cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of bandwidth, path detection threshold and UDP occurrence on multipath parameters pertinent to indoor geolocation

One of the major challenges in indoor positioning systems is the severe multipath environment, leading to Undetected Direct Path (UDP) conditions and large positioning errors. This paper provides the results of measurements and modeling of the effect of bandwidth, path detection threshold and UDP occurrence on Multipath parameters in a typical office scenario with various classes of receiver locations, including Detected Direct Path (DDP) and UDP conditions. We show through measurements and modeling that bandwidth, path detection threshold, and UDP occurrence will influence the multipath parameters especially path persistency and number of multipath components (MPCs) pertinent to TOA based localization. In addition, we propose a methodology to identify the UDP condition.
Special Relativity, Coexistence and Temporal Parts: A Reply to Gilmore

In two earlier works (Balashov, 2000a: Philosophical Studies 99, 129–166; 2000b: Philosophy of Science 67 (Suppl), S549–S562), I have argued that considerations based on special relativity and the notion of coexistence favor the perdurance view of persistence over its endurance rival. Cody Gilmore (2002: Philosophical Studies 109, 241–263) has subjected my argument to an insightful three fold critique. In the first part of this paper I respond briefly to Gilmore’s first two objections. I then grant his observation that anyone who can resist the first objection is liable to succumb to the third one. This, however, opens a way to other closely related relativistic arguments against endurantism that are immune to all three objections and, in addition, throw new light on a number of important issues in the ontology of persistence. I develop two such novel arguments in the second half of the paper.
8-OHdG: its (limited) potential as a biomarker for Huntington's disease.

Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant, neurodegenerative disorder, typically affecting young middle-aged individuals. It is characterized by progressive decline in motor, psychiatric and cognitive functioning. These features, which lead to progressive disability and death, are managed symptomatically and supportively, with limited benefit. In North America, there are approximately 30,000 individuals affected with HD and another 150,000 thought to be genetically at risk for developing the disease. At-risk individuals may undergo predictive genetic testing while still ‘pre manifest’, prior to a clinical motor diagnosis (which is subjectively determined by physical examination findings). However, the pathologic processes are believed to start up to 20 years prior to clinical diagnosis. Therefore, the ultimate research goal for HD therapeutics is to develop a disease-modifying treatment that would be started in the premanifest period with the aim of delaying (or even preventing) the development of clinical manifestations and functional disability. In those already exhibiting signs of HD, such disease-modifying treatment would function to slow the progression of the disease. The ability to identify individuals years prior to clinical diagnosis through the availability of predictive gene testing makes HD an ideal condition in which to study potential diseasemodifying therapeutics. However, evaluation of these treatments requires objective outcome measures to track progression in efficacy trials. The Unified Huntington’s Disease Rating Scale is commonly used in HD research. However, it is subjective, often insensitive to subtle changes, as well as susceptible to bias and intraand inter-rater variability [1]. For subjects in the premanifest HD period, there may be no or limited appreciable clinical findings on examination. Ultimately, the benefit of treatment in
Molecular analysis of heritable mouse mutations.

Germ-line mutations of the mouse have for years comprised one class of biological markers for mammalian reproductive and developmental toxicology. Understanding the molecular nature of mutations and the mechanisms by which mutations are translated into specific (and often complex) phenotypes, however, still looms as a major goal of mammalian biology. Molecular genetic analysis of heritable mouse mutations constitutes a significant, experimentally malleable strategy for relating genomic DNA structure to genic expression and function in mammals. The integrated use of recombinant DNA technology, which allows both the identification and analysis of expression of single genes, and classical genetic and cytogenetic analysis, which allow the important correlation between basic DNA defects and the organismic consequences of such defects, has been crucial to this strategy. Some of the approaches (e.g., specific-gene cloning, random-clone analysis of genomic regions, insertional mutagenesis) for studying the nature and effect of both mutations and their wild-type counterparts that have resulted from this integration of genetic analysis and molecular biology have been applied to many loci within the murine genome. Studies of the nature and effects of a complex set of radiation-induced mutations at the dilute-short ear (d-se) region of chromosome 9, a specific example of this type of integrated analysis, are discussed.
Zinc plays both structural and catalytic roles in metalloproteins.

Zinc is bound to the catalytic site of zinc-dependent hydrolases by three amino acid residues, commonly histidines and glutamic acid, and to the structural site of gene transcription regulators by cysteine and histidine. Sitedirected mutagenesis of even one catalytic-site ligand destroys enzyme activity without changing physical properties of the protein, including immunoreactivity. However, nutritional studies demonstrating loss of transcriptional activity upon zinc deprivation have not been reported.
Third World Arms Production and the Evolving Interstate System

This study seeks to uncover what causes a Third World country to begin to produce arms, why some Third World countries produce more weapons than others, and the potential consequences of this production. The findings suggest that a Third World country with a large economy, which has achieved a comparatively advanced role in the world economy and which at one time or another has suffered from an arms embargo, is very likely to be producing a relatively large amount of military weaponry. Within each Third World region a few states are now engaging in arms production to pursue upward political, military, and economic mobility. Given that historically the interstate hierarchy has been maintained, in part, through a monopoly over the means of destruction, indigenous Third World arms production may have wide-ranging consequences for the international system. Indeed, this study concludes that Third World arms production could begin to undermine the military hierarchy of the interstate system.
Technical note on a much simplified method for collecting ruminal fluid using a nylon paint strainer

Collection of ruminal fluid for in vitro experimentation has traditionally been accomplished by straining rumen digesta through multiple layers of cheesecloth or other cumbersome filtering materials, such as surgical gauze, nylon tissues or wire gauzes. We here report a comparison of the gross physical, fermentative and microbial characteristics of ruminal fluid collected by straining through cheesecloth or through a nylon mesh paint strainer that, because of its pouched shape, is conveniently filled with digesta thus making the collection and straining process much easier. Whether strained through cheesecloth or the nylon mesh strainer, ruminal fluid did not differ (P > 0.05) in dry matter, neutral or acid detergent fiber content or in concentrations of total culturable anaerobes. Total amounts (mM) of volatile fatty acid or ammonia produced after 24 h of incubation of cheesecloth- or nylon mesh-strained ruminal fluid with added tryptose, SigmaCell 50 or starch did not differ (P > 0.05) thus indicating that the microbial populations within the strained fluids possessed similar abilities to ferment these test substrates. Because the physical, fermentative and microbial characteristics of the nylon mesh- and cheesecloth-strained ruminal fluid were essentially equivalent, we conclude that the much easier to use nylon mesh strainers can be incorporated into a faster, more convenient ruminal fluid straining method.
A TLR2 Agonist in German Cockroach Frass Activates MMP-9 Release and is Protective Against Allergic Inflammation in Mice

The role of TLR2 in modulating experimentally induced asthma is not fully understood. We recently identified that German cockroach (GC) frass contains a TLR2 ligand allowing us to investigate the role of a TLR2 agonist in a complex real world allergen in mediating allergic airway inflammation. GC frass exposure significantly increased airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness and serum IgE levels in wild-type mice; however the same exposure in TLR2-deficient mice resulted in greatly exaggerated serum IgE and eosinophilia but diminished airway neutrophilia, suggesting a protective role for TLR2. Since GC frass inhalation usually induces airway neutrophilia, we queried the effect of neutrophil depletion on airway responses. Inhibition of neutrophil recruitment into the airways of naive wild-type mice before intratracheal inhalation of GC frass resulted in significantly increased levels of serum IgE and eosinophilia. Neutrophils are a rich source of MMP-9, and we found that MMP-9 levels were significantly increased in the airways of mice following exposure to GC frass. Importantly the levels of MMP-9 were significantly decreased in neutrophil-depleted and TLR2-deficient mice after exposure to GC frass, suggesting that TLR2 regulated MMP-9 release from neutrophils. Functionally, MMP-9-deficient mice had more acute allergic inflammation than wild-type mice, suggesting that MMP-9 was protective against experimentally induced asthma. These data suggest that TLR2 activation of neutrophils leads to release of MMP-9 which decreases allergic responses to GC frass. This suggests a protective role for TLR2 activation and MMP-9 release in the context of experimentally induced asthma in mice.
Interscalene block for postoperative analgesia using only ultrasound guidance: the outcome in 200 patients

Abstract Study Objective To report the results of single and continuous interscalene blocks (ISB) performed using ultrasound (US) guidance only. Design Prospective, observational study. Setting Operating room of a university-affiliated orthopaedic hospital. Patients 200 ASA physical status I, II, and III patients undergoing shoulder or elbow surgery. Interventions Single or continuous ISB were placed using US guidance only. All blocks were performed by anesthesiology residents and supervised by faculty anesthesiologists. Measurements Success rate and frequency of untoward events such as needle paresthesia, vessel puncture, infection, and persistent neurologic deficits were prospectively recorded. Main Results 99% of patients reported sensory and motor changes in the distribution of the brachial plexus and postoperative pain scores ≤ 2. The rates of needle paresthesia and vessel puncture were 6% and 1%, respectively. Two patients (1%) reported transient neurologic deficits. No signs or symptoms of infection or intravascular injection were noted. There were also no permanent neurologic deficits. Conclusions In this group of 200 consecutive patients, the success rate for postoperative analgesia using US guidance only was 99%. Untoward events such as needle paresthesia and persistent neurologic deficits were lower than existing data on nerve stimulation and paresthesia techniques. Ultrasound can be successfully used as a "stand alone" method to perform ISB.
Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

The cure rate for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) now exceeds 70%. This success has been achieved in part by improvements in the biologic characterization of newly diagnosed patients. Modern treatment protocols rely on this information to tailor therapy to a patient's risk of relapse. Patients with favorable genetic features, such as hyperdiploidy or the TEL-AML1 fusion, can be treated with conventional antimetabolite-based therapy to minimize long-term side effects. By contrast, extremely high-risk patients, such as infants with MLL gene rearrangements and cases with BCR-ABL fusion and poor early response, are candidates for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in first remission. Future areas of research include the identification of new genetic subgroups of ALL and the development of novel therapies.
Detection and Differentiation of Avian Reoviruses Using SYBR-Green I–Based Two-Step Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR with Melting Curve Analysis

SUMMARY. A two-step SYBR-Green I–based real-time PCR with melting curve analysis was developed to detect and differentiate the avian reovirus (ARV) σC gene in field and vaccine ARVs. Three primer sets were used to amplify the σC gene from its 5′, center, and 3′ regions and analyze the melting point temperatures of nine ARVs. By combining the melting curves of the three ARV σC gene regions, melting curve analysis could accurately distinguish the ARVs of different subtypes, and the results were consistent with phylogenetic analysis. The ARV σC gene polymorphisms from different strains were also used to explain the differences in melting point temperatures. Compared with traditional subtyping methods, the current melting curve analysis provided an accurate test for separating ARVs, thereby making it a useful method for the improved selection of ARV vaccines.
Antibodies produced by clonally expanded plasma cells in multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid cause demyelination of spinal cord explants

B cells are implicated in the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). Intrathecal IgG synthesis, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) oligoclonal bands and lesional IgG deposition suggest a role for antibody-mediated pathology. We examined the binding of IgG1 monoclonal recombinant antibodies (rAbs) derived from MS patient CSF expanded B cell clones to central nervous system (CNS) tissue. MS rAbs displaying CNS binding to mouse and human CNS tissue were further tested for their ability to induce complement-mediated tissue injury in ex vivo spinal cord explant cultures. The staining of CNS tissue, primary human astrocytes and human neurons revealed a measurable bias in MS rAb binding to antigens preferentially expressed on astrocytes and neurons. MS rAbs that recognize myelin-enriched antigens were rarely detected. Both myelin-specific and some astrocyte/neuronal-specific MS rAbs caused significant myelin loss and astrocyte activation when applied to spinal cord explant cultures in the presence of complement. Overall, the intrathecal B cell response in multiple sclerosis binds to both glial and neuronal targets and produces demyelination in spinal cord explant cultures implicating intrathecal IgG in MS pathogenesis.
The Great Recession and Credit Trends across Income Groups

Abstract In this paper, we document trends in credit use across income groups in the period surrounding the Great Recession. We investigate trends in access to different credit markets, including mortgages, home equity, automobiles, and student loans. We disentangle growth rates of new market entrants from the aggregates and analyze overall as well as within-county growth rate differentials across income strata. Our findings may provide insight into the financial well-being of different income groups in the context of the Great Recession.
Utilização da técnica da análise de clusters ao emprego da indústria criativa entre 2000 e 2010: estudo da Região do Consinos, RS

O Consinos teve como atividade dinâmica o setor de calcadista por mais de 30 anos. A partir dos anos 2000, foi afetado pelo comercio internacional, que impactou a estrutura de emprego. A partir dos dados da RAIS, utiliza-se a analise de clusters para verificar o comportamento do emprego da industria criativa dessa regiao no periodo de 2000 a 2010. Os resultados sugerem uma leve transformacao na estrutura produtiva.
Raman chemical imaging of the rhizosphere bacterium Pantoea sp. YR343 and its co-culture with Arabidopsis thaliana

Chemical imaging of plant-bacteria co-cultures makes it possible to characterize bacterial populations and behaviors and their interactions with proximal organisms, under conditions closest to the environment in the rhizosphere. Here Raman micro-spectroscopy and confocal Raman imaging are used as minimally invasive probes to study the rhizosphere bacterial isolate, Pantoea sp. YR343, and its co-culture with model plant Arabidopsis thaliana by combining enhanced Raman spectroscopies with electron microscopy and principal component analysis (PCA). The presence of carotenoid pigments in the wild type Pantoea sp. YR343 was characterized using resonance Raman scattering, which was also used to confirm successful disruption of the crtB gene in an engineered carotenoid mutant strain. Other components of the Pantoea sp. YR343 cells were imaged in the presence of resonantly enhanced pigments using a combination of surface enhanced Raman imaging and PCA. Pantoea sp. YR343 cells decorated with Ag colloid synthesized ex situ gave spectra dominated by carotenoid scattering, whereas colloids synthesized in situ produced spectral signatures characteristic of flavins in the cell membrane. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of whole cells and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of thinly sliced cross-sections were used to assess structural integrity of the coated cells and to establish the origin of spectral signatures based on the position of Ag nanoparticles in the cells. Raman imaging was also used to characterize senescent green Arabidopsis thaliana plant roots inoculated with Pantoea sp. YR343, and PCA was used to distinguish spectral contributions from plant and bacterial cells, thereby establishing the potential of Raman imaging to visualize the distribution of rhizobacteria on plant roots.
The Pachuca Panic: Sexual and Cultural Battlegrounds in World War II Los Angeles

This article examines the communal, familial, and individual dilemmas created by the pachuca persona in World War II Los Angeles. Although reviled by Anglo reformers and Mexican parents alike, pachucas created an affirming vision of racialized womanhood that became a key marker of a new Mexican American female identity.
Dynamics of the 19S and 7S hemolysin responses in rabbits.

The sequential appearance in immunized rabbits of 2 classes of monospecific hemolytic antibody, differing in electrophoretic mobility, molecular weight, and hemolytic efficiency, was first reported by Stelos and Talmage [11. They found that in animals given a few injections of sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) and bled shortly afterwards, all hemolytic activity occurred in the yi (IgM) serum fraction and was associated with a fast-sedimenting (19S) molecular species of high hemolytic efficiency. In sera obtained after repeated injections spaced over several months, hemolytic activity also appeared in the 72 (IgG) fractions. This antibody was slow-sedimenting (75), hemolytically inefficient, and could be demonstrated in early sera only by its antigen-binding capacity. In subsequent, related reports Bauer and Stavitsky [2] and Bauer et al. [3] stated that they were unable to demonstrate 75 antibody in rabbits injected only once with SRBC. In recent work employing the Forssman antigen, Taliaferro and Taliaferro [4] observed that in the rabbit between the first and fourth weeks after a single injection of heated horse kidney mince, 296-3(?6 of the serum hemolysin activity was due to 75 antibody. However, none of these studies focused on the dynamics of the 195 and 75 hemolysin responses, based on titers of sera obtained sequentially after primary and secondary stimulation, although these dynamics have been described for several other animal-antigen systems [3, 5-7].
The Ultrastructure of the Heart of the Cockroach, Blattella Germanica

The dorsal vessel, associated nerves, ganglia, and diaphragm were examined in thin sections by the electron microscope. The muscle fibers of the dorsal vessel have tonic characteristics, except for more numerous mitochondria and more fully developed endoplasmic reticulum. Striking continuities of the endomembranes occur, particularly between endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane, membranes of mitochondria and reticulum, and internuclear membranes. The muscle cells abut longitudinally by simple plasma membrane apposition, transversely by cell border modifications similar to the classical intercalated discs. The axons of the ventral ganglia are suspended in either simple mesaxons, or in mesaxonal tunics. A given axon may contain endoplasmic reticulum, synaptic vesicles, membrane-limited (and nonmembrane-limited) neurosecretory granules, or combinations of these components. The significance of the morphologic arrangements is discussed in relation to neuronal and muscular transmission. The cells of the diaphragm resemble actively secreting hypodermal cells. The secretion bodies are closely associated with the Golgi complex, the latter apparently providing a mechanism for active transport from the cytoplasm to the cell exterior.
Small, but Determined: Technological Determinism in Nanoscience

Analysis of technological determinism by historians, sociologists, and philosophers has declined in recent years. Yet, understanding this topic is necessary, particularly in examining the dynamics of emerging technologies and their associated research areas. This is especially true of nanotechnology, which, because of its roots in futurist traditions, employs unusual variants on classical determinist arguments. In particular, nanotechnology orients much more strongly to the past and future than most traditional disciplines. This non-presentism strongly colors its proponents' articulation of the field's defi- nition, purview, and likely development. This paper explores nano's non- presentism and suggests ways to further explore nano-determinism.
“The Future’s Not Ours to See”: How Children and Young Adults Reflect the Anxiety of Lost Innocence in Alfred Hitchcock’s American Movies

In The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956), the ambassador, while plotting to kill the prime minister, orders the kidnapped American child Hank McKenna killed, telling his would-be gunman, Edward Drayton: “Don’t you realize that Americans dislike having their children stolen?” Earlier in the movie, Jo McKenna entertains her son and husband by singing “Que Sera Sera,” and its playfulness becomes darkly ironic when she sings “the future’s not ours to see” on the eve of her son’s kidnapping.
Crystallization of Keggin Heteropolyanions via a Two-Step Process in Aqueous Solutions.

Although the analytical simplicity of the one-step classical theory of nucleation facilitates its use to understand crystallization processes, recent experiments and simulations have shown that many occur via multiple steps. According to the contemporary two-stage theory of nucleation, the onset of crystallization in a solution is preceded by large density fluctuations in the mother liquor that results in the formation of dense liquid-like correlated structures of the constituent solute particles. Here we report the observation of dense liquid-like correlated structures of heteropolyacid salts of α-Keggin anions (heteropolyanions) in aqueous solutions as volume is decreased long before the onset of crystallization by in situ time-dependent small-angle X-ray scattering measurements. Experiments were performed on drying drops of solutions of heteropolyacids to monitor their ordering before and during the onset of their crystallization. A continuous change in the density of the correlated structures is obser...
Effects of calcium antagonist TMB-8 on active Na and Cl transport in rabbit ileum

The effects of 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl ester (TMB-8), an agent that traps calcium within intracellular stores, were studied on active electrolyte transport in rabbit ileum under basal conditions and after altering transport by increasing the intracellular cAMP content or by exposure to two agonists that act by altering intracellular Ca2+ (carbachol and serotonin). TMB-8 decreased the ileal short-circuit current and increased active Na and Cl absorption by increasing the mucosal-to-serosal Na and Cl fluxes. These effects were reversed by increasing the bathing solution Ca2+ to 4 mM, a concentration that itself did not alter basal ileal transport. The maximum glucose- and amino acid (alanine)-induced increase in Na absorption in the ileum was not affected by TMB-8. The effects on basal transport of TMB-8 were not associated with a change in 45Ca2+ entry across the ileal serosal surface. TMB-8 did not alter cAMP-induced secretion, as judged by its lack of effect on the increase in short-circuit current caused by 8-bromo-cAMP (10(-4) M). TMB-8 totally prevented the transport effects of carbachol but did not inhibit the effects of serotonin. These data suggest a role for intracellular Ca2+ in regulation of basal ileal Na and Cl transport but not in cAMP-induced secretion. There appear to be several pools of intracellular Ca2+ involved in neurohumoral effects on active electrolyte transport.
Entering the Mainstream: Chicana Lesbian Subjectivity in Contemporary Drama and Performance

“Entering the Mainstream: Chicana Lesbian Subjectivity in Contemporary Drama and Performance,” Trevor Boffone, University of Houston.
Extremities of body mass index and their association with pregnancy outcomes in women undergoing in vitro fertilization in the United States

Objective To investigate the associations among underweight body mass index (BMI), pregnancy, and obstetric outcomes among women using assisted reproductive technology (ART). Design Retrospective cohort study using national data and log binomial regression. Setting Not applicable. Patient(s) Women undergoing IVF in the United States from 2008 to 2013. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Pregnancy outcomes (intrauterine pregnancy, live birth rates) per transfer, miscarriage rate per pregnancy, and low birth weight and preterm delivery rates among singleton and twin pregnancies. Result(s) For all fresh autologous in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles in the United States from 2008 to 2013 (n = 494,097 cycles, n=402,742 transfers, n=180,855 pregnancies) reported to the national ART Surveillance System, compared with normal weight women, underweight women had a statistically significant decreased chance of intrauterine pregnancy (adjusted risk ratio [aRR] 0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.96–0.99) and live birth (aRR 0.95; 95% CI, 0.93–0.98) per transfer. Obese women also had a statistically decreased likelihood of both (aRR 0.94; 95% CI, 0.94–0.95; aRR 0.87; 95% CI, 0.86–0.88, respectively). Among cycles resulting in singleton pregnancy, both underweight and obese statuses were associated with increased risk of low birth weight (aRR 1.39; 95% CI, 1.25–1.54, aRR 1.26; 95% CI, 1.20–1.33, respectively) and preterm delivery (aRR 1.12; 95% CI, 1.01–1.23, aRR 1.42; 95% CI, 1.36–1.48, respectively). The association between underweight status and miscarriage was not statistically significant (aRR 1.04; 95% CI, 0.98–1.11). In contrast, obesity was associated with a statistically significantly increased miscarriage risk (aRR 1.23; 95% CI, 1.20–1.26). Conclusion(s) Among women undergoing IVF, prepregnancy BMI affects pregnancy and obstetric outcomes. Underweight status may have a limited impact on pregnancy and live-birth rates, but it is associated with increased preterm and low-birth-weight delivery risk. Obesity negatively impacts all ART and obstetric outcomes investigated.
Manganese and Cobalt in the Nonheme-Metal-Binding Site of a Biosynthetic Model of Heme-Copper Oxidase Superfamily Confer Oxidase Activity through Redox-Inactive Mechanism

The presence of a nonheme metal, such as copper and iron, in the heme-copper oxidase (HCO) superfamily is critical to the enzymatic activity of reducing O2 to H2O, but the exact mechanism the nonheme metal ion uses to confer and fine-tune the activity remains to be understood. We herein report that manganese and cobalt can bind to the same nonheme site and confer HCO activity in a heme–nonheme biosynthetic model in myoglobin. While the initial rates of O2 reduction by the Mn, Fe, and Co derivatives are similar, the percentages of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation are 7%, 4%, and 1% and the total turnovers are 5.1 ± 1.1, 13.4 ± 0.7, and 82.5 ± 2.5, respectively. These results correlate with the trends of nonheme-metal-binding dissociation constants (35, 22, and 9 μM) closely, suggesting that tighter metal binding can prevent ROS release from the active site, lessen damage to the protein, and produce higher total turnover numbers. Detailed spectroscopic, electrochemical, and computational studies foun...
Reinhold, History, and the Foundation of Philosophy

Reinhold has long been well known for his interest in foundational philosophy. More recently, he has been becoming much better known for his interest in history and the history of philosophy as well. These two interests can appear to be antithetical to one another, but it is also possible to see them as complementary. In particular, I argue that one can read even one of Reinhold’s most foundational texts, his essay “On the Foundation of Philosophical Knowledge,” in such a way that it too is best understood in relation to Reinhold’s lifelong concern with practical and historical issues. In the second half of this essay I supplement this analysis with a reaction to four fundamental questions about Reinhold’s relation to history that are raised by Daniel Breazeale in an essay in this volume.
Oryza alta Swollen

Oryza alta Swallen is an allotetraploid perennial wild rice belonging to the Officinalis complex and contains a CCDD genome with 2n = 48 chromosomes. It is closely related to other two species of the Officinalis complex, namely O. latifolia and O. grandiglumis. It is widely distributed in South American regions and grows along the river basins, canals in open and sunny areas. The total genome size of O. alta is estimated to be 1008 Mbp. Genome sequence analysis reveals that duplicated contigs in the genome are due to orthologous genes, while gene loss and gene rearrangement could be due to polyploidization. The phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial and chloroplast using SSR markers has revealed that CC genome (O. eichengeri) could be the maternal parent. O. alta has a higher biomass and resistance to several insects and diseases. Hence, it could serve as important genetic resources for improvement of domesticated rice cultivars.
Developing occupational therapy students’ information and historical literacy competencies: an interprofessional collaborative project

Objective: The study examined the efficacy of an interprofessional information and historical literacy project implemented by an occupational therapy educator and a librarian. Methods: A graduate course was revised to include information and historical literacy objectives and instruction. A course-specific questionnaire administered on the first and last day of class, assignment grades, and course evaluations provided measures of project outcomes for six years. Differences between questionnaire pre- and post-test means were determined using t -tests. Course evaluation comments were analyzed to obtain qualitative perceptions. Results: A significant difference ( p <0.0001) was found between pre-test (M=3.93, SD=0.48) and post-test (M=4.67, SD=0.30) scores of total information and historical literacy competence across all years (n=242). Responses to individual items also differed significantly ( p <0.0001). Student ratings (n=189) from the course evaluation historical literacy objectives were high (M=4.6 on a 5-point scale). Assignment quality and grades improved, and course evaluation comments reflected student satisfaction. Conclusions: The findings supported the hypothesis that students’ self-reported information and historical literacy competencies would increase after project participation. Acquired skills were evident in students’ assignments. Research to determine if these capabilities were used post-graduation is needed. Because this was a course-specific project, findings are not generalizable; however, the instructional methods developed for this project can serve as a model for effective interprofessional collaboration. The broadening of information literacy instruction to include discipline-specific historical literacy provides a unique opportunity for health sciences librarians and educators. Developing students’ historical literacy in their chosen fields can help them understand their profession’s present status and be informed participants in shaping its future.
Organization and Size of Replicons

The term replicon as applied to eukaryotes is probably used incorrectly. In Jacob and Brenner’s original definition (1963), the replicon had autonomous control over its own replication, and initiation occurred at a membrane site. The evidence as it now stands strongly suggests that duplication of units of DNA replication, in mammalian cells at least, is controlled primarily by factors external to those units. The term will be used in this chapter with the following definition: a eukaryotic replicon is a segment of DNA containing exactly one site, called the origin, at which initiation of DNA replication begins and from which both parental strands are duplicated. This operational definition, which is an elaboration on one proposed by Blumenthal et al. (1973), differs from the original one for prokaryotes not only in that it lacks an indication of control mechanisms but also in that it does not implicate any cellular structures outside of DNA as being involved in initiation.
Cyclic AMP Metabolism of Some Fibroblastic and Epithelial Cells In Vitro

In the second messenger concept, adenylate cyclase and its hormonal receptors translate specific extracellular signals into intracellular cyclic adenosine 3′:5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) production. Cyclic AMP, in turn, interacts with the regulatory subunits of protein kinase, and also is degraded into 5’-AMP by cyclic nucleotide 3’:5’-phosphodiesterase (phosphodiesterase) (1). For these reasons it is common to use measurements of adenylate cyclase activities and phosphodiesterase activities in cell-free preparations as indicators of the kinetics of cyclic AMP metabolism in intact cells. Alternatively, the accumulation of cyclic AMP in intact cells often is viewed as a measure of the rate of intracellular production and destruction of cyclic AMP. In this report we would like to discuss these notions.
The Differential Effects Of Technological Cues On Elaboration

There is an abundance of user reviews available online about anything, ranging from commercial products to professors. According to the elaboration likelihood model (ELM), users can elaborate on the relevant information as long as they have the motivation and the cognitive ability to do so. However, the extent of information found online can be so overwhelming that it may exceed the cognitive capacity of its seeker, and cause an overload. We propose that technological cues can help users identify the most relevant and useful information. The hypotheses were tested using 39 students in a study based on a professor-review website. Findings suggest that sorting the reviews by their helpfulness interacts with ability in determining the participants’ extent of elaboration. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Involvement of TRPM4 in detrusor overactivity following spinal cord transection in mice.

Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 4 (TRPM4) has been shown to play a key role in detrusor contractility under physiological conditions. In this study, we investigated the potential role of TRPM4 in detrusor overactivity following spinal cord transection (SCT) in mice. TRPM4 expression and function were evaluated in bladder tissue with or without the mucosa from spinal intact (SI) and SCT female mice (T8-T9 vertebra; 1–28 days post SCT) using PCR, western blot, immunohistochemistry, and muscle strip contractility techniques. TRPM4 was expressed in the urothelium (UT) and detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) and was upregulated after SCT. Expression levels peaked 3–7 days post SCT in both the UT and DSM. Pharmacological block of TRPM4 with the antagonist, 9-Phenanthrol (30 μM) greatly reduced spontaneous phasic activity that developed after SCT, regardless of the presence or absence of the mucosa. Detrusor overactivity following spinal cord injury leads to incontinence and/or renal impairment and represents a major health problem for which current treatments are not satisfactory. Augmented TRPM4 expression in the bladder after chronic SCT supports the hypothesis that TRPM4 channels play a role in DSM overactivity following SCT. Inhibition of TRPM4 may be beneficial for improving detrusor overactivity in SCI.
Identifying Barriers to Mental Health Service Utilization Among Heavy Drinking Community College Students

There are limited findings on mental health prevalence and service utilization rates among community college (CC) students. Utilizing a heavy drinking CC sample, the current study examined: 1) prev...
Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Production by a Nickel Complex Containing a Tetradentate Phosphine Ligand

A nickel complex has been synthesized using the P4N2 ligand, a tetradentate phosphine ligand with two pendant amines in the ligand backbone. The rigidly square pyramidal [Ni(P4N2)(CH3CN)]2+ complex is an electrocatalyst for the reduction of protons to hydrogen. Using N,N-dimethylformamidium ([DMF(H)+]) as the acid in an acetonitrile/water solution, [Ni(P4N2)(CH3CN)]2+ displays a turnover frequency of 1.6 × 106 s–1, which is among the fastest rates reported for any molecular electrocatalyst. This high catalytic rate comes at the cost of a 1200 mV overpotential at the catalytic half-wave potential. The Ni(II) state of the catalyst was found to be stable under strongly acidic conditions, with only trace decomposition observed over 2 weeks in the presence of 0.1 M trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (HOTf). The catalyst was less stable in the Ni(0) state due to the inability of the rigid P4N2 ligand to adopt a tetrahedral geometry. Using variable scan rate cyclic voltammetry, a first-order rate constant of ∼1 s–1 w...
Hetero-functional Graph Theory

Hetero-functional graph theory is an intellectual fusion of model-based systems engineering and network science. This chapter provides an exposition of hetero-functional graph theory in terms of its constituent mathematical models and how they relate to their counterparts in SysML. These models are: (1) the System Concept, (2) the Hetero-functional Adjacency Matrix, (3) the Controller Agency Matrix, (4) the Controller Adjacency Matrix, (5) the Service as Operand Behavior, (6) the Service Feasibility Matrix, and (7) the System Adjacency matrix. The first two models are assumed to be universal and apply to all types of engineering systems. They form the structural model. The last four apply when it is necessary to differentiate systems. Models 3 and 4 constitute the system control model. Together, they differentiate systems based upon the structure of their control and decision-making. Models 5 and 6 constitute the service model. They differentiate systems based upon the behavior of their operands. These six models are then ultimately coupled together for holistic analysis of cyber-physical engineering systems. When integrated together, these models constitute the final product of hetero-functional graph theory: the System Adjacency Matrix.
Opioid Analgesics for Chronic Non-Cancer Pain: A Guideline on Opioid Prescribing.

Introduction Over the past decade, the use of opioid analgesics has risen dramatically both in the U.S. and South Dakota. Opioids have been increasingly used to treat chronic non-cancer pain; however, the utilization of opioids for this role has limited and questionable utility. The U.S. has also seen a rise of opioid abuse, addiction, misuse, and overdose. The various pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies to help physicians manage chronic non-cancer pain and a guideline on appropriate opioid prescribing are presented. Discussion Before the decision is made to begin opioid therapy for chronic non-cancer pain, other pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapeutic strategies should be explored. The schema for responsible opioid prescribing can be dived into the following: the initial assessment, initiating opioid therapy, maintenance therapy, and the discontinuation of opioid treatment. These categories are explored, and a general approach to prescribing opioids for chronic non-cancer pain is presented. Conclusion The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has declared opioid prescription abuse an "epidemic." There are a variety of methods clinicians can utilize to relieve chronic non-cancer pain. If opioid therapy is sought, clinicians should be mindful of the current state of opioid abuse and misuse. This guideline may aid clinicians in appropriate opioid prescribing.
Identities, academic cultures, and relationship intersections: postsecondary dance educators’ lived experiences pursuing tenure

The political hierarchies and assumptions built around tenure and promotion processes across U.S. postsecondary institutions are fraught with complexities and have a significant effect on eventual ...
A Rigorous Quantitative Approach to Analyzing Phagocytosis Assays

Studying monocytic cells in isolated systems in vitro contributes significantly to the understanding of innate immune physiology. Functional assays produce read outs which can be used to measure responses to selected stimuli, such as pathogen exposure, antigen loading, and cytokine stimulation. Integration of these results with high quality in vivo models allows for the development of therapeutics which target these cell populations. Current methodologies to quantify phagocytic function of monocytic cells in vitro either measure phagocytic activity of individual cells (average number of beads or particles/cell), or a population outcome (% cells that contain phagocytosed material). Here we address technical challenges and shortcomings of these methods and present a protocol for collecting and analyzing data derived from a functional assay which measures phagocytic activity of macrophage and macrophage-like cells. We apply this method to two different experimental conditions, and compare to existing work flows. We also provide an online tool for users to upload and analyze data using this method.
Energy optimization of a micro-CHP engine using 1-D and 3-D modeling

Abstract This research focused on utilizing numerical simulation tools to improve the performance of a micro-CHP engine. The engine was developed at West Virginia University by screening candidate technologies and implementing those which were balanced between practicality and cost. The engine was a 34-cc, two-stroke engine which was modified to operate on low-pressure direct injection of natural gas combined with resonant intake and exhaust systems. This engine served as a baseline engine design. A 1-D simulation was developed and trained based on the baseline engine geometry and experimental data collected from laboratory experiments. After verifying the 1D model with measured data from the baseline configuration, a genetic algorithm approach was used to optimize the exhaust resonator design such that the fuel efficiency was maximized. Based on simulation outcomes, a new exhaust resonator was fabricated and tested. The experimental results showed an 8.3% improvement in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) compared to the baseline design. The test results of the optimized exhaust design were used in a 3-D CFD cold flow model to optimize the spark plug location to exploit charge stratification. The 3-D simulations suggested an alternative spark plug location, which was then applied on the engine and improved results were verified with additional experimental operation. The experimental results showed relative increase in BTE of 5.7% and a 4% decrease in total unburnt fuel compared to the original spark location.
Studying visual search without an eye tracker: an assessment of artificial foveation.

Eye tracking is a useful tool for studying human cognition, both in the laboratory and in real-world applications. However, there are cases in which eye tracking is not possible, such as in high-security environments where recording devices cannot be introduced. After facing this challenge in our own work, we sought to test the effectiveness of using artificial foveation as an alternative to eye tracking for studying visual search performance. Two groups of participants completed the same list comparison task, which was a computer-based task designed to mimic an inventory verification process that is commonly performed by international nuclear safeguards inspectors. We manipulated the way in which the items on the inventory list were ordered and color coded. For the eye tracking group, an eye tracker was used to assess the order in which participants viewed the items and the number of fixations per trial in each list condition. For the artificial foveation group, the items were covered with a blurry mask except when participants moused over them. We tracked the order in which participants viewed the items by moving their mouse and the number of items viewed per trial in each list condition. We observed the same overall pattern of performance for the various list display conditions, regardless of the method. However, participants were much slower to complete the task when using artificial foveation and had more variability in their accuracy. Our results indicate that the artificial foveation method can reveal the same pattern of differences across conditions as eye tracking, but it can also impact participants’ task performance.
The labyrinthine placenta.

Fetal nutrition depends on the placenta, and specifically, the branching of a layer of placental trophoblast cells that sits between the maternal blood and fetal blood vessels. The discovery that expression of the transcription factor Gcm1 in trophoblast stem cells regulates branching of this specialized epithelium offers new insights into a process whose pivotal features have been generally obscure.
Disseminated tumor cells predict survival after neoadjuvant therapy in primary breast cancer

BACKGROUND: Tumor cells that disseminate to the bone marrow (disseminated tumor cells [DTCs]) have been identified in 30% of patients with stage I through II breast cancer (BC) and predict outcome. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is effective in reducing the size of primary tumors or eradicating lymph node metastases before surgery, but little is known regarding the presence or significance of DTCs after NACT. METHODS: The authors evaluated DTCs in 95 patients with clinical stage I through III BC. Bone marrow samples were collected after completion of NACT at the time they underwent surgery for primary BC. DTCs were assessed using an anticytokeratin antibody cocktail. Primary tumor markers, the extent of lymph node (LN) involvement, they type of NACT administered, and response to NACT were compared with presence of DTCs. Chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: The median patient age at diagnosis was 51 years, and the median follow-up was 24 months. Forty-six percent of patients had tumors classified as T1/T2, 20% had T3 tumors, 34.5% had T4 tumors, and 81% had lymph node metastasis before NACT. DTCs were identified in 26% of patients after NACT. No associations were observed between DTCs and primary tumor characteristics or LN involvement. A pathologic complete response was observed in 25 patients (26%) but was not predictive of DTCs after NACT (P = .83). DTCs after NACT predicted worse BC-specific survival (P < .02). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of DTCs was an independent predictor of outcome after NACT. The current results indicated that monitoring hematogenous micrometastatic disease after NACT may be useful in selecting patients who might benefit from additional systemic adjuvant therapies. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.