cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chain scission of butyl rubber by nitrogen dioxide. II. Photo-oxidation as function of nitrogen dioxide, oxygen pressure, and temperature

Studies of chain scission of butyl rubber (1.75% by weight of isoprene) have been extended. Experiments showing chain scission as function of various oxygen and nitrogen pressures, temperatures, and near-ultraviolet light intensity are presented. The experimental data agree with the mechanisms assumed in previous work or with elaborations of such mechanisms to include additional factors (ultraviolet radiation etc.). NO2 retards chain scission in presence of near-ultraviolet light. Photo-oxidation in presence of relatively high and low nitrogen dioxide pressures, respectively, show experimental curves of opposite curvature; these data have also been evaluated in terms of mechanism. Arrhenius equations are presented for experiments related to the different reaction mechanisms.
Model order reduction for strictly passive and causal distributed systems

This paper presents a class of algorithms suitable for model reduction of distributed systems. Distributed systems are not suitable for treatment by standard model-reduction algorithms such as PRIMA, PVL, and the Arnoldi schemes because they generate matrices that are dependent on frequency (or other parameters) and cannot be put in a lumped or state-space form. Our algorithms build on well-known projection-based reduction techniques, and so require only matrix-vector product operations and are thus suitable for operation in conjunction with electromagnetic analysis codes that use iterative solution methods and fast-multipole acceleration techniques. Under the condition that the starting systems satisfy system-theoretic properties required of physical systems, the reduced systems can be guaranteed to be passive. For distributed systems, we argue that causality of the underlying representation is as important a consideration as passivity has become.
NOBLE GASES IN DIAMONDS: OCCURRENCES OF SOLARLIKE HELIUM AND NEON

We have measured noble gases in 17 diamond samples, mostly inclusion free, from diverse, known locations. The ^3He/^4He ratios are characterized by a large spread (10^4), ranging from values below atmospheric to close to the solar ratio. Highest ratios were seen for an Australian colorless diamond composite and an Arkansas diamond. These samples also have imprecise but intriguing neon isotopic ratios, which are close to the solar value. An origin for the solarlike He and Ne in the diamond samples is unlikely to be accounted for by the presence of nucleogenic or spallogenic components. For single diamond stones a positive correlation is found between ^3He/^4He and ^(13)C/^(12)C, possibly indicating that heavy carbon is accompanied by primordial helium. However, the He result for the Australian colorless diamond composite with low δ^(13)C value requires another explanation, possibly sedimentary carbon contaminated with cosmic dust. The wide variation in ^4He/^(40)_*Ar ratios observed from diamond samples suggests a complex history for the source regions and the diamond crystallization processes. Results for two Australian diamond composites (colorless and colored), which came from the same kimberlite pipe, are especially notable: the colorless stones contain no radiogenic components but solarlike He and Ne isotopic ratios, whereas the colored stones are enriched in radiogenic and fissiogenic components. Seemingly the Australian diamonds crystallized in a heterogeneous environment in the mantle source region. A pair of Arkansas diamonds, believed to be from a single pipe, exhibits similar anomalies.
Photoreceptor oxidative damage in sympathetic ophthalmia.

Purpose To determine photoreceptor oxidative stress and damage in sympathetic ophthalmia (SO). Design Immunohistologic study. Methods Eight formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded human globes with typical histologic features of SO and five age-matched globes without intraocular inflammation (controls) were retrieved from the Doheny Eye Institute ophthalmic pathology files. Deparaffinized sections of the globes were processed to localize tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (TNF-R1), acrolein, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and nitrotyrosine by immunolocalization method. The latter two were localized to photoreceptor mitochondria using anti–cytochrome C antibody. Apoptotic cells were detected by Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) assay and were localized to the site of oxidative stress using antinitrotyrosine antibody. Results Increased expression of TNF-α can be seen in the photoreceptor nuclear layer in all SO globes, whereas no such expression was observed in control globes. TNF-R1, iNOS, acrolein, and nitrotyrosine were immunolocalized to the inner segments of the photoreceptors in all SO globes, but only mild focal staining was observed in the control retinas. Both nitrotyrosine and iNOS immunolocalization revealed positive staining restricted primarily to mitochondria at the inner segments of the photoreceptors. Most of the TUNEL-positive cells were detected in the photoreceptors at the site of nitrotyrosine staining. In contrast, the age-matched control globes showed negative results. Conclusions In SO, photoreceptor mitochondrial oxidative stress occurs in the absence of leukocytic infiltration of the retina and may lead to photoreceptor apoptosis and subsequent vision loss. The oxidative stress seems to be mediated by iNOS and TNF-α. The current anti-inflammatory therapy combined with agents that could prevent oxidative stress may prevent photoreceptor damage in SO and may preserve vision.
Time complexity of systolic array testing

The testing time for a C-testable orthogonal iterative systolic array (OISA) is derived where no knowledge on cell functions are assumed. The test inputs are regenerated as inputs for some inner cells at some future times at known distances (regeneration distances) from the outputs of those cells which are currently being tested. For minimum test time, it is required that the test input with maximum regeneration distance be applied last. For the non-OISAs, reconfigurable functional routers in each cell is proposed. A non-OISA can be reconfigured into one or more OISAs. >
Modeling Wind Uncertainties for Stochastic Trajectory Synthesis

This paper presents a statistical model of wind forecast uncertainty for stochastic trajectory generations based on past wind forecast errors from the Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) weather prediction system. In this paper, compositions of wind uncertainties are first analyzed. Methods of nominal wind field determination are discussed next, followed by analyses of spatial and temporal correlations of wind forecast errors, their variations over geographic locations and look-ahead times, as well as their likely probabilistic distributions. Potential dependences of wind forecast errors on prominent wind field properties, such as wind magnitude, temperature, pressure, and wind gradient, are also examined. Then, a quasi-stationary, quasi-homogenous, and non-Gaussian random field model of wind forecast uncertainty is presented based on a weighted sum of historical wind forecast errors at locations and look-ahead intervals within the spatial and temporal correlation ranges of the current point of interest, plus two purely random corrections to reflect model residuals, initial measurement errors, and errors in the nominal wind determination process. Finally, the wind uncertainty model is applied to stochastic predictions of level flight trajectories, and different guidance strategies are used to examine likely dispersions of position, time of arrival, and fuel burn. Nomenclature c tsfc Thrust specific fuel consumption
Shaping human mortality patterns through intrinsic and extrinsic vitality processes

Abstract BACKGROUND While historical declines in human mortality are clearly shaped by lifestyle and environmental improvements, modeling patterns is difficult because intrinsic and extrinsic processes shape mortality through complex stochastic interactions. OBJECTIVE To develop a stochastic model describing intrinsic and extrinsic mortality rates and quantify historical mortality trends in terms of parameters describing the rates. METHODS Based on vitality, a stochastic age-declining measure of survival capacity, extrinsic mortality occurs when an extrinsic challenge exceeds the remaining vitality and intrinsic mortality occurs with the complete loss of vitality by aging. Total mortality depends on the stochastic loss rate of vitality and the magnitude and frequency of extrinsic challenges. Parameters are estimated using maximum likelihood. RESULTS Fitting the model to two centuries of adult Swedish period data, intrinsic mortality dominated in old age and gradually declined over years. Extrinsic mortality increased with age and exhibited step-like decline over years driven by high-magnitude, low-frequency challenges in the 19
Functions of Cell Surface Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans

The heparan sulfate on the surface of all adherent cells modulates the actions of a large number of extracellular ligands. Members of both cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan families, the transmembrane syndecans and the glycosylphosphoinositide-linked glypicans, bind these ligands and enhance formation of their receptor-signaling complexes. These heparan sulfate proteoglycans also immobilize and regulate the turnover of ligands that act at the cell surface. The extracellular domains of these proteoglycans can be shed from the cell surface, generating soluble heparan sulfate proteoglycans that can inhibit interactions at the cell surface. Recent analyses of genetic defects in Drosophila melanogaster, mice, and humans confirm most of these activities in vivo and identify additional processes that involve cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. This chapter focuses on the mechanisms underlying these activities and on the cellular functions that they regulate.
Lochnerian Values, Compensatory Damage Caps, and Lessons from the Sixth Amendment Criminal Jury Trial Clause

The Court’s recent punitive damage award jurisprudence finds its origin in Lochner v. New York’s guarantee of substantive due process protection for economic rights. This jurisprudence (1) establishes a reasonable review for punitive damage awards and (2) sets the disparity between punitive awards and compensatory awards for economic and noneconomic damage as the one of the starting points for determining whether the punitive award is reasonable. In so doing, the Court explicitly presumes the plaintiff has received full compensation for actual and concrete losses. This presumption is false as it applies to States that have imposed caps against compensatory damage awards in personal injury cases. Most caps were initially intended to reign in “excessive” civil jury verdicts, which had allegedly caused “skyrocketing” medical malpractice insurance premiums and litigation costs. But no cap is triggered by a preliminary finding of excessiveness. Moreover, trial judges are stripped of authority to determine whether application of the cap is just or fair to the (often) severely injury plaintiff. Unlike most works on this subject, this Article investigates the impact of compensatory damage caps on the Court’s reasonable review of punitive damage awards. This Article discusses state laws that mandate fixed or capped damage awards in medical malpractice and other tort cases. This Article also discusses the State Supreme Court split on whether compensatory damages caps encroach upon state civil jury trial rights, which like their federal counterpart find their interpretative basis in the English common law. All States recognize the historic origin of the civil jury trial right. Yet even among States with identical civil jury trial clauses an analysis of State Supreme Court jurisprudence leads to a stalemate about the nature and scope of the right to a civil jury. State Supreme Courts also conflict on whether legislative authority exists to alter a jury’s determination of the value of an injury in common law cases. This Article offers a novel approach to compensatory damage caps by turning to the Sixth Amendment Criminal Jury Trial Clause, which has recently questioned whether legislative authority exists to remove the jury from the sentencing process. This jurisprudence offers three lessons about jury trial rights: first, modern procedures cannot significantly alter certain common law characteristics of the jury trial right; second, mandatory removal of the jury as the primary fact-finder was not authorized in common law cases; and third, a common law jury’s factual determinations were fully enforceable unless exceptional circumstances were presented. This Article concludes by applying these lessons to compensatory damage caps. This Article urges adoption of cap alternatives that encourage individual review upon necessity. Such alternatives should also advance the States’ dual interests to protect both civilly liable defendants from unreasonably high awards and severely injured plaintiffs from unreasonably low awards.
Olfactory Discrimination in the European Corn Borer and Several Pheromonally Analogous Moths

Although cis-11-tetradecenyl acetate is a sex attractant for males of several species of moths these species responded selectively to subtle quantitative or qualitative changes in the composition of the odor stimulus. It is plausible, based on the odor-discrimination capability of the moths, that moths of many species could use pheromones of identical chemical structure and avoid interspecific pheromonal confusion by responding only to specific concentrations and/or blends of chemicals characteristic of their own species.
Patterns of Physical Preference among Races: A Preliminary Study with College Students

A preliminary study with 202 college students yielded a rank order of the five racial stereotypes in terms of physical attractiveness. Significance of the study was discussed, and explanations were attempted for the findings.
Sexual Assault: A Supervisor's Perspective on Countertransference

This article identifies and discusses the range of countertransferential reactions a direct practitioner may have when faced with their client's experience of sexual assault. The author identifies the role of supervision in aiding the practitioner to cope with and better understand their own countertransference and the use of parallel process. A case is presented from the supervisor's perspective that highlights how clinical supervision can be utilized to better equip the practitioner who is faced with a range of difficult emotional reactions.
A Productive Error in a Trigonometry Text

(1991). A Productive Error in a Trigonometry Text. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 315-318.
Diagnosis of metastatic lesions to the stomach by salvage cytology. A report of three cases.

Secondary neoplasms of the stomach are rare and are often clinical and diagnostic problems. Three patients with bleeding “volcano-like” ulcers were diagnosed by combined endoscopic “salvage” cytology and surgical biopsy as having metastatic submucosal lesions from hematologic spread. The combination of endoscopic appearance, clinical findings, and tissue and cytologic examination can lead to the correct diagnosis. The results from these cases support the utility of this cytologic technique in combination with biopsy in this clinical setting.
Review of Plague Control and Prevention in Sichuan Province,1981-2010

Objective To provide strategy for plague prevention and control based on the analysis of plague prevention and control in Sichuan province during 1981-2010.Methods The data of the plague surveillance in Sichuan province during 1981-2010 were collected、arranged and analyzed.Experimental method was accordance with the "diagnostic criteria for plague".Results Totally 42 429 bacteriological materials were tested,183 strains of yersinia pestis were isolated In indirect tests of blood,29 980 suspected plague serum smples were tested,in which 251 were positive.Radioimmunoassay precipitation test showed that 79 in 7 611 samples were positive.Reverse suspected plague detection showed that 31 in 833 were positive.Seven species of infected animals and 3 infected medium were found.The Microtus fuscus and the Marmota himalayana plague bacteria were found.And plague occurred in 5 towns and 2 counties.Conclusion The existence of natural foci of plague in Sichuan was confirmed,and Microtus fuscus plague foci and natural foci of the himalayana marmota were found.
Approach accountant accreditation system

Weakening of accounting monitoring function has an important impact on authenticity of an enterprise's finance,which often causes loss of stated-owned assets and puts an enterprise's operation into confusion.The paper discussed the necessity and function of accountant accreditation system focusing on special requirements for accountant in managing business.
Relationship Between Depression and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Secondary to Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

This article provides an overview of current data on the relationship between depression and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), with a focus on pathophysiology and patient management implications. Review of the literature indicated a clear relationship between LUTS secondary to BPH and depression. It is unknown whether this relationship is bidirectional or unidirectional. Depression is associated with the impact of LUTS on quality of life in men with BPH. Research suggests that depression alters the experience of LUTS in this population. Medical and surgical treatments for BPH may impact quality of life and, therefore, depression. Results conflict on the exact nature of the relationship examined, and on the extent to which the relationship may be attributed to physiological factors such as inflammation. Practicing clinicians should consider using a brief self-administered scale to assess for depression in patients with BPH. There is a clear need for additional research to decisively determine the nature of the relationship between LUTS secondary to BPH and depression, as well as the extent to which change in either condition may be affected by the other.
Process Integration for Sustainable Design

The chapter will present key concepts, tools, and applications in the area of sustainable design through process integration. Focus is given to holistic process design approaches that emphasize the unity of the process, especially in the areas of conservation of natural resources, reduction of negative environmental impact, and enhancement of process yield and productivity. First, mass, energy, and property integration are described as the three primary categories of process integration. Next, a brief discussion is offered on the various and multiscale applications of sustainable design through process integration.
Force Comparison of Commercially Available Transfascial Suture Passers.

Background. Transfascial suture passers (TSPs) are a commonly used surgical tool available in a wide array of tip configurations. We assessed the insertion force of various TSPs in an ex vivo porci...
Romedepsin (RM), a HDACi, Significantly Increases the Expression of NKG2D Ligands, MIC A/B, in Leukemia/Lymphoma Cells (LL), in Part through the Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK-3) Pathway, Resulting in Enhanced NK Cytotoxicity.

Abstract 3027 Poster Board II-1003 Introduction Natural killer (NK) cells recognize malignant cells through the tumor-associated expression of NKG2D-ligands, including MIC A/B, which are known to be expressed on epithelial tumors, resulting in tumor cytotoxicity (Ayello/Cairo et al, BBMT, 2006). The expression of MIC A/B on these tumors can be induced by in vitro exposure of these cells to HDACi, specifically Romedepsin (RM) (Skov et al, Cancer Res, 2005). Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), a constitutively active serine-threonine kinase with numerous functions including regulation of cellular differentiation, stress and apoptosis, has also been shown to be an important regulatory enzyme in the expression of MIC A/B in response to RM (Doble et al, J cell Sci 2003; Frame et al, Biochem J 2001; Skov et al, Cancer Res, 2005). Objective We sought to determine of the expression of MIC A/B in response to RM in various leukemia and lymphoma cells (LL), its influence on NK cell mediated cytotoxicity and to investigate the role of the GSK-3 pathway in the regulation of expression of MIC A/B in response to RM. Methods LL cells (10 6 /ml, RS 4:11 [MLL-ALL], REH [pre-B cell ALL], Jurkat [T-cell ALL], Toledo [DLBCL], Ramos [Burkitt9s Lymphoma]) were exposed to RM (10 ng/mL) for 24 hours, followed by FACS staining with PE-conjugated anti-MIC A/B antibody to determine surface expression of MIC A/B. Peripheral blood NK cells (CD3-/56+) were isolated via magnetic separation followed by IL-2 activation (3000IU/ml, 18 hrs). LL cells exposed to RM (generously supplied by Gloucester Pharmaceuticals) were subjected to NK cell mediated cytotoxicity assays (using an europium assay) at effector:target (E:T) ratio of 10:1, as we had previously described (Ayello/Cairo et al, BBMT 2006). LL cells were also pre-treated for 1 hour with 100mM lithium chloride (LiCl), a potent inhibitor of GSK-3 activity (Davies et al, Biochem J, 2000), to determine the role of this regulatory enzyme in the RM mediated expression of MIC A/B in these LL cells. Finally, blocking studies were also performed with anti-NKG2D receptor blockers to determine the specific role of NKG2D signal transduction pathway in NK cell mediated cytotoxicity. Results MIC A/B expression significantly increased in LL cells in response to RM ([RS4:11 0.2% vs 19.2%, p Conclusion Our data suggests that the surface expression of MICA/B in LL cells is significantly increased by RM leading to enhanced susceptibility for NKG2D-mediated cytotoxicity by NK cells. Furthermore, up-regulation of MICA/B in LL cells secondary to RM exposure is in part regulated by the GSK-3 signal transduction pathway. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
An essential dual-function complex mediates erythrocyte invasion and channel-mediated nutrient uptake in malaria parasites

Malaria parasites evade immune detection by growth and replication within erythrocytes. After erythrocyte invasion, the intracellular pathogen must increase host cell uptake of nutrients from plasma. Here, we report that the parasite-encoded RhopH complex contributes to both invasion and channel-mediated nutrient uptake. As rhoph2 and rhoph3 gene knockouts were not viable in the human P. falciparum pathogen, we used conditional knockdowns to determine that the encoded proteins are essential and to identify their stage-specific functions. We exclude presumed roles for RhopH2 and CLAG3 in erythrocyte invasion but implicate a RhopH3 contribution either through ligand-receptor interactions or subsequent parasite internalization. These proteins then traffic via an export translocon to the host membrane, where they form a nutrient channel. Knockdown of either RhopH2 or RhopH3 disrupts the entire complex, interfering with organellar targeting and subsequent trafficking. Therapies targeting this complex should attack the pathogen at two critical points in its cycle.
Two-level-atom excitation probability for single- and N -photon wave packets

We study how the transient excitation probability of a two-level atom by a quantized field depends on the temporal profile of the incident pulse, in the presence of external losses, for both coherent and Fock states, and in two complementary limits: when the pulse contains only one photon (on average), and when the number of photons $N$ is large. For the latter case we derive analytical expressions for the scaling of the excitation probability with $N$ that can be easily evaluated for any pulse shape.
Stripping Voltammetry for the Real Time Determination of Zinc Membrane Diffusion Coefficients in High pH: Towards Rapid Screening of Alkaline Battery Separators

An anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) sensing platform which provides real time determination of zincate diffusion through membrane separators in alkaline electrolyte with total experimental times on the order of hours is presented. Advanced separators are essential for future rechargeable alkaline zinc batteries. In order to be screened, these membranes need to be evaluated for their zincate blocking performance. Current complexometric titration and elemental analysis methods for zincate membrane diffusion characterization can take days to weeks to obtain results as well as include large sample dilution factors and require additional sample processing. The anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) sensing platform presented here provides real time determination of zincate diffusion in alkaline electrolyte with total experimental times on the order of hours. This method eliminates the need for sample dilution and post experiment sample processing. This technique significantly increases the throughput for the screening of advanced alkaline battery separators resulting in rapid turnaround times in the analysis of these vital membranes. To evaluate the utility of this method, zincate diffusion through commercial Celgard 3501 and Cellophane 350P00 was monitored using both ASV and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) methods. The obtained zincate diffusion coefficients for both techniques were found to compare favorably.
Estuarine Sediment Dissolved Organic Matter Dynamics in an Enhanced Sediment Flux Model

Sediment derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) can comprise a substantial portion of the organic carbon budget in coastal bottom waters, yet it is often neglected in coastal carbon cycle models. In most modern sediment-water column flux models, biologically mediated reactions that remineralize particulate organic matter (POM) into inorganic compounds are simplified. In reality, organic matter remineralization is a complex suite of reactions that include DOM intermediate compounds. To better represent the sequential breakdown of POM and remineralization of DOM, a DOM state variable was built into a widely used sediment flux model. In the model, DOM is created in the sediment by hydrolysis of POM, and all organic matter passes through the DOM pool before remineralization. The model was run for 11 years and tuned to reproduce observed sediment flux data collected in Chesapeake Bay and then used to assess the role of DOM in sediment organic matter dynamics. Sediment-water column fluxes of DOM are highly variable both on seasonal and inter-annual scales, with substantial variability among stations in both magnitude and flux direction. Across all stations, semi-labile and inert DOM is lost and labile DOM is taken up into the reactive first layer of the modeled sediment, with the net flux a balance of the two processes. The improved sediment flux model can be utilized to better understand the role of sediment biogeochemistry in the estuarine and coastal carbon cycle, and shed light on difficult to measure processes involving DOM intermediate compounds.
Temporal Variability of the Charlotte (Sub)Urban Heat Island

AbstractA multiscale temporal analysis of the urban heat island (UHI) for a large, rapidly growing, subtropical city (Charlotte, North Carolina) is conducted using hourly surface observations from a regional network of 12 weather and air-quality stations over a 5-yr period and monthly mean surface temperatures from two stations over a 40-yr period. Each station was classified as urban, suburban, or rural after detailed site analysis. During the 5-yr period, from temperature differences between the most central urban site and the rural reference site, over 70% of nights exhibited prominent nocturnal UHIs. The most intense UHIs occurred on winter nights with light winds, clear skies, low humidity, strong low-level stability, and no precipitation or frontal passage. The UHI maxima occurred either just after sunset or near sunrise. Maximum urban and rural cooling rates occurred within a few hours of sunset, but rural maxima were larger and preceded (by 1–2 h) the urban maxima. Daily variations in nocturnal me...
Evolution of internal damage during actuation fatigue in shape memory alloys

Abstract Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) are subject to multiple types of fatigue including structural fatigue due to cyclic load application as well as functional fatigue due to cyclic phase transformation. Due to the thermomechanical nature of the phase transformation, the area of functional fatigue can be further subdivided into pseudoelastic fatigue, which is fatigue due to stress induced phase transformation, or actuation fatigue which is fatigue due to repeated thermally induced phase transformation. In the area of actuation fatigue, many works have attempted to predict the actuation fatigue lifetime, however the evolution of the microstructure during the actuation fatigue lifetime has yet to be examined. This work utilizes X-ray computed microtomography to examine the evolution of internal damage during actuation fatigue and has found that internal damage evolves in a non-linear manner unique to SMAs. Specifically, internal damage is shown to nucleate quickly during initial actuation cycling, followed by a steady state growth and leading to rapid coalescence at the end of the actuation fatigue lifetime. This experimentally observed non-linear internal damage growth has been introduced into a SMA constitutive model and the model is shown to give good lifetime predictions both for uniaxial as well as multiaxial loading conditions.
Kinetic clumped isotope fractionation during the thermal generation and hydrogen exchange of methane

Abstract This work investigated the kinetic fractionation of clumped isotopes (13CH3D and 12CH2D2) during thethermal generation and hydrogen exchange of methane. Kinetic reaction networks involving the five most abundant isotopologues of methane are applied. Hydrogen isotope exchange is modeled with a chain reaction network constrained by thermodynamic parameters of methane isotopologues. Analytical solutions under isothermal conditions are obtained for isotope fractionations during methane generation. Both methane generation and isotope exchange are possible to result in “anticlumping” at low conversions and clumped isotope reversal at high conversions. Sensitivity of anticlumping to 13C and deuterium kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) are tested for methane generation. D-D clumping is found to be sensitive to the deuterium KIE of the capping hydrogen, especially when the quantum tunneling effect is present. Clumped isotopic compositions of methane in natural gas accumulations are affected by multiple geochemical and geological factors. Precursor methyl groups are expected to be enriched in clumped isotopes, and the enrichment results in clumped isotopic compositions more positive than the equilibrated ones at the beginning of methane generation. In the oil window to early gas window, clumped isotopes deplete with thermal maturity due to combinatorial anticlumping and gas expulsion. These two factors may bring about clumped isotopic compositions more negative than the equilibrated values. In late wet gas to dry gas window (the same range of ethane and propane decomposition), C-H bonds of methane are activated, and isotope exchange occurs through free radical reactions; as a result, clumped isotopes eventually approach equilibrium. Clumped isotopic composition of methane records the chemical, thermal and flow histories of its source rock, rather than merely the temperature state of a gas accumulation.
Primary Malignant Thyroid Teratoma: An Institutional Experience.

Background: Primary malignant thyroid teratomas are very rare tumors (fewer than 35 previously reported cases in the literature) typically affecting young adult women. While prognosis is poor, ther...
Applying art observation skills to standardized patients.

Abstract Aim In this interprofessional education Art Applications Workshop, 104 medicine, nursing and psychology students apply skills developed through visual arts observations that enhance students' collaboration, communication, and observational skills to standardized patient encounters. Students observe two-dimensional images, write case reports on the paintings' subjects, and apply principles to complete assessment notes on standardized patients. This descriptive paper's goal is to disseminate this interprofessional curriculum and share experiences in implementing this workshop. Background Visual arts education in healthcare programs expand students' visual, tactile and oral expression, especially in collaborative team settings. Methods In session 1, student teams analyze paintings and learn visual assessment techniques. In session 2, student teams observe paintings in a museum setting and write observations in case notes. In session 3, student teams apply visual assessment techniques to standardized patient interviews, write patient histories, assessment notes, and finally, complete post-survey self-evaluations. Results In the standardized patient assessment 73% of students made accurate diagnosis with supporting evidence in patient histories and notes. In post-survey results, 91% of students agreed/strongly agreed they improved their visual observation skills, 92% agreed/strongly agreed they improved their communication skills in listening and encouraging the ideas and opinions of other team members, 91% agreed/strongly agreed they are more confident in communicating with students from different disciplines, and 97% agreed/strongly agreed they are more confident in collaborating with students from different disciplines. Conclusions This Workshop demonstrates enhanced self-reported perceptions of collaboration, observation, and communication skills in case notes and standardized patient assessment notes.
Spatial Management of Renewable Natural Resources

Many renewable resource management problems contain spatial components. Spatial heterogeneity across space leads to spatially differentiated management even in the absence of spatial processes in the resource's behavior, value, or use. Similarly, spatial processes, such as movement of fish and wildlife, induce heterogenous management across seemingly homogenous space. This article introduces classic approaches to spatial economic issues with nonstrategic and strategic interactions before discussing how these and other spatial models apply in the case of natural resources. Because many renewable resource management problems also pose dynamic issues, the article then discusses the difficulties of combining spatial and temporal optimization. It then describes the spatial characteristics of several natural resources and their impact on management. The resources discussed include fisheries, temperate and tropical forests, species conservation, invasive species, and water resources. The article concludes with a brief discussion of future directions for research and spatial management of natural resources.
Spontaneous emergence of cell-like organization in Xenopus egg extracts

Every daughter cell inherits two things from its mother: genetic information and a spatially organized complement of macromolecular complexes and organelles. The extent to which de novo self-organization, as opposed to inheritance of an already organized state, can suffice to yield functional cells is uncertain. We used Xenopus laevis egg extracts to show that homogenized interphase egg cytoplasm self-organizes over the course of ~30 minutes into compartments 300 to 400 micrometers in length that resemble cells. Formation of these cell-like compartments required adenosine triphosphate and microtubule polymerization but did not require added demembranated sperm nuclei with their accompanying centrosomes or actin polymerization. In cycling extracts with added sperm, the compartments underwent multiple cycles of division and reorganization, with mother compartments giving rise to two daughters at the end of each mitotic cycle. These results indicate that the cytoplasm can generate much of the spatial organization and cell cycle function of the early embryo.
The Poetry of Negligence

Poetry and legal rhetoric are both forms of what the ancient Greeks called poēsis: the art of the word. Tradition nonetheless assigns poetry to the realm of art and beauty, and legal rhetoric to the different realm of law and truth. The late William Matthews' poem ``Negligence'' transgresses the boundaries that we have erected between art and law, and beauty and truth. The poem presents a well-crafted piece of legal rhetoric in the form of art. This essay draws out the implications of Matthews' transgression, and suggests that in the end poetry and law have a lot in common: both are forms of manipulation by means of words. The essay develops this connection in order to join with Emmanuel Levinas in calling for a ``breakup in the omnipotence of the logos.''
Frontoinsular cortical microstructure is linked to life satisfaction in young adulthood.

Life satisfaction is a component of subjective well-being that reflects a global judgement of the quality of life according to an individual’s own needs and expectations. As a psychological construct, it has attracted attention due to its relationship to mental health, resilience to stress, and other factors. Neuroimaging studies have identified neurobiological correlates of life satisfaction; however, they are limited to functional connectivity and gray matter morphometry. We explored features of gray matter microstructure obtained through compartmental modeling of multi-shell diffusion MRI data, and we examined cortical microstructure in frontoinsular cortex in a cohort of 807 typical young adults scanned as part of the Human Connectome Project. Our experiments identified the orientation dispersion index (ODI), and analogously fractional anisotropy (FA), of frontoinsular cortex as a robust set of anatomically-specific lateralized diffusion MRI microstructure features that are linked to life satisfaction, independent of other demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral factors. We further validated our findings in a secondary test-retest dataset and found high reliability of our imaging metrics and reproducibility of outcomes. In our analysis of twin and non-twin siblings, we found basic microstructure in frontoinsular cortex to be strongly genetically determined. We also found a more moderate but still very significant genetic role in determining microstructure as it relates to life satisfaction in frontoinsular cortex. Our findings suggest a potential linkage between well-being and microscopic features of frontoinsular cortex, which may reflect cellular morphology and architecture and may more broadly implicate the integrity of the homeostatic processing performed by frontoinsular cortex as an important component of an individual’s judgements of life satisfaction.
2-(2-Cholesteroxyethoxyl)ethyl 3'-S-glutathionylpropionate and Its Self-assembled Micelles for Brain Delivery: Design, Synthesis and Evaluation

Abstract The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a barrier that prevents almost all large and most small exogenous molecules from reaching the brain. The barrier is the major cause of treatment failure for most brain diseases. Extensive efforts have been made to facilitate drug molecules to cross the BBB. One of the approaches is to employ an endogenous ligand or ligand analogue that can enter the brain through its transporter or receptor at the BBB as a brain-targeting agent. Glutathione (GSH) transporters are richly expressed at the BBB with limited presence in other tissues except kidneys. 2-(2-Cholesteroxyethoxyl)ethyl 3′-S-glutathionylpropionate (COXP), formed by connecting GSH with cholesterol through a linker, was designed as a GSH transporter-mediated brain targeting molecule. The amphiphilic nature of COXP enables the molecule to self-assemble to form micelles with a CMC value of 3.9 μM. By using DiR as a fluorescence tracking agent and the whole-body fluorescence imaging technique, the brain distribution of DiR delivered by COXP micelles in mice was 20 folds higher when compared with free DiR. Interestingly, the brain targeting effect was further enhanced by co-administration of GSH. The low CMC value and effective brain targeting make COXP micelles a promising drug delivery system to the brain.
A Unique Case of Acute Coronary Syndrome in a Patient With COVID-19 Infection

The coronavirus pandemic has caused significant mortality and morbidity in just over a year of its course since the first case was identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019. The varied presenting symptoms of this enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus infection and the unknown surrounding the pathophysiology of the disease process have been extensively reported in the literature. In this case report, we present a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) positive patient who presented with chest pain, diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome. Interestingly, the patient was noted to have non-ST elevation myocardial infarction with cardiac catheterization showing coronary microthrombi rather than typical acute coronary thrombotic occlusive disease.
Application of Machine Learning in Recognition and Analysis of TSV Extrusion Profiles with Multiple Morphology

In this paper, we propose and utilize a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) model to study the contribution of multiple morphologies and their corresponding mechanisms in through-silicon via (TSV) extrusion. Extrusion surface profiles were obtained from TSV samples with two different pitch distances using white light interferometry (WLI). Visual analysis of a large number of vias revealed three classes of morphologies, i.e. granular, ring, and bulge, that could appear on a single via, individually or simultaneously. In addition, pitch distance was perceived to effectively alter the extrusion morphologies. Leveraging deep learning (DL) approaches, 2408 vias were labeled according to the contribution of each morphology and a CNN-based regression model was developed to efficiently recognize the contribution of these morphologies in TSVs. Achieving a RMSE value of 0.1724, a R2 score of 0.6859, and a top-1 accuracy rating of 82.37%, the proposed model detailed herein demonstrates promising results in recognizing the extrusion morphologies.
On a theory of stability for nonlinear stochastic chemical reaction networks

We present elements of a stability theory for small, stochastic, nonlinear chemical reaction networks. Steady state probability distributions are computed with zero-information (ZI) closure, a closure algorithm that solves chemical master equations of small arbitrary nonlinear reactions. Stochastic models can be linearized around the steady state with ZI-closure, and the eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix can be readily computed. Eigenvalues govern the relaxation of fluctuation autocorrelation functions at steady state. Autocorrelation functions reveal the time scales of phenomena underlying the dynamics of nonlinear reaction networks. In accord with the fluctuation-dissipation theorem, these functions are found to be congruent to response functions to small perturbations. Significant differences are observed in the stability of nonlinear reacting systems between deterministic and stochastic modeling formalisms.
Quantitation in the Evaluation of Cell Substrates for Viral Vaccine Production

Although the subject of cell substrates for viral production has recently been reviewed (1) certain points of considerable interest and relevance were not discussed. Issues of benefits and risks have been discussed in the present symposium in the preceding paper (2). In the present paper, we would like to stress the need for quantitative data related to genetic and presumably nongenetic alterations in various cell substrates. These changes may occur in the cells themselves or in their products. First, in order to discuss the issues of cell substrate selection certain definitions are necessary.
Neuroprotection of Sex Steroids

Sex steroids are essential for reproduction and development in animals and humans, and sex steroids also play an important role in neuroprotection following brain injury. New data indicate that sex-specific responses to brain injury occur at the cellular and molecular levels. This review summarizes the current understanding of neuroprotection by sex steroids, particularly estrogen, androgen, and progesterone, based on both in vitro and in vivo studies. Better understanding of the role of sex steroids under physiological and pathological conditions will help us to develop novel effective therapeutic strategies for brain injury.
Test to Aid in Diagnosis of Phenothiazine Intoxication

In connection with the recent article by Shaw and coworkers (Pediatrics, 23:485, March, 1959) on the possibility of neurologic complications following the use of phenothiazine tranquilizers, attention is called to a simple laboratory test, first pointed out by Fellman (J. Nerv. & Ment. Dis., 123:575, 1956) and later popularized by the Forrests (Am. J. Psych., 113:931, 1957) which—especially in the absence of a good history—may help to establish the diagnosis. A few drops of the urine of a patient who has taken one of the phenothiazides will give a red to purple color when mixed with ferric chloride solution (usually stocked as a 10% solution). A similar color reaction is obtained with Phenistix®, a paper strip impregnated with ferric chloride ions, marketed by the Ames Company, Inc. for the testing of urines to detect phenylketonuria.
PU.1 and a TTTAAA element in the myeloid defensin-1 promoter create an operational TATA box that can impose cell specificity onto TFIID function.

Defensins are major components of a peptide-based, antimicrobial system in human neutrophils. While packed with peptide, circulating cells contain no defensin-1 ( def1 ) transcripts, except in some leukemia patients and in derivative promyelocytic leukemia cell lines. Expression is modulated by serum factors, mediators of inflammation, and kinase activators and inhibitors, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. A minimal def1 promoter drives transcription in HL-60 cells under control of PU.1 and a def1 -binding protein (“D1BP”), acting through, respectively, proximal (−22/−19) and distal (−62/−59) GGAA elements. In this study, we identify D1BP, biochemically and functionally, as GA-binding protein (GABP)α/GABPβ. Whereas GABP operates as an essential upstream activator, PU.1 assists the flanking “TTTAAA” element (−32/−27), a “weak” but essential TATA box, to bring TBP/TFIID to the transcription start site. PU.1 thus imparts a degree of cell specificity to the minimal promoter and provides a potential link between a number of signaling pathways and TFIID. However, a “strong” TATA box (“TATAAA”) eliminates the need for the PU.1 binding site and for PU.1, but not for GABP. As GABP is widely expressed, a strong TATA box thus alleviates promyelocytic cell specificity of the def1 promoter. These findings suggest how the myeloid def1 promoter may have evolutionarily acquired its current properties.
Amphibian fertilization and development in microgravity

An experiment investigating the effects of gravity on embryonic development in amphibians is proposed. The planned procedures for the preparation of the frog eggs for launching in the Space Shuttle, for the injection of the eggs with gonadotropin, for the insertion of the eggs into egg chambers, for the storage of one of the chambers in a microgravity area and the second into a centrifuge, and for the fertilization of the eggs are described. The later organogenesis, swimming behavior, cytoplasmic components, cellular formation, neural plate and archenteron expansion, and allometry and expansion of the organ systems will be examined. Normal morphology for embryos and tadpoles developing at microgravity and the formation of the neural plate opposite the sperm entry point meridian are predicted.