cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DEPEND: a design environment for prediction and evaluation of system dependability

The development of DEPEND, an integrated simulation environment for the design and dependability analysis of fault-tolerant systems, is described. DEPEND models both hardware and software components at a functional level, and allows automatic failure injection to assess system performance and reliability. It relieves the user of the work needed to inject failures, maintain statistics, and output reports. The automatic failure injection scheme is geared toward evaluating a system under high stress (workload) conditions. The failures that are injected can affect both hardware and software components. To illustrate the capability of the simulator, a distributed system which employs a prediction-based, dynamic load-balancing heuristic is evaluated. Experiments were conducted to determine the impact of failures on system performance and to identify the failures to which the system is especially susceptible. >
On the asymptotic behavior of selfish transmitters sharing a common channel

This paper analyzes the asymptotic behavior of a multiple-access network comprising a large number of selfish transmitters competing for access to a common wireless communication channel, and having different utility functions for determining their strategies. A necessary and sufficient condition is given for the total number of packet arrivals from selfish transmitters to converge in distribution. The asymptotic packet arrival distribution at Nash equilibrium is shown to be a mixture of a Poisson distribution and finitely many Bernoulli distributions.
Simple schemes for parallel acquisition of spreading sequences in DS/SS systems

Suboptimal parallel schemes for the acquisition of spreading sequences in chip-asynchronous spread-spectrum systems are considered. These acquisition schemes estimate the unknown delay of the received signal with respect to a locally generated spreading code. Two schemes are presented which are considerably easier to implement than the optimal estimator. An analytical expression is given for the error probability of the simpler of the two schemes, and it is shown that the average error probability of this scheme decreases exponentially with the signal-to-noise ratio. Numerical results show that the performance of both suboptimal estimators is comparable to that of the optimal estimator.
Consumer information search revisited: Theory and empirical analysis

A comprehensive theoretical framework for understanding consumers' information search behavior is presented. Unlike previous research, our model identifies not only what factors affect consumers' search behavior but also how these factors interact with each other. In particular, the model emphasizes the effect of prior brand perceptions on the search process. We argue that when consumers have brand-specific prior distributions of utility, the existence of relative uncertainty among brands is necessary for search to be useful. Thus, we explain why product class involvement or low search costs may not be sufficient to induce large amounts of search activity and why there may be an inverted-U-shaped relationship between search activity and experience. We test our theory on consumers' search behavior for new automobiles, using data collected contemporaneously with consumers' actual decision process. Our data support our theory.
Batch and Flow Photochemical Benzannulations Based on the Reaction of Ynamides and Diazo Ketones. Application to the Synthesis of Polycyclic Aromatic and Heteroaromatic Compounds

Highly substituted polycyclic aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds are produced via a two-stage tandem benzannulation/cyclization strategy. The initial benzannulation step proceeds via a pericyclic cascade mechanism triggered by thermal or photochemical Wolff rearrangement of a diazo ketone. The photochemical process can be performed using a continuous flow reactor which facilitates carrying out reactions on a large scale and minimizes the time required for photolysis. Carbomethoxy ynamides as well as more ketenophilic bis-silyl ynamines and N-sulfonyl and N-phosphoryl ynamides serve as the reaction partner in the benzannulation step. In the second stage of the strategy, RCM generates benzofused nitrogen heterocycles, and various heterocyclization processes furnish highly substituted and polycyclic indoles of types that were not available by using the previous cyclobutenone-based version of the tandem strategy.
Induction charge detector with multiple sensing stages

An induction charge detector yields the net charge and the time of flight of a particle. The unique ability to independently measure these two parameters sets apart this rather simple detection technique. The main shortcoming of this instrument is its high charge detection limit, resulting from the intrinsic noise of the detector electronics and the low signal associated with the charge to measure. The goal of the present work is to lower the detection limit of this detector. This article describes an induction charge detector whose main novelty is a sequence of aligned cylindrical electrodes for measuring the charge of a particle n times. In a time domain analysis, this feature reduces both the detection limit and the standard error of the charge measurement by factors of square root of 2 and square root of n. More importantly, sensing stages could be added to arbitrarily lower the detection limit in a frequency domain analysis.
The link between public and private insurance and HIV-related mortality

As policymakers consider expanding insurance coverage for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV+) population, it is useful to ask whether insurance has any effect on health outcomes, and, if so, whether public insurance is as efficacious as private insurance in preventing premature death. Using data from a nationally representative cohort of HIV-infected persons receiving regular medical care, we estimate the impact of different types of insurance on mortality in this population. Our main findings are that (1) ignoring observed and unobserved health status misleads one to conclude that insurance may not be protective for HIV patients, (2) after accounting for observed and unobserved heterogeneity, insurance does protect against premature death, and (3) private insurance is more effective than public insurance. The better performance of private insurance can be explained in part by more restrictive Medicaid prescription drug policies that limit access to highly efficacious treatment.
Sand-Craters and Their Possible Significance

1. It is the purpose of this paper to explain the laboratory-method in which “sand-craters” are made to occur and to point out some of the possible conclusions which may be drawn from this relatively simple experiment. N. H. Heck, Chief of the Division of Terrestrial Magnetism, United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, has joined with me in this discussion and has advised me of several important comparisons. Perhaps, however, the subject has already been published,and the fact will be quickly brought to our attention. In any event we have not seen it in print and we wish at this time to submit it to criticism in order to bring out the true conclusions, if possible.
Normal mode tunes for linear coupled motion in six dimensional phase space

The motion of a particle in 6-dimensional phase space in the presence of linear coupling can be written as the sum of 3 normal modes. A cubic equation is found for the tune of the normal modes, which allows the normal mode tunes to be computed from the 6/spl times/6 one turn transfer matrix. This result is similar to the quadratic equation found for the normal mode tunes for the motion of a particle in 4-dimensional phase space. These results are useful in tracking programs where the one turn transfer matrix can be computed by multiplying the transfer matrices of each element of the lattice. The tunes of the 3 normal modes for motion in 6-dimensional phase space can then be found by solving the cubic equation. Explicit solutions of the cubic equation for the tune are given in terms of the elements of the 6/spl times/6 one turn transfer matrix.
How Important Are Terms Of Trade Shocks

According to conventional wisdom, terms of trade shocks represent a major source of business cycles in emerging and poor countries. This view is largely based on the analysis of calibrated business-cycle models. We argue that the view that emerges from empirical SVAR models is strikingly different. We estimate country-specific SVARs using data from 38 poor and emerging countries and find that terms-of-trade shocks explain only 10 percent of movements in aggregate activity. We then build a fully-fledged, open economy model with three sectors, importables, exportables, and nontradables, and use data from each of the 38 countries to obtain country-specific estimates of key structural parameters, including those defining the terms-of-trade process. In the estimated theoretical business-cycle models terms-of-trade shocks explain on average 30 percent of the variance of key macroeconomic indicators, three times as much as in SVAR models.
Are Refugees Different from Economic Immigrants? Some Empirical Evidence on the Heterogeneity of Immigrant Groups in the United States

This paper analyzes how the implicit difference in time horizons between refugees and economic immigrants affects subsequent human capital investments and wage assimilation. The analysis uses the 1980 and 1990 Integrated Public Use Samples of the Census to study labor market outcomes of immigrants who arrived in the United States from 1975 to 1980. I find that in 1980 refugee immigrants in this cohort earned 6% less and worked 14% fewer hours than economic immigrants. Both had approximately the same level of English skills. The two immigrant groups had made substantial gains by 1990; however, refugees had made greater gains. In fact, the labor market outcomes of refugee immigrants surpassed those of economic immigrants. In 1990, refugees from the 1975-1980 arrival cohort earned 20% more, worked 4% more hours, and improved their English skills by 11% relative to economic immigrants. The higher rates of human capital accumulation for refugee immigrants contribute to these findings.
Privacy-preserving data-oblivious geometric algorithms for geographic data

We give efficient data-oblivious algorithms for several fundamental geometric problems that are relevant to geographic information systems, including planar convex hulls and all-nearest neighbors. Our methods are "data-oblivious" in that they don't perform any data-dependent operations, with the exception of operations performed inside low-level blackbox circuits having a constant number of inputs and outputs. Thus, an adversary who observes the control flow of one of our algorithms, but who cannot see the inputs and outputs to the blackbox circuits, cannot learn anything about the input or output. This behavior makes our methods applicable to secure multiparty computation (SMC) protocols for geographic data used in location-based services. In SMC protocols, multiple parties wish to perform a computation on their combined data without revealing individual data to the other parties. For instance, our methods can be used to solve a problem posed by Du and Atallah, where Alice has a set, A, of m private points in the plane, Bob has another set, B, of n private points in the plane, and Alice and Bob want to jointly compute the convex hull of A ∪ B without disclosing any more information than what can be derived from the answer. In particular, neither Alice nor Bob want to reveal any of their respective points that are in the interior of the convex hull of A ∪ B.
Achieving 100% Throughput in Input-Buffered WDM Optical Packet Interconnects

Packet scheduling algorithms that deliver 100% throughput under various types of traffic enable an interconnect to achieve its full capacity. Although such algorithms have been proposed for electronic interconnects, they cannot be directly applied to WDM optical interconnects due to the following reasons. First, the optical counterpart of electronic random access memory (RAM) is absent; second, the wavelength conversion capability of WDM interconnects changes the conditions for admissible traffic. To address these issues, in this paper, we first introduce a new fiber-delay-line (FDL)-based input buffering fabric that is able to provide flexible buffering delay, followed by a discussion on the conditions that admissible traffic must satisfy in a WDM interconnect. We then propose a weight-based scheduling algorithm, named Most-Packet Wavelength-Fiber Pair First (MPWFPF), and theoretically prove that given a buffering fabric with flexible delay, MPWFPF delivers 100% throughput for input-buffered WDM interconnects with no speedup required. Finally, we further propose the WDM-i SLIP algorithm, a generalized version of the i SLIP algorithm for WDM interconnects, which efficiently finds an approximate optimal schedule with low time complexity. Extensive simulations have been conducted to verify the theoretical results, and test the performance of the proposed scheduling algorithms in input-buffered WDM interconnects.
Acute cardiac tamponade.

Acute cardiac tamponade is life threatening and requires prompt pericardial drainage. This review explains the manifestations of tamponade, including a presentation in which the diagnostic finding of pulsus paradoxus is absent, and variant forms, such as low-pressure tamponade and regional tamponade.
Studies on the sequential multi-component coupling/Diels–Alder cycloaddition reaction

Abstract The synthesis of highly functionalized oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptadiene derivatives through the sequential use of an Ugi or Passerini multi-component coupling reaction followed by an intramolecular acetylene/furan Diels–Alder reaction was investigated. The nature of the heteroatom in the tether was determined to play a critical role.
Assessment of combustion modes for internal combustion wave rotors

Combustion within the channels of a wave rotor is examined as a means of obtaining pressure gain during heat addition in a gas turbine engine. Three modes of combustion are assessed: premixed autoignition (detonation), premixed deflagration, and non-premixed autoignition. The last two will require strong turbulence for completion of combustion in a reasonable time in the wave rotor. The autoignition modes will require inlet temperatures in excess of 800 K for reliable ignition with most hydrocarbon fuels. Examples of combustion mode selection are presented for two engine applications.
TSV stress-aware full-chip mechanical reliability analysis and optimization for 3D IC

Three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) with through-silicon-via (TSV) is believed to offer new levels of efficiency, power, performance, and form-factor advantages over the conventional 2D IC. However, 3D IC involves disruptive manufacturing technologies compared to conventional 2D IC. TSVs cause significant thermomechanical stress that may seriously affect performance, leakage, and reliability of circuits. In this paper, we discuss an efficient and accurate full-chip thermomechanical stress and reliability analysis tool as well as a design optimization methodology to alleviate mechanical reliability issues in 3D ICs. First, we analyze detailed thermomechanical stress induced by TSVs in conjunction with various associated structures such as landing pad and dielectric liner. Then, we explore and validate the linear superposition principle of stress tensors and demonstrate the accuracy of this method against detailed finite element analysis (FEA) simulations. Next, we apply this linear superposition method to full-chip stress simulation and a reliability metric named the von Mises yield criterion. Finally, we propose a design optimization methodology to mitigate the mechanical reliability problems in 3D ICs.
Antireflection coatings for planar silicon solar cells

Abstract Calculations are presented for the effect of various antireflection coatings on silicon solar cells. In particular, the relationship of different quantum efficiencies and illumination spectra to the optimum film thickness(es) and to the maximum collectible current is examined. It is found that the ratio of the collectible current to the maximum possible current (with the reflectivity = 0 over the entire solar spectrum) is larger if the solar cell has a poor spectral quantum efficiency and/or the illumination spectrum is peaked (such as from an ELH lamp). Single- and double-layer coatings are examined, and it is found that the double-layer coatings are less sensitive to errors in the coating thicknesses, as well as yielding more collectible current.
Copper Mixed-Valency in a new Aluminum-Barium-Copper Oxide

Since their discovery last yearf[1], the high Tc super-conductors have been the subject of intense investigation. Most researchers have studied the material as ceramics--sintered masses of randomly oriented grains of the material. The materials, however, are anisotropie, so measurements made on ceramic pellets only result in averages over the crystallographic directions.
Seasonal differences in the CO2 exchange of a short-hydroperiod Florida Everglades marsh

Although wetlands are among the world’s most productive ecosystems, little is known of long-term CO2 exchange in tropical and subtropical wetlands. The Everglades is a highly managed wetlands complex occupying >6000 km 2 in south Florida. This ecosystem is oligotrophic, but extremely high rates of productivity have been previously reported. To evaluate CO2 exchange and its response to seasonality (dry vs. wet season) in the Everglades, an eddy covariance tower was established in a short-hydroperiod marl marsh. Rates of net ecosystem exchange and ecosystem respiration were small year-round and declined in the wet season relative to the dry season. Inundation reduced macrophyte CO2 uptake, substantially limiting gross ecosystem production. While light and air temperature exerted the primary controls on net ecosystem exchange and ecosystem respiration in the dry season, inundation weakened these relationships. The ecosystem shifted from a CO2 sink in the dry season to a CO2 source in the wet season; however, the marsh was a small carbon sink on an annual basis. Net ecosystem production, ecosystem respiration, and gross ecosystem production were −49.9, 446.1 and 496. 0gCm
Locality-Aware Process Scheduling for Embedded MPSoCs

Utilizing on-chip caches in embedded multiprocessor-system-on-a-chip (MPSoC) based systems is critical from both performance and power perspectives. While most of the prior work that targets at optimizing cache behavior are performed at hardware and compilation levels, operating system (OS) can also play major role as it sees the global access pattern information across applications. This paper proposes a cache-conscious OS process scheduling strategy based on data reuse. The proposed scheduler implements two complementary approaches. First, the processes that do not share any data between them are scheduled at different cores if it is possible to do so. Second, the processes that could not be executed at the same time (due to dependences) but share data among each other are mapped to the same processor core so that they share the cache contents. Our experimental results using this new data locality aware OS scheduling strategy are promising, and show significant improvements in task completion times.
Fréchet kernels for body-wave amplitudes

Summary We derive a 3D Frechet sensitivity kernel relating the rms amplitude of a far-field, broad-band body-wave pulse to laterally heterogeneous seismic slowness variations within the earth. Unlike the ‘banana–doughnut’ sensitivity kernel for a cross-correlation traveltime, the amplitude Frechet kernel for a turning wave is maximally sensitive, rather than completely insensitive, to the 3D slowness perturbation along the central source-to-receiver ray. In the asymptotic limit of an infinite-frequency pulse, our 3D amplitude kernel formulation is consistent with the dominant 1D integral involving the cross-path curvature of the slowness perturbation along the unperturbed geometrical ray.
Space-time Geometry Translated into the Hegelian and Intuitionist Systems

Kant noted the importance of spatial and temporal intuitions (synthetics) in geometric reasoning, but intuitions lend themselves to different interpretations and a more solid grounding may be sought in formality. In mathematics David Hilbert defended formality, while L. E. J. Brouwer cited intuitions that remain unencompassed by formality. In this paper, the conflict between formality and intuition is again investigated, and it is found to impact on our interpretations of space-time as translated into the language of geometry. It is argued that that language as a formal system works because of an auxiliary innateness that carries sentience, or feeling. Therefore, the formality is necessarily incomplete as sentience is beyond its reach. Specifically, it is argued that sentience is covertly connected to space-time geometry when axioms of congruency are stipulated, essentially hiding in the formality what is sensecertain. Accordingly, geometry is constructed from primitive intuitions represented by one-pointedness and route-invariance. Geometry is recognized as a two-sided language that permitted a Hegelian passage from Euclidean geometry to Riemannian geometry. The concepts of general relativity, quantum mechanics and entropy-irreversibility are found to be the consequences of linguistic type reasoning, and perceived conflicts (e.g., the puzzle of quantum gravity) are conflicts only within formal linguistic systems. Therefore, the conflicts do not survive beyond the synthetics because what is felt relates to inexplicable feeling, and because the question of synthesis returns only to Hegel’s absolute Notion.
THE CARNEGIE HUBBLE PROGRAM: THE INFRARED LEAVITT LAW IN IC 1613

We have observed the dwarf galaxy IC 1613, at multiple epochs in the mid-infrared using Spitzer and contemporaneously in the near-infrared using the new FourStar near-infrared camera on Magellan. We have constructed Cepheid period–luminosity relations in the J, H, K_s, [3.6] and [4.5] bands and have used the run of their apparent distance moduli as a function of wavelength to derive the line-of-sight reddening and distance to IC 1613. Using a nine-band fit, we find E(B − V) = 0.05 ± 0.01 mag and an extinction-corrected distance modulus of μ_0 = 24.29 ± 0.03_(statistical) ± 0.03_(systematic) mag. By comparing our multi-band and [3.6] distance moduli to results from the tip of the red giant branch and red clump distance indicators, we find that metallicity has no measurable effect on Cepheid distances at 3.6 μm in the metallicity range −1.0 ≤ [Fe/H] ≤ 0.2, hence derivations of the Hubble constant at this wavelength require no correction for metallicity.
Fine mapping and expression of candidate genes within the chromosome 10 QTL region of the high and low alcohol-drinking rats.

Abstract The high and low alcohol-drinking (HAD and LAD) rats were selectively bred for differences in alcohol intake. The HAD/LAD rats originated from the N/Nih heterogeneous stock developed from intercrossing eight inbred rat strains. The HAD×LAD F2 were genotyped, and a powerful analytical approach, using ancestral recombination and F2 recombination, was used to narrow a quantitative trait loci (QTL) for alcohol drinking to a 2-cM region on distal chromosome 10 that was in common in the HAD1/LAD1 and HAD2/LAD2 analyses. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to examine mRNA expression of six candidate genes ( Crebbp , Trap1 , Gnptg , Clcn7 , Fahd1 , and Mapk8ip3 ) located within the narrowed QTL region in the HAD1/LAD1 rats. Expression was examined in five brain regions, including the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, caudate putamen, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. All six genes showed differential expression in at least one brain region. Of the genes tested in this study, Crebbp and Mapk8ip3 may be the most promising candidates with regard to alcohol drinking.
Graphics in medicine and biology

Interactive graphics is not new to biology. The need felt for intuitively guided, graphically supported model exploration early predisposed physiological modelers to analog systems. Small computers derived from the LINC, which was designed for biomedical laboratory research, have long found favor among biomedical investigators both from experiment control and off-line interactive analyses with graphical displays. The decision to transfer from these "hands-on" approaches to larger digital systems often was made with considerable reluctance, despite the latter's greater capacity, versatility, precision, and rich libraries of statistical and other applications software. Modern interactive graphics terminals time-shared from major digital systems not only obviate the necessity to choose between these types of capability, they enable more versatile and meaningful forms of interaction than heretofore realized.
On gamma quotients and infinite products

Convergent infinite products, indexed by all natural numbers, in which each factor is a rational function of the index, can always be evaluated in terms of finite products of gamma functions. This goes back to Euler. A purpose of this note is to demonstrate the usefulness of this fact through a number of diverse applications involving multiplicative partitions, entries in [email protected]?s notebooks, the Chowla-Selberg formula, and the Thue-Morse sequence. In addition, we propose a numerical method for efficiently evaluating more general infinite series such as the slowly convergent Kepler-Bouwkamp constant.
Ambipolar Drift in a Turbulent Medium

The interstellar magnetic field strength and density are observed to be correlated, but there is a large dispersion in this relation. In particular, the magnetic field is often observed to be weaker than expected. At low ionization fraction, ion-neutral drift, or ambipolar diffusion, permits slip of the field relative to the neutral gas and tends to make the field strength more uniform, but it is thought to be too slow to explain the observations. The purpose of this paper is to show that ion-neutral drift is significantly faster in a turbulent medium than in a quiescent one. We suggest that this fast ambipolar diffusion can explain the surprisingly low magnetic field strengths sometimes observed in dense interstellar gas.
Inducing Innovation in the Environmental Technology of Oligopolistic Firms

This paper characterizes environmental regulations which induce polluting Bertrand competitors to invest efficiently in environmental R&D. Post–innovation benefits to raising rivals’ costs provide firms with incentives to innovate. Although optimal behavior cannot be elicited with pollution taxes alone, an optimum can be achieved by combining emission taxes with environmental performance standards that are higher for firms which reveal superior environmental technologies. Faced with this policy, successful innovators voluntarily reveal their technological discovery to the government, despite the apparent regulatory penalty that results. Implications for automotive fuel regulation are discussed.
Making Young Voters: The Impact of Preregistration on Youth Turnout

Recent research has cast doubt on the potential for various electoral reforms to increase voter turnout. In this article, we examine the effectiveness of preregistration laws, which allow young citizens to register before being eligible to vote. We use two empirical approaches to evaluate the impact of preregistration on youth turnout. First, we implement difference-in-difference and lag models to bracket the causal effect of preregistration implementation using the 2000–2012 Current Population Survey. Second, focusing on the state of Florida, we leverage a discontinuity based on date of birth to estimate the effect of increased preregistration exposure on the turnout of young registrants. In both approaches, we find preregistration increases voter turnout, with equal effectiveness for various subgroups in the electorate. More broadly, observed patterns suggest that campaign context and supporting institutions may help to determine when and if electoral reforms are effective.
Monopolistic competition, business cycles and the composition of aggregate demand

Abstract We develop a dynamic general equilibrium model with monopolistically competitive firms and endogenous markups and show the possibility of equilibria with persistent fluctuations driven by self-fulfilling revisions of expectations. For some parameter values such fluctuations are characterized by time series properties similar to those observed in U.S. postwar business cycles. In contrast with the existing literature our results do not rely on the presence of increasing returns or nominal rigidities. A key ingredient of the model is the link between markups and the composition of aggregate demand. Some econometric evidence on the latter is also reported. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Number: D43, D58, E32.
Archean foreland basin tectonics in the Witwatersrand, South Africa

The Witwatersrand Basin of South Africa is the best-known of Archean sedimentary basins and contains some of the largest gold reserves in the world. Sediments in the basin include a lower flysch-type sequence and an upper molassic facies, both of which contain abundant silicic volcanic detritus. The strata are thicker and more proximal on the northwestern side of the basin which is, at least locally, bound by thrust faults. These features indicate that the Witwatersrand strata may have been deposited in a foreland basin and a regional geologic synthesis suggests that this basin developed initially on the cratonward side of an Andean-type arc. Remarkably similar Phanerozoic basins may be found in the southern Andes above zones of shallow subduction. It is suggested that the continental collision between the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe Cratons at about 2.7 Ga caused further subsidence and deposition in the Witwatersrand Basin. Regional uplift during this later phase of development placed the basin on the cratonward edge of a collision-related plateau, now represented by the Limpopo Province. Similarities are seen between this phase of Witwatersrand Basin evolution and that of active basins north of the Tibetan Plateau. The geologic evidence does not agree with earlier suggestions that the Witwatersrand strata were deposited in a rift or half-graben.
Making a Wavefunctional Representation of Physical States Congruent with the False Vacuum Hypothesis of Sidney Coleman

We examine quantum decay of the false vacuum in the driven sine-Gordon system and show how both together permit construction of a Gaussian wave functional. This is due to changing a least action integral to be similar with respect to the WKB approximation. In addition we find that the soliton-antisoliton (S-S') separation distance obtained from the Bogomol'nyi inequality permits after rescaling a dominant &phi2 contribution to the least action integrand. This is from an initial scalar potential characterized by a tilted double well potential construction.
Income Misattribution under Formula Apportionment

Abstract Alternatives to the current system of separate tax accounting, such as the proposed Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base in Europe, would apportion a firm's worldwide profits using formulas based on the location of employment, capital or sales. This paper offers a new method of evaluating the accuracy of these apportionment rules and the ownership distortions they create. Evidence from European company accounts indicates that apportionment formulas significantly misattribute income, since employment and other factors on which they are based do a very poor job of explaining a firm's profits. For example, the magnitude of property, employment and sales explains less than 22% of the variation in profits between firms, and the prediction estimates from using such a formula exceed half of predicted profits 64% of the time, and exceed twice predicted income 11% of the time. As a result, the use of formulas rewards or punishes international mergers and divestitures by reallocating taxable income between operations in jurisdictions with differing tax rates. The associated ownership distortion is minimized by choosing factor weights to minimize weighted squared prediction errors, for which, based on the European evidence, labor inputs should play little if any role in allocation formulas. But even a distortion-minimizing formula creates large incentives for inefficient ownership reallocation due to the enormous variation in profitability that is unexplained by formulary factors, implying that significant resource allocation costs would accompany European adoption of formulary apportionment methods.
Euler calculations for multielement airfoils using Cartesian grids

A finite volume formulation for the Euler equations using Cartesian grids is presented and used to study complex two-dimensional configurations. The formulation extends methods developed for the potential equation to the Euler equations. Results using this approach for single element airfoils are shown to be competitive with and as accurate as other methods that employ mapped grids. Further, it is demonstrated that this method provides a simple and accurate procedure for solving flow problems involving multielement airfoils.
Finding the right cutting planes for the TSP

Given an instance of the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP), a reasonable way to get a lower bound on the optimal answer is to solve a linear programming relaxation of an integer programming formulation of the problem. These linear programs typically have an exponential number of constraints, but in theory they can be solved efficiently with the ellipsoid method as long as we have an algorithm that can take a solution and either declare it feasible or find a violated constraint. In practice, it is often the case that many constraints are violated, which raises the question of how to choose among them so as to improve performance. For the simplest TSP formulation it is possible to efficiently find all the violated constraints, which gives us a good chance to try to answer this question empirically. Looking at random two dimensional Euclidean instances and the large instances from TSPLIB, we ran experiments to evaluate several strategies for picking among the violated constraints. We found some information about which constraints to prefer, which resulted in modest gains, but were unable to get large improvements in performance.
Thompson Sampling for Contextual Bandits with Linear Payoffs

Thompson Sampling is one of the oldest heuristics for multi-armed bandit problems. It is a randomized algorithm based on Bayesian ideas, and has recently generated significant interest after several studies demonstrated it to have better empirical performance compared to the state-of-the-art methods. However, many questions regarding its theoretical performance remained open. In this paper, we design and analyze a generalization of Thompson Sampling algorithm for the stochastic contextual multi-armed bandit problem with linear payoff functions, when the contexts are provided by an adaptive adversary. This is among the most important and widely studied version of the contextual bandits problem. We prove a high probability regret bound of O(d2/e√T1+e) in time T for any 0 < e < 1, where d is the dimension of each context vector and e is a parameter used by the algorithm. Our results provide the first theoretical guarantees for the contextual version of Thompson Sampling, and are close to the lower bound of Ω(d√T) for this problem. This essentially solves a COLT open problem of Chapelle and Li [COLT 2012].
Local concurrent error detection and correction in data structures using virtual backpointers

Two linked data structures utilizing virtual backpointers, the virtual double-linked list (VDLL) and the B-tree with virtual backpointers (VBT), are described. Four experiments that provide example measurements of the capabilities (behavior under multiple error conditions) and performance (time overhead) of both local concurrent error detection and correction using sample VDLL and VBT instances are described. For these structures, double errors within a fixed-size checking window can be detected in constant time, and single errors detected during forward moves can be corrected in constant time. >
Managerial determinants of decision speed in new ventures

This study helps to explain why some new ventures make strategic decisions more quickly than others. Drawing on life course theory and human capital theory, I develop a model of how entrepreneurs' individual characteristics affect new venture decision speed. I test the model using survey data from 98 Internet startups and their founder/managers. Results show that firms made faster decisions when they were managed by older entrepreneurs and by those with prior entrepreneurial experience. In addition, exploratory analyses indicating that fast decision-making firms were more likely to close may indicate that prevailing theory in this area is contextually limited. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Update on ONCOCIN: a chemotherapy advisor for clinical oncology.

(1986). Update on Oncocin: A chemotherapy advisor for clinical oncology. Medical Informatics: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 19-21.
Homoepitaxial Growth of Single Crystal Diamond Membranes for Quantum Information Processing

Homoepitaxial growth of single crystal diamond membranes is demonstrated employing a microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition technique. The membranes possess excellent structural, optical, and spin properties, which make them suitable for fabrication of optical microcavities for applications in quantum information processing, photonics, spintronics, and sensing.
When overconfidence is revealed to others: Testing the status-enhancement theory of overconfidence

The status-enhancement theory of overconfidence proposes that overconfidence pervades self-judgment because it helps people attain higher social status. Prior work has found that highly confident individuals attained higher status regardless of whether their confidence was justified by actual ability (Anderson, Brion, Moore, & Kennedy, 2012). However, those initial findings were observed in contexts where individuals’ actual abilities were unlikely to be discovered by others. What happens to overconfident individuals when others learn how good they truly are at the task? If those individuals are penalized with status demotions, then the status costs might outweigh the status benefits of overconfidence – thereby casting doubt on the benefits of overconfidence. In three studies, we found that group members did not react negatively to individuals revealed as overconfident, and in fact still viewed them positively. Therefore, the status benefits of overconfidence outweighed any possible status costs, lending further support to the status-enhancement theory.
Household investment decisions and offspring gender: parental accounting

Numerous behavioural factors have been identified as having an impact on household stockholding decisions. Given there is both theoretical and empirical evidence to support the premise that offspring gender can influence specific types of parental preferences, I test the theory that offspring gender has an effect on parental investment decision-making. I find that offspring gender does influence household stock market participation. Specifically, I find that having only female offspring can significantly increase the probability of stockholding. Given stockholding can have large effects on household wealth levels and that family wealth levels affect intergenerational transfers, this finding could have important implications for understanding distributional welfare issues.
Corpus-driven knowledge acquisition for discourse analysis

The availability of large on-line text corpora provides a natural and promising bridge between the worlds of natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML). In recent years, the NLP community has been aggressively investigating statistical techniques to drive part-of-speech taggers, but application-specific text corpora can be used to drive knowledge acquisition at much higher levels as well. In this paper we will show how ML techniques can be used to support knowledge acquisition for information extraction systems. It is often very difficult to specify an explicit domain model for many information extraction applications, and it is always labor intensive to implement hand-coded heuristics for each new domain. We have discovered that it is nevertheless possible to use ML algorithms in order to capture knowledge that is only implicitly present in a representative text corpus. Our work addresses issues traditionally associated with discourse analysis and intersentential inference generation, and demonstrates the utility of ML algorithms at this higher level of language analysis. The benefits of our work address the portability and scalability of information extraction (IE) technologies. When hand-coded heuristics are used to manage discourse analysis in an information extraction system, months of programming effort are easily needed to port a successful IE system to a new domain. We will show how ML algorithms can reduce this development time to a few days of automated corpus analysis without any resulting degradation of overall system performance.
Ionization above the F2-peak, as affected by the interplanetary gas

The atmospheres of the earth, the sun and other bodies are surrounded by gas that is nearly uniform in number densityn and kinetic temperatureT, over spaces much greater than those occupied by the atmospheres. This gas may be called theambium of the atmosphere. In total it is much more massive than the atmosphere it encloses. The conditions in the ambium must powerfully affect the state of the outer atmosphere. In particular, there must be a continuous transition of the values ofn andT between the ambium and the atmosphere. In the case of the earth, the sun and other hot stars, both the ambium and the outermost part of the atmosphere will consist of atomic hydrogen. The temperature of the ambium will determine whether this hydrogen and that of the outermost atmosphere are mainly ionized or neutral.
On neutrino and charged lepton masses and mixings: A view from the electroweak-scale right-handed neutrino model

We present a model of neutrino masses within the framework of the EW-ν R model in which the experimentally desired form of the PMNS matrix is obtained by applying an A 4 symmetry to the Higgs singlet sector responsible for the neutrino Dirac mass matrix. This mechanism naturally avoids potential conflict with the LHC data which severely constrains the Higgs sector, in particular the Higgs doublets. Moreover, by making a simple ansatz we extract $$ {\mathrm{\mathcal{M}}}_{\mathrm{l}}{{\mathrm{\mathcal{M}}}_{\mathrm{l}}}^{\dagger } $$ for the charged lepton sector. A similar ansatz is proposed for the quark sector. The sources of masses for the neutrinos are entirely different from those for the charged leptons and for the quarks and this might explain why U PMNS is very different from V CKM .
Share Price Reaction To Security Offerings By Hospitality Firms

This study examines the share price reaction to security offering announcements by hospitality firms. Results indicate that a significant negative market reaction is triggered on average when firms...
An Ordered Tobit Model of Market Participation: Evidence from Kenya and Ethiopia

Do rural households in developing countries make market participation and volume decisions simultaneously or sequentially? This article develops a two-stage econometric method to test between these two competing hypotheses regarding household-level marketing behavior. The first stage models the household's choice of whether to be a net buyer, autarkic, or a net seller in the market. The second stage models the quantity bought (sold) for net buyers (sellers) based on observable household characteristics. Using household data from Kenyan and Ethiopian livestock markets, we find evidence in favor of sequential decision making, the welfare implications of which we discuss.
Molecular mechanics with an array processor

Computer simulation of the mechanics of molecular systems is a popular and powerful method for understanding chemical processes. The complexity of modeled chemical systems has advanced from hard spheres and rare gases to liquid solutions and biomolecules. Such simulations are computationally intensive and thus are limited by the speed of available computers. This article describes the use of specialized hardware, a high-speed floating-point array processor (AP), to dramatically speed up molecular mechanics, in other words molecular dynamics, Monte Carlo, and energy-minimization calculations. Although the array processor is a cost effective solution for computationally intensive problems in terms of hardware (full-time AP usage is equivalent to 2–8 h/day of Cray-1 time), its full speed comes at the expense of programming in a relatively difficult parallel assembly language. Since the architecture of the machine is dramatically different from conventional computers and utilizing its fast speed necessitates using this architecture on the assembly language level, the proper design and implementation of algorithms is critical. The molecular mechanics software design discussed here, consisting of 12,000 lines of C and 7000 lines of AP assembly language code, is quite general and has been used to study systems ranging from rare gases to biomolecules. This implementation yields effective speeds approximately 35 times faster than a dedicated DEC VAX 11/780 computer with floating-point accelerator and optimized VMS FORTRAN, thus allowing simulations to be run in one and a half weeks on the AP which would require a year of dedicated VAX time. The flexibility of the UNIX operating system, whose source code is accessible and can be modified to optimize performance, combined with the modern features of the C language, have made this implementation much easier by providing a convenient and powerful environment in which to imbed the hand-coded AP assembly language modules. Applications to date range from the molecular-dynamic calculation of infrared, Raman, and electronic spectra in gas and liquid solutions to the calculation of thermodynamic quantities for water and the simulation of the molecular dynamics of solution reactions and polypeptides.
The H II Region of the First Star

Simulations predict that the first stars in a ΛCDM universe formed at redshifts z > 20 in minihalos with masses of about 106 M☉. We have studied their radiative feedback by simulating the propagation of ionization fronts (I-fronts) created by these first Population III stars (M* = 15-500 M☉) at z = 20, within the density field of a cosmological simulation of primordial star formation, outward through the host minihalo and into the surrounding gas. A three-dimensional ray-tracing calculation tracks the I-front once the H II region evolves a champagne flow inside the minihalo, after the early D-type I-front detaches from the shock and runs ahead, becoming R type. We take account of the hydrodynamic back-reaction by an approximate model of the central wind. We find that the escape fraction of ionizing radiation from the host halo increases with stellar mass, with 0.7 fesc 0.9 for 80 M*/M☉ 500. To quantify the ionizing efficiency of these stars as they begin cosmic reionization, we find that for M* 80 M☉, the ratio of gas mass ionized to stellar mass is ~60,000, roughly half the number of ionizing photons released per stellar baryon. Nearby minihalos are shown to trap the I-front, so their centers remain neutral. This is contrary to the recent suggestion that these stars would trigger formation of a second generation by fully ionizing neighboring minihalos, stimulating H2 formation in their cores. Finally, we discuss how the evacuation of gas from the host halo reduces the growth and luminosity of miniquasars that may form from black hole remnants of the first stars.
Pinacol reduction-cum-rearrangement. A re-examination of the reduction of aryl alkyl ketones by zinc–aluminum chloride

Reduction of alkyl phenyl ketones by zinc and aluminum chloride in acetonitrile results in pinacol condensation followed by rearrangement. The phenyl group migrates in every instance.