cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Viet Nam Constitution of 1956.

When the forces of the French Union and those of the Viet Minh accepted a cease-fire at Geneva in July, 1954, the 17th Parallel was visioned only as a temporary military demarcation line. Nation-wide elections were to be held within two years to settle the political future of the country; and it was generally taken for granted that the entire area, from the Gate of Nam-Quan on the China border to the Point of Ca-Mau at the tip of the Indo-China peninsula, an area roughly equivalent in size to that of the States of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and West Virginia combined, with a population approximating 23 millions, would fall to Ho Chi Minh and his Communists. The device of a delayed election was accepted merely as a face-saving measure to enable the French to withdraw gracefully from the scene by handing over control of the South-and hence responsibility for its future-to a native government. That the 17th Parallel has become, instead, a political boundary separating the Republic of Viet Nam, embracing roughly the southern 40 per cent of the area and nearly half of the population, from the Communist "Democratic Republic of Viet Nam," has been largely the work of a single man, Ngo Dinh Diem, and his closely knit group of assistants. Accepting the premiership while the Geneva Conference was in session, he assumed leadership of a country that had made little progress during nearly a century of French rule, that had been bled by Japanese occupation followed by nine years of civil war, and that was divided internally, even if we ignore the communist cadres left behind by the withdrawing Viet Minh forces, by quasi-feudal religious sects with their own private armies and almost complete independence of the central government. Yet he soon was able to write: "While other Asian countries less threatened than ours took five to ten years to develop democratic institutions, we have in one year established an independent republic, elected an assembly of free men to write a constitution, ended the armed threat of feudalistic forces, . . . (and) established effective government throughout the land."' Since he wrote, the Constitutional Assembly has completed its task and the Constitution has been promulgated. The new Legislative Assembly (which is in fact the old Constitutional Assembly, in new dress) has met in four regular sessions and three special sessions, passed some of the basic legislation necessary to put the new system into effect and, more important still, made itself felt as a regular part of the new order. It is my purpose to trace the steps that led to the adoption of this Constitution, to analyze its provisions, and to comment upon its strength and its shortcomings.
Faithful Reconstruction of Application Behavior Based on Event Traces in the LiteOS Operating System

Visibility has been a key challenge for wireless sensor network applications. Deployed on the extremely resource-constrained mote platform, such applications may fail unexpectedly, or exhibit behavior different from their intended goals. To help understand why such problems occur, we design and implement an event trace logger based on the LiteOS operating system, which allows us to partially reconstruct application behavior after execution, such as which path it took for an IF statement, its invocation history of the kernel system calls, and its dynamics across multiple nodes. We plan to demonstrate the usefulness of this event trace logger and its translator using a multi-hop routing application.
Food mapping: a psychogeographical method for raising food consciousness

Food mapping is a new, participatory, interdisciplinary pedagogical approach to learning about our modern food systems. This method is inspired by the Situationist International's practice of the “derive” and draws from the discourses of critical geography, the food movement's research on food deserts, and participatory action research. Using a “critical food lens,” this experiential exercise encourages participants to look beyond their plates and think about the health, economic, and ecological impacts of food. This ethnographic activity produces user-generated data and has the potential to transform participants' understanding of how agricultural practices effect other societal institutions.
A comparison of sex steroid hormone excretion and metabolism by psittacine species

The metabolism, excretory rates, and excretory patterns of carbon 14 (14C) radiolabeled estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) were studied in female budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) and orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica). Radiolabeled E2 and T were injected intramuscularly into six budgerigars and two orange-winged Amazon parrots. Serial fecal/urine samples were collected for 168 h post-radiolabel injection. Peak radiolabeled E2 excretion was observed at 4 h post-injection, and by 24 h, 93.3 ± 6.3 and 65.9% (range, 59.1–72.7%) of the injected radiolabel was recovered in the fecal/urine matter of budgerigars and orange-winged Amazon parrots, respectively. Similarly, peak radiolabeled T excretion was observed at 4 h post-injection with 92.7± 3.6 and 66.2% (range, 57.5–75.2%) of the injected radiolabel recovered in the fecal/urine matter by 24 h in the budgerigars and orange-winged Amazon parrots, respectively. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the fecal/urine material revealed that both parrot species excreted >80% of the radiolabel in the form of complex steroid conjugates. Immunoreactive E2 and T metabolites were detected using estrone (E1) and C-21/C-19 conjugate enzyme immunoassays, respectively. Hydrolysis of the E2 metabolites and HPLC analysis of the ether extracts revealed that E2 and E1 were the major steroid moieties. Hydrolysis of the T metabolites and HPLC analysis of the ether extracts revealed two and three major unconjugated peaks for the budgerigars and the orange-winged Amazon parrots, respectively. Zoo Biol 18:247–260, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Architectural acoustics in residences for adults with mental retardation and its relation to perceived homelikeness.

Previous investigators examined how architectural features of residences for adults with mental retardation contributed to the visual appearance of homelikeness. Acoustical characteristics of 18 residences for people with mental retardation were examined here. As part of a concurrent study, college undergraduates rated photographs of rooms in each house for their apparent homelikeness. Reverberation times in living and dining rooms were negatively correlated with mean homelikeness ratings. The less homelike rooms had reverberation times that may interfere with speech perception for some people and that were comparable with those found in larger public rooms (e.g., lecture halls). The larger reverberation times in these rooms were the result of insufficient sound absorption by these rooms' furnishings.
Time course and localization of the effects of estrogen on glutamic acid decarboxylase activity.

: Two approaches were used in an attempt to characterize the effect of estrogen on glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) [EC 4.1.1.15] activity in ovariectomized rats. In the first experiment, estradiol-17β (E2) was unilaterally implanted in one of five different brain areas. After 3 days of estrogen exposure, the animals were sacrificed, and GAD activity in the substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental region (VTR) was measured. Estrogen implanted into the preoptic area and the ventromedial nucleus was ineffective, as were implants of cholesterol, regardless of implant site. However, GAD activity was decreased in the SN when E2 was implanted into the caudate nucleus or amygdala and in the VTR when implanted into the nucleus accumbens septi. Furthermore, this decrease in GAD activity occurred only in the implanted side. In the second experiment, the time course of changes in GAD activity was measured in ovariectomized rats given a single systemic injection of either 8μg estradiol benzoate (EB) or oil. Rats were sacrificed at 0, 12, 29, or 53 h postinjection. It was found that GAD activity in the SN was maximally suppressed 29 h after EB, whereas decreased GAD activity in the VTR was apparent 12 h after EB but had returned to normal by 29 h. Oil injections had no significant effect on GAD activity. These results suggest that there may be two separate and distinct γ-aminobutyric acid pathways, which are differentially responsive to estrogen.
To be Noticed Favorably Links between Private Self and Public Self

William James, in The Principles of Psychology, proposed three primary facets of the empirical self. the material self (material possessions); the spiritual self, or self as knower; and the social self, as seen by others. This article draws parallels and distinctions between the spiritual self/social self dichotomy introduced by James and the current-day private self/public self dichotomy. It then reviews recent evidence for, and theoretical processes of, the affective components of the private self and public self. A model of self-presentation, suggesting that self-presentation behavior is often systematically aimed toward the regulation of self-affect, is discussed Evidence in support of this model is introduced—namely, that individuals who have negative self-regard use social relations and their "social selves" to enhance their self-concepts.
Progressive bone mineral content loss in children with intractable epilepsy treated with the ketogenic diet

BACKGROUND The ketogenic diet (KD) is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate, and protein diet that effectively treats intractable epilepsy (IE). OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to measure the change in bone mineral content (BMC) in children with IE treated with the KD for 15 mo. DESIGN Prepubertal children >or=5 y of age with IE were eligible. A 4:1 ketogenic diet was maintained for 15 mo, and whole-body and spine BMCs were measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Z scores were generated by comparing the children with IE with a cohort of 847 healthy children. Other measurements included demographics, anthropometry, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), intact parathyroid hormone, electrolytes, and dietary intake. All measurements were performed at baseline and at 3, 6, 12, and 15 mo. Longitudinal mixed effects models were used to analyze change in BMC over time. RESULTS Twenty-five children (9 girls, 16 boys) with IE [age (x +/- SD): 7.3 +/- 1.9 y] participated. Growth and bone health status were suboptimal as were serum 25-OHD concentrations and dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D. Whole-body and spine BMC-for-age both declined by 0.6 z score/y and whole-body and spine BMC-for-height declined 0.7 z score/y and 0.4 z score/y, respectively. Height declined 0.5 z score/y. Body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) z score, age, and ambulation were positive predictors of BMC, which declined sharply over 15 mo of KD treatment. CONCLUSION Bone health in children with IE was poor, particularly for younger nonambulatory children with low BMI status. The KD resulted in progressive loss of BMC. The mechanism is unclear. Further studies are needed.
Fascist Attitudes: An Exploratory Study

Resume Sur la base d 'une analyse de la propagande des mouvements fascistes italien et allemand, on a trouve sept concepts qui caracterisent les deux: le nationalisme; l 'imperialisme; l 'anti-radicalisme; les prejuges de race; le militarisme; la conscience de la bourgeoisie; et le despotisme benevole. On a presente 35 opinions faites pour reveler ces attitudes (avec 15 opinions “tampon”) comme test vrai-faux a 224 etudiants universitaires. On a donne un total de points a chaque etudiant egal au nombre de declarations en faveur du facisme lesquelles il a approuvees. L 'analyse des points fait croire qu 'une attitude fondamentale se trouve a la base de ces opinions diverses. La composition de cette attitude comprend d 'une facon predominante les idees bourgeoises, avec des prejuges anti-proletaires, anti-radicaux et nationalistes, Le despotisme benevole n 'a pas semble important (a ces etudiants universitaires) et le militarisme et l 'imperialisme ont ete moins importants que l 'on n 'avait pense.
Uterine Effects of 3-year Raloxifene Therapy in Postmenopausal Women Younger Than Age 60

Abstract Objective: To assess the uterine effects of 3 years of therapy with raloxifene in healthy, postmenopausal women under age 60. Methods: Integrated data from two identically designed, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trials were analyzed. Nine hundred sixty-nine healthy women with uteri (ages 45 through 60, 2 to 8 years postmenopausal) were assigned randomly to raloxifene 30, 60, or 150 mg per day, or an identical placebo for 3 years. Endometrial thickness was evaluated with transvaginal ultrasonography every 6 months for 2 years and again after 3 years. Further uterine evaluation, including endometrial sampling if necessary, was initiated for vaginal bleeding or findings of endometrial thickness greater than 5 mm. Results: Endometrial thickness was unchanged by raloxifene and not significantly different from placebo at any time. One hundred seventy-two women had at least one episode of endometrial thickness greater than 5 mm or vaginal bleeding distributed equally among all groups. A total of 102 (10.5%) women underwent endometrial sampling at least once: 15 (1.5%) for vaginal bleeding, 78 (8.0%) for endometrial thickness greater than 5 mm, and nine (0.9%) for other reasons. There were no significant treatment differences in the proportion of women sampled, in the clinical findings, or in the histologic diagnoses. Conclusion: Raloxifene given to healthy postmenopausal women at doses from 30 to 150 mg per day does not stimulate uterine growth and does not cause vaginal bleeding, spotting, or discharge through 3 years of therapy. Thus, any bleeding during therapy should be deemed unexpected and prompt a clinical evaluation.
Optimization of throughput and desorbent consumption in simulated moving-bed chromatography for paclitaxel purification.

In simulated moving-bed (SMB) applications, throughput and desorbent consumption are two key factors that control process cost. For a given adsorbent volume and product purity requirements, throughput and desorbent consumption depend on desorbent composition, column configuration, column length to diameter ratio, and adsorbent particle size. In this study, these design parameters are systematically examined for paclitaxel purification. The results show that if adsorbent particle size, column dimensions and column configuration are fixed, the higher the product purity required, the lower the throughput. If product purity and yield are fixed, the larger the solute migration speed ratio, the higher the throughput, and the lower the desorbent consumption. If total bed volume and product purities are fixed, the longer the separation zones, the higher the throughput, but the higher the desorbent flow-rate. An intermediate configuration gives the minimum desorbent consumption. If there are no limits on pressure drop or zone flow-rate, the larger the column length to diameter ratio, the smaller the adsorbent particle size, the higher the throughput, and the lower the desorbent consumption. If the maximum zone flow-rate is controlled by the pressure drop limit and not by the standing waves requirement, the longer the columns, the lower the zone flow-rates and the lower the throughput. For 150-μm adsorbent particles and a maximum zone flow-rate of 300 ml/min, a design with optimal throughput and desorbent consumption is found for paclitaxel purification.
On the stabilizability of linear control systems depending on parameters

Motivated by questions in system reliability and in adaptive control, we consider the existence, for a linear system (A(?), B(?)) defined for ? ? U an open subset of RN, of a state feedback K (?), defined for ??U and possessing the same functional properties as (A(?), B(?)), such that the closed loop system is asymptotically stable for alI ??U. It is shown, for example, that if (A(?), B(?)) is continuous or Lipschitz continuous on compact subsets of U and controllable for all ?, then the stablilzing steady-state solution of an associated Riccati equation is also continuous, or Lipschitz continuous on compact subsets, respectively. This is not the case if (A(?), B(?))is polynomial for ?? RN> , but in this case we show that there exists some polynomial K(?) which stabilizes the system for all ?, provided either (A(?), B(?)) is controllable for all ? or in a special case for which the system is scalar and is controllable generically.
Remarks on contractive projections in L p -spaces

The aim of this note is to study the structure of the range of a contractive projection in a non-separableLp-space; 1≦p<+∞.
Relationship of magnetostrictive hysteresis to the ΔE effect

Abstract According to the conventional treatment of the Δ E effect, the magnetoelastic strain is zero at saturation. On the other hand, the magnetostriction changes from zero in the demagnetized state to a value λ S at saturation. In this work, we derive a new expression for the magnetostriction consistent with the conventional formulation for the Δ E effect. Using this new expression, we employ magnetomechanical hysteresis modeling to investigate magnetostrictive hysteresis under stress and applied magnetic field. The new model also includes an improved description of the magnetoelastic coupling responsible for the magnetostriction.
Do faster starts increase the probability of evading predators

Summary 1 Nearly all fish evade predation strikes by rapidly accelerating out of the strike path, a behaviour called the fast-start evasion response. The many studies investigating morphological, behavioural and ecological correlates of fast-start performance assume that faster starts increase the probability of evasion. 2 We tested this faster-start hypothesis by measuring the effect of acceleration ability on evasion outcome (success, failure) in Guppies (Poecilia reticulata) evading the strike of a natural predator, the Pike Cichlid (Crenicichla alta). 3 Four parameters affect evasion outcome: two parameters important to the predator–prey interaction but not to the faster-start hypothesis – (1) the time required to reach the prey by the striking predator (measured by the initial distance between predator and prey and strike velocity), (2) the evasion path of the prey relative to the strike path of the predator; and two parameters relevant to the faster-start hypothesis – (1) the ability of the prey to generate rapid tangential acceleration (measured by net distance travelled, maximum velocity, and maximum acceleration), and (2) the ability of the prey to rapidly rotate during the initial stage of the fast start. 4 On average, a one standard deviation increase in fast-start performance increases the odds of surviving a predation strike 2·3-fold. These results support the assumption that faster starts increase the probability of successfully evading a predation strike.
Dark activation of maize leaf NADP-malate dehydrogenase and pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase in vivo under anaerobic conditions

Abstract Previous reports have shown that two enzymes of the C4 pathway of photosynthesis, pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) and NADP-malate dehydrogenase (NADP-MDH), are light-activated and dark-inactivated in vivo. In the present study with the C4 plant maize, we found the two enzymes were activated in the dark under nitrogen. With NADP-MDH at temperatures of 17°, 25° and 32°C, near maximum activation was reached after 30–60 min of dark-N2 treatment. With decreasing temperature the maximum level of activation increased. The level of activation under dark-anaerobic conditions at 17° and 25°C was up to 2-fold higher than under air in light at 25°C. After 60–90 min of treatment the level of activation decreased. With PPDK at temperatures of 17°, 25° and 32°C, the maximum level of dark-anaerobic activation occurred within 45–90 min, after which there was a decreased level of activation. In contrast to NADP-MDH, as temperature increased the degree of activation of PPDK increased. Carbon dioxide (0.03% CO2) inhibited the dark activation of both NADP-MDH and PPDK under anaerobic conditions. The results are discussed in relation to known differences in the mechanisms of activation/inactivation of these two enzymes.
Pain and Pleasure in Short Essay Writing: Factors Predicting University Students' Writing Anxiety and Writing Self‐Efficacy

Since the inception of the Writing Across the Curriculum movement more than 30 years ago, scholars have explored ways of enhancing students' writing performance. Faculty members across disciplines are often challenged by students' resistance to writing; resistance that may stem from anxiety, poor academic performance, and lack of recognition that writing is important in their lives. To examine predictors of students' writing anxiety and writing self-efficacy, 127 college students completed a pre- and post-assessment survey. Findings indicated that GPA and gender significantly affected writing anxiety, and leisure writing and writing anxiety were significant predictors of writing self-efficacy. Suggestions for future research and possible interventions for alleviating students' writing anxiety and enhancing their writing self-efficacy and performance are provided.
Far ultraviolet day airglow studies.

Javelin rocket soundings with far UV scanning spectrometer, noting atomic hydrogen and oxygen radiation
BIM Execution Planning in Green Building Projects: LEED as a Use Case

AbstractCompanies that embrace both building information modeling (BIM) and green building are making conscientious efforts to pursue the synergies between the two, namely the green BIM practice. When done right, project teams find that green BIM can improve project outcomes, and facilitate the accomplishment of established sustainability goals. Nevertheless, green BIM remains an emerging trend to the majority of the industry, and its full potential is yet to be explored according to recent market research reports. The hypothesis of this research is that for companies to succeed in practicing green BIM, a holistic approach that strategically plans for BIM execution in green building projects is needed. The BIM project execution planning guidelines (PEPG) is widely adopted today to offer general guidance and standardized workflow of strategic BIM implementation. PEPG is not meant to and lacks the specificity to address green building projects in particular. However, the popularity of PEPG is conceived as a...
Designed to fail: Self-control and involvement in the criminal justice system

This study investigates self-control theory using official and selfreported criminal records of 500 adult offenders. Four items derived from rapsheets (aliases, date of birth, place of birth, and social security number) are used as indicators of the self-control construct. Negative binomial regression models indicate a significant inverse relationship between self-control and escape arrests, failure to appear violations, probation and parole violations, felony convictions, and prison sentences. Since system involvement entails discipline, tenacity, and responsibility, offenders with low self-control are more likely to experience a criminal justice system failure.
Influence of a constant temperature gradient on the spectral-bandwidth of second-harmonic generation in nonlinear crystals

Abstract Analysis of Type I second-harmonic generation in the quasi-continuous-wave undepleted-fundamental regime indicates that a constant axial temperature gradient significantly increases the tuning spectral-bandwidth for fixed crystal orientation. The conversion efficiency spectral distribution is analogous to the light intensity spatial distribution in single-slit diffraction.
Philos: a sociable robot for human robot interactions and wireless health monitoring

This paper presents Philos, a socially interactive robot designed for use in homes of those who need continual care, such as the elderly or people with disabilities. Philos is capable of daily health monitoring achieved by a wearable health monitoring device (WHMD) as well as emotional stimulation through human-robot social interactions (HRSI). This system also includes PhiloManager, a software interface for robot programming and data display. HRSIs are enabled through touch- and vision-based inputs. A behavioral framework has been developed so that Philos can be customized to exhibit a variety of behavioral characteristics and therefore achieve realistic and dynamic interactions.
Project‐based service‐learning for an unscripted world: the WPI IQP experience

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) interactive qualifying project (IQP) as a unique, project‐based service‐learning opportunity that offers teams of undergraduate students the opportunity to frame and investigate complex, unscripted problems with social and technological dimensions for non‐profit organizations and government agency sponsors.Design/methodology/approach – The paper discusses the relationship of the IQP to the service‐learning literature, describes the proposal and delivery phases of the IQP, and then offers two short illustrative cases.Findings – The paper concludes that IQPs teach students how to frame and use background research to investigate unscripted, real world problems. It teaches students to think critically, to improve their presentation skills, and to become more aware of the social and cultural dimensions of technology. For faculty, IQP advising enriches their relationships with undergraduate students and can sometimes le...
Correlation of the anticholinesterase activity of a series of organophosphates with their ability to compete with agonist binding to muscarinic receptors.

Abstract Some compounds that inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity compete directly with quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) binding, a muscarinic antagonist which binds to all subtypes equally, and with cis-methyldioxolane (CD), an agonist that binds with high affinity to the M2 subtype of muscarinic receptors. The relationship between inhibition of AChE activity and the capability to affect muscarinic receptors directly has not been systematically explored. The interaction of eight organophosphates with muscarinic receptors was compared to their ability to inhibit AChE activity in vitro in tissue homogenates from rat hippocampus and frontal cortex, two cholinergically enriched areas of the brain. Of the compounds tested only echothiophate competed for [3H]QNB binding and only at concentrations greater than 100 μM. The anticholinesterase compounds were also tested for their ability to compete with a muscarinic receptor agonist, [3H]CD, which binds with high affinity (approximate KD = 3.5 nM) to 10 and 3% of the muscarinic receptors in the frontal cortex and hippocampus, respectively. The anticholinesterase compounds inhibited high-affinity [3H]CD binding up to 80% and the effects were similar in both tissues. Echothiophate and DFP were potent inhibitors of [3H]CD binding, as were the active "oxon" forms of parathion, malathion, and disulfoton. The parent "thio" forms of these insecticides, however, were much less effective in competing for [3H]CD binding. A similar pattern of potency was observed for the inhibition of brain AChE activity. A strong correlation was found between the ability of a compound to inhibit AChE activity and the ability to compete with [3H]CD binding. These data suggest that the biological effects of cholinesterase-inhibiting compounds may be due to more than their ability to inhibit AChE.
Conciliatory strategies and relative power

Abstract In an investigation of variations of a conciliatory strategy, 96 subjects, half female and half male, played a modified Prisoner's Dilemma in which their relative power, in terms of control over the other's outcomes, was less than, equal to, or greater than that of a simulated other. After 10 trials on which (s)he was 50% competitive, the other either did or did not send a handwritten note of general intent to be cooperative. In the second block of 10 trials, the other either was 100% cooperative or began with cooperation and stayed with it as long as the subject did not exploit. When the subject did exploit, the other made the competitive choice on the following trial as a form of retaliation, but followed this retaliation by a return to cooperation on the next trial so that there were never two consecutive competitive choices. During this second block, the simulated other always signaled in advance, with an explicit message, which choice (s)he was about to make. In a third block, the other was 100% cooperative in all conditions and sent no messages. As hypothesized, subjects whose power was equal to or less than that of the other were more cooperative in response to conciliation than were subjects whose power was greater than that of the other. Subjects who received the general note of intent were more cooperative than those who did not, but only in the equal and low power conditions. The subjects in the equal power condition who experienced retaliation were more cooperative than those who did not, but those in the unequal conditions tended to react negatively to retaliation. The results were discussed in terms of Osgood's ( Peace Research Reviews , 1979 , 8 (2), 77–92) GRIT strategy and outcome control in interaction.
Triggering in the reversible half-wave magnetic amplifier

This paper describes a type of instability or triggering observed in the half-wave bridge circuit. The circuit, described in the literature by Lufcy and others, is shown schematically in Fig. 1(A).2?5 An explanation of this triggering is presented based upon a type of reverse-slope magnetic-loop operation not previously described in the magnetic-amplifier literature (see acknowledgment). Figs. 2(A) and (B) are two commonly used models of the dynamic loops of ?square-loop? magnetic-core materials. The paper shows that neither model predicts the observed triggering but that a loop having the ?reverse slope? of Fig. 2(C) readily predicts the instability. In Fig. 2(C) the lower minor loop lies to the right of upper minor loop, and lines connecting their centers or flanks would have a negative or reverse slope. The reality of this reverse-slope phenomenon has been determined experimentally, and verifying data are presented. The reader is cautioned that the reverse-slope phenomenon applies only to minor hysteresis loops and not to major loops operating over the entire range from positive to negative saturation. The reader should also be aware that no model of minor- or major-loop operation can be expected to apply to other than a limited range of exciting conditions.
Natural Product-like Combinatorial Libraries Based on Privileged Structures. 1. General Principles and Solid-Phase Synthesis of Benzopyrans

Herein we report a novel strategy for the design and construction of natural and natural product-like libraries based on the principle of privileged structures, a term originally introduced to describe structural motifs capable of interacting with a variety of unrelated molecular targets. The identification of such privileged structures in natural products is discussed, and subsequently the 2,2-dimethylbenzopyran moiety is selected as an inaugural template for the construction of natural product-like libraries via this strategy. Initially, a novel solid-phase synthesis of the benzopyran motif is developed employing a unique cycloloading strategy that relies on the use of a new, polystyrene-based selenenyl bromide resin. Once the loading, elaboration, and cleavage of these benzopyrans was established, this new solid-phase method was then thoroughly validated through the construction of six focused combinatorial libraries designed around natural and designed molecules of recent biological interest.
A tribute to Dugald C. Jackson

I COME BEFORE YOU as one whose professional career was profoundly influenced by Dugald C. Jackson, and I venture to represent all those whose lives have thus been influenced, many of whom are here with me. It is well that we should meet and remember as we do, not only because of our respect and affection for our old chief, but also because many of the things for which he stood strongly are still of great moment in the professional world and worthy of continued emphasis.
Efficient filtering techniques for finite-difference atmospheric general circulation models on parallel processors

Abstract Finite-difference-based atmospheric general circulation models using latitude/longitude meshes typically invoke filtering to suppress numerical instabilities occurring near the poles. We present a more efficient methodology for performing this filtering on parallel processors. This involves redistribution of the computational workload among all available processing elements, along with either the invocation of fast Fourier transforms to replace the slower numerical convolutions, or the smoothing of the transfer functions to enable use of fewer terms in the convolution sum. Results are presented on contemporary parallel architectures such as the Cray-T3D.
Project Agreements and Government Procurement

I discuss the recent proliferation of mandatory project labor agreements in government procurement, some of the ensuing litigation, and the effects of such agreements on contractors, workers, and the public.
Subwavelength-resolution label-free photoacoustic microscopy of optical absorption in vivo

Optical absorption provides essential biological functional information but cannot be sensed by mainstream optical microscopy technologies directly, which detect fluorescence or scattering and may require undesirable labeling. Here we developed in vivo subwavelength-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (SW-PAM) that provides exquisitely high optical-absorption contrast due to nonfluorescent, or fluorescent, endogenous pigments. Having approached the ultimate diffraction-limited optical resolution, SW-PAM can resolve subcellular organelles. Vasculature and early-stage melanoma were imaged with 12:1 and 17:1 contrasts, respectively, without labeling. SW-PAM along with the scaled-up macroscopy, as the only technology that measures the same contrast origin over such a wide length scale, can potentially accelerate translation from microscopic research to clinical practice.
A Simple Unified Formula for Discrete and Continuous-time H∞ “All-solutions” Controllers

Abstract In this paper we present a simple, unified formula for discrete and continuous-time H ∞ “all-solutions” controllers. By observing a “cost” equivalence between the standard H ∞ control problem and a certain LQ optimal regulator problem, an elegant controller structure reminiscent of an LQG optimal controller is developed. Our choice of notation also simplifies the derivation and existence conditions considerably, whereby all unnecessary assumptions on plant state-space matrices and “loop-shifting” transformations are eliminated. Additionally, with our focus entirely on input-output weighting “cost functions” this derivation offers a “behavioral” theory interpretation for all solutions of a standard H ∞ control problem.
Constrained Bayes Estimation with Applications

Abstract Bayesian techniques are widely used in these days for simultaneous estimation of several parameters in compound decision problems. Often, however, the main objective is to produce an ensemble of parameter estimates whose histogram is in some sense close to the histogram of population parameters. This is for example the situation in subgroup analysis, where the problem is not only to estimate the different components of a parameter vector, but also to identify the parameters that are above, and the others that are below a certain specified cutoff point. We have proposed in this paper Bayes estimates in a very general context that meet this need. These estimates are obtained by matching the first two moments of the histogram of the estimates, and the posterior expectations of the first two moments of the histogram of the parameters, and minimizing, subject to these conditions, the posterior expectation of the Euclidean distance between the estimates and the parameters. Several applications of the m...
Electronic structure of the porphyrin ring in an electrostatically bound .pi.-.pi. complex. Methylviologen-metallouroporphyrin complexes

Methylviologen-metallouroporphyrin complexes in aqueous alkaline solution are investigated with resonance Raman difference spectroscopy and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. The complex is found to be a 2:1 ..pi..-..pi.. complex with a substantial contribution to the binding energy from electrostaic attraction between the anionic porphyrina and cationic viologen molecules. Strong axial ligation disrupts normal ..pi..-..pi.. interaction, resulting in a 1:1 complex for 5-coordinate metallouroporphyrins and total disruption of the ..pi..-..pi.. complex for 6-coordinate metals. An analysis of the absorption spectra in terms of the four-orbital model of porphyrin excited states determines the complex-related shifts in relative frontier ..pi..-orbital energies. The Raman shifts provide additional information necessary to determine absolute shifts in orbital levels. Complex-induced shifts in the a/sub 1u/(..pi..) and e/sub g/(..pi..) energy levels, but not the a/sub 2u/(..pi..) level, are indicated. A 500-cm/sup -1/ change in the electron-electron repulsion interaction between the excited-states configurations also accompanies methylviologen complex formation.
Regioselective alkylation of the exocyclic nitrogen of adenine and adenosine by the Mitsunobu reaction

Abstract A novel synthetic route to N 6 -substitution of adenine is presented, employing the Mitsunobu reaction as the key step. A range of primary and secondary alcohols all coupled in very good to excellent yields within 30 min at 45 °C, offering a milder alternative to the traditional nucleophilic aromatic substitution of 6-chloropurine. The utility of this protocol is further demonstrated by its application to the syntheses of N 6 , N 9 -di-substituted adenines, including the potent and selective A 1 adenosine receptor agonist N 6 -cyclopentyladenosine.
Quantitation of the Calcium and Membrane Binding Properties of the C2 Domains of Dysferlin

Dysferlin is a large membrane protein involved in calcium-triggered resealing of the sarcolemma after injury. Although it is generally accepted that dysferlin is Ca2+ sensitive, the Ca2+ binding properties of dysferlin have not been characterized. In this study, we report an analysis of the Ca2+ and membrane binding properties of all seven C2 domains of dysferlin as well as a multi-C2 domain construct. Isothermal titration calorimetry measurements indicate that all seven dysferlin C2 domains interact with Ca2+ with a wide range of binding affinities. The C2A and C2C domains were determined to be the most sensitive, with Kd values in the tens of micromolar, whereas the C2D domain was least sensitive, with a near millimolar Kd value. Mutagenesis of C2A demonstrates the requirement for negatively charged residues in the loop regions for divalent ion binding. Furthermore, dysferlin displayed significantly lower binding affinity for the divalent cations magnesium and strontium. Measurement of a multidomain construct indicates that the solution binding affinity does not change when C2 domains are linked. Finally, sedimentation assays suggest all seven C2 domains bind lipid membranes, and that Ca2+ enhances but is not required for interaction. This report reveals for the first time, to our knowledge, that all dysferlin domains bind Ca2+ albeit with varying affinity and stoichiometry.
Sources of calcium in sea urchin eggs during the fertilization response

Shortly after sperm-egg interaction the sea urchin egg is traversed by a Ca2+ wave, which is necessary for metabolic activation of the quiescent cell. Several sources including influx across the egg plasma membrane and release from intracellular stores may contribute to the rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+ activity. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3), cyclic ADP ribose (cADPR), and ryanodine have been reported to induce intracellular Ca2+ release. We used confocal laser scanning microscopy to image the Ca2+ transient during fertilization and parthenogenetic activation by microinjection of Ca2+ release agonists. A near instantaneous rise in Ca2+ localized to the egg cortex occurred near the time of sperm-egg binding, followed by a distinctive delay before the onset of the Ca2+ wave. Since the rise in cortical Ca2+ activity was absent when Ca2+ influx was prevented, it appeared that this change in Ca2+ activity was due to the opening of membrane Ca2+ channels. Blocking the influx did not alter the onset of the Ca2+ wave. The Ca2+ wave during the fertilization response seemed to require Ca2+ release mediated by InsP3-, cADPR-, and ryanodine-sensitive mechanisms. Parthenogenetic activation by microinjection of these three agents had different spatiotemporal patterns of Ca2+ release. Most significantly the injection of either InsP3 or cADPR, but not ryanodine, induced an enhanced pronucleus-associated Ca2+ release, which was similar to the Ca2+ response during fertilization.
Notes on satisfactions in shopping centers. IV.

The constraint-reinforcement approach to the analysis of satisfaction (Shelly & Adelberg, 1967) says that an individual will choose the most satisfying behavior from among his "available behaviors." This note tests two particularizations of the suggestion that for a leisure-time activity such as shopping an individual will tend to select or maintain behaviors providing the greatest variety of stimuli, i.e., sources of stimulation (Adelberg h Shelly, 1967). From this suggestion it follows that the length of time a class of behaviors persists should be proportionate to the variety of stimuli to which it exposes the individual. For example, one would expect to find paired shoppers spending more time engaging in a particular shared activity than a single shopper at the same activity due to the additional stimulation available to the former through interaction. This was found in two distinct situations. In the first situation, the time spent at one dress rack by single shoppers as well as by paired shoppers was recorded in a large city shopping center. Only those individuals making no purchase were included in the sample. The average time spent by single shoppers was 16.4 sec. while for those accompanied by someone it was 70.1 sec. For an N of 9 the overlap between distributions (by the signed rank test) is too small to have occurred by chance (p < .05). This is interpreted to mean that the shopping partner reinforced a particular behavior, i.e., looking at dresses, by increasing the number of sources of stimulation. In this case, the companion served as a donor and receptor of opinions. This additional stimulation unavailable to the single shopper we believe accounts for the prolonged duration of the behavior on the part of the paired shoppers. In a second observational sequence, the amount of time spent looking at a photography display in a large city shopping center by single shoppers and by those in pairs was recorded. Single shoppers stopped for an average of 25.8 sec. while those accompanied by another person stopped for an average of 76.0 sec. The small overlap in distributions (by the signed-rank test) again indicated the difference (N = 25) was significant (p < .01). Once again, interaction, e.g., discussing the various photographs, appeared to provide additional stimulation. The possibility suggested inirially as interpreted in the light of specific situations appears to have been confirmed. It is possible that ocher equally plausible interpretations of the findings can be made. But it is felt that continued investigation will lead to further confirmation of the proposed inrerpretation.
Relevance of bombardment-induced Mössbauer effects in iron to radiation damage theories☆

Abstract Recent experimental work studying bombardment-induced Mossbauer effects in various targets can be related to many-body calculations of radiation damage phenomena by Vineyard and collaborators. Such dynamical models appear more relevant to this work than macroscopic or thermal ones.
An analysis of the Gene-Tox Carcinogen Data Base

Abstract The Gene-Tox Carcinogen Data Base is an evaluated source of cancer data on 506 chemicals selected in part for their previous assessment in genetic toxicology bioassays. This data base has been analyzed for the distribution of these chemicals into chemical classes. The major chemical classes (6% or greater of the total data base) are: acyl-, alkyl-, and aryl-halides; alcohols and phenols; aliphatic and aromatic amines, amides, and sulfonamides; benzene-ring-containing chemicals; organo-lead, -mercury, -phosphorous compounds, metals and derivatives, phosphoric acid esters, and phosphoramides; and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Cancer studies representing a subset of the Gene-Tox Carcinogen Data Base, 199 chemicals which were rated as Sufficient Positive/Negative or Limited Positive/Negative, were examined for distribution of those studies by animal species, gender, route of chemical administration, duration of study, major tumor sites, and major tumor types. These analyses revealed that the Gene-Tox Carcinogen Data Base contains a large number of lifetime studies involving the rat and mouse treated by oral routes of administration. The major organs that were targets were: liver, lung, skin, forestomach, bladder, and mammary gland, while the major tumor types were: carcinoma, sarcoma, papilloma, and adenoma. Chemicals in the data base have been assessed for species-specific carcinogenic effects, and these results indicate that for mice and rats there is a high correspondence (85%). This number is higher than that (71%) reported by Tennant et al. (1986) based on the recent results of 72 chronic cancer bioassays performed by the National Toxicology Program. This difference is probably based on the nature of the chemicals selected for inclusion in both data bases. Although the absolute value of this correspondence is unknown, it would seem to be within this range. When chemicals in the Gene-Tox Carcinogen Data Base were examined for their previous evaluation in 73 genetic toxicology bioassays, only 26 of these bioassays had 30 or more chemicals. In these 26 bioassays, the prevalence of positive chemicals was generally greater than 80–90%. This suggests that a thorough evaluation of genetic toxicology bioassays in regard to their ability to predict carcinogenic effects in animals is premature at this time.
Altruism among programmers: the availability and effectiveness of on-line, spontaneous peer mentoring in competitive problem solving (abstract only)

This poster presents preliminary investigation of the content and quality of on-line peer mentoring in competitive problem solving. Discussion board postings from the Queue-ICPC Challenge were analyzed with respect to content, including type of communication, topic, intended audience and accuracy, as well as attempts at relationship building. Responses outnumbered questions more than 2 to 1, suggesting that even in a competition, people are willing to assist others. Interestingly, some of the most successful competitors were also the most willing to offer help to others. As part of a voluntary competition, this kind of peer mentoring is useful resource for attracting and supporting new participants. In the academic context, peer mentoring may be an essential aspect of learner support for large, traditional classes. In very large scale efforts such as MOOCs, it may provide a scalable resource for helping participants to succeed and remain engaged.