cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Agronomic performance and transmission of the multiple-bud mutation of sugarcane

Few morphological mutations have been identified in sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids), a vegetatively propagated grass with complex, polyploid genetics. The multiple-bud mutation may increase bud survival at planting and shoot production per unit area. The objectives of this study were to compare yield components and bud germination of single-bud (normal) cultivars and multiple-bud mutants, to determine the frequency of multiple buds in mutants, and to assess the sexual transmission of the multiple-bud trait. Seven multiple-bud mutants, lncluding one gall-forming mutant (US 94-12), were tested with two normal cultivars in plant cane crops for 2 yr in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Transmission was measured for 1 yr in progeny of 19 selfed or single-cross populations having at least one multiple-bud parent. Normal cultivars produced one shoot per node in the greenhouse. Most multiple-bud genotypes produced about two shoots per node, except that US 94-12 produced 4.5 shoots per node. In field tests, however, numbers of shoots, stalks, and stools of multiple-bud genotypes tended to be lower than cultivars. The multiple-bud trait was sexually transmitted to only 2.2% of progeny, lower than previously reported. This may have resulted from stricter screening or intermittent gene expression. Development of a multiple-bud cultivar will be hindered by the low rate of transmission and, therefore, the large population required for selection. Future studies should be directed toward the identification of commercially acceptable multiple-bud genotypes having the potential to give stands equal to cultivars at lower planting density, thereby reducing seed cane requirements.
“Je Est un Autre”: Ethnopoetics and the Poet as Other

Before there was ethnopoetics there was the world. I mean to say that we emerged from the second worldwar & knew that it was bigger than that. The world, I mean. The world as Europe was not the world the mind now knew. And something had happened that let the mind know many worlds-each one of which was "other" to the mind. Europe was also "other." America was "other." What was exotic & what was near to hand were "other." You & I were "other" to ourselves, our minds. The mind the mind knew was a final otherness: a habitat of minds & worlds. (This emerged. The world emerged it.) What you know is what you are. What the mind can hold is what the mind is. Enough, the mind says. There is a politics in this & yet there is no politics. There is a knowledge here that mixes real & unreal, that opens. There is also the trembling headiness of a world in which, Rimbaud told us, "I" is an "other." What did he mean by that? What do I mean? "I" is "other," is "an other," is "the other." (There is also "you.") If the mind shapes, configures the world it knows or holds, is there an imperial/colonizing mind at work here, or is this mind as shaper & collager still pursuing its old work: to make an image of the world from what appears to it? And what appears to it? The world.
Viscosity Solutions for the Two-Phase Stefan Problem

We introduce a notion of viscosity solutions for the two-phase Stefan problem, which incorporates possible existence of a mushy region generated by the initial data. We show that a comparison principle holds between viscosity solutions, and investigate the coincidence of the viscosity solutions and the weak solutions defined via integration by parts. In particular, in the absence of initial mushy region, viscosity solution is the unique weak solution with the same boundary data.
Phosphatidylglycerol synthesis in castor bean endosperm: kinetics, requirements, and intracellular localization.

The synthesis of phosphatidylglycerol in castor bean (Ricinus communis var. Hale) endosperm tissue was found to be located in both the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial fractions separated on sucrose density gradients. The enzyme of both fractions attained maximum activity at 5 mm Mn2+, 0.075% Triton X-100, and pH 7.3. The addition of dithiothreitol produced little effect, but sulfhydryl inhibitors reduced activity in both systems. Cytidine diphosphate-diglyceride exhibited an apparent Michaelis constant for the endoplasmic reticulum enzyme of 2.8 μm and for the mitochondrial enzyme of 2.0 μm; the maximum reaction rate was achieved at about 20 μm. For the second substrate, glycerol-phosphate, the apparent Michaelis constant for both fractions was about 50 μm and maximum velocity was reached at 400 μm. The specific activity of the mitochondrial enzyme was generally twice that of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Spectrophotometric determination of ruthenium with 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid.

Abstract Ruthenium(III) chloride and 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid, in aqueous solution at pH 4.0–4.5, react slowly at room temperature, but more rapidly when the mixture is heated, giving solutions that go through colour transitions from amber to purple-red; maximum absorbance of fully developed solutions occurs at 550 nm. The effects of heating temperature and time, pH, reagent concentration, and other variables have been studied. The system conforms to Beer's law; optimum concentration range, for measurement in 10-mm cells, is about 0.5–2 ppm of ruthenium. Interference from foreign ions, especially other platinum elements, is avoided by a distillation separation of ruthenium. The spectrophotometric mole-ratio and continuous-variation methods indicated the presence of complexes of 1:2 and 1:3 ruthenium-to-reagent stoichiometry. Elemental analysis of solid products isolated from solution confirmed the 1:2 reaction ratio. Several other o-diamines gave similar coloured solutions and reaction stoichiometry.
On the reconstruction of boolean algebras from their automorphism groups

A Boolean algebraB is called faithful, if for every direct summandB 1 ofB: ifB 1 is rigid, (that is, it does not have any automorphisms other than the identity), then there isB 2 such thatB≅B 1×B 1×B 1×B 2. LetB be a complete Boolean algebra, thenB can be uniquely represented asB≅B R×B D×B D×B F, whereB R,B D,B F are pairwise totally different, (that is, no two of them have non-zero isomorphic direct summands),B R,B D are rigid andB F is faithful. Aut(B) denotes the automorphism group ofB.
Cognitive coping skills and depression vulnerability among cigarette smokers.

Abstract Cigarette smokers vulnerable to depression experience considerable difficulty in quitting smoking, possibly because they use smoking to manage negative affect and possess underdeveloped alternative coping skills for doing so. Efforts to adapt cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) of depression to the treatment of depression-vulnerable smokers have achieved inconsistent results. This research tested one possible explanation for these mixed results, the possibility that depression-vulnerable smokers are not actually deficient in the skills taught in CBT. Regular smokers with a history of major depression, but not currently in a depressive episode ( n =66), scored worse than did the never-depressed smokers ( n =68) on the Ways of Responding [WOR; Behav. Assess. 14 (1992) 93] test of skills for coping with negative moods and automatic thoughts. Results were similar in analyses using self-rated depression proneness, rather than interview-based diagnosis of past major depression, as the marker of depression vulnerability. Results were (nonsignificantly) stronger for Caucasian ( n =54) than for African-American ( n =73) smokers. Implications for future research on cognitive coping, CBT, and smoking are discussed.
Mars Summit Explores Options for Human Missions to the Red Planet

The United States “needs to begin the homesteading and settlement of Mars,” Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin told participants at the Humans to Mars Summit on 8 May in Washington, D. C. “It is within reach technically and budgetarily. Even in a period of fiscal challenges, the United States needs to consider this program with long-term planning.”
DNA Repair and Cancer Therapy: Targeting APE1/Ref-1 Using Dietary Agents

Epidemiological studies have demonstrated the cancer protective effects of dietary agents and other natural compounds isolated from fruits, soybeans, and vegetables on neoplasia. Studies have also revealed the potential for these natural products to be combined with chemotherapy or radiotherapy for the more effective treatment of cancer. In this paper we discuss the potential for targeting the DNA base excision repair enzyme APE1/Ref-1 using dietary agents such as soy isoflavones, resveratrol, curcumin, and the vitamins ascorbate and α-tocopherol. We also discuss the potential role of soy isoflavones in sensitizing cancer cells to the effects of radiotherapy. A comprehensive review of the dual nature of APE1/Ref-1 in DNA repair and redox activation of cellular transcription factors, NF-κB and HIF-1α, is also discussed. Further research efforts dedicated to delineating the role of APE1/Ref-1 DNA repair versus redox activity in sensitizing cancer cells to conventional treatment are warranted.
Teaching, Practicing and Assessing Motivational Interviewing Skills Throughout the Pharmacy Curriculum

Moral Dilemmas in Pharmacy Practice and Professionalism Education W. Gottgens-Jansen, E.W. Tuinstra, E. van Leeuwen, Radboudumc Nijmegen, IQ healthcare, section Healthcare Ethics, The Netherlands, Pharmd D, Philosophy Msc, University of Applied Sciences The Hague, The Hague, Netherlands, Philosophy Msc, Dutch Msc, Radboudumc Nijmegen, IQ healthcare, section Healthcare Ethics, The Netherlands, PhD, Prof of Medical Ethics
Labour demand and Agroindustrial development: The evidence from Mexico

Agroindustrialisation, in contrast to assertions by Mexican policy‐makers, has had a negative employment‐generating effect in agriculture in the region known as El Bajio. The impact of widespread crop substitution and the wholesale transfer of technology promoted by transnational processing plants have both reduced the total labour employed and increased the instability of employment through heightened seasonality of labour demand. A decomposition analysis assesses the role played by various determinants of labour demand in the alteration of regional agricultural employment which has resulted from agro‐industrialisation.
Anesthetic efficacy of articaine for inferior alveolar nerve blocks in patients with irreversible pulpitis

The purpose of this prospective, randomized, double-blind study was to compare the anesthetic efficacy of 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine to 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine for inferior alveolar nerve blocks in patients experiencing irreversible pulpitis in mandibular posterior teeth. Seventy-two emergency patients diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis of a mandibular posterior tooth randomly received, in a double-blind manner, 2.2 ml of 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine or 2.2 ml of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine using a conventional inferior alveolar nerve block. Endodontic access was begun 15 min after solution deposition, and all patients were required to have profound lip numbness. Success was defined as none or mild pain (Visual Analogue Scale recordings) on endodontic access or initial instrumentation. The success rate for the inferior alveolar nerve block using articaine was 24% and for the lidocaine solution success was 23%. There was no significant difference (p = 0.89) between the articaine and lidocaine solutions. Neither solution resulted in an acceptable rate of anesthetic success in patients with irreversible pulpitis.
Stress-Induced Alterations in Prefrontal Cortical Dendritic Morphology Predict Selective Impairments in Perceptual Attentional Set-Shifting

Stressful life events have been implicated clinically in the pathogenesis of mental illness, but the neural substrates that may account for this observation remain poorly understood. Attentional impairments symptomatic of these psychiatric conditions are associated with structural and functional abnormalities in a network of prefrontal cortical structures. Here, we examine whether chronic stress-induced dendritic alterations in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and orbital frontal cortex (OFC) underlie impairments in the behaviors that they subserve. After 21 d of repeated restraint stress, rats were tested on a perceptual attentional set-shifting task, which yields dissociable measures of reversal learning and attentional set-shifting, functions that are mediated by the OFC and mPFC, respectively. Intracellular iontophoretic injections of Lucifer yellow were performed in a subset of these rats to examine dendritic morphology in layer II/III pyramidal cells of the mPFC and lateral OFC. Chronic stress induced a selective impairment in attentional set-shifting and a corresponding retraction (20%) of apical dendritic arbors in the mPFC. In stressed rats, but not in controls, decreased dendritic arborization in the mPFC predicted impaired attentional set-shifting performance. In contrast, stress was not found to adversely affect reversal learning or dendritic morphology in the lateral OFC. Instead, apical dendritic arborization in the OFC was increased by 43%. This study provides the first direct evidence that dendritic remodeling in the prefrontal cortex may underlie the functional deficits in attentional control that are symptomatic of stress-related mental illnesses.
Evidence for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) altering the firing rate of preoptic, septal and midbrain central gray neurons

Abstract The effect of the iontophoretic application of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) on the extracellular electrical activity (neuronal firing rate) of 91 neurons localized in the preoptic (PO), septal (S) region and midbrain central gray (MCG) was studied in urethane-anesthetized female rats. When applied in minute quantities, VIP induced both excitatory ( N = 14 ) and inhibitory ( N = 8 ) changes in the membrane excitability of PO and S neurons (total N = 58 ), while only inhibitory ( N = 9 ) changes were observed in the MCG neurons (total N = 33 ; thus 24 MCG neurons were found to be unresponsive to VIP). The latency and duration of the VIP-induced response was, for the most part, characterized by a rapid onset and persisted for the duration of the ejecting pulse. However, five out of the 58 PO and S neurons and one out of the 33 MCG neurons did show responses that were longer and more variable in latency and duration. Of 26 PO neurons recorded and tested with VIP, only five neurons were determined to be antidromically identified (AI) as having their axons in the median eminence. The application of VIP increased the neuronal firing rate in two AI PO neurons, decreased the activity in one, and was ineffective in altering the activity in two other AI PO neurons. The VIP-induced changes in the neuronal firing rate appear to be specific and reproducible, and not related to the ejecting current nor pH of the solution. The results suggest that VIP, a gastrointestinal hormone that is also localized in the brain, can alter the neuronal firing rate of hypothalamic and midbrain neurons, thus providing additional evidence for its possible influence on brain and neuroendocrine function.
Role of excess As in low-temperature-grown GaAs.

Before annealing, low-temperature-grown GaAs contains excess As which is distributed throughout the bulk in the form of point defects that clearly dominate the material's electronic properties. Upon annealing at 600 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, however, As precipitates are formed which can be readily observed by use of transmission electron microscopy. There has been considerable debate as to whether the electronic properties of the annealed material are controlled by these precipitates, or by residual point defects remaining in the surrounding GaAs. In this paper, we review the relevant data and issues regarding the mechanisms of point-defect-mediated compensation versus the As-precipitate, internal-Schottky-barrier model. In addition, we present data from rapid-thermal-annealing studies of the resistivity-versus-precipitate distribution, and from electromodulation measurements of Fermi-level positions in as-grown and annealed material on both ${\mathit{n}}^{+}$- and ${\mathit{p}}^{+}$-type substrates. These and existing data confirm that the controlling mechanism in the annealed material (GaAs:As) is indeed that of Schottky-barrier-controlled internal pinning on metallic As precipitates.
CV5: THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF LIFETIME FACTOR VIII PROPHYLAXIS IN THE TREATMENT OF SEVERE HEMOPHILIA A

Prophylactic infusion of factor VIII has been shown to markedly reduce arthropathy in patients with severe hemophilia A. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this model is to investigate the cost-effectiveness of prophylactic infusion of factor VIII relative to on-demand infusion therapy in patients with severe hemophilia A. METHODS: Two hypothetical cohorts were modeled; one cohort receiving prophylactic and the other on-demand infusions. Factor VIII infusion therapy begins at age 1 and continues unchanged over a patient's lifetime. A recursive Markov model is used to estimate the expected costs and QALYs associated with each cohort. Costs and QALYs are calculated using backward induction in 5-year intervals incorporating the DEALE method. Data inputs are estimated from published literature. The analysis is completed from a societal perspective, uses a 3% discount rate, with costs in year 2000 U.S. dollars, and has a time horizon of 50 years. RESULTS: According to the model, patients receiving prophylactic therapy experience both higher lifetime costs ($3,542,357) and higher QALYs (18.95) than patients receiving on-demand therapy ($2,455,268, 15.31). The ICER was determined to be $298,531/QALY. In the sensitivity analysis, the ICER was sensitive to the number of units/kg/yr of factor used per patient, the probability of arthropathy in years 1 through 5, and the utilities assigned. Varying these parameter estimates resulted in an ICER ranging from $8,315 to $616,158/QALY. CONCLUSION: Results from the baseline model indicate that lifetime prophylactic infusion of factor VIII in patients with hemophilia is above the generally accepted threshold for cost-effectiveness of $50,000 per QALY. Due to the model's sensitivity to the amount of factor used, it is recommended that pharmacokinetic dosing be explored to reduce the amount of factor needed to achieve therapeutic levels. Research to determine more accurate utilities for persons with hemophilia with and without arthropathy are also needed.
Slot clock recovery in optical PPM communication systems with avalanche photodiode photodetectors

Slot timing recovery in a direct-detection optical PPM communication system can be achieved by processing the photodetector output waveform with a nonlinear device whose output forms the input to a phase-locked loop. The choice of a simple transition detector as the nonlinearity is shown to give satisfactory synchronization performance. The RMS phase error of the recovered slot clock and the effect of slot timing jitter on the bit error probability were directly measured. The experimental system consisted of an AlGaAs laser diode ( lambda =834 nm) and a silicon avalanche photodiode photodetector. The system used Q=4 PPM signaling and operated at a source data rate of 25 Mb/s. The mathematical model developed to compute the RMS phase error of the recovered clock is shown to be in good agreement with results of actual measurements of phase errors. The use of the recovered slot clock in the receiver resulted in no significant degradation in receiver sensitivity compared to a system with perfect slot timing. The system achieved a bit error probability of 10/sup -6/ at a received optical signal energy of 55 detected photons per information bit. >
The Human SWI-SNF Complex Protein p270 Is an ARID Family Member with Non-Sequence-Specific DNA Binding Activity

p270 is an integral member of human SWI-SNF complexes, first identified through its shared antigenic specificity with p300 and CREB binding protein. The deduced amino acid sequence of p270 reported here indicates that it is a member of an evolutionarily conserved family of proteins distinguished by the presence of a DNA binding motif termed ARID (AT-rich interactive domain). The ARID consensus and other structural features are common to both p270 and yeast SWI1, suggesting that p270 is a human counterpart of SWI1. The approximately 100-residue ARID sequence is present in a series of proteins strongly implicated in the regulation of cell growth, development, and tissue-specific gene expression. Although about a dozen ARID proteins can be identified from database searches, to date, only Bright (a regulator of B-cell-specific gene expression), dead ringer (a Drosophila melanogaster gene product required for normal development), and MRF-2 (which represses expression from the cytomegalovirus enhancer) have been analyzed directly in regard to their DNA binding properties. Each binds preferentially to AT-rich sites. In contrast, p270 shows no sequence preference in its DNA binding activity, thereby demonstrating that AT-rich binding is not an intrinsic property of ARID domains and that ARID family proteins may be involved in a wider range of DNA interactions.
Unexplained pulmonary hypertension in elderly patients.

Abstract Background: Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) preferentially affects young women. However, a subset of patients with IPAH is elderly. Our objective was to compare elderly (age ≥ 65 years) vs younger persons with unexplained pulmonary hypertension (PH) and a presumptive diagnosis of IPAH. Methods: Clinical, echocardiographic, hemodynamic, and survival data were collected on consecutive patients with suspected IPAH after evaluation in a large tertiary center PH clinic. Results: Of 197 patients (mean age ± SD, 52 ± 16 years; 80% female), 48 patients (24%) were elderly. Elderly and younger patients had similar symptom severity, systolic pulmonary artery (PA) pressure (82.7 ± 20.3 mm Hg vs 86.9 ± 18.8 mm Hg, respectively; p=0.21), and severity of right ventricular enlargement and dysfunction. Elderly patients had higher pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) [15.3 ± 7.3 mm Hg vs 11.1 ± 5.3 mm Hg; p Conclusions: Elderly patients with clinically suspected IPAH often fail to meet hemodynamic criteria for IPAH due to elevated PCWP. Studies to define the proper diagnostic strategy and the safety and efficacy of pulmonary vasodilators in elderly patients with unexplained PH are needed.
Idealization and formalism in Bohr's approach to quantum theory

Bohr held that quantum mechanical symbols find meaning only in the context of an experimental setting. Making a measurement requires establishing a correspondence between a property of the quantum object and a property of the measuring system via the introduction of a classical quantity with which the measuring instrument, classically understood, interacts. However, this correspondence is only approximate and involves the use of certain idealizations, and it is the commutation rules that tell us the limitations to this process. In this context I examine the caution by Daumer, et. al. (1996) against taking too seriously the idea of operators as observables. I conclude that Bohr would neither ascribe to such naive realism about operators nor dismiss the formalism as unimportant to the understanding of quantum phenomena, although he would agree with the caution that the properties we can attribute to a system depend on the context of the experiment.
COULD THERE BE A KOREAN–JAPANESE LINGUISTIC RELATIONSHIP THEORY? SCIENCE, THE DATA, AND THE ALTERNATIVES

The ethnolinguistic history of early East Asia depends on the comparative-historical study of the different languages. Scholars have long studied the early interrelationships among the major languages of East Asia, but only rarely according to the theory and methodology of scientific comparative-historical linguistics and linguistic typology, in which theories are expected to conform to the data. Among the many highly contested genetic relationship proposals in the region is the “Korean-Japanese theory”. Despite nearly a century of work by some very prominent scholars, no one has given a convincing demonstration of such a relationship, partly due to the paucity of supporting data, despite the fact that the two languages in question are vibrant and well attested. Now two leading scholars of Japanese and Korean linguistics who are familiar with each other's work, J. M. Unger and A. Vovin, have almost simultaneously published new books on the topic, one in favor of the theory, one against it. The contributions and flaws of the two books, and their position relative to the development of a scientific tradition of comparative-historical linguistics, are discussed. Special attention is paid to Koguryo, the extinct Japanese-related language once spoken on the Korean Peninsula that is crucial to any discussion of the historical relationship of Japanese and Korean.
Routing improvement using directional antennas in mobile ad hoc networks

In this paper, we present the initial design and evaluation of two techniques for routing improvement using directional antennas in mobile ad hoc networks. First, we use directional antennas to bridge permanent network partitions by adaptively transmitting selected packets over a longer distance, still transmitting most packets a shorter distance. Second, in a network without permanent partitions, we use directional antennas to repair routes in use, when an intermediate node moves out of wireless transmission range along the route; by using the capability of a directional antenna to transmit packets over a longer distance, we bridge the route breakage caused by the intermediate node's movement, thus reducing packet delivery latency. Through simulations, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our design in the context of the dynamic source routing protocol (DSR).
A GABRA2 variant is associated with increased stimulation and 'high' following alcohol administration.

Aims: Variation in genes encoding GABAA receptor subunits has been implicated in the risk of alcohol dependence (AD). We sought to replicate and extend previous findings of a moderating effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in GABRA2 (which encodes the GABAA α-2 subunit) on the subjective effects of alcohol by examining SNPs in this and the adjacent GABRG1 gene on chromosome 4. Methods: Fifty-two European-Americans (22 males, 28 light drinkers and 24 heavy drinkers) completed 3 laboratory sessions, during which they drank low-dose, high-dose, or placebo alcohol prior to undergoing periodic assessments of stimulation, sedation and drug enjoyment. We genotyped subjects for three SNPs previously associated with AD: rs279858 in GABRA2, and rs7654165 and rs6447493 in GABRG1 . Results: Two SNPs were associated with altered stimulatory effects of alcohol as measured on the Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale, (rs279858: P = 0.0046; rs6447493: P = 0.0023); both effects were in the opposite direction of previous findings. Carriers of the rs279858 C allele experienced greater stimulation from alcohol. Further inspection of the rs6447493 interaction did not support a pharmacogenetic effect. The effects of rs279858 (but not the other two SNPs) on items from a secondary outcome measure, the Drug Effects Questionnaire (DEQ), were significant. Higher ratings by individuals with the C allele were observed on the DEQ items ‘feel the alcohol effect’ ( P < 0.001), ‘like the alcohol effect’ ( P < 0.001) and feel ‘high’ ( P < 0.001). Conclusion: We did not find that the GABRG1 SNPs rs7654165 and rs6447493 moderated the effects of alcohol. Greater stimulatory and euphoric effects of alcohol in carriers of the rs279858 C allele may, in part, explain the previously reported association of this allele with AD.
Modern approaches to studying gas adsorption in nanoporous carbons

Conventional approaches to understanding the gas adsorption capacity of nanoporous carbons have emphasized the relationship with the effective surface area, but more recent work has demonstrated the importance of local structures and pore-size-dependent adsorption. These developments provide new insights into local structures in nanoporous carbon and their effect on gas adsorption and uptake characteristics. Experiments and theory show that appropriately tuned pores can strongly enhance local adsorption, and that pore sizes can be used to tune adsorption characteristics. In the case of H2 adsorbed on nanostructured carbon, quasielastic and inelastic neutron scattering probes demonstrate novel quantum effects in the motion of adsorbed molecules.
Initial motion of a bubble in a fluidized bed Part 1. Theory

This is a theoretical study of the experimental work in the succeeding paper by Partridge & Lyall (1967). This paper shows that the characteristic shape of typical bubbles in fluidized beds, with a large solids to fluid density ratio, will be reached after a time of order (r0/g)½ from the introduction, naturally or artificially, into the bed of a circular or spherical bubble, where r0 is the initial bubble radius and g the gravitation constant. The initial acceleration is g in two dimensions and 2g in three dimensions. A measure of the growth rate of the distortion from a circular or spherical shape is given as a tentative guide to wake formation and growth rate. It is shown that the wake growth rate in the three-dimensional case is faster than in the two-dimensional case, and, further, that bubbles formed naturally at the bottom of a fluidized bed will distort faster than bubbles starting from rest.The method used is based on a convective term linearization process on equations of motion for a fluidized system given by Murray (1965a, b) and an extension of a method given by Walters & Davidson (1962, 1963) in the case of the initial motion of a gas bubble formed in an inviscid liquid and starting from rest.Comparison with experiment is difficult since the bubble conditions discussed in the theory are very difficult to reproduce artificially in the laboratory. The results obtained by Partridge & Lyall (1967) are shown to be not inconsistent with those predicted here.
Role of the methylcitrate cycle in propionate metabolism and detoxification in Mycobacterium smegmatis

Catabolism of odd-chain-length fatty acids yields acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA. A common pathway of propionyl-CoA metabolism in micro-organisms is the methylcitrate cycle, which includes the dedicated enzymes methylcitrate synthase (MCS), methylcitrate dehydratase (MCD) and methylisocitrate lyase (MCL). The methylcitrate cycle is essential for propionate metabolism in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Unusually, M. tuberculosis lacks an MCL orthologue and this activity is provided instead by two isoforms of the glyoxylate cycle enzyme isocitrate lyase (ICL1 and ICL2). These bifunctional (ICL/MCL) enzymes are jointly required for propionate metabolism and for growth and survival in mice. In contrast, the non-pathogenic species Mycobacterium smegmatis encodes a canonical MCL enzyme in addition to ICL1 and ICL2. The M. smegmatis gene encoding MCL (prpB) is clustered with genes encoding MCS (prpC) and MCD (prpD). Here we show that deletion of the M. smegmatis prpDBC locus reduced but did not eliminate MCL activity in cell-free extracts. The residual MCL activity was abolished by deletion of icl1 and icl2 in the DeltaprpDBC background, suggesting that these genes encode bifunctional ICL/MCL enzymes. A DeltaprpB Deltaicl1 Deltaicl2 mutant was unable to grow on propionate or mixtures of propionate and glucose. We hypothesize that incomplete propionyl-CoA metabolism might cause toxic metabolites to accumulate. Consistent with this idea, deletion of prpC and prpD in the DeltaprpB Deltaicl1 Deltaicl2 background paradoxically restored growth on propionate-containing media. These observations suggest that the marked attenuation of ICL1/ICL2-deficient M. tuberculosis in mice could be due to the accumulation of toxic propionyl-CoA metabolites, rather than inability to utilize fatty acids per se.
Design of bearings on the basis of thermohydrodynamic analysis

AbstractThe steady state thermal behaviour of hydrodynamic bearings can be characterized by two unique dimensionless temperature rise parameters κ1 and κ2. Using these parameters, the results of ex...
Luteolytic effects of cloprostenol sodium in lactating dairy cows treated with G6G/Ovsynch.

Abstract The probability of a pregnancy decreases substantially in lactating dairy cows treated with Ovsynch if luteolysis is delayed or incomplete. Two PGF 2α products are currently approved in the United States for luteolysis in lactating dairy cattle, dinoprost tromethamine and cloprostenol sodium. Cloprostenol has a longer half-life compared with dinoprost, is more resistant to endogenous metabolism, and is maintained in circulation longer. We hypothesized that cloprostenol could reduce the time to complete luteolysis compared with dinoprost because of differences in half-life. Lactating dairy cows received the same presynchronization strategy (G6G; 25mg of PGF 2α – 2 d – 100μg of GnRH – 6 d – 100μg of GnRH – 7 d – final PGF 2α treatment). At the time of the final PGF 2α , cows (n=35) were randomly assigned to receive either 500μg of cloprostenol or 25mg of dinoprost. Blood samples were collected daily before and serially after PGF 2α treatment to analyze circulating concentrations of progesterone (P 4 ) and estradiol (E 2 ). Ultrasound examinations of ovaries were performed to measure sizes of follicles and corpora lutea (CL) and determine time of ovulation. Considering only cows with complete luteolysis, mean circulating P 4 was lower for cows given cloprostenol than for those given dinoprost between 0 and 12h postinjection, but not at 24, 36, or 48h. A rapid decrease in P 4 was observed 1h after PGF 2α (6.54±0.27 to 3.77±0.22ng/mL) followed by a complete rebound 1h later (3.77±0.22 to 5.07±0.31ng/mL) followed by a steady decline in both treatment groups. Serum concentrations of E 2 were greater at 48h posttreatment in cloprostenol-treated cows (2.74±0.15pg/mL) than in dinoprost-treated cows (2.37±0.19pg/mL). Cows that did not have complete luteolysis did not ovulate (0/7) during the 6-d period following treatment. Time to complete luteolysis and ovulation was 29.1±1.1 versus 29.4±1.7 and 101 versus 103h posttreatment in cloprostenol compared with dinoprost. A negative relationship was observed between P 4 at 12h posttreatment and concentrations of E 2 48h posttreatment (b=−0.6905; R 2 =0.23). In summary, cows treated with cloprostenol had lower concentrations of P 4 for the first 12h following treatment and subsequently greater concentrations of E 2 compared with dinoprost, although no differences were observed in these 2 PGF 2α analogs for time to complete luteolysis or time to ovulation.
On the chordality of a graph

The chordality of a graph G = (V, E) is defined as the minimum k such that we can write E = E1 ∩ … ∩ Ek with each (V, Ei) a chordal graph. We present several results bounding the value of this generalization of boxicity. Our principal result is that the chordality of a graph is at most its tree width. In particular, series-parallel graphs have chordality at most 2. Potential strengthenings of this statement fail in that there are planar graphs with chordality 3 and series-parallel graphs with boxicity 3. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Wide Field Of View Three-Mirror Telescopes Having A Common Optical Axis

Two coincident-optical-axis, three-mirror telescopes have been designed that feature relatively low focal ratios (f/2.3 and f/3), unobscured optical aperture, large circular fields of view (6 and 8 deg), good resolution, flat field, reimaging with accessible field stop, Lyot or glare stop, effective stray light suppression, and ease of spectral filter integration. The design for the f/3 telescope with 8 deg field of view has been fabricated and validated using single-point diamond-turned optics.
Genetic change for earlier migration timing in a pink salmon population

To predict how climate change will influence populations, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms, particularly microevolution and phenotypic plasticity, that allow populations to persist in novel environmental conditions. Although evidence for climate-induced phenotypic change in populations is widespread, evidence documenting that these phenotypic changes are due to microevolution is exceedingly rare. In this study, we use 32 years of genetic data (17 complete generations) to determine whether there has been a genetic change towards earlier migration timing in a population of pink salmon that shows phenotypic change; average migration time occurs nearly two weeks earlier than it did 40 years ago. Experimental genetic data support the hypothesis that there has been directional selection for earlier migration timing, resulting in a substantial decrease in the late-migrating phenotype (from more than 30% to less than 10% of the total abundance). From 1983 to 2011, there was a significant decrease—over threefold—in the frequency of a genetic marker for late-migration timing, but there were minimal changes in allele frequencies at other neutral loci. These results demonstrate that there has been rapid microevolution for earlier migration timing in this population. Circadian rhythm genes, however, did not show any evidence for selective changes from 1993 to 2009.
A calculation of the large scale three dimensional distribution of diabatic heating in the atmosphere

The large scale three-dimensional diabatic heating in the atmosphere is computed at 12 isentropic surfaces for a particular twelve hour time period. Using a method due toErtel, the continuity equation is combined with the equations of motion to give an explicit relation between diabatic heating and changes in potential vorticity and stability along isentropic surface trajectories. The results are barely of useful accuracy and reliability and this only under favorable conditions. The distribution of diabatic heating is qualitatively reasonable in the regions near the tropopause, close to the ground, above a cloud or moist layer, and within an area of general condensation. Errors and approximations make the computed values completely unreliable in areas of large anticyclonic vorticity or large baroclinity. Comparison of magnitudes with those computed from rainfall observations and with those measured directly at the earth's surface shows agreement in sign and within a factor of three in the areas of best data. The results emphasize that there are regions and periods where diabatic heating in the free atmosphere may be important in controlling atmospheric behavior. Sample calculations in one of these regions using values of diabatic heating computed by this study illustrate that this process is of comparable importance with the adiabatic process in determining vertical velocity.
Changes in Power with Resistance Training in Older and Younger Men and Women

Background. Muscle power diminishes with increasing age and inactivity. The capacity for older adults to increase muscle power with resistance exercise has not been examined; therefore, we examined the influence of progressive resistance training (PRT) on muscle power output in 17 men and women aged 56-66 years, and compared their responses to 15 men and women aged 21-30 years. Methods. All subjects performed 12 weeks ofPRT at a workload equivalent to 80% of the one repetition maximum (lRM). All training and assessments of lRM and power were made on Keiser pneumatic resistance machines. Subjects performed five exercises, three sets per exercise, twice weekly. Muscle power was measured (isotonically) at resistances equivalent to 40, 60, and 80% of the lRM, on the knee extension and arm pull machines. Results. All subjects increased arm pull power similarly at 40 and 60% of lRM, independent of age or sex. There was not a significant increase in arm pull power at 80% of lRM. Older and younger subjects also had similar absolute increases in leg extensor power at 40 and 60% of 1RM, but men responded with greater absolute gains than women at these percentages (p < .05). The increase in leg extensor power at 80% of IRM was similar in all groups. Older and younger subjects increased strength similarly in all exercises except the left knee extension. Independent of age, men increased strength more than women in all exercises except the double leg press. Conclusions. These data demonstrate that individuals in their sixth decade can still improve muscle power (and strength); however, men may realize greater absolute gains than women.
What Now? A Boomer's Baedeker for the Distribution Phase of Defined Contribution Retirement Plans

Baby Boomers head into retirement with various retirement-oriented savings accounts, including 401(k) plans and IRAs, but no clear pathway to utilizing the funds in these accounts. This Article analyzes the major factors and statutory regimes that apply to the distribution or “decumulation” phase of defined contribution retirement arrangements. It begins by examining the illusion of wealth that these largely tax-deferred plans foster and then considers how the funds in those plans can be used to: (1) create regular income; (2) pay for retirement health care costs, including long-term care; (3) make charitable donations; and (4) provide resources to those who survive the owners of these plans.
Preoperative risk prediction of surgical site infection requiring hospitalization or reoperation in patients undergoing vascular surgery

Objective The objective of this study was to develop a surgical site infection (SSI) prediction score for risk assessment before elective vascular surgery. Methods We conducted a nested case-control study among patients who underwent elective vascular (abdominal aortic and peripheral arterial) surgery from January 1, 2003, to December 31, 2007, at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, Minn) an academic tertiary surgical center. Cases were patients with SSI requiring hospitalization; controls (one or two per case) were matched on type of procedure and date of surgery. Clinical data were collected by chart review. A risk score based on preoperative variables was developed using multivariable logistic regression and bootstrap resampling. The C statistic, equivalent to the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, was used to assess discrimination. Calibration was assessed by plotting percentile risk groups of model-predicted values against observed proportions of subjects with SSI. Results Eighty-four cases were compared with 160 controls. Preoperative variables independently associated with SSI risk were critical limb ischemia, previous SSI, prior revascularization procedure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A prediction model containing these variables was developed (model and risk score C statistic of 0.737 and 0.727, respectively). The calibration curve did not appear to deviate appreciably from the 45-degree line of identity. Conclusions We developed an SSI risk score based on noninvasive preoperative variables with acceptable discrimination and calibration. This tool needs prospective and external validation.
Theoretical studies of CH4 inside an open-cage fullerene: translation-rotation coupling and thermodynamic effects.

Molecules trapped inside fullerenes exhibit interesting quantum behavior, including quantization of their translational degrees of freedom. In this study, a theoretical framework for predicting quantum properties of nonlinear small molecules in nonsymmetric open-cage fullerenes (OCFs) has been described along the lines of similar theories which treat small molecules inside C60 and clathrate cages. As an example, the coupled translational−rotational energy structure has been calculated for the case of CH4 inside a known OCF. The calculated energy levels have been used to calculate the equilibrium fraction of incorporated CH4 as well as the translational heat capacity for the encapsulated molecule. The heat capacity shows an anomalous maximum at 239 K for CH4 and 215 K for CD4 which are not present in free methane.
From Colonialism to Professionalism: The Public-Private Dynamic in United States Foreign Financial Advising, 1898–1929

This chapter analyzes the forms that United States foreign financial advising took during the transitional period from 1898 to 1930, after territorial colonialism had ceased to seem a viable way of imposing financial arrangements, but before the advent of post–World War II international financial institutions. It focuses on Latin America in order to develop a structural framework for understanding the different relationships from which North American financial advisory missions to various nations drew authority and legitimacy. In 1904, the Dominican Republic became a laboratory for working out new means of reforming the "backward" financial practices of foreign nations. The Dominican government accepted the foreign receivership in order to get the loan; the bankers extended the loan only because the convention's guarantee of government involvement minimized the risk; and policy makers used the loan to force a financial rehabilitation that would, they felt, advance the strategic concerns of the United States in the Caribbean.
Third-generation sequencing and the future of genomics

Third-generation long-range DNA sequencing and mapping technologies are creating a renaissance in high-quality genome sequencing. Unlike second-generation sequencing, which produces short reads a few hundred base-pairs long, third-generation single-molecule technologies generate over 10,000 bp reads or map over 100,000 bp molecules. We analyze how increased read lengths can be used to address long-standing problems in de novo genome assembly, structural variation analysis and haplotype phasing.
“Undocumented and unafraid”? Challenging the bureaucratic paradigm

ABSTRACTAmong immigrant rights activists, journalists, and scholars the term “undocumented” has gained support as an alternative to the criminalizing and dehumanizing “illegal.” By contrast, this essay critiques so-called DREAMers' articulation of an “undocumented” subjectivity, arguing that the term, invoking a Weberian bureaucracy, undermines activists' cooptive intent and subversive agenda. To be undocumented in what Robert Hariman calls “a polity of offices,” which privileges the written text, is to be both unintelligible and powerless. These constraints, however, may be circumvented by the use of web-text for mobilization, recruitment, and networking. Informed by Gregory Ulmer's notion of “electracy,” I posit web-text as transitional, potentially capable of contesting the authority of the bureaucracy.
Regular Maintenance Methods for Pipe System of Hyperbaric Oxygen Chamber

The pipe system is one of the key components of hyperbaric oxygen chamber.It is important to keep it unobstructed and unpolluted because these pipes would be in contact with the patients directly.In order to elevate the efficiency and enhance the safety of the regular maintenance of pipe system of hyperbaric oxygen chamber,the causes for confusion of identifying different pipes,sedimentation of dusts in pipe and cross infection due to the share of pipes were analyzed.The regular maintenance methods including signing pipes according to their categories,regular inspection,rigorous sterilization and dust prevention were suggested.
Simultaneous determination of seven preservatives in soybean products by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection

Objective:To establish a method for the simultaneous determination of seven preservatives including benzoic acid,sorbic acid,dehydroacetic acid,methylparaben,ethylparaben,propyl p-hydroxybenzoate,butyl p-hydroxybenzoate in soybean products by high-performance liquid chromatography.Methods: After the analytes were extracted with hot water,the sample was separated on a C18 column by a mobile phase consisting of 0.02 mol/L ammonium acetate/methanol in gradient elution.Detection was carried out by an ultraviolet detector at 235 nm.Results: Calibration curves of the seven preservatives were linear within the range of 0.1 mg/L~50.0 mg/L with correlation coefficients of greater than 0.999,and the limits of detection(LOD) were between 0.2 mg/kg~0.05 mg/kg.The extraction recoveries were between 87.0%~99.6%,and the RSDs were less than 5.0%.Conclusion: This established method is simple,sensitive,accurate and specific for monitoring of the seven preservatives residues in soybean products.