cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calcium imaging with genetically encoded indicators in behaving primates.

An important question in brain research is how neurons and the circuits they form process information to produce behavior. To understand what happens in a human brain, it is necessary to study a brain of similar complexity, such as that of a primate. Examining how the neurons in a brain region called the visual cortex process information about what we see is especially informative. This is because animals can be taught to perform different visual tasks, and because the visual cortex is relatively easy to access. In principle, therefore, it should be possible to use modern genetic and imaging techniques to study the primate visual system, but, until now, that has not been the case. Like much of the brain, the visual cortex consists of different classes of neurons that can excite, inhibit or modulate the activity of neighboring neurons. One way to study how these different classes of neurons interact with each other is to alter the animal’s DNA, such that only one cell type stands out during the experiment, allowing its role in the brain to be closely monitored. This technique has been used to study the interactions among neurons in the rodent brain, because rodent DNA is easy to alter. However, it is not easy to manipulate primate DNA. Seidemann et al. have, therefore, developed a new technique that can target a specific class of neurons, allowing the activity of just these cells to be distinguished from the rest. The method uses specially designed harmless viruses to produce foreign proteins in the excitatory neurons of the visual cortex in an adult macaque. The optical properties of the proteins change when the neuron they are in is active, allowing the activity of the excitatory neurons to be detected and tracked in awake animals while they perform a visual task. Previously, the activity of neurons in the primate visual cortex could only be measured using dyes that indiscriminately reported the activity of all the neurons present. Seidemann et al. found that, in addition to being more selective than the dye-based method, the new technique also more accurately depicted neuronal action potentials, which are the primary units of information in the brain. Seidemann et al. now plan to use a similar method to study the activity of the inhibitory neurons of the primate visual cortex. Further examination of both excitatory and inhibitory neurons at much higher magnification, using a different microscopy technique, will also reveal more subtle features of their responses during visual tasks.
Potential Applications of Public Health Tools to Bioarchaeological Data Sets: The “Dirty War Index” and the Biological Costs of Armed Conflict for Children

In the past and present, the biosocial effects of armed conflict are increasingly well documented for combatants but are comparatively poorly understood for noncombatant civilians. Data for contemporary conflicts indicate that civilians suffer elevated morbidity and mortality above peacetime levels, but it is difficult to empirically reconstruct whether the effects were similar for premodern populations. Here, we propose and demonstrate the application of a public health tool, the “Dirty War Index” (DWI), to bioarchaeological and paleopathological data for empirically assessing the effects of armed conflict on civilians, particularly subadult children under 5 years of age. The DWI is a recently introduced, highly flexible, quantitative tool for identifying rates of undesirable or prohibited outcomes during conflict, with a “clean” conflict generating low values (e.g., 0) and a “dirty” conflict high values (e.g., 100). To demonstrate the DWI’s utility for past conflicts, its novel insights, and the theoretical and methodological issues involved in applying it to analyze past conflicts, we generate DWIs using established data for two well-documented conflicts, one modern and one historic: the early twenty-first century Syrian Civil War and the mid-nineteenth century Mountain Meadows Massacre in Utah. By applying the DWI to a modern conflict and to a historic massacre we demonstrate and explore the applicability of the DWI to bioarchaeological research, focusing on its utility for enabling quantitative comparisons of the outcomes of conflicts across time and space. The DWI enables empirical comparison of the effects of conflict on civilians using culturally specific outcomes, producing objective and culturally contingent evaluations of pain and suffering.
Food Microbiology Laboratory Safety and Notebook Record

We will provide food microbiology laboratory training for all students taking this class and emphasize the importance of lab notebook record, and finally we will show students the examples of good lab notebook record.
Voices from the stories untold: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and queer college students' experiences with campus climate

Twelve self-identified college students within the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) spectrum were interviewed on campus climate perceptions and their experiences of discrimina...
Solvent Effect on the Photoinduced Structural Change of a Phosphorescent Molecular Butterfly

Photoinduced structural changes (PSC) is one of the fundamental excited-state dynamic processes, and yet often very challenging to distinguish from competing electronic excited-state relaxation channels having similar or even comparable timescales. Here, we report a detailed study on the PSC of a pyrazolate bridged platinum(II) binuclear complex, BFPtPZ (C^NPt(μ-pz')2 PtC^N, C^N=2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridine, pz'=pyrazolate), a molecular butterfly, using time-correlated single photon counting measurements at different wavelengths and sample temperatures. Analysis of the results obtained using dichloromethane (DCM) and ethylene carbonate (EC) as solvents enabled us to reveal an unexpected, strong solvent effect on the PSC processes. We show that a rapid PSC process with a characteristic timescale of 323 ps is observed in DCM, which leads to an excitation equilibrium between the ligand center/metal-to-ligand charge transfer (3 LC/MLCT) and metal-metal-to-ligand charge transfer (3 MMLCT) triplet states. The subsequent relaxation from these electronic states to the ground state takes place in several nanoseconds. In contrast, the corresponding PSC process in EC appears slow at all temperatures studied in our experiments and showed no sign of such excitation equilibrium. The observed solvent effect is found to arise from distinct solvent properties including their viscosities and polarities as well as the peculiar electronic excited-states of the butterfly-like molecules with charge transfer character.
Energy Efficiency and Delay in 5G Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications System Architectures

Emerging 5G URLLC wireless systems are characterized by minimal over-the-air latency and stringent decoding error requirements. The low latency requirements can cause conflicts with 5G EE design targets. Therefore, this work provides a perspective on various trade-offs between energy efficiency and user plane delay for upcoming URLLC systems. For network infrastructure EE, we propose solutions that optimize base station on-off switching and distributed access network architectures. For URLLC devices, we advocate solutions that optimize EE of discontinuous reception (DRX), mobility measurements, and the handover process, respectively, without compromising on delay.
Intercultural crisis communication: examining the experiences of crisis sojourners

The concept of the sojourner has been studied in a variety of contexts, such as business, education, and international aid. However, there is as yet no communication research on the topic of the cr...
Position Paper—Transference-Focused Psychotherapy (TFP) for Narcissistic Personality

The authors describe the application of a twice-weekly, exploratory psychotherapy, Transference-Focused Psychotherapy (TFP), to patients with Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD). The paper describes the pathology of object relations within which narcissistic pathology can be understood, and how TFP establishes a treatment framework to address narcissistic pathology. An outline of the assessment and treatment protocol is described along with a case example to illustrate the same. The application of TFP to patients with NPD follows from recent research demonstrating the effectiveness of TFP for patients with BPD including some patients with comborbid NPD. Although empirical studies of the efficacy of TFP for NPD are lacking and warranted the authors suggest that, in the absence of any other empirically supported treatment for NPD, TFP may be applied to this challenging patient population.
Cell-Based Therapy in Cardiac Regeneration: An Overview.

Although pioneering preclinical research on the use of cell therapy for cardiac regeneration was conducted in the last quarter of the 20th century,1,2 a preponderance of advances have occurred in the 21st century, making this a relatively young field. In the first important clinical trial of cardiac cell therapy, begun in 2001, Menasche et al3 implanted autologous skeletal myoblasts into postinfarct scar at the time of coronary artery bypass surgery. Although the transplanted cells remained viable and exhibited contraction, they formed the nidus for serious ventricular tachyarrhythmias, which led to premature discontinuation of the trial. Despite this outcome, the trial energized the field, accelerating both preclinical and clinical research, albeit not with skeletal myoblasts. The extensive progress in cardiac regeneration is reviewed in this Compendium, and as occurs frequently in science, important observations have led to more questions and challenges (Table). View this table: Table. Important Challenges to Cell Therapy for Cardiac Regeneration Many cell types have been evaluated as candidates for cardiac regeneration. Among the earliest clinical trials, Zeiher’s group infused autologous bone marrow-derived progenitor cells into the coronary arteries of patients with acute,4 as well as healed myocardial infarction (MI)5 and reported improvements in left ventricular (LV) function. However, these results have not been fully confirmed by later studies, as pointed out in the review in the Compendium by Banarjee, Bolli, and Hare.6 Pittenger et al7 were among the first to direct attention to bone marrow-derived (stromal) mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), emphasizing that these cells proliferated extensively in culture and suggesting that they could be attractive candidates for transplantation. In 2004, Chen et al8 reported that intracoronary infusion of autologous bone marrow-derived MSCs improved cardiac function. Zimmet and Hare pointed out that MSCs lack histocompatibility type II markers and elude rejection by …
Alzheimer’s Disease: Genetic Theories of Etiology

Despite the enormous public-health problem of Alzheimer’s disease* (AD), the current understanding of its causes is slight. There is encouraging new knowledge of the underlying structural and chemical mechanisms of the disease process (much of it summarized elsewhere in this volume). But disappointingly little is known about etiology, the causes of these changes. Epidemiological studies of AD have revealed only one firmly established risk factor (apart from age): the presence of relatives affected with the disease (Heston et al., 1981; Whalley et al., 1982; Hagnell et al., 1983; Heyman et al., 1983, 1984; French et al., 1985; Amaducci, 1985). This chapter evaluates the evidence that genetic vulnerability, as suggested by the familial aggregation of AD, contributes substantially to its pathogenesis.
Building a Community of Designers: Restructuring Learning Through Student Hypermedia Design

How do we create better learning environments in the classroom? Some researchers advocate restructuring the classroom through student design-based inquiry. This paper reports a year-long classroom study that used student design-based inquiry to reform the classroom toward more constructivist teaching and learning practices. Two teachers in a rural school and their 125 seventh graders attempted to build a classroom community of designers, where students learned a variety ofresearch and communication skills through designing hypermedia documents. Results ofinitial qualitative analyses show the development of the classroom over the school year (including the new roles for teachers and students) and challenges from the institution ofschooling. The paperfocuses on the perspective ofone ofthe participating teachers in the study, using data primarily from his journals to illustrate the evolution of instructional practices and student learning throughout the year.
Analysis of Cost Variation in Endourological Procedures throughout the United States Using a National Database

AbstractIntroduction:We examined geographic variations in the direct costs of endourological procedures, including percutaneous nephrolithotomy, shock wave lithotripsy and retrograde intrarenal sur...
Exploring Experiences of CarFit and Preparedness for Driving Cessation in Older Adults

Date Presented 04/05/19 This qualitative study explored older adults’ feelings toward driving cessation, driving cessation preparedness, and the role CarFit may play in helping individuals prepare for driving cessation. The three themes discovered were loss of independence, lack of preparedness for driving cessation, and benefits of CarFit education. The key role OT practitioners can help play in helping older adults prepare for driving cessation based on findings will be reviewed. Primary Author and Speaker: Megan Edwards Collins
Aspects of Quantum Electrodynamics Compared to the Classical Case: Similarity and Disparity of Quantum and Classical Electromagnetics

In this article, aspects of quantum electromagnetics (QEM) are discussed with a view toward illustrating basic concepts and making some connections with classical EM. The similarities and differences between the mathematical representations as well as the physical interpretations in the quantum and classical cases are reviewed, and a brief discussion of the different objectives and quantities to be measured/computed in quantum and classical regimes is provided. The role of the classical Green function in rigorous, fully quantum electrodynamics (QED) is highlighted, and an example of quantum state evolution in a graphene environment is presented.
A human TSC1 mutation screening platform in GABAergic cortical interneurons for Genotype to Phenotype assessments

Tuberous Sclerosis Complex is a complex syndrome that affects multiple organs and is caused by dysfunction of either the TSC1 or TSC2 genes. One of the least understood features of TSC is the impact of TSC1&2 variants on brain phenotypes, including elevated rates of autism spectrum disorder and seizures. Moreover, while a great deal of work has uncovered how loss of either gene can alter various neural cell types, the impact of many variants in TSC and on these cell types is poorly understood. In particular, missense variants that cause minor changes in the proteins are expected to cause functional changes that differ from a complete loss of the protein. Herein, we examined how some missense variants in TSC1 impacted the development of cortical inhibitory interneurons, a cell type whose molecular, cellular and physiological properties are known to be altered after loss of mouse Tsc1. Importantly, we found that most missense variants complemented phenotypes caused by loss of Tsc1 and resulting in elevated MTOR activity as well as several cell intrinsic physiological properties. However, distinct variants showed deficits in complementing an increase in parvalbumin levels, which is observed after loss of Tsc1 and demonstrated smaller amplitudes of after hyperpolarizations. These data suggest subtle but sensitive phenotypes can be detected by some TSC1 missense variants and provide an in vivo system in which to better assess TSC variants.
Manage Multiple Topologies

When running Heron jobs in a data center, Heron Tracker is a useful tool to monitor multiple jobs’ running states. It queries the Zookeeper to find the running Heron jobs and then queries the topology master of each job. It exposes a RESTful interface and accepts job running state query and metrics query. The metrics query adopts a query language called Metrics Query Language. Heron provides two user-facing tools as the front end for Tracker: Heron UI is a web interface displaying metadata from Tracker, and Heron Explorer is a tool for command-line enthusiasts.
Domination in Chessboards

This chapter contains a survey of results that have been obtained on domination, independent domination, irredundance, and total domination in chessboard graphs, such as queens, kings, bishops, knights, and rooks graphs.
Overdue: Incorporating social justice into the Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education

The Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education was adopted by the ACRL Board in 2016. Many librarians, particularly those interested in critical librarianship and critical information literacy, were disappointed that social justice did not explicitly appear anywhere in the Framework. To be fair, multiple elements of the Information has Value frame describe social justice work, specifically the Knowledge Practice: “understand how and why some individuals or groups of individuals may be underrepresented or systematically marginalized within the systems that produce and disseminate information.”
Ovarian function suppression in premenopausal patients with concurrent endocrine therapy use.

6574Background: The addition of ovarian function suppression (OFS) to endocrine therapy (ET) for premenopausal women with high risk, hormone receptor-positive breast cancer improves disease outcome...
Transfer of Learning: The Missing Ingredient

The achievement scores of the Lebanese students that participated in the international exams such as TIMSS and PISA are unsatisfactory and they are not getting better with time. As a matter of fact, this is the case for many countries in the MENA region. In order to address this challenge, a precursor is to identify the main root causes for such a performance. For this purpose, this study aimed at examining whether a sample of Grade 8 students are able to demonstrate transfer of learning in the context of math and science. The findings showed that the examined students couldn’t answer the questions that require conceptual understanding or higher-order thinking; thus they couldn’t practice transfer of learning. An implication for this study is that transfer of learning is not something that happens by coincidence nor it’s something that can be overlooked.
Intra-atrial Pulmonary Venous Conduit Leak in Criss-Cross Heart: Role of Three-Dimensional Modeling.

Three-dimensional (3D) modeling has become an invaluable tool for operative planning in the continually evolving complex field of adult congenital heart surgery. We present a case of an Intra-atria...
Photon Interaction with Carriers

The optical carrier generation from band-to-band and from defect centers is described. The density of state and the band structure diagram is given for Si. The oscillation strength for transition of a hydrogen atom is tabulated. Photo-ionization cross section measurements are described. Reaction kinetics for these transitions is briefly indicated.
Side-Channel Attacks on Symmetric Encryption Schemes: The Case for Authenticated Encryption

Vaudenay recently demonstrated side-channel attacks on a common encryption scheme, CBC Mode encryption, exploiting a “valid padding” oracle [Vau02]. Mirroring the side-channel attacks of Bleichenbacher [Ble98] and Manger [Man01] on asymmetric schemes, he showed that symmetric encryption methods are just as vulnerable to side-channel weaknesses when an adversary is able to distinguish between valid and invalid ciphertexts. Our paper demonstrates that such attacks are pervasive when the integrity of ciphertexts is not guaranteed. We first review Vaudenday’s attack and give a slightly more efficient version of it. We then generalize the attack in several directions, considering various padding schemes, other symmetric encryption schemes, and other side-channels, demonstrating attacks of various strengths against each. Finally we argue that the best way to prevent all of these attacks is to insist on integrity of ciphertexts [BN00] in addition to semantic security as the “proper” notion of privacy for symmetric encryption schemes.
Error matrices in gas-electron diffraction: I. Effects of systematic errors in intensities

Abstract Electron diffractionists have largely ignored the effect of systematic errors in intensities upon derived molecular parameters. The present investigation proposes a treatment of such errors in terms of certain coefficients characterizing systematic errors which are included as variables interacting with molecular parameters in the information matrix. A simple method is devised to limit coefficient variances to reasonable values. Simple analytical approximations are derived to account for parameter regression slopes. Model systems with poorly resolved internuclear distances are tested. It is found that systematic errors may have a substantial effect, particularly in the case of amplitudes of vibration and the resolution of closely similar internuclear distances. Different types of vibrational averages [ e.g. , r g (0) versus r g (1)] are influenced to different extents. The resolution of internuclear distances is influenced less by systematic errors if the internuclear distances correspond to atomic scattering factors with distinctly different angular dependencies. Investigations in which a knowledge of highly correlated parameters is crucial should include a treatment analogous to that proposed above.
Linking active anchors: a stage in the evolution of hypermedia

With the advent of multimedia technology, hypertext has evolved into hypermedia, in which the elements that are linked together can include animations, video clips, music recordings, and database q...
Cancer patient blogs: How patients, clinicians, and researchers learn from rich narratives of illness

Blogs written by cancer patients can offer deep insights to other patients about what to expect in the course of illness and treatment, can provide information to oncologists and other clinicians about patient experiences outside of appointments, and can increase researcher awareness of treatment effects and alternatives. While many forms of social media and online communities are used by patients, blogs are unique in that they provide a narrative of many aspects of disease and treatment, offering a comprehensive view of the disease experience delivered in installments, often from diagnosis through life as a survivor. However, the impact of patient blogs has been modest thus far because patient blogs are spread across the internet and, with no central repository of patient blogs, opportunities for analysis are limited. Given the life-altering and potentially devastating impact of cancer on people's lives, we seek to develop a tool that will analyze tens of thousands of patient-authored blogs to improve cancer patient care.
Does One Hand Wash the Other? Testing the Managerial Power and Optimal Contracting Hypotheses of Executive Compensation

The recent series of corporate scandals has heated up the executive compensation debate. Those who warn of problems with the current system marshal evidence of structural pressures on directors to comply with executives' desires. They also point to common elements in compensation packages that seem poorly designed to induce managers to run the corporation efficiently. Defenders of the status quo point to apparent correlations between pay and performance, as well as to the increasing number of independent directors. The evidence on both sides is indirect and therefore vulnerable to alternative explanations. The absence of conclusive data in the executive compensation debate is understandable. Direct evidence of boards' cooption would require the unlikeliest of confessions; directors are not apt to admit breaching their fiduciary duties in giving in to their chief executive's pay demands. On the other side of the debate, it is very difficult to prove a negative, that directors do not bend to their CEOs' will in setting managers' pay. This article attempts to fill this evidentiary gap with an empirical test. The article employs a classroom model of the pay-setting process, making it possible to isolate a single variable - here, managerial power - and measure its impact. In this study, executive power had a dramatic impact on compensation, producing salaries that were not only much higher than those under a pure market regime but, in fact, demonstrably excessive. The results support critics of the existing regime and argue for legal changes to reduce chief executives' power over directors.
Simple charring method for determination of lipids

A rapid method is described for charring 5-300 micrograms of lipids (with concentrated sulfuric acid in a test tube) and estimating them with a reproducibility of +/-1%.
Turnover in the Council of the European Union: What It is and Why It Matters†

This article analyzes personnel turnover in the Council of the European Union. It draws upon analysis of an original monthly database of ministers in EU Member States from 2004 to 2012. After surveying the literature on the negative effects of high legislative turnover, descriptive statistics are presented that demonstrate high levels of turnover in the Council as a whole and high levels of turnover across all nine sectoral Council configurations. A statistical model is then proposed that tests whether variations in levels of Council turnover affect the institution's bargaining success vis-a-vis other EU institutions. The finding, consistent with the broader literature's predictions, is that high levels of turnover hurt the Council vis-a-vis the European Parliament and the European Commission. The article concludes with general remarks about the implications of turnover for the Council system and for the EU more broadly.
Models, Statistical Inference and Learning

Statistical inference, or “learning” as it is called in computer science, is the process of using data to infer the distribution that generated the data. A typical statistical inference question is: Given a sample X1,…, Xn~F, how do we infer F?
Localization accuracy from automatic and semi-automatic rigid registration of locally-advanced lung cancer targets during image-guided radiation therapy

Purpose: To evaluate localization accuracy resulting from rigid registration of locally-advanced lung cancer targets using fully automatic and semi-automatic protocols for image-guided radiation therapy. Methods: Seventeen lung cancer patients, fourteen also presenting with involved lymph nodes, received computed tomography (CT) scans once per week throughout treatment under active breathing control. A physician contoured both lung and lymph node targets for all weekly scans. Various automatic and semi-automatic rigid registration techniques were then performed for both individual and simultaneous alignments of the primary gross tumor volume (GTV{sub P}) and involved lymph nodes (GTV{sub LN}) to simulate the localization process in image-guided radiation therapy. Techniques included ''standard'' (direct registration of weekly images to a planning CT), ''seeded'' (manual prealignment of targets to guide standard registration), ''transitive-based'' (alignment of pretreatment and planning CTs through one or more intermediate images), and ''rereferenced'' (designation of a new reference image for registration). Localization error (LE) was assessed as the residual centroid and border distances between targets from planning and weekly CTs after registration. Results: Initial bony alignment resulted in centroid LE of 7.3 {+-} 5.4 mm and 5.4 {+-} 3.4 mm for the GTV{sub P} and GTV{sub LN}, respectively. Compared to bony alignment, transitive-based and seededmore » registrations significantly reduced GTV{sub P} centroid LE to 4.7 {+-} 3.7 mm (p = 0.011) and 4.3 {+-} 2.5 mm (p < 1 x 10{sup -3}), respectively, but the smallest GTV{sub P} LE of 2.4 {+-} 2.1 mm was provided by rereferenced registration (p < 1 x 10{sup -6}). Standard registration significantly reduced GTV{sub LN} centroid LE to 3.2 {+-} 2.5 mm (p < 1 x 10{sup -3}) compared to bony alignment, with little additional gain offered by the other registration techniques. For simultaneous target alignment, centroid LE as low as 3.9 {+-} 2.7 mm and 3.8 {+-} 2.3 mm were achieved for the GTV{sub P} and GTV{sub LN}, respectively, using rereferenced registration. Conclusions: Target shape, volume, and configuration changes during radiation therapy limited the accuracy of standard rigid registration for image-guided localization in locally-advanced lung cancer. Significant error reductions were possible using other rigid registration techniques, with LE approaching the lower limit imposed by interfraction target variability throughout treatment.« less
Studies of terminal differentiation of electrolyte transport in the renal proximal tubule using short-term primary cultures

There are several lines of indirect evidence suggesting that the renal tubule cells have not yet reached terminal differentiation at birth. Methods used in cell biology can now be applied to study renal ontogeny. This review describes how primary cultures of proximal tubule cells from rats can be used to investigate developmental changes in Na permeability and Na-K-ATPase-mediated transport.
Anton Tedesko and the Introduction of Thin Shell Concrete Roofs in the United States

A myth exists that engineering is only that which can be calculated. There may be a certain beauty in analysis, but it may well not be connected with reality. Qualitative judgment, based on experience is important, even when it cannot be expressed in exact numbers (Tedesko 1990). Such comments were typical of Tedesko’s later career, when he discussed structural failures resulting from overdependence on analysis and lack of sound engineering judgment (Schlaich 1993). Tedesko’s convictions about the proper balance between detailed analysis and qualitative judgement had been heavily influenced by his work in bringing German thin shell concrete roof technology to the United States in the 1930s (Billington 1982). After nearly 2 decades of thin shell concrete roof construction in the United States under Tedesko’s leadership, American engineers eventually devoted significant attention to the complex differential equations developed by Tedesko’s German colleagues at the design and construction firm Dyckerhoff and Widmann A.-G. in Wiesbaden-Biebrich. Such attention was exemplified in the 1952 publication of ASCE’s Manual 31 (ASCE 1952). However, recent archival research coupled with studies of Tedesko’s own work in the United States and his innovations in thin shell concrete roof construction show that he relied more heavily on close cooperation with contractors and extensive structural testing than on the application of such complex analysis. These studies also reveal that it was not the German technology itself but rather Tedesko’s approach to this technology that ensured the success of American thin shells. Tedesko once stated, “Shells in [the United States] were never copies of designs used abroad (Tedesko 1970, p. 2). Although Tedesko initially built thin shell concrete roofs under the mystique of German patents, he did not apply these patents in his actual work. The German shells were important in the United States only in that they proved the feasibility of such work and provided Tedesko with valuable test data. While promoting thin shells in the United States using images of German designs, he redeveloped thin concrete shell technology to work with American construction practices. The necessity for such redevelopment reflected the fact that these structures
Simpson's Paradox in Real Life

(1982). Simpson's Paradox in Real Life. The American Statistician: Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 46-48.
Melt segregation from partially molten source regions: The importance of melt density and source region size

The compressibility of basic melt at 1 atmosphere is about an order of magnitude higher than that of mantle minerals. Consequently, the density contrast between melt and the principal residual crystals in mantle source regions is expected to decrease with increasing source region depth. The increasingly olivine-normative character of primary melts produced at greater depths is also expected to result in a decrease in this density contrast with increasing source region depth. Once vertical permeability is established by melt generated during partial melting, buoyancy-driven melt percolation can under some circumstances segregate melt from the residual crystals in its source region on a geologically rapid time scale. Limits to this process are provided by cooling of the source region (freezing melt in) and rigidity of the crystalline matrix (mechanically trapping melt). Source region size influences these limits strongly: consequently, small, partially molten diapirs (∼km in diameter) may be able to trap large melt fractions (≳30%), but larger source regions would be unable to do so. The reduction in density contrast with pressure reduces the buoyant force driving melt percolation and provides another limit to melt segregation. Diapirs at depth may thus stably contain large fractions of melt but may decompress and unload their melt during ascent; this effect would be enhanced in small diapirs and may be relevant to the genesis of komatiitic magma. Melt compression may also be a factor in explaining why the very different maximum depths inferred for typical basic melt segregation from source regions on different planets—∼500 km on the moon, ∼250 km on Mars, ∼100 km on earth—correspond to similar pressures (25–35 kbar); at greater pressures, melt may no longer be capable under ordinary conditions of segregating upwards by buoyancy. This may also help to explain why depleted peridotites overlie more fertile peridotites and how deep regions of the mantle are able to remain fertile over geologic time.
Photoionization of silicate glasses exposed to IR femtosecond pulses

Photoionization of alkali-silicate, boro-silicate, lead-silicate and photosensitive multi-component silicate glasses has been studied under exposure to infrared femtosecond laser pulses at irradiance below the thresholds of laser-induced damage and catastrophic self-focusing. It is proved that the supercontinuum that is generated in all glasses studied as a result of the femtosecond laser pulses spectral broadening extends up to the short-wavelength part of the ultraviolet region of spectrum even if the glass is opaque in this region. It is shown that photoionization results from absorption of the short-wavelength component of this supercontinuum generated by infrared radiation. This ionization leads to the color center formation and luminescence in the bulk of glasses studied. Photoionization of photosensitive multi-component glasses leads to the creation of latent image and to the refractive index changing in exposed area after thermodevelopment. Fused silica exhibits the same spectral broadening too but color center formation in the visible was not recorded at irradiance up to the laser damage threshold.
Crystal Structure of (Fluorosulfonyl)fluoroacetic Acid: A Novel Four-Center Hydrogen-Bond System Involving a C−H Donor

The crystal structure of FSO2CFHCOOH has been determined by a single-crystal X-ray study. The crystals are monoclinic, of space group P21/c, and have the following cell parameters: a = 5.0164(6) A, b = 9.658(2) A, c = 11.061(2) A, β = 90.54(1)°, Z = 4. The carboxyl groups of the molecules form the usual hydrogen-bonded, centrosymmetric dimers, but each molecule also interacts with three other neighboring molecules by hydrogen bonds from the methine hydrogen to two sulfonyl oxygens and to a carbonyl oxygen, making a four-center system. The extensive network of hydrogen bonding in this material appears to be responsible for its existence as a solid. This material has also been characterized by 1H, 13C, and 19F NMR, IR, and mass spectroscopy.
Buckling of an internally hinged column with an elastic support

The buckling behavior of a column with a weakening hinge but strengthened with a spring support is analyzed. The characteristic equations are found exactly for six different combinations of end conditions. Optimum locations of the hinge for maximum strength are determined. In some cases there exists a minimum spring stiffness which is adequate for maximum buckling load.
Sources for the History of World War II

The student of World War II, even if he confines his study to a limited period or a narrow aspect of the purely military side of the war, is confronted with an enormous body of records and an imposing array of published works and official documents. The testimony, exhibits, and other data assembled by the Joint Congressional Committee investigating the Pearl Harbor attack, for example, filled 39 thick volumes; the published record of the Nurnberg Trials, 56 volumes. For the World War II years alone, the Army, it has been estimated, retained more than 17,000 tons of records, and also possesses an undetermined but large quantity of prewar records essential to an understanding of the wartime period. When to this total is added the extant records of the Navy, the Air Force, and the Marine Corps, the result is a truly staggering mass of paper calculated to dismay rather than hearten the historian.
Effects of triiodothyronine and propylthiouracil on regeneration of catecholaminergic nerve terminals in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus of the adult rat

Effects of triiodothyronine and the antithyroid drug, propylthiouracil, on regeneration of catecholaminergic nerve terminals in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus of adult rats were studied. Lesions were produced by 6-hydroxydopamine neurotoxin and then the animals were treated with triiodothyronine or propylthiouracil inducing hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, respectively, as determined by radioimmunoassay. Although catecholaminergic varicosities increased with time in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus of rats after lesion, fluorescent microscopic quantitation showed no statistical difference in their number between rats treated with triiodothyronine and the vehicle for as long as 56 days. Furthermore, electron microscopic quantitation at 56 days postlesion showed no significant difference between the triiodothyronine-treated and control rats in terms of the density, proportion, size, types of synapses, and synaptic frequency of catecholaminergic nerve terminals. There were growth cones in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, suggesting growth activity after lesion. However, we found that exogenous administration of large doses of triiodothyronine at 25 micrograms/kg had little effect on the enhancement of regeneration of central catecholaminergic terminals after their destruction by 6-hydroxydopamine.
Precision Terror: Suicide Bombing as Control Technology

Suicide bombing can be understood as a technology that successfully integrates people, cultures, and hardware into precise, intelligent, lethal weapons systems. Lacking access to the sophisticated electronic guidance systems of their enemies, terrorists have developed a cost-effective alternative technology by using social and cultural pressure to convert human beings into guidance systems for terrorist ordnance. This demonstrates that while terrorists tend to be imitative in their technologies, they can still be effective and difficult to predict. A significant implication that arises from this discussion is that the American tendency to assume that “high-tech” devices will automatically confer an advantage on the United States in the struggle against terrorism should be reconsidered.
Activation of chloroplast ATPase by reduced thioredoxin

Abstract Chloroplast thioredoxin that is reduced by dithiothreitol activates the ATPase that is associated with solubilized preparations of chloroplast coupling factor (CF1).
Acute effects of marijuana smoke on complex operant behavior in rhesus monkeys.

Abstract The acute behavioral effects of marijuana smoke were assessed in rhesus monkeys using a battery of food-reinforced complex operant tasks that included incremental repeated acquisition (IRA, n=9), conditioned position responding (CPR, n=8), progressive ratio (PR, n=8), delayed matching to sample (DMTS, n=6), and temporal response differentiation responding (TRD, n=3). Marijuana or placebo smoke was delivered by a specialized face mask 15-min before sessions at exposure levels of 1, 5, 10, and 15 puffs (35cc/puff) or one cigarette smoked to a butt length of approximately 10 mm (approximately 20 puffs). Marijuana smoke caused significant disruptions of performance in all tests except PR after exposure to 10 or more puffs. Generally, response rates decreased or latencies to respond increased. Performance in the PR test was not consistently affected by marijuana exposure. Accuracy of responding was not altered by marijuana smoke at doses lower than those that decreased response rates in the IRA or CPR tests. In the three animals performing under all five schedules, the relative sensitivities for detecting marijuana behavioral effects were DMTS = TRD > IRA = CPR > PR. These results suggest that performance under operant schedules that are thought to represent some aspect of time perception, short-term memory, learning, motivation, and position discrimination show differential sensitivity to disruption by marijuana smoke, a finding similar to that noted previously for iv THC administration.
The evaluation of the homeless families program: Challenges in implementing a nine‐city evaluation

Two major components of the evaluation of The Robert Wood Johnson Homeless Families Program are reviewed.
Effect of ozone cleaning on Pt/Au and W/Pt/Au Schottky contacts to n-type ZnO

Abstract The role of UV ozone cleaning on the characteristics of Pt contacts on n-type ( n ∼10 17 cm −3 ) bulk single-crystal zinc oxide (ZnO) is reported. The contacts are Ohmic for samples that were not exposed to ozone prior to Pt deposition, but exhibit excellent rectifying behavior with ozone cleaning. The barrier height of these contacts obtained from current–voltage measurements was 0.70±0.04 eV at 25 °C with an ideality factor of 1.49 and a saturation current density of 6.17×10 −6 A cm −2 . There is a significant decrease in surface carbon concentration after the ozone cleaning (29.5 at.% down to 5.8 at.%, as determined from Auger electron spectroscopy). The measured barrier height for Pt on ZnO is similar to the value reported for both Au and Ag rectifying contacts on this material. By sharp contrast, sputter-deposited W contacts are Ohmic, independent of the use of ozone cleaning and become rectifying after 700 °C annealing to repair sputter-induced damage. The barrier height is ∼0.45–0.49 eV, with the ozone cleaning producing values at the high end of this range.
Exercise-induced bronchospasm: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and therapy.

Exercise induced bronchospasm (EIB) is a common clinical problem seen in most individuals with chronic asthma and in nearly half the allergic population. Bronchospasm is typically present 5–15 min after cessation of activity, with spontaneous resolution usually occurring within 20–60 min. The stimulus for EIB is apparently a combination of airway cooling and drying, which results in pulmonary mast cell mediator release. Bronchospasm is generally more severe if there is greater baseline bronchial hyper-reactivity or higher intensity of exercise. The treatment of choice for EIB is preexercise administration of a beta-adrenergic agonist. Other useful therapies may include cromolyn, theophylline, calcium channel blockers, anticholinergics, and antihistamines. The crucial step for clinicians caring for these patients is making the diagnosis of EIB. The condition responds well to therapy, and treatment may allow for greater enjoyment of activity and enhanced athletic performance.
The importance of nursing homes in the spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among hospitals.

Background Hospital infection control strategies and programs may not consider control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in nursing homes in a county.
Mentoring empowers gifted/Learning disabled students to soar!

The Wings Mentor Program, established by the Division of Accelerated and Enriched Instruction of Maryland's Montgomery County Public Schools, was developed to provide additional support to students with gifts who also have learning disabilities (GAD) and highly able students who were not succeeding in the classroom. Students realize their creative and intellectual potential when paired with mentors who nurture them by increasing their knowledge and skills in an area of interest. The mentors, who have a background in education and/or experience working with children, are carefully screened and selected based on their knowledge in a specific field, and their ability to share their skills with young people. Mentors communicate with the classroom teachers so that the successful strategies can be transferred and applied to the classroom setting. The article includes an analysis of the program's components, the mentor/student/teacher partnership, and training practices.
Nonlinear static behavior of a cantilever subjected to an inclined follower force

The nonlinear static behavior of a linearly elastic cantilever subjected to a nonconservative force of the follower type is formulated and examined. The formulation allows for finite rotations with small strains (the elastica). Exact solutions are found. The investigation is greatly facilitated by means of a phase plane analysis in which the phase plane variables are related to slope angle and bending moment. Some of the interesting and unusual effects occurring in this system are discussed and illustrated with a set of deflection curves for a typical case.
Effects of Stocking Density on Growth, Survival, and Stress Physiology of Pigfish

AbstractStocking density is an important consideration in the intensive commercial production of fishes. Decreased growth and survival may result from overcrowding in the culture environment, while understocking may lead to inefficient use of resources. The Pigfish Orthopristis chrysoptera is a marine baitfish species with great potential for commercial production in the southeastern United States. To date, no studies have assessed the effect of culture density on Pigfish in recirculating aquaculture systems. Thus, we conducted two experiments to evaluate the effect of stocking density on Pigfish growth, survival, and stress physiology. The small-scale trial included three densities—0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 fish/L (0.94, 2.82, and 4.70 kg/m3)—evaluated over the course of a 65-d growth period. The large-scale experiment encompassed four lower stocking densities—0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 fish/L (0.10, 0.19, 0.38, and 0.76 kg/m3)—investigated over a 50-d growth period. Growth, survival, specific growth rate, and feed...
Meteoritic abundance of ruthenium

Abstract The ruthenium content of fifteen chondrites, (all "finds") averaged 1·0 p.p.m., with a range from 0·7 to 1·3 p.p.m. The metal phase of chondrites contains, on the average, 4-5 p.p.m. Ru, and the troilite phase a similar amount. Ruthenium varies widely in iron meteorites, the range of seventeen extending from less than 1 p.p.m. to 15 p.p.m., with an average of approximately 7 p.p.m. Ruthenium tends to vary inversely with nickel, (and palladium) in irons. There seems to be a relation between the ruthenium content and the structure of iron meteorites.