cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pressures Toward Socially Disintegrated Behavior: The Sources of Agression

The approach taken in this book assumes that successful socialization is socially integrative. In the typical case, the developing individual acquires information about society’s expectations and develops associated emotional patterns required to give that information motivational significance. Individuals know how to order their behavior so as to derive the benefits provided by the society and avoid the punitive sanctions imposed by that society for major deviations from its norms. Socialized individuals typically want to do what they are expected to do. They also want to perform the behaviors that are socially approved and will fear, to a degree appropriate to the real consequences, to engage in major transgressions of law, custom, and role expectations. These statements are not intended to rule out the possibility that the individual may want and attempt to change the society, even at the risk of failure and retaliation. But, in the socially integrated person, activities aimed at protest and reform will, not be undertaken blindly and impulsively but rather from a position of cognitive and emotional appreciation of the society, a position that increases the probability of success while reducing where possible the likelihood of personal cost and distress. Moreover, the events of everyday life are not free of conflict since the objectives of individuals and social groups are sometimes contradictory. Social groups may, in fact, ritualize conflict in the form of contests in which aggressive behavior is condoned and applauded. Violent collective behavior in the form of war may have a socially integrative effect for combatants and produces heroes distinguished by the success of their violence. Nevertheless, the survival of individuals and social groups depends on keeping expressions of aggression within tolerable bounds. Uncontrolled aggression is a threat to orderly development of individuals and to the functioning of social groups.
Complete blood count data and leukocyte expression of cytokine genes and cytokine receptor genes associated with bovine respiratory disease in calves.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate potential relationships between cytokine gene expression, complete blood counts (CBC) and animals that were sick or would become sick. The CBC and the transcript abundance of cytokines and their receptors expressed in leukocytes were measured from calves at two early timepoints, and again after diagnosis with bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Blood was collected from calves at pre-conditioning (n = 796) and weaning (n = 791) for CBC. Blood counts were also measured for the calves with BRD (n = 13), and asymptomatic calves (n = 75) after weaning. The CBC were compared for these animals at 3 time points. At diagnosis, neutrophils were higher and basophils lower in sick animals (P < 0.05). To further characterize BRD responses, transcript abundance of 84 cytokine genes were evaluated in 5 calves with BRD and 9 asymptomatic animals at all time points. There was more data for CBC than transcript abundance; hence, animal and temporary environmental correlations between CBC and transcript abundance were exploited to improve the power of the transcript abundance data. Expression of CCL16, CXCR1, CCR1 was increased in BRD positive animals compared to controls (P-corrected < 0.1). Cytokine expression data may help to provide insight into an animal’s health.
Estimation of a Two-Limit Tobit model with generalized Box–Cox transformation and unknown censoring thresholds

ABSTRACTThis article considers estimation of a Two-Limit Tobit model with generalized Box–Cox transformation and unknown censoring thresholds. The maximum likelihood estimates of the censoring thre...
My journey into noncommutative lattices and their theory

This paper describes the motivations leading to a renewed interest in the study of noncommutative lattices, and especially skew lattices, beginning with the initial work of the author. Not only are primary concepts and results recalled, but recognition is given to the individuals involved and their particular contributions. It is the written version of a talk given at the NCS2018 workshop in May, 2018 in Portorož, Slovenia.
The importance of street trees to urban avifauna.

Street trees are public resources planted in a municipality’s right‐of‐way and are a considerable component of urban forests throughout the world. Street trees provide numerous benefits to people. However, many metropolitan areas have a poor understanding of the value of street trees to wildlife, which presents a gap in our knowledge of conservation in urban ecosystems. Greater Los Angeles (LA) is a global city harboring one of the most diverse and extensive urban forests on the planet. The vast majority of the urban forest is nonnative in geographic origin, planted throughout LA following the influx of irrigated water in the early 1900s. In addition to its extensive urban forest, LA is home to a high diversity of birds, which utilize the metropolis throughout the annual cycle. The cover of the urban forest, and likely street trees, varies dramatically across a socioeconomic gradient. However, it is unknown how this variability influences avian communities. To understand the importance of street trees to urban avifauna, we documented foraging behavior by birds on native and nonnative street trees across a socioeconomic gradient throughout LA. Affluent communities harbored a unique composition of street trees, including denser and larger trees than lower‐income communities, which in turn, attracted nearly five times the density of feeding birds. Foraging birds strongly preferred two native street‐tree species as feeding substrates, the coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) and the California sycamore (Platanus racemosa), and a handful of nonnative tree species, including the Chinese elm (Ulmus parvifolia), the carrotwood (Cupaniopsis anacardioides), and the southern live oak (Quercus virginiana), in greater proportion than their availability throughout the cityscape (two to three times their availability). Eighty‐three percent of street‐tree species (n = 108, total) were used in a lower proportion than their availability by feeding birds, and nearly all were nonnative in origin. Our findings highlight the positive influence of street trees on urban avifauna. In particular, our results suggest that improved street‐tree management in lower‐income communities would likely positively benefit birds. Further, our study provides support for the high value of native street‐tree species and select nonnative species as important habitat for feeding birds.
Connecting with my Brothers: exploring Black men’s community, bonding and identities in college

The current study relies on in-depth interviews with 65 Black males to explore their experiences in a Black Male Initiative (BMI) program at three different higher education institutions in the US....
Efficient parallel logic simulation techniques for the Connection Machine

Three efficient parallel logic simulation techniques for the Connection Machine are developed. The first technique which uses a global clock, is a synchronous version of a traditional simulation technique. The second technique is a hybrid of both the synchronous simulation technique with a global clock and the Chandy-Misra algorithm for asynchronous event processing. The third technique, called a simulation time lookahead technique, is proposed to make the second technique more optimistic than the Chandy-Misra algorithm by predicting in advance the timestamp of the next event. Experimental results show that the three techniques achieve better performance than the Time Warp protocol on the Connection Machine. The proposed techniques are several hundred times faster than the VHDL simulator on a SUN3, especially for circuits with very large number of gates.
Surgery start time and early implant failure: A case-control study.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of surgery start time (SST) and other patient- and therapy-related variables on the risk for early implant failure (EIF) in an academic setting. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data were extracted from the electronic health records of 61 patients who had at least one EIF and 140 age- and gender-matched, randomly selected, non-EIF controls. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were performed to identify relevant associations between EIF and different variables, such as SST. RESULTS Incidence of EIF was not significantly associated with SST (HR: 1.9 for afternoon implant placement, 95% CI: 0.9-3.9; p = .105). Other factors that were associated with a significantly increased risk for EIF in a multivariable model were pre-placement ridge augmentation (HR: 7.5, 95% CI: 2.2-25.1; p = .001), intra-operative complications (HR: 5.9, 95% CI: 2.2-16.3; p < .001), simultaneous soft tissue grafting (HR: 5.03, 95% CI: 1.3-19.5; p = .020), simultaneous bone grafting (HR: 3.7, 95% CI: 1.6-8.8; p = .002), and placement with sedation (HR: 3.4, 95% CI: 1.5-7.5; p = .002). CONCLUSIONS While SST was not associated with the occurrence of EIF in our cohort, other variables, such as ridge augmentation prior to implant placement, simultaneous bone or soft tissue grafting, intra-operative complications, implant placement with sedation, and number of implants in the oral cavity, were associated with an increased risk for this adverse event.
Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of the Thermal-Fluid Characteristics of the Helium-Cooled Modular Divertor with Multiple Jets Using a Reversed Heat Flux Approach

A single-finger unit of the Helium-Cooled Modular Divertor with Multiple Jets (HEMJ) with a plasma-facing surface (PFS) area of about 2 cm2 has been studied in a helium (He) loop at He mass flow ra...
Amenorrhea and Estrogen Disorders in Kidney Disease.

Summary: Sexual and reproductive function are impacted negatively in individuals with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Disruption of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis plays a pivotal role in contributing to these manifestations as a result of decreasing kidney function and the development of uremia. Early menopause is encountered commonly in women with reduced kidney function, and treatment is problematic as a result of reduced kidney function changing the half-life of medications. Kidney transplantation corrects some of these abnormalities, but medications required after transplantation as well as the persistence of other comorbidities are barriers to normal restoration of gonadal dysfunction.
Team-based learning (TBL): Putting learning sciences research to work in the economics classroom

In this article, the authors describe how Team-Based Learning (TBL) intentionally promotes learning strategies that learning sciences research has identified as highly effective to create powerful ...
Visualising Developing Nations Health Records: Opportunities, Challenges and Research Agenda

The benefits of effectively visualizing health records in huge volumes has resulted in health organizations, insurance companies, policy and decision makers, governments and drug manufactures’ transformation in the way research is conducted. This has also played a key role in determining investment of resources. Health records contain highly valuable information; processing these records in large volumes is now possible due to technological advancement which allows for the extraction of highly valuable knowledge that has resulted in breakthroughs in scientific communities. To visualize health records in large volumes, the records need to be stored in electronic forms, properly documented, processed, and analyzed. A good visualization technique is used to present the analyzed information, allowing for effective knowledge extraction which is done in a secured manner protecting the privacy of the patients whose health records were used. As research and technological advancement have improved, the quality of knowledge extracted from health records have also improved; unfortunately, the numerous benefits of visualizing health records have only been felt in developed nations, unlike other sectors where technological advancement in developed nations have had similar impact in developing nations. This paper identifies the characteristics of health records and the challenges involved in processing large volumes of health records. This is to identify possible steps that could be taken for developing nations to benefit from visualizing health records in huge volumes.
Bacterial conjunctivitis in Muc1 null mice.

PURPOSE. In contrast to wild-type mice, genetically engineered Mucinl (Mucl) null animals display a marked propensity for development of blepharitis and conjunctivitis. Molecular approaches confirmed the presence of Mucl mRNA and protein in the conjunctival tissue of wild-type mice and identified the bacterial species in Mucl null symptomatic mice. METHODS. Mucl null animals housed in a conventional facility were examined for visually apparent inflammation of the eye and surrounding tissue. Blood taken from overtly affected animals was assayed for antibodies to common murine viral agents. Swabs of infected eyes and whole eye preparations were used to detect and speciate bacterial pathogens. Frozen sections of whole eye, lid margin, and Harderian gland were immunostained with antibodies to Mucl and cytokeratin 14, both epithelial cell markers. Northern blot analysis and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were performed on RNA isolated from conjunctiva and Harderian gland of wild-type mice to compare relative levels of transcript. RESULTS. Student's unpaired t-test performed on the eye inflammation frequency of Mucl null mice confirmed a statistical significance (P < 0.01) when compared to wild-type background animals housed in the same room. Analysis of blood samples from affected Mucl null animals detected no common murine viral pathogens. Bacterial analysis of conjunctival swabs and whole eye preparations demonstrated the presence of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Streptococcus type α, and Corynebacterium group G2. Muc 1 antibody staining of wild-type sections revealed the presence of Mucl on conjunctival goblet and non-goblet cells and on the epithelium of the Harderian gland. Serial sections stained with cytokeratin 14 antibody confirmed the epithelial nature of cells expressing the Mucl protein. RNA from conjunctiva and Harderian gland subjected to RT-PCR and northern blot analysis showed an abundance of Mucl transcript in these tissues. CONCLUSIONS. Mucl mRNA and protein are present in murine conjunctival and Harderian gland epithelia. Animals lacking Mucl mRNA and protein are predisposed to developing eye inflammation when compared to wild-type animals with an intact Mucl gene. Mucl appears to play a critical protective role at the ocular surface, presumably by acting as a barrier to infection by certain bacterial strains.
Assessing the accuracy of interviewed recall for rare, highly seasonal events: the case of wildlife consumption in Madagascar

Researchers and practitioners from a range of fields including conservation biology, sociology, public health and economics rely on information gained from interviews to quantify the frequency and scale of activities or events of interest. These ‘recall’ data often form the basis of wildlife sustainability assessments and, ultimately, policy decisions and management actions, but they are highly vulnerable to bias, particularly when the behavior of interest has strong temporal variation. Here, we investigate bias in recalls of wildlife consumption in rural Madagascar by comparing oral recalls collected monthly and annually from male heads of household with daily diet diaries maintained by female heads of household. Daily diet calendars collected from 28 households were assumed to be the measure of true consumption and were used to validate the recalled information. While we found little interhousehold variation in accuracy of responses, we found a tendency for recalls to overreport rates of wildlife consumption. Estimating the annual frequency of rare and/or seasonal events was quantified more accurately by recalls of the prior year than by extrapolation of recalls of the prior month. We conclude that monthly variation in consumption rate leads to predictable errors in estimation of the annual consumption rate. Local consumption of wildlife has large temporal variability, reflecting human preference or the underlying life cycles of animals being consumed. Accurate assessment of consumption rates therefore requires determining an appropriate recall period by taking into account the temporal variability and frequency of the events in question.
Efficient Accumulators without Trapdoor Extended Abstracts

In 1994 Benaloh and de Mare introduced the notion of one way accumulators that allow to construct efficient protocols for proving membership in a list and related problems like time stamping and authentication. As required by Benaloh et al. unlike in signature based protocols no central trusted authority is (should be) needed. Accumulator based protocols do further improve on hash tree based protocols for proving membership in a list as verification and storage requirements are independent of the number of items in the list. Benaloh’s et al. accumulator construction was based on exponentiation modulo a RSA modulus N=PQ.
Multicast Routing with Delay and Delay Variation Constraints for Multimedia Applications

We provide an efficient heuristic algorithm to obtain a multicast network for multimedia applications, given a source and a set of destinations, that is within a specified maximum delay and a specified maximum variation in the delays from a source to the destinations. The time-complexity of our algorithm is O(|E| + nk log (|E|/n) + m 2 k), where n and |E| are the number of nodes and edges in the network, respectively and k is the number of shortest paths computed and m is the number of destinations. We have shown that our algorithm has significant improvements in term of time-complexity compared with the existing algorithms. Our extensive empirical studies indicate that our heuristic uses significantly less run-time in comparison with the best-known heuristics and yet achieves the tightest delay variation for a given end-to-end delay bound.
Plasma pressure generated auroral current system: A case study

[1] An anti-sunward directed azimuthal pressure gradient drives meridional currents perpendicular to the magnetic field in the dusk and dawn closed field line regions. These currents are closed through the auroral ionosphere consisting of a pair of upward and downward sheet field aligned currents cross connected in the ionosphere. Using a conjunction of FAST and Polar the intensity of the up-down sheet FAC pair was measured in the dusk sector in typical auroral conditions. The T96 field model was used to define the geometry and it predicted that field lines at the satellites were stretched to 15 RE. The steady state pressure gradient current was calculated through a surface in the magnetosphere separating the upward and downward going FAC. With the field stretching predicted by the model a typical quiet time azimuthal pressure gradient of 0.01 nPa/Re generated sufficient current to be the source of the observed auroral current loops.
Digital Hydrologic Networks Supporting Applications Related to Spatially Referenced Regression Modeling.

Brakebill, J.W., D.M. Wolock, and S.E. Terziotti, 2011. Digital Hydrologic Networks Supporting Applications Related to Spatially Referenced Regression Modeling. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(5):916-932. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00578.x Abstract: Digital hydrologic networks depicting surface-water pathways and their associated drainage catchments provide a key component to hydrologic analysis and modeling. Collectively, they form common spatial units that can be used to frame the descriptions of aquatic and watershed processes. In addition, they provide the ability to simulate and route the movement of water and associated constituents throughout the landscape. Digital hydrologic networks have evolved from derivatives of mapping products to detailed, interconnected, spatially referenced networks of water pathways, drainage areas, and stream and watershed characteristics. These properties are important because they enhance the ability to spatially evaluate factors that affect the sources and transport of water-quality constituents at various scales. SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes (SPARROW), a process-based/statistical model, relies on a digital hydrologic network in order to establish relations between quantities of monitored contaminant flux, contaminant sources, and the associated physical characteristics affecting contaminant transport. Digital hydrologic networks modified from the River Reach File (RF1) and National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) geospatial datasets provided frameworks for SPARROW in six regions of the conterminous United States. In addition, characteristics of the modified RF1 were used to update estimates of mean-annual streamflow. This produced more current flow estimates for use in SPARROW modeling.
Structural Basis for Ceramide Recognition and Hydrolysis by Human Neutral Ceramidase

Summary Neutral ceramidase (nCDase) catalyzes conversion of the apoptosis-associated lipid ceramide to sphingosine, the precursor for the proliferative factor sphingosine-1-phosphate. As an enzyme regulating the balance of ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate, nCDase is emerging as a therapeutic target for cancer. Here, we present the 2.6-A crystal structure of human nCDase in complex with phosphate that reveals a striking, 20-A deep, hydrophobic active site pocket stabilized by a eukaryotic-specific subdomain not present in bacterial ceramidases. Utilizing flexible ligand docking, we predict a likely binding mode for ceramide that superimposes closely with the crystallographically observed transition state analog phosphate. Our results suggest that nCDase uses a new catalytic strategy for Zn 2+ -dependent amidases, and generates ceramide specificity by sterically excluding sphingolipids with bulky headgroups and specifically recognizing the small hydroxyl head group of ceramide. Together, these data provide a foundation to aid drug development and establish common themes for how proteins recognize the bioactive lipid ceramide.
Factors of Extracting Lithium from Lepidolite by Sulfate Roasting and Dilute Sulphuric Acid Leaching

Sulfate roasting and dilute sulphuric acid leaching were applied to extract lithium from lepidolite. Several conditions including roasting temperature, roasting time, K2SO4 and CaO were investigated to improve the lithium extraction efficiency, the final lithium extraction efficiency could attain 94% with the conditions as follows: roasting temperature 850°C, roasting time 2 h, K2SO4 to lepidolite mass ratio 0.15 and CaO to lepidolite mass ratio 0.75.
Integration of LEDs and VCSELs using fluidic self-assembly

In this paper the integration of LEDs and VCSELs with silicon electronics using fluidic self-assembly (FSA) is reviewed. FSA is a micromechanical technique in which devices fabricated in one substrate can be integrated with systems on a target substrate. The devices to be integrated are etched into shapes or 'blocks' that match receptor sites or 'holes' in the target substrate. After etching, the blocks are suspended in a slurry. This slurry is placed in a recirculation pump along with the target substrate. The pump moves the slurry over the target substrate where the blocks fall into the holes or are swept off the substrate to be circulated again. FSA has been demonstrated with yields > 99 percent for devices of 30 micrometers and larger. Smaller devices have yet to be tested. A five mask process has been developed that successfully integrates GaAs/AlGaAs LEDs and VCSELs on silicon. The critical steps are: 1) etching the receptor sites in the silicon, 2) isolating the sites from the remainder of the substrate, and 3) bonding/contacting the blocks after assembly. The latter bonding step involves thin film metal multilayers on the block and in the receptor that form a hard solder after a low temperature bake step. The remaining steps of planarizing and interconnecting the devices are similar to those used for VLSI.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Multiple jump rates for site-to-site hopping on a one-dimensional lattice

Abstract We have examined numerically the flux-flux correlation function expressions describing the rate of single and double jumps for a quantum particle of mass 1 on a one-dimensional lattice. We conclude that multiple jumps will contribute importantly to the diffusion coefficient.
Managerial Perceptions of Supply Risk

SUMMARY There has been a growing emphasis in business on outsourcing production activities and focusing on core competencies. The decision to outsource the production of goods and services, however, has inherent risk. The purposes of this article are to describe characteristics of inbound supply that affect managerial perceptions of supply risk and to create a classification of those supply risk sources. An analysis of case study data suggests that supply risk is perceived by the effect that purchased items and services have on corporate profitability, market factors, and supplier characteristics. By understanding the characteristics of supply risk, supply management professionals can implement strategies for better managing that risk.
Molybdenum isotope fractionation during adsorption by manganese oxides

The isotopic composition of Mo (δ97/95Mo) in seawater is ∼2‰ heavier than Mo in marine ferromanganese crusts and nodules [Barling et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 193 (2001) 447–457; Siebert et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 211 (2003) 159–171]. To explore this phenomenon, we have conducted an experimental investigation into the mass-dependent fractionation of Mo isotopes during adsorption onto Mn oxyhydroxide. Two series of experiments were carried out: a ‘time series’, in which adsorption proceeded for 2–96 h; and a ‘pH series’ in which pH varied from 6.5 to 8.5. The extent of Mo adsorption by Mn oxyhydroxides decreases with increasing pH, a trend typical of anion adsorption, and takes 48 h to reach steady-state. Lighter Mo isotopes are preferentially adsorbed. Experimentally determined fractionation factors (αsoln–MnOx) exhibit no systematic variation with either time or experimental pH. The mean αsoln–MnOx for all experiments is 1.0018±0.0005 (2 S.D.). Comparison of the Mo isotopic data for experimental solutions and Mo adsorbed to Mn oxyhydroxide with predictions for ‘closed system’ equilibrium and Rayleigh fractionation models indicates that isotope fractionation occurs as a result of ‘closed system’ equilibrium exchange between dissolved and adsorbed Mo. The isotopic offset between dissolved and adsorbed Mo is comparable to that observed between Mo in seawater and Mo in ferromanganese nodules and crusts. It is therefore likely that adsorption of Mo to Mn oxyhydroxides is a significant factor in the fractionation of Mo isotopes in the oceans.
Scenarios as a Tool for Eliciting and Understanding Farmers’ Biological Knowledge:

Modern scientific knowledge and indigenous or traditionally based knowledge are often assumed to be fundamentally different and incomparable. Testing this assumption is important theoretically and for supporting scientist-farmer collaboration to improve farmers’ well-being in their own terms. We illustrate the use of scenarios based on a basic biological model to understand farmers’ theoretical biological knowledge. Scenarios depict aspects of the model in terms comprehensible to farmers and relevant to collaboration with scientific plant breeders. Results suggest that scenarios are useful for eliciting traditionally based biological knowledge and that farmers’ theoretical biological knowledge is based on the same model as that of scientists.
The Search for Life in the Universe, Third Edition

Astrobiology as defined by NASA, is the study of life in the universe. Some of my colleagues scoff at astrobiology and its definition. How can we study life in the universe when its only example is confined to a single planet? Others find a comfortable scientific home. The reason has to do with the metaphor of rising above the trees and discovering the forest. The space program has, for the first time in human history, lifted our eyes above the biosphere and allowed us to see universal connections between life on the Earth and its roots in stellar and even galactic processes. It is this story—evolution writ large—that is at the core of astrobiology.
Bacteriocin-like activity of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens JL5 and its effect on other ruminal bacteria and ammonia production.

When ruminal bacteria from a cow fed hay were serially diluted into an anaerobic medium that had only peptides and amino acids as energy sources, little growth or ammonia production was detected at dilutions greater than 10−6. The 10−8 and 10−9 dilutions contained bacteria that fermented carbohydrates, and some of these bacteria inhibited Clostridium sticklandii SR, an obligate amino acid-fermenting bacterium. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the most active isolate (JL5) was closely related to Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens B835. Strain JL5 inhibited B. fibrisolvens 49 and a variety of other gram-positive organisms, but it had little effect on most gram-negative ruminal bacteria. Strain JL5 did not produce a bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS) until it reached the late log or stationary phase. The JL5 BLIS did not cause the lysis of B. fibrisolvens 49, but the intracellular potassium level, the ATP level, the electrical potential, and the viability decreased rapidly. The JL5 BLIS also caused marked decreases in the viability and cellular potassium level of C. sticklandii SR. The membrane potential and intracellular ATP level also declined. The BLIS was degraded very slowly by pronase E, but it could be precipitated with 60% ammonium sulfate and dialyzed (3,500-Da cutoff). The BLIS could be separated from other peptides by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and C. sticklandii SR overlays indicated that the molecular size of this compound was approximately 3,600 Da. Based on these results, it appeared that the JL5 BLIS was a pore-forming peptide. Because carbohydrate-fermenting ruminal bacteria could inhibit the growth of obligate amino acid-fermenting bacteria, BLIS may play a role in regulating ammonia production in vivo.
Microwave inversion of root mean square height from vegetated fields: a dual frequency technique

Abstract An iterative, physically model based inversion algorithm has been used to estimate root mean square (r.m.s.) surface roughness height from radar data. collected over vegetated areas. The model is based on a discrete scatterer random media technique, and employs the distorted Born approximation to model the backscatter coefficients for a given scene. In the model, the Fresnel reflectivity (a measure of soil moisture) and surface roughness appear together in the vegetation-ground interaction term. An approach is followed that utilizes differences in their frequency response to separate the two. Sensitivity analysis shows that the change in surface reflectivity owing to the change in frequency from the L- to C-band is dominated by surface r.rn.s. height. The Fresnel reflectivity stays almost constant over this frequency interval. The inversion algorithm based on these sensitivity differences is applied to the backscatter model data from a plant canopy of soybean. Calculations show that the technique...
Effect of multiple-locus heterozybosity and salinity on clearance rate in a brackish-water clam, Rangia cuneata (Sowerby)

Previous studies of several species of marine bivalves and gastropods have reported a positive correlation between growth or size and level of multiple-locus heterozygosity. There is some evidence that the growth advantage of relatively heterozygous individuals is due to a lower rate of standard or routine metabolism, compared with more homozygous individuals, although heterozygosity-dependent differences in feeding rate may also be involved. The present study examined the relationship between clearance rate in three salinity treatments (5,15, and 25%.) and multiple-locus heterozygosity at nine polymorphic allozyme loci in the clam Rangia cuneata (Sowerby). Clearance rates were determined by disappearance of an algal suspension from a flowing-water system. Allozyme genotypes were determined using starch-gel electrophoresis. The polymorphic loci examined were those coding for a nonspecific esterase (Est), mannosephosphate isomerase (Mpi), leucine aminopeptidase (Lap), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-Pgd), phosphoglucose isomerase (Pgi), isocitrate dehydrogenase (Idh), malate dehydrogenase (Mdh), adenylate kinase (Adk), and phosphoglucomutase (Pgm). Weight-corrected clearance rates increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing multiple-locus heterozygosity and decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing salinity. These data support the idea that heterozygosity-growth correlations may be due in part to differences in clearance rate. However, further study is needed to understand the exact physiological processes which relate heterozygosity and growth.
Environmental Influence on Reproduction, Diapause, and Morph Determination of Anaphothrips obscurus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Reproductive diapause was induced in adults of the grass thrips, Anaphothrips obscurus Muller, by exposing larvae to short days. Diapause was maintained by holding the adults in the short-day regimen for ca. 60 days at 21°C but thereafter adults terminated diapause and initiated reproduction. Short days and 15°C retarded but did not prevent termination of diapause. Diapausing adults collected from the grass fields in March and exposed to long days in the laboratory produced substantially more macropterous progeny than similar adults exposed to short days. The proportion of macropterous to brachypterous adults increased as a result of crowded conditions on their host plant (‘Exeter’ bentgrass) during development, but temperature or the quality of food did not appreciably affect the ratio of macropterous to brachypterous morphs. Temperatures that exceeded 25°C drastically increased the rate of reproduction and undoubtedly controls population density when other requisites are optimum. No males of A. obscurus developed in these experiments.
Mutagenicity of 1-nitropyrene metabolites from lung S9

Abstract The mutagenicity of 1-nitropyrene metabolites from rabbit lung S9 incubates was evaluated using the Salmonella typhimurium plate incorporation assay with strain TA98, with and without Aroclor-induced rat liver S9. The following metabolites were isolated, identified and quantitated by HPLC: 1-nitropyrene -4,5- or -9,10 -dihydrodiol (K-DHD), N-acetyl-1-aminopyrene (NAAP), 1-aminopyrene (1-AMP), 10-hydroxy-1-nitropyrene, 4-, 5-, 6-, 8- or 9-monohydroxy-1 -nitropyrene (phenols) and 3-hydroxy-1-nitropyrene. The predominant metabolites formed by lung S9 incubates were K-DHD, 3-OH-1-nitropyrene and phenols. All of the metabolites were mutagenic in the absence of the exogenous rat liver S9 metabolic activation system, and several, including two unidentified metabolites were more potent than the parent 1-nitropyrene. The mutagenicity of 3 of the metabolites (NAAP, 10-OH-1-nitropyrene and phenols) were enhanced by S9 while most of the other metabolites were less mutagenic in the presence of S9. These results indicate that lung tissue is capable of both oxidative and reductive metabolism which produced mutagenic metabolites, several of which were more potent than the parent compound, 1-NP.
On a stochastic wave equation with unilateral boundary conditions

We prove the existence and uniqueness of solutions to the initial boundary value problem for a one-dimensional wave equation with unilateral boundary conditions and random noise. We also establish the existence of an invariant measure.
The Dangers of Deflation

Beginning no later than Mises’s The Theory of Money and Credit in 1912, the causes and consequences of inflation have been a central concern of the Austrian School of Economics. Unfortunately, that has meant relatively few analyses of the problems of deflation from a distinctly Austrian perspective. Deflation has dangers of its own, and there are important insights that are unique to the Austrian tradition that can add to our understanding of those dangers. This paper explores those dangers, both at the broad macroeconomic level and at a more microeconomic level by integrating the Austrian theory of capital with the monetary equilibrium theory account of deflation. Austrian concerns about inflation should not lead them to overlook the very real dangers of deflation.
Intricate sutures as fractal curves

The study of fractal dimensionality for complex sutures in deer skulls and ammonites reveals their extremely long and elaborate lengths in relation to the defined areas they bound. These sutures often show various scales of self-similarity (where the parent pattern is elaborated in miniature, again and again), and empirical fractal dimensions calculated lie between one and two. In the scaling elaborations of Cervid sutures, some elaborations seem isolated from the continuous suture. Small "islands" are seen in similar theoretical fractal curves as well. The evolutionary and developmental specialization of intricate sutures improves the bonds; such fitness is essential owing to extraordinary stresses. Autocorrelation (where nearby sides or elaborations tend to resemble a basic pattern and, therefore, resemble one another) of the elaborations of the sutures serves to lengthen the boundaries and theoretically enhances the development of self-similar patterns. When autocorrelation and self-similarity in the sutures are favored by an evolutionary process plastic enough to elaborate intricate form, ensuring fitness, and natural selection does not directly limit the lengths while concomitantly defining the bounded areas, then the intricacy is manifest as fractal phenomena, and practically described as such.
Intercultural Rhetoric Research: Beyond Texts.

Abstract This paper proposes a set of new methods for intercultural rhetoric research that is context-sensitive and, in many instances, goes beyond mere text analysis. It considers changes in the field as intercultural rhetoric has moved from the EAP study of student essays to the study of writing in many disciplines and genres. New developments in text, genre, and corpus analyses are introduced to enable researchers and teachers in the field to consider these new writing products and processes in their specific contexts. It is emphasized that future intercultural rhetoric research continues using a variety of research tools to determine base line comparisons, with appropriate tertia comparationes , to explain differences and similarities in written products, as well as in the activity of writing through a number of qualita tive approaches.
Facilitation of Signal Onset and Termination by Adenylyl Cyclase

The alpha subunit (Gsalpha) of the stimulatory heterotrimeric guanosine triphosphate binding protein (G protein) Gs activates all isoforms of mammalian adenylyl cyclase. Adenylyl cyclase (Type V) and its subdomains, which interact with Gsalpha, promoted inactivation of the G protein by increasing its guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activity. Adenylyl cyclase and its subdomains also augmented the receptor-mediated activation of heterotrimeric Gs and thereby facilitated the rapid onset of signaling. These findings demonstrate that adenylyl cyclase functions as a GTPase activating protein (GAP) for the monomeric Gsalpha and enhances the GTP/GDP exchange factor (GEF) activity of receptors.
Amphotericin B–Associated Hyperbilirubinemia: Case Report and Review of the Literature

A 53-year-old woman with an intraabdominal infection secondary to Candida albicans experienced hyperbilirubinemia after receiving amphotericin B in two different formulations--amphotericin B deoxycholate and amphotericin B lipid complex. Only a few case reports of amphotericin B-induced hyperbilirubinemia have been documented in the literature, each with different patterns of corresponding abnormalities in liver function tests. The unpredictable nature of this adverse effect warrants monitoring of bilirubin levels and liver function at baseline and potentially during therapy with amphotericin B, regardless of formulation, dosage, or duration of therapy.
Estuarine retention of larvae of the crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii

Abstract Larvae of estuarine organisms continually face possible export from the parent estuary. Retention of larvae of the estuarine crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii was investigated in the upper Newport River estuary, North Carolina. All of the developmental stages occurred in the same area of the estuary with similar horizontal distributions, and the concentrations of intermediate and late stages were not greatly reduced from those of the first larval stage. This was strong evidence for the continuous retention of larvae in the upper estuary. To determine mechanisms by which retention might be effected, field studies of the vertical distributions and migrations of these larvae were made. The four zoeal stages had similar but complex vertical migration patterns, which varied from study to study. These migrations centered on the depth of no net flow, reducing longitudinal transport during development. Cross-spectral analysis of the larval migrations and the environmental cycles of light, salinity and current speed revealed that each of these external cycles affected larval depth. Megalopae of R. harrisii also migrated vertically, but they were present in much lower concentrations than the zoeal stages, an indication of a change to benthic existence in this final larval form.
Microprocessor implementation of mainframe processors by means of architecture partitioning

The benefits of Large-Scale Integration (LSI) implementations have applied quite naturally to processors with relatively low performances and simple architectures; e.g., the one-chip microprocessors used in personal computers contain several thousand logic gates. Mainframe processors, however, have so far been limited to using logic chips that contain several hundred logic gates. The best use of LSI logic employs microprocessors to keep critical paths on chip, thus keeping pin counts and power dissipations within reasonable limits. Microprocessors have been extensively used to implement peripheral functions, such as I/O device control. However, as of this writing, a single state-of-the-art microprocessor cannot contain a mainframe processor function. Therefore, new machine organizations are needed to use today's state-of-the-art microprocessors to implement a mainframe processor. This paper examinesse veral methods for applying LSI and microprocessors to the design of processors of increasing performance and complexity, and describes a number of specific approaches to microprocessor-based LSI implementation of System/370 processors. The most successful approaches partition the System/370 instruction set into subsets, each of which can be implemented by microcode on a special microprocessor or by programs written for an off-the-shelf microprocessor.
The Integration of Theory with Practice: A 12-Year Case Study

Although the integration of health education theory with practice has always been taught, this linkage has not always occurred as a systematic part of program or theory development. This paper reflects the 12-year experience of one health education program which started from a base not soundly grounded in theory and moved to one tightly linked with theory. Throughout this process, outcome data were collected allowing for evaluations of both practice and theory.
Analysis of fiber pullout or push-in with frictional sliding at the fiber-matrix interface

Abstract The detail stress fields caused by fiber pullout or push-in while the fiber-matrix interface is under compressive thermal residual stress and undergoing frictional sliding are studied. The dominant stress fields in the local region at the immediate vicinity of the fiber protrusion point are solved using Muskhelishvili-Kolosov complex potential theory and asymptotic analysis. Parameteric studies determined the effects cast on the local fields by fiber-matrix material property combination, coefficient of friction, and the direction of relative fiber sliding. Reversing fiber sliding from pullout to push-in completely changes the nature of the local field. Using two specific composite systems as examples (fiber push-in Nicalon/calcium aluminosilicate composite, and fiber pullout in AVCO-SCS-6/borosilicate composite), the germane features of the local fields are independently verified by finite element global analyses.
Are markets for stumpage informationally efficient

This paper tests autocorrelation of stumpage price series and real rates of change in stumpage prices over various lags. We find that stationarity exists in all the 14 southern markets examined, and all of the coefficients of lagged returns are negative and most of them are significant at different lags. These results lead us to accept the necessary condition for informational inefficiency of the stumpage markets, stationarity, and to realize the existence of mean reversions of a slowly decaying component in the stumpage price series. We also discuss the implications of our results for some important problems of forest economics, such as price-responsive tree cutting and the use of capital asset pricing model, and for the data treatment and analytical approaches in previous studies. Given the limitations of our data, however, we stop short of examining whether there are time-varying equilibrium expected returns or whether stumpage markets are sufficiently inefficient.
A theory of microseisms with geologic applications

A theory for the origin of microseisms based on the normal mode propagation of sound in two layers is given. It explains the mechanism of transmission of seismic energy from a storm at sea and predicts that periods of three to nine sec will predominate, depending on the depth of the water and the elastic properties of the bottom. It is shown that this theory can be used to infer elastic properties of the ocean bottom, to a depth of the order of several times the depth of the water, by a study of the periods of microseisms originating from storms whose positions are known.
A Surface Forces Study of DNA Hybridization

We report the first use of a surface forces apparatus to study the hybridization of DNA. We study the regime of very high ionic strength (≈1 M) at which commercial DNA chip operations are performed. Using a thiol end-attached single-stranded oligonucleotide, we find that exposure to the complementary strand resulted in larger thickness. In addition, the resistance to small-amplitude shear deformations when opposed to a nonadsorbing surface (mica) increased significantly after hybridization. The thickness at onset of significant shear resistance was, for single-stranded DNA, considerably less than that of hybridized DNA. This could provide a new method to detect DNA hybridization efficiency.