cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Practicum Instructor: A Study of Role Expectations

The study discussed in this paper focuses on the differences between four respondent groups in their perception as to the importance of various role behaviors of practicum instructors in social work. The population for the study was obtained from a random sample of the 84 accredited graduate schools of social work in the U.S. and Puerto Rico. Significant differences in perception of role were found along with areas of agreement among the four groups. The social work practicum is a vital part of the master's degree in social work programs in colleges and universities throughout the United States since it provides the student the opportunity to apply knowledge gained in the classroom as well as practice the skills necessary for effective social work service. The relationship between the practicum or field instructor and the social work student is an important element in this educational process. In this study, role theory, which may be described as a manner of defining certain interactions between people, provides a workable framework to study the practicum supervisory role. The importance of the supervisory role both in the formal education process and in the continued growth toward autonomy of the agency professional is summarized by Kadushin when he states: The objective of professional training is not only to teach the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that would enable the recruit to do a competent job but also to socialize the student to the ways of the profession, to develop a professional conscience. It is the elaborate process of professional socialization,during a prolonged program of intensive training, which permits workers, in all professions to operate autonomously, free of external direction and control on the basis of competence and values incorporated during training. The supervisor is, in effect, internalized during the transformation of the lay person into a professional, and supervision does not then need to be externally imposed. 1 The goal of the social work practicum program broadly stated is to provide the student an opportunity to obtain experience working in various social work settings. Agencies and social work educational institutions, therefore, experience a mutual dependency which has the potential to be both harmonious and mutually satisfying. As Tropman observes: Perhaps the most obvious link is the agency's depencency on the
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in a lymph node microenvironment depict molecular signature associated with an aggressive disease

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells survive longer in vivo than in vitro, suggesting that the tissue microenvironment provides prosurvival signals to tumor cells. Primary and secondary lymphoid tissues are involved in the pathogenesis of CLL, and the role of these tissue microenvironments has not been explored completely. To elucidate host-tumor interactions, we performed gene expression profiling (GEP) of purified CLL cells from peripheral blood (PB; n = 20), bone marrow (BM; n = 18), and lymph node (LN; n = 15) and validated key pathway genes by real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry and/or TCL1 trans-genic mice. Gene signatures representing several pathways critical for survival and activation of B cells were altered in CLL cells from different tissue compartments. Molecules associated with the B-cell receptor (BCR), B cell-activating factor/a proliferation-inducing ligand (BAFF/APRIL), nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway and immune suppression signature were enriched in LN-CLL, suggesting LNs as the primary site for tumor growth. Immune suppression genes may help LN-CLL cells to modulate antigen-presenting and T-cell behavior to suppress antitumor activity. PB CLL cells overexpressed chemokine receptors, and their cognate ligands were enriched in LN and BM, suggesting that a chemokine gradient instructs B cells to migrate toward LN or BM. Of several chemokine ligands, the expression of CCL3 was associated with poor prognostic factors. The BM gene signature was enriched with antiapoptotic, cytoskeleton and adhesion molecules. Interestingly, PB cells from lymphadenopathy patients shared GEP with LN cells. In Eμ-TCL1 transgenic mice (the mouse model of the disease), a high percentage of leukemic cells from the lymphoid compartment express key BCR and NF-κB molecules. Together, our findings demonstrate that the lymphoid microenvironment promotes survival, proliferation and progression of CLL cells via chronic activation of BCR, BAFF/APRIL and NF-κB activation while suppressing the immune response.
Performance of combined MMSE beamforming with parallel interference cancellation for overloaded OFDM-CDMA systems

We propose a signal extraction method that combines MMSE beamforming with parallel interference cancellation (PIC) for an overloaded airborne communication environment. By an overloaded array system, we mean that the number of desired signals exceeds the number of distinct antenna elements. We evaluate the performance of the proposed signal extraction method through the use of the bit error rate (BER) simulation. The simulation results show that the MMSE-PIC techniques can support the number of users that is greater than the number of antenna elements in an OFDM-CDMA based airborne communication systems. The results also shows that a 4-stage parallel interference cancellation is sufficient for effectively removing the interference in the system and provide a reliable estimation of a desire user. The effects of the channel estimation error on the PIC performance is also considered.
New linear program performance bounds for queueing networks

We obtain new linear programs for bounding the performance and proving the stability of queueing networks. They exploit the key facts that the transition probabilities of queueing networks are shift invariant on the relative interiors of faces and the cost functions of interest are linear in the state. A systematic procedure for choosing different quadratic functions on the relative interiors of faces to serve as surrogates of the differential costs in an inequality relaxation of the average cost function leads to linear program bounds. These bounds are probably better than earlier known bounds. It is also shown how to incorporate additional features, such as the presence of virtual multi-server stations to further improve the bounds. The approach also extends to provide functional bounds valid for all arrival rates.
Massively parallel computing applied to the one-dimensional bin packing problem

The author presents a parallel algorithm for packing N>or=n/sup 2/ pieces in a massively parallel computing environment of n/sup 2/ processors operating in single-instruction multiple-data (SIMD) mode. The heuristic approach that is developed utilizes a grid topology that structures the input to increase packing efficiency without sorting the data set. The results of implementing this algorithm on a Connection Machine 2 system are compared with the results obtained from parallel versions of two traditional bin packing algorithms. It is concluded that the use of data partitioning to initialize the packing appears to be a practical method of allocating the packing workload to a set of parallel processors while maintaining the integrity of the packing algorithm. The results support the contention that parallelism offers opportunity for improvement in the efficiency of packing algorithms and that the SIMD model of computation with its data parallel programming approach is appropriate for bin packing problems. >
Control of interrelated research and development projects

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine a type of resource allocation problem arising in the context of research and development activities. The particular problem analyzed involves scheduling a group of projects in such a way that total cost is minimized while several precedence relations are satisfied and specific completion times are maintained. The primary difficulty results from the existence of commonalities that allow the successful completion of a particular project to be applied to several different purposes. A solution approach is developed which combines a one-pass network algorithm to deal with the precedence and time restrictions and a dynamic programming procedure to allocate the resources to each project.
Asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism

Primary hyperparathyroidism is a common disorder of mineral metabolism characterized by incompletely regulated, excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone from one or more of the parathyroid glands. In adults with the disease, a single, benign adenoma is seen approximately 80 percent of the time, with multiple gland involvement comprising most of the remaining patients. Very rarely, a parathyroid cancer is responsible but it is seen in less than 0.5 percent of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. In this article, we will review important clinical and diagnostic features of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism as well as considerations for surgical or medical management of the disease.
Periods of Oscillatory Growth in Developing Ocular Lens Correspond With Cell Cycle Times.

Lens growth rates oscillated throughout neonatal rat lens development. Changes in weight, soluble protein content, and cell division were quantitatively analyzed between birth and 26 days of age. Fourier analysis of daily changes in total weight and soluble protein content identified reproducible periodicities of 50-57 hours. Shorter periodicities of 14-18 hours and 18-21 hours were found by analyzing changes in lens dry weight/6 hours and cell division/7 hours. Changes in dry weight and cell division also contained a second periodicity of 36 hours and 30-43 hours, respectively. The periods of observed oscillations corresponded to the length of stages of the lens epithelial cell cycle. Oscillating growth rates during development emphasize the importance of oscillatory patterns during lens epithelial cell proliferation, differentiation, and tissue development.
Cellular distribution of polysome populations of castor bean endosperm.

The distribution of polysomes in the cells of the endosperm of very young (48 hours of germination) seedlings of castor bean (Ricinus communis var. Hale) has been examined. Seedlings exposed to 100 micromolar gibberellin A3 for periods up to 24 hours showed increased numbers of polysomes associated with endomembranes. Cytosol-derived polysomes were generally of a shorter mean length than membrane-derived polysomes. Gibberellin did not lead significantly to increased numbers of cytosol-derived polysomes, nor did it lead to enhancement of any particular size class of polysomes.
Realizing Optimization Opportunities for Distributed Applications in the Middleware Layer by Utilizing InDiGO Framework

InDiGO framework provides an infrastructure to develop generic but customizable middleware services. It also provides tools to customize the middleware algorithms for specific applications. Such customization allows one to optimize algorithms by removing communication which is redundant in the context of a specific application. In this paper, we apply InDiGO framework to study a class of bidding distributed applications. In particular, we will study how optimization level is affected by varying several application parameters, such as number of clusters, number of components per cluster, number of clusters with local ordering and number of components per process. The results of this study will help us to answer questions like: What type of application information is useful for optimization in InDiGO framework? or How does the application structure or its size affect the level of optimization? We present experimental results to demonstrate the optimizations when our infrastructure is utilized.
Ascension or invasion: Implications of the heavenly journey in ancient judaism

Tile early Jewish myth of the heavenly ascension of a divinely approved hero (e.g. Moses) has, as its shadow, the myth of the heavenly invasion of a rebel against the dMnity (e.g. Isaiah's Lucifer). In this paper, I demonstrate that the 'ascension myth' and the 'Lucifer myth' are positive and negative variants of the same story. I explore the possibility that this story may reflect the social world of its narrators. However, I find the ultimate source of its power in generational conflicts within individual families, perceived from opposite viewpoints, and projected into the heavens.
The relationship between the actions of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

The effect of PTH and CT upon hydroxyproline and electrolyte excretion, plasma calcium and phosphate, calcium balance, and the excretion of radiocalcium was examined in vitamin D-deficient thyroparathyroidectomized rats. The results were compared to those obtained in D-fed animals. An increase in urinary hydroxyproline, which persisted for many hours, occurred in D-deficient animals approximately 30 h after thyroparathroidectomy, but was not seen in D-fed animals. It was suppressed by high calcium infusion. Infusion of PTH or CT increased the hydroxyprolinuria even further in D-deficient animls. PTH increased hydroxyprolinuria in D-fed animals, but CT caused a significant decrease. In the D-deficient animals both PTH and CT caused a decrease in urinary calcium excretion, and an increase of the already positive calcium balance. In D-fed animals CT had similar effects, but PTH caused a significant increase in calcium excretion and a negative calcium balance. Young animals injected with45Ca while on a D-deficient diet were studied 3 weeks later at a time when they had developed D-deficiency. When these animals were thyroparathyroidectomized and maintained on a constant glucose and electrolyte perfusion, the excretion of calcium was relatively constant and the specific activity of urnary calcium declined only slightly over a 28 h period. When PTH was given, both total and radioactive calcium excretion diminished initially, leading to a significant decrease in specific activity. The specific activity declined for the first 3 h of hormone infusion, then rose gradually and became greater than normal during the last 4 h of hormone infusion. When CT was given with PTH, total calcium excretion fell and remained below the control rate throughout the experiment. Specific activity rose markedly during the first 2 h, then fell rapidly to values below the control levels for the remainder of the experiment.
Spectral selectivity of photonic crystal infrared photodetctors

In this paper, we present the simulation results on the absorption modification in photonic crystal (PC) structures. For one-dimensional (ID) PC, using transfer matrix method (TMM), we obtained enhanced absorption in both defect-free and defect based PC structures. High absorption (>60%) and small bandwidth (< 0.1 λ 0 ) at defect level were observed with optimal absorption layers of 10-15 for structures with single defect. We also present the modified infrared absorption in two-dimensional photonic crystal slabs (2D PCS), based on the three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method (3D FDTD). The normalized absorption power spectral density in single defect based 2D PCS structures increased by a factor of 18 at the PC defect mode level. This enhancement factor is largely dependent upon the spectral overlap between the absorption material and the defect mode cavity. Complete absorption suppression within the photonic bandgap region was also observed in defect-free cavities, and in single defect cavities when the absorption spectral band has no overlap with the photonic bandgap.
Each crumpled 4-cube is a closed 4-cell-complement

Abstract It is shown that each crumpled 4-cube in the 4-sphere can be reembedded, without moving points very far, so that the closure of the new complement is a 4-cell.
NICMOS: A second generation infrared instrument for the hubble space telescope

Abstract NICMOS (the Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer) is a second generation scientific instrument for the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Three cryogenic cameras with 256x256 HgCdTe arrays provide diffraction limited imaging throughout the 0.8 – 2.5 μm spectral region. Grisms in one of the cameras produces multi-object spectroscopy for all objects in the field. Coronagraphic and polarization capabilities round out the NICMOS modes of operation. Scheduled for launch on the second HST maintenance mission in 1997, NICMOS has a five year on-orbit cryogenic lifetime.
Large infrared absorptance of bimaterial microcantilevers based on silicon high contrast grating

Manufacturing sensors for the mid-IR spectral region (3–11 μm) are especially challenging given the large spectral bandwidth, lack of convenient material properties, and need for sensitivity due to weak sources. Here, we present bimaterial microcantilevers based on silicon high contrast grating (HCG) as alternatives. The grating integrated into the cantilevers leverages the high refractive index contrast between the silicon and its surrounding medium, air. The cantilevers with HCG exhibit larger active spectral range and absorptance in mid-IR as compared to cantilevers without HCG. We design and fabricate two types of HCG bimaterial cantilevers such that the HCG resonance modes occur in mid-IR spectral region. Based on the measurements using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectrometer, we show that the HCG cantilevers have 3–4X wider total IR absorptance bandwidths and 30% larger absorptance peak amplitude than the cantilever without HCG, over the 3–11 μm wavelength region. Based on the enhanced IR absorptance, HCG cantilevers show 13–47X greater responsivity than the cantilever without HCG. Finally, we demonstrate that the enhanced IR sensitivity of the HCG cantilever enables transmission IR spectroscopy with a Michelson interferometer. The HCG cantilever shows comparable signal to noise ratio to a low-end commercial FTIR system and exhibits a linear response to incident IR power.
Measurement of polyamide and polystyrene adhesion with coated-tip atomic force microscopy

This work presents atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements of adhesion forces between polyamides, polystyrene and AFM tips coated with the same materials. The polymers employed were polyamide 6 (PA6), PA66, PA12 and polystyrene (PS). All adhesion forces between the various unmodified or modified AFM tips and the polymer surfaces were in the range -1.5 to -8 nN. The weakest force was observed for an unmodified AFM tip with a PS surface and the strongest was between a PS-coated tip and PS surface. The results point to both the benefits and drawbacks of coated-tip AFM force-distance measurements. Adhesion forces between the two most dissimilar (PA6-PS and PA66-PS) materials were significantly asymmetric, e.g., the forces were different depending on the relative placement of each polymer on the AFM tip or substrate. Materials with similar chemistry and intermolecular interactions yielded forces in close agreement regardless of placement on tip or substrate. Using experimental forces, we calculated the contact radii via four models: Derjaguin, Muller, and Toporov; Johnson, Kendall, and Roberts; parametric tip-force-distance relation; and a square pyramid-flat surface (SPFS) model developed herein. The SPFS model gave the most reasonable contact tip radius estimate. Hamaker constants calculated from the SPFS model using this radius agreed in both magnitude and trends with experiment and Lifshitz theory.
Asymmetrical Body Perception: A Possible Role for Neural Body Representations

Perception of one's body is related not only to the physical appearance of the body, but also to the neural representation of the body. The brain contains many body maps that systematically differ between right- and left-handed people. In general, the cortical representations of the right arm and right hand tend to be of greater area in the left hemisphere than in the right hemisphere for right-handed people, whereas these cortical representations tend to be symmetrical across hemispheres for left-handers. We took advantage of these naturally occurring differences and examined perceived arm length in right- and left-handed people. When looking at each arm and hand individually, right-handed participants perceived their right arms and right hands to be longer than their left arms and left hands, whereas left-handed participants perceived both arms accurately. These experiments reveal a possible relationship between implicit body maps in the brain and conscious perception of the body.
Formation of shoshonites from calcalkaline basalt magmas : geochemical and experimental constraints from the type locality.

Independence volcano, Montana is a major center of the Absaroka volcanic field, from which absarokite, shoshonite, and banakite were originally defined. One magmatic trend at Independence volcano, from high-alumina tholeiitic basalt through shoshonite to high-K dacite, may be modeled by fractional crystallization of observed phenocryst phases (plagioclase, hypersthene, augite, and magnetite). Trace-element and Sr and Nd isotopic compositions of rocks are consistent with this model.
Corrigendum: The proactive brain: using analogies and associations to generate predictions: [Trends in Cognitive Sciences 11 (2007), 280–289]

The author regrets that there was a mistake in reference [37] in the above article. The correct reference is:Oliva, A. and Torralba, A. (2001) Modeling the shape of the scene: a holistic representation of the spatial envelope. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 42, 145–175.The author sincerely apologizes for any problems that this error may have caused.
Survival and Mean Length of Stay (MLOS) of Tiny Premature Infants in a Regional Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (RNICU) † 1322

We compared the survival of 1,012 tiny premature infants of birth weight(BW) ≤ 1000 grams admitted to the Regional Neonatal Intensive Care Unit(RNICU) in three 5-year periods: 1982-86 (Period I), 1987-91 (Period II), 1992-97 (Period III) analyzed by Student t-test and χ2. Each BW group in each period had similar mean BW, number of males and proportion of SGA babies (7-10%). Table
The molecular underpinnings of a solute-pump/solvent-probe spectroscopy: the theory of polarizability response spectra and an application to preferential solvation

Recent ultrafast experiments on liquids have made clear that it is possible to go beyond light scattering techniques such as optical Kerr spectroscopy that look at the dynamics of a liquid as a whole. It is now possible to measure something far more conceptually manageable: how that liquid dynamics (and that light scattering) can be modified by electronically exciting a solute. Resonant-pump polarizability-response spectra (RP-PORS) in particular, seem to show that different solvents respond in noticeably distinct ways to such solute perturbations. This paper is a theoretical attempt at understanding the kinds of molecular information that can be revealed by experiments of this sort. After developing the general classical statistical mechanical linear response theory for these spectra, we show that the experimentally interesting limit of long solute-pump/solvent-probe delays corresponds to measuring the differences in 4-wave-mixing spectra between solutions with equilibrated ground- and excited-state solutes—meaning that the spectra are essentially probes of how changing liquid structure affects intermolecular liquid vibrations and librations. We examine the spectra in this limit for the special case of an atomic solute dissolved in an atomic-liquid mixture, a preferential solvation problem, and show that, as with the experimental spectra, different solvents can lead to spectra with different magnitudes and even different signs. Our molecular-level analysis of these results points out that solvents can also differ in how local a portion of the solvent dynamics is accessed by this spectroscopy.
Maternal–fetal blood incompatibility and the risk of schizophrenia in offspring

Abstract Objective Predicated on a maternal immune response to paternally inherited foreign fetal blood antigens, we hypothesized that maternal–fetal blood incompatibility increases susceptibility to schizophrenia in the offspring. The relation between schizophrenia and maternal–fetal blood incompatibility, arising from the D antigen of the Rhesus (Rh) and the ABO blood group antigens, was examined in a cohort of live-births. Method The data were drawn from the Prenatal Determinants of Schizophrenia Study, a cohort of births occurring between 1959 and 1967 to women enrolled in a Kaiser Permanente Plan-Northern California Region (KP). Adult offspring belonging to the KP from 1981 to 1997 were followed for the incidence of schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD). Cox proportional hazards regression was the primary analytic technique. Results Among second and later born offspring, the adjusted incidence rate ratio (RR adj ) of SSD was 1.80 (95% CI = 0.71–4.58) for the Rh incompatible offspring compared with the Rh compatible offspring; with the males exhibiting higher rate ratio (RR adj = 2.37; 95% CI = 0.82–6.86) than the females (RR adj = 0.93 95% CI = 0.12–7.01). Among all offspring, the RR adj for ABO incompatibility was lower and the elevated rate ratio was similarly limited to the males (RR adj = 1.68; 95% CI = 0.76–3.70). For Rh and/or ABO incompatibility, the RR adj was 1.57 (95% CI = 0.87–2.82). A statistically significant result was detected only for the male offspring (RR adj = 2.22; 95% CI = 1.10–4.47). Conclusion Although the results should be interpreted with caution given the few events of SSD, the findings extend the line of evidence that maternal–fetal blood incompatibility is a risk factor for schizophrenia spectrum disorder; with the strongest evidence to date implicating that the susceptibility pertains only to male offspring.
The Genetic Relationship of Progressive Muscular Dystrophy (Duchenne Type) and Mental Retardation

SUMMARY Two hundred and eleven patients with progressive muscular dystrophy (pmd) of the Duchenne type were identified in 135 separate families. The overall incidence of mental retardation in the 211 patients was 20.9 per cent. There was no evidence of a similar increase in the incidence of mental defect among non-dystrophic siblings. In 39 families with two or more individuals with pmd, 37 or 94.9 per cent had complete concordance with respect to intellectual ability among the dystrophic relatives. The genetic implications of these findings were discussed and data on the hereditary pattern of pmd were presented. RESUME 211 malades atteints de myopathie progressive de type Duchenne dans 135 families ont eteetudies. La frequence de la debilite mentale chez ces 211 malades etait de 20,9 pour cent. Il n'y avait aucune indication d'un accroissement identique de la frequence de la deficience mentale chez les freres et soeurs indemnes. Dans 39 families ou l'on pouvait trouver au moins deux individus atteints de myopathie, une parfaite correlation entre les niveaux intellectuels des membres atteints d'une meme famille a pu etre observee dans 37 families soit 94,9 pour cent. On discute des implications genetiques de ces observations et l'on presente des donnees sur le schema de transmission hereditaire de la myopathie. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Es wurden 211 Patienten mit progressiver Muskeldystrophie (pmd) vom Duchenne-Typ in 135 verschiedenen Familien festgestellt. Die Gesamthaufigkeit von Schwachsinn betrug 20,9 Prozent. Die nicht an einer Muskeldystrophie erkrankten Geschwister zeigten keine ahnliche Haufigkeitszunahme von Schwachsinn. In 39 Familien mit zwei oder mehreren Probanten mit pmd entsprach das intellektuelle Niveau bei 37 Personen oder 94,9 Prozent dem ihrer dystrophischen Verwandten. Die genetische Bedeutung dieser Befunde wird besprochen, und es werden Daten uber die erbliche Gesetzmasigkeit der pmd vorgelegt. RESUMEN Se indentificaron doscientos once enfermos afectos de distrofia muscular progresiva del tipo de Duchenne en 135 familias separadas. La incidencia total del atraso mental en los 211 enfermos era un 20.9 por ciento. No habia ninguna evidencia de un aumento semejante en la incidencia de defecto mental entre hermanos no-distroficos. En 39 familias que tenian uno o dos individuos afectos de distrofia muscular progresiva 37, o un 94.9 por ciento, tenian una concordancia completa con respecto a habilidad intelectual entre los parientes distroficos. Se discuten las implicaciones geneticas de estos hallazgos y se dan datos sobre el pattern hereditario de la distrofia muscular progresiva.
Preventing Halloween Arson in an Urban Setting: A Model for Multisectoral Planning and Community Participation

Arson is a violent crime and a public health problem that causes injuries and deaths, destroys homes, and destabilizes neighborhoods. During the late 1970s, pre-Halloween pranks in Detroit, Michigan, turned destructive when hundreds of fires were set deliberately throughout the city; in 1984, a record of 810 fires were set during the Halloween period. In 1985, a city wide anti-arson campaign that involved the mobilization and training of thousands of community volunteers was begun in Detroit. This report describes the multiple components of the anti-arson intervention from 1985 through 1996 and changes in the incidence of Halloween fires. Both the decrease in annual Halloween arson fires after the intervention began and the inverse relationship between the number of volunteers and the number of fires suggest a causal effect. This study illustrates the capacity of an urban community to mobilize its residents and stakeholders, the importance of community participation and multisectoral partnerships in program planning and implementation, and the challenges faced in retrospectively evaluating an apparently successful, complex, community-based intervention.
Ultrathin CdSe nanowire field-effect transistors

We report the fabrication, and electrical and optical characterization, of solution-liquid-solid (SLS) grown CdSe nanowire field-effect transistors. Ultrathin nanowires (7–12 nm diameters) with lengths between 1 µm and 10 µm were grown by the SLS technique. Al-CdSe-Al junctions are then defined over oxidized Si substrate using photolithography. The nanowires, which were very resistive in the dark, showed pronounced photoconductivity even with a visible light source with resistance decreasing by a factor of 2–100 for different devices. Field-effect devices fabricated by a global backgating technique showed threshold voltages between −7.5 V and −2.5 V and on-to-off channel current ratios between 103 and 106 at room temperature. Channel current modulation with gate voltage is observed with the current turning off for negative gate bias, suggesting unintentional n-type doping. Further, optical illumination resulted in the loss of gate control over the channel current of the field-effect transistor.
Neuronal sensitivities in preoptic tissue slices: Interactions among homeostatic systems

The preoptic area participates in many homeostatic systems, which include the regulation of body temperature, fluid and metabolite balance, and reproduction. Some preoptic neurons have been shown to be sensitive to either temperature, osmotic pressure, glucose, testosterone or estradiol. While previous studies have treated these as separate and distinct neuronal populations, this paper reviews recent experiments which show that many neurons have multiple sensitivities to these endogenous factors. Neurons in preoptic tissue slices were tested for their responses to changes in temperature, as well as various perfusion media containing 30 pg/ml testosterone or estradiol, low glucose (1.0 mM) or increased osmotic pressure (309 mosmol/kg). The steroid-sensitive, osmosensitive and glucosensitive neurons were not confined to the temperature insensitive neurons; but instead nearly half of the thermosensitive neurons responded to these nonthermal stimuli. In addition, many osmosensitive neurons showed glucosensitivity and steroid-sensitivity. This suggests that, even at the neuronal level, there is a basis for interactions between homeostatic systems.
Phase Behavior of Mixed Self-Assembled Monolayers of Alkanethiols on Au(111): A Configurational-Bias Monte Carlo Simulation Study

We report a configurational-bias Monte Carlo simulation study to investigate the effect of chain length, system size, and temperature on the preferential adsorption and phase behavior of mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiols on Au(111). Simulations were performed in both semigrand canonical and canonical ensembles. The semigrand canonical simulations were carried out at conditions corresponding to low concentration of HS(CH2)8CH3−HS(CH2)9CH3 and HS(CH2)8CH3−HS(CH2)10CH3 alkanethiol mixtures in solutions at 300 and 373 K. The canonical ensemble simulations were performed at 300 K for a fixed composition of HS(CH2)9CH3−HS(CH2)9+nCH3 mixed SAMs, where n = 1, 2, ..., 10. Continuous and discrete models were used in these simulations for describing the alkanethiol chains, and an analytical potential was used to model their interactions with the gold surface. Results show the preferential adsorption of long chains on the surface over in the solution and the occurrence of phase segregation when t...
A note on spontaneous alternation behavior

On Test Trial 1 rats placed in a T-maze start box were allowed to turn once, 360 deg, either in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction. Test Trial 2 consisted of allowing an S to traverse the T-maze. Statistically significant alternation behavior was observed between the Test Trial 1 start-box turn and the Test Trial 2 choice-point turn.
Hypophosphatasia and the role of alkaline phosphatase in skeletal mineralization.

THIS year marks the 70th anniversary of the discovery of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (1). For the greater part of the past seven decades there has been universal appreciation by physicians of the important clinical insight that comes from measuring ALP activity in serum to detect and follow the course of hepatobiliary and skeletal disease (2). Since the 1930s, quantification of ALP activity has been a routine test in the hospital laboratory and it is likely the most frequently performed enzyme assay (1). Nevertheless, the physiological function of this protein that is ubiquitous in nature remains unclear (1, 3–5). As reviewed here, however, recent molecular studies of hypophosphatasia, a rare heritable form of rickets, have confirmed the long-held notion that ALP has a significant role in skeletal mineralization in humans. How ALP acts was clarified by the discoveries that several phosphocompound substrates for tissue-nonspecific ALP (TNSALP) accumulate endogenously in this inborn error of metabolism.
In vivo footprints are found in the Xenopus 63 kDa keratin gene promoter prior to the appearance of mRNA

Abstract Previous work on the promoter region of the 63 kDa keratin gene demonstrated that in vivo footprints did not change during the transition from low-level to high-level transcription. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and in vivo footprinting were used to determine whether these DNA–protein interactions are present before transcription begins. The results presented indicate that during development, DNA–protein interactions are present in the promoter region of the 63 kDa keratin gene at stage 44, four days prior to the initial appearance of 63 kDa keratin mRNA, at stage 48. Thus, the occupancy of these sites at stage 44 is not sufficient for transcription, but may have a role in `poising' the keratin promoter for the initiation of epidermal-specific transcription. The results suggest that the developmental history of a gene may be important in regulating its temporal and spatial expression.
Analysis of Transient Heat Conduction in Complex Shaped Composite Materials

Presentation d'une methode analytique generale pour la resolution du probleme de la conduction thermique transitoire dans les materiaux composites. Utilisation de logiciels d'algebre symbolique tels que REDUCE ou MACSYMA
Lesions that functionally disconnect the anterior and posterodorsal sub-regions of the medial amygdala eliminate opposite-sex odor preference in male Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus).

Abstract In many rodent species, such as Syrian hamsters, reproductive behavior requires neural integration of chemosensory information and steroid hormone cues. The medial amygdala (MA) processes both of these signals through anatomically distinct sub-regions; the anterior region (MeA) receives substantial chemosensory input, but contains few steroid receptor-labeled neurons, whereas the posterodorsal region (MePD) receives less chemosensory input, but contains a dense population of steroid receptors. Importantly, these sub-regions have considerable reciprocal connections, and the goal of this experiment was therefore to determine whether interactions between MeA and MePD are required for male hamsters' preference to investigate female over male odors. To functionally disconnect MeA and MePD, males received unilateral lesions of MeA and MePD within opposite brain hemispheres. Control males received either unilateral lesions of MeA and MePD within the same hemisphere or sham surgery. Odor preferences were measured using a 3-choice apparatus, which simultaneously presented female, male and clean odor stimuli; all tests were done under conditions that either prevented or allowed contact with the odor sources. Under non-contact conditions, males with asymmetrical lesions investigated female and male odors equally, whereas males in both control groups preferred to investigate female odors. Under contact conditions, all groups investigated female odors longer than male odors, although males with asymmetrical lesions displayed decreased investigation of female odors compared to sham males. These data suggest that MeA–MePD interactions are critical for processing primarily the volatile components of social odors and highlight the importance of input from the main olfactory system (MOS) to these nuclei in the regulation of reproductive behavior. More broadly, these results support the role of the MA in integrating chemosensory and hormone information, a process that may underlie social odor processing in a variety of behavioral contexts.
Ovine placental lactogen inhibits glucagon-induced glycogenolysis in fetal rat hepatocytes.

The effect of ovine placental lactogen (oPL) on glucagon-stimulated glycogenolysis was studied in cultured hepatocytes from 20-day-old fetal rats. Pretreatment of hepatocytes with oPL (0.5-5 Mg/ml) significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of glucagon on glycogen synthesis. Hepatocytes exposed to glucagon alone at 1, 5, and 20 nm incorporated 32.0, 43.2, and 62.1% less [14C]glucose into glycogen than control hepatocytes. However, hepatocytes pretreated for 1 h with oPL (1 Mg/ml) and then exposed to the same concentration of glucagon incorporated only 5.8, 9.2, and 22.1% less [14C]glucose than control cells (P < 0.01 vs. glucagon alone). In cells preincubated for 24 h in medium containing [14c]glucose, glucagon reduced cellular [14c]glycogen and total glycogen content by 47.1 and 51.0% while oPL increased total cellular glycogen content by 105.8% and attenuated the glycogen-degradative effect of glucagon. While oPL alone had no effect on basal phosphorylase a (Pa) activity, oPL (1-10 μg/ml) caused a 1...
Reassessment of the Fecundity of California Sheephead

Abstract Fecundity estimates used in a 2004 stock assessment to evaluate the overall health of the population of California sheephead Semicossyphus pulcher were based primarily on two studies. The first estimated the total fecundity of only nine individuals captured near Santa Catalina Island, California, and the second estimated batch fecundity of individuals taken from only one artificial reef. In order to develop a current and more comprehensive estimate of fecundity, we collected California sheephead from seven locations off southern California throughout the spawning season (July through September). To estimate both total fecundity and batch fecundity, we categorized and counted oocytes from ovarian subsamples of 28 and 24 (respectively) mature females (stage 3, spawning capable; determined by histological analysis). Total and batch fecundity increased with somatic mass, standard length, and ovary mass. We found total fecundity to increase with somatic mass to a power of 5.5, which is considerably gr...
Effect of temporary vocal fold injection medialization on the rate of permanent medialization laryngoplasty in unilateral vocal fold paralysis patients

Objectives/Hypothesis: To determine whether temporary vocal fold injection affects the need for permanent medialization laryngoplasty in patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP). Study Design: Retrospective chart review. Methods: A total of 175 patients with dysphonia resulting from UVFP were identified. Patients with documented recovery of vocal fold mobility, <9 months of follow-up after diagnosis of UVFP, previous treatment at other institutions, neoplastic disease involving the larynx, or history of radiation to the larynx were excluded. Fifty-four patients met all inclusion/exclusion criteria. Rates of permanent medialization laryngoplasty in patients undergoing vocal fold injection were compared with those of patients who chose observation or voice therapy. Results: A total of 35% of patients underwent temporary injection medialization, and the remaining 65% chose conservative management. Five of 19 of the temporary injection medialization patients subsequently underwent permanent intervention compared to 23 of 35 of the conservative management group (P = .0131). Conclusions: UVFP patients who underwent vocal fold injection with an agent intended to provide temporary medialization were statistically significantly less likely to undergo permanent medialization laryngoplasty compared to those patients who were treated with conservative management only.
Changes in White Attitudes Toward Blacks: 1963-1977

This paper investigates white attitudes toward blacks from national survey data collected in 1963, 1972, and 1977. Five attitude items are examined with respect to a full multivariate framework including age, educational attainment, region of residence, and time as independent variables. The results generally show large effects for each independent variable on each attitude item, net of the others. Variations from this pattern are also explored. There is evidence that racial liberalism among whites is slowing its growth in the 1970s and even reversing in some cases. The results are discussed and tentative conclusions suggested. John G. Condran is Associate Professor in the Department of Sociology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana. The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance of the members of his department, especially Whitney Gordon, for their comments on an earlier draft of this paper, and to thank Ann Siverly for her assistance in typing this version. Public Opinion Quarterly ? 1979 by The Trustees of Columbia University Published by Elsevier North-Holland, Inc. 0033-362X/7910043-463/$1.75 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.161 on Mon, 23 May 2016 05:37:36 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Mapping of the Hormone-sensitive Lipase Binding Site on the Adipocyte Fatty Acid-binding Protein (AFABP) IDENTIFICATION OF THE CHARGE QUARTET ON THE AFABP/aP2 HELIX-TURN-HELIX DOMAIN

The hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (AFABP/aP2) form a physical complex that affects basal and hormone-stimulated adipocyte fatty acid efflux. Previous work has established that AFABP/aP2-HSL complex formation requires that HSL be in its activated, phosphorylated form and AFABP/aP2 have a bound fatty acid. To identify the HSL binding site of AFABP/aP2 a combination of alanine-scanning mutagenesis and fluorescence resonance energy transfer was used. Mutation of Asp17, Asp18, Lys21, or Arg30 (but not other amino acids in the helix-turn-helix region) to alanine inhibited interaction with HSL without affecting fatty acid binding. The cluster of residues on the helical domain of AFABP/aP2 form two ion pairs (Asp17-Arg30 and Asp18-Lys21) and identifies the region we have termed the charge quartet as the HSL interaction site. To demonstrate direct association, the non-interacting AFABP/aP2-D18K mutant was rescued by complementary mutation of HSL (K196E). The charge quartet is conserved on other FABPs that interact with HSL such as the heart and epithelial FABPs but not on non-interacting proteins from the liver or intestine and may be a general protein interaction domain utilized by fatty acid-binding proteins in regulatory control of lipid metabolism.
Reactions in microemulsion media. Nucleophilic displacement reaction of benzyl chloride with bromide ion

Abstract A kinetic and synthetic study of the reaction of benzyl chloride with bromide ion has been performed in microemulsions composed of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, 1-butanol, water, potassium bromide, and hexane; rates and yields of benzyl bromide formation decreased with increasing hexane content.
Using statistical models to detect leaks in underground storage tanks

SUMMARY In modern service stations\ intermediate grades of gasoline are formed by blending di}erent volumes of unleaded and super unleaded gasolines stored in underground storage tanks[ The volumes displaced from these coupled tanks can be modeled in a two!dimensional model as a function of the volumes dispensed through the ~ow meters located at the pumps "or positive ~ow displacement meters#[ The intercepts in these models represent the sizes of leaks in the respective underground storage tanks[ Inferences on the vector of intercepts are discussed based on a regression model\ a measurement!error model and a sequential model[ In the last model\ bivariate control charts are used to monitor the leak status of the tanks[ Copyright 1999 John Wiley + Sons\ Ltd[
American adults eligible for the Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program consume more sugary beverages than ineligible adults.

Background There is considerable debate about whether sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) should be allowable purchases with benefits from the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP).
Traditions, Documents, and the Ife-Benin Relationship

Historians of Nigeria have been curious for many years about the relationship between the various states of the southern zone since the sixteenth century. The fact that the area has produced a rich art, has a fairly elaborate set of traditional histories, and has been the subject of some systematic archeological work means that the modern scholar has somewhat more to go on in reconstructing the region's history than just the fairly sparse and disappointing contemporary texts that came out of the early Portuguese contacts and subsequent European trade and navigation. But contemporary documentation for southern Nigeria remains much weaker than that for other African areas, such as the central African zone, Gold Coast, or the western Atlantic coast.Nevertheless, documents have raised problems in understanding the history of the area that cannot be fully solved by recourse to the other sources of information, in spite of the comparative richness of non-documentary sources. One of these documentary problems is the issue of the Ife-Benin relationship as documentated in archeology, contemporary texts, and art history. The problems raised by the relationship between these two southern Nigerian cities ultimately reflects on a much larger set of questions concerning the relationship of all the early states south of the Niger, at a period quite near the origin of the state system that would predominate the rest of the pre-colonial period.
Feasting, fasting, women, and symbols

Manderson, Lenore, ed. Shared Wealth and Symbol: Food, Culture, and Society in Oceania and Southeast Asia. New York, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986. xii + 314 pp. including bibliography and index. $42.50 cloth. Bynum, Caroline Walker. Holy Feast and Holy Fast: The Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1987. xvi + 476 pp. including chapter notes, halftones, and indices. $29.95 cloth.