cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pelagic fishes in the Marguerite Bay region of the West Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf

Abstract Pelagic fishes in the Marguerite Bay region of the western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) continental margin were sampled using a 10-m 2 MOCNESS as part of the Southern Ocean Global Ocean Ecosystems Dynamics (SO GLOBEC) program. Sixty-two tows were completed during the course of four cruises conducted during the austral fall and winter, 22 each during the austral fall, and 9 each during the austral winter. Six thousand and sixty individuals of 34 species representing 13 families were collected in the fall, while 672 individuals of 22 species from 10 families were collected in the winter. Nearly all of the notothenioid specimens collected (families Artedraconidae, Bathydraconidae, Channichthyidae, and Nototheniidae) were either larvae or young juveniles (0–2 years). Conversely, except for the paralepidid Notolepis coatsi and the occasional juveniles of the bathylagid Bathylagus antarcticus , the gonostomatid Cyclothone kobayashii , or the myctophid Electrona antarctica , the non-notothenioid specimens collected were predominantly adults. In the fall, the nototheniids Pleuragramma antarcticum and Trematomus scotti , and the myctophid E. antarctica numerically dominated the overall assemblage, collectively accounting for 89.7% of the total catch. In the winter, E. antarctica , Cyclothone microdon , and B. antarcticus were the numerical dominants, each contributing 14–20% of the total. The pelagic fish community within the Marguerite Bay region of the WAP continental shelf is a variable mixture of mesopelagic and neritic fauna. At one extreme is an oceanic assemblage exhibiting high-diversity indices and characterized by the genera Electrona , Gymnoscopelus , Protomyctophum , Bathylagus , Cyclothone , and Notolepis . Minor components of this group include numerous less common mesopelagic genera (e.g., Paradiplospinus , Lampanyctus , Benthalbella , Borostomias ) and the occasional larval/juvenile notothenioid. At the other extreme is a coastal assemblage with low-diversity indices dominated by larval and juvenile notothenioids, particularly Pleuragramma antarcticum This assemblage is also characterized by a numerically low but consistent liparid and zoarcid component, with the latter group often contributing disproportionately to the total biomass. The degree of overlap between the two assemblages and the relative dominance of representative species is directly related to local hydrographic conditions, in particular the presence of Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW). The unique hydrographic conditions of the WAP shelf and the accompanying spatial heterogeneity in pelagic ichthyofauna provide a striking contrast to the continental margin areas of the Ross, Weddell, Davis, and Dumont d’Urville Seas where sharp temperature gradients near the shelf break result in a clear separation of oceanic and coastal assemblages.
Prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects: predictive value of AF-AFP in a low-risk population

Amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein (AF-AFP) determinations were performed on 1,215 women who were at low risk for fetal neural tube defects and who were undergoing mid-trimester amniocentesis for cytogenetic indications, primarily age-related aneuploidy. Maternal sera obtained before amniocentesis and amniotic fluids were assayed in duplicate for alpha-fetoprotein by radioimmunoassay. Of the 1,215 low-risk women, eight (0.7%) had significant elevations of AF-AFP (greater than or equal to +5 SD). In none of the cases was the elevation associated with a fetal neural tube defect. Two cases with elevated AF-AFP were associated with chromosome aberrations; one with impending fetal demise; one with fetal blood contamination; and one case was due to a laboratory error. In one case, no source for the elevated AFP was found, and a normal infant was delivered at term. In the final two cases, the cause of the elevated AF-AFP was a fetal abdominal wall defect (one gastroschisis and one omphalocele). The predictive value of an elevated AFP varies with the population screened, and is reduced by routine ultrasonography before amniocentesis, which at least identifies anencephaly. In a low-risk population, an elevated AF-AFP is most often not associated with a fetal neural tube defect. Because of the low predictive value and the nonspecificity of AF-AFP, genetic counselors should reconsider the recommendation of routine AF-AFP in low-risk maternal populations.
Crude oil in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer. I: Hydrogeology and inorganic geochemistry

Abstract Changes in the distribution of inorganic solutes in a shallow ground water contaminated by crude oil document a series of geochemical reactions initiated by biodegradation of the oil. Upgradient of an oil body floating on the water table, oxidation of oil to carbonic acid dissolves carbonate minerals in the aquifer matrix. In this oxidized zone pH is depressed ∼1 pH unit, and the concentrations of Ca, Mg and HCO 3 − increase to more than twice that of the native ground water. In the anoxic zone beneath the oil body concentrations of dissolved SiO 2 , Sr, K, Fe and Mn increase significantly. Here, Fe is mobilized by microbial reduction, pH is buffered by the carbonate system, and silicates weather via hydrolysis and organic-acid-enhanced dissolution. Farther down-gradient the ground water is reoxygenated and Fe precipitates from solution, possibly as iron hydroxide or iron carbonates, while SiO 2 precipitates as amorphous silica. Other solutes, such as Mg, are transported more conservatively down-gradient where contaminated and native ground water mix. The observed changes in inorganic aqueous chemistry document changes in water-mineral interactions caused by the presence of an organic contaminant. These organic-initiated interactions are likely present in many contaminated aquifers and may be analogous to interactions occurring in other organic-rich natural waters.
The Relative Use of Contextual and Temporal Reference Price Components in Hotel and Airline Purchases

Do consumers rely more on past prices paid or competitor’s prices when evaluating hotel or airline prices? This research addresses this question by examining the relative use of contextual reference price components versus temporal reference price components for telephone, Internet-proprietary (e.g., Hilton.com), and Internet-third party (Expedia.com) hotel and airline purchases. Furthermore, the effects of brand loyalty, purchase frequency, and the likelihood of unavailability on the balance between contextual and temporal cues are also explored. A scale is developed to measure temporal and contextual cues. Results indicate that contextual cues dominate over temporal cues the most with Internet-third party, less with Internet-proprietary, and least with telephone purchase situations. Also, the study finds that contextual cues dominate the most over temporal cues for infrequent purchasers and for nonbrand loyal purchasers.
Molecular epidemiologic studies within the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT).

Objective: To conduct timely epidemiologic investigations of molecular/genetic markers that may contribute to the development of prostate, lung, colorectal, or other cancers within the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT), and to evaluate interactions between these markers and the study interventions.
Topical Delivery of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs for Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most commonly reported chronic pain syndromes experienced in the United States. Treatment guidelines for OA recommend acetaminophen for first-line pharmacotherapy for these patients; however, this strategy is rarely effective as monotherapy. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are considered the next step in therapy and have accumulated a large body of data to support their efficacy for OA. Unfortunately, this class of agents is not without the potential for significant adverse effects. In an effort to capture the efficacy of NSAIDs while decreasing their side effect burden, many clinicians are turning to the topical administration of these agents. Localized pain and smaller, superficial joints may be especially amenable to the topical administration of NSAIDs. Numerous commercially available topical NSAID formulations have been shown to be efficacious in patients with OA. This review focuses on the topical delivery of NSAIDs for the treatment of OA.
Extraocular muscle surgery for extorsion after macular translocation surgery new surgical technique and clinical management.

Purpose To report a new extraocular muscle surgery procedure for large-angle extorsion, and clinical management of subjective tilt and diplopia after full macular translocation (MT360). Design Consecutive retrospective case series. Participants Seven patients with downward MT360 were evaluated after MT360, both before (preoperative) and after (postoperative) extraocular muscle surgery, with at least 6 months' follow-up. Methods Information gathered included demographics, visual acuity, ocular motility, torsion by Maddox rod, ocular history, and symptoms of visual disturbance. Surgery on extraocular muscles was performed based on the magnitude of torsion measured after MT360 surgery. Main Outcomes Measures Maddox rod testing of torsion after MT360, and both preoperative and postoperative extraocular muscle surgery. Results Mean preoperative torsion was reduced from 45.4±11.3° to 8.3±4.8° (at 6 months after MT360) ( P = 0.03). Extraocular muscle surgery slightly reduced the mean hypertropia of the operated eye (preoperative, 20±10 prism diopters [PD], vs. postoperative, 11±6 PD) ( P = 0.06). Mean exotropia was affected minimally by extraocular muscle surgery (preoperative, 22±31 PD, vs. postoperative, 20±24 PD). Three patients required a second extraocular muscle surgery (performed on the fellow eye) to correct residual extorsion and diplopia. Overall, 85% (6/7) of patients were free of both diplopia and tilt after 1 or 2 extraocular muscle surgeries. Conclusions Although our patients continued to have significant horizontal/vertical strabismus postoperatively, the extraocular muscle surgery performed was successful in reducing the torsional misalignment enough such that the remaining diplopia could be successfully ignored or suppressed.
SPMD execution of programs with dynamic data structures on distributed memory machines

A combination of language features and compilation techniques that permits SPMD (single-program multiple-data) execution of programs with pointer-based dynamic data structures is presented. The Distributed Dynamic Pascal (DDP) language, which supports the construction and manipulation of local as well as distributed data structures, is described. The compiler techniques developed translate a sequential DDP program for SPMD execution in which all processors are provided with the same program but each processor executes only that part of the program which operates on the elements of the distributed data structures local to the processor. Therefore, the parallelism implicit in a sequential program is exploited. An approach for implementing pointers that is based on the generation of names for the nodes in a dynamic data structure is presented. The name-based strategy makes possible the dynamic distribution of data structures among the processors as well as the traversal of distributed data structures without interprocessor communication. >
Metal-phosphate interactions in the hammerhead ribozyme observed by 31P NMR and phosphorothioate substitutions.

The hammerhead ribozyme is a catalytic RNA that requires divalent metal cations for activity under moderate ionic strength. Two important sites that are proposed to bind metal ions in the hammerhead ribozyme are the A9/G10.1 site, located at the junction between stem II and the conserved core, and the scissile phosphate (P1.1). 31P NMR spectroscopy in conjunction with phosphorothioate substitutions is used in this study to investigate these putative metal sites. The 31P NMR feature of a phosphorothioate appears in a unique spectral window and can be monitored for changes upon addition of metals. Addition of 1−2 equiv of Cd2+ to the hammerhead with an A9-SRp or A9-SSp substitution results in a 2−3 ppm upfield shift of the 31P NMR resonance. In contrast, the P1.1-SRp and P1.1-SSp 31P NMR features shift slightly and in opposite directions, with a total change in δ of ≤0.6 ppm with addition of up to 10 equiv of Cd2+. No significant shifts are observed for an RNA·RNA duplex with a single, internal phosphorothi...
Angina in patients with an active lifestyle

The care of the active angina patient comprises risk stratification, risk factor modification, cardiac rehabilitation and pharmacotherapy. Risk stratification may be undertaken using a symptom limited exercise test, with the possibility of myocardial perfusion imaging to improve sensitivity. Higher risk patients may be evaluated angiographically. Risk factor modification should be tailored to the individual patient and should include weight reduction, cessation of smoking, treatment of hypertension and a controlled increase in levels of exercise for the sedentary patient. Cardiac rehabilitation is comprised of patient education, risk factor management and an individualized exercise prescription, based on a symptom-limited exercise tolerance test. Exercise training is associated with measurable physiological improvements in exercise tolerance. The risk of myocardial infarction due to sudden bouts of heavy exertion is also reduced, by approximately 50-fold, in those who exercise regularly. Pharmacological management should be based on the patient's anginal threshold. Those with a high threshold may be treated symptomatically with nitroglycerin, while beta-blockers may be the most appropriate therapy for those with a lower threshold. Those with a variable threshold may respond better to calcium channel blockers. Long-acting agents are preferred, ideally providing therapeutic coverage in the morning, and throughout the day, until the next daily dose reaches therapeutic levels.
American Attitudes toward Guest Worker Policies

In this study we use data from a 2004 New York Times/CBS News national survey to analyze public opinion toward a guest worker program and to compare predictors of support for guest worker and general immigration policies. In general, Americans tend to be divided in their attitudes toward a guest worker program, although support for temporary worker policies is stronger when legalization for unauthorized immigrants is conditioned on certain requirements, and when the program is coupled with enhanced border security. The results of the bivariate probit analysis indicate that individuals who favor reducing the immigration level also tend to oppose instituting a guest worker program. Perceptions of the “costs” of immigration emerged as the most important determinant of individuals’ attitudes toward immigration policies; such beliefs contributed to opposition to a guest worker policy and support for reducing the immigration level. We also found that residents of high-immigration states and Latinos were more likely to support a temporary worker program. However, these characteristics do not appear to influence individuals’ judgments about the number of immigrants who should be admitted to the United States. Findings regarding the impact of political partisanship and ideology on attitudes toward the two policies were more ambiguous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Cloud Parameterization for Climate Modeling: Status and Prospects

The current status of cloud parameterization research is reviewed. It is emphasized that the upper tropospheric stratiform clouds associated with deep convection are both physically important and poorly parameterized in current models. Emerging parameterizations are described in general terms, with emphasis on prognostic cloud water and fractional cloudiness, and how these relate to the problem just mentioned.
How Coil–Cortex Distance Relates to Age, Motor Threshold, and Antidepressant Response to Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a tool with antidepressant potential that uses a coil placed on the scalp to produce a powerful magnetic field that directly stimulates only the outermost cortex. MRI scans were obtained in 29 depressed adults involved in an rTMS antidepressant clinical treatment. These scans were analyzed to investigate the effect of distance from coil to cortex on clinical parameters. Longer motor cortex distance, but not prefrontal distance, strongly correlated with increased motor threshold (P<0.01). Clinical antidepressant response did not correlate with either distance. The rTMS antidepressant responders, however, were significantly younger (t=–2.430, P<0.05), and there appears to be a maximum threshold of age and distance to prefrontal cortex for response.
Non-uniqueness in reverse time of hybrid system trajectories

Under standard Lipschitz conditions, trajectories of systems described by ordinary differential equations are well defined in both forward and reverse time. (The flow map is invertible.) However for hybrid systems, uniqueness of trajectories in forward time does not guarantee flow-map invertibility, allowing non-uniqueness in reverse time. The paper establishes a necessary and sufficient condition that governs invertibility through events. It is shown that this condition is equivalent to requiring reverse-time trajectories to transversally encounter event triggering hypersurfaces. This analysis motivates a homotopy algorithm that traces a one-manifold of initial conditions that give rise to trajectories which all reach a common point at the same time.
Design of an efficient architecture for real-time image enhancement based on a luma-dependent nonlinear approach

A luminance dependent nonlinear image enhancement algorithm is proposed in this paper. Luma-dependent nonlinear enhancement (LDNE) is a luminance based multi-scale center/surround retinex algorithm, which achieves simultaneous dynamic range compression, color consistency and lightness rendition. Compared to other image enhancement algorithms, LDNE provides better color fidelity, specifies fewer parameters, enhances less noise, prevents the unwanted luminance drop at the uniform luminance areas, keeps the 'bright' background unaffected, and enhances well the 'dark' objects in 'bright' background. To support real time applications, an FPGA based co-processor is designed to perform some of the most computationally intensive operation in LDNE algorithm. Estimation techniques are introduced in the hardware algorithmic designed to achieve faster, simpler and more efficient architecture which is capable of processing more than 21 frames per second.
Causal inference: the case of hygiene and health.

503A fundamental goal of applied epidemiology is todetermine whether a relationship between 2 factors iscausal. For example, the primary purpose of an out-break investigation is to identify what factor(s)“caused” the problem, and the purpose of the Study ofthe Efficacy of Nosocomial Infection Control (SENICProject) was to measure the effect of infection controland prevention programs on rates of nosocomialinfections (ie, whether strong programs were associat-ed with or “caused” a reduction in infections).
Least Square Method to Optimize the Coefficients of Complex Finite-Difference Space Stencils

The numerical dispersion of the finite-difference time-domain methods can be lowered by using the complex space stencils. Properly adjusting the coefficients of the space stencils results in a further dispersion reduction. However, it is not trivial to determine the optimal values of the coefficients. This paper uses the least square method to optimize various finite-difference stencils. The method is validated by the numerical analysis
Good pedagogical random number generators

A CACM by Park and Miller [6] advocated a standard for random number generators based on the Lehmer generator [5] and criticised a number of computer science textbooks for presenting bad random number generators. This paper advocates the proposed standard and presents a set of generators based on theoretically sound principles that are also useful for microcomputer implementation and classroom presentations at the introductory level.
Origins of Spurious Organic Acidurias

The diagnosis of inborn errors of organic acid metabolism is based on the assumption that the sudden appearance or elevation of diagnostic, urinary organic acids is directly related to a specific enzymatic defect. The assumption may be misleading because there are instances in which other mechanisms may be responsible. In the rush to get laboratory results out, these factors may not be given sufficient consideration. Age and Dietary Considerations The neonate, because of the immaturity of its physiologic systems, will often show compounds in the urine different from those of older children. Chalmers and Lawson 1(pp 189-190) noted that the effects of diet on organic acid excretion patterns are much greater in newborns than in older children and adults. High levels of 2-oxoglutaric acid are often seen, and elevated levels of fumaric acid are occasionally seen. Both could be partially caused by alterations in the Krebs cycle and acid-base metabolism. Adipic acid is a 6-carbon, medium-chain dicarboxylic acid seen in small amounts in the urine of newborns. The presence of large amounts of the compound is usually indicative of an error of metabolism. Glick and Fischer 2 reported large amounts of adipic acid in urine of children eating gelatins. In that report and in 2 of the 3 cases we observed, adipic acid was the only diagnostic organic acid level elevated. Our third case, a patient with isovaleric aciduria recovering from an episodic attack, showed a sudden appearance of a large amount of adipic acid along with a high level of isovalerylglycine. The adipic acid was traced to Pregestimil (Mead Johnson), a milk formula fortified with medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) in which 75% of the fatty acids originate with a 6-carbon dicarboxyilc acid. In addition to adipic acid, other medium-chain dicarboxylic acids are commonly found in the course of urinary organic acid screening. Usually, these occurrences are not due to inborn errors of metabolism. Dicarboxylic aciduria may be secondary to fasting, diabetic ketoacidosis, anticonvulsant therapy, an MCT-containing diet, and neonatal enzymatic immaturity. 3
The cosmological model of eternal inflation and the transition from chance to biological evolution in the history of life

Recent developments in cosmology radically change the conception of the universe as well as the very notions of "probable" and "possible". The model of eternal inflation implies that all macroscopic histories permitted by laws of physics are repeated an infinite number of times in the infinite multiverse. In contrast to the traditional cosmological models of a single, finite universe, this worldview provides for the origin of an infinite number of complex systems by chance, even as the probability of complexity emerging in any given region of the multiverse is extremely low. This change in perspective has profound implications for the history of any phenomenon, and life on earth cannot be an exception. Origin of life is a chicken and egg problem: for biological evolution that is governed, primarily, by natural selection, to take off, efficient systems for replication and translation are required, but even barebones cores of these systems appear to be products of extensive selection. The currently favored (partial) solution is an RNA world without proteins in which replication is catalyzed by ribozymes and which serves as the cradle for the translation system. However, the RNA world faces its own hard problems as ribozyme-catalyzed RNA replication remains a hypothesis and the selective pressures behind the origin of translation remain mysterious. Eternal inflation offers a viable alternative that is untenable in a finite universe, i.e., that a coupled system of translation and replication emerged by chance, and became the breakthrough stage from which biological evolution, centered around Darwinian selection, took off. A corollary of this hypothesis is that an RNA world, as a diverse population of replicating RNA molecules, might have never existed. In this model, the stage for Darwinian selection is set by anthropic selection of complex systems that rarely but inevitably emerge by chance in the infinite universe (multiverse). The plausibility of different models for the origin of life on earth directly depends on the adopted cosmological scenario. In an infinite universe (multiverse), emergence of highly complex systems by chance is inevitable. Therefore, under this cosmology, an entity as complex as a coupled translation-replication system should be considered a viable breakthrough stage for the onset of biological evolution. This article was reviewed by Eric Bapteste, David Krakauer, Sergei Maslov, and Itai Yanai.
A data mining approach to strategy prediction

We present a data mining approach to opponent modeling in strategy games. Expert gameplay is learned by applying machine learning techniques to large collections of game logs. This approach enables domain independent algorithms to acquire domain knowledge and perform opponent modeling. Machine learning algorithms are applied to the task of detecting an opponent's strategy before it is executed and predicting when an opponent will perform strategic actions. Our approach involves encoding game logs as a feature vector representation, where each feature describes when a unit or building type is first produced. We compare our representation to a state lattice representation in perfect and imperfect information environments and the results show that our representation has higher predictive capabilities and is more tolerant of noise. We also discuss how to incorporate our data mining approach into a full game playing agent.
Joint ownership verification for an image using digital watermarking

In this paper, we propose a novel watermarking algorithm that makes use of a generalized secret sharing scheme to address the problem of joint ownership for digital images, which has not be adequately addressed so far. Given that multiple owners create an image jointly, only an authorized group of owners are given distinct shares and can create watermarks jointly. Then, each authorized owner's contribution to the watermarks is put in the different sub-bands in the wavelet domain of an image so that the watermark detector can verify joint ownership as well as partial ownership. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is robust against a wide range of digital signal processing procedures.
Anomalous Noise in Schottky Diode Mixers at Millimeter Wavelengths

Measurements on state-of-the-art 85 GHz mixers using GaAs Schottky-barrier diodes give high values of noise temperature ratio (~1.3) and loss temperature (~500/spl deg/K) despite low conversion loss (~5dB SSB) and input noise temperature (~600/spl deg/K SSB). The source of this noise has not yet been identified.
Gout and risk for subsequent coronary heart disease. The Meharry-Hopkins Study.

Background: Patients with gout are encountered frequently in clinical practice. Previous studies have suggested that hyperuricemia and gout may represent risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD), the most common cause of death in American men. Methods: Prospectively collected data from 2 longitudinal cohort studies of former medical students—371 black men in the Meharry Cohort Study and 1181 white men in the Johns Hopkins Precursors Study—were analyzed. The development of gout and of CHD was determined by physician self-report, and validated by using published criteria. The risk for CHD associated with gout was evaluated using Cox proportional hazards analysis. Results: During a median follow-up of 30 years, there were 38 gout cases and 44 CHD events among the Meharry men, and 68 gout cases and 138 CHD events among the Hopkins men. Prior gout was not associated with an increased risk for incident CHD (relative risk=1.20; 95% confidence interval, 0.37-3.92) among the Meharry men or among the Hopkins men (relative risk=0.66; 95% confidence interval, 0.24-1.79). Multivariate analysis adjusted for known CHD risk factors did not alter these findings. Conclusion: These results, in black and white male physicians, do not suggest a role in men for targeting gout identification in the primary prevention of CHD. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:1436-1440
Modeling spatial economic impacts of an earthquake: input‐output approaches

Economic modeling issues for measuring damages and losses from disasters and their impacts are complex. The questions surrounding the potential economic effects of a disaster have been studied and discussed in various aspects. Input‐output analysis has been employed in many studies to measure and evaluate the economic impacts of disasters, mainly because of the ability to reflect the structure of regional economy in great detail. Whereas they provide useful information regarding the economic impacts and consequences and about the resource allocation strategies to minimize the losses and impacts, many of these studies have failed to investigate the dynamic nature of impact path over space and time, due to the difficulties to obtain such data and also to the static nature of input‐output framework. In order to analyze the spatial impacts of a disaster, Miyazawa's extension to the conventional input‐output framework is employed and is applied for the case of the Great Hanshin Earthquake.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health Care Access and Health Outcomes for Adults With Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE —To evaluate health care access and utilization and health status and outcomes for type 2 diabetic patients according to race and ethnicity and to determine whether health status is influenced by health care access and utilization. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —National samples of Caucasians, African-Americans, and Mexican-Americans were studied in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Information on medical history and treatment of diabetes, health care access and utilization, and health status and outcomes was obtained by structured questionnaires and by clinical and laboratory assessments. RESULTS —Almost all patients in each race and ethnic group had one primary source of ambulatory medical care (92–97%), saw one physician at this source (83–92%), and had at least semiannual physician visits (83–90%). Almost all patients ≥65 years of age had health insurance (99–100%), and for those patients 1c ≥7% (58–66 vs. 55%), blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg among those with diagnosed hypertension (60–65 vs. 55%), and clinical proteinuria (11–14 vs. 5%). In contrast, they had better levels of total cholesterol (≥240 mg/dl) (28–30 vs. 34%) and HDL cholesterol (≥45 mg/dl) (46–59 vs. 38%), and African-American and Mexican-American men were less overweight than Caucasian men (BMI ≥30) (34–37 vs. 44%), although the opposite was true for women. LDL cholesterol levels and the proportion of patients who smoked cigarettes or were hospitalized in the past year were similar among all three groups. In logistic regression analysis, there was little evidence that levels of blood glucose, blood pressure, lipids, or albuminuria were associated with access to or utilization of health care or with socioeconomic status. CONCLUSIONS —There are some differences by race and ethnicity in health care access and utilization and in health status and outcomes for adults with type 2 diabetes. However, the magnitude of these differences pale in comparison with the suboptimal health status of all three race and ethnic groups relative to established treatment goals. Health status does not appear to be influenced by access to health care.
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE FLOTATION OF MARINE DIATOMS. II. SKELETONEMA COSTATUM AND RHIZOSOLENIA SETIGERA

The influence of ccl1 age, cell size, cell shape, and mode of colony formation on diatom sinking rates was investigated in 26 experiments with Skeletonema costatum (Grev. ) Cleve and R~~ZOXJ~Z the absolute minimum and maximum rates observed were 0.15 and 7.39 m/day. Senescent populations were characterized by higher sinking rates. The number of cells/chain decreased with increasing culture age, resulting in the dominance of the population by solitary cells and two-celled chains after 16 days. The sinking rate of S. costatum was inversely related to the number of cells/chain (colony size) irrespective of culture age. This suggests that the formation of silica rods and chains by S. costatum is an adaptation to flotation. The mean sinking rate of R. setigera ranged from 0.16 to 1.77 m/day; the absolute minimum and maximum rates observed were 0.05 and 22.71 m/day. Post-auxospore cells sank more rapidly, in general, than prc-auxospore cells, possibly reflecting the lower surface area : cell volume ratio of the former type. Spineless prc-auxospore cells sank more rapidly than those having both apical spines. The sinking rate was generally hjgher in senescent cultures, except where post-auxospore cells dominated. The post-auxospore cells frequently exhibited an unique ascending movement off the bottom of the settling chambers that may be related to the light and dark period characteristics of the experiments. This phenomenon became less pronounced, or ceased, with senescence. observed, with certainty, on only one occasion.
The effect of lithium chloride on the electrocardiogram of the isolated perfused heart

Abstract Action potentials were recorded simultaneously from the cavity and the epicardium of the ventricle of the isolated perfused heart of the dog and the turtle before and after alteration of the concentrations of the various cations in the perfusate. High concentrations of lithium chloride in the perfusate slowed the cardiac rate, prolonged the S-T interval, and broadened the T waves. The width and contour of the QRS complex were unaltered, but the voltage was decreased. A very high concentration of lithium seemed to affect primarily the automaticity of the turtle heart. Lithium in a concentration of 25.72 meq. per liter or greater counteracted many of the electrocardiographic effects of an excess of potassium; more specifically, lithium shortened the delayed intraventricular conduction time, increased the shortened S-T interval, and again separated the components of electrical activity from the terminal monophasic and diphasic forms of potassium intoxication. Lithium could not substitute for calcium or sodium in the perfusing solution, although lithium tended to counteract the electrocardiographic effects of a moderately low sodium concentration in the perfusate. An excess of calcium in the perfusate caused an increase in the QRS interval, widening of the T wave, a slight increase in the amplitude of the S wave in the epicardial tracing, and atrioventricular dissociation. The absence of calcium from the perfusate prolonged the P-R interval and Q-T interval, without change in the width or contour of the QRS complex, and broadened the T waves.
In vitro characterization of [3H]-T808 (tau PET tracer) binding in human brain tissues in Alzheimer's disease

datasets allowed to significantly differentiate between AD and non-AD based on WBV and LVV, and between each groups based on HCV. ROC analysis led to similar area under the curve (AUC) when attempting to separate NC and AD subjects using accelerated data, non-accelerated data and random combinations (see Table 1).Conclusions: The use of parallel imaging did not exhibit any impact on volumetric measurements (ICV, HCV, WBVand LVV). This supports the idea that its use in clinical trials MR protocols with a volumetric component should be highly encouraged for faster acquisition and decreased occurrence of motion artifacts. The impact on subsequent atrophy measurements will have to be assessed as well.
Public Participation in Environmental Decisionmaking at the New Millennium: Structuring New Spheres of Public Influence

In recent years, commentators and government officials have realized the importance of effective solicitation and integration of public participation in environmental decisionmaking. A plethora of theories and strategies designed to encourage decisionmakers to consider public input an integral part of policy development and implementation have been introduced. A similar number of methods to increase the public’s feeling of connection to the decision-making of their government have been suggested. This article suggests a framework in which the various forms of public participation may be organized, so that participants can be cognizant of the role they play in the overall process of environmental control. Such a framework will enable presentation of the many diverse forms of public participation as a cohesive system, as opposed to a jumble of unrelated efforts. As such, the framework can be used as a guide for decisionmakers and the public alike, to coordinate efforts and foster an understanding of how individual forms of participation combine to animate public involvement as a whole.
Feasibility of In-Flight Quadrotor Individual Motor Thrust Measurements

Small unmanned aircraft have become increasingly utilized for a wide range of applications; however such aircraft typically do not undergo the same rigorous safety protocols as the larger human piloted counterparts. A thrust estimation for a quadcopter unmanned aircraft was developed and evaluated that could potentially improve flight control design by increasing sensory feedback information. Strain gauges were integrated into the quadcopter frame to provide total force measurements on each arm of the vehicle. To compensate for inertial forces caused by rotational and translational acceleration, a dynamic model coupled with state information from motion capture data was implemented. A variety of tests were conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the individual load cells, inertial compensation, and free-flight motor thrust estimates. Results indicate the strain gauge load cells can accurately measure the total forces acting on the arms. During high frequency maneuvers the inertial compensation algorithm can reduce the measurement uncertainty; however, during low frequency maneuvers the noise caused by poor state information reduces the benefit of the inertial compensation algorithm. Although the algorithm in its current state is not suitable to slow maneuvers it can potentially improve flight control during aggressive maneuvers encountered during in-flight failure events.
The Taxonomy and Calling Songs of United States Tree Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Oecanthinae). I. The Genus Neoxabea and the niveus and varicornis Groups of the Genus Oecanthus

The tree crickets of the United States include Neoxabea bipunctata (De Geer) and 14 species of Oecanthus . The latter are separable into three groups, as follows. (1) the niveus group includes O. niveus (De Geer), formerly known as angustipennis Fitch; O. exclamationis Davis; O. leptogrammus , whose range is from northern South America to southernmost Texas; O. rileyi Baker, a West Coast species formerly regarded as a physiological race of the snowy tree cricket; and O. fultoni , the well-known snowy tree cricket, misidentified for many years as O. niveus . (2) The varicornis group includes O. varicornis Walker, primarily Mexican but ranging into southeastern Texas; O. californicus Saussure, a western species; and O. latipennis Riley, confined to the eastern States. These last two species had not been correctly distinguished previously, and are best separated by characteristics of the stridulatory file. (3) The nigricornis group, which will be treated in a subsequent publication. O. discoloratus Fitch and O. fuscipes Fitch are placed as nomina dubia. The first two groups and their respective species are discussed in terms of nomenclature and synonymy, geographic distribution, habitat relationships, seasonal life history, morphology (including characters of the stridulatory file), and calling song. The calling song is a particularly useful taxonomic character because it is directly involved in the maintenance of reproductive isolation among sympatric species. Factors causing intraspecific variation in calling songs are discussed, and the effect of temperature is stressed. The descriptions of calling songs are based on field notes and the analysis of extensive recordings made in the field and under controlled laboratory conditions. For most species data are adequate to show the effect of temperature upon frequency, pulse rate, and (for chirping species) chirp rate.
Facilitating Technology Development Progression through Quantitative Uncertainty Assessments

Immature technologies introduce uncertainty to system performance forecasts. The purpose of technology development programs is to increase the maturity of the technologies and decrease the uncertainty surrounding their performance impact. Mature modeling capabilities and uncertainty quantification techniques provide new opportunities to conduct quantitative assessments that can aid technology development experiment planning. This study demonstrates how uncertainty quantification information can be used to aid experiment planning decisions through the use of a physics-based aircraft system modeling environment. The results show that prioritization of technologies according to the amount uncertainty surrounding technology impacts and the effect the uncertainties have on system objectives can be achieved. Additionally, simulated uncertainty reduction scenarios demonstrate the importance of tracking both uncertainty reduction and performance progression throughout development.
Visualizing Cellular Metabolic Processes With Combined Nonlinear Optical Microscopy

Macrophages are key players in inflammation. We combine label-free nonlinear optical microscopy techniques (coherent Raman scattering and fluorescence lifetime imaging) to link lipid and energy metabolism with macrophage phenotype in living cells.
Photoredox Catalysis Unlocks Single-Electron Elementary Steps in Transition Metal Catalyzed Cross-Coupling

Since initial reports, cross-coupling technologies employing photoredox catalysts to access novel reactivity have developed with increasing pace. In this Outlook, prominent examples from the recent literature are organized on the basis of the elementary transformation enabled by photoredox catalysis and are discussed in the context of relevant historical precedent in stoichiometric organometallic chemistry. This treatment allows mechanistic similarities inherent to odd-electron transition metal reactivity to be generalized to a set of lessons for future reaction development.
Selective Cooperative Self-Assembly between an Organic Semiconductor and Native Adatoms on Cu(110)

We investigate molecular adsorption, film growth, and self-assembly for titanyl phthalocyanine (TiOPc) on Cu(110) in ultrahigh vacuum using low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (LT-STM). Three unique molecular adsorption configurations are identified, two of which are referred to as “O-down” and one as “O-up”, each differing in the molecular registry with the surface. Even though disorder dominates film growth to coverages in excess of 1 monolayer in the native thin film, extended self-assembled 1D configuration-dependent nanoribbons form upon annealing of the film. The STM data reveal that the nanoribbons consist of “O-down” TiOPc and a Cu skeleton, anchoring cooperatively on the Cu(110) terraces. Agent-based simulations show that nanoribbons grow and elongate due to anisotropic adatom attachment rates along the two major surface directions. The study reveals the importance of molecule–adatom interactions for novel approaches toward nanostructuring organic semiconductor/metal interfaces.
130 A COMPARISION OF THE QUALITY OF DATA GRAPHS IN INITIAL SUBMISSIONS AND PUBLISHED VERSIONS OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS.

Background Graphic displays in scientific manuscripts convey complex relationships not easily described in text. They are the ideal format to show by-subject data. They provide far more information than a summary statistic or p value. Digital imaging and computer software have simplified the creation and decreased the cost of publication of graphs. While the beneficial effects of peer review on the quality of prose have been documented, it is not known to what extent peer review improves the quality of tables and figures submitted for publication. Access to the submitted randomized controlled trial (RCT) manuscripts of the British Medical Journal (BMJ) allows us to compare the submitted version with the subsequently published version. The objective of this study was to characterize the quantity and quality of data graphs in RCTs submitted to the BMJ and published in peer-reviewed journals. An additional objective of our study was to compare the quality of submitted and published data graphs and investigate to what extent the peer review process affected quality. Methods We reviewed the data graphs in a cohort of RCTs submitted to the BMJ during 2001 using a validated scoring form. Information was collected on the type of graph, use of advanced features, clarity of each graph, and discrepancies within the graph. The quality of submitted figures to published figures was compared. We also reviewed the BMJ reviewer and editor comments for each RCT to investigate the extent of peer review. Results There were 41 graphs in the 62 published RCTs (35 with no graphs, 18 with 1 graph, 4 with 2 graphs, 5 with 3 graphs). Despite the ability of graphs to convey complex information, 56% of RCTs submitted to BMJ had no data graphs. Alt Though graphs had few internal errors or contradictions and were visually clear, 72% were simple univariate displays. Graphs failed to portray by-subject data and rarely displayed advanced features such as pairing, symbolic dimensionality, or small multiples. These graphs did not depict data at an appropriate level of detail and did not meet their data presentation potential. Conclusion There was no evidence that the peer review process attempted to improve these graphs, despite ample room for improvement.
Measuring the Effectiveness of Sonified Crossmodal Attribute Pairings Using Contour Matching, Symmetry and Perceived Similarity

This paper presents the results of a user-study measuring users’ perceptions of musically-sonified audio-visual crossmodal correspondences between low-level attributes of motion and sound in virtual space. Metrics including contour matching, perceived symmetry and crossmodal similarity are calculated and discussed with the goal of determining strong candidates to predict user preferences. Study results were analyzed using the Bradley-Terry statistical model, effectively calculating the relative contributions of crossmodal attributes within each attribute pairing to the perceived coherence or fit between audio and visual data.