cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Promotion and prevention in consumer decision-making: The state of the art and theoretical propositions

Our understanding of consumer decision-making has historically been dominated by information-processing theory and, more recently, by behavioral decision research. These two perspectives have undeniably oﬀered important insights about the cognitive processes underlying consumers’ decisions. However, there is more to consumer decision-making than computer-like mental processes, judgment heuristics, and preference construction. Clearly missing from these perspectives is the motivational dimension of consumer decision-making. Consumers’ decisions – which brand to purchase, where to go on vacation, or how to decorate the house – do not take place in a motivational vacuum. These decisions take place in the context of goals that consumers are pursuing, needs that they seek to fulﬁll, and drives that color their thoughts.
Bragg's rule study in binary metal alloys and metal oxides for MeV 4He+ ions☆

Abstract A self-consistent procedure for testing Bragg's rule in solids is described and applied to 4 He + ions between 0.5 and 2.25 MeV for the binary metal systems Au-Ag, Au-Cu and Au-Al. The validity of the procedure is verified by numerical analysis. Bragg's rule correctly predicts the energy loss in Au-Al and Au-Ag mixtures to within the 1% sensitivity of the experiment and to within 2% in Au-Cu alloys. We propose that Bragg's rule is valid for all metal alloys. A second method has been applied to the oxides of iron and aluminum. This “yield ratio test” assumes that the composition of the target and the elemental stopping cross sections are known. The measured relative stopping powers in α-Fe 2 O 3 and Fe 3 O 4 are consistent with the use of Bragg's rule and the available elemental stopping data. The relative stopping power in Al 2 O 3 differs by about 10% from the expected value.
Catalytic Growth of Semiconducting ZnO Nanowires by Reactive Evaporation Process

Reactive evaporation process was introduced as a simple technique for the fabrication of aligned ZnO nanowires on a Si (100) surface. Single crystalline ZnO nanowire arrays were successfully synthesized on Au coated Si substrates via a VLS growth mechanism. The diameter of ZnO nanowires were observed to vary from 40 nm to 150 nm and the ratio of length to diameter was observed to be larger than 30. The diameter of ZnO nanowires was controlled by changing the processing temperature and by the thickness of Au catalyst film. Green emission induced from singly ionized oxygen vacancies was generated from ZnO nanowires with the excitonic emission in UV range. Higher intensity of the green emission was observed in thinner nanowires, which is attributed to their higher surface-to-volume ratio. Aligned structure formation and size control of ZnO nanowires could provide the potential for various nano-scale device applications.
The Antiproliferative Response of Indole-3-Carbinol in Human Melanoma Cells Is Triggered by an Interaction with NEDD4-1 and Disruption of Wild-Type PTEN Degradation

Human melanoma cells displaying distinct PTEN genotypes were used to assess the cellular role of this important tumor-suppressor protein in the antiproliferative response induced by the chemopreventative agent indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a natural indolecarbinol compound derived from the breakdown of glucobrassicin produced in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli and Brussels sprouts. I3C induced a G1-phase cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis by stabilization of PTEN in human melanoma cells that express wild-type PTEN, but not in cells with mutant or null PTEN genotypes. Importantly, normal human epidermal melanocytes were unaffected by I3C treatment. In wild-type PTEN-expressing melanoma xenografts, formed in athymic mice, I3C inhibited the in vivo tumor growth rate and increased PTEN protein levels in the residual tumors. Mechanistically, I3C disrupted the ubiquitination of PTEN by NEDD4-1 (NEDD4), which prevented the proteasome-mediated degradation of PTEN without altering its transcript levels. RNAi-mediated knockdown of PTEN prevented the I3C-induced apoptotic response, whereas knockdown of NEDD4-1 mimicked the I3C apoptotic response, stabilized PTEN protein levels, and downregulated phosphorylated AKT-1 levels. Co-knockdown of PTEN and NEDD4-1 revealed that I3C-regulated apoptotic signaling through NEDD4-1 requires the presence of the wild-type PTEN protein. Finally, in silico structural modeling, in combination with isothermal titration calorimetry analysis, demonstrated that I3C directly interacts with purified NEDD4-1 protein. Implications: This study identifies NEDD4-1 as a new I3C target protein, and that the I3C disruption of NEDD4-1 ubiquitination activity triggers the stabilization of the wild-type PTEN tumor suppressor to induce an antiproliferative response in melanoma. Mol Cancer Res; 12(11); 1621–34. ©2014 AACR.
Winter Acclimatization in Peromyscus maniculatus gracilis, P. leucopus noveboracensis, and P. l. leucopus

Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis and P. maniculatus gracilis indigenous to New York and P. l. leucopus obtained from North Carolina were assessed for traits assumed to enhance winter survivorship; including torpor, nesting behavior, food hoarding, and seasonal molting and breeding. The typically montane-adapted P. m. gracilis exhibited the most pronounced physiological and behavioral changes in response to winter, with P. l. noveboracensis and P. l. leucopus respectively exhibiting lesser degrees of these adjustments. In all mice, occurrence of torpor was confined to winter months. During mid-winter, nearly 40% of P. m. gracilis became torpid, contrasted with 15–20% and 10% of P. l. noveboracensis and P. l. leucopus , respectively. P. m. gracilis constructed larger nests and demonstrated a greater propensity to hoard food, and the percentages of mice that became reproductively regressed and that molted to winter pelage also were higher in P. m. gracilis than in the two subspecies of P. leucopus . Furthermore, P. m. gracilis consistently expressed these adaptations during a longer period of time than the other Peromyscus . While P. l. leucopus from North Carolina exhibited less pronounced seasonal adjustments than their more northern conspecifics, exposure to winter conditions in northern New York enhanced their adaptive response relative to mice at their native latitude. Of particular interest was our finding that the winter adaptive response in P. m. gracilis resulted in lower daily food consumption than observed in either of the subspecies of P. leucopus .
Ethnic Adjustment in the Industrial City: The International Institute of Gary, 1919–1940

The traditional American response to immigrants has emphasized either Americanization or assimilation. As Milton M. Gordon has sug? gested, the principles of "Anglo-conformity" and the "melting pot" re? mained prevailing ideologies until after World War II. These ideas de? manded that immigrants with foreign and "different" ways, traditions, languages, and customs be brought into the mainstream of American cul? ture, be made over into Americans, be assimilated and homogenized. American institutions (schools, churches, factories, settlement houses, po? litical parties, government) approached immigrants with those fundamental assumptions. Thus, teachers and educators used the schools as a primary agent of Americanization, advancing a laudatory view of American cul? ture and history which implied inferiority of the old country. Schools, churches, and industries sponsored English classes and government les? sons, exhorting foreigners to adopt American ways. Social workers some? times showed an excessive, moralistic concern for indoctrinating newcom? ers, especially children, with middle-class American values. Most people dealing with immigrants assumed cleanliness, sobriety, industriousness, honesty, patriotism, and piety as inseparable from the "American way."1 Unique among agencies working with immigrants were the Interna? tional Institutes established in more than sixty American cities by the YWCA in the years after 1918. At the end of World War I, the YWCA's War Work Council transformed itself into the Department of Immigra? tion and Foreign Communities with the initial intention of aiding foreignborn women and girls in the United States. To carry out its program, the National Board of the YWCA sponsored local affiliates named Interna? tional Institutes, primarily in industrial cities with heavy ethnic popula? tions like Buffalo, Boston, Bridgeport, Detroit, Chicago, New York, Phila? delphia, Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, McKeesport, St. Paul, Du-
Lack of effect of induced menses on symptoms in women with premenstrual syndrome

Abstract Background. No physiologic abnormality of the luteal phase has been consistently demonstrated in women with premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Using the progesterone antagonist mifepristone, we truncated the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle in a blinded fashion to evaluate the relation of the events of the late luteal phase to the symptoms of PMS. Methods. Fourteen women with PMS were given mifepristone (12.5 or 25 mg per kilogram of body weight) by mouth on the seventh day after the surge of luteinizing hormone. On the sixth through the eighth days after the surge, they also received injections of either placebo or human chorionic gonadotropin (2000 IU). Seven women with PMS received placebo instead of both mifepristone and human chorionic gonadotropin. All the women completed daily questionnaires measuring a variety of mood-related and somatic symptoms. Results. Mifepristone consistently induced menses. The women receiving only mifepristone had plasma progesterone levels like those of the fol...
Hormone replacement therapy and risk for venous thromboembolism: what's new and how do these findings influence clinical practice?

Purpose of reviewAlthough an association between hormone replacement therapy and venous thromboembolism has been established, several unanswered questions remain. This review will address additional questions relating to hormone replacement therapy and venous thromboembolism. Does the risk for venou
Appetite for Destruction: Hunger Leads to Less Healthy Food Choices

Fasting is a common phenomenon and can either be intended or unintended [1]. It can be self-imposed in the case of extreme dieting, religious fasts, and chaotic work schedules [2-3]. It can be medically-imposed in the case of fasting before blood draws or surgery [4]. In extreme cases, it can be caused by external circumstances such as food shortages, natural disasters, or poverty [5].Food deprivation has been shown to alter the quantity of food people buy or consume [6-7]. However, little attention has been given to how fasting affects the composition of people’s food choices. Do people simply buy more when they are food deprived, or do they specifically increase purchases of high-calorie, relative to low-calorie foods?
Unusual mitral valve abnormalities complicating surgical repair of endocardial cushion defects

A review of 155 cases of surgically repaired endocardial cushion defects revealed 16 patients (10%) with additional unusual mitral valve abnormalities that complicated the surgical procedure. Eight patients had accessory mitral valve tissue that connected the anterior and posterior leaflets to form a double-orifice valve (Group I). In four (50%), the lesion was associated with intermediate atrioventricular canal and small left ventricle; all four died following repair. In the other four, it was associated with ostium primum defect; all survived and are well. A single papillary muscle in the left ventricle was present in six patients (Group II). Two had intermediate atrioventricular canal and both died postoperatively. The other four had complete endocardial cushion defect and three are well following the operation. Perforation of the valve leaflets was present in two patients with ostium primum (Group III). Both patients are well postoperatively. Modification of the surgical technique is required to effect satisfactory repair. The bridge connecting the posterior and anterior leaflets of the mitral valve should be left undisturbed. Otherwise, severe regurgitation may result. In patients with single papillary muscle and complete atrioventricular canal, repair may be accomplished by borrowing from the tricuspid portion of the anterior leaflet, rotating that part posteriorly, and partially closing the cleft. Small perforations of the mitral leaflet do not require closure and do not result in regurgitation. Echocardiographic and angiographic delineation of these abnormalities and thorough intraoperative exploration are important in avoiding pitfalls at the time of repair.
Hermeneutical Aspects of John Henry Newman's Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine

Recent interest in the study of hermeneutics has called for a reexamination of many Christian classics. This has initiated a retrieval of many valuable insights found in the classics that are extremely important for contemporary theology. Newman's Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine is such a classic. From the time of its publication in 1845, the Essay has been an important and influential work in the life of Catholic thought. By reexamining Newman's work, we are assisted along the unfolding hermeneutical path known as Catholic theology. This article examines Newman's theory of development, three major objections to that theory, and a review of the relevance of Newman's theory for contemporary hermeneutics.
A Stained-Glass Ceiling?

On January 29, 1844, Joseph Smith launched an independent campaign for the White House (Garr 2007). The first member of the clergy to run for president, Smith was described as a “prophet, priest, and king.” These titles reflected Smith’s concept of “theo-democracy” and his combined roles as mayor and general of the militia in the Mormon settlement of Nauvoo, Illinois (Wicks and Foister 2005, 105–7). The Church was central to the operation of the campaign: his vice-presidential running mate, Sidney Rigdon, was also a Mormon leader; the effort was managed by a newly founded “Council of Fifty”; and nearly 600 missionaries, elders, and apostles were dispatched across the country to campaign (Robertson 2000). These activities, plus the possibility of a Mormon “bloc vote” determining the outcome in Illinois, gave the campaign potential influence in the close presidential contest. Styled as “General” Smith in his campaign, the candidate was described as “an independent man with American principles,” in contrast to his major party rivals, Democrat James K. Polk and Whig Henry Clay (Wicks and Foister 2005, 127). In this regard, Smith offered a broad agenda of reform that cut across major party lines, including western territorial expansion, the abolition of slavery, founding a national bank, and the end of penitentiaries. One of his most controversial proposals was the use of the federal army to protect religious minorities. The campaign argued that Mormons could no longer be “oppressed and mobbed under a tyrannical government” and compared their mistreatment to that of Catholics, abolitionists, and African Americans (Bringhurst and Foster 2011, 43).
Coronaviruses: a historical perspective.

Coronaviruses are associated with a wide variety of diseases of man and other animals. The importance of this group of viruses in both medical and economic terms has become increasingly evident since the First International Congress was held in Germany in 1980. The application of modern molecular biology and immunology has contributed to new insights into understanding the biology of the viruses and the pathogenesis of the diseases they produce. The number of investigators has also increased over the past several years as evidenced by this Congress which is thus far the largest ever held.
Adrenoleukodystrophy: Childhood and Adult Forms Compared

Saturated, very long-chain fatty acids in erythrocyte membranes, blood plasma, and mononuclear cells were studied in 4 patients with childhood-adolescent adrenoleukodystrophy, 4 patients with adult adrenoleukodystrophy and 19 normal control subjects in the Department of Neurology, National Chikugo Hospital and the Neurological Institute, Kyusu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
53 CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS ≤ AGE 45: ATHEROTHROMBOSIS.

The population that develops occlusive arterial circulatory events at a young age (≤ 45 years), particularly if they are normolipidemic, represents a rare population in which a heightened hemostatic system may play an important mechanistic role in thrombus formation and in arterial events. We assessed whether thrombophilia-hypofibrinolysis contributed to premature atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease (ATCVD) in 78 men and 40 women with 230 ATCVD events (≤ age 45 years). ATCVD events included ≥ 1 myocardial infarction (n = 60), CABG (n = 33), angioplasty (n = 52), chronic angina (n = 41), ischemic stroke (n = 11), TIA (n = 24), and claudication (n = 9). Hereditary thrombophilia was assessed: G1691A factor V Leiden, G20210A prothrombin, MTHFR C677T-A1298C, and platelet glycoprotein PL A1/A2 mutations, with serologic measures of ACLA IgG and IgM, lupus anticoagulant, proteins C and S, antithrombin III, homocysteine, and factors VIII and XI. Hypofibrinolysis was assessed: 4G4G plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 mutation (PAI), PAI activity (PAI-Fx), and Lp(a). Cases were compared with healthy normal controls (149 men for PCR, 40 men for serologic tests, 109 women for PCR and serologic tests). Cases did not differ from controls by race or age (p > .05) Hypertension was present in 44% of men and 25% of women, diabetes in 17% and 8%, and cigarette smoking in 25% and 20%. In the 78 male cases, mean ± SD age was 48 ± 11 years, BMI 29.5 ± 4.5, LDLC 103 ± 44, HDLC 41 ± 14, and TG 195 ± 219 mg/dL. In 40 female cases, mean ± SD age was 38 ± 10 years, BMI 28.3 ± 7.7, LDLC 105 ± 31, HDLC 50 ± 13, and TG 147 ± 121 mg/dL. High factor VIII (> 150%) was present in 15 of 59 (25%) male cases versus 1 of 38 (3%) male controls, p = .003. High factor XI (> 150%) was present in 9 of 56 (16%) male cases versus 0 of 38 (0%) male controls, p = .01. High PAI-Fx (> 21.1 U/mL) was present in 24% of male cases (15 of 63) versus 8% (3 of 39) of male controls, p = .038. Low protein C ( 150%) was present in 3 of 26 (12%) female cases versus 2 of 107 (2%) female controls, p = .051. The lupus anticoagulant was present in 9 of 37 (24%) female cases versus 6 of 84 (7%) female controls, p = .014. In patients with ATCVD ≤ age 45, thrombophilias (factor VIII, factor XI, protein C and S deficiency, and the lupus anticoagulant) and hypofibrinolysis (PAI-Fx) may promote arterial thrombosis, synergistic with atherosclerotic endothelial injury. If thrombophilia-hypofibrinolysis accompanies ATCVD at ≤ age 45, thromboprophylaxis may have value in secondary prevention of subsequent ATCVD.
What Is the Optoelectronic Effect of the Capsule on the Guest Molecule in Aqueous Host/Guest Complexes? A Combined Computational and Spectroscopic Perspective

Encapsulation of dye molecules is used as a means to achieve charge separation across different dielectric environments. We analyze the absorption and emission spectra of several coumarin molecules that are encapsulated within an octa-acid dimer forming a molecular capsule. The water-solvated capsule effect on the coumarin’s electronic structure and absorption spectra can be understood as due to an effective dielectric constant where the capsule partially shields electrostatically the dielectric solvent environment. Blue-shifted emission spectra are explained as resulting from a partial intermolecular charge transfer where the capsule is the acceptor, and which reduces the coumarin relaxation in the excited state.
Hearing the Voices of Students and Teachers: A Phenomenological Approach to Educational Research

Many contemporary researchers claim to use a phenomenological approach but seldom connect their methods to tenets from phenomenological philosophy. We describe a distinctive approach, grounded in the writings of French philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty, for conducting educational research. Procedures are outlined for bracketing pre-understandings of a phenomenon, interviewing, and thematizing data with assistance of an interdisciplinary interpretive group. Using our approach, researchers capture the figural aspects of a phenomenon that dominate perception as well as the contextual background that is less visible but integral to understanding it. This phenomenological approach offers educational researchers a radical empiricism, a flexible structure, and a dialogical community of support.
The Effect of a Backpack Hip Strap on Energy Expenditure While Walking

Objective To examine the effect of backpack hip strap use on walking energy expenditure while carrying a loaded backpack. Background Previous studies have demonstrated that energy cost increases as the mass of the load carried increases. However, few investigations have focused on backpack carriage design. Methods Fifteen young, healthy, male subjects walked at a self-selected pace for 10 minutes in two backpack loading conditions: with a hip strap (strapped) and without a hip strap (nonstrapped). Oxygen consumption (VO2), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and heart rate (HR) were monitored throughout each 10-minute trial. Change scores from the 4th to 10th minute were calculated for each variable. A t test was used to evaluate the difference between conditions for each variable. Results The changes in VO2 (-0.62 ± 0.40 vs. 0.33 ± 0.23, p = .04) and RPE (1 ± 0.25 vs. 2 ± 0.21, p .05) or HR (3.53 ± 0.93 vs. 4.07 ± 1.39, p > .05) for the strapped versus unstrapped condition. Conclusions Wearing a hip strap reduced the energy expenditure and perceived exertion in as little as 10 minutes of walking compared to the nonstrapped condition. Future work should consider the effect of a hip strap on these variables while hiking for extended periods. Application Wearing a hip strap may increase the comfort and reduce the energy required of wearing a backpack. This is useful information for backpack designers, military personnel, and recreational hikers.
16p11.2 deletion syndrome mice perseverate with active coping response to acute stress – rescue by blocking 5-HT2A receptors

In humans a chromosomal hemideletion of the 16p11.2 region results in variable neurodevelopmental deficits including developmental delay, intellectual disability and features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Serotonin is implicated in ASD but its role remains enigmatic. In this study we sought to determine if and how abnormalities in serotonin neurotransmission could contribute to the behavioral phenotype of the 16p11.2 deletion syndrome in a mouse model (Del mouse). Since ASD is frequently associated with altered response to acute stress and stress may exacerbate repetitive behavior in ASD, we studied the Del mouse behavior in the context of an acute stress using the forced swim test, a paradigm well characterized with respect to serotonin. Del mice perseverated with active coping (swimming) in the forced swim test and failed to adopt passive coping strategies with time as did their wild-type (WT) littermates. Analysis of monoamine content by HPLC provided evidence for altered endogenous serotonin neurotransmission in Del mice while there was no effect of genotype on any other monoamine. Moreover we found that Del mice were highly sensitive to the 5-HT2A antagonists M100907, which at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg normalized their level of active coping and restored the gradual shift to passive coping in the forced swim test. Supporting evidence for altered endogenous serotonin signaling was provided by observations of additional ligand effects including altered forebrain Fos expression. Taken together, these observations indicate notable changes in endogenous serotonin signaling in 16p11.2 deletion mice and support the therapeutic utility of 5-HT2A receptor antagonists. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Bilateral Versus Single Internal Mammary Artery Bypass Grafting: Do We Have the Answer?

Article, see p 1676 The article by Iribarne et al1 in this issue of Circulation describes a retrospective study comparing the long-term outcome of propensity-matched groups of patients undergoing either bilateral (BIMA) or single (SIMA) internal mammary artery coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), with emphasis on the need for repeat revascularization. The study originated from the Northern New England Cardiovascular Disease Study Group, which has been a leader in examining outcomes after cardiovascular surgery and quality improvement. CABG has continued to be a principal method to treat advanced coronary disease. With improved percutaneous coronary intervention and medical treatment, CABG has been forced to improve as well. The SIMA graft was first introduced by Loop et al2 to significantly prolong survival and to improve the outcome of CABG. The use of 2 internal mammary artery grafts (BIMA) was described by Suzuki et al3 in 1973. It would make sense that if the SIMA were good, BIMA would be better. Indeed, Lytle et al4 reported from the Cleveland Clinic that patients who received CABG with BIMA grafts did better than if they received a SIMA graft. Since this publication, many studies have demonstrated what seems to be common sense, that patients who receive BIMA grafts5,6 or multiple arterial grafts of other types should do much better in the long …
So What Do You Do? Exploring Evaluator Descriptions of Their Work:

To progress as a field, evaluators must be able to describe their work to nonevaluators, and to persuade an audience they have something unique and valuable to offer. Yet anecdotal reports suggest ...
Embracing Ambiguity: Creating Portals to Enactment and Inquiry

In a modern era where military professionals, like their civilian counterparts, routinely find themselves facing significant ambiguity, we recognize a vital need to prepare junior officers for the challenges that await them. In our capacity as faculty members (past and present) in the Department of Management at the United States Air Force Academy, we have developed a course over the past twelve years aimed at fostering intellectual curiosity, critical thinking skill and the ability to frame and resolve ill-defined problems. This paper uses various aspects of the course's framework to demonstrate how students are taken on a journey which allows them to experience the dramatic differences made possible by changing one's perspective. Students are pushed into a realm of ambiguity, from which they generally realize that their prior models of a number of systems are fragile and inadequate; further, they come to see that answers, models, and frameworks are enactments which can always be improved upon. Results from the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal indicate that the course improves students' critical thinking abilities. However, the course was not designed to teach students to think critically, but rather to lead them on a journey of self-discovery, forcing them to enact new realities.
Dynamical Mechanisms for Intermittency Effects in Fully Developed Turbulence

Intermittency effects in fully developed turbulence are manifested in strongly non-gaussian statistics associated with small-scale fluctuations and in anomalous scaling exponents characterizing the decay of high-order velocity correlation functions over inertial-range distances. Phenomenological models developed for the understanding of such intermittent behavior are discussed, with particular emphasis on multifractal models and a two-fluid model. Multifractal models give a thermodynamic description of anomalous exponents, but do not offer any dynamical picture underlying the physical phenomenon. The two-fluid model performs a heuristic modeling of the Navier-Stokes dynamics in terms of stochastic dynamics of random eddies and self-stretching of coherent vortex structures. Quantitative measures of intermittency obtained by the two-fluid model are in good agreement with laboratory and computer simulation results for both non-gaussian distribution functions and anomalous scaling exponents.
The Future of Psychology in Departments of Psychiatry

Health care reform has put increasing pressure on faculty of medical schools to become self-supporting. Opportunities for clinical revenue will decrease, but psychologists who are able to generate research funding will become increasingly competitive, albeit as “mercenaries,” i.e., capable of paying their own way plus generating a profit to support departmental operations and educational programs. Changes in the health care system signal an end to psychiatry's paternalistic relationship to psychology and present opportunities for psychology proactively to influence its future role in health care. Research, political action, and revised scientific mission, models, and roles represent important strategies in the redefining of psychology as a basic science and major profession in health care.
Biomimetic Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering

Tissue engineering combines our knowledge of medicine, life sciences, and engineering, and biomimetics within tissue engineering is employed in scaffold design, by both mimicking and improving upon the extracellular matrix structure and chemistry.
The Solar Thermal Unit Concept in Problems Related to Plant Development and Potential Evapotranspiration

Since 1735, when Reaumur first attempted to relate temperature to plant development, the degree-day or heat-unit concept has been applied to problems of plant-climate relations. This paper is a contribution to the discussion of this problem. It describes our solar thermal unit concept, which attempts to explain why different quantities of heat units are sometimes required in different locations and seasons for a given stage of plant development to occur.
Attributing Historical and Future Evolution of Radiative Feedbacks to Regional Warming Patterns using a Green’s Function Approach: The Preeminence of the Western Pacific

AbstractGlobal radiative feedbacks have been found to vary in global climate model (GCM) simulations. Atmospheric GCMs (AGCMs) driven with historical patterns of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and...
An Examination of the Patterns of Substance Use in Activity Spaces and Their Relationship to Problematic Use.

During adolescence, adolescents are given more freedom to independently interact with a variety of social contexts. The eco-developmental model suggests that the activity spaces where adolescents s...
Epstein-Barr Virus and the Human Leukocyte Antigen Complex

Purpose While most adults are infected Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 3-5% remain uninfected. The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex, which controls many pathogens, may influence infection and disease associated with EBV. Recent findings Numerous EBV proteins and miRNAs down-regulate HLA class I and II expression on the cell surface. HLA class II functions as a receptor for EBV entry into B cells. Specific HLA class II alleles correlate with the susceptibility of B cells to EBV infection in vitro and with EBV seropositivity or seronegativity of humans. HLA class I polymorphisms correlate with development and severity of EBV infectious mononucleosis and with the risk of several virus-associated malignancies including nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. Significance These findings indicate that while EBV has evolved to use MHC class II as a receptor for virus entry, polymorphisms in MHC class II and class I influence virus infection and disease.
p-type Channel Field-Effect Transistors

Development of p-type MOSFETs using new materials is an important goal to provide a further scaling of CMOS circuits. Although bulk transport properties of Ge make it the main candidate for p-channel, strained III-As and, in particular, III-Sb are good competitors in particular for deeply scaled devices due to lower hole effective mass in strained InSb heterostructures, simplicity of band engineering with variety of material choices to create high barriers, reduce leakage, improve ohmic contacts, etc. The chapter begins with physics of scattering in bulk semiconductors, describes how the MOSFETs figures-of-merit change with scaling, reviews physics of strain effects in quantum wells with the emphasis on effective mass, density of states and mobility. Technologies and results on p-channel heterojunction field-effect transistors and MOSFETs are reviewed.
Intuitive Control of a Robotic Arm and Hand System With Pneumatic Haptic Feedback

Robot teleoperation is a transformative field that can enable workers to safely perform tasks in dangerous environments. In this letter, we present our work towards a teleoperation system with safe, realistic force feedback for intuitive control of a robotic arm and anthropomorphic robotic hand as its end effector. The system interfaces with the user via a novel data glove, which detects the state of the hand using inertial measurement units (IMUs) and custom curvature sensors, and employs pneumatic muscles to provide force feedback. We use this glove to control a Kinova Jaco robotic arm and a custom 3D printed hand with embedded force sensors. We tested the functionality of this system in a grasp quality experiment and a full teleoperation test. With haptic feedback, users were accurately able to differentiate between secure and insecure grasps. In user testing with the full system, all users were able to complete a series of ten pick-and-place tasks. Inexperienced users with only 5 minutes of training completed all tasks in an average of 55.1 seconds, while experienced users with 0.5 to 2 hours of practice took an average of 34.6 seconds.
What Does the Patient Global Health Assessment in Rheumatoid Arthritis Really Tell Us? Contribution of Specific Dimensions of Health-Related Quality of Life.

Objective To estimate the contributions of health-related quality of life domains to the patient global assessment of disease activity (PtGA) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods Data are drawn from baseline visits of 2 observational RA cohorts. Participants completed forms for patient-reported outcome measures, including PtGA and measures from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System, and clinical data were collected. Factor analysis was used to identify latent variables, and multivariable linear regression was used to estimate determinants of the PtGA. Results Patients were mostly female (81%), white (78%), and had established disease (mean ± SD 12.3 ± 10.7 years), with 62% in remission or having low disease activity. In cohort 1 (n = 196), the following 2 factors emerged: 1) daily function (moderate-to-strong [i.e., >|0.65|] loadings of physical function, pain interference, social participation, and fatigue, and weak [>0.35] loadings of sleep disturbance); and 2) emotional distress (strong loadings of depression and anxiety). In crude analysis, daily function explained up to 53% and emotional distress up to 20% of the variance in PtGA. In both cohorts, in adjusted analyses, daily function and, to a much lesser extent, swollen joint count independently predicted PtGA; age was inversely related to PtGA in cohort 1 only. Conclusion These findings suggest that in patients with RA, PtGA ratings largely reflect the extent to which patients feel they can function in everyday roles and are not impacted by mood. This suggests that higher than expected PtGA scores may offer an opportunity to discuss patient expectations regarding roles and activities and the impact of their RA symptoms on daily function.
Intersecting hazards, intersectional identities: A baseline Critical Environmental Justice analysis of US homelessness:

Lacking access to stable shelter, infrastructure, and services, houseless people are exposed to a range of environmental hazards. Yet, environmental justice scholars have only begun to consider how...
Influence of remediation on sediment toxicity within the Grand Calumet River, Indiana, USA.

Abstract The Grand Calumet River (GCR), located in northern Indiana, is contaminated due to a wide range of historical industrial activities. This study was conducted to determine the influence of sediment remediation within the GCR on concentrations of chemical contaminants and toxicity to sediment-dwelling organisms. Between 2005 and 2016, sediments with high concentrations of metals and toxic organic compounds were remediated through a combination of removal, addition of activated carbon and organoclay amendments, and capping with sand or relatively uncontaminated sediment. Short-term and long-term sediment toxicity tests with the amphipod Hyalella azteca, the midge Chironomus dilutus, and the mussel Lampsilis siliquoidea were conducted with samples collected in 2013, 2015, and 2017, from 29 sites, including both remediated and non-remediated sites. Sediment chemistry and toxicity data for three groups of remediated sites (US Steel, West Branch, and East Branch) were compared to samples from contaminated but unremediated sites and to relatively uncontaminated reference sites. In general, remediated sediments had lower levels of PAHs, PCBs and metals, although sediments from the US Steel area still had elevated levels of PAH, PCB and chromium. Sediments from the three remediated sites and from reference sites showed significantly reduced toxic effects in short-term sediment bioassays, compared to unremediated sites. Variation in the long-term success of remediation may reflect site-specific factors such as the type of remediation and the potential for recontamination from uncontrolled sources.
The coral conservation crisis: interacting local and global stressors reduce reef resiliency and create challenges for conservation solutions

Coral reefs are one of the most productive and biodiverse ecosystems in the world. Humans rely on these coral reef ecosystems to provide significant ecological and economic resources; however, coral reefs are threatened by numerous local and global anthropogenic factors that cause significant environmental change. The interactions of these local and global human impacts may increase the rate of coral reef degradation. For example, there are many local influences (i.e., sedimentation and submarine groundwater discharge) that may exacerbate coral bleaching and mortality. Therefore, researchers and resource managers cannot limit their narratives and actions to mitigating a sole stressor. With the continued increase in greenhouse gas emissions, management strategies and restoration techniques need to account for the scale at which environmental change occurs. This review aims to outline the various local and global anthropogenic stressors threatening reef resiliency and address the recent disagreements surrounding present-day conservation practices. Unfortunately, there is no one solution to preserve and restore all coral reefs. Each coral reef region is challenged by numerous interactive stressors that affect its ecosystem response, recovery, and services in various ways. This review discusses, while global reef degradation occurs, local solutions should be implemented to efficiently protect the coral reef ecosystem services that are valuable to marine and terrestrial environments.
Deformable Models with Parameter Functions: Application to Heart Wall Modeling

Abstract This paper develops a new class of physics-based de- formable models which can deform both globally and lo- cally. Their global parameters are functions allowing the definition of new parameterized primitives and parume- terized global deformutions. These new global paranie- ter functions improve the accuracy of shape description through the use of a few intuitive parameters such as func- tional bending and twisting. Using a physics-based up- proach we convert these geometric models into deformable models that deform due to forces exerted from the data- points so as to conform to the given dataset. We present an experiment involving the extraction of shape and motion of the Left Ventricle (LV) of a heart from MRI-SPAMM dutu based on u few global parameter functions. 1 Introduction Heart disease, a major cause of mortality in the West- ern World, generally leads to abnormalities of heart wall motion. ’fie major difficulties in assessing heart wall dis- ease among physicians have included
Are U.S. Community College Nursing Programs Admitting Deaf Disabled Students

A consistent theme postulated from our research through courses in the Doctor of Education in Community College Leadership Program at Morgan State University has been, “Are community colleges in the United States (U.S.) succeeding to assist its citizens of achieving the American Dream, of “Liberty and Justice for All?” What a complex topic! Many scholars impute that community colleges in the public sector have borne the brunt of advancing access to postsecondary education for an enormous number of unprepared students (Cohen, Brawer, & Kisker, 2014). There are too many variables and ideologies that bring consternation about discovering an answer to the question posed, but in spite of the quagmire it creates, many examples of success exist for American citizens who have accomplished their goals via the community college system. This essay explores how social justice has been a foundation guiding the mission of the American higher education mandate; how the disability and diversity discussion is impacting community colleges; and survey some challenges and look toward opportunities for inclusion of the deaf disabled population, who may be pursuing admission into nursing programs at community colleges and other undergraduate institutions in the U.S.
Interventions for Behavior Problems

Several effective techniques are presented in this chapter that educators can use with an individual student, with a small group of students, or with an entire classroom. While many students learn and flourish in a well-structured classroom and do not require specific or intensive intervention to behave appropriately, students with behavior problems and/or emotional disabilities will require more support and may require more extrinsic motivation to develop appropriate academic, social, and compliant behaviors. The goal of these interventions is not simply behavior management or using rewards to control behavior, rather it is to help students improve behavior and develop internal motivation to succeed. Based on the definition of the term intervention described in Chapter 2, the research-validated procedures presented in this chapter include methods of teaching new skills, and/or manipulation of antecedents and consequences. They include a range of effective or combination of effective positive interventions such as group contingencies, self-management, differential reinforcement, token economies, peer tutoring, as well as some mild reductive techniques such as response-cost and time-out from reinforcement. A complete list of behavioral intervention terms, definitions, examples, and cautions for each are provided in Appendix B. When selecting an intervention, it is always important to try the most direct or simple approach first. When classroom disruption is the result of only one or two student’s misbehavior, the most appropriate intervention may be an individual intervention. When several students are misbehaving, class-wide interventions or group contingencies may be more effective. Most of the following interventions can be adapted for use with an individual student, a few students, or with the entire class.
Structure and biosynthesis of human placental peptide hormones.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses structure and biosynthesis of human placental peptide hormones. Most studies have centered on chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and placental lactogen (WL), but there is also evidence of a chorionic thyrotropin (hCT) and a chorionic follicle-stimulating hormone (hCFSH), though these have been much less extensively explored. Reports have also been published suggesting the synthesis by the placenta of an ACTH, a melanocyte-stimulating hormone, relaxin, oxytocin, vasopressin, and renin, all analogous to the corresponding peptide hormones formed elsewhere by nonpregnant subjects. In addition to these hormonally active peptides, the placenta secretes into the plasma a placenta-specific heat-stable alkaline phosphatase and a series of other proteins (globulins) found only in the blood of pregnant women. Several of these plasma globulins have been shown by immunofluorescence to be present in high concentration in the syncytiotrophoblast of the human placenta. The chapter deals mainly with human chorionic gonadotropin and human placental lactogen, and briefly discusses the evidence regarding other proteins secreted by the placenta.
CLS Bank v. Alice Corp.: What Does It Mean for Software Patent Eligibility?

For more than forty years, patent attorneys, software engineers, examiners, and judges have debated the patent eligibility of software. For most of the 1980s and 90s, the USPTO has viewed software as generally patent-eligible subject matter. Starting with the State Street v. Signature Financial case in 1998, courts have examined subject matter patent eligibility with greater scrutiny. This comment reviews six recent software patent eligibility cases, of which the court upheld software’s eligibility twice and rejected its eligibility four other times. In particular, the CLS Bank v. Alice Corp. case serves as a basis for examining several approaches to the topic. This comment proposes a standard which deems software patent subject matter eligible when an alternate dedicated hardware expression of the invention exists. The proposal also gleans the lessons of the recent cases to avoid potential pitfalls. This standard provides clarity and allows all interested parties to know upfront a software invention’s subject matter patent eligibility.
General Database Statistics Using Entropy Maximization

We propose a framework in which query sizes can be estimated from arbitrary statistical assertions on the data. In its most general form, a statistical assertion states that the size of the output of a conjunctive query over the data is a given number. A very simple example is a histogram, which makes assertions about the sizes of the output of several range queries. Our model also allows much more complex assertions that include joins and projections. To model such complex statistical assertions we propose to use the Entropy-Maximization (EM) probability distribution. In this model any set of statistics that is consistent has a precise semantics, and every query has an precise size estimate. We show that several classes of statistics can be solved in closed form.
Vanillin, a potential agent for the treatment of sickle cell anemia

Vanillin, a food additive, has been evaluated as a potential agent to treat sickle cell anemia. Earlier studies indicated that vanillin had moderate antisickling activity when compared with other aldehydes. We have determined by high performance liquid chromatography that vanillin reacts covalently with sickle hemoglobin (HbS) both in solution and in intact red blood cells. Hemoscan oxygen equilibrium curves show a dose-dependent left shift, particularly at low oxygen tensions. Rheologic evaluation (pO2 scan Ektacytometry) of vanillin-reacted HbS erythrocytes shows a dose-dependent inhibition of deoxygenation-induced cell sickling. Ektacytometry also suggests that vanillin may have a direct inhibitory effect on HbS polymer formation. Vanillin has no adverse effects on cell ion or water content. X-ray crystallographic studies with deoxyhemoglobin (HbA)-vanillin demonstrate that vanillin binds near His 103 alpha, Cys 104 alpha, and Gln 131 beta in the central water cavity. A secondary binding site is located between His 116 beta and His 117 beta. His 116 beta has been implicated as a polymer contact residue. Oxygen equilibrium, ektacytometry, and x-ray studies indicate that vanillin may be acting to decrease HbS polymerization by a dual mechanism of action; allosteric modulation to a high-affinity HbS molecule and by stereospecific inhibition of T state HbS polymerization. Because vanillin is a food additive on the GRAS (generally regarded as safe) list, and because it has little or no adverse effects at high dosages in animals, vanillin is a candidate for further evaluation as an agent for the treatment of sickle cell disease.