cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sizes of Prey Consumed by Age-0 Brown Trout in Douglas Creek, Wyoming

ABSTRACT We identified and measured invertebrate prey from 234 age-0 brown trout (Salmo trutta) captured in Douglas Creek, Wyoming during summer 1990. The mean length of invertebrate prey increased as the fish increased from 21 to 65 mm total length. The low variability of invertebrate prey lengths found within individual 5-mm length groups of age-0 brown trout indicates that fish of 21–65 mm are highly selective for specific sizes of invertebrate prey.
Efficient tracking of many objects in structured environments

We consider the special case of tracking objects in highly structured scenes. In the context of vehicle tracking in urban environments, we offer a fully automatic, end-to-end system that discovers and parametrizes the lanes along which vehicles drive, then uses just these pixels to simultaneously track dozens of objects. This system includes a novel active contour energy function used to parametrize the lanes of travel based only on the accumulation of spatio-temporal image derivatives, and a tracking algorithm that exploits longer temporal constraints made possible by our compact data representation; we believe both of these may be of independent interest. We offer quantitative results comparing tracking results to ground-truthed data, including thousands of vehicles from the NGSIM Peachtree data set.
Maximizing masquerading as matching in human visual search choice behavior.

There has been a long-running debate over whether humans match or maximize when faced with differentially rewarding options under conditions of uncertainty. While maximizing, that is, consistently choosing the most rewarding option, is theoretically optimal, humans have often been observed to match, that is, allocating choices stochastically in proportion to the underlying reward rates. Previous models assumed matching behavior to arise from biological limitations or heuristic decision strategies; this, however, would stand in curious contrast to the accumulating evidence that humans have sophisticated machinery for tracking environmental statistics. It begs the questions of why the brain would build sophisticated representations of environmental statistics, only then to adopt a heuristic decision policy that fails to take full advantage of that information. Here, we revisit this debate by presenting data from a novel visual search task, which are shown to favor a particular Bayesian inference and decisionmaking account over other heuristic and normative models. Specifically, while subjects’ first-fixation strategy appears to indicate matching in aggregate data, they actually maximize on a finer, trial-by-trial timescale, based on continuously updated internal beliefs about the spatial distribution of potential target locations. In other words, matching-like stochasticity in human visual search is neither random nor heuristicsbased, but attributable specifically to fluctuating beliefs about stimulus statistics. These results not only shed light on the matching versus maximizing debate, but also more broadly on human decision-making strategies under conditions of uncertainty.
A review of the safety and efficacy of benzoyl peroxide (5.3%) emollient foam in the management of truncal acne vulgaris

This article reviews findings of studies regarding the treatment of truncal acne with benzoyl peroxide formulations and, in particular, studies utilizing a 5.3% benzoyl peroxide foam. Its formulation of micronized benzoyl peroxide particles in an emollient foam vehicle offers significant clinical and bioavailability advantages that enhance follicular penetration and skin moisturization. A key consideration for topical management of truncal acne is whether the treatment application method allows adequate skin contact time to reduce Propionibacterium acnes colony counts. The foam formulation has demonstrated significant reduction in Propionibacterium acnes on the back when used either as a leave-on or as short-contact therapy for five minutes. Short-contact therapy with a benzoyl peroxide foam is a novel approach to minimize the risk of benzoyl peroxide bleaching of clothing in truncal acne patients.
Approaching the physical limits of computing

As logic device sizes shrink towards the nanometer scale, a number of important physical limits threaten to soon halt further improvements in computer performance per unit cost. However, the near-term limits are not truly fundamental, and may be avoided by making radical changes to the physical and logical architecture of computers. In particular, certain assumed limits to the energy efficiency of computers have never been rigorously proven, and may be circumvented using physical mechanisms that recover and reuse signal energies with efficiency approaching 100%. However, this concept, called reversible computing, imposes tight constraints on the design of the machine at all levels from physics to algorithms. We review the physical and architectural requirements that must be met if real machines are to break through the barriers preventing further progress, and approach the true fundamental physical limits to computing.
A Simplified Design Procedure for Steel H-Piles in Areas of High Seismicity to Include the Effects of Pile Buckling

Section 1808.2.9 of the International Building Code states that certain types of soils called fluid soils (e.g., liquefied sands and bay mud) are not capable of resisting pile buckling and piles used in such soils should be designed as unbraced columns. This paper presents a unified approach for designing steel H-Piles in areas of high seismicity where soil liquefaction and/or loss of lateral support are design considerations. A general procedure for pile design is formulated based on governing codes, accepted practice, and relevant literature. The procedure is in compliance with the International Building Code , the AISC Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings , and the AISC LRFD Specification for Structural Steel Buildings . Using beam-column design provisions, interaction diagrams (φP n vs. φM n ) are developed for several hot-rolled H-Pile Sections that are permitted in areas of high seismic risk. The exclusion in this paper of some standard H-Pile sections is a result of local buckling instability as determined by limiting width-thickness ratios presented in the AISC Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings . Numerous interaction diagrams are developed for each pile size so that practical unbraced lengths resulting from nominal soil support afforded by marine clay and liquefied soil layers can be directly accounted for in the proposed design procedure. This paper provides a simplified approach for designing steel H-Piles to include the effects of pile buckling, the development of interaction diagrams needed for the simplified procedure, an overview of other code requirements for steel H-Piles in high seismic zones, and a practical application example.
Impact of instructor and course characteristics on the effectiveness of curriculum infusion.

Abstract Objective: This study assessed the impact of Curriculum Infusion (CI) on undergraduates’ knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding alcohol and other drug (AOD) use. The related effects of students’ perceptions of instructors’ credibility and immediacy were also examined. Participants: Participants were 309 undergraduates enrolled in 14 CI classes between Winter 2003 and Spring 2004. Methods: In a pretest–posttest design, participants were surveyed about their substance use, behavioral consequences of substance use, knowledge, and attitudes about alcohol, and their perceptions of the credibility and immediacy of their CI course instructors. Results: Findings indicate that students who perceived their CI instructors as more credible and more immediate were more knowledgeable about alcohol and had healthier attitudes about substance use. Additionally, course size was found to contribute to CI's effectiveness. Conclusion: CI provides faculty with an effective way to make a difference not only in ...
Gaucher disease with jawbone involvement: a case report

Gaucher disease is an autosomal recessive systemic condition, and the most common of the lysosomal storage disorders. It is characterized by lipid accumulation in certain cells and organs, particularly macrophages, which appear on light microscopy as ’Gaucher cells’ or vacuolated lipid-laden reticuloendothelial cells. Long bone involvement is common in Gaucher disease, whereas craniofacial bone involvement is extremely rare. Reports confirming the diagnoses of Gaucher disease involving craniofacial bones by histopathologic evidence are even rarer. A 46-year-old Caucasian Ashkenazi Jewish woman with Gaucher disease presented with jawbone pain and lytic radiographic lesions of her mandible. Surgical biopsy of a mandibular lesion revealed Gaucher cells infiltrating the mandible, which correlated with radiographic and clinical findings, supporting a diagnosis of Gaucher disease with jawbone involvement. Lysosomal storage diseases can have head and neck manifestations, and bone involvement in Gaucher disease is common. Therefore, careful consideration of signs and symptoms and medical history, with a thorough review of systems, is important when evaluating patients with lysosomal storage disorders to rule out head and neck involvement of disease. Biopsy may be warranted in some cases for more definitive diagnosis of painful jawbone lesions and to rule out other odontogenic and non-odontogenic conditions in the differential diagnosis.
Calibration of Lead-Line Response Contribution in Measured Radiation Patterns of IR Dipole Arrays

A bolometer, which is in the shape of an antenna, is investigated as an infrared detector. Similar to antenna-coupled bolometers, this device can be designed to meet specific spectral, polarization, and directional criteria. The fabricated device is not an isolated antenna; it contains lead lines for biasing and signal extraction, which also respond to the incident radiation and contribute to the measured response. An additional device is designed to measure this response component, which is then removed from the measured response of the device containing the antenna. The measured radiation patterns without lead-line contributions show excellent agreement with the simulated patterns.
Task demands and knowledge influence how children learn to read words

To examine how young children learn to read new words, we asked preschoolers (N = 115, mean age 4 years, 8 months) to learn and remember novel spellings that made sense based on letter names (e.g. TZ for tease) and spellings that were visually distinctive but phonetically inappropriate. Children who were more knowledgeable about letter names tended to perform better in the name condition than the visual condition. In contrast, prereaders with little knowledge of letter names performed better in the visual condition than the name condition. Increasing the difficulty of the task led to more advanced patterns of performance, in that a benefit for the name condition over the visual condition was more likely to emerge when children learned five items at a time than when they learned four. This result, which is the opposite of that typically found in the literature on strategy development, appears to arise because the demands of learning a larger set of words encourage an analytic, letter-based approach.
URODYNAMIC EVALUATION AND LONG-TERM RESULTS OF THE ORTHOTOPIC GASTRIC NEOBLADDER IN MEN

Purpose: Orthotopic neobladders are most commonly formed from colon and/or small bowel segments. However, after excellent results were reported in children, we constructed gastric neobladders in select men who had undergone cystectomy. Although gastric neobladders in adults have been reported to have decreased capacity, to our knowledge neither long-term followup nor urodynamic parameters have been reported in these patients.Materials and Methods: Gastric neobladder was performed in 8 patients following cystectomy for malignancy in 7 and undiversion in 1. Average followup was 43 months and all patients underwent urodynamic evaluations an average of 9.1 months after surgery. Patients also completed an incontinence questionnaire. The gastric neobladder group was compared to a similar group of patients who underwent neobladder construction from either small bowel (Kock/Hautmann/Studer) or ileocecal segments (Mainz).Results: The gastric neobladder group had significantly reduced mean bladder capacity compared...
Voltage sensitive dye imaging system for awake and freely moving animals

A 32 times 32 pixel image sensor in bulk CMOS process for use in a custom voltage sensitive dye imaging system is presented. The system is to be mounted on awake and freely moving animals in order to measure brain activity. The image sensor is capable of on-chip temporal-differencing using a storage capacitor on-chip. Temporal-differencing is used to reduce the stress on the overall readout circuitry in order to meet size and power constraints of such a system. Each 75 mum times 75 mum pixel consists of a photodiode of 74 mum times 34 mum and a storage capacitor of 788 fF. The image sensor has a signal-to-noise ratio of 76 dB.
Neurotrophin-3 and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Induce Oligodendrocyte Proliferation and Myelination of Regenerating Axons in the Contused Adult Rat Spinal Cord

Functional loss after spinal cord injury (SCI) is caused, in part, by demyelination of axons surviving the trauma. Neurotrophins have been shown to induce oligodendrogliagenesis in vitro, but stimulation of oligodendrocyte proliferation and myelination by these factors in vivo has not been examined. We sought to determine whether neurotrophins can induce the formation of new oligodendrocytes and myelination of regenerating axons after SCI in adult rats. In this study, fibroblasts producing neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, or beta-galactosidase (control grafts) were transplanted subacutely into the contused adult rat spinal cord. At 10 weeks after injury, all transplants contained axons. NT-3 and BDNF grafts, however, contained significantly more axons than control or other growth factor-producing grafts. In addition, significantly more myelin basic protein-positive profiles were detected in NT-3 and BDNF transplants, suggesting enhanced myelination of ingrowing axons within these neurotrophin-producing grafts. To determine whether augmented myelinogenesis was associated with increased proliferation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was used to label dividing cells. NT-3 and BDNF grafts contained significantly more BrdU-positive oligodendrocytes than controls. The association of these new oligodendrocytes with ingrowing myelinated axons suggests that NT-3- and BDNF-induced myelinogenesis resulted, at least in part, from expansion of oligodendrocyte lineage cells, most likely the endogenous oligodendrocyte progenitors. These findings may have significant implications for chronic demyelinating diseases or CNS injuries.
On the experimental accessibility of the self-pulsing regime of the Lorenz model for single mode homogeneously broadened lasers

Abstract The transverse and longitudinal relaxation rates of optically pumped molecular lasers are examined with respect to the self-pulsing solutions predicted by the Lorenz model. We conclude that even in the limit of strong inversion effects (NH 3 ), the required ratio γ/γ⊥ ⩽ 0.2 is not accessible. This suggests that the experimental measurements of self-pulsing in these lasers are not a definitive observation of a Lorentz-type instability.
Crawling up the value chain: domestic institutions and non-traditional foreign direct investment in Brazil, 1990-2010

Brazil attracted relatively little innovation-intensive and export-oriented foreign investment during the liberalization period of 1990 to 2010, especially compared with competitors such as China and India. Adopting an institutionalist perspective, I argue that multinational firm investment profiles can be partly explained by the characteristics of investment promotion policies and bureaucracies charged with their implementation. Brazil's FDI policies were passive and non-discriminating in the second half of the 1990s, but became more ive under Lula. Investment promotion efforts have often been undercut by weakly coordinated and inconsistent institutions. The paper highlights the need for active, discriminating investment promotion policies if benefits from non-traditional FDI are to be realized. JEL Classification: F2; F5; F6; L2; O3.
Interference With PPARγ Signaling Causes Cerebral Vascular Dysfunction, Hypertrophy, and Remodeling

The transcription factor PPARgamma is expressed in endothelium and vascular muscle where it may exert antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects. We tested the hypothesis that PPARgamma plays a protective role in the vasculature by examining vascular structure and function in heterozygous knockin mice expressing the P465L dominant negative mutation in PPARgamma (L/+). In L/+ aorta, responses to the endothelium-dependent agonist acetylcholine (ACh) were not affected, but there was an increase in contraction to serotonin, PGF(2alpha), and endothelin-1. In cerebral blood vessels both in vitro and in vivo, ACh produced dilation that was markedly impaired in L/+ mice. Superoxide levels were elevated in cerebral arterioles from L/+ mice and responses to ACh were restored to normal with a scavenger of superoxide. Diameter of maximally dilated cerebral arterioles was less, whereas wall thickness and cross-sectional area was greater in L/+ mice, indicating cerebral arterioles underwent hypertrophy and remodeling. Thus, interference with PPARgamma signaling produces endothelial dysfunction via a mechanism involving oxidative stress and causes vascular hypertrophy and inward remodeling. These findings indicate that PPARgamma has vascular effects which are particularly profound in the cerebral circulation and provide genetic evidence that PPARgamma plays a critical role in protecting blood vessels.
The Legacy of the U.S. Public Health Service Syphilis Study at Tuskegee, a Presidential Apology, and the Patient Protection Affordable Care Act: Just a Beginning in Health Care Reform

The study of untreated syphilis in African American men by the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) at Tuskegee must never be repeated. It was a study that started in 1932 to evaluate the effects of ...
Comparison of Warm Ischemia Versus No Ischemia During Partial Nephrectomy on a Solitary Kidney

Abstract Background The safe duration of warm ischemia during partial nephrectomy (PN) remains controversial. Objective To compare the short- and long-term renal effects of warm ischemia versus no ischemia in patients with a solitary kidney. Design, setting, and participants Using the Cleveland Clinic and Mayo Clinic databases, we identified 458 patients who underwent open ( n =411) or laparoscopic ( n =47) PN for a renal mass in a solitary kidney between 1990 and 2008. Patients treated with cold ischemia were excluded. Measurements Associations of ischemia type (none vs warm) with short- and long-term renal function were evaluated using logistic or Cox regression models. Results and limitations No ischemia was used in 96 patients (21%), while 362 patients (79%) had a median of 21min (range: 4–55) of warm ischemia. Patients treated with warm ischemia had a significantly higher preoperative glomerular filtration rate (GFR; median: 61ml/min per 1.73m 2 vs 54ml/min per 1.73m 2 ; p p p =0.044) and a GFR 2 in the postoperative period (OR: 4.2; p =0.007) compared with patients who did not have hilar clamping. Among the 297 patients with a preoperative GFR ≥30ml/min per 1.73m 2 , patients with warm ischemia were significantly more likely to develop new-onset stage IV chronic kidney disease (hazard ratio: 2.3; p =0.028) during a mean follow-up of 3.3 yr. Similar results were obtained adjusting for preoperative GFR, tumor size, and type of PN in a multivariable analysis. Limitations include surgeon selection bias when determining type of ischemia. Conclusions Warm ischemia during PN is associated with adverse renal consequences. Although selection bias is present, PN without ischemia should be used when technically feasible in patients with a solitary kidney.
Detection and Homodyne Mixing of Terahertz Gas Laser Radiation by Submicron GaAs/AlGaAs FETs

We demonstrated detection and homodyne mixing of laser modes of optically pumped terahertz gas laser at 2.52 THz by submicron AlGaAs/GaAs field-effect transistors (FETs). The mechanism of the detection of terahertz radiation is based on the phenomena of non-linear excitations of plasma waves in a channel with 2D electron gas. According to theoretical models, the response time associated with this detection mechanism can be as fast as picoseconds, which makes these plasma wave devices attractive for real time detection and heterodyne mixing applications in the terahertz frequency range.
3D ray-tracing for intra-vehicle environments

In order to more accurately simulate MIMO in an intra-vehicle environment such as aircraft, it was necessary to acquire a more site-specific H matrix than was attainable with the mathematical model for the hyper-Rayleigh environment. This was accomplished by adapting a ray-tracing software method to a new 3D environment-an aircraft fuselage. This method was validated in [1] and the software was then calibrated using measurements in various environments, including a bus, a tunnel and a small aircraft. The MIMO output of the simulation software will be used in future research to create the channel matrix needed for previously developed MIMO optimization software [6].
Central obesity: Association with left ventricular dysfunction and mortality in the community

Background We sought to measure the strength of association between 2 indices of obesity, waist-hip ratio (WHR) and body mass index (BMI), with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and mortality in a community cohort. The distribution of body fat is thought to affect cardiovascular disease risk. The association of BMI (an index of overall obesity) and WHR (an index of central obesity) with LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction in a population-based cohort is unknown. Methods Anthropomorphic measurements and echocardiographic LV function were measured in a cross-sectional population-based sample of 2,042 men and women >45 years old in the Olmsted County Heart Function Study. Five-year prospective mortality was measured. Results Increased WHR had a stronger association than BMI with (1) lower LV ejection fraction ( r = −0.24, P r = −0.04, P = .09) and (2) LV diastolic dysfunction ( r = 0.18, P r = 0.05, P = .02). After adjustment for standard cardiovascular risk factors, WHR continued to be significantly associated with diastolic dysfunction but not with systolic dysfunction. Waist-hip ratio, but not BMI, was strongly predictive of all-cause mortality independent of age and sex (hazard ratio 23.6, CI 4.0-139.8, P = .0005). This relationship was attenuated on adjustment for diastolic dysfunction. Conclusions Waist-hip ratio is a stronger correlate of LV dysfunction and mortality than BMI. These cross-sectional data suggest that the increased risk of mortality from central obesity is mediated at least in part by LV dysfunction, especially diastolic dysfunction.
Adaptive Face Recognition for Low-Cost, Embedded Human-Robot Interaction

This paper presents an accelerated AdaBoost face detection algorithm and an incremental PCA-based face recognition algorithm for human robot interactive applications. The accelerated AdaBoost algorithm utilizes an image resizing technique and a skin color filter for detecting face regions. To track a detected face precisely and efficiently while also recognizing the face, a hybrid face tracking approach is applied based on an adaptive skin color mode and an estimated potential face area. In addition, a novel adaptive face recognition method is implemented by automatically upgrading the set of sample faces of a known person and collecting new samples of an unknown person with incrementally enhanced recognition performance. These algorithms are well suited for embedded systems, such as socially interactive robots, because of their cost and time efficiency and little pre-training required for reliable performance.
“Floating Total Knee”: Ipsilateral Periprosthetic Fractures of the Distal Femur and Proximal Tibia After Total Knee Arthroplasty

Abstract Currently, there are more than 300000 primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) performed annually in the United States. It is estimated that 0.3% to 2.5% of these patients will sustain a periprosthetic fracture in association with a TKA [Haidukewych GJ, Jacofsky DJ, Hanssen AD. Treatment of periprosthetic fractures around a total knee arthroplasty. J Knee Surg 2003;16:111]. The first report of a periprosthetic fracture involving a TKA occurred in 1977 [Callaghan JJ. Periprosthetic fractures of the acetabulum during and following total hip arthroplasty. Instr Course Lect 1998;47:231]. The majority of periprosthetic fractures associated with a TKA are distal femoral fractures [Berry D. Epidemiology: hip and knee. In: Callaghan J, Duncan C, editors. Periprosthetic fractures after major joint replacement. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1999. p. 183]. Periprosthetic tibial fractures are rare and usually involve the medial tibial plateau in the presence of a loose component [Rand JA, Coventry MB. Stress fractures after total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1980;62:226, Hanssen AD, Stuart MJ]. Treatment of periprosthetic tibial fractures. Clin Orthop 2000; p. 91]. The following case report describes the management of simultaneous ipsilateral distal femoral and proximal tibial periprosthetic fractures associated with a TKA. The patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication. To our knowledge, this "floating total knee" injury has not been previously reported.
Evolution of the mid range theory of comfort for outcomes research

The developmental stages of the mid range theory of comfort are discussed in this article, which includes its philosophic orientation and its inductive, deductive, and retroductive reasoning. Other steps that are described are the concept analysis of comfort, the operationalization of the outcome of patient comfort, the application of the theory in previous nursing studies, and the evaluation of the current theory as it has been adapted for outcomes research. This article is a guide that shows how a concept grows, becomes embedded in theory, is tested, and is adapted for the rapidly changing health care environment. The theory of comfort also offers a way to reconceptualize nurse productivity.
Satisfying Service Level Objectices in a Self-Managing Resource Pool

We consider a self-managing, self-organizing pool of virtualized computer servers that provides infrastructure as a service (IaaS) for enterprise computing workloads. A global controller automatically manages the pool in a top down manner by periodically varying the number of servers used and re-assigning workloads to different servers. It aims to use as few servers as possible to minimize power usage while satisfying per-workload service level requirements. Each server is self-organizing. It has a local workload manager that dynamically varies the capacity allocated to each workload to satisfy per-workload service level objectives. This paper evaluates the impact of four alternative workload manager policies on the quality of service provided by the resource pool. The policies include: i) a non-work-conserving feedback controller, ii) a work-conserving feedback controller, iii) a work-conserving feedback controller with fixed per-workload scheduling weights to support differentiated service, and iv) a work-conserving feedback controller with dynamic per-workload weight to provide differentiated service while minimizing penalties. A case study involving three months of data for 138 SAP applications shows that the work-conserving policy significantly outperforms the non-work-conserving policy. The dynamic weight policy is better able to minimize penalties than the other policies while treating workloads fairly. Our study offers insights into the trade-offs between performance isolation, efficient resource sharing, and quality of service.
Changes in Paracrine Interleukin-2 Requirement, CCR7 Expression, Frequency, and Cytokine Secretion of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific CD4+ T Cells Are a Consequence of Antigen Load

Virus-specific CD4+ T-cell responses are thought to be required for the induction and maintenance of many effective CD8+ T-cell and B-cell immune responses in experimental animals and humans. Although the presence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific CD4+ T cells has been documented in patients at all stages of HIV infection, many fundamental questions regarding their frequency and function remain. A 10-color, 12-parameter flow cytometric panel was utilized to examine the frequency, memory phenotype (CD27, CCR7, and CD45RA), and cytokine production (interleukin-2 [IL-2], gamma interferon, and tumor necrosis factor alpha) of CD4+ T cells specific for HIV antigens as well as for adenovirus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), influenza H1N1 virus, influenza H3N2 virus, cytomegalovirus, varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and tetanus toxoid in normal controls, long-term nonprogressors (LTNP), and HIV-infected patients with progressive disease on or off therapy. The HIV-specific CD4+ T-cell responses in LTNP and patients on therapy were similar in frequency, phenotype, and cytokine production to responses directed against adenovirus, EBV, influenza virus, and VZV. HIV-specific CD4+ T cells from patients off antiretroviral therapy demonstrated a shift towards a CCR7− CD45RA− phenotype and a reduced percentage of IL-2-producing cells. The alterations in cytokine production during HIV viremia were found to be intrinsic to the HIV-specific CD4+ T cells and caused a requirement for IL-2 supplied exogenously for proliferation to occur. These observations suggest that many previously described changes in HIV-specific CD4+ T-cell function and phenotype are a consequence of high levels of antigen in viremic patients. In addition, defects in function and phenotype of HIV-specific CD4+ T cells are not readily discernible in the context of antiretroviral therapy but rather are similar to responses to other viruses.
The Social Transformation of Coffee Houses: The Emergence of Chain Establishments and the Private Nature of Usage

Ray Oldenburg (1989) developed the concept of third places as environments that offer friendship and a sense of community. However, the idealized image of the coffee house may need revision. In recent decades coffee houses have transformed from small-scale businesses to corporate-owned franchises, and with the advent of personal electronic devices many people now use them to work rather than to socialize. Using unobtrusive observation data from three independently-owned and three chain-based coffee houses in the Boston area, this research examines the ways in which modern coffee houses live up to or defy Oldenburg’s social expectations of a third place. Two key findings reveal that: 1) people increasingly use coffee houses as both a social sphere and a private zone to work, read, and use electronic devices; and 2) chain coffee houses, though often criticized for their sanitized lack of character, may better meet customers’ new third place needs by providing a wider variety of amenities (e.g., types of seating, food, and media) and free services that are in high demand (e.g., Wi-Fi).
Ten Years after a Preschool Intervention for Low Birth Weight Spanish-American Children.

Abstract The Responsive Environment Program for Spanish-American Children (REPSAC) served as an early educational intervention for 3, 4, and 5-year old “high risk” Spanish-American children living in the area served by the Clovis Municipal Schools, Clovis, New Mexico. Children were considered high risk based on their low birth weight, 5 1/2 pounds or less, and the probability of having additional physical and mental handicaps as they entered the first grade. The program was intended to demonstrate that such an early intervention can provide high-risk children the experiences necessary for them to succeed and remain in the educational mainstream. The purpose of the follow-up study was to assess the current status of former students who, 10 years previously, attended this federally funded innovative bilingual program. Test scores on various measures (including the Hiskey-Nebraska Test of Learning Aptitude, Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception, Templin-Darley Test of Articulation, and Peabody Pict...
Why Sustainability Standards for Biofuel Production Make Little Economic Sense

The federal "sustainability standard" requires ethanol to emit at least 20 percent less carbon dioxide (CO2) than gasoline. Recent rulings by California and the Environmental Protection Agency, however, have cast doubt on the methodology of the sustainability calculus and whether those standards are being met. We show that the methodological debate is misplaced because sustainability standards for ethanol are, by definition, illogical and ineffective. Moreover, those standards divert attention from the contradictions and inefficiencies of ethanol import tariffs, tax credits, mandates, and subsidies, all of which exist whether ethanol is sustainable or not. Ethanol is sustainable by definition. The CO2 sequestered by growing corn is exactly offset by the CO2 emissions that follow from burning the fuel in a car. The same observation applies to, say, consuming bourbon made from corn, but ethanol can replace energy - bourbon cannot. Hence, any sustainability standard should be applied to all corn and other crop products, and not just ethanol. Sustainability standards are based on "life-cycle accounting," in which ethanol is assumed to replace gasoline; but in fact, it may be replacing coal or other energy sources. Life-cycle accounting also fails to recognize that if incentives are given for ethanol producers to use relatively "clean" inputs (e.g., natural gas), the "dirtier" inputs (e.g., coal) that might otherwise have been used for the ethanol production will simply be used by other producers to make products that are not covered by the sustainability standard. Sustainability standards reshuffle who is using what inputs - with no net reduction in national emissions. Finally, sustainability standards are discriminatory under World Trade Organization law and are unlikely to survive a legal challenge from ethanol producers abroad. The United States will not be able to rely on the World Trade Organization's exception for trade laws protecting the environment because of lax U.S. policies dealing with greenhouse gas emissions relative to its trading partners. Moreover, the imposition of U.S. tariffs on more climate-friendly ethanol produced abroad weakens any U.S. defense of ethanol sustainability standards under the WTO.
Unraveling the Mechanism of Dyskinesia One Transcription Factor at a Time.

L-DOPA–induced dyskinesia (LID), or abnormal involuntary movements, is a common side effect of L-DOPA therapy in patients with Parkinson’s disease. When L-DOPA is initially administered, it effectively reverses akinesia caused by the loss of dopamine. However, long-term L-DOPA administration produces a hyperkinetic effect, triggering excessive movements in human patients and in animal models. The mechanisms of LID have been under intense investigation for decades, and numerous important discoveries in the past several years established the key mechanisms of LID development. Five dopamine receptor subtypes in the striatal neurons mediate the action of dopamine produced from L-DOPA. The main subtypes, D1 and D2, are expressed on the striatonigral and striatopallidal medium spiny neurons (MSNs), respectively, with a high degree of segregation. The relative contribution of the D1-dependent and D2-dependent signaling to LID has been hotly debated. However, findings demonstrating that genetic ablation of the D1, but not the D2, receptor abrogates LID (1) strongly suggest that the aberrant signaling via the D1 receptor is the main contributor. The striking molecular feature of the dopamine-depleted striatum is the hyperresponsiveness of multiple signaling pathways to acute dopaminergic stimulation. The D1 receptor in MSNs couples to the adenylyl cyclase–stimulating Golf, and in the dopamine-depleted striatum, the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response to L-DOPA is augmented, resulting in the increased activity of protein kinase A (PKA) and enhanced phosphorylation of PKA substrates. One of the substrates, the dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa (DARPP-32), upon phosphorylation by PKA at Thr34, acts as an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1, further enhancing the activity of the cAMP-PKA cascade. Sensitized DARPP-32 contributes to LID because its genetic ablation or elimination of the PKA-phosphorylated residue ameliorates LID (2,3). In addition, DARPP-32 inactivation significantly attenuates the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) superactivity in the dopamine-depleted striatum (2), suggesting that the elevated cAMP signaling is an important mediator of the ERK superactivity. The ERK pathway shows very strong dopamine depletion– induced supersensitivity. The dopamine-induced hyperactivation of the ERK response is confined to the striatonigral MSNs, or direct pathway MSNs (dMSNs) (1,3), and genetic ablation of the D1 receptor prevents the supersensitive ERK response (1), reinforcing the notion of the prime role of the D1 receptor signaling in LID. The neuron-specific Ras–guanine nucleotidereleasing factor 1 (Ras-GRF1), the upstream activator of Ras, implicated in LID could serve as the mechanistic connection between the D1 receptor signaling and activation of the ERK
An Infinite Series for π with Determinants

This can be proved with some geometry and calculus. A quarter of the area of a circle of unit radius can be expressed as the sum of an infinite series: 7T 4 =O+2?A,+2lA2+2 2A3+ * * 2tz-Sl where the Ai (i = 0,1, 2, ...) are the areas of the isosceles triangles indicated in FIGURE 1. Let Q and PO be the points (1,0) and (0,1), respectively, and Pt, be the apex of the triangle of area A (n?>1). Po = I P a P2
High Resolution Stem Images and Nanodiffraction Patterns on High Tc Superconductor YBa2Cu3O7−x

High resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (HRSTEM) and the nanodiffraction patterns of the high Tc superconductor of Yba2Cu3O7−x were studied with the use of a dedicated VG-HB5 STEM microscope. STEM imaging on the YBa2Cu3O7−x [100] shows atomic resolution image of the heavy atoms. Approximately 750 diffiaction patterns were recorded with the nano-probe electron beam of 3A in diameter scanned over a region of 20A×12A on the specimen. Simulation of the diffraction patterns is employed to recognize the patterns for beams centered on Cu(1), O(4), Ba and Y. The local symmelry around an individual atom can then be studied. STEM images of the Yba2Cu3O7−x[001] show the edge dislocations temlinating at the grain boundary and the microdiffraction patterns show the 2-fold symmetry for the core of the dislocation and the (110) plane symmetry for the grain boundary.
WATER WAVE PROPAGATION IN JETTIED CHANNELS

Navigational channels are frequently maintained by the use of jetties. These stabilized channels often form long straight waterways which permit the passage of tidal flows and waves into harbors, lagoons, or rivers. This paper concerns the decay of the waves down the channel due to energy losses within jetties. The analysis involves the use of an impedance boundary conditions at the channel side walls to model the wave dissipation there. The wave motion is described by an eigenfunction expansion for the velocity potential within the channel, with and without tidal currents. For the case that the water wave length is long with respect to the channel width and no currents are present, the wave height decay down the channel can be described by an exponential decay, H = H0 e~Vx, where T = •yxKp.kb), 7 is a (real) damping factor, k is the wave number, and 26 is the width of the channel. For the case of a mean current in the channel, the same expression results, but for a different form of the wave number, (Eq. 24).
Electrocardiogram in a Young Woman With the Eisenmenger Syndrome

A young woman with an atrial septal defect and the Eisenmenger syndrome has worsening symptoms and electrocardiographic changes of right ventricular hypertrophy five years later.
Survey and analysis on immune status of the left-behind children in Wuji County of Shijiazhuang City

Objective To investigate the immune status of the left-behind children in Wuji County and the related factors. Methods The coverage rates of 325 left-behind children and 318 control children,and the related awareness rate of guardians were surveyed by professionals and trained doctors in rural area. The related data were recorded in Excel2003,and statistical analysis was operated by SPSS 17. 0. Results Primary immunization coverage rates were 77. 21%and 95. 55%(x2= 361. 13,P 0. 001) respectively. Booster immunization coverage rates were 60. 30% and 92. 40%( x2= 323. 10,P 0. 001) respectively. There were significant differences between the left-behind children and control children. Conclusions The coverage of left-behind chilldren is lower. The related factors should be approached so as to provide scientific basis for formulating effective intervention measures.
Causes of death among 0-14 children in Jinhua city from 2006 to 2010

Objective To analyze the death cause among children in Jinhua city from 2006to 2010,so as to provide reference for its intervention.Methods Based on Jinhua residents death statements,statistical death data of 0-14 children were analyzed from 2006to 2010.Results It showed that the average annual mortality was 0.51per 1,000.Children in 0 age group had the highest mortality(5.94per 1,000),while children in 10-14 age group had the lowest mortality(0.15per 1,000).The mortality decreased obviously with the ages.The top three causes of children death were accidental injury,perinatal factors and congenital malformation chromosome abnormality.Among accidental injury,the main causes were drowning and motor vehicle traffic accident.Conclusions In view of the main cause of death of children aged between 0 and 14years old,we should not only strengthen pregnancy checking and perinatal health care but strengthen health education of preventing accidental harm and improve the awareness of damage among parents and children,so as to reduce mortality of children.
Comparative Primate Psychology

Comparative psychology, the study of mind and behavior in nonhuman animals, is often considered a separate discipline from psychology. Comparative primate psychology, the study of mind and behavior of nonhuman primates, is often referred to as primatology. Evolutionary theory provides a strong rationale for conducting behavioral research with animals, and especially with nonhuman primates closely related to humans. Evolutionary theory also provides a strong justification for conceptually integrating comparative psychology and primatology within psychology. Psychologists played a major role in conducting systematic studies of primate minds and behavior in the first half of the twentieth century. Currently, overlap and integration between primate and human psychological research occur mainly in the area of cognition.
Reflections on the Olympic Games in Rio: from the elite to the majority

The summer Olympic Games dominates the headlines every 4 years. The 2016 Games in Rio de Janeiro are no exception, although non-sport issues presently dominate headlines—political, economic and soc...
Abstract 5054: Role and signaling of desmosomal DSP and PKP1 in ovarian cancer

Identification of driver genes/proteins in EOC tumorigenic processes is critical to increase the cure rate for late stage epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), which has not been in improved over several decades. We have developed a highly aggressive EOC cell line (ID8-P1 or P1) from ID8-P0 (without in vivo passage, or P0) through in vivo passage in C57BL6 mice. Two genes encode important desmosome components, desmoplakin (Dsp) and plakophilin 1 (Pkp1) were found to be significantly over-expressed in P1 vs. P0 cells, as well as human EOC cells. DSP is an obligate component of functional desmosomes that anchors intermediate filaments to desmosomal plaques. Pkp1 encodes a member of the arm-repeat (armadillo) and plakophilin (PKP) gene families. Our understanding of the functions of desmosomes in cancer is just emerging and the role of desmosomes in EOC is totally unknown. Our data showed the novel functions of DSP in anoikis-resistance and SRC activation using shRNA-mediated DSP-knocked down (KD) stable cell lines. In addition, we found that ID8-P1 cells formed spheroids and P0 cells tended to be single cells when they were cultured in suspension. KD-Dsp dissociated spheroids, suggesting that desmosomes play an important role in spheroid formation, which may be directly related to anoikis-, drug-resistance, and/or the cancer stem cell (CSC) concepts. Moreover, we found that enhanced glycolysis was involved in the increased anoikis-resistance of ID8-P1 cells and an inhibitor of glycolysis, shikonin (SHK) was a potent anoikis-resistance inhibitor and P1 cells gained more drug-resistance, when compared to P0 cells, with the IC50s were 1.7 and 7.4 μM for P0 and P1 cells, respectively. Similarly, the IC50s were 2.4 and 8.1 μM for human EOC PE01 and PE04 cells, respectively. PE01 and PE04 cell lines are identified to represent high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC), which were derived from the same patient before (PE01) and after (PE04) the onset of drug resistance to cis-platinum (CDDP), chlorambucil, and 5-fluorouracil. PP2 (a SRC nhibitor) and SHK were able to dissociate the cell-cells aggregates/spheroids in EOC cells. The previously unknown role of DSP and/or PKP1 in EOC may be related to their signaling activities outside desmosomes. Cells staining of PKP1 protein showed its cytosolic and perinuclear location, providing supporting and proof-of-concept data. Together, our data have suggested the novel links among DSP, PKP1, anoikis-resistance, SRC activation, cell-cell-aggregation, and drug-resistance. These data provide a basis for developing new modalities for EOC treatment. Citation Format: Yan Xu, Qingchun Cai. Role and signaling of desmosomal DSP and PKP1 in ovarian cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 5054.
The Effects of State Pharmacy Drug Product Selection Laws on Statin Patient Generic-To-Branded Drug Switch-Backs:

Brand-to-generic drug therapeutic substitution effects on patient health is an important health policy issue. State pharmacy drug product selection (DPS) laws allow pharmacists to more easily switc...
Broadband THz spectroscopic imaging based on a fully-integrated 4×2 Digital-to-Impulse radiating array with a full-spectrum of 0.03–1.03THz in silicon

This paper presents a broadband THz frequency-comb spectroscopic imager based on a fully-integrated 4×2 picosecond Direct Digital-to-Impulse (D2I) radiating array. By employing a novel trigger-based beamforming architecture, the chip performs coherent spatial combining of broadband radiated pulses and achieves an SNR>1 BW of 1.03THz (at the receiver) with a pulse peak EIRP of 30dBm. Time-domain radiation is characterized using a fsec-laser-based THz sampler and a pulse width of 5.4ps is measured. Spectroscopic imaging of metal, plastic, and cellulose capsules (empty and filled) are demonstrated. This chip achieves signal generation with an available full-spectrum of 0.03–1.03THz. The 8-element single-chip array is fabricated in a 90nm SiGe BiCMOS process.