cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Loss of KCNQ2 or KCNQ3 leads to multifocal time-varying activity in the neonatal forebrain ex vivo

Early neonatal epileptic encephalopathy represents a group of epilepsies often characterized by refractory seizures, regression in cognitive development, and typically poor prognosis. Dysfunction of KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 channels has emerged as a major cause of neonatal epilepsy. However, our understanding of the cellular mechanisms that may both explain the origins of epilepsy and inform treatment strategies for KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 dysfunction is still lacking. Here, using mesoscale calcium imaging and pharmacology, we demonstrate that in mouse neonatal brain slices, conditional loss of Kcnq2 from forebrain excitatory neurons (Pyr:Kcnq2 mice) or constitutive deletion of Kcnq3 leads to sprawling hyperactivity across the neocortex. Surprisingly, the generation of time-varying hypersynchrony in slices from Pyr:Kcnq2 mice does not require fast synaptic transmission. This is in contrast to control littermates and constitutive Kcnq3 knockout mice where activity is primarily driven by fast synaptic transmission in the neocortex. Unlike in the neocortex, hypersynchronous activity in the hippocampal formation from Kcnq2 conditional and Kcnq3 constitutive knockout mice persists in the presence of synaptic transmission blockers. Thus, we propose that loss of KCNQ2 or KCNQ3 function differentially leads to network hyperactivity across the forebrain in a region- and macro-circuit-specific manner. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neocortical hypersynchrony is a hallmark of neonatal epilepsy but its cellular mechanisms are unclear. This study shows that hypersynchrony in the neocortex can stem from the loss of KCNQ2 function in excitatory neurons even in the absence of fast synaptic transmission, unlike the hypersynchrony in response to KCNQ3 loss in the neocortex. This points to unique network dysfunctions involving potassium KCNQ2 channels as a mechanism for neonatal epilepsy.
Electronic structure of La Ni O 2 and Ca Cu O 2 from a self-consistent vertex-corrected G W approach

The electronic structure of one of the nickelates ($\mathrm{La}\mathrm{Ni}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$) and one of the cuprates ($\mathrm{Ca}\mathrm{Cu}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$) is studied with three self-consistent $GW$-based methods: $\mathrm{sc}GW$, $\mathrm{sc}(GW+\text{vertex})$, and quasiparticle self-consistent $GW$. Low-energy features obtained in our study are in many respects similar to the features reported in previous density functional theory plus dynamical mean-field theory ($\mathrm{DFT}+\mathrm{DMFT}$) studies. Consistent with the $\mathrm{DFT}+\mathrm{DMFT}$ conclusion, we find $\mathrm{La}\mathrm{Ni}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ to be more correlated than $\mathrm{Ca}\mathrm{Cu}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$. However, correlation effects included in our study change the DFT Fermi surface near the $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}$ point differently from that reported in DMFT studies. Features that are a few electronvolts away from the Fermi level are broader in our calculations than in the $\mathrm{DFT}+\mathrm{DMFT}$, which reflects the differences between the DFT and the $GW$ methods. Our results are in qualitative agreement with previous $G0W0$ results, but the self-consistency results in quantitative differences. Generally, correlation effects are found to be sufficiently weak in both materials, which allows one to use totally ab initio diagrammatic approaches such as $\mathrm{sc}(GW+\text{vertex})$ and to avoid the methods with adjustable parameters ($\mathrm{DFT}+\mathrm{U}$ or $\mathrm{DFT}+\mathrm{DMFT}$). However, the possibility of some strong correlations at low energy that cannot be captured by perturbative methods cannot be completely excluded. For instance, differences in the Fermi surface should be resolved, thus experimental studies are necessary.
Hidden Broad Line Seyfert 2 Galaxies in the CfA and 12micron Samples

We report the results of a spectropolarimetric survey of the CfA and 12micron samples of Seyfert 2 galaxies (S2s). Polarized (hidden) broad line regions (HBLRs) are confirmed in a number of galaxies, and several new cases (F02581-1136, MCG -3-58-7, NGC 5995, NGC 6552, NGC 7682) are reported. The 12micron S2 sample shows a significantly higher incidence of HBLR (50%) than its CfA counterpart (30%), suggesting that the latter may be incomplete in hidden AGNs. Compared to the non-HBLR S2s, the HBLR S2s display distinctly higher radio power relative to their far-infrared output and hotter dust temperature as indicated by the f25/f60 color. However, the level of obscuration is indistinguishable between the two types of S2. These results strongly support the existence of two intrinsically different populations of S2: one harboring an energetic, hidden S1 nucleus with BLR, and the other, a ``pure S2'', with weak or absent S1 nucleus and a strong, perhaps dominating starburst component. Thus, the simple purely orientation-based unification model is not applicable to all Seyfert galaxies.
Catholic Education and the Formation of Conscience

Before all else, Catholic schools are “a place to encounter the living God who in Jesus Christ reveals his transforming love and truth. This relationship elicits a desire to grow in the knowledge and understanding of Christ and his teaching.” Accordingly, Catholic schools are called to assist in the formation and development of their students’ moral conscience. This, in turn, necessitates an inclusive environment; one that emphasizes human dignity in all its forms. This Essay proceeds in two parts. Part I provides a short reflection on the Catholic Church’s commitment to inclusive education. Part II then discusses how this commitment relates to the mission of Notre Dame Law School, as well as some of the values that should continue to be emphasized. Ultimately, the Essay makes one simple point—when building a more inclusive environment, Notre Dame Law School should continue to emphasize the formation of conscience, which lies at the heart of its identity as a Catholic school.
Serving the Common Good in the Age of Commerce: Adam Smith and the Principle of Focalism

In one sense benevolence does not play an overarching role in Adam Smith’s political economy; but in another sense it does. The framework of Smith’s political economy presupposes a commitment to the common good. But he understands that the common good is often furthered when it is not the focal object of our daily pursuits. I draw this understanding out of Smith’s discussion of “universal benevolence” in the final edition of the Theory of Moral Sentiments. In that context Smith develops a principle I call “focalism”, which morally authorizes individuals to focus their attention on those they have sufficient knowledge and ability to aid. Focalism flows out of a line of thought present in Shaftesbury, Hutcheson, Butler, and Kames. Political economy complements Smith’s focalism. We can view focalism as an organizing practical moral principle across Smith’s thought that sheds light on the ethical framework within which his political economy sits.
Delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 system for screening and editing RNA binding proteins in cancer.

Abstract RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play an important role in RNA metabolism, regulating the stability, localization, and functional dynamics of RNAs. Alternation in the RBP-RNA network has profound implications in cellular physiology, and is related to the development and spread of cancer in certain cases. To regulate the expression of specific genes and their biological activities, various strategies have been applied to target RBPs for cancer treatments, including small-molecule inhibitors, small-interfering RNA, peptides, and aptamers. Recently, the deployment of the CRISPR-Cas9 technology has provided a new platform for RBP screening and regulation. This review summarizes the delivery systems of the CRISPR-Cas9 system and their role in RBP-based cancer therapeutics, including identification of novel RBPs and regulation of cancer-associated RBPs. The efficient delivery of the CRISPR-Cas9 system is important to the profound understanding and clinical transition of RBPs as cancer therapeutic targets.
Omics Era in Stem Cell Research: Data Integration of Multi-regulatory Layers

Embryonic stem cells have two unique properties: self-renewal and pluripotency (Chen and Daley, Hum Mol Genet 17:R23–R27, 2008; Jaenisch and Young, Cell 132:567–582, 2008). Self-renewal allows stem cells to generate unlimited copies of them, whereas pluripotency is the capacity to differentiate into any tissue. These two properties make embryonic stem cell research exciting for potential use in therapeutic applications (Murry and Keller, Cell 132:661–680, 2008). The transition of embryonic stem cells, from an uncommitted state to a differentiated state, involves the global execution of specific programs requiring changes in the various intra-cellular regulatory layers involving the transcriptome, the proteome, the epigenome and the methylome. During these changes, pluripotency factors are silenced and lineage-specific programs are activated in an orchestrated fashion. In this chapter we review recent efforts of studying the different regulatory layers involved in embryonic stem cells early differentiation. We describe in detail different techniques used for analysing of each regulatory layer. These techniques involve the handling of large amount of data and require the use of powerful informatics tools.
A Study of Pole Placement in Linear Control Design

The design of linear control by pole placement in continuous time domain formulation has been investigated by many researchers. Numerous techniques have been proposed for the design of a proportional feedback law so that closed loop poles can be specified a priori. However, because many industrial processes are large dimensional systems with many states but very few measurements and controls, the number of poles that can be specified is severely limited. In practice, exact placement of the poles is not important but that all the poles must be placed to the left of the complex plane. This paper desribes a simple technique which generates a series of feedback laws that progressively shift the closed loop poles into 'faster response' region of the complex plane. The designer simply chooses one of these laws based on other considerations. It is demonstrated that the method is simple and effective in arriving at a suitable feedback control of a distillation column.
Multiple pregnancies at the Chicago Lying-in Hospital, 1941 to 1947

Abstract In the six and one-half year period prior to July 1, 1947, there were 22,943 deliveries at the Chicago Lying-in Hospital. Among these there were 257 multiple pregnancies, an incidence of 1:91 for twins and 1:4,580 for triplets. The mean birth weight in this series was 2,354 Gm. The mean length of gestation for twin pregnancies was 256.7 days and for multiple pregnancies (including triplets) in which the combined weight of the babies was over 5,000 Gm. is 271.2 days. The mortality for all infants and fetuses weighing more than 1,000 Gm. was 8.2 per cent and for those over 2,500 Gm. was 1.6 per cent. The mortality for single infants born in this hospital during the same period was 2.5 per cent over 1,000 Gm. and 1.6 per cent over 2,500 Gm. The mean ratio between the weight of the placenta and the combined birth weight of the twins was 1:6.7, a ratio only slightly different from that of 1:7 found for single infants. The twins associated with 48 monochorionic placentas were of the same sex in 46; of different sexes in 2. Those associated with dichorionic placentas were of the same sex in 92, of different sexes in 70. The incidence of pre-eclamptic and hypertensive toxemia in this series was 21 per cent, in comparison to approximately 8 per cent for all deliveries. Postpartum hemorrhage and polyhydramnios also occurred more frequently than in single pregnancies. Prematurity was the most important cause of death in this series of twin infants. Polyhydramnios, placenta previa, and abruptio placentae were the maternal complications most commonly associated with fetal mortality.
Upper and mid-mantle anisotropy beneath the Tonga slab

] Measurements of source‐side splitting in S waves fromevents within the Tonga slab reveal anisotropy in the upperand mid‐mantle beneath the slab. We observed splitting forevents originating at both upper mantle and transition zonedepths. Anisotropic fast directions ( ) are trench parallel orsub‐parallel for both upper mantle and transition zoneevents.Delaytimes(dt)decreasewithdepthforuppermantleevents. The source of anisotropy for the upper mantle eventsis likely in the sub‐slab mantle, and is likely indicative oftrench parallel flow due to slab rollback. The source ofanisotropy for the deeper earthquakes is more difficult toconstrain, but the pattern of splitting measurements arguesfor an uppermost lower mantle anisotropic source, and slabinduced deformation may be responsible for this anisotropyas well. Additional constraints from mineral physics studiesare necessary to interpret the mid‐mantle anisotropy signalin terms of geodynamical processes.
recA-independent DNA recombination between repetitive sequences: mechanisms and implications.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the distinct features of recA -independent recombination among repetitive sequences in bacteria, with special emphasis on replicational models and their implications in related processes such as genome rearrangement and gene amplification in eukaryotic cells. In Escherichia coli , general (or homologous) recombination typically involves extensive stretches of sequence homology and is dependent on the RecA protein and other recombination functions. Site-specific recombination occurs at highly preferred sites and requires special proteins other than RecA and other activities involved in general recombination. Intramolecular reciprocal exchange among direct repeats can lead to the deletion of one of the repeats and any intervening sequence, whereas intermolecular unequal crossover can result in deletion in one of the products and addition in the other. These processes can be accomplished by RecA-mediated general homologous recombination. It has been shown that efficient recA -independent recombination can also occur at direct repeats, resulting in deletion and addition, which are sometimes accompanied by other rearrangement(s). recA -independent recombination is most efficient when the direct repeats are in close proximity and it can form products different from that of recA -dependent homologous recombination.
Intra-Nets: open messaging technology and opportunities for user driven information spaces

The growth of privately held networks (dedicated to specific business and organizational goals) and the migration of Internet style technologies to these networks has been substantial in recent years. This situation has created unique opportunities and challenges to professionals working in this "intra-net" environment. This paper describes some of the technical foundations, unique characteristics and some early results of deploying systems in that environment. It provides an overview for some of the unique characteristics of hypermedia based client server applications on these networks, as well as an introduction to the issues and opportunities within the intra-net environment. Topics addressed include; message based services, "out of band" mail handling, security issues, collaborative opportunities and developing custom information.
Burden of Proof

The term “burden of proof” is defined as “a party's duty to prove a disputed assertion or charge.” The burden of proof may also be defined as the duty upon one party to establish the truth of an issue that is important to the case by the quantum of evidence demanded by law. Black's Law Dictionary notes that the burden of proof also includes both the burden of persuasion and the burden of production. The burden of persuasion means that one party must convince the judge or jury to see the facts in a manner that favors the party who introduced the evidence, while the burden of production means that the party has a duty to introduce evidence to attempt to prove a particular point or issue. In a criminal case, the burden of proof means that the prosecution has the duty of proving the guilt of the accused beyond a reasonable doubt. This duty or burden never shifts during the course of the trial but remains with the prosecution throughout the trial. The emphasis is on the ultimate result rather than on individual issues or questions within the case.
Typen der Krankheit Epilepsie

Epileptische Anfalle sind Anfallsereignisse, die durch eine Entladung kleinerer oder groserer Nervenzellgruppen zustande kommen. Abhangig von deren Lokalisation sind die verschiedensten Symptome bzw. Anfallstypen zu beobachten.
Community Studies in Latin America

Community studies that appeared in the 1940s and 1950s identified the major human settlement forms of the Latin American hinterlands, their characteristic subsistence ecologies, the social and ideological structures that transmitted these from generation to generation, and something of the political economy to which they adapted. From these classics emerged typologies based mainly on internal, local, small-scale folk traditions and conditions and to a lesser extent the external, large-scale urban traditions and conditions that fostered them (Wagley and Harris 1955; Wolf 1955; Arensberg 1955, 1959; Aguirre Beltrin 1967). In the 1960s, a new crop of anthropologists reported back from the field that the major community traditions of Latin America were understood not only as adaptations to local conditions, but increasingly as responses to national and international political economies directed by powerful public and private corporate groups. These are "nodal institutions," to use Arensberg's (1968) generic term for the urban, created, and manipulated environments to which communities adapted specifically, law, administrative hierarchy, budget and policy. Examples include community-level adaptations to urban markets and infrastructure (Cancian 1965, 1972), agrarian reform (Carter 1965), public education programs (Moore 1973), politics of multinational business corporations (Beckford 1972), new town planning (Peattie 1968), and a host of others.
Prevalence of gallbladder disease among persons with hepatitis C virus infection in the United States

Although cirrhosis is a known risk factor for gallstones, little is known about gallbladder disease (GBD) in individuals with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We determined the association between chronic HCV infection and GBD in a representative sample of adults in the United States. Data on HCV infection and GBD were available for 13,465 persons 20 to 74 years of age who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The presence of GBD (gallstones or cholecystectomy) was determined using abdominal ultrasonography, and HCV infection was assessed via a positive HCV antibody test and a positive HCV RNA test. Overall, 1.6% of adults (95% CI, 1.1-2.1) had chronic HCV infection and 12.5% (95% CI, 11.3-13.7) had GBD. After adjusting for potential confounding variables, the odds of gallstones (OR = 3.20; 95% CI, 1.08-9.45) and cholecystectomy (OR = 4.57; 95% CI, 1.57-13.27) among HCV-positive men was significantly higher compared with HCV-negative men. In contrast, the adjusted odds of gallstones (OR = 2.55; 95% CI, 0.58-11.25) and cholecystectomy (OR = 0.70; 95% CI, 0.21-2.37) among HCV-positive women was not significantly higher. The odds of GBD increased significantly with the severity of liver disease as assessed via elevated serum bilirubin levels and low levels of serum albumin and platelets. In conclusion, chronic HCV infection was strongly associated with GBD among men but not women in the United States, and GBD was more common in adults with severe liver disease.
NADPH dependent epoxidation of methyl farnesoate to juvenile hormone in the cockroach Blaberus giganteus L.

Abstract Corpora allata and corpora allata homogenates from the cockroach Blaberus giganteus are able to convert tritium labeled trans, trans -methyl farnesoate into insect juvenile hormone III. The epoxidation appears to be enzymatic occurring largely in the 100,000 g precipitate or microsomal fraction of corpora allata homogenates. The epoxidation is NADPH dependent, requires molecular oxygen and is inhibited by carbon monoxide, methylene blue, SKF 525A, and piperonyl butoxide.
Effects of insulin and 2-deoxy-D-glucose administration on CNS IGF-II content

In order to determine whether effects of insulin on central nervous system (CNS) insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) content are direct or whether they are due to insulin-induced glucoprivation, short-term (2 h) time course studies were conducted utilizing the glucoprivic agent 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG). Insulin (2 U/kg b.wt.), 2-DG (500 mg/kg b.wt.) or vehicle were administered to Sprague-Dawley rats (350-450 kg) and groups of animals were killed at time 0 and 15, 30, 45, 60, and 120 min following injection. Specific hypothalamic and hindbrain regions obtained by microdissection, were analyzed for IGF-II content by RIA. Insulin and 2-DG exerted similar effects on IGF-II content in the dorsomedial hypothalamus and the paraventricular nucleus. These data suggest that IGF-II was primarily regulated by glucoprivation in these regions. Only 2-DG altered ventromedial hypothalamic IGF-II content, and opposite responses to the two agents were observed in the arcuate nucleus. This uncoupling of IGF-II response suggests that differences in peripheral vs. central signals for IGF-II secretion may be involved. The vagal complex was responsive only to insulin injection indicating a specific response that may be tied to sensory vagal function.
Stereochemical requirements of α2-adrenergic receptors for α-methyl substituted phenethylamines

Abstract The α 1 - and α 2 -adrenergic effects of the stereoisomers of α-methyl-dopamine were evaluated in guinea pig aorta and field-stimulated guinea pig ileum, respectively, in order to establish the stereochemical requirements of these receptors for α-methyl substituted phenethylamines. The α 1 -adrenergic receptor did not distinguish between the stereoisomers of α-methyldopamine which is in marked contrast to the α 2 -adrenergic receptor where a dramatic stereochemical preference for the 2S(+)-isomer was observed. In addition, 2R(−)-α-methyldopamine displayed no α-receptor subtype specificity whereas 2S(+)-α-methyldopamine was highly selective (23 fold) for the α 2 -adrenergic receptor. These results indicate that the α 2 -adrenergic receptor can recognize and accept methyl substituents at the α-carbon atom of phenethylamines when correctly oriented, while the α 1 -adrenergic receptor cannot. Thus, the α-carbon atom is a major determinant of the α 2 -adrenergic effects of phenethylamines, and plays an important role in determining α-receptor subtype specificity. It is hypothesized that the α 2 -adrenergic receptor (but not α 1 ) has an additional recognition site which will accomodate α-substituted phenethylamines.
Bladder displacement due to dilated veins.

The authors report three children who demonstrated unilateral displacement of the urinary bladder associated with acute iliofemoral vein thrombosis. The displacement is caused by dilated collateral veins. The anatomic considerations are discussed. Other causes for bladder displacement are listed.
Atrial natriuretic factor induced phosphorylation of human placental membrane protein: An effect mimicked by guanosine 3′: 5′-cyclic monophosphate

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) specifically stimulated the endogenous phosphorylation of a protein band in an isolated membrane fraction of human placenta. The apparent molecular weight of the substrate protein as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is 160–170, 000. In the same membrane fraction, ANF also stimulated guanylate cyclase activity in a dose-dependent manner. Guanosine 3′: 5′-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP), added to the membrane fraction in lieu of ANF, also stimulated the phosphorylation of several protein bands, one of which have the same apparent molecular weight as the one stimulated by ANF. In contrast, adenosine 3′: 5′-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) at a similar concentration and hormones such as angiotensin II, insulin and vasopressin had no effect on the phosphorylation state of this protein band. The finding that ANF alters the phosphorylation state of a certain membrane protein and that this effect is mimicked by cyclic-GMP suggests that at least some of the biological action of ANF may be mediated by the phosphorylation of membrane protein involving a cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase.
Treatment of retinal capillary hemangioma.

Abstract Objective To report on the methods of treatment and the visual outcome of eyes with retinal capillary hemangioma (RCH). Design Retrospective consecutive noncomparative case series. Participants Data on 68 patients with RCH were reviewed for the methods of treatment and visual outcome. Methods Statistical analysis using cumulative multinomial logistic regression (generalized estimating equations) was performed to determine significant predictors of visual outcome. Results Among 68 patients with RCH with von Hippel-Lindau disease (n = 31) and without von Hippel-Lindau disease (n = 37), we identified 174 RCH in 86 eyes. The overall median age at diagnosis of RCH was 30.8 years (range, 2.8–73.8 years). The RCH was bilateral in 18 cases (26%), and a family history of von Hippel-Lindau disease was positive in 19 cases (28%). Twenty-nine of the tumors (17%) touched the optic disc and were classified as juxtapapillary RCH, and the remaining 145 (83%) were extrapapillary in location. Ninety-nine (58%) RCH were 1.5 mm or smaller in size. The RCH were initially managed by observation (46%), laser photocoagulation (25%), or cryotherapy (23%). Small RCH (≤1.5 mm in size; 63 of 99; 64%) and those touching the optic disc (14 of 29; 48%) were more likely to be initially observed. Sixty-three (82%) of the 77 RCH that were initially observed remained stable for a median follow-up of 84 months. The remaining 14 progressed and were successfully controlled with laser photocoagulation or cryotherapy. Either laser photocoagulation or cryotherapy was effective as the sole method of treatment in controlling 74% (26 of 35) and 72% (28 of 39) of extrapapillary tumors, with a mean number of 1.2 and 1.1 sessions, respectively. In a multivariate model, the only variables that were significantly related to final vision of ≤ 20/400 were poor initial vision ( P = 0.01, odds ratio [OR], 8.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7,42) and the presence of retinal/vitreous hemorrhage ( P = 0.024, OR, 5.7; 95% CI, 1.3, 25.6). Conclusions RCH can be safely observed initially in selected cases. Laser photocoagulation and cryotherapy are the mainstays of treatment in most cases. Early detection of RCH and treatment before the onset of severe visual loss is recommended.
The relationship between African Self-Consciousness, Cultural Misorientation, Hypermasculinity, and Rap Music Preference

The present study investigated whether the type of rap music listened to by African American males was dependent on their worldview. In this study, 72 African-American males completed measures of African Self-Consciousness (ASC), Cultural Misorientation (CM), Hypermasculinity (HM), and a Rap Music Preference Index developed specifically for this study. It was expected that preferences for different types of rap music would vary according to levels of ASC, CM, and HM. It is proposed that a strong ASC may serve as a buffer that limits the amount of exposure to rap lyrics that distort perceptions of African-American masculinity, and may redirect the interests of African-American males towards culturally affirmative experiences.
Heat Transfer Coefficients and Film Cooling Effectiveness on the Squealer Tip of a Gas Turbine Blade

Experimental investigations were performed to measure the detailed heat transfer coefficients and film cooling effectiveness on the squealer tip of a gas turbine blade in a five-bladed linear cascade. The blade was a two-dimensional model of a first stage gas turbine rotor blade with a profile of the GE-E 3 aircraft gas turbine engine rotor blade. The test blade had a squealer (recessed) tip with a 4.22% recess. The blade model was equipped with a single row of film cooling holes on the pressure side near the tip region and the tip surface along the camber line. Hue detection based transient liquid crystals technique was used to measure heat transfer coefficients and film cooling effectiveness. All measurements were done for the three tip gap clearances of 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.5% of blade span at the two blowing ratios of 1.0 and 2.0. The Reynolds number based on cascade exit velocity and axial chord length was 1.1×10 6 and the total turning angle of the blade was 97. 9 deg. The overall pressure ratio was 1.2 and the inlet and exit Mach numbers were 0.25 and 0.59, respectively. The turbulence intensity level at the cascade inlet was 9.7%. Results showed that the overall heat transfer coefficients increased with increasing tip gap clearance, but decreased with increasing blowing ratio. However, the overall film cooling effectiveness increased with increasing blowing ratio. Results also showed that the overall film cooling effectiveness increased but heat transfer coefficients decreased for the squealer tip when compared to the plane tip at the same tip gap clearance and blowing ratio conditions.
Elemental mercury in the appendix: an unusual complication of a Mexican-American folk remedy.

Background: Ingestion of small amounts of elemental mercury is generally thought to be harmless. However, in 4 previously reported cases, ingested mercury became sequestered in the appendix, causing appendicitis in one. We present a case in which elemental mercury was administered as a Mexican-American folk remedy for abdominal pain and became sequestered in the appendix. Case Report: A 10-year-old Hispanic male presented with 3 days of right-sided abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, and malaise. On admission, his temperature was 41.5°C and he had right abdominal tenderness. Urinalysis showed 3 WBCs, 9 RBCs, occasional bacteria, and 1 + protein. An abdominal CT scan suggested right focal pyelonephritis, but also showed multiple intraabdominal metallic densities. On further questioning, the family admitted giving him elemental mercury as a remedy for “empacho.” He was treated with intravenous ampicillin/sulbactam and gentamicin for a focal pyelonephritis. Because of mercury remaining in the gastrointestinal t...
A Polygon-to-Rectangle Conversion Algorithm

Reduced data storage, simplified data, and faster plotting of designs on graphics displays?this algorithm has much to offer for IC mask making and CAD applications.
Note on Information Transfer Rates in Human Communication

Information-transfer (IT) rates in bits/sec were estimated for a variety of methods of human communication and modalities of reception. Using previously published data, a range of communication rates for which transmission is highly accurate was established for each method and modality. These communication rates were converted into a normalized unit of transmission (words/sec). The normalized units were then converted into estimates of IT rate (bits/sec) using Shannon's (1951) calculations of the information content of a single letter of the alphabet. Maximal estimates of IT rates of roughly 40 to 60 bits/sec are observed for speech (through audition) and for reading and sign language (through vision). Maximal rates roughly 50 percent lower are obtained for reading through the tactual sense. Estimates of IT rates for motor output tasks are also considered. A close correspondence is generally observed between IT rates for receiving a given display and IT rates for the motor output task required for producing the display. These results have implications for the design of synthetic-environment systems and the displays and controls to be used in these systems, by providing examples of communication rates that have been achieved by humans in the area of language communication.
Phonotactic responses and selectivity of barking treefrogs (Hyla gratiosa) to chorus sounds

1. We tested the long-standing hypothesis that female frogs are attracted to the sound of a chorus of conspecific males from a distance. We studied the barking treefrog (Hyla gratiosa) because the location of choruses is unpredictable; thus, chorus sound indicates the presence of conspecific males as well as the location of a suitable breeding site. 2. We measured the sound pressure level (SPL in dB re 20 μPa) in the 500 Hz octave band at various distances from choruses. The primary spectral peak in the advertisement call of this species is 400–500 Hz. 3. The pattern of chorus sound attenuation in the 500 Hz band at two different sites was very similar and generally followed the pattern expected from geometrical spreading from a point source (Fig. 3). At one of the sites the SPL measured near ground level was always higher than that at a point 1 m above the ground (Fig. 3). 4. Spectral analyses of the chorus sound at different distances showed that the low-frequency spectral peak in the range of 400–500 Hz was a prominent component, especially at 80–160 m (Figs. 1, 4). Amplitude peaks that corresponded to individual calls ofH. gratiosa and other species were also evident in oscillograms of recordings made at 160 m (Fig. 1). 5. Gravid females oriented and moved toward a source of conspecific chorus sounds (originally recorded at 160 m from the pond) played back at 38–40 dB SPL in the 500 Hz octave band (Fig. 1, Table 1). Background noise levels were 43–47 dB SPL (C-weighted) and 24–25 dB SPL in the 500 Hz octave band. 6. In a two-stimulus, choice experiment, females ofH. gratiosa always chose the source of a mixed chorus (H. gratiosa andH. cinerea) sound with conspecific males to a source of a pure chorus sound ofH. cinerea (Fig. 2, Table 2).
The properties of dielectrics. I. Electric moment and molecular structure

AT the request of the Committee on Insulation under the Chairmanship of Dr. J. B. Whitehead, Division of Engineering, National Research Council, a summary of the theoretical aspects of certain of the properties of dielectrics has been prepared. The present contribution aims to present a 1)rief survey of the relations between the electric moments, polarizations, and molecular structures of substances. Faraday 1 concluded that " the particles of an insulating dielectric whilst under induction may be compared . . . to a series of small insulated conductors" and further concluded that each of these conductors consisted of a single molecule which could be polarized as a whole. When this polarization occurs, one side of the molecule acquires a positive charge and the opposite side a negative charge of equal size, so that the molecule as a whole is neutral. This pair of charges, being at only a small distance apart, may be regarded as forming a small doublet or dipole, the size of which is measured by its moment, the product of either charge by the distance between the two charges. Mossotti 2 treated the idea of Faraday mathematical ly and Clausius :" later developed a relation similar to that of Mossotti. Their conclusions are elnbodied in the so-called Clmtsius-Mossotti equation,
The Olfactory Nerve and Not the Trigeminal Nerve Is the Major Site of CNS Entry for Mouse Hepatitis Virus, Strain JHM

Several viruses, including mouse hepatitis virus strain JHM (MHV-JHM), enter the brain after intranasal inoculation and spread transneuronally to other parts of the central nervous system (CNS). Both the olfactory and trigeminal nerves innervate the nasal cavity and are potential portals of virus entry into the CNS. To evaluate the relative importance of each nerve for MHV infection, mice were infected under conditions that discriminated between trigeminal and olfactory nerve entry. When olfactory nerve entry was selectively eliminated by surgical removal of both olfactory bulbs or by chemical destruction of the olfactory epithelium, MHV-JHM spread into the CNS was completely prevented. On the other hand, direct inoculation into the olfactory bulb, which eliminates all entry via the trigeminal nerve, had no effect on the pattern of virus infection. Thus MHV-JHM enters the CNS via the olfactory nerve after intranasal inoculation while entry via the trigeminal nerve is an insignificant part of this process.
Studies of solvation free energies of methylammoniums and irregular basicity ordering of methylamines in aqueous solution by a combined discrete-continuum model

The solvation free energies of MenNH4-n+ (n = 0, 1, 2, and 3) have been computed by means of a combined discrete-continuum model, in which the ionic solute and the solvent molecules in the first layers around the hydrogen atoms or protons bonded to the nitrogen atom are treated quantum mechanically and the remaining solvent is simulated by a continuum model. The results show that the discrete-continuum model can predict the solvation free energies of charged species within the chemical accuracy. On the basis of the computed solvation free energies, we further explore the nature of the irregular order in basicity of a series of methylamines in aqueous solution. Analyses reveal that the short-range solute−solvent interactions play a very important role in the inversion of basicity.
The dynamics of quantifiable homeostasis. III: A linear model of certain metrical diseases

A generalization of the linear, lagged, homeostatic process shows that whether a displacement of the trait function dies out with time, continues indefinitely, or shows a steadily amplifying (wild) oscillation depends on the value assumed by the product of the lag time and the restoration constant. Moreover, it is shown that if a steady displacing force is used rather than an instantaneous displacement, a new homing value results which is given by the ratio of the displacing force to the restoration coefficient. Combining these two developments furnishes grounds for determining whether or not an overshoot will occur when administration of a drug is stopped (for instance, the rebound thrombosis on discontinuing heparin). Further developments of these ideas show how the diabetes that begins in mature patients can be wholly accounted for by the well-known prolongation of the lag in insulin response that occurs in that disorder. If wild oscillation is to be avoided as the lag time increases, the restoration constant must be weakened (evidently by a systematic reduction in insulin receptors) and this weakening means that the homing value is displaced. Thus the hyperglycemia in this diabetes is to be seen as the price paid for avoiding wild oscillation. Provided that the therapeutic use of exogenous insulin is systematic and regular, rather than cybernetic, its success where endogenous (cybernetic) insulin secretion has failed is readily understood. The point is illustrated by a familiar analogy of a car driver with slow responses. The genetic and evolutionary implications of these ideas are outlined.
Cardiovascular and adrenal proliferative lesions in Fischer 344 rats induced by long-term treatment with type III phosphodiesterase inhibitors (positive inotropic agents), isomazole and indolidan.

Abstract Male and female Fischer 344 rats were treated with the positive inotropic agents, isomazole or indolidan, in the diet for 104 weeks. The doses were 0.0, 11.5, 23.5, or 48.0 mg/kg and 0.0, 0.12, 0.40, or 1.3 mg/kg, respectively. Only 17% of the males treated with 48.0 mg/kg isomazole survived the duration of the study. The male component of the indolidan study was terminated at 22 months, with only 18% of the high-dose males surviving. Sixty-five percent of the males treated with 48.0 mg/kg isomazole and 70% of the males treated with 1.3 mg/kg indolidan were found to have severe periateritis, often with thrombi located mainly in the mesenteric arteries. Fifty-four percent of the male rats treated with 48.0 mg/kg isomazole and 55% of the male rats treated with 1.3 mg/kg indolidan died from cardiovascular disease compared to 1–2% among the control males. Animals in the low- and middle-dose groups of both studies had a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease than did those in the high-dose group. Additional lesions associated with the long-term administration of both drugs were markedly increased incidence of adrenal medullary proliferative lesions (both hyperplasia and pheochromocytomas) and increased incidence of chronic progressive glomerulonephrosis. These lesions, like those in the cardiovascular system, occurred in a dose-dependent manner and were more frequent in males than in females. Treatment-related effects in these studies were judged to be related to the pharmacologic action of these compounds.
Knockdown of autophagy enhances the innate immune response in hepatitis C virus-infected hepatocytes.

HCV infection affects nearly 3.3 million people and is the most common cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the United States (1). The current approved therapy for treatment of HCV is pegylated interferon in combination with ribavirin (2, 3). Although several advances have shown promises in improving the management of HCV infection, nevertheless it remains a major health problem (4–6). HCV is a member of the Flaviviridae family, and its genome contains a positive-strand RNA of approximately 9.6 kb long. HCV genome encodes a polyprotein precursor of about 3,000 amino acids, which is cleaved by both viral and host proteases into structural (core, E1, E2, and p7) and nonstructural (NS2, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A, and NS5B) proteins. HCV infected cells accumulate lipid droplets and play an important role in the assembly of virus particles (7–9). Autophagy is a catabolic process by which the cells remove their own damaged organelles and long lived proteins for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. During autophagy, the double membrane vesicles engulf the damaged organelles and eventually fuse with the lysosomes for degradation. Autophagy is upregulated in response to extra- or intracellular-stress and signals, such as starvation, growth factor deprivation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and pathogen infection (10, 11). Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and their survival is linked to their ability to subvert cellular antiviral defenses and to regulate cellular processes necessary for their own replication. We have shown that HCV genotype 1a or genotype 2a infection induces autophagy in IHH (12). Autophagy induction was subsequently reported with HCV genotype 1b or genotype 2a subgenomic replicon or infection with HCV genotype 2a (clone JFH1) in Huh7.5 cells (13–16). Although HCV induced autophagy is established, whether autophagy helps in host cell survival or is beneficial for HCV multiplication remains unknown. Some of the viruses, such as cytomegalovirus, Kaposi’s Sarcoma associated herpes virus, and human herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), have evolved strategies to suppress autophagy for their own survival (17). In HSV-1 infection, ICP34.5 protein suppresses autophagy by binding to Beclin1 and blocks initiation of autophagy (18). Certain viruses, such as mouse hepatitis virus, poliovirus, coxsackievirus, and dengue virus, exploit the elements of autophagy system for their own replication (19). In mammalian system, Beclin1 recruits other autophagy proteins to initiate the formation of pre-autophagosomal membrane. ATG7 is required in conjunction with ATG12 and ATG5 to form autophagosomes. We have reported previously that HCV infection induces Beclin1 expression (12). In this study, we have demonstrated that HCV infection in autophagy knockdown cells activates IFN signaling pathway and apoptosis.
Quadratic dynamics in binary number systems

We describe the quadratic dynamics in certain two-component number systems, which like the complex numbers, can be expressed as rings of two by two real matrices. This description is accomplished using the properties of the real quadratic family and its derivative. We also demonstrate that the Mandelbrot set for any of these systems may be defined in two equivalent ways that are analogous to the two characterizations of the usual complex Mandelbrot set.
The Psychological Harms of Screening: the Evidence We Have Versus the Evidence We Need

BACKGROUND Systematic reviews for the US Preventive Services Task Force have found less high-quality evidence on psychological than physical harms of screening. To understand the extent of evidence on psychological harms, we developed an evidence map that quantifies the distribution of evidence on psychological harms for five adult screening services. We also note gaps in the literature and make recommendations for future research.
Atmospheric Imaging Assembly Observations of Coronal Loops: Cross-field Temperature Distributions

We construct revised response functions for the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) using the new atomic data, ionization equilibria, and coronal abundances available in CHIANTI 7.1. We then use these response functions in multithermal analysis of coronal loops, which allows us to determine a specific cross-field temperature distribution without ad hoc assumptions. Our method uses data from the six coronal filters and the Monte Carlo solutions available from our differential emission measure (DEM) analysis. The resulting temperature distributions are not consistent with isothermal plasma. Therefore, the observed loops cannot be modeled as single flux tubes and must be composed of a collection of magnetic strands. This result is now supported by observations from the High-resolution Coronal Imager, which show fine-scale braiding of coronal strands that are reconnecting and releasing energy. Multithermal analysis is one of the major scientific goals of AIA, and these results represent an important step toward the successful achievement of that goal. As AIA DEM analysis becomes more straightforward, the solar community will be able to take full advantage of the state-of-the-art spatial, temporal, and temperature resolution of the instrument.
The diatomic molecule project at LMSS 1956–1966: Broken bottlenecks

After I left the London embassy to return to Chicago, it took several months to get readjusted to the life of the laboratory; especially to pick up forgotten strands of thought. But before long we were again going strong.
Synthesis, characterization, and luminescence properties of magnesium coordination networks using a thiophene-based linker

Abstract By varying the solvents and temperatures under solvothermal conditions, two new magnesium based coordination networks were synthesized using 2,5-thiophenedicarbxoylate as a linker. Mg3(TDC)3(DMF)3 [1; TDC = 2,5 thiophenedicarboxylate; space group P21/c, a = 17.747(4) A, b = 9.805(2) A, c = 21.359(4) A, β = 103.13(3)°] is constructed by a combination of magnesium polyhedral trimers, which are connected by the TDC2− linkers to form a 3-D network. Coordinated DMF molecules are present within the channels. Mg(TDC)(H2O)2 [2; space group Pnma, a = 7.296(4) A, b = 17.760(4) A, c = 6.6631(3) A] is formed by 1-D chains of magnesium octahedra connected by the TDC2− linker. Water molecules are coordinated at the axial positions of the magnesium octahedra. Compound 1 is formed using DMF as the synthesis solvent at 180 °C, while compound 2 is formed using ethanol as the synthesis solvent at 100 °C. Both compounds show enhanced photoluminescence intensity when excited at 397 nm compared to the free TDC ligand, suggesting a charge transfer between the ligand and the magnesium metal center.