cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 2806: A phase Ia/Ib trial of chemotherapy followed by infusions of activated T cells armed with OKT3 x trastuzumab bispecific antibody, IL-2 and GM-CSF for stage II/ III, Her2+ or Her2- high risk breast cancer (more than 10+ nodes)

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Background: Anti-CD3 x anti-HER2Bi bispecific antibody (HER2Bi) targeted monoclonal antibody (mAb) activated T cells (ATC) exhibit anti-HER2 cytotoxicity, proliferate, and secrete immunokines upon tumor engagement. This study reports a phase I immunotherapy trial in 9 women with locally advanced breast cancer consisting of infusions of HER2Bi armed ATC (aATC) in combination with interleukin 2 (IL-2) and granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to evaluate safety, feasibility, time to progression (TTP), overall survival (OS), T cell trafficking, and immune responses. Methods: ATC were produced by stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained by leukapheresis with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody and expanding the ATC in IL-2. ATC were harvested, armed with HER2Bi and cryopreserved in aliqouts. Groups of 3 patients received 20, 40, 80 or 160 x 109 aATC per infusion twice a week for four weeks(Table 1). Results: Eight of 9 patients were ER positive, 2 of 9 were Her 2 overexpressing tumors. The median OS for all patients was 103.5 months (14.3 to 134.7months). Six of 9 patients are alive. Four out of the six patients have no evidence of disease and 2 patients relapsed (one at 77.27 months and the other at 104.67months). It was feasible to grow up to 160 x 109 ATC and both patients assigned to this dose level were able to reach it. There were no cell-based dose limiting toxicities. aATC persisted in the blood for at least a week. aATC infusions induce cellular anti-tumor responses and cytokine responses. Interpretation: Targeting Her2 positive and negative tumors induced cytotoxic anti-tumor responses, increases in Th1 cytokines and IL-12 serum levels, clinical responses that suggest aATC infusions provided a survival benefit. These results are being confirmed in a phase II trial for metastatic breast cancer. View this table: Table 1 Citation Format: Deepa B. Jagtap, Ritesh Rathore, Archana Thakur, Gerald Colvin, Nicola Kouttab, Abby Maizel, Abhinav Deol, Lawrence G. Lum. A phase Ia/Ib trial of chemotherapy followed by infusions of activated T cells armed with OKT3 x trastuzumab bispecific antibody, IL-2 and GM-CSF for stage II/ III, Her2+ or Her2- high risk breast cancer (more than 10+ nodes). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2806. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2806
Formation flying mission for the UW Dawgstar satellite

An overview of a small satellite (<15 kg) being designed and built by the University of Washington for multiple small satellite formation flying is presented. The Dawgstar nanosatellite is one of three satellites being built for a three satellite formation experiment termed ION-F, and is unique in its propulsive capability. The satellites will also utilize an integrated GPS/cross-link system to allow fast and accurate update of relative satellite positions. The three satellites are each a part of the AFRL/DARPA/NASA University Nanosatellite program, which addresses building unique small satellites and developing coordination experiments for space. The satellites are being designed for a Space Shuttle launch in January 2002.
SODIUM TRANSPORT IN THE KIDNEY AND PLACENTA IN NORMAL PREGNANCY AND IN EXPERIMENTAL TOXEMIA

Abstract Under aerobic conditions, the steady state of sodium exchange has been measured with Na 24 in slices of rat kidney cortex and placenta. In the steady state the total time of incubation was 60 minutes during which the O 2 uptake was determined. At different time intervals samples of the medium and tissues were taken for measurement of Na by flame photometry and radioactivity. Tissues from nonpregnant and pregnant rats (14 to 20 days' gestation) fed a normal pellet diet were the controls. The results were compared with data obtained from pregnant and nonpregnant rats fed a vitamin E-deficient diet containing toxic fractions of oxidized cod liver oil. A steady increase of exchange up to the eighteenth day of gestation which then dropped to nonpregnant values was observed in kidney cortical tissue of normal pregnant rats. The renal tissue from animals on the toxemic diet showed a similar pattern, but they were slightly higher. In comparison, the Na of placental tissue from normal pregnant rats exchanged without variations during the whole gestation at about 100 per cent, and the placental tissue from rats on the special diet revealed wide distribution of the exchange rate curves. The QO 2 indicated partial respiration dependency of the electrolyte transport variations only at the end of gestation. The results are compared with the rates of exchange of K, and the possible mechanisms by which the diet interferes with the exchange rates are discussed.
FXR as a Drug Target to Treat Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis

Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis (PFIC) is a condition that results in the cirrhosis of the liver and eventually liver failure due to impaired bile flow. If left untreated and even if treated, PFIC will result usually in an early death. While the causes of this disease vary, all types present with a similar symptoms and eventual prognosis. There are four main proposed subtypes of intrahepatic cholestasis: disorders of membrane transport and secretion, disorders of bile acid biosynthesis and conjugation, disorders of embryogenesis and lastly, an unclassified group. The careful maintenance of bile salt homeostasis is crucial to the metabolism of fats and normal liver function. These genes are involved with the regulation and transport of bile from hepatocytes into the gallbladder and eventually to the ileum of the small intestines. Because maintenance of symptoms can be regulated to improve longevity and quality of life, it is important to further elucidate the mechanisms that lead to cholestasis. By understanding these mechanisms we can hope to develop treatments that target specifically the precursors and downstream effectors in the previously indicated genes. With early detection of PFIC, there is an opportunity for therapy, however the current pharmacologic opportunities are few and have a low efficacy. Therefore there is much need for a stronger and more selective treatment that can be directed to the cause of PFIC instead of its symptoms. I postulate that FXR is a good target because of its advantageous position as a transcription factor.
FDG PET evaluation of solitary plasmacytoma

2715 Objectives Patients diagnosed with a solitary plasmacytoma can actually have multiple myeloma (MM). The purpose of this study is to measure how often patients presenting with a plasmacytoma have multiple lesions found on a PET/CT scan, quantify how active plasmacytomas are compared to normal tissues and evaluate whether high activity predicts multiple lesions. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of patients undergoing a PET/CT scan for the indication of a solitary plasmacytoma between 1995- 2011. The report and PET/CT scan was reviewed to determine whether a solitary plasmacytoma or MM was present. A standard uptake value (SUV) was measured for the solitary plasmacytoma and analyzed for correlation to the MM diagnosis. The SUV of the liver was also tabulated. Results This study identified 28 patients (19 males; 9 females) with a mean age of 58.7 years (range 24-77). A solitary plasmacytoma was found in 18 patients where the remainder of the PET/CT was negative. In 10 patients (35.7%) multiple lesions were found leading to the diagnosis of MM. The solitary plasmacytoma maximum SUVs varied over a wide range from 3.0 to 28.4 (mean 8.24 ± 6.11). The plasmacytomas were consistently more active than the patient’s liver (mean 2.94 ± 0.50).). There was no correlation between the plasmacytoma SUV and the presence of multiple PET/CT lesions indicative of MM (p=0.85). Conclusions Over one third of patients presenting with a solitary plasmacytoma have MM identified on PET/CT. The presence of high FDG uptake in the plasmacytoma does not predict the diagnosis of MM
Constitutive model used in computer simulation of time-resolved, shock-wave data

Abstract We have designed a constitutive model for use with high-speed, hydrodynamic computer codes. The model, valid at high-deformation rates, accounts for pressure and temperature dependence of the yield strength and shear modulus, work hardening, pressure-dependent melting, Bauschinger and strain-rate effects, and spall. There are a minimum number of parameters needed to implement the model, and most can be determined without recourse to shock-wave data. At Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, we assembled a library of these material properties for 44 metals, alloys, mixtures, and compounds. Shock and release data from plate-impact experiments for Be, U, Ta, Cu, 1100-0, and 6061-T6 Al, with peak stresses from 6.4 to 230 GPa, are successfully compared against calculations.
Private and Public Dilemmas: Rawls on the Family

This article, contrary to many feminist interpretations, argues that Rawls's work reflects not a patriarchal inability to address coercive family structures, but a deep understanding of the role of family life in expressing diversity, individual goods, and liberty. Moreover, his later espousal of a political liberalism founded on fairness and cooperation signifies not a shift toward toleration of either patriarchy or oppression in the family. Rather, by understanding the relationship between the political and the comprehensive as porous, and as neither dichotomous nor distinctly separate realms, Rawls proposes an effective strategy for combating oppression in the family while protecting comprehensive ends from political oppression. Ultimately, his paradigm accounts for the actual and the potential practices, and for the coercive and the voluntary aspects, of family life. He thus pushes “the limits of the possible.”
Perspectives of women whose sons become adolescent fathers.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe adolescent fatherhood from the perspectives of these young men's mothers. Design: A descriptive qualitative design was chosen because of the exploratory nature of this study. Methods: Data collection and analysis were guided by naturalistic inquiry that permits theory to emerge from the data. The data were collected during a 1-hour focus group interview performed at a public high school located proximal to a large public housing project in a large Midwestern city. Five mothers of adolescent fathers were recruited from a variety of sources using a modified snowball approach. Results: The seven major themes that emerged from the data were: barriers to fatherhood, value of fatherhood, transition to fatherhood, competencies of fatherhood, role-set relationships, social norms of fatherhood, and father-child contact. These women indicated that they felt their sons' youth influenced every aspect of the fatherhood experiences. Clinical implications: Nurses who work with adolescent parents are ideally situated to encourage the support of adolescent fathers and their families. Future research should identify methods useful for supporting or discouraging paternal involvement of adolescent fathers, and effective intervention strategies for adolescent fathers and their families.
The CUSP ΔNp63α isoform of human p63 is downregulated by solar-simulated ultraviolet radiation

Background: In normal human keratinocytes, a p53-like protein, ΔNp63α, also known as CUSP, is constitutively and abundantly expressed. The significant constitutive expression of ΔNp63α in stratified epithelium has been proposed to maintain the proliferative capacity of basal cells, blocking the consequences of inappropriate p53 activation. Objective: To determine the response of keratinocyte ΔNp63α to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), a stimulus for p53 activation. Methods: Cultured normal human keratinocytes were exposed to graded doses of solar-simulated UVR. The expression of ΔNp63α protein and mRNA were measured with Western and Northern blotting. Normal mouse skin was exposed to UVR, and ΔNp63α expression assessed with immunohistochemistry. Results: Increasing doses of UVR virtually shut off ΔNp63α protein and mRNA expression in cultured normal human keratinocytes and in normal mouse skin in vivo. Conclusion: This study supports the hypothesis that in situations where p53 activation is desirable, as with DNA-damaging UVR, ΔNp63α downregulation occurs and may possibly allow for better target gene transcription by p53.
Splenomegaly and other hematological parameters in the socially dominant mouse

Within a social dominance hierarchy, subordinate mice show hematological changes such as increased erythropoiesis and splenomegaly. The present experiment demonstrates similar findings for the unwounded dominant mouse. In addition, total serum protein, serum albumin and plasma fibrinogen were measured. Male DBA/2j mice were placed into social triads for three 24 hr periods. The resultant dominant and subordinate mice were compared with isolated control mice. Splenomegaly, thymus involution, decreased hematocrit, and increased fibrinogen levels were found in dominant mice. Subordinate mice demonstrated the same changes to a greater extent, as well as an increased reticulocyte count. Only dominant mice showed a reduction in total serum protein. Wounding-independent processes must be involved in these cellular and non-cellular hematological effects of psychosocial stress.
Taxis toward hydrogen gas by Methanococcus maripaludis

Knowledge of taxis (directed swimming) in the Archaea is currently expanding through identification of novel receptors, effectors, and proteins involved in signal transduction to the flagellar motor. Although the ability for biological cells to sense and swim toward hydrogen gas has been hypothesized for many years, this capacity has yet to be observed and demonstrated. Here we show that the average swimming velocity increases in the direction of a source of hydrogen gas for the methanogen, Methanococcus maripaludis using a capillary assay with anoxic gas-phase control and time-lapse microscopy. The results indicate that a methanogen couples motility to hydrogen concentration sensing and is the first direct observation of hydrogenotaxis in any domain of life. Hydrogenotaxis represents a strategy that would impart a competitive advantage to motile microorganisms that compete for hydrogen gas and would impact the C, S and N cycles.
Calcium Dynamics of Spines Depend on Their Dendritic Location

Dendritic spines are morphologically and functionally heterogeneous. To understand this diversity, we use two-photon imaging of layer 5 neocortical pyramidal cells and measure action potential-evoked [Ca(2+)]i transients in spines. Spine calcium kinetics are controlled by (i) the diameter of the parent dendrite, (ii) the length of the spine neck, and (iii) the strength of spine calcium pumps. These factors produce different calcium dynamics in spines from basal, proximal apical, and distal apical dendrites, differences that are more pronounced without exogenous buffers. In proximal and distal apical dendrites, different calcium dynamics correlate with different susceptibility to synaptic depression, and modifying calcium kinetics in spines changes the expression of long-term depression. Thus, the spine location apparently determines its calcium dynamics and synaptic plasticity. Our results highlight the precision in design of neocortical neurons.
The organization of midbrain projections to the ventral striatum in the primate

Abstract Because the dopaminergic neurons of the midbrain form a continuum, boundaries between the ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra pars compacta, and retrorubral area are difficult to distinguish in the primate. Therefore, dopaminergic neurons have been subdivided into more readily discernible dorsal and ventral tiers. The projections from these dorsal and ventral tier neurons of the ventral mesencephalon to the ventral striatum were labeled by injections of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheatgerm agglutinin and Lucifer Yellow conjugated to dextran amines into different regions of the nucleus accumbens, the ventral caudate nucleus, and the rostral, ventral putamen in the primate. Neurons projecting to the ventral striatum are not topographically organized in the ventral mesencephalon. Retrogradely labeled neurons are found in the medial densocellular zone of the ventral tier following injections into all regions of the ventral striatum except the ventromedial shell region of the nucleus accumbens. These medial nigral neurons have diverging projections throughout the mediolateral extent of the ventral striatum. In addition, neurons of the dorsal tier project to all ventral striatal regions examined. Notably, neurons projecting to the shell region of the nucleus accumbens are limited to the dorsal tier, throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the substantia nigra. Both dorsal and ventral tier neurons innervate the ventral striatum. Not only do neurons of the ventral tegmental area project to the ventral striatum, but also many of the pars compacta. The projections to the shell region of the nucleus accumbens are more restricted, suggesting that the dopaminergic regulation of this accumbens subterritory is distinct from the rest of the ventral striatum.
Impacts of Learning Interventions on Organizational Human Capital and Performance

The current research examined the structural relationship between organizational investments in employee development and career development interventions, organizational human capital, and organizational long-term performance in the Korean business context. Four research questions were examined using the survey data with 469 sample corporations from the Human Capital Corporate Panel (HCCP) 2009 data set (the data set collected and shared for research purposes in Korea). The statistical strategies included measurement testing and examination of the predictive and mediating relationships between the variables, followed by the effect size comparison. The results of the statistical analyses indicated that the positive impacts of employee and career development interventions on organizational process and customer competencies are fully mediated by improved organizational human capital. That is, no statistically significant relationship between the learning interventions and organizational long-term performance was established without the critical mediating role of human capital. Based on the empirical findings, this research suggested implications for practice and recommendations for future research.
Optimal gate-matrix layout of CMOS functional cells

Abstract An optimal algorithm for layout of CMOS functional cells, in the gate-matrix style, is proposed. A novel simultaneous graph partitioning technique, which facilitates concurrent partitioning of the p-part and n-part of a CMOS cell, is introduced. The proposed algorithm lays out a given cell with n gates in O(log n) rows, and runs in O(n log n) time. Optimality of this bound is established by proving that there are instances of the problem that require ω(log n) rows. The algorithm has been implemented and experimental results are included.
Measurement at different temperatures of absolute intensities, line half-widths, and broadening by Ar and N2 for the 30 0 1 II--00 0 0 band of CO2

Vibration-rotation line intensities, self-broadening coefficients, and foreign-gas-broadening (Ar and N2) coefficients were measured at 197, 233, and 294 K for the 30 0 1 II--00 0 0 band of CO2 at 6348/cm. Values for the total band intensity, purely vibrational transition moment, and vibration-rotation interaction factor were deduced from the measurements.
Prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies and risk of subsequent adverse obstetric outcomes in women with prior pregnancy loss.

Abstract The reported prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies in women with a chief complaint of pregnancy loss varies, as does the risk of adverse outcomes in subsequent pregnancies. Our objectives were to assess the prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies meeting revised Sapporo thresholds among women presenting with a chief complaint of pregnancy loss and risks in subsequent pregnancies for these women. We examined a retrospective cohort of patients presenting with a chief complaint of pregnancy loss between 2003 and 2012. Antiphospholipid antibodies were assessed at the providers’ discretion, and patients were considered positive if they met the revised Sapporo criteria. Patient data were obtained by review of the medical records. 338/390 women (86.7%) presented with a chief complaint of pregnancy loss and had testing for antiphospholipid antibodies. 19/338 women (5.6%) persistently tested positive for at least one antiphospholipid antibody. Seven women who tested positive had isolated recurrent early pregnancy loss ≤10 weeks, and 12 women who tested positive had venous thromboembolism (VTE), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), delivery 10 weeks. Subsequent pregnancy outcomes were available for 13 patients. Compared with women with recurrent early pregnancy loss alone, subsequent obstetric morbidity was significantly more likely in those patients with a history of SLE and/or VTE (p = 0.048). We conclude that the prevalence of positive antiphospholipid antibodies in women with a chief complaint of pregnancy loss and without autoimmune disease or prior thrombosis is low and that among these women, subsequent pregnancy outcomes are largely favorable.
Computational binding studies of human pp60c-src SH2 domain with a series of nonpeptide, phosphophenyl-containing ligands

Monte Carlo/free energy perturbation (MC/FEP) simulations were performed on a series of nonpeptide ligands of the human pp60c-src SH2 domain in order to calculate relative free energies of binding for each compound and to understand the structural requirements for high affinity binding. The amido compound, exhibiting the highest experimental affinity, takes advantage of an interaction with a previously unobserved structural water.
Method for imposing boundary conditions on Reissner–Mindlin plates for analysis using structured background mesh

Elements in a conforming mesh are often distorted to fit the geometry which can cause numerical errors. If a background mesh is used for analysis, the elements can be regular shaped. The geometry must be represented independently using equations and implicit boundary method can be used to enforce essential boundary conditions. In this paper, this approach is extended to traditional Reissner–Mindlin plate elements that use mixed interpolation to avoid shear locking. The convergence of plate elements that use implicit boundary approach and a background mesh is studied in this paper using several benchmark problems to test their validity and robustness.
The Spectral Emissivity and Total Emissivity of Beryllium Oxide

A method has been devised for the measurement of spectral and total emissivities of nonmetallic surfaces at high temperatures. The maximum temperature for spectral emissivity measurements is about 1700\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. With an extrapolation of spectral emissivity values it is possible to obtain experimental values for total emissivities at even higher temperatures. This method has been applied in the measurement of the emissivities of polished surfaces of three types of commercially prepared beryllia. Ceramic firing of hot-pressed beryllia was found to have very little, if any, effect on the spectral or total emissivity of a surface formed by polishing the final material. The impurity present in dark samples and/or the larger crystal size increases both the spectral and total emissivity by a factor of about two.
HIV‐1 Vpu inhibits accumulation of the envelope glycoprotein within clathrin‐coated, Gag‐containing endosomes

Summary Several viruses encode ion channels that both modulate the trafficking of envelope glycoprotein(s) and stimulate the release of virions from cells. HIV-1 Vpu enhances virion release and inhibits the endosomal accumulation of the viral structural protein Gag. We investigated whether Vpu affects the subcellular distribution of Env as well as Gag. Env and Vpu colocalized with each other, in part within the trans-Golgi network. In the absence of Vpu, Env accumulated more extensively within clathrin-coated endosomal structures. These structures had several features consistent with an endosomal viral assembly domain: they contained Gag, including proteolytically processed viral matrix protein; the tetraspanins CD63 and CD81; the adaptor protein complex AP-3; and AIP1/ALIX, a cellular cofactor for viral budding. These endosomes labelled incompletely with Env derived from the cell surface, suggesting that some Env reaches this compartment without transiting the plasma membrane. Consistent with this, endosomal accumulation of Env was not blocked by dominant-negative Eps15, an inhibitor of AP-2-mediated endocytosis. Although these data are potentially explained by greater endocytosis of mature virions in the absence of Vpu, they also raise the possibility that Vpu inhibits the transport of Env and Gag to late endosomes, leading to viral assembly at the plasma membrane.
Cross-reality Services for 3D Virtual Environments

In this paper we present results on the design and testing of new middleware services for cross-reality data/insight transfer between the real-world and 3D virtual environments. We highlight the architecture that is used along with the implementation of a cyberinfrastructure toolbox containing a set of tools in a virtual environment. The toolbox itself uses a service-oriented architecture to implement a variety of services - such as Location Service, Social Tagging Service, Interaction with real-world compute resources, and real-time cross-reality sensor data transfer. The driving concept behind the middleware implementation is the use of proxy services with straightforward REST interfaces. This paper expands on prior work and shows progress towards the integration of education and research in a common environment.
Game theory and operations management

A firm is more than a black box production function described by its labor and capital inputs. Firms have capacity constraints that lead to inventory, shortages, queues and markdown prices. Consumers are aware of these messy details and they respond accordingly and strategically. Recent research in operations management, using tools from game theory, has concentrated on how such operational realities influence the dynamics of competition among firms. This talk will survey results from this literature and discuss opportunities for future directions.
Effect of Inhibition of Abscisic Acid Accumulation on the Spatial Distribution of Elongation in the Primary Root and Mesocotyl of Maize at Low Water Potentials

Previous work showed that accumulation of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) acts both to maintain primary root growth and inhibit shoot growth in maize seedlings at low water potentials (ψw) (IN Saab, RE Sharp, J Pritchard, GS Voetberg [1990] Plant Physiol 93: 1329-1336). In this study, we have characterized the growth responses of the primary root and mesocotyl of maize (Zea mays L. cv FR27 × FRMo 17) to manipulation of ABA levels at low ψw with a high degree of spatial resolution to provide the basis for studies of the mechanism(s) of ABA action. In seedlings growing at low ψw and treated with fluridone to inhibit carotenoid (and ABA) biosynthesis, ABA levels were decreased in all locations of the root and mesocotyl growing zones compared with untreated seedlings growing at the same ψw. In the root, low ψw (−1.6 megapascals) caused a shortening of the growing zone, as reported previously. The fluridone treatment was associated with severe inhibition of root elongation rate, which resulted from further shortening of the growing zone. In the mesocotyl, low ψw (−0.3 megapascal) also resulted in a shortened growing zone. In contrast with the primary root, however, fluridone treatment prevented most of the inhibition of elongation and the shortening of the growing zone. Final cell length measurements indicated that the responses of both root and mesocotyl elongation to ABA manipulation at low ψw involve large effects on cell expansion. Measurements of the relative changes in root and shoot water contents and dry weights after transplanting to a ψw of −0.3 megapascal showed that the maintenance of shoot elongation in fluridone-treated seedlings was not attributable to increased water or seed-reserve availability resulting from inhibition of root growth. The results suggest a developmental gradient in tissue responsiveness to endogenous ABA in both the root and mesocotyl growing zones. In the root, the capacity for ABA to protect cell expansion at low ψw appears to decrease with increasing distance from the apex. In the mesocotyl, in contrast, the accumulation of ABA at low ψw appears to become increasingly inhibitory to expansion as cells are displaced away from the meristematic region.
Changing the Game from “Get the Teacher” to “Learn”

In the long run civilized cultures are not kind to hyperaggressive children. A recent survey in England, for instance, found that the great majority of teachers felt that aggressive behavior by students disturbed more classrooms than anything else and caused the most anxiety among teachers. At least partly as a result, the dropout rates for the hyperaggressives was two and one-half times as great as for “normals,” and disproportionate numbers of hyperaggressives turned up in mental clinics. First, the teacher had to be instructed in how not to reinforce aggression. Contrary to all her experience, she was asked to turn her back on the aggressor, and at the same time to reinforce others’ cooperation with tokens. The teacher’s system of scolding the youngsters for inattention and taking their attention for granted with faint approval, if any, did not work at all. To the pupils, the “Get the Teacher” game was much more satisfying.
A new electrochemical synthesis route for a BiOI electrode and its conversion to a highly efficient porous BiVO4 photoanode for solar water oxidation

A new electrodeposition condition utilizing p-benzoquinone reduction was developed to produce BiOI electrodes composed of extremely thin 2D BiOI crystals. These electrodes served as precursors to form porous BiVO4 electrodes via mild chemical and thermal treatments. The resulting porous BiVO4 electrodes showed outstanding photoelectrochemical performance for sulfite oxidation reaching 1.25 mA cm−2 at 0.5 V vs. RHE in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7) containing 0.1 M sodium sulfite. When a ca. 100 nm thick FeOOH layer was deposited on the surface of BiVO4 as an oxygen evolution catalyst, the kinetics of water oxidation was improved to the level of sulfite oxidation and the maximum power point for solar water oxidation was achieved at a bias as low as 0.55 V vs. RHE with a photocurrent density of 1.17 mA cm−2. The remarkable solar water oxidation performance achieved by the porous BiVO4–FeOOH system strongly encourages further morphological and compositional optimizations of the BiVO4-based photoanode systems to realize highly efficient and practical solar water oxidation.
Abstract 665: Targeting the pro-apoptotic protein BIM by dexamethasone combined with a MEK inhibitor PD184352 enhances the lethality in acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Glucocorticoids (GC) represent common components of many chemotherapeutic regimens for lymphoid malignancies including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Although the effects of GC on lymphocytes have been scrutinized for many years, the molecular mechanisms of sensitivity and resistance need to be elucidated. Since GC-resistant leukemia and myeloma are often associated with GC receptor defects, bypassing the receptor by targeting downstream molecules may develop new therapeutic strategies. We and others have previously shown that BIM (BCL-2 Interacting Mediator of cell death), a pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family protein, is up-regulated by dexamethasone (Dex) treatment in ALL cells and plays an essential role in Dex-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, BIM is inactivated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-mediated phosphorylation by survival/growth factors. We therefore hypothesized that co-treatment with Dex and MEK/ERK inhibitors promote apoptosis in ALL cells through BIM up-regulation and activation, resulting in cell death. We have recently demonstrated that MEK inhibitors synergistically promote Dex lethality in a variety of ALL cell lines, in which BIM is a critical molecule in cell death (Rambal et al., Leukemia 23, 1744-1754, 2009). In the present study, we examined the therapeutic potential of co-treatment of Dex and MEK inhibitor PD184352 in vivo by severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse xenograft models of ALL. Minimum doses of Dex (8 mg/kg/day) and PD184352 (50 mg/kg/day) treatment caused BIM up-regulation and ERK dephosphorylation in xenograft tumor samples, respectively. Co-treatment of Dex and PD184352 resulted in an increase of apoptosis determined by caspase-3 cleavage and a significant decrease in size of the tumors. These data show that MEK/ERK inhibition enhances the anti-tumor activity of Dex in vivo. Our study provides a rational foundation for future attempts to improve the effect of GC with clinically relevant pharmacologic MEK inhibitors in the treatment of ALL and possibly other hematological malignancies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 665.
Alternative Wnt Signaling Is Initiated by Distinct Receptors

An unanswered question in the field of signal transduction research is how different signaling pathways are activated with strict specificity in a temporally and spatially controlled manner. Because extracellular ligands and membrane receptors constitute the first signaling modalities for most pathways, selectivity in ligand-receptor binding likely dictates the outcome of downstream signaling events. Unfortunately, possible complexities underlying ligand-receptor interactions are often overlooked. Here, we discuss basic principles of signal transduction initiated at the cell membrane, with the Wnt pathway, which harbors a multitude of ligands and receptors, as an example.
A simple radioactive assay for triglyceride lipase

Abstract 1. 1. A simple and rapid radioactive assay for triglyceride lipase has been developed. 2. 2. In practice the sensitivity of the assay is sufficient for the precise analysis of 2 mμmoles of released fatty acid. 3. 3. The validity of values obtained by the assay has been confirmed by the demonstration that the measured activity is a linear function of time and enzyme concentration for pancreatic and adipose tissue lipases and that the values obtained agree with those determined by an independent titrimetric procedure.
Synthesis of dihydroindolizines for potential photoinduced work function alteration

Abstract Seeking to immobilize photochromophores on metallic surfaces, we have synthesized four molecules which contain both a photoresponsive dihydroindolizine (DHI) core and a sulfur containing moiety, which allow for their assembly onto gold substrates. Sonogashira, Suzuki, or Ullmann couplings are employed to generate pyridines with pendant thioacetates (or disulfides). The pyridines are condensed with spiro[2-cyclopropene-1,9′-[9H]fluorene]-2,3-dimethyl ester affording the targeted DHIs.
Fluorescent antibody studies of Nippostrongylus muris infections.

The fluorescent antibody technique is being used in this laboratory to locate antigenic sites in a variety of host-parasite systems. Trichinella spiralis infections were studied initially (1, 2). Subsequently infections with the protozoa Plasmodium berghei (3), P. lophurae (3) and Trypanosome crud (4), and the metazoa Schistosoma mansoni (5) Strongyloides ratti and Nip postrongylus muris were examined with fluorescent antibodies.
Testing for loss of 222Rn from Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) otoliths

Abstract Radiometric ageing of fish by measuring the disequilibrium of 210 Pb/ 226 Ra found in otoliths has been used by numerous researchers in over 15 different studies. The ultimate goal of the previous research has been to validate conventional ageing methods. If 222 Rn, an intermediary between 226 Ra and 210 Pb, escapes from the otoliths, the radiometric age would be biased young. The goal of this study was to test for this bias using Pacific halibut ( Hippoglossus stenolepis ) otoliths collected in 1960 and analyzed in 1997. If 222 Rn loss occurred, the estimated radiometric age would be less than the 37 year span between collection and analysis. In comparison to other fish species, Pacific halibut otoliths were found to have an unusually low activity of 210 Pb and 226 Ra. Low activity measurements lead to radiometric age estimates with very large estimated errors. All estimated radiometric ages for the Pacific halibut otoliths were much greater than 37 years. This suggests that 222 Rn is not escaping from the otoliths and that radiometric ages are not biased low. However, considering the estimated error, the results are not definitive. This study should be repeated using a different species that is known to have a higher activity of 210 Pb and 226 Ra.
Eroded length model for yawed penetrators impacting finite thickness targets at normal and oblique incidence

Summary A simple expression is derived to estimate the residual length of a yawed, long-rod penetrator impacting finite thickness targets at both normal and oblique incidence. The unique feature of this model is a determination of the different penetration path through the plate which is not simply a line-of-sight thickness. The presence of yaw results in a penetration path which is determined by the magnitude and direction of the penetration velocity vector which is dependent upon the penetrator velocity component along that path. Hence, the material thickness penetrated through the finite target is an explicit, and variable, function of the impact geometry, (obliquity and yaw), impact velocity, and relative penetrator and target properties (densities and strengths). The eroded penetrator length is also dependent on both the penetration path angle and on the velocity component along that path and thus becomes an explicit function of these variables. Two simple expressions are derived to determine the eroded penetrator length and implications for deep target penetration degradation due to yaw are discussed.
The role of GM-CSF in lung cancer: a review of the literature

The first hematopoietic growth factor, erythropoietin was discovered by Carnot and Deflandre in the early 1900’s when they showed that plasma from anemic animals would induce erythrocytosis in normal rabbits [l]. It was not until 60 years later that growth factors for myeloid and monocytic cells were described. The discovery of these hematopoietic growth factors was made possible by the development of semi-solid media to grow colonies of normal human bone marrow. Bradley and Metcalf [2] described methods for growing murine hematopoietic progenitor cells, and Robinson and Pike [3] refined these techniques and described methods for growing human progenitor cells in vitro. They subsequently showed that plasma from infected patients and supernatants from human cells infected with bacteria would increase the number of these bone marrow colonies and were thus termed colony stimulating factors or CSFs [4]. Much of the early work was conducted at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute in Melbourne. Fig. 1 shows a photograph of some of the important scientists in the group at the time. The development of clinical application of the colony stimulating factors awaited the purification of the individual proteins, the cloning of their genes and the expression of these genes in bacterial and yeast cells to mass produce the factors [5,6]. At present, there are over 19 distinct factors which stimulate the growth of various cell lineages within the marrow. This paper will focus on studies of granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in human lung cancer. Some studies evaluating other myeloid and monocyte growth factors such as granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF), macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and multi-CSF (IL-3) and some studies evaluating GM-CSF in other conditions will also be discussed briefly.
Facility Updates: Remote Access to the SSRL Macromolecular Crystallography Beamlines

Since June 2005, the macromolecular crystallography users of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL) have had the option to conduct diffraction experiments from their home institutions and other remote locations by means of advanced software tools that enable network-based control of highly automated beam lines. Remote experimenters have access to the same tools as local users, and have the capability to mount, center, and screen crystalline samples, and to collect, analyze, and backup diffraction data. Automated sample mounting is accomplished with the Stanford Auto-Mounting System (SAM) [1–3], beamline and experimental control is carried out using Blu-Ice/DCS [4], and additional remote monitoring of the experiment and data backup is supported with several web-based applications [5]. The highly graphical applications and computational resources at SSRL are accessed through a client/server application that uses minimal resources on the client side and has a typical response close to that obta...
Spatial controls on erosion in the Three Rivers Region, southeastern Tibet and southwestern China

Abstract Global data suggest that erosion rates variously scale with steepness or climate forcing (precipitation or glacial excavation), but the relative influence of these factors has proven difficult to assess without comparisons from a single location. A new suite of detrital 10Be data from the Three Rivers Region, SE Tibet is used to examine the relative importance of rainfall and relief in predicting patterns of erosion rates across a region with a strong gradient in exhumation. The data reveal millennial erosion rates vary by two orders of magnitude, from 0.01 to 8 mm/yr across a regional gradient in exhumation rates inferred from previous thermochronology and cosmogenic nuclide data to the west and east of the study region. The new millennial erosion rates mirror the pattern of decreasing exhumation rates from west to east across the region, with the highest rates in the lower Salween River drainage and the lowest rates in the Yangtze River drainage. Erosion rates in the Mekong and Salween River drainages are correlated with mean local relief whereas in the Yangtze River drainage they are correlated most strongly with mean annual rainfall. The tectonic setting of this region, with a strong west to east gradient in exhumation rates which we infer to mirror a gradient in rock uplift, seems to exert a stronger control on erosion rate patterns than rainfall or relief.
The healing of disturbed hillslopes by gully gravure

Results of accelerated erosion on certain constructed surfaces in southeastern Arizona appear similar to those described by Bryan (1940) as gully gravure. Twenty cross-section excavations in eight rills incised into silt-rich lacustrine and fluvial deposits reveal partial filling of the rills by debris derived from overlying fluvial sand, gravel, and cobbles. Interstices of the coarse material gradually fill with fine-grained erosion products, decreasing permeability of the fill and deflecting subsequent runoff to the margins of the fill. Rills and rill fillings thus increase in width with time, and complete veneering of the surface by coarse debris ultimately may occur. Through incision, filling, lateral planation, and armoring, channels of the dissected surface heal and the new hillslope approaches an equilibrium condition. Natural hillslopes in the area with similar geologic conditions have inclinations of 16°-22°, have generally unbroken veneers of coarse debris, and appear subject to the same erosional processes identified at constructed hillslopes. Field measurements and the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) were used to estimate soil loss on natural and constructed hillslopes. Results suggest that erosion may be almost three orders of magnitude greater on steep, non-veneered, nonvegetated constructed surfaces than on natural hillslopes. Attributes of stable natural hillslopes provide criteria for the design of stable constructed hillslopes.
Observations on two rare and endangered populations of red colobus monkeys in East Africa: Colobus badius gordonorum and Colobus badius kirkii

Summary Ecological and behavioural observations on two rare and endangered red colobus subspecies, Colobus badius gordonorum and C.b. kirkii, made during brief surveys in 1977, are summarized. Information is given on physical appearance, food habits, social group size and composition, social behaviour and reproduction, vocalizations, associations with other primate species and conservation status. On the basis of coat colour, facial pattern and vocalizations, it is concluded that gordonorum and kirkii are more closely related to one another than previously thought by many authorities. Both of the red colobus populations surveyed are severely threatened by habitat destruction. Unless immediate protection is afforded these areas, these populations have little chance of surviving. Resume Des observations ecologiques et ethologiques sur deux sous-especes rares et menacees de colobes bai, Colobus badius gordonorum et C.b. kirkii, ont ete faites durant de courtes visites en 1977. L'apparence physique, le regime alimentaire, la taille et la composition des groupements sociaux, le comportement social et la reproduction, les vocalisations, les associations avec d'autres especes de primates et le statut de conservation sont decrits. Sur la base de la couleur du pelage, les caracteristiques faciales et les vocalisations, il semble que C.b. gordonorum et C.b. kirkii s'apparentent davantage a une autre sous-espece que celle a laquelle pensaient de nombreux specialistes. Les deux populations de colobes bai sont severement menacees par la destruction de leur habitat. A moins qu'une protection immediate soit mise en application dans ces regions, ces populations ont peu de chance de survivre.
Null hypothesis significance testing : A review of an old and continuing controversy

Null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) is arguably the most widely used approach to hypothesis evaluation among behavioral and social scientists. It is also very controversial. A major concern expressed by critics is that such testing is misunderstood by many of those who use it. Several other objections to its use have also been raised. In this article the author reviews and comments on the claimed misunderstandings as well as on other criticisms of the approach, and he notes arguments that have been advanced in support of NHST. Alternatives and supplements to NHST are considered, as are several related recommendations regarding the interpretation of experimental data. The concluding opinion is that NHST is easily misunderstood and misused but that when applied with good judgment it can be an effective aid to the interpretation of experimental data.
AI Gets a Brain: New technology allows software to tap real human intelligence.

In the 50 years since John McCarthy coined the term artificial intelligence, much progress has been made toward identifying, understanding, and automating many classes of symbolic and computational problems that were once the exclusive domain of human intelligence. Much work remains in the field because humans still significantly outperform the most powerful computers at completing such simple tasks as identifying objects in photographs - something children can do even before they learn to speak.