cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Shame of Headhunters and the Autonomy of Self

My point is simple. Psychological idioms that we use in offering accounts of the activities of our peers-or our companions in the field' -are at the same time "ideological" or "moral" notions. As ethnographers (and moral persons) we are compelled at once to use and to suspect them. The assumptions bound to our familiar forms of psychological explanation prove attractive yet inevitably problematic when confronted with a cultural account. "Guilt" and "shame"2 are, of course, the idioms to concern me. Paired by Western theorists3 as complementary and/or alternative
Social Gerontology--Integrative and Territorial Aspects: A Citation Analysis of Subject Scatter and Database Coverage.

To determine the mix of resources used in social gerontology research, a citation analysis was conducted. A representative sample of citations was selected from three prominent gerontology journals and information was added to determine subject scatter and database coverage for the cited materials. Results indicate that a significant portion of gerontology research, even from a social science perspective, relies roughly equally on medical resources as it does social science resources. Furthermore, there is a small but defined core of literature constituting scholarly “territory” unique to gerontology. Analysis of database indexing indicated that broad, interdisciplinary databases provide more comprehensive coverage of the cited materials than do subject-specific databases.
The combined effects of exercise training and ingestion of a weight loss supplement on body composition and fitness parameters in college-aged males and females

Methods Weight, BMI, bench press 1 RM, leg press 1 RM, body composition parameters, VO2Max, fasting glucose and lipid panels were evaluated before (pre-test) and after (post-test) 56 days (8 weeks) of resistance and cardiovascular training, performed three times per week (totaling 24 workouts). Resistance training consisted of two sets of 12 repetitions of the following exercises: seated leg press, bench press, leg extension, leg curl, seated military press, lat pull, and cable row (75–80% 1 RM). Cardiovascular training consisted of 30 minutes on a cycle ergometer at a predetermined heart rate (70–85% heart rate reserve). Both resistance and cardiovascular training intensity was increased every two weeks. Additionally, during the testing period, subjects consumed two doses per day of a weight loss supplement (n = 12) or placebo (n = 12) as well as a once daily protein supplement. Results Fat mass and percent body fat were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in both groups. These differences were not statistically significant between groups. Consumption of a protein supplement and a weight loss supplement or protein supplement alone, while following a diet and exercise program, resulted in a significant decrease in fat mass and percent body fat and non-significant decreases in body mass and non-significant increases in lean mass. Fitness status (upper-body strength, lower-body strength, VO2) significantly increased (p < 0.05) in both groups, but these differences were not statistically significant between groups. Lipid panels markers (e.g., triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol) all experienced non-significant improvements in both groups, while serum glucose levels improved to a greater extent (p < 0.05) in the supplementation group.
380 EFFECTS OF A CALCIUM ANTAGONIST ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR (CV) RESPONSES TO AN α 1 ADRENOCEPTOR AGONIST IN DEVELOPING SWINE

380 EFFECTS OF A CALCIUM ANTAGONIST ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR (CV) RESPONSES TO AN α 1 ADRENOCEPTOR AGONIST IN DEVELOPING SWINE
Use of ammonium bicarbonate DTPA soil test to evaluate elemental availability and toxicity

Abstract The literature published on the use of the Soltanpour and Schwab Ammonium Bicarbonate‐DTPA (AB‐DTPA) soil test shows that it can be used to determine availability and toxicity indices for many elements. It has been shown to be an effective test for measuring the availability indices of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, Mo, Pb, Ni, Cd and Se. Theoretically, it can also be used to determine the availability indices for S, Cu and As. The AB‐DTPA test can predict toxicity of B as well as the standard hot water rest, although within the non‐toxic range of B, it is not as effective as the hot water test. The hot water test alone predicts B availability well, but the AB‐DTPA B test result requires inclusion of soil water pH, organic matter and clay contents in a regression equation for predicting B availability. This test is not suitable for determination of exchangeable plus soluble Ca and Mg (high levels), as these precipitate as carbonates during extraction. The AB‐DTPA test procedure with analysis by an inductively...
Dielectric properties and index of refraction of lead iodide single crystals

Abstract The paper describes measurements of the dielectric constant ( E ∥ c -axis) and loss as a function of temperature (110–450°K) and frequency ( 10 2 c s to 10 5 c s ), and the refractive index ( E ⊥ c ) from 0.5 μ to 15 μ on PbI 2 single crystals grown by a gel technique. Above 10 4 c s , K ' = 6.21. The index of refraction was measured by an interferometric method for E ⊥ c -axis from 0.5 μ to 15 μ where in the long wavelength region n E ⊥ c = 2.50 ± 0.10. At 2.3μ Δn E⊥c ΔT = −2.0 × 10 −4 °K . The long wavelength value of the index of refraction for E ∥ c -axis is shown by optical transmission measurements to be close to that for E ⊥ c . The results show that the material is much less strongly ionic than hitherto supposed. Values of the dielectric constant previously reported vary within an order of magnitude. The origin of these discrepancies is traced and discussed. It is linked with the observation of photocapacitive effects.
Nucleation of ductile shear zones on dilatant fractures

Small shear zones in granitic rocks of the Sierra Nevada, California, and near Roses (Rosas), northeast Spain, display features which indicate that dilatant fracturing preceded the localization of ductile shear deformation. Many zones have sharp, nearly planar boundaries between their highly deformed interiors and the undeformed wall rock. The Roses shear zones narrow continuously to hairline fractures at their ends. Mineralized microcracks oriented parallel to the shear zones cluster near the zone boundaries and are interpreted as relicts of the earlier fracturing episode. Dynamic recrystallization of minerals filling these microcracks demonstrates that fracturing predated the ductile deformation. Gradients in ductile strain suggest that deformation spread laterally into the wall rocks after nucleation of the shear zones. We suggest that cracks enhance the wall rock ductility by increasing local fluid fluxes, thereby promoting chemical alteration and/or hydrolytic weakening.
Tolstoy and Schopenhauer and War and Peace: Influence and Ambivalence

This essay is an analysis of the influence that Schopenhauer’s philosophy had upon Tolstoy during his writing of the novel War and Peace. It is generally conceded that Schopenhauer’s ideas had a deep impact upon Tolstoy during the writing of Anna Karenina, however, the case of War and Peace is more complex and contested. Some have maintained that War and Peace possesses an essentially “optimistic” perspective on life, and that Tolstoy shifted his ground dramatically when he embarked upon the latter novel. Others have seen a greater degree of continuity between the two works. This essay makes the case that War and Peace is in fact a work that is deeply influenced by Tolstoy’s affinity for Schopenhauer’s view of the world. However, at the same time, it argues that Tolstoy was ambivalent about Schopenhauer’s deep pessimism, and that this ambivalence is manifested throughout the novel. Nevertheless, the essay proposes that War and Peace is a far darker and more “pessimistic” work than is often understood, and that this element of the novel is an indication of the author’s sympathy with the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer.
Activation of excitatory amino acid inputs to supraoptic neurons. I. Induced increases in dye-coupling in lactating, but not virgin or male rats.

Mitral cells of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs have been shown to project monosynaptically to the supraoptic nucleus (SON) via the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) which uses excitatory amino acid transmitters. Data collected during characterization of these projections suggested that synaptic activation of SON neurons via LOT stimulation in slices influenced the incidence of dye-coupling. The present study pursued this suggestion using horizontally cut slices from male, virgin female and lactating rats. Neurons were confirmed to be excited by electrical stimulation of the tract, injected with Lucifer yellow, and synaptically activated for 10 min at 10 Hz (n = 92). Another 94 neurons were similarly confirmed and injected, but received no further stimulation. In an additional 8 slices, injected neurons were antidromically activated for 10 min at 10 Hz. Analyses done on 194 injected neurons from the 3 groups showed that synaptic activation resulted in a significant (P less than 0.01) increase in the incidence of coupling only in tissue from lactating rats. This increase was entirely due to larger numbers of cells being coupled dendrodendritically to the injected cells in the stimulated slices. Antidromic activation did not influence coupling. Increased coupling occurred among both oxytocin and vasopressin cell types. This is the first report of increased coupling resulting from synaptic activation in mammalian CNS. Changes seen only in lactating rats may be related to their altered SON ultrastructural morphology (i.e. dendritic bundling). Strong olfactory and vomeronasal input associated with some maternal behaviors may increase neuronal coupling and enhance hormone release in response to other incoming stimuli (e.g. suckling, dehydration).
Circumferential Suture of the Mitral Annulus for Correction of Mitral Regurgitation in Dogs

Objective—To develop a method for reducing mitral regurgitation in dogs by positioning and tightening a circumferential suture around the mitral valve annulus. Study Design—Description of clinical cases. Animals—15 dogs with spontaneous mitral valve disease, annular dilation, and refractory congestive heart failure treated between 1962 and 1994. Methods—A composite suture material was constructed using braided Teflon-impregnated polyester sternotomy suture, barium sulfate thread, and Silastic tubing. Through a left lateral thoracotomy, the suture was positioned around the mitral annulus by passing it through the coronary sinus, right atrium, and underneath the left coronary arteries before tightening it. Results—Six dogs died during surgery because of hemorrhage from the left atrium, coronary sinus, or left coronary artery. Three dogs died postoperatively because of coronary artery compression by the suture. Satisfactory suture placement was achieved in six dogs, three of which were long-term survivors (6 to 26 months) before they were euthanatized for noncardiac reasons. Conclusions—Reduction of mitral annulus diameter with a circumferential purse-string suture does not require cardiopulmonary bypass. The surgery is technically difficult, and detailed knowledge of coronary artery anatomy is required. The current suture design is inexpensive, radiopaque, and biocompatible; no special instruments are required for placement. Clinical Relevance—Mitral regurgitation is the most common cardiovascular disorder in dogs and the most common cause of congestive heart failure. Annular dilation occurs as a consequence of mitral regurgitation. Placement and tightening of a circumferential suture around the mitral annulus reduces the degree of mitral regurgitation.
Inhibition of measles virus replication and RNA synthesis by actinomycin D

Abstract Measles virus replication and RNA synthesis in Vero cells are inhibited by actinomycin at concentrations which inhibit cellular RNA synthesis. Drug present from the 2nd to the 24th hr post infection inhibited infectivity but not hemagglutinating activity or cell fusion. Infectivity was much less sensitive to drug added during the second 24-hr period, and 52S RNA was labeled and incorporated into virions during this later time interval.
Scurvy in the Greater American Southwest: Modeling micronutrition and biosocial processes in contexts of resource stress.

Abstract As Donald Ortner and other scholars have noted, the prevalence of subadult scurvy ranges widely among skeletal assemblages. Prevalence variation across the Americas has been attributed to seasonality and environmental instability, although no cohesive model has been proposed. Integrating new evidence from an analysis of 31 burials found in an ancestral Tepehaun cave site (A.D. 571–1168), this paper proposes a model of biosocial change and nutritional stress for the Prehispanic American Southwest. The role of warfare and social control are emphasized to complement prior studies that have focused on the role of droughts and aggregation. Bioarchaeological evidence demonstrates that scurvy prevalence increases among subadults in association with violence and exploitation by regional political centers. Hinterland communities exhibit higher prevalence rates of scurvy than found within nearby political centers. This is consistent with hypotheses that social control involved complex inequalities in resource redistribution in the Southwest that negatively impacted the communities from which food resources were extracted. Evidence of scurvy also appears to be found most often in assemblages associated with violent conflict. Further exploration of the role structural inequalities play in shaping nutrition will enable a better understanding of how to improve health in contexts of resource instability.
Atrial fibrillation in the preexcitation syndrome

One hundred patients with proved accessory pathways of the Kent bundle type were studied with multiple intracardiac catheters. During the procedure 16 had atrial fibrillation. Two patterns of induction of atrial fibrillation were noted. In most patients an earlier than expected atrial deflection appeared in one of the atrial recordings and was followed by atrial flutter (cycle length less than 220 msec) or atrial fibrillation either immediately or after a brief period of acceleration of atrial rate. In a few patients, intraatrial conduction delay, manifested as 2:1 block or Wenckebach block from the right to the left atrium or vice versa, occurred before the onset of atrial fibrillation. The incidence of atrial fibrillation was not statistically related to any associated cardiac abnormalities. A significantly large incidence of ventricular fibrillation was recorded in patients who had documented atrial fibrillation either before admission or during the catheter study.
Heterogeneity within an HSV-1 Wild-Type Strain and Its Importance in Pathogenesis

A herpes simplex virus-type 1 low passage, clinical eye isolate, E-43 at P2, was compared with its variant progeny, SLi-43 at P8, in terms of ocular disease, cytopathic effects, and genomic variation. In New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits, E-43 produced mild epithelial defects and punctate lesions with full recovery by Day 10 postinfection (pi). SLi-43 caused dendritic lesions, progressing to geographic ulceration and death from herpes simplex virus encephalitis in 10 days postinfection. In RK, Hep-2, and Vero cells, E-43 displayed the syn+ phenotype (aggregation and cell rounding); SLi-43 showed the syn phenotype (syncytium formation). DNA digestion profiles of E-43, SLi-43, and isolates from the brains of infected animals showed that the genomic differences map within the terminal repeat of the unique long segment and the internal joint region, specifically in bands B, E, N, and S (Bam HI) and bands M and N (Hind III). Analysis of the DNA of virus recovered from the brain stem of SLi-43-infected, encephalitic rabbits demonstrated that an in vivo selection for neurotropic virions had taken place. Plaque purification of 20 clones from the original E-43 strain showed that one of 20 was the syn phenotype, indicating that the SLi-43 variant was present in the original E-43 isolate and did not develop de novo by rapid mutation. The parent-progeny relationship between E-43 and SLi-43 forms an ideal model in which to compare differences in pathogenicity at the genomic level, and underscores the importance of heterogeneity within a single herpes simplex virus-type 1 wild-type population in terms of variations in ocular disease.
The tokamak - Model T fusion reactor

During the past several years there have been significant scientific and technological advances related to the tokamak magnetic confinement scheme. These are summarized in the context of a recent tokamak reactor design study which emphasizes reduced size, higher power density, and enhanced plant reliability and maintainability relative to earlier tokamak reactor design studies. The direct plant cost of the proposed reactor is estimated to be in the range $1000 to $1500 per electrical kilowatt. A three-phase strategy for demonstrating tokamak fusion power generation at a committed site is outlined. It is estimated that implementation of the three-phase program would require about 20 years and a total escalated expenditure $10 billion to $15 billion. The tokamak power plant described here is not viewed as definitive but rather as a point of departure in the development of a plan to demonstrate tokamak power generation.
Lattice Thermal Transport in Si-based Nanocomposites for Thermoelectric Applications

Silicon-germanium (SiGe) superlattices (SLs) have been studied for application as efficient thermoelectrics because of their low thermal conductivity, below that of bulk SiGe alloys. However, the cost of growing SLs is prohibitive, so Si-based nanocomposites, made by a ball-milling and sintering, have been proposed as a cost-effective replacement with similar properties. Because the lattice thermal conductivity of SiGe SLs is reduced by scattering from rough boundaries between layers, it is expected that grain boundary properties, for example roughness, orientation, and composition, will also substantially effect thermal transport in nanocomposites, resulting in many ways of adjusting their thermal conductivity by manipulation of grain size, shape, and crystal angle distributions. A model of phonon transport in nanocomposites was developed on the basis of the phonon Boltzmann transport equation. When nanocomposite structures were modeled by using a Voronoi tessellation to mimic the grains and their distribution, agreement with experimentally observed structures was excellent. To accurately treat phonon scattering from a series of atomically rough interfaces between the grains in the nanocomposite, we used a momentum-dependent specularity variable. Our results revealed thermal transport in Si-based nanocomposites is highly anisotropic and suggest further utilization of grain morphology to minimize thermal conductivity.
Axial and lateral impulsive loading of kinetic energy projectiles during launch—part II. Numerical simulations

Summary The methodology and analysis used to characterize the performance of a sabot/rod as it is subjected to lateral and axial loading during launch is presented. In Part I. Experimental Investigations, a methodology for determining the deformed shape of a projectile while inbore was presented with results from full-scale experiments. In Part II. Numerical Simulations, those results were used to benchmark simulations of the experiments with the displacement data obtained from enhanced radiographs. Because of the good agreement between the experimental and numerical models, stress, strain and displacement time histories were obtained from the numerical work and used to evaluate sabot/rod mechanical and structural behavior while inbore. The benchmarked numerical simulations involved three-dimensional modeling of the sabot/ rod systems in three launch tube environments: the slightly bent tube used in the experimental program, an existing accuracy tube and a perfectly straight launch tube. A dynamic analysis was performed for each of nine separate models. Sliding surfaces, nonlinear constitutive relations and multiple materials were used for each analysis. Results from numerical analyses are presented with reference to experimental results reported in Part I. Experimental Investigations.
IAN BARBOUR ON RELIGION AND THE METHODS OF SCIENCE: AN ASSESSMENT

Deux aspects de la position de Ian Barbour sur la relation entre la religion et la science sont etudies. D'une part sa preference a considerer la religion telle une entite des paradigmes scientifiques en comparant la tradtion chretienne aux traditions scientifiques d'Aristote ou de Newton. D'autre part, le realisme critique de Barbour s'annonce comme un compromis entre les considerations rationnelles et sociologiques de la science
Causes of death in breast cancer a clinicopathologic study

Between January 1973 and October 1977, 166 patients who died of breast cancer were autopsied. The examination revealed consistently more tumor involvement than had been clinically suspected. Unsuspected areas of tumor involvement included the endocrine organs (40%), lungs (28%), cardiovascular system (21%), and the genitourinary system (21%). The error in diagnosis was smaller with metastasis to the bones (10%) and central nervous system (14%). The major causes of death included pulmonary insufficiency (26%), infection (24%), cardiac disease (15%), hepatic insufficiency (14%), hemorrhage (9%), central nervous system disease (9%), and hypercalcemia (3%). The most common cause of death was metastatic disease to various organs, accounting for 42% of all deaths. Infection was the second most common cause of death; however, only 27% of the patients with infection had significant neutropenia. In patients dying of hemorrhage, only 9% were thrombocytopenic. In conclusion, although many clinicians have expressed concern that chemotherapy would add to early mortality in cancer, our study shows that this is not the case for patients with breast cancer. Deaths due to chemotherapy were rare and the rise in the infection rate did not correlate with the advent of chemotherapy.
Influence of dietary constituents on intestinal absorption of aluminum.

Orally-ingested aluminum compounds have been implicated in the development of dialysis encephalopathy, osteomalacic dialysis osteodystrophy and other disorders in both hemodialyzed and nonhemodialyzed patients suffering from chronic renal failure [1–10]. Both dialysate aluminum content [7, 11, 12] and aluminum-containing phosphate binding agents [12–15] have been identified as contributing to hyperaluminemia in uremic patients. The health threat from dialysate fluids has been reduced by the recommendation that the dialysate contains less than 10 µg/liter of aluminum [16]. Alternative phosphate-binding agents which do not contain aluminum are available but these agents are not free of problems [17], and uremic patients continue to ingest significant doses of aluminum-containing phosphate binding agents. Aluminum is the most common metal in the biosphere of humans but, aside from uremic patients, causes no widespread toxicity. This may be as a result of the extremely limited solubility of aluminum at the pH range of the small intestine and blood [18]. Advances in analytical chemistry have made it possible to measure picogram quantities of aluminum in body fluids, thus enabling accurate determination of plasma aluminum levels in the part per billion (µg/liter) range. These analytical techniques have shown that orally ingested aluminum-containing antacids elevate plasma aluminum levels in man [13]. Balance studies monitoring aluminum absorption and elimination revealed an average positive balance from 23 to 313mg of aluminum per day when diets were supplemented with 1 to 3g of aluminum per day [15]. These studies show that a small fraction of the ingested aluminum is absorbed. This absorption presents potential toxic effects to uremic patients whose ability to eliminate aluminum is impaired. In addition, Slanina et al [19] have shown that addition of citric acid to aluminum-supplemented dietary regimens results in blood aluminum levels that are significantly higher than those found in subjects treated with aluminum-supplemented dietary regimens alone. This result suggests that dietary factors may contribute to aluminum absorption. This study was undertaken to determine if the form of aluminum present in the intestinal lumen significantly affects the absorption of aluminum following oral ingestion.
Vacuum Ultraviolet Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectroscopy for Element-Selective Detection of Nonmetals

Use of an inductively coupled plasma for elemental analysis of many organic compounds has been limited by the inability to provide sensitive analysis for a variety of nonmetallic elements. Data presented in this manuscript demonstrate detection limits and working curves showing usable dynamic ranges for oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, and bromine in the vacuum ultraviolet region. The use of inductively coupled plasma as an element-selective gas-chromatographic detector is also investigated.
The Effect of Warm-up on Total Oxygen Cost of a Short Treadmill Run to Exhaustion

Eight male volnntours, aged 20 to 43 yr, participated in a 1 min run to exhaustion. Six of the subjects had experienced work on the treadmill and ran regularly during the year. By means of a preliminary rim a work load was selected for each subject which would produce exhaustion in 60 sec. The speed of the treadmill was 12.8 kph for all runs except one (14.5 kph) and grade varied from 10 to 20%. The warm up consisted of walking 5.6 kph at a 10% grade for min and preceded the rim by 3 or 5 min. Oxygen consumption ([Vdot]o2), heart rate (HR), and respiration rate (f) were recorded every 15 sec during the run and during the first 30 sec of recovery. Thereafter, recovory measurements were made during progressively longer intervals for a total of 30 min. [Vdot]03, during the run with warm up (2.69± 0.39 L) was significantly greater (p<0.05) than without warm up (2.50±0.41 L). Recovory [Vdot]o3 and total [Vdot]o2 (run plus recovory) were not significantly different between the warm up and without warm up runs. ...
Antegrade colonic enemas and intestinal diversion are highly effective in the management of children with intractable constipation.

Abstract Purpose Intractable constipation in children is an uncommon but debilitating condition. When medical therapy fails, surgery is warranted; but the optimal surgical approach has not been clearly defined. We reviewed our experience with operative management of intractable constipation to identify predictors of success and to compare outcomes after 3 surgical approaches: antegrade continence enema (ACE), enteral diversion, and primary resection. Methods A retrospective review of pediatric patients undergoing ACE, diversion, or resection for intractable, idiopathic constipation from 1994 to 2007 was performed. Satisfactory outcome was defined as minimal fecal soiling and passage of stool at least every other day (ACE, resection) or functional enterostomy without abdominal distension (diversion). Results Forty-four patients (range = 1-26 years, mean=9 years) were included. Sixteen patients underwent ACE, 19 underwent primary diversion (5 ileostomy, 14 colostomy), and 9 had primary colonic resections. Satisfactory outcomes were achieved in 63%, 95%, and 22%, respectively. Of the 19 patients diverted, 14 had intestinal continuity reestablished at a mean of 27 months postdiversion, with all of these having a satisfactory outcome at an average follow-up of 56 months. Five patients underwent closure of the enterostomy without resection, whereas the remainder underwent resection of dysmotile colon based on preoperative colonic manometry studies. Of those undergoing ACE procedures, age younger than 12 years was a predictor of success, whereas preoperative colonic manometry was not predictive of outcome. Second manometry 1 year post-ACE showed improvement in all patients tested. On retrospective review, patient noncompliance contributed to ACE failure. Conclusions Antegrade continence enema and enteral diversion are very effective initial procedures in the management of intractable constipation. Greater than 90% of diverted patients have an excellent outcome after the eventual restoration of intestinal continuity. Colon resection should not be offered as initial therapy, as it is associated with nearly 80% failure rate and the frequent need for additional surgery.
Surface plasmon resonance sensors for industrial applications

Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) spectroscopy offers many potential industrial applications. SPR sensors are suitable to monitor liquid and gas phase mixtures. The use of fiber-optic SPR sensors enables the possibility of remote sensing in real-time. The sensors can be made as small as 45mm long using 200um optical fibers. Measurement of organic vapors and salinity are demonstrated using the SPR sensors. The mixing dynamics are easily accessible using SPR sensors. The mixing of hexanes and isopropanol in static solution was monitored in real time. Another important application is the analysis of the excess dielectric properties for various binary mixtures using a SPR sensor. Binary mixtures with similar refractive index were measured. Strong deviations from ideality are seen using SPR to monitor the dielectric properties. SPR sensors can be integrated to production lines to monitor the extend of products or compounds inline.
The Prevalence, Incidence, Prognosis, and Associated Conditions of Resistant Hypertension☆

Resistant hypertension is a relevant condition gaining special attention given its clinical and economic impact. Although the true prevalence is unknown, clinical trials and population-based studies have shown that it is a common clinical problem that likely will increase in incidence with an aging and more obese population. A complex interaction of various risk factors including lifestyle, associated conditions, and identifiable secondary causes can lead to uncontrolled hypertension. Important factors including improper blood pressure measuring technique, poor medication adherence, and the white coat phenomenon can lead to pseudoresistance, or a false impression of treatment resistance, which must be excluded. Patients with true resistant hypertension have a greater risk for developing adverse cardiovascular events compared with those with controlled blood pressure, leading to an unfavorable prognosis without adequate treatment. This article reviews the current understanding of the epidemiology of resistant hypertension.
Validating a Typology of the Customer from Hell

Abstract This article describes the empirical development and testing of a typology of the Customer from Hell (CFH) in the restaurant industry. Two hundred thirty-one servers were surveyed. Through factor analysis, five CFH profiles were confirmed: Bad Mannered Betty (= .90), Harold the Intimidator (=.83), Freeloading Fickle (= .73), Ignoramus Iggie (= .62), and Dictatorial Dick (= .55). Implications for management and future research are included.
The Effect of Unsteady Aerodynamic Asymmetric Perturbations on Flutter

Nearly all turbomachinery aeroelastic analyses assume that the blades are “tuned” aerodynamically. That is, all blades experience identical steady and unsteady loads (except for an interblade phase shift). This paper presents the results of a perturbations sensitivity study of the effects of aerodynamic asymmetries on flutter of bladed disks. A high fidelity model including both structural and aerodynamic coupling is used. The types of asymmetry considered are single blade, symmetric group, and random. For the case of one blade perturbation, and symmetry group of 2 perturbations, the effect is to suppress flutter. This is similar to the effect of frequency mistuning. However, the results from random perturbations of all blades suggest that manufacturing variations or field damage may cause an engine to flutter. This provides a strong motivation to conduct additional research in this area.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Carbonate time series of the Quaternary and Late Miocene sediments in the Pacific Ocean: A spectral comparison

Abstract The variance of the Quaternary carbonate record of core RC11-209 from the equatorial Pacific is almost twice as large as that for the Upper Miocene of DSDP site 158 from the same region. Spectral analysis of the carbonate time series shows that the Miocene record is dominated by very low frequency components with a concentration of variance near the frequency corresponding to a period of about 400 kyr. The Quaternary record is also dominated by low frequency components, but has in addition concentrations of variance (spectral peaks) at frequencies corresponding to periods near 100 and 40 kyr. Cross-spectral analysis indicates that both records are coherent with the calculated record of eccentricity of the Earth's orbit and that the Quaternary record, in addition, shows coherence with the calculated record of axial tilt. These variations in the Earth's orbital parameters can then be used to “tune” the time scales of these two records. Based on the similarity in the amount of variance in the two records near the 400 kyr period and the observed relationship between carbonate fluctuations and variations in global ice volume (as indicated by oxygen isotope measurements), it is proposed that the dominant 400 kyr cycle has been associated directly or indirectly with long-term fluctuations in the Antarctic ice cap since its formation in Mid-Miocene times. The major difference in the Quaternary carbonate spectrum lies in the marked increase in variance at frequencies associated with the 100 kyr period. This increase is thought to be linked directly or indirectly with glacial to interglacial fluctuations of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets.
Control of Polystyrene Film Dewetting through Sulfonation and Metal Complexation

The dewetting of low molecular weight sulfonated polystyrene ionomers (SPS) on inorganic silicon oxide substrates is compared with unmodified polystyrene (PS, Mw ) 4000) using a combination of X-ray reflectivity, optical and atomic force microscopy. The amounts of sulfonate group and metal counterion (Li + ,Z n 2+ ) were both varied in our study. Unlike unmodified PS, which readily dewets the substrate, a strong inhibition of dewetting occurs for low sulfonation (=2.3 mol %), and no apparent dewetting was found for high sulfonation (g7 mol %). For ZnSPS, dewetting was not observed in any of the films, even for those with very low sulfonation. Comparison with bulk rheological data suggests that inter- and intramolecular ionomer complexation may be important in retarding the dewetting process (a nonequilibrium effect), in addition to an increased wettability arising from long-range electrostatic polymer-surface interactions.
Characterization of the weights of least squares adaptive polynomials

Passi and Morel have provided a concept of adaptive least squares polynomials for time series data using exponential weighting $w_k = a^{ - k} w_0 ,0 < a < 1$. Given the least squares polynomial $p(t)$ obtained from data $Y_k ,k\leqq 0$, they derived a computationally efficient recursion algorithm to update the polynomial coefficients when a new data value is received. They showed that the exponential weighting possesses the “update property,” i.e., the polynomial-update is invariant to new data value $Y_1 $ if $Y_1 = p(1)$. It was this update property that made the recursive algorithm possible. In this paper we explore the weights ${\bf w}$ which possess this update property for a more general class of functions that include the polynomials as a special case. In this general case we give a necessary and sufficient condition for a weight function to satisfy the update property. In the case of polynomials it is shown that the exponential weights are the only weight functions of practical significance which...
Two-parameter homotopy method for nonlinear equations

We introduce a second auxiliary parameter into the zero-order deformation equation and propose a generalization of the homotopy analysis method. This includes the derivation of a general solution in terms of the Bell polynomials for nonlinear equations. Numerical examples show that the proposed zero-order deformation equation improves the convergence region and rate of the series solution and allows greater freedom in the selection of auxiliary operators. This facilitates the development of a homotopy iteration scheme for nonlinear equations with discontinuous or zero derivatives that are not amenable to Newton-type iteration schemes. The homotopy iteration scheme represents a generalization of conventional iteration schemes and additional examples demonstrate its applicability for a wider range of nonlinear problems.
Nonlinear Optics And Surface Science

The recent status of applications of nonlinear optics to surface science is reviewed. The basic theory of wave mixing on a surface layer, and the possibility of using various nonlinear optical processes for surface probing are briefly discussed. Emphasis is on surface second harmonic generation, which is shown with many illustrations to be a rather unique and versatile tool for surface studies.
Unilateral transient forehead paralysis following injury to the temporal branch of the facial nerve

Background Cutaneous surgery in the temporal region of the forehead can lead to injury to the superficial temporal branch of the facial nerve. A flattened forehead and with ipsilateral forehead paralysis can occur with damage to this nerve. Methods A case is presented of transient forehead paralysis resulting from Mohs’ micrographic surgery with reconstruction of the defect. The paralysis resolved over a period of fifteen months. Results The anatomy of the nerve makes it susceptible to injury during cutaneous surgery. The area of danger is the area superior to the zygomatic arch and lateral to the lateral eyebrow where the nerve is closest to the skin. Conclusions Restoration of motor function usually occurs without intervention, but may take several months. Should motor function not recur, nerve grafting of a repair of the ptotic brow may be needed. The anatomy of the nerve is reviewed and brow lifting options are discussed.
A Different Approach to Gas Turbine Exhaust Silencing

A unique method for silencing heavy-duty gas turbines is described. The Switchback exhaust silencer which utilizes no conventional parallel baffles has at operating conditions measured attenuation values from 20 dB at 63 Hz to 45 dB at higher frequencies. Acoustic testing and analyses at both ambient and operating conditions are discussed.Copyright © 1974 by ASME
Behavioral differences among subjects with Prader-Willi syndrome and type I or type II deletion and maternal disomy.

Objective. To determine whether phenotypic differences exist among individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome with either type I or type II deletions of chromosome 15 or maternal disomy 15 leading to a better understanding of cause and pathophysiology of this classical genetic syndrome. Methods. We analyzed clinical, anthropometric, and behavioral data in 12 individuals (5 men, 7 women; mean age: 25.9 ± 8.8 years) with PWS and a type I (TI) deletion, 14 individuals (6 men, 8 women; mean age: 19.6 ± 6.5 years) with PWS and a type II (TII) deletion, and 21 individuals (10 men, 11 women; mean age: 23.6 ± 9.2 years) with PWS and maternal disomy 15 (UPD). The deletion type was determined by genotyping of DNA markers between proximal chromosome 15 breakpoints BP1 and BP2. TI deletions are ∼500 kb larger than TII deletions. Several validated psychological and behavioral tests were used to assess phenotypic characteristics of individuals with PWS representing the 3 genetic subtypes. Results. Significant differences were found between the 2 deletion groups and those with UPD in multiple psychological and behavorial tests, but no differences were observed in other clinical or anthropometric data studied. Adaptive behavior scores were generally worse in individuals with PWS and the TI deletion, and specific obsessive-compulsive behaviors were more evident in the TI individuals compared with those with UPD. Individuals with PWS with TI deletions also had poorer reading and math skills as well as visual-motor integration. Conclusions. Our study indicates that individuals with TI deletion generally have more behavioral and psychological problems than individuals with the TII deletion or UPD. Four recently identified genes have been identified in the chromosome region between BP1 and BP2 with 1 of the genes (NIPA-1) expressed in mouse brain tissue but not thought to be imprinted. It may be important for brain development or function. These genes are deleted in individuals with TI deletion and are implicated in compulsive behavior and lower intellectual ability in individuals with TI versus TII.
SOME EFFECTS OF PROCEDURAL VARIATIONS ON CHOICE RESPONDING IN CONCURRENT CHAINS

The present research used pigeons in a three-key operant chamber and varied procedural features pertaining to both initial and terminal links of concurrent chains. The initial links randomly alternated on the side keys during a session, while the terminal links always appeared on the center key. Both equal and unequal initial-link schedules were employed, with either differential or nondifferential terminal-link stimuli across conditions. The research was designed to neutralize initial- and terminal-link spatial cues in order to gain a clearer understanding of the roles of conditioned reinforcement and delayed primary reinforcement in choice. With both equal and unequal initial links and with differential terminal-link stimuli, all pigeons reliably preferred the chain with the shorter terminal link. However, with equal initial links and nondifferential stimuli, all pigeons were indifferent. With unequal initial links and nondifferential stimuli, some pigeons were also indifferent, while others actually reversed and preferred the chain with the shorter initial link, even though it was followed by the longer terminal link. The decrease if not reversal of the previous preferences implies that preferences in concurrent chains are a function of the conditioned reinforcement afforded by terminal-link stimuli, rather than delayed primary reinforcement.
A familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy α-tropomyosin mutation causes severe cardiac hypertrophy and death in mice

Abstract Tropomyosin, an essential component of the sarcomere, regulates muscle contraction through Ca2+-mediated activation. Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC) is caused by mutations in numerous cardiac sarcomeric proteins, including myosin heavy and light chains, actin, troponin T and I, myosin binding protein C, and α -tropomyosin. This study developed transgenic mouse lines that encode an FHC mutation in α -tropomyosin; this mutation is an amino acid substitution at codon 180 (Glu180Gly) which occurs in a troponin T binding region. Non-transgenic and control mice expressing wild-type α -tropomyosin demonstrate no morphological or physiological changes. Expression of exogenous mutant tropomyosin leads to a concomitant decrease in endogenous α -tropomyosin without altering the expression of other contractile proteins. Histological analysis shows that initial pathological changes, which include ventricular concentric hypertrophy, fibrosis and atrial enlargement, are detected within 1 month. The disease-associated changes progressively increase and result in death between 4 and 5 months. Physiological analyses of the FHC mice using echocardiography, work-performing heart analyses, and force measurements of cardiac myofibers, demonstrate dramatic functional differences in diastolic performance and increased sensitivity to calcium. This report demonstrates that mutations in α -tropomyosin can be severely disruptive of sarcomeric function, which consequently triggers a dramatic hypertrophic response that culminates in lethality.
Social utility Functions-part II: applications

Social utilities account for agent preferences and, thus, can characterize complex interrelationships, such as cooperation, compromise, negotiation, and altruism, that can exist between agents. Satisficing game theory, which is based on social utilities, offers a framework within which to design sophisticated multiagent systems. Key features of this approach are: a) an N-agent system may be represented by a 2N-dimensional Bayesian network, called a praxeic network; b) the theory accommodates a notion of situational altruism (a willingness to defer to others in a controlled way if so doing would actually benefit others under the condition that others wish to take advantage of such largesse); and c) satisficing games admits a protocol for effective negotiation between agents who, though interested in their own welfare, are also willing to give some deference to others. Three applications are presented. The first two involve well-known two-person games: the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Battle of the Sexes, and the third is a simulated uninhabited aerial vehicle scenario.
Modeling Gaps and Overlaps of Sustainability Standards

Organizational and production dispersions in manufacturing enterprises create situations where manufacturers are asked to conform to multiple sustainability standards to participate in targeted markets. Variations between standards can create a challenge for stakeholders to identify, select, and implement applicable standards. This paper investigates the use of ontologies as a formal means for representing and comparing sustainability standards based on information requirements. We analyze three selected standards and subsequently model their information elements in the form of three separate taxonomies. We then demonstrate the implementation of reasoning mechanisms to semi-automatically determine gaps and overlaps in standard coverage for a given product.
Ceramide inhibitor myriocin restores insulin/insulin growth factor signaling for liver remodeling in experimental alcohol-related steatohepatitis.

Background and Aim Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) is mediated in part by insulin resistance. Attendant dysregulation of lipid metabolism increases accumulation of hepatic ceramides that worsen insulin resistance and compromise the structural and functional integrity of the liver. Insulin and insulin growth factor (IGF) stimulate aspartyl-asparaginyl-β-hydroxylase (AAH), which promotes cell motility needed for structural maintenance and remodeling of the liver. AAH mediates its effects by activating Notch, and in ALD, insulin/IGF signaling, AAH, and Notch are inhibited. Method To test the hypothesis that in ALD, hepatic ceramide load contributes to impairments in insulin, AAH, and Notch signaling, control and chronic ethanol-fed adult Long–Evans rats were treated with myriocin, an inhibitor of serine palmitoyl transferase. Livers were used to assess steatohepatitis, insulin/IGF pathway activation, and expression of AAH–Notch signaling molecules. Results Chronic ethanol-fed rats had steatohepatitis with increased ceramide levels; impairments in signaling through the insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate, and Akt; and decreased expression of AAH, Notch, Jagged, Hairy–Enhancer of Split-1, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Myriocin abrogated many of these adverse effects of ethanol, particularly hepatic ceramide accumulation, steatohepatitis, and impairments of insulin signaling through Akt, AAH, and Notch. Conclusions In ALD, the histopathology and impairments in insulin/IGF responsiveness can be substantially resolved by ceramide inhibitor treatments, even in the context of continued chronic ethanol exposure.