cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A polarization-sensitive light field imager for multi-channel angular spectroscopy of light scattering in biological tissues.

Background: Angular spectroscopy of light scattering can be used for quantitative analysis of cellular and subcellular properties, and thus promises a noninvasive methodology for in vivo assessment cellular integrity to complement in vitro histological examination. Spatial information is essential for accurate identification of localized abnormalities. However, conventional angular spectroscopy systems only provide single-channel measurement, which suffers from poor spatial resolution or requires time-consuming scanning over extended area. The purpose of this study was to develop a multi-channel angular spectroscopy for light field imaging in biological tissues. Materials and methods: A microlens array (8×8) based light field imager for 64-channel angular spectroscopy was developed. A pair of crossed polarizers was employed for polarization-sensitive recording to enable quantitative measurement at high signal specificity and sensitivity. The polarization-sensitive light field imager enables rapid measurement of multiple sampling volumes simultaneously at 18 μm spatialresolution and 3° angular-resolution. Comparative light field imaging and electrophysiological examination of freshly isolated and physiologically deteriorated lobster leg nerves have been conducted. Results: Two-dimensional polarization-sensitive scattering patterns of the fresh nerves were highly elliptical, while they gradually lost the ellipticity and became rotationally symmetric (i.e., circular) as the nerves physiologically deteriorated due to repeated electrical stimulations. Characterized parameters, i.e., the ellipticity and the scattering intensity, rendered spatially various characteristics such as different values and deteriorating rates. Conclusions: The polarization-sensitive light field imager is able to provide multi-channel angular spectroscopy of light scattering with both spatial and angular resolutions. The light scattering properties of nerves are highly dependent on the orientation of nerves and their physiological status. Further development of polarization-sensitive multi-channel angular spectroscopy may promise a methodology for rapid and reliable identification of localized abnormalities in biological tissues.
Testing for Common Conditionally Heteroskedastic Factors

This paper proposes a test for common conditionally heteroskedastic (CH) features in asset returns. Following Engle and Kozicki (1993), the common CH features property is expressed in terms of testable overidentifying moment restrictions. However, as we show, these moment conditions have a degenerate Jacobian matrix at the true parameter value and therefore the standard asymptotic results of Hansen (1982) do not apply. We show in this context that Hansen's (1982) J-test statistic is asymptotically distributed as the minimum of the limit of a certain random process with a markedly nonstandard distribution. If two assets are considered, this asymptotic distribution is a fifty-fifty mixture of ... and ..., where H is the number of moment conditions, as opposed to a .... With more than two assets, this distribution lies between the ... and ... (p denotes the number of parameters). These results show that ignoring the lack of first-order identification of the moment condition model leads to oversized tests with a possibly increasing overrejection rate with the number of assets. A Monte Carlo study illustrates these findings. (ProQuest: ... denotes formulae/symbols omitted.)
Limits to Power Growth

The current energy crises are not temporary. Geoscientists, especially, should realize that the major restrictions to power growth are geological, environmental, and political, and that these restrictions are not especially amenable to technological solutions. United States petroleum resources are large but conjectural. Most of these resources are believed to be offshore or in Alaska and thus will be time consuming and economically and environmentally expensive to provide. Even if the safety and location of atomic reactors did not present problems, U.S. nuclear power faces the twin specters of a domestic uranium shortage in the 1980s (the second energy crisis) and the political, environmental, and geological problems of managing radioactive wastes for 700 or possibly 10 5 yr. The large-scale mining of coal and oil shale will have a tremendous environmental impact on the Rocky Mountain states; a crash program to solve the liquid fuel crisis with these solid fuels by 1980 probably would require massive federal financing and the pre-emption of the water resources of several states. The allocation of energy resources by a few energy companies and (or) various state governors and the nation9s president could pose a major threat to the political liberties of U.S. citizens. If these various environmental, military, and political problems are to be avoided, the price of power must be allowed to rise until it includes most of the indirect societal costs and until the United States is virtually self-sufficient in energy production. Zero per capita power growth might be a resulting consequence.
The Utah Text Search Engine: Implementation Experiences and Future Plans

The Utah Text Search Engine is a special-purpose backend processor capable of scanning serial data from a mass storage device for occurrences of complex patterns. It is based on a new form of finite state automaton, the partitioned FSA, which is well suited for VLSI implementation. Custom integrated circuits have been developed and tested, and an initial prototype configuration has been used to replace the software-based search module in the prototype retrieval system running on the University of Utah Computer Science Department Apollo workstation network. A new prototype is currently under development. The basic structure of the search engine, the implementation of the two prototypes, and plans for future extensions and improvements are discussed.
Elevational clines in the temperature dependence of insect performance and implications for ecological responses to climate change.

To what extent is insect hopping and feeding performance, which constrains the ability to obtain and assimilate resources, thermally adapted along an elevation gradient? Does temperature dependence vary between populations and species and can differences account for individualistic responses to past climate change? We investigate these questions for three species of grasshoppers along a Rocky Mountain elevation gradient. All species and populations exhibit warm adaptation for consumption and digestion, with only modest inter- and intra-specific differences. Species differ substantially in the temperature of peak hopping performance. Low-elevation populations of the warm-adapted species exhibit the highest performance at high temperatures and the lowest performance at low temperatures. Developmental plasticity influences the temperature dependence of performance; grasshoppers reared at higher temperatures perform better at higher temperatures and possess broader thermal tolerance. We fitted thermal performance curves to examine whether performance shifts can account for changes in abundance between initial surveys in 1958–1960 and recent surveys since 2006. All species and populations are able to achieve greater feeding rates now. Estimated shifts in hopping performance vary between species and along the elevation gradient. The cool-adapted species has experienced declines in hopping performance, particularly at the lower elevation sites, while the warm-adapted species has experienced increases in performance concentrated at higher elevations. These estimated performance shifts broadly concur with observed abundance shifts. Performance metrics may have a greater potential to elucidate differential responses to climate change between populations and species than coarser and oft-used proxies, such as thermal tolerance. Assessing performance directly when temperature dependence varies between processes such as the acquisition and assimilation of energy may be essential to understanding population- and species-level impacts.
Nuevas herramientas para la detección de la tuberculosis latente

Tuberculosis is a serious public health problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries. In Colombia, the focus is on the clinical management of patients with active disease, but not on preventive programs that identify and treat individuals with a latent tuberculosis infection. This review emphasized the importance of preventative programs and their critical role in the curtailment of infection dissemination in the community. An effective program includes chemoprophylactic treatment of household contacts and detection of individuals with latent tuberculosis infection and with high risk of reactivation of disease. The tuberculin skin test has been used effectively for more than 100 years, despite inherent sensitivity and specificity limitations. Herein the advances provided by a new generation of immunoassays are reviewed, includingthe commercially-available Quantiferon and the experimental development of ELISPOT. Both are based on the detection of IFNgamma secretion by peripheral T cells upon incubation with Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens. Finally, the importance of molecular techniques aimed at detecting DNA from the mycobacterium is discussed as a possible complement to the described immunoassays.
Private Practice May Be Good for Your Health and Well-being

During the past decade, the growth in private practice has generated considerable debate in the social work profession on values and mission. Much of this debate has focused on whether social workers should enter private practice. Not as much research has been done on why social workers enter private practice. Using national random samples drawn from 1985 NASW membership records, this study compares the personal well-being of individuals who are in full-time private practice with the personal well-being of individuals who are in full-time agency practice. On all measures of personal well-being used in the study, workers in private practice fare significantly better than their colleagues in agency settings. The authors suggest that personal well-being may be one of the factors leading social workers into private practice. Additional implications also are suggested.
Reaction-transport simulations of non-oxidative methane conversion with continuous hydrogen removal — homogeneous–heterogeneous reaction pathways

Detailed kinetic-transport models were used to explore thermodynamic and kinetic barriers in the non-oxidative conversion of CH via homogeneous andhomogeneous }heterogeneous pathways andthe e !ects of continuous hydrogen removal and of catalytic sites on attainable yields of useful C }C products. The homogeneous kinetic model combines separately developed models for low-conversion pyrolysis andfor chain growth to form large aromatics andcarbon. The H formedin the reaction decreases CH pyrolysis rates andequilibrium conversions andit favors the formation of lighter products. The removal of H along tubular reactors with permeable walls increases reaction rates andequilibrium CH conversions. C }C yields reach values greater than 90% at intermediate values of dimensionless transport rates ("1}10), de"nedas the ratio hyd rogen transport andmethane conversion rates. Homogeneous reactions require impractical residence times, even with H removal, because of slow initiation andchain transfer rates. The introduction of heterogeneous chain initiation pathways using surface sites that form methyl radicals eliminates the induction period without in#uencing the homogeneous product distribution. Methane conversion, however, occurs predominately in the chain transfer regime, within which individual transfer steps and the formation of C intermediates become limited by thermodynamic constraints. Catalytic sites alone cannot overcome these constraints. Catalytic membrane reactors with continuous H removal remove these thermodynamic obstacles and decrease the required residence time. Reaction rates become limited by homogeneous reactions of C products to form C aromatics. Higher values leadto subsequent conversion of the desiredC }C products to larger polynuclear aromatics. We conclude that catalytic methane pyrolysis at the low temperatures required for restricted chain growth and the elimination of thermodynamics constraints via continuous hydrogen removal provide a practical path for the direct conversion of methane to higher hydrocarbons. The rigorous design criteria developed are being implemented using shape-selective bifunctional pyrolysis catalysts andperovskite membrane "lms in a parallel experimental e!ort. 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in the brain of rats during chronic hypoxia

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a transcription factor that regulates adaptive responses to the lack of oxygen in mammalian cells. HIF-1 consists of two proteins, HIF-1α and HIF-1β. HIF-1α ac...
Agricultural Economics and Technical Aid in Foreign Development

IN 1950, the Point Four program was implemented by the establishment of the Technical Cooperation Administration and the appointment of Henry G. Bennett, President of Oklahoma State University, as Administrator. These actions represented the beginning of a worldwide program of technical assistance in the economic development of the lessdeveloped countries. After a decade and a half, it seems appropriate to assess the role that technical aid, particularly in agricultural economics, has had in the development process. A substantial investment has been made in these programs and much useful experience has been gained. Many agricultural economists have been involved. Even more important are several recent developments which make an appraisal of our technical-aid efforts timely. These include the growing concern with the world food problem, the substantial increase in food imports of the less-developed countries, and the increased involvement during the past few years of the land-grant universities and the U.S. Department of Agriculture in foreign agriculturaldevelopment programs. Agricultural economists share in the responsibility for carrying out the moral commitment of the United States to the people of less-developed countries. In addition, agricultural economists are becoming interested in international affairs for two important pragmatic reasons. The first is the importance of building world prosperity and stability. The second is the importance of the agricultural export market. These interests in foreign affairs were outlined by President Truman. He said in announcing the Point Four Program, "All countries, including our own, will greatly benefit from a constructive program for better use of human and natural resources. Experience shows that our commerce with other countries expands as they progress industrially and economically. Greater production is the key to prosperity and peace."' U.S. technical aid in agriculture is particularly important to economic development in the less-developed countries. Agriculture is the major oc-
Transforming the Unbound Elephant to the Lovable Asian Hulk: Why is Modi Leveraging India’s Soft Power?

AbstractPrime Minister Modi’s administration has renewed emphasis on highlighting India’s soft power resources such as yoga, democratic values, spirituality, etc. Modi has also launched an aggressive public relations and marketing campaign to boost India’s economic growth. This article examines the role and importance of soft power resources in Modi’s foreign policy. The author argues that Modi is applying a two-pronged strategy of simultaneously adopting an aggressive sales pitch to boost India’s economic growth and leveraging India’s soft power to mitigate potential threats emanating from the country’s growing hard power. While soft power resources generally supplement a state’s hard power towards achieving foreign policy goals, Modi is using India’s soft power to draw attention away from the state’s rising military power. While India is enhancing its existing military power, Modi is engaging India’s neighbours and other great powers to ensure that its rise is intended to be peaceful, non-threatening an...
Inhibition of leukocytic pyrogen-induced fever by intracerebroventricular administration of salicylate and acetaminophen in the cat.

SummaryLateral cerebral ventricular administration of sodium salicylate (0.2 5-1.00 mg) and acetaminophen (0.50-1.00 mg) significantly inhibited production of fever by LP injected iv in the cat. Acetaminophen also caused mild but significant hypothermia in the absence of fever. The ability of these antipyretics to antagonize fever produced by LP, and by agents such as bacterial pyrogens which release LP, is most likely due primarily to a central action to inhibit the effect of LP rather than to a peripheral action to alter LP release from leukocytes or to inhibit. entry of LP into the central nervous sys tem.
Commentary on: Correction of cleft lip nose deformity with rib cartilage.

In their article, “Correction of Cleft Lip Nasal Deformity Using Rib Cartilage,” Hafezi et al present their preferred source of autologous graft material in the treatment of patients with cleft lip nasal deformities (CLND). They maintain that rib cartilage, harvested as recommended by Gunter et al,1 is superior to auricular cartilage (which they believe is convoluted) and to septal cartilage (which they believe is limited in amount). The authors report on a number of CLND patients they treated with rib cartilage grafts. They achieved …
Length Scale Propagation Along a Joint Inlet and Thermal Buoyancy Driven Flow

The objective of this research is the determination of length scale propagation in the average indoor cubicle environment associated with displacement ventilation. The presentation involves an extended analysis on experimental data taken in a cubicle sized room involving both a simplified ventilation technique and thermal occupant. A room of dimensions six by eight foot, similar to an office cubicle, is designed for optimal optical access while utilizing boundary conditions similar to those in a typical office environment. To simplify the flow, furniture is excluded from the setup. A heated manikin (no breathing effects) is introduced with seventeen heating zones set to the corresponding skin temperature of an average person. The combination of the ventilation and thermal buoyancy simulates the flows associated with displacement ventilation. Such a velocity database is useful both for CFD validation as well as turbulence model selection which was the initial thrust of the experiments. Research includes an analysis of three component Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements along the inlet of an isothermal ventilation system as it interacts with the buoyancy affects of the standing thermal occupant. From the PIV database, two-point correlations are computed and the integral lengths extracted. The propagation of length scales in both the streamwise and crosswise directions from the square foot floor inlet to occupant standing height are presented for consideration in addition to the turbulence moments of the flow.© 2006 ASME
Tobacco Budworm Control in Caged Cotton With a Resistant Variety, Augmentative Releases of Campoletis sonorensis, and Natural Control by Other Beneficial Species

A tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), population in field cages deposited ca. 1/2 as many eggs on a nectariless-high terpenoid-hirsute line of colton (XG-31) as on a nectaried-normal terpenoid-hirsute line (M-8). Fewer small larvae developed to medium size on XG-31 than on M-8, indicating small larval mortality most likely due to the high terpenoid content. About 8 times more medium-size larvae and twice as many large larvae were present on M-8 as on XG-31 in the F1 insect generation. Releases of Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron) resulted in 81–100% parasitism of medium larvae and, thus, considerably fewer large larvae. A native parasite, Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, and a predator, Orius insidiosus (Say), also preyed heavily on the tobacco budworm population. As a result, F2 tobacco budworm larval populations did not develop in the XG-31 plots where C. sonorensis was released. The numbers of small- and medium-sized tobacco budworm larvae also were greatly reduced in the M-8 parasite release plots. The nectariless XG-31 had fewer cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), eggs and larvae than the nectaried M-8, but the high terpenoid content of XG-31 did not significantly affect numbers of cabbage looper larvae.
XMAn: a Homo sapiens mutated-peptide database for the MS analysis of cancerous cell states.

To enable the identification of mutated peptide sequences in complex biological samples, in this work, two novel cancer- and disease-related protein databases with mutation information collected from several public resources such as COSMIC, IARC P53, OMIM, and UniProtKB were developed. In-house developed Perl scripts were used to search and process the data and to translate each gene-level mutation into a mutated peptide sequence. The cancer and disease mutation databases comprise a total of 872 125 and 27 148 peptide entries from 25 642 and 2913 proteins, respectively. A description line for each entry provides the parent protein ID and name, the cDNA- and protein-level mutation site and type, the originating database, and the disease or cancer tissue type and corresponding hits. The two databases are FASTA-formatted to enable data retrieval by commonly used tandem MS search engines. While the largest number of mutations were encountered for the amino acids A/D/E/G/L/P/R/S, the global mutation profiles r...
Distribution pattern of Ki67 immunoreactivity in ductal intraepithelial neoplasia: Correlation with lesion grade and potential utility

Abstract Background In this study, the pattern of distribution of the nuclei immunoreactive with Ki67 was examined in DIN1c (DCIS, grade 1/low grade), DIN2 (DCIS, grade 2/intermediate grade), and DIN3 (DCIS, grade 3/high grade). The lesions were evaluated to determine if distinctive patterns could be identified in correlation with lesion grade. Methods Fifty seven (n = 57) consecutive DIN cases were investigated. Of these, 15 qualified as DIN1c, 28 as DIN2 and 14 as DIN3. The patterns of distribution were recorded for each case as either basal/peripheral or haphazard within the epithelial proliferation. Results There was a statistically significant difference between the DIN1c, DIN2 and DIN3 in terms of basal/peripheral versus haphazard distribution of Ki67 immunostaining (Chi–square test, P Conclusion High grade DIN lesions show haphazard Ki67 staining while low grade DIN lesions show basal/peripheral Ki67 staining in the proliferating epithelial cells. This feature could be practical in separating DIN lesions into low grade (basal/peripheral-Ki67) and high grade (haphazard-Ki67) eliminating the grade 2/intermediate category.
Ethical Issues in Biomedical Research and Clinical Training

The authors outline the key ethical principles, safeguards, and practices that exist to fulfill the ethical conduct of research involving human subjects. They also outline ethical challenges and issues encountered by medical trainees on their path to becoming independent physicians: authorship and professional misconduct in research. As the physician-in-training strives to fulfill the standards of the profession, his or her aim to attain competence is balanced against the reality that the trainee begins without sufficient knowledge and skill and must learn “with” and “through” patients. With this in mind, goals and objectives for ethics training in medicine are outlined in the context of the natural progression of the identity of the physician.
Spatial, temporal and latitudinal components of historical fire regimes in mixed conifer forests, California

Aim This study seeks to document and compare historical temporal and spatial components of fire regimes in two watersheds in mixed conifer forests of the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, California, USA. Location Watersheds in the southern Sierra Nevada (Sugar Pine, 2358 ha) and north-central Sierra Nevada (Last Chance, 3021 ha), California, USA are compared. Methods Temporal (frequency, return interval, season) and spatial (extent, fire rotation, spatial mean fire interval) fire regime metrics were reconstructed from fire scar samples. Superposed epoch analysis (SEA) was used to examine relationships between fire occurrence and the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) at each site. Thin plate splines were introduced as a tool for interpolating historical fire extent from dendroecological data. Point fire return intervals were compared between sites to better understand possible influences of historical Native American burning practices. Results Differences emerged between sites in temporal and spatial fire regime metrics. The northern site had longer fire return intervals, more synchronized fire years, fewer point intervals < 4 years, longer fire rotation period and longer spatial mean fire interval. The northern site showed a significant reduction in PDSI values during fire years, whereas this climate–fire relationship in the southern site was likely decoupled by frequent Native American burning. Thin plate spline interpolation effectively reduced discontinuities at sample points compared to inverse distance weighting methods. Main conclusions Differences in both temporal and spatial fire regime metrics between sites were likely due to interplay in latitudinal influence on climate as well as differential Native American burning practices. Reconstruction of historical fire areas via geographical interpolation of fire scar data holds great promise for spatially explicit fire frequency reconstruction. The use of thin plate spline interpolation methods has the potential to reduce the impact of ‘false negatives’ in dendroecological data from frequent-fire forests.
Pilot study of the effect of cholecalciferol supplementation on hepcidin in children with chronic kidney disease: Results of the D-fense Trial

Hepcidin is a key mediator of the anemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD). There is emerging evidence that 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25D) regulates hepcidin production. A randomized controlled trial of daily vitamin D supplementation for 12 weeks was performed with the aim to test the effects of 4000 versus 400 IU of cholecalciferol on serum hepcidin levels in children with non-dialysis CKD recruited at a tertiary care children’s hospital. Hepcidin was quantified using a validated competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 25D levels were measured using the chemiluminescence Liaison 25(OH)D assay system. Co-variables included hemoglobin, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and serum calcium and phosphorus for safety monitoring. A total of 34 subjects were randomized to either the intervention or control group, of whom 26.5% were female and 23.5% were African American. The mean age of the study cohort was 10.9 [standard deviation (SD) 5.8] years, the mean baseline glomerular filtration rate was 60 (SD 17.6) ml/min/1.73 m2, and mean baseline 25D level was 29.7 (SD 11.5) ng/ml. At baseline, 50% of subjects were 25D deficient. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the intervention and control groups. Treatment with 4000 IU cholecalciferol was not associated with significant change in hepcidin level at 4 or 12 weeks, and multivariable generalized estimating equation regression demonstrated no significant difference in change in hepcidin over the treatment period in either arm. The median C-reactive protein level decreased significantly at 12 weeks in the intervention group. These results do not suggest that daily nutritional vitamin D supplementation modifies serum hepcidin levels in children with CKD. Further study will be required to determine whether supplementation may be effective in children with more advanced CKD or those on dialysis.
A Tale of Two Trials: Reconciling Differences in Results by Exploring Heterogeneous Treatment Effects.

Basu and coworkers presented an innovative approach using microsimulation modeling to explore HTEs. This approach is used to explain the divergent results observed in 3 large, well-designed, rigoro...
Investigation of aerosol effects on the Arctic surface temperature during the diurnal cycle: part 1 – total aerosol effect

Temperature changes in the Arctic due to anthropogenic climate change are larger in magnitude than those at lower latitudes, with sea ice extent and thickness diminishing since the dawn of the satellite era. Aerosols may play a vital role in determining these changes, as the radiation reaching the Arctic surface is impacted directly by aerosol absorption and scattering, as well as the ability of aerosols to act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice nuclei (IN). This study uses the Weather Research and Forecasting Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model to show the impact of aerosol absorption, scattering, and CCN contribution on the Arctic surface, with a particular focus on how these effects change throughout the diurnal cycle. Part 1 of this two-part study investigates the changes in surface temperature, radiation, and cloud properties due to the total aerosol effect in the Arctic. A suite of ensemble runs is used to develop a filtering mechanism based upon the t-test to eliminate the effects of meteorological variability. While much has been speculated about the cooling role of aerosols, this study shows that aerosols have both a warming and cooling effect. The warming effect is prominent at night, while the cooling effect dominates during the day. In both cases, the magnitude of the effect is dependent upon aerosol concentration.
Synergistic Modulation of Inflammatory but not Metabolic Effects of High-Fat Feeding by CCR2 and CX3CR1.

Objective The purpose of the study was to explore the impact of dual targeting of C-C motif chemokine receptor-2 (CCR2) and fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) on the metabolic and inflammatory consequences of obesity induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). Methods C57BL/6J wild-type, Cx3cr1−/−, Ccr2−/−, and Cx3cr1−/−Ccr2−/− double-knockout male and female mice were fed a 45% HFD for up to 25 weeks starting at 12 weeks of age. Results All groups gained weight at a similar rate and developed a similar degree of adiposity, hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, and impairment of insulin sensitivity in response to HFD. As expected, the circulating monocyte count was decreased in Ccr2−/− and Cx3cr1−/−Ccr2−/− mice but not in Cx3cr1−/− mice. Flow cytometric analysis of perigonadal adipose tissue of male, but not female, mice revealed trends to lower CD11c+MGL1− M1-like macrophages and higher CD11c−MGL1+ M2-like macrophages as a percentage of CD45+F4/80+CD11b+ macrophages in Cx3cr1−/−Ccr2−/− mice versus wild-type mice, suggesting reduced adipose tissue macrophage activation. In contrast, single knockout of Ccr2 or Cx3cr1 did not differ in their adipose macrophage phenotypes. Conclusions Although CCR2 and CX3CR1 may synergistically impact inflammatory phenotypes, their joint deficiency did not influence the metabolic effects of a 45% HFD-induced obesity in these model conditions.
Campaign Visits, Party Ties, and Challenges to the Party Establishment in Presidential Nominating Contests

Rice examines Donald Trump’s claims that he won the Republican nomination by bringing new people into the Republican Party. Instead, she finds evidence that Trump won through drawing in Republicans who do not normally participate in their party’s nominating contests. Rice argues that campaign visits help expose voters to the range of ideas within their party and strengthen ties between voters and party. Meanwhile, voters in areas completely ignored by a party’s candidates become more vulnerable to outsider appeals like those of Trump. She finds that Trump did better in these previously ignored areas as well as in counties with higher unemployment rates. However, on the Democratic side, Bernie Sanders did better in states with open contests, suggesting he succeeded in drawing in new people to the Democratic Party. She concludes with a discussion of the strategic implications of these findings for party leaders.
Diplomacy and the Settlement of International Disputes

International legal frameworks exist to formalize interactions between countries, supposedly muting the need for behind-the-scenes bargaining in the event of disagreements. Yet diplomacy persists, and sometimes escalates, even after countries invoke dispute settlement mechanisms. What is the purpose and impact of diplomatic engagement in the presence of international law? To date, the answer to this question has been elusive due to a shortage of both granular, systematic data on diplomatic interaction and precise theories about its effects. This paper redresses these deficits by exploring the relationship between diplomacy and the settlement of international trade disputes prior to a final legal judgment. We argue that even when states resort to international legal mechanisms, they still engage in a considerable amount of diplomacy outside of those processes. But the effects of diplomatic engagement vary depending on pre-existing state affinity. Specifically, we argue that diplomatic interactions help states that have dissimilar policy preferences resolve their disputes before they reach a formal ruling. By contrast, diplomacy has minimal impact on dispute settlement in relationships between countries with higher affinity. To establish this argument, we focus on the diplomatic interactions behind litigation involving the United States (US) at the World Trade Organization (WTO).
Temperature Dependent Rate Coefficients for the Gas-Phase Reaction of the OH Radical with Linear (L2, L3) and Cyclic (D3, D4) Permethylsiloxanes

Permethylsiloxanes are emitted into the atmosphere during production and use as personal care products, lubricants, and cleaning agents. The predominate atmospheric loss process for permethylsiloxanes is expected to be via gas-phase reaction with the OH radical. In this study, rate coefficients, k(T), for the OH radical gas-phase reaction with the two simplest linear and cyclic permethylsiloxanes were measured using a pulsed laser photolysis–laser induced fluorescence technique over the temperature range of 240–370 K and a relative rate method at 294 K: hexamethyldisiloxane ((CH3)3SiOSi(CH3)3, L2), k1; octamethyltrisiloxane ([(CH3)3SiO]2Si(CH3)2, L3), k2; hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane ([-Si(CH3)2O-]3, D3), k3; and octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane ([-Si(CH3)2O-]4, D4), k4. The obtained k(294 K) values and temperature-dependence expressions for the 240–370 K temperature range are (cm3 molecule–1 s–1, 2σ absolute uncertainties): k1(294 K) = (1.28 ± 0.08) × 10–12, k1(T) = (1.87 ± 0.18) × 10–11 exp(−(791 ± 27)/T); k2...
Visual Complex Analysis. By Tristan Needham

(1998). Visual Complex Analysis. By Tristan Needham. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 105, No. 6, pp. 570-576.
Evaluating Industry/University Research Linkages

OVERVIEW:Joint industry-university research activity is an increasingly common form of conducting both basic and applied research. However, successfully selecting partners and designing structures for mutually productive relationships takes considerably more care than is the case with intra-industry linkages. Interviews with industry R&D managers and bench scientists, as well as an extensive literature search, led to insights about how successful relationships are established. Key questions, that parties on both sides should ask of each other (and themselves) provide checklists of issues to identify and resolve before extensive commitments are made.
Diversity and Evolution of the Marsupial Mandibular Angular Process

A medial inflection of the mandibular angular process is present in most marsupials. The few living marsupials that lack this trait either are very specialized forms (e.g., Tarsipes) or show a medial inflection at some point in development that is lost in later ontogenetic stages (cf. Dactylopsila and Phascolarctos). A medially inflected angular process is not present in any known extant or extinct placental (including all Cretaceous taxa that preserve the back of the dentary bone). Some extant placentals with enlarged auditory bullae evolved a medial flange of the angular process as a strategy to increase gape, but this is not homologous to the marsupial condition. We conclude that the medially inflected angular process is a shared derived trait of extant and extinct marsupials. The significant diversity in the form of the medially inflected mandibular angular process in marsupials, documented here for 53 taxa, shows a general relation to dietary adaptations. Herbivores (with well-developed masseter and medial pterygoid muscles) tend to have a shelf-like angular process, while small, insectivorous marsupials generally have a rod-like angular process. A close connection between the angular process and the ectotympanic is maintained during early postnatal development in all marsupials examined, a relation not seen in the placentals examined. A previous hypothesis suggested that the angular process plays a role in hearing in pouch-young Monodelphis. Data on the maturation of the auditory system does not support this hypothesis. Currently there are no data on differences in muscular anatomy or mastication between marsupials and placentals that could serve as a causal explanation for the difference in adult form of the angular process between the two groups.
The Able-Bodied Slave

The article takes up the “abled-bodied slave” as a concept for engaging with the emergence and epistemological significance of “disabled slaves” in disability studies. Black feminist contributions ...
Abstract 3557: miR-181a is a key driver of genomic instability and ovarian cancer tumorigenesis through the regulation of RB1

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is one of the deadliest gynecological cancers currently diagnosed in women with approximately 20,000 new cases and 15,000 deaths per year. Ovarian cancer can be stratified into distinct subtypes of which high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) comprises 90% of all cases and has the highest mortality rate. Reducing the high mortality rate associated with HGSOC currently has two primary barriers: 1) most HGSOCs are diagnosed at a post-metastatic stage and 2) up to 70% of patients recur within 5 years. Both of these limitations are due to the fact that the drivers of tumor initiation are poorly understood. In order to change the status quo of the last 30 years, a new approach that focuses on understanding the origins of HGSOC is required. Our lab has recently discovered that miR-181a promotes key hallmarks of HGSOC progression in fallopian tube secretory epithelial cells (FTSECs) which are precursor cells of HGSOC. We show that enhanced expression of miR-181a in FTSECs results in increased proliferation, survival, and anchorage independent growth in vitro . Furthermore, FTSECs with miR-181a overexpression are able to form tumors in vivo whereas FTSECs that overexpress a control scramble miRNA cannot. Using cell cycle analysis, dynamic live-cell imaging, and SNP array analysis, we also found that miR-181a overexpression increases aneuploidy and genomic instability in FTSECs. We show that miR-181a promotes defects in nuclear structure, ruptures in the nuclear envelope, as well as mitotic and cytokinetic defects affecting proper chromosome segregation. A combination of global mRNA expression profiling and target prediction software identified the tumor suppressor retinoblastoma (RB1) as a target for miR-181a mediated FTSEC tumorigenesis. Using an RB1 3’UTR luciferase assay, along with stable expression of an shRNA against RB1 in FTSECs, we are able to show that miR-181a directly targets RB1 and that knockdown of RB1 phenocopies miR-181a mediated tumorigenesis. Taken together, our data shed light on a novel mechanism that promotes genomic instability and tumorigenesis in the early phases of HGSOC development. Our results suggest miR-181a as a promising early detection biomarker as well as a prognostic tool to guide patient treatment. Citation Format: Matthew Knarr, Lily Kwiatkowski, Anil Nagaraj, Ronny Drapkin, Analisa DiFeo. miR-181a is a key driver of genomic instability and ovarian cancer tumorigenesis through the regulation of RB1 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3557.
Durable, acid-resistant copolymers from industrial by-product sulfur and microbially-produced tyrosine

The search for alternative feedstocks to replace petrochemical polymers has centered on plant-derived monomer feedstocks. Alternatives to agricultural feedstock production should also be pursued, especially considering the ecological damage caused by modern agricultural practices. Herein, L-tyrosine produced on an industrial scale by E. coli was derivatized with olefins to give tetraallyltyrosine. Tetraallyltyrosine was subsequently copolymerized via its inverse vulcanization with industrial by-product elemental sulfur in two different comonomer ratios to afford highly-crosslinked network copolymers TTSx (x = wt% sulfur in monomer feed). TTSx copolymers were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). DMA was employed to assess the viscoelastic properties of TTSx through the temperature dependence of the storage modulus, loss modulus and energy damping ability. Stress–strain analysis revealed that the flexural strength of TTSx copolymers (>6.8 MPa) is more than 3 MPa higher than flexural strengths for previously-tested inverse vulcanized biopolymer derivatives, and more than twice the flexural strength of some Portland cement compositions (which range from 3–5 MPa). Despite the high tyrosine content (50–70 wt%) in TTSx, the materials show no water-induced swelling or water uptake after being submerged for 24 h. More impressively, TTSx copolymers are highly resistant to oxidizing acid, with no deterioration of mechanical properties even after soaking in 0.5 M sulfuric acid for 24 h. The demonstration that these durable, chemically-resistant TTSx copolymers can be prepared from industrial by-product and microbially-produced monomers via a 100% atom-economical inverse vulcanization process portends their potential utility as sustainable surrogates for less ecofriendly materials.
Temporal Trends in Financing of Pediatric Heart Transplantation in the United States

Purpose Heart transplantation (HT) in children consumes substantial health care resources. However, little is known regarding the financing of pediatric HT in the US and whether there have been changes in the nature of pediatric HT financing over time. Methods The United Network for Organ Sharing thoracic organ transplant database was queried for all HTs performed in patients Results During the study period, 8289 HTs were performed in patients Conclusion Currently, pediatric HT in the US is funded predominantly by Medicaid. In recent years, the proportion of patients with private insurance has fallen with a commensurate increase in Medicaid as primary payer. These findings have implications in view of recent threats to Medicaid funding nationally. Further study is necessary to better understand the causes and impacts of these temporal changes.
A Critique of Hobbes’s State of Nature

In this essay, I analyze Hobbes’s formulation of what a state of nature would be like and assess whether or not that formulation is compelling. In doing this, I review his three principal reasons for conflict within the state of nature. I argue that his mechanistic reduction of human behavior and motivation is over-generalized and focus on the emphasis he places on instrumental power. I then review his description of zero-sum mentality in relation to trust between individuals and attempt to articulate a phenomenology of trust that appreciates the complexity of human interactions. Finally, I assess the validity of Hobbes’s claim that moral consensus would cease to exist in a state of nature in the absence of a state apparatus. I attempt to refute his reasoning by making an appeal to human empathy and its moral dimensions in relation to glory-seeking behavior that Hobbes stipulates.
An intervention based on the health belief model led to improvements in self-efficacy towards ERIPP participation and functional performance in club sport athletes: a pilot study.

Abstract Objectives To determine if an intervention based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) could improve attitudes towards exercise-related injury prevention program (ERIPP) participation and functional performance in club sport participants. Design Repeated measures Methods Participants completed the HBM Scale (HBMS) and Theory of Planned Behavior Scale (TPBS) to assess attitudes towards ERIPP participation at three time points (pre-measure, post-measure, follow-up measure). The HBM based intervention was delivered immediately following the pre-measure containing: 1) education on ERIPPs, benefits and barriers to participating, strategies to overcome barriers, risk factors and consequences for lower extremity injuries, and strategies to prevent lower extremity injuries 2) individualized feedback on functional performance 3) demonstration and participation in the 11 + . Attitudes towards injury prevention were compared using the subscales of the HBMS and TPBS at all three time points. Functional performance was compared at the pre-measure and follow-up measure. Results Significant improvements with large effect sizes were detected in individual self-efficacy from pre-test (0.73 ± 4.48) to post-test (2.93 ± 4.30; P = 0.05; ƞ2 = 0.18) and pre-test to follow-up (3.20 ± 3.49; P = 0.04; ƞ2 = 0.20) and community led self-efficacy from pre-test (4.40 ± 2.75) to post-test (6.07 ± 3.43; P = 0.02; ƞ2 = 0.24) and pre-test to follow-up (7.07 ± 2.05; P = 0.001; ƞ2 = 0.44). Additionally, significant improvements were found in the LESS-RT following the intervention. Conclusions The intervention based on the HBM led to improvements in individual and community led self-efficacy indicating an enhancement in the participants’ confidence in their ability to participate in an ERIPP. Future research should investigate the effectiveness of individualized interventions to improve attitudes towards and adherence to ERIPPs.
A Kmer-based paired-end read (KPR) de novo assembler and genotyper to genotype major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) alleles for the dog

Abstract The major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) genes are highly polymorphic among individuals. MHC-I genotyping is required for determining the antigen-binding specificity of each MHC-I molecule in an individual. Numerous tools have been developed for human MHC-I genotyping using deep sequencing data such as RNA-seq; however they do not work for the dog, due to very limited information for canine alleles. To address this issue, we developed a Kmer-based paired-end read (KPR) de novo assembler and genotyper, which first assemble paired-end RNA-seq reads mapped to the MHC-I regions into contigs de novo and then genotype each contig. Our KPR tools are validated by Sanger sequencing, simulation and published genotype data. Applying our KPR tools on the published RNA-seq data of 158 tumor and 64 normal samples from 158 dogs, we have achieved a genotyping success rate of 86%, which includes 133 tumor and 57 normal samples from 142 dogs. We have identified 39 known alleles and 83 new alleles of high confidence in these dogs, yielding a more comprehensive MHC-I allele diversity landscape for the dog.