cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiphoton dissociation of molecules with low power cw infrared lasers: collisional enhancement of dissociation probabilities

Abstract Multiphoton dissociation of C 3 F + 6 is observed using low intensity cw CO 2 laser radiation. Ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) techniques are used to store ions for irradiation. Ion storage times up to 2 s are used. Multiphoton dissociation is observed at laser intensities below 100 W cm −2 and at pressures below 10 −5 Torr. Only the lowest energy decomposition of C 3 F + 6 , to give C 2 + 4 and CF 2 , is observed. Multiphoton dissociation probabilities show a sharp wavelength dependence in contrast to typical pulsed laser multiphoton dissociation experiments. The photodissociation spectrum of C 3 F + 6 is similar to the infrared absorption spectrum of neutral C 3 F 6 at both low and high resolution. Collisions between C 3 F + 6 and unreactive buffer gases (Ar, N 2 , SF 6 ) are seen to enhance multiphoton dissociation, while collisions with C 3 F 6 deactive the laser excited species. The results are discussed in terms of mechanisms for slow multiphoton dissociation.
Melodrama egípcio: uma tecnologia do sujeito moderno?

I think it is abundantly clear thar melodramatic texts can work on viewers in multiple ways. One cannot simply analyze the overt messages of plot and character, just as one should not limit oneself to the study of reception. What I want explore in this essay, however, is how the representation of characters' emotions in Egyptian melodrama might provide a model for a new kind of individuated subject. The analyses is based on the objectives of TV series writers and producers, and on a domestic servant lived experience interacting with such content.
Dynamics of fermentation of a purified diet and microbial growth in the rumen.

Ruminal fermentation and disappearance of glucose, starch, and cellulose, and incorporation of glucose and starch into microbial cells were estimated in a fistulated Jersey cow fed twice daily a purified diet containing urea as the sole nitrogen source. Estimated rumen volume was 59.8 liters. Turnover time and rate of passage of rumen contents were 33.4 h and 1.8 liters per h. Turnover times of glucose, starch, and cellulose were .17, 4.7, and 14.2 h. Fermentation times of glucose, starch, and cellulose were .17, 5.5, and 25.1 h. Percentages of glucose, starch, and cellulose utilized in the rumen were 99.4, 85.4, and 60.6. Thus, 18.5% of the carbohydrate fed bypassed rumen fermentation, and 81.5% was utilized in the rumen. All glucose disappeared from the rumen within an hour. An average of 32.1, 43.0, and 14%, respectively, of glucose utilized was incorporated into microbial cells, volatile fatty acids, and carbon dioxide. Percentage of starch incorporated into cells varied, with time being highest 2 h after feeding at 40% and lowest at 20%, 10 h after feeding. Respective percentages of starch incorporated into microbial cells, volatile fatty acids, and carbon dioxide were 32.4, 45.9; and 13.3. Total microbial protein and cell yields per kilogram carbohydrate utilized in the rumen were 77.1 and 117.5 g. Microbial cell yield per mole (estimated) of adenosine triphosphate was 16.2 g.
Persistence of depressive symptoms in adolescents

To examine factors related to the persistence of depressive symptoms, we used a longitudinal follow-up survey of 1,176 adolescents aged 12 to18 in the United States who reported notable depressive symptoms at baseline. Adolescents were interviewed by telephone at baseline in 1989 and at follow-up in 1993. The outcome of interest was a self-report measure of depressive symptoms experienced within the past 12 months at follow-up. Overall, 38.5% of adolescents reported persistent depressive symptoms. Marked gender differences were found, with 44.5% of girls reporting notable depressive symptoms at follow-up compared with 28.2% for boys. Moreover, current established smokers or experimenters were significantly more likely to report notable depressive symptoms compared with never smokers (42.2%, 41.4% and 33.6%, respectively). Significant multivariate predictors of notable depressive symptoms at follow-up were female gender, change in sleep problems from 1989 to 1993, change in cigarette smoking status from 1989 to 1993, engaging in physical fights, and lack of participation in sports. Many adolescents report continued depressive symptoms over a period spanning four years. Several predictors of persistent depression were identified that could be important components of interventions targeting depressed adolescents.
Separation of high-mannose isomers from yeast and mammalian sources using high-pH anion-exchange chromatography.

The biosynthesis of oligosaccharides N-linked at AsnXxxThr(Ser) sequons of glycoproteins is initiated by the co-translational transfer of a Glc,Man,GlcNAc, from dolichyl pyrophosphate’. The three glucose residues are rapidly removed by two glucosidases, one a( I+ 2)and the other a( 1 +3)-specific’. These first steps are identical in yeast and in man, and likely to be the same in plants’? however, the subsequent removal and addition of the peripheral mannoses are very different. The array of oligo-mannosyl structures which eventually occupy each glycosylation site are a function, in part, of the concerted action of mannosidases and mannosyl transferases on the archetypal Man,GlcNAc, structure’. These enzymes often display specificity for not only the type of residue and anomeric linkage, but also for its branch location. For example, a yeast mannosidase removes a single (l-+2)-x-linked mannose from a specific branch of the Man,GlcNAcz oligosaccharide4,‘. A yeast (1+6)-a-mannosyl transferase places a single mannose on one specific branch which is essential for elongation reaction?. Trimming by at least three mammalian mannosidases accounts for the heterogeneity of high-mannose structures at individual glycosylation sites (discussed in ref. 7). Thus, chromatographic methods which can separate not only by size and ring substitutions (linkage), but also according to branch isomerism, are required to understand the structural glycobiology of iv-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis. High-pH anion-exchange chromatography (h.p.a.e.c.) has been shown to separate many oligosaccharide isomers (both neutral and charged) which differ only in a single linkagex~‘4~‘7). H owever, certain isomers were difficult to separate using
Study of tyrosine aminotransferase in developing salmon.

Abstract 1. 1. A study of tyrosine aminotransferase was undertaken to determine whether this enzyme which is inducible in mammals is subject to similar control in salmon. 2. 2. Although spawning salmon exhibit high blood plasma levels of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, the enzyme TAT activity remains essentially unaltered. 3. 3. Furthermore, attempts to increase the liver TAT activity in fingerling salmon using high levels of corticoids were unavailing.
DNA methylation inhibits propagation of tomato golden mosaic virus DNA in transfected protoplasts.

The effects of methylation on plant viral DNA replication have been studied inNicotiana tabacum protoplasts transfected with DNA of the geminivirus tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV). The transfected cells were also used to determine whether experimentally introduced methylation patterns are maintained in extrachromosomal viral DNA. Replacement of cytosine residues with 5-methylcytosine (m5C) reduced the amount of viral DNA which accumulated in transfected protoplasts. The reduction was observed whether m5C residues were substituted for cytosine residuesin vitro in either the viral strand or the complementary strand of double-stranded circular inoculum DNAs containing tandemly repeated copies of the A component of the TGMV genome. Both limited and extensive cytosine methylation of TGMV DNA sequencesin vitro was not propagated in progeny viral DNA. The absence of detectable maintenance-type methylation of the transfecting TGMV DNA sequences may be related to the lack of methylation observed in double-stranded TGMV DNA isolated from infected plants.
Infants Learn Phonotactic Regularities from Brief Auditory Experience.

Two experiments investigated whether novel phonotactic regularities, not present in English, could be acquired by 16.5-month-old infants from brief auditory experience. Subjects listened to consonant-vowel-consonant syllables in which particular consonants were artificially restricted to either initial or final position (e.g. /baep/ not /paeb/). In a later head-turn preference test, infants listened longer to new syllables that violated the experimental phonotactic constraints than to new syllables that honored them. Thus, infants rapidly learned phonotactic regularities from brief auditory experience and extended them to unstudied syllables, documenting the sensitivity of the infant's language processing system to abstractions over linguistic experience.
Soluble and insoluble nickel compounds exert a differential inhibitory effect on cell growth through IKKα‐dependent cyclin D1 down‐regulation

It is well-known that insoluble nickel compounds possess much more potent carcinogenic activities as compared with soluble nickel compounds. Although it is assumed that the different entry and clearance rate are responsible for the difference, the mechanisms underlying the different carcinogenic activities are still not well understood yet. In the present study, we found that exposure to soluble, but not insoluble nickel compounds, caused a significant inhibition of cell growth and G1/G0 cell cycle arrest, which was concomitant with a marked down-regulation of cylin D1, an essential nuclear protein for controlling G1/S transition, while both soluble and insoluble nickel compounds showed similar effects on NFkappaB activation, HIF-1alpha protein accumulation and TNF-alpha transcription and CAP43 protein expression at same doses range. The down-regulation of cyclin D1 is due to protein degradation rather than inhibition of transcription, because the nickel compounds treatment did not change cyclin D1 mRNA level, while MG132, the proteasome inhibitor, can rescue the degradation of cyclin D1 caused by soluble nickel compound. Moreover, the soluble nickel-induced cyclin D1 degradation is dependent on its Thr286 residue and requires IKKalpha, but not HIF-1alpha, which are both reported to be involved in cyclin D1 down-regulation. Taken together, we demonstrate that soluble, but not insoluble nickel compound, is able to cause cyclin D1 degradation and a cell growth arrest in an IKKalpha-dependent manner. Given the role of cyclin D1 and cell proliferation in carcinogenesis, we anticipate that the different effects of soluble and insoluble nickel compounds on cyclin D1 degradation and cell growth arrest may at least partially account for their different carcinogenic activities.
Henry's law constant for selected volatile organic compounds in high-boiling oils

Henry's law constants of four different volatile organic compounds, namely, acetone, methanol, methylene chloride, and toluene between air and high-boiling oils were determined experimentally by the headspace-GC technique over a temperature range. The Henry's law constants were fitted as a function of temperature to an equation.
Renal cell cytokine production stimulates HIV-1 expression in chronically HIV-1-infected monocytes

Renal infiltration of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected monocytes might play an important role in the development of HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN). In the present study, we investigated the effects of cytokines produced by cultured human mesangial cells (HMC) and proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTEC) on HIV-1 expression in chronically HIV-1-infected promonocytes (U1 cells). Human mesangial cells constitutively secreted interleukin-6 (IL-6) but not tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) into the culture medium, whereas PTEC constitutively secreted both IL-6 and TNF-alpha. Coculture of U1 cells with HMC or PTEC for 72 hours markedly stimulated HIV-1 expression, with the p24 antigen concentration in the coculture supernatants ranging from approximately 200 to 1850 pg/ml. The presence of anti-IL-6 antibody in the coculture medium nearly completely blocked HIV-1 expression in the HMC/U1 cell cocultures (P < 0.05). Anti-IL-6 antibody and anti-TNF-alpha antibody blocked HIV-1 expression in the PTEC/U1 cell cocultures by 40% and 53%, respectively (P < 0.05). Moreover, the combination of anti-IL-6 and anti-TNF-alpha antibodies additively reduced coculture HIV-1 expression by 87% (P < 0.05). We conclude that renal cell production of IL-6 and TNF-alpha might provide a potent stimulus for HIV-1 expression in HIV-1-infected monocytes that infiltrate the kidney, and that this may play an important role in the pathogenesis of HIVAN.
Evidence for intracellular transport of radioactive protein in alveolar cells.

HISTOCHEMICAL studies have suggested that the acellular lining layer of pulmonary alveoli as well as the cytoplasmic inclusions (laminar bodies) of alveolar cells contain carbohydrate–protein moieties1–3. These findings led me to investigate the subcellular site of incorporation of D-glucosamine-1-14C by alveolar cells induced by M. bovis (B.C.G.4). This designation does not imply that these cells are type II granular pneumocytes, but rather that they originate predominantly from cells that line normal alveoli5. The kinetics6 of the subcellular distribution of radioactivity in cells which have been pulso labelled with glucosamine-1-14C suggest attachment of glucosamine to protein at the microsomal level followed by transfer of the labelled protein to particles which sediment at 15,000g. These data are consistent with the morphological studies of Sorokin7.
Magnetohydrodynamics of atmospheric transients. II. Two-dimensional numerical results for a model solar corona.

A systematic study of dynamic response of the inner solar corona is made within the context of two-dimensional, time-dependent plane hydromagnetics. The governing equations are written in r-phi coordinates (i.e., in the solar equatorial plane), and numerical solutions are obtained by introducing an impulsive temperature enhancement within a rectangular region (i.e., 'box') in an initially isothermal corona in magnetohydrostatic equilibrium. Effects of the magnetic field configuration are illustrated for initially open (radial) and closed (azimuthal) magnetic fields by comparison with the nonmagnetic response. The channeling or blocking effects by the magnetic fields on the mass motion of solar plasma as the consequence of the evolution of fast and slow mode MHD shock waves are demonstrated. Some physically significant applications of the results, useful for the interpretation of observations, are discussed. It is noted, for example, that coronal transients observed in white light probably occur within essentially radial field topologies.
Microstructural evolution in silica aerogel

Microstructural evolution in silica aerogel has been observed in samples produced by the hydrolysis and polycondenzation of tetramethylorthosilicate that was acid catalyzed. Drying of the silica gel was performed by replacing its liquid phase with liquid carbon dioxide, which was removed under high pressure and low temperature conditions in a critical point dryer. Different stages of microstructural evolution have been observed through a thermal process from room temperature to 1500 °C in a conventional furnace. In addition, microstructural characterization has been performed using nitrogen adsorption, helium pycnometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetrical analysis. The primary goal of this work is to fully understand the microstructural evolution of silica gel so it may be used more extensively in developing ceramic materials with novel, designed microstructures.
Role of Interparticle Forces in Development of Upper Plastic Limit of Clays

THE standard laboratory test method in soil mechanics for determination of the liquid limit of clays (upper plastic limit) depends on the facility of movement of particles relative to one another under conditions created by the test procedure. An interpretation of the upper plastic limit of clays has recently been suggested1 in terms of distance between particles or structural units of particles wherein forces of interaction become sufficiently weak to allow slipping to occur.
The proto-Lorenz system

Abstract A quotient of the Lorenz dynamical system is constructed. This “proto-Lorenz” system has the Lorenz system as a double covering, and the double covering explains the two-eared nature of the strange attractor for the Lorenz system. Arbitrary coverings of the proto-Lorenz system are possible, leading to n -eared strange attractors.
ON THE COMPACTNESS OF THE PRODUCT OF HANKEL OPERATORS ON THE SPHERE

Consider Hankel operators Hφ and H Ψ on the unit sphere in C". If n = 1, then a necessary condition for H* φ H ψ to be compact is lim|z|↑1 ∥Hφkz∥∥Hψkz∥ = 0. We show that when n > 2, this condition is no longer necessary for H* φ H ψ to be compact.
EFFECT OF PROCESSING VARIABLES ON STABILITY AND PROTEIN EXTRACTABILITY OF TURKEY MEAT EMULSIONS

SUMMARY The effect of chopping temperature and time on the stability of white and dark turkey meat emulsions was determined. White meat emulsions remained stable over extended chopping times in a 1.5°C temperature environment. When chopped in room temperatures, the white meat sausages became very unstable after 18.2°C and were most stable at 12.8°C. Dark meat sausages were significantly more unstable than white meat emulsions under both chopping environments. Tensile strength of cooked white and dark meat emulsions declined with increases in chopping temperature. When prepared in l.5°C surroundings, tensile strength changes were notable only after 10 min chopping for white meat. Dark meat sausage tensile strength seemed unaffected by chopping time. In contrast to earlier red meat emulsion work, protein denaturation was indicated to occur in turkey meat emulsions prepared under both cold and room temperature environments. Decreases in soluble proteins due to increased chopping occurred under both conditions. Protein denaturation is believed to be partially responsible for emulsion breakdown. Dark meat showed more protein denaturation than white meat emulsions. Photomicrographs of histologically prepared meat emulsions showed disruption of the protein-fat globule interface as a result of increased chopping or temperature, or both. Coalescence and emulsion breakdown occurred at end-point chopping temperatures similar to those reported by red-meat workers.
THE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL CLASS POSITION AND GENDER ON ADOLESCENTS' GENERAL HEALTH PERCEPTIONS • 12

Although studies of adult and young children's health have clearly demonstrated the existence of a social class gradient, information regarding the gradient's relationship to adolescent health is lacking. This study examines whether adolescents from working class (WC) backgrounds report poorer health status than teens from upper middle class (UMC) backgrounds. A consecutive sample of 100 teens stratified by social class and gender was identified for participation in an experiment of biobehavioral correlates of social class identity. Inclusion criteria were:White, 16-17 years old, not adopted, lived in US since age 2, B to A- GPA for the past 2 years, and correct class position. Parental interviews determined eligibility and class position based on information regarding parental education and occupation and household income. This analysis utilizes self-report data collected prior to the experiment assessing health status [MOS SF-36 which measures 7 health domains including general health perceptions (GHP)] and psychological traits(optimism, mastery, social self efficacy, self esteem and sense of control) used as covariates. Self esteem and sense of control measures were not used in analyses due to poor internal reliability. 98 subjects completed the survey. Mean GHP scores ranged from 76.2 to 88.4 (P=0.006). UMC females reported the worst GHP, UMC males the best. There were no significant differences between groups in covariates or SF-36 scales other than GHP. For GHP differences, ANOVA revealed a significant effect for gender (P=0.026) but not for social class and an interaction effect between gender and class(P=0.014). When covariates were entered into the model, they explained a significant portion of the interaction effect (Pcov<0.001, Pgender=0.024, Pint=0.10). When the other SF-36 scales were added to the model, the effect of gender was also partially explained (Pcov<0.001, Pgender= 0.067, Pint = 0.24). The full model explained 47% of the variation in GHP. These data reveal that UMC females report poorer health than their peers and suggest that public health efforts targeted at lower status teens may miss this psychologically vulnerable group. Interventions addressing health-related areas such as pain or energy/fatigue and those aimed at increasing these girls' self conceptualization may help them feel healthier.
Alcohol demand and risk preference.

Abstract Both economists and psychologists have studied the concept of risk preference. Economists categorize individuals as more or less risk-tolerant based on the marginal utility of income. Psychologists categorize individuals’ propensity towards risk based on harm avoidance, novelty seeking and reward dependence traits. The two concepts of risk are related, although the instruments used for empirical measurement are quite different. Psychologists have found risk preference to be an important determinant of alcohol consumption; however economists have not included risk preference in studies of alcohol demand. This is the first study to examine the effect of risk preference on alcohol consumption in the context of a demand function. The specifications employ multiple waves from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), which permit the estimation of age-specific models based on nationally representative samples. Both of these data sets include a unique and consistent survey instrument designed to directly measure risk preference in accordance with the economist’s definition. This study estimates the direct impact of risk preference on alcohol demand and also explores how risk preference affects the price elasticity of demand. The empirical results indicate that risk preference has a significant negative effect on alcohol consumption, with the prevalence and consumption among risk-tolerant individuals being 6–8% higher. Furthermore, the tax elasticity is similar across both risk-averse and risk-tolerant individuals. This suggests that tax policies are as equally effective in deterring alcohol consumption among those who have a higher versus a lower propensity for alcohol use.
The separation of some alkyl selenium compounds by gas chromatography.

Abstract The following organic selenium compounds were separated by gas chromatography: dimethyl, diethyl and di- n -propyl selenides; dimethyl, diethyl and di- n -propyl diselenides; ethyl selenocyanate. Three columns used for this study, Polymetaphenylether, Carbowax 20M and Silicone Oil DC550 on Chromosorb W, gave satisfactory separation of the organic selenium compounds injected, the best separationbeing achieved with the Polymetaphenylether column. All compounds were fully characterized on each of the columns with regard to determination of retention times at several different column temperatures. The ∅ value, reflecting the ratio in response given by the electron capture detector to that given by the hydrogen flame ionization detector, is presented for each compound.
Oxidative cell injury in the killing of cultured hepatocytes by allyl alcohol

The killing of cultured hepatocytes by allyl alcohol depended on the metabolism of this hepatotoxin by alcohol dehydrogenase to the reactive electrophile, acrolein. An inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, pyrazole, prevented both the toxicity of allyl alcohol and the rapid depletion of GSH. Treatment of the hepatocytes with a ferric iron chelator, deferoxamine, or an antioxidant, N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPPD), prevented the cell killing but not the metabolism of allyl alcohol and the resulting depletion of GSH. Inhibition of glutathione reductase by 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) sensitized the hepatocytes to allyl alcohol, an effect that was not attributable to the reduction in GSH with BCNU. The cell killing with allyl alcohol was preceded by the peroxidation of cellular lipids as evidence by an accumulation of malondialdehyde in the cultures. Deferoxamine and DPPD prevented the lipid peroxidation in parallel with their protection from the cell killing. These data indicate that acrolein produces an abrupt depletion of GSH that is followed by lipid peroxidation and cell death. Such oxidative cell injury is suggested to result from the inability to detoxify endogenous hydrogen peroxide and the ensuing iron-dependent formation of a potent oxidizing species. Oxidative cell injury more consistently accounts for the hepatotoxicity of allyl alcohol than does the covalent binding of acrolein to cellular macromolecules.
The measurement of marketing efficiency in the presence of spillovers: theory and evidence

We develop a model of marketing efficiency based on a directional distance function that allows for marketing spillovers. A parametric model is used to test for spillovers from rival marketing and from a firm's marketing activity of its other related products. We then show how this information can be incorporated into a non-parametric model and used to estimate marketing inefficiency. We apply brand level data from the US brewing industry to the non-parametric model to determine the effectiveness of television, radio, and print advertising. We find that advertising spillovers are important in brewing and show that efficiency estimates are inaccurate when spillover effects are ignored. Our results also suggest that marketing efficiency may be an important component to firm success in brewing, a result that may apply to other consumer goods industries. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SHORT‐TERM RETENTION IN RELATION TO AROUSAL

During normal classroom instruction involving presentation of a traffic safety film, the apparent skin conductance of each of 83 high school students was recorded on a separate magnetic tape channel, for subsequent computer analysis. Retention of film information was tested by a written questionnaire immediately after the film. The regression of retention on arousal depended upon the type of analysis and the measure of arousal: inverted-U for interindividual analysis and arousal level, and inverse for intraindividual analysis and arousal increment. These results, significant at the. 01 level, suggest that differences in some previous results may reflect the type of analysis and measure of arousal employed.
Terrorism's hidden threat and the promise for multinational corporations

The troubles terrorism causes can turn into opportunities for advantage for MNCs. M ultinational business activity has been growing at an unprecedented rate, accelerating greatly since the end of World War II. No longer is it the domain of only modern, industrialized nations. Many third-world countries are spawning large, internationally competitive multinational corporations. While it appeared that little outside of major international conflict could slow the pace of this growth, an ominous cloud appears to be growing on the horizon. Terrorism is becoming a significant factor in the life of multinational corporations. There are many predictions of a negative impact on the operations and continued growth of MNCs, but a positive outcome can be the final result.
The language of behavior: Exploring a new formalism for resilient response

Historically, behavior-based computer security has relied on automatic classification of the activities of persons and programs to determine whether these activities should be restricted. In this paper, we argue that classification that relies exclusively upon observation of low-level events (either via signatures or anomalies) is insufficient to infer higher-level behavior correctly. However, ordering these events into linguistic structures according to a finite set of grammar rules may be sufficient. We present an argument that formal language theory offers a bridge between primitive observables and high-level behaviors in cyber systems. We believe that this restatement of the behavior recognition challenge in cyber systems will enable reasoning about the components of automated behavior recognition. Our application area is resilient systems that will identify unusual behaviors (whether good or bad) and employ limited-time, partial quarantines on the actors responsible. We wish to classify based on behaviors of actors rather than bit patterns of actions and events. To do this, we propose a definition of computermediated human behaviors and discuss whether these behaviors can be described via a formal language. If this is possible, then we may be able to classify these behaviors as desirable or undesirable, normal or abnormal. This classification would facilitate the creation of behavioral models that could be used to take automatic actions to stop actors who appear to be acting in ways that may be threatening.
The Making of the Global Working Class in Contemporary History

E. P. Thompson's work on the making of the English working class is recalled in this paper for its continued relevance to historical materialist perspectives on global movements and class formation...
Distribution of eupatoriopicrin in compositae

Abstract Eupatoriopicrin, first isolated from Eupatorium cannabinum L. (tribe Eupatorieae), has been found to be the principal sesquiterpene lactone in Venegasia carpesiodes DC., Eriophyllum stachaedifolium Lag. var. artemisiaefolium (Less.) Macbr., and Chaenactis carphoclinia Gray, and is also present in Chaenactis douglasii (Hook.) H. and A., all members of the tribe Heleniae.
The utility of microvascular perfusion assessment in heart failure: a pilot study.

Abstract Background The evaluation of heart failure is routinely based on subjective patient symptoms and physician examination. We propose the noninvasive evaluation of microvascular and global perfusion can objectify heart failure severity and provide additional prognostic information. Methods A prospective, observational pilot study of patients previously stratified into New York Heart Association (NYHA) heart failure classes and who after a routine cardiology clinic evaluation were felt to be at their stable baseline state. Measurements included: thoracic impedance (Z o ), hypothenar tissue hemoglobin oxygen saturation (S t O 2 ), and Z o -derived cardiac index (CI). To determine if adverse outcomes (hospitalization or death) occurred, patients or their families were contacted 6 months after enrollment and their charts reviewed. Monitor values between the NYHA classes were compared using analysis of variance. Values of those who later developed adverse outcomes were compared to patients who remained stable using a Student t-test ( P Results There were no differences in CI ( P = .08), Z o ( P = .38), or S t O 2 ( P = .14) found between NYHA classes (n = 46). After 6 months, 6 patients required hospitalization for heart failure and 1 died. This group had lower S t O 2 values compared with the stable group ( P = .015). The time course of the adverse events was found not to be due to chance alone when evaluated using a Kaplan-Meier curve and the S t O 2 was significantly associated with time to adverse outcome ( P Conclusions Outpatient heart failure patients who later develop adverse outcomes have significantly lower S t O 2 values than those who remain stable. This suggests cardiac performance in stable heart failure patients may be better reflected at the microvascular level using measures such as S t O 2 as opposed to a global level using the physical exam or impedance cardiography. S t O 2 may serve as a predictor for future adverse events and as an adjunct to current evaluation techniques.
The integrated microbial genomes system: an expanding comparative analysis resource

The integrated microbial genomes (IMG) system serves as a community resource for comparative analysis of publicly available genomes in a comprehensive integrated context. IMG contains both draft and complete microbial genomes integrated with other publicly available genomes from all three domains of life, together with a large number of plasmids and viruses. IMG provides tools and viewers for analyzing and reviewing the annotations of genes and genomes in a comparative context. Since its first release in 2005, IMG’s data content and analytical capabilities have been constantly expanded through regular releases. Several companion IMG systems have been set up in order to serve domain specific needs, such as expert review of genome annotations. IMG is available at http://img.jgi.doe.gov.
Financial Flexibility and Capital Structure Decision

We examine how the demand for financial flexibility affects firms' capital structure decisions. We find that: developing firms that are in the phase of financial flexibility building have low leverage; growth firms that are in the phase of utilizing financial flexibility to fund growth opportunities have high leverage; finally, mature firms that are in the phase of recharging financial flexibility have moderate leverage. The financial flexibility framework provides explanations for several capital structure "puzzles" raised in the literature, suggesting that financial flexibility can be an important "missing link" in existing capital structure theories.
The fungus does not transfer carbon to or between roots in an arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.

Summary • Carbon transfer from fungus to plant in the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis has been reported, but its significance and even its existence have been called into question and the issue remains controversial. We investigated carbon movement from fungus to plant and from one mycorrhizal root system to another via a common AM fungal network in monoxenic cultures to avoid limitations of some previous studies. • 13 C and 14 C labeled substrates were supplied to functioning in vitro AM mycorrhizas between Ri T-DNA transformed carrot ( Daucus carota ) roots and Glomus intraradices to follow carbon movement into and between host and fungal metabolite pools. • Fungal triacylglycerol and trehalose were labeled when permeant substrates were supplied to the extraradical mycelium (ERM), but host-specific compounds in the roots did not become labeled. When labeled glucose was provided to a donor root system, label moved to recipient roots via a common AM fungal network but remained in fungal compounds. •W e conclude that carbon flow in the AM symbiosis is normally unidirectional from plant to fungus and that while carbon is translocated by the fungus from one metabolically active root system to another, it remains within the intraradical mycelium (IRM).
Role of Raf-1 Kinase in Diabetes-Induced Accelerated Apoptosis of Retinal Capillary Cells

Small molecular weight G-proteins serve as fundamental signaling switches that regulate cell fates by coupling receptor activation to downstream effector pathways. H-Ras, a small molecular weight G-protein, in its active form, recruits Raf. Activated Raf via a signaling transduction pathway regulates apoptosis. Our previous studies have shown that H-Ras has an important role in the loss of retinal capillary cells in diabetes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of Raf-1 in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Bovine retinal endothelial cells were incubated in 5 mM or 20 mM glucose in the presence of Raf-1 kinase inhibitor (10μM of GW5074), activator (200μM of ZM336374) or mitogen activated protein kinase inhibitor (30μM of PD098059) for five days. Apoptosis of endothelial cells was analyzed by ELISA and activation of Raf-1 and its downstream signaling proteins by determining genes and protein expressions. Inhibition of Raf-1 kinase repressed glucose-induced apoptosis of the cells by 75%, and this was accompanied by attenuation of activation of MAP kinase, ERK-1, nuclear transcriptional factor and caspase-3. In contrast, ZM336374 further increased glucose-induced apoptosis by 50%, and activated the signaling molecules and caspase 3 by over 30%. Further, PD098059 alone also attenuated glucose-induced apoptosis of retinal endothelial cells. These findings demonstrate that accelerated loss of retinal capillary cells in diabetes is mediated via Raf-1 kinase activation. Modulation of Raf-1 kinase activity could, in part, regulate apoptosis of retinal endothelial cells, which may ultimately contribute to the development of diabetic retinopathy.
MEASUREMENT OF THE ACTIVE IODINE STORES AND DAILY HORMONAL OUTPUT OF THE INTACT HUMAN THYROID

BAUMANN (1) was the first to recognize that the thyroid gland had the capacity to retain and store iodine. Other workers (2, 3) have shown a positive correlation between functional states of the thyroid gland and thyroidal iodine stores. Since these studies were performed in glands which were removed at operation or at the autopsy table, the data so derived were not applicable to the living patient except in a general way. It is apparent that an experimental method which would allow such studies in vivo would be extremely helpful, both in understanding the pathogenesis of thyroid disease and in helping to determine the type and amount of therapy required. Tracer doses of radioactive iodine which are fixed in the thyroid gland can be released into the blood stream along with stable hormonal iodine in response to administered thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). By comparing the specific radioactivity of the newly secreted hormone with the thyroidal content of I131, it is possible to estimate the hormonal sto...
A methodology for quadrilateral finite element mesh coarsening

High fidelity finite element modeling of continuum mechanics problems often requires using all quadrilateral or all hexahedral meshes. The efficiency of such models is often dependent upon the ability to adapt a mesh to the physics of the phenomena. Adapting a mesh requires the ability to both refine and/or coarsen the mesh. The algorithms available to refine and coarsen triangular and tetrahedral meshes are very robust and efficient. However, the ability to locally and conformally refine or coarsen all quadrilateral and all hexahedral meshes presents many difficulties. Some research has been done on localized conformal refinement of quadrilateral and hexahedral meshes. However, little work has been done on localized conformal coarsening of quadrilateral and hexahedral meshes. A general method which provides both localized conformal coarsening and refinement for quadrilateral meshes is presented in this paper. This method is based on restructuring the mesh with simplex manipulations to the dual of the mesh. In addition, this method appears to be extensible to hexahedral meshes in three dimensions.
LACUNARITY ANALYSES OF MULTIFRACTAL AND NATURAL GRAYSCALE PATTERNS

Lacunarity (L) is a scale (r)-dependent parameter that was developed for quantifying clustering in fractals and has subsequently been employed to characterize various natural patterns. For multifractals it can be shown analytically that L is related to the correlation dimension, D2, by: dlog(L)/dlog(r) = D2 - 2. We empirically tested this equation using two-dimensional multifractal grayscale patterns with known correlation dimensions. These patterns were analyzed for their lacunarity using the gliding-box algorithm. D2 values computed from the dlog(L)/dlog(r) analysis gave a ~1:1 relationship with the known D2 values. Lacunarity analysis was also employed in discriminating between multifractal grayscale patterns with the same D2 values, but different degrees of scale-dependent clustering. For this purpose, a new lacunarity parameter, 〈L〉, was formulated based on the weighted mean of the log-transformed lacunarity values at different scales. This approach was further used to evaluate scale-dependent cluste...
Complete Genome Sequence of Staphylococcus aureus Tager 104, a Sequence Type 49 Ancestor

strainisolatedfromacutaneousabscessattheNewHavenHospitalin1947(1).Herein,the combination of second-generation Illumina MiSeq sequenc-ingtechnologyofhighaccuracywiththird-generationPaciﬁcBio-sciences (PacBio) single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencingtechnologies allows for the bridging of complicated genomic re-gions, such as internal repeats (2). This combination of sequenc-ing technologies, termed hybrid assembly, allows for automatedclosure of bacterial genomes by newly designed assembly pro-grams.To generate the genome sequences for strain
A Small-molecule Inhibitor Directed against the Chemokine Receptor CXCR4 Prevents its Use as an HIV-1 Coreceptor

The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is the major coreceptor used for cellular entry by T cell– tropic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 strains, whereas CCR5 is used by macrophage (M)-tropic strains. Here we show that a small-molecule inhibitor, ALX40-4C, inhibits HIV-1 envelope (Env)-mediated membrane fusion and viral entry directly at the level of coreceptor use. ALX40-4C inhibited HIV-1 use of the coreceptor CXCR4 by T- and dual-tropic HIV-1 strains, whereas use of CCR5 by M- and dual-tropic strains was not inhibited. Dual-tropic viruses capable of using both CXCR4 and CCR5 were inhibited by ALX40-4C only when cells expressed CXCR4 alone. ALX40-4C blocked stromal-derived factor (SDF)-1α–mediated activation of CXCR4 and binding of the monoclonal antibody 12G5 to cells expressing CXCR4. Overlap of the ALX40-4C binding site with that of 12G5 and SDF implicates direct blocking of Env interactions, rather than downregulation of receptor, as the mechanism of inhibition. Thus, ALX40-4C represents a small-molecule inhibitor of HIV-1 infection that acts directly against a chemokine receptor at the level of Env-mediated membrane fusion.
Quest on the Move

As I move into a new year as Editor, Quest is on the move. More specifically, Quest has changed publishers, and with our move to Taylor & Francis we are moving forward in many positive ways. At the...
Correction of murine hemophilia A following nonmyeloablative transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells engineered to encode an enhanced human factor VIII variant using a safety-augmented retroviral vector

Insertional mutagenesis by retroviral vectors is a major impediment to the clinical application of hematopoietic stem cell gene transfer for the treatment of hematologic disorders. We recently developed an insulated self-inactivating gammaretroviral vector, RMSinOFB, which uses a novel enhancer-blocking element that significantly decreases genotoxicity of retroviral integration. In this study, we used the RMSinOFB vector to evaluate the efficacy of a newly bioengineered factor VIII (fVIII) variant (efVIII)—containing a combination of A1 domain point mutations (L303E/F309S) and an extended partial B domain for improved secretion plus A2 domain mutations (R484A/R489A/P492A) for reduced immunogenicity—toward successful treatment of murine hemophilia A. In cell lines, efVIII was secreted at up to 6-fold higher levels than an L303E/F309S A1 domain–only fVIII variant (sfVIIIΔB). Most important, when compared with a conventional gammaretroviral vector expressing sfVIIIΔB, lower doses of RMSin-efVIII-OFB–transduced hematopoietic stem cells were needed to generate comparable curative fVIII levels in hemophilia A BALB/c mice after reduced-intensity total body irradiation or nonmyeloablative chemotherapy conditioning regimens. These data suggest that the safety-augmented RMSin-efVIII-OFB platform represents an encouraging step in the development of a clinically appropriate gene addition therapy for hemophilia A.
Signals that produce 3' termini in CYC1 mRNA of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The cyc1-512 mutant was previously shown to contain a 38-bp deletion, 8 nucleotides upstream from the major wild-type poly(A) site, in the CYC1 gene, which encodes iso-1-cytochrome c of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This 38-bp deletion caused a 90% reduction in the CYC1 transcripts, which were heterogeneous in size, aberrantly long, and presumably labile (K. S. Zaret and F. Sherman, Cell 28:563-573, 1982). Site-directed mutagenesis in and adjacent to the 38-bp region was used to identify signals involved in the formation and positioning of CYC1 mRNA 3' ends. In addition, combinations of various putative 3' end-forming signals were introduced by in vitro mutagenesis into the 3' region of the cyc1-512 mutant. The combined results from both studies suggest that 3' end formation in yeast cells involves signals having the following three distinct but integrated elements acting in concert: (i) the upstream element, including sequences TATATA, TAG ... TATGTA, and TTTTTATA, which function by enhancing the efficiency of downstream elements; (ii) downstream elements, such as TTAAGAAC and AAGAA, which position the poly(A) site; and (iii) the actual site of polyadenylation, which often occurs after cytidine residues that are 3' to the so-called downstream element. While the upstream element is required for efficient 3' end formation, alterations of the downstream element and poly(A) sites generally do not affect the efficiency of 3' end formation but appear to alter the positions of poly(A) sites. In addition, we have better defined the upstream elements by examining various derivatives of TATATA and TAG ... TATGTA, and we have examined the spatial requirements of the three elements by systematically introducing or deleting upstream and downstream elements and cytidine poly(A) sites.
Defining and Measuring Critical Thinking in Engineering

Abstract Critical thinking is generally recognized as an important skill, and one that is a primary goal of higher education. However, there is surprisingly little in the literature regarding critical thinking in engineering. This paper describes two pilot studies. A mixed methods study found that graduate engineering students performed worse than undergraduate students on a standard critical thinking instrument. This difference is explained through the two groups’ familiarity with test-taking. In a qualitative study, engineering undergraduates were interviewed about how they use critical thinking. It was found that their descriptions were more complex than typical definitions in the literature. Overall, the results point to a need to further investigate what critical thinking means for engineering.
Protein profiling of plastoglobules in chloroplasts and chromoplasts. A surprising site for differential accumulation of metabolic enzymes.

Plastoglobules (PGs) are oval or tubular lipid-rich structures present in all plastid types, but their specific functions are unclear. PGs contain quinones, α-tocopherol, and lipids and, in chromoplasts, carotenoids as well. It is not known whether PGs contain any enzymes or regulatory proteins. Here, we determined the proteome of PGs from chloroplasts of stressed and unstressed leaves of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) as well as from pepper (Capsicum annuum) fruit chromoplasts using mass spectrometry. Together, this showed that the proteome of chloroplast PGs consists of seven fibrillins, providing a protein coat and preventing coalescence of the PGs, and an additional 25 proteins likely involved in metabolism of isoprenoid-derived molecules (quinines and tocochromanols), lipids, and carotenoid cleavage. Four unknown ABC1 kinases were identified, possibly involved in regulation of quinone monooxygenases. Most proteins have not been observed earlier but have predicted N-terminal chloroplast transit peptides and lack transmembrane domains, consistent with localization in the PG lipid monolayer particles. Quantitative differences in PG composition in response to high light stress and degreening were determined by differential stable-isotope labeling using formaldehyde. More than 20 proteins were identified in the PG proteome of pepper chromoplasts, including four enzymes of carotenoid biosynthesis and several homologs of proteins observed in the chloroplast PGs. Our data strongly suggest that PGs in chloroplasts form a functional metabolic link between the inner envelope and thylakoid membranes and play a role in breakdown of carotenoids and oxidative stress defense, whereas PGs in chromoplasts are also an active site for carotenoid conversions.