cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of backbone cyclization on protein folding stability: chain entropies of both the unfolded and the folded states are restricted.

Abstract Circular versions of a large number of proteins have been designed by connecting the N and C termini via peptide linkers. A motivation for these designs is the assumed enhancement in folding stability, because backbone cyclization reduces the chain entropy of the unfolded state. Here, it is recognized that backbone cyclization also reduces the chain entropy of a flexible peptide linker in the folded state. Specifically, the end-to-end distance of the linker is restricted to fluctuations around the average displacement between the N and C termini of the folded protein. The balance of the chain-entropy reductions in the folded and unfolded states is used to predict the change in the unfolding free energy, ΔΔGcycl, by backbone cyclization. Predicted values of ΔΔGcycl are in quantitative agreement with results of a careful study on cyclizing the 34 residue PIN1 WW domain by linkers with two to seen residues. The experimental results of an optimal linker length l=4 and a maximum stabilization of 1.7 kcal/mol are reproduced. Calculations of ΔΔGcycl for a broad selection of circular proteins suggest that the stabilizing effect of backbone cyclization is modest, reflecting entropy reductions in both the unfolded and the folded states.
Application of Shackle's Model and System Optimization for Highway Investment Decision Making under Uncertainty

This paper introduces a new methodology for highway investment decision making under uncertainty that uses Shackle's model for uncertainty-based project benefit analysis and system optimization for project selection. Shackle's model overcomes limitations of the risk-based life-cycle cost analysis approach by using degree of surprise as a measure of uncertainty associated with possible outcomes of performance measures utilized for project benefit analysis instead of probability distribution. It also employs a priority index that jointly evaluates each possible outcome and degree of surprise pair for a performance measure to establish the standardized focus gain value and focus loss value from the expected outcome. The standardized focus gain-over-loss ratios corresponding to multiple performance measures are synthesized into an overall ratio that is regarded as the overall benefits of a highway project under uncertainty. This ratio is used as the basis of project selection. An optimization model is formulated as the multichoice multidimensional knapsack problem for project selection. A case study reveals significant differences in project selection results between the use of the proposed methodology and the existing risk-based approach.
An Inexpensive, Relatively Green, and Rapid Method To Purify Genomic DNA from Escherichia coli: An Experiment for the Undergraduate Biochemistry Laboratory

A method to purify genomic DNA from Escherichia coli is presented. The method is an amalgam of published methods but has been modified and optimized for use in the undergraduate biochemistry laboratory. Specifically, the method uses Tide Free 2× Ultra laundry detergent, which contains unspecified proteases and lipases, n-butanol, 2-propanol, ethanol, and ribonuclease A (or 8 mM sodium hydroxide), and requires a minimum of specialty equipment. Because a number of the required reagents are readily attainable from retail stores, the cost is low enough to allow each student to prepare a sample of purified genomic DNA, even in large laboratory classes. By following the protocol, students are able to purify genomic DNA and use this genomic DNA as a template for a polymerase chain reaction in one 3-h laboratory period.
Characterization and identification of the protein partners of Fn3 domain in FnTm2

Recently, a novel transmembrane protein was found to be up-regulated in the auditory learning pathway of birds and mammals. The protein, FnTm2, was predicted to have an extracellular fibronectin III (Fn3) domain and a single transmembrane domain. By contrast to other studied Fn3 domains the extracellular domain of FnTm2 bears several cysteine residues, which are predicted to form disulfide bonds. The Fn3 domain of the FnTm2 protein was expressed in DH5-α Escherichia coli (E. coli) cells, purified and characterized by circular dichroism (CD). In order to identify binding partners to Fn3, the isolated protein was incubated with bird brain lysate for a pull down treatment. Of the proteins recognized, myelin basic protein (MBP) was identified as a bona fide partner; it was further characterized for binding to Fn3 in vitro via fluorescence spectroscopy and confirmed via isothermal calorimetry (ITC).
Art Out of Place: International Art Exhibits at the New York World's Fair of 1964-1965

Set against the backdrop of the cold war, the New York World's Fair of 1964-1965 emphasized capitalism and commercialization while it downplayed art as an element that should be elevated above other exhibits. This emphasis placed art in settings that seemed populist, even vulgar to some critics, in order to attract as many visitors as possible. Adding to this perception that the fair lacked high culture, officials did not sponsor any exhibits showcasing art despite the fact that most earlier fairs had at least one pavilion dedicated to art. The two most distinctive features of the 1964-1965 fair—no separate fine arts pavilion and being the first to feature a number of newly independent nations emerging from colonialism—provide an opportunity to examine the place of the arts in this new global commercial context. This article examines art displays found in selected official international pavilions to show that fair organizers sought out great works of art not simply to create a culturally edifying fair, but to use art as spectacle to enhance the commercial aspects of the event. The fair served as a venue where both exhibitors and fair officials used art, high and low, to serve multiple ends, among them economic development, religious proselytizing, and cultural prestige.
Effects of Dark Chocolate and Cocoa Products on Endothelial Function: A Meta-Analysis

Consumption of dark chocolate, a rich source of flavonoids, has been associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. However, underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms are not fully elucidated. We reviewed existing evidence on the effect of cocoa consumption on flow-mediated dilation (FMD) by conducting a literature search using PubMed and Embase for completed, randomized, controlled trials. The primary effect measure was the difference in means of the final measurement between the intervention and control groups. Nineteen clinical trials with a total of 454 participants were included. Treatment duration ranged from 2 hours to 12 weeks. Pooled estimate showed that intervention with dark chocolate significantly increased FMD levels by 2 % (95 % confidence interval 1.6-2.39 %) compared with placebo/control group. Similar results were seen when stratified by study design, geographic location, cocoa dose, or study quality. In addition, the effect size was greater in individuals with cardiovascular risk factors. In summary, intervention with cocoa improved endothelial function as measured by FMD.
The effect of amflutizole, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, on ischemia-evoked purine release and free radical formation in the rat cerebral cortex.

Summary The efflux of hypoxanthine, xanthine and uric acid into cortical superfusates was studied with the cortical cup technique in the rat. Twenty minutes of four vessel occlusion followed by reperfusion results in a massive increase in the efflux of these purine metabolites. Amflutizole, 10 μM administered topically into the cortical cups, enhanced the ischemia-evoked release of hypoxanthine while it suppressed xanthine formation. Uric acid levels were not affected. Amflutizole also eliminated the ischemia/reperfusion-evoked generation of free radical adducts of α-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone (POBN) detected by electron spin resonance. These results are consistent with a block of xanthine oxidase by amflutizole and support the involvement of xanthine oxidase in free radical mediated tissue damage following ischemia/reperfusion.
Pemetrexed for Ovarian Cancer: A Systematic Review of the Published Literature and a Consecutive Series of Patients Treated in a Nonclinical Trial Setting

Objective: To gain a better understanding of the role of pemetrexed in ovarian cancer patients, we conducted a systematic review of the published literature and evaluated a consecutive, single-institution series of non-study pemetrexed-treated patients. Methods/Results: Thirteen published articles met this study's eligibility criteria, providing a total of 376 unique and evaluable ovarian cancer patients. This systematic review demonstrated tumor response rates with pemetrexed-based chemotherapy from 9 to 84%; the agent appeared to be well tolerated. Similarly, 13 consecutive patients with ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer were treated with pemetrexed at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., USA, from 2004 through 2013. The median number of previous chemotherapy regimens was 4; most patients received single-agent pemetrexed (n = 9). Patients received a median of 2 cycles of pemetrexed-based chemotherapy; 1 patient received 10 cycles (7 months' worth) with treatment ongoing at the time of this report. The median survival from the start of pemetrexed was 4.8 months (95% confidence interval 1.2, 15 months). Two patients manifested a 50% drop in Ca-125 levels. Again, pemetrexed was relatively well tolerated. Conclusion: Pemetrexed has antineoplastic activity in patients with ovarian cancer - even among those who have been heavily pretreated - and therefore merits further study.
Planar tunnel junction fabrication and bandgap engineering on bilayer graphene

High electron mobility at room temperature and the ease of two-dimensional patterning are just two of the features of graphene materials that have made them highly interesting for device prospects [1]. The past three years have produced extensive research on both graphene flakes mechanically exfoliated from bulk graphite and on epitaxial graphene — the most promising method of producing wafer-size films by the sublimation of Si from SiC surfaces. A single layer of graphene (1LG) is a semimetal, and the inability to “pinch off” electron transport presents a problem for transistor prospects. However, bilayer graphene (2LG) features a bandgap that is tunable with control of the charge concentration in each layer, making it an ideal candidate for graphene-based electronics.
Quantification of resolution and noise effects on thermal dissipation measurements in turbulent non-premixed jet flames

Abstract One-dimensional (1-D) line Rayleigh thermometry is used to investigate the effects of spatial resolution and noise on thermal dissipation in turbulent non-premixed CH 4 /H 2 /N 2 jet flames. The high signal-to-noise ratio and spatial resolution of the measured temperature field enables determination of the cutoff wavenumber in the 1-D temperature dissipation spectrum obtained at each flame location. The local scale inferred from this cutoff is analogous to the Batchelor scale in nonreacting flows. At downstream locations in the flames studied here, it is consistent with estimates of the Batchelor scale based on the scaling laws using local Reynolds numbers. The spectral cutoff information is used to design data analysis schemes for determining mean thermal dissipation. Laminar flame measurements are used to characterize experimental noise and correct for the noise-induced apparent dissipation in the turbulent flame results. These experimentally determined resolution and noise correction techniques are combined to give measurements of the mean thermal dissipation that are essentially fully resolved and noise-free. The prospects of using spectral results from high-resolution 1-D Rayleigh imaging measurements to design filtering schemes for Raman-based measurements of mixture fraction dissipation are also discussed.
Regional expression of myocardial sheet dysfunction in dystrophin-deficient cardiomyopathy elucidated with diffusion tensor MRI and optical calcium mapping

Summary Duchene Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a lethal disease caused by ubiquitous lack of dystrophin, but the interaction with regional cardiac mechanical forces that may facilitate eventual expression of abnormal contractile function is unknown. Diffusion tensor MRI (DTI) was used to evaluate function in Langendorff perfused hearts in the mdx mouse model of DMD. Abnormal calcium kinetics (by optical mapping) and sheet mechanics (by DTMRI) occurred more prominently at the mid-upper ventricle, suggesting that regional mechanics influence the development of heart failure. Background
A practical application of SurveyMonkey as a remote usability‐testing tool

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to discuss the application of a web‐based tool as a remote asynchronous usability testing method based on an assessment of an academic library's digital collections website.Design/methodology/approach – The paper examines the selection of an asynchronous remote usability testing method, the reasons for the selection of SurveyMonkey, an evaluation of its effectiveness through an assessment of the digital collections web site, and the potential for its application in future usability studies.Findings – SurveyMonkey can be employed as an assessment tool with advance planning by evaluators to capture the responses and opinions of users. Overall, it is a cost effective and time‐saving option for small assessment projects.Research limitations/implications – This was an informal study where a specific product, SurveyMonkey, was tested with the purpose of evaluating its effectiveness as a remote asynchronous assessment tool through its application for a specific website usabilit...
Landmine detection with ground penetrating radar using discrete hidden Markov models with symbol dependent features

In this paper, we propose an efficient Discrete Hidden Markov Models (DHMM) for landmine detection that rely on training data to learn the relevant features that characterize different signatures (mines and non-mines), and can adapt to different environments and different radar characteristics. Our work is motivated by the fact that mines and clutter objects have different characteristics depending on the mine type, soil and weather conditions, and burial depth. Thus, ideally different sets of specialized features may be needed to achieve high detection and low false alarm rates. The proposed approach includes three main components: feature extraction, clustering, and DHMM. First, since we do not assume that the relevant features for the different signatures are known a priori, we proceed by extracting several sets of features for each signature. Then, we apply a clustering and feature discrimination algorithm to the training data to quantize it into a set of symbols and learn feature relevance weights for each symbol. These symbols and their weights are then used in a DHMM framework to learn the parameters of the mine and the background models. Preliminary results on large and diverse ground penetrating radar data show that the proposed method outperforms the basic DHMM where all the features are treated equally important.
Shear and Friction in the Delamination of Human Chorioamnion

The chorioamnion (CA), or placental, membrane is the sac that surrounds the fetus in utero. It is comprised of two layers; the inner fibrous amnion, composed of mainly collagen, and the thick, cellular chorion. The CA membrane exhibits incredible toughness under tension, while still allowing the two layers to easily slide over one another1,2. The interface between the chorion and amnion consists of gyri (folds) and sulci (furrows)3, which enable the two layers to tightly interlock and facilitate the intact membrane’s resistance to tension. This complex structure also allows the two layers to expand during gestation without losing mechanical integrity. The gyrus and sulcus from one section are believed to uncouple, slide laterally, and then lock into their new position while the remaining membrane is unaffected by the motion3. SEM imaging of freeze-fractured CA has revealed a multitude of fine fibers connecting the two layers as illustrated in Figure 1. These are suggested to serve as “guy ropes”, which restrict the amount that the two layers could slide over one another3. Also of importance at this interface is the presence of hyaluronan, a glycosaminoglycan. The hyaluronan has been suggested to reduce the resistance between the two layers so that they may glide over one another more easily throughout gestation and with vigorous fetal movements1. The combination of the elaborate topography of the interface and the lubricating glycosaminoglycans present throughout this layer play a role in the mechanics of the interface between chorion and amnion.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Coherence multiplexed passive wireless SAW RFID tag system

This paper discusses a novel coherence multiplexed system for passive surface acoustic wave (SAW) RF-identification (RFID) tags. The method is adapted from optical coherence-domain reflectometry (OCDR) which is widely used today in optical coherence tomography (OCT) for medical applications. The paper discusses the coherence multiplexing technique as applied to SAW RFID. A broadband white Gaussian noise source is used as the interrogation signal and one of the major advantages is the large signal dynamic range obtained. A prototype transceiver system was built at 915MHz and used for wireless interrogation of SAW tags. The signal processing technique is discussed and the results of wireless multiplexing of four RFID SAW tags are shown.
A Multicomponent Analysis of the Sorption of Polydisperse Ethoxylated Nonionic Surfactants to Aquifer Materials: Equilibrium Sorption Behavior

Surfactant-based aquifer remediation methods have been the subject of a substantial amount of research in recent years due to the growing awareness that traditional remediation methods are often inadequate for the restoration of contaminated aquifers, particularly when nonaqueous-phase organic liquid contaminants are present. Ethoxylated nonionic surfactants are often suggested for aquifer remediation applications because many exhibit high solubilization capacities for organic contaminants and are readily biodegradable. A property of ethoxylated nonionic surfactants that is often overlooked when their behavior in the subsurface is considered is the fact that they are nearly always broadly distributed mixtures, often containing as many as 40 separate surfactant components. The work described here examines the influence of the surfactant distribution on the mixed sorption behavior of ethoxylated linear alcohol surfactants. It is found that selective sorption can be significant, particularly for broadly dist...
Review: limited evidence to support specialist mental health services as alternatives to inpatient care for young people with severe mental health disorders.

QUESTION Question: Do community based specialist mental health services provide effective alternatives to inpatient mental health care for children and young adults? Outcomes: Disease specific symptoms and general psychological functioning (using various scales including the Global Severity Index (GSI) of brief symptoms, Child Behaviour Checklist (CBC), Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES)), acceptability and cost. METHODS Design: Systematic review. Data sources: Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group Specialised Register (2007), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, the British Nursing Index and RCN database; numerous other electronic resources (including SIGLE, King’s Fund); hand search of child mental health journals and bibliographies of retrieved articles. Study selection and analysis: Two independent reviewers assessed studies for inclusion and extracted data. Inclusion criteria: randomised controlled trials, well designed controlled before–after studies and interrupted time series comparing inpatient care for young people with one or more alternative specialist mental health services (beyond normal outpatient provision); only studies in young people aged 5–18 years with a serious mental health problem requiring more than generic outpatient services. Exclusion criteria: studies where the inpatient group was clinically different at baseline from those admitted to the alternative service; mild mental health disorders; developmental disorders (other than pervasive developmental disorder); inpatient care for chronic physical illness or abuse; trials where the service was not described as alternative to inpatient care; no inpatient control group. Studies were grouped according to intervention type. Standardised mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence interval were used for each outcome in terms of the mean change from baseline to follow-up (negative SMDs indicate treatment is favoured); meta-analyses were not performed.
Effect of moisture and particle size on the extractability of oils from seeds with supercritical CO2

Moisture level and particle size of soybeans, peanuts and cottonseed were correlated with the extraction rate and yield of oil when extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) at a constant temperature (50 C) and pressure (8000 psig). The rate of extraction and ultimate oil yields were quite low with cracked soybeans. However, good extraction rates and nearly theoretical oil yields were obtained from ground or thinly flaked (<0.010″) seeds. Moisture levels between 3% and 12% had little effect on extracability. Oil composition was not influenced by either parameter. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study seed structure before and after extraction with SC-CO2. Micrographs of SC-CO2-extracted seeds were similar to hexane-extracted seeds.
Apoptotic responses to hindlimb suspension in gastrocnemius muscles from young adult and aged rats.

Although apoptosis has been demonstrated in soleus during hindlimb suspension (HS), it is not known whether apoptosis is also involved in the loss of muscles dominated by mixed fibers. Therefore, w...
Subband Decomposition for High-Resolution Color in HEVC and AVC 4:2:0 Video Coding Systems

Summary form only given. High-resolution color video (in 4:4:4 format) is becoming increasingly important for screen content and graphics. We have developed a frame packing arrangement (FPA) scheme that enables transmission of 4:4:4 luma-chroma (YUV or YCoCg) content through conventional subsampled chroma (4:2:0) codecs as an approach for low-cost support of 4:4:4 content. We focus on the "band separation" method initially discussed in [1] and evaluate new scenarios with the 4:4:4 and 4:2:0 versions at similar compression levels. We use the HEVC HM12.0 reference software for evaluating the FPA scheme. We vary the luma QP for the main 4:2:0 representation from 10 to 34, keeping the QP for the main frame's chroma and auxiliary frame's luma and chroma (containing three-fourths of the 4:4:4 chroma data) at the same value as the luma QP. We then compare the final 4:4:4 chroma rate-distortion performance of band separation, direct frame packing, and native HM 4:4:4 encoding. We also show preliminary results for lifting-based band separation (with clipping), which eliminates the inherent rounding errors of other band separation filters and provides better rate-distortion performance. Fig. 1 provides an example for a typical case of the new results showing that both the "band separation" and "lifting-based band separation" approaches have much better performance than previously reported, and are significantly better than the earlier-developed "direct" frame packing approach. Although the rate-distortion performance is inferior to that of native HM 4:4:4 coding, the FPA scheme enables the use of existing 4:2:0 decoding hardware, thus allowing for considerable battery power savings in mobile devices. A more complete discussion and evaluation is available in [2].
Regulation of AID expression in the immune response

The B cell–specific enzyme activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) has been shown to be essential for isotype switching and affinity maturation of antibody genes during the immune response. Conversely, AID activity has also been linked to autoimmunity and tumorigenesis. Determining how AID expression is regulated in vivo is therefore central to understanding its role in health and disease. Here we use phylogenetic footprinting and high-resolution histone acetylation mapping to accurately demarcate AID gene regulatory boundaries. Based on this strategy, we identify a novel, positive regulatory element required for AID transcription. Furthermore, we generate two AID indicator mouse strains using bacterial artificial chromosomes that faithfully recapitulate endogenous AID expression. The first strain uses a green fluorescent protein reporter to identify B cells that actively express AID during the immune response. In the second strain, AID transcription affects the permanent expression of a yellow fluorescent protein reporter in post–germinal center and terminally differentiated lymphocytes. We demonstrate the usefulness of these novel strains by resolving recent contradictory observations on AID expression during B cell ontogeny.
Ultrastructure of the nucleolus during the Chinese hamster cell cycle.

Changes in the structure of the nucleolus during the cell cycle of the Chinese hamster cell in vitro were studied. Quantitative electron microscopic techniques were used to establish the size and volume changes in nucleolar structures. In mitosis, nucleolar remnants, "persistent nucleoli," consisting predominantly of ribosome-like granular material, and a granular coating on the chromosomes were observed. Persistent nucleoli were also observed in some daughter nuclei as they were leaving telophase and entering G1. During very early G1, a dense, fibrous material characteristic of interphase nucleoli was noted in the nucleoplasm of the cells. As the cells progressed through G1, a granular component appeared which was intimately associated with the fibrous material. By the middle of G1, complete, mature nucleoli were present. The nucleolar volume enlarged by a factor of two from the beginning of G1 to the middle of S primarily due to the accumulation of the granular component. During the G2 period, there was a dissolution or breakdown of the nucleolus prior to the entry of the cells into mitosis. Correlations between the quantitative aspects of this study and biochemical and cytochemical data available in the literature suggest the following: nucleolar reformation following division results from the activation of the nucleolar organizer regions which transcribe for RNA first appearing in association with protein as a fibrous component (45S RNA) and then later as a granular component (28S and 32S RNA).
Increased risk of biochemical and local failure in patients with distended rectum on the planning CT for prostate cancer radiotherapy.

Purpose: To retrospectively test the hypothesis that rectal distension on the planning computed tomography (CT) scan is associated with an increased risk of biochemical and local failure among patients irradiated for prostate carcinoma when a daily repositioning technique based on direct prostate-organ localization is not used. Methods and Materials: This study included 127 patients who received definitive three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for prostate cancer to a total dose of 78 Gy at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. Rectal distension was assessed by calculation of the average cross-sectional rectal area (CSA; defined as the rectal volume divided by length) and measuring three rectal diameters on the planning CT. The impact of rectal distension on biochemical control, 2-year prostate biopsy results, and incidence of Grade 2 or greater late rectal bleeding was assessed. Results: The incidence of biochemical failure was significantly higher among patients with distended rectums (CSA >11.2 cm 2 ) on the planning CT scan ( p = 0.0009, log-rank test). Multivariate analysis indicates that rectal distension and high-risk disease are independent risk factors for biochemical failure, with hazard ratios of 3.89 (95% C.I. 1.58 to 9.56, p = 0.003) and 2.45 (95% C.I. 1.18 to 5.08, p = 0.016), respectively. The probability of residual tumor without evidence of radiation treatment (as scored by the pathologist) increased significantly with rectal distension ( p = 0.010, logistic analysis), and a lower incidence of Grade 2 or greater late rectal bleeding within 2 years was simultaneously observed with higher CSA values ( p = 0.031, logistic analysis). Conclusions: We found strong evidence that rectal distension on the treatment-planning CT scan decreased the probability of biochemical control, local control, and rectal toxicity in patients who were treated without daily image-guided prostate localization, presumably because of geographic misses. Therefore, an empty rectum is warranted at the time of simulation. These results also emphasize the need for image-guided radiotherapy to improve local control in irradiating prostate cancer.
Medical imaging curriculum development: an interactive simulation system for different modalities

This paper presents the result of our recent development for medical imaging education, an Internet-based interactive medical imaging simulation system. A series of popularly used medical imaging modalities, including X-rays, ultrasound, CT, MRI and PET, are explored through text, relevant graphics and simulations. In this development, we emphasize interactivity by using MATLAB and Shockwave simulations. To develop the online interactive medical imaging tutorial, MATLAB Web Server and Internet technologies such as Director MX, JavaScript and HTML are employed.
A statistical approach to identify semiconductor process equipment related yield problems

Identifying and eliminating yield limiting factors is a critical requirement for achieving accelerated yield improvement rates. This paper presents a systematic methodology for identifying yield problems caused by manufacturing equipment in a semiconductor process. The method uses Multiple Die Yield Analysis methodology to decompose the probe yield into two major components: a non-random systematic yield Y/sub s/, and a random yield Y/sub r/. Systematic or random yield loss problems caused by process equipment are identified based on the analysis of the statistical significance on Y/sub s/ and Y/sub r/ between the highest yield equipment and all other equipment in the same process step. Applications of the proposed analysis method to many manufacturing lines' data have been very successful in identifying process equipment related yield problems.
Flutamide restores cardiac function after trauma-hemorrhage via an estrogen-dependent pathway through upregulation of PGC-1

Although previous studies have shown that flutamide improves cardiovascular function after trauma-hemorrhage, the mechanisms responsible for the salutary effect remain unknown. We hypothesized that...
Neighborhood Context and Financial Strain as Predictors of Marital Interaction and Marital Quality in African American Couples.

Demographic characteristics, family financial strain, neighborhood-level economic disadvantage, and state of residence were tested as predictors of observed warmth, hostility, and self-reported marital quality. Participants were 202 married African American couples who resided in a range of neighborhood contexts. Neighborhood-level economic disadvantage predicted lower warmth during marital interactions, as did residence in the rural south. Consistent with the family stress model (e.g., Conger & Elder, 1994), family financial strain predicted lower perceived marital quality. Unexpectedly, neighborhood-level economic disadvantage predicted higher marital quality. Social comparison processes and degree of exposure to racially based discrimination are considered as explanations for this unexpected result. The importance of context in relationship outcomes is highlighted.
Does More Money Make You Happier? Why so much Debate?

Easterlin’s famous paradox questioned standard economic assumptions about a fundamental relationship in economics: that between happiness and income. In recent years there has been renewed debate about the paradox. In this essay, I highlight some of the methodological issues and challenges underlying that debate. I focus on the sensitivity of the results to the method selected, the choice of micro or macro data, and the way that happiness questions are defined and framed, all of which result in divergent conclusions. I also note the mediating role of the pace and nature of economic growth, institutional frameworks, and inequality. What is most notable is the remarkable consistency in the determinants of individual happiness – including income – within countries of diverse income levels and, at the same time, how happiness is affected by cross-country differences that are related to average per-capita income levels, such as political freedom and public goods. Income clearly plays a role in determining both individual and country level happiness. Still, assessing its role relative to other more difficult to measure factors as countries develop in new ways and at different rates will remain a challenge for the foreseeable future.
Effects of drinking patterns on the relationship between alcohol and coronary occlusion

Previous reports have described an inverse relationship between alcohol consumption and the prevalence of myocardial infarction or the extent of coronary artery occlusion. The study reported here explored the relationship between patterns of alcohol intake and coronary occlusion in 526 patients who have had coronary arteriography. Patients were characterized as regular drinkers, occasional drinkers and non-drinkers. Regular drinkers were further characterized as drinking relatively consistent amounts or variable amounts. The inverse correlation between amounts of alcohol consumed and coronary occlusion found in previous studies was reaffirmed. It was also observed that the pattern of alcohol intake was related to the degree of occlusion. Higher levels of occlusion were found among non-drinkers, occasional drinkers, and regular drinkers with patterns of variable intake, while significantly lower levels of occlusion were observed for regular drinkers who drank relatively consistent amounts (P = 0.014). Furthermore, while occlusion scores were inversely correlated with amounts consumed by regular drinkers with consistent intake (P = 0.019), drinkers with variable drinking patterns had higher occlusion scores regardless of amounts consumed. Analyses of serum lipids according to drinking patterns showed a significant association between the total/HDL cholesterol ratio and drinking patterns. These findings suggest that whatever attenuating effect alcohol consumption might exert on coronary occlusion, it appears to be reversed by a variable or sporadic pattern of alcohol intake.
Atomic Diffusion in Silicon

We present a unified description of atomic diffusion processes in silicon, based on the results of parameter-free total-energy calculations. A consistent interpretation of both low- and high-temperature data is provided without the need to invoke a change in the nature of intrinsic defects as a function of temperature. The self-interstitial has negative-U properties and can migrate athermally via the Bourgoin-Corbett mechanism along several paths. Both vacancies and self-interstitials mediate self-diffusion with activation energies within the range of observed values. Both intrinsic defects also mediate the diffusion of impurities such as Al and P, but the detailed mechanisms are considerably more complex than those of self-diffusion.
The Surface-Layer Heat Balance in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean. Part II: Interannual Variability*

Abstract The surface-layer heat balance on interannual timescales in the equatorial Pacific has been examined in order to determine the processes responsible for sea surface temperature (SST) variability associated with warm and cold phases of the ENSO cycle (El Nino and La Nina). Principal datasets include multiyear time series of surface winds, upper-ocean temperature, and velocity obtained from the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean buoy array at four locations along the equator in the western (165°E), central (170°W), and eastern (140°W and 110°W) Pacific. A blended satellite/in situ SST product and surface heat fluxes based on the Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set are also used. Changes in heat storage, horizontal heat advection, and heat fluxes at the surface are estimated directly from data; vertical fluxes of heat out of the base of the mixed layer are calculated as a residual. Results indicate that all terms in the heat balance contribute to SST change on interannual timescales, depending on locatio...
Feasibility of a Bilateral Market for Load Following

In the ongoing process to create a competitive electricity market, the problem of ancillary services is assuming a fundamental role. Ancillary services are those services performed by generators, transmission and control equipment, which are necessary to support basic services and to maintain reliable operations and system security. In this paper, we focus our attention on one of these services, load following, and propose a competitive way to provide this service through bilateral contracts between supplier and customer. In general, we assume that there will be both a competitive market for the provision of load following and an authority responsible for the amount of load following not met by bilateral contracts.
Simulation environment for onboard subsystems of an Electric Ship

This paper describes the progress of applying the Simulation Environment for Onboard Fire and Smoke Propagation Models to models under development by the Electric Ship Research And Development Consortium. The environment dramatically simplifies the use of models making them readily available for non-expert users, such as a sailor. Furthermore, the authors claim that the Simulation Environment may become a platform for transferring research simulation codes developed in academia to operational use at shipyards and Navy facilities.
Cell Adhesion: The Molecular Basis of Tissue Architecture and Morphogenesis

A variety of cell adhesion mechanisms underlie the way that cells are organized in tissues. Stable cell interactions are needed to maintain the structural integrity of tissues, and dynamic changes in cell adhesion participate in the morphogenesis of developing tissues. Stable interactions actually require active adhesion mechanisms that are very similar to those involved in tissue dynamics. Adhesion mechanisms are highly regulated during tissue morphogenesis and are intimately related to the processes of cell motility and cell migration. In particular, the cadherins and the integrins have been implicated in the control of cell movement. Cadherin mediated cell compaction and cellular rearrangements may be analogous to integrin-mediated cell spreading and motility on the ECM. Regulation of cell adhesion can occur at several levels, including affinity modulation, clustering, and coordinated interactions with the actin cytoskeleton. Structural studies have begun to provide a picture of how the binding properties of adhesion receptors themselves might be regulated. However, regulation of tissue morphogenesis requires complex interactions between the adhesion receptors, the cytoskeleton, and networks of signaling pathways. Signals generated locally by the adhesion receptors themselves are involved in the regulation of cell adhesion. These regulatory pathways are also influenced by extrinsic signals arising from the classic growth factor receptors. Furthermore, signals generated locally be adhesion junctions can interact with classic signal transduction pathways to help control cell growth and differentiation. This coupling between physical adhesion and developmental signaling provides a mechanism to tightly integrate physical aspects of tissue morphogenesis with cell growth and differentiation, a coordination that is essential to achieve the intricate patterns of cells in tissues.
Potential of Australian Acacias for Human Food

There is a sense of increasing alarm over Africa’s decreasing ability to feed itself. From 1969-1992 the hungry population of Africa doubled from 103 million to 215 million. FAO projeets that the number of undernourished Africans could rise to 265 million or 30% of the regions population by 2010. The per capita food consumption among hungry people declined from 1,490 calories to 1,470 calories per day, far below the minimum requirement of 2,350 calories (Hunger, 1997).
Patients' perceptions of a chronic pain rehabilitation program: changing the conversation.

Objective Research supports the effectiveness of comprehensive approaches to chronic pain treatment, including behavioral management and physical reconditioning. However, less is known about patients' perceptions of this treatment approach. The current study evaluated patient perceptions and treatment outcomes utilizing both qualitative and quantitative data collection. Methods A total of 498 adult patients (≥18 years of age; Mage = 49.1) completed an intensive outpatient interdisciplinary chronic pain rehabilitation program, completed survey measures at admission and discharge, and were asked open-ended questions about their treatment experience at discharge. Results Patients reported significant decreases in pain severity, t(488) = 23.08, p < .001, and pain-related interference, t(488) = 24.28, p < .001, at discharge. Patients endorsed self-management strategies, particularly relaxation skills (85%), moderation and/or modification (47%), and exercise, stretching and/or physical therapy (39%) as the most important aspects of treatment. Conclusions Patients perceive behavioral skills to manage pain and physical reconditioning to be important components of a successful pain rehabilitation program. These findings can inform conversations with both physicians and patients about the importance of biopsychosocial approaches to pain management. Key limitations include a lack of racial/ethnic diversity, use of anonymous data that cannot be linked directly to patient outcomes, and reliance on self-report data.
Circular dichroic spectroscopy of Arg46-nicked ovine lutropin α and derived fragments

Theα subunit of ovine lutropin can be nicked with the endoproteinase Arg-C to give a single cleavage of the Arg46-Ser47 peptide bond. Following reduction by sulfitolysis, the N-terminal (residues 1–46) and C-terminal (residues 47–96) fragments can be separated and then recombined and reoxidized to yield a reconstituted nickedα that binds to theβ subunit but exhibits only 2–3% of the receptor-binding potency of intact lutropin. We have investigated nickedα, the two separated fragments, and reconstituted nickedα by circular dichroic spectroscopy and compared the spectra with those of intactα and reduced, reoxidized intactα. Between 200 and 225 nm the spectra of the two intact preparations are similar, as are the spectra of the two nicked preparations. However, the extremum negative ellipticities of the nicked preparations are substantially less than those of the intact preparations between 210 and 220 nm, indicating a loss in secondary structure accompanying cleavage of the Arg46-Ser47 bond. The sum of the spectra of the two fragments is significantly different from that of reconstituted nickedα, showing that the secondary structures in the isolated fragments are quite different from that of the reconstituted nicked protein. Reduced receptor binding by lutropin preparations containing a nickedα subunit may be attributable in part to the loss of secondary structure, probably helicity.
A Publishing Education Report

Notes about the February 2016 PubWest Conference (Santa Fe, New Mexico) and a panel discussion about the relationship between academic publishing studies programs and publishers. PubWest is a regional publishers’ organization in the U.S., with Canadian members. The 2016 conference—“A Passion for Books”—included keynotes, intensive sessions, and panels on making publishing more profitable. Per Henningsgaard, Portland State University, chaired the panel “What Publishers and Academics Who Study Publishing Can Learn from Each Other.” Co-panelists: Sybil Nolan, University of Melbourne; David Emblidge, Emerson College. Henningsgaard gave an overview of publishing studies programs worldwide, what they teach and how they serve students interested in entering the publishing business. Emblidge presented a publishing studies student project from Emerson College—a book proposal for an illustrated nonfiction trade book. Nolan commented on broader research interests concerning the book business and its history, shared by academics in publishing studies. Similar conferences for publishing industry professionals and publishing studies courses at various universities are noted here, as is a research project aiming to build a comprehensive database for publishing studies teaching and learning materials.
Serum Cholesterol and Human Colon Cancer

Abstract Comparison of serum cholesterol levels in a matched case-control study indicates that patients with colon cancer have serum cholesterol levels lower than those of controls. In 133 pairs matched by age and sex, serum cholesterol levels were 188 +/- 42 mg/dl for cases and 213 +/- 42 mg/dl for controls (paired t-test = 5.08; P less than 0.001). Following stratification by tumor stage, significant differences in serum cholesterol levels persisted between cases with advanced tumors (Duke's classification C1, C2, and D) and controls (mean serum cholesterol difference, 41 +/- 41 mg/dl; paired t-test = 6.16; P less than 0.001) but not between cases with early tumors (Duke's classification A, B1, and B2) and controls, although the same trend was noted. Matching of 130 early tumors to advanced tumors showed that women, but not men, had a significantly lower serum cholesterol level with advancing disease. The findings support the concept that low serum cholesterol levels observed in colon cancer patients may be the result of the metabolic influence of advanced tumors, at least in women, and may not necessarily precede tumor formation.
Future spending for medical care.

Why does the U.S. spend more for health care than other countries? What do we get for our additional money? Who pays the bills and bears the costs for health care? The article answers these questions and also provides observations about future trends in U.S. health care and challenges facing this country in the new century.