cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The social basis of interdependent preferences

Abstract Most economists are sympathetic to the idea that concerns for relative position are an important aspect of many economic problems. There has traditionally been a reluctance to include such concerns primarily because models that included them often allow such a broad range of behavior that there are few, if any, restrictions on equilibrium behavior and, hence, such models would have little or no predictive power. In this paper we discuss how reduced form models may naturally give rise to utility functions that depend, in part, on relative standing. There are several advantages of modelling concern for relative standing in reduced form utility functions even when there is no similar concern in the `deep' preferences. It provides structure and constraints on the way that relative standing affects utility, and further, it can yield testable implications about the way that changes in the underlying environment affect the concern for relative standing. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of modelling social concerns in this way and provide examples that illustrate how concerns for relative standing can affect savings, investment and labor choice decisions.
RKIP inhibits NF-κB in cancer cells by regulating upstream signaling components of the IκB kinase complex

RKIP was first identified as an inhibitor of the Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathway. RKIP was also found to play an important role in the NF-kappaB pathway. Genetic and biochemical studies demonstrated that RKIP functioned as a scaffold protein facilitating the phosphorylation of IkappaB by upstream kinases. However, contrary to what one would expect of a scaffold protein, our results show that RKIP has an overall inhibitory effect on the NF-kappaB transcriptional activities. Since NF-kappaB target gene expression is subject to negative regulation involving the optimal induction of negative regulators, our data support a hypothesis that RKIP inhibits NF-kappaB activity via the auto-regulatory feedback loop by rapidly inducing the expression and synthesis of inhibitors of NF-kappaB activation.
Identification of an antisense transcript from the IGF-II locus in mouse.

We have identified a novel antisense RNA transcribed from the insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) locus in mouse. This transcript was identified using probes derived from cloned genomic DNA lying between the insulin II locus and the IGF-II locus. S1 protection assays confirmed that this transcript is transcribed from the strand complementary to the stand encoding IGF-II. A 3.75 kb RNA was consistently detected on northern analysis of mouse tissue using different randomly primed DNA probes generated from this region. S1 nuclease protection analysis identified three exons contained in the transcript. Developmental northern analysis was performed using RNA from embryonic (E) and postnatal (P) tissues of E10, E13, E18, P1, P4, P10, and adult mice. The antisense RNA was most abundant in E13 and E18 mouse and was present in greatest amounts in skull, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and placenta. No signal for this RNA was detected after the fourth day of life in any tissue studied. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
KC expert — a knowledge-based tool for chemists

Abstract KC Expert is a system, written in Prolog, which is an aid to solving chemical and physical problems related to the properties of the atomic elements. It consists of a limited domain natural language interface, based on a semantic grammar, to a knowledge base of the atomic elements. The knowledge base contains a data base of properties of the elements and several rules using these properties. The system can be used both in research and for instructional purposes. In this paper we discuss the development of the system, its capabilities, and planned enhancements. The executable program is included as is the Prolog source code.
Economics of Spatial-Dynamic Processes

I am honored to have the opportunity to give the AAEA Fellows Address this year. I would like to talk about a class of problems that are becoming more prevalent and yet have not received much attention by economists. These problems are a frontier area for economists-good topics for students looking for thesis topics and for the rest of us looking for new research questions. This class of problems poses challenges at the conceptual level, for empirical analysis, and at the policy design level.
An emerging role for co-receptors in inhibin signal transduction

Abstract While many transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) superfamily ligands such as TGFβ, activin, and the bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) are critical to the control of growth, differentiation, and cell fate, inhibin has a more limited role and is primarily responsible for the regulation of one hormone from one cell-type in the anterior pituitary. Inhibin is an endocrine hormone, produced by the gonads, that inhibits follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) release from the pituitary gonadotrope. The other hormones in the superfamily do not appear to act in an endocrine fashion, but rather control cell function in a paracrine or autocrine manner. Many components of the TGFβ/activin/BMP signal transduction pathway have been elegantly defined; however, the mechanism of inhibin action has not been completely dissected. Several cell surface proteins that associate with inhibin have been identified recently, and these molecules may provide the clues necessary to understand how inhibin regulates reproductive function.
On computing the repair cost of a maintained reliability system with known repair cost function and probability of repair

Abstract In this paper, a simplified analytic cost model for maintained reliability system under opportunistic repair scheme is discussed. Life cycle cost curves under various operating life cycle times and linear repair cost function is derived.
CMOS device isolation using the selective-etch-and-refill-with-EPI (SEREPI) process

A technique has been developed for forming wells in a silicon substrate for CMOS IC's with an oxide layer providing lateral isolation between adjacent devices. The silicon in the wells is etched; oxide is formed on the sidewalls of the wells; and the wells are refilled with selectively deposited epitaxial silicon. Ring oscillators and submicrometer n- and p-channel MOS transistors have been fabricated using this isolation technique, and special latch-up test structures have been investigated.
Considerations in the statistical analysis of clinical trials in periodontitis

Adult periodontitis has been described as a chronic infectious process exhibiting sporadic, acute exacerbations which cause quantal, localized losses of dental attachment. Many analytic problems of periodontal trials are similar to those of other chronic diseases. However, the episodic, localized, infrequent, and relatively unpredictable behavior of exacerbations, coupled with measurement error difficulties, cause some specific problems. Considerable controversy exists as to the proper selection and treatment of multiple site data from the same patient for group comparisons for epidemiologic or therapeutic evaluative purposes. This paper comments, with varying degrees of emphasis, on several issues pertinent to the analysis of periodontal trials. Considerable attention is given to the ways in which measurement variability may distort analytic results. Statistical treatments of multiple site data for descriptive summaries are distinguished from treatments for formal statistical inference to validate therapeutic effects. Evidence suggesting that sites behave independently is contested. For inferential analyses directed at therapeutic or preventive effects, analytic models based on site independence are deemed unsatisfactory. Methods of summarization that may yield more powerful analyses than all-site mean scores, while retaining appropriate treatment of inter-site associations, are suggested. Brief comments and opinions on an assortment of other issues in clinical trial analysis are preferred.
Aspects of Parallel-Polarized and Cross-Polarized Radar Returns from a Rough Sea Surface

This paper contains an introductory summary and simplification of a comprehensive theoretical analysis of radar scattering from a rough sea surface. It includes computed curves which display received signal power integrated over the antenna beam and range gate as a function of radar geometry. An important feature of the work is that polarization is defined with respect to the antenna aperture rather than the sea surface. Because of the finite antenna beamwidth, there is some cross polarization in the radar return which is predictable from first-order perturbation theory.
High-intensity compared to moderate-intensity training for exercise initiation, enjoyment, adherence, and intentions: an intervention study.

Background Understanding exercise participation for overweight and obese adults is critical for preventing comorbid conditions. Group-based high-intensity functional training (HIFT) provides time-efficient aerobic and resistance exercise at self-selected intensity levels which can increase adherence; behavioral responses to HIFT are unknown. This study examined effects of HIFT as compared to moderate-intensity aerobic and resistance training (ART) on exercise initiation, enjoyment, adherence, and intentions.
The Pediatric Sibling Donor Experience in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant: An Integrative Review of the Literature

This integrative review explored and described published research findings focused on the experiences of pediatric sibling hematopoietic stem cell donors. After a comprehensive search, nine studies met the inclusion criteria of the study. There was no evidence of coordinated programs of research to effectively advance and build knowledge about the experiences of pediatric sibling donors. The limited descriptive evidence revealed that differences in the experiences of sibling donors vary by age and developmental stages; however, the use of small or repeated samples and qualitative methods limited the generalizability of study findings. Collaborative research using prospective, longitudinal designs will build and advance the evidence base for the design of developmentally appropriate interventions for pediatric sibling donors and their families.
The History of Spectroscopy as Illustrated on Stamps

Spectroscopy in all its variations has probably been the most valuable of all experimental techniques in the development of physics and chemistry. Its history is a fascinating story which can be traced quite well through postage stamps. There are some gaps; for example, no country seems to have yet honored Fraunhofer, Bunsen, Rydberg, or Angstrom with a stamp. Nevertheless the coverage is surprisingly complete, and most aspects of the history can be illustrated in a colorful and interesting way.
Computation of the resolvent for the auxiliary equation of radiative transfer

Abstract The solution of the integral equation of radiative transfer, u(t,x)=g(t)+ λ 2 ʃ 0 x E 1 (|:t−y|)u(y,x)dy where E 1 ( r ) is the first exponential integral function, may be represented as u(t,x)=g(t)+ ʃ 0 x K(t,y,x)g(y)dy The function K = K(t,y,x) is the resolvent. In this paper, an initial-value problem is derived for the resolvent, a numerical method is described, and some results of computations are presented.
Velocity and Pressure Measurements of a Mach 0.85 Axisymmetric Jet

The turbulent properties of a heated and unheated Mach 0.85 axisymmetric jet have been studied. The velocity field of the jet at static temperature ratios of 0.87 and 2.34, was measured in the streamwise radial plane using Particle Image Velocimetry. The velocity measurements were acquired between streamwise locations of 3D and 8D downstream from the nozzle exit. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) was applied to the velocity field using snapshot POD. The POD analysis showed that the eigenvalues of the heated jet had higher fraction of energy. The POD eigenfunctions or modes of the streamwise velocity of both jets were similar, while the POD modes of the radial velocity of both jets were very different. The POD modes of radial velocity of the unheated jet were symmetrical about the jet centerline, and the modes of the heated jet seemed to merge at the centerline. The near field pressure measurements were acquired just outside the shearlayer. A linear array of five pressure transducers was placed at 7° to the nozzle lipline, so that it would be parallel to the shear layer. The transducers in the array were spaced one diameter apart. Pressure measurements were acquired at streamwise locations between 4.25D and 10.25D from the nozzle exit. Based on the slope of the pressure spectra, the propagating events in the two jets were identified. The POD was also applied to the pressure data, and the POD modes of the two jets were compared. The peak in the amplitude of the POD mode of the heated jet was at a higher frequency. With increasing mode numbers, the peak in the POD mode of both jets shifted to a downstream location.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Spatial Frequency Filtering In Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) By Real-Time Digital Video Convolution

A circuit has been constructed to perform spatial frequency filtration on DSA images at real-time video rates. The 10-bit device performs low-pass or high-pass filtering, and with external memory can perform bandpass and more sophisticated filtering. Pixels in the convolving kernel are weighted independendently in the x- and y-directions to provide a Gaussian-like convolving function. The kernel width ranges from 3-30 pixels and appropriate weighting yields a FWHM of the Gaussian kernel function as small as 0.85 pixel width for horizontal image widths of ≤256 pixels and as small as 1.25 pixel width for a horizontal image width of 512 pixels. Applications to be investigated include scatter and glare correction for videodensitometry, enhancement of arteries behind large opacified structures such as the ventricle and aorta, noise suppression in low-spatial frequency DSA exams, edge-enhancement of images, and partial-pixel shifting. Peli and Lim have suggested a more sophisticated algorithm which enhances high-pass filtration only in dark regions of an image. This and other techniques may be implemented with the current circuit to enhance small detail in highly opacified regions such as the ventricle, while leaving the rest of the image unaltered.
On Nonuniform Windowing M-ary FSK Data in a DFT-Based Detector

Nonuniform amplitude windowing M -ary frequency shiftkeying (FSK) data prior to demodulation reduces the crosstalk normally caused by Doppler and oscillator drift. A major disadvantage of such nonuniform windowing is the loss in signal detectability as a result of the mismatch between the nonuniform windowed signal and the uniform windowed detectors. This paper is concerned with the tradeoff of nonuniform windowing to combat frequency offset degradation and signal detectability losses caused by the use of such windows in a DFT (discrete Fourier transform)-based detector of noncoherent M -ary FSK. What is shown here is that if a frequency control system can maintain frequency to within a certain deviation (which depends on error rate and nonuniform window), nonuniform windowing is not warranted; on the other hand, if the frequency deviation becomes too large, nonuniform windowing is advised. A technique is developed that will determine this crossover deviation.
Estimation of Duration and Mental Workload at Differing Times of Day by Males and Females

Two experiments are reported which investigated whether male and female operator duration estimation and subjective workload followed conventional circadian fluctuation. In the first experiment, twenty-four subjects performed a filled time-estimation task in a constant blacked-out, noise-reduced environment at 0800, 1200, 1600, and 2000 h. In the second experiment, twelve subjects performed an unfilled time estimation task in similar conditions at 0900, 1400, and 1900 h. At the termination of all experimental sessions, participants completed the NASA TLX workload assessment questionnaire as a measure of perceived mental workload. Results indicated that while physiological response followed an expected pattern, estimations of duration and subjective perception of workload showed no significant effects for time-of-day. In each of the experiments, however, there were significant differences in durational estimates and mental workload response depending upon the gender of the participant. Results are taken to support the assertion that subjective workload is responsive largely to task-related factors and indicates the important differences that may be expected due to operator gender.
Effects of the Parameters of Sloping Plate Process on Microstructures of A2017 Alloy

In this paper, effects of the parameters of sloping plate process on microstructures of A2017 alloy were investigated, and semisolid ingot of A2017 alloy was prepared. The grain size of the ingot prepared by the wavelike sloping plate is much smaller than that prepared by the flat sloping plate. The primary grain becomes rounder and smaller with the increment of the sloping plate length. High preheating temperature of the plate reduces the nucleation rate of the melt and leads to coarse microstructure. When the casting temperature is 720°C, the sloping angle is 45°, and the wavelike plate length is between 400mm and 500mm, semisolid ingot of A2017 alloy with fine and homogeneous microstructures can be obtained. The reheated microstructure of semisolid ingot is mainly composed of spherical solid grains and the melted liquids and is suitable for semisolid forming.
Treatment of infections associated with surgical implants.

About half of all nosocomial infections are associated with indwelling devices. Infections associated with implanted surgical devices are particularly difficult to deal with because they can require prolonged antibiotic treatment and repeated surgical procedures. This review summarizes the diagnostic challenges and explains the approaches to managing infections that are associated with various devices, including prosthetic heart valves, vascular grafts, pacemakers and defibrillators, and joint prostheses.
An efficient implementation scheme for quadrantally symmetric 2-D digital filters

A parallel structure is proposed for implementation of a general quadrant-plane causal 2-D transfer function where each channel is realized such that spatial delays in the two directions are minimal. The appropriate framework is provided by the singular value decomposition technique in conjunction with recent results from 2-D realization theory. The class of quadrantally symmetric filters is especially discussed since it would gain most from the proposed realization structure. >
Photosynthetic Properties of Permaplasts of Anacystis

A treatment procedure using lysozyme and ethylenediaminetetracetic acid gave intact but permeable cells (permeaplasts) of Anacystis nidulans. Rates of electron transport from water to carbon dioxide, ferricyanide, 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol, benzoquinone, and methyl viologen, and from reduced indophenol to methyl viologen were measured as a function of treatment time. Rates of oxygen evolution in complete photosynthesis and electron flow from water to methyl viologen showed rapid and parallel decline with treatment time. Electron flow from water to ferricyanide and from reduced indophenol to methyl viologen increased during the first half hour of treatment (phase 1) to 60 to 80% of the original photosynthetic rate. Longer treatment (phase 2) resulted in decreased rate of ferricyanide reduction but not in rate of methyl viologen reduction from indophenol. Electron flow from water to quinone was two to three times higher than for complete photosynthesis in intact cells. It remained high during phase 1 and declined during phase 2. Phase 1 permeaplasts apparently retain high activity for photosystems 1 and 2 photoreactions.
Modeling Gameplay Enjoyment, Goal Orientations, and Individual Characteristics

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between gameplay enjoyment, gaming goal orientations, and individual characteristics. A total of 301 participants were surveyed and the data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. This led to an expanded Gameplay Enjoyment Model (GEM) with 41 game design features that influence player enjoyment. Furthermore, a 3x2 Gaming Goal Orientations model was established with six dimensions that describe players' motivations for gaming. In addition, players' individual characteristics were used to predict gameplay enjoyment in the GEM-Individual Characteristics model. The six Gaming Goal Orientations dimensions were the strongest predictors, while the commonly used gender and hours played per week variables failed to predict enjoyment. The results of this study enable important work to be conducted surrounding gameplay experiences and individual characteristics. Ultimately, it is believed that the Gameplay Enjoyment Model, Gaming Goal Orientations, and the GEM-Individual Characteristics model will be useful tools for researchers and designers who seek to create effective gameplay experiences that meet the needs of players.
A Top-Performing Algorithm for the DREAM3 Gene Expression Prediction Challenge

A wealth of computational methods has been developed to address problems in systems biology, such as modeling gene expression. However, to objectively evaluate and compare such methods is notoriously difficult. The DREAM (Dialogue on Reverse Engineering Assessments and Methods) project is a community-wide effort to assess the relative strengths and weaknesses of different computational methods for a set of core problems in systems biology. This article presents a top-performing algorithm for one of the challenge problems in the third annual DREAM (DREAM3), namely the gene expression prediction challenge. In this challenge, participants are asked to predict the expression levels of a small set of genes in a yeast deletion strain, given the expression levels of all other genes in the same strain and complete gene expression data for several other yeast strains. I propose a simple -nearest-neighbor (KNN) method to solve this problem. Despite its simplicity, this method works well for this challenge, sharing the “top performer” honor with a much more sophisticated method. I also describe several alternative, simple strategies, including a modified KNN algorithm that further improves the performance of the standard KNN method. The success of these methods suggests that complex methods attempting to integrate multiple data sets do not necessarily lead to better performance than simple yet robust methods. Furthermore, none of these top-performing methods, including the one by a different team, are based on gene regulatory networks, which seems to suggest that accurately modeling gene expression using gene regulatory networks is unfortunately still a difficult task.
Dielectric method of high-resolution gas hydrate estimation

[1] In-situ dielectric properties of natural gas hydrate are measured for the first time in the Mallik 5L-38 Well in the Mackenzie Delta, Canada. The average dielectric constant of the hydrate zones is 9, ranging from 5 to 20. The average resistivity is >5 ohm.m in the hydrate zones, ranging from 2 to 10 ohm.m at a 1.1 GHz dielectric tool frequency. The dielectric logs show similar trends with sonic and induction resistivity logs, but exhibits inherently higher vertical resolution (<5 cm). The average in-situ hydrate saturation in the well is about 70%, ranging from 20% to 95%. The dielectric estimates are overall in agreement with induction estimates but the induction log tends to overestimate hydrate content up to 15%. Dielectric estimates could be used as a better proxy of in-situ hydrate saturation in modeling hydrate dynamics. The fine-scale structure in hydrate zones could help reveal hydrate formation history.
Reducing Gun Violence:: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising

The objective of this article is to review what research we do have, what research we do not have, and how we can use what research we do have to reduce gun violence. It is also suggested how we can use new legislation to do more of the research we desperately need. For while we can conduct many experiments in enforcement strategies without new legislation, we cannot adequately test most legislative proposals without actually passing legislation. In cybernetic terms, it is `smart' policy to treat new legislation as experiments, and to design it in ways that will optimize our ability to learn from each new law.
COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURE FOR DEVELOPING TURBULENT FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER IN A SQUARE DUCT

Computations of the local flow structure and heat transfer for developing turbulent flow in a square duct are described. The predictions are based on the modified SIMPLE method, a prescribed length-scale model, DuFort-Frankel differencing in the axial direction, and a direct matrix solver in the cross-stream direction. Special averaging procedures are applied to an eddy viscosity representation of the Reynolds stresses to ensure numerical stability. Details of the algorithm are presented, and comparisons are made with predictions based on alternative methods and with experimental data for both laminar and turbulent flow conditions.
Rate of perceptual processing

The primary goal of Schulze and Schuster's (1977) experiment was to test Massaro's (1972) hypothesis that the rate of processing of the auditory image after the tone is turned off is equal to the rate of processing the stimulus code while the stimulus is present. The experiment was unsuccessful, however, since the authors did not take into account corresponding changes in the asymptote parameter of the model with changes in stimulus duration. This review discusses the problem in detail along with a general discussion of model testing and appropriate experimental procedure.
Acceleration of calcite kinetics by abalone nacre proteins

The fascinating shapes and hierarchical designs of biomineralized structures have long been an inspiration to materials scientists because of the potential they suggest for biomolecular control over synthesis of crystalline materials. One prevailing view is that mineral-associated macromolecules are responsible for initiating and stabilizing non-equilibrium crystal polymorphs and morphologies through interactions between anionic moieties and cations in solution or at mineral surfaces. Indeed, numerous studies have demonstrated that bio-organic additives can dramatically alter crystal shapes and growth-rates in vitro. However, previous molecular-scale studies revealing mechanisms of growth modification focused on small molecules such as amino acids or peptides and always observed growth inhibition. In contrast, studies using full proteins were non-quantitative and underlying sources of growth modification were ill-defined. Here we investigate interactions between proteins isolated from abalone shell nacre and growing surfaces of calcite. We find that these proteins significantly accelerate the molecular-scale kinetics and, though much larger than atomic steps, alter growth morphology through step-specific interactions that lower their free energies. We propose that these proteins act as surfactants to promote ion attachment at calcite surfaces.
Data center cooling management and analysis - a model based approach

As the hub of information aggregation, processing, and dissemination, today's data centers consume significant amount of energy. The data center electricity consumption mainly comes from the IT equipment and the supporting cooling facility that manages the thermal status of the IT equipment. The traditional data center cooling facility usually consists of chilled water cooled computer room air conditioning (CRAC) units and chillers that provide chilled water to the CRAC units. Electricity used to power the cooling facility could take up to a half of the total data center electricity consumption, and is a major contributor to the data center total cost of ownership. While the data center industry has established the best practice to improve the cooling efficiency, the majority of it is rule of thumbs providing only qualitative guidance. In order to provide on demand cooling and achieve improved cooling efficiency, a model based description of the data center thermal environment is indispensable. In this paper, a computationally efficient multivariable model capturing the effects of CRAC units blower speed and supply air temperature (SAT) on rack inlet temperatures is introduced, and model identification and reduction procedures are discussed. Using the model developed, data center cooling system design and analysis such as thermal zone mapping, CRAC units load balancing, and hot spot detection are investigated.
Generation of 16-fsec frequency-tunable pulses by optical pulse compression

Using a two-stage optical-fiber pulse compressor together with an optical amplifier, we have compressed the 5.4-psec pulses from a synchronously pumped mode-locked dye laser to 16-fsec duration. The compressed pulses had peak powers of 80 kW and a repetition rate of 200 Hz and were tunable over the wavelength of the dye laser.
Simultaneous sources separation via multidirectional vector-median filtering

ABSTRACTSimultaneous source acquisition technology, also referred to as “blended acquisition,” involves recording two or more shots simultaneously. Despite the fact that the recorded data has crosstalk from different shots, conventional processing procedures can still produce acceptable images for interpretation. This is due to the power of the stacking process using blended data with its increased data redundancy and inherent time delays between various shots. It is still desirable to separate the blended data into single shot gathers and reduce the crosstalk noise to achieve the highest seismic image quality and for standard prestack processing, such as filtering, statics computation, and velocity analysis. This study introduced a new and simple multidirectional vector-median filter (MD-VMF) to separate the blended seismic shot gathers. This method extended the well-known conventional median filter from a scalar implementation to a vector version. More specifically, a vector median filter was applied in...
Cytonuclear Theory for Haplodiploid Species and X-Linked Genes. I. Hardy-Weinberg Dynamics and Continent-Island, Hybrid Zone Models

We develop models that describe the cytonuclear structure for either a cytoplasmic and nuclear marker in a haplodiploid species or a cytoplasmic and X-linked marker in a diploid species. Sex-specific disequilibrium statistics that summarize nonrandom cytonuclear associations in such systems are defined, and their basic Hardy-Weinberg dynamics and admixture formulae are delimited. We focus on the context of hybrid zones and develop continent-island models whereby individuals from two genetically differentiated source populations migrate into and mate within a single zone of admixture. We examine the effects of differential migration of the sexes, assortative mating by pure type females, and census time (relative to mating and migration), as well as special cases of random mating and migration subsumed under the general models. We show that pure type individuals and nonzero cytonuclear disequilibria can be maintained within a hybrid zone if there is continued migration from both source populations, and that females generally have a greater influence over these cytonuclear variables than males. The resulting theoretical framework can be used to estimate the rates of assortative mating and sex-specific gene flow in hybrid zones and other zones of admixture involving haplodiploid or sex-linked cytonuclear data.
Effects of adult communication behaviors on language-impaired children's verbal output

The presence and effect of adult communication behaviors that reportedly facilitate children's verbal output were examined in clinician's and mothers' interaction with seven language-impaired children using a lag sequential analysis. Two language samples were collected from each child, one each by the clinician and mother of the child. Consecutive adult and child utterances were coded to identify adults' sharing of child's focus, child utterance length, adult utterance type, topic maintenance, lexical contingency, and time between utterances. Mothers were found to use facilitative communication behaviors more often than the children. Adults' ‘facilitative’ behaviors had limited effect on children's immediate output. Implications for assessing mothers' input to language-impaired children and eliciting language samples efficiently are discussed.
Novel pyrophosphate-forming acetate kinase from the protist Entamoeba histolytica.

ABSTRACT Acetate kinase (ACK) catalyzes the reversible synthesis of acetyl phosphate by transfer of the γ-phosphate of ATP to acetate. Here we report the first biochemical and kinetic characterization of a eukaryotic ACK, that from the protist Entamoeba histolytica. Our characterization revealed that this protist ACK is the only known member of the ASKHA structural superfamily, which includes acetate kinase, hexokinase, and other sugar kinases, to utilize inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi)/inorganic phosphate (Pi) as the sole phosphoryl donor/acceptor. Detection of ACK activity in E. histolytica cell extracts in the direction of acetate/PPi formation but not in the direction of acetyl phosphate/Pi formation suggests that the physiological direction of the reaction is toward acetate/PPi production. Kinetic parameters determined for each direction of the reaction are consistent with this observation. The E. histolytica PPi-forming ACK follows a sequential mechanism, supporting a direct in-line phosphoryl transfer mechanism as previously reported for the well-characterized Methanosarcina thermophila ATP-dependent ACK. Characterizations of enzyme variants altered in the putative acetate/acetyl phosphate binding pocket suggested that acetyl phosphate binding is not mediated solely through a hydrophobic interaction but also through the phosphoryl group, as for the M. thermophila ACK. However, there are key differences in the roles of certain active site residues between the two enzymes. The absence of known ACK partner enzymes raises the possibility that ACK is part of a novel pathway in Entamoeba.
Association of lichen planopilaris with thyroid disease: A retrospective case-control study

Background Studies on the precise causes and comorbidities seen with lichen planopilaris (LPP) are limited. Objective We sought to determine the prevalence of thyroid diseases in patients with LPP. Methods Medical records of 166 patients with LPP and 81 age- and gender-matched control subjects seen in the Department of Dermatology at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation in Ohio between 2000 and 2013 were reviewed. Results A diagnosis of thyroid disease was present in 34% (n = 57) of the 166 patients with LPP, and in 11% (n = 9) of the control subjects ( P = .0001). When confined to hypothyroidism only, this disease was found in 29% (n = 48) of the patients with LPP and 9% (n = 7) of the control subjects ( P = .0003). Limitations This study was limited by being retrospective. Conclusion In our patients, LPP was associated with thyroid disease, especially hypothyroidism.
Eric Wolf's ethical-political humanism, and beyond

This article reviews the references to humanity and humanism in Eric R. Wolf’s work. These words have particular rhetorical weight in his books, indicating that they convey his ethical-political perspective. Yet Wolf’s own emphasis on history, context, power and transformation present challenges to a broad-brush humanism, as do writings of other social theorists. The article considers those criticisms, exploring replies to them derived from Wolf’s work. This textual, intellectual work speaks to contemporary anthropology, which openly considers ethical-political perspectives (e.g. militant and engaged anthropologies) and in which ‘humanism’ is increasingly being advocated as a central value. Ethical-political humanism is proposed to be a framework for combined scientific and normative discussion, in which values of individual, collectivity (cultures), and shared commonality come into play.
Identification and Characterization of the Penicillin-Binding Protein 2a of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Its Possible Role in Resistance to β-Lactam Antibiotics

To further understand the role of penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP 2a) of Streptococcus pneumoniae in penicillin resistance, we confirmed the identity of the protein as PBP 2a. The PBP 2a protein migrated electrophoretically to a position corresponding to that of PBP 2x, PBP 2a, and PBP 2b of S. pneumoniae and was absent in a pbp2a insertional mutant of S. pneumoniae. We found that the affinities of PBP 2a for penicillins were lower than for cephalosporins and a carbapenem. When compared with other S. pneumoniae PBPs, PBP 2a exhibited lower affinities for β-lactam antibiotics, especially penicillins. Therefore, PBP 2a is a low-affinity PBP for β-lactam antibiotics in S. pneumoniae.
Open-Domain Question Answering

The top-performing Question-Answering (QA) systems have been of two types: consistent, solid, well-established and multi-faceted systems that do well year after year, and ones that come out of nowhere employing totally innovative approaches and which out-perform almost everybody else. This article examines both types of system in depth. We establish what a "typical" QA-system looks like, and cover the commonly used approaches by the component modules. Understanding this will enable any proficient system developer to build his own QA-system. Fortunately there are many components available for free from their developers to make this a reasonable expectation for a graduate-level project. We also look at particular systems that have performed well and which employ interesting and innovative approaches.
How to take advantage of non-crystallographic symmetry in molecular replacement: 'locked' rotation and translation functions.

Many protein molecules form assemblies that obey point-group symmetry. These assemblies are often situated at general positions in the unit cell such that the point-group symmetry of the assembly becomes non-crystallographic symmetry (NCS) in the crystal. The presence of NCS places significant constraints on structure determination by the molecular-replacement method. The locked rotation and translation functions have been developed to take advantage of the presence of NCS in this structure determination, which generally requires four steps. (i) The locked self-rotation function is used to determine the orientation of the NCS assembly in the crystal, relative to a pre-defined `standard' orientation of this NCS point group. (ii) The locked cross-rotation function is used to determine the orientation of one monomer of the assembly in the standard orientation. This calculation requires only the structure of the monomer as the search model. (iii) The locked translation function is used to determine the position of this monomer relative to the center of the assembly. Information obtained from steps (ii) and (iii) will produce a model of the entire assembly centered at the origin of the coordinate system. (iv) An ordinary translation function is used to determine the center of the assembly in the crystal unit cell, using as the search model the structure of the entire assembly produced in step (iii). The locked rotation and translation functions simplify the structure-determination process in the presence of NCS. Instead of searching for each monomer separately, the locked calculations search for a single rotation or translation. Moreover, the locked functions reduce the noise level in the calculation, owing to the averaging over the NCS elements, and increase the signals as all monomers of the assembly are taken into account at the same time.
Ancestry, population structure, and conservation genetics of Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) in the upper Missouri River, USA

We genotyped Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) at 10 microsatellite loci in 18 samples (n = 726) from Mon- tana, Wyoming, and Saskatchewan to determine genetic relationships among native, captive, and naturalized populations in the upper Missouri River basin, to assess patterns in genetic diversity, and to infer recent demographic histories. Sub- stantial genetic subdivision was observed among sample populations (global FST = 0.10). Canadian populations have been isolated from Missouri River populations long enough for mutation to cause genetic differences between regions (mean pairwise FST = 0.18, RST = 0.54). Within the Missouri River basin, most naturalized lacustrine populations traced their an- cestry to Red Rock lakes. Two populations in headwater lakes within the Big Hole River watershed appear to be native. We found neither evidence for introgression of Canadian-origin grayling nor any effect of hatchery stocking in native pop- ulations. The native fluvial Big Hole River group was genetically distinct and most diverse (HE = 0.89), whereas native Madison River and Red Rock lakes populations exhibited lower genetic diversity (HE = 0.74 and 0.80, respectively) and evidence of recent bottlenecks. The existing Big Hole and Red Rock populations are at low abundance but do not appear to be at immediate risk of inbreeding depression (Ne = 207.7-228.2).
Differential grazing on protozoan microplankton by developmental stages of the calanoid copepod Eurytemora affinis Poppe

Nauplii and adults of the copepod Eurytemora affinis Poppe collected from the Multiscale Experimental Ecosystem Research Center (MEERC) mesocosms and from the Choptank River (a subestuary of Chesapeake Bay) reduced ciliate and dinoflagellate microplankton densities signifi- cantly during grazing experiments. Protozoan microplankton generally were consumed in proportion to their availability, although both adult copepod and naupliar clearance rates were higher for larger prey (-40 urn). Ingestion of ciliate microplankton was confirmed by examining copepod gut fluorescence after brief (1 h) incubations with ciliates labeled with a fluorescent vital stain (5- chloromethylfluorescein diacetate). In addition, both adults and nauplii of E.affinis cleared protozoan microplankton at considerably higher rates than chlorophyll a. Naupliar clearance rates were generally an order of magnitude lower than adult rates, but given naupliar abundances in copepod assemblages, they should contribute substantially to total grazing on protozoan microplankton. Grazing by the total copepod assemblage in mesocosms and in the field may be underestimated if juvenile stages are ignored.
Limits on Chromospheres and Convection among the Main-Sequence A Stars*

In deeply convective stars, the nonthermal energy required to heat the chromosphere ultimately is supplied by turbulent magnetoconvection. Because the early and middle A stars have very shallow convective layers, they are not expected to produce enough magnetoconvective power to sustain luminous chromospheres or hot coronae. Here we describe a search for chromospheric emission in the far-ultraviolet (905–1185 A ˚ ) spectra of seven main-sequence A stars, based on observations from the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) telescope. Our survey spans the interval in effective temperature along the main sequence over which powerful subsurface convection zones and hence chromospheric emission are expected to vanish. The presence or absence of high-temperature emissions in our FUSE spectra therefore can be used to identify the locus for the transition from convective to radiative envelopes—a change in stellar structure that is difficult to assess by other means. We present our observations and analysis of the subcoronal emission lines of C iii �� 977, 1175 and O vi �� 1032, 1037, which bracket a range in formation temperatures from 50,000 to 300,000 K. To supplement our FUSE observations, we also report Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph measurements of Si iii � 1206 and H i Ly �� 1215, obtained from archival observations of the Hubble Space Telescope, as well as X-ray measurements from previous ROSAT survey and pointed observations. We detected C iii and O vi emission features in the FUSE spectra of the coolest stars of our sample, at Teff d8200 K. When normalized to the bolometric luminosities, the detected emission-line fluxes are comparable to solar values. We detected none of the hotter stars in our survey at Teff � 8300 K. Upper limits on the normalized flux in some instances approach 40 times less than solar. Within an uncertainty in the effective temperature scale of up to several hundred kelvins, our FUSE observations indicate that the transition between convective and radiative stellar envelopes takes place at, or very near, the point along the main sequence where stellar structure models predict and, moreover, that the changeover occurs very abruptly, over a temperature interval no greater than � 100 K in width. Our FUSE sample also includes two binary stars. In both cases, the narrow UV line profiles we have observed suggest that the high-temperature emission is most likely associated with the late-type companions rather than the A stars themselves. Subject headings: stars: activity — stars: chromospheres — stars: late-type — ultraviolet: stars
K-Selector-Based Dispatching Algorithm for Clos-Network Switches

In this paper, we address the scheduling problem for Clos-network switches with no buffers at the central stage. Existing scheduling (dispatching) algorithms for this type of switch, such as CRRD and CMSD, are too complex for implementation. We consider efficient and practical dispatching algorithms and propose the k-selector based dispatching (KBD) algorithm. The KBD algorithm differs from other dispatching algorithms in the phase of matching within input modules. In KBD, only one k-selector is used at each input module to select m out of nk requests to send to the corresponding central modules. As such, the interconnection wires are totally removed in input modules and the required time for the first phase is improved significantly. Through simulations, we show that KBD achieves comparable performance to CMSD under Bernoulli and bursty traffic
A Critique of the Elitist Theory of Democracy

During the last thirty years, there have been numerous attempts to revise or reconstitute the “classical” theory of democracy: the familiar doctrine of popular rule, patterned after the New England town meeting, which asserts that public policy should result from extensive, informed discussion and debate. By extending general participation in decision-making the classical theorists hoped to increase the citizen's awareness of his moral and social responsibilities, reduce the danger of tyranny, and improve the quality of government. Public officials, acting as agents of the public at large, would then carry out the broad policies decided upon by majority vote in popular assemblies.Although it is seldom made clear just which of the classical democratic theorists is being referred to, contemporary criticism has focused primarily on the descriptive elements of the theory, on its basic conceptions of citizenship, representation and decision-making. The concept of an active, informed, democratic citizenry, the most distinctive feature of the traditional theory, is the principal object of attack. On empirical grounds it is argued that very few such people can be found in Western societies. Public policy is not the expression of the common good as conceived of by the citizenry after widespread discussion and compromise. This description of policy making is held to be dangerously naive because it overlooks the role of demagogic leadership, mass psychology, group coercion, and the influence of those who control concentrated economic power. In short, classical democratic theory is held to be unrealistic; first because it employs conceptions of the nature of man and the operation of society which are Utopian, and second because it does not provide adequate, operational definitions of its key concepts.