cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A double standard for “Hooking Up”: How far have we come toward gender equality?

While sexual attitudes have liberalized in the past half century, research is mixed as to whether attitudes have become less gendered over time. Recent studies on college students' sexual and romantic relationships suggest that a sexual double standard continues to organize sexuality on many campuses. Data from the Online College Social Life Survey shed light on students' evaluation of casual sex, or "hooking up." In addition to exploring gendered attitudinal patterns, we use gender structure theory to explore how individual characteristics and normative expectations of campus group affiliations shape attitudes. While three quarters of students do not hold different standards for men and women's hooking up, attitudes are more conservative than liberal, with almost half of students losing respect for men and women who hook up "a lot." However, men are more likely to hold a traditional double standard, while women are more likely to espouse egalitarian conservative attitudes. Individual characteristics, including age, religion, race, social class and sexual orientation are frequently related to sexual attitudes, as are number of hook ups, fraternity/sorority affiliation and varsity athletic participation.
Problem #11: generation of Runge-Kutta equations

Generate a set of equations for an explicit k-th order, m stage, Runge-Kutta method for integrating an autonomous system of ordinary differential equations, k and m as large as possible. The number of conditions and variables for various k and m are given in Table 1. Tabulate the costs C(m,k).
Radial outflow and unsteady retreat of late Wisconsin to early Holocene icecap in the northern Long Range upland, Newfoundland.

A swampy very low-relief drift terrain along the medial zone of the northern Long Range Mountains passes outward into fresh glacially eroded bed rock of low to moderate relief. Striations, crescentic gouges, lunate fractures, streamlined stoss-and-ice surfaces, erratics, and other evidence in the upland abundantly reveal radial outflow from a late-glacial icecap that was centered over the Long Range and discharged through peripheral fjord-like valleys to coastal lowlands. A discontinuous belt of moraines and concentrated boulders delineates a still-stand or readvance after the icecap had retreated entirely to the upland and was about 50 km broad. Relatively thick till and an abundance of boulders in the medial low-relief zone suggest that after further contraction to 10 to 15 km wide, the icecap contracted rather slowly. These upland moraines may correlate with cool intervals 11,000 to 9,000 yr ago in the oxygen-isotope record of the ice core from Camp Century, Greenland, or with glacier advances 9,000 to 8,000 yr ago in Greenland and the Canadian Arctic.
Patient Data Algorithms

As the clinical laboratory attempts to manage and mitigate risk, individual patient results can be a useful complement to routine quality-control materials. Patient results can be used to detect error or identify potential testing complications at all phases of the total testing process. Patient-specific data algorithms include delta checks, tests to verify specimen or tube type, absurdity checks, and result-based reporting. Delta checks are highlighted because they can uniquely point to issues all along the testing cycle, from preanalytical to postanalytical concerns. When used properly, patient results can work to minimize risk and increase the quality of individual patient results.
Classe, raça e mobilidade social no Brasil

This article analyzes the differences in inter-generational social mobility and schooling between white, brown, and black men in Brazil. The main objective is to analyze inequality of opportunities for mobility and educational transitions. The results indicate that for individuals from lower social origins, inequality of opportunities is significantly marked by racial differences, and that for persons originating in the upper classes, racial inequality influences the odds of social mobility. The results suggest that theories of stratification by race and class in Brazil should be rethought, taking into account the observed interactions between race and class.
Virtual plasma equipment model: a tool for investigating feedback control in plasma processing equipment

As microelectronics device feature sizes continue to shrink and wafers continue to increase in size, it is necessary to have tighter tolerances during the fabrication process to maintain high yields. Feedback control has, therefore, become an important issue in plasma processing equipment design; comprehensive plasma equipment models linked to control algorithms would greatly aid in the investigation and optimal selection of control strategies. This paper reports on a numerical plasma simulation tool, the virtual plasma equipment model (VPEM), which addresses this need to test feedback control strategies and algorithms on plasma processing equipment. The VPEM is an extension of the hybrid plasma equipment model which has been augmented by sensors and actuators, linked together through a programmable controller. The sensors emulate experimental measurements of species densities, fluxes, and energies, while the actuators change process parameters such as pressure, inductive power, capacitive power, electrode voltages, and mole fraction of gases. Controllers were designed using a response surface based methodology. Results are presented from studies in which these controllers were used to compensate for a leak of N/sub 2/ into an Ar discharge, to stably control drifts in process parameters such as pressure and power in Ar and Ar/Cl/sub 2/, and to nullify the effects of long term changes in wall conditions in Cl/sub 2/ containing plasmas. A new strategy for improving the ion energy flux uniformity in capacitively coupled discharges using feedback control techniques is also explored.
Psychosocial morbidity associated with bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder in psychiatric out-patients: comparative study

Background The morbidity associated with bipolar disorder is, in part, responsible for repeated calls for improved detection and recognition. No such commentary exists for the improved detection of borderline personality disorder. Clinical experience suggests that it is as disabling as bipolar disorder, but no study has directly compared the two disorders. Aims To compare the levels of psychosocial morbidity in patients with bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder. Method Patients were assessed with semi-structured interviews. We compared 307 patients with DSM-IV borderline personality disorder but without bipolar disorder and 236 patients with bipolar disorder but without borderline personality disorder. Results The patients with borderline personality disorder less frequently were college graduates, were diagnosed with more comorbid disorders, more frequently had a history of substance use disorder, reported more suicidal ideation at the time of the evaluation, more frequently had attempted suicide, reported poorer social functioning and were rated lower on the Global Assessment of Functioning. There was no difference between the two patient groups in history of admission to psychiatric hospital or time missed from work during the past 5 years. Conclusions The level of psychosocial morbidity associated with borderline personality disorder was as great as (or greater than) that experienced by patients with bipolar disorder. From a public health perspective, efforts to improve the detection and treatment of borderline personality disorder might be as important as efforts to improve the recognition and treatment of bipolar disorder.
EVALUATING USER INTERFACE COMPLEXITY

This paper presents an attempt to utilize a formal model in the study of user interface development. A study was conducted to examine learning and performance differences between a command language and a direct manipulation system. Subjects initially unfamiliar with computer systems learned file management functions and carried out a series of tasks on one of the systems. Experimental results point out large differences in performance between the command language and direct manipulation systems which favor direct manipulation. Formal models of the knowledge required to use the systems were developed following the framework suggested by Kieras and Polson 1. There are difficulties in mapping predictions from the formal models to the experimental data for the systems involved. Analysis suggests that inability of the formal model to predict error data was a basic problem with the formal analysis.
The effectiveness and limitations of fuel modeling using the Fire and Fuels Extension to the Forest Vegetation Simulator.

Fuel treatment effectiveness is often evaluated with fire behavior modeling systems that use fuel models to generate fire behavior outputs. How surface fuels are assigned, either using one of the 53 stylized fuel models or developing custom fuel models, can affect predicted fire behavior. We collected surface and canopy fuels data before and 1, 2, 5, and 8 years after prescribed fire treatments across 10 National Forests in California. Two new methods of assigning fuel models within the Fire and Fuels Extension to the Forest Vegetation Simulator were evaluated. Field-based values for dead and downed fuel loading were used to create custom fuel models or to assign stylized fuel models. Fire was simulated with two wind scenarios (maximum 1-minute speed and maximum momentary gust speed) to assess the effect of the fuel model method on potential fire behavior. Surface flame lengths and fire type produced from custom fuel models followed the fluctuations and variability of fine fuel loading more closely than stylized fuel models. However, results of 7 out of 10 statistical tests comparing surface flame length between custom and stylized fuel models were not significant (P 0.05), suggesting that both methods used to assign surface fuel loads will predict fairly similar trends in fire behavior. FOR .S CI. ❚❚(❚):000-000.
Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in parents of transplant recipients: incidence, severity, and related factors.

Objective. To examine the incidence, severity, and factors related to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in parents of pediatric solid organ transplant recipients. Method. A total of 170 caregivers of pediatric transplant recipients completed self-report measures of psychological functioning between 10 and 38 months after their child’s most recent transplant. Demographic data, child health variables, and ratings of medical attitudes and social functioning were also collected to help explain individual differences in psychological functioning. Results. Although caregivers of pediatric transplant recipients did not report elevated levels of depression or anxiety, they did report elevated levels of PTSD symptoms. Multiple regression analyses revealed that PTSD symptoms were most strongly associated with parent reports of child health, family impact of the transplant, and attitudes toward medical caregivers. Conclusions. PTSD seems to be relatively common in parents of pediatric transplant recipients and may be largely the result of how parents perceive and interpret the transplant experience.
A hybrid-system model of the coagulation cascade: simulation, sensitivity, and validation

The process of human blood clotting involves a complex interaction of continuous-time/continuous-state processes and discrete-event/discrete-state phenomena, where the former comprise the various chemical rate equations and the latter comprise both threshold-limited behaviors and binary states (presence/absence of a chemical). Whereas previous blood-clotting models used only continuous dynamics and perforce addressed only portions of the coagulation cascade, we capture both continuous and discrete aspects by modeling it as a hybrid dynamical system. The model was implemented as a hybrid Petri net, a graphical modeling language that extends ordinary Petri nets to cover continuous quantities and continuous-time flows. The primary focus is simulation: (1) fidelity to the clinical data in terms of clotting-factor concentrations and elapsed time; (2) reproduction of known clotting pathologies; and (3) fine-grained predictions which may be used to refine clinical understanding of blood clotting. Next we examine sensitivity to rate-constant perturbation. Finally, we propose a method for titrating between reliance on the model and on prior clinical knowledge. For simplicity, we confine these last two analyses to a critical purely-continuous subsystem of the model.
CMUT as a chemical sensor for DMMP detection

We present an 18-MHz capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT), used as a chemical sensor for detection of a common simulant for chemical weapons, dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), in air. CMUTs are attractive for chemical sensor applications because of their unprecedented mass sensitivity per membrane area, low motional impedance, and high quality factor compared to other flexural-mode resonators. The device is composed of 1000 individual cells operating in parallel, which provides a robust operation with low false alarm rate and low motional impedance comparable to that of quartz crystal resonators. We designed a CMUT-based oscillator with a phase noise of -84.8 dBc/Hz and -136.6 dBc/Hz at offset frequencies of 1 kHz and 1 MHz, respectively. The oscillator exhibits an Allan deviation of 0.6 Hz with a one-sigma error of 0.037 Hz, which translates to a theoretical limit of mass detection of 16.2 ag. The 18-MHz CMUT is functionalized with a 50-nm thick polymer layer, polyisobutylene (PIB). The described CMUT sensor demonstrates a volume sensitivity of 37.38 ppb/Hz to DMMP.
Clinical utility of external immunoscintigraphy with the IMMU-4 technetium-99m Fab' antibody fragment in patients undergoing surgery for carcinoma of the colon and rectum: results of a pivotal, phase III trial. The Immunomedics Study Group.

PURPOSETo assess the performance and the potential clinical impact of a new antibody imaging agent, CEA-Scan (Immunomedics Inc, Morris Plains, NJ), in 210 presurgical patients with advanced recurrent or metastatic colorectal carcinomas.METHODSCEA-Scan, an anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) Fab antibody fragment labeled with technetium-99m-pertechnetate (99mTc), was injected intravenously (IV), and external scintigraphy was performed 2 to 5 and 18 to 24 hours later. Imaging with conventional diagnostic modalities (CDM) was also performed, and findings were confirmed by surgery and histology.RESULTSThe sensitivity of CEA-Scan was superior to that of CDM in the extrahepatic abdomen (55% v 32%; P = .007) and pelvis (69% v 48%; P = .005), and CEA-Scan findings complemented those of CDM in the liver. Among 122 patients with known disease, the positive predictive value was significantly higher when both modalities were positive (98%) compared with each alone (68% to 70%), potentially obviating the need for hist...
Identifying network intrusion with defensive forecasting

With tremendous growth of computing devices connected to networks, information systems security has become an issue of serious global concern. Various researches reveal that many organisations reported computer security breaches, and financial losses due to the security breach will be significant considering the fact that the financial losses on a per-incident basis are estimated 0.5% to 1% of annual sales. Developing effective methods for the prevention and detection of network intrusions is essential. In this paper, a methodology using game theoretic model, called defensive forecasting, is presented for real-time detection of intrusions. Experimental results show that the proposed approach is as good as or better than the previously proposed approaches.
Inducing Tolerance to Pregnancy

What causes recurrent miscarriage? Perhaps a paucity of regulatory T cells. A recent study showed that these cells prevent pregnant mice from mounting an immune response against the fetus.
Cuspidal Envelope Rosettes

(1922). Cuspidal Envelope Rosettes. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 6-8.
Social Empowerment of Fisherwomen Self-Help Groups in Coastal Villages of Tuticorin District, Tamilnadu

Self Help Groups are small homogenous groups consisting of 12-20 women from BPL families voluntarily organized to promote savings. This study aims at savings & rural credit of SHGs in five coastal villages of Tuticorin District viz Thaalamuthunagar, Vellapatti, Therespuram, Arockiapuram & Inigo Nagar. Tuticorin District having 19 town panchayats formed 1230 SHGs, and their achievement is 259%. The Objectives of the present study are: 1. To collect data on the socio-economic structure and activities of the fisherwomen SHGs; 2. To analyze the income and savings of the members after joining SHGs; and 3. To study the decision making either as equal partners with husband or independently on purchases for the family. The study utilized both primary and secondary data. Primary data relating to the socioeconomic background and various other aspects relating to social empowerment of the fisherwomen were collected through pre-designed questionnaire from 687 fisherwomen representing 38 SHGs from the selected five coastal villages in Tuticorin District. A separate interview schedule was designed, pilot tested and used for data collection. The schedule was used to collect specific information from each member of the fisherwomen SHGs. Percentage analysis and averages were used owing to the constraints imposed by the nature of data. Class interval technique was used to analysis the age, income, savings and expenditure. To conclude, the economic activities of SHGs are quite successful. In this way, SHGs in five villages of Tuticorin District were very successful to develop women empowerment and rural areas.
[Diabetic ketoacidosis in children: review of pathophysiology and treatment with the use of the "two bags system"]

OBJECTIVES: To review diabetic ketoacidosis, including the "two bags system", a method of administering liquids in order to provide a smoother correction of the hyperglycemic and ketotic states. METHODS: Review of recent publications (last 7 years) from a Medline search and chapters published in pediatric textbooks that discuss the etiology, therapy, and complications of diabetic ketoacidosis. The management approach incorporates the findings of these publications as well as the clinical experience at the Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia and Duke University Medical Center. RESULTS: The pathology of the type 1 Diabetes Mellitus involves the progressive destruction of the ss cells of the pancreas, causing insulin deficiency. Insulin is essential in the metabolism of carbohydrates, protein and fat. Insulin deficiency may lead to diabetic ketoacidosis which has three components: 1) hyperglycemia, which causes glycosuria and consequently dehydration; 2) lipolysis which, causes ketonemia/ketonuria; and 3) acidosis, that is caused by the dehydration and the high serum levels of ketones. Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious condition and, if not treated appropriately, can cause coma and death. In children cerebral edema is the major complication of the therapy for diabetic ketoacidosis. Careful replacement of insulin, fluids, glucose and electrolytes is essential. CONCLUSIONS: The literature presents different ways to manage DKA in pediatrics, without a consensus on the cause of the most important complication (cerebral edema), and consequently without a consensus on the best approach. The use of the two saline bags in patients in DKA allows fast adjustments in the dextrose concentration of the infusion fluids, simplifying and reducing the costs of the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis.
Research of Environmental Costs Analysis Based on LCC

Under the guidance of the sustainable development, it becomes more and more necessary for companies to consider environmental costs in various management decisions. The paper redefines the environmental costs in the connection of LCC. Then it analyzes the misallocation of environmental costs using the traditional costs system, and use LCC to analyze environmental costs based on allocating environmental costs correctly. Then, the authors put forward the feasible projects to improve the negative effects on the environment, so that enterprises and environment can achieve coordinated development.
Pigmentary changes in the skin. An introduction for surgeons.

Pigmentary changes in the skin can be congenital or acquired. They can provide important clues to underlying systemic disorders. This article provides an introduction to several common disorders that exhibit hypopigmentation or hyperpigmentation of the skin.
Scaling-Up Signaling Pathway Analysis

A new technique for simultaneously measuring the activities of many signaling pathways unravels interconnected signaling networks.
Focal Endolymphatic Hydrops as Seen in the Pars Inferior of the Human Inner Ear.

Hypothesis Endolymphatic hydrops of the human inner ear may be localized focally in the pars inferior of the human inner ear. Background Endolymphatic hydrops may be found in the human inner ear in patients who in life had suffered from Meniere's syndrome or a variety of other disorders. The degree of endolymphatic hydrops may differ based on location in the inner ear. Methods A computer-assisted search of all cases in the collection of the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary in which endolymphatic hydrops was found in the inner ear yielded 13 specimens in which there was good evidence for focal endolymphatic hydrops in the pars inferior. Temporal bones were prepared for light microscopy. Semi-serial sections were reviewed to generate localization data for endolymphatic hydrops and also to search for evidence of a previous inflammatory process, including fibrosis or new bone formation. Results Endolymphatic hydrops was present in the saccule in 10 of 13 specimens. In the cochlear duct, there were segments of the cochlea in which there was no cochlear hydrops juxtaposed to other regions in which there was severe endolymphatic hydrops. Transition between hydropic and non-hydropic status in the cochlear duct was often abrupt.Evidence for a previous inflammation process was found in 6 of 13 specimens including fibrosis because of temporal bone fracture, or traumatic stapedectomy and in those cases in which the cause of hearing loss was idiopathic, fibrosis, and osteoid between the labyrinthine surface of the footplate and the hydropic saccular wall, and/or osteoid in the scala vestibuli, or in the proximate Rosenthal's canal. Evidence of a previous inflammatory process was uniformly seen in the perilymphatic compartment. Conclusions Endolymphatic hydrops of the pars inferior in the human may have a focal distribution. This study suggests that the pathogenesis of endolymphatic hydrops is unlikely to be because of distal obstruction of longitudinal flow and was more consistent with the hypothesis that homeostasis of the endolymphatic and perilymphatic volumes occurs all along the cochlear duct. Other factors including variable distensibility of Reissner's membrane or disturbance of local solute homeostatic mechanisms may be responsible for wide variations in the degree of hydrops. A focal inflammatory process during life may be one cause of focal endolymphatic hydrops as seen histopathologically.
Sustainable Development Capitalism: Changing Paradigms and Practices for a More Viable, Equitable, Bearable, and Just Economic Future for All

Albert Arnold ‘Al’ Gore, Jr., recently introduced the notion of’ sustainable capitalism’ (Gore & Blood, 2011). In response to the latest economic crisis, persisting inequalities and growing climate threats, Al Gore has been arguing for a sustainable paradigm in a global capital economy. Beyond ethical normatives and responsible green management, the sustainable capitalism paradigm is presented as a new and necessary solution that will maximize long-term economic value creation (Gore & Blood, 2011). Although associated with a plan for market reforms to address real needs while considering all costs and stakeholders, the sustainable capitalism paradigm alone does not sufficiently address legal and institutional hindrances in developing countries. The Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto has been decrying for over a decade the inadequate legal systems that impede poor people in developing countries from entering the formal economy. He asserts that Western capitalism is explained by the conversion of ‘dead capitals’ into ‘live capitals,’ but that poor people in developing countries cannot ‘capitalize’ on their assets and resources due to a ‘legal apartheid’ system created by their governments. Although other economists have criticized his inclusive concepts of ‘capitals,’ his economic message has relevance in sustainable development, particularly in the current carbon trade and carbon rights mechanisms.
History of surgical correction of male urinary incontinence.

SUMMARY For more detailed descriptions of the various operations for incontinence, the reader is referred to the extensive references provided at the end of this article. In this issue of Urologic Clinics, we have asked the principal proponents of operations currently employed to present their techniques and results, since each of the authors has a novel procedure and an extensive experience. Thus, Scott presents his up-to-date views on the use of the artificial genitourinary sphincter, Politano reports his results with Teflon injection and modifications of his original technique, Rosen gives the description of his prosthesis and the results in his hands, and I update our experience with the silastic prosthesis to compress the urethra in the perineum. The following is a classification and summary of treatment for male urinary incontinence: I. Nonsurgical A. Expectant, 9 months to 1 year B. Training C. Pharmacological 1. α-adreriergic simulators 2. Cholinolytic agents D. Electrical stimulation (plus training) (Hopkinson and Lightwood, 1967) E. Injection 1. Sclerosing fluids (Sachse, 1963) 2. Paraffin (Quackels, 1955) 3. Supportive material – Teflon (Politano, 1973) II. Surgical A. “Surrogate sphincter” formation 1. Abdominal muscle and fascial slings a. Pyramidalis and/or rectus fascia and muscle (Goebell, 1910) (Stoeckel, 1917) (Frangenheim, 1914) (Millin, 1969) (Cooney and Horton, 1951) 2. Gracilis muscle slings a. Gracilis muscle (Deming, 1926) (Player and Callender, 1927) 3. Fascia lata strips (Boer and Ivanovici, 1974) 4. Perineal muscles a. Ischiocavernosus (Lowsley, 1936) b. Levator ani (Squier, 1911) c. External sphincter ani (Verges-Plaque, 1951) (Mathisen, 1970) 5. Bladder flaps a. Tube (Tanagho, Smith, Meyers, and Fisher, 1969) b. Spinal (Flocks and BoIdus, 1973) 6. Prosthetic devices a. External (Foley, 1947) b. Implanted (Scott, 1973) (Scott, 1978) (Rosen, 1978) (Swenson, 1978) B. Vesicourethral suspension and angulation 1. Kelly, 1928 2. Marshall and Marchetti, 1949 C. Posterior urethral lengthening 1. Young and Dees, 1919 2. Thompson, 1961 3. Leadbetter, 1967 D. Urethral plication and twists 1. Young, 1908 2. Beneventi, 1966 3. Petersen, 1967 E. Urethral compression – passive 1. Berry, 1961 (Acrylic; silastic) 2. Girgis and Veenema, 1965 (Collagen) 3. Hinman and Schmaelze, 1978 (Autologous rib) 4. Millin, 1969 (Fascia lata) 5. Kaufman I (Crural cross, 1970) II (Crural approximation, 1972) III (Silicone-gel prosthesis, SGP, 1973) 6. Puigvert, 1971 (Crural approximation) 7. Salcedo, 1972 (Marlex) 8. Yarbrough, 1975 (SGP and Marlex) F. Electrical stimulation (with electronic implants) 1. Caldwell, 1963 2. Merrill, 1971 G. Urinary diversion 1. Ileal conduit 2. Colon conduit 3. Ureterosigmoidostomy 4. Cutaneous ureterostomy 5. Vesicostomy and BN closure 6. Nephrostorny
Passive inference of attacks on SCADA communication protocols

The security of industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) has been recently receiving significant attention from the research community. While the majority of such attention originates from the control theory domain, very few works proposed viable approaches to the problem from the practical perspective. In this work, we do not claim that we propose a particular solution to a specific problem related to CPS security, but rather present a first look into what can help shape these solutions in the future. Indeed, our vision and ultimate goal is to attempt to merge or at least diminish the gap between highly theoretical solutions and practical approaches derived from insightful empirical experimentation, for securing CPS. Towards this goal, in this work, we present what we believe is the first specimen ever of passive measurements of real attacks on CPS communication protocols. By analyzing a recent one-week dataset rendered by 20 GB of unsolicited real traffic targeting half a million routable, allocated but unused Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, we shed the light on attackers' intention and actual attacks targeting CPS. Specifically, we characterize such attacks in terms of their types, their frequency, their target protocols and possible orchestration behavior. Our results demonstrate a staggering 3 thousand scanning attempts and close to 2 thousand denial of service attacks on various CPS communication protocols. One insightful observation from our work is the fact that attackers are not interested in exploiting the Modbus protocol; in contrast to most literature works that are extensively dedicating their research efforts to devise secure models for Modbus. We hope that this paper motivates the literature to design secure and tailored CPS models that leverage tangible attacks and vulnerabilities inferred from empirical measurements, to achieve truly reliable and secure CPS.
Stability of modelocked microresonator frequency combs

We show that soliton-modelocked silicon nitride microresonators are highly stable against external perturbations. Modelocking is maintained even for relatively large RMS pump-power noise and thermal shifts, which represents a key feature for potential applications.
A Test of Alternative Demand-Shift Responses to the Medicare Program

Introduction of the Medicare program in the United States in 1966 has been associated with an acceleration in the rise in price of health services, particularly hospital care. In part, this reflects large increases in real resources used per patient treated. This paper reviews the aggregate evidence, and examines some data on possible changes in the diagnosis, treatment and survival of women with breast cancer. The data lend some support to a model in which increased employment of resources offers utility benefit to health professionals who have considerable discretionary decision power.
Venezuela v. Helmerich: Will Formalism Win Over Substantive Law? Again?

The essay offers an analysis of Venezuela v. Helmerich & Payne International, a case to be argued before the Supreme Court on November 2. That case involves the interpretation and application of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA). The question presented is whether, when pleading jurisdiction under the expropriation exception to the FSIA, a higher pleading standard should be employed, one under which it is necessary to show that there “actually is” a claim, essentially requiring the plaintiff to establish something more exacting than the plausibility standard. The Petitioners’ argument in Helmerich presents a classic example of arguing from a conception — sovereign immunity — to an abstract but controlling proposition of law. A more realistic approach, one that examines the facts, is put to the side in the interest of the conception. This essay resists that approach and promotes a jurisdictional and pleading analysis that is conducive to the evolution of substantive law and the enforcement of substantive rights.
Ecological Characteristics of Metasequoia glyptostroboides

Metasequoia Miki is a deciduous conifer with a highly restricted natural distribution in central China. It is a riparian species that thrives under conditions of abundant growing season moisture availability, although as is shown by its distribution in cultivation, it is capable of sustained growth under drier conditions as well. Whereas the variability of climate across its natural range is minute, under cultivation it grows across a gradient of 16.3°C of mean annual temperature and 2360 mm of mean annual precipitation. No cultivated Metasequoiaglyptostroboides Hu et Cheng are known to exist without supplemental water in areas that receive less than ca. 500 mm of mean annual precipitation. Metasequoia glyptostroboides grows tall quickly and is capable of obtaining stem lengths in excess of 30 m in less than 50 years. Based on measurements of the trees from its natural range, maximum height may be just over 50 m. Analysis of growth performance of M. glyptostroboides through time indicates that trees from different seedlots grown in common garden experiments remain static in their relative growth rates through time; trees that grew quickly from the outset continued to outpace slower growing trees eight years later. A mixture of environmental factors may alter M. glyptostroboides growth form. Most notably, shrubby varieties are known from a mixture of cold climates, but are not always found in extremely cold areas.
A Legacy of Elusive Proofs

Bernhard Riemann (1826–1866) was one of the true geniuses of nineteenth century mathematics. He lived only until the age of 39, ultimately defeated by poverty and ill health. He struggled all his life, and finally landed a regular professorship only when he was on his deathbed. But the legacy of profound mathematics that Riemann left continues to have a major influence in the subject.
Computer simulation of conductive linear sulfur chains confined in carbon nanotubes

Recent experimental studies have shown that when sulfur is confined within a carbon nanotube (CNT) of appropriate diameter it forms a covalently bonded linear chain, and this confined one-dimension...
Environmental Risk Exposure, Risk Perception, Political Ideology and Support for Climate Policy

ABSTRACTThe degree to which risk perceptions are socially constructed versus the result of actual exposure to risk is highly contested; how risk exposure and risk perception influence policy attitudes is also poorly understood. We examine how personal exposure to risk factors impacts risk perceptions and policy support related to air pollution and climate change. Our selection of risk exposure variables is informed by the “mental models” literature, and we employ an array of variables to capture subjective risk perceptions using novel survey data. We find that exposure to risk does little to predict risk perception and has a small influence on policy support. Overall, our findings lend support to a constructionist understanding of risk perception and support for policies related to environmental risks.
‘Hot’ vs. ‘cold’ behavioural‐cognitive styles: motivational‐dopaminergic vs. cognitive‐cholinergic processing of a Pavlovian cocaine cue in sign‐ and goal‐tracking rats

Discrete Pavlovian reward cues acquire more potent incentive motivational properties (incentive salience) in some animals (sign-trackers; STs) compared to others (goal-trackers; GTs). Conversely, GTs appear to be better than STs in processing more complex contextual cues, perhaps reflecting their relatively greater bias for goal-directed cue processing. Here, we investigated the activity of two major prefrontal neuromodulatory input systems, dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine (ACh), in response to a discrete Pavlovian cue that was previously paired with cocaine administration in STs and GTs. Rats underwent Pavlovian training in which light cue presentations were either paired or unpaired with an intravenous cocaine infusion. Following a 10-day abstinence period, prefrontal dialysates were collected in STs and GTs during cue presentations in the absence of cocaine. In STs, the cue previously paired with cocaine significantly increased prefrontal DA levels. DA levels remained elevated over baseline across multiple cue presentation blocks, and DA levels and approaches to the cue were significantly correlated. In STs, ACh levels were unaffected by cue presentations. In contrast, in GTs, presentations of the cocaine cue increased prefrontal ACh, but not DA, levels. GTs oriented towards the cue at rates similar to STs, but they did not approach it and elevated ACh levels did not correlate with conditioned orientation. The results indicate a double dissociation between the role of prefrontal DA and ACh in STs and GTs, and suggest that these phenotypes will be useful for studying the role of neuromodulator systems in mediating opponent behavioural-cognitive styles.
Portait of an ISV fellow.

I am a child of the Bronx, a milieu that produced many hard-working and accomplished people from an emerging middle class before World War II, mainly of Irish, Italian or Jewish origin, who flouris...
Addressing the mental healthcare needs of foster children: perspectives of stakeholders from the child welfare system

A qualitative study was conducted to better understand the factors that contribute to psychotropic medication (PM) overuse among children in the child welfare system in Kentucky, including barriers...
Abundance and Seasonal Activity of Arthropod Predators in St. Augustinegrass Lawns in Florida

St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze) lawns in southern Florida were surveyed for arthropod predators. Three sampling methods (vacuum, irritant, visual) were used to obtain a more complete assessment of predators present in the lawns. Seasonal activity of predators also was measured using pitfall traps. Ants were the most abundant predators recovered with 91% of all predators in the survey. The second most abundant group was spiders. The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, was found more frequently and in greater abundance than any other predator. Predators were active the entire year with total predator catches in traps highest in the summer, intermediate during fall and spring, and lowest in the winter.
Congestion: Its Identification and Management with DEA

Congestion is a term that is applicable in a variety of disciplines which range from medical science to traffic engineering. It has also many uses in practical everyday life. This brings with it a certain looseness in usage. We therefore expand (and refine) our discussion of congestion with reference to its use in economics where we have access to a precise meaning which we can develop in this chapter. This chapter covers the standard approaches used for treating congestion in data envelopment analysis.
Coverage of the Russian Doping Scandal in the New York Times: Intramedia and Intermedia Attribute Agenda-Setting Effects:

When it publishes a major investigative report or expose, a prominent news organization can transfer the salience of both an issue and its attributes to other news outlets. Major investigations can...
Management Science and Big Data: A Text Mining Meta-Analysis Study

This study explores the impact of Big Data on the major research fields of management science. Textmining and exploratory factor analysis are applied on articles published in the Management Science journal from 1998-2017 to measure changes in general trends, models, and methodologies. The findings show a significant shift in the underlying research themes in management science over this period. However, despite the Big Data buzz, there is no significant increase over the study period in Big Data categories. Although, the results did show a recent significant correlation between specific themes and Big Data models and techniques.
Astrocyte dysfunction and compulsive behavior

Molecular, cellular, and circuit physiology studies identify a potential new therapeutic target for compulsive behavior disorders, involving dysfunctional neuron-astrocyte interactions within striatal microcircuits.
Illuminating Low-Income Pregnant and Parenting Student Mothers' Experiences with Community College.

U.S. community colleges are considered historical sites of educational access and opportunity for social mobility for nontraditional students. Theoretically framed in Acker’s theory of gend...
Accounting for post-crisis inflation: A retro analysis

Abstract Why was there no deflation and what accounts for inflation after 2008? Is the missing deflation puzzle an indictment of Phillips-curve-type analysis, or is all well and good if one fixes the model with the appropriate features? To shed light on this issue and in order to avoid confounding the answer with post-crisis model adaptations, we provide a “retro analysis” and employ the original benchmark of Smets and Wouters (2007) model. We show that this model implies that shocks to price and wage markups alone are nearly enough to account for inflation before 2008, and that they do so substantially post 2007 as well. While markup shocks account for most of the inflation movements, they do not play a significant role in the accounting of employment: the Phillips curve tradeoff is weak after 2007 according to the model, but also before 2007. We thus argue that the asserted post-crisis model failures were visible pre-crisis already. Extending the retro analysis with features introduced by the most recent part of the literature does little to alter our key insights.
Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles: molecular parcels that enable regulation of the immune response in cancer

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous collection of membrane-bound vesicles released by cells that contain bioactive cargoes including proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Multiple subpopulations of EVs have now been recognized and these include exosomes and microvesicles. EVs have been thought to facilitate intercellular and distal communication to bring about various processes that enable tumor progression and metastases. Here, we describe the current knowledge of the functional cargo contained within EVs, with a focus on tumor microvesicles, and review the emerging theory of how EVs support immune suppression in cancer.
Effects of Side Chain on High Temperature Operation Stability of Conjugated Polymers

Understanding high-temperature operation in organic semiconductors remains elusive. Here, we studied the effect of two alkyl side-chains, 2-octyldodecyl (C1) and 4-decyltetracecyl (C3), on the ther...
Strong Convergence of an Inexact Proximal Point Algorithm in a Banach Space

By using our own approach, we study the strong convergence of an inexact proximal point algorithm with possible unbounded errors for a maximal monotone operator in a Banach space. We give a necessary and sufficient condition for the zero set of the operator to be nonempty and show that, in this case, this iterative sequence converges strongly to a zero of the operator. We present also some applications of our results to equilibrium problems and optimization. Our proximal point algorithm contains, as a special case, the one considered in Hilbert space by Djafari Rouhani and Moradi in (J Optim Theory Appl 172:222–235, 2017) and solves the open problem of extending it to a Banach space, which was stated in that paper and in Djafari Rouhani and Moradi in (J Optim Theory Appl 181:864–882, 2019) . Since the nonexpansiveness of the resolvent operator, which holds in Hilbert space, is not valid anymore in Banach space, our results require new methods of proofs, and significantly improve upon the previous results, both in theory and in applications.
Clinical features and time trends associated with an endoscopically normal esophagus in active eosinophilic esophagitis.

Background A proportion of patients with active eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) have a normal-appearing esophagus on esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). We aimed to determine the associations between the baseline clinical features and the endoscopically normal esophagus in EoE, as well as time trends in reporting. Methods In this retrospective study of active EoE cases from 2002 – 2018, patients with and without esophageal endoscopic abnormalities were compared. Multivariable logistic regression identified the independent predictors of a normal EGD. The proportion of patients with a normal EGD was determined per year, and before and after the introduction of the first EoE guidelines and the EoE Endoscopic Reference Score (EREFS). Results Of 878 EoE patients, 101 (11.5 %) had an endoscopically normal esophagus; they were younger (8.3 vs. 25.4 years), had shorter median symptom duration before diagnosis (2.8 vs. 5.0 years), were less likely to have dysphagia (40 % vs. 76 %) or food impaction (8 % vs. 33 %), and more likely to have abdominal pain (37 % vs. 19 %) (P Conclusions An endoscopically normal esophagus is seen in ~10 % of active EoE patients and should not preclude biopsies; younger age, abdominal pain, and lack of dysphagia are independent predictors. The proportion of normal EGDs decreased over time, suggesting improved recognition of endoscopic findings.
Do you find exercise pleasant or unpleasant? The Affective Exercise Experiences (AFFEXX) questionnaire

Abstract Suggestions that affective experiences may influence exercise motivation have commonly appeared since the dawn of exercise psychology. However, a measure that captures the nature, the antecedents, and the motivational implications of such experiences has been lacking. We developed the Affective Exercise Experiences (AFFEXX) questionnaire to assess the constructs within a conceptual model, according to which core affective exercise experiences (pleasure-displeasure, energy-tiredness, calmness-tension) are influenced by six antecedent appraisals and, in turn, shape attraction or antipathy towards exercise. We report results from three studies (N = 1799) evaluating internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and factorial, convergent, discriminant, construct, and criterion validity. We show that attraction-antipathy correlates with vigorous (0.55) and moderate-to-vigorous (0.48) self-reported physical activity, and accounts for 11–12% and 6–7% of additional variance, respectively, beyond variance explained by self-efficacy and behavioral intention. Affective exercise experiences warrant further study as possible contributors to motivation. The AFFEXX is available from this link: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/EF76R .
Toggles, Dollar Signs, and Triangles: How to (In)Effectively Convey Privacy Choices with Icons and Link Texts

Increasingly, icons are being proposed to concisely convey privacy-related information and choices to users. However, complex privacy concepts can be difficult to communicate. We investigate which icons effectively signal the presence of privacy choices. In a series of user studies, we designed and evaluated icons and accompanying textual descriptions (link texts) conveying choice, opting-out, and sale of personal information — the latter an opt-out mandated by the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA). We identified icon-link text pairings that conveyed the presence of privacy choices without creating misconceptions, with a blue stylized toggle icon paired with “Privacy Options” performing best. The two CCPA-mandated link texts (“Do Not Sell My Personal Information” and “Do Not Sell My Info”) accurately communicated the presence of do-not-sell opt-outs with most icons. Our results provide insights for the design of privacy choice indicators and highlight the necessity of incorporating user testing into policy making.