cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Racial Succession in New York City, 1960–70

The initiation of racial succession in high density areas of New York City was led by blacks with above average educational attainments. Home buyers and renters who initiated succession in areas distant from black ghettos tended to be older and had higher incomes than "invaders" of ghetto-adjacent areas. Post-invasion black population growth in high density areas was accompanied by increases in median black family incomes. However, after blacks comprised approximately 24 percent of a high density tract's population, additional growth brought relative declines in black income levels. In contrast, median incomes for blacks in low density areas of the city tended to increase during all stages of succession. The inner portions of our nation's cities have regularly served as areas of first settlement for immigrant groups. Inmigrant blacks from rural areas of the South, like European immigrants before them, typically settled in segregated enclaves close to the centers of cities. These initial settlements tended to grow through successive invasions of adjoining areas; and resulting out-movements of white residents enabled further extensions of existing black ghettos. Consequently, the intracity residential mobility of blacks did not significantly alter traditional patterns of racial segregation. There have even been indications that racial segregation within many cities has increased since 1960 (Clemence; Farley and Taeuber; Van Valey et al.). Nevertheless, factors such as the accelerated movement of whites to suburbs, improvements in the economic status of blacks, and more stringent enforcement of open housing laws have enabled an increasing number of blacks to enter white residential areas that are relatively distant from both the centers of cities and areas of black concentration. Does this movement indicate the beginning of integration or, as has typically been the case in areas adjacent to black ghettos, the initial stage of a total change in population type? Are previous findings and theories concerning invasion *1 am indebted to Kirsten A. Gr0nbjerg for help provided during all stages of the research, and to Gerald D. Suttles, 0. Andrew Collver, Kurt Lang, Judith L. Denowitz, Barbara Beno, and Robert Stevenson for comments on earlier drafts. ( 1980 The University of North Carolina Press. 0037-7732/80/020440-55$01.60
Neutrino flavor instabilities in a time-dependent supernova model

Abstract A dense neutrino medium such as that inside a core-collapse supernova can experience collective flavor conversion or oscillations because of the neutral-current weak interaction among the neutrinos. This phenomenon has been studied in a restricted, stationary supernova model which possesses the (spatial) spherical symmetry about the center of the supernova and the (directional) axial symmetry around the radial direction. Recently it has been shown that these spatial and directional symmetries can be broken spontaneously by collective neutrino oscillations. In this letter we analyze the neutrino flavor instabilities in a time-dependent supernova model. Our results show that collective neutrino oscillations start at approximately the same radius in both the stationary and time-dependent supernova models unless there exist very rapid variations in local physical conditions on timescales of a few microseconds or shorter. Our results also suggest that collective neutrino oscillations can vary rapidly with time in the regimes where they do occur which need to be studied in time-dependent supernova models.
Spectrum estimation of two-dimensional signals via the Radon transform

Summary form only given. The Radon transform has been applied to spectrum estimation of noisy 2-D signals. Estimation of the spectrum of noisy temporal signals is a classic signal processing problem, and a number of estimation algorithms have been developed. These include periodograms, the Blackman-Tukey method, and autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models. Extension of the first two algorithms to multidimensional signals is straightforward. However, the additional available degrees of freedom affect the applicability of ARMA models to multidimensional problems. It has been demonstrated that standard 1-D ARMA models can be applied to the individual projections and combined to estimate the 2-D spectrum. Limitations of the algorithm have been explored. >
Design and Characterization of a Nano-Encapsulated Self-Referenced Fluorescent Nitric Oxide Sensor for Wide-Field Optical Imaging

A nano-encapsulated fluorescence dye DAF-2 sensor that is specifically sensitive to nitric oxide (NO) was fabricated by using an electrostatic layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly technique. Fluorescence calibrations of the NO sensor were collected by a wide-field optical imaging system and a fluorescence spectrometer using NO standards generated by the self decomposition of S-nitrosol-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP). The NO sensor consists of two fluorescence dyes, indicator DAF-2 and a reference R-PE. The two dyes share the same excitation, and have different emission wavelengths. The calibration results show that the indicator fluorescence intensity increases with NO standard solution additions, while the reference fluorescence intensity does not. The encapsulation reduced the NO sensor detection limit, but it is still within physiological level of NO. This sensor design can also achieve ratiometric self referencing with very little leaching effect.
New directions in single-molecule imaging and analysis

Optical imaging and analysis of single molecules continue to unfold as powerful ways to study the individual behavior of biological systems, unobscured by ensemble averaging. Current expansion of interest in this field is great, as evidenced by new meetings, journal special issues, and the large number of new investigators. Selected recent advances in biomolecular analysis are described, and two new research directions are summarized: superresolution imaging using single-molecule fluorescence and trapping of single molecules in solution by direct suppression of Brownian motion.
The Basis for Different Sensitivities of Photosynthesis to SO2 in Two Cultivars of Pea

Alscher, R., Bower, J. L. and Zipfel, W. 1987. The basis for different sensitivities of photosynthesis to S02 in two cultivars of pea.—J. exp. Bot. 38: 99-108. The response of several physiological parameters to exposure to S02 (0-8 ppm and 0-6 ppm) was studied in two cultivare of Pisum sativum in which photosynthesis showed a different sensitivity to S02- Leaf conductance was slightly reduced during exposure to S02 in the sensitive but not the insensitive cultivar. More sulphite accumulated in the leaves of the sensitive than in those of the insensitive cultivar. Total leaf content of reduced glutathione in the insensitive cultivar increased during exposure to S02, while in the sensitive cultivar there was no increase until the post-exposure period. The activities of fructose 1,6-feisphosphatase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase did not decrease greatly in either cultivar, although activities of enzymes from the sensitive cultivar were more affected by S02 than were those of the insensitive cultivar. Exposure to S02 also had little effect on either coupled or uncoupled electron transport of isolated thylakoids from the leaves of either cultivar. Increased glutathione in the insensitive cultivar may protect the photosynthetic apparatus against S02.
A CLINICAL STUDY IN ESTROGENIC THERAPY1

AN ESTROGENIC PREPARATION that can be administered orally has long been desired. The wish seems to have been fulfilled by the discovery of stilbestrol. Favorable reports of the estrogenie efficiency of this compound are numerous, but a variety of opinions concerning its toxicity have been expressed. During the past year my associates have collaborated with me to observe the effects of stilbestrol administered to 250 patients. We have been interested to test the efficiency, toxicity, optimum dosage and indication for the use of stilbestrol. In order to avoid prejudice each observer selected his own cases, chose the dosage and recorded his results. All other complaints and symptoms of the patients as well as the estrogenic deficiency have been considered and treated concurrently with the stilbestrol therapy. Only the patients who have returned for observation are included in this report, though it might be assumed that many of those who received the medication were sufficiently relieved of their symptoms to...
Controllability of group translations

We analyze controllability of group translations. Compact groups are shown to be controllable if the input set is of positive measure and contains an ergodic element. A particular example is that of torus translations /spl theta//spl rarr//spl theta/+/spl omega/, where /spl omega/ is chosen from an input set U/spl sub/T which are proven to be controllable if the input set is of non-zero measure. Controllability of R/sup n/ under addition is discussed.
Deep Tillage and Glyphosate-Reduced Redvine (Brunnichia ovata) and Trumpetcreeper (Campsis radicans) Populations in Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean 1

Field studies were conducted during the years 2000 to 2003 at Stoneville, MS, to determine the efficacy of fall deep tillage and glyphosate applications on redvine and trumpetcreeper populations and soybean yield in glyphosate-resistant soybean. Fall deep ( 45 cm) tillage for 1, 2, and 3 yr reduced redvine density by 95, 88, and 97%, respectively, compared with shallow ( 15 cm) tillage, but deep tillage did not reduce trumpetcreeper density. Glyphosate applied preplant reduced trum- petcreeper density (25 to 44%), but not redvine density, compared to that with no glyphosate. Gly- phosate early postemergence (EPOST) either alone (45 to 67%) or followed by (fb) late postemer- gence (LPOST; 59 to 83%) reduced density of trumpetcreeper, but not of redvine, compared to that with no herbicide. However, dry biomass of both vines was reduced with glyphosate EPOST or LPOST compared to that with no herbicide. Soybean yields were higher with deep tillage vs. shallow tillage, glyphosate preplant application vs. no glyphosate, and glyphosate EPOST either alone or fb LPOST vs. no herbicide. Redvine did not reestablish in 2003, which was after skipping fall deep tillage for 1 yr following three consecutive years of deep tillage compared with shallow tillage. It is possible to manage redvine infestations with fall deep tillage and trumpetcreeper infestations with glyphosate preplant and postemergence (POST) in-crop applications. Integration of fall deep tillage and glyphosate POST applications could be an effective strategy to manage combined infestations of these vines in glyphosate-resistant soybean. Nomenclature: Glyphosate; redvine, Brunnichia ovata (Walt.) Shinners # 3 BRVCI; trumpetcreeper, Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. ex Bureau # CMIRA; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. 'DP4690 RR', 'DP 5806 RR', 'AG 4702 RR'. Additional index words: Deep tillage, perennial vine, transgenic soybean, weed biomass, weed density. Abbreviations: EPOST, early postemergence; fb, followed by; LPOST, late postemergence; POST, postemergence; WAP, weeks after planting soybean; WAT, weeks after late postemergence.
Cli-fi on the screen(s): patterns in the representations of climate change in fictional films

Fictional works about climate change, or cli-fi, have been hailed as a new genre. As a complement to previous WIREs studies of novels and plays, this article focuses on cli-fi films, providing an overview of some 60 films, including major theatrical releases, smaller festival films, and made-for-TV movies. Of the many possible impacts of climate change predicted by scientists, this study finds that filmmakers have focused on extreme weather events and the possibility of Earth slipping into a new ice age. These choices reflect filmmakers’ predispositions more than any scientific consensus and thus demonstrate the challenge that cli-fi films pose to climate change communicators. Finally, noting the recent emergence of films that parody concerns about climate change or that depict attempts to mitigate its causes or ameliorate its effects as possibly more disastrous than climate change itself, this study recommends that researchers in the humanities and social sciences look beyond The Day After Tomorrow, which has received far more attention than any other film. WIREs Clim Change 2016, 7:43–64. doi: 10.1002/wcc.381 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
The Taxonomy of Human Learning: Overview

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the traditional categories of human learning from the vantage point of expertness in each category. This involves both the identification of similarities and differences among categories—with stress on similarities, in view of the traditional implication of category differences— and the identification of similarities and differences within a category—with stress on differences, in view of the traditional implication of category homogeneity. The sophisticated investigator and theorist in human learning has for many years stressed the overlap of certain categories and the necessary distinctions among forms of learning commonly included within a category. Nevertheless, there are reasons for believing that the further consideration of the validity of the traditional categories of human learning is not the further beating of a dead horse. First, among these reasons is the observation that the elementary textbooks in psychology, which are presumed to treat the fundamentals of the science, are quite confused and confusing in regard to these traditional categories of learning.
Referendum? What Referendum? A Constitutional Expert Argues that the Federal Insistence on Clarity Has Paid Off

At the time this essay went to press, Quebecers were already in the throes of an unusually volatile election. Although the Parti Quýbýcois appeared poised to suffer a significant setback on March 26, its commitment to holding a "public consultation" (read: referendum) on sovereignty had become a major campaign issue. Whether Jean Charest's Liberals or even Mario Dumont's Action dýmocratique du Quýbec win the election, Quebec sovereigntists will certainly continue to work toward a vote on separation.Will Canada be ready? The problem is not our ongoing debate over whether Quebec should remain within the Canadian federation. The intense national controversy last November over the adoption of the House of Commons resolution recognizing "the Quýbýcois" as a "nation within a united Canada" vividly reminded us that this issue is far from settled. Indeed, it may be Canadas particular fate to engage periodically in existential constitutional discussions that may be impossible to resolve once and for all. Rather, the real difficulty is the lack of agreement over the constitutional framework within which the next referendum will be held.In politics, there are two kinds of disagreements. We frequently disagree about the substance of public policies. We differ with our fellow citizens over the appropriate level of taxation and redistribution, or on how to fight crime without unduly restricting individual liberty. A basic goal of a constitution is to prevent these kinds of political disagreements from spilling into the streets. It does so by channelling disagreements on what governments should and should not do into institutions that operate according to rules of procedure that specify how political decisions are made. But if citizens disagree on the legitimacy of these very rules by questioning their impartiality, then political institutions can never produce decisions that they will accept as final. And if we step outside the procedures of politics, we step outside the rule of law and imperil the survival of the constitutional order.
School Motor-Development Area

Finding space within a school for motor-development activities can be difficult but is not impossible. At the special education school for the Tyler Independent School District, all available space was being used for classrooms and vocational training. The gym was being used daily for the active adaptive physical education program. The wide hallways and odd corners, however, were not being used for instruction. We set up much of the motor-development equipment in clusters throughout the hallways and corners of the early childhood area of our school (Figure). The teachers and therapists now have equipment available whenever needed. The placement of equipment in the halls did not violate fire regulations. Look around your facility for unused space.
The Association Between Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Markers of Inflammation and Immune Activation in HIV-Infected Individuals With Controlled Viremia.

Background Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be associated with chronic immune dysregulation and a proinflammatory state. Among HIV-infected individuals, PTSD is associated with greater morbidity and mortality, but the association with immune dysfunction has not been evaluated. This study explores the association between PTSD and selected markers of inflammation and immune activation in a cohort of HIV-infected, virally-suppressed individuals. Methods HIV-infected adults who were virologically controlled on antiretroviral medications were recruited through a screening protocol for studies of HIV-related neurocognitive disorders. Each participant underwent blood draws, urine toxicology screen, and completed the Client Diagnostic Questionnaire, a semistructured psychiatric interview. Results Of 114 eligible volunteers, 72 (63%) were male, 77 (68%) African American, and 34 (30%) participants met criteria for PTSD. Participants with PTSD were more likely to be current smokers (79%) than those without (60%) ( p = 0.05). The PTSD cohort had significantly higher total white blood cell counts (5318 and 6404 cells/uL, p = 0.03), absolute neutrophil count (2767 and 3577 cells/uL, p = 0.02), CD8% (43 and 48, p = 0.05), and memory CD8% (70 and 78%, p = 0.04); lower naive CD8% (30 and 22%, p = 0.04) and higher rate of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein >3mg/L (29 and 20, p = 0.03). Discussion A high prevalence of PTSD was identified in this cohort of HIV-infected adults who were virally suppressed. These results suggest that PTSD may be associated with immune dysregulation even among antiretroviral therapy-adherent HIV-infected individuals.
Conarticular congruence of the hominoid subtalar joint complex with implications for joint function in Plio‐Pleistocene hominins

Objective The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that conarticular surfaces areas and curvatures are correlates of mobility at the hominoid talocalcaneal and talonavicular joints. Materials and Methods Articular surface areas and curvatures of the talonavicular, anterior talocalcaneal, and posterior talocalcaneal joints were quantified using a total of 425 three-dimensional surface models of extant hominoid and fossil hominin tali, calcanei, and naviculars. Quadric surface fitting was used to calculate curvatures, pairwise comparisons were used to evaluate statistical differences between taxa, and regression was used to test for the effects of allometry. Results Pairwise comparisons show that the distributions of values for joint curvature indices follow the predicted arboreal-terrestrial morphocline in hominoid primates with no effect of body mass (PGLS p > 0.05). OH 8 (Homo habilis) and LB 1 (Homo floresiensis) can be accommodated within the range of human variation for the talonavicular joint, whereas MH2 (Australopithecus sediba) falls within the ranges of variation for Pan troglodytes and Gorilla gorilla in measures of posterior talocalcaneal joint congruity. Conclusions Joint curvature indices are better discriminators than joint surface area indices, which may reflect a greater contribution of rotation, rather than translation, to joint movement in plantigrade taxa due to discrepancies in conarticular congruence and the “convex-concave” rule. The pattern of joint congruence in Au. sediba contributes to other data on the foot and ankle suggesting that the lateral side of the foot was more mobile than the medial side, which is consistent with suggestions of increased medial weight transfer associated with hyperpronation. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Southern Chinch Bug Resistance in St. Augustine-grass

Sixteen accessions of St. Augustinegrass, Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze, were evaluated for resistance to Blissus insularis Barber under heavy population densities in the laboratory. The grasses, FA-108, Floratam (FA-110), and FA-110, exhibited antibiosis and killed 57.66, 56.35, and 48.91%, respectively, of the adult population in 4 days. Antibiosis of 5th instars of 90.7, 89.8, and 71.1%, respectively, was exhibited by the same 3 accessions in 7 days. Of the remaining population of 5th instars, only 25–60% reached the imago in 7 days as compared to 98.2% for those confined on common St. Augustinegrass. Fecundity of adults was significantly reduced when they were confined on the resistant selections; 5 females produced an average of 9.75 eggs/stolon on Floratam whereas 42.75 eggs/stolon were produced when confined on common, which is very susceptible to chinch bug feeding and was used as a standard in these tests. Several other accessions, including Floratine, also showed considerable tolerance to southern chinch bug feeding.
Mating Behavior of Bactrocera latifrons (Diptera: Tephritidae in Field Cages

When released on trees inside field cages, Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) males occupied the undersides of leaves from the middle to upper canopy. Before sunset (1/2-1 h) and at an average light intensity of 1,375 lumens/m 2 , males formed aggregations (leks) of 4-9 individuals and began calling behavior. Calling consisted of males rubbing their abdomen and wings with their hind legs, then fanning the wings in short, rapid bursts. This dispersed pheromone and perhaps created sound. After the light decreased to 1,357 ± 654.7 (mean ± SD) lumens/m 2 , females responded and mating commenced. Formation of leks and mating behavior occurred until sunset (4 min before to 15 min after sunset) and an average light intensity of 90.2 ± 50.9 lumens/m 2 . During the period 60-30 min before sunset, 29% of the total matings occurred, whereas in the final 30 min before sunset, 59.7% ofthe total matings occurred. On average, 33.9 ± 9.7% of the flies mated.
Multidisciplinary evaluation of next steps for human space exploration: Technical and strategic analysis of options

Abstract There is a growing consensus among stakeholders around the world that the long-term objective of human space exploration is the long-duration presence of humans on the surface of Mars. However, the key question concerns the choice of near-term missions that will bridge current human spaceflight activities in low Earth orbit (LEO) and eventual Mars exploration. This paper contributes to this debate by identifying the scope of possible near-term missions, arguing that there are only four realistic proposals for initial human exploration beyond low Earth orbit: a cis-lunar habitat, asteroid redirect, Mars flyby, and a short lunar surface sortie. The paper then evaluates these missions across five criteria: 1) technical/economic feasibility, 2) contribution to the eventual goal of exploring Mars, 3) potential for international cooperation, 4) global readiness for the mission, and 5) political feasibility to establish a clear assessment of the pros and cons of each of these four missions. While recognizing that any one of these missions represents a feasible option for future human space exploration, we recommend that the international community pursue development of a cis-lunar habitat as its immediate goal. This mission maximizes development of technology necessary for Mars exploration, provides significant opportunities for meaningful international participation, and could be achieved on a reasonable schedule with current budgets. Both the asteroid redirect mission and lunar exploration plans have the potential to benefit from the development of a cis-lunar habitat and could be retained as intermediate or parallel missions, as resources allow.
STATIN TREATMENT REDUCES PEBETA-1 HDL LEVELS IN DYSLIPIDEMIC PATIENTS

Prebeta-1 HDL is a small molecular species of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) that is the principal acceptor of cholesterol effluxed from macrophages. High prebeta-1 HDL levels are associated with increased risk of structural coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction. Prebeta-1 HDL
Black body and transverse electromagnetic resonators operating at 340 MHz: volume RF coils for ultra high field MRI.

Purpose: The purpose of this work was to describe the newly formulated black body (BB) resonator with historical perspective and to outline the construction and assembly of the transverse electromagnetic (TEM) RF coil for use in ultra high field MRI (UHFMRI) studies at 340 MHz. Method: TEM and BB resonators were machined from acrylic and Teflon tubing, copper foil, and brass connectors. Tuning was accomplished through adjustable TEM elements. Variable Teflon-based capacitors were utilized to provide matching to the 50 Ω line. The TEM resonator operated in quadrature, and the BB resonator operated in linear mode. The final resonators were fully adjustable from 63 to 430 MHz. Quality (Q) values were measured using a network analyzer over this frequency range for the unloaded and loaded coils. Coil performance was also evaluated using gradient and spin echo imaging at 8 T. Results: Both resonators yielded excellent images from mineral oil phantoms, with good homogeneity throughout the imaging volume. The BB resonator was characterized with enhanced signal-to-noise ratio and greatly reduced RF power requirements relative to the TEM resonator. Images obtained from the human head at 8 T with the TEM resonator were also excellent. Tuning remains a tedious process. Conclusion: The TEM resonator provides an excellent RF coil for imaging studies up to 340 MHz. Its homogeneity reliability remains to be improved. In part as a result of its inability to sustain radiative loses, the BB resonator has extremely low RF power requirements. The BB resonator may have important uses in limiting RF power requirements and enhancing signal-to-noise ratio at other frequencies. Larger slightly modified versions may also prove useful in human imaging, depending on tolerances and final quality factors. Index Terms: Magnetic resonance imaging, apparatus and instrumentation-Magnetic resonance imaging, techniques-Tesla-Coils.
Systemic and coronary hemodynamic effects of 2 amino-4-methyl pyridine.

Conclusion1. The systemic and coronary hemodynamic effects of Ascensil®. (2-amino-4-methyl pyridine) also known as RA 1226 and in the German literature as W 45, has been investigated in 10 mongrel dogs. 2. Its administration has been associated with a marked increase in peripheral, pulmonary and coronary vascular resistance accompanied by an increase in peripheral arterial and right atrial pressure. 3. Considerable reduction occurred in cardiac output, coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen usage per 100 g per minute, subsequent to its administration. 4. Calculated cardiac efficiency, body oxygen consumption, total body respiratory quotient and cardiac respiratory quotients were unchanged.
Topological insulator phase in halide perovskite structures

Topological insulators are a novel quantum state of matter that reveals their properties and shows exotic phenomena when combined with other phases. Hence, priority has been given to making a good quality topological insulator interface with other compounds. From the applications point of view, the topological insulator phase in perovskite structures could be important to provide the various heterostructure interfaces with multifunctional properties. Here, by performing a tight-binding analysis and first-principles calculations, we predict that cubic-based CsPbI${}_{3}$ and CsSnI${}_{3}$ perovskite compounds under reasonable hydrostatic pressure are feasible candidates for three-dimensional topological insulators. Combined with cubic symmetry, the spin and total angular momentum doublets forming the valence and conduction bands result in a prototype of a continuum model, representing three-dimensional isotropic Dirac fermions, and govern the topological phase transition in halide perovskite materials.
Algebraically Compact Groups

In the preceding chapter we have encountered groups that were summands in every group containing them as pure subgroups: the pure-injective groups. In this chapter, we collect a large amount of additional information about these groups. Interestingly, these are precisely the summands of groups admitting a compact group topology, and the reduced ones are nothing else than the groups complete in the \(\mathbb{Z}\)-adic topology. From Sect. 4 in Chapter 5 we know that every group can be embedded as a pure subgroup in a pure-injective (i.e., in an algebraically compact) group, and here we show that the significance of this embedding is enhanced by the fact that minimal embeddings exist and are unique up to isomorphism. Thus the theory of algebraically compact groups runs, in many respects, parallel to the theory of injective groups, a fact that was first pointed out by Maranda [1].
Analysis and Detection of Hardware Trojan

Nowadays the possibility of implanting hardware trojan in chip during the design and manufacturing process is growing higher and higher.In order to avoid large-scales hardware trojan attack,this paper elaborates detailedly the hazard,conception,classification and technical background of hardware trojan,introduces four currently popular hardware trojan detection methods,also gives recommendations for these feasibility methods.
Patterns of Interrelationships Atnong Health-Promotion Behaviors

We examined the interrelationships among 36 health behaviors for men and 38 for women in a telephone survey of a national sample of 3,025 adults. Wide variations existed in the frequency of respondents engaging in healthy practices, ranging from 9% to 96%. Men practiced an average of 17, and women 19, healthy behaviors. Correlations between health behaviors were weak, with an absolute value averaging r = .07, ranging from r = .00 to r = .71. Factor analysis revealed 10 underlying dimensions among the behaviors, which we interpreted for men as: (1) health care use, (2) exercise and recreation activity, (3) alcohol use, (4) smoking, (5) physical activity, (6) dental care, (7) nutrition, (8) sleep, (9) beverage use, and (10) breakfast. Women had the same 10 factors as men, except for a women's health screening factor instead of a beverage use factor. These findings suggest that engaging in one health behavior is not necessarily associated with practicing others, and that public health and individual counseling efforts to encourage healthy behaviors should be multifaceted and behavior-specific.
Xerostomia. A common problem among the elderly.

Xerostomia is the subjective feeling of dry mouth caused by hyposalivation. It is a common problem among the elderly. Prescribed and over-the-counter medications, Sjogren's Syndrome and irradiation of the head and neck are the primary causes of hyposalivation in the elderly. Living with xerostomia can be a devastating experience for the sufferer. Through proper diagnosis and management, the dentist can help bring some relief to the patient with xerostomia.
Effects of the GLP-1 Agonist Exendin-4 on Intravenous Ethanol Self-Administration in Mice.

Background Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have been shown to decrease ethanol (EtOH) drinking in rodent assays. The GLP-1 system also powerfully modulates food and fluid intake, gastrointestinal functions, and metabolism. To begin to understand the neurobiological mechanisms by which GLP-1 receptor ligands may be able to control EtOH intake, it is important to ascertain whether they can modulate the direct reinforcing effects of EtOH, without the confound of effects on ingestive behaviors generally. Methods We trained experimentally naive, free-fed C57BL/6J mice to self-administer EtOH intravenously. Once stable EtOH intake was acquired, we tested the effect of acute pretreatment with the GLP-1 receptor agonist Exendin-4. Effect of Exendin-4 on operant behavior reinforced by a palatable liquid food was similarly evaluated as a control. Results Intravenous EtOH functioned as a positive reinforcer in over half the mice tested. In mice that acquired self-administration, EtOH intake was high, indeed, reaching toxic doses; 3.2 μg/kg Exendin-4 decreased intravenous EtOH intake by at least 70%, but had no significant effect on food-maintained operant responding. Conclusions This experiment produced 2 main conclusions. First, although technically challenging and yielding only moderate throughput, the intravenous self-administration procedure in mice is feasible, and sensitive to pharmacological manipulations. Second, GLP-1 receptor agonists can powerfully attenuate voluntary EtOH intake by directly modulating the reinforcing effects of EtOH. These findings support the potential usefulness of GLP-1 receptor ligands in the treatment of alcohol use disorder.
TREE IMPROVEMENT FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE IN WESTERN UNITED STATES AND CANADA

ABSTRACT Improvement of disease resistance in forest trees can provide considerable benefits to forest managers in western North America. Many tree diseases can be most economically controlled by developing and establishing resistant tree species through breeding programs. Nevertheless, emphasis commensurate with potential benefits is low and action programs are few even though incentives are ample. Our pace of activity can be increased with certain stimuli which I will discuss later. I shall briefly attempt to summarize most of the reported work related to disease resistance breeding in the geographic area represented by the Western Forest Genetics Association. In addition to active breeding programs, research on problems such as variation in susceptibility to disease, the nature of resistance to a disease, or the physiology of host species in relation to a disease is integral in tree improvement effort. Some of these research projects are included in this review, but others are as yet unreported.
PARA ALÉM DE POSTMETROPOLIS

Tres recentes desdobramentos criaram novos desafios e oportunidades para a geografia urbana e os geografos, que incluem a redescoberta do poder gerativo das cidades, a difusao transdisciplinar das perspectivas espaciais criticas e o crescente interesse em regioes e no regionalismo. Tendo esses novos desdobramentos como pano de fundo, reflito sobre algumas ideias e temas introduzidos em Postmetropolis: Critical Studies of Cities and Regions, publicado em 2000. Como o livro, esta prospeccao alem de Postmetropolis divide-se em tres partes: Remapeando a geohistoria do espaco-cidade, Seis discursos sobre a pos-metropole, e Espaco vivido: lembrando 1992 em Los Angeles.
The safety of Lipistart, a medium-chain triglyceride based formula, in the dietary treatment of long-chain fatty acid disorders: a phase I study.

BACKGROUND Children with long-chain fatty acid β-oxidation disorders (LCFAOD) presenting with clinical symptoms are treated with a specialist infant formula, with medium chain triglyceride (MCT) mainly replacing long chain triglyceride (LCT). It is essential that the safety and efficacy of any new specialist formula designed for LCFAOD be tested in infants and children. METHODS In an open-label, 21-day, phase I trial, we studied the safety of a new MCT-based formula (feed 1) in six well-controlled children (three male), aged 7-13 years (median 9 years) with LCFAOD (very long chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency [VLCADD], n=2; long chain 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency [LCHADD], n=2; carnitine acyl carnitine translocase deficiency [CACTD], n=2). Feed 1 (Lipistart; Vitaflo) contained 30% energy from MCT, 7.5% LCT and 3% linoleic acid and it was compared with a conventional MCT feed (Monogen; Nutricia) (feed 2) containing 17% energy from MCT, 3% LCT and 1.1% linoleic acid. Subjects consumed feed 2 for 7 days then feed 1 for 7 days and finally resumed feed 2 for 7 days. Vital signs, blood biochemistry, ECG, weight, height, food/feed intake and symptoms were monitored. RESULTS Five subjects completed the study. Their median daily volume of both feeds was 720 mL (range 500-1900 mL/day). Feed 1 was associated with minimal changes in tolerance, free fatty acids (FFA), acylcarnitines, 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB), creatine kinase (CK), blood glucose, liver enzymes and no change in an electrocardiogram (ECG). No child complained of muscle pain or symptoms associated with LCFAOD on either feed. CONCLUSIONS This is the first safety trial reported of an MCT formula specifically designed for infants and children with LCFAOD. In this short-term study, it appeared safe and well tolerated in this challenging group.
Native acquisition of obsidian in colonial-era central California: Implications from Mission San José

Abstract In many regions, the mechanisms by which indigenous people acquired lithic materials during the colonial period are only poorly understood. We take on these issues through the examination of more than 1100 obsidian artifacts recovered from the Native American neighborhood at Mission San Jose (ca. CE 1797–1840) in central California. We conducted a multifaceted analysis of the assemblage, with an eye toward understanding how indigenous people in this region acquired obsidian after the onset of missionary colonialism. Our study included analysis of technological attributes, geological provenance via X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and dating through obsidian hydration. Our results demonstrate that native people living at Mission San Jose acquired obsidian both through long-distance conveyance from source areas and through some recycling of archaeological artifacts. We compare our results to regional precontact patterns of obsidian acquisition and conveyance as well as obsidian assemblages from other colonial-era sites in central California. Taken together, our study indicates persistent yet modified pathways of obsidian acquisition in central California during the colonial period.
Social Media as a New Vital Sign: Commentary.

Mobile technologies, such as wireless glucometers and mobile health apps, are increasingly being integrated into health and medical care. Because patients openly share real-time information about their health behaviors and outcomes on social media, social media data may also be used as a tool for monitoring patient care. This commentary describes how recent advances in computer science, psychology, and medicine enable social media data to become a new health “vital sign,” as well as actionable steps that public health officials, health systems, and clinics can take to integrate social data into both public and population health as well as into individual patient care. Barriers that first need to be addressed, including privacy concerns, legal and ethical responsibilities, and infrastructure support, are discussed.
Alterations of Ionic Permeability during Ischemia

The viability of cells depends critically upon the finely modulated distribution of ions across the cell membrane and between a number of intracellular sites and compartments. This is particularly important in myocardial cells which must maintain a coordinated sequence of electrical activation, modify contractile behavior to meet changing physiological conditions, and perform the cellular metabolic functions to provide energy and support anabolism and catabolism. Alterations in ionic movements occur almost instantaneously upon the production of anoxia or ischemia in myocardium. These changes are closely associated temporally with alterations of electrical and mechanical events and of metabolism. However, the precise mechanisms by which all of these phenomena are connected remain matters of speculation.
Radio and Microwave Dielectric Properties of Biological Materials

Dielectric properties of tissue materials have been extensively studied (Schwan, 1957, 1963, 1965). A basic understanding has been achieved of the mechanisms and structures that determine the electromagnetic properties of tissue materials. It has been demonstrated that tissue materials are nearly nonmagnetic, and thus have permeabilities close to that of free space and are independent of frequency. On the other hand, the electrical properties of tissue materials have been shown to display a characteristic dependence on frequency. They possess very high dielectric constants compared with many other types of homogeneous liquids and solids. This is because biological tissues are nonhomogeneous, and are composed of cells, macromolecules, and other membrane-bound substances. An example of the frequency-dependent character of tissue materials is given in Fig. 4-1. There are three principal regions of dispersions described as α, β, and γ, respectively. Each dispersion is defined by either a single relaxation frequency or a small group of relaxation frequencies.
Gene Expression during Pupal-Adult Neurogenesis in Manduca Sexta

Different from hemimetabolous insects in which the adult central nervous system (CNS) is essentially a replica of the embryonic CNS, most of the adult brain in holometabolous insects develops during postembryonic neurogenesis (Panov, 1963). Postembryonic neurogenesis has been well-described in various insects (Panov, 1963; Technau and Heisenberg, 1982; Booker and Truman, 1987). Since postembryonic neurogenesis in Lepidoptera is a critical period of terminal neuroblast differentiation, neuronal cell death and synaptogenesis for transformation of larval neurons into adult neurons, we have been interested in identifying proteins and genes that influence this developmental process in M. sexta. In this paper, we review our previous work concerning: 1) changes in expression of Manduca intracellular brain polypeptides, and of Manduca brain polypeptides that are secreted into an incubation medium at different stages of post-embryonic neurogenesis (Davis, submitted), and 2) cloning, from a Manduca brain cDNA library, genes that are activated during metamorphosis (Davis and Svoboda, 1989). Since it is not known how many of the secreted polypeptides are actual neurosecretory polypeptides, the secreted polypeptides will be referred to as putative neurosecretory polypeptides.
Changes in fluctuation waves in coherent airflow structures with input perturbation

We predict the development and propagation of the fluctuations in a perturbed ideally-expanded air jet. A non-propagating harmonic perturbation in the density, axial velocity, and pressure is introduced at the inflow with different frequencies to produce coherent structures in the airflow, which are synchronized with the applied frequency. Then, the fluctuations and acoustic fields are predicted for each frequency by integrating the axisymmetric linearized Euler equations. We investigate the effect of the perturbation frequency on different characteristics of the pressure and velocity waves. The perturbation frequency can be used to alter the propagation pattern and intensity of the waves and mitigate the noise levels at certain zones.
MTP18 is a Novel Regulator of Mitochondrial Fission in CNS Neuron Development, Axonal Growth, and Injury Responses.

The process of mitochondrial fission-fusion has been implicated in diverse neuronal roles including neuronal survival, axon degeneration, and axon regeneration. However, whether increased fission or fusion is beneficial for neuronal health and/or axonal growth is not entirely clear, and is likely situational and cell type-dependent. In searching for mitochondrial fission-fusion regulating proteins for improving axonal growth within the visual system, we uncover that mitochondrial fission process 1,18 kDa (MTP18/MTFP1), a pro-fission protein within the CNS, is critical to maintaining mitochondrial size and volume under normal and injury conditions, in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). We demonstrate that MTP18’s expression is regulated by transcription factors involved in axonal growth, Kruppel-like factor (KLF) transcription factors-7 and -9, and that knockdown of MTP18 promotes axon growth. This investigation exposes MTP18’s previously unexplored role in regulating mitochondrial fission, implicates MTP18 as a downstream component of axon regenerative signaling, and ultimately lays the groundwork for investigations on the therapeutic efficacy of MTP18 expression suppression during CNS axon degenerative events.
Nucleic Acid-Based Screening of Maternal Serum to Detect Viruses in Women with Labor or PROM

The purpose of this study was to determine whether timing of the initiating event of spontaneous labor (either uterine contractions with intact fetal membranes or rupture of membranes prior to labor (PROM)) is associated with maternal viral infection. It was a prospective case control study of women with either spontaneous labor or PROM occurring < 37 weeks’ gestation (“cases”) or at term (“controls”). An initial unbiased screen for viruses was performed with next-generation sequencing (NGS) in serum pooled from eight cases delivered by C/S and represents a range of gestational ages, membrane rupture status, and presence or absence of chorioamnionitis. Custom PCR was used to query individual patient samples from the original cohort. The NGS screen generated 15 million reads. Seven unique viral sequences were detected in two cases, all identified as torque teno virus (TTV), an ubiquitous DNA anellovirus of no known pathogenicity. Using nested and semi-nested PCR, sera from 72 patients (47 cases and 25 matched controls, stratified by ROM status) were screened for the 3 subtypes of anelloviruses (TTV, TTMDV, or TTMV). These were found in 43/47 cases (91%) and 16/25 controls (64%) (p = 0.012, OR = 5.9 (95% CI = 1.4–29.9)). In logistic regression, pregnant women with at least one type of anellovirus were more likely to experience preterm labor than those with no anellovirus (p = 0.03, aOR = 4.6, CI = 1.2–18.7). Among women experiencing a spontaneous initiating event of labor, TTV virus was more likely to be present in the serum of preterm than term patients. TTV may have a role in determining the timing of parturition.
Tay–Sachs Disease

Tay–Sachs disease (TSD; also known as G M2 gangliosidoses) is a family of autosomal recessive lysosomal storage diseases due to the absence or markedly deficient activity of the enzyme, β-hexosaminidase A (HEX A) and the resultant lysosomal accumulation of G M2 ganglioside, particularly in the nervous system. There are two major phenotypes, and several variants with different ages of onset correlated with the amount of residual HEX A activity. The infantile-onset phenotype is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of infancy, while the late-onset form, designated LOTS (for late-onset Tay–Sachs), is characterized by onset in childhood, adolescence, or adult life characterized by muscle weakness, ataxia and dysarthria, and other neurologic symptoms. Both disorders are more prevalent in the Ashkenazi Jewish population in which the frequency of gene carriers (or heterozygotes) is about 1 in 25 individuals and the predicted incidence of the infantile-onset disease is about 1 in ∼2500 Ashkenazi Jewish babies. The infantile-onset disease also occurs in population isolates in the French Canadians, Louisiana Cajuns, and in isolates in China, Japan, Saudi Arabia, and elsewhere. Also, late-infantile and juvenile-onset variants have been described. There is no treatment for any TSD phenotype. In the Ashkenazi Jewish community, efforts have focused on prevention by pre- or postconception carrier screening or by premarital screening prior to engagements.