cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collagen of accessory structures of organ of corti

It was previously demonstrated that about 40% of the protein of the tectorial membrane of the guinea pig consists of collagen type II, with lesser amounts of type IX and XI. In this paper we extend these studies on the tectorial membrane to the basilar membrane and to other accessory structures, the spiral ligament and spiral limbus. Earlier immunohistochemical data indicated that no collagen type II is present in the basilar membrane of the newborn guinea pig, but that it is present in the area of the basilar membrane in the embryo. However, by means of stringent extraction procedures we have determined biochemically that collagen type II and lesser amounts of type XI are present in the basilar membrane of the adult guinea pig, at similar levels (on the basis of total protein) to the tectorial membrane. Levels of collagen type II are much lower in the spiral ligament and spiral limbus. The presented studies demonstrate that classical techniques of collagen chemistry can be applied at the microscale on mi...
Lingual, splanchnic, and systemic hemodynamic and carbon dioxide tension changes during endotoxic shock and resuscitation.

Sublingual and intestinal mucosal blood flow and Pco2 were studied in a canine model of endotoxin-induced circulatory shock and resuscitation. Sublingual Pco2 (PsCO2) was measured by using a novel ...
Use of adeno-associated viral vector for delivery of small interfering RNA

Post-transcriptional gene silencing by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) is rapidly becoming a powerful tool for genetic analysis of mammalian cells. Delivery of siRNA into mammalian cells is usually achieved via the transfection of double-stranded oligonucleotides or plasmids encoding RNA polymerase III promoter-driven small hairpin RNA. Recently, retroviral vectors have been used for siRNA delivery, which overcome the problem of poor transfection efficiency seen with the plasmid-based systems. However, retroviral vectors have several limitations, such as the need for active cell division for gene transduction, oncogenic potential, low titers and gene silencing. In this report, we have adapted a commercially available adenoassociated virus (AAV) vector for siRNA delivery into mammalian cells. We demonstrate the ability of this modified vector to deliver efficiently siRNA into HeLa S3 cells and downregulate p53 and caspase 8 expression. Our results suggest that AAV-based vectors are efficient vectors for the delivery of siRNA into mammalian cells. Based on the known ability of these vectors to infect both dividing and nondividing cells, their use as a therapeutic tool for the delivery of siRNA deserves further study.
Powdery mildews in Burma with reference to their global host-fungus distributions and taxonomic comparisons

Powdery mildews in lowland central Burma were collected, identified and classified following a traditional taxonomic approach. They totalled 54 on 31 host-plant families and belonged to the genera Blumeria, Erysiphe (Uncinula), Golovinomyces, Leveillula, Phyllactinia, Podosphaera (Sphaerotheca), Oidiopsis and Oidium. A host index is included. Collections are held in Herbariums IMI and UC (=LAM) and also on deposit at the then Institute of Agriculture, Mandalay, Burma.
A community-based randomized trial of a faith-placed intervention to reduce cervical cancer burden in Appalachia.

Objective Faith Moves Mountains assessed the effectiveness of a faith-placed lay health advisor (LHA) intervention to increase Papanicolaou (Pap) test use among middle-aged and older women in a region disproportionately affected by cervical cancer and low screening rates (regionally, only 68% screened in prior 3 years).
STA-MCA bypass

Superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) bypass is a time-honored, crucial procedure employed in the management of well-selected patients with cerebrovascular ischemic disease, particularly moyamoya. In addition, its application to complex cerebral aneurysms and neoplasms requiring vessel sacrifice for complete resection continues to stand the test of time. We present a detailed, illustrated video demonstration of the procedure. With careful attention to the surgical nuances of STA-MCA bypass, this indispensable procedure is a hemisphere-preserving technique that can be performed with high patency and low morbidity rates.
Catalyzed crosslinking of highly functional biobased epoxy resins

Crosslinking reactions involving epoxy homopolymerization of 100% biobased epoxidized sucrose esters (ESEs) were studied and the resulting coatings properties were compared against epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and petrochemical-based soybean fatty acid ester resins. The low viscosity of ESE resins allowed for formulations to be developed with minimal volatile organic content. ESEs were found to have superior coatings properties, compared to ESO and the petrochemical-based soybean esters, attributable to a higher glass transition temperature (Tg) and a higher modulus. The rigid sucrose core on ESEs provided an increase in coating performance when compared to coatings from epoxidized resins synthesized with tripentaeryithritol as a core. The degree of conversion and optimization of the curing conditions were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Thermal analysis of cured coatings was performed using DSC, dynamic mechanical analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. In order to further enhance the coatings properties, small amounts of bisphenol A epoxy resin were added which resulted in higher moduli and Tgs.
A Microcomputer Bibliography for Librarians

Some of the more useful, recent publications related to microcomputer applications in libraries are described in this selective bibliography. Titles are grouped under the headings: software catalogs, dictionaries, handbooks, hardware catalogs, and general introductions. Under each heading, entries are listed in priority sequence.
High-efficiency microphotooxidation using milliwatt LED sources

Abstract Inexpensive milliwatt light emitting diode (LED) sources allow energy- and atom-efficient microphotochemical reactions. Thus, sources constructed from three 120 mW 5 mm diameter 627 nm LED’s enable μmol–mmol scale methylene blue-sensitized singlet oxygen photooxidations of various arenes and cyclopentadienones using a 3–5 M excess of oxygen in 82–98% yields.
Clinical Science Physical and Chemical Effects of Toothpastes on Dental Enamel

The effects on surface enamel of an experimental toothpaste containing Sr-EDTA, sodium ricinoleate, and fluoride were compared with those of a commercially available fluoride toothpaste. Knoop indentations, before and after treatment with control and experimental toothpastes, showed no significant changes. Both toothpastes rendered the enamel surface less soluble after treatment.
Quasi-implication algebras, Part II: Structure theory

The chief purpose of this paper is to show that the theory of quasi-implication algebras (QIA's) provides a complete characterization of the quasi-implication operation, as defined on orthomodular lattices (OML's) (on any OML,a→b=a⊥⋁(a⋀b)). This is accomplished by showing that every QIA can be embedded into an OML preserving quasi-implication. Besides yielding completeness, the embedding theorem provides the canonical class of QIA's, as follows. First of all, since QIA's are equationally defined, the class of QIA's is closed under the formation of subalgebras and homomorphic images. An orthomodular QIA is defined to be a QIA which is a quasi-implicational subalgebra of an OML. Together with the fact that QIA's are closed under the formation of homomorphic images, the embedding theorem entails that the class of orthomodular QIA's is canonical; specifically, every QIA is isomorphic to an orthomodular QIA.
Turbulent Transport of a Passive Scalar Additive in Spanwise Rotating Channel Flow With Zero Intrinsic Vorticity

In spanwise rotating channel flows, the turbulent kinetic energy near the high pressure and the low pressure walls is primarily associated with longitudinal velocity fluctuations. Consequently, the primary normal Reynolds momentum flux difference is positive and the secondary normal Reynolds flux difference is negative. In the outer region on the high pressure side of the symmetry plane, the energy is redistributed with the result that the signs of both the primary and of secondary normal differences flip. This redistribution of energy by Coriolis forces occurs in a region of zero intrinsic vorticity. In this paper, the dispersion of a passive additive within the zero intrinsic vorticity region is examined by using a recently developed universal, realizable, anisotropic prestress closure for the normalized Reynolds stress. For low rotation numbers (i.e., | Ωx | ≪ e / k), the theory shows that the transverse component of the passive additive flux is mitigated by a coupling between the shear component of the Reynolds stress and the longitudinal gradient of the mean passive additive field. At high rotation numbers (i.e., | Ωx | ≫ e / k), the dispersion coefficient in the transverse (cross flow) direction is four times larger than the dispersion coefficient in the spanwise direction. Surprisingly, the dispersion coefficient in the longitudinal direction is relatively small. The geophysical and the engineering significance of these theoretical conclusions will be highlighted in the presentation.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Fetal and Neonatal Arrhythmias

Arrhythmias in fetuses and newborns are relatively common, occurring in up to 90% of newborns and in 1% to 3% of pregnancies. Although life-threatening arrhythmias are uncommon, practitioners should be aware of the more common disorders of rhythm and conduction that can affect fetuses and neonates. This article reviews the healthy newborn electrocardiogram (ECG) and discusses both benign and life-threatening disorders of cardiac rhythm in neonates, including premature atrial and ventricular contractions, atrioventricular block, congenital complete heart block, supraventricular tachycardias, ventricular tachycardias, and long QT syndrome. We also review the diagnosis and management of fetal arrhythmias.
The impact of coronary thrombolysis on myocardial infarction

Abstract Building upon elucidation of fundamental aspects of the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction and the fibrinolytic system, extensive clinical research has demonstrated profoundly favourable effects of coronary thrombolysis on myocardial infarction. Its use limits the extent of infarction, especially when treatment is initiated early. Left ventricular function is improved. The incidence and severity of late congestive heart failure decline. Survival is improved. Treatment is safe in properly selected patients. Indeed, the data are so compelling that failure to treat a patient with evolving transmural myocardial infarction who presents early after the onset of symptoms cannot be justified in the absence of a significant contraindication, uncertainty regarding the diagnosis or the duration of symptoms, or circumstances requiring primary revascularisation with surgery or angioplasty. Some patients will fail to respond favorably. Others will exhibit early coronary reocclusion, often amenable to mechanical intervention. However, most can and should be treated with fibrinolytic agents alone. Emergency, invasive intervention does not appear warranted in clinically stable patients. Clot selective agents patterned after the naturally occurring human protein, t-PA, appear to offer advantages with respect to safety, efficacy, rapidity of lysis, and avoidance of hypotension or allergic reactions. Why then, has coronary thrombolysis been employed as initial treatment for acute myocardial infarction for only a minority of patients who are likely to benefit? Denial among patients and their families has precluded many potential beneficiaries of coronary thrombolysis from being treated soon enough after the onset of symptoms to permit optimal salvage of myocardium. The generally appropriate caution of physicians in embracing new therapeutic modalities coupled with concern regarding bleeding, reperfusion arrhythmias, late extension or reinfarction has militated against widespread use of thrombolytic agents. Reluctance has been intensified by confusion regarding the need for immediate cardiac catheterisation, coronary angiography, and possible angioplasty or surgery after successful coronary thrombolysis. However, thrombolytic agents can and should be used and monitored in community hospitals. Most can effectively arrange for subsequent interventions in patients requiring them. The data are now overwhelming. Patients should be thoroughly informed and should seek medical aid as soon as symptoms suggestive of myocardial infarction occur. Physicians should be prepared to promptly treat victims of infarction appropriately. Coronary thrombolysis is poised to diminish the devastating toll of acute myocardial infarction. Its promise should be fulfilled.
Religious Coping and Psychological Distress in Military Veteran Cancer Survivors

Research on the relationship between religious coping and psychological well-being in cancer survivors is limited. Forty-eight veteran cancer survivors completed measures of psychological distress, posttraumatic growth, and positive and negative religious coping. Negative religious coping was associated with greater distress and growth. Positive religious coping was associated with greater growth. Gender, race, and religious affiliation were significant predictors of positive and negative religious coping. Veteran cancer survivors who utilize negative religious coping may benefit from referral to clergy or a mental health professional. Assessment of religious coping may be particularly important for female, non-White, and Christian cancer survivors.
Do executive students feel a sense of community in the online classroom? Implications for online management education and student learning experiences

This article forms part of an exploration into how executive students within an online learning environment compare with students of an onsite learning environment with regard to feelings of community during their learning experience. In order to better understand this phenomenon, a survey was conducted in 2012, which revealed new insight and understanding into the manner in which executive students experience the online learning process with regard to feelings of community. The results of this study provide academics and training practitioners with insight and understanding of the online learning experience from the students' point of view. This study also provides practical implications for management education methods that lead to feelings of satisfaction and positive outcomes for learners within an online environment.
The effect of increased prescription drug cost-sharing on medical care utilization and expenses of elderly health maintenance organization members.

OBJECTIVES.The nature and extent of prescription drug benefits for the elderly are a continuing concern for health-care managers and policy makers. This study examined the impact of increased prescription drug cost-sharing on the drug and medical care utilization and expenses of the elderly.METHODS.
Efficacy and feasibility of stereotactic radiosurgery in the primary management of unfavorable pediatric ependymoma

Stereotactic radiosurgery was given as a boost in the initial radiation management of five children with localized intracranial ependymoma. Preliminary results in young children with high-risk tumors indicate good local control without excessive neurotoxicity.
MORE ON THE GETTIER PROBLEM AND LEGAL PROOF

In “The Gettier Problem and Legal Proof,” I argue that epistemic conditions that undermine knowledge in Gettier-type cases also potentially undermine legal verdicts. For this reason, I argue, there is a deeper connection between knowledge and legal proof than is typically presupposed or argued for in the scholarly legal literature. To support these claims, I present several examples illustrating how conditions that render epistemically justified beliefs merely accidentally true (and thus disqualify them as cases of genuine knowledge) may also render evidentially well-supported verdicts merely accidentally true for similar reasons. Such “Gettierized” verdicts, I contend, fail to realize the epistemic goal or aim of legal proof. Thus I conclude there, legal proof includes something like a knowledge requirement—in the sense that legal verdicts aim not only at truth and sufficient evidential support but also, as with knowledge, at an appropriate connection between their truth and justifying evidential support.
Streamside management units in the Pacific Northwest.

Abstract Since 1970, the National Forests in Oregon and Washington have been operating under a regionally developed ‘streamside-management-unit’ (SMU) concept, which is essentially a stream classification system based on use made of the water with specific water-quality objectives established for each of the four classes of streams. Inherent in the concept is the underlying premise that the land immediately adjacent to streams is the key to protecting water quality, but that this land can be managed to protect the riparian values and, in most cases, still achieve a reasonable return of other resource values.
Evaluation of a parent's manual for training enuretic children.

Abstract An operant method of training enuretic children had previously been evaluated by direct training of the child and parent. A manual describing the method was used by 13 parents in the present study with no professional assistance. Bedwetting was reduced from its pre-treatment level of 68% of the nights to 27% during the first week. 10% during the third month and 7% the sixth month. These results closely approximated those obtained previously with direct training.
Enhancing performance of three‐phase catalytic packed‐bed reactors

Our previous theoretical work predicted the possibility of enhancing three-phase packed-bed reactor performance by operating in the pulsing-flow regime. This article deals with the experimental study of the beneficial effect of pulsing flow on reaction outcome. Hydrogenation of phenylacetylene, dissolved in n-tetradecane over Pt/alumina catalyst, was chosen as the experimental reaction system. This is a triangular reaction, with styrene and ethylbenzene as the desired intermediate and final products, respectively. With properly designed experiments, the reaction performance in pulsing flow and trickling-flow regimes was compared directly. The effects of process variables such as temperature, feed flow rates, and reactant concentration on reaction behavior were studied. A simplified model to describe the qualitative trends was also developed. Both experiments and calculations show that the yield of styrene is higher in pulsing flow than in trickling flow, which confirms the advantages of pulsing-flow operation predicted by the theoretical work.
Neuronal plasticity in the developing chick brain: interaction of ethanol and neuropeptides.

Abstract We have examined the influence of ethanol on cholinergic and catecholaminergic neuronal expression in the chick embryonic brain using choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activities as respective neuronal markers. Ethanol (5–20 mg/50 μ1/day), administered to embryos in ovo from day 1 to 3 of development produced a dose-dependent decrease in ChAT activity while TH activity exhibited a dose-dependent increase when embryos were sacrificed on embryonic day 8. The optimal neurotoxic dose of ethanol following this paradigm was 15 mg/day and the LD50 was 17.5 mg/day for the 3 days. Subsequently, embryos were administered ethanol (15 mg) either alone or concomitantly with growth hormone-releasing hormone (GH-RH; 100 ng/50 μ1/day). Previous studies from this laboratory have demonstrated both potent cholinotropic and catecholaminotropic effects for this neuropeptide, results confirmed in this study. Co-administration of ethanol and GH-RH resulted in a significant increase in ChAT activity as compared to both saline- and ethanol-treated controls when examined on day 8 of embryonic growth. No additive effect was observed in TH activity following co-administration of ethanol and GH-RH. The findings from this study are interpreted to mean that GH-RH represents a potent secondary signal to undifferentiated neuroblasts which may lead to a restoration of the cholinergic neuronal population following neurotoxic insult by ethanol.
DOES GNP EXAGGERATE GROWTH IN “ACTUAL” OUTPUT? THE CASE OF THE UNITED STATES

Measures of national product can be misleading because there is nonmarket production. There are also distortions due to transactional activities, which are expenditures to support transactions, not actual output consumed. For 1950–89, this study recalculates output for the United States, adjusting for transactional activities and nonmarket production. Due to relatively rapid growth in transactional activities, GNP overstates output growth in the 1950s; because there was slow expansion of transactional activities in the early 1970s, GNP understates actual output. Since 1974, increases in transactional activities and shifts to market production lead GNP to exaggerate improvement of “actual” output per capita.
Down-regulation of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptors by Protein Kinase C in Fetal Human Non-pigmented Ciliary Epithelial Cells

Abstract Stimulation of cAMP formation in fetal human non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells by 10 μM prostaglandin E 1 was inhibited by 30-50% by 15 min prior exposure to 1 μM phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate. Evidence that this inhibition was due to activation of protein kinase C is the following. First, inhibition was also caused by 10 μM dioctanoylglycerol, a diacylglycerol analog. Second, no inhibition was observed using 4α phorbol didecanoate, an ineffective activator of protein kinase C, whereas phorbol didecanoate was effective. And third, prior exposure of cells to staurosporine, an inhibitor of protein kinase C, blocked phorbol ester-induced inhibition of cAMP stimulation. Phorbol esters also inhibited stimulation of cAMP formation by 10 nM vasoactive intestinal peptide and by 1 μM isoproterenol. Stimulation of cAMP formation by either 1 μM cholera toxin or 10 μM forskolin was not inhibited by prior exposure of cells to phorbol esters. This suggests that protein kinase C acts neither at the level of G 8 activation of adenylyl cyclase, nor by inhibiting adenylyl cyclase directly. The possibility that protein kinase C acts on adenylyl cyclase-linked receptors was assessed by measuring the effect of phorbol esters on specific binding of [ 125 I]vasoactive intestinal peptide to intact cells. Treatment of cells with either 1 μM phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate or phorbol didecanoate resulted in a 25-40% reduction in the number of binding sites for [ 125 I]vasoactive intestinal peptide, with little change in dissociation constants, 4α phorbol didecanoate had little effect. The half-maximal concentration for inhibition of binding by phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate was ∼ 5 nM, similar to its potency for inhibition of cAMP stimulation by prostaglandin E 1 or vasoactive intestinal peptide. These data suggest that VIP receptor number is down-regulated by a protein-kinase-C-dependent mechanism in fetal human non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells.
Fetal diagnosis of common arterial trunk with interrupted aorticarch using color Power Doppler angiography

We successfully visualized the brachiocephalic arteries and aortic arch in a fetus seen at 19 weeks of gestation with a common arterial trunk and interrupted aortic arch by means of color power Doppler angiography, a new diagnostic development of color Doppler echocardiography. Power Doppler imaging is more sensitive to the state of low flow in fetal vessels, thus providing better visualization of fetal vascular structures from an early gestational stage.
Analysis of applying time-dependent clustering model to BEOL TDDB

Recently, a time-dependent clustering model has been reported showing good agreement with multiple sets of experimental TDDB data by proper consideration of the percentile scaling of different areas (vertical translation in the Weibull scale) [1,2]. In this work, we investigate the scaling property (horizontal translation) of time-to-fail (T FAIL ) for different areas. Our results indicate that both the horizontal and vertical scaling properties for area transformation are preserved in the clustering model, showing its potential to replace the Weibull model. Moreover, we demonstrate the applicability of the time-dependent clustering model to bi-modal TDDB data, often encountered in practice. Finally, we develop a successive breakdown theory in the framework of the clustering model and compare it with experimental BEOL TDDB data.
Update in cardiology.

The author discusses unstable coronary artery disease; treatments of chronic coronary artery disease; risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; management of heart failure; valvular ...
Molecular genetics of glycophorin MNS variants

Summary The antigens for the MNS blood group system are Glycophorins A and B (GPA,GPB), products of the GPA gene family. The existence of close to 40 variant phenotypes of this blood group system has been documented by serological analyses. Here is summarized the molecular basis for a large number of variants, including all the variants of the Miltenberger complex and several isoforms of St a ; also, Dantu, Sat, He, M g , and deletion variants En a , S-s-U- and M k . The diversity is based predominantly on gene recombinations, namely unequal homologous recombinations and/or gene conversions, often coupled to pre-mRNA splicing. Most rearrangements occurred between GPA and GPB alleles, and were confined to hot-spots within the 4 kb region coding for the extracellular domain. The homologous region in GPE, the third member of the gene family, was involved only rarely. Sites of the variant epitopes are mapped to new intra- and inter-exon junctions or to patches of previously silenced sequences that become expressed following recombination.
Assembly of Functional Replication Factor C Expressed Using Recombinant Baculoviruses

Abstract Replication factor C (RF-C), a complex of five subunits, is an essential eukaryotic protein involved in both DNA replication and DNA repair. To generate an easily accessible source of human RF-C for biochemical and genetic studies, we cloned the cDNAs of all five subunits into baculoviruses so that each subunit could be expressed both as a non-fused polypeptide and as an N-terminal His-tagged fusion (-his). Co-infection of insect cells with five baculoviruses encoding individual RF-C subunits (p140, p40, p38, p37, and p36) yielded a protein preparation active in two assays characteristic for authentic RF-C: stimulation of DNA polymerase δ DNA synthesis on singly primed single-stranded DNA template and formation of a complex of proliferating cell nuclear antigen with circular double-stranded DNA. Functional recombinant RF-C containing p40-his, p37-his, or p36-his was isolated using affinity resin. Active RF-C was reconstituted only by co-expression of all five subunits. A model for assembly of RF-C from individual subunits was derived from co-purification experiments performed with various combinations of His-tagged and non-fused subunits expressed by co-infection of insect cells with recombinant baculoviruses. p37 and p36 are proposed to form the first intermediate, which, upon addition of either p40 or p38, generates stable tertiary complexes: p40·p37·p36 and p38·p37·p36. The remaining fourth small subunit binds to the tertiary complex to form a quaternary complex p40·p38·p37·p36. Large subunit p140 binds last to form the five-subunit protein.
Are You Who We Think You Are? Impostors and Work-Family Conflict

We use Conservation of Resources (COR) theory to examine the moderated mediational relationship between the impostor phenomenon (IP) and work-family conflict. The IP is a negative experience where ...
Costimulatory signals and viral immunity

Abstract Costimulation plays a pivotal role in T-cell activation, since engagement of the T-cell receptor in the absence of costimulatory signals can lead to T-cell anergy. The B7-CD28/CTLA4 costimulatory pathway can provide a potent costimulatory signal. This article focuses on the B7-CD28/CTLA4 pathway, reviewing aspects of costimulation relevant to the development of anti-viral immune responses and summarizing vaccination strategies employing costimulatory molecules. In addition, this article discusses the importance of regulated expression of costimulatory molecules and describes how viruses can modulate the expression of costimulatory molecules, which may contribute to immune dysfunction.
Detection of Inborn Errors of Metabolism: Galactosemia

Radioautography of cultured, human, galactosemic and nongalactosemic cells shows that, in the presence of 0.05M D-galactono-gamma-lactone, the former incorporate much less galactose in acid-insoluble form than the latter. Presumably the lactone inhibits incorporation of the labeled galactose into pathways which do not require galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity. Definite differences between the galactosemic and nongalactosemic condition can be demonstrated with as few as 100 to 1000 cells. This approach may be useful in facilitating prenatal detection of several kinds of inborn errors of metabolism.
The Microbiome and Colorectal Neoplasia – Environmental Modifiers of Dysbiosis

The etiology of colon cancer is complex, yet it is undoubtedly impacted by intestinal microbiota. Whether the contribution to colon carcinogenesis is generated through the presence of an overall dysbiosis or by specific pathogens is still a matter for debate. However, it is apparent that interactions between microbiota and the host are mediated by a variety of processes, including signaling cascades, the immune system, host metabolism, and regulation of gene transcription. To fully appreciate the role of microbiota in colon carcinogenesis, it will be necessary to expand efforts to define populations in niche environments, such as colonic crypts, explore cross talk between the host and the microbiota, and more completely define the metabolomic profile of the microbiota. These efforts must be pursued with appreciation that dietary substrates and other environmental modifiers mediate changes in the microbiota, as well as their metabolism and functional characteristics.
A REGIONALIZABLE STATISTICAL MODEL OF INTERSECTING REGIONS IN PROTEIN–LIGAND BINDING CAVITIES

Finding elements of proteins that influence ligand binding specificity is an essential aspect of research in many fields. To assist in this effort, this paper presents two statistical models, based on the same theoretical foundation, for evaluating structural similarity among binding cavities. The first model specializes in the "unified" comparison of whole cavities, enabling the selection of cavities that are too dissimilar to have similar binding specificity. The second model enables a "regionalized" comparison of cavities within a user-defined region, enabling the selection of cavities that are too dissimilar to bind the same molecular fragments in the given region. We applied these models to analyze the ligand binding cavities of the serine protease and enolase superfamilies. Next, we observed that our unified model correctly separated sets of cavities with identical binding preferences from other sets with varying binding preferences, and that our regionalized model correctly distinguished cavity regions that are too dissimilar to bind similar molecular fragments in the user-defined region. These observations point to applications of statistical modeling that can be used to examine and, more importantly, identify influential structural similarities within binding site structure in order to better detect influences on protein-ligand binding specificity.
Effects of anterior cingulate lesions on sequential behaviors

Rats were trained on a task employing an alternating FR 4 schedule in which the subjects were required to press two bars in a left-right-left-right sequence. Lesions were placed in the anterior cingulate cortex in one group of subjects, and the other group received sham lesions. During postsurgical testing, the lesion group had significantly fewer correct sequential responses than the sham group. The ratio of number of errors to number of completed trials was significantly higher for the brain-damaged subjects, but the number of incompleted trials for the two groups did not differ.
Regioselectivity in the Acid Cleavage of Bicyclo[4.1.0]Heptan-3-Ones

Abstract Acid-promoted cyclopropane cleavage reactions have been employed with great success for the generation of angular methyl groups.2 Sims has shown that the regioselectivity of such reactions may be influenced by acid strength.2d We now report a case in which steric factors appear to direct the cleavage pathway.
Abnormal activity of neurons in abducens nucleus of strabismic monkeys.

Purpose Infantile strabismus is characterized by persistent misalignment of the eyes. Mounting evidence suggests that the disorder is associated with abnormalities at the neural level, but few details are known. This study investigated the signals carried by abducens neurons in monkeys with experimentally induced strabismus. We wanted to know whether the firing rates of individual neurons are exclusively related to the position and velocity of one eye and whether the overall level of activity of the abducens nucleus was in the normal range. Methods We recorded 58 neurons in right and left abducens nuclei while strabismic monkeys (one esotrope and one exotrope) performed a saccade task. We analyzed the firing rates associated with static horizontal eye position and saccades by fitting the data with a dynamic equation that included position and velocity terms for each eye. Results were compared to previously published data in normal monkeys. Results For both strabismic monkeys the overall tonic activity was 50 to 100 spikes/s lower, for every suprathreshold eye position, than what has previously been reported for normal monkeys. This was mostly the result of lower baseline activity; the slopes of rate-position curves were similar to those in previous reports in normal monkeys. The saccade velocity sensitivities were similar to those of normal monkeys, 0.35 for the esotrope and 0.40 for the exotrope. For most neurons the firing rate was more closely related to the position and velocity of the ipsilateral eye. Conclusions These data suggest that strabismus can be associated with reduced neural activity in the abducens nucleus.
Depth attraction and repulsion in random dot stereograms

Previous studies of perceived attraction or repulsion of adjacent visual targets have used local targets whose positions were varied in both depth and direction. We have measured these effects in three subjects using dynamic random-dot stereograms to isolate depth-axis effects. Results show that both attraction and repulsion effects can occur for overlapping, positively correlated, random-dot surfaces. The results were quantitatively similar to those reported previously for local targets. Manipulation of interocular correlation confirmed that the effects are produced by binocular interactions. Results are explained as accurate judgments based on the stimulus at the cyclopean level.
Chemical composition of the graphitic black carbon fraction in riverine and marine sediments at sub-micron scales using carbon X-ray spectromicroscopy

The chemical composition of the graphitic black carbon (GBC) fraction of marine organic matter was explored in several marine and freshwater sedimentary environments along the west coast of North America and the Pacific Ocean. Analysis by carbon X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy shows the GBC fraction of Stillaguamish River surface sediments to be dominated by more highly ordered and impure forms of graphite, together forming about 80% of the GBC, with a smaller percent of an aliphatic carbon component. Eel River Margin surface sediments had very little highly ordered graphite, and were instead dominated by amorphous carbon and to a lesser extent, impure graphite. However, the GBC of surface sediments from the Washington State Slope and the Mexico Margin was composed almost solely of amorphous carbon. Pre-anthropogenic, highly oxidized deep-sea sediments from the open Equatorial Pacific Ocean contained over half their GBC in different forms of graphite as well as highly aliphatic carbon, low aromatic/highly acidic aliphatic carbon, low aromatic/highly aliphatic carbon, and amorphous forms of carbon. Our results clearly show the impact of graphite and amorphous C phases in the BC fraction in modern riverine sediments and nearby marine shelf deposits. The pre-anthropogenic Equatorial Pacific GBC fraction is remarkable in the existence of highly ordered graphite.
Standards of laboratory practice: antiepileptic drug monitoring

Discussion and development of standards for appropriate monitoring led to the following key recommendations for ordering, sampling, and analyzing antiepileptic drugs: Monitoring should usually be done on trough specimens after steady-state has been reached and always with an appropriate medical indication; non-steady-state concentrations may be indicated in selected situations. Monitoring of free phenytoin and free valproic acid is indicated in specific situations and should be done in serum. The metabolite of primidone, phenobarbital, should be measured concurrently with parent drug, but the active metabolite of carbamazepine does not need to be monitored unless the patient is exhibiting an unusual toxic response that cannot be otherwise explained. Assays used for antiepileptic drug monitoring should display a long-term CV of <10% and preferably <5%. Subtherapeutic and supratherapeutic drug concentrations should be investigated on a regular basis as part of a quality assurance process.
Design and operation of a 150 W near diffraction-limited laser amplifier with SBS wavefront correction

The design and operation of a Nd:glass regenerative amplifier using a stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) phase conjugate mirror is presented. The system can be operated at 25-30 J per pulse with a pulse width of 14 ns and a pulse repetition frequency (PRF) of 6 Hz. This results in an average output power of >150 W with a peak power of 2 GW. The experimentally measured divergence of the amplifier output is 1.25/spl times/ the diffraction limit and it can be frequency doubled with >80% efficiency. The detailed considerations required for this specific amplifier design are discussed as well as how these considerations apply to the design of high average power, high beam quality laser systems in general. >
Conversion of Cellulose I to Stable Cellulose III

Cotton cellulose in fiber, yarn, or fabric form was converted from cellulose I to the cellulose III polymorph. Excellent conversion to III was obtained by immersing cotton (cellulose I) in liquid ammonia at room temperature, subjecting it to pressures from 689.5 to 11,721.5 kPa (100 to 1700 psi) while saturated with ammonia, and de-gassing the ammonia at either room temperature or elevated (about 140°C) temperatures. De-gassing at either temperature was equally effective. Complete conversion to III was obtained when cotton fibers from a never-dried cotton boll were dried with dime thoxypropane, treated with liquid ammonia at 140°C and at 11,721.5 kPa, and dried at or above the critical temperature (132.5°C). Crystalline cellulose III obtained under high pressures was stable to boiling water. After several hours in boiling water, there was only a slight indication of its conversion to IV. Complete conversion of III to IV was obtained by first subjecting III to anhydrous ethylenediamine and then to the apro...
A preliminary trial of beta-carotene in subjects infected with the human immunodeficiency virus

beta-Carotene is a nontoxic carotenoid with immunomodulating properties in animals and humans. Based on our observations in normal immunocompetent subjects, we studied the effects of this compound in 11 patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Each subject received 60 mg of beta-carotene daily for 4 mo. Clinical and laboratory studies were obtained at baseline, every month while on treatment and for 2 mo after treatment. Increases in the percent of cells expressing Leu 11 (natural killer cells), Ia antigen and transferrin receptor (activated lymphocytes) were observed after 3 mo of treatment with beta-carotene and diminished thereafter. Major changes were not seen in total lymphocyte count or in the percent of cells expressing CD11, CD8 or CD4 antigens. No clinical toxicity was observed. These data suggest that beta-carotene can modulate certain immune markers in HIV-infected subjects. Further study of this compound in HIV infection may be warranted.
A review of the skin effect as applied to thin film interconnections

As the rise time of digital pulses is reduced to the subnanosecond range, the skin effect becomes an important issue in high-speed digital systems. The various approaches (theoretical and experimental) which have been taken to study the skin effect are surveyed. Various methods that accommodate the skin effect phenomenon into conductor design rules for high-speed digital systems are examined and compared. The resulting impact of these accommodations on high performance ULSI/VLSI multichip packages is addressed. >
Adapting efficacious interventions: advancing translational research in HIV prevention.

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has infected approximately 1.5 million people in the United States. Type 1 translation research (basic research, methods development, and efficacy trials) has...
Las relaciones económicas entre China y Brasil: ¿muy grandes para fracasar?

This article analyzes Brazil’s economic policy towards China in light of the major influx of Chinese imports and investment into Brazil in the 2000s. In particular, I explore the significance of domestic actors in the Brazilian political
Atomistic Simulation of Transonic Dislocations

Recent work has been done on the analysis of elastic stress singularities, such as cracks and dislocations, which propagate at supersonic speeds. Gumbsch and Gao have performed atomistic simulations in which dislocations are created and travel at transonic velocities (speeds which are greater than the material’s shear wave speeds but less than the longitudinal wave speed) close to the theoretical value corresponding to the radiation-free state for glide motion. Gao et al. have derived expressions for this radiation-free velocity in both isotropic and anisotropic media. We have performed molecular dynamics simulations showing dislocation nucleation at crystal surface ledges. Dislocations were nucleated at either sub- or transonic velocities, depending upon the ambient temperature, and accelerated to transonic speeds. This paper shows the velocity profiles for the emitted dislocations and compares velocities observed with a theoretical minimum-radiation speed derived by a Strohtype anisotropic elasticity analysis performed by Barnett and Zimmerman. Our findings are particularly exciting considering these simulations were not specifically engineered for the purpose of creating transonic defects, but show agreement with theory nonetheless.
The Egyptian blogosphere: a counter-narrative of the revolution

In this paper we investigate the role blogs played within the context of the Egyptian revolution of early 2011 using blog data authored between 2004-2011. We conducted topic modeling analysis to gain a longitudinal view of the interaction of societal, personal and revolutionary blog topics over this period. Furthermore, a qualitative analysis of blog posts during the period that bracketed the political uprising revealed Egyptian bloggers' concerns. Reporting events and supplying commentary provided bloggers with a means to voice dissent against institutionalized power represented by the government-controlled media. In short, blogs reveal a counter-narrative to the government-supplied version of events in Egypt during the 18-day uprising. These narratives offer rich documentation of how blogs, and perhaps social media more generally, can be utilized by individuals operating under repressive conditions.
Improved bounds on the probability of the union of events some of whose intersections are empty

We formulate a linear program whose optimal objective function value can be used in other formulations to yield improved upper and lower bounds on the probability of the union of events if we know some empty intersections of small numbers of events. The LP relaxation of an extension of the maximum independent set problem provides an upper bound on the largest number of events that have a nonempty intersection. We present numerical experiments demonstrating the effectiveness of our formulation.
Adsorption properties of nitrogen dioxide on hybrid carbon and boron-nitride nanotubes

The properties of pristine carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be modified in a number of different ways: covalent attachments, substitutional doping, induced defects, and non-covalent interactions with ligands. One unconventional approach is to combine CNTs with boron-nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) to form hybrid carbon and boron-nitride nanotube (CBNNT) materials. In this work, we perform a first-principles density functional theory study on the adsorption properties of NO2 on CBNNT heterostructures. It is found that the adsorption of NO2 is significantly increased on both zigzag CBNNT(8,0) and armchair CBNNT(6,6), as compared to either a pristine CNT or BNNT. For example, the chemisorption of NO2 on CNT(8,0) is found to be endothermic, while the chemisorption of NO2 on CBNNT(8,0) is an exothermic process with a very large binding energy of −27.74 kcal mol−1. Furthermore, the binding of NO2 on both CBNNT(8,0) and CBNNT(6,6) induces an increase in the conductivity of the nanotube. These characteristics indicate that the CBNNT heterostructures may have significant potential as an NO2 sensor or as a catalyst for NO2 decomposition reactions. Our calculations provide critical information for further evaluation, such as molecular-level adsorption simulations and microkinetic studies.
Variables affecting the clarity of psychological reports

Effective psychological reports are consumer-focused: They address the concerns of the referring persons, present data appropriately, communicate clearly and concisely, and include useful and appropriate recommendations. Although the importance of clear communication has been stressed repeatedly, psychologists often write reports that are very difficult for nonpsychologists to read. In this article, the author explores four reasons behind this dichotomy: (a) model reports available to psychologists in training are written at a level that is very difficult to understand; (b) psychological terms are not commonly defined; (c) the amount of time it takes to write easily understood reports is substantial; and (d) psychologists are confused about how to address multiple audiences. Methods to address each issue are discussed.
Does overgeneral autobiographical memory result from poor memory for task instructions

Considerable previous research has shown that retrieval of overgeneral autobiographical memories (OGM) is elevated among individuals suffering from various emotional disorders and those with a history of trauma. Although previous theories suggest that OGM serves the function of regulating acute negative affect, it is also possible that OGM results from difficulties in keeping the instruction set for the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT) in working memory, or what has been coined "secondary goal neglect" (Dalgleish, 2004). The present study tested whether OGM is associated with poor memory for the task's instruction set, and whether an instruction set reminder would improve memory specificity over repeated trials. Multilevel modelling data-analytic techniques demonstrated a significant relationship between poor recall of instruction set and probability of retrieving OGMs. Providing an instruction set reminder for the AMT relative to a control task's instruction set improved memory specificity immediately afterward.