cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Information Use and Barriers on a Mobile App in Distance Learning

Mobile technologies such as iPhone apps make it possible for learners to freely access course content management systems, library Web sites, as well as reference services from anywhere, anytime. This paper reviewed the current status of mobile learning and suggested possible factors influencing the use of mobile apps in online learning. The author also surveyed graduate students on the use and non-use of the Blackboard Mobile app. The survey yielded promising results for understanding mobile learning and provided suggestions on mobile app design as well as how libraries can expand their services to support a new generation of mobile learners.
Cemented mounds and hydrothermal sediments on the detachment surface at Kane Megamullion: A new manifestation of hydrothermal venting

[2] Long-lived detachment faults are now known to be important in tectonic evolution of slow-spreading mid-ocean ridges, and there is increasing evidence that fluid flow plays a critical role in development of detachment systems. Here we document a new manifestation of low-temperature hydrothermal venting associated with the detachment fault that formed Kane Megamullion ∼3.3–2.1 m.y. ago in the western rift-valley wall of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Hydrothermal effects on the detachment surface include (1) cemented mounds of igneous rock and chalk debris containing hydrothermal Mn oxides and Fe oxyhydroxides, and (2) layered deposits of similar Fe-Mn minerals ± interbedded chalks. Mounds are roughly conical, ∼1–10 m high, and contain primarily basalts with lesser gabbro, serpentinite, and polymict breccia. The layered Fe-Mn-rich sediments are flat-bedded to contorted and locally are buckled into low-relief linear or polygonal ridges. We propose that the mounds formed where hydrothermal fluids discharged through the detachment hanging wall near the active fault trace. Hydrothermal precipitates cemented hanging-wall debris and welded it to the footwall, and this debris persisted as mounds as the footwall was exhumed and surrounding unconsolidated material sloughed off the sloping detachment surface. Some of the layered Fe-Mn-rich deposits may have precipitated from fluids discharging from the hanging-wall vents, but they also precipitated from low-temperature fluids venting from the exposed footwall through overlying chalks. Observed natural disturbance and abnormally thin hydrogenous Fe-Mn crusts on some contorted, hydrothermal Fe-Mn-rich chalks on ∼2.7 Ma crust suggest diffuse venting that is geologically recent. Results of this study imply that there are significant fluid pathways through all parts of detachment systems and that low-temperature venting through fractured detachment footwalls may continue for several million years off-axis.
More on chiral - nonchiral dual pairs

Expanding upon earlier work of Pouliot and Strassler, we construct chiral magnetic duals to nonchiral supersymmetric electric theories based upon SO(7), SO(8), and SO(9) gauge groups with various numbers of vector and spinor matter superfields. Anomalies are matched and gauge invariant operators are mapped within each dual pair. Renormalization group flows along flat directions are also examined. We find that confining phase quantum constraints in the electric theories are recovered from semiclassical equations of motion in their magnetic counterparts when the dual gauge groups are completely broken down by the Higgs mechanism. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Clinical Validity of a Dimensional Assessment of Self- and Interpersonal Functioning in Adolescent Inpatients

The Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale-Global Version (SCORS-G) is a clinical rating system assessing 8 domains of self- and interpersonal relational experience that can be applied to narrative response data (e.g., Thematic Apperception Test [TAT; Murray, 1943], early memories narratives) or oral data (e.g., psychotherapy narratives, relationship anecdotal paradigms). In this study, 72 psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents consented and were rated by their individual and group therapist using the SCORS-G. Clinicians also rated therapy engagement, personality functioning, quality of peer relationships, school functioning, global assessment of functioning (GAF), history of eating-disordered behavior, and history of nonsuicidal self-injury. SCORS-G composite ratings achieved an acceptable level of interrater reliability and were associated with theoretically predicted variables (e.g., engagement in therapy, history of nonsuicidal self-injury). SCORS-G ratings also incrementally improved the prediction of therapy engagement and global functioning beyond what was accounted for by GAF scores. This study further demonstrates the clinical utility of the SCORS-G with adolescents.
Developmental Changes in Diastolic Ventricular Interaction

ABSTRACT: Developmental changes in the myocardial diastolic ventricular interaction of hearts excised from 12 preterm (126 ± 0.8 SE days gestation; term = 147 days) and eight newborn (2.5 ± 0.2 SE days postnatal age) lambs were evaluated in vitro. The excised hearts were immersed in a cold cardioplegic solution during which time compliant balloon catheters were inserted into the right and left ventricles through the pulmonary artery and aorta, respectively. The catheters were alternately connected to an infusion pump and appropriate transducers in order to obtain simultaneous biventricular pressure and volume measurements as the volume of each ventricle was varied. Computerized analysis of the pressure and volume recordings was used to determine right and left ventricular free wall compliance, ventricular septal compliance, and pressure and volume transfer functions. Ventricular septal compliance was significantly less than the free wall compliances within both groups. Ventricular septal compliance (p < 0.05) and transfer functions (p < 0.05) in the preterm were significantly lower than in the newborn. No significant differences in ventricular free wall compliances were found between or within age groups. These findings demonstrate an increase in ventricular coupling and functional interaction with development, potentially attributable to an increase in septal compliance with development.
Constant Envelope Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing Phase Modulation for Radar Pulse Compression

Constant envelope orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (CE-OFDM) is evaluated as a potential wideband radar pulse compression modulation using ambiguity function analysis.
Feedback in the K-user interference channel

We consider the scalar K-user Gaussian interference channel (IC) with feedback, where channel coefficients are fixed over time and frequency. We focus on two feedback models: (1) each receiver feeds back its received signal to all the transmitters and (2) functions of the received signals are fed back through a backward IC. We show that the feedback degrees-of-freedom (fdof) of the first model is k/2 if the global channel matrix is invertible. For the second feedback model, we show that fdof = 3/2 is achievable for the 3-user IC. Then, we show how nontrivial fdof can be achieved for the K-user IC, when the global channel matrix belongs to a specific spectral family of matrices. Our achievable schemes are linear and require a finite number of signal-space dimensions, contrasting the asymptotic interference alignment by Cadambe et al. and the real interference alignment by Motahari et al. Another consequence of feedback is that it can strictly increase the degrees-of-freedom for some classes of ICs.
Low latitude auroras: the storm of 25 September 1909

Abstract Visual auroras at low latitudes are rare, documented for only five occasions since 1859. They are important from a theoretical point of view in terms of the lowest latitude at which particle precipitation can been observed. One of the great magnetic storms of the past 150 yr occurred on 25 September 1909, during the prolonged solar activity minimum around the beginning of the present century. A report of an auroral sighting at Singapore, not far from the magnetic equator, the lowest latitude ever reported for a visual aurora. has focussed attention on this event. This paper compiles and discusses the solar, magnetic, auroral, and telegraphic disturbance data related to the event. The data show that the lowest credible magnetic latitude for this event was between 30° and 36°. I conclude that the report of a visual auroral observation at Singapore, based on a single Australian newspaper item, was almost certainly not auroral at all, but rather resulted from cable disturbances, known to be associated with auroras, and confused with the aurora itself. Furthermore, consideration of the height at which particle precipitation would be observed leads to an estimate of a threshold magnetic latitude for a visual auroral event of the order of 15°, greater than that of 'Singapore. This result removes the necessity of theories of major storms to account for such a low latitude sighting.
Conservation of a unique noncovalent motif in a tetracyanoresorcin[4]arene silver complex

The structures of a macrocyclic C-hexyltetracyanoresorcin[4]arene (RsCNC6) methanol solvate and a corresponding metal–organic framework consisting of 1 : 1 RsCNC6 : Ag+ are reported. Solvent-filled channels are apparent in both structures. A conserved stacking motif that involves the upper rim cyano groups and the pendant C-hexyl chains of the resorcinarene is also described.
CHARACTERIZATION OF LOW-BARRIER HYDROGEN BONDS. 7. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRENGTH AND GEOMETRY OF SHORT-STRONG HYDROGEN BONDS. THE FORMIC ACID-FORMATE ANION MODEL SYSTEM. AN AB INITIO AND DFT INVESTIGATION

High-level ab initio and density functional theory calculations have been used to investigate the dependence of the strength of a typical low-barrier hydrogen bond on geometrical distortions. In gas phase simulations, HF/ 6-31+G(d,p), MP2/6-31+G(d,p), and B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level calculations reveal that the short-strong hydrogen bond formed between a formic acid molecule and a formate anion is very sensitive to both the hydrogen bond length and the hydrogen bond angle. A 0.5 A lengthening of the low-barrier hydrogen bond results in a weakening of that bond by over 6 kcal/mol. A 1.0 A lengthening of the hydrogen bond results in an approximately 12 kcal/mol decrease in the calculated strength of the corresponding hydrogen bond. Similarly, an angle bending distortion of the hydrogen bond by as little as 30° can lead to a weakening of the hydrogen bond interaction by more than 5 kcal/mol. Implications for enzyme catalysis are discussed.
The inotropic effects of digoxin in hyperkalemia. Relation to (Na+,K+)-ATPase inhibition in the intact animal.

The effects of hyperkalemia on the inotropic properties of digoxin were studied in anesthetized mongrel dogs. With preload, afterload and heart rate maintained constant in dogs who received atropine and practolol to block cardiac reflexes, 0.08 mg/kg digoxin increased the first derivative of the left ventricular pressure curve (LV dp/dt) 53.1 ± 8.3% (SEM) in normokalemic animals but only 9.5 ± 2.5% in hyperkalemic animals at 60 min. This decrease in the inotropic effects of digoxin by hyperkalemia was accompanied by significant decreases in both total left ventricular digoxin concentration and microsomal-bound digoxin. (Na+, K+)-ATPase was inhibited 43.3 ± 2.4% in normokalemic animals but only 27.4 ± 2.5% in hyperkalemic animals (P < 0.01), while (Mg++)-ATPase levels were similar in normokalemia and hyperkalemia. In animals not given digoxin, hyperkalemia had no effect on either LV dp/dt or (Na+, K+)-ATPase. There was a good correlation between the positive inotropic effects of digoxin and percent inhibit...
Drosophila Sugar Receptors in Sweet Taste Perception, Olfaction, and Internal Nutrient Sensing

Identification of nutritious compounds is dependent on expression of specific taste receptors in appropriate taste-cell types [1]. In contrast to mammals, which rely on a single, broadly tuned heterodimeric sugar receptor [2], the Drosophila genome harbors a small subfamily of eight, closely related gustatory receptor (Gr) genes, Gr5a, Gr61a, and Gr64a-Gr64f, of which three have been proposed to mediate sweet taste [3-6]. However, expression and function of several of these putative sugar Gr genes are not known. Here, we present a comprehensive expression and functional analysis using Gr(LEXA/GAL4) alleles that were generated through homologous recombination. We show that sugar Gr genes are expressed in a combinatorial manner to yield at least eight sets of sweet-sensing neurons. Behavioral investigations show that most sugar Gr mutations affect taste responses to only a small number of sugars and that effective detection of most sugars is dependent on more than one Gr gene. Surprisingly, Gr64a, one of three Gr genes previously proposed to play a major role in sweet taste [3, 4], is not expressed in labellar taste neurons, and Gr64a mutant flies exhibit normal sugar responses elicited from the labellum. Our analysis provides a molecular rationale for distinct tuning profiles of sweet taste neurons, and it favors a model whereby all sugar Grs contribute to sweet taste. Furthermore, expression in olfactory organs and the brain implies novel roles for sugar Gr genes in olfaction and internal nutrient sensing, respectively. Thus, sugar receptors may contribute to feeding behavior via multiple sensory systems.
Comment on Pang et al. (2005) Filtration and transport of Bacillus subtilis spores and the F-RNA phage MS2 in a coarse alluvial gravel aquifer: Implications in the estimation of setback distances

The recent article by Pang et al. (volume 77, pages 165–194) provides a highly useful compilation of field data, which is presented in Fig. 5 of that manuscript. The authors highlighted what they perceived as similar per-distance rates of microbial removal (what they called filter factors) for various field experiments. However, the most glaring feature of these figures was actually the clear variation in filter factor with transport distance, as demonstrated by tracing the curves back to the origin (in Fig. 5). These curves must trace to the origin since at zero transport distance the concentration of microbes must be equal to the injected concentration (or nearly, accounting for reasonable dilution during injection). The resulting curves demonstrate drastic (multiple orders of magnitude) changes in filter factor with transport distance over distances ranging from tens to hundreds of meters. The results are consistent with many previous observations in both the laboratory (e.g. Li et al., 2004; Schijven et al., 1999; Li and Johnson, 2005; Tong et al., 2005) and the field (e.g. Tufenkji and Elimelech, 2004; Zhang et al., 2001). Clearly, a major challenge to determination of setback distance is improved understanding of the mechanisms that govern changes in the “filter factors” with distance of transport.
Switchgrass intercropping reduces soil inorganic nitrogen in a young loblolly pine plantation located in coastal North Carolina.

Abstract As biofuel production continues to increase, so will demand for forests to provide sources of biomass feedstocks. Intensively managed loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations cover 15.8 million ha of the southeastern United States. Intercropping of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) within loblolly pine stands offers an opportunity to use interbed space to produce an herbaceous biomass feedstock. Furthermore, removal of post-harvest woody residues could act as another forest-based biomass feedstock. Understanding how managing forests for biofuel production influences soil nitrogen (N) cycling and availability is crucial given the critical role N plays in terrestrial ecosystem productivity. Therefore, our objective was to study effects of harvest residue removal and pine-switchgrass intercropping on soil extractable NH 4 + and NO 3 - . We used a randomized complete block design, consisting of four blocks of seven plots (0.8 ha) established in the summer of 2008 on a recently harvested 34-year-old loblolly pine plantation in the Lower Coastal Plain of North Carolina, USA. Ion exchange membranes were deployed in the top 10 cm of mineral soil starting in June 2009 and replaced continuously every 4–6 weeks through December 2011. Presence of switchgrass significantly reduced soil extractable NH 4 + and NO 3 - , amounting to a total reduction of 39% and 60%, respectively, over the course of the timeframe (30 months) of this study. There was evidence that intercropping of switchgrass increased extractable NO 3 - in the adjacent pine bed, although this result was only found in the final 6 months of the study. Presence or absence of harvest residues and/or interbed pines in the interbeds generally had no effect on soil inorganic N pools. These results indicate that switchgrass production effectively utilized inorganic N during a time when mineral N supply was greater than N demand by loblolly pines. Assessment of the long-term effects of switchgrass intercropping on soil nutrient cycling and availability and pine health and productivity will be essential to determine environmental and economic sustainability of intercropping.
High-sensitivity vibrating reed studies of superconductors

Abstract Recent improvements in the vibrating reed (VR) technique permit precision studies of the mixed state of complex superconducting materials far below the upper critical magnetic field H c2 . VR data for thin film, crystalline and ceramic (Ba 0.6 K 0.4 )BiO 3 samples demonstrate the sensitivity of the VR to microstructure and inhomogeneities, and a study of oNi 2 B 2 C reveals previously inaccessible vortex dynamical anomalies and minute details of a complex phase competition between magnetism and reentrant superconductivity. CeRu 2 VR data are reversible near H c2 where giant hysteresis is observed in DC magnetization data, but are hysteretic over an extended region at lower temperatures and fields, indicating vortex dynamics must be considered in testing the existence of unconventional pairing states proposed for this system.
The Soviet Union and the Origins of the Korean War

THE precise role of the Soviet Union in the outbreak of war in Korea in June i950 has always been a puzzle to scholars. Although to most Western observers it seemed probable that Russia knew of and approved the North Korean attack, evidence to support that view was sparse for many years.1 Indeed, expressions of uncertainty were not difficult to find among historians.2 Even today there remains room for debate. Although to Adam Ulam it is "inconceivable"3 that the North Koreans "moved on their own," it seems both conceivable and likely to others.4 The traditional view of deep Kremlin involvement in planning the offensive frequently is part of a larger conception of the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin as an expansive power which generally exerted tight control over foreign Communist governments.5 In contrast, the
Teaching and Coaching: Group and Task Differences.

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the group and task differences between teaching and coaching. We propose some of these differences may favor coaching, making it more amenable to exercise influence by the leader (coach) and, therefore, more motivational than teaching. The congruence between group and task factors on the one hand, and the individual difference variables, would be a strong determinant of a preference for teaching or coaching. In addition, organizational and environmental elements are said to influence the enacted role. We conclude the conceptual exercise by proposing a model to synthesize the antecedents of role preference, the influence of organizational and environmental elements, enacted role, role congruence, and resultant job satisfaction among teacher-coaches.
Metal oxide based multisensor array and portable database for field analysis of antioxidants

We report a novel chemical sensing array based on metal oxide nanoparticles as a portable and inexpensive paper-based colorimetric method for polyphenol detection and field characterization of antioxidant containing samples. Multiple metal oxide nanoparticles with various polyphenol binding properties were used as active sensing materials to develop the sensor array and establish a database of polyphenol standards that include epigallocatechin gallate, gallic acid, resveratrol, and Trolox among others. Unique charge-transfer complexes are formed between each polyphenol and each metal oxide on the surface of individual sensors in the array, creating distinct optically detectable signals which have been quantified and logged into a reference database for polyphenol identification. The field-portable Pantone/X-Rite© CapSure® color reader was used to create this database and to facilitate rapid colorimetric analysis. The use of multiple metal-oxide sensors allows for cross-validation of results and increases accuracy of analysis. The database has enabled successful identification and quantification of antioxidant constituents within real botanical extractions including green tea. Formation of charge-transfer complexes is also correlated with antioxidant activity exhibiting electron transfer capabilities of each polyphenol. The antioxidant activity of each sample was calculated and validated against the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay showing good comparability. The results indicate that this method can be successfully used for a more comprehensive analysis of antioxidant containing samples as compared to conventional methods. This technology can greatly simplify investigations into plant phenolics and make possible the on-site determination of antioxidant composition and activity in remote locations.
Changes over time in risk profiles of patients who undergo coronary artery bypass graft surgery: the Veterans Affairs Surgical Quality Improvement Program (VASQIP).

Importance Today’s coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) population appears to comprise sicker patients than in the past; however, little is known about the change in the risk profile. Objective To evaluate the change with time in the risk profile of patients who undergo CABG. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective review of records from the Veterans Affairs (VA) Surgical Quality Improvement Program (VASQIP); 65 097 patients who underwent isolated primary CABG from October 1, 1997, to April 30, 2011, were evaluated. Main Outcomes and Measures Trends in risk profiles, surgical volume, and modern outcomes in the VA system. We determined the significance of changes in age and major comorbidities across time with simple linear regression analysis and evaluated the rates of perioperative mortality (30-day or in-hospital) and VASQIP predicted risk of mortality trends over time. Results From 1997 to 2011, there were increases in mean (SD) patient age (63.1 [9.4] vs 64.3 [7. 8] years; R 2 = 0.34; P = .02) and body mass index (28.3 [5.1] vs 30.1 [5.8]; R 2 = 0.95). There were also increases in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (32.8% vs 41.3%; R 2 = 0.82), preoperative New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III or IV heart failure status (14.3% vs 34.2%; R 2 = 0.74), and left main coronary artery disease (26.0% vs 32.8%; R 2 = 0.82) (all P R 2 = 0.95), previous myocardial infarction ( R 2 = 0.82), and low ejection fraction (≤34%) ( R 2 = 0.88) (all P .05). There was no significant change in the prevalence of cerebrovascular and peripheral vascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or 3-vessel coronary artery disease. Perioperative mortality rates and the VASQIP predicted risk of mortality, respectively, decreased with time (3.2% and 3.1% vs 1.7% and 1.6%). From 2004 to 2011, there was a significant increase in the prevalence of previous percutaneous coronary intervention (18.6% to 29.2%; R 2 = 0.82; P = .002). Overall CABG volume decreased (5551 in 1998 vs 3857 in 2012; R 2 = 0.95; P .001). Conclusions and Relevance From 1997 to 2011, there was a progressive increase in the prevalence of obesity, diabetes, left main coronary artery disease, and advanced NYHA heart failure class among VA patients undergoing CABG. The prevalence of previous myocardial infarction, low ejection fraction, and advanced angina decreased, perhaps because of earlier surgical referral, improvement in medical management, or a shift in patient selection for CABG. Operative mortality also decreased with time. These trends confirm the general perception of significant, ongoing improvement in the care of patients who undergo CABG in the VA, despite an older, sicker population.
Diffraction from Higher Order Impedance Wedges: A Tribute to Professor Roberto Tiberio

A challenge in diffraction has been the characterization of coated wedges and edges, often modeled via the standard impedance boundary conditions (SIBCs) and generalized impedance boundary conditions (GIBCs). This presentation traces the development of these boundary conditions and their applications to diffraction theory. Uniform expressions and multiple diffraction studies are reviewed, including the application of incremental length diffraction coefficients (ILDCs) highlighting specific contributions of Professor Tiberio in this area. Heuristic expressions for the diffraction by edges and wedges with thick coatings are then presented using a generalization based on a formulation evoked by Prof. Tiberio. Comparative data are also given to assess the validity of these heuristic expressions
Metabolism in vitro of steroids in the canine ovary

Abstract The production of androgens and estradiol from 17α-hydroxy[4-14C]progesterone and [17α-3H]dehydroepiandrosterone by the dog ovary in vitro has been investigated using homogenates and slices of ovaries from dogs pretreated with gonadotrophins. Androstenedione, testosterone and estradiol were isolated and quantitated, and the ratio 3H/14C and specific radioactivity of these steroids were determined. 1. 1. The dog ovary is able to convert 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and dehydroepiandrosterone to androstenedione, testosterone and estradiol in vitro. 2. 2. Dehydroepiandrosterone is the preferred substrate for the formation of the isolated steroids. 3. 3. Reduced TPN stimulates ovarian 17-desmolase and 17β-reductase and promotes the production of androstenedione and testosterone. 4. 4. The results obtained with tissue slices in vitro in the presence of TPN and a TPN-reducing system are similar to those obtained with ovarian perfusions in vivo. 5. 5. The dog ovary can form 19-hydroxyandrostenedione in vitro. Conversion in vivo to this steroid by the trophic stimulated dog ovary has not been observed.
EFFECTS OF RIGHT-TURN LANES ON DRIVEWAY SIGHT DISTANCE

Vehicles entering a driveway from an exclusive right-turn lane may restrict the sight distance available to vehicles waiting to enter the arterial street from the driveway. The sight distance available to the vehicles waiting at a driveway is a function of the geometric design of the driveway and the right-turn lane. The relationship between available sight distance and the relevant geometric design variables is examined. The analysis identifies geometries that provide adequate sight distances for various design speeds.
Identification of genes regulated by transcription factor KLF7 in differentiating olfactory sensory neurons.

Abstract Gene targeting in mice has recently demonstrated that transcription factor KLF7 plays a critical role in neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival. Here we extended this genetic evidence by establishing the transcriptional profile of differentiating olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in Klf7−/− mice, and by identifying relevant genes that are directly regulated by KLF7. Functional clustering of DNA microarray data revealed that loss of KLF7 affects primarily the activity of genes involved in OSN differentiation, axonal growth, cytoskeletal dynamics, cell adhesion and synaptogenesis. Cell transfection experiments, on the other hand, demonstrated that the promoters of the genes encoding the OSN-specific OMP and the adhesion molecule L1 are both activated by KLF7 binding to CACCC motifs. Collectively, these results advance knowledge of transcriptional regulation of olfactory neurogenesis and KLF7 action.
Growth Hormone Studies in Turner's Syndrome

ABSTRACT Fourteen subjects with Turner's syndrome were studied before and after insulin hypoglycemia: 11 had brisk growth hormone responses as measured by radioimmunoassay and 3 had limited responses with maximum values below 10 mμg/ml. Twelve healthy female control subjects of normal stature were studied in the same manner and 11 had brisk responses, with one showing a limited response. No one in either group had complete absence of growth hormone. Thus, some defect other than growth hormone deficit must be implicated in the short stature of patients with Turner's syndrome.
Local anesthetics QX 572 and benzocaine act at separate sites on the batrachotoxin-activated sodium channel

We have studied the effect of local anesthetics QX 572, which is permanently charged, and benzocaine, which is neutral, on batrachotoxin-activated sodium channels in mouse neuroblastoma N18 cells. The dose-response curves for each drug suggest that QX 752 and benzocaine each act on a single class of binding sites. The dissociation constants are 3.15 X 10(-5) M for QX 572 and 2.65 X 10(-4) M for benzocaine. Equilibrium and kinetic experiments indicate that both drugs are competitive inhibitors of batrachotoxin. When benzocaine and QX 572 are present with batrachotoxin, they are much more effective at inhibiting Na+ flux than would be predicted by a one-site model. Our results indicate that QX 572 and benzocaine bind to separate sites, each of which interacts competitively with batrachotoxin.
An Abrasive Paper Technique for Preparing Sections of Wood for Microscopic Study

Dry wood specimens are sawed to 2mm thickness and impregnated with resin such as Lewisol 28 (Hercules Powder Co.). One side of the specimen is ground by hand on abrasive papers of grades #100, #180, #240, and #320. This side is then cemented to a petrographic glass slide with stick shellac and the other side similarly ground. Scratches can be eliminated by scraping the ground surface with the sharp edge of an ordinary glass microscopic slide. The section is removed by heating the slide, dissolving the shellac with alcohol and the resin of the embedding matrix with xylene. The sections can be stained in a hot saturated alcoholic solution of safranin O, counterstained with 0.01% fast green in an equal parts mixture of clove oil, methyl cellosolve, and absolute alcohol, and mounted in balsam.
Enhanced Expression of the Eosinophil-derived Neurotoxin Ribonuclease (RNS2) Gene Requires Interaction between the Promoter and Intron

The eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN/RNS2) is a member of the mammalian ribonuclease gene family and is one of four proteins found in the large specific granules of human eosinophilic leukocytes. The gene encoding EDN consists of two exons, including a noncoding exon 1, separated by a single intron from the coding sequence in exon 2. We have identified a functional promoter of the EDN gene and shown that optimal expression depends on interaction between the promoter and one or more sequence elements found in the single intron. Cells of the clone 15 eosinophilic variant of the human promyelocytic HL-60 cell line were transfected with constructs that included the promoter region of the EDN gene alone, promoter with exon 1, and promoter with both exon 1 and the intron positioned 5' to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene (constructs referred to as PrCAT, PrExCAT, and PrExIn CAT, respectively). Although reporter gene activity from either PrCAT or PrExCAT was only 2-3 fold higher than baseline (CAT alone), inclusion of the single intron (PrExInCAT) resulted in a 28-fold increase in reporter gene activity in uninduced clone 15 cells, and an 80-fold in activity when clone 15 cells were induced to differentiate toward eosinophils with butyric acid. The intron-mediated enhancer activity was reproduced in other human hematopoietic cell lines (K562, Jurkat, U937, and HL-60), but was not found in human 293 kidney cells, suggesting that the function of the enhancer element(s) may be tissue-specific. A significant portion of the observed enhancer activity resides in the first 60 base pairs the the intron, which includes consensus binding sites for both AP-1, and NF-ATp transcription factors, and a 15-base pair segment that is identical to a sequence found in the promoter of the gene encoding the neutrophil granule protein, lactoferrin. The noncoding exon 1/single intron/coding exon 2 genomic structure is a common feature among the mammalian ribonucleases; this finding suggests the possibility of a conserved mechanism of regulation in this gene family.
A generalized description of multiple phase behavior inisothermal, isobaric systems

Exact graphical descriptions of isothermal, isobaric multiple phase volumetric behavior are presented. Solutions for the distribution of n phases are given for n and n-1 component systems, where n = 2, 3, or 4. These graphical representations are derived from the combination of volumetric, mass and component material balances, which yields linear expressions for phase volumes as a function of the apparent density of the mixture. Experimental results for the 3-phase and 4-phase volumetric behavior of the CO2/C14H30 and CO2/C14H30/H2O systems, respectively, demonstrate the capabilities of these simple graphs to serve not only as a predictive tool for multiple phase behavior, but also as a thermodynamic consistency test for experimental data.
Mary Opal Wolanin: A life worth living…A life of giving, part 2

Abstract In September 1996, the Board of Directors of the National Gerontological Nursing Association NGNA) was invited to dine with Mary Opal Wolanin at her home the in the Air Force Village II Retirement Center near San Antonio, Texas. The evening was filled with excitement and with lively exchanges. Our hostess challenged the Board members as only a true leader can. The events of the evening were taped and are being published in two parts. In part 1 published in the September/October 1997 issue), Mary Opal Wolanin told NGNA about how she started in nursing and some of her early experiences in the profession. This article, the second about the evening with Mary Opal Wolanin, contains further excerpts of our conversation and some of my thoughts about that experience. She discusses many of her observations about nursing and nurses, as well as her “Law of Long-Term Consequences.” She asks important questions of today's nurses and challenges today's nursing leaders.
Prehospital use of dexamethasone in pulseless idioventricular rhythm

We investigated the prehospital use of 100 mg dexamethasone for the treatment of cardiac arrest patients with pulseless idioventricular rhythms (PIVR). In the 86 patients studied in this prospective, randomized, double-blind investigation, four of the 46 patients receiving saline and two of the 37 patients receiving dexamethasone survived long enough to be admitted to the hospital intensive care unit. There were no long-term survivors. No benefit from the field use of 100 mg dexamethasone in PIVR could be identified in this study.
Selective agonists of somatostatin receptor subtype 1 or 2 injected peripherally induce antihyperalgesic effect in two models of visceral hypersensitivity in mice

Somatostatin interacts with five G-protein-coupled receptor (sst1-5). Octreotide, a stable sst2≫3≥5 agonist, exerts a visceral anti-hyperalgesic effect in experimental and clinical studies. Little is known on the receptor subtypes involved. We investigated the influence of the stable sst1-5 agonist, ODT8-SST and selective receptor subtype peptide agonists (3 or 10μg/mouse) injected intraperitoneally (ip) on visceral hypersensitivity in mice induced by repeated noxious colorectal distensions (four sets of three CRD, each at 55mmHg) or corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 agonist, cortagine given between two sets of graded CRD (15, 30, 45, and 60mmHg, three times each pressure). The mean visceromotor response (VMR) was assessed using a non-invasive manometry method and values were expressed as percentage of the VMR to the 1st set of CRD baseline or to the 60mmHg CRD, respectively. ODT8-SST (10μg) and the sst2 agonist, S-346-011 (3 and 10μg) prevented mechanically induced visceral hypersensitivity in the three sets of CRD, the sst1 agonist (10μg) blocked only the 2nd set and showed a trend at 3μg while the sst4 agonist had no effect. The selective sst2 antagonist, S-406-028 blocked the sst2 agonist but not the sst1 agonist effect. The sst1 agonist (3 and 10μg) prevented cortagine-induced hypersensitivity to CRD at each pressure while the sst2 agonist at 10μg reduced it. These data indicate that in addition to sst2, the sst1 agonist may provide a novel promising target to alleviate visceral hypersensitivity induced by mechanoreceptor sensitization and more prominently, stress-related visceral nociceptive sensitization.
Simulations of shear instabilities in interfacial gravity waves

An adaptive numerical method is employed to simulate shear instabilities in openocean internal solitary-like gravity waves. The method is second-order accurate, employs block-structured adaptive mesh refinement, solves the incompressible Navier– Stokes equations and allows for the simulation of all of the length scales of interest by dynamically tracking important regions with recursively-nested finer grids. Twodimensional simulations are performed over a range of parameters, which allows us to assess the conditions under which the shear instabilities in the waves occur, including a method to evaluate the critical Richardson number for instability based on the bulk wave parameters. The results show that although the minimum Richardson number is well below the canonical value of 1/4 in all simulations, this value is not a sufficient condition for instability, but instead a much lower Richardson number of 0. 1i s required. When the Richardson number falls below 0.1, shear instabilities develop and grow into two-dimensional billows of the Kelvin–Helmholtz type. A linear stability analysis with the Taylor–Goldstein equation indicates that an alternate criterion for instability is given by σ iTw > 5, where σ i is the growth rate of the instability averaged over Tw, the period in which parcels of fluid are subjected to a Richardson number of less than 1/4. A third criterion for instability requires that Lw/L > 0.86, where Lw is half the length of the region in which the Richardson number falls below 1/4 and L is the solitary wave half-width. An eigendecomposition of the rate-ofstrain tensor is performed to show that the pycnocline thickness increases within the wave because of pycnocline-normal strain and not because of diffusion, which has important ramifications for stability. A three-dimensional simulation indicates that the primary instability is two-dimensional and that secondary, three-dimensional instabilities occur thereafter and lead to strong dissipation and mixing.
Training in cardiovascular computed tomography: The Fellows-In-Training perspective

Background Cardiovascular computed tomography angiography (CCTA) is an emerging diagnostic technique in the evaluation of patients with suspected coronary artery disease. The recent CoCATS guidelines recommend that all cardiovascular fellows be exposed to CCTA in their training programs; however, not all programs have the ability to provide such training. Objective This study aims to describe the present opinions of Fellows-in-Training (FIT) toward CCTA training. Methods Cardiovascular FITs in the state of Michigan were contacted through the American College of Cardiology, Michigan chapter, e-mail list and were asked to complete a 12-question anonymous survey examining attitudes toward CCTA. Results Sixty (54%) of 112 FITs completed the survey. Ninety-one percent of respondents had a CCTA program at their hospital and 52 (87%) considered CCTA important toward increasing their professional competitiveness. In addition, 93% had interest in obtaining at least level 2 training irrespective of their future career plans. The most important factors influencing their choice of third-party courses were cost, number of live cases, and student-to-faculty ratio. Finally, 47% supported creating an additional fourth year of training in advanced imaging, and 40% would pursue such training. Conclusion Most cardiovascular FITs are interested in seeking advanced training in CCTA. Cardiovascular training programs should incorporate CCTA in their core curriculum to meet the increasing interest in CCTA among trainees.
ATF edge plasma turbulence studies using a fast reciprocating Langmuir probe

Electrostatic turbulence on the edge of the Advanced Toroidal Facility (ATF) torsatron is investigated experimentally with a fast reciprocating Langmuir probe (FRLP) array. Initial measurements of plasma electron density n{sub e} and temperature T{sub e} and fluctuations in density ({tilde n}{sub e}) and plasma floating potential ({tilde {phi}}{sub f}) are made in electron cyclotron heated plasmas at 1 T. At the last closed flux surface (LCFS, r{radical}a {approximately} 1), T{sub e} {approx} 20--40 eV and n{sub e} {approx} 10{sup 12} cm{sup {minus}3} for a line-averaged electron density {bar n}{sub e} = (3--6) {times} 10{sup 12} cm{sup {minus}3}. Relative fluctuation levels, as the FRLP is moved into core plasma where T{sub e} > 20 eV, are {tilde n}{sub e}/n{sub e} {approx} 5% and e{tilde {phi}}{sub f}/T{sub e} {approx} 2{tilde n}{sub e}/n{sub e} about 2 cm inside the LCFS. The observed fluctuation spectra are broadband (40--300 kHz) with {bar k}{rho}{sub s} {le} 0.1, where {bar k} is the wavenumber of the fluctuations and {rho}{sub s} is the ion Larmor radius at the sound speed. The propagation direction of the fluctuations reverses to the electron diamagnetic direction around r{radical}a < 1. The phase velocity and the electron drift velocity are comparable (v{sub ph}more » {approximately} v{sub de}). The fluctuation-induced particle flux is comparable to fluxes estimated from the particle balance using the H{sub {alpha}} spectroscopic measurements. Many of the features seen in these experiments resemble the features of ohmically heated plasmas in the Texas Experimental Tokamak (TEXT). 18 refs., 10 figs.« less
Nonlinear viscoelasticity of entangled polymeric liquids

Abstract The Doi–Edwards (D–E) theory for entangled polymer dynamics is extended to account for polymer chain stretching in fast flows. Our analysis is based on a new estimate for the non-equilibrium size of the tube under a macroscopic deformation and yields an optimum primitive chain contour length E · u 1/2 times greater than the equilibrium (no-flow) value. This finding implies that polymer chains subjected to nonlinear step strain will only retract partially and should therefore maintain significant chain stretch up to the time the primitive chain escapes the deformed tube. Primitive chain retraction is also shown to reduce the number of entanglements between a deformed polymer chain and its neighbors, yielding significant enhancement of molecular relaxation at high deformations. Various steady-state and transient stress predictions based on this partial strand extension concept are compared with existing experimental data.
Teaching the introductory computer programming course for engineers using Matlab

The introductory computer programming course for engineers is usually taught using the C++ programming language. This work describes our efforts during the past four years, as a pilot project, which can be used in an evaluation process by those departments that would like to substitute Matlab for C++. Those who would like to continue the current practice, but are looking for more challenging problems or projects involving Matlab can also use the project outcome. In order to increase student involvement in the learning process and further improve learning outcomes, the implementation plan included various hardware and software projects, not all at the same time. Robotics projects were added to illustrate an application of programming; which students can relate to and enjoy, as well as helping them improve their software and algorithm design skills for real-time applications. Software projects included the design of simple games and applications using Matlabpsilas graphical user interface (GUI) tool. A discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of conducting a computer programming course in this format, including four different course formats that we have used are included.
Ultrastructural demonstration of cilia in the adult human ependyma.

Ependyma from random sites of lateral, third and fourth ventricles including the aqueduct in five adult human brains was examined by transmission electron microscopy. In all the specimens studied, cilia were present in variable numbers in the ependymal cells. Our study thus establishes that there is widespread presence of cilia in the ependymal cells of the ventricular system in the adult human brain.
Assessment of the HYCOM velocity fields during Agulhas Return Current Cruise 2012

We describe a comparison between velocity data (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) collected on the Agulhas Return Current (ARC) Cruise of 2012 with model outcomes from the US Navy's operational, assimilating, high-resolution general circulation model: Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). The area sampled was a highly chaotic region. The overall differences between the model and in situ velocity fields were 0.35 m/s and 43° at the surface and 0.17 m/s and 30°. While HYCOM accurately simulated the placement of the most energetic and persistent features, including the Agulhas Current, ARC, and a warm core eddy east of ARC, the front was generally misplaced, and the core current speed was under forecast.
Real-time multi ISFET/FIA soil analysis system with automatic sample extraction

Successful implementation of site-specific crop management relies on accurate quantification of spatial variation of important factors. Therefore, there is a tremendous need for the development of sensing technologies that will allow automated collection of soil, crop and pest data, to more accurately characterize within-field variability. The objective of this work was to develop an integrated multi-sensor soil analysis system. Ion-selective field effect transistor (ISFET) technology was coupled with flow injection analysis (FIA) to produce a real-time soil analysis system. Testing of the ISFET/ FIA system for soil analysis was carried out in two stages: (1) using manually extracted samples, and (2) the soil to be analysed was placed in the automated soil extraction system, and the extracted solution fed directly into the FIA system. The sensor was successful in measuring soil nitrates in manually extracted soil solutions (r2>0.9). The rapid response of the system allowed a sample to be analysed in 1.25 s, which is satisfactory for real-time soil sensing. Precision and accuracy of the system were highly dependent on maintaining precise, repetitive injection times and maintaining constant flow parameters during the calibration and testing cycle. The progress toward an automated soil extraction system was notable, but considerable effort will be necessary before commercialization can be realized. However, the concept of using ISFETs for the real-time analysis of soil nitrates is sound. The rapid response and low sample volumes required by the multi-sensor ISFET/FIA system make it a viable candidate for use in real-time soil nutrient sensing.