cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Standard magnetic resonance-based measurements of the Pi→ATP rate do not index the rate of oxidative phosphorylation in cardiac and skeletal muscles.

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based magnetization transfer techniques (MT) are commonly used to assess the rate of oxidative (i.e., mitochondrial) ATP synthesis in intact tissues. Physiologically appropriate interpretation of MT rate data depends on accurate appraisal of the biochemical events that contribute to a specific MT rate measurement. The relative contributions of the specific enzymatic reactions that can contribute to a MT Pi→ATP rate measurement are tissue dependent; nonrecognition of this fact can bias the interpretation of MT Pi→ATP rate data. The complexities of MT-based measurements of mitochondrial ATP synthesis rates made in striated muscle and other tissues are reviewed, following which, the adverse impacts of erroneous Pi→ATP rate data analyses on the physiological inferences presented in selected published studies of cardiac and skeletal muscle are considered.
Effects of nNOS antisense in the paraventricular nucleus on blood pressure and heart rate in rats with heart failure.

Using neuronal NO synthase (nNOS)-specific antisense oligonucleotides, we examined the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) on control of blood pressure and heart rate (HR...
Fine-needle aspiration cytology of a renal cell adenocarcinoma with massive intracellular hemosiderin accumulation

The cytologic findings of a fine-needle aspiration biopsy of a renal cell adenocarcinoma with massive intracellular hemosiderin accumulation are described. These findings have not been previously illustrated in the cytology literature. These features could also be observed in fine-needle aspiration biopsies of renal cell adenocarcinoma metastases.
Effects of Partial Sugar Deprivation on Lifespan and Carbohydrate Mobilization in the Parasitoid Macrocentrus grandii (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

We compared the lifespan of Macrocentrus grandii (Goidanich) adults fed a 50% sucrose solution at various intervals throughout their lives. Treatments included starvation, continuous feeding, feeding on the first day of life only, and feeding every second, third, or fourth day of life. Life expectancy for starved males and females was less than 3 d, and providing sugar during the first day of life increased life expectancy by 2 d for males and 4 d for females. Life expectancy was highest when adults were fed continuously (14 d for males and 21 d for females) or every 2 d (17 d for males and 23 d for females). The life expectancy of adults that were fed either every 3 or every 4 d ranged between 9 and 16 d. Together, these results demonstrate that a constant supply of sugars is not necessary to achieve maximum survivorship, and limited sugar availability may suffice to increase substantially the lifespan of M. grandii over starvation values. A series of anthrone tests was used to determine levels of gut sugars, simple storage sugars (‘body sugars’; primarily trehalose), and glycogen over the first 6 d of life of female and male M. grandii that were either fed 50% sucrose continuously, the first day of life only, or not at all. A single day of sugar feeding led to apparently maximum levels of gut sugars, body sugars, and glycogen, and parasitoids fed only on the first day of life maintained high levels of these nutrients for 1 d postfeeding. After this time, glycogen and gut sugars decreased substantially, but body sugar levels remained essentially constant. This pattern suggests a strategy in which gut sugars and glycogen are mobilized to maintain high levels of body sugars in starving parasitoids.
Metasurface-enabled quantum vacuum effects over macroscopic distances (Presentation Recording)

Quantum vacuum engineering is an active field of research. Here we use recent advances in the field of metasurface (2D-array of sub-wavelength scale nano-antennas) to construct an anisotropic quantum vacuum (AQV) in the vicinity of a quantum emitter located at some macroscopic distance from the metasurface. Such AQV can induce quantum interference among several atomic transitions, even when the transition dipole moment corresponding to the decay channels are orthogonal. Recently, there have been few theoretical proposal to use metamaterials to engineer the back-action. All these approaches, which works in the near field (few tens of nanometers from the surface), suffers from trapping an atom at these distance, surface interactions like quenching, Casimir force etc. Hence it’s pivotal to construct the back-action over macroscopic distance. We harness the polarization dependent response of a metasurface to engineer the back-action of the spontaneous emission from the atom to itself. We show strong anisotropy in the decay rate of a quantum emitter which is a manifestation of AQV. Engineering light-matter interaction over macroscopic distances opens new possibilities for long-range interaction between quantum emitters for quantum information processing, spin-optics/spintronics etc.
More Deaths Than Births: Subnational Natural Decrease in Europe and the United States

This article examines the prevalence and dynamics of natural decrease in the subnational populations of Europe and the United States. Natural decrease results from interactions between fertility, mortality, and migration over a protracted period. We document the greater incidence and degree of natural decrease in Europe. In the first decade of the twenty-first century, natural decrease occurred in 58 percent of European NUTS 3 areas (“counties”) compared to only 28 percent of the US counties. Three critical demographic variables (proportion over 65, child-women ratio, and proportion of women of childbearing age) each exert a significant and distinct impact on the likelihood of natural decrease. Our spatial regression models reflect remarkable consistency in the influence of each of these variables in Europe and in the US, demonstrating the similarity in the demographic processes that produce natural decrease.
INTELLIGENT ENGINEERING COMPONENT CATALOGS

This paper describes ongoing work toward the development of computerized component catalogs using networked hypertext and multimedia technology combined with AI and mathematical programming methods to assist the designer in selecting appropriate components. The integration of a symbolic math tool, Design Sheet, in a hypertext component catalog to apply mathematical programming methods using analytical models for filtering catalog selections is described. Information value theory extends this filtering, suggesting to the designer when it worthwhile to gather more information and how to best formulate the analytical model used to search the catalog.
Autologous distal clavicle versus autologous coracoid bone grafts for restoration of anterior-inferior glenoid bone loss: a biomechanical comparison.

Background Treating anterior glenoid bone loss in patients with recurrent shoulder instability is challenging. Coracoid transfer techniques are associated with neurologic complications and neuroanatomic alterations. The purpose of our study was to compare the contact area and pressures of a distal clavicle autograft with a coracoid bone graft for the restoration of anterior glenoid bone loss. We hypothesized that a distal clavicle autograft would be as effective as a coracoid graft. Methods In 13 fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulder specimens, we harvested the distal 1.0 cm of each clavicle and the coracoid bone resection required for a Latarjet procedure. A compressive load of 440 N was applied across the glenohumeral joint at 30° and 60° of abduction, as well as 60° of abduction with 90° of external rotation. Pressure-sensitive film was used to determine normal glenohumeral contact area and pressures. In each specimen, we created a vertical, 25% anterior bone defect, reconstructed with distal clavicle (articular surface and undersurface) and coracoid bone grafts, and determined the glenohumeral contact area and pressures. We used analysis of variance for group comparisons and a Tukey post hoc test for individual comparisons (with P .05 indicating a significant difference). Results The articular distal clavicle bone graft provided the lowest mean pressure in all testing positions. The coracoid bone graft provided the greatest contact area in all humeral positions, but the difference was not significant. Conclusion An articular distal clavicle bone graft is comparable in glenohumeral contact area and pressures to an optimally placed coracoid bone graft for restoring glenoid bone loss. Level of evidence Basic Science Study; Biomechanics
Flight lessons

In the afternoon light of a small rural airport, an airline captain and aviation enthusiast relates the wonders and intricacies of modern jet aviation to an unexpected audience. Set in a large open-air hangar, the story takes place among several great aircraft from aviation history. An experienced professional with many years of experience, the pilot's confident and normally reserved disposition quickly gives way to a display of youthful exuberance. As each part of the engine is described, he becomes more lost in a world of admiration and amazement for such items as "combustionators" and "turbinators." The captain's growing enthusiasm for the subject matter is evident in both his dialog and his impassioned gestures. When the captain finally concludes his description of the highly technical device, his audience is revealed to the viewer in a humorous twist, which leaves the enigmatic pilot at a loss for words.
Effectiveness of an Intervention for Adherence to Follow-up Recommendations for Abnormal Pap Tests in Appalachian Kentucky.

OBJECTIVE In collaboration with rural county health departments (CHDs), we developed a patient navigation intervention to increase adherence to follow-up recommendations for women with abnormal Pap tests. METHODS Local women were recruited, trained and placed in CHDs. Navigation was tailored to the follow-up care recommended. Effectiveness was evaluated in a quasi-experimental trial that included 13 intervention CHDs and 13 comparison group CHDs. Participants were enrolled from September 2008 through July 2010. RESULTS A total of 478 participants were enrolled. The proportion that received recommended follow-up care was greater in the intervention CHDs (91.6%) than in the comparison group CHDs (80.8%) (p = .01). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that development of policy to promote navigation with rural health care delivery systems has great potential to improve patient outcomes.
A New Low-Reynolds Number k-ε Model for Simulation of Momentum and Heat Transport Under High Free Stream Turbulence

A modified low-Reynolds number k-e model for predicting effects of high free stream turbulence (FST) on transport of momentum and heat in a flat plate turbulent boundary layer is presented. An additional production term incorporating the effects of FST intensity (velocity scale) was included in the TKE equation. The constant cμ in the equation for the transport coefficient μt was modified using empirical information. These modifications were applied to two well tested k-e models (Launder-Sharma and K-Y Chien,) under high FST conditions (initial FST intensity, Tui > 5%). Models were implemented in a two-dimensional boundary layer code. The high FST data sets against which the predictions (in the turbulent region) were compared had initial FST intensities of 6.53% and 25.7%. In a previous paper, it was shown that predictions of the original models became poorer (overprediction upto more than 50% for skin friction coefficient and Stanton number, and underprediction of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) upto more than 50%) as FST increased to about 26%. In comparison, the new model developed here provided excellent results for TKE in the boundary layer when compared to the data set with Tui = 6.53%. Results for skin friction coefficient and Stanton number were also very good (within 2% of mean experimental data). For the case of data set with Tui = 25.7%, results of skin friction coefficient, Stanton number and TKE have also vastly improved, but still have scope for more improvement. The present model incorporates physics of free stream turbulence in turbulence modeling and provides a new method for simulating flows with high FST. Future work will focus on including length scale effects in the current model to obtain better predictions for the higher intensity case (Tui = 25.7%) and simulate flows typical in gas turbine engine environments.© 1998 ASME
Combating Chagas Disease Through Inhibition of Tiam1, a Rho GTPase Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor

Chagas disease is a major cardiovascular affliction primarily endemic to Latin American countries, affecting some ten to twelve million people worldwide. The currently available drugs, Benznidazole and Nifurtimox, are ineffective in the chronic stages and induce severe side effects. In an attempt to improve this situation we use an in silico drug repurposing strategy to correlate drug-protein interactions with positive clinical outcomes. The strategy involves a protein functional site similarity search, along with computational docking studies and, given the findings, a phosphatidylinositol (PIP) strip test to determine the activity of Posaconazole, a recently developed antifungal triazole, in conjunction with Tiam1, a Rho GTPase Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor. The results from both computational and in vitro studies indicate possible inhibition of phosphoinositides via Posaconazole, preventing Rho GTPase-induced proliferation of T. cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas Disease.
Observation on persistence of Anti-HEV IgG in hepatitis E patients

Objective To observe the persistence of anti-HEV IgG of hepatitis E patients in Shanghai. [Methods] Four hundred and ninety seven cases diagnosed as HE by clinics and serology during 1992 to 2002 were used for study. The blood samples of each case were collected and detected by using ELISA. [Results] The positive rate of anti-HEV IgG in the 497 cases was 65.4%. The rate of positive anti-HEV IgG was high in the same year of onset (88.9%), it declined gradually but maintained at a steady level(about 60%) year by year.One third could be detected over 10 years after onset. [Conclusion] Anti-HEV IgG can maintain in patients for a long time, but there are individual differences.
The logic in language: How all quantifiers are alike, but each quantifier is different

Quantifier words like each, every, all and three are among the most abstract words in language. Unlike nouns, verbs and adjectives, the meanings of quantifiers are not related to a referent out in the world. Rather, quantifiers specify what relationships hold between the sets of entities, events and properties denoted by other words. When two quantifiers are in the same clause, they create a systematic ambiguity. "Every kid climbed a tree" could mean that there was only one tree, climbed by all, or many different trees, one per climbing kid. In the present study, participants chose a picture to indicate their preferred reading of different ambiguous sentences - those containing every, as well as the other three quantifiers. In Experiment 1, we found large systematic differences in preference, depending on the quantifier word. In Experiment 2, we then manipulated the choice of a particular reading of one sentence, and tested how this affected participants' reading preference on a subsequent target sentence. We found a priming effect for all quantifiers, but only when the prime and target sentences contained the same quantifier. For example, all-a sentences prime other all-a sentences, while each-a primes each-a, but sentences with each do not prime sentences with all or vice versa. In Experiment 3, we ask whether the lack of priming across quantifiers could be due to the two sentences sharing one fewer word. We find that changing the verb between the prime and target sentence does not reduce the priming effect. In Experiment 4, we discover one case where there is priming across quantifiers - when one number (e.g. three) is in the prime, and a different one (e.g. four) is in the target. We discuss how these findings relate to linguistic theories of quantifier meaning and what they tell us about the division of labor between conceptual content and combinatorial semantics, as well as the mental representations of quantification and of the abstract logical structure of language.
The Impact of Inclusive STEM High Schools on Student Achievement

This study is one of the first to estimate the impact of “inclusive“ science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) high schools using student-level data. We use multiple statistical strategies to estimate the effect on student achievement from 2 years of attendance at six such high schools in Ohio. The results indicate that two schools had positive effects on science achievement that appear to come at the expense of achievement in social studies. The other schools had negligible or, often, negative effects across both STEM and, particularly, non-STEM subjects. These results are consistent with studies indicating that inclusive STEM schools typically focus on problem-based, personalized learning rather than science and mathematics content. The analysis also reveals the importance of accounting for students’ prior test scores in science, in addition to math and reading, when estimating models that use only 1 year of prior test score data—something that existing studies fail to do.
Childhood traumatic experience and illicit drug use in adolescence, emerging adulthood, and adulthood

Aims: We expected newly incident methamphetamine users (NIMU) to show stimulant dependence transition probabilities (SDTP) resembling those seen for newly incident cocaine users (NICU; i.e., with 5–6% becoming dependent within 12 months of 1st use), and with lower SDTP estimates seen for newly incident extra-medical users of stimulants (NIEMSU) when METH has not been used. Methods: Data are from 2002–2011 US National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (RDAS), yielding nationally representative samples of more than 4000 NIEMSU and NIMU, all assessed via confidential computer-assisted self-interviews. Estimates fromfive independent year-pair replicationswith analysis-weights and Taylor series variance estimation are summarized usingmeta-analysis. Results: For NIEMSU, the meta-analytic SDTP estimate is 4.1% (95% CI =3.1, 5.0). For NIMU, the corresponding STDP estimate is 3.3% (95% CI =1.5, 5.0). Conclusions: Our presentation will extend this line of stimulant dependence research with subgroup analyses intended to help us understand lower STDP estimates for NIMU as compared to NICU and the NIEMSU with no METH use, which contradicted our expectations. Strata of interest involve METH injection versus other routes of administration, onset-age, which stimulant product is used byNIEMSU, andwhether there is concurrent or past cocaine use. Financial support: NIDA OSR (T32DA021129); JCA (K05DA015799).
Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Challenges of Thyroid Lymphoma: A Cohort Study

Background: Thyroid lymphoma is a relatively rare disease often posing a diagnostic challenge. Reaching the final diagnosis can be delayed if insufficient biopsy material is obtained for immunohistochemistry analysis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical, biochemical, and radiological features of thyroid lymphoma. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted of all Mayo Clinic patients evaluated between 2000 and 2014 who had a tissue biopsy positive for thyroid lymphoma. Results: Seventy-five subjects had biopsy-proven thyroid lymphoma, and 62.7% were primary thyroid lymphomas. The median age at diagnosis was 67 years (range 20–90 years). A total of 50.7% were male, and 54.7% had a history of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Presenting symptoms included neck mass (88%), dysphagia (45.3%), and hoarseness (37.3%). The typical ultrasound appearance consisted of a solid, hypoechoic mass with increased vascularity and variable edge characteristics. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies were abnormal i...
Synthetic methods and reactions

This review deals with the development of a series of reagents and reactions for organic synthesis using simple starting materials. A wide array of carbocationic and onium ion reagents, halogenating agents, Friedel-Crafts catalysts, metal-induced oxidationreductions and silicon reagents were utilized in basic (unit) reactions, which serve as building blocks for general synthetic transformations.
5.16 Reduction: Enantioselective Hydrovinylation of Alkenes

This chapter will provide a brief historical introduction to the hydrovinylation reaction, followed by a discussion of the more recent developments and applications of the asymmetric hydrovinylation reaction. Although the Ni(II)-catalyzed reaction is the major focus of this chapter, other key discoveries involving Fe, Co, Ru, and Pd complexes will also be mentioned. Substrates such as vinylarenes, cyclic and acyclic 1,3-dienes, and strained alkenes undergo efficient heterodimerization with ethylene under catalysis by complexes of these metals. Yields up to 99% can be realized for several of these substrates. Using chiral phospholanes, phosphinites, and finely tuned phosphoramidites as ligands, enantioselectivities greater than 95% enantiomeric excess can be obtained for several substrates. Examples of how ligand tuning, properties of the counter ions, and reaction conditions affect the yields and selectivities of these reactions will be illustrated. One major application of this chemistry is for the installation of an exocyclic stereocenter using a 1-vinylcycloalkene motif. These discoveries provide expeditious routes to several biologically relevant classes of compounds including 2-arylpropionic acids, 1-arylethyl amines, steroid derivatives with uncommon D-ring side chains, helioporins, pseudopterosins and analogs, and pyrrolidinoindolines such as physostigmine and phenserine, which contain all-carbon benzylic quaternary centers.
Heck reaction with ethyl (E)- and (Z)-3-fluoropropenoate

Abstract The use of monofluoro alkene substrates in the Heck reaction is relatively unknown. The reaction between ethyl E-3-fluoropropenoate or ethyl Z-3-fluoropropenoate with iodobenzene and palladium acetate produces only ethyl 3-fluoropropenoate (Z-6). Some loss of fluorine occurs from the E isomer.
PROPERTIES OF THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF A CHICKEN TUMOR : II. THE INACTIVATION OF THE TUMOR-PRODUCING AGENT BY MONOCHROMATIC ULTRA-VIOLET LIGHT.

Even though part of the energy of the incident light is probably absorbed by chemical entities which play no part in the specific reaction of inactivation, nevertheless the wave lengths most active in destroying biological cells or agents will presumably be found to be among those absorbed in the highest proportion. This would indicate that the curves here presented are approximately reciprocal to the coefficients of absorption of particular substances, the destruction of which caused the inactivation of the agents or the death of the cells. The similarity between the curves for bacteria, virus, and phage, both in shape and in total involved energies, suggests the presence of a common factor, or of closely related chemical entities, sensitive to ultra-violet light, whereas the data for the tumor agent suggest that its inactivation is due to the destruction of a substance having an essentially different spectral absorption, and therefore of a different chemical character. While the amount of ultra-violet energy required to affect the tumor agent is great, it is still less than that involved in the inactivation of some of the enzymes (7). A study is under way to compare the deduced spectral analysis with the actual coefficients of absorption of the highly purified tumor agent.
Assessment of Female Medical Students' Interest in Careers in Cardiothoracic Surgery.

Objective Although over half of medical students are females, women comprise only 21% of cardiothoracic (CT) surgery residency applicants and 5% of the CT workforce. We sought to gain insight into female medical students’ perceptions of CT surgery and identify targets to increase interest. Design A 33-question survey queried career selection factors, perceptions of CT surgery, and ways to increase interest in the field. Responses were stratified by sex and preclinical versus clinical years. Setting Women at 13 US medical schools were compared to men at a Midwest medical school. Participants Surveys were distributed to approximately 4400 women and were completed by 372 (8.5%) women. Comparison surveys were distributed to approximately 170 preclinical men and were completed by 98 (57.6%) men. Results Preclinical woman had broad interests, whereas clinical women were more interested in primary care (p = 0.0124). Intellectual interest and lifestyle were important in specialty selection for men and women (91% versus 90%; 78% versus 86%). Although preclinical men valued perceived prestige and salary significantly more than preclinical women (39% versus 20%, p = 0.0014; 64% versus 48%, p = 0.0173), preclinical women valued caring for specific ethnicities and addressing health disparities significantly more than preclinical men (26% versus 15%, p = 0.0173; 53% versus 33%, p = 0.0019). Making family plans was cited by 83% of women as difficult if they choose to become a CT surgeon. Women thought that attaining their career interests and life goals (76%) or access to female CT surgery mentors (63%) would make the field more appealing. Over 70% of preclinical women were interested in shadowing a CT surgeon. Of these women, 12% attempted to shadow. Conclusions Although baseline interest in CT surgery is low among women, there are many targets for increasing interest especially during preclinical years. Residency programs have the opportunity to entice women to the field by addressing their priorities of lifestyle, family planning, and addressing health disparities.
Heart Transplantation in Giant Cell Myocarditis: Analysis of the United Network for Organ Sharing Registry.

Background Giant cell myocarditis (GCM) is a lethal, rapidly progressive disease, for which heart transplantation is the treatment of choice. We sought to describe the characteristics and outcomes of patients with GCM who undergo heart transplantation. Methods and Results We used the United Network for Organ Sharing thoracic organ transplantation registry to identify adults with GCM as the primary diagnosis and compared their characteristics and outcomes with patients who underwent transplantation for other types of myocarditis and for idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDCMP). A total of 32 patients with GCM were compared with 219 patients with myocarditis and 14,221 patients with IDCMP. Median age at listing for GCM was 52 years (interquartile range 40–55 y), and the majority were white (94%), male (63%), and listed as 1A (44%). Biventricular assist devices were used more frequently in GCM compared with IDCMP (31% vs 2%; P < .001). After transplantation, there were no statistically significant differences among GCM, myocarditis, and IDCMP patients regarding pacemaker implantation, dialysis initiation, or stroke rate. GCM patients had increased risk of acute rejection compared with IDCMP patients (16% vs 5.0%; P = .021) but no difference in rehospitalization for rejection among the 3 etiologies (P = .88). The cumulative survivals for GCM patients at 1, 5, and 10 years were 94%, 82%, and 68%, respectively, which was similar to the other etiologies (P = .11). Conclusions Compared with patients with IDCMP, those with GCM present more acutely and have significantly higher utilization of biventricular mechanical circulatory support. Despite higher rates of early rejection, post-transplantation survival of patients with GCM was similar to that of other myocarditides and IDCMP.
Multi-homing and Platform Strategies: Historical Evidence from the U.S. Newspaper Industry

We examine how heterogeneity in customers’ multi-homing tendencies affects a platform’s response to new entrants in its market. We develop a formal model to generate empirical predictions and then test them leveraging a historical setting: TV broadcast station entry into local newspaper markets from 1945–1963. We show that after a TV station enters the newspaper market, newspaper firms with more multi-homing consumers had higher subscription prices, circulation, and ad rates. These results suggest that heterogeneity in customer multi-homing is a significant factor that can moderate platforms’ competitive strategies.
Erythrocyte‐Derived Nanoparticles as a Theranostic Agent for Near‐Infrared Fluorescence Imaging and Thrombolysis of Blood Clots

Ischemic stroke occurs when a blood clot obstructs or narrows the arteries that supply blood to the brain. Currently, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a thrombolytic agent, is the only United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved pharmacologic treatment for ischemic stroke. Despite its effective usage, the major limitation of tPA that stems from its short half-life in plasma (≈5 min) is the potential for increased risk of hemorrhagic complications. To circumvent these limitations, herein, the first proof-of-principle demonstration of a theranostic nanoconstruct system derived from erythrocytes doped with the FDA-approved near-infrared (NIR) imaging agent, indocyanine green, and surface-functionalized with tPA is reported. Using a clot model, the dual functionality of these nanoconstructs in NIR fluorescence imaging and clot lysis is demonstrated. These biomimetic theranostic nanoconstructs may ultimately be effective in imaging and treatment of blood clots involved in ischemic stroke.
Clinical and radiological aspects of idiopathic diabetic muscle infarction: RATIONAL APPROACH TO DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

The systemic effects of diabetes mellitus are well recognised. The heart, kidney, central and peripheral nervous systems, and the distal parts of the limbs are often the site of end-organ damage resulting from ischaemia. Infarction of large muscle groups in the limb, not associated with gangrene, is uncommon. There have been few reported cases other than radiological descriptions of diabetic muscle infarcts. While previous reports have illustrated some of the clinical and radiological characteristics of this condition, the paucity of published cases makes it difficult to determine the most appropriate methods of diagnosis and treatment. During a five-year period we treated 14 patients with diabetes mellitus, aged from 32 to 59 years, who were referred to a musculoskeletal oncology service for suspected soft-tissue sarcoma, but were subsequently found to have a diabetic muscle infarct. Closed needle biopsy was performed in 13 without complications. In 12 patients, the symptoms resolved without surgical treatment.
Cortical hypoactivation during resting EEG suggests central nervous system pathology in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome

Abstract We investigated central fatigue in 50 patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and 50 matched healthy controls (HC). Resting state EEG was collected from 19 scalp locations during a 3 min, eyes-closed condition. Current densities were localized using exact low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (eLORETA). The Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20) and the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) were administered to all participants. Independent t-tests and linear regression analyses were used to evaluate group differences in current densities, followed by statistical non-parametric mapping (SnPM) correction procedures. Significant differences were found in the delta (1–3 Hz) and beta-2 (19–21 Hz) frequency bands. Delta sources were found predominately in the frontal lobe, while beta-2 sources were found in the medial and superior parietal lobe. Left-lateralized, frontal delta sources were associated with a clinical reduction in motivation. The implications of abnormal cortical sources in patients with CFS are discussed.
Articulating Problems and Markets: A Translation Analysis of Entrepreneurs’ Emergent Value Propositions

In this qualitative study, the authors apply Callon’s sociology of translation to examine how new technology entrepreneurs enact material arguments that involve the first two moments of translation...
Exploring the Opportunities for Technologies to Enhance Quality of Life with People who have Experienced Vision Loss

Research predicts that 196 million people will be diagnosed with Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) by 2020. People who experience AMD and other vision loss face barriers that affect their Quality of Life (QoL). People experience only modest improvement from technologies (e.g., screen readers, CCTV), tools (e.g., magnifying glasses, tactile buttons), and human help (e.g., friends, blindness organizations). Further, there are issues to accessing these resources based on one's place of residence. To explore these challenges and determine design implications to support people who have experienced vision loss (PVL), we conducted a qualitative semi-structured interview study exploring QoL with 10 PVL. We uncovered themes of supporting creative work, recognizing the impact of one's living in a non-urban setting on QoL, and increasing efficiency at accomplishing tasks. We motivate the inclusion of PVL in the design process because they learned skills while sighted and are now low vision or blind.
Performance comparison of two SiPM arrays with matrix or row/column output electrodes for PET and radiation detector applications

We evaluated the performance of two latest 8×8 arrays of 2×2 mm2 MPPCs (SiPM array made by Hamamatsu Photonics, K.K.) for PET applications. One MPPC array has a common cathode and 64 individual anode outputs in an 8×8 matrix format, while the other has internally connected 8 rows of anodes and 8 columns of cathodes to provide position-sensitive output with significantly reduced number of readout channels but increased dark counts and longer signal rise time. We measured the dark currents, energy spectra and energy resolutions, signal rise times, and detector coincidence timing resolutions from the two MPPC arrays coupled with scintillator detectors. The dark current measured from one row of anode signals is about √8 times higher than the one from one single anode signal, and the signal rise time is about twice longer. The 511 KeV energy resolutions measured from the detector based on using different MPPC arrays are about the same. The critical coincidence timing resolution does show significant difference. The coincidence timing resolutions (FWHM), measured between two single-channel detectors that consist of a MPPC array and a fast single-channel PMT each optically coupled to an 1x1x20 mm3 LFS scintillator crystal, are ~0.9 ns and ~1.8 ns for one anode and one row of anodes, respectively. In summary, the MPPC array with row/column readout has increased dark count noise and deteriorated timing performance. Nevertheless, it is still applicable for non time-of-flight PET detector and imaging applications.
Microstructure-Sensitive Computational Estimates of Driving Forces for Surface Versus Subsurface Fatigue Crack Formation in Duplex Ti-6Al-4V and Al 7075-T6

Statistical realizations of three-dimensional digital microstructures with different crystallographic orientation distributions, grain shapes, and grain size distributions are subjected to uniaxial cyclic straining to compare the cases of bulk and free surface on driving forces for fatigue crack formation. Crystal plasticity finite element simulations are conducted using both fully periodic (more representative of the bulk) and traction-free (i.e., free surface) boundary conditions for duplex Ti-6Al-4V and rolled Al 7075-T6. Following elastic–plastic shakedown, mesoscale volume-averaged fatigue indicator parameters (FIPs) are computed within fatigue damage process zones of grains and are fit to known extreme value distributions (EVDs). Owing to differences in crystallographic slip symmetry, FIPs for fcc Al 7075-T6 statistically occur much closer to the traction-free surface than for hcp Ti-6Al-4V. Additionally, surface versus bulk EVDs of FIPs vary differently for the two material systems, indicating a coupled role of microstructure and surface proximity that had not been previously elucidated.
A model of optimising political expenditures to buy government power

This research develops a model of optimal political expenditures and shows how money inevitably controls government leaders, subject only to a single constraint relating to negative public reaction...
Noncontact Blood Pressure Monitoring Technology using Facial Photoplethysmograms

We propose noncontact blood pressure estimation technology using photoplethysmograms (PPGs) extracted from camera images of only user’s face and this estimation can be realized without calibration, which usually needs to be performed for each individual. Proposed technology contains the pulse wave detection method robust to lighting conditions. The influence of users’ body motions was evaluated by our experimental system. We also propose the method to reduce the blood pressure prediction error by classifying users according to their vascular conditions which can be detected from facial PPGs.
Accelerating Legacy String Kernels via Bounded Automata Learning

The adoption of hardware accelerators, such as FPGAs, into general-purpose computation pipelines continues to rise, but programming models for these devices lag far behind their CPU counterparts. Legacy programs must often be rewritten at very low levels of abstraction, requiring intimate knowledge of the target accelerator architecture. While techniques such as high-level synthesis can help port some legacy software, many programs perform poorly without manual, architecture-specific optimization. We propose an approach that combines dynamic and static analyses to learn a model of functional behavior for off-the-shelf legacy code and synthesize a hardware description from this model. We develop a framework that transforms Boolean string kernels into hardware descriptions using techniques from both learning theory and software verification. These include Angluin-style state machine learning algorithms, bounded software model checking with incremental loop unrolling, and string decision procedures. Our prototype implementation can correctly learn functionality for kernels that recognize regular languages and provides a near approximation otherwise. We evaluate our prototype tool on a benchmark suite of real-world, legacy string functions mined from GitHub repositories and demonstrate that we are able to learn fully-equivalent hardware designs in 72% of cases and close approximations in another 11%. Finally, we identify and discuss challenges and opportunities for more general adoption of our proposed framework to a wider class of function types.
Asynchronous Online Law School Teaching: A Few Observations

This short paper discusses my experiences designing asynchronous online law school courses. It is meant to serve as a quick resource for professors moving classes online to deal with Covid-19 live class cancellations.
Iodine deficiency disorders in Sanya in 2011: an analysis of a survey results

Objective In order to understand the Sanya of iodine deficiency disorders(IDD) prevention and cure,and to provide a scientific basis for formulating corresponding control measures.Methods According to the requirements of "Iodine Deficiency Disorders Monitoring Program",one townships(districts) in Sanya of Hainan in 2011 were selected based on their positions of east,south,west,north and center,respectively.Four administrative villages in each township(district) were selected in the same way.Fifteen salt samples,8 urine samples of women of childbearing age and 1 drinking water sample from each adninistrative village were collected.In the primary school of each township(district),40 students aged 8 to 10 were selected to check up their thyroid,test their intelligence quotient (IQ) and urinary iodine.Thirty three fifth-grade students in each of the primary schools were selected to launch a questionnaire survey of health education knowledge and test(semiquantitative test) their household edible salt.Salt iodine was detected by direct titrimetry; urinary iodine and water iodine were detected by As-Ce catalytic spectrophotometry; and children's IQ values were measured using the Combined Raven Test (CRT) in rural edition.Results Totally 300 salt samples were tested,and the median salt iodine was 31.0 mg/kg.The iodized salt coverage rate was 96.67％ (290/300),and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 96.00％ (288/300).Totally 200 urine samples were tested,and the median urinary iodine was 194.6 μg/L;and the range of urinary iodine was between 18.50 μg/L and 655.10 μg/L,the proportions of less than 50 μg/L and between 50 μg/L and ＜ 100 μg/L were 4.00％ (8/200) and 13.50％ (27/200),respectively.A total of 200 children were examined by palpation,and the goiter rate was 1.00％(2/200).Mean IQ value of the students was 97.66 and there were 8 students whose IQ values were lower than 69 and 20 students whose IQ values were between 70 and 79.The average score was 3.24 of the 165 students who took part in the questionnaire survey of health education knowledge.There were 43 students who failed in the exam,and the failed rate was 26.06％.The coverage rate of iodized salt in household was 96.36％ (159/165).The median of urinary iodine of the 160 women of childbearing age was 162.95 μg/L,the range of urinary iodine were between 9.50 μg/L and 908.80 μg/L,and the proportion of less than 100 μg/L was 19.38％ (31/160).The consumption rate of eligible iodized salt was 96.90％ (155/160).The levels of water iodine of the 20 water samples from the 5 townships(districts) were all less than 10.0 μg/L.Conclusions Sanya is still in the area lack of iodine in the environment.In general Sanya has reached the goals of elimination of iodine deficiency disorders,but there are still some of the children and women of childbearing age who are iodine deficient. Key words: Iodine; Deficiency disease; Epidemiological monitoring; Outcome assessment
Non-scarring orchiopexy:exploration of modified bianchi orchiopexy in children with low bilateral undescended testes

Objective To explore the feasibility, surgical techniques and efficacy of modified Bianchi (single incision on scrotal median line) orchiopexy in children with low bilateral undescended testes. Methods From September 2010 to May 2011, 9 children aging from 14 to 136 months (average 70 months) with congenital bilateral undescended testes underwent modified Bianchi procedure in our department. The testis of them could be touched in groin area in supine position; hydrocele and hernia were not complicated in them via pre-operative ultrasonic examination. Operation was performed via scrotal median line approach to dissect the perididymis to the external inguinal ring. High ligation was performed if the processus vaginalis was found open. No need to dissect gubernaculums if the testis was released and remain in a scrotal position for less tension. Finally, testis was fixed onto the dartos pouch. All children were averagely followed up for 8 months (ranging from 3 months to 1 year). The occurrence of hernia or hydrocele formation, change of position and size of testes, were observed. Results All cases were successfully operated without complications. No testicular retract and atrophy, hernia and hydrocele formation was noted. The efficacy was satisfactory. Conclusions Bianchi procedure is feasible and safe procedure for low palpable undescended testes, especially for those gliding bilateral testes, and can be utilized in clinics. Key words: Cryptorchidism; Orchiopexy; Scrotum; Prognosis
Phase Separation of YAP Reprograms Cells for Long-term YAP Target Gene Expression

Yes-associated Protein (YAP) regulates cell proliferation and survival, and is over-expressed in most malignant tumors. As a transcriptional co-activator, its nuclear localization is the key determinant of its function. Recent work has revealed that hyperosmotic stress leads to YAP nuclear translocation and target gene expression, but how this overrides canonical YAP regulation by the Hippo pathway is unclear. Here we showed that YAP has an intrinsic ability to form liquid-like condensates when macromolecular crowding inside a cell increases, and this caused YAP to translocate to the nucleus, initiating downstream YAP signaling. Within seconds of inducing macromolecular crowding by hyperosmotic stress, YAP partitioned into cytoplasmic and nuclear droplets. Cytoplasmic YAP droplets concentrated YAP into an environment where it could be phosphorylated by NLK for nuclear translocation, whereas YAP nuclear droplets (enriched in TEAD1 and TAZ) functioned to re-organize gene enhancer elements, readying transcription of proliferation genes once the cell had either adapted to or been relieved of hyperosmotic stress. Thus, principles of liquid phase partitioning are used for reprogramming cells into a YAP-dependent, proliferative state in response to macromolecular crowding.
Transcriptomic analysis of peripheral leukocytes in dairy cows with and without evidence of metritis and associated early postpartum disease

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to describe associations between peripheral leukocyte gene expression and early postpartum disease in dairy cows with clinical metritis. Materials and Methods The study was conducted in a conventional dairy in Washington state. Diseased cows ≤14 DIM were enrolled (n = 11) based on evidence of clinical metritis with or without comorbidity or prior treatments. Healthy cows (n = 9) were selected based on comparative DIM and lactation numbers to diseased cows. Blood was collected for a complete blood count, serum biochemistry, leukocyte isolation, and RNA extraction at enrollment and twice more at 6- to 8-d intervals. Results and Discussion A total of 34,625 genes were considered and 55 were associated with health status by the Boruta all-relevant feature machine learning selection algorithm. These were filtered to the 15 most representative genes within the diseased cohort as compared with the healthy cohort. The top ranked gene during every rank or error test was PGLYRP1. Its associated protein, peptidoglycan recognition protein 1, and other immunomodulatory molecules associated with this study selectively enhance or alter host innate immune defense mechanisms and modulate pathogen-induced inflammatory responses. Implications and Applications Host-defense peptides such as those associated with this study provide insight into individual and population-level markers of disease resilience that may help improve therapeutics, guide genetic selection, and clarify the burden of disease on animal well-being. This is particularly relevant to the dairy cow transition period with its metabolic and physiologic changes and associated increase in disease susceptibility.