cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhanced flow boiling in microchannels using auxiliary channels and multiple micronozzles (I): Characterizations of flow boiling heat transfer

Abstract Flow boiling in parallel microchannels can be dramatically enhanced through inducing self-excited and self-sustained high frequency two-phase oscillations as demonstrated in our previous studies using a two-nozzle microchannel configuration. Two-phase mixing induced by the rapid bubble collapse is shown to be the major enhancement mechanism. However, in the two-nozzle configuration microchannels, the mixing effect is limited to the downstream of the microchannels, meaning that only half length of the entire microchannel is functionalized as designated. In this study, a four-nozzle microchannel configuration is developed with an aim at extending the highly desirable mixing effect to the entire channel. Flow boiling in the four-nozzle configuration microchannels is experimentally studied with deionized water and the mass flux ranging from 120 kg/m2 s to 600 kg/m2 s. The onset of nucleate boiling temperature is considerably reduced by ∼14% because of more nucleation sites created by the multiple nozzles. Equally important, the improved microchannel configuration successfully extends the mixing to the entire channel as validated by the enhanced heat transfer rate and visualization study. Compared to the previous two-nozzle configuration, the overall heat transfer coefficient (HTC) is significantly improved primarily owing to the enhanced nucleate boiling. For example, the peak overall HTC of 262 kW/m2 K is achieved at a mass flux of 150 kg/m2 s, accounting for ∼83.7% enhancement. Additionally, the peak effective HTC reaches 97.6 kW/m2 K, accounting for ∼67% enhancement.
Multilevel Bayesian Parameter Estimation in the Presence of Model Inadequacy and Data Uncertainty

Model inadequacy and measurement uncertainty are two of the most confounding aspects of inference and prediction in quantitative sciences. The process of scientific inference (the inverse problem) and prediction (the forward problem) involve multiple steps of data analysis, hypothesis formation, model construction, parameter estimation, model validation, and finally, the prediction of the quantity of interest. This article seeks to clarify the concepts of model inadequacy and bias, measurement uncertainty, and the two traditional classes of uncertainty: aleatoric versus epistemic, as well as their relationships with each other in the process of scientific inference. Starting from basic principles of probability, we build and explain a hierarchical Bayesian framework to quantitatively deal with model inadequacy and noise in data. The methodology can be readily applied to many common inference and prediction problems in science, engineering, and statistics.
Analysis of four sulfonylurea herbicides in cereals using modified Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe sample preparation method coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Abstract A modified Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) sample preparation method, coupled with liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, has been developed for the simultaneous analysis of four commonly used sulfonylurea herbicides, ethoxysulfuron, halosulfuron-methyl, mesosulfuron-methyl and orthosulfamuron, in rice, maize, wheat and soybean. Adsorption of the analytes onto the primary-secondary amine used in the clean-up step was avoided by using 1% formic acid in acetonitrile as the extraction solvent to maintain the acidic herbicides in a non-ionized state. Trueness studies were carried out at three levels (2.5, 25 and 250 μg/kg for ethoxysulfuron and 5, 50 and 500 μg/kg for the other three analytes). Promising trueness (70.2%–119.8%) was achieved for all herbicides in all matrices after clean-up, with relative standard deviations (RSDr)
Introduction to magnetoelectronics

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on conventional magnetoelectronics. To follow the conventional approach of magnetoelectronics, incorporating a ferromagnetic material into an integrated device structure involves four related features. First, ferromagnetic materials are unique because they have the property of spontaneous magnetization. Using magnetic engineering, this property must be used to construct device elements with appropriate, stable magnetization states. Second, because the magnetic state is a local property of the material, the ferromagnetic device element must be capable of communicating its state to the outside world, preferably in a nondestructive way. Third, for device output to be electronically integrated, the “spin” state must be converted to something that can be manipulated with standard electronics, either a voltage or current. There is a similar constraint at the input end. The device state (the magnetization state of the ferromagnetic element) must be set by current or voltage levels. Because nonvolatility is a characteristic of the bistable states of a ferromagnetic element, magnetoelectronic devices are, intrinsically, nonvolatile storage cells and a natural application for the technology to pursue is integrated memory. For magnetoelectronic technology to succeed, patterned ferromagnetic elements are required to maintain their characteristics when fabricated with small minimum feature sizes, f. However, all of the factors that affect the scaling are not entirely understood, and this is an area of active research.
Probing Molecular-Scale Catalytic Interactions between Oxygen and Cobalt Phthalocyanine Using Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

Ultrahigh vacuum tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (UHV-TERS) is used to investigate adsorption of molecular oxygen (O2) on cobalt(II) phthalocyanine (CoPc) supported on Ag(111) single crystal surfaces, which is the initial step for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) using metal Pc catalysts. Two adsorption configurations are primarily observed, assigned as O2/CoPc/Ag(111) and O/CoPc/Ag(111) based on scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) imaging, TERS, isotopologue substitution, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Distinct vibrational features are observed for different adsorption configurations such as the 18O–18O stretching frequency at 1151 cm–1 for O2/CoPc/Ag(111), and Co–16O and Co–18O vibrational frequencies at 661 and 623 cm–1, respectively, for O/CoPc/Ag(111). DFT calculations show vibrational mode coupling of O–O and Co–O vibrations to the Pc ring, resulting in different symmetries of oxygen-related normal modes. This study establishes UHV-TERS as a chemically sensitive tool for probin...
Strategic Piracy Management for Digital Products

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how different types of strategic interactions between two firms affect their optimal pricing and private copy protection levels of digital products. In our model, the firms do not directly interact with each other in terms of prices, but they become interdependent through private copy protection levels. Our analysis shows that 1) stronger public copy protection leads to lower private copy protection and more piracy when the firms regard their private copy protection levels as "strategic substitutes," but higher private copy protection and less piracy when they treat their private copy protection levels as "strategic complements" and 2) more compatibility between private copy protection systems leads to lower private copy protection and more piracy. We also discuss public policy issues regarding these findings.
Role of Toxins and Synergism in Hepatic Encephalopathy

The foremost hypothesis of pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy recognizes that in hepatic failure, toxins with coma-inducing potential accumulate and depress neuronal function by affecting fundamental neurophysiologic processes such as postsynaptic inhibition and excitation, and fundamental metabolic processes such as mitochondrial electron transfer and microsomal Na+, K+-ATPase activity. While accumulating, the toxins interact synergistically with each other and with various augmenting endogenous metabolic abnormalities to intensify their cellular effects. Specific toxins that both accumulate with hepatic failure and induce encephalopathy and coma in experimental animals are ammonia, methanethiol, fatty acids, and phenols (Figure 1). By interacting synergistically, they have neurological effects that are out of proportion to their individual abnormalities. Of these toxins, ammonia is the most important and has the most cumulative evidence for its role as an etiologic factor. However, the relative importance of each toxin may vary with the pathologic process.
Creation of a Standard Model for Tube Feeding at Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Discharge.

Background Feeding dysfunction is a common consequence of prematurity and illness in neonates, often requiring supplemental nasogastric (NG) or gastrostomy (GT) feeding tubes. A standardized approach to the discharge of infants receiving home enteral nutrition (HEN) is currently lacking. Methods The Home Enteral Feeding Transitions (HEFT) program was developed to identify patients eligible for HEN and create a standard discharge process. A structured tool helped determine discharge timing and route, and a dedicated outpatient clinic was created for infants discharged on HEN. Demographic, inpatient, and outpatient data were prospectively collected and compared with a historical cohort. Results A total of 232 infants discharged from our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) over 9 months met inclusion criteria. Ninety-eight (42%) were discharged with HEN, 68 NG and 30 GT, compared with 134 (58%) receiving full oral feeds. This represented a 10% increase in HEN utilization (P = 0.003) compared with our historical control group. Median HEN length of stay was 31.5 days compared with our historical average of 41 days (P = 0.23). Frequency of emergency department visits and admissions because of HEN was unchanged postintervention. Parents were satisfied (8.6/10), and 98% said they would choose HEN again. The median time to NG discontinuation after discharge was 13.5 days, with an estimated cost savings of $2163 per NICU day. Conclusion Our program is the first of which we know to use a standard care-process model to guide the decision-making and utilization of HEN at NICU discharge. HEFT shows that HEN at NICU discharge can be safe and effective, with high parental satisfaction.
Management of Unreconstructable Saphenous Nerve Injury with Targeted Muscle Reinnervation.

Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) is a surgical technique that coapts the proximal ends of cut nerves to small motor nerve branches of nearby muscles. Initially developed for intuitive myoelectric prosthesis control, the technique has subsequently been found to improve neuroma pain and phantom limb pain in the amputee population.1,2 Given its origins, most early descriptions have focused on the major mixed nerves of the upper extremity. Prior cadaver studies have described the anatomy of motor entry points in the upper and lower leg but with relatively few clinical examples of the treatment of specific nerves using TMR for neuroma pain.3,4 Although the treatment of injured nerves, conceptually, is best with the restoration of continuity either with direct coaptation, nerve grafts, and, more recently, nerve allografts, there are many situations (especially in amputees) where repair is not possible. In these situations of unreconstructable nerve injury, TMR is a helpful adjunct. We present the surgical anatomy of the saphenous nerve and treatment of unreconstructable saphenous neuromas at various levels with TMR.
Truth and ignorance

I argue that the Standard View of ignorance is at odds with the claim that knowledge entails truth. In particular, if knowledge entails truth then we cannot explain away some apparent absurdities that arise from the Standard View of ignorance. I then discuss a modified version of the Standard View, which simply adds a truth requirement to the original Standard View. I show that the two main arguments for the original Standard View fail to support this modified view.
Family Therapy for Substance Use among Sexual Minority Youth: A Review of Treatment Options

Substance use disorders are nearly twice as common among sexual minority youth (SMY) as among their heterosexual peers. Most applied literature about this population suggests interventions on eithe...
Social media, customer engagement, and sales organizations: A research agenda

Abstract Organizations continue to make investments in social media with the hope that it will help their sales force in improving engagement with customers. The academic literature on social media use in business markets has supported the growth and utilization of such technology; however, much more work is needed. This article, building upon the recent scholarly advances and considering a managerial perspective, offers suggestions to guide future academic research examining the links between social media use and customer engagement within the B2B sales domain. Several research questions are presented under the four broad topics, namely utility of social media technologies, context matters, social media pitfalls, and futuristic social media applications.
Immune receptor inhibition through enforced phosphatase recruitment

Antibodies that antagonize extracellular receptor–ligand interactions are used as therapeutic agents for many diseases to inhibit signalling by cell-surface receptors1. However, this approach does not directly prevent intracellular signalling, such as through tonic or sustained signalling after ligand engagement. Here we present an alternative approach for attenuating cell-surface receptor signalling, termed receptor inhibition by phosphatase recruitment (RIPR). This approach compels cis-ligation of cell-surface receptors containing ITAM, ITIM or ITSM tyrosine phosphorylation motifs to the promiscuous cell-surface phosphatase CD452,3, which results in the direct intracellular dephosphorylation of tyrosine residues on the receptor target. As an example, we found that tonic signalling by the programmed cell death-1 receptor (PD-1) results in residual suppression of T cell activation, but is not inhibited by ligand-antagonist antibodies. We engineered a PD-1 molecule, which we denote RIPR-PD1, that induces cross-linking of PD-1 to CD45 and inhibits both tonic and ligand-activated signalling. RIPR-PD1 demonstrated enhanced inhibition of checkpoint blockade compared with ligand blocking by anti-PD1 antibodies, and increased therapeutic efficacy over anti-PD1 in mouse tumour models. We also show that the RIPR strategy extends to other immune-receptor targets that contain activating or inhibitory ITIM, ITSM or ITAM motifs; for example, inhibition of the macrophage SIRPα ‘don’t eat me’ signal with a SIRPα–CD45 RIPR molecule potentiates antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis beyond that of SIRPα blockade alone. RIPR represents a general strategy for direct attenuation of signalling by kinase-activated cell-surface receptors. A approach termed ‘receptor inhibition by phosphatase recruitment’ is described for attenuating both tonic and ligand-activated cell-surface receptor signalling.
CEO Educational Background and Acquisition Targets Selection

Using hand-collected CEO education data of 3574 CEOs over the period of 2000 to 2015, we document that CEOs are significantly more likely to acquire targets that are headquartered in those states where the CEOs received their undergraduate and graduate degrees. Education-state deals are larger, have higher completion rates, and exist with both public and private targets. Acquirers pay a lower target premium for education-state deals and the cumulative abnormal announcement returns are positive. The combined evidence suggests that education-state acquisitions are more likely to be driven by bidder CEO's information advantage toward firms headquartered in the education state.
Therapeutic Radiation in Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Cancer.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Some drugs that target tumor metabolism are minimally effective in vitro but limit proliferation in vivo. Our goal was to develop a preclinical platform enabling us to test drugs that target cancer cell metabolism in combination with radiation therapy in vivo. Here we report the initial results of preclinical studies in autochthonous mouse models of prostate and colorectal cancer using radiation as monotherapy. MATERIALS/METHODS A dose escalation study was performed in C57BL/6 wild-type mice using 1-5 fraction regimens with a BED of 90, 130, 180, and 250 (a/b = 3). Flank xenograft models of prostate cancer (22Rv1 and PC3 cells) were treated with 24 Gy in 4 fractions or sham irradiated (n = 10 animal per group, 40 animals total). Pb-Cre;Ptenfl/fl;p53fl/fl mice (autochthonous prostate cancer model) age 5 months were randomly assigned to two dose regimens (37.5 Gy in 5 fractions or 45 Gy in 5 fractions) or sham irradiation (n = 11-14 per group). Survival was estimated by Kaplan-Meier Analysis. Colorectal tumors were induced in male and female Villin-CreER;Apcfl/fl mice by intramucosal tamoxifen injection. Mice were assigned 2:1 to 37.5 Gy or sham irradiation (n = 10-15 per group). Treatment effect was measured as percent survival 6 months after tumor induction. In all cases pathologic response rate was determined using serial histologic sections and proliferation by Ki-67 immunohistochemistry. RESULTS For a 2 cm field directed at the low abdomen and pelvis of mice, the maximum tolerated dose of radiation was 45 Gy delivered in 5 fractions. The intestinal tract was identified as the dose limiting organ for abdominopelvic radiation. In irradiated flank xenografts, growth delay was observed for all tumors compared with 100% progression in unirradiated controls. Pathologic complete response was observed in 1 of 10 (10%) 22Rv1 xenografts and 4 of 10 (40%) PC3 xenografts. In the autochthonous prostate cancer model, median survival was significantly improved in the 45 Gy (236 days, P < 0.0001) and 37.5 Gy (227 days, P = 0.0007) arms relative to control (206 days). Irradiated tumors were also smaller relative to control (mean difference -2.637 grams [95% CI -4.617 to -0.6563, P = 0.0153); however, all mice eventually died of local tumor progression. In the autochthonous colorectal cancer model, survival at 6 months was significantly improved in the radiation group relative to control (100% vs 40%, P = 0.0012). In both prostate and colorectal cancer autochthonous models the proliferation index at time of death (prostate) or 6 months after tumor induction (colorectal) was similar in irradiated and control cohorts. CONCLUSION Hypofractionated radiation therapy can be safely administered to the abdominopelvic region in mice and improves survival in autochthonous mouse models of prostate and colorectal cancer. Radiation can induce pathologic complete responses in flank xenografts, but not autochthonous tumors, suggesting the presence of radioresistant persister cells in these models.
ROAM: Rule- and Motif-Based Anomaly Detection in Massive Moving Object Data Sets.

With recent advances in sensory and mobile computing technology, enormous amounts of data about moving objects are being collected. One important application with such data is automated identification of suspicious movements. Due to the sheer volume of data associated with moving objects, it is challenging to develop a method that can efficiently and effectively detect anomalies. The problem is exacerbated by the fact that anomalies may occur at arbitrary levels of abstraction and be associated with multiple granularity of spatiotemporal features. In this study, we propose a new framework named ROAM (Ruleand Motif-based Anomaly Detection in Moving Objects). In ROAM, object trajectories are expressed using discrete pattern fragments calledmotifs. Associated features are extracted to form a hierarchical feature space, which facilitates a multi-resolution view of the data. We also develop a general-purpose, rulebased classifier which explores the structured feature space and learns effective rules at multiple levels of granularity. We implemented ROAM and tested its components under a variety of conditions. Our experiments show that the system is efficient and effective at detecting abnormal moving objects.
Make least privilege a right (not a privilege)

Though system security would benefit if programmers routinely followed the principle of least privilege [24], the interfaces exposed by operating systems often stand in the way. We investigate why modern OSes thwart secure programming practices and propose solutions.
Review of high power microwave pulsed sources

The author briefly reviews the following high power microwave pulsed sources: slow wave structures including relativistic magnetrons, BWOs, Cerenkov masers, and magnetically insulated transmission line oscillators.
CD127 and CD25 Expression Defines CD4+ T Cell Subsets That Are Differentially Depleted during HIV Infection

Decreased CD4(+) T cell counts are the best marker of disease progression during HIV infection. However, CD4(+) T cells are heterogeneous in phenotype and function, and it is unknown how preferential depletion of specific CD4(+) T cell subsets influences disease severity. CD4(+) T cells can be classified into three subsets by the expression of receptors for two T cell-tropic cytokines, IL-2 (CD25) and IL-7 (CD127). The CD127(+)CD25(low/-) subset includes IL-2-producing naive and central memory T cells; the CD127(-)CD25(-) subset includes mainly effector T cells expressing perforin and IFN-gamma; and the CD127(low)CD25(high) subset includes FoxP3-expressing regulatory T cells. Herein we investigated how the proportions of these T cell subsets are changed during HIV infection. When compared with healthy controls, HIV-infected patients show a relative increase in CD4(+)CD127(-)CD25(-) T cells that is related to an absolute decline of CD4(+)CD127(+)CD25(low/-) T cells. Interestingly, this expansion of CD4(+)CD127(-) T cells was not observed in naturally SIV-infected sooty mangabeys. The relative expansion of CD4(+)CD127(-)CD25(-) T cells correlated directly with the levels of total CD4(+) T cell depletion and immune activation. CD4(+)CD127(-)CD25(-) T cells were not selectively resistant to HIV infection as levels of cell-associated virus were similar in all non-naive CD4(+) T cell subsets. These data indicate that, during HIV infection, specific changes in the fraction of CD4(+) T cells expressing CD25 and/or CD127 are associated with disease progression. Further studies will determine whether monitoring the three subsets of CD4(+) T cells defined based on the expression of CD25 and CD127 should be used in the clinical management of HIV-infected individuals.
Lentic and Lotic Habitats as Templets for Fungal Communities: Traits, Adaptations, and Their Significance to Litter Decomposition Within Freshwater Ecosystems

Abstract Decomposition of plant matter is a key ecosystem process and considerable research has examined plant litter decay processes in freshwater habitats. Fungi are common inhabitants of the decomposer microbial community and representatives of all major fungal phyla have been identified within freshwater systems. Development and application of quantitative methods over the last several decades have firmly established that fungi are central players in the decomposition of plant litter in freshwaters and are important mediators of energy and nutrient transfer to higher trophic levels. Despite the critical roles that fungi play in carbon and nutrient cycling in freshwater ecosystems, there are notable differences in the types and adaptations of fungal communities between lotic and lentic habitats. These differences can be explained by the wide range of hydrologic, physical, chemical and biological conditions within freshwater systems, all of which can influence the presence, type, and activity of fungal decomposers and their impact on litter decomposition. This paper seeks to provide a brief overview of the types, adaptations, and role of fungi within lotic and lentic freshwater ecosystems, with a particular emphasis on their importance to litter decomposition and the key environmental conditions that impact their growth and decay activities. This discussion will specifically focus on fungal dynamics occurring on plant litter in forested headwater streams and emergent freshwater marshes, since published data concerning their role in these systems is considerably more abundant in comparison to other freshwater habitats.
Photoreactivating enzyme from Escherichia coli: isolated enzyme lacks absorption in its actinic wavelength region and its ribonucleic acid cofactor is partially double stranded when associated with apoprotein.

Isolated photoreactivating enzyme (PRE) from Escherichia coli exhibits some optical density at wavelengths greater than 300 nm. After correcting for the effects of light scattering, however, we find no true absorption in the spectral region that is required for enzymatic activity (320-450 nm). At shorter wavelengths, there is an absorption maximum near 260 nm that is due primarily to an RNA cofactor. Heating to 60/sup 0/ C and subsequently cooling to 4/sup 0/ C released the RNA cofactor from association with apoprotein and result in hyperchromicity. Circular dichroism indicates that the RNA associated with native enzyme is partially double stranded. At low ionic strength (..mu.. = 0.01), heating to 15/sup 0/ C or protease treatment at 4/sup 0/ C results in irreversible loss of part of the double strandedness. We show that the difference spectrum at 4/sup 0/ C between the absorption spectra of native enzyme and heat-treated enzyme can be fit by a superposition of reference spectra for denaturation of A-U and G-C base pairs derived from model polynucleotides. The coefficients of the linear combination of reference spectra were used to calculate the fraction of A-U and G-C base pairs. We find that both A-U and G-C base pairsmore » are present in equal concentrations and that about 20% are in a double-standard conformation in the native enzyme.« less
Policy-based Coordination in PAGODA: A Case Study

PAGODA (Policy And GOal Based Distributed Autonomy) is a modular architecture for specifying and prototyping autonomous systems. A PAGODA node (agent) interacts with its environment by sensing and affecting, driven by goals to achieve and constrained by policies. A PAGODA system is a collection of PAGODA nodes cooperating to achieve some mutual goal. This paper describes a specification of PAGODA using the Russian Dolls model of policy-based coordination. In PAGODA there are two forms of coordination: local and global. Local coordination is used to compose the components of a PAGODA node. The local coordinator is concerned with ensuring component level synchronization constraints, cross component message ordering constraints, routing of notifications, and interaction with the external world. The global coordinator is concerned with dissemination of information, negotiation of responsibilities, and synchronization of activities. Requirements for a PAGODA node coordinator are given and an example set of policies is specified. Principles for showing that the policies satisfy the requirements are discussed as a first step toward a logic of policy-based coordination. Development of a distributed coordinator is the subject of ongoing work. Some challenges and possible solutions are discussed.
Behavioral and physiologic adverse effects in adolescent and young adult emergency department patients reporting use of energy drinks and caffeine.

Introduction. This pilot study assessed the prevalence of physiologic and behavioral adverse effects among adolescent (13–17 years) and adult (18–25 years) emergency department patients who reporte...
Peroral removal of a sewing needle and attached thread from the esophagus in an infant

The authors describe a simple Seldinger Catheter technique by which they removed a metallic sewing needle with attached thread from the esophagus of a 5 month old infant.
Innate Immunity: A Cutaneous Perspective

The first responsibility for protection against microbial infection rests on the normal function of the innate immune system. This system establishes an antimicrobial barrier, recognizes attempts to breach this barrier, and responds rapidly to danger, all based on an innate defense system. Here, we review this system as it applies to mammalian skin, highlighting how a physical, cellular, and chemical barrier is formed to resist infection. When challenged, the diverse cellular components of the skin recognize the nature of the challenge and respond with an appropriate antimicrobial program including the release of antimicrobial peptides and, when necessary, recruitment and coordination with adaptive immune responses. Recent insights into these processes have advanced the understanding of disease pathogenesis and provided new therapeutic options for a variety of skin diseases.
Aggression and impulsivity as predictors of stress generation in bipolar spectrum disorders

Abstract Background Some evidence suggests that individuals with bipolar spectrum disorders (BSD) generate stressful life events, contributing to a more severe course of disorder. A recent update to the Behavioral Approach System (BAS) dysregulation theory of BSD highlights the need to investigate anger as approach motivation. Although research has shown that individuals with BSD generate stress, it is unclear whether personality traits characteristic of BSD, such as aggression and impulsivity, are related to this stress generation. Methods The current longitudinal study employed multilevel modeling to examine stress generation in a sample of 104 individuals with BSD and 96 healthy controls. We examined rates of BAS-deactivating, BAS-activating, and Anger-evoking life events over a period of up to 4.5 years as a function of levels of aggression and impulsivity. Results Individuals with BSD reported significantly higher numbers of dependent Anger-evoking events and BAS-deactivating events, but not dependent BAS-activating events, than controls. Trait levels of hostility and impulsivity predicted all types of events, although bipolar diagnosis remained a significant predictor of BAS-deactivating and Anger-evoking events. Limitations The life events measures were not designed to assess Anger-evoking events; further research should replicate these findings and develop more finely tuned assessments of stressful anger events. In addition, the sample was not a clinical sample. Conclusions This study adds to the literature on stress generation in BSD; trait level personality differences predict stress generation, beyond bipolar diagnosis. This also further establishes the importance of including anger-evoking events in the BAS model of BSDs and stress generation.
Human ERK1 Induces Filamentous Growth and Cell Wall Remodeling Pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract Expression of an activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) construct in yeast cells was used to examine the conservation of function among mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases. Sequence alignment of the human MAP kinase ERK1 with allSaccharomyces cerevisiae kinases reveals a particularly strong kinship with Kss1p (invasive growth promoting MAP kinase), Fus3p (pheromone response MAP/ERK kinase), and Mpk1p (cell wall remodeling MAP kinase). A fusion protein of constitutively active human MAP/ERK kinase 1 (MEK) and human ERK1 was introduced under regulated expression into yeast cells. The fusion protein (MEK/ERK) induced a filamentation response element promoter and led to a growth retardation effect concomitant with a morphological change resulting in elongated cells, bipolar budding, and multicell chains. Induction of filamentous growth was also observed for diploid cells following MEK/ERK expression in liquid culture. Neither haploids nor diploids, however, showed marked penetration of agar medium. These effects could be triggered by either moderate MEK/ERK expression at 37 °C or by high level MEK/ERK expression at 30 °C. The combination of high level MEK/ERK expression and 37 °C resulted in cell death. The deleterious effects of MEK/ERK expression and high temperature were significantly mitigated by 1 m sorbitol, which also enhanced the filamentous phenotype. MEK/ERK was able to constitutively activate a cell wall maintenance reporter gene, suggesting misregulation of this pathway. In contrast, MEK/ERK effectively blocked expression from a pheromone-responsive element promoter and inhibited mating. These results are consistent with MEK/ERK promoting filamentous growth and altering the cell wall through its ability to partially mimic Kss1p and stimulate a pathway normally controlled by Mpk1p, while appearing to inhibit the normal functioning of the structurally related yeast MAP kinase Fus3p.
Durability of (Pr0.7Sr0.3)MnO3±δ/8YSZ composite cathodes for solid oxide fuel cells

Half cell SOFCs with Durability of (Pr{sub 0.7}Sr{sub 0.3})Mn0{sub 3}{+-}{delta}/8YSZ composite cathodes on 8YSZ electrolytes were aged up to 1000 h at 1000 C in air with/without 0.318 A cm{sup -2} cathodic polarization. During the aging, the performance of the half cell SOFCs was measured using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). After aging, the surface of the composite cathode and the interface between the composite cathode and the electrolyte was investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Chemical element analysis was performed with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The performance of the half cell SOFCs degraded after aging with/without polarization compared to the initial state. The SOFCs had a larger polarization resistance after 1000 h of aging. The cathodic current was shown to have an impact on the performance by slowing down the rate of decrease of polarization resistance of the SOFCs. After aging, the microstructural properties--mean pore size increased and cumulative pore volume decreased, and growth of grains was found on the Durability of (Pr{sub 0.7}Sr{sub 0.3})Mn0{sub 3}{+-}{delta} phases.
Prevalence of treatment optimism-related risk behavior and associated factors among men who have sex with men in 11 states, 2000–2001

Sustainable behavior change among men who have sex with men (MSM) may be threatened by optimistic beliefs about HIV treatments: treatment optimism has been associated with high risk sexual behaviors. We used data from behavioral surveys of MSM attending gay bars in 11 states from 2000–2001 to describe the prevalence and correlates of being less careful with sex or drugs because of treatment optimism (optimism-related risk behavior). Fifteen percent of 1477 HIV-negative or -untested MSM reported optimism-related risk behavior. Optimism-related risk behavior was reported more often by Black and Hispanic MSM (versus white), more often by MSM with a high school education or less (versus college), and less often by MSM in some states. HIV prevention programs should address treatment optimism and related behavioral risks by providing culturally appropriate information, accessible to MSM with lower educational attainment, about the limitations of current therapies.
A Note On the Text of Polycarp Philipplans 11.3

Ce qu'on appelle Lettre aux Philippiens ne doit pas etre confondu avec l'Epitre de saint Paul aux Philippiens : il s'agit d'une missive de saint Polycarpe de Smyrne envoyee a la communaute chretienne de Philippes. Elle n'est pas non plus le commentaire d'un document paulinien. L'A. s'attarde ici sur un probleme de critique textuelle qui concerne le verset 3 du chapitre 13
Shrinking and swelling after alpha irradiation of various parts of large erythrocytes.

SummaryErythrocytes from Amphiuma and from man were irradiated in vitro with polonium alpha particles (a) from an extended source (4 mm in diameter) and (b) with a small beam (20 μ in diameter). The cells first shrank, then swelled and hemolyzed. Local irradiation of a part of a single cell resulted in shrinkage only in the irradiated portion. This was followed by swelling of the whole cell and hemolysis.
Labetalol therapy in patients with systemic hypertension and angina pectoris: effects of combined alpha and beta adrenoceptor blockade☆

Abstract The effects of oral labetalol, an alpha-beta adrenoceptor blocker, were evaluated in 10 patients with angina pectoris and hypertension. After 3 weeks of placebo, increasing doses of labetalol (300 to 1,200 mg/day) were given over 4 weeks followed by a rapid drug withdrawal phase. The frequency of anginal attacks and exercise tolerance were measured as were noninvasive indexes of left ventricular function (echocardiography, systolic time intervals), plasma renin activity and platelet function (aggregability). Compared with placebo, during labetalol therapy the frequency of anginal attacks was reduced, exercise time increased (from 351.6 ± 56.2 to 463.2 ± 45.2 seconds , P kilopond - meters , p mm Hg (mean ± Standard error of the mean) (p mm Hg (p beats / min (p mm Hg (p mm Hg (P beats / min (p
Ethanol production from d-galactose and glycerol by Pachysolen tannophilus

Abstract Pachysolen tannophilus has recently been shown to be able to convert d -xylose, a pentose, to ethanol. Previously, d -xylose had been considered to be nonfermentable by yeasts. The present study shows that the organism can be used to obtain ethanol from other carbohydrates previously considered as nonfermentable, either by P. tannophilus in particular, d -galactose, or by yeasts in general, glycerol. Such identification for d -galactose allows P. tannophilus to be considered for fermentation of four of the five major plant monosaccharides: d -glucose, d -mannose, d -galactose and d -xylose. The ability to ferment glycerol is of potential use, in part, for the conversion of glycerol derived from algae into ethanol .
Structuring the Global Marketplace The Impact of the United Nations Global Compact

During the past seven years, the United Nations Global Compact has become the largest voluntary corporate-citizenship initiative attempting to elevate and level the norms of corporate behavior in world markets. Its strategy of attracting volume of members versus commitment to performance of the Compacts 10 principles does not provide a base of innovators and early adopters necessary to gain respect from the vast majority of international companies. Thus, the Compact is unlikely to instill the norms embedded in its ten principles in the world market in any meaningful way to engender fairer and more efficient global markets.
Novel scheme for fast and efficent video sequence matching using compact signatures

Efficient ways to manage digital video data have assumed enormous importance lately. An integral aspect is the ability to browse, index and search huge volumes of video data automatically and efficiently. This paper presents a novel scheme for matching video sequences based on low-level features. The scheme supports fast and efficient matching and can search 4,50,000 frames (250 minutes) of video data within 72 seconds on a 400 MHz. Pentium II, for a 50 frame query. Video sequences are processed in the compressed domain to extract the histograms of the images in the DCT sequence of the compressed video. A variation of histogram intersection of linearized histograms of the frames in the DCT sequence is implemented for matching video clips. The bins of the histograms of successive frames are approximated temporally, using a polynomial approximation technique. The approximation is then used for comparison. This leads to efficient storage and transmission. The histogram representation can be compacted to 4.26 real numbers per frame, while achieving high matching accuracy. Multiple temporal resolution sampling of the videos to be matched is also supported and any key-frame-based matching scheme thus becomes a particular implementation of this scheme.
A moral act, elevation, and prosocial behavior: Moderators of morality.

Elevation refers to the feeling experienced when a moral act is witnessed. The current study sought to illuminate elevation by examining conditions under which elevation is amplified. Study 1 demonstrated that the character of the recipient of the moral deed moderates the relationship between witnessing a moral deed and experiencing elevation. Study 2 replicated the first and included a behavioral outcome measure: donation behavior. Study 3 considered an additional factor: the immoral act. Finally, to ensure the character of the recipient is not the sole moderator, Study 4 experimentally tested a second moderating variable (i.e. the effort required for completing the moral act). As a whole, these four studies consistently support Haidt’s conceptualization of elevation, open the door for a new path of theoretical exploration, and introduce a new line of applied research seeking to maximize prosocial behavior by exposing people to acts of morality.
Observation on the gross innervation of the firefly light organ

Abstract A correlated anatomical and physiological study of the gross innervation of the firefly light organ revealed that in this respect the luminous segments did not differ from non-luminous segments except for having larger segmental nerves due to the added function of light organ innervation in addition to spiracles and musculature. Ganglia of both luminous segments are located in the sixth abdominal segment, allowing nerves to the seventh segment to be easily severed while the sixth remains undamaged as a control. Nerve degeneration experiments utilizing this fact showed a large elevation of response threshold at 21–24 hr after sectioning; this was interpreted as a loss of functional effector-neural junctions requiring intense stimulation for direct activation of photocytes. Physiological studies confirming neural control of light organ activation showed that excitation of small areas of the lantern is possible by stimulating specific segmental nerves via small electrodes. Peripheral intersegmental neural linkages were observed and confirmed physiologically. The right and left sides of the peripheral system in the lantern may function independently although central excitation is bilateral.
Factory capacity and throughput planning: indirect estimation of cycle time quantiles from discrete event simulation models using the Cornish-Fisher expansion

This paper introduces a new technique for estimating cycle time quantiles from discrete event simulation models run at a single traffic intensity. The Cornish-Fisher expansion is used as a vehicle for this approximation, and it is shown that for an M/M/1 system and a full factory simulation model, the technique provides accurate results with low variability for the most commonly estimated quantiles without requiring unreasonable sample sizes. Additionally, the technique provides the advantages of being easy to implement and providing multiple cycle time quantiles from a single set of simulation runs.
Regrets of the Typical American: Findings From a Nationally Representative Sample

In this study of regret among a representative sample of Americans, the authors examined hypotheses derived from regret regulation theory, which asserts that regrets motivate a range of ameliorativ...
Heparin therapy in venous thrombosis

Abstract DVT has been reported to occur in up to 42% of trauma patients. Complications of DVT can include PE, which may lead to death. DVT treatment can be accomplished pharmacologically with UH, LMWH, and thrombolytics. Thrombolytics have a high adverse event profile and are contraindicated in many patients, which limits their usefulness in practice. UH is widely used for its favorable adverse effect profile with careful monitoring of the APTT, ease of rapid anticoagulation by using one of several heparin-dosing nomograms, and proven track record in the prevention of DVT extension and recurrence. Drawbacks of UH include frequent changes in dosing while titrating anticoagulant effect, frequent laboratory monitoring of the APTT, and increased risk of bleeding. In the future the use of LMWH may increase to treat DVT because of fixed-dose administration, once or twice daily dosing, and lack of laboratory monitoring. Studies have shown a reduced risk of major bleeding and a decreased recurrence of DVT when LMWHs are compared with UH. Further studies are needed to determine whether LMWH will become the mainstay of treatment for DVT.
Improved E. coli erythromycin a production through the application of metabolic and bioprocess engineering

In this report, small-scale culture and bioreactor experiments were used to compare and improve the heterologous production of the antibiotic erythromycin A across a series of engineered prototype Escherichia coli strains. The original strain, termed BAP1(pBPJW130, pBPJW144, pHZT1, pHZT2, pHZT4, pGro7), was designed to allow full erythromycin A biosynthesis from the exogenous addition of propionate. This strain was then compared against two alternatives hypothesized to increase final product titer. Strain TB3(pBPJW130, pBPJW144, pHZT1, pHZT2, pHZT4, pGro7) is a derivative of BAP1 designed to increase biosynthetic pathway carbon flow as a result of a ygfH deletion; whereas, strain TB3(pBPJW130, pBPJW144, pHZT1, pHZT2, pHZT4-2, pGro7) provided an extra copy of a key deoxysugar glycosyltransferase gene. Production was compared across the three strains with TB3(pBPJW130, pBPJW144, pHZT1, pHZT2, pHZT4, pGro7) showing significant improvement in erythronolide B (EB), 3-mycarosylerythronolide B (MEB), and erythromycin A titers. This strain was further tested in the context of batch bioreactor production experiments with time-course titers leveling at 4 mg/L, representing an approximately sevenfold increase in final erythromycin A titer.
Warfarin and metabolism of vitamin K1

To further examine the hypothesis that warfarin inhibits prothrombin synthesis by interfering with the cyclic interconversion of vitamin K1 and phylloquinone epoxide, the metabolism of tracer doses of labeled vitamin K1 was studied in anticoagulant-treated rats. A tracer dose of [3H]K1 initially turned over with a half-life of 2.2 hr in the liver, but after 5 hr the degradation rate decreased considerably. Warfarin caused hepatic [3H]K1 levels to drop to 50 per cent of controls 5 min after administration of the vitamin, and over 10 hr the concentration of [3H]K1 was 26–36 per cent of control levels. This decrease in vitamin K1 was not large enough to account for the inhibition of prothrombin synthesis by warfarin. Thirty-five min after warfarin administration, there was more [3H]phylloquinone epoxide in the liver than labeled vitamin and over 10 hr the [3H]epoxide: [3H]K1 ratio varied from 1.6 to 3.0. In addition to increasing the relative amount of [3H]epoxide, warfarin and phenylindanedione also increased hepatic metabolites more polar than vitamin K1 or epoxide. However, warfarin did not increase plasma or urinary radioactivity. The urine was the principal excretory route for metabolites of vitamin K1. 2-Diethylaminoethyl-2,2, diphenylvalerate hydrochloride (SKF 525-A) inhibited the turnover of [3H]K1 but did not decrease the [3H]polar metabolites in the liver in control or warfarin-treated rats. The drug also did not inhibit the epoxidation of the vitamin to phylloquinone epoxide. The metabolism of vitamin K1 was not altered by vitamin K deficiency or chronic administration of the vitamin. After a small dose of warfarin (35 μg/100 g body wt), plasma prothrombin decreased for 14 hr and then slowly rose but did not reach 90 per cent of normal until 3 days after administration of anticoagulant. The epoxide: K1 ratio in the liver, measured by injecting a tracer dose of [3H]K1, was 0.90 at 6 hr when prothrombin synthesis was completely blocked. The ratio dropped to 0.52 just before prothrombin started to rise at 14 hr and remained around 0.5 during the slow climb of plasma prothrombin toward the normal level. These low ratios were unexpected in animals in which prothrombin synthesis was partially or completely blocked. Hepatic epoxide: K1 ratios of 11.4 and 1.3 were observed in warfarin-treated rats in which prothrombin synthesis was stimulated by injections of 0.1 mg [3H]K1 plus 0.4 mg [3H]epoxide and 0.1 mg [3H]K1 respectively. Therefore, there appears to be a lack of correlation of epoxide: K1 ratios and prothrombin synthesis.