cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Fezf2–Ctip2 genetic pathway regulates the fate choice of subcortical projection neurons in the developing cerebral cortex

Pyramidal neurons in the deep layers of the cerebral cortex can be classified into two major classes: callosal projection neurons and long-range subcortical neurons. We and others have shown that a gene expressed specifically by subcortical projection neurons, Fezf2, is required for the formation of axonal projections to the spinal cord, tectum, and pons. Here, we report that Fezf2 regulates a decision between subcortical vs. callosal projection neuron fates. Fezf2−/− neurons adopt the fate of callosal projection neurons as assessed by their axonal projections, electrophysiological properties, and acquisition of Satb2 expression. Ctip2 is a major downstream effector of Fezf2 in regulating the extension of axons toward subcortical targets and can rescue the axonal phenotype of Fezf2 mutants. When ectopically expressed, either Fezf2 or Ctip2 can alter the axonal targeting of corticocortical projection neurons and cause them to project to subcortical targets, although Fezf2 can promote a subcortical projection neuron fate in the absence of Ctip2 expression.
Class Politics, American-Style: A Discussion of Winner-Take-All Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer—And Turned its Back on the Middle Class

Jacob S. Hacker and Paul Pierson's Winner-Take-All Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer—And Turned Its Back on the Middle Class is both a work of political science and a contribution to broad public discussion of distributive politics. Its topic could not be more relevant to a US polity wracked by bitter partisan disagreements about taxes, social spending, financial regulation, social insecurity, and inequality. The political power of “the rich” is a theme of widespread public attention. The headline on the cover of the January–February 2011 issue of The American Interest —“Inequality and Democracy: Are Plutocrats Drowning Our Republic?”—is indicative. Francis Fukuyama's lead essay, entitled “Left Out,” clarifies that by “plutocracy,” the journal means “not just rule by the rich, but rule by and for the rich. We mean, in other words, a state of affairs in which the rich influence government in such a way as to protect and expand their own wealth and influence, often at the expense of others.” Fukuyama makes clear that he believes that this state of affairs obtains in the United States today. Readers of Perspectives on Politics will know that the topic has garnered increasing attention from political scientists in general and in our journal in particular. In March 2009, we featured a symposium on Larry Bartels's Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age . And in December 2009, our lead article, by Jeffrey A. Winters and Benjamin I. Page, starkly posed the question “Oligarchy in the United States?” and answered it with an equally stark “yes.” Winner-Take-All Politics thus engages a broader scholarly discussion within US political science, at the same time that it both draws upon and echoes many “classic themes” of US political science from the work of Charles Beard and E. E. Schattschneider to Ted Lowi and Charles Lindblom. In this symposium, we have brought together a group of important scholars and commentators who offer a range of perspectives on the book and on the broader themes it engages. While most of our discussants are specialists on “American politics,” we have also sought out scholars beyond this subfield. Our charge to the discussants is to evaluate the book's central claims and evidence, with a focus on three related questions: 1) How compelling is its analysis of the “how” and “why” of recent US public policy and its “turn” in favor of “the rich” and against “the middle class”? 2) How compelling is its critique of the subfield of “American politics” for its focus on the voter–politician linkage and on “politics as spectacle” at the expense of an analysis of “politics as organized combat”? 3) And do you agree with its argument that recent changes in US politics necessitate a different, more comparative, and more political economy–centered approach to the study of US politics?—Jeffrey C. Isaac, Editor
Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid (SAHA)-Induced Dynamics of a Human Histone Deacetylase Protein Interaction Network

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are targets for cancer therapy. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) is an HDAC inhibitor approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. To obtain a better mechanistic understanding of the Sin3/HDAC complex in cancer, we extended its protein–protein interaction network and identified a mutually exclusive pair within the complex. We then assessed the effects of SAHA on the disruption of the complex network through six homologous baits. SAHA perturbs multiple protein interactions and therefore compromises the composition of large parts of the Sin3/HDAC network. A comparison of the effect of SAHA treatment on gene expression in breast cancer cells to a knockdown of the ING2 subunit indicated that a portion of the anticancer effects of SAHA may be attributed to the disruption of ING2's association with the complex. Our dynamic protein interaction network resource provides novel insights into the molecular mechanism of SAHA action and demonstrates the potential for drugs to rewire networks.
Role of immune‐regulatory cells in skin pathology

The skin harbors a complex and unique immune system that protects against various pathologies, such as infection and cancer. Although many of the mechanisms of immune activation in the skin have been investigated, it is likewise important to uncover the immune-regulatory components that limit effective immunity or prevent autoimmunity. Several cell populations are involved in this immune-regulatory function, including CD4+ T cells that coexpress the transcription factor Foxp3, known as Tregs, and cells with immune-regulatory function known as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). This review focuses on the role that immune-regulatory cells, such as MDSCs and Tregs, play in cutaneous pathology, such as malignancy, psoriasis, dermatitis, burn wounds, and transplantation. Although their depletion may serve to augment immunity, expansion of these cells may be used to suppress excessive immune reactions. These cells are attractive, therapeutic targets for various conditions and thus, deserve further exploration.
Adaptively Rational Learning

Research on adaptive rationality has focused principally on inference, judgment, and decision-making that lead to behaviors and actions. These processes typically require cognitive representations as input, and these representations must presumably be acquired via learning. Nonetheless, there has been little work on the nature of, and justification for, adaptively rational learning processes. In this paper, we argue that there are strong reasons to believe that some learning is adaptively rational in the same way as judgment and decision-making. Indeed, overall adaptive rationality can only properly be assessed for pairs of learning and decision processes. We thus present a formal framework for modeling such pairs of cognitive processes, and thereby assessing their adaptive rationality relative to the environment and the agent's goals. We then use this high-level formal framework on specific cases by (a) demonstrating how natural formal constraints on decision-making can lead to substantive predictions about adaptively rational learning and representation; and (b) characterizing adaptively rational learning for fast-and-frugal one-reason decision-making.
Acute Exercise and Anxiety Reduction: Does the Environment Matter?

This study was designed to examine whether the exercise environment affected individuals’ anxiety responses. Participants either sat quietly (control) or exercised in either a laboratory or a setting of their own choosing. State anxiety measures were assessed at baseline, during activity, and following 15 minutes of rest after activity. Analyses indicated that the exercising conditions significantly reduced anxiety, whereas the control condition did not. Additional analyses indicated that anxiety increased from baseline during exercise and then was reduced upon exercise cessation. The implications of these findings for the examination of acute exercise effects on psychological function are discussed.
Orthognathic surgical treatment may produce improved temporomandibular functional status in adults with pretreatment dysfunction.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Factors of importance for the functional outcome in orthognathic surgery patients: a prospective study of 118 patients. Oland J, Jensen J, Melsen B. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010;68:2221-31. Reviewer Michael D. Martin, DMD, MSD, MPH, MA, PhD Purpose/Question To examine the effect of orthognathic surgery on perceived and clinically assessed functional (TMJ-related) status in addition to patients’ satisfaction with function after treatment Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Cohort study Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable
The wellness incentives and navigation project: design and methods

About 35 % of non-elderly U.S. adult Medicaid enrollees have a behavioral health condition, such as anxiety, mood disorders, substance use disorders, and/or serious mental illness. Individuals with serious mental illness, in particular, have mortality rates that are 2 to 3 times higher as the general population, which are due to multiple factors including inactivity, poor nutrition, and tobacco use. 61 % of Medicaid beneficiaries with behavioral health conditions also have multiple other co-occurring chronic physical health conditions, which further contributes to morbidity and mortality. The Wellness Incentives and Navigation (WIN) project is one of 10 projects under the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services “Medicaid Incentives for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases” Initiative, to “test the effectiveness of providing incentives directly to Medicaid beneficiaries of all ages who participate in prevention programs, and change their health risks and outcomes by adopting healthy behaviors.” WIN is a three-year randomized pragmatic clinical trial designed to examine the comparative effectiveness of the combined use of personal navigators, motivational interviewing, and a flexible wellness account on cardiovascular risk reduction among individuals in Medicaid with co-occurring physical and mental health conditions or serious mental illness alone relative to the usual care provided within Medicaid Managed Care. 1250 individuals, identified through Medicaid claims data, were recruited and randomly assigned to an intervention group or control group with outcomes tracked annually. A comparison group was also recruited to help assess the study’s internal validity. The primary outcomes are physical and mental health related quality-of-life as measured by the SF-12, and BMI, blood pressure, LDL-C, and Hba1c results for those who are diabetic measured clinically. The purpose of this paper is to present the unique design of the WIN trial prior to results becoming available in hopes of assisting other researchers in conducting community-based randomized pragmatic trials. Outcomes will be assessed through the linkage of patient reported outcomes, health care claims, and electronic health record data. NCT02440906
BREAKING WAVE CRITERIA; A STUDY EMPLOYING A NUMERICAL WAVE THEORY

Although it is well recognized that wave systems in nature are irregular, comprising a spectrum of fundamental periods, there is still a need for improving our understanding of near-breaking nonlinear wave systems which contain a single fundamental period. For example, most of the shallow water design situations and other cases including forces on small diameter structures in which drag forces predominate are more directly treated in terms of a "design wave" rather than a wave spectrum. This situation is contrasted to many important engineering design problems in which the dynamics of the system are paramount; for example, in the case of a moored drilling vessel. Finally, one may reasonably expect that accurate solutions to the problem of nonlinear wave systems with a single fundamental period will lend insight regarding productive approaches to the more realistic problem of a spectrum of nonlinear waves. This paper investigates the applicability of the stream function wave theory1 for the representation of breaking and near-breaking waves. This particular problem has received little attention, although considerable progress has occurred on two related problems: 1. The development of wave theories covering a wide range of relative water depths and wave heights, and 2. The development of wave theories which apply at breaking conditions. In general, although these theories may be applicable for the limiting wave conditions, their basis of derivation is such that they cannot be extended to non-breaking waves. The purpose of the present investigation, then, is to establish whether or not the stream function wave theory can be applied to span the range extending up to breaking conditions.
Perioperative Management of the Patient with Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy

The idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) are chronic, acquired, autoimmune disorders characterized by proximal muscle weakness, elevation of serum muscle enzymes (most commonly the creatine kinase [CK]), electromyographic features of myopathy, inflammatory cell infiltrates in muscle tissue, and specific rashes in the case of dermatomyositis (DM), as reported by Bohan and Peter (N Engl J Med 292:403–7, 1975; N Engl J Med 292:344–7, 1975). Based on clinical, histopathologic, and immunologic features, the IIM have been classified into three general subtypes including polymyositis (PM), adult and juvenile dermatomyositis, and inclusion body myositis (IBM). Myositis also occurs in overlap with other connective tissue diseases (CTD) as well as in association with malignancy.
Accuracy of ICD-9 coding with regard to childhood accidents.

This paper documents deficiencies in ICD-9 coding which may influence the generation of statistics with regard to accident prevention. Problem areas are highlighted and remedial action suggested. Language: en
An Economic Appraisal of Changes in Rural Food Consumption

A REVIEW of changes in rural food consumption and analysis of their economic implications leads to the conclusion that a new dimension must be added to work on projections of demand for farm food commodities. New data and analyses using 1955 household survey data and time series measuring food disappearance and several economic and social factors point up the need for projections in terms of purchased foods only. Such projections indicate the prospective demands for food sold by farmers and for food marketing services. Hitherto, projections of United States demand for farm commodities have been developed in terms of consumption of food from all sources. The difference between these two approaches arises from the changing significance of consumption of food from supplies produced for home use, practically all by the rural population.' Preliminary findings of an analysis-based on (a) Rex F. Daly's economic framework;2 (b) historical changes in consumption of purchased foods by the urban, rural nonfarm, and farm populations; and (c) estimates of changes in urbanization and extent of home food production by 1975-indicate that the demand for commercially produced and marketed farm foods may increase 16 to 18 per cent per capita from 1955 to 1975, measured at the farm level. This is consistent with Daly's projection of a 10 per cent increase in per capita consumption of farm foods from both commercial production and production for home use. But demand projections for commercially handled foods are more pertinent to study of the future role of American agriculture. The basic data and analyses backing up these conclusions and a number of significant findings regarding economic implications of changes in rural food use are developed in this article in five parts. (1) A variety of measures is used to trace changes in rural food consumption between 1942 and 1955. (2) The factors contributing to changes in rural food consumption and
Effect of estrogen and progesterone on mammary gland DNA and feed intake in hypophysectomized female rats.

SummaryWith DNA as a measure of the presence of mammary gland tissue, a significant involution of the duct system from the ovariectomized level following hypophysec-tomy was observed. The injection of 2 μg EB + 6 mg P for 19 days failed to stimulate the DNA even up to the ovariectomized value. The significant reduction in body weight and feed intake of experimental animals due to the injection of EB + P had no effect on the content of DNA of the mammary gland.
Experimental Investigation of Gasification of Biomass using Carbon Dioxide

Biomass is a renewable source of energy that was used for energy production since the discovery of fire. The production of power from biomass requires the use of gigantic masses of biomass. High rates of pollutants are produced from biomass combustion due to its natural composition. Biomass gasification can be used to decrease the harmful emissions from direct combustion of biomass. In this work, experimental investigation of the gasification process of chicken manure was conducted using carbon dioxide. The effect of the particle size on the residual mass and conversion rate was tested. Lower conversion rate and higher residuals were associated with the larger particle sizes.
Alarm system with pyroelectric infrared sensors

A system has been designed to monitor the environment changes,and transmit wireless information and then complete the alarm function,with a Pyroelectric Infrared Sensor.It is mainly for safety in the house,which detect that someone breaks into or not.The system is convenient,stable and suitable for the protection of family property.
The Conundrum of Relaxation Times

The current theories of proton relaxation times fall short of explaining satisfactorily the physical and biological mechanisms responsible for the dissimilarities of relaxation behavior in normal and pathological tissues. An alternative approach to understand these mechanisms is needed. This paper advances the possibility that the dissimilarities of relaxation behavior in normal and pathological tissues is due to the consumption of paramagnetic molecular O2 dissolved in cell-associated water.
IBM z6 - the next-generation mainframe microprocessor

This article consists of a collection of slides from the author's conference presentation on IBM's z6, the next generation mainframe family of microprocessor products. Some of the specific topics discussed include: the special features, system specifications, and system design for these products; system architectures; applications for use; platforms supported; processing capabilities; memory capabilities; and targeted markets.
Multiple Window Spatial Registration: Failure of the NEMA Standard to Adequately Quantitate Image Misregistration with Gallium-67

Multiple window spatial registration (MWSR) characterizes positional deviations in a gamma camera as a function of gamma ray energy. Good MWSR is important for imaging with gallium-67 (67Ga) and indium-111 (111In). We evaluated the MWSR of three gamma cameras using 67Ga. Measurements were made using the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) technique. The MWSR accuracy was measured in multiple locations along the x and y axis of the gamma camera. For all three gamma cameras, the MWSR was within the manufacturer’s specification at locations corresponding to 75% of the useful field of view (UFOV). However at other locations, all cameras had misregistration errors outside the manufacturer’s specification. The magnitude of these misregistration errors was regional in nature and did not correlate with distance from the center of the field of view. These findings indicate that the current NEMA protocol for measurement of MWSR does not reflect the true degree of misregistration over the UFOV of gamma cameras.
Supplemental Environmental Baseline Survey for Proposed Land Use Permit Modification for Expansion of the Dynamic Explosive Test Site (DETS) 9940 Main Complex Parking Lot

The approach was to perform a document search, supplemented by a visual site inspection, to identify potential environmental contamination associated with the property. Factors evaluated included hazardous substances; petroleum products and derivatives; environmental restoration sites; areas of concern; storage tanks; oil/water separators; grease traps; wash racks; waste tanks; pesticides; military munitions/ordnance; medical or bio-hazardous waste; radioactive waste; solid/municipal waste; indoor air quality; groundwater; wastewater treatment, collection, and disposal/discharge; drinking water quality; utilities; asbestos; polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); radon; lead-based paint; cultural resources; floodplains; and natural/biological resources.
Surgical treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms in infancy and early childhood

Objective Pediatric abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are rare. The intent of this report was to review the presentation and surgical management of AAAs in infancy and early childhood. Methods The clinical courses of young children undergoing AAA surgery were subjected to a retrospective review and analysis. Results Eleven children, nine boys and two girls, ranging in age from 2 weeks to 6 years, underwent surgical treatment of AAA at the University of Michigan from 2002 to 2014. Aneurysms were supraceliac (2), suprarenal (2), pararenal (2), or infrarenal (5). Associated iliac aneurysms (3) affected two children. Concomitant stenoses affected the renal (14), superior mesenteric (4), and celiac (3) arteries. AAAs were attributed to developmental defects (7), including three arising immediately beyond aortic narrowings; infection after umbilical artery catheterization (2); tuberous sclerosis (1); and trauma (1). Primary operative interventions included aneurysmectomy with a thoracoabdominal bypass (4), open aneurysmorrhaphy (2), closed aneurysmorrhaphy (2), and aneurysmectomy with an infrarenal aortoaortic bypass (1) or an aortoiliac bypass (2). Perioperative death occurred in one child who had preoperative heart and renal failure. Aortic graft occlusion affected two children at 1 month and 3 years postoperatively. The remaining children incurred no aortic reconstruction-related morbidity. Follow-up among the 10 survivors averaged 4.9 years. Conclusions Successful surgical treatment of AAAs in infants and young children requires careful execution of a diverse group of surgical techniques based on the etiology, the child's size and growth potential, and the aneurysm's location and coexisting branch involvement.
Information-dense analysis for information-dense understanding

Using mass cytometry coupled with cellular barcoding, Wong et al . (1) report a high-dimensional map of human T-cell trafficking receptors and cytokine profiles in several different tissues. Specifically, the authors analyzed T cells from eight human organs, including healthy donors and patients with different underlying conditions, with a range of three to five individual samples per organ. Perhaps unsurprisingly, their findings highlight the dynamic and complex nature of T cells in different organs and stress the importance of looking beyond peripheral blood when analyzing human T cell phenotype and function.
Proper orthogonal decomposition truncation method for data denoising and order reduction

Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is used widely in experimental fluid dynamics for reducing noise in a measured flow field. The efficacy of POD is governed by the selection of modes used for the velocity field reconstruction. Currently, the determination of which or how many modes to keep is a user-defined subjective choice, where an arbitrary amount of energy to retain in the reconstruction, such as 99% cumulative energy, is chosen. Here, we present a novel, fully autonomous, and objective mode-selection method, which we term the entropy-line fit (ELF) method. The ELF method computes the Shannon entropy of the spatial discrete cosine transform of the eigenmodes, and using a two-line fit of the entropy mode spectrum, distinguishes between the modes carrying meaningful signal and those containing noise. We compare the ELF and existing methods using the analytical Hama flow field, synthetic PIV velocity fields derived from DNS turbulent channel flow data, and experimental particle image velocimetry vortex ring data. Overall, the ELF method improves the effectiveness of POD at removing noise from experimentally measured flow fields and subsequently the accuracy of post-processing calculations.
The quasi-6 day wave and its interactions with solar tides

Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics/Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (TIMED/SABER) temperature measurements between 20 and 110 km altitude and ±50° latitude during 2002–2015 are employed to reveal the climatological characteristics of the quasi-6 day wave (Q6DW) and evidence for secondary waves (SW) resulting from its nonlinear interactions with solar tides. The mean period is 6.14d with a standard deviation (σ) of 0.26d. Multiyear-mean maximum amplitudes (3–5 K, σ ∼ 4 K) occur within the mesosphere-lower thermosphere (MLT) region between 75 and 100 km during day of year (DOY) 60–120 and 180–300 in the Northern Hemisphere and DOY 0–110 and 200–300 in the Southern Hemisphere. Amplitudes approach 10 K in some individual years. At midlatitudes downward phase progression exists from 100 to 35 km with a mean vertical wavelength of about 70 km. Signatures of SW due to Q6DW-tide interactions appear at distinct space-based zonal wave numbers (ks) in temperature spectra constructed in the reference frame of the TIMED orbit. However, SW produced by several different tides can collapse onto the same (ks) value, rendering their relative contributions indistinguishable. Nevertheless, by determining the space-based wave amplitudes attached to these values of (ks), and demonstrating that they are a large fraction of the interacting wave amplitudes, we conclude that the aggregate contributions of the SW to the overall wave spectrum must be significant. Because the SW have periods, zonal wave numbers, and latitude-height structures different from those of the primary waves, they contribute additionally to the complexity of the wave spectrum. This complexity is communicated to the ionosphere through collisions or through the dynamo electric fields generated by the total wave spectrum.
Special models for nuclear thermal hydraulics

Abstract The balance equations supported by the closure equations may not be suitable to calculate the evolution of certain two-phase flow processes or the performance of some components, which are relevant to the accident analysis of water-cooled reactors. For this reason, special models are developed and these form a supplement to the set of balance and constitutive equations. Two main categories of special models are distinguished as phenomenon related and component related. The former category includes Two-Phase Critical Flow, Counter-Current Flow Limitation, pressure drop coefficient at geometric discontinuity, and direct contact condensation at the emergency core cooling port. The latter category includes pump, valves, steam separator, dryer, and turbine. Special models need consistency with modeling of phenomena by constitutive equations.
Proximal Renal Tubular Acidosis (Fanconi Syndrome) Induced by Apremilast: A Case Report

Apremilast is a recently developed phosphodiesterase 4–inhibitory medication approved for use to treat psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. We report a case of Fanconi syndrome and proximal renal tubular acidosis that was associated with this medication. Our patient was started on treatment with apremilast 2 weeks before his admission. On arrival, laboratory test results were significant for hypokalemia, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, low uric acid concentration, positive urine anion gap, and proteinuria, which resolved on discontinuation of the drug. Two months after the hospitalization, he was restarted on apremilast therapy; 17 days after resumption, the patient was admitted for similar laboratory values, which again improved when apremilast treatment was discontinued. After discharge, laboratory values remained normal without long-term electrolyte repletion. Proximal renal tubular acidosis (Fanconi syndrome) with quick correction of electrolyte concentrations on discontinuation of the drug was diagnosed. Our patient lacked evidence of other causes. Our patient fulfilled criteria associated with this disease and responded well off treatment with the offending agent. Literature review did not reveal prior cases associated with this medication.
Unusual Cause of a Wound Infection.

A 21-year-old female with no previous medical history presents to an outpatient clinic with a bilateral nipple piercing infection. She had both nipples pierced about 7 months ago, and over the past week had noticed yellow-green crusty drainage. She tried using saline as a soaking solution, but no improvement was seen. Both nipples were tender to the touch, but she denied redness or fever, injury, or history of eczema. Given the depth of the piercing, topical antibiotic ointment was not thought to be adequate. She is allergic to penicillin, so clindamycin was prescribed for presumed Staphylococcus aureus (the most common cause of this type of infection) or other gram-positive organism. No specimens were sent for culture at this initial visit. One week later she returned to the clinic. Her infection had initially improved, but her symptoms then worsened, with soreness and small amounts of draining pus. The pus was sent for bacterial culture, and ciprofloxacin and topical mupirocin were added at this visit to cover for gram-negative organisms (ciprofloxacin) and S. aureus that may be resistant to clindamycin (mupirocin). A Gram stain of the specimen showed gram-positive cocci in clusters and gram-negative diplococci (GNDC)2, some of which were intracellular (Fig. 1A). Fig. 1. Gram stain of pus showing intracellular gram-negative diplococci (arrow) (A). Colonies on chocolate agar (Remel) after 3 days of growth (B). Two colony types of bacteria grew on trypticase …
Time to STOP Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious condition that is often unrecognized leading to delays in treatment. AKI is an independent risk factor for mortality, intensive care admission and length of stay in hospital. In the UK a National Patient Safety Alert was issued around the recognition and response to AKI as a preventable cause of death and an estimated annual cost of £ 500 million per year to the NHS. A UK BAPN audit in 2012 of 6 centers showed > 60% of AKI cases were unrecognized. Studies in adults on electronic alerts (e-alerts) for AKI have shown an improvement in recognition but not subsequent response with fluid resuscitation and timely antibiotics. Method A Quality Improvement Project was devised in a large tertiary children's hospital in the UK to improve response and recognition to AKI. The project was based on the children's oncology unit, which is an area of high incidence of AKI with high-risk patients, often in high-risk scenarios. The project utilised Plan Do Study Act (PDSA) cycles and the improvement model. The stages are: initiation of e-alerts on the blood results server, raising awareness of e-alerts, education package on AKI response and recognition which is now informing the development of a AKI care bundle. Results The overall incidence of AKI is low, mean 8–10 per week since the interventions there has been an increase in recognition and a decrease in the number of AKI stage 1 that progressed. There has been no increase in the number of blood tests being requested (balancing measure). Interestingly false positive alerts have been seen in children on hyperhydration for risk of tumour lysis syndrome. Conclusion A multidisciplinary approach can achieve improvements in recognition & response to AKI.
Spiritual, Family, and Ministry Satisfaction among Missionaries

Missionaries function within overlapping communities or subsystems which comprise the larger cross-cultural missions system. This study assumed a synergistic relationship among these subsystems of ...
Nutrition Support Team Guide to Maternal Diet for the Human‐Milk‐Fed Infant

BACKGROUND Human milk feeding is encouraged for all infants; however, the mammary gland depends on maternal dietary intake of vitamins A, B1, B2, B6, B12, D, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), choline, and iodine. Nutrition support team knowledge of maternal feeding guidelines for these nutrient sources can therefore impact infant intake. We hypothesized that these key nutrients for lactation in the mother's diet would be less than the dietary guidelines in the United States. METHODS This was a secondary analysis of nutrition data collected during a randomized, controlled trial. Dietary records were analyzed from 16 mothers (13 with singleton and 3 with multiple births) completing the study. Mean dietary intakes of selected nutrients were calculated and compared with the current dietary reference intakes. RESULTS Mean maternal dietary intake for singletons was significantly (P < .05) lower than the dietary reference intakes for (vitamin A (58%), vitamin D (44%), and choline (58%);) DHA comprised only 5% of the current expert recommendation. Based on singleton recommendations, mothers to twins consumed an adequate intake except for DHA. CONCLUSIONS Women providing breast milk for singleton preterm infants did not consume dietary reference intakes for key nutrients. Twin mothers' diets were adequate except for DHA, but these guidelines are based on singleton pregnancies and remain poorly understood for twin needs. The nutrition support team can have a unique role in maternal dietary education to impact human milk nutrient delivery to the infant.
Verifiable Control of Robotic Swarm from High-level Specifications

Designing controllers for safe, scalable and flexible collective behaviors of large numbers of robots is an important and challenging problem in swarm robotics. In this paper, we focus on provably-correct controller synthesis from high-level specifications and demonstrate the approach on several physical swarms. To this end, we first automatically synthesize discrete controllers (symbolic plans) from high-level task specifications expressed in temporal logic. Then, we automatically synthesize continuous controllers that implement the symbolic plans while ensuring collision avoidance and describe methods for mitigating deadlocks that might occur. In addition, centralized and decentralized continuous controller design are compared and analyzed. Finally, we demonstrate the flexibility and versatility of the control paradigm by applying it to three different examples of swarm systems with two different types of robots.
On a Conjectural Equation of Certain Kinds of Surfaces

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on a conjectural equation of certain kinds of surfaces.
NEW MODEL FOR Ca2+ BINDING BY THE SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM Ca2+ PUMP

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a new model for the binding of Ca2+ ions to the high-affinity Ca2+ binding sites of the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium pump protein. This model provides a surprisingly simple answer to the question of how transport stoichiometry might be absolutely fixed, with a vanishingly small possibility for slippage. Some sort of structural linkage between the Ca2+ and the ATP binding sites is essential for a complete description of the pump mechanism, and the hypothesis that this event may be a part of the cavity-closing transition is attractive. This model provides for occlusion of bound transport ions as an essential step of the translocation mechanism. This model also provides a plausible explanation for the hitherto unexplained observation that Ca2+ is required for phosphorylation of the pump protein but not for ATP binding. Kinetic analysis has been extended to transient kinetic processes without turnover. It is readily adapted to fixed stoichiometries other than 2:1, such as the 3 Na+ per cycle in the ATP-driven Na+, K+ pump or the Ca2+ / Na+ exchanger.
Peroral pharyngeal block for placement of esophageal endoprostheses.

Background and Objectives. The placement of plastic peroral endoprostheses frequently is done in the United States as a palliation for esophageal cancer. However, the combination of topical local anesthetics and sedatives, the most commonly used means to achieve anesthesia, can cause complications and often does not adequately suppress the gag reflex. The purpose of this study was to compare sedation requirements in patients receiving the standard topical local anesthetic versus patients receiving peroral pharyngeal plexus block. Methods. From December 1987 through April 1991, 11 patients underwent endoscopic esophageal stent placement. The first six patients received topical 10% lidocaine spray, the other five patients received pharyngeal plexus blocks. Supplemental sedation was given until the patient closed their eyes but were responsive to verbal stimuli. Completeness of block was evaluated by stimulating the posterior oropharynx. Total sedative requirements were recorded for each patient. Results. Patients receiving pharyngeal plexus block had profound anesthesia and suppression of the gag reflex, as determined by examination and the patient9s tolerance of the procedure. Patients receiving only topical anesthesia and intravenous sedation tolerated the procedure poorly and required a greater amount of intravenous sedation than those in the blocked group ( p Conclusions. Our experience indicates that the endoscopic placement of esophageal endoprostheses is optimally performed with the aid of pharyngeal plexus block. This block provides profound anesthesia with minimal risk in debilitated, high-risk patients. The neuroanatomy of the oropharynx is also reviewed.
Plenary lecture 3: new developments of kernel methods in weather prediction and applications

The main objective of this talk is to present recent developments in the applications of kernel methods and Support Vector Machines (SVMs) to severe weather prediction. I will also discuss how kernel methods can be used to uncover physically meaningful, predictive patterns in weather radar data that alert to severe weather before the severe weather occurs. Specific indices related to the analysis of imbalanced weather data (for example tornado data) using kernel methods will be also discussed. In addition a family of learning algorithms, motivated by Support Vector Machines, capable of replacing traditional methods for assimilating data and generating forecasts, without requiring the assumptions made by the assimilation methods (Kalman filters) and an application of kernel methods to processing the states of a Quasi-Geostrophic (QG) numerical model will be presented. Extensions of those techniques to other areas of applications will be investigated.
Use of a Metabolic Syndrome Severity Z Score to Track Risk During Treatment of Prediabetes: An Analysis of the Diabetes Prevention Program.

OBJECTIVE We assessed whether changes in metabolic syndrome (MetS) severity during the treatment of prediabetes are associated with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed data from the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) for 2,476 adults in 1996–1999 with prediabetes randomized to receive treatment with lifestyle modification, metformin, or placebo for 2–3 years and followed through 2014 for T2DM and CVD outcomes. We calculated effect sizes from baseline in a MetS severity z score (MetS-Z) and the individual MetS components, and assessed relationships between 1-year effect size and incident T2DM and CVD using hazard ratios (HRs) and mediation analysis. RESULTS Baseline MetS-Z and its components were associated with risk of incident T2DM and CVD. During year 1 of intervention, MetS-Z and its components decreased most with lifestyle modification, followed by treatment with metformin and placebo. Risk of T2DM within 1–5 years was most strongly associated with 1-year changes in MetS-Z and waist circumference (both HRs for a 1 SD increase = 1.80), whereas the risk of CVD was associated with a 1-year change in MetS-Z, glucose, and systolic blood pressure. In mediation analyses, the effect of lifestyle modification on T2DM risk was mediated by 1-year changes in MetS-Z, waist circumference, glucose, and triglycerides, whereas the effect of metformin was mediated by MetS-Z and glucose. CONCLUSIONS Changes in these risk indicators of MetS severity during intervention in the DPP reflect altered disease risk and may help in tracking earlier responses to treatment and in motivating patients.
Investigation of the combined efficiency of a solar/gas hybrid water heating system

Abstract In climate regions with large seasonal variations in solar radiation, such as the Pacific Northwest of the United States, a solar thermal energy collector might not economically satisfy year-round domestic water heating demands, requiring an auxiliary unit, such as a natural gas-fired water heater. Previous studies have shown that the burner efficiency of a gas-fired water heater varies depending on the log-mean temperature difference between the cold fluid (water) and the hot fluid (combustion gases). In a solar/gas hybrid water heating system, where solar collectors are used in conjunction with a gas-fired heater, the partial heating of water provided by solar input reduces the log-mean temperature difference value for the gas heater, reducing the efficiency of the gas burner. Since this efficiency reduction varies depending on the amount of pre-heating provided by solar energy input, it is difficult to accurately predict the actual cost and energy savings offered by solar/gas hybrid water heaters in different climates and operation scenarios. Hence, to predict the actual energy and cost savings under various design conditions, the performance of solar/gas hybrid systems must be better understood. The objective of this work is to experimentally determine the thermal performance of a solar/gas water hybrid water heating system with a 6.44 m2 flat plate solar collector array and a 22.3 kW natural gas burner in Corvallis, Oregon, USA. Under different temperature lifts and solar insolation values, the system was operated at three different modes of heating: solar, gas, and combined solar/gas mode. The overall system thermal efficiency value for each mode is calculated. The efficiency of the solar collector heating system was found to be 41.97%, 39.82%, and 35.05% at initial water temperature of 20, 30, and 51.5 °C, respectively. For initial water temperatures of 20, 30, and 51.5 °C, the efficiency of the gas burner was found to be 69.2%, 66.4%, and 65.5% at the HHV, and 76.7%, 73.6%, and 72.6% at the LHV of natural gas, respectively. In the combined solar/gas heating mode, the efficiency of the gas burner decreased with increasing solar fraction. For solar fractions of 4.93%, 9.40%, 11.39%, and 14.27%, the efficiency of the gas burner in terms of the HHV of natural gas was found to be of 69.08%, 66.80%, 66.17%, and 65.18%, respectively. Based on the experimental results, a configuration that would provide higher overall system efficiency for combined solar/gas heating is suggested.
Estimating Quotients for the New Long Division Algorithm.

Ahe new algorithm for division of whole numbers reduces the dependence upon correctly estimating quotients because it compensates for estimates that would have been too small in the old algorithm. But without any techniques of estimating quotients, a child can spend hours doing only a few examples. A two-step method of estimating quotients may overcome this problem. The first step establishes the number of digits in the quotient, and the second shortens the labor. This method is explained below, using 31,598 -s37 as an example. In Step l(a) two digits matching the divisor have been placed under the digits in the dividend as far to the left as possible permitting subtraction to be performed, and zeros have been entered in the tens place and ones place. In Step l(ft) the partial quotient 100 has been entered, because 3,700 = 100 x 37. These two steps establish that the quotient is a three-digit number.
An investigation of instructional practices which promote occupational safety and health.

In order to promote insight into providing secure teaching and learning environments within schools, this study sought to: (a) explore instructional practices utilized by educators to promote occup...
Promoting Reproducible Research for Characterizing Nonmedical Use of Medications Through Data Annotation: Description of a Twitter Corpus and Guidelines.

Background: Social media data are being increasingly used for population-level health research because it provides near real-time access to large volumes of consumer-generated data. Recently, a number of studies have explored the possibility of using social media data, such as from Twitter, for monitoring prescription medication abuse. However, there is a paucity of annotated data or guidelines for data characterization that discuss how information related to abuse-prone medications is presented on Twitter. Objective: This study discusses the creation of an annotated corpus suitable for training supervised classification algorithms for the automatic classification of medication abuse–related chatter. The annotation strategies used for improving interannotator agreement (IAA), a detailed annotation guideline, and machine learning experiments that illustrate the utility of the annotated corpus are also described. Methods: We employed an iterative annotation strategy, with interannotator discussions held and updates made to the annotation guidelines at each iteration to improve IAA for the manual annotation task. Using the grounded theory approach, we first characterized tweets into fine-grained categories and then grouped them into 4 broad classes—abuse or misuse, personal consumption, mention, and unrelated. After the completion of manual annotations, we experimented with several machine learning algorithms to illustrate the utility of the corpus and generate baseline performance metrics for automatic classification on these data. Results: Our final annotated set consisted of 16,443 tweets mentioning at least 20 abuse-prone medications including opioids, benzodiazepines, atypical antipsychotics, central nervous system stimulants, and gamma-aminobutyric acid analogs. Our final overall IAA was 0.86 (Cohen kappa), which represents high agreement. The manual annotation process revealed the variety of ways in which prescription medication misuse or abuse is discussed on Twitter, including expressions indicating coingestion, nonmedical use, nonstandard route of intake, and consumption above the prescribed doses. Among machine learning classifiers, support vector machines obtained the highest automatic classification accuracy of 73.00% (95% CI 71.4-74.5) over the test set (n=3271). Conclusions: Our manual analysis and annotations of a large number of tweets have revealed types of information posted on Twitter about a set of abuse-prone prescription medications and their distributions. In the interests of reproducible and community-driven research, we have made our detailed annotation guidelines and the training data for the classification experiments publicly available, and the test data will be used in future shared tasks.