cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Corn Cob Characteristics in Irrigated Central Great Plains Studies

Escalating fossil fuel cost and concern over global climate change have accelerated interest in cellulosic feedstocks, such as corn (Zea mays L.) cobs, for liquid fuel production. Little information is available about this plant organ. We compiled and summarized available cob data from several recent field studies in the Central Great Plains. Data were collected from two locations in Colorado and two in Texas that had multiple N fertilizer treatments, varying tillage systems, and different growing seasons. Cob:grain yield ratio, cob:ear ratio, cob:stover ratio, and cob N and C uptake were determined for each site. Cob yield generally increased with increasing N rate. At the high N rates, cob yield ranged from 1.44 to 2.2 Mg ha -1 . Cob:stover ratio ranged from 0.14 to 0.25 at high N fertilizer levels. The N concentration varied little among N levels at any location, varying more among locations and year, ranging from 2.52 to 5.19 g kg -1 . Nitrogen uptake at the highest N-levels ranged from 4.65 to 8.37 kg ha -1 . The relationship between final grain yield at 155 g kg -1 water content and oven-dried cob yield was linear (r 2 = 0.75) such that cob yield increased 0.096 Mg ha -1 for each Mg ha∼1 increase in grain yield. This study provides basic information on cob yield and quality for agronomists, and examples are discussed on how the data could be useful for determining the feasibility of harvesting corn cobs as a cellulosic feedstock.
Temporal changes in gene expression after injury in the rat retina

In response to local injury, the retina presents a characteristic series of changes at the site of injury. A secondary series of changes then spreads to involve the entire retina, often resulting in progressive degenerative changes and the formation of scar tissue.1–6 These responses of the retina to injury can be divided into an early acute phase, a delayed subacute phase, and a late chronic phase.1,4,6 The early phase, which occurs within the first few hours after injury, is characterized by hemorrhage,1,3,5 alterations in the glutamatergic system,7 changes in ionic balance,8 and the beginning of cell-death cascades.9,10 It is during this early phase that the first changes in the transcriptome occur, with upregulation of the immediate early genes.9,10 The retina then undergoes a series of delayed cellular responses that last for days. Among these responses is a generalized inflammatory reaction in which damaged cells release proinflammatory cytokines that recruit peripheral blood components.1,3,6 Many retinal cells experience cell-type-specific responses: dedifferentiation, degeneration, migration, hypertrophy, and proliferation.4,9,11–13 For example, Muller glial cells and the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) enter a reactive state in which they change protein expression, proliferate, and migrate into the wound and vitreous space.4,6,11,12 Inflammation and cell proliferation resolve within the first week as the response to injury enters its chronic phase.1,4,6 During the late phase, RPE and Muller cells remain reactive and participate in structural remodeling of the retina. Cells that migrate into the wound and vitreous space replace the hemorrhage with fibrocellular membranes.1,4,6,12 With time, these membranes may contract, causing significant problems, including retinal detachment.1,4,6,12 Progress in understanding the mechanisms controlling secondary injury has been significant. Gains have come about by focusing on individual molecules5,14–16 or groups of molecules7–9,17 and their participation in specific processes of the retinal healing response. However, many of the molecular events associated with activation of this response remain unknown. In the present study, we used microarray technology to catalog the expression of thousands of genes after retinal injury. Our first approach was discovery-driven, using the power of microarray to define the global patterns of gene expression changes. The second approach was hypothesis-driven, focusing on the role of Cd81 (whose product is involved in proliferation and gliosis15,16,18–20) and markers of reactive gliosis, including the cytoskeletal protein glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).1,5,11,14,21,22
Mental Representations of Maps and Verbal Descriptions: Evidence They May Affect Text Memory Differently

Abstract Two studies examined the effect that mental representations derived from maps and verbal descriptions have on the recall of facts from a text. In Experiment 1, subjects studied a map of Tasmania, a control map of Ceylon, or comparable verbal descriptions and then listened to a text containing facts about Tasmania. Fact recall was higher and map drawings were more accurate for the group that studied the Tasmania map. In Experiment 2, subjects studied a map of Tasmania, or one of two verbal descriptions (using different sequences of landmarks) of Tasmania. The results replicated those of Experiment 1. These findings suggest that there may be fundamental differences between visual and verbal representations of the same space.
Influence of Cold Rolling Threads before or after Heat Treatment on the Fatigue Resistance of High Strength Fine Thread Bolts for Multiple Preload Conditions

SI class 12.9 high strength steel bolts were used to investigate the fatigue behavior of bolt threads rolled before/after heat treatment at five different preload values. Bolts used were 3/8 UNRF-24 (fine) and preloads were taken as 1, 50, 75, 90, and 100 % of roll before heat treatment proof stress. Since proof stress was lowered 10 % for roll after heat treatment, these preloads for roll after heat treatment bolts were then actually 1.1, 55, 83, 100, and 110 % of proof stress (to keep load the same). The tests produced a range of R ratios (R=Smin/Smax) between 0.03 and 0.92. Maximum near surface residual compressive stresses, obtained via x-ray diffraction, ranged from −500 to −1000 MPa. Axial loads were applied through the nut and all fatigue failures occurred at the first thread of the nut/bolt interface with crescent shaped cracks dominating in most tests. Multiple ratchet marks (separate crack nucleation sites) occurred for roll before heat treatment bolts, while fewer or no ratchet marks, were evident for the roll after heat treatment. Scanning electron microscopy evaluation indicated all fatigue crack growth regions contained multiple fatigue facets, while final fracture regions contained ductile dimpling. Cyclic creep/ratcheting was monitored and little, or none, was observed for preload tests equal to or less than 75 %. Replication data indicated a log-normal distribution on life was very reasonable. The fatigue resistance for fine threads rolled after heat treatment with preload stresses of 1 % (R ratio less than 0.05) caused very large increases (158 %) in 107 cycles fatigue strength compared to roll before heat treatment. This is in agreement with other roll before/after low R-ratio results. The roll after heat treatment bolts when tested at the higher proof loads had 107 fatigue strengths of 69 to 30 % increase. These increases are much less than the 158 % at 1 % preload, but still significant. Constant life Haigh diagrams at 105 and 107 cycles were in qualitative agreement with VDI 2230 bolt preload guidelines.
Ultrathin molybdenum oxide anode buffer layer for organic photovoltaic cells formed using atomic layer deposition

Abstract In an organic photovoltaic (OPV) cell, the buffer layers connecting the active photovoltaic material to the electrodes strongly influence the overall energy conversion efficiency. In this work, we demonstrate that a thin layer ( 3 formed by atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Mo, followed by oxidation in ozone, performs well as an anode buffer layer in organic photovoltaic cells based on a blend of poly(3-hexylthiophene) and phenyl-C 61 -butyric acid methyl ester. Compared to the commonly used buffer layer poly(ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), the MoO 3 layer causes virtually no degradation in the transmission spectrum. The improvement in optical transmission leads to higher short-circuit current density, and practically the same power conversion efficiency as OPV cells employing PEDOT:PSS. Results from a substantial number of devices indicate that the improvement is statistically significant, demonstrating the reproducibility and reliability of the layer. Moreover, because of the conformal nature of ALD, this approach can be extended to nanostructured systems.
On the multiway cut polyhedron

Given a graph G = (V,E) and a set N ⊆ V, we consider the problem of finding a minimum-weight multiway cut that separates each pair of nodes in N. In this paper we give an integer programming formulation of this problem and study the associated polyhedron. We give some computational results to support the strength of our facets. We also give some efficiently solvable instances.
Basic studies of the mechanism of ignition of cellulosic materials

Mathematical and experimental studies are being conducted on the thermal processes involved in the ignition of slabs of woodlike substances. The results of extensive finite-difference machine computations suggest that the specified fuel-generation-rate criterion for sustained ignition, proposed by Bamford, Crank, and Malan, is incorrect. These results, however, also suggest that the experimental data of Bamford, Crank, and Malan reflect a thermal criterion of sustained ignition which has not been recognized previously. In order to adequately describe this critical thermal condition for symmetrical, two-sided heating of plane infinite-width slabs, a concept of a “thermal feedback wave” being propagated from the surface of symmetry to the heated surface is introduced, and the time required for this wave to reach the heated surface has been derived. Expressed in terms of dimensionless time (Fourier Number), this critical heating time appears to be constant for inert slabs of constant thermal properties. Also, it is approximately constant for noninert slabs of variable thermal properties, and it may decrease somewhat with increasing slab thickness when significant heat-generation effects are present. Experimental measurements of piloted-ignition thresholds have been conducted in an apparatus designed to simulate convective-source symmetrical heating of plane slabs. These experimental results and published data of prior investigators have been analyzed in terms of various ignition criteria. For such purposes, a generalized correlating concept is described which relegates each of the various ignition criteria to its proper position of relative importance for a particular set of conditions. As an aid for this generalized correlation technique, improved transient-heat-conduction data have been machine computed with the analytical solution for inert slabs, and the results are presented in graphical form.
Assessing the impact of Celaque National Park on forest fragmentation in western Honduras

Abstract The effectiveness of parks as management regimes is much in debate. This study examines the effect of establishment of the Celaque National Park, Honduras, in 1987, on limiting deforestation through a comparison with the surrounding landscape using remote sensing, GIS and landscape pattern analysis. Pressure on the park region is found to relate spatially to the locations of towns and roads, with increasing deforestation in the landscape surrounding the park. In contrast, the park has been largely successful in maintaining forest cover. Although the extent of change within the park is not pronounced, the pattern of change is. Expansion of agriculture and coffee production have led to increasing pressure on the park boundaries, with as much as 25% of the landscape surrounding the park experiencing land cover change between 1996 and 2000. This has significant implications for the future of the park.
Diabetes in the operating room: Metabolic challenges for the anesthesiologist

IABETES MELLITUS is the most commonly occurring metabolic disorder in humans today. The term encompasses a heterogeneous group of diseases that have common characteristics of chronic hyperglycemia and other disturbances of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. All are associated with medical complications such as microvascular complications of the eye and kidney, peripheral vascular disease, and coronary artery disease. The majority of diabetics are in age categories where the incidence of surgery is high, and many disorders associated with diabetes, such as cholelithiasis, cataracts, vascular disease, and infections require surgical care. It is estimated that more than 50% of diabetics will have one or more surgeries in their lifetime. 1,2 Classically, the attention of the anesthesiologist in managing the care of diabetic patients has centered around prevention of acute complications of abnormal blood glucose levels and ketosis during the surgery itself, but intraoperative glucose level management may influence perioperative events as diverse as wound healing, infection response, and neurological function. To understand perioperative problems of patients with diabetes, it is useful to consider differences between two major diabetic groups: type I diabetics, also called juvenile-onset diabetics or insulin-dependent diabetics, and type II diabetics, also known as maturity-onset or noninsulin-dependent diabetics. Although these two classifications are not always strictly distinct from one another and do not include all diabetic disorders, they contrast some important epidemiological and metabolic differences among diabetic patients.
An ab initio molecular orbital study of the reaction NH2+NO → H2+N2O

Abstract Potential energy surface of the reaction NH 2 +NO → H 2 +N 2 O has been studied at several high levels of ab initio molecular orbital theory. The reaction pathway involves initially the formation without a barrier of a twisted non-planar H 2 N–NO nitrosamine intermediate, and a C s symmetry transition state, followed by a dihydrogen H 2 elimination to form the products. The reaction path bifurcates before the transition state. At MP4(SDTQ)/6-311G(2d,p)//CASSCF/6-31G(d,p) level of theory, the reaction barrier for this path is found to be +33.7 kcal/mol.
Designing a sun-pointing Faraday cup for solar probe plus

The NASA Solar Probe Plus (SPP) mission will be the first spacecraft to pass through the sub-Alfvenic solar corona. The objectives of the mission are to trace the flow of energy that heats and accelerates the solar corona and solar wind, to determine the structure and dynamics of the plasma and magnetic fields at the sources of the solar wind, and to explore mechanisms that accelerate and transport energetic particles. The Solar Wind Electrons, Alphas, and Protons (SWEAP) Investigation instrument suite on SPP will measure the bulk solar wind conditions in the inner heliosphere. SWEAP consists of the Solar Probe Cup (SPC), a sun-pointing Faraday Cup, and the Solar Probe ANalyzers (SPAN), a set of 3 electrostatic analyzers that will reside in the penumbra of SPP's thermal protection system and measure solar wind ions and electrons. SPP is scheduled to launch in 2018 into an equatorial solar orbit where a sequence of Venus gravity assists will gradually lower its closest solar approach to within 9.5 solar radii (RS) of the center of the Sun. The photon flux at 9.5 RS is more than 500 times greater than at 1 AU and therefore presents a design challenge for SPC, which will point directly at the Sun. SPC is derived from the Faraday cup instruments successfully flown on spacecraft from the beginning of the space age, but updated with high temperature materials to operate through the solar encounters. Current work includes both instrument design and the development of a testing approach capable of demonstrating adequate performance in encounter conditions. This paper will briefly discuss the suite as a whole, and then focus on the design and capabilities of SPC. We will also present the planned calibration and characterization of the instrument and the testing required to demonstrate the technological readiness of the design.
MANIP: a computer system for algebra and analytic differentiation

A mathematical expression written in FORTRAN notation is stored in the computer as a string of BCD characters. The algebra program operates exhaustively on the expression according to standard laws of algebra which have been translated into a complicated set of logical decision rules for manipulating character sequences. Similarly, the differentiation program finds partial and mixed partial derivatives of any order. Most numeric and algebraic operations are performed automatically. A number of pseudo instructions is available and provides additional flexibility.
Human epithelial cells cultured from urine: Growth properties and keratin staining

Epithelial cells can be cultured from the urine of newborn infants, providing a simple, noninvasive biopsy method. We established such cultures by standard techniques from 44% of uncontaminated specimens obtained from newborn infants up to 1 week of age. There was an average of three colonies per milliliter of urine. Many cultures accomplished 15 to 25 population doublings in as many as five subcultures and yielded total potential culture sizes of 10(4) to 6 x 10(8) cells. Plating efficiency was high at each passage. The cultures displayed two morphologically distinct epithelial cell types. Immunofluorescent staining of keratin fibers in most of these cells further identified them as epithelial.
Jurassic Magmatism and Tectonics of the North American Cordillera

The relationship of Jurassic magmatic arc rocks to the tectonic evolution of the North American Cordilleran continental margin is a principle theme of Geological Society of America Special Paper 299. The volume gives readers a comprehensive view of the early stages of magmatic arc evolution on a continental margin and is a tribute to the contributions of Richard Lee Armstrong, whose pioneering studies provide a framework for current geologic investigations of the North American Cordillera.
13C-NMR off-resonance rotating frame spin-lattice relaxation studies of bovine lens γ-crystallin self association: effect of ‘macromolecular crowding’

Abstract The NMR technique of 13C off-resonance rotating frame spin-lattice relaxation, which provides an accurate assessment of the effective rotational correlation time (τ0,eff) for macromolecular rotational diffusion, was applied to the study of γ-crystallin association as a function of protein concentration and temperature. Values of the effective rotational correlation time for γ-crystallin rotational diffusion were obtained at moderate to high protein concentrations (80–350 mg/ml) and at temperatures above, and below, the cold cataract phase transition temperature. With increasing concentration γ-crystallin was observed to increasingly associate as reflected by larger values of τ0,eff Decreasing temperature in the range of 35 to 22°C was found to result in no change in the temperature corrected value of τ0,eff at a γ-crystallin concentration of 80 mg/ml, whereas at temperatures of 18°C or below, this parameter was approx. twofold larger, suggesting the occurrence of a well defined phase transition, which correlated well with the cold cataract phase transition temperature. At higher protein concentrations, by contrast, τ0,eff (temperature corrected) was found to increase by approx. 1.6- to 2-times in the temperature interval 35°C to 22°C, a result consistent with the dependence of the cold cataract phase transition temperature on γ-crystallin concentration. Analysis of intensity ratio dispersion curves, using an assumed model of isodesmic association, permitted the estimation of the association constant characterizing the aggregation under particular conditions of concentration and temperature. The significant increase in the value of the association constant with moderate increases in protein concentration was rationalized by invoking the effect of ‘macromolecular crowding’. The results obtained in this study suggest that in the intact lens, where high protein concentrations prevail, γ-crystallin is unlikely to be found in the monomeric state, but more likely, as a significantly aggregated species, representing a broad molecular weight distribution.
Discussion of “Live Load Radial Moment Distribution for Horizontally Curved Bridges” by Woo Seok Kim, Jeffrey A. Laman, and Daniel G. Linzell

The authors state that two and three AASHTO HS25 trucks and lane loads were applied based on the bridge width and that “a trial and error protocol was established for radial truck position to establish critical wheel load paths.” Further, that “HL-93 loadings were systematically placed at 305 mm 1 ft. increments from the outside girder.” This raises several issues. HS25 trucks are associated with the AASHTO Standard Specifications while HL-93 loadings are associated with the AASTHO LRFD Code. It is not correct to mix the two in an analysis. It is not clear if the two codes have been somehow combined. Both the AASHTO Standard Specifications, 17th edition, Article 3.6.2, and LRFD Code, 4th edition, Article 3.6.1.1.1, require that truck and lane loads be positioned within 3.65-m 12-ft. wide lanes. It appears that this requirement has not been met in this study.
Triggering of the Ventilator in Patient-Ventilator Interactions

With current ventilator triggering design, in initiating ventilator breaths patient effort is only a small fraction of the total effort expended to overcome the inspiratory load. Similarly, advances in ventilator pressure or flow delivery and inspiratory flow termination improve patient effort or inspiratory muscle work during mechanical ventilation. Yet refinements in ventilator design do not necessarily allow optimal patient-ventilator interactions, as the clinician is key in managing patient factors and selecting appropriate ventilator factors to maintain patient-ventilator synchrony. In patient-ventilator interactions, unmatched patient flow demand by ventilator flow delivery results in flow asynchrony, whereas mismatches between mechanical inspiratory time (mechanical T(I)) and neural T(I) produce timing asynchrony. Wasted efforts are an example of timing asynchrony. In the triggering phase, trigger thresholds that are set too high or the type of triggering methods induces wasted efforts. Wasted efforts can be aggravated by respiratory muscle weakness or other conditions that reduce respiratory drive. In the post-triggering phase, ventilator factors play an important role in patient-ventilator interaction; this role includes the assistance level, set inspiratory flow rate, T(I), pressurization rate, and cycling-off threshold, and to some extent, applied PEEP. This paper proposes an algorithm that clinicians can use to adjust ventilator settings with the goal to eliminate or reduce patients' wasted efforts.
Physical metallurgy of nickel-base alloys as it relates to corrosion

In service environments ranging from high purity water to deep sour gas, the corrosion and embrittlement characteristics of nickel-base alloys have been found to be intimately related to the physical metallurgy of the alloys. Intergranular corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, corrosion fatigue, and hydrogen embrittlement have been associated with, for example, grain boundary microstructure and microchemistry, solute segregation, ordering phenomena, and so on. This presentation will treat each of the abovementioned issues, and, in addition, consider improvements in corrosion resistance that may be expected through advanced processing, such as rapid solidification technology (RST).
Training the developing brain, part I: cognitive developmental considerations for training youth

Based on the fundamental principles of pediatric exercise science and developmental physiology, childhood provides a critical window to develop the physical readiness of youth through age-related training programs that are designed purposely to teach and reinforce fundamental movement skills to enhance preparedness for physical activity and sport. Successful implementation of developmental programs requires age-related instruction by qualified professionals who understand the physical and psychosocial uniqueness of children and adolescents. An understanding of the interaction of physical and cognitive development is needed to design and implement training strategies that optimize training outcomes. Regular training with structured and integrative modalities throughout the developmental years as part of physical education, recreation, and sports practice can improve athletic performance while reducing common sports-related injuries and can facilitate the adoption of healthy lifestyles throughout adulthood. In this commentary, we outline cognitive developmental considerations in youth that may influence the design and implementation of training programs aimed at optimizing motor skill development in youth.
Magnitude estimates of distance based on object-size

At a fixed distance of 1.5 ft., varying sizes of vertical lines or circles were presented to S.Subjects estimated either apparent size or distance based on relative size. Estimates of line height and circle diameter yielded power functions with exponents of 0.97 and 0.98, respectively. Distance estimates were curvilinearly related to distance predicted from the size/distance ratio. This result is discussed in terms of non-Euclidean space and in relation to the nature of the judgmental task.
Effects of lsoflurane on Ouabain Toxicity in Canine Purkinje FibersComparison with Halothane

BACKGROUND Although halothane reduces digitalis toxicity, other anesthetics, notably cyclopropane, increase toxicity. This study determined the effects of isoflurane on digitalis toxicity in isolated cardiac tissue and compared these effects with those of halothane. METHODS Standard microelectrode techniques were used to record action potentials from excised canine Purkinje fibers. Fibers were paced at cycle lengths between 1,000 and 250 ms for 20 beats to induce delayed afterdepolarizations, which are membrane potential oscillations indicative of intracellular Na+ and Ca2+ overload, produced in these experiments by digitalis toxicity. The digitalis glycoside ouabain, 2 x 10(-7) M, was added to the Tyrode's solution superfusate to induce delayed after-depolarizations. Action potential variables and the coupling interval and amplitude of afterdepolarizations were then measured. Isoflurane (0.5%, 1%, or 2%) was added with a calibrated vaporizer (n = 8). In a second set of experiments (n = 10), isoflurane 1.25% or halothane 0.75% was added to the superfusate. After measurements had been made, the other agent was substituted. RESULTS Ouabain produced primary and secondary delayed afterdepolarizations, which were reduced in amplitude by isoflurane in a dose-related manner (P = 0.0002). Action potential duration to 90% repolarization was shortened by ouabain (P = 0.009) and remained shortened during isoflurane administration. Action potential duration to 50% repolarization was shortened by isoflurane 2%. Halothane and isoflurane were equally effective in reducing the amplitude of delayed afterdepolarizations (both P = 0.0002). In three fibers, triggered extrasystoles appeared. Halothane and isoflurane each abolished extrasystoles. In two fibers, sustained triggered activity appeared. Isoflurane abolished the arrhythmia in each fiber. CONCLUSIONS Isoflurane and halothane are equally effective in reducing delayed afterdepolarizations induced by ouabain toxicity.
Regulation of Late G1/S Phase Transition and APCCdh1 by Reactive Oxygen Species

Proliferating cells have a higher metabolic rate than quiescent cells. To investigate the role of metabolism in cell cycle progression, we examined cell size, mitochondrial mass, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in highly synchronized cell populations progressing from early G1 to S phase. We found that ROS steadily increased, compared to cell size and mitochondrial mass, through the cell cycle. Since ROS has been shown to influence cell proliferation and transformation, we hypothesized that ROS could contribute to cell cycle progression. Antioxidant treatment of cells induced a late-G1-phase cell cycle arrest characterized by continued cellular growth, active cyclin D-Cdk4/6 and active cyclin E-Cdk2 kinases, and inactive hyperphosphorylated pRb. However, antioxidant-treated cells failed to accumulate cyclin A protein, a requisite step for initiation of DNA synthesis. Further examination revealed that cyclin A continued to be ubiquitinated by the anaphase promoting complex (APC) and to be degraded by the proteasome. This antioxidant arrest could be rescued by overexpression of Emi1, an APC inhibitor. These observations reveal an intrinsic late-G1-phase checkpoint, after transition across the growth factor-dependent G1 restriction point, that links increased steady-state levels of endogenous ROS and cell cycle progression through continued activity of APC in association with Cdh1.
What can wave energy learn from offshore oil and gas

This title may appear rather presumptuous in the light of the progress made by the leading wave energy devices. However, there may still be some useful lessons to be learnt from current 'offshore' practice, and there are certainly some awful warnings from the past. Wave energy devices and the marine structures used in oil and gas exploration as well as production share a common environment and both are subject to wave, wind and current loads, which may be evaluated with well-validated, albeit imperfect, tools. Both types of structure can be designed, analysed and fabricated using similar tools and technologies. They fulfil very different missions and are subject to different economic and performance requirements; hence 'offshore' design tools must be used appropriately in wave energy project and system design, and 'offshore' cost data should be adapted for 'wave' applications. This article reviews the similarities and differences between the fields and highlights the differing economic environments; offshore structures are typically a small to moderate component of field development cost, while wave power devices will dominate overall system cost. The typical 'offshore' design process is summarized and issues such as reliability-based design and design of not normally manned structures are addressed. Lessons learned from poor design in the past are discussed to highlight areas where care is needed, and wave energy-specific design areas are reviewed. Opportunities for innovation and optimization in wave energy project and device design are discussed; wave energy projects must ultimately compete on a level playing field with other routes to low CO₂ energy and/or energy efficiency. This article is a personal viewpoint and not an expression of a ConocoPhillips position.
Are There Fixed Singularities in T 1

Nonforward scaling and the light-cone commutator are shown to require the existence of a Kronecker $\ensuremath{\delta}$ term in ${T}_{1}$. The present data may be consistent with the possibility that this Kronecker $\ensuremath{\delta}$ term vanishes at $t=0$ and ${q}^{2}=\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\infty}$. Analyticity implies a connection between scaling behavior and Regge behavior.
Scaled Lateralization of Alpha Activity During Linguistic and Musical Tasks

We have studied relative bilateral alpha activity over temporal-parietal sites in normal human Ss while they were engaged in either a musical task or one of three linguistic tasks of varying difficulty. Left/right alpha ratios were highest for the musical task, and tended to decrease progressively with increasingly difficult linguistic tasks.
Distinguishihg ionization from sulfur p-type lone pair orbitals and carbon π-molecular orbitals by he I/He II photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract He I and He II photoelectron spectra of methylthiomethylbenzene (2), 2-(1-nethylethylthio) ethylbenzene (3), 1-naphthalenemethanethiol (4), 1,1-dimethylethylthiobenzene (5), benzenethiol (6), and methylthiobenzene (7) are reported. Comparison of the He I and He II band areas for each compound provide a reliable basis for assigning the bands as due to photoionization from a carbon π-molecular orbital, sulfur p-type lone pair orbital, or mixed orbital.Ionization from a molecular orbital localized on sulfur results in a large decrease in intensity using He II compared with He I as the source relative to ionization from carbon π-molecular orbitals. Mixed orbitals with both sulfur and carbon character also give rise to diminished intensities in the He II versus He I spectra relative to pure carbon orbitais, but proportionately less decrease than pure sulfur orbitais.
Efficacy Evaluations on Five Chlorhexidine Teat Dip Formulations

Three developmental postmilking teat dip formulations containing chlorhexidine digluconate were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae in sequential experimental exposure trials. Two additional commercial chlorhexidine digluconate teat dip products were evaluated in natural exposure trials. Under conditions of experimental challenge, the developmental formulations were efficacious against Staph. aureus but did not significantly reduce incidence of new IMI by Strep. agalactiae. None of the three formulations of a conventional germicide used as teat sanitizers effectively reduced incidence of new Strep. agalactiae IMI under experimental challenge conditions. In the natural exposure trials with negative controls, a .35% chlorhexidine teat sanitizer had efficacy of 88.7% against Staph. aureus and 51.4% against Strep. agalactiae. The .5% chlorhexidine product reduced Staph. aureus and Strep. agalactiae IMI by 86 and 56%, respectively.
Incidence of delayed complications following percutaneous CT-guided biopsy of bone and soft tissue lesions of the spine and extremities: A 2-year prospective study and analysis of risk factors

Objective To prospectively evaluate the incidence of delayed complications (bleeding, pain, infection) following CT-guided biopsies of bone or soft tissue lesions and to identify risk factors that predispose to their occurrence.
How Light Water Reactors Figure into Negotiations with North Korea

North Korea badly needs energy assistance and has long wanted it in the form of light water reactors, creating a potential bargaining chip in the next round of discussions with Pyongyang.
λ-size silicon-based modulator

Electro-optic modulators have been identified as the key drivers for optical communication. With an ongoing miniaturization of photonic circuitries, an outstanding aim is to demonstrate an on-chip, ultra-compact, electro-optic modulator without sacrificing bandwidth and modulation strength. While silicon-based electro-optic modulators have been demonstrated, they require large device footprints of the order of millimeters as a result of weak non-linear electro-optical properties. The modulation strength can be increased by deploying a high-Q resonator, however with the trade-off of significantly sacrificing bandwidth. Furthermore, design challenges and temperature tuning limit the deployment of such resonance-based modulators. Recently, novel materials like Graphene have been investigated for electro-optic modulation applications with a 0.1 dB per micrometer modulation strength, while showing an improvement over pure silicon devices, this design still requires devices lengths of tens of micrometers due to the inefficient overlap between the Graphene layer and the optical mode of the silicon waveguide. Here we experimentally demonstrate an ultra-compact, Silicon-based, electro-optic modulator with a record-high 1dB per micrometer extinction ratio over a wide bandwidth range of 500 nm in ambient conditions. The device is based on a plasmonic Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) waveguide, which efficiently concentrates the optical modes’ electric field into a nanometer thin region comprised of an absorption coefficient-tuneable Indium-Tin-Oxide (ITO) layer. The modulation mechanism originates from electrically changing the free carrier concentration of the ITO layer. The seamless integration of such a strong optical beam modulation into an existing silicon-on-insulator platform bears significant potential towards broadband, compact and efficient communication links and circuits.
Human Alzheimer’s disease synaptic O-GlcNAc site mapping and iTRAQ expression proteomics with ion trap mass spectrometry

Neuronal synaptic functional deficits are linked to impaired learning and memory in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We recently demonstrated that O-GlcNAc, a novel cytosolic and nuclear carbohydrate post-translational modification, is enriched at neuronal synapses and positively regulates synaptic plasticity linked to learning and memory in mice. Reduced levels of O-GlcNAc have been observed in AD, suggesting a possible link to deficits in synaptic plasticity. Using lectin enrichment and mass spectrometry, we mapped several human cortical synaptic O-GlcNAc modification sites. Overlap in patterns of O-GlcNAcation between mouse and human appears to be high, as previously mapped mouse synaptic O-GlcNAc sites in Bassoon, Piccolo, and tubulin polymerization promoting protein p25 were identified in human. Novel O-GlcNAc modification sites were identified on Mek2 and RPN13/ADRM1. Mek2 is a signaling component of the Erk 1/2 pathway involved in synaptic plasticity. RPN13 is a component of the proteasomal degradation pathway. The potential interplay of phosphorylation with mapped O-GlcNAc sites, and possible implication of those sites in synaptic plasticity in normal versus AD states is discussed. iTRAQ is a powerful differential isotopic quantitative approach in proteomics. Pulsed Q dissociation (PQD) is a recently introduced fragmentation strategy that enables detection of low mass iTRAQ reporter ions in ion trap mass spectrometry. We optimized LTQ ion trap settings for PQD-based iTRAQ quantitation and demonstrated its utility in O-GlcNAc site mapping. Using iTRAQ, abnormal synaptic expression levels of several proteins previously implicated in AD pathology were observed in addition to novel changes in synaptic specific protein expression including Synapsin II.
New Components with On-Line Control to Improve Harmony Search

Harmony Search is a new metaheuristic technique that uses fixed improvisation based on music to solve hard problems. We propose in this paper a new method to dynamically control and adapt the improvisation for Harmony Search. The key idea is to adapt the improvisation according to the search evaluation. Our solution provides best results at an affordable computational cost. We illustrate our proposal using the well-known Multidimentional Knapsack Problem, and compare our results with existing Harmony Search algorithms.
Voltage clamping with single microelectrodes: Comparison of the discontinuous mode and continuous mode using the Axoclamp 2A amplifier

The voltage clamp technique is a powerful method for studying the physiology of excitable membrane. This technique has made possible the determination of ionic responses generated by activation of either receptor-mediated or voltage-dependent processes. The development of the whole-cell, ‘tight-seal’ voltage clamp method has allowed the analysis and examination of membrane physiology at the single cell level. The method allows the characterization of voltage-dependent ionic conductances both at the macroscopic (whole-cell) and at the microscopic (unitary conductance or single channel) level in cells less than 10 µm in diameter, a feat difficult to achieve with ‘conventional’ fine-tipped micropipettes.
Interleukin-17-induced Gene Expression in Articular Chondrocytes Is Associated with Activation of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinases and NF-κB

This study examines intracellular signaling events associated with the activation of chondrocytes by the cytokine interleukin-17 (IL-17). Stimulation of normal human articular chondrocytes with IL-17 induced nitric oxide (NO) production, concomitant with an increase in transcripts and de novotranslation products of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) genes. Several other genes associated with inflammation and cartilage degradation, such as IL-1β, IL-6, and stromelysin, were also up-regulated in IL-17-treated chondrocytes. Among signaling events displaying early response to IL-17 in chondrocytes were the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases ERK1, ERK2, JNK, and p38. DNA binding activity of NF-κB was also significantly induced. IL-17 effects on NO release, as well as iNOS, COX-2, and IL-6 protein expression, were inhibited by the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone. Importantly, dexamethasone blunted IL-17-dependent activation of MAP kinases, suggesting a mechanistic relationship between these activities and the aforementioned gene expression responses. Similar effects of a lesser extent were observed with the p38-specific inhibitor SB203580. These results suggest that IL-17 activation of chondrocytes is associated with and depends at least in part on the activation of MAP kinases and NF-κB.
Scoring diverse cellular morphologies in image-based screens with iterative feedback and machine learning

Many biological pathways were first uncovered by identifying mutants with visible phenotypes and by scoring every sample in a screen via tedious and subjective visual inspection. Now, automated image analysis can effectively score many phenotypes. In practical application, customizing an image-analysis algorithm or finding a sufficient number of example cells to train a machine learning algorithm can be infeasible, particularly when positive control samples are not available and the phenotype of interest is rare. Here we present a supervised machine learning approach that uses iterative feedback to readily score multiple subtle and complex morphological phenotypes in high-throughput, image-based screens. First, automated cytological profiling extracts hundreds of numerical descriptors for every cell in every image. Next, the researcher generates a rule (i.e., classifier) to recognize cells with a phenotype of interest during a short, interactive training session using iterative feedback. Finally, all of the cells in the experiment are automatically classified and each sample is scored based on the presence of cells displaying the phenotype. By using this approach, we successfully scored images in RNA interference screens in 2 organisms for the prevalence of 15 diverse cellular morphologies, some of which were previously intractable.
Hypocognition, a “Sense of the Uncanny,” and the Anthropology of Ambiguity: Reflections on Robert I. Levy's Contribution to Theories of Experience in Anthropology

This article examines how Levy's pioneering work in Tahitians on hypocognition, feeling, and sensation can contribute to recent attempts in anthropological theorizing to address the problematic relationship between “culture” and “experience.” Informed by the phenomenologically oriented works of the likes of Dilthey, Husserl, Schutz, and Merleau-Ponty, this growing body of literature in anthropology has become increasingly concerned with clarifying the relationships between culture and “objective” and “pre-objective” modes of “lived experience.” This article suggests that in many ways Levy can be understood as one of the first anthropologists to systematically investigate this relationship ethnographically with his focused attention on the role that culture plays in differentially articulating patterns of conceptualization and sensation in the structuring of experience cross-culturally.
A Closer Examination of the Academic Benefits of AP

ABSTRACT The authors sought to better understand the relationship between students participating in the Advanced Placement (AP) program and subsequent performance on the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT). Focusing on students graduating from U.S. public high schools in 2010, the authors used propensity scores to match junior year AP examinees in 3 subjects to similar students who did not take any AP exams in high school. Multilevel regression models with these matched samples demonstrate a mostly positive relationship between AP exam participation and senior year SAT performance, particularly for students who score a 3 or higher. Students who enter into the AP year with relatively lower initial achievement are predicted to perform slightly better on later SAT tests than students with similar initial achievement who do not participate in AP.
Inflammatory processes and Alzheimer’s disease

The inflammatory hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease, which states that anti-inflammatory drugs could have beneficial effects on the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease, has been extensively investigated in clinical, epidemiological and basic research studies over the last 20 years. However, despite much hope, the hypothesis remains unproven. Although the results from the first small clinical trial with an anti-inflammatory agent in Alzheimer’s disease appeared promising, subsequent trials with a variety of anti-inflammatory agents have failed to show beneficial effects. There are many potential reasons for this including drug selection, drug dose, timing and duration of treatment. This article reviews evidence in support of the inflammatory hypothesis in Alzheimer’s disease, as well as the progress of clinical trials using specific anti-inflammatory treatment regimens. It is concluded that such treatments should not be recommended, although additional investigation is warranted.
Potential difference responses to secretory K+, Na+ and HCO3− changes in secreting and resting states of frog stomach in Cl−-free media

Abstract The effects of changes in secretory concentrations of K + , Na + and HCO 3 − on transmucosal potential difference (PD) and resistance in Cl − -free (SO 4 2− ) solutions were compared for secreting fundus and resting fundus of Rana pipiens . In the resting fundus experiments, histamine was not present in the nutrient solution and cimetidine was primarily used to obtain acid inhibition. Increase of K + from 4 to 80 mM, decrease of Na + from 156 to 15.6 mM and decrease of HCO 3 − from 25 to 5 mM gave, 10 min after the change, in the secreting fundus Δ PD values of 39.7, −11.9 and 3.2 mV, respectively. In the resting fundus, 1.5 to 2 h after the addition of cimetidine, the same changes in secretory ion concentration gave Δ PD values of 12.2, −5.6 and 1.5 mV, respectively. Replacement of cimetidine with SCN and without histamine yielded a Δ PD somewhat lower than that in cimetidine, namely 9 mV for a K + change from 4 to 80 mM. Subsequent addition of histamine with SCN present gave a Δ PD of about 21 mV. The change in PD was attributed to histamine increasing the secretory membrane area, leading to an increase in K + conductance. Another possibility is that histamine increases the K + conductance per se.
Quantitative changes in the morphology of the aging canine prostate

Sterological methods at the light and electron microscopic levels were used to examine the morphological changes in the beagle prostate associated with inceasing age and with the occurrence of spontaneous benign hyperplasia. Analyses of semithin sections of tissue embedded in plastic revealed that proliferation of prostatic glandular and stromal components, increase in epithelial cell numbers, and increase in epithelial cell size all contributed to the dramatic increase in prostate weight seen in aging dogs. Analyses at the electron microscopic level revealed that the volume densities of rough endoplasmic reticulum and secretion granules were significantly lower in epithelial cells of the immature prostate than in the prostate of mature dogs (greater than 1.5 years of age). In contrast, no significant difference were seen in the volume densities of rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, secretion granules, smooth endoplsmic reticulum, or mitochondria in randomly selected prostatic epithelial cells of dogs 1.5 to 9 years of age, whether or not the prostates were hyperplastic.