cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic evolution of MLKL in primate and poxvirus genomes indicates necroptosis is a critical, not auxiliary, countermeasure during infection

Pathogen infection triggers host innate defenses which can lead to the activation of regulated cell death (RCD) pathways such as apoptosis. Given a key role in immunity, apoptotic effectors are often counteracted by pathogen-encoded antagonists. Mounting evidence indicates that programmed necrosis, which is mediated by the RIPK3/MLKL axis and termed necroptosis, evolved as a countermeasure to pathogen-mediated inhibition of apoptotic signaling. However, whether this emerging inflammatory RCD pathway functions primarily as a back-up or fundamental response remains inconclusive. We hypothesized that if necroptosis is an instrumental defense, then its effectors should display specific signatures associated with pathogen conflict that are rare in combination: rapid evolution, viral homolog hereafter virolog, and induction by cytokines (e.g. interferons). Our rapid evolution analysis across the necroptosis pathway revealed: 1) strong signatures of positive selection for RIPK3 and MLKL in primate genomes and to a lesser extent DAI/ZBP1, 2) elevated rates of amino acid substitution on multiple surfaces including the RIPK3/MLKL binding interface and 3) evidence supporting a means of activating RIPK3 independent of homotypic RHIM domain interactions. Interestingly, a poxvirus MLKL homolog has recently been identified that acts as a RIPK3 pseudosubstrate. Our findings indicate that poxvirus MLKLs are also subject to similar but distinct volatile patterns of evolution comparable to host necroptotic factors. Specifically, viral MLKLs have undergone numerous gains and losses in poxvirus evolution with some species harboring three distinct copies. Furthermore, we confirm that MLKL can be induced by cytokines like interferon gamma. In summary, MLKL displays all three hallmarks of pivotal immune factors of which only OAS1, but not other factors like cGAS, APOBEC3G, or PKR, exhibits. These data support the hypothesis that over evolutionary time, necroptosis has served as a key battleground during infection and is therefore, not an auxiliary response.
Water reuse for aquaculture: Comparative removal efficacy and aquatic hazard reduction of pharmaceuticals by a pond treatment system during a one year study.

Abstract Aquaculture is increasing at the global scale, and beneficial reuse of wastewater is becoming crucial in some regions. Here we selected a unique tertiary treatment system for study over a one-year period. This experimental ecosystem-based approach to effluent management included a treated wastewater pond (TWP), which receives 100% effluent from a wastewater treatment plant, and an aquaculture pond (AP) that receives treated water from the TWP for fish production. We examined the fate of a wide range of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in this TWP-AP system and a control pond fed by river water using traditional grab sampling and passive samplers. We then employed probabilistic approaches to examine exposure hazards. Telmisartan, carbamazepine, diclofenac and venlafaxine, exceeded ecotoxicological predicted no effect concentrations in influent wastewater to the TWP, but these water quality hazards were consistently reduced following treatment in the TWP-AP system. In addition, both grab and passive sampling approaches resulted in similar occurrence patterns of studied compounds, which highlights the potential of POCIS use for water monitoring. Based on the approach taken here, the TWP-AP system appears useful as a tertiary treatment step to reduce PhACs and decrease ecotoxicological and antibiotic resistance water quality hazards prior to beneficial reuse in aquaculture.
White U.S. College Students’ Perceptions Of Prospective International Students Differ By Race And Stereotypical Attributes

Because many international students of color report feeling devalued by host peers, host peers’ responses to students from different racial/ethnic groups warrant empirical study. Participants were White, non-Latinx undergraduates (N = 228) who were randomly assigned to one of four conditions. Specifically, participants read about a prospective student from either Asia or Europe who was described as exhibiting either model minority stereotypical or counter-stereotypical attributes. Participants evaluated how likely the student was to be admitted to college and the student’s academic and social competence. Despite identical qualifications, participants perceived the Asian student as more likely to be admitted but less academically competent than the European student. Regardless of race, international students with stereotypical attributes were perceived as less socially competent than those with counter-stereotypical attributes. Results suggest that racial dissimilarity reduces host peers’ receptivity towards international students of color. Targeted multicultural education for host peers may be necessary to promote international students’ effective integration.
The State of the Art of Epigenetic Technologies

Epigenetics has become a focal point of biological research, significantly impacting biology, health, and medicine. Advances in technological developments enable great strides in epigenetic discovery. Numerous techniques have been developed not only to analyze epigenetic function, process and mechanism at the level of specific genes, but also to study epigenetic changes that occur on the genome-wide scale. The mapping of genome-wide DNA methylation can be readily achieved with ChIP-seq technology. Advances have also been made in technologies devised to assess the enzymes and binders that mediate epigenetic processes. Further, targeting various epigenetic regulators and processes with small molecule chemical probes represents an exciting therapeutic strategy for disease intervention. These technological advances collectively drive epigenetics research forward throughout the courses of discovery and invention, from basic biology to translational biomedical applications.
Information fusion in biomedical image analysis: combination of data vs. combination of interpretations

Information fusion has, in the form of multiple classifier systems, long been a successful tool in pattern recognition applications. It is also becoming increasingly popular in biomedical image analysis, for example in computer-aided diagnosis and in image segmentation. In this paper, we extend the principles of multiple classifier systems by considering information fusion of classifier inputs rather than on their outputs, as is usually done. We introduce the distinction between combination of data (i.e., classifier inputs) vs. combination of interpretations (i.e., classifier outputs). We illustrate the two levels of information fusion using four different biomedical image analysis applications that can be implemented using fusion of either data or interpretations: atlas-based image segmentation, “average image” tissue classification, multi-spectral classification, and deformation-based group morphometry.
Anthropology and capital

Editor’s preface to the HAU Book Symposium on Piketty, Thomas. 2014. Capital in the twenty-first century . Translated by Arthur Goldhammer. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University.
Diffusion in Some Perovskites: HTSC Cuprates and a Piezoelectric Ceramic

Understanding of diffusion processes in perovskites, represented by the high-temperature superconducting (HTSC) cuprates and a piezoelectric ceramic, of all the constituent elements as well as of some foreign atomic species, is important for scientific as well as technological reasons. Self-diffusion of various cations and anion species in these compounds is a basic material property; it has an impact on the superconducting properties of the former and the physical response of the latter to electrical, mechanical, and thermal fields. The interplay of diffusion with the microstructures ultimately controls the reliability of the devices in actual applications. One good example is the control of twin-density and grain refinements accomplished recently through cation doping, which in some cases alleviates the flux-pinning problem in the matrix.[1] There are many situations in which cation diffusion manifests itself in the fabrication of HTSC elements. In the bulk production of tapes and wires produced by the oxide-powder-in-tube (OPIT) method, for example, silver sheath is typically used and the composite is subjected to severe thermomechanical deformation.[2] In such a fabrication process, silver sheath may partially dissolve in the fabrication process and reach the oxide core by diffusion, thereby reducing the current-carrying capacity of the connectors.
Architecture of Innovation and Change: An Integrated Model

Researchers have made great efforts to understand the dynamics of various organizational elements that enhance innovativeness. They have identified certain organizational solutions in terms of structures, systems, and processes that contribute to innovations in organizations. Most of the existing research literature related to innovation has suggested designing sequential functions (Cooper, 1992; Marquis, 1969; Booz, Allen, and Hamilton, 1982), and/or changes in organization structural attributes as solutions to building innovative organization (Child, 1972; Covin and Slevin, 1988; Moch, 1976; Hage and Aiken, 1969; Burns and Stalker, 1969). The existing literature can be broadly classified into two categories namely, technically oriented 'process' approach and organizational design oriented 'structural' approach. But these 'process' and 'structural' approaches to innovativeness do not provide a complete answer to the problem and nor they are free from contradictions. Several researchers have identified the limitations of process approach (Wilemon and Millson, 1994) and there are classical debates centered around the structural solutions too (Gerwin, 1981; Normann, 1971; Daft, 1978). Recently, the cultural aspects of organization are receiving the serious attention, and developing the organization culture and climate that support innovation strategies is viewed as a primary task to enhance the innovative capabilities of organizations. Along the same vein, organizational researchers posit that cognition and knowledge serve as organizational DNA and meta-capabilities that shape the culture and climate required for innovation and creativity. This paper first reviews the existing literature on relationship between innovativeness and organization structure and culture, and technical process approaches, and identifies their limitations in building innovative capabilities. This paper further argues that certain organizational cultural attributes will provide better means for building an innovative organization. Next, this paper points out how knowledge management and organization culture can support the structural and process changes and create the climate required for successful implementation of innovation strategy.
The Fallacy of Legal Certainty: Why Vague Legal Standards May Be Better for Capitalism and Liberalism

It is often claimed that legal rules framed in clear and unambiguous language are essential for capitalism and liberalism, because they allow for the certainty and predictability that these systems of economic and social organization require. This paper argues that these claims are mistaken, and that the certainty we actually care about is often better-achieved by vague and indeterminate legal standards. The mistake consists in identifying people’s ability to predict the consequences of their actions with lawyers’ ability to predict the consequences of applying the law. But rules that are very predictable in application can produce surprising results for those whose actions they govern. Legal rules exist side-by-side many other social norms that are often more influential than the law in shaping people’s expectations; and these non-legal norms are often couched in vague and indeterminate terms that are not reducible to bright-line rules. As a result, vague and indeterminate legal standards would often better track the actual expectations and predictions of people. This realization should have important consequences for the work of legislatures, lawyers, and judges, who too often assume that vague standards should be avoided because of the uncertainty they entail.
Speech motor coordination and control: evidence from lip, jaw, and laryngeal movements

The movements of the lower lip, jaw, and larynx during speech were examined for two different speech actions involving oral closing for /p/ and oral constriction for /f/. The initial analysis focused on the manner in which the different speech articulators were coordinated to achieve sound production. It was found that the lip, jaw, and laryngeal movements were highly constrained in their relative timing apparently to facilitate their coordination. Differences were noted in the degree to which speech articulator timing covaried dependent on the functional characteristics of the action. Movements associated with coordinating multiple articulators for a single sound were more highly constrained in their relative timing than were movements associated with sequencing of individual sounds. The kinematic patterns for the different articulators were found to vary in a number of systematic ways depending on the identity of the sound being produced, the phonetic context surrounding the target sound, and whether one versus two consonants were produced in sequence. The results are consistent with an underlying organization reflecting the construct of the phoneme. It is suggested that vocal tract actions for the sounds of the language are stored in memory as motor programs and sequenced together into larger meaningful units during speaking. Speech articulator motion for the different vowel sounds was found to be influenced by the identity of the following consonant, suggesting that speech movements are modified in chunks larger than the individual phonetic segments. It appears that speech production is a hierarchical process with multiple levels of organization transforming cognitive intent into coherent and perceptually identifiable sound sequences.
Simulating the Impact of Cover Degradation on RCRA Landfill Performance

The ability of near-surface disposal facility cover designs to meet percolation performance criteria is influenced by degradation occurring over long periods of time. This study was conducted to determine the effect of degradation on percolation based on probabilistic distributions derived from historical climate data. Water-balance predictions were evaluated using the HELP model, employing several variations of degradation in a traditional Resource Conservation and Recovery Act disposal facility cover design over a 100-year simulation period. Analysis results were evaluated relative to two different selected thresholds for annual percolation (1 mm and 3 mm). Approximately 20 percent of the results did not exceed both the 1-mm and 3-mm thresholds, while 10 percent of the realizations exceeded the 1-mm threshold but not the 3-mm threshold, with remaining cases exceeding the 3-mm threshold. These results demonstrate the importance of considering degradation in designing near-surface disposal facilities, especially given the very long performance periods desired by different regulators. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Talent Search Qualifying: Comparisons between Talent Search Students Qualifying via Scores on Standardized Tests and via Parent Nomination.

This study examined differences between students who qualified for talent search testing via scores on standardized tests and via parent nomination in their performances on the SAT or ACT and some demographic characteristics. Overall, the standardized testing group earned higher scores on the off‐level tests than the parent nominated group. Asian students used parent nomination more than standardized tests for talent search testing, and Hispanic/Latino students in the parent nominated group but not in the standardized testing group were among the top performers on the off‐level tests. Parent nomination as a feasible alternative to standardized achievement tests is suggested for talented students who are not native English speakers or would not be identified as gifted using traditional qualification methods.
Effects of Void Growth and Nucleation on Plastic Deformation of Plates With Fluid-Structure Interaction

A plate-bending formulation was developed from a three-dimensional solid. The plate element includes both transverse shear and normal deformations and the transverse gradient load (TGL) which is associated with the transverse normal deformation. The element utilizes reduced integration along the in-plane axes and full integration along the transverse axis. The formulation incorporates Gurson's constitutive model for void growth and plastic deformation. An algorithm for stable solutions of the nonlinear constitutive equations is also discussed. Hourglass mode control is provided by adding a small fraction of internal force determined through full integration along the in-plane axes and reduced integration along the transverse axis. Numerical examples are presented for plastic deformation of a plate with fluid-structure interaction to examine the effects of void growth and nucleation in plastic deformation.
Application Criteria for High-Speed Bus Differential Protection

Specific application criteria for high-speed bus differential protection are discussed, in addition to substitute protection arrangements and limitations involved. System arrangements for which high-speed bus differential protection usually cannot be justified are also described.
Swimming Performance of Sacramento Splittail Injected with Subcutaneous Marking Agents

Abstract Mark–recapture studies are often used at fish-screening facilities near water diversions, such as those in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta, to quantify fish salvage efficiency. The accuracy of these salvage estimates and subsequent facility operational criteria are highly dependent on unbiased mark–recapture estimates. Marking techniques and agents that produce reduced swimming performance in marked fish could result in inaccurate estimates of fish salvage and facility efficiency. Two of the most commonly used marking agents and techniques for experimental purposes at these screening facilities are the subcutaneous injection of visual implant elastomers using a hypodermic needle and the subcutaneous injection of fluorescent latex microsphere solutions using a CO2-powered pneumatic marking gun. We tested the effects of these marking agents and techniques on the critical swimming velocity (Ucrit) of age-1 Sacramento splittail Pogonichthys macrolepidotus (mean ± SE total length = 9.9 ± 0.6 cm, wet ...
Helium isotope ratios in Easter microplate basalts

Abstract 3 He/ 4 He ratios in Easter Microplate basalt glasses show clear evidence of the effects of a mantle plume. The East Rift of the microplate between 26 and 28°S, identified by La/Sm, Sr and Pb isotopes and ridge crest elevation as the region of maximum plume influence, has 3 He/ 4 He ratios spanning the entire range from 7.5 to 11.7 R A . The Easter Microplate is the only section of the entire East Pacific Rise that is associated with a known ‘hotspot’ track (mantle plume) and has elevated 3 He/ 4 He ratios. Although most of the West Rift basalts contain MORB helium (8.0–8.7 R A ), the basalt closest to the East Rift has an elevated 3 He/ 4 He ratio (11.3 R A ), consistent with a significant plume component. The diversity in isotopic signatures also indicates that homogenization of isotopic anomalies does not occur, even in this region of ‘super-fast’ spreading. The overall 3 He/ 4 He/ 206 Pb/ 204 Pb and 3 He/ 4 He 87 Sr/ 86 Sr trends have positive correlations, although the high 3 He/ 4 He, 87 Sr/ 86 Sr and 206 Pb/ 204 Pb component is not a single value but rather a broad band. The apparent ‘decoupling’ between the He and Sr isotope distribution is modeled in the context of a plume source-migrating ridge sink. During channeling of the plume toward the ridge, helium is preferentially lost from the center of the channeled plume, resulting in lower He/Pb and He/Sr concentration ratios in the high 3 He/ 4 He component. Mixing trajectories in He Sr isotopic space between a LILE depleted asthenosphere and a variably degassed plume component provide a reasonably good fit to the data and may explain the isotope systematics of plume-ridge interactions in the context of modern theories of plume dynamics.
Temporal summation for grating patches detected at low light levels

It is not known if temporal integration for periodic stimuli is affected by changes in scotopic luminance. Contrast thresholds were measured as a function of duration for 0.25 cpd grating patches across a 2.3 log-unit scotopic range. Threshold vs. duration (TVD) functions were identical in shape regardless of mean luminance once scaled by translating along log-log axes. Critical duration decreased 0.09 log-units per log-unit increase in retinal illuminance. This slope is identical to that reported for photopic conditions, suggesting that temporal integration may be determined by the same neural pathway at all light levels.
Influence of the Molecular Level Structure of Polyethylene and Polytetrafluoroethylene on Their Tribological Response

Crosslinks occur in polymers following irradiation and are used in computational simulations to mimic the effects of chain tangling. Here, the effect of crosslink density on the tribological behavior of atomic-scale models of polyethylene and polytetrafluoroethylene is determined using classical molecular dynamics simulations. In the simulations, oriented crosslinked surfaces are slid in different directions over a range of applied normal loads. The results indicate that, at the same normal load, the friction force increases with increased crosslink density. In addition, the influence of randomized versus ordered crosslinking on the simulated tribological behavior is investigated. Finally, the influence of crosslink density on the simulated wear mechanisms of polyethylene and polytetrafluoroethylene is elucidated. The results have important implications for the atomic-scale modeling of friction at the interfaces of polymers that have been irradiated or contain entangled chains.
Interband Cascade Infrared Photodetectors

Interband cascade (IC) infrared (IR) photodetectors (ICIPs) are a new type of detector that combines features of conventional interband photodiodes with the discrete nature of quantum-well IR photodetectors (QWIPs) and IC lasers. The operation of ICIPs takes advantage of fast intersubband relaxation and interband tunneling for carrier transport, and relatively slow interband transitions (long lifetime) for photon generation. As such, ICIPs can be tailored to optimize device performance for specific application requirements. We report our initial efforts in the development of ICIPs. We have observed the photocurrent from an InAs-based IC laser with a cutoff wavelength near 8 μm at 80 K, and significant photocurrent from GaSb-based ICIPs with cutoff wavelengths near 5 μm at 80 K and 7 μm at above room temperature.
Human epidermal cell cycle in vitro.

Summary.— Human epidermal cells were propagated in vitro, pulse labelled with tritiated thymidine, fixed at regular intervals thereafter and processed for radioautography. The percentage of labelled mitoses was plotted against time after pulse. From the interval between 2 successive peaks on the curve of labelled mitoses, the length of the cell cycle was found to be 59 hours. The growth fraction or percentage of cells actually involved in proliferation was calculated to be approximately 53.9%. The data are discussed with respect to published data on the human epidermal cell cycle in vivo and the methods by which the data were obtained.
Rats self-administer nonrewarding brain stimulation to ameliorate aversion

Hypothalamic stimulation in rats both reduces escape from noxious hindbrain stimulation and sustains self-administration only when hindbrain stimulation is inescapable. Self-administration reflects an aversion-ameliorative action of brain stimulation and not a positive reinforcement process. The psychophysical testing used is offered as a model for establishing the analgesic properties of brain stimulation.
Adoptive transfer of immunity by spleen cells from LSA-lymphoma mice cured by BCNU

Abstract BCNU treatment of advanced LSA lymphoma, a poorly antigenic tumor of syngeneic C57BL/ym mice, produced large numbers of cured mice which were highly immune against further LSA tumor challenges. Spleen cells from cured mice were transferred into normal naive mice in close temporal relationship to the injection of 10 3 LSA cells and showed that during a period of two days before to one day after tumor injection, the MST and per cent tumor takes could be greatly modified. Activity was only weakly present in bone marrow or thymus cells but mixtures of these cells with or without added spleen cells were effective. In 400 rad sublethally irradiated mice it was also found that transferred spleen cells prevented progression of tumor, and resistance was permanent. This indicates that all elements of tumor recognition, affector and effector limbs of immune response were present in the adoptively transferred spleen cell population.
Proliferation and differentiation of O4+ oligodendrocytes in postnatal rat cerebellum: Analysis in unfixed tissue slices using anti-glycolipid antibodies

We report the study of the in vivo morphology, differentiation, and proliferation of oligodendrocytes (OLs) and their progenitors identified by the antiglycolipid antibodies O4, R-mAb, and O1 in postnatal rat cerebellum, using a novel immunocytochemical staining protocol which allows the analysis of the expression of OL-specific glycolipids in live, unfixed brain slices. An analysis of the individual cells identified in double label immunocytochemistry indicated that the order of antigen expression in OLs during in vivo development is, first, antigens recognized by O4, second, antigens recognized R-mAb, and third, antigens recognized by O1. This order of antigen expression is correlated with increasing morphological complexity and is a pattern mimicked in many culture systems. In vivo O4 identified 3 distinct stages of the OL lineage: (1) morphologically simple proligodendrocyte antigen+ (POA+) R-mAb- blast cells localized at the leading edge of myelinogenesis; (2) morphologically more complex R-mAb+O1- cells; and (3) actively myelinating O1+ [i.e., galactocerebroside+ (GalC)] OLs residing within the white matter. Only the POA+R-mAb- cells incorporated BrdU in animals that were prelabeled 3 hr before immunocytochemistry. We have demonstrated in vivo the subdivision of pre-GalC+ OL progenitors into shorter, biologically noteworthy, stages of maturation. A spatial comparison of the cell populations identified by O4, R-mAb, and O1 demonstrated a progressive wave of OL maturation from the base of the cerebellum toward the folia. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that multiprocessed O4+GalC- progenitors are the most mature stage of the OL lineage with significant proliferative capacity and the first postmigratory stage in normal development.
Effect of Roasting Time and Temperature on the Generation of Nonvolatile (Polyhydroxyalkyl)pyrazine Compounds in Peanuts, As Determined by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was used for the determination of (polyhydroxyalkyl)pyrazine (PHAP) compounds in peanuts roasted to different levels as part of a 3×3 time/temperature study. The content of volatile alkylpyrazine compounds generated at each point was determined by headspace gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC−MS) and compared to the PHAP content. In general, results showed that the levels of both PHAP and alkylpyrazine compounds increased with both time and temperature, reaching a maximum at the longest roast time and highest temperature. Formation rates for both types of compounds showed a strong dependence on temperature, giving linear Arrhenius plots with similar slopes. There was no indication that the PHAP compounds formed during roasting decomposed to form alkylpyrazines. Keywords: Roast peanuts; (polyhydroxyalkyl)pyrazines; alkylpyrazines; LC-MS; flavor generation; headspace GC−MS
Visual scoring of non cavitated caries lesions and clinical trial efficiency, testing xylitol in caries-active adults

Objectives To better understand the effectiveness of xylitol in caries prevention in adults and to attempt improved clinical trial efficiency. Methods As part of the Xylitol for Adult Caries Trial (X-ACT), non cavitated and cavitated caries lesions were assessed in subjects who were experiencing the disease. The trial was a test of the effectiveness of 5 g/day of xylitol, consumed by dissolving in the mouth five 1 g lozenges spaced across each day, compared with a sucralose placebo. For this analysis, seeking trial efficiency, 538 subjects aged 21-80, with complete data for four dental examinations, were selected from the 691 randomized into the 3-year trial, conducted at three sites. Acceptable inter- and intra-examiner reliability before and during the trial was quantified using the kappa statistic. Results The mean annualized noncavitated plus cavitated lesion transition scores in coronal and root surfaces, from sound to carious favoured xylitol over placebo, during the three cumulative periods of 12, 24, and 33 months, but these clinically and statistically nonsignificant differences declined in magnitude over time. Restricting the present assessment to those subjects with a higher baseline lifetime caries experience showed possible but inconsistent benefit. Conclusions There was no clear and clinically relevant preventive effect of xylitol on caries in adults with adequate fluoride exposure when non cavitated plus cavitated lesions were assessed. This conformed to the X-ACT trial result assessing cavitated lesions. Including non cavitated lesion assessment in this full-scale, placebo-controlled, multisite, randomized, double-blinded clinical trial in adults experiencing dental caries did not achieve added trial efficiency or demonstrate practical benefit of xylitol. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.Gov NCT00393055.
Application of acute stroke imaging Selecting patients for revascularization therapy

Due to the dynamic and versatile characteristics of ischemic penumbra, selecting the right acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients for revascularization therapy (RT) based on initial available imaging can be challenging. The main patient selection criterion for RT is the size of the mismatch between the potentially salvageable tissue (penumbra) and the irreversibly damaged tissue (core). The goal of revascularization RT is to "freeze" the core and prevent it from extending to the penumbral tissue. Penumbral imaging selection of AIS patients for RT, using magnetic resonance or CT-based studies, may provide more clinical benefit to the appropriate patients, although direct evidence is pending. Not all penumbra-core mismatches beyond 3 hours are equal and need treatment, and defining which mismatches to target for RT is the current goal of ongoing clinical trials. In addition to "penumbral"-based imaging, large vessel occlusion and clot length estimation based on CT angiography and noncontrasted ultrathin CT scan has been used to identify patients who are refractory to systemic thrombolysis and may be eligible for endovascular therapy. The application of various imaging modalities in selecting and triaging AIS patients for RT is discussed in this review. Larger prospective randomized trials are needed to better understand the role of various imaging modalities in selecting AIS patients for RT and to understand its influence on clinical outcome.
When meaning matters, look but don't touch: The effects of posture on reading

Much of the reading that we do occurs near our hands. Previous research has revealed that spatial processing is enhanced near the hands, potentially benefiting several processes involved in reading; however, it is unknown whether semantic processing—another critical aspect of reading—is affected near the hands. While holding their hands either near to or far from a visual display, our subjects performed two tasks that drew on semantic processing: evaluation of the sensibleness of sentences, and the Stroop color-word interference task. We found evidence for impoverished semantic processing near the hands in both tasks. These results suggest a trade-off between spatial processing and semantic processing for the visual space around the hands. Readers are encouraged to be aware of this trade-off when choosing how to read a text, since both kinds of processing can be beneficial for reading.
A de novo redesign of the WW domain

We have used a sequence prediction algorithm and a novel sampling method to design protein sequences for the WW domain, a small β-sheet motif. The procedure, referred to as SPANS, designs sequences to be compatible with an ensemble of closely related polypeptide backbones, mimicking the inherent flexibility of proteins. Two designed sequences (termed SPANS-WW1 and SPANS-WW2), using only naturally occurring l-amino acids, were selected for study and the corresponding polypeptides were prepared in Escherichia coli. Circular dichroism data suggested that both purified polypeptides adopted secondary structure features related to those of the target without the aid of disulfide bridges or bound cofactors. The structure exhibited by SPANS-WW2 melted cooperatively by raising the temperature of the solution. Further analysis of this polypeptide by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy demonstrated that at 5°C, it folds into a structure closely resembling a natural WW domain. This achievement constitutes one of a small number of successful de novo protein designs through fully automated computational methods and highlights the feasibility of including backbone flexibility in the design strategy.
An array-based circuit for characterizing latent Plasma-Induced Damage

An array-based Plasma-Induced Damage (PID) characterization circuit with various antenna structures is proposed for efficient collection of massive PID breakdown statistics. The proposed circuit reduces the stress time and test area by a factor proportional to the number of Devices Under Test (DUTs). Measured Weibull statistics from a 12-24 array implemented in 65nm show that DUTs with plate type antennas have a shorter lifetime compared to their fork type counterparts suggesting greater PID effect during the plasma ashing process.
Experimental and microkinetic modeling of steady-state NO reduction by H2 on Pt/BaO/Al2O3 monolith catalysts

Abstract Experimental results describing the product distribution during the reduction of NO by H2 on Pt/Al2O3 and Pt/BaO/Al2O3 catalysts are presented in the temperature range 30–500 °C and H2/NO feed ratio range of 0.9–2.5. A microkinetic model that describes the kinetics of NO reduction by H2 on Pt/Al2O3 is proposed and most of the kinetic parameters are estimated from either literature data or from thermodynamic constraints. The microkinetic model is combined with the short monolith flow model to simulate the conversions and selectivities corresponding to the experimental conditions. The predicted trends are in excellent qualitative and reasonable quantitative agreement with the experimental results. Both the model and the experiments show that N2O formation is favored at low temperatures and low H2/NO feed ratios, N2 selectivity increases monotonically with temperature for H2/NO feed ratios of 1.2 or less but goes through a maximum at intermediate temperatures (around 100 °C) for H2/NO feed ratios 1.5 or higher. Ammonia formation is favored for H2/NO feed ratios of 1.5 or higher and intermediate temperatures (100–350 °C) buts starts to decompose at a temperature of 400 °C or higher. The microkinetic model is used to determine the surface coverages and explain the trends in the experimentally observed selectivities.
Rheologic properties and kinematics of emplacement of the chaos jumbles rockfall avalanche, Lassen Volcanic National Park, California

The Chaos Jumbles is a rockfall avalanche deposit that was emplaced by three separate events ∼ 300 years ago. Deposits from each event are distinguishable on the basis of morphology, size variation of large dacitic surface clasts, and by the color of both the matrix and entrained dacitic blocks. Steep lateral and distal deposit margins and surface features such as folds and apparent strike-slip faults indicate that each rockfall avalanche had a finite yield strength and was being actively deformed and sheared throughout the body of the moving deposit, rather than strictly along a basal surface. Kinematic analysis of the three deposits indicates that each had a very low apparent coefficient of friction and was emplaced at velocities of up to ∼ 100 m/s. These data suggest that each rockfall avalanche can be modeled as a pseudoplastic material undergoing flow parallel compression above a frictionless base. This model allows calculation of deposit volumes ranging from ∼1.2 to 1.7 × 108 m3 and also suggests that a future rockfall avalanche from the same location would have a more restricted runout than the previous events.
Porphyrin Distortion during Affinity Maturation of a Ferrochelatase Antibody, Monitored by Resonance Raman Spectroscopy

Resonance Raman (RR) spectra are reported for mesoporphyrin IX bound to the Fab fragment of the ferrochelatase antibody 7G12. Binding induces activation of a Raman band at 680 cm(-1), which is assigned to an out-of-plane porphyrin vibration, gamma15. This is exactly the predicted effect of distorting mesoporphyrin to the geometry of N-methylmesoporphyrin IX, the 7G12 hapten, based on DFT/CIS modeling of the RR spectrum. The modeling also shows that the pyrrole ring that is tilted out of the porphyrin plane bears a nitrogen lone pair, which is therefore available for coordination by an incoming metal ion. The 680 cm(-1) band intensity is approximately 3 times higher for the affinity-matured antibody than for the germline precursor antibody, while intermediate values are found for variants in which germline residues are mutated to mature residues or vice versa. Thus, RR spectroscopy reveals an evolution from weak substrate distortion in the germline antibody to strong substrate distortion in the affinity-matured antibody, and supports the view that catalysis involves a substrate strain mechanism.
Ultrafast Chelation Dynamics of Model Photoswitches: Cyclopentadienyl Manganese and Arene Chromium Tricarbonyl Derivatives with Pendant Sulfides

The chelation dynamics of [Mn{η5-C5H4C(O)R}(CO)3] and [Cr{η6-C6H5C(O)R}(CO)3] (R=CH2(SCH3), CH(SCH3)2, C(SCH3)3) in solution were investigated on the picosecond timescale by UV-pump IR-probe transient absorption spectroscopy. Tailoring the side chain structure and solvent environment influences the reaction rates and chelation pathways.
Dynamic Analysis and Configuration Design of a Two-Component Wave-Energy Absorber

The wave-energy absorber being developed at UC Berkeley is modeled as a moored compound cylinder, with an outer cylinder sliding along a tension-tethered inner cylinder. With rigid-body dynamics, it is first shown that the surge and pitch degrees of freedom are decoupled from the heave motion. The heaving motion of the outer cylinder is analyzed and its geometric proportions (radii and drafts ratios) are optimized for wave-energy extraction. Earlier works of Yeung [1] and Chau and Yeung [2,3] are used in the present heave-motion study. The coupled surge-pitch motion can be solved and can provide the contact forces between the cylinders. The concept of capture width is used to characterize the energy extraction: its maximization leads to optimal energy extraction. The methodology presented provides the optimal geometry in terms of non-dimensional proportions of the device. It is found that a smaller radius and deeper draft for the outer cylinder will lead to a larger capture width and larger resulting motion.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Nature of functional tolerance produced by chronic flurazepam treatment in the cat.

Abstract Cats were treated once daily for 35 days with flurazepam (FZP). Different groups received 2, 5 or 20 mg/kg per day. A fourth group was started at 20 mg/kg per day, then the dose was increased to 30, and finally 40 mg/kg per day. Muscle relaxation, ataxia, and other measures of neurological impairment were used to measure drug actions. Tolerance developed rapidly, and no FZP effects were seen after 2—3 weeks of treatment with 2 or 5 mg/kg. Doses of 2–100 mg/kg FZP were injected i.p., 48 h after the last dose of chronic treatment with 2 or 5 mg/kg, and peak FZP effects were recorded. There was an approximate 10-fold shift to the right of the dose-response curve, indicating a large degree of functional tolerance after 5 weeks of FZP treatment. The pattern of tolerance, as measured by dose-response analysis, suggests that it may be different from the functional tolerance developed during barbiturate administration.
Making the connection: Generalized knowledge structures in story understanding

Six experiments examined the connections in memory between two stories describing the same action sequence. The action sequences represented script-like MOP structures such as eating at a restaurant, like those proposed by Schank (1982. Dynamic memory: A theory of reminding and learning in computers andpeople. New York: Cambridge University Press). In the experimental procedure, subjects read a long list of stories, and then, after reading all the stories, they were presented with a list of phrases for which they were required to make old/new recognition judgments. Connections among the stories in memory were examined with pairs of phrases placed in the test list such that a priming phrase immediately preceded a target phrase. When a priming phrase was from the same story as its target phrase, responses to the target were facilitated. When a priming phrase was from another story of the same MOP as the target, responses were facilitated only if the test phrases were related to the MOP; there was no significant facilitation if the test phrases were not related to the MOP. In the case where the phrases were related to the MOP, there was as much facilitation when the phrases were from different stories as when they were from the same story. These results are shown to contradict previously proposed models of memory for script-like se
The interactive effect of chlorine, copper and nitrite on methaemoglobin formation in red blood cells of Dorset sheep.

Simultaneous exposure to chemicals which can oxidize the haemoglobin of the red blood cell to methaemoglobin is common. Although the effects of some of these agents have been documented individually, little research considers the interactive effects. In-vitro experiments on the treated blood of female Dorset sheep assessed the interactive capacity of chlorite, copper and nitrite to affect methaemoglobin formation. All combinations of doses which produced 2.5, 5, 10% methaemoglobin were tested in all possible combinations (a total of 80), as were the controls. This included data on each chemical alone, each two-way combination and the three-way combination. The response is largely additive (the sum of the individual effects) except for one of the two-way interactions, chlorite/nitrite (P < . 01), which showed antagonism. Chlorite may oxidize nitrite which could explain the less-than-additive response. Overall, the result of combining these agents on methaemoglobin was additive.
Nonlinear circuit foundations for nanodevices. I. The four-element torus

Not all molecular and nanodevices are useful from an information technology perspective. Such devices are said to be inept in a precise technical sense that can be easily tested from an explicit mathematical criteria to be presented in this two-part tutorial review. Often an inept device can be redesigned into a smart device capable of computing and artificial intelligence by massaging the device's parameters, such as doping, concentration, geometrical profile, chemical moiety, etc., in accordance with the principle of local activity to be articulated in Part II. In particular, designing a smart nanodevice amounts to fine tuning the device parameters into a much smaller niche within the device's locally active parameter region called the edge of chaos where complexity abounds. Molecular and nanodevices will remain novelty toys for nanodevice specialists unless they possess realistic nonlinear circuit models so that future nano circuit designers can simulate their exotic designs as easily and accurately as current CMOS circuit designers. A mathematically consistent theory for modeling nonlinear, high-frequency nanodevices, specially those which exploited exotic tunneling and entanglement quantum mechanical effects, such as Coulomb blockade, quasi-particle dynamics, Kondo resonance, Aharonov-Bohm nonlocal interactions, etc., will require the introduction of a complete family of fundamental circuit elements as model building blocks. They are presented via a doubly periodic table of circuit elements somewhat reminiscent of Mendeleev's periodic table of chemical elements. These fundamental circuit elements can be compactly represented by a loop of four generic species of circuit elements wrapped around the surface of a torus where any higher order element having an arbitrarily high order of frequency dependence can be generated from one of them, modulo the integer 4, ad infinitum. The significance of this four-element torus is that realistic circuit models of all current and future molecular and nanodevices must necessarily build upon an appropriate subset of nonlinear circuit elements begotten from this torus.