cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental determination of fatigue behavior of lead free solder joints in microelectronic packaging subjected to isothermal aging

Abstract The effects of aging on the cyclic shear stress–strain and fatigue behavior of lead-free solders have been explored experimentally and have been presented in this paper. An experimental procedure has been developed for preparing Iosipescu shear specimens of SAC105 (Sn–1.0Ag–0.5Cu) lead-free solder, and the resulting solder joint specimens have been subjected to cyclic shear stress/strain loading at different aging conditions. A combination of four-parameter hyperbolic tangent empirical models has been used for the empirical fit of the entire cyclic stress strain curve. The fatigue life data were then fit using popular empirical failure criteria such as the strain-based Coffin–Manson model and the energy-based Morrow model. Evolution of shear hysteresis loop of SAC 105 with aging has been studied. Degradation of isothermal fatigue life due to aging has also been studied in this paper. A comparison between uniaxial fatigue data and shear fatigue data is shown and a good qualitative agreement has been found. Subsequent microstructure analysis has also been presented in the paper in support of isothermal aging effects.
MUTANT OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM DEFICIENT IN THE CARBON DIOXIDE-FIXING ENZYME PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVIC CARBOXYLASE

Theodore, Theodore S. (University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa.), and Ellis Englesberg. Mutant of Salmonella typhimurium deficient in the carbon dioxide-fixing enzyme phosphoenolpyruvic carboxylase. J. Bacteriol. 88:946–955. 1964.—Resting cells of Salmonella typhimurium wild type (C+dgs) and the C-dgs mutant characterized by impaired glucose and glycerol metabolism are able to oxidize Krebs cycle intermediates to the same extent. The wild type oxidized glucose and pyruvate “completely,” and the mutant oxidized these substrates at a reduced rate and incompletely, with the accumulation of acetate. Resting cells of the wild type in the presence of NaHCO3-C14 and glucose incorporated 11 times more CO2 than did similar suspensions of the mutant. Extracts prepared from cells previously grown in a mineral glucose supplemented medium revealed that the mutant was deficient in the CO2-fixing enzyme phosphoenolpyruvic carboxylase (PEP carboxylase). This enzyme was found to be present in the wild-type extracts. It catalyzes the formation of oxaloacetate from phosphoenolpyruvate and CO2 in the presence of Mn++ or Mg++. No added nucleotides are required for its activity. Since only low levels of phosphoenolpyruvic carboxykinase activity are present in extracts prepared from both kinds of cells grown in a mineral glucose supplemented medium, and perhaps only trace amounts of the malic enzyme, phosphoenolpyruvic carboxytransphosphorylase, and of the enzyme requiring pyruvate, CO2, and adenosine triphosphate are present, it was concluded that PEP carboxylase is required for CO2, fixation in this organism. The loss of this enzyme prevents the growth of the mutant in a mineral-glucose or mineral-glycerol medium, and results in the incomplete oxidation of glucose and pyruvate with the accumulation of acetate. This is the first demonstration of the essential role of this particular enzyme in CO2 fixation in chemoorganotrophs.
Physiology of Airway Mucus Secretion and Pathophysiology of Hypersecretion

Mucus secretion is the first-line defense against the barrage of irritants that inhalation of approximately 500 L of air an hour brings into the lungs. The inhaled soot, dust, microbes, and gases can all damage the airway epithelium. Consequently, mucus secretion is extremely rapid, occurring in tens of milliseconds. In addition, mucus is held in cytoplasmic granules in a highly condensed state in which high concentrations of Ca(2+) nullify the repulsive forces of the highly polyanionic mucin molecules. Upon initiation of secretion and dilution of the Ca(2+), the repulsion forces of the mucin molecules cause many-hundred-fold swelling of the secreted mucus, to cover and protect the epithelium. Secretion is a highly regulated process, with coordination by several molecules, including soluble N-ethyl-maleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins, myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS), and Munc proteins, to dock the mucin granules to the secretory cell membrane prior to exocytosis. Because mucus secretion appears to be such a fundamental airway homeostatic process, virtually all regulatory and inflammatory mediators and interventions that have been investigated increase secretion acutely. When given longer-term, many of these same mediators also increase mucin gene expression and mucin synthesis, and induce goblet cell hyperplasia. These responses induce (in contrast to the protective effects of acute secretion) long-term, chronic hypersecretion of airway mucus, which contributes to respiratory disease. In this case the homeostatic, protective function of airway mucus secretion is lost, and, instead, mucus hypersecretion contributes to pathophysiology of a number of severe respiratory conditions, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cystic fibrosis.
Near Infrared Atmospheric Transmission to Solar Radiation

Near infrared solar spectrum observations taken on October 15, 1954 with a double-pass Nacl prism spectrometer have been analyzed for transmission coefficients for the “selective” absorption factor and for the “continuum” factor. The analysis was carried out for 59 wavelength positions between 0.872 and 2.537 μ. The monochromatic data fit well the law °nT=c1(w)12 where w is the amount of water vapor in the optical path. The coefficient c1 is given as a continuous function of the wavelength. A coefficient of extinction for the “continuum” factor is also given.
Alcoholic beverages and their placebos: An empirical evaluation of expectancies

Abstract Recent research in the area of alcohol and behavior has repeatedly demonstrated the importance of controlling for expectancies. Inclusion of placebo beverages as one method of experimental control has become increasingly popular. The purpose of the present paper was to review and evaluate the prevalence of placebo usage in alcohol studies and to review the empirical data on the effectiveness of the various placebos in attaining the desired experimental control. Finding little experimental data or guidelines for adequate placebo beverages in the literature, we conducted two studies to provide information on the most effective placebo beverages for use in between-subject and within-subject designs. Results are discussed with reference to procedural, methodological, and ethical issues regarding the usage and the assessment of placebo beverages.
Generational differences in reactions to adolescent suicide

In order to assess generational differences in reactions to an adolescent suicide, college students (n = 56) and their parents (n = 112) were asked to respond to a fictitious report of an adolescent's either suicidal or non-suicidal death. Consistent with previous research, both generations said that (a) the suicidal youth was more psychologically disturbed than was the youth who died of a viral illness and (b) the youth's mother was more psychologically disturbed when he died of suicide than when he died of a viral illness. Also, both generations were more negative in reacting to suicidal death survivors than they were to viral illness death survivors. Some generational differences were obtained: Parents viewed the suicidal adolescent as more psychologically disturbed than did adolescents and yet, paradoxically, parents expected to experience less tension and to have less difficulty in expressing sympathy when visiting the survivors than did adolescents. It appears that parents are more pejorative, at least in terms of assessing the degree of psychological disturbance in the suicidally deceased adolescent, but at the same time they are more emotionally supportive to survivors. Consequently, other parents may be a more beneficial community support group for parental survivors of adolescent suicide than would be other adolescents.
Investigation of optical loss mechanisms in oxide thin films

KNbO{sub 3}, K(Ta,Nb)O{sub 3}, KTaO{sub 3}, and Ta{sub 2}O{sub 5} thin films have been grown by ion-beam sputter deposition. KNbO{sub 3} has excellent nonlinear properties for second harmonic generation; however, high optical losses are still characteristic of these films. Several loss mechanisms, such as, high angle grain boundaries, twin domains, interface and surface scattering, and oxygen vacancies can all contribute to the high losses. In order to isolate the various mechanisms, amorphous Ta{sub 2}O{sub 5} films, epitaxial cubic KTaO{sub 3} and tetragonal K(Ta,Nb)O{sub 3} films were grown on MgO and Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} substrates subjected to post-deposition annealing treatments and various oxygen pressure conditions. The optical losses and refractive indices were observed to differ depending on the substrate surface and annealing treatments. Resonant scattering experiments were performed to analyze the oxygen composition. The optical properties of these oxide thin film systems are reported and the breakdown of the loss mechanisms is addressed.
Disruption of temperature discrimination during limbic forebrain stimulation in monkeys.

Abstract Neural substrates that may participate in modulating the pain experience were investigated indirectly through the study of the effects of brain stimulation on gross temperature discrimination in Rhesus monkeys. Temperature discrimination performance was disrupted during stimulation of limbic structures (amygdala and orbital gyrus) as compared to somatosensory cortex. Performance errors decreased during repeated stimulation of amygdala but not of orbital gyrus. In contrast, visual discrimination performance was not affected during similar brain stimulation. These results and a review of the literature suggest that the limbic forebrain partakes of a protocritic system which deals with the intensive aspects of experience.
Overview of screening methods for fatty liver disease in children

The prevalence of obesity and obesity related comorbidities including diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been rising globally. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is emerging as a common liver disease among adults which can lead to the eventual development of complications including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. With the rise of obesity in children, the development of detection methods for the presence of NAFLD is becoming imperative. Although the gold standard for diagnosis is liver biopsy, practical issues limit pediatric use and warrant development of noninvasive or minimally invasive screening tools for the detection and staging of NAFLD. A variety of diagnostic methods have been studied including use aminotransferases, imaging studies and serologic markers which have some population-based limitations. Additional factors such as gender and ethnicity may also play a role in the screening of NAFLD in pediatric population studies.
Recycling Tradition: Culture, History, and Political Economy in the Chrysanthemum Festivals of South China

In the mid-nineteenth century, a gentleman in Xiaolan having the Mai surname wrote in his memoir:Age eighteen, the forty-seventh year of Qianlong's reign [1782], there was a chrysanthemum festival. Each major surname group put on floral displays, and six platforms were set up throughout the town. There were scores of theatrical troupes whose performance brought together kinsmen and friends. The tradition of the festival started that year.
Multivariate analysis of factors predicting outcome after laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication.

Laparoscopic Nissen flmdoplication has been applied with increasing frequency in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. The aim of this study was to determine the variables that predict outcome of laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. A multivariate analysis was performed on data from 199 consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. Variables included age, sex, body mass index, primary symptoms, clinical response to acid suppression therapy, erosive esophagitis, 24-hour esophageal pH score, and the percentage of time the esophageal pH was less than 4 on 24-hour pH monitoring, lower esophageal sphincter competence, status of the esophageal body motility, hiatal hernia, carditis, intestinal metaplasia of cardiac epithelium limited to the gastroesophageal junction, and Barrett's esophagus of any length. Clinical outcome was obtained from all patients at a median follow-up of 15 months (range 6 to 74 months) after surgery. One hundred seventy-three patients had an excellent or good outcome (87%) and 26 had a fair or poor outcome. Three factors were significantly predictive of a successful outcome: an abnormal 24-hour pH score (odds ratio = 5.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.9-15.3), a typical primary symptom (odds ratio = 5.1; 95% CI = 1.9-13.6), and a clinical response to acid suppression therapy (odds ratio = 3.3; 95% CI = 1.3-8.7). We conclude that 24-hour pH monitoring provides the strongest outcome predictor of laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication and that outcome is based more on the correct identification of the disease than on its severity. (J GASTROINTEST SURG 1999;3:292-300.)
Tertiarybutylarsine for metalorganic chemical vapor deposition growth of high purity, high uniformity films

We have performed an extensive study of GaAs, Al0.22Ga0.78As, and In0.16Ga0.84As grown using tertiarybutylarsine (TBA) in an ultra-high purity metalorganic chemical vapor deposition multi-wafer reactor. Key results include: high purity TBA AlGaAs layers with the lowest p-type carrier concentrations (4 × 1014 cm−3) reported to date; 4K photoluminescence bound exciton linewidths as narrow as 4.3 meV; C, O. Si, and S concentrations below the secondary ion mass spectrometry detection limit; and InGaAs/GaAs quantum wells with 20K PL linewidths as narrow as 3.5 meV. We also observe a strong dependence of growth rates and doping efficiency on group-V partial pressure, possibly due to a competition between excess group-V species and group-Ill or Si species for group-Ill surface sites. Finally, we demonstrate record uniformity using TBA with an AlGaAs thickness variation of only ±1.4% across a 4 inch wafer.
Principles of therapeutic change circa 2010

Abstract The main message of Goldfried's seminal paper on the principles of therapeutic change is reconsidered with regard to three modern issues: the identification of the mediators of treatment outcomes, the methods needed for optimal dissemination of empirically supported treatments, and the struggles associated with therapies that strive to be different . Despite the passage of time, the message holds true.
Practical Atmospheric Correction Algorithms for a Multi-Spectral Sensor From the Visible Through the Thermal Spectral Regions

Deriving information about the Earth's surface requires atmospheric corrections of the measured top-of-the-atmosphere radiances. One possible path is to use atmospheric radiative transfer codes to predict how the radiance leaving the ground is affected by the scattering and attenuation. In practice the atmosphere is usually not well known and thus it is necessary to use more practical methods. The authors will describe how to find dark surfaces, estimate the atmospheric optical depth, estimate path radiance and identify thick clouds using thresholds on reflectance and NDVI and columnar water vapor. The authors describe a simple method to correct a visible channel contaminated by a thin cirrus clouds.
Analysis of Queue Formation and Dissipation in Work Zones

Studies on queue length and delay estimation have considered work zone as a single bottleneck. This work is the first study that acknowledges the presence of two locations that can be considered as potential bottlenecks: The work space and the transition area. Mechanism of queue propagation and dissipation are investigated by applying the shockwave theory on several initial traffic conditions that may happen in work zones. The study will address conditions under which these two bottlenecks will be functioning independently and when they interact with each other. Queue propagation and dissipation are estimated for a work zone using field data and the results are compared with the queue lengths observed in the field. © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Changes in salt intake after lesions of the area postrema and the nucleus of the solitary tract in rats

Several reports have linked the area postrema (AP), a circumventricular organ in the dorsal medulla, to the control of sodium regulation. To clarify its role further we examined the effects of AP ablations in rats on sodium intake as well as on sodium output. Eighteen experimental rats received lesions to the AP while 6 control rats received sham lesions. After the lesions we gave the animals a two-bottle preference test between water and various molar concentrations of NaCl (0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5), glucose (0.1, 0.3) or KCl (0.1, 0.3) solutions. Rats with AP lesions consumed supranormal amounts of NaCl solutions, but their intakes of glucose and KCl solutions were not significantly different from those of control rats. These changes in intake were apparently not secondary to changes in sodium output. Urinary sodium and potassium levels were the same for both groups of rats while on a normal, sodium-replete diet or on a sodium-free diet. Anatomical analyses revealed a significant correlation between the size of the lesion and the animals' salt intake (NaCl, KCl). Only when the lesions destroyed the AP without appreciable damage to the adjacent nucleus of the solitary tract (NST), a sensory relay for gustatory and visceral afferents, was there a significant tendency for rats to consume more salt solution. These changes in intake cannot be accounted for by lesioned produced deficits in gustatory function. The data were discussed with regard to possible hemodynamic effects of the lesions.
Kindling and behavioral sensitization: are they relevant to recurrent suicide attempts?

Abstract Background Data from a sample of suicidal young adults were used to examine the relevance of the kindling and behavioral sensitization models to suicide attempts. Three predictions derived from the kindling and sensitization models were tested: a higher number of suicide attempts would be associated with (a) lower levels of pre-attempt stress; (b) higher suicidal intent; and (c) greater lethality of the current attempt. Methods Measures of life stress and suicidal intent were collected among 123 young adults who attempted suicide just prior to entering treatment. Data on the total number of suicide attempts and the lethality of the current attempt were also collected. Results Number of suicide attempts was significantly and positively associated with pre-suicidal crisis life stress and suicidal ideation, but was not significantly associated with lethality of the most recent attempt. Limitations The young sample drawn from a military medical setting may not accurately represent suicide attempters in the general population. Only total negative life events in the year preceding suicide attempt were examined, not the increase in negative life events immediately prior to suicide attempt. Conclusions The kindling and sensitization models may not accurately describe the progression of recurrent suicide attempts.
Encoded universality for generalized anisotropic exchange Hamiltonians

We derive an encoded universality representation for a generalized anisotropic exchange Hamiltonian that contains cross-product terms in addition to the usual two-particle exchange terms. The recently developed algebraic approach is used to show that the minimal universality-generating encodings of one logical qubit are based on three physical qubits. We show how to generate both single- and two-qubit operations on the logical qubits, using suitably timed conjugating operations derived from analysis of the commutator algebra. The timing of the operations is seen to be crucial in allowing simplification of the gate sequences for the generalized Hamiltonian to forms similar to that derived previously for the symmetric $(\mathrm{XY})$ anisotropic exchange Hamiltonian. The total number of operations needed for a controlled-$Z$ gate up to local transformations is five. A scalable architecture is proposed.
Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling by Rex B. Kline

(3rd ed.). Rex B. Kline. New York, NY: Guilford, 2011, 432 pages, $55.00 (paperback). Kline has provided an expanded and partially restructured update on his popular introductory structural equatio...
Information Security by Words Alone: The Case for Strong Security Policies

Effective information security extends beyond using software controls that are so prominently discussed in the popular and academic literature. There must also be management influence and control. The best way to control information security is through formal policy and measuring the effectiveness of existing policies. The purpose of this research is to determine 1) what security elements are embedded in Web-based information security policy statements and 2) what security-related keywords appear more frequently. The authors use these findings to propose a density measure (the extent to which each policy uses security keywords) as an indicator of policy strength. For these purposes, they examine the security component of privacy policies of Fortune 100 Web sites. The density measure may serve as a benchmark that can be used as a basis for comparison across companies and the development of industry norms.
In vivo cytogenetic effects of cooked food mutagens.

Abstract Using a variety of in vivo cytogenetic endpoints, we have investigated the effects of several compounds formed during the cooking of meat. C57B1/6 mice were used to test for an increase in the frequency of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs), chromosomal aberrations, and micronucleated erythrocytes by 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5- f ]quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5- f ]quinoxaline (DiMeIQx), and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5- b ]pyridine (PhIP). MeIQx and DiMeIQx did not induce SCEs in mouse bone marrow cells. PhIP induced sister-chromatid exchanges, but not chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow. In peripheral blood lymphocytes, PhIP did induce aberrations at 100 mg/kg, the highest dose tested. PhIP induced a low but significantly increased frequency of micronuclei in normochromatic but not polychromatic erythrocytes in bone marrow and peripheral blood. However, dose responses were not observed. With the exception of the SCEs induced by PhIP, these results contrast with observations made in vitro, where these compounds were found to have significant genotoxicity in mammalian cells and a very high mutation frequency in prokaryotic systems.
Nitric oxide/cGMP pathway stimulates phosphorylation of DARPP-32, a dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, in the substantia nigra.

Abstract DARPP-32, a dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of M(r) 32,000, has been shown to be phosphorylated on threonine-34, both in vitro with high efficiency by cAMP-dependent and cGMP-dependent protein kinases and in vivo by dopamine acting through cAMP-dependent protein kinase. In the present study, we investigated the nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP pathway for its ability to regulate the state of phosphorylation of DARPP-32 in slices of rat substantia nigra. DARPP-32 was phosphorylated on threonine-34 in these slices by sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an NO donor. The effect of SNP was abolished by preincubation of the slices with hemoglobin, indicating that the effect of SNP was due to released NO. The same concentration of SNP produced a 4-fold elevation of the cGMP level but did not alter the level of cAMP. The effect of SNP on DARPP-32 phosphorylation was mimicked by low concentrations of 8-bromo-cGMP and 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, activators of cGMP-dependent protein kinase, but not by low concentrations of 8-bromo-cAMP, an activator of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The data indicate a physiological role for the NO/cGMP pathway in the regulation of DARPP-32 phosphorylation in nerve terminals of striatonigral neurons. The results provide further evidence that the state of phosphorylation of DARPP-32 represents an important mechanisms for integration of information arriving at striatonigral neurons via a variety of neuronal pathways.
High intrinsic efficiency, time-compensated scintillation detector

Abstract A thick (29.2 cm), large area (18.2 cm dia) liquid scintillator (7.41 of NE224) neutron detector of high efficiency has been developed for long flight path, time-of-flight studies. Photomultipliers view the scintillator from the front and rear faces allowing a time compensation to eliminate thickness limitations on time resolution. The detector is cylindrically symmetric and designed for the detection of neutrons traveling parallel to its major axis. Such a geometry allows the detector to be easily collimated and shielded. A simple method of time-compensation, amenable to analog electronic processing, has been developed.
Enrollment in a brain magnetic resonance study: results from the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study (WHIMS-MRI).

Rationale and Objectives The rates of enrollment of volunteers for brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies vary by demographic and clinical characteristics. We use data from a large MRI study to identify factors associated with differential enrollment and to examine potential biases this may produce in study results. Materials and Methods Results from recruitment of 1,431 women into the MRI substudy of the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS-MRI) are described. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to estimate the degree of bias associated with missing data on estimates of risk factor relationships. Results Of 2,345 women contacted from an established cohort of women older than 70 years of age, 72% consented to undergo screening for WHIMS-MRI. Scanning was ultimately completed on 61%. Completion rates varied according to a range of sociodemographic, lifestyle, and clinical characteristics that may be related to study outcomes. Plausible levels of selective enrollment in magnetic resonance imaging studies may produce moderate biases ( Conclusions Enrollment of older women into brain imaging studies is feasible, although selection biases may limit how well study cohorts reflect more general populations.
Observing, reporting, and deciding in networks of sentences

Abstract In prior work [7] we considered networks of agents who have knowledge bases in first order logic, and report facts to their neighbors that are in their common languages and are provable from their knowledge bases, in order to help a decider verify a single sentence. In report complete networks, the signatures of the agents and the links between agents are rich enough to verify any deciderʼs sentence that can be proved from the combined knowledge base. This paper introduces a more general setting where new observations may be added to knowledge bases and the decider must choose a sentence from a set of alternatives. We consider the question of when it is possible to prepare in advance a finite plan to generate reports within the network. We obtain conditions under which such a plan exists and is guaranteed to produce the right choice under any new observations.
CO2-mediated changes in aspen chemistry: effects on gypsy moth performance and susceptibility to virus

We investigated the effects of long-term CO2 enrichment on foliar chemistry of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) and the consequences of chemical changes for performance of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) and susceptibility of the gypsy moth to a nucleopolyhedrosis virus (NPV). Foliage was collected from outdoor open-top chambers and fed to insects in a quarantine rearing facility. Under enriched CO2, levels of leaf nitrogen declined marginally, levels of starch and phenolic glycosides did not change, and levels of condensed tannins increased. Long-term bioassays revealed reduced growth (especially females), prolonged development and increased consumption in larvae fed high-CO2 foliage but no significant differences in final pupal weights or female fecundity. Short-term bioassays showed weaker, and sex-specific, effects of CO2 treatment on larval performance. Correlation analyses revealed strong, negative associations between insect performance and phenolic glycoside concentrations, independent of CO2 treatment. Larval susceptibility to NPV did not differ between CO2 treatments, suggesting that effects of this natural enemy on gypsy moths are buffered from CO2-induced changes in foliar chemistry. Our results emphasize that the impact of enriched CO2 on plant–insect interactions will be determined not only by how concentrations of plant compounds are altered, but also by the relevance of particular compounds for insect fitness. This work also underscores the need for studies of genetic variation in plant responses to enriched CO2 and long-term population-level responses of insects to CO2-induced changes in host quality.
Synthesis and studies of cis-Mo(CO)2(L–L′)2 and Mo(L–L′)3 complexes of 2-(phenylazo)pyridines (L–L′) and the crystal structures of Mo(CO)2(4-methyl-2-(phenylazo)pyridine)2 and Mo(4-methyl-2-(phenylazo)pyridine)3

Abstract The complexes cis -Mo(CO) 2 (X-2-(phenylazo)pyridine) 2 ( III ) and Mo(X-2-(phenylazo)pyridine) 3 ( IV ) (X=4-CH 3 O ( a ), 4-CH 3 ( b ), H ( c ), 4-Cl ( d ), 5-Br ( e ), 5-CF 3 ( f ), 6-CH 3 ( g )), cis -Mo(CO) 2 (2-(2-CH 3 -phenylazo)pyridine) 2 ( IIIh ), and Mo(2-(2-CH 3 -phenylazo)pyridine) 3 ( IVh ) have been synthesized and characterized by cyclic voltammetry, by visible and infrared spectroscopy, and by 1 H, 13 C, and 95 Mo NMR spectroscopy. Correlations among these data and correlations of the data with the Hammett σ parameter within each series of complexes were investigated. Initially, correlations were found only for the Hammett σ parameter with the first oxidation potential and with the first reduction potential for both the type III and type IV complexes and with the sum of the carbonyl stretching frequencies for the type III complexes. However, combining 95 Mo NMR linewidth and chemical shift data for this quadrupolar metal allowed separation of the nephelauxetic and spectrochemical effects and revealed a number of additional correlations. The X-ray crystal structures of cis -Mo(CO) 2 (4-CH 3 -2-(phenylazo)pyridine) 2 ( IIIb ) and Mo(4-CH 3 -2-(phenylazo)pyridine) 3 ( IVb ) also have been determined. In IIIb each CO is trans to a pyridyl nitrogen of a 2-(phenylazo)pyridine ligand. In IVb each pyridyl nitrogen is trans to an azo nitrogen, yielding the facial isomer of the complex.
The token economy for children with intellectual disability and/or autism: A review

One of the most important technologies of behavior modifiers and applied behavior analysts over the last 40 years has been the token economy. These procedures are useful in that they help provide a structured therapeutic environment, and mimic other naturally occurring reinforcement systems such as the use of money. Token economies, at least from a research standpoint, appeared to have crested in popularity during the 1980's. However, for children with intellectual disability (ID) and/or autism, such methods continue to hold considerable therapeutic promise. An overview of past developments, current status, and potential future trends and applications with respect to this special population are discussed.
Effects of age on behavioral signs of neuropathic pain in an experimental rat model

The present study examined the effect that aging has on the manifestations of pain behaviors in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Two experiments were conducted. The first experiment compared young, mature and old rats. After tight ligation of the L5 and L6 segmental spinal nerves, young rats displayed much more vigorous behavioral signs of mechanical allodynia and ongoing pain than did either mature or old rats. The second experiment was done using the same rats at two different time points. Spinal nerve ligation was done on the left side of rats when they were young and the same surgery was repeated on the right side 20 weeks later (mature age). Comparison of pain behaviors between the left and right sides confirmed the results of the first experiment. The data suggest that younger rats show much more robust behavioral signs of neuropathic pain compared to older rats.
Horizontal Wind Measurements using the HARLIE Holographic Lidar

We report the results of three campaigns in which the horizontal wind vector at cloud altitudes was measured using the holographic, conical-scan lidar HARLIE in its zenith-viewing mode. Measurements were made during the HOLO-1 and HOLO-2 tests in Utah and New Hampshire in March and June 1999, respectively, and at the DoE-ARM site in Oklahoma in September/October 2000. A novel algorithm facilitates the wind vector analysis of the HARLIE data. Observed wind velocity and direction were compared with radiosonde records and with other data obtained from video cloud imagery and independent lidar ranging. The results demonstrate good agreement between HARLIE data and the results of other methods. The conically scanning holographic lidar opens up new possibilities for obtaining the vertical profile of horizontal winds.
Phonological Patterns in the Conversational Speech of Children with Cochlear Implants

Abstract In this descriptive, longitudinal study, phonological patterns (i.e., natural phonological processes) were examined in a set of conversational speech samples obtained from six young children fitted with cochlear implants. Both developmental and non-developmental patterns were observed. This is consistent with findings from previous studies of the speech of children with hearing loss who wear hearing aids. Several of the patterns found were also the same as those reported in previous studies of children with cochlear implants. One developmental pattern and two non-developmental patterns were significantly correlated with age demonstrating a decrease over time. Trends were evident in several other patterns suggesting possible directions for future investigations. Learning outcomes The reader will be able to (1) differentiate developmental from non-developmental phonological patterns, (2) identify the patterns that can be seen in the speech of children fitted with cochlear implants, and (3) understand the direction of pattern occurrence over time in this population.
Defending against data forwarding misbehavior in sensor networks by quasimultipath technique: models and simulation

Malicious nodes dropping data packets is a serious security problem in a multihop sensor network because the misbehavior obstructs the mission of sensor networks for collecting and sending data to sinks. In this paper, we propose the quasimultipath data forwarding scheme. If a data packet is discarded by an adversarial node, the quasimultipath scheme enables a benign node in the network to retransmit the packet to a different neighbor node to bypass the adversarial node. In quasimultipath, we introduce a new mechanism of differential timeout to enable energy efficient retransmission against adversary dropping packets. To evaluate the performance, we model and simulate the defense against attacks. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme circumvents adversaries and achieves several-fold reduction in sensor node energy cost, compared to the state-of-the-art multipath method.
The Measurement of Attitudes toward the Negro in the South

(1958). The Measurement of Attitudes toward the Negro in the South. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 305-317.
The spectral sensitivity of the opponent-color channels.

Abstract The spectral sensitivity of the r-g and y-b opponent-colors channels changes when going from dark- to light-adapted conditions. The change in spectral sensitivity is apparently controlled by light adaptation, which causes a change in the cone inputs to the opponent stage. Three examples of this kind of adaptation-controlled change are described: 440-nm cones send a signal to the r-g channel; 540-nm cones send a signal to the y-b channel; and rods send a signal to the y-b channel. A model based upon receptive field physiology accounts for the linking.
Biologics in combination with nonbiologics: efficacy and safety.

: The mechanisms of action of biologic therapies differ from the currently used systemic therapies by attacking specific steps in the pathogenesis pathway of psoriasis. Preliminary data show that combination therapy using biologics may allow for improved therapeutic efficacy with fewer side effects, including decreased risk of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity commonly associated with the most widely used systemic agents, methotrexate, and cyclosporine. However, some concerns have been raised regarding the increased immunosuppression, increased risk of infection, potential for development of certain types of malignancy, as well as the significant increased cost of therapy. Both potential benefits and toxicities of combination therapy will be reviewed here. Long-term clinical studies are warranted to more accurately quantify the risks and benefits associated with combination therapy. The role of combination therapy will continue to be refined over the next few years to maximize its potential in the treatment of resistant psoriasis.
Vitamin D and racial disparity in albuminuria: NHANES 2001-2006.

Background National data show unexplained racial disparity in albuminuria. We assessed whether low serum vitamin D status contributes to racial disparity in albuminuria.
Free-space optical communications performance in the presence of interfering laser signals

Free-space optics (FSO) is a technology that uses modulated optical beams to transmit information in a line-of-sight fashion to achieve a high-bandwidth communications link. FSO technology has been investigated for military and civilian "last mile" applications for many years and, more recently, has generated interest for space-based applications. As the use of FSO technology grows, the potential for optical interference that degrades FSO network performance, whether intentional (jamming) or otherwise, becomes a matter of increasing importance. The investigation described in this paper examined the effects of interference upon the operation and performance of a point-to-point FSO link connecting two virtual local area networks. The sources of interference were laser pulses of varying energy, wavelength, and repetition rate produced from a nitrogen-pumped, tunable dye laser. The study evaluated the effect upon FSO link performance of varying the output power of the interfering source for a fixed wavelength, of varying the wavelength of the source for a fixed power, and of varying the pulse repetition rate of the source. The results of the study indicated that FSO link performance was negatively influenced by such interference.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Epidemiology and outcomes of adults with asthma who were hospitalized or died with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1)--California, 2009.

Background Asthma was the most common chronic condition among adults hospitalized for 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) (pH1N1). Objectives We describe the epidemiology and factors for severe outcomes among adults with asthma who were hospitalized or died from pH1N1 in California. Methods We reviewed California Department of Public Health pH1N1 reports from April 23, 2009 through August 11, 2009. Reports were included if the patient had pH1N1 (or non-subtypeable influenza A) infection by polymerase chain reaction in an adult (age ≥ 18 years) with asthma who was hospitalized or died. Patients were classified as having intermittent or persistent asthma on the basis of regular medications. Risk factors associated with severe outcomes (i.e., intensive care unit admission or death) vs those with less severe outcomes were assessed by chi-square tests and logistic regression. Results Among 744 identified patients, 170 (23%) had asthma (61% intermittent, 39% persistent). 132 of 142 (93%) patients had other chronic medical conditions. Severe outcomes occurred in 54 of 162 (33%), more commonly among those with renal disease (64% versus 31%; P = 0.04) and chest radiograph infiltrates (54% versus 11%; P < 0.01), less commonly among those who received antivirals within 48 hours of symptom onset (22% versus 44%; P = 0.02). In multivariable analysis, chest radiograph infiltrates were associated with severe outcomes (adjusted odds ratio 9·38, 95% confidence interval 3·05–28·90). Conclusions One third of adults with asthma who died or were hospitalized with pH1N1 experienced severe outcomes. Early empiric antiviral therapy should be encouraged, especially among asthma patients.
Gene transfer to brain using herpes simplex virus vectors

Herpes simplex virus type 1 represents an ideal candidate for development as a vehicle for gene transfer to postmitotic neurons of the central nervous system. The natural biology of this virus makes it well suited for this purpose as it is capable of infecting a variety of neuronal cell types in the brain where the viral genome can persist indefinitely in a latent state. In latency, the viral lytic genes are transcriptionally silent and a unique set of latency-associated transcripts are expressed. Two impediments to using herpes simplex virus vectors must be overcome: (1) A noncytotoxic mutant virus backbone must be engineered, and (2) a suitable promoter-regulator that stably expresses foreign genes from the vector genome during latency must be constructed. Deletion of specific immediate early genes from the vector can render the virus nontoxic to neurons in culture and in vivo following stereotactic inoculation into specific regions of the brain. Because these viruses cannot replicate, they enter latency on infection of central nervous system neurons. A number of viral and cellular promoters have been tested for their ability to express genes during latency. Strong viral promoters and neurospecific promoters display transient activity. Although the promoter regions for the latency-associated transcripts are highly active in the peripheral nervous system, they show low-level but persistent activity in the brain. Experiments are in progress to exploit RNA polymerase III gene promoters or novel recombinant promoters capable of auto-inducing their own expression in order to increase gene expression during latency in brain neurons.
Sleep staging with movement-related signals.

Body movement related signals (i.e., activity due to postural changes and the ballistocardiac effort) were recorded from six normal volunteers using the static-charge-sensitive bed (SCSB). Visual sleep staging was performed on the basis of simultaneously recorded EEG, EMG and EOG signals. A statistical classification technique was used to determine if reliable sleep staging could be performed using only the SCSB signal. A classification rate of between 52% and 75% was obtained for sleep staging in the five conventional sleep stages and the awake state. These rates improved from 78% to 89% for classification between awake, REM and non-REM sleep and from 86% to 98% for awake versus asleep classification.
DEVELOPMENT OF A REAL -TIME VIRTUAL AIRSPACE SIMULATION CAPABILITY FOR AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT RESEARCH

This paper describes the NASA Ames Research Ce nter's effort to develop a real -time human -in -the -loop Air Traffic Management (ATM) simulation capability that will emulate operations within the National Airspace System. This unique capability will be used to evaluate the human performance impact of ATM concepts at both the systems and local levels with the requisite degrees of fidelity. This new Virtual Airspace Simulation Technology (VAST) will examine critical core component technologies and candidate system level concepts and architectures to meet t he requirements of the air transportation system of the future. The goal of this new capability is to provide human -in -the -loop simulations of operations within the NAS to never before achieved levels of fidelity. This capability will also provide a safe , cost effective, common, flexible and accessible platform for evaluating futuristic ATM concepts.
A righthanded weak current and quantum chromodynamics as the origin of the dominant nonleptonic weak interaction

Abstract If a new charm and strangeness changing righthanded weak current is introduced, one obtains within quantum chromodynamics a new term in the nonleptonic weak Hamiltonian, corresponding to the decay s → d + glue. It is proposed that this interaction gives rise to the |ΔI| = 1 2 enhancement and other hitherto unexplained properties of the nonleptonic weak decays of strange particles.
Comparative limnology of a deep-discharge reservoir and a surface-discharge lake on the Madison River, Montana

SUMMARY. Phytoplankton standing crop, primary production, light penetration, temperature, and various chemical concentrations were measured in a man-made, deep-discharge, reservoir and in a natural, surface-discharge, lake in order to relate limnological conditions in the two bodies of water to their depth of outflow. The quantity and depth distribution of heat stored during the summer varied markedly. The reservoir functioned as a heat trap, whereas heat was readily dissipated from the lake. Salinity increased more in the lower layer of the lake. Throughout the summer, nutrient-rich water was discharged from the reservoir whereas nutrient-poor water was discharged from the lake. Phytoplankton standing crops were greater in the lake and were dominated by flagellates and diatoms. In the reservoir, blue-green algae were predominant. Rates of primary production and respiration were higher in the lake, but estimated algal turnover times were faster in the reservoir. It was concluded that depth of outflow has a direct and predictable effect on certain physical and chemical conditions within these two bodies of water; but effects of discharge depth on phytoplankton were secondary and thus difficult to ascertain.
Potential Dependence of the Yield of Carbon Dioxide from Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Methanol on Platinum(100)

The yield of complete oxidation product (CO2) from electrocatalysis of methanol on a Pt(100) electrode in perchloric acid electrolyte at room temperature was determined by combined measurements of chronoamperometry and linear sweep voltammetry. The fractional yield of CO2 was zero over a potential range of 0.35−0.45 VRHE and increased monotonically to unity over the potential range of 0.5−0.65 V. The results may be explained by a simple parallel mechanism, in which methanol oxidizes directly to CO2, or by a complex serial mechanism, in which the overpotential for CO oxidation is reduced by solution phase methanol.
The low affinity NGF receptor, p75, can collaborate with each of the Trks to potentiate functional responses to the neurotrophins.

Abstract NGF and the other neurotrophins all bind to the low affinity NGF receptor (LNGFR). Although early studies suggested that the LNGFR was absolutely required for the formation of a functional neurotrophin receptor, current evidence indicates that the Trk family of receptor tyrosine kinases, in the absence of the LNGFR, can directly bind to and mediate responses to the neurotrophins. Here we describe a functional approach, in fibroblasts, designed to assay for the ability of the LNGFR to potentiate Trk-mediated responses to the neurotrophins. We report that although collaboration between the LNG FR and the Trks could be detected in this system, a truncated form of the LNG FR displayed a much more dramatic ability to interact functionally with each of the Trks, potentiating masked autocrine loops as well as responses to limiting amounts of exogenously provided neurotrophins.
Predicting Successful College Experiences: Evidence from a First Year Retention Program:

Research indicates that programs designed to target first year students increase their likelihood of success during that year and their chances of completing an undergraduate education (Bureau & Rr...