cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combination Treatment Optimization Using a Pan-Cancer Pathway Model

Abstract The design of efficient combination therapies is a difficult key challenge in the treatment of complex diseases such as cancers. The large heterogeneity of cancers and the large number of available drugs renders exhaustive in vivo or even in vitro investigation of possible treatments impractical. In recent years, sophisti-cated mechanistic, ordinary differential equation-based pathways models that can predict treatment responses at a molecular level have been developed. However, surprisingly little effort has been put into leveraging these models to find novel therapies. In this paper we use for the first time, to our knowledge, a large-scale state-of-the-art pan-cancer signaling pathway model to identify potentially novel combination therapies to treat individual cancer cell lines from various tissues (e.g., minimizing proliferation while keeping dosage low to avoid adverse side effects) and populations of cancer cell lines (e.g., minimizing the maximum or average proliferation across the cell lines while keeping dosage low). We also show how our method can be used to optimize the mixtures and dosages used in sequential treatment plans—that is, optimized sequences of potentially different drug combinations—providing additional benefits. In order to solve the treatment optimization problems, we combine the Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES) algorithm with a significantly more scalable sampling scheme for truncated Gaussian distributions, based on a Hamiltonian Monte-Carlo method. These optimization techniques are independent of the signaling pathway model, and can thus be used for other signaling pathway models also, provided that a suitable predictive model is available.
Functionally Graded Adhesives via High-Energy Irradiation

A thermally cured epoxy/anhydride system is shown to exhibit dose-dependent increases in cross-link density, glass transition temperature, and modulus. The addition of various sensitizers further b...
Novel Nonproprietary Measures of Ambulatory Electronic Health Record Use Associated with Physician Work Exhaustion

Background Accumulating evidence indicates an association between physician electronic health record (EHR) use after work hours and occupational distress including burnout. These studies are based on either physician perception of time spent in EHR through surveys which may be prone to bias or by utilizing vendor-defined EHR use measures which often rely on proprietary algorithms that may not take into account variation in physician's schedules which may underestimate time spent on the EHR outside of scheduled clinic time. The Stanford team developed and refined a nonproprietary EHR use algorithm to track the number of hours a physician spends logged into the EHR and calculates the Clinician Logged-in Outside Clinic (CLOC) time, the number of hours spent by a physician on the EHR outside of allocated time for patient care. Objective The objective of our study was to measure the association between CLOC metrics and validated measures of physician burnout and professional fulfillment. Methods Physicians from adult outpatient Internal Medicine, Neurology, Dermatology, Hematology, Oncology, Rheumatology, and Endocrinology departments who logged more than 8 hours of scheduled clinic time per week and answered the annual wellness survey administered in Spring 2019 were included in the analysis. Results We observed a statistically significant positive correlation between CLOC ratio (defined as the ratio of CLOC time to allocated time for patient care) and work exhaustion (Pearson's r = 0.14; p = 0.04), but not interpersonal disengagement, burnout, or professional fulfillment. Conclusion The CLOC metrics are potential objective EHR activity-based markers associated with physician work exhaustion. Our results suggest that the impact of time spent on EHR, while associated with exhaustion, does not appear to be a dominant factor driving the high rates of occupational burnout in physicians.
Elevated-temperature Deformation Mechanisms in a CrMnFeCoNi High-Entropy Alloy

Abstract Stress reduction creep experiments were performed on a CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy at 1073 K to characterize the steady-state and transient creep properties of this material. From measurements of constant-structure creep, the activation area for deformation of CrMnFeCoNi was determined to be ∼100 b 2 and to decrease with increasing applied stress, indicating the presence of both concentrated solid solution and forest dislocation control of high temperature plastic deformation. With the aid of a recent solid solution theory for high entropy alloys, quantitative separation of the two mechanisms was carried out using a Haasen plot and the results show that creep in CrMnFeCoNi relies heavily on thermal activation with the majority of creep strength coming from solid solution hardening, especially at low applied stresses. The overall analysis conducted in this study reveals that steady-state creep deformation of CrMnFeCoNi at 1073 K can be adequately described by existing concentrated solid solution hardening models and forest dislocation hardening models. This observation suggests it may be possible to develop a unified treatment of the dislocation glide kinetics for this alloy from cryogenic to elevated temperatures.
Modeling and Optimization of SRAM-based In-Memory Computing Hardware Design

In-memory computing (IMC) has been demonstrated as a promising technique to significantly improve energy-efficiency for deep neural network (DNN) hardware accelerators. However, designing one involves setting many design variables such as the number of parallel rows to assert, analog-to-digital converter (ADC) at the periphery of memory sub-array, activation/weight precisions of DNNs, etc., which affect energy-efficiency, DNN accuracy, and area. While individual IMC designs have been presented in the literature, they have not investigated this multi-dimensional design optimization. In this paper, to fill this knowledge gap, we present a SRAM-based IMC hardware modeling and optimization framework. A unified systematic study closely models IMC hardware, and investigates how a number of design variables and nonidealities (e.g. device mismatch and ADC quantization) affect the DNN accuracy of IMC design. To maintain high DNN accuracy for the IMC SRAM hardware, it is shown that the number of activated rows, ADC resolution, ADC quantization range, and different sources of variability/noise need to be carefully selected and co-optimized with an underlying DNN algorithm to implement.
Sub-bandgap features in CdSeTe solar cells: Parsing the roles of material properties and cell optics

In this contribution, we investigate why different dopant species and back-contact architectures lead to different sub-bandgap behaviors in CdSeTe solar cells. Through extraction of the absorptance from photoluminescence spectra, we parse the contributions from material properties and from cell optics. We show that, as expected, arsenic doping leads to an increase in sub-bandgap features over traditional copper doping, and that this is a material property of arsenic-doped CdSeTe. Conversely, the increase in sub-bandgap absorption and emission using alternative back contact architectures can be attributed to the cell optics, and more specifically to the increased reflectance of the back interface, leading to at least a doubling of the pathlength for sub-bandgap photons.
Long-Term Adherence to Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy Following Various Radiotherapy Modalities in Hormone Receptor Positive Breast Cancer.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Adjuvant endocrine therapy (AET) is standard of care following breast-conserving surgery (BCS) for hormone receptor (HR) positive breast cancer. We compared the rates of long-term AET adherence after various radiation therapy (RT) modalities among patients with estrogen receptor (ER) and/or progesterone receptor (PR) positive breast cancer treated with BCS. MATERIALS/METHODS Medical records from patients with stage 0 or stage 1, ER and/or PR positive breast cancer that received adjuvant RT between 2013 and 2015 at a single institution were retrospectively reviewed. We excluded patients with prior breast cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), HR-negative disease, primary tumors > 3cm, involved nodes, and those for whom AET was contraindicated. All patients received BCS followed by adjuvant RT via one of the following modalities: whole breast radiotherapy (WBI), accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) with either external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) or fractionated intracavitary high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy, or single fraction HDR-brachytherapy intraoperative-radiation therapy (IORT) delivered at the time of lumpectomy, on a clinical trial (Precision Breast IORT). Only patients from the completed phase of the protocol were included. All patients were evaluated for up to five years of adherence to AET. Patient and treatment factors were evaluated via a Cox Regression analysis with backward selection of variables based upon P < 0.10 on univariate analysis (UVA) for inclusion in the final model. The Kaplan Meier method was used to model and further evaluate rates of AET adherence based on RT modality and histology as well as among the entire cohort. RESULTS Ninety-seven patients were eligible for analysis. Thirty patients were treated with WBI, 41 with APBI, and 26 with IORT on clinical trial with a median follow up of 64.2, 72.0, and 58.6 months, respectively. Follow up schedule and evaluation of AET adherence was similar between all groups. For the entire cohort, AET adherence was approximately 67% at 2 years and 58% at 5 years. Among patients in the IORT clinical trial, adherence to AET was 53% at 2 years and 41% at 5 years. In the Cox regression model, histology (DCIS) and RT modality (IORT) were associated with decreased AET adherence at 5 years, with odds ratio (OR) 1.974 (CI: 1.018-3.828, P = 0.044) and OR 2.177 (CI: 1.132-4.186, P = 0.02), respectively. CONCLUSION For early stage, HR positive breast cancer, the rate of AET adherence was approximately 58% at 5 years, consistent with prior reports. DCIS histology and receipt of IORT on clinical trial were associated with lower rates of adherence to AET at 5 years. Our findings suggest a potential need for further research aimed at addressing adherence to AET. Additionally, examination of the efficacy of more convenient RT interventions such as APBI and IORT in patients who do not receive AET is warranted.
Differential response efficiency to simple kinesthetic and tactile stimuli.

Abstract A series of studies were carried out on groups of high school students, college undergraduates, and graduate students in order to investigate differential response sensitivity to kinesthetic and tactile stimuli. The hypothesis was that different groups of individuals would show differential sensitivity to differently channeled stimuli. The results of the study only minimally supported this hypothesis, but some interesting data were obtained in terms of the developmental or experiential factors involved in response efficiency. The subtle interaction between tactile and kinesthetic sensitivity is discussed.
Turbulent Heat Transfer Analysis of a Three-Dimensional Array of Perforated Fins Due to Changes in Perforation Sizes

Turbulent heat transfer characteristics of three-dimensional and rectangular perforated fins, including perforation like channels along the length of the fins, are investigated. Both dimensions and numbers of perforations are changed at the highest porosity in the study of Shaeri and Yaghoubi [7] to determine the effects of perforation sizes on the heat transfer characteristics of the perforated fins. Results show that at a specific porosity, a fin with a higher number of perforations enhances the heat transfer rate more efficiently. Also, total drag is not only remarkably lower in perforated fins compared with a solid fin, but also becomes smaller by decreasing the number of perforations.
The axostat. IV. An analysis of the planar and spatial electrocardiographic indices of normal subjects as referred to an orthogonalized lead system.

Abstract 1. 1. The planar electrocardiographic indices (angular directions of mean frontal and sagittal QRS and T vectors) and spatial indices (angle between mean spatial QRS and T vectors, mean spatial QRS and T vector loci) of 102 normal, youthful adults were determined with respect to a corrected frame of reference. These results were compared with similar determinations made on the same subjects with respect to an uncorrected frame of reference. 2. 2. All of the planar indices, and the mean spatial QRS-T angles exhibited some reduction of scatter, ranging from slight to moderate, within the corrected frame of reference. 3. 3. The mean spatial QRS and T vector loci exhibited slightly less scatter and better coefficients of correlation within the uncorrected frame of reference. 4. 4. The corrected frame of reference does not appear to possess sufficient merit to warrant its routine application to the analysis of mean QRS- and T-vector orientation.
Strong Equivalence for Logic Programs and Default Theories (Made Easy)

Logic programs P and Q are strongly equivalent if, given any logic program R, programs P ∪ R and Q ∪ R are equivalent (that is, have the same answer sets). Strong equivalence is convenient for the study of equivalent transformations of logic programs: one can prove that a local change is correct without considering the whole program. Recently, Lifschitz, Pearce andV alverde showedt hat Heyting's logic of here-and-there can be used to characterize strong equivalence of logic programs. This paper offers a more direct characterization, and extends it to default logic. In their paper, Lifschitz, Pearce and Valverde study a very general form of logic programs, called"n ested" programs. For the study of strong equivalence of default theories, it is convenient to introduce a corresponding "nested" version of default logic, which generalizes Reiter's default logic.
Using runtime paths for macroanalysis

We introduce macroanalysis, an approach used to infer the high-level properties of dynamic, distributed systems, and an indispensable tool when faced with tasks where local context and individual component details are insufficient. We present a new methodology, runtime path analysis, where paths are traced through software components and then aggregated to understand global system behavior via statistical inference. Our approach treats components as gray boxes and complements existing microanalysis tools, such as code-level debuggers. We use runtime paths to deduce application state, detect failures, and diagnose problems, all in an application-generic fashion. We have explored path-based macroanalysis both in a research setting and as part of a commercial infrastructure at Tellme Networks.
Finding a Maximal Weighted Independent Set in Wireless Networks

This paper introduces MWIS, a distributed algorithm for the efficient determination of a maximal weighted independent set in the topology graph G of a wireless network. Motivated by the observation that the problem of partitioning wireless nodes into clusters easily reduces to the problem of finding a maximal weighted independent set of nodes, the proposed algorithm is described by taking into account two main characteristics of wireless networks, namely, the broadcast nature of the wireless medium and the possibility to support nodes mobility. MWIS is executed at each node by means of fast message triggered procedures that require the sole knowledge of the topology local to the node. Moreover, its time complexity is proven to be bounded by a topology dependent parameter of the network (the stability number ?(G) of the network topology graph G), rather than by the invariant number n of the network nodes. Based on this result, and by using a well known result about ?(G) in the theory of random graphs the paper concludes with a brief discussion on the average time complexity of MWIS.
Primary prevention research in suicide

At the American Association of Suicidology’s (AAS) 46th Annual Conference in Austin, Texas (http://www.suicidology.org/web/guest/education-and-training/annualconference), participants were challenged to address why there has not been more progress in reducing the rates of completed suicides (Berman, 2013). A draft of recommendations from the National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention’s Research Prioritization Task Force was presented at the meeting and subsequently published in this journal (National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention [NAASP], 2013a, 2013b). The purpose of this commentary is to address this challenge by emphasizing the importance of employing a disease etiology strategy that integrates molecular data with clinical data, environmental data, and health outcomes in a dynamic, iterative fashion. The recommendations of the Research Prioritization Task Force tackle important public health program issues and are embedded within seven key questions, summarized as: 1. Why do people become suicidal? 2. How do we better detect/predict risk? 3. What interventions prevent suicidal behavior? 4. What are the effective services for treating suicidal persons and preventing suicidal behavior? 5. How do we reduce stigma? 6. What are the suicide prevention interventions outside of health-care settings? 7. Which existing and new infrastructure needs are required to further reduce suicidal behavior? (NAASP, 2013b; Silverman et al., 2013)
Cauchy-riemann operator and decomposition ofL2 space on ℝ+n+1

We decompose Lα2(ℝ+n+1) into direct sum of closed subspaces which are isomorphic to the monogenic Bergman space. Application on commutators is also discussed.
A Dynamic-Programming Based Model for Phase-Mining Optimization in Open-Pit Metal Mines

Three important aspects of phase-mining must be optimized: the number of phases, the geometry and position of each phase-pit (including the ultimate pit), and the ore and waste quantities to be mined in each phase. A model is presented in this paper in which, a sequence of geologically optimum pits are first generated and then dynamically evaluated to simultaneously optimize the above three aspects, with the objective of maximizing the overall net present value. The model takes into full account of the dynamic nature of the problem with respect to both time and space, and is robust in accommodating different pit wall slopes and different bench heights.
A parallel robot-arm regional structure with actuational redundancy

Abstract The kinematics of spatial two-closed-loop linkages with 3 DOF suitable for application as fully parallel regional structures of robot arms is studied. Possible configurations of such linkages are enumerated: two of them are reduced to 6-bar linkages with multi-DOF rotational joints. One of these cases has potential for redundant parallel actuation without significant increase in linkage inertia. The kinematic model is derived for this particular case and the inverse kinematic solution is presented in closed form. It is shown that the direct kinematic problem has no meaning in the case of actuational redundancy by considering the constraints imposed by loop closure. The study of differential motions culminates in the derivation of the jacobian of the inverse kinematic transformation. Singularities are identified on the basis of the jacobian and are classified as stationary or uncertainty singularities. Finally considerations are given for finding the actuator torques to counteract a given load.
The Course of the Frontal Branch of the Facial Nerve in Relation to Fascial Planes: An Anatomic Study

Background:Despite a wealth of literature describing the anatomy of the temporal region, controversy still exists over the depth of the frontal branch of the facial nerve as it travels over the zygomatic arch. It is commonly stated that the frontal branch travels within the superficial musculoaponeu
Evoked field potential analysis of dopaminergic mechanisms in the isolated turtle olfactory bulb

Dopaminergic mechanisms were analyzed in an isolated preparation of the turtle olfactory bulb. Field potentials were evoked by antidromic or orthodromic stimulation, and the effects determined of pharmacological manipulations of the bathing medium. In the presence of dopamine or a dopamine agonist, apomorphine, there was a reduction of amplitude and delay of onset of the component of the field potentials due to granule cell responses; fluphenazine, a dopamine antagonist, had generally opposite effects. Using paired volleys, it was found that the suppression of the response to the second test volley was reduced in the presence of dopamine or apomorphine, but enhanced in the presence of fluphenazine. The most likely explanation of these results is that exogenous dopamine depresses the response of mitral cells, which in turn decreases the dendrodendritic synaptic excitation of granule cells and reduces their inhibitory feedback onto mitral cells. This suggests that the dopaminergic cells in the bulb may suppress mitral cells by modulating excitable mechanisms in the mitral dendritic membrane, or modulating long-lasting synaptic potentials.
Dispositional antecedents and outcomes of political skill in organizations: A four-study investigation with convergence

Abstract We developed a four-study research plan to examine the dispositional antecedents of political skill and its job performance consequences, and also to incorporate the mediating role of reputation, drawing upon a recent theoretical model of political skill in organizations. Study 1 established the psychometric properties of the two reputation scales used in the present research, and also demonstrated the validity of the self-report reputation measure in Study 4. Study 2 tested, and demonstrated support for, the ‘Affability’ dispositional theme as a predictor of political skill, and political skill as predictor of job performance. In Study 3, the political skill–job performance linkage was replicated, but when reputation was investigated as an intermediate linkage, it was found to fully mediate the relationship between political skill and job performance. Study 4 investigated all the linkages examined in Studies 2 and 3, and found that the ‘Active Influence’ dispositional theme predicted political skill, and that the political skill–job performance relationship was fully mediated by reputation. Collectively, these studies demonstrated support for recent theoretical developments in political skill and reputation, suggesting that political skill has dispositional antecedents, and that political skill demonstrates a significant impact on job performance, through reputation. The strengths and limitations of this research are discussed, and directions for future research are provided.
FT-EPR Study of Photoinduced Electron Transfer at the Surface of TiO2 Nanoparticles

Photoinduced electron transfer at the surface of TiO2 nanoparticles in ethanol has been studied with Fourier transform EPR (FT-EPR). Measurements were performed on three systems: (1) a solution of...
Some Utilizations of Lambert W Function in Distribution Theory

We introduce a new class of positive infinitely divisible probability laws calling them &#x1d50f;γ distributions. Their cumulant-generating functions (cgf) are expressed in terms of the principal branch of the Lambert W function. The probability density functions (pdfs) of &#x1d50f;γ laws are bounded resembling pdf of a Levy stable distribution. The exponential dispersion model constructed starting from an &#x1d50f;γ distribution admits the inverse Gaussian approximation. The natural exponential family constructed starting from an &#x1d50f;γ distribution constitutes the reciprocal of the natural exponential family generated by a spectrally negative stable law with α = 1. We derive new results on &#x1d50f;γ laws and the related exponential dispersion models, including their convolution and scaling closure properties. We generate another exponential dispersion model starting from an exponentially compounded &#x1d50f;γ law. This distribution emerges in the Poisson mixture representation of a generalized Poisson law. We extend the Poisson approximation for...
Primary pleural rhabdomyosarcoma: A case report and literature review

Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of childhood. It usually arises in the head and neck, and in the extremities. Primary pleural sarcoma is exceptional; to our knowledge, only eight cases have been reported so far. We present another case of pleural RMS explored by ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT), with literature review.
Temperature affects activity and feeding motivation in Pacific halibut: Implications for bait-dependent fishing

Abstract Laboratory experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that temperature (2–10 °C) and recent feeding history (1–14 days food deprivation) influence the activity and feeding motivation of Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis). Activity was examined before and after presentation of a chemical cue prepared from squid (Loligo opalescens). Spontaneous activity in 2 °C was essentially zero and increased with temperature. Searching behavior increased with cue introduction in all treatments and search intensity was closely correlated with temperature. Food deprivation did not significantly affect either pre- or post-cue activity. The number of baits located, attacked and consumed increased with temperature, and the times required to accomplish those behaviors decreased significantly with temperature. In most cases, very slow responses occurred at 2 °C, differences between 4 and 6 °C were small and not significant, and times were shortest in 10 °C. Temperature did not have a significant effect on latency in attack or bait handling time, and feeding history had no significant effects on any of the timed measures. These results indicate a large potential impact of temperature on Pacific halibut catchability in longline surveys. Stock size could be significantly underestimated in a cold season or cold year and in deep water environments where temperatures are low.
Upwelling along the 60-m isobath from Cape Canaveral to Cape Hatteras and its relationship to fish distribution

Abstract During a cruise north in the Gulf Stream from Cape Canaveral to Cape Hatteras several zones of upwelling were observed. Acoustic measurements suggested that fish aggregations were associated with areas of upwelling. Surface salinity and alongshore velocity observations suggest an offshore flow of shelf water in the 32 to 33°N area.
Diazepam withdrawal as demonstrated by changes in plasma corticosterone: A role for the hippocampus

Abstract Elevations in plasma costicosterone were shown to be a reliable indication of antagonist-precipitated withdrawal from diazepam in the rat. Dependence to the benzodiazepine was produced by a single daily injection for eight days at which time CGS-8216 was injected i.v. via a chronic indwelling catheter. This injection and subsequent serial blood samples were withdrawan from conscious, unrestrained animals that were placed previously in sound-attenuated one-way vision boxes. The magnitude of the hormone change was correlated with either the chronic dose of diazepam or the dose of the antagonist used to precipitate withdrawal. When CGS-8216 was administered chronically with the diazepam, antagonist-precipitated abstinence did not occur. Additional results showed that dependence could be produced by bilateral intracerebral placement of micropellets of diazepam into the dorsal and ventral hippocampus. These data show that dependence to diazepam can be demonstrated in a relatively short time using modest doses of drug, and, further, that exposure of the hippocampus, an area with a high concentration of benzodiazepine receptors, to diazepam will initiate dependence.
Simplified Dynamics of Human and Mammalian Neocortical Neurons

The behavior of human and mammalian neocortical neurons is governed by the interplay of approximately a dozen ion currents. Due to the complexity of the resulting dynamics, it is sometimes advantageous to resort to simpler systems in order to gain insight into the relationship between underlying dynamical principles and biophysics. This paper presents a new and extremely simple approximation to the dynamics of neocortical neurons based on just four simulated ion currents:INa , IK, IT, and IAHP. The formulation incorporates Ohm's law plus explicit representation of Na+, K+, and Ca2+equilibrium potentials, yet mathematical simplicity is retained by restriction of the dynamics to cubic nonlinearities. The resulting equations produce a good approximation to spike shapes, firing rates, and bursting behavior throughout the physiological range. Analysis of the equations suggests that four unique dynamical regimes form the basis for different categories of neocortical neurons. Synaptic coupling between these model neurons demonstrates their potential utility in simulations by producing network models of bursting and of short-term memory function.
Farmers' Motivations for Adopting Conservation Practices along Riparian Zones in a Mid-western Agricultural Watershed

In the agricultural Mid-west, riparian corridors are vital for protecting biodiversity and water quality. The cumulative management decisions of hundreds of private landowners have a tremendous impact on this riparian zone. This study of 268 farmers in a typical Mid-western watershed in Michigan looked at farmer's motivations for adopting conservation practices, their current management practices along their rivers and drains as well as their future management plans. The results of the study showed that farmers are intrinsically motivated to practise conservation by such factors as their attachment to their land, rather than by motivations such as receiving economic compensation. Farmers are also likely to engage in conservation practices that make their farm appear well-managed. Furthermore, those farmers with strong intrinsic motivations were likely to adopt conservation practices that protect streams, such as maintaining a woody vegetative buffer or practicing no-till farming. This study shows that pro...
The zone between social acceptance and juvenile delinquency.

DELINQUENCY is not a new term or a new phenomenon. Frequent use of the phrase "juvenile delinquency," and extensive publicity about it have brought to the situation in recent years a notoriety which would be impressive even if there were no increase in occurrence. There are good reasons for all citizens, and especially for children's physicians, to be interested in antisocial behavior of children, for it is an acknowledged problem of the day and appears to be more conspicuous as the years pass. The number of juvenile delinquency court cases tripled between 1940 and 1958 which is a far greater increase than that in child population in the same period. In any year a little more than 2 per cent of all children aged 10 through 17 years will be referred to juvenile courts. A better idea of the size of the problem is gained f rom an authoritative estimate that 12 per cent of all children will at some time during their years of 10 through 17 be referred to courts. Roughly 20 per cent of all boys will, during this age period, be referred to courts, for the ratio of male to female delinquents is 5:1.1 These statistics refer only to official or legal delinquency, the violation of laws or
Paradoxical consequences of conflict: Interference and facilitation

Conflicts produced by two different sequences of stimulus presentation were expected to have different consequences: interfering in one case and facilitating in the other. The sequence of stimulus presentation is critical because it determines whether the response measure will reflect the competition that occurs during the resolution of a conflict, or whether the response measure will reflect the effects of conflict-produced drive on the performance of the dominant response. The responses made by college students during conflict and nonconflict test trials under both conditions supported this hypothesis.
The influence of water on CO2 exchange in the lichen Parmelia praesignis Nyl.

Net photosynthetic rates for the lichen Parmelia praesignis Nyl. were obtained as a function of 5 light levels, 5 temperature levels, and of water content as thalli dried from saturated conditions. Data are described as second order polynomials in the light, and as saturation curves in the dark. Rates in the light were depressed at high water contents reaching maximal rates between 110% and 180% water content and declining as thalli dried. Physiological parameters were derived from the drying curves to investigate temperature and light interactions. Dark respiration parameters are the maximal rate, the water content where the rate is half-maximal, the water content at which respiration is zero, and the maximal water efficiency. In the light, parameters are the maximal net photosynthetic rate, the water content at the maximal rate, the water compensation point, the maximal water efficiency, and the sensitivity of net photosynthesis to change in water content.Values of half-maximal rate water contents for respiration were found to increase as temperatures increased. The greatest maximal net photosynthetic rate occurred at higher temperatures as the light intensity increased. In the light, maximal water efficiency and the sensitivity to changes in water content were generally maximal at temperatures yielding the greatest maximal net photosynthetic rates.
Inhibition of prostate cancer metastasis by administration of a tissue vaccine.

Immunotherapy by vaccination represents a novel method for treatment of cancer. In this regard, vaccines with the broadest possible menu of relevant antigens stand the greatest chance of success. Tissue vaccines are composed of material harvested directly from tumors and contain not only antigens associated with neoplastic epithelium, but also those that may be unique to in vivo growth and antigens associated with the tumor stroma. To test the hypothesis that a tissue vaccine, produced by glutaraldehyde fixation of harvested syngeneic prostate tumors (GFT vaccine), could be used for treatment of prostate cancer, male Lobund-Wistar (LW) rats were treated with methylnitrosourea (MNU) and testosterone propionate to induce autochthonous prostate tumors. Tumor-bearing rats were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: no treatment (11 rats); vaccination with media (10 rats); or vaccination with the GFT vaccine (19 rats). Vaccination was given initially with Freund’s complete adjuvant and booster doses were given with incomplete Freund’s adjuvant every week until the time of euthanasia. There were no significant differences in mean tumor weight between groups; however, GFT-vaccinated rats had a prolonged survival time; and 4/19 (21%) GFT-vaccinated rats were found to be tumor-free compared to none of the untreated or media-treated controls. Further, pulmonary metastasis occurred in only 5/15 (33%) of GFT-vaccinated rats compared to 10/11 (91%) and 10/10 (100%) of untreated and media-vaccinated controls, respectively. Supernatants of cultured splenocytes from similarly media- and GFT-vaccinated rats demonstrated significant (P < 0.001) increases in IFN-γ and TNF-α from splenocytes of GFT-vaccinated rats, suggesting that GFT vaccination stimulates a Th1 response. In summary, treatment of tumor-bearing rats with a tissue vaccine stimulated a protective immune response that resulted in complete tumor regression in 21% of animals and reduced the number of animals with any evidence of metastasis by nearly 70%. These results suggest that tissue vaccines may be useful for the treatment of prostate cancer.
New Approaches to Robotics

In order to build autonomous robots that can carry out useful work in unstructured environments new approaches have been developed to building intelligent systems. The relationship to traditional academic robotics and traditional artificial intelligence is examined. In the new approaches a tight coupling of sensing to action produces architectures for intelligence that are networks of simple computational elements which are quite broad, but not very deep. Recent work within this approach has demonstrated the use of representations, expectations, plans, goals, and learning, but without resorting to the traditional uses of central, abstractly manipulable or symbolic representations. Perception within these systems is often an active process, and the dynamics of the interactions with the world are extremely important. The question of how to evaluate and compare the new to traditional work still provokes vigorous discussion.
Stress-induced radical generation in TATB

Degradation of polycrystalline TATB (2,4,6-trinitrobenzene 1,3,5-triamine) was studied using γ-irradiation, mechanical impact and frictional grinding. Evidence of molecular alterations were monitored using electron-spin resonance. Optical microscopy and electron scanning microscopy were used to observe changes due to mechanically working the powdered TATB. The dominant free radicals observed appear to be secondary radicals known to be stable at room temperature. This is an example where mechanical and photon generation produce the same final state free radical species.
Discrimination of bark from wood chips through texture analysis by image processing

Utilization of wood chips for bioenergy requires classification and segregation of the constituents of the chipped mass to help optimize energy conversion. Wood chips obtained from processes such as forest thinning can contain a considerable amount of material other than wood chips, such as bark. An image processing algorithm was developed to discriminate bark from wood chips. The algorithm involved object identification, image capture, single value decomposition to describe wood texture evident in grayscale image with a single numerical value, and application of logistic models involving the single values representative of wood texture to predict whether a chip is bark. The percentage of correct predictions using this system was about 98%.
Correlative and non-correlative “on the other hand”

L'A. s'interesse dans cet article aux differentes significations et differentes fonctions pragmatiques prises par le marqueur discursif anglais 'on the other hand', dans ses emplois correlatif et non-correlatif. La presente etude s'appuie sur un corpus de 5 millions de mots d'anglais. A partir des occurrences de 'on the other hand' dans ledit corpus, l'A. denombre 3 utilisations: (a) marqueur d'enumeration; (b) marqueur contrastif; (c) marqueur de choix. D'un autre point de vue, 'on the other hand' dans son emploi correlatif signifie a la fois 'the first hand of on the one hand' et 'the second hand of on the other hand', tandis que son emploi non-correlatif n'identifie qu'explicitement l'emploi 'second hand' et suggere 'first hand'.
Demonstration of cytomegalovirus and retrovirus pseudotypes in cultured guinea pig cells.

Abstract A mixed viral infection with a cytomegalovirus and a retrovirus in cultured guinea pig embryo (GPE) cells was investigated. The expression of an endogenous guinea pig retrovirus (GPRV) in cultured guinea pig cells was induced by a medium containing 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine and dexamethasone. When the induced GPE cells were super-infected with a guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV), pseudotype virions were observed. Morphological characterization of both viruses and their locations within infected cells was achieved by examination of thin sections of infected cells with transmission electron microscopy. Immunolabeling with colloidal gold particles, 5 or 15 nm in size, permitted the identification of each virus type using GPCMV- or GPRV-specific polyclonal antibodies and the detection of a population of GPCMV and GPRV particles which expressed antigens of both viruses on their envelopes. Enhanced reverse transcriptase activity of GPRV and reduced infectivity titers of GPCMV was noted in dually infected cultures. These data suggest that interaction between GPCMV and GPRV had occurred in dually infected GPE cells and that expression of GPRV was enhanced.
Bladder Necrosis Following Hydrodistention in Patients With Interstitial Cystitis

Purpose: Bladder hydrodistention is used to diagnose and treat patients with interstitial cystitis. This procedure has been shown to have minimal morbidity and provide symptomatic relief in a subset of patients with interstitial cystitis. We report our experience with almost total bladder necrosis after hydrodistention at 2 institutions. To our knowledge this rare complication has not been previously reported in the literature. We also reviewed the literature regarding complications of hydrodistention and discuss their possible etiology.Materials and Methods: We report 3 cases of bladder necrosis after therapeutic hydrodistention for interstitial cystitis at 2 institutions. All records were reviewed, and the clinical presentation, findings and treatments are discussed. A literature review was performed to evaluate the effectiveness and complications of hydrodistention for interstitial cystitis.Results: There were 2 female and 1 male patient between ages 29 and 46. All patients had a previous diagnosis of ...
Sea level up

It is no surprise that sea level is neither level nor constant. What is surprising is that new analyses of data from tide-gage stations throughout the world indicate a 12-cm rise in the mean sea level over the past century (Science, March 26, 1982). Much like the global temperature effects postulated as the result of increasing growth of carbon dioxide and trace gases, an increase in sea level could have some important consequences on the continental ice sheets. V. Gornitz, S. Lebedeft, and J. Hauser of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York, who made the study, note potential coastal damages that could result from the sea level rise in many parts of the world.
Measuring saturated hydraulic conductivity using a generalized solution for single-ring infiltrometers

Saturated hydraulic conductivity is a measure of the ability of a soil to transmit water and is one of the most important soil parameters. New single-ring infiltrometer methods that use a generalized solution to measure the field saturated hydraulic conductivity (K s ) were developed and tested in this study. The K s values can be calculated either from the whole cumulative infiltration curve (Method 1) or from the steady-state part of the cumulative infiltration curve by using a correction factor (Method 2). Numerical evaluation showed that the K s values calculated from the simulated infiltration curves of representative soil textural types were in the range of 87 to 130% of the real K, values. Field infiltration tests were conducted on an Arlington fine sandy loam (coarse-loamy, mixed, thermic, Haplic Durixeralfs). The geometric means of the K s values calculated from the field-measured infiltration curves by Method I and Method 2 were not significantly different. The geometric mean of the K s calculated from the detached core samples, however, was about twice that of the K s calculated from the infiltration curves, which was consistent with earlier findings. Unlike the earlier approaches, Method 1 calculates K s values from the whole infiltration curve without assuming a fixed relationship (α K s /Φ m ) between saturated hydraulic conductivity and matric flux potential Φ m .
Improving customer service at the ARL MSRC

The ARL MSRC has conducted a major overhaul of its customer service process in order to better support our customer community. Users were asked what changes they would like to see and an outside consultant was brought in to take a fresh look at our customer service approach. A new methodology for providing customer service was designed to overcome known deficiencies in the previous system as well as incorporate the inputs from our users and the consultant. We purchased new hardware (a Sun Fire V100) and software (Remedy 5.1 Help Desk) to implement our new customer service methodology. Our consultant advised us on how to configure and use Remedy to our best advantage. We configured Remedy with many features to allow the staff to take direct ownership of a user problem report, track recurring questions, and follow the tickets through until an acceptable solution has been found. One major change is that now the majority of the staff is using Remedy instead of just the front-line help desk. The consultant motivated the staff on the importance of providing quality customer service. This new approach to customer service became operational in May 2003. Since then we have collected various statistics on the types of problem users are encountering so we can improve our center. We use this information, along with customer and staff feedback, to continue improving the system to meet our customer's requirements.
Reformulation and Solution Algorithms for Absolute and Percentile Robust Shortest Path Problems

To model a driver's route choice behavior under inherent traffic system stochasticity and to further provide better route guidance with travel-time reliability guarantees, this paper examines two models to evaluate the travel-time robustness: absolute robust shortest path (ARSP) and α -percentile robust shortest path (PRSP) problems. A Lagrangian relaxation approach and a scenario-based representation scheme are integrated to reformulate the minimax and percentile criteria under day-dependent random travel times. The complex problem structure is decomposed into several subproblems that can be efficiently solved as standard shortest path problems or univariate linear programming problems. Large-scale numerical experiments with real-world data are provided to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithms.
An autoradiographic study of the mouse incisor using tritiated histidine

Abstract An autoradiographic study of the mouse incisor after tritiated histidine administration revealed a rapid turnover of the radioactivity of ameloblasts. The enamel matrix was rapidly and intensively labelled within 1 hr. Odontoblasts and dentinal matrix were much less labelled. The distribution of the silver grains over the enamel matrix at different time intervals can be correlated with the growth of the incisor. The observation that histidine is an important component of enamel matrix was confirmed autoradiographically.
A novel in vivo mechanism for angiotensin type 1 receptor regulation

A novel in vivo mechanism for angiotensin type 1 receptor regulation. This study examined whether a regulatory mechanism exists for the angiotensin II receptor that is compatible with in vivo homeostatic need. Experiments were conducted under two different experimental stresses, (1) deletion of receptor protein and (2) chronic extracellular fluid (ECF) volume depletion. To circumvent potentially dampening intermediary feedback signals in vivo, any feedback gain was completely averted through genetic engineering. The coding exon of angiotensin type 1A (ATIA) receptor gene (Agtr1a) was targeting-replaced with a reporter gene, lacZ, so that the transcription of lacZ, instead of Agtr1a, is driven by the native Agtr1a promoter. ECF volume depletion by dietary sodium restriction enhanced Agtr1a gene expression in the adrenal gland of wild-type mice. However, although blood pressure fell in the homozygous targeted mice, Agtr1a gene expression remained unchanged in the adrenal, indicating that adrenal Agtr1a gene expression is regulated entirely through angiotensin receptor-ligand interactions. In the kidney, AT1A mRNA assessed by Northern blotting also did not change in AT1A null-mutated mice with or without sodium restriction. However, tissue examinations for lacZ mRNA and activities indicated that sodium restriction and receptor protein depletion result in dramatic up-regulation of Agtr1a gene expression within the renal arterioles, which can be nullified by an experimental normalization of blood pressure. No such change was observed in wild-type mice. This study demonstrates a presence within the resistance vessel of a blood pressure-sensitive mechanism for ATI receptor regulation that opposes a down-regulatory influence of the ligand during ECF volume depletion.