cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TAXATION, THE PRIVATE LAW, AND DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE

We argue that for theorists with a post-institutional conception of property, e.g., Rawlsians, there is no principled reason to limit the domain of distributive justice to tax and transfer-both tax policy and the rules of the private law are constructed in service to distributive aims. Such theorists cannot maintain a commitment to a normative conception of private law independent of their overarching distributive principles. In contrast, theorists with a pre-institutional conception of property can derive the private law from sectors of morality independent of distributive justice. Nevertheless, we argue, this does not entail that the private law, for pre-institutional theorists, must be sanitized of equity-oriented values. Non-libertarian pre-institutional theorists holding principled commitments to equity-oriented values are free to invoke either tax and transfer or the rules of the private law to attain them.
Cancer survivors' perceived vulnerability to COVID-19 and impacts on cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses to the pandemic.

Given the uncertainty COVID-19 has caused for individuals with prior medical conditions, we examined the extent to which cancer survivors consider themselves at risk for the global COVID-19 pandemi...
The Impact of an Unconventional Elective in Narrative Medicine and Pediatric Psycho-oncology on Humanism in Medical Students

Over the course of medical school, students’ optimism and hopefulness often devolve into a cynical view of medicine that continues throughout clinical rotations and beyond (Neumann et al., Acad Med 86(8):996–1009, 2011). Here, we present a qualitative evaluation of a novel immersive elective in pediatric psycho-oncology coupled with narrative medicine and its impact on students. Participants were third- and fourth-year medical students who were relieved of traditional clinical duties. Alternatively, they shadowed pediatric cancer patients, keeping narrative journals of their observations and insights. A trained team of pre-clinical medical students and faculty conducted a retrospective analysis of 120 journals written between 2008 and 2019. They compared recurring concepts to assess how blending experiential learning and reflective writing influenced the attitudes and behaviors of students. Consistent themes emerged related to developing a rich understanding of patient experiences, a humanistic appreciation of the context of illness, the ability to meaningfully reflect on insights to critically ill children, and an appreciation for the unique learning opportunity. Additionally, families expressed gratitude for the students’ attentiveness to their emotional needs. By the conclusion of the elective, most students discovered that they had reignited their intrinsic empathic behaviors and were provided with beneficial insights that they believed would continue into future rotations. Experiential teaching methods paired with narrative reflection may be a valuable and therapeutic tool to learn the intricacies of the patient perspective, with the potential to enhance humanism in students during a critical time in their medical training when empathy tends to drift. Longitudinal and quantitative studies are warranted to better understand the degree and duration of specific benefits.
Treatment of systemic mastocytosis: Novel and emerging therapies.

Abstract Objective Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by symptoms of mast cell (MC) activation and/or organ dysfunction related to MC tissue accumulation. Treatment of this condition is evolving as our understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease advances. This article aims to highlight novel and experimental therapies for SM. Data Sources PubMed literature search and ClinicalTrials.gov. Study Selections Peer-reviewed studies involving therapies for SM were included. There was a particular focus on preclinical and clinical trial studies. Results SM presents with a wide range of symptoms including symptoms of MC activation such as anaphylaxis, urticaria, diarrhea, and organ failure secondary to aggressive tissue infiltration. The treatment of the disease is dependent on the variant; patients with aggressive disease warrant advanced therapies and higher tolerance of adverse effects. As our understanding of the disease has advanced, several novel therapeutic options have emerged. These include tyrosine kinase inhibitors directed at the KIT protein and targeted monoclonal antibodies, which decrease MC activation or reduce mast cell burden. There are a variety of new medications under development that will revolutionize the treatment for patients with SM. Conclusion Current treatment options for SM have inherent limitations and, in many cases, unacceptable adverse effects. As our molecular understanding of the disease advances, novel, and experimental therapies are changing treatment paradigms of the disease.
Afterword: Reclamation and Metalinguistic Communities

By operationalizing the concept of the metalinguistic community (Avineri in Journal of Jewish Languages 5:174–199, 2017) in diverse contexts, the chapters in Metalinguistic Communities: Case Studies of Agency, Ideology, and Symbolic Uses of Language effectively illuminate several limitations to describing and theorizing language through normative metrics of proficiency, learning, or use. Drawing on shared themes and examples of broader functions of the language discussed in these chapters, this afterword argues that the concept of the metalinguistic community also advances the community-centered and decolonial approach to reversing language shift called language reclamation (Leonard in Gender and Language 6:339–367, 2012). Highlighted through examples of issues in reclamation that come from the author’s experiences with language efforts in the Miami metalinguistic community, this afterword summarizes how discussions in the volume inform language reclamation theory and how they might be expanded.
Importance of Imaging in Work up of Cardiovascular Diseases by Using Telemedicine in Rural India.

Background Cardiovascular diseases have emerged as an epidemic in India. Telemedicine is a useful tool for sending ECG, x-ray and ultrasound images to telemedicine centre for diagnosis and management of cardiovascular diseases in rural areas as it overcomes the distance barrier. Methods National Heart Institute collaborated with Hospital Guide Foundation (HGF) Jewar, Greater Noida for conducting telemedicine sessions. Two hundred patients were analysed during time span of June 2018 to August 2019. Imaging tools like ECG, Chest X- ray and ultrasound were studied besides usual laboratory parameters. Results Important ECG abnormalities included LVH (10.9%), ischemia (10.1%), LBBB (2.4%), RBBB (3.9%), p- mitrale (1.5%), hyperkalaemia (2.3%) besides normal ECGs (56.2%). Chest x- ray revealed features of COPD (8.3%), cardiomegaly (6.9%), hilar shadows (6.9%), bronchitis (2.7%) and prominent broncho -vascular markings (6.9%). Ultrasound abdomen showed hepatomegaly (23.2%), fatty liver (15.1%), gallstones (2%). bilateral renal stone / left or right renal stone (42.4 %). Conclusion Telecardiology/ Teleradiology are important and useful imaging tools in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases in rural India.
Effects of ammonia energy fraction and diesel injection timing on combustion and emissions of an ammonia/diesel dual-fuel engine

Abstract Ammonia has been receiving increasing interest as a hydrogen carrier and carbon-free fuel to tackle the issue of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from transportation. In this study, an ammonia/diesel dual-fuel (ADDF) engine is experimentally and numerically investigated, with focus on its feasibility to reduce GHG emissions while achieving a diesel-like efficiency. A single-cylinder, heavy-duty diesel engine is used to investigate the effect of ammonia energy fraction and start of diesel injection (SODI) timing on the combustion performance and emissions of the ADDF engine. Results revealed that due to the low flame speed of ammonia, increasing the ammonia energy fraction decreased the thermal efficiency of the ADDF combustion mode compared to the diesel-only combustion mode. Increasing ammonia energy fraction from 0 to 40% reduced the nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions by 58.8% at a given SODI due to the effect of the thermal DeNOx process. However, increasing the ammonia energy fraction at a given SODI increased the nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, which offsets the benefit of lower intrinsic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of ADDF combustion and resulted in a higher GHG emission compared to diesel-only combustion. Advancing SODI helped reduce the N2O and overall GHG emissions while achieving a diesel-like thermal efficiency in ADDF combustion mode. The lowest GHG emissions of ADDF combustion achieved by advancing the SODI were 12% lower compared to those of diesel-only combustion. The thermal efficiency of ADDF combustion mode at the optimum point of GHG emissions (i.e., ITE = 37.85%) was slightly lower than that of the diesel-only combustion mode (i.e., ITE = 38.53%). This, however, comes with a benefit of 10% and 20% reduction in NOx and CO emissions, respectively. The unburned ammonia concentration is high (i.e., about 4445 ppm) in the exhaust flow. The reduction of ammonia emissions in the exhaust flow should be further investigated in the future.
A cost driven approach to information collection for mobile environments

Mobile multimedia applications have QoS requirements; resource provisioning algorithms utilize current system resource availability information to ensure that these applications meet their QoS requirements. Information collection algorithms collect and maintain current system resource information and are vital in performing efficient resource provisioning. We present a cost driven approach to the information collection problem for mobile environments. Our approach aggregates mobility patterns of mobile hosts and tries to minimize the overhead involved in the collection process. We compare its performance with existing techniques for collecting system state information.
Career Development Tasks of Mexican American Adolescents: An Exploratory Study

This interview-based study explored the extent to which four academically successful Mexican American adolescents were engaged in age appropriate career development tasks as suggested by Super's (1957, 1984) theory. It also explored the adolescent's understanding of the role that ethnicity played in their career related behaviors. Findings suggest that these Hispanic adolescents were engaged in age appropriate tasks according to Super's theory and that both family and ethnic related factors were relevant to their career development.
Where do we go from here? Conceptual, theoretical, and methodological gaps in the Large-N civil war research program

Since the early 1990s, the large-N civil war research program has been a vibrant one but has reached an analytical plateau because methodological issues have obscured fundamental conceptual and theoretical concerns. The existing ground-clearing work has shed light on macro- and micro-level determinants of internal conflict onset, duration, and termination, but has left the field theoretically impoverished. This article discusses remaining gaps in the quantitative civil war literature, and proposes conceptual, theoretical, and methodological remedies. Five main lacunae are identified. First, civil war may be a longer process, with several waves of escalation and de-escalation, than generally described in the extant literature. Second, existing theories conflate civil conflict with violence—war onset and violence may be conceptually distinct. Third, we have few systemic-level theories of civil war onset and duration. Fourth, we need better theories that allow us to determine whether civil wars are different from other types of wars. Finally, we need to go beyond state-centric monadic approaches, and be more rigorous when building our models for explaining civil war onset, duration, or termination.
Dissipation of the Perpendicular Turbulent Cascade in the Solar Wind

The core solar wind protons are observed to be heated perpendicularly to the magnetic field. This is taken to be a signature of the cyclotron damping of the turbulent fluctuations, which are thought to be responsible for the heating. At the same time, it is commonly accepted that the turbulent cascade produces mostly highly oblique (quasi-two-dimensional) fluctuations, which cannot be immediately cyclotron resonant with the ions because of their low frequencies and small parallel wavenumbers. To address this problem, we propose a new, indirect mechanism for damping the quasi-two-dimensional fluctuations. The mechanism involves a plasma instability, which excites ion cyclotron resonant waves. As the cascade proceeds to higher wavenumbers, it generates increasingly high velocity shear associated with the turbulent fluctuations. The shear eventually becomes unstable to waves near harmonics of the ion cyclotron frequency. Once the frequency of the waves is upshifted, they can heat ions perpendicularly, extracting the energy from the quasi-two-dimensional fluctuations. The dissipation rates of quasi-two-dimensional fluctuations are incorporated into a model of the energy transfer in the turbulent cascade. Our analysis of the observed spectra shows that the spectral break separating the inertial and dissipation ranges of the turbulence, where the dissipation sets in, corresponds to the same shear under a wide range of plasma conditions, in agreement with the prediction of the theory. The observed turbulence spectra often have power-law dissipation ranges with an average spectral index of -3. We demonstrate that this fact is simply a consequence of a marginal state of the instability in the dissipation range.
Depth of the upper mantle discontinuities beneath the East Pacific Rise

We observe discontinuities at depths of 415 and 655 km beneath the northern East Pacific Rise (EPR). The data consist of precursors to SS waves from 71 tangential component seismograms ranging in epicentral distance from 107° to 167°. The mid-points of the paths are beneath the northern EPR region with about half the data bouncing beneath ocean younger than 9 Ma. The SS phases were aligned and then time shifted to account for the ocean age at the bounce point. The data were then stacked to remove theoretical moveout for underside reflections from the transition zone. The stacked results show clear underside reflections. These values are slightly more shallow than recently derived average values for oceans but the depth difference between the discontinuities is almost identical to the average for all oceans (Shearer, 1996). Although the absolute depths are dependent on the velocity model used in the estimate, the depth difference in the discontinuities is not sensitive to velocity structure. Our results suggest there are not unusually hot temperatures within the transition zone beneath the EPR relative to average ocean. This implies that deep upwelling beneath the ridge, if it exists, is passive.
THE QUANTITATIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STILBESTROL RESPONSE AND DIETARY “FOLIC ACID ” IN THE CHICK

“FOLIC ACID” one of the more recently identified factors of the B-complex, has been shown to be essential for normal growth and hemopoiesis in the chick (Stokstad, 1938 ) 1940; Hogan, 1940). We have previously reported that the oviducts of chicks which are deficient in this important dietary factor exhibit only a slight weight increase in response to stilbestrol as compared to the marked hypertrophy of the oviduct observed in control animal receiving “folic acid” (Hertz, 1944). We wish to report further studies indicating a direct quantitative relationship between the degree of oviduct response to stilbestrol and the dietary level of “folic acid.” In addition, we have observed that the oviduct response in chicks fed a commercial stock diet is substantially greater than that observed in chicks maintained on a purified diet containing adequate amounts of the known vitamins in pure form.
EXTRACORPOREAL PERFUSION OF THE ISOLATED HEAD OF A DOG.

CRITICAL evaluation of cerebral metabolism and intracranial fluid distribution necessitates complete isolation of the brain's blood supply; however, brain viability must be demonstrated and maintained for such studies to be meaningful. Most investigators1–3 have been unable to establish satisfactorily the viability or complete vascular isolation of the animal brain. Recently, White et al.4 described the isolation of the monkey brain by removal of all anatomical structures surrounding the brain except a small basal plate of bone and the central portion of the skull. In order to minimize handling of the brain substance, a factor which may disturb fluid distribution and cerebral metabolism, we have chosen to leave the brain within the skull during perfusion.
CO2 Laser Resurfacing: Recognizing and Minimizing Complications

The new generation of high-energy CO2 lasers is finding wide application in aesthetic plastic surgery. [1][1],[2][2] The vaporizational mode of these lasers is currently used to minimize wrinkles and tighten facial skin. We report our experience with complications in more than 1000 laser skin resurfacing procedures. [1]: #ref-1 [2]: #ref-2
843. MicroPET Imaging of HSV-TK Activity To Assess Cancer-Specific Gene Expression Targeted at the Level of Protein Translation Initiation

Current cancer gene therapies are hindered by poor gene delivery and lack of tumor specificity. In order to enhance tumor specificity, the therapeutic suicide gene HSV-1 thymidine kinase (TK) sequence was modified with a 5’ upstream-untranslated region (5’-UTR) from the rat bFGF mRNA. This modification restricts protein translation of the suicide gene and cytotoxicity to cancer cells previously shown to express high levels of the translation initiation factor eIF4E. MicroPET scans utilizing a MicroPET rodent four-ring system (modelR4) from CTI Concord Microsystems, LLC (Knoxville, TN) imaging the radiolabled HSV1-TK substrate 18F-penciclovir were used to test suicide gene delivery and selective expression in tumor cells with in vitro cell cultures and in vivo animal models. A non- lytic adenovirus vector containing the HSV1-TK gene (Ad-TK) or the HSV1-TK gene modified with a 5’-UTR (Ad-UTK) was used to deliver the suicide gene in both model systems. In vitro model studies compared TK expression from the two vectors in human breast epithelial cells MCF-10A, and MCF-10A cells stably transfected to express high levels of eIF4E (MCF-10A-4E). Administration of Ad-TK and Ad-UTK to non-tumor bearing nu/nu mice and nu/nu mice bearing human breast cancer tumors was used to compare in vivo expression of TK in non-tumor and tumor tissues, respectively. Analysis of emission data from these studies showed that Ad-TK administration resulted in broad expression of TK activity in normal and tumor tissues, whereas expression of suicide gene activity from Ad-UTK vector administration was restricted to the human breast epithelial cells expressing high levels of eIF4E (MCF-10A-4E) and the human breast cancer tumor tissues.
Steroid hormone modulation of olfactory processing in the context of socio-sexual behaviors in rodents and humans

Primer pheromones and other chemosensory cues are important factors governing social interactions and reproductive physiology in many species of mammals. Responses to these chemosignals can vary substantially within and between individuals. This variability can stem, at least in part, from the modulating effects steroid and non-steroid hormones exert on olfactory processing. Such modulation frequently augments or facilitates the effects that prevailing social and environmental conditions have on the reproductive axis. The mechanisms underlying the hormonal regulation of responses to chemosensory cues are diverse. They are in part behavioral, achieved through the modulation of chemoinvestigative behaviors, and in part a product of the modulation of the intrinsic responsiveness of the main and accessory olfactory systems to conspecific, as well as other classes, of chemosignals. The behavioral and non-behavioral effects complement one another to ensure that mating and other reproductive processes are confined to reproductively favorable conditions.
An integrated cost-performance model of research and development evaluation

Abstract This paper proposes an integrated model of R & D evaluation which links the cost of research with its various outputs, from proximal or immediate to the intermediate outputs in the client organizations of the R & D performer. This model differs from previous models in that it consolidates both cost and performance assessment. Indexes of cost-performance are constructed, for each category of output, and as a measure of productivity per scientist and engineer engaged in research. The indexes proposed in this model reflect the relative cost-effectiveness of the R & D activity throughout a substantial portion of the innovation process. As a comprehensive and integrated model, it transcends the limitations of immediate outputs utilized by other models. The model allows for comparisons, at the program, corporate and national levels, of the cost-performance of research. Some methodological and implementation problems are discussed.
The use of scintigraphic imaging as a tool in the development of liposome formulations.

Abstract Scintigraphic imaging is a valuable tool that can be used during the development of liposome-based therapeutic agents. It provides the ability to non-invasively track and quantitate the distribution of liposomes in the body. This review article provides a general overview of the methods involved in producing scintigraphic images as well as methods of radiolabeling liposomes. Liposomes labeled with technetium-99m (99mTc) are particularly useful for scintigraphic imaging due to the physical characteristics of 99mTc, which provides a high quality image. Examples of how scintigraphic imaging studies have contributed to the development of a variety of liposome-based formulations are covered in this article. These liposome formulations include long-circulating liposome-based oxygen carriers, liposome-based anti-cancer drugs, liposomes encapsulating antibiotics and anti-fungals, and liposomes targeted to lymph nodes. Studies using scintigraphic imaging for the investigation of immune responses to liposomes are also discussed. These examples demonstrate the usefulness of scintigraphic imaging for the development of novel liposome formulations.
Short- and long-term effects of furosemide on lung function in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Although furosemide improves lung mechanics in some infants with broncho-pulmonary dysplasia (BPD), this may not be important unless gas exchange also improves. To determine the relationship between improvement in mechanics and improvement in gas exchange, the short- and long-term effects of furosemide therapy were studied in 16 spontaneously breathing infants with severe BPD who were both oxygen dependent and hypercarbic (mean Pco 2 54±11 torr). Each infant was examined at least three times: before furosemide therapy, 1 hour after the first dose of furosemide, and after a 6- to 10-day course. Ten of the 16 infants were also examined three times during a 7-day control period. Transcutaneous Po 2 and Pco 2 , esophageal pressure, air flow, and tidal volume were measured. Pulmonary resistance, lung compliance, and the alveolar to skin Po 2 difference were calculated. After a single dose of furosemide, only compliance significantly improved. After prolonged therapy, compliance, resistance, and oxygenation significantly improved in the group as a whole, but better oxygenation was achieved in only six of 16 infants. tcPco 2 was unaffected by long-term furosemide therapy, but in all infants with decreased tcPco 2 1 hour after a single dose, there was sustained decrease in Pco 2 after prolonged therapy. Changes in gas exchange were not explained by changes in lung mechanics. These data indicate that long-term diuretic therapy can improve the mechanical properties of the lungs of spontaneously breathing infants with BPD, but that gas exchange is usually unaffected.
Signatures of aging silicate dust

A self-consistent explanation for the width, strength, and position of spectral features which may be diagnostic of the structure and composition of circumstellar and interstellar silicate grains is presented based on a long series of laboratory experiments using simple oxide analogs. The ratio of the integrated absorption strength of the grains near 10 μ to that near 20 μ is shown to decrease monotonically with increased processing (e.g., annealing/hydration) and this ratio may, therefore, be diagnostic of the relative age of the silicate. The oxidation state of iron in the grains is directly related to both the near-infrared grain opacity and enhanced absorption in the ultraviolet. The oxidation state of both iron and silicon is directly related to the rate of nucleation, growth, and processing in a circumstellar outflow, as well as to the processing history of the grain after it reaches the interstellar medium. Other diagnostic indicators of the average silicon oxidation state, degree of structural polymerization and dispersion in the average degree of structural polymerization are discussed.
The functioning and regulation of escrow accounts

About 40 million Americans have mortgages serviced by escrow accounts. Yet escrow accounts are rarely covered by an explicit agreement between borrower and lender and are often poorly understood. A...
Digging Deeper in the Coronal Graveyard: Postscript

An X-ray upper limit—from the ROSAT High Resolution Imager—is presented for Corvi (HD 105707), a K2 giant that lies in the "noncoronal" zone of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, but which previously was detected by the Hubble Space Telescope Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph in far-ultraviolet coronal proxies. The new measurement strengthens the anticorrelation between coronal X-rays and λ1380 carbon monoxide emission among the red giants.
Elemental abundances of the field horizontal-branch stars – II

Studies of one to three 55-A regions recently obtained with a CCD at the coude feed telescope of the Kitt Peak National Observatory are used to extend the fine analyses of the field horizontal-branch (FHB) A stars HD 86986 and 130095 and to begin those of HD 74721 and 117880. The spectra of the Population I B star τ Her and the FHB stars HD 109995 and 161817 show a 4 per cent systematic difference in equivalent widths compared to co-added spectra obtained at the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory. However, this difference is smaller than that previously found using another wavelength region
α-(2 → 3)- and α-(2 → 6)-Sialyltransferase activities present in three variants of Ehrlich tumor cells: identification of the products derived from N-acetyllactosamine and β-d-Gal-(1 → 3)-αd GalNAc-(1 → O)-Bn

Abstract We compared several sialyltransferase activities related to synthesis of O-linked and N-linked sialylglycoproteins in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells that grow normally in murine ascites, but are not adherent nor grow in tissue culture (na-EAT cells), with those in cells that were selected to grow in tissue culture and adhere to extracellular matrices (a-EAT cells). Crude Golgi preparations from both cell types contained predominantly β- d -Gal-(1 → 3)- d -GalNAc α-(2 → 3)-sialyltransferase activity. Sialylation of N -acetyllactosamine, lacto- N -tetraose, and benzyl α- d -Ga1NAc occurred at from 1 to 4% of that activity. Analysis, by ion-exchange HPLC at high pH, of sialylated N -acetyllactosamine showed that na-EAT cells sialylated β- d -Gal-(1 → 4)- d -GlcNAc mostly by α-(2 → 3)-sialyltransferase, whereas β- d -Gal-(1 → 4)- d -GlcNAc α-(2 → 6)-sialyltransferase activity was prominent in a-EAT cells. In addition, preparations from na-EAT cells formed significant quantities of an unknown tritiated product from CMP-[9- 3 H]sialic acid, suggesting at least one other difference in enzyme levels between the cell types. a-EAT cells reestablished in murine ascites for 11 passages retained the sialyltransferase levels characteristic of a-EAT cells. When viable cells were labeled with
“Supramolecular Circuitry”: Three Chemiluminescent, Cucurbit[7]uril-Controlled On/Off Switches

Three Cucurbit[7]uril-controlled chemiluminescent on/off switches based on the lucigenin motif have been synthesized. Light emission is triggered upon addition of sodium peroxide, interrupted or dimmed in the presence of Cucurbit[7]uril, and restored upon injection of a competitive guest. The process, which can be mimicked by a simple resistor-capacitor circuit, is rationalized by examining the role of the macrocyclic host on the network of equilibria involved in the chemiluminescent process.
Differential processing of the two prolactins of the tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) in relation to environmental salinity

Prolactin (PRL) is thought to play a significant role in the freshwater (FW) adaptation of euryhaline teleost fishes, including the tilapia, Orechromis mossambicus. Two PRLs (tPRL188 and tPRL177) have been characterized in the anteriormost portion of the tilapia pituitary, the rostral pars distalis (RPD; Specker et al., '85a,b; Yamaguchi et al., '88). Our studies were undertaken to determine whether the in vivo RPD content of tPRL188 and tPRL177 varied with environmental salinity. To this end, tilapia were reared from the period of yolk-sac absortion for 7 months or acclimated for 21 and 35 days in FW or seawater (SW). In a parallel study, we also examined whether the release of the 2 tilapia PRLs from the RPD of FW or SW tilapia might be differentially sensitive to changes in medium osmotic pressure during 18–20 hr incubations. In agreement with earlier work, we found that the smaller tPRL177 molecule was present in greater quantities in the RPD of FW tilapia compared to the content in RPD of SW fish. For the first time, we show here that the content of tPRL188, like that of tPRL177, is also significantly greater in the RPD of FW fish compared to the quantity in RPD of SW tilapia. Nevertheless, the relative content or ratio of the 2 PRLs in the pituitary was dependent on rearing salinity. Thus, the relative content or ratio of the larger tilapia PRL to smaller PRL (tPRL188/tPRL177) in the RPD of FW tilapia was significantly higher (1.5:1) than that seen in SW fish (0.75:1). This ratio was not altered after 18–20 hr in vitro incubations in hyposmotic or hyperosomtic medium, suggesting that the shift in ratios did not result from differential release by osmotic pressure. During 18–20 hr incubation in either hyposmotic or hyperosmotic medium, the RPD of FW tilapia released more of both forms of PRL than did the RPD of SW fish. Consistent with previous studies, reductions in medium osmotic pressure within the physiological range of the tilapia stimulated the release of botg tPRL188 and tPRL177 from RPD of FW fish over levels observed during exposure to hyperosmotic medium. We report here, for the first time, that the reduction of medium osmotic pressure also stimulates the release of both tPRL188 and tPRL177 from RPD of SW fish. Throughout the experiments we did not observe differences between the release of tPRL188 and tPRL177 under our incubation conditions. The transfer of FW-reared fish to SW and vice versa for 49 days altered the ratio of the 2 PRLs (tPRL188/tPRL177) to that observed in the RPD of SW-reared and FW-reared fish, respectively. Overall, our studies indicate that the processing of the 2 PRLs may be differentially sensitive to environmental salinity. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cellulose acetate ultrafiltration membranes

Twenty-three different casting solution compositions involving cellulose acetate E-938-3 (polymer, P), acetone (solvent, S), and aqueous magnesium perchlorate (Mg(ClO4)2:H2O = 1:8.5) (nonsolvent, N) were studied for making ultrafiltration membranes. These compositions (expressed in weight units) involved N/P ratios of 0.817 to 1.3 and S/P ratios of 3.5 to 5.33. It was found that by adjusting the values of S/P and N/P ratios in the casting solution composition, temperature of the casting solution, temperature of the casting atmosphere, and solvent evaporation period during film formation, a wide variety of cellulose acetate membranes useful for both ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis applications could be obtained. The results of a continuous test run at 50 psig for a period of 250 hr with a typical set of membranes, and their separation characterstics for a group of solutes ranging in molecular weight from 58 to 160,000, are presented.
Cation diffusion, semiconductivity and nonstoichiometry in (Co,Ni)O crystals*

Abstract The diffusivities of 60Co and 57Ni, and the electrical semiconductivity in (Co,Ni)O crystals have been determined as a function of temperature and composition in an air atmosphere. Both 60Co and 57Ni diffuse by a vacancy mechanism. Their diffusivities increase exponentially with an increase cation fraction of cobalt in the mixed oxides at a constant temperature. Using Manning's model of diffusion in a random alloy, the relative extent of off-stoichiometry and, therefore, the concentration of cation vacancies relative to NiO as a function of c in (CocNi1−c)O were evaluated from the diffusion data. The change in enthalpy of formation of a cation vacancy as a function of the cation composition in mixed oxides has also been deduced from the experimental results. From a comparison of the cation composition dependency characteristic of the electrical semiconductivity with that of the cation vacancy cocentration, it was deduced that the apparent number of effective negative charge on a cation vacancy varies almost linearly from two in NiO to almost unity in CoO. Interdiffusion experiments show that a net flow of cations in one direction in a CoO−NiO diffusion couple will produce a gradient in the oxygen activity that can alter the diffusion behavior of the sample.
EFFECTS OF ACETYLPHENYLHYDRAZINE ON ERYTHROCYTE METABOLISM.

Studies have been carried out to correlate oxidation of reduced glutathione and hemoglobin with changes in intracellular organic phosphates following in vitro incubation of erythrocytes with acetylphenylhydrazine. An 8-h incubation of erythrocytes with acetylphenylhydrazine caused a marked increase in the rate of conversion of adenine nucleotides to hypoxanthine. Possible mechanisms for the increased breakdown of adenine nucleotides of erythrocytes in the presence of acetylphenylhydrazine are discussed. In addition, anion exchange analyses of erythrocytes of subjects with various types of anemia indicated the presence of other abnormalities. Four subjects had high levels in erythrocytes of cytidine and deoxycytidine-containing nucleotides and three subjects had high levels of guanosine diphosphate mannose. Erythrocytes of four subjects had elevated levels of adenosine monophosphate, adenosine diphosphate and hexose diphosphate. The possible significance of these results is discussed.
Diagnostic and Management Approach to Common Sleep Disorders During Pregnancy

The significance for maternal and fetal health of gestational obstructive sleep apnea, primary insomnia, restless legs syndrome, and narcolepsy are summarized. The pathophysiology, signs, symptoms, and basic Sleep Medicine concepts that assist the obstetrician in suspecting these 4 conditions are described. Where appropriate, initial management options are also outlined. Referral guidelines to a Sleep Medicine specialist are included when further diagnostic, severity assessment, and management suggestions are needed.
Heterogeneous classifiers fusion for dynamic breast cancer diagnosis using weighted vote based ensemble

Ensemble classifiers provide an efficient method to deal with diverse set of applications in various domains. The proposed research signifies the effectiveness of ensemble classifier for computer-aided breast cancer diagnosis. A novel combination of five heterogeneous classifiers namely Naive Bayes, Decision tree using Gini index, Decision tree using information gain, Support vector machine and Memory based learner are used to make an ensemble framework. Weighted voting technique is used to determine the final prediction where weights are assigned on the basis of classification accuracy. Four different breast cancer datasets are used from online data repositories. Feature selection and various preprocessing techniques are applied on the datasets to enhance the classification accuracy. The analyses of experimental results show that the proposed ensemble technique provided a significant improvement as compared to other classifiers. The best accuracy achieved by proposed ensemble is 97.42 % whereas the best precision and recall is 100 and 98.60 % respectively.
An ab initio investigation of the effect of alloying elements on the elastic properties and magnetic behavior of Ni3Al

Abstract First principles density functional theory calculations were performed on pure and doped Ni 3 Al. The dopants investigated were Cr, Zr, La and Ce at concentrations of 3.13, 6.25 and 9.38 at.%, and B was considered at concentrations of 3.03, 5.88 and 8.57 at.%. The defect formation energies, doping site preferences, and elastic properties of pure and doped Ni 3 Al were determined and compared to published theoretical and experimental results. The magnetic properties of Ni 3 Al and, where appropriate, the dopants, were always taken into account, as the elastic constants predicted from spin-polarized and non-spin-polarized calculations were significantly different. The results were successfully correlated to the electronic structure through the electronic density using Miedema’s established model (Miedema et al., 1973). The calculations revealed that Cr doping increases the bulk modulus of Ni 3 Al and that all the other dopants considered decrease it.
Optimising the Drilling and Etch‐back Parameters in Flexible Multilayer Manufacture

For the drilling of polyimide multilayers with acrylic adhesives, more care must be taken than for epoxy glass material. Due to the different mechanical properties in the multilayer ‘sandwich’ of the polyimide and the acrylic adhesive layers, the drilling parameters require a higher level of control. To avoid defects in the hole, such as nail heading of the polyimide or an uncontrolled ‘rip‐out’ of the acrylic adhesive, the relation between the cutting speed of the drill and the feed needs to be adjusted for each drill diameter. The following guidelines are valid: Wider drill diameters require a lower rotational speed and a lower feed to avoid deformation of the polyimide in the hole. Smaller drill diameters need high rotational speeds and a higher feed to minimise smear. In general, the drilling performance of wider drills is better than that of smaller drills. In all cases, it was impossible to prevent smear of the acrylic adhesive in the multilayer holes. The only reliable method for removing acrylic smear is by plasma etching. The minimum etch‐back required for acrylic adhesive was found to be ≥6 µm, which would be equivalent to an etch‐back of only 2 µm of the polyimide film. To achieve the etch‐back rate, the time in the plasma chamber should be between 20 and 30 minutes at 90–110°C. After the etch‐back, a high pressure water rinse is needed to remove some residues in the hole prior to through‐plating.
The effect of extent of resection on recurrence in patients with low grade cerebral hemisphere gliomas

Background. To evaluate the role of radical resection for low grade cerebral hemisphere gliomas, the authors analyzed the preoperative and postoperative radiographic tumor volumes (computed tomography hypodensity, magnetic resonance imaging-T2 signal hyperintensity) in 53 patients. Methods. Using a previously described method of computerized image analysis, the authors evaluated whether the percent of resection and volume of residual disease, postoperatively, influenced the incidence of recurrence, time to tumor progression, and histology of the recurrent tumor. Survival was not analyzed in this study. Results. No recurrence was detected, regardless of percent of resection and volume of residual disease, in patients with preoperative tumor volumes less than 10 cm3 (mean follow-up, 41.7 months). Patients with tumors measuring 10-30 cm3 had an incidence of recurrence and time to tumor progression of 13.6% and 58 months, respectively, compared with tumors measuring greater than 30 cm3, which had an incidence of recurrence and time to tumor progression of 41.2% and 30 months, respectively (P = 0.016). All patients (n = 13) who underwent a 100% resection had a recurrence-free follow-up period (mean, 54 months). In the remaining patients (n = 40), as the percent of resection decreased, the incidence of recurrence increased along with a shorter time to tumor progression (P = 0.03). Patients with a volume of residual disease of greater than 10 cm3 had a higher incidence of recurrence (46.2%) and a shorter time to tumor progression (30 months) compared with patients with a tumor volume of residual disease of less than 10 cm3 (incidence of recurrence, 14.8% and time to tumor progression, 50 months) (P = 0.002). Forty-six percent of patients with a tumor volume of residual disease of more than 10 cm3 had a recurrence of higher histologic grade, and this was significantly more frequent than patients with a volume of residual disease less than 10 cm3 (3.7%) (P = 0.0009). Age, radiotherapy, and histologic subtype had no influence on recurrence patterns. Conclusion. For tumors greater than 10 cm3, the authors' data suggest that a greater percent of resection and a smaller volume of residual disease conveys a significant advantage, that is, terms of incidence of recurrence and the recurrent tumor phenotype, for patients with low grade cerebral hemisphere gliomas, compared with those who have a less aggressive resection or biopsy. While this may also be the case with tumors less than 10 cm3, further follow-up is necessary to determine the effect of surgery on recurrence patterns for this subset of patients.
Advances in Prenatal Genetic Testing: Current Options, Benefits, and Limitations

Abstract Options in prenatal testing continue to expand as technology advances. These options allow for clarification of many diagnoses, which can assist in prenatal planning from medical and family perspectives. They can provide additional information to families before the birth of their child regarding diagnosis, underlying etiology, treatment options, short-term outcomes, and long-term outcomes. Our objective was to provide an overview of the available prenatal testing options while outlining the strengths and limitations of these options. In addition, we describe the additional testing that may be recommended in the neonatal period for further clarification of prenatal testing and diagnoses.
Computed tomographic appearance of canine thyroid tumours

OBJECTIVES To describe the computed tomography features of canine thyroid tumours. METHODS Retrospective study of records of dogs with a thyroid tumour and neck computed tomography. Neck computed tomographies were evaluated for tumour characteristics. Thoracic radiographs and computed tomographies were evaluated for lung nodules. RESULTS Of 19 identified cases, 17 were carcinomas and 2 were adenomas; 12 had mineralisation, 16 had heterogeneous attenuation and 16 were unilateral. Tumours were located from the temporomandibular joint to C5. Sixteen had well-defined margins postcontrast. Tumours were ovoid and mean volume was 57·4 cm3. By computed tomography, eight had definitive or possible invasion into surrounding structures; all eight were histopathologically invasive carcinomas. Five histopathologically non-invasive tumours and two adenomas had no computed tomography invasion into surrounding structures. Four had complete palpable mobility (two adenomas and two histopathologically invasive carcinomas); one had computed tomography evidence of possible invasion. The sensitivity of palpable mass mobility to determine histopathological invasion was 71% with 0% specificity. The sensitivity of computed tomography invasion to determine histopathological invasion was 70% with 100% specificity. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Computed tomography scans revealed several common features. Palpable mass mobility was not definitive for lack of histopathological invasion. Computed tomography invasion was specific but not very sensitive for histopathological invasion.
An Inverse Technique for Obtaining Geostrophic Ocean Currents Independent of Reference Level

Abstract Wunsch (1977, 1978) has recently applied a discrete form of geophysical inverse theory to the determination of ocean circulation. He estimates the total current by adding a given baroclinic current to a smoothed barotropic current found by conserving mass. The result is, however, fairly strongly dependent on the choice of the reference level used to calculate the baroclinic velocity. In a linear problem such as this, one expects the result to be independent of any starting point. Indeed, Wunsch (1978) gives a procedure which provides a unique answer—he smooths the baroclinic velocity by the same function used to smooth the barotropic. I show that this procedure is a special case of one derivable from a continuous formulation of inverse theory, and that the continuous formulation affords insights not obtainable from the discrete one.
Physiological Responses of Lactating Dairy Cattle to Pelleted Corn and Oats

Summary The physiological effects of feeding pelleted corn and oats at 19.75, 35, and 49% of the total ration of dairy cows was investigated. Molar ratios of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in rumen fluid were affected significantly by feeding rations containing 35 and 49% of pelleted corn or oats but not by rations containing 19.75% of these pelleted grains. Milk fat per cent and energy per pound of milk was depressed by 35 and 49% pelleted corn rations but not by the 19.75% pelleted corn or by any of the pelleted oat rations. The relationship between rumen VFA ratios and milk fat are discussed in the light of current knowledge.
SU-E-T-417: A Method for Predicting and Correcting the Dosimetric Effect of a Radiotherapy Treatment Couch in Actual Treatment Position

Purpose: Although radiation attenuation by the treatment couch can be included in the calculation of radiotherapy dose, difference between planned and actual treatment couch positions can generate significant dose discrepancies. We propose a method to predict and correct the dosimetric effect of the couch in actual treatment position. Methods: The couch transmission factor, T, varies with beam angle, G, couch lateral position, x, and vertical position, y, i.e., T=T(x,y,G). If T(x,y,G) is known for a fixed couch vertical position y=h, the transmission of central-axis beam (CAX) T(x,y,G) can be obtained by T(x,y,G)=T(x+,h,G), where x+=x-(y-h)tan(G) and G is the angle between the beam and the vertical axis. Similarly, the transmission of any off-CAX point can be obtained using a similar formula. We measured CAX couch transmission at a fixed couch vertical position over the couch lateral motion range for all gantry angles by continuously scanning rotating arc beams. A 2D couch transmission correction matrix can thus be generated from T(x,h,G) for each treatment field for the actual couch position. By applying the transmission correction matrix to the planned field dose, the couch effect can be predicted and corrected. To verify this method, we measured couch transmission T(x, y=10cm, G=225°)(225°=IEC 135°) and compared to that obtained from equivalent T(x+, y=3cm, G=225°) over the range of lateral motion with a step size of 2 cm . Results: The measured couch transmission factors T(x, y=10cm, G=225°) are in excellent agreement with those obtained from the equivalent T(x+, y=3cm, G=225°). The mean difference is 0.00406±0.00135. Conclusion: The couch transmission correction matrix for any couch position and beam angle can be obtained from one set of scanning measurements at a fixed couch vertical position. The dosimetric effect of the treatment couch can be predicted and corrected by applying the couch transmission correction to the planned dose.