cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fuzzy-Logic Radioisotope Identifier for Gamma Spectroscopy in Source Search

Detection and identification of radioactive nuclear materials in urban searches can be fully performed with a portable gamma ray detector-spectrometer. Due to limited acquisition time and, as a consequence, low signal to noise ratio (SNR), development of fast and accurate real-time radioisotope identifier (RIID) algorithms is essential for automated source detection. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of fuzzy logic real-time radioisotope identification (FL-RIID) in several urban search scenarios. FL-RIID performance is tested on a database of searches consisting of injections of synthetic sources into experimental nuclear background spectra, acquired in one-second time intervals with a moving sodium iodide (NaI) gamma radiation detector-spectrometer. Performance of FL-RIID is benchmarked against that of maximum-likelihood (ML) fitting method. Demonstrated advantages of FL-RIID over ML in search applications include lower false alarm rate and faster execution time.
SU-E-J-94: Investigating the Use of Deformable Algorithms to Register MR Images Acquired with and Without an Endo-Rectal Coil.

Purpose:Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging(MRSI) can identify the dominant intraprostatic lesion, which can then be boosted using high‐dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy.MRSI requires the use of an endo‐rectal coil, which deforms the prostate. We investigate the performance of deformable registration algorithms to deform MRimages acquired with an endo‐rectal coil to images acquired without a coil for HDR brachytherapy planning. Methods: This study utilized MRimages of five HDR brachytherapy patients acquired with and without an endo‐rectal coil during the same MRSIimaging study. The prostate was contoured on each set of ‘Coil‐In’ and ‘Coil‐Out’ MRimages by an experienced radiation oncologist. The ‘Coil‐In’ and ‘Coil‐Out’ images were rigidly aligned such that the posterior margins of the prostate were as close as possible without deformation. Variations on a commercially available deformation algorithm using the B‐spline method were applied to a volume of interest that surrounded the prostate and excluded as much of the coil and rectum as possible. The Dice similarity index (DSI) was calculated between rigidly registered contours (DSI1), and compared to the DSI calculated between the ‘Coil‐In’ contour and the contour deformed from the ‘Coil‐Out’ image to the ‘Coil‐In’ image (DSI2). The difference was calculated between DSI2 and DSI1, where a positive change in DSI would indicate an improvement in contour agreement over rigid registration of the prostate in the ‘Coil‐Out’ and ‘Coil‐In’ images.Results: The B‐spline deformation algorithm designed specifically for MRimages was most effective in deforming the ‘Coil‐Out’ to the ‘Coil‐In’ prostate contour with a mean change in DSI of 0.0124 with contrast correction, and 0.0004 without. Conclusions: Out of six algorithms tested, only the MR‐specific algorithm produced positive changes in DSI. The accuracy of the deformation algorithm on mapping the internal structures of the prostate between ‘Coil‐Out’ and ‘Coil‐In’ images is under investigation. We acknowledge Velocity for providing the registration software.
Constraining 17O and 27Al NMR spectra of high-pressure crystals and glasses: New data for jadeite, pyrope, grossular, and mullite

The 17 O NMR spectra of glasses quenched from melts at high pressure are often difficult to interpret due to overlapping peaks and lack of crystalline model compounds. High-pressure aluminosilicate glasses often contain significant amounts of [5] Al and [6] Al, thus these high-pressure glasses must contain oxygen bonded to high-coordinated aluminum. The 17 O NMR parameters for the minerals jadeite, pyrope, grossular, and mullite are presented to assist interpretation of glass spectra and to help test quantum chemical calculations. The 17 O NMR parameters for jadeite and grossular support previous peak assignments of oxygen bonded to Si and high-coordinated Al in high-pressure glasses as well as quantum chemical calculations. The oxygen tricluster in mullite is very similar to the previously observed tricluster in grossite (CaAl 4 O 7 ) and suspected triclusters in glasses. We also present 27 Al NMR spectra for pyrope, grossular, and mullite.
Phosphate Regulation of Lipid Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis Is Independent of the Mitochondrial Outer Membrane DGS1 Complex

Galactoglycerolipids are major constituents of photosynthetic membranes in chloroplasts. At least three parallel sets of enzymes are involved in their biosynthesis that must be coordinated in response to changing growth conditions. A potential candidate for a protein affecting the activity of different galactoglycerolipid pathways is the recently described digalactosyldiacylglycerol1 (dgd1) SUPPRESSOR1 (DGS1) protein of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) localized in the mitochondrial outer membrane. It was discovered based on a specific gain-of-function point mutation allele, dgs1-1, that causes a partial restoration of chloroplast galactoglycerolipid deficiency in the dgd1 mutant, which is defective in the lipid galactosyltransferase, DGD1. The dgs1-1 allele causes the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide that leads to an activation of an alternative, DGD1-independent galactoglycerolipid biosynthesis pathway in chloroplasts. Analysis presented here shows that the DGS1 protein is a component of a large protein complex, which explains the previously observed dominant negative phenotype following the expression of the dgs1-1 allele. The dgs1-1 allele causes the loss of mitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX) protein that might be related to the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in the dgs1-1 mutant background. This effect was posttranscriptional because mRNA levels for the major form of AOX were not affected in dgs1-1 mutant seedlings. Unlike dgs1-1, a loss-of-function allele, dgs1-2, had no effect on plant growth, AOX, and lipid composition to the extent tested, leaving the quest for a possible molecular function of DGS1 open. Apparently, the DGS1 wild-type protein does not directly affect lipid metabolism in mitochondria or chloroplasts.
Synthesis and Investigation of Surface Properties of Dendrimer-like Copolymers Based on Polystyrene and Poly(tert-butylacrylate)

The synthesis of well-defined second-generation PSnPtBA2n dendrimer-like copolymers based on polystyrene (PS) and poly(tert-butylacrylate) (PtBA) is described. The synthetic procedure involves a combination of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using multifunctional initiators and chain end modification reactions. These structures are composed of a PS core with 2, 4, 6, or 8 arms and a corona of PtBA with 4, 8, 12, or 16 arms, respectively. Third-generation PSnPS2nPtBA4n dendrimer-like copolymers were also derived by repetition of chain end modification and ATRP. Characterization was carried out by size exclusion chromatography online with multiangle laser light scattering and by 1H NMR spectroscopy. PSnPAA2n amphiphilic structures based on PS and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) were subsequently generated by hydrolysis of the tert-butylester groups. Langmuir monolayer studies of PSnPtBA2n showed the formation of stable films. AFM images demonstrated a significant change in morphology upon increasing su...
Abstract 3377: CXCL13-directed therapy against bone metastasis in hormone-refractory prostate cancer

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Metastasis is responsible for most prostate cancer (PCa) related deaths; therefore, therapies designed to prevent or abrogate the spread of cancer cells and prognostic tests to better predict outcomes are greatly needed. Chemokines and their receptors are thought to play key roles in this multi-factorial process. We have recently reported, chemokine receptor CXCR5 and its ligand CXCL13 expression positively correlates with prostate tumor staging. We have also noted differential expression of CXCR5 by PCa cell lines (LNCaP, C4-2B, DU145, and PC3). By virtue of the presence of elevated CXCL13 levels in patient serum, CXCL13 secretion by bone marrow endothelium, and expression of CXCR5 on the surface of PCa cells, we hypothesized that gradient-dependent CXCR5-CXCL13 interactions are responsible in part for PCa cell bone metastases and inhibition of this axis may prove beneficial for prevention of bone metastasis and tumor progression. Luciferase-expressing PC3 cells were injected into the right carotid artery or directly into the tibia of nude mice. Before and after the development of bone metastases, groups were treated with control or anti-CXCL13 antibodies every third day and monitored for tumor progression or regression by non-invasive bioluminescent and microCT in vivo imaging. We demonstrate CXCL13 is present in bone marrow of xenograft tumor-bearing mice following intra-cardiac /intra-tibial injection of PC3 cells. This hormone-refractory PCa cell line established skeletal (osteolytic) metastases and tumor growth, but CXCL13 blockade significantly delayed prostate tumor formation, osteolysis, and spread to bones as well as growth, than compared to mice treated with control antibody. In conclusion, our study shows that the CXCL13-CXCR5 axis supports PCa bone metastasis and growth. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3377.
Comparison of Arteriovenous Fistulas and Arteriovenous Grafts in Patients with Favorable Vascular Anatomy and Equivalent Access to Health Care: Is a Reappraisal of the Fistula First Initiative Indicated?

Background Initiatives to increase arteriovenous fistula (AVF) use are based on studies that show that AVFs require fewer interventions and have better patency than arteriovenous grafts (AVGs). Because patients who receive AVFs typically have more favorable vascular anatomy and are referred earlier for access placement than those who receive AVGs, the advantages of AVF might be overestimated. We compared outcomes for AVFs and AVGs in patients with equivalent vascular anatomy who were on dialysis via catheter at the time of vascular access placement. Study Design The study included patients who underwent placement of a first-time AVF or AVG between 2006 and 2009, who were on dialysis via catheter at the time of access placement, and who had favorable arterial and venous (>3 mm) anatomy. Outcomes for AVF and AVG were compared. Results Eighty-nine AVF and 59 AVG patients met study inclusion criteria. Similar secondary patency was achieved by AVG and AVF at 12 (72% vs 71%) and 24 months (57% vs 62%), respectively (p = 0.96). The number of interventions required to maintain patency for AVF (n = 1; range 0 to 10) and AVG (n = 1; range 0 to 11) were not different (p = 0.36). However, the number of catheter days to first access use was more than doubled in the AVF group (median 81 days) compared with the AVG group (median 38 days; p Conclusions For patients who are receiving dialysis via catheter at the time of access placement, the maturation time, risk of nonmaturation, and interventions required to achieve a functional AVF can negate its benefits over AVG. A fistula first approach might not always apply to patients who are already on dialysis when referred for chronic access placement.
Reducing Microbial Populations on Beef Tissues: Concentration and Temperature of an Acid Mixture

A mixture of 2% acetic, 1% lactic, 0.25% citric and 0.1% ascorbic acid was applied to beef core samples of muscle inoculated with bacteria. Experimental variables were concentration and temperature of mixed acids and type of microorganism. Overall, an increase in either mixed acids concentration (0 to 3%) or temperature (20 to 70 degrees C) resulted in reductions in counts of about one log10 for aerobic bacteria and S. typhimurium, less than one log10 for Enterobacteriaceae, and about one-half log10 for E. coli. Initial meat surface pH dropped to 4.3 after treatment with 3% mixed acids solution but rose to 5.2 after 24 hr. Overall, this mixture of acids performed about the same as acetic acid or lactic acid under the same conditions.
Metathesis synthesis and characterization of complex metal fluoride, KMF3 (M = Mg, Zn, Mn, Ni, Cu and Co) using mechanochemical activation

Metathesis synthesis of complex metal fluorides using mechanochemical activation has been reported. The high lattice energy of the byproduct KCl helps the reaction towards product formation in under 20 min. The proposed process, in contrast to the available methods of synthesis, is very rapid, economical and results in products with controlled morphology. The structural, optical and chemical properties of synthesized powders are determined by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, magnetization measurements and diffused reflectance spectra in the UV-VIS range.
B cell specification from the genome up.

Lineage specification and development require a hierarchy of transcription factors. A genome-wide view of transcription factor binding provides new insights into early B lineage development.
Odour encoding by temporal sequences of firing in oscillating neural assemblies

Stimulus-evoked oscillatory synchronization of activity has been observed in many neural systems, including the cerebral cortex of mammals and the brain of insects. The possible functions of such rhythmic synchronization in neural coding, however, remain largely speculative. In the locust, odours evoke activity in dynamic (evolving) ensembles of transiently synchronized neurons. We report here that the active neurons composing these ensembles change in a stimulus-specific manner and with a high degree of reliability on a cycle-by-cycle basis during an odour response. Hence, information about an odour is contained not only in the neural assembly active at each oscillation cycle, but also in the precise temporal sequence in which these assemblies are updated during an odour response. Neural coding with oscillations thus allows combinatorial representations in time as well as in space.
Synthesis, solid-state structure, magnetic properties and Mössbauer spectral studies of {Fe[HC(3,5-Me2pz)3](H2O)3}(BF4)2

Abstract The reaction of Fe(BF4)2·6H2O and one equivalent of HC(3,5-Me2pz)3 in acetonitrile leads to the formation of {Fe[HC(3,5-Me2pz)3](H2O)3}(BF4)2. The solution phase 1H NMR spectrum is broad with chemical shifts ranging from 54 to −42 ppm, a range that is indicative of a paramagnetic high-spin complex. Magnetic moment measurements show that the complex is paramagnetic in the solid-state with μeff=4.89μB. The solid-state structure shows the N3FeO3 central core is a distorted octahedron with N–Fe–N angles averaging 84.4° and O–Fe–O angles averaging 90.0°. The average Fe–N distance is 2.18 A and the average Fe–O bond distance is 2.12 A. Mossbauer spectra, obtained at 78 and 295 K, clearly reveal that this complex is high-spin at these temperatures with hyperfine parameters typical of a pseudooctahedral iron(II) complex.
Improved techniques for the measurement of consummatory behavior in fishes

Improvements on a technique for the study of consummatory behavior and appetitive conditioning in fishes are described: a target-strike detector module easily incorporated into conventional relay programming equipment, a liquid-food formula highly attractive to goldfish and carp, a reliable Teflon-headed syringe plunger capable of handling gritty foods, and a silent food-pumping system.
Dermatological conditions in international pediatric travelers: Epidemiology, prevention and management

Summary With an increasing number of children traveling internationally, there has been growing interest in studying the burden of travel-associated illnesses in children. We reviewed recently published (2007–2012) studies on travel-associated illness in children, and extracted the reported spectrum of dermatological conditions in children. Dermatologic problems are among the leading health concerns affecting children during and after return from international travel. Most are mild and self-limited, but an extended spectrum of conditions has been reported from a large retrospective multicenter study. Children may be especially at risk for infections related to environmental exposures, arthropod-related problems, and animal bites. Of note are also tropical and cosmopolitan systemic infections with potential for transmission in the receiving communities. Implications for pre- and post-travel care of children are emphasized.
Deformation and texture of copper–manganese alloys

Abstract Manganese is the only element that can be dissolved in copper up to 12% without markedly changing the stacking fault energy (SFE). Hence, investigation of the deformation behaviour of Cu–Mn alloys may yield insight into the influence of alloying elements apart from the (usual) decrease in SFE. The development of the crystallographic texture is analysed in various Cu–Mn alloys that were deformed either in compression or by cold rolling. The texture development is simulated by means of a novel materials-dependent Taylor-deformation model. The spatial arrangement of the rolling texture orientations in the as-deformed microstructure is studied by an orientation-sensitive etching technique. Despite the constant SFE, with increasing Mn content the rolling textures change from the pure metal (copper) type towards the alloys (brass) type. This effect is attributed to the altered deformation behaviour as well as the increased tendency to form shear bands due to the large increase in strength of the Cu–Mn alloys.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Three-Dimensional Cervical Anatomy in the Second and Third Trimester

Abstract Objective Although a short cervix is known to be associated with preterm birth, the patterns of three-dimensional, anatomic changes leading to a short cervix are unknown. Our objective was to (1) construct three-dimensional anatomic models during normal pregnancy and (2) use the models to compare cervical anatomy in the second and third trimester. Study design A cross-sectional study was performed in a population of patients referred to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for a fetal indication. Using magnetic resonance images for guidance, three-dimensional solid models of the following anatomic structures were constructed: amniotic cavity, uterine wall, cervical stroma, cervical mucosa and anterior vaginal wall. To compare cervical anatomy in the second and third trimester, models were matched according the size of the bony pelvis. Results Fourteen patients were imaged and divided into two groups according to gestational age: 20–24 weeks ( n =7)) and 31–36 weeks ( n =7). Compared to the second trimester, the third trimester was associated with significant descent of the amniotic sac ( p =.02). Descent of the amniotic sac was associated with modified anatomy of the uterocervical junction. These three-dimensional changes were associated with a cervix that appeared shorter in the third trimester. Conclusion We report a technique for constructing MRI-based, three-dimensional anatomic models during pregnancy. Compared to the second trimester, the third trimester is associated with three-dimensional changes in the cervix and lower uterine segment.
Dispersing the clouds

Children of the Atomic Bomb Survivors: A Genetic Study Edited By James V. Neel William J. Schull National Academy Press Distributed by Maruzen Co. Ltd. 3-10 Nihonbashi 2-Chome. Chuo-Ku, Tokyo 103 in Japan, and by Wiley (UK) in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. Price $60 (hbk), $36 (pbk): 1991. Pp. 530. $49.95 (hbk), $29.95 (pbk).
Nursing service management standards

The nursing service manager is responsible and accountable for quality nursing service management to facilitate optimal attainment of the goals/objectives and outcomes within the context and scope of health service delivery of the health care organisation. Opsomming Die verpleegdiensbestuur is verantwoordelik en aanspreeklik vir gehalte-verpleegdiensbestuur om optimale bereiking van doelwitte/doelstellings en uitkomste binne die konteks en omvang van gesondheidsdienslewering in ‘n gesondheidsdiens te fasiliteer. *Please note: This is a reduced version of the abstract. Please refer to PDF for full text.
Food, toys, and love: pediatric palliative care.

P ediatric palliative care is a new interdisciplinary frontier in the comprehensive care of children. While children with life-threatening and life-limiting conditions have always been part of the health care system, it is only now that an integrated vision toward their care is emerging. The underlying principles and ethics of palliative care are universal across the life span. However, as in all specialties, children bring with them unique issues and dilemmas. A child or adolescent with a life-threatening or lifelimiting condition throws an assumed sequence out of order. A time of role reversal is expected, when children will care for dying parents. When parents instead find themselves watching their child face the threat of death, imminent or not, any sense of order is shattered. Even before the child has become a differentiated individual through a natural developmental sequence, that child is wrested away. There is little preparation for separation by death when a psychological separation has not yet been effected. The adolescent who is beginning to negotiate an independent existence often seems especially hard to face when that “moving forward” is irreversibly halted, or at least disrupted. The critical importance of this new field was recently highlighted in the Institute of Medicine Report: When Children Die: Improving Palliative and End-of-Life Care for Children and their Families. Previously, several powerful publications had already set the stage for this seminal report: a thematic issue of the Journal of Palliative Care (When Children Have to Die: Pediatric Palliative Care), a powerful statement by the American Academy of Pediatrics, the findings of two comprehensive British reports on children and young people with life-threatening and terminal conditions, and two earlier Institute of Medicine studies. The Institute of Medicine Report in 2003 summarized the current evidence base of the field as follows:
INEQUALITIES INVOLVING INVERSE CIRCULAR AND INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

Inequalities connecting inverse circular and inverse hyperbolic functions are obtained. Also, bounds for the inverse hyperbolic sine function are established. Some of the results pre- sented in this paper are derived from the inequalities satisfied by particular bivariate means which belong to the family of the Schwab-Borchardt means.
Women, Social Media, and Sport Global Digital Communication Weaves a Web

Globally, the digital media has played a key role in generating attention, creating controversy and showcasing changes in media coverage of women’s sports. Social media have made sports coverage an...
Protons block BK channels by competitive inhibition with K+ and contribute to the limits of unitary currents at high voltages.

Proton block of unitary currents through BK channels was investigated with single-channel recording. Increasing intracellular proton concentration decreased unitary current amplitudes with an apparent pKa of 5.1 without discrete blocking events, indicating fast proton block. Unitary currents recorded at pHi 8.0 and 9.0 had the same amplitudes, indicating that 10−8 M H+ had little blocking effect. Increasing H+ by recording at pHi 7.0, 6.0, and 5.0 then reduced the unitary currents by 13%, 25%, and 53%, respectively, at +200 mV. Increasing K+i relieved the proton block in a manner consistent with competitive inhibition of K+i action by H+i. Proton block was voltage dependent, increasing with depolarization, indicating that block was coupled to the electric field of the membrane. Proton block was not described by the Woodhull equation for noncompetitive voltage-dependent block, but was described by an equation for cooperative competitive inhibition that included voltage-dependent block from the Woodhull equation. Proton block was still present after replacing the eight negative charges in the ring of charge at the entrance to the intracellular vestibule by uncharged amino acids. Thus, the ring of charge is not the site of proton block or of competitive inhibition of K+i action by H+i. With 150 mM symmetrical KCl, unitary current amplitudes increased with depolarization, reaching 66 pA at +350 mV (pHi 7.0). The increase in amplitude with voltage became sublinear for voltages >100 mV. The sublinearity was unaffected by removing from the intracellular solutions Ca2+ and Ba2+ ions, the Ca2+ buffers EGTA and HEDTA, the pH buffer TES, or by replacing Cl− with MeSO3−. Proton block accounted for ∼40% of the sublinearity at +200 mV and pH 7.0, indicating that factors in addition to proton block contribute to the sublinearity of the unitary currents through BK channels.
Attitudes and Beliefs Toward Lung Cancer Screening Among US Veterans

Background Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death for veterans cared for by the US Veterans Health Administration. The LC burden among veterans is almost double that of the general population. Before implementation of an LC screening program, we set out to assess the role of beliefs and attitudes toward LC screening among veterans. Methods Veterans presenting to the Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center were invited to complete a self-administered survey. The survey comprised questions about demographics, smoking status, health status, and knowledge about LC and willingness to be screened. Responses from veteran ever and never smokers were compared. Results A total of 209 veterans completed the survey. Smokers were significantly ( P P = .062). Smokers were more likely to have been told by a physician that they were at high risk for LC and to believe that they were at risk. Nearly all veterans surveyed (92.8%) would have a CT scan for LC screening, and 92.4% would have surgery for a screen-detected LC. Conclusions Veterans are overwhelmingly willing to undergo screening for LC, and it seems that participation will not be a barrier to implementation of an LC screening program. The mortality benefit of LC screening, however, may not be generalizable to the veteran population because of a higher number of comorbid conditions.
Current and Future Therapeutic Targets of the Tumour-Host Microenvironment

The search for effective cancer therapies is one of the foremost priorities of modern-day research. In recent times, enormous strides have been made in the understanding of the molecular events that underlie cancer progression and in the development of promising therapies against relevant molecular targets. The molecular signalling pathways that modulate tumourigenesis, especially those involved in cell migration and adhesion are logical foci for molecular intervention. Angiogenesis is a validated target from which combination approaches are now being entertained, and agents against new and known targets are under development. Further advances are needed to use these agents to their best advantage and to demonstrate proof of concept of the target. To that end, new technologies are being developed and applied to patient trials. The local microenvironment and the tumour-host interface are dynamic areas that are understudied as therapeutic directions. Stromal therapy, focused to the paracrine interactions at the microenvironmental level is an important new direction.
Academic Achievement and Its Impact on Friend Dynamics

Academic achievement in adolescence is a key determinant of future educational and occupational success. Friends play an important role in the educational process. They provide support and resources and can both encourage and discourage academic achievement. As a result, the friends adolescents make may help to maintain and exacerbate inequality if friends are sorted on the basis of academic achievement. These observations prompt the question: How does academic achievement affect the friendship ties made? Using data from the high schools in the Add Health saturated sample, the author models network change using a stochastic actor-based Markov model for the co-evolution of networks and behavior. This model is carried out at the school level for each of the high schools included in the saturated sample. Results show that in the most typical American schools, similarity in academic achievement is an important and consistent predictor of friendship ties in a dynamic context. High-achieving students are more likely to extend ties to other high-achieving students, net of other sociodemographic, network, and proximity characteristics, while low-achieving students are more likely to extend ties to other low-achieving students. Adolescents respond to changes in academic achievement by changing their friendship ties.
The velocity of rise of distorted gas bubbles in a liquid of small viscosity

The terminal velocity of rise of small, distorted gas bubbles in a liquid of small viscosity is calculated. Small viscosity means that the dimensionless group gμ4/ρT3 where g is the acceleration of gravity, μ the viscosity, ρ the density and T the surface tension, is less than 10−8. It is assumed—and the numerical accuracy of the assumption is discussed—that the distorted bubbles are oblate ellipsoids of revolution. The drag coefficient is found by extending the theory given recently (Moore 1963) for the boundary layer on a spherical gas bubble. The results are in reasonable quantitative agreement with the experimental data.
One-hit wonders in classical music: Evidence and (partial) explanations for an early career peak.

How can the creativity of “one-hit wonders” be explained? Anecdotes suggest one-hit wonders may peak early in their careers, but no quantitative investigation has specifically focused on this group. Here, objective recording count criteria were used to define samples of 89 one-hit and 89 “multi-hit” classical composers. One-hit composers peaked reliably earlier than their multi-hit counterparts, and this effect was greater between the most prototypical one-hit versus multi-hit composers. Lifespan, historical year, age at expertise acquisition onset, and overall hit popularity did not explain the effect. However, compared to multi-hit composers, one-hit composers’ hits tended to be easily elaborated, small-scale works like songs, which intrinsically peaked earlier than other genres. The pattern of career landmarks across five musical genres, using a sample of 394 composers, supported this interpretation. However, this is only a partial explanation, because one-hit composers began their musical careers sign...
Clinician Staffing, Scheduling, and Engagement Strategies Among Primary Care Practices Delivering Integrated Care

Purpose: To examine the interrelationship among behavioral health clinician (BHC) staffing, scheduling, and a primary care practice9s approach to delivering integrated care. Methods: Observational cross-case comparative analysis of 17 primary care practices in the United States focused on implementation of integrated care. Practices varied in size, ownership, geographic location, and integrated care experience. A multidisciplinary team analyzed documents, practice surveys, field notes from observation visits, implementation diaries, and semistructured interviews using a grounded theory approach. Results: Across the 17 practices, staffing ratios ranged from 1 BHC covering 0.3 to 36.5 primary care clinicians (PCCs). BHC scheduling varied from 50-minute prescheduled appointments to open, flexible schedules slotted in 15-minute increments. However, staffing and scheduling patterns generally clustered in 2 ways and enabled BHCs to be engaged by referral or warm handoff. Five practices predominantly used warm handoffs to engage BHCs and had higher BHC-to-PCC staffing ratios; multiple BHCs on staff; and shorter, more flexible BHC appointment schedules. Staffing and scheduling structures that enabled warm handoffs supported BHC engagement with patients concurrent with the identification of behavioral health needs. Twelve practices primarily used referrals to engage BHCs and had lower BHC-to-PCC staffing ratios and BHC schedules prefilled with visits. This enabled some BHCs to bill for services, but also made them less accessible to PCCs in when patients presented with behavioral health needs during a clinical encounter. Three of these practices were experimenting with open scheduling and briefer BHC visits to enable real-time access while managing resources. Conclusion: Practices9 approaches to PCC-BHC staffing, scheduling, and delivery of integrated care mutually influenced each other and were shaped by the local context. Practice leaders, educators, clinicians, funders, researchers, and policy makers must consider these factors as they seek to optimize integrated systems of care.
Chymase-mediated intestinal epithelial permeability is regulated by a protease-activating receptor/matrix metalloproteinase-2-dependent mechanism

Mast cells regulate intestinal barrier function during disease and homeostasis. Secretion of the mast cell-specific serine protease chymase regulates homeostasis. In the present study, we employ in vitro model systems to delineate the molecular pathways involved in chymase-mediated intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction. Chymase stimulation of intestinal epithelial (Caco-2 BBe) cell monolayers induced a significant reduction in transepithelial resistance, indicating decreased intestinal epithelial barrier function. The chymase-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction was characterized by chymase-induced protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 activation and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 expression and activation. Consistent with this observation, in vitro analysis revealed chymase-induced PAR-2 activation and increased MAPK activity and MMP-2 expression. Pharmacological and small interfering RNA-mediated antagonism of PAR-2 and MMP-2 significantly attenuated chymase-stimulated barrier dysfunction. Additionally, the chymase/MMP-2-mediated intestinal epithelial dysfunction was associated with a significant reduction in the tight junction protein claudin-5, which was partially restored by MMP-2 inhibition. Finally, incubation of Caco-2 BBe cells with chymase-sufficient, but not chymase-deficient, bone marrow-derived mast cells decreased barrier function, which was attenuated by the chymase inhibitor chymostatin. Collectively, these results suggest that mast cell/chymase-mediated intestinal epithelial barrier function is mediated by PAR-2/MMP-2-dependent pathways.
Mutation in gelsolin gene in Finnish hereditary amyloidosis

Familial amyloidosis, Finnish type (FAF), is an autosomal dominant form of familial amyloid polyneuropathy. The novel amyloid fibril protein found in these patients is a degradation fragment of gelsolin, an actin-binding protein. We found a mutation (adenine for guanine) at nucleotide 654 of the gelsolin gene in genomic DNA isolated from five FAF patients. This site is polymorphic since the normal allele was also present in all the patients tested. This mutation was not found in two unaffected family members and 11 normal controls. The A for G transition causes an amino acid substitution (asparagine for aspartic acid) that was found at position 15 of the amyloid protein. The mutation and consequent amino acid substitution may lead to the development of FAF.
Lüders' Bands in Experimentally Deformed Sandstone and Limestone

Planar deformation features inclined along planes of high shear stress and along which cataclasis is concentrated are here called “Luders9 bands.” In Coconino Sandstone (deformed dry and with pore pressure at effective confining pressures to 2.4 kb, room temperature, and at a strain rate of 10 −4 per sec) the bands begin to develop in the transitional regime and are the major deformation feature in the macroscopically ductile regime. At axial shortenings of 5 percent and more they pervade the specimen and become closer spaced and thicker with increasing strain. The bands are formed by two or more layers of moderately to highly fractured quartz grains. They are markedly different from shear fractures (or faults) of similar size that typically contain quartz gouge. The average angle between conjugate sets of bands bisected by the greatest principal compressive stress σ 1 increases with effective confining pressure from 75° to 109°. The corresponding angles between conjugate macroscopic shear fractures average 60°. The angle between Luders9 bands is essentially independent of strain at fixed effective confining pressure. In Solenhofen Limestone (deformed dry at confining pressures to 3.0 kb, 24°C, and strain rates from 10/sec to 10 −4 /sec) the Luders9 bands are developed only in the outer shell of the solid cylinders; however, in coarser grained limestones, the bands are pervasive as in the sandstone. In cylinders of Solenhofen, the bands are best developed in the transitional regime, as noted previously by Heard (1960). They do not form in the ductile regime. The average angle between conjugate sets is independent of strain and strain rate; but as for the sandstone, it increases with confining pressure from 75° to 103°, and it is at least 20 degrees larger than the corresponding angle between conjugate shear fractures which form after the Luders9 bands. Optical and SEM studies indicate that the features in both rocks are zones of intergranular and intragranular cataclasis, along which shear displacements are negligible. Because the angle between conjugate Luders9 bands is a function of the effective pressure, the bands might be used to derive depth of burial at time of deformation, provided that (1) the pore fluid pressure is assumed to be hydrostatic, and (2) the orientation of CTI, which can be the acute or obtuse bisector, is independently known. If (1) is unwarranted, then the angle between the bands could be used to infer the pore fluid pressure, provided the depth of burial is known. This approach is illustrated with reference to an occurrence of Luders9 bands in naturally deformed Entrada Sandstone, Trachyte Mesa, Utah.
Nondestructive defect measurement and surface analysis of 3C-SiC on Si (001) by electron channeling contrast imaging

The electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) technique was utilized to investigate atomic step morphologies and dislocation densities in 3C-SiC films grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on Si (001) substrates. ECCI in this study was performed inside a commercial scanning electron microscope using an electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) system equipped with forescatter diode detectors. This approach allowed simultaneous imaging of atomic steps, verified by atomic force microscopy, and dislocations at the film surface. EBSD analysis verified the orientation and monocrystalline quality of the 3C-SiC films. Dislocation densities in 3C-SiC films were measured locally using ECCI, with qualitative verification by x-ray diffraction. Differences in the dislocation density across a 50 mm diameter 3C-SiC film could be attributed to subtle variations during the carbonization process across the substrate surface.
ACHIEVEMENT PLACE: DEVELOPMENT OF THE ELECTED MANAGER SYSTEM†

A series of experiments was carried out to compare several administrative systems at Achievement Place, a family style behavior modification program for pre-delinquent boys. One aspect of the motivation system at Achievement Place was the token economy in which the youths could earn or lose points that could be exchanged for privileges. Several arrangements for assigning routine tasks and for providing token consequences for task performance were compared for their effectiveness in accomplishing the tasks and for their preference by the boys. The independent variables studied included: (1) individually assigned tasks versus group assigned tasks; (2) consequences for individual performance versus consequences for group performance; (3) a peer managership that could be earned by the highest bidder versus a peer managership that could be determined democratically by the peers. The results suggested that among those systems studied the system that best met the criteria of effectiveness and preference involved a democratically elected peer manager who had the authority both to give and to take away points for his peers' performances.
GRADE RETENTION: CURRENT DECISION-MAKING PRACTICES AND INVOLVEMENT OF SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS WORKING IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS

Research examining student outcomes (e.g., achievement, adjustment) after grade retention reveals that it does not result in long-term improvements for students; however, grade retention continues to be used as an intervention. The purpose of this study was to examine retention decision-making practices, as well as school psychologists' knowledge, beliefs, and opinions regarding retention. Actual and ideal roles of school psychologists in grade retention decisions were also examined. Participants included 250 school psychologists randomly selected from the membership of the National Association of School Psychologists. Results revealed that the decision to retain is a subjective one, typically made by a team. Responding school psychologists did not support retention and found the research moderately applicable to practice. However, most school psychologists indicated that they were not centrally involved in decision making. Findings also revealed a desire among school psychologists for increased involvement in developing and/or implementing programs aimed at improving performance and consulting on the effects of retention. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the status of some species of Braconidae (Hymenoptera) described by J. C. Fabricius and the synonymy of Dichelosus Szépligeti with Coccygidium De Saussure

The status of five species of Braconidae described by Fabricius is changed. Lectotypes are designated for all five. Ichneumon hospitator, Bracon anator, and Ophion pennator are transferred to the genus Coccygidium combs. nov. Ichneumon ornator is transferred to Coccygidium and considered a junior synonym of C. hospitator comb. and syn. nov. Bracon similator is transferred to the genus Hemibracon comb. nov. Dichelosus fuscipennis is considered a junior synonym of C. hospitator syn. nov. The genus Dichelosus is synonymized with Coccygidium syn. nov., and the member species are all transferred to Coccygidium: C. fuscipennis comb. nov., C. peruensis comb. nov., C. brasiliensis comb. nov., C. dubiosus comb. nov., C. similis comb. nov., C. variegatus comb. nov., and C. demerarus comb. nov.
A visual, histological, and enzymatic study of regenerating rheumatoid synovium in the synovectomized knee.

In the knees of twenty-five patients with rheumatoid arthritis who had had synovectomy an average of thirty-one months previously (range one to 120), arthroscopy, aspiration, and biopsy were done. The findings were that the regenerated synovium became histologically indistinguishable from that found in patients not operated on—grossly and microscopically active areas alternated with inactive ones, lysosomal glycosidases were elevated and rose with time, and the synovium of eighteen of twenty-one of the patients two years after synovectomy met the criteria for rheumatoid disease.
Dynamic neural mechanisms underlie race disparities in social cognition

Race disparities in behavior may emerge in several ways, some of which may be independent of implicit bias. To mitigate the pernicious effects of different race disparities for racial minorities, we must understand whether they are rooted in perceptual, affective, or cognitive processing with regard to race perception. We used fMRI to disentangle dynamic neural mechanisms predictive of two separable race disparities that can be obtained from a trustworthiness ratings task. Increased coupling between regions involved in perceptual and affective processing when viewing Black versus White faces predicted less later racial trust disparity, which was related to implicit bias. In contrast, increased functional coupling between regions involved in controlled processing predicted less later disparity in the differentiation of Black versus White faces with regard to perceived trust, which was unrelated to bias. These findings reveal that distinct neural signatures underlie separable race disparities in social cognition that may or may not be related to implicit bias.
A hippocampal network for spatial coding during immobility and sleep

Decades of research have shown that the mammalian navigational system, based in and around the hippocampus, keeps track of an animal's location during locomotion. Yet it was not clear whether and how the brain tracks location when animals stop moving. This study shows that the brain keeps track of location at all times, on the move and at rest. Loren Frank and colleagues identify a distinct population of hippocampal neurons in the CA2 region of the hippocampus that signal current location not only during awake immobility, but also during sleep.
Noncrystallographic Atomic Arrangement Driven Enhancement of the Catalytic Activity of Au Nanoparticles

Determining the atomic-scale structure of nanosized particles remains a challenge and crucial goal for today’s science and technology. We investigate the atomic-scale structure of 3–8 nm Au particles obtained by a fast solution reaction and find it to be of a noncrystallographic icosahedral type, in particular, close to the particles’ surface. This noncrystallographic structure may well explain the previously observed but poorly understood enhancement of the particles’ catalytic properties. Our finding demonstrates that together with size the structure type of nanosized particles can be used as a tunable parameter for achieving improved functionality.
Conventional vs Sustainable Transportation Fuels for the Future

It is clear that in the next ten years major changes will be required in our liquids for transportation energy scenario. These changes are driven by two major factors. The first is the desire to achieve “energy independence” and the second is the desire to achieve an “environmentally friendly” fuel supply. These two forces will dominate energy research and development in the near future. This presupposes that the lack of viable hydrogen storage materials and the long-range electric vehicle materials will continue to be limiting the hydrogen and electric vehicle technology. The DOE recently reported that the available amounts of heavy hydrocarbons (tars, coal and shale oils) in North America (United States, Canada and Mexico) are sufficient for 500 years at current rates of usage. However, these sources must be converted to liquid transportation fuels in an environmentally favorable manner. Also, promising sources of sustainable liquid transportation fuels maybe found in growing algae and converting the contained lipids to biodiesel. In this presentation we discuss recent development in both areas that promise a smooth transition from conventional to the use of sustainable transportation fuel sources.
Using accumulated cold units to predict the development of superficial scald disorder on ‘d’Anjou’ pears during cold storage

SummarySuperficial scald disorder was studied in ‘d’Anjou’ pears (Pyrus communis L.) from 14 orchards at different elevations in the Hood River valley of Oregon, USA, during 1996, 1997, 1998, and 1999. At each orchard, the accumulated cold units (ACU) were calculated as the total number of hours, in the previous 42.d prior to the first date of commercial harvest, during which time the temperature was 10˚C or lower. Fruit was harvested on the first day of commercial maturity, based on a flesh firmness of 64.5.±2.1 Newtons. Following various lengths of cold storage at 1˚C, the pears developed symptoms of superficial scald disorder after 7.d of ripening at 20˚C regardless of elevation ofgrowing origin. The term “DIS(10%)” was standardized for each orchard block, and was defined as the number of days fruit was held in air storage at ±1˚C, after which 10% of the fruit showed scald symptoms following 7.d of ripening at 20˚C. DIS(10%) was plotted against each corresponding ACU. Regression analyses were conducted...