cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bump and flux

An alternative method of board assembly for leadless components which offers improved yields, reduced network costs, and higher reliability has been developed. The board is initially pretinned by screen printing solder paste and subsequently reflowed. Visual examination of the board allows for solderability checks, including those areas which would be hidden at the time and assembly. Poor solderability problems, solder balls, and solder bridging can be addressed at this time, without as yet being committed to the additional costs associated with assembly. The additional solder volume associated with this process will also provide better long-term storage of the board, as related to solderability. Designs in which selectively more solder is required can now be easily handled by the selective addition of solder through a secondary bumping operation. Design-induced excess and insufficient solder conditions can be eliminated in this way. >
Higher-order unification with dependent function types

Roughly fifteen years ago, Huet developed a complete semidecision algorithm for unification in the simply typed λ-calculus (λ→). In spite of the undecidability of this problem, his algorithm is quite usable in practice. Since then, many important applications have come about in such areas as theorem proving, type inference, program transformation, and machine learning.
Effect of Linezolid on Clinical Severity and Pulmonary Cytokines in a Murine Model of Influenza A and Staphylococcus aureus Coinfection

Excessive inflammation contributes to the severity of post influenza pneumonia caused by methicillin resistant S.aureus (MRSA). Linezolid, vancomycin, and clindamycin are antibiotics used for MRSA infections. Linezolid has immunomodulatory properties. We report on the effects of the three antibiotics on microbial clearance, pulmonary cytokines and clinical course in a murine model of influenza and MRSA coinfection.
Association between mammographic density and basal-like and luminal A breast cancer subtypes

Introduction: Mammographic density is a strong risk factor for breast cancer overall, but few studies have examined the association between mammographic density and specific subtypes of breast cancer, especially aggressive basal-like breast cancers. Because basal-like breast cancers are less frequently screen-detected, it is important to understand how mammographic density relates to risk of basal-like breast cancer. Methods: We estimated associations between mammographic density and breast cancer risk according to breast cancer subtype. Cases and controls were participants in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study (CBCS) who also had mammograms recorded in the Carolina Mammography Registry (CMR). A total of 491 cases had mammograms within five years prior to and one year after diagnosis and 528 controls had screening or diagnostic mammograms close to the dates of selection into CBCS. Mammographic density was reported to the CMR using Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System categories. The expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 1 and 2 (HER1 and HER2), and cytokeratin 5/6 (CK5/6) were assessed by immunohistochemistry and dichotomized as positive or negative, with ER+ and/or PR+, and HER2- tumors classified as luminal A and ER-, PR-, HER2-, HER1+ and/or CK5/6+ tumors classified as basal-like breast cancer. Triple negative tumors were defined as negative for ER, PR and HER2. Of the 491 cases 175 were missing information on subtypes; the remaining cases included 181 luminal A, 17 luminal B, 48 basal-like, 29 ER-/PR-/HER2+, and 41 unclassified subtypes. Odds ratios comparing each subtype to all controls and case-case odds ratios comparing mammographic density distributions in basal-like to luminal A breast cancers were estimated using logistic regression. Results: Mammographic density was associated with increased risk of both luminal A and basal-like breast cancers, although estimates were imprecise. The magnitude of the odds ratio associated with mammographic density was not substantially different between basal-like and luminal A cancers in case–control analyses and case-case analyses (case-case OR = 1.08 (95% confidence interval: 0.30, 3.84)). Conclusions: These results suggest that risk estimates associated with mammographic density are not distinct for separate breast cancer subtypes (basal-like/triple negative vs. luminal A breast cancers). Studies with a larger number of basal-like breast cancers are needed to confirm our findings.
Rigorous QCD predictions for decays of P-wave quarkonia.

Rigorous QCD predictions for the decay rates of the $P$-wave states of heavy quarkonia are presented. They are based on a new factorization theorem which is valid to leading order in the heavy-quark velocity and to all orders in the running coupling constant of QCD. The decay rates for all four $P$ states into light-hadronic or electromagnetic final states are expressed in terms of two phenomenological parameters, whose coefficients are perturbatively calculable. Logarithms of the binding energy encountered in previous perturbative calculations of $P$-wave decays are factored into a phenomenological parameter that is related to the probability for the heavy-quark-antiquark pair to be in a color-octet $S$-wave state. Applying these predictions to charmonium, we use measured decay rates for the ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{c1}$ and ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{c2}$ to predict the decay rates of the ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{c0}$ and ${h}_{c}$.
Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma Arising in an Adenomyoma of the Broad Ligament

Extrauterine adenomyomas are extremely rare benign tumors of smooth muscles, endometrial glands, and endometrial stroma. Ectopic endometrial glands can undergo malignant change. The ovary is the most common site of malignant change in endometriosis. Cancer arising in extraovarian endometriosis is a rare event with limited cases in the literature. To the best of our knowledge, we present the first case of a clear cell adenocarcinoma arising from foci of ectopic endometrial tissue in an adenomyoma of the broad ligament. It supports the association between endometriomas and clear cell adenocarcinoma. Therefore, patients with a significant history of endometriosis may benefit from close follow-up or definitive surgery.
Radiology on the Africa Mercy, the largest private floating hospital ship in the world.

OBJECTIVE. The Africa Mercy, a rehabilitated Danish ferry, is the largest private hospital ship in the world, devoted to providing medical and surgical care to the residents of West Africa, one of the poorest regions on the globe. CONCLUSION. There is a small radiology department on board, along with six operating rooms and a small ICU and inpatient wards, and the former is described in this report, as well as opportunities for humanitarian work by volunteer radiologists.
Innervation of mammalian white adipose tissue: implications for the regulation of total body fat

We review the extensive physiological and neuroanatomical evidence for the innervation of white adipose tissue (WAT) by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) as well as what is known about the sensory innervation of this tissue. The SNS innervation of WAT appears to be a part of the general SNS outflow from the central nervous system, consisting of structures and connections throughout the neural axis. The innervation of WAT by the SNS could play a role in the regulation of total body fat in general, most likely plays an important role in regional differences in lipid mobilization specifically, and may have a trophic affect on WAT. The exact nature of the SNS innervation of WAT is not known but it may involve contact with adipocytes and/or their associated vasculature. We hypothesize that the SNS innervation of WAT is an important contributor to the apparent “regulation” of total body fat.
ADAPTIVE TORQUE PULSATION COMPENSATION FOR A HIGH-TORQUE DC BRUSHLESS PERMANENT MAGNET MOTOR

Abstract Brushless permanent magnet (PM) servomotors are appealing candidates for many high-performance applications. A persistent problem with PM motors is the non-uniformity in the developed torque which gives rise to a torque pulsation that varies as a function of operating conditions. In this paper an adaptive torque pulsation compensation scheme is developed. The adaptive scheme is based on a simple lumped parameter model for the motor and on the prescribed and actual angular position measurements. The compensating signal is directly added to the motor's position control signal, so that no new hardware is necessary. The adaptive scheme is implemented on a PC computer and the effectiveness of the adaptive torque pulsation compensation is demonstrated by experiments.
Meconium does not guarantee fetal lung maturity

Objective: In utero passage of meconium may represent a response to hypoxic stress or a normal maturational event. When found during the third trimester, one may be tempted to use its presence as prima facie evidence of fetal lung maturity. The purpose of our study was to determine the frequency of meconium-stained fluid in the third trimester and the incidence of biochemical and physiologic lung immaturity in these fetuses.Methods: Amniotic fluid specimens obtained at our institution from 1991 through 1993 (n = 2,377) were analyzed for maturity and visually inspected for meconium. Perinatal outcome was obtained for intramural deliveries occurring within 3 days of amniotic fluid collection (n = 905). Gestational age was defined as the best obstetric estimate based on menstrual dates, clinical examination, and ultrasound results.Results: Meconium staining was present in 2.7% (n = 64) of specimens. Although meconium-stained specimens were more likely to have mature lecithin-sphingomyelin (L:S) ratios (OR 2....
The Role of Education in Freedom from Poverty as a Human Right

Education lies at the heart of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR): ‘Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms’. However, when education is mentioned in the philosophical literature on human rights, or even within the literature on educational policy, it is usually within the context of its being treated as a specific right—as education as a human right rather than human rights education. Taking rights and obligations to be intimately tied within a full human rights educational regime, I argue for the role of education in establishing and realizing freedom from poverty as a human right. The arguments for why this freedom should be considered a human right are compelling. I offer five educational moments in the human rights movement in general, and the arguments for freedom from poverty as a human right, more specifically, in my discussion of human rights education.
Anisotropy of Localized Corrosion in AA2024-T3

This work was supported by the United States Air Force Office of Scientific Research through grant no. F49620-99-1-0103.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE OKLAHOMA SALAMANDER (EURYCEA TYNERENSIS) AND ORDOVICIAN-SILURIAN STRATA

Abstract The Oklahoma salamander, Eurycea tynerensis, is an endemic species restricted to the superficial currents that exist in mountain streams of the Ozarks in Oklahoma, Missouri, and Arkansas. The results of our study show a close relationship between the salamander and the presence of rocks from the Ordovician/Silurian period. The small interstitial spaces created by the structure of this type of rock provide ideal habitat for the development of this neotenic species.
Abnormal Left Ventricular Mechanics of Ventricular Ectopic Beats: Insights into Origin and Coupling Interval in Premature Ventricular Contraction-Induced Cardiomyopathy

Background— Left ventricular (LV) dyssynchrony caused by premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) has been proposed as a mechanism of PVC-induced cardiomyopathy. We sought to understand the impact of different PVC locations and coupling intervals (prematurity) on LV regional mechanics and global function of the PVC beat itself. Methods and Results— Using our premature pacing algorithm, pentageminal PVCs at coupling intervals of 200 to 375 ms were delivered from the epicardial right ventricular apex, RV outflow tract, and LV free wall, as well as premature atrial contractions, from the left atrial appendage at a coupling interval of 200 ms in 7 healthy canines. LV short-axis echocardiographic images, LV stroke volume, and dP/dtmax were obtained during all ectopic beats and ventricular pacing. LV dyssynchrony was assessed by dispersion of QRS-to-peak strain (earliest—last QRS-to-peak strain) between 6 different LV segments during each of the aforementioned beats (GE, EchoPac). LV dyssynchrony was greater during long-coupled rather than short-coupled PVCs and PVCs at 375 ms compared with rapid ventricular pacing at 400 ms ( P <0.0001), whereas no difference was found between PVC locations. Longer PVC coupling intervals were associated with greater stroke volume and dP/dtmax despite more pronounced dyssynchrony ( P <0.001). Conclusions— PVCs with longer coupling intervals demonstrate more pronounced LV dyssynchrony, whereas PVC location has minimal impact. LV dyssynchrony cannot be attributed to prematurity or abnormal ventricular activation alone, but rather to a combination of both. This study suggests that late-coupled PVCs may cause a more severe cardiomyopathy if dyssynchrony is the leading mechanism responsible for PVC-induced cardiomyopathy.
Using source-to-source compilation to instrument circuits for debug with High Level Synthesis

C-based High Level Synthesis (HLS)-compatible ciruit descriptions from the CHStone benchmark suite are instrumented for debugging purposes using a source-to-source compiler. The debug instrumentation connects C expressions to top-level ports that can be observed during the debugging process. Approximately 50,000 different experiments are conducted to determine the impact on the final circuit caused by the debug instrumentation. Experimental data indicate initial feasibility of the instrumentation approach; all assignment expressions in a program can be instrumented for an average increase in LUT count of about 24%. Increases in FF count and clock period were in the range of 5% to 10%.
Existence of the Schwinger Functions of the Three-Dimensional Gross-Neveu Model

One of the conclusions of previous rigorous studies on renormalization theory is that the concept of perturbative renormalizability shall not be considered as a fundamental requirement for a quantum field model to exist. Indeed, to solve the question of the ultraviolet (UV) limit, ρ → ∞, of a model presenting a set of parameters Ω ρ [ρ labelling an UV cutoff], in most cases one must drop out completely the traditional intermediate step involving a Taylor expansion in the coupling constant and properly ask whether or not one can prescribe functions for the parameters appearing in Ω ρ , in terms of the variable ρ and the set Ω ren of (finite and often positive) renormalized parameters, such that the n-point Schwinger (correlation) functions S n,ρ exist when ρ → ∞ and describe a non-trivial (interacting) system.
Depressive Symptoms and Weight Status Among Women Recently Immigrating to the US.

Objectives Depressive symptoms have been associated with obesity. Little is known about this relationship among immigrants. We examined relationships between depressive symptoms and weight status in immigrant women from three ethnic groups. Methods Participants were Brazilian, Haitian, and Latina women (n = 345) enrolled in Live Well, a community-based, randomized intervention designed to prevent weight gain in recent immigrants. Study data are from baseline when participants completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Perceived Stress Scale, a physical activity questionnaire, and socio-demographic questions; BMI was calculated from measured height and weight. Results Forty-four percent of participants (36 % of Brazilians, 66 % of Haitians, 30 % of Latinas) had high depressive symptoms (CES-D ≥ 16), and 38 % (26 % of Brazilians, 49 % of Haitians, 42 % of Latinas) were obese (BMI ≥ 30.0). Those reporting more depressive symptoms were more likely to be obese (Wald Chi square = 4.82, p < .05). An interaction between depressive symptoms, ethnic group, and income was revealed (F(4,340) = 2.91, p < .05), such that higher depressive symptoms were associated with higher BMI among Brazilians earning ≥$30,000 per year and with lower BMI among Brazilians earning <$30,000. The relationship between depressive symptoms and obesity did not differ by income among Haitians or Latinas. Conclusions Depressive symptoms and obesity were highly prevalent among these recently-immigrated women. Positive relationships between these variables were consistent across ethnic and income groups, with the exception of lower-income Brazilians. While these findings suggest similar patterns and health needs across several groups of immigrants, cultural differences should be considered when addressing these health conditions.
Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Breast Angiosarcoma: Results in 14 cases

Secondary breast angiosarcoma is a rare and highly aggressive malignant cancer, occurring most commonly on the skin surface and could be a result of radiation exposure during primary breast conserving therapy (BCT). Detecting the extent of the lesion is imperative to ensure complete tumor resection and reducing the probability of loco- regional tumor recurrence. Dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) is a highly sensitive imaging modality to detect the lesion. However, current quantitative methods of detecting the lesion are sensitive to the imaging parameters, timing of bolus injection, contrast-to- noise ratio, temporal sampling rate etc. We present a novel quantitative method to diagnose and stage angiosarcomas on DCE-MRI. The result of the algorithm has been compared to the radiologist's segmentation and the output of a commercial software, CADstream for 14 cases. Compared to the radiologist's segmentation, the algorithm detected the sarcoma with 96.1% sensitivity and 89.2% accuracy with a mean overlap, measured in terms of the Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC), of 0.63. In 15.4% (2/13) of the cases, CADstream failed to detect the lesion. For the remaining cases, the algorithm detected the tumor with 91.7% sensitivity and accuracy and a DSC of 0.59, considering the CADstream output as the gold standard. The LDS based algorithm shows potential for automatically segmenting the lesion on DCE-MRI and to further help in planning surgical resection.
BUTYLBENZENE COMBUSTION KINETICS DATABASE

1. Abstract We describe our initial efforts at extending chemical kinetic databases for combustion simulations from a typical linear alkane (heptane) to a branched aromatic. The focus of the work is on the pyrolytic decomposition of butylbenzene. Particular attention is paid to the decomposition of the six phenylbutyl and the two phenylethyl radicals. It is clear that the side chain will be destroyed before significant reactions can occur with the benzene ring. For the actual cracking reactions, the introduction of the aromatic group increases as well as decreases the reactivity of the phenylbutyl radicals that are formed. Resonance stabilized phenylbutyl radicals are more stable than their alkyl counterparts. On the other hand if a non-resonance stabilized radical can decompose to a resonance stabilized structure rate constants become larger. There is much more variability in the rates of butylbenzene radical decomposition than the comparable linear alkyls. Extension of the pyrolytic situation to oxidative combustion is also discussed and the greater complexity of the mechanism is manifest. The special requirements for a kinetic database consisting of mixtures of fuels are discussed
Laboratory Evaluation of Insecticides Against the Cigarette Beetle, II

Sixteen compounds were coated on the paper surface of Kraft paper-aluminum foil laminated panels at deposits of 10, 50, or 100 mg per square foot. The compounds were evaluated for residual and vapor toxicity against the adult cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (F). Effectiveness was assessed by insect mortality after a 72-hour postexposure period. American Cyanamid 47300 ( O, O -dimethyl 0-4-nitro-mtolyl phosphorothioate) was effective both as a residual and as a vapor toxicant. Fenthion, Geigy 12968[ O, O -dimethyl phosphorodithioate, S-ester with 2-ethoxy-4-(mercaptomethyl)-△2-1,3,4-thiodiazolin-5-one], malathion, and Shell SD-9098 ( O -[2-chloro-l-(2,5-dichlorophenyl). vinyl] O, O -diethyl phosphorothioate) showed effective residual action. Compounds with effective vapor action were Bromodan [5-(bromomethyl)-1,2,3,4,7,7-hexachloro-2-norbornene], dichlorvos, lindane, Shell SD 9020 ( O -[2-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) vinyl] O, O -dimethyl phosphorothioate), and Velsicol 1-bromochlordene (1-bromo-4,5,6,7,8,8-hexachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-mcthanoindene). Compounds least toxic to the insects were DDT, pyrethrum-piperonyl butoxide, and carbaryl.
An Optimal Absorbing Boundary Condition For Elastic Wave Modeling

Absorbing boundary conditions are widely used in numer­ ical modeling of wave propagation in unbounded media to reduce reflections from artificial boundaries (Lindman, 1975; Clayton and Engquist, 1977; Reynolds, 1978; Liao et aI., 1984; Cerjan et aI., 1985; Randall, 1988; Higdon, 1991). We are interested in a particular absorbing boundary condition that has maximum absorbing ability with a minimum amount of computation and storage. This is practical for 3-D simu­ lation of elastic wave propagation by a finite-difference method. Peng and Toksoz (1994) developed a method to design a class of optimal absorbing boundary conditions for a given operator length. In this short note, we give a brief
Initial presentation of CNS-restricted acute lymphoblastic B cell leukaemia as peripheral polyneuropathy

We report a case of a 58-year-old woman who presented with a 1-month course of progressive lower and upper extremity weakness in addition to binocular diplopia. Diagnostic lumbar puncture revealed atypical lymphoid cells with 28% blasts. Immunophenotype was consistent with B cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL). Further work up showed no systemic involvement but extensive thoracolumbar-sacral leptomeningeal disease. The patient was treated with several courses of intrathecal and systemic chemotherapy followed by craniospinal irradiation for consolidation. There was initial steady improvement in neurological symptoms and leptomeningeal disease, the latter being ascertained through radiological studies and cerebrospinal fluid examination. After 10 months of response, the patient relapsed with central nervous system (CNS) and systemic disease. B-ALL is a rare precursor lymphoid neoplasm that generally presents with systemic disease. While CNS involvement is not uncommon, isolated involvement of this compartment without systemic disease is exceedingly rare.
Dead Reckoning Method and Error Analysis for Small UAVs

The dead reckoning(DR)method is studied in detail and put forward the wind estimation strategy suitable for low-cost small UAVs.The influences of the errors of the measured or estimated data on DR result error are analyzed and calculated numerically.The research result is applied in the design and realization processing of the DR/GPS integrated navigation system for the small UAV.Flight verification tests show that compared with the other models of small UAVs before,DR system could keep the accuracy within some scope in a much longer time during GPS outage through improving the measurement accuracy of the main factors and the wind estimated accuracy.
E-138 early treatment of ruptured aneurysms is associated with improved functional outcomes independent of aneurysm rebleeding

Background and purpose The purpose of this study was to analyze whether early treatment of ruptured aneurysms improves clinical outcomes independent of aneurysm rebleeding. Methods A prospectively maintained database of ruptured intracranial aneurysms treated at our center from 1996 to 2014 was analyzed. Patients Results We identified 1176 consecutive patients with ruptured aneurysms who underwent treatment. Seven hundred and seven patients had their aneurysms secured within 48 h of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Treatment was delayed in 469 patients due to delayed presentation or transfer from other centers. No significant difference was seen between the two groups with respect to Age, Sex, Smoking status and pre-rupture modified Rankin scale. Patients in the early treatment group were more likely to have poor World Federation of Neurological Surgeons clinical grade (mean WFNS 2 vs. 1 p Conclusions Securing ruptured aneurysms early improves mid and long-term clinical outcomes independent of aneurysm rebleeding. Further investigation is required to define the mechanism of the benefit. Disclosures N. Manning: None. E. Meyers: None. J. Schmidt: None. J. Claassen: None. E. Connolly: None. S. Lavine: None. P. Meyers: None.
Motivational Systems and Stress-Related Cardiovascular Reactivity

This study examined the relation of motivational systems to patterns of autonomic responses to stress. Specifically, we examined patterns of physiological response resulting from differential activation of motivational systems for behavioral approach and behavioral inhibition. We also examined the relation of these motivational systems to threat and challenge responses to potential stress. Self-report, cardiac measures (i.e., pre-injection period, or PEP, and heart rate, or HR), and blood pressure (i.e., systolic blood pressure, or SBP, and diastolic blood pressure, or DBP) measures reliably distinguished between an experimental condition facilitating behavioral approach and an experimental condition facilitating coactivation of behavioral approach and behavioral inhibition systems. Vascular (e.g., total peripheral resistance, or TPR) and electrodermal (e.g., electrodermal response, or EDR) measures, however, did not vary by condition. We discuss the results in relation to other research on motivational factors as they relate to stress and cardiovascular reactivity.
The Step Roughening of the Cu(113) Surface: A Grazing Incidence X-Ray Scattering Study

In conjunction with the development of high brilliance synchrotron sources, the grazing incidence x-ray scattering (GIXS) technique is emerging as an important structural probe for surface and interface studies [1]. In the past few years, the technique has been well demonstrated in surface crystallographic work (i.e. the determination of symmetry and atomic positions of the surface unit cell) [2]. In the near future, the applications of GIXS to other surface science areas are also emerging, including the study of such phenomena as surface phase transitions, wetting, and epitaxy. In this paper, we discuss the results of a GIXS study on a stepped surface, Cu(113), and the observed roughening transition on this surface.
Motivational Factors in Sit-Ups

(1965). Motivational Factors in Sit-Ups. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 102-103.
A Study of Social Security Disability Litigation in the Federal Courts

A person who has sought and failed to obtain disability benefits from the Social Security Administration (“the agency”) can appeal the agency’s decision to a federal district court. In 2015, nearly 20,000 such appeals were filed, comprising a significant part of the federal courts’ civil docket. Even though claims pass through multiple layers of internal agency review, many of them return from the federal courts for even more adjudication. Also, a claimant’s experience in the federal courts differs considerably from district to district around the country. District judges in Brooklyn decide these cases pursuant to one set of procedural rules and have in recent years remanded about seventy percent to the agency. Magistrate judges in Little Rock handle this docket with a different set of rules and have in recent years remanded only twenty percent. The adjudication of disability claims within the agency has received relentless attention from Congress, government inspectors general, academic commentators, and others. Social security litigation in the federal courts has not weathered the same scrutiny. This report, prepared for the Administrative Conference of the United States, fills this gap. It provides a comprehensive qualitative and quantitative empirical study of social security disability benefits litigation.Our report makes four contributions. The first is a thorough introduction to the process by which a disability benefits claim proceeds from initial filing to a federal judge’s chambers. This description is intended to deepen understandings of where many of federal civil cases come from, and why they raise the same sorts of concerns repeatedly.Second, the report provides some context for understanding why the federal courts remand claims to the agency at the rate that they do. We argue that the federal courts and the agency have different institutional goals, commitments, and resources. These differences would cause a sizable number of remands even if the agency adjudicated claims successfully and the federal courts applied the appropriate standard of review. Third, we undertake extensive statistical analysis to try to understand what factors explain the sharp variation in district-level remand rates. Circuit boundaries account for some, but not all, of this disparity. After excluding a number of other potential causes, we hypothesize that district courts remand claims to the agency at different rates in part because uneven adjudication within the agency produces pools of appeals of differing quality. Finally, the report analyzes contrasting procedural rules used by different districts to govern social security litigation. We argue that these differences are unnecessary and create needless inefficiencies. We conclude with a set of recommendations to improve social security litigation within the federal courts.
Transport based equivalent circuit models for waveguiding structures on a semiconductor substrate

As the frequency of operation for analog integrated circuits (IC) reaches the millimeter-wave band, while a corresponding rise-time is achieved by the digital counterpart, propagation effects in devices and ICs need to be accounted for with higher precision than that attained ever before. From a full-wave formulation, based on the coupling of the transport equations of the carriers to the Maxwell's equations, equivalent circuit models for canonical waveguiding structures on semiconductor substrates are developed. Asymptotic considerations given to the limiting cases of zero and high-level doping, as well as excitation by a static field can serve as an effective means to select the appropriate equivalent circuit, while providing insight to the physical relevance of the circuit elements to carrier interactions with the field.
Small molecule mimics of DFTamP1, a database designed anti-Staphylococcal peptide

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are important templates for developing new antimicrobial agents. Previously, we developed a database filtering technology that enabled us to design a potent anti-Staphylococcal peptide DFTamP1. Using this same design approach, we now report the discovery of a new class of bis-indole diimidazolines as AMP small molecule mimics. The best compound killed multiple S. aureus clinical strains in both planktonic and biofilm forms. The compound appeared to target bacterial membranes with antimicrobial activity and membrane permeation ability similar to daptomycin.
Atomic layer etching of silicon dioxide using alternating C4F8 and energetic Ar+ plasma beams

Atomic layer etching (ALE) of SiO2 was studied by alternating exposure of a 5 nm-thick SiO2 film on Si substrate to (1) a plasma beam emanating from a c-C4F8 inductively coupled plasma (ICP), to grow a fluorocarbon (FC) film composed mainly of CF2, and (2) an energetic (130 eV) Ar+ ion beam extracted from a separate Ar ICP. In situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to analyze the chemical composition of the near-surface region, and to quantify the thickness of the FC and SiO2 films. A very thin (3–6 A), near self-limiting thickness CF2-rich FC film was found to deposit on the SiO2 surface with exposure to continuous or pulsed power C4F8 plasma beams, under conditions that generated a large relative flux of CF2. Following this, a FC film of similar composition grew at ~10 times slower rate. Exposure of the thin film to the Ar+ beam led to removal of 1.9 A SiO2. An estimated yield of 1.3 SiO2 molecules-per-Ar+ was found for a single ALE step. The rate of 1.9 A/cycle persisted over multiple ALE cycles, but a carbon-rich residual film did build up. This film can be removed by a brief exposure to an O2-containing plasma beam.
Education Law & Policy Review: Volume 1

The Education Law & Policy Review (ELPR) is an academically rigorous peer-reviewed law and policy journal providing scholarly reviews and commentary on national and international issues in education law and policy in K-12 and Higher Education.
The Assessment and Treatment of Children’s Fears

While fear is a necessary and often “healthy” response to a wide variety of situations, at times it can become so debilitating as to be maladaptive. Careful distinctions involving terms such as fear, phobia, and anxiety are not always made. However, there seems to be some general consensus that fear connotes a differentiated response to a specific object or situation. Anxiety is a more diffuse, less focused response, perhaps best described as apprehension without apparent cause. A phobia is a special form of fear that (1) is out of proportion to the demands of the situation, (2) cannot be explained or reasoned away, (3) is beyond voluntary control, and (4) leads to avoidance of the feared situation (Marks, 1969).
The Trinity Center of Excellence Co-Design Best Practices

Co-design between application developers and the vendors providing high-performance computing systems is essential to efficiently using current-generation HPC systems and shaping next-generation architectures. Application developers are faced with the challenge of effectively orchestrating many hardware threads and exploiting vector instructions, which can require code modifications. Will refactoring applications for current-generation systems apply to future-generation systems? Is there help available for this enormous task? Over the past 10 years, a partnership has evolved to address these issues. Centers of Excellence are mutually beneficial collaborations between application developers and vendors; vendors receive a better understanding of the needs of their users, and users receive a better understanding of the characteristics of the hardware, system software, and tools available to address their challenges. This article describes the partnership between two vendors, Cray and Intel, and the application teams working together in the Trinity Center of Excellence.
A Case Study in Reuben Hersh’s Philosophy: Bézout’s Theorem

I met Reuben Hersh, in person, in 1989. However, I knew of him well before that. I had a read on The Mathematical Experience ([11] 1981), a book he had coauthored with Philip Davis that won the National Book Award in 1983. Written for a general audience, this book sought to promote an understanding of mathematics from historical, philosophical, and psychological perspectives.
A numerical approach for modeling response of fiber reinforced polymer strengthened concrete slabs exposed to fire

Abstract A numerical model for evaluating the performance of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) strengthened reinforced concrete (RC) slabs under fire conditions is presented. The numerical model utilizes a macroscopic finite element based approach to trace thermo-mechanical response of FRP-strengthened RC slabs from linear elastic stage to collapse under fire conditions. The model accounts for temperature dependent properties of concrete, steel, FRP, and fire insulation as well as for temperature induced degradation of bond between concrete and FRP. The model is validated by comparing predicted response of FRP strengthened RC slabs with measured temperatures and deflections in fire tests. A case study is also presented to compare fire performance of RC slabs with and without FRP strengthening, as well as with different insulation and bond configurations. Results from the analysis indicate that a FRP strengthened RC slab, without any fire insulation, yields lower fire resistance as compared to conventional RC slab. Also, temperature induced bond degradation significantly influences fire performance of an FRP strengthened RC slab and neglecting bond degradation may lead to un-conservative estimation of fire resistance.
Synthesis and Crystal Data for Alkaline Earth-Lanthanide Phosphates with the Eulytite Structure

Eulytite, Bi4(SiO4)3, is a cubic mineral, S.G. = \( I\overline {43} d\), with irregular (BiO6) polyhedra and (SiO4) tetrahedra. With the substitution of P for Si, the charge balancing (3A2+ + Ln3+) for 4Bi is possible. Eulytite structure phosphates, A3Ln(PO4)3, are one of the ternary phases that form in the A0-Ln203-P205 systems currently under investigation in our laboratories. Synthesis and crystal data for phosphate eulytites where A = Ca, Sr, Ba, Pb and B = La→Lu, Y, Sc, In are included here.
Coregulators of VDR-mediated gene expression

Publisher Summary Gene expression is a complex process involving the coordinated repression and activation of transcription. According to a simplified two-step model of nuclear hormone signaling, unliganded vitamin D receptors (VDR), like other nuclear receptors (NRs), are DNA-bound and complexed with corepressor molecules that keep chromatin condensed and the promoter inaccessible to the transcription machinery. Upon binding 1,25(OH)2D3, the corepressors are displaced by coactivators to begin the transcriptional activation process. Immunodepletion, dominant negative, knockdown, and knockout approaches indicate that steroid receptor coactivators (SRCs), Mediator-D, and NCoA62/SKIP have different functions and all are required for robust VDR-mediated transcription. Promoter-specific and more global genomic chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) strategies have provided a more detailed view into the temporal and spatial details of diverse NR coregulator assembly onto 1,25(OH)2D3-responsive promoters. More recent work indicates yet another level of complexity to this evolving model of coregulator involvement in VDR-mediated transcription. These studies suggest that the switch between gene repression and gene activation cannot be simply defined by the alternative recruitment of two different regulatory complexes. A more realistic view is the continuous cycling or exchange of coactivator and corepressors complexes (on the order of approximately 60 minutes) is required for 1,25(OH)2D3 activated transcription.
Recording kinetics of adrenergic receptor activation in live cells.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the kinetics of receptor activation, the direct measurement of ligand efficacy at the level of the receptor, and the way in which ligand efficacy can be modulated by receptor heteromers. The biosensors of specialized transmembrane proteins, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), have been recently developed that measure intramolecular conformational changes by recording fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between fluorescent protein tags introduced at two intracellular sites in the receptor. This technique allows the spatial and temporal recording of agonist (full, partial, and inverse)-induced receptor conformational changes in live cells in real time. GPCRs serve as cell-surface switches to transmit extracellular signals into cells. The experimental system developed for recording GPCR activation mediated by ligand binding relies on an intramolecular FRET-based approach that involves the incorporation of two variants of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) to the intracellular part of the same receptor molecule. The direct recording of ligand efficacy at the level of the receptor has permitted to associate intrinsic efficacies of β-blockers with the effects of a frequent β 1 -adrenergic receptor (β 1 -AR) polymorphism found in heart failure (HF) patients.
Crystal and molecular structures of several Tetrakis (nitrile)copper(I) complexes

The crystal structures of several [Cu(RCN)4]X salts (R = Me, X = SO3CF3−; R = Ph, X = BF4−, ClO4−, and PF6−) were determined using single crystal X-ray diffraction. All of the compounds contain distorted tetrahedral Cu(I) centers and noncoordinating anions, with the acetonitrile and benzonitrile structures containing three and one unique CuL4+ complex in their respective asymmetric units. One important distortion is observed in the benzonitrile-Cu bonds, which are bent up to 23° away from linearity. The result is a flattened complex that maximizes the π–π tacking of the aromatic rings and is the dominant packing interactions between the complexes.
A Case of Paraneoplastic Dysautonomia and Small Fiber Neuropathy (P2.110)

Objective: To report an unusual case of small fiber neuropathy with profound dysautonomia with subsequent diagnosis of Hodgkin’s lymphoma and response to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Background: Dysautonomia is a rarely described paraneoplastic disorder secondary to malignancy such as small cell lung carcinoma, thymoma and rarely Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Autonomic dysfunction has been associated with autoantibodies to ganglionic AChR, anti-Hu, and CRMP-5 in this setting. There is a handful of case reports of dysautonomia, painful paresthesias or acute polyradiculopathies related to Hodgkin Lypmhoma. Design/Methods: A 16 year-old girl presented with dysautonomia, mistaken for upper respiratory tract infection, who subsequently developed painful paresthesias and orthostatic syncope. Symptoms progressed over days to include xerostomia, severe orthostatic hypotension, gastroparesis, urinary retention, loss of temperature/fine touch and pinprick sensation below the neck, with hyperreflexia. MRI of the spine revealed cauda equina nerve root enhancement and lumbar puncture showed albuminocytologic dissociation. She was diagnosed with a pandysautonomic form of Guillan Barre Syndrome and underwent IVIG therapy with some improvement in small fiber disease and persistent dysautonomia. Whole body CT and PET- CT revealed diffuse lymphadenopathy. Biopsy was consistent with Hodgkin lymphoma. An autoimmune paraneoplastic panel was mildly positive for GAD65. Results: After 1 cycle of chemotherapy with Doxorubicin, Bleomycin, Etoposide, Cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone, she was treated with Rituximab and started a second cycle of chemotherapy. Orthostatics significantly improved. She is now ambulatory with minimal residual dysautonomia and paresthesias. Conclusions: Dysautonomia has been associated with Hodgkin lymphoma as a paraneoplastic process. Orthostasis is often irreversible even after malignancy remission. It is imperative to look for underlying malignancy since rapid recognition and prompt treatment can reverse orthostatic hypotension. We want to highlight response after chemotherapy and Rituximab in contrast to poor response to IVIG in this case. Disclosure: Dr. Didion has nothing to disclose. Dr. Montalvo Perero has nothing to disclose. Dr. Harapannahally has nothing to disclose.
Wellness Committee Status and Local Wellness Policy Implementation Over Time

Introduction Local Wellness Policies are school-district documents containing guidelines for schools to promote nutrition/physical activity. In cross-sectional studies, schools with wellness committees are more likely to implement Local Wellness Policies. This prospective cohort study examines associations between wellness committee status over time and change in Local Wellness Policy implementation using a biennial, statewide survey. Methods School administrators completed surveys following the 2012–2013 (Wave I) and 2014–2015 (Wave II) school years, including a 17-item Local Wellness Policy implementation scale. Four wellness committee status categories included established (both Waves, 35%); new (Wave II only, 22%); discontinued (Wave I only, 13%); and never (neither Wave, 30%). Linear mixed models conducted in 2017–2018 compared LWP implementation change across status groups, accounting for clustering and school characteristics. Results Of 1,333 schools, 701 had Wave I data (53%); 748 Wave II (56%); and 441 both (33%). Schools were 69% elementary, 56% suburban, and 35% and 28% had majority (≥75%) African American/Hispanic or low-income student body, respectively. At Wave I, schools with wellness committees (established/discontinued groups) had higher Local Wellness Policy implementation (mean=32.0, SD=11.5, and mean=28.3, SD=11.4, respectively) compared with schools without committees (never/new: mean=15.4, SD=10.7 and mean=17.6, SD=11.4, respectively, F=64.9, p≤0.001). Over time, never and established groups maintained low and high Local Wellness Policy implementation, respectively. Compared with never, new committees increased implementation by 9.9 points (SE=1.8, p Conclusions Forming and maintaining wellness committees encourages Local Wellness Policy implementation and should be a recommended strategy for school wellness promotion.
Blockchain and the Economics of Food Safety

Blockchain technology has a potential to address many of the food safety challenges facing the world today. Some of the most promising blockchain applications developed to data have been in the food supply chains.
Reclaiming Ravana in Sri Lanka: Ravana’s Sinhala Buddhist Apotheosis and Tamil Responses

This paper considers the appropriation of Ravana, the demon-king antagonist of the famed Ramayana epic, as a Sinhala Buddhist cultural hero in the context of twenty-first-century, post-war Sri Lank...
Ultra-flexible 3T HIC Receive Array for Carotid Imaging

Close-fitting receive arrays can approximate the optimal MRI signal to noise ratio in superficial areas of the subject. For intricate and variable anatomy such as the neck and carotid arteries, however, manufacturing a closefitting array with conventional semi-rigid substrates has been challenging [1]–[5]. In this work, we utilized the ultra-flexible high impedance coil (HIC) [6] structure with a miniaturized matching interface in an adaptable receive array for carotid imaging. Compared with a commercial array, our HIC array demonstrated an average 32% higher SNR in the carotid bifurcation on five healthy volunteers.
Pancreatitis and PDAC: association and differentiation

The discrimination of mass-forming chronic pancreatitis (MFCP) from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a central diagnostic dilemma. It is important to differentiate these entities since they have markedly different prognoses and management. Importantly, the appearance of these two entities significantly overlaps on a variety of imaging modalities. However, there are imaging features that may be suggestive of one entity more than the other. MFCP and PDAC may show different enhancement patterns on perfusion computed tomography (CT) and/or dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI). The duct-penetrating sign on magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is more often associated with MFCP, whereas abrupt cutoff with upstream dilatation of the main pancreatic duct and the double-duct sign (obstruction/cutoff of both the common bile duct and pancreatic duct) are more often associated with PDAC. Nevertheless, tissue sampling is the most reliable method to differentiate between these entities and is currently generally necessary for management.