cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Direct C11 Alkylation Strategy on the Saxitoxin Core: A Synthesis of (+)-11-Saxitoxinethanoic Acid

The bis-guanidinium ion family of natural products are revered for their utility in the study of ion channel physiology. While many congeners have been isolated with various oxidation and sulfation patterns, only two members of this family have been isolated bearing a carbon-carbon bond at C11, namely 11-saxitoxinethanoic acid and zetekitoxin AB. Herein we described a synthetic platform capable of efficiently targeting (+)-saxitoxin and 11-saxitoxinethanoic acid with an embedded C11 carbon-carbon bond. We demonstrate that this strategy enables direct enolate coupling in both an inter- and intramolecular fashion to create the C11-C15 carbon-carbon bond.
Establishing New Norms for Developmental Milestones

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pediatric surveillance of young children depends on providers’ assessment of developmental milestones, yet normative data are sparse. Our objectives were to develop new norms for common milestones to aid in clinical interpretation of milestone attainment. METHODS: We analyzed responses to the developmental screening form of the Survey of Well-being of Young Children from 41 465 screens across 3 states. Associations between developmental status and a range of child characteristics were analyzed, and norms for individual questions were compared to guidelines regarding attainment of critical milestones from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). RESULTS: A contemporary resource of normative data for developmental milestone attainment was established. Lower developmental status was associated with child age in the presence of positive behavioral screening scores (P CONCLUSIONS: Detailed normative data on individual developmental milestones can help clinicians guide caregivers’ expectations for milestone attainment, thereby offering greater specificity to CDC guidelines.
A 164-day period in gamma-ray bursts from GBS0526-66?

Evidence is presented for a pattern in the recurrence time of gamma ray bursts from GBS0526-66, showing an apparent period of 164 days. It is suggested that this pattern reflects periodic accretion to a neutron star from an eccentric binary companion. It is proposed that this system drives two types of bursts: (1) the relatively frequent but weak recurrent bursts produced by either magnetospheric gating, or thermonuclear runaway, of periodically accreting matter around the neutron star, and (2) the much rarer intense bursts produced by tidally triggered star quakes.
The Relationship Between Social Anxiety Disorder and Motor Symptoms of Parkinson Disease: A Pilot Study.

Abstract Background In patients with Parkinson disease (PD), motor symptoms coexist with several nonmotor neuropsychiatric symptoms. Various anxiety subtypes (generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder [SAD]) are more prevalent in patients with PD than in the general population. Objective We estimated the prevalence of SAD in early patients with PD and the relationship between severity of SAD and PD symptoms. Methods The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) III, which assess function impairment, were used to grade symptom severity among 41 patients with early PD. Ratings were compared and analyzed in relation to UPDRS subdivisions. Results UPDRS III and LSAS scores were not significantly correlated (r = 0.23, P = 0.14), but LSAS and UPDRS I, which evaluate nonanxiety psychiatric symptoms, were significantly correlated (r = 0.44; P = 0.004) and were stronger in the group not treated for PD (r = 0.82) but were in the group treated for PD (r = 0.28), although this difference did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.07 using the Fisher r-to-z transformation). LSAS also correlated with total UPDRS and UPDRS II (P ≤ 0.04). Conclusions Results suggest that SAD symptoms in patients with PD correlate with PD symptoms as evaluated by the total UPDRS and UPDRS I and II. In our pilot study, this correlation was higher in levodopa-untreated patients with PD but was not statistically significant. Because the UPDRS III and LSAS were not statistically significantly correlated, a direct motor correlation with SAD symptoms cannot be suggested. Further investigation is needed to clarify the relationship of SAD in patients with PD and potential treatment options.
Unidirectional Extraordinary Sound Transmission with Mode-Selective Resonant Materials

Realizing direction-dependent energy responses greatly benefits the construction of switching and logic devices. This study proposes an archetype for an acoustic resonant-tunneling diode, made of mode-selective resonant metamaterial. Using this material, the authors experimentally demonstrate a broadband, high contrast ratio and single-mode unidirectional sound tunneling. This result is expected to impact control methodology in biomedical ultrasonography, acoustic communication, sound identification, and noise control.
Reproducible and Characterized Method for Ponatinib Encapsulation into Biomimetic Lipid Nanoparticles as a Platform for Multi-Tyrosine Kinase-Targeted Therapy

Ponatinib (Pon) is a multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor that demonstrated high efficiency for treating cancer. However, severe side effects caused by Pon off-targeting effects prevent its extensive us...
Nuclear translocation ability of Lipin differentially affects gene expression and survival in fed and fasting Drosophila.

Lipins are eukaryotic proteins with functions in lipid synthesis and the homeostatic control of energy balance. They execute these functions by acting as phosphatidate phosphatase enzymes in the cytoplasm and by changing gene expression after translocation into the cell nucleus, in particular under fasting conditions. Here, we asked whether nuclear translocation and the enzymatic activity of Drosophila Lipin serve essential functions and how gene expression changes, under both fed and fasting conditions, when nuclear translocation is impaired. To address these questions, we created a Lipin null mutant, a mutant expressing Lipin lacking a nuclear localization signal (LipinΔNLS), and a mutant expressing enzymatically dead Lipin. Our data support the conclusion that the enzymatic but not nuclear gene regulatory activity of Lipin is essential for survival. Notably, adult LipinΔNLS flies were not only viable but also exhibited improved life expectancy. In contrast, they were highly susceptible to starvation. Both the improved life expectancy in the fed state and the decreased survival in the fasting state correlated with changes in metabolic gene expression. Moreover, increased life expectancy of fed flies was associated with a decreased metabolic rate. Interestingly, in addition to metabolic genes, genes involved in feeding behavior and the immune response were misregulated in LipinΔNLS flies. Altogether, our data suggest that the nuclear activity of Lipin influences the genomic response to nutrient availability with effects on life expectancy and starvation resistance. Thus, nutritional or therapeutic approaches that aim at lowering nuclear translocation of lipins in humans may be worth exploring.
Implementing Raman Spectroscopy as a tool to characterize sexual lubricants

Abstract Screening for sexual lubricants as a form of trace evidence is a relatively new methodology in forensic science. With increase of condom use in sexual assault cases, sexual lubricant analyses can prove resourceful. Research has provided confidence with the identification of trace lubricants and further classification based on their chemical constituents using direct analysis in real time–mass spectrometry, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Statistical analyses coupled with these analytical methods have successfully classified lubricant types based on major components and even further, minor additives such as flavors and anesthetics. As a continuous effort to validate lubricant analysis, this study demonstrates how relatively similar products are distinguishable when chemometric techniques are applied to the data obtained through Raman spectroscopy. Fifty (50) sexual lubricants – 21 personal hygiene products, 12 bottled lubricants, and 17 condoms – were analyzed using Raman spectroscopy and subsequently classified using statistical tools (i.e., principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis and linear discriminant analysis). The evaluation of two classification models yielded a classification accuracy rate of 95.56% and 98.57% for the neat and DCM/MeOH solvent models, respectively, using linear discriminant analysis as a supervised classification method.
Intussusception presenting with fluctuating mental status changes

We report a 5 months old boy who was admitted to the PICU because of fluctuating level of consciousness. An extensive workup in search for infectious, neurologic, toxicologic and metabolic etiologies was done. Although abdominal symptoms were absent, he eventually was diagnosed with intussusception which needed surgery to recover. Intussusception should be included in the differential diagnosis of infants presenting with unexplained neurologic symptoms, ensuring timely diagnosis, treatment, and improved outcome.
Light chain cast nephropathy caused by plasmablastic lymphoma of the bladder.

Introduction: Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a rare form of B-cell lymphoma typically seen in patients with underlying immunosuppression such as HIV, autoimmune disease, and organ transplantation. PBL in HIV-positive patients usually originates from the gastrointestinal tract, with a predilection for the oral cavity. Bladder involvement by PBL is exceedingly rare, and cast nephropathy due to κ light chain-secreting PBL has not been reported previously. Case report: We report a patient who presented with acute kidney injury (AKI) in the setting of HIV, and was found to have a bladder tumor. Bladder pathology revealed a high-grade PBL with κ light chain restriction. Renal biopsy showed κ light chain cast nephropathy, presumably secondary to κ light chain-secreting PBL. Conclusion: Although the prognosis of PBL is poor, our patient recovered from AKI, achieved complete hematologic remission with chemotherapy, and underwent successful autologous stem cell transplant.
REDUCING THE RISK OF DRIVER INJURY FROM COMMON STEERING CONTROL DEVICES IN FRONTAL COLLISIONS

Steering control devices are used by people who have difficulty gripping the steering wheel. These devices have projections that may extend up to 14 cm toward the occupant. Testing indicated that contact with certain larger steering control devices with tall rigid projections could severely injure a driver in a frontal collision. In order to reduce this injury risk, an alternative, less injurious design was developed and tested. This design, which included replacing unyielding aluminum projections with compliant plastic ones, produced significantly lower peak contact pressure and less damage to the chest of a cadaver test subject, while maintaining the strength necessary to be useful.
A new approach to transient stability evaluation in power systems

A relay margin concept is proposed for transient stability evaluation in power systems. Attention is given to modeling issues, security monitoring through relay margins, and their sensitivities for a given contingency. In response to a given contingency the relay activity is monitored by doing a fast simulation. A relay margin is defined for all the relays in the system, including those which clear the fault and those which are affected by the fault. It is suggested that this information would be more useful to an operator than a single quantity such as critical clearing time as in direct methods. >
NEUROMUSCULAR CERVICAL SPINE MODEL FOR WHIPLASH

A computer model of the neuromusculature and passive elements of the cervical spine during whiplash is presented. The model indicates that the neuromusculature increases the rotational stability of the cervical spine during low level accelerations. This results in decreased bending but increased axial compressive stresses in the passive structures and increased axial tensile stresses in the neuromusculature. Increased neural feedback augments peak acceleration and stress because the "active" neuromusculature causes a flexion response near the end of the acceleration pulse. A decrease in neural delay time allows the muscles to act earlier and decrease peak accelerations and bending stresses.
Increased exposure of Southern Ocean phytoplankton to ultraviolet radiation

[1] Satellite remote sensing of both surface solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and chlorophyll over two decades shows that biologically significant ultraviolet radiation increases began to occur over the Southern Ocean three years before the ozone “hole” was discovered. Beginning in October 1983, the most frequent occurrences of enhanced UVR over phytoplankton-rich waters occurred in the Weddell Sea and Indian Ocean sectors of the Southern Ocean, impacting 60% of the surface biomass by the late 1990s. These results suggest two reasons why more serious impacts to the base of the marine food web may not have been detected by field experiments: (1) the onset of UVR increases several years before dedicated field work began may have impacted the most sensitive organisms long before such damage could be detected, and (2) most biological field work has so far not taken place in Antarctic waters most extensively subjected to enhanced UVR.
The effects of linguistic complexity on children's and adults' motor programming of speech

The role of syntactic/semantic structure in the motor programming of speech by 5-year-olds, 8-year olds, and adults was investigated. Subjects repeated sentences, each at maximum rate, on numerous,...
Eigensensitivity analysis for differential-algebraic power system models

The authors present a method for the determination of the sensitivity of the dominant critical mode of a system to changes in system control parameters. The method is used to determine optimal locations for the siting of static VAR compensator devices to improve the system dynamic limit. The method is based on an augmented formulation which includes both differential and algebraic models explicitly. The sparsity of power system models is retained by the use of the augmented formulation. The proposed method is computationally efficient and complements other design methods such as participation factors and transfer function residue methods. >
A large proportion of afferent neurons innervating the uterine cervix of the cat contain VIP and other neuropeptides.

Axonal tracing techniques were used in combination with immunohistochemistry to examine the distribution of neuropeptides in afferent pathways from the uterine cervix of the cat. Primary afferent neurons innervating the uterine cervix were identified by axonal transport of the dye, fast blue, injected into the cervix. Fifteen to twenty-five days after the injection, dorsal root ganglia (L1–S3) were removed and incubated for 48–72 h in culture medium containing colchicine to increase the levels of peptides. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), cholecystokinin (CCK), leucine-enkephalin (LENK), somatostatin, substance P and vasoactive intenstinal polypeptide (VIP) were identified by use of indirect immunohistochemical techniques. Eighty-four percent of uterine cervix afferent neurons were identified in the sacral dorsal root ganglia (S1–S3), and 16% in the middle lumbar dorsal root ganglia (L3–L4). In sacral dorsal root ganglia, VIP was present in the highest percentage of dye-labeled cells (71%), CGRP in 42%, and substance P in 18% of the cells. CCK and LENK were present in 13% of the cells. In lumbar dorsal root ganglia, CGRP (51%) was most prominent peptide followed by VIP (34%), substance P (28%), LENK (17%) and CCK (13%). Somatostatin was present in the ganglia but did not occur in dye-labeled neurons. In conclusion, the uterine cervix of the cat receives a prominent VIP-and CGRP-containing afferent innervation. The percentage of neurons containing VIP is three to five times higher than the percentage of these neurons in afferent pathways to other pelvic organs. These observations coupled with the results of physiological studies suggest that VIP is an important transmitter in afferent pathways from the cervix.
Genetic studies of human apolipoproteins. II. A rapid one‐dimensional isoelectric focusing technique to characterize apolipoproteins A‐I, A‐II, A‐IV and C‐II of unfractionated plasma

A simple and rapid one-dimensional analytical isoelectric focusing method followed by immunoblotting is described which detects genetic and biochemical variation in apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, A-IV and C-II without prior ultracentrifugation and delipidation of plasma samples. A polipoproteins separated on an isoelectric focusing gel are sequentially transferred to two nitrocellulose membranes and pairs of apolipoproteins are identified on each membrane by immunological reactions. The specificity of the primary antibody and the sensitivity gained by use of a second, alkaline phosphatase conjugated anti-IgG allows the detection of free apolipoproteins in serum or plasma. A pH gradient 4–6.5 is suitable to identify the four apoproteins tested from a single gel and there is little loss of isoprotein resolution in sequential blots. Only 2 μL of whole plasma is required and results on 50 samples can be obtained from a single horizontal gel within one day.
Monitoring the specific adsorption of proteins using the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance electrodes.

Abstract This work describes the results of a mechanistic investigation of antibody–antigen binding using electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM). The aim was to verify the contribution of electrolytes to conducting polypyrrole electrodes that have been modified with proteins. The behavior of an EQCM film containing various counterions was studied (chloride, dodecylsulphate and proteins) and mass changes recorded in a series of anions, cations and proteins. Results obtained indicate that the interaction of different proteins at quartz crystal electrode surface is dependent on the applied potential, the nature of the cations and anions, and the specificity of the immobilized antibody. The resonant frequency of the anti-HSA-coated quartz abruptly decreased upon contact with the antigen and this stabilized within 5 min in the concentration range between 1 and 100 ppm. The injection of other proteins such as bovine serum albumin and chymotrypsin, yielded responses that were significantly lower in magnitude than those obtained for the corresponding HSA.
The effect of metastable equilibrium states on the partitioning of nitrate between the gas and aerosol phases

Abstract With the aid of three atmospheric aerosol equilibrium models, we quantify the effect of metastable equilibrium states (efflorescence branch) in comparison to stable (deliquescence branch) on the partitioning of total nitrate between the gas and aerosol phases. On average, efflorescence branch concentrations of aerosol nitrate are 11% greater than those of the deliquescence branch at low aerosol nitrate concentrations ( 8 μg m−3), deliquescence branch concentrations are 3% greater. In the low aerosol nitrate range, approximately 40% of the time deliquescence and efflorescence branch concentrations of aerosol nitrate have differences greater than 20% implicating the importance of considering both branches of aerosol behavior in this region. The largest differences between the two equilibrium states occur at several sets of conditions: at temperatures above 295 K and mid-range rh (60%), at mid-range temperatures (290–300 K) and low rh (
Changes in thyroid function in nonthyroid illness

Nonthyroid illness can cause changes in thyroid function that have been described as low triiodothyronine (T(3)) and low thyroxine (T(4)) states. Reduced peripheral conversion of T4 to T(3) explains the low serum T(3) concentration. The explanation for the low serum T(4) level is multifactorial; whether free-thyroxine (FT(4)) level is normal or reduced remains controversial. Cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, which are produced by the immune system during severe illness, may inhibit thyroid function directly and be responsible for the changes in pituitary-thyroid function.
Glucose tolerance and phenantoin treatment in obese children

The oral glucose tolerance test in obese children is characterized by an increased insulin release. We could confirm this pattern in 16 obese (> 2 SD) children (10 girls and 6 boys). The basal fasting insulin level was also increased in obese children compared to 9 controls (23.6 vs 8.6 μU/ml). Previously obese children (n=8) had a mean fasting insulin level of 12.6 μU/ml and a moderately increased insulin response to glucose. Nine children with obesity had a glucose load before and after at least one week of phenantoin treatment which is reported to decrease the insulin response to oral glucose. The fasting insulin level was decreased by phenantoin (28.8 vs 16.1 μU/ml) and the high insulin response to oral glucose was reduced. Phenantoin also increased the plasma levels of free fatty acids and keton bodies. However, there was a marked difference in the responses to phenantoin between individuals with no measurable effect in some children. Phenantoin might be used in the treatment of obesity.
The ‘Black Auxiliaries’ in American Memories: Sport, Race and Politics in the Construction of Modern Legacies

At the 1936 Olympics a contingent of African American track and field athletes garnered eight gold, three silver, and two bronze medals to highlight an otherwise disappointing performance by the American team. Dubbed the 'black auxiliaries' by the German press, they were led by the luminous Jesse Owens who through his four-gold medal performance built an enduring global legacy as an Olympic icon. Lost in Owens' long shadow were the other 'black auxiliaries', David Albritton, James LuValle, Ralph Metcalfe, Fritz Pollard, Jr., Mack Robinson, Archie Williams, and John Woodruff. Owens' teammates, however, slowly built their own legacies at the local, regional, and national levels. In many respects they excelled Owens in their post-athletic careers, personifying the admonitions of African American leaders in that era. The ways in which this less famous group of Olympians were forgotten and then remembered illuminates the changing complexities of American relations during the twentieth century
Determination of accuracy of polycythemia vera diagnoses and use of the JAK2V617F test in the diagnostic scheme

In 2005, three independent research groups described the presence of a specific mutation in the JAK2 gene, JAK2V617F, in patients with a Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN). The percentage of patients with the mutation varied according to specific disease with >98 % of polycythemia vera (PV) patients having the mutation. In 2008, the World Health Organization issued new diagnostic criteria for PV including use of the JAK2V617F test as a major diagnostic criterion. The goal of the present study is to determine the accuracy of diagnosing PV in a community practice and reporting of PV to cancer registries, as well as assessing the integration of molecular testing into diagnostic paradigms. Using Geisinger Medical Center’s electronic medical records (EMR), patients with a PV diagnosis being seen by a hematologist/oncologist during 2004–2009 were identified. Records were reviewed by a single hematologist/oncologist to determine accuracy of the treating physician’s diagnosis and use of the molecular test for the JAK2V617F mutation. There was a diagnosis of PV from the treating physicians in 121 of the 204 evaluable patients (59 %) and another MPN in 21 (10 %). However, we confirmed a PV diagnosis in only 90 patients (44 %). Of the 90 confirmed PV patients, 64 were JAK2V617F-mutation positive while 24 were not tested. While JAK2V617F testing has made a major impact in facilitating the successful delineation of the type of polycythemia (PV versus secondary polycythemia) in patients evaluated in a large, community-based Hematology/Oncology practice, physician usage of other critical tests is inconsistent leading to errors in diagnosis. JAK2V617F mutation testing in combination with other diagnostic criteria may help reduce diagnostic errors.
Duality in retinocerebellar projections in the rabbit.

Abstract The evoked potential method was employed to determine the role of the superior colliculi and the visual cortices in mediating photic activity to the cerebellar vermis of rabbits anesthetized with a mixture of α-chloralose and urethane. Experimental findings were obtained from three sets of animals. In one group, the visual cortices were removed first, and then the superior colliculi. In the decorticated preparations, photic stimulation applied to either retina evoked cerebellar responses. These responses were abolished when the optic tectum was subsequently extirpated. In a second group, the independent role of the striate cortices was ascertained by ablating first the superior colliculi and then the visual cortices. In the tectally-deprived animals, the cerebellar reactions to photoflash continued to persist as long as the visual cortical centers were kept intact. These results suggested that the optic tectum alone could not be regarded as the essential link in the production of the cerebellar responses to light flash, but that the visual cortices played a definite role in relaying retinal activity to the vermis. In both experimental groups, the only change seen in the cerebellar evoked potential was a reduction in the response amplitude. In an additional group, deep electrode stimulation and recording indicated that the retinal activity mediated via the visual cortices descended to the vermis through fibers in the cerebral peduncles. Based on these experimental findings, it is postulated that the retinal projections to the cerebellar vermis are dual in nature—one part mediated by the optic tectum and the other via the visual cortices. Both these parts are capable of reaching the cerebellum without the involvement of the other.
Why Do Large Countries Prefer Quantitative Trade Restrictions

In recent years, industrial countries have made increased use of quotas relative to tariffs for import protection. This development has troubled economists, who generally view quotas as more inefficient than tariffs. This paper compares tariffs and quotas used to protect a domestic monopoly in a large country. Examining policies that generate equivalent rents for the protected industry, the authors find that quotas are not necessarily more inefficient; quotas in general leave foreign producers better off; quota-holder rents exceed tariff revenues; and the global gains generated by a fall in foreign costs are greater under a quota. Copyright 1988 by WWZ and Helbing & Lichtenhahn Verlag AG
Parental Practices and Achievement of Mexican and Chinese Immigrant Children in the USA: assimilation patterns?

The authors used the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998–99 (ECLS-K) data to examine the mathematics and science achievement of two immigrant groups in the United States ...
Line shapes (absorption coefficients) for satellites and inversion of the data to obtain interaction potentials

Line shapes for cesium broadened by xenon and neopentane have been measured in an absorption cell. The growth of the red satellites, both primary and secondary, were studied on the first five principal series doublets and on the first S-D forbidden doublet. An inversion scheme based on a nearest-neighbor density was employed to invert the measured line shapes and obtain difference potential estimates. It is apparent from the inversion scheme that minor inflections in the difference potential map into strong features in the frequency plane and that contrary to popular assumption, absolute extrema may not be necessary for satellite interpretation. Strength effects observed on the forbidden satellites also demonstrate that the radial dependence of the dipole moment must be accounted for in certain cases.
Nonlinear temporal dynamics of the cerebral blood flow response.

The linearity of the cerebral perfusion response relative to stimulus duration is an important consideration in the characterization of the relationship between regional cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral metabolism, and the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal. It is also a critical component in the design and analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. To study the linearity of the CBF response to different duration stimuli, the perfusion response in primary motor and visual cortices was measured during stimulation using an arterial spin labeling technique with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that allows simultaneous measurement of CBF and BOLD changes. In each study, the perfusion response was measured for stimuli lasting 2, 6, and 18 sec. The CBF response was found in general to be nonlinearly related to stimulus duration, although the strength of nonlinearity varied between the motor and visual cortices. In contrast, the BOLD response was found to be strongly nonlinear in both regions studied, in agreement with previous findings. The observed nonlinearities are consistent with a model with a nonlinear step from stimulus to neural activity, a linear step from neural activity to CBF change, and a nonlinear step from CBF change to BOLD signal change.
Decay rates of Neutral Mesons

The partial width for the observed decay mode ω→π^++π^-+π^0 can be estimated by assuming, in the sense of dispersion theory, that the process is dominated by ω→p+π followed by p→2π. We treat p as a nearly stable particle and define a coupling parameter f_(ωpπ).
Wittgenstein's picture‐theory of Language 1

I argue that the current view (as held by, eg., Warnock, Anscombe and Stenius) of Wittgenstein's theory of language in the Tractates is mistaken. This view maintains that Wittgenstein's theory is one of ‘isomorphism'; that, roughly, a sentence has meaning in virtue of its being a facsimile of a fact or possible fact. But a detailed study of significant passages in the Tractattis shows that Wittgenstein held no such view. His use of important terms, such as Salz, Bild, Sachverhalt, Tatsache, etc., has been crucially misunderstood. There is no isomorphism. The theory is not about sentences at all, but about talking sense.
A higher order beam finite element for bending and vibration problems

Abstract The finite element equations for a variationally consistent higher order beam theory are presented for the static and dynamic behavior of rectangular beams. The higher order theory correctly accounts for the stress-free conditions on the upper and lower surfaces of the beam while retaining the parabolic shear strain distribution. The need for a shear correction coefficient is therefore eliminated. Full integration of the shear stiffness terms is shown to result in the recovery of the Kirchhoff constraint for thin beams without introducing spurious locking constraints. The accuracy of this formulation is demonstrated by using several numerical examples for the cases of small and large displacements. For a hinged-hinged beam, the linear thickness-shear mode frequency can be matched with the Timoshenko frequency to yield a shear coefficient of 0·824. Matching the bending frequencies between the two theories indicates a shear coefficient for the Timoshenko theory that changes with mode number and slenderness ratio. The influence of in-plane inertia and slenderness ratio on the non-linear frequency is examined for beams with a number of different support conditions.
Stressors, coping mechanisms, and perceived health in persons with epilepsy.

Knowledge is lacking about the nature of stressors experienced by persons with epilepsy and the strategies used to cope with these stressors. This study explored epilepsy-specific stressors, coping strategies used, level of trait anxiety, and perception of health in 107 adults who had had epilepsy for 1 year or longer. ‘Need to take medications regularly’ and ‘Uncertainty about when a seizure will occur’ were the stressors subjects ranked highest. ‘Try to maintain some control over the situation’, ‘Hope things will get better’, and ‘Think through different ways to solve the problem’ were the top coping strategies used. Persons who perceived their health as better used more problem-oriented strategies than did those who rated their health as poor. The mean level of trait anxiety was 42-1, which is higher than that for a normal population. Continued studies are needed to more clearly identify stressors experienced at various times in the trajectory of epilepsy and the precise coping strategies used for spec...
Rate of uterine rupture during a trial of labor in women with one or two prior cesarean deliveries

Abstract Objective: We sought to determine whether there is a difference in the rate of symptomatic uterine rupture after a trial of labor in women who have had 1 versus 2 prior cesarean deliveries. Study Design: The medical records of all women with a history of either 1 or 2 prior cesarean deliveries who elected to undergo a trial of labor during a 12-year period (July 1984–June 1996) at the Brigham and Women's Hospital were reviewed. Rates of uterine rupture were compared for these 2 groups. Potential confounding variables were controlled by using logistic regression analyses. Results: Women with 1 prior cesarean delivery (n = 3757) had a rate of uterine rupture of 0.8%, whereas women with 2 prior cesarean deliveries (n = 134) had a rate of uterine rupture of 3.7% ( P = .001). In a logistic regression analysis that was controlled for maternal age, use of epidural analgesia, oxytocin induction, oxytocin augmentation, the use of prostaglandin E 2 gel, birth weight, gestational age, type of prior hysterotomy, year of trial of labor, and prior vaginal delivery, the odds ratio for uterine rupture in those patients with 2 prior cesarean deliveries was 4.8 (95% confidence interval, 1.8-13.2) Conclusions: Women with a history of 2 prior cesarean deliveries have an almost 5-fold greater risk of uterine rupture than those with only 1 prior cesarean delivery. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:872-6.)
Application of convex cone analysis to hyperspectral and multispectral scenes

A new end-member analysis method based on convex cones has been developed. The method finds extreme points in a convex set. Unlike convex methods that rely on a simplex, the number of end-members is not restricted by the number of spectral channels. The algorithm simultaneously finds fractional abundance maps. The fractional abundances are the fractions of the total spectrally integrated radiance of a pixel that are contributed by the end-members. A physical model of the hyper-spectral or multi-spectral scene is obtained by combining subsets of the end-members into bundles of spectra for each scene material. The bundle spectra represent the spectral variability of the material in the scene induced by illumination, shadowing, weathering and other environmental effects. The method offers advantages in multi-spectral data sets where the limited number of channels impairs material un-mixing by standard techniques. The method can also be applied to compress hyper-spectral data. The fractional abundance matrices are sparse and offer an additional compression capability over standard matrix factorization techniques. A description of the method and applications to real and synthetic hyper-spectral and multi-spectral data sets will be presented.
Critical brain networks

Abstract Highly correlated brain dynamics produces synchronized states with no behavioral value, while weakly correlated dynamics prevents information flow. We discuss the idea put forward by Per Bak that the working brain stays at an intermediate (critical) regime characterized by power-law correlations.
Recovering Absolute Fret Efficiency from Single Molecules: Comparing Methods of Gamma Correction

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer is widely thought of as a “spectroscopic ruler.” Because biological processes and cellular assemblies occur on the nanometer scale, FRET is a popular tool for structural biology. In contrast to ensemble solution FRET measurements which record the entire emission spectrum, microscopy- based FRET experiments separate donor and acceptor intensity by passing the emission through a series of optical elements. Observed FRET efficiency, determined from the uncorrected donor and acceptor intensities, has been called a relative proximity ratio, which is internally consistent only if the photophysical properties and instrument remain unchanged. However, it is desirable to measure absolute distances using FRET, which requires that FRET efficiency be corrected for both instrument response and fluorophore properties. Thus, “gamma” correction adjusts for differences between the donor and acceptor dyes in their probability of photon emission upon excitation and the probability that emitted photons will be detected. Methods of gamma correction vary depending on the single molecule methodology. To test different methods for correcting FRET efficiency, we recorded smFRET distributions for protein and DNA on different instruments and with different filter sets which altered the observed FRET efficiency. Knowledge of filter set transmission allows for comparison of results between groups using different instruments. Applying empirically-derived corrections for instrument response and quantum yield was only slightly better than corrections based solely on filter set transmission data. We found that gamma correction based on single molecule photobleaching was the most effective particularly when gamma was determined for each sample or even each molecule. Variations in focus of the two colors and sub-pixel errors in image mapping affect both FRET and gamma. As such, per molecule correction affects distribution width because FRET outliers may also have anomalous gamma values.
Studies on an Oral Iron Chelator: 1,2-Dimethyl-3-hydroxy-pyrid-4-one (DMHP). Mechanism of Intestinal Absorption in Rabbits

Abstract— Over the last 30 years, desferrioxamine has been the only iron chelator in clinical use. This chelator is expensive and must be given by injection. A new class of chelators, namely 1-alkyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxypyrid-4-ones, have been shown to be orally effective. Using 1,2 dimethyl-3-hydroxy-pyrid-4-one (DMHP), we have carried out a study to clarify the mechanism of intestinal absorption of this new class of drug, using an in-situ system of the intestine from rabbit. The major site of DMHP absorption is in the intestine and is linear with increasing drug concentration. DMHP absorption per unit length of jejunum and ileum is similar; however, due to the larger surface area of jejunum, the absorption by ileum segment is more effective per unit surface. l-Proline, l-tryptophan (amino acids), 2-deoxyglucose, and sodium iodoacetate (metabolic inhibitors) have no effect on DMHP absorption, but l-phenylalanine, an amino acid with a 6-member carbon ring, significantly inhibits the DMHP absorption from the intestinal segment. We conclude that the mechanism of DMHP absorption in the intestine is mainly by simple passive diffusion based on the linear relationship found between drug concentration and absorption. However, the inhibitive effect of l-phenylalanine suggests that the co-existence of a facilitated uptake cannot be ruled out.
An algorithm to compute the supremum of max-min powers and a property of fuzzy graphs

We obtain a polynomial-time algorithm to compute the supremum of the max-min powers of a map from the Cartesian product of a set to a bounded subset of the real numbers. It is also shown that the value at a pair (x, y) is equal to the maximum of the first k powers of the map where k is the diameter between x and y in a graph corresponding to the map. A characterization is obtained of the metric introduced by Rosenfeld (1975) for a fuzzy graph.
Horizons of Context: Understanding the Police Decision to Arrest People With Mental Illness

The criminalization hypothesis assumes that deinstitutionalization coupled with inadequate police training has led to the increased arrest of people with mental illness. Arrest is viewed as a means to manage the troublesome behavior that often results from mental illness. Supporting research has emphasized the contributing role that illness plays in the arrest decision. This assumption largely ignores an extant criminal justice literature on the factors that influence arrest. On the basis of a review of this criminal justice literature, beginning with Bittner's 1967 seminal work, a framework is proposed that incorporates three contexts -- manipulative, temporal, and scenic -- surrounding the police encounter and the relationship of these contexts to mental illness. These three "horizons" incorporate the characteristics of the community, the offender, and the incident, all of which are recognized as influential in shaping police discretion. The scenic horizon is indicative of the features of the community. The temporal horizon includes police knowledge that stretches beyond the specific incident and officer characteristics. The manipulative horizon involves the current incident from the standpoint of the officer and includes considerations of safety for the community as well as the immediate concerns of the officer. Implications of this framework are then explored with respect to both police and mental health service mandates.
Efficient broadband excitation of the n = 0 surface magnetostatic waves in a y.i.g. slab

This letter describes an efficient method for exciting the lowest-order surface magnetostatic wave in a transversely magnetised single-crystal y.i.g. slab. The total coupling loss from an electromagnetic wave to a surface magnetostatic wave and back into an electromagnetic wave is measured to be less than 2.5dB, from 3.2 to 3.8GHz. The propagation characteristic of the surface magnetosatic wave is also discussed.
DNA in proximity to the site of replication is preferentially alkylated in S phase 10T1/2 cells treated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea

Replicating DNA is more susceptible to modification by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), a spontaneously active methylating agent, than bulk DNA. This conclusion is supported by results from two different experimental approaches. First, synchronized C3H 10T1/2 clone 8 cells were treated in S phase with MNU and DNA replicated during the period of treatment was separated from bulk DNA. This was done by digesting the purified DNA with restriction enzymes and retaining the replication fork-associated DNA in nitro-cellulose filters. Second, synchronized C3H 10T1/2 clone 8 cells were exposed to 5-bromodeoxyuridine and [3H]MNU and the density-labelled, replicated DNA was separated in CsCl gradients. Both methods show 2.6 to 5.0 times more [3H]methyl adducts per nucleotide residue associated with replicating DNA than that expected from random methylation. These experiments were done at low MNU concentrations (0.018-0.115 mM) that did not cause any detectable inhibition of DNA synthesis or stimulation of repair replication in 10T1/2 cells.
Teaching Evidence-Based Social Work in Foundation Practice Courses: Learning from Pedagogical Choices of Allied Fields

The field of social work is attuned to the need to incorporate evidence-based practice education into masters-level curriculum. One question remaining is how to integrate evidence-based practice in the foundation practice courses. Integration of evidence-based practice across the foundation-level curriculum coincides with the Council on Social Work Education's mandate that student's engage in research-informed practice and practice-informed research. Through a discussion of definitions, criticisms, and pedagogy across the allied fields of medicine, nursing, and social work the authors address the current status of evidence-based practice curriculum in foundation-level education. The authors incorporate the lessons learned from allied fields and a Masters of Social Work student's analyses of their experience of evidence-based practice learning to propose an adult-learner model to improve evidence-based practice pedagogy in Social Work.
Practical office management of male sexual dysfunction

A discussion of the importance of the close relationship between patient and physician in the office. Emphasis on detailed history of the patient to include; physical examination, laboratory work and any additional tests if necessary.
Effect of amino acid imbalance and deficiency on dietary choice patterns of rats.

Abstract Detailed dietary choice patterns were determined with a computerized feeding monitoring systme in groups of Sprague Dawley rats kept on a 12:12 hr light-dark cycle and offered in sequence a series of dietary choice regimens involving amino acid-imbalanced or deficient diets with threonine as the most limiting amino acid. Animals established their preference for a threonine-basal diet over a threonine-imbalanced or a threonine-devoid (devoid of threonine) diet shortly (within 2–3 hr) after the consumption of small quantities of either diet in the beginning of the first dark-cycle. An intensive sampling process characterized by frequent small bouts was evident throughout the light period. Both the meal size and the meal frequency of the imbalanced or devoid diet were curtailed after prolonged choices. Animals preferred the threonine-corrected (imbalance corrected by threonine supplementation) over the threonine-basal diet initially with an increase in meal frequency. But no clear choice for either diet was observed thereafter. Animals did not establish their preference for the threonine-corrected diet when paired with the threonine-devoid diet until after 5 days with a steady decrease in the meal size of the devoid diet but not the meal frequency. When the protein-free diet was introduced as an alternative for the threonine-imbalanced diet, animals selected the protein-free diet during the first dark-cycle after consuming a small amount of the imbalanced diet. Initially there was a drastic reduction in meal size of the imbalanced diet and subsequently a decrease in meal frequency as well. Nevertheless, animals immediately rejected the protein-free diet and chose the threonine-basal diet when it replaced the imbalanced diet as an alternative. The almost exclusive preference for the basal diet occurred in the beginning of the first dark-cycle with an increase in meal size but no change in meal frequency. The sampling bouts of small quantities, which followed the first introduction of the diets in the choice regimens, may be an inherent investigative behavior whereby the physical or oropharyngeal properties of the diets are recognized. The establishment of the choices for the alternative diets in the present experiments provides additional information about the rapid time course of the food intake control mechanisms in rats fed amino acid-imbalanced or deficient diets.
Mass spectral analysis of schiff bases derived from 1,1,1‐trifluoro‐2,4‐pentanedione and 1,2‐diaminoethane, 1,3‐diaminopropane, 1,4‐diaminobutane and 1,2‐diaminobenzene and their copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes

The mass spectra of the title compounds have been determined and special attention has been given to metastable transitions and ion composition assignments. The interpretation of the mass spectra of N,N'-ethylenebis(5,5,5-trifluoro-4-oxopentan-2-imine) and its metal complexes is relatively straightforward. Bond breaking α and β (with H transfers) to nitrogen in the ethylenediamine portion of the molecule overwhemingly dominates the spectra. Changing the diamine bridge adds new features to the spectra in both expected and unexpected ways. Ligand fragmentation changes little when complexed to nickel as compared to hydrogen. Chelation of Cu(II) on the other hand leads to new fragmentation channels which increase in importance as electron availability in the diamine bridge increases. These new reactions are attributed to a reduction of the copper centre in the molecule.