cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dissolved carbon dioxide in basaltic glasses: concentrations and speciation

Carbon dioxide dissolved in both synthetic Ca±Mg-bearing silicate glasses and natural basaltic glasses has been characterized using infrared spectroscopy. CO_2 is inferred to be dissolved in these glasses as distorted Ca or Mg carbonate ionic complexes that result in unique infrared absorption bands at 1515 cm^(−1) and 1435 cm^(−1). This speciation contrasts with the case of CO_2-bearing sodium aluminosilicate glasses, which contain both dissolved molecular CO_2 and dissolved Na-carbonate ionic-complexes. The difference in speciation in Ca±Mg-bearing melts may result in part from a higher activity of oxygens that react with CO_2 molecules to produce carbonate. Dissolved CO_2 contents of natural basaltic glasses can be determined from the intensities of the carbonate absorption bands at 1515 cm^(−1) and 1435 cm^(−1). The uncertainty of the method is estimated to be ± 15% of the amount present. The infrared technique is a powerful tool for the measurement of dissolved CO_2 contents in natural basaltic glasses since it is non-destructive, can be aimed at regions of glass a few tens of microns in size, and can discriminate between dissolved carbonate and carbon present as carbonate alteration, contained in fluid inclusions, or adsorbed on the glass. A set of submarine basaltic glasses dredged from a variety of locations contain 0–400 ppm dissolved CO_2, measured using the infrared technique. These concentrations are lower than most previous reports for similar basaltic glasses. No general relationship is observed between dissolved CO_2 content and depth of magmatic eruption, although some correlation might be present in restricted geographic locales.
The cyclopean ear: a new sense for the praying mantis

The praying mantis, thought to be deaf, possesses a sensitive and specialized acoustic sense. Neural recordings show that the auditory system responds primarily to ultrasound between 25 and 45 kilohertz with thresholds of 55 to 60 decibels. Other insects with auditory tympana possess paired, laterally placed ears; the mantis has only a single ear that is located in the ventral midline between the metathoracic legs. Some species of mantis abruptly and dramatically alter their flight path when stimulated with ultrasonic pulses, suggesting a behavioral response to insectivorous echo-locating bats.
Population Genetics Models of Local Ancestry

Migrations have played an important role in shaping the genetic diversity of human populations. Understanding genomic data thus requires careful modeling of historical gene flow. Here we consider the effect of relatively recent population structure and gene flow and interpret genomes of individuals that have ancestry from multiple source populations as mosaics of segments originating from each population. This article describes general and tractable models for local ancestry patterns with a focus on the length distribution of continuous ancestry tracts and the variance in total ancestry proportions among individuals. The models offer improved agreement with Wright–Fisher simulation data when compared to the state-of-the art and can be used to infer time-dependent migration rates from multiple populations. Considering HapMap African-American (ASW) data, we find that a model with two distinct phases of “European” gene flow significantly improves the modeling of both tract lengths and ancestry variances.
Global Transcriptome Analysis of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 Exposed to Different Terminal Electron Acceptors

To gain insight into the complex structure of the energy-generating networks in the dissimilatory metal reducer Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, global mRNA patterns were examined in cells exposed to a wide range of metal and non-metal electron acceptors. Gene expression patterns were similar irrespective of which metal ion was used as electron acceptor, with 60% of the differentially expressed genes showing similar induction or repression relative to fumarate-respiring conditions. Several groups of genes exhibited elevated expression levels in the presence of metals, including those encoding putative multidrug efflux transporters, detoxification proteins, extracytoplasmic sigma factors and PAS-domain regulators. Only one of the 42 predicted c-type cytochromes in MR-1, SO3300, displayed significantly elevated transcript levels across all metal-reducing conditions. Genes encoding decaheme cytochromes MtrC and MtrA that were previously linked to the reduction of different forms of Fe(III) and Mn(IV), exhibited only slight decreases in relative mRNA abundances under metal-reducing conditions. In contrast, specific transcriptome responses were displayed to individual non-metal electron acceptors resulting in the identification of unique groups of nitrate-, thiosulfate- and TMAO-induced genes including previously uncharacterized multi-cytochrome gene clusters. Collectively, the gene expression results reflect the fundamental differences between metal and non-metal respiratory pathways of S. oneidensis MR-1, where the coordinate induction of detoxification and stress response genes play a key role in adaptation of this organism under metal-reducing conditions. Moreover, the relative paucity and/or the constitutive nature of genes involved in electron transfer to metals is likely due to the low-specificity and the opportunistic nature of the metal-reducing electron transport pathways. Metal ion reducing microbes play a central role in the biogeochemical cycling of key elements by coupling the reduction of insoluble metal oxides to the oxidation of the organic carbon. Microbial metal reduction has been identified as an effective means for immobilizing heavy metals and radionuclides in situ thus preventing their migration in the environment. Among metal ion reducing bacteria, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 is notable due to its extensive respiratory versatility. In addition to O2, this bacterium can respire various organic and inorganic substrates, including fumarate, nitrate, nitrite, thiosulfate, elemental sulfur, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), anthraquinone-2,6-disulphonate (AQDS), as well as various soluble and solid metal electron acceptors such as chromium, cobalt, iron, manganese, technetium, uranium, and vanadium (12, 27, 34).
Non-disclosing preimplantation genetic diagnosis for Huntington disease.

Objectives Individuals at risk for Huntington disease face difficult decisions regarding their reproductive options. Most do not wish to pass on the gene for Huntington disease to their children, but may not be prepared themselves to undergo presymptomatic testing and learn their genetic status. For these reasons, many at-risk individuals with a family history of HD would choose a method of genetic diagnosis that would assure them that they can have children unaffected with HD without revealing their own genetic status (non-disclosing). We have shown that, with a carefully designed and executed programme of non-disclosing preimplantation genetic testing, one can successfully assist at-risk couples to have their own biological children who are free from Huntington disease, without forcing parents to confront knowledge of their own genetic status. Methods Couples where one partner was at 50% risk for Huntington disease underwent in vitro fertilization with preimplantation embryo biopsy and molecular analysis for Huntington disease where appropriate. Results After extensive counselling and informed consent, 10 couples underwent 13 in vitro fertilization and two frozen embryo transfer cycles in a programme for non-disclosing preimplantation genetic diagnosis for Huntington disease. In 11 cycles, embryos determined to be free of Huntington disease were transferred, resulting in five clinical pregnancies. One set of twins and three singleton pregnancies have delivered. One pregnancy resulted in a first-trimester loss. Conclusions The option of non-disclosing preimplantation genetic diagnosis should be reviewed, along with other relevant medical options, when counselling at-risk Huntington disease families. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interactions between a Nuclear Transporter and a Subset of Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins Depend on Ran GTPase

Proteins to be transported into the nucleus are recognized by members of the importin-karyopherin nuclear transport receptor family. After docking at the nuclear pore complex (NPC), the cargo-receptor complex moves through the aqueous pore channel. Once cargo is released, the importin then moves back through the channel for new rounds of transport. Thus, importin and exportin, another member of this family involved in export, are thought to continuously shuttle between the nuclear interior and the cytoplasm. In order to understand how nuclear transporters traverse the NPC, we constructed functional protein fusions between several members of the yeast importin family, including Pse1p, Sxm1p, Xpo1p, and Kap95p, and the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Complexes containing nuclear transporters were isolated by using highly specific anti-GFP antibodies. Pse1-GFP was studied in the most detail. Pse1-GFP is in a complex with importin-alpha and -beta (Srp1p and Kap95p in yeast cells) that is sensitive to the nucleotide-bound state of the Ran GTPase. In addition, Pse1p associates with the nucleoporins Nsp1p, Nup159p, and Nup116p, while Sxm1p, Xpo1p, and Kap95p show different patterns of interaction with nucleoporins. Association of Pse1p with nucleoporins also depends on the nucleotide-bound state of Ran; when Ran is in the GTP-bound state, the nucleoporin association is lost. A mutant form of Pse1p that does not bind Ran also fails to interact with nucleoporins. These data indicate that transport receptors such as Pse1p interact in a Ran-dependent manner with certain nucleoporins. These nucleoporins may represent major docking sites for Pse1p as it moves in or out of the nucleus via the NPC.
Effect of Phosphate and pH on Streptococcus mutans Acid Production and Growth

The effect of phosphate concentration and the initial pH of bacteriologic media on acid production and bacterial growth of Streptococcus mutans was studied. There was an inhibition of acid production and bacterial growth with an increase in concentrations of phosphate, particularly when the initial pH of the media was 8.0. At a pH of 6.5 the effect was minimal.
Orally Active and Selective Tubulin Inhibitors as Anti-Trypanosome Agents

Objectives There is an urgent need to develop a safe, effective, orally active, and inexpensive therapy for African trypanosomiasis due to the drawbacks of current drugs. Selective tubulin inhibitors have the potential to be promising drug candidates for the treatment of this disease, which is based on the tubulin protein structural difference between mammalian and trypanosome cells. We propose to identify novel tubulin inhibitors from a compound library developed based on the lead compounds that selectively target trypanosomiasis. Methods We used Trypanosoma brucei brucei as the parasite model, and human normal kidney cells and mouse microphage cells as the host model. Growth rates of both trypanosomes and mammalian cells were determined as a means to screen compounds that selectively inhibit the proliferation of parasites. Furthermore, we examined the cell cycle profile of the parasite and compared tubulin polymerization dynamics before and after the treatment using identified compounds. Last, in vivo anti-parasite activities of these compounds were determined in T. brucei-infected mice. Results Three compounds were selected that are 100 fold more effective against the growth of T. brucei cells than mammalian cells. These compounds caused cell cycle progression defects in T. brucei cells. Western analyses indicated that these compounds decreased tubulin polymerization in T. brucei cells. The in vivo investigation revealed that these compounds, when admitted orally, inhibited T. brucei cell proliferation in mouse blood. However, they were not potent enough to clear up the infection completely. Conclusions These compounds are promising lead compounds as orally active agents for drug development of anti-trypanosome agents. A more detail structure activity relationship (SAR) was summarized that will be used to guide future lead optimization to improve the selectivity and potency of the current compounds.
The Influence of Academic Tracking on Adolescent Social Networks

This study examined adolescents’ social capital, through social network analyses (i.e., ego network analyses), in two high schools where students were placed into academic tracks adopted by the schools and shaped by disability status (i.e., general education, co-taught, segregated special education classrooms). The impact of academic tracks, as well as the impact of personal and environmental characteristics, on ego networks was examined. Differences in ego network structural characteristics (i.e., network size, density, effective size, and efficiency) across academics tracks, differences in information communication technology (ICT) use, and participation in informal social activity for students in the segregated special education track are highlighted. Implications for research and practice, including supporting the use of ICT and ego network mapping during instruction, are provided.
Resourcefulness In Action: The Case Of Global Diversity Management

This chapter investigates how the suppression of these hairstyle choices also suppresses authenticity and therefore damages black women's ability to be fully effective in the workplace. It discusses the importance of authenticity and address how appearance norms may contribute to inauthenticity and then considers its costs. After establishing this backdrop, the author uses a Positive Organizational Scholarship (POS) lens to explore how encouraging employees express their authentic identities. To be considered professional, many black women must suppress their authenticity or live in fear of negative ramifications. Rather than merely trying to avoid these negative consequences, it is more helpful to consider the benefits of encouraging authenticity in the workplace a perspective available through the POS lens. In essence, the benefits of authenticity are not limited to those who are traditionally identified as minorities. Finally, encouraging authenticity in the workplace could contribute to an organizational culture in which self-expression is valued and encouraged.
Risk of Antiepileptic Drug Withdrawal in Tuebrous Sclerosis

Of 122 children with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) followed at Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, 106 (86.9%) had a history of epilepsy.
Condoning discrimination: The effects of dominance and authoritarianism are moderated by different ways of reasoning about antigay discriminatory acts

Many studies have focused on mediated paths by which social dominance orientation (SDO) and right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) predict prejudice; fewer have identified factors that moderate their effects. We applied social cognitive domain theory to test whether different ways of reasoning about antigay discriminatory acts moderated the association between SDO, RWA, and condoning antigay discrimination. Moral reasoning (e.g., emphasizing fairness, equality) and personal reasoning (e.g., emphasizing individual interests, qualifications) attenuated the association between SDO, RWA, and condoning discriminatory resource denial in general and religious-specific contexts. Conventional reasoning (e.g., emphasizing group norms, rules) magnified the association between SDO, RWA, and condoning resource denial, but only in a religious-specific context. Findings highlight the need to examine moderators of SDO and RWA effects in effort to disrupt discrimination by those most likely to engage in it.
Rainfall Input for Distributed Hydrologic Modeling: The Case for Radar

Physically-based distributed parameter hydrologic models are very sensitive to rainfall input. Inaccuracies in the space-time description of rainfall are typically amplified through runoff predictions. Rain gages do not represent ground truth for rainfall at the watershed scale because they are truly point samples while watersheds are more sensitive to the spatial distribution of rainfall. The use of rain gage data necessitates spatial interpolation of the rainfall field. Weather radars provide an indication of areally-averaged precipitation within the radar pulse-volume. Unfortunately, there are no unique relations between the radar observables and the rainfall rate. Furthermore, radar-rainfall estimates are contaminated by a host of random and systematic error sources. In this study, we examine the impact of each separate source of radar-rainfall estimation error on runoff predictions from the hydrologic model CASC2D. Two different approaches are used. First, S-band single- and dual-polarization radar observations of the extreme warm-rain convective storm that impacted Fort Collins, Colorado, on July 28, 1997, are converted to rainfall rates using published algorithms. Secondly, a physically based atmospheric model of convective rainfall is coupled with an active microwave radiative transfer model to simulate radar observations of a thunderstorm. This methodology allows direct assignment of radar-rainfall errors. Results address the relative importance of random and systematic errors, including range effects and vertical profile of reflectivity, on runoff predictions. Additionally, simulations driven by rain gage and radar-rainfall input are compared to illustrate the impact of the different sampling characteristics on model performance.
Navigation and Control Problems for Classes of Micro Air Vehicles

Micro air vehicles are being used increasingly for tasks that are conducted in remote or confined environments. These vehicles must be agile, adaptable to changing and uncertain environments, and able to coordinate effectively in groups. In order to address these requirements, different types of micro air vehicles have been developed that contain their own sets of challenges and requirements for controlled flight. This paper discusses the navigation and control issues related to three classes of micro air vehicles - vehicles that use shrouded or isolated rotors, those that employ large changes in the airframe shape through active or passive means, and those that create a ”virtual” shape change through the use of spatially distributed actuators. Strategies for vehicle stabilization and tracking are presented, and, where possible, illustrated with simulation and/or experimental results.
Finite-element analysis for model parameters distributed on a hierarchy of geometric simplices

ABSTRACTA resurgence of interest in the problem of electrical or electromagnetic scattering from thin conductors, either on a line or in a plane, has been motivated in recent years by time-lapse fracture monitoring in the near surface, enhanced geothermal reservoirs, and unconventional hydrocarbon plays. However, finite-element modeling of small electrical features in large computational domains results in a disproportionately large number of elements concentrated in a volumetrically insignificant fraction of the mesh, and it focuses computational resources away from areas of interest elsewhere, such as receiver locations. We have developed a novel hierarchical electrical model is proposed for unstructured tetrahedral finite-element meshes, in which the usual volume-based conductivity on tetrahedra is augmented by facet- and edge-based conductivity on the infinitesimally thin regions between elements. Doing so allows a slender borehole casing of arbitrary shape to be coarsely approximated by set of connec...
Player rotation, on-Court performance and game outcomes in ncaa men's basketball

Coaches differ in in how they use the talents of their players and player rotation is among their most strategically important game management levers; some substitute sparingly while others routine...
Association between an increase in blood urea nitrogen at 24 hours and worse outcomes in acute nonvariceal upper GI bleeding

Background and Aims An increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) at 24 hours is a solitary and significant predictor of mortality in patients with acute pancreatitis, which may predict worse outcomes in the similarly resuscitation-requiring condition of acute nonvariceal upper GI bleeding (UGIB). The aim of our study was to assess whether an increase in BUN at 24 hours is predictive of worse clinical outcomes in acute nonvariceal UGIB. Methods A retrospective cohort study including patients admitted to an academic hospital from 2004 to 2014 was conducted. An increase in BUN was defined as an increase in BUN at 24 hours of hospitalization compared with BUN at presentation. The primary outcome was a composite of inpatient death, inpatient rebleeding, need for surgical or radiologic intervention, or endoscopic reintervention. Associations between BUN change and outcomes were assessed via the Pearson χ 2 test and the Fisher exact test and via logistic regression for adjusted analyses. Results There were 357 patients included in the analysis with a mean age of 64 years; 54% were men. The mean change in BUN was –10.1 mg/dL (standard deviation, 12.7 mg/dL). Patients with an increased BUN (n = 37 [10%]) were significantly more likely to experience the composite outcome (22% vs 9%, P = .014), including an increased risk of inpatient death (8% vs 1%, P = .004), compared with patients with a decreased or unchanged BUN (n = 320 [90%]). In a logistic regression model adjusting for the AIMS65 score, an increase in BUN was independently associated with an increased risk for the composite outcome (odds ratio, 2.75; P = .026). Conclusion Increasing BUN at 24 hours likely reflects under resuscitation and is a predictor of worse outcomes in patients with acute nonvariceal UGIB.
Living Well and Living Green: Participant Conceptualizations of Green Citizenship

For many people, sustainable behavior can be clearly articulated through an array of consumer choices made every day based on: where products come from, the environmental impact of the ingredients in household products, and how products are disposed of at the end of their life cycle. But outside of consumerism, are there other avenues an individual might explore in the pursuit of living a sustainable lifestyle? In an activity called Conceptual Content Cognitive Mapping (3CM) completed by environmentally-concerned academics and professionals, this study asked what it means to be a green citizen. Green citizenship, as understood and lived by our participants, transcends multiple levels of involvement that extend beyond consumer behavior. Green citizens embrace their individual agency to affect change, while recognizing the socially embedded nature of their actions. Beyond the support of community networks, green citizens also identify higher institutional structures as both conduits and barriers to change. Implications for constructing supportive pathways to sustainable participation focusing on the whole citizen, rather than just the consumer, will be discussed.
Case 22 Caustic Ingestion in a Toddler

A 3–year-old girl ingests a cleaning product in her home which is intended for use in the industrial setting. The clinical effects, workup, and management of caustic ingestions are discussed.
Fast neutron project at Fermilab

The Cancer Therapy Facility (CTF) at Fermilab has been using fast neutrons in cancer treatment since 1976. The neutrons produced by a proton beryllium interaction [p(66 MeV) Be (2.21 cm)] have a mean energy of 25 MeV. The depth dose distribution resembles that of a 4-MeV photon beam. The patients mainly had advanced and recurrent cancer of the head and neck or glioblastoma multiforme. The therapy was by neutrons alone or neutron boost. The normal tissue reaction was similar to that expected from a radical course of photons. The tumour response is analysed by site. The past experiences and ongoing studies are discussed.
Consultant social design, austerity and citizenry

Social design has emerged as a broad set of designerly approaches to societal challenges. With falling public sector budgets and failing economies, social design, as carried through professional, c...
LEADLESS PACEMAKER IN LYME CARDITIS

The majority of patients with lyme carditis require pacing for a variable duration. A 22-year-old male presented with a history of a recent tick bite, fever, rash and presyncope. ECG at admission showed complete heart block, with right bundle branch block escape rhythm. An echocardiogram revealed
Creative Approaches to Preserving Biodiversity in Brazil and the Amazon

Brazil is a country with substantial biodiversity, despite well-documented failures of environmental management. Its creative approaches to preserving biodiversity are less well known and will be covered in this chapter. These include the concepts of extractive reserves and multi-scaled environmental protection networks. International actors have often been crucial supports for these efforts, but their success depends on strong domestic partners, including an increasingly important judicial system.
Intraoperative Doppler color flow mapping for assessment of ischemic mitral regurgitation

Mitral regurgitation in a common finding in patients with ischemic heart disease, accompanying more than 30% of myocardial infarctions [8, 9]. In some cases, regurgitation results solely from ischemia-related abnormalities, including annular dilatation, papillary muscle or myocardial scarring, or rupture of chordae or papillary muscle. In other cases, mitral regurgitation is the result of preexisiting mitral pathology such as myxomatous degeneration, endocarditis and congenital anomalies, with or without additional ischemic damage. Recognizing that the mitral apparatus includes many interdependent segments, from leaflets to annulus to chordae and ventricular myocardium, it can be expected that regurgitation may result from abnormalities of any one or of a combination of these. In addition, reversible dysfunction due to myocardial ischemia may contribute to the regurgitation; in the uncommon case where active ischemia but not infarction is responsible for the insufficiency, revascularization alone may be adequate to correct the regurgitation. The choice of surgical therapy for the valvular insufficiency depends upon the specific nature and extent of the abnormality as well as the accompanying ventricular function and regional wall motion.
CHAPTER 15 – LARGE-SCALE MATRIX COMPUTATIONS IN CONTROL: KRYLOV SUBSPACE METHODS

This chapter presents large-scale matrix computations and a class of classical methods known as the Krylov subspace methods that have been found to be suitable for sparse matrix computations. The reason is that these methods can be implemented using matrix-vector multiplications only. Therefore, the sparsity in the original problem can be preserved. The examples are the Generalized Minimal Residual and the Quasi-Minimal Residual methods for linear systems problem; the Arnoldi, Lanezos, the Jaeobi-Davidson methods; and several variants of them such as the restarted and block Arnoldi methods and band Lanezos method for eigenvalue problems. It is only natural to develop algorithms for large-scale control problems using these effective large-scale techniques of matrix computations. The chapter briefly describes the basic Arnoldi and Lanczos methods to facilitate the understanding of how these methods are applied to solve large-scale control problems. The chapter aims to show the readers how these modem iterative numerical methods can be gainfully employed to solve some of the large and sparse matrix problems arising in control.
A Theoretical Foundation of Network Localization and Navigation

Network localization and navigation (NLN) is a promising paradigm, in which mobile nodes exploit spatiotemporal cooperation, to provide reliable location information for a diverse range of wireless applications. This paper presents a theoretical foundation of NLN, including a mathematical formulation for NLN, an introduction of equivalent Fisher information analysis, and determination of the fundamental limits of localization accuracy. Key ingredients such as spatiotemporal cooperation, array signal processing, and map exploitation are then studied. We also develop a geometric interpretation to provide insights into the essence of NLN for network design. Finally, the paper highlights the connection between the theoretical foundation and algorithm development for NLN, guiding the design and operation of practical localization systems.
Simultaneous detection of beta and gamma human herpesviruses by multiplex qPCR reveals simple infection and coinfection episodes increasing risk for graft rejection in solid organ transplantation

Herpesviruses are common components of the human microbiome that become clinically relevant when a competent immunosurveillance is compromised, such as in transplantation. Members of the beta and gamma subfamilies are associated with a wide diversity of pathologies, including end-organ disease and cancer. In this study, we developed a multiplex qPCR technique with high specificity, sensitivity, efficiency and predictability that allowed the simultaneous detection and quantification of beta and gamma human herpesviruses. The technique was tested in a cohort of 34 kidney- or liver-transplanted pediatric patients followed up for up to 12 months post-transplant. Viral load was determined in 495 leukocyte-plasma paired samples collected bi-weekly or monthly. Human herpesvirus (HHV) 7 was the herpesvirus most frequently found in positive samples (39%), followed by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (20%). Also, EBV and HHV7 were present in the majority of coinfection episodes (62%). The share of positive samples exclusively detected either in leukocytes or plasma was 85%, suggesting that these herpesviruses tended to take a latent or lytic path in an exclusive manner. Infection by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and HHV6, as well as coinfection by EBV/HHV7 and EBV/HHV6/HHV7, were associated with graft rejection (RR = 40.33 (p = 0.0013), 5.60 (p = 0.03), 5.60 (p = 0.03) and 17.64 (p = 0.0003), respectively). The routine monitoring of beta and gamma herpesviruses should be mandatory in transplant centers to implement preventive strategies.
Process Bus Network Flow Modeling for Protective Relaying Testing in IEC 61850-Based Substation

Testing is very important to the dependability, reliability and security of the protective relaying system. In order to increase the testing efficiency and improve the reliability of the protective relaying system, a process bus network flow model, including a network connection model, a publishing model, a subscribing model and a port communication model, is developed in this paper. Based on the process bus network flow model, a fault location method and a method for intelligent electronic device (IED) automatic isolation are proposed. In order to verify the accuracy of the developed models and proposed methods, a simplified protective relaying system of an IEC 61850-based substation is employed to present a case study. The proposed models and methods are applied to the case and the fault location results and IED isolation plan generating results demonstrate that the proposed models and methods have enough accuracy and can increase the efficiency of protective relaying testing.
A Personal Perspective on Chemical Biology: Before the Beginning

This perspective represents a brief personal account of early days before “chemical biology” emerged as a field of inquiry. Imagine a time when oligomers of DNA could not be synthesized and the order of the TACG letters in DNA could not be sequenced. Even the high resolution structure of the DNA double helix was not yet determined. 1975 was a time when there was a deep chasm between chemistry and biology. Chemists with precise knowledge of all the atoms in natural product architectures looked with dismay at the imprecise messy world of biology. Water was to be avoided! My view was that the power of synthetic organic chemistry should be used to create function, synthesis with a purpose. Our organic group at Caltech would embrace molecular recognition of biologics in water as a frontier for chemistry. We dreamed of inventing small molecules that would control the activity of macromolecules such as DNA, proteins and carbohydrates in living cells. We chemists would sky dive into the messy world of biology.
Plasmonically Enhanced Nonlinear Generation via a Hybridized Nanopatch Antenna

We demonstrate enhanced second harmonic generation by coupling an ultra-thin nonlinear dielectric into the gap-mode of the plasmonic nanopatch antenna. A 108- fold enhancement is achieved relative to the bare dielectric producing up to 3⨯107 photons/s. © 2019 The Author(s)
Effect of case study versus video simulation on nursing students' satisfaction, self-confidence, and knowledge: A quasi-experimental study.

Abstract Background Research on simulation in nursing education has demonstrated the positive impact active, experiential learning has on student satisfaction, self-confidence, and knowledge. As a result, simulation laboratories with high-fidelity human patient simulators have become a common adjunct to clinical teaching. It is important to also promote active learning in the classroom setting; however, there is limited evidence on using video simulations in large classrooms. Objectives This study sought to determine if using a video simulated unfolding case study as part of the didactic classroom, as compared to a traditional written case study, improved students' satisfaction, self-confidence, and knowledge. Design A two-group, quasi-experimental design was used. Settings The study occurred at a University in the southeastern United States. Participants A total of 165 baccalaureate nursing students participated. Methods The control group received a written case study, while the intervention group received video simulation of the same case study and student satisfaction, self-confidence, and knowledge were measured upon completion. Data analysis used descriptive statistics and t-tests. Qualitative comments were also provided by students and analyzed for themes. Results There were no statistically significant differences, with both groups reporting a high level of satisfaction and self-confidence. The percent of knowledge questions answered correctly was higher for the video simulation group for all seven questions. Four themes were identified from participant words: A better understanding, Able to apply learning to a patient scenario, Engaged in learning, and Visualizing it helps. Conclusions Results suggest the use of video simulation in the classroom may deepen students' understanding of classroom content and provide an additional mode for learning to enhance classroom lecture. Use of video simulation to augment classroom teaching is suggested as a strategy for engaging learners.
ZOFI: Zero-Overhead Fault Injection Tool for Fast Transient Fault Coverage Analysis

The experimental evaluation of fault-tolerance studies relies on tools that inject errors while programs are running, and then monitor the execution and the output for faulty execution. In particular, the established methodology in software-based transient-fault reliability studies, involves running each workload hundreds or thousands of times, injecting a random bit-flip in the process. The majority of such studies rely on custom-built fault-injection tools that are based on either a modified processor simulator, or a code instrumentation framework. Such tools are non-trivial to develop, and are usually orders of magnitude slower than native execution. In this paper we present ZOFI, a novel timing-based fault-injection tool that is aimed at being used in fault-coverage studies for transient faults. ZOFI is a zero-overhead tool, meaning that the analyzed workload runs at native speed. This is orders-of-magnitude faster compared to common approaches that are designed around simulators or code instrumentation tools. ZOFI is free software and is available at this https URL.
Crafting Entry Points for Learning about Children’s Funds of Knowledge: Scaffolding the Community Mathematics Exploration Module for Pre-Service Teachers

In this chapter, the authors discuss how mathematics teacher educators (MTEs) can help pre-service teachers (PSTs) learn to reject deficit narratives of many students, their families, and their communities by using the Community Mathematics Exploration Module in their mathematics methods course. When mathematics teachers frame students’ experiences and knowledge outside of the classroom as assets to their learning, they can help students learn more mathematics and encourage more students to participate in the mathematics of the classroom. The purpose of this chapter is to share the ways that two MTEs use the Community Mathematics Exploration Module to support PSTs as they learn to elicit and incorporate children’s funds of knowledge into their mathematics instruction. Specifically, the authors consider entry points and scaffolds for the Community Mathematics Exploration Module across various moments during the semester; examples of the scaffolds and entry points are coupled with readings and videos that can support the module. This chapter also poses and discusses challenges that MTEs might face when using the Community Mathematics Exploration Module.
Gender Differences in Outcomes After Implantation of Left Ventricular Assist Devices.

Background Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation has historically been underutilized in women compared with men. It was hypothesized that the introduction of continuous-flow LVADs would lead to more LVAD implantations in women and possibly narrow the gender gap. Methods Patients who underwent LVAD implantation between 2009 and 2014 were identified using the national inpatient sample. Results A total of 3511 patients (17,251 when weighted) underwent LVAD implantation in the United States between 2009 and 2014. Mean age was 56 years and there were 817 women in the study sample (23.32%). LVAD implantations in women doubled from 2009 to 2014, but men continued to receive LVAD 3 times more than women. Inpatient mortality after LVAD placement was similar between men and women (13.42% women vs 12.85% men; odds ratio, 1.05; P = .16). Most common complications after LVAD implantation in both genders included acute kidney injury, bleeding requiring blood transfusion, and postoperative sepsis. There were no gender-specific differences in the incidence of periprocedural complications, including postoperative cardiac tamponade, postoperative thromboembolism, or sepsis. In addition, no significant difference was found in length of stay and median hospitalization cost. The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation did not differ between men and women. Subgroup analysis in patients older than 65 years of age showed higher in-hospital mortality but no differences between genders. Conclusions The number of women undergoing LVAD implantation has increased with the introduction of continuous-flow LVADs, but a gender gap still exists. Most major in-hospital outcomes after LVAD implantation are similar between genders.
PRACTITIONER SUMMARY Big 4 Alumni's Attitudes and Behavior Toward their Former Firm

This article summarizes a recently published academic study (Cannon, Herda, and Puffer 2019) that examines factors associated with Big 4 alumni's proclivity to benefit their former firm by recommen...
c-Cbl targets PD-1 in immune cells for proteasomal degradation and modulates colorectal tumor growth

Casitas B lymphoma (c-Cbl) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase and a negative regulator of colorectal cancer (CRC). Despite its high expression in immune cells, the effect of c-Cbl on the tumor microenvironment remains poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that c-Cbl alters the tumor microenvironment and suppresses Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) protein, an immune checkpoint receptor. Using syngeneic CRC xenografts, we observed significantly higher growth of xenografts and infiltrating immune cells in c-Cbl+/− compared to c-Cbl+/+ mice. Tumor-associated CD8+ T-lymphocytes and macrophages of c-Cbl+/− mice showed 2–3-fold higher levels of PD-1. Functionally, macrophages from c-Cbl+/− mice showed a 4–5-fold reduction in tumor phagocytosis, which was restored with an anti-PD-1 neutralizing antibody suggesting regulation of PD-1 by c-Cbl. Further mechanistic probing revealed that C-terminus of c-Cbl interacted with the cytoplasmic tail of PD-1. c-Cbl destabilized PD-1 through ubiquitination- proteasomal degradation depending on c-Cbl’s RING finger function. This data demonstrates c-Cbl as an E3 ligase of PD-1 and a regulator of tumor microenvironment, both of which were unrecognized components of its tumor suppressive activity. Advancing immune checkpoint and c-Cbl biology, our study prompts for probing of PD-1 regulation by c-Cbl in conditions driven by immune checkpoint abnormalities such as cancers and autoimmune diseases.
The role of talker variability in the perceptual learning of Mandarin tones by American English listeners

Abstract Research on segmentals has suggested that a key component of High Variability Phonetic Training (HVPT) is high talker variability. However, the extent to which high talker variability improves perception of tones is unclear. This study examined the effects of high talker variability on the perception of Mandarin tones (Tones 1–4) by English-speaking listeners. A training paradigm that used multiple talkers (multitalker group) was compared with a paradigm that used one talker (single-talker group). The results showed that the multitalker group outperformed the single-talker group, and they retained their learning better than the single-talker group did for 6 months. Neither group, however, improved their perception of Tone 1 or generalized their learning of monosyllables to disyllables. The results suggest that although high talker variability can effectively improve tone perception, it does not improve the perception of more tone categories or yield generalization of learning to more contexts compared to low talker variability.
Decoherence and dynamics in continuous 3D-cooled atom interferometry

We study decoherence in continuously cooled atom interferometers by performing Raman-Ramsey fringe measurements in a continuous beam of 3D-sub-Doppler-cooled rubidium atoms. The atom beam is produced by a two-stage cold atom source that is designed to mitigate the decoherence of atomic interference caused by cooling induced fluorescence. The atom beam source produces a collimated beam of over 109 atoms/s that is cooled by polarization gradient cooling to temperatures as low as 14 µK. We infer the potential performance of this atom beam source in a cold-atom gyroscope and use numerical models of motion in 6 degrees of freedom to study the expected performance on dynamic platforms.
Abstract P514: A Healthy Beverage Score and Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression, Cardiovascular Disease, and All-Cause Mortality in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort

Background: The association between an overall healthy beverage pattern and chronic disease outcomes is unknown. We created the Healthy Beverage Score (HBS) to characterize the healthfulness of par...
Detecting Screams From Home Audio Recordings to Identify Tantrums: Exploratory Study Using Transfer Machine Learning.

Background: Qualitative self- or parent-reports used in assessing children’s behavioral disorders are often inconvenient to collect and can be misleading due to missing information, rater biases, and limited validity. A data-driven approach to quantify behavioral disorders could alleviate these concerns. This study proposes a machine learning approach to identify screams in voice recordings that avoids the need to gather large amounts of clinical data for model training. Objective: The goal of this study is to evaluate if a machine learning model trained only on publicly available audio data sets could be used to detect screaming sounds in audio streams captured in an at-home setting. Methods: Two sets of audio samples were prepared to evaluate the model: a subset of the publicly available AudioSet data set and a set of audio data extracted from the TV show Supernanny, which was chosen for its similarity to clinical data. Scream events were manually annotated for the Supernanny data, and existing annotations were refined for the AudioSet data. Audio feature extraction was performed with a convolutional neural network pretrained on AudioSet. A gradient-boosted tree model was trained and cross-validated for scream classification on the AudioSet data and then validated independently on the Supernanny audio. Results: On the held-out AudioSet clips, the model achieved a receiver operating characteristic (ROC)–area under the curve (AUC) of 0.86. The same model applied to three full episodes of Supernanny audio achieved an ROC-AUC of 0.95 and an average precision (positive predictive value) of 42% despite screams only making up 1.3% (n=92/7166 seconds) of the total run time. Conclusions: These results suggest that a scream-detection model trained with publicly available data could be valuable for monitoring clinical recordings and identifying tantrums as opposed to depending on collecting costly privacy-protected clinical data for model training.
P35 The Relationships Between Parental Food Parenting Practices and Child Eating Behavior: A Comparison Between Mothers and Fathers

Background Food parenting practices are recognized as important determinants for child eating behavior. Fathers are underrepresented in studies regarding food parenting and child health; thus, studies are needed that include both mothers and fathers. Objective Compare the relationships between food parenting practices and child eating behavior among mothers and fathers of young children. Study Design, Setting, Participants This cross-sectional study recruited mothers (n = 127) and fathers (n = 118) of children (4.2 ± 1.3 years old) to complete surveys (face-to-face and online). Measurable Outcome/Analysis Each parent completed the Comprehensive Food Parenting Questionnaire, Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire, and demographic questions. Linear regression was used to compare the relationships between parental food parenting practices (independent variable) and children's eating behaviors (dependent variable). Parent gender was used as moderator, and child age and gender served as control variables in each regression. Results Parent gender was a significant moderator in several relationships between parent food parenting practices and child eating behavior. In the relationship between parental restriction for health (s = -.14, P = .014) and monitoring (s = -.13, P = .028) and child slowness in eating, the slope of the interaction was significantly higher for mothers, meaning that when mothers and fathers use the same level of restriction for health and monitoring, child slowness in eating is higher for children of mothers. When mothers and fathers used the same level of restriction for weight, child food responsiveness (s = .13, P = .003) and emotional overeating (s = .12, P = .046) was significantly higher for children of fathers Conclusions There may be differences in how mothers and fathers implement food parenting practices and/or differences in how these practices impact children. Specifically, for fathers, it seems that the use of restriction for weight is more detrimental for children's eating behaviors compared to when mothers use the same level of restriction for weight.
Isolating changed panels and estimating common change point after sequential detection with FDR control

Quick detection of common changes is critical in sequential monitoring of multi-stream data where a common change is referred as a change that only occurs in a portion of panels. After a common cha...