cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Minimally Invasive Liver and Biliary Procedures

Minimally invasive techniques have been applied to hepatobiliary surgery more frequently as comfort with and understanding of hepatobiliary surgery has grown. The goal is to technically perform the case as if it is an open procedure while taking advantage of the benefits minimally invasive surgery can bring, including decreased post-operative pain, time of ileus, and length of stay, as well as improved cosmesis. Techniques for minimally invasive hepatobiliary surgery include pure laparoscopic, hand-assisted laparoscopic, the hybrid approach (operation is started laparoscopically for mobilization of the liver and early dissection and followed by a small laparotomy for completion of the hepatic parenchymal transection], and more recently robotic-assisted. The following chapter describes minimally invasive techniques used for common hepatobiliary procedures. The illustrations and pictures that follow are adapted from a combination of laparoscopic, hand-assisted, and robotic-assisted cases, but note that regardless of the minimally invasive technology used, the approach and technique remain essentially the same.
Discovery of its Galaxian Nature

The modern history of M31 is dominated by the pioneering work of Edwin Hubble, using the Mt. Wilson 100-inch telescope during the first few years of its operation. This chapter is largely a summary of Hubble’s accomplishments in pulling together a wide variety of observations that showed beyond a doubt that M31 is an external galaxy and that it contains many of the features and contents that we had already recognized in our Galaxy. Hubble published a comprehensive paper on the galaxy in 1929 (Hubble 1929).
The Effect of Economic Integration in Oligopolistic Markets

Finland’s membership in the EU liberalised the trade of processed food between Finland and the other union countries, which increases the international competition in the food sector in Finland. As a member of the EU, Finland no longer applies tariffs and quantitative restrictions against imports from the single market of the EU. Furthermore, Finnish agriculture is adjusted to the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the EU. This means that producer prices of agricultural products are reduced to the EU levels. Farmers’ incomes have been estimated to decrease considerably and, therefore, different forms of support are directed to agriculture for ensuring the incomes of existing farms in Finland (Kettunen and Niemi, 1994). In the field of food manufacturing, the potential effects of market integration are usually linked to the cost efficiency and competitiveness of Finnish industries. The competitive effects of the reduction of the potential market power of food manufacturing due to the concentration on the nationally segmented markets have usually not been considered in the previous studies.
A Web-Disseminated Self-Help and Peer Support Program Could Fill Gaps in Mental Health Care: Lessons From a Consumer Survey.

Background: Self-guided mental health interventions that are disseminated via the Web have the potential to circumvent barriers to treatment and improve public mental health. However, self-guided interventions often fail to attract consumers and suffer from user nonadherence. Uptake of novel interventions could be improved by consulting consumers from the beginning of the development process in order to assess their interest and their preferences. Interventions can then be tailored using this feedback to optimize appeal. Objective: The aim of our study was to determine the level of public interest in a new mental health intervention that incorporates elements of self-help and peer counseling and that is disseminated via a Web-based training course; to identify predictors of interest in the program; and to identify consumer preferences for features of Web-based courses and peer support programs. Methods: We surveyed consumers via Amazon’s Mechanical Turk to estimate interest in the self-help and peer support program. We assessed associations between demographic and clinical characteristics and interest in the program, and we obtained feedback on desired features of the program. Results: Overall, 63.9% (378/592) of respondents said that they would try the program; interest was lower but still substantial among those who were not willing or able to access traditional mental health services. Female gender, lower income, and openness to using psychotherapy were the most consistent predictors of interest in the program. The majority of respondents, although not all, preferred romantic partners or close friends as peer counselors and would be most likely to access the program if the training course were accessed on a stand-alone website. In general, respondents valued training in active listening skills. Conclusions: In light of the apparent public interest in this program, Web-disseminated self-help and peer support interventions have enormous potential to fill gaps in mental health care. The results of this survey can be used to inform the design of such interventions. [JMIR Ment Health 2017;4(1):e5]
An Analysis of Dependency between Personality Traits and Debugging Ability in Component Based System (CBS)

In recent years, the winds of cognitive science is gently ushering changes in the latest software technologies. Also the traditional software complexity measures focuses only on addressing the complexity of the procedure oriented and object oriented software development. Thus envisioning new areas like component based system would lead to better utilization of resources and make the end user’s task easier. Thus an experiment has been conducted to study the link between personality traits and program debugging in component based systems. In our experimental setting, the debugging test was conducted in java bean programs and Personality test in Eysenck's personality inventory and the results were correlated. From the results, it is observed that there is a positive correlation between the personality traits and debugging. Psychoticism personality people performed better in debugging compared to the other two personality traits students.
Multidrug, Anti-HIV Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Nature and Mechanisms of Impacts of Drugs on Each Other’s Solution Concentrations

Drug therapy has been instrumental in prolonging the lives of patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In order to combat development of resistance, therapies involving three or more drugs in combination are recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) to suppress HIV and prevent development of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is desirable for multidrug combinations to be coformulated into single dosage forms where possible, to promote patient convenience and adherence to dosage regimens, for which amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is particularly well-suited. We investigated multidrug ASDs of three model anti-HIV drugs, ritonavir (Rit), etravirine (Etra), and efavirenz (Efa), in cellulosic polymer matrices. We hypothesized that the presence of multiple drugs would reduce crystallization tendency, thereby providing stable, supersaturating formulations for bioavailability enhancement. We explored new ASD polymers including cellulose acetate suberate (DSSub 0.9, CASub) and...
"Got Llorona?": Teaching for the Development of Symbolic Competence.

Cultural and literary texts are used in the foreign language classroom to support learners’ language development, cultural awareness, and reading comprehension. While classroom activities frequently facilitate a literal understanding of facts and events, these texts offer another potential level of analysis: symbolic dimensions, which focus on how meaning is constructed in the texts in relation to their historical and political contexts, to the readers’ own positionality and subjective experiences, and to the cultural values and beliefs that are attached to these meanings. This paper explores how to teach these symbolic dimensions through an exploration of the notion of symbolic competence. Using personal experiences teaching the legend of La Llorona in a university-level Spanish classroom, I explore two interrelated questions: 1) Can the legend of La Llorona offer insights into theorizations of symbolic competence?; 2) Can theorizations of symbolic competence be applied to the teaching of La Llorona in order to facilitate learners’ critical reflections on its symbolic dimensions? Three project-based classroom activities will be discussed to illustrate teaching for the development of symbolic competence.
Impact of radiation therapy and extent of resection for ependymoma in young children: A population‐based study

Background Young children with posterior fossa ependymoma (PF-EPN) have a worse prognosis than older children, and they have a unique molecular profile (PF-EPN-A subtype). Alternative treatment strategies are often used in these young patients, and their prognostic factors are less clear. Methods We characterized the prognostic factors and treatment outcomes of 482 patients between ages 0 and 3 years with the diagnosis of ependymoma identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry (1973–2013). Results Radiation therapy (RT) was delivered to 52.3% of patients, and gross total resection (GTR) was performed in 51.0% of patients. Overall survival (OS) at 10 years was 48.4% with median follow-up of 3.3 years. WHO grade was not predictive of OS. Extent of resection was significant for survival; the 10-year OS with GTR was 61.0%, and with subtotal resection (STR) and biopsy was 38.2% and 35.0%, respectively (P < 0.001). RT significantly benefitted OS for both grades II and III. The 10-year OS for grade II was 50.5% with RT and 43.4% without (P = 0.030); 10-year OS for grade III was 66.0% with RT and 40.0% without (P = 0.002). Multivariate analysis showed significantly improved OS with RT (hazard ratio [HR] 0.601, 95% CI: 0.439–0.820, P = 0.001) and GTR (HR 0.471, 95% CI: 0.328–0.677, P < 0.0001). Conclusions Ependymoma outcomes in patients within 0–3 years of age significantly improved with RT and GTR. Histopathologic grading of ependymoma demonstrated no prognostic significance. Given the poor OS for this population and unique genetic profile, future prospective studies with molecular-based stratification should be performed to evaluate additional prognostic factors.
IL-6 induces production of VEGF and MCP-1 from human skin mast cells.

Mast cells are the cell type responsible for IgE-mediated allergic reactions, and are involved in innate immunity against bacteria and pathogens. Interestingly, recent research has implicated mast cells in traditionally non-allergic diseases such as cancer. It has been hypothesized that in these non-allergic diseases mast cells may be activated by stimuli other than antigen, such as pro-inflammatory cytokines. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that has been implicated in several diseases in which mast cells are also believed to contribute, suggesting that IL-6 could be the link that connects mast cells to non-allergic disease. However, the surface expression of IL-6 receptors, and the effect of IL-6 on human tissue-derived mast cells remained to be determined. Here, we show that human skin mast cells express functional membrane-bound IL-6 receptors, and address the role of IL-6 on the release of allergic and inflammatory mediators. Stimulation of skin mast cells with IL-6 resulted in a dose-dependent increase in Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT-3) phosphorylation, and increased expression of Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 (SOCS3) mRNA. IL-6 had no effect on degranulation, but enhanced PGD 2 biosynthesis and IL-8 production following FcɛRI crosslinking. In addition, treatment with IL-6 alone was sufficient to induce the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Overall, these findings clarify the effect of IL-6 on the allergic response from human tissue-derived mast cells, and reveal a potential role for IL-6 in mast cell-mediated angiogenesis.
An SPC Approach to Compensating a Tool-Wear Process

A fixed-interval compensator is proposed for a process where tool wear can be modeled over an interval of tool life by a regression model. The compensator consists of a batch mean adjustment plus the estimated wear since the last adjustment. The expecte..
Feasibility of contextual behavioral speech analyses of US presidents: Inaugural addresses of Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump, 1993–2017

Abstract We evaluated the feasibility of analyzing data from speeches of United States presidents from a contextual behavioral perspective. Relational frames present in inaugural addresses given by Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump from 1993 to 2017 were compared. The greatest between subject variance was observed in their use of coordinative and distinctive relations, with Donald Trump using the largest number of frames of distinction and Barack Obama using the largest number of frames of coordination. Within subject analyses show that the use each type of relation was not equivalent, and the relations most commonly used by each president varied. These data suggest that behavioral scientists can generate meaningful, reliable analyses from publicly available text, and results generated in the present study are discussed in a larger sociopolitical context.
Group Psychotherapy with Brain-Damaged Adults and Their Families

In the past, cognitive and behavioral sequelae of neurological insult were thought to contraindicate psychotherapeutic intervention with brain-damaged adults. Recently, however, the cultivation of awareness of deficits, self-appraisal techniques, and adaptive skills have become important objectives for postacute rehabilitation of such patients. Meeting these objectives can be a critical obstacle to successful community reentry. In this context, psychotherapy is becoming a viable therapeutic tool (Rosenthal, 1989).
Interface Tailoring to Enhance Thin Film Adhesion — A Review

Although thin film applications find increasingly important application in new technologies, the basic investigation of their adhesion mechanisms has, until recently, been greatly neglected. Although empirically developed adhesion processes have served us well, it seems likely that a deeper understanding of the critical physical origins of adhesion may offer advances in the ability to join new systems strongly and to design more reliable processing technologies. In the recent surge of research interest in this area, it has become clear that adhesion results from a variety of factors, ranging from interface chemistry to the elastic properties of the interface materials. Recognizing the role of these factors, it becomes desirable to use new techniques to tailor the interface properties for maximum adhesion. This can be achieved in many ways, by suitably chosen treatments before, during or after deposition of the film. Several such methods depend on the interaction of ion beams with interface materials, in order to adjust the interface structure on an atomic scale. In this discussion, we shall review some of the phenomena observed for thin films deposited on solid substrates. We shall then discuss the opportunities to tailor the interface properties in order to enable or improve adhesion performance.
The Effects of Processing Variables on the Mechanical Properties of Reinforced Thermoplastics

The addition of a second, rigid phase to a polymer in order to form a composite is attractive for either property improvement or cost reduction. In the latter case, the inexpensive particulate mineral fillers used rarely contribute to enhanced mechanical properties. Reinforcing agents require some degree of angularity. Fibers, flakes and acicular minerals reinforce along the direction(s) of their largest dimension(s). The mechanics of the stress transfer process are treated fully in Chapter 2.
Some Examples Concerning Projection Constants

We provide some simple examples of subspaces of L ∞ for which the projection constants do not behave nicely. In particular we show that the relative projection constant does not interpolate.
Billard in Ellipsen und Geodäten an Ellipsoiden

Das Billardsystem beschreibt die Bewegung eines freien Punktes innerhalb eines ebenen Gebietes: Der Punkt bewegt sich mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit entlang einer Geraden, bis er auf den Rand trifft. Dort wird er entsprechend dem bekannten Gesetz der geometrischen Optik „Der Einfallswinkel ist gleich dem Reflexionswinkel“ gespiegelt. Genauso gut kann man sich Lichtstrahlen vorstellen, die von einem Rand reflektiert werden, der ein perfekter Spiegel ist. Wir werden Billardtische betrachten, die von glatten, konvexen, geschlossenen Kurven γ begrenzt sind.
A Tale of Two Molecules: How the Heat Capacities of N2(g) and F2(g) Differ At High Temperature and Why Naïve Expectations Fail to Explain These Differences: A Spreadsheet Exercise for Physical Chemistry Students

A spreadsheet-based exercise for students is described in which they are challenged to explain and reproduce the disparate temperature dependencies of the heat capacities of gaseous F2 and N2. For ...
Impact of infectious exposures and outbreaks on nurse and infection preventionist workload.

Background Staff nurse and infection preventionist (IP) workload increases in response to exposures and outbreaks. Understanding the time burden associated with responding to specific pathogens may improve resource allocation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate workload increases reported by nurses and IPs in response to common exposures and outbreaks. Methods Surveys were distributed to nurses in a New York hospital network and to IPs who attended the 2018 Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology annual conference or to IPs who were members of local Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology chapters. Respondents were asked to rate their daily workload increase and to rank their most time-consuming activities in response to exposure and outbreak scenarios. Results A total of 150 nurses and 228 IPs responded. Among the nurses, >60-minute workload increases were reported for Clostridium difficile (76%), lice or scabies (46%), and influenza (45%). Among the IPs, >60-minute increases were reported for mumps or measles (66%), tuberculosis (64%), and C difficile (50%). Among the nurses, isolation precautions, patient and family education, and staffing changes were the most frequently reported time-consuming activities. Among the IPs, chart review, exposure list compiling, and preventive measures for exposures were the most frequently reported time-consuming activities. Conclusions Organisms that are easier to treat and more difficult to spread, such as scabies or lice, can contribute substantially to nursing workload. Notably, three-quarters of the nurses and one-half of the IPs reported that C difficile adds >1 hour to their daily workload.
A water-soluble, synthetic auxin analog for rapid degradation of target proteins during C. elegans development

As developmental biologists in the age of genome editing, we now have access to an ever-increasing array of tools to manipulate endogenous gene expression. By combining CRISPR/Cas9-genome engineering with heterologous systems for targeted protein degradation, researchers can gain the spatial and temporal control to dissect endogenous protein function during development. A recent addition to this toolkit is the auxin-inducible degradation system, which functions through the activity of a hormone-inducible Arabidopsis F-box protein, transport inhibitor response 1 (TIR1). In the presence of auxin, TIR1 serves as a substrate recognition component of the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex SKP1-CUL1-F-box (SCF), ubiquitinating auxin-inducible degron (AID)-tagged proteins for proteasomal degradation. This system has been used successfully in C. elegans, Drosophila, zebrafish, yeast, and mammalian cell culture for rapid targeted protein depletion. Here, we describe an improved protocol for the AID system in C. elegans, utilizing a cost-effect alternative to the natural auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). We take advantage of the increased water solubility of NAA and demonstrate through quantitative high-resolution spinning disk confocal microscopy that we can rapidly degrade target proteins within 30 minutes of NAA exposure. Additionally, we find that NAA works robustly in both growth media and aqueous buffer, allowing for comparative use among growth plates, liquid submersion and microfluidic devices. We provide evidence that TIR1 interacts with C. elegans CUL1 homolog, cul-1, to degrade target proteins. Finally, as a proof-of-principle, we demonstrate high-throughput, penetrant defects from AID-mediated depletion of the Ftz-F1 nuclear hormone receptor, nhr-25, during C. elegans uterine-vulval development, where early depletion of nhr-25 results in a failure to specify the uterine anchor cell and later depletion arrests the division of the vulval precursor cells that give rise to the adult egg-laying apparatus. Together, this work provides a streamlined protocol broadly applicable to targeted protein degradation methods for dissecting gene function throughout C. elegans development and homeostasis.
Partial-root Harvest of American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.): A Non-Destructive Method for Harvesting Root Tissue for Ginsenoside Analysis

American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) roots have long been harvested for use in herbal medicine. Overharvesting has threatened long-term viability of wild American ginseng populations. Research has been ongoing to determine factors affecting the variation of ginsenosides in roots. Given the conservation concerns regarding wild American ginseng, we began experimenting with a partial-root harvest method in 2014 for extracting tissue for ginsenoside analysis without killing individual plants or causing long-term declines in wild populations. We took partial-root harvest samples from 57 plants in four wild populations throughout western North Carolina and monitored morphological attributes of these and 56 paired, unharvested plants of similar size for four years after harvest. Partial-root samples were taken from an additional 162 plants from 16 new populations in 2015 and 2016. Morphological attributes of these plants were monitored annually or biannually. In the paired plant study, annual reemergence did not differ between harvested and unharvested plants in any year after harvest. Leaf area was significantly lower in harvested plants than unharvested controls in the first year postharvest, but these differences did not persist after the first year. In the unpaired study, preharvest-postharvest comparisons were more variable, likely due to different harvest years and interannual variation in weather. Our results demonstrate that partial-root harvest could be an effective way for ginsenoside researchers to reduce their impact on wild and cultivated American ginseng populations and it may represent a non-destructive harvest protocol for root tissue phytochemical analysis.
RNA returns to the fold

RNA has multiple roles in biology, enabled by its structural diversity. Now, artificially grafted RNA motifs have been encoded in a single RNA strand to form self-assembling nanostructures with controlled geometry and function.
Metabolic disease testing on farms: Epidemiological principles

Background: Although many clinical metabolic diseases have been successfully controlled in modern dairy herds, subclinical metabolic diseases are often prevalent and associated with significant economic losses. Given the absence of easily identifiable clinical signs, their diagnosis often requires testing for metabolic markers in blood, urine, or milk. On-farm testing with point-of-care devices can facilitate the acceptance of a metabolic screening programme that is economically feasible and delivers a high quality of information. The goal of such a screening programme is to establish a baseline, set goals for an acceptable herd-level prevalence, and supervise the success or failure of any management changes required to attain these goals. Aim of the article: The article discusses the practical aspects of metabolic disease testing with examples of results and their interpretation.
Suddenly Becoming a "Virtual Doctor": Experiences of Psychiatrists Transitioning to Telemedicine During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Objective:In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, many psychiatrists have rapidly transitioned to telemedicine. This qualitative study sought to understand how this dramatic change in delivery has af...
Morphological and Behavioral Effects in Zebrafish Embryos after Exposure to Smoke Dyes

Solvent Violet 47 (SV47) and Disperse Blue 14 (DB14) are two anthraquinone dyes that were previously used in different formulations for the production of violet-colored smoke. Both dyes have shown potential for toxicity; however, there is no comprehensive understanding of their effects. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to SV47 or DB14 from 6 to 120 h post fertilization (hpf) to assess the dyes’ potential adverse effects on developing embryos. The potential ability of both dyes to cross the blood–brain barrier was also assessed. At concentrations between 0.55 and 5.23 mg/L, SV47 showed a dose-dependent increase in mortality, jaw malformation, axis curvature, and edemas. At concentrations between 0.15 and 7.54 mg/L, DB14 did not have this same dose-dependence but had similar morphological outcomes at the highest doses. Nevertheless, while SV47 showed significant mortality from 4.20 mg/L, there was no significant mortality on embryos exposed to DB14. Regardless, decreased locomotor movement was observed at all concentrations of DB14, suggesting an adverse neurodevelopmental effect. Overall, our results showed that at similar concentrations, SV47 and DB14 caused different types of phenotypic effects in zebrafish embryos.
Icosapent Ethyl (Vascepa) for Hyperlipidemia/Hypercholesterolemia to Reduce Risk of Heart Attack and Stroke.

Icosapent ethyl is safe, well tolerated and effective in preventing ischemic events including stroke and heart attack.
Abstractions for Polyhedral Topology-Aware Tasking [Position Paper]

Traditional polyhedral compilation techniques rely on Integer Linear Programming (ILP) and lexicographic optimization to compute optimal transformations. Although, these techniques excel at exposing and leveraging data and pipeline parallelism as well as exploiting (hidden) available locality, they are not the best suited when tackling problems such as the Manhattan distance in a grid.
The Effect of Household Debt and Wealth on Subsequent Housing Tenure Choice

The purchase of a home is the largest investment made by most American families, and home equity is the largest component of family wealth. Scholars have long documented the social and economic mer...
Chronic ethanol drinking in non-human primates induces inflammatory cathepsin gene expression in alveolar macrophages accompanied by functional defects

Chronic alcohol drinking is associated with increased susceptibility to viral and bacterial respiratory pathogens. Investigating the effects of alcohol on the lung is challenging in humans because of the complexity of human drinking behavior and the challenge of obtaining samples. In this study, we utilize a rhesus macaque model of voluntary ethanol self-administration to study the effects of alcohol on the lung in a physiologically and genetically relevant model. We report a heightened activation and inflammatory state in alveolar macrophages (AM) obtained from ethanol drinking animals that is accompanied by increased chromatin accessibility in intergenic regions that regulate inflammatory genes and contain binding motifs for transcription factors AP-1, IRF8, and NFKB p-65. In line with these transcriptional and epigenetic changes at basal state, AM from ethanol drinking animals generate elevated inflammatory mediator responses to LPS and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Analysis using scRNA-Seq revealed heterogeneity in lung-resident macrophage and monocyte populations, including increased abundance of activated and cathepsin-expressing clusters and accelerated differentiation with ethanol. Finally, functional assays show increased mitochondrial content in AM from ethanol drinking animals, which is associated with observed increased ROS and decreased phagocytosis capacity. This comprehensive epigenomic, transcriptional and functional profiling of lung macrophages after ethanol drinking in macaques provides previously unidentified mechanisms of ethanol induced infection susceptibility in patients with alcohol use disorders.
LaForge: Always-Correct and Fast Incremental Builds from Simple Specifications

Developers rely on build systems to generate software from code. At a minimum, a build system should produce build targets from a clean copy of the code. However, developers rarely work from clean checkouts. Instead, they rebuild software repeatedly, sometimes hundreds of times a day. To keep rebuilds fast, build systems run incrementally, executing commands only when built state cannot be reused. Existing tools like make present users with a tradeoff. Simple build specifications are easy to write, but limit incremental work. More complex build specifications produce faster incremental builds, but writing them is labor-intensive and error-prone. This work shows that no such tradeoff is necessary; build specifications can be both simple and fast. We introduce LaForge, a novel build tool that eliminates the need to specify dependencies or incremental build steps. LaForge builds are easy to specify; developers write a simple script that runs a full build. Even a single command like gcc src/*.c will suffice. LaForge traces the execution of the build and generates a transcript in the TraceIR language. On later builds, LaForge evaluates the TraceIR transcript to detect changes and perform an efficient incremental rebuild that automatically captures all build dependencies. We evaluate LaForge by building 14 software packages, including LLVM and memcached. Our results show that LaForge automatically generates efficient builds from simple build specifications. Full builds with LaForge have a median overhead of 16.1% compared to a project's default full build. LaForge's incremental builds consistently run fewer commands, and most take less than 3.08s longer than manually-specified incremental builds. Finally, LaForge is always correct.
The Realignment of Political Tolerance in the United States

Studies conducted between the 1950s and 1970s found the principles embodied in the First Amendment constituted a “clear norm” endorsed by large majorities of community leaders and virtually all legal practitioners and scholars. This consensus has since weakened under the strain of arguments that racist slurs, epithets, and other expression that demeans social identities are an intolerable affront to egalitarian values. Guided by the theory that norms are transmitted through social learning, we show that these developments have spurred a dramatic realignment in public tolerance of offensive expression about race, gender, and religion. Tolerance has declined overall, and its traditional relationships with ideology, education, and age have diminished or reversed. Speech subject to changing norms of tolerance ranges from polemic to scientific inquiry, the fringes to the mainstream of political discourse, and left to right, raising profound questions about the scope of permissible debate in contemporary American politics.
Sugar-coated pathways for developmental patterning

Signalling pathways controlling developmental cell fate rely on a variety of carbohydrate-based protein modifications, including glycosylation of cell-surface and extracellular-matrix proteins. Receptors themselves might be glycosylated during synthesis and secretory trafficking, regulating their subsequent signalling activities. Two recent reports have uncovered a shared requirement for nucleotide–sugar transport in these processes, underscoring the importance of carbohydrates in developmental patterning.
Response to Comment on “Characterization of Human Lung Tumor-Associated Fibroblasts and Their Ability to Modulate the Activation of Tumor-Associated T Cells”

We have two independently derived sets of new data that establish that B7-H1 is expressed by fibroblasts in the microenvironment of human non-small cell lung tumors. First, our flow cytometry data identify fibroblasts within disrupted lung tumor biopsy tissue through staining with a mAb specific for
Ethnicity and sexual identity in the United States

Identity formation is a process by which individuals come to recognize, understand, and name their sexual desires. For white heterosexuals, this process is largely an unconscious one, due to their relatively heteronormative culture that privileges white skin. For non-heterosexual ethnic and racial minorities, the process is more complicated and is shaped by racial and ethnic identity formation, as well as larger U.S. discourses surrounding sexuality, gender, and identity. Keywords: heteronormativity; sexual identity; sexual orientation; two-spirit
Experiences in using cetus for source-to-source transformations

Cetus is a compiler infrastructure for the source-to-source transformation of programs. Since its creation nearly three years ago, it has grown to over 12,000 lines of Java code, been made available publically on the web, and become a basis for several research projects. We discuss our experience using Cetus for a selection of these research projects. The focus of this paper is not the projects themselves, but rather how Cetus made these projects possible, how the needs of these projects influenced the development of Cetus, and the solutions we applied to problems we encountered with the infrastructure. We believe the research community can benefit from such a discussion, as shown by the strong interest in the mini-workshop on compiler research infrastructures where some of this information was first presented.
Effects of m-Tyrosine on Growth and Sporulation of Bacillus Species

Aronson, John N. (Arizona State University, Tempe), and Gerald R. Wermus. Effects of m-tyrosine on growth and sporulation of Bacillus species. J. Bacteriol. 90:38–46. 1965.—The aromatic amino acid analogue, dl-β-(3-hydroxyphenyl)alanine (m-tyrosine), reduced sporulation of a strain of Bacillus subtilis to less than 5% of that of control cultures in a glucose-salts minimal medium. The mass-doubling time increased twofold, but maximal growth equivalent to that of control cultures was eventually attained. A decreased growth rate could be maintained in the presence of the analogue for more than 10 doublings, despite incorporation of m-tyrosine-2-C14 in place of some of the protein phenylalanine. The organism proliferated to chain lengths of 10 to 15 cells. These cells persisted for many hours after maximal growth had been reached, in contrast to normal cultures which had begun to autolyze and sporulate. The response to m-tyrosine of strains of B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, and B. megaterium was like that of B. subtilis. In addition, B. thuringiensis and B. cereus converted m-tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine, which was further oxidized to a melaninlike substance. Growth of a strain of B. stearothermophilus was not slowed by m-tyrosine, but a strain of Escherichia coli grew at a reduced rate.
The J-integral applied to cyclic loading

Abstract The influence of notch geometry on the life to fatigue crack initiation is determined using a modified two-dimensional J- integral analysis. A notched plate that is subjected to fully reversed cyclic nominal strain control is analyzed in order to determine the strain history at the notch root. The expression for strain concentration has the same form as that obtained from the Neuber approach. After the local stress-strain history has been determined, a life prediction for fatigue crack initiation could be made. The modified J- integral and Neuber approaches are compared. Justification for the use of the modified J- integral may be found in the appendices.
Short-term outcome of infliximab and other medications on patients with inflammatory bowel disease undergoing ileostomy reversal.

Aim We evaluated the impact of immunosuppressive drugs on the short-term outcome following loop ileostomy closure in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Method Data on 249 patients with inflammatory bowel disease, who underwent loop ileostomy closure from 2001 to 2008, were retrospectively reviewed from a prospectively maintained database. Patients were distributed among groups according to the inflammatory bowel disease drugs used. Comorbidity, diagnosis, intra-operative and postoperative morbidity and length of stay data were analysed. Patients in group (INF) were receiving infliximab with or without other immunosuppressive agents (28), patients in group (S) were receiving only steroids (72) and those, in group III (S&I) were on steroids plus immunosuppressive agents, other than infliximab (35). Patients in group (ND) had not received any immunosuppressive agents for 2 months and served as the control group (114). Results Postoperative complication rates (wound infection, hernia, obstruction, intra-abdominal abscess, leakage, enterocutaneous fistula and sepsis) occured in 4.0, 12.0, 14 and 17.0% of patients in the four groups (P > 0.05). Reoperation was needed in 3.0% (2) of patients in group S, 6.0% (2) in S&I and 3.0% (3) in C groups, and the mean hospital stay was 4.6 (± 2.1), 5.6 (± 4.6), 5.2 (± 4.7) and 5.2 (± 6) days in groups INF, S, S&I and ND, respectively. There was no mortality. Conclusion There were no significantly increased postoperative complications after ileostomy closure in patients who received infliximab or other immunosuppressive medications compared with patients who did not.
Standardization of wound photography using the Wound Electronic Medical Record.

INTRODUCTIONClinical decisions regarding the treatment of chronic wounds often rely on the synthesis of information from multiple sources (radiology, pathology, vascular and culture reports, current treatments, etc). The utilization of technology, specifically digital photography combined with a Wou
Papillary adenocarcinoma of kidney II. radiographic and biologic characteristics

Abstract Papillary adenocarcinoma is an uncommon variety of renal adenocarcinoma occurring in 5 to 10 per cent of all cases. These tumors have a unique radiographic appearance consisting of reduced or absent vascularity. In addition, they are seemingly less aggressive, slow-growing, and more amenable to less radical surgery.
Exploring Fractal Geometry With Children

The intent of this article is to heighten elementary school teachers', teacher educators', and teacher-education researchers' awareness of possible applications of fractal geometry with children and, subsequently, to initiate a discussion about the appropriateness of including this new mathematics in the elementary curriculum. Activities for exploring children's thinking and understanding relative to (a) describing, identifying, and measuring fractal patterns and (b) the attribute of self-similarity in some fractal sets are presented, as are recommendations for future research.
Encephalitozoon infection in birds

Abstract Encephalitozoon hellem is a single-celled, intracellular parasite of the phylum Microspora. E. hellem was first recognized in immunosuppressed humans where it causes keratoconjunctivitis, sinusitis, and, uncommonly, systemic disease. Increasing evidence strongly suggests that birds are the primary host for E. hellem and that most bird infections are self limiting and do not result in disease. To date, commercially raised lovebirds appear to have the highest prevalence of spore shedding of the birds examined. When disease does occur in birds, it is usually associated with another immunosuppressive infection, inadequate husbandry, or immaturity. The kidney, liver, and intestine are the most common targets of infection, but lesion distribution is variable. Disease has been documented in a wide range of companion birds including parrots and finches, in an ostrich, and in wild hummingbirds. Albendazole has been used for systemic treatment of E. hellem and albendazole in combination with fumagillin have been used to treat ocular manifestations of E. hellem .
A coupled fluid/structure modeling of shock interaction with a truck

A recently developed loose-coupling algorithm that combines state-of-the-art Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Computational Structural Dynamics (CSD) methodologies, has been applied to the simulation of shock interaction with a truck carrying a command and control center. The coupled methodology has been developed to enable cost-effective simulation of fluid-structure interactions, specifically, shock wave diffraction about complex-geometry structures, and the structural response to the shock loading. Since both CFD and CSD have reached a high degree of reliability for the simulation of practical engineering problems, rather than develop new methodologies from scratch, we chose to couple two methodologies representing the state-of-the-art in their respective areas. Since the present research effort is directed toward nonlinear applications, we selected as the CFD choice the FEFLO96 methodology, which solves the time-dependent, compressible Euler and Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations, and for CSD we selected DYNA3D, which solves the large deformation, large strain formulation equations for the structure. Given that the geometrical complexity of the problems targeted for simulation can be severe and the deformations considerable, automatic grid generation for moving bodies is a prime requirement. For this reason, unstructured grids are employed for both the fluid and the structure. The elements used for the fluid are tetrahedral, whereas the elements for the structure are typically bricks. The basic fluid and structural dynamics codes were altered as little as possible. The structure is used as the "master-surface" to define the extent of the fluid region, and the fluid is used as the "master-surface" to define the loads. The transfer of loads, displaceme'Senior Research Scientist, Associate Fellow AIAA. *Senior Research Scientist, Member AIAA. **Professor, Member AIAA. "Senior Research Scientist. Copyright © 1996 by authors, Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics with permission. nts, and velocities is carried out via fast interpolation algorithms. Results from two simulations of shockstructure interactions are presented. The first modeled blast diffraction in a reinforced structure and was used mainly to validate the coupled methodology. The second simulation modeled shock impact on a truck, demonstrating the effectiveness of the coupled methodology.
Voters, Candidates, and Campaigns in the New Information Age An Overview and Assessment

New information technologies are slowly changing the conduct of campaigns and elections in the United States. This article provides an overview and synthesis of extant research on the use of this technology by candidates, journalists, and voters and discusses the implications for elections and democratic governance in the United States.
Steam Generating Collectors

This paper describes the advantages of operating a non-imaging collector in a mode where steam is generated directly in the collector, rather than using a heat transfer oil and a secondary heat exchanger. The predicted performance advantages from generating steam directly in the collectors are significant, and that performance was verified using a collector built and tested at Argonne National Laboratory. A description of the collec-tor and the test method used to test the collector while operating in a steam generating mode is also presented by this paper. Test results are included for a 6.4 m2 array of evacuated tube collectors with an advanced absorber coating, silver reflectors, and tubes oriented in a N-S configuration.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Xwnt-8 and lithium can act upon either dorsal mesodermal or neurectodermal cells to cause a loss of forebrain in Xenopus embryos

When Xenopus gastrulae are made to misexpress Xwnt-8, or are exposed to lithium ions, they develop with a loss of anterior structures. In the current study, we have characterized the neural defects produced by either Xwnt-8 or lithium and have examined potential cellular mechanisms underlying this anterior truncation. We find that the primary defect in embryos exposed to lithium at successively earlier stages during gastrulation is a progressive rostral to caudal deletion of the forebrain, while hindbrain and spinal regions of the CNS remain intact. Misexpression of Xwnt-8 during gastrulation produces an identical loss of forebrain. Our results demonstrate that lithium and Wnts can act upon either prospective neural ectodermal cells, or upon dorsal mesodermal cells, to cause a loss of anterior pattern. Specifically, ectodermal cells isolated from lithium- or Wnt-exposed embryos are unable to form anterior neural tissue in response to inductive signals from normal dorsal mesoderm. In addition, although dorsal mesodermal cells from lithium- or Wnt-exposed embryos are specified properly, and produce normal levels of the anterior neural inducing molecules noggin and chordin, they show a greatly reduced capacity to induce anterior neural tissue in conjugated ectoderm. Taken together, our results are consistent with a model in which Wnt- or lithium-mediated signals can induce either mesodermal or ectodermal cells to produce a dominant posteriorizing morphogen which respecifies anterior neural tissue as posterior.
Calibration, Verification, and an Application of a Two-Dimensional Hydrothermal Model [CE-QUAL-W2(t)] for Cannonsville Reservoir

ABSTRACT The successful testing of a two-dimensional hydrothermal/hydrodynamic model, CE-QUAL-W2(t), for Cannonsville Reservoir is documented. The model is calibrated to the detailed temperature data collected in the reservoir (depth-profiles at six locations) over the April-November interval (weekly) of 1995, using comprehensive hydrologic and on-site meteorological forcing data. Further, the frequency of current oscillations predicted for the lower layers matched results of independent determinations made from thermistor chain deployments (two locations). The model is verified through the successful continuous simulation of the observed thermal stratification regime of the reservoir for the 1988–1994 interval, a period in which wide interannual differences were observed related to variations in meteorology and operations. The model performs well in simulating: 1) the timing of stratification and turnover, 2) the duration of stratification, 3) the dimensions of the epilimnion and hypolimnion, 4) the temp...
(Z)-5-Decen-l-ol Acetate: the Major Sex Pheromone Component of Argyrogramma verruca (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Plusiinae)

(Z)-5-decen-l-ol acetate was isolated from extracts of abdominal tips of female Argyrogramma verruca (Fabricius) and was identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. In a flight-tunnel bioassay, this compound elicited upwind anemotactic flight by males to the pheromone dispenser at dosages equivalent to amounts extracted from one female abdominal tip. (Z)-5-decen-l-ol acetate was also attractive to male A. verruca in the field, as indicated by catches in traps baited with this chemical. (Z)-7-dodecen-l-ol acetate, the major component of the female sex pheromone of numerous other Plusiinae, was not detected in A. verruca female abdominal-tip extracts.