cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The solidification of aluminum-manganese powders

The solidification behavior of Al–Mn alloy powders was studied as a function of cooling rate and manganese content. The phases present in the powders differed from those expecied at equilibrium due to competetive nucleation and growth kinetics. The equilibrium Al6Mn phase was absent due to its relatively sluggish nucleation kinetics, and in the more concentrated and rapidly cooled alloy powders, the metastable quasicrystalline phases were present. Nucleation temperatures measured in alloys cooled at 25°C/s are interpreted to represent formation of the icosahedral phase, which subsequently transforms to the decagonal phase and provides a lower bound estimate of 870°C for the melting point of the icosahedral phase in an Al-30 wt. % Mn alloy.
Supporting Ally Development with Families of Trans and Gender Nonconforming (TGNC) Youth

This article is a call to the field of counseling to bridge the research on trans and gender nonconforming (TGNC) youth identity development, family acceptance, and ally development to promote TGNC-affirming family, school, and community environments for TGNC youth. Opportunities and challenges counselors face in supporting ally development of families of TGNC youth are described. Interventions and strategies are described and recommendations for counselors working with the family members of TGNC youth are provided.
The good, the bad, and the ugly: Characteristics used by young, middle-aged, and older men and women, dieters and non-dieters to judge healthfulness of foods

The purpose of the present study was to explore to what extent gender, age, and dieting status predict the most important food characteristic that people use when judging the healthfulness of foods. Pilot study data indicated that both gender and dieting status were predictive of the food characteristics chosen as most important for health in college-aged men and women. In the present study, community-residing young, middle-aged, and older adults ranked food characteristics and indicated dieting status. Results indicated that "freshness" and "fat content" were by far the characteristics most frequently nominated as most important for food health regardless of age, gender, or dieting status. Further, dieting status was the most important factor that predicted participants' rankings of food characteristics important for health. The fact that differences in dieting status (a transitory state) predicted the rankings of the food characteristics suggests that concepts concerning the health value of foods may frequently change. There is evidence that college-aged women generally rank food characteristics differently compared to college-aged men and older participants. Possibly, gender differences in judgements of food healthiness may become less apparent as we grow older; if so, college-aged women (more than men) likely make the greatest adjustment, in terms of judging foods, as they age most likely because of changes in the frequency or intensity of weight concern and dieting.
Visualization in Scientific Computing: Achievements and Prospects

Scientific visualization requires not only computer graphics, but more fundamentally, a total modeling environment. Graphical representation of data derived from inadequate mathematical models is meaningless. Future graphics environments with specialized modeling engines will be needed to infer behavior about the world around us.
Translation level control in normal and leukemic cells.

A useful model for consideration of the biochemical aspects of cancer holds the primary lesion to be a block in the normal processes of differentiation. Erythroleukemia induced in susceptible mice by Friend leukemia virus appears to fit this model which is illustrated in Figure 1. This virus blocks the differentiation of erythroid cells at the proerythroblast stage (1, 2) before any appreciable synthesis of hemoglobin takes place (3). Friend virus transformed proerythroblasts from leukemic mice can be carried as permanent lines and are easily propagated in suspension culture. Differentiation as reflected by hemoglobin synthesis may be induced in vitro by the simple expedient of adding certain aprotonic solvents, such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), to the tissue culture nutrient in which the Friend leukemia cells (FLC) are grown (3–5). Thus, these cell lines provide an excellent system for the study of both transcriptional and translational control mechanisms involved in differentiation leading to the synthesis of hemoglobin. A better understanding of these controls eventually could lead to the manipulation of the regulatory elements involved in leukemia.
“Authentic Selfhood”: Wang Yang-Ming and Heidegger

This was what Heidegger said to his Japanese enquirer in "A Dialogue on Language," which, however, concluded on a note bespeaking much more of convergence than of divergence. Yet the difficulties which lie in any com parative study of two thinkers belonging to such distinct and independent traditions as Heidegger and Wang Yang-ming remain great and many. First of all, as Heidegger himself pointed out, we have the language hurdle. Chinese as well as Japanese lacks a clear verb to be; the Chinese language in particular organizes its uninflected words solely according to word order and the placing of particles. Such a language seems to defy logical analysis and forbids an exact translation of the term, "Being." How is common ground to be found in such a case? And yet, for anyone who reads more than superficially "into" the philosophical writings of the two thinkers, separated as they are by time and distance as well as an apparently insurmountable cultural gap, the sense of basic compatibility is definitely present. Heidegger's increasing use of metaphorical and paradoxical statements in later life, including his ex ploratory discussion on the ground of identity between Being and non-being (Being crossed out), tends to confirm this sense. In "A Dialogue on Language," the Japanese enquirer made reference to this point also. And cer tainly, Heideggerian philosophy has received ready welcome in those parts of East Asia which are not dominated by Marxist governments. It is in yielding to this tantalizing sense of basic compatibility, and for the sake of testing it systematically, that I am writing this paper. I am en titling this study, "Authentic Selfhood," in order to focus attention on a cer tain conception of the self which I consider to be shared by our two philosophers. But I shall proceed from the general to the specific, moving from a more global, structural comparison to the selected focus of considera tion.
The Effects of Study Time and Presentation Modality on Learning

The modality principle suggests that presenting words via audio-narration rather than visual-text can improve learning (Mayer, 2001). However, the use of narrations when verbal materials are lengthy can have cognitive costs, and learning from text can be improved when materials are self-paced or provide ample study time. Therefore, there might be circumstances under which using text would actually be better than using narration. In this experiment we compare learning from diagrams that accompany text or narration; we manipulated available study time while also providing learners control over the pace of presentation. The results show that under these conditions, using narration instead of text does not improve learning. Some additional study time improves learning from both narration and text. However, even greater amounts of study time improve learning from narrations but not text. Implications about when to apply the modality principle to multimedia instructional design are discussed.
The engineering approach to selection and application of insulating materials

Twenty years ago a paper entitled “Functional Evaluation of Insulating Materials”1 proposed a philosophy that only evaluation techniques based upon functional needs are truly significant in the selection and application of insulating materials. Since that time, the idea has gained momentum with many contributions from many individuals. Last year at the ei∗ conference in Chicago, the complexity of the evaluation problem was emphasized by a paper2 which described how service variables so greatly affect just three dielectric properties — voltage breakdown, restivity and dielectric loss.
Run-Time Affect Modeling in a Serious Game with the Generalized Intelligent Framework for Tutoring.

Affective computing holds significant promise for fostering engaging educational interactions that produce significant learning gains. Serious games are particularly well suited to promoting engagement and creating authentic contexts for learning scenarios. This paper describes an ongoing collaborative project between the Army Research Lab (ARL), Teachers College Columbia University, and North Carolina State University to investigate generalized run-time affect detection models in a serious game for tactical combat casualty care, vMedic. These models are being developed and integrated with ARL’s Generalized Intelligent Framework for Tutoring (GIFT). Drawing upon our experience with GIFT, we outline opportunities for enhancing GIFT’s support for developing and studying run-time affect modeling, including extensions that enhance affective survey administration, leverage mathematical models for formative assessment, and streamline affect data processing and analysis.
Bioabsorbable zinc ion induced biphasic cellular responses in vascular smooth muscle cells.

Bioabsorbable metal zinc (Zn) is a promising new generation of implantable scaffold for cardiovascular and orthopedic applications. In cardiovascular stent applications, zinc ion (Zn2+) will be gradually released into the surrounding vascular tissues from such Zn-containing scaffolds after implantation. However, the interactions between vascular cells and Zn2+ are still largely unknown. We explored the short-term effects of extracellular Zn2+ on human smooth muscle cells (SMCs) up to 24 h and an interesting biphasic effect of Zn2+ was observed. Lower concentrations (<80 μM) of Zn2+ had no adverse effects on cell viability but promoted cell adhesion, cell spreading, cell proliferation, cell migration and enhanced the expression of F-actin and vinculin. Cells treated with such lower concentrations of Zn2+ displayed an elongated shape compared to controls without any treatment. In contrast, cells treated with higher Zn2+ concentrations (80–120 μM) had opposite cellular responses and behaviors. Gene expression profiles revealed that the most affected functional genes were related to angiogenesis, inflammation, cell adhesion, vessel tone and platelet aggregation. Results indicated that Zn has interesting concentration-dependent biphasic effects on SMCs with low concentrations being beneficial to cellular functions.
Identification of chemical-adducted proteins in urine by multi-dimensional protein identification technology (LC/LC-MS/MS).

Recent technological advancements in mass spectrometry facilitate the detection of chemical-induced posttranslational modifications (PTMs) that may alter cell signaling pathways or alter the structure and function of the modified proteins. To identify such protein adducts (Kleiner et al., Chem Res Toxicol 11:1283–1290, 1998), multi-dimensional protein identification technology (MuDPIT) has been utilized. MuDPIT was first described by Link et al. as a new technique useful for protein identification from a complex mixture of proteins (Link et al., Nat Biotechnol 17:676–682, 1999). MuDPIT utilizes two different HPLC columns to further enhance peptide separation, increasing the number of peptide hits and protein coverage. The technology is extremely useful for proteomes, such as the urine proteome, samples from immunoprecipitations, and 1D gel bands resolved from a tissue homogenate or lysate. In particular, MuDPIT has enhanced the field of adduct hunting for adducted peptides, since it is more capable of identifying lesser abundant peptides, such as those that are adducted, than the more standard LC–MS/MS. The site-specific identification of covalently adducted proteins is a prerequisite for understanding the biological significance of chemical-induced PTMs and the subsequent toxicological response they elicit.
EXPLOITATION OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF IN DISPUTED AREAS AN EXAMPLE OF THE ARCTIC OCEAN

This paper aims to examine the legal regime related to define the outer limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 NM. Firstly, special focus will be on the development of the legal concept of the continental shelf. Relevant provisions of the LOS Convention and Article76 inparticular will be scrutinized. Subsequently there is an assumption on which the principles of the Arctic outer continental margin delimitation will be conducted in relation of hypothetic application during the practice of an international adjudicative body. The delimitation within 200 NM and beyond200 NM will be compared. The fourth chapter will be concentrated on the role of the Commission as an important participant of delimitation process. Also there will be a general overview of the state practice concerning the establishment of the outer continental margin in theArctic, the reaction of other Arctic States and recommendations of the Commission. It will be concluded that 'there are some difficulties in implementing the Article 76 (locating the foot of the slope and dealing with ridge issues), however it is possible to delimit the continental margin of the world based on the Article 76.' Difficulties in implementing and some discrepancies in provisions of the Article 76 do not constitute grounds for considering of a new legal approach. Discrepancies are mainly con tained in the Rules of Procedure and in the Scientific and Technical Guidelines of the Commission. They can be disposed practically without considering the legal concept. In case of unresolved land or maritime dispute the cooperation among coastal states is the best way to avoid conflicts while delimiting the outer continental margin.
The “Washingtonian revival”: Narrative and the moral transformation of temperance reform in Antebellum America

This essay examines the role of movement narratives during a brief but decisive phase in the nineteenth‐century temperance movement known as the “Washingtonian Revival.” It argues that efforts to combat intemperance in the Early Republic were hampered initially by the failure of temperance activists to articulate a moral rationale that could inspire reformers, win converts to their cause, and capture the sympathies of a public swept up in the democratic and humanitarian optimism of the age. However, in the spring of 1840, a small group of reformed drunkards, calling themselves the “Washington Temperance Society,” offered to share their personal stories of redemption from drink, and so introduced into the movement a narrative that contained a compelling moral rationale for temperance reform. A burgeoning class of Washingtonian orators soon generated a “moving tide of discourse” that helped to transform the fortunes and legacy of the temperance movement. This study of the Washingtonian Revival illumines the...
Sociopolitical Practice and Language

Sociopolitical practice refers to the understanding and conduct of government. In the discourse on ming-shi, the Confucians, Moists, Daoists, and Legalists reviewed the connection of sociopolitical practice to the ming-shi issue by analyzing the concepts of zheng 政 (government), li 利 (benefit ), and fa 灋 (law). Although the three concepts cannot include all areas of Chinese sociopolitical practice, they do represent the main ideas and execution of government in ancient China.
Which Dengue Vaccine Approach Is the Most Promising, and Should We Be Concerned about Enhanced Disease after Vaccination? There Is Only One True Winner

The scientific community now possesses information obtained directly from human beings that makes it possible to understand why breakthrough-enhanced dengue virus (DENV) infections occurred in children receiving Sanofi Pasteur's Dengvaxia tetravalent live attenuated vaccine and to predict the possibility of breakthrough-enhanced DENV infections following immunization with two other tetravalent live attenuated vaccines now in phase III testing. Based upon recent research, Dengvaxia, lacking DENV nonstructural protein antigens, did not protect seronegatives because it failed to raise a competent T-cell response and/or antibodies to NS1. It is also possible that chimeric structure does not present the correct virion conformation permitting the development of protective neutralizing antibodies. A premonitory signal shared by the Sanofi Pasteur and the Takeda vaccines was the failure of fully immunized subhuman primates to prevent low-level viremia and/or anamnestic antibody responses to live DENV challenge. The vaccine developed by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (National Institutes of Health [NIH]) has met virtually all of the goals needed to demonstrate preclinical efficacy and safety for humans. Each monovalent vaccine was comprehensively studied for reactogenicity and immunogenicity in human volunteers. Protective immunity in subjects receiving tetravalent candidate vaccines was evidenced by the fact that when vaccinated subjects were given further doses of vaccine or different strains of DENV the result was "solid immunity," a nonviremic and nonanamnestic immune response.
Radiofrequency Tumor Ablation in Children

Percutaneous image-guided radiofrequency (RF) tumor ablation continues to gain momentum in adult patients as a viable and effective therapeutic option in the treatment of solid tumors in a variety of locations including the skeleton, liver, spleen, kidney, adrenal gland, and lung (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). In all these areas, the basic concept of RF tumor ablation is similar: localized and contained heat generation systematically induces focal coagulative necrosis and cell death. Cytotoxicity is best induced when regional temperatures reach and maintain 50° to 100°C. In children, RF tumor ablation has been used most widely in the treatment of osteoid osteoma. Percutaneous RF ablation (RFA) has fewer indications in the pediatric population, and hence, has been slower to evolve in the treatment of diseases of the liver, kidney, lung, and soft tissues.
Controlled self-sorting in self-assembled cage complexes

In this frontier article we highlight recent advances in subcomponent self-sorting in self-assembled metal–ligand cage complexes, with a focus on selective discrimination between ligands that contain highly similar metal-coordinating groups. Effects such as varying ligand length, coordination angle and backbone flexibility, as well as the introduction of secondary weak forces such as hydrogen bonds can be exploited to favor either narcissistic or social self-sorting. We highlight these creative solutions, and emphasize the challenges that remain in the development of functional self-assembled heterocomplexes.
The Clinical Utility of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Nasal Screening to Rule Out MRSA Pneumonia: A Diagnostic Meta-analysis With Antimicrobial Stewardship Implications

Background Recent literature has highlighted methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasal screening as a possible antimicrobial stewardship program tool for avoiding unnecessary empiric MRSA therapy for pneumonia, yet current guidelines recommend MRSA therapy based on risk factors. The objective of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the diagnostic value of MRSA nasal screening in MRSA pneumonia. Methods PubMed and EMBASE were searched from inception to November 2016 for English studies evaluating MRSA nasal screening and development of MRSA pneumonia. Data analysis was performed using a bivariate random-effects model to estimate pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV). Results Twenty-two studies, comprising 5163 patients, met our inclusion criteria. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of MRSA nares screen for all MRSA pneumonia types were 70.9% and 90.3%, respectively. With a 10% prevalence of potential MRSA pneumonia, the calculated PPV was 44.8%, and the NPV was 96.5%. The pooled sensitivity and specificity for MRSA community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP) were 85% and 92.1%, respectively. For CAP and HCAP both the PPV and NPV increased, to 56.8% and 98.1%, respectively. In comparison, for MRSA ventilated-associated pneumonia, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 40.3%, 93.7%, 35.7%, and 94.8%, respectively. Conclusion Nares screening for MRSA had a high specificity and NPV for ruling out MRSA pneumonia, particularly in cases of CAP/HCAP. Based on the NPV, MRSA nares screening is a valuable tool for AMS to streamline empiric antibiotic therapy, especially among patients with pneumonia who are not colonized with MRSA.
Serum folate levels and urinary arsenic methylation profiles in the US population: NHANES, 2003-2012.

Arsenic is a prevalent environmental contaminant, and its folate-dependent methylation is important for detoxification in the body. In this study, we investigated the association between serum folate levels and methylation using data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2003–2012) (N = 11,016). Multivariate linear regression and penalized spline regression models were used to examine the association and possible upper limit of folate level regarding its impact on methylation in children (≤18 years) and adults (>18 years), respectively. Serum folate levels, methylation metabolites including urinary monomethylarsonic acid (MMA(V)) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)), and demographic variables were extracted from NHANES. Results showed that urinary percentage of DMA(V) (%DMA(V)) was positively associated with log(serum folate levels) after adjustment in children (β = 1.93, p < 0.01); urinary percentage of MMA(V) (%MMA(V)) was positively associated with log (serum folate levels) after adjustment in adults (β = 0.40, p < 0.01). No upper limit of folate level regarding its impact on arsenic methylation was identified. More than 50% of Non-Hispanic black and smokers with high total urinary arsenic levels had low serum folate levels. Our results indicate that folate promotes arsenic methylation, but the patterns are different in children versus in adults. Future interventions may be needed for the population exposed to high level of arsenic but with low serum folate to protect against the potential adverse health effects of arsenic.
The Impact of School Nurses in Kentucky Public High Schools

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between school nurse presence and graduation rates, absenteeism, and American College Test (ACT) scores. A state-wide survey of all public high schools was undertaken (participation rate of 99.1%). Survey data obtained from individual high schools provided information on the employment status of school nurses. In addition to nurse presence determined by the survey, open-access electronic databases were used to determine graduation rates, absenteeism, ACT scores, money spent per pupil, gender, race-ethnicity proportion, and incarceration data. Study findings showed a possible relationship between students attending schools with a full-time nurse and significantly higher graduation rates, lower absenteeism, and higher ACT scores. The study results suggest that school nurses may contribute not just to health outcomes but to improved academic and economic outcomes as well. Of course, future work is needed to confirm these assertions.
Thrombocytopenia in intensive care patients: a comprehensive analysis of risk factors in 314 patients.

Objective:To define the incidence and severity of thrombocytopenia in a mixed medical-surgical population of critically ill patients and to examine factors that may be related to the development of thrombocytopenia.Design:Retrospective chart review of 314 critically ill patients requiring at least 3 days of critical care.Setting:A 17-bed combined medical-surgical intensive care unit (ICU) in a 560-bed tertiary care community hospital.Patients:Medical and surgical patients admitted to the ICU.Interventions:All medical records over the duration of the ICU stay were reviewed. All scheduled medications, including dosage and start/stop dates, were recorded. All platelet counts, placement of pulmonary artery catheters, liver function test results, and admission serum creatinine concentrations were collected.Measurement and Main Results:Thrombocytopenia (platelet count less than 200 × 109L) was observed frequently, but rarely reached a severe stage (7 patients). No single diagnostic category was significantly as...
Der Aufbau des Atoms

In den bisherigen Abhandlungen haben wir gesehen, wie im Zeitraum von etwa 20 Jahren neben der Welt der Molekule und Atome , welche schon dem 19. Jahrhundert bekannt war , noch eine ganz neue Welt entdeckt wurde , die der Elektronen. Das es eine solche Welt gibt, hatte sich vor 20 Jahren noch niemand traumen lassen. Die bisherigen Erfahrungen haben uns gelehrt, das aus jeder Art von neutralen Atomen diese Elektronen mit Hilfe von Rontgenstrahlen losgelost werden konnen. Daraus mussen wir schliesen, das diese Elektronen Bestandteile von allen Atomen sind. Freilich haben wir bis jetzt noch keinen Versuch gemacht, zu entscheiden, ob es die einzigen Bestandteile sind.
The Grand Spas of Central Europe. By David Clay Large. (New York, NY: Rowman and Littlefield, 2015. Pp. x, 465. $35.00.)

With a focus on the grand spas of Germany and Habsburg Austria, the author of this book provides an engrossing and entertaining history of their development as centers of healing and as hubs of soc...
Saddle in linear curl forces, cofactor systems and holomorphic structure

We show the connection between the theory of Hamiltonian curl forces introduced by Berry and Shukla and the cofactor systems introduced by the Linkoping school. The linear curl forces studied by Berry and Shukla are the dynamics related to saddle potentials. We also discuss the rotating saddle potential and its connection to the Bateman-like Lagrangian for a pair of damped and anti-damped oscillators. Here the pair of frictional terms can be mapped to the Coriolis-like force caused by the rotation of the potential as shown by Kirillov and Levi. We study the geometrical structure of the linear curl force. A hidden holomorphic structure is uncovered in this paper.
Recording and Decoding of Vagal Neural Signals Related to Changes in Physiological Parameters and Biomarkers of Disease

Our bodies have built-in neural reflexes that continuously monitor organ function and maintain physiological homeostasis. Whereas the field of bioelectronic medicine has mainly focused on the stimulation of neural circuits to treat various conditions, recent studies have started to investigate the possibility of leveraging the sensory arm of these reflexes to diagnose disease states. To accomplish this, neural signals emanating from the body's built-in biosensors and propagating through peripheral nerves must be recorded and decoded to identify the presence or levels of relevant biomarkers of disease. The process of acquiring these signals poses several technical challenges related to the neural interfaces, surgical techniques, and data-processing framework needed to record and analyze them. However, these challenges can be addressed with a rigorous experimental approach and new advances in implantable electrodes, signal processing, and machine learning methods. Outlined in this review are studies decoding vagus nerve activity as it related to inflammatory, metabolic, and cardiopulmonary biomarkers. Successfully decoding peripheral nerve activity related to disease states will not only enable the development of real-time diagnostic devices, but also help advancing truly closed-loop neuromodulation technologies.
Affine Grassmannians in $$\mathbb A^1$$ A 1 -homotopy theory

Let k be a field. Denote by $$\mathcal {S}\mathrm {pc}{}(k)_*$$ the unstable, pointed motivic homotopy category and by $$R^{\mathbb A^1} \Omega _{\mathbb {G}_m}: \mathcal {S}\mathrm {pc}{}(k)_*\rightarrow \mathcal {S}\mathrm {pc}{}(k)_*$$ the ( $$\mathbb A^1$$ -derived) $${\mathbb {G}_m}$$ -loops functor. For a k-group G, denote by $$\mathrm {Gr}_{G}$$ the affine Grassmannian of G. If G is isotropic reductive, we provide a canonical motivic equivalence $$R^{\mathbb A^1} \Omega _{\mathbb {G}_m}G \simeq \mathrm {Gr}_{G}$$ . We use this to compute the motive $$M(R^{\mathbb A^1} \Omega _{\mathbb {G}_m}G) \in \mathcal {DM}(k, \mathbb {Z}[1/e])$$ .
Prenatal and postnatal inflammation-related risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity.

To evaluate the relationship between prenatal and postnatal inflammation-related risk factors and severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). The study included infants born <30 weeks in California from 2007 to 2011. Multivariable log-binomial regression was used to assess the association between prenatal and postnatal inflammation-related exposures and severe ROP, defined as stage 3–5 or surgery for ROP. Of 14,816 infants, 10.8% developed severe ROP. Though prenatal inflammation-related risk factors were initially associated with severe ROP, after accounting for the effect of these risk factors on gestational age at birth through mediation analysis, the association was non-significant (P = 0.6). Postnatal factors associated with severe ROP included prolonged oxygen exposure, sepsis, intraventricular hemorrhage, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Postnatal inflammation-related factors were associated with severe ROP more strongly than prenatal factors. The association between prenatal inflammation-related factors and ROP was explained by earlier gestational age in infants exposed to prenatal inflammation.
Factors associated with minimal changes in countermovement jump performance throughout a competitive division I collegiate basketball season

The purpose of the study was to assess factors that contribute to countermovement jump (CMJ) performance in women’s basketball athletes. Thirteen female athletes participated and were tested for ma...
Structuralists, Structures, and Economic Development

The chapter provides an overview of the structuralist approaches to economic development. It starts with a review of the contributions of the early structuralists, distinguishing between the European-US strand and the Latin American strand. Next, it describes newer structuralist approaches, that is, formal structuralist macroeconomics, CEPAL neo-structuralism, new structuralism based on technology studies, new developmentalism, and new structural economics, and the closely related approaches of development traps. Following that, it examines the main theoretical ideas of the structuralists, distinguishing between three elements. First, it explains their organizing principles of analysis, which starts with structures of systems rather than with individual units. Second, it discusses how they view the world in terms of the structure of the global economy, structural differences between development and developing countries, and different structures of different developing economies. Third, it discusses the meanings they attach to economic development, emphasizing both growth and distribution. This is followed by a discussion of policies advocated by the structuralists who, in general, take into account the specific structuralist characteristics of particular countries rather than following a one-size-fits-all approach, recommend active state intervention in a flexible manner that promotes the synergy between the state, markets, and society, and address macroeconomic and sectoral issues in addition to microeconomic ones. In terms of specific policies for the contemporary world, it discusses: trade and industrial policies, especially those that seek to develop technological capability and technological upgrading by moving into new sectors; monetary, fiscal, financial and exchange rate policies that promote economic growth and external competitiveness, dampen cycles, and avoid instability; and policies specially aimed at reducing poverty and inequality. It concludes with brief comments on the strengths and possible problems of the approaches and how the latter can be overcome.
Genomes, expression profiles, and diversity of mitochondria of the White-footed Deermouse Peromyscus leucopus , reservoir of Lyme disease and other zoonoses

The cricetine rodents Peromyscus leucopus and P. maniculatus are key reservoirs for several zoonotic diseases in North America. We determined the complete circular mitochondrial genome sequences of representatives of 3 different stock colonies of P. leucopus, one stock colony of P. maniculatus and two wild populations of P. leucopus. The genomes were syntenic with that of the murids Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that these two Peromyscus species are sister taxa in a clade with P. polionotus and also uncovered a distinction between P. leucopus populations in the eastern and the central United States. In one P. leucopus lineage four extended regions of mitochondrial pseudogenes were identified in the nuclear genome. RNA-seq analysis revealed transcription of the entire genome and differences from controls in the expression profiles of mitochondrial genes in the blood, but not in liver or brain, of animals infected with the zoonotic pathogen Borrelia hermsii. PCR and sequencing of the D-loop of the mitochondrion identified 32 different haplotypes among 118 wild P. leucopus at a Connecticut field site. These findings help to further establish P. leucopus as a model organism for studies of emerging infectious diseases, ecology, and in other disciplines.
A typology of community and stakeholder engagement based on documented examples in the field of novel vector control.

Author(s): Schairer, Cynthia E; Taitingfong, Riley; Akbari, Omar S; Bloss, Cinnamon S | Abstract: BackgroundDespite broad consensus on the importance of community and stakeholder engagement (CSE) for guiding the development, regulation, field testing, and deployment of emerging vector control technologies (such as genetically engineered insects), the types of activities pursued have varied widely, as have the outcomes. We looked to previous CSE efforts for clarity about appropriate methods and goals. Our analysis yielded a typology of CSE, and related vocabulary, that describes distinctions that funders, organizers, and scholars should make when proposing or evaluating CSE.MethodsWe compiled available formal documentation of CSE projects, starting with projects mentioned in interviews with 17 key informants. Major features of these examples, including the initiators, target groups, timing, goals, and methods were identified using qualitative coding. Based on these examples, subcategories were developed for a subset of features and applied to the identified cases of CSE in the documents. Co-occurrence of subcategorized features was examined for patterns.ResultsWe identified 14 documented examples CSE projects, which were comprised of 28 distinct CSE activities. We found no clear patterns with respect to timing. However, we found that grouping examples according to whether initiators or targets could enact the immediate desired outcome could help to clarify relationships between goals, methods, and targets.ConclusionBased on this analysis, we propose a typology that distinguishes three categories of CSE: engagement to inquire -where initiators are empowered to act on information collected through engagement with target groups; engagement to influence -where initiators engage to affect the actions of already-empowered target groups; and engagement to involve -where initiators engage to delegate authority to target groups. The proposed typology can serve as a guide for establishing the goals, identifying appropriate methods, and evaluating and reporting CSE projects by directing attention to important questions to be asked well before determining who to engage and how.
Neyman-Pearson Criterion Based Optimal Hierarchical Caching over D2D Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks

Caching in mobile devices is a new paradigm to revolutionize the traditional data contents (i.e., files) sharing methods in wireless cellular networks. By caching the popular data contents in mobile devices and disseminating these data contents through device-to-device (D2D) communications, the wireless cellular network can improve its area spectral efficiency, save the base station bandwidth consumptions, and reduce the transmission delay of downloading. The caching scheme is closely related to the data popularity prediction, but how to accurately estimate the future popularity profile has not been well understood. Moreover, although the hierarchical caching architecture has been shown to yield more benefits than flat caching strategies, the challenge of designing an optimal hierarchical caching scheme has not been thoroughly addressed. In this paper, we use Neyman- Pearson hypothesis testing mechanism to predict the future data popularity, and also propose and optimal hierarchical caching schemes over D2D wireless ad-hoc networks. The key of Neyman- Pearson hypothesis testing in our proposed scheme is to derive the closed form of the decision threshold, which in a function of costs if choosing the incorrect hypotheses. We formulate these costs as the sum of time durations for content placement phase and content delivery phase. We derive the closed form expressions of these two phases respectively and obtain the closed form of optimal decision rule, which maximizes the cache hitting probability and upperbounds the prediction error probability. Finally, we evaluate and validate our proposed Neyman-Pearson hypothesis testing based hierarchical caching schemes through numerical analyses.
Reconciling Candidate Extremism and Spatial Voting

Author(s): Highton, B; Stone, WJ | Abstract: We propose a modified spatial-voting rule to explain why congressional candidates adopt more extreme ideological positions than their constituents' preferences. Our model accepts the standard spatial-voting model with one critical exception: voters in the same party as a candidate tolerate extremism without imposing an electoral penalty. This, in turn, creates “leeway” for candidates to adopt extreme positions as they increasingly depend on voters from their own party. Electoral simulations demonstrate that a key election-level implication of this model is that it explains candidate polarization without relying on institutional factors like primary elections. Finally, we show that asymmetry in perceptual bias is one possible mechanism and that real-world patterns of ideological representation are consistent with our simulation results.
E-082 Analysis of collaterals profile and successful first pass thrombectomy in the elderly population: a single-center experience

Introduction Patients over 80 years old account for one third ischemic strokes in the developed world, with an overall poor outcome. Although current guidelines do not recommend an upper age limit for endovascular approach, the benefit in the elderly population is still uncertain. In spite of efforts to identify criteria associated with good outcomes in this age range, literature has not found any yet. We aimed to use novel tools being reported in stroke literature, such as First Pass Effect (FPE) and Hypoperfusion Intensity Ratio (HIR), to optimize elderly patient selection for thrombectomy. Methods A single-center retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained large vessel occlusion database (2014–2019) was conducted. We included patients ≥80 years old with acute ischemic stroke that underwent endovascular thrombectomy. First pass thrombectomy was defined as single attempt obtaining TICI 2b or higher without distal embolization, as previously stated in literature. Collaterals were assessed based on HIR (good collaterals Results A total 146 patients were included in the study. Mean age was 87.8±4.12 (range 80–100) and 65.75% were female. Pre-stroke functional independence (baseline mRS 0–2) was seen in 64.1%. Median time of onset to groin puncture was 261.5 minutes and mean time from groin puncture to recanalization was 37.15 minutes. Good collaterals were seen in 50.9% of patients. Successful reperfusion (TICI 2b or higher) was achieved in 87.1%. The rates of good outcome (mRS 0–2), acceptable outcome (mRS 0–3) and poor outcome (mRS 4–6) at 90 days were 18.5%, 38.1% and 43.4%, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that pre-stroke functional independence (p=0.0008), good collaterals (p=0.0009), use of stent retriever (Solitaire, p=0.035; Trevo, p=0.032) and balloon guide catheter (p=0.028) were associated with good outcome. Conclusions In our retrospective cohort of elderly patients treated with thrombectomy, the baseline characteristics that appear to influence in the rate of good outcome were the pre-stroke functional independence and the presence of good collaterals. Although previous studies with younger populations showed promising use of First Pass Effect measure to predict good outcome in patients who underwent thrombectomy, we did not find any significant association in patients ≥80-year-old. Preference for the use of stent-retriever and balloon guide-catheter may shorten the time to reperfusion and therefore, provide better outcomes. We emphasize the need of further studies to improve selection criteria for endovascular thrombectomy in this population. Disclosures A. Monteiro: None. G. Cortez: None. Y. Murtaza: None. A. Aghaebrahim: None. E. Sauvageau: None. R. Hanel: 2; C; Microvention, Codman, Stryker, Medtronic.
An All-Optical Wavelength-Selective O-Band Chip-Scale Silicon Photonic Switch

The first chip-scale wavelength-selective silicon photonic switch in the O-band is demonstrated. We describe the design and report results from the crossbar switch, which utilizes three pairs of microring resonators per crossing for wavelength selectivity.
Effect of rapamycin on aging and age-related diseases—past and future

In 2009, rapamycin was reported to increase the lifespan of mice when implemented later in life. This observation resulted in a sea-change in how researchers viewed aging. This was the first evidence that a pharmacological agent could have an impact on aging when administered later in life, i.e., an intervention that did not have to be implemented early in life before the negative impact of aging. Over the past decade, there has been an explosion in the number of reports studying the effect of rapamycin on various diseases, physiological functions, and biochemical processes in mice. In this review, we focus on those areas in which there is strong evidence for rapamycin’s effect on aging and age-related diseases in mice, e.g., lifespan, cardiac disease/function, central nervous system, immune system, and cell senescence. We conclude that it is time that pre-clinical studies be focused on taking rapamycin to the clinic, e.g., as a potential treatment for Alzheimer’s disease.
Whither weathering? The variable significance of age in Black-White low birth weight disparities.

This paper uses birth certificate data to provide novel estimates of the age-specific risk of a low birth weight birth (LBW, an infant born weighting <2500 g) for U.S.-born non-Hispanic Black and White mothers, and finds that patterns vary markedly over space and time. Notably, risk of an LBW birth for Black mothers increased much more steeply with age in 1991-94 than in 2014-17. This decline in LBW risks among older Black mothers led to a decline in the Black-White LBW gap of more than half a percentage point. Both patterns and changes were regional; while age gradients on the Black-White LBW gap were lowest in the South in 1991-94, by 2014-17 they had increased in the South and declined in the rest of the country. These descriptive data allow a new examination of hypotheses regarding the causes of age-specific racial LBW gaps. Research has found that racial disparities in a number of health outcomes, including LBW, increase with age, leading some to speculate that this increase is due to the cumulative effects of exposure to disadvantage. The large degree of variability in Black-White LBW disparities suggests that age-specific causes may also play a role. A series of counterfactual trend analyses explore the roles of two specific mechanisms, smoking and hypertension, and compares these to a more fundamental indicator of socioeconomic status: education.
Are orthopaedic providers willing to work overtime to address COVID-19-related patient backlogs and financial deficits?

Aims COVID-19-related patient care delays have resulted in an unprecedented patient care backlog in the field of orthopaedics. The objective of this study is to examine orthopaedic provider prefere...
The MINT Sprint: Exploring a Fast Administration Procedure with an Expanded Multilingual Naming Test.

OBJECTIVES The present study examined if time-pressured administration of an expanded Multilingual Naming Test (MINT) would improve or compromise assessment of bilingual language proficiency and language dominance. METHODS Eighty Spanish-English bilinguals viewed a grid with 80 MINT-Sprint pictures and were asked to name as many pictures as possible in 3 min in each language in counterbalanced order. An Oral Proficiency Interview rated by four native Spanish-English bilinguals provided independent assessment of proficiency level. Bilinguals also self-rated their proficiency, completed two subtests of the Woodcock-Munoz, and a speeded translation recognition test. We compared scores after 2 min, a first-pass through all the pictures, and a second-pass in which bilinguals were prompted to try to name skipped items. RESULTS The MINT Sprint and a subset score including original MINT items were highly correlated with Oral Proficiency Interview scores for predicting the degree of language dominance - matching or outperforming all other measures. Self-ratings provided weaker measures (especially of degree of balance - i.e., bilingual index scores) and did not explain any unique variance in measuring the degree of language dominance when considered together with second-pass naming scores. The 2-min scoring procedure did not improve and appeared not to hamper assessment of absolute proficiency level but prompting to try to name skipped items improved assessment of language dominance and naming scores, especially in the nondominant language. CONCLUSIONS Time-pressured rapid naming saves time without significantly compromising assessment of proficiency level. However, breadth of vocabulary knowledge may be as important as retrieval speed for maximizing the accuracy in proficiency assessment.