cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving the Quantum Yields of Perylene Diimide Aggregates by Increasing Molecular Hydrophobicity in Polar Media.

Here we report the quantum yield of four aggregated perylene diimide (PDI) species that vary by the length of the branched side chains attached at the N,N' imide positions. The PDI molecules were dissolved in binary water:methanol solvents as a means to vary the solvent polarity and control the degree of aggregation in solution. By performing spectroscopy, kinetics, and light scattering experiments, the nature of the molecular interactions in the solutions was determined. The maximum quantum yield of the aggregated molecules increased from 0.04 for the shortest chain molecule (B2) to 0.20 for the largest chain molecule (B13). The higher quantum yield of B13 compared with B2 correlates well with an increase in the fluorescence lifetime. The monomer emission lifetime was 4.8 ns while a lifetime as high as 21.2 ns was measured for the B13 aggregate fluorescence. A shorter sub-nanosecond lifetime was also measured for suspended colloids in B5, B9, and B13. The enhanced quantum yield is attributed to an increase of disorder in the B13 aggregates. As the polarity of the solution increases, the hydrophobic effect further enhances the disorder, and, therefore, the quantum yields, in these particles.
The Effects of Antecedent Exercise on Engagement During Large Group Activities for Young Children

An antecedent exercise (AE) intervention was conducted with two young children who demonstrated challenging behaviors during a large group circle time activity in a preschool classroom; outcomes we...
Family-based childhood obesity prevention interventions: a systematic review and quantitative content analysis

A wide range of interventions has been implemented and tested to prevent obesity in children. Given parents’ influence and control over children’s energy-balance behaviors, including diet, physical activity, media use, and sleep, family interventions are a key strategy in this effort. The objective of this study was to profile the field of recent family-based childhood obesity prevention interventions by employing systematic review and quantitative content analysis methods to identify gaps in the knowledge base. Using a comprehensive search strategy, we searched the PubMed, PsycIFO, and CINAHL databases to identify eligible interventions aimed at preventing childhood obesity with an active family component published between 2008 and 2015. Characteristics of study design, behavioral domains targeted, and sample demographics were extracted from eligible articles using a comprehensive codebook. More than 90% of the 119 eligible interventions were based in the United States, Europe, or Australia. Most interventions targeted children 2–5 years of age (43%) or 6–10 years of age (35%), with few studies targeting the prenatal period (8%) or children 14–17 years of age (7%). The home (28%), primary health care (27%), and community (33%) were the most common intervention settings. Diet (90%) and physical activity (82%) were more frequently targeted in interventions than media use (55%) and sleep (20%). Only 16% of interventions targeted all four behavioral domains. In addition to studies in developing countries, racial minorities and non-traditional families were also underrepresented. Hispanic/Latino and families of low socioeconomic status were highly represented. The limited number of interventions targeting diverse populations and obesity risk behaviors beyond diet and physical activity inhibit the development of comprehensive, tailored interventions. To ensure a broad evidence base, more interventions implemented in developing countries and targeting racial minorities, children at both ends of the age spectrum, and media and sleep behaviors would be beneficial. This study can help inform future decision-making around the design and funding of family-based interventions to prevent childhood obesity.
Return to Play Criteria Following Surgical Stabilization for Traumatic Anterior Shoulder Instability: A Systematic Review.

Purpose To identify and describe in the existing literature any criteria used for return to play following surgical stabilization for traumatic, anterior shoulder instability. Methods We performed a systematic review evaluating surgical stabilization for primary traumatic anterior shoulder instability in skeletally mature patients with a minimum of 1-year follow-up using Level I to IV studies in PubMed and EMBASE from January 1994 to January 2017. Results Fifty-eight studies with at least 1 explicitly stated criterion for return to play were identified from a review of more than 5,100 published articles. Seven different categories of return to play criteria were identified, the most common of which were time from surgery (89.6%), strength (18.9%), and range of motion (13.8%). Pain, stability, proprioception, and postoperative radiographic evaluation were also used. As hypothesized, in 75.8% of the included studies (44/58), time was the only criterion explicitly used. The most commonly used time for return to play was 6 months. Conclusions This systematic review identifies 7 criteria that have been used in the available literature to determine when patients are ready to return to play; however, consistent with our hypothesis, 75% of studies used time from surgery as the sole listed criterion, with the most commonly used time point of 6 months postoperative. All of these criteria can be used in future research to develop a comprehensive checklist of functional criteria in hopes of reducing recurrent injury. Level of Evidence Level IV, systematic review.
Preoperative Assessment and Evaluation for Maxillofacial Surgery

Maxillofacial patient’s surgical condition(s), medical problems, and additional healthcare comorbidities should be preoperatively identified and managed appropriately to minimize postoperative complications or reduce the likelihood of admission to a critical care setting for convalescence. Appropriate judgment and effective medical management of the maxillofacial surgery patient can be achieved by incorporating insightful actions ranging from routine preoperative assessment to extensive evaluation, therapeutic interventions, and subspecialty consultation when needed. Optimal perioperative management for the maxillofacial surgery patient reveals its greatest impact is by preparing patients for surgery and ensuring their safe and effective transition to home. Maxillofacial surgery patient preoperative care should focus on improving outcomes, implementing the discovery from innovative preoperative practice models, improving information technology, and contributing to the evolution of evidenced-based practice principles through physician leadership and redesign of pre- and perioperative processes.
Evaluation of F1 cows sired by Brahman, Boran, and Tuli bulls for reproductive, maternal, and cow longevity traits

This study evaluated reproductive, maternal performance, and longevity traits of 143 F1 cows sired by Brahman (Br), Boran (Bo), or Tuli (T) bulls from Angus or Hereford cows from 1994 to 2011. Cow traits were measured at 7 yr of age in 1999 and 2000 for 1992- and 1993-born cows, respectively. From 2004 to 2010, excluding 2008, incisor condition (solid, broken, smooth) scores were assigned to cows remaining in production; scores were evaluated with two models. Broken and solid mouths were each assigned a score of "1" and smooth assigned "0"; Br-sired (0.76) and Bo-sired cows (0.71) had higher scores (P 0.05). Age level of the cow within birth year was important for all modeled calf traits (P 0.05). Cow type influenced (P 0.05). Cow weight was greater (P 0.06) from the others. Boran-sired cows had higher calving and weaning rates and better mouth scores than the other groups; consequently, they had greater longevity as well. Boran-sired and T-sired cows were moderate in size and weighed less than Br-sired cows throughout the study. Tuli-sired cows weaned the lightest calves and had the most tooth deterioration as they aged.
Compressive deformation and fracture behaviors of AZ31 magnesium alloys with equiaxed grains or bimodal grains

Abstract The compressive mechanical properties, microstructural evolution and fracture behaviors of AZ31 alloys with equiaxed grains (E-grain) or bimodal grains (B-grain) were investigated using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electron backscattered diffraction. The results indicate that the ratio of twinned grains to all grains increases for both E-grain and B-grain samples with increasing strain levels during compression deformation along the extruded direction. The average Schmid factor for {10–12} twins of B-grain samples is higher than that of E-grain samples, which lowers required activating stress for {10–12} twins in B-grain samples. This causes a higher quantity of twins in B-grain samples than that of E-grain samples at the same pre-compression level. The E-grain samples mainly exhibit parallel twins regardless of pre-compression levels, whereas the twins in coarse grains of B-grain samples are parallel to each other at low compressive strain level and then transform to crossed twins at high compressive strain level with parallel twins in fine grains. Additionally, the peak strength, strain hardening rate and fracture strain of E-grain samples are lower than those of B-grain samples, and they possess similar yield strength. The coarse grains in the B-grain samples effectively resist crack growth by deflecting and branching crack tips, bridging of the cracks and forming the secondary cracks. Meanwhile, the fine grains in B-grain samples accommodate plastic strain and mediate multiple grains’ deformation. The concurrent effect of coarse grains and fine grains results in the improvement of plasticity.
Antigens in Capacitated Spermatozoa Eliciting Autoimmune Resposes

AbstractWe studied the possible qualitative antigenic differences between native and capacitated spermatozoa pertaining to immunological infertility. Western blot analysis was used to test serum and seminal plasma immunoglobulin G (IgG) from 18 infertile couples with sperm antibodies, and 14 fertile men and 9 fertile women without significant sperm antibodies against native and capacitated spermatozoa from fertile and infertile men. More fertile and infertile subjects had serum and seminal plasma IgG binding to antigens with molecular weights of 34/36, 46, 68, 97, 105, 115, 120, 130, 150 and 190kDa. in capacitated versus native spermatozoa of all men. Of the other hand, immune reactivity to antigens with molecular weight 22/24, 30, 32, 50, 80, 88/92 and 180kDa. found in native autoimmune spermatozoa was strongest in infertile couples with sperm antibodies. This reactivity significantly increased against capacitated autoimmune spermatozoa. Native spermatozoa from few fertile men had these antigens but they...
Normal-stress dependence of fracture hydraulic properties including two-phase flow properties

A systematic approach has been developed for determining relationships between normal stress and fracture hydraulic properties, including two-phase flow properties. The development of a relationship between stress and fracture permeability (or fracture aperture and fracture closure) is based on a two-part Hooke’s model (TPHM) that captures heterogeneous elastic-deformation processes at a macroscopic scale by conceptualizing the rock mass (or a fracture) into two parts with different mechanical properties. The developed relationship was verified using a number of datasets in the literature for fracture closure versus stress, and satisfactory agreements were obtained. TPHM was previously shown to be able to accurately represent testing data for porous media as well. Based on the consideration that fracture–aperture distributions under different normal stresses can be represented by truncated-Gaussian distributions, closed-form constitutive relationships were developed between capillary pressure, relative permeability and saturation, for deformable horizontal fractures. The usefulness of these relationships was demonstrated by their consistency with a laboratory dataset.
Human Development, Bioecological Theory of

The bioecological model, together with its corresponding research designs, is an evolving theoretical system for the scientific study of human development over time. The defining properties of the bioecological model are discussed. Ten propositions pertinent to using the model to frame and integrate existing research, to design new research, and to devise applications for public policy and social programs are presented.
Novel Type I Toxin-Antitoxins Loci

Although plasmid encoded type I TA loci have been known for many years, recent discoveries have identified novel, chromosomally encoded type I loci. Many novel type I families have now been identified but their exact biological roles are not known. Here, I describe their discovery, their distribution, and the possible functions for these unusual gene pairs.
Abstract 2110: Therapeutic intervention for pancreatic cancer using autologous exosomes

Objective: Pancreatic cancer (PanCa) is the third deadliest cancer in United States with a poor survival rate. Despite extensive research efforts, there is not any substantial progress in cancer therapeutics due to impediments against intracellular drug delivery. Thus, novel delivery vehicles are required that are biocompatible and non-immunogenic. This is possible by utilizing an autologous biological material as delivery vehicles that can be applied as a personalized medicine. Towards this, our lab has optimized an exosomes based therapeutic approach, which utilizes exosomes isolated from the cultured tumor adjacent normal (NAT) fibroblast cells. We utilized this scaffold for safe and effective delivery of therapeutic payload. Methods: Following surgical resection, freshly collected, matched tumor adjacent normal tissues were utilized to isolate fibroblasts. Exosomes were purified from the isolated fibroblasts in presence of exosome-depleted FBS media. Physico-chemical characterization (DLS, TEM), presence of exosomal marker (CD63; immunoblotting), protein concentration (Bradford assay), cellular internalization (confocal microscopy) and miR-145 expression (qRT-PCR) in the exosomes were performed. Efficacy of exosomes to deliver therapeutics was investigated utilizing our recently identified drug, ormeloxifene (ORM). Drug encapsulation and loading efficiency was performed using UPLC. Functional assays, such as, proliferation were performed using clinically relevant PanCa cell lines (HPAF-II/AsPC-1). Results: NAT derived exosomes show effective size and zeta potential (size: 44.12 ± 0.89; Zeta potential: -14.9 mV), which is ideal for drug delivery purposes. The purification of exosomes was confirmed by analyzing the expression of exosomal markers, such as CD63. Immunofluorescence for CD63 expression confirmed the efficient delivery of exosomes in PanCa cells. Our results indicated high drug loading capacity of NAT derived exosomes as demonstrated though UPLC. ORM loaded exosome treatment efficiently delivered ORM into the cancer cells and inhibited tumorigenic features such as, proliferation of PanCa cells. Additionally, NAT derived exosomes showed enhanced expression of tumor suppressor microRNA, miR-145, suggestive of their therapeutic importance. We observed restoration of lost miR-145 levels in PanCa cells on incubation with NAT derived exosomes. This further indicates relevance for their utilization in the development of novel therapeutic modalities. Conclusion: Our observations offer importance of the utilization of NAT derived exosomes for personalized medicine as a therapeutic strategy in PanCa treatment. Citation Format: Saini Setua, Sheema Khan, Murali Yallapu, Sonam Kumari, Meena Jaggi, Subhash C. Chauhan. Therapeutic intervention for pancreatic cancer using autologous exosomes [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2110.
Range size, local abundance and effect inform species descriptions at scales relevant for local conservation practice

Understanding species abundances and distributions, especially at local to landscape scales, is critical for land managers and conservationists to prioritize management decisions and informs the effort and expense that may be required. The metrics of range size and local abundance reflect aspects of the biology and ecology of a given species, and together with its per capita (or per unit area) effects on other members of the community comprise a well-accepted theoretical paradigm describing invasive species. Although these metrics are readily calculated from vegetation monitoring data, they have not generally (and effect in particular) been applied to native species. We describe how metrics defining invasions may be more broadly applied to both native and invasive species in vegetation management, supporting their relevance to local scales of species conservation and management. We then use a sample monitoring dataset to compare range size, local abundance and effect as well as summary calculations of landscape penetration (range size × local abundance) and impact (landscape penetration × effect) for native and invasive species in the mixed-grass plant community of western North Dakota, USA. This paper uses these summary statistics to quantify the impact for 13 of 56 commonly encountered species, with statistical support for effects of 6 of the 13 species. Our results agree with knowledge of invasion severity and natural history of native species in the region. We contend that when managers are using invasion metrics in monitoring, extending them to common native species is biologically and ecologically informative, with little additional investment.
Resistivity recovery of neutron-irradiated and cold-worked thorium

Results from a study of the resistivity recovery of neutron-irradiated and cold-worked thorium on isochronal annealing, activation energies, and isothermal annealing and kinetics are discussed. The nature and extent of radiation effects on the resistivity of thorium at 80/sup 0/K, interpretation of stage II recovery above 80/sup 0/K, and activation energy and interpretation of stage III recovery are also discussed. There are 79 references. (JFP)
WEE1 kinase inhibitor AZD1775 induces CDK1 kinase-dependent origin firing in unperturbed G1- and S-phase cells

WEE1 kinase is a key regulator of the G2/M transition. The WEE1 kinase inhibitor AZD1775 (WEE1i) induces origin firing in replicating cells. We show that WEE1i induces CDK1-dependent RIF1 phosphorylation and CDK2- and CDC7-dependent activation of the replicative helicase. WEE1 suppresses CDK1 and CDK2 kinase activities to regulate the G1/S transition after the origin licensing is complete. We identify a role for WEE1 in cell cycle regulation and important effects of AZD1775, which is in clinical trials.
Lower-order strain gradient plasticity theory with variable length scales

Abstract A fixed value of the material length scale is unrealistic. Different problems may require different values. This chapter addresses the proper modifications required for the full utility of the gradient plasticity theories in solving the size effect problems. It is shown that the current gradient plasticity theories do not give sound interpretations of the size effects in microbending and microtorsion tests if a definite and fixed length-scale parameter is used. A generalized lower-order gradient plasticity model with a nonfixed length-scale parameter is developed based on dislocation mechanics. A physically based relation for the length-scale parameter as a function of the course of deformation and the material microstructural features is addressed. The present model gives good predictions of the size effect in microbending tests of thin films and microtorsion tests of thin wires.
HEREDITARY ENDOCRINE TUMOURS: CURRENT STATE-OF-THE-ART AND RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES: Early thyroidectomy in multiple endocrine neoplasia: a four decade experience

Forty years ago, physicians caring for the J-kindred, a 100+ member family with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN2A), hypothesized that early thyroidectomy based on measurement of the biomarker calcitonin could cure patients at risk for development of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). We re-evaluated 22 family members with proven RET proto-oncogene mutations (C634G) who underwent thyroidectomy and central lymphadenectomy between 1972 and 1994 based on stimulated calcitonin abnormalities. Current disease status was evaluated by serum calcitonin measurement and neck ultrasound in 18 of the 22 prospectively screened patients. The median age of the cohort at thyroidectomy was 16.5 years (range 9-24). The median duration of follow-up at the time of examination was 40 years (range 21-43) with a median current age of 52 years (range 34-65). Fifteen of the 18 patients had no detectable serum calcitonin (<2 pg/mL). Three had detectable serum calcitonin measurements, inappropriately elevated following total thyroidectomy. None of the 16 patients imaged had an abnormal ultrasound. Survival analysis shows no MTC-related deaths in the prospectively screened patients, whereas there were many in prior generations. Early thyroidectomy based on biomarker testing has rendered 15 of 18 MEN2A patients (83%) calcitonin-free with a median follow-up period of 40 years. There have been no deaths in the prospectively screened and thyroidectomized group. We conclude that early thyroidectomy and central lymph node dissection is an effective prophylactic treatment for hereditary MTC.
How orbital fit uncertainties impact dynamic scheduling

The concepts for future exoplanet direct imaging missions plan to employ schedules that allow for observations to be moved during the mission. This creates chances for an observatory to image an exoplanet multiple times and to image exoplanets discovered by other observatories after the mission begins. For example, the HabEx and LUVOIR missions have a partially dynamic schedules, beginning with a series of predetermined observations whose outcome sets the schedule of followup observations. An orbital fit can be created for an exoplanet that has been observed by other observatories, which helps determine when it will be observable again. However, these fits have uncertainties that propagate in time. We show simulations demonstrating how these errors propagate and compare different methods of estimating when a planet will be visible.
Rheology of enzyme liquefied corn stover slurries: The effect of solids concentration on yielding and flow behavior

The measurement of yield stress and shear thinning flow behavior of slurries formed from unpretreated corn stover at solids loadings of 100-300 g/L provides a key metric for the ability to move, pump, and mix this lignocellulosic slurry, particularly since corn stover slurries represent a major potential feedstock for biorefineries. This study compared static yield stress values and flow hysteresis of corn stover slurries of 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 g/L, after these slurries were formed by adding pellets to a cellulase enzyme solution (Celluclast 1.5 L) in a fed-batch manner. A rotational rheometer was used to quantitate relative yield stress and its dependence on processing history at insoluble solids concentrations of 4%-21% (wt/vol). Key findings confirmed previous observations that yield stress increases with solids loadings and reaches ~3000 Pa at 25% (wt/vol) solids concentration compared to ~200 Pa after enzyme liquefaction. While optimization of slurry forming (i.e., liquefaction) conditions remains to be done, metrics for quantifying liquefaction extent are needed. The method for obtaining comparative metrics is demonstrated here and shows that the yield stress, shear thinning and shear thickening flow behaviors of enzyme liquefied corn stover slurries can be analyzed using a wide-gap rheometry setup with relative measuring geometries to mimic the conditions that may exist in a mixing vessel of a bioreactor while applying controlled and precise levels of strain.
Calmodulin is involved in regulation of cell proliferation.

Abstract A chicken calmodulin (CaM) gene has been expressed in mouse C127 cells using a bovine papilloma virus (BPV)-based vector (BPV-CM). The vector-borne genes produce a mature mRNA of the expected size that is present on cytoplasmic polyribosomes. In clonal cell lines transformed by BPV-CM, expression of the CaM gene produced CaM levels 2- to 4-fold above those observed in cells transformed by BPV alone. Increased intracellular CaM caused a reduction of cell cycle length that is solely due to a reduction in the length of the G1 phase. A comparison of six cell lines revealed a linear relationship between the intracellular CaM concentration and the rate of G1 progression. These data provide the first evidence that specific elevation of CaM levels directly affects the rate of cell proliferation.
Medium-Throughput SNP Genotyping Using Mass Spectrometry: Multiplex SNP Genotyping Using the iPLEX® Gold Assay

Depending on the scope of the research project, categories of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping experiments range from low to medium to high throughput, with each approach differing widely in cost, platform, and efficiency. Medium-throughput genotyping is generally appropriate for assaying up to 36 markers in 384 individuals and is commonly used for fine-mapping chromosomal regions identified in genome scans. Multiplexing, which allows for simultaneous assessment of multiple SNPs, is an efficient, rapid, and economic way to augment medium-throughput genotyping output and is readily performed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). In this chapter, we describe a technique for medium-throughput genotyping using the iPLEX® Gold assay available from Sequenom, Inc. (San Diego, CA). This multiplex SNP genotyping platform incorporates locus-specific PCR amplification of genomic DNA, followed by shrimp alkaline phosphatase treatment to inactivate unincorporated nucleotides, single-base primer extension using mass-modified terminators, and MALDI-TOF MS for allele-specific detection. This protocol utilizes proprietary enzymes, software and SpectroCHIP® Arrays that are pre-spotted with a MALDI matrix.
Pediatric Robotic Surgery

Pediatric minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has expanded tremendously in recent years. Much of the advance can be attributed to equipment improvements and the downsizing of standard MIS instruments as manufacturers began making pediatric specific instrumentation. However, the non-articulating MIS instruments are limited in the ability to provide detailed precision. Moreover, several procedures have demonstrated questionable outcomes using non-articulating handheld instruments and two-dimensional optics. Robotic technology may help overcome these obstacles. In this chapter, we will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the current robotic technology as it applies to children and describe pediatric robotic applications in detail. Operative issues for each procedure including patient positioning, port location, and critical steps will be described. Finally, we will outline areas, which will need improvement if robotic surgery is to gain further momentum in pediatric thoracic surgery.
ORACLS: A Linear-Quadratic-Gaussian Computer Aided Design Package

ORACLS, an acronym denoting Optimal Regular Algorithms for the Control of Linear Systems, is a collection of FORTRAN coded subroutines dedicated to the formulation and solution of the Linear-Quadratic-Gaussian (LQG) design problem modeled in both continuous and discrete form. The ORACLS system is under continuous development at the NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, and is widely used by universities and industry within the U.S.A. The current (operational) ORACLS version as well as new software under development is described.
Frequency noise measurements of lasers locked to a rubidium mastered optical cavity

A small, evacuated, piezoelectrically-tuned Fabry-Perot cavity is stabilized using a commercial rubidium oscillator. The cavity's resonance is measured and controlled using two diode-pumped Nd:YAG lasers; each locked to a mode of the cavity. Once controlled the cavity resonance acts as a frequency reference for the lasers. To measure the laser frequency noise, one of the laser beams is combined with a laser beam from an identical system. The beat frequency between the two lasers allows a measure of the linewidth, frequency noise and root Allan variance of a single laser. This data is reported and compared to results from more elaborate laser frequency control schemes.
Human Visual System—Image Formation

The ultimate stage in most optical imaging systems is the formation of an image on the retina, and the design of most optical systems takes this important fact into account. For example, the light output from optical systems is often limited (or should be limited) to the portion of the spectrum to which people are most sensitive (i.e., the visible spectrum). The light level of the final image is within a range that is not too dim or bright. Exit pupils of microscopes and binoculars are matched to typical pupil sizes, and images are often produced at a suitable magnification, so that they are easily resolved. One even incorporates focus adjustments that can adapt when the user is near- or farsighted. Of course, it is understandable that a man-made environment is designed to fit within sensory and physical capabilities. But this process is not complete. There is still much to know about the optical system of the human eye, and as understanding of the eye increase better ways to present visual stimuli and to design instruments are learned. This article focuses on the way images are formed in the eye and the factors in the optical system that influence image quality. Keywords: eye; optical system; image formation; image quality; scattering; polarization properties; retinal image
Nebulized Lidocaine in the Treatment of Intractable Cough

Cough is one of the most common symptoms prompting patients to be seen by health care providers in the United States. Persistent cough can disrupt daily activities such as conversation, eating, breathing, and sleeping, and it can become extremely debilitating both physically and mentally. Pharmacological treatments include dextramethorphan, opioid cough suppressants, benzonatate, inhaled ipratropium, and guaifenesin. Successful cough suppression has also been demonstrated in several studies with the use of nebulized lidocaine. Nebulized lidocaine also appears to be well tolerated by patients with minimal side effects including dysphonia, oropharyngeal numbness, and bitter taste. Studies conducted thus far have been small, so larger randomized control trials comparing nebulized lidocaine to placebo need to be conducted in the future.
The Nature of the Intramolecular Charge Transfer State in Peridinin

Experimental and theoretical evidence is presented that supports the theory that the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) state of peridinin is an evolved state formed via excited-state bond-order reversal and solvent reorganization in polar media. The ICT state evolves in <100 fs and is characterized by a large dipole moment (~35 D). The charge transfer character involves a shift of electron density within the polyene chain, and it does not involve participation of molecular orbitals localized in either of the β-rings. Charge is moved from the allenic side of the polyene into the furanic ring region and is accompanied by bond-order reversal in the central portion of the polyene chain. The electronic properties of the ICT state are generated via mixing of the "1(1)Bu(+)" ionic state and the lowest-lying "2(1)Ag(-)" covalent state. The resulting ICT state is primarily (1)Bu(+)-like in character and exhibits not only a large oscillator strength but an unusually large doubly excited character. In most solvents, two populations exist in equilibrium, one with a lowest-lying ICT ionic state and a second with a lowest-lying "2(1)Ag(-)" covalent state. The two populations are separated by a small barrier associated with solvent relaxation and cavity formation.
Cell Motion in a Two-Stream Microfluidic Channel

Microfluidic channels have been proposed as a method for removal of cryoprotective agents from cell suspensions [Fleming, Longmire, and Hubel, J. Biomech. Eng. 129, 703 (2007)]. The device tested consists of a rectangular cross section channel of 500 μm depth, 25 mm width, and 160 mm length, through which a cell suspension and wash stream flow in parallel. Cryoprotective agents diffuse from the cell stream to the wash stream and the wash stream is discarded. The washed cell stream is then ready for use. This device must be capable of removing 95% of the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) from the cell stream with minimal cell losses. Our previous studies have demonstrated our ability to remove DMSO [Mata, Longmire, McKenna, Glass, and Hubel, Microfluid. Nanofluid. 5, 529 (2008)]. The next phase of the investigation involves characterizing the influence of flow conditions on cell motion through the device. To that end, Jurkat cells (lymphoblasts) in a 10% DMSO solution were flowed through the microfluidic channel in parallel with a wash stream composed of phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS). Average cell stream velocities were varied from 0.94 to 8.5 mm/s (Re 1.7 to 6.0). Cell viability at the outlet was high, indicating that cells are not damaged during their passage through the device. Gravitational settling caused an accumulation of cells near the bottom of the channel, where flow velocities are low. Cell settling leads results in an initial transient period for cell motion through the device. For the initial portion of cells flowing through the device, cells tend to accumulate in the device until a critical device population time is reached. Cell recovery (number of cells out of the device divided by the number of cells input to the device) is high (90–100%) after the device has been fully populated. For a single stage device with average cell stream velocities of ⩾6 mm/s, cell recovery was 90–100%. As more stages are added to the device, the population time for the device increases. Gravitational settling of cells also leads to a time-varying cell concentration from the input syringe to the inlet of the channel, as well as cell losses due to cells remaining in the horizontally-oriented syringe. Reorienting the syringes to a vertical position eliminates these losses. Cell motion within the channel can be modulated by the flow conditions used. For sufficiently high Reynolds numbers, the Segre-Silberberg effect [Segre and Silberberg, J. Fluid Mech. 14, 115 (1962)] can be used to move cells from the low velocity region of the cell stream to a higher velocity region thereby reducing the transient portion of processing the cells and improving overall recovery of cells through the device.
Ancient Neurons Regulate Immunity

The most evolutionarily ancient type of immunity, called “innate,” exists in all living multicellular species. When exposed to pathogens or cellular damage, cells of an organism's innate immune system activate responses that coordinate defense against the insult, and enhance the repair of tissue injury. There is a modern-day cost associated with these processes, however, because innate mechanisms can damage normal tissue and organs, potentially killing the host. Human life is a balance between dual threats of insufficient innate immune responses—which would allow pathogens to prevail—and overabundant innate immune responses—which would kill or impair directly. What has been the key to maintaining this balance throughout years of mammalian evolution? On page 729 of this issue, Sun et al. ( 1 ) report that neurons in a nematode worm can regulate innate immunity, a mechanism dating back to the early origins of the nervous system itself.
Collagen Cross-linking and Ultimate Tensile Strength in Dentin

Several studies have indicated differences in bond strength of dental materials to crown and root dentin. To investigate the potential differences in matrix properties between these locations, we analyzed upper root and crown dentin in human third molars for ultimate tensile strength and collagen biochemistry. In both locations, tensile strength tested perpendicular to the direction of dentinal tubules (undemineralized crown = 140.4 +/- 48.6/root = 95.9 +/- 26.1; demineralized crown = 16.6 +/- 6.3/root = 29.0 +/- 12.4) was greater than that tested parallel to the tubular direction (undemineralized crown = 73.1 +/- 21.2/root = 63.2 +/- 22.6; demineralized crown = 9.0 +/- 3.9/root = 16.2 +/- 8.0). The demineralized specimens showed significantly greater tensile strength in root than in crown. Although the collagen content was comparable in both locations, two major collagen cross-links, dehydrodihydroxylysinonorleucine/its ketoamine and pyridinoline, were significantly higher in the root (by ~ 30 and ~ 55%, respectively) when compared with those in the crown. These results indicate that the profile of collagen cross-linking varies as a function of anatomical location in dentin and that the difference may partly explain the site-specific tensile strength.
Substructrual surrogates for learning decomposable classification problems: implementation and first results

This paper presents a learning methodology based on a substructural classification model to solve decomposable classification problems. The proposed method consists of three important components: (1) a structural model that represents salient interactions between attributes for a given data, (2) a surrogate model which provides a functional approximation of the output as a function of attributes, and (3) a classification model which predicts the class for new inputs. The structural model is used to infer the functional form of the surrogate and its coefficients are estimated using linear regression methods. The classification model uses a maximally-accurate, least-complex surrogate to predict the output for given inputs. The structural model that yields an optimal classification model is searched using an iterative greedy search heuristic. Results show that the proposed method successfully detects the interacting variables in hierarchical problems, group them in linkages groups, and build maximally accurate classification models. The initial results on non-trivial hierarchical test problems indicate that the proposed method holds promise and have also shed light on several improvements to enhance the capabilities of the proposed method.
Degradation of chlorinated phenols by a toluene enriched microbial culture

Abstract Biotransformations of several chlorinated phenols were studied in aerobic cultures enriched on glucose, methane, phenol and toluene and acclimated to 16 chlorinated compounds. The toluene enrichment culture degraded pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), while the cultures enriched on glucose, methane or phenol showed little or no activity. The phenol and toluene enriched cultures rapidly degraded 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) but not 2,6-DCP or 2,4,5-TCP. Degradation of chlorophenols by the toluene enriched culture did not occur endogenously but continued when wnother carbon source, acetate, was introduced. Degradation of chlorophenols proceeded after starvation and in the presence of chloramphenicol, suggesting constitutive enzymatic activity. The initial steps of PCP degradation by the toluene enriched culture involved dechlorination and hydroxylation of an ortho carbon to form tetrachlorocatechol. Tetrachloroguaiacol was identified as a minor, dead-end metabolite of PCP degradation by the toluene enriched culture.
Sparse basis pursuit on automatic nonlinear circuit modeling

In this paper, we propose a black-box nonlinear dynamic modeling algorithm that automatically selects essential basis functions to overcome the overfitting problem. Our automatic modeling algorithm, which is formulated as a convex optimization problem, guarantees model stability in transient simulation. Furthermore, we incorporate our algorithm with a sparsity induction mechanism, which improves model robustness and generalization capabilities, as shown in our example.
Absence of Nodule Formation on Ceanothus cuneatus in Serpentine Soils

YOUNGBERG has reported that Ceanothus cuneatus Nutt., a woody shrub native to semi-arid regions of California and Oregon, has clusters of nitrogen-fixing nodules on its roots1. During the past 2 years, I have examined the root systems of this species in seven populations in Oregon and California with particular attention to the parent material of the soils involved (Table 1). No plant less than 3 dm tall was examined.
Tighter bounds on preemptive job shop scheduling with two machines

We consider the preemptive job shop scheduling problem with two machines, with the objective to minimize the makespan. We present an algorithm that finds a schedule of length at most P max/2 greater than the optimal schedule length, where P max is the length of the longest job.
Proximity effects in superconducting/magnetic multilayers

Abstract We describe the recent experimental and theoretical exploration of novel proximity effects in superconducting/magnetic multilayers involving low- T c superconducting layers with ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and spin-glass layers. The topics include Josephson coupling of superconducting layers, π-phase coupling, upper critical fields, interlayer coupling across superconducting layers, and effects due to insulating ferromagnetic layers.
Immature Seedling Growth of Two North American Native Perennial Bunchgrasses and the Invasive Grass Bromus tectorum

Abstract Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) A. Love and Elymus wawawaiensis J. Carlson & Barkworth are two native perennial grasses widely used for restoration in the Intermountain West. However, the rapid establishment and spread of Bromus tectorum L., an invasive annual grass, has led to a decline in the abundance of native perennial grasses. Proliferation of B. tectorum has been attributed to its early germination, superior cold-temperature growth, profuse root production, and high specific leaf area (SLA). To enhance restoration success, we compared B. tectorum to commercially available plant materials of two perennial rangeland bunchgrasses, P. spicata (cv. Whitmar, cv. Goldar, and Anatone Germplasm) and E. wawawaiensis (cv. Secar), for germination, seedling morphological traits, and growth rates at the immature seedling stage. We monitored germination and immature seedling growth in a growth chamber in two separate experiments, one under low (5/10°C) and the other under high (15/20°C) day/night temperatures. Compared to the average of the two perennials, B. tectorum was 93% (77%) greater at high (and low) temperature for root∶shoot length ratio, but only 14% (14%) greater for root∶shoot biomass ratio and 12% (19%) lower for SLA. This suggests that B. tectorum ’s substantial investment in surface area of roots, rather than in shoot length, root biomass, or leaf area, may be responsible for the annual’s success at the early seedling stage. Compared to E. wawawaiensis , P. spicata averaged 65% (41%) higher shoot biomass, 39% (88%) higher root biomass, and 70% (10%) higher absolute growth rate, but 25% (15%) lower SLA and 15% (36%) lower specific root length (SRL) at high (and low) temperatures, respectively. Although P. spicata ’s greater productivity may initially make for better seedling establishment than E. wawawaiensis , it may also prove disadvantageous in competitive or highly resource-limited environments where high SLA or SRL could be an advantage.
Biogeochemical indicators to evaluate pollutant removal efficiency in constructed wetlands

Wetlands support several aerobic and anaerobic biogeochemical processes that regulate removal/retention of pollutants, which has encouraged the intentional use of wetlands for pollutant abatement. The purpose of this paper is to present a brief review of key processes regulating pollutant removal and identify potential indicators that can be measured to evaluate treatment efficiency. Carbon and toxic organic compound removal efficiency can be determined by measuring soil or water oxygen demand, microbial biomass, soil Eh and pH. Similarly, nitrate removal can be predicted by dissolved organic C and microbial biomass. Phosphorus retention can be described by the availability of reactive Fe and Al in acid soils and Ca and Mg in alkaline soils. Relationships between soil processes and indicators are useful tools to transfer mechanistic information between diverse types of wetland treatment systems.
Effects of Short-Term Training Using Powercranks on Cardiovascular Fitness and Cycling Efficiency

Powercranks use a specially designed clutch to promote in- dependent pedal work by each leg during cycling. We ex- amined the effects of 6 wk of training on cyclists using Pow- ercranks (n 5 6) or normal cranks (n 5 6) on maximal ox- ygen consumption (VO2max) and anaerobic threshold (AT) during a graded exercise test (GXT), and heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption (VO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and gross efficiency (GE) during a 1-hour submaxi- mal ride at a constant load. Subjects trained at 70% of VO2max for 1 h·d 21 , 3 d·wk 21 , for 6 weeks. The GXT and 1- hour submaximal ride were performed using normal cranks pretraining and posttraining. The 1-hour submaximal ride was performed at an intensity equal to approximately 69% of pretraining VO2max with VO2, RER, GE, and HR deter- mined at 15-minute intervals during the ride. No differences were observed between or within groups for VO2 max or AT during the GXT. The Powercranks group had significantly higher GE values than the normal cranks group (23.6 6 1.3% versus 21.3 6 1.7%, and 23.9 6 1.4% versus 21.0 6 1.9% at 45 and 60 min, respectively), and significantly lower HR at 30, 45, and 60 minutes and VO2 at 45 and 60 minutes during the 1-hour submaximal ride posttraining. It appears that 6 weeks of training with Powercranks induced physiological adaptations that reduced energy expenditure during a 1- hour submaximal ride.
Contribution of Family Violence to the Intergenerational Transmission of Externalizing Behavior

Research finds that early antisocial behavior is a risk for later intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration and victimization, and that children’s exposure to their parents’ IPV is a risk for subsequent behavior problems. This study tests whether intimate violence (IPV) between partners contributes independently to the intergenerational transmission of antisocial behavior, using the Children in the Community Study, a representative sample (N = 821) followed for over 25 years in 6 assessments. The present study includes a subsample of parents (N = 678) and their offspring (N = 396). We test the role of three mechanisms by which IPV may influence child antisocial behavior—parental psychopathology, parenting practices, and child self-regulation. Results suggest that IPV independently increased the risk for offspring externalizing problems, net of the effects of parental history of antisocial behavior and family violence. IPV also increased the risk for parental post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder 2 years later, but not for major depressive disorder. Alcohol use disorder independently increased the risk for offspring externalizing behavior, but IPV continued to predict offspring externalizing net of parental alcohol use. Parenting, particularly low satisfaction with the child, was significantly associated with both IPV and externalizing behavior, but did not mediate the effects of IPV on externalizing. IPV predicted higher levels of emotional expressivity, aggression and hostile reactivity, and depressive mood in offspring. Implications for future research and prevention are discussed.
Preparation of a Resin-Based Chromium Catalyst for Effecting [6π + 2π] Cycloaddition Reactions

A resin-based chromium catalyst for performing [6π + 2π] cycloaddition reactions has been prepared from chloromethylated polystyrene. The catalyst provides cycloadducts in yields comparable to the photochemical and thermal versions of these transformations, and the process is effective with a wide range of 6π and 2π reaction partners.