cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regional oral tolerance in transgenic 2C mice.

Background Antigen injected subcutaneously (SQ) results in a strong systemic immune response, whereas antigen infused orally or by the portal vein tends to induce tolerance. Nontransgenic C57BL/6J (H-2 b ), or B6, mice and transgenic 2C mice (that express a cytotoxic T cell receptor against major histocompatibility complex Class I L d ) were used to investigate the regional and systemic responses to oral antigen. Methods B6 (H-2 b ) and 2C (H-2 b ) mice were given either saline or BALB/cByJ (H-2 d , L d+ ) (BALB/c) spleen cells (SCs) (25 × 10 6 ) by oral gavage (PO) on day 0. Injection of 10 × 10 6 BALB/c SCs SQ was performed after 7 days, followed by a footpad injection of 10 × 10 6 BALB/c SC on day 14. Specific footpad swelling was measured 24 hours later by means of a micrometer. Mixed lymphocyte culture was performed on splenic and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) lymphocytes. The percentage of splenic and MLN CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was quantitated by fluorescence activated cell sorter. Cytokine messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein was measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Whereas B6 mice were shown to have specifically decreased responsiveness to Balb/c cells in vivo and in vitro after oral Balb/c, 2C mice did not demonstrate any downregulation in delayed-type hypersensitivity responsiveness or splenic lymphocyte proliferation. However, MLN lymphocytes from 2C mice did demonstrate decreased proliferation against Balb/c after oral Balb/c gavage ( P P P Conclusions Systemic oral tolerance can be induced in B6 mice, whereas only regional mesenteric lymph node tolerance develops in transgenic 2C mice. The inability to induce systemic oral tolerance in 2C mice appears to be due to a significant increase in peripheral (splenic) CD4+ T cells.
POLAR magnetic observations of the low‐altitude magnetosphere during the January 1997 coronal mass ejection/magnetic cloud event

During the January 1997 coronal mass ejection/magnetic cloud event, the POLAR spacecraft experienced three successive perigee passes with dramatically different interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and solar wind conditions on January 9, 10 and 11. The magnetic field observations during these three successive perigee passes are used to examine the response of the low-altitude polar and auroral magnetosphere to different IMF and solar wind conditions. We find that field-aligned currents are controlled mainly by the southward IMF component. They are greatly enhanced during strongly southward IMF conditions on January 10, but the solar wind dynamic pressure has little effect on their strength during the passage of the high-density solar wind filament on January 11. Thus, drag on the magnetosphere is principally due to reconnection at the magnetopause, with little due to viscous effects. Effects of the ring current and the magnetopause current can be identified in the magnetic field data in the low-altitude magnetosphere. During the magnetic storm of January 10, the ring current exhibits strong dawn-dusk asymmetry. It is much stronger in the dusk sector than in the dawn sector.
L p approximation from nonconvex subsets of special classes of functions

Abstract An existence theorem for a best approximation to a function in L p , 1 ⩽ p ⩽ ∞, by functions from a nonconvex set is established under certain general conditions on the set. The unifying development and results are applicable to approximation from subsets of various classes of functions including quasi-convex, convex, super-additive, star-shaped, monotone, and n -convex functions.
Compression of still multiview images for 3-D automultiscopic spatially-multiplexed displays

Automultiscopic (no glasses, multiview) displays are becoming a viable alternative to 3-D displays with glasses. However, since these displays require multiple views the needed transmission bit rate as well as storage space are of concern. In this paper, we describe results of our research on the compression of still multiview images for display on lenticular or parallax-barrier screens. In one approach, we examine compression of multiplexed images that, unfortunately, have relatively low spatial correlation and thus are difficult to compress. We also study compression/decompression of individual views followed by multiplexing at the receiver. However, instead of using full-resolution views, we apply compression to band-limited and downsampled views in the so-called "N-tile format". Using lower resolution images is acceptable since multiplexing at the receiver involves downsampling from full view resolution anyway. We use three standard compression techniques: JPEG, JPEG-2000 and H.264. While both JPEG standards work with still images and can be applied directly to an N-tile image, H.264, a video compression standard, requires N images of the N-tile format to be treated as a short video sequence. We present numerous experimental results indicating that the H.264 approach achieves significantly better performance than the other three approaches studied.
Controlling Institutional Trading Costs

Analysis of institutional trading costs typically assumes that profit–maximizing fund managers seek to minimize trading costs. The authors suggest that the bundling of non–trading services into institutional trading commissions is far too pervasive for this assumption to hold generally. Bundling reflects an endemic principal–agent problem in the operation of collective investment schemes that acts to discourage efficient implementation of portfolio decisions taken on behalf of fundholders. Bundling results in excessive trade intermediation, generating higher market impact costs and discouraging the use of more efficient trading platforms (particularly for NYSE stocks). Furthermore, the authors argue that the widespread use of inefficient internal trading cost benchmarks, such as VWAP, makes it hard for institutions to detect the damage to fund performance that results from bundling.
Surgical Approach to the Small Detected Lung Nodule

Abstract:Incidental small lung nodules are increasingly encountered due to the widespread application of thoracic computerized tomographic scanning and improvements in resolution. The evaluation of solitary nodules less than 2 cm is particularly challenging. Although management may include additiona
Preliminary study of changes in blood pressure associated with clenching in normotensive and hypertensive subjects

Mean arterial blood pressure was found to increase in groups o f both normotensive and hypertensive individuals after empty-mouth static clenching for one minute. This study was undertaken to test the effect of static, empty-mouth clenching on blood pressure levels in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Blood pressures were measured before, during, and after one minute of empty-mouth static (isometric) clenching in 41 normotensive (group A) and 22 hypertensive subjects (group C). An additional group of 13 normotensive subjects (group B) were examined for elevations in blood pressure before, during, and after 30 seconds of clenching. Subjects in group A showed a clenching-related increase in mean arterial blood pressure of 5.5 mm Hg (Ps.001); in group C, there was an increase of 4.6mm Hg (Ps.001); and in group B, there was an increase of 3.2 mm Hg (Ps.05). The results emphasize the relationship between isolated dental treatment and systemic health.
Kinetics of Nanochain Formation in a Simplified Model of Amelogenin Biomacromolecules

We show that the kinetics of nanochain formation of amelogenin molecules is well described by a combination of translational and rotational diffusion of a simplified anisotropic bipolar model consisting of hydrophobic spherical colloid particles and a point charge located on each particle surface. The colloid particles interact via a standard depletion attraction whereas the point charges interact through a screened Coulomb repulsion. We study the kinetics via a Brownian dynamics simulation of both translational and rotational motions and show that the anisotropy brought in by the charge dramatically affects the kinetic pathway of cluster formation and our simple model captures the main features of the experimental observations.
Decreased regional lactate production and output due to intracoronary continuous infusion of esmolol during acute coronary occlusion in dogs.

Abstract This study was designed to test the hypothesis that intracoronary administration of esmolol can confer metabolic protection during coronary constriction or occlusion, without affecting hemodynamic parameters, in a canine model. Seventeen anesthetized open-chest dogs underwent direct cannulation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LADa), its companion vein (LADv), and the distal circumflex vein (CFXv). LADa flow was measured with an electromagnetic flowmeter. Using a micrometer-driven snare around the LADa, flow was reduced by 50%, 75%, and 100% for 15 minutes, with 1 hour of normal flow before each constriction. In 7 dogs (group 1) chosen randomly, esmolol, 15 to 20 μg/kg/min, was infused continuously into the LADa; the rate was adjusted to maintain baseline hemodynamic values. The second group (10 dogs) was not treated with esmolol. Heart rate (HR), electrocardiogram (ECG), LADa flow, LV dP/dt, and aorta (Ao), pulmonary artery (PA), LADa, and left ventricular (LV) pressures were recorded continuously. Cardiac output (CO) (thermodilution) was measured and blood was sampled from all catheters before and after constrictions for analysis of glucose, lactate, sodium, potassium, and blood gases. Flow and pressure in the LADa in both groups decreased similarly during each corresponding constriction. Systolic LV pressure, LV dP/dt, and LV stroke work index were affected in both groups only during 100% constriction. HR, Ao, and PA pressures, and total and peripheral pulmonary resistances were affected similarly in both groups during each constriction. Myocardial lactate extraction and consumption were less negative (negative = net production and output) in the LAD perfusion bed during corresponding constrictions with esmolol than without it. Electrolyte and glucose concentrations and extraction and arteriovenous oxygen content differences in the ischemic and nonischemic areas during constriction were affected similarly in both groups. The ratio of oxygen delivery to oxygen consumption in the ischemic zone was higher with esmolol than without it before constriction (75% and 100%) and during constriction (50%). This study indicates that the intracoronary use of esmolol during moderate-to-severe coronary hypoperfusion can protect ischemic myocardium.
Ellipsoidally-shaped local absorbing boundaries for three-dimensional scalar wave propagation

In this paper we discuss the performance of second-order absorbing conditions prescribed on ellipsoidally-shaped truncation boundaries for the resolution of scalar wave phenomena in three dimensions. The second-order conditions employed herein belong to a larger class of arbitrarily-shaped convex absorbing boundaries developed earlier [21] for acoustic scattering and radiation problems in unbounded domains. In [21] we discussed their performance when used on spherical truncation boundaries for applications in both the time- and frequency-domains. Here, we extend their applicability to ellipsoidal geometries and demonstrate that significant computational savings are attainable due to the reduced computational domain afforded by the ellipsoid.
The Mordell integral, quantum modular forms, and mock Jacobi forms

It is explained how the Mordell integral $$\int_{\mathbb R} \frac{e^{\pi i \tau x^{2} - 2\pi zx}}{\cosh(\pi x)} dx $$
Executive Functions in Unipolar Depression Before and After Electroconvulsive Therapy

A neuropsychological investigation of executive functions in patients with unipolar depression was conducted. Ten patients with unipolar depression were tested before, 48 hours after, and 3 months after ECT. Control subjects were tested at similar intervals. Measures included 10 executive and related tasks (20 variables) on which frontal lobe lesion patients have been previously shown to be differentially impaired, and 1 “nonexecutive” task. Patients were significantly inferior to controls on 9 of the executive and related variables before treatment and performed slightly worse 48 hours after treatment. Significant improvement after 3 months was absent. Depressed patients were not impaired on the “nonexeuctive” task.
Textile wastewater effluent toxicity identification evaluation

The need to control toxic substances in industrial and municipal wastewater effluents has led to the inclusion in National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits of requirements for testing toxicity to aquatic species. Recently, permitted wastewater effluents from particular textile dyeing and finishing operations exhibited a low degree of toxicity to the freshwater Cladoceran Daphnia pulex in acute, static, 48-h testing. An extensive effort was launched to determine components contributing to effluent toxicity. The toxicity identification evaluation combined three elements: fractionation of wastewater effluents, testing for aquatic toxicity, and analyses for specific chemicals. An anionic, speciated form of zinc was implicated as a major contributor to the toxicity. Water hardness was a principal determinant of zinc toxicity to Daphnia pulex.
In Situ Optical Tribometry Studies of Nanocomposite Coatings

Six nanocomposite coatings of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), Au, diamond like carbon and MoS 2 have been studied by in situ tribometry. The coatings all had a nominal MoS 2 content of between 14 and 18 mol%, while the concentrations of the other components were varied. Steady state friction coefficients in both dry (0.04–0.05) and wet sliding conditions (0.06–0.08) were similar for all coatings. However, by in situ tribometry, wear mechanisms were found to differ depending on coating composition and test environment humidity. Friction spiking in high YSZ coatings was identified with local plowing and scoring of the track followed by an extrusion of transfer film material. Trends in coating hardness and modulus are correlated to composition and coating wear processes.
Habitude, connaissance et vertu chez Spinoza

The goal of this article is to reveal the primal role played by use in Spinoza's Ethics. Contrary to appearances, the concept is not linked only to passivity; it is an essential feature of the reinforcement of virtue toward wisdom. Considering that Laurent Bove's analyses of habit within the realm of imagination leave aside the links with adequate knowledge, this article offers an extension of his interpretation in a completely new direction. The new elements are, above all, a demonstration of the place of use in the texts where the shift from passivity to activity is concerned, and a new interpretation of intuition in the example of the discovery of the fourth proportional number. In this example, it is argued that intuition is simply a mechanical habituation to truth, thanks to the repetition of acts of reasoning.
Computational estimates of the gas-phase acidities of dihydroxybenzoic acid radical cations and their corresponding neutral species

Abstract The gas-phase acidities (GAs) of the radical cations of all six isomers of dihydroxybenzoic acid ( x , y -DHB), which are prototypical matrices used in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry have been calculated using density functional theory (DFT). The GAs vary from 815.3 kJ/mol for the most acidic species (3,4-DHB) to 862.7 kJ/mol for the least acidic one (2,5-DHB). The reported GAs of the x , y -DHB radical cations are in excellent agreement with previous experimental measurements. The results indicate that deprotonation, in all six radical cations, takes place on the phenol sites. In addition, the GAs of the six neutral DHB isomers have been similarly calculated.
The Stereotypical Nature of Stereotyping

Abstract The nature of male and female stereotypes of a sample of American students was examined by employing a matched-guise technique. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of more versus less obtrusive methods for measuring stereotypes, to study stereotyping effects in the presence of quasi-realistic information about individuals, and to address an assumed positive bias attached to the male stereotype. The traditional stereotypes were elicited in the general case, whereas there were a few differences attributed to individual personality descriptions based on the sex of the persons described. There was some evidence for a small core of adjectives that might form a basis for sex stereotypes. There was no evidence for a positive bias attached to the male stereotype. Male and female respondents differed in their perception of sex stereotypes.
Fine structure of the magnetic resonance line of protons in CuSO4.5H2O

Abstract The magnetic resonance, at 30 Mc/s, of protons in a single-crystal of CuSO4.5H2O consists of a single line about 14 oersteds wide, at room temperature. A splitting of this line into ten component lines has been observed at low temperatures. The maximum over-all separation at 1.2°K is over 600 oersteds. The position and width of each line are complicated functions of the direction of the externally applied magnetic field in the crystal. For each direction of the external field the separations between the lines increase with decreasing temperature. Theoretical formulae for the position of the component lines are developed by considering the proton two-spin system within a water molecule of hydration immersed in the external field and the inhomogeneous time-averaged field of the cupric ions. Exchange and saturation effects are taken into account up to terms in 1 T 3 . At low temperatures the field of the copper ions effectively decouples the ortho-para-coupling between the proton spins. It is estimated that the splitting between ortho- and para-states is small, and probably no larger than the magnetic interaction between the protons. Expressions for the line width are also derived. It is shown that the Cu-ions do not contribute to the width, as a consequence of the large exchange between them. The fluctuating field of the Cu-ions, however, is responsible for the short relaxation time T1. The experimental upper limit for T1 at all temperatures is 0.01 sec.
Dental anxiety--the development of a measurement model.

— A more detailed measurement instrument for dental anxiety has been developed. To investigate the dimensionability of the response, two instruments were administered to 452 persons. The first set of items (33) concerned stimuli which might prove fearsome to patients. Some of these were dental specific, others were not. A second instrument (20 items) elicited the anxiety symptoms experienced. By comparing separate Kaiser-Caffrey Alpha Factor Analyses two factors were identified within each instrument. These were labelled “generalized” phobias and “dental specific” phobias; and “endogenous” and “exogenous” (anticipatory) anxiety symptoms. Four scales were constructed using simple summations of highly loaded variables. The scales are quite reliable. Although correlations among the scales proved to be significant they are all quite low, indicating that the four scales give more or less non-redundant information about the patient. The scale had discriminating validity in differentiating between patients who acknowledge experiencing spontaneous panic/anxiety attacks and those who did not. The data confirm that dental fears are relatively independent of other generalized anticipatory fears. The results cast doubt on previously held assumptions regarding the unidimensionality of anxiety. They are consistent with a new classification of anxiety and phobic disorders presented elsewhere. The implications for research and patient management are discussed.
Rank-k-preservers and preservers of sets of ranks

Abstract Let T be a linear transformation on the set of m × n matrices with entries in an algebraically closed field. If T maps the set of all matrices whose rank is k into itself, and if n⩾ 3 k 2 , then the rank of A is the rank of T(A) for every m × n matrix.
Pulpal responses of bilateral intact teeth

Abstract The pulpal responses of different surfaces of bilateral intact maxillary first premolars were analyzed for seventy-two randomly selected patients. The data substantiate the clinical approach of comparing the pulp test responses of specific surfaces on contralateral teeth.
Distribution of mating types and the nature of survival of Pythium splendens in soil

Abstract Among 124 isolates of Pythium splendens obtained from field soils, 91 were (+) and 33 were (−) mating type. About 94% of these isolates existed in soil as spherical propagules with diameters ranging from 10 to 44 μm. P. splendens produced only sporangia with diameters ranging from 10 to 39 μm on agar media and in infected seeds buried in naturally-infested soil, indicating that the survival structures observed were sporangia. None of the isolates tested originated from oospores and oospores were not found in seeds concomitantly colonized by both mating types of P. splendens in naturally-infested soil. Under natural conditions in the field, 1g dry soil contained 24–477 sporangia.
Induced proteins in cells infected with pseudorabies virus.

New proteins appearing after infection of cultured L 929 cells with pseudorabies virus (PRV) were analyzed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Analysis was facilitated by using a virus-cell system with marked inhibition of host protein synthesis after infection. Infected cells were pulsed during successive two hour periods through the infectious cycle with35S-methionine. Proteins were extracted with detergent and analyzed on high resolution reducing gels. Thirty-four protein bands were resolved on gels of different concentrations that varied from 7 to 15 percent. Calculated apparent molecular weights of the protein peaks were not dependent on gel concentration except for very large or small sized proteins. Eight glycoproteins were resolved after labeling with14C-glucosamine. The time course of incorporation of label was used as a measure of protein synthesis allowing the grouping of proteins according to the time of maximal synthesis. Several proteins shifted in MW during the course of infection, indicating possible post-translational cleavage or other minor modification.
An avian sarcoma virus mutant that is temperature sensitive for virion assembly

Abstract The temperature-sensitive defect in replication of LA334, a double mutant of Rous sarcoma virus, has been characterized both biologically and biochemically. This mutant is complemented for replication at the nonpermissive temperature by both leukosis virus and by RSV(−). Both experiments indicate that LA334 synthesizes functional glycoproteins at the restrictive temperature. This conclusion was confirmed by interference experiments which showed that LA334 induced specific cellular resistance at 41° against superinfection with viruses of subgroup C. Noninfectious virus particles are synthesized at 41° and possess a higher density in sucrose gradients (1.175 g/ml) when compared to those produced at 35° (1.15 g/ml). In addition to the major viral structural proteins these noninfectious virions contain four novel polypeptides, at least three of which appear to be viral in origin. An analysis of viral polypeptide processing indicates that the rate of cleavage of the polyprotein precursor to nonglycosylated structural polypeptides is reduced significantly at the restrictive temperature. Addition of cycloheximide to infected cultures does not prevent the rapid production of infectious virus, seen on shifting cells from the restrictive to the permissive temerature, which suggests that proteins synthesized at 41° can be processed correctly at 35°. Large budding structures that lack the characteristic morphology of C-type particles are visible in electron micrographs of cells infected with the mutant at the nonpermissive temperature. Large virions corresponding in size to some of the budding structures are detectable in negatively stained preparations of noninfectious virus.
On the Infrared Absorption Spectra of Several Gases

The spectra of acetylene, ethylene, n-butane, n-hexane, n-octane, benzene, toluene, cumene, ethyl alcohol, ethyl ether, and sulphur dioxide were investigated with a grating of 1134 lines per cm in the region between 3 and 4 μ. The absorption curves are represented in figures. A table gives the wave-numbers of the maxima and selected wave-number differences. The individual lines of the bands are not revealed, but the envelopes are obtained. From the latter an attempt is made to state what branches are present in the bands. Attention is called to relations existing among the wave-number differences.
The Role of Portosystemic Shunts for Variceal Bleeding in the Liver Transplantation Era

Objective: To review our experience with portosystemic shunts during the era of liver transplantation at the Mayo Clinic to provide insight into the selection of patients for these procedures. Design: We reviewed the charts of a cohort of 57 patients who underwent portosystemic shunting between 1985 and 1990 for the management of variceal bleeding. A followup survey by letter and telephone was also conducted. Setting: The Mayo Clinic, a tertiary referral center. Patients: These patients were not considered transplantation candidates at the time of the shunt because of active alcoholism, extensive portal vein thrombosis, coexistent myelodysplastic syndromes, or malignant neoplasms. Intervention: Portosystemic shunts; the exact type was at the surgeon's discretion. Outcome: Survival after shunt surgery among patients with various liver diseases. Results: Twenty-two patients died during follow-up after being shunted for bleeding, and one of the shunted patients subsequently required liver transplantation. Comparison of Kaplan-Meier survival curves between various groups of patients indicated that patients who were actively alcoholic had a poorer chance of survival ( P Conclusions: In well-selected patients who may not be deemed candidates for liver transplantation, portacaval shunts can be effectively employed to prevent bleeding from esophageal varices that are resistant to obliteration by sclerotherapy. (Arch Surg. 1994;129:683-688)
Medical realities of cauda equina syndrome secondary to lumbar disc herniation.

Study Design.An analysis of 44 cauda equina syndrome cases.Objectives.To determine the neurologic outcome of cauda equina syndrome cases, in light of the significant medical implications of this disorder.Summary of Background Data.Cauda equina syndrome from lumbar disc herniation accounts for up to
Palliative Care Consultation Trajectories

Background:Palliative care consultations teams (PCCTs) promote comprehensive health but only if the PCCT can influence actual care. The purpose of this study is to document the types of recommendations made by a PCCT, determine the rates at which recommendations are implemented, and identify the factors related to implementation.Results:The mean number of recommendations per patient was 1.44 (standard deviation = 1.81), and 57% of the recommendations were implemented. Discharge and goals of care recommendations were significantly more likely to be implemented than recommendations for pain, symptom management, and consultation of other services.Conclusions:Although PCCTs may have suggestions about how to guide care, many of those recommendations are not implemented. Future research is needed to understand how to maximize the impact of PCCTs.
Regulatory circuits controlling enterococcal conjugation: lessons for functional genomics

The regulatory system controlling pheromone-induced plasmid transfer in Enterococcus faecalis is the most thoroughly studied genetic system of this species. Transcription initiation from the target promoter is controlled by a pheromone receptor/repressor protein whose activity is determined by its interaction with two peptide signaling molecules that compete for the same binding site, but have opposing effects on the activity of the receptor protein. For the system to function as a sensitive and robust biological switch, several additional levels of post-transcriptional regulation are also required. Expression of important functions encoded within the enterococcal core genome may also be controlled by multilayered regulatory circuitry. The pheromone system may serve as a useful paradigm to guide comprehensive functional genomic analysis of E. faecalis.
Trends in inmate classification:a status report of two computerized psychometric approaches

Trends in the classification of prison inmates—readily-scored objective models and computerized psychometric profiles—are discussed in the context of a status evaluation of two psychometric approaches: the Megargee MMPI Typology for federal inmates and the Eber Diagnostic and Risk Assessment Profile for state prison inmates. Testing of youthful offenders has demonstrated that the Megargee system differentiates 10 types of inmates that vary on a broad array of variables. Cross-validation attempts with other than federal youthful offenders have yielded mixed results. Recent studies suggest that the instrument is not effective as a predictor of inmate violence or aggression during incarceration. Test-retest reliability investigations reveal a marked instability and higher than anticipated changes in group membership. The most frequent application of the typology has been in making intrafacility housing assignments. The original validation sample of 3,323 “uncontaminated” cases of Georgia state prison inmates...
Cell-penetrating peptides and antibodies: a new direction for optimizing radioimmunotherapy

Owing to their highly specific recognition of cognate antigens, antibodies have long been dream vehicles for targeted therapy and have recently been used to deliver radionuclides, drugs, toxins, and enzymes. Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) is an attractive therapeutic modality that combines the specificity of antibodies to antigens with the toxicity of the radionuclides. Radiolabeled antibodies like Bexxar and Zevalin have been approved by the FDA and are being used successfully to treat hematological malignancies in clinics. Moreover, because of their ability to inhibit the functional activity of the target antigen, some antibodies are also being used as unarmed therapeutics for solid tumors. Examples of these antibodies in clinics are: Avastin, an anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody that is used in the therapy of colorectal cancer, and Herceptin, an antiHer2 antibody approved for the therapy of Her2-overexpressing metastatic breast and other cancers. For solid tumors, however, radiolabeled antibody-based therapeutics have had limited success, primarily owing to slow uptake, poor penetration, and inadequate retention. Recent research efforts have centered on the strategies to overcome these limitations and optimize tumor uptake of armed antibodies.
Vulnerability analysis For evaluating quality of protection of security policies

Evaluation of security policies, specifically access control policies, plays an important part in securing the network by ensuring that policies are correct and consistent. Quality of protection (QoP) of a policy depends on a number of factors. Thus it is desirable to have one unified score based on these factors to judge the quality of the policy and to compare policies. In this context, we present our method of calculating a metric based on a number of factors like the vulnerabilities present in the system, vulnerability history of the services and their exposure to the network, and traffic patterns. We measure the existing vulnerability by combining the severity scores of the vulnerabilities present in the system. We mine the National Vulnerability Database, NVD, provided by NIST, to find the vulnerability history of the services running on the system, and from the frequency and severity of the past vulnerabilities, we measure the historical vulnerability of the policy using a decay factor. In both cases, we take into account the exposure of the service to the network and the traffic volume handled by the service. Finally, we combine these scores into one unified score - the Policy Security Score.
Impacts of management on decomposition and the litter-carbon balance in irrigated and rainfed no-till agricultural systems

Abstract The litter carbon (C) pool of a single litter cohort in an agroecosystem is the difference between net primary productivity and decomposition and comprises 11–13% of the total C pool (litter and soil 0–15 cm depth) post-harvest. This litter-C pool is highly dynamic and up to 50% can be decomposed in the first 12 months of decomposition. Thus, understanding litter-C dynamics is key in understanding monthly and annual total ecosystem carbon dynamics. While the effects of management practices such as irrigation and fertilization on productivity are well understood, the effects on decomposition are less studied. While irrigation and fertilization increase productivity, this will only lead to increased litter-C residence time and litter-C pool accretion if these techniques do not also result in equivalent or greater increases in decomposition. Management could potentially have impacts on litter-C accretion by increasing litter inputs, changing plant-C allocation, plant tissue quality, or decomposition rates. We examined carbon loss of one annual cohort of maize litter using in situ nylon litter bags for 3 years in three no-till fields with differing management regimes: irrigated continuous maize with a pre-planting fertilization application and two fertigation events, irrigated maize–soybean rotation with the same fertilization regime as the irrigated continuous maize management regime, and rainfed maize–soybean rotation with a single pre-planting fertilization event. We addressed the effects of these different management regimes on net primary productivity and litter inputs, litter nitrogen (N) concentrations and carbon quality measures, plant C allocation, decomposition rates and the potential changes in the overall litter-C balance. We found that irrigation/fertigation management increased litter inputs, led to changes in plant tissue quality, had no effect on carbon allocation, and increased decomposition rates. This balance of both greater litter inputs and outputs of C from the irrigated management regimes led to a similar litter-C balance for this litter cohort in the irrigated and rainfed management regimes after 3 years of decomposition. Our data clearly show that merely increasing litter-C inputs through irrigation/fertigation practices is not sufficient to increase litter-C residence time because decomposition rates also increase. Therefore, close monitoring of decomposition rates is essential for understanding litter-C pool dynamics.
Vibrational and Raman-scattering properties of crystalline Ge 1 − x Si x alloys

First- and second-order Raman-scattering measurements have been performed in the crystalline ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Si}}_{x}$ alloy series from low frequencies (\ensuremath{\sim} 40 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$) to high frequencies (\ensuremath{\sim} 1100 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$). The second-order optical-like spectra indicate appreciable structure in the phonon density of states not predicted by the coherent-potential-approximation theory, but are in accord with recent cluster calculations. The first-order low-frequency acoustic spectra provide a direct identification of one-phonon disorder-induced scattering in semiconductors resulting from mass disorder. The optical-mode first-order spectra are interpreted in terms of $k\ensuremath{\simeq}0$ as well as density-of-states contributions. Comparison with the second-order spectra allows an estimate of the relative importance of the $k\ensuremath{\simeq}0$ and density-of-states contributions. The results indicate that the first-order scattering from the Ge-derived optical mode is primarily associated with the $k\ensuremath{\simeq}0$ component except at rather large values of $x$. Measurements at low frequencies and in the elastic continuum range also demonstrate an explicit frequency dependence of the Raman coupling parameter for the disorder-induced acoustic phonon scattering.
Predicting RNA pseudoknot folding thermodynamics

Based on the experimentally determined atomic coordinates for RNA helices and the self-avoiding walks of the P (phosphate) and C4 (carbon) atoms in the diamond lattice for the polynucleotide loop conformations, we derive a set of conformational entropy parameters for RNA pseudoknots. Based on the entropy parameters, we develop a folding thermodynamics model that enables us to compute the sequence-specific RNA pseudoknot folding free energy landscape and thermodynamics. The model is validated through extensive experimental tests both for the native structures and for the folding thermodynamics. The model predicts strong sequence-dependent helix-loop competitions in the pseudoknot stability and the resultant conformational switches between different hairpin and pseudoknot structures. For instance, for the pseudoknot domain of human telomerase RNA, a native-like and a misfolded hairpin intermediates are found to coexist on the (equilibrium) folding pathways, and the interplay between the stabilities of these intermediates causes the conformational switch that may underlie a human telomerase disease.
The Making of an Innovative Region from a Centrally Planned Economy: Institutional Evolution in Zhongguancun Science Park in Beijing

Literature on innovation regions has focused mostly on case studies in mature capitalist economies in North America and Europe, generating little knowledge of how innovation may take place in alternative institutional settings or how institutional transformation occurs in regions other than advanced capitalist economies. This paper traces the institutional evolution of Zhongguancun (ZGC), China's most prominent science and technology park, in the northwestern part of Beijing, in its pursuit of becoming China's own ‘Silicon Valley’. Created during the planned economy, ZGC has traveled a radically different trajectory compared with most high-tech regions in advanced countries. Since the mid-1980s, the area has been able to transform itself from a quiet Beijing suburb designated for scientific research and higher education into a bustling hub of global high-tech business. In this paper I examine the changing patterns of behavior and interaction among the Chinese state, Chinese technology firms, and multinati...
Detection, correlation, and visualization of attacks against critical infrastructure systems

Digital control systems are essential to the safe and efficient operation of a variety of industrial processes in sectors such as electric power, oil and gas, water treatment, and manufacturing. Modern control systems are increasingly connected to other control systems as well as to corporate systems. They are also increasingly adopting networking technology and system and application software from conventional enterprise systems. These trends can make control systems vulnerable to cyber attack, which in the case of control systems may impact physical processes causing environmental harm or injury. We present some results of the DATES (Detection and Analysis of Threats to the Energy Sector) project, wherein we adapted and developed several intrusion detection technologies for control systems. The suite of detection technologies was integrated and connected to a commercial security event correlation framework from ArcSight. We demonstrated the efficacy of our detection and correlation solution on two coupled testbed environments. We particularly focused on detection, correlation, and visualization of a network traversal attack, where an attacker penetrates successive network layers to compromise critical assets that directly control the underlying process. Such an attack is of particular concern in the layered architectures typical of control system implementations.
Modules for poisson algebras

Notions of Poisson module axe discussed with the goal of characterizing those noetherian Poisson algebras all of whose finitely generated Poisson modules are projective. 1991 MSC: 16R, 16W, 17B60.
Selective induction of c-Fos immunoreactivity in the prelimbic cortex during reinstatement of heroin seeking induced by acute food deprivation in rats

We previously reported that acute 1-day food deprivation reinstates heroin seeking in rats. The goal of the present study was to begin identifying brain sites potentially involved in this effect. For this purpose, we measured, by immunohistochemistry, the expression of c-Fos following a test for food deprivation-induced reinstatement. Groups of rats (n=9-10 per group) were trained to lever-press for heroin (0.05-0.1mg/kg/infusion) or saline for 10 days (9 h/day); each infusion was paired with a cue light. Rats were then given 10 days of extinction during which the heroin and saline syringes were removed. Next, a test for reinstatement was conducted after exposure to 0 (baseline) or 1-day food deprivation. During training, lever pressing for heroin increased over days, while responding for saline infusions paired with the cue light decreased over time. During extinction, responding on the heroin-paired lever decreased over time, while responding on the saline-paired lever remained low. In heroin-trained rats, food deprivation induced a large increase in responding on the lever associated with drug infusions. Surprisingly, food deprivation also modestly increased responding in the saline-trained rats. Food deprivation selectively increased c-Fos immunoreactivity (IR) in the prelimbic cortex of heroin-trained, but not saline-trained, rats (n=4 per condition). Food deprivation also increased c-Fos IR in both heroin- and saline-trained rats in the basolateral amygdala and the ventrolateral bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST), but had no effect on c-Fos expression in the dorsolateral BNST, cingulate cortex, nucleus accumbens, and central amygdala. These results raise the possibility that the prelimbic cortex is involved in food deprivation-induced reinstatement of heroin seeking.
Laser Ionization Studies of Gas Phase and Surface Adsorbed Molecules

Gas phase hydrocarbons are ionized using the output of UV excimer lasers and frequency doubled dye lasers. The ions generated are mass resolved and kinetic energy distributions of ejected photoelectrons are recorded. Information about the photochemistry and ion spectroscopy of benzaldehyde, benzene and toluene is derived. Molecules adsorbed to metal surfaces are also laser ionizable leading to distinctively sharp peaks in their laser induced time of flight mass spectra.
Miniature mass spectrometer for chemical sensing in homeland defense applications

A Miniature Mass Spectrometer (MMS) with an array detector has been developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). The spectrometer has a focal plane geometry, and an array detector that can measure the intensities of different masses simultaneously after their separation along the focal plane. In the past, the large mass, size and the lack of an array detector with high gain (such as an electron multiplier) did not allow the application of focal plane mass spectrometer to the measurement that required high sensitivity and portability. In the JPL developed-MMS, miniaturization has been accomplished by using rare earth magnet material and novelties in the design of the magnetic and electric sectors. A new ion detector was developed for the measurement of the intensities of different mass ions. The array detector is based on the conversion sequence of ions into electrons into photons and their final measurement by a photon array detector. MMS possesses high sensitivity, specificity, and fast response time and can be used as a universal chemical analyzer. It will find application in a variety of Home Defense tasks. MMS is presently being applied for the detection of propellants (hydrazine and its derivatives). The instrument will have a mass of 1-2 kg and consume a power of 2-4 W for operation
Ectopic expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 as a new mechanism for tumor immune evasion

Immune escape is an important reason why the immune system cannot control tumor growth, but how escape variants emerge during immunotherapy remains poorly understood. Here, we identify a new mechanism of tumor immune escape using an in vivo selection strategy. We generated a highly immune-resistant cancer cell line (P3) by subjecting a susceptible cancer cell line (P0/TC-1) to multiple rounds of in vivo immune selection. Microarray analysis of P0 and P3 revealed that vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) is up-regulated in the P3-resistant variant. Retroviral transfer of VCAM-1 into P0 significantly increased its resistance against a vaccine-induced immune response. Analysis of tumors showed a dramatic decrease in the number of tumor-infiltrating cluster of differentiation 8(+) (CD8(+)) T cells in the tumors expressing VCAM-1. In vitro transwell migration assays showed that VCAM-1 can promote the migration of CD8(+) T cells through its interaction with the alpha(4)beta(1) integrin. Site-directed mutagenesis of VCAM-1 at amino acid residues required for interaction with alpha(4)beta(1) integrin completely abolished the immune resistance conferred by VCAM-1 in vivo. Surface staining showed that most renal cell carcinomas (RCC) express VCAM-1, whereas an RCC that responded to vaccination was VCAM-1 negative. These data provide evidence that tumor expression of VCAM-1 represents a new mechanism of immune evasion and has important implications for the development of immunotherapy for human RCC.
Management of Bladder Diverticula

Bladder diverticula can be congenital or acquired. In adults, they are typically associated with bladder outlet obstruction but may also have iatrogenic causes; they are occasionally associated with bladder cancer. Although they are common in men with bladder obstruction, most diverticula are small and require no treatment other than that required for the outlet obstruction. Indications for surgery include recurrent urinary tract infections, stones, tumors, ureteral obstruction, and symptomatic incomplete bladder emptying. The type of surgery depends on a clear understanding of the degree to which the bladder diverticulum contributes to the patient’s condition based on cystoscopy, urodynamics, and upper tract imaging. Because of the increased incidence of bladder cancer, routine surveillance with cystoscopy and cytology has been recommended by some experts, but there are no clear guidelines regarding this. Surgical techniques in the management of bladder diverticula are evolving, especially with laparoscopy and robotics.
Development of a Method of Thymocyte Differentiation of Bone Marrow-Enriched CD34+CD38− Cells in Postnatal Allogeneic Cultured Thymic Epithelia to Evaluate Immunodeficiency Disorders

An in vitro model of CD34+CD38− stem cell (SC) differentiation in postnatal cultured thymic epithelia fragment (CTEF) cocultures is described. Sequential phenotypic analysis of the progeny of the SC-CTEF demonstrated predominantly thymocytes and minor populations of promyelocytes, monocytes and natural killer cells. Triple-positive CD3+CD4+CD8+, double-positive CD4+CD8+, and mature single-positive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, which were TCRαβ+, were identified indicating normal thymocyte maturation. In kinetic studies, mature single-positive CD4+ T cells increased from 29% of total cells at one week to 54% at four weeks of coculture. These findings demonstrate that coculture of bone marrow-derived SC and allogeneic cultured thymic epithelia in vitro results in continuous normal predominantly thymocyte differentiation. The SC-CTEF cocultures were then infected with two different strains of human immunodeficiency virus. CD4+ thymocytes were markedly decreased. However, inhibition of early thymocyte maturation steps was also suggested by the presence of increased triple-negative and CD44+CD25−CD3− thymocytes and decreased CD44+CD25+ thymocytes. This model system of thymocyte maturation will be useful in the evaluation of primary T cell immunodeficiency disorders, gene therapy of SC and pharmacological augmentation of thymic function.