cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calibrating bodies and cognition through interactive practice in a meaningful environment

Using as data videotapes of archaeologists working to see and map structure in the dirt they are excavating, meaning-making in the home of a man with severe aphasia, and sequences of actual talk-in-interaction, this talk will investigate action, cognition, language use and things as phenomena constituted through actual agent-object inter-action. Rather than viewing cognition as an abstract process lodged entirely within the mental life of sentient beings, language as a nonmaterial process situated within the psychological life of the individual, and things as mute, unmoving objects, this presentation will focus on the mutual constitution of actors, things, and communities within the ongoing organization of situated language use and dynamically unfolding activities. From such a perspective cognition emerges as a consequential and practical issue, for example as a part of the process through which both the world that is the focus a community's scrutiny, and other actors, are known in just the ways that allow the work of the community to be accomplished. It will be argued that both cognition and action emerge through the systematic transformation of environments that contain a range of structurally different kinds of resources that mutually interact with each other.
Informing the Patient: What Social Science Research Can Tell the Adolescent Mental Patient.

The pioneer research and theoretical formulations of the psychiatric sociologists during the last decade have demonstrated the critical influence social processes have in the drift toward mental patient careers. In this article, I propose that several of the important concepts and perspectives achieved by these research developments be incorporated into present institutional treatment programs by way of a social science education program which reflectively examines the interpretations of hospitalization fashioned by psychiatric sociologists.
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMERIC THIN FILMS GROWN BY CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION

For the first time, the refractive index of polyparaxylylene films, the only polymers grown commercially by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), is reported throughout the visible spectrum. This information is required if optical components such as antireflective coatings or waveguides are to be fabricated with CVD polymers. These properties are compared to a low-index CVD copolymer, poly(parachloroxylylene-co-perfluorooctyl methacrylate), invented in our laboratory. The ellipsometric constants psi and delta were measured for wavelengths between 400 nm and 1000 nm using variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry; many samples of each film were grown to improve statistics. The data were modeled assuming a birefringent Cauchy dispersion; excellent agreement between models and experimental data was obtained. The refractive index (λ = 632.8 nm) of the copolymer in the film plane was 1.389, compared to 1.645–1.665 for the homopolymers. PPX, PPX-C, and the copolymer showed negative birefringence, while PPX-D showed positive bifringence. The optical properties of PPX showed little thickness dependence for films ranging from 36 nm to 2100 nm thick.
New Techniques for Measuring Strain at Fracture of Thin Film Materials

The High Density Electronics Center (HiDEC) at the University of Arkansas is developing advanced electronic packaging methods including multi-chip modules which utilize high temperature superconductor interconnects. A wide variety of materials have been proposed and investigated for these applications. Good knowledge of the mechanical properties of the candidate thin film materials is important for reliable device design. Two new techniques have been developed to measure strain at fracture of thin film materials. The first is an acoustic technique in which an accelerometer is attached to the film. The film is then gradually strained. When the film fractures, an acoustic wave propagates through the film thereby creating a transient signal from the accelerometer. This signal is used to trigger an oscilloscope. The second technique is similar except that it utilizes a laser probe to detect the acoustic wave. In this photo-acoustic technique, the laser is reflected from the film onto a bi-sectional photodetector while the film is gradually strained. Upon film fracture, the acoustic wave modulates the laser beam and a transient voltage pulse is produced by the photodetector. Both techniques are capable of detecting extremely small cracks.
Instability of the Kerr solution of fourth-order gravity

Abstract We examine linearized perturbations of the Kerr geometry for a class of fourth-order gravity theories. It is shown that the theory can be consistently viewed at the level of small perturbations as a massive scalar field which drives the linearized Einstein equations and which also obeys the Klein-Gordon equation on the background. The resulting instability of the Kerr geometry for this theory is interpreted in analogy with the Skyrme model for finite size solitons.
U.S. drug and biologic product approvals during 1993

Drugs remain a key element in the effective containment of health care costs. In 1993, 29 new drugs were approved for marketing by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These entities, according to a 1993 Office of Technology Assessment study, each took on average 12 years and $359 million each to discover and develop. The FDA reported that the average review time for these entities was 26.5 months, some 3 months less than reported in 1992. Under the prescription Drug User Fee Act of 1992, which will generate an additional $327 million over the period 1993–1997, the FDA will hire an additional 600 review staff.
A Correlative Method For Visual Presentation Of Photographic Imagery

This paper describes a recently developed system which enhances the human decision-making capability in analyzing and interpreting aerial photography. Advanced tactical multi-sensor recon-naissance missions will provide four separate rolls of film which require interpretation. Since each roll of film covers approximately the same area, it is advantageous to view all four at the same time, with each running at its appropriate speed so that the same images on all four rolls can be viewed simultaneously. The Multi-Sensor Viewer, with its various functions of simultaneous scanning of panoramic, frame, infrared and SLR photography; comparison viewing of tactical target records and map chips; mensuration, printing and processing, and stereo-viewing, will be described. In addition, a brief discussion of its integration within the Image Interpretation Central will be presented. The Multi-Sensor Viewer was designed and developed as part of the Image Inter-pretation Central (IIC) AN/MSQ-58, for the Rome Air Development Center under Air Force Contract AF30(602)-2882.© (1966) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Attenuation of stress-induced behavior by antagonism of corticotropin-releasing factor receptors in the central amygdala in the rat

Research suggests that endogenous corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the amygdala plays a role in the expression of stress-induced behavior. This study examined in rats whether antagonism of CRF receptors in the central amygdala (CA) region using alpha-helical CRF9-41, a CRF antagonist, was effective in attenuating the occurrence of stress-induced freezing. Bilateral infusions of 50, 100, or 200 ng of the CRF antagonist were made in the CA region using 33-gauge cannula immediately prior to testing. Freezing was measured in two test conditions. In one condition, the effects of the CRF antagonist on freezing was assessed immediately after exposure to electric foot shock. In the other condition, freezing was examined in shock-experienced rats that were re-exposed to the shock environment. Results suggested that 50 and 100 ng of the CRF antagonist were effective in reducing the duration of freezing in the immediate post-shock period. In addition, the 100 ng dose produced a significant reduction in freezing duration after rats were re-exposed to the shock environment. Collectively, data suggest that antagonizing the action of endogenous CRF in the CA region contributes to a general alleviation of stress-induced freezing.
Infrastructure and productivity: a nonlinear approach

Abstract This paper incorporates infrastructure into the production function as part of the technological constraint rather than as a discretionary factor input. Our theoretical model specifies a technological growth rate as a nonlinear function of infrastructure and a time trend, the latter capturing the effect of all other variables on the growth rate in technology. The time trend and infrastructure are modeled so as to be interactive rather than additive. The functional form estimated allows for a `S'-shaped production function which embodies not only the properties of a long-run production function but also those exhibited in the short run.
The X-ray crystal structures of Yersinia tyrosine phosphatase with bound tungstate and nitrate. Mechanistic implications.

Abstract X-ray crystal structures of the Yersinia tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) in complex with tungstate and nitrate have been solved to 2.4-A resolution. Tetrahedral tungstate, WO2−4, is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme and is isosteric with the substrate and product of the catalyzed reaction. Planar nitrate, NO−3, is isosteric with the PO3 moiety of a phosphotransfer transition state. The crystal structures of the Yersinia PTPase with and without ligands, together with biochemical data, permit modeling of key steps along the reaction pathway. These energy-minimized models are consistent with a general acid-catalyzed, in-line displacement of the phosphate moiety to Cys403 on the enzyme, followed by attack by a nucleophilic water molecule to release orthophosphate. This nucleophilic water molecule is identified in the crystal structure of the nitrate complex. The active site structure of the PTPase is compared to alkaline phosphatase, which employs a similar phosphomonoester hydrolysis mechanism. Both enzymes must stabilize charges at the nucleophile, the PO3 moiety of the transition state, and the leaving group. Both an associative (bond formation preceding bond cleavage) and a dissociative (bond cleavage preceding bond formation) mechanism were modeled, but a dissociative-like mechanism is favored for steric and chemical reasons. Since nearly all of the 47 invariant or highly conserved residues of the PTPase domain are clustered at the active site, we suggest that the mechanism postulated for the Yersinia enzyme is applicable to all the PTPases.
Prandtl boundary layers for the Phan-Thien Tanner and Giesekus fluid

The Prandtl equations, arising naturally in the description of high Reynolds number boundary layers, have turned out to be quite difficult from the point of view of mathematical analysis. Recent work by the author has shown that the analogous problem for the upper-convected Maxwell fluid is actually better behaved, and the well-posedness of the boundary layer equations has been established. In this paper, boundary layers for the Phan-Thien–Tanner and Giesekus fluid are considered. It turns out that there are two fundamentally different types of boundary layers, which we shall call elastic and viscometric boundary layers. The elastic boundary layers will be analyzed in an analogous fashion as those for the upper-convected Maxwell fluid. On the other hand, for viscometric boundary layers, which occur only for the PTT fluid, the equations are equivalent to those for a power law fluid.
Fracture in cold upset forging -a criterion and model

Deformation behavior and fracture of three iron alloys during cold working conditions were studied systematically under a range of stress and strain states by means of the upset test. As described in a previous publication by the authors, an anomalous strain behavior and sub-surface void formation are observed prior to fracture at the bulge surface. This anomaly, in the form of a perturbation in the strain path, has features that are similar to the strain instability in biaxial stretching of sheet material. Based on these experimental observations, a mathematical model of localized necking and fracture is presented that permits evaluation of the effects of material characteristics and process parameters. A fracture criterion involving total strains at failure is also proposed. The criterion accurately fits experimental data obtained in this study as well as that presented by other investigators. Essential features of the fracture criterion can be derived from the mathematical model of instability and fracture.
The interaction of large amplitude barotropic waves with an ambient shear flow: critical flows

This study discusses the evolution of long gravity waves on shear flows. Although the paper is concerned mainly with finite amplitude neutrally stable flows which contain a critical level, a new representation is given for the unstable mode solutions of the linearized equations. From these solutions it appears that focusing instabilities, usually associated with nonlinear viscous effects, can occur even in linear inviscid theory. For finite amplitude disturbances the analysis is restricted to polygonal shear profiles and only the neutrally stable solutions are considered. The theory is presented in detail for a simple two-layer profile which can support a critical mode. At small Froude numbers the critical mode is essentially an internal wave. This limiting solution also describes critical flows between parallel rigid boundaries when there is no body force. The finite amplitude solutions are generalizations of the classical simple wave solutions for unsheared flows. As in the classical case, those waves can break but it is found that the conditions under which they break can be markedly different for shear flows. Calculations for the particle trajectories are also presented. These trajectories differ from the usual Kelvin’s cat’s eye pattern in that they are, in general, no longer closed. Finally, it is observed that there are many other barotropic flows for which the governing equations can be reduced to a form equivalent to the shallow water equations discussed here. A list of such flows is given.
Effect of increased glucose levels on Na+/K+-pump activity in cultured neuroblastoma cells

Neuroblastoma cells were used to analyze the effect of elevated glucose levels on myo-inositol metabolism and Na+/K+-pump activity. The activity of the Na+/K+ pump in neuroblastoma cells is almost totally sensitive to ouabain inhibition. Culturing neuroblastoma cells in 30 mM glucose caused a significant decrease in Na+/K+-pump activity, myo-inositol metabolism, and myo-inositol content, compared to cells grown in the presence of 30 mM fructose. Glucose supplementation also caused a large intracellular accumulation of sorbitol. The aldose reductase inhibitor sorbinil prevented the abnormalities in myo-inositol metabolism and partially restored Na+/K+-pump activity in neuroblastoma cells cultured in the presence of elevated glucose levels. These results suggest that the accumulation of sorbitol by neuroblastoma cells exposed to elevated concentrations of extracellular glucose causes a decrease in myo-inositol metabolism and these abnormalities are associated with a reduction in Na+/K+-pump activity.
Temperature Dependence and Low-Temperature Value of the Electromagnetic Goherence Length in Superconducting Pb and Pb 0.9 Bi 0.1

The electromagnetic coherence length of Pb and of ${\mathrm{Pb}}_{0.9}$${\mathrm{Bi}}_{0.1}$ at a number of temperatures has been calculated by using the microscopic theory of strong electron-phonon coupling. The results show that the coherence length cannot, in general, be correctly obtained from BCS theory by a scaling argument. Near zero temperature, the coherence length is substantially larger than the BCS value $\frac{\overline{\ensuremath{\hbar}}{v}_{{f}^{*}}}{\ensuremath{\pi}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{0}(0)}$.
Transesophageal transgastric echocardiography in infants and children: The subcostal view equivalent

Transesophageal echocardiography has been limited in the assessment of congenital heart disease involving ventriculoarterial connections. These can be viewed with biplane imaging, but the angle of incidence does not permit assessment of gradients. To determine wheter transgastric transesophageal imaging could provide this information, we examined 127 infants and children during cardiac surgery, ranging from 2.7 to 32 kg in weight and 1 day to 16 years in age. The additional information (if any) provided by the transgastric plane, the frequency with which views could be obtained, the value in examining different congenital heart lesions, and assessing reductions in pressure across the left and right ventricular outflow tracts were determined. Slices obtained from anatomic specimens substantiated the imaging planes and confirmed the anatomic features. Transgastric images were obtained successfully in 89% of patients. Doppler estimates of pressure drops across the ventricular outflow tracts were within good limits of agreement with estimates obtained by manometry. There were no major complications from this technique. We conclude that the transgastric viewing plane enhances the usefulness of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography for diagnosis and evaluation of congenital heart lesions by permitting more complete echocardiographic examinations and detection of areas of residual obstruction across the ventricular outflow tracts.
Neurochemical transmission of baroreceptor input in the nucleus tractus solitarius

Baroreceptor activation has been found to produce different types of discharge patterns in neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). The contribution of different glutamate receptor subtypes, neuropeptide modulators and input from different baroreceptor subtypes to the generation of firing patterns in NTS barosensitive neurons was examined in a series of studies. Results from these studies indicate that both subtypes of ionotropic glutamate receptors contribute to discharge in barosensitive neurons, and the role of each subtype can vary for different neurons. The neuropeptide neurotensin was found to modulate baroreceptor control of BP and discharge of central barosensitive neurons, both through modulation of baroreceptor afferent input and possibly through release of neurotensin by baroreceptor afferent fibers in the NTS. Finally, selective modulation of input from baroreceptor subtypes indicates that there is some degree of divergent baroreceptor innervation of NTS neurons that could contribute to initiation of their different discharge patterns in response to baroreceptor input.
Comment: Understanding Simpson's Paradox

I thank the editor, Ronald Christensen, for the opportunity to discuss this important topic and to comment on the article by Armistead. Simpson’s paradox is often presented as a compelling demonstr...
Family-oriented prevention of cardiovascular disease: a social epidemiological approach.

Abstract A social epidemiological approach has been used to study social factors associated with chronic disease, as well as to promote community-oriented intervention programs to modify risk for cardiovascular disease. The present review suggests using a social epidemiological approach in a third way; to promote efforts directed toward family-oriented primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Evidence is presented which shows an association between three family social factors (marital status, family socioeconomic status, family size) and risk for cardiovascular disease. The real determinants of risk, however, may be the underlying health-related behaviors indicated by each of these factors. Evidence is also presented which shows the importance of a fourth family social factor (family age) in promoting effective health education efforts to modify risk. Thus, a social epidemiological approach is more valuable than a single discipline-based approach in identifying, understanding, and modifying family social influences on cardiovascular risk.
Effect of controlled-atmosphere storage on the quality and carotenoid content of sliced persimmons and peaches

Abstract Changes in quality, retinol equivalents (RE) and individual provitamin A carotenoids in fresh cut ‘Fay Elberta’ peaches ( Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) held for 7 days and ‘Fuyu’ persimmons ( Diospyros kaki L.) held for 8 days at 5 °C in air or controlled atmospheres were evaluated. Controlled atmospheres of 2% O 2 , 12% CO 2 in air, and 2% O 2 + 12% CO 2 had no effect on quality attributes of sliced peaches over 7 days of storage. Visual quality of persimmon slices was slightly enhanced by the treatments containing 12% CO 2 , which also resulted in significant differences in color. Peach slices stored in air + 12% CO 2 had a lower content of β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin, resulting in lower RE than the other treatments. The various carotenoids found in persimmon slices responded differently to the tested atmospheres; storage in 2% O 2 or air + 12% CO 2 tended to result in lower RE after 8 days, but the loss was not significant for fruit stored under 2% O 2 + 12% CO 2 . For sliced peaches and persimmons, the limit of shelf life was reached before major losses of carotenoids occurred.
Infection stones in children: a twenty-seven-year review.

Abstract Objective. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between urinary tract infection and pediatric urolithiasis and to characterize the pediatric infection stone former. Methods. Two hundred seventy consecutive pediatric stone formers presenting over a twenty-seven-year period were studied. Of these, 161 children (60%) had infection-related stones. Account was taken of stone composition, anatomic location, associated anatomic lesions, and the rate of stone recurrence over a median follow-up of three years. Results. The mean age of children with infection stones was 4.9 years, with two-thirds being under six years of age. Proteus mirabilis accounted for 82 percent of pure urine cultures. Seventy percent of stones were renal and 30 percent were ureteral or intravesical. One-third of patients had anatomic lesions (pelviureteric obstruction, primary obstructed megaureter, and others) contributing to stone formation. Recurrent stones occurred in 14 percent of cases. Conclusions . This study reaffirms the prodominance of urinary tract infection secondary to P mirabilis as the leading cause of pediatric urolithiasis in the United Kingdom. The significant recurrence rate suggests the importance of prophylactic antibiotics, surgical correction of congenital anomalies, and long-term follow-up of this patient population.
Metal cluster topology 17. Hypervalent indium vertices in isolated hypoelectronic indium polyhedra in binary and ternary intermetallic phases of indium and alkali metals

Analyses of the structures and electron counts for the known isolated indium clusters found in binary and ternary alkalimetal-indium intermetallic phases using methods derived from graph theory suggest the presence of hypervalent indium vertices using filled indium d orbitals as well as sp3 orbitals for skeletal bonding to relieve the apparent electron poverty in the hypoelectronic polyhedra. The novel shapes of the hypoelectronic indium polyhedra in such clusters are based on capping a triangular or rectangular face of a smaller polyhedron, followed by flattening the pyramid generated by the capping vertex so that it moves closer to the center of the polyhedron. Reasonable electron counts and globally delocalized bonding topologies are then obtained for the hypoelectronic indium clusters if all of the indium vertices at the flattened polyhedral sites are hypervalent using sp3d five-orbital manifolds and the remaining indium vertices are normal using spa four-orbital manifolds, like typical vertex atoms in boranes, carboranes and post-transition metal ‘Zintl-type’ clusters. For example, the empty triflattened pentacapped trigonal prismatic indium cluster anion In117− in K8In11 and K8In10Hg becomes a globally delocalized 11-vertex deltahedron with three hypervalent and eight normal indium vertices and the required 2n+2=24 skeletal electrons. Incorporation of an interstitial atom into the center of an isolated hypoelectronic indium polyhedron splits the single multicenter core bond found in an empty globally delocalized polyhedron into two or more core bonds, corresponding to the coordination number and spn hybrid orbital orientation of the interstitial atom. Thus, the compound K8In10Zn can be regarded as a linear two-coordinate Zn2+ complex of the bidentate In1010− ligand and the compound K10In10Ni can be regarded as a tetrahedral four-coordinate Ni0 complex of the tetradentate In1010− ligand. This theory predicts the existence of alkali-metal-indium-coinage metal ternary phases such as K8In9Cu, which would correspond to a trigonal Cu+ complex of a tridentate In99− ligand. In such structures, the hypoelectronic anionic indium polyhedron can be regarded as a multidentate ligand encapsulating the interstitial atom.
Allele-specific expression assays using Solexa

Allele-specific expression (ASE) assays can be used to identify cis, trans, and cis-by-trans regulatory variation. Understanding the source of expression variation has important implications for disease susceptibility, phenotypic diversity, and adaptation. While ASE is commonly measured via relative fluorescence at a SNP, next generation sequencing provides an opportunity to measure ASE in an accurate and high-throughput manner using read counts. We introduce a Solexa-based method to perform large numbers of ASE assays using only a single lane of a Solexa flowcell. In brief, transcripts of interest, which contain a known SNP, are PCR enriched and barcoded to enable multiplexing. Then high-throughput sequencing is used to estimate allele-specific expression using sequencing counts. To validate this method, we measured the allelic bias in a dilution series and found high correlations between measured and expected values (r>0.9, p < 0.001). We applied this method to a set of 5 genes in a Drosophila simulans parental mix, F1 and introgression and found that for these genes the majority of expression divergence can be explained by cis-regulatory variation. We present a new method with the capacity to measure ASE for large numbers of assays using as little as one lane of a Solexa flowcell. This will be a valuable technique for molecular and population genetic studies, as well as for verification of genome-wide data sets.
Registration Accuracy And Critical Dimension Control For A 5X Reduction Stepper With Magnification Control

Today, the resolution of state-of-the-art microlithography lenses is well within the submicron region. There are many indications that the historical drive to better resolution will continue at least for the coming years. In order to fully utilize this improved lens performance in wafer steppers the alignment overlay accuracy has to improve in a similar way, thus increasing total yield. As a rule-of-thumb in current IC design the overlay accuracy should not exceed approximately 20% of the lens resolution. Hence, the overlay accuracy of a wafer stepper capable of printing 0.7 pm features should be around 0.15 μm. At the same time, the requirements for illumination and focussing/levelling accuracy become tighter to enable effective use of these high aperture lenses. In addition, factory requirements for IC production equipment now stipulate completely automatic operation as well as 'clean' design to ensure that both wafers and reticles remain absolutely clean during the IC manufacturing process.
Pulmonary cement embolization after vertebroplasty requiring pulmonary wedge resection

Background Pulmonary cement embolization after vertebroplasty is a well-known complication but typically presents with minimal respiratory symptoms. Although this rare complication has been reported, the current literature does not address the need for awareness of symptoms of potentially devastating respiratory compromise.
Large reactors for power and water desalting

Abstract The current and the near-term thermal converters and the long-range fast breeders for seawater desalination are analyzed based on the fundamental principles, present technology and future development of nuclear reactors. By using the available data of light-water reactors, the trends of current and near-term thermal converters and long-range fast breeders are predicted and discussed. The unit plant cost, and the total nuclear power cost (consisting mainly of the fixed charge, the fuel cycle cost and the operating, maintenance cost) versus the cumulative and the net plant capacity (or reactor size) are respectively shown by curves. The first and the equilibrium core costs and the plant thermal efficiency versus the cumulative plant capacity are illustrated. The comparison of water cost versus net plant capacity and plant load factor for the single-purpose and the multipurpose nuclear desalting plants are also given. The feasibility and development of nuclear agro-industrial complexes and the vertical tube evaporators for desalting seawater technology are briefly discussed.
Simultaneous adsorption of MIB and NOM onto activated carbon. I. Characterisation of the system and NOM adsorption

Abstract The objective of this work was to increase the understanding of the adsorption competition between an odour compound, 2-methylisoborneol, and natural organic material (NOM). Part I describes the characterisation of six commercially available activated carbons, undertaken using nitrogen gas adsorption, surface titrations, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The natural organic material (NOM) from one raw water and four fractions obtained from an isolation and fractionation procedure undertaken on the same raw water, were characterised using 13C NMR, high-performance size exclusion chromatography, UV-visible absorbance and elemental analysis. Simultaneous adsorption of NOM and MIB indicated that the adsorption of the NOM was largely dependent on the pore volume distribution of the activated carbons, and less influenced by the variation in surface chemistry. Larger NOM molecules showed greater relative rates of adsorption where the access to the internal structure of the carbon was restricted by size exclusion, due to the shorter diffusion distances to adsorption sites travelled by the larger molecules. As the concentration of MIB was extremely low compared with that of the NOM in these experiments, no effect of MIB on NOM adsorption was seen. Part II reports the significant effect of the NOM solutions on the adsorption of MIB.
Fundamentals of surface step and island formation mechanisms

Abstract The kinetics of adsorbed Si monomers and dimers, at submonolayer coverage, are measured using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Si monomers are observed in empty-state STM images acquired between room temperature and 115°C. The monomers are trapped at the ends of rebonded-SB type dimer rows. When monomers thermally escape from the traps, they rapidly diffuse along the substrate dimer row until they find another unoccupied trap or return to their original trap. The binding activation barrier at isolated traps is ∼1.0 eV. A slightly lower barrier exists for monomers to hop between the ends of neighbouring dimer rows – a process facilitating diffusion along segments of SB-type steps. In addition to monomers, the surface migration and the interactions of adsorbed Si dimers with steps and islands on Si(0 0 1) are quantified using atom-tracking STM. Diffusing dimers are reflected from steps, sides of islands, and certain surface defect structures. Site-specific free energies are extracted from measurements of lattice-site occupation probabilities of dimers trapped between these reflecting barriers. Relative to the free energy of isolated dimers on a terrace, dimers located at the first lattice site next to SA steps and the sides of islands are bound by ∼0.03–0.06 eV. The binding decreases to half that at the second lattice site, and is indistinguishable from the free-terrace value at a distance of three or more lattice sites.
Fluxional behavior of a cadmium zwitterion complex: proton transport and tautomerism in methylene chloride solution.

The synthesis and structure of the tautomeric Cd(II) isoindoline zwitterion coordination compound [Cd(4'-MeLH)(NO(3))(2)].CH(3)OH (4'-MeLH = 1,3-bis[2-(4-methylpyridyl)imino]isoindoline) are reported. In methylene chloride solution, tautomer interconversion occurs as the N-H proton moves between the identical imine nitrogen atoms. We report the kinetics of proton transfer as followed by variable temperature (1)H NMR spectroscopy and demonstrate that methanol of solvation and adventitious water facilitate rapid proton transfer.
VISUALIZATION OF THE TIME-DEPENDENT CORRELATED WAVEFUNCTIONS OF POSITRON–HYDROGEN SCATTERING SYSTEM

Time-dependent approach has been applied to positron–hydrogen scattering. The initial wavefunction of the system in this approach is expanded in terms of three-dimensional dynamical wavefunctions to include all higher angular momenta by solving a set of three coupled differential equations. The entire contributing scattering channels are automatically included in this approach. Therefore, it resolves the problems at the intermediate energies where the positronium-formation is important. The visualization of the two-particle correlated (angular dependent) wavefunction of the system as it evolves has been presented and provides quantitative analysis of the positronium-formation and ionization processes as they occur. The positron impact transfer (combined positronium-formation and ionization) probabilities obtained from the final wavefunction compares very well with those of time-dependent converged close-coupling calculations.
High energy CW Q-switched operation of multicontact semiconductor laser

Continuous-wave passive Q-switched operation of multiple-contact AlGaAs laser diodes is described. Stable pulses having an energy of 300 pJ and a duration of 40 ps were obtained from 100 µm wide devices with an 800 A thick active layer. The pulse repetition frequency was remarkably stable, having an RF linewidth of < 100 kHz.
Interactions of Transition-Metal-Complex Photosensitizers with Polymers and Organized Media

Abstract The interactions of luminescent platinum metal complexes with a variety of organized media, including micelles, cyclodextrins, and solid polymers, are described. In particular, Ru(II), Os(II), and Re(I) complexes with α-diimine ligands are discussed. Applications of these systems, including luminescence quantum counters, singlet oxygen generators, and a luminescent oxygen sensor, are described. Useful tools for studying these systems are described; these include a deuterium isotope method for measuring the degree of solvent exposure of bound sensitizers, excited-state-lifetime titrations for examining the compositions of systems, and spectral fitting and temperature profiles for probing excited state ordering and energies.
Declarative, Conceptual, and Procedural Knowledge in the Understanding of Fractions and Acquisition of Ruler Measurement Skills

AbstractThis study examined the relationship among declarative, conceptual, and procedural knowledge in the acquisition of ruler measurement skills. Sixth-grade industrial arts students were taught how to use a ruler with one of two instructional methods; the fractional method was based on an understanding of fractions, whereas the line identification method required no understanding of fractions. Results indicated that the line identification method was superior overall to the fractional method, both for the initial acquisition as well as retention of skills. This superiority occurred for questions measuring understanding of fractions but not for ruler skills, indicating that students were able to use procedural knowledge to infer conceptual knowledge. Results are discussed in terms of several models of learning that address how declarative, conceptual, and procedural knowledge interact in the learning process.
The Tectonic Evolution of a Failed Rift System: Marajo Basin, Northern Brazil

The Marajo intracontinental rift underwent extensional stresses from the Early/Middle Jurassic to the Cenomanian, first related to the southward propagation of the southern North Atlantic, and second to the transform rifting of the equatorial Atlantic. Seismic data show that basin architecture is defined by asymmetric half grabens bounded by listric and growth normal faults, which seem to sole out at a detachment surface located at midcrustal levels. The resulting asymmetric basin configuration is adequately predicted by the simple shear or detachment model of lithospheric extension. The pattern in which half grabens l ink together in the Marajo rift yields increasingly symmetric cross sections toward the northern end of the rift. This northward “progression” toward symmetry is accompanied by an increase in faulting intensity and complexity, possibly reflecting different stages in the evolution of rifting. In add i t ion , g rav imet r ic and ae romagne t ic da ta indicate that the southern subbasin is underlain by continental crust, whereas the central and northern subbasins are underlain by “transitional” crust, further supporting that the northern end of the rift underwent higher amounts of extension. This northward progression in rift morphologies may be associated with the southward “weakening” of rift ing, as the opening of the Atlantic Ocean propagated southward. Later development of the Equatorial fracture zones offset the locus of main extension and prevented further opening in Marajo. Magmatism and associated uplift occurred in the late stages of rifting, as a result of the stretching and thinning of the continental lithosphere. Post-rift subsidence would be thermally induced.
Human C-peptide antagonises high glucose-induced endothelial dysfunction through the nuclear factor-κB pathway

Endothelial dysfunction in diabetes is predominantly caused by hyperglycaemia leading to vascular complications through overproduction of oxidative stress and activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Many studies have suggested that decreased circulating levels of C-peptide may play a role in diabetic vascular dysfunction. To date, the possible effects of C-peptide on endothelial cells and intracellular signalling pathways are largely unknown. We therefore investigated the effect of C-peptide on several biochemical markers of endothelial dysfunction in vitro. To gain insights into potential intracellular signalling pathways affected by C-peptide, we tested NF-κB activation, since it is known that inflammation, secondary to oxidative stress, is a key component of vascular complications and NF-κB is a redox-dependent transcription factor. Human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) were exposed to 25 mmol/l glucose in the presence of C-peptide (0.5 nmol/l) for 24 h and tested for expression of the gene encoding vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) by RT-PCR and flow cytometry. Secretion of IL-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) was measured by ELISA. NF-κB activation was analysed by immunoblotting and ELISA. Physiological concentrations of C-peptide affect high glucose-induced endothelial dysfunction by: (1) decreasing VCAM-1 expression and U-937 cell adherence to HAEC; (2) reducing secretion of IL-8 and MCP-1; and (3) suppressing NF-κB activation. During hyperglycaemia, C-peptide directly affects VCAM-1 expression and both MCP-1 and IL-8 HAEC secretion by reducing NF-κB activation. These effects suggest a physiological anti-inflammatory (and potentially anti-atherogenic) activity of C-peptide on endothelial cells.
Statistical analysis of the non-homogeneity detector for STAP applications

Abstract We present a statistical analysis of the recently proposed non-homogeneity detector (NHD) for Gaussian interference statistics. Specifically, we show that a formal goodness-of-fit test can be constructed by accounting for the statistics of the generalized inner product (GIP) used as the NHD test statistic. The normalized-GIP follows a central-F distribution and admits a canonical representation in terms of two statistically independent chi-squared distributed random variables. Moments of the GIP can be readily calculated as a result. These facts are used to derive the goodness-of-fit tests, which facilitate intelligent training data selection. We then address the issue of space–time adaptive processing (STAP) algorithm performance using the NHD as a pre-processing step for training data selection. Performance of the adaptive matched filter (AMF) method is reported using simulated as well as measured data.
Acetaldehyde and hexanaldehyde from cultured white cells

Background Noninvasive detection of innate immune function such as the accumulation of neutrophils remains a challenge in many areas of clinical medicine. We hypothesized that granulocytes could generate volatile organic compounds.
Characterization of additives in plastics by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Abstract Additives in plastics, separated by liquid chromatography (LC), were characterized and identified with a tandem detection system which consisted of an
Academic librarians and research data services: preparation and attitudes

Research funding bodies recognize the importance of infrastructure and services to organize and preserve research data, and academic research libraries have been identified as locations in which to base these research data services (RDS). Research data services include data management planning, digital curation (selection, preservation, maintenance, and archiving), and metadata creation and conversion. We report the results of an empirical investigation into the RDS practices of librarians in US and Canadian academic research libraries, establishing a baseline of the engagement of librarians at this early stage of widespread service development. Specifically, this paper examines the opinions of the surveyed librarians regarding their preparedness to provide RDS (background, skills, and education), their attitudes regarding the importance of RDS for their libraries and institutions, and the factors that contribute to or inhibit librarian engagement in RDS.
Exploration of the Conceptualization and Measurement of Career Plateau: A Comparative Analysis

Data from 1,755 managers were used to compare a perceptually based operationalization of career plateau with the traditional measure based on job tenure. Results for four outcome measures (intrinsic job satisfaction, extrinsic job satisfaction, organizational identification, and career planning) showed the perceptually based measure of career plateaus to account for significantly more variance than the job tenure-based measure. Controlling for age, hierarchical regression analyses for the managerial sample also supported job tenure as a moderator of the relationship between a perceived career plateau and three of the four hypothesized outcomes. Specifically, the negative effects of a career plateau were most pronounced when the plateau was perceived during the early years of an individual's job tenure. Results are discussed with regard to the perception, adjustment, and consequences of career plateaus.
The effect of field strength on glioblastoma multiforme response in patients treated with the NovoTTF™-100A system.

The NovoTTF™-100A system is a portable device that delivers intermediate frequency alternating electric fields (TTFields, tumor treating fields) through transducer arrays arranged on the scalp. An ongoing trial is assessing its efficacy for newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and it has been FDA-approved for recurrent GBM. The fields are believed to interfere with formation of the mitotic spindle as well as to affect polar molecules at telophase, thus preventing cell division. The position of the four arrays is unique to each patient and optimized based on the patient’s imaging. We present three patients with GBM in whom the fields were adjusted at recurrence and the effects of each adjustment. We believe there may be a higher risk of treatment failure on the edges of the field where the field strength may be lower. The first patient underwent subtotal resection, radiotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ), and then began NovoTTF Therapy with metronomic TMZ. She had good control for nine months; however, new bifrontal lesions developed, and her fields were adjusted with a subsequent radiographic response. Over the next five months, her tumor burden increased and death was preceded by a right insular recurrence. A second patient underwent two resections followed by radiotherapy/TMZ and NovoTTF Therapy/TMZ. Six months later, two new distal lesions were noted, and he underwent further resection with adjustment of his fields. He remained stable over the subsequent year on NovoTTF Therapy and bevacizumab. A third patient on NovoTTF Therapy/TMZ remained stable for two years but developed a small, slow growing enhancing lesion, which was resected, and his fields were adjusted accordingly. Interestingly, the pathology showed giant cell GBM with multiple syncitial-type cells. Based on these observations, we believe that field strength may play a role in ‘out of field’ recurrences and that either the presence of a certain field strength may select for cells that are of a different size or that tumor cells may change size to avoid the effects of the TTFields.
Social Work and Criminal Justice: Are We Meeting in the Field?.

Social workers are needed but infrequently involved with criminal justice systems. One way to increase the number of social workers in the criminal justice system is by exposing students to work in these settings. This study examined the number, types, and utilization of criminal justice field placements in MSW programs by surveying field education directors. On average, 7.73% of field placements were in criminal justice settings. When asked about barriers to criminal justice placements, the most frequently identified challenge was a lack of MSW supervisors. Implications for future research and education are discussed.
Janus kinases and signal transducers and activators of transcription: their roles in cytokine signaling, development and immunoregulation

Cytokines play a critical role in the normal development and function of the immune system. On the other hand, many rheumatologic diseases are characterized by poorly controlled responses to or dysregulated production of these mediators. Over the past decade tremendous strides have been made in clarifying how cytokines transmit signals via pathways using the Janus kinase (Jak) protein tyrosine kinases and the Signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) proteins. More recently, research has focused on several distinct proteins responsible for inhibiting these pathways. It is hoped that further elucidation of cytokine signaling through these pathways will not only allow for a better comprehension of the etiopathogenesis of rheumatologic illnesses, but may also direct future treatment options.
On minimal realization of 2-D systems

An algorithm to obtain possibly absolutely minimal realizations of a given 2-D transfer function is developed. It is algebraic in nature and requires only 1-D realization theory and basic knowledge of linear algebra. Hence, the algorithm is simple and easy to program. The algorithm is guaranteed to yield absolutely minimal realizations for 2-D transfer functions having separable numerators and may also be applicable to general 2-D systems satisfying a certain consistency condition. An example is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the algorithm. >