cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactional routines and the socialization of interactional style in adult learners of Japanese

Abstract Interactional routines are powerful in first language acquisition contexts, socializing children into appropriate norms of language use. This paper investigates the role of interactional routines in the socialization of L2 interactional competence via analysis of 15 hours of foreign language classroom data. Results reveal that active and peripheral participation in the routines of the classroom shapes learner ability to use the follow-up turn of the IRF routine to perform assessments and other expressions responsive to their interlocutor's utterances. Instances in which teachers explicitly guide learners in the expression of alignment are rare. In teacher-fronted contexts, learners are guided to be responsive to teacher questions, and have little opportunity for expression of alignment, including assessments. Learner assessments, when they occur in teacher-fronted contexts, have particular sequential consequences, triggering extended assessment activity by the teacher. The teachers' language incorporates various follow-up turn expressions during interaction with students. Longitudinal analysis of learner language during pair-work reveals an increase in learner use of follow-up expressions, including assessments, evidencing the socializing power of both active and peripheral participation in the interactional routines of the classroom.
The edge-forwarding index of orbital regular graphs

Abstract We define a graph as orbital regular if there is a subgroup of its automorphism group that acts regularly on the set of edges of the graph as well as on all its orbits of ordered pairs of distinct vertices of the graph. For these graphs there is an explicit formula for the edge-forwarding index, an important traffic parameter for routing in interconnection networks. Using the arithmetic properties of finite fields we construct infinite families of graphs with low edge-forwarding properties. In particular, the edge-forwarding index of Paley graphs is determined. A connection with the Waring problem over finite fields and the coset weight enumeration of certain cyclic codes is established.
Estimating agricultural benefits from drainage over a relatively level terrain

Abstract Many regions of the world incur flooding and a high water table over a relatively large, level land area. Methodology was developed and programmed for analysis of soil drainage and flood protection benefits in such regions. Estimates of yield loss were elicited from South Texas farmers for floods occurring on average once every year (i.e. 100% flood frequency or probability of occurrence), once every 2 years (50% flood frequency), once every 5 years (20% flood frequency), once every 10 years (10% flood frequency), and once every 25 years (4% flood frequency). The Agricultural Benefits Estimator model, ABE, was applied to an analysis of subsurface drainage improvements and flood protection for 0.25 million ha in the South Texas study area. Results indicate substantial project benefits from both lowering the water table and providing alternative levels of reduced flooding. For the case study, the present value of benefits to agriculture from flood protection were estimated at $83.1 million for protection from flooding events with a 50% flood frequency. Estimated benefits were $88.2 million for flood protection through the 20% flood frequency, and benefits increased by another $2.7 million ($90.9 million total) for flood protection through the 10% flood frequency.
Activation of brainstem N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors is required for the analgesic actions of morphine given systemically

The analgesic actions of opioids are in large part mediated by activation of brainstem pain modulating neurons that depress nociceptive transmission at the level of the dorsal horn. The present study was designed to characterize the contribution of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)- and non-NMDA-mediated excitatory transmission within the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) to the activation of brainstem inhibitory output neurons and analgesia produced by systemic morphine administration. The NMDA receptor antagonist d-2-amino-5-phosophonopentanoic acid (AP5), the non-NMDA receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione disodium (CNQX) or saline was infused into the RVM of lightly anesthetized rats while recording the activity of identified pain modulating neurons: ‘off-cells’, thought to inhibit nociceptive transmission, and ‘on-cells’, thought to facilitate nociception. Nociceptive responsiveness (tail flick latency) was not affected by either antagonist. AP5, but not CNQX, attenuated or blocked activation and disinhibition of off-cells and the antinociception produced by systemically administered morphine. Reflex-related discharge of on-cells was unaffected by AP5, but significantly attenuated by CNQX. The present results highlight two important aspects of RVM pain modulatory circuits. First, morphine given systemically produces its analgesic effect at least in part by recruiting an NMDA-mediated excitatory process to activate off-cells within the RVM. This excitatory process may play a role in the analgesic synergy produced by simultaneous μ-opioid activation at different levels of the neuraxis. Second, reflex-related activation of on-cells is mediated by a non-NMDA receptor, and this activation does not appear to play a significant role in regulating reflex responses to acute noxious stimuli. Excitatory amino acid-mediated excitation thus has at least two distinct roles within the RVM, activating off-cells and on-cells under different conditions.
Questions Relating to Substantive Rights and Duties of Parties

As the normative order of international law purportedly regulates activities of its subjects in relation to one another, all the questions relating to substantive rights and duties of parties are, by definition, legal disputes and, by logic, susceptible to judicial settlement. The scope of the basic rights and duties of States is governed by conventional law, customary law, and general principles of international law existing at a given time, and there appears to be a general consensus that, with the foundation of the United Nations, the Charter has brought into existence a series of new duties of States and corresponding limitations to their formerly recognized rights, as reflected in the Draft Declaration on Rights and Duties of States which was noted by the General Assembly in its resolution of 6 December 1949.1 This is particularly true in regard to the threat or use of force and its manifestation in the form of “self-defense” or “intervention”.
Modeling and control of multiple-contact manipulation without modeling friction

Multiple contact manipulation often involves contacts that slip or lose contact over time. This slipping introduces frictional reaction forces between the manipulator and the surface. However, in complex systems in uncertain environments, these frictional interactions may not be well-characterized. This paper discusses the reduction of such external forces in multiple contact systems. We then present two examples: a macro-scale multi-point manipulator and MEMS scratch drive actuators (SDA) array to illustrate how the techniques presented can simplify the control design for such devices.
Neuroengineering model of human limb control - Gainscheduled feedback control approach

Recent neuroengineering modeling suggests that human control of limb movements may take advantage of simple linear control modules that are gainscheduled according to limb state, intended limb state, or both. The scheduling variable(s) appear to consist of limb position and possibly velocity. Thus it is possible that limb control can be modeled effectively using linear parameter varying (LPV) techniques for designing gainscheduled linear control systems. We demonstrate the efficacy of an LPV controller based on a model of cerebrocerebellar neuroengineering models in simulating human arm control of moderate speed, direction-changing movements in the horizontal plane. The technique shows how position dependent dynamics can be stably and realistically controlled using a simple convex interpolation of linear controller modules. The finding could provide a systematic method of representing human motor control using an established engineering technique. It may also support the controversial view that the motor control system does not require internal models of body dynamics to achieve satisfactory performance.
Secretin activation of the apical Na+‐dependent bile acid transporter is associated with cholehepatic shunting in rats

The role of the cholangiocyte apical Na(+)-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) in bile formation is unknown. Bile acid absorption by bile ducts results in cholehepatic shunting, a pathway that amplifies the canalicular osmotic effects of bile acids. We tested in isolated cholangiocytes if secretin enhances ASBT translocation to the apical membrane from latent preexisting intracellular stores. In vivo, in bile duct-ligated rats, we tested if increased ASBT activity (induced by secretin pretreatment) results in cholehepatic shunting of bile acids. We determined the increment in taurocholate-dependent bile flow and biliary lipid secretion and taurocholate (TC) biliary transit time during high ASBT activity. Secretin stimulated colchicine-sensitive ASBT translocation to the cholangiocyte plasma membrane and (3)H-TC uptake in purified cholangiocytes. Consistent with increased ASBT promoting cholehepatic shunting, with secretin pretreatment, we found TC induced greater-than-expected biliary lipid secretion and bile flow and there was a prolongation of the TC biliary transit time. Colchicine ablated secretin pretreatment-dependent bile acid-induced choleresis, increased biliary lipid secretion, and the prolongation of the TC biliary transit. In conclusion, secretin stimulates cholehepatic shunting of conjugated bile acids and is associated with increased cholangiocyte apical membrane ASBT. Bile acid transport by cholangiocyte ASBT can contribute to hepatobiliary secretion in vivo.
Influences on Teachers' Attitudes of the Parents' Role as Collaborator

A descriptive study was conducted to identify factors that influence special education teachers' attitudes about parents as educational collaborators. The study found that teachers view parents as more capable and are more open to parent input if they interact more frequently. Student age was found to influence openness, independent of interaction frequency. None of the factors analyzed were found to be related to perceptions of incapability. The results are interpreted as consistent with other collaboration studies that indicate greater amounts of interactions increase positive attitudes about others' roles in collaboration.
Fast organic thin-film transistor circuits

We have fabricated organic thin-film transistors and integrated circuits using pentacene as the active material. Devices were fabricated on glass substrates using low-temperature ion-beam sputtered silicon dioxide as the gate dielectric and a double-layer photoresist process to isolate devices. These transistors have carrier mobility near 0.5 cm/sup 2//V-s and on/off current ratio larger than 10/sup 7/. Using a level-shifting design that allows circuits to operate over a wide range of threshold voltages, we have fabricated ring oscillators with propagation delay below 75 /spl mu/s per stage, limited by the level-shifting circuitry. When driven directly, inverters without level shifting show submicrosecond rise and fall time constants.
Northern Hemisphere annular mode in summer: Its physical significance and its relation to solar activity variations

[1] We use the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis to calculate empirical orthogonal functions of summer geopotential heights in the Northern Hemisphere at all levels in the troposphere and the stratosphere. The leading patterns in summer are distinct from the patterns in winter. Also, the leading patterns in the summer stratosphere are distinct from the patterns in the summer troposphere. The summer Northern Hemisphere annular mode (NAM) in the stratosphere has the same sign everywhere but shows higher variability at low latitudes unlike the dipolar structure of the winter NAM. A physical interpretation of the summer NAM in the stratosphere is readily apparent because low (high) values of its principal component correspond to warmer (colder) than climatological mean summer conditions in the stratosphere. The summer NAM in the troposphere, on the other hand, is characterized by variability over the Asian monsoon region. Also, the summer NAM in the stratosphere and upper troposphere is correlated with the solar ultraviolet flux, such that in solar maximum conditions the stratospheric circulation is more “summer-like” than average and it is less summer-like in solar minimum conditions. The summer NAM is thus seen as a potentially useful tool in investigating the sources of variability in the summer atmosphere.
Modeling and Management of Firewall Policies

Firewalls are core elements in network security. However, managing firewall rules, especially for enterprise networks, has become complex and error-prone. Firewall filtering rules have to be carefully written and organized in order to correctly implement the security policy. In addition, inserting or modifying a filtering rule requires thorough analysis of the relationship between this rule and other rules in order to determine the proper order of this rule and commit the updates. In this paper we present a set of techniques and algorithms that provide automatic discovery of firewall policy anomalies to reveal rule conflicts and potential problems in legacy firewalls, and anomaly-free policy editing for rule insertion, removal, and modification. This is implemented in a user-friendly tool called ?Firewall Policy Advisor.? The Firewall Policy Advisor significantly simplifies the management of any generic firewall policy written as filtering rules, while minimizing network vulnerability due to firewall rule misconfiguration.
Patient Factors Related to Voice Therapy Attendance and Outcomes

Summary Limited information is available concerning factors that may be associated with attendance and outcomes among patients referred for voice therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine whether patient-related factors could be identified which distinguished patients who attended voice therapy and had positive voice change from those who did not. This retrospective study included medical record information for 100 patients seen at a major urban, academic medical center. The attendance/outcomes of voice therapy resulted in patient division into five groups, those who (1) were successfully discharged from therapy, (2) attended a few sessions, had voices that improved to normal or were near normal and then stopped attending therapy, (3) attended many sessions with some voice gain, (4) failed to improve despite attending voice therapy, or (5) failed to attend voice therapy as recommended. Outcomes for groups 1–3 (53% of patients) were considered successful (positive voice change), whereas outcomes for groups 4 and 5 (47% of patients) were considered unsuccessful. A high percentage of patients (44%) essentially did not attend therapy. Patients having successful outcomes were more likely to be female, younger, employed, with fewer laryngeal diagnoses and medical problems, a less severe voice disorder and lower Voice Handicap Index (VHI) scores at the start of therapy. Patients with more complex laryngeal diagnoses, more perceived vocal severity, occupational issues, more health issues, and higher VHI scores at the time of the initial voice evaluation may be at greater risk for failing to attend voice therapy sessions.
Selective gravel entrainment and the empirical evaluation of flow competence

The concept of flow competence is generally employed to evaluate velocities and bed stresses of river floods from the sizes of the largest sediment particles transported. For the most part, this evaluation has been empirical, combining data from a number of separate flood events in different river systems. Those data are re-examined and compared with empirical equations for the selective entrainment of gravel from deposits of mixed sizes. It is found that the competence relationships trend counter to those obtained for selective entrainment, indicating that the competence evaluations are affected by varying degrees of selective size entrainment. Individual data sets which have been employed to establish the flow-competence relationships either show no trend on their own or yield a trend which runs counter to the competence equation, instead being more compatible with the selective-entrainment relationships. In most instances, the empirical competence equations greatly overestimate the hydraulics of flood flows, and it is suggested that the better established selective entrainment equations be used for competence evaluations as well. Empirical equations are available for this purpose, relating the dimensionless Shields entrainment function or the bed shear stress to the diameter of the largest grain moved and to the median diameter of the deposit as a whole.
Efficient MRF approach to document image enhancement

Markov random field (MRF) based approaches have been shown to perform well in a wide range of applications. Due to the iterative nature of the algorithm, the computational cost of such applications is normally high. In the context of document image analysis, where numerous documents have to be processed, this computational cost may become prohibitive. We describe a novel approach to document image enhancement using MRF.We show that by using domain specific knowledge, we are able to substantially improve computational performance by an order of magnitude. Moreover, in contrast to known techniques where patch initialization is arbitrary, in the proposed approach patch initialization is data consistent and so results in improved effectiveness. Experimental results comparing the proposed approach to known techniques using historical documents from the Frieder Collection are provided.
Regularized blind detection for MIMO communications

Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems improve the throughput and reliability of wireless communications. Perfect Channel State Information (CSI) is needed at the receiver to perform coherent detection and achieve the optimal gain of the system. In fast fading and low SNR regimes, it is hard or impossible to obtain perfect CSI, which leads the receiver to operate without knowledge of the CSI and perform blind detection. In reality CSI may be available to the receiver but this CSI may be insufficient to support coherent detection. In this paper, we fill the gap between coherent and blind detection by considering a more realistic model where the receiver knows the statistics of the channel, that is Channel Distribution Information (CDI). We propose a new detection algorithm, called Regularized Blind Detection (RBD), where coherent and blind detection can be viewed as special cases in our model. The algorithm estimates CDI from any training symbols that are available and maximizes performance given the estimated CDI. Simulations demonstrate significant improvement in performance over blind detection. Our work can be viewed as a systematic exploration of space between coherent and blind detection with a strong Bayesian statistic flavor.
Ensuring atomicity of multilevel transactions

Ensuring atomicity is a major outstanding problem with present methods of handling multilevel transactions. The chief difficulty is that a high section of a transaction may be unable to complete due to violations of the integrity constraints, and a rollback of sections can be exploited to implement a covert channel. We define a notion of semantic atomicity which guarantees that either all or none of the sections of a transaction are present in any history. The notion of correct executions in our model is based on semantic correctness -- that is, maintenance of integrity constraints -- rather than serializability. We give a method whereby the application developer can statically analyze the set of transactions in the application and determine if the set ensures semantic atomicity and other desirable properties.
The growth of demand will limit output growth for food over the next quarter century

The rate of growth of world food demand will be much slower for 1990–2010 than it was for the prior three decades. The major factor determining the increase in food demand is population growth. Income growth has a much smaller effect. From 1960 to 1990, population growth accounted for approximately three fourths of the growth in demand or use of grain. For 1990–2010, it is anticipated that population growth will account for nearly all of the increase in world demand for grain. The rate of population growth from 1990 to 2020 is projected to be at an annual rate of 1.3% compared with 1.9% for 1960 to 1990—a decline of more than 30%. World per capita use of grain will increase very little—perhaps by 4%. The increase in grain use is projected to be 40% less than in 1960–1990. It is anticipated that real grain prices will decline during the period, although not nearly as much as the 40% decline in the previous three decades. Concern has been expressed concerning the deterioration of the quality and productivity of the world’s farmland. A study for China and Indonesia indicates that there has been no significant change in the productive capacity of the land over the past 50 years. Contrary to numerous claims, the depth of the topsoil has not changed, indicating that erosion has had little or no impact.
An evolutionary perspective on physical attractiveness

Everyday experience suggests that physical attractiveness is important in personal—and especially sexual—relationships. This impression is confirmed by a large body of social psychological research.1,2 Cross-cultural surveys and ethnographic accounts show that concern with the attractiveness of potential mates is also common in non-Western societies and in tribal and peasant cultures.3 However, social psychologists and anthropologists have often had a hard time explaining why attractiveness should count for so much, or why some features rather than others should seem particularly attractive. The theoretical difficulties in accounting for physical attraction are brought out in a Brazilian saying, “Beleza nâo poe na mesa” (“Good looks don't put anything on the table”), which points to the absence of any evident practical advantage to choosing an attractive mate. Faced with these difficulties, a growing number of researchers in biology, psychology, and anthropology have turned to the modern theory of sexual selection, which has been highly successful in explaining nonhuman animals attractions to traits of no direct ecological utility. In this article, I survey recent efforts to apply the theory of sexual selection to human physical attraction.
Promoting Reuse via Extraction of Domain Concepts and Service Abstractions from Design Diagrams

Systematic reuse of software artifacts has been an elusive goal for several years. Service-oriented architecture (SOA) has been touted in recent years due its promise of fostering reuse. Even so, reuse with SOA continues to be limited due to the lack of formal techniques for extracting domain knowledge from existing reusable software assets. In this paper,we present an approach that extracts the domain knowledge and service abstractions from design diagrams of existing software solutions and represents it in a form that can be reused in new projects. We have implemented our approach and preliminary results indicate that both domain knowledge and service abstraction thus extracted can promote reuse of software assets to a large extent.
Assessing the strategy-performance paradigm: implications for organizational adaptation in discontinuous environments for home health care providers.

Abstract Home health care agencies are on the brink of experiencing prospective payment systems which will prove to be a major environmental shift. What will be the best strategy to offset the effects of prospective payment systems? Longitudinal studies of hospitals facing similar pressures may offer the best solution. This paper offers an attempt to address whether proactive or low cost strategies will provide home health agencies with higher firm performance after prospective payment systems.
Network Flows and Travel Times

This chapter addresses the following questions about movements of units in stationary Jackson and Whittle processes. What flows of units between nodes are Poisson processes? When a unit moves from one node to another, what is the probability distribution of the locations of the other units in the network? What is the distribution of the time it takes for a typical unit to traverse a series of nodes?
Do Recommender Systems Always Benefit Firms by Reducing Consumer Search Effort

With the gain in popularity of the internet in the beginning of this decade, online shopping has witnessed a strong growth rate of about 25 percent per year. However, recent reports suggest that the growth rate is flattening. One of the key reasons for dwindling growth rate is the rise in expectations of the customers. Customers want that the retail websites should help them in finding products through recommendations. Therefore it is expected that firms would have higher profits by using recommender systems since that will boost their sales. However we show that increased profits are guaranteed only if a firm has the monopoly in the market. Market with two firms may not witness increased profits for both the firms. We analyze how the improvement in technology of recommender system affects the market, the price charged by the firms and therefore their profits.
John “Rooster” Clagett: Visual Training Solutions Group, Inc. (A)

What makes an industry attractive? What role do innovation and entrepreneurial initiative play in building and sustaining a new business in a competitive industry? The A case (UVA-ENT-0059) presents a 14-year veteran of the U.S. Navy, John "Rooster" Clagett, who left his career as a fighter pilot to pursue a business career--a step that has landed him where he is at the moment--as founder and president of Visual Training Solutions Group (VTSG). Clagett's current product offering is a virtual-reality training system designed for fighter pilots. While VTSG has several current government contracts, all of them are due to deliver in the next few months, leaving the pipeline dry in the near future. Rooster is concerned that he may not have the funding to meet his working-capital needs through the end of the year. In addition to the tactical issue of working capital, Rooster is faced with a decision about the future direction of the company. His product has started to gain traction, and large competitors are starting to take notice. Rooster sees several options: forging ahead and taking the large players head on, creating a plan to try to partner with them, or taking his innovative product in a different direction and industry. He is unsure of the competitive environment in the e-learning industry. Is that industry an attractive place for him to compete? He had gained a foothold in the Department of Defense because of his unique knowledge, but would he be as successful outside his comfort zone? The B case offers a short epilogue revealing Rooster's success in meeting his funding needs, his decision to stay in the defense industry, and the birth of strategic alliances with several large defense contractors.
2.45 GHz near Ground Path Loss and Spatial Correlation for Open Indoor and Snowy Terrain

This paper characterizes path loss and spatial correlation for near ground channels in an open indoor and snowy terrain. The study is based on conducting extensive measurements at 2.45 GHz frequency range for Line-of-sight scenarios. The index of reflection of log-distance path-loss is evaluated. The impact of antenna height, and transmitter-receiver distance on pathloss and spatial correlation is investigated.
A systematic comparison between visual cues for boundary detection

The detection of object boundaries is a critical first step for many visual processing tasks. Multiple cues (we consider luminance, color, motion and binocular disparity) available in the early visual system may signal object boundaries but little is known about their relative diagnosticity and how to optimally combine them for boundary detection. This study thus aims at understanding how early visual processes inform boundary detection in natural scenes. We collected color binocular video sequences of natural scenes to construct a video database. Each scene was annotated with two full sets of ground-truth contours (one set limited to object boundaries and another set which included all edges). We implemented an integrated computational model of early vision that spans all considered cues, and then assessed their diagnosticity by training machine learning classifiers on individual channels. Color and luminance were found to be most diagnostic while stereo and motion were least. Combining all cues yielded a significant improvement in accuracy beyond that of any cue in isolation. Furthermore, the accuracy of individual cues was found to be a poor predictor of their unique contribution for the combination. This result suggested a complex interaction between cues, which we further quantified using regularization techniques. Our systematic assessment of the accuracy of early vision models for boundary detection together with the resulting annotated video dataset should provide a useful benchmark towards the development of higher-level models of visual processing.
A Review of the Long-Whiskered Rice Rat, Oryzomys bombycinus Goldman

The taxonomy and natural history of the long-whiskered rice rat, Oryzomys bombycinus Goldman, is reviewed. This species, known previously from a few localities in Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia is here definitely reported for the first time from Nicaragua and Ecuador. The currently recognized subspecies are provisionally retained on the basis of coat color. Habitat preferences and other ecological information are discussed.
Hot-Electron-Induced Dissociation of H2 on Gold Nanoparticles Supported on SiO2

Hot-electron-induced photodissociation of H2 was demonstrated on small Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) supported on SiO2. The rate of dissociation of H2 was found to be almost 2 orders of magnitude higher than that observed on equivalently prepared AuNPs on TiO2. The rate of H2 dissociation was found to be linearly dependent on illumination intensity with a wavelength dependence resembling the absorption spectrum of the plasmon of the AuNPs. This result provides strong additional support for the hot-electron-induced mechanism for H2 dissociation in this photocatalytic system.
Identification of Nocardia farcinica isolated from clinical strains

To identify the species of Nocardia(N.) clinical isolates by DNA sequencing,BJ7 isolated from sputum of a patient suspected with tuberculosis,N.farcinica AY756551 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv were used in this study.The identification on the strain was done based on culturing with L-J,PNB/TCH media and molecular biology methods.The special fragments of rpoB and 16S rDNA gene were amplified by PCR.The PCR amplification products of rpoB and 16S rDNA genes were sequenced and the DNA sequences were blasted on NCBI.The results of morphological characteristics and PNB/TCH medium showed that BJ7 was Non-tuberculosis Mycobacterium(NTM).The DNA homology of rpoB and 16S rDNA genes of BJ7 compared with that of AY756551 were 99% and 100% respectively.The results showed that the clinical isolate BJ7 was N.farcinica.It shows that sequencing analysis is a rapid and reliable method for Nocardia.spp species identification.
Effect of grinding and enzymatic treatment on the physical and chemical properties of brewer's spent grain

Mechanical pretreatment on brewer's spent grain( BSG) can change its physical structure,make the anti-nutritional factors easily be degraded,increase the bioavailability and improve the feeding quality. The particle sizes of BSG after pretreatment by blade grinding and ball milling were distributed in the range of 300 ~ 1 000 μm and 10 ~ 200 μm respectively. Compared with untreated BSG,the total soluble sugar contents of BSG were respectively increased by 2. 2 times and 1. 7 times,and reducing sugar contents were respectively increased by 40% and 18. 9% after ball milling and blade grinding. With enzymatic hydrolysis of BSG after ball milling and blade grinding by cellulase and neutral protease,the total soluble sugar contents were increased by 2. 5 fold and 1. 7 fold,reducing sugar contents were increased by 2. 2 fold and 1. 4 fold,soluble protein contents were respectively increased by 1. 8 and 1. 4 fold,polypeptide contents were respectively increased by 2. 2 and 1. 2 fold compared to those of BSG after enzymatic hydrolysis without mechanical treatment. The efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis of BSG after ball milling was higher than that of BSG after blade grinding. After blade grinding with sieving,the enrichment and isolation of protein-fiber could be preliminarily obtained in our work.
Model of hierarchical disk investigation

Digital forensics investigators need specialized tools in order to retrieve evidence on hard disks. When using automated tools, only conventional areas of the disk are often analyzed and as a result potential evidence in hidden areas may be missed. One reason for this is the lack of a universal standard or approach with regards to the systematic disk investigation of the total disk area. In this paper, we present a new hierarchical disk investigation model that can be used to support automated digital forensics tools in systematically examining the disk in its totality, based on the disk's physical and logical structures. We have implemented our proposed model in an open source tool called Automated Disk Investigation Toolkit for illustration.
Immunologic studies in normal human sweat

Abstract The major proteins of normal human sweat revealed by electrophoresis were albumin, an α-globulin, and a protein which migrated cathodic to serum γ-globulins at pH 8.6. Studies with specific antisera produced against individual serum proteins in immunodiffusion techniques revealed the following serum proteins to be present in sweat: IgG, IgA, IgD, transferrin, ceruloplasmin, orosomucoid, and albumin. Immunoelectrophoretic patterns revealed, in addition, serum prealbumin. A comparison by immunodiffusion of the three immunoglobulins found in sweat with those of normal human serum, nasal secretions, saliva, colostrum, and urine revealed reactions of identity between the IgG, IgA, and IgD of sweat and the same immunoglobulins of these body secretions. In contrast to many other body secretions (e.g., nasal secretions and saliva) in which IgA is in higher concentration than IgG, this was not found to be true for sweat. The IgG/IgA ratio of sweat (3.4) was approximately one half that of the ratio in serum (6.9). The ratio in a given sample of sweat did not necessarily reflect that found in the corresponding serum. Antibodies to tetanus toxoid were demonstrable in samples of sweat obtained from 5 volunteers who had received booster doses of that toxoid. In the course of studies of the antigens of sweat by immunodiffusion, precipitin bands were frequently noted to result between normal human serum and sweat. Studies are described which were performed in an attempt to characterize the nature of the reactants in serum and sweat.
Genetic Ablation, Sensitization, and Isolation of Neurons Using Nitroreductase and Tetrodotoxin-Insensitive Channels

Advances in genetic technologies enable the highly selective expression of transgenes in targeted neuronal cell types. Transgene expression can be used to noninvasively ablate, silence or activate neurons, providing a tool to probe their contribution to the control of behavior or physiology. Here, we describe the use of the tetrodotoxin (TTX)-resistant voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.5 for either sensitizing neurons to depolarizing input, or isolating targeted neurons from surrounding neural activity, and methods for selective neuronal ablation using the bacterial nitroreductase NfsB.
5 TESTICULAR GnRH-II RECEPTOR KNOCKDOWN IMPAIRS DIURNAL TESTOSTERONE SECRETION IN THE BOAR

The second mammalian GnRH isoform (GnRH-II) and its specific receptor (GnRHR-II) are ubiquitously expressed, with elevated levels in the testis. Gene coding errors prevent their production in many species, but both genes are functional in swine. We demonstrated that GnRHR-II localizes to porcine Leydig cells, and exogenous GnRH-II robustly stimulates testosterone production in vivo, despite minimal luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. These data suggest that GnRH-II directly effects steroidogenesis in the boar testis. To explore this hypothesis, we produced a GnRHR-II knockdown (KD) swine line. Upon characterisation of this line, serum testosterone concentrations were reduced in GnRHR-II KD compared with littermate control males during pubertal development. However, concentrations of LH were unaffected, indicating that GnRHR-II KD impairs steroidogenesis directly at the testis rather than inhibiting gonadotropin secretion from the anterior pituitary gland. Based on these results, the objective of this study was to compare diurnal secretory patterns of testosterone in mature GnRHR-II KD (n = 5) and littermate control (n = 5) males. Boars were fit with indwelling jugular cannulae and blood was collected every 15 min for 8 h. Serum was assayed for testosterone concentration via radioimmunoassay. Next, GnRHR-II KD (n = 5) and littermate control (n = 4) boars were killed, testis weight was recorded, and testicular tissue was collected for RNA isolation. To confirm KD in these animals, digital droplet PCR was performed to quantify GnRHR-II mRNA abundance (normalized to β-actin). Data were analysed using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) with line (transgenic or control) as the fixed effect and litter as a random effect. For hormone data, time and line × time interaction were included as fixed effects, with time as a repeated measure. Although there was no effect of time or line × time interaction (P > 0.05) on serum testosterone concentrations, we observed a line effect (P 0.05) indicative of altered Leydig cell function as opposed to hypertrophy/hyperplasia. Given that testicular GnRHR-II mRNA levels were reduced by 69% in transgenic animals (P < 0.001), these data demonstrate that GnRH-II and its receptor play a critical role in testosterone biosynthesis within porcine Leydig cells. Thus, this report reveals novel mediators of testicular function in the boar and challenges the central dogma of testosterone regulation. Because testosterone dictates male reproductive success, GnRH-II and its receptor represent unique targets to improve fertility in swine. This study was partially supported by NIFA Hatch (NEB-26-199; BRW) and AFRI (2011-67015; CAL) funds.
Assessing HIV acquisition risks among men who have sex with men in the United States of America

Men who have sex with men (MSM) can reduce their risk of acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by using various prevention strategies and by understanding the effectiveness of each option over the short- and long-term. Strategies examined were: circumcision; insertive anal sex only; consistent, 100% self-reported condom use; and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). PrEP efficacy was based on three levels of adherence. The cumulative HIV acquisition risk among MSM over periods of 1 year and 10 years were estimated with and without single and combinations of prevention strategies. A Bernoulli process model was used to estimate risk. In the base case with no prevention strategies, the 1-year risk of HIV acquisition among MSM was 8.8%. In contrast, the 1-year risk associated with circumcision alone was 6.9%; with insertive sex only, 5.5%; with 100% self-reported condom use, 2.7%; and with average, high, and very high PrEP adherence, 5.1%, 2.5%, and 0.7%, respectively. The 10-year risk of HIV acquisition among MSM with no prevention strategy was 60.3%. In contrast, that associated with circumcision alone was 51.1%; with insertive sex only, 43.1%; with 100% self-reported condom use, 24.0%; and with average, high, and very high PrEP adherence, 40.5%, 22.2%, and 7.2%, respectively. While MSM face substantial risk of HIV, there are now a number of prevention strategies that reduce risk. Very high adherence to PrEP alone or with other strategies appears to be the most powerful tool for HIV prevention.
Optical modulation in silicon-vanadium dioxide photonic structures

All-optical modulators are likely to play an important role in future chip-scale information processing systems. In this work, through simulations, we investigate the potential of a recently reported vanadium dioxide (VO2) embedded silicon waveguide structure for ultrafast all-optical signal modulation. With a VO2 length of only 200 nm, finite-differencetime- domain simulations suggest broadband (200 nm) operation with a modulation greater than 12 dB and an insertion loss of less than 3 dB. Predicted performance metrics, including modulation speed, modulation depth, optical bandwidth, insertion loss, device footprint, and energy consumption of the proposed Si-VO2 all-optical modulator are benchmarked against those of current state-of-the-art all-optical modulators with in-plane optical excitation.
Singlet Fission Involves an Interplay between Energetic Driving Force and Electronic Coupling in Perylenediimide Films.

Due to its ability to offset thermalization losses in photoharvesting systems, singlet fission has become a topic of research interest. During singlet fission, a high energy spin-singlet state in an organic semiconductor divides its energy to form two lower energy spin-triplet excitations on neighboring chromophores. While key insights into mechanisms leading to singlet fission have been gained recently, developing photostable compounds that undergo quantitative singlet fission remains a key challenge. In this report, we explore triplet exciton production via singlet fission in films of perylenediimides, a class of compounds with a long history of use as industrial dyes and pigments due to their photostability. As singlet fission necessitates electron transfer between neighboring molecules, its rate and yield depend sensitively on their local arrangement. By adding different functional groups at their imide positions, we control how perylenediimides pack in the solid state. We find inducing a long axis di...
Master of Counterrevolution: Obama—Character and Policies

This chapter includes a critique of President Barack Obama’s policies, including his championship of drone-targeted assassination and approach to social justice. The chapter focuses on President Obama’s “countertransference”—the author’s theory of President Obama’s role as a blank slate onto which Americans could transfer their personal desires for government, and President Obama’s use of that transference to pursue his own goals.
ZOZZLE: fast and precise in-browser JavaScript malware detection

JavaScript malware-based attacks account for a large fraction of successful mass-scale exploitation happening today. Attackers like JavaScript-based attacks because they can be mounted against an unsuspecting user visiting a seemingly innocent web page. While several techniques for addressing these types of exploits have been proposed, in-browser adoption has been slow, in part because of the performance overhead these methods incur. In this paper, we propose ZOZZLE, a low-overhead solution for detecting and preventing JavaScript malware that is fast enough to be deployed in the browser. Our approach uses Bayesian classification of hierarchical features of the JavaScript abstract syntax tree to identify syntax elements that are highly predictive of malware. Our experimental evaluation shows that ZOZZLE is able to detect JavaScript malware through mostly static code analysis effectively. ZOZZLE has an extremely low false positive rate of 0.0003%, which is less than one in a quarter million. Despite this high accuracy, the ZOZZLE classifier is fast, with a throughput of over one megabyte of JavaScript code per second.
Geometric Group Theory

Almost twenty years ago, W.P. Thurston established a firm link between classical geometry and low-dimensional topology in dimension 3. The basic reference is [ 47 ].
Online Deliberative Discourse and Conflic t Resolution

Abstract States and conflicting groups must get together at some point and engage in communication in an effort atconflict resolution. This paper examines the relationship between the Internet, deliberative discourse, andethnopolitical groups in conflict. It focuses briefly on the public sphere but with specific reference to its role indemocratic discourse in the online environment. It makes the argument that the online environment isuniquely capable of both constructing new and novel public spheres while at the same time establishingconditions of communicative contact conducive to conflict resolution. The Internet public sphere isparticularly strong with respect to fostering new points of contact that are free from the constraints of societysystems. Deliberative democratic theory can be adapted to the context of ethnopolitical conflict and Internettechnology to open up new communicative spaces for problem solving. These new spaces can create a morediverse conversational environment, encourage a task orientation, and improve democratic discussion bycreating argument-based conversations that are not as polarizing. Online communities are posed as contextsfor reorganizing discourse in such a way as to increase the mutual obligation and interdependence that iscentral to the intersection of democracy and conflict resolution.
Abelian Varieties Occurring in Nature

Let M be a free abelian group of rank 2g. An elementary structure on M is a complex subspace U of M⊗ℝ ℂ such that M⊗ℝ ℂ = U ⊕ Ū where - is the linear mapping induced by complex conjugation in ℂ. Thus dimℂ U = dimℂ Ū = g. Let π U and π U denote projective of M ⊗ℤ ℂ onto U and Ū.
The Adsorption of Water on Ru(001): Chemisorption and Hydrogen Bonding

The adsorption of H2O on Ru(001) at temperatures of 95 K and 165 K has been investigated using electron energy loss spectroscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. The vibrational data, together with the structural information available, supports a model in which aggregates of water molecules form via population of a first (chemisorbed) layer and subsequent hydrogen bonded layers. At the higher temperature of adsorption, 165 K, major differences in the vibrational spectra are apparent. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed.