cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of a behavioral intervention for increasing safer sex behaviors in HIV-negative, heterosexual methamphetamine users: results from the Fast-Lane Study.

Background: The risk of acquiring HIV is particularly high among persons who use methamphetamine, which is often associated with unprotected sex and high numbers of sexual partners.Purpose: This study examined the efficacy of a behavioral intervention emphasizing motivational interviewing and social cognitive theory for increasing safer sex behaviors in the context of ongoing methamphetamine use in a sample of HIV-negative, heterosexual methamphetamine users.Methods: Four hundred fifty-one participants from San Diego, California, were randomly assigned to receive one of three treatment conditions: (a) a safer sex behavioral intervention (Fast-Lane [FL]), (b) the FL intervention with boosters (FL+B), or (c) a time-equivalent diet-and-exercise attention-control (D&E) condition. Random effects regression analyses were used to evaluate change in safer sex behaviors over an 18-month period.Results: Compared to those in the D&E condition, participants in the FL+B condition (p=.019) and FL condition (p=.020) significantly increased their engagement in protected sex acts over the active intervention phase. Also, compared to the D&E condition, those in the FL condition demonstrated a significant decrease in unprotected sex (p=.005) and an increase in percent protected sex (p=.001) during the active intervention. Finally, relative to D&E participants, FL participants demonstrated significant improvements in self-efficacy for negotiating safer sex (p=.011), and change in self-efficacy mediated the efficacy of the FL condition for increasing safer sex behaviors (p=.033).Conclusions: These results suggest that our behavioral intervention was successful in terms of reducing high-risk sexual behaviors in the context of ongoing methamphetamine use among HIV-negative heterosexuals. Reductions in high-risk sexual behavior were likely because of the impact of the intervention on participants’ self-efficacy for negotiating safer sex.
Rate constants for direct reactions of ozone with several drinking water contaminants

Abstract Rate constants for the direct reactions of ozone with 45 potential organic drinking water contaminants, including solvents, haloalkanes, esters, aromatics and pesticides (such as alachlor, aldicarb, atrazine, carbofuran, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, endrin, glyphosate, etc.), have been measured in water in the presence of hydroxyl radical scavengers to minimize interfering radical chain reactions. The data demonstrate, again, the electrophilic nature of the ozonation reaction. In addition, for complex molecules, steric factors are important in limiting reactivity. The zwitterionic compound glyphosate exhibits a complex pH dependence that is explained by the inductive effect of side-chain protonation on the basicity of the amine reaction center. Rate constants for ozone consumption differ from those for compound consumption by an amount presumably equal to the reaction stoichiometry.
GeoFaceExplorer: exploring the geo-dependence of facial attributes

The images uploaded to social networking websites are a rich source of information about the appearance of people around the world. We present a system, GeoFaceExplorer, for collecting, processing, browsing, and analyzing this data. GeoFaceExplorer allows for the crowdsourced collection of human facial images, as well as automated and interactive visual analysis of the geo-dependence of facial appearance and visual attributes, such as ethnicity, gender, and whether or not a person is wearing glasses. As a case study, automated approaches are applied to detect common facial attributes in a large set of geo-tagged human faces, leading to several analysis results that illuminate the relationship between raw facial appearance, facial attributes, and geographic location. We show how the distribution of these attributes differs in ten major urban areas. Our analysis also shows a similar expected distribution of ethnicity within large urban areas in comparison to manually collected U.S. census data. In addition, by applying automated hierarchical clustering to facial attribute similarity, we find a large degree of overlap between discovered regional clusters and geographical and national boundaries.
THE DEALERS' PRICE/SIZE QUOTE AND MARKET LIQUIDITY

We model trading in a competitive securities market where informed traders and liquidity traders transact with dealers. The dealers' entire published quote is modeled: bid-ask prices and the number of shares the dealer is willing to buy/sell at these prices (i.e., size quotes). We argue that size quotes are a more informative indicator of market liquidity than the bid-ask spread's adverse-selection component. Moreover, the size quotes reveal several market characteristics that cannot be inferred from the bid-ask spread's adverse-selection component alone. The model generates a number of empirically testable predictions that clarify certain key elements of market liquidity.
Cyniclomyces guttulatus (Saccharomycopsis guttulata) — culture, ultrastructure and physiology

Organisms that form an essential extra inner lining of selected areas of the stomach mucosa occur in mice, rats and some other animals. The yeast Cyniclomyces guttulatus (Saccharomycopsis guttulata) was shown in this study to line the stomach of domestic and feral rabbits, guinea pigs, and chinchillas. The layer of yeast cells formed a loose barrier between lumen contents and mucosal surface. A rapid rate of multiplication in the stomach provided yeast cells that blended in with stomach lumen contents, passed throught the gut, and were finally excreted in large numbers in fecal pellets. Ascospore formation occurred during passage through the large intestine. The layer of yeast cells lining the stomach had no evident salubrious nor deleterious effect on the animal. C. guttulatus grew rapidly from stomach contents or single fecal pellets in a new enriched semisolid medium. Growth was good at pH 1 through 8 on the solidified enriched medium. A very unusual characteristic of C. guttulatus is optimal growht at 38° C, and growth at 42° C, with failure to grow below 30° C. TEM demonstrated a very thick, laminated cell wall which had a thick, filamentous external coating. There were mitochondria, polyribosomes, lipid droplets, and an unusually large central nucleus. The developing spore nucleus became extremely electron dense and encapsulated, along with condensed mitochondria, ribosomes, short membrane sections and other organelles, in a dense lamellar covering.
A new paradigm for learning of direct and indirect reference tasks in learning-set context.

Sf~mmnsy.-Reference properties were taught by means of a learning-set procedure in which each problem was divided into three parts. Part 1 and Part 2 provided a context whereby S could relate the transient stimuli found in those parts, to Part 3. Part 3 involved the use of the information gained in Parts 1 and 2 in mastering the task. One direct and three indirect reference tasks were designed with the least dlff~cult resulting in 100% mastery and the most difficult in mastery by only 17% of Ss.
Mechanisms of metastability in hydrogenated amorphous silicon

We survey theoretical approaches to understanding the diverse metastable behavior in hydrogenated amorphous silicon. We discuss a recently developed network-rebonding model involving bonding rearrangements of silicon and hydrogen atoms. Using tight-binding molecular dynamics we find non-radiative recombination can break weak silicon bonds with low activation energies, producing dangling bond–floating bond pairs. The transient floating bonds annihilate generating local hydrogen motion and leaving behind isolated dangling bonds. Charged defects are also observed. Major experimental features of metastability including electron-spin resonance, t1/3 kinetics, dangling-bond H anti-correlation, and hysteretic annealing are explained. In the second part we focus on large metastable structural changes observed in a-Si:H. We find H atoms have a local metastability involving the flipping of the H to the backside of the Si–H bond that results in a local increase of strain and increase of dipole moments. This naturally explains the larger infrared absorption found after light soaking, and may be related to other large structural changes in the network. Directions for future research are surveyed.
LSMR: An Iterative Algorithm for Sparse Least-Squares Problems

An iterative method LSMR is presented for solving linear systems $Ax=b$ and least-squares problems $\min \|Ax-b\|_2$, with $A$ being sparse or a fast linear operator. LSMR is based on the Golub-Kahan bidiagonalization process. It is analytically equivalent to the MINRES method applied to the normal equation $A^T\! Ax = A^T\! b$, so that the quantities $\|A^T\! r_k\|$ are monotonically decreasing (where $r_k = b - Ax_k$ is the residual for the current iterate $x_k$). We observe in practice that $\|r_k\|$ also decreases monotonically, so that compared to LSQR (for which only $\|r_k\|$ is monotonic) it is safer to terminate LSMR early. We also report some experiments with reorthogonalization.
Periodic Inhibition of Living Pacemaker Neurons (ii): Influences of Driver Rates and Transients and of Nondriven Postsynaptic Rates

This paper discusses synaptic inhibition of one pacemaker neuron by another, using data from living synapses. Spike discharges were assimilated to point processes. Inhibitory rate scale and behavior form. (i) Forms (p:q locked and others) with similar prevalent spectral components assembled monotonically with p:q. Between different lockings, intermittent, messy and other intermittent forms staggered characteristically; hoppings were interspersed. (ii) Locked, intermittent and messy forms occupied about 1/3 each of the rate scale. Individually, the 1:1, 2:1 and 1:2 locked domains were the widest, and seemed continuous; individual intermittent and messy domains were very narrow. Step-like inhibitory transients induced abrupt postsynaptic changes opposing them, which over- or under-shot and slowly returned in either orderly or complicated (chaotic?) ways to steady states. Input-output relations around inhibitory trains resembled those of first-order lead-lag systems distorted by asymmetric sensitivity to change and saturation. Postsynaptic natural discharges separated into "slow" less variable, and "fast" more variable categories with somewhat different inhibited behaviors. Formal modeling is introduced by summarizing comparable models, the data-assumption discrepancies, and reasonable conjectures as to eventual models.
Carbohydrate and sulfate conjugations of p-nitrophenol by hepatopancreas of Homarus americanus

Abstract 1. Glucosyltransferase activity is present in hepatopancreas of Homarus americanus . The enzyme appears to have a specific requirement for UDP-glucose, and ADP-, CDP- or GDP-glucose do not substitute for it. The activity is mainly microsomal, exhibits a pH optimum at 7.9–8.1, and its apparent K m values are 2 mM and 0.3 mM for UDP-glucose and p -nitrophenol respectively. Microsomal glucosyltransferase activity increases with increasing temperature up to 45°. 2. Hepatopancreas possesses a very active sulfotransferase which utilizes 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate for sulfoconjugation of p -nitrophenol. The activity is associated chiefly with the soluble fraction and amounts to about 16 nmoles/mg protein/30 min. 3. No detectable glucuronidation of p -nitrophenol occurred when preparations of hepatopancreas fortified with UDP-glucuronic acid were incubated with p -nitrophenol.
Behavioral treatment of cancer-related anorexia

Abstract While there are several reports in the literature describing the use of behavior control techniques to reverse weight loss in anorexia nervosa, there are no reports of successful treatment of cancer-related anorexia. This report describes the treatment of an anorexic pediatric oncology patient using positive social reinforcement, access to play activities and a token system to reverse weight loss.
Marijuana effects on immunity: suppression of human natural killer cell activity by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol

Abstract Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the major psychoactive component of marijuana, was tested for its ability to modulate human natural killer (NK) cell function. THC was toxic for peripheral blood lymphocytes at 20 μg/ml but not at 10 μg/ml or less. This component of marijuana also was inhibitory for NK activity against K562, a human tumor cell line at concentrations down to 5 μg/ml when pre-incubated with the effector cells. Suppression of NK function was dependent upon the concentration of THC and the length of time of pre-incubation but was independent of the ratio of effector to target cells. Prostaglandins were not involved in suppression of NK activity.
Addition of benfluorex to biguanide improves glycemic control in obese non-insulin-dependent diabetes: a double-blind study versus placebo.

Abstract The oral antidiabetic benfluorex lowers insulin resistance in liver and muscle without stimulating insulin secretion; it is more effective than a biguanide in lowering insulin and triglyceride levels and does not elevate lactate. This double-blind multicenter community study compared the addition of benfluorex versus placebo to diet plus metformin in 127 uncontrolled obese type II diabetics. After a 2-month run-in on diet plus metformin, overall mean glucose was 7.7 mmol/L or greater (fasting) and/or 11 mmol/L or greater (2 h after 75-g oral glucose), with 20% or greater excess body weight [body-mass index (women/men): ⩾ 26.9/⩾ 27.2 kg/m 2 ). Patients were then randomized to adjuvant benflouorex ( n = 63; 150 mg t.i.d.) or placebo ( n = 64) for 90 days, with centralized biochemical monitoring. On benfluorex, glucose decreased from day 0 to day 90 (fasting: 8.99 ± 2.76 to 7.81 ± 2.32 mmol/L, p = 0.002; 2 h post-load: 16.56 ± 4.49 to 15.09 ± 5.09 mmol/L, p = 0.029) versus increases on placebo (intergroup p = 0.003 and p = 0.001, respectively). HbA decreased on benfluorex (7.47 ± 1.44 to 7.12 ± 1.13%; p = 0.013) versus no change on placebo. Basal and stimulated insulin and C peptide did not change in either group. Body weight remained similar in both groups. Tolerability was good in both groups, with no increase in hypoglycemia on benfluorex. Adjuvant behfluorex improves glycemic control in obese type II diabetics uncontrolled by diet plus metformin. The combination is safe, well- tolerated and suitable for introduction into routine practice.
Longitudinal Analysis of Hospitalization After Spinal Cord Injury: Variation Based on Race and Ethnicity

Abstract Objective To examine the longitudinal effects of race/ethnicity on hospitalization among adults with spinal cord injury (SCI) in the 10-year period after initial injury. Design Retrospective analysis of postinjury hospitalizations among non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic African American, and Hispanic adults with SCI. Setting Community. Data were extracted from the 2011 National Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems database. Participants Patients with traumatic SCI (N= 5146; white, 3175; African American, 1396; Hispanic, 575) who received rehabilitation at one of the relevant SCI Model Systems. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Hospitalization, including rate of hospitalization, number of hospitalizations, and number of days hospitalized during the 12 months before the first-, fifth-, and tenth-year follow-up interviews for the SCI Model Systems. Results Significant differences were found in rates of hospitalization at 1 and 5 years postinjury, with participants from Hispanic backgrounds reporting lower rates than either whites or African Americans. At 10 years postinjury, no differences were noted in the rate of hospitalization between racial/ethnic groups; however, compared with whites ( P =.011) and Hispanics ( P =.051), African Americans with SCI had 13 and 16 more days of hospitalization, respectively. Compared with the first year postinjury, the rate of hospitalization declined over time among whites, African Americans, and Hispanics; however, for African Americans, the number of days hospitalized increased by 12 days ( P =.036) at 10 years versus 5 years postinjury. Conclusions Racial/ethnic variation appears to exist in postinjury hospitalization for individuals with SCI, with Hispanics showing the lowest rates of hospitalization at 1 and 5 years postinjury and African Americans having a significantly higher number of days hospitalized at 10 years postinjury. Potential explanations for these variations are discussed, and recommendations are made for potential changes to policy and clinical care.
A new chorismate mutase gene identified from Globodera ellingtonae and its utility as a molecular diagnostic marker

Globodera ellingtonae, a new cyst nematode species recently detected in Oregon and confirmed to reproduce on potato, shares key morphological features with the two species of potato cyst nematode (PCN; G. rostochiensis and G. pallida) which are of quarantine concern. Currently no methods are available for the molecular diagnosis of this new Globodera species. In this study, we cloned a chorismate mutase gene (Ge-cm-1) from G. ellingtonae. Our detailed sequence analysis identified two different Ge-cm-1 mRNA transcripts, named as Ge-cm-1 and Ge-cm-1-IRII, of which Ge-cm-1-IRII differs from Ge-cm-1 by a 93-base pair (bp) insertion. Comparison of the Ge-cm-1-IRII transcript with the genomic sequence of Ge-cm-1 revealed that Ge-cm-1-IRII was an alternatively spliced transcript generated by intron retention, further confirming a previous discovery that alternative splicing of CM genes is conserved among Globodera species. The genomic sequence of Ge-cm-1 contains three introns with intron 1 showing significant divergence compared to those of CM genes from the two PCN species as well as a related species G. tabacum. Based on the sequence variations, we designed PCR primers and a TaqMan probe specific for Ge-cm-1 and developed a TaqMan qPCR assay that provides reliable and sensitive identification of G. ellingtonae. Due to the fact that multiple Globodera species that infect potato currently occur in the U.S., this new molecular diagnostic method is valuable and should be included with other standard diagnostic methods to achieve a rapid and accurate differentiation of Globodera species.
Noah's Ark Landed in the Ural Mountains: Ethnic and Ecological Apocalypse in Tatarstan

The place where Noah's ark landed still matters in Tatarstan. Before the French revolution, European theologians used the flood story in Genesis as an example of divine retribution and redemption. In modern Turkey, the creationist, Harun Yahya, has drawn on the work of American fundamentalists to prove that Noah's Ark landed in his native land–God's sign that Christians and Muslims should unite against scientific materialism and secularism, and that Turkey would play a special role in the return of all Turkic peoples to the bosom of Islam. In Russia, however, the famous Tatar nationalist writer, Fawziya Bayramova does not view the search for Noah's ark as a possible bridge between Muslims and Christians against Darwinism and secularism, but as a way to reintroduce the supernatural into Tatar political discourse and reassert ethnic Islam as the only principle of communal identity. Aside from drawing a new synthesis of past and current eschatological narratives, her new reading of Noah's story reflects the unique cultural challenges of a Muslim minority in an overwhelmingly Christian and secular environment, very different from the Middle East.
Stomatitis and Gingivitis in the Adolescent and Preadolescent

There is a great difference in the obser­ vations o f various investigators regarding the prevalence of gingivitis in children. In postwar Italy, Schour and Massler1 reported a prevalence of 40 per cent in the 6 to 10 year age group. Day and Shourie2 reported a prevalence of as high as 99.4 per cent in the lower social level Indian children. However, this group in­ cluded individuals up to 20 years of age, who hardly can be considered children. The statistical data are of little signifi­ cance because of the types of groups studied. A report8 of gingivitis in London school children from 2 to 15 years of age indicates that there is an increase in prevalence with age, and at the age of 14, about 47 per cent had gingivitis, with about 31 per cent having slight evidence, and about 22 per cent having moderate to severe gingivitis. Zappler and Person,4 in a study of periodontal disease in chil­ dren, concluded: Consideration of such data indicates the necessity for a wide geographical survey of the incidence of periodontal disease in chil­ dren. It is evident that while serious perio­ dontal disease is not very common in this section of the United States, other areas throughout the world face a tremendous perio­ dontal problem insofar as their children are concerned. . . .
Supramolecular grid and layer architectures. Hydrogen bonds and halogen-halogen interactions influenced by bromo-, chloro-, and cyano-substituted anilic acids

Supramolecular reactions were performed between 2,2‘-bipyrimidine (BPM) and 2,5-substituted cyano- and haloanilic acids [cyananilic acid (CNA), chloranilic acid (ClA), and bromanilic acid, (BrA)] under identical reaction conditions in methanol and a mixture of acetonitrile and methanol. The cyano and hydroxyl functional units of CNA in supramolecular compound 1 are hydrogen-bonded through water molecules and form a two-dimensional network with a grid motif. The grid cavities are occupied by BPM molecules, which are strongly linked by water molecules that connect to the CNA network. The supramolecular architecture of 1 thus consists of a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded network. The 1:1:2 (H2O) compound 2 has intermolecular O−H···O and O−H···N hydrogen bonds: (i) ClA···H2O···BPM linked along the diagonal line of the bc-plane and (ii) BPM···H2O···BPM connected along the b-axis. This structure includes strong Cl···Cl interactions at 3.34 A, which generate a three-dimensional packing arrangement as strength...
Cell of Origin for Malignant Gliomas and Its Implication in Therapeutic Development

Abstract Malignant glioma remains incurable despite tremendous advancement in basic research and clinical practice. The identification of the cell(s) of origin should provide deep insights into leverage points for one to halt disease progression. Here we summarize recent studies that support the notion that neural stem cell (NSC), astrocyte, and oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) can all serve as the cell of origin. We also lay out important considerations on technical rigor for further exploring this subject. Finally, we share perspectives on how one could apply the knowledge of cell of origin to develop effective treatment methods. Although it will be a difficult battle, victory should be within reach as along as we continue to assimilate new information and facilitate the collaboration among basic scientists, translational researchers, and clinicians.
Some Results for Secondary Processes Generated by a Poisson Process.

Abstract We obtain the moment structure of a general class of random variables generated by a Poisson process. We then apply these relationships to several applied probability models. Among these are queues, counter models and low density traffic flow.
Magnetic field evolution in neutron stars: coupling between poloidal and toroidal components in the crust

We calculate the decay of the magnetic field in a neutron star crust, with allowance for the Hall effect. The magnetic field is represented by the large-scale (dipole and quadrupole) poloidal modes initially confined to the outer crust, as well as the toroidal component wound around the core of the neutron star. We perform our calculations using rapid and relatively slow cooling histories, both implying the possibility of a direct Urca process in the core. At the late stages, after ∼10 8 yr, the poloidal modes become strongly coupled (due to the Hall term in the conductivity tensor) to each other via the toroidal component. We show that this coupling may strongly affect the subsequent evolution of poloidal modes
Monetary Policy Signaling from the Administration to the Federal Reserve

This Chapter employs the index of monetary policy signaling from the Administration to the Federal Reserve (SAFER) that was developed in Chapter Two. The SAFER index is a simple weekly sum of articles that appeared in the Wall Street Journal in which Administration officials expressed a desire for easier (+1) or tighter (−1) monetary policy. A key assumption is that systematically over time the financial media capture the essence of communication that is going on between the executive branch and Federal Reserve officials.1 The signaling index is employed in ordinary least squares regressions for the period from January 1964 to November 1991. Cumulative values of the SAFER index over a three-week period, as an explanatory variable, are found to have a statistically significant effect on the average Federal funds rate during the third week, as the dependent variable. Further evidence suggests that the SAFER index is Granger-causal with respect to the Federal funds rate. After classifying the signals by sources within the Administration (Oval Office, Council of Economic Advisers, Treasury and other and unidentified sources), it is shown that, for the overall 1964–1991 period, signals from the Treasury Department and from other and unidentified sources have a statistically significant effect on the Federal funds rate while signals from the Oval Office and the Council do not. When the data are segmented according to who was the Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board at the time ordinary least squares results indicate that the Federal Reserve did not systematically respond to executive branch signaling in a statistically significant way when William McChesney Martin, G. William Miller, and Alan Greenspan were Chairmen but did respond statistically significantly to Administration signaling during portions of the periods during which Arthur Burns and Paul Volcker were Chairmen.
Dimorphism and possible sex change in copepods of the family Calanidae

Adult females of 14 of 25 species of the family Calanidae were found to be dimorphic with respect to the number of aesthetases on the first antenna. The trithek morph, in which most antennal segments bear a complement of one aesthetasc and two setae, appears to be the typical female phenotype. The quadrithek morph is less common and, as in males, odd-numbered segments 2b, 3, 5, 7 and 9 carry quadritheks, i.e., two aesthetascs as well as two setae. Segment 21 in the quadrithek female bears an aesthetasc that is absent in the trithek female. Male antennal segments are distinguished from those of trithek and quadrithek females by pronounced morphological differences in aesthetasc shape and size as well as fusion of one or more pairs of antennal segments. The quadrithek morph usually comprised only a small proportion (<10%) of a local population. Quadrithek morphs were found in tropical and subtropical genera (Cosmocalanus and Nannocalanus), broadly ranging genera (Calanoides), as well as in cool-water lineages (Calanus s.s., Calanus s.l. cristatus, C. s.l. plumchrus, C. s.l. propinquus and C. s.l. tonsus). Maximum frequencies of quadrithek morphs (10 to 12%) in Calanus pacificus californicus occurred during the upwelling season from late winter into spring. No indication of sexual or antennal dimorphism was found in CV C. pacificus californicus sexed by examination of gonad and gonaduct. The quadrithek dimorph appears to be the product of sex change by the larger-sized late-juvenile potential male. The evolutionary and ecological significance of this presumptive hypothesis is that the larger-sized potential male reaching adulthood one or more weeks before maturation of genotypic females may increase its reproductive output by sex change in the course of the final molt to mature as a functional female. Given the sex-change hypothesis, morphogenesis of secondary sexual structures would appear to be controlled by androgenic-like secretions from the genital tract, as has been shown in malacostrocans.
The addition of fenugreek extract (Trigonella foenum-graecum) to glucose feeding increases muscle glycogen resynthesis after exercise.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of ingesting an oral supplement containing 4-Hydroxyisoleucine (4-OH-Ile, isolated from fenugreek seeds [Trigonella foenum-graecum]) with a glucose beverage on rates of post-exercise muscle glycogen resynthesis in trained male cyclists. Following an overnight fast (12 hr), subjects completed a 90-minute glycogen depletion ride after which a muscle biopsy was obtained from the vastus lateralis. Immediately and 2 hours after the muscle biopsy, subjects ingested either an oral dose of dextrose (Glu) (1.8 g·kg BW−1) or 4-OH-Ile supplement (Glu+4-OH-Ile, including 2.0 mg·kg−1 4-OH-Ile with the same oral dose of dextrose) with a second muscle biopsy 4 hours after exercise. Post exercise muscle glycogen concentration was similar for both trials. Overall, there was a significant increase in glucose and insulin concentrations from time 0 throughout the majority of the 4-hour recovery period, with no significant differences between the two trials at any time point. Although muscle glycogen concentration significantly increased from immediately post exercise to 4 hr of recovery for both trials, the net rate of muscle glycogen resynthesis was 63% greater during Glu+4-OH-Ile (10.6±3.3 vs. 6.5±2.6 g·kg wet wt.−1·hr.−1 for the Glu+4-OH-Ile and Glu trials, respectively). These data demonstrate that when the fenugreek extract supplement (4-OH-Ile) is added to a high oral dose of dextrose, rates of post-exercise glycogen resynthesis are enhanced above dextrose alone.
Numerical Hartree-Fock and correlation calculations for molecules

Abstract Numerical Hartree-Fock and perturbation calculations that have been perfomed on molecules are reviewed and the importance of using multidimensional reference functions is emphasized. Atomic, multireference calculations are then discussed and numerical results are given for the ground state of the neutral beryllium atom. Our approach is to perform a MCHF calculation for the strongly interacting configurations and then to use perturbation theory systematically to improve upon the accuracy of this description. The effect of excitations from the MCHF states are calculated by solving inhomogeneous one- and two-particle equations for the particular linear combinations of excited states which contribute. Then numerical calculations are reported on the elementary molecular ion, H 3 2 , using a spline function technique, and the prospect of using this approach for larger molecules and for clusters of metal atoms is discussed. This last work is being carried out in collaboration with C. Bottcher and G. Bottrel of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
The Social Gradient of Adult Guardianship in South Australia

The socio-economic capital in a random sample of 146 first guardianship orders made by the Guardianship Board of South Australia was compared to expected, derived from analysis of the Victorian Law Reform Commission (using ABS SEIFA indexes). Results found a significantly greater than expected proportion of guardianship orders at low socio-economic deciles. Regression modeling suggested a causal relationship wherein 66% of the decline in incidence is explained by increasing socio-economic capital. Objective conditions of disability do not explain the observed distribution alone. Whilst a number of exogenous variables might be implicated, access to social capital is strongly consonant with the substituted judgement standard in making guardianship orders. In particular, the adequacy of informal arrangements and the least restrictive choice. Tribunal members' perceptions of social capital may influence the way this standard is applied, and may account for the observed distribution.
An approximate bayesian estimator suggests strong, recurrent selective sweeps in Drosophila.

The recurrent fixation of newly arising, beneficial mutations in a species reduces levels of linked neutral variability. Models positing frequent weakly beneficial substitutions or, alternatively, rare, strongly selected substitutions predict similar average effects on linked neutral variability, if the product of the rate and strength of selection is held constant. We propose an approximate Bayesian (ABC) polymorphism-based estimator that can be used to distinguish between these models, and apply it to multi-locus data from Drosophila melanogaster. We investigate the extent to which inference about the strength of selection is sensitive to assumptions about the underlying distributions of the rates of substitution and recombination, the strength of selection, heterogeneity in mutation rate, as well as the population's demographic history. We show that assuming fixed values of selection parameters in estimation leads to overestimates of the strength of selection and underestimates of the rate. We estimate parameters for an African population of D. melanogaster (ŝ∼2E−03, ) and compare these to previous estimates. Finally, we show that surveying larger genomic regions is expected to lend much more discriminatory power to the approach. It will thus be of great interest to apply this method to emerging whole-genome polymorphism data sets in many taxa.
PERIODICAL USEFULNESS: THE U.S. LOGISTICS EDUCATOR PERSPECTIVE

Traditional methodologies for evaluating periodicals focus on the quality of research-oriented, peer refereed journals. This research broadens the evaluation process to include practitioner publications and an assessment of periodical usefulness across three educational activities. More than 100 U.S. logistics educators identified and evaluated periodicals germane to the logistics discipline. The Journal of Business Logistics, Harvard Business Review, and Supply Chain Management Review achieved the highest usefulness scores based on an analysis of the survey responses.
Characterization of alpha/310-Helical Peptide Conformational Equilibria by 1H NMR H/D Exchange Measurements

Peptides composed exclusively of alpha,alpha-dialkyated amino acid residues, such as the alpha, alpha-dimethylglycine residue (aib), are known to adopt 310 helices in solution. The 310 helix is characterized by an i-to-i+3 intramolecular hydrogen-bonding pattern as opposed to the i-to-i+4 hydrogen-bonding pattern of the more familiar alpha-helix. Recent work in other laboratories has concluded that the alpha-helix may be the preferred helical structure for homooligomers of some alpha, alpha-dialkylated amino acid residues, such as alpha-methyl-alpha-ethylglycine, under certain conditions of solvent and C-terminal protection. In order to understand more deeply the helical preferences of short oligomers of aib, we have performed 1H NMR-based hydrogen/deuterium exchange studies, using methanol solvent, to characterize the alpha/310 helix equilibrium in a series of short oligomers (n = 4, 6) of aib residues. We have compared oligomers of aib C-terminated in tert-butyl ester and the tert-butyl ester of beta-alanine. In methanol solvent, the βeτα-alanine-based C-protecting group appears to allow for a greater percentage of α-helix than the tert-butyl ester.
Exosome Function: From Tumor Immunology to Pathogen Biology

The number of studies concerning bioactive vesicles has significantly increased in recent years with much of this increase stemming from work on exosomes. This class of bioactive vesicles is formed through the fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the plasma membrane and release of intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) as exosomes. Originally observed as a mechanism to remove transferrin receptor during reticulocyte maturation (1), more recent studies have focused on the role of exosomes in antigen presentation (reviewed in 2). The presence of antigens on exosomes released from tumor cells and the ability of these exosomes to stimulate anti-tumor responses in vitro and in vivo suggest that their use may hold therapeutic promise for cancer patients. An area of very recent interest has been on exosomes role in the spread of pathogens as well as their potential function in promoting or regulating an immune response upon infection. Studies have shown that exosomes may function in the cell-to-cell spread of HIV (3,4), although this may simply reflect analogous biogenesis/trafficking of exosome and envelope proteins (5). Exosomes have also been successfully used as vaccines against various pathogens. Finally, studies have suggested that exosomes released from cells infected with intracellular pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) contain microbial components and that these exosomes have immune modulatory activity. In this review, we give a general summary of MVBs and exosomes but focus primarily on their diverse functions as well as their potential usefulness as vaccines and disease biomarkers.
Neutron Scattering from Iron and Carbon by Time-of-Flight

A fixed-frequency cyclotron in conjunction with millimicrosecond time-of-flight techniques has been used to study elastic and inelastic neutron scattering from iron and carbon in the Mev range. The elastic angular distribution from iron exhibits an optical diffraction type pattern, and the inelastic angular distribution proves to be primarily isotropic except for a slight asymmetry around 90 degrees. The elastic angular distribution from carbon is in essential agreement with previous work.
Physical momentum versus crystal momentum of acoustic phonons in a crystal lattice

From the statistical mechanics together with the kinetic theory of the pressure of phonons in a crystal we have established the general relation of ${\mathbit{p}}_{\mathbit{q}}=n\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\hbar}\mathbit{q}$ for the physical momentum (or anharmonic momentjm) of an acoustic phonon of wave vector $\mathbit{q}$ in $n$ dimensions, $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ being the Gr\"uneisen constant. This is only valid under the condition of broken translational symmetry. For then the anharmonic interaction would enable a $\mathbit{q}\ensuremath{\ne}0$ phonon to couple with and hence acquire a mate of acoustic phonon of $\mathbit{q}=0$, resulting in a composite of the same $\mathbit{q}$. This composite can then carry a physical momentum relative to the wall confining the crystalline medium via its momentum-carrying, $\mathbit{q}=0$ mate. On the other hand, if translational invariance is maintained, a $\mathbit{q}\ensuremath{\ne}0$ phonon is incapable of any physical momentum relative to the inertial wall frame, with or without anharmonic coupling; it can only carry the more familiar ``crystal momentum'' which is the kind that is transported like sound intensity within and hence relative to the equilibrium crystalline medium. An elementary, semiclassical derivation of the ``crystal momentum'' is presented and discussed versus the ``anharmonic momentum.'' Some applications of the latter are presented.
Control the issues, control the conflict: The effects of alliances that settle territorial issues on interstate rivalries

Research has shown that a large number of interstate disputes frequently occur between the same pairs of states and that these rivalries tend to include wars more often than not. This article exami...
Optical imaging over a plasmonic thin film with deep-subwavelength surface roughness

Subwavelength imaging has been reported for a layer of plasmonic thin film. In this paper, we investigate the enhancement of the sub-diffraction-limit imaging using subwavelength surface roughness. Full wave simulations are carried out based on Lippmann Schwinger equation with linearized scattering potentials. Progresses in experiment are also reported.
Interacting with infrastructure: a case for breaching experiments in home computing research

Why do user experience problems with home computing persist, despite several decades worth of academic study and countless technological innovations to overcome these issues? This paper presents the results of a multi-week trial investigating technical support practices in North American homes using a combination of breaching experiments and custom software. What this study uncovered was not a one-size-fits-all solution to technical problems in residential settings, but instead a rich description of the articulation work required to acquire devices, maintain and configure them over time, and seek help when problems occur. Based on this study, I argue that many of the user experience problems experienced with home computing and electronics are due to issues related to individual agency rather than technical or user interface characteristics of any given technology combination. Additionally, I make a case for the use of breaching experiments to study phenomenon related to technologies infrastructures that are difficult to capture via other traditionally used methods.
Patient-Reported Outcomes in Clinical Trials of CKD-Related Therapies: Report of a Symposium Sponsored by the National Kidney Foundation and the US Food and Drug Administration

The National Kidney Foundation and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) convened a symposium in September 2010, bringing together more than 70 experts, including representatives from the FDA, the National Institutes of Health, the Critical Path Institute, nephrologists, patients, and the pharmaceutical industry to discuss the feasibility and process of developing patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures to access how patients feel or function to be used in clinical trials for regulatory review of treatment benefit. Three disease areas were evaluated for development of end point models in which PRO measures may be useful: anemia secondary to chronic kidney disease, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), and nephrotic syndrome. The participants thought it valuable to use observational data to generate hypotheses regarding patient baseline characteristics that are likely to predict clinically important changes in PROs in response to anemia treatment and to design adequately powered blinded randomized controlled trials of anemia treatment using PROs as primary rather than secondary end points. Validated PRO instruments that reflect the patient experience in ADPKD and nephrotic syndrome are essential to incorporate into clinical trials of new therapeutic interventions because glomerular filtration rate decline may occur late in the disease course, at which point therapeutic benefit is less likely. Conference attendees addressed how PRO measures could be used to evaluate, monitor, provide care, and facilitate the introduction of treatments for patients with these challenging conditions.
The Lysophosphatidic Acid 2 Receptor Mediates Down-regulation of Siva-1 to Promote Cell Survival

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) promotes cell survival through the activation of G protein-coupled LPA receptors. However, whether different LPA receptors activate distinct anti-apoptotic signaling pathways is not yet clear. Here we report a novel mechanism by which the LPA2 receptor targets the proapoptotic Siva-1 protein for LPA-dependent degradation, thereby attenuating Siva-1 function in DNA damage response. The carboxyl-terminal tail of the LPA2 receptor, but not LPA1 or LPA3 receptor, specifically associates with the carboxyl cysteine-rich domain of Siva-1. Prolonged LPA stimulation promotes the association of Siva-1 with the LPA2 receptor and targets both proteins for ubiquitination and degradation. As a result, adriamycin-induced Siva-1 protein stabilization is attenuated by LPA in an LPA2-dependent manner, and the function of Siva-1 in promoting DNA damage-induced apoptosis is inhibited by LPA pretreatment. Consistent with this result, inhibition of the LPA2 receptor expression increases Siva-1 protein levels and augments adriamycin-induced caspase-3 cleavage and apoptosis. Together, these findings reveal a critical and specific role for the LPA2 receptor through which LPA directly inactivates a critical component of the death machinery to promote cell survival.
Identification and characterization of novel developmentally regulated proteins in rat spinal cord.

Abstract We previously used 2-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis to identify novel proteins that may be involved in the genesis of the mammalian nervous system [1]. Several novel proteins that were up- or down-regulated coincident with neurogenesis and neuronal migration in rat neocortex were identified. To further investigate the expression of some of these developmentally regulated proteins during a comparable period in spinal cord development, 2-D electrophoresis is used to study their regulation in the crude membrane and soluble fractions of spinal cord at embryonic day 12 (E12) and embryonic day 21 (E21). This analysis indicates that 7 of the proteins that exhibited large changes in their synthesis in cerebral cortex between embryonic day 14 (E14) and embryonic day 21 (E21) demonstrate similar up- or down-regulation during spinal cord neurogenesis. However, two proteins are restricted in their expression or developmental regulation. One of these, 667–800, appears cortex-specific, while the up-regulation of protein SC.1 appears to be spinal cord specific. Several of these proteins also appear to be enriched in both the cortex and spinal cord relative to non-neural tissues (117, 162, 182, 310 [TOAD-64], 667–800) and may be neural specific. To further characterize its expression, one of these neural-specific, up-regulated proteins, TOAD-64 (protein 310) [2–4], is studied throughout embryonic and postnatal spinal cord development using peptide-specific polyclonal antibodies. As suggested by the 2-D gel analysis and the previously reported expression pattern in cerebral cortex [3], TOAD-64 is transiently expressed in postmitotic spinal cord neurons early in their development and sharply down-regulated after the second postnatal week. In the adult spinal cord, TOAD-64 expression is remarkably restricted to a subset of primary afferents to the spinal cord. This expression pattern, coupled with its recently discovered homology to two proteins implicated in axon pathfinding in the chick and nematode [5,3], suggests that TOAD-64 may have a fundamental role in axon pathfinding.
Heat transfer analysis of edged particles

Heat transfer analysis for irregular edged particles was performed because many food particles have such shapes. Regression equations for estimating heat penetration parameters, m f and j. for thermal center and volume average, were derived through computer simulation. The regression equations were verified by comparing estimated results with analytical solutions for simple shapes, and those obtained directly from finite element simulation for irregular shapes. The applicability of a geometric index (9) method to edged, irregular bodies was examined. Sensitivity of experimental variables on heat penetration parameters was also analysed.
THROUGH A FRACTURED LENS: WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS AND THE PRIVATE EQUITY NEGOTIATION PROCESS

Access to financial resources remains an important aspect of new venture start-up and growth strategies. While women still obtain a small amount of total private equity investment, they are increasingly involved in developing high growth ventures which may be attractive investment opportunities for venture capitalists and business angels. Contract, or term sheet, negotiation is an important stage of the investment process. Although gender-related differences in negotiation styles are well documented in other fields, they have not been examined in entrepreneurship. This research utilizes a mixed method study of gender and negotiation strategies employed during the private equity investment process.