cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The life cycle of Adelina cryptocerci sp.nov., a coccidian parasite of the roach Cryptocercus punctulatus

1. The occurrence of Adelina cryptocerci in the host, Cryptocercus punctulatus , and its probable means of natural transmission are discussed. 2. Artificial infection experiments were carried out and furnished material for determination of succession of stages in the life cycle of the organism. The cycle is briefly as follows: ( a ) Mature cysts are ingested by the hosts with tissues of infected roaches. Sporozoites enter the host's tissues by passing through the midgut wall. ( b ) The first schizogony, in which merozoites are produced, ocurs in the fat-bodies between the sixteenth and twenty-fifth days after ingestion of cysts. ( c ) In the second schizogonial generation two types of schizogony produce merozoites and gametoblasts, respectively, between the twenty-fifth and twenty-ninth days following infection. There is evidence that both male and female gametoblasts are formed from a single schizont. ( d ) Male and female gametoblasts become associated during the growth period of the latter. When fully grown, they are surrounded by a membrane, the gametocyst. The male gametoblast undergoes 2 divisions, forming 4 microgametes, of which 1 fertilizes the macrogamete and the other 3 lie unused between the gametocyst and the first oocyst, which is formed shortly after fertilization. A second oocyst is formed before the first division of the synkaryon. ( e ) By repeated divisions of the synkaryon a multinucleate sporont is formed. This divides into uninucleate sporoblasts. Each sporoblast divides once, forming a sporocyst containing 2 sporozoites. Mature cysts occurred in experimentally infected roaches from 40 days onwards. 3. The stages in the life cycle are described in detail. 4. Evidence for zygotic meiosis in Adelina cryptocerci is presented. 5. The effect of the parasite on the host is discussed. This investigation has been made at the suggestion of Dr Harold Kirby, Jr., and under his direction and that of Dr C. A. Kofoid. I wish to express here my grateful appreciation to both for their interest and many valuable suggestions and criticisms.
FDTD for Nth-order dispersive media

Previously, a method for applying the finite-difference time domain (FDTD) method to dispersive media with complex permittivity described by a function with a single first-order pole was presented. This method involved the recursive evaluation of a discrete convolution, and was therefore relatively efficient. In this work, the recursive convolution approach is extended to media with dispersions described by multiple second-order poles. The significant change from the first-order implementation is that the single backstore variable for each second-order pole is complex. The approach is demonstrated for a pulsed plane wave incident on a medium with a complex permittivity described by two second-order poles, and excellent agreement is obtained with the exact solution. >
Joint iterative estimation and decoding for 16-QAM BICM over correlated fading channels

Joint iterative channel estimation and decoding for 16-QAM bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) is considered over frequency-flat fading channels. Estimates of the complex channel gain are derived first from known pilot symbols by optimum Wiener filtering and passed to the BICM iterative decoder as initial channel state information. After each decoding iteration, the channel estimates are refined using the extrinsic information fed back from the decoder. An advanced scheme called "restart" is developed to effectively reduce the bit error rate floor, by restarting the decoder after several iterations with the refined channel gain estimates. Motivated by the observation of the burst errors in the transmitted sequence, the "restart" algorithm is extended by concatenating Reed-Solomon codes with BICM. When RS (255, 223) code is used for BICM with 16-QAM modified set partitioning labeling and a 16-state code, the BER of 10/sup -6/ can be achieved at E/sub b//N/sub 0/ of 10.5 dB for normalized fade rate f/sub d/T/sub s/ = 0.02.
Non-uniform access asynchronous register files

Register files of microprocessors have often been cited as performance bottlenecks and significant consumers of energy. The robust and modular nature of quasi-delay insensitive (QDI) design offers a toolchest of techniques for improving average-case performance and reducing energy consumption of register files, which cannot be leveraged as easily in synchronous designs. We focus on the design of an asynchronous register core, the heart of a register file. We describe the vertical pipelining transformation and describe the locking mechanism that maintains pipelined mutual exclusion among reads and writes to the same register. The primary contributions of this paper are: 1) detailed evaluation of the width-adaptive datapath (WAD) representation in register files, which leads to significant energy reduction by conditionally communicating higher significant bits of integers with little performance degradation, and 2) nesting the register core to create non-uniform banks to facilitate faster and lower energy accesses to more frequently used registers and slower accesses to less frequently used registers without increasing the interconnect requirement or control complexity. We present spice-simulated results for a wide variety of register files laid out in TSMC 0.18/spl mu/m technology.
Prediction of protein conformation in water and on surfaces by Monte Carlo simulations using united-atom method

The united-atom method has been used to model an avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP) in water and the adsorption process of an albumin subdomain (AS) onto graphite surface to observe the capability of this lumped modelling approach to generate structures observed in protein data bank (PDB) and from atomistic modelling. The subdomain structure of a protein is simplified by the united-atom approximation where the side chains and peptide groups are represented by lumped spheres. The total potential energy of the adsorption process involves the interaction between these lumped spheres by means of virtual bond chain interaction and the interaction of the spheres with the graphite surface by means of Lennard-Jones potential. The protein/polypeptide structure has been perturbed by Monte Carlo with energy minimisation to obtain the global minimum. Results on the APP in water showed a near-to-experimental PDB conformation revealing the two α-helix structures of this small protein molecule with the root mean square ...
Increased capillarity in leg muscle of finches living at altitude

An increased ratio of muscle capillary to fiber number (capillary/fiber number) at altitude has been found in only a few investigations. The highly aerobic pectoralis muscle of finches living at 4,...
The Wisdom of the Body Revisited.

Being selected a Cannon lecturer by the American Physiological Society is a singular honor under any circumstances, but a particularly poignant one for me because of my origins in Cannon’s old Department at the Harvard Medical School. In fact, when I began my career there as an instructor 45 years
Utility of the National Death Index in Ascertaining Mortality in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Surveillance

To assess the utility of the National Death Index (NDI) in improving the ascertainment of deaths among people diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the authors determined the number and characteristics of additional deaths identified through NDI linkage not ascertained by using standard electronic linkage with Florida Vital Records and the Social Security Administration’s Death Master File. Records of people diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome between 1993 and 2007 in Florida were linked to the NDI. The demographic characteristics and reported human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission modes of people whose deaths were identified by using the NDI were compared with those whose deaths were ascertained by standard linkage methods. Of the 15,094 submitted records, 719 had confirmed matches, comprising 2.1% of known deaths (n = 34,504) within the cohort. Hispanics, males, people 40 years of age or older, and injection drug users were overrepresented among deaths ascertained only by the NDI. In-state deaths comprised 59.0% of newly identified deaths, and human immunodeficiency virus was less likely to be a cause of death among newly identified compared with previously identified deaths. The newly identified deaths were not previously ascertained principally because of slight differences in personal identifying information and could have been identified through improved linkages with Florida Vital Records.
Morphological, phylogenetic, and ecological diversity of the new model species Setaria viridis (Poaceae: Paniceae) and its close relatives.

 Premise of the study: Species limits of the emerging model organism Setaria viridis (tribe Paniceae, subtribe Cenchrinae) are not well defi ned. It is thought to be related to S. adhaerens , S. faberi , S. verticillata , and S . verticilliformis and in North America occurs with the morphologically similar S. pumila . An integrated approach was taken to evaluate its variation and relationships with the other taxa.  Methods: Statistical morphology, fl ow cytometry, molecular phylogenetics, and growth experiments were employed to examine the group’s physical variation, polyploidy, evolutionary relationships, and drought ecology, respectively.  Key results: Setaria viridis contributed one genome to the tetraploids S. faberi , S . verticillata , and S. verticilliformis ; the other genome of the latter two was contributed by S. adhaerens . Setaria pumila is unrelated. Morphologically, S. viridis is most similar to S. faberi , but all tested accessions of S. viridis were diploid, whereas those of S. faberi were all tetraploid. Principal component analysis of 70 morphological characters consistently separated S. viridis from S. faberi , largely by spikelet characters. The diagnostic morphological characters are not affected by watering. Setaria faberi is far more sensitive to drought, in terms of mortality and morphological stunting, than S. viridis or S. pumila.  Conclusions: Setaria viridis is a diploid species and has contributed to several polyploid derivatives. The most morphologically similar of the polyploids is S. faberi , which differs in spikelet features, phylogenetics, genome size, and ecological response to drought. Researchers using fi eld-collected S. viridis as a model organism will benefi t from the clear delimitation provided in this study.
The Politics of Public Health in the United States

The Politics of Public Health in the United States. By Kent Patel and Mark E. Rushefsky. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2005. 346p. $84.95 cloth, $29.95 paper.“It is clear,” write the authors, “that the public health system in the U.S. has suffered from political neglect in the last 50 years or so, and the revitalization of the U.S. public health system will necessitate confronting many of the challenges facing it in the twenty-first century” (p. 7). Kent Patel and Mark Rushefsky's survey of the politics of American public health argues that our system emphasizes curative treatment of existing illnesses at the expense of activities aimed at preventing them. Although the United States spends more per capita on health care than any other country, public health activities account for only about 2% to 3% of such expenditures. The low priority given public health, they argue, accounts for America's poor performance relative to other industrialized countries on measures of life expectancy and infant mortality.
Vertical Oviposition and Lambornella clarki (Ciliophora: Tetrahymenidae) Dispersal by Aedes sierrensis (Diptera: Culicidae) in California

Vertical stratification of treeholes used by mosquitoes may reflect resource quality or result from interspecific competition. Mosquitoes able to monopolize treeholes with optimal resources may be over-represented in the community. Aedes sierrensis, which is well adapted for the Mediterranean climate of California, has evolved in the absence of interspecific competition, so oviposition should reflect resource quality to a large extent. Artificial oviposition traps mounted at four canopy heights facing north or south on trees in a mixed-oak forest at four elevations of the Pacific Coastal Range were used to assess vertical ovipositional preferences by the western treehole mosquito. Natural dispersal of the ciliated protozoan parasite Lambornella clarki was similarly monitored. Gravid Ae. sierrensis showed no vertical stratification during egg laying in traps. Lambornella clarki were naturally dispersed at relatively low frequency into traps and persisted unless eliminated by larval predation. Aedes sierrensis is not currently constrained into occupying a subset of treeholes. However, invasion of its native range by competitive species may alter oviposition patterns.
An algorithm for integrated pin assignment and buffer planning

The buffer block methodology has become increasingly popular as more and more buffers are needed in deep-submicron design, and it leads to many challenging problems in physical design. In this paper, we present a polynomial-time exact algorithm for integrated pin assignment and buffer planning for all two-pin nets from one macro block (source block) to all other blocks of a given buffer block plan as well as minimizing the total cost /spl alpha//spl middot/W+/spl beta//spl middot/R for any positive /spl alpha/ and /spl beta/ where W is the total wire length and R is the number of buffers. By applying this algorithm iteratively (each time pick one block as the source block), it provides a polynomial-time algorithm for pin assignment and buffer planning for nets among multiple macro blocks. Experimental results demonstrate its efficiency and effectiveness.
Work Groups, Structural Diversity, and Knowledge Sharing in a Global Organization

Effective work groups engage in external knowledge sharing-the exchange of information, know-how, and feedback with customers, organizational experts, and others outside of the group. This paper argues that the value of external knowledge sharing increases when work groups are more structurally diverse. A structurally diverse work group is one in which the members, by virtue of their different organizational affiliations, roles, or positions, can expose the group to unique sources of knowledge. It is hypothesized that if members of structurally diverse work groups engage in external knowledge sharing, their performance will improve because of this active exchange of knowledge through unique external sources. A field study of 182 work groups in a Fortune 500 telecommunications firm operationalizes structural diversity as member differences in geographic locations, functional assignments, reporting managers, and business units, as indicated by corporate database records. External knowledge sharing was measured with group member surveys and performance was assessed using senior executive ratings. Ordered logit analyses showed that external knowledge sharing was more strongly associated with performance when work groups were more structurally diverse. Implications for theory and practice around the integration of work groups and social networks are addressed.
UNDERWATER SOUND RECORDING OF ANIMALS

ABSTRACT Underwater sound recording of animals uses specialized techniques to obtain faithful copies of sounds produced by animals during their normal activities underwater. Techniques have to be unobtrusive as well as nondisturbing to avoid changing the animal behaviors. The first scientific recording of underwater sounds from a marine mammal at sea was by William E. Schevill and Barbara Lawrence in 1948. Although the equipment has changed considerably since then, the techniques, approaches to animals and environmental impediments have remained essentially the same. However, the frequency and dynamic ranges of underwater sounds can easily exceed terrestrial sounds, so the selection of suitable equipment is critical. The elements of a useful system for bioacoustic recording of marine animals include the hydrophone, impedance transformer/preamplifier, cable, signal amplifier, recorder and sound monitor. The important criteria for each of these is discussed, along with directional listening systems, and the...
CARGO AIRCRAFT AS A PATHWAY FOR the Entry of nonindigenous pests INTO SOUTH FLORIDA

Cargo aircraft arriving at Miami International Airport from foreign origins were randomly selected and inspected from September 1998 to August 1999 for the presence of live hitchhiking insects. An overall infestation (= approach) rate of 10.4% was found, with the rate for aircraft arriving from Central American countries noticeably greater at about 23%. Quarantine-significant taxa from 33 families in five orders were detected, with members of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera most frequently encountered. More than 40% of infested aircraft contained multiple insect taxa. No correlation was established between the presence of hitchhiking insects and the time of day (night vs. day) during which cargo was loaded at points of origin or the nature of cargo on board. Quarantine-significant organisms arrived in cargo aircraft during all months of the year. Significant seasonality (dry season vs. wet) was observed for pests on flights arriving from Central America, with separate peaks noted in May and October.
Expanding boundaries: Nongovernmental organizations as supply chain members

Using a social movement perspective, we propose a framework that includes nonprofit actors as members of supply chains in a context that we call sustainable supply chain facilitation, particularly within multi-stakeholder supply chain sustainability initiatives. In this framework, certain nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) work alongside other supply chain firms, going beyond technical roles to serve as coordinators, conveners, organizers, brokers, and negotiators who facilitate multiparty agreement on sustainability issues within and across supply chains. We describe a set of roles consisting of third-party facilitators (3PF), fourth-party facilitators (4PF), and fifth-party facilitators (5PF) serving in increasingly strategic roles with increasing numbers of actors, and with increasing potential for co-creation of value in global supply chains. Reframing nongovernmental organizations as members of supply chains instead of outsiders provides a dramatically different perspective. This explicit acknowledgement of membership can help business and NGO managers to rethink their own roles and motivations and to find collaborative solutions in the steady transition to more sustainable supply chains.
Seismic interferometry in the plane-wave domain

Summary We present a new strategy to retrieve seismic responses from crosscorrelating controlled-source seismic data in the plane-wave domain. This method is first based on slant stacking over shot or receiver locations of observed seismic data. Crosscorrelation is then performed for different plane wave transformed gathers. The number of plane waves can be defined by the maximum dip present in the seismic data, and this usually results in a reduction of the original data volume. When a large number of sources or receivers need to be crosscorrelated, this method can save computation time compared to time-space domain controlled-source interferometry. Transforming the seismic data into planewave domain makes it possible to choose a portion of ray parameters to avoid multiple ray-paths without adding many spurious arrivals.
Questions asked by family physicians who want to serve as medical student preceptors

This article addresses the needs of family physician preceptors who teach medical students in their community-based practices. Responses are provided to 20 typical questions that a family physician might ask when considering whether to become a preceptor. Areas covered by the questions and responses include physician motivation for becoming a preceptor, characteristics of good preceptors, specific issues related to working with students in the office, what to teach students, how to give students feedback, evaluation of students, and relationships with the medical school.
Additional Parallel Features in Fortran

The next Fortran standard will include enhancements to the parallel programming model based on coarrays that is part of Fortran 2008. Included will be support for teams of images, synchronization using events, collective and atomic operations, enhanced error reporting, and continued execution after the failure of an image.
Krüppel-like factors in mammalian stem cells and development

Kruppel-like factors (KLFs) are a family of zinc-finger transcription factors that are found in many species. Recent studies have shown that KLFs play a fundamental role in regulating diverse biological processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, development and regeneration. Of note, several KLFs are also crucial for maintaining pluripotency and, hence, have been linked to reprogramming and regenerative medicine approaches. Here, we review the crucial functions of KLFs in mammalian embryogenesis, stem cell biology and regeneration, as revealed by studies of animal models. We also highlight how KLFs have been implicated in human diseases and outline potential avenues for future research.
Desire Satisfactionism and the Problem of Irrelevant Desires

Desire-satisfaction theories about welfare come in two main varieties: unrestricted and restricted. Both varieties hold that a person's welfare is determined entirely by the satisfactions and frustrations of his desires. But while the restricted theories count only some of a person’s desires as relevant to his well-being, the unrestricted theories count all of his desires as relevant. Because unrestricted theories count all desires as relevant they are vulnerable to a wide variety of counterexamples involving desires that seem obviously irrelevant. Derek Parfit offers a well-known example involving a stranger afflicted with what seems to be a fatal disease. Similar examples are offered by Thomas Scanlon, James Griffin, Shelly Kagan, and others. In this paper I defend a simple unrestricted desire-based theory of welfare from the claim that some of our desires are irrelevant to how well our lives go. I begin by introducing the theory I aim to defend. I then formulate the Irrelevant-Desires Problem and reject a few rationales for its key premise. I then consider and reject a few flawed responses to the problem. I finally offer an obvious but widely overlooked response: I bite the bullet. My overall goal is to dissuade those sympathetic to a desire-based approach to welfare from rejecting unrestricted forms of desire satisfactionism simply because some desires may seem irrelevant to how well our lives go.
Reconstructing extreme post-wildfire floods: a comparison of convective and mesoscale events

In much of the western United States destructive floods after wildfire are frequently caused by localized, short-duration convective thunderstorms; however, little is known about post-fire flooding from longer-duration, low-intensity mesoscale storms. In this study we estimate and compare peak flows from convective and mesoscale floods following the 2012 High Park Fire in the ungaged 15.5 km2 Skin Gulch basin in the northcentral Colorado Front Range. The convective storm on 6 July 2012 came just days after the wildfire was contained. Radar data indicated that the total rainfall was 20-47 mm, and the maximum rainfall intensities (upwards of 50 mm/h) were concentrated over portions of the watershed that burned at high severity. The mesoscale storm on 9-15 September 2013 produced 220-240 mm of rain but had maximum 15-minute intensities of only 25-32 mm/h. Peak flows for each flood were estimated using three independent techniques. Our best estimate using a 2D hydraulic model was 28 m3/s-km2 for the flood following the convective storm, placing it among the largest rainfall-runoff floods per unit area in the United States. In contrast, the flood associated with the mesoscale flood was only 6 m3/s-km2, but the long-duration flood caused extensive channel incision and widening, indicating that this storm was much more geomorphically effective. The peak flow estimates for the 2013 flood had a higher relative uncertainty and this stemmed from whether we used pre- or post-flood channel topography. The results document the extent to which a high and moderate severity forest fire can greatly increase peak flows and alter channel morphology, illustrate how indirect peak flow estimates have larger errors than is generally assumed, and indicate that the magnitude of post-fire floods and geomorphic change can be affected by the timing, magnitude, duration, and sequence of rainstorms.
Phase Segregation Behavior of Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Binary Alloys Induced by Dissimilar Substitution

Transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) alloys form a broad class of two-dimensional (2D) layered materials with tunable bandgaps leading to interesting optoelectronic applications. In the bottom-up approach of building these atomically thin materials, atomic doping plays a crucial role. Here we demonstrate a single step CVD (chemical vapor deposition) growth procedure for obtaining binary alloys and heterostructures by tuning atomic composition. We show that a minute doping of tin during the growth phase of the Mo1–xWxS2 alloy system leads to formation of lateral and vertical heterostructure growth. High angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) imaging and density functional theory (DFT) calculations also support the modified stacking and growth mechanism due to the nonisomorphous Sn substitution. Our experiments demonstrate the possibility of growing heterostructures of TMD alloys whose spectral responses can be desirably tuned for various optoelectronic applications.
Acclimating to the Increase in Statin Use in Accountable Care Organizations Based on Changes in Quality Measures: A Report from the Accountable Care Organization Research Network, Services, and Education

The Accountable Care Organization Research Network, Services, and Education (ACORN SEED), founded by faculty members at Nova Southeastern University College of Pharmacy, is a group of pharmacists that provides unique pharmacy services to accountable care organizations (ACOs), patient-centered medical homes, and management services organizations to help maximize shared savings and target medication-related issues, while promoting the pharmacy profession and unique learning experiences for pharmacy students within these settings. In this report, ACORN SEED investigators provide a brief overview of the ACO benchmark measures in relation to statin use. Historically, hyperlipidemia treatment was tailored to meet certain cholesterol levels as a surrogate marker in preventing major adverse cardiovascular events, specifically a low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level less than 100 mg/dL as a target goal. In addition, Medicare assessed a health care provider’s performance based on this target goal in spe...
High transverse skin incisions may reduce wound complications in obese women having cesarean sections: a pilot study.

Objective: Women having cesarean section have a high risk of wound complications. Our objective was to determine whether high transverse skin incisions are associated with a reduced risk of cesarea...
Injury prevention in the developing world

Injuries are rapidly escalating by-products of growth and urbanization in developing nations and have become the number one global health threat to children, young adults, and developing nations. Injuries are also highly preventable with scientifically evaluated, cost-effective solutions. Yet these same injuries are highly underappreciated as a global health threat and receive inadequate attention and funding. Because injuries so heavily affect individuals in their most productive years, their continued growth is sure to hamper or wipe away economic gains in many developing nations and further health inequities between developed and developing nations. Injury prevention in developing countries thus represents an enormous opportunity since attention and funding has been limited even in the face of evidence-based, cost-effective solutions. This opportunity should be pursued in developing nations by choosing prevention programs that address key injury threats and, at the same time, affect long-term, sustainable, and measurable injury reductions. Such programs should have strong local buy-in, a history of evaluation (preferably in developing nations), high returns-on-investment, make use of existing infrastructures when possible, and include an implementation plan that is to be carried out by the developing nation itself.
Novel insights and recent discoveries on the genetics and pathogenesis of malignant mesothelioma.

Malignant mesothelioma is a highly aggressive malignancy arising from the serosal lining. While most cases originate in the pleural lining of the thoracic cavity, a subset of cases primarily involves the peritoneum or, rarely, the pericardium or the tunica vaginalis (1). Studies have suggested that malignant mesothelioma comprises several clinicopathologic subgroups, with distinct site predilections and pathogenetic mechanisms.
Integrated Psychodynamic Psychotherapy with Children

Integrated psychodynamic psychotherapy with children attempts to prescribe a specific psychotherapy for a child at a specific developmental level with a specific psychiatric syndrome. To this end, any and all accepted means of treatment are integrated in the treatment approach. The use of nonpsychodynamic modalities does not minimize the psychodynamic modality, but, in most instances, enhances the psychodynamic inquiry. The interpersonal and experiential aspects of psychotherapy are emphasized. Specific aspects of technique such as the use of play, the nature of insight, transference, and counter transference are considered.
Detection of a new emission band at 2.8 µm in comet P/Halley

A 2.8- to 3.7-gm spectrum of comet Halley taken in May 1986 is presented. The spectrum shows (1) the 3.36-gm emission feature that most likely arises from carbonaceous material, (2) a previously unknown emission band at 2.8-2.9 gm, and (3) no evidence for the 3-gm water-ice band either in reflection or absorption. The 2.8- to 2.9-gm emission feature does not arise from infrared fluorescence from water or OH. Since LTE emission from water is unlikely, the nature of this feature is uncertain.
Polyol pathway activity in aorta.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the polyol pathway activity in aorta. Insulin in vitro has no effect on the glucose space in aortic intima and media, and free intracellular glucose can be demonstrated in tissue from normal or alloxan-diabetic rabbits. Aortic tissue incubated in a medium containing glucose releases free fructose into the medium. The rate of fructose release can be used to provide a minimal estimate of glucose utilization via the polyol pathway. There is a significant turnover of sorbitol in aortic intima and media. Although the steady-state sorbitol concentration in aortic tissue incubated with 5 mM glucose is only 12.9 ± 0.87 nmoles/g, glucose utilization through the polyol pathway accounts for approximately 1.8% of the glucose uptake. Increasing the medium glucose concentration to 50 mM results in increased steady-state sorbitol and fructose concentrations and a sixfold increase in flux through the polyol pathway. The increased sorbitol concentration observed in aortic tissue exposed to elevated glucose concentrations reflects increased sorbitol synthesis.
Opioids and Other Analgesics

This chapter is concerned with those pain-killing drugs (analgesics) that are most likely to be misused, ranging from propoxyphene (Darvon) through the synthetic, opiatelike drugs to the major opiates, including morphine and heroin. The generalizations made here apply to almost all prescription painkillers with the exception of the newer prescription anti-inflammatory medications. The material is also relevant to the newer opioid drugs, including the mixed agonist-antagonist butorphanol (Stadol or Borphanol), which is similar to buprenorphene (Buprenex) and nalbuphene (Nubain), as well as fentanyl (Sublimaze).1–4 Many of these newer medications have not yet met the test of time to determine their actual propensity to develop adverse reactions, including physical dependence.5
Effect of mode mixity on K-dominance and three dimensionality in cracked plates

The method of Coherent Gradient Sensing (CGS) in transmission, in conjunction with two and three dimensional finite element methods, is used to study the effect of mode mixity on crack tip stress fields. Using a two dimensional finite element analysis the outer bounds of the region of K-dominance were determined. A three dimensional finite analysis was utilized to study the effect of mode mixity on the three dimensional nature of the stress field in the immediate vicinity of the crack tip and to obtain an inner bound of the region of K-dominance. It was noted that increasing mode mixity leads to an increased rotation of the three dimensional zone, keeping its shape and size unchanged. In contrast, the region of K-dominance is seen to dramatically depend on mode mixity, both in shape and size. In addition, an analysis of the CGS interferograms was conducted to obtain an estimate of the regions of K-dominance experimentally. A least squares fit data analysis technique was used to extract fracture parameters, namely the stress intensity factors KI, KII and subsequently the crack tip phase angle, φ. The data points used for the least square fitting were obtained from the determined regions of K-dominance. The same fracture parameters were also evaluated from the finite element analysis, and good agreement was found between experimental measurements and finite element predictions.
Clinical Prognostic Factors in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer

In summary, numerous prognostic indicators for NSCLC patients have been defined and continue to be evaluated for impact on local control, survival, and treatment selection. It becomes clear that tumor induction and progression are determined by multiple steps and response to treatment on numerous codependent factors that must ultimately be considered in determining optimal treatment for any given patient. The ultimate goal would be an individualized approach to each patient considering all variables of stage, tumor biology, comorbidity, and QOL.
Some Kinetic Studies in the Reversed Micellar System-Aerosol OT (Diisooctyl Sulfosuccinate)/H2O/Heptane Solution

From 1H and 23Na NMR studies, the water molecules partitioning into the hydration shell of the counter ions are found to be highly immobilized in the reversed micelles Aerosol OT/H2O/Heptane. Upon the completion of hydration shell, ttie mobility of water is enhanced and approaches that of the ordinary water. Fluorescent probes Pyrene (Py) and Pyrene Sulfonic Acid (PSA) are incubated into the reversed micelles and excited by the pulsed ruby Laser 347.1 nm light. The subsequent decay of the excited singlet states of the probes were followed to study the dynamic motions of the probe and the added quenchers. For the ionic quenchers, the motion is very restricted at low water content. On the other hand, O2 and CH2I2 can undergo unrestricted diffusion. The quenching constants are lower forthe hydrophobic probe Py than the amphiphillic probe PSA in the case of ionic quenchers which is attributed to the larger encountered probability between the quencher and PSA. Nanosecond pulsed radiolysis of biphenyl in the reversed micelles leads to the formation of biphenyl anion and triplet.
Training and Credentialing in Child Neuropsychology

Although neuropsychology as a scientific field of inquiry has origins dating at least as far back as the late 19th century, it is only during the past 20 years that neuropsychology has enjoyed widespread recognition and acceptance as a formal applied professional specialty area. Until recently, neuropsychology was primarily identified with diagnostic testing of adults with verified brain injury. With the increasing recognition of neuropsychological substrates of learning and adaptive behavior problems in adults with brain injury, there developed a progressive interest in some possible central processing dysfunctions as being etiologic in a wide variety of children’s learning problems (e.g., Chalfant & Scheffelin. 1969). Given impetus and support by the focus of “The Great Society” programs on identification, description, and treatment of childhood learning problems, neuropsychology increasingly was involved with the assessment of exceptional children.
Improving outcomes in primary CNS lymphoma

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is an aggressive disease with previously poor prognosis. The advent of high-dose methotrexate-based induction regimens as well as use of consolidation therapy has greatly improved this prognosis in recent decades, but durable remission still eludes half of patients. In this review, we summarize the progress made in the treatment of PCNSL as well as the challenges that remain, with a focus on defining optimal induction and consolidation regimens, including the promise of developing biotherapies. Future studies will help delineate the best combination of existing and novel treatment strategies, with the goal of expanding the cohort of patients achieving a cure.
Individuals with ventromedial frontal damage have more unstable but still fundamentally transitive preferences

Transitivity of preferences (i.e., if one prefers A over B, and B over C, one should prefer A over C) is a hallmark of making rational, value-based decisions. Damage to the ventromedial frontal lobes (VMF) has been shown in previous studies to increase intransitive choice cycles (i.e., choosing A over B and B over C, but C over A). However, past studies have examined transitivity by treating preferences as deterministic rather than probabilistic, which could mask an important distinction in the critical role of the VMF in value-based choices: are individuals with VMF damage prone to choosing irrationally, or are they transitive, but simply more variable in what they prefer? We present individuals with focal VMF damage, controls with other frontal damage, and healthy controls with incentive compatible stimuli (artwork, brands of chocolate, and gambles) and have them make repeated choices between all possible pairs. Using cutting edge tests of a model of stochastic transitivity, and replicating previous analyses of transitivity that treat preferences as deterministic, we find that individuals with VMF damage made decisions consistent with stochastic transitivity. We also replicate previous findings that these individuals more frequently violate deterministic notions of transitivity. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that individuals with VMF damage are not, in fact, more irrational, but do have noisier preferences. The implication is that the VMF is critical to maintaining the stability of preferences across time and context during decision-making, rather than for the ability for choices to reflect preferences at all.
Exercises: Paul’s Practices of Reading and Writing for Social Transformation

This chapter examines the ethical import of the exercises of reading and writing. It proposes that Paul’s first letter to the Corinthians is engaged in practices that form relationships and cares, rather than being focused on formulating codes and doctrines. It is more of a love letter than a treatise on love. Paul’s call for prophetic teaching, which cultivates new life, is different from exercises of informational pedagogy. Paul’s pedagogy seeks to re-educate and transform through social experiments that are situationally adaptive. Likewise, philosophical theology can offer resources for the ecological crisis can engage in a bottom-up process of exercises that shape responsive and sustainable ways of life.
Role of Backbone Dynamics in Modulating the Interactions of Disordered Ligands with the TAZ1 Domain of the CREB-Binding Protein

The intrinsically disordered transactivation domains of HIF-1α and CITED2 compete for binding of the TAZ1 domain of the CREB-binding protein by a unidirectional allosteric mechanism involving direct competition for shared binding sites, ternary complex formation, and TAZ1 conformational changes. To gain insight into the mechanism by which CITED2 displaces HIF-1α from TAZ1, we used nuclear magnetic resonance spin relaxation methods to obtain an atomic-level description of the picosecond to nanosecond backbone dynamics that contribute to TAZ1 binding and competition. We show that HIF-1α and CITED2 adopt different dynamics in their complexes with TAZ1, with flexibility observed for HIF-1α in regions that would maintain accessibility for CITED2 to bind to TAZ1 and facilitate subsequent HIF-1α dissociation. In contrast, critical regions of CITED2 adopt a rigid structure in its complex with TAZ1, minimizing the ability of HIF-1α to compete for binding. We also find that TAZ1, previously thought to be a rigid sc...
Curious Case of Starvation Induced Wernicke’s Encephalopathy (P6.315)

Objective: . Background: We report an unusual case of Wernicke’s encephalopathy secondary to prolonged deliberate starvation. Design/Methods: Introduction: Wernicke Encephalopathy (WE) is a well-known complication of thiamine deficiency. It usually presents with altered mental status, ophthalmoplegia, and gait ataxia. WE is usually related to chronic alcoholism, WE can also occur with malnutrition and starvation. Results: Case: 42 year old male presented to an outside hospital with a fall, diplopia, nausea, and vomiting for two days associated with weight loss of 70 pounds for the past 3 months. He reported fasting since January 15, 2016 to be “closer to God”. Patient was unsteady on his feet which resulted in a fall. He reported history of alcohol and marijuana use but quit 4 years ago. On examination he was awake, alert and oriented to person, place, and time. Delayed recall was 3/5 at 3 and 5 minutes. He had a down beating nystagmus on primary gaze and also gaze evoked down beating nystagmus in all directions. His visual acuity was 20/200 in the right eye and 20/400 in the left eye due to nystagmus. His motor and sensory examination was normal. He had dysmetria in the bilateral upper extremities to finger-nose and rapid alternation movements. He was able to stand with arms crossed but unable to walk or perform tandem gait due to being unsteady on his feet. MRI brain showed bilateral thalami hyperintensities, consistent with WE. He was treated with IV thiamine 500mg three times a day for 3 days and 250mg daily for 5 days and was discharged on Oral Thiamine 100mg daily. Conclusions: There should be a high clinical suspicion to diagnose Wernicke Encephalopathy in patients who are not alcoholics. Malnutrition and starvation can lead to Wernicke Encephalopathy, early diagnosis is important for definite treatment with thiamine. Disclosure: Dr. Panjwani has nothing to disclose. Dr. Humayun has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pirzada has nothing to disclose.
Tribological Properties of Novel Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Phosphorus Containing Ionic Liquid Hybrids in Grease

A continuing quest exists to develop high-performance grease capable of meeting extreme demands of high energy efficiency and durability of modern mechanical systems. In this study, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and ionic liquids (IL) either singly or as a binary additive system were prepared to study the tribological performance of lithium greases under boundary lubrication condition. The combination of MWCNT and IL can benefit from their respective lubricating mechanism to minimize friction and wear. To test this hypothesis, MWCNT and IL are tested individually and compared with combined MWCNT-IL additive mixture within lithium-based greases. MWCNT-IL gelatinous hybrids were prepared by inducing physical non-covalent interactions between MWCNTs and phosphorous based ILs through ultrasonication and magnetic stirring. Four different phosphorous based ILs, Choline bis(2-ethylhexyl)-phosphate, Choline dibutyl-dithiophosphate, Methyl-tributyl-phosphonium dimethyl-phosphate, Tetra-n-butyl-phosphonium O,O-diethyl-dithiophosphate were used. Four ball tribological test configuration was used to assess wear and friction properties of fabricated greases. The lubrication mechanism of these additives was elucidated through analysis of worn surfaces using surface characterization techniques like SEM, EDS, and stereo optical microscopy. All greases that contain ionic liquid exhibited better tribological performance compared to grease with ZDDP. The maximum reduction of the coefficient of friction (COF) of 60% and wear scar diameter (WSD) reduction of 25% was observed for greases containing MWCNTs and phosphonium cation based ILs hybrids as an additive. Results indicated either worse or comparable anti-wear behavior in greases with MWCNT-IL hybrids as compared to greases that only contained IL or MWCNT. The antagonistic interaction between MWCNT and IL has been postulated to occur when MWCNT adversely interacts with IL formed tribofilms, negating the benefit from IL resulting in increased wear in greases with binary mixtures of MWCNT-IL.
Online Firmware Functional Validation Scheme Using Colored Petri Net Model

Firmware functional validation suffers from a series of performance limitations in practice, which in turn heavily relies on manual effort and becomes a major bottleneck of product time cycle. The requirement of repetitive run-time firmware execution for the validation environment demands novel techniques to accelerate the validation process. We propose an online firmware functional validation scheme utilizing the colored Petri net (CPN) model which can be generated automatically from the firmware source code. With simulation runs on the generated CPN models at run-time, the firmware execution path is presented and, if an error occurs, the location of error can be identified. An integrated validation tool has been designed and implemented to show the proposed validation methodology’s potential and effectiveness. This tool is used in the validation of the universal serial bus (USB) initialization in unified extensible firmware interface (UEFI).
Wing flexibility reduces the energetic requirements of insect flight.

Flapping insect wings deform under aerodynamic as well as inertial-elastic forces. This deformation is thought to improve power economy and reduce the energetic costs of ﬂight. However, conventional ﬂapping wing models employ rigid body simpliﬁcations or demand excessive computational power, and are consequently unable to identify the inﬂuence of ﬂexibility on ﬂight energetics. Here, we derive a reduced-order model capable of estimating the driving torques and corresponding power of ﬂapping, ﬂexible insect wings. We validate this model by actuating a tobacco hornworm hawkmoth Manduca sexta (L.) forewing with a custom single-degree-of-freedom mechanical ﬂapper. Our model predicts measured torques and instantaneous power with reasonable accuracy. Moreover, the ﬂexible wing model predicts experimental trends that rigid body models cannot, which suggests compliance should not be neglected when considering ﬂight dynamics at this scale. Next, we use our model to investigate ﬂight energetics with realistic ﬂapping kinematics. We ﬁnd that when the natural frequency of the wing is roughly three times that of the ﬂapping frequency, ﬂexibility can reduce energy expenditures by almost 25% compared to a rigid wing if negative work is stored as potential energy and subsequently released to do positive work. The wing itself can store about 30% of the 1200 µJ of total energy required over a wingbeat. Peak potential energy storage occurs immediately before stroke reversal. We estimate that for a moth weighing 1.5 - 2.5 grams, the peak instantaneous power required for ﬂight is 75 - 125 W/kg. However, these peak values are likely lower in natural insect ﬂight, where the wing is able to exchange strain energy with the compliant thorax. Our ﬁndings highlight the importance of ﬂexibility in ﬂapping wing micro aerial vehicle design and suggest tuned ﬂexibility can greatly improve vehicle eﬃciency.