cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Privacy—A Useful Concept?

Psychologically, privacy is a self-related subjective experience wlhich may include one or mainy persons. It is also recognized and defined, forimally and informally, in the cultu1re. Both individually and collectively, privacy is structured in relationl to variations in the things which acquire privacy meanings, the persons who arouse privacy responises and the situational contexts within which belhavior has privacy connlotationls. Eimpirical exploration of public and personlal definitions of privacy is needed. Such research wouild help clarify the potential value of this conlcept for analysis of maany probleimis in social psychology and sociology, a few of themll being Dresented here. W e are in a period of reenewed interest in phenomenological constructs.1 Social scientists of several persuasions are once again subscribing, however cautiously, to the proposition that if we waant to uniderstanlcl the behavior of a person it is helpful to inquire into the manner in which he structures the world andc his place in it. This paper raises the question of whether the notion of privacy can profitably be added to such concepts as role, self and empatlhy. Provisionally, the term may be defined as a person's feeling that others slhould be excluded from something wliclh is of concern to him, and also a recognition that otlhers have a right to do this. It is assumlled that this recognition of anotlher's riglht to privacy is widely slhared in a population andl given ratlher specific form in the culture. A number of ternms and usages in social science lhave related or partially overlapping meanlinigs to those embodied in privacy, anld brief references may be maiade to a few of these. For instance, Goffimian's termii "back region" or "backstage," use(l with referenlce to the overt behavior of a group of personls interactinig away fr olmi their customary "au(lielce" comes close at several poillts to the i(lea of privacy.2 The principal distilnction appears to b)e the greater emiiplhasis in the lnotioli of privacy upoll restriction of access to somethinigconcerning a partictilar self. Privacy ordinalrily connotes miieanilngs that are miiore psyclhological tlhan sociological. It is less likely to be define(d by overt, interpersonal behavior, miore by attitu(dinial and( affective responlses of
Equity and Critical Policy Analysis in Higher Education: A Bridge Still Too Far

This article examines the continuing gap between institutional practice and pedagogy, research and scholarship, and policy formation and analysis of equity and diversity in higher education. The article also provides brief summaries of the four major contributions of higher education scholars to this edition concerned with exploring different facets of, and approaches to, analyzing equity from a critical policy perspective. The article concludes with an impassioned call for researchers and scholars to become more insurgent and engaged in policy formation and analyses in an effort to not only inform but also to shape a sustainable equity agenda in higher education.
Effect of relaxing the continuum dielectric approximation on Poisson-Boltzmann thermodynamics

In this study a critical evaluation of the consequences of relaxing the continuum dielectric approximation within the framework of Poisson-Boltzmann theory is presented. Three models are constructed to describe possible variations of the permittivity with respect to the distance from a central ion, and the sensitivity of the calculated potentials to the parameters of these models is investigated. Following this, the criteria of Onsager (internal consistency), Frank and Thompson (‘fine-grainedness of the ion atmosphere’) and Stillinger and Lovett (the second-moment condition) are applied to assess the quality of the results obtained. Finally, activity coefficients for a McMillan-Mayer system are calculated and compared with results obtained in other studies. Conclusions based on these calculations are drawn, and an attempt is made to place the study within the context of recent developments in electrolyte theory.
Comparison of Bcl‐2 to a Bcl‐2 deletion mutant for mammalian cells exposed to culture insults

Apoptosis has been found to occur in bioreactors as a result of environmental stresses. The overexpression of bcl-2 is a widely used strategy to limit the induction of apoptosis in mammalian cell cultures. In this study, the effectiveness of wild-type Bcl-2 was compared to a Bcl-2 mutant lacking the nonstructured loop domain in two commercially prominent cell lines, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells. The generation of a DNA “ladder” and condensation of chromatin indicated that apoptosis occurred in these cell lines following Sindbis virus infection and serum deprivation. When cells were engineered to overexpress the bcl-2 mutant, cell death due to Sindbis virus was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, the Bcl-2 mutant provided increased protection as compared to wild-type Bcl-2 following two model insults, Sindbis virus infection and serum deprivation. Total production for a heterologous protein encoded on the Sindbis virus was increased in cell lines expressing the Bcl-2 variants compared to the parental cell line. In order to understand the reasons for the improved anti-apoptosis properties of the mutant, wild-type Bcl-2 and mutant Bcl-2 were examined by Western blot following each model insult. Wild-type Bcl-2 was observed to degrade into a 23 kDa fragment following both Sindbis virus infection and serum withdrawal in both cell lines, while the mutant Bcl-2 protein was not degraded during the same period. The processing of Bcl-2 was found to correlate with reduced cell viabilities following the two external insults to suggest that Bcl-2 degradation may limit its ability to inhibit apoptosis. These studies indicate that the cells regulate anti-apoptosis protein levels and these processing events can limit the effectiveness of cell death inhibition strategies in mammalian cell culture systems. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 73: 211–222, 2001.
Sensor and information fusion for improved hostile fire situational awareness

A research-oriented Army Technology Objective (ATO) named Sensor and Information Fusion for Improved Hostile Fire Situational Awareness uniquely focuses on the underpinning technologies to detect and defeat any hostile threat; before, during, and after its occurrence. This is a joint effort led by the Army Research Laboratory, with the Armaments and the Communications and Electronics Research, Development, and Engineering Centers (CERDEC and ARDEC) partners. It addresses distributed sensor fusion and collaborative situational awareness enhancements, focusing on the underpinning technologies to detect/identify potential hostile shooters prior to firing a shot and to detect/classify/locate the firing point of hostile small arms, mortars, rockets, RPGs, and missiles after the first shot. A field experiment conducted addressed not only diverse modality sensor performance and sensor fusion benefits, but gathered useful data to develop and demonstrate the ad hoc networking and dissemination of relevant data and actionable intelligence. Represented at this field experiment were various sensor platforms such as UGS, soldier-worn, manned ground vehicles, UGVs, UAVs, and helicopters. This ATO continues to evaluate applicable technologies to include retro-reflection, UV, IR, visible, glint, LADAR, radar, acoustic, seismic, E-field, narrow-band emission and image processing techniques to detect the threats with very high confidence. Networked fusion of multi-modal data will reduce false alarms and improve actionable intelligence by distributing grid coordinates, detection report features, and imagery of threats.
A Pictorial Diary of Complete Healing in 6 Days after UltraPulse Laser Skin Resurfacing

Minimizing mechanical trauma during laser skin resurfacing leads to faster healing times. Selective ablation with multiple passes of wrinkled areas renders satisfactory results with important visual improvement and a happier patient who can return to work sooner. Erythema and pain after the procedure are also significantly reduced. Pre- and postoperative management is discussed.
The adult learner and performance in introductory economics, a personalized system of instruction

The primary goal of this study is to determine the effectiveness of the personalized system of instruction format which is currently utilized in the introductory economics course at Empire State College, State University of New York. It will attempt to determine if adult students working in a personalized instruction system can learn as much as students in conventional settings. The study will also explore the broader objective of explaining and predicting adult student performance in the introductory economics course. In addition, an analysis will be made of any patterns which have emerged in the level of learning and the types of competencies aquired by students.
Bovine opsin gene expression exhibits a late fetal to adult regulatory switch.

Rates of bovine photoreceptor gene transcription, as measured by nuclear run-on assays, exhibit gene-specific patterns of regulation. Here we investigate initiation and elongation in nuclear run-on assays with the use of sarkosyl to further understand the nature of these gene-specific elements. Opsin transcription, alone among several genes tested, proved sarkosyl-sensitive. This sensitivity is maximal in adult retinas, with inhibition first detected in mid-third trimester fetal retinas. Therefore, opsin transcription appears to involve different regulatory elements in adult and fetal retinas, implying a fetal to adult switch in the control of opsin gene expression. Although this regulatory switch is initially activated at a time when the fetal outer nuclear layer of the retina first achieves adult-like morphology, further maturation of opsin regulation takes place postpartum since levels of sarkosyl sensitivity are almost 5-fold greater in adult retinas compared to the 7.5 month fetus. We also show that the sarkosyl-induced reduction of opsin transcripton is not due to prevention of de novo RNA polymerase II initiation in the run-on reaction, suggesting the detergent alters a positive-acting, postinitiation component of the transcriptional apparatus. Since levels of opsin transcription with sarkosyl are similar to those of the other visual transduction genes with or without sarkosyl, this detergent-sensitive transcriptional component appears to account for the singularly high, gene-specific rate of opsin transcription in retinal photoreceptor cells. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Microlumbar discectomy: follow-up of 477 patients

A survey of the surgical experience with microlumbar discectomy in 477 patients over a 4.3-year period is presented. A good result was obtained in more than 90% of the patients and morbidity was negligible. Photographs of the various phases of the microsurgical procedures are included. This conservative operation is a worthwhile alternative in the treatment of herniated lumbar discs because the postoperative pain is minimal and does not require treatment with narcotics, early ambulation is possible, there is no need for transfusion, the surgery is brief, and the postoperative stay is only about 3 days.
Differences in Neophobia between Naive Song and Swamp Sparrows

I measured feeding neophobia in song (Melospiza melodia) and swamp (M. georgiana) sparrows. The experiment had a counter-balanced design with each species divided into two rearing groups and each exposed to a different set of six objects. I tested sparrows at two months of age by measuring their latency to feed at cups placed at familiar and novel objects. These tests were repeated at six months using an additional four novel objects. In comparison with song sparrows, juvenile swamp sparrows had a significantly and consistently lower latency to feed at novel objects. I found this difference in older birds as well. Feeding latencies at familiar objects were statistically indistinguishable between species. These results suggest that song sparrows are more neophobic than swamp sparrows. I obtained opposite results from similar experiments conducted in the field and using wild-caught birds in captivity. Greater neophobia in wild swamp sparrows may be a consequence of differential experience between the two species in nature. Differences found between hand-raised song and swamp sparrows is one of the first demonstrations of interspecific differences in neophobia under similar and controlled rearing conditions. A possible adaptive explanation is that, typically, juvenile swamp sparrows are reared in a simpler, more predictable and hence safer environment and may not require the protection of an aversion to novelty.
Synaptic localization of a functional NADPH oxidase in the mouse hippocampus

Superoxide has been shown to be critical for hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and hippocampus-dependent memory function. A possible source for the generation of superoxide during these processes is NADPH oxidase. The active oxidase consists of two membrane proteins, gp91phox and p22phox, and four cytosolic proteins, p40phox, p47phox, p67phox, and Rac. Upon stimulation, the cytosolic proteins translocate to the membrane to form a complex with the membrane components, which results in production of superoxide. Here, we determined the presence, localization, and functionality of a NADPH oxidase in mouse hippocampus by examining the NADPH oxidase proteins as well as the production of superoxide. All of the NADPH oxidase proteins were present in hippocampal homogenates and enriched in synaptoneurosome preparations. Immunocytochemical analysis of cultured hippocampal neurons indicated that all NADPH oxidase proteins were localized in neuronal cell bodies as well as dendrites. Furthermore, double labeling analysis using antibodies to p67phox and the presynaptic marker synaptophysin suggest a close association of the NADPH oxidase subunits with synaptic sites. Finally, stimulation of hippocampal slices with phorbol esters triggered translocation of the cytoplasmic NADPH oxidase proteins to the membrane and an increase in superoxide production that was blocked by inhibitors of NADPH oxidase. Taken together, our data suggest that NADPH oxidase is present in mouse hippocampus and might be the source of superoxide production required for LTP and memory function.
Analytical Solutions to Spacecraft Formation-Flying Guidance Using Virtual Motion Camouflage

Formation-flying has been recognized as one of the enabling technologies for a variety of space mission concepts because of the potential benefits in cost reduction, enhanced flexibility, increased observational baseline, and better survivability and reliability. One important requirement of the formation-flying system is the ability to generate trajectories in real time reliably to maximize mission return. This paper presents simple and analytical open-loop guidance solutions to formation-flying reconfiguration trajectory design problems through the bioinspired virtual motion camouflage methodology and the pseudospectral discretization approach. The algorithms investigated here can be applied to different kinds of initial and final conditions as well as different linearized models considering the eccentricity effects and/or the J 2 perturbation. Simulations are used to demonstrate the capabilities of the achieved analytical solutions for two formation-flying reconfiguration scenarios.
Targeting the Spleen Tyrosine Kinase with Fostamatinib as a Strategy against Waldenström Macroglobulinemia

Purpose: Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WMG) is a lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by good initial responses to standard therapeutics, but only a minority of patients achieve complete remissions, and most inevitably relapse, indicating a need for novel agents. B-cell receptor signaling has been linked to clonal evolution in WMG, and Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is overexpressed in primary cells, suggesting that it could be a novel and rational target. Experimental Design: We studied the impact of the Syk inhibitor fostamatinib on BCWM.1 and MWCL-1 WMG-derived cell lines both in vitro and in vivo , as well as on primary patient cells. Results: In WMG-derived cell lines, fostamatinib induced a time- and dose-dependent reduction in viability, associated with activation of apoptosis. At the molecular level, fostamatinib reduced activation of Syk and Bruton9s tyrosine kinase, and also downstream signaling through MAPK kinase (MEK), p44/42 MAPK, and protein kinase B/Akt. As a single agent, fostamatinib induced tumor growth delay in an in vivo model of WMG, and reduced viability of primary WMG cells, along with inhibition of p44/42 MAPK signaling. Finally, fostamatinib in combination with other agents, including dexamethasone, bortezomib, and rituximab, showed enhanced activity. Conclusions: Taken together, these data support the translation of approaches targeting Syk with fostamatinib to the clinic for patients with relapsed and possibly even newly diagnosed WMG. Clin Cancer Res; 1–8. ©2015 AACR.
Insights into protein structure and function from disorder-complexity space

Intrinsically disordered proteins have a wide variety of important functional roles. However, the relationship between sequence and function in these proteins is significantly different than that for well-folded proteins. In a previous work, we showed that the propensity to be disordered can be recognized based on sequence composition alone. Here that analysis is furthered by examining the relationship of disorder propensity to sequence complexity, where the metrics for these two properties depend only on composition. The distributions of 40 amino acid peptides from both ordered and disordered proteins are graphed in this disorder–complexity space. An analysis of Swiss-Prot shows that most peptides have high complexity and relatively low disorder. However, there are also an appreciable number of low complexity–high disorder peptides in the database. In contrast, there are no low complexity–low disorder peptides. A similar analysis for peptides in the PDB reveals a much narrower distribution, with few peptides of low complexity and high disorder. In this case, the bounds of the disorder–complexity distribution are well defined and might be used to evaluate the likelihood that a peptide can be crystallized with current methods. The disorder–complexity distributions of individual proteins and sets of proteins grouped by function are also examined. Among individual proteins, there is an enormous variety of distributions that in some cases can be rationalized with regard to function. Groups of functionally related proteins are found to have distributions that are similar within each group but show notable differences between groups. Finally, a pattern matching algorithm is used to search for proteins with particular disorder–complexity distributions. The results suggest that this approach might be used to identify relationships between otherwise dissimilar proteins. Proteins 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
GABA-induced responses in Purkinje cell dendrites of the rabbit cerebellar slice.

Abstract Pressure applications of GABA localized to Purkinje cell somas in a rabbit cerebellar slice produced uniphasic hyperpolarizing responses, whereas applications of GABA that were directed at the Purkinje cell dendrites produced complex, triphasic responses with hyperpolarizing and depolarizing components. Both somatic and dendritic application of GABA elicited fast hyperpolarization (GABAhf), but dendritic application also elicited a slower depolarization (GABAd) and a later, long-lasting hyperpolarization (GABAhf). All three types of responses were accompanied by increased conductance. Use of either GABA antagonist, bicuculline or picrotoxin, eliminated the GABAhf and GABAd responses but left the GABAhl response intact. Pressure delivery of the GABA agonist, baclofen, to the dendrites but not the soma elicited a GABAhl response. Application of baclofen paired with membrane depolarization sufficient to elicit local, calcium-dependent dendritic spiking produced a persistent reduction in the GABAhl response, whereas alternating presentations of baclofen and membrane depolarization or presentations of baclofen alone could not. The fact that GABA and baclofen inhibited Purkinje cell activity in the rabbit cerebellar slice and that picrotoxin and bicuculline eliminated some, but not all of the components of the GABA response suggests the presence of both GABAA and GABAB receptors. The ability of baclofen to inhibit Purkinje cells if it was applied to the applied to the soma suggests that GABAB receptors are located predominantly on Purkinje cell dendrites. The pairing-specific change in the baclofen response suggests the existence of GABAB-mediated modifiability of Purkinje cell dendrites. Taken together, the present data provide the first electrophysiological evidence that (1) GABAA receptors are located predominantly at the Purkinje cell soma, (2) GABAB receptors are located predominantly on Purkinje cell dendrites, and (3) these GABAB receptors may be susceptible to modification.
Hydrodynamic Behavior of Magnetic Nanocomposite Spheres Under Magnetic Fields

In the present study, drug carrying magnetic nanocomposite spheres were fabricated using oil-in-oil emulsion/solvent evaporation method and characterized via different techniques. The spheres with a diameter of 200 nm and 3 μm consist of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), a drug and magnetic nanoparticles (e.g., Fe3 O4 or Co0.5 Zn0.5 Fe2 O4 ). The spheres were initially dispersed in both deionized (DI) water and viscous glycerol solutions, and pumped in a magnetic field at different tube diameters, pump speeds and concentrations to study the hydrodynamic behavior of drug-carrying magnetic nanocomposite spheres. The test results showed that the magnetic field, tube diameter, pump speed and magnetic nanoparticle concentrations in the spheres drastically changed the capturing efficiency of the spheres. In the in vivo tests of the spheres, these parameters should be considered in order to increase the efficiency of the drug delivery systems.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Donor odor: The presence or absence as a mediator of behavior in the runway-trained rat

In two four-phase experiments, a double-alternation sequence of goal events, and hence odors, of donor rats was initially presented to runway-trained rats (experimental animals) in the startbox of a runway. Following this phase, the odors from the donor rats were selectively removed, reinstated, and removed again. Although the performance of the experimental animals was substantially controlled by the odors emitted by the donor rats, it was found that appropriate responding could be maintained in the start measure when donor cues were removed from the startbox.
Autoregulation of androgen receptor expression in rodent prostate: Immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization analysis

Autoregulation of androgen receptor mRNA and protein was investigated by immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization techniques. In both mouse and rat prostate, the epithelial cell nuclei were stained with the monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies raised against human androgen receptor. It was observed that 3 days after castration, nuclear staining of the epithelium was greatly reduced, while androgen treatment restored the staining intensity to a normal level. In situ hybridization using an androgen receptor cDNA fragment as probe demonstrated that the change in androgen receptor mRNA level correlated with the change in antibody staining intensity. These data suggested an up-regulation of androgen receptor expression by androgen.
Millimeter-wave propagation through a controlled dust environment

A one-week experiment was conducted to determine the millimeter-wave transmission loss due to dust. Transmission data was collected at 35, 94, and 217 GHz through a recirculating dust tunnel. Dust clouds of various densities were measured during the experiment. The millimeter-wave measurements were non-coherent, using transmitting sources on one side of the dust tunnel and antenna/detectors on the other. The hardware was designed to minimize noise and drift. Even so, it was found that the transmission loss across the 1-m dust tunnel at high dust densities was lower than could be measured accurately with the equipment. Therefore, the results given are limited to system noise and represent maximum transmission losses at the various frequencies. The results show losses less than 0.02 and 0.08 dB for 94 and 217 GHz respectively across one meter of dust with density 3000 mg/m3. The actual losses are lower and a long baseline interferometer will be required to determine the loss values precisely. Despite the limitations of the experiment, the data show that millimeter-wave imager performance will not be significantly impacted by even a very dense dust cloud.
Lifelong bilingualism contributes to cognitive reserve against white matter integrity declines in aging

Recent evidence suggests that lifelong bilingualism may contribute to cognitive reserve (CR) in normal aging. However, there is currently no neuroimaging evidence to suggest that lifelong bilinguals can retain normal cognitive functioning in the face of age-related neurodegeneration. Here we explored this issue by comparing white matter (WM) integrity and gray matter (GM) volumetric patterns of older adult lifelong bilinguals (N=20) and monolinguals (N=20). The groups were matched on a range of relevant cognitive test scores and on the established CR variables of education, socioeconomic status and intelligence. Participants underwent high-resolution structural imaging for assessment of GM volume and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) for assessment of WM integrity. Results indicated significantly lower microstructural integrity in the bilingual group in several WM tracts. In particular, compared to their monolingual peers, the bilingual group showed lower fractional anisotropy and/or higher radial diffusivity in the inferior longitudinal fasciculus/inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus bilaterally, the fornix, and multiple portions of the corpus callosum. There were no group differences in GM volume. Our results suggest that lifelong bilingualism contributes to CR against WM integrity declines in aging.
Observations on the Comparative Efficacy of Certain Old and New Insecticides in the Control of Lice and Mites of Chickens

Abstract THE recent introduction of new insecticides has made it desirable to ascertain the comparative efficacy of these and well-known ones in control of lice and mites of chickens. The present paper reports the findings on some of these insecticides, namely, DDT (Dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane), a 10 percent formulation of “Lethane A-70,”1 “NH Dust,”2 sodium fluoride, sodium fluosilicate, sulfur dust, rotenone, pyrethrum, nicotine (dilution of “Black Leaf 155”), and nicotine sulfate (“Black Leaf 40”). The study was conducted on a local poultry farm in which a flock of about 150 mature White Leghorn chickens was found infested with lice and mites. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chickens used in these experiments were kept in lots of 4 to 12 in a subdivided open poultry house having wire sides and floors. Most of the insecticides used were applied to all parts of the body with the aid of a salt shaker. The feathers were ruffled . . .
Beliefs about one’s own death, personal insecurity, and materialism

Abstract The present research examined the relationship between beliefs about one’s own death and materialism. Correlational analyses revealed that concerns about one’s own death and personal insecurity were positively related to each other and with materialism. Moreover, structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed that personal insecurity partially mediated the relationship between concerns about one’s own death and materialism. We discuss the implications of personal insecurity as an antecedent of materialism and the importance of including it as a potential mediator in future investigations of materialism. We also illuminate potential counseling implications of our findings.
Influence of growth temperatures on the photoresponse of low temperature grown GaAs: As p-i-n diodes

We report a study of the sub-bandgap photoresponse of p-i-n photodetectors with 1 μm low-temperature intrinsic layers, and its dependence on the growth temperature of the intrinsic layer. Diodes with intrinsic layers grown near 250°C exhibit the highest photoresponse. The photoresponse decreases gradually as the growth temperature is raised above 250°C. For growth temperatures at or below 200°C, a drastic drop in the photoresponse is observed, along with degradation of crystal quality in the material. The extracted internal Schottky barrier heights are found to be within the range 0.7–0.8 eV.
Longitudinal methods in sex research

Longitudinal research is essential for the understanding of human sexual development. This article highlights the importance of longitudinal data in sex research by considering methodological and statistical procedures for conducting longitudinal research. Among other methodological issues, the authors review volunteer bias and attrition in longitudinal data collection. They also evaluate new statistical methods useful for analyzing longitudinal data, including hierarchical linear modeling, structural equation modeling, and growth mixture modeling. To illustrate these considerations, the authors provide an example from data on peer sexual harassment victimization and discuss the opportunities for working with large-scale longitudinal data sets that are available to the public. The authors conclude that longitudinal research is the best method for discovering developmental patterns in sexuality by addressing intra-individual change.
Design of programmable multilayered nanoparticles with in situ manufacture of therapeutic genes for nanomedicine

Nanomedicine focuses on a new approach to diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Nanomedical systems distinguish between diseased and healthy cells on a single cell level and perform a programmed function when necessary. Current research in nanomedicine investigates the interaction of nanomedical systems with living systems in order to assess the biological effects both in the short and long term. The unique goal of the nanomedical system is to deliver a gene for in situ manufacturing of therapeutic agents for cellular repair. Treating cells on an individual level illustrates a paradigm shift created from nanotechnology.
Three attitudes towards data mining

'Data mining' refers to a broad class of activities that have in common, a search over different ways to process or package data statistically or econometrically with the purpose of making the final presentation meet certain design criteria. We characterize three attitudes toward data mining: first, that it is to be avoided and, if it is engaged in, that statistical inferences must be adjusted to account for it; second, that it is inevitable and that the only results of any interest are those that transcend the variety of alternative data mined specifications (a view associated with Leamer's extreme-bounds analysis); and third, that it is essential and that the only hope we have of using econometrics to uncover true economic relationships is to be found in the intelligent mining of data. The first approach confuses considerations of sampling distribution and considerations of epistemic warrant and, reaches an unnecessarily hostile attitude toward data mining. The second approach relies on a notion of robu...
X-ray scattering--a new technique to study phase separation in 3He4He solids

Abstract A novel X-ray scattering technique has been developed and has yielded new data on the individual separated phases formed by cooling solid 3 He 4 He mixtures. Studies have been made on seven different specimens, having overall 3 He concentrations of either 51%, 28%, or 12% and melting pressures in the range 3.04 to 6.18 MPa.
Texture of Gold-Palladium Couples

The crystal textures of polycrystalline films of gold-palladium couples on an oxidized silicon (100) substrates were investigated via x-ray diffraction (XRD) pole figures. Studies were performed on both as-deposited and thermally annealed films. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the microstructures of the seed layer thin films as deposited. The {111} texture formation of gold-palladium thin film couples displayed a strong dependence on the nature of the underlying seed layer. Gold films deposited on a palladium seed layer revealed much less degree of {111} texture, than gold films deposited directly on a silicon dioxide surface. In contrast, palladium films deposited on polycrystalline gold films showed a higher degree of {111} texture, compared to palladium films deposited directly on silicon dioxide. The {111} texture of annealed gold-palladium alloy thin films was greater for palladium on gold than for gold on palladium. These results are interpreted in terms of the gold-palladium diffusion mechanism and the interaction of the condensing metals with the oxygens of the SiO2 substrate surface.
Blindspots: A Response to Constas and Colyn.

I am an invisible man. ... I am a man of substance, of flesh and bone, fiber and liquids and I might even be said to possess a mind. I am invisible understand, simply because people refuse to see me. Like the bodiless heads you see sometimes in circus sideshows, it is though I have been surrounded by mirrors of hard distorting glass. When they approach me, they see only my surroundIngs, themselves or figments of their imagination-indeed, everything and anything except me. [Ellison 1947:7]
Advancement in higher education: the role of marketing in building philanthropic giving

This paper empirically explores ways in which marketers of higher education can contribute to the important task of cultivating alumni philanthropy. Advancement professionals understand that philanthropy is influenced by wealth and affinity. As marketers, we anticipate that our contribution resides with investments in building affinity. Using survey data that measure the affinity of alumni of a large US university who have been commercially screened to reveal individual wealth, this paper provides empirical evidence of the relative contributions of affinity and wealth to giving. Logistic regression analysis reveals that affinity has a greater impact on predicting the likelihood of giving than other variables, including prior giving and wealth. Important to marketers, this study emphasizes the importance of building affinity and also uncovers obstacles to affinity formation. This information can be used to bridge and repair alumni relationships with their alma mater and inform segmented marketing communica...
Analysis of alternation patterning in goldfish

In Experiment 1, goldfish trained with alternation of reward (R) and nonreward (N) for responding to a single color gave clear evidence of patterning (more rapid responding on R than on N trials). In Experiment 2, patterning was found for each of two colors alternately rewarded and nonrewarded in the sequence blue R, yellow R, blue N, yellow N, …. Changes in performance with subsequent changes in the sequence of the two colors suggested that the patterning was based on carryover rather than on associative memory of R and N.
Fluctuations in long-term performance of solar devices: The single-pass, open-loop hot water system example

Estimation de l'influence des fluctuations aleatoires du rayonnement solaire sur l'ecart-type de la performance d'un equipement solaire
Consumer Health Web Sites in Asian and Pacific Islander Languages

Finding reliable, up-to-date consumer health information written in Asian or Pacific Islander languages can be difficult for librarians, to say nothing of the difficulties experienced by speakers of these languages when they seek health information. A number of high-quality, reliable sources that provide consumer health information are available on the Internet at no cost. This article reviews several of these Asian language health sites that were selected based on their ease of use and the quality of health information provided. While there are many web sources that provide handouts and other materials for the Asian language speaker, nearly all require some knowledge of English to navigate to the needed content. Thus, the Asian language speaker with low English literacy will need the aid of a librarian, health care professional, or family member to make the best use of these materials.
RF and Microwave Hardware Challenges for Future Radio Spectrum Access

Radio technology for future broadband wireless applications presents a remarkable research opportunity for the RF transceiver and circuit design community. A survey is presented of the low-noise amplifier, frequency conversion, filtering, and transmitter techniques that are being explored for future wireless devices that require wide tuning range, flexible modulation formats, low dc power, and low cost. In all cases, the traditional disadvantages of broadband design approaches can be mitigated by taking advantage of higher levels of integration afforded by CMOS and BiCMOS technologies and improved circuit design approaches.
Urinary levoglucosan as a biomarker for woodsmoke exposure in wildland firefighters

AbstractBackground: Levoglucosan, a sugar anhydride and a combustion breakdown product of cellulose is a dominant organic constituent of particles in woodsmoke. After exposure, levoglucosan is excreted unmetabolized in urine.Objective: Urinary levoglucosan was assessed as a biomarker of occupational woodsmoke exposure among wildland firefighters.Methods: Urine samples were collected from wildland firefighters before and after their work-shifts on days when they worked at prescribed burns. A total of 97 pairs of pre- and post-shift urine samples were collected from 19 firefighters over 10 prescribed burn shifts. The urine samples were analyzed to determine whether there was an increase in the concentration of levoglucosan from pre- to post-shift after the firefighters had worked at the prescribed burns.Results: Overall, there was an increase in both the urinary volume-based and creatinine corrected levoglucosan concentrations from pre- to post-shift (P<0·05). However, the direction of change in the concent...
Improving precision in time-gated FLIM for low-light live-cell imaging

Minimizing stress to live-cell systems during imaging is critical. Time-gating optimization and image denoising were employed independently and in combination to significantly improve precision in low-light time-gated FLIM.
Microtubules are organized independently of the centrosome in Drosophila neurons

Background The best-studied arrangement of microtubules is that organized by the centrosome, a cloud of microtubule nucleating and anchoring proteins is clustered around centrioles. However, noncentrosomal microtubule arrays are common in many differentiated cells, including neurons. Although microtubules are not anchored at neuronal centrosomes, it remains unclear whether the centrosome plays a role in organizing neuronal microtubules. We use Drosophila as a model system to determine whether centrosomal microtubule nucleation is important in mature neurons.
The effect of "imaging" on mirror image drawing

Four groups practiced mirror tracing either a diamond or a zig-zag of equal length under either standard or imagery instructions. Imaging led to faster times and fewer errors. The diamond benefited more in the imagery condition than the zig-zag. The locus of the facilitation was found to be a reduction of errors at the turning points (apexes) of the diamond under imaging as opposed to standard instructions.
Gender and Clarity of Evaluation among Academic Scientists in Research Universities

This article addresses a telling issue in academic science: the clarity of criteria for tenure and promotion reported by women and men faculty in scientific fields. Data from faculty surveyed in ni...
Narrating Fukushima: Scales of a Nuclear Meltdown

The nuclear meltdowns at Fukushima in the spring of 2011, according to countless media and government analyses, were a failure of Japan: collusive ties between regulators and industry prevented pro...
Economic implications of a shift to organic agriculture in Britain

Abstract British agricultural policy, long under attack, is now no longer defensible. An attempt is made to present a set of objectives which would be widely acceptable. Organic farming is discussed in relation to these objectives. There is evidence that an extension of organic farming would, compared with conventional farming, offer some clear advantages: output would be lower, the environment would benefit, soil erosion would be reduced and some nutritional fears (particularly those associated with the use of pesticides) would be allayed. This does not imply that organic farming is a panacea for all our agricultural problems. It is suggested that in the past policies have, by default rather than by intention, discriminated against organic farming; proposals for correcting this are advanced.
Present and future therapeutic strategies for melioidosis and glanders.

Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei are the causative agents of melioidosis and glanders, respectively. Both Gram-negative pathogens are endemic in many parts of the world. Although natural acquisition of these pathogens is rare in the majority of countries, these bacteria have recently gained much interest because of their potential as bioterrorism agents. In modern times, their potential destructive impact on public health has escalated owing to the ability of these pathogens to cause opportunistic infections in diabetic and perhaps otherwise immunocompromised people, two growing populations worldwide. For both pathogens, severe infection in humans carries a high mortality rate, both species are recalcitrant to antibiotic therapy – B. pseudomallei more so than B. mallei – and no licensed vaccine exists for either prophylactic or therapeutic use. The potential malicious use of these organisms has accelerated the investigation of new ways to prevent and to treat the diseases. The availabilit...
Inhalation of Varying Concentrations of Oxygen in the Treatment of Severe Pulmonary Insufficiency

Acute pulmonary insufficiency in chronic pulmonary disease is a medical emergency. Its therapy is difficult, and the mortality isgreat.A number of approaches to the problem have been employed, including the use of antibiotics, corticosteroids, oxygen, tracheotomy, and various mechanical devices to improve respiration. The physiologic derangement seen in this condition is relatively constant although it may occur in a wide variety of diseases. There is severe arterial hypoxia and hypercapnia. Associated with the persistent hypercapnia is a decreased sensitivity of the respiratory center to the stimulus of carbon dioxide. The sole remaining stimulus to respiration is the hypoxia. When the arterial oxygen is increased above physiologic levels, such as occurs during breathing of 100 per cent oxygen, this stimulus is lost, alveolar ventilation decreases, arterial hypercapnia increases, the pH of the arterial blood decreases, and death ensues. In order to decrease the hypercapnia or minimize its increase and, at the same time, prevent severe hypoxia, oxygen in concentrations of less than 100 per cent was used in the treatment of this condition. The sensitivity of the medullary respiratory center to Pco2 may thus be gradually increased. What role the increased arterial oxygen plays in this improvement is unknown.’ The observations obtained from this form of therapy are the subject of this report. Methods All patients evaluated had chronic pulmonary disease, but of different etiologies. They were acutely ill with severe pulmonary insufficiency at the time of these observations. Studies were performed with the patients breathing ambient air, 100 per cent of oxygen by nasal catheter, and varying concentrations of oxygen administered by IPPB/I (intermittent positive pressure breathing, inspiratory). Arterial blood samples were obtained and analyzed for oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions by the Riley bubble technique.2 Admittedly, this is not the most accurate procedure available, but with a well-trained biochemist, periodically checked by tonometer studies, the physician at the bedside can quickly obtain valuable clinical information which win give an objective approach to further treatment. Varying concentrations of inspired oxygen were obtained by mixing compressed air and 100 per cent oxygen in the nebulizer of a Bennett Model PR-lA Respirator. *}�m the Cardiopulmonary Laboratory and the Medical Service, Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, Illinois. tDirector, Cardiopulmonary Laboratory, Saint Joseph Infirmary, Louisville, Kentucky.
Biosynthesis of Thiamin Thiazole in Eukaryotes: Conversion of NAD to an Advanced Intermediate

Thiazole synthase catalyzes the formation of the thiazole moiety of thiamin pyrophosphate. The enzyme from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (THI4) copurifies with a set of strongly bound adenylated metabolites. One of them has been characterized as the ADP adduct of 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole-2-carboxylic acid. Attempts toward yielding active wild-type THI4 by releasing protein-bound metabolites have failed so far. Here, we describe the identification and characterization of two partially active mutants (C204A and H200N) of THI4. Both mutants catalyzed the release of the nicotinamide moiety from NAD to produce ADP-ribose, which was further converted to ADP-ribulose. In the presence of glycine, both the mutants catalyzed the formation of an advanced intermediate. The intermediate was trapped with ortho-phenylenediamine, yielding a stable quinoxaline derivative, which was characterized by NMR spectroscopy and ESI-MS. These observations confirm NAD as the substrate for THI4 and elucidate the early steps of this unique biosynthesis of the thiazole moiety of thiamin in eukaryotes.
Abstract stationary theory of multichannel scattering

The abstract stationary theory of Kato and Kuroda is applied to multichannel scattering problems. It is shown that stationary wave operators exist and are asymptotically complete whenever the resolvent can be completely described in terms of primary singularities for a commuting family of channel Hamiltonians. The abstract theory is applied to prove asymptotic completeness in the three-body problem with pair potentials in L2R3 for p > 32.
Epilating Effect of Cystaselenonine on Induced Hair Growth in Mice

SummaryCystaselenonine, the selenium analog of cystathionine, causes a hair loss in mice that is limited to the older growing hairs which have aged 16 days after mechanical epilation. The hair does not regrow for 20 days if the mice are treated with cystaselenonine for 12 days. The mice lose weight during treatment, but eventually recover. Cystaselenonine may act by interfering with sulfhydryl metabolism in the keratogenous zone of the hair follicle and not by interfering with mitosis.
Hydrodynamics of a vibrating stapes prosthesis in stapedotomy.

In stapedotomy surgery (small fenestra stapedectomy), the superstructure of the stapes bone in the middle ear is removed and replaced with a piston-like cylindrical prosthesis that projects through a small opening of the oval window into the vestibule of the inner ear. The longitudinal oscillations of the piston generate an oscillatory flow that transmits a pressure wave into the cochlea to activate the sensory hair cells. In this paper, the oscillatory flow induced by the harmonic vibration of the stapes prosthesis is investigated by the boundary element method. The perilymph is assumed to be an incompressible Newtonian fluid whose motion is governed by the equations of unsteady Stokes flow. A theoretical model is proposed wherein the piston projects into the vestibule through an infinite plane wall, and the effect of the piston diameter on the amplitude of the pressure vibration is investigated. It is shown that a simple point source model is adequate for describing the pressure distribution sufficiently far from the piston.