cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Productivity of Zooxanthellae and Biogeochemical Cycles

Symbiotic dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae) are dominant primary producers in tropical reef communities along with benthic algae (macrophytes), unicellular and filamentous sand algae, turf algae, sea grasses, and phytoplankton (Larkum, 1983). Zooxanthellae are widely distributed and abundant in the cells of foraminiferans, radiolarians, sponges, cnidarians and molluscs. Among the cnidarians, they inhabit true stony corals, soft corals, gorgonians, sea anemones, milleporines, zoanthids, and hydrozoans. Although all of these taxa are represented on coral reefs and contribute to reef productivity, corals are most often used as models for productivity of zooxanthellae. This is because zooxanthellae population densities often exceed 106 cells per cm2 of the surface area of the coral (Muscatine, 1980), corals cover from 10% to 50% of the projected surface area of many reefs (Larkum, 1983), and coral reef communities cover 6 × 105 km2 of the world’s oceans (Smith, 1978). Corals emerge as the source of the most detailed information. Moreover, measurement of coral productivity has now achieved sufficient precision and standardization so that results from a wide range of studies can easily be compared.
CD8 Tregs Promote Gvhd Prevention and Restore Impaired GVL Effect Mediated By CD4 Tregs in Mice

Abstract Adoptive regulatory T-cell (Treg) therapy has enhanced the outcome of patients suffering from graft-versus-host (GVH) disease following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT); however, fear of broad immune suppression and subsequent dampening of the beneficial graft-versus-leukemic (GVL) responses remains a challenge. In order to subvert broad immune suppression, we generated alloantigen-specific induced Tregs (iTregs) from resting CD4 or CD8 T cells and tested the ability of iTregs to suppress GVH and maintain GVL responses. We utilized a clinically relevant murine model of haploidentical-HCT with the addition of host-original leukemia cell line to evaluate the effects of CD4 and CD8 iTregs in GVH and GVL responses. While alloantigen-specific CD4 iTregs were effective in preventing GVHD (Fig. 1 A and C), they completely abrogated the GVL effect against aggressive leukemia resulting in 100% tumor mortality (Fig. 1 B and D). Mechanistically, these CD4 iTregs were found to potently suppress the expansion of effector T cells (Teffs) and their ability to secrete IFNγ and granzyme B in the recipient spleen and liver, which may contribute to the impaired GVL activity. Using similar approach, we generated alloantigen-specific CD8 iTregs and found they express higher levels of granzyme B and CTLA-4 compared to nTreg and CD4 iTregs. In vivo studies showed these CD8 iTregs moderately attenuated GVHD (Fig. 1 A and C)while completely sparing the GVL effect (Fig. 1 B and D). We thus further reasoned that the combination of CD4 and CD8 iTregs could achieve the optimal goal of allo-HCT: GVHD suppression with GVL preservation. Indeed, the combination therapy potently suppressed GVHD resulting in increased survival and decreased pathological injury to target organs than either CD4 or CD8 iTreg singular therapy (Fig. 1 A and C). More importantly, the combination therapy maintained potent GVL responses reflected by significantly decreased tumor mortality and load (Fig. 1 B and D).Mechanistically, we observed addition of CD8 iTregs maintained the suppression of Teff expansion but restored the ability of Teffs in producing inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IFNγ and TFNα) and cytolytic effector molecules (e.g. granzyme B and TRAIL). To our knowledge the current findings are the first to support the use of combinational iTreg therapy to achieve optimal suppression of GVHD while maintaining GVL responses. This work was supported by NIH grants: R01 CA118116 and R01 CA169116 Download : Download high-res image (256KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Curtius, Georg (1820–1885)

Georg Curtius (1820–1885) gained lasting recognition through his work in three areas: (1) Producing highly influential works in classical philology, (2) combining research tools of classical philology and those of comparative linguistics and stressing the need for their application, and (3) contributing significantly to the intensive discussion on the nature of sound changes in language transition.
Untangling Flavobacterium johnsoniae Gliding Motility and Protein Secretion

Flavobacterium johnsoniae exhibits rapid gliding motility over surfaces. At least 20 genes are involved in this process. Seven of these, gldK, gldL, gldM, gldN, sprA, sprE, and sprT, encode proteins of the type IX protein secretion system (T9SS). The T9SS is required for surface localization of the motility adhesins SprB and RemA, and for secretion of the soluble chitinase ChiA. Here, we demonstrate that the gliding motility proteins GldA, GldB, GldD, GldF, GldH, GldI, and GldJ are also essential for secretion. Cells with mutations in the genes encoding any of these seven proteins had normal levels of gldK mRNA but dramatically reduced levels of the GldK protein, which may explain the secretion defects of the motility mutants. GldJ is necessary for stable accumulation of GldK, and each mutant lacked the GldJ protein. F. johnsoniae cells that produced truncated GldJ, lacking eight to 13 amino acids from the C terminus, accumulated GldK but were deficient in gliding motility. SprB was secreted by these cells but was not propelled along their surfaces. This C-terminal region of GldJ is thus required for gliding motility but not for secretion. The identification of mutants that are defective for motility but competent for secretion begins to untangle the F. johnsoniae gliding motility machinery from the T9SS.IMPORTANCE Many members of the phylum Bacteroidetes secrete proteins using T9SSs. T9SSs appear to be confined to members of this phylum. Many of these bacteria also glide rapidly over surfaces using a motility machine that is also confined to the Bacteroidetes and appears to be intertwined with the T9SS. This study identifies F. johnsoniae proteins that are required for both T9SS function and gliding motility. It also provides an explanation for the link between secretion and gliding and identifies mutants with defects in motility but not secretion.
Analysis of Vector-Meson-Photoproduction Experiments in the ρ − ω Interference Region

Vector-meson photoproduction on nuclei in the ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\omega}$ interference region has been observed both by means of experiments detecting photoproduction of ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ pairs and by means of experiments detecting photoproduction of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ pairs. These two phenomena are closely related to each other and to the corresponding interference phenomenon in ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. It is shown how the data on all such phenomena can be expressed in terms of three model-independen complex parameters: $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$, the intrinsic $\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\omega}$ mixing parameter, ${r}_{\ensuremath{\omega}}$, the ratio of $\ensuremath{\omega}$-photon to $\ensuremath{\rho}$-photon coupling at an energy corresponding to the mass of the $\ensuremath{\omega}$, and $\frac{{P}_{\ensuremath{\omega}}}{{P}_{\ensuremath{\rho}}}$, the ratio of nuclear photoproduction amplitudes for $\ensuremath{\omega}$ and $\ensuremath{\rho}$. Existing data on the interference phenomena are combined with data on the ratios of $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and $\ensuremath{\omega}$ production cross sections to determine these parameters. It is found that $|\ensuremath{\epsilon}|=0.034\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.004$, $|{r}_{\ensuremath{\omega}}|\ensuremath{\equiv}\frac{{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\rho}}}{{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\omega}}}=0.34\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07$, and $|\frac{{P}_{\ensuremath{\rho}}}{{P}_{\ensuremath{\omega}}|}=3.44\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.19$ is the most consistent representation of the data. Because present experiments have uncertainties at the 10% level, it turns out that only relative phases can be determined. If ${r}_{\ensuremath{\omega}}$ is assumed to be real, the most consistent representation yields $\mathrm{arg}\ensuremath{\epsilon}={95}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}{15}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ and $\mathrm{arg}(\frac{{P}_{\ensuremath{\omega}}}{{P}_{\ensuremath{\rho}}})={0}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}{21}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$. The former result is in agreement with the expectations from mixing theory. The latter is interpreted in terms of a simple vector-dominance model and is shown to agree with simple peripheralism, that is, equality of the $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and $\ensuremath{\omega}$ forward scattering amplitudes. Because of disagreements in the data from different laboratories, there may be some doubt about the reality of ${r}_{\ensuremath{\omega}}$. It appears that the phase of ${r}_{\ensuremath{\omega}}$ could be determined in a model-independent way by an electron-positron colliding-beam experiment on interference in ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ production at the 1% level.
Does the Punishment Fit the Crime? Speeding Fines and Recidivism

We estimate the causal effect of harsher speeding punishments on future driving behavior of cited drivers. To account for the fact that punishments are not randomly assigned, we leverage variation in ticket-writing practices across highway patrol officers in Florida. The fine associated with a ticket written for 10-14 MPH over the speed limit is, on average, $75 higher than that with a ticket for 9 MPH over the limit. Over 30% of tickets are written for exactly 9 MPH above the limit, while less than 3% are written for 10 MPH over, suggesting that officers manipulate the ticketed speed, and by extension, the fine faced by the driver. Officers vary considerably in their propensity to write tickets for the lower fine amount, and we instrument the punishment faced by a ticketed driver with the stopping officer’s average lenience towards other drivers. Our estimates suggest that, compared with those receiving a higher fine, drivers receiving the lenient fine are over 25% more likely to receive an additional speeding ticket in the following year. We also find that drivers receiving the lenient fine are about 14% more likely to be involved in a car accident in the following year, although this result is more sensitive.
Effect of Palmitate on Mitochondrial Function and the Implications on Inflammatory Pathway NLRP3/IL-1β in Mouse and Human Myeloid Cell Lines

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and obesity has been increasing globally, and as a consequence they cause major public health problems. Chronic metabolic inflammation, common in obese and T2DM subjects, can be caused by excess of nutrients. The “NLRP3 inflammasome” the inflammatory pathway responsible for the secretion of the cytokines interleukin- (IL-) 1β and IL-18, has been linked to chronic metabolic inflammation. Overstimulation of the NLRP3 inflammatory pathway is connected to several chronic diseases related to obesity, such as type II diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. There is a consensus that mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) are elevated during NLRP3 inflammasome activation. The goal of this study was to investigate the oxidative stress and inflammation associated with fatty acid overload in mouse and human myeloid cells. To mimic nutritional excess and induce inflammation, J774A.1 (mouse macrophage-like) or THP-1 (human monocytes) cells were treated with 2µM to 100µM of palmitate in presence or absence of LPS stimulation. Intracellular levels of the inflammasome proteins (NLRP3 and Pro-IL-1β) and the antioxidant enzymes (PRXSO3, SOD, Trx2) were analyzed by western blotting. Mitochondria derived ROS and overall intracellular ROS were analyzed using the fluorescent probes MitoSox and H2DCFDA, respectively, followed by cell imaging. In J774A.1 cells palmitate (2 to 10 μM) alone caused an increase in the level of the inflammatory proteins, NLRP3 and pro-IL-1β as well as mitochondrial ROS, but not overall intracellular ROS. Increases on IL-1 β secretion is only seen at higher concentration in J774A.1, while in THP-1 this effect appeared in lower doses as well. Overall, our results indicate that lower doses of palmitate induce increases on mitochondrial ROS production which may be associated with increases in downstream inflammatory response.
The action is in the task set, not in the action

In 7 experiments we contrasted two accounts for novel sources of attentional bias. According to the action-based account, executing a motor response towards an object causes people to allocate attention preferentially towards properties of that object in a subsequent task even when properties of the acted-on object are task irrelevant. This remarkable view entails that motor processing is in itself sufficient to affect later attentional processing, in the absence of stimulus evaluation and motor preparation. In contrast, the attentional template matching account posits that observing an external object that matches one's prior attentional settings increases processing of that object even when properties of the item are no longer task relevant. Our findings indicate that when properties of a stimulus are task irrelevant, acting towards that object does not produce priming effects over and above what is observed from passive viewing of the object. Furthermore, when properties of the stimulus are task relevant, effects on attention are observed only when participants have sufficient information to generate a task based attentional template of the upcoming stimulus, regardless of whether they act towards the stimulus or not. Finally, effects on attention are found under conditions when participants are likely to experience an attentional template match but do not produce a response. Collectively, these results reveal that previously reported motor-based effects on attention instead reflect the effects of attentional bias towards objects that serve as prior targets. Our findings thus provide strong support for the attentional template view and no support for the action-based view.
Investigating the effectiveness of team communication and the balance of member contributions on knowledge acquisition

This study aims to explore the effect of project team communication and the balance of member contributions on knowledge management, specifically in the case of knowledge acquisition by project man...
Issues and Trends in Instructional Technology: Consistent Growth in Online Learning, Digital Content, and the Use of Mobile Technologies.

We continue the tradition of reporting the past year’s issues and trends that shape attitudes and approaches to instructional technology. This chapter is comprised of four sections: Overall Developments, Corporate Training and Development, Higher Education, and K-12 Settings. The trends and issues described are based on major annual reports sponsored and/or conducted by organizations, including the Association for Talent Development (ATD), EDUCAUSE, Gartner Incorporated, New Media Consortium, Online Learning Consortium (formerly the Sloan Consortium), and Project Tomorrow. These reports require time in terms of data collection, interpretation, and publication, the shortest of which take a year to complete and, therefore, reflect the issues and trends of large groups over long periods of time. For a more immediate review of trending topics in instructional technology, please refer to the authors’ biweekly podcast, Trends & Issues in Instructional Design, Educational Technology, & Learning Sciences (Brown & Green, 2017).
Engelmann Spruce Chemotypes in Colorado and their Effects on Symbiotic Fungi Associated with the North American Spruce Beetle.

Conifer secondary metabolites play a key role in mechanisms of resistance to biotic disturbance, especially by bark beetles and beetle-associated microorganisms. Here, we describe variation in constitutive monoterpenes isolated from Engelmann spruce, Picea engelmannii, phloem across fourteen high-elevation populations in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, and test interactions between phloem monoterpenes and an endophloedic symbiotic fungus, Leptographium abietinum, associated with the North American spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis. We consistently identified ten monoterpenes in Engelmann spruce phloem, and the trees in our samples could be classified into two geographically interspersed chemical phenotypes, or ‘chemotypes’: one in which α- and β-pinene were the most abundant monoterpenes, and one in which 3-carene was the most abundant monoterpene. Media amended with low concentrations of α-pinene, β-pinene, 3-carene, myrcene, and terpinolene stimulated growth of L. abietinum. Increasing monoterpene concentrations uniformly retarded fungal growth. Linalool completely suppressed fungal growth at all concentrations, while terpinolene completely suppressed growth at low and intermediate concentrations, indicating relatively high toxicity of these compounds. Tests with monoterpene blends representing the ‘average’ monoterpene composition of each chemotype indicated that representative chemotypes are equivalent in fungistatic activity, with chemotype blends being inhibitory even at low concentrations. Total constitutive monoterpene abundances in Engelmann spruce phloem ranged from 42 to 1796 μg/g. Induction of Engelmann spruce phloem monoterpenes in response to L. abietinum or other biotic agents has yet to be quantified, but is important for further understanding Engelmann spruce resistance to the D. rufipennis-L. abietinum complex.
The Classification of Random Walk

The simplest definition of random walk is an analytical one. It has nothing to do with probability theory, except insofar as probabilistic ideas motivate the definition. In other words, probability theory will “lurk in the background” from the very beginning. Nevertheless there is a certain challenge in seeing how far one can go without introducing the formal (and formidable) apparatus of measure theory which constitutes the mathematical language of probability theory. Thus we shall introduce measure theory (in section 3) only when confronted by problems sufficiently complicated that they would sound contrived if expressed as purely analytic problems, i.e., as problems concerning the transition function which we are about to define.
Deconsolidating the Work Preservation Doctrine: Dolphin-Associated Transport

Neither legislative history nor logic supports the conclusion that the work preservation doctrine as developed by the Board and courts corresponds to the primary/secondary distinctions in sections 8(b)(4) and 8(e) of the Na tional Labor Relations Act. Accordingly, the doctrine should be dis carded. Unfortunately, the Supreme Court in NLRB v. International Longshoremen's Associatioa 447 U.S. 490 (1980), chose to perpetuate that distinction but without any guideline to the Board as to how it should be applied. If the doctrine is not to be wholly rejected, then, the Board and courts should read work preservation broadly to include union efforts to claim work which has "escaped" or which has been transformed by technological innovations.
Heterogeneity of H-2D region associated genes and gene products.

Publisher Summary It is clear that the once accepted dogma that there is only one gene product for each H-2K or H-2D region is incorrect, at least for certain haplotypes. In the case of the H-2D region of the d haplotype designated Dd, there is now a preponderence of data demonstrating at least two gene products, Dd and Ld, determined by two separate genes H-2Dd and H-2Ld, respectively. The cell surface expression of Ld antigens appears 2 to 3 times lower than that of Kd and Dd antigens, and H-2L gene products have been proposed to have unique antigenic properties rendering them less polymorphic than H-2K and H-2D gene products. New technical advances promise to provide the tools to address a few important questions. The availability of monoclonal antibodies to H-2K and H-2D antigens has provided a technical stimulus for the study of class I antigens. Monoclonal antibodies have facilitated the serologic and molecular resolution of H-2 antigens and have circumvented several of the caveats encountered using complex allo-antisera. Recombinant DNA technology not only provides precise information on the genetic organization of H-2 genes, but when taken in the context of serologic, structural, and chemical findings, they should also yield invaluable information regarding the genetic evolution of H-2 molecules.
Understanding Career Readiness in College Student-Athletes and Identifying Associated Personal Qualities:

The extent to which college student-athletes are prepared to enter the workforce upon graduation is an important concern to universities, the National Collegiate Athletic Association, and to many c...
Hierarchies in World Politics

Hierarchies in World Politics, a volume edited by Ayse Zarakol, assembles a first-rate slate of scholars to explore how hierarchies structure the world around us, and what that means for the people...
A Minimum-Skew Clock Tree Synthesis Algorithm for Single Flux Quantum Logic Circuits

This article presents a synchronous minimum-skew clock tree synthesis algorithm for single flux quantum circuits considering splitter delays and placement blockages. The proposed methodology improves the state-of-the-art by accounting for splitter delays and creating a fully balanced clock tree structure in which the number of clock splitters from the clock source to all the sink nodes is identical. Additionally, a mixed integer linear programming based algorithm is presented that removes the overlaps among the clock splitters and placed cells (i.e., placement blockages) and minimizes the clock skew, simultaneously. Using the proposed method, the average clock skew for 17 benchmark circuits is 4.6 ps, improving the state-of-the-art algorithm by $\text{70}{\%}$ . Finally, a clock tree synthesis algorithm for imbalanced topologies is presented that reduces the clock skew and the number of clock splitters in the clock network by $\text{56}{\%}$ and $\text{37}{\%}$ , respectively, compared with a fully balanced clock tree solution.
Dynamic Network Slicing for Fog Radio Access Networks

Fog radio access network (F-RAN) has been recently proposed to satisfy the quality-of-service (QoS) requirements of the ultra-reliable-low-latency-communication (URLLC) IoT applications, hence fog nodes are empowered with computing and storage resources to independently deliver network functionalities at the edge of network without referring the users to the cloud. However, due to their limited resources, fog nodes should utilize their resources intelligently for low latency IoT applications to leverage the complementarity with cloud computing. We consider the problem of sequentially allocating fog node’s limited resources to various IoT applications with heterogeneous latency needs. We formulate the problem as a finite-horizon Markov Decision Process (MDP), and present the optimal solution, known as the optimal policy, through dynamic programming. The fog node learns the optimal policy through interaction with the IoT environment, which enables adaptive resource allocation in different IoT environments. Comprehensive simulation results for various IoT environments corroborate the theoretical basis of the proposed MDP method.
Timely development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.

The rapidly emerging SARS-2-CoV (SARS-2) has been spreading through China and entering many parts of the world with easy human-to-human transmission and thousands of deaths [1–10]. Development of a...
Increasing Human Development in Rural Mexico through Policies for Internet Access

Access and use of digital technologies is essential to assure equal opportunities for education, employment, health, and political participation. Mexico is the 15th largest economy in the world, however there are important inequalities within the country that reduce its potential to reach development objectives. Only 20% of the rural population has internet access in comparison to 62% in urban areas. This digital divide threatens to further entrench social, economic, and political disparities. In this article, we analyze Mexico Conectado, a nationwide strategy to increase the digitalization of the country by creating internet access points in public spaces in rural and urban areas and supporting digital literacy training. We present a model to analyze the relationship and impact of Mexico Conectado on human development indicators in an index for the 32 States of Mexico. We found a positive relationship where rural internet access increases human development indicators measured in the United Nations Development Program's Human Development Index (HDI). Our model shows that an increase of 1% in the number of households with internet access generates an increase of. 02% in the HDI. Alternatively, if the number of households with internet access decreases by 1% the HDI would decrease by. 07%. We conclude with policy recommendations for digital inclusion strategies to support human development.
Exploring the longitudinal development of grammatical complexity in the disciplinary writing of L2-English universitystudents

Abstract The present paper employs a corpus-based approach to track the longitudinal language development of university students. Compared to many other longitudinal studies, the present study tracks development over a relatively long period of time (two years) for a relatively large group of students (N = 22). However, the most important difference from previous research is that the study explores the linguistic characteristics of disciplinary writing, across levels of education and academic disciplines, investigating the writing tasks required for disciplinary content courses over two years of university education. We focus on grammatical complexity features associated with the hypothesized stages of development proposed in Biber et al. (2011). Methodologically, the study proposes research designs and statistical approaches that permit investigation of longitudinal development in an unbalanced corpus of natural texts. And linguistically, the results generally support the hypothesized stages of development, documenting a decline in the use of dependent clause complexity features and an increase in the use of phrasal complexity features. As such, the study adds to the growing body of research that emphasizes the importance of phrasal complexity in the development of academic writing.
Seeing luminescence appear as crystals crumble. Isolation and subsequent self-association of individual [(C6H11NC)2Au]+ ions in crystals.

Non-luminescent, isostructural crystals of [(C6H11NC)2Au](EF6)·C6H6 (E = As, Sb) lose benzene upon standing in air to produce green luminescent (E = As) or blue luminescent (E = Sb) powders. Previous studies have shown that the two-coordinate cation, [(C6H11NC)2Au]+, self-associates to form luminescent crystals that contain linear or nearly linear chains of cations and display unusual polymorphic, vapochromic, and/or thermochromic properties. Here, we report the formation of non-luminescent crystalline salts in which individual [(C6H11NC)2Au]+ ions are isolated from one another. In [(C6H11NC)2Au](BArF24) ((BArF24)- is tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate) each cation is surrounded by two anions that prohibit any close approach of the gold ions. Crystallization of [(C6H11NC)2Au](EF6) (E = As or Sb, but not P) from benzene solution produces colorless, non-emissive crystals of the solvates [(C6H11NC)2Au](EF6)·C6H6. These two solvates are isostructural and contain columns in which cations and benzene molecules alternate. With the benzene molecules separating the cations, the shortest distances between gold ions are 6.936(2) A for E = As and 6.9717(19) A for E = Sb. Upon removal from the mother liquor, these crystals crack due to the loss of benzene from the crystal and form luminescent powders. Crystals of [(C6H11NC)2Au](SbF6)·C6H6 that powder out form a pale yellow powder with a blue luminescence with emission spectra and powder X-ray diffraction data that show that the previously characterized [(C6H11NC)2Au](SbF6) is formed. In the process, the distances between the gold(i) ions decrease to ∼3 A and half of the cyclohexyl groups move from an axial orientation to an equatorial one. Remarkably, when crystals of [(C6H11NC)2Au](AsF6)·C6H6 stand in air, they lose benzene and are converted into the yellow, green-luminescent polymorph of [(C6H11NC)2Au](AsF6) rather than the colorless, blue-luminescent polymorph. Paradoxically, the yellow, green-luminescent powder that forms as well as authentic crystals of the yellow, green-luminescent polymorph of [(C6H11NC)2Au](AsF6) are sensitive to benzene vapor and are converted by exposure to benzene vapor into the colorless, blue-luminescent polymorph.
Transcription factors and ABC transporters: from pleiotropic drug resistance to cellular signaling in yeast.

Budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae survives in microenvironments utilizing networks of regulators and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters to circumvent toxins and a variety of drugs. Our understanding of transcriptional regulation of ABC transporters in yeast is mainly derived from the study of multidrug resistance protein networks. Over the past two decades, this research has not only expanded the role of transcriptional regulators in pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) but evolved to include the role that regulators play in cellular signaling and environmental adaptation. Inspection of the gene networks of the transcriptional regulators and characterization of the ABC transporters has clarified that they also contribute to environmental adaptation by controlling plasma membrane composition, toxic-metal sequestration, and oxidative stress adaptation. Additionally, ABC transporters and their regulators appear to be involved in cellular signaling for adaptation of S. cerevisiae populations to nutrient availability. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the S. cerevisiae transcriptional regulatory networks and highlight recent work in other notable fungal organisms, underlining the expansion of the study of these gene networks across the kingdom fungi.
Frequency, Progression, and Current Management: Report of 16 New Cases of Nonfunctional Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex and Comparison With Previous Reports

Background: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic condition that causes benign tumors to grow in multiple organ systems. Nonfunctional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are a rare clinical feature of TSC with no specific guidelines outlined for clinical management at this time. Our purpose is to calculate the frequency of nonfunctional PNETs as well as characterize the presentation, current clinical management, and assess the impact of systemic mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) on nonfunctional PNETs in TSC. Methods: This retrospective chart review was performed by a query of the TS Alliance's Natural History Database and the Cincinnati Children's Hospital TSC Database for patients with nonfunctional PNET. Clinical data from these two groups was summarized for patients identified to have a nonfunctional PNET and compared to previously reported cases with TSC and nonfunctional PNETs. Results: Our calculated frequency of nonfunctional PNETs is 0.65%. We identified 16 individuals, nine males and seven females, with a median age of 18.0 years (interquartile range: -15.5 to 25.5). Just over half (56.3%, n = 9) of the patients provided results from genetic testing. Six had pathogenic variants in TSC2 whereas three had pathogenic variants in TSC1. The average age at PNET diagnosis was 15.0 years (range: 3-46 years). Almost all individuals were diagnosed with a PNET during routine TSC surveillance, 56.3% (n = 9) by MRI, 12.5% (n = 2) by CT, 25% (n = 4) by ultrasound, and 6.2% (n = 1) through a surgical procedure. Follow up after diagnosis involved 68.8% (n = 11) having serial imaging and nine of the sixteen individuals proceeding with surgical removal of the PNET. Eight individuals had a history of using systemic mTOR inhibitors. Tumor growth rate was slightly less in individuals taking an mTOR inhibitor (-0.8 mm/yr, IQR: -2.3 to 2.2) than those without (1.6 mm/yr; IQR: -0.99 to 5.01, p > 0.05). Conclusions: Nonfunctional PNETs occurred at younger ages in our TSC cohort and more commonly compared to ages and prevalence reported for the general population. PNETs in patients on systemic mTOR inhibitors had lower rates of growth. The outcome of this study provides preliminary evidence supporting the use of mTOR inhibitor therapy in conjunction with serial imaging as medical management for nonfunctional PNETs as an alternative option to invasive surgical removal.
The Demographics of Patients Presenting for Laryngological Care at an Academic Medical Center

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Few studies address the demographics/epidemiology/socioeconomic status of patients presenting to a laryngologist at a tertiary care center for treatment. To identify any possible disparities in voice, airway, and swallowing care, we sought to analyze the aforementioned data for new patients presenting to the voice center at an academic medical center. METHODS This is a retrospective cohort study of prospectively collected data from an institutional database of 4,623 new adult patients presenting for laryngological care at a tertiary care, academic medical center from 2015 to 2020. Demographic data were analyzed. RESULTS Of 4,623 patients, 62.8% were female and 37.2% were male with ages ranging from 19 to 99 years (Avg 59.51, standard deviation 15.83). Patients were 81.8% white, 13% black, and 5.2% other, compared with 56.3% white, 34.8% black, 20% other in the local municipality from US Census Data. Payer mix included 46.98% Medicare, 42.59% commercial insurance, 3.22% Medicaid, 5.19% other, and 2.01% uninsured/self-insured. Patient demographics based on primary diagnosis codes were also examined. A majority of patients presented with voice-related complaints. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the demographics of those with laryngological disorders will help to develop targeted interventions and effective outreach programs for underrepresented patient populations. Future multicenter studies could provide further insight into the distribution of healthcare disparities in laryngology. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 2021.
Cefiderocol: A new cephalosporin stratagem against multidrug resistant gram-negative bacteria.

Cefiderocol is a novel injectable siderophore cephalosporin which hijacks the bacterial iron transport machinery to facilitate cell entry and achieve high periplasmic concentrations. It has broad in vitro activity against gram-negative bacteria, including multidrug resistant (MDR) organisms like carbapenem resistant Enterobacterales (CRE), carbapenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. It was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections and nosocomial pneumonia based on clinical trials demonstrating noninferiority to comparators. In this review, we summarize the available in vitro and clinical data, including recent evidence from 2 phase III clinical trials (APEKS-NP and CREDIBLE-CR), and discuss the place of cefiderocol in the clinician's armamentarium against MDR gram-negative infections.
Scientific practitioner: Adaptive behavior: Research to practice

Abstract Adaptive behavior measures have become an integral part of the assessment of handicapped children, and much research has implications for the appropriate use of these measures. This article explores relevant research and applies the research to the interpretation of assessment results for a 12-year-old boy. Issues in adaptive behavior assessment and guidelines for practitioners are presented in order to provide an empirical rationale for test interpretation.
Chromatographic determination of the D- and L-amino acid residues in pneumococcal C-polysaccharide.

Abstract The configurations of the amino acids in pneumococcal C-polysaccharide have been determined chromatographically after acid hydrolysis. The amino acids were coupled with an l-amino acid N-carboxyanhydride for formation of the corresponding l-d- and l-l-dipeptides; these derivatives were separated by ion exchange chromatography on an amino acid analyzer. The amount of racemization of alanine which occurred during the hydrolysis was determined by measurement of the amount of tritium incorporated into the amino acid after hydrolysis of the C-polysaccharide in tritiated HCl. After correction for the amount of d or l isomer formed by racemization, it was concluded that the content of d-alanine was variable (25 to 33%) in the three preparations of pneumococcal C-polysaccharide studied. Each of the preparations contained glutamic acid (100% d isomer) and lysine (100% l isomer).
Boson mappings in nuclear physics. A brief and prejudiced survey

The physical problems which stimulated the study of boson mappings are reviewed. The various mathematical techniques available for this problem are outlined.It is emphasized that the first mapping technique found in the literature, that of Holstein-Primakoff (HP), has been insufficiently exploited.A modified HP technique is illustrated. The unresolved problems in connection with the derivation of the interacting boson model are illustrated by means of a simplified model, and a proposal for a solution is made.
If God’s Existence is Unprovable, Then is Everything Permitted? Kant, Radical Agnosticism, and Morality

This essay is about how four deeply important Kantian ideas can significantly illuminate some essentially intertwined issues in philosophical theology, philosophical logic, the metaphysics of agency, and above all, morality. These deeply important Kantian ideas are: (1) Kant’s argument for the impossibility of the Ontological Argument, (2) Kant’s first “postulate of pure practical reason,” immortality, (3) Kant’s third postulate of pure practical reason, the existence of God, and finally (4) Kant’s second postulate of pure practical reason, freedom.
Membrane topography of anaerobic carbon monoxide oxidation in Rhodocyclus gelatinosus

Rhodocyclus gelatinosus 1 grows anaerobically in the dark at the expense of carbon monoxide. Topographical studies with methyl viologen as the membrane probe indicated that CO oxidation and H2 production sites were on the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane. Membrane-associated hydrogen gas production appeared to be a unidirectional reaction. In the dark, strain 1 whole cells oxidized CO and incorporated about 306 pmol of 32Pi into ATP per min per mg of protein. With CO as the sole energy-yielding substrate, cells grew with a low growth yield coefficient of 3.7 g (dry weight) of cells per mg of CO oxidized.
Bringing the Voices Together

The linking pin among the articles in this Issue is the existence of sociocultural realities of race, gender, and social class in the everyday, lived experiences of African American women leaders. ...
Biological characterization of human epithelial ovarian carcinoma cells in primary culture: The insulin-like growth factor system

Little is known about the factors regulating epithelial ovarian cancer cell growth. This is due, in large part, to the difficulty in obtaining and culturing human ovarian cells for relevant in vitro studies. We recently developed a method for culturing epithelial carcinoma cells derived from fresh, untreated epithelial ovarian cancer specimens. The cell populations are free of fibroblasts and reflect the primary tumor as determined by chromosomal analysis. In this study we report on the cells' growth in serum-free medium and their secretion of CA-125, a glycoprotein marker for ovarian cancer. Furthermore we characterize the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system in these primary ovarian carcinoma cell cultures. The cells secrete IGF peptides and IGF-binding proteins, possess specific type I IGF receptors, and respond to exogenous IGFs. The culture system reported here provides the basis for further study and manipulation of the IGF system as well as other regulators of epithelial ovarian cancer. Greater understanding of the cellular and molecular mediators of primary human ovarian cancer cell growth may translate into relevant clinical interventions.
A condition assessment method for roadside assets

Infrastructure condition assessments provide key information for monitoring the quality of infrastructure, planning and budgeting of maintenance and rehabilitation activities and establishing performance goals. Although the literature is rich in condition assessment methods for roadway pavement and bridges (and to some extent for traffic signs), it is lacking such methods for roadside assets. This paper describes the development and validation of a condition assessment method for 12 roadside asset types and maintenance activities that are related to roadway safety, drainage, cleanliness and vegetation. These assets and maintenance activities are located in the area between the outside edges of the outside shoulders and the right-of-way boundaries. On divided highways, the median is also included. The developed condition assessment method consists of a set of performance standards, a visual inspection procedure to assess compliance with these standards and a statistical analysis procedure to determine the roadside level of service. To test and validate the developed method, it was applied to five highway corridors in Texas, USA, representing different climatic conditions, topography, traffic volume and population density (urban vs. rural). These field trials provided insights into the developed method, including practicality, reproducibility and probability distribution function which best represents the sample unit score.
Lattice Anharmonicity and Optical Absorption in Polar Crystals: I. The Linear Chain

A calculation of the optical absorption spectrum of an anharmonic one-dimensional lattice of alternating positively and negatively charged particles of different masses is carried out using two different approaches: the recent theory of Born and Huang, and ordinary second-order time-dependent perturbation theory. Closed-form expressions for the absorption spectrum are obtained for both low and high temperatures. It is found that subsidiary absorption peaks may be expected at frequencies other than the dispersion frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{d}$. At high temperatures the absorption at ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{d}$ varies as ${T}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ or ${T}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ depending on how certain thermal averages are carried out. Predictions based on these results are made regarding which features of the present spectra can be expected to persist for three-dimensional lattices.
Strategies for Single-Laser-Shot Femtosecond Pure- Rotational CARS Thermometry

We discuss recent experiments and modeling for the chirped-probe-pulse generation of single-laser-shot femtosecond pure-rotational CARS/CSRS spectra from room-temperature gases. A pure-rotational Raman coherence is impulsively generated using near-transformlimited femtosecond pump/Stokes excitation, and the coherence is probed by stretching a nominally 100-fs near-transform-limited probe beam to approximately 1.7 ps via the refractive-index dispersion in a 30-cm long flint-glass rod. The linearly chirped probe spectrum and phase beat against the time-dependent Raman polarization to generate complex spectra. Chirped-probe-pulse rotational CARS/CSRS offers an interesting alternative to hybrid fs/ps rotational CARS, in which a band-limited pulse of limited energy is used, because all of the available probe pulse energy can be retained in a chirped-probepulse experiment. Our early chirped-probe spectra are presented and the details of our initial model calculations are provided. The temperature sensitivity of the chirped-probe results is illustrated using calculated spectra.
High-Temperature Thermal Decomposition of Isobutane and n-Butane Behind Shock Waves

The decomposition rates of isobutane and n-butane in the falloff regime at high temperatures were studied in a shock tube using UV narrow-line laser absorption of CH3 at 216.6 nm. Experimental conditions ranged from 1297 to 1601 K and 0.20 to 8.8 atm with mixtures varying in concentration from 198 to 400 ppm of isobutane or n-butane diluted in argon. Decomposition rate coefficients were determined by monitoring the formation rate of CH3 immediately behind shock waves and modeling the CH3 formation with detailed kinetic mechanisms. Calculations were performed using RRKM/master equation analysis with a restricted (hindered) Gorin model for the transition state and fit to the experimental data. The rate coefficient for isobutane decomposition, i-C4H10 → CH3 + i-C3H7, from 1320 to 1560 K can be described, using the Troe pressure-broadening formulation, by k∞,1(T) = 4.83 × 1016 exp(−402 10 K/T) s-1, k0,1(T) = 2.41 × 1019 exp(−264 60 K/T) cm3 mol-1 s-1, and Fcent,1(T) = 0.75 exp(−T/750 K). n-Butane decomposes v...
Enhanced protein degradation by branched ubiquitin chains

Posttranslational modification of cell-cycle regulators with ubiquitin chains is essential for eukaryotic cell division. Such chains can be connected through seven lysine residues or the amino terminus of ubiquitin, thereby allowing the assembly of eight homogenous and multiple mixed or branched conjugates. Although functions of homogenous chain types have been described, physiological roles of branched structures are unknown. Here, we report that the anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C) efficiently synthesizes branched conjugates that contain multiple blocks of K11-linked chains. Compared to homogenous chains, the branched conjugates assembled by the APC/C strongly enhance substrate recognition by the proteasome, thereby driving degradation of cell-cycle regulators during early mitosis. Our work, therefore, identifies an enzyme and substrates for modification with branched ubiquitin chains and points to an important role of these conjugates in providing an improved signal for proteasomal degradation.
Transglutaminases in mammalian reproductive tissues and fluids: relation to polyamine metabolism and semen coagulation

Unique forms of transglutaminases were found in rat coagulating (anterior prostate) gland and its secretion, and also in dorsolateral prostate but not in the ventral lobe of the gland. These forms of transglutaminases were especially reactive with saline-soluble seminal vesicle secretion proteins and their N,N-dimethylated derivatives as compared with N,N-dimethylcasein as amine acceptor protein substrates, and are electrophoretically separable from both the transglutaminase of rat liver and thrombin-activated Factor XIII of the blood clotting system. Transglutaminases of the type found in coagulating gland and dorsolateral prostate appear to be absent from a large number of other organs in the male rat, and also from the uterus, ovary, vagina, of virgin females and from ovary and the maternal and fetal parts of the placenta of late pregnancy. Studies on the role of coagulating gland transglutaminase in the clotting of seminal vesicle secretion protein that is the basis of semen coagulation are discussed. The aliphatic amines putrescine, spermidine and spermine are among the most active of low molecular weight primary amine compounds in rat tissues in serving as amine acceptor substrates for coagulating gland transglutaminases. Putrescine and related polyamines are incorporated into vesicular secretion proteins in the form of peptide bound γ-glutamyl derivatives, the free primary amine groups of which can then further react with other polypeptide-bound glutamine residues to form bis-(γ-glutamyl)polyamine cross-bridges in transglutaminase-catalyzed reactions.