cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Trajectory of Glaucoma Progression in 2-Dimensional Structural–Functional Space

Purpose To present a method that allows visualization of functional and structural change in 2-dimensional space. Design Retrospective, longitudinal, observational study. Participants Patients from the Stein Eye Institute, UCLA from 1993 through 2017. Methods Patients were arranged into 2 cohorts. Cohort 1 was used to create a structural score for the horizontal axis of the structural–functional (S-F) 2-dimensional space. The visual field (VF) index was used for the vertical axis as the functional score. Cohort 2 was used to apply those scores for analysis of S-F progression with a combined vector. The first cohort included eyes with mild glaucoma (abnormal glaucoma hemifield test results, pattern standard deviation –5 dB) and normal control participants. The second cohort included all stages of open-angle glaucoma with ≥5 OCT retinal nerve fiber layer scans, ≥5 reliable visual field (VF) results, and follow-up of ≥4 years. Main Outcome Measures Vectors were created for each eye to represent the trajectory of glaucoma progression over time. Each vector was defined by structural (x-axis) and functional (y-axis) components. The structural component was calculated with a linear model of Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) scores over time. The functional component was calculated with a linear model of VF measurements over time. The resultant vector and its confidence interval were plotted in 2-dimensional S-F space. Eyes were divided into severity stages based on baseline MD. A mean vector was calculated for each severity stage. Results We obtained 290 vectors from 290 eyes of 196 patients. The mean ± standard deviation follow-up period was 14.6±3.1 years. Average age was 58.6±8.8 years. Preperimetric, mild, moderate, and severe categories included 41, 89, 97, and 63 eyes, respectively. Mean baseline MDs were 0.8 dB, –0.95 dB, –3.57 dB, and –11.51 dB, respectively, and mean vector slopes for each severity categories were 0.79, 0.95, 1.95, and 2.08, respectively. Cook’s distance removed 131 (7.1%) and 137 (7.4%) outliers from the structure and function regressions, respectively. Conclusions We report a method to visualize the trajectory of a patient’s glaucoma progression in a 2-dimensional S-F space. The slope of the trajectory of glaucoma progression is a function of the severity of the disease.
Using a Work System Perspective to Explore Operational Aspects of Digitalization

The value of business informatics depends partly on how well it provides useful support for organizations, practitioners, and researchers challenged by pervasive trends toward digitalization. This paper provides a new theoretical perspective on digitalization that combines and extends two sets of ideas: 1) a general framework that describes theoretical perspectives in terms of 20 concepts, 2) the work system perspective for describing and analyzing information systems and other IT-enabled work systems. It uses the 20 topics in the framework to amplify aspects of the existing work system perspective, thereby illuminating many digitalization issues that otherwise might be overlooked. It extends that discussion through a set of questions that could be used to analyze digitalization at the work system level in specific situations.
Identifying Tennessee school-based agricultural education student growth and program accountability metrics

Over the years, accountability in education has transformed from the primary focus being the school as a whole to the individual teacher. The purpose of this study was to determine the metrics Tennessee school-based agricultural education teachers perceive as indicators of excellent total programs (classroom instruction, FFA, SAE), and a modified Delphi study was used to seek a consensus. The following nine metrics were retained: (a) pesticide certification, (b) program of activities, (c) number of students participating in CDEs, (d) chapter community service hours, (e) total number of FFA activities, (f) number of CDEs coached, (g) at least one proficiency at regional level, (h) one American degree every 3 years, and (i) percentage of students with SAE. Overall, the metrics agreed upon are narrow in focus and all but one is a record of activity and not direct measures of students’ knowledge or skills. As a result, the measures do not include student growth or value-added scores or authentic assessments of 21st century skills. Additional research is needed to further investigate the metrics that should be used to measure a school-based agricultural education program’s success in Tennessee and across the nation.
Conversion, apostasy, or hybridity? The terrible, troubled, transformative experience of Paul as exemplar for missiology in an age of multiplicity:

Scholars and practitioners alike celebrate the Apostle Paul as an exemplar of Christian mission. But few emphasize how the ministry and practices of the biblical author developed amid incredible in...
Fathering in the Breccia

In the 1990s, the man who is in the father role finds himself in the whirling, howling ecology of the U.S. megatribe. Human males, just as adult males in other species, or human children or human women, tend to avoid unpleasant or noxious stimuli and to approach pleasant and pleasurable stimuli. A whole discipline in learning psychology was based on such learned approach-avoidance gradients and reinforcement schedules (see Dollard & Miller, 1950; cf Seligman and Hager, 1972; Skinner, 1938, 1953, 1971). As the U.S. father views the fathering role within the U.S. culture, what does he see? This chapter examines some of the societal dynamics that surround the status of U.S. father.
Experimental Political Science and the Study of Causality: From Nature to the Lab

Increasingly, political scientists use the term 'experiment' or 'experimental' to describe their empirical research. One of the primary reasons for doing so is the advantage of experiments in establishing causal inferences. In this book, Rebecca B. Morton and Kenneth C. Williams discuss in detail how experiments and experimental reasoning with observational data can help researchers determine causality. They explore how control and random assignment mechanisms work, examining both the Rubin causal model and the formal theory approaches to causality. They also cover general topics in experimentation such as the history of experimentation in political science; internal and external validity of experimental research; types of experiments - field, laboratory, virtual, and survey - and how to choose, recruit, and motivate subjects in experiments. They investigate ethical issues in experimentation, the process of securing approval from institutional review boards for human subject research, and the use of deception in experimentation.
Reasons, Values and Agent‐Relativity

According to T. M. Scanlon's buck-passing account, the normative realm of reasons is in some sense prior to the domain of value. Intrinsic value is not itself a property that provides us with reasons; rather, to be good is to have some other reason-giving property, so that facts about intrinsic value amount to facts about how we have reason to act and to respond. The paper offers an interpretation and defense of this approach to the relation between reasons and values. I start by acknowledging the role that substantive values play in specifications of our reasons, noting that this poses an apparent challenge to the buck-passing account. The challenge can be met, however, if we adopt a deliberative understanding of substantive value, an interpretation that I proceed to develop and defend. In conclusion I consider recent attempts to capture the agent-relativity of reasons within a teleological framework for thinking about the relation between reasons and values. I argue that these approaches rest on a deliberative understanding of value; the teleological framework thus turns out to illustrate the basic insight of the buck-passing approach, rather than offering an alternative to it.
Judicial Abdication and Equal Access to the Civil Justice System

The massive chasm which exists between American claims of equal justice and the reality of a civil adjudication system that excludes millions because they can't afford to hire a lawyer is well known. This article explores one cornerstone of our national embarrassment - "poor people's justice" - the decisions and the obligations of judges. Judges - state and federal - shoulder a singular and defining role in creating, maintaining and assuring open, effective and meaningful access to the system of justice they administer. United States Supreme Court justices, inferior federal court judges, state supreme court justices, and state trial and appellate jurists work atop a massive, monopolistic, government-proffered, violence-secured system for the orderly resolution of civil disputes. They set, quite literally, the constitutive markers of legitimate judicial decision-making. But by ignoring the exclusion from our civil regime which occurs for those unable to afford counsel, American judges have abdicated this central mission.
DEVELOPMENT OF A FREE-FIELD SOIL STRESS GAGE FOR STATIC AND DYNAMIC MEASUREMENTS

Abstract : The report describes the development of three free-field stress gage types. One gage design, the sand dollar gage, was abandoned early in the investigation, while the other two, the W and SE gages, were subjected to various evaluation tests. Static and dynamic tests in sand and clay were conducted in the Small Blast Load Generator (SBLG). The gages have been used in the laboratory evaluation of a cold gas loader and in two field tests. Evaluation of the performance of the gages in these tests is presented in Appendix A. The gage placement techniques used in the SBLG tests are described in Appendix B. The gages are rugged and relatively easy to place in the laboratory. They may be used for both static and dynamic measurements and have a linear pressure range from 1 to above 1,800 psi. The gages have very low acceleration sensitivity and hysteresis, and have excellent dynamic response capability. Their temperature sensitivity is such that it will be of little consequence in dynamic tests and can be corrected for in long-term static tests. Electrical sensitivity remains essentially constant from -30 to 150F. Of the two gage types discussed, the SE gage is recommended for use. It is much easier to place, is more rugged, and produces a cleaner dynamic signal than the W gage. The gages can be calibrated to compensate for registration errors due to differences in soil and gage modulus; however, gage registration was found to be a function of placement method, depth of burial, input pressure, and conditions of the medium, not simply of modulus ratio.
Discrimination learning Set in Children

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews part of the literature on discrimination learning set. It is limited to one general topic-the nature of learning set-and one research topic— “response shift”—which is theoretically important and has received considerable attention in the research literature. Most psychologists who know anything about learning set know that it reflects the strategy “Win-stay-object and Lose-shift-object” and if they remember what response shift means, they know it reflects a tendency to respond to novel stimuli. However, as is seen in the chapter, these understandings are remarkably incomplete. A definition of learning set and a summary of the theories that have been advanced to account for discrimination learning set have been provided, along with a review of research on response shift. The chapter ends with the conclusion that further research on learning set is still needed and still worthwhile.
Fs-Laser Processing of Glass: Plasma Dynamics and Spectroscopy

Nonlinear processing of glass using femtosecond laser pulses has been shown as a reliable method for producing photonic devices. To optimize the writing of optical waveguides and harness the true power of fs-laser modification, it is imperative that we gain a greater understanding of the physical mechanisms behind it. This requires experimental and theoretical studies into the dynamical processes during ultrashort laser–matter interaction. In this study, plasma emission spectroscopy and microscopy are shown as a reliable monitor for predicting the smoothness or roughness of the final laser-induced modification. Spectrally and temporally resolved optical transmission measurements using a supercontinuum probe beam are presented as experimental approach for investigating the transient optical properties of fs-laser-processed glass. The description of the light–plasma interaction is given by a simple model, which is used for inferring the order of magnitude of the electron density under such experimental conditions.
Mobius filters and resonators

Resonator and filter topologies are introduced which rely on the geometric deformation of a guiding structure resulting in the establishment of resonant conditions in more compact structures. Conceptually, the structures are analogous to Mobius strips. The path length of the edge in a Mobius strip is twice an length of the edge of the rectangle deformed in creating the Mobius strip geometry. Analogously, this means the structure can be at resonance even though the length of the line, before deformation, was a half wavelength long. The concept has been demonstrated in planar geometries and in wire-loaded cavity structures. The dual-mode nature of the fundamental resonance is readily apparent.
Towards academically productive talk supported by conversational agents

In this paper, we investigate the use of conversational agents to scaffold on-line collaborative learning discussions through an approach called academically productive talk. In contrast to past work, which has involved using agents to elevate the conceptual depth of collaborative discussion by leading students in groups through directed lines of reasoning, this approach lets students follow their own lines of reasoning and promotes productive practices such as explaining, stating agreement and disagreement, and reading and revoicing the statements of other students. We contrast two types of academically productive talk support for a discussion about 9th grade biology and show that one type in particular has a positive effect on the overall conversation, while the other is worse than no support. This positive effect carries over onto participation in a full-class discussion the following day. We use a sociolinguistic style analysis to investigate how the two types of support influence the discussion and draw conclusions for redesign. In particular, our findings have implications for how dynamic micro-scripting agents such as those scaffolding academically productive talk can be used in consort with more static macro- and micro- scripting.
Pelvic horseshoe kidney: Ultrasound findings and case report

A case report illustrating the ultrasonic findings in pelvic horseshoe kidney is presented. The ultrasonic demonstration is correlated with a previous intravenous urogram in a patient with multiple congenital genitourinary anomalies.
Tomographical properties of uniformly redundant arrays

Recent work in coded aperture imaging has shown that the uniformly redundant array (URA) can image distant planar radioactive sources with no artifacts. This paper investigates the performance of two URA apertures when used in a close-up tomographic imaging system. It is shown that a URA based on m sequences is superior to one based on quadratic residues. The m sequence array not only produces less obnoxious artifacts in tomographic imaging, but is also more resilient to some described detrimental effects of close-up imaging. It is shown that in spite of these close-up effects, tomographic depth resolution increases as the source is moved closer to the detector.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Changes in Excretion of Radioactive Na, K and in Carbohydrate Stores Twenty-four Hours following Adrenalectomy.∗†

SummaryAn increased urinary excretion of sodium, and a urinary retention of potassium are detectable in 24 hours after adrenalectomy. Simultaneous with these changes, there is found a lowered blood sugar, and lowered liver, and muscle glycogen values.
Regulation of expression of TL genes of the mouse Mhc.

The expression of thymus leukemia (TL) antigens and genes in thymocytes and activated T cells was examined by immunoprecipitation, flow cytometric, northern, and nuclear run-off transcription analyses. Cell surface forms of TL were detectable by immunoprecipitation on activated peripheral T cells from Tla haplotypes except Tla b , in agreement with expression observed on thymocytes. Approximately 40%–50% of concanavalin A (Con A) or anti-CD3-activated T cells were TL+, with expression detected on both the CD4 and CD8 subsets by dual-color analysis. Activated T cells expressed detectable levels of TL mRNA 48 h after stimulation, but no TL transcripts were detectable in unstimulated splenocytes. However, TL mRNA expression in mature activated T cells did not precisely mimic thymocyte expression: the level of expression was considerably lower in activated T cells, and in most haplotypes the transcripts produced in activated T cells appeared to represent a subset of the transcripts produced in thymocytes. By run-off transcription assays in isolated nuclei, TL gene expression was detected in activated but not resting T cells indicating that lack of expression of TL in resting T cells is not due to message instability. These data demonstrate that TL genes are inducible and transcriptionally regulated.
INFORMAL SURVEILLANCE AND STREET CRIME: A COMPLEX RELATIONSHIP

The systemic crime model predicts that informal surveillance of space reduces street crime. Conversely, community decline theory posits that street crime reduces informal surveillance by increasing residents' perception of risk and fear. Moreover, functions of crime theory suggests that some types of crime may increase surveillance. Using data for 100 urban neighborhoods, the analysis examines these predictions and disentangles reciprocal effects. Baseline recursive equations indicate that informal surveillance is inversely associated with robbery/stranger assault, and that robbery/stranger assault is inversely associated with informal surveillance. In contrast, burglary rates are not affected by informal surveillance, but burglary has a positive effect on surveillance when robbery/stranger assault is controlled. Simultaneous equations indicate that robbery/stranger assault has a moderately strong inverse effect on informal surveillance, and that it is mediated by residents' perceptions of risk. When risk perception is controlled, informal surveillance has an inverse effect on robbery/stranger assault. The latter analysis also indicates that burglary increases surveillance, suggesting that some types of crime serve positive functions. The results, therefore, lend support to systemic, community decline, and functions of crime theory, and they suggest that the relationship between informal surveillance and crime is complex. Implications for community crime research are discussed.
Optic nerve decompression via the lateral facial approach.

Two cases of visual loss after lateral orbital wall fracture are presented: one with retrobulbar hematoma and evidence of optic nerve compression who failed to respond to lateral canthotomy and high-dose corticosteroid administration, and the second with immediate, total blindness associated with fracture of the bony optic canal. In both, extradural decompression of the orbit and optic nerve was achieved through the lateral facial approach1 with partial return of visual acuity and without surgical complications. The role of orbital and optic nerve decompression in the management of patients with blindness following orbital trauma is controversial. Orbital decompression may be of value for cases of post-traumatic visual loss unresponsive to medical management. If optic nerve injury is suspected as the cause, the additional step of decompression of the optic nerve is a logical but unproven procedure. The indications for optic nerve decompression are not established and should be considered only within the context of the specific needs of the individual patient.
Lunar Polar Environmental Testing: Regolith Simulant Conditioning

As ISRU system development approaches flight fidelity, there is a need to test hardware in relevant environments. Extensive laboratory and field testing have involved relevant soil (lunar regolith simulants), but the current design iterations necessitate relevant pressure and temperature conditions. Including significant quantities of lunar regolith simulant in a thermal vacuum chamber poses unique challenges. These include facility operational challenges (dust tolerant hardware) and difficulty maintaining a pre-prepared soil state during pump down (consolidation state, moisture retention).For ISRU purposes, the regolith at the lunar poles will be of most interest due to the elevated water content. To test at polar conditions, the regolith simulant must be doped with water to an appropriate percentage and then chilled to cryogenic temperatures while exposed to vacuum conditions. A 1m tall, 28cm diameter bin of simulant was developed for testing these simulant preparation and drilling operations. The bin itself was wrapped with liquid nitrogen cooling loops (100K) so that the simulant bed reached an average temperature of 140K at vacuum. Post-test sampling was used to determine desiccation of the bed due to vacuum exposure. Depth dependent moisture data is presented from frozen and thawed soil samples.Following simulant only evacuation tests, drill hardware was incorporated into the vacuum chamber to test auguring techniques in the frozen soil at thermal vacuum conditions. The focus of this testing was to produce cuttings piles for a newly developed spectrometer to evaluate. This instrument, which is part of the RESOLVE program science hardware, detects water signatures from surface regolith. The drill performance, behavior of simulant during drilling, and characteristics of the cuttings piles will be offered.
The influence of neuropeptides on amine synthesis: Cholecystokinin-8 and neurotensin reduce striatal tyrosine hydroxylase activity.

Cholecystokinin-8 and neurotensin, neuropeptides found in relatively high concentrations in some catcholaminergic neurons and/or terminal or cell body areas, reduced native and polyanion-activated rat striatal tyrosine hydroxylase activity, but not that of the enzyme activated by phosphorylating conditions. Substance P, ?(3)-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, [d-ala(2), d-leu(5)]-enkephalin, or thyrotropin-releasing hormone had no effect on the native enzyme or on either activated form. Cholecystokinin-8 and neurotensin may interact with polyanion-activated or membrane bound-activated tyrosine hydroxylase to modulate its activity.
HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE NICMOS OBSERVATIONS OF THE EMBEDDED CLUSTER IN NGC 2024: CONSTRAINTS ON THE INITIAL MASS FUNCTION AND BINARY FRACTION

We present an analysis of NICMOS observations of the embedded cluster associated with NGC 2024. An analysis of the cluster color-magnitude diagram (CMD) using the models of D'Antona & Mazzitelli and Baraffe et al. (published in 1997 and 1998, respectively) indicates that the ratio of intermediate-mass (1.0–10.0 M⊙) to low-mass (0.1–1.0 M⊙) stars is consistent with the stellar initial mass function (IMF) for the field. In addition to the CMD analysis, we present results on the multiplicity of stars in the region. Three companions (in a sample of 95 potential primaries) were found, with angular separations between 04 and 10, translating to a projected linear separation of 184–460 AU for an estimated distance of 460 pc. The completeness of binary detections is assessed using recovery fractions calculated by a series of tests using artificially generated companions to potential primaries in the data frames. We find that the binary fraction in NGC 2024 is consistent with that of Duquennoy & Mayor (published in 1991) for solar neighborhood stars over the range of separations and companion masses appropriate for our survey.
Definitive radiotherapy for patients with isolated vaginal recurrence of endometrial carcinoma after hysterectomy

Abstract Purpose To determine the outcome of patients after radical radiotherapy (RT) for isolated vaginal recurrence of endometrial carcinoma and to determine the clinical and pathologic predictors of outcome. Methods and materials We reviewed the records of 91 patients treated at our institution between 1960 and 1997 with radical RT for vaginal recurrence after definitive surgery for endometrial carcinoma. Thirty-one percent of the patients received external beam RT (EBRT) alone, 12% received brachytherapy alone, and 57% received a combination. The median dose of radiation was 75 Gy (range 34–122). All end points were measured from the time of the first recurrence. The median duration of follow-up after recurrence was 58 months (range 1–289). Results The 2- and 5-year local control (LC) rate and overall survival rate was 82% and 75% and 69% and 43%, respectively. The median time from initial diagnosis of endometrial cancer to death from disease was 38 months. On univariate analysis, a dose to the relapse site of ≥80 Gy and EBRT plus brachytherapy vs. single-modality therapy were significant predictors of improved LC. On multivariate analysis, only the type of treatment correlated significantly with LC ( p = 0.03). On univariate analysis, Grade 1 or 2 vs. Grade 3 tumor and EBRT plus brachytherapy vs. single-modality therapy were significant predictors of improved overall survival. Conclusion RT provides excellent LC of isolated vaginal recurrences of endometrial carcinoma, particularly when high doses are given using a combination of EBRT and brachytherapy. However, distant metastases frequently develop despite local disease control, contributing to a 5-year overall survival rate of 3 years. For this reason, in studies of adjuvant RT, long-term follow-up is required to permit evaluation of the impact of treatment on survival.
Hemodialysis with cuprophane membrane modulates interleukin-2 receptor expression

Hemodialysis with cuprophane membrane modulates interleukin-2 receptor expression. Chronic dialysis patients have several indices of immune deficiency. We examined the hypothesis that the biocompatibility of dialysis membranes may influence the ability of lymphocytes to express interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptors on their surface, a key event in cellular immune response. We investigated the potential role of the dialysis membrane in eight chronic hemodialysis patients. The study design was a cross-over study using cuprophane and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) membranes. Chronic dialysis with new cuprophane membrane leads to an increase in baseline expression of the two subunits of IL-2 receptors, IL2Rα (p55, CD25) and IL-2Rβ (p70), in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC). However, Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation of PBMC harvested after two weeks of dialysis with cuprophane membrane showed a markedly decreased expression of high affinity IL-2 receptors. These findings are reversed when patients were dialyzed with a PMMA membrane which is also associated with minimal complement activation. The increased expression of IL-2 receptor subunits are reproduced in vitro by direct contact of PBMC with cuprophane membrane and by the addition of the anaphy-latoxin C 5a . This study confirms the participation of lymphocytes in the complex blood-membrane interactions that occurs during dialysis; the results may be relevant to observations of immune deficiency in dialysis patients.
A Study of the Emotion of Excitement

(1935). A Study of the Emotion of Excitement. The Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 465-470.
Regulation of neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus by SIRT1.

Neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) play a critical role in the regulation of autonomic functions. Previous studies indicated that central activation of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) has beneficial effects on homeostasis, most likely via modulation of the autonomic output. Sirtuins are NAD+-dependent deacetylases and have been associated with longevity. SIRT1 is one of the best-characterized sirtuins expressed in mammals, and may be involved in the regulation of metabolism. Resveratrol, a SIRT1 activator reduced hyperglycemia likely through activation of vagal output; however, the cellular mechanisms of action have not been determined. In this study, whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology on acute brainstem slices was used to test the hypothesis that activation of SIRT1 with resveratrol enhances neurotransmission in DMV neurons. Application of resveratrol increased the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSC). This effect was KATP channel-dependent and was prevented with pre-application of SIRT1 inhibitor, EX527. Resveratrol also increased miniature EPSC (mEPSC) frequency without change in amplitude. Furthermore, our data demonstrated that resveratrol regulates excitatory neurotransmission in a PI3 kinase-dependent manner, since wortmannin, a PI3K inhibitor prevented the increase of mEPSC frequency caused by resveratrol. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that resveratrol via SIRT1 increases excitatory neurotransmission to DMV neurons. These observations suggest that activation of SIRT1 may regulate the function of subdiaphragmatic organs through controlling the activity of parasympathetic DMV neurons.
Feedback control of linear distributed parameter systems via adaptive model reduction in the presence of device network communication constraints

We focus on model-based networked control of general linear dissipative distributed parameter systems, the infinite dimensional representation of which can be decomposed to finite-dimensional slow and infinite-dimensional fast and stable subsystems. The controller synthesis of such systems is addressed using adaptive proper orthogonal decomposition (APOD). Specifically, APOD is used to recursively construct locally accurate low dimensional reduced order models (ROMs). The ROM is included in the control structure to reduce the frequency of spatially distributed sensor measurements over the network by suspending communication. The main objective of the current work is to identify a criterion for minimizing communication bandwidth (snapshots transfer rate) from the distributed sensors to the control structure considering closed-loop stability. The proposed approach is successfully used to regulate the thermal dynamics in a tubular chemical reactor.
The salience of silent letters in children's memory for word spellings.

To compare children’s memory for silent and pronounced letters in familiar spellings of words, 7- to 10-year-olds were given two tasks. First, they imagined word spellings and decided whether target letters were present. Then they recalled the words associated with the target letters. Five experiments yielded similar findings. Pronounced letters were recognized somewhat more accurately than silent letters. However, silent letters were detected more rapidly in words than pronounced letters were, and silent letters prompted superior recall of words. The influence of several factors, such as the particular words chosen, the position of letters, and the expectancies of subjects, was ruled out in one or another experiment. Two explanations for findings are proposed. The favorite is that effects reflect the way silent letters are stored in long-term memory when spellings are learned. The other is that events occurring in the experiment enhanced episodic memory for silent letters.
Effect of nutritional changes on chromatin template activity and non-histone chromosomal protein synthesis in WI-38 and 3T6 cells

Abstract Quiescent confluent monolayers of WI-38 human diploid fibroblasts and of 3T6 mouse fibroblasts were stimulated to proliferate by nutritional changes. WI-38 cells had a stringent requirement for serum factor(s) but 3T6 did not require serum in order to proliferate again. In both cell lines there was an early increase in the synthesis of non-histone chromosomal proteins shortly after stimulation of cellular proliferation and this increase was linearly correlated to the number of cells entering the S phase several hours later. Only WI-38 diploid fibroblasts, however, showed an early increase in chromatin template activity 1 h after stimulation of cellular proliferation, while chromatin template activity in 3T6 cells remained unchanged. It is suggested that the activation of gene function represents a critical step for the passage of WI-38 cells in the G0 resting phase to the G1 phase of the cell cycle. It is also suggested that 3T6 cells are unable to enter or stay in a G0 phase but can be arrested predominantly in the G1 phase by nutritional deficit, probably amino acid starvation.
Infectious and functional consequences of splenectomy in adult renal transplant recipients.

A retrospective study was performed to evaluate the effect splenectomy has on postoperative infections, azathioprine tolerance, and graft survival in a small series of renal transplant recipients. Eighteen splenectomized patients were compared to the same number of nonsplenectomized graft recipients for a followup period of approximately 18 months. Serious post-transplant infection occurred in five splenectomized patients and four nonsplenectomized patients suggesting that the risk of developing such a complication was similar in each group. Azathioprine tolerance was markedly improved in the splenectomized patients.
Alterity and autochthony: Austronesian cosmographies of the marvelous. The 2008 Raymond Firth Lecture

This is a lecture of reflections on the alterity of power (and vice versa) inspired by Raymond Firth's extraordinarily rich ethnographic corpus on Tikopia–an inexhaustible anthropological treasure. The dangerous overseas voyaging (or traveling about the skies, as Tikopians deemed it), the powers ascribed to missionaries and other foreigners, the overseas origins of leading chiefs: these and other such attractions and assimilations of the foreign testify to the potency of transcendent realms and beings. The like can be documented for other Austronesian societies. Indeed, as summarily indicated here, the Austronesians figure in a world wide distribution of stranger-kingship. Moreover, the same notions of the powers inherent in alterity help account for the veneration accorded to colonial figures such as Sir James Brooke in Sarawak or Captain Cook in Hawai'i, although the different fates of the two–the rajadom of Brooke and the martyrdom of Cook–also indicate that a similar structure can underwrite quite different contingent outcomes.
High-speed polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography for the investigation of tissue birefringence

Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PSOCT) is an optical imaging modality that is sensitive to the birefringence properties of tissues. Birefringence is related to various biological components and therefore, polarization can provide novel contrast mechanisms for imaging. In this work, we will describe the design of a high-speed polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography system. A broadband source centered at 1310nm with 35nm bandwidth was utilized as the light source. The output power of the source and the resolution of the system were around 20mW and ~20 micrometers, respectively. To achieve high-speed scan, a rapid scan optical delay line (RSOD) was utilized in the reference arm. It provided depth scanning up to 1000 A-scan/s and controlled the carrier frequency of the interference of fridge pattern. Two galvo-mounted mirrors were used for lateral scanning of the beam. The polarization state of the incident light was altered between horizontal and vertical states by using a fast polarization rotator. The combined light from the reference and the sample arms was split into two orthogonal polarization components by a polarizing beam splitter and coupled into two single-mode optical fibers that are connected to the photodiodes. The roundtrip Jones matrix of the sample arm was measured and used to calibrate the measurements of polarization properties of the sample. The elements of the Jones matrix of the sample were calculated by the using the output Jones vectors for the incident polarization states. The performance of the system was evaluated with standard samples such as a quarter-wave plate. The animal studies are currently undertaken to assess the performance of the system in-vivo. Keywords: optical coherence tomography, polarization, jones matrix
A Model for the Current-Voltage Chatacteristics of a Dielectric between Spherical Electrodes

Current-voltage characteristics and electric field strength distributions are investigated for a dielectric containing thermally generated, low mobility carriers. Spherical electrode geometry is used (as a reasonable approximattion to the more practical point-plane systems) with carrier emission from the electrode of smaller radius. Under some conditions, the injected charge may reduce the maximum field strength (for a given voltage) by almost an order of magnitude; additionally, the maximum field strength occurs at some distance from the smaller electrode. Fast electrons undergoing collision ionization within the dielectric would then cause maximum energy deposition at some point between the two electrodes rather than immediately adjacent to one electrode.
Magnetic measurement system for harmonic analysis of LBL SSC model dipoles and quadrupoles

Specialized hardware and software developed to facilitate harmonic error analysis measurements of 1-m long Superconducting Super Collider model dipole and quadrupole magnets are described. Cold bore measurements feature cryogenic search-coil arrays with high bucking ratios that also have sufficient sensitivity to make room-temperature measurements at the low magnet currents of approximately 10 A. Three sets of search coils allow measurements of the center, either end, and/or the axially integrated field. Signals from the search coils are digitally integrated by a voltage-to-frequency converter feeding an up-down counter. The data are drift-corrected, Fourier analyzed, converted to physical quantities, and printed and plotted. A cycle of measurements including data acquisition, processing, and the generation of tabular and graphic output requires 80 s. The vast amount of data generated (several hundred measurement cycles for each magnet) has led to the development of three types of postprocessing for the dipole and quadrupole systems: (1) re-creation of the real-time output, (2) generation of an SSC prompt report, and (3) production of general-purpose spreadsheet/graphical output. >
A ward holding group

Description du fonctionnement des «Ward holding groups», type de therapie institutionnelle en milieu psychiatrique
The Griffith Observatory in Ray's Rebel Without a Cause (1955): mystical temple and scientific monument

Los Angeles's Griffith Observatory (1935) is the centrepiece and terminus for Nicholas Ray's film Rebel Without a Cause where its philosophical truths are housed and disseminated.1 Situated atop the Hollywood Hills, the classically styled, domed edifice serves as the site of some of the film's most important scenes, including the planetarium lecture (foreshadowing its pendant, the pivotal ‘chickie-run’ sequence), the knife fight between Jim and Buzz, and the Christ-like martyrdom of Plato. This article considers the manner in which the Observatory is invested with the task of structuring time while simulating the traumas of war, natural catastrophe, thermonuclear conflict and familial dysfunction. Its exterior and interior spaces are further enlisted by the director, Nicholas Ray, and the screenwriters, Irving Shulman and Stewart Stern, to foreshadow events and underscore thematic intent. The Observatory serves three major functions in Rebel. Its planetarium show creates a parallel between celestial and t...
Dynein and Dynactin Leverage Their Bivalent Character to Form a High-Affinity Interaction

Cytoplasmic dynein and dynactin participate in retrograde transport of organelles, checkpoint signaling and cell division. The principal subunits that mediate this interaction are the dynein intermediate chain (IC) and the dynactin p150Glued; however, the interface and mechanism that regulates this interaction remains poorly defined. Herein, we use multiple methods to show the N-terminus of mammalian dynein IC, residues 10–44, is sufficient for binding p150Glued. Consistent with this mapping, monoclonal antibodies that antagonize the dynein-dynactin interaction also bind to this region of the IC. Furthermore, double and triple alanine point mutations spanning residues 6 to 19 in the yeast IC homolog, Pac11, produce significant defects in spindle positioning. Using the same methods we show residues 381 to 530 of p150Glued form a minimal fragment that binds to the dynein IC. Sedimentation equilibrium experiments indicate that these individual fragments are predominantly monomeric, but admixtures of the IC and p150Glued fragments produce a 2:2 complex. This tetrameric complex is sensitive to salt, temperature and pH, suggesting that the binding is dominated by electrostatic interactions. Finally, circular dichroism (CD) experiments indicate that the N-terminus of the IC is disordered and becomes ordered upon binding p150Glued. Taken together, the data indicate that the dynein-dynactin interaction proceeds through a disorder-to-order transition, leveraging its bivalent-bivalent character to form a high affinity, but readily reversible interaction.
Water content of rat uterus and oviducts during proestrus and at end of heat.

SummaryThe water content of the uterus and oviducts of adult rats during the period of proestrus and the end of sexual receptivity has tbeen determined. There is a significant decrease in the water content of the uterine tissue during the period of heat. No significant decrease was found in the water content of the oviducts examined during this same period.
Determination of polychlorinated biphenyl levels in the serum of residents and in the homogenates of seafood from the New Bedford, Massachusetts, area: a comparison of exposure sources through pattern recognition techniques.

We measured the residues of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the serum of 23 residents of the New Bedford, Massachusetts, area and from two homogenates each of bluefish and lobsters from the same area. We used congener-specific and total Aroclor quantitative approaches, both of which involved gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (electron ionization mode), we confirmed the presence of PCBs in the combined serum samples and in the aliquots of bluefish and lobsters. In measuring the PCB levels in serum, we found good agreement between the two electron capture detector approaches (r ≥ 0.97) when the serum of specific congeners was compared to total Aroclor. We used univariate and multivariate quality control approaches to monitor these analyses. Analytical results for bluefish showed a better agreement between the two techniques than did those for lobsters; however, the small number of samples precluded any statistical comparison. We also measured levels of chlorinated pesticides in the serum samples of two groups of New Bedford residents, those with low PCB levels (< 15 ng/ml) and those with high PCB levels (≥ 15 ng/ml). We found that residents with high PCB levels also tended to have higher levels of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-di-(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene (p,p′-DDE). The higher concentration of all three analyses appears to be influenced by employment in the capacitor industry, by seafood consumption, or both. Using Jaccard measures of similarity and principal component analysis we compared the gas chromatographic patterns of PCBs found in the serum of New Bedford area residents with high serum PCBs with the patterns found in homogenates of lobsters (inclusive of all edible portions except the roe), in homogenates of bluefish fillets taken from local waters, and in serum from goats fed selected technical Aroclors (e.g. Aroclors 1016, 1242, 1254, or 1260). The patterns found in human serum samples were similar to the patterns found in lobster homogenates. Both of these patterns closely resembled patterns found in the serum samples of the goat fed aroclor 1254, as demonstrated by both pattern recognition techniques. In addition, the chromatographic patterns of human serum and of lobsters and bluefish homogenates all indicated the presence of PCBs more characteristic of Aroclors 1016 or 1242.
Biphasic and protracted anaphylaxis

Abstract We performed a prospective study of anaphylaxis in 25 consecutive patients. Three distinct clinical patterns were observed: uniphasic, biphasic, and protracted anaphylaxis. Thirteen patients (52%) experienced a single episode. Biphasic anaphylaxis occurred in five patients (20%), two episodes of hypotension or laryngeal edema separated by asymptomatic intervals of 1 to 8 hours. Initial therapy included large doses of glucocorticoids in three of the five patients. Seven patients (28%) suffered hypotension, lower respiratory obstruction, or laryngeal obstruction that persisted 5 to 32 hours despite vigorous therapy that included systemic glucocorticoids. Recurrent or prolonged reactions were 2.8-fold more likely if the onset was 30 or more minutes after exposure to the stimulus or if the offending agent had been administered by mouth ( p
Pancreatitis and duodenopancreatic reflux in Crohn's disease. Case report and review of the literature.

A 21-year-old woman with duodenal Crohn's disease developed pancreatitis many years after radiographic evidence of duodenopancreatic reflux. We review the 17 previously reported cases of non–drug-induced recurrent pancreatitis associated with Crohn's disease and discuss possible pathogenetic mechani
Effect of cyanide on the photo-electrochemical response of n-CdSe/Fe(CN) 4−/3− 6 electrolytic cell

PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL cells based on cadmium chalco-genide electrodes in an aqueous ferrocyanide electrolyte1–9 provide a model system for studying the fundamental processes associated with photo-induced interfacial charge transfer, and also hold the promise of converting solar energy to electricity and useful chemical products with high efficiency. Licht9 has suggested that it is possible to devise n-CdSe/[Fe(CN)3−/4−6]aq cells with a maximum solar-energy conversion efficiency of 16.4%, which derives from an open-circuit photovoltage of ∼1.2 V, a value that approaches the thermodynamic limiting value for a semiconductor with a bandgap of 1.7 eV. Licht suggested that improvements in energy conversion efficiency are possible by modifying the electrolyte so as to prevent chemical modification of the semiconductor surface while optimizing the equilibrium concentrations of critical solution species. Here we report that addition of KCN to a ferro/ferricyanide electrolyte does not prevent surface modification on either the (11&2macr;0) face of n-CdX (where X is S or Se) or the (0001) face of n-CdS. We show instead that the current-voltage response observed by Licht is due to a hidden negative ΔG in the system associated with the thermodynamically 'downhill' oxidation of CN−, which accounts for as much as 700 mV of the reported 'open circuit' photovoltage.
Lateral melt expulsion and debris deposition during small-scale femtosecond laser ablation

Various ablation processes including melt expulsion and debris deposition are demonstrated for intense laser ablation of bulk crystalline Si samples and thin copper films at different laser fluences by single tightly and multiple loosely focused laser pulses, respectively. Implications of our results to high-intensity femtosecond laser nano- and micro-machining of solids are discussed.