cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of specificity in protein phosphorylation

A typical protein kinase must recognize between one and a few hundred bona fide phosphorylation sites in a background of approximately 700,000 potentially phosphorylatable residues. Multiple mechanisms have evolved that contribute to this exquisite specificity, including the structure of the catalytic site, local and distal interactions between the kinase and substrate, the formation of complexes with scaffolding and adaptor proteins that spatially regulate the kinase, systems-level competition between substrates, and error-correction mechanisms. The responsibility for the recognition of substrates by protein kinases appears to be distributed among a large number of independent, imperfect specificity mechanisms.
Large ocellar interneurons in the brain of the cabbage looper mothTrichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera)

The topography of ocellar interneurons in the brain of the cabbage looper moth,Trichoplusia ni, was examined with the use of the cobalt infiltration and Timm's silver-sulfide intensification techniques. Two interneuron tracts are found in each half of the brain. One nerve tract is composed of 6–7 first order interneurons whose axons run to the ipsilateral side of the brain and terminate in the ventral protocerebrum. The other nerve tract is composed of 3 interneurons. Two of these are first order interneurons which project to the contralateral side of the brain where they terminate in the posterior protocerebrum. A third interneuron has processes connecting the two lateral ocelli and projects to both the ipsilateral and contralateral protocerebrum. Several small fibers are also present. Some of these extend to the lobula and the optic tubercule. A classification of ocellar interneurons for comparative study is proposed.
Gestational evolution of small intestine motility in preterm and term infants

Continuous perfusion manometry was performed in 31 preterm and term infants to assess the influence of gestational age on small intestinal motility. Gestational ages ranged from 27 to 42 weeks. All 8 term infants had interdigestive cycles that included all three phases. Only 4 of 23 preterm infants had complete interdigestive cycles. The remaining 19 preterm infants had only periods of motor quiescence and nonpropagating contractions. In term infants the interdigestive cycle was significantly shorter and the amplitude of phase 3 activity was significantly greater ( p p p p p
Fractures of the first rib in child abuse.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence and specificity of fracture of the first rib as an indicator of child abuse and to determine a mechanism of fracture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All infants and young children with rib fractures who were seen at the radiology department of an academic medical center over a 2-year period were identified from the radiology data base. RESULTS: Rib fractures were attributed to child abuse in 12 of 35 children identified. Apart from a neonate with congenital osteogenesis imperfecta, only three children, all abused, had first-rib fracture, one bilaterally. Two additional children with first-rib fracture were identified from years prior to the study period. In four children, first-rib fractures were "isolated," without fractures of adjacent bones. CONCLUSION: Child abuse should be considered in cases of pediatric rib fracture, particularly fracture of the first rib. Possible mechanisms for first-rib fracture include impact force, compressive force, and shaking or acute axial load (...
Cholesterol Content and Methods for Cholesterol Determination in Meat and Poultry

Abstract: Available data for cholesterol content of beef, pork, poultry, and processed meat products were reported. Although the cholesterol concentration in meat and poultry can be influenced by various factors, effects of animal species, muscle fiber type, and muscle fat content are focused on in this review. Oxidative red muscles tend to have greater total lipid and cholesterol contents, although differences in the same types of muscles or cuts have been reported. Moreover, contradictory results among various studies suggest that unless there are pronounced changes in muscle structure and composition, cholesterol content is unlikely to be affected. Second, multiple issues in cholesterol analysis, including sample preparation, detection, and quantification, were evaluated. Cholesterol content of meat and poultry has been determined mostly by colorimetry and chromatography, although the latter has become predominant because of technological advances and method performance. Direct saponification has been the preferred method for hydrolyzing samples because of cost- and time-effectiveness. The extraction solvent varies, but toluene seems to provide sufficient recovery in a single extraction, although the possible formation of an emulsion associated with using toluene requires experience in postsaponification manipulation. The most commonly used internal standard is 5α-cholestane, although its behavior is not identical to that of cholesterol. Cholesterol can be analyzed routinely by gas chromatography (GC)-flame ionization detector without derivatization; however, other methods, especially high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with different detectors, can also be used. For research purposes, HPLC-ultraviolet/Visible/photodiode array detector with nondestructiveness is preferred, especially when cholesterol must be separated from other coexisting compounds such as tocopherols. More advanced methods, such as GC/HPLC-isotope dilution/mass spectrometry, are primarily used for quality control purposes.
The Extended Blue Continuum and Line Emission around the Central Radio Galaxy in Abell 2597

We present results from detailed imaging of the centrally dominant radio elliptical galaxy in the cooling-flow cluster Abell 2597, using data obtained with the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). This object is one of the archetypal blue-lobed cooling-flow radio elliptical galaxies, also displaying a luminous emission-line nebula, a compact radio source, and a significant dust lane and evidence of molecular gas in its center. We show that the radio source is surrounded by a complex network of emission-line filaments, some of which display a close spatial association with the outer boundary of the radio lobes. We present a detailed analysis of the physical properties of ionized and neutral gas associated with the radio lobes, and show that their properties are strongly suggestive of direct interactions between the radio plasma and ambient gas. We resolve the blue continuum emission into a series of knots and clumps, and present evidence that these are most likely due to regions of recent star formation. We investigate several possible triggering mechanisms for the star formation, including direct interactions with the radio source, filaments condensing from the cooling flow, or the result of an interaction with a gas-rich galaxy, which may also have been responsible for fueling the active nucleus. We propose that the properties of the source are plausibly explained in terms of accretion of gas by the cD during an interaction with a gas-rich galaxy, which, combined with the fact that this object is located at the centre of a dense, high-pressure intracluster medium, can account for the high rates of star formation and the strong confinement of the radio source.
Evidence for Enzymatic 5-Hydroxylation of Indole-3-acetic Acid in vitro by Extracts of Sedum morganianum

Summary The kinetic properties of a soluble enzyme preparation from Sedum morganianum have been studied using both tryptophan and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) as substrates. This soluble enzyme preparation utilized tryptophan and IAA as substrates forming 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) respectively although the affinity for IAA was much lower (K m = 208.8 ± 8.5 μM IAA) as opposed to tryptophan (K m = 102.5 ± 8.7 μM L-tryptophan) Furthermore, endogenous serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) and 5-HIAA were identified in the leaves of this species. Both spectrophotofluorometric and thin layer chromatographic identification of enzyme reaction products indicate that tryptophan is converted to 5-HTP and IAA is converted to 5-HIAA. Tryptophan hydroxylating activity and IAA hydroxylating activity show a maximum at pH 7.5 and pH 8.0 respectively. These results demonstrate that an extract from Sedum morganianum leaves is capable of hydroxylating both tryptophan and IAA in vitro and that these reaction products are present in the plant tissue.
Effect of fatty acid mixtures on the rice stylet nematode (Tylenchorhynchus martini Fielding, 1956).

IN the course of other experiments, the metabolic fatty acids produced by Clostridium butyricum Prazmowski were shown to be active against Tylenchorhynchus martini Fielding, 1956. Fatty acids in aqueous solutions at those concentrations extracted from artificial culture filtrates proved highly effective in inactivating T. martini 1.
Piety Politics and the Role of a Transnational Feminist Analysis

This paper draws on the ethnographic case of pious Shi‘i Muslim gender activists in Lebanon in order to argue for the necessity of considering transnational discourses on gender and Islam in our analyses of piety. Based upon field research conducted in al-Dahiya – the southern suburb of Beirut – since 1998, the paper examines pious Shi‘i women's engagements with transnational discourses about gender roles and stereotypes about Muslim women. The paper excavates a Hizbullah Women's Committee seminar during which reformulated Islamic models of womanhood as well as models associated with ‘the West’ were discussed in relation to women's participation in the public sphere. The paper suggests that political and social contexts are critical aspects of modern formations of piety, and that scholarship should aim towards multifaceted and non-reductive analyses that incorporate transnational discursive and political-economic contexts into discussions of piety politics in ways that are not necessarily constitutive and that are always contextually contingent. Resume Le present article est consacre au cas ethnographique de feministes chiites pieuses au Liban et se veut un plaidoyer pour la prise en compte des discours transnationaux sur le sexe et l’islam dans les analyses de la piete. Sur la base de recherches sur le terrain menees aal-Dahiya, dans la banlieue sud de Beyrouth, depuis 1998, l’auteur examine l’engagement de femmes chiites pieuses dans le discours transnational sur les roles et stereotypes de genre concernant les femmes musulmanes. L’analyse prend appui sur un seminaire du Comite des femmes du Hezbollah, au cours duquel des modeles islamiques reformules de la condition feminine et des modeles associes a« l’Occident »etaient debattus en relation avec la participation des femmes aux affaires publiques. L’auteur suggere que les contextes politique et social sont cruciaux dans la formation moderne de la piete et que les etudes doivent tendre vers des analyses non reductrices, portant sur de multiples aspects, qui integrent les contextes discursifs et politico-economiques transnationaux dans la discussion de politiques de la piete, selon une approche qui ne soit pas necessairement constitutive et toujours contextualisee.
Changes in plasma and urinary amino acids following estrogen administration to males.

Abstract Administration of 5 mg. diethylstilbestrol daily for 5 days raised the 17-OHCS and the corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) concentration from 13.9 μ g. 100 ml. (17-OHCS) and 32 mg./L. (CBG) to 32.3 μ g. 100 ml. and 75 mg./L., respectively. A significant increase in free 1-methyl histidine and significant decrease in free tyrosine and histidine in the urine occurred. The effect on the amino acid metabolism is markedly different from the effect of cortisol administration despite the definite increase in plasma 17-OHCS noted above. These findings are consistent with the notion that the increase in plasma 17-OHCS following estrogen is mainly of the protein-bound form and that this form of adrenal corticosteroid is inactive.
An empirical analysis of manufacturing overhead cost drivers

Abstract Empirical validity of the claim that overhead costs are driven not by production volume but by transactions resulting from production complexity is examined using data from 32 manufacturing plants from the electronics, machinery, and automobile components industries. Transactions are measured using number of engineering change orders, number of purchasing and production planning personnel, shop-floor area per part, and number of quality control and improvement personnel. Results indicate a strong positive relation between manufacturing overhead costs and both manufacturing transactions and production volume. Most of the variation in overhead costs, however, is explained by measures of manufacturing transactions, not volume.
Organizing across the divide: Local feminist activism, everyday life, and the election of women to public office

Objectives. A disciplinary division of labor has discouraged research into the intersections between social movements and electoral participation. To address this gap, this study investigates the efforts of local women activists who organize around electing feminists to public office. Methods. Data was collected through participant observation and in–depth, unstructured interviews with 22 women active with a local chapter of the National Women's Political Caucus (NWPC). Results. The study found that local Caucus women (1) experience everyday life politics in connection with electoral activity, (2) organize through both their own formal structure and a vast informal community–based organizational network, and (3) influence electoral activity in a seemingly candidate–centered environment. Conclusions. Local Caucus activists play a critical albeit less visible role in organizing feminist electoral influence. These findings suggest the importance of research that transcends disciplinary boundaries to investigate the interactions between nonparty grassroots activism and electoral activity.
Implementation and performance of beam smoothing on 10 beams of the Nova laser

Recent simulations and experiments on Nova indicate that some level of smoothing may be required to suppress filamentation in plasmas on the National Ignition Facility, resulting in the addition of 1D smoothing capability to the current baseline design. Control of stimulated Brillouin scattering and filamentation is considered essential to the success of laser fusion because they affect the amount and location of laser energy delivered to the x-ray conversion region (holhraum wall) for indirect drive and to the absorptive region for direct drive. Smoothing by spectral dispersion (SSD), reduces these instabilities by reducing nonuniformities in the focal irradiance when averaged over a finite time interval. We have installed SSD on Nova to produce beam smoothing on all 10 beam lines. A single dispersion grating is located in a position common to all 10 beam lines early in the preamplifier chain. This location limits the 1(omega) bandwidth to 2.2 angstroms with sufficient dispersion to displace the speckle field of each frequency component at the target plane by one half speckle diameter. Several beam lines were modified to allow orientation of the dispersion on each arm relative to the holhraum wall. After conversion to the third harmonic the beam passes through a kinoform phase plate (KPP) designed to produce an elliptical spot at best focus. The KPPs produce a focal spot having an elliptical flat-top envelope with a superimposed speckle pattern. Over 93% of the energy is contained in the central 400 micrometers . Calculations indicate a 16% rms intensity variance will be reached after 330 ps for a single beam.
Yolk amprolium levels produced by giving chickens amprolium in feed or water.

Abstract INTRODUCTION DEPOSITION of amprolium 1 [l-(4-amino-2-n-propyl-5-pyrirnidinylmethyl)-2-picolinium chloride · HCl] in egg yolk occurs when hens are given the coccidiostat in feed (Polin et al., 1962a). Administration of the drug in water would presumably result in a similar effect. A series of experiments was performed to determine dose-response curves relating to amprolium deposition in egg yolk from feed and water administration. The results are presented in this report. METHODS White Leghorn hens 7 to 20 months of age were housed in groups of 4 in 3-deck, wire-floored batteries within a constant temperature room of 22 ± 2°C. Medicated ration, when fed, was prepared from a commercial breeder ration to which amprolium, as pure drug, was added via a pre-mix of sifted (#40 sieve) diet. Medicated drinking water was prepared fresh each day from a stock solution of 9.6% Amprol. 2 Water was supplied in stainless steel troughs which were washed daily at the . . .
Identification of a four copper folding intermediate in mammalian copper metallothionein by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Mammalian metallothioneins (MT) are known to maximally bind 12 copper ions in two six-Cu(I) ion clusters. Using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of MT at pH 4.5, a four-Cu(I) ion cluster was observed intermediate to a fully formed six Cu(I) in a single domain or a fully formed Cu12MT species. The four-Cu(I) cluster was observed in both MT1 and MT3 isoforms. Addition of increasing amounts of Cu(I) to MT at pH 4.5 resulted in prominent ions whoses masses were consistent with apo-MT, Cu4MT, Cu6MT, and Cu12MT. The cooperativity of cluster formation was reduced at pH 2.5. Addition of Cu(I) to apo-MT at a reduced pH resulted in a series of ions consistent with Cu4 to Cu12MT species. However, formation of the tetracopper MT species remained cooperative at low pH, suggesting that this species is very stable. To determine whether the tetracopper cluster was formed in either the α or β domain, domain peptides of MT3 were used. Addition of Cu(I) to the apo β domain resulted in a peak consistent with the formation of a four-Cu(I) cluster. This is consistent with reports that Cu(I) ions bind preferentially to the β domain of MTs.
Temperature of Multibubble Sonoluminescence in Water

Sonoluminescence (SL) spectra were collected from water doped with several organic liquids at low concentrations. Most of the organic substances studied show emission from C2 and an overall decrease in the intensity relative to SL from pure water. This decrease is due to the consumption by the organic substrates of hydroxyl radicals and other incipient emitting species produced during sonolysis. Small concentrations of carbon disulfide do not lead to emission from C2 but do cause an increase in SL intensity across the spectral window, most likely due to its own fluorescence. Carbon tetrachloride does not change the intensity of water sonoluminescence but does exhibit C2 emission. This indicates that the dissociation of carbon tetrachloride inside the cavitation bubble is independent of the products of water sonolysis. Benzene shows the strongest C2 emission and was studied in the greatest detail. The emission of excited-state C 2 arising from the sonication of benzene/water mixtures at 20 kHz was used to determine an effective emission temperature during cavitation in water. Interband analysis of the two C2 bands observed during irradiation of water/benzene mixtures at 278 K under Ar indicates an emission temperature of 4300 ( 200 K. High-intensity ultrasonic vibrations in liquids are accompanied by cavitation: the formation of vapor/gas filled bubbles that pulsate in a highly nonlinear manner. The energy stored during the growth of the bubble in the rarefaction phase of the acoustic field is released when the bubble violently collapses in the positive phase of the acoustic field. This is manifested as acoustic noise, shock waves, chemical reactions, and the emission of light (sonoluminescence, SL). 1 This violent collapse is predicted to generate a hot spot of thousands of Kelvin within the bubble, 1-5 but there have to date been only a limited number of experimental measurements of the temperature of this hot spot. 6-11 Although the sonoluminescence of water has been studied for more than 50 years, 12,13 reliable measurements of the effective temperature during aqueous cavitation remain unresolved. Given the importance of aqueous cavitation to numerous issues (sonography and bioeffects of ultrasound, sonochemical remediation of aqueous pollutants, synthetic applications of sonochemistry, etc. 14 ), we decided to apply our previous spectroscopic analysis of sonoluminescence from nonaqueous liquids to aqueous solutions doped with small amounts of hydrocarbons. MBSL (multibubble sonoluminescence, light emission from cavitation clouds) spectra from dilute mixtures of organic liquids in water were collected. We have analyzed the emission from excited states of C2 and find that cavitation in benzene/water solutions at 20 kHz has an effective emission temperature of 4300 ( 200 K. Sonoluminescence from water was discovered in the early 1930s when Marinesco and Trillat 12 found that a photographic plate could be fogged in the presence of a cavitation field, and both Frenzel and Schultes 13 and Zimakov 13 subsequently observed this emission using the unaided eye. Subsequent
The backpropagation algorithm: Implications for the biological bases of individual differences in intelligence

Abstract Variations in brain structure and function may explain individual variation in human intelligence. However, it is not currently possible to directly examine this hypothesis. As an indirect examination, a neural network employing the backpropagation algorithm to solve the exclusive-or function was manipulated to possess different numbers of processing elements (neurons), connections (synapses), and conduction failure (synaptic failure). The effect of the variations on network accuracy and energy utilization were compared to human reaction time and cerebral metabolic data to evaluate which variations most reliably reproduced the human results. Varying the synaptic failure rate appears essential for mimicking the human reaction time data and increasing network connectivity is the most efficient way to improve network accuracy for a given degree of neuronal activation. The results suggest that variations in the physiologic events of synaptic neurotransmission and variations in the structural interconnectivity of the neurons in the brain will be found to underline an important portion of the variation in human intelligence.
Near Infrared Microspectroscopy, Fluorescence Microspectroscopy, Infrared Chemical Imaging and High-Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Analysis of Soybean Seeds, Embryos and Single Cells

Chemical analysis of soybean seeds, somatic embryos and single cells were carried out by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), Fourier Transform Near Infrared (FT-NIR) Microspectroscopy, Fluorescence and High-Resolution NMR (HR-NMR). The first FT-NIR chemical images of biological systems approaching 1 micron (1μ) resolution are presented here. Chemical images obtained by FT-NIR and FT-IR Microspectroscopy are presented for oil in soybean seeds and somatic embryos under physiological conditions. FT-NIR spectra of oil and proteins were obtained for volumes as small as 2μ3. Related, HR-NMR analyses of oil contents in somatic embryos are also presented here with nanoliter precision. Such 400 MHz 1H NMR analyses allowed the selection of mutagenized embryos with higher oil content (e.g. ~20%) compared to non-mutagenized control embryos. Moreover, developmental changes in single soybean seeds and/or somatic embryos may be monitored by FT-NIR with a precision approaching the picogram level. Indeed, detailed chemical analyses of oils and phytochemicals are now becoming possible by FT-NIR Chemical Imaging/ Microspectroscopy of single cells. The cost, speed and analytical requirements of plant breeding and genetic selection programs are fully satisfied by FT-NIR spectroscopy and Microspectroscopy for soybeans and soybean embryos. FT-NIR Microspectroscopy and Chemical Imaging are also shown to be potentially important in functional Genomics and Proteomics research through the rapid and accurate detection of high-content microarrays (HCMA). Multi-photon (MP), pulsed femtosecond laser NIR Fluorescence Excitation techniques were shown to be capable of Single Molecule Detection (SMD). Therefore, such powerful techniques allow for the most sensitive and reliable quantitative analyses to be carried out both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, MP NIR excitation for Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) allows not only single molecule detection, but also molecular dynamics and high resolution, submicron imaging of femtoliter volumes inside living cells and tissues. These novel, ultra-sensitive and rapid NIR/FCS analyses have numerous applications in important research areas, such as: agricultural biotechnology, food safety, pharmacology, medical research and clinical diagnosis of viral diseases and cancers.
New technique for studying incision depth in experimental radial keratotomy

Older techniques of analyzing incision depth in incisional keratotomy consist of serial transverse sections taken at various points along the incision. Information as to shape and depth of the incision are reconstructed from these sections. We describe a new method for studying the incision depth and profile along the entire incision length.
Polarization of prompt muons produced at large transverse momenta

Abstract We measured the longitudinal and transverse polarization of prompt muons produced at ∼2 GeV/c transverse momentum by the interaction of 28.5 GeV protons on tungsten. Both components of the polarization were found to be consistent with zero: PL = −0.15 ± 0.18 and PT = 0.05 ± 0.05.
A novel method for measuring atmospheric transmission using a modulated laser source

Current transmissometer designs can be physically bulky, electronically complex, and susceptible to background light; ultimately limiting performance. We describe a novel transmissometer design based upon a modulated LED source and an AC-coupled receiver to improve upon the aforementioned shortcomings. The design aims to reduce both complexity and SWAP through the use of a high frequency modulation technique, while ultimately improving SNR and measurement range over a variety of atmospheric conditions. The instrument is a dynamic atmosphere and range transmissometer (DART). First we discuss the theory associated with our technique; particularly addressing how the effects of atmospheric turbulence are handled. Next, we describe the radiometry and calibration procedures for the transmitter and the receiver. We describe the instrument hardware and how the DART was built and tested in the laboratory. Finally, we discuss the field experiment to test the DART against a commercial unit over a 700m coastal path in San Diego. The processed data are compared with concurrent measurements from the Optec LPV-3 commercial transmissometer. Transmission data from the DART tracks the commercial instrument very well over varying atmospheric conditions.
Action Research Approach on Mobile Learning Design for the Underserved

This paper discusses an action research study focused on developing a mobile learning model of literacy development for underserved migrant indigenous children in Latin America. The research study incorporated a cyclical action model with four distinctive stages (Strategize, Apply, Evaluate, and Reflect) designed to guide constituencies involved in the study to design, test, and enhance a mobile learning model. The findings, to date, reveal some of the contextual phenomena that create both challenges and opportunities for a mobile learning model. From this, design strategies are evolving focused on sustained literacy exposure for extremely marginalized (economically, educationally, geographically, and technologically) migrant indigenous children who have no consistent access to a formal education system.
Blocking the development of postischemic cardiomyopathy with viral gene transfer of the apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain

Abstract Objectives: Apoptosis caused by acute ischemia and subsequent ventricular remodeling is implicated as a mediator of heart failure. This study was designed to assess the efficacy of in vivo viral gene transfer of the antiapoptotic factor apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain to block apoptosis and preserve ventricular geometry and function. Methods: In a rabbit model of regional ischemia followed by reperfusion, an experimental group treated with adenovirus-apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain was compared with empty vector adenovirus-null controls. Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography and sonomicrometry of the border zone compared with the normal left ventricle. Animals were killed at 6 weeks with measurements of ventricular geometry and apoptosis. Results: Animals with the apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC group) maintained higher ejection fractions at 4 and 6 weeks, and sonomicrometry demonstrated greater protection of border zone fractional shortening at 6 weeks compared with the control group. The ARC group maintained superior preservation of left ventricular geometry with less ventricular dilation and wall thinning. Finally, there was reduced apoptosis in the rabbits treated with apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain compared with the controls. Conclusions: Gene transfer of apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain preserves left ventricular function after ischemia. The benefit at 6 weeks is postulated to result from an apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain-mediated reduction in apoptosis and ventricular remodeling. Adenovirus-apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain administration offers a potential strategy after myocardial ischemia to protect the heart from late postischemic cardiomyopathy.
Synaptoid profiles in regenerating crustacean peripheral nerves.

Synapse-like structures occurring in regenerating crayfish peripheral nerves are characterized by aggregates of small (250 to 600 A) electron lucent vesicles adjacent to a thickened “presynaptic” membrane. Such synaptoid profiles are seen opposite other axons, glial processes or extracellular fibrous material. Junctions with cellular elements do not show “postsynaptic” specializations. These complexes are compared to axo-glial synapses in the developing spinal cord and to synaptoid configurations observed by others in vertebrate and invertebrate neurosecretory systems.
Interpreting the interpretations: the use of structured reporting improves referring clinicians' comprehension of coronary CT angiography reports.

Background Efficiency of coronary CT angiography (CCTA) in clinical practice depends on precise reporting and accurate result interpretation. Objective We sought to assess referring clinicians' understanding of patients' coronary artery disease (CAD) severity and to compare satisfactions of the free-form impression (FFI) with satisfactions of the structured impression (SI) section of CCTA reports. Materials and Methods Fifty clinical CCTA reports from May 2011 to April 2012 were retrospectively selected (25 FFI and 25 SI), to include cases with the entire spectrum of CAD (6 categories encompassing normal, minimal, mild, moderate, severe stenosis, and occlusion). A survey containing only randomized blinded impressions was distributed to 4 cardiologists and 2 cardiac imaging specialists. Clinician interpretation was examined regarding (Q1) worst stenosis severity, (Q2) number of vessels with significant stenosis, and (Q3) the presence of nonevaluable segments. Agreement proportions and Cohen's kappa were evaluated between FFI versus SI. Satisfactions were measured with respect to content, clarity, and clinical effectiveness. Results Q1 agreement was excellent for both FFI and SI (by 6 categories: 80% versus 85%; P > .05; kappa: 0.87 versus 0.89; by no CAD versus nonsignificant versus significant CAD: 99% versus 97%; P > .05; kappa: 0.99 versus 0.94). Q2 agreement improved from fair to moderate (53% versus 68%; P = .04; kappa 0.31 versus 0.52). Q3 agreement was moderate (90% versus 87%; P > .05; kappa 0.57 versus 0.58). Satisfactions with impressions were high and similar for FFI and SI for clinicians. Conclusion Structured impressions were shown to improve result interpretation agreement from fair to moderate with regard to the number of vessels with significant stenosis.
Step-and-Repeat Photopatterning of Protein Features Using Caged-Biotin−BSA: Characterization and Resolution

This paper characterizes the caged-biotin−BSA system developed for selectively patterning biotinylated proteins into patterns on glass slides. Methyl α-nitropiperonyloxycarbonyl biotin, caged biotin, is coupled to a bovine serum albumin (BSA) carrier molecule using succinimide chemistry and then employed in a four-step patterning process: (1) caged-biotin−BSA compound is adsorbed onto a glass slide; (2) the slide is irradiated with 353-nm light through a chrome-on-glass photomask; (3) streptavidin is selectively bound to the irradiated regions; and (4) biotinylated protein is bound to the selectively immobilized streptavidin. A step-and-repeat scheme was used to demonstrate that streptavidin and then biotinylated BSA can be sequentially immobilized with reproducible feature density and little interfeature binding. Eight-minute irradiation of a mixed monolayer of 25% native BSA and 75% caged-biotin−BSA yielded the highest feature contrast, required the minimum use of reagent, and produced the least nonspe...
A generalized PID error governing scheme for SMART/SBLI control

Presents the control strategy used in a novel concept termed smart mesoflaps for aeroelastic recirculation transpiration (SMART) aimed at controlling shock/boundary-layer interactions (SBLI) in supersonic jet inlets. A basic PID controller used initially effectively meets the performance requirements. However, this sometimes results in actuation saturation, which can be very damaging to the SMART hardware. Therefore, a generalized error governing scheme for PID controllers is developed to compensate for actuator saturations. This method can be generalized to any stable process controlled by a PID, and has advantages over traditional anti-windup controllers. The PID error governing method is experimentally applied to a benchtop SMART subsystem and is shown to be successful at preventing excessive control efforts.
Double through-transmission ultrasonic inspection of plastic IC packages

A double through transmission ultrasonic technique for IC package inspection is presented. The technique makes use of a smooth plate under the IC package to reflect the ultrasound that has passed through the package. The reflected ultrasound goes through the package again and is received for signal and image processing to detect internal defects in the IC package. The technique overcomes the difficulties of the traditional pulse-echo SAM methods. It also offers advantages over the through transmission setup in the market. The technique was successfully applied to reveal the internal defects such as delamination and package crack in thin packages.
Extraction and determination of trace amounts of energetic compounds in blood by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC/ECD)

Abstract This paper describes an efficient and sensitive method for determining five energetic compounds at trace levels (ng/mL) in blood by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC/ECD). For seven test concentrations (1–1250 ng/mL), the average recoveries (%) were 104 ± 16, 108 ± 22, 105 ± 14, 100 ± 22 and 108 ± 16 for hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine (TNX), hexahydro-1,3-dinitroso-5-nitro-1,3,5-triazine (DNX), hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (MNX), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX) and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) (n = 84), respectively. Analysis of DNX and RDX produced lower precision than other energetic compounds. Acetonitrile extracts of blood samples should be analyzed immediately as the test compounds can transform into unknown compounds, which lowered the recovery by 0–45% within 10 days at room temperature (∼20 °C). Maintaining sample extracts at 4 °C decreased loss of test compounds. The method described herein was validated by different analysis teams on different days. Two-way ANOVA indicated that there was no significant difference between analysis teams or days of analysis. The method was successfully employed in the analysis of blood samples from a mouse dosing study involving TNX and RDX.
Gesture and Collaborative Planning A Case Study of a Student Writing Group

When writers plan a document together, they rely on gestures as well as speech and writing in constructing a common representation of their group document. This case study of a student technical writing group explores how group members used gestures to create a conversational interaction space that they then treated like a physical text that they manipulated, wrote on, and pointed at. These gestures suggested a group pretext that helped group members translate abstract goals into concrete plans. However, the close proximity of gesture to the physical act of writing may mislead students into thinking that the tricky work of translating abstract ideas into final written form had already been completed. Gestures and adaptor movements (such as fidgeting with a pen) also seemed to conspire to help individuals control the conversational space and call attention to themselves as writers. Implications for future research on gesture and collaborative writing, gender, and writing technologies are discussed.
Simulating Large Scale Parallel Applications Using Statistical Models for Sequential Execution Blocks

Predicting sequential execution blocks of a large scale parallel application is an essential part of accurate prediction of the overall performance of the application. When simulating a future machine, or a prototype system only available at a small scale, it becomes a significant challenge. Using hardware simulators may not be feasible due to excessively slowed down execution times and insufficient resources. The difficulty of these challenges increases proportionally with the scale of the simulation. In this paper, we propose an approach based on statistical models to accurately predict the performance of the sequential execution blocks that comprise a parallel application. We deployed these techniques in a trace-driven simulation framework to capture both the detailed behavior of the application as well as the overall predicted performance. The technique is validated using both synthetic benchmarks and the NAMD application.
Patterns of economic attainment of foreign-born male workers in the United States.

This article is concerned with the economic attainment patterns of foreign-born male workers in the United States in 1980. The economic attainment patterns of males born in 92 countries of the worl...
Microwave and thermal infrared emission from young sea ice and pancake ice

The goals of this study are to observe the development of multifreqency microwave emissivity (e) of new and young sea ice grown under dynamic conditions, and to investigate the effects of ice growth and structural changes on its microwave signature. In particular, the authors are interested in three ice types, whose signatures are particularly difficult to investigate under normal field conditions. Unconsolidated frazil ice and pancake ice, which occur when ice forms in a wave field under stormy conditions, are found in abundance in the marginal ice zones of the Arctic and Antarctic sea ice packs. They make up a significant portion of the area covered by the new and young ice. Because new and young ice types are weaker than the surrounding thick ice and fracture first under conditions of high ice stress, a large percentage of the ridged ice consists of thin saline ice. As the ridges evolve, brine drains out of the elevated parts causing substantial changes in the permittivity distribution which can affect their microwave emissivities. Previous studies have shown that the microwave signatures of these ice types appear to be distinct in several respects, but the data from these experiments are sparse and the uncertainties are still relatively large. The differences between the microwave signatures of these ice types and those of first-year (FY) ice types grown under relatively calm conditions are important for interpreting satellite derived ice concentrations and ice type distributions. This paper presents the results of the author's latest studies of the microwave emissivities of these ice types.
Digital inclusion and data profiling

In the United States, digital inclusion policies designed to introduce poor people, communities of color, indigenous, and migrants (collectively, “chronically underserved communities” or “the underserved”) to the economic, social, and political benefits of broadband lie in tension with new practices and techniques of online surveillance. While online surveillance activity affects all broadband users, members of chronically underserved communities are potentially more vulnerable to the harmful effects of surveillant technologies. This paper examines specific examples of commercial data profiling against a longer history of low–tech data profiling of chronically underserved communities. It concludes by calling for issues of online privacy and surveillance to punctuate digital inclusion discourse. Until this happens, digital inclusion policies threaten to bring chronically underserved communities into online worlds that, as Gandy (2009) argued, reinforce and exacerbate social exclusion and inequalities.
Totalsynthesen höherer Monosaccharide

Eine erfolgreiche Strategie zur Synthese der Titelverbindungen basiert auf drei wesentlichen Entwicklungen: 1. Der Erreichung hoher Regioselektivitat und diastereofacialer Selektivitat beim Aufbau pyranoider Systeme aus aktivierten Dienen und Aldehyden in Gegenwart von Lewis-Sauren; 2. der Ausnutzung stereoselektiver Reaktionen zur Funktionalisierung des pyranoiden Systems und 3. der Entdeckung stereoselektiver Reaktionen zur Ubertragung der chiralen Information vom pyranosiden System auf neugebildete Chiralitatszentren in der Seitenkette. Die Kombination dieser drei Komponenten ermoglicht es, biologisch hochst interessante Zielmolekule zu synthetisieren.
SENSIBILITY THEORY AND CONSERVATIVE COMPLANCENCY

In Ruling Passions , Simon Blackburn contends that we should reject sensibility theory because it serves to support a conservative complacency. Blackburn's strategy is attractive in that it seeks to win this metaethical dispute - which ultimately stems from a deep disagreement over antireductionism - on the basis of an uncontroversial normative consideration. Therefore, Blackburn seems to offer an easy solution to an apparently intractable debate. We will show, however, that Blackburn's argument against sensibility theory does not succeed; it is no more sup- portive of conservative complacency than Blackburn's noncognitivism. A victory for noncognitivism cannot be so easily won.
Population ecology of the white‐nosed coati (Nasua narica) on Barro Colorado Island, Panama

The white-nosed coati, Nasua narica, is a common Neotropical carnivore with a social structure of band-living adult females and solitary adult males. A coati population on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, was studied over a four-year period by mark-recapture, radiotelemetry. and direct observation of habituated individuals. The population density was approximately 51.5 individuals/km2 and the sex ratio was 1:1. Band size varied from six to 26 individuals (mean = 15.3) with extensive fluctuation within and between years. Mean foraging group size was smaller (7.2 individuals) than population group size, and fluctuated with food availability, synchronous parturition, and the emigration of mature males. Mean home-range size of six bands was 0.33 km2, and ranges of adjacent bands overlapped from 0–66%. One band fissioned during the study; however, the resulting bands did not disperse from the original home range. Seven adult males had a mean home-range size of 0.37 km2, each extensively overlapping the home ranges of several other males. Observations of 10 adult males whose natal bands were known indicate that when males disperse they do not simultaneously leave the band's home range. Rather, their home ranges remain within or broadly overlapping those of their natal bands. This dispersal pattern is unusual within the order Carnivora.
Leaf-litter decomposition in Amazonian forest fragments

Most of the forests of the Amazon basin grow on nutrient-poor soils (Jordan 1982). Despite this, these forests remain productive through a variety of nutrient conservation mechanisms and a very effective system of organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling (Jordan 1982). When an area of forest is fragmented however, the remaining patches experience modified microclimatic conditions (Camargo & Kapos 1995, Didham & Lawton 1999), and changes in floristic composition (Laurance et al. 1998), which can affect the decomposer community (Didham et al. 1996, Souza & Brown 1994) and consequently the decomposition process.
Negation in the history of English. Edited by Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Gunnel Tottie, and Wim van der Wurff. (Topics in English linguistics, 26.) Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1998. Pp. viii, 333. Hardback. 98.00.

In recent years, the study of negation has motivated an impressive amount of work devoted to the study of the grammatical representation of sentential negation and its implications for syntactic and semantic theory (see the bibliography in Horn and Kato 2000 for a reasonably exhaustive compilation). The current volume includes twelve papers, the majority presented at a conference in Leiden in late 1994, that examine a range of intersecting issues in the historical development of modern English negation. While the papers are ordered alphabetically in the volume, they fall into two natural classes as defined by theoretical or descriptive orientation: four are explicitly directed to current issues in generative theory, while the remaining eight are of a more purely descriptive nature, although these papers contain sufficient detail to be of interest to practitioners of a variety of grammatical frameworks. I will briefly summarize the papers in the volume before commenting on selected points.
Cardiac operations in patients with cirrhosis.

Abstract Background . A retrospective review was performed to determine the outcome after cardiac operations in patients with a documented history of noncardiac cirrhosis. Methods . The charts of patients admitted to the cardiothoracic surgical service between 1990 and 1996 were reviewed, and 13 patients with a preoperative history of cirrhosis were identified. The severity of preoperative liver disease was graded according to the criteria of Child. Results . Most of the cases of cirrhosis were alcohol-related. Eight patients were classified as having Child class A and 5 as having Child class B cirrhosis. One hundred percent of patients with Child class B and 25% of those with Child class A cirrhosis had major complications. The postoperative chest tube output and transfusion requirements of these patients were approximately three times higher than average. The overall perioperative mortality rate was 31%. In patients with Child class B cirrhosis, the mortality rate was 80%. No patient with Child class A cirrhosis died. Deaths were related to gastrointestinal and septic complications, and not to cardiovascular failure. Conclusions . These findings suggest that patients with minimal clinical evidence of cirrhosis can tolerate cardiopulmonary bypass and cardiac surgical procedures, whereas those with more advanced liver disease should not be offered operation.