cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contribution of hepatic stellate cells and matrix metalloproteinase 9 in acute liver failure.

Background/Aims: Fulminant hepatitis or acute liver failure (ALF), initiated by viral infection or hepatic toxin, is a devastating medical complication without effective therapeutic treatment. In this study, we addressed the potential roles of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and their produced matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in development of ALF. Methods: Mice were given lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and beta-galactosamine (GA) or carbon tetrachloride to create ALF and establish the association of IL-1, MMP-9, and caspase-3 in acute liver failure. Results: In response to the hepatic toxin, IL-1 and MMP-9 were promptly induced within 1 hour, followed by caspase-3 activation at 2 hours, and dehiscence of sinusoids at 4 hours, and consequent lethality. In contrast, MMP-9 knockout mice were resistant to lethality and absent of caspase-3 activation, demonstrating an MMP-9-dependent activation of caspase in vivo. Further, IL-1-receptor knockout mice were resistant to lethality in MMP-9 dependent manner, indicating a causative relationship. Although many hepatic cells are capable to produce MMP-9 in vitro, HSCs were demonstrated here as the major hepatic cells to express MMP-9 in liver injury. To recapitulate the sinusoidal microenvironment we cultured primary HSCs in 3-dimensional ECM. In response to IL-1, massive MMP-9 was produced by the 3D culture concomitantly with degradation of type-IV collagen. Conclusions: Based on these evidences, we propose a novel model to highlight the initiation of acute liver failure: IL-1-induced MMPs by HSCs within the space of Disse and thereafter ECM degradation may provoke the collapse of sinusoids, leading parenchymal cell death and loss of liver functions.
Oxygen in the Setting of Acute Myocardial Infarction Is It Really a Breath of Fresh Air

Introduction:Supplemental oxygen has been used in the setting of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Once an official recommendation in the guidelines for the management of acute ST-segment elevatio...
Sensitivity analysis of modular dynamic fault trees

Dynamic fault tree analysis, as currently supported by the Galileo software package, provides an effective means for assessing the reliability of embedded computer-based systems. Dynamic fault trees extend traditional fault trees by defining special gates to capture sequential and functional dependency characteristics. A modular approach to the solution of dynamic fault trees effectively applies Binary Decision Diagram (BOD) and Markov model solution techniques to different parts of the dynamic fault tree model. Reliability analysis of a computer-based system tells only part of the story, however. Follow-up questions such as "Where are the weak links in the system?", "How do the results change if my input parameters change?" and "What is the most cost effective way to improve reliability?" require a sensitivity analysis of the reliability analysis. Sensitivity analysis (often called Importance Analysis) is not a new concept, but the calculation of sensitivity measures within the modular solution methodology for dynamic and static fault trees raises some interesting issues. In this paper we address several of these issues, and present a modular technique for evaluating sensitivity, a single traversal solution to sensitivity analysis for BOD, a simplified methodology for estimating sensitivity for Markov models, and a discussion of the use of sensitivity measures in system design. The sensitivity measures for both the Binary Decision Diagram and Markov approach presented in this paper is implemented in Galileo, a software package for reliability analysis of complex computer-based systems.
Integration of Systems Toxicology into Drug Discovery

Success in the pharmaceutical industry is plagued by high rates of late-stage attrition because of unanticipated pre-clinical and clinical toxicity. In order to improve success rates, it is necessary to consider potential on- and off-target-mediated toxicity at an earlier stage in product development to shift attrition upstream in the process. This will help to avoid resource-intensive development activities, such as pre-clinical toxicology and human clinical studies, on compounds that are ultimately destined to fail. Large-scale gene expression profiling technologies, such as toxicogenomics, have the potential to diagnose and predict certain safety liabilities using in vitro and in vivo models. When used appropriately in the early stages of lead optimization and pre-clinical drug testing, it has the potential to improve compound selection at an earlier stage of drug discovery and thus decrease the probability of late-stage attrition. A more thorough understanding of a drug's mechanism of action and toxicity is also expected to improve human risk assessment and help define appropriate screening strategies to avoid toxicophores in subsequent iterations of drug discovery. This chapter will focus on the application of systems toxicology using toxicogenomics in drug discovery for the early safety assessment of small molecule therapeutics. Keywords: discovery toxicology; drug discovery; in vitro; in vivo; lead optimization; microarray; toxicity prediction; toxicogenomics
A three‐factor approach to understanding food quality: the product, the person and the environment*

Food quality and food acceptability were judged from the product alone in the early 20th century, and from the product and consumer beginning in the middle of the 20th century. Later we began to realize the importance of the context or environment in judgments of product quality and assessments of product acceptability. This paper reviews the growth of the three factor approach to understanding quality and acceptability, and presents an example of current research in each. Meal context, expectations, and eating location research are reviewed as examples of the three factor approach. The importance of context is emphasized throughout the review.
PHARMACODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF A NEW DIURETIC DRUG, ETHACRYNIC ACID.

Abstract Ethacrynic acid is an extremely potent diuretic and natriuretic agent. Its rapid onset of action following intravenous administration suggests particular usefulness in patients with severe cardiac decompensation, e.g., acute pulmonary edema. Furthermore, the parenteral drug appears to be effective despite reduced glomerular filtration rates, and, therefore, may be useful in the treatment of edema associated with advanced renal functional impairment. Oral administration of ethacrynic acid also results in potent diuretic activity, with substantial antihypertensive effectiveness as well. The oral compound compares favorably with other potent oral diuretics and with parenteral meralluride.
Metal dust combustion: Explosion limits, pressures, and temperatures

Measurements are reported for the explosibility behavior in air of a variety of metallic and other elemental dusts. The data are useful for evaluating the hazards involved in their manufacture, transport, storage, and use. This study was also designed to help resolve, a fundamental issue of whether the combustion reactions in those dust flames proceed homogeneously in the gas phase or heterogeneously at particle surfaces. Data are reported for 14 dusts: from the more volatile metals such as magnesium and zinc, to the refractory metals such as tantalum, tungsten and niobium. Also included are some intermediate metals: hafnium, titanium, aluminum, iron, lead and copper; as well as the nonmetallic elements: boron, silicon, and carbon. Explosion pressures, rates of pressure rise, and continuum radiation temperatures were measured as a function of the dispersed dust concentration, using the Bureau of Mines 20-L explosibility test chamber and strong pyrotechnic ignitors. The lean limit fuel equivalence ratios varied from as low as 0.13 for the more reactive and volatile dusts to well in excess of 1.0 for the less reactive and less volatile ones. The copper and lead dusts were nonexplosible. For some dusts, preliminary data on particle size dependencies were obtained. The data are analyzed in terms of calculated adiabatic flame temperatures and the equilibrium vapor pressures or nonequilibrium vapor fluxes at those temperatures. An inverse correlation is observed between the measured lean limit equivalence ratio and the calculated equilibrium flame zone volatility for the dust. The correlation is analogous to one previously established for the carbonaceous dusts. Estimated absolute vaporization fluxes for the more flammable dusts are adequate to support a homogenous mechanism. Some refractory dusts, however, exhibit marginal (but finite) explosibility for the finer particle sizes even though their estimated vaporization fluxes appear to be too low to support a homogeneous mechanism.
Connected matroids with the smallest whitney numbers

Abstract In “The Slimmest Geometric Lattices” (Trans. Amer. Math. Soc.). Dowling and Wilson showed that if G is a combinatorial geometry of rank r(G) = n, and if X(G) = Σ μ(0, x)λr − r(x) = Σ (−1)r − kWkλk is the characteristic polynomial of G, then w k ⩾ r k +n r−1 k Thus γ(G) ⩾ 2r − 1 (n+2), where γ(G) = Σ wk. In this paper we sharpen these lower bounds for connected geometries: If G is connected, r(G) ⩾ 3, and n(G) ⩾ 2 ((r, n) ≠ (4,3)), then w i ⩾ r i + n r i+1 for i>1; w 1 ⩾r+n r 2 − 1; |μ| ⩾ (r− 1)n; and γ ⩾ (2r − 1 − 1)(2n + 2). These bounds are all achieved for the parallel connection of an r-point circuit and an (n + 1)point line. If G is any series-parallel network, r(G) = r( G ) = 4 , and n(G) = n( G ) = 3 then (w 1 (G)) 4 t-G ⩾ (w 1 ( G )) = (8, 20, 18, 7, 1) . Further, if β is the Crapo invariant, β(G)= d X (G) dλ (1) , then β(G) ⩾ max(1, n − r + 2). This lower bound is achieved by the parallel connection of a line and a maximal size series-parallel network.
The Winds of Islam

The religion of Islam is based on the divine revelations of the holy prophet Mohammed. As a historical figure, scholars state that Mohammed's religious calling began around the age of 40 (about the...
Sexual History Affects Mating Behavior and Mate Choice in the Crayfish Orconectes limosus

Because mating entails both costs and potential benefits to both sexes, males and females should be under selection to make optimal choices from among available potential mates. For example, in some cases, individuals may benefit by using information on potential mates' previous sexual histories to make mate choices. In such cases, the form and direction of these benefits may vary both between the sexes and based on the sexual history of the choosing individuals themselves. We investigated the effects of recent previous sexual history on the mate choice and mating behavior of both males and females of the crayfish Orconectes limosus. In one experiment, we found that opposite-sex dyads comprising crayfish that had both mated 7–8 d previously with other conspecifics were significantly less likely to mate than dyads in which at least one crayfish was unmated. In a second experiment, we found that, when presented with a choice of tethered (but free to move) opposite-sex conspecifics, only virgin females discriminated between males based on sexual history, showing a preference for virgin males over recently mated males. Mated females, mated males, and virgin males showed no preferences based on the sexual histories of potential mates. We discuss the implications of these inferences in the context of what was previously known about mating behavior and potential sperm limitation in crustaceans and other taxa.
Design of an Efficient Architecture for Enhancement of Stream Video Captured in Non-uniform Lighting Conditions

A novel architecture for performing hue-saturation-value (HSV) domain enhancement of digital color images with non-uniform lighting conditions is proposed in this paper for video streaming applications. The approach promotes log-domain computation to eliminate all multiplications, divisions and exponentiations utilizing the effective logarithmic estimation modules. An optimized quadrant symmetric architecture is incorporated into the design of homomorphic filter for the enhancement of intensity value. Efficient modules are also presented for conversion between RGB and HSV color spaces. The design is able to bring out details hidden in shadow regions of the image. It is capable of producing 187.86 million outputs per second (MOPs) on Xilinx's Virtex II XC2V2000-4ff896 field programmable gate array (FPGA) at a clock frequency of 187.86 MHz. It can process over 179.1 (1024 X 1024) frames per second and consumes approximately 70.7% and 76.8% less hardware resource with 127% and 280% performance boost when compared to the designs with machine learning algorithm [10], and with separated dynamic and contrast enhancements [11], respectively.
Rapamycin and Chloroquine: The In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of Autophagy-Modifying Drugs Show Promising Results in Valosin Containing Protein Multisystem Proteinopathy

Mutations in the valosin containing protein (VCP) gene cause hereditary Inclusion body myopathy (hIBM) associated with Paget disease of bone (PDB), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), more recently termed multisystem proteinopathy (MSP). Affected individuals exhibit scapular winging and die from progressive muscle weakness, and cardiac and respiratory failure, typically in their 40s to 50s. Histologically, patients show the presence of rimmed vacuoles and TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43)-positive large ubiquitinated inclusion bodies in the muscles. We have generated a VCPR155H/+ mouse model which recapitulates the disease phenotype and impaired autophagy typically observed in patients with VCP disease. Autophagy-modifying agents, such as rapamycin and chloroquine, at pharmacological doses have previously shown to alter the autophagic flux. Herein, we report results of administration of rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, and chloroquine, a lysosomal inhibitor which reverses autophagy by accumulating in lysosomes, responsible for blocking autophagy in 20-month old VCPR155H/+ mice. Rapamycin-treated mice demonstrated significant improvement in muscle performance, quadriceps histological analysis, and rescue of ubiquitin, and TDP-43 pathology and defective autophagy as indicated by decreased protein expression levels of LC3-I/II, p62/SQSTM1, optineurin and inhibiting the mTORC1 substrates. Conversely, chloroquine-treated VCPR155H/+ mice revealed progressive muscle weakness, cytoplasmic accumulation of TDP-43, ubiquitin-positive inclusion bodies and increased LC3-I/II, p62/SQSTM1, and optineurin expression levels. Our in vitro patient myoblasts studies treated with rapamycin demonstrated an overall improvement in the autophagy markers. Targeting the mTOR pathway ameliorates an increasing list of disorders, and these findings suggest that VCP disease and related neurodegenerative multisystem proteinopathies can now be included as disorders that can potentially be ameliorated by rapalogs.
All inorganic iron pyrite nano-heterojunction solar cells

The large absorption coefficient of iron pyrite (FeS2) nanocrystals coupled with their low-cost and vast-abundance shows great promise as a potential photovoltaic absorber. Here, we demonstrate that bulk heterojunction (BHJ) nanostructures consisting of 80 nm FeS2 nanocubes (NCs) and 4 nm CdS quantum dot (QD) matrix, lead to a well-defined percolation network, which significantly improved open-circuit voltage (Voc) to 0.79 V and power conversion efficiency of 1.1% under AM 1.5 solar illumination. The localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) arising from p-type colloidal FeS2 NCs exhibit plasmonic photoelectron conversion. Our approach can be applied to a wide range of colloidal nanocrystals exhibiting the LSPRs effect and is compatible with solution processing, thereby offering a general tactic to enhancing the efficiency of all inorganic BHJ solar cells and LSPRs-based NIR photodetectors.
On the Origin of Genetics and Beginnings of Medical Genetics of Diseases of the Kidney

The twentieth century has been termed the century of the gene. Although the term "gene" was introduced in 1909, interest in reproduction and heredity has occupied humankind since its transition from hunter-gatherers to farmers and herders. Heredity, as it applies to diseases, began with Greek medicine. The humoral theory of the Hippocratic Corpus provided an etiological explanation for susceptibility of individuals to certain diseases well into the nineteenth century and was variously termed diathesis, temperament, and constitution. The application of the new probability math to quantify the hybridization of sweet peas by Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) in 1866 provided a scientific basis to inheritance, which had theretofore been an amalgam of scattered empirical observations. The near simultaneous publication of Origin of Species by Charles Darwin (1809-1882) in 1859 was a key catalyst in the transfer of what had been studies in plant biology into studies of populations and humans. The subsequent growth of genetics has been the outcome of interplay of technological breakthroughs in statistical analysis, cytology, biochemistry, physics, and computer science, coupled with the insightful analysis of workers in the field, several of whom have been the recipients of the Nobel Prize in medicine or chemistry since 1933. Application of these techniques to molecular biology and medical genetics is just beginning to yield insight into diseases of the kidney and provide visions of their likely therapies in the future.
Educational Access and Peace Duration in Post-Conflict Countries

Does increased access to education after the end of a civil war reduce or increase the risk of the resumption of civil war? As several scholars have argued, increased access to education is linked with the promotion of civil society, reduces economic inequality, and improves the livelihood of the population (Walter 2004). Moreover, by promoting education, the government signals to the population that it is concerned with the citizens of the country (Thyne 2006). Further, the opportunity for education increases the opportunity costs for rebels to fight the government, hence reducing the likelihood that former rebels will reinitiate a conflict (Collier and Hoeffler 2004; Walter 2002). On the other hand, others have pointed out that education may contribute to conflict particularly if employment opportunities do not keep pace with educational attainment (Buckland 2005; Degu 2005). Despite the claims of a theoretical linkage between access to education and peace duration, most empirical studies have examined ...
New spherical-cutoff methods for long-range forces in macromolecular simulation

New atom- and group-based spherical-cutoff methods have been developed for the treatment of nonbonded interactions in molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. A new atom-based method, force switching, leaves short-range forces unaltered by adding a constant to the potential energy, switching forces smoothly to zero over a specified range. A simple improvement to group-based cutoffs is presented: Switched group-shifting shifts the group–group potential energy by a constant before being switched smoothly to zero. Also introduced are generalizations of atom-based force shifting, which adds a constant to the Coulomb force between two charges. These new approaches are compared to existing methods by evaluating the energy of a model hydrogen-bonding system consisting of two N-methyl acetamide molecules and by full MD simulation. Thirty-five 150 ps simulations of carboxymyoglobin (MbCO) hydrated by 350 water molecules indicate that the new methods and atom-based shifting are each able to approximate no-cutoff results when a cutoff at or beyond 12 A is used. However, atom-based potential-energy switching and truncation unacceptably contaminate group–group electrostatic interactions. Group-based potential truncation should not be used in the presence of explicit water or other mobile electrostatic dipoles because energy is not a state function with this method, resulting in severe heating (about 4 K/ps in the simulations of hydrated MbCO). The distance-dependent dielectric (ϵ ∝ r) is found to alter the temperature dependence of protein dynamics, suppressing anharmonic motion at high temperatures. Force switching and force shifting are the best atom-based spherical cutoffs, whereas switched group-shifting is the preferred group-based method. To achieve realistic simulations, increasing the cutoff distance from 7.5 to 12 A or beyond is much more important than the differences among the three best cutoff methods. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.11
Nanocrystalline TiO2 (anatase) for Li-ion batteries

Abstract Nanocrystalline TiO 2 (anatase) was synthesized successfully by the direct conversion of TiO 2 -sol at 85 °C. The as-prepared TiO 2 at 85 °C were calcined at different temperatures and time in order to optimize the system with best electrochemical performance. The particle sizes of the synthesized materials were found to be in the range of 15–20 nm as revealed by the HR-TEM studies. Commercial TiO 2 anatase (micron size) was also studied for its Li-insertion and deinsertion properties in order to compare with the nanocrystalline TiO 2 . The full cell studies were performed with LiCoO 2 cathode with the best performing nano-TiO 2 as anode. The specific capacity of the nanocrystalline TiO 2 synthesized at 500 °C/2 h in a half-cell configuration was 169 mAh g −1 while for the cell with LiCoO 2 cathode, it was 95 mAh g −1 in the 2 V region. The specific reversible capacity and the cycling performance of the synthesized nano-TiO 2 anode in full cell configuration across LiCoO 2 cathode are superior to that reported in the literature. Cyclic voltammetry measurements showed a larger peak separation for the micro-TiO 2 than the nano-TiO 2 , clearly indicating the influence of nano-particle size on the electrochemical performance.
Development and characterization of microsatellite markers for the Hawaiian coot, Fulica alai , and Hawaiian gallinule, Gallinula galeata sandvicensis , through next-generation sequencing

We used next generation shotgun sequencing to develop novel microsatellite markers for two endangered waterbirds; the Hawaiian coot (Fulica alai) and Hawaiian gallinule (Gallinula galeata sandvicensis). The 20 loci polymorphic in the Hawaiian coot displayed moderate allelic diversity (average 3.8 alleles/locus) and heterozygosity (average 59.5 %). The 12 loci variable for the Hawaiian gallinule exhibited lower levels of allelic diversity (average 2.4 alleles/locus) and heterozygosity (average 47.5 %). Loci were in linkage equilibrium and only one locus deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. These loci are sufficiently variable to assess levels of genetic diversity and will be useful for conservation genetic studies to aid in the management of these endangered waterbirds.
Sequencing by ligation variation with endonuclease V digestion and deoxyinosine-containing query oligonucleotides

Sequencing-by-ligation (SBL) is one of several next-generation sequencing methods that has been developed for massive sequencing of DNA immobilized on arrayed beads (or other clonal amplicons). SBL has the advantage of being easy to implement and accessible to all because it can be performed with off-the-shelf reagents. However, SBL has the limitation of very short read lengths. To overcome the read length limitation, research groups have developed complex library preparation processes, which can be time-consuming, difficult, and result in low complexity libraries. Herein we describe a variation on traditional SBL protocols that extends the number of sequential bases that can be sequenced by using Endonuclease V to nick a query primer, thus leaving a ligatable end extended into the unknown sequence for further SBL cycles. To demonstrate the protocol, we constructed a known DNA sequence and utilized our SBL variation, cyclic SBL (cSBL), to resequence this region. Using our method, we were able to read thirteen contiguous bases in the 3' - 5' direction. Combining this read length with sequencing in the 5' - 3' direction would allow a read length of over twenty bases on a single tage. Implementing mate-paired tags and this SBL variation could enable > 95% coverage of the genome.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE AMONG HISPANIC ADULTS: THE INFLUENCE OF FAMILY PROCESSES AND ACCULTURATION

We examines the influence of family processes and acculturation for gender differences in alcohol and drug use among a sample representative of the Hispanic population in Miami-Dade County, Florida (N = 734). We found that (a) increases in age at marriage and acculturation were associated with greater substance use, (b) the associations between age at marriage, acculturation, and substance use were found to be greater for Hispanic women than men, and (c) with each additional child born, Hispanic women are increasingly less likely to use substances than Hispanic men. Data reveal that family processes and acculturation jointly impact substance use.
Widespread Hemodynamic Depression and Focal Platelet Accumulation After Fluid Percussion Brain Injury: A Double-Label Autoradiographic Study in Rats

Cerebrovascular damage leading to subsequent reductions in local cerebral blood flow (lCBF) may represent an important secondary injury mechanism following traumatic brain injury (TBI). We determined whether patterns of 111-indium-labeled platelet accumulation were spatially related to alterations in lCBF determined autoradiographically 30 min after TBI. Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 8), anesthetized with halothane and maintained on a 70:30 (vol/vol) mixture of nitrous oxide/oxygen and 0.5% halothane, underwent parasagittal fluid percussion brain injury (1.7-2.2 atm). 111-Indium-tropolone-labeled platelets were injected 30 min prior to TBI while [14C]-iodoantipyrine was infused 30 min after trauma. Sham-operated animals (n = 7) underwent similar surgical procedures but were not injured. In autoradiographic images of the indium-labeled platelets, focal sites of platelet accumulation within the traumatized hemisphere were restricted to the pial surface (five of eight rats), the external capsule underlying the lateral parietal cortex (five of eight rats), and within cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compartments (six of eight rats). In contrast, mild-to-moderate reductions in lCBF, not restricted to sites of platelet accumulation, were seen throughout the traumatized hemisphere. Flow reductions were most severe in coronal sections underlying the impact site. For example, within the lateral parietal cortex and hippocampus, lCBF was significantly reduced [p <0.01; analysis of variance (ANOVA)] from 1.71 +/- 0.34 (mean +/- SD) and 0.78 +/- 0.12 ml/g/min, respectively, versus 0.72 +/- 0.17 and 0.41 +/- 0.06 ml/g/min within the traumatized hemisphere. Significant flow reductions were also seen in remote cortical and subcortical areas, including the right frontal cortex and striatum. These results indicate that focal platelet accumulation and widespread hemodynamic depression are both early consequences of TBI. Therapeutic strategies directed at these early microvascular consequences of TBI may be neuroprotective by attenuating secondary ischemic processes.
Inviscid Flowfield of an Unsteady Airfoil

Simple formulas have been developed from thin airfoil theory to describe the detailed inviscid, incompressible flowfield of an unsteady airfoil with thickness and camber. The solutions allow the various physical aspects of the problem and the parameters of the unsteady motion to be identified easily. The results agree well with numerical calculations and pressure measurements. The unsteady phase lag and attenuation of the inviscid pressure gradients near the leading edge explain the dynamic delay in laminar boundary-layer separation on oscillating airfoils, but not the characteristics of dynamic stall.
Steps in the History of Mudstone Investigations—A Timeline, 1556 Through 2007

In 1556, Agricola published the first detailed description of a mudstone posthumously, but it was not until 1747 that one of them (a black shale) was formally defined by William Hooson. A review of the world literature since Hooson's time shows a slow, steady activity in the study of mudstones in the 1800s, a sharp break to more frequent activity in the early 1920s, a decline during World War II, followed by a return to the pre-war level, but then followed in the 1990s by a possible decrease in activity.The trends are similar for both conceptual advances and for new techniques. The break in the 1920s was led by new technologies that expanded observations down to the angstrom level with X-ray diffraction and up to the formation scale with down-hole geophysical logging and seismic reflection. A comparison with a similar compilation for igneous and metamorphic rocks shows the same three phases—early slow phase, intermediate rapid phase punctuated by the Second World War, final slower phase—but in the case of...
Modern human origins

During the past decade or so, considerable new data pertinent to the origin of modern humans have come to light. Based on these new data and reinterpretation of older information, three models have been offered to explain the development of modern people. These models—Brauer's Afro-European sapiens hypothesis, Stringer and Andrew's recent African evolution model, and Wolpoff, Wu, and Thorne's multiregional evolution model—have their roots in earlier models but differ from most by virtue of their worldwide perspective and integration of genetic and paleoanthropological data pertinent to modern human origins. This review presents a detailed discussion of these data in light of the three models. While convincing arguments can be offered for each of these models, it is concluded that none are unequivocally supported by the available data.
Notes On the Molting Cycle, Development of Sexual Characters and Sex Ratio in Calanus Hyperboreus )

[In der freien Natur ist die Hautung von Calanus hyperboreus zum geschlechtsreifen Tier weitgehend beschrankt auf die Fortpflanzungsperiode, den Spatherbst und Winter. Noch nicht geschlechtsreife Tiere konnten im Laboratorium mehrere Monate gehalten werden, und doch stimmten die Zeiten der Hautung und Entwicklung recht gut mit denen im Freien uberein. Stadium V Copepoditen, die wahrend der Fortpflanzungsperiode ins Labor gebracht worden waren, entwickelten sich in nahezu gleicher Anzahl zu Mannchen und Weibchen, obwohl im Freien niemals mehr als 20% Mannchen auftraten. Stadium V Copepoditen, die in anderen Jahreszeiten gefangen worden waren, entwickelten sich fast ausschliesslich zu Weibchen. Eine Differenzierung von primaren und sekundaren Geschlechtsmerkmalen findet bei dieser Art erst spat in der letzten Zwischenhautungsperiode vor dem geschlechtsreifen Stadium statt. Zuverlassige Merkmale fur die Unterscheidung der Geschlechter ergeben sich erst in der Abschlussphase der Gonadenreifung. Ich nehme an, dass ein bestimmter Faktor im naturlichen Lebensraum die sexuelle Differenzierung bei diesem Copepoden dergestalt beeinflusst, dass sich eine fur die erfolgreiche Vermehrung genugend grosse Zahl von Mannchen nur dann entwickelt, wenn sie notig ist., In der freien Natur ist die Hautung von Calanus hyperboreus zum geschlechtsreifen Tier weitgehend beschrankt auf die Fortpflanzungsperiode, den Spatherbst und Winter. Noch nicht geschlechtsreife Tiere konnten im Laboratorium mehrere Monate gehalten werden, und doch stimmten die Zeiten der Hautung und Entwicklung recht gut mit denen im Freien uberein. Stadium V Copepoditen, die wahrend der Fortpflanzungsperiode ins Labor gebracht worden waren, entwickelten sich in nahezu gleicher Anzahl zu Mannchen und Weibchen, obwohl im Freien niemals mehr als 20% Mannchen auftraten. Stadium V Copepoditen, die in anderen Jahreszeiten gefangen worden waren, entwickelten sich fast ausschliesslich zu Weibchen. Eine Differenzierung von primaren und sekundaren Geschlechtsmerkmalen findet bei dieser Art erst spat in der letzten Zwischenhautungsperiode vor dem geschlechtsreifen Stadium statt. Zuverlassige Merkmale fur die Unterscheidung der Geschlechter ergeben sich erst in der Abschlussphase der Gonadenreifung. Ich nehme an, dass ein bestimmter Faktor im naturlichen Lebensraum die sexuelle Differenzierung bei diesem Copepoden dergestalt beeinflusst, dass sich eine fur die erfolgreiche Vermehrung genugend grosse Zahl von Mannchen nur dann entwickelt, wenn sie notig ist.]
The solution structure of the Düffing oscillator’s transient response and general solution

A modification of homotopy analysis method (HAM) is developed in this paper. The solution structure of the Duffing oscillator’s free vibration at different damping levels is put forward based on this new modified HAM. Explicit expressions for the fundamental decaying rate and the fundamental frequency are derived. Numerical examples with different initial conditions are calculated to verify the proposed solution structures. The number of terms required to be considered in the modified HAM for yielding satisfactorily accurate solutions is analyzed. The structure of forced and damped Duffing oscillator’s general solution is also put forward and verified.
The effects of in ovo mibolerone treatment on the bursa of Fabricius and the humoral immune system of chickens: A dose-response study

The effects of various doses of mibolerone, an analog of testosterone, in the development of the bursa of Fabricius and the humoral immune system were examined by injecting 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 or 100 micrograms mibolerone into the chorio-allantoic cavity of 12-day-old chick embryos. Treatment with 0.01 or 0.1 micrograms of mibolerone caused slight or no bursal atrophy, 1 microgram caused substantial bursal atrophy, and 10 or 100 micrograms caused severe bursal atrophy at the time of hatching and at 6 weeks of age. When mibolerone-treated birds were challenged with sheep red blood cells and killed Brucella abortus at 4 and 5 weeks of age, birds treated with 10 or 100 micrograms of mibolerone had suppressed humoral responses to sheep erythrocytes and B. abortus whereas birds treated with 0.01 and 0.1 micrograms of mibolerone had normal humoral immune responses. Birds treated with 1 microgram mibolerone had normal humoral immune responses to sheep erythrocytes and B. abortus (except for low IgG responses to B. abortus) despite the fact that the birds had substantially atrophic bursae during their embryonic and post-embryonic development. These results are discussed in relation to an earlier claim that mibolerone given in microgram quantities in feed during the post-hatch period causes rapid development of the humoral immune system.
Learning from Experience: Three Community Health Population-Based Outreach Projects for Graduate and Undergraduate Students

Three outreach activities by a school of nursing, in partnership with community agencies, provided learning experiences in primary and secondary preventive health care for graduate and undergraduate nursing students while addressing health needs in the community. The activities included administration of immunizations to a newly arrived Somali Bantu refugee population, targeted screening of an African-American population at risk for diabetic retinopathy, and general health screening for an underserved Hispanic immigrant population. These activities lend insight and depth to a community health curriculum by allowing students to provide needed services while engaging with culturally diverse clients of varying socioeconomic status. Learner objectives, resources, processes and outcomes are provided for each example.
THE RATES OF TRANSPORT AND FATES OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN A CONTROLLED MARINE ECOSYSTEM, AND A NOTE ON ANALYTICAL VARIABILITY

ABSTRACT In order to predict the chemical behavior of oil spilled in a marine environment, it is necessary to quantify the rates of the different transport mechanisms operating on the oil. At the Marine Ecosystems Research Laboratory (MERL), University of Rhode Island, the fluxes of water and sediment are controlled, making possible accurate budgeting of petroleum hydrocarbons in an environment approximating a temperate estuary. Four separate laboratories have cooperated in a study on the MERL tanks to which known amounts of water-accommodated No. 2 fuel oil have been added. A preliminary budget has been completed, indicating that the primary loss was to the atmosphere via evaporation. Biodegradation was important for some classes of hydrocarbons and increased with temperature and duration of oil exposure. Particulate material adsorbed hydrocarbons amounting to approximately 15 percent of the oil added to the tanks, and carried them to the sediment where 7–16 percent of the added oil was eventually found....
Data Reduction and Early Science Calibration for FORCAST, A Mid-Infrared Camera for SOFIA

AbstractFORCAST is a mid-infrared (5–40 μm) facility instrument for the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). After achieving first light flight in 2010 May, FORCAST has completed two observatory characterization flights and thirteen science flights on SOFIA. In this paper we describe the photometric calibration of FORCAST which involves some subtleties in correction for array artifacts and uncertainties due to the airborne environment. At present FORCAST is able to achieve approximately 20% (3σ) uncertainty in the calibration.
Automated diagnosis of malfunctions based on object orientated programming

Abstract The diagnostic event analyser (DEA) is a system for automated diagnosis of malfunction in continuous processes. DEA interprets real-time sequences of abnormal events such as measurements out of normal ranges and violation of quantitative algebraic constraints. DEA can be used to supplement an existing alarm system, providing a higher-level interpretation of patterns of abnormal events for the process operator. To use DEA, the user must supply only standard ‘form’ inputs of the root causes and relationships between abnormal events. DEA is implemented using object- oriented programming, a technique which allows general rules and procedures to be applied to process-specific objects. This architecture facilities treatment of multiple malfunctions and robustness to variation in event sequences.
Tissue distribution of indium-111 labeled poly(glycolic acid) matrices following jugular and hepatic portal vein administration

Abstract Poly(glycolic acid) microspheres in the 1–5 μm size range were labeled with indium-111 at a level of 0.09 μCi/mg. The radiolabeled microspheres were administered to splenectomized rats via both the jugular and hepatic portal veins to determine how the route would affect microsphere targeting to the liver. Both routes of administration gave a microsphere deposition of 62–74% in the liver which gradually fell to 39–47% over a 72 hour period. Free indium administered into the hepatic portal vein (without incorporation into microspheres) attained and maintained an essentially constant level in the liver of 15–20% over a similar 72 hour period. The peak systemic activity with indium-labeled microspheres was less than half that achieved with free indium. Nevertheless, blood levels corresponding to about 2% of total microsphere activity persisted for 72 hours. Total activity in lung after jugular vein administration of labeled microspheres was 10% and declined to 3% of total activity after 3 days. The radioactivity in the kidney, however, increased from 1–3% immediately after the administration of the labeled microspheres to 6–8% of the total activity by the end of 3 days. There were no major differences in the localization of the labeled microspheres in the liver with either jugular vein or hepatic portal vein administration. Thus, the capability exists to employ microspheres for administration of chemotherapeutic agents by the less invasive intravenous route while maintaining the desired site directed delivery of these drugs for the treatment of hepatic carcinoma.
The challenge of developing structural materials for fusion power systems

Nuclear fusion can be one of the most attractive sources of energy from the viewpoint of safety and minimal environmental impact. Central in the goal of designing a safe, environmentally benign, and economically competitive fusion power system is the requirement for high performance, low activation materials. The general performance requirements for such materials have been defined and it is clear that materials developed for other applications (e.g. aerospace, nuclear fission, fossil energy systems) will not fully meet the needs of fusion. Advanced materials, with composition and microstructure tailored to yield properties that will satisfy the specific requirements of fusion must be developed. The international fusion programs have made significant progress towards this goal. Compositional requirements for low activation lead to a focus of development efforts on silicon carbide composites, vanadium alloys, and advanced martensitic steels as candidate structural material systems. Control of impurities will be critically important in actually achieving low activation but this appears possible. Neutron irradiation produces significant changes in the mechanical and physical properties of each of these material systems raising feasibility questions and design limitations. A focus of the research and development effort is to understand these effects, and through the development of specific compositions and microstructures, produce materials with improved and adequate performance. Other areas of research that are synergistic with the development of radiation resistant materials include fabrication, joining technology, chemical compatibility with coolants and tritium breeders and specific questions relating to the unique characteristics of a given material (e.g. coatings to reduce gas permeation in SiC composites) or design concept (e.g. electrical insulator coatings for liquid metal concepts).
BCG-Mediated Protection against Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection in the Mouse

Background Vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is widely used to reduce the risk of childhood tuberculosis and has been reported to have efficacy against two other mycobacterial diseases, leprosy and Buruli ulcer caused by M. ulcerans (Mu). Studies in experimental models have also shown some efficacy against infection caused by Mu. In mice, most studies use the C57BL/6 strain that is known to develop good cell-mediated protective immunity. We hypothesized that there may be differences in vaccination efficacy between C57BL/6 and the less resistant BALB/c strain. Methods We evaluated BCG vaccine efficacy against challenge with ∼3×105 M. ulcerans in the right hind footpad using three strains: initially, the Australian type strain, designated Mu1617, then, a Malaysian strain, Mu1615, and a recent Ghanaian isolate, Mu1059. The latter two strains both produce mycolactone while the Australian strain has lost that capacity. CFU of both BCG and Mu and splenocyte cytokine production were determined at intervals after infection. Time to footpad swelling was assessed weekly. Principal Findings BCG injection induced visible scars in 95.5% of BALB/c mice but only 43.4% of C57BL/6 mice. BCG persisted at higher levels in spleens of BALB/c than C57BL/6 mice. Vaccination delayed swelling and reduced Mu CFU in BALB/c mice, regardless of challenge strain. However, vaccination was only protective against Mu1615 and Mu1617 in C57BL/6 mice. Possible correlates of the better protection of BALB/c mice included 1) the near universal development of BCG scars in these mice compared to less frequent and smaller scars observed in C57BL/6 mice and 2) the induction of sustained cytokine, e.g., IL17, production as detected in the spleens of BALB/c mice whereas cytokine production was significantly reduced, e.g., IL17, or transient, e.g., Ifnγ, in the spleens of C57BL/6 mice. Conclusions The efficacy of BCG against M. ulcerans, in particular, and possibly mycobacteria in general, may vary due to differences in both host and pathogen.
Toward a calculus for abstract syntax trees

Metaprogramming — writing programs that manipulate programs as data — requires a formal foundation in order that people be able to reason about the effects of their metaprograms. Of equal importance, metaprogramming requires an intuitive foundation that facilitates most frequent, natural manipulations of programs as data. In the past, the program transformation community has characterized well means for expressing pattern-matching and individual transformations. This report concentrates on developing a calculus for characterizing transformation application by providing operators on abstract syntax trees and studying their relationships. The work builds directly on the Theory of Lists developed by Meertens and Bird and an extension to the Theory of Binary Labeled Trees developed by Gibbons. Although the foundations for the theory lie in category theory, the presentation should be accessible to a wide audience interested in program manipulation systems.
How Wildlife Management Agencies and Hunting Organizations Frame Ethical Hunting in the United States

Given that many wildlife management agencies consider hunting to be central to wildlife conservation, a growing body of research describes ethical hunting using characterization framing (created by outsiders). This article describes an identity frame (created by insiders) of ethical hunting in the United States, based on analysis of hunter education manuals and official statements of hunting nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Similar themes permeated texts from both sources (e.g., obeying law, fair chase). NGOs, however, placed significantly more emphasis on being skilled (15% vs. 6%) and being motivated by experiencing nature (10% vs. 2%), whereas government agencies placed significantly more emphasis on respecting landowners (28% vs. 15%). Agencies may frame ethical hunting as more socially interdependent and rule abiding because they perceive a need to prioritize government authority (law) and property owner interests. These findings highlight a need for identity frames focusing on how hunting impac...
Talk and Interaction Strategy in a Task-Oriented Group:

This article describes selected "rules" that may be abstracted from discussions in a given natural group, in this case, a nursing home admissions board. These rules may be seen as gmding the verbal contributions made by the participants in sustaming the interaction. Interactants avail themselves of options for behavioral production, and, in the process of domg so (that is, of making behavioral choices), they construct "strategic" messages. Accordingly, small group interaction may be seen as an implicitly structured activity. From the vantage point of discourse analysis, it is suggested that, to comprehend this structure and its meaning, mvestigators must move beyond the study of the internal or constituent units of conversation and toward a consideration of conversational behavior in the larger context of an ethnographic present.
CRYSTAL-FIELD EFFECTS IN THE FIRST-ORDER VALENCE TRANSITION IN YbInCu4 INDUCED BY EXTERNAL MAGNETIC FIELD

As it was shown earlier [Dzero, Gor'kov and Zvezdin, J. Phys.: Condens. Matt.12, L711 (1000)], the properties of the first-order valence phase transition in YbInCu4 in the wide range of magnetic fields and temperatures are perfectly described in terms of a simple entropy transition for free Yb ions. Within this approach, the crystal field effects have been taken into account and we show that the phase diagram in the B - T plane acquires some anisotropy with respect to the direction of an external magnetic field.