cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cough offset schwa as a means of eliciting initial phonation in functional aphonia: two case reports

The use of the schwa vowel at cough offset is an automatic production that can be easily prolonged and modified as a phonation-producing device without requesting initial voluntary phonation on the part of the patient. It is presented as a clinical method that was successful for the author with two female patients presenting functional aphonia. The technique lends support to the suggestions by Aronson (1969) and Boone (1971) that the symptomatic approach can be successful with the functional aphonic patient. The clinician should be mindful of the fact that in certain cases of functional aphonia an appropriate referral might be needed to deal with emotional aspects after voice is regained.
Short-term memory and the nature of interference from concurrent shadowing

Trigrams were presented visually or auditorily and followed by a 12 s retention interval filled with shadowing numbers or letters. Auditory memory letters followed by letter shadowing were recalled less than auditory memory letters followed by number shadowing or visual memory letters followed by either type of shadowing. The latter three conditions did not differ among themselves. An analysis of the recall intrusions suggested that forgetting of auditory memory letters followed by letter shadowing was caused mainly by a confusion between covert rehearsals and shadowing activity, while forgetting in the other three conditions was caused primarily by proactive interference from earlier memory trials.
Effects of Surface Finish and Die Temperature on Friction and Lubrication in Forging

Abstract In this study, ring compression test was conducted to investigate i) effects of surface topography on friction and lubrication at room temperature with both dry and lubricated conditions, and ii) the effect of die temperature on friction and lubrication by differentiating temperatures of die and ring samples. Findings from experiments and FE results lead to develop a pressure-dependent variable friction model that concurrently changes friction factor during the forming stroke and different contact surface areas. The constant frictional model and this variable friction model were used in FE simulations of ring compression. The prediction results were compared with experimental results in details. The use of variable friction model gave very good correlations of the final ring geometry than other constant friction models in comparison to experiments. This implies that the pressure-dependent variable friction model can better characterize the interfacial friction condition in cold forging applications. In the ring compression with heated dies, the temperature rise was found to degrade the performance of lubricant, which resulted in the tapered shape ring. Therefore, the effect of surface topography and die temperature on interfacial friction condition with lubricant viscosity should be considered for the improved friction model for FE simulations of forging processes with high stroking rates.
Screening for tuberculosis among orphans in a developing country.

Abstract Background: There has been a recent resurgence of tuberculosis (TB) as a worldwide public health concern. It is a well-documented health problem in Haiti, where the reported prevalence is 123.9 per 100,000 population. While the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and World Health Organization (WHO) policy papers for the eradication of TB recommend screening in shelters, prisons, and other congregate-living facilities, screening in institutional orphanages is not specifically mentioned. Methods: A total of 445 orphans with no documentation of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine at six orphanages representing urban, suburban, and rural Haiti were screened for TB using standardized purified protein derivative (PPD). An inoculum of 0.1cc was introduced intradermally, with site checks for induration at 48–72 hours after inoculation. Induration >5 mm was recorded as positive. Active cases of TB were defined by symptoms such as fever, night sweats, cough greater than 1 month, or signs of extrapulmonary TB (like scrofula or Pott’s disease). Results: The number of positive PPD tests was 170 of the 445 children tested, or 38,202 per 100,000; there were 10 active cases. The overall prevalence of tuberculin positivity in the three orphanages with one or more active cases was 44%, compared to 13% in the three with no identified active cases. Conclusions: The data indicate that TB prevalence among the orphans screened was 1123 per 100,000. This is substantially greater than that reported for the general Haitian population. These data thus suggest children living in orphanages as a previously unidentified high-risk group for TB infection. Further investigation of TB is recommended for orphans in developing countries.
Patterns of Video Game Play in Parlors as a Function of Endogenous and Exogenous Factors

The present study addresses two aspects of commercial video game parlors. Information on the physical and social environments parlors provide for youth was collected from interviews with parlor man...
Flow of Binary and Tertiary Mixtures of Waxes

SYNOPSIS IN INTERLINGUALE FLUXO DE MIXTURAS BINARI E TERTIARI DE CERA.-Esseva constatate que le fluxo es un plus sensibile proprietate que le expansion thermic pro le studio del differentias inter varie mixturas de cera. Le fluxo de plure lots del mesme cera revelava significative differentias, indicante que un sensible test-como le determination del proprietates del fluxo-debe esser usate in seliger cera pro objectivos de recerca. Le addition de cera de carnauba a cera paraffinic resultava in un reduction del fluxo e un augmento del temperatura de transition al qual un augmento marcate in le fluxo esseva observate. Le addition de cera de ape a cera paraffinic reduceva le fluxo solo levemente. Le fluxo de mixturas tertiari de ceras non poteva esser predicite a base del fluxo de mixturas binari.
Changes in Muscle Activation Following Ankle Strength Training in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy: An Electromyography Feasibility Case Report

Children with cerebral palsy (CP) are likely to experience decreased par- ticipation in activities and less competence in activities of daily living. Studies of chil- dren with spastic CP have shown that strengthening programs produce positive results in strength, gait, and functional outcomes (measured by the Gross Motor Function Mea- sure). No investigations have analyzed electromyography (EMG) activity before and after strength training to determine whether any changes occur in the GMFM. This feasibility case report quantified dorsiflexor and plantarflexor muscle activation changes during performance of 3-5 selected GMFM items following a plantarflexor strength training in two children with cerebral palsy. Increased plantarflexor strength and in- creased ability to selectively activate muscles were found. Little carryover to perfor- mance on GMFM items was observed. It is feasible to use EMG during performance on selected GMFM items to evaluate motor control changes following strength training in children with CP.
Transient Coastal Currents

In the context of the coastal circulation problem, ‘transient’ currents will be taken to mean wind-induced motions of a time scale much longer than f −1, but shorter than the time in which bottom friction comes to control the pattern of flow. The foregoing three chapters have developed simple theoretical models for gaining physical insight into the structure and dynamics of such transient currents. In the present chapter an attempt will be made to connect the theoretical results quantitatively to observational evidence.
Numerical analysis of singularities in two-dimensions part 1: Computation of eigenpairs

A numerical method is described for the computation of eigenpairs which characterize the exact solution of linear second-order elliptic partial differential equations in two dimensions in the vicinity of singular points. The singularities may be caused by re-entrant corners and abrupt changes in boundary conditions or material properties. Such singularities are of great interest from the point of view of failure initiation: The eigenpairs characterize the straining modes and their amplitudes quantify the amount of energy residing in particular straining modes. For this reason, failure theories directly or indirectly involve the eigenpairs and their amplitudes. This paper addresses the problem of determining the eigenpairs numerically on the basis of the Steklov formulation. Numerical results are presented for several cases. Importantly, the method is applicable to three-dimensional cases.
The Internationalization of Crimes

This work is a chapter for a forthcoming book on The Essentials of International Criminal Law to be published by Aspen Publishers as part of its Essentials series. This chapter discusses one of the major conundrums of international criminal law (ICL): how to distinguish international crimes (war crimes, crimes against humanity, terrorism, and genocide) from their domestic analogs (murder, assault, and mayhem). The chapter discusses the various approaches to "internationalization" (focusing on issues of identity, transnationalism, human dignity, global stability, etc.) and concludes that international crimes lack a coherent unifying justification. Additional chapters in the text address the history of ICL, the sources of ICL, the major international crimes and defenses, and ICL reasoning and rhetoric. Publication is expected in October 2008.
Collaborative signal and information processing in wireless sensor networks: A review

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have become a significant research challenge, attracting many researchers. This paper provides an overview of collaborative WSN, reviewing the algorithms, techniques and state-of-the-art developed so far. We discuss the research challenges and opportunities in this area. The major focus is given to cooperative signal and information processing in collaborative WSN in order to expose important constraints in wireless applications which require distributed computing, such as node localization, target detection and tracking. In this paper, we also present and discuss the applications of multi-agent systems into WSN as a core technology of cooperative information processing.
Development and structural testing of a composite-reinforced timber highway guardrail

Abstract Various government agencies install timber guardrails on scenic highways and roads in lieu of conventional steel guardrails for aesthetic reasons. Most acceptable timber guardrails rely on a continuous steel backing member to carry the large tensile forces caused by vehicle impact and transfer load to the posts. However, these guardrails are relatively expensive and heavy due to their use of large, solid-sawn timber sections. This study focuses on the development and structural testing of a novel timber guardrail that consists of a hardwood glued-laminated member strengthened with a fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP). The FRP acts in place of steel to carry the impact-induced tension and the guardrail is significantly shallower and lighter than conventional timber guardrails. This paper details the analysis of the guardrail response under vehicle impact, the development and testing of a unique and easily installed rail-to-rail field splice connection capable of carrying the tensile forces caused by vehicle impact, and the evaluation of guardrail durability in exterior conditions. In addition, the structural performance of the guardrail was assessed using experiments that produced the simultaneous tension and flexure forces expected during vehicle impact using a single hydraulic actuator and a three-point bending test apparatus. Based on the development and testing documented in this paper, the FRP-reinforced timber guardrail is expected to be capable of passing required vehicle crash tests.
Stochastic optimization algorithms for marketing-production manufacturing systems

We develop a class of stochastic optimization algorithms for marketing-production systems. The system includes random demand and stochastic machine capacity; the algorithm is a constrained stochastic approximation procedure that uses random directions finite difference methods. Under fairly general conditions, we obtain convergence and rate of convergence algorithms.
Acetylcholine receptors. Distribution and extrajunctional density in rat diaphragm after denervation correlated with acetylcholine sensitivity

Using 125iodine-labeled α-bungarotoxin (α-BGT-125I) and quantitative radioautography, we have studied the time-course of the change in acetylcholine (ACh) receptor distribution and density occurring in rat diaphragm after denervation. In innervated fibers, ACh receptors are localized at the neuromuscular junction and the extrajunctional receptor density is less than five receptors per square micrometer. The extrajunctional receptor density begins to increase between 2 and 3 days after denervation and increases approximately linearly to 1695 receptors/µm2 at 14 days, subsequently decreasing to 529 receptors/µm2 at 45 days. We have isolated plasma membranes from rat leg muscles at various times after denervation and find that the change in concentration of ACh receptors in the membranes measured by α-BGT-125I binding and scintillation counting follows a time-course similar to the change in ACh receptor density measured radioautographically. Furthermore, we have correlated extrajunctional ACh receptor density measured by radioautography with extrajunctional ACh sensitivity measured by iontophoretic application of ACh and intracellular recording and find that the log of ACh receptor density is related to 0.53 times the log of ACh sensitivity. These results are discussed in terms of the electrophysiological experiments on the ACh receptor and the recent, more biochemical approaches to the study of ACh receptor control and function.
Probabilistic predicate-aware modulo scheduling

Predicated execution enables the removal of branches by converting segments of branching code into sequences of conditional operations. An important side effect of this transformation is that the compiler must unconditionally assign resources to predicated operations. However, a resource is only put to productive use when the predicate associated with an operation evaluates to True. To reduce this superfluous commitment of resources, we propose probabilistic predicate-aware scheduling to assign multiple operations to the same resource at the same time, thereby over-subscribing its use. Assignment is performed in a probabilistic manner using a combination of predicate profile information and predicate analysis aimed at maximizing the benefits of over-subscription in view of the expected degree of conflict. Conflicts occur when two or more operations assigned to the same resource have their predicates evaluate to True. A predicate-aware VLIW processor pipeline detects such conflicts, recovers, and correctly executes the conflicting operations. By increasing the effective throughput of a fixed set of resources, probabilistic predicate-aware scheduling provided an average of 20% performance gain in our evaluations on a 4-issue processor, and 8% gain on a 6-issue processor.
Adaptive motion estimation in video coding with a stochastic model

A new motion vector (MV) estimation method for video image compression based on a stochastic model is presented in this work. It is well known that the location of the smallest sum of absolute difference (SAD) does not always give the true MV since the MV obtained via full block search is often corrupted by noise. Thus, multiple locations of relatively small SAD are searched with an adaptive search window by using our method. We pick an MV among those candidates by using temporal correlation. Furthermore, since temporal correlation reveals the noise level in a particular region of the video image sequence, we are able to reduce the search area very effectively. The excellent performance of the proposed method is demonstrated by numerical experiments. >
Aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 reduces mucosal inflammation and promotes resolution in a murine model of acute lung injury.

Aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 reduces mucosal inflammation and promotes resolution in a murine model of acute lung injury
Functional and Morphological Evidence of Age-Related Denervation in Rat Laryngeal Muscles

Laryngeal muscle dysfunction compromises voice, swallowing, and airway protection in elderly adults. Laryngeal muscles and their motor neurons and their motor neurons communicate via the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). We tested the hypothesis that aging disrupts NMJ organization and function in the laryngeal thyroarytenoid (TA) and posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscles We determined NMJ density and size and acetylcholine receptor (AChR) subunit mRNAs in TA and PCA muscles from 6-, 18-, and 30- month old-rats. NMJ function was determined with tubocurarine (TC) and contractions during nerve and muscle stimulation. NMJ size, abundance, and clustering decreased in 30-month TA and PCA muscles. AChRe mTNA and protein increased with age in both muscles. AChRg mRNA increased with age in both muscles while protein content increased in TA only. Aging PCA and TA were more sensitive to TC, demonstrating functional evidence of denervation. These results demonstrate that NMJs become smaller and less abundant in aging TA and PCA muscles.
Energy Assessment Methodology for Mechanical and Electrical Product Assembly Processes

This paper prescribes an energy assessment methodology, including the procedure and mathematical foundation for evaluating total use and efficiency, for mechanical and electrical product assembly processes. The majority of major manufacturers assemble components and subsystems often produced by suppliers in their supply chains. Differing measurement processes of resource use in product assembly processes yield discrepant resource use assessments. We developed a sequence of activities, including goal setting, defining baselines, measurement, analysis, reporting, evaluation, and resetting the goal for product assembly processes. These activities are to be pursued in an iterative process leading to incremental improvements towards achieving sustainable manufacturing. An application example of reflow soldering was used for verification of the proposed new process’ representativeness and completeness. This methodology provides a guideline for manufacturers to make sound decisions that can be tightly integrated with their business strategy.
The Biology of Eastern Kingbirds at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge: Survival, Reproduction, and Testosterone Secretion

i DEDICATION v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi LIST OF TABLES xii LIST OF FIGURES xiii PREFACE xiv CHAPTER 1: Introduction
Fenomenología genética y potencialidad: una nueva mirada a la teoría de la impatía en Husserl

El presente articulo tiene como proposito principal hacer una relectura de la teoria de la empatia (Einfulung) de Edmund Husserl, a traves de un analisis del concepto de aprension analogica, a partir de las criticas de Alfred Schutz en su texto El problema de la intersubjetividad trascendental en Husserl.
Echo time optimization for J-difference editing of glutathione at 3T.

Purpose To investigate the echo time (TE) dependence of J-difference editing of glutathione and to determine the optimal TE for in vivo measurements at 3T. Methods Spatially resolved density-matrix simulations and phantom experiments were performed at a range of TEs to establish the spatial and TE modulation of glutathione signals in editing-on, editing-off, and difference spectra at 3T. In vivo data were acquired in five healthy subjects to compare a TE of 68 ms and a TE of 120 ms. At the longer TE, high-bandwidth, frequency-modulated, slice-selective refocusing pulses were also compared with conventional amplitude-modulated pulses. Results Simulations and relaxation-corrected phantom experiments suggest that the maximum edited signal occurs at TE 160 ms, ignoring transverse relaxation. Considering in vivo T2 relaxation times of 67-89 ms, the optimal in vivo TE is estimated to be 120 ms. In vivo measurements showed that this TE yielded 15% more signal than TE 68 ms. A further gain of 57% resulted from using improved slice-selective refocusing pulses. Conclusion J-difference editing of glutathione using TE 120 ms delivers increased signal due to improved editing efficiency that more than offsets T2 losses. The additional TE also allows for use of improved slice-selective refocusing pulses, which results in additional signal gains. Magn Reson Med 77:498-504, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Agar medium for gas-liquid chromatography of anaerobes.

This study evaluates a method of performing gas–liquid chromatography (GLC) by direct extraction of fatty acids from agar for identification of clinically significant anaerobic bacteria. The potential use of agar cultures for GLC was studied by comparing chromatograms of 117 clinically isolated anaerobes grown in peptone yeast glucose broth and chopped meat carbohydrate broth, and on enriched brucella blood agar. For 98 of 117 an-aerobes, fatty acid patterns from agar cultures were similar to those in broth. Significant differences were only found with Streptococcus intermedins, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tertium , and Actinomyces species, which produced less of certain fatty acids on agar than in broth. Results of this study indicate that GLC of short chain fatty acids produced on agar medium by anaerobes, combined with simple tests such as Gram’s stain and colonial morphology, may allow for direct presumptive genus identification from an initial pure agar culture.
Race, Social Class, Communication, and Accusations: The Duke University Lacrosse Team Party

This study examined how race and class differences between male team members and women performers impacted the angry verbal exchange at the Duke University lacrosse party and how this may have set the stage for the subsequent rape allegations. Online survey and focus group data were analyzed. Results indicated that racial differences and alcohol influenced the party's outcome. Individuals with class-diverse personal relationships were more aware of class-based differences in communication. African American respondents were more likely to see the effect of racial difference. Implications for the criminal justice system of class- and race-based miscommunication are discussed.
Rock-physics-based Estimation of Critical Volume of Shale And Its Effect On Seismic And Petrophysical Properties: a North-Sea Example

Summary Knowledge of sand/shale ratio is important for predicting reservoir quality. Estimation of shale content in inter-well regions from seismic data, however, remains to be a challenging problem. In this paper, a pore aspect ratio parameter is derived from well log based on the theory of poroelasticity to study the inter-relationships among shale content, pore aspect ratio and acoustic velocity. It is found that this parameter could be used to quantitatively describe the evolution of pore aspect ratio with changes in the volume of shale within clastic reservoir rocks, using a publicly available dataset from the North Sea. The study reveals a good correlation among the pore aspect ratio parameter, volume of shale, and acoustic velocity. The porosity and volume of shale for the studied reservoir range from 2 to 36 percent and from 5 to 43%, respectively. Pore aspect ratio is relatively constant at 0.23 for volume of shale less than 32% with a significant decrease to 0.04 for volume of shale above 32% in the studied reservoir. The point of inflexion at 32% (volume of shale) is defined as the critical volume of shale. Much of the scatters in the velocity-porosity cross-plots are observed in the region where volume of shale is above this critical value with a relatively less scattered linear trend for values below it. Quantitative understanding of the dependence of seismic properties on clay content and pore aspect ratio could thus provide physical insights and additional means to delineate sand/shale ratio within shaly clastic reservoirs using seismic data.
A role of cyclin G in the process of apoptosis.

Cyclin G was previously identified as a target gene of the p53 tumor suppresser protein, and levels of cyclin G are increased after induction of p53 by DNA damage. However, the function of cyclin G has not been established. To determine the effect of increased expression of cyclin G, retroviruses encoding cyclin G were constructed and used to infect three different murine cell lines. Cyclin G protein levels induced by the retroviruses were within the range seen after DNA damage induction of p53. In each case we observed that such over-expression of cyclin G augments the apoptotic process. TNF-α induction of apoptosis is increased by expression of cyclin G in NIH3T3 fibroblasts which express p53, as well as in 10.1 fibroblasts which contain no p53 allele. Additionally, we observed that while cyclin G expression is markedly reduced upon aggregate formation in embryonic carcinoma P19 cells, retrovirus-mediated over-expression of cyclin G enhances apoptotic cell death in aggregated P19 cells, and increases the extent of apoptosis caused by retinoic acid or serum starvation of these cells. These data demonstrate that cyclin G plays a facilitating role in modulating apoptosis induced by different stimuli. Moreover, we have discovered that cyclin G expression is rapidly induced in P19 cells after exposure to Bone Morphogenic Protein-4 (BMP-4), suggesting that cyclin G may mediate apoptotic signals generated by BMP-4.
Hormones and Reproductive Cycles in Rodents

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the ecological and social factors affecting reproductive cycles in rodents, with concentration on field data and unusual species whenever possible. “Reproductive cycles in rodents” could be interpreted in a number of different ways; it could relate to the female estrous cycle, male reproductive cycles, seasonal breeding, hibernation and emergence, multiannual cycles of animal density, etc. The understanding of how and why these cycles exist requires integration of both ultimate and proximate factors, and many fields including ecology, evolution, natural history, physiology, and neuroscience. The most important ecological cues for mammalian reproduction in the wild are food availability, temperature, rainfall, photoperiodicity, and social factors. Tropical and temperate rodent reproduction might be expected to vary on a number of parameters including cycles, seasonality, hibernation, litter size, etc. However, the variability of reproductive strategies within the tropics is nearly as great as that between tropic and temperate zones, rendering generalizations almost impossible to make.
The Transantarctic Mountains Northern Network (TAMNNET): deployment and performance of a seismic array in Antarctica

Over the past ∼17 years, significant technological developments have advanced seismic investigations of the polar regions. In Antarctica, studies using data from a number of large-scale deployments, such as the Transantarctic Mountains Seismic Experiment (TAMSEIS), the Gamburtsev Antarctic Mountains Seismic Experiment (GAMSEIS), and the Polar Earth Observing Network (POLENET), have greatly improved our knowledge of the continent’s tectonic evolution (Fig. 1). However, these studies have also illustrated that there is still a great deal more to be learned. Figure 1. (a) Subglacial bedrock topography from the BEDMAP2 model (Fretwell et al. , 2013). Shapes indicate stations from various seismic deployments across the continent (black stars, Antarctic Network of Unattended Broadband Seismometers [ANUBIS]; gray triangles, Transantarctic Mountains Seismic Experiment [TAMSEIS]; gray squares, Gamburtsev Antarctic Mountains Seismic Experiment [GAMSEIS]; gray circles, Polar Earth Observing Network [POLENET]; white circles and squares, Transantarctic Mountains Northern Network [TAMNNET]). The polygon highlights the region shown in (b). Key geographic features are labeled: TAMs, Transantarctic Mountains; WSB, Wilkes subglacial basin; VL, Victoria Land; RI, Ross Island; RSE, Ross Sea embayment; WARS, West Antarctic rift system; GSM, Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains; DML, Dronning Maud Land; AP, Antarctic Peninsula; and EWM, Ellsworth–Whitmore Mountains. (b) Regional map focused on the TAMNNET deployment, with station names indicated. Additional geographic features not labeled in (a) include TR, Terror Rift; TNB, Terra Nova Bay; and MM, Mt. Melbourne. Stations denoted by circles are those powered with absorbed glass mat (AGM) batteries and two lampshade-style solar panel systems, whereas stations denoted by squares have one lampshade-style solar panel, one AGM battery, and 15 lithium battery packs. See text for further details. One of the goals of TAMSEIS was to investigate the origin of the Transantarctic Mountains (TAMs), the transcontinental mountain range that separates East and West Antarctica (Fig. 1; Robinson and Splettstoesser, 1986). The TAMs lack any evidence for a …
Gene research of common migraine

Migraine is a common familial disease. Its etiology is involved with multiple genetic and environmental factors. Recent studies found that migraine was related with ion channel genes, neurotransmitters genes, vasoactive substances genes and estrogen receptor gene. However, it has not drawn a consistent conclusion. This review describes the current gene research of common migraine.
Laboratory network monitoring and operation of polio in Jiangsu province from 2005 to 2013

Objective Through analyzing the laboratory network monitoring data of poliomyelitis( polio) in Jiangsu province from 2005 to 2013,assess its operating condition and provide virological data for Jiangsu province to maintain polio-free status.Methods Analysis was made on the inspection tables of acute flaccid paralysis(AFP) cases reported from the province's 13 prefecture cities,Jiangsu provincial laboratory pathogen monitoring data of polio and the database of national polio laboratory for type identification of all poliovirus strains. Results From 2005 to 2013 Jiangsu provincal laboratory received a total of 2 413 stool samples of patients with AFP,252 stool samples of ones contacted with AFP cases. In detections didn't find wild poliovirus and vaccine-derived poliovirus(VDPV). Polio laboratory annually passed the proficiency testing to blind samples and site certification assessment of World Health Organization(WHO) and national polio laboratory,the sensitivity of cell lines also meets WHO requirements. Conclusion Jiangsu provincial polio laboratory network operates well,cell lines are sensitive and effective,which provides laboratory evidence for Jiangsu province to remain polio-free status.
Natural vibration analysis for truss-cable nets

Truss-cable nets come from hyperbolic paraboloid cable nets when the stable cable and bearing cable are all replaced by the truss-cable.Based upon the energy variational method and Rayleigh method,the simplified formulas for calculating natural frequency and vibration modes are presented.The accuracy of the proposed method is proved by the finite element method.Furthermore,The energy variational method and Rayleigh method are compared and some problems need to be studied are also discussed.The method introduced here can be used in the dynamic analysis of truss-cable nets.
Lateralized Turning Biases in Two Neotropical Tadpoles

Lateralized turning behavior in startle responses and upon descent after surfacing for a breath of air has been documented for tadpoles in several anuran species. A left-handed preference is most common and was previously thought to be linked to the asymmetry in spiracle location. Here, we investigate the presence of behavioral asymmetries in tadpoles of Agalychnis callidryas and Leptodactylus melanonotus in explosive turns after air-breathing. Data were also collected on lateralized posture in the orientation of tails of embryonic A. callidryas within the egg case, as well as the startle response of free-swimming tadpoles exposed to mechanical stimulation. A left-curled tail bias was found among several clutches from Costa Rica, but this was not the case among clutches examined from Panama. Free-living tadpoles of L. melanonotus displayed a distinct right-handed preference during explosive turns. While some tadpoles of A. callidryas were at stages too early to detect any explosive turns when breathing, later-staged individuals did display a left-handed bias in startle response to mechanical stimulation. Additionally, it appears that the expression of behavioral lateralization of larvae (but not embryos) may predict whether or not the adults exhibit similar lateralization. Findings herein provide insight into the ontogeny and evolutionary origins of lateralized behavior in anurans.
A fully integrated flip-chip SiGe BiCMOS power amplifier for 802.11ac applications

A fully integrated flip-chip SiGe BiCMOS power amplifier for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications in the 2 GHz band is presented. In a front-end module (FEM) configuration and under 802.11ac signal excitation, the PA delivers 29 dB small-signal gain and −30.4 dB dynamic error vector magnitude (EVM) at 20.6 dBm, at nominal operating conditions (3.3 V, 25 °C). The PA tightly controls detector voltage and corrects the dynamic EVM over supply voltage, temperature, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) burst length and duty cycle variations.
"Prediabetes": Are There Problems With This Label? No, We Need Heightened Awareness of This Condition!

The category of “prediabetes” defined by the American Diabetes Association comprises a range of intermediate hyperglycemia based on fasting or 2-h postload glucose or on HbA1c. Over the recent past, the “cut points” identifying this stage have changed, i.e., a lower fasting glucose level is used. On one hand, it can be argued that the change to a lower cut point identifies a group of individuals still at higher risk and provides heightened awareness for a condition associated with higher risk for cardiovascular disease. In addition, identification of individuals at this stage may represent a chance of earlier intervention in the disease. However, the argument against this definition of prediabetes is that it disguises the differences in the three subcategories and creates problems in interpreting observations on interventions and outcomes. In addition, it can be argued that the enormous numbers of people identified with the criteria far exceeds the capacity of health care systems to respond through individual care, particularly without evidence that interventions benefit any category other than impaired glucose tolerance. Thus, there does not appear to be consensus on the definition using the cut points identified. Controversy also remains as to whether there are glycemic metrics beyond HbA1c that can be used in addition to HbA1c to help assess risk of an individual developing diabetes complications. Given the current controversy, a Point-Counterpoint debate on this issue is provided herein. In the preceding point narrative, Dr. Yudkin provides his argument that there are significant problems with this label. In the counterpoint narrative below, Dr. Cefalu argues that the cut points are appropriate and do provide useful and important information in trying to reduce the future burden of diabetes. —William T. Cefalu Editor in Chief, Diabetes Care
A Nonsense Mutation in Mycobacterium marinum That Is Suppressible by a Novel Mechanism.

ABSTRACT Mycobacterial pathogens use the ESAT-6 system 1 (Esx-1) exporter to promote virulence. Previously, we used gene disruption and complementation to conclude that the MMAR_0039 gene in Mycobacterium marinum is required to promote Esx-1 export. Here we applied molecular genetics, proteomics, and whole-genome sequencing to demonstrate that the MMAR_0039 gene is not required for Esx-1 secretion or virulence. These findings suggest that we initially observed an indirect mechanism of genetic complementation. We identified a spontaneous nonsense mutation in a known Esx-1-associated gene which causes a loss of Esx-1 activity. We show that the Esx-1 function was restored by nonsense suppression. Moreover, we identified a polar mutation in the ppsC gene which reduced cellular impermeability but did not impact cytotoxicity in macrophages. Our studies reveal insight into Esx-1 export, nonsense suppression, and cell envelope lipid biogenesis.
INITIAL OXIDATION OF ION-SPUTTERED SILICON (100)

The initial growth of oxide on silicon disordered by ion sputtering has been investigated by AES sputter profiling and XPS oxide/element intensity ratio measurements. Sputtered silicon surfaces were oxidized in-situ at O 2 pressures from 10 -6 to 10 -4 Torr for varying times and temperatures in order to observe the resulting growth curves. It was observed that the oxide growth rate decreased with increasing sputter energy. The oxidation rate also decreased with elevated oxidation temperature for O 2 pressures up to 10 -5 Torr. At a pressure of 10 -4 Torr the oxidation rate increased with temperature. UPS measures indicated that oxidation reduced the surface state density caused by sputtering.
Gender Differences in HIV Care among Criminal Justice-Involved Persons: Baseline Data from the CARE+ Corrections Study

Background HIV-infected individuals recently released from incarceration have suboptimal linkage and engagement in community HIV care. We conducted a study to evaluate an information and communication technology intervention to increase linkage to community care among HIV-infected persons recently involved in the criminal justice (CJ) system. Baseline characteristics including risk behaviors and HIV care indicators are reported and stratified by gender. Methods We recruited HIV-infected individuals in the District of Columbia jail and persons with a recent history of incarceration through community and street outreach. Participants completed a baseline computer-assisted personal interview regarding HIV care and antiretroviral treatment (ART) adherence, substance use, and sexual behaviors. CD4 and HIV plasma viral load testing were performed at baseline or obtained through medical records. Data were analyzed for the sample overall and stratified by gender. Results Of 110 individuals, 70% were community-enrolled, mean age was 40 (SD = 10.5), 85% were Black, and 58% were male, 24% female, and 18% transgender women. Nearly half (47%) had condomless sex in the three months prior to incarceration. Although drug dependence and hazardous alcohol use were highly prevalent overall, transgender women were more likely to have participated in drug treatment than men and women (90%, 61%, and 50% respectively; p = 0.01). Prior to their most recent incarceration, 80% had an HIV provider and 91% had ever taken ART. Among those, only 51% reported ≥90% ART adherence. Fewer women (67%) had received HIV medications during their last incarceration compared to men (96%) and transgender women (95%; p = 0.001). Although neither was statistically significant, transgender women and men had higher proportions of baseline HIV viral suppression compared to women (80%, 69%, and 48.0% respectively, p>0.05); a higher proportion of women had a CD4 count ≤200 compared to men and transgender women (17%, 8% and 5% respectively; p>0.05). Conclusions In this study, HIV-infected persons with recent incarceration in Washington, DC reported important risk factors and co-morbidities, yet the majority had access to HIV care and ART prior to, during, and after incarceration. Self-reported ART adherence was sub-optimal, and while there were not statistically significant differences, CJ-involved women appeared to be at greatest risk of poor HIV outcomes. Trial registration Registered on ClinicalTrials.gov on 10/16/2012. Reference number: NCT01721226.
Structural insights into the multinuclear speciation of tetravalent cerium in the tri-n-butyl phosphate–n-dodecane solvent extraction system

X-ray and electrochemical studies of organic phases obtained by the extraction of tetravalent cerium, Ce(IV), from aqueous nitric acid (3 M) with tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) in n-dodecane reveal a tetranuclear Ce(IV) structural motif. This finding is consistent with the results of previous liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) studies that implicate the aggregation of (Ce–O–Ce)6+ dimers into multinuclear Ce(IV)·TBP solvates. The organic solution structures elaborated here for the Ce(IV)–HNO3–20% TBP-n-C12H26 system are correlated with multiscale phenomena—from the atomic level of the cerium coordination environment to the supramolecular scale of solute aggregates—in the organic phases, which are of relevance to the PUREX (Plutonium Uranium Reduction EXtraction) process. The combination of XANES, EXAFS, and SAXS results indicate the presence of tetranuclear cerium(IV)–oxo core structures in each of the organic phases investigated. In addition to the use of X-ray spectroscopy and scattering for direct metrical details about the organic phase solute speciation, three-phase-electrode differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) of the third phase reveals a wave attributable to Ce(IV) reduction. The electrode potential is consistent with values for the reduction of Ce(IV) in (Ce–O–Ce)6+ dimers in aqueous electrolytes. The Ce(IV) coordination chemistry of the organic solvates is independent of the bulk phenomenon of phase splitting, namely third phase formation. The local, molecular environment of Ce in the organic phase before splitting is identical to those in the two organic phases (the dense third phase and the light phase) after splitting. SAXS data are consistent with the formation of small spherical reverse micelles with core diameters (approx. 6 A) that can accommodate a tetranuclear Ce(IV) oxo-cluster solvate of TBP. Sticky sphere modeling of the SAXS data for the organic phases with low cerium concentrations (<0.14 M) is consistent with the presence of randomly- and homogenously-dispersed micelles in combination with short-range percolated, associated micelles. At high cerium concentrations (approx. 1.5 M) in the third phase, the SAXS modeling is consistent with correlated, long-range percolated micellar aggregates. The presence of strong inter-micellar interactions (−3 to −5kBT) in all organic phases of the Ce(IV)–HNO3–TBP–n-C12H26 LLE system suggests that the phenomena of phase splitting and third phase inversion are due to liquid precipitation that is dependent solely on the concentration of the tetranuclear Ce solvate.
Using citizen science in environmental justice: participation and decision-making in a Southern California waste facility siting conflict

ABSTRACTUses of science by environmental justice (EJ) activists reflect struggles to challenge professional scientific expertise, achieve fair outcomes, and effectively participate in decision-making processes. This qualitative research analyses the relationship between citizen science and EJ in a new waste facility siting conflict in urban Los Angeles, namely connections between citizen science and four dimensions of EJ: fair distribution, respect and recognition, participation in decision-making, and community capabilities. Citizen science is one tactic in EJ, yet little research investigates its role in a new facility siting conflict, particularly in relation to multi-faceted EJ goals. The research reveals opportunities for individual empowerment and community capacity building using citizen science, and a small measure of improved respect and recognition for participants who brought their own knowledge, research, and voices to the table. At the same time, the work identifies limitations on citizen sci...
Cerebral Embolic Protection: Point–Counter Point

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) has revolutionized the treatment of patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis. TAVR gained initial market approval in Europe in 2007 and 4 years...
The impact of HIV infection and socioeconomic factors on the incidence of gonorrhea: A county-level, US-wide analysis

Background Gonorrhea is the second most commonly reported identifiable disease in the United States (U.S.). Importantly, more than 25% of gonorrheal infections demonstrate antibiotic resistance, leading the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to classify gonorrhea as an “urgent threat”. Methods We examined the association of gonorrhea infection rates with the incidence of HIV and socioeconomic factors. A county-level multivariable model was then constructed. Results Multivariable analysis demonstrated that HIV incidence [Coefficient (Coeff): 1.26, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.86, 1.66, P<0.001] exhibited the most powerful independent association with the incidence of gonorrhea and predicted 40% of the observed variation in gonorrhea infection rates. Sociodemographic factors like county urban ranking (Coeff: 0.12, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.20, P = 0.005), percentage of women (Coeff: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.28, 0.53, P<0.001) and percentage of individuals under the poverty line (Coeff: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.32, 0.57, P<0.001) exerted a secondary impact. A regression model that incorporated these variables predicted 56% of the observed variation in gonorrhea incidence (Pmodel<0.001, R2 model = 0.56). Conclusions Gonorrhea and HIV infection exhibited a powerful correlation thus emphasizing the benefits of comprehensive screening for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and the value of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV among patients visiting an STI clinic. Furthermore, sociodemographic factors also impacted gonorrhea incidence, thus suggesting another possible focus for public health initiatives.
How Tatiana's voice rang across the steppe: Russian literature in the life and legend of Abai:

Abstract The Kazakh poet Abai Qunanbaiuly (1845–1904) today enjoys a dual legacy as the father of modern Kazakh literature (as distinct from its oral tradition) and also as an enlightener who translated the Russian classics into Kazakh and acted as a vital bridge between the two cultures. Much of Abai's reputation owes its existence to the twentieth-century author, critic, and scholar Mukhtar Auezov (1897–1961), whose biographical writings on the poet formed the standard narrative of his life and work. Initiated in 1937, the year of the Pushkin centennial celebrations in the Soviet Union, Auezov's literary canonization of Abai hinges on the poet's acquisition of the Russian language and his transformative encounters with Russian-language texts – most notably among them, Pushkin's Dubrovskii and Evgenii Onegin. In Auezov's account, Abai's efforts lead to the discovery of an authentically Kazakh literary voice, heralded by his successful adaptation of Pushkin's Evgenii Onegin into traditional Kazakh song form. In analyzing this prominent episode of the Abai legend, I argue that Russian literature's “conquest” in Central Asia was in fact a multifaceted dialogue in which writers laid the foundation for distinct national literary traditions by appropriating the literature of the colonizer – and in particular by reading, translating, displacing, domesticating, and “disorienting” the figure of Pushkin.