cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alcohol‐related Mortality and Tribal Alcohol Legislation

American Indian alcohol-related mortality rates differ widely among tribes, even within the same geographic region. In addition, there are many different legislative approaches to alcohol beverage control employed by tribes. This paper explores the association between alcohol legislation and alcohol-related mortality rates among American Indian tribes located in a region of the northwestern United States from 1979 to 1990. Both an unweighted analysis of alcohol-related mortality and a weighted analysis, using the Alcohol-Related Disease Impact (ARDI) approach, are used. Alcohol-related mortality rates did not differ significantly between reservations with alcohol prohibition statutes or where alcohol was legal in this region. However, evidence suggests that more comprehensive tribal alcohol legislation may be correlated with lower alcohol-related mortality among American Indian tribes.
His Bundle Electrograms in Patients with Short P-R Intervals, Narrow QRS Complexes, and Paroxysmal Tachycardias

His bundle electrograms were recorded in three patients with short P-R intervals, narrow QRS complexes, and a history of paroxysmal tachycardias. During sinus rhythm or atrial stimulation with long cycle lengths, the shortening of the P-R interval was due to a decrease in the low right atrium-His (LRA-H) interval (representing A-H conduction time). The latter was also short during retrograde (V-A) conduction. These findings support the existence of an A-V nodal bypass operation in both directions. In one patient, the LRA-H interval did not lengthen when the atrial rate was increased. Intermittent atrial pacing was performed in the two other patients. The LRA-H interval was short at long coupling intervals, but it started to increase (progressively) at a given Stimulus1-Stimulus2 interval. Apparently, the refractory period of the accessory bundle was encountered so that the impulse was propagated, with various degrees of delay, through the A-V node. A James bundle need not be present in all patients with similar electrocardiograms. Abnormalities of unknown origin could cause this phenomenon. Reciprocating tachycardias were induced by stimulation of the atria in one patient. The triggering beat consistently had a long A-V conduction time. Although in this case retrograde (V-A) propagation most probably occurred through the accessory communication, the possibility of a functional intranodal dissociation of a single anatomical pathway could not be excluded.
Racial-ethnic differences in pregnancy-related weight.

This review examines published literature to answer 2 questions: 1) Are there racial-ethnic differences in excessive or inadequate gestational weight gain (GWG) and postpartum weight retention (PPWR)? and 2) Is there evidence that approaches to promote healthy weight during and after pregnancy should vary by race-ethnicity? We identified a limited number of articles that explicitly looked at racial-ethnic differences in either GWG or PPWR after controlling for relevant covariates. These studies suggest that black and Hispanic women are more likely to gain inadequately based on the Institute of Medicine’s pregnancy weight gain guidelines compared to white women. Black women are more likely to retain considerable amounts of weight postpartum compared to both Hispanic and white mothers. Studies were inconclusive as to whether Hispanic women retained more or less weight postpartum, so more research is needed. Interventions to increase GWG were few and those designed to reduce GWG and PPWR showed mixed results. Future studies should address the methodological and conceptual limitations of prior research as well as investigate biological mechanisms and behavioral risk factors to determine the reasons for the racial-ethnic differences in pregnancy-related weight outcomes. Interventions would benefit from a mixed-methods approach that specifically identifies race-relevant barriers to weight management during and after pregnancy. Attention to the greater social context in which pregnancy-related weight exists is also needed.
Romans 12:14-21 and Nonretaliation in Second Temple Judaism: Addressing Persecution within the Community

Romains 12:14-21 constitue une sorte de loi anti-talion : Paul demande a la communaute chretienne de faire du bien a ceux qui la persecutent. Une lecture superficielle peut amener a penser que ces persecuteurs sont externes a la communaute. L'A., lui, soutient ici l'hypothese selon laquelle il faut identifier l'ennemi a l'interieur : il en va de la coherence de cette pericope avec le debut du chapitre 12. Pour le demontrer, l'A. prouve dans un premier temps l'inadequation de la premiere interpretation. Dans la deuxieme partie de sa reflexion, l'A. recourt aux textes juifs datant de la periode su Second Temple pour identifier certains elements thematiques communs avec la doctrine paulinienne : les arguments anti-talion. Enfin, l'A. demontre que Romains 12:14-21 est une reponse typique aux conflits intra-communautaires
Induced representations and tensor operators for quantum groups

The analog of the Borel-Weil construction of irreducible representations as holomorphic sections of holomorphic line bundles is constructed for quantum groups and applied to Uq(2) and Uq(3). The concept of a tensor operator for a quantum group and the corresponding q-analog to the generalized Wigner-Eckart theorem are developed and discussed with examples.
Managing renal arterial disease and hypertension

Treating patients with renovascular disease is complex, particularly as imaging and medical techniques become more effective. Atherosclerotic renal artery disease is present in 7% of the general population above age 65 and in 20 to 45% of patients with coronary disease or aortoiliac disease. Most patients are treated medically, but when progressive hypertension, renal insufficiency, or circulatory congestion develops, revascularization should be considered. Endovascular procedures with arterial stents are now widely employed. These procedures sometimes offer major benefits in blood pressure control and stabilization of renal function. Stent procedures continue to entail hazards, including atheroemboli, arterial dissections, and thrombosis, in addition to restenosis rates of 14 to 20%. Small, randomized trials to date demonstrate no survival benefit to either endovascular or surgical revascularization as compared with medical management. Recognizing renal artery disease and directing revascularization procedures to those with the most benefit remains a premier challenge for the clinician.
Bacteriostatic Activities of a-Glyceryl and a-Glycidyl Phenyl Ethers for Escherichia coli B.

Lilley and Brewer, in 1953(1), reported the inhibitory effect of phenethyl alcohol (PEA) on gram-negative bacteria. In 1962, Berrah and Konetzka(2) reported that the effect of PEA on Escherichia coli was due to a specific inhibition of DNA synthesis. It was later shown by Khafagy and Lambooy(3) and by Rosenkranz et al(4) that the compound also inhibited RNA and protein synthesis in this microorganism.Khafagy and Lambooy(5) found 15 ring-substituted analogs of phenethyl alcohol to be active in varying degrees in inhibiting E. coli. The most potent of these, pmethoxyphenethyl alcohol, was found to be 6 times as potent as PEA. They also reported phenethylamine and p-methoxyphenethylamine to be good inhibitors in the same organism; both compounds being more potent than PEA. This raises a question concerning the need for a hydroxyl group on the side chain to insure activity. Rosenkranz et al(3) found the organism was also inhibited by cinnamyl alcohol (the hydroxyl group removed by 3 carbon atoms from the ring...
Alveolar type II cell cNOS activity and ATP levels are increased by lung surfactant or DPPC vesicles.

In a previous study, we reported that nitric oxide (.NO) affects surfactant synthesis and ATP levels in alveolar type II cells and suggested that there is constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) activity in the cells. In the present study, we performed experiments to confirm further the presence of cNOS and to determine the effects of lung surfactant on type II cell .NO and ATP levels. The supernatant from freshly isolated cells contains .NO (0.26 +/- 0.08 nmol/10(6) cells). During incubation, the cells produce additional .NO at a rate of approximately 0.3 nmol.10(5) cells-1.h-1. .NO formation is inhibited by 28-46% by three inhibitors of cNOS and inducible NOS (iNOS), NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), L-N5-(1-iminoethyl)ornithine hydrochloride, and NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, but a specific inhibitor of iNOS, aminoguanidine, has no effect. The production of .NO is reduced in Ca(2+)-free medium, is stimulated by the Ca2+ ionophore A-23187, and is independent of extracellular L-arginine. One known type of cNOS, endothelial NOS (eNOS), can be detected in the cells by using Western blot analysis. Incubation of the cells with lung surfactant leads to a relatively rapid (approximately 15 min), concentration-dependent increase in .NO formation that reaches levels as high as 238 +/- 14% of control. The surfactant effects appear to be caused by its major component, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC). Exposure of type II cells to DPPC results in maximal increases in .NO formation, ATP content, and O2 consumption, which are 268 +/- 32, 234 +/- 24, and 131 +/- 6% of control, respectively. The DPPC-induced increases in .NO, ATP, and O2 consumption are inhibited by L-NMMA. These results confirm the presence of type II cell cNOS and suggest that it may have a role in the cellular processing of lung surfactant.
Fathers’ Perceived Reasons for Their Underrepresentation in Child Health Research and Strategies to Increase Their Involvement

Purpose Examine fathers' perceived reasons for their lack of inclusion in pediatric research and strategies to increase their participation. Description We conducted expert interviews with researchers and practitioners (N = 13) working with fathers to inform the development of an online survey. The survey-which measured fathers' perceived reasons for their underrepresentation in pediatric research, recommended recruitment venues, and research personnel and study characteristics valued by fathers-was distributed online and in-person to fathers. Assessment Respondents included 303 fathers. Over 80 % of respondents reported that fathers are underrepresented in pediatric research because they have not been asked to participate. Frequently recommended recruitment venues included community sports events (52 %), social service programs (48 %) and the internet (60 %). Compared with white fathers, more non-white fathers recommended public transit (19 % vs. 10 %, p = .02), playgrounds (16 % vs. 6 %, p = .007) and barber shops (34 % vs. 14 %, p < .0001) and fewer recommended doctors' offices (31 % vs. 43 %, p = .046) as recruitment venues. Compared with residential fathers (100 % resident with the target child), more non-residential fathers recommended social services programs (45 % vs. 63 %, p = .03) and public transit (10 % vs. 27 %, p = .001) and fewer recommended the workplace (17 % vs. 40 %, p = .002) as recruitment venues. Study brevity, perceived benefits for fathers and their families, and the credibility of the lead organization were valued by fathers. Conclusion Fathers' participation in pediatric research may increase if researchers explicitly invite father to participate, target father-focused recruitment venues, clearly communicate the benefits of the research for fathers and their families and adopt streamlined study procedures.
Studying Human Relatedness through a Shared Gaming Experience

The importance of relatedness in collocated multiplayer video games should not be underestimated. Interpersonal relationships, which develop from social interactions that occur during gameplay, con...
Developing a Comprehensive Treatment Program

Developing a comprehensive treatment program can be challenging given the various needs that a child with autism spectrum disorder or neurodevelopmental disorder with comorbid obesity may experience and the resources that may or may not be available to the healthcare provider. There are some stage 3 weight management treatment programs that have been developed with specialized treatments for children with neurodevelopmental disorders or autism spectrum disorder. This chapter will review one such program, the Helen DeVos Children’s Hospital Healthy Weight Center and how this program developed and what can be learned for its development.
Validating the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire as a Measure of Parent Perceptions of Autism Spectrum Disorder

The illness perception questionnaire (IPQ) and its revision (IPQ-R) measure perceptions about health-related diagnoses and the influence of cognitions on coping. In this study, the factor structure of a version revised for use with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was investigated with a sample of parents (n = 361) whose children have ASD. Subsequently, multidimensional item response theory was used to evaluate item and subscale properties. Results indicated items from five of the seven IPQ-R-ASD scales loaded as expected, though subscales related to control were not distinct. Additionally, parents’ response patterns were evaluated and discussed. Use of this measure in ASD-focused research may enhance understanding of how parents’ cognitions of their child’s ASD impacts treatment selection, treatment implementation, and overall family well-being.
o-Nitrobenzyl-Based Photobase Generators: Efficient Photoinitiators for Visible-Light Induced Thiol-Michael Addition Photopolymerization

In this contribution, three o-nitrobenzyl-based photobase systems were synthesized and evaluated for visible light initiated thiol-Michael addition polymerizations. With a modified structure, the (3,4-methylenedioxy-6-nitrophenyl)-propyloxycarbonyl (MNPPOC) protected base performance exceeds that of the nonsubstituted 2-(2-nitrophenyl)-propyloxycarbonyl (NPPOC) protected base and an ITX sensitized photobase system, with respect to both long-wavelength light sensitivity and photolytic efficiency. In material synthesis, MNPPOC-TMG is capable of initiating photo thiol-Michael polymerization efficiently and orthogonally with only limited visible light exposure and generating a highly homogeneous cross-linked polymer network. This approach enables the thiol-Michael “click” reaction to be conducted with a low-energy, visible light irradiation and, thus, expands its applications in biocompatible and UV sensitive materials.
Propagation of High Angle, Dip-Slip Basement Fault Zones Into Overlying Sedimentary Rocks

Some mechanisms by which high angle, dip-slip fault zones in crystalline basement propagate into overlying sedimentary rocks are presented. The study was conducted on a segment of the Uncompahgre Uplift in western Colorado where uplift occurred along faults in the Precambrian basement during Laramide deformation. The basement in this area is composed predominately of granite and gneiss. The structure was mapped at a 1:1000 scale covering an area of about two km2. This study focuses on the deformation of the Chinle Formation (Triassic), composed of siltstones and shales, which lays directly on the basement, and the overlying, massive aeolian Wingate Sandstone (Triassic).
INTEGRATED LAND-CHANGE SCIENCE AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE HUMAN SCIENCES

What is and ought to be humankind’s relationship with nature? This question has stood the test of time as an overarching intellectual and moral query confronting society and to which much research and pedagogy has been directed. The question can be traced to antiquity in western society (Glacken 1967), and has had no less profound thinkers in eastern societies.
HUMAN LIVER ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE

Two aldehyde dehydrogenases have been purified from human liver to apparent homogeneity by employing techniques of ion exchange and affinity chromatography. One of the enzymes, E 2 appears to be identical with that partially purified previously by Kramer and Deitrich (1968) and Blair and Bodley (1969). The other enzyme, E 1 has been isolated from the human liver for the first time. The enzymes differ greatly in kinetic properties with acetaldehyde as substrate and in susceptibility to inhibition to disulfiram (an inhibitor used to produce alcohol aversion in humans). Even though human autopsy livers are unsuitable for subcellular fractionation, it appears possible that E 2 is a mitochondrial enzyme. Aldehyde dehydrogenase isolated previously were reported to differ in molecular weight. Our results show that molecular weights of all aldehyde dehydrogenases isolated so far from human liver are in the region of 230 000 daltons. Previously reported differences appear to be due to interactions with the Sephadex columns. The data presented also indicate that there are more than two aldehyde dehydrogenases in the crude extracts of the human liver.
Controlling a Non-Holonomic Mobile Manipulator in a Constrained Floor Space

Robotic manipulators that are attached to mobile platforms are often used in workspaces that require the end-effector to mobilize beyond the manipulator's limited reach, such as in warehouse shelf stacking and similar applications. However, such assistive robots fall short of completing tasks that require the end-effector to be situated in a specific configuration at a critical time during the task. Traditionally, users control the mobile base to situate the arm such that the task can be completed through continuous operation. This requires an experienced operator who can predict the needed end-effector workspace, and can operate the base accordingly to maximize the likelihood of a successful task while avoiding any floor obstacles. In this work, we propose a straightforward control method that provides sufficient freedom to the end-effector to complete a task that is bound by time-dependent constraints. This is achieved by relaxing the time constraints on the mobile base trajectory in a floor space obstructed by obstacles. The trajectory of the platform is determined by sensor-assisted obstacle avoidance algorithm such that a single degree of freedom mobility can be represented through a safe obstacle-free time-independent path. The proposed control method is implemented in simulation and on physical hardware built in our labs. The simulation included a 5-DoF redundant Planar Mobile Manipulator (PMM). The hardware implementation and testing utilized a 9-DoF redundant mobile manipulator. The implementation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the control method in adjusting the mobile platform motion along its allowed obstacle-free path to enable the end-effector to follow its trajectory for task completion that would otherwise fail to complete when conventional control methods are used.
Marriage and parenthood preferences among college students in China

Using data from a recent survey of Chinese college students, this study examines the contextual factors associated with young adults’ preferences for marriage and parenthood. The analyses demonstrate that females and males prefer a later age at marriage, less than two children, and a relatively short timing between marriage and first birth. Pro-natalist attitudes and religiosity are shown to significantly influence childbearing preferences, while parental characteristics have a strong association with males’ preferences, but comparatively less with females’. The analyses suggest that young Chinese adults are still influenced by traditional cultural expectations, but that individual traits are also important. The potential influence of cultural globalization and changing Chinese gender roles are discussed.
Starry Rectum: a Rare Case of Adult Primary Rectal Burkitt’s Lymphoma in the Setting of Crohn’s Disease with Literature Review

Rectum is the least common site of involvement by gastrointestinal lymphomas with Burkitt’s lymphoma subtype being even more infrequent, accounting for less than 0.0005% of all primary rectal malignancies. Significance lies in its rarity, the difficulty in distinguishing it from rectal carcinoma, and its not yet standardized treatment protocol. Here, we report a case of primary rectal Burkitt’s lymphoma in a 32-year male with Crohn’s disease on azathioprine, who was successfully managed with laparoscopic low anterior resection with adjuvant intensive chemotherapy. Our case attempts to shows that minimally invasive surgical resection with adjuvant chemotherapy is a viable therapeutic option for rectal lymphomas including the aggressive variants like Burkitt’s lymphoma.
Beyond 1Tb/s Datacenter Interconnect Technology: Challenges and Solutions

We discuss challenges and solutions for beyond 1Tb/s intra-datacenter bandwidth scaling, with a focus on the FlexPAM-based direct detection and the baud-rate DSP enabled coherent detection.
Evaluating Machine Learning Models for Android Malware Detection: A Comparison Study

Android is the most popular mobile operating system having billions of active users worldwide that attracted advertisers, hackers, and cybercriminals to develop malware for various purposes. In recent years, wide-ranging researches have been conducted on malware analysis and detection for Android devices while Android has also implemented various security controls to deal with the malware problems, including unique user ID (UID) for each application, system permissions, and its distribution platform Google Play. In this paper, we optimize and evaluate different types of machine learning algorithms by implementing a classifier based on static analysis in order to detect malware in applications running on the Android OS. In our evaluation, we use 11,120 applications with 5,560 malware samples and 5,560 benign samples of the DREBIN dataset, and the accuracy we achieved is higher than 94%; therefore, the study has demonstrated the effectiveness of using machine learning classifiers for detecting Android malware.
Neuroprotective effects of targeting BET proteins for degradation with dBET1 in aged mice subjected to ischemic stroke.

Abstract Neuroinflammation after stroke significantly contributes to neuronal cell death. Bromodomain and Extra Terminal Domain (BET) proteins are essential to inflammatory gene transcription. BET proteins (BRD2, BRD3, BRD4, and BRDT) have varied effects including chromatin remodeling, histone acetyltransferase activity, and as scaffolds to recruit transcription factors; they couple chromatin remodeling with transcription. BRD2/4 are of particularly interest to stroke-induced neuroinflammation that contributes to delayed cell death as they are required for NF-κB-dependent gene transcription. We hypothesized that targeting BET proteins for degradation with dBET1, a proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) that combines the highly selective BET inhibitor JQ1 and a ligand for cereblon E3 ubiquitin ligase, will reduce brain injury in ischemic stroke. Male aged mice (18–20 months old) were subjected to permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery and received either vehicle or dBET1 (10 mg/kg; i.p.) at various times after stroke. Neurobehavioral tests were performed before (baseline) and at 24 and 48 h after stroke induction. Infarct volume was quantified at 48 h. Data showed that BET degradation significantly reduced infarct volume in permanent focal cerebral ischemia in aged mice, and this was associated with reduced brain levels of pro-inflammatory mediators including TNF-α, CXCL1, CXCL10, CCL2, and matrix metalloproteinase-9. Treatment with dBET1 significantly reduced blood-brain barrier damage and infiltration of neutrophils into the ischemic brain. Importantly, treatment with the BET degrader dBET1 resulted in a significant improvement in stroke-induced neurological deficits. Collectively, these data indicate that BET proteins are a novel target for neuroprotection in ischemic stroke.
Conversion of Aldehydes to Branched or Linear Ketones via Regiodivergent Rhodium-Catalyzed Vinyl Bromide Reductive Coupling-Redox Isomerization Mediated by Formate

A regiodivergent catalytic method for direct conversion of aldehydes to branched or linear alkyl ketones is described. Rhodium complexes modified by P tBu2Me catalyze formate-mediated aldehyde-vinyl bromide reductive coupling-redox isomerization to form branched ketones. Use of the less strongly coordinating ligand, PPh3, promotes vinyl- to allylrhodium isomerization en route to linear ketones. This method bypasses the 3-step sequence often used to convert aldehydes to ketones involving the addition of pre-metalated reagents to Weinreb or morpholine amides.
Super-resolution interference lithography enabled by non-equilibrium kinetics of photochromic monolayers

Highly parallelized optical super-resolution lithography techniques are key for realizing bulk volume nanopatterning in materials. The majority of demonstrated STED-inspired lithography schemes are serial writing techniques. Here we use a recently developed model spirothiopyran monolayer photoresist to study the non-equilibrium kinetics of STED-inspired lithography systems to achieve large area interference lithography with super-resolved feature dimensions. The linewidth is predicted to increase with exposure time and the contrast is predicted to go through a maximum, resulting in a narrow window of optimum exposure. Experimental results are found to match with high quantitative accuracy. The low photoinhibition saturation threshold of the spirothiopyran renders it especially conducive for parallelized large area nanopatterning. Lines with 56 and 92 nm FWHM were obtained using serial and parallel patterning, respectively. Functionalization of surfaces with heterobifunctional PEGs enables diverse patterning of any desired chemical functionality on these monolayers. These results provide important insight prior to realizing a highly parallelized volume nanofabrication technique.
Diagnosis of internal carotid artery stenosis in a patient referred to a physiotherapist for dizziness

ABSTRACT PURPOSE The purpose of this report is to describe the diagnostic focus of the clinical decision-making process for a patient referred to a physiotherapist for treatment of persistent dizziness, who was subsequently diagnosed with severe stenosis of the internal carotid arteries. CASE DESCRIPTION The patient was a 79-year-old man who was referred to a physiotherapist by his primary care physician for the treatment of persistent intermittent dizziness. The patient’s dizziness began 6 months prior insidiously; it was worsening over time and now interfered with activities of daily living. The patient denied cervical pain or headaches, numbness or tingling in his extremities, difficulty maintaining balance with walking, unsteadiness, muscle weakness, dysphagia, drop attacks, diplopia or dysarthria. At the physiotherapist’s initial evaluation, cervical range of motion was moderately restricted in all motions and his dizziness was elicited with changes in head position. The patient’s neurological examination was unremarkable. Due to positional complaints of dizziness, a Dix–Hallpike test was used to screen for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, which was positive for symptoms reproduction; however, no nystagmus was noted. The patient also became diaphoretic and exhibited significant discoloration of his face during the test. OUTCOMES Due to concern over vascular compromise, carotid duplex ultrasonography and magnetic resonance angiography were completed and revealed near complete occlusion of the left internal carotid artery at its origin. The patient subsequently underwent a left internal carotid endarterectomy with resolution of symptoms and a return to all activities of daily living. DISCUSSION Carotid artery stenosis, although frequently asymptomatic until severe, may manifest as complaints of dizziness that mimic peripheral vestibular dysfunction. Appropriate and prudent screening and referral is necessary if clinical symptoms suggestive of vascular compromise are present.
The songs of Miriam, Deborah, Hannah, and Rebecca (Bunch)

The use of song is a key feature of the innovative television musical dramedy Crazy Ex-Girlfriend (CXG). This article compares the interjection of songs in CXG and in biblical narratives. It highli...
Chapter 37 – Endocrine Disruptors

Endocrine communication is the process by which hormones are produced in an endocrine organ and then transported in the circulation to target tissues, where they bind to receptors and alter cellular function. Over the past half-century, increasing evidence indicates that both natural and synthetic chemicals present in the environment can alter various facets of endocrine signaling. Initial literature in this area focused on disruption of estrogen signaling, but it has now become apparent that a wide variety of endocrine signals that regulate various facets of reproduction, growth, metabolism, and adipose deposition can potentially be disrupted in some manner by environmental chemicals. This chapter gives an overview of these endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), and draws on literature from wildlife, experimental animals, and humans in an attempt to critically discuss what effects may be occurring in human populations and other species as a result of EDC exposure. In addition, we discuss why it is difficult to reliably assess the risks for human health posed by EDCs. The past, current, and future methodologies used to assess the activity of these chemicals are considered in some detail, and current government regulations and future regulatory approaches to these chemicals are discussed.
Electrochemical behavior and separation of iodide in molten LiF-NaF-KF melt

Abstract This work studied the electrochemical behavior of iodide in molten LiF-NaF-KF mixture and the separation of iodide from the molten salt at 973 K using a graphite working electrode. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA) measurements indicated an anodic passivation layer was formed on the graphite electrode in this melt and the layer blocked the charge transfer across the electrolyte/electrode interface. However, the added I− ions could pass through the passivation layer and were oxidized at the graphite electrode. The characterization of the obtained products proved that iodide ions was efficiently oxidized to I2 gas during electrolysis. Furthermore, the graphite anode showed excellent stability without any obvious change in dimensions after electrolysis, which showed the high current efficiency of I2 evolution reaction. Thus, the graphite electrode was possible to be served as an excellent anode to separate other anions (such as Br) from molten fluoride salts.
Moral Philosophy or The Sociology of Morals? Response to Cansu Canca

I make three points in my response. I begin by pointing out the differences between the sociological and philosophical approaches to moral questions. The sociologist is interested in the trolley problem as a frame, and in the rhetorical power it generates. Second, I reject the claim that I am forcing the debate into a binary choice. Instead, I show the similarity between the model of moral reasoning Canca advocates and risk assessment, noting the well-known limitations of risk assessment. Finally, I reject the claim that I make moral arguments without engaging in principled moral reasoning, and instead explain the sociological method of comparison and relativization upon which I draw.
Current Clinical Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Radiology and Their Best Supporting Evidence.

Abstract Purpose Despite tremendous gains from deep learning and the promise of artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine to improve diagnosis and save costs, there exists a large translational gap to implement and use AI products in real-world clinical situations. Adoption of standards such as Transparent Reporting of a Multivariable Prediction Model for Individual Prognosis or Diagnosis, Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials, and the Checklist for Artificial Intelligence in Medical Imaging is increasing to improve the peer-review process and reporting of AI tools. However, no such standards exist for product-level review. Methods A review of clinical trials showed a paucity of evidence for radiology AI products; thus, the authors developed a 10-question assessment tool for reviewing AI products with an emphasis on their validation and result dissemination. The assessment tool was applied to commercial and open-source algorithms used for diagnosis to extract evidence on the clinical utility of the tools. Results There is limited technical information on methodologies for FDA-approved algorithms compared with open-source products, likely because of intellectual property concerns. Furthermore, FDA-approved products use much smaller data sets compared with open-source AI tools, because the terms of use of public data sets are limited to academic and noncommercial entities, which precludes their use in commercial products. Conclusions Overall, this study reveals a broad spectrum of maturity and clinical use of AI products, but a large gap exists in exploring actual performance of AI tools in clinical practice.
The catalytic role of the beta effect in barotropization processes

The vertical structure of freely evolving, continuously stratified, quasi-geostrophic flow is investigated. We predict the final state organization, and in particular its vertical structure, using statistical mechanics and these predictions are tested against numerical simulations. The key role played by conservation laws in each layer, including the fine-grained enstrophy, is discussed. In general, the conservation laws, and in particular that enstrophy is conserved layer-wise, prevent complete barotropization, i.e. the tendency to reach the gravest vertical mode. The peculiar role of the effect, i.e. of the existence of planetary vorticity gradients, is discussed. In particular, it is shown that increasing increases the tendency toward barotropization through turbulent stirring. The effectiveness of barotropization may be partially parameterized using the Rhines scale . As this parameter decreases ( increases) then barotropization can progress further, because the term provides enstrophy to each layer. However, if the effect is too large then the statistical mechanical predictions fail and wave dynamics prevent complete barotropization.
Platonic Theocracy, Liberalism, and Authoritarianism in Leo Strauss’s Philosophy and Law

Leo Strauss, in Philosophy and Law (1935), offers Platonic theocracy as a more just and stable political alternative to both liberalism and authoritarianism. Rather than merely a scholastic investigation of medieval Jewish and Islamic philosophy, I read the book as a programmatic endorsement of a morally perfectionist political order: a divinely legitimated and rationally justified “true” or “beautiful” state. Since human beings require political community to suppress their evil inclinations and promote their disposition toward the good, Strauss criticizes liberalism for contending that government should remain neutral regarding good and evil and modern authoritarianism for effectively committing idolatry by politically instrumentalizing theology. I demonstrate that Strauss’s long-neglected book is particularly relevant for our own “postsecular age,” an age when adherents of religious orthodoxy increasingly demand concessions from liberal democracies and resurgent state authoritarianism frequently cloaks itself in religious trappings.
Liability Structure in Small-Scale Finance: Evidence from a Natural Experiment

Microfinance, the provision of small individual and business loans, has witnessed dramatic growth, reaching over 150 million borrowers worldwide. Much of its success has been attributed to overcoming the challenges of information asymmetries in uncollateralized lending. Yet, very little is known about the optimal contract structure of such loans – there is substantial variation across lenders, even within a particular setting. This paper exploits a plausibly exogenous change in the liability structure offered by a microfinance program in India, which shifted from individual to group liability lending. We find compelling evidence that contract structure matters: for the same borrower, required monthly loan installments are 6 percent less likely to be missed under the group liability setting, relative to individual liability. In addition, compulsory savings deposits are 19 percent less likely to be missed under group liability contracts.
TLR7 is expressed by support cells, but not sensory neurons, in ganglia.

Background Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is an innate immune receptor that detects viral single-stranded RNA and triggers the production of proinflammatory cytokines and type 1 interferons in immune cells. TLR7 agonists also modulate sensory nerve function by increasing neuronal excitability, although studies are conflicting whether sensory neurons specifically express TLR7. This uncertainty has confounded the development of a mechanistic understanding of TLR7 function in nervous tissues. Methods TLR7 expression was tested using in situ hybridization with species-specific RNA probes in vagal and dorsal root sensory ganglia in wild-type and TLR7 knockout (KO) mice and in guinea pigs. Since TLR7 KO mice were generated by inserting an Escherichia coli lacZ gene in exon 3 of the mouse TLR7 gene, wild-type and TLR7 (KO) mouse vagal ganglia were also labeled for lacZ. In situ labeling was compared to immunohistochemistry using TLR7 antibody probes. The effects of influenza A infection on TLR7 expression in sensory ganglia and in the spleen were also assessed. Results In situ probes detected TLR7 in the spleen and in small support cells adjacent to sensory neurons in the dorsal root and vagal ganglia in wild-type mice and guinea pigs, but not in TLR7 KO mice. TLR7 was co-expressed with the macrophage marker Iba1 and the satellite glial cell marker GFAP, but not with the neuronal marker PGP9.5, indicating that TLR7 is not expressed by sensory nerves in either vagal or dorsal root ganglia in mice or guinea pigs. In contrast, TLR7 antibodies labeled small- and medium-sized neurons in wild-type and TLR7 KO mice in a TLR7-independent manner. Influenza A infection caused significant weight loss and upregulation of TLR7 in the spleens, but not in vagal ganglia, in mice. Conclusion TLR7 is expressed by macrophages and satellite glial cells, but not neurons in sensory ganglia suggesting TLR7's neuromodulatory effects are mediated indirectly via activation of neuronally-associated support cells, not through activation of neurons directly. Our data also suggest TLR7's primary role in neuronal tissues is not related to antiviral immunity.
Disseminated varicella-zoster virus infections following messenger RNA-based COVID-19 vaccination.

The novel messenger RNA (mRNA)–based COVID-19 vaccines protect individuals from SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe forms of the disease.1 Clinical trials data and observational evidence have reported diverse cutaneous responses to these vaccines, including local injection site erythema, urticaria, and morbilliform eruptions.2 Delayed localized hypersensitive reactions have also been reported; however, these do not preclude subsequent vaccination, emphasizing that serious cutaneous reactions to the vaccines are rare.3 We report 2 cases of de novo disseminated varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection, without expansion from a preceding dermatomal presentation, after receiving an mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine in patients who were not actively on immunosuppression.
Two-View Analysis

The displacement field computed by the method discussed in the previous chapter provides point correspondences for motion and structure analysis. This chapter deals with estimating motion and structure of the scene from point correspondences between two perspective views. First, an algorithm is presented that computes a closed-form solution for motion and structure parameters. The algorithm exploits redundancy in the data to obtain more reliable estimates in the presence of noise. Then, an approach is introduced to estimating the errors in the computed solution. Specifically, standard deviation of the error is estimated in terms of the variance of the errors in the coordinates of the image points. The estimated errors indicate the reliability of the solution, as well as any degeneracy or near degeneracy that causes the failure of the motion estimation algorithm. The presented approach to error estimation is applicable to a wide variety of problems that involve least-squares optimization or pseudo-inverse. Finally, the relationships between errors and other parameters are analyzed.
Three-body break-up in 7Li(d, nα)4He and 7Li(d, αα)n reactions

Abstract The reaction 7 Li(d, n α) 4 He has been studied detecting neutron-alpha coincidences. The energies of the detected particles were determined by means of time-of-flight measurement for neutrons and a silicon, surface-barrier detector for alphas. Simultaneously alpha-alpha coincidences from 7 Li(d, αα)n were detected using two solid-state detectors. The measurements were performed at bombarding energies from 2.6 to 4.0 MeV in steps of 0.2 MeV. In addition the reaction 7 Li(d, αα)n was studied separately at 4.0 and 9.0 MeV for several angular settings of the two solid-state detectors. The most important reaction mechanism is found to be sequential decay through intermediate 5 He and 8 Be states.
Instructed Second Language Acquisition

The primary concern in instructed second language acquisition (ISLA) is how best to facilitate the development of a second or additional language. However, theoretical perspectives and pedagogical suggestions are only as good as the research methods that are used to advance them. This chapter discusses important constructs, such as implicit and explicit L2 knowledge, noticing, and discourse, that are the focus of ISLA research. The chapter also addresses various methods that have been used to investigate these constructs. Challenges in ISLA research methods such as construct validity, generalizability, and study quality are discussed. The chapter ends with recommendations for future research in two areas: the increasing use of technology as both a pedagogical tool and a research method and the improvement of information about how ISLA researchers acquire and maintain quantitative and statistical knowledge.
When the Right to Compensation for “Regulatory Takings” Goes to the Extreme: The Case of Israel

Tucked away in a corner of the Mediterranean is one of the world's most generous compensation rights for decline in property values due to planning decisions. As counterintuitive (to some) as this might seem, Israel's jurisprudence gradually developed a legal doctrine about what Americans call "regulatory takings" which, viewed through a comparative perspective, represents an extreme in "property rights friendliness".
CpG-A-Induced Monocyte IFN-γ-Inducible Protein-10 Production Is Regulated by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell-Derived IFN-α

Unmethylated CpG motifs in bacterial DNA or synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) are known for inducing a Th1 cytokine/chemokine environment, but the mechanisms regulating this have been unclear. Recent studies have defined two classes of CpG ODN, CpG-A ODN that induce plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) to secrete very high levels of IFN-alpha, and CpG-B ODN that induce only low levels of IFN-alpha production, but strongly activate B cells. We now demonstrate that a CpG-A ODN directly activates pDC secretion of IFN-alpha and other soluble factors that secondarily induce purified monocytes to secrete high levels of the Th1-promoting chemokine IFN-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10). Cell contact between the monocytes and pDC is not required for this interaction. IFN-alpha is necessary, but only partially sufficient, for this indirect CpG-induced monocyte IP-10 production. Although CpG ODN induce human PBMC to make only very slight amounts of IFN-gamma, we find that these low concentrations synergize with IFN-alpha for inducing monocyte production of IP-10. These studies provide a better understanding of the mechanisms through which CpG ODN create a Th1-like environment.
Analysis of High-Resolution Spectra From a Hybrid Interferometric/Dispersive Spectrometer

Abstract To more fully take advantage of a low-cost, small footprint hybrid interferometric/dispersive spectrometer, a mathematical reconstruction technique was developed to accurately capture the high-resolution and relative peak intensities from complex spectral patterns. A Fabry–Perot etalon was coupled to a Czerny–Turner spectrometer, leading to increased spectral resolution by more than an order of magnitude without the commensurate increase in spectrometer size. Measurement of the industry standard Hg 313.1555/313.1844 nm doublet yielded a ratio of 0.682, which agreed well with an independent measurement and literature values. The doublet separation (29 pm) is similar to the U isotope shift (25 pm) at 424.437 nm that is of interest to monitoring nuclear nonproliferation activities. Additionally, the technique was applied to LIBS measurement of the mineral cinnabar (HgS) and resulted in a ratio of 0.682. This reconstruction method could enable significantly smaller, portable high-resolution instruments with isotopic specificity, benefiting a variety of spectroscopic applications.
“Negativity Bias” in Evaluative Ratings

Summary Previous research on extreme response style and rating consistency led to the hypothesis that American college women frequently experience a greater range of positive affect than men. This was tested by requiring subjects to choose either a positive or negative trait, matched for polarity, as being more neutral. Contrary to the hypothesis, both sexes consistently chose positive traits. The results supported the concept of a “negativity bias”: viz., that negative traits have more impact than positive traits that are matched for extremeness. This negativity bias was further supported by a second study in which subjects reported greater differences in evaluation between negative traits than between positive ones. The amount of difference increased with greater degrees of polarization of the traits being judged. The results were interpreted as indicating that the negative half of bipolar scales covers a greater range of differences in evaluation than does the positive half of such scales.
Improved configuration control for redundant robots

This article presents a singularity-robust task-prioritized reformulation of the configuration control scheme for redundant robot manipulators. This reformulation suppresses large joint velocities near singularities, at the expense of small task trajectory errors. This is achieved by optimally reducing the joint velocities to induce minimal errors in the task performance by modifying the task trajectories. Furthermore, the same framework provides a means for assignment of priorities between the basic task of end-effector motion and the user-defined additional task for utilizing redundancy. This allows automatic relaxation of the additional task constraints in favor of the desired end-effector motion, when both cannot be achieved exactly. The improved configuration control scheme is illustrated for a variety of additional tasks, and extensive simulation results are presented.
Chiral symmetry breaking in the infinite momentum frame

Abstract Infinite momentum frame techniques are used to estimate the value of the chiral symmetry breaking parameter in the quark model of the pseudoscalar mesons.
Location and activity tracking with the cloud

Helping elderly people to live independently within their homes for as long as possible, before transitioning to higher levels of care, can significantly reduce healthcare expenditures. However, achieving this vision requires continuous monitoring of the condition of elderly adults within their homes. In particular, activity, gait velocity, movement, and location of elderly adults are critical biomarkers for healthy aging. We present a prototype integrating a wearable location-tracking sensor with back-end cloud-based data processing, thereby enabling real-time tracking and analysis of a large number of people simultaneously. The resulting vertically-integrated prototype provides a basic infrastructure for future work, including new products and services that offer real-time monitoring and early disease diagnosis to help elderly people live independently for as long as possible.