cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single-nucleus transcriptomes reveal functional and evolutionary properties of cell types in the Drosophila accessory gland

Many traits responsible for male reproduction evolve quickly, including gene expression phenotypes in germline and somatic male reproductive tissues. Rapid male evolution in polyandrous species is thought to be driven by competition among males for fertilizations and conflicts between male and female fitness interests that manifest in post-copulatory phenotypes. In Drosophila, seminal fluid proteins secreted by three major cell types of the male accessory gland and ejaculatory duct are required for female sperm storage and use, and influence female post-copulatory traits. Recent work has shown that these cell types have overlapping but distinct effects on female post-copulatory biology, yet relatively little is known about their evolutionary properties. Here we use single-nucleus RNA-Seq of the accessory gland and ejaculatory duct from Drosophila melanogaster and two closely related species to comprehensively describe the cell diversity of these tissues and their transcriptome evolution for the first time. We find that seminal fluid transcripts are strongly partitioned across the major cell types, and expression of many other genes additionally define each cell type. We also report previously undocumented diversity in main cells. Transcriptome divergence was found to be heterogeneous across cell types and lineages, revealing a complex evolutionary process. Furthermore, protein adaptation varied across cell types, with potential consequences for our understanding of selection on male post-copulatory traits. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTRapid evolution of male traits may result from competition among males or antagonistic interactions between the sexes over control of reproduction. In animals with internal fertilization, interactions may occur in the female reproductive tract. Drosophila seminal fluid proteins, which are secreted by three major cell types of the male accessory gland and ejaculatory duct, are required for female sperm storage and use, and influence female behavior and physiology. These cell types have distinct effects on females, yet relatively little is known about their evolutionary properties. Here we characterize diversity and transcriptome evolution of seminal fluid-producing tissues at the cell level. These data reveal new functional properties of these cells and complex evolutionary patterns that vary across cell types and lineages.
Averaged Adaptive Cross Approximation for Structured Matrices

A modified form of the adaptive cross approximation (ACA) is considered for certain structured matrices for which the original ACA fails to provide controllably accurate matrix representations of low-rank submatrices. The modified ACA algorithm considered here is based on forming an averaged matrix, obtained via left- and right- multiplication of the original matrix block by sparse matrices that have LU factorizations. The performance of the modified ACA algorithm is examined for several sub-matrices for which the original ACA fails to provide controllably accurate representations, and significantly improved error control is observed.
Effects of aging, and other bad behaviors

every year, thomson-reuters publishes journal impact factors, which equal the number of citations in a given calendar year to papers published in a journal the prior 2 yr divided by that number of papers. The term “papers” includes anything Thomson-Reuters considers citable. They also provide
Sensitivity of defect energy levels to host band structures and impurity potentials in CdTe

The sensitivity of defect energy levels in semiconductors to the host band structures and impurity potentials has been studied for approximately 30 impurities in CdTe using four different band-structure models. The discrepancies in the defect levels between two different sets of band structures and impurity potentials are found to range from less than 0.1 eV to the whole band gap (1.6 eV). The band-structure effects are analyzed here in terms of detailed partial densities of states. Examples of contradictory predictions from different band structures are illustrated, and ways to improve the theory are suggested.
STRUCTURES AND ENERGETICS OF VN(C6H6)M+ CLUSTERS : EVIDENCE FOR A QUINTUPLE-DECKER SANDWICH

Vn(C6H6)m+ cluster ions were produced by laser vaporization/ionization of a vanadium rod into a mixture of helium and benzene. The clusters with m = n + 1 show strongly enhanced intensities. Ion mobility measurements and collision-induced dissociation experiments were used to determine the structure of the different species. Density functional theory calculations using the B-LYP parametrization were performed to provide candidate structures and energetics of these clusters. Comparison of experimental and theoretical model cross sections indicated these clusters have sandwich structures with an alternation of vanadium atoms and benzene molecules. We also found that mass-selected Vn+ clusters (n < 5) react with benzene, sequentially adding benzene neutrals to form terminal ions of formula Vn(C6H6)n+1+. Mobility measurements on these ions strongly suggest they also have the sandwich structure, indicating major structural reorganization occurs when benzene interacts with the vanadium cluster.
Modulation of the stability of a Lac repressor mediated looped complex by temperature and ions: Allosteric regulation by chloride

The lactose repressor of Escherichia coli (LacI) associates to a bidentate tetramer in solution and can simultaneously bind two operators to form a protein-mediated "looped complex". Studies have been conducted of the binding of LacI to two operators separated by approximately 11 helical turns of DNA. Quantitative DNase I footprint titration analysis of the stability of the LacI-mediated looped complex reveals that the Gibbs free energy of cyclization (delta Gzeroj) of the looped complex of 11.7 +/- 0.4 kcal/mol is invariant with temperature. van't Hoff analysis reveals a large and positive enthalpy of cyclization (delta H degrees = 12.3 +/- 2.4 kcal/mol) and an entropy that is small and positive (delta S degrees = 2.2 cal/deg). Quantitative DNase I footprint titration and kinetic dissociation studies were also conducted as a function of counter-ion type and concentration. Increasing concentrations of KCl or potassium glutamate destabilize the looped complex, a result completely accounted for by increases in the intrinsic DNA-binding free energies. While the value of delta Gzeroj is invariant with ion concentration, chloride is a positive regulator. The value of delta Gzeroj decreases by 1.5 kcal/mol upon substitution of chloride for glutamate. Measurements of delta Gzeroj conducted as a function of chloride concentration at constant ionic strength reveal that approximately one chloride ion per tetramer is bound upon looped complex formation. These results demonstrate specific allosteric regulation of the formation of the LacI-mediated looped complex by a mechanism distinct from the regulation of the constituent protein--DNA interactions.
Spectral phase conjugation via temporal imaging

We experimentally demonstrate wavelength-preserving spectral phase conjugation for compensating chromatic dispersion and self-phase modulation in optical fibers. Our implementation is based on a temporal imaging scheme that uses time lenses realized by broadband four-wave mixing in silicon waveguides. By constructing a temporal analog of a 4-f imaging system, we compensate for pulse distortions arising from second- and third-order dispersion and self-phase modulation in optical fibers.
Responses of isolated blood vessels to acetylcholine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and histamine.

Acetylcholin verursachte in den Coronar-, Femoral- und Mesenterialarterien, Catecholamine in den Femoral- und Mesenterialgefassen Konstriktionen, in den Coronargefassen hingegen Dilatation.
Station-keeping for a translunar communication station

A translunar communication station is to be kept close to a nominal unstable periodic ‘Halo’ orbit, visible at all times from Earth. The analytically computed nominal orbit is not perfect, requiring an average control acceleration of about 10−6g's for tight control. An adjustable quadratic combination of position deviation and control acceleration is minimized to provide an (adjustable) control law with period feedback gains and a periodic bias. The average control acceleration can be reduced to less than 10−8g's with an error settling time of less than 21/2 months. The resulting limiting motion provides, in turn, an improved nominal, permitting the same low control cost with much tighter control, corresponding to settling times of the order of one day.
Objects as closures: abstract semantics of object-oriented languages

We discuss denotational semantics of object-oriented languages, using the concept of closure widely used in (semi) functional programming to encapsulate side effects. It is shown that this denotational framework is adequate to explain classes, instantiation, and inheritance in the style of Simula as well as SMALLTALK-80. This framework is then compared with that of Kamin, in his recent denotational definition of SMALLTALK-80, and the implications of the differences between the two approaches are discussed.
Intensity parametrizations for electric-dipole transitions between Stark components in Er3+:Y3Al5O12

Abstract Trivalent erbium Er 3+ (4f 11 ), as a dopant in the laser host material Y 3 Al 5 O 12 (YAG), is a well-known and popular activator ion in a medium having optical, thermal, and mechanical properties suitable for numerous photonic applications. Despite its technological importance, a detailed intensity analysis of transitions between individual Stark components has not previously been attempted. This work presents an intensity analysis for Er:YAG, achieving good agreement between measured and calculated Stark-component transition intensities. Ambiguities in the parametrization due to different possible orientations of the quantization axes are addressed. Use of the “vector crystal field” parametrization resolves additional ambiguities that arise in the transition intensity parameters for low symmetry systems, and allows for a new definition for polarization-resolved Judd-Ofelt parameters, which can have wide-ranging applicability for polarized multiplet-to-multiplet intensity calculations.
Electronic structure and lattice instability of metallic VO2

A first-principles energy-band study of the metallic rutile phase of V${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ using a general crystal potential and an expansion of the Bloch functions in a linear combination of atomic orbitals is reported. The results are compared with previous work and experimental optical, x-ray absorption and emission, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data. We obtain a large density of states at the Fermi energy; the Fermi surface is found to be determined by the two lowest $d$ bands, at the bottom of the "${t}_{2g}$" manifold which is split by the orthorhombic field; the lowest-band Fermi surface possesses some nesting features corresponding to a nesting vector $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}}=\ensuremath{\Gamma}R$. A calculation of the generalized susceptibility in the constant-matrix-element approximation shows the existence of a maximum at the zone boundary $R$. We suggest that the formation of a charge-density wave with wave vector $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}}=\ensuremath{\Gamma}R$ accompanied by a periodic lattice distortion is thus possible; the subsequent condensation of phonons at the point $R$ could then explain the crystallographic phase transition observed at $T=339$ K.
Efficient MIMD architectures for high-performance ray tracing

Ray tracing efficiently models complex illumination effects to improve visual realism in computer graphics. Typical modern GPUs use wide SIMD processing, and have achieved impressive performance for a variety of graphics processing including ray tracing. However, SIMD efficiency can be reduced due to the divergent branching and memory access patterns that are common in ray tracing codes. This paper explores an alternative approach using MIMD processing cores custom-designed for ray tracing. By relaxing the requirement that instruction paths be synchronized as in SIMD, caches and less frequently used area expensive functional units may be more effectively shared. Heavy resource sharing provides significant area savings while still maintaining a high MIMD issue rate from our numerous light-weight cores. This paper explores the design space of this architecture and compares performance to the best reported results for a GPU ray tracer and a parallel ray tracer using general purpose cores. We show an overall performance that is six to ten times higher in a similar die area.
Effectiveness of oil carrier for antioxidants in fish concentrate

Two levels of antioxidants, 0.02% and 0.002%, were added to a concentrated fish product. Two ways of incorporating antioxidants into fish oil were studied. The oxidation rate of the samples was measured by using an oxygen analyzer and the thiobarbituric acid test. The concentrated fish prepared from fresh mullet was stored for 0 hr, 48 hr, and 96 hr. The use of antioxidants in a vegetable oil carrier did significantly slow the breakdown reaction of fish oil and lowered the oxidation rate of the sample. When vegetable oil was used to serve as an antioxidant carrier, the high level of antioxidant (0.02%) stabilized the fatty product more efficiently than the lower level (0.002%) did. At the level of 0.02% antioxidants, using soybean oil to serve as antioxidant carrier, the fish product was quite stable during storage under the conditions of this study.
The ‘endo-blue method’ for direct cloning of restriction endonuclease genes in E.coli

A new E. coli strain has been constructed that contains the dinD1::LacZ+ fusion and is deficient in methylation-dependent restriction systems (McrA-, McrBC-, Mrr-). This strain has been used to clone restriction endonuclease genes directly into E. coli. When E. coli cells are not fully protected by the cognate methylase, the restriction enzyme damages the DNA in vivo and induces the SOS response. The SOS-induced cells form blue colonies on indicator plates containing X-gal. Using this method the genes coding for the thermostable restriction enzymes Taql (5'TCGA3') and Tth111l (5'GACNNNGTC3') have been successfully cloned in E. coli. The new strain will be useful to clone other genes involved in DNA metabolism.
An investigation of the energy exchange mechanisms involving the 23S metastable level in an RF helium plasma

Abstract The energy exchange mechanisms present in a pure helium and a helium-neon plasma were investigated using spectroscopic diagnostic techniques. The plasma was spatially resolved and only the volume element at the plasma centerline was considered in the energy- exchange analysis. The experiment was conducted with a constant total pressure of 0·7 torr, a fixed oscillator frequency of 4 MHz, and a constant input power of 1·8 kW. Emission line spectroscopy was used to determine the population densities of 16 levels in the n 3 S , n 3 P , and n 3 D series. Spatially resolved, self-absorption measurements of the 2 3 P -2 3 S transition were used to determine the 2 3 S metastable level number density. The electron number density of 3·3 × 10 13 cm -3 was determined from the spatially resolved H β blue wing profile, and a lower bound excitation temperature of 8800 °K was determined from a Boltzmann plot of the spatially resolved lower bound levels of the excited helium. The addition of 10% and 20% by volume of neon gas caused a measurable decrease in the population densities of the lower bound levels of helium, while the electron number density and lower bound excitation temperature remained unchanged. Three energy exchange models (local thermal equilibrium, corona, and collisional- radiative) were examined, and the collisional-radiative model was found to best describe the excitation processes for the 2 3 S level. This model was also appropriate for describing the helium-neon plasma at this level.
Detecting rare variants for complex traits using family and unrelated data.

Large genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been performed to detect common genetic variants involved in common diseases, but most of the variants found this way account for only a small portion of the trait variance. Furthermore, candidate gene-based resequencing suggests that many rare genetic variants contribute to the trait variance of common diseases. Here we propose two designs, sibpair and unrelated-case designs, to detect rare genetic variants in either a candidate gene-based or genome-wide association analysis. First we show that we can detect and classify together rare risk haplotypes using a relatively small sample with either of these designs, and then have increased power to test association in a larger case-control sample. This method can also be applied to resequencing data. Next we apply the method to the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC) coronary artery disease (CAD) and hypertension (HT) data, the latter being the only trait for which no genome-wide association evidence was reported in the original WTCCC study, and identify one interesting gene associated with HT and four associated with CAD at a genome-wide significance level of 5%. These results suggest that searching for rare genetic variants is feasible and can be fruitful in current GWAS, candidate gene studies or resequencing studies. Genet. Epidemiol. 34: 171–187, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Supramolecular origins of product selectivity for methanol-to-olefin catalysis on HSAPO-34.

Ethylene selectivity in methanol-to-olefin (MTO) catalysis is related to the number of methyl groups on benzene rings trapped in the nanocages of the preferred catalyst HSAPO-34. By correlating the time evolutions of the catalysts' 13C NMR spectra and the volatile product distribution following abrupt cessation of methanol flow, we discovered that (in the absence of other adsorbates) propene is favored by methylbenzenes with four to six methyl groups but ethylene is predominant from those with two or three methyl groups. We substantially increased ethylene selectivity by operating at lower methanol partial pressures or higher temperatures, either of which reduces the steady-state average methyl substitution. As a step toward a kinetic analysis of the MTO reaction on HSAPO-34, we treated each nanocage with a methylbenzene molecule as a supramolecule capable of unimolecular dissociation into ethylene or propene and a less highly substituted methylbenzene. Addition of a water molecule to a nanocage containin...
Idiopathic recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia in children and adolescents

The electrophysiologic characteristics of recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia were studied in seven pediatric patients. The mechanisms of the ventricular tachycardia were evaluated using programmed electrical stimulation. Ventricular tachycardia could be reproducibly initiated in two patients and terminated in one patient in the basal state. It could be initiated in one additional patient and terminated in two additional patients after administration of a type IB drug. In four patients, ventricular tachycardia could not be initiated or terminated by programmed electrical stimulation. The site of origin of the ventricular tachycardia determined by catheter endocardial mapping was the right ventricular outflow tract in four patients, the interventricular septum in two patients and the inferior left ventricle in one patient. The ventricular tachycardia more frequently had an automatic than a reentrant mechanism, and originated more often in the right than in the left ventricle; it was not frequently associated with structural heart disease in this group of patients.
Spin and exchange coupling for Ti embedded in a surface dipolar network

We have studied the spin and exchange coupling of Ti atoms deposited on a Cu2N/Cu(100) surface using density functional theory with generalized gradient approximation $+U.$ In agreement with experiments, we find that Ti has the highest binding on top of Cu atoms. We also find that the spin of individual Ti atoms deposited on the Cu2N/Cu(100) surface increases as Ti coverage on the surface is decreased. For $U=0$, the spin of a Ti atom starts at $S=0$ at high coverages and increases to $S=1/2$ as the coverage is decreased, which agrees very well with results obtained from STM experiments. At higher values of $U$, the spin of Ti is found to be close to one regardless of coverage. We also calculate the exchange coupling for Ti dimers on the Cu2N/Cu(100) surface, and we find that the exchange coupling across a ``void'' of 3.6 \AA{} is antiferromagnetic, whereas indirect (superexchange) coupling through a N atom is ferromagnetic. For a square lattice of Ti on Cu2N/Cu(100), we find a novel spin striped phase.
An improved FIA biosensor for the determination of aspartame in dietary food products.

A flow injection analysis (FIA) biosensor system was developed for the determination of the artificial sweetener aspartame (l-aspartyl-l-phenylalanine methyl ester). The system consisted of an enzyme column of pronase immobilized on activated arylamine glass beads and al-amino acid oxidase electrode connected in series. The dipeptide bond of aspartame was cleaved by immobilized pronase to release phenylalanine, which was in turn monitored by the enzyme electrode that usedl-amino acid oxidase, immobilized on a preactivated nylon membrane in combination with an amperometric electrode (platinum vs silver/silver chloride, 700 mV). The response of the FIA biosensor was linear up to 1 mM aspartame with a lower detection limit of 25 μM and had good reproducibility (rsd 0.3%). The FIA biosensor was stable for at least 30 h of continuous use atT r .Each assay takes 4 min giving a sample throughput of 15 h−1 When applied to aspartame in dietary food products the results obtained agreed well with those reported by the product manufacturers.
Nonlinear dynamics of semiconductor laser arrays

In this paper we consider the spontaneous emergence of organized behavior and spatio-temporal chaos in an array of coupled semiconductor lasers. In the absence of coupling, each laser in the array exhibits a constant, steady state output intensity in response to a constant input pump current. For constant pump currents above lasing threshold, the individual lasers do not exhibit any interesting instabilities such as chaos. In the presence of coupling, the constant steady state can lose its stability and non-trivial spatio-temporal complexity results. The nature of the spatio-temporal dynamics depends on the strength of the coupling between adjacent elements. For low coupling strengths the stable steady state is one in which the fields in adjacent elements have nearly equal amplitudes and a phase difference close to 'ii. As the coupling is increased a Hopf bifurcation to a spatially ordered and temporally periodic output is obtained. Further increases in coupling strength lead to full blown spatio-temporal chaos.
Solid-state 207Pb NMR studies of mixed lead halides, PbFX (X=Cl, Br, or I).

Abstract Solid-state 207Pb NMR studies have been conducted on mixed lead(II) halides of the type PbFX, where X = Cl, Br, or I. NMR data for the mixed halides are compared to the solid-state NMR data for the divalent, binary lead halides, PbX2 (X = F, Cl, Br, I). The NMR data are evaluated in the context of the structures of the compounds and the effects of the mixed halides on the electronic structure of the divalent lead. Data sets for the mixed halides are discussed and compared to those for the regular lead(II) halides.
Reconciling gene trees of eastern North American minnows

Abstract Most eastern North American cyprinid fishes belong to a clade known as the “open posterior myodome” (OPM) minnows, but phylogenetic relationships within this clade have been difficult to ascertain. Previous attempts to resolve relationships among the generally benthic “chubs” and the more pelagic “shiners”, that constitute the majority of OPM minnows, have led to highly discordant phylogenetic hypotheses. To further examine relationships among the OPM minnows, we utilized both a concatenated Bayesian approach and a coalescent-based species tree method to analyze data from six protein coding nuclear loci (Enc1, Ptr, Ryr3, Sh3px3, Tbr1, and Zic1), as well as the mitochondrial locus (Cytb). We focused our analyses on the chub-like genus Phenacobius, a group that has drifted topologically between other benthic chubs and the more pelagic shiners, and also included exemplar taxa from 11 other OPM lineages. Individual gene trees were highly discordant regarding relationships within Phenacobius and across the OPM clade. The concatenated Bayesian analysis and coalescent-based species tree reconstruction recovered slightly different phylogenetic topologies. Additionally, the posterior support values for clades using the coalescent-based approach were consistently lower than the concatenated analysis. However, Phenacobius was resolved as monophyletic and as the sister lineage to Erimystax regardless of the combined data approach taken. Furthermore, Phenacobius + Erimystax was recovered as more closely related to the shiners we examined than to other chubs. Relationships within Phenacobius varied depending on the combined phylogenetic method utilized. Our results highlight the importance of multi-locus, coalescent-based approaches for resolving the phylogeny of diverse clades like the eastern North American OPM minnows.
High purity GaAs grown by the hydride vpe process

Epitaxial growth of high purity undoped GaAs by the hydride VPE process with electrical properties comparable to the best AsC3 VPE results have been achieved. Background carrier concentration n77 = 2 × 1013/cc and mobility μ77 = 201,000 cm2/Vsec was achieved by careful control of the growth process. The effects of HC1 partial pressure over the Ga source, arsine and secondary HC1 partial pressures were Investigated. Use of secondary HC1 was found to result in compensated layers and hence should be avoided for high purity layers. Aging of the liquid HC1 source in its stainless steel container over extended time period was also found to result in degradation of epilayer purity due to increased acceptor contamination. Low temperature photoluninescence and far infra-red photoconductivity measurements were used to determine the residual acceptors and donors respectively. The major acceptors found were carbon and zinc. The major donor was sulfur. Key works: GaAs, hydride VPE growth, high purity layers, impurity identification
Theoretical study of formic acid-sulfur dioxide dimers

We report the first theoretical study of noncovalent and covalent interactions in formic acid (FA)-SO(2) complexes. Using ab initio and DFT model chemistries, five stable noncovalent complexes were identified, as well as a covalent adduct, formic sulfurous anhydride HOSO(2)CHO. syn-FA is predicted to form two nonplanar bidentate complexes with SO(2): the more stable one contains a normal hydrogen bond donated by OH, and the less stable one contains a blue-shifted hydrogen bond donated by CH. Both are stabilized by charge transfer from FA to SO(2). anti-FA forms three planar complexes of nearly equal energy containing OH-to-SO(2) hydrogen bonds. Formic sulfurous anhydride forms via an endothermic concerted cycloaddition. Natural bond orbital analysis showed that the bidentate SO(2)-FA complexes are stabilized by n → π* donation from FA to SO(2), and back-donation from SO(2) n and π* orbitals into FA σ(OH)* or σ(CH)* orbitals. The bidentate formic acid-SO(2) complex that contains an O-H···O hydrogen bond is more stable than the similar nitric acid-SO(2) complex. The latter contains a stronger hydrogen bond but shows no O→S charge transfer interaction.
RECENT STUDIES OF TIRE BRAKING PERFORMANCE

The results from recent studies of some factors affecting tire braking and cornering performance are presented together with a discussion of the possible application of these results to the design of aircraft braking systems. The first part of the paper is concerned with steady-state braking, that is, results from tests conducted at a constant slip ratio or steering angle or both. The second part deals with cyclic braking tests, both single cycle, where brakes are applied at a constant rate until wheel lockup is achieved, and rapid cycling of the brakes under control of a currently operational antiskid system.
Mitoses in thermodormant lettuce seeds with reference to histological location, localized expansion, and seed storage.

Seeds from one lot of “New York” lettuce were sown in each of 5 successive years to compare the effect of duration of storage on the capacity for mitosis in thermodormant seeds with the effect of storage on the capacity for germination under conditions favorable for germination. Whereas the capacity for mitosis in absence of germination increased as a function of duration of seed storage, the capacity for germination itself decreased steadily over the period studied. Thus, the apparent “deterioration” of stored seed, as measured by decreased germination, does not necessarily indicate a general deterioration of all cytologic processes. Histological study of thermodormant lettuce seeds demonstrated that in some seeds mitosis and cytokinesis can occur without either overall or localized expansion of the embryo-axis. Although localized expansion occurred in some seeds, there was no expansion of the embryo-axis as a whole in any of the seeds, the localized expansion being accompanied always by localized compression elsewhere in the axis. Restraint of the embryo by the endosperm, which remained intact, could account for the prevention of overall expansion of those embryos in which localized expansion and compression occurred. Mitoses in such embryos occurred both within and outside the regions of localized expansion. Thus, even in those embryos with localized expansion, mitotic activity is not necessarily correlated with expansion. Mitoses occurred in each of the primary tissue meristems of the hypocotyl-radicle, mainly within the apical 0.5 mm of the radicle. In this regard, thermodormant embryos resemble growing roots of lettuce seedlings. These findings demonstrate that mitotic activity and localized expansion, either separately or together, can occur in the embryo without germination.
HYDRODYNAMIC PRESSURE‐PROCESSED BEEF SEMITENDINOSUS MUSCLE USING A STEEL REFLECTOR BOWL†

Hydrodynamic pressure (HDP) technology, used to tenderize meat, has been previously conducted in both stationary steel hemisphere-shaped tanks (1060-L commercial and 54-L laboratory scale steel units) as well as in plastic explosive containers (PEC) fitted with a flat metal reflector plate. It was hypothesized that the bottom surface of the container may affect the magnitude of tenderness improvement during the HDP process. A steel reflector bowl was constructed to fit inside the PEC to mimic the shape of the bottom of the stationary steel vessel. Beef semitendinosus (ST) muscles treated with HDP (150-g binary explosive detonated inside a water-filled 98-L PEC) were more tender (P < 0.05) than controls (5.37 versus 5.74 kgf). ST response to HDP was highly variable (−8.6 to 24.5%). Although the improvement in ST tenderness was significant (P < 0.05), using the steel reflector bowl in the PEC was not an efficient method to tenderize ST muscles.
Use of outpatient mental health services and psychotropic medications among HIV-infected patients in a multisite, multistate study.

Abstract Objective Although co-occurring psychiatric disorders are highly prevalent among those with HIV, little is known about the use of outpatient mental health services (MHS) and psychotropic medication in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era. Methods During 2003, 951 patients were interviewed at 14 sites in the HIV Research Network. Patients were questioned about use of MHS and psychotropic medications. Logistic regression was used to identify socio-demographic and clinical factors associated with MHS and psychotropic medication utilization. Results The sample characteristics were as follows: 68% male, 52% black, 14% Hispanic, median age 46 years (range 20–85), 69% were on HAART. Approximately 34% reported at least one MHS within 6 months and 37% reported use of psychotropic medication for a mental health condition. In multivariate logistic regression, MHS was greater among disabled patients [adjusted odds ratio 2.39 (95% CI 1.53–3.72)], current [2.26 (1.53–3.35)] and former drug users [1.84 (1.24–2.73)], and those with more than seven primary care visits in the past 6 months. Blacks [0.61 (0.41–0.92)] were significantly less likely to use MHS compared to whites. Similarly, usage of psychotropic medications was greater among disabled patients [1.79 (1.14–2.82)], women [1.66 (1.13–2.43)], )] and those with more than seven primary care visits. Blacks [0.37 (0.24–0.58])] and Hispanics [0.39 (0.22–0.72)] were less likely to use a psychotropic medication. HAART utilization was not associated with MHS or psychiatric medication use. Conclusions In the HAART era, self-reported rates of mental health service and psychotropic medication utilization are high. Blacks continue to report lower use of MHS and psychotropic medication compared to whites.
Blood lactate concentration and rated perceived exertion following active recovery in water

This investigation examined the effects of active water recovery (AWR) on blood lactate removal and perception of recovery following bouts of high intensity exercise. Six college‐aged males performed 3 × 45 s bouts of supramaximal treadmill sprinting (110% VO2max) followed by 20 min of passive recovery (PR), active treadmill recovery (ATR) or AWR. Subjects performed active recovery exercise at 29 ± 1.5% VO2max. Blood samples were collected immediately prior to exercise, 3 min following the final bout of supramaximal exercise and then every 2 min throughout recovery. Rating of perception of recovery was recorded immediately following ATR and AWR. Blood lactate was significantly lower (p ≤ 0.05) during AWR compared to PR beginning at 8 min of recovery and remained at a significantly reduced level throughout recovery. Similarly, blood lactate was lower during ATR compared with PR from 12 min of recovery until completion of the recovery session. Rating of perception of recovery was significantly lower followi...
Simulation of a sensor based drag race detection system

In-sensor computing is a newly developing technology that has tremendous promises. If sensed events can be intelligently processed by software, a further leap in computing can be expected. Such technology can be used to create intelligent systems to solve many problems. In this paper we envision one such system, which is capable of detecting illegal drag races on public highways. It is simulated by creating sensor agents that work in pairs and communicate with the main Decision Making Agent. The Decision Making Agent detects a drag race based on the results obtained from the sensor agents.
Multiple forms of ferredoxin-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reductase from spinach.

Abstract Crude extracts of ferredoxin-NADP reductase prepared from spinach by three different methods consistently contained two molecular weight forms of the enzyme: P-1, 117,500, and P-2, 50,000. The lower molecular weight form was purified and shown to consist of two different ionic forms. These three forms of the flavoprotein are immunologically identical. A third molecular weight form of the reductase, excluded by Sephadex G-100, generated P-1 and P-2 on rechromatography. Other experiments demonstrated that this enzyme has NADPH-tetrazolium reductase activity and it accounts for essentially all of the tetrazolium reductase activity of isolated chloroplasts.
DAP12 signaling: from immune cells to bone modeling and brain myelination

DAP12 (also called KARAP) is a transmembrane adapter well known for its role in transducing activation signals for an extended array of receptors in NK cells, granulocytes, monocytes/macrophages, and DCs (1, 2). In this issue of the JCI, Takai and colleagues unveil that DAP12-deficient mice exhibit osteopetrosis and demyelinization of the CNS (3). Human studies have concurrently shown that genetic defects of DAP12 result in a rare syndrome characterized by bone cysts and presenile dementia (4, 5). Thus, DAP12 appears to be critically involved in bone modeling and brain myelination. If so, how can DAP12 regulate both immune and non-immune functions?
Structural heterogeneity of glycans in IgA molecules: Implications for IgA nephropathy

Summary: The carbohydrate moieties on glycoproteins, including immunoglobulins (Ig), are involved in a broad spectrum of biological functions. As revealed by enzymatic or chemical removal of carbohydrate moieties, inhibition of glycosylation, or site-directed mutagenesis of asparagine residues to prevent N-linked glycosylation, carbohydrates on Ig have been shown to participate in binding, internalization and catabolism by hepatocytes or other cells, binding to Fc receptors on phagocytic cells, activation of complement, and opsonization. the structure of human IgA1 is unique among all Ig. the heavy chain contains a hinge region with a characteristic primary structure not seen in any other Ig, and which contains five short O-linked oligosaccharide side-chains composed of serine-linked N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) and βl-3-linked galactose (Gal). Both of these monosaccharides may be sialylated. In contrast to ubiquitous N-linked side-chains, O-linked carbohydrate moieties are found rarely among human serum glycoproteins. We have demonstrated that IgA1 proteins from the sera of patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) are galactosylated to a lesser extent than those from healthy controls. Decreased content of Gal and decreased reactivity of IgA from IgAN patients with lectins specific for GalNAc indicate that these structural changes occur on glycans located in the hinge region of IgA1. Thus, in addition to rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythmatosus, inflammatory bowel disease and other disorders, IgA nephropathy may represent another example of a chronic disease in which aberrancies of carbohydrates are observed and may participate in aetiopathogenesis.
Motion of discrete particles in a turbulent fluid

Various approximations to Basset's equation for the motion of a particle in a viscous fluid have been applied to the complex phenomenon of dispersion in a turbulent fluid. The deviations of the particle motion from the fluid motion, as predicted by the various approximations, is explored, and the frequencies for which this deviation is large are described. The approximations are found to be invalid for such cases as sediment transport and motion of gas bubbles in liquids. For small, 7 micron, liquid or solid particles in air, however, all approximations are shown to be valid for turbulent frequencies below 812 cps.
Anaerobic biodegradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) by Acetobacterium malicum strain HAAP-1 isolated from a methanogenic mixed culture.

In previous work, we studied the anaerobic biodegradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) by a methanogenic mixed culture that biodegrades RDX by using H2 as the sole electron donor. Strain HAAP-1 was isolated after enriching for the homoacetogens in a mineral medium containing RDX and an H2-CO2 (80:20) headspace. Strain HAAP-1 degraded 29.0 μM RDX in <14 days and formed 13.0 mM acetate when grown in a mineral medium with an H2-CO2 headspace. Methylenedinitramine was observed as a transient intermediate, indicating ring cleavage had occurred. In live cultures containing an N2-CO2 headspace, RDX was not degraded, and no acetate was formed. The 16S rRNA gene sequence for strain HAAP-1, consisting of 1485 base pairs, had a 99.2% and 99.1% sequence similarity to Acetobacterium malicum and A. wieringae, respectively. This is the first report of RDX degradation by a homoacetogen growing autotrophically and extends the number of genera known to carry out this transformation.
Universal LCAO parameters for III V compound semiconductors

Abstract A set of semi-empirical expressions for the two-center integrals which enter the Slater-Koster parameters are constructed for Group III–V compound semiconductors These expressions show their explicit dependence on the atomic characteristics, on the dielectric constant, on the lomcity of solids, and also on the interatomic separations, and they are valid for atomic separations as far as second-neighbor distances For zero ionicity they reduce to those obtained previously by us for Group IV semiconductors The Slater-Koster parameters are then constructed from these expressions for the two-center integrals The band structures of various gallium and indium compounds are obtained and are compared with other theoretical calculations and with experimental photoemission results
Effect of Cardiopulmonary Bypass and Calcium Administration on the Splanchnic Circulation

Gastrointestinal complications following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) are associated with high mortality rates. The identification of prolonged CPB time and calcium administration as independent predictors of gastrointestinal complications suggests decreased splanchnic perfusion as a possible mechanism. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated splanchnic organ perfusion during CPB and after calcium chloride administration. Mongrel dogs were studied under anesthesia and were cannulated for bypass. CPB was begun at 37 degrees C, and the heart was fibrillated and vented. After 30 min, CPB temperature was reduced to 25 degrees C for 1 h with the heart arrested through cold crystalloid cardioplegia. After rewarming to 37 degrees C for 30 min, the heart was cardioverted, and CPB was weaned off. Calcium chloride (10 mg/kg) or saline was administered. Organ blood flow was determined with radiolabeled microspheres at baseline, during CPB, and after weaning from CPB. Splanchnic organ blood flow did not decrease during any phase of CPB. Calcium chloride administration after CPB had no effect on splanchnic organ blood flow. While gastrointestinal injury may result from CPB, this study suggests that the mechanism of injury is not decreased by splanchnic organ perfusion during bypass. While calcium chloride can cause pancreatic injury, the responsible mechanism is not calcium-induced hypoperfusion.
High-efficiency organic electrophosphorescent devices

We have fabricated saturated red, orange, yellow and green OLEDs, utilizing phosphorescent dopants. Using phosphorescence based emitters we have eliminated the inherent 25% upper limit on emission observed for traditional fluorescence based systems. The quantum efficiencies of these devices are quite good, with measured external efficiencies > 15% and > 40 lum/W (green) in the best devices. The phosphorescent dopants in these devices are heavy metal containing molecules (i.e. Pt, and Ir), prepared as both metalloporphyrins and organometallic complexes. The high level of spin orbit coupling in these metal complexes gives efficient emission from triplet states. In addition to emission from the heavy metal dopant, it is possible to transfer the exciton energy to a fluorescent dye, by Forster energy transfer. The heavy metal dopant in this case acts as a sensitizer, utilizing both singlet and triplet excitons to efficiently pump a fluorescent dye. We discuss the important parameters in designing electrophosphorescent OLEDs as well as their strengths and limitations. Accelerated aging studies, on packaged devices, have shown that phosphorescence based OLEDs can have very long device lifetimes.
Excited Terminal States of Bound Exciton-Donor Complexes in CdSe

Excited terminal states of bound exciton complexes in CdSe have been studied. From these studies, information relating to donor impurities in this material has been gained. Donor ionization energies of 0.018 eV were calculated from the effective-mass approximation. Using an electron effective mass of $0.13{m}_{e}$ gives a good theoretical fit to the $n=2$ magnetically field-split levels using the model of Wheeler and Dimmock. This mass value agrees well with the electron effective mass determined by Wheeler and Dimmock for the free-exciton case in CdSe.
Dynamic model reduction for control of molecular beam expitaxy

One important component in the development of many smart structures and microdevices is the growth of thin films. The control of the growth processes, therefore, is of interest. In the design of a control system for molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), it is important to have simple mathematical models that describe the different growth morphologies that a growing film may exhibit and incorporate atomic-scale information. Of the three types of models currently being considered (atomistic, continuum, and bulk), bulk models have the most interest to control. Still, due to the complexity of such models, however, a model reduction must be carried out to make real-time control possible. A model reduction routine based on a new version of the nonlinear Galerkin methods is proposed and explained for three different bulk models. A total reduction of one-third the number differential equations is obtained.
Controlling Cell Attachment Selectively onto Biological Polymer−Colloid Templates Using Polymer-on-Polymer Stamping

A new patterning approach using polymer-on-polymer stamping (POPS) has been developed to fabricate polymer-colloid templates for controlling selective cell attachment. In this paper, a polyamine surface patterned onto a poly(acrylic acid)/poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAA/PAH) cell resistant multilayer platform serves as a template for the deposition of close- or loose-packed colloidal particles. Peptides containing the RGD adhesion sequence were used to modify the PAH/colloid surface for specific cell attachment. Cell behavior was studied by varying colloidal packing array density, pattern geometry, and surface chemistry. It was found that loose-packed RGD-modified colloidal arrays enhance cell adhesion, as observed through the development of focal adhesion contacts and orientation of actin stress fibers, but close-packed colloidal arrays induce a rounded and nonadhesive cell morphology and yield a smaller number of attached cells. On loose-packed arrays, cells adjust their shapes to the pattern geometry when the stripe width is smaller than 50 microm and increase their extent of attachment when the concentration of surface RGD peptides is increased. This new biomaterials system allows the examination of cell behavior as a function of RGD surface distribution on the molecular to micrometer scale and reveals cellular response to different surface roughnesses.
Utilization of Graph Theory and Dynamic Programming as Substitutes for Decision Trees

A methodology is presented to select from two marketing or pricing plans with the objective of maximizing profit. The decision structure is portrayed in graphical form, with alternate stages of decision and uncertainty. A standard dynamic programming algorithm is used to solve the graph and aid in final decision making. A decision path is plotted at each decision vertex on the graph such that the decision maker can determine, at any combination of sales volume and time period, which of the two marketing plans to follow from that vertex so as to achieve the greatest expected profit for the remaining span of time.