cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Neuronal Firing Patterns in Zebrafish Embryos Using PCA

Neurobiology has long been concerned with identifying patterns in neuronal activity in order to elucidate mechanisms of brain function and reaction. Novel technologies have recently enabled analysis of whole neuronal networks at the single-cell level for organisms as complex as zebrafish. An available dataset utilizing these new imaging techniques was published and analyzed by Chen et al, who exposed zebrafish to a variety of stimuli and analyzed neuronal responses with light-sheet imaging. These data were split into stimulus and whole-fish datasets, from which principal components were generated using Scikit-Iearn. Principal components analysis (PCA) were compared to one another based on their locations and time-series, and no correlation between the similarity of locations and time-series for each component pair was found despite generation of expected results for each metric individually. This is a novel finding that implies that there are significant patterns in neuronal activity that are not dependent on localization within a fish.
A Cognitive Model for Collaborative Agents

We describe a cognitive model of a collaborative agent that can serve as the basis for automated systems that must collaborate with other agents, including humans, to solve problems. This model builds on standard approaches to cognitive architecture and intelligent agency, as well as formal models of speech acts, joint intention, and intention recognition. The model is nonetheless intended for practical use in the development of collaborative systems.
A unified approach to chip, test, and assembly technologies for MCMs

The "post-fab" manufacturing technologies of test, assembly and packaging are taking a larger share of the final cost of complex ICs than ever before even though the cost of a wafer fab sits at unprecedented levels. These technologies have been allowed to remain static as long as they were minor cost adders, but now they need to receive the same attention in technology evolution as their better known wafer-fab rivals. The traditional approaches to packaging and test have been optimized independently of each other and of chip technology. This paper provides a re-examination of current practice and proposes a step-by-step plan toward a joint optimum for meeting the fab and post-fab constraints for high-performance microprocessor ICs. This optimum considers the fact that, particularly at high operating speeds, chips must be electrically exercised as part of their manufacture both to ensure rapid yield learning and to guarantee Known Good Die specifications.
Competitive Ability and Efficiency in Nodule Formation of Strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum

Abstract In the American Midwest, superior N2-fixing inoculant strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum consistently fail to produce the majority of nodules on the roots of field-grown soybean. Poor nodulation by inoculant strains is partly due to their inability to stay abreast of the expanding soybean root system in numbers sufficient for them to be competitive with indigenous bradyrhizobia. However, certain strains are noncompetitive even when numerical dominance is not a factor. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the nodule occupancy achieved by strains is related to their nodule-forming efficiency. The nodulation characteristics and competitiveness of nine strains of B. japonicum were compared at both 20 and 30°C. The root tip marking technique was used, with the nodule-forming efficiency of each strain estimated from the average position of the uppermost nodule and the number of nodules formed above the root tip mark. The competitiveness of the nine strains relative to B. japonicum USDA 110 was determined by using immunofluorescence to identify nodule occupants. The strains differed significantly in competitiveness with USDA 110 and in nodulation characteristics, strains that were poor competitors usually proving to be inferior in both the average position of the uppermost root nodule and the number of nodules formed above the root tip mark. Thus, competitiveness was correlated with both the average position of the uppermost nodule (r = 0.5; P = 0.036) and the number of nodules formed above the root tip mark (r = 0.64; P = 0.005), while the position of the uppermost nodule was also correlated to the percentage of plants nodulated above the root tip mark (r = 0.81; P < 0.001) and the percentage of plants nodulated on the taproot (r = 0.67; P = 0.002).
Bacterial identification: algorithms for choosing primers for PCR reactions

The advent of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has transformed the field of molecular biology and allowed scientists to make DNA amplification a routine process. The PCR reaction is particularly useful in classifying and identifying bacterial species and strains. This is specifically true in epidemiology and ecology where identification and classification of bacteria are usually carried out by phenotypic and genotypic methods. Recently, Sales (Bard Senior Project, 2003) proposed a new approach in order to try to distinguish between bacterial species by identifying divergence on a genomic level.
Proactive Authoring for Interactive Drama: An Author's Assistant

Interactive drama allows people to participate actively in a dynamically unfolding story, by playing a character or by exerting directorial control. One of the central challenges faced in the design of interactive dramas is how to ensure that the author's goals for the user's narrative experience are achieved in the face of the user's actions in the story. This challenge is especially significant when a variety of users are expected. To address this challenge, we present an extension to Thespian, an authoring and simulating framework for interactive dramas. Each virtual character is controlled by a decision-theoretic goal driven agent. In our previous work on Thespian, we provided a semi-automated authoring approach that allows authors to configure virtual characters' goals through specifying story paths. In this work, we extend Thespian into a more proactive authoring framework to further reduce authoring effort. The approach works by simulating potential users' behaviors, generating corresponding story paths, filtering the generated paths to identify those that seem problematic and prompting the author to verify virtual characters' behaviors in them. The author can correct virtual characters' behaviors by modifying story paths. As new story paths are designed by the author, the system incrementally adjusts virtual characters' configurations to reflect the author's design ideas. Overall, this enables interactive testing and refinement of an interactive drama. The details of this approach will be presented in this paper, followed by preliminary results of applying it in authoring an interactive drama.
Wright, Sewall (1889–1988)

Abstract Sewall Wright was the leading US population and evolutionary geneticist. Along with R. A. Fisher, he converted breeding into a quantitative science. With his coefficient of inbreeding, now standard textbook material, he provided a simple algorithm for measuring the genetic consequences of inbreeding. In evolution, in addition to developing much of the theory of quantitative population genetics, he advocated his ‘shifting balance theory.’ He visualized a large population, broken up into partially isolated subgroups, within which random changes of gene frequencies could occur. Occasionally, such a subpopulation would drift into a state of higher fitness, whereupon it would increase and send migrants to upgrade the whole population. He viewed this as the best way for a population to bypass the evolutionary dilemma of not being able to go from one highly adapted state to a higher one without passing through maladapted intermediates. Wright’s most important contribution to statistics is the method of path analysis, by which standardized partial regression coefficients are used to measure the relative strength of causal pathways. This is his major contribution to the social sciences.
Simple adaptive control - a survey

Recently it was shown for continuous stationary and nonstationary linear systems that the conditions usually required for stability of adaptive controllers may be overly restrictive, and that basic stabilizability properties of systems may be sufficient for implementation of simple and robust nonlinear adaptive controllers. Developed initially for linear time invariant systems these concepts can be extended to nonstationary systems and to the class of nonlinear systems linear in control, which includes manipulators and other similar systems.This paper presents a tutorial survey of techniques and methods that together lead to a simple, adaptive controller (SAC) which seems to be applicable with confidence to many real-world systems.
Unblocked Future: Why Gene Patents Won’t Hinder Whole-Genome Sequencing and Personalized Medicine

Whole-genome sequencing has been hailed as the crucial next step in personalized medicine. It has also been described as likely violating hundreds if not thousands of pre-existing patents on individual genes. These claims of patent infringement, however, are usually made without detailed analysis. Instead of stating that infringement definitely occurs, or in what circumstances, the discussion of whole-genome sequencing mentions that some claims may be typically infringed, but some may be invalid, and leaves the matter there. This paper seeks to provide a detailed analysis of the ways that whole-genome sequencing may infringe extant gene patents, focusing on the common basic structure of most such patents. In particular, the sequencing step itself may infringe the composition of matter claims of isolated DNA molecules in only a very few gene patents, with novel nanopore sequencing technology appearing to bypass infringement altogether. Gene patents often also include methods claims for comparing the personal sequence with a reference sequence for diagnostic purposes; these claims are much more likely infringed by any plausible whole-genome sequencing effort, but appear to fall into a two-class trap where comparison-only methods claims are vulnerable to § 101 patentable subject matter challenges and determination-and-comparison methods can be relatively easily avoided by having different entities perform the sequencing and analysis steps. The paper concludes with a brief analysis of policy considerations for whole-genome sequencing and suggestions for moving forward.
Toward Rational Education Policy

Moderating the Debate . Rationality and the Promise of American Education. By Michael J. Feuer . Harvard Education Press, Cambridge, MA, 2006. 145 pp. $49.95. ISBN 1-891792-70-9. Paper, $24.95. ISBN 1-891792-69-5. Combining cognitive science, behavioral economics, and organization theory, the author examines the promise and pitfalls of education research and policy-making.
Excessive weight gain after remission of depression in a schizophrenic patient treated with risperidone: case report

Background: The use of atypical antipsychotics in schizophrenic patients has been associated with a risk of weight gain. Similarly, recovery from depression is often followed by improved appetite, greater food intake and potential increase in weight. Case presentation: A Caucasian 33-year-old schizophrenic female patient was being treated with 6 mg/day of risperidone and 15 mg/day of clorazepate. She developed depressive symptomatology and 40 mg/day of fluoxetine was gradually added to her treatment regimen for about 9 months. After the remission of depression, and the discontinuation of fluoxetine, she experienced an increase in appetite and subsequently excessive weight gain of 52 kg. Re-administration of fluoxetine did not reverse the situation. The patient developed diabetes mellitus, which was successfully controlled with metformin 1700 mg/day. The addition at first of orlistat 360 mg/day and later of topiramate 200 mg/day has helped her to lose a significant part of the weight gained (30 kg). Conclusion: The case suggests a probable association between the remission of depressive symptomatology and weight gain in a schizophrenic patient.
Organic matter compositions and loadings in soils and sediments along the Fly River, Papua New Guinea

The compositions and loadings of organic matter in soils and sediments from a diverse range of environments along the Fly River system were determined to investigate carbon transport and sequestration in this region. Soil horizons from highland sites representative of upland sources have organic carbon contents (%OC) that range from 0.3 to 25 wt%, carbon:nitrogen ratios (OC/N) that range from 7 to 25 mol/mol, highly negative stable carbon isotopic compositions (δ13Corg −25‰) and non-woody vegetation biomarkers (cinnamyl phenols and cutin acids) more abundant relative to upper floodplain sites. Soils developed on relict Pleistocene floodplain terraces, which are typically not flooded and receive little sediment from the river, were characterized by low %OC contents ( −21‰) and low LP concentrations (∼3 mg/100 mg OC). These relict floodplain soils contain modern carbon that reflects primarily local (C3 or C4) vegetation sources. Total suspended solids collected along the river varied widely in overall concentrations (1 < TSS < 9000 mg/L), %OC contents (0.1–60 wt%), OC/N ratios (7–17 mol/mol) and δ13Corg signatures (−26 to −32‰). These compositions reflect a mixture of C3 vascular plants and freshwater algae. However, little of this algal production appears to be preserved in floodplain soils. A comparison of organic carbon loadings of active floodplain soils (0.2 and 0.5 mg C/m2) with previous studies of actively depositing sediments in the adjacent delta–clinoform system (0.4–0.7 mg C/m2) indicates that Fly River floodplain sediments are less effective at sequestering organic carbon than deltaic sediments. Furthermore, relict Pleistocene floodplain sites with low or negligible modern sediment accumulation rates display significantly lower loadings (0.1–0.2 mg C/m2). This deficit in organic carbon likely reflects mineralization of sedimentary organic carbon during long term oxidative weathering, further reducing floodplain carbon storage.
The CorA Mg2+ Transport Protein of Salmonella typhimurium MUTAGENESIS OF CONSERVED RESIDUES IN THE SECOND MEMBRANE DOMAIN

Salmonella typhimurium CorA is the archetypal member of the largest family of Mg2+transporters of the Bacteria and Archaea. It contains three transmembrane segments. There are no conserved charged residues within these segments indicating electrostatic interactions are not used in Mg2+ transport through CorA. Previous mutagenesis studies of CorA revealed a single face of the third transmembrane segment that is important for Mg2+ transport. In this study, we mutated hydroxyl-bearing and other conserved residues in the second transmembrane segment to identify residues involved in transport. Residues Ser260, Thr270, and Ser274appear to be important for transport and are oriented such that they would also line a face of an α-helix. In addition, the sequence276YGMNF280, found in virtually all CorA homologues, is critical for CorA function because even conservative mutations are not tolerated at these residues. Finally, mutations of residues in the second transmembrane segment, unlike those in the third transmembrane segment, revealed cooperative behavior for the influx of Mg2+. We conclude that the second transmembrane segment forms a major part of the Mg2+ pore with the third transmembrane segment of CorA.
Long-Term Effects of S(+)N-n-Propylnorapomorphine Compared with Typical and Atypical Antipsychotics: Differential Increases of Cerebrocortical D2-Like and Striatolimbic D4-Like Dopamine Receptors

Changes in D2-like dopamine (DA) receptor binding in rat brain regions were compared by quantitative in vitro receptor autoradiography after 21-d treatment with a typical (fluphenazine), atypical (clozapine), or candidate atypical antipsychotic (S[+]-N-n-propylnorapomorphine, [+]-NPA). Fluphenazine treatment significantly increased binding of the D2,3,4 radioligands [3H]nemonapride and [3H]spiperone in caudate-putamen (CPu: 22%, 32%), nucleus accumbens (ACC: 67%, 52%), olfactory tubercle (OT: 53%, 43%), and medial prefrontal cerebral cortex (MPC: 46%, 47%) but not dorsolateral frontal cortex (DFC). D2-like binding in MPC was also increased by (+)-NPA (49%, 39%) and clozapine (60%, 40%), but not in DFC, CPu, ACC, or OT. Binding of D2,3-selective [3H]raclopride increased less after fluphenazine in ACC (27%) and CPu (16%) than with the nonselective radioligands, and not after clozapine or (+)-NPA. D3-selective binding of [3H]R(+)-7-OH-DPAT was not changed with any treatment or region including islands of Calleja. Binding of [3H]nemonapride or [3H]spiperone under D4-selective conditions (with 300 nM S[−]-raclopride and other masking agents, at sites occluded by D4 ligand L-745,870), was increased by fluphenazine, (+)-NPA, clozapine in ACC (120%, 76%, 70%, respectively), and CPu (54%, 37%, 35%), but not in OT, DFC or MPC. These results support the hypothesis that cerebrocortical D2-like and striatolimbic D4-like receptors contribute to antipsychotic actions of both typical and atypical drugs and encourage further consideration of S(+)aporphines as potential atypical antipsychotics.
Sensitive detection of laser damage to Mo/Si multilayers by picosecond ultrasonics

Picosecond ultrasonics is used to study the damage or degradation of Mo/Si multilayers caused by laser irradiation. Changes of surface phonon spectra in multilayers due to femtosecond laser damaging are observed in a regime of extremely low fluence level, well before the onset of melting, delamination, distortion, or material interdiffusion. It is found that the damage is shallow in depth (top few layers), and its mechanism is laser-induced changes in acoustic impedances, most likely due to stress relaxation. Its effects on extreme ultraviolet (EUV) reflectance and implications for projection EUV lithography are also discussed. We believe this technique has a potential application as a highly sensitive tool capable of detecting low-degree or early-stage damage of multilayers.
Predicting fluid penetration during slot die coating onto porous substrates

Abstract Slot die coating onto porous media is a distinct field in the coating industry and has broad applications. One important technical issue related to coating porous media is how to predict and control the fluid penetration depth, which directly affects the appearance, properties, and performance of the resulting material. Up to now, the analytical relationship between processing parameters and the final penetration depth are still not well understood. Existing modeling work either uses oversimplified assumption of pressure distribution in the coating bead, or does not provide a simple expression to predict the penetration depth and often requires a complex calculation procedure. Furthermore, previous models are limited to Newtonian fluids. In this study, new computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and analytical models to study the penetration of fluid into porous media during slot die coating were developed for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. Penetration driven by the pressure in coating bead was considered in these models. To this end, basic analytical models that can easily and rapidly calculate the penetration depth were developed and the results were compared to CFD models. It was found that there exists good agreement between the analytical and CFD models when coating Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, having an overall relative error of less than 6% and ranging between 12–26%, respectively. Results from a parametric study, when coating Newtonian fluids, showed that viscosity has a negligible effect on the penetration depth; whereas coating speed, flow rate, permeability and porosity are more important. Based on the experimental analysis, similar trends exist for the measured and predicted values of the penetration depth when coating non-Newtonian fluids.
Searching for candidate genes with effects on an agonistic behavior, offense, in mice

It is well established that the agonistic behavior of offense in mice is heritable. However, few genes have been identified or mapped for offense. For segments of chromosomes with effects on offense, a positional candidate strategy can be used to find such genes. This approach is illustrated for the effect of the male specific part (nonpseudoautosomal region; NPAR) of the mouse Y chromosome on offense. It is proposed that a positional candidate for this effect isSry. The Sry protein is a transcription factor. Its mRNA is expressed in fetal and adult brain. Its protein binds to response elements in the 5′ end of the aromatase and theFral genes. Each of these genes has potential effects on several brain neurotransmitter systems involved in offense. The NPAR Y chromosomes of several pairs of inbred strains have differential effects on offense. This hypothesis would be tested by sequencingSry for some of these pairs of strains.
Pulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms: a review of clinicopathologic and cytologic features.

Neuroendocrine tumors form a distinct group of lung neoplasms sharing characteristic cytohistologic, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and molecular features. The objective of this review article is to discuss the diagnostic classifications and the morphologic cytologic–histologic features for the different categories of neuroendocrine tumors of the lung. An accurate characterization of the neuroendocrine tumors of the lung requires knowledge of specific criteria separating the major categories, which is highly essential for determining prognosis and treatment options for these patients. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010;38:607–617. 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Changing Realities: The New Racialized Redevelopment Rhetoric in Chicago

The mania of "go-global" redevelopment is in full bloom in American cities. Under the banner of pursuing global competitiveness, redevelopment governances continue to push the creation of gentrification and downtown upscaling. This study examines Chicago's current redevelopment governance, which faces formidable obstacles (city and regional economic decline; the deepening of anger in poor black communities as poverty intensifies) to achieving its goals. We chronicle the rise of the latest, subtle new phase of redevelopment governance that may prove extremely important. This movement today is shown to modify its rhetoric to overcome a sense of new barriers to "go-global" restructuring amidst extremely uncertain economic times. This evolving governance now uses a distinctive "rhetorical fix" to keep neoliberal, go-global redevelopment on course. A racialized language, chronicled here, is a crucial resource in this redevelopment effort, and becomes important to helping resolve accompanying dilemmas. Chicago'...
Affective Disturbance and Psychopathology: An Emotion Regulation Perspective:

It is widely thought that many psychological disorders involve emotion dysregulation. However, it is not yet clear just how many of the disorders presented in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ...
Neighborhood conditions, parenting, and adolescent functioning

This study examined youth self-reported data from a 4-year longitudinal study of 5th and 8th grade youth and their parents. Relationships between neighborhood conditions, parenting, and youth antisocial behavior were tested using structural equation modeling. The findings of this study appear to suggest there are two social forces that affect youth antisocial behavior: parenting and neighborhood conditions. Higher levels of parental acceptance and monitoring are directly and significantly associated with lower levels of youth antisocial behavior, as are higher levels of community social integration and lower levels of youth loneliness. Overall, it was found that some measures of neighborhood conditions and some measures of parenting were relatively equally predictive of youth antisocial behavior. Other measures of neighborhood conditions were predictive of parenting, but not strongly enough to also impact adolescent functioning.
The use of microcomputers for financial modeling of a public utility system in a developing country

Abstract A generalized financial model for analyzing the operations of an electric utility in a developing country has been developed. It demonstrates the application of microcomputers for management control, operational analysis, and general planning. The model, developed using dBASE II and dBASE III languages, is flexible and applicable to a wide variety of situations with minor modifications. The model's uniqueness derives from its application as a financial control tool and its utilization as a database for analytical and operational information processing. It simulates, updates anf forecasts the financial operations of the electric utility, taking into account past, present and future costs for generation, transmission and distribution of energy. It also reflects tax rates and surcharge levels, depreciation, revenue income, capital investments, and finance schedules.
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION AND LATTICE COLLAPSE IN Sm COMPOUNDS

A simple analytic model is presented which illustrates the physics of the configurational phase transition occuring in SmS under pressure and in the SmS-YS and SmS-SmAs systems with chemical substitution. The model includes only the largest interactions and is intented to demonstrate the requirements for a configurational phase transition to a stable intermediate valent state.
Suppercritical toluene-petroleum pitch mixtures: liquid-liquid equilibria and SAFT modeling

Liquid-liquid equilibrium phase compositions have been measured for mixtures of petroleum pitch and toluene at temperatures of 597 and 638 K and pressures from 46 to 155 bar. The experimental data were correlated using the SAFT equation of state, with the concepts of continuous thermodynamics being used to generate the necessary pseudocomponents. Despite the availability of only limited pitch characterization data, the model reasonably represents the liquid-liquid equilibria for this complex system.
Data link technology for contingency management in super density airspace operations

•Contingency management in SDO is achieved by combining: 1. existing technologies, concepts and software (ERAM, ADS-B, AAR, Biomimicry), and 2. newly developed models (DFDI, Conflict Resolution and Mixed-mode communications for Flight Formation). •The proposed concept is demonstrated in 2D and 3D environments in strategic and tactical situations. •Improvements in efficiency, safety and aviation operations are achieved by enhancing usage of DataComm in the NextGen environment.
Objective Method for Localization of Cortical Asymmetries Using Positron Emission Tomography to Aid Surgical Resection of Epileptic Foci

We designed a semiautomated method for the objective detection of abnormal regions of tracer accumulation in the brain. The purpose of the present study was to examine die diagnostic performance of this method by applying it to patients with clinically intractable epilepsy of unilateral origin; they underwent [F-18] deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) prior to surgical resection of epileptic foci. A semiautomated method for assessment of asymmetries in the brain cortex was developed that compares activity concentrations in homotopic cortical areas. When these differences exceeded a predefined threshold, the areas with lower activity were marked and 3-dimensional surface rendered images were created to guide placement of intracranial electrodes (ECoG) followed by surgical resection. The normal amount of asymmetry between small (0.5–0.7 cm2) homotopic cortical regions was determined as 5.9 ± 4.0% (mean ± SD). The false-positive fraction was determined for cutoff thresholds of 1 SD (10%), 1.5 SD ...
Anomalies in the magnetoreflection spectrum of bismuth in the low-quantum-number limit

We report here anomalies observed at high magnetic fields in the magnetoreflection line shape of bismuth $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{H}$ parallel to binary, bisectrix axes) and bismuth-antimony alloys $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{H}$ parallel to binary axis) and associated with Landau-level transitions originating from the lowest-quantum-number $j=0$ levels of the valence and conduction bands. Also reported are the corresponding Shubnikov-de Haas measurements made in steady magnetic fields up to 220 kG. To interpret these anomalous magnetoreflection line shapes an accurate model for the dispersion relations of the two coupled $j=0$ magnetic energy levels is developed, including the dependence of the magnetic energy levels on the magnetic field and on the wave-vector component parallel to $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{H}$. This model is applied to the interpretation of the Shubnikov-de Haas data and to a magnetoreflection line-shape calculation for the experimental conditions under which these anomalies are observed. The calculated line shapes successfully reproduce the large variety of observed line-shape anomalies as well as their relative intensities, thereby providing strong support for this description of the dispersion relations for the $j=0$ magnetic energy levels.
Direct Visualization of Antibiotic-induced Pores in Phospholipid Vesicles by Cryo Electron Microscope

Cytolytic peptides, such as Magainin, Melittin, and Alamethicin are ubiquitously present within the animal kingdom as a part of the host-defense system. Magainin-2 lyses a wide range of both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and a range of cancer cells. Unlike most commercial antibiotics, which interact with specific protein targets, Magainin 2 and other peptides in this class have been shown to interact directly with the lipid bilayer; therefore, it is believed that bacteria will be largely unable to develop resistance to this class of antibiotics. It is believed to initially interact with acidic lipids in the bacterial membranes through electrostatic interactions, forming an amphiphillic helix, followed by hydrophobic interactions inducing pore formation, but the issue remains controversial. A number of methods have been used to study the structure of possible pores; however, none of those methods could directly observe the pores themselves. We present a new method for studying peptide/lipid interactions, which employs cryo-EM to directly image Magainin-induced pores in phospholipid vesicles. Images of DMPC/DMPG lipid vesicles with Magainin showed both perturbed and unperturbed vesicles, while vesicles without Magainin were unperturbed: perturbed vesicles exhibited power spectra similar to neutron scattering experiments in the presence of Magainin. To estimate pore size, we completed a set of simulations with randomly distributed pores on spherical vesicles. The mean pore size obtained by simulation was ∼83A, which is compatible with prior neutron scattering data. In addition, since the vesicle images are projections, we performed cryo-electron tomography experiments to reconstruct the 3-D structure of the pores. For the first time, we were able to visualize antibiotic peptide-induced pores on phospholipids vesicles, and the pore size is consistent with the simulation result.
Forgotten contributions to scientific management: work and ideas of Karol Adamiecki

Purpose – This paper aims to present the work and contributions of Karol Adamiecki in comparison with Frederick Winslow Taylor and discusses the various contexts in which both scholars conducted their research. The purpose of this study is bring to light some of the main accomplishments of Adamiecki and contribute to the discussion of reasons why the work of some scholars draws wide acclaim, while similar work of others remains unnoticed. Design/methodology/approach – The background for the discussion is the work and ideas of Karol Adamiecki, a Polish engineer and manager, whose methods and findings were similar to those of Frederick Taylor and are contemporary, and, in some cases, precede those of the Father of Scientific Management. The methodology used in this study is a review of the original work of Adamiecki and Taylor to find the true meaning and purpose behind their writings, as well as a review of relevant literature regarding the context of the realities in which both scholars constructed their ...
Profound hypothermia decreases cardiac apoptosis through Akt survival pathway.

Background Hypothermia increases the tolerable ischemia time for myocardium in hemorrhagic shock, but precise mechanisms are not clearly established. Here we studied activation of Akt cell survival pathway in a rodent model of emergency preservation and delayed resuscitation. Study Design Wistar-Kyoto rats underwent 40% blood volume arterial hemorrhage during 10 minutes and were randomized into 2 groups based on core body temperatures (n = 7/group): hypothermia (15°C) and normothermia (37°C). Hypothermia was induced by infusing cold isotonic solution using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) setup. After reaching target body temperature, low-flow state (CPB flow rate of 20 mL/kg/min) was maintained for 60 minutes. Hypothermic rats were rewarmed to baseline temperature; all rats were resuscitated on CPB and monitored for 3 hours. The normothermia group underwent identical CPB management. Sham rats (no hemorrhage, no instrumentation) were used as controls (n = 7). Tissues were harvested at the end of experiment. Results Induction of hypothermia increased survival rates (100% versus 0% in normothermia group). Western blot analysis of cardiac tissue revealed increased levels of phospho-Akt (active) in hypothermia and sham groups compared with the normothermia group (p Conclusions Profound hypothermia increases survival in a rodent model of hemorrhagic shock and prolonged low-flow state. Hypothermia preserves Akt signaling pathway in cardiomyocytes with a concurrent decrease in cardiac apoptosis.
Electronic structure of the [001] InAs-GaSb superlattice

The self-consistent pseudopotential method has been applied to describe the electronic structure of the abrupt [001] InAs-GaSb superlattice. According to the electron affinity rule, the bottom of the conduction band of InAs lies below the top of the valence band of GaSb. Consequently, physically interesting phenomena have been expected for this system. Since the possible charge redistribution at the junction determines the dipole potential and the relative lineup of the band edges, self-consistency in charge distribution is required of a quantitative theory of a superlattice. The calculated band-edge lineup, band dispersions, and the electronic configuration at the junction are presented and discussed.
The export-led growth hypothesis: The role of the exchange rate, money, and government expenditure from Korea

This article examines the export-led growth hypothesis for Korea in five-variable vector autoregressive and vector error correction models from 1973:1 to 1994:4. Results of the vector autoregressive models indicate economic growth Granger-causing export growth, regardless of the sample period. However, results of the vector error correction models show bidirectional causality between export growth and economic growth when the multivariate generalization of the Granger causality tests are used. In the variance decompositions, the real exchange rate contains most information regarding future fluctuations in economic growth and export growth followed by money supply and government expenditure in the subsample and the full sample, with economic growth as a dependent variable. However, when the dependent variable is export growth, then the order of the magnitude in the full sample becomes the exchange rate, followed by economic growth, government spending, and money supply. The findings in this paper suggest that the omitted variables have masked or overstated the effect of exports on income or income on exports in prior studies.
In situ optical histochemistry of human artery using near infrared Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy.

Abstract In this paper we demonstrate that near infrared Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy provides unprecedented biochemical information about the extent of atherosclerosis in human aorta. In particular, elastin, collagen, cholesterol, cholesterol esters, lipids, carotenoids, and calcium apatite deposits all can be discerned by using this technique, permitting study of each stage in the disease process. Additionally, these moieties can be detected over 1.5 mm below the irradiated surface of the tissue, possibly allowing extraction of three-dimensional information about the histology of atherosclerotic plaques. We propose that this technique may be utilized for in situ optical histochemical analysis of atherosclerosis in particular and human disease in general.
Fabry disease: renal involvement limited to podocyte pathology and proteinuria in a septuagenarian cardiac variant. Pathologic and therapeutic implications.

Abstract In men with classical Fabry disease (α-galactosidase A [α-Gal A] deficiency), kidney failure occurs as early as the second decade of life. In contrast, men with the mild "cardiac variant" have late-onset cardiac involvement and proteinuria but usually do not have renal failure. To investigate the nature of renal involvement in the cardiac variant of Fabry disease, the renal function and morphology were assessed in a 75-year-old affected man. He had mild congestive heart failure, a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, and hypercholesterolemia but lacked the classical Fabry disease manifestations, including angiokeratoma, acroparesthesias, corneal and lenticular opacities, and hypohidrosis. At age 75 years, he had significant proteinuria, and mildly decreased renal function (serum creatinine, 1.8 mg/dL [159 μmol/L]), presumably secondary to hypertensive arteriosclerosis. He had about 4% residual α-Gal A activity in leukocytes, and mutation analysis identified the N215S missense mutation, the common lesion in cardiac variants. Histologic and ultrastructural studies of kidney tissue showed that lysosomal glycosphingolipid deposition was extensive in podocytes, rare in tubular epithelial cells, and absent in mesangial, interstitial, and vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. This cardiac variant serves as an "experiment of nature" showing that the residual α-Gal A activity precludes glycosphingolipid deposition in the renal endothelial and other cells that lead to early renal failure in classically affected men, whereas marked podocyte accumulation is associated with proteinuria and possibly late-onset renal dysfunction. These findings have important implications for the renal effectiveness of enzyme replacement therapy in classically affected patients and for the aggressive treatment of proteinuria in Fabry disease.
Deconstructing consumption text: A strategy for reading the (re)constructed consumer

This paper argues for the introduction of deconstructive analysis of consumption text, defined as narratives co‐constructed by consumers and researchers. This strategy for reading the (re)constructed consumer is presented by addressing four questions: What is deconstructive analysis? Where does it come from? How does it differ from earlier modernist (New Critical and structural) analysis? What can it contribute to consumer research? The paper briefly summarizes the French origins of deconstruction and argues for its application in consumer research based on the second‐generation applications of American deconstructive critics. It examines the challenge to Western logocentric thought by comparing the ontological, axiological, epistemological, and practical assumptions of deconstruction with those of the New Criticism and structuralism. The paper ends with the implications of deconstruction for discovering problems, gaps, and omissions in consumer research text.
Societal Complexity and Diminishing Returns in Security

rity in recent years have frequently concerned the ways in which the complexity of technologically advanced societies can be an Achilles’ heel. Various observers and real-life events have drawn attention to how relatively unsophisticated threats against air travel, power grids, computer networks, anancial systems, lean manufacturing processes, and the like can have devastating effects. There has been little effort, however, to approach the problems that complexity poses for security in a comprehensive way, though this is not to say that work applicable to such a purpose has failed to appear. In The Collapse of Complex Societies, Joseph Tainter argues that societies can reach and pass a point of diminishing marginal returns to investment in societal complexity.1 Eventually, this eats away at their slack, which can be understood as that “human and material buffering capacity that allows organizations and social systems to absorb unpredicted, and often unpredictable, shocks.” In other words, slack is the untapped human and material resources for pursuing new endeavors or meeting emergencies. This lack of slack leaves these organizations and systems increasingly vulnerable to collapse as a result of such a shock, for example, military invasion.2 Although concern with diminishing returns in the areas of defense and economics has long been a part of discussions of international security, appearing in the theoretical summations of authors such as Robert Gilpin and John Mearsheimer, Tainter’s work (and the aeld of complexity studies in general) have had little impact on security studies to date.3 This article argues that security is becoming an area of diminishing returns to complexity for today’s advanced societies because of the diminishing returns from investments in complexity in general, the risks posed by the interconnections this growing complexity creates, and the rising cost of security forces. Before proceeding to the argument’s details, however, some clariaca-
Mixing of two viscous fluids in a rectangular cavity

Abstract Low-Reynolds-number mixing of two immiscible viscous fluids in a lid-driven rectangular cavity—a problem of interest in the processing of polymers—is studied computationally using a modified marker and cell method. Two prototypical configurations—a round blob of fluid within the other fluid and a layered configuration—are considered. It is found that the length of the interface between the two fluids—a good indicator of the degree of intermingling between initially segregated materials—is a strong function of the viscosity ratios of the two fluids, the aspect ratio of the cavity, and the initial configuration of the fluids. The Reynolds number is taken to be small and the capillary number is considered large enough for surface tension effects to be ignored. The aspect ratios range from 0.80 to 2.00, while viscosity ratios range in value from 0.01 to 5. The bulk of the results pertain to steady lid forcing; however, time-periodic forcing leading to chaotic motion is considered as well. The maximum computed length stretch is 65. The results suggest that care should be exercised in the placing of feeding locations in mixing devices.
Seismic Wave Reflection From a Permeable Layer: Low-Frequency Asymptotic Analysis

We study elastic wave propagation in a fluid-saturated porous medium. Low-frequency asymptotic analysis of Biot’s model of poroelasticity yields the wave velocity, attenuation, and wave number as power series with respect to a small dimensionless parameter. This parameter is the product of kinematic reservoir fluid mobility, imaginary unity, and the frequency of the signal. The simplified asymptotic relationships lead to explicit formulae for reflection and transmission coefficients for a planar wave crossing an interface between two permeable media. Theoretical calculations predict a peak of reflection from a thin highly-permeable lens in a low-frequency range. An explicit formula relates the resonance frequency to reservoir fluid mobility and reservoir thickness. The results have immediate practical implications for seismic modeling and attribute analysis.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Weak nuclear interactions in a hybrid baryon-quark model: p-p asymmetry

The hybrid multi-baryon-quark shell model of nuclei is developed for the study of weak interactions in nuclei. Application to the parity violating asymmetry in p-p elastic scattering is carried out.
Expanding the Role of Objectively Structured Clinical Examinations in Nephrology Training

Objectively structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) are widely used in medical education, but we know of none described that are specifically for nephrology fellowship training. OSCEs use simulation to educate and evaluate. We describe a technically simple, multidisciplinary, low-cost OSCE developed by our program that contains both examination and training features and focuses on management and clinical knowledge of rare hemodialysis emergencies. The emergencies tested are venous air embolism, blood leak, dialysis membrane reaction, and hemolysis. Fifteen fellows have participated in the OSCE as examinees and/or preceptors since June 2010. All have passed the exercise. Thirteen responded to an anonymous survey in July 2013 that inquired about their confidence in managing each of the 4 tested emergencies pre- and post-OSCE. Fellows were significantly more confident in their ability to respond to the emergencies after the OSCE. Those who subsequently saw such an emergency reported that the OSCE experience was somewhat or very helpful in managing the event. The OSCE tested and trained fellows in the recognition and management of rare hemodialysis emergencies. OSCEs and simulation generally deserve greater use in nephrology subspecialty training; however, collaboration between training programs would be necessary to validate such exercises.
Issue Evolution: A New Perspective on Presidential Debates.

Issues may endure from campaign to campaign but their relation to the substantive areas of controversy may vary.
Plane stress analysis of a shape memory annular plate subject to edge pressure

We present a boundary value problem for the equilibrium stress-strain fields in an annular plate composed of a shape memory material. The plate is subject to uniform inner and outer pressures. At a constant temperature above A r , the plate is everywhere in a state of Austenite without loads. An isothermal plane stress analysis is performed using a constitutive model that incorporates a single internal variable for the Martensite phase fraction. This phase fraction evolves with the effective stress as determined by a simple phase transformation kinetic. An issue is the partitioning of the plate into annular regions of pure Austenite, pure Martensite, or Austenite/Martensite mixture. Although closed form solutions are available in certain special cases, the general case requires a numerical analysis of a pair of governing ordinary differential equations. Analysis of these equations provides the pressure values that trigger an Austenite-to-Martensite transformation. This transformation initiates at the inner boundary, giving rise to an initiation front that moves toward the outer boundary as the loads are increased. Even higher loads trigger a similar completion front that also moves from the inner boundary to the outer boundary under increasing load. The phase partitioning in the plate as a function of the applied pressures is then concisely described in terms of structure maps that follow from numerical analysis of the governing equations. Such information would generally be useful for systems involving device control by means of shape memory alloy tubes.