cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Topic based segmentation of classroom videos

Video of classroom lectures is a valuable and increasingly popular learning resource. A major weakness of the video format is the inability to quickly access the content of interest. The goal of this work is to automatically partition a lecture video into topical segments which are then presented to the user in a customized video player. The approach taken in this work is to identify topics based on text similarities across the video. The paper investigates the use of screen text extracted by Optical Character Recognition tools, as well as the speech text extracted by Automatic Speech Recognition tools. An automatic text-based segmentation algorithm is developed to identify topic changes and evaluated on a set of twenty-five lecture videos. The key conclusions are as follows. Screen text is a better guide to discovering topic changes than speech text, the effectiveness of speech text can be improved significantly with the correction of speech text, and combining screen text and accurate speech text can improve accuracy. Results are presented from surveys showing a high level of satisfaction among student users of automatically segmented videos. The paper also discusses the limits of automatic segmentation and the reasons why it is far from perfect.
PROBLEMS AND PATHOLOGIES IN ADOLESCENCE

This chapter discusses the problems and pathologies in adolescence. Although maladjustment and pathology are not the most common styles of making the transition from childhood to adulthood, they do occur with increasing frequency. Four major problems of adolescence are: (1) schizophrenia, (2) depression and suicidal behavior, (3) anorexia nervosa, and (4) substance abuse. Schizophrenia is a serious psychiatric disturbance characterized by impaired intellectual functioning, disturbed affect, and impaired social interaction. Behavioral signs of schizophrenia may appear in childhood or early adolescence, prior to onset of the disorder. Approximately one-third to one-half of preschizophrenic adolescents is identifiable as deviant during childhood. Depression is a relatively rare diagnosis among adolescents, although it may be a common psychological experience. Adolescent depressives are less likely than their adult counterparts to admit their strong feelings of worthlessness, and more likely to act out their depression. Anorexia nervosa is a serious eating disorder that primarily affects adolescent girls. Anorexics may literally starve themselves to death, although they are often preoccupied with food-related thoughts.
Phenytoin-Induced Purple Glove Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Abstract Objective: To present a case report and literature review of phenytoin-induced purple glove syndrome (PGS). Case summary: A 54-year-old African American male presented to our hospital’s emergency department (ED) following a seizure episode, cardiac arrest, and loss of consciousness. On arrival to the ED, the patient’s total phenytoin level was subtherapeutic at 4.1 mcg/mL and his corrected total phenytoin level was subtherapeutic at 5.1 mcg/mL. In the ED, the patient received a loading dose of intravenous (IV) phenytoin 1,000 mg once via the left cephalic vein, at a rate of 50 mg/min, and was admitted to the medicine service. A day following IV phenytoin administration, a nurse noticed an IV fluid infiltration on the skin tissue around the left cephalic vein. The area appeared dark blue and purple in color, swollen, erythematous, and warm to touch. An ultrasound of the left upper extremity was performed and revealed subcutaneous fluid collection without evidence of thrombosis. Discussion: The Nar...
Injuries in child laborers in the informal sector in Mexico City, Mexico, 1997.

Sherry L. Baron, MDa In the mid-1990s, I was on a temporary assignment through the Pan American Health Organization to Mexico City. During my assignment, I oversaw a collaborative training program in occupational and environmental epidemiology between the Pan American Health Organization and the Mexican Secretary of Health. Through this training pro gram, one student, Dr. Zoila L?pez Sibaja, developed a pilot project to better character ize work-related injuries to children employed in the informal sector. The growth of the informal employment sector throughout the developing world has the potential to place workers and especially child labor at particularly high risk for work-related injuries. According to the International Labour Organization, in Latin America during the 1990s, the urban informal sector was the primary generator of new jobs.1 The informal sector is defined by the International Labour Organization as either self-employed workers and their unpaid family members, or workers (either paid or unpaid) in very small businesses (fewer than 5-10 workers), apprentices, contract labor, home workers, and paid domestic workers. The employment conditions of informal workers are based mostly on casual employment relations rather than contractual ar rangements with formal labor protections, such as protection under child labor laws. A small but important part of the informal employment sector is street children.1 Street children is a term used for child laborers who work and live in the street and may or may not maintain contact with their families. Although street children face many health risks ranging from violence to drug use, an important priority is protecting them from working conditions that may damage their health and well-being, especially work-related injuries.2 In Mexico, the Federal Labor Law clearly prohibits child labor under age 14; from age 14-16, children may work if they remain in school. However, in 1994 the Mexican Statistics Institute (INEGI) reported that 34.3% of children younger than age 15 were working.3 A joint survey by UNICEF and the government of Mexico City estimated that during the same time period there were over 11,000 street children in the central area of Mexico City, of whom about 1,000 both lived and worked in the streets.4 To address the general public health problem of injuries, in 1994, Mexico established the System of Epidemiological Surveillance of Externally Causes Injuries (SVELECE), with the primary objective to count, analyze, and then prevent injuries. According to SVELECE, 13% of the injuries that occurred in 1996 happened in the 5-17-year-old group, and, of the injuries occurring in that age group, 5% happened in the workplace.5 Since this data may undercount injuries in children employed in the informal sector, my student's pilot study was designed to estimate the proportion of childhood injuries resulting from work with a focus on informal sector workers.
Theatrical inauguration of a parallax view: intertextually - mediated communal memory in Borges’s “Tema del traidor y del héroe”

This article analyzes the mediation of historical events in “Tema del traidor y del heroe” by Jorge Luis Borges, wherein decisive revolutionary successes are the results of a staged performance—the dramatized execution of independence leader Fergus Kilpatrick. Bymixing theater and history, Borges overcomes historical representation in terms of the binaries true/false and real/fiction. This article argues that the historical reality initiated by this performance is the result of an incessant literary mediation. Literature, specifically Festspiele and Shakespearean plays, helped establish a parallax view of the historical events and became the vehicle to validate them as ontological reality. Thus, the historical events, performed or otherwise, are inherently accompanied by literature, having the latter enlighten the former.When Ryan, the main character, discovers the historical theatricality, he also discovers that he cannot change the social significance of the historical events, and himself becomes a part of the historical narrative.
Concordance and Copulas: A Survey

Abstract In this paper we survey relationships between concordance of random variables and their copulas. We focus on the relationship between concordance and measures of association such as Kendall’s tau, Spearman’s rho and Gini’s coefficient. Extensions to the multivariate case are also discussed.
Detection and evaluation of colorectal neoplasms with F-18 FDG PET/CT in asymptomatic subjects

1817 Objectives To evaluate the performance of F-18 FDG PET/CT for the detection and characterization of colorectal neoplasms in asymptomatic subjects. Methods In a prospective study, 10,166 asymptomatic subjects underwent F-18 FDG PET/CT as a part of a screening program. Colorectal FDG focality on initial PET with intensity exceeding background FDG accumulation that existed on delayed PET/CT, following administration of a laxative-augmented contrast medium, was considered an abnormal lesion. Colonoscopic histopathology and clinical follow-up served as the reference standard. On a per-lesion basis, each colorectal neoplasm was characterized by two PET/CT parameters including standardized uptake value (SUV) and size. The performance of each parameter in identifying colorectal cancer was determined by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results Of 78 colorectal lesions identified on PET/CT, 28 were identified as colorectal cancers and the remaining 50 were adenomas. Additionally, two false negatives (rectal adenocarcinoma and carcinoid tumor) and 19 false positives (hemorrhoid, diverticulitis, colitis, erosion, and chronic granulomatous inflammation) were noted. The AUCs of neoplastic SUV and size to detect colorectal cancer were poor and non-significantly (0.695 ± 0.067 vs. 0.613 ± 0.079, p = 0.43). Combining neoplastic SUV and size to predict colorectal cancer, AUC significantly improved to 0.825 ± 0.058 (p Conclusions F-18 FDG PET/CT provides promising performance for the detection and evaluation of colorectal neoplasms in asymptomatic subjects. The combination of neoplastic SUV and size can improve the accuracy of differentiating benign and malignant neoplasms in colorectum
Standard Errors for Indexes From Complex Samples

Methods of computing standard errors were developed and applied for several statistics of importance in economic and social surveys. These statistics are based on ratio means r = y/x; x is often the variable sample size of complex samples. Some statistics involve weighted sums σWjrj, others concern the relatives R1 = r1/r0 = (y1/x1)/(y0/x0), the ratio of current (1) to base (0) mean. From these relatives the indexes are constructed, and changes, I2 – I1, in the index. We develop computing formulas and helpful approximations for standard errors of these statistics, and apply them to a series of data from our Center's Surveys of Consumer Attitudes & Expectations. A large group of empirical results yield evidence on the behavior of these statistics, with wide implications for the design of surveys to measure economic and social indicators.
Enhancement of vaccinia virus plaque formation by trypsin.

SummaryThe size and numbers of vaccinia plaques in chick embryo cell cultures are enhanced by trypsin.
Fresh steam-flaked corn in cattle feedlots is an important site for fecal coliform contamination by house flies.

House flies are a common pest at food animal facilities, including cattle feedlots. Previously, house flies were shown to play an important role in the ecology of Escherichia coli O157:H7; house flies in cattle feedlots carried this zoonotic pathogen and were able to contaminate cattle through direct contact and/or by contamination of drinking water and feed. Because house flies aggregate in large numbers on fresh (≤6 h) steam-flaked corn (FSFC) used in cattle feed, the aim of this study was to assess FSFC in a cattle feedlot as a potentially important site of fecal coliform contamination by house flies. House flies and FSFC samples were collected, homogenized, and processed for culturing of fecal coliforms on membrane fecal coliform agar. Selected isolates were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and representative isolates from each phylogenetic group were genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Fecal coliforms were undetectable in FSFC shortly (0 h) after flaking; however, in summer, after 4...
Alpha Synuclein as a Cutaneous Biomarker of Parkinson Disease (P05.195)

Objective: To develop a biomarker for Parkinson disease. Background Parkinson9s disease is a multisystem neurodegenerative disease characterized by the deposition of α-synuclein in the central, peripheral and enteric nervous system. Although the most prominent manifestations of Parkinson9s disease are due to central, motor system neurodegeneration, there is widespread peripheral, autonomic and enteric nervous system degeneration with associated clinical features. Design/Methods: Eight patients with Parkinson disease and 8 age and gender matched control subjects underwent skin biopsies at the distal leg, distal thigh and proximal thigh. Skin biopsies were stained for PGP9.5, tyrosine hydroxylase, vasoactive intestinal peptide and α-synuclein. The density of nerve fibers within specific dermal organelles (pilomotor muscles and sweat glands) was calculated. The proportion of these nerve fibers that contained α-synuclein (determined by α-synuclein overlap with PGP 9.5) was defined as the α-synuclein deposition ratio. Results: Patients with Parkinson9s had lower total innervation of arrector pili muscles than controls (P Conclusions: We have developed novel techniques to quantify the density of autonomic nerve fiber innervation within specific dermal organelles, and have quantified the ratio of α-synuclein deposition within these nerve fibers. We found significantly elevated α-synuclein deposition ratios within both sympathetic adrenergic pilomotor and sympathetic cholinergic sudomotor fibers in patients with Parkinson disease. These findings suggest the α-synuclein deposition ratio may be a biomarker in patients with Parkinson disease. Supported by: NIH NINDS K23NS050209 (CHG). Disclosure: Dr. Wang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gibbons has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lafo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Freeman has received personal compensation for activities with Pfizer Inc, Eli Lilly & Company, GlaxoSmithKline, Inc., Solvay S.A., and Chelsea Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Freeman has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Clinical Journal of Pain.
Between Sinification and Internationalization: Chinese Political Science in the Post-Reform Era

The story of Chinese political science since Reform and Opening-up is one that parallels China itself: rapid and remarkable development. This article poses a series of questions regarding the current standing of Chinese political science, its relevance and future as a discipline within China, its contributions to Chinese academia, policy making, and society, and it place within a global discipline.
Bureaucratic Neglect and Oppression in Child Welfare: Historical Precedent and Implications for Current Practice

Historically, child maltreatment has been seen as an issue warranting the involvement of the American government. However, over time, the definition of child maltreatment has changed; typically, maltreatment is often understood as a violation of the parental right to care for and protect a child. Consequently, the government, through systems such as child protective services is expected to be the acceptable parental alternative. As illustrated by the numerous negative outcomes experienced, it is clear that the system is not meeting the needs of abused and neglected children. This bureaucratic neglect is allowed to occur because of population primarily served by the child welfare system, the poor and families of color. In this way, dynamics of power and privilege manifest in the differing expectations of appropriate care between biological parents and the foster care system.
Energy Harvesting from Roadways

This paper presents a preview of an ongoing study to develop an energy harvesting system based on piezoelectric elements embedded into the pavements structure. The system development involved designing and testing a number of prototypes in the laboratory under controlled stress conditions. In addition, it involved numerical modeling of the stress distribution in the power generation module and economic analysis of the value of the electric power generated, under a given traffic composition scenario. The results available to date suggest that this technology shows promise in powering LED traffic lights and wireless sensors embedded into pavement structures.
Update on orbital lymphatic malformations.

Purpose of review The purpose of this article is to review the recent published literature in 2015 on lymphatic malformation and provide updated information on the disease. Specifically, this article will describe recent advances in identifying and managing lymphatic malformations. Recent findings All articles discussed in this article emphasize the difficulty in treating lymphatic malformations. Most patients have long complicated histories with multiple recurrences. Studies are trying to identify which lesions will be successful treated by certain therapeutic modality. Treatment includes nonsurgical and surgical therapies. Summary Lymphatic malformations are difficult lesions to treat because they do not respect tissue planes. The use of sclerosing agents shows great promise for treating macrocysts. More knowledge is needed in the development of the disease process. Hopefully, antilymphangiogenic agent can provide targeted treatment.
The Role of Irreversible Electroporation and Other Ablative Techniques in Patients with Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer

Initially diagnosed stage 3 (locally advanced) pancreatic adenocarcinoma (LAPC) remains an aggressive tumor with an overall poor prognosis (median survival of 9–12 months). Improvement in survival can be achieved in the small percentage that can undergo an R0 resection and in patients, where all macroscopic tumor can be cleared by local ablation techniques. Patients can have difficulty tolerating long durations of (>4–6 months) chemoradiotherapy, and this intervention alone still fails to prolong survival. Neoadjuvant treatment also has limited results on pain control or tumor downstaging since most current modalities do not shrink or downsize the tumor. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of local ablative therapy for the treatment of non-resectable tumors in various organs. Ablation techniques are based on direct application of chemical, thermal, or electrical energy to a tumor, which leads to cellular necrosis without removal of the tumor. With ablation, both local control and relief from symptoms may be obtained in the majority of highly selected patients when appropriate technique is utilized. LAPC has been treated by various ablation techniques in the last few years with promising results. In this chapter, we will present the current status of local ablative therapies for the treatment of LAPC and discuss future trends.
Challenging the Assumption of a Western Phenomenon: Academic Entitlement in Saudi Arabia

ABSTRACTAcademic entitlement (AE) is increasingly associated with problematic behaviors and attitudes, including student incivility and endorsement of cheating. As research on this context-specific form of entitlement increases, no one has yet explored the rates of occurrence outside of North America. To investigate whether students at North American universities are alone in their endorsement of academically entitled beliefs and behaviors, we administered a bidimensional (entitled expectations and externalized responsibility) AE measure to university students in Saudi Arabia and the United States. Contrary to expectations, the Saudi Arabian students, particularly the women, reported on this measure higher levels of AE than the American students. However, in the Saudi sample, academic entitlement was associated with self-esteem and not with narcissism or independent self-construal. While these results challenge the assumptions that AE is an exclusive Western educational phenomenon, they also raise questio...
Breakthroughs for Whom? Global Diabetes Care and Equitable Design

Discussions about social justice in global health often begin with questions about delivery and distribution. Yet distribution-focused programs can't reconfigure design inequalities that leave many patients and health systems unable to obtain or provide basic care.
What is missing? Addressing the complex issues surrounding sexual and reproductive health in the circumpolar north.

No abstract available (Published: 9 December 2016) Citation: Int J Circumpolar Health 2016, 75: 34287 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v75.34287
723. AAV Mediated Cancer Targeting: Systemic Trafficking to Tumor Is More Important Than Vector Tumor Cell Interaction

Adding tumor specific ligands to enhance vector tumor cell interaction is the conventional concept to generate tumor targeting adeno-associated viral vector (AAV). However, it remains poorly proved whether high AAV tumor cell interaction contributes to high tumor localization in vivo following systemic delivery. Here, we conducted directed evolution selections on patient derived xenograft models using a complex AAV capsid library. Uniquely, we compared the pressure for AAV tumor cell interaction alone (intratumoral library injection) and multi-layer pressure including traveling to the tumor and infection (intravenous library injection). Distinct patterns of AAV capsid motifs were identified after intratumoral and intravenous screenings. Motifs isolated from intratumoral screenings were named tumor specific motifs and those isolated from intravenous screenings were named systematic trafficking motifs. AAVs with tumor specific motifs but not systemic trafficking motifs showed significantly increased tumor cell transduction in vitro, indicating enhanced vector target cell interaction after intratumoral-based selections. Interestingly, following systemic delivery, AAVs with systemic trafficking motifs mediated hundreds of folds higher transgene expression than those with tumor specific motifs and wild type AAV in vivo. The combination of both motifs further increases the tumor tropism but not the transduction efficiency in vivo. When analyzing the AAV genome biodistribution by quantifying the genome copy number, the systemic trafficking motifs greatly reduced the native AAV tropism, which potentiated higher accessibility of AAV to the tumor. In contrast, AAVs only bearing tumor specific motifs maintained native AAV tropism and failed to mediate increased genome localization in tumor. Furthermore, in two independent patient derived xenograft models and two different tumor types, our novel AAV vector armed with combined motifs all showed hundreds of folds increase in transduction efficiency with no detectable off-targeting expression. In conclusion, contradictory to the prevailing theory, our study demonstrated that the AAV tumor cell interaction did not contribute to increased tumor localization but just specificity in vivo. Therefore, targeting is not only depending on AAV tumor cell interaction but also, and more importantly, depending on the accessibility of AAV to the tumor cells following systemic delivery. Future cancer directed AAV vector design should take into account the complex processes during systemic delivery as well as the vector tumor cell interaction.
Chapter 2 – Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines: Potential Human Carcinogens

Publisher Summary Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are a class of compounds in the diet that are receiving widening attention as a risk factor for human cancer. HAAs were discovered more than 30 years ago by Professor Sugimura and his colleagues in Japan, who showed that the charred parts and smoke generated from broiled fish and beef contained potent activity in Salmonella typhimurium-based mutagenicity assays. There are two major classes of HAAs. One class of compounds is known as “pyrolytic HAAs.” These compounds arise during the high-termperature pyrolysis (>250 °C) of individual amino acids. The second class of HAAs, named aminoimidazoarenes (AIAs), are formed in meats cooked at temperatures (150–250°C) commonly used in the household kitchen. HAAs are formed during the pyrolysis of tryptophan, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, or ornithine. Several HAAs also arise during the pyrolysis of proteins such as soybean globulin and casein. The known pyrolytic HAAs comprise five structurally distinct groups that contain pyridoindoles, pyridoimidazoles, phenylpyridine, tetraazofluoranthene, or benzmidazole moieties. Several pyrolytic HAAs are formed at low nanogram per gram concentrations in some broiled or grilled fish and meats that are cooked very well-done or burnt. With the recent improvements in the sensitivity of mass spectometric instrumentation, it is now possible to probe for HAA biomarkers in sampled biological fluids and tissues.
Where are number fields with small class number

The title of this talk is still an open question. Very few positive answers will be provided here. We will give, however, a survey of solutions of the class number one and/or class number two problem for various types of fields.
Catch 'em Early: Internship and Assistantship CS Mentoring Programs for Underclassmen

Recruiting and retaining STEM majors has been an ongoing challenge for colleges and universities. This research paper describes two initiatives to recruit and retain Computer Science (CS) majors that were implemented at Siena College starting in the fall of 2014. Both initiatives are directed at rising sophomores who have completed the first year CS sequence as an early strategy to encourage them to declare and complete the CS major. The first initiative is an early internship program directed at providing students an opportunity to apply those technical skills, extend their skill set, and introduce them to meaningful real-world projects between their freshman and sophomore years. The second initiative is a lab/classroom assistant program where sophomore or older students provide mentoring during lecture and lab sessions for the introductory CS courses. The paper provides preliminary findings, lessons learned, and directions for the future.
Whose Post Is It? Predicting E-cigarette Brand from Social Media Posts.

Objectives E-cigarette advertisers know that 76% of youth use social media, yet little is known about the nature of e-cigarette advertising on social media most favored by youth. We utilized text-mining to characterize e-cigarette advertising and marketing messages from image-focused social media brand sites, and to construct and test an algorithm for predicting brand from brand-generated social media posts. Methods Data comprised 5022 unique posts accompanied by an image from Facebook, Instagram or Pinterest e-cigarette brand pages for Blu, Logic, Metro, and NJOY from February 2012 to April 2015. Text-tokenization was used to quantify text for use as predictors in analyses. Results Blu had the largest social media presence (65%), followed by Logic (16%), NJOY (12%) and Metro (7%). Blu's average post length was significantly shorter than all other brands. Words most commonly used in posts differed by brand. Regression analyses successfully differentiated Blu and NJOY brands from other brands. Conclusions Analyses revealed e-cigarette brands used different types of messages to appeal to social media users. Whereas words used by Blu and NJOY sold a "lifestyle," words used by Logic and Metro relied on device and product identification.
A Hydrodynamic and Surface Coverage Model Capable of Predicting Settled Effluent Turbidity Subsequent to Hydraulic Flocculation

Abstract A widely applicable hydraulic flocculator design model would facilitate increased adoption of this sustainable technology. To this end, the authors previously proposed rate equations for t...
The Challenges and Rewards of Service: Job Satisfaction among Public Affairs Program Directors

AbstractMost public affairs programs have some form of director, but we do not know the full scope of the program director’s role. This article thus asks, What tasks and duties does a program direc...
The Baboon in Xenotransplant Research

If cross-species transplantation is ever to become a reasonable therapeutic modality for human beings, it will be because the potential for success has been demonstrated in a nonhuman primate model. The imperative has always been to select a primate research subject from a species that is plentiful, is not endangered, readily procreates in a managed environment, and mimics the human response (immunologic homology) to both organ transplantation and potential transfer of infectious disease. Several Papio subspecies of baboons, including Papio hamadryas anubis (olive baboon), meet these important criteria. These animals remain common in throughout sub-Saharan Africa and have adapted well to the managed environments of major primate centers worldwide. A list of United States-based primate centers housing breeding colonies of baboons can be found in Table 19.1. The Surgical Research Laboratory at Loma Linda University, for instance, has maintained a salutary relationship with the Southwest National Primate Research Center in San Antonio, Texas, for the procurement of juvenile baboon research subjects. Once relatively inexpensive and portable for use in laboratory research, the commercial value of baboons and the complexities of transferring them from facility to facility have increased significantly during the past two decades. Nevertheless, the olive baboon and its closest relatives remain vital to laboratory investigation of xenotransplantation. Their most important laboratory role may be as recipients of solid organ xenografts, including heart, lung, liver, and kidney. Host immunoregulatory strategies that are efficacious with baboon recipients are, in many instances, directly applicable to the human setting. Maintenance of chronic immunoregulation and graft surveillance is much more difficult in baboons, however, whose nature makes them much less cooperative than human recipients. Baboon recipient mortality and morbidity are reflective of the experience in humans, as are measures of immune response. Baboons are susceptible to most of the same, or similar, infectious agents that threaten human subjects. Hence, they represent an important analogy to the threat of infections facing human recipients. They also represent an excellent model for the potential of infectious disease transfer in clinical trials of
Nature of Probability and Rational Credibility

As we have seen, in retort to the other argument of the Humean skeptic, that we have to know for certain that empirical statements must be true in order to validate them, Lewis holds that it is the validity of empirical knowledge as probable judgemnts only which requires to be assured. Since an empirical generalization is subject to tests and revision in the light of further empirical findings, we should hold it not with certainty but with mere probability. Now the question is whether this probability warrants our belief in empirical generalizations or laws. By rejecting our empirical knowledge as invalid because they are not necessarily true, the skeptic may be suggesting, as many other philosophers usually do, that some principle like the principle of the uniformity of nature is requisite for the purpose of validating empirical knowledge. Lewis’s answer to this is that no such principle is requisite for that purpose. He argues that no rational proof can establish that empirical knowledge must correspond to objective facts or that predictions must be infallible.
Treatment of B-cell lymphomas with anti-idiotype antibodies alone and in combination with alpha interferon.

Idiotypes are distinct clonal markers for B-cell lymphomas. Previously we reported the use of anti-idiotype antibodies in the therapy of patients with B-cell malignancies. Because synergy was demonstrated with the addition of alpha interferon to anti-idiotype antibodies in a murine lymphoma model, we performed a clinical trial combining these two agents. Here we provide an update of the original trial of anti- idiotype antibodies alone and report the outcome of the new combination trial. In 16 treatment courses of anti-idiotype antibodies alone there were seven partial responses and one complete response. In 12 courses of combination anti-idiotype antibody and alpha interferon there were two complete responses and seven partial responses. Substantial tumor regressions occurred with minimal toxicity in both trials even in patients refractory to conventional chemotherapy. Tumor specimens obtained at the time of disease progression often contained a preponderance of idiotype-negative lymphoma cells, suggesting that anti- idiotype antibody treatment exerted a strong antitumor effect against antigen-positive cells. Anti-idiotype antibodies have reproducible objective antitumor activity in B-cell lymphoma. The addition of alpha interferon may improve the initial rate of response to this treatment. Strategies that deal effectively with idiotype-negative lymphoma cells should improve the extent and duration of these responses.
Retinopathy of Prematurity: Overview and Findings in the Anterior Segment of Affected Eyes

Our understanding of the disease known as retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) has changed enormously since the 1950s. Even its name has been changed to the more appropriate “retinopathy of prematurity” (ROP), which emphasizes the current thinking that the disease is due mainly to the immaturity of the infant’s retina. The fibrotic changes characteristically seen behind the lens in the advanced stages of this disease, and for which the term retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) was given, are now thought to be a common end-stage manifestation of many diseases of the retina.
Telephone transmission of fetal heart rate monitor data. The experience at the University of Connecticut Health Center.

Abstract This report reviews the experience at the University of Connecticut Health Center using the Fetal Assessment Consultative Transmission Service (FACTS) system during a 2 1 2 - year period. This system, which permits direct transmission of antepartum and/or intrapartum fetal heart rate tracings via a telephone line, allows the obstetric staffs of smalier community hospitals to obtain an immediate consultation from the University of Connecticut Health Center on a 24 hour per day basis. A total of 511 fetal heart rate tracings were analyzed. Two hundred forty-five were intrapartum, 206 antepartum, and 60 were transmitted for educational purposes. The results indicate an imperative need for such a service from a tertiary care center to improve the quality of regional perinatal care and to determine the future direction of the regional educational program for physicians and nurses.
Barriers and Facilitators of Using Sensored Medication Adherence Devices in a Diverse Sample of Patients With Multiple Myeloma: Qualitative Study.

Background: Many recently approved medications to manage multiple myeloma (MM) are oral, require supportive medications to prevent adverse effects, and are taken under complex schedules. Medication adherence is a concern; however, little attention has been directed toward understanding adherence in MM or associated barriers and facilitators. Advanced sensored medication devices (SMDs) offer opportunities to intervene; however, acceptability among patients with MM, particularly African American patients, is untested. Objective: This study aimed to explore patients’ (1) perceptions of their health before MM including experiences with chronic medications, (2) perceptions of adherence barriers and facilitators, and (3) attitudes toward using SMDs. Methods: An in-person, semistructured, qualitative interview was conducted with a convenience sample of patients being treated for MM. Patients were recruited from within an urban, minority-serving, academic medical center that had an established cancer center. A standardized interview guide included questions targeting medication use, attitudes, adherence, barriers, and facilitators. Demographics included the use of cell phone technology. Patients were shown 2 different pill bottles with sensor technology—Medication Event Monitoring System and the SMRxT bottle. After receiving information on the transmission ability of the bottles, patients were asked to discuss their reactions and concerns with the idea of using such a device. Medical records were reviewed to capture information on medication and diagnoses. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. Interviews were independently coded by 2 members of the team with a third member providing guidance. Results: A total of 20 patients with a mean age of 56 years (median=59 years; range=29-71 years) participated in this study and 80% (16/20) were African American. In addition, 18 (90%, 18/20) owned a smartphone and 85% (17/20) were comfortable using the internet, text messaging, and cell phone apps. The average number of medications reported per patient was 13 medications (median=10; range=3-24). Moreover, 14 (70%, 14/20) patients reported missed doses for a range of reasons such as fatigue, feeling ill, a busy schedule, forgetting, or side effects. Interest in using an SMD ranged from great interest to complete lack of interest. Examples of concerns related to the SMDs included privacy issues, potential added cost, and the size of the bottle (ie, too large). Despite the concerns, 60% (12/20) of the patients expressed interest in trying a bottle in the future. Conclusions: Results identified numerous patient-reported barriers and facilitators to missed doses of oral anticancer therapy. Many appear to be potentially mutable if uncovered and addressed. SMDs may allow for capture of these data. Although patients expressed concerns with SMDs, most remained willing to use one. A feasibility trial with SMDs is planned.
DeephESC: An Automated System for Generating and Classification of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESC's) are promising for the treatment of many diseases such as cancer, Parkinsons, Huntingtons, diabetes mellitus etc. and for toxicological testing. Automated detection and classification of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) videos is of great interest among biologists for quantified analysis of various states of hESC in experimental work. To date, the biologists who study hESC's have to analyze stem cell videos manually. In this paper we introduce a hierarchical classification system consisting of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Triplet CNN's to classify hESC images into six different classes. We also design an ensemble of Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) for generating synthetic images of hESC's. We validate the quality of the generated hESC images by training all of our CNN's exclusively on the synthetic images generated by the GAN's and evaluating them on the original hESC images. Experimental results shows that we classify the original hESC images, with an accuracy of 85.67% using the CNN alone, 91.38% accuracy using the CNN and Triplet CNN and 94.11% accuracy by fusing the outputs of the CNN and Triplet CNN's, out performing existing state-of-the-art approaches.
A paradigm of storage batteries

Research on batteries is at the crossroads. The research goal of Li-ion batteries is laser-focused, which is to push the performance limits of electrodes and electrolytes for an ever-higher energy density. However, the primary evaluation metric of storage batteries is the levelized energy cost, and there may exist several routes to reach a cost target. Therefore, it becomes urgent for researchers to have a roadmap for this new paradigm of storage batteries. In this article, I describe five dimensions of storage battery research from a chemical reaction point of view, where electrode materials and ion charge carriers represent the reactants, electrolytes provide the medium for the reaction, battery operation principles describe the configurations of the reactors, and electrode–ion chemical bonding reveals the nature of the reaction. The permutations of these five dimensions create 10 unique research planes, and the research activities on Li-ion batteries have been in one such plane: electrode materials × electrolytes. For Li-ion batteries, the electrode–ion interactions are largely taken as purely ionic; in contrast, the electrode–ion interplays may be to a large extent of donor–acceptor covalency when charge carriers are no longer small metal cations. Covalent-ionic bonding in batteries may represent the nexus to engender a constellation of new solutions in energy storage. Design of storage batteries entails a panoramic view with these five dimensions holistically considered. A deeper understanding of the chemical reaction nature of batteries will be advantage that unifies rather than compartmentalizes a paradigm of storage battery research.
The Elephant and the Bird: Republican Candidates’ Use of Strategy and Issue Framing in Twitter During the 2016 Republican Presidential Primaries

Studies have demonstrated an increase in the use of strategy framing in coverage of political campaigns over the years, and during campaign cycles. Despite increases in politicians’ and voters’ use of social media, very little is known about the use of framing in e-campaigns. This study examines Republican presidential candidates’ Twitter activity during the 2016 primaries (more than 22,000 tweets). We find that only two candidates, Donald Trump, and John Kasich, have followed the news media tendency to emphasize strategy over issues. Also, candidates dedicated more than a third of their Twitter activity to updating followers on events and the campaign. Using time-series analysis, we found that the use of framing was dynamic over time, with issue framing increasing around debates and strategy around voting days. This study contributes to our understanding of the use of social media as a complementary and alternative method for direct communication between candidates and their voters.
Burden of Peripheral Artery Disease on Mortality and Incident Cardiovascular Events.

Using data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (United States, 2000-2015), 6,527 racially/ethnically diverse adults (mean age, 62 (standard deviation, 10) years) free of known cardiovascular (CVD) had ankle brachial index (ABI) assessment of their bilateral dorsalis pedis/posterior tibial arteries (4 vessels total) and were followed for total mortality and incident CVD events/mortality. Individuals were classified into categories of 0-, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-vessel peripheral artery disease (PAD) (ABI of ≤0.9). There were 1,202 deaths (18%), 656 incident CVD events (10%), and 282 CVD deaths (4.3%). Of the 6,527 individuals, 5,711 (87.5%) had 0-, 460 (7.0%) had 1-, 218 (3.3%) had 2-, 69 (1.1%) had 3-, and 69 (1.1%) had 4-vessel PAD, respectively. In multivariable Cox models, higher number of vessels with PAD was associated with higher risk of mortality (P for trend <0.001), CVD events (P for trend = 0.002), and CVD mortality (P for trend = 0.001). Compared with individuals who had 0-vessel disease, hazard ratios for mortality were 1.29 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06, 1.59) for 1-, 1.45 (95% CI: 1.14, 1.86) for 2-, 1.58 (95% CI: 1.13, 2.21) for 3-, and 2.15 (95% CI: 1.58, 2.94) for 4-vessel disease. A similar pattern was seen for CVD events/mortality. These results suggest the importance of accounting for ABI values of all 4 leg arteries in clinical practice and research.
Weak latitudinal gradients in insect herbivory for dominant rangeland grasses of North America

Patterns of insect herbivory may follow predictable geographical gradients, with greater herbivory at low latitudes. However, biogeographic studies of insect herbivory often do not account for multiple abiotic factors (e.g., precipitation and soil nutrients) that could underlie gradients. We tested for latitudinal clines in insect herbivory as well as climatic, edaphic, and trait-based drivers of herbivory. We quantified herbivory on five dominant grass species over 23 sites across the Great Plains, USA. We examined the importance of climate, edaphic factors, and traits as correlates of herbivory. Herbivory increased at low latitudes when all grass species were analyzed together and for two grass species individually, while two other grasses trended in this direction. Higher precipitation was related to more herbivory for two species but less herbivory for a different species, while higher specific root length was related to more herbivory for one species and less herbivory for a different species. Taken together, results highlight that climate and trait-based correlates of herbivory can be highly contextual and species-specific. Patterns of insect herbivory on dominant grasses support the hypothesis that herbivory increases toward lower latitudes, though weakly, and indicates that climate change may have species-specific effects on plant-herbivore interactions.
Functional Amyloids Are the Rule Rather Than the Exception in Cellular Biology

Amyloids are a class of protein aggregates that have been historically characterized by their relationship with human disease. Indeed, amyloids can be the result of misfolded proteins that self-associate to form insoluble, extracellular plaques in diseased tissue. For the first 150 years of their study, the pathogen-first definition of amyloids was sufficient. However, new observations of amyloids foster an appreciation for non-pathological roles for amyloids in cellular systems. There is now evidence from all domains of life that amyloids can be non-pathogenic and functional, and that their formation can be the result of purposeful and controlled cellular processes. So-called functional amyloids fulfill an assortment of biological functions including acting as structural scaffolds, regulatory mechanisms, and storage mechanisms. The conceptual convergence of amyloids serving a functional role has been repeatedly confirmed by discoveries of additional functional amyloids. With dozens already known, and with the vigorous rate of discovery, the biology of amyloids is robustly represented by non-pathogenic amyloids.
Anomaly Detection for Controller Area Networks Using Long Short-Term Memory

The rapid expansion of intra-vehicle networks has increased the number of threats to such networks. Most modern vehicles implement various physical and data-link layer technologies. Vehicles are becoming increasingly autonomous and connected. Controller Area Network (CAN) is one such serial bus system that is used to connect sensors and controllers (Electronic Control Units—ECUs) within a vehicle. ECUs vary widely in processing power, storage, memory, and connectivity. Classical cryptographic approaches are resource intensive. There is a need for efficient security countermeasures for protecting the CAN from various attacks. In this article, we present a novel Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network to detect anomalies. Once trained, our system is capable of detecting anomalies in real-time and uses minimal resources. We report the results of our novel prediction algorithm that we use to select optimal LSTM network parameters. Our prediction algorithm and anomaly detection engine have been tested on data from real automobiles. We present the results of our experiments and analyze our findings.