cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurements of Aerosol Particle Sizes from a Direct Injection Nebulizer

Photographs and laser-scattering measurements showed that a direct injection nebulizer (DIN) produced a finer aerosol with a narrower drop size distribution than that for a conventional glass concentric nebulizer when both were operated at the same liquid and nebulizer gas flow rates. The droplets from the DIN were slightly larger, however, than those leaving a Scott-type spray chamber with a glass concentric nebulizer. The droplets from the DIN had a Sauter mean diameter of ∼7 μm and a 90% mass diameter of 11–16 μm. The droplet size distribution became narrower and shifted to lower diameters as the aerosol gas flow rate increased.
Test of thermoluminescence dating with coastal sediments from northern California

Abstract Application of the thermoluminescence (TL), fine-grain (4–11 μm) dating method to modern coastal deposits and to tectonically displaced sediments near the Mendocino Triple Junction in northern coastal California demonstrates the suitability and limitations of dune sand, buried soil, estuarine mud, and beach deposits for TL dating. TL measurements on modern estuarine mud, modern beach sediments, and radiocarbon-dated dune sand and soils show that these deposits are suitably zeroed for TL dating under some conditions. A weighted mean TL age of 16.4 ± 1.3 ka was obtained for four samples (two from a buried soil and two from the straddling terrace dune sand), in close agreement with a radiocarbon age of 16.84 ± 0.06 ka B.P. on charcoal from this paleosol. Application to older sediments and soil profiles of similar origin may therefore provide useful geological ages. Deposits associated with deformed marine terraces yielded TL ages of 176 ± 33 ka for a shallow marine mud at the Mad River site and 119 ± 31 ka for nearshore deposits at the Southport Landing site. These age estimates are consistent with the stratigraphic positions of the TL samples relative to deposits having previously inferred ages based upon soil profile correlations to local age assignments, which are in turn based upon uplift rates relating to eustatic sea level stands. These single TL age results suggest that more detailed TL dating applications in this region, and in similar geological settings, could provide accurate estimates of geologic ages and rates of deformation. However, the polymineralic fine grains from two other nearshore deposits (at the Table Bluff and Centerville Beach sites) yielded ambiguous plateau plots and thus can not be considered datable without additional TL experiments. This difficulty may be due to a high quartz/feldspar ratio in sediments from this area.
Vulvar epithelioid sarcoma in pregnancy.

Abstract Background. Epithelioid sarcoma is a soft tissue tumor rarely found centrally and even less commonly on the vulva. Vulvar sarcoma in pregnancy is also exceedingly rare with only five cases reported to date, none of which have been an epithelioid sarcoma. Case. We report a case of a 29-year-old woman presenting with a vulvar epithelioid sarcoma at 36 weeks of gestation. The patient underwent a radical resection 6 weeks postpartum followed by chemotherapy. Despite a radical hemivulvectomy and doxorubicin and ifosfamide chemotherapy, she developed pulmonary metastasis and died of tumor-related pulmonary failure secondary to her disease 612 months after diagnosis. To our knowledge this is the first case of a vulvar epithelioid sarcoma presenting during pregnancy. The English literature is reviewed and a total of 18 previous cases of vulvar epithelioid sarcoma have been reported outside of pregnancy. Insight into the biological behavior and therapeutic management of this disease is discussed. Conclusion. The optimal management of vulvar epithelioid sarcoma remains to be determined. However, it would seem that early and aggressive surgical resection provides the best possibility for cure. The role of radiation and/or chemotherapy remains to be determined.
Stress Measurement and Bolt Tensioning by Ultrasonic Methods

In the past decade, a new technique has been developed for measuring tensile stresses in solids. This ultrasonic technique has been used thus far primarily for measuring fastener tension. The precision of measurement is routinely to 2–3% and, with special care, to ∼1%. The method is insensitive to the frictional losses which plague tensioning by torque wrench. Though the approach is relatively new, it promises a wide range of applicability.
Annotated Bibliography Of Optomechanical Design

Literature in the field of optomechanical design is reviewed, in­ cluding selected papers and texts that should provide the optical engineer with information needed in various phases of design. These references are accompanied by short annotations. Beyond citation of general texts in optics, the areas covered include materials, tolerancing and specification, mounting, mechanical and thermal analysis, position­ ing, stabilization, baffling, assembly and alignment, and scanning. Subject terms: optomechanical design; bibliography; materials; tolerancing and specification; mounting; mechanical analysis; thermal analysis; positioning; stabilization; assembly and alignment; scanning. Optical Engineering 25(10}, 1160-1170 (October 1986).
Severe hyponatremia after repeated intravenous administration of desmopressin

Desmopressin (DDAVP) has recently been found to improve hemostasis in patients with congenital or acquired disorders of coagulation and to reduce operative blood loss in patients with normal hemostasis undergoing certain surgical procedures. Despite its potent antidiuretic effect, severe hyponatremia after the intravenous administration of DDAVP is felt to be rare. We report four cases of severe hyponatremia with serious clinical sequelae occurring in patients with underlying coagulopathies who were treated prophylactically with DDAVP to improve hemostasis prior to surgical procedures. Each patient received multiple (3–22) doses of DDAVP and was given intravenous hydration with hypotonic solutions before developing clinical signs and laboratory evidence of hyponatremia. We believe that the risk of significant hypoantremia after treatment with intravenous DDAVP may be higher than is generally appreciated and that patients undergoing surgical procedures, who often receive multiple doses of DDAVP and intravenous hydration, are at particular risk for this complication. Hypotonic intravenous solutions should be avoided and serum sodium levels should be monitored frequently in those patients receiving multiple doses of DDAVP.
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis in a Hamster Colony Causes Infection of Hospital Personnel

A series of febrile illnesses, some severe, among hospital personnel was traced to an outbreak of lymphocytic choriomeningitis in a hospital research colony of Syrian hamsters. By rapid virus isolation and identification techniques, a definitive diagnosis was made 5 days after specimens were received. This outbreak emphasizes the dangers of working with experimental hamsters and tumor cell lines passaged in them.
Cryosurgery of the monkey (macaque) prostate. II. Apparent immunopathologic alterations following cryostimulation.

Abstract Previous investigation of the development of humoral immunologic responsiveness following cryostimulation of the monkey prostate up to 30 days postoperatively disclosed low to modest titres of antibodies to prostatic tissue antigens. In the present study, the possible occurrence and predominance of a cellular response and its ensuing immunopathologic effects on the prostate and other accessory sexual glands of these animals, not initially examined, together with further serologic evaluation and correlation of this cellular response with the presence of antiprostatic antibodies, has been made 41 to 90 days following freezing. A reduction in the size of the prostate observed following freezing was accompanied by what were suggestive of immunopathologic alterations. Alterations occurred principally in the caudal lobe, and were characterized by what appeared to be specific periacinar foci of lymphocytic infiltrates. These lymphocytes were observed to infiltrate onto the acinar epithelial cells with subsequent separation of epithelial cells from the basal lamina and epithelial cell destruction. Other observed alterations in the prostate consisting of stromal fibrosis, periodic presence of inflammatory cells, proliferation of regenerating glands, and squamous metaplasia were in consonance with previous histologic studies of the prostate following cryosurgery by others. Antiprostatic antibodies were present in only one of the seven animals evaluated at the time which these observations were made. The present preliminary observations provide evidence suggestive of the development of a specific cellular immunologic response following cryosurgery of the prostate. Fending confirmation of the study of a larger series of animals, these observations may be of potential significance in providing an explanation of reported cases of eradication of human prostatic carcinomas following cryotherapy.
Psoriasis and smoking: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Summary Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease associated with increased cardiovascular comorbidity. Smoking is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and prior studies have suggested that patients with psoriasis are more likely to be active smokers. Smoking may also be a risk factor in the development of psoriasis. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the prevalence of smoking among patients with psoriasis, and we reviewed the contribution of smoking to the incidence of psoriasis. A total of 25 prevalence and three incidence studies were identified. The meta-analysis of prevalence studies included a total of 146 934 patients with psoriasis and 529 111 patients without psoriasis. Random effects meta-analysis found an association between psoriasis and current smoking [pooled odds ratio (OR) 1·78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·52–2·06], as well as between psoriasis and former smoking (pooled OR 1·62, 95% CI 1·33–1·99). Meta-regression analysis did not reveal any sources of study heterogeneity, but a funnel plot suggested possible publication bias. A subset of studies also examined the association between moderate-to-severe psoriasis and smoking, with a pooled OR of 1·72 (95% CI 1·33–2·22) for prevalent smoking. The three incidence studies found an association between smoking and incidence of psoriasis, with a possible dose-effect of smoking intensity and duration on psoriasis incidence. These findings suggest that smoking is an independent risk factor for the development of psoriasis, and that patients with established psoriasis continue to smoke more than patients without psoriasis.
Construction of Nonbiofouling Surfaces by Polymeric Self-Assembled Monolayers

The synthesis of a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-grafted surface-reactive random copolymer and its self-assembled structure on Si/SiO2 substrates for construction of nonbiofouling surfaces are reported. The copolymer, poly(TMSMA-r-PEGMA), which is comprised of an “anchor part” (trimethoxysilane) and a “function part” (PEG), was synthesized by a radical polymerization reaction. The copolymer spontaneously formed monolayers on Si/SiO2 wafers with average thicknesses of 11 A. Tapping mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that the surface of the polymer monolayers was smooth with an average roughness of 1.3 A (root-mean-square). The protein resistance of the polymer monolayers on Si/SiO2 wafers was evaluated using insulin, lysozyme, and fibrinogen. For all tested proteins, the polymer monolayers showed significant reduction (up to 98%) in nonspecific protein adsorption compared to the unmodified Si/SiO2 wafers. In addition, cell adhesion as probed using 3T3 fibroblasts was significantly reduced on the pol...
The preparation and crystal structures of some tricarbonylmanganese(I) octahedral complexes containing the 1,1-dimethylamino-2,2-diphenylphosphinoethane ligand

Four new complexes of (pn) the titled ligand have been prepared and characterized: (CO)3Mn(pn)Br, 1; (CO)3Mn(pn)N3, 2; the triazalato (tz) complex, (CO)3Mn(pn)(tz), 3 and [(CO)4Mn(pn)]BF4, 4. Crystal structures for the first three of these were determined. Crystal data for 1, monoclinic crystal system, space group = C2, a = 17.8587(6) A, b = 7.9611(3) A, c = 14.2349(4) A, β = 90.281(1)°, V = 2023.82(12) A3, Z = 4; for 2, monoclinic crystal system, space group = P21/c, a = 8.8933(14) A, b = 13.844(2) A, c = 16.361(3) A, β = 95.712(3)°, V = 2004.4(6) A3, Z = 4; for 3, orthorhombic crystal system, space group = Pbca, a = 17.9097(4) A, b = 13.1308(4) A, c = 21.2838(6) A, V = 5005.3(2) A3, Z = 8.
Mechanism of translesion synthesis past an equine estrogen-DNA adduct by Y-family DNA polymerases.

4-Hydroxyequilenin (4-OHEN)-dC is a major, potentially mutagenic DNA adduct induced by equine estrogens used for hormone replacement therapy. To study the miscoding property of 4-OHEN-dC and the involvement of Y-family human DNA polymerases (pols) η, κ and ι in that process, we incorporated 4-OHEN-dC into oligodeoxynucleotides and used them as templates in primer extension reactions catalyzed by pol η, κ and ι. Pol η inserted dAMP opposite 4-OHEN-dC, accompanied by lesser amounts of dCMP and dTMP incorporation and base deletion. Pol κ promoted base deletions as well as direct incorporation of dAMP and dCMP. Pol ι worked in conjunction with pol κ, but not with pol η, at a replication fork stalled by the adduct, resulting in increased dTMP incorporation. Our results provide a direct evidence that Y-family DNA pols can switch with one another during synthesis past the lesion. No direct incorporation of dGMP, the correct base, was observed with Y-family enzymes. The miscoding potency of 4-OHEN-dC may be associated with the development of reproductive cancers observed in women receiving hormone replacement therapy.
Manganese toxicity in plants

Abstract Manganese (Mn) toxicity in plants is often not a clearly identifiable disorder. Symptoms of Mn toxicity as well as the concentration of Mn that causes toxicity vary widely among plant species and varieties within species, perhaps because the phytotoxic mechanisms of Mn involve different biochemical pathways in different plant genotypes. Plant availability of Mn depends on soil adsorption and on root exudates for Mn chelation or reduction. Soils with higher Mn sorption capacity have lower potential for plant absorption of Mn. Great Mn tolerance is associated with restricted absorption, restricted translocation of excess Mn to the shoots, or great tolerance to high Mn levels within the plant tissue. The ability to escape Mn toxicity through limited absorption or translocation is low in plants grown in wet soils rich in organic matter, or grown under high temperature or high light intensity. Manganese toxicity is likely with plants that are fertilized with acid‐forming fertilizers, high rates of sup...
Molecular dynamics computation of gas-phase nanoparticle sintering: a comparison with phenomenological models

Abstract The mechanism and kinetics of the growth of silicon nanoparticles via particle–particle interactions has been investigated through the use of classical molecular dynamics (MD) trajectory calculations. Computations over a broad range of temperatures and particle sizes have shown that particle sintering is very dependent on size and temperature when solid-like, and considerably less sensitive when liquid-like. These atomistic computations have been used for the first time to validate previously postulated phenomenological mechanisms/models for both solid and liquid particle coalescence. The results have shown that solid-like particles sinter by a solid-state diffusion mechanism while liquid-like particles sinter by a viscous flow mechanism.
Picosecond optical pulse generation using a directly generated Gaussian-shaped optical frequency comb

We demonstrate picosecond optical pulse generation based on a directly generated 10 GHz Gaussian-shaped optical frequency comb using only intensity and phase modulators. The quadratic comb phase allows for pulse compensation with only single-mode fibers.
Potential impacts of climate change on infectious diseases in the Arctic.

Climate change could cause changes in the incidence of infectious diseases in Arctic regions. Higher ambient temperatures in the Arctic may result in an increase in some temperature sensitive foodborne diseases such as gastroenteritis, paralytic shellfish poisoning and botulism. An increase in mean temperature may also influence the incidence of infectious diseases of animals that are spread to humans (zoonoses) by changing the population and range of animal hosts and insect vectors. An increase in flooding events may result in outbreaks of waterborne infection, such as Giardia lamblia or Cryptospordium parvum . A change in rodent and fox populations may result in an increase in rabies or echinococcosis. Temperature and humidity influence the distribution and density of many arthropod vectors which in turn may influence the incidence and northern range of vectorborne diseases such as West Nile virus. Recommendations include: the strenghtening of public health systems, disease surveillance coordinated with climate monitoring, and research into the detection, prevention, control and treatment of temperature-sensitive infectious diseases. (Int J Circumpolar Health 2005; 64(5):478-486) Keywords: Arctic, climate change, diseases, infections
BATF–JUN is critical for IRF4-mediated transcription in T cells

Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is an IRF family transcription factor with critical roles in lymphoid development and in regulating the immune response. IRF4 binds DNA weakly owing to a carboxy-terminal auto-inhibitory domain, but cooperative binding with factors such as PU.1 or SPIB in B cells increases binding affinity, allowing IRF4 to regulate genes containing ETS-IRF composite elements (EICEs; 5'-GGAAnnGAAA-3'). Here we show that in mouse CD4(+) T cells, where PU.1/SPIB expression is low, and in B cells, where PU.1 is well expressed, IRF4 unexpectedly can cooperate with activator protein-1 (AP1) complexes to bind to AP1-IRF4 composite (5'-TGAnTCA/GAAA-3') motifs that we denote as AP1-IRF composite elements (AICEs). Moreover, BATF-JUN family protein complexes cooperate with IRF4 in binding to AICEs in pre-activated CD4(+) T cells stimulated with IL-21 and in T(H)17 differentiated cells. Importantly, BATF binding was diminished in Irf4(-/-) T cells and IRF4 binding was diminished in Batf(-/-) T cells, consistent with functional cooperation between these factors. Moreover, we show that AP1 and IRF complexes cooperatively promote transcription of the Il10 gene, which is expressed in T(H)17 cells and potently regulated by IL-21. These findings reveal that IRF4 can signal via complexes containing ETS or AP1 motifs depending on the cellular context, thus indicating new approaches for modulating IRF4-dependent transcription.
Increased density of microtubule associated protein 2-immunoreactive neurons in the prefrontal white matter of schizophrenic subjects

Recent studies have suggested that schizophrenia may be related to prenatal disturbances in the cortical subplate, a transient but essential structure in the formation of cerebral cortical circuitry. Although most subplate neurons die during later development, some remain as the interstitial neurons of the adult white matter. In this study we used a monoclonal antibody against the cytoskeletal protein, microtubule associated protein-2 (MAP2), to quantify the density and distribution of labeled neurons in postmortem brain specimens containing the prefrontal white matter from five schizophrenic cases and matched controls. In both schizophrenics and matched controls, the density of white matter neurons decreased with increasing white matter depth. However, the mean density of MAP2-immunoreactive neurons was greater in the superficial white matter of the schizophrenic subjects compared to the matched controls. In contrast, no difference in the density of labeled neurons was seen in the deeper white matter. These findings are consistent with an abnormality in the development of the cortical subplate in at least some cases of schizophrenia.
Contact mechanics of multilayered rough surfaces

The deposition of layers is an effective way to improve the tribological performance of rough surfaces. The contact mechanics of layered rough surfaces needs to be studied to optimize layer parameters. Since 1995 a lot of progress has been made in the development of numerical contact models, which analyze the contact behavior of layered rough surfaces with no assumption concerning the roughness distribution as well as the effect of interfacial liquid film on the contact statistics. These models predict the contact pressure profile on the interface and contact statistics, namely fractional contact area, the maximum value of contact pressure, von Mises and principal tensile stresses, and relative meniscus force. The results allow the specification of layer properties to reduce friction, stiction, and wear of layered rough surfaces. A comprehensive review of these numerical contact models is presented here. Based on the formulation of contact problems, these models are classified into three categories: direct formulation, weighted residual formulation, and minimum total potential energy formulation. The numerical methods applied in these models include Finite Difference Method ~FDM!, Finite Element Method ~FEM!, and Boundary Element Method ~BEM!. Typical examples of layered rough surfaces of contact simulated by those models are presented. The examples contain data for various surface topographies, elastic and elastic-plastic material properties, normal and tangential loading conditions, and dry and wet interfaces. A 3D BEM model based on a variational principle is described in detail for its capability to analyze the layered rough surfaces of contact involving a large number of contact points. Applications of the model to magnetic storage devices and MicroElectroMechanical Systems ~MEMS! are presented. This review article contains 92 references. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1488931#
Nucleation in protein folding-confusion of structure and process

Abstract The term ‘nucleation' is currently used to denote two distinctly different aspects of folding: the kinetic and the structural. This gives rise to ambiguity in the use of the word ‘nucleation', which is compounded by the fact that the word ‘nuclei', as used in the structural sense, has more aliases than cats have lives.
Comparison of intracellular and extracellular mitogenic activity

Endothelial cell-derived growth factor (ECDGF) is a soluble mitogen secreted in vitro by bovine aortic endothelium. ECDGF is a mixture of at least two distinct heat-stable and trypsin-sensitive mitogens. Large amounts of mitogenic activity were found in lysates prepared from cultured endothelial cells. Other nonmitogen-secreting cells in culture, including bovine dermal fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells, also contained a similar activity. In contrast to ECDGF, the lysate mitogenic activities were sensitive to heat (56 degrees C) and were not inactivated by trypsin. Similar to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), ECDGF and cell lysate mitogens promoted cell proliferation in the absence of other defined mitogens when added to culture medium and after exposure to plastic. The cytoplasmic mitogens, however, were distinct from PDGF by receptor competition assays and other criteria.
Evaluating the Social Environment Component of Social Work Courses on Human Behavior and the Social Environment

SUMMARY This analysis of 117 foundation of Human Behavior and Social Environment (HB&SE) course outlines gathered from 60 graduate schools of social work is based on the HB&SE standards of the Council on Social Work Education (2001). It draws upon an analytic framework for integrating content related to the social environment. Specific criteria for assessment included how well the course outline reflected the reciprocal nature of human behavior and the social environment, presented a strengths perspective, incorporated diversity content, and covered material related to families, groups, organizations, communities, and political economy. Four types of HB&SE course outlines were identified (lifespan-oriented, systems-oriented, theory-oriented, and combination), and results are presented by course outline type. The findings suggest that increased attention to content related to the macro social environment, human diversity, well-being, and theory for practice is needed to strengthen HB&SE foundation courses.
CHARACTERISTICS OF BEHAVIORAL AND ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC AFTER-REACTIONS TO COPULATION AND VAGINAL STIMULATION IN THE FEMALE RABBIT1

Electroencephalographic (EEG) changes have been recorded from the brain of the conscious unrestrained female rabbit following coitus and vaginal stimulation. In the estrous estrogen-primed rabbit with electrodes permanently implanted in cortical and deep regions of the brain the following sequence of EEG changes has been observed: (1) A phase of sleep spindles lasting from several seconds to half an hour or more, during which the rabbit appears drowsy if not actually sleeping. (2) A phase of “hippocampal hyperactivity” characterized by an 8⁄sec. high amplitude synchronous EEG record from the hippocampus and its projections. During this period the rabbit is further depressed behaviorally: its head on the floor, ears retracted, eyes almost closed, pupils contracted, heart and respiratory rates slowed, and its only other motion consisting of twitches of the eyelids and jaw movements. Following this phase, which lasts only a few minutes, the rabbit usually stands and starts eating either food or feces which m...
Evaluation of environmental impacts of cellulosic ethanol using life cycle assessment with technological advances over time

Abstract Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been used in quantifying the environmental impacts of materials, processes, products, or systems across their entire lifespan from creation to disposal. To evaluate the environmental impact of advancing technology, Life Cycle Assessment with Technological Advances over Time (LCA-TAT) incorporates technology improvements within the traditional LCA framework. In this paper, the LCA-TAT is applied to quantify the environmental impacts of ethanol production using cellulosic biomass as a feedstock through the simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) process as it improves over time. The data for the SSCF process are taken from the Aspen Plus® simulation developed by the National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL). The Environmental Fate and Risk Assessment Tool (EFRAT) is used to calculate the fugitive emissions and SimaPro 7.1 software is used to quantify the environmental impacts of processes. The impact indicators of the processes are calculated using the Eco-indicator 95 method; impact categories analyzed include ozone layer depletion, heavy metals, carcinogens, summer smog, winter smog, pesticides, greenhouse effect, acidification, and eutrophication. Based on the LCA-TAT results, it is found that removal of the continuous ion exchange step within the pretreatment area increases the environmental impact of the process. The main contributor to the increase in the environmental impact of the process is the heavy metal indicator. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is performed to identify major inputs and outputs that affect environmental impacts of the overall process. Based on this analysis it is observed that an increase in waste production and acid use have the greatest effect on the environmental impacts of the SSCF process. Comparing economic analysis with projected technological advances performed by NREL, the improvement in environmental impact was not matched by a concomitant improvement in economic performance. In order to implement technologies which are environmentally sustainable, it is critical to perform LCA for future technological advances.
A model of neutrophil dynamics in response to inflammatory and cancer chemotherapy challenges

Abstract A mathematical model of neutrophil and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) dynamics is developed to capture the response of circulating neutrophil levels to inflammatory and anticancer drug challenges. Severe infection or trauma induces inflammation, leading to: (i) the recruitment of neutrophils to the site of infection; (ii) misdirected neutrophil recruitment to healthy tissue, which may cause tissue damage; and (iii) an increase in neutrophil production through the G-CSF signaling cascade. The model is calibrated using fast (endotoxin challenge) and slow (docetaxel chemotherapy) response data and used to examine neutrophil dynamics in response to different chemotherapy schedules and G-CSF mitigation of, or rescue from, neutropenia. The explicit incorporation of biology in this model provides a superior structure for use in designing and evaluating treatments aimed at modulating neutrophil dynamics in chemotherapy and responses to severe infection or trauma.
On the interpretative aspects of second-order reduced density matrices

A division of the 2-matrix Γ, for a system of N identical fermions, into 2 parts is proposed in such a way that Γ has the same 1-matrix γ as does Γ and Γ has a vanishing 1-matrix (and therefore vanishing trace). This is accomplished by evaluating the natural spin orbital (NSO) occupation numbers Γ of Γ from (where the ni are NSO occupation numbers of γ); and letting γ0 have the same NSO's as does γ. The physical interpretation of Γ should be easier with this decomposition, since Γ is completely determined by γ and has a Hartree-Fock-like form, while Γ corrects the pair density of Γ without disturbing its 1-density.
The kinetics of formation and structure of anodic oxide films on tantalum

Abstract The rate of formation of anodic oxide films on tantalum was studied using aqueous electrolytes. The thicknesses of the oxide films were measured by comparing the interference colors with a calibrated step gage. The equation which describes the kinetics of formation of the films is dx dt = A exp (BF − Q kT ) where B ≠ ƒ(T) . This equation is not in agreement with the predictions of a recent theory by Mott and Cabrera which should apply to this process. The rate of formation of a film is not affected by its past history, the state of cold work of the metal, or by changes in the nature and concentration of the aqueous electrolyte. The efficiency of the process is 98 per cent at all temperatures and rates of formation. The films consist of amorphous Ta2O5, and recrystallize between 500 and 800°C.
The Astro-1 Observatory mission

This paper describes the NASA's Astro-1 Observatory mission. The three ultraviolet (UV) telescopes and one X-ray telescope that make up this Spacelab mission will observe objects in the solar system, including comets and the outer planets, objects within the Milky Way Galaxy, and high-energy extragalactic objects such as quasi-stellar objects and active galaxies. While briefly discussing the science objectives of the mission, the paper focuses on the history of the mission, the Spacelab hardware assembled by the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) to carry the telescopes into orbit, and the complexities of the systems supporting that payload. Also discussed are the dimensions and capabilities of the Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope, the Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope, the Wisconsin Ultraviolet Photopolarimeter Experiment, and the Broad Band X-Ray Telescope, all of which will coobserve a number of targets to generate comprehensive data in both the ultraviolet and X-ray ranges of the spectrum. The Astro-1 mission operations are described, and the cooperative functions of other NASA centers are reported.
Why We Should Not Treat Patients with Stage II Colon Cancer

Research assessing the worth of adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II colon cancer has been ongoing for several decades. The majority of studies have not demonstrated a significant improvement in survival. Despite this, many patients with stage II disease deemed to be at high-risk for recurrence do receive postoperative chemotherapy. The benefit of adjuvant therapy in such high-risk patients has been suggested by retrospective analyses of phase III trials. Molecular and genetic factors are being investigated to learn if they can predict those who might benefit most from adjuvant therapy. The results of randomized trials and pooled analyses will be reviewed to argue that the majority of stage II colon cancer patients should not receive adjuvant chemotherapy. Prospective studies addressing the benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy in high-risk patients are a high priority.
Numerical Simulation of Solitary Wave Using the Fully Lagrangian Method of Moving Particle Semi Implicit

A mesh-less numerical approach, called the moving particle semi implicit method (MPS), is presented to solve inviscid Navier-Stokes equations in a fully Lagrangian form using a fractional step method. This method consists of splitting each time step in two steps. The fluid is represented with particles and the motion of each particle is calculated through interactions with neighboring particles by means of a kernel function. In this paper, the MPS method is used to simulate a dynamic system consisting of a heavy box sinking vertically into a water tank, known as Scott Russell’s wave generator problem. This problem is an example of a falling rock avalanche into natural or artificial reservoirs. The box sinks into water tank and as a result the water is heaved up to form a solitary wave and a reverse plunging wave which forms a vortex. This vortex follows the solitary wave down the water tank. The good agreement between the numerical simulation and the analytical solution confirms the accuracy of the model. This proves the applicability of the present model in simulating complex free surface problems. The number of particles on free surface is presented as an indicator of stability of the model.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
New theory for improving performance of electrorheological fluids by additives

A new model is developed to understand the role of additives. The interface tension, dielectric and conduction effects of additives on electrorheological fluid performance have been discussed. The yield stress in ac electric fields and the leakage current density are calculated based on the proposed model. The yield stress enhancement of NaY/insulating oil electrorheological fluid by adding a liquid crystal additive quantitatively agrees with model calculation results. The rules for selection of a good additive are discussed.
Substituent effects on the sulfur-33 chemical shift in substituted benzenesulfonic acid

Recently we reported the results of an investigation of the spin-lattice relaxation of the sulfur-33 nucleus in the sulfate and thiosulfate anions (I, 2). In the case of the thiosulfate anion only one 33S NMR signal was observed and, by synthesis of the anion with 32S in the thio position, we were able to assign the signal to the internal sulfur atom (2). The replacement of an oxygen atom in the sulfate anion by a sulfur atom to form the thiosulfate anion produces a downfield shift in the internal sulfur nucleus of 36.3 ppm (2, 3). Since so very few chemical shifts have been reported for the 33S nucleus (4), it was of interest to determine the 33S chemical shift in a series of compounds in which the chemical shift could be directly related to electron density changes on the sulfur atom. We chose as model compounds para-substituted benzenesulfonic acids. The purpose of this investigation was to explore the relationship between the 33S chemical shift and the Hammett substituent parameter (sigma) (5). From a knowledge of the electron withdrawing or donating properties of the substituents, it was hoped that the 33S chemical shifts could be used to determine if the paramagnetic term of the shielding constant dominates the chemical shift. It was also of importance to ascertain how sensitive the 33S chemical shift is to long-range electronic effects, and therefore, if 33S NMR might be chemically useful as suggested by an earlier study of thiophenes (6). The compounds used for this study were p-H, pCH3, pC1, and pN02 substituted benzenesulfonic acid obtained as reagent grade material from Kodak. A I A4 aqueous
ORGANELLE SIZE AND NUMBER IN FERTILE AND T-CYTOPLASMIC MALE-STERILE CORN'

Anthers of inbred F44 fertile (N) and cytoplasmic male-sterile (T) corn plants (Zea mays L.) were compared cytologically. No differences between fertile and sterile anthers were observed in size and number of mitochondria or plastids until after the start of anther degeneration. A rapid division of mitochondria was observed, however, in the tapetum and sporogenous cells of both fertile and sterile anthers during early growth stages. This rapid increase in mitochondrial numbers per cell (some 20to 40-fold) preceded tapetal breakdown in sterile anthers and did not occur in other anther cells or in plastids. Limited observations on the megagametophyte and nucellus revealed that mitochondria in ovules remain relatively constant in size and number during gametogenesis and do not undergo degeneration. DIFFERENCES in number and size of mitochondria were observed at the various growth stages and in the different tissues during the electron microscope studies that demonstrated early breakdown of tapetal mitochondria in male-sterile corn anthers (Lee, 1976; Warmke and Lee, 1977). Some apparent differences also were noted in plastid size. For these reasons, and because of a possible relationship to male sterility, measurements and counts of these organelles were made as described in the following sections. MATERIALS AND METHODS-Tissue preparation-Anthers of inbred F44 maintainer corn lines (Zea mays L.) and their T cytoplasmic male-sterile counterparts were collected from the field at Gainesville, Florida. The anthers were removed, fixed, embedded, and mounted as reported in earlier ultrastructural studies (Warmke and Lee, 1977). The same procedures for sectioning and staining also were used. In the present studies,
Anatomically preserved Dicroidium foliage from the central transantarctic mountains

Abstract The first anatomically preserved species of Dicroidium, D. fremouwensis Piggs sp. nov. is described from the Triassic of the central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica. Dicroidium fremouwensis has pinnules that ranges from entire-margined to highly lobed morphologies. Entire-margined pinnules occur basally and pinnules become progressively more dissected at more distal levels of the frond. Dicroidium fremouwensis is most similar to the compression-impression forms D. dubium var. dubium (Feistmantel) Retallack and D. dubium var. tasmaniense (Anderson et Anderson) Retallack. Fronds also bear some resemblance to D. sp cf. D. feistmantelii sensu Lele, D. dubium (Feistmantel) Gothan and D. feistmantelii (Johnston) Gothan. Distal to the frond bifurcation, pinna rachides have a dorsiventral vascular anatomy composed of an abaxial ring of six to eight bundles and an adaxial linear group of five to eight bundles. Bundles of the adaxial line produce lateral strands that vascularize laminar pinnules, while the abaxial bundles remain in a ring that diminishes to three bundles distally. Pinnules have odontopterid venation, differentiated mesophyll, resinous cells and transfusin tracheids. The vascular organization and other anatomical features of D. fremouwensis are similar to those of the fronds of some extant cycads. This information provides a new level of resolution in our knowledge of Dicroidium and documents how permineralized fossils promise to refine our understanding of complex Mesozoic gymnosperms.
Concurrent and lagged impacts of an anomalously warm year on autotrophic and heterotrophic components of soil respiration: a deconvolution analysis

*Partitioning soil respiration into autotrophic (R(A)) and heterotrophic (R(H)) components is critical for understanding their differential responses to climate warming. *Here, we used a deconvolution analysis to partition soil respiration in a pulse warming experiment. We first conducted a sensitivity analysis to determine which parameters can be identified by soil respiration data. A Markov chain Monte Carlo technique was then used to optimize those identifiable parameters in a terrestrial ecosystem model. Finally, the optimized parameters were employed to quantify R(A) and R(H) in a forward analysis. *Our results displayed that more than one-half of parameters were constrained by daily soil respiration data. The optimized model simulation showed that warming stimulated R(H) and had little effect on R(A) in the first 2 months, but decreased both R(H) and R(A) during the remainder of the treatment and post-treatment years. Clipping of above-ground biomass stimulated the warming effect on R(H) but not on R(A). Overall, warming decreased R(A) and R(H) significantly, by 28.9% and 24.9%, respectively, during the treatment year and by 27.3% and 33.3%, respectively, during the post-treatment year, largely as a result of decreased canopy greenness and biomass. *Lagged effects of climate anomalies on soil respiration and its components are important in assessing terrestrial carbon cycle feedbacks to climate warming.
Loving-Kindness Meditation practice associated with longer telomeres in women

Relatively short telomere length may serve as a marker of accelerated aging, and shorter telomeres have been linked to chronic stress. Specific lifestyle behaviors that can mitigate the effects of stress might be associated with longer telomere lengths. Previous research suggests a link between behaviors that focus on the well-being of others, such as volunteering and caregiving, and overall health and longevity. We examined relative telomere length in a group of individuals experienced in Loving-Kindness Meditation (LKM), a practice derived from the Buddhist tradition which utilizes a focus on unselfish kindness and warmth towards all people, and control participants who had done no meditation. Blood was collected by venipuncture, and Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. Quantitative real time PCR was used to measure relative telomere length (RTL) (Cawthon, 2002) in fifteen LKM practitioners and 22 control participants. There were no significant differences in age, gender, race, education, or exposure to trauma, but the control group had a higher mean body mass index (BMI) and lower rates of past depression. The LKM practitioners had longer RTL than controls at the trend level (p=.083); among women, the LKM practitioners had significantly longer RTL than controls, (p=.007), which remained significant even after controlling for BMI and past depression. Although limited by small sample size, these results offer the intriguing possibility that LKM practice, especially in women, might alter RTL, a biomarker associated with longevity.
Absence of lithium-induced taste aversion after area postrema lesion

Anatomical and physiological evidence indicates that the area postrema (AP) lacks a blood-brain barrier6, la and is thus permeable to blood-born substances which do not penetrate most other areas of the brain. The classical experiments of Borison (refs. 5, 7) demonstrated that the AP region contains chemoreceptors which stimulate vomiting in some species in response to certain drugs. This finding suggests that one function of the AP is to detect ingested toxins and trigger their expulsion from the gastrointestinal tract. In addition to producing vomiting, some toxic substances, which are encountered by animals in association with novel foods, may result in formation of learned responses known as conditioned taste aversions (CTAs)3A 1. These learned responses decrease the probability that animals will subsequently ingest particular foods which were previously associated with toxic effects. Berger et al. 4 were the first to demonstrate that the AP plays a critical role in the formation of CTA by some chemical substances. Taste aversions formed by scopolamine methyl nitrate (SMN), a neuroactive substance which does not cross the blood-brain barrier, were shown to be mediated by the AP. On the other hand, the CTA formed by D-amphetamine, a drug which readily penetrates the blood-brain barrier, does not require an intact AP. On the basis of these data, it appears that more than one mechanism may exist for the formation of CTAs. Moreover, these results provide evidence of an important role for the AP region in behavioral, as well as in gastrointestinal, functions. Lithium chloride (LiCI) is a compound which is widely used in CTA studles2,~2, t3. However, the mechanism by which LiCI induces CTAs ts not known. The
Feeding and nutritional ecology of the sea urchin strongylocentrotus drobachiensis in Maine, USA

The sea urchin strongylocentrotus drobachiensis exhibited a high degree of food selectivity, whether foods were presented singly or in combination. Foods ranked from most to least preferred were, in summer, Laminaria longicruris, Chondrus crispus, Corallina officinalis, Ascophyllum nodosum, and Agarum cribrosum, whereas in winter A. nodosum and A. cribrosum exchanged ranks. Food preference was not correlated with caloric content but, because of higher feeding rates on preferred foods, caloric intake was positively correlated with preference. Similarly, food absorption rankings were not correlated with food preference, with the exception of gravimetric efficiencies in winter. However, the absorption of L. longicruris, the most preferred alga, was highest in all measurements. Growth and reproductive development of S. drobachiensis on single species diets were positively correlated with food preference. Highest values occurred with animals fed L. longicruris. Urchins transferred from non-preferred to preferred diets showed increased somatic and reproductive growth compared to control animals on the original, non-preferred diets. Conversely, when transferred from preferred to non-preferred diets, urchins showed reduced growth compared to controls. No combination diet tested supported significantly better gonadal growth than L. longicruris: 25% C. crispus supported slightly better somatic growth than L. longicruris alone. These data support the view that S. drobachiensis has evolved a feeding strategy resulting in the maximization of growth and reproduction.