cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The challenges of moving chemicals within and out of cells: insights into the transport of plant natural products.

Plants face the challenge of managing the thousands of small molecules that they produce as part of their re sponse to biotic or abiotic interactions with the envi ronment. Some of these phytochemicals are stored in specialized compartment such as vacuoles, which serve as major sites for the sequestration of secondary metabolites and xenobiotics, while others are secreted rapidly after being synthesized. For example, root exu dates participate in the regulation of soil microbial communities in the rhizosphere, encourage beneficial interactions between plants and microbes, change the chemical and physical properties of the soil and partic ipate in allelopathic interactions (Walker et al. 2003). Floral scents serve as attractants for pollinators, and volatiles emitted by green tissues protect plants from herbivores, either directly or through tri-trophic inter actions (Pichersky and Gershenzon 2002). In spite of the wealth of information accumulated on plant biochemi cal pathways, the mechanisms by which natural prod ucts travel within or between cells are just now starting to be unveiled, facilitated by the availability of mutants that result in visible phenotypes when transport is affected.
Isolation by distance: reply to Lalouel and Morton.

Lalouel's assertion that I misinterpreted Malecot's work on isolation by distance may or may not be correct. If so, my assertions of error in Malecot's derivation are wrong, although they do apply to others who have used models involving a spatial continuum. Lalouel's other claims of error in my derivations of the consequences of a spatially continuous model of population reproduction and migration are incorrect, with the exception of one isolated misprint.
They can hear your heartbeats: non-invasive security for implantable medical devices

Wireless communication has become an intrinsic part of modern implantable medical devices (IMDs). Recent work, however, has demonstrated that wireless connectivity can be exploited to compromise the confidentiality of IMDs' transmitted data or to send unauthorized commands to IMDs---even commands that cause the device to deliver an electric shock to the patient. The key challenge in addressing these attacks stems from the difficulty of modifying or replacing already-implanted IMDs. Thus, in this paper, we explore the feasibility of protecting an implantable device from such attacks without modifying the device itself. We present a physical-layer solution that delegates the security of an IMD to a personal base station called the shield. The shield uses a novel radio design that can act as a jammer-cum-receiver. This design allows it to jam the IMD's messages, preventing others from decoding them while being able to decode them itself. It also allows the shield to jam unauthorized commands---even those that try to alter the shield's own transmissions. We implement our design in a software radio and evaluate it with commercial IMDs. We find that it effectively provides confidentiality for private data and protects the IMD from unauthorized commands.
Feasibility and quality of nonmydriatic fundus photography in children

Purpose Ocular funduscopic examination is difficult in young children and is rarely attempted by nonophthalmologists. Our objective was to determine the feasibility of reliably obtaining high-quality nonmydriatic fundus photographs in children. Methods Nonmydriatic fundus photographs were obtained in both eyes of children seen in a pediatric ophthalmology clinic. Ease of fundus photography was recorded on a 10-point Likert scale (10 = very easy). Quality was graded from 1 to 5 (1, inadequate for any diagnostic purpose; 2, unable to exclude all emergent findings; 3, only able to exclude emergent findings; 4, not ideal, but still able to exclude subtle findings; and 5, ideal quality). The primary outcome measure was image quality by age. Results A total of 878 photographs of 212 children (median age, 6 years; range, 1-18 years) were included. Photographs of at least one eye were obtained in 190 children (89.6%) and in both eyes in 181 (85.3%). Median rating for ease of photography was 7. Photographs of some clinical value (grade ≥2) were obtained in 33% of children Conclusions Nonmydriatic fundus photographs of adequate quality can be obtained in children over age 3 and in some children as young as 22 months.
Vulnerability-in-Production: A Spatial History of Nature, Affluence, and Fire in Oakland, California

Vulnerability-in-production is offered as a theoretical construct to highlight two interrelated aspects of vulnerability: a process where landscapes are altered and developed in a manner that retains their productivity for property owners and other stakeholders and a recursive and relational process that is always in production and inscribed unevenly over time and space. The 1991 Oakland Hills (Tunnel) Firestorm remains the largest conflagration—in terms of numbers of dwellings destroyed—in California's history. Using the Tunnel Fire as a starting point for analysis, this article argues for the dedicated application of spatial history analysis to vulnerability. A first spatial history section highlights how land development strategies from the mid-1800s to the early 1900s contributed to the production of vulnerable conditions in Oakland. A second section describes how conservative homeowner politics and state tax restructuring spanning the 1950s to the 1980s further generated vulnerabilities throughout th...
Mentoring Relationships among African American Women in Graduate and Professional Schools.

The value of mentoring relationships among African American women in postbaccalaureate degree programs is emphasized and coupled with a discussion of the current shortage of same-race, same-sex mentors for African American female graduate and professional students.
Anaplasma phagocytophilum Ligation to Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) 2, but Not to TLR4, Activates Macrophages for Nuclear Factor-κB Nuclear Translocation

Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular bacterium that infects neutrophils and causes human anaplasmosis (formerly human granulocytic ehrlichiosis). Interferon (IFN)- gamma causes immunopathology in A. phagocytophilum infection models. Plasma IFN- gamma levels are elevated 4 h after infection in experimentally infected mice, which indicates innate immunity and possible Toll-like receptors (TLRs). The ability of A. phagocytophilum to trigger proinflammatory responses via nuclear factor (NF)- kappa B was tested in TLR2- and TLR4-transfected cell lines and in primary murine macrophages devoid of TLR2 or TLR4. NF- kappa B was activated only through TLR2, which suggests its role in innate immune induction with A. phagocytophilum infections. The role of innate immunity in human anaplasmosis immunopathology requires more study.
How far does a construction grammar approach to argument structure take us in understanding children's language development?

Tomasello's stimulating review of Goldberg's (1995) book, Constructions: a construction grammar approach to argument structure, raises several themes worthy of discussion. Tomasello suggests numerous reasons why functional and cognitive linguistic approaches in general, and Goldberg's approach in particular, are central to current work in child language. In my commentary I will summarize Tomasello's central claims about what he sees as significant about Goldberg's book, and I will raise the question of whether construction grammar – rather than any other cognitive or functional approach – is worth pursuing. While generally sympathetic to Goldberg's approach, I will discuss two issues that I think are worthy of further consideration in future research.Tomasello highlights three very important reasons why he believes Goldberg's approach makes a significant contribution to child language research. First, he states that construction grammar provides a way of understanding language development as a whole, and not just particular aspects of language development, such as core grammar. Second, Tomasello characterizes Goldberg's approach as noteworthy because it provides a way of relating language development to other domains of human cognition. A third advantage, Tomasello claims, is that construction grammar allows for the view of language development as protracted (e.g. not instantaneous), something Tomasello suggests fits well with his own research findings (see Tomasello, 1992).
High resolution in-situ imaging of reactive heterogeneous surfaces

A modified near-field optical microscope (NSOM) was used to locate reactive sites on polycrystalline titanium immersed in sulfuric acid. Photoelectrochemical imaging was carried out on the NSOM by using a new shear-force feedback method. PEM with simultaneous independent topography (using the tuning fork method) resolved submicron features at reactive sites at inclusions and grain boundaries. Both PEM and topographic images were obtained in-situ with high lateral resolution by using specially fabricated tips with 100 nm aperture.
UAVSAR observations of triggered slip on the Imperial, Superstition Hills, and East Elmore Ranch Faults associated with the 2010 M 7.2 El Mayor‐Cucapah earthquake

The 4 April 2010 M 7.2 El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake that occurred in Baja California, Mexico and terminated near the U.S. Mexican border caused slip on the Imperial, Superstition Hills, and East Elmore Ranch Faults. The pattern of slip was observed using radar interferometry from NASA's Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR) instrument collected on 20–21 October 2009 and 12–13 April 2010. Right-lateral slip of 36 ± 9 and 14 ± 2 mm occurred on the Imperial and Superstition Hills Faults, respectively. Left-lateral slip of 9 ± 2 mm occurred on the East Elmore Ranch Fault. The widths of the zones of displacement increase northward suggesting successively more buried fault motion to the north. The observations show a decreasing pattern of slip northward on a series of faults in the Salton Trough stepping between the El Mayor-Cucapah rupture and San Andreas Fault. Most of the motion occurred at the time of the M 7.2 earthquake and the UAVSAR observations are consistent with field, creepmeter, GPS, and Envisat observations. An additional 28 ± 1 mm of slip at the southern end of the Imperial Fault over a <1 km wide zone was observed over a 1 day span a week after the earthquake suggesting that the fault continued to slip at depth following the mainshock. The total moment release on the three faults is 2.3 × 1023−1.2 × 1024 dyne cm equivalent to a moment magnitude release of 4.9–5.3, assuming shallow slip depths ranging from 1 to 5 km.
Pneumatic Brake Control for Precision Stopping of Heavy-Duty Vehicles

Precision stopping is an important automated vehicle control function that is critical in applications such as precision bus docking, automated truck or bus fueling, as well as automatic intersection, or toll booth stopping. The initial applications of this technology are most likely to be applied to heavy-duty vehicles such as buses or trucks. Such applications require specific attention to brake control since the characteristics of a typical pneumatic brake system of a heavy vehicle is inherently nonlinear with large uncertainties. The feasibility of providing a smooth precision stopping brake control based on a conventional pneumatic brake system has not yet been demonstrated. This paper describes the precision stopping problem, verifies the pneumatic brake model, details the indirect adaptive robust control (IARC) design for a pneumatic brake system, and reports the successful implementation of a bus precision docking demonstration
Prenatal development of the human lateral geniculate nucleus

During the past few years a great deal of time and effort has been spent studying the structural, functional and behavioral effects of visual deprivation. Although we are now well aware that deprivation early in life can drastically change the course of visual system development, much remains to be learned about the mechanisms that underlie these changes. In addition, very little is known about the normal development of the visual system.
Multicast in Femtocell Networks: A Successive Interference Cancellation Approach

A femtocell is a small cellular base station (BS), typically used for serving approved users within a small coverage. In this paper, we investigate the problem of data multicast in femtocell networks that incorporates superposition coding (SC) and successive interference cancellation (SIC). The problem is to decide the transmission schedule for each BS, as well as the power allocation for the SC layers, to achieve a sufficiently large SNR for each layer to be decodable with SIC. The objective is to minimize the total BS power consumption. We formulate a Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) problem, which is NP-hard in general. We then reformulate the problem into a simpler form, and derive upper and lower performance bounds. Finally, we consider three typical connection scenarios in the femtocell network, and develop optimal and near-optimal algorithms for the three scenarios. The proposed algorithms have low computational complexity, and outperform a heuristic scheme with considerable gains in our simulation study.
A Phased Approach to the Replacement of the Plant Computer Systems at Oconee Nuclear Station

After ten years of operation at the Oconee Nuclear Station, activities have begun that will ultimately result in the replacement of the original plant computer systems. This replacement is necessary in order to provide additional computer system capabilities (eg SPDS) as well as to resolve system maintainability concerns. An approach of phasing in the new system while phasing out the old system will be used to minimize any adverse effects on plant operations.
Standard terminology for capsule endoscopy.

The Capsule Endoscopy Minimal Standard Terminology (CE-MST) is designed to provide a standardized common language for describing the findings during a capsule endoscopy. In addition, the CE-MST sets forth a structure for capsule endoscopy report. CE-MST development was based on an expert panel consensus with further refinement by testing the terms used. The creation, dissemination, and maintenance of a standard for capsule endoscopy will permit improved collaboration among investigators and clinicians who use this technology routinely to study and care for their patients. As a result, the CE-MST will improve understanding of the disorders found in the small intestine that were previously difficult to detect.
Evolution of the treatment of vesicoureteral reflux in Spain.

ABSTRACTPurpose: We determined the changes in the treatment of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) at children's hospitals in Spain as well as the long-term results of endoscopic treatment (ET) with polytetrafluoroethylene, namely with STING (subureteral polytetrafluoroethylene injection).Materials and Methods: A survey was performed of all pediatric urology units in Spain to determine changes in the diagnosis and treatment of VUR in the last 10 years. Also, a conjoint study was made of STING case records at 5 Spanish hospitals where there is expertise in the technique.Results: The response rate was 34 of 44 cases (78%). The most significant changes were the introduction of urodynamics and the progressive establishment of ET as a substitute for open surgery and prolonged medical treatment. At more than 90% of the units ET is now done with different materials with a cure rate of 75% after 1 injection and a low index of complications. The results of the STING study in 2,035 refluxing ureters showed a cure rate of a...
Resource Utilization and Outcomes of Infective Endocarditis in Children

Objective To evaluate resource use and outcomes of infective endocarditis in children with and without preexisting heart disease via a national cohort. Study design Children Results There were 1033 cases of infective endocarditis, of which 663 had heart disease and 370 did not. Compared with the group without heart disease, infective endocarditis in the cohort with heart disease occurred at younger age, was more commonly attributable to streptococcus, was more likely to require cardiac surgery for infective endocarditis, and was associated with a lower risk of stroke. Mortality was 6.7% (n = 45) and 3.5% (n = 13) in groups with and without heart disease, respectively. Factors associated with poor outcome in the cohort with heart disease included greater risk of mortality score (OR 7.9), mechanical ventilation (OR 3.1), use of antiarrhythmics (OR 2.7), and use of vasoactive medications (OR 3.8). In the cohort without heart disease, factors associated with poor outcome included renal failure (OR 19.3), greater risk of mortality score (OR 4.2), use of antiarrhythmics (OR 3.8), and mechanical ventilation (OR 2.2). Median charge of hospitalization was $131 893 in the group without heart disease and $140 655 in the group with heart disease. Conclusion Infective endocarditis remains a significant cause of morbidity, mortality, and resource use particularly in children with heart disease.
Theory of Rates of SN2 Reactions and Relation to Those of Outer Sphere Bond Rupture Electron Transfers

A model is considered for SN2 reactions, based on two interacting states. Relevant bond energies, standard electrode potentials, solvent contributions (nonequilibrium polarization), and steric effects are included. A unified approach is introduced in which there can be a flux density for crossing the transition state, which is either bimodal, one part leading to SN2 and the other to ET products, or unimodal with a less marked energy-dependent separation of the rates of formation of these products. In a unified description an expression is given for the reorganization energy, which reduces in the appropriate limits to the pure SN2 and ET/bond rupture cases. Expressions are obtained for the SN2 rate constant and for its relation to that of the concerted electron transfer/bond rupture reaction. Applications of the theory are made to the cross-relation between rate constants of cross and identity reactions, experimental entropies and energies of activation, the relative rates of SN2 and ET reactions, and the ...
Direct thermal to electrical energy conversion using 9.5/65/35 PLZT ceramics in the ergodic relaxor phase

This paper reports on direct thermal to electrical energy conversion by performing the Olsen cycle on 9.5/65/35 lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT). The Olsen cycle consists of two isothermal and two isoelectric field processes in the electric displacement versus electric field diagram. It was performed by alternatively dipping the material in hot and cold dielectric fluid baths under specified electric fields. The effects of applied electric field, sample thickness, electrode material, operating temperature, and cycle frequency on the energy and power densities were investigated. A maximum energy density of 637 ± 20 J/L/cycle was achieved at 0.054 Hz with a 250-μm-thick sample featuring Pt electrodes and coated with a silicone conformal coating. The operating temperatures varied between 3°C and 140°C and the electric field was cycled between 0.2 and 6.0 MV/m. A maximum power density of 55 ± 8 W/L was obtained at 0.125 Hz under the same operating temperatures and electric fields. The dielectric strength of the material, and therefore the energy and power densities generated, increased when the sample thickness decreased from 500 to 250 μm. Furthermore, the electrode material was found to have no significant effect on the energy and power densities for samples subject to the same operating temperatures and electric fields. However, samples with electrode material possessing thermal expansion coefficients similar to that of PLZT were capable of withstanding larger temperature swings. Finally, a fatigue test showed that the power generation gradually degraded when the sample was subject to repeated thermoelectrical loading.
What is the first hydrolysis constant of tetravalent Plutonium

Current literature suggests uncertainty about the numerical values of the hydrolysis constants for tetravalent plutonium. This letter uses recent data to propose that newer methods for estimating the hydrolysis constants are not necessarily more accurate than the traditional methods.
Evaluation of Geosynthetics Used as Separators

Geosynthetics have been used in pavement systems for several purposes, including reinforcement, layer separation, drainage, and moisture barriers. For the layer-separation application, the geosynthetic material is used to prevent soil fines from migrating into the base-course layer as well as stones from this layer from penetrating into the subgrade. This material migration would affect the drainage capability as well as the structural capacity of the pavement. However, such an effect is very hard to detect since soil pumping will occur under the pavement surface, and therefore a comparison of the performance of different types of geosynthetic separators is almost impossible. A 3-year project to study the in situ behavior of geosynthetically stabilized flexible pavements in Bedford County, Virginia, ended recently. Results from ground-penetrating radar surveys and materials excavation are presented. Ground-penetrating radar surveys, falling-weight deflectometer results, rutting measurements, and ground-tr...
Differentiation of polyuric states by measurement of responses to changes in plasma osmolality induced by hypertonic saline infusions

Abstract Attention has been drawn to two important causes of potential misdiagnosis of diabetes insipidus when standard hypertonic saline infusion tests [1,2] are employed. The first of these results from the fact that the amount of saline solution infused may be inadequate to raise the plasma osmolality sufficiently to stimulate vasopressin release in persons who are excessively hydrated because of compulsive water drinking. The second source of potential misinterpretation results from the occurrence of abnormal natriuresis and osmotic diuresis during the saline infusion in some patients with anterior hypopituitarism. The osmotic diuresis prevents a decrease in urinary volume despite the occurrence of a demonstrably normal decrease in free water clearance in these subjects. These sources of potential error may be eliminated by measuring the urine and plasma osmolality during and after the hypertonic saline infusion, to ensure that plasma osmolality has been elevated at least to 296 mOsm. per kg. and to determine whether the free water clearance has fallen. Studies in thirty-eight hydrated normal subjects have shown that 5 per cent saline infusion at 0.05 ml. per kg. per minute causes a significant fall in free water clearance at a mean plasma osmolality of 288.5 mOsm. per kg., called the osmotic threshold for vasopressin release. The osmotic threshold was elevated significantly by cortisol to 293.2 mOsm. per kg. in normal subjects, and was similar in four patients with anterior hypopituitarism treated with cortisol (mean 294.8 mOsm. per kg.). No osmotic threshold could be found in any of ten patients with diabetes insipidus, despite elevation of the plasma osmolality by saline infusion to between 298 and 332 mOsm. per kg.
Optimal Training and Data Power Allocation in Distributed Detection With Inhomogeneous Sensors

We consider a binary distributed detection problem in a wireless sensor network with inhomogeneous sensors, in which sensors send their binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulated decisions to the fusion center (FC) over orthogonal channels that are subject to pathloss, Rayleigh fading, and Gaussian noise. Assuming training based channel estimation, we consider a linear fusion rule which employs imperfect channel state information (CSI) to form the global decision at the FC. Under the constraint that the total transmit power of training and decision symbols at each sensor is fixed, we analytically derive the optimal power allocation between training and data at each sensor such that the deflection coefficient at the FC is maximized. Our analysis shows that the proposed optimal power allocation scheme is a function of signal-to-noise (SNR) and local detection indices, and at high SNR regime, the proposed scheme outperforms the uniform power allocation.
Single-peaked preferences over multidimensional binary alternatives

Single-peaked preferences are important throughout social choice theory. In this article, we consider single-peaked preferences over multidimensional binary alternative spaces-that is, alternative spaces of the form {0,1}^n for some integer n>=2. We show that preferences that are single-peaked with respect to a normalized separable base order are nonseparable except in the most trivial cases. We establish that two distinct base orders can induce the same single-peaked preference order if any only if they differ by a transposition of their two central elements. We then use this result to enumerate single-peaked binary preference orders over a separable base order.
Imaging Physiologic Dysfunction of Individual Hippocampal Subregions in Humans and Genetically Modified Mice

We have developed a variant of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) designed to be sensitive to static neuronal function. This method is based on resting instead of dynamic changes in oxygen-dependent signal and therefore allows for a spatial resolution that can detect signal from different hippocampal subregions in human subjects as well as in mice. We found that hippocampal signal was significantly diminished in elderly subjects with memory decline compared to age-matched controls, and different subjects showed dysfunction in different subregions. Among healthy elders, signal intensity from the subiculum was correlated selectively with memory performance. This method does not require an activation task; it can be used in anesthetized normal and in genetically modified and cognitively impaired mice. In mice the signal was found to be sufficiently sensitive to detect functional changes in the absence of underlying anatomical changes.
Factors Related to Adolescents' Level of Aspiration

Summary.-Effects of success, failure, and a monetary payoff on the level of aspiration of American Indian and white adolescents were studied. Race, sex, grade, self-esteem, and locus of control were considered as potential mediating variables. A significant decrease in level of aspiration followed failure; the effect was more pronounced at the junior high level. Success led to a higher level of aspiration for adolescents with low self-esteem as did a monetary payoff. Implications of these results are discussed. Hoppe (1930), a German psychologist who years ago analyzed level of aspiration, observed that people tend to raise their goals after success and lower them after failure. Such a process offers protection not only from continual failure but also from easy achievement which does not provide a sense of accomplishment. In an experimental test of this postulation that success leads to higher aspirations while failure results in lower aspirations, Jucknat (1938) repeatediy asked children how rapidly they thought they could do the next puzzle in a series. Children initially given puzzles on which they were successful were confident that they could solve each upcoming puzzle and subsequently raised their lwel of aspiration. On the other hand, children given puzzles which they could not solve rarely raised their aspirations. In a later study involving three 11th grade history classes, the levels of aspiration of students who had experienced previous academic success and those who had experienced no success as indicated by grade-point averages were studied (Byers, 1958). Throughout the year students in the two groups were asked to set six consecutive goals. Those who had previously experienced success set more realistic goals and achieved a higher level of success than did those who had a record of prior academic failure.
Seismic Performance of Concrete-Filled FRP Tube Columns for Bridge Substructure

A set of column-footing subassemblies were prepared to investigate construction feasibility and seismic performance of structural joints for concrete-filled fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) tubes (CFFT) as bridge substructure. Based on the common practices of the precast industry and previous research on CFFT, the test matrix included a control reinforced concrete (RC) column and three CFFT columns, all with similar RC footings. The three CFFT columns included a cast-in-place CFFT column with starter bars, a precast CFFT column with grouted starter bars, and a precast CFFT column with unbonded posttensioned rods. The columns were subjected to a constant axial load and a pseudostatic lateral load. All proposed joints proved feasible in construction and robust under extreme load conditions. FRP tube, when secured properly in the footing, showed great influence on the seismic performance of the column by providing both longitudinal reinforcement and hoop confinement to the core concrete. The CFFT columns exhibited significant improvement over traditional RC columns in both ultimate strength and ductility. The study also showed that practices of the precast concrete industry can be easily and effectively implemented for the CFFT column construction.
Spouse caregivers of kidney transplant patients: quality of life and psychosocial outcomes.

Context—Most kidney transplant programs require patients to identify a primary caregiver who can assist them throughout the transplant process. Little is known about the quality of life, caregiving strain, and psychosocial functioning of these caregivers.Objectives—To characterize the psychosocial functioning of spouse/partner caregivers.Design, Settings, and Participants—Cross-sectional survey administered to spouse/partner caregivers of patients before (n = 33) and after (n = 46) kidney transplantation at a transplant center in New England.Main Outcome Measures—Quality of life, life satisfaction, caregiving strain and benefit, mood, and social intimacy.Results—Relative to normative samples and published data involving other transplant caregivers, caregivers of kidney transplant patients had favorable quality of life, life satisfaction, psychological, and social intimacy outcomes. Life satisfaction scores were significantly lower for caregivers before than after kidney transplantation, but otherwise the ...
Determination of mercury vapor pressure over amalgams from weight loss data.

Mercury vapor pressure over clinically used amalgams, as well as the individual phases composing dental amalgam, has been determined from weight loss data using Langmuir's time averaged weight loss technique. The results show that the Hg vapor pressure of 38.2 × 10−6 torr over the pure γ1 (Ag2Hg3) phase is more than an order of magnitude greater than that over the remaining amalgams considered: β1, α1, γ2, Ag-Sn amalgams, True Dentalloy amalgams, Au-containing amalgams, and Dispersalloy amalgams.
New methods for preparing organic layered photoconductors

Abstract As E.P.A. emission requirements become more stringent with regard to effluents entering the atmosphere, and as the cost of solvents escalate, high energy radiation curing becomes a much more attractive alternative for the fabrication of layered organic photoconductors (OLP) compared to high volume thermal curing. The OLP may be composed of several layers coated sequentially on a substrate: a binder layer, a charge generation layer (CGL) and charge transport layer (CTL). The binder layer improves adhesion of the CGL to the substrate. We have employed electron beam curing to formulate the binder layer and CGL. For the latter, charge generation compounds such as chlorodiane blue (CBD) or squaraine dyes were dispersed in radiation conversion acrylates and electron beam cured at 5–10 Mrad. A CTL was overcoated, and the electrical properties of the resulting photoconductors measured on a tester used to simulate the photocopying process. The photoconductors derived from radiation cured CGLs held charge during dark decay and discharged upon illumination. These data were compared with a commercial OLP and found to behave similarly.
Cervicothoracic multisegmental transpinal evoked potentials in humans.

The objectives of this study were to establish the neurophysiological properties of the transpinal evoked potentials (TEPs) following transcutaneous electric stimulation of the spine (tsESS) over the cervicothoracic region, changes in the amplitude of the TEPs preceded by median nerve stimulation at group I threshold, and the effects of tsESS on the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) H-reflex in thirteen healthy human subjects while seated. Two re-usable self-adhering electrodes, connected to function as one electrode (cathode), were placed bilaterally on the clavicles. A re-usable electrode (anode) was placed on the cervicothoracic region covering from Cervical 4 – Thoracic 2 and held under constant pressure throughout the experiment. TEPs were recorded bilaterally from major arm muscles with subjects seated at stimulation frequencies of 1.0, 0.5, 0.33, 0.2, 0.125, and 0.1 Hz, and upon double tsESS pulses delivered at an inter-stimulus interval of 40 ms. TEPs from the arm muscles were also recorded following median nerve stimulation at the conditioning-test (C-T) intervals of 2, 3, 5, 8, and 10 ms. The FCR H-reflex was evoked and recorded according to conventional methods following double median nerve pulses at 40 ms, and was also conditioned by tsESS at C-T intervals that ranged from −10 to +50 ms. The arm TEPs amplitude was not decreased at low-stimulation frequencies and upon double tsESS pulses in all but one subject. Ipsilateral and contralateral arm TEPs were facilitated following ipsilateral median nerve stimulation, while the FCR H-reflex was depressed by double pulses and following tsESS at short and long C-T intervals. Non-invasive transpinal stimulation can be used as a therapeutic modality to decrease spinal reflex hyper-excitability in neurological disorders and when combined with peripheral nerve stimulation to potentiate spinal output.
A southern hemisphere sea level pressure data set for use in climatic studies

A 25-year (1956–1980) Southern Hemisphere sea level pressure (SLP) data set (G-SLP) for the region 10°S–50°S was created by manually extracting interpolated grid point data from monthly SLP maps contained in the German publication Die Witterung in Ubersee. Comparison of long term means with published means indicated that the major large-scale circulation features on the original maps were retained through the extraction process. Comparison between a short term subset (1972–1979) of the data set and A-SLP, derived from a SLP data set produced by the Australian National Meteorological Analysis Centre of the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, substantiated the reasonableness of the extraction process and suggested areas of possible data problems. The 50°S data was determined to be insufficient for statistical studies owing to missing data. Most areas of significant difference between G-SLP and A-SLP, as determined by a Student's t test, can probably be accounted for by the fact that A-SLP includes satellite data not included in G-SLP. Analysis of the informational content of the G-SLP data set is presented, the results of which strongly suggest that the derived data set will be useful in large-scale climatic studies involving interannual variability of Southern Hemisphere SLP.
Larval Hostplants of Geometridae (Lepidoptera) Collected by Dale H. Habeck in Florida

Abstract. Adult specimens of Geometridae from the Dale H. Habeck Lepidoptera collection were databased in Excel 97 for inclusion in the Florida Museum of Natural History collection databases. A synopsis of data from 58 reared Florida species is presented. Larval hosts are listed from 97 genera representing 45 angiosperm plant families. First known hosts for 11 Geometridae species and previously unknown hosts for 31 species are reported. Records of special interest are discussed including suspected and confirmed cases of lichenivory as well as herbivory of an invasive tree species.
Reference Ranges for Prothrombin Time, Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time and Platelet Count in Llamas and Alpacas

The objective of the study was to establish reference ranges for prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time and platelet count in normal, healthy adult llamas and alpacas. The sample population comprised 28 llamas of both sexes, ranging in age from 1 to 9 years, 28 alpacas of both sexes, ranging from 1 to 9 years old. Jugular venous blood samples were collected to measure prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time and platelet count. These values were used to establish reference ranges for each of these parameters. The data obtained for both the llamas and alpacas was normally distributed. Mean partial thromboplastin time for the llamas was 7.35 (± 0.29) s and for the alpacas was 7.44 (± 0.59) s. Mean activated partial thromboplastin time for the llamas was 12.44 (± 1.67) s and for the alpacas was 12.16 (± 1.53) s. Mean platelet count for the llamas was 423 607 (± 187 441)/μl and for the alpacas was 499 643 (± 152 651)/μl. The results demonstrate some important differences between ranges determined for prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time and platelet count in llamas and alpacas, and the reference ranges already established for other domestic species.
Climate Forcing in a Wave-Dominated Delta: The Effects of Drought–Flood Cycles on Delta Progradation

Abstract The modern Brazos Delta is composed of a series of ridge–trough pairs reflecting episodic delta growth. Previous work has shown that these features represent remnants of channel mouth-bar and back-bar lagoon deposits formed as a consequence of major floods. Subsequent reworking by wave action welds these units to the western flank of the delta plain, forming the next ridge–trough set. Recent work however, has brought to light a primary climate component in the development of these facies, making development of ridge–trough pairs a more complex process than the previous model suggests. Climate in Texas is characterized by extremes, many of which can be attributed to El Nino and La Nina cycles. El Nino events result in dramatically higher precipitation and flooding, and La Nina events trigger periods of extreme drought. The development of an emergent channel-mouth bar is correlated to high-sediment-yield floods induced by El Nino events. However, only five ridge–trough sets exist on the delta plain and an estimated 20 El Nino events have occurred since 1929, when the delta began to form, indicating that the flood criterion alone is not sufficient to initiate delta progradation. Each of the five episodes of rapid delta growth occurred when a period of extensive drought preceded an El Nino-induced flood. The droughts, associated with La Nina events, were instrumental in removing vegetation and pre-conditioning the drainage basin for erosion. Without a preceding drought, the floods are ineffective in generating sufficient sediment to create a ridge.
On the influence of temperature and viscosity fluctuations on interfacial instability

Abstract Recently, Pinarbasi and Liakopoulos [1] investigated the effect of variable viscosity on the interfacial stability of two-layer, plane, Poiseuille flow. Temperature and viscosity fluctuations were neglected based on the observation that their effect on the stability of single-layer, Poiseuille flow is very small [2,3]. It is shown in the present work that temperature and viscosity fluctuations, under some conditions, have a significant effect on the interfacial mode of instability, especially for large Prandtl numbers.
The properties of charmed particles

Abstract The present experimental information on the spectroscopy and decay properties of particles with non-zero values of the charm quantum number (charmed particles) is reviewed. The discussion is introduced by a historical account of the discovery of charm. An extensive description of the properties of D mesons, principally based on e + e − annihilation experiments, is given. This is followed by a summary of the considerably less complete information on F meson properties, based on e + e − annihilation, photoproduction and neutrino production. The relation between the experimental results on charmed mesons and theoretical models based on spectator-quark and non-spectator-quark decay mechanisms is discussed. Experimental information on Λ c and Σ c charmed baryons based on hadroproduction, phtoproduction neutrio production and e + e − annihilation is summarized. The existing information on the lowest-excited D states, the D ∗ , is discussed. Finally brief comments on future propespects for further advances in this area are given
Aoliton-Like Doping of the Half-Filled Hubbard Chain

Abstract A recent random field approximation to the half-filled band hubbard model is discussed. Attention is focused on the magnetic polarons occurring in this picture which within the static approximation lead to bound states in the Hubbard gap. It is argued that it is favorable for the half-filled system to initiallly accommodate added charges through the formation of such solitin- like defects which when the static approximation is relaxed propagate along the chain.
Thin film material parameters derived from full field nanometric displacement measurements in non-uniform MEMS geometries

MEMS-scale polycrystalline silicon 2 µm thin film specimens fabricated via the Multi User MEMS Processes (MUMPs) have been employed to obtain the non-uniform nanometric displacement fields in the vicinity of prefabricated circular and elliptical micron-sized perforations. For the hole diameter-to-specimen width ratios considered in this work, and for all practical purposes, the displacement solution for a hole in an infinite plate is applicable. This method requires the ability to reliably and repeatably acquire nanometer level displacements on freestanding thin films. These tensile tests were conducted by a custom microtensile tester with the aid of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and a special gripper that makes use of electrostatically assisted UV adhesion to handle and load miniature MEMS specimens. This non-conventional procedure for material parameter determination relies on Digital Image Correlation (DIC) to compare two AFM images, one before and one after specimen loading, and thus compute the nanometer level displacement fields (<50 nm global displacements) in 15×15-µm (or smaller) areas, with better than 2–3 nm resolution in displacements. By posing and solving a non-linear least squares inverse problem where, for known applied loads and measured displacement fields in an infinite plate with either a circular or an elliptical hole, it is possible to recover the elastic modulus (E). The main advantage of this approach is the full utilization of high-resolution displacement measurements over a specific specimen area, using only measurements acquired at one load level. Further statistical measurements of material properties may be obtained at varying load levels.
Lidar, radar and airglow observations of a prominent sporadic Na/sporadic E layer event at Arecibo during AIDA-89

Abstract Sporadic Na (Na,) layer events were frequently identified during 160 h of lidar observations at Arecibo in January, March and April 1989. Most were accompanied by sporadic E ( E .) layers. The most spectacular Na s E s , event occurred on the night of 30–31 March when both the Na and electron abundances between 90 and 100 km increased by approximately 700% during a period of 2.25 h starting at 2100 LST. The maximum Na density was almost 42,000 cm 3 . The vertical and temporal structure of the Na and electron densities were remarkably similar during the event. The ratio of the average Na enhancement to the electron density varied from a maximum of 3.5 Na atoms/electron at 98 km to about 0.5 Na atoms/ electron below 94 km. Between 93 and 97 km the electron enhancement preceded the Na enhancement by 15–30 min. Above 97 km and below 93 km the Na and electron density variations were in phase. The data suggest that the E s , layer triggered the release of Na from a reservoir, but the E s layer was not the source of the major Na s layer. Two minor Na s layers were observed between 101 and 107 km after midnight LST which were also accompanied by intense s layers and enhancements of the O( 1 S) emission intensities. The abundances of these high altitude Na s layers were less than 1% of the electron abundances. These Na, layers appear to be caused by the conversion of Na in the E s layer to Na through a set of clustering reactions involving N 2 CO 2 and H 2 O.
Alcohol dependence in panic disorder patients

The present study examined the prevalence of alcohol dependence among panic disorder patients. Twenty-four of 100 patients had a history of alcohol dependence according to DSM-III-R criteria; only one patient met criteria for current alcohol dependence. The lifetime prevalence obtained for this clinic sample exceeded that for the general population, and appeared to be due primarily to higher than expected rates among women. A childhood history of anxiety disorders and co-morbid diagnoses of social phobia and major depression were each associated with relatively higher rates of alcohol dependence. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Structural analysis of recombinant protein prepared by semi-dry electroblotting after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

Proteins that were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were electroblotted onto polyvinyliden difluoride membranes in procedures to prepare homogeneous recombinant proteins for direct N-terminal sequence analysis. A semi-dry blotting procedure was employed to immobilize protein bands on the membranes for subsequent sequence analysis. This method has been used routinely to evaluate the quality of recombinant proteins, which are present in crude cell extracts produced by different expression systems or under different expression conditions. N-Terminal processing, amino acid misincorporation, as well as the inefficient secretion of recombinant proteins can be detected by direct N-terminal sequence analysis of the purified electroblotted samples. Consequently, time-consuming chromatographic procedures can be eliminated. These procedures are also especially valuable for determining degradation sites of a purified recombinant protein, as well as evaluating multiple gene products expressed by isolated cluster genes.
Advanced Concentration Macro Competencies for Social Work Practitioners: Identifying Knowledge, Values, Judgment and Skills to Promote Human Well-Being

The Association of Community Organization and Social Administration (ACOSA) was formed in 1987–88; thereafter, the annual ACOSA meetings became part of the Council on Social Work Education's (CSWE) Annual Program Meeting (Roberts-DeGennaro, 2002). ACOSA's purpose is “to promote teaching, research, and social work practice in the areas of community organization and social administration” (ACOSA, 2011a). Most schools of social work have some required content for students in the areas of policy practice, program development, community planning, organizational development, administration, management, and community and neighborhood organizing. Organizational members sought to support these areas with research, best practice identification, and effective teaching/learning strategies.
Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease—epidemiological data

Prospective epidemiologic studies and case-control studies using adipose tissue analyses support a major role of trans fatty acids (TFA) in risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). The magnitude of the association with CHD is considerably stronger than for saturated fat, and is stronger than predicted by the effects of TFA on LDL and HDL cholesterol. The apparent gap between the epidemiologic findings and effects of TFA on LDL:HDL has been bridged, at least in part, by recent metabolic studies showing effects of TFA on inflammatory factors and other indicators of insulin resistance.