cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solid–Solid Interactions on Active Adsorbents

IN recent years the diffuse spectral reflectance properties of various solid systems have been investigated1,2, and several analytical applications have been developed3–5. Often it has been reported advantageous to mix the optically absorbing substance with an inactive powdered diluent such as sodium or potassium fluoride. When this is done the reflectance spectrum of the absorbing substance is sharpened and clarified in many cases. More pronounced effects have been obtained when a so-called active adsorbent powder such as chromatographic alumina or silica gel is substituted for the inactive diluent. In an attempt to study the nature of the changes brought about by active adsorbents in the solid state, pilot experiments have been carried out using Michler's ketone (4,4′-bisdimethylamino-benzophenone) mixed with active alumina. Michler's ketone has a well-defined absorption spectrum in transmittance in solution and reflectance from the solid, and is quantitatively removed from solution in a non-polar solvent by alumina. In a typical experiment 1 and 2 mgm. of the powdered ketone were mixed with 3 gm. of acidic and basic alumina (Woelm) and the solid mixtures allowed to stand for several days at room temperature in sealed containers. Visual changes slowly occurred in these systems until in appearance they were virtually identical with alumina on which the ketone had been adsorbed from a solution as in ordinary column chromatography. It is suggested that the two phenomena involve essentially the same adsorption process, differing only in rate.
Genetic markers for ancestry are correlated with body composition traits in older African Americans.

Summary Individual-specific percent European ancestry was assessed in 1,277 African Americans. We found significant correlations between proportion of European ancestry and several musculoskeletal traits, indicating that admixture mapping may be a useful strategy for locating genes affecting these traits.
The calculation of intermodulation products by means of a difference table

Espley? has described a convenient method for the numerical calculation of the harmonic output of a circuit containing a non-linear element, such as a valve, the characteristic of which is given for equally-spaced values of the input voltage. A difference table was formed from these data; the terms of the central line of this table were then multiplied by the values of certain functions dependent on the type of the harmonic wanted and the amplitude of the input, and finally the products were added. The present paper shows that a similar procedure can be applied to the determination of intermodulation products of two input frequencies. The factors which now appear as multipliers of the difference terms can be obtained from a multiplication table of such Espley functions. The procedure is summarized in Section 5. The derivation of the result makes use of the operator properties of Sheppard's symbols ? and ?.
Longitudinal follow-up of chronic hemodialysis patients without vitamin supplementation.

Longitudinal follow–up of chronic hemodialysis patients without vitamin supplementation. Vitamin supplementation for dialysis patients is still controversial. In our study, we followed longitudinally over a period of a year, 15 patients on chronic hemodialysis who were deprived of vitamin supplementation. Microbiological assays were used to determine the levels of five vitamins of the B group (folate, niacin, B 12 , B 6 , and thiamine). Vitamin C was measured chemically. During the observation period when vitamins were not supplemented, a marked drop of many of these vitamins in blood levels were encountered. For vitamins B 12 and C, the plasma levels remained within the normal range in all the subjects studied. For the other vitamins, the blood levels were found to be low in a few patients. Our data suggest that vitamin supplementation is probably not needed in most stable hemodialysis patients as it is recommended now, and that perhaps, if supplementation is indicated, less should be given than is presently prescribed. Further research is needed in this area.
Orthopaedic · Radiology · Pathology Conference: Thigh Pain in a 53-year-Old Woman

A 53-year-old woman presented with 3 months of progressively worsening right medial thigh pain. She reported having constant severe pain and a burning sensation in the upper thigh. Her pain was worse at night, often awakening her from sleep. Initially, she experienced some relief with aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen; however, these no longer provided relief. She obtained partial pain relief with acetaminophen. She had a history of mild, blunt trauma to the left torso approximately 1 month before presentation, but no history of trauma to the affected limb. She denied any back pain, fever, chills, night sweats, or weight loss. Physical examination revealed a well-developed woman with no obvious deformity. Right antalgic gait was noted. There was no edema, erythema, skin warmth, or palpable mass on examination of the right thigh. Deep palpation did not change her symptoms. There was full and painless active and passive range of motion of the right hip and knee. Neurovascular examination, strength, and tone were normal. Magnetic resonance images of the right hip and thigh (Fig. 1), CT scans of the right proximal femur (Fig. 2), and a total body bone scan (Fig. 3) were available from the referring physician. Plain radiographs had not been performed at the time of the initial evaluation. Based on the history, physical examination, and the imaging studies, what is the differential diagnosis?
An investigation of the effect of sample preparation on the thermal behavior and the small‐angle x‐ray scattering of a polyurethane block copolymer

The effect of varying sample preparation parameters on the thermal behavior and on the small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) properties of a polyether polyurethane were investigated. The polyurethane studied was a methylene bis(p-phenyl isocyanate) (MDI)/butanediol/poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO) system synthesized in a 6/5/1 mole ratio by a two-step solution polymerization. The PTMO had a nominal molecular weight of 2000. The samples were compression molded under different conditions for the SAXS experiments. The preparation parameters studied included molding time and temperature, sample thickness, and quenching rate from the molding temperature. The molding temperature has the greatest effect on the SAXS data. In this case the domain size was observed to increase as the molding temperature increased from 130 to 200°C. The thermal properties were also found to be strongly dependent on the molding temperature, as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). An endotherm related to the annealing that occurs during the molding process appears in each sample near the molding temperature. The other preparation parameters have little or no effect on the SAXS and thermal properties of this sample.
Bäcklund transformations for general PDE's

Abstract We extend the previous work on Backlund transformations to the case of non-quasi-linear PDE's in an arbitrary number of independent variables. Using the jet-bundle approach to the problem, the general form (modulo contact transformations) is given that a PDE must have in order that a Backlund transform of it may exist. For more than two independent variables we explain why the usual methods normally fail unless vector-valued variables are introduced. We view this introduction as a multiple-copy technique, which is explained and then used to again generate general forms which allow a definitive answer to be given to the question of existence or non-existence of any particular PDE. In the case of existence, the general forms generate a set of low-order PDE's whose solutions generate the Backlund transformations for any equation under consideration.
Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Pericapsular Pyomyositis of the Hip in Children

Background: The yield of synovial fluid cultures in patients meeting clinical criteria for septic hip arthritis remains low. In the presence of positive blood cultures, these patients are diagnosed and treated as “presumed septic arthritis.” We hypothesized that some of these patients may instead have an extraarticular infection, such as pericapsular pyomyositis. Methods: An IRB-approved prospective study of children with suspected septic hip arthritis at a tertiary care children’s hospital over a 2-year time period was conducted. Children were evaluated with a previously published clinical algorithm with the addition of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results: Of the 53 patients presenting with an acutely irritable hip, 32% were found to have pericapsular pyomyositis, whereas 15% were diagnosed with septic arthritis. Although C-reactive protein (CRP, Z33.1 mg/L) performed well at predicting infection, there were no significant differences in CRP, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, white blood cell count, temperature, or weight-bearing status in children with septic arthritis compared with pericapsular pyomyositis. In addition to MRI, there was a difference in the size of hip effusion on ultrasound, which was significantly smaller in cases of pericapsular pyomyositis. CRP (Z74.3 mg/L) was found to be predictive of need for surgical intervention in children with pericapsular pyomyositis. Conclusions: Correct anatomic diagnosis of the site of infection is essential for the efficient care of the child. Herein, we found that pericapsular pyomyositis is twice as common as septic arthritis in children presenting with an acutely irritable hip. Clinical algorithms are incapable of differentiating these pathologies suggesting that both be considered under the current diagnosis previously referred to as “presumed septic arthritis.” Incorrect diagnosis of a septic arthritis in the presence of a pericapsular pyomyositis could potentially lead to unnecessary debridement of the joint in the presence of extra-articular infection, thus contaminating the joint. Conversely, debriding the joint instead of the epicenter of the infection can prolong the infectious process. For these reasons, we conclude that MRI has the potential to improve the clinical care of children by providing a more precise diagnosis. Level of Evidence: Level II—“Diagnostic” [Development of diagnostic criteria on the basis of consecutive patients (with universally applied reference “gold” standard)].
Clinicopathologic study of 85 cases of melanoma of the female genitalia

Background Melanoma of the female genitalia has poor overall prognosis. Objective and methods To examine prognostic factors influencing survival, the Duke Melanoma and Tumor Registry Databases were queried for patients who had received their clinical care at Duke University Medical Center, with a diagnosis of melanoma of the female genitalia, including vulva, vagina, and cervix, between 1970 and 2009. From this group, any available histopathologic specimens were procured for further review. Results Eighty-five patients were identified. The median follow-up time was 8.8 years with 60% of the patients experiencing melanoma-related mortality at last follow-up. Survival rates at 1, 5, and 10 years were 85%, 51%, and 30%, respectively. The available histopathologic specimens from 36 cases were reviewed by a dermatopathologist (M.A.S.). Fifteen of 36 cases were notable for the presence of atypical melanocytic hyperplasia adjacent to the primary melanoma. Breslow depth, lymph node status, systemic therapy, and surgery were also examined for differences in survival distributions using the log-rank test. In general, survival was inversely correlated with Breslow depth, extent of nodal involvement, and provision of systemic therapy. A higher survival rate was observed among those who received wide local excision. Log-rank test demonstrated that survival between different decades of diagnosis was not significantly different. Limitations Because of its small sample size, this study may be underpowered. Conclusion Despite new treatments developed and attempted, there is no evidence that survival has improved over the past 40 years. In summary, patients with thinner melanomas amenable to surgical resection had a better prognosis than those with more extensive, metastatic disease at presentation.
Chaotic transitions of convection rolls in a rapidly rotating annulus

Drifting convection rolls in a rapidly rotating cylindrical annulus with conical endwalls exhibit different transitional modes to chaotic flows at different Prandtl numbers. Three transition sequences for Prandtl numbers 0.3, 1.0 and 7.0 are studied for a moderately large Coriolis parameter and a wavenumber near the critical value using an initial-value code. As the Rayleigh number increases, each transition sequence first leads to a vacillating flow, and then to an aperiodic flow, the route of which is Prandtl-number dependent. From the low Prandtl number to the high Prandtl number, the transitions take different routes of torus folding, period doubling, and mode-locking intermittency
Letters to an "Enchanted Guest": W.D. Howells to Edmund Gosse

The Kirks explore letters that fill out the story of the Edumund Gosse and W.D. Howells friendship.Â The letters are dated from 1883 to 1904
Health Educators: Role Modeling and Smoking Behavior:

This study examined cigarette smoking among health educators, their views about the effects of this behavior upon their audiences and their beliefs about smoking in light of their professional role. Questionnaires (496) were mailed to the membership of a professional health education association. Respondents were asked about smoking practices, the purpose of smoking educational programs, and their views on health educators as role models. Of the 89.7 percent respondents, 57.1 percent were nonsmokers, 32.4 percent were former smokers, and 10.5 percent smoked regularly. Using chi-square analysis, it was found that smokers and nonsmokers were significantly (p < .001) less inclined to feel that the role of health education is to “convince people not to smoke.” Also, smokers were significantly (p < .001) less inclined to indicate that a health educator “should set a good example.”
Purification and cloning of toxins from elapid venoms that target cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels.

In 1999, we purified pseudechetoxin (PsTx), the first peptide toxin known to block cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) ion channels, from the venom of Pseudechis australis [Brown, R. L., Haley, T. L., West, K. A., and Crabb, J. W. (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96, 754−759]. Here we report the cloning of the cDNA encoding PsTx, as well as the discovery and cloning of pseudecin, a homologous toxin from the venom of Pseudechis porphyriacus. The mature proteins are 211 and 210 amino acids in length, and the amino acid sequences are 96.7% identical, differing in only seven residues. The purified toxins were applied to outside-out patches excised from Xenopus oocytes expressing CNG channels composed of the rod CNGA1 or olfactory CNGA2 channel subunits. Surprisingly, these patch-clamp studies revealed a 30-fold difference in affinity between PsTx and pseudecin for channels composed of CNGA2 subunits. The apparent Ki of PsTx was 15 nM, while the affinity of pseudecin was 460 nM. The difference in affinities for ...
Compared broad-wall slots for array applications

An overview of the theory, properties, and potential applications of compound slots is given. Methods for analyzing compound slots are discussed. Scattering properties of the compound slot are examined, covering resonance and the equivalent circuit model, resonant length scattering in the main waveguide, the aperture electric field, and off-resonant characteristics. Array characteristics are also considered, including external mutual coupling, internal higher order mode coupling, and some factors to consider in designing array configurations. Problems remaining to be solved are indicated. >
SU-E-T-808: Improved Normal Tissue Dosimetry Using a Sequential Boost Plan for Locally Advanced Head and Neck Cancer

Purpose: Simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) fractionation schemes for the treatment of head and neck cancer have become widespread. This usually results in increased total dose to elective regions of the neck. We hypothesized that a sequential boost plan (SEQ) using a lower total dose to the elective neck at a standard fractional dose would result in improved dosimetry to normal tissues. Methods: Nine patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer with primaries in the oropharynx and larynx were selected for this study. SEQ radiotherapy plans were generated to compare with SIB plans. Normal tissue and target dose constraints were kept identical, except for dose to the elective neck target (56 Gy vs. 45 Gy). SIB dose fractionation schema to planning target volumes (PTV) included 70 Gy / 2 Gy fractions to PTV_High, 63 Gy / 1.8 Gy fractions to PTV_Intermediate, and 56 Gy / 1.6 Gy fractions to PTV_elective. SEQ dose fractionation schema included 50 Gy / 2 Gy fractions to PTV_High, 45 Gy / 1.8 Gy fractions to PTV_Intermediate, and 45 Gy / 1.8 Gy fractions to PTV_elective, followed by a boost of 20 Gy / 2 Gy fractions to PTV_High and 18 Gy / 1.8 Gy fractions to PTV_Intermediate. Results: SEQ plans were more likely to have higher percent coverage of the PTV_elective at the 110% and 100% (p < 0.01) prescription dose levels, but not at 95% or 93%. Mean doses to the contralateral parotid, larynx and inferior pharyngeal constrictor were lower with SEQ (p<0.05). Conclusions: The use of SEQ intensity modulated radiotherapy with a previous standard lower total dose (45 Gy in 25 fractions) for treatment of the elective neck in locally advanced head and neck cancer patients may improve the ability to spare normal tissues such as the parotid, larynx, and inferior pharyngeal constrictor.
Behaviour and mimicry in the juvenile and subadult life stages of the mesopelagic squid Chiroteuthis calyx

Cephalopods are common inhabitants of the deep ocean's mesopelagic zones worldwide, yet very little is known about their behaviour due to the inaccessibility of this environment. Recent studies suggest that, contrary to historical predictions, deep-sea cephalopods exhibit a wide array of visual behaviours. We used in situ footage from remotely operated vehicles, coupled with laboratory observations to assemble the first behavioural ethogram for the juvenile and subadult life stages of the mesopelagic squid, Chiroteuthis calyx . The number of behavioural components we described is comparable to or exceeds those recognized in ethograms of shallow-water teuthids. We used the ethogram to make a detailed behavioural comparison between the juvenile and subadult life stages, and found distinctly different patterns. Behavioural and morphological differences between the two life stages support the hypothesis that juvenile C. calyx mimic the abundant siphonophore Nanomia bijuga , in order to deter predation.
Stability of a Planar Interface During Solidification of a Dilute Binary Alloy

The stability of the shape of a moving planar liquid‐solid interface during the unidirectional freezing of a dilute binary alloy is theoretically investigated by calculating the time dependence of the amplitude of a sinusoidal perturbation of infinitesimal amplitude introduced into the planar shape. The calculation is accomplished by using gradients of the steady‐state thermal and diffusion fields satisfying the perturbed boundary conditions (capillarity included) to determine the velocity of each element of interface, a procedure justified in some detail. Instability occurs if any Fourier component of an arbitrary perturbation grows; stability occurs if all components decay. A stability criterion expressed in terms of growth parameters and system characteristics is thereby deduced and is compared with the currently used stability criterion of constitutional supercooling; some very marked differences are discussed.
Social influence, information processing, and net conformity in dyads.

Sumnzary.-A 2 X 2 X 2 orthogonal design was employed to investigate 2 modes of instructional set (Information Processing and Social Influence), 2 levels of perceived task compercnce (Subject Superior and Partner Superior), and sex of Ss. The Information Processing set stressed S's use of cues about the partner's performance to improve his own inirial performance, while the Social Influence set presented the experinlent as one on suggestibility. The primary hypothesis was rhat there would be a greater difference in net conformity to partners between the 2 competence conditions under the Information Proccssing set than under the Social Influent: set. This hypothesis was confirmed. Data were analyzed in terms of the dnmond model of social response. The confirmation of the primary hypothesis is ~nrerpreted as the result of the joint effects of perceived instrumentality and acceprabiliry as a means of partner behavior. The utility, with respect to some goal, of behavior of another person will depend both upon its potential instrz~mental value and its acceptability to the observer as a means. Thus in a tesc situation a student might refi~se to look at the paper of an honor scholar next to him because this way of getting the right answers is unacceptable to him. The purpose of this experiment was to discover whether potential instrumental value and acceptability as a means interact in a nonadditive manner in determining the extent to which an individual will accept cues emanating from the behavior of another person. An information proce-sing or problem-solving orientation is often more acceptable in our society [ha? one centering around social influence. Unless the sinlation is interpreted as r tesc, systematic agreement or disagreement with the j~~dgments of others for the purpose of bettering one's performance is usually acceptable. In contrast, accepting or rejecting the opinions of others for purely social, task-irrelevant reasox is usually unacceptable as such. A rationalization must be provided, for no one willingly admits to being a "yes man" or a. "no man." This distinction between social influence and information processing sets is reminiscent of rhat made b) Deutsch and Gerard (1955) between normative and informational influence, or thac made by Thibaut and Strickland (1956) between a groz~p set and a task set. The social influence set used here, however, more closely resembles one employed by Kiesler and Kiesler (1964) in their Forewarned condition. Ss were told, before reading a persuasive communication, thac it was "designed to make you change your opinion." The communication was not 'This research was supported by the Group Psychology Branch, Office of Naval Research, under Contract Nonr 816(12,, NR 171-488, with Washington University. The author wishes to thank Walter Nord for his services as research assistant.
Molecular organization of Leishmania RNA virus 1.

Abstract The complete 5284-nucleotide sequence of the double-stranded RNA genome of Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1) was determined and contains three open reading frames (ORFs) on the plus (+) (mRNA) strand. The predicted amino acid sequence of ORF3 has motifs characteristic of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. ORF2, which may encode the major viral coat protein, overlaps ORF3 by 71 nucleotides, suggesting a +1 translational frameshift to produce a gag-pol type of fusion protein. Two alternative models for the frameshift are presented. The 5' splice leader sequence of kinetoplastid mRNAs is not in LRV1 RNA. This suggests that the 450-base region at the 5' end of the LRV1 (+)-strand, which contains ORF1 and is highly conserved among viral strains, does not encode protein but has a role in initiation of translation and/or RNA stability. The similarity of LRV1 genomic organization, replication cycle, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase sequence to those of the yeast virus ScV L-A suggests a common ancestral origin. The possibility that LRV1 affects pathogenesis in leishmaniasis is intriguing.
Dietary oligofructose and inulin modulate immune functions in mice

Host defense functions are responsive to diet composition. Since inulin and oligofructose increase resistance to health challenges, selected systemic immune variables were measured in B6C3F1 mice fed diets containing 10g/100g cellulose (C) or with cellulose replaced entirely with oligofructose (OF) or inulin (I), or partially (2.5 g) with oligofructose (C-OF). White blood cell counts for all groups were within normal ranges, but were 100% higher (P < 0.05) in C mice compared to mice fed fructan-containing diets, which had similar counts. Spleen mass, CD4/CD8 and T/B ratios from suspensions of spleen and thymus, and fecal IgA concentrations did not differ among groups. OF and I mice had higher natural killer cell activity of splenocytes and greater phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages. Apparently oligofructose and inulin do not elicit an increase or redistribution of the examined lymphocyte populations (CD4/CD8 and T/B), but up-regulate macrophage-dependent (T-helper 1 type) immune responses in a dose-dependent manner.
Amperometric microsensor for water

A thin film of a perfluorosulfonate ionomer (PFSI) is supported upon two electrodes. The positive electrode is composed of a noble metal. The polymer film has high affinity for water and certain other highly polar molecules, notably alcohols. When a voltage above the threshold of electrolytic breakdown potential of such a compound is applied across the film, the compound partitioned into the film can be electrolytically decomposed. Provided that the electrolytic breakdown products have a high enough vapor pressure to spontaneously leave the film, a versatile sensor, with a current output related to the analyte concentration, is formed. Sensors fabricated from available PFSI materials and functioning in this manner behave essentially as sensors specific for water and the lower alcohols.
TPD and HYD studies of unpromoted and co-promoted molybdenum sulfide catalyst ex ammonium tetrathiomolybdate

Activity measurements of an unpromoted molybdenum sulfide catalyst prepared by the decomposition of ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (ATTM) indicate that the catalyst exhibits a higher HYD activity than a catalyst prepared by the conventional method of reductive sulfiding of the oxide, as well as a commercial catalyst. The increased activity can be attributed to a valence state of molybdenum lower than 4 in the supported sulfide catalyst and a concomitant increase in the number of anion vacancies as determined by TPD studies. The results also indicate that the addition of a promoter Co to ATTM results in higher HDS, but not higher HYD activity of the catalyst.
Synthesis, structure, and properties of magnesium complexes containing cyclopentadienyl and amidinate ligand sets

[CpMgMe(Et2O)]2 was prepared by dissolving Cp2Mg and dimethylmagnesium together in diethyl ether. It reacted readily with diphenylamine, 3-amino-2,4-dimethylpentane, 2,6-diisopropylaniline, N-isopropylbenzylamine, and diisopropylamine in diethyl ether to afford the dimeric amido complexes [CpMg(NPh2)]2 (83%), [CpMg(NHCH(CH(CH3)2)2)]2 (75%), [CpMg(NHiPr2C6H3)]2 (61%), [CpMg(N(iPr)(CH2Ph))]2 (62%), and [CpMg(NiPr2)]2 (81%) as colorless crystalline solids. Treatment of [CpMgMe(Et2O)]2 with N,N,N‘-trimethylethylenediamine in diethyl ether yielded dimeric [CpMg(MeNCH2CH2NMe2)]2 (76%). The reaction of [CpMgMe(Et2O)]2 with 2,5-bis(dimethylaminomethyl)pyrrole in diethyl ether led to the formation of the monomeric magnesium pyrrolato complex [CpMg(Et2O)(η2-Me2NCH2(C4H2N)CH2NMe2)] (70%). The X-ray crystal structures of [CpMg(NPh2)]2, [CpMg(NHCH(CH(CH3)2)2)]2, [CpMg(NHiPr2C6H3)]2, [CpMg(N(iPr)(CH2Ph))]2, and [CpMg(Et2O)(η2-Me2NCH2(C4H2N)CH2NMe2)] were determined. In the solid state structures, [CpMg(NPh2)]2, [CpMg(N...
The utilization of 5-hydroxyl-2-amino valeric acid as a specific marker of oxidized arginine and proline residues in proteins.

Abstract Alteration of cellular proteins by oxidative modification could represent an important mechanism leading to cellular dysdifferentiation and age-related diseases. There is difficulty in testing this hypothesis because of a lack of specific assays that can measure the extent proteins are oxidized in nonpurified tissue preparations. Some methods used to measure carbonyl groups in nonpurified samples have serious limitations because of interference from other sources of carbonyl groups not being a product of oxidation-mediated damage. Oxidation of arginine and proline residues has been reported to produce γ-glutamyl semialdehyde, which on reduction and acid hydrolysis, was predicted to form 5-hydroxy-2-amino valeric acid (HAVA). In this article we confirm this prediction using a GC/MS/SIM technique, and carry out additional experiments to determine if HAVA may be a useful marker of oxidative damage in proteins. These experiments utilized purified preparations of arginine, proline, histidine, and lysine amino acid homopolymers and six different purified proteins preparations in nonoxidized and oxidized states. Results demonstrate that HAVA compares well with the carbonyl group formation as a specific marker of oxidized protein, and that the GC/MS/SIM technique can detect HAVA reliably to 150 femtomoles per injection. Thus, HAVA as a specific marker of oxidized arginine and proline could prove to be a useful assay in pure and nonpurified samples.
Fatal Passenger Vehicle Crashes With At Least 1 Driver Younger Than 15 Years: A Fatality Analysis Reporting System Study

Context: A small number of fatalities continue to occur due to motor vehicle crashes on highways in which at least 1 passenger vehicle (automobile, van, or small truck) is driven by a child younger than 15 years. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to extend previous work suggesting that such crashes occur frequently in the Southern states and have relatively high rates in rural areas in the South and Great Plains. Methods: This study utilizes data for the 5-year period 1999-2003 from the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration's online Fatality Analysis Reporting System. All cases were identified in which at least 1 conventional passenger vehicle in a fatal crash was being driven by a child younger than 15 years. Findings: During the 5-year period, 350 fatal crashes occurred with at least 1 driver younger than 15 years involved. Twenty-one of these drivers were licensed (11) or driving with a learner's permit (10). A total of 987 individuals in 419 vehicles were involved in these crashes, and 402 deaths resulted (1.16 deaths/crash). These crashes occurred primarily in Texas, Florida, Arkansas, and Arizona, but the highest rates per 100,000 children were found in North and South Dakota and predominantly in a band of Intermountain and Plains states. There was a strong correlation between crash rates and several measures of rurality. Conclusions: Crashes involving young, largely unlicensed, drivers account for about 70 deaths yearly. Language: en
Electrostatic field calculations of charge and dipole models of membrane systems.

Calculations are made for the components of the field for electrostatic models of a fixed charge and dipole square sheet. The contributions to the field in certain nonaxial positions indicate that the components of the fieldincrease as a function of distance until they reach amaximum where they thendecrease in the normal manner. In the axial position, the field decreases as a function of position confirming analyses described in previous articles of comparisons of axial symmetric charge and dipole fields.
Sex ratios in naturally incubating Macrochelys temminckii nests, a species with type II temperature-dependent sex determination

Abstract The alligator snapping turtle, Macrochelys temminckii , exhibits type II temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), wherein females are produced at high and low incubation temperatures. This TSD pattern is well studied at constant temperatures, but little work has focused on sex ratios in natural nests that experience daily and seasonal temperature fluctuations. We monitored nesting activity of reintroduced Macrochelys temminckii at Tishomingo National Wildlife Refuge in 2010–2011. Nests located prior to predation were excavated to determine clutch size and the eggs were reburied with a temperature data logger to collect nest temperatures. Overall, 24% of nests were protected with wire mesh prior to predation, and the average clutch size in intact nests was 22.4 eggs. Nest predation rates in the study population will likely approach 100% if nest protection efforts do not continue. Temperature profiles were used to compare estimated sex ratios using two methods—mean nest temperature during middle third of incubation and the degree-day model—to actual sex ratios in naturally incubated Macrochelys temminckii nests. The sex ratio in all 2010 recruits was female-biased (91.8% female); 2011 nests did not produce any hatchlings, likely the result of severe drought. The predicted sex ratios based on mean nest temperature and the degree-day model matched actual sex ratios in the warmer nests (0% male), but the degree-day model estimate proved more accurate in the cooler nest. A strongly skewed population sex ratio could become a threat to this reintroduced population if the strongly female-biased sex ratio in 2010 reflects a long-term trend.
Politics and ideology in migration policy formulation: the case of Kuwait.

In 1716 3 prominent families of the original Kuwaitis agreed that 1 family would control finance and commerce another seafaring activities and the 3rd the government. This continued allegiance has been instrumental in shaping migration policy in Kuwait. Migration to Kuwait began in the 1930s-1940s to meet labor needs of the oil industry and the social infrastructure. This began a steady increase with several setbacks in the early 1970s of the migrant population. Between (1959-1964) Kuwait had to determine how it would exist and operate as an independent state. The new state established migration policy based on a need for national identity and on weighing the interests of 4 political groups: the ruling family; the wealthy merchants; the Arab Nationalist Movement; and Kuwaiti Nationalists. 3 migration laws emerged which satisfied the 4 groups and in some form continued into the 1980s. These laws basically allowed the continuation of free immigration of labor with the government controlling entry movement rights and employment of the migrants while stressing neutrality and reciprocity with other states especially Arab states. 1 law greatly limited the number of citizenships to nonKuwaitis and guaranteed economic control and major share of profits to Kuwaitis. Between 1965-1984 many changes to migration policy occurred for political demographic and economic reasons. 1 such change was an amendment restricting naturalization to Muslims thereby not allowing naturalization of the growing Asian migration population to preserve their cultural authenticity. By 1984 following 1 rebalance of the distribution of Kuwaitis and nonKuwaitis economic declines and security threats migration policy shifted back to population balance. Kuwaiti history shows however that experimenting with migration policy and population balance cannot establish internal political and social cohesion. This is a revised version of a paper originally presented at the 1987 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America (see Population Index Vol. 53 No. 3 Fall 1987 p. 409).
Characterization of InAlAs solar cells grown by MOVPE

Epitaxial layers of InAlAs are prime candidates for the top cell in triple-junction photovoltaics (PV). Growth conditions during metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) of InAlAs affect the material properties and subsequently the device characteristics of the epilayers. Impurity concentrations in InAlAs epilayers grown under various conditions are analyzed by secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) in order to assess impurity incorporation. Deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) is used to assess the energy level and concentration of carrier traps. The effect of defects (traps) on the device characteristics are modeled with a Sentaurus simulation. Devices were fabricated and tested in a solar simulator before and after contact etch. Spectral response (SR) and electroluminescence (EL) are also measured. Final experimental results showed an efficiency of 9.74% without an antireflective coating.
Thermal tolerance and heat shock protein synthesis during development in the anuran Lepidobatrachus laevis

Development of the Paraguayan anuran Lepidobatrachus laevis is unusual in that the larvae are obligate carnivores, facultative cannibals and apparently exist at high environmental temperatures in their natural habitat. In the present study, the effect of environmental temperature on the rate of anuran development was investigated. The larvae have a thermotolerance range of 18°C for normal development between 19 and 37°C. The effect of temperature on the rate of development was dramatic; larvae that were incubated at 36.8°C develop to stage 24 (Gosner) in approximately 9 h compared with 24 h for larvae incubated at 19°C. The ability of larvae to survive heat shock was also examined; larvae did not survive a shock of 45°C for 15 min when it was administered at stages 3, 5, 9, 10 or 20. However, using the same heat shock conditions, 50% survival was observed when larvae were shocked at stage 16. To study protein synthesis during heat shock, larvae were pulsed with [35S]-methionine during heat shock and labeled proteins were analyzed by electrophoresis under reducing and denaturing conditions. Larvae synthesized two sets of heat-shock proteins at doublet molecular weights of 83/78 and 62/59 kDa. These proteins were synthesized independently of the stage of development at which the shock was administered or the magnitude of the heat shock.
A simple HPLC method for the dissolution studies on levothyroxine sodium tablets

Abstract A simple method for the analysis of dissolution samples of levothyroxine sodium was developed. The procedure consists of filtration of the dissolution sample and direct injection of the sample onto the HPLC column. Although levothyroxine sodium is present at low concentrations (20–50 ng/ml) in the dissolution samples, its detection and quantitation was possible due to the large volumes of injection onto the HPLC column of up to 2 ml and also due to the enhanced sensitivity of up to 6 times by UV monitoring at 225 nm instead of at 254 nm. Large volumes of injection of up to 2 ml are possible due to ‘sample enrichment’ of the amino acid due to the strong adsorption property of the amino acid on the reverse-phase material of the column or precolumn packing material. The usefulness of the procedure was demonstrated by the analysis of various brands and dosage strengths of the above tablet.
Nuptiality in Meiji Japan

The evidence in favor of the traditional approach to Japanese demographic behavior in the premodern era is first reviewed using official statistical data. This approach holds that population increase was checked by Malthusian restraints. Next the author introduces a revisionist position that uses data from family reconstitution studies in the Tokugawa period 1603 to 1867 to suggest that changes in marital patterns were the major factor in controlling population growth. New evidence is then presented to support the traditional view. Finally the author examines the relationship between early industrialization and demographic change in Japan and Western Europe as a whole.
Holographic bandwidth compression using spatial subsampling

Subject terms: electro-holography, holographic computation, holographic bandwidth compression, diffraction- specific, fringelet, hogel vector Abstract. A novel electro-holographic bandwidth compression technique, fringelet bandwidth compression, is described and implemented. This technique uses spatial subsampling to reduce the bandwidth and complex- ity of holographic fringe computation for real-time 3-D holographic displays. Fringelet bandwidth compres- sion is a type of diffraction-specific fringe computation, an approach that considers only the reconstruction process in holographic imaging. The fringe pattern is treated as a spectrum that is sampled in space (as holo- graphic elements or "hogels") and in spatial frequency (as "hogel vectors"). Fringelet bandwidth compression achieves a compression ratio of 16:1 without conspicuously degrading image quality. Further increase in com- pression ratio and speed is possible with additional image degradation. Fringelet decoding is extremely simple, involving the replication of fringelet sample values. This simplicity enables an overall increase in fringe com- putation speed of over 3000 times compared to conventional interference-based methods. The speed of fringe- let bandwidth compression has enabled the generation of images at nearly interactive rates: under 4.0 s per hand-sized (one-liter) 3-D image generated from a 36-Mbyte fringe.
Malignant melanoma presenting as a mediastinal mass

A case of malignant melanoma presenting as a mediastinal mass without an extrathoracic primary is reported. Microscopically the tumor appeared consistent with malignant melanoma, with the presence of focal melanin pigment in large epithelioid cells. Fontana stain confirmed the presence of melanin pigment. Immunohistochemical staining further suggested melanoma, with the tumor cells expressing a HMB45+, S100+ and cytokeratin-phenotype. Electron microscopy showed an abundance of melanosomes confirming the diagnosis of malignant melanoma.
Identification of the human electrical impedance indifferent point: a surrogate for the volume indifferent point?

Head-up tilt (HUT) redistributes ~700 mL of blood to the dependent regions. In a gravitational field, hydrostatic pressure is balanced against vascular compliance, resulting in a hydrostatic indifferent point (HIP) whose location should be coincident with an indifferent point for volume (VIP). Cardiac filling is determined by the hydrostatic gradient between the HIP/VIP and right atrium. We employed segmental impedance to examine blood volume redistribution during HUT and estimate the location of the VIP. During HUT, impedance increased in the chest and decreased in the lower abdomen, presumably due to blood volume shifts. Using a non-linear model to relate blood volume shifts to the hydrostatic gradient, we estimated the location of the electrical impedance indifferent point between the xyphoid process and iliac crest, at 64.5 ± 2.6% of an individual’s height. This method may provide a quantitative framework to assess the effects of blood volume distribution on tilt tolerance.
Hyperfine Interaction and Isomeric Shift in Pt 195

Using the Mossbauer technique the first-excited-state g factor for Pt195 has been determined to be -0.41 ±0.03. The following magnetic fields at the Pt nucleus were found: in an Fe lattice, 1.19±0.04 MG; in a Co lattice, 0.86±0.03 MG; and in a Ni lattice, 0.36±0.04 MG. Isomeric shifts have been detected in a number of compounds and alloys and have been interpreted to imply that the mean square radius for the Pt195 nucleus in the first excited state is smaller than in the ground state.
Electronic theory of phase stability in substitutional alloys: The generalized perturbation method versus the Connolly-Williams method

A detailed analysis of the tendencies toward ordering and phase separation, and more generally the stability properties at T\ensuremath{\ne}0 K in substitutional alloys, is carried out using the prescription proposed by Connolly and Williams and the generalized perturbation method. Both methods are examined and contrasted within the framework of a simple but realistic tight-binding model applicable to paramagnetic transition-metal alloys.
The influence of reward magnitude, opening bid and concession rate on profit earned in a managerial negotiation game

This paper examines the influence that reward magnitude, concession rate, and opening bid concession have on the payoffs earned in a managerial bargaining game. Twenty-four subjects participated as both buyers and sellers in 18 separate bargaining sessions. The data indicate that the opening bid concession and the concession rate of the bargainer are crucial in reaching mutually rewarding agreements over a period of time regardless of the magnitude of the potential earnings. The implications of the results for managerial bargaining behavior in organizations are discussed.
Association of body fat distribution with plasma lipids, lipoproteins, apolipoproteins AI and B in postmenopausal women

Associations between the distribution of body fat, measured by the waist/hip circumference ratio (WHR), and plasma lipid fractions were examined in 84 postmenopausal women. WHR was correlated r = 0.39 with body mass index (BMI). After adjustment for BMI and other covariates, WHR was positively and significantly associated with concentrations of triglycerides, apolipoprotein B, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and the total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio. WHR was negatively and significantly associated with concentrations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein AI. These results indicate that in postmenopausal women abdominal fat preponderance is associated with an atherogenic plasma lipid profile, independent of its association with BMI.
Extrinsic germanium blocked-impurity-band detector arrays

The progress of a program to develop Ge:Ga blocked-impurity-band (BIB) detector arrays for far-infrared space astronomy is reviewed. So far, the best devices, working in the 80 - 200 micrometers range, have responsive quantum efficiency better than 15%, detective quantum efficiency 10%, dark current 100 electrons s-1, and response uniformity better than a few percent. Structures with both bulk absorbers and epitaxial absorbing layers have been studied, as well as a variety of surface passivation. Front-illuminated arrays as large as 6 X 6, with 0.5 mm pixels, have been fabricated. Present performance conforms very well to the standard model of BIB detector operation. Further improvements in quantum efficiency and dark current, and larger formats, are anticipated, and the devices may play an important role in several upcoming far-infrared astronomical experiments.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Competitive Dienone-Phenol Type Rearrangements for the RegioselectivePreparation of 2,4-Disubstituted-Naphth-1-ols

Abstract The regioselective preparation of 2,4-substituted-naphth-1-ols via a variant of the dienone-phenol rearrangement is described.