cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectroscopy and dynamics of the HOCO radical: insights into the OH + CO → H + CO2 reaction.

After more than forty years of scrutiny, crucial new details regarding the elementary reaction OH + CO → H + CO2 are still emerging from experimental and theoretical studies of the HOCO radical intermediate. In this perspective, previous studies of this elementary reaction and the structure and energetics of the HOCO radical will be briefly reviewed. Particular attention will be paid to the experimental techniques used in our laboratory to prepare excited HOCO radicals by both photodetachment and dissociative photodetachment of HOCO−. These experiments directly probe the dynamics occurring on the ground and excited states of the HOCO radical, and are sensitive to both direct and tunneling-induced dissociation. Photoelectron–photofragment coincidence experiments on HOCO− in particular have been used to study tunneling from the HOCO well to form H + CO2 products. In addition, new experimental insights into the OH + CO entrance channel for the reaction will be presented. These studies have provided a number of constraints on the potential energy surface for this system from an energetic and dynamical perspective, and have helped spur a renewed effort to characterize the global potential energy surface and reaction dynamics of this fundamental chemical reaction. Outstanding questions and new directions for future work on the HOCO radical will be discussed.
An addition theorem for finite Abelian groups

Abstract If g1, g2, …, g2n−1 is a sequence of 2n − 1 elements in an Abelian group G of order n, it is known that there are n distinct indices i1, i2, …, in such that 0 = gi1 + gi2 + ⋯ + gin. In this paper a suitably general condition on the sequence is given which insures that every element g in G has a representation g = gi1 + gi2 + ⋯ + gin as the sum of n terms of the sequence.
Use of artwork as a visual processing modality in group treatment of chemically dependent minority women

Abstract Using artwork in group treatment of chemically dependent minority women can enhance introspection and involvement during the recovery process. This paper examines the use of 14 reproductions to help women identify feelings evoked by the art and to reconnect with feelings that chemical dependency can dampen. Art reproductions were used during the last 4 sessions of a 12-session experiential group therapy program with 17 minority women who were being treated for chemical dependency. Participants’ responses to the reproductions and effects of this visual processing modality on the women's recovery from their addictions were the focus of this study. As the women learned to verbalize their feelings and reflect on their situations through interpretative interactions with visual art, they gained insight into their feelings and issues they faced in their recovery from chemical dependency.
Perturbative Analysis of Rebbi's Lattice Fermion Proposal

Abstract We analyze, in the context of weak-coupling perturbation theory, the recent proposal of Rebbi for incorporating fermions into lattice gauge theory. In spite of the chiral symmetry of the lagrangian, we find that, in four dimensions, the fermion develops a dynamically generated mass. The vacuum polarization and the anomaly in two dimensions display spectrum doubling.
Do dividend initiations signal a reduction in risk? Evidence from the option market

We investigate whether dividends convey information about the risk of a company by examining the reaction of implied volatility in the option market to the announcement of a dividend initiation. Implied volatility decreases after the announcement and the magnitude of the decline in volatility is positively related to both the magnitude of cumulative abnormal returns (CAR) in the equity markets and the size of the dividend. Additionally, firms with weaker (stronger) corporate governance experience larger (smaller) declines in implied volatility. Cross sectional analysis shows that a one-standard deviation decline in measures of risk increases the 2-day CAR by 74–137 basis points. Our results suggest that dividend initiations signal declining firm risk.
Off-reservation boarding high schools teachers: How are they perceived by former American Indian students?

Abstract This study focuses on American Indian adults who attended 4 all-Indian off-reservation boarding high schools located in the Southwest and run by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (B.I.A). A century after openning these off-reservation boarding schools, the B.I.A. shifted its emphasis to closing them. Because of the emphasis placed on closing off-reservation high schools, I was interested in obtaining former American Indian students' perspectives of teacher-student relationships in these off-reservation boarding high schools. I interviewed American Indians asking them to recall their perceptions of former teachers in the off-reservation boarding high schools. This paper focuses on two questions: What were these American Indians' recollections of the teacher-student relationships they had with their former teachers in the boarding school setting? Was the process of assimilation fostered within the context of the all-Indian boarding schools?
Diffusive crack-healing behavior in polycrystalline alumina: A comparison between microwave annealing and conventional annealing

Abstract Crack-healing experiments via both conventional heating and microwave heating were performed on Vickers-indented specimens of polycrystalline alumina (Coors ADS-995). For the entire temperature range included in this experiment (1510–1742 K), the crack-healing rate was enhanced for microwave heating compared to conventional heating. The microwave crack-healing data were described well by a diffusive mass transport model given by Stevens and Dutton.
Coulomb-Driven Cluster-Glass Behavior in Mn-Intercalated Ti 1+y S 2

We have investigated the low-temperature spin-glasslike phase in the intercalated transition-metal dichalcogenide Mn${}_{0.09}$Ti${}_{1.1}$S${}_{2}$. A departure from Curie--Weiss behavior in the paramagnetic regime indicated the formation of small ferromagnetically correlated clusters. The Vogel--Fulcher law provided an excellent description of relaxation times in the vicinity of the transition, showing that the glasslike phase occurs due to interaction between the clusters. Cole--Cole plots for data close to the transition were linear, which is consistent with a simple exponential distribution of cluster sizes. A Monte Carlo simulation of the dichalcogenide system, including excess self-intercalated Ti ions, gave an exponential cluster-size distribution for a relatively narrow range of concentration values of Mn and Ti ions, values that were consistent with those of the Mn${}_{0.09}$Ti${}_{1.1}$S${}_{2}$ sample. Strong commonality in the relaxation behavior with certain ferroelectric relaxor systems suggests underlying similarity in the microscopic structure of the clusters in both systems, which may be chainlike or quasi-one-dimensional.
Learning and Memory... and the Immune System.

The nervous system and the immune system are two main regulators of homeostasis in the body. Communication between them ensures normal functioning of the organism. Immune cells and molecules are required for sculpting the circuitry and determining the activity of the nervous system. Within the parenchyma of the central nervous system (CNS), microglia constantly monitor synapses and participate in their pruning during development and possibly also throughout life. Classical inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), are released during neuronal activity and play a crucial role in regulating the strength of synaptic transmission. Systemically, proper functioning of the immune system is critical for maintaining normal nervous system function. Disruption of the immune system functioning leads to impairments in cognition and in neurogenesis. In this review we provide examples of the communication between the nervous and the immune systems in the interest of normal CNS development and function.
Population immunology: age and immune cell parameters.

Abstract This paper has analyzed the relation of peripheral blood immune cell parameters to age in a population of 200 normal, healthy, working adults. The age range of the population was 21–70 years, and it consisted of an equal number of males and females. The relative and absolute number of E and EA rosettes and the phytohemagglutinin (PHA) reactivity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxic activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells were determined for each individual, and age differences were sought by stratifying the sample population into 5-year age subsets and comparing the groups statistically. No differences were detected between the age groups for any of the parameters examined. These results indicate that T and Fc receptor lymphocyte activity did not vary in the population studied with increasing age. Other investigators examining the same parameters have found evidence of age-related variation in immune status. The discrepancy could indicate that the response of the immune system to age is polymorphic.
Modeling the climate effect of unrestricted greenhouse emissions over the next 10,000 years

Although emission controls for greenhouse gases may limit their future rise, there is a finite chance that a substantial fraction of the available fossil fuel reservoir will be utilized. Geochemical models suggest that the atmospheric perturbation would then last for thousands of years. The authors use a well-calibrated energy balance model, coupled to an upwelling-diffusion deep-ocean model, to estimate the temperature effects of such unrestricted emissions. They calculate that greenhouse warming will peak between {approximately} 2200-2400, with a global temperature increase 4-13{degrees}C greater than present. The high-end estimate is as much as 100% larger than estimates of the temperature increase for the ice-free Cretaceous (100 Ma) warm period. Warming of as much as 2-5{degrees}C persists as late as 10,000 years AP. The {open_quotes}out-year{close_quotes} projections are larger than Milankovitch effects occurring over the same interval, indicating that unrestricted emissions could lead to conditions in which anthropogenic warming dominates climate variation for the next 10,000 years. 23 refs., 5 figs.
A MATHEMATICALLY SIMPLE TURBULENCE CLOSURE MODEL FOR ATTACHED AND SEPARATED TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS

A new turbulence closure model designed specifically to treat two-dimensional, turbulent boundary layers with strong adverse pressure gradients and attendant separation is presented. The influence of history effects are modelled by using an ordinary differential equation derived from the turbulent kinetic energy equation to describe the stream wise development of the maximum Reynolds shear stress in conjunction with an assumed eddy viscosity distribution that has as its velocity scale the maximum Reynolds shear stress. In the outer part of the boundary layer, the eddy viscosity is treated as a free parameter which is adjusted in order to satisfy the ODE for the maximum shear stress. Because of this, the model is not simply an eddy viscosity model, but contains features of a Reynolds stress model. Comparisons with experiment are presented that clearly show the proposed model to be superior to the Cebeci-Smith one in treating strongly retarded and separated flows. In contrast to two-equation, eddy viscosity models, it requires only slightly more computational effort than simple models such as the Cebeci-Smith.
Expression of Two Myeloid Cell-specific Genes Requires the Novel Transcription Factor, c-fes Expression Factor

Abstract The protein product of the c-fes proto-oncogene has been implicated in the normal development of myeloid cells (macrophages and granulocytes). We have previously shown that 151 base pairs of c-fes5′-flanking sequences are sufficient for myeloid cell-specific expression and include functional binding sites for Sp1, PU.1, and a novel nuclear factor (Heydemann, A., Juang, G., Hennessy, K., Parmacek, M. S., and Simon, M. C. (1996) Mol. Cell. Biol.16, 1676–1686). This novel hematopoietic transcription factor, termed FEF (c-fes expression factor), binds to acis-acting element that is located at nucleotides −9 to −4 of the c-fes promoter between two Ets binding sites (at −19 to −15 and −4 to +1) which bind PU.1. We now show that a FEF binding site exists in the myeloid cell-specific regulatory region of a second gene, the −2.7-kilobase pair enhancer of chicken lysozyme. The lysozyme FEF site is immediately 5′ to a PU.1 site, analogous to their arrangement in the c-fes promoter, and allows the formation of a preliminary FEF consensus site, 5′-GAAT(C/G)A-3′. This consensus site does not match any sites for known transcription factors. Importantly, although PU.1 binds immediately 3′ of the FEF site in both the c-fes promoter and the chicken lysozyme enhancer (CLE), we show that they bind independently. The FEF sites are required for high levels of transcription by both the CLE and the c-fespromoter in transient transfection experiments. Importantly, elimination of the CLE FEF site abolishes all transcriptional activity of this enhancer element. Mutation of the adjacent PU.1 site in either the c-fes promoter or the CLE, reduces activity by approximately 50%. Therefore, transcription of both lysozyme andfes in myeloid cells requires FEF and PU.1. UV cross-linking experiments show that the FEF binding activity consists of a single 70-kDa protein in both human and murine cell lines. FEF binding activity is not affected by antibodies that specifically recognize a number of cloned transcription factors. Collectively, these data indicate that we have identified a novel transcription factor that is functionally important for the expression of at least two myeloid cell-specific genes.
Modification of the thermodynamic model for the Mg–Zr system

Abstract A previous thermodynamic model for the Mg–Zr system has been modified by using new information derived from first-principles calculations in combination with existing experimental data on phase boundaries, invariant reactions as well as limited thermochemical measurements in the liquid phase. Special quasirandom structures for the hcp and bcc structures are used to simulate random solid solutions at 25, 50 and 75 at.%. The total energies of these structures are calculated through first-principles methods and the enthalpies of mixing are used in combination with the available experimental information as input data in the thermodynamic modelling . In addition to experiments and first-principles calculations, stability conditions are also used to prevent unrealistic metastable and higher-order extrapolations. In general, the calculated phase diagram is found to agree well with experiments. The present model is also compared to previous thermodynamic descriptions and it is shown that some of the inconsistencies of the previous model can be resolved by the combined first-principles/CALPHAD approach.
Somatotropic effects of prolactin and growth hormone in juvenile snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina).

Juvenile snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) were treated with ovine prolactin (PRL) or ovine growth hormone (GH). Organ growth responses were greatest in the GH-treated animals, except for the spleen, which was greatest in the PRL-injected group. A significant increase in body weight occurred in the group injected daily with 10 μg PRL, but less than that observed in the group treated with 10 μg of GH. Increases in carapace length of the turtles injected with PRL or 10 μg of GH were about equal, but less than those treated with 50 μg of GH.
External root resorption of a primary molar: “Incidental” histopathologic finding of clinical significance

CLINICAL PRESENTATION A 7-year-old Caucasian girl presented to her general dentist with recent vague discomfort of the right posterior mandible during mastication. On intraoral examination, an erupting first permanent molar with a mildly inflamed operculum was noted. The adjacent right mandibular primary first and second molars exhibited early occlusal caries. Her medical history was significant for episodes of otitis media and a recent upper respiratory tract infection thought to be viral in origin. The clinician felt that the inflamed operculum represented the source of the child’s discomfort, and children’s ibuprofen was recommended for analgesia. The child was scheduled to return for occlusal restoration of the right primary mandibular molars in 2 weeks. At the return appointment, the parents related that the recommended analgesic had achieved only partial resolution of the child’s discomfort. Furthermore, they reported additional signs and symptoms, including a fluctuating low-grade fever (100.5°F), mild malaise, and mild postnasal discharge that were felt to represent another upper respiratory tract infection. Clinically, the operculum overlying the right permanent mandibular molar exhibited little change, with persistent mild inflammation. Attributing the symptoms to the eruption of the permanent molar and to referred pain from suspected maxillary sinusitis, the dentist recommended the use of nonprescription antihistamine/decongestant medicine and children’s ibuprofen as needed. The child was rescheduled for restoration of her occlusal caries. Approximately 1 week later, the parents reported that the child’s intermittent low-grade fever and malaise were persistent and that her jaw discomfort had progressed to a continuous dull ache unrelated to mastication. The child was referred to a pediatric dentist who noted that the right mandibular second primary molar (tooth “T”) was moderately mobile and slightly depressible, with mild gingival inflammation. The patient reported mild discomfort during manipulation and percussion of the tooth. A probing depth of 8 mm was identified on the tooth’s distal aspect, with slight bleeding but no observable purulence. No External root resorption of a primary molar: “Incidental” histopathologic finding of clinical significance
Selectivity, Directionality, and Promiscuity in Peptide Processing from a Bacillus sp. Al Hakam Cyclodehydratase

The thiazole/oxazole-modified microcins (TOMMs) represent a burgeoning class of ribosomal natural products decorated with thiazoles and (methyl)oxazoles originating from cysteines, serines, and threonines. The ribosomal nature of TOMMs allows for the generation of derivative products from mutations in the amino acid sequence of the precursor peptide, which ultimately manifest in differing structures and, sometimes, biological functions. Employing a TOMM system for the purpose of creating new structures and functions via combinatorial biosynthesis requires processing machinery that can tolerate highly variable substrates. In this study, TOMM enzymatic promiscuity was assessed using a currently uncharacterized cluster in Bacillus sp. Al Hakam. As determined by Fourier transform tandem mass spectrometry (FT-MS/MS), azole rings were formed in both a regio- and chemoselective fashion. Cognate and noncognate precursor peptides were modified in an overall C- to N-terminal directionality, which to date is unique ...
Effects of Lowered Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations on Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) Embryos and Larvae

Abstract Channel catfish embryos and resulting larvae were exposed to several reduced dissolved oxygen concentrations and control concentrations near air saturation at 25 and 28 C (7.8 and 7.3 mg/liter, respectively). At 25 C survival was similar but slightly reduced at 60% and 70% saturation (5.0 and 5.8 mg/liter) and was statistically less (P=0.01) at 30% and 50% saturation (2.4 and 4.2 mg/liter). No embryos hatched at 20% (1.7 mg/liter) and 25 C. Survival to the end of the test at 28 C was slightly reduced at 50%, 60%, and 70% saturation (3.8, 4.6, and 5.4 mg/liter) and was statistically less (P = 0.01) at 30% saturation (2.3 mg/liter). At all reduced oxygen concentrations at 25 and 28 C embryo pigmentation was lighter, duration of hatch was extended, feeding was delayed, and growth was reduced.
The effect of radial keratotomy on the corneal endothelium.

Morphometric analysis of the corneal endothelium was performed on 11 eyes of patients who underwent anterior radial keratotomy with the contralateral eye serving as the controls. We analyzed cell density, variation in cell size (polymegethism), and cell shape (pleomorphism) by computer analysis of central and midperipheral specular micrograms one year after surgery. The central endothelial density decreased from 2,503 to 2,419 cells/mm 2 (3.3% decrease). The coefficient of variation in cell size (polymegethism) was 0.290 preoperatively and 0.309 postoperatively centrally. Central hexagonality was reduced centrally from 61.4% preoperatively to 56.8% in the operated on eye. These differences were not statistically significant (P > .05). In a separate subgroup of six patients, midperipheral specular microscopy under and between incisions disclosed a similar pattern of mild cell density decrease and morphometric remodeling one year after surgery. No morphometric characteristic was significantly different from the central control values (P >.05), suggesting that the corneal endothelial monolayer had stabilized one year after radial keratotomy.
The performance of superhydrophobic and superoleophilic carbon nanotube meshes in water–oil filtration

Abstract Vertically-aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were grown on stainless steel (SS) mesh by thermal chemical vapor deposition with a diffusion barrier of Al2O3 film. These three-dimensional porous structures (SS-CNT meshes) were found to be superhydrophobic and superoleophilic. Water advancing contact angles of 145–150° were determined for these SS-CNT meshes in air and oil (gasoline, isooctane). Oil, on the other hand, completely wet the SS-CNT meshes. This combined superhydrophobic and superoleophilic property repelled water while allowed the permeation of oil. Filtration tests demonstrated efficiencies better than 80% of these SS-CNT meshes as the filtration membranes of the water-in-oil emulsions. We have conducted quantitative analysis on the diameters of the oil droplets in both the feed emulsion and the filtrate. Then, we have evaluated the issue of water blockage and possible way to improve the filtration efficiency. Finally, the filtration and blockage mechanisms are proposed.
Semianalytic Monte Carlo radiative transfer model for oceanographic lidar systems

A semianalytic Monte Carlo radiative transfer model (SALMON) has been developed which is particularly well-suited for addressing oceanographic lidar systems. SALMON is based on the method of expected values in which an analytical estimate is made of the probability of collection by a remote receiver of scattered or emitted photons at appropriate points in the stochastically constructed underwater photon trajectory. Sample results indicate that a substantial reduction in both variance and computer resources can be realized by using SALMON, as compared with more conventional Monte Carlo approaches, to study radiative transfer mechanisms associated with lidar systems.
A Randomized Trial of Combination Anastrozole plus Gefitinib and of Combination Fulvestrant plus Gefitinib in the Treatment of Postmenopausal Women with Hormone Receptor Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer

EGFR signalling pathways appear involved in endocrine therapy resistance in breast cancer. This trial estimates the antitumor efficacy and toxicity of the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib in combination with anastrozole or fulvestrant in postmenopausal hormone receptor positive breast cancer. Subjects with estrogen receptor and/or PgR positive, metastatic breast cancer were randomized into this phase II study of gefitinib (initial dose was 500 mg orally daily, due to high rate of diarrhea, starting dose was reduced to 250 mg orally daily) with either anastrozole 1 mg daily or fulvestrant 250 mg every 4 weeks. The primary endpoint was clinical benefit (complete responses plus partial responses plus stable disease for 6 months or longer). 141 eligible subjects were enrolled, 72 in the anastrozole plus gefitinib arm, and 69 in the fulvestrant plus gefitinib arm. Anastrozole plus gefitinib had a clinical benefit rate of 44% [95% confidence interval (CI) 33–57%] and fulvestrant plus gefitinib 41% (95% CI 29–53%). Median progression-free survival was 5.3 months (95% CI 3.1–10.4) versus 5.2 months (95% CI 2.9–8.2) for anastrozole plus gefitinib versus fulvestrant plus gefitinib, respectively. Median survival was 30.3 months (95% CI 21.2–38.9+) versus 23.9 months (95% CI 15.4–33.5) for anastrozole plus gefitinib versus fulvestrant plus gefitinib, respectively. In general, the toxicity is greater than expected for single agent endocrine therapy alone. Anastrozole plus gefitinib and fulvestrant plus gefitinib have similar clinical benefit rates in the treatment of estrogen and/or PgR positive metastatic breast cancer, and the rates of response are not clearly superior to gefitinib or endocrine therapy alone. Further studies of EGFR inhibition plus endocrine therapy do not appear warranted, but if performed should include attempts to identify biomarkers predictive of antitumor activity.
Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of tribe anthemideae (Asteraceae), based on chloroplast gene ndhF.

Anthemideae (Asteraceae) is primarily a north temperate, Old World tribe of 109 genera and approximately 1740 species. We sequenced a 1200-bp portion of chloroplast gene ndhF for representative genera and subtribes and constructed a phylogeny for the tribe. There is support for monophyly of subtribes Chrysantheminae and Gonosperminae and for portions of some subtribes. However, our molecular phylogeny differs significantly from traditional classifications and from previously published morphological phylogenies of the tribe. Many South African genera from several different subtribes form a basal grade, indicating multiple, relictual lineages. Eurasian genera form a recently derived clade that includes the Mediterranean genera of the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa. There is little resolution or support for the placement of eastern Asian genera. Apparently, the tribe originated in the Southern Hemisphere, presumably in Africa, with the Eurasian and Mediterranean members being derived from a common ancestor.
Toward a phenomenology of terrorism: implications for research and policy

The central theme of this paper is that the phenomenology of perception can contribute to conceptualizing terrorism, in terms of both a research orientation and policy applications. This means that counter-terrorism needs to be grounded in a holistic perspective that has meaning from the point of view of those engaged in terrorism. A critique of the “war on terror” counter-terrorism practices is followed by a discussion of phenomenology and its implications for a holistic perception of counter-terrorism. Four cases are presented that show how a phenomenological approach can facilitate counter-terrorism study and policy.
The Apolipoprotein E-dependent Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesteryl Ester Selective Uptake Pathway in Murine Adrenocortical Cells Involves Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans and an α2-Macroglobulin Receptor

Cells acquire lipoprotein cholesterol by receptor-mediated endocytosis and selective uptake pathways. In the latter case, lipoprotein cholesteryl ester (CE) is transferred to the plasma membrane without endocytosis and degradation of the lipoprotein particle. Previous studies with Y1/E/tet/2/3 murine adrenocortical cells that were engineered to express apolipoprotein (apo) E demonstrated that apoE expression enhances low density lipoprotein (LDL) CE uptake by both selective and endocytic pathways. The present experiments test the hypothesis that apoE-dependent LDL CE selective uptake is mediated by scavenger receptor, class B, type I (SR-BI). Surprisingly, SR-BI expression was not detected in the Y1/E/tet/2/3 clone of Y1 adrenocortical cells, indicating the presence of a distinct apoE-dependent pathway for LDL CE selective uptake. ApoE-dependent LDL CE selective uptake in Y1/E/tet/2/3 cells was inhibited by receptor-associated protein and by activated α2-macroglobulin (α2M), suggesting the participation of the LDL receptor-related protein/α2M receptor. Reagents that inhibited proteoglycan synthesis or removed cell surface chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan completely blocked apoE-dependent LDL CE selective uptake. None of these reagents inhibited SR-BI-mediated LDL CE selective uptake in the Y1-BS1 clone of Y1 cells in which LDL CE selective uptake is mediated by SR-BI. We conclude that LDL CE selective uptake in adrenocortical cells occurs via SR-BI-independent and SR-BI-dependent pathways. The SR-BI-independent pathway is an apoE-dependent process that involves both chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and an α2M receptor.
Effects of feeding triiodothyronine (T3) on thyroxin (T4) levels in the steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri

Abstract The effects of T 3 -feeding on T 4 levels in steelhead trout were investigated at Coleman National Hatchery during two consecutive smoltification seasons (1982 and 1983) and at the Iron Gate Salmon and Steelhead Hatchery (1983) in relation to seasonal patterns of plasma thyroxin levels during smoltification. In 1982 at the Coleman Hatchery, steelhead trout were fed a T 3 -supplemented diet (12 ppm) or a control diet for a 1-month period early in smoltification (25 Jan.–23 Feb.). In 1983, steelhead at the same hatchery were fed lower levels of T 3 (8 ppm) for a 3-month period (23 Dec. 1982–23 Mar. 1983). At the Iron Gate Hatchery T 3 -feeding (8 ppm) started on 11 February and continued until 12 May 1983. Plasma T 4 and T 3 were measured by radioimmunoassay. In 1982 and 1983 at the Coleman Hatchery, T 3 -fed and control fish underwent a T 4 surge on the same dates, in the middle of February and at the end of January, respectively. The steelhead at Iron Gate did not undergo a T 4 surge during the study. Smoltification-associated thyroxin surges have been shown to be timed to coincide with the new moon in several Oncorhynchus species; the T 4 peaks in this study did not occur coincident with the new moon. In both years at Coleman, the T 4 surge coincided with times of heavy rainfall resulting in high water turbidity. In 1982, as a possible consequence of negative feedback, T 3 -fed trout showed decreased levels of T 4 prior to the occurrence of the T 4 peak. In 1983, these depressed levels were not evident at either Coleman or Iron Gate hatcheries, possibly because of the lower dietary levels of T 3 used. T 3 -feeding did not reduce the height of the peak of the T 4 surge at the Coleman Hatchery and indeed may have accentuated it. There was no advance in the timing of the T 4 surge as a result of T 3 intake. T 3 levels were measured at Coleman and Iron Gate hatcheries in 1983; the T 3 -fed trout had generally higher T 3 levels compared with the controls.
Primary biliary cirrhosis

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an idiopathic chronic autoimmune liver disease that primarily affects women. It is believed that the aetiology for PBC is a combination between environmental triggers in genetically vulnerable persons. The diagnosis for PBC is made when two of the three criteria are fulfilled and they are: (1) biochemical evidence of cholestatic liver disease for at least 6 month's duration; (2) anti-mitochondrial antibody (AMA) positivity; and (3) histologic features of PBC on liver biopsy. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is the only FDA-approved medical treatment for PBC and should be administered at a recommended dose of 13-15 mg/kg/day. Unfortunately despite adequate dosing of UDCA, approximately one-third of patients does not respond adequately and may require liver transplantation. Future studies are necessary to elucidate the role of environmental exposures and overall genetic impact not only in the development of PBC, but on disease progression and variable clinical response to therapy.
Structure and Energy Transport in Membrane-Bound Porphyrin Aggregates by Fluorescence Detected 2-D Electronic Coherence Spectroscopy

We studied the electronic coupling and excited state dynamics of magnesium meso tetraphenylporphyrin dimers, which self-assemble in room temperature lipid bilayer vesicles. This was accomplished using fluorescence detected two-dimensional electronic coherence spectroscopy.
BLOOD VOLUME IN RELATION TO BODY WEIGHT OF THE MALE RAT USING RADIO-IODINATED SERUM ALBUMIN.

SummaryTotal blood volume was determined in 122 male rats using RISA. The values were related to body weight and a least squares regression line was plotted. This regression line enables one to predict total blood volume for any given body weight. The method utilizing RISA and whole blood counting has the advantage of simplicity with minimal loss of accuracy.
Core cooling by subsolidus mantle convection

Although vigorous mantle convection early in the thermal history of the earth is shown to be capable of removing several times the latent heat content of the core, a thermal evolution model of the earth in which the core does not solidify can be constructed. The large amount of energy removed from the model earth's core by mantle convection is supplied by the internal energy of the core which is assumed to cool from an initial high temperature given by the silicate melting temperature at the core-mantle boundary. For the smaller terrestrial planets, the iron and silicate melting temperatures at the core-mantle boundaries are more comparable than for the earth; the models incorporate temperature-dependent mantle viscosity and radiogenic heat sources in the mantle. The earth models are constrained by the present surface heat flux and mantle viscosity and internal heat sources produce only about 55% of the earth model's present surface heat flow.
Phototoxicity of argon laser irradiation on biofilms of Porphyromonas and Prevotella species

Abstract Species of Prevotella (Pr.) and Porphyromonas (Po.) and other microorganisms were cultivated as biofilms on agar medium and examined for their susceptibility to argon laser irradiation (continuous mode; wavelengths, 488–514 nm; fluences, 20–200 J cm −2 ). Fluences of 35 to 80 J cm −2 inhibited biofilm growth in Po. endodontalis, Po. gingivalis, Pr. denticola, Pr. intermedia, Pr. melaninogenica and Pr. nigrescens . A fluence of 70 J cm −2 did not affect biofilm growth in species of Bacillus, Candida, Enterobacter, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus . The phototoxic effects of argon laser irradiation against Prevotella and Porphyromonas species were: (1) caused by the radiation alone; (2) modified by biofilm age; (3) dependent on the presence of atmospheric oxygen; (4) influenced by medium supplements of hemin, hemoglobin and blood; (5) greater when compared with other microbial species; (6) demonstrated without augmentation with an exogenous photosensitizer; and (7) apparently unrelated to the protoporphyrin content of the cells. Overall, these in vitro findings suggest that low doses of argon laser radiation may be effective in the treatment and/or prevention of clinical infections caused by biofilm-associated species of Prevotella or Porphyromonas .
Dental restorations for oral rehabilitation – testing of laboratory properties versus clinical performance for clinical decision making *

Summary At the outset, the categories of physical, chemical, mechanical, biological and clinical properties of biomaterials are reviewed in terms of their definitions and relevant examples. Clinical performance for restorative materials is considered in terms of five crucial categories of factors (operator, design, materials, site and patient). Clinical performance assessment in actual clinical trials is described in terms of United States Public Health Service (USPHS) and modified USPHS categories of ratings collected from direct observations. Clinical failure analysis is characterized using reverse s-shaped curves to summarize longevity (failure or success) and clinical longevity for 50% failures (CL50) is defined. Actual practice effectiveness is demonstrated as being approximately one-half of clinical trial efficacy. Types of restorative dental material clinical trials are contrasted (longitudinal versus cross-sectional, short-term versus long-term, university-based versus practice-based research networks). Poor correlations between laboratory test values and clinical performance are explained. The need for risk assessment is emphasized. Evidence-based dentistry is defined in terms of available published information and precautions. At this point, the evidence base for clinical performance of biomaterials is scant.
Verifiable differential privacy

Working with sensitive data is often a balancing act between privacy and integrity concerns. Consider, for instance, a medical researcher who has analyzed a patient database to judge the effectiveness of a new treatment and would now like to publish her findings. On the one hand, the patients may be concerned that the researcher's results contain too much information and accidentally leak some private fact about themselves; on the other hand, the readers of the published study may be concerned that the results contain too little information, limiting their ability to detect errors in the calculations or flaws in the methodology. This paper presents VerDP, a system for private data analysis that provides both strong integrity and strong differential privacy guarantees. VerDP accepts queries that are written in a special query language, and it processes them only if a) it can certify them as differentially private, and if b) it can prove the integrity of the result in zero knowledge. Our experimental evaluation shows that VerDP can successfully process several different queries from the differential privacy literature, and that the cost of generating and verifying the proofs is practical: for example, a histogram query over a 63,488-entry data set resulted in a 20 kB proof that took 32 EC2 instances less than two hours to generate, and that could be verified on a single machine in about one second.
INFLUENCE OF SALTS AND pH ON THE FIRMNESS OF COOKED SNAP BEANS IN RELATION TO THE PROPERTIES OF PECTIN

Solute conditions inside cooked bean pods were adjusted by soaking the pods in different solutions. Interactions of Ca++ and Na+ showed increasing firmness as Ca++ concentration was raised and decreasing firmness as Na+ was raised. Chelating agents removed Ca++ and decreased firmness. Higher pH gave lower firmness except in the presence of excess Ca++. The presence of Na+ decreased the effect of pH on firmness. Urea decreased firmness when pods had been previously treated with a chelator. The effects of treatments on firmness were related to the behavior of pectin solutions and gels.
Electro-optic high-resolution Fabry-Perot spectrometer.

A single-crystal lithium niobate dtalon suitable for high-spectral-resolution studies has been operated successfully. This etalon with a 5-cm clear diameter and a gap equivalent to 2 cm in air has been found to have very linear response in wave number as a function of voltage. The combined advantages of adjustment-free operation, linearity in operation, and high luminosity in a small size (as a result of the μ(2) gain in the instrumental throughput caused by the large index of refraction of the lithium niobate substrate) make for a rugged instrument that is ideal for long-term unattended field operation.
COMPARABILITY OF INCUMBENT AND APPLICANT SAMPLES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIODATA KEYS: THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL DESIRABILITY

An index of Socially Desirable Responding (SDR) was developed to measure the extent of impression management exhibited in applicant and incumbent samples when responding to a biodata form. The sample consisted of 2,262 incumbent sales representatives and 2,726 applicants for sales positions. Greater applicant versus incumbent SDR was observed, but differences varied across a priori item content areas. Impression management was minimal in item categories such as Previous Work Experience and Economic Motivation, but it was more prevalent in categories such as Work Style and Preferences and Self-Evaluations of Prior Sales Success. Using a smaller sample of 810 incumbents and 555 applicants, largely equated for experience, an item-keyed biodata inventory was developed for selection. When regression procedures were used to develop final keys, no comparable items existed across the keys from the two samples. SDR was more highly related to the applicant key than to the incumbent key. Results for option-keyed instruments developed and validated on the same samples were compared with the results associated with the item-keyed instruments, and the conclusions were similar. Implications for the development of biodata forms for selection are discussed.
Review Article: Eplerenone: An Underused Medication?

In this article, we review the evidence supporting the use of eplerenone for improving cardiovascular prognosis. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays a major role in the pathogenesis of heart disease, and blockage of this system has been shown to improve prognosis in several cardiovascular conditions. The 2 marketed aldosterone antagonists, spironolactone and eplerenone, improve prognosis in patients with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and are effective antihypertensive medications. In addition, a potential role for aldosterone antagonists in the treatment of patients with heart failure and preserved LV function has been suggested and is currently being evaluated in clinical trials. In patients with myocardial infarction having LV dysfunction and evidence of heart failure, eplerenone improves cardiovascular outcomes and attenuates myocardial remodeling. In addition, eplerenone is effective for the treatment of hypertension, where it regresses both LV hypertrophy and proteinuria (2 powerful markers of increased cardiovascular risk). In contrast to spironolactone, eplerenone essentially lacks the sexual side effects that sometimes limit the use of spironolactone. Hyperkalemia is the main potential side effect of eplerenone, especially when used in combination with other medications that can cause hyperkalemia. Adequate patient selection and monitoring are therefore of utmost importance when using this medication. In conclusion, eplerenone is a medication that offers the cardiovascular therapeutic and prognostic benefits of aldosterone antagonism but with fewer side effects compared to spironolactone.
Information Processing in Dendritic Trees

This review considers the input-output behavior of neurons with dendritic trees, with an emphasis on questions of information processing. The parts of this review are (1) a brief history of ideas about dendritic trees, (2) a review of the complex electrophysiology of dendritic neurons, (3) an overview of conceptual tools used in dendritic modeling studies, including the cable equation and compartmental modeling techniques, and (4) a review of modeling studies that have addressed various issues relevant to dendritic information processing.
The Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Is Underrated

The thoracic outlet syndromes (TOS) are caused by congenital or developmental anatomic anomalies of musculoskeletal tissues that cause abnormal compression and irritation of the brachial plexus and subclavian vessels. The most obvious anomaly is a cervical rib, but this is found in only about 10% of patients with TOS. The other 90% who develop severe neuromuscular symptoms affecting the neck, shoulder, and upper extremity are found to have soft-tissue anomalies usually related to the middle and anterior scalene muscles. Although these anomalies have been carefully classified and reported, 1,2 only the surgical team can appreciate the remarkable anatomic variations that cause the severe neurovascular symptoms. Extensive (and expensive), sophisticated neuroelectric studies, magnetic resonance imaging scans, computed tomography scans, and vascular laboratory studies completely fail to demonstrate the anatomic variations of the soft tissues and the neurologic compression-irritation mechanisms that are the basic cause of the symptoms. 3,4 Thus, the physician
Utilizing Microsoft ® Office to Produce and Present Recursive Frame Analysis Findings

Although researchers conducting qualitative descriptive studies, ethnographies, phenomenologies, grounded theory, and narrative inquiries commonly use computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software (CAQDAS) to manage their projects and analyses, investigators conducting discursive methodologies such as discourse or conversation analysis seem to find such software packages not as useful. In our work with Recursive Frame Analysis (RFA), a systemic approach to the analysis of text and talk, we have taken a slightly different route by utilizing Microsoft® Office applications to produce and present our RFA findings. In the paper we describe RFA, explain how we use Word and PowerPoint to carry out RFA’s semantic, sequential, and pragmatic analyses, and illustrate our work with some examples from a recent study. Key Words: Recursive Frame Analysis, Microsoft® Office, Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software, and Qualitative Research
Ocean Energy Technology Program

The U.S. Department of Energy Ocean Energy Technology (DOE/ OET) Program was instituted to develop options for extracting and distributing significant amounts of ocean energy in a reliable, environmentally acceptable and cost-effective manner. Since it's inception in 1974, the program originally emphasized the identification of the most viable ocean energy options and determination of their resource potential. Ocean current devices, wave energy extraction techniques and ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) systems were investigated. Because the OTEC projected energy extraction potential is one to two orders of magnitude greater than the other ocean energy options, 90% of ocean energy funding has gone to this area. The DOE role is in technology development and basic and applied research. Generally, engineering development activies fall within the domain of private industry. Both wave and current devices extract kinetic energy from the ocean using a variety of methods. Ocean thermal conversion uses the difference in temperature between surface waters heated by the sun and colder deep (up to 3000 feet) ocean waters. These two sinks provide a temperature difference of about 20\deg C in ocean areas between \pm 20\deg of the equator. There are two power cycles under development in OTEC; open cycle and closed cycle. Open cycle uses sea water as the working fluid and dosed cycle uses ammonia or freon as the working fluid in a closed loop. The summary of OET Program activities during the period FY 1980 through FY 1983 represents the more significant findings of DOE-sponsored research and development in each of six program elements: Advanced Power Systems Development, Closed-Cycle Power Systems Development, Alternative Energy Systems Development, Environmental Research, Ocean Engineering, and Engineering Development. Although the FY 1984 program is still being formulated, twenty of the areas of uncertainty remaining to be resolved are listed and indicate the thrust of present planning.
Auditing Fair Value Measurements: A Synthesis of Relevant Research

To contribute to the PCAOB project on auditing fair value measurements (FVMs), we synthesize relevant academic literature to offer insights, conclusions, and future research directions for auditors, standard‐setters, and academics focusing on auditing FVMs. We structure our synthesis along two dimensions: (1) an emphasis on the auditor's need to understand how FVMs are prepared, and (2) the audit steps and procedures necessary to verify and attest to FVMs, including an awareness of the potential biases inherent in auditing FVMs. Drawing primarily from the judgment and decision‐making literature, we highlight a number of potential biases and limitations in the preparation and audit of FVMs. Additionally, we note that the specialized valuation knowledge necessary to effectively audit FVMs will be difficult for auditors to gain and maintain.