cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Will one child policy reduce entrepreneurship in China

This paper argues that one child policy in China will negatively affect entrepreneurship in China 20 to 30 years later. The author first presents evidence that aging has been partially responsible Japan's recent economic stagnation. Then the paper presents evidence that young people are more able entrepreneurs. Moreover, the aging of the workforce can negatively affect entrepreneurship particularly for young people, because young people are promoted more slowly in an aging organization, and therefore accumulated less human capital to be successful entrepreneurs. Lastly, the paper predicts that entrepreneurship will suffer a great deal if China continues its one child policy.
Why are predator urines aversive to prey

Predator odors often repel prey species. In the present experiments, we investigated whether changes in the diet of a predator, the coyote (Canis latrans) would affect the repellency of its urine. Furthermore, because predator odors have a high sulfur content, reflecting large amounts of meat in the diet, we investigated the contribution of sulfurous odors to repellency. Our results were consistent with the hypothesis that diet composition and sulfurous metabolites of meat digestion are important for the repellency of predator odors to potential prey.
Recruitment Materials Utilized in Home Economics Education, Business, and Foods, Nutrition, and Dietetics: A Log-Linear Comparison.

Programs in higher education such as Home Economics Education, Business, and Foods, Nutrition, and Dietetics have experienced changes in numbers of under graduate and graduate students during the last decade. This research addresses the following questions: Are there significant differences in the quality and type of recruitment materials sent to prospective undergraduates and graduates in these three program areas? Are there differences in the numbers of males, fe males, older, and nontraditional students represented in the recruitment mate rials from these three program areas? The results of this study indicate that there are significant differences in the numbers of brochures, booklets, information sheets, and letters sent to prospective students in these three areas. However, there appear to be nonsignificant differences in the cost of materials and the numbers of materials sent to undergraduate and graduate students. Likewise, there appear to be significant differences in the types of individuals represented in the materials from the three areas, but nonsignificant differences in the types of individuals represented in materials designed for undergraduate and graduate students. Recommendations are presented for further study in the area of effec tive student recruitment in higher education, particularly in the area of aesthetic preferences for and the graphic design of home economics materials.
Small-sample error estimation for bagged classification rules

Application of ensemble classification rules in genomics and proteomics has become increasingly common. However, the problem of error estimation for these classification rules, particularly for bagging under the small-sample settings prevalent in genomics and proteomics, is not well understood. Breiman proposed the "out-of-bag" method for estimating statistics of bagged classifiers, which was subsequently applied by other authors to estimate the classification error. In this paper, we give an explicit definition of the out-of-bag estimator that is intended to remove estimator bias, by formulating carefully how the error count is normalized. We also report the results of an extensive simulation study of bagging of common classification rules, including LDA, 3NN, and CART, applied on both synthetic and real patient data, corresponding to the use of common error estimators such as resubstitution, leave-one-out, cross-validation, basic bootstrap, bootstrap 632, bootstrap 632 plus, bolstering, semi-bolstering, in addition to the out-of-bag estimator. The results from the numerical experiments indicated that the performance of the out-of-bag estimator is very similar to that of leave-one-out; in particular, the out-of-bag estimator is slightly pessimistically biased. The performance of the other estimators is consistent with their performance with the corresponding single classifiers, as reported in other studies.
The anatomy, physiology, functional significance and evolution of specialized hearing organs of gerbilline rodents

Middle and inner ear anatomy correlates with neurophysiological responses to a wide range of sound frequencies for species of the Gerbillinae representing generalized, intermediate, and specialized anatomical conditions. Neurophysiological data were recorded from 81 specimens of 13 species representing six genera. Anatomical parameters involved in the process of hearing were correlated with the neurophysiological data to assess the effects of different degrees of anatomical specialization on hearing. The 13 species tested in this manner have graphic curves of auditory sensitivity of remarkably similar disposition over the frequencies tested and to those published for Kangaroo Rats. Ears with anatomical specializations show greater auditory sensitivity. The natural history of the Gerbillinae, particularly the kinds of predators, degree of predation, and habitat is reviewed and utilized to interpret the significance of the degree of auditory specialization in the forms studied and to evaluate the prevailing hypothesis that these specializations enhance the ability of these rodents to survive in open desert situations by detecting and evading predators. The middle ear anatomy of five additional genera and species was also studied. Thus, data on the entire spectrum of gerbilline middle ear morphology provide an evolutionary sequence. Certain anatomical parameters of the organ of Corti show a degree of specialization parallel to that of features of the middle ear. The morphological changes and possible functional roles of these features are considered. A very high correlation exists for degree of specialization and aridity of habitat, thus specialization increases with increasing aridity. This increased specialization may result from more effective predation in open xeric environments. Auditory acuity for a wide range of low frequency sounds augmented by auditory specialization is hence more advantageous here. There does not appear to be selection for hearing at particular frequencies in this range. The peaks of greatest auditory sensitivity appear to correspond to the resonant frequencies of the different components of the middle ear transformer and cavity.
Methods for Debrominating 4,5-Dibromopentanyl Glycosides

Abstract Debromination of 4,5-dibromopentanyl glycosides to (re)generate n-pentenyl glycosides has been accomplished using zinc, samarium(II) iodide, and sodium iodide, respectively. The choice of reagent is dependent upon the reactivity of the substrate, as well as the protecting groups thereon.
Advances in reproductive toxicology.

Research in reproductive toxicology has relied on several animal models as well as on the more difficult-to-perform human studies. In animals, ovarian toxicity is being investigated in more detail, with investigation of characteristics of reversibility. Epidemiology studies using time-to-pregnancy techniques have been useful in identifying potential at-risk populations for further study. Male toxicology research has concentrated on defining normal sperm parameters in experimental animals and in men, particularly when those parameters are evaluated by computer-assisted techniques.37 references.
Benzimidazolinetriones. Reactions of 2,5,6‐ and 2,4,7‐benzimidazolinetriones

The condensation of 2,5,6-benzimidazolinetrione with ethylenediamine resulted in the formation of the 1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazo[4,5-g]quinoxalin-2-one ring system. The reaction of this trione with excess ethanethiol resulted in the isolation of three hydroquinones which were oxidized to the respective quinones. 2,4,7-Benzimidazolinetrione was shown to undergo a Diels-Alder reaction with isoprene and a mono-addition reaction with benzenethiol.
A regional pH-alkalinity relationship

Abstract An explicit equation relating the pH and alkalinity of natural waters is derived as an inverse hyperbolic sine function. For the range of pH generally encountered in lake and stream acidification studies, the parameters of the equation are related to the dissolved CO 2 saturation relative to atmospheric CO 2 and the concentration of weak acid anions, though the relationship is approximate. The functional form allows for statistical parameter estimation given a regional or temporal pH-alkalinity data-set. The relationship simplifies pH estimation in regional aquatic acidification models where alkalinity is computed as the master variable.
Sectoranopia: a stroke in the lateral geniculate nucleus or optic radiations?

Abstract Background The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is the site at which ganglion cell axons of the optic tract synapse with neurons that form the optic radiations. Lesions of the perigeniculate visual pathway are characterized by distinct pupillary, visual field, and ophthalmoscopic findings. Such findings, combined with results from neuroimaging, enable one to precisely locate the area of the visual pathway that is involved. Case report A patient who presented to our clinic with a complaint of narrowly missing several motor vehicle accidents recently was found to have a left horizontal sectoranopia on a screening visual field. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the presence of an old infarct involving the optic radiations. The patient’s medical history was significant for high homocysteine levels that likely contributed to his having had several cerebral vascular accidents in the past, one of which affected the optic radiations. Conclusions Damage to the LGN and optic radiations can produce sectoranopic visual field defects. Although it may not be possible to specify the exact location of a lesion, understanding the blood supply of the visual pathway and retinotopic organization of the LGN aids in the localization of infarcts that cause characteristic visual field defects.
Attitudinal effects of selected types of concluding metaphors in persuasive speeches

(1966). Attitudinal effects of selected types of concluding metaphors in persuasive speeches. Speech Monographs: Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 147-155.
On the neutron—proton correlations and deuteron production

Abstract The neutron-proton correlations and deuteron formation in nuclear collisions both appear due to the final state interactions. Thus, we suggest simulataneous measurements of the neutron—proton correlation function and the deuteron formation rate. We calculate in parallel the two quantities and express them through the space-time parameters of the particle source created in nucleus-nucleus collisions.
Pharmacology of the nitrates in angina pectoris

Nitrate therapy is the oldest treatment modality for angina pectoris. In addition to sublingual nitroglycerin, longer-acting preparations are available to provide angina prophylaxis. Nitrates work as venodilators and arterial dilators, and by these actions in patients with angina pectoris can reduce myocardial oxygen demands while maintaining or increasing coronary artery flow. On the cellular level, they may increase endothelial prostacyclin release to cause their vasodilating effects. Long-acting nitrates are available in sublingual, chewable, oral, buccal and topical forms. The topical forms include nitroglycerin paste and transcutaneous patches. Long-acting nitrates have a duration of action of 2 to 24 hours, depending on the preparation used. The transcutaneous patches, which provide the longest duration of activity, are being reexamined regarding long-term efficacy and drug tolerance. Nitrates are also available in an intravenous form and in a short-acting sublingual spray soon to be released. The safety of nitrates has been confirmed. Their hemodynamic and safety profiles allow them to be combined with calcium-channel blockers, beta-adrenergic blockers or both when trying to improve on the antianginal efficacy of single-drug therapy.
10A. When Behaviors Won't Change: From Genetics to Biochemistry to Beyond.

Focus Areas: Integrative Approaches to Care, Supporting Behavioral Change, Mental Health With more than 75% of medical expenditures relating to lifestyle choices and chronic disease, shifting resistant behavior patterns is the great challenge of medicine and healing modalities. A potential operational approach to this problem addresses the underlying subclinical depression and/or anxiety as a root cause of impaired neuroplasticity. Understanding single nucleotide polymorphisms in the COMT, MOA, and serotonin receptor genes can provide justification for utilizing SAMe and 5-methylfolate as adjuvants to traditional mood medications. Early childhood trauma increases the likelihood that inflammation contributes to mood imbalances and provides reason to explore somatoemotional release techniques such as hypnotherapy and Native American healing modalities. Understanding neurotransmitter abundance dynamics allows focused replacement of specific neurotransmitter populations using key amino acids such as tryptophan, tyrosine, and taurine. Biofeedback provides the means to test the strength of positive relative to negative mental and emotional inputs and thus facilitates replacement of non-functional thought processes.
Source identification of puff-based dispersion models using convex optimization

A convex optimization based source estimation method is presented for dynamic models. The effectiveness of the method is illustrated in the context of a simple atmospheric puff-based dispersion model. Source estimation is the process of inferring the source parameters from the sensor measurements and the physical model. In dispersion, the most important source parameters include the locations and strengths of the sources as well as their number. A source identification method usually involves global search of the multidimensional parameter space, including a large area of possible source locations based on a batch of sensor data gathered over a reasonably long time interval. In this work, a grid-based algorithm is presented for efficient source identification where the number of sources is unknown and may be large. The source identification problem is formulated as a convex optimization problem in the l 1 metric, which exploits the sparse nature of the solution to efficiently estimate the source characteristics.
Acidic dispersion of fused SiO2 particles

The acidic dispersion behavior of fused SiO2 particles was investigated and compared to two fumed SiO2 particles In contrast, the fused SiO2 particles have a larger particle size, broader size distribution, and lower surface area. Fluoride adsorption was used to study surface activity, and acid–base titration was used to study surface charge in 10−1 to 10−3 M NaCl solutions over the pH range of 2–7.5. Each of the three SiO2 particles exhibited similar titration behavior, with the fused SiO2 particles displaying a higher intrinsic pKa2 value of 7.0 as compared to 6.8 and 6.1 for the two fumed SiO2 particles. Rheological experiments designed to test for dispersion and agglomeration/ gellation at 3 and 6 wt% solids loading in 10−3 M NaCl solutions adjusted to pH 2, 4, and 6 showed the fused SiO2 particles to be more stable in suspension, exhibiting lower viscosity results for all test conditions. Results show that the fused SiO2 particles tested in this report display superior dispersion properties as compared to conventional fumed SiO2 particles for slurry applications under acidic conditions.
Social Security, Earnings Tests, and Age at Retirement

The effect of a Social Security system on the decision to retire is a matter of considerable controversy. Among the aspects of such systems causing debate have been the existence and effects of imperfect capital markets, the purported incentives embodied in "earnings tests, "the degree of actuarial fairness in such systems, and the degree to which incentives increase or decrease at certain critical ages (62 and 65 in the United States). The present article contains an analysis of the retirement decision that illuminates many of these issues and provides new insights into the effects of Social Security on retirement. Using a straightforward labor-leisure model and associated analytical diagrams, the article shows the labor-supply effect of actuarial unfairness in the benefit formula, the impact of an earnings test in causing workers to postpone retire ment (thus increasing lifetime labor supply), and the impact of imperfect capital markets on the timing of retirement.
The need for a revised lower limit for the 4253H, Twice nonparametric smoother

Abstract Velleman and Hoaglin (1981) describe the nonparametric smoother 4253H,Twice which uses a combination of running medians and Hanning to smooth data sequences. Velleman and Hoaglin (1981) suggest that the minimum sample size recommended for this nonparametric smoother is seven. A proof and working example presented here suggest that the recommended minimum data points should be higher than seven.
Mise en place d’une consultation d’annonce de résultat après biopsie mammaire

Resume Objectifs Mise en place de consultations post-biopsies mammaires d’annonce du resultat, evaluation de ce dispositif afin de nous aider a ameliorer notre pratique. Patientes et methodes Les medecins radio-senologues ont beneficie d’une FMC sur l’annonce interne a l’etablissement. Nous avons distribue a 50 patientes (ayant un resultat malin) des questionnaires comportant 13 items et la possibilite de commentaires libres et anonymes. Resultats Nous presentons des outils d’aide a l’entretien d’annonce. Trente et un questionnaires ont ete retournes par les patientes, et analyses. Trente patientes (96,8 %) ont juge les informations fournies plutot ou tout a fait suffisantes, et seule une estime n’avoir pas eu le temps de poser toutes les questions souhaitees. Deux patientes (6,6 %) ont trouve la programmation des RV ulterieurs insuffisante. Les patientes portent un jugement global plutot positif sur cette consultation. Conclusion le radiologue peut assurer une des consultations d’annonce, en fonction de son implication en senologie, de son travail d’expertise personnelle, et de son integration dans un reseau de soins.
Tissue Distribution and Biochemical Characterization of Carboxylesterases Associated with Permethrin Resistance in a Near Isogenic Strain of Colorado Potato Beetle

Abstract The tissue distribution of carboxylesterases associated with permethrin resistance in Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata(Say)) was investigated. Most of the trans-[14C]permethrin hydrolyzing activity (i.e., 77–86%) was found in hemolymph and soluble fractions. Hemolymph fraction from the permethrin-resistant strain contained significantly higher trans-[14C]permethrin-hydrolyzing activity than the susceptible strain, indicating soluble carboxylesterases involved in permethrin resistance. Through electrophoresis and chromatofocusing procedures, the pI4.2–4.8 carboxylesterases from hemolymph were determined to be most closely associated with this aspect of permethrin resistance. These carboxylesterases from the permethrin-resistant strain showed 1.7–6.0 times higher permethrin hydrolysis activities than those from the susceptible strain. Electrophoretic comparisons and kinetic studies implied that higher activity in the permethrin-resistant strain is primary due to the overproduction of the carboxylesterases rather than any qualitative change. The overall level of permethrin hydrolysis, however, was very low (i.e., 5.6 pmol/hr/larva) even in the resistant strain. Hemolymph carboxylesterases were inhibited by permethrin in a reversible manner, suggestive of high-affinity binding of permethrin to the carboxylesterases. Therefore, a sequestration of permethrin by hemolymph carboxylesterases (e.g., pI4.2–4.8 carboxylesterases) through high-affinity binding was proposed to be a major contributing factor of permethrin resistance in the permethrin-resistant strain in addition to the low level of permethrin hydrolysis.
Third Molar Development in the Estimation of Chronologic Age in American Blacks as Compared With Whites

Third molar (M3) development determined from dental radiographs in American blacks (African Americans; n=637) aged 14-24 years was contrasted against American whites (n=563) from a previous study using the method of Demirjian et al. Differences were assessed using descriptive statistics and the parametric proportional hazards model. For each developmental stage, the probability of an individual being at least 18 years old was evaluated. As in other M3 studies, there were highly significant modal differences, but the age ranges at each stage overlapped considerably. Black-white differences were highly significant with developmental stages occurring in blacks a year or so earlier. Gender differences also varied significantly, both with increasing age and between races. The empirical likelihood that an African American male with fully developed M3's is at least 18 years old is 93% and that for African American female is 84%. Corresponding risks for whites are 90% and 93%.
Integration of point-contact microscopy and atomic-force microscopy: Application to characterization of graphite/Pt(111)

The electrical current through the point-contact junction of an AFM tip is used to image the surfaces of bulk graphite (HOPG) and the surface of a graphitized carbon monolayer on Pt(111) under ultra-high-vacuum (UHV) conditions. Lattice-resolved images are obtained simultaneously in topography, lateral friction, and contact current channels. Lattice resolution in current maps persisted up to 0.9 mA and pressures of up to 5 GPa. In both bulk graphite and the case of graphitized carbon monolayer on Pt(111), the current images show only one maximum per unit cell. In addition, the contact current images of the graphite monolayer reveal local conductivity variations. We observed local conductivity variations in the form of moire superstructures resulting from high order commensurability with the Pt lattice. (c) 1999 The American Physical Society.
Community College Fundraising: The Voluntary Support of Education Survey as a Sampling Tool for Research

This article describes the Voluntary Support for Education (VSE) Survey, an instrument created by the Council for Aid to Education. Our objective is to explain VSE's potential value as a tool to inform both institutional and academic research regarding fund-raising activities at community colleges. Of particular interest is how the data available in the VSE offer considerably more nuance than Internal Revenue Service form 990 available to researchers. In addition to this general discussion, we will present a specific example of how the VSE was used as a tool to create a sample of institutions for a study investigating the fund-raising practices of college presidents.
Dicopper(I) complexes of unsymmetrical binucleating ligands and their dioxygen reactivities.

The design, synthesis, and characterization of binuclear copper(I) complexes and investigations of their dioxygen reactivities are of interest in understanding fundamental aspects of copper/O2 reactivity and in modeling copper enzyme active-site chemistry. In the latter regard, unsymmetrical binuclear systems are of interest. Here, we describe the chemistry of new unsymmetrical binuclear copper complexes, starting with the binucleating ligand UN2-H, possessing a m-xylyl moiety linking a bis[2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl]amine (PY2) tridentate chelator and a 2-[2-(methylamino)ethyl]pyridine bidentate group. Dicopper(I) complexes of UN2-H, [Cu2(UN2-H)]2+ (1), as PF6- and ClO4- salts, are synthesized. These react with O2 (Cu:O2 = 2:1, manometry) resulting in the hydroxylation of the xylyl moiety, producing the phenoxohydroxodicopper(II) complex [Cu2(UN2-O-)(OH-)(CH3CN)]2+ (2). Compound 2(PF6)2 is characterized by X-ray crystallography, which reveals features similar to those of a structure described previously (Karlin,...
The Roles of Shame and Guilt in Hypersexual Behavior

Although clinical accounts and studies of persons with compulsive/ addictive behavior often address shame, and sometimes guilt, no study examines the interplay of shame and guilt in maintenance of hypersexual behavior. Persons seeking treatment for compulsive pornography use (n = 177) reported shame, guilt, hypersexuality, and motivations to change through anonymous, online surveys. A path model demonstrated significant positive relationships between shame-proneness and hypersexuality, and between guilt-proneness with both motivation to change and preventive behaviors. Results suggest that shame and guilt have contrasting, complementary relationships related to the maintenance of hypersexual behavior and the motivation to change unwanted practices.
Efficient extraction of quantum Hamiltonians from optimal laboratory data

Optimal identification (OI) is a recently developed procedure for extracting information about quantum Hamiltonians from experimental data. It employs techniques from coherent learning control to drive the quantum system such that dynamical measurements provide maximal information about its Hamiltonian. OI is an optimal procedure as initially presented; however, the data inversion component is computationally expensive. Here, we demonstrate that highly efficient global, nonlinear, map-facilitated inversion procedures can be combined with the OI concept to make it more suitable for laboratory implementation. A simulation of map-facilitated OI illustrates how the input-output maps can greatly accelerate the data inversion process.
Antigenic relationships among frog viruses demonstrated by the plaque reduction and neutralization kinetics tests.

Abstract Antisera to several different cytoplasmic frog virus isolates were prepared in rabbits. Comparison of eight virus isolates by means of 50% plaque reduction tests revealed no antigenic differences. In neutralization kinetic studies of three isolates, LT-1, LT-2, and FV-1, very low neutralization rate constants (K = 0.18–2.9) and high persistent fractions of nonneutralizable virus (14–38%) were obtained. No antigenic differences were detected, although one isolate, LT-2, consistently gave lower K values and higher persistent fractions with homologous and heterologous sera than did LT-1 and FV-1. It is concluded that all the cytoplasmic frog viruses studied, originating from normal and tumor-bearing frogs from widely separated parts of the United States, comprise a single serotype.
Extra‐Column Volume in CCC

Abstract Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) is used by natural products and medicinal chemists for fractionation of extracts of flora and fauna to screen for pharmacological activity, and in isolating and purifying gram quantities of individual natural and synthetic compounds. The large extra‐column volume in CCC apparatus, particularly in the coil‐planet centrifuge designs employing an anti‐twisting flow line assembly, may lead to errors in the calculation of the distribution ratios of eluting fractions. The effect of extra‐column volume is to delay the time required for a peak to reach the detector. This delay is equal to the transit time of the extra‐column volume plus half of the mobile‐phase portion of the sample volume. The effect is negligible for columns of large volume (300 mL) but becomes more significant for small columns (15 mL) and for large sample volumes. Manual correction for the effect is very tedious, but results obtained using a generally applicable spreadsheet are presented and discus...
Cognitive assessment strategies and the measurement of outcome of treatment for social phobia

With the development of cognitive-behavioral theories and treatments for the emotional disorders, there is an increased need for the development and utilization of assessment devices to quantify cognitive constructs. This is especially important in the study and treatment of social phobia, an anxiety disorder that appears to have a significant cognitive component. In this paper, I review and evaluate the use of cognitive assessment strategies in studies of the cognitive-behavioral treatment of social phobia. Although much useful data have been collected, studies that included any form of cognitive assessment relied heavily on questionnaire assessment of fear of negative evaluation or irrational beliefs, with only occasional use of other methods such as thought listing or self-statement questionnaires. In the latter part of the review, I focus on the potential utility of other measures including those derived from the growing literature on the processing of information among persons with social phobia or other anxiety disorders. Studies that have demonstrated differences between social phobics and comparison groups are reviewed, and the potential uses of these information processing techniques are examined. The cognitive assessment of social phobia and its response to cognitive-behavioral interventions remains in its childhood, although the transition to adolescence may be on the horizon.
Examining the ‘relative image’ of tourism destinations: a case study

Many traditional destination image studies employ a non-comparative assessment approach. This study, however, suggests defining and measuring destination image in a comparative manner (termed ‘relative image’) for the purpose of destination positioning. Using a case study on American leisure travellers’ image of Mainland China, the author proposes and demonstrates the utility of a multi-step procedure of relative image assessment. The author concludes that by utilising competing destinations as a reference frame and replicating tourists’ actual decision-making process, relative image assessment may generate more relevant information and insights for destination marketers.
Continuing promise 2009--assessment of a recent pediatric surgical humanitarian mission.

Abstract Purpose Surgical organizations have begun to focus their efforts on providing humanitarian assistance in international communities. Most surgeons do not have previous international experience and lack an understanding of what is expected and what care they can provide. The unknown factors include case types, patient volume, postoperative care, and equipment. This abstract presents humanitarian assistance mission and highlights the importance of preparation, host nation involvement, and understanding the local politics of each country. Methods In April to July 2009, the USNS (United States Naval Ship) Comfort deployed to provide humanitarian assistance to 7 countries through Central and South America. Data collected included numbers and types of procedures, rate of rejection of patients for operation, patient age, American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) score, and length of procedure. Results These data represent the total mission of Continuing Promise 2009 including a total of 1137 surgical procedures of which 340 were pediatric ( Conclusions Our data represent the largest collection to date on the pediatric surgical care of children in a humanitarian effort. Our experience can be used to identify the most likely types of cases in South and Central America and as a model for the safe and efficient treatment of children in a developing country.
HLA Antigens in Migraine

Fifty consecutive patients with migraine headaches were evaluated for the presence of 10 HLA-A and 14 HLA-B antigens by means of the microlymphocytotoxicity assay. Comparisons were made between classical and common migraine, and between patients with and without a family history of migraine. All groups of patients showed an association with B8 and B27, which failed to reach clinical significance. This data suggests that the multifactorial inheritance postulated for migraine probably does not require the participation of the HLA-A or B locus of the major histocompatibility complex.
A Novel Chimeric Lysin Shows Superiority to Mupirocin for Skin Decolonization of Methicillin-Resistant and -Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus Strains

Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen responsible for a number of serious and sometimes fatal infections. One of its reservoirs on the human body is the skin, which is known to be a source of invasive infection. The potential for an engineered staphylococcus-specific phage lysin (ClyS) to be used for topical decolonization is presented. We formulated ClyS into an ointment and applied it to a mouse model of skin colonization/infection with S. aureus. Unlike the standard topical antibacterial agent mupirocin, ClyS eradicated a significantly greater number of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and -resistant S. aureus (MRSA) bacteria: a 3-log reduction with ClyS as opposed to a 2-log reduction with mupirocin in our model. The use of ClyS also demonstrated a decreased potential for the development of resistance by MRSA and MSSA organisms compared to that from the use of mupirocin in vitro. Because antibodies may affect enzyme function, we tested antibodies developed after repeated ClyS exposure for their effect on ClyS killing ability. Our results showed no inhibition of ClyS activity at various antibody titers. These data demonstrate the potential of developing ClyS as a novel class of topical antimicrobial agents specific to staphylococcus.
Weather radar - recent developments and trends

Recent developments in weather radar technology are discussed and results obtained with the NOAA/NSSL polarimetric Doppler research radar are shown. These include mitigation of range velocity ambiguities via systematic phase coding of transmitted signal and staggered PRT technique. Reduction of errors and faster volume scans is possible by decorrelation transformation (whitening) of oversampled signals in range. Spectral processing of polarimetric variables brings a new dimension whereby it is possible to adaptively recognize ground clutter and filter it as well as to estimated winds by separating passive wind tracers (such as insects) from migrating birds.
An Experimental Investigation of the Autoignition Characteristics of Camelina-Based Hydroprocessed Renewable Jet Fuel

A rapid compression machine (RCM) is used to study the autoignition characteristics of camelina-based hydroprocessed renewable jet (HRJ) fuel and JP-8 jet fuel at low temperature and low pressure conditions. The tests employ a new approach for creating the fuel/oxidizer gas mixture whereby liquid fuel is injected directly into the combustion chamber and vaporized before the test commences. Reproducibility measurements confirm the validity of this approach for high-fidelity gas-phase kinetic measurements. Ignition delay measurements are compared between camelina HRJ and JP-8 at a compressed pressure of 7 bar, an oxidizer-to-fuel mass ratio of 14.4 and compressed temperatures between 650 K and 800 K. Additional ignition delay measurements for camelina HRJ are reported over the same temperature range with a compressed pressure of 7 bar and an oxidizer-to-fuel mass ratio of 19.
Unraveling the maze: Understanding of diesel reforming through the use of simplified fuel blends☆

Abstract Diesel and logistics fuels offer high energy storage in very convenient transportable forms. However, converting these fuels to hydrogen for use in a fuel cell has proven a difficult task. The task is made more difficult by the complex nature of the fuels, which makes following the chemistry close to impossible. By utilizing simplified mixtures, we are developing an understanding of diesel reforming and how factors such as H 2 O : C and O 2 : C ratios, temperature, and fuel composition affect the reactions. Intermediates in the oxidation and coke-forming reactions have been identified which allow us to follow the desired reactions as well as undesirable side reactions. Using the information from the simplified systems, we are then able to build up an understanding of the more complex real-world system.
Unwritten Roles for Survival and Success: Senior Faculty Speak to Junior Faculty

Abstract An evolving body of research has examined the process of mentoring relationships among senior and junior faculty in health education and health promotion academic programs. However, little attention has been given to understanding the specific content of interactions between mentors and proteges. This qualitative research was conducted to identify the knowledge, behaviors, and skills senior faculty believe are important for success of new health promotion and health education faculty. Senior faculty (n=11) in health education/health promotion at major universities in the United States were interviewed to determine the kinds of advice they have given to junior faculty whom they have mentored. Data were collected by in-person and telephone interviews. Research-related themes included having a research focus; working with teams; knowing institutional expectations; and balancing quantitative versus qualitative methodology. Teaching-related themes centered on the importance of working with students; u...
The Debye-Hückel approximation: Its use in describing electroosmotic flow in micro- and nanochannels

In this work we consider the electroosmotic flow in a rectangular channel. We consider a mixture of water or other neutral solvent and a salt compound, such as sodium chloride, and other buffers for which the ionic species are entirely dissociated. Results are produced for the case where the channel height is much greater than the width of the electric double layer (EDL) (microchannel) and for the case where the channel height is of the order or slightly greater than the width of the EDL (nanochannel). At small cation, anion concentration differences the Debye-Huckel approximation is appropriate; at larger concentration differences, the Gouy-Chapman picture of the electric double emerges naturally. In the symmetric case, the velocity field and the potential are identical. We specifically focus in this paper on the limits of the Debye-Huckel approximation for a simplified version of a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) mixture. The fluid is assumed to behave as a continuum and the volume flow rate is observed to vary linearly with channel height for electrically driven flow in contrast to pressure-driven flow which varies as height cubed. This means that very large pressure drops are required to drive flows in small channels. However, useful volume flow rates may be obtained at a very low driving voltage. In the course of the solution, we establish the relationship between the wall mole fractions of the electrolytes and the zeta potential. Multivalent electrolyte mixtures are also considered.
Optimal aircraft control upset recovery with and without component failures

Recovery of safe flight for a particular aircraft, in a specific initial adverse condition is examined, with and without a specific control failure. It is shown that under optimal circumstances, the adverse vehicle state could be corrected with little altitude loss. In addition, a control failure which proved fatal in practice was corrected, assuming independently acting spoilers. Generalizing these results to a comprehensive set of upset scenari will be time consuming, but could offer valuable heuristic piloting insights.
“Great problems of the Earth” Discussed at Symposium

The second open symposium for the new National Science Foundation (NSF) research program, Cooperative Studies of the Earth's Deep Interior (CSEDI), was held at the Inn at Loretto in Santa Fe, N. Mex., from October 22–23,1993. The symposium, attended by more than 130 Earth scientists, was organized by Thome Lay, of the U.S. Studies of the Earth's Deep Interior (SEDI) Coordinating Committee, and Chick Keller, with the assistance of Shirley Roybal. The symposium began with an overview of the CSEDI initiative (see Eos, April 20, 1993) and a discussion of the functions of the U.S. SEDI Coordinating Committee by Chairman Rick O'Connell, followed by an explanation by Tom Jordan of the procedures for selection of a new Coordinating Committee, to serve in the coming year. Participants were invited to make nominations for new committee members during the course of the symposium.
WiZi-Cloud: Application-transparent dual ZigBee-WiFi radios for low power internet access

The high density ofWiFi Access Points and large unlicensed RF bandwidth over which they operate makes them good candidates to alleviate cellular network's limitations. However, maintaining connectivity through WiFi results in depleting the mobile phone's battery in a very short time. We propose WiZi-Cloud, a system that utilizes a dual WiFi-ZigBee radio on mobile phones and Access Points, supported by WiZi-Cloud protocols, to achieve ubiquitous connectivity, high energy efficiency, real time intra-device/inter-AP handover, that is transparent to the applications. WiZi-Cloud runs mostly on commodity hardware such as Android phones and OpenWrt capable access points. Our extensive set of experiments demonstrate that for maintaining connectivity, WiZi-Cloud achieves more than a factor of 11 improvement in energy consumption in comparison with energy-optimized WiFi, and a factor of 7 in comparison with GSM. WiZi-Cloud has a better coverage than WiFi, and a low delay resulting in a good Mean Opinion Score (MOS) of 4.26 for a VoIP US cross-country communication.
Highly Confined Tunable Mid-Infrared Plasmonics in Graphene Nanoresonators

Single-layer graphene has been shown to have intriguing prospects as a plasmonic material, as modes having plasmon wavelengths ∼20 times smaller than free space (λp ∼ λ0/20) have been observed in the 2–6 THz range, and active graphene plasmonic devices operating in that regime have been explored. However there is great interest in understanding the properties of graphene plasmons across the infrared spectrum, especially at energies exceeding the graphene optical phonon energy. We use infrared microscopy to observe the modes of tunable plasmonic graphene nanoresonator arrays as small as 15 nm. We map the wavevector-dependent dispersion relations for graphene plasmons at mid-infrared energies from measurements of resonant frequency changes with nanoresonator width. By tuning resonator width and charge density, we probe graphene plasmons with λp ≤ λ0/100 and plasmon resonances as high as 310 meV (2500 cm–1) for 15 nm nanoresonators. Electromagnetic calculations suggest that the confined plasmonic modes have ...
Enhanced diffraction from a grating on the surface of a negative-index metamaterial

We show by numerical simulation as well as by measurements on negative-index metamaterial wedge samples, that the unavoidable stepping of the refraction interface-due to the finite unit-cell size inherent to metamaterials-can give rise to a well-defined diffracted beam in addition to the negatively refracted beam. The direction of the diffracted beam is consistent with elementary diffraction theory; however, the coupling to this higher order beam is much larger than would be the case for a positive index material. The results confirm recent theoretical predictions of enhanced diffraction for negative-index grating surfaces.
A Cross-Sectional Study of Happiness and Smoking Cessation Among Parents

Introduction: Smoking cessation among adults is associated with increased happiness. This association has not been measured in parents, a subset of adults who face uniquely stressful and challenging circumstances that can affect happiness. Aims: The aim of this study was to determine if parental smoking cessation is associated with increased happiness and to identify characteristics of parental quitters who experience increased happiness. Methods: A total of 1,355 parents completed a 12-month follow-up interview from a U.S. national trial, Clinical Effort Against Secondhand Smoke Exposure (CEASE). Multivariable logistic regression examined if level of happiness was independently associated with quitting smoking and identified characteristics associated with feeling happier after quitting smoking. Results/Findings: Parents’ level of happiness was independently associated with quitting smoking (aOR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.42–1.79). Factors associated with increased happiness among quitters include engaging in evidence-based cessation assistance (aOR = 2.69, 95% CI = 1.16–6.26), and adopting strictly enforced smoke-free home (aOR = 2.55, 95% CI = 1.19–5.48) and car (aOR = 3.85, 95% CI = 1.94–7.63) policies. Additionally, parents who believed that being a smoker got in the way of being a parent (aOR = 5.37, 95% CI = 2.61–11.07) and who believed that thirdhand smoke is harmful to children (aOR = 3.28, 95% CI = 1.16–9.28) were more likely to report feeling happier after quitting. Conclusions: Parents who quit smoking reported being happier than parents who did not quit. Though prospective studies can clarify what factors cause an increase in happiness, letting paediatricians know that most parents who smoke report being happier when quitting may facilitate communication with parents around cessation.
An analytical solution for percutaneous drug absorption

Laplace transforms were used to solve a mathematical model developed for percutaneous drug absorption. The model includes application and removal of the vehicle from the skin. A system of two linear partial differential equations was solved during the application period. The concentration of the medicinal agent in the skin at the end of the application period was then used as initial condition to determine the distribution of the drug in the skin following instantaneous removal of the vehicle. Numerical results of the amount of drug released in both cases are presented.
High-cycle fatigue of Ti-6Al-4V

The definition of the critical levels of microstructural damage that can lead to the propagation of fatigue cracks under high-cycle fatigue loading conditions is a major concern with respect to the structural integrity of turbine-engine components in military aircraft. The extremely high cyclic frequencies characteristic of in-flight loading spectra, coupled with the presence of small cracks resulting from fretting or foreign object damage (FOD), necessitate that a defect-tolerant design approach be based on a crack-propagation threshold. The present study is focused on characterizing such near-threshold fatigue-crack propagation behaviour in a Ti-6Al-4V blade alloy (with ∼60% primary α in a matrix of lamellar α + β), at high frequencies (20-1500 Hz) and load ratios (0.1-0.95) in both ambient temperature air and vacuum environments. Results indicate that 'worst-case' thresholds, measured on large cracks, may be used as a practical lower bound to describe the onset of naturally initiated small-crack growth and the initiation and early growth of small cracks emanating from sites of simulated FOD.
Emergency Physician Evaluation of a Novel Surgical Cricothyroidotomy Tool in Simulated Combat and Clinical Environments

ABSTRACTWe sought to investigate the performance of a novel cricothyroidotomy CRIC device compared to the traditional surgical in both simulated combat environments and the emergency department (ED) setting. Twenty U.S. Army staff and resident emergency medicine physicians were randomized to device and simulated setting order and performed cricothyroidotomies in the standard manner and with the CRIC device via the TraumaMan surgical simulator in three simulated settings: the ED, a day combat environment, and a night combat environment. Differences in procedural completion for the two methods in different settings were compared by two-tailed paired t-tests. The occurrence of major and minor procedural complications and questions presented as 5-point Likert scales to describe participants' preferences of cricothyroidotomy methods were compared by χ2 analysis. Time to incision, time to procedural completion, and rate of major and minor complications were not significantly different between the standard surgi...