cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial Evaluation of Feedlot Runoff and FeHyd Computer Program

In this study 6 feedlots that are located on a watershed in North Dakota are evaluated considering the State Laws and literature with respect to their potential to cause water pollution. In the evaluation ArcView GIS software is used. Feedlots are evaluated considering the distance to surface water and aquifers, soil type, and slope-aspect criteria. The results found that all six feedlots evaluated needed runoff control facilities in order to meet all State Laws and/or literature criteria.
Gender-based differences in culture in the Indian IT workplace

We used Hofstede's Values Survey Module to compare Indian women and men in IT.We analyzed the gender differences and cultural preferences of 107 Indian IT workers.Using non-parametric statistics, Indian women scored lower than men on uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation only.Managers should consider professional development, mentoring, and defined career paths to complement the Indian culture. Global outsourcing increases the complexity of managing IT projects. Gender adds another level of difficulty when managing IT projects. Understanding country and gender-level differences may improve chances for success. This paper provides opportunities to better understand underlying country and gender differences of Indian IT workers. We used Hofstede's value surveys module to analyze gender differences and cultural preferences of 107 Indian IT workers. After correcting for problems with outliers, none of the mean differences between men and women were significant at the 95% level; at the 90% level, we found differences in uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation only. Our results suggest that women and men working in the IT industry may have more similarities in terms of national culture than differences by gender. To overcome possible differences in uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation, IT outsourcers to India should ensure adequate professional development opportunities, mentoring programs, and clearly explained career path opportunities. Further, a focus on policies and management strategies that capitalize on the national culture of India, including group work to take advantage of collectivist tendencies, and clearly defined hierarchical systems to take advantage of masculine orientation and high power distances, may allow foreign companies to attract and retain men and women, where in many cases, national culture trumps gender differences. Future research should collect more data from women and investigate the effect of regional differences on cultural perceptions.
Civil Wars in South Dakota and South Africa: The Role of the “Third Force”

In the latter third of the twentieth century, the “homeland” reserves of two reputed “warrior” societies—the Oglala Lakota of Pine Ridge and the Zulu of KwaZulu-Natal—erupted in civil violence. This paper compares the role of the Federal Bureau of investigation and the South African Police as intervening forces in these civil conflicts.
Determination of adulterated neem and flaxseed oil compositions by FTIR spectroscopy and multivariate regression analysis

Abstract Natural oils are increasingly being used in the food, cosmetic, and agrochemical industries in recent years. However, natural oils with high market values are often counterfeited and adulterated with cheap, poor quality oils, with serious economic implications for the food and cosmetic industries, and potential health implications to consumers. This study reports the first combined use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and partial-least-square (PLS) multivariate regression analysis for rapid, accurate, and low cost determination of the % compositions of two natural oils (neem oil (NO) and flaxseed oil (FO)) adulterated either with edible vegetable oil (VO) or extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). The FTIR of the calibration sample sets containing adulterated NO and FO with VO and EVOO at a concentration range of 1–99% w/w were measured and subjected to PLS multivariate regression analyses. The obtained FTIR spectra profile of the adulterated samples are highly dependent on the type of natural oil as well as the type of adulterant oil. The developed PLS models were subsequently used to determine the % compositions of independently prepared validation samples of NO and FO adulterated with VO and EVOO. The figures-of-merit of the PLS regression models were excellent and with good linearity (R2 > 0.998814). The score plots of the PLS regressions revealed interesting and useful information for pattern recognition of adulterated NO and FO samples. The PLS regression models correctly determined % compositions of adulterated NO and FO with VO with low root-mean-square-relative-percent errors (RMS%RE) of determination of 3.02%, and 4.24%, with an overall RMS%RE of 3.63%. The models also correctly determined % compositions of adulterated NO and FO with EVOO with RMS%RE of 7.13% and 2.00%, with an overall RMS%RE of 4.56%. The simplicity and high accuracy of this low-cost study presents an attractive model with potential real-world applications in quality control and quality assurance for consumer products in the food, cosmetics, and agrochemical industries.
Study on Sowing Date for Mechanical Transplanting Rice under Rapeseed(Wheat)-Rice Planting Area in Chengdu Basin

Nurturing sturdy seedlings is the key to get high yield for mechanical transplanting rice under rapeseed(wheat)-rice planting area in Chengdu basin.In order to research suitable high-yield cultivation techniques for mechanical transplanting rice,the effects of sowing date on seedlings growing,development progress,mechanical transplanting quality and yield were studied by using super rice,II-you 602.The results indicated that:the suitable sowing date for mechanical transplanting rice under rapeseed(wheat)-rice planting area in Chengdu basin was on April 10-15,and the seedling age was about 42 days.In this case,yield was the highest.Delaying sowing date was beneficial to improving mechanical transplanting quality and productive tiller percent,but it also caused the lag in population growth,the worse in panicle quality,and the decrease in component of yield.So the yield decreased finally.If sowing date delayed 15 days,the yield reduction would be over 10 %.
Epidemiology of Genitourinary Injuries among Male U.S. Service Members Deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan: Early Findings from the Trauma Outcomes and Urogenital Health (TOUGH) Project

Purpose: In this study we report the number, nature and severity of genitourinary injuries among male U.S. service members deployed to Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom.Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study of the Department of Defense Trauma Registry used ICD-9-CM codes to identify service members with genitourinary injuries, and used Abbreviated Injury Scale codes to determine injury severity, genitourinary organs injured and comorbid injuries.Results: From October 2001 to August 2013, 1,367 male U.S. service members sustained 1 or more genitourinary injuries. The majority of injuries involved the external genitalia (1,000, 73.2%), including the scrotum (760, 55.6%), testes (451, 33.0%), penis (423, 31%) and/or urethra (125, 9.1%). Overall more than a third of service members with genitourinary injury sustained at least 1 severe genitourinary injury (502, 36.7%). Loss of 1 or both testes was documented in 146 men, including 129 (9.4%) unilateral orchiectomies and 17...
Potassium and Magnesium Supplementation Do Not Protect Against Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac Operation: A Time-Matched Analysis.

Background Despite a lack of demonstrated efficacy, potassium and magnesium supplementation are commonly thought to prevent postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) after cardiac operation. Our aim was to evaluate the natural time course of electrolyte level changes after cardiac operation and their relation to POAF occurrence. Methods Data were reviewed from 2,041 adult patients without preoperative AF who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting, valve operation, or both between 2009 and 2013. In patients with POAF, the plasma potassium and magnesium levels nearest to the first AF onset time were compared with time-matched electrolyte levels in patients without AF. Results POAF occurred in 752 patients (36.8%). At the time of AF onset or the matched time point, patients with POAF had higher potassium (4.30 versus 4.21 mmol/L, p p p p p = 0.813), whereas magnesium supplementation was associated with increased POAF (47% versus 36%, p = 0.005). Conclusions Higher serum potassium and magnesium levels were associated with increased risk of POAF after cardiac operation. Potassium supplementation was not protective against POAF, and magnesium supplementation was even associated with increased POAF risk. These findings help explain the poor efficacy of electrolyte supplementation in POAF prophylaxis.
Dynamics of the Action Potential

Abstract In this chapter, we will learn how ion currents mediate action potentials , brief spikes in the membrane voltage. The Hodgkin–Huxley equations explain how the dynamics of voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels together enable the neuronal cell membrane to generate action potentials. The toolboxes on “Electrical Circuits” and “Differential Equations” offer the background needed to deal with the mathematics of the Hodgkin–Huxley equations.
Exaggerated coronary vasoconstriction limits muscle metaboreflex-induced increases in ventricular performance in hypertension.

We found that metaboreflex-induced increases in coronary blood flow and ventricular contractility are attenuated in hypertension. α1-Adrenergic blockade restored these parameters toward normal leve...
Second order asymptotics for degraded wiretap channels: How good are existing codes?

We develop three new results regarding the second-order asymptotics of secure communication over wiretap channels. We first establish the optimal second-order asymptotics for a class of degraded wiretap channels without feedback under an effective secrecy criterion. We then derive the optimal second-order asymptotics for degraded wiretap channels with feedback. We finally develop a new converse bound for channel resolvability with non-capacity achieving distributions, which we use to develop useful converse bounds for asymmetric degraded wiretap channels. Our results are illustrated with several numerical examples, and suggest that known coding techniques already achieve their best performance.
Getting started with the Amazon cloud: a hands-on experience

In this section session, we will explore the Amazon Web Services (AWS) offerings directly through through hands-on activities involving the hosted virtual servers, databases, email service and more. Participants should be comfortable with using ssh to connect to UNIX servers, compiling and executing Java code, downloading and uncompressing files via the command line, and general UNIX command line activities (cd, more, vi, etc.). [Participation in the previous tutorial, Getting Started with the Amazon Cloud: Introduction and Discussion of Curriculum Integration, is recommended, but not required.]
Abstract 340: Circulating TGF-ß1 Correlates with Increased Wall Shear Stress in a Hypercholesterolemic Murine Model of Spontaneous Aortic Valve Stenosis

Aortic valve stenosis (AS) is a chronic disorder involving fibrosis and calcification of the aortic valve (AV), leading to a decrease in AV orifice area and an increase in wall shear stress (WSS) across the valves. We previously demonstrated that the pro-fibrotic cytokine TGF-β1, which is secreted as a latent complex, can be activated by shear both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, we hypothesize that shear-induced TGF-β1 activation contributes to the pathophysiology of AS. In this study, we used Ldlr -/- Apob 100/100 /Mttp fl / fl /Mx1Cre +/+ mice (“Reversa”, kindly provided by Dr. Heistad), which spontaneously develop AS after 6 months of a high fat diet, to test this hypothesis. Treating Reversa mice with a high fat diet for 6 months was associated with a significant decrease in AV cusp separation distance (median [IQR] from 0.85 [0.64-0.97] to 0.46 [0.37-0.65] mm) and significant increases in plasma cholesterol (mean±SD from 273±27 to 837±98 mg/dl), WSS across the AV (from 189 [152-235] to 308 [236-568] dyn/cm 2 ), and plasma total TGF-β1 levels (from 1.24 [1.08-0.38] to 1.66 [1.34-2.10] ng/ml) (all p 0.05). The increase in plasma total TGF-β1 levels in mice on a high fat diet correlated with the increase in WSS (r=0.32, p=0.04). Immunofluorescence staining showed increased Smad2/3 phosphorylation and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression in the stenotic valves. We tested the effect of TGF-β1 (1ng/ml) on cultured porcine AV interstitial cells and found increased Smad2/3 phosphorylation and increased expression of α-SMA after 12 or 24 hours treatment. We conclude that AS progression is associated with both an increase in total plasma TGF-β1 levels and evidence of TGF-β1-induced cellular activation in this hypercholesterolemic murine model of spontaneous AS. These data are consistent with a model in which cellular release of TGF-β1 results in increased plasma TGF-β1, activation of latent TGF-β1 by the increased WSS across the AV, and TGF-β1 induces fibrosis and calcification of the AV. Since WSS increases with AS progression, a feed-forward mechanism may lead to accelerated AS progression.
Cancer Counseling of Low-Income Limited English Proficient Latina Women Using Medical Interpreters: Implications for Shared Decision-Making

In cancer genetic counseling (CGC), communication across language and culture challenges the model of practice based on shared decision-making. To date, little research has examined the decision-making process of low-income, limited English proficiency (LEP) patients in CGC. This study identified communication patterns in CGC sessions with this population and assessed how these patterns facilitate or inhibit the decision-making process during the sessions. We analyzed 24 audio recordings of CGC sessions conducted in Spanish via telephone interpreters at two public hospitals. Patients were referred for risk of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer; all were offered genetic testing. Audio files were coded by two bilingual English-Spanish researchers and analyzed using conventional content analysis through an iterative process. The 24 sessions included 13 patients, 6 counselors, and 18 interpreters. Qualitative data analyses identified three key domains - Challenges Posed by Hypothetical Explanations, Misinterpretation by the Medical Interpreter, and Communication Facilitators - that reflect communication patterns and their impact on the counselor's ability to facilitate shared decision-making. Overall, we found an absence of patient participation in the decision-making process. Our data suggest that when counseling LEP Latina patients via medical interpreter, prioritizing information with direct utility for the patient and organizing information into short- and long-term goals may reduce information overload and improve comprehension for patient and interpreter. Further research is needed to test the proposed counseling strategies with this population and to assess how applicable our findings are to other populations.
Clinical Reasoning: A case of altered mental status, not otherwise specified.

A 33-year-old right-handed woman presented with a 1-week history of rapid cognitive decline. The behavioral changes emerged gradually, with the first sign marked by erratic driving resulting in arrest. The patient was nonchalant about the detainment, which was out of character. In the preceding week, she had a precipitous decline in cognitive abilities, including a loss of interest in grooming, emotional outbursts, fecal and urinary incontinence, difficulty performing household chores, and jerky movements of her arms and legs impairing her ability to walk.
Genetic studies in experimental cancer.

Publisher Summary An inherited disease is the one in which the condition is determined, wholly or in part, by the genetic constitution with which the organism started its development. The genetic constitution of an organism is made up of discrete, stable units, with the genes that are carried in the chromosomes in linear order. Genetic susceptibility, estrogenic stimulation, and the virus-like milk agent are primary causative influences. The actions and interactions of all and, in certain circumstances, a combination of two increase the probability that mammary cancer will occur. The basic change from normal to leukemic, which is intrinsic to the cell, may be the result of an alteration of the reproductive material of the cell. The specific genes that have been identified as influencing susceptibility to leukemia could conceivably do so by producing gene mutations in the body cell. The somatic mutation theory maintains that cancer is a consequence of the mutation of a gene in a body cell. Many genes appear to be involved in determining susceptibility to each of the neoplasms investigated. These genes are cumulative in effect. The argument that transplantable tumors contribute little to the understanding of the etiology of cancer is quite sterile. A consistent relationship was found between the chromosome constitution of the tumor cells and transplantability.
Precision medicine using microbiota

Accumulating evidence indicates that dysregulation of microbiota-host interactions associates with various diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), colorectal cancer, diabetes, and liver cirrhosis ( 1 ). Recently, research has generated paradigm shifts in concepts about the interactions between bacteria and cancer therapeutic drugs. For example, bacteria modulate the antitumor efficacy in preclinical models of various chemotherapies ( 2 – 4 ) and immunotherapeutic agents ( 5 , 6 ). Conceptually, these findings suggest that bacteria-mediated interactions with the immune system are essential for optimal drug efficacy. However, there is limited information regarding the functional impact of the composition of the human microbiome and therapeutic outcomes in cancer patients. On pages 91, 97, and 104 of this issue, Routy et al. ( 7 ), Gopalakrishnan et al. ( 8 ), and Matson et al. ( 9 ), respectively, address this important issue and demonstrate that patients can be stratified into responders and nonresponders to immunotherapy on the basis of the composition of their intestinal microbiomes, suggesting that microbiota should be considered when assessing therapeutic intervention.
Predictors of decent work among workers with Chiari malformation: An empirical test of the psychology of working theory

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to extend the research on the Psychology of Working Theory (PWT; Duffy, Blustein, Diemer, & Autin, 2016) by testing its applicability to workers with chronic health conditions. Specifically, we examined the PWT's posited predictors of securing decent work in a sample of 320 workers diagnosed with Chiari malformation-Type 1 (CM). Results of structural equation modeling analyses supported 8 of the 14 hypothesized relations. Notably, economic constraints and marginalization significantly and inversely predicted decent work and work volition; economic constraints significantly and inversely predicted career adaptability, which in turn significantly and positively predicted decent work; and career adaptability partially explained the significant relation of economic constraints to decent work. Collectively, our findings provided strong support for the applicability of the PWT for workers diagnosed with CM. We offer several directions for future research on the PWT and the work lives of persons living with CM.
Endoscopic management of congenital dacryocystocele

Congenital dacryocystocele is a relatively rare oculonasal anomaly which can result in symptomatic obstruction of the nasolacrimal system. Techniques utilized in the management of this condition include nasolacrimal duct probing, endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy, and transnasal marsupialization. Operative adjuncts include balloon dacryocystoplasty, bicanalicular silastic intubation, and intranasal stenting. Recurrence is relatively uncommon and can be addressed with the application of long-term nasolacrimal stenting.
Effect of Protein Supplementation During Diet-Induced Weight Loss on Muscle Mass and Strength: A Randomized Controlled Study.

OBJECTIVE High protein (particularly leucine-rich whey protein) intake is recommended to mitigate the adverse effect of weight loss on muscle mass. The effectiveness of this approach is unknown. METHODS Seventy middle-aged (50-65 years old) postmenopausal women with obesity were randomized to (1) weight maintenance (WM), (2) weight loss and the recommended daily allowance for protein (0.8 g/kg/d) (WL group), or (3) weight loss plus whey protein supplementation (total protein: 1.2 g/kg/d) (WL-PS group). Thigh muscle volume and strength were assessed at baseline and after 5% and 10% weight loss in the weight-loss groups and after matched time periods (∼3 and 6 months, respectively) in the WM group. RESULTS A 5% weight loss caused a greater decrease in thigh muscle volume in the WL group than the WL-PS group (4.7% ± 0.7% vs. 2.8% ± 0.8%, respectively; P < 0.05). After 10% weight loss, there was no statistically significant difference in muscle mass loss in the two groups, and the total loss was small in both groups (5.5% ± 0.8% and 4.5% ± 0.7%, respectively). The dietary interventions did not affect muscle strength. CONCLUSIONS Whey protein supplementation during diet-induced weight loss does not have clinically important therapeutic effects on muscle mass or strength in middle-aged postmenopausal women with obesity.
The social costs of gun ownership: a reply to Hayo, Neumeier, and Westphal

We respond to the new article by Hayo, Neumeier, and Westphal (HNW), which is a critique of our 2006 article. The principal contribution of that article was to use a greatly improved proxy for gun prevalence to estimate the effect of gun prevalence on homicide rates. While the best available, our proxy, the ratio of firearms suicides to total suicides in a jurisdiction (FSS), is subject to measurement error which limits its use to larger jurisdictions that have enough suicides to stabilize the ratio. In this response, we report estimates for four different specifications and two data sets, the 200-county data and the data for the 50 states. We develop the claim that measurement error in FSS helps explain the observed pattern of results. Adopting the assumption that FSS follows a binomial process with a number of trials equal to the number of suicides, we characterize the relationship between measurement error and size of the jurisdiction, and thereby justify our conclusion that restricting the estimation to large jurisdictions reduces measurement error in FSS and hence the attenuation bias in the key coefficient estimate. We conclude that for the county-level data, the measurement error in FSS is of greater concern than using a specification that is flexible with respect to population. HNW focus on the latter but at the cost of increasing the effects of the former. We then demonstrate that the state-level data provide a robust case that more guns lead to more homicides.
DNA Microarrays as a Tool for Neurosciences Research

DNA microarray technology is a useful tool to further our understanding of underlying biological pathways governing the behavior of cells and tissues. In fact, microarrays have evolved over the last 10 years or so to become one of the major technologies utilized in biomedical research. This chapter will provide a brief history of the development of DNA microarray technology, a brief survey of widely accepted microarray platforms, and then expand upon critical components of DNA microarray experimentation necessary to ensure optimal outcomes in a given microarray experiment. Topics covered will include the necessity of a good initial experimental design, quality control issues with respect to input RNA or DNA, appropriate use of biological replicates relevant to a given biological question, and analysis strategies employed to extract meaningful results from a microarray experiment.
The Efficacy of Norfloxacin in the Treatment of Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis Refractory to Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole and/or Carbenicillin

AbstractWe treated 15 men who had chronic bacterial prostatitis refractory to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and/or carbenicillin with 400mg. norfloxacin twice daily for 28 days. All pathogens were susceptible to norfloxacin and absent in prostatic fluid cultures obtained during therapy. One patient had negative post-therapy prostatic fluid cultures but was lost to followup at 1 month. Of the 14 patients followed for at least 6 months 9 64%) were cured of the original infection, including 6 who have remained uninfected and have had negative prostatic secretion and urine cultures for at least 2 years 1), 1 year 2) or 6 months 3). In 3 patients urinary tract infections recurred with new pathogens at 6, 560 and 820 days after post-therapy negative prostatic fluid cultures. Bacterial prostatitis with the original pathogen recurred in 5 patients within 2 months of completing therapy. The bacteria remained susceptible to norfloxacin but could not be eradicated with 30 to 90 days of additional norfloxacin therapy...
Visualizing Change Over Time: Simple Visualization of the Burials in an Historic Cemetery

The second of the six Digital Humanities assignments, Visualizing Change Over time, is presented in this chapter, beginning with a brief introduction to visualization as an analytical method of great interest to humanities programmers. The assignment description (written in a form and with a point-of-view suitable to be copied and pasted into materials given directly to students), required support files and resources, skills utilized in the assignment (which include importing library files, instantiating and using objects, and programmatically managing color), assignment management techniques and issues (mostly involved with teaching students the value of manual processes, such as using pencil and paper to summarize data), atomic code for the assignment (a color change exercise), expected output from student submitted work in this assignment, and variations for a number of student skill levels are provided.
Ophthalmic Surgery in Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices

The newer generation of left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are commonly used as destination therapy; these devices have demonstrated improved outcomes and increased survival. Given the longer lifespan, it is not surprising that patients with LVADS are increasingly presenting with noncardiac, chronic diseases and interventions for their treatment. This includes ophthalmic procedures in patients with LVAD. There is a paucity of literature about the experiences and outcomes in this cohort of patients presenting for ophthalmologic surgery. Here we present a case series consisting of 7 patients with LVAD that underwent 10 ophthalmic surgeries. No adverse events including intraoperative hemodynamic instability or respiratory compromise occurred. All patients had an on-time discharge with no 30-day recidivism. Most patients underwent a phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation and received a topical with intracameral anesthetic. We attribute these successful outcomes to a standardized clinical workflow consisting of careful preoperative screening, communication and presence of VAD coordinator, continuation of antithrombotics, monitoring based on presence of pulsatile flow, and a plan for rapid transfer if needed.
Access to Primary Care Clinics for Patients With Chronic Pain Receiving Opioids.

Importance Opioid-prescribing policies and guidelines aimed at reducing inappropriate opioid prescribing may lead physicians to stop prescribing opioids. Patients may thus encounter difficulties finding primary care practitioners willing to care for them if they take opioids. Objectives To assess practitioner willingness to accept and continue prescribing opioids to new patients with pain and whether this willingness differs across payer types. Design, Setting, and Participants This survey study used a simulated patient call audit method. A brief telephone survey was administered to all clinics followed by a call using a patient script simulating an adult patient with chronic pain who was taking long-term opioids. The patient had Medicaid or private insurance. Calls were made between June 22 and October 30, 2018, to 667 primary care clinics that served a general adult population in Michigan. Clinics that accepted both Medicaid and private insurance, took new patient appointments, and were successfully recontacted for the simulated call were eligible for the study. Main Outcomes and Measures Prevalence of clinics’ acceptance of new patients receiving prescription opioids overall and by clinic characteristics and insurance type. Results Of the 194 eligible clinics, 94 (48.4%) were randomized according to insurance type to receive calls from research assistants posing as children of patients with Medicaid and 100 (51.5%) to receive calls from those with private insurance. Overall, 79 (40.7%) stated that their practitioners would not prescribe opioids to the simulated patient. Thirty-three clinics (17.0%) requested more information before making a decision. Compared with single-practitioner clinics, clinics with more than 3 practitioners were more likely (odds ratio [OR], 2.99; 95% CI, 1.48-6.04) to accept new patients currently taking opioids. No difference was found in access based on insurance status (OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.52-1.64) or whether the clinic offered medications for opioid use disorders (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.45-2.69). Conclusions and Relevance The findings suggest that access to primary care may be reduced for patients taking prescription opioids, which could lead to unintended consequences, such as conversion to illicit substances or reduced management of other medical comorbidities.
Norwegians on the Prairie: Ethnicity and the Development of the Country

Review of: "Norwegians on the Prairie: Ethnicity and the Development of the Country," by Odd S. Lovoll.
Investigation of the Screen-printable Ag/Cu Contact for Si Solar Cells Using Microstructural, Optical and Electrical Analyses

In a bid to further reduce the cost of the front Ag contact metallization in Si solar cells, Cu is the potential alternative to replace the Ag in the Ag paste. However, this requires an understanding of the contact mechanism of screen-printable Ag/Cu paste in Si solar cell through rapid thermal process. The pastes with different weight percent of Cu (0 wt%, 25 wt% and 50 wt%) were used and the Voc of the cells was reduced with the increasing weight percent of Cu. This is because the presence of Cu in the paste changed the microstructure of the Ag/Cu/Si contact through Cu doping of the glass frits and hence increasing the Tg of the glass. The increased Tg of the glass impeded the uniform spreading of the molten glass and resulted in poor wetting and etching of the SiNx, which impacted the contact as evident in ideality factor of less than unity. This also led to the formation of agglomerated Ag crystallites with features of 700 nm in length and 200 nm in depth, which is close to the p-n junction, of which depth is ~300 nm. However, the interface glass layer acted as an effective diffusion barrier layer to prevent Cu atoms from diffusing into the Si emitter, which is quite remarkable for Cu not to diffuse into silicon at high temperature. Further investigation of the Ag/Cu contacts with the conductive AFM in conjunction with the SEM and STEM analyses revealed that the growth of Ag crystallites in the Si emitter is responsible for carrier conduction the gridlines as with the pure Ag paste.
On the pressure and stress singularities induced by steady flows of a pair of nonmiscible, incompressible, viscous fluids contacting a wall with slip

An earlier asymptotic analysis identified the flow-induced power and log singularities present when two nonmiscible, incompressible, viscous fluids contact a wall with no slip permitted. Here a parallel asymptotic analysis identifies such singularities in pressures and stresses when slip is admitted. While the singularity exponents for the two types of contact conditions are similar, the angles of interface impingement that have either power or log singularities are usually quite distinct.
MRI in Radiation Oncology After the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic presents new challenges for many aspects of health care delivery, including diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in radiation oncology. Because the date of COVID-19 elimination is not yet known, efforts to take precautions against transmission of COVID-19, and similar viruses, will likely continue. One area that will likely be changed after the pandemic is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) use in radiation oncology. National guidelines released during the COVID-19 pandemic addressed MRI use in diagnostic radiology, with applications to radiation oncology.1American College of RadiologyACR guidance on COVID-19 and MR use.https://www.acr.org/Clinical-Resources/Radiology-Safety/MR-Safety/COVID-19-and-MR-UseDate accessed: June 30, 2020Google Scholar, 2Mossa-Basha M, Meltzer CC, Kim DC, et al. Radiology department preparedness for COVID-19: Radiology scientific expert panel [e-pub ahead of print]. Radiology. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200988. Accessed June 30, 2020.Google Scholar, 3Han Y. Chen T. Bryant J. et al.Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) guidance for the practice of cardiovascular magnetic resonance during the COVID-19 pandemic.J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2020; 22: 26Crossref PubMed Scopus (4) Google Scholar MRI is used in many radiation oncology departments for magnetic resonance linear accelerator (MR-linac) treatments and for MRI simulations. Given the risks imposed by a strong magnetic field, all MRI scans require a careful assessment of devices implanted in, or accompanying the patient; in cases in which MRI presents a risk, a risk–benefit analysis is used.4Greenberg T.D. Hoff M.N. et al.ACR Committee on MR SafetyACR guidance document on MR safe practices: Updates and critical information 2019.J Magn Reson Imaging. 2019; 51: 331-338Crossref Scopus (4) Google Scholar, 5ACR Manual on MR Safety. Available at: https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/Radiology-Safety/MR-Safety/Manual-on-MR-Safety.pdf. Accessed April 17, 2020.Google Scholar, 6Kanal E. Barkovich A.J. et al.Expert Panel on MR SafetyACR guidance document on MR safe practices: 2013.J Magn Reson Imaging. 2013; 37: 501-530Crossref PubMed Scopus (384) Google Scholar Postpandemic, the possibility of virus transmission should continue to be included in patient risk assessment, requiring new mitigation strategies. Here, we reassess the benefits and risks of MRI use in post–COVID-19 radiation oncology and present recommendations for a path forward.
Religion: What It Is, How It Works, and Why It Matters: by Christian Robson, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 2017, x + 277 pp., $35.00/£27.95 (cloth)

As an academic discipline, Religious Studies has sought to differentiate itself from Theology both in focus and methodology. Scholars have broadened their research to include sacred traditions outs...
Management of Philadelphia Chromosome-Positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

The successful incorporation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) to chemotherapy regimens in patients with Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has significantly improved the outcome of these patients. This advancement has also generated several new areas of investigation such as identifying the role of reduced or chemotherapy-free induction therapy, the best TKI option, the benefit of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) in first remission, and the effect of prophylactic TKI post-HSCT in patients with Ph-positive ALL. Novel treatment modalities such as bispecific T-cell engagers (e.g., blinatumomab), drug conjugate monoclonal antibodies (e.g., inotuzumab ozogamicin), more potent TKIs, and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies are being investigated. In this chapter, we will provide an overview of the current and future treatment paradigms for Ph-positive ALL.
Boston Violence Intervention Advocacy Program: Challenges and Opportunities for Client Engagement and Goal Achievement.

Objectives A better understanding of the factors affecting client engagement in hospital-based violence intervention programs (HVIPs), and which types of client needs prove most challenging to achieve, may be of key importance in developing novel, targeted strategies to violence intervention. In this study, we examined the demographics and injury characteristics of violently injured patients by their level of engagement with the Boston Violence Intervention Advocacy Program (VIAP) and determined the degree of client goal achievement through VIAP client services. Methods This retrospective study was performed using a cohort of patients presenting to the Boston Medical Center emergency department for a violent penetrating injury due to community violence between 2013 and 2018. Data on client demographics, injury characteristics, and client needs were collected from the VIAP data repository. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals to assess the difference in hazards of client goal achievement by need type. Results Of the 2,243 victims of violent injury, 839 (37.4%) patients engaged with VIAP. Significant predictors of client engagement include younger age, Black race, permanent home, existing mental health diagnosis, gunshot wound, and more severe injuries. Conversely, older age, homelessness, substance use, stab wound, and less severe injuries predicted refusal of VIAP services. For clients who chose to engage with VIAP, needs related to education (HR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.38 to 0.58), employment (HR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.57 to 0.77), and housing (HR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.68 to 0.86) were significantly less likely to be achieved compared to basic needs. Conclusions This study demonstrates that VIAP is effectively engaging the client population that HVIPs have been designed to support. HVIPs should consider novel strategies to engage vulnerable populations not typically targeted by intervention programs. These results speak to the difficulties of program attrition and the complexities of altering the life course for victims of violence.
Price-Driven Siting and Sizing of Distributed Generation

Fast-falling renewable energy costs and recent policy focus on rapid decarbonization of electricity grids have brought the distribution level planning under microscope. In this paper, we carry out the siting and sizing of distributed generation based on distribution locational marginal prices (DLMPs). The DLMP at each bus is computed using convex relaxation of alternating current optimal power flow (ACOPF). The optimality of the solution is compared with the existing results which use power loss as a metric for performance evaluation. The proposed approach is tested on an IEEE 69-bus distribution network, first on peak load demand and then on a time-varying load using actual solar and wind generation data. The time-varying load curve is predicted using a recurrent neural network. Furthermore, computation and accuracy for two different convex relaxations of ACOPF are compared to highlight the significance of the proposed method.
Contracting for Geothermal in Japan

Although Japan has the third largest deposit of geothermal energy in the world, its total installed generation capacity remains paltry. In part, development has been stymied by contractual problems involving promissory credibility. By the common law of property, hot springs hotels in many areas can potentially shut down geothermal projects. Geothermal developers would make the projects worth the hotels' while if they could, but cannot credibly assure them that they (the developers) will compensate them for any damages ex post. Conversely, by the basic logic of collective action, hot springs hotels cannot credibly promise to negotiate in good faith. Because each hot springs owner may potentially have a right to enjoin the entire geothermal project, the developer faces sequential negotiations, each of them a bilateral monopoly -- and no one owner can credibly promise that all subsequent owners will negotiate in good faith. These problems are not necessarily insolvable. And the few geothermal plants that exist are disproportionately those where the hotels and developers created ways to solve these twin contractual problems. Some geothermal developers overcame their credibility problem by piping hot water to the hotels directly. Some hotels overcame their collective action problem by negotiating through their trade association or town government.
Measurement of mitochondrial respiration in the murine retina using a Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer.

Summary Mitochondrial metabolism is a critical mechanism that is deregulated in numerous retinal diseases. Here, we elaborate a protocol to quantify oxygen consumption rate as a measure of mitochondrial respiration directly from mouse retinal tissue pieces. Our procedure combines the use of Seahorse extracellular flux technology and ex vivo retinal tissue isolation and is robustly reproducible under different treatment conditions. This protocol allows direct assessment of mitochondrial function in response to drug treatments or genetic manipulation in mouse models. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Shetty et al. (2020) , Sardar Pasha et al. (2021) , Kooragayala et al. (2015) , and Joyal et al. (2016) .
Magneto-chiral metamaterials for optical nonreciprocity

Spatial symmetries and the time-reversal symmetry determine how natural and artificial materials interact with light. The time-reversal symmetry can be broken in magnetic materials, which leads to polarization rotation via the Faraday effect. A new effect known as nonreciprocal directional anisotropy emerges when the magnetic material also lacks the spatial inversion symmetry, which results in the difference of transmitted light intensity in the forward and backward directions as measured with unpolarized light. We will consider several cases studies, including a polar magnet and artificial magneto-chiral metamaterials for the THz frequency range that exhibit this emerging phenomenology and also allow new ways of polarization control.
Conformational changes in tubulin upon binding cryptophycin-52 reveal its mechanism of action.

Cryptophycin-52 (Cp-52) is potentially the most potent anticancer drug known, with IC50 values in the low picomolar range, but its binding site on tubulin and mechanism of action are unknown. Here, we have determined the binding site of Cp-52, and its parent compound, cryptophycin-1, on HeLa tubulin, to a resolution of 3.3 A and 3.4 A, respectively, by cryo-EM and characterized this binding further by molecular dynamics simulations. The binding site was determined to be located at the tubulin interdimer interface and partially overlap that of maytansine, another cytotoxic tubulin inhibitor. Binding induces curvature both within and between tubulin dimers that is incompatible with the microtubule lattice. Conformational changes occur in both α-tubulin and β-tubulin, particularly in helices H8 and H10, with distinct differences between α and β monomers and between Cp-52-bound and cryptophycin-1-bound tubulin. From these results, we have determined: (i) the mechanism of action of inhibition of both microtubule polymerization and depolymerization, (ii) how the affinity of Cp-52 for tubulin may be enhanced, and (iii) where linkers for targeted delivery can be optimally attached to this molecule.
Experimental oral foreign body reactions: Commonly employed dental materials

Foreign bodies and tissue reactions to foreign materials are commonly encountered in the oral cavity. The more common lesions include apical deposition of endodontic materials, mucosal amalgam and graphite tattoos, myospherulosis, oil granulomas, and traumatically introduced dental materials and instruments. Since many foreign materials are unidentifiable histologically, commonly used dental materials were experimentally implanted subcutaneously in rats to assess local host responses and characterize the nature of these materials microscopically. The histologic characteristics of these foreign body reactions are detailed herein. The implanted materials corresponded to reactions seen in human subjects.
Catalytic Properties and Regulatory Diversity of Inorganic Pyrophosphatases from Photosynthetic Bacteria

Soluble inorganic pyrophosphatases of five species of nonsulfur purple bacteria were investigated in respect to reaction kinetics, regulatory behavior, and other characteristics. The enzymes appear to fall into two groups with correlated properties. The pyrophosphatases of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata and R. spheroides have molecular weights of ∼60,000, are stabilized by Co2+, and exhibit simple Michaelis-Menten reaction kinetics. On the other hand, the enzymes of R. palustris, R. gelatinosa, and Rhodospirillum rubrum are larger (molecular weight ∼100,000), require Zn2+ for maintenance of catalytic activity, and show complex reaction kinetics; these pyrophosphatases are activated by free Mg2+ ions and, in the absence of the latter, are inhibited by 2-phosphoglyceric acid. The results described indicate the existence of alternative control patterns for regulation of intracellular turnover of phosphate, which is in part mediated by pyrophosphatases.
Nontraumatic Neuroemergencies, II

Several clinical presentations require emergent neuroimaging to determine the cause of the neurological deficit and to institute appropriate therapy. Time is critical because neurons that are lost cannot be replaced. Generally, the clinical symptoms are due to ischemia, compression, or destruction of neural elements. The two primary imaging modalities for the central nervous system (CNS) are computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). CT is fast and can readily visualize fractures, hemorrhage, and foreign bodies. Otherwise, in patients who can cooperate for the longer imaging study, MRI provides better contrast resolution and has higher specificity for most CNS diseases. The five major categories of nontraumatic neuroemergencies are discussed below [1].
Direct-Conversion Molecular Breast Imaging of Invasive Breast Cancer: Imaging Features, Extent of Invasive Disease, and Comparison Between Invasive Ductal and Lobular Histology.

OBJECTIVE. The purposes of this study were to compare the tumor appearance of invasive breast cancer on direct-conversion molecular breast imaging using a standardized lexicon and to determine how often direct-conversion molecular breast imaging identifies all known invasive tumor foci in the breast, and whether this differs for invasive ductal versus lobular histologic profiles. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Patients with prior invasive breast cancer and concurrent direct-conversion molecular breast imaging examinations were retrospectively reviewed. Blinded review of direct-conversion molecular breast imaging examinations was performed by one of two radiologists, according to a validated lexicon. Direct-conversion molecular breast imaging findings were matched with lesions described on the pathology report to exclude benign reasons for direct-conversion molecular breast imaging findings and to document direct-conversion molecular breast imaging–occult tumor foci. Associations between direct-conversion molecula...