cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE ACTIVITY AND MUTABILITY IN TWO STRAINS OF DROSOPHILA

OMPARATIVE studies of spontaneous and X-ray-induced mutation rates for a number of strains of Drosophila melanogaster show strain differences (DEMEREC 1937; DEMEREC, KAUFMANN and HOOVER 1938). The more recent investigations by STRBMNBS (1959) on the Oslo and Iso-Amherst strains of this species demonstrate strain differences in the mutation patterns as determined by sequential broods for dominant lethals, sex-linked recessive mutations and 2-3 translocations. STRBMNB also compared the differences in rate of induction of mutations in sperm of young males with sperm of older males. The differences in mutation rates and patterns of sensitivity were correlated with the developmental rates of the two strains. Since the purpose of our investigation is the delineation of genetically determined physiological differences that are related to spontaneous and induced mutability, these strains were ideal material for the study. The experiments of KING, SCHNEIDERMAN and SAX (1952) show an increase in the induced mutation rate when Tradescantia is irradiated in the presence of carbon monoxide. HAAS, DUDGEON, CLAYTON and STONE (1954) demonstrated the effect of carbon monoxide on the induction of mutations by irradiation in Drosophila. STONE (1956) and DEBUSK, using the poky strain of Neurospora which lacks cytochrome oxidase and uses the alternate terminal oxidase, reported the comparative effects of carbon monoxide during irradiation of poky and the normal strain. These experiments indicate that the cytochrome oxidase system plays a role in protection against the mutagenic effects of irradiation. For this reason we chose to do a comparative study of cytochrome c oxidase levels throughout the life cycles of strains exhibiting different mutation rates.
Wireless Temperature Sensing Cosmesis for Prosthesis

For most prosthetic users, the break in sensation between their prosthesis and residual limb greatly limits their interaction with the environment. The sensation of temperature provides useful information for activities of daily living such as material discrimination, extreme temperature avoidance, and psychological comfort. This paper expands upon prior temperature displays in deploying a cosmetic covering that serves as a platform for embedded sensors. In order to utilize the sensors distributed throughout the cosmesis, a wireless sensing system is employed for communication between the sensors and the prosthetic hand. The authors show that users can identify the temperature ranges of the objects they grasp using the prosthetic hand with the sensing cosmesis on. The significance of relative temperatures is also shown as users report lower than actual temperature values due to prior exposure to higher temperature trials. As such, temperature is a valuable component of daily life, and further work towards temperature feedback for prosthetic users is warranted. An example would be the integration of multiple temperature points from sensor arrays embedded within prosthetic coverings so as to map the temperature of objects with greater resolution.
Ni, Co, and Mo-catalyzed alkyne hydrostannations using Bu3SnCl/PMHS/KF/18-crown-6 as an in situ Bu3SnH source

A number of terminal alkynes were subjected to nickel, cobalt, and molybdenum catalyzed hydrostannations in presence of tributyltin chloride, polymethylhydrosiloxane, potassium fluoride and 18-crown-6 as an in situ organotin hydride source to produce vinylstannanes.
Development Of The Imaging Spectrometer: Technical Challenges And Solutions

The imaging spectrometer (IS) is capable of performing direct identification of surface materials through their spectral signatures. This paper describes some of the system design and technology tradeoffs associated with the development of ISs; particular attention is given to optics, spectral dispersion, focal plane, and data handling,. Design examples for both earth and planetary remote-sensing applications are described, including AVIRIS, HIRIS, and VIMS.
Whither Power in Public Administration? Attainment, Dissipation, and Loss

Norton Long's 1949 essay, “Power and Administration,” has a complicated legacy. First, analysis reveals both support for and important refinements of Long's arguments since the article's publication. Second, Long's claim has proven problematic that competition among agencies for power would bring more coordination and a cross-agency sense of purpose to the federal government. Third, the bureaucratic pluralism that he explained and defended produced special interest biases that were off-putting to large segments of citizens and thus helped create an unsupportive political environment for needed capacity building in the federal government. Fourth, by not considering how institutions “coevolve,” Long failed to warn that “horizontal power” building by individual agencies would provoke efforts by elected officials to enhance their control over bureaucracy in ways that, over time, diminished their collective sources of power. Finally, much remains to be done before what Long called a “realistic science of administration” incorporating the “budgeting of power” exists in public administration.
Quantitative Cerebral Blood Flow Determinations in Acute Ischemic Stroke Relationship to Computed Tomography and Angiography

Background and Purpose The advent of new modalities to treat acute ischemic stroke presents the need for accurate, early diagnosis. In acute ischemic stroke, CT scans are frequently normal or reveal only subtle hypodense changes. This study explored the utility and increased sensitivity of xenon-enhanced CT (XeCT) in the diagnosis of acute cerebral ischemia and investigated the relationship between cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements and early CT and angiographic findings in acute stroke. Methods The CT scans, XeCT scans, and angiograms of 20 patients who presented within 6 hours of acute anterior circulation ischemic strokes were analyzed. Results CT scans were abnormal in 11 (55%) of 20 patients. XeCT scans were abnormal in all 20 (100%) patients, showing regions of interest with CBF <20 (mL/100 g per minute) in the symptomatic middle cerebral artery (MCA) territories. The mean CBF in the symptomatic MCA territories was significantly lower than that of the asymptomatic MCA territories ( P <.0005). In patients with basal ganglia hypodensities, the mean symptomatic MCA territory CBF was significantly lower than that of patients who did not exhibit these early CT findings ( P <.05). The mean symptomatic MCA territory CBF in patients with angiographic M1 occlusions was significantly lower than that of patients whose infarcts were caused by MCA branch occlusions ( P <.01). Conclusions These results show that XeCT is more sensitive than CT in detecting acute strokes and that CBF measurements correlate with early CT and angiographic findings. XeCT may allow for the hyperacute identification of subsets of patients with acute ischemic events who are less likely to benefit and more likely to derive complications from aggressive stroke therapy.
An Exploration of Individual Differences in Synthesizing Entity-Relationship Data Models

Entity Relationship (ER) modeling (1976) is a popular approach to formulate a conceptual data model for designing properly structured databases. In spite of some criticisms of the model leading to numerous extensions added to the original ER model, it is generally believed to be a method of choice for designing common databases. Not surprisingly, ER Modeling is inextricably a part of all database-design classes. Teachers of this modeling construct often encounter students experiencing problems in synthesizing ER models from verbal or written descriptions. This study explores whether individual differences contribute to such difficulties. Gender, length of Information Technology (IT) experience, length of database experience, length of business experience, national origin and learning styles are hypothesized as the individual diffe rences that might contribute to a student’s ability to synthesize a conceptual ER model. Ability to synthesize ER models was evaluated using a textbook type ER modeling problem.
A clinical prototype for active microwave imaging of the breast

Despite its recognized value in detecting and characterizing breast disease, X-ray mammography has important limitations that motivate the quest for alternatives to augment the diagnostic tools that are currently available to the radiologist. The rationale for pursuing electromagnetic methods is strong given the data in the literature, which show that the electromagnetic properties of breast malignancy are significantly different than normal in the high megahertz to low gigahertz spectral range, microwave illumination can effectively penetrate the breast at these frequencies, and the breast is a small readily accessible tissue volume, making it an ideal site for deploying advanced near-field imaging concepts that exploit model-based image reconstruction methodology. In this paper a clinical prototype of a microwave imaging system, which actively illuminates the breast with a 16-element transceiving monopole antenna array in the 300-1000 MHz range, is reported. Microwave exams have been delivered to five women through a water-coupled interface to the pendant breast with the participant positioned prone on an examination table. This configuration has been found to be a practical, comfortable approach to microwave breast imaging. Sessions lasted 10-15 min per breast and included full tomographic data acquisition at seven different array heights beginning at the chest wall and moving anteriorly toward the nipple for seven different frequencies at each array position. This clinical experience appears to be the first report of active near-field microwave imaging of the breast and is certainly the first attempt to exploit model-based image reconstructions from in vivo breast data in order to convert the measured microwave signals into spatial maps of electrical permittivity and conductivity. While clearly preliminary, the results are encouraging and have supplied some interesting findings. Specifically, it appears that the average relative permittivity of the breast as a whole correlates with radiologic breast density categorization and may be considerably higher than previously published values, which have been based on ex vivo tissue specimens.
Modification of Physicochemical Characteristics of Goat Milk Fat by Feeding Protected High Oleic Sunflower Oil Supplements

: Protein-oil supplements containing high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) and different proteins were prepared and fed to lactating goats. Milk fat from goats on basal diet had 12.5% oleic acid (C18:1n9), but C18:1n9 increased (P < 0.05) to 19.0% on the keratin protein-oil supplement diet, 19.2% on the casein protein-oil supplement diet, and 25.2% on dry casein (DC) protein-oil supplements diet. Feeding protein-oil supplements increased (P < 0.05) levels of triacylglycerols with 46 and 50 carbons in milk fat and decreased (P < 0.05) solid content in milk fat at 10°C from 34.8% to 23.0% for DC, to 26.5% for casein, and to 29.6% for keratin. The DC protein-oil supplement diet might produce spreadable butter out of the refrigerator.
Characterization of a ring chromosome 21 by FISH-technique

Ring chromosomes 21 that contain two copies of the Down syndrome critical region (DCR1), thereby contributing to trisomic dosage, have not been fully characterized by routine cytogenetic methods in the past. We therefore employed the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique, using a battery of chromosome 21 probes and conclude that the ring resulted from a centromere to centromere and long arm to long arm fusion that contains alpha-satellite DNA and two copies of the D21S65 locus, but lacks beta-satellite DNA and telomeric DNA. Consequently, we suggest that the origin of the ring may be due to the misdivision of the centromere following the duplication of the long arm, forming a monocentric isochromosome followed by breakage in a region distal to the D21S65 locus and proximal to the telomeric sequences followed by reunion of the broken ends resulting in a monocentric ring. Different ring configurations or fragments were not detected, suggesting that the ring chromosome was highly stable. Apparently, the presence of two copies of Down syndrome loci within the ring chromosome, along with one copy on the normal homologue, caused the clinical consequences of Down syndrome.
Musculoskeletal tumors and tumor-like conditions: common and avoidable pitfalls at imaging in patients with known or suspected cancer: Part A: benign conditions that may mimic malignancy

A wide range of musculoskeletal tumors and tumor-like conditions may be encountered when patients undergo radiological examinations. The imaging features of certain normal, reactive, benign neoplastic, inflammatory, traumatic, and degenerative processes in the musculoskeletal system may mimic malignant tumor; misinterpretation of the imaging findings can lead to inappropriate clinical management of the patient. This review describes and illustrates a number of such mimics that we have commonly encountered in our oncological imaging practice, and provides suggestions for avoiding each of these pitfalls. Because many orthopaedic surgeons interpret radiological images themselves, they need to be as aware as radiologists about these issues.
Power quality and total harmonic distortion response for MMC with increasing arm inductance based on closed loop-needless PID controller

Abstract This paper presents the effects on output voltage and current total harmonic distortion (THD) response with increasing the arm inductance (smooth reactor for HVDC) for the modular multilevel converter (MMC) behavior based on a closed loop-needless PID controller control. Also, it presents the effects on MMC quantities, such as a circulating current ripple, maximum output voltage, and submodule capacitor ripple responses with increasing the value of arm inductance. Because increasing arm inductor size could reduce the THD and circulating current ripple waveforms of the MMC, this effect will be investigated in this paper. The closed loop-needless PID controller control is presented first. Second, an examination of the effect of changing the arm inductor for MMC behavior is carried out based on many simulation results in this paper in order to analyze the change in THD for all MMC quantities, including circulating current, upper arm current and voltage, lower arm current and voltage, and AC output voltage and current. Third, arm inductance relationships with output voltage and current THD are shown. Also, arm inductance relationships with a circulating current ripple and submodule capacitor ripple are presented. As a part of this study, the relationship between arm inductance and maximum output voltage is explained. Finally, the hardware design and software design of the prototype are presented to verify the arm inductor value effect on MMC experimentally. The experimental results are also documented in this paper.
The disparate adoption of price cap regulation in the U.S. telecommunications and electricity sectors

Price cap regulation (PCR) has experienced widespread adoption in the U.S. telecommunications industry, but not in the electricity sector. We suggest that these disparate experiences may reflect in part the manner in which PCR often is implemented in the U.S., relatively limited opportunity for “regulatory bargains” in the electricity sector, and relatively limited competition in the transmission and distribution components of this sector.
Better Homes for Negro Families in the South

A negative aspect of the cult of the average man has been the resistance of Americans to the development of expertness, especially in public service. But the more complex a society grows, the greater its need for specialization. Folk controls no longer work in such a situation. American society has developed to a unique degree professionalization for the self-policing of groups with highly specialized skills and attitudes, and for the protecting of the public welfare against a group's own private interests. Ordinary people need to understand their position in relation to the professionals whose services they increasingly employ. Social workers have gone far in the democratization of the professionalclient relationship. They have realized, too, the desirability of making clear to their "employers" just what the possibilities and the limits of such service are. The client of a social agency ought, by that very fact, to understand better the importance of professionalism in our society and to be better. able to make constructive use of experts in other fields.
Fiber Optic Gas Monitoring System for Coal Mine Safety

A multiple gas monitoring system based on wavelength modulation spectroscopy has been designed and fabricated for atmospheric monitoring inside coal mines. The sensor system is evaluated for Methane detection from 0.01% to 50% concentration.
Investigating the electronic structure of the Atox1 copper(I) transfer mechanism with density functional theory.

To maintain correct copper homeostasis, the body relies on ion binding metallochaperones, cuprophilic ligands, and proteins to move copper around as a complexed metal. The most common binding site ...
Observations on the development of bovine morulae on various cellular and noncellular substrata.

The objective was to determine the effect of various cell types on the development of bovine embryos in vitro. Morulae were collected from beef and dairy cows 4 to 5 d after the onset of estrus (d 0). Embryos were randomly allocated to nine treatments: (1) microdrops of Ham's F-10 medium (HF-10) under paraffin oil (HF-10); (2) HF-10 over a substratum of collagen without paraffin oil (HF-10/clg); (3) HF-10 with bovine uterine fibroblasts grown on a collagen substratum (HF-10/clg-fib); (4) Minimal Essential Medium (MEM) without paraffin oil (MEM); (5) microdrops of MEM under paraffin oil (MEM/oil); (6) MEM with bovine uterine fibroblasts (MEM/Buf; (7) MEM with bovine testicular fibroblasts (MEM/Btes); (8) MEM exposed to uterine fibroblasts for 24 h to condition the medium (MEM/Con), and (9) MEM with 1 mm cubes of bovine endometrial tissue (MEM/End). In all cases, media were supplemented with 10% (v/v) heat-treated fetal calf serum. Observations were made at 24 h intervals, with the stage of embryo development recorded. Morulae developed into expanded blastocysts more frequently (P less than .05) in HF-10, MEM, MEM/oil, MEM/Buf, MEM/Btes and MEM/Con than in HF-10/clg, HF-10/clg-fib and MEM/End. More (P less than .01) blastocysts hatched in MEM/Buf and MEM/Btes than in the other media. In addition, nine of 12 (MEM/Buf), eight of 11 (MEM/Btes) and two of two (HF-10/clg-fib) hatched blastocysts attached to the fibroblast monolayers, an observation that was uncommon in treatments without cells. These data suggest that the co-culture of bovine embryos with bovine fibroblasts in a superior system for promoting embryo hatching and attachment in vitro.
Overview of the Medical Management of Chronic Rhinosinusitis

Rather than a single disease, chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) should be thought of as a syndrome resulting from variety of disease processes and underlying etiologies. Accordingly there is no one single medical management for all patients. However, medical management is the cornerstone of the management of the majority of uncomplicated CRS, and surgery is largely an adjunct to the overall management of the syndrome when medical therapy does not control the disease process. Accordingly, it is important to carefully evaluate the patient for the underlying factors involved in the disease process and to tailor the medical therapy appropriately, based on both patient symptomatology and also endoscopic examination. In addition to briefly reviewing some of the underlying predisposing causes of CRS, this chapter will focus on both the potential topical and systemic managements of this disorder and present the evidence for efficacy of these therapies based upon previously published studies.
The effect of viscous force on the prediction of muscle contractility in biohybrid cantilever-based experiments

Abstract The biohybrid cantilevers have been recently reported for high-throughput measurement of muscle contractility. In previous works, mechanical models were used to predict the contractile stress from the cantilever bending curvature. To derive those models, the cantilever bending process was considered as quasi-static and the viscous force was neglected. To ascertain the effect of the viscous force on the prediction of the muscle contractility in biohybrid cantilever-based experiments, we extend the modified Stoney’s equation to a dynamic model that takes into account both the viscous force and the inertia force. Parametric studies show that, because the viscous force hinders the movement of the cantilever, use of static models result in a system error between the calculated and true contractile stresses. When using static models, the diastolic stress will be over-estimated while the peak systolic stress will be under-estimated. The present work suggests that dynamic models can be used in biohybrid cantilever assays to calculate the muscle contractility with higher accuracy, or can be used to optimize the experimental parameters such that the error due to the use of static models is minimized.
Lyapunov descriptions of robust output stability for systems with delays

There are several notions of output stability that are intrinsically different. We present in this work a Lyapunov characterization for the so called robust output Lagrange stability for nonlinear delay systems. This output stability property requires that the overshoots of the output variables be bounded by the magnitudes of their initial values. As in the case for systems without delays, it is expected that the results in this work will lead to equivalent Lyapunov characterizations for several input-to-output stability properties. Furthermore, for delay systems, the notion of Lyapunov functions extends to Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals, and some new features arise in the decay estimations of these functionals. In this work our objective is to provide equivalent Lyapunov descriptions for robust output Lagrange stability in terms of different types of decay estimations.
Modeling the Effects of Variable Intake Valve Timing on Diesel HCCI Combustion at Varying Load, Speed, and Boost Pressures

It is well known that homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) operated engines have the potential to provide the efficiency of a typical diesel engine, but with very low NOx and Particulate Matter (PM) emissions. One of the main challenges with this type of engine, however, is that it can be difficult to control the combustion event, especially at high loads. The development of Variable Valve Timing (VVT) technology may offer an important advantage in the ability to control HCCI combustion. This work investigates the potential of using late intake valve closure times to delay auto-ignition and to expand the HCCI operation range through proper combustion control. A multi-dimensional KIVA/Chemkin model is used in conjunction with detailed chemical kinetics, based on an available n-heptane mechanism. The model is used to evaluate the effectiveness of late intake valve times as load, speed, and boost pressure conditions are varied. Furthermore, a larger understanding of diesel HCCI combustion is sought by investigating the major parameters affecting combustion control under these various operating conditions.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
China's Use of Military Force: Beyond the Great Wall and the Long March

In this 2003 study of China's militarism, Andrew Scobell examines the use of military force abroad - as in Korea (1950), Vietnam (1979), and the Taiwan Strait (1995–6) - and domestically, as during the Cultural Revolution of the late 1960s and in the 1989 military crackdown in Tiananmen Square. Debunking the view that China has become increasingly belligerent in recent years because of the growing influence of soldiers, Scobell concludes that China's strategic culture has remained unchanged for decades. Nevertheless, the author uncovers the existence of a 'Cult of Defense' in Chinese strategic culture. The author warns that this 'Cult of Defense' disposes Chinese leaders to rationalize all military deployment as defensive, while changes in the People's Liberation Army's doctrine and capabilities over the past two decades suggest that China's twenty-first century leaders may use military force more readily than their predecessors.
Housing-market bubble adjustment in coastal communities - A spatial and temporal analysis of housing prices in Midwest Pinellas County, Florida

Abstract This study aims to investigate the spatial and temporal dynamics of housing prices associated with the 2007 U.S. housing-market bubble in Midwest Pinellas County, Florida. Two methods were used to examine the spatial and temporal dynamic of price levels: housing characteristic influence estimation and a hedonic modeling approach. Two consistent spatial patterns emerged in the estimated coefficients associated with various housing characteristics, with definitive changes occurring at 600 m and 2200 m from the coast. These changes suggested the existence of three geographical submarkets: a coastal, an intermediate or transitional, and an inland submarket. Three temporal stages were observed from the coefficient trends associated with various housing characteristics: 2002–2005 (bubble-growing), 2006–2008 (bubble-burst), and 2009–2011 (post-bubble). The hedonic models demonstrated a complexity in the determinant of housing prices during the housing peak-bubble period. The inclusion of submarket dummy variables in the hedonic models improved the amount of explained variation. The R2 values of the hedonic models from 2002 through 2008, followed by a decrease after the bubble-burst period. The pre-bubble-burst trend in R2 suggests that predictable market forces were at work; partly driven by irrational expectations of housing buyers and the perceptions of run-away housing prices during the growth phase of the bubble.
Alfaxalone alone or combined with midazolam or ketamine in dogs: intubation dose and select physiologic effects.

Abstract Objective To determine the intubation dose and select physiologic effects of alfaxalone alone or in combination with midazolam or ketamine in dogs. Study design Prospective, clinical study. Animals Fifty-three healthy client-owned dogs [mean ± standard deviation (SD)] 5.1 ± 1.8 years, 27 ± 15.4 kg, scheduled for elective orthopedic surgery. Methods After premedication with acepromazine (0.02 mg kg –1 ) and hydromorphone (0.1 mg kg –1 ) intramuscularly, alfaxalone (0.25 mg kg –1 ) was administered intravenously over 15 seconds followed immediately by 0.9% saline (AS), midazolam (0.3 mg kg –1 ; AM), ketamine (1 mg kg –1 ; AK1), or ketamine (2 mg kg –1 ; AK2). Additional alfaxalone (0.25 mg kg –1 increments) was administered as required to permit endotracheal intubation. The incidence of apnea and the time from intubation until spontaneous movement were recorded. Heart rate (HR) and blood pressure were recorded 15 minutes after premedication, after intubation and 2, 5, 10 and 15 minutes thereafter. Blood was collected for measurement of serum glucose and insulin concentrations before induction, after intubation and at 2, 5, 10 and 50 minutes. Data were analyzed by split-plot anova with Bonferroni adjustment for the number of group comparisons. Results Mean ± SD alfaxalone mg kg –1 doses required for endotracheal intubation were AS (1.0 ± 0.4), AM (0.4 ± 0.2), AK1 (0.5 ± 0.3) and AK2 (0.5 ± 0.4) ( p = 0.0005). Differences in cardiopulmonary variables among groups were minor; HR decreased in AS, while in other groups, HR increased transiently postintubation. Incidence of apnea in AS was 54% with no significant difference among groups. Midazolam significantly prolonged time from intubation until spontaneous movement ( p Conclusions and clinical relevance Midazolam and ketamine reduced the alfaxalone dose required for endotracheal intubation. Serum glucose and insulin concentrations were not influenced by administration of alfaxalone alone or when administered with midazolam or ketamine.
Management of the Asthma-COPD Overlap Syndrome (ACOS): a Review of the Evidence

Examine the definition of the asthma-COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS) and current treatment strategies. Patients with the ACOS have a lower quality of life and suffer from more complications than those affected by either disease alone. Diagnosis of ACOS is difficult because of the clinical similarities between the two diseases and the various phenotypes that comprise the syndrome. Defining treatment strategies for ACOS has been challenging because many clinical trials for asthma therapy have purposefully excluded patients with features of COPD, and COPD clinical trials have not included patients who might have an asthmatic component to their disease. Therefore, there are few randomized treatment trials which have included patients who have ACOS. Smoking cessation and appropriate vaccinations are cornerstone therapies, and pharmacologic therapy has focused on bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids. The role of biologics, such as omalizumab and IL-5 antagonists, in ACOS treatment is still being defined. As of now, with the paucity of randomized control trials guiding treatment strategies, the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) and Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines recommend treating ACOS according to the dominant phenotype.
Delayed Maturation of Fast-Spiking Interneurons Is Rectified by Activation of the TrkB Receptor in the Mouse Model of Fragile X Syndrome.

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a leading cause of inherited intellectual disability, and the most common known cause of autism spectrum disorder. FXS is broadly characterized by sensory hypersensitivity and several developmental alterations in synaptic and circuit function have been uncovered in the sensory cortex of the mouse model of FXS (Fmr1 KO). GABA-mediated neurotransmission and fast-spiking (FS) GABAergic interneurons are central to cortical circuit development in the neonate. Here we demonstrate that there is a delay in the maturation of the intrinsic properties of FS interneurons in the sensory cortex, and a deficit in the formation of excitatory synaptic inputs on to these neurons in neonatal Fmr1 KO mice. Both these delays in neuronal and synaptic maturation were rectified by chronic administration of a TrkB receptor agonist. These results demonstrate that the maturation of the GABAergic circuit in the sensory cortex is altered during a critical developmental period due in part to a perturbation in BDNF-TrkB signaling, and could contribute to the alterations in cortical development underlying the sensory pathophysiology of FXS. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Fragile X (FXS) individuals have a range of sensory related phenotypes, and there is growing evidence of alterations in neuronal circuits in the sensory cortex of the mouse model of FXS (Fmr1 KO). GABAergic interneurons are central to the correct formation of circuits during cortical critical periods. Here we demonstrate a delay in the maturation of the properties and synaptic connectivity of interneurons in Fmr1 KO mice during a critical period of cortical development. The delays both in cellular and synaptic maturation were rectified by administration of a TrkB receptor agonist, suggesting reduced BDNF-TrkB signaling as a contributing factor. These results provide evidence that the function of fast-spiking interneurons is disrupted due to a deficiency in neurotrophin signaling during early development in FXS.
Corporate Personhood: Lay Perceptions and Moral Consequences

Modern conceptions of corporate personhood have spurred considerable debate about the rights that society should afford business organizations. Across seven experiments, we compare lay perceptions ...
Emerging Adult Sons and Their Fathers: Race and the Construction of Masculinity:

Challenging the public dichotomy characterizing fathers as “involved” or “absentee,” we investigate racial variation in college men’s perceptions of their paternal relationships and the gendered constructions these promote. The analysis draws on intensive interviews (n = 76) with Asian American, Black, and white sons from one university and survey data (n = 1,576) from 24 institutions. In both data sets, Asian Americans and Blacks describe greater paternal distance than do whites. This conceals variations in sons’ understanding of fathers. Asian Americans often criticize their fathers’ distance, disidentifying with the near-exclusive focus on breadwinning they describe among fathers. In contrast, Blacks and whites normalize and identify with their dads. Blacks emphasize the “laid-back,” “cool” masculinity their dads impart, while whites often emphasize the independent masculinity based on mentorship and friendship their dads offer. Recasting sociological theories, we argue these differences emanate from d...
Monkey Sees—Monkey Does

It is not really necessary in a book concerned with the application of linguistics to psychotherapy to wander into the issue of language in infrahuman species. However, the path has been set down throughout the years that scientists have been attempting to demonstrate the correspondences in intelligence and even linguistic performance between lower species and man. The argument is and has been replete with ambivalence. It runs along a somewhat similar line to the argument in the Bible which alternately places man a little lower than the angels, on the one hand, and as emerging from dust, on the other—to which he inevitably returns. Similarly, a historical view of man has sought to place him “within nature” as a part of natural order without too much in the way of distinguishing features, whereas at the other pole, man is described as the master of nature and discontinuous from that which is around him, both mineral and organic.
Study design for the prevention of aerodigestive tract cancers.

The randomized, double-blind clinical trial design has been regarded as the best method to evaluate a new treatment or intervention versus a control among human subjects. Such a design is not always achievable, often because of ethics. For example, in cancer etiology studies, the random allocation of an alleged carcinogen to human subjects would not be considered ethical. For this reason, use of an observational case-control or cohort study design is most commonly used in cancer epidemiology studies. In cancer therapy research, use of the randomized clinical trial design has been used for approximately 40 years. Design of aerodigestive tract cancer prevention trials, when contrasted with cancer therapy trials, requires modification of some key aspects related to methods, logistics, and cost. Many of these modifications have previously been identified by colleagues in their conduct of cardiovascular disease prevention trials (1).
Competition between ligands of glycosyltransferases and horseradish peroxidase for binding sites on intracellular and plasma membranes of HeLa cells. Application of a micro-method for the semi-quantitation of surface-bound HRP.

A micro-method for the semi-quantitation of surface-bound horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was developed and was applied to study the competition between ligands of glycosyltransferases and HRP for binding sites on the surface of HeLa cells. Dried coverslip cultures of HeLa cells, fixed in methanol, were placed on 0.3 ml of the incubation medium on parafilm and were incubated for 45 min at 37° C. The incubation medium contained HRP, lysozyme and Ca2+ in HEPES buffer, pH 7.2. After washing, the cells were incubated for 60 min at 37° C in HEPES buffer containing 20 mM Ca2+. After this treatment, the plasma membranes showed a strong cytochemical reaction for HRP. Most of the HRP was released into buffer solution during a 5 h incubation at 37° C in the absence of Ca2+, and was measured by spectrophotometry. The addition of 20 mM Ca2+ to the buffer solution prevented the release of most of the HRP from the plasma membranes thus showing that the binding of HRP required Ca2+. Ligands of glycosyltransferases were added to the incubation medium with HRP. The amount of HRP released from the cells decreased in relation to the competing potency and concentration of these ligands. The method was applied to estimate the concentration of some ligands of galactosyltransferase and sialyltransferase that caused a 50% decrease in the release of previously-bound HRP. CMP-neuraminic acid and gangliosides showed a higher competing potency to the surface binding of HRP than UDP-galactose and chitotriose. The spectrophotometric analysis was correlated (on duplicate samples) with cytochemical observations. When dried HeLa cells, fixed in methanol, were incubated with HRP, lysozyme and Ca2+, without being subsequently incubated with Ca2+-containing buffer solution, HRP was also bound to membranes of intracellular granules. Cytochemical observations showed that UDP-galactose and chitotriose competed with the binding of HRP to most of these intracellular membranes whereas CMP-neuraminic acid and gangliosides did not. The possible binding of HRP to galactosyltransferase or sialyltransferase on cellular membranes is discussed.
Pediatric Onychophagia: A Survey-Based Study of Prevalence, Etiologies, and Co-Morbidities.

Onychophagia, defined as habitual nail biting, is a common disorder affecting 6–45% of the population and is more prevalent in children. Our primary objective was to determine the prevalence of nail biting in the pediatric population. Secondary objectives were to assess the presence of psychiatric co-morbidities associated with nail biting, and the effect of treatment on nail biting. An anonymous voluntary survey was administered to participants at an outpatient academic pediatric clinic at Weill Cornell Medicine. Age, sex, psychiatric diagnosis, treatment sought, family history, and frequency of nail biting were analyzed across 282 enrolled patients aged 3–21 years. One patient was subsequently excluded due to incomplete data. Of 281 patients, 101 (37%) reported past or present nail biting lasting more than a month. Median age of onset was 5 years old (range 1–13 years). A significantly higher percentage of biters (18%; 19/104) than non-biters (6%; 11/177) were diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder (p < 0.01). Amongst biters, concurrent fingernail and toenail involvement was much less common (12%; 12/104) than that of fingernails alone (88%; 92/104). However, the ratio of fingernail and toenail biters to fingernail biters alone was greater in those with psychiatric diagnosis (0.36) than without (0.09) (p = 0.07). Our study highlights behavioral patterns as well as familial, psychiatric, and other factors associated with pediatric nail biting. Familiarity with such factors, the clinical presentation of onychophagia, and available treatment options may aid in reducing its severity in affected patients and overall prevalence.
The Interferon-Gamma Paradox in Cancer

Interferon-gamma (IFNG) has long been implicated as a central orchestrator of antitumor immune responses in the elimination stage of the immunoediting paradigm. However, mounting evidence suggests that IFNG may also have important and significant protumor roles to play in the equilibrium and escape phases through its regulatory effects on immunoevasive functions that promote tumorigenesis. These seemingly contradictory effects of IFNG undoubtedly play profound roles in not only the activation of inflammatory response to cancer but also in the determination of its outcome. In the face of the recent explosion of anticancer immunotherapeutic strategies in the clinic, it is critical that a complete understanding is achieved of the underpinnings of the mechanisms that determine the two faces of IFNG signaling in cancer. Here, the current state of this dichotomy is reviewed.
External validation of a clinical prediction rule for very low risk pediatric blunt abdominal trauma.

Abstract Background Computed tomography (CT) is frequently used to identify intra-abdominal injuries in children with blunt abdominal trauma (BAT). The Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN) proposed a prediction rule to identify children with BAT who are at very low risk for clinically-important intra-abdominal injuries (CIIAI) in whom CT can be avoided. Objective To determine the sensitivity of this prediction rule in identifying patients at very low risk for CIIAI in our pediatric trauma registry. Methods Retrospective review of our institutional trauma registry to identify patients with CIIAI. CIIAI included cases resulting in death, therapeutic intervention at laparotomy, angiographic embolization of intra-abdominal arterial bleeding, blood transfusion for intra-abdominal hemorrhage, and administration of intravenous fluids for two or more nights for pancreatic or gastrointestinal injuries. Patients were identified using ICD diagnosis and procedure codes. Kappa was calculated to evaluate inter-reviewer agreement. Results Of 5743 patients, 133 (2.3%) had CIIAI. 60% were male and the mean age was 8 (SD 4.4) years. One patient with CIIAI met the proposed very low risk criteria, resulting in a prediction rule sensitivity of 99%, 95% CI [96–100%]. This patient also had extra-abdominal arterial bleeding requiring revascularization, offering an alternative reason for transfusion. Kappa was 0.85, 95% CI [0.82, 0.89], indicating strong inter-rater agreement. Conclusions One out of 133 patients with CIIAI met very low risk criteria based on the PECARN prediction rule. This study supports the PECARN clinical prediction rule in decreasing CT use in pediatric patients at very low risk for CIIAI.
Identifying feasible operating regimes for early T-cell recognition: The speed, energy, accuracy trade-off in kinetic proofreading and adaptive sorting.

In the immune system, T cells can quickly discriminate between foreign and self ligands with high accuracy. There is evidence that T-cells achieve this remarkable performance utilizing a network architecture based on a generalization of kinetic proofreading (KPR). KPR-based mechanisms actively consume energy to increase the specificity beyond what is possible in equilibrium. An important theoretical question that arises is to understand the trade-offs and fundamental limits on accuracy, speed, and dissipation (energy consumption) in KPR and its generalization. Here, we revisit this question through numerical simulations where we simultaneously measure the speed, accuracy, and energy consumption of the KPR and adaptive sorting networks for different parameter choices. Our simulations highlight the existence of a “feasible operating regime” in the speed-energy-accuracy plane where T-cells can quickly differentiate between foreign and self ligands at reasonable energy expenditure. We give general arguments for why we expect this feasible operating regime to be a generic property of all KPR-based biochemical networks and discuss implications for our understanding of the T cell receptor circuit.
Nicholson-Bailey Host-Parasitoid Model

In Chapter 26 we modeled the spread of a parasitic infection in an insect population of two life stages. The focus of that model was the spread of the infection. Therefore, we did not pay any explicit attention to the fate of the parasitoid. In this chapter, however, we model explicitly the interactions between the host and the parasitoid populations. Rather than setting up our model in terms of population sizes, we specify host-parasitoid interactions in terms of population densities.
Alcohol use trajectories of adult Latinx immigrants during their first decade in the United States.

Abstract Background Despite important research advances on the alcohol use behaviors of Latinx immigrants, the bulk of existing evidence has focused on alcohol use patterns after immigrant’s arrival to the US. The present study examines pre- to post immigration alcohol use trajectories among Latinx immigrants of diverse national origins throughout their first decade in the United States. Methods Data for this longitudinal study was collected between 2007 and 2017. At baseline, retrospective pre-immigration alcohol use data was collected on 527 Cuban, South American and Central American participants ages 18–34 who immigrated to the US less than one year prior. Three subsequent follow-up assessments over the past 10 years have collected data on post-immigration alcohol use. Results Overall decreases in pre- to post-immigration alcohol use were found. Gender, income, and national origin were associated with distinct drinking patterns after immigration. Conclusion Findings underscore the importance of examining pre-immigration experiences among Latinx immigrants, in addition to longitudinal alcohol use patterns after immigration. This knowledge is important not only from an epidemiological perspective, but for the development of effective culturally relevant alcohol interventions targeting Latinx immigrants early in the immigration process.
Economic policy uncertainty and ADR mispricing

Abstract This paper studies the impact of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on ADR mispricing. Investigating 605 ADRs from 13 countries and their underlying assets over the period from 2000 to 2018, we find consistent evidence that EPU in the U.S. impacts ADR mispricing differently as compared to EPU of the country of the underlying asset. Specifically, we find evidence for a statistically significant positive relationship between U.S. EPU and ADR mispricing, while the impact of domestic EPU on ADR mispricing is not statistically significant. We explain the findings for U.S. EPU with a potential flight away from policy uncertainty and toward foreign stocks listed in the U.S. (ADRs) and a simultaneously negative impact on the underlying stock’s return potentially related to the product market spillover hypothesis. The main findings are robust to dropping ADRs from developing countries from our sample and distinguishing between Level I and Levels II and III ADRs.
Social Anxiety Disorder

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a persistent fear of negative evaluation by others in social and performance situations. This article integrates the latest empirical research on its epidemiology, phenomenology, etiology, and both pharmacological and psychological treatments with the current knowledge of SAD. Evidence strongly supports a cognitive-behavioral treatment model of SAD, with novel advancements in translational research based on modern learning theory showing promising results for the enhancement of cognitive-behavioral treatments using glutaminergic agents such as d -cycloserine.