cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Major Depression and Subthreshold Depression among Older Adults Receiving Home Care.

Objective This study aims to estimate the prevalence and correlates of major and subthreshold depression and the extent of treatment utilization in older adults receiving home care. Methods The study sample included 811 community-dwelling adults aged 60 and over who received paid home care during the 2008–2014 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. Depression was assessed using short forms of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Logistic regression was used to examine correlates of depression type and treatment utilization. Results One in two older home care recipients suffered from probable depression; 13.4% of the sample suffered from major depression and an additional 38.7% met study criteria for subthreshold depression. The majority (72.7%) of participants with major depression and almost half (44.5%) of participants with subthreshold depression reported taking medication for anxiety or depression. One-third (33.2%) of older home care recipients with major depression and 14.2% of those with subthreshold depression reported receiving formal psychiatric or psychological treatment. Males as compared with females and persons with pain problems as compared with no pain complaints had a higher risk of subthreshold and major depression. The receipt of medication or psychiatric treatment declined with age. African Americans were less likely to receive medication for anxiety or depression compared with non-Hispanic whites. Conclusion Depression affects a substantial proportion of older adults receiving home care and may be inappropriately treated. Future research is needed to develop optimal strategies for integrating depression assessment and treatment into home care.
Big Data Opportunities for Disease Outbreaks Detection in Global Mass Gatherings

The different mass gatherings occurring all over the world, such as sports and religious events, pose public health concerns due to the increased risk of transmitting infectious diseases in these settings. When these events are concluded, the travel patterns of the returning international participants could further contribute to a rapid spread of infectious diseases causing global epidemics. The need to establish real-time disease outbreak surveillance at global mass gatherings motivates new technologies and advanced computational methods. The rapid expansion of digital devices and access to internet applications among participants in these gatherings generate a massive amount of data. Once being collected and processed, these data along with other health-related data can make significant contributions to improve disease surveillance systems at global mass gatherings. In this paper, we present an overview of the main existing approaches for monitoring outbreaks of infectious diseases in these events and illustrate the perspectives and opportunities of Big Data in these application areas.
Fabrication-aware structural optimisation of lattice additive-manufactured with robot-arm

Architectural structures achieving high strength and stiffness with intelligent, but intricate geometry may now be materialisable through additive manufacturing (AM). However, conventional layer-based AM also produces parts with inconsistent structural strength - thereby limiting AM's end-use applications. Expanding on robotics-enabled AM techniques addressing this limitation, a novel design-fabrication framework for producing structurally optimised lattices is presented here. Lattices are geometrically morphed to maximise their structural stiffness-to-weight ratio while respecting fabrication constraints imposed by the robotic printing process, and converted into tool-paths for PLA extrusion with a custom-built end effector mounted on an industrial robot arm. The printing process leverages thermal imaging for calibration, and develops a novel joint detail to increase the reliability and load-transfer capabilities of the print. Together, these techniques and methods - validated through comparative structural load testing - show promise for architecture-scale AM that combines structurally driven geometry with complexity-agnostic materialisation in new and exciting ways.
Neuroimmune Pathways in Alcohol Consumption: Evidence from Behavioral and Genetic Studies in Rodents and Humans

Immune or brain proinflammatory signaling has been linked to some of the behavioral effects of alcohol. Immune signaling appears to regulate voluntary ethanol intake in rodent models, and ethanol intake activates the immune system in multiple models. This bidirectional link raises the possibility that consumption increases immune signaling, which in turn further increases consumption in a feed-forward cycle. Data from animal and human studies provide overlapping support for the involvement of immune-related genes and proteins in alcohol action, and combining animal and human data is a promising approach to systematically evaluate and nominate relevant pathways. Based on rodent models, neuroimmune pathways may represent unexplored, nontraditional targets for medication development to reduce alcohol consumption and prevent relapse. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists are one class of anti-inflammatory medications that demonstrate antiaddictive properties for alcohol and other drugs of abuse. Expression of immune-related genes is altered in animals and humans following chronic alcohol exposure, and the regulatory influences of specific mRNAs, microRNAs, and activated cell types are areas of intense study. Ultimately, the use of multiple datasets combined with behavioral validation will be needed to link specific neuroimmune pathways to addiction vulnerability.
Hard to Reach Colostomy/Ileostomy

Difficult stoma formation can be facilitated by variety of surgical maneuvers as described below. Pre-marking the stoma site by an enterostomal therapy nurse is imperative in avoiding the stoma-related complications.
Immunological tolerance of low‐risk HPV in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is characterized by benign exophytic lesions of the respiratory tract caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), in particular low-risk HPV6 and HPV11. Aggressiveness varies greatly among patients. Surgical excision is the current standard of care for RRP, with adjuvant therapy used when surgery cannot control disease recurrence. Numerous adjuvant therapies have been used to control RRP with some success, but none are curative. Current literature supports a polarization of the adaptive immune response to a T helper type 2 (Th2)-like or T regulatory phenotype, driven by a complex interplay between innate immunity, adaptive immunity and HPV6/11 proteins. Additionally, certain immunogenetic polymorphisms can predispose individuals to an HPV6/11-tolerant microenvironment. As a result, immunomodulatory efforts are being made to restore the host immune system to a more balanced T cell phenotype and clear viral infection. Literature has shown exciting evidence for the role of HPV vaccination with Gardasil or Gardasil-9 as both primary prevention, by decreasing incidence through childhood vaccinations, and secondary prevention, by treating active RRP disease. Multi-institution randomized clinical trials are needed to better assess their efficacy as treatment for active disease. Interestingly, a DNA vaccine has recently shown in-vitro success in generating a more robust CD8+ T cell response. Furthermore, clinical trials for programmed death 1 (PD-1) inhibitors are under investigation for RRP management. Molecular insights into RRP, in particular the interplay between RRP and the immune system, are needed to advance our understanding of this disease and may lead to the identification of immunomodulatory agents to better manage RRP.
Diels–Alder/Ene Reactivities of 2-(1′-Cycloalkenyl)thiophenes and 2-(1′-Cycloalkenyl)benzo[b]thiophenes with N-Phenylmaleimides: Role of Cycloalkene Ring Size on Benzothiophene and Dibenzothiophene Product Distributions

Scaffolds of thiophene and benzothiophene are the important class of bioactive compounds found abundant in nature. The Diels-Alder reactions of 2-(1'-cycloalkenyl)thiophenes and 2-(1'-cycloalkenyl)benzo[b]thiophenes having the alkene groups present in five-, six-, seven-, eight-, and twelve-membered rings with substituted N-phenylmaleimides are characterized. The size of the cycloalkene rings plays a critical role in dictating the product distributions of expected and isomerized Diels-Alder adducts. 2D NMR studies indicate that the isolated isomers for 2-(1'-cycloalkenyl)thiophenes having five-, six-, and seven-membered rings are aromatized benzothiophene products, whereas eight- and twelve-membered rings are un-rearranged adducts. In addition, the product of subsequent ene-reaction with the N-phenylmaleimide is isolated for the five- and six-membered ring cases. Interestingly, in the 2-(1'-cycloalkenyl)benzo[b]thiophene having five-, six-, seven-, eight-, and twelve-membered rings, the un-rearranged dibenzothiophene Diels-Alder adduct is isolated in every instance. Molecular mechanics and density functional theory (M06-2X and PBE0-D3) calculations are performed to understand the differential reactivity of the various dienes for both the initial Diels-Alder reaction and a possible, subsequent ene reaction.
Black Feminism Reimagined: After Intersectionality

As an analytical framework, intersectionality has traveled across academic disciplines and has become what Leslie McCall (2005) once termed, “the most important theoretical contribution that women’...
Transforming ORs into ICUs.

Transforming ORs into ICUs In the epicenter of New York City, a medical center rapidly transforms unused facilities to increase its critical care capacity. In the process, it repurposes equipment, ...
SmartBench: a benchmark for data management in smart spaces

This paper proposes SmartBench, a benchmark focusing on queries resulting from (near) real-time applications and longer-term analysis of IoT data. SmartBench, derived from a deployed smart building monitoring system, is comprised of: 1) An extensible schema that captures the fundamentals of an IoT smart space; 2) A set of representative queries focusing on analytical tasks; and 3) A data generation tool that generates large amounts of synthetic sensor and semantic data based on seed data collected from a real system. We present an evaluation of seven representative database systems and highlight some interesting findings that can be considered when deciding what database technologies to use under different types of IoT query workloads.
Recent Developments in ESG Reporting

Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues have become a core business concern and a central focus of investors. The ESG reporting landscape is fragmented, with hundreds of reporting standards forming what has been called an alphabet soup of acronyms with no common framework to guide corporate disclosures. Companies’ ESG disclosures vary widely and investors complain that they do not have the comparable, decision-useful information that they need to properly factor ESG considerations into their investment decisions. For their part, companies express concern over the lack of guidance as to which disclosure standards to follow. The SEC’s reporting rules have remained essentially unchanged for decades even amid calls for reform. At the same time, organizations, including the World Economic Forum, have called for efforts to bring consistency and comparability to ESG disclosures. This chapter explores this dynamic landscape and anticipates significant change in the regulation of ESG reporting over the coming years.
Clean CKM Information from Bd(t) -> D(*)+/- pi-/+

It has been known for many years that the Bd(t) -> D(*)+/- {pi-/+, rho-/+, a1-/+} modes may involve observable CP violating effects. This note describes how to determine cleanly the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) phase phi = -2 beta - gamma = -pi + alpha - beta, even in the presence of possible final state interactions. A discrete ambiguity remains.
Safety and Efficacy of Arterially Directed Liver Therapies in the Treatment of Hepatic Metastatic Ovarian Cancer: A Retrospective Single-Institution Study.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the safety and efficacy of 2 locoregional therapies (LRTs) including hepatic artery embolization (HAE) and transarterial radioembolization (TARE) in the treatment of patients with metastatic ovarian cancer to the liver. Material and Methods From October 2010 to May 2019, the data of 15 consecutive patients (median age, 54 years ± 9.8; range, 35–78 years) with hepatic metastatic ovarian cancer who were treated with either HAE (n = 6; 40%) or TARE (n = 9; 60%) were reviewed. The most common histopathologic type was epithelial ovarian carcinoma (80%). The most common chemotherapy regimens used prior to embolization included carboplatin, paclitaxel, cisplatin, and bevacizumab. Patients received a mean of 4 lines ± 3 (range, 1–9) of chemotherapy. All patients with serous carcinoma were resistant to platinum at the time of embolization. Indications for embolization were progression of disease to the liver while receiving chemotherapy in 14 (93.3%) patients and palliative pain control in 1 patient. Results The overall response rates at 1, 3, and 6 months were 92.4%, 85.6%, and 70%, respectively. Median overall survival from the time of LRT was 9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 4–14) months. Median local tumor progression was 6.4 months ± 5.03 (95% CI, 3.3–9.5). No grade 3–5 adverse events were detected in either group. Conclusions HAE and TARE were well tolerated in patients with metastatic ovarian cancer to the liver and possibly ensured prolonged disease control in heavily treated, predominantly in patients resistant to platinum. Larger numbers are needed to verify these data.
Dissenting from the Bench: The Performative Jurisprudence of Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Antonin Scalia

This paper examines the oral dissents of Justices Antonin Scalia and Ruth Bader Ginsburg from the year 2000 to the times of their respective deaths. It explores the concept and purpose of oral dissent and details the kinds of cases in which each justice was more likely to orally dissent. The paper analyzes the kinds of rhetoric that each justice used to refer to their subject matter, and argues that Scalia's rhetoric evinces a view of the law as "autonomous", operating independently of the facts of the case. In contrast, Ginsburg's view espouses a view of the law as responsive to the need for social change. Ginsburg's oral dissents thus often came in cases involving discrimination.
Adaptive Uncertainty-Weighted ADMM for Distributed Optimization.

We present AUQ-ADMM, an adaptive uncertainty-weighted consensus ADMM method for solving large-scale convex optimization problems in a distributed manner. Our key contribution is a novel adaptive weighting scheme that empirically increases the progress made by consensus ADMM scheme and is attractive when using a large number of subproblems. The weights are related to the uncertainty associated with the solutions of each subproblem, and are efficiently computed using low-rank approximations. We show AUQ-ADMM provably converges and demonstrate its effectiveness on a series of machine learning applications, including elastic net regression, multinomial logistic regression, and support vector machines. We provide an implementation based on the PyTorch package.
Purification and characterization of the fusion protein trypsin-streptavidin expressed in Escherichia coli

Expression of fusion protein trypsin-streptavidin (TRYPSA) in Escherichia coli was evaluated and the protein purified. Protein expression was induced by 1 mM isopropylthio-beta-D-galactoside (IPTG), and the enzyme activity was measured by the hydrolysis rate of p-toluenesulfonyl-L-arginine methyl ester (TAME). Expression of the fusion protein in the cell-free extract decreased with increased induction time; correspondingly, that in the inclusion bodies increased. The total expression in Luria-Bertani broth (LB) and Terrific Broth (TB) media reached the highest levels in 2 hr at 30 degrees C. The optimum expression level was 35 and 48 U/L in LB and TB, respectively. Expression of the fusion protein was verified by Western Blot analysis using streptavidin antiserum, and the fusion protein was purified using a benzamidine Sepharose 6B affinity column at room temperature. The molecular size of the soluble purified fusion protein was determined by size-exclusion chromatography using Superose 12 FPLC. A molecular weight of 39-40 kDa was obtained, indicating that the soluble protein exists as a monomer; thus, the presence of the trypsin domain must prevent the streptavidin domain from tetramer formation.
Evidence for obesogens: interpretations and next steps.

Traditionally toxicologists have embraced the presumption that “Alle Ding' sind Gift, und nichts ohn' Gift; allein die Dosis macht, das ein Ding kein Gift ist” or “All things are poison, and nothing [is] without poison; only the dose makes a thing not be poison”, as first proposed by Paracelsus in 1538, but hypothesized non-monotonic, low dose adverse effects of some substances challenge this premise. Three perspectives on environmental chemicals as ‘obesogens’ are presented in this issue. Schug and Heindel suggest there is compelling evidence demonstrating many industrial and agricultural chemicals act as obesogens and provide hypotheses on how endocrine disruption, particularly during early development, could lead to obesity later in life. On the other hand, Sharpe and Drake are skeptical of the current evidence linking environmental chemicals to obesity, emphasizing two primary criticisms: 1) Animal model studies have largely relied on high dose levels that do not reflect routes and magnitudes of exposures experienced by humans and 2) Epidemiological studies linking chemicals to obesity are likely confounded by high fat diets, since fat in the diet is the primary route of exposure for many of the lipophilic environmental chemicals considered obesogens, as well as total food intake which will increase obesity. Unwilling to draw conclusions on the current evidence, Legler stresses the need for further research and introduces the OBELIX (“OBesogenic Endocrine disrupting chemicals: LInking prenatal eXposure to the development of obesity later in life”) project, which is examining endocrine disrupters in the diet through a prospective birth cohort in four European countries and long-term animal studies using exposures that are comparable to those experienced in human populations.
Spatial subsampling-based multiple description video coding with adaptive temporal-spatial error concealment

The encoded bitstream of a typical video compression method is vulnerable to errors during transmission over lossy network. Multiple Description Coding (MDC) is an error resilient video coding suitable for real-time applications when retransmission is unacceptable. Subsampling-based MDC with error concealment is often effective for mitigating unpredictable losses. In this paper, a spatial subsampling based MDC with an adaptive concealment method is described. Error concealment is done using the motion information from its spatial-temporal neighbors. Preliminary experimental results exhibit the efficacy of the proposed method.
Creating training and development programs: using the ADDIE method

Purpose – The paper provides an overview of the ADDIE method for creating training and development programs.Design/methodology/approach – Prior studies and outlines on the ADDIE method were utilized to develop an overview of how ADDIE could be implemented in organizational training programs.Findings – The ADDIE method is useful in providing a systems‐based, iterative training development method that lends itself to a feedback‐based approach to creating a learning environment.Research limitations/implications – The implications from this paper show that ADDIE provides a useful and widely adopted method for driving content development.Practical implications – For organizations, adoption of the ADDIE method can provide a structured plan for development and learning in their training programs.Originality/value – This paper provides a concise overview of the ADDIE method for implementation in modern businesses and organizations.
Estimating wave energy dissipation in the surf zone using thermal infrared imagery

Thermal infrared (IR) imagery is used to quantify the high spatial and temporal variability of dissipation due to wave breaking in the surf zone. The foam produced in an actively breaking crest, or wave roller, has a distinct signature in IR imagery. A retrieval algorithm is developed to detect breaking waves and extract wave roller length using measurements taken during the Surf Zone Optics 2010 experiment at Duck, NC. The remotely derived roller length and an in situ estimate of wave slope are used to estimate dissipation due to wave breaking by means of the wave-resolving model by Duncan (1981). The wave energy dissipation rate estimates show a pattern of increased breaking during low tide over a sand bar, consistent with in situ turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate estimates from fixed and drifting instruments over the bar. When integrated over the surf zone width, these dissipation rate estimates account for 40–69% of the incoming wave energy flux. The Duncan (1981) estimates agree with those from a dissipation parameterization by Janssen and Battjes (2007), a wave energy dissipation model commonly applied within nearshore circulation models.
Luminescence-based whole-cell-sensing systems for cadmium and lead using genetically engineered bacteria.

Whole-cell-based sensing systems that respond to cadmium and lead ions have been designed and developed using genetically engineered bacteria. These systems take advantage of the ability of certain bacteria to survive in environments polluted with cadmium and lead ions. The bacteria used in this investigation have been genetically engineered to produce reporter proteins in response to the toxic ions. This was achieved by modifying a strain of Escherichia coli to harbor plasmids pYSC1 and pYS2/pYSG1. In these dual-plasmid-based sensing systems, the expression of the reporters β-galactosidase and red-shifted green fluorescent protein (rs-GFP) was controlled by CadC, the regulatory protein of the cad operon. Regulation of the expression of the reporter proteins is related to the amount of cadmium and lead ions employed to induce the bacteria. The bacterial sensing systems were found to respond to cadmium, lead, and zinc ions, and had no significant response to nickel, copper, manganese, and cobalt.
Bayesian modeling of the assimilative capacity component of nutrient total maximum daily loads

[1] Implementing stream restoration techniques and best management practices to reduce nonpoint source nutrients implies enhancement of the assimilative capacity for the stream system. In this paper, a Bayesian method for evaluating this component of a total maximum daily load (TMDL) load capacity is developed and applied. The joint distribution of nutrient retention metrics from a literature review of 495 measurements was used for Monte Carlo sampling with a process transfer function for nutrient attenuation. Using the resulting histograms of nutrient retention, reference prior distributions were developed for sites in which some of the metrics contributing to the transfer function were measured. Contributing metrics for the prior include stream discharge, cross-sectional area, fraction of storage volume to free stream volume, denitrification rate constant, storage zone mass transfer rate, dispersion coefficient, and others. Confidence of compliance (CC) that any given level of nutrient retention has been achieved is also determined using this approach. The shape of the CC curve is dependent on the metrics measured and serves in part as a measure of the information provided by the metrics to predict nutrient retention. It is also a direct measurement, with a margin of safety, of the fraction of export load that can be reduced through changing retention metrics. For an impaired stream in western Oklahoma, a combination of prior information and measurement of nutrient attenuation was used to illustrate the proposed approach. This method may be considered for TMDL implementation.
Ecotourism and natural resource conservation: the ‘potential’ for a sustainable symbiotic relationship

While the tourism industry and environmentalists may traditionally be strange bedfellows, the increasing conversion of land away from its natural state into unsustainable uses may result in the two becoming allies in the fight to protect remaining natural landscapes. This partnership is presented around a proposed sustainable symbiotic relationship between natural resource conservation and the competitiveness of ecotourism destinations. Under this symbiotic relationship, ecotourism destinations benefit in the form of enhanced competitiveness from the protection of quality natural resources while the conservation of natural resources is increasingly valued because these resources are realised as the foundation of the ecotourism industry and the driver of all economic benefits associated with ecotourism. This conceptual paper reviews this relationship and graphically depicts the symbiotic relationship, including the many tangential sustainable outcomes of biodiversity, flood control, water quality, carbon s...
Etiology and prevalence of severe persistent upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Abstract A prospective study was undertaken to establish the etiology and prevalence of episodes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding which are severe and persistent. During a 12-mo study period, 175 patients had one or more episodes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Thirty-six (20.6%) of the 175 patients had bleeding that was classified as severe and persistent. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding that occurred more than 24 h after admission was more apt to persist than bleeding that was a presenting complaint (32.4% vs. 12.8%, p
Coordination of planar cell polarity pathways through Spiny-legs

Morphogenesis and physiology of tissues and organs requires planar cell polarity (PCP) systems that orient and coordinate cells and their behaviors, but the relationship between PCP systems has been controversial. We have characterized how the Frizzled and Dachsous-Fat PCP systems are connected through the Spiny-legs isoform of the Prickle-Spiny-legs locus. Two different components of the Dachsous-Fat system, Dachsous and Dachs, can each independently interact with Spiny-legs and direct its localization in vivo. Through characterization of the contributions of Prickle, Spiny-legs, Dachsous, Fat, and Dachs to PCP in the Drosophila wing, eye, and abdomen, we define where Dachs-Spiny-legs and Dachsous-Spiny-legs interactions contribute to PCP, and provide a new understanding of the orientation of polarity and the basis of PCP phenotypes. Our results support the direct linkage of PCP systems through Sple in specific locales, while emphasizing that cells can be subject to and must ultimately resolve distinct, competing PCP signals.
Quantifying the Performance Impact of Memory Latency and Bandwidth for Big Data Workloads

In recent years, DRAM technology improvements have scaled at a much slower pace than processors. While server processor core counts grow from 33% to 50% on a yearly cadence, DDR 3/4 memory channel bandwidth has grown at a slower rate, and memory latency has remained relatively flat for some time. Combined with new computing paradigms such as big data analytics, which involves analyzing massive volumes of data in real time, there is a trend of increasing pressure on the memory subsystem. This makes it important for computer architects to understand the sensitivity of the performance of big data workloads to memory bandwidth and latency, and how these workloads compare to more conventional workloads. To address this, we present straightforward analytic equations to quantify the impact of memory bandwidth and latency on workload performance, leveraging measured data from performance counters on real systems. We demonstrate how the values of the components of these equations can be used to classify different workloads according to their inherent bandwidth requirement and latency sensitivity. Using this performance model, we show the relative sensitivities of big data, high-performance computing, and enterprise workload classes to changes in memory bandwidth and latency.
The First Course in Literature

Author's Summary— Since American students on the average study foreign languages but a short time, it is necessary, if their work is to be fruitful, for them to arrive quickly at the ability to read and to enjoy foreign literature. For the beginning course in this field, the nineteenth century seems the most suitable. Methods and aims.
Further postmortem autoradiographic studies of AMPA receptor binding in schizophrenia

Previous research indicated an increased binding of AMPA receptor ligand [3H]CNQX at 50 nM in the caudate nucleus of schizophrenics and suicides relative to normal and neuroleptic-treated controls. The current work aimed to replicate this finding in a larger, independent sample of schizophrenics and controls. In addition to neostriatal structures, the hippocampal region and amygdala were also studied. Postmortem frozen sections from 15 schizophrenics (four suicides), 15 normal controls, 15 bipolars (eight suicides), and 15 unipolar nonpsychotic depressed (seven suicides) subjects were studied with quantitative autoradiographic procedures at 5, 20, and 50 nM [3H]CNQX in the striatum and at 20 nM in medial temporal structures. [3H]KA (kainic acid) binding was also examined. Instead of an expected increase, schizophrenics in this sample have a lower degree of [3H]CNQX binding in caudate and nucleus accumbens at 20 nM and in the nucleus accumbens at 50 nM, with suicided schizophrenics having higher binding than nonsuicided schizophrenics at the 20 nM concentration of [3H]CNQX in the caudate. [3H]CNQX binding was uniform across diagnostic categories at 5 nM in the striatum and at 20 nM in amygdala and hippocampal structures. KA receptor binding also did not differ among groups in any structures examined. These assays in a larger sample at three different concentrations do not support the previously reported increase in binding to AMPA receptors in schizophrenia but rather indicate an abnormal decrease in binding to this receptor in this sample. Possible explanations for the disparity in results between the two studies are considered. The data continue to indicate pathology of AMPA glutamate receptors in striatal structures in schizophrenia; however, it may be variable and its precise nature remains to be clarified. Synapse 45:250–258, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Direct laminating of silver foils on copper substrates

A novel laminating process of Ag foils on Cu substrates is successfully developed. The Ag foil is 280 μm thick. After slight polishing to obtain shining surface, the Ag foil is laminated to Cu substrate with a static pressure of 260 psi at 400 °C in 50 millitorr vacuum to suppress metal oxidation. No bonding medium is used. The Ag foil is directly bonded to the Cu substrate. Laminated samples are cut into halves for cross-section examination using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Nearly void-free bonding is achieved. The Ag–Cu bonding interface is very sharp. This metal-to-metal lamination technique can be applied to various electronic packages. Ag is much ductile than Cu. The yield strength of Ag is only one-tenth of Cu. Ag layer on Cu substrate functions as a buffer to absorb thermal expansion mismatch between semiconductor chips and Cu substrates through plastic strain. Progress is underway to refine the laminating process.
Simulation of the relative impact of land cover and carbon dioxide to climate change from 1700 to 2100

[1] The contribution of land cover change (relative to increased CO2) to climate change at the global scale is investigated using the Global Environmental and Ecological Simulations of Interactive Systems (GENESIS) climate model with an interactive BIOME vegetation model based on simulations at 1700 and 2100. Three 40-year model equilibrium simulations were performed. The first experiment specified carbon dioxide levels of 280 ppmv without human-induced land use (1700); the second experiment specified carbon dioxide levels of 690 ppmv without human-induced land use; the third experiment specified carbon dioxide levels of 690 ppmv and included patterns of extensive human land use (as projected for 2100). Data on the extent of human modification to the land at different times were obtained from the History Database of the Global Environment (HYDE) for 1700 and the Integrated Model to Assess the Global Environment (IMAGE2.2) for 2100. The IMAGE model projects land cover changes in response to demographic and economic activity. The projection based on the A1b scenario of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emission Scenarios was used for this work. As expected, statistically significant (95% level) climate changes in response to carbon dioxide levels were widespread. In contrast, the impact of the land cover change appears to reduce the spatial extent and sometimes magnitude of the changes in temperature due to increased carbon dioxide. Regions where land cover change explained more than 60% of the combined signal due to an increase in CO2 and land cover change are confined to the Northern Hemisphere for near-surface temperature. Projected land cover changes produced warming (but smaller than that produced by CO2) in some regions and cooling in other regions. The warming, which is about 4 K (seasonal) in some mid to high latitudes, is dominated by physiological factors altering the balance of latent to sensible heating rather than morphological mechanisms. The simulated changes in precipitation are more complex.
THE MEDIEVAL HOUSEHOLD: LARGE OR SMALL?

N medieval population history where the basic data refer so often to holdings and households, the size of the 'multiplier', or number of persons per household, is obviously crucial. Consequently, ProfessorJ. C. Russell's substitution of the 3.5 multiplier for the traditional five has modified greatly the estimates of medieval population densities.2 Needing a multiplier to use in conjunction with the number of landholders listed in Domesday Book and in the manorial extents, Russell used old and new methods to solve the problem. First, he argued that the group represented by the landholder was essentially the nuclear family, i.e. husband, wife, and children. Secondly, having the figures from the I377 poll tax of the number of persons over age I3 per house, he used his life tables to estimate the number of those who were 13 and under. Thirdly, by analysing the relationships between age distribution, age of marriage, and the percentage of families headed by women, he arrived at the hypothesis that 3-5 was the average size of the family. The construction of life tables and the use of such variables as age distribution and age of marriage marks an important innovation in medieval demographic studies. Professor Russell's work, if valid, thus possesses empirical and theoretical importance of the first order. The validity of his methods and conclusions will be examined in the following pages.
Sensitivity of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Variability to Parameterized Nordic Sea Overflows in CCSM4

AbstractThe inclusion of parameterized Nordic Sea overflows in the ocean component of the Community Climate System Model version 4 (CCSM4) results in a much improved representation of the North Atlantic tracer and velocity distributions compared to a control CCSM4 simulation without this parameterization. As a consequence, the variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) on decadal and longer time scales is generally lower, but the reduction is not uniform in latitude, depth, or frequency–space. While there is dramatically less variance in the overall AMOC maximum (at about 35°N), the reduction in AMOC variance at higher latitudes is more modest. Also, it is somewhat enhanced in the deep ocean and at low latitudes (south of about 30°N). The complexity of overturning response to overflows is related to the fact that, in both simulations, the AMOC spectrum varies substantially with latitude and depth, reflecting a variety of driving mechanisms that are impacted in different ways by ...
A note on minimizing maximum lateness in a two-machine no-wait flowshop

Abstract Job scheduling for a two-machine flowshop where wait time between the first and the second machine is not permitted is studied in this paper. Aldowaisan and Allahverdi (J. Oper. Res. Soc. 53(9) (2002) 1004) considered this problem with minimizing total flowtime as the scheduling criterion and presented some necessary conditions for optimality. In this note their results have been modified for the scheduling criterion of minimizing maximum lateness.
Detection of weak (∼0.5–300nT), low frequency (5–100Hz) magnetic fields at room temperature by kilohertz modulation of the magneto-optical hysteresis in rare earth–iron garnet films

Periodic magnetic fields with frequencies in the 5–100Hz range and peak strengths as low as 0.5nT have been detected at 300K by modulating at kHz rates the magneto-optical response of epitaxial (Tm,Bi)3(Ga,Fe)5O12 rare earth–iron garnet films at λ=532nm. By exploiting the ∼1°∕μT slope of the magneto-optical transition region between the two magnetization states of these low coercivity (<0.5mT) films, sub-nT field strengths can be measured by upconverting the detection process into the kHz domain. The domain wall velocities are measured to be 3–30m∕s for modulation frequencies in the 0.3–10kHz interval, and the noise generated by wall motion appears to be the primary barrier to further reductions in the detection sensitivity floor. Films with thicknesses of 2–4μm and mean domain widths of 3–6mm exhibit figures of merit (Θ∕α) of ∼3°–8.5° at 532nm. Imaging of mesoscopic magnetic particles is demonstrated with a spatial resolution of <300μm.
Effect of Oxymorphone Hydrochloride on Ovine Fetal Heart Rate Variability

In order to determine the effect of the narcotic analgesic oxymorphone hydrochloride (Numorphan, DuPont) on fetal heart rate (FHR) variability, mathematical indices of short-term and long-term FHR variability were determined continuously from R–R intervals of the electrocardiogram in eight chronically instrumented ovine fetuses for 60 min before and after a maternal intravenous bolus of 0.04 mg/kg oxymorphone. The index of short-term variability decreased from 12.7 ± 2.0 during control to 9.7 ± 1.7 during the period from 10 to 30 min after oxymorphone administration during periods of low-voltage, high-frequency electrocortical activity (LVHF ECoG) (P < 0.05). Mean FHR was decreased from 169 ± 8 beats per minute (bpm) during control to 155 ± 7 bpm 30 to 50 min after oxymorphone (P < 0.05). Fetal electrocortical activity was also determined and the decrease in FHR short-term variability occurred despite an increase in the percent time spent in LVHF electrocortical activity from 53 ± 4% during the control pe...
The Anaesthesia of Fish by High Carbon-Dioxide Concentrations

Abstract A practical and economical method for anaesthetizing adult salmon and steelhead trout in the fish trucks used in the Grand Coulee fish salvage program is described. The method consists in generating a predetermined carbon-dioxide concentration in the 1000-gallon tanks of the trucks through the successive addition of predissolved sodium bicarbonate and dilute sulphuric acid in proper quantities. Carbon-dioxide anaesthesia effectively solved the acute problem of species segregation in the fish salvage program and, with minor modifications, could be used with equal success in certain hatchery operations necessitating the handling of large fish.
Effect of bFGF on the inhibition of contraction caused by bacteria

Abstract Bacterial contamination of open wounds significantly inhibits wound contraction required in the healing process. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) has been shown to overcome contraction inhibition in wound-healing models impaired by diabetes or steroids. This study was designed to determine the effect of bFGF on wound contraction inhibition in an area contaminated with bacterial overgrowth. The topically applied bFGF reversed inhibition to wound contraction that normally occurs with bacterial contamination. This reversal does not appear to be due to increased collagen synthesis since bFGF has been shown to decrease collagen synthesis and the treated wounds showed no increase in breaking strength. The use of bFGF significantly decreased the number of days required for wound healing (P
Feruloyl- and Para-Coumaroyl-Carbohydrate Esters from Grass and Cellulose Degradation by Ruminal Microorganisms

Phenolic compounds are a primary limitation to forage digestibility, but the specific mechanism that limits microbial activity requires elucidation. The objective of this research was do termine the influence of phenolic acid-carbohydrate esters isolated from Coastal' bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.) on cellulolysis by rumen microorganisms. One or 5 mM concentrations of O-[5-O-(trans-feruloyl)-α-L-arabinofuranosyl]- (1→3)]-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl- (1→4)-D-xylopyranose (FAXX), 1 mM O-[5-O-(trans-p-trans-p-coumaroyl)-α-L-arabinofuranosyl]-(1→3)-O-β-D-xxylopyranosyl-(1→4)-D-xylopyranoses (PAXX), equivalent concentrations of free phenolic acids and equivalent concentrations of L-arabinose plus D-xylose were added to anaerobic incubation vials containing MN 300 cellulose (...)
Refinement of the Superpave Specification Parameter for Performance Grading of Asphalt

The Superpave specification parameter |G*|/sin δ for high temperature performance grading of paving asphalts has not been found to be adequate in rating various binders, especially some polymer-modified ones, for their rutting resistance. This has led researchers to seek other possible parameters that may better relate to rutting resistance and also to search for ways to improve the existing parameter |G*|/sin δ so that it is more sensitive to pavement performance. Some researchers have suggested the repeated creep and recovery test, while others have used a semiempirical approach as a means to refine the existing Superpave specification parameter. The present work revisits the proposed refinements of the Superpave specification parameter and shows that the semiempirical approach involving curve-fitting of experimental data is not necessary if the derivations are based on fundamental concepts. The final equations obtained through a theoretical development are verified using part of the same experimental d...
Antiganglioside antibodies do not necessarily play a role in multifocal motor neuropathy

Multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN) is a disorder with a highly characteristic clinical picture and one which is defined by a specific electrodiagnostic abnormality, namely, multifocal conduction block which is confined to motor axons. Sensory axons which traverse segments of severe or even complete motor conduction block conduct normally. A proportion of patients with MMN also have elevated levels of antibodies to GM1 ganglioside. However, about one half of MMN patients lack elevated levels of these antibodies and many others have only modest elevations, to a degree often seen in other neurological and even non-neurological disorders. Furthermore, clinical and electrophysiological improvement of MMN in response to treatment with high dose intravenous immunoglobulin is achieved in the absence of any change in antiglycolipid levels. Injection of serum from patients with MMN and elevated GM1 antibody levels produces demyelination in recipient rat nerves, suggesting a pathogenetic role for these antibodies in demyelination. However, sera of patients with identical antibody liters in other motor system diseases produced no demyelination, suggesting that the demyelinating factor resides in some other serum fraction. At present, there is insufficient evidence to support the contention that these antibodies play a critical pathogenetic role in MMN. Until more evidence is available it is important to define MMN on the basis of a characteristic clinical picture and a unique electrodiagnostic abnormality rather than on a pattern of serum antibodies. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effects of gamete traits on fertilization in the sea and the evolution of sexual dimorphism

THE evolution of egg and sperm1,2, and more derived forms of sexual dimorphism, is thought to be driven by sperm competition and postzygotic survival; males are limited by fertilizations, females by resources3. Evidence of sperm competition comes from internal fertilizers, or cases where sperm are deposited on eggs4, but in free-spawners, the ancestral mating strategy (refs 1,5 but see ref. 6), females are often sperm limited7,8. Laboratory experiments on sea urchins demonstrate that intraspecific differences in gamete attributes, such as egg size, can influence rates of fertilization. Field experiments in which gametes are released and recaptured demonstrate that the influence of gamete traits on fertilization is not overwhelmed by sea conditions, and that variation in gamete traits can have important fitness consequences. These results suggest a new mechanism for the evolution of anisogamy and sexual dimorphism, in which sperm limitation is important, and natural selection for enhanced fertilization acts on females as well as males.
Fasting associated with decrease in hypothalamic beta-endorphin

In rats that were fasted for 2 to 3 days there was a decline in hypothalamic, but not pituitary, beta-endorphin. There was no change in pituitary or hypothalamic adrenocorticotropin content as a result of fasting. Endogenous opiates may be involved in physiological adaptation to fasting.
An improved bound for the multifacility location model

This paper develops a dual-based lower bound to the multifacility @?"p distance model. It is shown that this bound is as good or better than other known bounds.
A Source Code Change Impact Analysis Algorithm for Iterative Software Development

CHA-AS is a source code change impact analysis algorithm for Java programs. CHA-AS differs from other algorithms in that it does not require the program versions it compares to be whole programs with a well-defined program entry point. The need for such an algorithm is evident in iterative software development projects and projects involving the development of code libraries and frameworks-all of which may not have a well-defined program entry point at the time when change impact analysis needs to be performed. The CHA-AS algorithm supports the development of Decision Support Systems for software development managers and programmers working on iterative software development projects, or projects to develop source code libraries and frameworks. This paper describes the CHA-AS algorithm and demonstrates it to be efficient and effective in calculating source code change impact.
American Journalism and International Relations: Foreign Correspondence from the Early Republic to the Digital Era by Giovanna Dell'Orto

Books on the media and international relations often cover only the last fifty years or so. American Journalism and International Relations is a refreshing exception to that tendency. Reaching back...
Speech Recognition Scores and ABR in Cochlear Impairment

The relationship between the speech recognition scores (SRS) in noise and the auditory brain-stem evoked response (ABR) was examined in 7 males (age range: 40 to 60 yrs) with fairly similar audiograms but different SRS. The Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient revealed a significant relationship between SRS and latencies of waves I and II of the ABR. The results are discussed in terms of neural degeneration and representation of speech stimuli in the auditory nerve.