cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of 3 H-thymidine incorporation in pig kidney cells by far-red light.

Exposure of pig kidney cells in monolayer culture to far-red light (FRL), near 750 nm, was found to increase the incidence of chromatid aberrations and aberrant cells [1]. Dose–response curves for cell populations predominantly in early S reached a maximum at incident energies of ca. 50 mJ cm-2. We show here that the incorporation of tritiated thymidine by the nuclei of pig kidney cells in monolayer also is inhibited by FRL, with a similar dose-response maximum.
Protein Kinase A Regulates MYC Protein through Transcriptional and Post-translational Mechanisms in a Catalytic Subunit Isoform-specific Manner

MYC levels are tightly regulated in cells, and deregulation is associated with many cancers. In this report, we describe the existence of a MYC-protein kinase A (PKA)-polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) signaling loop in cells. We report that sequential MYC phosphorylation by PKA and PLK1 protects MYC from proteasome-mediated degradation. Interestingly, short term pan-PKA inhibition diminishes MYC level, whereas prolonged PKA catalytic subunit α (PKACα) knockdown, but not PKA catalytic subunit β (PKACβ) knockdown, increases MYC. We show that the short term effect of pan-PKA inhibition on MYC is post-translational and the PKACα-specific long term effect on MYC is transcriptional. These data also reveal distinct functional roles among PKA catalytic isoforms in MYC regulation. We attribute this effect to differential phosphorylation selectivity among PKA catalytic subunits, which we demonstrate for multiple substrates. Further, we also show that MYC up-regulates PKACβ, transcriptionally forming a proximate positive feedback loop. These results establish PKA as a regulator of MYC and highlight the distinct biological roles of the different PKA catalytic subunits.
Discovery and investigation of antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing properties of new heterocyclic podophyllotoxin analogues accessible by a one-step multicomponent synthesis

Podophyllotoxin has been extensively used as a lead agent in the development of new anticancer drugs. On the basis of the previously reported simplified 4-aza-2,3-didehydro podophyllotoxin analogues, we implemented a bioisosteric replacement of the methylenedioxybenzene subunit with a pyrazole moiety to afford tetracyclic dihydropyridopyrazoles. Libraries of these structurally simple analogues are prepared by a straightforward one-step multicomponent synthesis and demonstrated to display antiproliferative properties in a number of human cancer cell lines. These new heterocycles potently induce apoptosis in cancerous Jurkat cells even after a short 24 h exposure. In contrast, no apoptosis is detected in primary lymphocytes under the same treatment conditions. The ease of synthesis and encouraging biological activities make the presented library of dihydropyridopyrazoles promising new leads in anticancer drug design.
Acute Administration of Non-Classical Estrogen Receptor Agonists Attenuates Ischemia-Induced Hippocampal Neuron Loss in Middle-Aged Female Rats

Background Pretreatment with 17beta-estradiol (E2) is profoundly neuroprotective in young animals subjected to focal and global ischemia. However, whether E2 retains its neuroprotective efficacy in aging animals, especially when administered after brain insult, is largely unknown. Methodology/principal findings We examined the neuroprotective effects of E2 and two agonists that bind to non-classical estrogen receptors, G1 and STX, when administered after ischemia in middle-aged rats after prolonged ovarian hormone withdrawal. Eight weeks after ovariectomy, middle-aged female rats underwent 10 minutes of global ischemia by four vessel occlusion. Immediately after reperfusion, animals received a single infusion of either E2 (2.25 microg), G1 (50 microg) or STX (50 microg) into the lateral ventricle (ICV) or a single systemic injection of E2 (100 microg/kg). Surviving pyramidal neurons in the hippocampal CA1 were quantified 1 week later. E2 and both agonists that target non-classical estrogen receptors (G1 and STX) administered ICV at the time of reperfusion provided significant levels of neuroprotection, with 55-60% of CA1 neurons surviving vs 15% survival in controls. A single systemic injection of a pharmacological dose of E2 also rescued approximately 50% of CA1 pyramidal neurons destined to die. To determine if E2 and G1 have similar mechanisms of action in hippocampal neurons, we compared the ability of E2 and G1 to modify CA1 pyramidal neuron responses to excitatory inputs from the Schaffer collaterals recorded in hippocampal slices derived from female rats not subjected to global ischemia. E2 and G1 (10 nM) significantly potentiated pyramidal neuron responses to excitatory inputs when applied to hippocampal slices. Conclusions/significance These findings suggest (1) that middle-aged female rats retain their responsiveness to E2 even after a long period of hormone withdrawal, (2) that non-classical estrogen receptors may mediate the neuroprotective actions of E2 when given after ischemia, and (3) that the neuroprotective efficacy of estrogens may be related to their modulation of synaptic activity in hippocampal slices.
Structural and Functional Characterization of π Bulges and Other Short Intrahelical Deformations

Abstract We data-mined the Protein Data Bank for short intrahelical deformations, including π bulges. These are defined as a contiguous stretch of intrahelical residues deviating from the standard α-helical i→i-4 hydrogen bonding pattern, bilaterally flanked by at least one α-helical turn resulting in a helix kink of less than 40°. We find that such motifs exist in 4.7% of a PDB subset filtered by quality metrics (resolution i→i-5 main chain hydrogen bond, with energetically favorable main chain dihedral angles, followed by a variable number of main chain carbonyl groups that do not accept intrahelical main chain hydrogen bonds. Their stabilization commonly occurs via hydrogen bonding to water molecules or polar groups. Numerous deformations are implicated in basic yet vital functional roles, commonly as ligand binding site contributors.
Formal Legal Truth and Substantive Truth in Judicial Fact-Finding -- Their Justified Divergence in some Particular Cases

Truth is a fundamental objective of adjudicative processes; ideally, ‘substantive’ as distinct from ‘formal legal’ truth. But problems of evidence, for example, may frustrate finding of substantive truth; other values may lead to exclusions of probative evidence, e.g., for the sake of fairness. ‘Jury nullification’ and ‘jury equity’. Limits of time, and definitiveness of decision, require allocation of burden of proof. Degree of truth-formality is variable within a system and across systems.
Building the capacity for the response of the dental profession to the global HIV pandemic: a case study in international collaboration.

The world has been united through the most puzzling, devastating, communicable disease of this century—acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The unusual biology of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the varying modes of its transmission, the lack of effective primary and secondary preventive measures, and the impact of its related diseases are some of the incredible challenges confronted by health care providers, policy makers, researchers, and all aspects of society for over a decade. From the beginning, dental practitioners, researchers, and educators have actively responded to the epidemic—first in their own cities and countries, then on an international level. This presentation highlights the oral health community's response to the HIV pandemic as a case study in international collaboration.
Toward an automata theory of brains

A source of ideas for automata theory—the study of the brain—has been pushed aside in mathematical development of the theory. This paper suggests the ways in which automata theory might evolve over the next 25 years if it is to contribute to an understanding of how the brain processes information.
Raman Scattering from Coupled Photon-Plasmon Modes in an Anisotropic Electron Gas

The differential cross section for the scattering of light from an electron gas having an ellipsoidal Fermi surface is calculated in the region $\mathrm{cq}\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{\omega}p$, where $\ensuremath{\hbar}\mathrm{q}$ is the momentum transfer and $\ensuremath{\omega}p$ is the plasma frequency. The spectrum of coupled photon-plasmon modes is presented.
Integrated enzyme reactor/detector for the determination of multiple substrates by image analysis

Abstract An image analyzer system was used to develop a multicomponent analysis method for enzyme substrates. Image analysis provides a technique which can spatially resolve closely spaced responses, thus allowing for the detection of multiple substrates with a single reactor/detector. For successful implementation of this method a procedure for immobilizing large amounts of enzyme activity onto a highly crosslinked polydextran support (⪢300 U/ml gel) was devised. A microsized integrated reactor/detector (
The Taste for Regulation in Long-Term Care:

Concerns about the quality of long-term care have resulted in an extensive array of regulations governing provider behavior. This article reports the results of a survey of 1,147 long-term care specialists on issues related to the government's performance in assuring quality and improving care. With the exception of providers, more than half of specialists ranked the quality of the average nursing home as fair or poor; home health agencies and even assisted-living facilities fared only somewhat better. Yet despite the perceived ineffectiveness of the current regime, the majority of specialists expressed a general willingness to continue pursuing more stringent and enhanced enforcement and to proceed down the same path with assisted-living facilities. Furthermore, while most were not sanguine about public reporting, the majority favored pay-for-performance, even though both rely on the same information. In addition to constituency group affiliation, differences in views derived largely from respondents' ideological predispositions.
Resistance of Group B Streptococcus to Selected Antibiotics, Including Erythromycin and Clindamycin

Resistance of group B streptococcus (GBS) to antibiotics, particularly erythromycin and clindamycin, was studied. Erythromycin resistance was present in 22% of GBS isolates, and these isolates were constitutively resistant, inducibly resistant, or sensitive to clindamycin. Erythromycin and clindamycin MICs were related to the presence of ermA, ermB, or mefA genes.
Modeling Mixtures of Different Mass Ultracold Atoms in Optical Lattices: An Illustration of High Efficiency and Linear Scaling on the Cray XT4 via a Capability Applications Project at ERDC

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is running a program to create an analog quantum-mechanical simulator for strongly interacting quantum particles. It is called an optical lattice emulator, and it involves ultracold neutral atoms moving in a corrugated periodic potential created by an optical lattice. The atoms interact with each other via collisions. In this work, we show how one can apply inhomogenenous dynamical mean-field theory (IDMFT) as an approximate computational tool to study the behavior of just such a system. Ultimately, conventional computation will be employed to benchmark the optical lattice emulator on a numerically tractable problem (a verification and validation study), and then the emulator will be applied to problems that cannot be solved with conventional computation. Here, we demonstrate an efficient massively parallel implementation of the IDMFT algorithm that is transportable, scales to many thousands of processors, and runs at approximately 50% of the theoretical peak speed of the machine.
Immigration and lifetime Prevalence of DSM-IV psychiatric disorders among Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites in the United States: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions

Background There exist no national prevalence data on specific DSM-IV Axis I psychiatric disorders among foreign-born and US-born Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites. Objective To present nationally representative data on the prevalence of DSM-IV lifetime psychiatric disorders among foreign-born and US-born Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites. Design Face-to-face survey conducted in the 2001-2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Setting The United States and District of Columbia, including Alaska and Hawaii. Participants Household and group-quarters residents, aged 18 years and older (n = 43 093). Main Outcome Measures Prevalence of DSM-IV substance use disorders and mood and anxiety disorders. Results With few exceptions, foreign-born Mexican Americans and foreign-born non-Hispanic whites were at significantly lower risk ( P DSM-IV substance use and mood and anxiety disorders compared with their US-born counterparts. Although the risk of specific psychiatric disorders was similar between foreign-born Mexican Americans and foreign-born non-Hispanic whites, US-born Mexican Americans were at significantly lower risk ( P Conclusions Data favoring foreign-born Mexican Americans with respect to mental health may extend to foreign-born non-Hispanic whites. Future research among foreign-born and US-born Mexican Americans and the foreign-born and US-born of other origins and descents is needed to understand what appears to be the protective effects of culture and the deleterious effects of acculturation on psychiatric morbidity in the United States.
Focused ion beam fabricated microgratings for integrated optics applications

Miniature diffraction gratings (/spl mu/gratings) have been fabricated using focused ion beam (FIB) milling. This FIB "direct write" (maskless/resistless) patterning technique is very well suited for the fabrication of micrometer-scale gratings and for their on-chip integration with other photonic components for fiber-optic communications applications. /spl mu/gratings in sizes from 20 to 250 /spl mu/m with groove center-to-center spacing from 200 nm to 2 /spl mu/m have been fabricated. The diffraction efficiency of the /spl mu/gratings was investigated as a function of FIB dose. A maximum of 40% efficiency was obtained for nonpolarized 632.8-nm light and 50% for P-polarized light. A technique was developed for the fabrication of /spl mu/gratings on angled facets and for their integration with optical fibers. The fiber-coupled /spl mu/grating was operated as a diffractive optical element (DOE) at 1.5 /spl mu/m. The diffractive wavelength resolution in these first FIB-fabricated DOEs was measured to be /spl sim/10 nm using a tunable laser in the range 1510-1580 nm. Future such DOEs have the potential to reach the sub-nm resolution level.
Structure and Mechanism of a Metal-Sensing Regulatory RNA

Summary Organisms maintain the correct balance of intracellular metals primarily through metal-sensing proteins that control transport and storage of the target ion(s). Here, we reveal the basis of metal sensing and genetic control by a metalloregulatory RNA. Our data demonstrate that a previously uncharacterized orphan riboswitch, renamed the "M-box," is a divalent metal-sensing RNA involved in Mg 2+ homeostasis. A combination of genetic, biochemical, and biophysical techniques demonstrate that Mg 2+ induces a compacted tertiary architecture for M-box RNAs that regulates the accessibility of nucleotides involved in genetic control. Molecular details are provided by crystallographic structure determination of a Mg 2+ -bound M-box RNA. Given the distribution of this RNA element, it may constitute a common mode for bacterial metal ion regulation, and its discovery suggests the possibility of additional RNA-based metal sensors in modern and primordial organisms.
Raising the Exquisite Corpse: Collaborative Story-Writing in Inpatient Group Psychotherapy

In the present paper, we introduce and provide a rationale for a collaborative storywriting exercise for inpatient group psychotherapy called “exquisite corpse.” We argue that the exercise facilitates deep, empathic group process work with efficiency due to its ability to create a transitional space (Winnicott, 1971/2005) in which patients safely explore their intrapsychic and interpersonal dynamics. We conclude with a case illustration of the exquisite corpse’s unique contribution to clinical technique.
MYC/BCL6 double‐hit lymphoma (DHL): a tumour associated with an aggressive clinical course and poor prognosis

Aims Large B cell lymphomas with MYC and BCL6/3q27 rearrangements, designated MYC/BCL6 DHL, are uncommon. Our aim was to better characterize this group of tumours. Methods and results We studied the clinicopathological features and outcome of 13 patients with MYC/BCL6 DHL and compared this group to a group of 83 MYC/BCL2 DHL patients. There were eight men and five women, with a median age of 63 years. Eleven tumours were classified as diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCL) and two were B cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with features intermediate between DLBCL and Burkitt lymphoma (BCLU). Immunohistochemical analysis showed that these tumours were positive for BCL6 (100%), BCL2 (eight of 10; 80%) and CD10 (eight of 10; 80%). Nine of 12 (75%) cases had a germinal centre B cell (GCB) immunophenotype; in one case data were incomplete. All patients were treated with chemotherapy. The clinicopathological features of MYC/BCL6 DHL were similar to MYC/BCL2 DHL, except that MYC/BCL6 DHL had a GCB immunophenotype less often. Patients with MYC/BCL6 DHL had a poor overall survival, similar to patients with MYC/BCL2 DHL (P = 0.32). Conclusions MYC/BCL6 DHL is an aggressive B cell lymphoma and patients often have an aggressive clinical course and poor prognosis, similar to patients with MYC/BCL2 DHL.
Growth of Flagellar Filaments of Escherichia coli Is Independent of Filament Length

Bacterial flagellar filaments grow at their distal ends, from flagellin that travels through a central channel ∼2 nm in diameter. The flagellin is extruded from the cytoplasm by a pump powered by a proton motive force (PMF). We measured filament growth in cells near the mid-exponential-phase with flagellin bearing a specific cysteine-for-serine substitution, allowing filaments to be labeled with sulfhydryl-specific fluorescent dyes. We labeled filaments first with a green maleimide dye and then, following an additional period of growth, with a red maleimide dye. The contour lengths of the green and red segments were measured. The average lengths of red segments (∼2.3 μm) were the same regardless of the lengths of the green segments from which they grew (ranging from less than 1 to more than 9 μm in length). Thus, flagellar filaments do not grow at a rate that decreases exponentially with length, as formerly supposed. If flagellar filaments were broken by viscous shear, the broken filaments continued to grow. Identical results were obtained whether flagellin was expressed from fliC on the chromosome under the control of its native promoter or on a plasmid under the control of the arabinose promoter.
The Impact of Size Effects and Copper Interconnect Process Variations on the Maximum Critical Path Delay of Single and Multi-Core Microprocessors

We present a new closed-form compact model for conductor resistivity considering size effects, line-edge roughness and CMP dishing. Using this model, Monte Carlo simulations quantify the impact of interconnect variations on maximum critical path delay distributions for future technologies. Results indicate LER amplitudes start to become a substantial percentage of the nominal effective line-width dimension (2016 to 2020), leading to an increase in the conductor resistivity. Moreover, multi-core systems exhibit better tolerance to interconnect variations due to their short-wire architecture - as much as a 35% reduction for the maximum critical path delay mean degradation and standard deviation is observed for the year 2020 with a 14 nm half-pitch.
Quantitation of in vitro α-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist binding capacity to biologic melanin using tandem mass spectrometry.

AbstractPurpose: The purpose of this study was to develop methods to allow evaluation of the binding characteristics for a series of α-1 antagonists to biologically-derived melanin.Methods: Fresh bovine globes were used to obtain iridal and choroid/retinal pigment epithelial (CRPE) derived melanin. Binding characteristics of chloroquine, tamsulosin and doxazosin were then evaluated in vitro using tandem mass spectroscopy.Results: Tandem mass spectrometry-based assays were developed for three α-1 antagonists that provided linear assay ranges which spanned (minimally) 0.01–10 µg/mL, while exhibiting excellent inter-assay precision and accuracy. When applied to the evaluation of binding characteristics for iridal melanin, mean chloroquine and tamsulosin fractions were found to be 41.9 ± 14.2 pmoles mg−1 and 25.34 ± 6.186 pmoles mg−1, respectively. Mean iridal doxazosin binding was found to be 6.36 ± 2.19 pmoles mg−1. Interestingly, mean levels of tamsulosin, but not doxazosin found bound to choroid/CRPE deri...
Commodity balances and national accounts : a SAM perspective

This paper is concerned with the treatment of commodity and activity balances in a national accounts context. It makes use of a general method for reducing the size of a social accounting matrix (SAM) by apportioning the elements of one or more accounts to the rest. The national accounts are looked at in terms of their usefulness for policy analysis, not least analysis of the impact of price changes. The SNA convention of separately distinguishing activities and commodities is endorsed. However, it is argued that for analytic purposes commodity transactions should be recorded at market prices, with a separate account for each of the markets for a given commodity in which a distinct price prevails. The SNA SAM is shown to be a reduced form of the SAM resulting from this recommended treatment of commodity transactions, while a further round of reductions yields SAMs which are familiar from input-output analysis. No special effort would be required to produce SAMs in which commodity balances are recorded at market prices as recommended here, and all reduced form versions are inferior as a basis for the analysis of price effects on the structure of production.
Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats Excrete 25-Hydroxyvitamin D into Urine

The plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration of Dahl salt-sensitive rats (S) is markedly decreased in response to high sodium chloride (salt) intake. We tested the hypothesis that urinary excretion is a mechanism for the decrease. Female S rats excreted 0.26 +/- 0.04 nmol 25-hydroxyvitamin D/24 h at wk 2 of high salt (80 g/kg) intake, five times that of female salt-resistant (R) rats at wk 2 of high salt intake and nine times that of S rats at wk 2 of low salt (3 g/kg) intake. The 25-hydroxyvitamin D binding activity in 24-h urine of S rats was 79 +/- 11 pmol/h at wk 2 of high salt intake, two times that in urine of S rats at wk 2 of low salt intake and > 35 times that in urine of R rats at wk 2 of low or high salt intake. We conclude that markedly decreased plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations of S rats during high salt intake result in part from excretion of protein-bound 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Low plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in humans may also result in part from salt sensitivity, which is prevalent in > 50% of the United States hypertensive population.
Genetically similar transduction mechanisms for touch and hearing in Drosophila.

To test the effects of mechanosensory mutations on hearing in Drosophila , we have recorded sound-evoked potentials originating from ciliated sensory neurons in Johnston9s organ, the chordotonal organ that is the sensory element of the fly9s antennal ear. Electrodes inserted close to the antennal nerve were used to record extracellular compound potentials evoked by near-field sound stimuli. Sound-evoked potentials are absent in atonal mutant flies, which lack Johnston9s organ. Mutations in many genes involved in mechanotransduction by tactile bristles also eliminate or reduce the Johnston9s organ response, indicating that related transduction mechanisms operate in each type of mechanosensory organ. In addition, the sound-evoked response is affected by two mutations that do not affect bristle mechanotransduction, beethoven ( btv ) and touch-insensitive-larvaB ( tilB ). btv shows defects in the ciliary dilation, an elaboration of the axoneme that is characteristic of chordotonal cilia. tilB , which also causes male sterility, shows structural defects in sperm flagellar axonemes. This suggests that in addition to the shared transduction mechanism, axonemal integrity and possibly ciliary motility are required for signal amplification or transduction by chordotonal sensory neurons.
Tempests and tales: challenges to the study of sex differences in the brain

We here review two recent popular press books which challenge the notion that there are biological sex differences in the brain, Rebecca J. Jordan-Young's "Brainstorm: The Flaws in the Science of Sex Differences" (2010 Harvard University Press) and Cordelia Fine's "Delusions of Gender: How our Minds, Society and Neurosexism Create a Difference" (2010 W.W. Norton Company, New York). While there is much of merit in each, both resort to hyperbole and superficiality, with numerous inaccurate representations of the current state of the art.
Immunization of chickens with VP2 protein of infectious bursal disease virus expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Abstract Transgenic plants represent a safe, effective, and inexpensive way to produce vaccines. The immunogenicity of VP2 protein of an infectious bursal disease (IBD) virus variant E isolate expressed in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana was compared with a commercial vaccine in specific-pathogen-free broiler chickens. The VP2 coding sequence was isolated and integrated into A. thaliana genome by Agrobacterium tumefaciens–mediated transformation. Soluble VP2 expressed in transgenic plants was used to immunize chickens. Chickens receiving oral immunization with plant-derived VP2 at 1 and 3 wk of age had an antibody response using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and 80% protection against challenge infection at 4 wk. Chickens primed with a commercial vaccine at 1 wk followed by an oral booster with VP2 expressed in plants at 3 wk of age showed 90% protection. Chickens immunized with a commercial vaccine at 1 and 3 wk showed 78% protection. Results supported the efficacy of plant-produced VP2 as a vaccine ...
Mating Disruption of Paralobesia viteana in Vineyards Using Pheromone Deployed in SPLAT-GBM™ Wax Droplets

A paraffin wax formulation releasing pheromone for mating disruption of insects was tested during 2005 and 2006 in Vitis labrusca vineyards infested by grape berry moth, Paralobesia viteana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). In early May of each year, 1-ml droplets of SPLAT-GBM™ wax containing 3% sex pheromone of P. viteana were applied to every wooden post at a rate of 400/ha in replicated 1.3-ha plots. Moth captures in sex pheromone baited traps placed at the vineyard borders and interiors revealed significant disruption of male moth captures in treated plots, with activity of one application lasting over 10 weeks during both years. Treatment with SPLAT-GBM™ did not affect the proportion of clusters infested until the end of the second growing season, when infestation was 27% lower in the treated plots than in the control plots. Comparisons of moth captures in traps placed inside 15.2 × 16.5 m vine plots that were untreated or received varying densities of 0.2-ml wax drops or Isomate-GBM hand-tied dispensers at the recommended rate of 450/ha indicated that orientational disruption increased with droplet density. Similar numbers of moths were captured in plots that received 10 or 30 drops per vine as were trapped in plots with twist ties spaced at 0.4 per vine. Moth captures in monitoring traps baited with increasing sizes of wax droplets (0.2, 0.5, or 1-ml drops) or red septa containing P. viteana sex pheromone suggest decreasing ability of male moths to reach traps with increasing pheromone loading. This study indicates that wax-deployed pheromone can reduce crop infestation by P. viteana after 2 years of deployment, and that the increasing of pheromone release by using application of greater droplet densities or by using larger droplets will improve the level of disruption achieved.
Brain‐Mind and Structure‐Function Relationships: A Methodological Response to Coltheart

In some recent papers, Max Coltheart has questioned the ability of neuroimaging techniques to tell us anything interesting about the mind and has thrown down the gauntlet before neuroimagers, challenging them to prove he is mistaken. Here I analyze Coltheart’s challenge, show that as posed its terms are unfair, and reconstruct it so that it is addressable. I argue that, so modified, Coltheart’s challenge is able to be met and indeed has been met. In an effort to delineate the extent of neuroimaging’s ability to address Coltheart’s concerns, I explore how different brain structure‐function relationships would constrain the ability of neuroimaging to provide insight about psychological questions.
A taxonomy of S&T indicators

The taxonomy considered here would be a crucial preliminary step towards a theory of S&T indicators. Its construction is different from that of other taxonomies in the field of innovation, since it has a methodological character, not a quantitative one. It serves as a caveat against hasty decisions, potentially damaging to progress on the study of indicators.
On a quest to dethrone the long-reigning king: commentary on an article by Christopher W. DiGiovanni, MD, et al.: "Recombinant Human platelet-derived growth factor-BB and beta-tricalcium phosphate (rhPDGF-BB/β-TCP): an alternative to autogenous bone graft".

Autograft is still regarded as the gold standard in bone-grafting, despite its well-appreciated limitations. The iliac crest has been the primary source of autologous bone, but other sites, such as the tibial metaphyses and the calcaneus, have also been commonly used. The techniques of autograft harvesting have recently evolved to include reamer-irrigator-aspirator (RIA) harvesting. RIA-harvested autograft can be used as stand-alone graft material or, for enhanced structural integrity, in combination with firmly packed cancellous graft. Both cancellous and RIA-harvested grafts have the distinction of being osteogenic, osteoinductive, and osteoconductive, all in their physiologic ratio. However, a need for additional surgical exposure, limited availability, and potential risks associated with graft harvesting have prompted a search for suitable autograft alternatives. The advent of recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins (rhBMPs) generated optimism that the pursuit for an optimal alternative to autogenous bone graft had, at last, successfully ended. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) proved to be an extremely potent autograft substitute as evidenced by numerous preclinical and clinical studies. Although cleared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the highly selected orthopaedic indications, BMPs (rhBMP-2, rhBMP-7) have been extensively used off-label by many clinicians. However, the prevalent and serious adverse events associated with the on and off-label use of rhBMPs call for a revisiting of its clinical safety and efficacy1. The quest for an optimal bone graft alternative is, again, back on track. Recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor BB (rhPDGF-BB) has been introduced as another potent biologic graft substitute to stimulate cell proliferation, recruitment, and revascularization. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) natively occurs as a dimeric polypeptide with A, B, C, or D chains, and …
Effect of Providing Foot Support on Lower Leg Temperature for Sedentary Workers

Fourteen subjects sat for 20 minutes either with their legs dangling and unsupported, or supported on a flat surface. Foot and calf skin surface temperature measures were taken using infrared thermography. Laboratory climate conditions were recorded. Results showed a significant decrease in both foot and calfskin surface temperatures (∼0.7°C and 0.2°C respectively) when sitting with the feet supported compared to sitting with the legs dangling but stationary. Results suggest that although foot support may be important, if the supported legs are stationary this may increase venous stagnation. Strategies for periodically moving the supported feet should be considered.
Ultrathin body poly(3-hexylthiophene) transistors with improved short-channel performance

The microstructure and charge transport properties of binary blends of regioregular (rr) and regiorandom (RRa) poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) are investigated. X-ray diffraction of the blended films is consistent with a vertically separated structure, with rr-P3HT preferentially crystallizing at the semiconductor/dielectric interface. Thin film transistors made with these blended films preserve high field effect mobility with rr-P3HTcontent as low as 5.6%. In these dilute blends, we estimate that the thickness of rr-P3HT in the channel is only a few nanometers. Significantly, as a result of such an ultrathin active layer at the interface, short channel effects due to bulk currents are eliminated, suggesting a new route to fabricate high-performance, short-channel, and reliable organic electronic devices.
Metaplasia of the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule in the human kidney: incidence in alcoholic liver disease and hypertension.

Summary. This report is the second of two surveys to determine the incidence of metaplasia of Bowman's parietal epithelium in the human kidney. Human kidney sections obtained at autopsy at the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, were examined with the light microscope. The kidneys were fixed in neutral formalin, sectioned at 6 pm and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Autopsy records were consulted after kidney section examination to determine if there was any correlation between clinical disease, histopathological changes in organ systems and metaplasia of Bowman's capsule. The kidney sections represented both sexes in 8 age groups, from less than one year to 80 years. A total of 174 kidneys, representing 174 individuals, were evaluated. One hundred renal corpuscles were counted per section and the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule was classified as normal (squamous) or metaplastic (cuboidal). Of the 174 kidneys examined, 137 (79% )- 79 male and 58 female - had metaplasia of Bowman's capsule. On the average, in the kidneys with the lesion, 6% of the renal corpuscles had metaplasia of Bowman's parietal layer. The lesion was present in both sexes in all age groups. The autopsy records revealed that metaplasia of Bowman's parietal epithelium was usually present with hepatic fatty changes andlor congestion. Alcoholic liver disease and hypertension represented the most frequent clinical diseases in the sample; these conditions had the highest incidence of metaplasia. Twenty-six of the 174 kidney samples were from individuals with alcoholic liver disease, all of whom had metaplasia of Bowman's capsule. In the latter kidneys the mean percentage of glomerular capsules with metaplasia was 14%, with a range of l to 46%. Thirtyeight of the 174 kidney samples were from individuals with hypertension, 29 (76% ) of whom had metaplasia of
Ridge augmentation with dense hydroxylapatite/resorbable suture matrix.

The atrophic edentulous ridge represents one of the greatest challenges faced in general practice. An estimated 20 million adults in the U.S. are edentulous in at least one arch and a significant number of these patients experience problems with their prostheses from alveolar bone loss. Many of these patients, for various reasons, are not candidates for endosseous dental implants. Alveolar ridge augmentation is a viable option in many of these cases; however, this procedure has been unpredictable because of particle migration. Presented here is a method of ridge augmentation with dense hydroxylapatite beads linked in a resorbable suture matrix to prevent particle migration during healing. This technique may be performed with minimally invasive surgery, providing long-term prosthetic support.
Labour and the Colonial State: The Socio-Economic and Political Bases of the Labour Movement

Labour relations in Southeast Asia prior to the Second World War cannot be studied as a self-contained field of inquiry. They need to be understood in the context of labour systems as well as the broader socio-economic and political structures. These include government regulations and the management of labour recruitment, working conditions, and employment security. The distinguishing feature of the labour market in Southeast Asia was that it remained in a state of flux. In all labour systems, labour continued to be on the move because employment was essentially permanently casual, conditioned by short-term arrangements, and contingent on economic conditions. Flexibility in work organisation and labour supply manipulation were regarded as the key sources of competitive advantage in the export sector.
Turbulent but Pacific: “Dickinsonian Politics” in the American Revolution

With the controversy over royal government decided, Pennsylvania turned its attention to the problems with Britain. In the next decade, the same issues at stake in the provincial debate over the Charter would be writ large in a national debate – how best to unify the polity and preserve rights in the face of an unjust government. This and the following chapter form a pair as they describe how the three factions of Quakerism persisted and exerted a tremendous influence on the course of national events. The traditional faction, supported by the withdrawers – who were hardly withdrawn at this point – dominated the Assembly until days before independence and infuriated the Revolutionary leaders. After the royal government controversy was decided, the radical faction temporarily lost all influence in the Assembly, and instead merged with other radical groups. As in this earlier controversy, the coming Revolution raised the question of which constitution Quakers of all sorts and their followers ultimately preferred – their local and peculiarly Quaker constitution or the remote and non-Quakerly constitution of the British Empire, or neither. Throughout it all, Dickinson would remain a mediator and counsel the same course for America as he had for Pennsylvania, adherence to the constitution and peaceful advocacy of rights. The story of Dickinson's via media between the extremes of withdrawing Quaker pacifism and revolutionary radicalism unfolds in five main episodes: The first is the period of the Stamp Act Controversy in 1765.
Affinity of Tau antibodies for solubilized pathological Tau species but not their immunogen or insoluble Tau aggregates predicts in vivo and ex vivo efficacy.

A few tau immunotherapies are now in clinical trials with several more likely to be initiated in the near future. A priori, it can be anticipated that an antibody which broadly recognizes various pathological tau aggregates with high affinity would have the ideal therapeutic properties. Tau antibodies 4E6 and 6B2, raised against the same epitope region but of varying specificity and affinity, were tested for acutely improving cognition and reducing tau pathology in transgenic tauopathy mice and neuronal cultures. Surprisingly, we here show that one antibody, 4E6, which has low affinity for most forms of tau acutely improved cognition and reduced soluble phospho-tau, whereas another antibody, 6B2, which has high affinity for various tau species was ineffective. Concurrently, we confirmed and clarified these efficacy differences in an ex vivo model of tauopathy. Alzheimer’s paired helical filaments (PHF) were toxic to the neurons and increased tau levels in remaining neurons. Both toxicity and tau seeding were prevented by 4E6 but not by 6B2. Furthermore, 4E6 reduced PHF spreading between neurons. Interestingly, 4E6’s efficacy relates to its high affinity binding to solubilized PHF, whereas the ineffective 6B2 binds mainly to aggregated PHF. Blocking 4E6's uptake into neurons prevented its protective effects if the antibody was administered after PHF had been internalized. When 4E6 and PHF were administered at the same time, the antibody was protective extracellularly. Overall, these findings indicate that high antibody affinity for solubilized PHF predicts efficacy, and that acute antibody-mediated improvement in cognition relates to clearance of soluble phospho-tau. Importantly, both intra- and extracellular clearance pathways are in play. Together, these results have major implications for understanding the pathogenesis of tauopathies and for development of immunotherapies.
A Goal Setting Intervention Positively Impacts Adolescents’ Dietary Behaviors and Physical Activity Self-Efficacy

The efficacy of a youth development intervention on improving eating and physical activity(PA) self-efficacy, goal attainment scaling, goal effort, and behaviors was examined in a repeated measures, quasi-experimental field trial. Ethnically diverse students (n=64) from a low-income middle school participated in the 10-session intervention driven by the Social Cognitive Theory with a Goal Setting Theory emphasis. Participants, 13-14 years old, made significant changes in dietary behaviors (P=0.03) and PA self-efficacy (P=0.02) after receiving the intervention. Self-efficacy did not mediate dietary behavior change but did mediate the small changes made in PA. Goal effort was not a mediator of behavior change. After the intervention, more participants rated themselves as making one lasting improvement in eating (P<0.001) and PA (P<0.05) choices and/or were planning on making more. This study adds to a small body of research with youth supporting use of goal setting interventions for diet and PA change in low-income communities.
Array of things: a scientific research instrument in the public way: platform design and early lessons learned

The "Array of Things" (AoT) project aims to create an urban- scale instrument for research and development across many disciplines. The concept is to exploit Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to build an instrument analogous to an array telescope, where many identical detectors spread over an area work as a unit. AoT, then, is an IoT-enabled "telescope" pointed at the city. With support from the National Science Foundation, the University of Chicago, Argonne National Laboratory, the City of Chicago, and industry the project has adapted an Argonne- developed resilient sensor-hosting platform, Waggle, for urban installations. The project will install 500 units, or "nodes," by late 2018, with installation in phases to allow for technology improvements based on evaluation of early installations as well as to enable one or more insertion points for component upgrades and expansions, such as emerging sensors. This paper describes the initial stages of the project, focusing on lessons learned in areas ranging from resilient technical design to manufacturing to privacy policies and public engagement.
Towards Identifying the Elements of a Minimum Information Model for Use in a Model-Based Definition

The Model-Based Enterprise (MBE) paradigm is being adopted by manufacturing companies in a variety of industries. Companies benefit from enhanced visualization, documentation, and communication capabilities when 3D annotated product definitions, or Model-Based Definitions (MBD) replace two-dimensional drawings throughout an enterprise. It is critical that product information, much of which is defined implicitly in drawings, is not lost in this transition. This presents a challenge to authors and translators of 3D models used through the product lifecycle. They must understand the semantics of the product information typically presented by a drawing then explicitly include this information, in a computer-interpretable form, in the MBD.The research study described in this paper seeks to discover what is the minimum set of required information to carry out all the tasks in a given workflow of a model-based enterprise. A survey was conducted across various industry sectors to identify the foundational elements of this Minimum Information Model (MIM) in selected workflows. This study identified the information used within the specific workflows, the capabilities of 3D CAD models to carry this information, and the implications for doing so.Copyright © 2017 by ASME
Differences Between Snakebites with Concomitant Use of Alcohol or Drugs and Single Snakebites.

Objectives Published reports have suggested that the concurrent use of alcohol or drugs occurs among some snakebite victims, but no national assessment of such data exists. Methods We used data from US poison control centers collected during telephone calls in calendar years 2000-2013 to compare snake envenomations with concomitant use of drugs, alcohol, or both to snakebites lacking such use. Results A total of 608 snakebites with 659 instances of concomitant alcohol/drug use were reported, which represent approximately 1% of 92,751 snakebites reported to US poison control centers. An annual mean of 48 snakebites with concomitant use of alcohol/drugs was reported, compared with a mean of 6625 snakebites per year with no concomitant use of alcohol/drugs. Most cases involved men, peaked during the summer months, and involved copperheads or rattlesnakes, which mirrored overall trends. Snakebite victims who also used alcohol/drugs were more likely than victims with only a snakebite reported to be bitten by rattlesnakes, to be admitted to the hospital, and die. Alcohol was the most common reported concomitant substance, but other substances were reported. Conclusions Snakebites with concomitant use of alcohol/drugs are uncommon, accounting for approximately 1% of the snakebite envenomations reported annually to US poison control centers; however, snakebite victims also reporting alcohol/drug use are more likely to be bitten by rattlesnakes, be admitted to a healthcare facility, and die.
Driven to Depression: Overachieving College Student with Recurrent Depressive Episodes

Depressive disorders are common in the adolescent and young adult years. The stressors of transition to college may cause them to recur in students who have had a depressive episode before starting college. This chapter describes the case of a young man with a history of depression in high school who had recurrences of his depression while at college which resulted in hospitalization and breaks in education. This case illustrates the challenges of remaining the treating psychiatrist when patients go to college far away from home and have a recurrence of their symptoms. The discussion focuses on understanding how to engage parents and students in selecting a college that will not put them at risk for a recurrence of depression, how to engage students and families in treatment, and how to access local mental health services to remain healthy when in college. The literature on depression in college students is reviewed.
Identification of White-tailed Deer ( Odocoileus virginianus) as a Novel Reservoir Species for Trypanosoma cruzi in Texas, USA.

Chagas disease, a vector-borne parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, represents a significant source of morbidity and mortality in the Americas. Mammalian reservoir species play a large role in propagating the sylvatic transmission cycle of this disease, and this cycle can spill over, resulting in human infections. Our understanding of the wildlife species implicated in propagating this transmission cycle is incomplete. We investigated white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) as a potential novel reservoir for this parasite. Only one of the 314 hunter-harvested deer hearts collected across Texas, was PCR-positive (0.3%) for T. cruzi. This finding has potential implications for deer hunters, because it indicates that there might be a risk of blood-borne transmission during the field-dressing process. Hunters should be strongly encouraged to wear gloves and other personal protective equipment when handling carcasses to prevent exposure to infected blood.