cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation for finite-amplitude gravity waves in a fluid (erratum and addendum)

A few more remarks about the origin of the discrepancies between the results obtained by the method of multiple scales and the averaged Lagrangian method are in order. I t must be mentioned that the latter method does not apparently compare well on matters of rigor because the notion of slow variation is never quantified there precisely. On this account, it is quite probable that the averaged Lagrangian method has underestimated the amplitude dispersion in the transverse direction, and may be this is the cause of the forementioned discrepancies. Nonetheless, the evolution equation produced by the averaged Lagrangian method does have some interesting properties, as demonstrated in the above paper, and as such it could be accepted as another model equation in its own right.
Mt. Hood Pressure Pillow Snow Gage

Abstract At Mt. Hood, Oregon, the Soil Conservations Service has developed and conducted evaluation tests of the pressure pillow approach to measuring the equivalent water content of the snow. Results indicated this method to be a practical, economical and accurate method of measuring the equivalent water content of the snow. The pressure pillow snow gage provides a continuous recording of any changes in the water content of the snow.
An emerging theory of the effect of economic contraction on alcohol abuse in the United States

Recent research in the United States describing the association between adverse economic experiences and the risk of clinically significant alcohol abuse is reviewed. A theory of how economic contraction affects the incidence of alcohol abuse is offered. Implications of the theory for economic policy and the provision of services are discussed.
Studies of decaying helium plasmas

Abstract This paper reports simultaneous measurements of the time dependence of the intensities of spectral lines and bands and that of the number density of atomic and molecular ions in decaying helium plasmas. The validity and reliability of mass-spectrometric probing of a decaying plasma is checked by comparing the values obtained for the ambipolar diffusion coefficient of He+ and He+2 with those measured by means of other techniques. The results showed that, in the wavelength region of 3000 A to 7000 A, the spectral line emission by a decaying helium plasma is a consequence of the collisional radiative recombination process He+ + 2e → He∗ + e → He + e + hv. No evidence was found for the occurence of the dissociative recombination process He+2 + e → He∗ + + He → 2He + hv. The spectral band emission was determined to be caused by the collisional radiative recombination process He+2 + e + X → He∗2 + X → 2He + X + hv where the identity of X is as yet not difinitely established but it not a helium atom in the ground state.
αB-Crystallin Improves Murine Cardiac Function and Attenuates Apoptosis in Human Endothelial Cells Exposed to Ischemia-Reperfusion

Background This study investigates the protective effect of exogenous αB-crystallin (CryAB) on myocardial function after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Methods Mice underwent temporary left anterior descending artery occlusion for 30 minutes. Either CryAB (50 μg) or phosphate-buffered saline (100 μL [n = 6, each group]) were injected in the intramyocardial medial and lateral perinfarct zone 15 minutes before reperfusion. Intraperitoneal injections were administered every other day. Left ventricular ejection fraction was evaluated on postoperative day 40 with magnetic resonance imaging. To investigate the effect of CryAB on apoptosis after hypoxia/reoxygenation in vitro, murine atrial cardiomyocytes (HL-1 cells) or human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) were incubated with either 50 μg CryAB (500 μg /10 mL) or phosphate-buffered saline in a hypoxia chamber for 6, 12, and 24 hours, followed by 30 minutes of reoxygenation at room air. Apoptosis was then assessed by western blot (Bcl-2, free bax, cleaved caspases-3, 9, PARP) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analyses (cytoplasmic histone-associated DNA fragments and caspase-3 activity). Results On postoperative day 40, CryAB-treated mice had a 1.8-fold increase in left ventricular ejection fraction versus control mice (27% ± 6% versus 15% ± 4% SD, p p p Conclusions Exogenous CryAB administration significantly improves cardiac function after ischemia-reperfusion injury, in vivo. The protective anti-apoptotic affects of CryAB may target the endothelial cell.
Making place with the food voice in the san Luis Valley of Colorado

Food-centered life history interviews have been collected since 1996 in my fieldwork in the small Mexicano town of Antonito in the southern San Luis Valley of Colorado and the. The relationship between voice and place in anthropological method and theory can be explored along two paths. One path is how these interviews gathered in this place have created a space for my own writerly voice at the same time as they have posed questions about insider vs. outsider location, relation, power, and authority. The second path is how Mexicanas’ diverse constructions of landscapes, rivers, homes, gardens, kitchens and the like portray culture, express gender, construct history, and establish powerful claims to space. Stories about places by traditionally silenced people like the rural Chicanas I interviewed are particularly important in enriching the historical record. Their food-centered life histories contest stereotypes about the relegation of women to the home and about Chicanos’ disregard for environmental conservation. They reveal longstanding roots in the land, which can provide cultural legitimacy and economic sustenance, hallmarks of Chicano cultural citizenship.
Computer simulation of blood flow using short te magnetic resonance angiography

Using computer simulation of pulsatile blood flow and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), we investigated the hemodynamic factors leading to the formation and evolution of 1) atherosclerotic plaque in carotid arteries, and 2) aneurysms in the abdominal aorta. Phantom and patients were imaged by MRA, color Doppler and/or digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Computer modelling was carried out by finite element analysis to solve the Navier-Stokes equation. In the analyzed vessels, voxels representing pathology were digitally removed. Local wall shear stress and pressure were also calculated as a function of a cardiac cycle. There was general agreement between MRA, color Doppler, DSA and computer simulation in both phantom and in-vivo experiments. In MRA, the best results were achieved by short TE, thin slice 2D “time-of-flight” technique, which was least susceptible to the changes in velocity profiles, and best correlated with Doppler and computer simulation. The hemodynamic information obtained from analyzed carotid arteries predicted that during late systole, flow separation exists at the exact locations from where the plaque voxels were removed. We were also able to predict the location of abdominal aortic aneurysm and its evolution toward the distal vessel intima. In conclusion, MRA accurately depicted flow disturbances, and computer simulation of blood flow proved to be a good predictor of the development of vascular pathology.
Handle attaching in symplectic homology and the Chord Conjecture

Arnold conjectured that every Legendrian knot in the standard contact structure on the 3-sphere possesses a characteristic chord with respect to any contact form. I confirm this conjecture if the know has Thurston-Bennequin invariant −1. More generally, existence of chords is proved for a standard Legendrian unknot on the boundary of a subcritical Stein manifold of any dimension. There is also a multiplicity result which implies in some situations existence of infinitely many chords.¶The proof relies on the behaviour of symplectic homology under handle attaching. The main observation is that symplectic homology only changes in the presence of chords.
Effects of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists on daily alcohol intake under acquisition, maintenance, and relapse conditions in alcohol-preferring (P) rats

Abstract Previous research indicated that 5-HT 3 antagonists can reduce ethanol drinking in rats, but drinking conditions and other environmental manipulations influenced the efficacy of these antagonists. The current experiments were conducted to examine the effects of the 5-HT 3 antagonists MDL 72222 (MDL) or ICS 205-930 (ICS) on 24-h ethanol (10% v/v) consumption during acquisition, maintenance, and following a period of deprivation in selectively bred high alcohol-preferring (P) male rats. In an analysis of the acquisition of ethanol consumption, daily injections of MDL (1 mg/kg; s.c.) or ICS (1 or 5 mg/kg) were administered to separate groups of P rats during the initial 10 days of ethanol exposure. To examine the maintenance of ethanol drinking, these same groups of rats were allowed access to ethanol for 21 days with no pharmacological manipulations, and were then administered either saline or the 5-HT 3 antagonist. To examine the effects of a 5-HT 3 antagonist on relapse of ethanol drinking, another group of P rats was allowed access to ethanol for 6 weeks and was then deprived of ethanol for 3 weeks. Prior to ethanol reinstatement, rats were treated chronically (seven daily injections) or acutely with MDL (1 mg/kg), saline, or received no injections. MDL (1 mg/kg) and ICS (1 or 5 mg/kg) reduced ethanol intake during acquisition (60–80%) and during maintenance drinking (35–70%) in P rats pretreated with saline during acquisition. However, in rats pretreated with MDL or ICS during acquisition, there was a significant reduction in the effectiveness of either MDL or ICS to reduce ongoing ethanol drinking. Neither acute nor chronic treatment with 1 mg/kg MDL altered the 80% increase in ethanol consumption observed on the first day of reinstatement following a 3-week deprivation period. However, in a follow-up study, acute treatment with MDL (3 mg/kg) or ICS (5 mg/kg) did prevent the 80% increase in ethanol consumption observed on the first day of reinstatement. Overall, the results suggest that 5-HT 3 receptors are involved in the acquisition and maintenance of 24-h ethanol drinking, and that neuroadaptations may occur as a result of chronic treatment with 5-HT 3 antagonists, or during prolonged alcohol deprivation, which alter the involvement of these receptors in regulating alcohol drinking in the P rat.
Internal transcribed spacer sequences from 38 recognized species of Suillus sensu lato: Phylogenetic and taxonomic implications

Internal transcribed spacer regions of the nuclear ribosomal repeat have been sequenced from 47 isolates belonging to 38 recognized species of Suil- lus sensu lato. The sequences have been analyzed for phylogenetic and taxonomic implications using par- simony as well as distance methods. Based on these data, the genera Boletinus and Fuscoboletinus, that are often recognized within Suillus sensu lato, are not monophyletic. Isolates of Suillus granulatus derived from either North America or Europe and Asia are polyphyletic and seem to represent at least two dif- ferent species. Our data also suggest that within Suil- lus sensu lato, mycorrhizal associations with Larix are primitive and host changes to Pinus and Pseudotsuga
Legitimizing the Leader: Endorsement by Male Versus Female Authority Figures

Subjects viewed a videotaped group discussion by a leader and four other group members and evaluated each of them for leadership competence. The leader, either a man or a woman, was either personally endorsed (“legitimized”) or unendorsed by either a male or a female authority figure. Legitimation raised both leaders' performance evaluations. Legitimation by the female authority affected the leaders' evaluations, overall, as much as legitimation by a male authority. For the male leader, legitimation by the male and female authority figures produced equal impact. However, legitimation by the female authority figure produced significantly greater impact on evaluations of the female leader's performance than the same legitimation by a male authority figure. The data suggest that female authority figures can be effective legitimizers of both sexes, but male authority's endorsements of a female subordinate may be viewed as suspect.
Effects of voice therapy: A systematic review that results in limited conclusions

Although no specific question was stated for this systematic review, the aim was to review studies that evaluated voice-therapy intervention. Abstracted from: Speyer, R. (2008). Effects of voice th...
Evaluation of the Relative Weight (Wr ) Index, with New Applications to Walleye

Abstract Relative weight (Wr ) is 100 × W/Ws , W being the weight of an individual fish and W the “standard” weight of a fish of the same length. The widespread application of relative weight in fisheries management has been hindered by the slow development of standard weights at length for many important fish species. We found the conventional approach to Ws development to be limited by data availability and improperly influenced by sample weighting. We designed and tested a method of Ws development that addresses these shortcomings. Our method treats log10weight-log10length regression equations for a series of a species' populations as the statistical population to be modeled. First, we predict mean fish weight in 1-cm total length intervals for each population. Then we find the 75th percentile of the mean weights in each interval, and regress these on length to determine the parameters for the Ws equation. Standard-weight equations determined by our regression-line-percentile (RLP) technique were funct...
Minimizing the completion time of the transfer operations in a central parcel consolidation terminal with unequal-batch-size inbound trailers

This paper addresses the scheduling of inbound trailers to unload docks at central parcel consolidation terminals in the parcel delivery industry, an industry that operates in a time-critical environment. The scheduling function can have a significant impact on the amount of time required to unload the inbound trailers and sort and load the parcels to the outbound trailers. This problem is known as the parcel hub scheduling problem (PHSP). To solve the PHSP, a simulation-based scheduling approach with an embedded genetic algorithm is proposed. The results show that the proposed scheduling approach is able to reduce the amount of time required to unload the inbound trailers by approximately 3.5 percent compared to a previously developed algorithm and about 16.1 percent compared to an approach that is representative of current industry practice.
Bleomycin-mitomycin C therapy for advanced squamous carcinoma of the cervix

Abstract Ten patients with recurrent or advanced squamous carcinoma of the cervix were treated with bleomycin and mitomycin C. Two of nine evaluable patients (22%) had a complete response to therapy while disease progressed in six and remained stable in one. Despite dose reduction, adverse effects of bleomycin were more common in patients with renal failure and included cutaneous toxicity, stomatitis, nausea, and vomiting. Myelosuppression was encountered in six patients but did not correlate with the functional status of the kidneys. None of the patients experienced pulmonary toxicity.
The Effect of AS's Geographic Locations on Internet's Stability

This paper analyzes how the AS's geographic locations and transmission distances affect on Internet's stability. In contrast to the traditional studies focusing on the future AS network which based on nowadays, this paper emphasizes particularly on the change of AS network's performance under the effect of the economic adjusting or the technology innovation to help make adjusting measures and to lead the technological trend. A double-deck network model of geographic hypergraph and AS network is presented to simulate the geographic locations, which is not reflected in traditional models. The simulate results of our model show that Internets stability ascends with the increase of transmission distances. However, if AS's geographic locations are random, the transmission distances has no obvious effects on Internets stability.
Vagotomy fails to block the satiating effect of food in the stomach.

Abstract Normal rats and rats with bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy, each equipped with a pyloric noose, ate liquid food after 3-hr food deprivation. When the noose was open, ingested food accumulated in the stomach and entered the intestine in normal fashion. When the noose was closed, ingested food was trapped in the stomach and did not enter the intestine. Normal and vagotomized rats ate the same size meal with the noose closed as they ate with the noose open and all rats displayed a postprandial sequence of satiety behavior that culminated in resting. Thus, vagotomy failed to block the satiating effect of food in the stomach. This result suggests that gastric distension mediated by vagal afferents is not a necessary stimulus for satiety elicited by food in the stomach.
Inflammation, obesity, and thrombosis

Clinical and epidemiological studies support a connection between obesity and thrombosis, involving elevated expression of the prothrombotic molecules plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and tissue factor (TF) and increased platelet activation. Cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome-associated disorders, including obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and hepatic steatosis, involve inflammation elicited by infiltration and activation of immune cells, particularly macrophages, into adipose tissue. Although TF has been clearly linked to a procoagulant state in obesity, emerging genetic and pharmacologic evidence indicate that TF signaling via G protein-coupled protease-activated receptors (PAR2, PAR1) additionally drives multiple aspects of the metabolic syndrome. TF-PAR2 signaling in adipocytes contributes to diet-induced obesity by decreasing metabolism and energy expenditure, whereas TF-PAR2 signaling in hematopoietic and myeloid cells drives adipose tissue inflammation, hepatic steatosis, and insulin resistance. TF-initiated coagulation leading to thrombin-PAR1 signaling also contributes to diet-induced hepatic steatosis and inflammation in certain models. Thus, in obese patients, clinical markers of a prothrombotic state may indicate a risk for the development of complications of the metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, TF-induced signaling could provide new therapeutic targets for drug development at the intersection between obesity, inflammation, and thrombosis.
A Multipath Flow Routing Approach for Increasing Throughput in the Internet

In the current Internet, hotspots arise because traffic tends to be routed along shortest hop paths sharing common links, leading to congestion on these links and underutilization on others. Current routing protocols are not able to exploit the path redundancy that exists in the Internet. To improve overall throughput and network utilization, we propose a multipath flow routing overlay system, coupled with network sensors that provide realtime information about overlay links, to distribute traffic more efficiently over the network. In particular, we focus on improving the throughput performance of large file transfers over TCP/IP-based internets. Files are dynamically split into multiple flows, which are then distributed over the network by the multipath flow routing overlay. We have implemented such a routing overlay using the Click modular software router and studied its performance on the Emulab network emulation testbed. We present performance results, which show that the multipath routing overlay can dramatically increase TCP throughput under a variety of network scenarios.
Coupled Inline-Cross Flow VIV Hydrodynamic Coefficients Database

Vortex Induced Vibrations (VIV) cause major fatigue damage to long slender bodies and have been extensively studied in the past decades. While most of the past research focused on the cross flow direction, it was recently shown that the inline motion in the direction of the flow has a major impact on the fatigue life damage due to its higher frequency (second harmonic) and more importantly, its coupling with the crossflow motion, which triggers a third harmonic stress component in the cross flow direction. In this paper, the coupled inline-crossflow VIV problem is addressed from semi-empirical modeling of fluid forces. Extensive fine grid forced inline-crossflow VIV experiments were designed and carried out in the MIT towing tank. An inline-crossflow VIV hydrodynamics coefficients database was newly constructed using the experimental results and it is expected to be useful for other semi empirical programs predicting coupled inline-crossflow VIV in the field. Several key hydrodynamic coefficients in the database, including lift force coefficients, drag force coefficients and added mass coefficients, were systematically analyzed. The coefficients in the crossflow and the inline directions were found to have strong dependency on the phase between the inline and crossflow motions.© 2014 ASME
Overlap of Registered Nurse and Physician Practice: Implications for U.S. Health Care Reform:

This review offers an analysis of practice overlap between physicians and registered nurses (RNs) who are not advanced practice nurses. Additionally, it spotlights opportunities for expanding tradi...
Optimized GPU evaluation of arbitrary degree NURBS curves and surfaces

This paper presents a new unified and optimized method for evaluating and displaying trimmed NURBS surfaces using the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). Trimmed NURBS surfaces, the de facto standard in commercial mechanical CAD modeling packages, are currently being tessellated into triangles before being sent to the graphics card for display since there is no native hardware support for NURBS. Other GPU-based NURBS evaluation and display methods either approximated the NURBS patches with lower degree patches or relied on specific hard-coded programs for evaluating NURBS surfaces of different degrees. Our method uses a unified GPU fragment program to evaluate the surface point coordinates of any arbitrary degree NURBS patch directly, from the control points and knot vectors stored as textures in graphics memory. This evaluated surface is trimmed during display using a dynamically generated trim-texture calculated via alpha blending. The display also incorporates dynamic Level of Detail (LOD) for real-time interaction at different resolutions of the NURBS surfaces. Different data representations and access patterns are compared for efficiency and the optimized evaluation method is chosen. Our GPU evaluation and rendering speeds are more than 40 times faster than evaluation using the CPU.
Political Culture, Registration Laws, and Voter Turnout Among the American States

Political scientists have long been concerned about the effects of voter-registration rules on election-day turnout, but have devoted little effort to explaining interstate differences in voting procedures. What leads one state to adopt permissive registration laws and another to enact restrictive laws? In addition, what is the precise relationship between registration laws and measures ofpopular participation? This article takes a first step toward answering these questions, utilizing Daniel J. Elazar 's concept ofpolitical culture and causal-modeling techniques. The results indicate thatpolitical culture offers a significant, theory-driven explanation for differences in voter-registration laws and voter turnout among the American states.
The effect of disturbance on an ant–plant mutualism

Protective ant–plant mutualisms—where plants provide food or shelter to ants and ants protect the plants from herbivores—are a common feature in many ecological communities, but few studies have examined the effect of disturbance on these interactions. Disturbance may affect the relationship between plants and their associated ant mutualists by increasing the plants’ susceptibility to herbivores, changing the amount of reward provided for the ants, and altering the abundance of ants and other predators. Pruning was used to simulate the damage to buttonwood mangrove (Conocarpus erectus) caused by hurricanes. Pruned plants grew faster than unpruned plants, produced lower levels of physical anti-herbivore defenses (trichomes, toughness), and higher levels of chemical defenses (tannins) and extrafloral nectaries. Thus, simulated hurricane damage increased plant growth and the amount of reward provided to ant mutualists, but did not have consistent effects on other anti-herbivore defenses. Both herbivores and ants increased in abundance on pruned plants, indicating that the effects of simulated hurricane damage on plant traits were propagated to higher trophic levels. Ant-exclusion led to higher leaf damage on both pruned and upruned plants. The effect of ant-exclusion did not differ between pruned and unpruned plants, despite the fact that pruned plants had higher ant and herbivore densities, produced more extrafloral nectaries, and had fewer physical defenses. Another common predator, clubionid spiders, increased in abundance on pruned plants from which ants had been excluded. I suggest that compensatory predation by these spiders diminished the effect of ant-exclusion on pruned plants.
Rheological Models for Stick-Slip Behavior

Stick-slip is a complex phenomenon which has been studied by researchers from many points of view. A variety of engineering factors, such as surface roughness, may contribute to this behavior. However, recent studies from basic science have shown that molecularly smooth surfaces separated by a film also exhibit stick-slip. Thus, the process may be intrinsically film-induced due to transitions between solid-like and fluid-like behavior. The authors of such studies often state that this kind of response indicates the futility of trying to describe such behavior from a continuum perspective. A purpose of this paper is to refute that point of view. Other studies, both experimental and theoretical, have indicated that continuum rheological models may be valid for films of molecular (nanometer) scale. Various rheological models which can predict stick-slip are proposed in this paper. Calculated results are similar to those of experiment.
Evolution of interaction domain microstructure during spray deposition

An interaction domain, defined in the present article as the region where semisolid, atomized droplets impinge and are collected during spray atomization and deposition, was systematically investigated on the basis of a semisolid metal-forming mechanism. Accordingly, microstructural evolution in the interaction domain was rationalized by quantitative analyses of (1) the solid fraction of semisolid metal, (2) the extent of deformation and deformation strain rate, and (3) the solidification cooling rate. The results demonstrate that the fraction of solid in the interaction domain ranges from 0.5 to 0.8 for the materials studied here: Ni3Al, Al-6 wt pct Si, and Al-6 wt pct Fe. Moreover, the results show that the semisolid material in the interaction domain experiences a severe deformation during deposition with an associated strain rate of up to 106 s-1. As a result of this deformation; the solidification structure is modified, and, in particular, any dendritic structure that is present will undergo extensive fragmentation. The severe deformation that is experienced by the interaction domain and the presence of a solidification cooling rate that is on the order of 10 to 105 Ks-1 were proposed to be critical factors that promote the formation of a spheroidal grain morphology during spray atomization and deposition. Experimental support to this suggestion was provided by microstructural observations on Ni3Al, Al-6Si, and Al-6Fe. In particular, the morphological modification of the primary Si phase that is observed in spray-atomized and spray-deposited Al-6Si was rationalized on the basis of these factors.
A reconsideration of the Fontéchevade fossils

Reconstructions of the Fontechevade fossils normally depict them as adults without neandertaloid brow ridges. A reconsideration of the size of the frontal sinus, the interorbital breadth, and the frontal squamous thickness of the gracile Fontechevade I fragment suggests that it could represent either an adolescent or an adult. Similarly, a reconstruction of the Fontechevade II cranium indicates that it could equally possess or lack a supraorbital torus. Unfortunately, absolute proof of either reconstruction is not available, and therefore, the evolutionary significance of the fossils is uncertain.
Positron-annihilation momentum density in superconductors

The origin of the dramatic shifts observed in the temperature dependence of positron-annihilation characteristics (particularly lifetime and Doppler-broadening line shape) near ${T}_{c}$ in the cuprates is not presently clear. Both intrinsic and extrinsic (i.e., defect-related) mechanisms have been proposed. To help clarify whether Cooper pairing is responsible for these shifts, we present an approximate formulation of the positron characteristics in a BCS superconductor. Relations are derived for the zeroth- and first-order terms in the ladder summation for the two-photon momentum density, with electron propagators represented in the Nambu-Gorkov form. The momentum densities in the normal and superconducting states differ appreciably only within the pairing shell centered at ${p}_{F}$. Numerical calculations are performed for two- and three-dimensional models. The differences increase with increasing \ensuremath{\Delta}/\ensuremath{\mu} but are relatively small in the first-order calculation. We also estimate an upper bound to the effect of BCS pairing on the positron characteristics, including terms to all orders in the electron-positron interaction. Based on comparisons of our model calculations with experiment, it seems unlikely that BCS pairing is responsible for the measured shifts in positron properties near ${T}_{c}$.
Modeling and simulation of bin-bin correlations in GNSS-R waveforms

Reflected signals from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS-R) can be used as a source of illumination for bistatic radar remote sensing of the ocean surface. When cross-correlated with a replica of the transmitted signal, the resulting waveform will have a shape dependent upon the slope distribution of the random rough surface. Substantial data from airborne experiments with GPS exist and have been used to demonstrate the feasibility of GPS reflectometry for ocean remote sensing. The available data from satellite receivers, or any experiments using signals with other modulations, such as Galileo, however, is much scarcer. In order to predict the performance of future spaceborne GNSS-R experiments, and to evaluate the utility of including BOC-modulated signals from Galileo and the modernized GPS in reflectometry measurements, a capability for generating synthetic GNSS-R waveforms has been under development. Individual waveforms are produced by cross-correlating a short block of reflected signal with a model signal over many delay-Doppler bins. As the receiver moves relative to the scattering surface, this cross-correlation is repeated in time, over subsequent blocks of reflected data. Noisy waveforms are thus correlated in time. Samples of the waveform at a given instant in time are also correlated with other samples at same time, but computed at different delays. A realistic simulator, producing synthetic data which accurately represents the statistics of observed signals, must properly account for these correlations. In this presentation, a model for the second effect, the correlation between waveform samples at different delays (or between —) is modeled and implemented into a simulator.
In vivo biosynthesis and transport of oxytocin, vasopressin and neurophysin from the hypothalamus to the spinal cord

The biosynthesis of oxytocin, vasopressin and their associated neurophysins were studied in the projection from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus to the spinal cord in individual freely-moving adult male rats. Neuropeptide biosynthesis was studied in vivo by the delivery of [35S]cysteine through stereotaxically implanted indwelling cannulae using an osmotic minipump delivery system. Following the appropriate chase times, the neural lobe and spinal cord segments T1-T4 and T12-L2 were removed from fresh tissue; in addition, the nucleus of the solitary tract was punched from frozen coronal sections. The radiolabeled peptides were purified from the tissue homogenates by sequential linear and exponential gradient elution from reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography columns. This approach has allowed us to purify radiolabeled oxytocin and vasopressin from both the upper and lower spinal cord. However, the kinetics of oxytocin and vasopressin biosynthesis appeared to be remarkably different, as judged by their differential labeling with different pulse and chase times. Additionally, the use of different chase periods following the pulse of radiolabel has allowed us to determine that oxytocin reaches the spinal cord via the fast component of axonal transport (greater than 8 mm h-1). Using immunoprecipitation and purification by high performance liquid chromatography, we were also able to purify radiolabeled neurophysins from spinal cord tissue homogenates. These results lend further support to a role for oxytocin and vasopressin in the modulation of autonomic nervous system function and to the role of the paraventricular nucleus as an integration center for endocrine and autonomic function.
Impacts of cadmium contamination and fish presence on wetland invertebrate communities: An application of population measures and multi-metric tests

Abstract Wetlands are extensively used in heavy metal bioremediation, and it is important to know how biota are impacted by such toxins. I examined invertebrate communities in six experimental wetland ponds in Ithaca, NY, USA to assess the effects of residual cadmium. Three ponds had been treated with cadmium in 1983, and still had average levels of 3.6 mg/kg in the sediment in 2001. Also, two of the cadmium ponds and one non-cadmium pond had predatory fish populations. I quantified the variable effects on invertebrate communities using non-parametric statistics, CCA (canonical correspondence analysis), and three published multi-metric tests ( Burton et al., 1999; Apfelbeck, 2001; Helgen and Gernes, 2001 ). Cadmium effects could not be seen in ponds with fish because invertebrate abundance in these ponds was low. In ponds without fish, cadmium appeared to have significant influence on invertebrate abundance, but not on diversity. None of the multi-metric tests detected a cadmium impact. This study suggests that trophic interactions between fish and invertebrates should be considered in wetland index development and implementation.
Genesis of the use of corticosteroids in the treatment and prevention of brain edema.

BACKGROUND: Since the groundbreaking article from the University of Minnesota in 1961 by Drs. Galicich, French, and Melby describing the use of dexamethasone for peritumoral cerebral edema, the use of corticosteroids in patients with brain tumors has become routine. Unfortunately, little has been reported regarding the environment that fostered arguably the greatest translational research contribution in the history of neurosurgery. METHODS: During a pilot study to assess corticosteroid uptake in brain tumors, Dr. Galicich observed that patients given a large dose of corticosteroids just before craniotomy had a relatively benign postoperative course. This led, in October 1959, to the administration of high-dose corticosteroids to a patient with a large recurrent glioblastoma who was semicomatose and severely hemiparetic. The results were dramatic, with almost complete resolution of neurological deficit during a period of several days and marked reduction of midline shift on repeat angiograms. This finding prompted the studies that confirmed the efficacy of high-dose corticosteroids in reducing peritumoral brain edema in humans reported in the 1961 article. RESULTS: After publication, a revolution in brain tumor management occurred because corticosteroid therapy markedly reduced the morbidity and mortality associated with brain tumors both in the United States and worldwide. CONCLUSION: The combination of astute clinical observation and follow up by rigorous clinical research at the University of Minnesota resulted in one of the greatest contributions in the history of neurosurgery, rivaled only by the operative microscope in its effect on morbidity, and unsurpassed in reduction of mortality.
Dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex volumetric abnormalities in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder identified by magnetic resonance imaging.

Objectives Gray and white matter volume deficits have been reported in a number of studies of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); however, there is a paucity of structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of adults with ADHD. This structural MRI study used an a priori region of interest approach. Methods Twenty-four adults with DSM-IV ADHD and 18 healthy controls comparable on age, socioeconomic status, sex, handedness, education, IQ, and achievement test performance had an MRI on a 1.5T Siemens scanner. Cortical and sub-cortical gray and white matter were segmented. Image parcellation divided the neocortex into 48 gyral-based units per hemisphere. Based on a priori hypotheses we focused on prefrontal, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and overall gray matter volumes. General linear analyses of the volumes of brain regions, adjusting for age, sex, and total cerebral volumes, were used to compare groups. Results Relative to controls, ADHD adults had significantly smaller overall cortical gray matter, prefrontal and ACC volumes. Conclusions Adults with ADHD have volume differences in brain regions in areas involved in attention and executive control. These data, largely consistent with studies of children, support the idea that adults with ADHD have a valid disorder with persistent biological features.
2D gravity+1D matter

Abstract We consider a formulation of nonperturbative two-dimensional quantum gravity coupled to a single bosonic field (d = 1 matter). Starting from a matrix realization of the discretized model, we express the continuum theory as a double scaling limit in which the 2D cosmological constant g tends towards a critical value gc, and the string coupling 1 N → 0, with the scaling parameter α∝1n(g-gc)(g-gc)N held fixed. We find that in this formulation logarithmic corrections already present at tree level persist to all higher genus, suggesting a behavior different from the previously considered cases of d
Film casting of a modified Giesekus fluid : a steady-state analysis

Abstract A theoretical analysis of the isothermal steady-state film casting process is conducted. A modified Giesekus rheological model is used in the study. The coupled effects of the rheological model parameters on the velocity profile, the stress profiles, and the film tension are found to be related to the elongational viscosity curve. A positive (negative) slope of the elongational viscosity curve corresponds to a velocity profile above (below) the Newtonian profile. The stress profiles are related to both the magnitude and shape of the elongational viscosity curve. The normalized film tension and the elongational viscosity exhibit strikingly similar characteristics. At high deformation rates, fluids with higher chain extensibility have higher elongational viscosity and require higher film tension; fluids with larger mobility factor have lower elongational viscosity and require lower film tension.
Contributions of threshold measurement to color-discrimination theory.

Perhaps the most fundamental questions in color-discrimination theory are: (1) how many different classes of photopic mechanisms mediate color discrimination and (2) what are their spectral sensitivities? Studies of photopic visual thresholds—obtained by using small foveal stimuli—have provided evidence related to these questions. The radiance required for threshold probability of seeing is a function of many variables of a physical and methodological sort. Where color discrimination is concerned, wavelength has been the physical variable of prime interest. Visual sensitivity (reciprocal radiance required for some criterion response) is not a smooth function of wavelength, but exhibits interesting inflections, particularly when threshold radiance is the response criterion. These inflections can be significantly enhanced under suitable conditions of chromatic adaptation, and have been thought by many workers to suggest that separate underlying mechanisms contribute differentially to threshold response as a function of test-flash wavelength and adapting conditions. In order to attempt quantitative inferences about these presumed underlying mechanisms from threshold data, another difficult question must be examined: (3) what is the nature of the interactions among the photopic mechanisms as they cooperate, fail to cooperate, or inhibit one another in the determination of a threshold probability of response? Various theoretical ideas and recent experimental evidence related to these three questions are also reviewed.
Adaptive least-expected time paths in stochastic, time-varying transportation and data networks

In congested transportation and data networks, travel (or transmission) times are time-varying quantities that are at best known a priori with uncertainty. In such stochastic, time-varying (or STV) networks, one can choose to use the a priori least-expected time (LET) path or one can make improved routing decisions en route as traversal times on traveled arcs are experienced and arrival times at intermediate locations are revealed. In this context, for a given origin-destination pair at a specific departure time, a single path may not provide an adequate solution, because the optimal path depends on intermediate information concerning experienced traversal times on traveled arcs. Thus, a set of strategies, referred to as hyperpaths, are generated to provide directions to the destination node conditioned upon arrival times at intermediate locations. In this paper, an efficient label-setting-based algorithm is presented for determining the adaptive LET hyperpaths in STV networks. Such a procedure is useful in making critical routing decisions in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and data communication networks. A side-by-side comparison of this procedure with a label-correcting-based algorithm for solving the same problem is made. Results of extensive computational tests to assess and compare the performance of both algorithms, as well as to investigate the characteristics of the resulting hyperpaths, are presented. An illustrative example of both procedures is provided. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dual-threshold design of sub-threshold circuits

Dual threshold voltage (Vth) design is a common method for reducing leakage power in above-threshold circuits. This research shows that it is also effective in reducing energy per cycle of sub-threshold circuits. We first study the single-Vth design theoretically and by simulations, and find that the energy per cycle is independent of threshold voltage. However, in a dual-Vth design, the energy per cycle depends on both threshold voltage and supply voltage. We propose a framework to further reduce energy per cycle below what is possible with a single Vth. Given a nominal value for Vth, we determine an optimal supply voltage Vdd and an optimal higher Vth. Application to a 32-bit ripple carry adder shows energy saving of 29% over the single-Vth lowest energy.
The Spectral Products Created by Nonlinear Intersymbol Interference in NRZ Data

In two-level noise-shaped D/A conversion, a delta-sigma modulator quantizes a bandlimited discrete-time signal into a binary drive for a two-level D/A converter that then outputs a nominally clean NRZ data waveform with the quantization-noise spectrum shaped to be very low in the signal band. Nonlinear intersymbol interference in the final two-level conversion can, however, corrupt the signal band with intermodulation noise. Here a nonlinear model of that two-level conversion is used to derive its output spectrum for test data that are either periodic or random with i.i.d. bits, results that can enable laboratory measurement of model parameters and guide needed circuit improvements
Using Ant Species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) as a Biological Indicator of Agroecosystem Condition

Ant species assemblages have been used as biological indicators of environmental condition in many different ecosystems. To assess the potential of using ants as environmental indicators of agroecosystem condition, ants were collected from a stratified random sample of agricultural fields planted in annually harvested herbaceous crops at 90 sites in North Carolina and Virginia. The ants were identified to species and correlations with soil, management and crop variables were examined as the 1st step in developing an environmental indicator of agroecosystem condition. A total of 41 species of ants was found. Ant species assemblages were found to differ significantly between the fields and the field margin. Ant species assemblages were correlated with soil variables, tillage practices, and insecticide use, suggesting that ants have potential as a biological indicator of agroecosystem condition.
Exaggerated response to gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats: identification of a highly sensitive outlier population.

A number of factors have been shown to predispose patients treated with aminoglycosides to nephrotoxicity. In a previous study in our laboratory investigating the interaction of prior renal dysfunction with gentamicin toxicokinetics, 9.4% of rats in all treatment groups were relatively more sensitive to gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. To determine if these outliers had an underlying disease or physiological abnormality, serum was collected from 99 Sprague-Dawley rats prior to daily treatment with 75 mg/kg gentamicin for seven days. Urea nitrogen, creatinine, Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, total protein, albumin, aspartate transaminase, serum osmolality, total white and red blood cell count, hematocrit, hemoglobin, blood gases, and thyroxine were measured. Blood was collected one and four hours after the first dose of gentamicin for pharmacokinetic analysis. Elevations in post-treatment creatinine and nitrogen were significantly greater in the outliers (4.10 ± 0.24 mg/dl (n = 12) vs 1.92 ± 0.06 mg/dl (n = 87) and 14...
Adhesion and Progressive Debonding of Polymer/Metal Interfaces: Effects of Temperature and Environment

The interfacial fracture properties of a representative polymer/metal interface commonly found in microelectronic applications are examined. The double cantilever beam (DCB) configuration was used to investigate the effects of environmental variables on interfacial adhesion and progressive delamination under monotonic and cyclic fatigue loading conditions. The steady-state interfacial fracture energy, Gss, taken from the plateau of the R-curve, of a representative silica-filled Phenol-Novolac epoxy on a Nielectroplated Cu substrate showed little sensitivity to the presence of moisture. On the other hand, both the initiation interfacial fracture energy, Gi, and the entire progressive debond curve under fatigue loading were remarkably sensitive to moisture and temperature, respectively. Debonding is modeled in terms of interface structure, chemistry using chemical reaction rate theory, and relaxation process at the debond tip. The activation energy for stage I debond growth is found to be 140 kJ/mol and 63 kJ/mol for stage II for the current polymer/metal interface.