cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Wideband, Scanning Array of Four-Arm Spiral Elements for Simultaneous Transmit and Receive

Simultaneous transmit and receive (STAR) is attractive because it doubles spectral efficiency and alleviates radio frequency spectrum congestion. As expected, a major challenge in STAR is the high power leakage from the transmitter to the receiver, which dramatically reduces a receiver's dynamic range and then leads to desensitization. Therefore, it is paramount to ensure high transmit/receive (Tx/Rx) isolation. In this letter, we present a wideband STAR antenna array operating across 1.6–3.28 GHz (1 octave bandwidth), with a large transmit-to-receive isolation of 35 dB across the entire bandwidth. This is the first wideband and low, profile (λ/16 at the lowest frequency) STAR array retaining strong isolation when scanning down to 30° from broadside. The array elements are four-arm spirals, where two arms are for transmit and the other two for receive. To ensure high Tx/Rx isolation, symmetry is maintained everywhere in the structure, spiral arms, baluns, and feeds. The element spacing is kept at λ/2 at the highest frequency to avoid grating lobes. A 5 × 5 array prototype was built and tested to validate the design. Measurements show an excellent agreement with simulations.
The Data Science Fire Next Time: Innovative strategies for mentoring in data science

As data mining research and applications continue to expand in to a variety of fields such as medicine, finance, security, etc., the need for talented and diverse individuals is clearly felt. This is particularly the case as Big Data initiatives have taken off in the federal, private and academic sectors, providing a wealth of opportunities, nationally and internationally. The Broadening Participation in Data Mining (BPDM) workshop was created more than 7 years ago with the goal of fostering mentorship, guidance, and connections for minority and underrepresented groups in the data science and machine learning community, while also enriching technical aptitude and exposure for a group of talented students. To date it has impacted the lives of more than 330 underrepresented trainees in data science. We provide a venue to connect talented students with innovative researchers in industry, academia, professional societies, and government. Our mission is to facilitate meaningful, lasting relationships between BPDM participants to ultimately increase diversity in data mining. This most recent workshop took place at Howard University in Washington, DC in February 2019. Here we report on the mentoring strategies that we undertook at the 2019 BPDM and how those were received.
Successfully transfected primary peripherally mobilized human CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) demonstrate increased susceptibility to retroviral infection.

Transfection, the process of introducing purified nucleic acids into cells, and viral transduction, viral-mediated nucleic acid transfer, are two commonly utilized techniques for gene delivery in the research setting. Transfection allows purified nucleic acid to be introduced into target cells through chemical-based techniques, nonchemical methods or particle-based methods, while viral transduction employs genomes or vectors based on adenoviruses, retroviruses (e.g. lentiviruses), adeno-associated viruses, or hybrid viruses. Transfected DNAs are often tested for potential effects on subsequent transduction, but it is not clear whether transfection itself rather than the particular nucleic acid being introduced might impact subsequent viral transfection. We observed a significant association between successfully transfected mobilized peripheral blood CD34+ human stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and permissiveness to subsequent lentiviral transduction, which was not evident in other cells such as 293 T cells and Jurkat cells. This association, apparently specific to CD34+ human stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), is critical to both research and clinical applications as these cells are a frequent target of transfection and viral transduction owing to the durable nature of these cells in living systems. This finding may also present a significant opportunity to enhance the success of viral transduction for clinical applications.
Glucose and the brain: A new target in diabetes

Central insulin-independent modulation of KATP channels by hyperglycemia decreases glucose production by the liver.
Outcomes of tranexamic acid administration in military trauma patients with intracranial hemorrhage: a cohort study

Tranexamic acid (TXA) may be a useful adjunct for military patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). These patients are often treated in austere settings without immediate access to neurosurgical intervention. The purpose of this study was to evaluate any association between TXA use and progression of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), neurologic outcomes, and venous thromboembolism (VTE) in TBI. This was a retrospective cohort study of military casualties from October 2010 to December 2015 who were transferred to a military treatment facility (MTF) in the United States. Data collected included: demographics, types of injuries, initial and interval head computerized tomography (CT) scans, Glasgow Coma Scores (GCS), and six-month Glasgow Outcome Scores (GOS). Results were stratified based on TXA administration, progression of ICH, and VTE. Of the 687 active duty service members reviewed, 71 patients had ICH (10.3%). Most casualties were injured in a blast (80.3%), with 36 patients (50.7%) sustaining a penetrating TBI. Mean ISS was 28.2 ± 12.3. Nine patients (12.7%) received a massive transfusion within 24 h of injury, and TXA was administered to 14 (19.7%) casualties. Patients that received TXA had lower initial reported GCS (9.2 ± 4.4 vs. 12.5 ± 3.4, p = 0.003), similar discharge GCS (13.3 ± 4.0 vs. 13.8 ± 3.2, p = 0.58), and a larger improvement between initial and discharge GCS (3.7 ± 3.9 vs. 1.3 ± 3.1, p = 0.02). However, there was no difference in mortality (7.1% vs. 7.0%, p = 1.00), progression of ICH (45.5% vs. 14.7%, p = 0.09), frequency of cranial decompression (50.0% vs. 42.1%, p = 0.76), or mean GOS (3.5 ± 0.9 vs. 3.8 ± 1.0, p = 0.13). Patients administered TXA had a higher rate of VTE (35.7% vs. 7.0%, p = 0.01). On multivariate analysis, however, TXA was not independently associated with VTE. Patients that received TXA were associated with an improvement in GCS but not in progression of ICH or GOS. TXA was not independently associated with VTE, although this may be related to a paucity of patients receiving TXA. Decisions about TXA administration in military casualties with ICH should be considered in the context of the availability of neurosurgical intervention as well as severity of extracranial injuries and need for massive transfusion.
Isolation and identification of a strain of herpes simplex virus type 2 in Hangzhou city

Objective To develop a method of detecting the herpes simplex vires(HSV)genotype in clinical samples and isolate a strain of HSV-2 from the blister fluid in lesional skin of patients with genitalis herpes.Method Swab samples were collected from genital lesions of a genital hevpes patient and placed in transport media.Samples were inoculated Vero-E6 cells.After the appearance of the cytotoxicity,the infection mixtures were collected,and subjected to genomic DNA extraction.Based on the type-specific PCR,the genotype was detected.Results The isolated virus strain made the typical cytopathologic in Vero-E6 cells,and the cytopathologic cells contracted roundly andmerged.The agar gel electrophoresis assay showed that a DNA fragment of about 183 bp was successfully amplified,which matched with the length of expected specific segment of HSV-2.The sequence was compared with other known sequences,in Genebank by using BLAST.The results showed that the hornology was 100% with HSV-2.Conclusions This study showsthat a strain of HSV-2 could be successfully isolated based on virus isolation test and type-specific PCR assay. Key words: Herpes,genitalis; Herpesvirus 2,human; Isolation
Histiocytic Lesions of the Lung

Histiocytic disorders of the lung cover a wide range of conditions that can involve the lung in isolation or as part of a systemic process. These diseases are caused by proliferative abnormalities of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system and their principal cell, the histiocyte. Histiocytes comprise a group of immune cells, including antigen-processing macrophages and antigen-presenting dendritic cells (Favara et al., Med Pediatr Oncol 29:157–166, 1997; McClain et al., Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 283–296, 2004; Wang et al., Semin Diagn Pathol 24: 162–182, 2007). Histiocytic disorders, both benign and malignant, are relatively rare in the bronchopulmonary system and can cause a spectrum of conditions with clinical behavior ranging from spontaneous regression to life-threatening syndromes. Some of these disorders present as primary lesions and are of unknown etiology, while others are the result of a histiocytic response to a known cause.
Marrow-derived stromal cells for cardiac regeneration

Abstract The ability of stem cell therapy to promote cardiac repair, albeit incomplete, represents a paradigm shift from current pharmacologic therapies that simply manage heart disease. However, choosing the right cell type has been a challenge. Bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (BMMNCs), have been frequently administered in clinical trials. The cells are safe but not always efficacious. Pre-clinical and clinical studies using mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSCs), a cell type that comprises
Psychotropic medications use and side effects of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities.

Background Many people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) are treated with psychotropic medications, and polypharmacy is common. Although few studies address psychotropic side effects in the population, people with IDD have been found more likely to experience side effects than others who do not have IDD. Because many individuals with IDD may not report side effects reliably, there is risk that side effects may be missed. Methods Psychotropic use and side effects of 71 adults with IDD admitted for a 30-day crisis stay to a Systemic, Therapeutic, Assessment, Resources, and Treatment (START) Resource Center were reviewed. START is a specialised behavioural health outreach, training and crisis programme for individuals with IDD. During crisis stays, centre nurses administer the Matson Evaluation of Drug Side Effects screen, a psychometrically established psychotropic medication side effects screen developed for use with people with IDD. Data reviewed were de-identified data used to inform day-to-day practices and assess outcomes for individuals START served. Results The average age was 28 years, and 56% of the sample was male. All individuals were taking at least one psychotropic, while 79% were taking three or more. The average number of psychotropics used was 3.94. Antipsychotics were the most commonly prescribed medications taken by 85% of the sample; 49% of whom were not reported to have psychosis. Although the overall number of psychotropics did not correlate with Matson Evaluation of Drug Side Effects scores, the average scale scores for all participants was high in contrast to prior studies of people with IDD not taking psychotropics, with central nervous system side effects being the most commonly reported. Conclusion In the present study, data for individuals experiencing a crisis were reviewed and indicated high rates of psychotropic polypharmacy and side effects rates higher than previously reported for people with IDD not taking psychotropics. Prospective study in larger samples is needed to determine if missed or under-appreciated psychotropic side effects may play a role in behavioural health challenges of some people with IDD.
Transcript-specific determinants of pre-mRNA splicing revealed through in vivo kinetic analyses of the 1st and 2nd chemical steps

Understanding how the spliceosome processes its composite of substrates through the two chemical steps required for mRNA production will be essential to deciphering splicing regulation and mis-regulation. Here we measure the in vivo rates of these steps across the genome by coupling metabolic RNA labeling, targeted sequencing, and first order kinetic modeling. We reveal a wide variety of rates by which introns are removed, that splice site sequences are primary determinants of 1st step rates, and that the 2nd step is generally faster than the 1st step. We show that ribosomal protein genes (RPGs) are spliced faster than non-RPGs at each step, and that RPGs share evolutionarily conserved cis-features which facilitate their splicing. A genetic variant defective at the 1st step shows the expected defect in the 1st step, but an unexpected change in the 2nd step which suggests how co-transcriptional splicing functions as an important determinant of splicing rates.
The strategic impact of voluntary vs. mandated vertical restraints and termination restrictions on exclusion of rivals

It has been shown that manufacturers can employ vertical practices and restraints to prevent entry in markets where upstream entrants require downstream accommodation. I show that if downstream product investment is important and encouraged by the restraint, foreclosing entry this way may not be credible. Additionally, publicly mandated vertical restraints and termination restrictions could prevent foreclosure, but if these restrictions reduce downstream product investment, they could have the opposite effect and decrease entry.
COVID-19 and Post-intensive Care Syndrome: Community-Based Care for ICU Survivors

Survivors of critical illness, including those with COVID-19, are likely to experience post-intensive care syndrome (PICS). PICS involves a constellation of physical, cognitive, and mental health p...
Discrepancies between F-18-FDG PET/CT findings and conventional imaging in Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

Background Accurate risk stratification of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is essential as management can range from conservative in single system, low risk for central nervous system (CNS) involvement lesions to intensive chemotherapy for multisystem or high-risk disease. Additionally, being able to differentiate metabolically active from inactive lesions is essential for both prognostic reasons and to avoid potentially unnecessary treatment. Methods A retrospective review was performed on all patients with histopathology-confirmed LCH at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC) between 2009 and 2019. Results One hundred seven positron emission tomography (PET)/computerized tomography (CT) images were included in the review. A discrepancy between PET/CT and conventional imaging occurred on 53 occasions. On 13 occasions, increased uptake was observed on PET in an area with no identifiable lesion on conventional imaging. On 40 occasions, lesions were found on conventional imaging where no increased uptake was observed on PET. On eight skeletal surveys, three other radiographs, four diagnostic CTs, five localization CTs, and one bone scan, no lesion was identified in an area with increased fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake. This occurred exclusively in bone. On nine skeletal surveys, one other radiograph, four diagnostic CTs, six localization CTs, 19 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, and one bone scan, a lesion was identified in a location without increased FDG uptake. This occurred in bone, CNS, and lungs. Conclusion F-18-FDG PET/CT is vital in the evaluation of LCH lesions given its ability to detect LCH lesions not detectable on conventional imaging modalities, as well as its ability to distinguish metabolically active from inactive disease. MRI and diagnostic CT are still useful adjunctive tests for identification of CNS and lung lesions.
Analyzing Social Distancing and Seasonality of COVID-19 with Mean Field Evolutionary Dynamics

The outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic since the end of 2019 has been declared as a world health emergency by the World Health organization, which raised the importance of an accurate mathematical epidemiological dynamic model to predict the evolution of COVID-19. Replicator dynamics (RDs) are exclusively applied to many epidemic models, but they fail to satisfy the Nash stationarity and can only describe a unidirectional population flow between different states. In this paper, we proposed mean field evolutionary dynamics (MFEDs), inspired by the optimal transport theory and mean field games on graphs, to model epidemic dynamics. We compare the MFEDs with RDs theoretically. In particular, we also show the efficiency of MFEDs by modeling the evolution of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Furthermore, we analyze the effect of one-time social distancing as well as the seasonality of COVID-19 through the post-pandemic period.
Triploid watermelon response to flumioxazin

Field trials were conducted in 2016 and 2017 at the Southwest Purdue Agricultural Center in Vincennes, IN, to determine the tolerance of plasticulture-grown ‘Fascination’ triploid watermelon to flumioxazin. Treatments were applied after plastic was laid, but 1 d prior to transplanting, and consisted of row middle applications of clomazone (210 g ai ha−1) plus ethafluralin (672 g ai ha−1), flumioxazin (107 g ai ha−1), and flumioxazin (88 g ha−1) plus pyroxasulfone (112 g ai ha−1); a broadcast application of flumioxazin (107 g ha−1); and a nontreated check. The broadcast application of flumioxazin reduced watermelon vine length and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values compared with values for the nontreated check. All other herbicide treatments had vine length and NDVI values similar to those of the nontreated check. At 25/26 d after transplanting (DAP), weedy ground cover in row middles of the nontreated check was 39% and 14% in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Weedy ground cover in herbicide-containing treatments was significantly less, at ≤7% and ≤5% in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Marketable watermelon yield of the nontreated check was 77,931 kg and 11,115 fruits ha−1. The broadcast application of flumioxazin resulted in reduced marketable yield (64,894 kg ha−1) and fewer fruit (9,550 ha−1).
Serine Starvation Silences Estrogen Receptor Signaling through Histone Hypoacetylation

ABSTRACT Estrogen receptor (ER) plays important roles in regulating normal development and female reproductive system function. Loss of ER pathway activity is a hallmark of breast cancer progression, associated with accelerated tumor proliferation and resistance to endocrine therapy. How ER loss occurs remains poorly understood. Here, we show that serine starvation, a metabolic stress often found in solid tumors, downregulates estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) expression, represses transcriptional targets such as progesterone receptor (PR), and reduces sensitivity to antiestrogens, suggesting a transition of ER-positive (ER+) breast cancer cells to an ER/PR-negative (ER-/PR-) state. ER downregulation under serine starvation is accompanied by a global loss of histone acetylation. These chromatin changes are driven by metabolic reprogramming triggered by serine starvation, particularly lower glucose flux through glycolysis and the TCA cycle, leading to reduced acetyl-CoA levels and histone hypoacetylation. Supplementation with acetate or glycerol triacetate (GTA), precursors of acetyl-CoA, restores H3K27 acetylation and ERα expression under serine starvation. Therefore, a major consequence of serine starvation in breast cancer could be global chromatin changes that influence lineage-specific gene expression.
Lysosomes dock to omegasomes and ER-connected Phagophores During DNAJB12 and GABARAP-Dependent Selective-Autophagy of Misfolded P23H-Rhodopsin

We report on how the ER-associated-autophagy pathway (ERAA) delivers P23H-rhodopsin (P23H-R) to the lysosome. P23H-R accumulates in an ERAD-resistant conformation that is stabilized by DNAJB12 and Hsp70. P23H-R, DNAJB12, and FIP200 co-localize in discrete foci that punctuate the rim of omegasome rings coated by WIPI1. P23H-R tubules thread through the wall of WIPI1 rings into their central cavity. Transfer of P23H-R from ER-connected phagophores to lysosomes requires GABARAP, and is associated with the transient docking of lysosomes to WIPI1 rings. Instances of lysosomes docking to WIPI1 foci are constitutive, and increase 250% upon P23H-R expression. After departure from WIPI1 rings, new patches of P23H-R are seen in the membranes of lysosomes. The absence of GABARAP prevents transfer of P23H-R from phagophores to lysosomes without interfering with docking. These data identify lysosome docking to omegasomes as an important step in the DNAJB12 and GABARAP-dependent autophagic disposal of dominantly toxic P23H-R.
Thermodynamics with Chemical Engineering Applications

Master the principles of thermodynamics with this comprehensive undergraduate textbook, carefully developed to provide students of chemical engineering and chemistry with a deep and intuitive understanding of the practical applications of these fundamental ideas and principles. Logical and lucid explanations introduce core thermodynamic concepts in the context of their measurement and experimental origin, giving students a thorough understanding of how theoretical concepts apply to practical situations. A broad range of real-world applications relate key topics to contemporary issues, such as energy efficiency, environmental engineering and climate change, and further reinforce students' understanding of the core material. This is a carefully organized, highly pedagogical treatment, including over 500 open-ended study questions for discussion, over 150 varied homework problems, clear and objective standards for measuring student progress, and a password-protected solution manual for instructors.
Opioid use patterns and association with pain severity and mental health functioning in chronic pain patients.

Objective. The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between patterns of opioid use, pain severity, and pain-related mental health in chronic pain patients prescribed opioids. Design. The study was designed as a one-time patient interview with structured pain and opioid use assessments. Setting. The study was set in a tertiary care medical center in the United States Department of Veterans Affairs. Patients. Study participants were primary care patients with a pain condition for greater than 6 months who received at least one prescription for an opioid in the prior 12 months. Outcome Measures. The Prescription Drug Use Questionnaire was used to assess patterns of opioid use. The Pain Outcomes Questionnaire was used to assess pain-related functioning. Results. Symptomatic use of opioid medication (e.g., taking an opioid in response to increased pain) was more common than scheduled (i.e., taking an opioid at regular times) or strategic use of opioid medication (e.g., taking an opioid specifically to engage in activities). Symptomatic use of opioids was associated with poorer pain-related mental health, after controlling for pain duration and pain-related physical functioning. Use of opioids in a scheduled pattern was associated with better pain-related mental health. Patients rarely reported that they used opioids strategically to facilitate functional activities. Conclusions. The patterns in which patients use their opioid medications are associated with their psychological functioning. This is consistent with theory regarding the potential impact of reinforcing effects of opioid medication on functional outcomes. Interventions to encourage strategic or scheduled opioid use warrant investigation as methods to improve pain outcomes with opioids.
ATB Simulation of Hybrid 111 Dummy in Sled Tests

A study was conducted to validate the mechanical properties of the Hybrid III dummy measured by Armstrong Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory (AAMRL). The validation was performed by computing dummy response, using the Articulated Total Body (ATB) computer program and comparing the computed response with those obtained from sled tests. Two simulations were performed in this study. The first one was used to calibrate the model; it served as a basis for comparing various response components. Necessary adjustments in the input parameters were made until good agreements were achieved between the computed and the test results. The final model thus obtained was then used to predict the response of the second sled test without changing any of the model parameters; this prediction was used to check the validity of the model. The results of the study indicate the need for re- evaluations of the AAMRL measured stiffnesses of the neck, torso, and knee joints. For the covering abstract see IRRD 864472.
Ctenophora (Sea Walnuts and Comb Jellies)

The Ctenophora are a small group of marine invertebrates most of whom have eight longitudinal rows of fused macrocilia, called comb rows, which they use to propel themselves through the water. Keywords: invertebrates; zooplankton; coelenterata; morphology; systematics
On Small Shifts in Quality Control

The Shewhart Xbar chart is effective in detecting large shifts in a process but unable to find moderate shifts. We show that this blind spot allows shifts smaller than one standard deviation to continue undetected for long periods, thereby incurring much larger total costs than do rapidly detected large shifts. Augmenting the Shewhart chart with a cumulative sum chart largely plugs this gap, leading to much more effective process monitoring.
A Clash between Cultures: An Approach To Reducing Cultural Hostility in a Homogeneous Classroom.

Abstract Understanding cultures, ours and others, can make for better managers. Employees, customers, investors, suppliers, and other stakeholders are increasingly becoming members of other cultures. Therefore students as future managers need to learn how to understand their own and other cultures and learn about cross-cultural attitudes and relationships if they hope to get effective results out of mixed-culture stakeholders such as these. Improved ways of teaching an awareness of cultural differences are crucial to the development of effective managers and one such procedure begun by Hunt and Allen (1992) provided the basis for our study. Like Hunt and Allen (1992) we continue to focus on the reduction of student cultural hostility; however, we also include improvements to their design of a structured learning experience. A continued theme is one of how cultural awareness could be hampered where critical events between two nations have contributed to building mistrust and cultural hostility. Samuel Hunt...
In Brief: New faults mapped after the April 2010 Baja California earthquake

[1] High-resolution remote imaging of ground deformation after an earthquake that occurred in Baja California on 4 April 2010 is providing researchers with new information about the complex fault structure in the region and could help improve hazard assessment for southern California. The magnitude 7.2 El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake on 4 April 2010, the region's largest quake in more than a century, occurred along the border of the Pacific and North American tectonic plates, near the border between California and Mexico. The epicenter was located in Mexicali Valley, Baja California. Aftershocks, many of which were felt in the United States, extended to the southeast and northwest.
Histories, Theories, Criticism

The story of photography's past is usually characterized now in terms of histories, and no serious student or scholar of the medium would assume that one single account could pass as an exhaustive reference for such a pervasive phenomenon in modern culture. Neither would one consider without suspicion the argument that a single line of thinking about the meaning of photographic images might somehow comprise the essential properties of their form and significance. The modernist rhetoric of essential meanings and overarching narratives, so crucial for the historical and critical interpretation of the past two centuries until the 1960s, has given way to a more varied cultural discourse, which has fostered contemporary awareness of formerly undisclosed social functions and meanings of visual culture, photography included. This essay will thus first highlight select events, movements, written accounts, and compilations of work, especially with respect to the emergence of a modernist historical and theoretical casting of 20th century photographic image production and reception. It will then take up developments in the later part of the century that led to the expansion in the literature of photography to include a broader regard for its social and theoretical meanings. This essay will not concern itself with the impact of photography on artists who worked in other media (see Photography, Fine Art Photography and the Visual Arts, 1900–2001). With the exception of some concluding remarks, it also will not engage the complications of digital image making, such as the further challenge to photography's believability or whether the digital really constitutes “photography” as conventionally conceived by the modernist position.
Neurodevelopmental outcome after neonatal perforator stroke

AIM: To assess outcome after neonatal perforator stroke in the largest cohort to date. METHOD: Survivors from a cohort of children diagnosed with neonatal perforator stroke using cranial ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging were eligible for inclusion. Recovery and Recurrence Questionnaire score, presence of cerebral palsy (CP), and crude outcome were assessed, specifically (1) the ability to walk independently, (2) participation in regular education, and (3) the presence of epilepsy. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients (20 males, 17 females) aged 3 to 14 years (mean age 8y) were included in the study: 14 with isolated single perforator stroke, four with multiple isolated perforator strokes, and 19 with additional brain injury. Out of 18 children with isolated perforator stroke(s), four had CP, one could not walk independently, and one developed epilepsy. The posterior limb of the internal capsule was involved in four out of 18 patients; three of these patients had CP. Of 19 children with additional brain injury, 11 had CP and three were not able to walk independently. Three out of nine children with concomitant cortical middle cerebral artery stroke developed epilepsy. INTERPRETATION: Perforator stroke patterns can be of use in predicting long-term outcome and for guiding counselling and surveillance. Motor outcome was favourable in children with isolated perforator stroke(s), except when the posterior limb of the internal capsule was involved.
Melt depletion and subsequent metasomatism in the shallow mantle beneath Koolau volcano, Oahu (Hawaii)

Xenoliths from Pali (Oahu, Hawaii) include samples of the mantle lithosphere underlying Koolau shield volcano. Most such xenoliths are spinel peridotites, the remainder being plagioclase-spinel peridotites, and garnet-free pyroxenites. Clinopyroxene separates from Pali peridotite xenoliths have relatively depleted 87Sr/86Sr (0.70309–0.70346) and 143Nd/144Nd (0.512967–0.513206). The mantle lithosphere beneath the Koolau volcano has a range of present-day epsilonNd = 6.9–11. On a 143Nd/144Nd versus 147Sm/144Nd diagram, they define a 61 ± 20 Ma errorchron, within error of the estimated age of ~80–85 Ma of the Pacific lithosphere at Oahu, and an intercept of epsilonNd = 6.8. We interpret the Pali spinel peridotites as samples of the Pacific lithosphere residual to melt extraction of the Pacific crust. These rocks were not metasomatized by melts having isotopic composition similar to the shield-building Koolau volcano, but they could have been metasomatized by melts related to the Honolulu Volcanic Series. Plagioclase mineral separates from two peridotites are in 87Sr/86Sr isotopic disequilibrium with coexisting clinopyroxenes. The plagioclases are light rare earth element depleted and have “enriched” 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.70436 and 0.70443). The delta18O of olivine (5.09–5.12‰) and clinopyroxene (5.32–5.33‰) from spinel peridotites are typical for oceanic upper mantle rocks. In contrast, delta18O of olivine, pyroxene, and plagioclase in plagioclase-bearing peridotites are enriched by ~0.5‰ relative to the spinel peridotites (e.g., delta18O ratios of olivines from plagioclase peridotites are 5.4–5.5‰). It is here interpreted that the plagioclases represent phases that formed by reaction with or precipitation from a melt that intruded the Pacific lithospheric mantle. The Pacific lithospheric isotopic composition is reflected in the clinopyroxene separates. The high delta18O and 87Sr/86Sr of the plagioclase resemble Koolau lavas and suggest that the melt passing through the lithosphere was plume-related. The elevated delta18O of the plagioclase indicates that the melt from which it fractionated had a component of recycled crustal material not acquired from local crustal contamination. It is also estimated here that the duration of the porous melt flow of the Koolau-like melt though the mantle lithosphere was short-lived, ~10^2–10^4 years.
Behavioral individuality in the cichlid fish, Tilapia mossambica.

Behavioral individuality with regard to courtship and aggression was evaluated and demonstrated among males of the Cichlid fish, Tilapia mossambica. Individuals fall into natural categories within which behavioral differences are not apparent, suggesting a behavioral polymorphism. These categories appear to represent heritable discontinuities; possible ways in which these polymorphisms are maintained are discussed.
Characterization of ultraviolet laser-induced autofluorescence of ceroid deposits and other structures in atherosclerotic plaques as a potential diagnostic for laser angiosurgery

Unstained frozen sections of normal and atherosclerotic human aorta and coronary artery were examined using histochemical and fluorescence microscopic techniques to identify the structures responsible for autofluorescence under 351 to 364 nm laser excitation. These structures included elastin and collagen in normal and atherosclerotic specimens, calcium deposits in calcified plaques, and granular or ring-shaped deposits histochemically identified as ceroid found in both calcified and non-calcified plaques. Qualitatively, both the color and intensity of ceroid autofluorescence differed greatly from that of elastin or collagen. The emission spectra of elastin, collagen, and ceroid were examined by microscopic spectrofluorimetry, and were found to differ significantly as well. When compared with spectra of elastin and collagen, spectra of ceroid were broader, shifted to the red, and were somewhat resistant to bleaching. We conclude that detection of laser-induced ceroid autofluorescence may aid in identifying plaques for laser ablation.
Effect of amitryptiline on symptoms, sleep, and visceral perception in patients with functional dyspepsia

Objective: Tricyclic antidepressants in low doses are widely used in the therapy of patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders, yet the mechanism(s) of action of these drugs in these disorders is not known. In the current study, we sought to determine in a group of patients with functional dyspepsia and associated poor sleep how amitryptiline affects digestive symptoms, perceptual responses to gastric distension, and subjective and objective measures of sleep. Methods: Patients were randomized to 4 wk of amitryptiline 50 mg taken at bedtime versus placebo. There was a 3-wk washout phase, followed by a cross-over to the alternate treatment. Perceptual sensitivity to gastric distention and sleep EEG were recorded at the end of each treatment period. Diaries of symptoms were maintained throughout. Results: Seven of seven patients reported significantly less severe gastrointestinal symptoms after 4 wk on amitryptiline compared to placebo. Five of seven patients had evidence for altered perception of gastric balloon distension during placebo. However, the subjective symptom improvement on amitryptiline was not associated with a normalization of the perceptual responses to gastric distension. Baseline sleep dysfunction in the form of reduced sleep efficiency, increased arousal, or abnormal amounts of REM sleep was found in all seven patients. Amitryptiline significantly reduced absolute and relative amounts of REM sleep, but had no effect on sleep parameters related to nonregenerative sleep. Conclusion: The beneficial effect of low dose amitryptiline seen in functional dyspepsia is not related to changes in perception of gastric distension, or to measures of arousal from sleep. An increased tolerance to aversive visceral sensations may play a role in the therapeutic effect.
The significance of pneumatosis intestinalis or bowel perforation in patients with gynecologic malignancies.

Abstract Objectives. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the clinical significance and outcome of pneumatosis intestinalis or bowel perforation in patients with gynecologic malignancies. Methods. A retrospective review of all gynecologic oncology patients at our institution from 1996 to the present was performed to identify computed tomography examinations showing pneumatosis, free air, or the presence of portal venous gas. Admission symptoms, laboratory testing, radiographic and operative findings, and overall survival were evaluated. At the discretion of the attending gynecologic oncologist, patients were managed either surgically or conservatively. Statistical analysis was performed with Fisher's exact test. Results. Twenty-eight patients met study criteria. Thirteen patients were excluded as a result of radiographic free air immediately following surgery, thus leaving 15 patients for analysis. Sixty percent ( n = 9) of patients were managed surgically while 40% ( n = 6) were managed conservatively. Pain and tenderness at presentation prompted surgical intervention in a statistically significant number of patients ( P = 0.04). No other sign or symptom was significant. Of the 6 patients managed conservatively, 3 (50%) died within 1 week of diagnosis. Survival for the others was 2, 4, and 6 months. Of the 9 patients managed surgically 6 (67%) patients died, 4 within 2 weeks of surgery and the remainder at 2 and 12 months postoperatively. The 3 patients who survived all had surgical intervention and none had radiographic or pathologic evidence of cancer at the time of presentation ( P = 0.01). Overall mortality at 6 months was 73% (11/15). Surgical management was associated with prolonged ICU care, mechanical ventilation, and sepsis. Conclusions. Pneumatosis intestinalis and bowel perforation carry a grave prognosis for patients with gynecologic malignancies. These data suggest that patients explored for radiographic evidence of pneumatosis or perforation with preoperative evidence of active malignancy do not survive the immediate postoperative period. The balance between quality and quantity of life must be considered when weighing the options for the management of this condition.
Path Planning And Collision Avoidance Among Objects By Means Of Potential Fields

This paper deals with the use of the Potential Field Approach as a means of collision avoidance and path planning for the "Generalized Mover's Problem" in the presence of obstacles. Although an important and fundamental problem, relatively little has been done using this approach over the last several years. It can also be seen that only a few path planning algorithms developed work directly with continuous state-spaces. The potential field approach was developed by Khatib in 1980. There is, however, considerable room for improvement and expansion of Khatib's algorithm. Khatib's potential functions were not defined for interaction between two general objects, but only for interaction between a certain subclass of objects and a point. Thus in this paper the following goal will be sought: * Extend Khatib's potential function method to the case of the interaction between two general objects, rather than just between a point and an object.
Selenium in human plasma: levels in blood proteins and behavior upon dialysis, acidification, and reduction.

Abstract A number of human blood proteins and other proteins were analyzed for selenium, as was whole human plasma after dialysis under various conditions; the proportions of acid-volatile and zinc-HCl reducible selenium in plasma were also determined. Excluding ceruloplasmin and the α 2 globulins, which have elevated selenium contents, the selenium levels of most proteins appear to parallel their sulfur contents. Only 30% of native plasma selenium can be mobilized by dialysis against reducing or chelating agents or reduced to H 2 Se by vigorous reduction with ZnHCl; our results are compared to those of other studies employing 75 SeO a − . Contrary to earlier reports, selenate is reduced to H 2 Se by ZnHCl, indicating that this method of reduction is not specific for selenite.
Continuously estimating persistent and intermittent failure probabilities.

Abstract Almost all previous work on model-based diagnosis has focused on persistent faults. However, some of the most difficult to diagnose faults are intermittent. It is very difficult to isolate intermittent faults which occur with low frequency but yet at high enough frequency to be unacceptable. For example, a printer which prints one blank page out of a 1000 or a computer that spontaneously reboots once per day is unacceptable. Accurate assessment of intermittent failure probabilities is critical to diagnosing and repairing equipment. This paper presents an overall framework for estimating component failure probabilities which includes both persistent and intermittent faults. These estimates are constantly updated while the equipment is running.
Replenishment policies for inventories of recoverable items with attrition

Optimal (s, S) replenishment policies are determined for inventories of recoverable items in which an item occasionally is lost or must be discarded. Two types of recoverable items are considered: rental items and repairable spares. The objective is to minimize total expected order, holding, repair and shortage costs per unit of time. A discrete time Markov chain yields steady-state probabilities for the number of items in the system. Total cost functions are developed for two types of resupply time: immediate and deterministic. Examples are included to illustrate the sensitivity of the optimal (s, S) policies to parameter changes.
Eugene Robertson Special Lecture Hyperthermia from the clinic to the laboratory: a hypothesis

Recently reported thermal isoeffective dose-response relationships in human tumours confirm the existence of an effect of hyperthermia in combination with radiotherapy. The prognostically important thermal doses are based upon the lowest temperatures achieved within tumours, and these thermal doses are well below those used in most laboratory studies that have provided the rationale for hyperthermia treatment. Direct thermal cytotoxicity and thermal radiosensitization are insignificant at these low thermal doses. Other explanations for the mechanism of hyperthermia effect appear warranted. We hypothesize that hyperthermia at low thermal doses causes reoxygenation and hence direct radiosensitization in vivo.
The yin-yang of platelet granules

In this issue of Blood , Italiano and colleagues reveal that platelets possess distinct granules containing specific angiogenesis-modifying factors that are selectively secreted following particular stimuli. Although platelets are often viewed as cells merely designed to plug up holes in the blood
4α-methyl-24S-ethyl-5α-cholestan-3β-ol and 4α-methyl-24S-ethyl-5α-cholest-8(14)-en-3β-ol, two new sterols from a cultured marine di

Abstract Twenty sterols of the cultured zooxanthellae (dinoflagellate symbionts) originally derived from the Caribbean gorgonian coral Briareum asbestinum w
Human blood vessels release tumor necrosis factor-alpha from a smooth muscle cell source

Objectives In septic shock, the principal source of increased plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) is considered to be the macrophage. Release from the macrophage is stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin). We tested the hypothesis that vascular tissue also responds to endotoxin by releasing TNF. Design Prospective repeated measures analysis of timed-release curves. Setting Anesthesia research laboratory in an academic medical center. Subjects With Institutional Review Board approval and patient consent, segments of internal mammary artery and saphenous vein were obtained during coronary artery bypass surgery. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results Segments of saphenous veins were incubated for 24 hrs in the presence or absence of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. At 0.5, 1, 3, 6, and 24 hrs, medium was assayed for TNF. In other experiments, smooth muscle cells were cultured from saphenous veins, incubated with or without bacterial lipopolysaccharide, and a time-course of TNF release determined. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (20 micro gram/mL) significantly stimulated release of TNF from venous tissue in a time-dependent manner. At 0.5 hrs, TNF was undetectable in untreated tissue and was 48 plus minus 8 U/g wet tissue weight in the presence of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. At 3 hrs, TNF was 43 plus minus 27 U/g wet tissue weight in untreated and 388 plus minus 185 U/g wet tissue weight in treated (p less than .01 vs. control) tissue. Segments of internal mammary artery responded in a similar manner. In smooth muscle cells cultured from saphenous vein and internal mammary artery, bacterial lipopolysaccharide triggered the release of TNF. At 3 hrs, the release of TNF in control cells was 0.2 plus minus 0.15 U/mg cell protein and 17 plus minus 2 U/mg in the presence of 20 micro gram/mL of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (p less than .01 vs. control). Conclusions Human blood vessels, both artery and vein, produce TNF potentially from a smooth muscle cell source in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide.
Effects of peer reporting on cooperative play and aggression of kindergarten children

Abstract Kindergarten children were given opportunities to report to their class during “sharing time” the cooperative or friendly behaviors of their peers which had occurred during the day. Children whose cooperative behavior was reported by a peer received a happy face badge as a reward. Later, only peer praise served as a reward for those whose friendliness was mentioned by a peer. Cooperative behavior increased and aggressive acts decreased when peers reported prosocial behavior to the class. A reversal phase, in which unfriendly acts were reported, produced a decrease in cooperation and an increase in aggression. Peer reporting was a natural and inexpensive means of increasing prosocial responses of these children. Anecdotal teacher reports suggested a generalized behavioral improvement.
A new interpretation of proton NMR relaxation time measurements of water in food

Abstract The transverse water proton relaxation in three widely differing types of sample, native lysozyme solutions, skimmed milk and apple, has been analysed. The relaxation times show characteristic variations with CPMG pulse spacing and morphology which can be interpreted in terms of chemical exchange and molecular diffusion without recourse to popular concepts such as various amounts and types of ‘bound’ water. Our results suggest that transverse water proton relaxation might be used as a sensitive probe of changes in water distribution during cellular growth and differentiation, freeze-thawing and dehydration-rehydration in food systems.