cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Remote Reality Demonstration

Remote Reality is an approach to providing an immersive environment via omni-directional imaging. The system can use a live video-feed from a remote location or can use recorded data and be remote in both space and time. While less interactive than traditional VR, remote reality has an important advantage: there is little to no need for model building. In addition, the objects, the textures and the motions are not just realistic, they are remote views of reality.
Phosphorus and the Kidney: What Is Known and What Is Needed

A major role of the kidneys is to maintain phosphorus homeostasis. High serum phosphorus has been linked to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD) both before and after initiation of renal replacement therapy. Considering the clinical implications of uncontrolled hyperphosphatemia, maintenance of phosphorus concentrations within an optimum range is standard of care in this patient population. Recently, the epidemiologic associations between serum phosphorus and worse outcome have been extended to the general population. This becomes even more important in view of the increasing dietary phosphorus intake in the American diet due in large part to the greater consumption of foods processed with phosphate additives. A greater understanding of mechanisms and epidemiology of altered phosphorus metabolism and disease in CKD may help clarify the possible role of excess dietary phosphorus as a health risk factor in the general population.
A Biochemical Mechanism for Marine Biofouling

Microbial communities form rapidly on all surfaces exposed to seawater. Microbial fouling is related to a number of problems in marine technology. Corrosion of metal structures in the ocean is affected by microbial films. In addition, microbial fouling induces the settlement of macrofouling organisms. We suggest in this paper a general model to describe the interactions among fouling organisms. This model is based on a study of the settlement and metamorphosis of a spirorbid polychaete. Our data indicate that carbohydrates produced by bacterial films induce larvae of invertebrates to foul a surface. This process appears to be mediated by the binding of the bacterial carbohydrates to proteins produced by the larvae. These carbohydrate-binding proteins are common in many plants and animals. Our model may explain at a biochemical level the controlling mechanism for fouling of surfaces immersed in the sea.
Did You Not Understand The Question Or Not? An Investigation Of Negatively Worded Questions In Survey Research

This study compared participant responses to negatively versus positively worded questionnaire statements. The literature suggested that one could expect the wording of questionnaire items (i.e., negatively worded vs. positively worded) to influence participant responses to those scale items. The study consisted of one control group and two experimental groups. The Fashion Consciousness scale (Wilkes 1992; Lumpkin and Darden 1982), a uni-dimensional, all-positive seven-item instrument was adapted for use in the study. Three hypotheses regarding the factor structure and internal reliability of the scale were empirically investigated. Results showed statistically significant differences in the psychometrics of the scale when negative or double negative wording was added to scale items. Managerial implications are discussed.
The Effect of Maker-Taker Fees on Investor Order Choice and Execution Quality in U.S. Stock Markets ⇤

Equity exchanges competing for orders are using new pricing strategies. Typically, liquidity suppliers are compensated and liquidity demanders are charged. This pricing structure is controversial because of its potential effects on investor order choice, market quality, trader welfare, and economic efficiency. I develop a theoretical model of maker-taker fees in the presence of a broker and equity exchanges and test the model empirically using order level data from SEC Rule 605. The broker charges investors a commission and endogenously chooses to route orders to a dealer or equity exchange. The exchanges keep a portion of the taker fee as profit and pass the remaining amount to the broker as a maker rebate when its order providing liquidity executes. The theoretical model predicts that as the taker fee and maker rebate increase, holding constant the amount kept as profit by the exchange: (1) the bid-ask spread declines, (2) the total trading cost increases, (3) the trader participation falls, (4) the proportion of marketable order shares rises, and (5) the non-marketable limit order fill rate increases. These implications are different from those of the model by Colliard and Foucault (2012), because my model implies that changes in the split of trading fees between liquidity suppliers and demanders affect order choice and thereby execution quality. I find empirical evidence consistent with my model’s predictions. In particular, as the taker fee and maker rebate increase, holding constant the amount kept as profit by the exchange: (1) the bid-ask spread declines, (2) the trader participation falls, (3) the proportion of marketable order shares rises, and (4) the non-marketable limit order fill rate increases.
Effects of alkaline treatment and pelleting of crop residues on performance of growing calves1

Two experiments used 2 × 2 factorial arrangements of treatments to determine effects of pelleting and alkaline treatment of residues on performance of growing steers. In Exp. 1, 480 steers (initial BW = 312 kg; SD = 16) were used to evaluate pelleting the diet and alkaline treatment of corn residue (5% CaO + H2O or 6.6% calcium hydroxide vs. none). In Exp. 2, 460 steers (initial BW = 331 kg; SD = 20) were used to evaluate alkaline treatment (5% CaO + H2O vs. none) and residue type (corn residue vs. wheat straw). In Exp. 1, no interaction between alkaline treatment and pelleting was observed (P ≥ 0.18). Pelleting increased DMI and ADG (P < 0.01) but reduced G:F (P < 0.01). Alkaline treatment increased DMI, ADG (P < 0.01), and G:F (P < 0.05). In Exp. 2, an interaction between crop residue and alkaline treatment was observed for ending BW and ADG (P < 0.01). Steers fed treated corn residue had 9.2% greater ADG and 1.1% greater ending BW when compared with steers fed untreated corn residue, whereas steers fed treated wheat straw diets had increases of 25.7% for ADG and 3.4% for ending BW compared with steers fed untreated wheat straw. Wheat straw increased DMI by 8% (P < 0.01) and improved G:F by 5% (P = 0.05) when compared with corn residue diets. Alkaline treatment improved G:F by 6.4% (P = 0.03) and increased DMI by 9.6% (P < 0.01). Overall, pelleting increased DMI and ADG but reduced G:F, whereas alkaline treatment increased ADG and G:F.
Gun Control and America's Cities: Public Policy and Politics

America's cities are dangerous places. One has a far greater chance of being murdered or robbed at gunpoint in a major city in the United States than in any other high-income nation. According to conventional wisdom, this bleak state of affairs is hopeless. Our high rate of violent crime is due to an American exceptionalism created by a unique frontier history. A high crime rate is part of the American cultural DNA, and immutable. Furthermore, it would not matter even if gun control worked because it is politically impossible. That anyway is the conventional wisdom.This article argues that both prongs of the conventional wisdom are wrong. Gun control - but only a certain kind of gun control - can be both effective and politically feasible. Research and experience show that gun control works when it reduces the availability of handguns in general circulation. In contrast, the data do not support claims that more modest measures - waiting periods, background checks, enhanced sentences for using a gun in the commission of a crime, and firearm training programs - actually reduce firearm deaths and injuries.Pursing an incrementalist strategy, the gun control movement has supported moderate measures because they were deemed politically feasible in the short run, in the hope that they would pave the way for more effective measures in the future. But this strategy has been counterproductive. It is politically preferable to be frank and forthright with the American people about what kind of gun control works and what does not. While this period of education will be neither easy nor brief, over time it will produce the political prerequisite for meaningful gun control: a sufficiently motivated majority.
Dna binding economies

This thesis develops a new scalable modeling framework at the interface of game theory and machine learning to recover economic structures from limited slices of data. Inference using economic models has broad applicability in machine learning. Economic structures underlie a surprisingly broad array of problems including signaling and molecular control in biology, drug development, neural structures, distributed control, recommender problems, social networking, as well as market dynamics. We demonstrate the framework with an application to genetic regulation. Genetic regulation determines how DNA is road and interpreted, is responsible for cell specialization, reaction to drugs, metabolism, etc. Improved understanding of regulation has potential to impact research on genetic diseases including cancer. Genetic regulation relies on coordinate binding of regulators along DNA. Understanding how binding arrangements are achieved and their effect on regulation is challenging since it is not always possible to study regulatory processes in isolation. Indeed, observing the action of regulators is an experimental and computational challenge. We need causal genome-wide models that can work with existing high-throughput observations. We abstract DNA binding as an economy and develop fast algorithms to predict average binding arrangements as competitive equilibria. The framework supports viewing regulation as a succession of regulatory states. We complete the framework with algorithms to infer causal structure from high-throughput observations. Learning here deviates from work in learning in games, it is closer to the economic theory of revealed preferences. Our algorithms predict the effect of experimental perturbations and can be used to refine experimental hypotheses. We show that the economic approach reproduces known behavior of a genetic switch (λ-phage), and that it can complete the map of coordinate binding in yeast. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Counseling Epilepsy Patients on Driving and Employment

People with epilepsy identify driving and employment among their major concerns. People with controlled seizures may be permitted to drive in every state in the United States, but people with uncontrolled seizures are restricted from licensure. Unemployment and underemployment for people with epilepsy are serious problems that depend on the frequency and type of seizure disorder and associated medical and psychological problems. Most jobs, with reasonable accommodation by employers, are suitable for people with epilepsy. Federal protections through the Americans with Disabilities Act confer civil rights protection by law on people with disabilities such as epilepsy.
Clinical neuromythology VI. Au clair de lacune: holy, wholly, holey logic.

A propos d'un cas clinique. Definition du syndrome lacunaire. Revue de la litterature concernant ce sujet
Aldosterone responsiveness of A6 cells is restored by cloned rat mineralocorticoid receptor.

A6 cells, derived from Xenopus laevis renal tubule, form a high-resistance ion-transporting monolayer when grown on permeable supports and can generate a short-circuit current (SCC) that is stimula...
Perception of Objects From Selected Parts

ABSTRACT Subjects (N = 158) were presented with a full sketch; an outline; 3, 2 or 1 part(s) of the Statue of Liberty, Santa, and two less familiar sculptures, Happy Mother—and an abstraction. Accuracy of identification and reaction times (RT) were measured. Differences in accuracy of identification and RT were found among the three objects. Within-object differences in identification were found for different single parts and for single versus multiple parts but not for instances of multiple parts versus the full and outline conditions. Random versus configurated arrangement of parts did not differ significantly with respect to RT or accuracy of identification.
Empathy versus personal distress: Recent evidence from social neuroscience.

Philosophers and psychologists have long debated the nature of empathy (e.g., Ickes, 2003; Thompson, 2001), and whether the capacity to share and understand other people’s emotions sets humans apart from other species (e.g., de Waal, 2005). Here, we consider empathy as a construct accounting for a sense of similarity in feelings experienced by the self and the other, without confusion between the two individuals (Decety & Jackson, 2004; Decety & Lamm, 2006). The experience of empathy can lead to sympathy (concern for another based on the apprehension or comprehension of the other’s emotional state or condition), or even personal distress (i.e., an aversive, self-focused emotional reaction to the apprehension or comprehension of another’s emotional state or condition) when there is confusion between self and other. Knowledge of empathic behavior is essential for an understanding of human social and moral development (Eisenberg et al., 1994). Furthermore, various psychopathologies are marked by empathy deficits, and a wide array of psychotherapeutic approaches stress the importance of clinical empathy as a fundamental component of treatment (Farrow & Woodruff, 2007).
Energy V. Water

The role of economics in environmental regulation lies at the heart of the Supreme Court’s 2009 decision in Entergy Corporation v. Riverkeeper. In Riverkeeper, the Supreme Court determined that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has the authority to conduct cost-benefit analysis when promulgating technology standards for cooling water intake structures at existing power plants pursuant to the Clean Water Act. Like many environmental regulations, the Clean Water Act is silent on the use of such analysis. Writing for the majority, Justice Scalia interpreted the Act to permit the EPA’s reliance on cost-benefit analysis. As Justice Breyer posits in his concurrence, in times of limited resources and dire environmental problems it is wasteful to force an industry to spend billions to save one more fish while those resources may be more wisely spent resolving other environmental woes. This Note argues that such an approach can only work when the environmental woes are properly defined. In the case at hand, the EPA grossly oversimplified the environmental problem and financial burdens and thus miscalculated the environmental and financial benefits of the best technology available. By ignoring the environmental harm caused by power plant water use and consumption, the EPA did not factor in the potentially huge environmental benefits of restoring instream flows and the financial and social benefit of averting a crisis in the energy-water nexus.
Scaphocapitate fusion in the treatment of Kienböck's disease.

The primary treatment goal for Kienbock's disease remains decompression of the lunate. Although a number of treatment options are available, scaphocapitate fusion is our first choice in many cases of Kienbock's disease. Scaphocapitate fusion mechanically decompresses the lunate and prevents progressive carpal instability. When compared with STT fusion, it has been shown to result in equal or relatively less loss of wrist motion and thumb basilar joint motion. For disease in earlier stages and with ulnar-minus variance, joint leveling procedures have been shown effective; but ulnar-neutral and ulnar-positive wrists would cause one to favor scaphocapitate fusion to prevent postoperative ulnocarpal abutment.
Genetic heterogeneity in depressive symptoms following the death of a spouse: Polygenic score analysis of the US Health and Retirement Study

Experience of stressful life events is associated with risk of depression. Yet many exposed individuals do not become depressed. A controversial hypothesis is that genetic factors influence vulnerability to depression following stress. This hypothesis is most commonly tested with a 9diathesis-stress9 model, in which genes confer excess vulnerability. We tested an alternative model, in which genetics may buffer against the depressogenic effects of life stress. We measured the hypothesized genetic buffer using a polygenic score derived from a genome-wide association study of subjective wellbeing. We tested if older married adults who had higher polygenic scores were less subject to depressive symptoms following the death of their spouse as compared to peers who had also lost their spouse and who had lower polygenic scores. We analyzed data from N=9,453 non-Hispanic white adults in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a population-representative longitudinal study of older adults in the United States. HRS adults with higher wellbeing polygenic scores experienced fewer depressive symptoms during follow-up. Those who lost their spouses (n=1,829) during follow-up experienced a sharp increase in depressive symptoms following the death and returned toward baseline over the following two years. Having a higher polygenic score buffered against developing depressive symptoms following a spouse9s death. Effects were small and clinical relevance is uncertain, although polygenic score analyses may provide clues to behavioral pathways that can serve as therapeutic targets. Future studies of gene-environment interplay in depression may benefit from focus on genetics discovered for putative protective factors.
The Cerebral Circulation

The heart and the brain were undoubtedly recognized by primi-tive man as the most vital of the organs, even though it was not until three hundred years ago that the relationship between them began to be clarified. The pulsations of the brain during life are mentioned in the Smith Papyrus, one of the earliest of medical texts, which was written around the seventeenth century B.c. (56), although this may have been a copy of a much older text dating back to the thirtieth century B.c. The ancient Egyptians and the early Greeks apparently did not distinguish between tendons, nerves, and blood vessels; the Ebers papyrus uses the same word (met)to describe them indiscriminately (73), and our words neuron and neurology come from the Greek vevpov, which originally meant “tendon.”
Outrage, Passion & Uncommon Sense: How Editorial Writers Have Taken on the Great American Issues of the Past 150 Years by Michael Gartner and the Newseum Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, 2005. 223 pp

(2006). Outrage, Passion & Uncommon Sense: How Editorial Writers Have Taken on the Great American Issues of the Past 150 Years by Michael Gartner and the Newseum Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, 2005. 223 pp. American Journalism: Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 175-176.
Australia’s irregular migration information campaigns: border externalization, spatial imaginaries, and extraterritorial subjugation

ABSTRACTAustralia’s irregular migration information campaigns: border externalization, spatial imaginaries, and extraterritorial subjugation. Territory, Politics, Governance. This article analyses the Australian Government’s ‘Overseas Public Information Campaigns’ (OPICs). OPICs are transnational marketing campaigns disseminating advertisements in asylum seeker source and transit countries to ‘educate’ people about the risks of irregular migration. The article argues that these campaigns are a practice of externalized border security extraterritorially acting on people’s perceptions of migration in ways intended to discourage it. Specifically, the article demonstrates how campaigns are designed to reshape the symbolic and imaginative dimensions of the transnational space of irregular migration to Australia among ethnic groups the Australian Government deems at risk of asylum seeking. Campaigns do this by disseminating narratives about the spaces and places of clandestine boat travel to Australia. These na...
Rapid prototyping of cooperative caching in a VANET: A case study

Due to the complex nature of mobile ad hoc networks, simulation is an important tool used to explore approaches and validate research. De facto simulation tools for networking research such as ns-3 are extremely powerful. However, the time to develop, execute, and analyze a meaningful simulation in these tools can be significant. In addition to the unavoidable learning curve associated with the tool itself, the developer must have significant coding skills and domain knowledge. Once development of the simulation is complete, the time required to execute the simulation can be significant. In this paper, we present a case study that focuses on the use of the Netlogo tool to explore the impact of certain parameters on a cooperative cache deployed within a vehicular network. The results of the Netlogo simulation are then compared to the results of a similar simulation developed in ns-3. Our work shows that meaningful results can be obtained using Netlogo with less investment of time at the expense of flexibility and realism when compared to ns-3. With this approach, if the results of the Netlogo based simulation look promising, a greater investment in a more powerful and accurate simulation using ns-3 can be made. Utilizing this process saves the developer time by focusing on those approaches that look promising.
Perceptions of selfie takers versus selfie stick users: Exploring personality and social attraction differences

Abstract This study examined the perceptions of others taking selfies in public, comparing those using selfie sticks with those taking selfies the traditional way, with their arms extended. Perceived narcissism, considerateness, and social attractiveness were the personality characteristics that were compared. Results of an online survey that asked individuals to randomly recall one of these two selfie-taking methods found that only social attraction varied by condition: participants who recalled others using selfie sticks perceived those individuals to be less socially attractive than individuals who used the traditional selfie-taking method. These findings are considered in relation to public perceptions of selfies.
Data science for decision aiding UAV control

The dynamics of a human operated nonlinear unmanned aerial vehicle (NUAV) with a given controller at the inner loop is governed by the admissible nonzero initial conditions and the pilot inputs. The movements of the joystick connected to the throttle and the control surfaces in a way are the indications of the pilot decision points to operate the stabilized NUAV. If these decisions fall short to avoid an obstacle or a denied air space, data science to generate the admissible control inputs through appropriate initial conditions becomes an important problem. Such control inputs at the autonomous decision points (decisions not made by the human pilot) complement the pilot inputs and may be used to avoid the obstacles and the denied airspace. In this paper, the rules to choose these control inputs at the autonomous decision points are discussed. A three degree of freedom aircraft in pitch plane is considered for illustrations.
Modeling the impact of traffic incidents during hurricane evacuations using a large scale microsimulation

Abstract Traffic incidents occurring during large-scale evacuations have been suspected of causing potentially severe delays. Previous work using mesoscopic simulations suggested that while incidents may substantially extend evacuation times for those immediately impacted, overall evacuation times for all evacuees were not significantly increased. Using highly detailed, dynamic transportation micro-simulation with greater realism and accuracy, this study assessed the impact of traffic incidents on two hypothetical hurricane evacuations from a coastal city in the United States. Six evacuation scenarios were tested with up to 143,000 evacuees and 800,000 background vehicles simulated over a 24-hour period. Scenarios included from 35 to 48 traffic incidents with locations, rates, severities, and durations based on both historical values for peak period traffic and estimates based on total vehicle miles traveled per road segment. The impacts of simulated traffic incidents, assigned to match one of three severity levels, were modeled by temporary reductions in affected lane segment capacities and reductions in vehicle speeds for other lanes in the segment. Work supports findings that while traffic incidents significantly extend the travel time of those involved, the total time required for all evacuees to clear the evacuating area is only marginally impacted. The findings also show that the time incidents occur relative to current and immediately following traffic may significantly impact evacuation clearance times for comparatively short periods.
Effects of Evolocumab on Cardiovascular Events.

Background Evolocumab is a potent lipid-lowering drug that decreases plasma levels of lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) by 50-60%. FOURIER is a landmark randomized trial involving 27,564 patients with established cardiovascular disease already on statins and plasma LDLC levels > 70 mg/dl. Objective The main objective of FOURIER was to examine the effects of evolocumab on cardiovascular events. Results After a mean follow-up of 2.2 years, evolocumab significantly decreased the primary endpoint (composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, hospitalization for unstable angina, or coronary revascularization) by 15% compared to placebo [hazard ratio 0.85 (95% CI, 0.79-0.92)], but no significant effect was found on mortality. The most common adverse effect of evolocumab was mild injection site reaction occurring in 2.1% of patients versus 1.6% of patients receiving placebo. Conclusion These results support the use of evolocumab as add-on therapy to statins for high cardiac- risk patients not achieving optimal goals of LDL-C. Longer-term studies are needed to further clarify the efficacy and safety of evolocumab.
Attacking Auer and Chevron Deference: A Literature Review

In recent years, there has been a growing call to eliminate — or at least narrow — administrative law’s judicial deference doctrines regarding agency interpretations of law. As part of the Challenging Administrative Power Symposium sponsored by the Georgetown Center for the Constitution and the Institute for Justice, this Article surveys the key arguments against Auer and Chevron deference that have emerged in recent years. In so doing, the Article seeks to help judges, legislators, litigants, and scholars focus their calls for reforming how courts review agency interpretations of law
Case 93: Postoperative Red Urine

A 10-year-old boy (40 lbs) has arrived in the recovery room. The time is 4 p.m. The anesthesiologist hands over the postoperative care to you and leaves. He tells you that the patient has had an uneventful general anesthetic for a strabismus surgery. A previous anesthetic at age 6, for his Achilles tendon, was also uneventful. Nitrous oxide 50% in oxygen with sevoflurane, with the patient breathing spontaneously via an LMA, was given on both occasions. A grandmother is at the bedside and tells you, the anesthesiologist, that the child is healthy. The child’s vital signs are normal and he is sleeping peacefully. Since he is scheduled to go home on the same day, one of the criteria for discharge is that he voids before he leaves.
Effect of Distraction on Hazard Recognition and Safety Risk Perception

AbstractBoth hazard recognition and safety risk perception are fundamental to effective safety management. When construction hazards remain unrecognized or the associated safety risk remains unperc...
The Complexity of Dynamic Host Networks

Mathematical epidemiology has generally modeled host populations as homogeneous networks with static linkage structures. However, real hosts react biologically and behaviorally to disease in ways that dynamically alter network connectivity. This chapter summarizes results from agent-based modeling of disease-reactive social networks and their impact on the propagation of infections. Results show that simple distributed rules about “sickness behavior” can interact with nonhomogeneous social networks to destabilize propagation kinetics, augment biological immune responses, and favor the evolution of biological structures and cultural norms that function as a network-level social immune response.
The Length of the Longest Head-Run in a Model with Long Range Dependence

In this paper, we construct stationary sequences of random variables {χi: i≥0} taking values ±1 with probability 1/2 and we prove an Erdos–Renyi law of large numbers for the length of the longest run of consecutive +1's in the sample {χ0,..., χn}. Our model, which is called random walk in random scenery, exhibits long-range, positive dependence.
Perturbation of Generalized Kuhn-Tucker Points in Finite-Dimensional Optimization

A very large and versatile class of optimization problems can be posed in the form $$\min imizef\left( x \right) + h\left( {F\left( x \right)} \right)overallx \in X$$ (P) , where X is a nonempty polyhedral (convex) set in ℝ n , the mappings f : ℝ n → ℝ and F : ℝ n → ℝ m are of class C 2, and the function h : ℝ m → ℝ is convex and possibly extended-real-valued, specifically of the form $$h\left( u \right) = \sup \left\{ {yu - g\left( y \right)} \right\} = \left( {d + \delta Y} \right)*\left( u \right)$$ (1.1) for a nonempty polyhedral (convex) set Y ⊂ ℝ m and a convex function g : ℝ m → ℝ of class C 2.
Removal of nano and microparticles by granular filter media coated with nanoporous aluminium oxide.

Conventional filtration was designed to achieve high levels of particle and pathogen removal. Previous studies have examined the possibility of modifying filtration media to improve their ability to remove microorganisms and viruses. Although these studies have evaluated filter media coatings for this purpose, none have evaluated nanoscale particle suspensions as coating materials. The overall goal of this paper is to describe the preliminary test results of nanoporous aluminium oxide coated media that can be used to enhance filtration of nano and microparticles. Filtration tests were carried out using columns packed with uncoated and coated forms of granular anthracite or granular activated carbon. A positive correlation between isoelectric pH of filter media and particle removal was observed. The modified filter media with a higher isoelectric pH facilitated better removal of bacteriophage MS2 and 3 μm latex microspheres, possibly due to increased favorable electrostatic interactions.
Essential Pharmacotherapies for Bipolar Disorder

The evidence basis for treatment of bipolar disorder, both for adults and children, is fairly varied and while Federal Drug Administration (FDA) approval provides one marker of evidence, many psychotropic medications are used for off-label indications. Primary care providers are increasingly at the forefront of initiating treatment for patients with mental health disorders. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current state of evidence for medications treating bipolar disorder, highlighting the evidence, exploring contraindications, side effects, and monitoring requirements for each of the major agents available. Currently, there are three major classes of medication to treat bipolar disorder: lithium, anti-seizure drugs, and a growing range of second-generation antipsychotics. The guiding principle in initiation of treatment is to target treatment to the primary phase of illness while balancing side effect profiles with patient characteristics and comorbidities. While FDA approval of medications for the treatment of bipolar disorder is somewhat limited for both children and adults, in practice, a wider range of medications have shown to be useful. Increasing second-generation antipsychotic medications can be used as first-line agents for both bipolar mania and bipolar depression.
5 Mood Disorders

Depressive syndromes and bipolar disorder are the two main forms of mood disorders. Unipolar depression occurs in many degrees of severity and chronicity, and implies considerable impairment to the self and disruption of typical roles and relationships. It is caused by a complex mixture of biological and psychosocial features, including genetic, neuroendocrine, neurocognitive, personality, stress, and behavioral variables. Depression is treatable by a variety of well-tested psychotherapies and medications, but recurrences are common. Bipolar disorder is considered to be a lifelong illness, manifesting presence of at least mild mania (hypomania), and the classic form of bipolar disorder, once called “manic depressive illness,” includes episodes of mania and major depression. Bipolar disorder has underlying biological causes yet to be discovered, although psychological and environmental factors play a role in the manifestations of its course. Mood stabilizer medications are the treatment of choice, and adjunctive psychotherapies have proven useful in managing the illness and its negative impact on the individual and family. Keywords: depression; mania; bipolar; mood disorders
When Lawyers Screw Up

This essay reviews Herbert Kritzer and Neil Vidmar’s book, When Lawyers Screw Up: Improving Access To Justice For Legal Malpractice Victims, which examines legal malpractice in the United States including, inter alia, its prevalence, the nature of claims, their resolution and cost, the market for legal malpractice insurance, and the challenges and economics of legal malpractice litigation. The essay focuses particular attention on the authors’ findings that many individuals are unable to obtain redress when their lawyers cause them harm. This is due, in part, to the difficulty of proving lawyer malpractice claims, and to the fact that the vast majority of U.S. jurisdictions do not require lawyers to carry malpractice insurance. As a result, it is virtually impossible for a malpractice victim to find a lawyer who will bring a lawsuit against an uninsured lawyer or to recover damages even when they are awarded. The essay considers why only two states require lawyers to maintain malpractice insurance. The answer reveals a common problem with lawyer regulation, which is that courts often defer to lawyers’ interests rather than promote the interests of the public. The essay discusses some of the solutions the authors propose to address this access to justice problem. It also suggests some additional ways to increase access to justice for victims of lawyer malpractice, including through an expanded role for lawyer discipline systems.
Genome‐wide Identification of Listeria monocytogenes CodY‐Binding Sites

CodY is a global transcriptional regulator that controls, directly or indirectly, the expression of dozens of genes and operons in Listeria monocytogenes. We used in vitro DNA affinity purification combined with massively parallel sequencing (IDAP-Seq) to identify genome-wide L. monocytogenes chromosomal DNA regions that CodY binds in vitro. The total number of CodY-binding regions exceeded 2,000, but they varied significantly in their strengths of binding at different CodY concentrations. The 388 strongest CodY-binding regions were chosen for further analysis. A strand-specific analysis of the data allowed pinpointing CodY-binding sites at close to single-nucleotide resolution. Gel shift and DNase I footprinting assays confirmed the presence and locations of several CodY-binding sites. Surprisingly, most of the sites were located within genes' coding regions. The binding site within the beginning of the coding sequence of the prfA gene, which encodes the master regulator of virulence genes, has been previously implicated in regulation of prfA, but this site was weaker in vitro than hundreds of other sites. The L. monocytogenes CodY protein was functionally similar to Bacillus subtilis CodY when expressed in B. subtilis cells. Based on the sequences of the CodY-binding sites, a model of CodY interaction with DNA is proposed.
The Construction and Reconstruction of Sexuality in the Arab World: An Examination of Sexual Discourse, Women’s Writing and Reproductive Justice

This article examines one of the most charged themes in the Middle East and North Africa: sexuality. Sexual discourse in the Arab world has gone through a transformation and is one that influences how female Arab and Muslims are depicted under Western eyes. Sexuality has experienced a makeover by the time of colonial expansion of Europe into the Middle East wherein the late nineteenth and early twentieth century gave rise to feminist consciousness throughout the region and has since gained momentum in the global women’s movement. This article will discuss sexual discourse in the Arab world and topics of reproductive justice and sexuality in contemporary Arab society such as abortion, female genital mutilation, female genital cutting, family planning and contraception, and sex education/HIV prevention and intervention.
Women’s Suffrage Centennial Collections: Bibliography Development and Use

Libraries are integral in relating current times to past events through their robust collections. One important tool used for collection development is the topical, annotated bibliography vetted by...
MR spectroscopy differences between lipomatosis of nerve and neuromuscular choristoma: a potential adjunctive diagnostic tool.

To describe differences between lipomatosis of nerve (LN) and neuromuscular choristoma (NMC) evaluated with MR spectroscopy (MRS). Eight patients were included in this prospective pilot study: three patients with LNs and five with NMCs. Single voxel PRESS MRS of the tumors were acquired with 3 T MRI. MRS data were processed with LCModel version 6.3-1J using the internal “lipid-8” basis set. From individual lipid peak and water content measurements, total fatty acid molecules (TFAM), unsaturated fatty acid molecules (UFAM), and glycerol molecules (GM) were computed and analyzed, as well as ratios of UFAM/TFAM, TFAM/GM, and a fatty-acid chain-length index (CLI). The LN group included two men and one woman (average age 58.3 years); the NMC group included two men and three women (average age 20.4 years). Lipid composition analysis showed that LN had considerably more fat than NMC: TFAM: LN = 15.29 vs NMC = 7.14; UFAM: LN = 4.48 vs NMC = 2.63; GM: LN = 5.20 vs NMC = 1.02. Both tumors had a similar fraction of unsaturated fatty acids: UFAM/TFAM: LN = 0.29 vs NMC = 0.37. LN had the usual number of FA molecules/glycerol molecule, while NMC had considerably more: TFAM/GM: LN = 2.94 vs NMC = 6.98. Finally, average FA chains were longer in NMC: CLI: LN = 17.39 vs NMC = 22.55. Our analysis suggests measurable differences in the amount and composition of lipid in LN and NMC. While a larger, statistically powered study is needed, these initial findings may be helpful to properly diagnose ambiguous cases and thereby avoid surgical intervention such as biopsy.
Double Character: Slavery and Mastery in the Antebellum Southern Courtroom

Acknowledgments ix Introduction 3 Chapter One: Court and Market 22 Chapter Two: Honor and Dishonor 47 Chapter Three: Slaves' Character 72 Chapter Four: Masters' Character 98 Chapter Five: Body and Mind 122 Epilogue 153 Appendix: Note on Sources and Methods 159 Notes 167 Bibliography 231 Index 251
Substituted Service and the Hague Service Convention

State law plays a surprisingly large role in transnational litigation, and how it defines the applicability of the Hague Service Convention is an important example. In Volkswagenwerk AG v. Schlunk, the U.S. Supreme Court held that the Convention does not apply when, under state law, service of process is made within the United States. In Schlunk, Illinois law permitted substituted service on the U.S. subsidiary of a foreign parent company, so the Convention did not apply. This Article looks at substituted service under state law today and when it permits avoidance of the Hague Convention. The Article focuses on two kinds of substituted service that many states permit: (1) substituted service on affiliated companies; and (2) substituted service on state officials. The Article argues that states should liberalize their rules for substituted service on affiliated companies by focusing on whether service on the affiliate provides adequate notice to the defendant rather than on whether there are grounds to pierce the corporate veil, as many states currently do. The Article further argues that when substituted service is made on a state official, the Due Process Clauses require that a copy of the service be sent abroad, making the Hague Convention applicable.
Containing the spatial spread of COVID-19 through the trucking network

Abstract The trucking industry is the backbone of domestic supply chains. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, road transportation has been essential to guarantee the supply of basic goods to confined urban areas. However, the connectivity of the trucking network can also act as an efficient virus spreader. This paper applies network science to uncover the characteristics of the trucking network in one major Latin American country −Colombia− and provides evidence on freight networks’ ability to spread contagious diseases spatially. Network metrics, official COVID-19 records at the municipality level, and a zero-inflated negative binomial model are used to test the association between network topology and confirmed COVID-19 cases. Results suggest that: (i) the number of COVID-19 cases in a municipality is linked to its level and type of network centrality; and (ii) being a port-city and a primary economic hub in the trucking network is associated with a higher probability of contracting earlier a pandemic. Based on these results, a risk-based approach is proposed to help policymakers implement containment measures.
Items, Values, Types, and Declarations

This chapter discusses the items, values, types, and declarations of a Rosetta. A collection of items forms the heart of any Rosetta specification. Item represent a collection of things which, provide a precise system model that can be reasoned to predict behaviors. The type represents the collection of values the item can legally assume. Rosetta types are formed from sets using traditional set operations, comprehension and extension. The optional value makes an item a constant by associating a specific value with it. Values are defined in the traditional sense as terms that are in irreducible, normal form. The chapter also discusses item declarations and type assertions. Each declaration achieves three results. First, it creates and labels a new item in the current scope. Second, it assigns a type to the item. Finally, it may bind a value to the item. If a declaration does not bind a value to an item, the item is considered a variable. If a declaration does bind a value to an item, the item is considered a constant.
Enhanced Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation by a Revertant of a Nodulation-Defective Bradyrhizobium japonicum Tryptophan Auxotroph.

In greenhouse studies, the symbiotic properties of a prototrophic revertant (TA11 NOD+) of a nodulation defective tryptophan auxotroph of Bradyrhizobium japonicum were compared with those of the normally nodulating wild-type strain, B. japonicum I-110 ARS. Strain I-110 ARS was the parent of auxotrophic mutant TA11. Plants inoculated with TA11 NOD+ contained significantly more nitrogen per plant than did plants inoculated with wild-type bacteria (275.9 ± 35 versus 184 ± 18 mg). Also, plants that received the revertant were larger, averaging 8.4 ± 0.9 g (dry weight) versus 6.4 ± 0.6 g for those that received the wild-type bacterial strain. Additionally, plants that received the NOD+ strain had 56% more nodules and 41% more nodule mass than did control plants. With both inocula, average nodule size and amount of nitrogen fixed per gram of nodule were about the same. These data indicated that the improvement in nitrogen fixation observed with the TA11 NOD+ resulted from an increase in the overall nodule number. The physiological basis for this increase in nodulation is not known, but enhanced tryptophan catabolism does not appear to be involved.
Signalling through NK1.1 triggers NK cells to die but induces NK T cells to produce interleukin‐4

In vivo inoculation of specific antibody is an accepted protocol for elimination of specific cell populations. Except for anti-CD3 and anti-CD4, it is not known if the depleted cells are eliminated by signalling through the target molecule or through a more non-specific mechanism. C57BL/6 mice were inoculated with anti-natural killer (NK1.1) monoclonal antibody (mAb). Thereafter spleen cells were harvested, stained for both surface and intracellular markers, and analysed by flow cytometry. As early as 2 hr post inoculation, NK cells were signalled to become apoptotic while signalling through the NK1.1 molecule activated NK1.1+ T-cell receptor (TCR)+ (NK T) cells to increase in number, and produce interleukin-4 (IL-4). Anti NK1.1 mAb was less efficient at signalling apoptosis in NK cells when NK T-cell deficient [beta 2-microglobulin beta 2m-deficient] mice were used compared with wild type mice. Efficient apoptotic signalling was restored when beta 2m-deficient mice were reconstituted with NK T cells. NK-specific antibody best signals the apoptotic process in susceptible NK cells when resistant NK T cells are present, activated, and secrete IL-4.
Influence of laser beam variables on AZ91D weld fusion zone microstructure

AbstractThe influence of the laser beam variables on rapidly solidified magnesium alloy AZ91D weld microstructures was investigated using a continuous 1.2 kW Nd-YAG laser. To generate two- or three-dimensional heat flow thermal cycles, 2 mm thickness specimens were bead on plate welded using a focused 0.7 mm beam, 600 and 900 W power, and travel speeds from 10 to 110 mm s-1. The fusion zones were examined via microscopy, electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and tested for microhardness. Fusion zone dimensions were first measured and correlated with laser beam variables, and then used to estimate weld solidification times from well known formulations. Measurements showed that fusion zone hardness increased considerably for short solidification times (of the order of 15 ms). Hardness was lower near the fusion line, but greater where the last liquid solidified. Using EDS and XRD it was demonstrated that short solidification times led to greater fractions of redistributed alumin...
A queueing model of picture archiving and communication system (PACS) with a hierarchy of storage

A queueing model is analyzed for systems with a hierarchy of storage where the access time to all the stored images is not the same. A typical PACS consists of a database of medical images, display stations, acquisition systems, and a communication medium. The proposed model is for the delay analysis of the image database, the communication channels, and the picture viewing stations (PVSs). Performance curves are presented for the delay in retrieving images from the database, in the transmission of images, and in processing them in the image processor. The mean delay (that is, the time it takes for a radiologist to view a medical exam from the moment that a request packet is sent to the image database till the time the images are received) is the sum of all the delays mentioned above. The distributions of these delays can be easily evaluated and plotted by using the inverse of the Laplace transforms. From the curves provided, the end-to-end delay for various amounts of load in the system can be accurately estimated. >