cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frequency shifts and geometrical changes in condensed phases—I: Theory for spherically symmetric pentatomic tetrahedral molecules

Abstract A theory is presented which predicts vibrational and rotational frequency shifts and changes in geometry in condensed phases for spherically symmetric tetrahedral molecules. The change in bond length, Δ r 0 , is: Δ r 0 = q 0 Δλ E /λ A 0 where q 0 is the interaction distance between the peripheral atoms of the molecule and the cavity within which the molecule resides, Δλ E is the change in the doubly degenerate frequency parameter, and λ A 0 is the frequency parameter of the totally symmetric vibration in the gas phase. Since the quantities on the right must all be positive under all conditions, the bond length is always longer in a condensed phase than in the gas phase. The changes in the frequency parameters are given by: where K and K' are two constants which can be found from the intermolecular potential function, m F and m σ are the masses of the peripheral and central atoms, respectively, μ F and μ c are the corresponding reciprocal masses, f r,r 0 and f α,α 0 are the triply degenerate stretching and bending force constants, respectively, and i is either 3 or 4; if i is 3, then j is 4, and vice versa. The constants K and K' can be computed from the observed values of Δλ A and Δλ E by using the first two equations. The values found in this way for CF 4 and TiCl 4 are consistent with those predicted from a 6–9 potential function. The computed value of Δλ 4 for CF 4 is in excellent agreement with that found experimentally. It is also shown that for any spherically symmetric tetrahedral molecule, Δλ E and Δλ Rot must always be positive, i.e. the gas-phase frequencies are smaller than the corresponding ones in the liquid or solid. On the other hand, Δλ A must be negative for a liquid, but can be either positive or negative for a solid. For a 6–9 intermolecular potential function, −7 ⩽ Δλ A /Δλ E ⩽ −2 for a liquid, but Δλ A /Δλ E ⩾ −2 for a solid.
'These Rights Spell Security': The New Deal'sReconceptualization of Rights

This paper examines the New Deal’s reinterpretation of what a right to liberty and happiness entail. It first discusses the New Deal’s understanding of liberty and happiness as the opportunity for self-development. It then explores how this new understanding of rights, as well as the legitimacy of the state itself, is dependent on a right to security, understood both economically and psychically. It focuses primarily on the thought of Eleanor and Franklin Roosevelt (cited occasionally as ER or FDR), and Henry Wallace, generally regarded as the three great liberal standard bearers of the New Deal.
How Appraisers Do Their Work: A Test of the Appraisal Process and the Development of a Descriptive Model

Actual decisionmaking behavior is rarely the focus of real estate valuation research, but this paper argues the need for just such investigations and reports the results of one study. Two hypothese...
Vasoactive intestinal peptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide-dependent activation of membrane-bound NO synthase in smooth muscle mediated by pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi1-2.

Plasma membranes isolated from dispersed gastric muscle cells exhibited calmodulin-dependent NOS activity that was stimulated by Ca2+ in the range 0.1-1 mM (maximum 10 microM). Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) (in the presence of GTP), and GTP gamma S (guanosine 5‘-O-(gamma-thio)triphosphate) stimulated NOS activity in a concentration-dependent fashion above that maximally stimulated by Ca2+. The increase in NOS activity induced by VIP, PACAP, and GTP gamma S was abolished by GDP beta S (guanosine 5‘-O-(beta-thio)diphosphate), which had no effect on NOS activity stimulated by Ca2+. The NOS inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine and the calmodulin antagonist calmidazolium abolished NOS activity stimulated by all agents including Ca2+. NOS activity stimulated by GTP gamma S, VIP, and PACAP was inhibited by Gi alpha 1-2 antibody but not by Gq alpha, Gs alpha, and Gi alpha 3 antibodies. NOS activity stimulated by VIP and PACAP was inhibited by 80-83% in membranes derived from pertussis toxin-treated cells. We conclude that a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent NOS present in plasma membranes of gastric muscle cells is activated by two homologous peptide transmitters, VIP and PACAP, via a common receptor coupled to pertussis toxin (PTx)-sensitive Gi1-2. The study provides the first evidence of receptor-mediated G protein activation of NOS in smooth muscle cells.
SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF CYCLOHEXENYL NUCLEOSIDES. CIS-5-(9H-PURIN-9-YL)-3-CYCLOHEXENYL CARBINOLS AND THEIR 8-AZAPURINYL ANALOGS

Abstract 5-Azido-3-cyclohexenecarboxylic acid was reduced to an aminocyclohexenyl-carbinol which was coupled with either 5-amino-4,6-dichloropyrimidine or 2-amino-4,6-dichloropyrimidine, giving 5-pyrimidinyl-3-cyclohexencarbinols. Condensation with triethylorthoformate or nitrous acid formed the purine and 8-azapurine ring systems, respectively. Anti-HIV-1 and cytotoxicity testing results are also described.
Perioperative management of the morbidly obese adolescent with heart failure undergoing bariatric surgery.

Summary The incidence and prevalence of adolescent obesity and adolescent heart failure are increasing, and anesthesiologists increasingly will encounter patients with both conditions. A greater understanding of the physiologic challenges of adolescent heart failure as they relate to the perioperative stressors of anesthesia and bariatric surgery is necessary to successfully manage the perioperative risks faced by this growing subpopulation. Here, we present a representative case of a morbidly obese adolescent with heart failure who underwent a laparoscopic bariatric operation and review the limited available literature on perioperative management in this age group. Specifically, we review evidence and offer recommendations related to preoperative evaluation, venous thromboembolism prophylaxis, positioning, induction, airway management, monitoring, anesthetic maintenance, ventilator management, and adverse effects of the pneumoperitoneum, rhabdomyolysis, and postoperative care.
Thermal modeling of self-heating in strained-silicon MOSFETs

Self-heating is a pressing issue for both the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) and Strained-Si technologies, where the devices are separated from the silicon substrate by poor thermal conducting layers. Although seemingly counterintuitive, the level of self-heating in a strained-Si transistor could be comparable with that of the SOI device due to the poor thermal conductivity of the thick Si/sub 0.8/Ge/sub 0.2/ underlayer (/spl sim/5 W/m-K). The lateral thermal conduction in strained-Si layer of thickness near 10-20 nm would somewhat reduce the maximum temperature rise in the device but is significantly reduced due to the phonon-boundary scattering. In the absence of effective tools for sub-continuum heat transfer modeling, reduced thermal conductivity values for thin silicon and Si/Si/sub 0.8/Ge/sub 0.2/ are used in a one-dimensional multi-fin model that accounts for the lateral conduction in the channel, source and drain as well as heat loss to the Si/sub 0.8/Ge/sub 0.2/ underlayer. This provides a simple yet effective tool for thermal simulations of the strained-Si transistors, which can also be extended to the SiGe-on-insulator (SGOI) technology.
Surface morphology changes upon laser heating of Pt(111)

Abstract The surface morphology of Pt(111) has been studied as a function of irradiation energy produced by a pulsed laser at 1064 nm. Substantial changes from the ideal crystal structure are observed at temperatures greater than approximately half the melting point. These changes are due to the nucleation of dislocations associated with the large temperature gradient normal to the surface. Using scanning tunneling microscopy, we observe dislocations with near-atomic resolution. Stress caused by the normal temperature gradient is relieved by slip parallel to the (111) planes inclined to the surface. Increasing the stress by increasing the maximum temperature to which the surface is heated increases the density of dislocations rather than the average slip along a dislocation. For maximum surface temperatures below 1000 K, atomic diffusion along steps does not occur during the 5 ns during which the surface is heated. For Tmax above 1100 K, this diffusion becomes rapid. For Tmax above values leading to surface damage in the form of slip bands which are visible by light microscopy, the surface is highly disordered.
The maximum echo area of imperfectly conducting dipoles

The question has often been raised as to when the effects of imperfect conductivity must be taken into account when studying the echo area of a wire scatterer such as the dipole. The conditions under which the echo area is sensitive to the conductivity are shown.
A Determination of h e from the Short Wave-Length Limit of the Continuous X-Ray Spectrum

Two precision determinations of the short wave-length limits of the continuous x-ray spectrum have been made, one in the region of 10,000 volts, the other in the region of 20,000 volts by the method of isochromats under very steady applied voltage. The two crystal spectrometer was used as a monochromator. The $K{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{2}$ line of molybdenum and the $L{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{1}$ line of tungsten were used for setting the monochromator. The experimental technique is fully described. A thin window tube with a nickel target coated with tungsten by evaporation was used as the x-ray source. The effect of the finite resolution of the two crystal spectrometer, its behavior as a function of wave-length, and the pitfalls resulting from the "tails" of the spectral window as defined by the selective bicrystalline reflection are carefully considered. The advantage of using a thin layer target of high atomic number on a back support of lower atomic number in order to minimize the danger from these pitfalls is explained. Arguments for the applicability of a correction to the measured voltage for the work function of the cathode are presented. All effects such as the finite resolution of the spectrometer tending to render the voltage threshold for a given wave-length setting less well defined are here called for brevity "smearing effects" and five different new methods of "desmearing" the isochromats or of locating the thresholds are considered. The presence of a hitherto unsuspected knee in the isochromat within a few volts of the quantum limit is shown to render inapplicable the only method so far in use for locating the threshold voltage, the "method of the projected tangent," which is also shown to contain other objectionable pitfalls. The experiment permits of determining either $\frac{h}{e}$ or $\frac{e}{{h}^{\frac{3}{4}}}$ according to whether we assume the ruled grating wave-lengths of x-rays to be correct or make no such assumption but include the data from selective x-ray crystal reflection, crystal density, molecular weight and the Faraday constant as part of the computation. By these respective methods we obtain $\frac{h}{e}=1.3762\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0003\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}17}$; $\frac{e}{{h}^{\frac{3}{4}}}=2.0720\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0004\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{10}$. These results agree with those of Kirkpatrick and Ross and those of Schaitberger on the same experiment with deviations which are small compared to the disagreement with two other entirely different experiments for determining functions of $e$ and $h$. This discrepancy on the Birge-Bond diagram already emphasized by Birge is carefully discussed and possible causes for it are considered. Two possible objections to the present experiment are raised and we believe successfully disposed of. The practical impossibility of blaming this discrepancy on the short wave-length limit experiment is, we believe, convincingly proven by our results.
Compact photoinjector accelerators for free electron lasers

Abstract A compact photoinjector accelerator has been built for the Los Alamos free electron laser facility. This accelerator produces a very high quality beam at 6 MeV with a peak current of 300 A and an emittance
A New “Brew” of MALT1 Inhibitors

The activated B cell-like (ABC) subtype of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive lymphoma that is addicted to NF-κB signaling through the CARD11-BCL10-MALT1 complex. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Nagel and colleagues and Fontan and colleagues describe MALT1 inhibitors suitable for clinical use that are selectively toxic to this malignancy.
Quantitative isolation and properties of nearly homogeneous populations of undegraded free and bound polysomes from rat brain.

— A procedure is described for the preparation of free and bound polysomes from whole homogenate of rat brain tissue. Brain is homogenized in a sucrose-polysome buffer medium high in KCl (250 mm). After a 12-min centrifugation at 135,000 g, the free polysomes in the supernatant are decanted and saved, while the membrane bound polysomes in the pellet are resuspended in homogenizing medium, homogenized in the presence of detergent (Triton X-100), centrifuged for 5min at 1470 g to remove nuclei, decanted, treated with deoxycholate and centrifuged for 10 min at 24,000 g to remove deoxycholate-insoluble material. Polysomes in the two supernatants are harvested by centrifugation through sucrose gradients prepared in high KCl polysome buffer, and with or without cell sap. Free and bound polysomes prepared in this manner are undegraded, equally active in cell-free protein synthesis, and largely free of the usual contaminants. Cross-contamination is minimal (>10%). The recovery of polysomes is at least 95%. The distribution of ribosomes and polysomes in rat brain is 58% free and 42% membrane-bound. The distribution of rat brain RNA is 65% ribosomal and 35% non-ribosomal. Conditions are described for the visualization and analysis of the entire complement of free and bound ribosomes. The size fractionation procedure is rapid and reproducible, requires much less ultracentrifugation than the density-gradient technique, and provides a nearly quantitative means of isolating undegraded free and bound polysomes of rat brain tissue.
Krylov subspace methods for solving large unsymmetric linear systems

Some algorithms based upon a projection process onto the Krylov subspace K/sub m/ = Span(r/sub 0/, Ar/sub 0/,..., A/sup m-1/r/sub 0/) are developed, generalizing the method of conjugate gradients to unsymmetric systems. These methods are extensions of Arnoldi's algorithm for solving eigenvalue problems. The convergence is analyzed in terms of the distance of the solution to the subspace K/sub m/ and some error bounds are established showing in particular a similarity with the conjugate gradient method (for symmetric matrices) when the eigenvalues are real. Several numerical experiments are described and discussed.
Correlation between gross appearance and histopathology of the tongue.

Abstract Some of the gross and histologic changes of the tongue associated with impaired nutritional states occurring in late stages of cancer have been described. A correlation between gross and histologic findings has been attempted.
Shock-wave lithotripsy for renal calculi.

A 42-year-old man presents with a symptomatic kidney stone 12 mm in diameter. Treatment with extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy is recommended. Lithotripsy creates fluid shock waves that are transmitted through the body to cause fragmentation of kidney stones.
Seed germination studies. I. Purification and properties of an alpha-amylase from the cotyledons of germinating peas.

Abstract A starch-hydrolyzing enzyme present in extracts of the cotyledons of germinating peas has been purified over 3400-fold. Several independent criteria show that this activity is due to an amylase of the α-type (α-1,4-glucan-4-glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.1). The enzyme exhibits maximal activity in the pH range 5.3–5.9; the Michaelis constant ( K m ) and energy of activation ( E a ) for the enzyme-catalyzed reaction are 2·10 −4 g soluble starch per ml and 7600 cal/mole, respectively. Calcium ions protect the amylase against heat inactivation, whereas incubation of the enzyme with 5·10 −4 M EDTA for 20 min at room temperature results in complete loss of activity. With amylose and amylopectin as substrates, this enzyme is similar in action pattern to other known plant α-amylases.
Characterizing aggressive behavior

In the research literature, aggressive behavior has traditionally been classified into two distinct subtypes, impulsive or premeditated. Impulsive aggression is defined as a hair-trigger aggressive response to provocation with loss of behavioral control. Premeditated aggression is defined as a planned or conscious aggressive act, not spontaneous or related to an agitated state. The present study outlines the development of a clinically useful self-report instrument, the Impulsive/Premeditated Aggression Scales (IPAS), designed to characterize aggressive behavior as predominately impulsive or predominately premeditated in nature. The IPAS showed strong reliability and validity. Analysis of the IPAS scores demonstrated the presence of two types of aggressive behavior, impulsive and premeditated, in men referred for anger problems. The aggression of most individuals in the present sample was characterized as predominately impulsive in nature (90%).
Combined Optical and MR Bioimaging Using Rare Earth Ion Doped NaYF4 Nanocrystals

Here, novel nanoprobes for combined optical and magnetic resonance (MR) bioimaging are reported. Fluoride (NaYF 4 ) nanocrystals (20-30 nm size) co-doped with the rare earth ions Gd 3+ and Er 3+ /Yb 3+ /Eu 3+ are synthesized and dispersed in water. An efficient up- and downconverted photoluminescence from the rare-earth ions (Er 3+ and Yb 3+ or Eu 3+ ) doped into fluoride nanomatrix allows optical imaging modality for the nanoprobes. Upconversion nanophosphors (UCNPs) show nearly quadratic dependence of the photoluminescence intensity on the excitation light power, confirming a two-photon induced process and allowing two-photon imaging with UCNPs with low power continuous wave laser diodes due to the sequential nature of the two-photon process. Furthermore, both UCNPs and downconversion nanophosphors (DCNPs) are modified with biorecognition biomolecules such as anti-claudin-4 and anti-mesothelin, and show in vitro targeted delivery to cancer cells using confocal microscopy. The possibility of using nanoprobes for optical imaging in vivo is also demonstrated. It is also shown that Gd 3+ co-doped within the nanophosphors imparts strong T1 (Spin-lattice relaxation time) and T2 (spin-spin relaxation time) for high contrast MR imaging. Thus, nanoprobes based on fluoride nanophosphors doped with rare earth ions are shown to provide the dual modality of optical and magnetic resonance imaging.
Current perspectives on the role of enzymes in brewing

Abstract The brewing of beer is a very traditional process, based upon a complex endogenous enzymology occurring during the malting of grain, mashing of grist and fermentation. The relevant cereal-derived enzymes that are involved are reviewed. It is likely that the production of alcoholic beverages in breweries in the projected future will assume different paradigms, procedures which are already realistic for the production of flavoured alcoholic beverages (malternatives) and “near-beer” drinks (happoshu and other beer-like beverages) in Japan. A range of exogenous enzymes—such as glucanases, acetolactate decarboxylase and prolyl endopeptidase—are available for enhancement of the existing brewing process.
The Role of the Social Studies in General Education

(1956). The Role of the Social Studies in General Education. The Social Studies: Vol. 47, No. 6, pp. 210-213.
Stage-specific effects of retinoic acid on gene expression during forebrain development.

Abstract Treatment of early gastrula- and neurula-staged Xenopus embryos with all- trans retinoic acid (RA) results in truncation of the anterior structures of the forebrain and head. The extent of truncation is dependent upon both the stage of immersion and the RA concentration used. As a method to investigate genes important during early forebrain regionalization, late gastrula and neurula embryos were immersed for 2 h within low (1 × 10 −9 M to 5 × 10 −8 M) concentrations of RA. Embryos were allowed to develop to tadpole stages and forebrain marker genes were assessed for any alteration in patterns of expression. Comparisons of controls to experimental groups indicated that the greatest sensitivity to low levels of RA occurred just before the initial expression of the forebrain-specific markers investigated. We concluded that forebrain regionalization and gene expression occurred in the following order: Xotx2 → Xsix3 → Xrx (& Xfez1 ) → Xbf1 → Xemx1 . Xsix3 seems to be very important for the initial parcellation of telencephalon, retinal and diencephalon areas.
A planar passive dual band array feed antenna for Ku band satellite communication terminals

A planar passive array feed antenna for bidirectional Ku band satellite communication was designed, fabricated and measured. The feed antenna achieved 50 dB isolation between transmit and receive ports across the transmitting band. An on-reflector test was conducted by mounting the array feed with external low noise amplifier and block downconverter (LNB) on a 90 cm dish to verify the feed radiation efficiency and illumination pattern. The measured signal to noise ratio (SNR) with the planar feed including loss in test connectors was within 2 dB of that of a commercial horn feed.
Risk factors for bacteriuria in men

Abstract Objective. To identify risk factors for bacteriuria in a selected group of institutionalized men. Methods. A total of 99 men, mean age seventy-one years, range forty-eight to one hundred four years, living in a nursing home were evaluated for diagnoses of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and diabetes mellitus (DM), symptoms of bladder outlet obstruction, and postvoid residual urine volume (PVR). At the time of evaluation urine cultures were performed for all subjects. Urinalyses had been performed in all men within the two years prior to initiation of the study. Residents unable to give informed consent, with a history of cancer of the prostate or bladder, previous urethral or prostate surgery, or inability to void in the standing position were excluded. Results. Prior to or during the study 30 residents had bacteriuria, which was not correlated with age, PVR, previous diagnoses of BPH or DM, or with obstructive or irritative urinary symptoms consistent with bladder outlet obstruction. Conclusions. Competent, institutionalized residents with higher functional levels meeting the inclusion criteria were not at a high risk of bacteriuria. The concept that increased PVR per se predisposes to bacteriuria cannot be substantiated.
The adeno associated viral vector as a strategy for intradiscal gene transfer in immune competent and pre-exposed rabbits

STUDY DESIGN Experimental animal study. OBJECTIVES This study evaluates the in vitro and in vivo transduction efficacy and transgene expression in immune competent and pre-exposed rabbits. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Degenerative disc disease (DDD) continues to pose a substantial clinical problem. Therapeutic options such as an interbody fusion are highly invasive and result in the loss of the intervertebral disc. In addition, interbody fusion puts the adjacent discs at an even higher risk for disc degeneration. A novel approach to slow DDD is to introduce high levels of growth factors into the degenerating disc by delivering the gene coding for the appropriate growth factor. The most efficient technique to do so to date uses viral vectors. However, viral vectors may be problematic because of their immunogenicity. The adeno-associated virus (AAV) viral vector is known to be less immunogenic than commonly used adenoviral vectors. METHODS Human nucleus pulposus cells were transduced in vitro. Twenty-four Rabbits were injected with AAV viral vectors carrying different marker genes. Transgene expression and the humoral/cellular immune response to the vector was evaluated. RESULTS We could show that the AAV viral vector transduces human as well as rabbit nucleus pulposus cells in vitro and in vivo. There is a significant humoral immune response against the AAV vector that decreases transgene expression over 10-fold in preimmunized animals. CONCLUSIONS AAV is a valuable new vector to achieve transgene expression in the intervertebral disc. In preimmunized animals, its use needs to be further evaluated because of the significant reduction in transgene expression.
Adapting ecological risk assessment for ecosystem valuation

The quality of ecosystem valuations is only as good as the estimates of the changes in ecosystem condition generated by the ecological assessment. In general, predictive ecological assessments have produced vague qualitative results or have not addressed sufficient spatial or temporal scales to allow economists to assign monetary values to the predicted effects. The development of ecological risk assessment promises to address that problem. In the interim, ecologists and economists should avoid the problem of not being able to precisely predict ecological effects by using retrospective assessments to develop the interface between their sciences. By attempting to assign monetary values to the measurable changes in the condition of ecosystems that have been exposed to contamination or disturbance, they can focus on the conceptual issues of assigning an economic metric to properties for which there is no market, but which clearly have value.
Relative predispositional effects and mode of inheritance of HLA‐DRB1 alleles among community‐based Caucasian females with rheumatoid arthritis

Multiple HLA-DRB1 alleles encoding a shared epitope (SE) at amino acid positions 70-74 are associated with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the nature of the association and the mode of inheritance differ depending upon the source of RA patients and laboratory methodology. We studied the relative predispositional effects (RPE) and mode of inheritance of DRB1 alleles among a community-based sample of 180 RA patients and 116 healthy controls, all Caucasian females. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays were used for DRB1 genotyping, and the genotypic distributions were analyzed by both the RPE and antigen genotype frequency among patients (AGFAP) methods. We examined the evidence of synergy among DRB1 alleles for RA risk by comparing the observed DRB1 genotype distribution to that predicted under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Fifty-six percent of RA cases were attributable to DRB1 alleles encoding the SE. The RPEs of DRB1 alleles were *0401 > *0404 > *1001 > *0408 > *0101. The strength of the RA association was not significantly different for these alleles. The AGFAP analysis was consistent with a recessive mode of inheritance for DRB alleles, while an additive (dominant) model was rejected. We found no evidence of synergy for RA risk among individual DRB1 alleles based on comparison of the observed vs. predicted genotype distributions. These results suggest that among community-based Caucasian females with RA, the DRB1 RA susceptibility gene influences disease risk in a recessive fashion without synergy among individual DRB1 alleles.
The tensor force in nuclear saturation

Abstract One-term separable potentials in the 3S-3D channel are constructed which fit the following low-energy nucleon-nucleon data: the triplet effective range and scattering length, deuteron binding energy and quadrupole moment. They also yield 3D1 phase shifts which have the correct sign. These potentials differ, however, in the amount of deuteron D-state probability, PD, which they predict, where PD ranges from 1 % to 9 %. Binding energy calculations of infinite nuclear matter and 4He are performed in order to test the effect of the tensor force on nuclear saturation properties. It is found that the larger the D-state probability, the smaller the energy per particle and saturation density. Detailed comparisons with local potentials in nuclear matter are also presented. In nuclear matter no single-particle potential in intermediate states is used; in 4He, U(r) = case1 2 Mω 2 r 2 − fω , where f is varied such that the absolute value of the diagram with a single potential insertion in a particle line is minimized. It is found in 4He that f= 0.75 and that this result is almost independent of both the potential employed and of ω. Furthermore, for 0 ≦ f ≦ 1.5, the total energy is independent of f.
Market penetration of ethanol

Abstract This research examines in detail the technology and economics of substituting ethanol for gasoline. This endeavor examines three issues. First, the benefits of ethanol/gasoline blends are examined, and then the technical problems of large-scale implementation of ethanol. Second, ethanol production possibilities are examined in detail from a variety of feedstocks and technologies. The feedstocks are the starch/sugar crops and crop residues, while the technologies are corn wet mill, dry grind, and lignocellulosic fermentation. Examining in detail the production possibilities allows the researchers to identity the extent of technological change, production costs, byproducts, and GHG emissions. Finally, a U.S. agricultural model, FASOMGHG, is updated which predicts the market penetration of ethanol given technological progress, variety of technologies and feedstocks, market interactions, energy prices, and GHG prices. FASOMGHG has several interesting results. First, gasoline prices have a small expansionary impact on the U.S. ethanol industry. Both agricultural producers’ income and cost both increase with higher energy prices. If wholesale gasoline is $4 per gallon, the predicted ethanol market penetration attains 53% of U.S. gasoline consumption in 2030. Second, the corn wet mill remains an important industry for ethanol production, because this industry also produces corn oil, which could be converted to biodiesel. Third, GHG prices expand the ethanol industry. However, the GHG price expands the corn wet mill, but has an ambiguous impact on lignocellulosic ethanol. Feedstocks for lignocellulosic fermentation can also be burned with coal to generate electricity. Both industries are quite GHG efficient. Finally, U.S. government subsidies on biofuels have an expansionary impact on ethanol production, but may only increase market penetration by an additional 1% in 2030, which is approximately 6 billion gallons.
Parameter identification using the level set method

[1] This study describes an inverse approach for efficiently identifying the spatial shapes of zones of low (or high) permeability using the level set method, given a set of spatially distributed head measurements. By this method, the boundaries of zones are characterized by a level set function. From an initial setting, the unknown regions of zones are determined by evolving the boundaries in artificial time using a pseudo velocity field that is related to the sensitivity of head to permeability and the residual between the measured head and modeled head at the current time. A synthetic example presented to illustrate the method.
Thermal inactivation of the protein tyrosine kinase of the epidermal growth factor receptor.

It has been shown previously that the EGF-stimulable protein tyrosine kinase in a membrane preparation from A431 cells was inactivated by heat shock (45 degrees C), under conditions where EGF binding was unaffected [Carpenter et al. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 4884-4891]. A later study found that in intact cells, the protein tyrosine kinase of the EGF receptor was insensitive to heat shock [Liu & Carpenter (1992) Biochem. J. 286, 541-547]. We have extended these previous studies to better understand the thermal stability of the protein tyrosine kinase of the EGF receptor. We have measured the rate of inactivation of the kinase in membrane vesicles in the physiological to heat shock temperature range (37-45 degrees C). At 45 degrees C, the protein tyrosine kinase is rapidly inactivated with a rate of approximately 0.14 min-1. There is, however, protection against inactivation by incubation of the EGF receptor with AMPPNP, a hydrolysis-resistant ATP analog. At 45 degrees C, the rate of inactivation of nucleotide-bound receptor is an order of magnitude lower than the rate of inactivation of unoccupied receptor. Analysis of the temperature dependence of inactivation between 37 and 45 degrees C yields an activation energy, E(a), of 42 kcal/mol, an activation Gibbs free energy, delta G(++), between 23 and 22 kcal/mol, an activation enthalpy, delta H(++), of 42 kcal/mol, and an activation entropy, delta S(++), of 60 cal/(K.mol). The signs and magnitudes of the thermodynamic parameters suggest that inactivation is more likely due to some local reorganization within the kinase domain than to a simple chemical process. Further, the kinetic data show that the receptor is stabilized against inactivation by binding adenine nucleotide.
Special sciences (or: The disunity of science as a working hypothesis)

A typical thesis of positivistic philosophy of science is that all true theories in the special sciences should reduce to physical theories in the long run. This is intended to be an empirical thesis, and part of the evidence which supports it is provided by such scientific successes as the molecular theory of heat and the physical explanation of the chemical bond. But the philosophical popularity of the reductivist program cannot be explained by reference to these achievements alone. The development of science has witnessed the proliferation of specialized disciplines at least as often as it has witnessed their reduction to physics, so the widespread enthusiasm for reduction can hardly be a mere induction over its past successes. I think that many philosophers who accept reductivism do so primarily because they wish to endorse the generality of physics vis d vis the special sciences: roughly, the view that all events which fall under the laws of any science are physical events and hence fall under the laws of physics. 1 For such philosophers, saying that physics is basic science and saying that theories in the special sciences must reduce to physical theories have seemed to be two ways of saying the same thing, so that the latter doctrine has come to be a standard construal of the former. In what follows, I shall argue that this is a considerable confusion. What has traditionally been called 'the unity of science' is a much stronger, and much less plausible, thesis than the generality of physics. If this is true it is important. Though reductionism is an empirical doctrine, it is intended to play a regulative role in scientific practice. Reducibility to physics is taken to be a constraint upon the acceptability of theories in the special sciences, with the curious consequence that the more the special sciences succeed, the more they ought to disappear. Methodological problems about psychology, in particular, arise in just this way: the assumption that the subject-matter of psychology is part of the subject-matter of physics is taken to imply that psychological theories must reduce to physical theories, and it is this latter principle
Intractability: a geometric representation

This paper introduces a geometric representation that can be applied to illustrate the complexity of some combinatorial optimization problems. In this work, it is applied to the 0/1 knapsack problem and to a special case of a scheduling problem. This representation gives insight into the difference between tractable and intractable problems. It can therefore be used as a stepping stone to compare polynomial (P) and nondeterministic polynomial (NP) problems, before venturing into the world of NP-completeness.
On Taking the Rabbit of Rule-Following out of the Hat of Representation:1 A Response to Pettit's ‘The Reality of Rule-following’

The first thing to notice about Philip Pettit's remarkable attempt2 to rescue rulefollowing from the claws of the sceptic is something he takes pains to make clear from the beginning: he intends sharply to separate questions about the possibility of representation from questions about the possibility of rule-following. For one thing, he thinks that the rule-following problem is more difficult than 'the problem of content that arises for unthinking intentional subjects' (p. 2), since whereas a system has intentional attitudes, say, of belief and desire, in so far as 'its behaviour is non-redundantly explained by their presence' (p. 4), the rulefollowing problem involves the idea that I am guided by rules I represent to myself and so cannot be solved by showing merely how it is possible to act in accordance with a rule. For another thing, and more importantly for our purposes, Pettit thinks that a solution to the rule-following problem may legitimately presuppose a solution to the general problem of representation:
Selection rules for hadronic transitions of XYZ mesons.

Many of the $XYZ$ mesons discovered in the last decade can be identified as bound states of a heavy quark and antiquark in Born-Oppenheimer (BO) potentials defined by the energy of gluon and light-quark fields in the presence of static color sources. The mesons include quarkonium hybrids, which are bound states in excited flavor-singlet BO potentials, and quarkonium tetraquarks, which are bound states in BO potentials with light-quark$+$antiquark flavor. The deepest hybrid potentials are known from lattice QCD calculations. The deepest tetraquark potentials can be inferred from lattice QCD calculations of static adjoint mesons. Selection rules for hadronic transitions are derived and used to identify $XYZ$ mesons that are candidates for ground-state energy levels in the BO potentials for charmonium hybrids and tetraquarks.
Effects of oxidative and alkylating damage on microsatellite instability in nontumorigenic human cells

Microsatellite instability is a phenomenon that is well characterized in mismatch repair-deficient tumor cell lines, including the potential etiological role of endogenous DNA damage. However, our understanding of microsatellite mutational mechanisms in repair-proficient, nontumorigenic cells is limited. We determined microsatellite mutation frequencies for human lymphoblastoid cells using an episomal DNA shuttle vector in which a (TTCC/AAGG)(9) microsatellite is inserted in-frame within the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) gene. The responses of plasmid-bearing cells to reactive oxygen species or alkylating agents were compared after treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU). H(2)O(2) treatment induced a statistically significant increase in overall HSV-tk mutation frequency relative to controls, with catalase reducing the effect. H(2)O(2) treatment increased the mutation frequency within the microsatellite and the HSV-tk coding region to a similar extent (five and six-fold, respectively, relative to the control). Mutational specificity analyses demonstrated that the proportion of mutations within the microsatellite is not statistically different among the H(2)O(2), catalase, and PBS treatment groups. In contrast, treatment of cells bearing the microsatellite vector with ENU altered the mutational spectrum, relative to solvent control. ENU induced the expected base substitutions within the HSV-tk coding region, but did not increase the microsatellite mutation frequency. The low level of microsatellite mutagenesis observed after reactive oxygen species (ROS) insult likely reflects the normal repair processes of these nontumorigenic, repair-competent cells. Our ex vivo experiments demonstrate the manner in which repetitive DNA in normal human cells might respond to endogenous mutagens.
BINDING OF TUBOCURARINE TO SPECIFIC SERUM PROTEIN FRACTIONS

SUMMARY The binding of tritium-labelled tubocurarine to separate protein fractions of sera from normal subjects and patients with hepatic disease was measured by an electrophoretic technique. The binding of the drug to gamma globulin and albumin solutions also was studied using equilibrium dialysis. The major portion of the drug, 82–90%, was bound to the gamma globulin electrophoretic fraction of both normal and patient sera. However, as measured by equilibrium dialysis, only 15.8% of the drug was bound to the gamma globulin and 23.8% to albumin. Equilibrium dialysis yields the data by which the validity of other methods for measuring drug-protein binding can be judged. Since in a previous study we also found no difference in binding of the drug between healthy individuals and patients with hepatic disease, equilibrium dialysis measurements may reflect better the binding of the drug in vivo.
Prevention of Pale, Soft, Exudative Porcine Muscle Through Partial Freezing with Liquid Nitrogen Post-Mortema

SUMMARY Liquid nitrogen (L-N2) treatment over a wide range of immersion rates was studied to determine the effectiveness of this treatment in controlling the development of pale, soft, exudative muscle as well as improving other muscle properties. The L-N2 treatment was extremely effective in preventing the development of pale, soft, exudative muscle regardless of whether subsequent equilibration was at -18 or 4°C. Most of the immersion periods lowered physiological conditions at the onset of rigor, and only the severe immersion rates showed evidence of thaw rigor.
Information Weighting, Familiarization, and the Risky Shift.

Whether individual study of risk problems (familiarization) leads to greater risk taking was investigated in this study. Several explanations of the risk-taking shifts are explicit in their requirement for group or social interaction. From an information weighting theory it was hypothesized that the relative number of arguments favoring risk rather than some process inherent in group interaction produces the risky shift. One hundred and sixty subjects in groups of 5 or alone developed arguments only in favor of the successful risky outcome in 6 Choice Dilemma problems or worked on risk-irrelevant tasks. Risk arguments ( p < .025) but not group discussion ( F < 1) produced shifts toward greater risk taking. When the relative number of arguments favoring risk are controlled, individuals working alone show as large a risk shift as groups. Because of earlier failures to find a familiarization effect, it appears that groups may be more efficient or capable than individuals in developing arguments favoring culturally valued positions.
Selective Inhibition of the Renal Angiotensin Type 2 Receptor Increases Blood Pressure in Conscious Rats

The angiotensin II type 2 (AT(2)) receptor is present in rat kidney; however, its function is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of the AT(2) receptor in blood pressure (BP) regulation. The effects of selective inhibition of the renal AT(2) receptor with phosphorothioated antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS-ODN) were examined in conscious uninephrectomized rats. Oligodeoxynucleotides (AS-ODN or scrambled [S-ODN]) were infused directly into the renal interstitial space by using an osmotic pump at 1 microL/h for 7 days. Texas red-labeled AS-ODN was distributed in renal tubules in the infused but not the contralateral kidney of normal rats. Continuous renal interstitial infusion of the AS-ODN, but not S-ODN, caused a significant (P<0.01) increase in BP 1 to 5 days after the initiation of the infusion. AS-ODN-treated rats experienced an increase in systolic BP from 109+/-4 to 130+/-4 mm Hg (n=8, P<0.01), whereas S-ODN-treated (n=8) and vehicle-treated (n=8) rats did not show any significant change in BP. On day 5 of the oligodeoxynucleotide infusion, AS-ODN-treated rats exhibited a greater pressor response to systemic angiotensin II infusion (30 ng/kg per hour) than did S-ODN-treated rats (P<0.01). Renal interstitial fluid cGMP decreased from 11.9+/-0.8 to 3.6+/-0.5 pmol/mL (P<0.001), and bradykinin decreased from 0.05+/-0.05 to 0.18+/-0.03 ng/mL (P<0.001) in response to AS-ODN, but they were not significantly changed in response to S-ODN. To evaluate the effects of AS-ODN and S-ODN on AT(2) receptor expression, Western Blot analysis was performed on treated kidneys. Kidneys treated with AS-ODN had approximately 40% less expression of AT(2) receptor than did kidneys treated with S-ODN or vehicle (P<0.05). These results suggest that AS-ODN directed selectively against the renal AT(2) receptor decreased receptor expression and caused an increase in BP. We conclude that the renal AT(2) receptor plays an important role in the regulation of BP via a bradykinin/cGMP vasodilator signaling cascade.
Plankton variations in Monterey Bay, California: evidence of non-diffusive inorganic carbon uptake by phytoplankton in an upwelling environment

Abstract A test of the hypothesis that photosynthetic 13 C fractionation, e p , is affected by variations in diffusive transport of CO 2aq into phytoplankton cells was conducted in Monterey Bay over a 4 yr period. Counter to predictions based on diffusive CO 2aq transport were observations of very weak to non-existent correlations between e p and: (i) CO 2aq concentration, (ii) mean phytoplankton community growth rate, (iii) cell size, (iv) carbon demand, or (v) [CO 2aq ]-normalized functions of ii–iv. The preceding decoupling between e p and CO 2 supply/demand and the low 13 C fractionation associated with carboxylation ( e f ) implied in this study are consistent with several recent reports of active bicarbonate uptake and utilization in similar coastal environments. If the frequent low e p seen here is indicative of such carbon acquisition, it suggests that active bicarbonate transport in situ (1) may not be restricted to diatoms, (2) can be present even in high-[CO 2aq ] low-growth-rate waters, (3) may be a common feature of low-latitude upwelling environments, and (4) may help explain the common 13 C / 12 C dichotomy between marine planktonic and terrestrial C 3 autotrophs.
Anaerobic biotransformation of fuel oxygenates under sulfate-reducing conditions

The anaerobic biotransformation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), and methyl tert-amyl ether (TAME) was evaluated under different anoxic electron-accepting conditions. Enrichments were established with a polluted estuarine sediment inoculum under conditions promoting denitrification, sulfate reduction, Fe(III) reduction, or methanogenesis. Complete loss of MTBE and TAME was observed under sulfate-reducing conditions, concomitant with the reduction of sulfate. A stoichiometric amount of tert-butyl alcohol and tert-amyl alcohol accumulated indicating that O-demethylation was the initial step in MTBE and TAME biodegradation under sulfate-reducing conditions. No transformation of MTBE or TAME was observed under the other electron-accepting conditions over 3 years. Under all conditions tested, there was no biotic loss of ETBE observed. MTBE and TAME were depleted upon refeeding the sulfate-reducing cultures. This study definitely demonstrates the anaerobic biodegradability of MTBE and TAME under sulfate-reducing conditions.
The perceived impacts of e-government on U.S. cities: A survey of Florida and Texas City managers

Abstract This study examines the perceived impacts of electronic government or e-government adoption on U.S. cities. This research conducted a survey of Texas and Florida city managers in the fall of 2005 to find out their opinions on the impact of e-government on their city government. The results indicated that e-government is having a positive impact on management, stakeholder involvement, needs and collaboration, and procurement in American cities. There are, however, concerns over spam or unsolicited e-mail and the ability of e-government to reduce the level of staffing. The results of this study imply that, according to city managers' perceptions, e-government adoption in American city governments is positively viewed as having an impact on their organizations and communities.
Effect of waveguide surface roughness on the fiber coupling efficiency of inverse tapers

We investigate the effect of waveguide surface roughness on the coupling efficiency between silicon inverse tapers and lensed fibers. Short taper lengths of 30–50 micrometers are shown to achieve minimum coupling loss.