cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seeking a Middle Measure

Balancing calls for a “middle measure.” Aristotle’s phrase lets us reorient these three forms of inquiry toward ethics and aesthetics. While these basic skills let us solve “how-to-do-it” problems of innovation—in the sciences, in business, and in technology for instance—they also can help us move onward toward “why-to-do-it” issues of ethics and the arts. So throughout the book and especially in the concluding chapter, we celebrate larger principles of balancing measures in the arts, in ethics, and in the realm of creative play. This study of balancing also guides students toward questions of reasonable judgment. Isn’t balancing the basis for any practical judgment? With it, we can begin to make good choices about our futures. Without it, we lack practical reason. Finding our middle measure takes some practice, yet we find happiness within ourselves when we find our own.
Three-year clinical outcomes of relapsing multiple sclerosis patients treated with dimethyl fumarate in a United States community health center.

Background:Following approval of dimethyl fumarate (DMF), we established a registry of relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS) patients taking DMF at our community MS center.Objective:To track DMF patie...
Ripe for disruption: reimagining the role of green chemistry in a circular economy

This article takes a look at some of the broader themes of value creation that have evolved as part of a circular economy, and illustrates why chemists should (as well as exemplifying how they coul...
Learning from Loss: Playing to Move Forward

Building on my discussion of play and writing and drawing on how I dealt with the death of my first life partner, this chapter shows how loss prompts learning. Just as young children come into language in an effort to compensate for the growing gap in the caregiver bond that occurs with growing competencies and independence from adults so too can later life losses bring generative acts and re-engagement with life. Threaded through this chapter are stories from early childhood classrooms that illustrate how, despite all our efforts to pretend otherwise, children are often managing difficult losses. Although we may not be able to ameliorate painful life circumstances, we can bear witness to children’s suffering and offer them tools to re-present their experiences.
Continuous Time Branching Random Walk

What is in this chapter? Branching random walks are among the simplest continuous time spatial processes. Consider a system of particles that undergo branching and random motion on a countable graph (such as Z d or a homogeneous tree) according to the two following rules. A particle at x waits an exponential random time with rate λp(x, y) > 0 and then gives birth to a particle at y. p(x, y) are the transition probabilities of a Markov chain and λ > 0 is a parameter. A particle waits an exponential time with rate 1 and then dies.
Changes in alkaline phosphatase during the early development of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata.

Abstract Unfertilized eggs and four developmental stages of the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata were analyzed for the presence of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase by disc electrophoresis in conjunction with a simultaneous azo dye coupling method and by a biochemical assay procedure utilizing β-glycerophosphate as substrate. The disc electrophoretic method demonstrated the appearance of an additional alkaline phosphatase enzyme in the mesenchyme blastula which was different from that found in the unfertilized egg. Quantitative determinations of alkaline phosphatase activity showed that less than 7 per cent of the total enzyme activity was found in the supernatant obtained by centrifuging the homogenate of any stage. When dialyzed aqueous extracts were prepared from butanol treated homogenates the total activity (theoretical) of the unfertilized preparation was found to be double and the advanced pluteus preparation equal to that of the corresponding whole homogenate. The extraction procedure is thought to make the enzyme in the unfertilized egg more accessible to the substrate or to release it from some inhibition. Up to 25-fold increases in specific activity were realized when the homogenates were subjected to butanol extraction. The specific activity of alkaline phosphatase in whole homogenates showed a gradual increase from the unfertilized egg to the advanced pluteus stage. The specific activity of the extracts, however, did not change appreciably as development progressed until after the early pluteus stage when a marked increase occurred. These results are interpreted to be indicative of a gradual activation or release from inhibition of a pre-existing enzyme during the course of development up to the advanced pluteus stage when de novo synthesis of an active enzyme is thought to occur.
C3 Binding to Bacterial Surfaces

The activation of complement and binding of C3 to the surface of pathogenic organisms are prerequisites for the biologic role of the complement system in host defense, and the virulence of many successful pathogens is the result of their ability to resist complement-mediated opsonophagocytosis and/or killing. Studies of complement binding have provided a foundation for evaluating the mechanisms of virulence of several important pathogens. More complete understanding of these organisms’ resistance to complement eventually may provide means of attenuating their virulence in the clinical setting.
Amorphous Titanium Carbide Films Produced by Low‐Temperature Organometallic CVD

Amorphous titanium carbide films were produced by low-temperature ( 1,000{degree}C) than typical glassy metals, in agreement with other studies of similar systems.
Design considerations for headed shear studs embedded in ultra-high performance concrete as part of a novel bridge repair method

Abstract This paper presents design parameters and considerations for headed studs embedded in UHPC as part of a novel bridge repair method. The method is developed for retrofitting of steel bridge girders with severe corrosion at the ends. In this repair method, headed shear studs are welded to the undamaged portion of the web plate at the girder end and encased with Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC). The end bearing capacity is increased by transferring shear forces from the web to UHPC casts through the studs. Sixteen push-out tests were performed to evaluate design considerations prior to field implementation. The effects of a) eccentric loading, b) concrete material variations, c) clear and side cover, d) welding/surface preparation, and e) curing of UHPC on shear capacity of studs were studied. The results were used to establish design and installation recommendations for the proposed repair.
Image-Guided Ablation of Neuroendocrine Tumor Liver Metastases

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms that require a multidisciplinary process to determine the most appropriate approach for patient management and therapy. Over time, the treatment algorithms have continuously evolved as the options have improved and changed. This manuscript reviews the current and potential role of image-guided ablation in the treatment of patients with metastatic NET to the liver. While some attention will be devoted to the basics of ablation, the focus will be on the role of image-guided ablation in these patients and issues specific to the treatment of NET's liver metastases with ablation.
Differences in Youth and Parent Postsecondary Expectations for Youth with Disabilities

Background Parent expectations are known to be significant predictors of postsecondary outcomes among youth with disabilities. However, little is known about the relationship between parent and youth expectations and their differential prediction of postsecondary outcomes among youth with disabilities. Objective To determine the relationship between parent and youth expectations among students with disabilities in the United States. Methods Through analysis of the National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), we compared wave two parent and youth expectations across disability categories (N=1,940) and explored the extent to which they predicted youth postsecondary outcomes. Results We identified that parent and youth expectations are related but significantly different, with parents consistently holding less independent expectations than youth. Both parent and youth expectations were identified as significant predictors of postsecondary outcomes, with youth expectations more strongly predicting education and independent living outcomes, and parent expectations more strongly predicting employment and Social Security benefit outcomes. Conclusions Transition providers should work with parents and youth to develop collaborative goals and expectations to best support youth with disabilities for independent activities in adulthood.
Examining the Nutrient Profile and Price Incentive Structure of Combination Meals at Large U.S. Chain Restaurants (P04-159-19)

To characterize the nutrient profile of combination meals and understand price incentives to upsize at large U.S. fast food and fast casual restaurants. Combination meals (n = 1479) from 34 U.S. fast food and fast casual restaurants were identified from online menus and corresponding nutrition information was obtained from a restaurant nutrition database (MenuStat). Three options for each meal were analyzed: 1) default (as advertised on menu), 2) minimum (low-calorie option), and 3) maximum (high-calorie option). The nutrient composition of meals was compared to the Healthier Restaurant Meal Guidelines, and linear models examined to what extent each meal component (entree, side, beverage) drove differences in nutrients across meal options. Prices were obtained from restaurant websites for a subset of combination meals (n = 326) and linear models were used to examine the difference in total calories per dollar between default and maximum options. There was substantial variation across combination meal options for calories (default: 1193 kcal; minimum: 767 kcal; maximum: 1685 kcal), saturated fat (14 g; 11 g; 19 g), sodium (2110 mg; 1783 mg; 2823 mg), and sugar (68 g; 10 g; 117 g). Most default meals exceeded the Healthier Restaurant Meal Guidelines for calories (97%) and sodium (99%); fewer exceeded the standards for saturated fat (50%) and total sugar (6%). Comparing maximum and default meals, beverages were the largest driver of differences in calories (178 kcal, 36% of difference) and sugar (46 g, 93%), and entrees were the largest driver of differences in saturated fat (3 g, 59%) and sodium (371 g, 52%). There were significantly more calories per dollar in maximum versus default meals (169 kcal/dollar vs. 138 kcal/dollar). Default combination meals offered by large U.S. chain restaurants are high in calories, sodium, saturated fat, and sugar. Maximum meals offer significantly more calories per dollar compared to default meals, suggesting there is a strong financial incentive for consumers to “upsize” their orders. Industry and governmental policies that improve the nutritional profile of default meals and financially incentivize lower-calorie meals may be promising strategies for improving dietary behaviors in restaurants. None.
The Physiology of Auto Racing.

ABSTRACTIntroductionAuto racing poses a unique set of physiologic challenges for athletes who compete in this sport. These challenges are not widely recognized due to the limited amount of original research in this field and the diffuse nature of this literature. The purpose of this article is to re
Perceptions of a Military Social Work Specialization Certificate Program: Implications for Future Programs

Military social work certificates, courses, and specializations have emerged to address the need for competent and culturally aware practitioners to serve military and veteran clients. This study e...
Controversies Surrounding the Pathophysiology of Tics

Tics are sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic motor movements or vocalizations (phonic productions) that are commonly present in children and are required symptoms for the diagnosis of Tourette syndrome. Despite their frequency, the underlying pathophysiology of tics/Tourette syndrome remains unknown. In this review, we discuss a variety of controversies surrounding the pathophysiology of tics, including the following: Are tics voluntary or involuntary? What is the role of the premonitory urge? Are tics due to excess excitatory or deficient inhibition? Is it time to adopt the contemporary version of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical (CBGTC) circuit? and Do we know the primary abnormal neurotransmitter in Tourette syndrome? Data from convergent clinical and animal model studies support complex interactions among the various CBGTC sites and neurotransmitters. Advances are being made; however, numerous pathophysiologic questions persist.
Imagine Home: Making a Place in Binghamton

Since the early 1990s, Iraqi Kurds have been relocating to the greater Binghamton area in New York State. This study focuses on the growing diasporic Kurdish community in and around Binghamton and their quest to imagine the homeland they left behind as a result of social, economic, and political hardships. The production of this diasporic space has emerged as an attempt to reconstruct their culture and collective identity in the absence of physical and territorially specific aspects of their homeland. Kurdish refugee narratives articulate how collective memory gives voice to the shared Kurdish past, how Kurdish refugees appropriated the space according to their traditional example and kinship structure, and how memories and narratives of the past shape the migrants’ identities, kinship, and everyday practices. The production of diasporic space within the imaginations of these refugees is portrayed here to show their attempt to reconstruct Kurdish culture while lacking the physical characteristics of their homeland. Their successfully reinvented images of homeland and reconstructed culture in diaspora are evidence of the resilience and fluidity of Kurdish culture.
In-Solution Molecular Recognition Comparison of Aptamers against the Herbicide Atrazine

Atrazine is a common herbicide that is widely used to control weed growth in both agricultural and residential settings. It has been shown to act as an endocrine disruptor that affects aquatic organisms. Rapid and low-cost monitoring methods for atrazine is the first step to mitigate its widespread persistency. Aptamers are small synthetic oligonucleotides that can assume a 3D structure to act as the molecular recognition element for a specific target of interest. Two different atrazine binding aptamers (R12.23 Trunc. and R12.45 Trunc.) have been identified from the same library design but with fundamentally different in vitro selection methodologies. While the R12.23 Trunc. has been utilized in immobilized biosensing platforms, it is unclear if in-solution-based applications would be suitable for both atrazine binding aptamers. This study provides the first insight of comparative in-solution binding profiles of the two atrazine binding aptamers. Based on our results, this information will be useful for future biosensing platform development utilizing the two aptamers.
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG-induced Expression of Leptin in the Intestine Orchestrates Epithelial Cell Proliferation.

Background & Aims Identifying the functional elements that mediate efficient gut epithelial growth and homeostasis is essential for understanding intestinal health and disease. Many of these processes involve the Lactobacillus-induced generation of reactive oxygen species by NADPH oxidase (Nox1). However, the downstream signaling pathways that respond to Nox1-generated reactive oxygen species and mediate these events have not been described. Methods Wild-type and knockout mice were fed Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and the transcriptional and cell signaling pathway responses in the colon measured. Corroboration of data generated in mice was done using in organoid tissue culture and in vivo gut injury models. Results Ingestion of L rhamnosus GG induces elevated levels of leptin in the gut epithelia, which as well as functioning in the context of metabolism, has pleiotropic activity as a chemokine that triggers cell proliferation. Consistently, using gut epithelial-specific knockout mice, we show that L rhamnosus GG–induced elevated levels of leptin is dependent on a functional Nox1 protein in the colonic epithelium, and that L rhamnosus GG–induced cell proliferation is dependent on Nox1, leptin, and leptin receptor. We also show that L rhamnosus GG induces the JAK-STAT signaling pathway in the gut in a Nox1, leptin, and leptin receptor–dependent manner. Conclusions These results demonstrate a novel role for leptin in the response to colonization by lactobacilli, where leptin functions in the transduction of signals from symbiotic bacteria to subepithelial compartments, where it modulates intestinal growth and homeostasis.
Chiara Lubich: A Saint for a New Global Unity

In this article the author offers an introduction to the life, thought, and impact of Chiara Lubich. He begins with a brief biographical overview and draws attention to some important features of her spiritual teaching: Jesus in the midst, Jesus Forsaken, Mary Desolate, the four nights. He draws attention to the Economy of Communion and as an expression of this spirituality in the world of business and economics, and to the figure of Chiara Luce Badano, a young adherent to the Spirituality of Unity who has been recognized as an example of how this spirituality can lead to holiness of life. The author’s judgment is that Chiara Lubich is “a saint of dialogue.”
Kids Really Are Just Small Adults: Utilizing the Pediatric Triangle with the Classic ABCD Approach to Assess Pediatric Patients.

Pediatric altered mental status is a commonly feared presentation of children in both the emergency department and prehospital setting. Given the usual difficulties we face when treating children, utilizing systematic tools can help us to remain thorough and consistent when evaluating any given child. By using a standardized method of evaluation and diagnosis, first responders and emergency physicians can set aside their worries of mismanagement and provide adequate care to children with undifferentiated altered mental status. This article reviews one of the many approaches toward assessing children's clinical status, walks through the elements that comprise it, and examines how it can be used to make emergency providers more confident.
Back to Classics: Controlling Smart Thermostats with Natural Language... with Personalization.

Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy Logic are classical tools for controlling devices, including thermostats. Fuzzy sets have been also used to describe Natural Language hedges that appear in every day speech. We use both of these classic applications for personalized thermal preferences of occupants with a goal of saving energy. As such, we combine previous knowledge on preferred comfort temperature range of groups of individuals with fuzzy hedges for temperature control setting, create fuzzy sets for energy consumption and saving, and use the intersection of the created sets with the preferred temperatures to optimize natural language interpretations of occupants’ commands on temperature settings of smart thermostats.
Shifting education reform towards anti-racist and intersectional visions of justice: A study of pedagogies of organizing by a teacher of Color

Background: Social movement scholarship tends to focus on macro-level processes of movement emergence, overlooking the day-to-day groundwork of marginalized social movement actors who contribute to...
Label-free metabolic biomarkers for assessing valve interstitial cell calcific progression

Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most common form of valve disease where the only available treatment strategy is surgical valve replacement. Technologies for the early detection of CAVD would benefit the development of prevention, mitigation and alternate therapeutic strategies. Two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) microscopy is a label-free, non-destructive imaging technique that has been shown to correlate with multiple markers for cellular differentiation and phenotypic changes in cancer and wound healing. Here we show how specific TPEF markers, namely, the optical redox ratio and mitochondrial fractal dimension, correlate with structural, functional and phenotypic changes occurring in the aortic valve interstitial cells (VICs) during osteogenic differentiation. The optical redox ratio, and fractal dimension of mitochondria were assessed and correlated with gene expression and nuclear morphology of VICs. The optical redox ratio decreased for VICs during early osteogenic differentiation and correlated with biological markers for CAVD progression. Fractal dimension correlated with structural and osteogenic markers as well as measures of nuclear morphology. Our study suggests that TPEF imaging markers, specifically the optical redox ratio and mitochondrial fractal dimension, can be potentially used as a tool for assessing early CAVD progression in vitro.
Volatility Spillover Effects: VIX and Precious Metals

The increased volatility of precious metals and other commodities has become more commonplace because of the volatile global economic environment. This study examines the relationship between market volatility and precious metals. VIX Index, which reflects investor’s sentiments, is used as a proxy for market volatility. From the results, it is evident that the spillover of volatility from the VIX Index occurs for all precious metals. This effect, however, is asymmetric for only silver and platinum. In addition, once the volatility spillover occurs, disequilibrium from changes in the VIX Index for copper is corrected with a lag; it takes a much longer time for disequilibrium to be corrected for gold, silver, and platinum for volatile time periods. For calm periods, the impact of VIX Index on precious metals is muted. TOPICS:Commodities, volatility measures Key Findings • Market volatility or VIX Index has a profound impact on precious metals. • Volatility spillover is asymmetric for silver and platinum. • Disequilibrium from changes in VIX Index for copper is quickly corrected, whereas it takes longer time to be corrected for gold, silver, and platinum for volatile time periods; the effect is muted for calm periods.
Initial Clinical Laboratory Response to COVID-19: A Survey of Medical Laboratory Professionals.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the experiences of medical laboratory professionals (MLPs) and their perceptions of the needs of clinical laboratories in response to COVID-19. METHODS: We surveyed laboratory professionals working in United States clinical laboratories during the initial months of the pandemic. RESULTS: Overall clinical laboratory testing and overtime work for laboratorians decreased during the first months of the pandemic. Laboratory professionals reported better or unchanged job satisfaction, feelings toward their work, and morale in their workplace, which were related to healthcare facility and laboratory leadership response. They reported receiving in-kind gifts, but no hazard pay, for their essential work. Important supply needs included reagents and personal protective equipment (PPE). CONCLUSION: The response by healthcare facilities and laboratory leadership can influence MLPs job satisfaction, feelings toward their work, and laboratory morale during a pandemic. Current COVID-19 laboratory testing management, in the absence of sufficient reagents and supplies, cannot fully address the needs of clinical laboratories.
General Perspective on the U.S. Military Conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan After 20 Years.

It has been 20 years since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on America. The ongoing military conflicts in this region are the longest sustained conflicts in U.S. history. Almost 3 million military personnel have deployed, with over 7,000 fatalities and more than 53,000 wounded in action. The most common psychological health condition associated with combat deployments is PTSD. No data exist to compare the prevalence of PTSD across war eras. Therefore, a potential proxy for PTSD risk is the number of combat-related deaths, because this figure has been consistently tracked across U.S. military conflicts. This commentary includes a table of death statistics from major military conflicts, which shows that fewer military personnel have deployed, been killed, sustained wounds, and, one might conclude, suffered from PTSD than any other major U.S. military conflict in history. Advances in the military equipment, tactics, and healthcare programs perhaps mitigated casualties and suffering among Iraq/Afghanistan veterans compared to previous wars. The estimated causality differences across various military conflicts are not meant to minimize the significant contributions and sacrifices made by this new generation of military warriors but to help us gain perspective on military conflicts over the past century as we recognize the 20th anniversary of 9/11.
EXAMINING LEGAL RESTRICTIONS ON THE RETARDED

Discussions of the legal rights of the retarded have revealed that retarded people typically have both special privileges and special restrictions in the law. Among the privileges are a legal incompetent’s immunity in contract which, as Glanville Williams has pointed out, is really a liberty not to pay what would otherwise be his contractual debts.1 (Whether that liberty is really an advantage, which is what the term ‘privilege’ usually suggests, is another question.) Among the restrictions in most states is the denial to a legal incompetent of a right to marry. At some time or other, retarded people have been denied the legal right to vote, to decide whether and when to have children, to serve on juries, and the right as children to a free public education. Some of these restrictions are commonplace today. Such legal restrictions have often been criticized,2 or defended,3 by courts and legal writers without an appreciation of the complexity of the moral issues they raise. My purpose in this paper is to examine various assumptions one might make about the moral status of the retarded in order to support a conclusion that they should have certain legal restrictions. The moral arguments for certain legal restrictions are more complex than has been appreciated by proponents or opponents of restrictions in the legal literature.
Shifts in Student Motivation during Usage of a Multi-User Virtual Environment for Ecosystem Science

In incorporating technology in science education, some have expressed concern that the value added by technology is primarily due to the novelty or excitement about using the devices, resulting in no lasting effect on student motivation or learning in science. This research addresses this concern through evaluation of student motivation during a two-week, multi-user virtual environment MUVE-based curriculum for middle school ecosystems science. Analysis of multiple surveys at the beginning, middle, and end of the curriculum found that students continued to find the activity engaging from beginning to end, while student value of its utility in helping them learn science increased significantly. Furthermore, while initial student engagement resided primarily at the technology interface level, with time and experience students became increasingly engaged in the student-led, collaborative inquiry experiences afforded by the embedded scientific investigation.
Thymosin α 1 for treatment of hepatitis C virus: promise and proof

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a global public health problem, with chronic infection leading to development of cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Treatment of HCV is suboptimal with overall response rates of slightly greater than 50% when patients are treated with pegylated interferon alfa and ribavirin. Thymosin alpha 1 (Talpha1; TA-1) is an immunomodulatory peptide with intrinsic activities that might improve treatment outcomes for HCV by incorporation of this agent in current treatment paradigms. An extensive body of literature supports a possible role for this agent in difficult to treat populations. However, clinical trials to date have failed to conclusively support the role of TA-1 in combination interferon-based therapies. Therefore, the promise of TA-1 adjunctive therapy for HCV remains, but the proof will require investment in large randomized clinical trials of appropriate patient populations.
An evaluation of practices to improve sow productive lifetime and producer profitability

15 Introduction 16 Sow Mortality versus Sow Productive Lifetime 17 Sow Productive Lifetime: Economics or Welfare? 19 Maintenance Behaviors 20 Social and Sexual Behaviors 24 Stereotypcial Behaviors 27 Conclusions 30 Literature Cited 31 CHAPTER 4. THE EFFECT OF HOOF ABNORMALITIES ON SOW BEHAVIOR 37 AND PERFORMANCE Abstract 37 Introduction 39 Materials and Methods 40 Results 50 Discussion 58 List of Figures and Tables 64 Literature Cited 7737 Introduction 39 Materials and Methods 40 Results 50 Discussion 58 List of Figures and Tables 64 Literature Cited 77
Impact of Drive Cycle Aggressiveness and Speed on HEVs Fuel Consumption Sensitivity

Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) owners have reported significantly lower fuel economy than the published estimates. Under on-road driving conditions, vehicle acceleration, speed, and stop time differ from those on the normalized test procedures. To explain the sensitivity, several vehicles, both conventional and hybrid electric, were tested at Argonne National Laboratory. The tests demonstrated that the fuel economy of Prius MY04 was more sensitive to drivecycle variations. However, because of the difficulty in instrumenting every component, an in-depth analysis and quantification of the reasons behind the higher sensitivity was not possible. In this paper, we will use validated models of the tested vehicles and reproduce the trends observed during testing. Using PSAT, the FreedomCAR vehicle simulation tool, we will quantify the impact of the main component parameters, including component efficiency and regenerative braking.
The divergence of SIC industries from antitrust markets

Abstract A comparison between the size of markets alleged in Justice Department merger cases and SIC industries indicates that SIC industries generally are far larger than antitrust markets.
Lung adenocarcinoma invasion in TGFβRII -deficient cells is mediated by CCL5/RANTES

Recently, we identified a lung adenocarcinoma signature that segregated tumors into three clades distinguished by histological invasiveness. Among the genes differentially expressed was the type II transforming growth factor-beta receptor (TGFbetaRII), which was lower in adenocarcinoma mixed subtype and solid invasive subtype tumors compared with bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. We used a tumor cell invasion system to identify the chemokine CCL5 (RANTES, regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and presumably secreted) as a potential downstream mediator of TGF-beta signaling important for lung adenocarcinoma invasion. We specifically hypothesized that RANTES is required for lung cancer invasion and progression in TGFbetaRII-repressed cells. We examined invasion in TGFbetaRII-deficient cells treated with two inhibitors of RANTES activity, Met-RANTES and a CCR5 receptor-blocking antibody. Both treatments blocked invasion induced by TGFbetaRII knockdown. In addition, we examined the clinical relevance of the RANTES-CCR5 pathway by establishing an association of RANTES and CCR5 immunostaining with invasion and outcome in human lung adenocarcinoma specimens. Moderate or high expression of both RANTES and CCR5 was associated with an increased risk for death, P=0.014 and 0.002, respectively. In conclusion, our studies indicate RANTES signaling is required for invasion in TGFbetaRII-deficient cells and suggest a role for CCR5 inhibition in lung adenocarcinoma prevention and treatment.
Helper T‐cell differentiation and plasticity: insights from epigenetics

CD4(+) T cells have critical roles in orchestrating immune responses to diverse microbial pathogens. This is accomplished through the differentiation of CD4(+) T helper cells to specialized subsets in response to microbial pathogens, which evoke a distinct cytokine milieu. Signal transducer and activator of transcription family transcription factors sense these cytokines and they in turn regulate expression of lineage-defining master regulators that programme selective gene expression, resulting in distinctive phenotypes. However, phenotype and restricted gene expression are determined not only by the action of transcription factors; chromatin accessibility is required for these factors to exert their effect. Technical advances have greatly expanded our understanding of transcription factor action and dynamic changes in the epigenome that accompany cellular differentiation. In this review, we will discuss recent progress in the understanding of how cytokines influence gene expression and epigenetic modifications, and the impact of these findings on our views of helper cell lineage commitment and plasticity.
Distinctions Among Different Types of Generalizing in Information Systems Research

It is incorrect and even harmful that many information systems researchers typically criticize their own intensive (qualitative, interpretive, critical, and case) research as lacking “generalizability.” We untangle and distinguish the numerous concepts now confounded in the single term “generalizability,” which are generality, generalization, generalize, general and generalizing. These clarified terms allow us to identify four distinct forms of generalizing (everyday inductive generalizing, everyday deductive generalizing, academic inductive generalizing, and academic deductive generalizing), each of which we illustrate with an information systems-related example. The clarified terms provide the basis for an explanation of how information systems researchers who perform intensive research may properly lay claim to generality for their research.
RELYING ON THE UNRELIABLE: HOW A COURT RULE COULD ALLEVIATE THE PROBLEMS INHERENT IN THE NEUTRAL MENTAL HEALTH EVALUATION PROCESS IN CHILD CUSTODY CASES

Many states lack standards as to who should be conducting neutral mental health evaluations in child custody proceedings and what these evaluations should be comprised of. This will occasionally result in an unqualified evaluator giving a recommendation to the court as to which parent should receive custody of their child[ren]. This Note advocates for courts to adopt a court rule which specifically enumerates the qualifications of neutral mental health evaluators in the hopes of regularizing the evaluation process. The first part of the proposal addresses who should conduct evaluations by establishing the required credentials of the evaluator and minimizing the amount of evaluator bias by screening the process. The second part of the proposal focuses on the training needed before an evaluator may conduct an examination, as well as the amount of experience required.
Physical and Psychological Effects of Written Disclosure Among Sexual Abuse Survivors

Although numerous studies demonstrate the efficacy of writing about stressful events on measures of participants' health, most studies have included psychologically and physically healthy participants. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether writing about stressful or traumatic events would have the same effect with participants who had experienced a significant trauma. The physical and psychological impact of writing about child sexual abuse (CSA) experiences or time management was examined in 61 women (mean age 35.0) who reported a CSA history. Participants completed biweekly telephone interviews for 12 weeks after writing, as well as 12-week follow-up questionnaires. The results indicate that writing about CSA history alone is not sufficient to provide psychological or physical health benefits. As these results diverge from the extant literature, possible reasons for these findings are discussed, along with implications for writing interventions with survivors of significant traumas.
New avenues for instructional communication research: Relationships among coaches’ leadership behaviors and athletes’ affective learning

This study explored the relationships among coaches’ leadership behaviors and student athletes’ affective learning. Participants included 124 student athletes from 17 high school wrestling teams who completed measures of both their coaches’ leadership behaviors and their own affective learning for sport Results indicated that all five coaching leadership behaviors were associated with athletes’ affective learning, though positive feedback, social support, and training and instruction leadership behaviors were more closely associated with athletes’ affective learning than democratic or autocratic leadership. Likewise, multiple regression analyses revealed that coaches’ leadership behaviors accounted for 41% of the shared variance in affective learning, though positive feedback and autocratic leadership emerged as the only significant predictors of athletes’ affective learning. Finally, a post hoc analysis revealed an interaction effect of autocratic and positive feedback leadership, such that autocratic le...
INTERVAL BETWEEN ONSET OF SLEEP AND RAPID-EYE-MOVEMENT SLEEP AS AN INDICATOR OF DEPRESSION

Abstract An analysis of electroencephalographic Summary sleep patterns in thirty-five consecutive patients admitted for the treatment of depression revealed that a single sleep characteristic—the interval between onset of sleep and the start of rapid-eye-movement (R.E.M.) sleep—is an objective indicator of depressive disease and correlates inversely with its severity. The mean R.E.M. latency for the entire group was 35 minutes; however, in patients with severe depression the R.E.M. latency averaged 18 minutes.
Stability analysis of nonlinear networks via M-matrix theory: Beyond linear consensus

This paper examines the set of equilibria and asymptotic stability of a large class of dynamical networks with nonidentical nonlinear node dynamics. The interconnection dynamics are defined by M-matrices. An example of such a class of systems include nonlinear consensus protocols as well as other distributed protocols of interest in cooperative control and distributed decision-making. We discuss the model's relationship to the network topology, investigate the properties of its equilibria, and provide conditions for convergence to the set of equilibria. We also provide examples of the versatility of this model in the context of a sensor coverage problem. The model is extended to incorporate additional nonlinearities; an application for this latter model is also provided in the realm of neural networks.
Pronounced Increase of the Basement Membrane Collagen-Derived Serum Antigen C-IV after Discontinuation of Glucocorticoid Administration to Neonates

Pronounced Increase of the Basement Membrane Collagen-Derived Serum Antigen C-IV after Discontinuation of Glucocorticoid Administration to Neonates
Identifiability and parameter estimation.

In experiments on biological systems one often cannot measure all state variables (compartments). Given a particular experiment of that type, a basic kinetic parameter may have no effect on the observations; such a parameter is an insensible parameter for that experiment. A parameter may influence the observations and not be uniquely determinable; such a parameter is nonidentifiable for that experiment. Only identifiable parameters can be estimated uniquely, by that experiment. I review the basic theory to check identifiability for a nominal value of a parameter (local identifiability), and present some examples of problems that may arise in estimation. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition15:55S-59S, 1991)
The surgical correction of mandibular prognathism

Abstract 1. 1. The causes of and objective findings in mandibular prognathism have been presented. 2. 2. The relative values of various corrective procedures for this type of mandibular deformity have been discussed. 3. 3. A method consisting of bilateral resection of a segment of the body of the mandible, for mandibular prognathism, has been described. In this procedure, the segment of bone on either side is removed without injury to the mandibular nerve and vessels.
Development of Molecular Typing Methods for Bacillus spp. and Paenibacillus spp. Isolated from Fluid Milk Products

Bacillus spp. and related sporeformers are important food spoilage organisms. While use of molecular subtyping methods has provided important information on the ecology and transmission of foodborne pathogens, the lack of rapid, reliable, and affordable subtyping methods for Bacillus spp. has limited our ability to understand and control their transmission throughout the food chain. We used a previously described collection of Bacillus spp. and Paenibacillus spp. isolated from dairy products to develop a DNA sequencing-based subtyping approach for these spoilage microorganisms. After optimization of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) parameters, primers targeting the rpoB housekeeping gene allowed for successful amplification in all isolates. rpoB sequencing allowed differentiation of 29 subtypes (that is, sequence types) among the 57 isolates characterized. Phylogenetic analyses of rpoB sequences revealed distinct monophyletic lineages that correlated with bacterial genera (Bacillus and Paenibacillus) as well as with species or species-like assemblages within each genus. rpoB sequencing provided improved subtype discrimination over 16S rDNA sequencing; therefore, rpoB sequencing allows for both sensitive subtype discrimination as well as for species and genus identification. Analysis of subtypes isolated over time in dairy products revealed the presence of both persistent and transient bacterial subtypes, indicating that application of these methods can improve our understanding of the ecology of these spoilage organisms and can help in identification of bacterial niches that may contribute to the persistence of these spoilage organisms in food systems.
In vivo activity of epiroprim, a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, singly and in combination with dapsone, against Mycobacterium leprae

The antimicrobial effects of a new dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, epiroprim, either singly or in combination with dapsone against Mycobacterium leprae, were evaluated in vivo using a mouse footpad model. When fed to mice at concentration of 0.05% in diet, epiroprim completely inhibited the growth of both dapsone-sensitive and dapsone-resistant strains of M. leprae in the footpads of mice and the effects were bactericidal. To achieve similar effects, the concentration of dapsone in the diet had to be 0.0005 and 0.01%, respectively. When used in combination, the concentrations of the drugs in the diet could be lowered by 50-80% and still achieve bactericidal effects. The data support the earlier results on in vitro studies and suggest the use of epiroprim in the multidrug regimen in the treatment of leprosy.
A Neuropastoral Care and Counseling Assessment of Glossolalia: A Theosocial Cognitive Study

This paper provides an example of the application of neuropastoral care and counseling using neuroscience research on glossolalia, that is, speaking in tongues as practiced in Pentecostal Christianity. The paper is based in part on a 2006 article by Andrew Newberg and assesses glossolalia's biogenic, psychogenic, and theogenic dimensions. The assessment concludes glossolalia is an implicitly learned sacred behavior. Unconsciously learned fears may interfere with the practice of glossolalia. A person, from a Pentecostal Christian background, might see this inability as an act of disobedience or a lack of faith. In such cases, verbal counseling would be of limited assistance. Neuropastoral care and counseling responses begin with reassurance followed by cognitive behavioral interventions such as passive extinction, cognitive emotion regulation strategies, and guided imagery.
Racial Threat and White Opposition to Bilingual Education in Texas.

This study examines local contextual conditions that influence opposition to bilingual education among non-Hispanic Whites, net of individual-level characteristics. Data from the Texas Poll (N = 61...
The checkpoint protein Chfr is a ligase that ubiquitinates Plk1 and inhibits Cdc2 at the G2 to M transition

The checkpoint protein Chfr delays entry into mitosis, in the presence of mitotic stress (Scolnick, D.M., and T.D. Halazonetis. 2000. Nature. 406:430–435). We show here that Chfr is a ubiquitin ligase, both in vitro and in vivo. When transfected into HEK293T cells, Myc–Chfr promotes the formation of high molecular weight ubiquitin conjugates. The ring finger domain in Chfr is required for the ligase activity; this domain auto-ubiquitinates, and mutations of conserved residues in this domain abolish the ligase activity. Using Xenopus cell-free extracts, we demonstrated that Chfr delays the entry into mitosis by negatively regulating the activation of the Cdc2 kinase at the G2–M transition. Specifically, the Chfr pathway prolongs the phosphorylated state of tyrosine 15 in Cdc2. The Chfr-mediated cell cycle delay requires ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation, because inactivating mutations in Chfr, interference with poly-ubiquitination, and inhibition of proteasomes all abolish this delay in mitotic entry. The direct target of the Chfr pathway is Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1). Ubiquitination of Plk1 by Chfr delays the activation of the Cdc25C phosphatase and the inactivation of the Wee1 kinase, leading to a delay in Cdc2 activation. Thus, the Chfr pathway represents a novel checkpoint pathway that regulates the entry into mitosis by ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis.
Room temperature continuous-wave operation of quantum-cascade lasers grown by metal organic vapour phase epitaxy

Quantum cascade lasers grown by metal organic vapour phase epitaxy are demonstrated to work in continuous mode up to room temperature. The lasers have been processed as buried heterostructures with thick gold plating on the top contact. Continuous-wave output powers of 20 mW are obtained at 300 K with threshold current densities of 3.9 kA/cm/sup 2/.
Nanoparticle manipulation by mechanical pushing: underlying phenomena and real-time monitoring

Experimental results that provide new insights into nanomanipulation phenomena are presented. Reliable and accurate positioning of colloidal nanoparticles on a surface is achieved by pushing them with the tip of an atomic force microscope under control of software that compensates for instrument errors. Mechanical pushing operations can be monitored in real time by acquiring simultaneously the cantilever deflection and the feedback signal (cantilever non-contact vibration amplitude). Understanding of the underlying phenomena and real-time monitoring of the operations are important for the design of strategies and control software to manipulate nanoparticles automatically. Manipulation by pushing can be accomplished in a variety of environments and materials. The resulting patterns of nanoparticles have many potential applications, from high-density data storage to single-electron electronics, and prototyping and fabrication of nanoelectromechanical systems.
Pyridine Syntheses. II. Condensation Routes Toward Streptonigrin Ring C

Alternative complimentary syntheses of penta-substituted pyridine rings with full regiochemical control of substituents were studied as a method for the synthesis of Streptonigrin (1). Various α-substituted acetophenones 2 were reacted with enones 3 in acetic acid/ammonium acetate and air to afford penta-substituted pyridines 4. α-Substituents that could provide a source of exocyclic nitrogen at position 3 of these Steptonigrin ring-C models proved to be the limiting factor. However, an inverse “3+2+1” cyclocondensation of α-cyanochalcone 5c with 2-furyl ethyl ketone (6b) afforded the desired model 6-(2-furyl)-5-methyl2,4-diphenyl-3-pyridinecarbonitrile (4g) in 75% yield.