cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acoustic Radiation Impedances And Impulse Responses For Elliptical Cylinders Using Internal Source Density And Singular Value Decomposition Methods

Abstract A new internal source distribution method is combined with the singular value decomposition method to determine the acoustic impedance and associated impulse response for an infinite cylinder with a plane of symmetry and a normal velocity with a specified circumferential variation. An internal linear distribution of unknown monopole and/or dipole line sources along the plane of symmetry is determined to match the specified harmonic normal velocity on the surface in a least mean square error sense. After the discretization of the source distributions, the subsequent solution of a set or sets of linear algebraic equations for the internal source distributions is obtained using the singular value decomposition method. Line integrals for the associated surface pressure, the acoustic impedance and the corresponding impulse response are then simply evaluated by quadrature methods. Numerical results for the acoustic impedances and associated impulse responses are presented for circular cylinders vibrating with various natural in vacuo modal shapes. Numerical results for acoustic impedances and associated impulse responses for elliptical cylinders vibrating with various natural in vacuo modal shapes are then presented, and their characteristics are discussed and compared to the corresponding results for circular cylinders.
Charge transport in DNA in solution: The role of polarons

Since the discovery a decade ago of rapid photoinduced electron transfer in DNA over a distance >4 nm, a large number of experiments and theories have been advanced in the attempt to characterize the transfer, mainly of a radical cation or hole. Particularly influential experiments were carried out by Giese [Giese, B. (2000) Acc. Chem. Res. 33, 631–636] on the sequence G(A)nGGG, where G is guanine and A is adenine. These experiments were interpreted as showing that for n > 3, after the holes tunnel through the first three As, they hop onto the bridge of As, where they are localized on a single A and travel further by hopping between neighboring As. Recent experiments of Barton and coworkers [Shao, F., O'Neill, M. A. & Barton, J. K. (2004) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 17914–17919] have, however, established that the hole wavefunctions are delocalized. One of the mechanisms based on delocalized hole wavefunctions that had been investigated, both experimentally and theoretically, is transport by polarons. For one type of polaron, the properties are determined by polarization of the surrounding medium (water and ions, in this case). Theory predicts that this type of polaron is delocalized over approximately four bases in DNA. Transport by these polarons could explain the results of Giese et al. [Giese, B., Amaudrut, J., Kohler, A.-K., Spormann, M. & Wessely, S. (2001) Nature 412, 318–320], recent experimental results of O'Neill and Barton [O'Neill, M. A. & Barton, J. K. (2004) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 11471–11483] concerning the size of the region over which the hole is delocalized, and other experimental observations.
Microfabricated polymeric vessel mimetics for 3-D cancer cell culture.

Abstract Modeling tumor growth in vitro is essential for cost-effective testing of hypotheses in preclinical cancer research. 3-D cell culture offers an improvement over monolayer culture for studying cellular processes in cancer biology because of the preservation of cell–cell and cell-ECM interactions. Oxygen transport poses a major barrier to mimicking in vivo environments and is not replicated in conventional cell culture systems. We hypothesized that we can better mimic the tumor microenvironment using a bioreactor system for controlling gas exchange in cancer cell cultures with silicone hydrogel synthetic vessels. Soft-lithography techniques were used to fabricate oxygen-permeable silicone hydrogel membranes containing arrays of micropillars. These membranes were inserted into a bioreactor and surrounded by basement membrane extract (BME) within which fluorescent ovarian cancer (OVCAR8) cells were cultured. Cell clusters oxygenated by synthetic vessels showed a ∼100μm drop-off to anoxia, consistent with in vivo studies of tumor nodules fed by the microvasculature. Oxygen transport in the bioreactor system was characterized by experimental testing with a dissolved oxygen probe and finite element modeling of convective flow. Our study demonstrates differing growth patterns associated with controlling gas distributions to better mimic in vivo conditions.
Indications and Techniques of Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery (TEMS)

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEMS) has recently reemerged as a valuable technique for the management of rectal neoplasms — both benign and malignant. Since the original description of this technique in the early 1980s, TEMS has emerged as the approach of choice for most benign rectal tumors because of the excellent views provided and superior dissection techniques possible when compared to traditional transanal excision. Many published reports demonstrate that the lowest rates of recurrence are associated with TEMS probably because of full-thickness excision with negative margins. Increasingly, TEMS is being applied to primary rectal cancer when used alone as a full-thickness excision alone or in combination with additional therapies, depending on tumor stage. There is now a significant evidence base to suggest that this approach should be considered as part of a multidisciplinary approach to rectal cancer. This paper describes indications and techniques for this technology.
The Stress Corrosion Cracking of Deformed Austenitic Stainless Steel in an Acidified Chloride Solution

Abstract The critical electrochemical parameters and their relation to SCC were examined in untransformed 301 stainless steel in an acidified concentrated NaCl plus Na2SO4 solution. Potential-time curves showed that a substantial period of time was necessary before the abrupt shift to the rest potential. During this period, there was a copious evolution of hydrogen which ceased abruptly coincident with the potential shift. A critical cracking potential was clearly identified near −375 mV, SCE. There was a true incubation period for crack initiation even after the potential had attained the corrosion potential. Current-time curves clearly indicated the formation of a pseudo-passive film where the current dropped from an initially high value to close to zero. This film, the precursor to SCC, was relatively thick and on examination after removal revealed Cr enrichment, Fe and Ni depletion, and chlorine buildup. Electron diffraction identified the film as a chromium oxyhydroxide. It is concluded that several ...
INSIDERS, OUTSIDERS, OR TREND CHASERS?: AN INVESTIGATION OF PRE-TAKEOVER TRANSACTIONS IN THE SHARES OF TARGET FIRMS

In this study we examine pre-takeover volume run-ups preceding tender offer announcements from 1982 to 1985 and consider three possible explanations for the run-ups: (1) they are due primarily to registered insiders, (2) they are due to market anticipation of the impending event by informed outsiders, and (3) they are due (at least in part) to “positive feedback” investors—i.e., those who observe early price and volume increases and buy to “chase the trend.” Our results suggest that pre-announcement volume run-ups are largely due to trading by registered insiders. We explain this phenomenon in the context of the relatively lax regulatory environment during the period studied.
Forced dissociation of activity entrained to T cycles of food access in rats with suprachiasmatic lesions.

The ability of rats with suprachiasmatic lesions to entrain anticipatory wheel run ning to two food access times per day was investigated. In the presence of meal schedules with periods of 23.75 hr and 24 hr, two of seven rats entrained activity to both for many consecutive days, while other rats repeatedly shifted activity from one schedule to the other. A second group of rats was maintained on 25-hr and 26-hr meal schedules. One of nine rats showed prolonged entrainment to both schedules (i.e., forced dissociation). In the other rats, antici patory activity (AA) waxed and waned repeatedly on each schedule. In both experiments, AA to the leading schedule increased when the interval between meals was about 5 hr or less, and AA to the trailing schedule diminished or ceased. Changes in AA were also common when the interval between meals was between 11 and 16 hr. The results are consistent with the hypoth esis that entrainment of AA to periodic food access is mediated by at least two mutually coupled circadi...
THE ECONOMICS OF RELIGION AND SECULARIZATION

Abstract The secularization theory of economic development posits that material prosperity undermines the felt need for religious consolation and leads to religion playing a lesser role in culture and politics. However, this theory is too simple. There are complex reciprocal dynamics at work in the relationship between economic development and religion. While education often makes individuals less religious, conversely, religion has historically provided many individuals with new opportunities for education. Also, while economic development raises the opportunity cost of participating in time-intensive activities like religion, but on the other hand people often tend to value something more when it “costs” more.
Arson and the Special Part

This commentary on Michael Cahill’s Grading Arson argues that Cahill’s analysis inevitably leads to three possible conclusions. First, arson does not belong in criminal codes. Second, crimes of manner do not belong in criminal codes. And, third, the special part needs serious reconsideration. Although Cahill is reticent to draw any of these conclusions, this commentary urges Cahill to embrace all three.
T-Cell Costimulatory Pathways Relevant to Transplant Rejection and Tolerance

R ejection of major histocompalibility complex (R/MC)-disparate organ transplants is orchestrated ancl mccliatecl by T lymphocytes. As many as I in 20 peripheral T lymphocytes can recognize and rcsponcl to the allogcncic MIX molecules expressed by mismatched tissue (or peptides derived from them).’ When encountering alloantigen, some of these alloreactive T Iymphocytcs clifferentiate into cytotoxic cells (CTL) that can directly kill mismatchecl tissue, whereas some become lymphokineproducing cells that recruit inflammatory cells to the site of the allograft. The processes mediatecl by these effector T lymphocytes precipitate acute rejection of the graft. Yet other alloreactive T cells differentiate into cells capable of helping B cells to produce the alloantibodies that contribute the vascular abnormality typical of chronic rejection.” To develop full effector function during an immune response, T cells require ancillary receptor-ligand interactions in addition to those mediated by the T-cell antigen receptor (TCK) binding to R/IHCs It is now clear that these costimulatory signals play a crucial role in shaping the outcome of an immune response, which in the case of organ transplantation can mean the difference between rejection and tolerance.
“Biblical” bronze coins: new insights into their timing and attribution using copper and lead isotopes

Ancient Judaean bronze coins are important for reconstructing the timing of events, for their cultural information, and for understanding alliances in the Eastern Mediterranean as Roman influence replaced the Hellenic Empires. Isotopic analyses of metals important in archaeology have become increasingly routine using multiple collector–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. A relatively nondestructive acid swab method for the isotopic analysis of lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) in bronze is described and tested for various isotopic sampling biases. The method is used to examine changes over time in fiduciary metal sources in the Levant during the first centuries bce and ce. The metal sources, timing, and attribution of Judaean “widow's mites” (ca. 80–40 bce) and the bronze coins of Roman governors Valerius Gratus and Pontius Pilate under Tiberius (14–37 ce) are used to illustrate how changes in the isotopes of Pb (widow's mites) and Cu (Roman governors) can be used to elucidate the compositional chronology of archaeological bronzes from this region and period.
Two results concerning asymptotic behavior of solutions of the Burgers equation with force

We consider the Burgers equation with an external force. For the case of the force periodic in space and time we prove the existence of a solution periodic in space and time which is the limit of a wide class of solutions ast → ∞. If the force is the product of a periodic function ofx and white noise in time, we prove the existence of an invariant distribution concentrated on the space of space-periodic functions which is the limit of a wide class of distributions ast → ∞.
Carrier dynamics in MOVPE-grown bulk dilute nitride materials for multi-junction solar cells

Dilute nitride materials with a 1eV band-gap lattice matched to GaAs substrates are attractive for high-efficiency multi-junction solar cells. Carrier lifetime measurements are crucial in optimizing material growth and p-i-n field-aided carrier-extraction-device design. One research group has reported carrier lifetimes of MBE-grown bulk InGaNAsSb materials, but there has been no report of carrier lifetime measurements from bulk InGaNAsSb grown by MOVPE. In this study, we report the growth of bulk InGaNAsSb by MOVPE and the first carrier lifetime measurement from MOVPE-grown bulk InGaNAsSb materials with E g = 1.0 - 1.2eV at 300K. We studied carrier dynamics in MOVPE-grown bulk dilute nitride materials nominally lattice matched to GaAs (100) substrates: 1μm thick In 0.035 GaN 0.025 As (E g = 1.0eV at 300K) and ~0.2μm thick In (0.05-0.07) GaN (0.01-0.02) AsSb (0.02-0.06) layers (E g = 1.2eV at 300K). Both structures are fully strained. The incorporation of N in InGaNAs leads to degradation in photoluminescence efficiency, but prior studies indicate the addition of Sb in MBE-grown InGaNAsSb improved the PL efficiency. Two-step post-growth thermal annealing processes were optimized to obtain maximum PL efficiencies that yielded a typical blue shift of 50 and 30meV for InGaNAs and InGaNAsSb, respectively. We employed a streak camera to measure carrier lifetimes from both as-grown and thermally annealed samples. Carrier lifetimes of <30psec were obtained from the InGaNAs samples, whereas carrier lifetimes of up to ~150psec were obtained from the InGaNAsSb samples. We discuss possible reasons for short carrier lifetimes measured from MOVPE-grown InGaNAs(Sb) materials.
Applications of coarse-grained dataflow in computational mechanics

Dataflow models are free of side effects and have no notion of state or sequencing. Because these representations place a partial, as opposed to a total, ordering on the execution of their component operations, the concurrent aspects of computation are clearly revealed. The correspondence between dataflow graphs and purely functional programs allows computations to be expressed in a high-level functional language and subsequently transformed into a dataflow graph. This paper describes the use of dataflow models as an alternative control strategy for engineering analysis programs and contrasts them with traditional imperative approaches. The characteristics of functional languages are also described, as is their inherent parallelism, which may be realized by compilation into dataflow graphs. The application of functional languages to finite element programming is presented, which allows the alternating assembly and solution of system equations found in frontal solvers. Issues such as the incremental update of arrays and the simulation of state are also addressed.
The inpainting of hyperspectral images: a survey and adaptation to hyperspectral data

In this work, we survey image reconstruction methods for hyperspectral imagery. First, a review of image interpolation methods, both linear and nonlinear, is given. Second, image inpainting methods, especially from the variational perspective, are analyzed with respect to their suitability for hyperspectral inpainting. The ability to connect edges through occlusions and the structure of the space in which the hyperspectral data lies are especially considered when propagating data into unknown regions. Finally, a general method for adapting image reconstruction methods to the hyperspectral case is presented.
A trucking firm problem

A trucking firm has a contract with 8 different stores under which it agrees to deliver packages for them within a small urban area. Packages are placed on a loading dock each day at each of the stores, at 8:00 a.m., and again at 1:00 p.m. Each store simultaneously lets the dispatching agent at the trucking firm know how many "new" packages have just been made available for delivery. (Note that, at any particular 8:00 a.m. or 1:00 p.m., there may still be "old" packages on the loading dock, which the trucking firm has not yet gotten around to picking up.) The dispatching agent consequently knows at all times exactly how many packages are waiting for pickup at each of the 8 stores.
Novel homoplasmic mutation in the mitochondrial tRNATyr gene associated with atypical mitochondrial cytopathy presenting with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

We report a 9-year-old girl with a mitochondrial cytopathy preceded by steroid-resistant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). The proband presented at the age of 2 years with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome caused by FSGS. Her renal function progressively deteriorated and a dilated cardiomyopathy developed at the age of 7 years. A skeletal muscle biopsy showed a combined respiratory chain (RC) defect and a partial deficiency of coenzyme Q10. A novel mutation in the evolutionary highly conserved region of the mitochondrial tRNATyr gene was found in homoplasmic state in skeletal muscle, blood, and renal tissue. The mutation was also found in homoplasmic state in her mildly symptomatic mother. No other maternal family members were available for testing. The present case of mitochondrial cytopathy initially presenting with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome, unusual biochemical and renal findings associated with a novel tRNA point mutation suggests that steroid-resistant FSGS can predate other features of mitochondrial disease for a prolonged period of time and that the progressive glomerulopathy associated with combined mitochondrial RC defects is genetically heterogeneous. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A descriptive model of information systems in the context of the organization

In the past fifteen years numerous information systems have been developed to support decisions in different organizations. A variety of researchers have explored topics in the field, though most of the existing literature on information systems is concerned with technical as opposed to human problems. Information systems, however, exist within the context of the organization and their success depends on solutions to organizational behavior problems in systems design, implementation, and operation. Many of these problems are quite severe, and success in solving them will determine whether computer - based information systems achieve their full potential for improving decision making in the organization.
The Complexity of African American Racial Identification

Current theoretical interest in racial identification is sustained by the view that it is a culture specific personality variable. The importance of racial identification is based on its ability to...
Use of mode-I cohesive-zone models to describe the fracture of an adhesively-bonded polymer-matrix composite

In this paper, the use of a cohesive-zone approach to model the mode-I fracture of adhesive joints made from a polymer-matrix composite is demonstrated. Cohesive-zone parameters were obtained by matching numerical results to experimental observations. It is shown that there is a distinction between the characteristic strength of the interface associated with the toughness, and the intrinsic cohesive strength of the interface. While the characteristic strength and toughness are often sufficient to describe fracture in the presence of a crack, the intrinsic cohesive strength is also required to analyze some geometries that have very small characteristic dimensions or crack lengths. It is shown that cohesive-zone models accurately predict the behavior of the joints studied. In particular, not only are the strengths and deformations accurately described, but the transition between failure of the composite and failure of the interface can also be predicted. This mode-I transition cannot be predicted by conventional fracture mechanics as it depends on both the energy-based and strength-based failure parameters associated with cohesive-zone models.
A digital computer model of the human circulatory system.

A digital, many-compartment model of the human circulatory system, which simulates pulsatile blood flow and gas transport and exchange, has been developed. The model is specifically designed to study short-term whole-body acceleration gz encountered in modern aerial combat manoeuvres, and incorporates a realistic representation of the nonlinear elastic characteristics of circulatory elements and the related pressure-dependent flow resistance characteristic of these elements. The model has been shown to properly simulate human data for passive breathing in a supine subject. The computed carbon dioxide and oxygen partial pressures vary realistically around measured average partial pressures for human subjects. The computed time variation of pressures, circulatory chamber volumes and flow rates match corresponding human data. Under sinusoidal gz variations, the model predicts realistic variations of volumes, flows and pressures.
Characterization of random fields and their impact on the mechanics of geosystems at multiple scales

The behavior of particulate media, such as sands, is encoded at the granular-scale and hence methods for upscaling such behavior across relevant scales of interest—from granular-scale (~1 mm) to field-scale (>1m)—are needed to attain a more accurate prediction of soil behavior. Multi-scale analysis is especially important under extreme conditions, such as strain localization, penetration, or liquefaction, where the classical constitutive description may no longer apply. In this paper, internally consistent probabilistic models for undrained shear strength and Young's modulus are developed at multiple scales, and incorporated into a simulation framework where refinement of the material description to finer scales is pursued only as necessary. This probabilistic simulation approach is then coupled with the finite element method. Numerical examples are presented to show how the performance of the geosystem is influenced by taking into account multi-scale random fields.
Compound-Nucleus Contribution to (p,p′) Reactions

A clean separation is made between the compound-nucleus and direct-reaction contributions to the low-energy continuum region of the energy spectra of protons from inelastic scattering. Bombarding energies are 12 and 17 MeV, and target nuclei are the isotopes of Ni, Zr, Cd, Mo, and Sn. The compound-nucleus contribution is studied by determining level-density parameters and the proton-to-neutron-emission ratios. These are in good agreement with predictions from statistical theory.
Gestational nicotine-induced changes in adolescent neuronal activity

Smoking during pregnancy is associated with numerous physiological and neurobehavioral deficits in infants, which persist into adolescence. To better understand the underlying mechanisms, we have treated pregnant rats with nicotine and have evaluated expression of the immediate early gene c-fos, as a measure of neuronal activity, in the brains of adolescent male offspring. Pregnant dams were infused with nicotine (3 mg/kg/day) or saline from gestational day (G) 4 until G18. After birth on G22, litters were cross fostered and weaned at postnatal day (P) 21. Brain sections from adolescent offspring, aged P38-40, were analyzed by in situ hybridization for regional c-fos mRNA expression in response to acute injection of saline or nicotine (0.03, 0.1, 0.3 mg/kg). Acute nicotine challenge increased c-fos expression within nucleus accumbens shell, lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, dorsal lateral geniculate, and superior colliculus, whereas c-fos expression was decreased in prelimbic cortex. There was no effect of gestational nicotine treatment on acute nicotine-induced alterations in c-fos mRNA levels. However, basal c-fos mRNA expression within infralimbic cortex and nucleus accumbens core was increased by gestational nicotine treatment. These data indicate that gestational nicotine does not produce global changes in nicotine-induced c-fos expression in adolescent brain. However, gestational drug exposure changes basal neuronal activity within mesocorticolimbic structures that are critical for motivated behavior. Such changes may underlie some of the behavioral deficits in attention, cognition, and impulse control that have been reported in the offspring of smoking mothers.
Migrancy and male sexuality on the South African gold mines

The first part of the paper is a descriptive analysis a phenomenology of male sexual experience on the mines. It deals first with miners sexual relationships with boys known as the wives of the mine and then turns to relationships with women living on farms or in townships near the mines known to the miners as town women. The second part is more diachronic depicting with a very broad brush the argument that for junior partners in certain of the men-boy relationships sexual subordination was actually used as a resource in the long-standing resistance by migrant miners to proletarianisation. Proletarianisation however as it has eventually come to the gold mines has had sexual implications which help to reinforce rejection of migrancy by contemporary black miners and their wives. (excerpt)
Reactions of diacetylene radical cation with ethylene

Ion-molecule reactions and energy-resolved mass spectrometry have been used to determine the structures of the products formed in the reaction of diacetylene radical cation with ethylene in a flowing afterglow-triple quadrupole instrument. The structure of the adduct ion, C6H6·+, has been determined to be that of singly ionized benzene. The reaction thus presents a first example of the ability of diacetylene radical cation to undergo an aromatic ring forming reaction. The other products formed in the reaction are m/z 52, C4H4·+, and m/z 39, C3H3+. Isotopic labeling studies show that C4H4·+ and C3H3+ are formed with nearly statistical hydrogen incorporation, indicating a complex mechanism that scrambles all protons.
Comparability and precision of MAP3S and NADP/NTN precipitation chemistry data at an acidic site in eastern North America

Abstract Precipitation chemistry data derived from more than six years of concurrent sampling under the MAP3S and NADP/NTN protocols at the Penn State site in rural Pennsylvania are compared. Preprocessing of the data (sample and gage depths, concentrations of H 3 O + , SO 4 2− , NO 3 − , NH 4 + ) included aggregating the event and daily MAP3S data into weekly averages that coincide with the weekly data of the NADP/NTN program. A simple statistical model was applied to the differences of the paired data to look for systematic biases between the networks. The most notable bias occurred for ammonium concentration (NADP/NTN low), a finding consistent with other studies. A minor, but statistically significant, bias was also found for sulfate coccentration (NADP/NTN high). Both the ammonium and sulfate biases may be related to the relatively long time that the NADP/NTN samples remain in the field, thus strengthening arguments in favor of daily sampling protocols. The hydronium and nitrate concentrations exhibited remarkably high levels of comparability between the daily and weekly protocols. Overall, the data from the MAP3S and NADP/NTN networks are comparable, with the possible exception of ammonium, for some applications. The field results from about two years of duplicate sampling under the MAP3S protocol demonstrate that measurement precisions of only a few percent are possible when the protocol is consistently followed and the equipment is well maintained.
Environmental factors influencing methanogenesis in a shallow anoxic aquifer: a field and laboratory study

The environmental factors influencing methanogenesis in a shallow anoxic aquifer were probed in a combined field and laboratory study. Field data collected over a year revealed that ‘in situ’ rates of methane production were depressed in winter and elevated in summer. Over the same period, ground water pH values ranged from 6.0 to 7.8 while temperatures varied from 7–22°C. ‘In situ’ methanogenesis was severely inhibited at temperatures < 13°C or by pH values < 7. The influence of these factors on microbial methane formation from both endogenous and exogenous substrates were tested in aquifer slurries adjusted to pH 5–9 and incubated at temperatures ranging from 5–45°C. Temperature optima for methane production from endogenous substrates varied as a function of pH, but the pH optimum was 8 at all temperatures. Optimal conditions for acetoclastic methanogenesis were found at pH 8 and 35°C. An analysis of variance revealed that pH, temperature, and a pH-temperature interaction are all significant variables influencing aquifer methanogenesis. In addition transient sulfate accumulations were also found to limit methane production in some areas. A comparison of field and laboratory methane production patterns suggest that pH, temperature, and sulfate accumultations are important, but not the only environmental variables influencing the mineralization of organic matter in shallow aquifers.
Folate Intake Of Selected South Carolina Women: Comparison of 24-Hour Recall Diet History and Food Frequency Questionnaire Methods

Abstract Differences between the 24-hour recall diet history and the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) in determining reported folate intakes in 71 South Carolina women were evaluated. Average daily folate intake for the two assessment methods was 233 μg. Using the FFQ, 15% of the total group reported meeting the 1998 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) for folate of 400 micrograms, but using the 24-hour recall diet history only 2% reported an intake of ≥ 400 μg. Reported intakes based on the two FFQs were higher (p=0.02) than reported intakes based on two24-hour recall diet histories. Black subjects reported significantly (p=0.03) higher intakes of folate than white subjects, when the FFQ method was utilized. When the 24-hour recall diet history method was used, there was no significant difference in reported folate intakes based on either race or education. When folate intake was estimated by FFQ method, subjects with less than a high school education reported significantly (p=0.01) higher folate intakes than subjects with more education. When reported folate intakes based on 24-hour recall diet histories and FFQs were compared, the reported intakes of subjects with less than a high school education were significantly (p=0.004) higher than those with more than a high school education. These findings indicate that interviewer-administered 24-hour recall diet histories may be preferred over FFQs for the dietary assessment of folate in less-educated South Carolina women.
Electrical properties of NiS2-xSex single crystals: From Mott insulator to paramagnetic metal

Electrical resistivity ($\ensuremath{\rho}$) and Seebeck-coefficient measurements ($\ensuremath{\alpha}$) are reported for $\mathrm{Ni}{\mathrm{S}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Se}}_{x}$ single crystals in the range $0l~xl~0.71$. There is a general trend toward increasing metallicity with increasing $x$. In the range $0.38l~xl~0.51$ a pronounced rise of $\ensuremath{\rho}$ with temperature ($T$) is observed where the antiferromagnetic insulating (or antiferromagnetic metallic) phase changes over to the paramagnetic insulating phase. The analysis of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ vs $T$ curves suggests that in the low-temperature insulating state both holes and electrons participate in charge transport. It is emphasized that the many changes in electrical characteristics occur without significant alterations in the pyrite crystal structure, and that physical properties are greatly altered solely by adjustment of the anion sublattice while the cation sublattice remains intact. The results concerning electrical transport for the samples with $0.38l~xl~0.55$ are interpreted qualitatively on the basis of an onset of the Hubbard splitting into subbands at the transition to the insulating (semiconducting) state, which takes place in the temperature interval (50-100 K) upon heating the samples. The metallic state close to the metal-semiconductor boundary is viewed as being an antiferromagnetic semimetal, with an anisotropic Slater gap.
Understanding the MIG6–EGFR Signaling Axis in Lung Tumorigenesis

With multiple clinical trials under way targeting mutant EGFR in patients with lung cancer, Maity and colleagues address important aspects of a MIG6-EGFR signaling axis using genetically engineered mouse models expressing mutated EGFRs on the MIG6-deficient background. This study extends our understanding of EGFR regulation by MIG6 and reveals that MIG6 antagonizes tumor formation in mutant EGFR-driven lung adenocarcinoma.
Ir gene control of the murine secretory IgA response to cholera toxin.

In these experiments we examined the genetic control of the secretory IgA (sIgA) response to cholera toxin (CT) after CT feeding. Inbred, congenic and intra-H-2I region recombinant mouse strains were immunized with intragastric application of 10 micrograms CT on days 0 and 14. Samples of intestinal secretions and plasma were collected 1 week after the second dose and antibodies to CT measured in them by antigen- and isotype-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In three different sets of H-2-congenic strains the intestinal IgA anti-CT response clearly depended on the H-2 haplotype rather than on background or IgH genes. H-2b (B10, A.BY/SnJ, C3H.SW) and H-2q (B10.T(6R), DBA/1J) strains were high responders, H-2k (B10.BR, C3H/He), H-2s (A.SW/SnJ) and H-2d (B10.D2) strains were low responders. Within the H-2 complex the intestinal IgA anti-CT response was mapped to the I-A subregion with the use of congenic intra-H-2I region recombinant strains: B10.A(3R) and B10.A(5R) were high responders and B10.A(4R), B10.MBR and B10.GD were low responders. Plasma IgG anti-CT after CT feeding paralleled the sIgA results. Surprisingly, the sIgA and plasma IgG anti-CT responses in individual mice of the various strains tested showed a highly significant positive correlation. We conclude that both the sIgA response and plasma IgG anti-CT response after CT feeding is controlled by the I-A subregion of H-2.
The return time theorem fails on infinite measure-preserving systems

Abstract The Return Time Theorem of Bourgain [BFKO] cannot be extended to the infinite measure-preserving case. Specifically, there exist a sigma-finite measure-preserving system (X, A, μ, T) and a set A e X of positive finite measure so that for almost every x e X the following undesirable behavior occurs. For every aperiodic measure-preserving system (Y, B, ν, S), with v (S) = 1, there is a square-integrable g on Y so that the averages τn−1 ∑m = 1n 1A (Tm x) g (Sm y) diverge a.e. (y), where τn = τn(x) = ∑m = 1n 1A (Tn x).
Effect of Vitamin E on Exhaled Ethane in Cigarette Smokers

Study objectives We hypothesized that micronutrient antioxidant intake may be one factor determining the development of significant COPD. Vitamin E was administered to smokers to determine if exhaled ethane was reduced and if ethane correlated with measures of lung function. Study design Longitudinal placebo lead-in trial with posttreatment observation period. Setting Tucson Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Participants Twenty-nine current stable smokers having no interest in smoking cessation. Interventions Spirometry, exhaled breath ethane measurements, and vitamin E andβ -carotene plasma levels followed by 3 weeks of placebo with repeat plasma vitamin levels and ethane measurements; next, 3 weeks of vitamin E (dl-α-tocopherol), 400 IU po bid followed by plasma vitamin levels and breath ethane measurements; finally, 3 weeks without vitamins followed by breath ethane and plasma vitamin levels. Results Vitamin E treatment did not reduce ethane significantly. Exhaled ethane levels (mean + SD: pm/min/kg) were as follows: baseline, 7.39 ± 5.39; after run-in period, 6.86 ± 4.09; after vitamin E, 6.36 ± 3.02; and final, 7.23 ± 4.63. After vitamin E therapy, a significant negative correlation existed between exhaled ethane and FEV 1 /FVC. Pack-years of smoking at baseline and after vitamin E were significantly associated with ethane exhaled. Initial lung function was not significantly negatively associated with vitamin E-induced changes in exhaled ethane but a negative trend was found. Conclusions Vitamin E alone, unlike the combination of vitamins C, E, and β-carotene, failed to reduced exhaled ethane in cigarette smokers. Exhaled ethane was correlated with pack-years of smoking. Smokers whose ethane values were found to fall the most tended to have better preserved lung function.
Uronic acid oxidase in orange fruit and other plant tissues

Abstract Uronic acid oxidase was found to be widely distributed in plants and present at relatively high levels in tissues such as squash and citrus fruits. The
New microwave emission effect in indium antimonide

Sharp peaks of microwave emission from high purity, n-type indium antimonide are reported for magnetic fields oriented approximately ±20 degrees and ±160 degrees from the applied electric field, as well as for transverse fields. The former, "low angle," peaks are explained in terms of transverse breakdown associated with a large Hall electric field.
A Cycle Generation Algorithm for Finite Undirected Linear Graphs

When the algorithms of J. T. Welch, Jr. were implemented it was discovered that they did not perform as described. The generation of all cycles from a basis is faulty. The generation of the basis is apparently correct. A modified version of Welch's Algorithm 3 is presented. The reasons for modifying Welch's algorithms are presented with examples.
Protecting the autonomy of patients with locked-in syndrome through conserving dignity

Locked-in syndrome (LIS) is a unique condition characterised by complete paralysis without loss of consciousness. This limitation places affected individuals at risk of having their autonomy violated. Communication is severely limited in LIS patients, impairing their ability to express needs, wishes, and preferences regarding health-care decisions. Health-care providers might therefore take a paternalistic approach to patients’ care, infringing on patient autonomy. In addition, these limitations present challenges for including LIS patients in decision making; health-care providers have a responsibility to find ways to overcome these challenges. Literature suggests that preserving patient dignity is an effective way of protecting patient autonomy. This paper uses the Dignity Conserving Care (DCC) Model to identify potential violations of autonomy, related nursing diagnoses, and evidence-based practices to preserve dignity and protect the autonomy of patients with LIS.
The etiology of byssinosis — comparison of prostaglandin F2α synthesis by alveolar macrophages stimulated with extracts from glanded and glandless cotton cultivars

Alveolar macrophages produce prostaglandin F2α when exposed to extracts of cotton bract. Bract extracts from glandless cotton cultivars are not as effective stimulators of prostaglandin production as bract extracts from glanded cotton cultivars. This result is consonant with a previously published observation that bract extracts from some glandless cultivars do not cause high levels of histamine release from whole blood.
Modeling Structural Performance of Ultrahigh Performance Concrete I-Girders

Ultrahigh performance concrete (UHPC) is an advanced cementitious composite material that has been developed in recent decades. When compared with more conventional cement-based concrete materials, UHPC tends to exhibit superior properties such as increased durability, strength, and long-term stability. This computational investigation focused on modeling the structural behaviors of UHPC components including prestressed UHPC AASHTO Type II girders. The concrete damaged plasticity model was tailored to model UHPC within a commercially available finite-element analysis package. This manuscript focuses on modeling three UHPC I-girders tested under flexural or shear loading configurations. The concrete damaged plasticity model was demonstrated to replicate both linear and nonlinear structural responses of I-girders reasonably well. A set of UHPC constitutive properties were developed that facilitate the model replication of the local and global responses observed in the series of physical tests.
Quantitative trait loci influencing morphine antinociception in four mapping populations

Analgesia (pain reduction, or antinociception) is a classical and clinically important effect of morphine administration, and in rodent models sensitivity to morphine has been shown to be strongly influenced by genotype. For example, several studies have reported marked differences in morphine antinociception between the insensitive C57BL/6 (B6) and sensitive DBA/2 (D2) inbred mouse strains on the hot-plate assay. This prompted the present genome-wide search for quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that are chromosomal sites influencing the magnitude of antinociception, by using four mapping populations derived from the B6 and D2 progenitor inbred strains. These four were the BXD recombinant inbred (RI) strain set, an F2 (B6D2F2) population, short-term selective breeding for antinociception from a B6D2F2 founding population, and incipient or completed congenic strains. In the BXD RI set and in the B6D2F2, a genome-wide search identified 10–12 provisional QTLs at a nominal p < .05. The other populations were subsequently used as confirmation steps to test each of the provisional QTL regions. Based on all available mapping populations, four QTLs emerged as significant (p < .00005) on proximal Chromosome (Chr) 1 (females only), proximal Chr 9 (females only), mid Chr 9, and proximal Chr 10. The Chr 10 QTL comaps to the same region as the μ-opioid receptor gene (Oprm); this receptor is a known mediator of morphine's antinociceptive effects. The Chr 1 QTL was evident only in females and comapped with the κ-opioid receptor gene, Oprk.
T cell activation.

This year marks the 25th anniversary of the first Annual Review of Immunology article to describe features of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR). In celebration of this anniversary, we begin with a brief introduction outlining the chronology of the earliest studies that established the basic paradigm for how the engaged TCR transduces its signals. This review continues with a description of the current state of our understanding of TCR signaling, as well as a summary of recent findings examining other key aspects of T cell activation, including cross talk between the TCR and integrins, the role of costimulatory molecules, and how signals may negatively regulate T cell function.
A level set characteristic Galerkin finite element method for free surface flows

We present a numerical method for free surface flows that couples the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with the level set method in the finite element framework. The implicit characteristic-Galerkin approximation together with the fractional four-step algorithm is employed to discretize the governing equations. The schemes for solving the level set evolution and reinitialization equations are verified with several benchmark cases, including stationary circle, rotation of a slotted disk and stretching of a circular fluid element. The results are compared with those calculated from the level set finite volume method of Yue et al. , which employed the third-order essentially non-oscillatory (ENO) schemes for advection of the level set function in a generalized curvilinear coordinate system
Entamoeba histolytica Cytotoxin: Purification, Characterization, Strain Virulence, and Protease Activity

A heat-labile cytotoxin was isolated from virulent strains of axenically cultivated Entamoeba histolytica. Strains of E. histolytica representing a spectrum of virulence as determined in animal and in vitro models of disease were examined for cytotoxic activity. Extracts of virulent strain HM1 possessed marked cytotoxic activity, those of moderately virulent strain 200 showed intermediate activity, and those of avirulent strains 303 and Rahman showed no activity. The cytotoxin was partially purified from the cell-free supernatant of sonicated E. histolytica HM1 trophozoites by ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel filtration. Cytotoxic activity was stable in a narrow pH range (6-7.2) and in 1 M NaC1, urea, and guanidine. Specific immune rabbit and human antiserum as well as the protease inhibitors aprotinin, pepstatin, and leupeptin inhibited cytotoxicity. The partially purified cytotoxin did not have any detectable degradative enzymatic activities. Thus, virulent strains of E. histolytica possess an immunogenic cytotoxic protein which may be important in the pathophysiology of amoebiasis.
Hazards and Crises: A Political Economy of Drought and Famine in Northern Nigeria

During the early 1970s much of the Sahel and northern Sudanic savannas of West Africa was gripped by a devastating famine which had its origins in a run of drought years in the late 1960s. Prior to the exposure of widespread starvation and human suffering throughout Sahelia, both the academic and popular presses paid scant attention to the Sahel’s existence. Since 1974, however, the arid and semi-arid lands have assumed [some] popularity, if not notoriety, including an appearance on the cover of Time magazine under the dubious title of “creeping deserts.” In fact, the Sahel famine in particular has gained a sort of textbook notoriety and is usually invoked as an archetypical example of poor land use, desertification, local or global climatic change, [...] population pressure, or life boat ethics in practice. The Sahel has even entered the heady realms of high culture for John Updike’s witty novel, The Coup, based on the demise of the Kingdom of Kush − “land of delectable, delicate emptiness” − [and] clearly modeled after the Sahelian states. In addition there has been the commitment of a massive amount of foreign aid ($10 billion by the Club du Sahel); and political pressure from the Sahelian States themselves prompted the United Nations General Assembly to confront the global problem of desertification, from which emerged an International Conference convened in Nairobi during 1977. Yet, despite the resultant proliferation of Sahelian and Arid Lands Institutes, the profusion of rather ephemeral research organizations, multi-volume studies by USAID on long-
The impact of fluid documents on reading and browsing: an observational study

Fluid Documents incorporate additional information into a page by adjusting typography using interactive animation. One application is to support hypertext browsing by providing glosses for link anchors. This paper describes an observational study of the impact of Fluid Documents on reading and browsing. The study involved six conditions that differ along several dimensions, including the degree of typographic adjustment and the distance glosses are placed from anchors. Six subjects read and answered questions about two hypertext corpora while being monitored by an eyetracker. The eyetracking data revealed no substantial differenccs in eye behavior between conditions. Gloss placement was significant: subjects required less time to use nearby glosses. Finally, the reaction to the conditions was highly varied, with several conditions receiving both a best and worst rating on the subjective questionnaires. These results suggest implications for the design of dynamic reading environments.