cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fight interference and altruism in rhesus monkeys

Fight interference data from a group of free-ranging rhesus monkeys at Cayo Santiago were used to test hypotheses about the evolution and importance of altruism. Both females and natal males (those born in the group) aided close relatives more than distant relatives and aided distant relatives more than non-relatives. This result is consistent with that predicted by the theory of kin selection. However, it was found that female aid to non-relatives involved higher risk and greater success than female aid to relatives. This is not consistent with kin selection or with any strictly genetic explanation for altruism. Natal and non-natal males also did not conform completely to patterns suggested by strictly genetic explanations. Overall, the findings suggest that the survival value and thus evolution of interference behavior involves factors acting through both the social and genetic levels of organization. Rhesus monkeys apparently use interference as a means of establishing social bonds and ensuring group membership. For a macaque this membership is critical since the social group is the context for most behavior. Thus, an animal not well integrated might be unable to ever reach the point of mating or successfully raising offspring.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome and blastomycosis: presentation of nine cases and review of the literature.

Mississippi has the highest prevalence of blastomycosis in the country. In 20 years and 5 months there were 123 patients treated for blastomycosis at the University of Mississippi Medical Center. Among these, 107 patients had lung involvement and nine patients (8.4%) developed acute respiratory distress syndrome. Seven of the nine patients (78%) died of respiratory failure. In six patients, the lungs were the only organs involved. The three other patients had involvement of other organs as well. Average survival after the onset of acute respiratory distress syndrome was 6.9 days (range, 2 to 17 days). Acute respiratory distress syndrome can be triggered by pulmonary infections caused by bacterial diseases and other fungi. Massive proliferation of yeasts in the pulmonary parenchyma is the typical finding of patients with blastomycosis and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Underlying diseases that lead to immunodepression were present in only one patient and probable partial immunodepression was present in two other patients. Data from 19 other cases reported in the literature are discussed. Ann Diagn Pathol 5:1-9, 2001.
Epitaxial ZnSe on GaAs and Ge by HBr transport

The conditions for forming epitaxial deposits of ZnSe on Ge and GaAs substrates were determined for the ZnSeHBrH2, ZnSeHBrH2 and ZnH2SeHBrH2 systems. Laue topography showed that ZnH2SeHBrH2 gave films of the greatest crystalline perfection, but the most rapid deposition rates were obtained with the ZnSeHBrH2 system. Slower deposition rates did not always produce films of greater perfection, for crystalline perfection also was dependent on the reaction species. Deposition rates and crystalline perfection varied for different orientations. Films deposited on Ge substrates had greater crystalline perfection than those on GaAs substrates, but films on Ge substrates had a tendency to develop cracks. Doping with BBr3 during deposition introduced donors in the ZnSe films and decreased the resistance of the films. Use of excess Zn during epitaxial growth with the ZnSeHBrH2 system produced films having mobilities greater than 1000 cm2/V-sec at 300°K. Photoluminescence studies indicated that the luminescence centers in ZnSe are related to Zn and/or Se vacancies or interstitials.
Keynote address wednesday: Compute continuum and the nonlinear validation challenge

Summary form only given. Intel architecture scales from Exa-scale computing to hand-held and deeply embedded devices. A consistent architecture spanning many product domains brings benefits to silicon and product developers. But it also creates a validation challenge that is nonlinear in nature due to the differences in product complexity, use cases, and user expectations. In this talk, John will address how Intel views the reliability/resilience of large scale systems, how we test for user experience that might help users decide what is good for them, how we attempt to balance all the conflicting validation requirements in today's rapidly evolving landscape spanning consumption devices with short life spans to enterprise applications with very high uptime and reliability expectations. In addition, he will comment on the developments in formal methods and their applicability to large-scale commercial validation/verification efforts.
The inverse kinematics of a three-cylindric robot

This article presents solutions to the inverse kinematic prob lems of a three-axis robot with three cylindric joints. Since a cylindric joint has two degrees of freedom, the end effector will have six degrees of freedom in general. Therefore, the robot can position and orient the end effector at a specified location within the work space. An important feature of the robot is that the rotational components of the end effector displacement are completely decoupled from the translational components of displacement. This eliminates the need for compensation from the orienting mechanism when position ing the end effector. The inverse of a 3 × 3 dual-Jacobian matrix is introduced and used to obtain closed-form solutions to the inverse velocity and acceleration problems. This is believed to be an original contribution to the robotics litera ture, and it is hoped that the method will provide a meaning ful alternative to existing methods for formulating the inverse kinematic problems of robots. For illustrative pu...
Infernal Poetics: Peter Weiss and the Problem of Postwar Authorship

The article investigates the relationship between grammatical temporality and historical fiction in the work of Peter Weiss. It proposes a notion of redemptive ambiguity at the level of tense, with which Weiss's language actively resists the claustrophobia of a posthistorical (because of post-Auschwitz) eversame. It then goes on to extrapolate, from this grammatically resistant aesthetics, a Weissian critique of linguistic fluency and political pragmatism as embodied, for Weiss, by his contemporary Gunter Grass.
Effect of sex on susceptibility of adult mice to Coxsackie B1 virus infection

The Coxsackie B1 virus used was lethal for more than one-quarter of the Charles River CD-1 mice tested. Twice as many male animals succumbed. Castration increased the resistance of the highly susceptible male; by contrast, the susceptibility of the normally resistant female was increased. The degree of virulence of the virus and the effect of castration on susceptibility were sex-determined characteristics. Possible hormonal influences are discussed.
Tests of moment restrictions in parametric duration models

Abstract In the following paper, tests of moment restrictions are motivated for parametric duration models. Tests based on specified parametric models as well as general specification tests are derived for a Weibull model using the Tauchen-Newey framework.
Middle Cerebral Artery Doppler Used to Detect Fetal Anemia

Although rhesus immune globulin, also knownas Rhogam, has caused a dramatic decrease inanemic fetal demise, there are still risks. Anestimated one to six anemia cases occur per 1000births each year, but only 30% of these fetuseswill develop anemia that requires treatment.Previously, invasive techniques such ascordocentesis and amniocentesis were the only testsused to diagnosis a fetus at risk for anemia.Recently, anemia has been diagnosed by Dopplersonography of the middle cerebral arteryvelocity. The peak systolic velocities are measuredand plotted on a graph to determine anemiaseverity. These velocities are also able to diagnoseanemia in healthy fetuses by monitoring velocityincreases at a certain gestational age. Timing ofthe first and later intravenous blood transfusionscan also be determined using middle cerebralartery peak systolic velocity Doppler. Thisnoninvasive test has no known risk to the fetus andhas proven very useful in the diagnosis of fetalanemia.
The band spectrum of the InH molecule: Characterization of the a3Π state

Abstract An extensive emission spectrum of InH, in the region 4500–8000 A, has been obtained from a King furnace containing indium metal and hydrogen at temperatures greater than 1500°C. Twenty bands arising from the a 3 Π 0 + ,1 + - X 1 Σ + transitions have been measured and analyzed. Of these, thirteen had been previously reported, but extensions and revisions were found necessary for the interpretation of predissociation phenomena. Two previously unreported bands have been analyzed as the (0-0) and (1-1) bands of the transition a 3 Π 2 ± - X 1 Σ + . The position of the 3 Π 2 ± component indicates that the a 3 Π state is close to Case c. The predissociations of the 3 Π 2 ± , 3 Π 1 ± , and 3 Π 0 + states have been characterized and the somewhat anomalous results discussed in detail.
Captive offshoring by US multinationals: measuring the domestic employment impacts of vertical FDI

The complex nature of ‘international outsourcing’ makes it difficult to quantify its employment and broader impacts on national economies. Indeed, available evidence on the extent of ‘offshoring’ by US firms is scant, rendering analyses of its economic impacts as largely unreliable. Attempts to gauge its domestic employment effects have been limited both by definitional problems and data limitations, even when the immeasurable dimensions of offshoring are ignored. This work offers a quantitative assessment of the importance of ‘captive offshoring’ in relation to the entire US economy. Using government data that report foreign affiliate sales back to US parents, we provide ‘back of the envelope’ estimates of the domestic employment effects of vertically motivated foreign direct investment. Although this trend has accelerated most rapidly within the services sector, the findings suggest that ‘high-tech’ manufacturing industries are a major and growing source of job loss.
Zero Spacing of Müntz Orthogonal Polynomials

The Muntz orthogonal polynomials are obtained by orthogonalizing the Muntz space span{x λ 0, x λ 1, x λ 2, …} with respect to the Legendre weight on [0, 1]. Under suitable conditions on the sequence of exponents {λn}, we determine the asymptotics of the spacings of the zeros of the Muntz orthogonal polynomials. We look at some special cases, including the case when {λn} satisfies the asymptotic relation $$\matrix {{\rm lim}\cr n\rightarrow\infty}{\lambda_n\above 1pt n}=\alpha>0.$$
Gait recovery in a girl with ischemic spinal cord stroke.

Background and Purpose:This case report describes an aggressive, task-specific program for the recovery of gait in a girl with a spinal cord stroke.Case description:The 11-year-old girl sustained a spinal cord stroke resulting in a T4 motor-incomplete lesion. Therapy was initiated 6 months after ons
2‐Methyl‐4,5‐di­nitro­imidazole

The title compound, C4H4N4O4, is a stable energetic com­pound suitable for use as a propellant ingredient. There are two mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit, which differ in their nitro group out-of-plane torsion values.
Empirical model for fatigue of PZT ferroelectric memories

Switched polarization fatigue was investigated for CVD PZT ferroelectric films of thickness <100 nm. The data shows that negligible switched polarization degradation occurs during an initial incubation period, CTF*, which can last up to /spl sim/10/sup 8/ polarization reversal cycles. This incubation period was found to be process dependent but nearly independent of cycling voltage and temperature. For cycles beyond CTF*, however, the data begins to show a strong exponential field dependence and a weak (/spl sim/0.1 eV) temperature dependence. An empirical model has been developed which describes the "Cycles to Failure" data quite well for these PZT thin films. Because of the large voltage-acceleration factor observed, the model can be used to demonstrate an equivalent fatigue lifetime at the expected operating voltage with relatively short test times.
The impact of depressive symptomatology on risky sexual behavior and sexual communication among African American female adolescents

Adolescents, particularly African American adolescents, are at high risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The association between psychosocial factors and risky sexual behavior has been well established. However, only a small number of studies have examined the relationship between depressive symptomatology among African American female adolescents, specifically over time. The present study examined depressive symptoms as a predictor of risky sexual behavior, sexual communication, and STIs longitudinally among African American female adolescents between the ages 15 and 21. Binary generalized estimating equation models were conducted assessing the impact of depressive symptoms at baseline on risky sexual behavior and STIs over six- and 12-months follow-up. Age, intervention group, and baseline outcome measures were entered as covariates. The results indicated that high levels of depressive symptoms predicted no condom use during last sexual encounter and multiple sexual partners over six-months follow-up. Depressive symptoms also predicted having a main partner with concurrent partners, high fear of communication about condoms, and sex while high on alcohol or drugs over six- and 12-months follow-up. These findings could be used to inform HIV/STI prevention intervention programs and clinicians providing regular health care maintenance to African American female adolescents engaging in risky sexual behavior.
New ultra high resolution LYSO pentagon detector blocks for lower-cost murine PET-CT (MuPET/CT)

We developed and built a solid LYSO detector ring for a new MD Anderson Murine PET (MUPET) camera using regular 0 19 mm photomultipliers in quadrant-sharing (PQS) configuration. 180 PQS pentagon blocks distributed in 6 sub-rings (30 blocks each) constitute the detector system Each block has nominal dimensions of 19 ×x 19 × 10 mm3 in a 13 × 13 crystal array. To form a zero gap solid ring, PQS-blocks were ground into pentagon shapes with a taper angle of 6° on the edge crystals and optical surfaces. Two crystal widths were used for the blocks; a largest width for two edge crystals and, smallest for inner crystals. We explored the possibility of increasing the detectors performance by implementing new design, materials and techniques, testing the detectors response and, measuring the timing resolution. List-mode data were acquired using Ga-68 source with our high yield pileup-event recovery (HYPER) electronics and data acquisition software. Four PQS-blocks were selected to evaluate our detector quality and our mass-production method. The performances of these blocks were quite similar. A typical block is presented in this study. This block has a packing fraction of 95%. All 169 crystal detectors are clearly decoded, peak-to-valley ratio of 2.4, light collection efficiency of 78% and, energy resolution of 14% at 511 keV. Average timing resolution of 430-ps (FWHM) was achieved by single crystal with PQS block-to-block coincidence of 530-ps. This PQS-pentagon block design shows the feasibility of high resolution (−1.2 mm) MuPET-CT detector ring using the lower cost φ 19 mm PMTs as an alternative to the more expensive position sensitive PMTs or solid state detectors.
Quantitative assessment of stenotic aortic valve area by using intracardiac echocardiography: In vitro validation and initial in vivo illustration

Quantitative assessment of aortic stenosis (AS) is subject to the limitations of all current noninvasive and invasive methods. The ability to obtain a direct measure of aortic valve area with high resolution by intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) could be of great benefit to catheterized patients. To provide a fixed AS area as an ideal standard for comparison, we performed ICE in 12 sheep hearts with experimentally created AS and five human AS hearts from autopsies. ICE catheters were passed retrograde across the aortic valve, and the minimal orifice area on pullback was planimetered and compared with calibrated video imaging. The entire orifice circumference could be successfully recorded in 16 (94%) hearts. Orifice area from ICE correlated well with actual values (r=0.98; standard error of the estimate [SEE] = 0.06 cm2). To illustrate the applicability in vivo, two canine models and 10 patients with AS were studied. The limiting orifice could be imaged in both animals and in 8 of 10 patients, in whom values agreed well with invasive data (r= 0.95; SEE = 0.04 cm2). ICE can therefore accurately measure AS orifice area in vitro; it can be applied in vivo as well. These validation studies laid the foundation for subsequent clinical studies and applications.
Internal Controls Quality and Audit Pricing Under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act

This paper extends prior research on audit risk adjustment by examining the association of audit pricing with internal control problems disclosed under Sections 404 and 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. While studies of auditors' responses to internal control risk provide mixed evidence, it is important to re-examine this issue using data on specific client problems not available prior to SOX. As a baseline, we first establish a strong association of audit fees with internal control problems disclosed in the first year of implementation of Section 404, consistent with prior research (e.g., Raghunandan and Rama 2006). We then address two issues on which prior results are contradictory. In a broadly-based sample of accelerated filers, we find that audit pricing for companies with internal control problems varies by problem severity, when severity is measured either as material weaknesses vs. significant deficiencies, or by nature of the problem. Also, while audit fees increase during the 404 period, our tests show less relative risk adjustment under Section 404 than under Section 302 in the prior year. Further examining intertemporal effects, we find that companies disclosing internal control problems under Section 302 continue to pay higher fees the following year, even if no problems are disclosed under Section 404. Overall, our findings provide detailed insight into audit risk adjustment during the initial period of SOX implementation.
Community-Based Recovery and Youth Justice:

Four well-known delinquency intervention and prevention programs remain both publicly and politically popular regardless of a large body of evidence-based research revealing their ineffectiveness in promoting a lasting desistance from youth violence and crime. Scared straight programs, Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.), youth boot camps, and secure large-scale, custodial juvenile correctional facilities overemphasize offender "risk management and maintenance" as opposed to individual, group-based, and/or collective well-being. This article will identify the values that these current and dominant community-centered youth justice initiatives reflect, and it will explain how these values further (or forestall) offender desistance. Viable, evidence-based alternatives consistent with the value orientation of therapeutic and restorative programming will also be evaluated. The article concludes by examining the efficacy of this alternative normative agenda to foster successful desistance from juvenile delinquency and crime. Keywords: Juvenile justice Language: en
Surface Curvature Effects on Three-Dimensional Blunt-Body Boundary Layers

THE governing equations for laminar, transitional and/or turbulent, incompressible, three-dimensional boundary layers are solved numerically. The equations are developed in an orthogonal surface coordinate system and include surface curvature effects. Surface heat- and mass-transfer effects on the boundary-layer flowfield have also been included. The coordinates are generated numerically, whereas the inviscid flow is obtained from a general potential flow procedure. The only restrictions on body geometry are that it possess a blunt nose and a plane of symmetry. The boundary-layer equations, after being transformed into similarity type variables, are solved using the Krause implicit finite-difference scheme. Various test cases are presented to demonstrate the accuracy of the resulting computer program. Contents Theoretical Model Second-order boundary-layer theory including the effects of longitudinal and transverse curvature is quite well developed for the two-dimensional or axisymmetric case for both compressible and incompressible flow.1'2 These effects become important in situations where the boundary-layer thickness is small compared to a characteristic body length but may be of the same order of magnitude as the local longitudinal or transverse radius of curvature. Such situations can arise near stagnation points, near pointed noses or tails, and over very slender bodies of revolution. The current work develops a second-order theory for the three-dimensional incompressible boundary-layer flows. The geometries considered in the current work are arbitrary blunt-nosed bodies having a plane of symmetry. Pressure distributions about these shapes are obtained from either the axisymmetric or three-dimensional Douglas-Neumann codes.3-4 The coordinate system used for the boundary-layer calculations is the one developed recently by Blottner and Ellis.5 To remove the stagnation point singularity, this coordinate system uses the inviscid stagnation point as its origin. The details of the coordinate system are shown in Fig. 1. The coordinate system and its associated metric coefficients are generated numerically from either analytic or discrete data of the form r = r(x,(f)).
Estrogen receptor-α mediates estrogen protection from angiotensin II-induced hypertension in conscious female mice

It has been shown that the female sex hormones have a protective role in the development of angiotensin II (ANG II)-induced hypertension. The present study tested the hypotheses that 1) the estroge...
Teaching after Retirement: The Pros and the Cons.

Having enjoyed teaching during my active career, I continued to teach summer school following retirement. Self-observed sensory and cognitive impairments, although not mentioned by students in their evaluations, induced me to consider the pros and cons of continuing to teach. My hope is that this list of benefits and problems will be of assistance to other instructors approaching retirement.
Uncontrollability and Self-Blame in Depression: Investigation of the Paradox in a College Population

The so-called paradox in depression, that depressives blame themselves for events over which they feel no control, received empirical support in this study of 80 undergraduates. Scores on the Beck Depression Inventory were positively correlated with the ratings of helplessness and guilt perceived in various selfroles. Perceptions of helplessness and guilt covaried positively across roles for almost all subjects,, but particularly for depressives. In a recent literature review, Abramson and Sackeim (1977) observed that clinical descriptions of depressives have emphasized the ostensibly incompatible cognitions of helplessness and self-blame. Two prominent theories of depression, Seligman's (1975) and Beck's (1967), have focused on helplessness and self-blame, respectively. Although these theories have sometimes been viewed as complementary (e.g., Miller & Seligman, 1973), their merger results in a paradoxical view of depressives as blaming themselves for outcomes over which they feel no control. The research reported in this article had two major purposes: (a) to establish whether the paradox indeed exists and (b) to distinguish among several possible resolutions of it. College students completed several questionnaires, among them the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock, & Erbaugh, 1961), Levenson's (1973) multidimensional locus of control scales, and scales for rating various self-roles along dimensions including helplessness and guilt. Scores on the BDI were used as measures of depression (cf. Golin & Terrell, 1977; Klein & Seligman, 1976; Miller & Seligman, 1973, 1975). Levenson's instruments allowed inde
Miscibility of poly(α‐methyl siyrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) with polyacrylates and polymethacrylates

A copolymer formed from 30 percent acrylonitrile and 70 percent α methyl styrene by weight, or αMSAN, has been examined for miscibility in blends with various polyacrylates and polymethacrylates. None of the polyacrylates or poly(vinyl acetate) were miscible with α-MSAN at room temperature or above. The methyl and ethyl esters of the polymethacrylate series (PMMA, PEMA) proved to be miscible with α MSAN, but none of the higher homologues were miscible under these conditions. Blends of both PMMA and PEMA with α MSAN exhibited lower critical solution temperatures. The observed cloud points decreased as PMMA molecular weight increased up to 105 where kinetic effects caused an apparent reversal of this trend. Atactic PMMA interacts more strongly with αMSAN than does either isotactic PMMA or atactic PEMA. These structural effects are compared with similar trends found in other systems.
Enhanced emission from fcc fluorescent photonic crystals

We fabricated a high quality fcc photonic crystal composed of ruthenium tris-bipyridine ${[\text{Ru}{(\text{bpy})}_{3}]}^{2+}{({\text{PF}}_{6}^{\ensuremath{-}})}_{2}$. Solid-angle-resolved spectroscopy was performed over 76% of $2\ensuremath{\pi}$ sr, with $\ensuremath{\sim}2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ resolution. Anisotropic emission patterns are explained with an analytic model of two plane waves coupled by diffraction from a Bragg plane. Two distinct types of emissive enhancements are observed, one due to modes coupling confined directions into leaky directions and the other due to maxima in the optical mode density adjacent to partial photonic band gaps.
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Exceptional Longevity and the AGE Nomogram

: To live beyond the octogenarian years, population and molecular genetic studies of centenarian sibships indicate that genetic factors play an increasingly important role as the limit of life span is approached. These factors are likely to influence basic mechanisms of aging that in turn broadly influence susceptibility to age-related illnesses. Lacking genetic variations that predispose to disease as well as having variations that confer disease resistance (longevity enabling genes) are probably both important to achieving exceptional old age. The AGE (aging, genetics, environment) nomogram is introduced as an illustrative construct for understanding the influence of environmental and genetic factors on survival to various ages, depending on variations in the hypothesized relative importance of genes and environment to longevity. The rapid rise in the incidence of centenarians could indicate that many more people than we originally thought have the optimal set of genetic factors necessary to get to 100 and beyond. Recent studies indicate the likelihood that such factors will be elucidated in the near future.
Molecular Characterization of Brucella abortus Chromosome II Recombination

Large-scale genomic rearrangements including inversions, deletions, and duplications are significant in bacterial evolution. The recently completed Brucella melitensis 16M and Brucella suis 1330 genomes have facilitated the investigation of such events in the Brucella spp. Suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) was employed in identifying genomic differences between B. melitensis 16M and Brucella abortus 2308. Analysis of 45 SSH clones revealed several deletions on chromosomes of B. abortus and B. melitensis that encoded proteins of various metabolic pathways. A 640-kb inversion on chromosome II of B. abortus has been reported previously (S. Michaux Charachon, G. Bourg, E. Jumas Bilak, P. Guigue Talet, A. Allardet Servent, D. O'Callaghan, and M. Ramuz, J. Bacteriol. 179:3244-3249, 1997) and is further described in this study. One end of the inverted region is located on a deleted TATGC site between open reading frames BMEII0292 and BMEII0293. The other end inserted at a GTGTC site of the cyclic-di-GMP phosphodiesterase A (PDEA) gene (BMEII1009), dividing PDEA into two unequal DNA segments of 160 and 977 bp. As a consequence of inversion, the 160-bp segment that encodes the N-terminal region of PDEA was relocated at the opposite end of the inverted chromosomal region. The splitting of the PDEA gene most likely inactivated the function of this enzyme. A recombination mechanism responsible for this inversion is proposed.
Psychiatric Expert Witnesses in the New Millennium

We may anticipate changes in who is the expert in terms of gender, ethnicity, and professional discipline. We anticipate elaboration of training approaches. We foresee emergence of the "forensic tutor" role. We expect expansion of expert roles outside the courtroom. We expect demands for more constraint of expert roles, increased rigor, and empiric support. We expect vast expansion of technologic approaches to assessment and presentation. We expect evolution of ethical issues with preservation of core forensic values but changes in confidentiality, due process, and the nature of assessments. We expect extreme expansion of hard sciences in relation to understanding psychopathology.
New Species of Cybianthus Martius (Myrsinaceae) from the Hylaean/Andean Interface of Peru

ABSTRACT Two new Peruvian species of Cybianthus Martius (Myrsinaceae), C. tayoensis Pipoly & Ricketson, of subgenus Cybianthus, from Amazonas, and C. candamoensis Pipoly & Ricketson, of subgenus Weigeltia A. DC., from Puno, are described and illustrated. Cybianthus tayoensis may be recognized by its terete branchlets; leaf blades 6–7 cm wide with adaxial surface showing prominulous secondary veins; and reddish flowers with calyx 1–1.2 mm long, widely ovate lobes, and entire margins. Cybianthus candamoensis is easily recognized by its chartaceous, elliptic leaf blades with acuminate apices; petioles 2–2.5 cm long; staminate flower pedicels 1–1.2 mm long; and calyx unequally divided, lobes deltate to subdeltate or widely ovate, 0.7–1 × 0.7–1.2 mm, margins irregular to somewhat erose apically, corolla lobes 1–1.5 × 1–1.3 mm, with margins entire. Formal conservation assessments are reported for each.
Educational Needs Assessment for Homeless Service Providers on Preventing Suicide

This study assessed the educational needs, experience, and exposure of homeless service providers regarding suicide. Data were collected from clinical providers and paraprofessionals employed by homeless organizations. Using questionnaires, 51 participants were surveyed before and immediately after attending a brief standardized gatekeeper suicide prevention training program. Results indicate that 90% had past contact with suicidal individuals, and 95% of the providers are willing to participate in continuing education on suicide prevention. Given the high levels of exposure, suicide prevention training is essential to support the capacity of homeless service providers to address suicidal behaviors in the lives of their clients.
Barbara Weinstein, The color of modernity: São Paulo and the making of race and nation in Brazil

In The Color of Modernity: Sao Paulo and the Making of Race and Nation in Brazil, Barbara Weinstein argues that “racialized images of modernity and progress have deeply informed discriminatory poli...
Strength training versus chest physical therapy on pulmonary functions in children with Down syndrome

Abstract Background Children with Down syndrome clinically show a diminished activity limit at all ages due to muscle weakness and respiratory problems. Purpose To compare the effect of strength exercises to lower limb muscles and effect of chest physical therapy treatment program on pulmonary functions in Down syndrome children. Methods Thirty Down syndrome children of both sexes (24 boys and 6 girls) were selected from outpatient clinic of the National Research Center for motor disabilities in children at Cairo, Egypt. Children were selected to be ranged in age from 10 to 14 years and to be free from any innate heart deformities. They were randomly divided into two groups of equal numbers (group A and group B). Group (A) received chest physiotherapy, and group (B) received strength training program for hip, knee and ankle muscles by utilizing universal exercise unit 3 times/week for 12 weeks. Ergospirometry system was utilized to evaluate the pulmonary functions (forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 s, maximum voluntary ventilation, and peak expiratory flow) that were measured before and after the proposed treatment period. Results Post treatment results of FVC and PEFR showed a statistically significant difference in each group while no significant difference was recorded between both groups. Post treatment results of FEV1 and MVV showed significant distinction between both groups in favor to group (A). Conclusion Strength exercises to lower limb muscles are not effective as chest physical therapy on improving pulmonary functions in children with Down syndrome.
Nonsurgical therapies for urinary incontinence

Many nonsurgical treatments for incontinence are available and all offer benefit to some patients. Patients with mild to moderate incontinence usually benefit the most from these modalities and, for many, it may obviate the need for surgery. Several factors influence the success of nonsurgical treatments for incontinence. Most important is the patient's motivation and ability to comply with the therapy. Selection of therapy appropriate for a given patient is, therefore, important. Compliance is better when the patient has a better understanding of the therapy and expected results. When appropriate, combinations of therapy may be very useful.
Keeping an eye on South Asian skies: America’s pivotal deterrence in nuclearized India–Pakistan crises

ABSTRACTSince declaring their nuclear weapons capabilities in 1998, India and Pakistan have engaged in three major crises that each threatened to escalate into war. In each crisis, the USA engaged in active diplomacy to dissuade the South Asian rivals from taking escalatory actions. Previous literature on the crises has described the American role, but has not theorized third-party involvement in a nuclearized regional rivalry. We apply Timothy Crawford’s pivotal deterrence theory to the nuclearized India–Pakistan conflict, and extend the original theory to cover the novel condition of a non-superpower nuclear dyad, in the context of a single-superpower international system. We find that America’s pivotal deterrence generally enhanced stability in the India–Pakistan crises, and unlike in pre-nuclear South Asia, other great powers supported American diplomacy. However, we suggest that future regional crises between nuclear rivals, in South Asia or elsewhere, may present greater challenges for pivotal deter...
Detection of Genetically Modified Ingredient in Mildew Qian Zhang and Smelly Bean Curd by Fluorescent Quantitative PCR

With FAM and BHQ1 two fluorescent labeled reporter dye and a quencher dye,the detection system was established about EPSPS(5-enolpyruvylshimate-3-phosphate synthase gen) and Lectin(soybean keeping gene) in fermented soy products by Taqman fluorescent quantitative PCR,the sensitivity was 0.1 %,and reproducibility is good.Because of its good repeatability,specificity and reliability,TaqMan probe method is extremely adequate for the quantitative detection of genetically modified component in fermented soy products.The genetically modified EPSPS were firstly detected in mildew Qian Zhang and smelly bean curd fermented soy products.
Screening, Assessing and Intervening for Alcohol and Medication Misuse in Older Adults

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the state-of-the-art in terms of definitions of substance use risk (alcohol, drugs, medications), pertinent screening instruments and techniques, elements of assessments for older adults, screening and assessment for physical, mental, and functional health, and use of brief interventions, brief treatments, and formal specialized treatments. Recent research indicates that at-risk drinking and alcohol-related problems are common in older adults. Clinicians can expect that approximately 15% of the men and 12% of the women in this age group will drink above recommended guidelines. Since most alcohol-related problems occur in nondependent drinkers, mental and physical health care providers can have a substantial impact on a potentially serious problem through identification and treatment of these patients. Alcohol screening and assessment can be done quickly and efficiently in most health care settings. The key is the development of a system in each unique setting to ensure that all older adults receive baseline screening and that patients who present with physical or mental health problems which could be alcohol-related receive differential assessments to determine if alcohol or alcohol/ medication interactions play a part in the presenting problem. With changes in the health care system to managed models of care, the time is right to move forward into systematic, cost-effective approaches to identifying treating one of the most vulnerable and fastest growing segments of the U.S. population.
The Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen (N) limits primary production over large areas of the earth and has a particularly complex and interesting series of biological transformations in its cycle. Human manipulation of the N cycle is intense, as large amounts of “reactive” N are needed for crop production and are produced as a by-product of fossil fuel combustion. This manipulation leads to an excess of N in the environment that “cascades” through ecosystems, causing air and water pollution. This chapter focuses on the processes and transformations that make up the N “cycle” and how these processes are expressed and regulated in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
Neural Spike-Train Analyses of the Speech-Based Envelope Power Spectrum Model: Application to Predicting Individual Differences with Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Diagnosing and treating hearing impairment is challenging because people with similar degrees of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) often have different speech-recognition abilities. The speech-base...
Racial-ethnic disparities in mortality and kidney transplant outcomes among pediatric dialysis patients.

Previous studies in adult hemodialysis patients have shown that African–American and Hispanic patients have a lower risk of mortality in addition to a lower likelihood of kidney transplantation. However, studies of the association between race and outcomes in pediatric dialysis are sparse and often do not examine outcomes in Hispanic children. The objective was to determine if racial–ethnic disparities in mortality and kidney transplantation outcomes exist in pediatric dialysis patients. This was a retrospective cohort analysis of 2,697 pediatric dialysis patients (aged 0–20 years) from a large national dialysis organization (entry period 2001–2011) of non-Hispanic white, African–American, and Hispanic race-ethnicity. Associations between race–ethnicity with mortality and kidney transplantation outcomes were examined separately using competing risks methods. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association between race–ethnicity, with outcomes within 1 year of dialysis initiation. Of the 2,697 pediatric patients in this cohort, 895 were African–American, 778 were Hispanic, and 1,024 were non-Hispanic white. After adjusting for baseline demographics, competing risk survival analysis revealed that compared with non-Hispanic whites, African–Americans had a 64 % higher mortality risk (hazards ratio [HR] = 1.64; 95 % CI 1.24–2.17), whereas Hispanics had a 31 % lower mortality risk (HR = 0.69; 95 % CI 0.47–1.01) that did not reach statistical significance. African–Americans also had higher odds of 1-year mortality after starting dialysis (odds ratio [OR] = 2.08; 95 % CI 0.95–4.58), whereas both African–Americans and Hispanics had a lower odds of receiving a transplant within 1 year of starting dialysis (OR = 0.28; 95 % CI 0.19–0.41 and OR = 0.43; 95 % CI 0.31–0.59 respectively). In contrast to adults, African–American pediatric dialysis patients have worse survival than their non-Hispanic white counterparts, whereas Hispanics have a similar to lower mortality risk. Both African–American and Hispanic pediatric dialysis patients had a lower likelihood of kidney transplantation than non-Hispanic whites, similar to observations in the adult dialysis population.
Series Convergence Theorems and Applications

In this chapter, you will not only review and learn the necessary and sufficient convergence theorems for numerical series, but additionally you will be introduced to the convergence of functional series, such as power series and trigonometric series. Other methods of finding infinite sums for numerical series will be taught, such as the method of power series, the method of integration and differentiation, and Abel’s method. Additionally, we will demonstrate how the convergence (divergence) of some numerical series can be established using the Maclaurin or Taylor expansions of functions and vice versa. You will learn that an infinite sum of conditionally convergent alternating series depends on the order of terms, while the sum of absolutely convergent series does not depend on how we group its terms. The application of power series to the solution of differential equations, finding integrals or for approximation will also be discussed. You will understand why, for example, the famous alternating series \( 1-\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{5}-\frac{1}{7}+\dots \)converges to \( \frac{\pi }{4} \) but it is rarely used for the approximation of π. Moreover, this chapter will introduce you to generating functions and how generating functions can be used to find the nth term of a sequence given by recursion.
An ultra-fast optical shutter exploiting total light absorption in a phase change material

In this paper, we present an ultra-fast and high-contrast optical shutter with applications in atomic clock assemblies, integrated photonic systems, communication hardware, etc. The shutter design exploits the total light absorption phenomenon in a thin phase change (PC) material placed over a metal layer. The shutter switches between ON and OFF states by changing PC material phase and thus its refractive index. The PC material used in this work is Germanium Telluride (GeTe), a group IV-VI chalcogenide compound, which exhibits good optical contrast when switching from amorphous to crystalline state and vice versa. The stable phase changing behavior and reliability of GeTe and GeSbTe (GST) have been verified in optical memories and RF switches. Here, GeTe is used as it has a lower extinction coefficient in near-IR regions compared to GST. GeTe can be thermally transitioned between two phases by applying electrical pulses to an integrated heater. The memory behavior of GeTe results in zero static power consumption which is useful in applications requiring long time periods between switching activities. We previously demonstrated a meta-surface employing GeTe in sub-wavelength slits with >14 dB isolation at 1.5 μm by exciting the surface plasmon polariton and localized slit resonances. In this work, strong interference effects in a thin layer of GeTe over a gold mirror result in near total light absorption of up to 40 dB (21 dB measured) in the amorphous phase of the shutter at 780 nm with much less fabrication complexity. The optical loss at the shutter ON state is less than 1.5 dB. A nickel chrome (NiCr) heater provides the Joule heating energy required to achieve the crystallographic phase change. The measured switching speed is 2 μs.
Chew on this

Most popular books on human evolu­tion leverage the discovery of a new fossil to reassess how paleoanthro­pologists have pieced together our evolutionary history. In Evolution9s Bite , Peter Ungar takes a very dif­ferent approach, focusing on the structure and function of teeth to chart the dietary adaptations of living primates and fossil and archaeological hominin populations.
Perceptions of How Doctoral Students with Learning Disabilities and ADHD Use Disability Services

This study serves as an initial attempt to examine the ways in which doctoral students with learning disabilities utilize campus-based disability support services. As an increasing number of students with diagnosed learning disabilities are entering doctoral programs, it is important that researchers focus on understanding the unique needs of this population. Research has shown that access to accommodations in the form of disability support services can be critical to academic persistence and success in higher education, but few studies have focused specifically on the perceived needs of doctoral students or the ways in which their needs and use of services may be different from undergraduate students. Service providers in doctoral degree granting institutions across the United States were sent a web-based survey aimed at examining the ways doctoral students with learning disabilities and/or ADHD utilize campus-based disability support services. Our findings suggest that there is array of services provided to doctoral students with learning disabilities. The findings enhance our understanding of the experiences of doctoral students with learning disabilities and ADHD with regard to needs for, and utilization of, campus-based support services.
Draft Genome Sequence of Pseudomonas sp. Strain DrBHI1 (Phylum Proteobacteria)

ABSTRACT Here, we report the draft genome sequence of Pseudomonas sp. strain DrBHI1. The total assembly length is 5,649,751 bp in 146 contigs. This strain was isolated from zebrafish (Danio rerio) feces.
“It Takes a Village”: A Case Study of Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports Implementation in an Exemplary Urban Middle School

Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) is a widely implemented, culturally responsive framework using prevention and intervention activities to promote a safe school climate and positive academic and behavioral student outcomes. Using a qualitative single-case study design, authors provide a rich description of PBIS implementation in an exemplary urban middle school based on school documents and the voices of several school leaders; authors also examine the corresponding role of the school counselor. Results included positive school outcomes and the emergence of five themes: the importance of administrative leadership, proactive PBIS practices, creating consistency, building community, and school counselor integration.
The time-varying role of the family in student time use and achievement

In this paper, I use a unique dataset linking administrative school data with birth records to quantify the importance of time-varying family factors for child achievement and time use. Specifically, I take a model of academic achievement commonly used in the test score literature, and I augment it to include a family-year effect. Identification comes from the large number of sibling pairs observed in the same year. While prior literature has focused on specific shocks, such as job loss, I capture the full set of innovations that are shared across siblings in a given year. The distributions of fixed effects reveal that annual family innovations, relative to what was expected based on the previous year, are more important than teacher assignment for student achievement and also play a substantial role in the time students spend on homework, free reading, and television. I21, J13, J24