cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonsequence-specific DNA recognition: a structural perspective

Abstract Chromosomal proteins that form essential architectural components of chromatin bind and bend DNA with an intrinsic low degree of sequence preference. Comparisons made between two recently determined structures of high mobility group (HMG) protein–DNA complexes and other nonsequence-specific protein–DNA complexes reveal the structural basis of this important mode of DNA binding.
Porcine sperm binding to oviductal explants in culture

Explants taken from the mucosa of the oviductal isthmus and ampulla of gilts 15 days after mating were cultured on Matrigel-coated Millicell inserts in modified minimal essential medium (MEM) containing 70 pg/ml estradiol and 0.5 ng/ml progesterone. After two weeks, ejaculated boar spermatozoa washed in MEM were added to the explants within the inserts to a final concentration of 2×106sperm/ml. Then the medium in the outer well surrounding the inserts was replaced with MEM containing 70 pg/ml estradiol and 0.5 ng/ml progesterone (peak systemic levels during estrus) or 2 pg/ml estradiol and 0.5 ng/ml progesterone (systemic levels during diestrus) or 0.01% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) carrier alone. Spermatozoa attached to the epithelial surface of the explants within minutes, and more than 70% remained motile for 42 to 44 hours. Greater numbers of spermatozoa (P< 0.05) bound to explants from the isthmus than from the ampulla. Both in the isthmus and on the ampulla, binding of spermatozoa was greater (P < 0.05) in the presence of estrus levels of steroids than in medium without steroids. These results indicate that the binding of spermatozoa to oviductal epithelium is influenced by region and hormonal status. In addition to binding to the epithelial surface, some spermatozoa were trapped in a mucous secretion produced by isthmic explants. Pronase but not trypsin, heparin or hyaluronidase was found to release spermatozoa from the mucus. Binding to epithelial surfaces and entrapment in mucus may serve to create an oviductal reservoir of spermatozoa prior to fertilization.
The Legalist Reformation: Law, Politics, and Ideology in New York, 1920-1980

Based on a detailed examination of New York case law, this pathbreaking book shows how law, politics, and ideology in the state changed in tandem between 1920 and 1980. Early twentieth-century New York was the scene of intense struggle between white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant upper and middle classes located primarily in the upstate region and the impoverished, mainly Jewish and Roman Catholic, immigrant underclass centered in New York City. Beginning in the 1920s, however, judges such as Benjamin N. Cardozo, Henry J. Friendly, Learned Hand, and Harlan Fiske Stone used law to facilitate the entry of the underclass into the economic and social mainstream and to promote tolerance among all New Yorkers. Ultimately, says William Nelson, a new legal ideology was created. By the late 1930s, New Yorkers had begun to reconceptualize social conflict not along class lines but in terms of the power of majorities and the rights of minorities. In the process, they constructed a new approach to law and politics. Though doctrinal change began to slow by the 1960s, the main ambitions of the legalist reformation--liberty, equality, human dignity, and entrepreneurial opportunity--remain the aspirations of nearly all Americans, and of much of the rest of the world, today. |Based on a detailed examination of New York case law, this book shows how law, politics, and ideology in the state changed in tandem between 1920 and 1980, as state court judges used law to facilitate the entry of the underclass into the economic and social mainstream and to promote tolerance.
Optimal Kernel Group Transformation for Exploratory Regression Analysis and Graphics

The general goal of multivariate regression analysis is to infer about the relationship between a response variable Y and a predictor vector X. Many popularly used regression methods only focus on specific aspects of this relationship. Even though the conditional distribution P(Y|X) of Y given X fully characterizes the relationship between Y and X, estimation of the conditional density is challenging and becomes quickly infeasible when the dimension of X increases. In this article, we propose to use optimal group transformations as a general approach for exploring the relationship between Y and X. This approach can be considered an automatic procedure to identify the best characteristic of P(Y|X) under which the relationship between Y and X can be fully explored. The emphasis on using group transformations allows the approach to recover intrinsic group structures among the predictors. Furthermore, we develop kernel methods for estimating the optimal group transformations based on cross-covariance and conditional covariance operators. The statistical consistency of the estimates has been established. We refer to the proposed framework and approach as the Optimal Kernel Group Transformation (OKGT) method. Simulation study and real data applications show that the OKGT method is flexible and powerful for the general purpose of high dimensional regression analysis.
EXPRESSION OF RECOMBINANT ELONGATION FACTOR 1 BETA FROM RABBIT IN ESCHERICHIA COLI. PHOSPHORYLATION BY CASEIN KINASE II

Abstract The β subunit of eukaryotic elongation factor 1 (EF-1) catalyzes the GDP/GTP exchange activity on EF-1α. In these studies, two cDNAs for the β subunit of EF-1 from rabbit are cloned and sequenced. The cDNAs consist of 808 and 798 by and are identical except for the 5′ leader sequences of 67 and 57 bp. Both cDNAs code for a protein of 225 amino acids. Using the pT7-7 expression vector, EF-1β was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to apparent homogeneity by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and FPLC on Superose 12 and Mono Q. EF-1β was highly phosphorylated by casein kinase II, with up to 1.3 mol of phosphate incorporated per mol protein. From microsequence analysis and manual Edman degradation, the majority of the phosphate was shown to be present in serine 106 in the peptide DLFGS 106 DDEEES 112 EEA. Serine 112 was also phosphorylated by casein kinase II, but to a lesser extent. Previously, little phosphorylation of the β subunit by casein kinase II was observed in native EF-1 unless GDP was bound to the α subunit (Palen, E., Venema, R.C., Chang, Y-W.E. and Traugh, J.A. (1994) Biochemistry, 8515–8520). In contrast, purified recombinant EF-1β was highly and specifically phosphorylated by casein kinase II; GDP and polylysine had little effect on the rate of phosphorylation of the purified subunit.
A note on «Painlevé property of anharmonic systems with an external periodic field»

Abstract It is shown, contrary to what was claimed in a recent paper, that the Van der Pol equation does not possess the Painleve property. It has solutions with movable branch points in the complex time plane, and is therefore, most likely, a non-integrable dynamical system.
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF A TeV ENERGY COSMIC RAY SPECTROMETER.

Abstract This paper describes the design, construction, and performance of a cosmic ray magnetic spectrograph for measurements of muon spectra at sea level in the high energy region. The principal features are: (1) The apparatus is rotatable providing constant detection efficiency and momentum resolution at all zenith angles (0–90°). (2) A solid iron magnet whose mean ∫ H d l ≈40 kG m. (3) The use of wire spark chambers to determine the particle trajectories to high accuracy and allow rapid analysis of the data. The apparatus has an effective solid angle-area of 2000 cm 2 sr and has a yield of about 10 events a day for E μ 1 TeV at θ =35°. The maximum detectable momentum is measured to be 3.5 TeV/ c , and when further corrections are applied is expected to be the order of 4.5 TeV/ c .
The Advanced X-ray Spectroscopic Imaging Observatory (AXSIO)

The 2010 Decadal Survey of Astronomy and Astrophysics found the science of the International X-ray Observatory (IXO) compelling, noting that “Large-aperture, time-resolved, high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy is required for future progress on all of these fronts, and this is what IXO can deliver.” In line with Decadal recommendations to reduce cost while maintaining core capabilities, we have developed the Advanced X-ray Spectroscopy and Imaging Observatory (AXSIO). AXSIO reduces IXO's six instruments to two fixed detectors - the imaging X-ray Microcalorimeter Spectrometer and the X-ray Grating Spectrometer. These instruments allow AXSIO to accomplish most of the IXO science goals at a significantly reduced complexity and cost. We present an overview of the AXSIO mission science drivers, its optics and instrumental capabilities, the status of its technology development programs, and the mission implementation approach.
The cleavage mechanism of 1,4-dithiaspiro(4.4)nonane by gas-phase pyrolysis

Abstract The initial product formed in the pyrolysis of 1,4-dithiaspiro(4.4)nonane (I) is the thioketone (7). During pyrolysis at 600 °C, this material has been isolated in absolute yields as high as 4.85%. The increase in yield of benzene (1), toluene (3), and naphthalene (14) as the temperature is increased from 600 to 800 °C could be anticipated from dehydrogenation under pyrolysis conditions. The other products isolated, with the exception of the rearrangement products and toluene, appear to arise via further pyrolytic reaction of thioketone (7). These saturated products are dehydrogenated by sulfur to generate the aromatic compounds.
External Resource Acquisition in Spatially Isolated Firms

Agglomeration theory posits that firms collocate in the hopes that resources will spillover from neighboring firms. Isolated firms, who enjoy few spillovers, will have to rely more on formal forms ...
Covalency trends in group IV metallocene dichlorides. chlorine K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy and time dependent-density functional theory.

For 3−5d transition-metal ions, the (C5R5)2MCl2 (R = H, Me for M = Ti, Zr, Hf) bent metallocenes represent a series of compounds that have been central in the development of organometallic chemistr...
Non-orthogonal atomic orbitals: Kinetic energy

Abstract Minimum kinetic energy deorthogonalization leads to valence atomc orbitals whose kinetic energy is a simple function of the orbital radius, Rf; 1/Ri = (i|1/r|i), and the angular momentum quantum number, l.
Torsional friction damper optimization

A new approach for the analysis of friction dampers is presented in this work. The exact form of the steady-state solution for a friction damper implemented on a primary system is developed and numerical solutions are used to determine the optimum friction in a friction damper applied to a specific primary system. When compared to classical results presented by earlier authors, the new approach provides a more optimal solution. In addition, viscous damping in the primary system may be included with the new analysis approach. The ability to optimize a friction damper when viscous damping is included in the primary system is a significant improvement over earlier methods and shows potential for serving as a guide to realizing a more accurate estimate of the optimal damping for friction dampers.
Low risk of ureteral obstruction with “deep” (dorsal/posterior) uterosacral ligament suture placement for transvaginal apical suspension

Objective Transvaginal uterosacral ligament fixation (USLF), often called "high" USLF, is associated with a 1.0% to 10.9% ureteral obstruction rate. Anatomic relations and pelvic rotation with positioning imply "high" (cephalad) suture placement may bring sutures closer to the ureter. We examined the ureteral obstruction rate with a "deep" (dorsal/posterior) uterosacral ligament suture placement modification of a standard USLF procedure. Study design At the University of Massachusetts and Tufts, 411 consecutive patients underwent Mayo culdoplasty utilizing ≥3 uterosacral sutures placed "deep" bilaterally. Intraoperative cystoscopy was performed. Results One patient (0.24% [.01%–1.35%]) had ureteral obstruction attributable to USLF. Two had obstruction secondary to concomitant procedures. Compared with previous published series, the odds of ureteral injury secondary to USLF was 4.6 times lower (95% CI 2.31–9.24; P Conclusion Placement of USLF sutures "deep" (dorsal/posterior) increases the margin of safety for the ureter and, in this study, decreased the ureteral injury rate nearly 5-fold.
Reconstruction of spectral-spatial two-dimensional EPR images from incomplete sets of projections without prior knowledge of the component spectra

Abstract Spectral-spatial EPR imaging gives the EPR spectrum as a function of position in the sample. Spectra were obtained at a series of magnetic field gradients that correspond to projections in a spectral-spatial plane. For a given maximum magnetic field gradient, the spatial resolution of the image can be improved by collection of data for less than a full 180° angular range. An iterative algorithm was used to estimate the “missing” information. The algorithm does not require prior knowledge of the signals that contribute to the spectra. Images have been obtained that show variations in nitroxyl lineshape due to collisional broadening and variations in motional averaging of the hyperfine interaction at different locations in the sample. Images have also been obtained that distinguish a weak TCNE signal and a strong galvinoxyl signal in adjacent tubes from a surrounding solution of nitroxyl radical.
Relationship of TMJ Articular Soft Tissue to Underlying Bone in Young Adult Condyles

This investigation used a histological model to study the relationship of articular soft-tissue thickness and contour to the underlying bone in the TMJ condyle of young adults. The usefulness of selected dental and demographic factors in the prediction of the articular soft-tissue thickness and contour was also tested. One sagittal histological section was studied from the lateral, central, and medial thirds of 53 left mandibular condyles. Outline tracings of the articular and compact bone surface were divided into anterior, superior, and posterior sectors for the study of curvature measured by the overlaying of a template of a harmonic series of arcs. The thickness and composition of the articular tissues were measured in each sector by light microscopy. The fibrous connective tissue layer always maintained the articular surface, even in the absence of a cartilage layer. The histological character, including the presence or absence of cartilage, rather than the overall tissue thickness, was considered to...
A fast direct solver for scattering problems involving elongated structures

A fast solver is presented for the solution of scattering problems in which the scatterer is a relatively thin, elongated object. The scheme presented here is a version of an algorithm previously published by the authors, and is based on the observation that under certain conditions and with certain modifications, the scheme will retain its O(n) CPU time estimate independently of the size of the scatterer in wavelengths. The performance of the scheme is illustrated with numerical examples.
Bi-metal rod extrusion-process and product optimization

The influence of the initial billet geometry on the product geometry during bi-material rod extrusion has been investigated. Both physical and numerical modeling techniques have been used in this study. Initial inner material length within a bi-material billet was optimized. The obtained experimental and numerical results confirmed the influence of the initial bi-material billet geometry on the geometrical stability of the extrudate cross-section. The proposed process modification resulted in improved process yield. A complex interface structure between AA2014 and AA6063 has been noted by light optical microscopy.
Reverse hysterocolposigmoidectomy (RHCS) for resection of panpelvic tumors

Lateral retroperitoneal approaches to abdominopelvic masses are commonly employed; the reverse hysterocolposigmoidectomy (RCHS) in addition utilizes transabdominal entry of the vaginal and rectovaginal spaces to provide medial access to the uterosacral and cardinal ligaments as well expose a tumor-free segment of the rectosigmoid for en bloc resection of panpelvic tumors. Thirty-one patients underwent reverse hysterocolpectomy for extensive, symptomatic pelvic malignancies. All patients had complete resection of pelvic tumor, and there were no perioperative deaths. Sigmoid resection was required in 25 patients with 22 primary reanastomosis and 3 end colostomies performed. In 6 patients, vaginal entry facilitated tumor resection while sparing the rectosigmoid. Average operative blood loss was 2677 cc. Early postoperative morbidity (1-30 days) occurred in 13 patients; febrile morbidity (6 patients) was the common complication. Late morbidity (1-6 months) was seen in 10 patients, including 1 fatal pulmonary embolism at 5 months. Subsequent therapy was tolerated well. Mean survival/follow-up is 15.7 months (range, 1 to 49 months). Seventeen patients are alive, seven patients without evidence of disease (average 13.4 months), and ten patients are alive with disease (average follow-up, 28.3 months). Thirteen patients are dead of disease or complication (average survival, 13.7 months). We conclude that RHCS facilitates resection of extensive pelvic tumors with acceptable morbidity.
Effect of Inorganic Polyphosphates on Ground Beef Characteristics: Microbiological Effects on Frozen Beef Patties

Microbiological effects of 0.4% sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP), and three commercial phosphate blends were studied in frozen (90 days, −20°C) and subsequently temperature-abused (24–25°C, 24 hr) beef patties. Phosphates did not significantly (p>0.05) reduce mesophilic, psychrotrophic, presumptive 5. aureus and lactic acid bacterial numbers during frozen storage of the patties, but one of the commercial blends and TSPP inhibited bacterial growth upon subsequent elevated-temperature abuse. However, bacterial inhibition by phosphates during temperature abuse was not sufficient to prevent spoilage of the patties.
‘Pathogenic factors in aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity’ by S. Kacew and M.G. Bergeron

Commentaire rapportant brievement des donnees de la litterature concernant l'action nephrotoxique des aminoglycosides
Navigational correlates of comprehension in hypertext

Despite a substantial literature on problems related to user navigation, we know remarkably little about the relationship between navigational strategies and successful use of hypertext. Revealing the complex interactions of navigational decision making and comprehension, however, will require objective, reliable, and empirically significant navigational metrics that go beyond the largely informal and indirect measures that have traditionally been used. The purpose of this paper is to describe a study that replicates and extends earlier work that defines and validates two objective navigational metrics [5]. Results of this study confirm the empirical significance of these metrics, support the reliability of their relationship to hypertext comprehension, and provide indirect support for a model of reading comprehension that postulates greater demands on higher-level processing in hypertext compared to traditional print.
Lung response to particulates with emphasis on asbestos and other fibrous dusts

Many theories have been proposed to explain asbestosis and asbestos-related pulmonary disease. However, none of the theories give a completely plausible explanation for the pathogenesis. Recently, attention has been drawn to a theory that the fibrogenicity or carcinogenicity of fibrous dust particles is related to fiber diameter and length rather than to chemical properties. This theory may help partially elucidate the disease process but is still far from solving the enigma of pulmonary fibrosis or carcinogenesis. The theory cannot explain the absence of these pathological effects among fiberglass workers or experimental animals exposed by inhalation (even though mesotheliomas are induced by intrapleural implantation and fiber dimension-related fibrogenicity is demonstrated by intratracheal injection). Little information regarding the pulmonary response to manmade fibrous particles is available in animals following inhalation exposure. Attempts should be made to confirm the absence of adverse effects using animal inhalation experiments even though to this point there is no conclusive evidence that either lung cancer or pulmonary diseases can be produced among employees in manmade fiber industries. A new research trend seems concentrated on testing the durability of asbestos or manmade fibers. This is based on the concept that biological effects of fibrous particles are the result of relative durability and that particles which can be fragmented or shortened may be less pathogenic. In the last two decades, considerable understanding about pulmonary fibrosis and carcinogenesis of asbestos has been achieved by clinical and animal experiments. In vitro tests including cytotoxicity, hemolysis, immunology, and enzyme biochemistry have provided important information on the interrelationships among these various biological effects of asbestos.
Behaviour modification by in vitro mutagenesis of a variable region within the period gene of Drosophila

The period gene of Drosophila melanogaster, implicated in the control of both the circadian and male courtship song rhythms, is found to be polymorphic. Alleles differ in the length of a region of the gene encoding a series of threonine-glycine repeat units. The phenotypes of transformed fruit flies, in which the only functional period gene lacks the entire perfect threonine-glycine repeat region, show that the effects of the period gene on the circadian and male courtship song rhythms can be dissociated.
Electron concentration measurement in the high voltage spark using stark broadening of Hβ emission

Abstract The applicability of Stark broadening of hydrogen atomic emission as a probe of electron concentrations in the high voltage spark discharge is critically evaluated. Instrumental limitations, broadening theory applicability and limitations due to discharge fluctuations are discussed. Comparison to literature time resolved, spatially resolved data indicates those regimes in which accurate electron concentration measurements can not be made using this technique. Suggestions are made for improvements in instrumentation which would allow faster throughput and more insight into discharge processes using Stark broadening as a diagnostic.
Observations on traffic flow patterns and traffic engineering practice

Border Gateway Protocol allows ASs to apply diverse routing policies for selecting routes and propagating reachability information to other ASs. This enables network operators to configure routing policies so as to control traffic flows between ASs. However, BGP is not designed for the inter-AS traffic engineering. This makes it difficult to implement effective routing policies to address network performance and utilization problems. Network operators usually tweak routing policies to influence the inter-domain traffic among the available links. This can lead to undesirable traffic flow patterns across the Internet and degrade the Internet traffic performance. In this paper, we show several observations on Internet traffic flow patterns and derive routing policies that give rise to the traffic flow patterns. Our results show that an AS can reach as much as 20\% of the prefixes via a peer link even though there is a path via a customer link. In addition, an AS can reach as much as 80\% of the prefixes via a provider link even though there is a path via a peer link. Second, we analyze the cause of the prevalence of these traffic patterns. Our analysis shows that an AS typically does not receive the potential route from its customers or peers. Third, we find that alternate routes have with lower propagation delay than the chosen routes for some prefixes. This shows that some traffic engineering practices might adversely affect Internet performance.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Predicted and Measured Performance of Prestressed Concrete Bridges

Testing results of six existing prestressed concrete bridges are used to evaluate analytical methodologies. These bridges cover different span lengths, number of lanes, and skew angles. Strains, load distribution factors, and ratings predicted by finite-element analyses and AASHTO code specifications are compared with those from measurements. The comparison reveals a significant difference between the analytical and test results due to the effects of many field factors. Factors that exist in reality but whose effects on bridge performance cannot easily be quantified are defined as field factors. Due to these field factors, existing bridges are different from idealized calculation models and are thus defined as field bridges. To examine this difference and to quantify their effects, some field factors are modeled in a more refined finite-element analysis. It is found that the field factors have a larger effect on the maximum strain than on the load distribution factor. Parametric studies of the effects of diaphragms, bearing stiffness, and skew angles on the load distribution and maximum strain are conducted.
Lifetime history of indoor tanning in young people: a retrospective assessment of initiation, persistence, and correlates

Background Despite educational and public health campaigns to convey the risks of indoor tanning, many individuals around the world continue to engage in this behavior. Few descriptive studies of indoor tanning have collected information pertaining to the lifetime history of indoor tanning, thereby limiting our ability to understand indoor tanning patterns and potentially target interventions for individuals who not only initiate, but continue to persistently engage in indoor tanning.
Death and the ecological crisis

In this essay I discuss the ways in which not recognizing that the death of organisms plays a part in our food producing systems, distances us from life’s ecological processes and explore how this plays a role in devaluing the sources of our food. I argue that modern society’s deep separation from our agricultural systems play a part in our current ecological illiteracy.
An Examination of the Compressive Cyclic Loading Aspects of Damage Tolerance for Polymer Matrix Launch Vehicle Hardware

The issue of fatigue loading of structures composed of composite materials is considered in a requirements document that is currently in place for manned launch vehicles. By taking into account the...
Multi-year analysis of stock composition of a loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) foraging habitat using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods

Genetic markers have proven useful for determining which sea turtle rookeries contribute to a particular feeding ground. This information is especially relevant when management concerns include anthropogenic mortality of feeding cohorts, and the suspected presence of endangered populations. One such feeding habitat is the Pamlico–Albemarle Estuarine Complex in North Carolina, which was established as an index area in 1995 to monitor population-specific recovery of sea turtles. Pound nets in the study area were surveyed at random from September–December (1995–1997) to enumerate incidental captures of sea turtles as an index of sea turtle abundance. In this study, we estimated the rookery origins of this feeding cohort using both maximum likelihood and Bayesian based stock analysis programs and compare and contrast these different methodologies. The Bayesian methods appear to yield more realistic estimates of percent contribution to the feeding cohort when information regarding relative population sizes was used. Subsequently, we tested for temporal variation in the frequency of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes and resulting estimates of contribution over a 3-year time span. Mixed stock analysis of the combined data indicated that 80 of the individuals originated from the south Florida nesting population, 12 were from the northeast Florida to North Carolina nesting population, 6 from Yucatan, Mexico, and 2 from other rookeries. Although statistically significant shifts in haplotype frequencies were not observed between the three annual sampling periods, estimates of composition indicated subtle differences in the contributions to this foraging area over the sampling period.
Internal Fields in Helicity Injected Torus with Steady Inductive Helicity Injection (HIT-SI) Discharges

The Helicity Injected Torus with Steady Inductive Helicity Injection (HIT-SI) consists of an axisymmetric flux conserver and two half-torus magnetic helicity injectors, mounted on either side of the axisymmetric confinement region (Jarboe et al., 2006, Phys. Rev. Lett., 97, 115003). Current and flux are driven sinusoidally with time in each injector, injecting both power and magnetic helicity into the HIT-SI device, with the goal of forming and sustaining a spheromak in the confinement region. Recent HIT-SI results include formation of discharges with toroidal spheromak current 1.5 times the injector current amplitude, development of a Taylor-state model for the magnetic fields in HIT-SI discharges, and direct measurement of the portion of the induced injector electric field that drives current in the confinement region.
Analysis of batch, dispersed‐emulsion, separation systems

An analysis of a batch, dispersed-emulsion (liquid membrane), separation system results in simple models that describe the concentrations and masses of each phase as functions of time. Comparisons with a limited set of experimental data are offered. One of these models allows a set of pilot studies to be extended to performance predictions and comparative studies of different feed-membrane-solvent combinations, which could lead to an optimally designed separation process.
Low cost image transmission system

Throughout the Department of Energy (DOE) complex, sites protect themselves with intrusion detection systems Some of these systems have sensors in remote areas. These sensors frequently alarm-not because they have detected a terrorist skulking around the area, but because they have detected a horse, or a dog, or a bush moving in the breeze. Even though the local security force is 99% sure there is no real threat, they must assess each of these nuisance or false alarms. Generally, the procedure consists of dispatching an inspector to drive to the area and make an assessment. This is expensive in terms of manpower and the assessment is not timely. Often, by the time the inspector arrives, the cause of the alarm has vanished. A television camera placed to view the area protected by the sensor could be used to help in this assessment, but this requires the installation of high-quality cable, optical fiber, or a microwave link. Further, to be of use at the present time, the site must have had the foresight to have installed these facilities in the past and have them ready for use now. What is needed is a device to place between the television camera and a modem connecting to a low-bandwidth channel such as radio or a telephone line. This paper discusses the development of such a device: an Image Transmission System, or ITS. >
Sequential Structure of Interaction in Encounter Groups

This study investigated patterned distribution of communication across time in an effort to assess temporal development in T-groups through the use of verbal interaction measures. Two groups conducted with a “meaning-attribution” facilitation style had their verbal interaction recorded as contiguous units of communication. Factor analysis of interaction categories produced nine dimensions labeled: Antagonistic, Assertive-Supportive, Dominant Assertive, Aggressive-Assertive, Assertive, Reactions to Group Laughter, Task-Determining Activity, Reactions to Group Tension, and Supportive-ness. Analysis of the cell means indicated three separate stages of group life could be extrapolated from the sequential distribution of interaction: Boundary-seeking, Ambivalence, and Actualization.
Resources for attitudinal meaning: Evaluative orientations in text semantics

Lexicogrammatical resources enable us to construct attitudinal stances not only toward interlocutors and audiences but also toward the ideational content of propositions and proposals. Seven semantic dimensions of evaluative orientations to propositions are identified and compared to those for clause modality. A sample corpus of newspaper editorials is used to illustrate the resources which realize these evaluative meanings in connected running text. Examples are also given of several interesting text-semantic phenomena that arise from the prosodic realization of attitudinal-orientational meanings in connected text, including attitudinal cohesion and syntactic, projective, and extended prospective and retrospective propagation of evaluative meanings. It is proposed that evaluative meanings should play a significant role in discourse analysis of social heteroglossia and individual and collective identity.
Impact of milling and water-to-rice ratio on cooked rice and wastewater properties

Due to the environmental concerns and expense associated with the disposal of wastewater after industrial cooking of rice, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent of leaching, water uptake and volumetric expansion of rice during cooking at various milling durations and water-to-rice ratios. Two cultivars of Arkansas rice, a long grain (Francis) and a medium grain (Jupiter), were milled for 10, 20, and 30 s with a laboratory mill. Samples were cooked in aluminum foil covered beakers at water-to-rice ratios of 10:1, 15:1, and 20:1. After 20 min, rice was weighed for water uptake and measured for volumetric expansion using hexane displacement. The excess cooking water was evaluated for total solids, amylose, and protein to determine the extent of leaching. Water uptake and volumetric expansion significantly increased with milling duration in both cultivars. Leached solids increased as the water-to-rice ratio increased in Francis and increased with milling duration in Jupiter; however, the amylose content of leached solids was unaffected by the water-to-rice ratio in both cultivars. Thus, shorter milling durations may limit the extent of leaching during cooking, as observed with Jupiter, while a lower water-to-rice ratio may reduce wastewater contamination for cultivars similar to Francis.
Application of a variational formulation to nonequilibrium fluid flow

Abstract The recent papers of Glansdorff, Prigogine and Hays have shown that a variational principle may be applied to problems in fluid flow. As examples of the use of a variational formulation, the problems of slow viscous incompressible flow between parallel plates and in a circular tube are solved for the case where the phenomenological coefficients of thermal conductivity and viscosity are functions of temperature. The method of Rayleigh-Ritz is used with the variational form to obtain solutions which are compared with solutions obtained by direct analytical techniques. Close agreement between the two methods of analysis is obtained for both Couette and Poiseuille flow, thus establishing a measure of confidence in the variational solution to problems for which direct solutions cannot be obtained.
The file allocation problem- a queueing network optimization approach

Abstract A set of customers use a connected network of computer installations, each accessing the network from a particular node. These customers share information contained in a set of data files. A typical customer's need is characterized by a request requiring a subset of these files being accessed in a Markovian sequence. The cycle time for this customer is the total time taken on the average to complete his request sequence. The objective is to locate a single copy of each of the files in such a way that a weighted sum of these response times is minimized. The problem is modelled as a Closed Queueing Network optimization problem. Models are developed for both single and multiple chain cases. An incremental analysis approach is used to solve the single chain case. For the multiple chain case, it is shown how this model approximates to a set partitioning problem under certain conditions. Efficient heuristics are developed to solve this partitioning problem. With certain simplifying assumptions, the associated communication problem is then included in the model.
A mammalian homolog of yeast MOB1 is both a member and a putative substrate of striatin family-protein phosphatase 2A complexes.

Striatin and S/G2 nuclear autoantigen (SG2NA) are related proteins that contain membrane binding domains and associate with protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and many additional proteins that may be PP2A regulatory targets. Here we identify a major member of these complexes as class II mMOB1, a mammalian homolog of the yeast protein MOB1, and show that its phosphorylation appears to be regulated by PP2A. Yeast MOB1 is critical for cytoskeletal reorganization during cytokinesis and exit from mitosis. We show that mMOB1 associated with PP2A is not detectably phosphorylated in asynchronous murine fibroblasts. However, treatment with the PP2A inhibitor okadaic acid induces phosphorylation of PP2A-associated mMOB1 on serine. Moreover, specific inhibition of PP2A also results in hyperphosphorylation of striatin, SG2NA, and three unidentified proteins, suggesting that these proteins may also be regulated by PP2A. Indirect immunofluorescence produced highly similar staining patterns for striatin, SG2NA, and mMOB1, with the highest concentrations for each protein adjacent to the nuclear membrane. We also present evidence that these complexes may interact with each other. These data are consistent with a model in which PP2A may regulate mMOB1, striatin, and SG2NA to modulate changes in the cytoskeleton or interactions between the cytoskeleton and membrane structures.
On the removal of air-borne droplets by the human respiratory tract: II. The nasal passages

Theoretical considerations lead to the calculation of the amounts of air-borne materials removed by the various regions of the human nasal passages. These calculations are presented and discussed in the light of available data and lead to the conclusion that impaction due to inertia is the principle factor in the removal of the air-borne particles of diameters greater than one micron.
Species differences in cholesterol biosynthesis by arterial tissue.

SummaryCoronary arteries and aortas of humans and aortas of dogs, cats, and rats cannot incorporate C14-labeled acetate into cholesterol in vitro. Aortas of guinea pigs, rabbits, and chickens can accomplish this conversion.
Regulation of fibronectin-EDA through CTGF domain-specific interactions with TGFβ2 and its receptor TGFβRII.

PURPOSE. To investigate the role of fibronectin containing extra domain A (FN-EDA) in the pathogenesis of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and the regulation of FN-EDA by transforming growth factor (TGF)- and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. METHODS. Expression of FN-EDA in normal human retinas and PVR membranes was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The effects of TGF and CTGF on FN-EDA mRNA and protein expression in primary cultures of human RPE cells were analyzed at different time points by real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. The interaction of CTGF with TGF2 or with its type II receptor TGFRII was examined by ELISA, immunoprecipitation, and solid-phase binding assays. RESULTS. FN-EDA was abundantly expressed in PVR membranes but absent from the RPE monolayer in normal human retinas. Treatment of RPE cells with TGF2 induced FN-EDA expression in a time- and dose-dependent manner, but CTGF alone had no effect. However, CTGF, through its N-terminal half fragment, augmented TGF2-induced expression of FN-EDA at the protein level. This effect was blocked by antibodies against TGF 2o r TGFRII. Interaction of TGF 2o r TGFRII with CTGF was dose dependent and specific. CTGF directly bound TGF2 and TGFRII at its N- and C-terminal domains, respectively. CONCLUSIONS. These findings suggest that CTGF promotes the profibrotic activities of TGF acting as a cofactor through direct protein interactions and complex regulatory mechanisms. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52:5068‐5078) DOI:10.1167/iovs.117191
Power-saving color transformation of mobile graphical user interfaces on OLED-based displays

Emerging organic light-emitting diode (OLED)-based displays have drastically different power consumption when displaying different colors, due to their emissive nature. They bring a new opportunity for power saving by transforming GUI colors. In this work, we study this opportunity using a commercial-off-the-shelf QVGA OLED module and user studies. We present techniques that adapt GUIs based on existing mechanisms as well as arbitrarily under usability constraints. Our measurement and user studies show that more than 75% display power reduction can be achieved with user acceptance.
Wittgenstein's Indeterminism

Does it follow from Wittgenstein's views about indeterminism that irregularities of nature could take place? Did he believe that chairs could simply disappear and reappear, that water could behave differently than it has, and that a man throwing a fair die might throw ones for a week? Or are these things only imaginable? Is his view simply that if we adopted an indeterministic point of view (and language) we would no longer look for causes, or would not always look for causes, because we would no longer assume that there must be a cause of each event?
Multi-rate video coding using pruned tree-structured vector quantization

A low-rate video coding scheme which uses pruned tree-structured vector quantization (PTSVQ) is introduced. Designed by optimally growing the tree to a large rate and then pruning back to lower rates, PTSVQ is both a multirate and a variable rate coding technique. Since it has more flexibility than full-search VQ and fixed-rate tree-structured VQ, it is able to perform better. Furthermore, the tree structure reduces the computational complexity. Incorporated with the motion compensation and the quadtree decomposition techniques, the system achieves very good performance by exploiting the spatial and the temporal correlations of the images, as well as the regional statistics characteristic of the motion-compensated frame difference signal. >
Superblock formation using static program analysis

Compile-time code transformations which expose instruction-level parallelism (ILP) typically take into account the constraints imposed by all execution scenarios in the program. However, there are additional opportunities to increase ILP along some execution sequences if the constraints from alternative execution sequences can be ignored. Traditionally, profile information has been used to identify important execution sequences for aggressive compiler optimization and scheduling. The paper presents a set of static program analysis heuristics used in the IMPACT compiler to identify execution sequences for aggressive optimization. The authors show that the static program analysis heuristics identify execution sequences without hazardous conditions that tend to prohibit compiler optimizations. As a result, the static program analysis approach often achieves optimization results comparable to profile information in spite of its inferior branch prediction accuracies. This observation makes a strong case for using static program analysis with or without profile information to facilitate aggressive compiler optimization and scheduling. >
Clock buffer and wire sizing using sequential programming

This paper investigates methods for clock skew minimization using buffer and wire sizing. First, a technique that significantly improves solution quality and stability of sequential programming-based buffer/wire sizing is used. Then, a new formulation of clock skew minimization that uses quadratic programming and considers sub-critical skews in addition to the most critical skews is presented. The quality of results are verified to be more robust using Monte Carlo simulations to account for process sensitivity. For the same power budget, the sequential quadratic programming (SQP) method has better expected skew, standard deviation, and overall CPU time on average.
Controllable Growth of Perovskite Films by Room‐Temperature Air Exposure for Efficient Planar Heterojunction Photovoltaic Cells

A two-step solution processing approach has been established to grow void-free perovskite films for low-cost high-performance planar heterojunction photovoltaic devices. A high-temperature thermal annealing treatment was applied to drive the diffusion of CH3NH3I precursor molecules into a compact PbI2 layer to form perovskite films. However, thermal annealing for extended periods led to degraded device performance owing to the defects generated by decomposition of perovskite into PbI2. A controllable layer-by-layer spin-coating method was used to grow "bilayer" CH3NH3I/PbI2 films, and then drive the interdiffusion between PbI2 and CH3NH3I layers by a simple air exposure at room temperature for making well-oriented, highly crystalline perovskite films without thermal annealing. This high degree of crystallinity resulted in a carrier diffusion length of ca. 800 nm and a high device efficiency of 15.6%, which is comparable to values reported for thermally annealed perovskite films.
Antibiotic prophylaxis in orthognathic surgery: A 1 -day versus 5-day regimen

16. Fridrich KL, Partnoy BE, Zeitler DL: Prospective analysis of antibiotic prophylaxis for orthognathic surgery. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg 9:129,1994 17. Heit JM, Farwood VM, Edwards RC: Survey of antibiotic prophylaxis for intraoral orthognathic surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 49:340, 1991 18. Martis C, Karabouta I: Infection after orthognathic surgery with and without preventive antibiotics. lnt J Oral Surg 13:490,1984 19. Garner JS, Jarvis WR, Emori TG, et al: CDC definitions for nosocomial infections 1988. Am J Infect Control 16:128, 1988 20. Greenberg RN, James RN, Marier RL, et al: Microbiolagic and antibiotic aspects of infections in the ora and maxillofacial region. J Oral Surg 37:873, 1979 21. Bartlett JG, O’Keefe P: The bacteriology of perimandibular space infection. J Oral Surg 37:407, 1979 22. Chow A, Rosen SM, Brady FA: Orofacial odontogenic infections. Ann Intern Med 88:392, 1978 23. Kannangara DW, Thadepalli H, McQuirter JL: Bacteriology and treatment of dental infections. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 50:103, 1980 24. Burns SJ, Dippe SE: Postoperative wound infections detected during hospital stay and after discharge in a community hospital. Am J Infect Control l&60, 1982 25. Rosendorf LL, Octavia J, Estes JP: Effect of methods of postdischarge wound infection surveillance on reported infection rates. Am J Infect Control 11:226, 1983 26. Anonymous: Controversy surrounds reportings of surgeonspecific SW%. Hosp Infect Control 18:13, 1991 27. Taylor G, McKenzie M, Kirklqnd T, et al: Effect of surgeon’s diagnosis on surgical wound infection rates. Am J Infect Control 18:295, 1990 28. Watts JM, McDonald PJ, Woods PJ: Clinical trials of antimicrobials in surgery. World J Surg 6:321,1982 29. Olson M, O’Conor M, Schwartz ML: Surgical wound infection: A 5 year prospective study of 20,193 wounds at the Minneapolis VA Medical Center. Ann Surg 199:253, 1984 30. Peterson LJ: Antibiotic prophylaxis against wound infections in oral and maxillofacial surgery. J Oral Maxlllofac Surg 48:617, 1990 3 1. Miles AA, Miles MM, Burke J: The value and duration of defense reactions of the skin to the primary lodgement of bacteria. Br J Exp Path01 38:79,1957 32. Kooke R, Egyedi P: Postoperative contamination of mandibular osteotomy sites with saliva. IntJ Oral Maxillafacial Surg 16:554, 1987