cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ON THE DIVISORS OF xn – 1 IN &#x1d53d;p[x]

In a recent paper, we considered integers n for which the polynomial xn – 1 has a divisor in ℤ[x] of every degree up to n, and we gave upper and lower bounds for their distribution. In this paper, we consider those n for which the polynomial xn – 1 has a divisor in &#x1d53d;p[x] of every degree up to n, where p is a rational prime. Assuming the validity of the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis, we show that such integers n have asymptotic density 0.
Jet Noise Reduction by Fluidic Injection On a Separate Flow Exhaust System

This paper investigates the potential for using fluidic injection on both fan and core streams of a separate flow exhaust system to reduce subsonic turbofan jet noise. Fluidic injection consists of small jets of air injected directly into the shear layer between two jet streams. This injection induces stream-wise vorticity in the flow, which entrains air between the streams and yields greater mixing relative to conventional configurations without fluidic injection. Enhanced mixing has been shown to reduce the mean jet velocity and temperature, therefore, reducing jet noise. Fluidic injection experimental testing was performed in threestream flow at the GE Aviation Anechoic Free-Jet Test Cell 41 Facility. Test results demonstrate jet noise peak sound pressure level reductions of 1 to 2 dB, resulting in a maximum overall sound pressure level reduction of 1.6 dB. The greatest jet noise reduction occurs after optimizing the balance between low frequency noise reduction and high frequency noise generation.
Influence of gonadotrophic hormones on 5-hydroxytryptophan-induced renal necrosis.

SummaryTreatment of immature female rats with pregnant mares' serum gonadotro-phin (PMS) increases the incidence and severity of kidney lesions produced by 5-hy-droxytryptophan. This influence of PMS on kidney lesions is associated with ovarian response to gonadotrophic hormones.
Interventions for paediatric surgery patients with comorbid autism spectrum disorder: a systematic literature review.

Aims To survey perioperative management practices for paediatric patients diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods A systematic review was carried out of empirical studies and case reports published in peer-reviewed journals of current best practices and behavioural interventions for paediatric patients with ASD who had undergone surgery. Results The final sample included 11 articles published between 1997 and 2016 that met broad inclusion criteria of surveying perioperative interventions for the ASD population. There is broad endorsement across the scant publications on this topic of the following practices: increased attention to individual patient needs, rehearsal and other desensitisation efforts, departure from a sole focus on sedation or restraint of the combative or uncooperative patient and engaging caregivers in tuning perioperative management to individual needs. Conclusions This review supports the need for an individualised structure and approach to the perioperative care of these unique patients.
The differential outcome effects of simple advice, alternatives and instructions in group psychotherapy.

(1979). The Differential Outcome Effects of Simple Advice, Alternatives and Instructions in Group Psychotherapy. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy: Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 305-316.
Comparison between GW and Wave-Function-Based Approaches: Calculating the Ionization Potential and Electron Affinity for 1D Hubbard Chains

We calculate the ionization potential and electron affinity of 1D Hubbard chains with a variety of different site energies from two perspectives: (i) the physics-based GW approximation and (ii) the chemistry-based configuration interaction (CI) approach. Results obtained from all methods are compared against the exact values for three classes of systems: metallic, impurity doped, and molecular (semiconducting/insulating) systems. Although all methods are reasonably accurate for weakly correlated systems, the GW method is significantly more reliable for strongly correlated systems with little disorder unless explicit double excitations are included in the CI. In principle, our results should offer some intuition about the choice of methodologies as well as state references for different classes of physical systems.
Introduction to normative public sector theory

This chapter presents an introduction to the normative public sector theory. Public sector economics is the study of government economic policy. Its primary goal is to determine whether government policies promote a society's economic objectives. The advanced Western market economies experienced enormous growth in the size and influence of their government sectors during the past half of the twentieth century and economic analysis of the public sector has reflected this growth. The macroeconomic theory of the public sector, commonly referred to as fiscal policy, has received little attention. The normative theory considers what governments ought to do in accordance with norms that are broadly accepted by a society. A normative analysis must make assumptions about how agents will respond to various government polices; otherwise, it cannot predict whether a given policy will achieve particular norms. The chapter concludes with a review of the empirical literature on various responses to government policies.
The Faith of George Washington

Even before he died in 1799, a battle began over the nature and significance of George Washington’s faith. While more heated at some times than others, this conflict has now been waged for more than 200 years.
Running on screen while black: Representations of black presidential candidates in U.S. film and television

ABSTRACTThis essay asks what popular representations of fictional black presidential candidates reveal about the social and symbolic conditions that made their presidencies imaginable in the first place. We find that black presidents on screen are only rarely there as the result of democratic elections. Furthermore, when they are, their candidacies are represented in ways that rely heavily on racialized stereotypes of both the black candidate and presumptively white voters. Although these patterns are iterated within popular fictional narratives, we conclude that they could have implications for how actual black candidates are encouraged to perform in campaigns within an allegedly postracial society.
Entire plastid phylogeny of the carrot genus (Daucus, Apiaceae): Concordance with nuclear data and mitochondrial and nuclear DNA insertions to the plastid

PREMISE OF THE STUDY We explored the phylogenetic utility of entire plastid DNA sequences in Daucus and compared the results with prior phylogenetic results using plastid and nuclear DNA sequences. METHODS We used Illumina sequencing to obtain full plastid sequences of 37 accessions of 20 Daucus taxa and outgroups, analyzed the data with phylogenetic methods, and examined evidence for mitochondrial DNA transfer to the plastid (DcMP). KEY RESULTS Our phylogenetic trees of the entire data set were highly resolved, with 100% bootstrap support for most of the external and many of the internal clades, except for the clade of D. carota and its most closely related species D. syrticus. Subsets of the data, including regions traditionally used as phylogenetically informative regions, provide various degrees of soft congruence with the entire data set. There are areas of hard incongruence, however, with phylogenies using nuclear data. We extended knowledge of a mitochondrial to plastid DNA insertion sequence previously named DcMP and identified the first instance in flowering plants of a sequence of potential nuclear genome origin inserted into the plastid genome. There is a relationship of inverted repeat junction classes and repeat DNA to phylogeny, but no such relationship with nonsynonymous mutations. CONCLUSIONS Our data have allowed us to (1) produce a well-resolved plastid phylogeny of Daucus, (2) evaluate subsets of the entire plastid data for phylogeny, (3) examine evidence for plastid and nuclear DNA phylogenetic incongruence, and (4) examine mitochondrial and nuclear DNA insertion into the plastid.
The ontogeny of kin-recognition mechanisms in Belding's ground squirrels

Despite extensive research on the functions and mechanisms of kin recognition, little is known about developmental changes in the abilities mediating such recognition. Belding's ground squirrels, Urocitellus beldingi, use at least two mechanisms of kin recognition in nepotistic contexts: familiarity and phenotype matching. Because recognition templates develop from early associations with familiar kin (and/or with self), familiarity-based recognition should precede phenotype-matching recognition even though one template is thought to be used for both mechanisms. I used a cross-fostering design to produce individuals that differed in relatedness and familiarity. Two pups (one female and one male) were exchanged reciprocally between two litters within 48-h of birth. Every five days, from 15 to 30-d of age, young were exposed to bedding and oral-gland odors from their familiar foster mother and an unfamiliar unrelated female (familiarity test) and from their unfamiliar genetic mother and another unfamiliar unrelated female (phenotype-matching test). As expected, discrimination of odors based on familiarity was evident at all ages tested, whereas discrimination based on relatedness was not evident until 30-d. My results provide a first estimate for when phenotype-matching mechanisms are used by young Belding's ground squirrels, and thus when they can recognize unfamiliar kin such as older sisters or grandmothers. Belding's ground squirrels are the first species for which the development of the production, perception and action components is well understood.
Diffractive Photoproduction of Z0

The two gluon exchange model of the pomeron is used to compute the photoproduction reaction $\gamma p \to Z^0 p$. The predicted cross section is too small to be observed at HERA, but may be detectable at an eventual Next Linear Collider.
Acromegaly discovered during a routine out-patient surgical procedure: a case report

Acromegaly is a rare syndrome in which there is unregulated hypersecretion of growth hormone. The anesthetic management of patients with this disorder is particularly challenging due to pre-existing cardiovascular and respiratory dysfunction, as well as recognized difficulties with airway management. Because of the insidious progression of the disease and the presence of nonspecific signs and symptoms, diagnosis is often made late when characteristic acromegalic features become apparent. We report the management of a 35-year-old African American man with previously undiagnosed acromegaly, who underwent a general anesthetic for same day surgery. Subtle physical features and difficult endotracheal intubation raised our suspicion for the diagnosis of acromegaly. Following an uncomplicated postoperative course he underwent workup for the disease, which was confirmed. In addition, brain magnetic resonance imaging showed a pituitary adenoma. A subsequent transsphenoidal hypophysectomy was performed successfully. This case underscores the notable absence of recognizing the clinical presentation of acromegaly in this patient by his primary care physician, and the value of thorough history taking, vigilance, and observation in making a new diagnosis that has the potential to alter a patient’s health care and mitigate impending morbidity and/or mortality.
Collection of Social Determinant of Health Measures in U.S. National Surveillance Systems for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STDs, and TB:

Challenges exist in the study of social determinants of health (SDH) because of limited comparability of population-based U.S. data on SDH. This limitation is due to differences in disparity or equity measurements, as well as general data quality and availability. We reviewed the current SDH variables collected for HIV, viral hepatitis, sexually transmitted diseases, and tuberculosis at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention through its population-based surveillance systems and assessed specific system attributes. Results were used to provide recommendations for a core set of SDH variables to collect that are both feasible and useful. We also conducted an environmental literature scan to determine the status of knowledge of SDH as underlying causes of disease and to inform the recommended core set of SDH variables.
Employee-Oriented Management Practices and the Firm's Financial Performance: What Causes What?

Many management faculty preach that if executives carefully hire talented applicants, and then treat their employees very well, then the employees will do a fabulous job for the customers, which wi...
The Value of Engaging with Open Source Communities

Organizational engagement with open source communities has become increasingly common. Open source is becoming a widely accepted and utilized form of innovation and product development. The fact that organizations extend their development efforts to open source communities not only demonstrates that open source meets the needs of organizations but also that it is perceived as the best solution among alternatives. In this research, I take a value perspective for understanding how organizations evaluate their engagement with open source communities. I build on signaling theory to understand how organizations perceive open source communities and make value judgments about their engagement. This research contributes to the growing evidence of how open source integrates with business strategy. Open source office managers in organizations can use the results of this research to better articulate open source engagement and open source communities benefit from the results by learning how to best attract organizational members and maintain valuable engagements with them.
Social media, trust, and disaster: Does trust in public and nonprofit organizations explain social media use during a disaster?

This study seeks to understand public trust as a factor that compels citizens to utilize social media in the midst of a disaster. More specifically, we explore whether the source of trustworthy information explains variation in the use of social media as an avenue of communication. In order to test this relationship, we draw on previous social media and emergency management research and utilize data from a 2012 survey conducted by the American Red Cross. First, descriptive results indicate that citizens are more likely to report that friends and family are their preferred source of trustworthy information as opposed to local emergency officials and U.S. federal agencies (such as FEMA) or official non-governmental organizations. However, when only official organizations are considered, citizens are more likely to use social media during a disaster when their source of trustworthy information derives from local emergency officials. Additionally, when the public has used social media during a disaster, the need for trust may not disappear but is not as significant to the use of social media during a disaster. These results suggest that local public organizations should invest efforts in building the public’s trust to ensure that critical information is efficiently disseminated and accessed by citizens over social media when disaster strikes. In summary, as more trust in local emergency management increases, use of social media in a disaster is expected to increase. As public use of social media during a disaster increases, more of the public can be reached to increase the effectiveness of protective actions during a disaster.
Performance of Different “Lab-On-Chip” Geometries for Making Double Emulsions to Form Polystyrene Shells

AbstractFluid properties and the geometry of lab-on-chip (LOC) designs together affect the formation of double emulsions for making inertial confinement fusion targets. Critical fluid properties in...
Ube2V2 Is a Rosetta Stone Bridging Redox and Ubiquitin Codes, Coordinating DNA Damage Responses.

Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) are the lingua franca of cellular communication. Most PTMs are enzyme-orchestrated. However, the reemergence of electrophilic drugs has ushered mining of unconventional/non-enzyme-catalyzed electrophile-signaling pathways. Despite the latest impetus toward harnessing kinetically and functionally privileged cysteines for electrophilic drug design, identifying these sensors remains challenging. Herein, we designed “G-REX”—a technique that allows controlled release of reactive electrophiles in vivo. Mitigating toxicity/off-target effects associated with uncontrolled bolus exposure, G-REX tagged first-responding innate cysteines that bind electrophiles under true kcat/Km conditions. G-REX identified two allosteric ubiquitin-conjugating proteins—Ube2V1/Ube2V2—sharing a novel privileged-sensor-cysteine. This non-enzyme-catalyzed-PTM triggered responses specific to each protein. Thus, G-REX is an unbiased method to identify novel functional cysteines. Contrasting convention...
Change Impact using Dynamic History Analysis: (Abstract Only)

As the complexity of software systems grows, it becomes increasingly difficult for developers to be aware of all the dependencies that exist between a system's artifacts (e.g., its files or methods). Change impact analysis has been proposed as a technique to overcome this problem, as it suggests to a developer relevant source-code artifacts related to his/her changes. Association rule mining has shown promise for determining change impact by uncovering relevant patterns in a system's change history. State-of-the-art change impact mining typically makes use of a history of tens of thousands of transactions. This makes a priori generation of all possible rules costly and thus led to the introduction of targeted association rule mining, which only generates rules for transactions relevant to a particular query. Because the set of relevant transactions is much smaller than the complete history, these algorithms are more efficient. However, they still require processing the history's complete set of relevant transactions. Our work considers the dynamic selection of relevant transactions. It can be viewed as a further constrained version of targeted association rule mining, in which as few as a single relevant transaction might be considered when determining change impact. This initial look at dynamic algorithms empirically studies seven algorithm families. These are referred to as families because some are parameterized and thus give rise to multiple algorithms. Using over 20,000 queries from 19 systems, we empirically show that dynamic algorithms are viable, can be just as applicable as start-of-the-art algorithms, and even outperform them for certain queries.
The once and future internet: infrastructural tragedy and ambiguity in the case of IPv6

The Internet as we currently recognise it was institutionally established in 1983 when all hosts connected to the then ARPANET were required to have adopted the relatively new Transmission Control ...
Promoting student case creation to enhance instruction of clinical reasoning skills: a pilot feasibility study.

Background It is a common educational practice for medical students to engage in case-based learning (CBL) exercises by working through clinical cases that have been developed by faculty. While such faculty-developed exercises have educational strengths, there are at least two major drawbacks to learning by this method: the number and diversity of cases is often limited; and students decrease their engagement with CBL cases as they grow accustomed to the teaching method. We sought to explore whether student case creation can address both of these limitations. We also compared student case creation to traditional clinical reasoning sessions in regard to tutorial group effectiveness, perceived gains in clinical reasoning, and quality of student-faculty interaction. Methods Ten first-year medical students participated in a feasibility study wherein they worked in small groups to develop their own patient case around a preassigned diagnosis. Faculty provided feedback on case quality afterwards. Students completed pre- and post-self-assessment surveys. Students and faculty also participated in separate focus groups to compare their case creation experience to traditional CBL sessions. Results Students reported high levels of team engagement and peer learning, as well as increased ownership over case content and understanding of clinical reasoning nuances. However, students also reported decreases in student-faculty interaction and the use of visual aids (P < 0.05). Conclusion The results of our feasibility study suggest that student-generated cases can be a valuable adjunct to traditional clinical reasoning instruction by increasing content ownership, encouraging student-directed learning, and providing opportunities to explore clinical nuances. However, these gains may reduce student-faculty interaction. Future studies may be able to identify an improved model of faculty participation, the ideal timing for incorporation of this method in a medical curriculum, and a more rigorous assessment of the impact of student case creation on the development of clinical reasoning skills.
Anti-spoofing Approach Using Deep Convolutional Neural Network

Our research aims at classifying biometric image samples from well-known spoofing databases that encompass images with different resolution and sizes using a deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). In this effort, we optimally use the CNN for biometric image classification to prevent spoofing attack in an extensive range. This work detects the presentation attacks on facial and iris images using our deep CNN, inspired by VGGNet and Alex-Net. We applied the deep neural net techniques on three different biometric image datasets, namely ATVS, CASIA two class, and CASIA cropped. The datasets, used in this research, contain images that are captured both in controlled and uncontrolled environment along with different resolutions and sizes. We obtained the best test accuracy of 97% on ATVS Iris datasets. For CASIA two class and CASIA cropped datasets, we achieved the test accuracies of 96% and 95%, respectively.
Illusion-Free Demand Behavior in a Monetary Economy: The General Conditions

In monetary models the link between micro-foundations and macro-analysis, as it relates to demand behavior that is free of money illusion, is less than straightforward. If one assumes that an individual agent maximizes the usual neoclassical-type utility function, which contains consumption commodities exclusively as arguments, then the resulting commodity demand functions are homogeneous of degree zero in prices, initial money holdings and income; aggregation problems aside, it is therefore not unreasonable to assume that the aggregate market demand curves also exhibit this property. However, if one focuses on a monetary economy, and allows real balances to generally enter the agent’s objective function, then the resulting commodity demand functions are not homogeneous of degree zero; demand behavior does exhibit money illusion. In this type of monetary model, employed in various versions by Dusansky-Kalman and Grandmont, among others, the assumption of the absence of money illusion in aggregate demand behavior needs careful justification; it becomes necessary to impose further restrictions on the underlying miro-monetary framework. This paper reconsiders the microeconomic foundations of money illusion in a monetary neoclassical model which incorporates a generalized real balance effect into the utility function, and presents new results.
Uncommon causes of shoulder pain in the athlete

Injuries to the shoulder are very common in athletes. In addition to common causes of shoulder pain in the athlete, such as instability, it is important to consider less common causes. Familiarity with these uncommon entities will lead to appropriate diagnosis and treatment in a timely fashion.
Role Playing Versus Deception

The controversy over role playing and deception can be traced back to the late 1960s when the then-popular topic of cognitive dissonance—which usually employed a research paradigm in which the use of deception was widespread (e.g., Festinger & Carlsmith, 1959)—confronted challenges on both conceptual and ethical grounds. Notably, in developing his self-perception theory, Daryl Bem (1967, 1972) conducted several experiments demonstrating that observers of a cognitive dissonance situation were able to successfully judge the attitudes of others who were described as actually being in that situation (see Bem, 1967). These studies employed a type of role playing Bem referred to as the “interpersonal simulation” method, a technique in which “an observer-subject is either given a description of one of the conditions of a dissonance experiment or actually permitted to observe one of these conditions and then asked to estimate the attitude of the subject whose behavior is either described or observed” (Bem, 1972, p. 23). Adherents of dissonance theory (e.g., Jones, Linder, Kiesler, Zanna, & Brehm, 1968) also challenged the use of this methodology on epistemological grounds that soon became controversial (see review by Bem, 1972, especially pp. 27-31). It is this controversy that appears to have sown the conceptual seeds of more general arguments about the value of role playing in social psychological experimentation.
Reversible temporally-specific inhibition of muscle using a light-activated chloride channel

Achieving reversible, temporally specific inhibition of motor neurons has the potential to revolutionize treatment of disorders marked by muscle hyperactivity. Current treatment strategies are inadequate – surgical interventions are irreversible and pharmaceutical interventions have off-target effects. Optogenetic strategies for inhibiting muscle activity have theoretical promise; however, trafficking and expression problems have prevented translatable optogenetic suppression of muscle activity. Here, we exploit recent innovations in opsin engineering to demonstrate virally mediated, temporally specific optogenetic inhibition of motor neurons and muscle activity in vivo. We show that intra-muscular injection of adeno-associated virus serotype 6 can drive expression of the inhibitory channelrhodopsin mutant iC++ in both immunodeficient and wild-type mice. Illumination of the sciatic nerve in wild-type mice resulted in 64.8% inhibition of evoked twitch force. Optical excitation during tetanic stimulation in wild-type mice resulted in 59.1% inhibition at 10 Hz and 55.4% at 25 Hz. The extent of optogenetic inhibition was titratable, and ranged from 0% to 78.4% as illumination intensity was changed from 1 mW to 20 mW/mm2. These results could have therapeutic applicability to disorders such as spasticity, hypertonia and urinary incontinence, and provide a new tool to neuroscientists and muscle physiologists wishing to reversibly inhibit motor neuron activity in vivo.
ASSOCIATION OF ALBUMINURIA WITH ADVERSE CARDIAC MECHANICS: FINDINGS FROM THE HYPERGEN STUDY

Background —Albuminuria is a marker of endothelial dysfunction and has been associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. The reasons for this association are unclear, but may be due to the relationship between endothelial dysfunction and intrinsic myocardial dysfunction. Methods and Results —In the HyperGEN study, a population- and family-based study of hypertension, we examined the relationship between urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) and cardiac mechanics (N=1894, all of whom had normal left ventricular ejection fraction and wall motion). We performed speckle-tracking echocardiographic analysis to quantify global longitudinal, circumferential, and radial strain (GLS, GCS, and GRS, respectively), and early diastolic (e') tissue velocities. We used E/e' ratio as a marker of increased LV filling pressures. We used multivariable-adjusted linear mixed effect models to determine independent associations between UACR and cardiac mechanics. The mean age was 50±14 years, 59% were female, and 46% were African-American. Comorbidities were increasingly prevalent among higher UACR quartiles. Albuminuria was associated with GLS, GCS, GRS, e' velocity, and E/e' ratio on unadjusted analyses. After adjustment for covariates, UACR was independently associated with lower absolute GLS (multivariable-adjusted mean GLS [95% CI] for UACR Quartile 1 = 15.3 [15.0-15.5]% vs. UACR Q4 = 14.6 [14.3-14.9]%, P for trend <0.001) and increased E/e' ratio (Q1 = 25.3 [23.5-27.1] vs. Q4 = 29.0 [27.0-31.0], P= 0.003). The association between UACR and GLS was present even in participants with UACR < 30 mg/g (P<0.001 after multivariable adjustment). Conclusions —Albuminuria, even at low levels, is associated with adverse cardiac mechanics and higher E/e' ratio.
Exact Moments of Mutual Information of Jacobi MIMO Channels in High-SNR Regime

In this paper, we propose an analytical framework to derive all positive integer moments of MIMO mutual information in high-SNR regime. The approach is based on efficient use of the underlying matrix integrals of the high-SNR mutual information. As an example, the framework is applied to the study of Jacobi MIMO channel model relevant to fiber optical and interference-limited multiuser MIMO communications. For such a channel model, we obtain explicit expressions for the exact moments of the mutual information in the high-SNR regime. The derived moments are utilized to construct approximations to the corresponding outage probability. Simulation shows the usefulness of the results in a crucial scenario of low outage probability with finite number of antennas.
Making Learning Fun: Gaming in Radiology Education

With continued technologic advances, it is not surprising that gaming techniques are increasingly being used in radiology residency programs. This comprehensive review on gaming in radiology education offers insight into the importance of gaming, types of games and principles utilized in gaming, as well as applications that are inherent in artificial intelligence and continued medical education. The advantages and disadvantages of gaming will be considered, as well as barriers to successful adoption of gaming.
Neural Circuits Associated with 5-HT1B Receptor Agonist Inhibition of Methamphetamine Seeking in the Conditioned Place Preference Model

5-HT1B receptors (5-HT1BRs) modulate psychostimulant reward and incentive motivation in rodents. Here we investigated the effects of the 5-HT1BR agonist CP94253 (10 mg/kg, IP) on the acquisition and expression of methamphetamine (Meth) conditioned place preference (CPP) in C57BL/6 male mice. We subsequently examined the potential brain regions involved in CP94253 effects using FOS as a marker of neural activity. In the acquisition experiment, mice received the agonist 30 min before each of the Meth injections given during conditioning. In the expression experiment, mice that had acquired Meth-CPP were given either saline or CP94253 and were tested for CPP 30 min later. We found that CP94253 attenuated the expression of Meth-CPP, but had no effect on acquisition. Mice expressing Meth-CPP had elevated numbers of FOS+ cells in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and basolateral amygdala (BlA) and reduced FOS+ cells in the central amygdala (CeA) compared to saline controls. CP94253 given before the expression test, but not acutely in drug-naive mice, enhanced FOS+ cells in the VTA, the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell and core, and the dorsomedial striatum and reversed the Meth-conditioned changes in FOS in the BlA and CeA. Approximately 50-70% of FOS+ cells in the NAc and VTA were GABAergic regardless of group. By contrast, we did not observe FOS-labeling in dopamine neurons in the VTA. The findings suggest that CP94253 attenuates the motivational effects of the Meth-associated environment and highlight the amygdala, VTA, NAc, and dorsomedial striatum as potential regions involved in this effect.
Endometrium and endometriosis tissue mitochondrial energy metabolism in a nonhuman primate model

Endometriosis is the growth of uterine lining (endometrium) outside of the uterus. In other chronic inflammatory diseases, mitochondrial dysfunction is suspected of playing a role in disease pathogenesis. However, little is known about endometriosis mitochondrial function or its effects on tissue metabolism. The objectives of this study were to analyze mitochondrial function in nonhuman primate (NHP) endometrium and endometriosis tissue and to identify the metabolic features of these tissues that may contribute to disease. Mitochondrial function in endometriosis tissue and endometrium was measured using mitochondrial respirometry analysis to determine if changes in oxidative phosphorylation exist in endometrium and endometriosis tissue compared to control endometrium from clinically healthy NHPs. Targeted metabolomics and multidimensional statistical analysis were applied to quantify key metabolites in energy and amino acid biosynthesis pathways. Mitochondrial respirometry assays showed endometrium from NHPs with endometriosis had reduced complex II-mediated oxygen consumption rates (OCR) across all energy states (basal, p = 0.01; state 3, p = 0.02; state 3u, p = 0.04; state 4o, p = 0.008) and endometriosis tissue had reduced state 3, complex I-mediated OCR (p = 0.02) and respiratory control rates (p = 0.01) compared to normal endometrium. Targeted metabolomics performed on tissue revealed carnitine (p = 0.001), creatine phosphate (p = 0.01), NADH (p = 0.0001), FAD (p = 0.001), tryptophan (p = 0.0009), and malic acid (p = 0.005) were decreased in endometriosis tissue compared to normal endometrium samples. FAD (p = 0.004), tryptophan (p = 0.0004) and malic acid (p = 0.03) were significantly decreased in endometrium from NHPs with endometriosis compared to normal endometrium. Significant metabolites identified in endometriosis and endometrium samples from animals with endometriosis were part of amino acid biosynthesis or energy metabolism pathways. Here, endometrial mitochondrial energy production and metabolism were decreased in endometrium and endometriosis tissue. Decreased mitochondrial energy production may be due to oxidative stress-induced damage to mitochondrial DNA or membranes, a shift in cell metabolism, or decreased energy substrate; however, the exact cause remains unknown. Additional research is needed to determine the implications of reduced mitochondrial energy production and metabolism on endometriosis and endometrium.
Studies on the Role of Carbohydrates in Host-Microbe Interactions

Our laboratory team has long pursued two seemingly unrelated lines of research—one, elucidating the structure and function of the matrix polysaccharides of the walls of growing plant cells, and the other, studying the manner by which plants defend themselves against disease. Results from each project led us to discover that structurally defined fragments of cell-wall polysaccharides are chemical messages with highly specific regulatory properties, many of which are involved in host-microbe interactions. These regulatory molecules (oligosaccharins) are released from the cell wall by means of enzymes. This paper will present evidence to show that the cell walls are the repository of numerous, different oligosaccharins that can regulate triggering of plant defenses against pathogens and other types of stress.
Pseudospin-lattice coupling and electric control of the square-lattice iridate Sr 2 Ir O 4

${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}\mathrm{Ir}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ is an archetypal spin-orbit-coupled Mott insulator and has been extensively studied in part because of a wide range of predicted states. Limited experimental characterization of these states thus far brings to light the extraordinary susceptibility of the physical properties to the lattice, particularly, the Ir-O-Ir bond angle. Here, we report a microscopic rotation of the $\mathrm{Ir}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ octahedra below 50 K measured by single crystal neutron diffraction. This sharp lattice anomaly provides keys to understanding the anomalous low-temperature physics and a direct confirmation of a crucial role that the Ir-O-Ir bond angle plays in determining the ground state. Indeed, as also demonstrated in this study, applied electric current readily weakens the antiferromagnetic order via the straightening of the Ir-O-Ir bond angle, highlighting that even slight change in the local structure can disproportionately affect the physical properties in the spin-orbit-coupled system.
Mission: Impossible, Mission: Accomplished or Mission: Underway? A Survey and Analysis of Current Trends in Professionalism Education in American Law Schools

This Article identifies common characteristics of effective professionalism instruction to provide guidance in how to design innovative professionalism instruction. After introducing the topic in Part I, Part II of this Article describes the origins and development of the professionalism education movement in American Law schools. Part III of this Article explains our methods for collecting information and identifies and summarizes the predominant trends, and provides examples of noteworthy programs or initiatives. Part IV concludes by describing our method for assessing successful programs and identifying the characteristics of effective professionalism instruction.
An observational report of swallowing outcomes following corpus callosotomy

Abstract Aim Determine swallowing outcomes following corpus callosotomy (CC) surgery. Methods Retrospective chart review of patients undergoing CC between July 2016 and November 2018 at a large, urban children’s hospital. Results Of the 18 patients without prior history of dysphagia who underwent CC, 15 received speech pathology consults for bedside swallowing evaluation (BSE). Four patients were referred for a videofluroscopic swallow study (VFSS), and 3 showed no signs of difficulty and were advanced to regular diets with thin liquids. One patient demonstrated swallowing difficulties during the VFSS and was placed on a regular diet with nectar thick liquids. Following a repeat swallow study 17 days post-surgery, the patient was advanced to thin liquids. Interpretation Postoperative dysphagia following CC is an uncommon and transient complication. Patients undergoing CC should have their swallowing evaluated prior to advancing their postoperative diet but are likely to return to normal diet and thin liquids by discharge.
Decreased growth of wild soil microbes after 15 years of transplant-induced warming in a montane meadow.

The carbon stored in soil exceeds that of plant biomass and atmospheric carbon and its stability can impact global climate. Growth of decomposer microorganisms mediates both the accrual and loss of soil carbon. Growth is sensitive to temperature and given the vast biological diversity of soil microorganisms, the response of decomposer growth rates to warming may be strongly idiosyncratic, varying among taxa, making ecosystem predictions difficult. Here, we show that 15 years of warming by transplanting plant-soil mesocosms down in elevation, strongly reduced the growth rates of soil microorganisms, measured in the field using undisturbed soil. The magnitude of the response to warming varied among microbial taxa. However, the direction of the response-reduced growth-was universal and warming explained twofold more variation than did the sum of taxonomic identity and its interaction with warming. For this ecosystem, most of the growth responses to warming could be explained without taxon-specific information, suggesting that in some cases microbial responses measured in aggregate may be adequate for climate modeling. Long-term experimental warming also reduced soil carbon content, likely a consequence of a warming-induced increase in decomposition, as warming-induced changes in plant productivity were negligible. The loss of soil carbon and decreased microbial biomass with warming may explain the reduced growth of the microbial community, more than the direct effects of temperature on growth. These findings show that direct and indirect effects of long-term warming can reduce growth rates of soil microbes, which may have important feedbacks to global warming.
Learning to Care: Use of Practice Simulation to Train Health Social Workers

Practice simulation exercises involve interaction with people who portray standardized clients in typical social work practice contexts. They are followed by feedback from these “clients” and from peers and instructors. This article delineates the conceptual background and previous use of this educational methodology and illustrates its application within a graduate health social work practice class. A preliminary evaluation found enthusiastic endorsement of this approach among students, with very strong agreement that all three components of the project-interaction with simulated clients, receipt of feedback, and participation as observers-prove useful. Practice simulations can allow transformative learning for participants and provide a useful classroom method for incorporating conceptual foundations into practice behaviors.
A Transnational Community of Pakistani Muslim Women: Narratives of Rights, Honor, and Wisdom in a Women's Education Project

Using ethnographic data, this article explores how Muslim women teachers from low-income Pakistani communities employ the notion of “wisdom” to construct and perform their educated subjectivity in a transnational women's education project. Through Butler's performativity framework, I demonstrate how local and global discourses overlap to shape narratives that define individual rights as well as family honor as part of the educated subjectivity of Pakistani Muslim women. [Muslim women, women's education, human rights, performativity, globalization]
Cognitive Dissonance: Fifty Years of a Classic Theory

Cognitive Dissonance In the Beginning Criticism Propels the Theory Forward The Motivational Property of Dissonance Dissonance is not what it used to be The New Look Model of Dissonance The Self-Standards Model and the Emergence of the Self in Dissonance Theory Vicarious Cognitive Dissonance Experiencing Dissonance Through The Actions of Another Culture, Race and Cognitive Dissonance Cognitive Dissonance in Today's World
Stability of cefazolin sodium in various artificial tear solutions and aqueous vehicles

The stability of cefazolin sodium reconstituted in four artificial tear solutions, two acetate buffer solutions, phosphate buffer solution, and 0.9% sodium chloride injection was studied. Cefazolin was reconstituted in Tearisol, Isopto Tears, Liquifilm Forte, and Liquifilm Tears; acetate buffer solution at pH 4.5 and pH 5.7; phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.5; and 0.9% sodium chloride injection. The solutions were stored at 4 degrees C, 25 degrees C, and 35 degrees C for seven days. All of the solutions were inspected for particulates, turbidity, color, and odor. Five assay determinations on each of three samples of each formulation were performed using a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic assay. Cefazolin stability was influenced primarily by pH and storage temperature. Reconstitution of cefazolin sodium in the alkaline tear solutions Isopto Tears and Tearisol and in phosphate buffer solution resulted in particulate and color formation at 25 degrees C and 35 degrees C. Turbidity was noted after cefazolin sodium was reconstituted in Isopto Tears. No color or precipitate formation was evident after seven days at 25 degrees C and 35 degrees C in the formulations of acidic pH containing Liquifilm Tears, Liquifilm Forte, 0.9% sodium chloride injection or acetate buffer solution as the vehicles. The extent of degradation of cefazolin was substantially higher in the formulations of alkaline pH than in those of acidic pH at 35 degrees C and 25 degrees C. All of the formulations retained more than 90% of their initial concentration when stored at 4 degrees C. Cefazolin sodium, when reconstituted in artificial tear solutions with an acidic pH, is stable for up to three days at room temperature.
Role of glycocalyx in flow-induced production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species

Although the glycocalyx has been implicated in wall shear stress (WSS) mechanotransduction, the role of glycocalyx components in nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production remains unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that glycocalyx is implicated in both endothelial NO and O(2)(-) production. Specifically, we evaluated the role of hyaluronic acid (HA), heparan sulfate (HS), and sialic acid (SA) in NO and O(2)(-) mechanotransduction. Twenty-seven ex vivo porcine superficial femoral arteries were incubated with heparinase III, hyaluronidase, or neuraminidase, to remove HS, HA, or SA, respectively, from glycocalyx. The arteries were then subjected to steady-state flow and the effluent solution was measured for nitrites and the vessel diameter was tracked to quantify the degree of vasodilation. Our results show that removal of HA decreased both nitrites and vasodilation, and tempol treatment had no reversing effect. Degradation of HS proteoglycans decreased NO bioavailability through an increase in O(2)(-) production as indicated by fluorescent signals of dihydroethidium (DHE) and its area fraction (209+/-24% increase) and also removed extracellular O(2)(-) dismutase (ecSOD) (67+/-9% decrease). The removal of SA also increased O(2)(-) production as indicated by DHE fluorescent signals (86+/-17% increase) and the addition of tempol, a mimic O(2)(-) scavenger, restored both NO availability and vasodilation in both heparinase- and neuraminidase-treated vessels. This implies that HS and SA are not directly involved in WSS-mediated NO production. This study implicates HA in WSS-mediated NO mechanotransduction and underscores the role of HS and SA in ROS regulation in vessel walls in response to WSS stimulation.
Effect of H56-28 (Aptine) on catecholamine-induced arrhythmias and neuromuscular transmission in man.

SUMMARY The beta adrenergic blocking agent H56/28 was found to be effective in the prevention of catecholamine-anesthetic cardiac arrhythmias in man. It was suggested that this antiarrhythmic action was due to beta adrenergic blockade rather than the local anesthetic activity which H56/28 is known to possess. Although some beta blockers are capable of producing a neuromuscular block in animals, in the present study in man H56/28 did not depress twitch height from control levels, nor increase the neuromuscular blocking action of succinylcholine or d-tubocurarine. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Der Betablocker H 56/28 erwies sich beim Menschen als wirksam zur Verhutung von katecholamin- und narkosebedingten kardialen Arrhythmien. Es wird angenommen, dass diese antiarrhythmische Wirkung eher durch die beta-adrenergische Blockade bedingt ist, als die lokalanaesthetische Wirkung, die H 56/28 bekanntermassen besitzt. Obwohl einige Betablocker imstande sind, am Tier eine neuromuskulare Blockade hervorzurufen, konnte bei dieser Untersuchung am Menschen keine durch H 56/28 bedingte Abnahme der Zuckungshohe vom Ausgangswert oder eine Verstarkung der neuromuskularen Blockadewirkung von Succinylcholin bzw. d-Tubocurarin aufgedeckt werden.
Strategic HR Management with an Aging Workforce: Using Demographic Models to Determine Optimal Employment Policies

A key component of the strategic plan for any company is the determination of the optimal number of workers needed to produce the desired level of output. Unless workers of different ages have the same skills and productivity, managers must also decide on the best age structure of their workforce and adopt compensation and employment policies to achieve these objectives. Employer responses to the shifts in the demand for their output impact the age distribution of the workforce while employment and compensation policies influence age specific hiring, retention, and retirement rates. This paper examines how demographic models can be used to project the future age structure of a labor force. In addition, we describe how compensation policies can be used to alter trends in the age distribution of employees. Thus, employers can develop strategic plans for achieving the desired labor force.