consist of three primary subtypes: mu, delta and kappa opioid receptors. Enkephalins have the highest affinity for delta opioid receptors. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the distribution of delta opioid receptor immunoreactivity in the hamster SCN and the IGL of the thalamus. Coronal sections of the hamster hypothalamus inclusive of the SCN or thalamic regions containing the IGL were prepared at specific times of the day and labeled with anti-delta opioid receptor polyclonal antisera using standard immunohistochemical techniques. delta opioid receptors were heavily distributed within rostral-caudal regions of the SCN, with the densest labeling located in the ventral and medial regions of the mid-SCN. Similar patterns of labeling were observed for tissue prepared during mid-day or mid-night times. In contrast, delta opioid receptor immunoreactivity only sparsely labeled cells in the IGL. Cellular staining in all regions appeared as dark punctate labeling surrounding cells, indicative of terminal boutons. Therefore, it is suggested that delta opioid receptors are located presynaptically on axon terminals within the hamster SCN and IGL. These results suggest that delta opioid receptors may play a role in modulating circadian rhythms generated within the SCN, possibly by regulating transmitter release within the nucleus.
Terminal Schwann Cells Participate in Neuromuscular Synapse Remodeling during Reinnervation following Nerve Injury

Schwann cells (SCs) at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) play active roles in synaptic homeostasis and repair. We have studied how SCs contribute to reinnervation of NMJs using vital imaging of mice whose motor axons and SCs are transgenically labeled with different colors of fluorescent proteins. Motor axons most commonly regenerate to the original synaptic site by following SC-filled endoneurial tubes. During the period of denervation, SCs at the NMJ extend elaborate processes from the junction, as shown previously, but they also retract some processes from territory they previously occupied within the endplate. The degree of this retraction depends on the length of the period of denervation. We show that the topology of the remaining SC processes influences the branching pattern of regenerating axon terminals and the redistribution of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs). Upon arriving at the junction, regenerating axons follow existing SC processes within the old synaptic site. Some of the AChR loss that follows denervation is correlated with failure of portions of the old synaptic site that lack SC coverage to be reinnervated. New AChR clustering is also induced by axon terminals that follow SC processes extended during denervation. These observations show that SCs participate actively in the remodeling of neuromuscular synapses following nerve injury by their guidance of axonal reinnervation.
Copper and nickel partitioning in iron meteorites

Trace element analyses using proton induced X-ray emission and synchrotron X-ray fluorescence have been made on metal and troilite from nine iron meteorites representing five geochemical groups. Nickel and copper distribution coefficients D (troilite/metal) vary by factors of 600 and 20, respectively, correlate positively with kamacite bandwidth and correlate negatively with bulk nickel content. Meteorites with bulk Ni of less than 10 percent have Cu-enriched troilite while those with Ni greater than 10 percent have Cu-depleted troilite. Since magmatic evolution and partial melting will produce Cu-enriched troilite only, the observation of Cu-depleted troilite in Ni-rich meteorites is evidence for subsolidus reequilibration, a process which reduces D(Cu) by transfer of Cu to exsolving metal. Elemental redistribution may have played an important role in establishing the present chemical trends in iron meteorites.
Exposure-response effects of inhaled sulfur mustard in a large porcine model: a 6-h study

Context: Inhalation of sulfur mustard (HD) vapor can cause life-threatening lung injury for which there is no specific treatment. A reproducible, characterized in vivo model is required to investigate novel therapies targeting HD-induced lung injury.Materials and methods: Anesthetized, spontaneously breathing large white pigs (∼50 kg) were exposed directly to the lung to HD vapor at 60, 100, or 150 µg/kg, or to air, for ∼10 min, and monitored for 6 h. Cardiovascular and respiratory parameters were recorded. Blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected to allow blood gas analysis, hematology, and to assay for lung inflammatory cells and mediators. Urine was collected and analyzed for HD metabolites. Histopathology samples were taken postmortem (PM).Results: Air-exposed animals maintained normal lung physiology whilst lying supine and spontaneously breathing. There was a statistically significant increase in shunt fraction across all three HD-exposed groups when compared with air controls at...
An analysis of the selective effects of NCR with punishment targeting problem behavior associated with positive affect

Among individuals with developmental disabilities and behavioral problems, self-injury and aggression are often associated with negative affect such as crying. In the current report, we present data on two children who displayed problem behaviors (screaming and self-injury) that were often associated with positive affect. In contrast to their other problem behaviors that were socially mediated, these behaviors were maintained independent of social consequences. One concern about treating problem behavior associated with positive affect is that the treatment may produce generalized reductions in positive affect. In both cases presented in the current study, the reductive effects of a treatment targeting these behaviors were highly selective, producing decreases in screaming and self-injury, while minimally affecting affect. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrating Couple Teamwork Conversations Into Child Welfare Practice

ABSTRACT This article summarizes the importance of and challenges to addressing couple teamwork issues in the child welfare population. Although there is substantial evidence to support the importance of healthy adult relationships for child well-being and the prevention of child maltreatment, there are a number of barriers to addressing these couple relationships in child welfare. These barriers include diverse family configurations and uncertain relationship commitments, the individual presentation of maltreatment, and worker discomfort with these issues. Additionally, there are few relationship programs designed specifically for low income individuals, and a number of policy and environmental constraints affect couple relationships in this population. However, building upon a comprehensive practice model for child welfare known as Solution Based Casework, this article describes casework skills to initiate and maintain couple teamwork conversations. These initiation skills include assessing patterns in ...
Divergent roles of sphingosine kinases in kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), produced by sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) or kinase 2 (SphK2), mediates biological effects through intracellular and/or extracellular mechanisms. Here we determined a role for these kinases in kidney injury of wild-type mice following ischemia–reperfusion. SphK1 but not SphK2 mRNA expression and activity increased in the kidney following injury relative to sham-operated animals. Although SphK1 −/− mice had no alteration in renal function following injury, mice with a disrupted SphK2 gene ( SphK2 tr/tr ) had histological damage and impaired function. The immune-modulating pro-drug, FTY720, an S1P agonist failed to provide protection in SphK2 tr/tr mice. Injured kidneys of these mice showed increased neutrophil infiltration and neutrophil chemokine expression along with a 3- to 5-fold increase in expression of the G-protein-coupled receptor S1P 3 compared to heterozygous SphK2 +/tr mice. Kidney function and reduced vascular permeability were preserved in S1P 3 −/− compared to S1P 3 +/− mice after ischemia–reperfusion injury, suggesting increased S1P 3 mRNA may play a role in the injury of SphK2 tr/tr mice. Our study suggests that constitutive expression of SphK2 may contribute to reduced ischemia–reperfusion injury of the kidney, and its absence may enhance injury due to increased neutrophil infiltration and S1P 3 activation. We also confirm that SphK2 is necessary to mediate the protective effects of FTY720.
Experiments on Immunity in the Cotton Rat to the Filarial Worm Litomosoides carinii.

Abstract The percentage development of challenging infections produced in cotton rats which harbored worms from one or more previous infections was significantly lower than that of parallel infections in previously uninfected controls. The worms in the previously infected rats showed a significant retardation of the growth rate as compared with those from the controls when measured by the mean length at 24 or 38 days or by the percentage which had reached the fourth molt by 24 days. Previous introduction of dead larvae, in numbers comparable to the number of live larvae used for the above mentioned immunizing infections, did not produce these effects to a significant degree. Previous introduction of fresh or dried adult worms produced a slight but significant retardation of the growth rate.
Electron Microscopic Visualization of RecT Protein and its Complexes with DNA

Electron microscopy has been used to examine Escherichia coli RecT protein alone and in the complexes it forms with DNA substrates, with which it catalyzes strand exchange in vitro. Negative staining has revealed that the 33 kDa RecT protein monomers form open C-shaped and closed O-shaped particles. RecT protein monomers assemble into donut-shaped oligomers containing seven or eight protein monomers and rod-like structures. When bound to single-stranded DNA, RecT forms highly twisted nucleoprotein filaments that are 18 nm in diameter and have a helical pitch of 10 nm. When added to linear duplex DNA in the presence of active RecE protein (exonuclease VIII), filamentous nucleoprotein complexes are formed on the DNA ends and the DNA molecules are frequently cyclized through protein-protein interactions.
Concepts of Evidence

Alan's skin has yellowed, so on Monday he sees the doctor, who examines him and declares that he has jaundice, i.e., the visible expression of an increased concentration of bilirubin in the blood (which I shall abbreviate as an i.c.b.). Some tests are made as a result of which on Friday, although Alan's yellowness remains, the doctor declares that Alan does not have an i.c.b. but that his yellow skin was produced by a dye with which he was working. On Friday which of the following propositions, if any, should the doctor affirm?
Quantitative assessment of reactive surface area of phlogopite during acid dissolution

The reactive surface area of a dissolving sheet silicate, phlogopite, was quantitatively assessed in experiments performed in the fluid cell of an atomic force microscope at room temperature and pH values of 2 and 5.7. Additional assessment was provided by surface chemical analysis and electron diffraction. Dissolution rates of phlogopite {hk0} edges are in the range of 10−10 moles per square meters per second, two orders of magnitude faster than bulk rates for this mineral. The basal {001} surfaces also show distinct reactivity, although it is short-lived before they become relatively inert. These basal surfaces are shown to leach, hydrate, and expand to an amorphous silica-enriched film.
Activity-Coefficient and Vacancy Flow Effects on Tracer Diffusion Coefficients in Silver-Gold Alloys

In work reported previously, measurements of silver and gold tracer activities were made in silver-gold-alloy Kirkendall diffusion couples in which the tracers were originally placed in the interface. Semilogarithmic plots of these data were straight lines, but the coefficients measured were not self-diffusion coefficients because of the effects of the composition gradient. These straight-line graphs are now explained, and an approximate equation for the diffusion coefficients is derived from the theory reported earlier. Some of the measured values disagree with the calculation and the disagreement is outside of the estimated errors.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCUS OF CONTROL AND MALADAPTIVE FEARS

The Rotter I-E Scale and the Fear Survey Schedule were administered to 205 introductory psychology students. All but one of the 89 items on the fear schedule were related to externality and 66 of these correlations reached statistical significance. Over-all fear as reflected in the total score on the schedule was also significantly related to externality (r = .40, p < .001). Contrary to the hypothesis of Phares (1976), there was no U-shape relationship between locus of control and fear. In general, the results support a linear relationship between externality and fear for college students.
A new design of reverse-flow reactors with enhanced thermal dispersion

Recent research has demonstrated the superiority of reverse-flow catalytic oxidation reactors for the combustion of volatile organic compounds in gaseous industrial effluents, yet widespread industrial use is limited because of its tendency toward thermal runaway. In this paper, runaway is alleviated through a proposed basic redesign of the reactor, where metal rods or pins are imbedded in an optimal configuration within the packed bed. Although the rods only occupy 10% of the bed volume, their presence induces a transient Taylor-Aris thermal diffusivity which is orders of magnitude larger than that of the original bed, and effectively stabilizes the bed against hot spot formation. Analytical design correlations are derived for the optimal insert spacing and reversal time for arbitrary reactions and flow conditions using asymptotic expansion and scaling theories.
Genome-Wide Identification of Allelic Expression in Hypertensive Rats

Background— Identification of genes involved in complex cardiovascular disease traits has proven challenging. Inbred animal models can facilitate genetic studies of disease traits. The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is an inbred model of hypertension that exists in several closely related but genetically distinct lines. Methods and Results— We used renal gene-expression profiling across 3 distinct SHR lines to identify genes that show different expression in SHR than in the genetically related normotensive control strain, Wistar-Kyoto. To ensure robust discovery of genes showing SHR-specific expression differences, we considered only those genes in which differential expression is replicated in multiple animals of each of multiple hypertensive rat lines at multiple time points during the ontogeny of hypertension. Mutation analysis was performed on the identified genes to uncover allelic variation. We identified those genes in which all SHR lines share a single allele of the gene when normotensive co...
Historical hydrographic and hydrologic changes in the San Diego creek watershed, Newport Bay, California

Abstract San Diego Creek drains about 320 km 2 in Orange County, California and presently empties into Newport Bay, an estuary about 50 km south of downtown Los Angeles. European settlement began in the late eighteenth century with cattle ranching. At that time, there were few stream channels across the plain so that runoff from the foothills tended to infiltrate through the fans and move subsurface to the lower elevations of the plain where it created artesian springs and swamps, a sump-like situation because there was no connection with the ocean at that time. With increasing areas of irrigated agriculture and, after c. 1940, increasing urbanization, storm runoff and channel erosion increased rapidly so that Newport Bay began to fill with sediment. This prompted massive remedial action in the 1970s, but there was little appreciation of the historical dimensions of the problem. Specifically, it was not understood that the stream channel system and its connection to Newport Bay were completely artificial and that the eroding channel system was supplying more than half of the sediment moving into the bay. Climatic changes were effective only within the context of human-induced landscape changes. This study demonstrates how rapidly landscape changes can occur and how short can be the collective memory of the natural history of a landscape. It also demonstrates how important historical geography can be to creating that memory. Geomorphically, the study demonstrates the role of base level and channel efficiency, and shows how a sediment sink can be transformed into a sediment source. It also demonstrates that watershed management should be informed by the historical record and landscape measurements, as well as mathematical modeling.
SPNM, a model for predicting sediment, phosphorus, and nitrogen yields from agricultural basins.

: A model called SPNM from the words “sediment-phosphorus-nitrogen model” was developed for simulating agricultural contributions to water pollution. SPNM is designed to predict sediment, P, and N yields for individual storms on small basins and to route these yields through streams and valleys of large basins. Users need no computer programming experience because the model is a problem-oriented computer language. SPNM is useful in planning water resources projects and in research. Tests of the model on a watershed provided realistic results.
Field observation of vortex-and rain-wind-induced stay-cable vibrations in a three-dimensional environment

Excessive wind- and rain-wind-induced vibrations have been a major concern for stays of cable-stayed bridges. This paper presents some characteristics of stay-cable vibrations observed using a long-term full-scale measurement system and attempts to interpret these observations in a three-dimensional cable-wind context. The similarities and differences between vortex-induced vibration and rain-wind-induced vibration are also investigated.
An Examination of Organization-Information System Fit from Perspectives of Technical Fit and User Fit

Information systems have evolved into ubiquitous, Web-based technologies that eliminate the boundaries of time and space, and support higher levels of social interaction. In order to achieve the highest return from information systems, organizations must match the capabilities of technology with their environment. This research proposes a model of Organization-Information System Fit based on task-technology fit and theories of user acceptance. Organization-information system fit may be achieved by balancing technical fit and user fit. Technical fit can be characterized as congruence among process-technology fit and task-technology fit. The idea of user fit is introduced as a moderator of the relationship between technical fit and utilization. Higher degrees of both technical fit and user fit should result in positive impacts on utilization and performance.
Perceptions of Extension and Research Marketing Economists

This research examined whether university extension and research marketing economists have similar or different views regarding marketing strategies, price forecasts, and futures market efficiency. Results from surveys conducted of extension and research marketing economists found that perceptions differed in seven of twelve questions posed to both groups. Three important findings of this study were (a) that both groups tended to not believe in the efficient market hypothesis, (b) that extension and researchers disagreed as to whether marketing strategies should be based on statistically significant findings, and (c) that extension and research economists rarely collaborate.
Using gradients, alignment and proximity to extract curves and connect roads in overhead images

A robust approach for automatically extracting roads from overhead images is developed in this paper. The first step involves extracting a very dense set of edge pixels using a technique based on the magnitude and direction of pixel gradients. In step two, the edges are separated into successive channels of edge orientation that each contain edge pixels whose gradient directions lie within a different angular range. A de-cluttered map of edge curve segments is extracted from each channel, and the results are merged into a single composite map of broken edge curves. The final step divides broken curves into segments that are nearly linear and classifies each segment as connected at both ends or disconnected. A measure of connectability between two disconnected line segments based on proximity and relative alignment is defined mathematically. Each disconnected segment is paired with the disconnected segment that it is most connectable to. Pairs of segments are merged if their separation and misalignment are below thresholds (manually specified at present) and the connectability of the pair is two-way optimal. Extended curve and road extraction examples are provided using commercial overhead images.
Case files of the University of Cincinnati fellowship in medical toxicology: two patients with acute lethal occupational exposure to hydrogen sulfide.

We are presenting cases of 2 employees of a chemical plasticsmanufacturing plant who experienced acute, brief, inhalationalexposure to lethal concentrations of hydrogen sulﬁde in a con-ﬁned space. Eight other coworkers not present in the immediateexposure area also presented to local health care facilities withmild complaints of headache, nausea, and dizziness, but they suf-fered no signiﬁcant sequelae.Patient #1 was a 55-year-old man who, while working in a con-ﬁned space, uncoupled a nozzle from a steam pipe, collapsedwithin one minute, and suffered cardiopulmonary arrest. He had aprior history of asthma, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease,and was taking lisinopril, aspirin, and lipitor. Following chest com-pressions and rescue breathing, both by on-scene responders andEMS, the patient’s blood pressure was 210/110 mmHg, the pulsewas 100 bpm, and ventilation was assisted at 14/minute. On exam-ination, the patient was minimally combative, with a Glasgowcoma score of 6 (E1, V1, M4), with pupils 3mm bilaterally and reac-tive to light. The patient had a small partial-thickness burn to theright chest, presumed to be a thermal burn from steam or the hotpipe. No cyanosis or pulmonary crackles were noted. Because of res-piratory distress, the patient was intubated on-scene using fentanyl,diazepam, and vecuronium by the combined nurse-physician Air EMS ﬂight team. Post-intubation vital signs were as follows:blood pressure 130/69 mmHg, pulse 95 bpm, respirations 14/min(assisted), and oxygen saturation 98% on 100% FiO
Regional membrane specialization in the thin limbs of Henle's loops as seen by freeze-fracture electron microscopy.

Regional membrane specialization in the thin limbs of Henle's loops as seen by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Rat thin limbs of Henle were studied by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Thin limb segments in both short- and long-looped nephrons were identified by previously developed ultrastructural criteria, continuity with known thick segments, and architectural relationships in the outer medulla. Intramembrane particle (IMP) density and the number of intramembrane fibrils comprising the zonula occludens were determined for each morphologically identifiable thin limb segment. The IMP density on the protoplasmic faces of both the luminal and abluminal membranes of the upper portion of the descending thin limb (DTL) of the long-looped nephron is quantitatively greater than in the short looped thin limb, lower portion of long-looped DTL, and in the ascending thin limb. The zonulae occludens in the long-looped upper DTL consists of a single fibril; the long-looped lower DTL contains 3.13 ± 0.14 fibrils; the ascending thin limb contains 1.31 ± 0.09 fibrils; and the short-looped DTL contains 3.75 ± 0.19 fibrils. These studies further support the contention that there is anatomic heterogeneity among the thin limb segments. Because direct physiologic studies in the thin limbs are incomplete and conflicting, the need for correlative physiologic studies on anatomically characterized structures is indicated. Specialisation regionale des membranes dan les branches greles des anses de Henle etudiees par cryodecapage et microscopie electronique. Des anses greles de Henle de rats ont ete etudiees par cryodecapage et microscopie electronique. Les segments greles des anses longues et courtes ont ete identifies par les criteres ultrastructuraux prealablement publies, la continuite avec des segments larges identifies, et les relations architecturales avec la medullaire. La densite des particules intramembranaires (IMP) et le nombre des fibrilles intramembranaires comprenant la zonula occludens ont ete determines pour chaque segment grele identifiable morphologiquement. La densite d'IMP sur les faces protoplasmique des membranes luminales et anti-luminales de la portion superieure de la branche descendante grele (DTL) des anses longues est plus grande que celle des anses courtes, de la partie superieure des DTL des anses longues et de la branche grele ascendante. La zonulae occludens dans les parties superieures des DTL des anses longues est constituee par une seule fibrille; les portions inferieures de DTL des anses longues contiennent 3,13 ± 0,14 fibrilles; les branches ascendantes ont 1,31 ± 0,09 fibrilles et les DTL des anses courtes 3,75 ± 0,19 fibrilles. Ces etudes apportent des arguments supplementaires a la theorie selon laquelle il y a une heterogeneite anatomique le long des segments greles. Puisque les etudes physiologiques directes des segments greles sont incompletes et contradictoires, la necessite d'etudes physiologiques portant sur des structures anatomiquement definie est apparente.
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and Full Disclosure: Accounting for Stakeholders

The accounting profession has been charged by Supreme Court Chief Justice Warren Burger with a public responsibility to fulfill a “public watchdog” function. This function demands that the accountant maintains total independence from the client at all times and requires complete fidelity to the public trust (Briloff, 1990). The accounting profession also fulfills a monitoring and enforcing role in society in that the monitoring of contracts is considered a necessary cost of contracting (Jensen & Meckling, 1976). The North American Free Trade Agreement is viewed as a coalition of participants who interact through a system of contracts and agreements regarding trade between Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Explicit in the agreement is the recognition of the individual rights of the labor sector. This article discusses the rights of labor acknowledged by NAFTA, and the role accounting should play as a response to these agreements. Previous papers have called for the creation of a value theory in accounting that is socially conscious (Tinker, Merino, and Neimark, 1982) and for the development of a political economy of accounting which explicitly considers the relationships between accounting and the institutional structure of the economy (Cooper & Sherer, 1984). The Economist (4/9/94, p.14) calls for social disclosure as a means of advancing the cause of human rights in the third world. Following this literature, which calls on the accounting profession to become actively involved in setting accounting policy that is socially conscious, this article recommends making changes to the existing U.S. and North American accounting systems to facilitate fair economic growth and resource allocation between the North American countries. Recommendations include encouraging accounting standard setters and governmental bodies to require publicly traded companies doing business under NAFTA to provide additional disclosures concerning labor and other NAFTA agreements, such as environmental disclosures, in order to provide socially relevant information to stakeholders in all three countries. Additionally, an international group of auditors should be formed and funded by the NAFTA countries to monitor and publish compliance with the NAFTA agreements on labor and other issues, and to provide credibility to the required disclosures.
Modulation of T-cell antigen receptor on lymphocyte membrane

A mouse monoclonal antibody, Mo. Ab. 108.45, detecting cell-surface determinants associated with the T-cell receptor for alloantigen was produced by immunizing mice with an alloreactive human T-cell clone and fusing the splenocytes with the NS1 plasmocytoma. This Mo. Ab. (1) reacts with the immunizing T-cell clone but not with autologous or allogeneic lymphocytes, lymphoblasts or monocytes; (2) stimulates the proliferation of the immunizing T cells in the absence of the alloantigen; (3) inhibits the response to the specific stimulator; and (4) precipitates a disulfied linked heterodimer composed of two distinct glycoproteins of molecular weights 40 000 and 46 000. The receptor molecule detected by Mo. Ab. 108.45 modulates on the surface of the cells, reaching the highest levels 5 days following exposure to the specific stimulator. The receptor-associated molecule detected by Mo. Ab. 108.45 was expressed by T-cell clones obtained independently in two different mixed lymphocyte cultures between the same responder and stimulator.
Stimulus-specific reinforcement in the acquisition of receptive labels by autistic children

Abstract Five male, nonverbal autistic children were trained on two-choice receptive label discriminations using three different reinforcement procedures in an attempt to determine which procedure would produce the highest rate of acquisition of the labels. The three procedures consisted of stimulus-specific reinforcement, in which a correct discrimination of each of the labels was consequated with a reinforcer unique to that label; salient reinforcement, in which all correct discriminations were consequated with a single, desirable reinforcer; and varied reinforcement, in which correct discriminations were randomly consequated with one or another reinforcer. Visual and statistical analyses of the data showed the specific reinforcement condition to be superior to the varied reinforcement or salient reinforcement conditions as measured by numbers of trials necessary for each child to meet criterion level of responding in each condition. The results tend to support a stimulus-reinforcer correlation hypothesis which suggests that rate of acquisition of new responses increases as the correlation between the discriminative stimulus and the reinforcer increases. Implications of the research are discussed in terms of motivation, language program planning and new research directions.
Are There Advection-dominated Accretion Flows in Nearby Giant Elliptical Galaxies?

Recently, it has been suggested that the hard X-ray power-law tails exhibited in the ASCA spectra of several nearby giant elliptical galaxies are caused by low radiative efficiency accretion flows (advection-dominated accretion flows [ADAFs]) onto a massive black hole in the centers of the galaxies. The estimated fluxes from these central ADAFs as derived from the ASCA X-ray spectral analyses indicate that they may be visible as X-ray point sources. We analyze archival ROSAT HRI images of three such galaxies, NGC 1399, 4636, and 4696, to determine whether X-ray point sources consistent with ASCA-derived fluxes are present in the centers of the galaxies. We find that the upper limit for the flux of a central X-ray point source in each of these galaxies, as determined by the ROSAT HRI data, is only marginally consistent with the predicted flux inferred from the ASCA spectra. We suggest that although a central point source, such as an ADAF associated with a massive black hole, cannot be completely ruled out, they can only account for a fraction of the flux of the observed hard X-ray power-law components.
Dependable and Secure Sensor Data Storage with Dynamic Integrity Assurance

Recently, distributed data storage has gained increasing popularity for efficient and robust data management in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The distributed architecture makes it challenging to build a highly secure and dependable yet lightweight data storage system. On the one hand, sensor data are subject to not only Byzantine failures, but also dynamic pollution attacks, as along the time the adversary may modify/pollute the stored data by compromising individual sensors. On the other hand, the resource-constrained nature of WSNs precludes the applicability of heavyweight security designs. To address the challenge, in this article we propose a novel dependable and secure data storage scheme with dynamic integrity assurance. Based on the principle of secret sharing and erasure coding, we first propose a hybrid share generation and distribution scheme to achieve reliable and fault-tolerant initial data storage by providing redundancy for original data components. To further dynamically ensure the integrity of the distributed data shares, we then propose an efficient data integrity verification scheme exploiting the techniques of algebraic signature and spot-checking. The proposed scheme enables individual sensors to verify in one protocol execution the correctness of all the pertaining data shares simultaneously in the absence of the original data. Extensive security analysis shows that the proposed scheme has strong resistance against various data pollution attacks. The efficiency of the scheme is demonstrated by experiments on sensor platforms Tmote Sky and iMote2.
Remodeling of replication initiator proteins

The structure of the dimeric replication initiator of pPS10 reveals that secondary structure remodeling of chameleon sequences defines the monomer-dimer oligomerization state of the protein. Together with an unanticipated dimerization interface, this result will steer thinking in the field and influence strategies to control spread of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes that are often plasmid-encoded.
A “freezing relation” for radial impurity distribution in Czochralski-grown crystal

Abstract A “freezing relation” is given for approximate radial impurity distributions in the Czochralski-grown crystal as a function of the crystal length. It is developed in a manner consistent with the freezing relation for the axial impurity distribution.
The breast cancer alternative hypothesis: is there evidence to justify replacing it?

SUMMARY Inconclusion: ● During the last two decades, as a result of the use of systemictherapy in conjunction with breast-conservation surgery andradiation therapy, the incidence of locoregional recurrencehas been reduced to a level where further reduction, a goalworthyofachieving,islikelytohavelittleimpactonsurvival. ● Despitetheextensiveinformationpresentedinthiscommen-tary, there is no new scientiﬁcally based evidence to justifyreplacing the current breast cancer hypothesis. ● It is likely that ﬁndings from research related to molecularbiologyandgeneticswillbethesourceofinformationthatwillresult in a new, testable thesis that will eventually replace thealternative hypothesis and thus the paradigm that currentlygoverns the treatment of breast cancer. Status of the Breast Cancer Hypothesis www.jco.org © 2009 by American Society of Clinical Oncology 373 Downloaded from jco.ascopubs.org on June 6, 2013. For personal use only. No other uses without permission.Copyright © 2010 American Society of Clinical Oncology. All rights reserved.
Individual and Contextual Predictors of Perceived Friendship Quality among Ethnic Minority, Low-Income Adolescents

This longitudinal study examined the separate, relative, and combined contributions of demographic (i.e., gender and ethnicity), individual-level (i.e., psychological well-being), and contextual (i.e., relationships with parents and perceived school climate) factors on changes over time in perceived quality of general and closest same-sex friendships among 114 Asian American, Black, and Latino adolescents from low-income families. Multiple regression analyses indicated that the increase in reported levels of general friendship support from Time 1 to Time 2 (a 1-year period) was greater for those who reported more positive perceptions of school climate at Time 1. The increase in general friendship support from Time 1 to Time 2 was also greater for those who reported lower support scores from mothers at Time 1. Findings suggest a compensatory model of relationships and draw attention to the importance of exploring the ecological context of adolescent friendships.
Serial changes on quantitative myocardial perfusion SPECT in patients undergoing revascularization or conservative therapy

Little is known about changes of myocardial perfusion in patients undergoing coronary revascularization or medical therapy. The purpose of this observational study was to assess the long-term effects of revascularization or conservative therapy on serial quantitative myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The study population consisted of 421 patients who underwent serial rest thallium-201/stress technetium-99m sestamibi dual-isotope myocardial perfusion SPECT with at least a 1-year interval between the 2 studies and who had abnormal quantitative scan results on the first stress SPECT. The mean interval between scans was 32.7 ± 15.9 months. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to stress defect extent: group 1 had small stress defects (4%-10%, n = 145), group 2 had intermediate stress defects (>10%-20%, n = 144), and group 3 had extensive stress defects (>20%, n = 132) at baseline. Forty patients in group 1, 44 in group 2, and 54 in group 3 underwent coronary revascularization between 2 SPECT studies; the others had conservative therapy. In group 3 patients with revascularization, stress defect extent and reversible defect extent were remarkably reduced (14.5% ± 13.6% and 13.1% ± 12.5%, respectively; both P < .0001), with greater improvement in those patients reporting increased use of cardiac medications; resting defect extent was slightly reduced (1.9% ± 6.4%, P < .05). In group 3 patients with conservative therapy, a small reduction in stress defect extent was noted (2.3% ± 8.3%, P < .05). In group 2, there were modest, similar reductions in reversible defect extent in both the patients with revascularization (2.7% ± 7.7%, P < .05) and those with conservative therapy (1.8% ± 7.3%, P < .05), as well as a small but significant reduction in stress defect extent in those with conservative therapy (2.1% ± 8.2%, P < .05). In group 1 patients, no significant changes in stress, rest, or reversible defect extent were found with either therapy. The findings of this study show that improvement in quantitative myocardial perfusion abnormalities over time occurs in some patients with either revascularization or conservative therapy and suggest that, in patients with extensive defects, greater improvement may be seen in those who undergo revascularization.