cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge

Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) is located in southern Arizona just north of the U.S.-Mexico border. The refuge is designated as a federal wilderness area. However, in spite of conservation efforts and as a direct result of immigration policies, Cabeza Prieta faces high levels of human traffic causing environmental degradation. Together, conservation and military/security efforts seek to control the border region. I analyze conservation and security efforts through the lens of Foucault’s concept of a “disciplined space.” Ultimately, studying nature conservation along the border illuminates ways which race and racial inequality are present in the politics of conservation and security. This chapter lays out the theoretical framework scaffolding the rest of the book and explains my ethnographic and mixed-method approach to data collection and analysis.
Single facility siting involving allocation decisions

Abstract Single facility siting is often viewed as the most basic of location planning problems. It has been approached by many researchers, across a range of disciplines, and has a rich and distinguished history. Much of this interest reflects the general utility of single facility siting, but also the mathematical and computational advancements that have been made over past decades to support better decision making. This paper discusses a recently rediscovered form of Weber's classic single facility location problem that is both important and relevant in contemporary planning and decision making. This form of the Weber problem involves locating a production plant where there are multiple sources of each needed raw material (input) distributed throughout a region. This means that the selection of a given raw material source may vary depending on the plant location. In essence, this makes the problem non-convex, even when locating only one production plant. We review elements of the Weber problem that have been addressed in the literature along with proposed solution techniques. In doing so, we highlight elements of the problem originally noted by Weber, but to date have not been operationalized in practice––allocation selection among multiple sources of given raw material inputs. A problem formulation involving allocation decisions for this generalization is derived and an optimal solution approach is developed. Application results demonstrate the significance of addressing important planning characteristics and the associated nuances that result.
mmWave-MIMO Based 5G Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks in the Finite Blocklength Regime

The integration of millimeter wave (mmWave) and multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) techniques has been designed to provide reliable communications with large degrees of freedom while supporting the explosively growing number of mobile users. Under stringent requirements in terms of latency and reliability, due to the infinite blocklength requirement of the Shannonâ€™s theorem, researchers have investigated new methods to characterize the wireless data transmissions considering the block error probability. The finite blocklength coding (FBC) technique has been developed to model the finite blocklength coding rate in the non-asymptotic regime while supporting short-packet communications over 5G wireless ad- hoc networks. However, because of the design complexity when characterizing the second-order coding rate over mmWave MIMO based wireless channels while being integrated with FBC, how to accurately derive the finite blocklength coding rate over the mmWave MIMO wireless fading channels is still an open problem over 5G wireless ad-hoc networks. To tackle the above- mentioned challenges, we propose and develop the system model which can efficiently integrate the mmWave-MIMO techniques with the finite blocklength coding over 5G wireless ad-hoc networks. In particular, we derive the system equations which characterize the foundational information-theoretical relationship between the finite blocklength channel capacity and the coding rate measures over our proposed mmWave MIMO based 5G wireless ad-hoc networks in the finite blocklength regime. Also conducted is the MATLAB-based performance evaluation results, which validate and analyze our proposed schemes over mmWave MIMO based 5G wireless ad-hoc networks in the finite blocklength regime.
Work safety culture of Latinx child farmworkers in North Carolina

Background Little research has addressed the safety environment of child farmworkers. This analysis examines the work safety culture experienced by Latinx child farmworkers in North Carolina. Methods Survey interviews were conducted in 2017 with 202 Latinx children aged 10 to 17 years employed on North Carolina farms. Analysis included measures of the behavioral, situational, and psychological elements of work safety culture. Results The work culture on North Carolina farms employing Latinx child farmworkers places limited value on safety. Behaviorally, many did not wear appropriate work clothing (e.g., 47.5% wore gloves, 37.1% wore boots). Situationally, few received safety training for tools (40.6%), machinery (24.3%), or pesticides (26.0%); about one-third (33.7%) had worked piece-rate; and many did not have field sanitation services available (e.g., 37.1% had water for washing, 19.8% had soap). Safety attitudes were mixed, and work safety climate was low, with 21.8% stating that their supervisor was only interested in doing the job fast and cheaply. Greater safety training, field sanitation services, and work safety climate were associated with working in western North Carolina, migrant workers, limited English fluency, and working in tomatoes. Wearing appropriate work clothing, not working piece-rate, fewer unsafe work attitudes were associated with working in eastern North Carolina, seasonal worker, speaking English, and working in tobacco. Conclusions This research makes it apparent that efforts are needed to improve safety culture wherever child farmworkers are employed. Current policy is not providing a safe environment for children working on farms in the United States.
Concurrent Entanglement Routing for Quantum Networks: Model and Designs

Quantum entanglement enables important computing applications such as quantum key distribution. Based on quantum entanglement, quantum networks are built to provide long-distance secret sharing between two remote communication parties. Establishing a multi-hop quantum entanglement exhibits a high failure rate, and existing quantum networks rely on trusted repeater nodes to transmit quantum bits. However, when the scale of a quantum network increases, it requires end-to-end multi-hop quantum entanglements in order to deliver secret bits without letting the repeaters know the secret bits. This work focuses on the entanglement routing problem, whose objective is to build long-distance entanglements via untrusted repeaters for concurrent source-destination pairs through multiple hops. Different from existing work that analyzes the traditional routing techniques on special network topologies, we present a comprehensive entanglement routing model that reflects the differences between quantum networks and classical networks as well as a new entanglement routing algorithm that utilizes the unique properties of quantum networks. Evaluation results show that the proposed algorithm Q-CAST increases the number of successful long-distance entanglements by a big margin compared to other methods. The model and simulator developed by this work may encourage more network researchers to study the entanglement routing problem.
Biomarkers for Risk Assessment in Atrial Fibrillation.

Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with an increased risk of thromboembolism, which can be significantly reduced with anticoagulant treatment. Key goals in the clinical management of AF are the identification of patients at high risk for developing AF and accurate stratification of the risk of stroke and systemic embolic events (S/SEE) as well as treatment-related major bleeding. Content In this review, we describe the expanding evidence regarding the use of circulating biomarkers for predicting the risks of both incident AF and its clinically important complications of S/SEE and treatment-related major bleeding. We also review emerging biomarker-based scores for assessing these risks. Summary Patients with AF undergo progressive cardiac structural remodeling, which may precede the onset of the arrhythmia. Abnormal concentrations of circulating biomarkers reflecting the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms of hemodynamic stress (i.e., natriuretic peptides), inflammation (i.e., C-reactive protein), and myocardial fibrosis identify patients at higher risk of developing AF. Circulating biomarkers can also be used to identify patients with AF who are at greatest risk for developing S/SEE or major bleeding. In particular, biomarkers of hemodynamic stress, myocardial injury (i.e., cardiac troponin), and coagulation activity (i.e., D-dimer) are key indicators of thromboembolic risk, and cardiac troponin and growth-differentiation factor-15 are strongly associated with risk of anticoagulant-related major bleeding. The biomarker-based age, biomarker, clinical history (ABC)-stroke and ABC-bleeding risk scores improve risk stratification for S/SEE and major bleeding, respectively, when compared with traditional clinical risk scores like the CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED scores.
Design and Simulation of Near-Terahertz GaN Photoconductive Switches–Operation in the Negative Differential Mobility Regime and Pulse Compression

The wide bandgap material, Gallium Nitride (GaN), has emerged as the dominant semiconductor material to implement high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) that form the basis of RF electronics. GaN is also an excellent material to realize photoconductive switches (PCSS) whose high-frequency performance could exceed that of RF HEMTs. In this paper, we numerically model the output characteristics of a GaN PCSS as a function of the input electrical and optical bias and the device dimensions. Importantly, we show that operating the GaN PCSS in the regime of negative differential mobility significantly benefits its high-frequency performance by compressing the temporal width of the output current pulse, while also enhancing its peak value. We find that when the optically excited carriers are generated in the middle of the active region, the bandwidth of the device is approximately 600 GHz, while delivering an output power exceeding 800 mW with a power gain greater than 35 dB. The output power increases to 1.5 W, and the power gain exceeds 40 dB with a near-terahertz bandwidth (≈ 800 GHz), as the laser source is moved closer to the anode. Finally, we elucidate that under high optical bias with significant electrostatic screening effects, the DC electric field across the device can be boosted to further enhance the performance of the GaN PCSS.
Media and money: a 50-year analysis of international news coverage and U.S. foreign aid

This study compared 50 years of the New York Times’ international news (N = 20,765) with U.S. foreign aid allocations and country rankings in Freedom House's Freedom in the World report to understa...
Debunking the Socratic Method?: Not So Fast, My Friend!

This is a response to Professor Scott Taylor's assertion that the problem method should replace the Socratic case-method in legal education. I argue that Professor Taylor's call to abandon the Socratic method, while understandable, goes too far. I believe (and argue) that delivering useful legal education via the Socratic method is not only possible, but can be done well. The Socratic method is simply a tool whose results depend on its proper application.
Usability of Open Data Datasets

‘Open data’ is the term used to describe the concept that data is available freely for anyone to use for analysis and research. Most democratic governments in the world have taken steps to publish public data under the ‘Open data’ umbrella. While it is a welcome step that can enable data analysis by citizen scientists, the quality and accessibility of open data datasets makes the process a bit challenging for those not trained in data management. Using concepts of structuredness of data, a dataset usability measurement is developed. Using a randomly selected set of datasets from a popular open data portal, an instrument is developed, validated, and applied. The paper ends with elaborating future research directions and listing recommendations for publishers of open data datasets.
Dynamic differences in oxidative stress and the regulation of metabolism with age in visceral versus subcutaneous adipose

Once thought only as storage for excess nutrients, adipose tissue has been shown to be a dynamic organ implicated in the regulation of many physiological processes. There is emerging evidence supporting differential roles for visceral and subcutaneous white adipose tissue in maintaining health, although how these roles are modulated by the aging process is not clear. However, the proposed beneficial effects of subcutaneous fat suggest that targeting maintenance of this tissue could lead to healthier aging. In this study, we tested whether alterations in adipose function with age might be associated with changes in oxidative stress. Using visceral and subcutaneous adipose from C57BL/6 mice, we discovered effects of both age and depot location on markers of lipolysis and adipogenesis. Conversely, accumulation of oxidative damage and changes in enzymatic antioxidant expression with age were largely similar between these two depots. The activation of each of the stress signaling pathways JNK and MAPK/ERK was relatively suppressed in subcutaneous adipose tissue suggesting reduced sensitivity to oxidative stress. Similarly, pre-adipocytes from subcutaneous adipose were significantly more resistant than visceral-derived cells to cell death caused by oxidative stress. Cellular respiration in visceral-derived cells was dramatically higher than in cells derived from subcutaneous adipose despite little evidence for differences in mitochondrial density. Together, our data identify molecular mechanisms by which visceral and subcutaneous adipose differ with age and suggest potential targetable means to preserve healthy adipose aging.
Small RNAs: Their Possible Roles in Reproductive Failure.

Posttranscriptional gene regulation is a regulatory mechanism which occurs “above the genome” and confers different phenotypes and functions within a cell. Transcript and protein abundance above the level of transcription can be regulated via noncoding ribonucleic acid (ncRNA) molecules, which potentially play substantial roles in the regulation of reproductive function. MicroRNA (miRNA), endogenous small interfering RNA (endo-siRNA), and PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) are three primary classes of small ncRNA. Similarities and distinctions between their biogenesis and in the interacting protein machinery that facilitate their function distinguish these three classes. Characterization of the expression and importance of the critical components for the biogenesis of each class in different tissues contributes a clearer understanding of their contributions in specific reproductive tissues and their ability to influence fertility in both males and females. This chapter discusses the expression and potential roles of miRNA, endo-siRNA, and piRNA in the regulation of reproductive function. Additionally, this chapter elaborates on investigations aimed to address and characterize specific mechanisms through which miRNA may influence infertility and the use of miRNA as biomarkers associated with several reproductive calamities such as defective spermatogenesis in males, polycystic ovarian failure, endometriosis and obesity, and chemical-induced subfertility.
The responsive order: A new empiricism

The uniqueness of logic is upheld and contrasted with twenty roles of a wider “responsive order” that includes us and our procedures. Empirical responses are precise, but different in different approaches. Procedures and findings are independent of (not separable from) “their” concepts. Two-way feedback obviates a top-down derivation of findings from assumptions, hypotheses, history, or language. The postmodern problems of “interpretation,” “conditions of appearances” and relativism involve the ancient error of making perception the model-instance of experience. Instead, bodily interaction functions in language and precedes perception and interpretation. Logic, space time locations and individuated referents involve positional relations derived from comparing. Beyond Kuhn, Feyerabend, Newton and Einstein, if we can give interaction priority over comparing, the “responsive objectivity” of both can be upheld. A new empiricism, neither naive nor constructivist, uses the words “order,” “explication,” “truth,” and “exactly” to build on Wittgenstein and on Dilthey’s hermeneutic. Natural language is metaphor-like, “originally crossed.” Logic must ignore its assumptions. It must render everything as a machine and drop humans and animals out. A new discipline is proposed, to move between the logical and the responsive orders, to deal with the machine/human interface and the social uses of science such as bioengineering.
Signal Integrity and Power Supply Network Analysis of Deep SubMicron Chips

In the recent past, chip designers were mainly worried about logical correctness, adherence to design rules, and chip timing. Neither the power supply network, nor the signal nets, needed to be analyzed in detail for analog effects or possible reliability problems.
Applying authorship analysis to arabic web content

The advent and rapid proliferation of internet communication has allowed the realization of numerous security issues. The anonymous nature of online mediums such as email, web sites, and forums provides an attractive communication method for criminal activity. Increased globalization and the boundless nature of the internet have further amplified these concerns due to the addition of a multilingual dimension. The world's social and political climate has caused Arabic to draw a great deal of attention. In this study we apply authorship identification techniques to Arabic web forum messages. Our research uses lexical, syntactic, structural, and content-specific writing style features for authorship identification. We address some of the problematic characteristics of Arabic in route to the development of an Arabic language model that provides a respectable level of classification accuracy for authorship discrimination. We also run experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of different feature types and classification techniques on our dataset.
The Christian Life: In Addition to Augustine and Aquinas

The paper offers an alternative to the prevailing “discipleship” model of the Christian life that requires self-transformation, considerable effort and self-sacrifice, and tends to make negative judgements against those who fail to live according to the model. The model is illustrated by the example of Thomas Aquinas. A second, complementary model is drawn from the role of the crowds, who followed Jesus in the Gospels. With the help of Karl Barth's account of vocation, the second model makes it possible for the church to consider those who, for certain reasons, do not live in accord with the discipleship model to be considered good Christians, rather than unsatisfactory ones.
Effects of grain size on magnetic and dielectric properties of nano-ferrites at microwave and millimeterwave frequencies

The recent developments in semiconductor technology and nanoelectronics have led to a significant growth in high frequency applications. As the device size becomes smaller and applications shift towards millimeter wavelengths, the need for novel materials capable of handling high frequency has increased. This has generated interest in the study of nano materials for use in high frequency applications. This is possible since at nanoscale sizes, materials can exist in single domain state and thus domain wall resonance can be avoided. The study of electromagnetic properties of such materials is therefore necessary to understand their behavior and potential use in high frequency applications. In this work, M-type hexagonal ferrites of barium and strontium are studied. These materials have been characterized in their solid state [1-2]. However, here samples with same composition but different particle size are studied. One set of samples consists of barium and strontium ferrite with particle size lying in the micrometer range while the particles in the second sample are in the nanometer range. Barium and strontium ferrites are of great interest for high frequency applications due to high internal magnetic anisotropy. This also leads the resonance frequency of these samples to lie in the millimeter wave frequency range.
Improving SSL Handshake Performance via Batching

We present an algorithmic approach for speeding up SSL's performance on a web server. Our approach improves the performance of SSL's handshake protocol by up to a factor of 2.5 for 1024-bit RSA keys. It is designed for heavily-loaded web servers handling many concurrent SSL sessions. We improve the server's performance by batching the SSL handshake protocol. That is, we show that b SSL handshakes can be done faster as a batch than doing the b handshakes separately one after the other. Experiments show that taking b = 4 leads to optimal results, namely a speedup of a factor of 2.5. Our starting point is a technique due to Fiat for batching RSA decryptions. We improve the performance of batch RSA and describe an architecture for using it in an SSL web server. We give experimental results for all the proposed techniques.
Competencia electoral, influencia ciudadana y desempeño del gobierno en los municipios mexicanos

Electoral reforms and the emergence of intense party competition have been two crucialparts of the Mexican transition to democracy. The conceptual distinction between competitionand competitiveness, and the creation of a method to study and measure fairerrules of competition and changes in electoral competitiveness, allow to analyse, in a systematicway, the impact of fairer electoral rules on competitiveness in local (municipal)and federal (majority districts) elections in Mexico in the 1977-97 period. Based on a statisticalanalysis, evidence suggests that, among the institutional and socio-economic variablesexplored, the degree of fairness of electoral laws constitutes a crucial factor inexplaining the variation of competitiveness.
High-spin bands in Kr 80

High-spin states in $^{80}\mathrm{Kr}$ were studied using the $^{65}\mathrm{Cu}$${(}^{18}$O,p2n) reaction at 65 MeV. Prompt \ensuremath{\gamma}-\ensuremath{\gamma} coincidences were measured using the Pitt-FSU detector array with nine high-purity Compton-suppressed Ge detectors and a 28-element Bismuth Germanate multiplicity filter. The previous level scheme has been extended by 16 new states up to spins and parities of ${20}^{+}$ and (${19}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$). The known band crossing in the positive-parity yrast band of $^{80}\mathrm{Kr}$ near \ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\approxeq}0.5 MeV may be due to a ${\mathit{g}}_{9/2}$ neutron alignment, rather than a ${\mathit{g}}_{9/2}$ proton alignment as had been previously thought, based on the predicted oblate shape by Hartree-Fock-Bogolyubov calculations. No evidence was found for a second crossing in the yrast sequence up to \ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega}=0.9 MeV. The new extension of the ground-state band through nonyrast states points to another band crossing at \ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\approxeq}0.62 MeV which may be caused by a ${\mathit{g}}_{9/2}$ proton alignment. A new negative-parity high-spin band shows that rotational bands do form at excitations above the strongly mixed low-spin levels as in the isotone $^{82}\mathrm{Sr}$.
Review of "The origins of comets"

Do we live in astronomically disappointing times? Are the skies duller than they've been in the past-comets less spectacular, meteors less frequent, and the zodiacal lights dimmer? Certainly as an amateur astronomer I have been haunted by that impression. When the only comets in recent times have been West, Kohoutek, and Halley—hardly worth writing home about—one could certainly wonder at the interest that is apparent in treatments of these subjects in historical texts. Why were the ancients so fascinated, fearful, and focused on these faint celestial fuzzballs that can only be seen when carefully pointed out?
Lifestyle and Routine Activity Theories Revisited: The Importance of “Risk” to the Study of Victimization

AbstractLifestyle and routine activity theories both view victimization through the lens of the convergence of a motivated offender, an attractive target/victim, and the absence of capable guardianship. These theories differ, however, in how they view the behaviors that put people at “risk” for victimization. Where lifestyle theory conceives of risk in probabilistic terms (e.g., certain behaviors elevate one’s odds of being victimized), routine activity theory simply describes the victimization event itself (e.g., if the three key elements converge, victimization happens, yet if one of the elements is missing, victimization is avoided). We argue that this difference is meaningful and that its disappearance over time has been consequential to the study of victimization. Our purpose here is to outline the implications of this difference in the conception of risk for victimization theory, research, and policy. Our broader goal is to reignite a theoretical debate that we feel is long overdue.
An enantiodivergent synthesis of Cα-methyl nipecotic acid analogues from δ-lactam derivatives obtained through a highly stereoselective cyclization strategy

Abstract A stereoselective and enantiodivergent strategy for the construction of δ-lactams is described. The strategy utilizes chiral malonic esters prepared from enantiomerically enriched mono esters of disubstituted malonic acid. A cyclization occurs with the selective displacement of a substituted benzyl alcohol as the leaving group. The resulting δ-lactams are then converted into nipecotic acid analogues using straightforward transformations. The resulting nipecotic acid analogues proved capable organocatalysts in Mannich reactions.
The debriefing "controversy" and crisis intervention: A review of lexical and substantive issues.

Despite a long and rich history as a specialty within applied mental health, crisis intervention has, within recent years, been the target of criticism. Singled out for specific criticism has been the intervention referred to as "debriefing." Some authors have not only challenged its effectiveness but have raised the specter that it may cause significant harm. While superficially such arguments appear to have merit, closer scrutiny reveals an antiquated interpretation of even the most fundamental of terms and concepts inextricably intertwined with research based upon applications contrary to the most recent principles, prescriptions, and protocols regarding clinical use. A review of research based upon more extant formulations reveals many crisis intervention practices, including the Critical Incident Stress Debriefing model of "debriefing" and the Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM) model of crisis intervention to be highly clinically effective, indeed. This paper will review the terms and concepts which serve as the foundation of the field of crisis intervention, while subsequently reviewing key research investigations addressing its efficacy. It may be that outcome research directed toward assessing the effectiveness of crisis intervention can prosper from following trails blazed by psychotherapy researchers. The parallels seem striking. It may be that outcome research in crisis intervention (and "debriefing") needs to now focus upon "who" does crisis intervention, to "whom," and in "what specific situations," so as to maximize outcome associated with this clinically effective tool [International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 2000, 2(4), 211-225].
An Analysis of the Correspondence Between Imagined Interaction Attributes and Functions

Imagined interaction (II) theory has been productive for communication and social cognition scholarship. There is, however, a yet untested assumption within II theory that the 8 attributes are related to all 6 functions and that II functions can be compared and contrasted in terms of II attributes. In addition, there is little research exploring the multidimensional nature of functions and attributes. This article tests the internal structure of II theory by investigating the relations among functions and attributes in 2 studies. Both studies revealed complex associations between the attributes and functions of IIs and provide partial confirmatory evidence for the theory. The discussion integrates findings from these 2 studies and provides avenues for future research.
Another characterization of the weibull distribution

A necessary and sufficient condition is given that an absolutely continuous positive random variable follow a Weibull distribution. The condition Is based on some functions of order statistics.
Suppression of autoimmunity in nzb mice with steroid‐sensitive x‐radiation‐sensitive syngeneic young thymocytes

NZB mice spontaneously lose thymic regulatory or suppressor cells and subsequently develop autoimmunity and lymphoreticular hyperlasia. Treatment with 2-week-old syngeneic thymocytes every 2 weeks starting at 4 weeks of age suppressed these disease manifestations. The active thymocyte subpopulation was found to be sensitive to corticosteroids and X-irradiation.
The marriage of heaven and hell: An integrative study of the Marxism of Jean-Paul Sartre

L'utilisation par Sartre de Marx, et notamment de trois concepts des Manuscrits de 1844: la critique de Hegel| la dialectique de l'homme comme etre generique et etre naturel| l'alienation en tant qu'elle s'applique a la reification.
Microscopic theory of laser-coupled Bose condensates

We extend definitions of the linear response functions of many-body theory to a system of Bose condensed atoms interacting with laser light. We use resulting corrections to the ground state energy of the system to investigate the possibility of detecting mesoscopic Schrodinger cat states.
Influence of Protein Conformation and Adjuvant Aggregation on the Effectiveness of Aluminum Hydroxide Adjuvant in a Model Alkaline Phosphatase Vaccine

The mechanism(s) of the enhancement of the immune response by addition of aluminum salt adjuvants to parenterally administered protein-based vaccines is still the subject of debate. It has been hypothesized, however, that destabilization of the antigen structure on the surface of the adjuvant may be important for eliciting immune response. Also, it has been suggested that immune response to adjuvanted vaccines is reduced if the adjuvant particles become aggregated before administration because of processing steps such as freeze-drying. In this study, we tested these hypotheses and examined the immune response in a murine model to various liquid, freeze-dried, and spray freeze-dried formulations of a model vaccine, bovine intestinal alkaline phosphatase adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide. Enzymatic activity of the alkaline phosphatase was used as a sensitive indicator of intact native antigen structure. By manipulating the secondary drying temperature during lyophilization, vaccines were produced with varying levels of alkaline phosphatase enzymatic activity and varying degrees of adjuvant aggregation, as assessed by particle size distribution. Anti-alkaline phosphatase titers observed in immunized mice were independent of both the antigen's retained enzymatic activity and the vaccine formulation's mean particle diameter.
Optical monitoring of etching in inorganic resists

Abstract An as-deposited As 2 S 3 thin film is demonstrated as a negative working inorganic resist suitable for silicon microstructure fabrication. An in situ optical technique for monitoring the etching process in inorganic resists is described for pattern delineation. The etching control in dielectric films is treated as a special case.
Electron emission from disordered tetrahedral carbon

Electron field-emission tests have been performed on films grown by a modified microwave plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition diamond process. This modification includes the addition of N2 and O2 during the growth stage. Characterization of these films shows the presence of a disordered tetrahedral carbon structure. Raman spectroscopy indicates a disturbance in the cubic symmetry of the lattice and x-ray diffraction indicates a disordered tetrahedral structure. Field-emission testing indicate that current densities of 0.5 mA/cm2 can be obtained for applied fields of 5–8 V/μm. The results are explained in terms of a change in the band structure and the formation of electronic states in the band gap.
Celiac Disease: Ten Things That Every Gastroenterologist Should Know

There are 10 things that all gastroenterologists should know about celiac disease (CD). (1) The immunoglobulin A tissue transglutaminase is the single best serologic test to use for the detection of CD. (2) CD can be recognized endoscopically, and water immersion enhances villi detection, although a normal endoscopic appearance does not preclude the diagnosis. (3) It is recommended that 4 biopsies be taken from the second part of the duodenum and 2 bulb biopsies be taken at the 9 o'clock and 12 o'clock positions to maximize the sensitivity for histologic confirmation of CD. (4) Consider serologic testing of first-degree relatives, patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, Down's, Turner's, and Williams' syndromes, as well as those with premature osteoporosis, iron deficiency, abnormal liver biochemistries, and other manifestations of CD. (5) Patients already on a prolonged gluten-free diet (GFD) should be tested for the presence of HLA DQ2 or DQ8, thereby avoiding the need for further evaluation of CD in non-allelic carriers. (6) The basic treatment of CD is a strict, lifelong GFD, enabled by an expert dietitian. (7) Newly diagnosed adults with CD should be assessed for micronutrient deficiencies (iron, B12, folate, zinc, copper), fat soluble vitamin deficiencies (vitamin D), and bone densitometry. (8) All patients diagnosed with CD should have clinical follow-up to ensure response and adherence to a GFD. (9) In those with persistent or relapsing symptoms, the robustness of the original diagnosis should be reviewed, gluten exposure sought, and a systematic evaluation for alternative and associated diseases performed. (10) Evaluate those with refractory disease for malignant transformation.
Introductory American Government in Comparison: An Experiment

Introduction to American Government classes can benefit from the addition of examples from comparative politics. Presenting students with examples of other democratic systems encourages them to confront the costs and benefits of choices made in the American context. Dealing with these “cognitive conflict” tasks facilitates higher level learning on the part of students. Examples of topics that can be presented comparatively are outlined, and experimental evidence is presented demonstrating that a comparative approach to teaching American Government can lead to improved student learning.
Hemolysis considered as a progressive reaction in a heterogeneous system.

It is demonstrated, without the use of special assumptions, that red cells are heterogeneous with respect to their resistance to at least certain lysins, that the reaction between the cell components and the lysin is virtually irreversible in some cases but reversible, although to different extents, in others, and that the lysin initiates a process in the cell which is not adequately described by the terms reversible and irreversible, but rather by the term progressive. Progressive reactions, i.e. reactions which cannot be stopped once they are well under way, may be looked for in systems which have structure, and in which local reactions occurring at strategic points lead to disproportionate results.
Improved Incubation and Gas Sampling Techniques for Nitrogen Fixation STUDIES1

Vacutainers, pre-evacuated glass tubes with heavy septa, into which gas is introduced through a double-ended needle, are used to collect and store gas samples for determining acetylene-reduction nitrogen fixation. Incubation vessels consisting of heavy plastic bags secured to collared glass tubes fitted with septa have proved useful for determining nitrogen fixation by macrophytes.
R-matrix prediction of qcd structure in hadrons and the experimental determination of qcd properties

Abstract The R-matrix formalism relates the asymptotically-free quark-gluon degrees of freedom at short range to the hadronic degrees of freedom of confined quark-gluon clusters at long range. Application to the nucleon-nucleon system shows i) the inconsistency of the M.I.T. Bag Model with available data and ii) the Cloudy Bag Model prediction of 3S1 and 1S0 resonant structures near 2700 MeV mass. The splitting, width, inelasticity, two-pion production and free-quark content of these states are presented and an experimental candidate for the 1S0 state is discussed. The 3S1 — 3D1 channel has good deuteron properties and strong energy dependence near the ΔΔ and NN∗ (1440) thresholds, which may account foe the “Kamae Resonance.” The expected characteristics of q 6 , q 4 q , q 2 q 2 and states with added gluons are discussed.
SOD2 Activity Is not Impacted by Hyperoxia in Murine Neonatal Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells and Mice

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) complicates bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in 25% of infants. Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) is an endogenous mitochondrial antioxidant, and overexpression protects against acute lung injury in adult mice. Little is known about SOD2 in neonatal lung disease and PH. C57Bl/6 mice and isogenic SOD2+/+ and SOD2−/+ mice were placed in room air (control) or 75% O2 (chronic hyperoxia, CH) for 14 days. Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) was assessed by Fulton’s index. Medial wall thickness (MWT) and alveolar area were assessed on formalin fixed lung sections. Pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) were placed in 21% or 95% O2 for 24 h. Lung and PASMC protein were analyzed for SOD2 expression and activity. Oxidative stress was measured with a mitochondrially-targeted sensor, mitoRoGFP. CH lungs have increased SOD2 expression, but unchanged activity. SOD2−/+ PASMC have decreased expression and activity at baseline, but increased SOD2 expression in hyperoxia. Hyperoxia increased mitochondrial ROS in SOD2+/+ and SOD2−/+ PASMC. SOD2+/+ and SOD2−/+ CH pups induced SOD2 expression, but not activity, and developed equivalent increases in RVH, MWT, and alveolar area. Since SOD2−/+ mice develop equivalent disease, this suggests other antioxidant systems may compensate for partial SOD2 expression and activity in the neonatal period during hyperoxia-induced oxidative stress.
Relativistic electrodynamics Lagrangian and Hamiltonian for particle accelerators

A Lagrangian L of a dynamical system is a function that summarises the dynamics of the system (Goldstein et al., 2002). If the Lagrangian of a system is known, then the equations of motion of the system may be obtained by its direct substitution into the Euler-Lagrange equation. One important advantage of the Lagrange formulation of dynamical systems is that the formulation is not tied to any particular coordinate system – rather, any convenient set of variables may be used to describe the system. Finding the Lagrangian for a system is a mix of science and art. In the following paper we will demonstrate how to find it for the case of relativistic electrodynamics as a direct application for particle accelerators. We will show how we can start from the expression of the Lagrangian in classical electrodynamics in finding its expression for relativistic cases.
Summer zooplankton communities of selected borrow-pit ponds in Northern Illinois, U.S.A.

Zooplankton samples were collected from 7 borrow-pit ponds during the summer months of 1975 in northern Illinois. Species diversity indices and evenness values were used to characterize the ponds zooplankton community structure. Thirty-one plankton species are reported. Older borrow-pit ponds contained more species and had higher mean densities than did the newer ponds. The number of dominant species reported per pond varied from 1 to 4. Species diversity indices are higher in older ponds, and there was a general tendency for species diversity to increase with pond age. No correlations between physicochemical measurements and the structure of the zooplankton communities were found. Factors possibly governing zooplankton community structure in borrow-pits are speculated upon.
Attitude toward Authority: An Exploratory Study

(1954). Attitude toward Authority: An Exploratory Study. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 197-210.
An automated dimensional inspection environment for manufactured parts using coordinate measuring machines

In this paper, knowledge of relevance to dimensional inspection and three progressive levels of automation technology, ranging from the facility automation to information and decision automation, are examined. The objective is to create and advance the related knowledge and automation technologies in dimensional inspection. These knowledge and automation technologies are then integrated with traditional engineering methods for the implementation of a highly automated dimensional inspection environment. CATIA of the IBM CAD/CAM system and CORDAX RS-30 Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) are used as the primary tools for system implementation. The developed inspection environment consists of five key elements: (1) specification module; (2) planning module; (3) verification module; (4) execution module; and (5) comparative analysis module. These modules are being developed to bridge the missing links between inspection and design as well as manufacturing, and to become an important component of a computer-int...
Increased parasitic pressure as a major factor in the evolution of social behavior in halictine bees

Mutillid parasites,Pseudomethoca frigida (Smith), were frequently found in a nest aggregation ofLasioglossum zephyrum (Smith), and were observed in combat with the bees, thereby indicating their importance (and that of parasites and predators in general) in the evolution of nest guarding and supporting Michener's hypothesis that one of the important factors in the evolution of social behavior was the opportunity for defense by guards in nests containing more than one bee. Nesting aggregations may have evolved in several ways, one being selection of bees nesting in areas already proven successful. Such selection might be expected where subtle environmental differences are critical, and may take the form of return to the parental nest sites or joining some other nest aggregation. Aggregation probably increases parasite and predator pressure, thus perhaps providing the necessary selective pressure for colony formation with nest guarding, as well as providing the potentiality for colony formation by allowing females to enter different nests. The seemingly greater success in nest defense by larger colonies suggests that this is one of of the factors responsible for the evolution of increased colony size. The behavior of the bees in nest defense and of their mutillid parasites is described.
Effects of breed, sex, and halothane genotype on fatty acid composition of pork longissimus muscle.

The objective of this study was to estimate the effects of breed, sex, and halothane genotype on fatty acid composition and several fatty acid indices of lipid extracted from porcine LM. Purebred Yorkshire (n = 436), Duroc (n = 353), Hampshire (n = 218), Spotted (n = 187), Chester White (n = 173), Poland China (n = 124), Berkshire (n = 256), and Landrace (n = 187) pigs (n = 1,934; 1,128 barrows and 806 gilts) from 1991, 1992, 1994, and 2001 National Barrow Show Sire Progeny Tests were used. Pigs were classified as the HAL-1843 normal (NN) genotype (n = 1,718) or the HAL-1843 carrier (Nn) genotype (n = 216). For statistical analysis, a mixed model was used that included fixed effects of breed, sex, halothane genotype, test, slaughter date, interaction of breed x sex, and random effects of sire and dam within breed. Breed significantly affected the concentration of individual fatty acids, total lipid content, and the values of several fatty acid indices of LM. Duroc pigs had the greatest (P 0.05). The concentrations of total PUFA were greater (P < 0.01) in Hampshire, Landrace, and Yorkshire pigs compared with those of other breeds. Significant sex differences for individual fatty acids were detected. Compared with gilts, barrows had greater (P < 0.01) concentrations of SFA and MUFA but lower (P < 0.01) total PUFA. Halothane genotype was a significant source of variation for the percentages of some fatty acids. Pigs with the carrier (Nn) genotype had lower concentrations of SFA (P < 0.05) and MUFA (P < 0.01) but a greater concentration of PUFA (P < 0.01) compared with NN pigs. There were significant negative correlations between total lipid content and individual PUFA and significant positive correlations between lipid concentration and most individual SFA and MUFA. In conclusion, the results suggest that breed and sex are important sources of variation for fatty acid composition of LM.
Psychophysiological responses to stress following alcohol intake in social drinkers who are at risk of hazardous drinking

We examined whether social drinkers whose drinking behavior poses a risk for harmful consequences exhibit altered psychobiological responses to stress following moderate alcohol intake. At risk (n = 17) and low risk drinkers (n = 27), as identified by the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, completed two laboratory stress sessions, one in which they consumed a drink with alcohol and one without alcohol. Subjective and physiological measures were obtained throughout the study. Reported stimulation following alcohol consumption and sedation post-stress on alcohol day were greater than the no alcohol day in at risk drinkers (ps < .05). Low risk drinkers exhibited stress dampening effects on cortisol levels (p < .05). This was not the case among the high risk drinkers. These results indicate that acute alcohol intake may be associated with enhanced subjective and altered hormonal responses to stress in individuals who are at risk for becoming problem drinkers.
Gas flow and particle deposition in the hot-gas filter vessel of the Pinon Pine project

Abstract Advanced pressurized fluidized bed combustors (PFBC) and integrated gasification combined cycles (IGCC) as economical clean coal technologies for the 21st century have attracted considerable attention. The success of these advanced coal energy systems hinges on effective and reliable commercial-scale filtration of gases at very high temperatures. The Pinon Pine hot-gas filtration system is the first industrial-scale application of an advanced particle filtration system in the United States. The system currently is becoming operational and will provide significant practical insights into operation of the industrial-scale hot-gas cleaning process. This study is concerned with a computer simulation of hot-gas flow and particle transport and deposition in the Pinon Pine filter vessel. The FLUENT™ code is used for evaluating the gas mean velocity, mean pressure, and the state of turbulence in the filter vessel. The 748 filters arranged into four tiers are modeled as four effective cylindrical filters. The particle equation of motion that includes the nonlinear drag and the gravity is used. The particle deposition patterns are evaluated, and the effect of particle size is studied. The results show that, for clean filters, the particle deposition rate of particles on different tiers depends on particle size. These differences could lead to nonuniform cake compositions and thicknesses on the candle filters in different tiers.
Prevalence of Corticosteroids Use and Disease Course After Initial Steroid Exposure in Ulcerative Colitis

Background Limited nationwide data currently exists regarding corticosteroid (CS) use and long-term outcome after CS initiation in ulcerative colitis (UC).