cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Right ventricular marginal branch occlusion after blunt force trauma to the chest

Coronary artery occlusion following a blunt trauma is a rare complication. We report a case of a 56-year-old man who experienced an intermediate code trauma following a motor vehicle accident. The patient had a visible ‘seat-belt sign’ and complained of chest pain. Initial electrocardiogram showed mild ST segment elevation accompanied by elevation of cardiac enzymes. Echocardiogram and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging were consistent with right ventricular systolic dysfunction. Coronary angiogram revealed 100% occlusion of proximal right ventricular marginal branch. The patient was managed medically. This case presents a rare case of right ventricular marginal occlusion following blunt chest trauma.
N,N‐Dibromobenzenesulfonamide and N,N‐Dibromo‐p‐toluenesulfonamide

N, N-Dibromobenzenesulfonamide [938-05-6] C6H5Br2NO2S (MW 314.98) InChI = 1S/C6H5Br2NO2S/c7-9(8)12(10,11)6-4-2-1-3-5-6/h1-5H InChIKey = OTVPURYEWXIAKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N (source of electrophilic bromine, oxidizing agent) Alternative Name: dibromamine-B. Physical Data: mp 110–111 °C (dec).1 Solubility: soluble in most common organic solvents;1 0.339 g/kg H2O (at 30 °C),1 160.6 g/kg glacial acetic acid (at 30 °C).1 Form Supplied in: yellow crystalline solid, not commercially available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H (in d4-methanol) and 13C NMR (in CDCl3) data are available for comparison.1 Preparation: several high-yielding preparative methods have been described. The most common method is treatment of benzenesulfonamide with aqueous base (NaHCO32 or KOH3, 4) followed by the addition of liquid bromine. An alternative method involves the addition of liquid bromine to an aqueous solution of N-chlorobenzenesulfonamide (chloramine-B).1 Handling, Storage, Precautions: solutions decompose slightly when stored in colorless bottles exposed to light. For best results, solid N,N-dibromobenzenesulfonamide and its solutions should be stored in amber bottles.1 N,N-Dibromo-p-toluenesulfonamide [21849-40-1] C7H7Br2NO2S (MW 329.00) (cohalogenating agent, oxidizing reagent, electrophilic bromine source) Alternate Name: dibromamine-T. Physical Data: mp 79 °C.32 Solubility: soluble in most common organic solvents. Form Supplied in: crystalline solid and commercially not available.32 Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H (in CDCl3), 13C NMR, and IR data are available for comparison.32 Preparative Method: the common method is treatment of 4-methylbenzenesulphonimide with a solution of NaOH in water followed by liquid bromine.32 The other method involves the treatment of chloramine-T with liquid bromine at room temperature.33 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: should be protected from light and stored in a cold dry place.
Primary Hyperparathyroidism Due to an Oxyphil Cell Adenoma

A 70-year-old black man was found to have primary hyperparathyroidism due to an oxyphil cell adenoma. Ultrastructural studies were essential in elucidating the cell type of the tumor. The morphologic findings in relation to the clinical findings and a brief review of the literature are discussed.
Fruitbody Formation by Tylopilus Felleus in Axenic Culture

(1974). Fruitbody Formation by Tylopilus Felleus in Axenic Culture. Mycologia: Vol. 66, No. 1, pp. 197-202.
Impact of Structural Parameters of UHF Sensors on its Amplitude-Frequency Response Characteristics

In the detection of ultra-high-frequency(UHF)partial discharge(PD)in power transformer,sensor is one of the key equipments.At present,Archimedean planar spiral antenna and plane spiral equal-angular antenna are commonly used UHF sensors.By use of frequency sweep method,the frequency-amplitude response characteristics of these two kinds of antennas with a series of different structural parameters are measured in gigahertz transverse electromagnetic(GTEM)cell,and their standing wave ratios(SWRs)are also measured in open space.Measurement results show that inside and outside diameters of these antennas impact their frequency-amplitude response characteristics evidently;when the SWR of measuring antenna is smaller than 2,the requirement of practical measurement can be satisfied;to detect PD in power transformer,wide frequency band UHF sensor should be chosen;plane spiral equal-angular antenna is suitable for PD detection;Archimedean planar spiral antenna is suitable for time-delay location of partial discharge.
The ultrastructural localization and release of platelet lipids.

Investigation of the ultrastructure of platelets of carefully prepared, native platelet rich plasma fixed in gluteraldehyde-osmium has revealed a process not apparent by other technics. Platelet granules undergo transformation into lameller particles with the configuration of lipid micelles. The platelet micelles are released through the platelet cell membrane prior to aggregation. Comparison of the platelet micelles with micelles formed by aqueous dispersion of extracted platelet lipids and brain cephalin revealed similarities of particle size and miceller configuration. The origin of platelet micelles from platelet granules, their release from the cell in early clot development, and their similarity to other lipids active in coagulation are provocative. Platelet micelles may be the active lipid substance contributed by platelets to coagulation, and the lipoprotein complexes of platelet granules the "hidden form" of the platelet lipid in normal circulating cells.
Psychometric properties of time attitude scores in young, middle, and older adult samples

Abstract In an effort to provide a measure of time perspective that can be used across the life-span, we examined the psychometric properties of the Adolescent Time Inventory-Time Attitude Scale (ATI-TA; Mello & Worrell, 2007) in three independent samples of young ( N = 388), middle ( N = 201), and older adults ( N = 189). Results provided strong psychometric evidence that the ATI-TA can be used appropriately with individuals across adolescence and adulthood. Specifically, internal consistency estimates indicated that scores on the six subscales (Past Positive, Past Negative, Present Positive, Present Negative, Future Positive, & Future Negative) were reliable across the three samples. Confirmatory factor analyses showed that the theorized six-factor structure had acceptable fit and fit the data better than alternate models. Subsequent analyses provided support for invariance across young, middle, and older adults. Overall, these results show that the ATI-TA yields reliable scores and a valid structure across adulthood and can be used to measure time perspective throughout the life-span.
Electron-Electron Interactions: Screening

In this chapter we will investigate how the presence of other charges and dipoles influences the charge-charge interaction.
NaV-igating the MAP from PACAP to excitement. Focus on "Activation of MEK/ERK signaling contributes to the PACAP-induced increase in guinea pig cardiac neuron excitability".

pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) exerts a variety of physiological effects in the nervous, endocrine, gastrointestinal, immune, and cardiovascular systems. For example, it is a neurotrophic factor; it modulates synaptic transmission and cellular excitability; it controls
Coexistence of Genetically Modified, Conventional, and Organic Food Products: A Framework and Analysis

The coexistence of genetically modified (GM) products with their conventional and organic counterparts has been one of the most scrutinized issues surrounding the introduction of products of agricultural biotechnology into the agri-food marketing system. Fears that the widespread adoption of GM products would drive their conventional (and, perhaps, organic) counterparts out of the market have been countered by arguments that their presence enhances the equilibrium product variety in the market (GMO Compass; EarthOpenSource). Central to the argument is, of course, the possibility of coexistence of GM, conventional, and organic products with the main focus having been on farm production systems and the prospect of coexistence of GM, conventional, and organic crops (Devos et al. 2009; Bertheau 2013).
Comparative Effectiveness of Second-Line Agents for the Treatment of Diabetes Type 2 in Preventing Kidney Function Decline

Background and objectives Diabetes is the leading cause of ESRD. Glucose control improves kidney outcomes. Most patients eventually require treatment intensification with second-line medications; however, the differential effects of those therapies on kidney function are unknown. Design, setting, participants & measurements We studied a retrospective cohort of veterans on metformin monotherapy from 2001 to 2008 who added either insulin or sulfonylurea and were followed through September of 2011. We used propensity score matching 1:4 for those who intensified with insulin versus sulfonylurea, respectively. The primary composite outcome was persistent decline in eGFR≥35% from baseline (GFR event) or a diagnosis of ESRD. The secondary outcome was a GFR event, ESRD, or death. Outcome risks were compared using marginal structural models to account for time-varying covariates. The primary analysis required persistence with the intensified regimen. An effect modification of baseline eGFR and the intervention on both outcomes was evaluated. Results There were 1989 patients on metformin and insulin and 7956 patients on metformin and sulfonylurea. Median patient age was 60 years old (interquartile range, 54–67), median hemoglobin A1c was 8.1% (interquartile range, 7.1%–9.9%), and median creatinine was 1.0 mg/dl (interquartile range, 0.9–1.1). The rate of GFR event or ESRD (primary outcome) was 31 versus 26 per 1000 person-years for those who added insulin versus sulfonylureas, respectively (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 0.99 to 1.63). The rate of GFR event, ESRD, or death was 64 versus 49 per 1000 person-years, respectively (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.33; 95% confidence interval, 1.11 to 1.59). Tests for a therapy by baseline eGFR interaction for both the primary and secondary outcomes were not significant ( P =0.39 and P =0.12, respectively). Conclusions Among patients who intensified metformin monotherapy, the addition of insulin compared with a sulfonylurea was not associated with a higher rate of kidney outcomes but was associated with a higher rate of the composite outcome that included death. These risks were not modified by baseline eGFR.
Replacing Testing with Formal Verification in Intel$^{\scriptsize\circledR}$ CoreTM i7 Processor Execution Engine Validation

Formal verification of arithmetic datapaths has been part of the established methodology for most Intel processor designs over the last years, usually in the role of supplementing more traditional coverage oriented testing activities. For the recent Intel$^{\tiny\circledR}$ CoreTM i7 design we took a step further and used formal verification as the primary validation vehicle for the core execution cluster, the component responsible for the functional behaviour of all microinstructions. We applied symbolic simulation based formal verification techniques for full datapath, control and state validation for the cluster, and dropped coverage driven testing entirely. The project, involving some twenty person years of verification work, is one of the most ambitious formal verification efforts in the hardware industry to date. Our experiences show that under the right circumstances, full formal verification of a design component is a feasible, industrially viable and competitive validation approach.
Generalized 3D fragmentation index derived from lidar point clouds

Point clouds with increased point densities create new opportunities for analyzing landscape structure in 3D space. Taking advantage of these dense point clouds we have extended a 2D forest fragmentation index developed for regional scale analyses into a 3D index for analyzing vegetation structure at a much finer scale. Based on the presence or absence of points in a 3D raster (voxel model) the 3D fragmentation index is used to evaluate the configuration of a cell’s 3D neighborhood resulting in fragmentation classes such as interior, edge, or patch. In order to incorporate 3D fragmentation into subsequent conventional 2D analyses, we developed a transformation of this 3D fragmentation index into a series of 2D rasters based on index classes. We applied this method to a point cloud obtained by airborne lidar capturing a suburban area with mixed forest cover. All processing and visualization was done in GRASS GIS, an open source, geospatial processing and remote sensing tool. The newly developed code is also publicly available and open source. The entire processing chain is available and executable through Docker for maximum reproducibility. We demonstrated that this proposed index can be used to describe different types of vegetation structure making it a promising tool for remote sensing and landscape ecology. Finally, we suggest that processing point clouds using 3D raster methods including 3D raster algebra is as straightforward as using well-established 2D raster and image processing methods.
Facilitators and barriers to clinical practice guideline use among nurses.

BackgroundClinical practice guidelines, which are designed to encourage consistent, efficient applications of scientific evidence in the daily practice of clinicians, are often underutilized. The majority of research concerning their implementation and use has focused on the work of physicians; more
Demonstration of Safety and Feasibility of Hydrogel Marking of the Pancreas-Duodenum Interface for Image Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT) in a Porcine Model: Implications in IGRT for Pancreatic Cancer Patients.

Purpose To test the feasibility and safety of injecting a high-contrast hydrogel marker at the head of the pancreas (HOP) and duodenum interface and assesses the marker visibility on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to localize this important boundary during image guided radiation therapy in a porcine model. Methods and Materials This was a 2-stage study. The feasibility/visibility stage evaluated the ability to place the hydrogel using endoscopic ultrasound guidance on 8 swine (4 euthanized at post-injection day 8, 4 euthanized at post-injection day 22) and assessed the quality of visibility of the marked location on CBCT in the longer-surviving group. The risk assessment stage evaluated the toxicity of targeted intrapancreatic injections (3 swine) and intramural duodenal wall injections (3 swine) to assess toxicity of a misplaced hydrogel injection. All swine underwent postmortem examination and histopathologic studies. Results The HOP–duodenum interface was successfully marked using hydrogel in 6 of the 8 swine. Histopathologic examination of the 6 successful hydrogel injections showed mild/minimal (4 cases) or moderate (2 cases) reactive inflammation isolated to the injection site. Of the 4 swine survived to 22 days, 3 demonstrated successful hydrogel placement at the HOP–duodenum interface, and this marked location was clearly visible for positional guidance on CBCT. There was no evidence of pancreatitis or duodenal toxicity in the swine undergoing targeted intrapancreatic or intramural duodenum injections for the risk assessment stage. Conclusions We demonstrate the feasibility and safety of injecting a hydrogel marker to highlight the HOP–duodenum interface that has acceptable visibility on CBCT. This technique, translated to humans, enables on-board visualization of this important boundary between the radiation target and dose-limiting, radiosensitive duodenum, facilitating efforts to safely deliver dose-escalated radiation therapy.
Nanofillers in Restorative Dental Materials

Advances in research and development of dental biomaterials at the nanoscale level have been focused at improving the clinical performance of esthetic restorative materials. An integral component of those materials is the nanofillers, which have gained much prominence in recent years due to the growing awareness of their potential applications in material and biologic sciences. Dental composite resins have been formulated with nanofillers and were shown to substantially improve in their performance in vitro as well as clinically.
Particle Filtered MCMC-MLE with Connections to Contrastive Divergence

Learning undirected graphical models such as Markov random fields is an important machine learning task with applications in many domains. Since it is usually intractable to learn these models exactly, various approximate learning techniques have been developed, such as contrastive divergence (CD) and Markov chain Monte Carlo maximum likelihood estimation (MCMC-MLE). In this paper, we introduce particle filtered MCMC-MLE, which is a sampling-importance-resampling version of MCMC-MLE with additional MCMC rejuvenation steps. We also describe a unified view of (1) MCMC-MLE, (2) our particle filtering approach, and (3) a stochastic approximation procedure known as persistent contrastive divergence. We show how these approaches are related to each other and discuss the relative merits of each approach. Empirical results on various undirected models demonstrate that the particle filtering technique we propose in this paper can significantly outperform MCMC-MLE. Furthermore, in certain cases, the proposed technique is faster than persistent CD.
DESIGN FOR PUNCHING STRENGTH OF SLABS AT INTERIOR COLUMNS

Local or punching failures of flat slabs around columns may occur in one of three possible ways: 1) a localized, primarily flexural failure, 2) a punching shear failure, and 3) a combination of flexure and shear. These three types of local or punching failure are analyzed and compared. Limit design procedures considering them are proposed and integrated with the overall flexural limit design of slabs directly supported on columns. Practical flexural design considerations are explored, design methods are recommended, and reasonably simple flexural design formulas and graphs are presented which are exact for some cases and good approximations for all others. Design to prevent shear and combination failures is discussed and an expression is presented which should enable the engineer to predict the type of failure most likely to occur first. An example is provided to illustrate some of the points.
Summary of Cross-Sectional Results

In this chapter, we bring to a close this part of the study by presenting a summary and overview of the results that have been obtained in our cross-sectional analysis of data contained in the BLS quarterly consumer expenditure surveys over the period between 1996 and 1999. Specifically, our goals in the cross-sectional analysis have been as follows:
Temperature dependence of daily respiration and reaeration rates during baseflow conditions in a northeastern U.S. stream

Abstract Study region Finger Lakes Region, New York, USA. Study focus The relationship between stream temperature and daily respiration and reaeration rates was investigated from May 2015 – May 2016 for two sites, one in the headwaters and the other near the mouth of a net heterotrophic stream. Daily respiration and reaeration rates were calculated by applying the night time slope method to open-channel diel oxygen concentrations during baseflow conditions. New hydrological insights for the region Reference values for activation energy (Ea) are presented that could be applicable to lower order streams in temperate climates receiving significant inputs from surface and subsurface flows. There was a sizeable difference in temperature sensitivity between upstream and downstream sites. Ecosystem respiration (ER) exhibited a strong Arrhenius temperature dependence with daily respiration rates of 0.5–9.5 g O2 m−2 d−1 (Ea = 0.61 eV) in the headwaters and 1.8–30.3 g O2 m−2 d−1 (Ea = 0.67 eV) at the downstream location where ER in the headwaters was less sensitive to temperature. Ea for both sites fell within the expected theoretical range for heterotrophic respiration in aquatic ecosystems. Temperature reaeration rate coefficients ranged from 1.011 to 1.020 at the headwaters and from 1.005 to 1.009 downstream suggesting that daily reaeration rates at the headwaters were more sensitive to temperature than the downstream location where reaeration was likely controlled by stream discharge and driven by turbulence.
Curvature growth of some 4-dimensional gradient Ricci soliton singularity models

Abstract In this note we discuss estimates for the curvature of 4-dimensional gradient Ricci soliton singularity models by applying Perelman's point selection, a fundamental result of Cheeger and Naber, and topological lemmas.
Investigating online identity transition experiences of freelance home workers

The aim of this research is to explore the identity constructions and lived experience of freelance workers. This study will obtain rich data from a wide range of freelance workers on their understanding of the primary identity challenges and benefits of this style of working, including negotiating and defining new boundaries between work and play, personal and professional identities. These ‘independent’ workers are not permanently employed by any organisation and are based from home. Therefore this study aims to identify, explore and analyse the identity work (Watson, 2008) these individuals do to create and sustain a professional identity, distinct from their personal identity, offline and as a digital online presence. This research includes an inductive design that uses snowball sampling to facilitate the volume and quality of participants. Informant interviews are the primary source of data collection, while online representations of individuals via their websites, e-mail signatures, Linked In and Facebook profiles, provide further insights. Many freelance workers experience an initial process of identity struggle (Alvesson et al, 2008) when attempting to accept their new professional role, particularly when it is enforced through redundancy or illness. Despite this possible ‘painful’ transition, the majority enjoy the newfound flexibility their role provides.
Utility and efficiency of methacholine challenge testing in evaluating pediatric asthma: unraveling the diagnostic conundrum

Objective: Interpretation of methacholine challenge testing (MCT) results depends on the patient’s pretest probability of asthma as well as the provocative concentration (PC20); however, ordering p...
Self-healing behaviour of furan–maleimide poly(ionic liquid) covalent adaptable networks

Poly(ionic liquid) covalently adaptable networks containing thermoreversible furan–maleimide linkages were prepared and characterized for their thermal, mechanical and conductive properties. Self-healing behaviour was initially evaluated using oscillatory rheology where a G′/G′′ crossover temperature of ∼110 °C was observed. Anhydrous conductivities, as determined by dielectric relaxation spectroscopy, were found to be on the order of 10−8 S cm−1 at 30 °C. Recovery of >70% of the original stress and strain at break was found within 2 hours at 105 °C as determined from tensile testing experiments, with breakage occurring at a new point on the film. Recovery of conductivity was completed utilizing chronoamperometric cycling whereby >75% of the original current was recovered within two hours at 110 °C.
Ready to collaborate?: medical learner experiences in interprofessional collaborative practice settings

Interprofessional collaborative practice (IPCP) offers great potential to improve healthcare. Increases in IPCP will require educating learners in authentic IPCP settings and will generate opportunities and challenges. In January 2015, we implemented an IPCP model called Collaborative Care (CC) for hospitalized adult medical patients. We explored learner perspectives regarding their educational experiences. We deductively coded transcripts from semi-structured interviews with medical learners. Data related to educational experiences were thematically analyzed. Twenty-four of 28 (85.7%) medical learners rotating on CC from January to May 2015 completed interviews. Subsequent inductive analysis of these interviews identified four themes: Loss of Educational Opportunities during Rounds, Feelings of Uncertainty during New Situations, Strategies for Adaptation, and Improved Communication with Patients and the Team. Increased implementation of IPCP will lead to a greater number of learners being exposed to authentic IPCP settings and will generate opportunities and challenges. Though learners perceived improved communication skills in an IPCP model, they also described loss of profession-specific learning opportunities and feelings of uncertainty. These findings corroborate the need for novel teaching methods aligned with IPCP clinical learning environments and educational assessment strategies that reflect attainment of both profession-specific and interprofessional competencies.
Properties of excited 0 + states in C 14 and O 14

I have computed expected energies and widths of excited ${0}^{+}$ states in $^{14}\mathrm{O}$, using experimental information from $^{14}\mathrm{C}$ and a variety of wave functions. Agreement for the ${0}_{2}$ state is fair, but my calculations do not support a recent suggestion that a previously unknown state unresolved from the second ${2}^{+}$ state might be the ${0}_{3}$ state.
Continuous User Verification via Respiratory Biometrics

The ever-growing security issues in various mobile applications and smart devices create an urgent demand for a reliable and convenient user verification method. Traditional verification methods request users to provide their secrets (e.g., entering passwords and collecting fingerprints). We envision that the essential trend of user verification is to free users from active participation in the verification process. Toward this end, we propose a continuous user verification system, which re-uses the widely deployed WiFi infrastructure to capture the unique physiological characteristics rooted in user’s respiratory motions. Different from the existing continuous verification approaches, posing dependency on restricted scenarios/user behaviors (e.g., keystrokes and gaits), our system can be easily integrated into any WiFi infrastructure to provide non-intrusive continuous verification. Specifically, we extract the respiration-related signals from the channel state information (CSI) of WiFi. We then derive the user-specific respiratory features based on the waveform morphology analysis and fuzzy wavelet transformation of the respiration signals. Additionally, a deep learning based user verification scheme is developed to identify legitimate users accurately and detect the existence of spoofing attacks. Extensive experiments involving 20 participants demonstrate that the proposed system can robustly verify/identify users and detect spoofers under various types of attacks.
History of Gene Therapy

Gene therapy had its start in the 1970s, including the creation of a regulatory body for gene therapy, the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RAC). The first retroviral-mediated gene therapy clinical trials started in 1990, and the first stem cell gene therapy clinical trial (ADA deficiency), also retrovirally mediated, was initiated in 1994. The first stem cell gene therapy clinical trial for pediatric HIV was conducted in 1997, followed by a stem cell gene therapy for HIV clinical trial in adults with lymphoma using complete marrow ablation in 1999. In October of 1999, the death of Jesse Gelsinger in a clinical trial applying adenoviral vector in vivo was reported. In 2002, leukemia induced by insertional mutagenesis of an integrated retroviral vector in children treated with stem cell gene therapy for X-linked SCID in France was reported.
Pre‐implant right ventricular free wall strain predicts post‐LVAD right heart failure

Background The aim of this study is to evaluate the predictive utility of preoperative right ventricular (RV) global longitudinal strain (GLS) and free wall strain (FWS) on outcomes following left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) implantation. Methods Preoperative transthoracic echocardiograms were retrospectively reviewed in adults undergoing continuous-flow LVAD implantation between 2004 and 2018 at a single center. Patients undergoing pump exchange were excluded. RV GLS and FWS were calculated using commercially available software with the apical four-chamber view. The primary outcome was RV failure as defined by the Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support within 1-year post-LVAD insertion. Results A total of 333 patients underwent continuous-flow LVAD implantation during the study period and 137 had adequate preoperative studies for RV strain evaluation. RV FWS was found to be a significant predictor of postoperative RV failure in univariate analysis (odds ratio [OR] = 1.12, p = .03), and this finding persisted after risk adjustment in multivariable analysis (OR = 1.14, p = .04). Using the optimal cutoff value of -5.64%, the c-index of FWS in predicting RV failure was 0.65. RV GLS was not associated with post-LVAD RV failure (OR = 1.07, p = .29). PCWP was the only additional significant predictor of RV failure using multivariable analysis (OR = 0.90, p = .02). Conclusion Pre-implant RV FWS is predictive of RV failure in the first postoperative year after LVAD implantation.
Chronic pain and delinquency partially explain the effect of the DRD4 gene polymorphism on adult substance use.

Background: The dopamine receptor D4 [DRD4] has been reported to be associated with substance use. Yet, the roles that health conditions and behaviors may play in such association are understudied.Objective: This longitudinal study investigated the potential mediation effects of chronic pain and delinquency in adolescence on the association between the DRD4 2-repeat allele and substance use in adulthood. Sex, witnessing violence, and experiencing violence were also examined as potential moderators for the mediation pathways.Methods: We used the restricted and candidate gene data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Waves I-IV) to conduct secondary analysis (N = 8,671; 47% male). A two-step approach was adopted to examine the mediation effects regarding four substance use outcomes in adulthood: number of lifetime alcohol use disorder symptoms, lifetime regular smoker status, past-month smoking, and lifetime "pain killer" misuse. The moderation effects were investigated using stratification and permutation.Results: The DRD4 2-repeat allele was associated with all adulthood substance use outcomes through adolescent chronic pain and delinquency (AORs/IRR range 1.08-3.78; all ps<0.01). The association between delinquency and smoking was higher among females. The association between delinquency and substance use was lower among the participants who witnessed violence in adolescence.Conclusions: This study identified modifiable mediators underlying the association between the DRD4 2-repeat allele and substance use behaviors, concluding that chronic pain and delinquency partially explain the effect of the DRD4 gene polymorphism on adult substance use.
Thin Layer-Protected Gold Nanoparticles for Targeted Multimodal Imaging with Photoacoustic and CT

The large size of nanoparticles prevents rapid extravasation from blood vessels and diffusion into tumors. Multimodal imaging uses the physical properties of one modality to validate the results of another. We aim to demonstrate the use of a targeted thin layer-protected ultra-small gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) to detect cancer in vivo using multimodal imaging with photoacoustic and computed tomography (CT). The thin layer was produced using a mixed thiol-containing short ligands, including MUA, CVVVT-ol, and HS-(CH2)11-PEG4-OH. The gold nanoparticle was labeled with a heterobivalent (HB) peptide ligand that targets overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) and ErbB2, hereafter HB-Au-NPs. A human xenograft model of esophageal cancer was used for imaging. HB-Au-NPs show spherical morphology, a core diameter of 4.47 ± 0.8 nm on transmission electron microscopy, and a hydrodynamic diameter of 6.41 ± 0.73 nm on dynamic light scattering. Uptake of HB-Au-NPs was observed only in cancer cells that overexpressed EGFR and ErbB2 using photoacoustic microscopy. Photoacoustic images of tumors in vivo showed peak HB-Au-NPs uptake at 8 h post-injection with systemic clearance by ~48 h. Whole-body images using CT validated specific tumor uptake of HB-Au-NPs in vivo. HB-Au-NPs showed good stability and biocompatibility with fast clearance and contrast-enhancing capability for both photoacoustic and CT imaging. A targeted thin layer-protected gold nanoprobe represents a new platform for molecular imaging and shows promise for early detection and staging of cancer.
7 The Shifting Sands of Fungal Naming Under the ICN and the One Name Era for Fungi

Precise communication about fungi and funguslike organisms relies on the use of names. The application of a name is determined by means of a nomenclatural type, i.e., a standard. This chapter is an updated supplement to the previous chapter on this topic in the first edition of this series. Formal changes to fungal nomenclature as implemented by the current International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code), or ICN, are addressed. The difficult transition to a one-name-per-fungus system of classification is considered in detail. Essential and basic nomenclatural rules and terminology are reviewed, and guidance is given on how to perform frequently used nomenclatural procedures correctly. Potential changes to nomenclatural rules that are currently being discussed and their impacts on fungal naming are given brief attention.
A posthuman liturgy? Virtual worlds, robotics, and human flourishing.

In order to inspire a vision of biotechnology that affirms human dignity and human flourishing, the author poses questions about virtual reality and the use of robotics in health care. Using the concept of ‘liturgy’ and an anthropology of humans as lovers, the author explores how virtual reality and robotics in health care shape human moral agents, and how such shaping could influence the way we do or do not pursue a ‘posthuman’ future.
What is the optimal age for introduction of complementary foods

In 2001, a WHO Expert Consultation concluded that waiting until 6 months to introduce complementary foods to breastfed infants confers several benefits for both infants and mothers. Nonetheless, the
Organizational learning, knowledge and wisdom

To improve our understanding of the impact of organizational learning and knowledge on competitive advantage, we propose a framework that includes the constructs of data, information, knowledge, and wisdom. Each of these constructs is then associated with a different type of learning. We further argue that wisdom is an important, albeit missing, construct in the knowledge‐based theory of the firm. A key to organizational wisdom is judgement and decision making, which requires an understanding of the complexity of a situation, but also requires the ability to make sense and simplify so that action can be taken. Three important drivers for the development of organizational wisdom are experience, a passion to learn, and spirituality. Processes for acquiring organizational wisdom such as transformational leadership, organizational culture and knowledge transfer are also discussed.
Novel gallium(III) complexes transported by MDR1 P-glycoprotein: potential PET imaging agents for probing P-glycoprotein-mediated transport activity in vivo.

Abstract Background: Multidrug resistance (MDR) mediated by expression of MDR1 P-glycoprotein (Pgp) represents one of the best characterized barriers to chemotherapy in cancer patients. Positron emission tomography (PET) agents for analysis of Pgp-mediated drug transport activity in vivo would enable noninvasive assessment of chemotherapeutic regimens and MDR gene therapy. Results: Candidate Schiff-base phenolic gallium(III) complexes were synthesized from their heptadentate precursors and gallium(III)acetylacetonate. Crystal structures demonstrated a hexacoordinated central gallium with overall trans -pseudo-octahedral geometry. Radiolabeled 67 Ga-complexes were obtained in high purity and screened in drug-sensitive (Pgp − ) and MDR (Pgp + ) tumor cells. Compared with control, lead compound 6 demonstrated antagonist-reversible 55-fold lower accumulation in Pgp-expressing MDR cells. Furthermore, compared with wild-type control, quantitative pharmacokinetic analysis showed markedly increased penetration and retention of 6 in brain and liver tissues of mdr1a/b (−/−) gene disrupted mice, correctly mapping Pgp-mediated transport activity at the capillary blood–brain barrier and hepatocellular biliary cannalicular surface in vivo . Conclusions: These results indicate that gallium(III) complex 6 is recognized by MDR1 Pgp as an avid transport substrate, thereby providing a useful scaffold to generate 68 Ga radiopharmaceuticals for molecular imaging of Pgp transport activity in tumors and tissues in vivo using PET.
Collaborative Initiatives: Where the Rubber Meets the Road in Community Partnerships:

Amajor challenge facing a community partnership is the implementation of its collaborative initiatives. This article examines the progress Community Care Networks (CCNs) made in implementing their initiatives and factors that helped or hindered their progress. Study findings suggest that partnership progress is affected by external market and regulatory factors beyond the control of the partnership, the availability of local community resources to support efforts, the scope and intensity of tasks associated with an initiative, expansion of the partnership to include new members, and the balance of work between partners and paid partnership staff. Implications of study findings for community partnerships include (1) recognizing and anticipating dependency on others, (2) acknowledging that the tasks that lie ahead will be more complicated than imagined, (3) maintaining focus on priorities, and (4) learning to be adaptive and creative, given a constantly changing environment.
Mechanism of action of phorbol myristate acetate on human natural killer cell activity

We have investigated the kinetics of inhibition and regeneration of human natural killer (NK) cell-mediated lysis of K562, a human erythroleukemia cell line, by the potent tumor-promoting agent phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). It is shown that PMA inhibits NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) in a dose-dependent manner whether the compound is present throughout the 4-hr cytotoxic assay or the effector cells (EC) are pretreated with PMA. Pretreatment of the target cells (TC) with PMA produced a different profile of NK activity suggesting that PMA inhibition of NK-CMC is primarily due to the inactivation of EC. PMA-induced inhibition of NK-CMC does not affect TC binding and is not circumvented by compounds that enhance intracellular levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) or calcium. Furthermore, and contrary to a recent report, PMA-induced inhibition of NK-CMC is independent of monocytes. Finally, kinetic studies revealed that PMA-induced inhibition of NK-CMC occurs rapidly and is fully reversible provided that "regenerated EC" are thoroughly washed, prior to the cytotoxic assay, to rid the cell suspension of residual PMA. The potential implications of these results to the currently accepted theory of TC destruction by NK cells, the stimulus-secretion model, are discussed.
Two Cases of Pneumothorax During Mechanical Ventilation in Vietnamese Potbellied Pigs

This case report describes pneumothorax associated with positive pressure ventilation in two Vietnamese potbellied pigs while under general anesthesia. A discussion of possible causes and barotrauma/volutrauma follows. The cause of pneumothorax in both cases was probably an interaction of intermittent positive pressure ventilation with some factor unique to these two pigs.
The Academy for Future Science Faculty: randomized controlled trial of theory-driven coaching to shape development and diversity of early-career scientists

Approaches to training biomedical scientists have created a talented research community. However, they have failed to create a professional workforce that includes many racial and ethnic minorities and women in proportion to their representation in the population or in PhD training. This is particularly true at the faculty level. Explanations for the absence of diversity in faculty ranks can be found in social science theories that reveal processes by which individuals develop identities, experiences, and skills required to be seen as legitimate within the profession. Using the social science theories of Communities of Practice, Social Cognitive Career Theory, identity formation, and cultural capital, we have developed and are testing a novel coaching-based model to address some of the limitations of previous diversity approaches. This coaching intervention (The Academy for Future Science Faculty) includes annual in-person meetings of students and trained faculty Career Coaches, along with ongoing virtual coaching, group meetings and communication. The model is being tested as a randomized controlled trial with two cohorts of biomedical PhD students from across the U.S., one recruited at the start of their PhDs and one nearing completion. Stratification into the experimental and control groups, and to coaching groups within the experimental arms, achieved equal numbers of students by race, ethnicity and gender to the extent possible. A fundamental design element of the Academy is to teach and make visible the social science principles which highly influence scientific advancement, as well as acknowledging the extra challenges faced by underrepresented groups working to be seen as legitimate within the scientific communities. The strategy being tested is based upon a novel application of the well-established principles of deploying highly skilled coaches, selected and trained for their ability to develop talents of others. This coaching model is intended to be a complement, rather than a substitute, for traditional mentoring in biomedical research training, and is being tested as such.
Role of bacterial infection in the epigenetic regulation of Wnt antagonist WIF1 by PRC2 protein EZH2.

Role of bacterial infection in the epigenetic regulation of Wnt antagonist WIF1 by PRC2 protein EZH2
What Is the French Conditional

Author's summary.— The conditional is somewhat of a misnomer. Unknown to classic Latin it came into French during the Middle Ages to assume not only the function of mood but of tense. In addition, it sometimes replaces the imperfect subjunctive, which seems destined to disappear from French.)
A distributed-memory implementation of the MCHF atomic structure package

The MCHF (Multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock) atomic structure package consists of a series of programs that predict a range of atomic properties and communicate information through files. Several of these have now been modified for the distributed-memory environment. On the Intel iPSC/860 the restricted amount of memory and the lack of virtual memory required a redesign of the data organization with large arrays residing on disk. The data structures also had to be modified. To a large extent, data could be distributed among the nodes, but crucial to the performance of the MCHF program was the global information that is needed for an even distribution of the workload. This paper outlines the computational problems that must be solved in an atomic structure calculation and describes the strategies used to distribute both the data and the workload on a distributed-memory system. Performance data are provided for some benchmark calculations on the Intel iPSC/860.
Synthesis of a 2,4,6,8,10-dodecapentanoic acid thioester as a substrate for biosynthesis of Heat Stable Antifungal Factor (HSAF).

The N-acetylcystamine (SNAC) thioester of dodecapentaenoic acid, an analog of a putative intermediate in the biosynthesis of Heat Stable Antifungal Factor (HSAF), is synthesized. Key steps include sequential Horner–Emmons homologations with the Weinreb amide of diethylphosponoacetic acid, and thioesterification of an aldol-derived 3-hydroxyalkanoate, which serves as a stable precursor of the sensitive polyenoate. The thioester was investigated as a biosynthetic substrate using a purified nonribosomal peptide synthetase and was not incorporated in the observed products.
Comparison of Five Techniques for the Detection of Renibacterium salmoninarum in Adult Coho Salmon

Abstract Samples of kidney, spleen, coelomic fluid, and blood from 56 sexually mature coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch were examined for infection by Renibacterium salmoninarum by five methods. The overall prevalence (all sample types combined) of R. salmoninarum in the fish was 100% by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 86% by the combined results of the direct fluorescent antibody and the direct filtration-fluorescent antibody techniques, 39% by culture, 11% by counterimmunoelectrophoresis, and 5% by agarose gel immunodiffusion. There was a significant positive correlation (P < 0.001) between the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay absorbance levels and the counts by fluorescent antibody techniques for kidney, spleen, and coelomic fluid, and significant positive correlations (P < 0.001) in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay absorbance levels for all four of the sample types.
Energy-efficient communication in wireless cable sensor networks

In this paper, we introduce a new type of sensor: cable sensor. Unlike traditional point sensors, this type of sensor has a rectangular sensing region with a processor installed on it to do processing and communication. The wireless network formed by this kind of sensor is called wireless cable sensor network WCSN. We study energy-efficient communication algorithms in WCSNs. We address it in two ways: one is through reducing the total transmission power of processors while maintaining the connectivity of the network and the other is through scheduling cable sensors to let them take turns to go to sleep without affecting the coverage and connectivity of the network. In the first approach, we initially develop a distributed algorithm called DTRNG based on the relative neighbourhood graph. Later we enhance it to Algorithm determine the transmission power by removing the largest edge in CYCles DTCYC. Mathematical proofs show that Algorithm DTCYC provides an optimal solution that can not only minimise the total processor transmission power but maintain the connectivity of the network as well. In the second approach, we propose a cable mode transition algorithm which determines the minimum number of active sensors to maintain K -coverage as well as K -connectivity required by the application. We discuss the relationship between coverage and connectivity and prove the theorems that lay the foundation for our algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate that our algorithm is efficient in saving energy.
Monochorionic-monoamniotic twins discordant for VATER association

We describe a monozygotic twin discordant for VATER association with single dysplastic kidney and cloacal anomaly, who had no pulmonary hypoplasia. This twin probably had little or no urine output in utero, but still had normal lung development due to production of adequate amniotic fluid by the healthy twin preventing pulmonary hypoplasia. The discordance between monozygotic twins for VATER association indicates that factors other than inherited genetic ones may have a role in the causation of this association.