cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computational Modeling of the Dynamics of Human Trust During Human–Machine Interactions

We developed an experiment to elicit human trust dynamics in human–machine interaction contexts and established a quantitative model of human trust behavior with respect to these contexts. The proposed model describes human trust level as a function of experience, cumulative trust, and expectation bias. We estimated the model parameters using human subject data collected from two experiments. Experiment 1 was designed to excite human trust dynamics using multiple transitions in trust level. Five hundred and eighty-one individuals participated in this experiment. Experiment 2 was an augmentation of Experiment 1 designed to study and incorporate the effects of misses and false alarms in the general model. Three hundred and thirty-three individuals participated in Experiment 2. Beyond considering the dynamics of human trust in automation, this model also characterizes the effects of demographic factors on human trust. In particular, our results show that the effects of national culture and gender on trust are significant. For example, U.S. participants showed a lower trust level and were more sensitive to misses as compared with Indian participants. The resulting trust model is intended for the development of autonomous systems that can respond to changes in human trust level in real time.
City of love: group sex is associated with risks for HIV and other sexually transmissible infections among gay and bisexual men in Paris, France

Background This study explored the relationships between participation in group sex and risk for HIV and other sexually transmissible infections (STIs). Methods: An anonymous online survey collected data from 580 gay and bisexual men using a mobile sex and dating application in Paris, France. Logistic regression analyses were conducted, which controlled for HIV status, HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use and participants’ sociodemographic characteristics. Results: Compared with men with no recent group sex experience, those reporting group sex in the 3 months before the survey (30.7% of the sample) were more likely to have had condomless receptive anal sex at least once in the same period [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.1–2.4, P = 0.02], condomless insertive anal sex (aOR = 2.0, 95%CI: 2.4–8.7, P < 0.001) and substance use before or during sex (aOR = 1.6, 95%CI: 1.1–2.3, P = 0.02). Even when controlling for condom use, men involved with group sex were more likely to be have been diagnosed with a bacterial STI in the previous year (aOR = 2.1, 95%CI: 1.3–3.3, P = 0.002). Conclusions: Group sex remains a useful marker of risk among gay and bisexual men, but research is needed that moves beyond individual practice in order to assess the epidemiological networks comprising group sex and the risks they pose relevant to HIV and other STIs.
Design and analysis of confirmation experiments

The statistical literature and practitioners have long advocated the use of confirmation experiments as the final stage of a sequence of designed experiments to verify that the optimal operating conditions identified as part of a response surface methodology strategy are attainable and able to achieve the value of the response desired. However, until recently there has been a gap between this recommendation and details about how to perform an analysis to quantitatively assess whether the confirmation runs are adequate. Similarly, there has been little in the way of specific recommendations for the number and nature of the confirmation runs that should be performed. In this article, we propose analysis methods to assess agreement between the mean response from previous experiments and the confirmation experiment, and suggest a strategy for the design of confirmation experiments that more fully explores the region around the optimum.
Immunogenicity assessment of PRRS polylactic acid glycolic acid DNA vaccine

In order to enhance the immune effect of DNA vaccine, poly(lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA)] microparticles were prepared by solvent evaporation method, and the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) DNA vaccine pCI-ORF5 was adsorbed to the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) DNA vaccine. The surface of the microparticles was used to detect the amount of DNA adsorbed by PLGA microparticles, in vitro release, and immunogenicity in mice. The results showed that the DNA adsorption capacity of PLGA particles could reach 0.9% within 6h, and the release in vitro was affected by many factors such as CTAB content, PLGA molecular weight, PLGA concentration and internal water phase volume. After immunizing mice with the naked DNA vaccine, PLGA microparticles were found to significantly enhance the humoral and cellular immunity induced by the adsorbed DNA vaccine, indicating that it has a good application prospect as a vector for delivering DNA vaccines.
Trends and Determinants of Attitudes Towards People Living with HIV/AIDS Among Women of Reproductive Age in Tajikistan.

Introduction: Despite having one of lowest rates of newly diagnosed HIV infections among former Soviet countries, Tajikistan has a substantial level of discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). While initial attempts were made to explore discriminatory attitudes of a wide range of professionals, women’s general attitudes towards PLWHA received less scholarly attention. Employing a nationally representative sample from the 2000 and 2005 Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), sociodemographic determinants of HIV-related discriminatory attitudes of women aged 15-49 in Tajikistan were identified and examined over time.Methods: A representative sample included 5,453 women of reproductive age from the capital city and four regions of Tajikistan. Two dichotomized scenarios representing the agreement to let an HIV-infected teacher continue teaching in school and the willingness to buy food from an HIV-infected cashier were constructed. Univariate and multivariable analyses of HIV-related discriminatory attitudes were obtained using Stata 14.Results: Insignificant but positive changes were observed in the women’s attitudes between 2000 and 2005. Logistic regression models showed that negative attitudes were associated with the lack of knowledge of HIV/AIDS prevention methods, endorsement of HIV/AIDS transmission misconceptions, and never having been tested for HIV (p≤0.001). Women living in the rural areas, married, with lower education, and from low income households were less tolerant towards PLWHA.Conclusions: The data from Tajikistan underscore the persistence of HIV-related discriminatory attitudes among low socioeconomic status women. The study findings can be potentially used to target the disadvantaged groups and guide the design and implementation of programs that promote voluntary HIV-testing, raise awareness about HIV/AIDS prevention methods, and help dispel transmission misconceptions.
Up-to-date coverage with meningococcal vaccine among adolescents age 17 years: Patterns and correlates in the United States, 2017.

Abstract Limited research has explored reasons for low up-to-date coverage with meningococcal vaccine (UTD MenACWY) among adolescents at age 17 years. This analysis used National Immunization Survey–Teen data from 2017 to examine patterns of UTD MenACWY coverage. Correlates of higher UTD MenACWY coverage included black race and Hispanic ethnicity, residing in Northeast census region, recent health care visits, and receipt of recommendation for HPV vaccine. Median UTD MenACWY coverage was significantly higher in states with 1 and 2-dose requirements for school entry compared to no requirement; exemption policies were not associated. Approximately 13% of adolescents had a missed opportunity for UTD MenACWY. Future research should examine barriers to coverage at the patient, parent, provider and structural (clinic, social, policy) levels so that programs and interventions can be designed and implemented to increase coverage.
Frenchmen Into Peasants Into Frenchmen: Revolutionary Past and Future in George Sand’s Nanon

Published following the Franco-Prussian War and the Paris Commune, George Sand's 1872 novel Nanon is written as the 1850 memoirs of a peasant woman who had lived through the French Revolution. Focu...
Isolation and Characterization of Complement Receptor Type 1 (CR1) Storage Vesicles From Human Neutrophils Using Antibodies to the Cytoplasmic Tail of CR1

Neutrophil (PMN) activation is associated with increased surface expression of several membrane proteins that are translocated from intracellular pools. Indirect evidence suggests that the intracellular storage pools of complement receptor type 1 (CR1) in resting PMN are distinct from traditional granules and may be the secretory vesicles in which albumin is also stored, but it is not known if this compartment is homogeneous or heterogeneous. To isolate and characterize the CR1-containing vesicles, we used antibodies against unique sequences in the cytoplasmic tail of CR1. Affinity-purified IgG was used to adsorb CR1 storage vesicles from the light membrane fraction (gamma-band) of nitrogen cavitates of resting PMN. The immunoadsorbent could quantitatively remove the CR1-containing vesicles, whereas control adsorbents with nonimmune IgG showed no specific binding of CR1. Immunoblots of specifically isolated vesicles also showed enrichment of albumin, decay-accelerating factor, Fc gammaRIII, and CR3; whereas HLA class I was not detectable in these vesicles. Enzyme assay of specifically isolated vesicles after treatment with Triton X-100 showed that these vesicles contained most of the cells' latent alkaline phosphatase. An additional population of vesicles containing albumin, but not CR1, and that did not bind to anti-CR1 adsorbent was also identified. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that the specifically isolated vesicles had mean diameters of 0.086 to 0.1 microm and stained positive for CR1 and albumin. These results indicate that CR1 storage vesicles can be isolated with antibodies against the cytoplasmic tail of CR1 and show that these vesicles also contain albumin as well as glycosylphosphatidyl inositol-anchored proteins. These results are most compatible with the hypothesis that CR1-containing vesicles have arisen by endocytic retrieval of proteins that had been on the plasma membrane.
Seeing students at scale: how faculty in large lecture courses act upon learning analytics dashboard data

Despite their increasingly widespread adoption in post-secondary education, scholars and practitioners know very little about the impact of digital data displays on instructors’ sense-making and ac...
Genotype imputation and variability in polygenic risk score estimation

Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) are a summarization of an individual’s genetic risk for a disease or trait. These scores are being generated in research and commercial settings to study how they may be used to guide healthcare decisions. PRSs should be updated as genetic knowledgebases improve; however, no guidelines exist for their generation or updating. Here, we characterize the variability introduced in PRS calculation by a common computational process used in their generation—genotype imputation. We evaluated PRS variability when performing genotype imputation using 3 different pre-phasing tools (Beagle, Eagle, SHAPEIT) and 2 different imputation tools (Beagle, Minimac4), relative to a WGS-based gold standard. Fourteen different PRSs spanning different disease architectures and PRS generation approaches were evaluated. We find that genotype imputation can introduce variability in calculated PRSs at the individual level without any change to the underlying genetic model. The degree of variability introduced by genotype imputation differs across algorithms, where pre-phasing algorithms with stochastic elements introduce the greatest degree of score variability. In most cases, PRS variability due to imputation is minor (< 5 percentile rank change) and does not influence the interpretation of the score. PRS percentile fluctuations are also reduced in the more informative tails of the PRS distribution. However, in rare instances, PRS instability at the individual level can result in singular PRS calculations that differ substantially from a whole genome sequence-based gold standard score. Our study highlights some challenges in applying population genetics tools to individual-level genetic analysis including return of results. Rare individual-level variability events are masked by a high degree of overall score reproducibility at the population level. In order to avoid PRS result fluctuations during updates, we suggest that deterministic imputation processes or the average of multiple iterations of stochastic imputation processes be used to generate and deliver PRS results.
In vivo evidence for the unique kinetics of evoked dopamine release in the patch and matrix compartments of the striatum.

The neurochemical transmitter dopamine (DA) is implicated in a number of diseases states, including Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, and drug abuse. DA terminal fields in the dorsal striatum and core region of the nucleus accumbens in the rat brain are organized as heterogeneous domains exhibiting fast and slow kinetic of DA release. The rates of dopamine release are significantly and substantially faster in the fast domains relative to the slow domains. The striatum is composed of a mosaic of spatial compartments known as the striosomes (patches) and the matrix. Extensive literature exists on the spatial organization of the patch and matrix compartments and their functions. However, little is known about these compartments as they relate to fast and slow kinetic DA domains observed by fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV). Thus, we combined high spatial resolution of FSCV with detailed immunohistochemical analysis of these architectural compartments (patch and matrix) using fluorescence microscopy. Our findings demonstrated a direct correlation between patch compartments with fast domain DA kinetics and matrix compartments to slow domain DA kinetics. We also investigated the kinetic domains in two very distinct sub-regions in the striatum, the lateral dorsal striatum (LDS) and the medial dorsal striatum (MDS). The lateral dorsal striatum as opposed to the medial dorsal striatum is mainly governed by fast kinetic DA domains. These finding are highly relevant as they may hold key promise in unraveling the fast and slow kinetic DA domains and their physiological significance.
The roles of microRNAs in mouse development

Hundreds of microRNAs (miRNAs) are expressed in distinct spatial and temporal patterns during embryonic and postnatal mouse development. The loss of all miRNAs through the deletion of critical miRNA biogenesis factors results in early lethality. The function of each miRNA stems from their cumulative negative regulation of multiple mRNA targets expressed in a particular cell type. During development, miRNAs often coordinate the timing and direction of cell fate transitions. In adults, miRNAs frequently contribute to organismal fitness through homeostatic roles in physiology. Here, we review how the recent dissection of miRNA-knockout phenotypes in mice as well as advances related to their targets, dosage, and interactions have collectively informed our understanding of the roles of miRNAs in mammalian development and adaptive responses.
Sand … Water … Superflight

There are barrier islands along North Carolina’s Atlantic shore that travel. Ocean currents run parallel to the coast and carry sand southward, eating away at the ocean side of the islands. A storm, however, pulls sand from ocean bottom, carries it over the islands, and dumps it on their lee side. The islands endure, in ever-renewed form. But no natural processes renew a manmade structure that collapses when the Atlantic devours its foundation. Small constituencies, owners of summer homes on the islands, have pressed for “preservation” of each island.
Heterogeneous nucleation of ice on anthropogenic organic particles collected in Mexico City

This study reports on heterogeneous ice nucleation activity of predominantly organic (or coated with organic material) anthropogenic particles sampled within and around the polluted environment of Mexico City. The onset of heterogeneous ice nucleation was observed as a function of particle temperature (Tp), relative humidity (RH), nucleation mode, and particle chemical composition which is influenced by photochemical atmospheric aging. Particle analyses included computer controlled scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (CCSEM/EDX) and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy with near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (STXM/NEXAFS). In contrast to most laboratory studies employing proxies of organic aerosol, we show that anthropogenic organic particles collected in Mexico City can potentially induce ice nucleation at experimental conditions relevant to cirrus formation. The results suggest a new precedent for the potential impact of organic particles on ice cloud formation and climate.
Knocking on the Door: Juvenile and Family Courts as a Forum for Facilitating School Attendance and Decreasing Truancy

While there is debate about whether courts should be involved in truancy reduction efforts, less recognized is how courts can impact school attendance without lengthening their reach or further penalizing children and families. Courts are already involved with school-related decision making in child welfare and delinquency cases. This article reports on data from a qualitative study of stakeholder perspectives (N = 64) on school attendance in Maryland. Respondents suggested that courts adopt engagement-focused approaches to guide their work such as family assessments, school attendance plans, monitoring coordination and delivery of services, and ensuring that agencies meet their obligations to children.
Long life sparker for pulse powered underwater acoustic transducer

A long life underwater sparker has been developed by the US Navy as part of a pulse powered acoustic generator for minesweeping applications. This sparker has demonstrated continuous operation for more than one and a half hours at one kiloJoule discharge per pulse at a 10 Hertz rate. Additionally, the sparker was operated at one half kiloJoule discharges (10 Hertz) for more than two and a half hours. These operations were in a saltwater environment from a prototype high speed demonstration platform. This sparker design utilizes a coaxial configuration and is fabricated with off-the-shelf components and materials. In general, fabrication requires minimal facilities with the exception of the insulation between the anode (center rod) and the cathode (outer cylinder) which was fabricated by Amalga Composites Inc. With a proprietary process that utilizes cyclo-aliphatic compounds for the resin. The sparker is sacrificial which means the lifetime is dependent on the length of the sparker. The efficiency (electrical to acoustic), which depends on the specific configuration of the companion pulse power system, ranged from 6% for one kiloJoule discharge to 3% for one half kiloJoule discharges. The lifetime of the current design was dictated by the test requirements and could easily be extended. The sparker can be quickly changed out and the mounting component can be recycled. The advantages of this design are: simplicity of design, low fabrication cost (/spl sim/$70/sparker), seawater operation, relatively high efficiency and low hydrodynamic drag.
Forensic Analysis of BIOS Chips

Data can be hidden in BIOS chips without hindering computer performance. This feature has been exploited by virus writers and computer game enthusiasts. Unused BIOS storage can also be used by criminals, terrorists and intelligence agents to conceal secrets. However, BIOS chips are largely ignored in digital forensic investigations. Few techniques exist for imaging BIOS chips and no tools are available specifically for analyzing BIOS data.
A geometrical proof of the Hartogs extension theorem

100 years ago exactly, in 1906, Hartogs published a celebrated extension phenomenon (birth of Several Complex Variables), whose global counterpart was stated in full generality later by Osgood (1929): holomorphic functions in a connected neighborhood V(bD) of a connected boundary bD contained in C^n (n >= 2) do extend holomorphically and uniquely to the domain D. It was a long-standing open problem to derive a proof using only analytic discs, as did Hurwitz (1897), Hartogs (1906) and E.E.~Levi (1911) in some special, model cases. Quite unexpectedly, Fornaess in 1998 exhibited a topologically strange (nonpseudoconvex) domain D^F in C^2 that cannot be filled in by holomorphic discs, when one makes the additional requirement that discs must all lie entirely inside D^F. However, one should point out that the standard, unrestricted disc method usually allows discs to go outsise the domain (just think of Levi pseudoconcavity). Confirming these rather ancient expectations, we show that the global Hartogs extension theorem can be established in such a natural way.
Looking Over, Looking Out, and Moving Forward: Positioning Public Relations in Theorizing Organizational Network Ecologies

Public relations research has benefitted from theory development in the field of Communication. Yet, the contributions of public relations theory building to the larger Communication discipline are less clear. This may be due to the fact that public relations theories have focused on dyadic relationships with an organization at the center. This type of research has pursued a narrow understanding of relationships and neglected a broader understanding of how discourse shapes meaning and relationships. This article explores the social network perspective that places an organization's relationships in a wider context, its network ecology. We propose a conceptual model of how to apply social network analysis to studying systems of relationships and identify six propositions that provide guidelines for future research.
Beans N’ Cream Coffeehouse …And More?

This case involves an entrepreneurial company’s decision on whether to expand or not expand due to over-crowding issues at their current location. Caroline McCourt and Beth Mielcarek started their Sun Prairie coffeehouse initially as more of a hobby, “a comfortable 3 rd spot” for their regular customers. The offerings included not only coffee and specialty drinks but also a breakfast and lunch menu in a comfortable relaxing atmosphere. Operating in a mid-sized (20,000 population) midwestern town experiencing significant growth, sales have steadily increased over the past 6 years. As the popularity of the shop increased, long lines and a crowded atmosphere have detracted from the favorable ambience of the shop. This case places students in the position of owner of an entrepreneurial company contemplating expansion alternatives with the goal of satisfying customer needs.
Double-gated silicon field emission arrays: fabrication and characterization

In this work, the gate field factor and focus field factor were examined in the double-gated field emission array (FEA) and were shown to have strong influence on the initial beam spread. The optical measurement verified that the device with the tip below the gate aperture provides a small beam spread.
Sequence to Medical Phenotypes: A Framework for Interpretation of Human Whole Genome DNA Sequence Data

High throughput sequencing has facilitated a precipitous drop in the cost of genomic sequencing, prompting predictions of a revolution in medicine via genetic personalization of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. There are significant barriers to realizing this goal that are related to the difficult task of interpreting personal genetic variation. A comprehensive, widely accessible application for interpretation of whole genome sequence data is needed. Here, we present a series of methods for identification of genetic variants and genotypes with clinical associations, phasing genetic data and using Mendelian inheritance for quality control, and providing predictive genetic information about risk for rare disease phenotypes and response to pharmacological therapy in single individuals and father-mother-child trios. We demonstrate application of these methods for disease and drug response prognostication in whole genome sequence data from twelve unrelated adults, and for disease gene discovery in one father-mother-child trio with apparently simplex congenital ventricular arrhythmia. In doing so we identify clinically actionable inherited disease risk and drug response genotypes in pre-symptomatic individuals. We also nominate a new candidate gene in congenital arrhythmia, ATP2B4, and provide experimental evidence of a regulatory role for variants discovered using this framework.
A METHOD TO ESTIMATE TRIP O-D PATTERNS USING A NEURAL NETWORK APPROACH.

This paper proposes a method which identifies the trip origin‐destination (O‐D) matrix when many pairs of values for the right hand side column (B) and the bottom row (A) of the matrix are given. The method considers B and A as the cause (input) and effect (output) of a system, respectively, and that the O‐D matrix represents the relationship between the cause and the effect. The relationship which satisfies all pairs of the cause and the effect data exactly may not be identified, but, should a general pattern of the relationship exist, it should emerge when many data sets of B and A are given. Two steps are involved in the method: the first step examines if a consistent O‐D pattern exists; if a pattern is found to exist, the second step identifies the values of the elements of the O‐D matrix. The first step is based on the shape of the possibility distributions of the values of the matrix elements. The second step uses a simple back‐propagation neural network. The method is useful to problems that requir...
Film Cooling From a Row of Holes Supplemented With Antivortex Holes

The primary focus of this paper is to study the film cooling performance for a row of cylindrical holes each supplemented with two symmetrical anti vortex holes which branch out from the main holes. The anti-vortex design was originally developed at NASA-Glenn Research Center by Dr. James Heidmann, co-author of this paper. This “anti-vortex” design is unique in that it requires only easily machinable round holes, unlike shaped film cooling holes and other advanced concepts. The hole design is intended to counteract the detrimental vorticity associated with standard circular cross-section film cooling holes. The geometry and orientation of the anti vortex holes greatly affect the cooling performance downstream, which is thoroughly investigated. By performing experiments at a single mainstream Reynolds number of 9683 based on the free stream velocity and film hole diameter at four different coolant-to-mainstream blowing ratio of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and using the transient IR thermography technique, detailed film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer coefficients are obtained simultaneously from a single test. When the anti vortex holes are nearer to the primary film cooling holes and are developing from the base of the primary holes, better film cooling is accomplished as compared to other anti vortex hole orientations. When the anti vortex holes are laid back in the upstream region, film cooling diminishes considerably. Although an enhancement in heat transfer coefficient is seen in cases with high film cooling effectiveness, the overall heat flux ratio as compared to standard cylindrical holes is much lower. Thus cases with anti vortex holes placed near the main holes certainly show promising results.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Role Modeling versus Mentoring in Nursing Education

Role modeling, an accepted strategy for transmitting professional attitudes and behaviors from nursing instructor to students, and mentoring, a newer strategy in nursing education, are compared and contrasted. Possibilities for research and implications are discussed.
Sphere Packing, III. Extremal Cases

This paper is the third in a series of six papers devoted to the proof of the Kepler conjecture, which asserts that no packing of congruent balls in three dimensions has density greater than the face-centered cubic packing. In the previous paper in this series, a continuous function f on a compact space was defined, certain points in the domain were conjectured to give the global maxima, and the relation between this conjecture and the Kepler conjecture was established. This paper shows that those points are indeed local maxima. Various approximations to f are developed, that will be used in subsequent papers to bound the value of the function f. The function f can be expressed as a sum of terms, indexed by regions on a unit sphere. Detailed estimates of the terms corresponding to triangular and quadrilateral regions are developed.
An empirical model of mark-ups in a quality-differentiated export market

Abstract This paper develops an empirical model to allow for imperfect competition in the market for traded goods. A simultaneous equation model incorporating the demand for and supply of Taiwanese footwear exports to the United States is specified and estimated. The model allows the identification of two separate sources of mark-ups in export prices. The first comes from the U.S.-imposed quantitative restriction on these exports. The second comes from imperfect competition in the international market for these exports. The results suggest competitive behavior by Taiwanese footwear exporters. The quantitative restriction resulted in a 16.9 percent mark-up of prices over marginal cost.
Transient solution of 2-D flow in unconfined coastal aquifers

Abstract A BEM formulation is proposed for the 2-D groundwater flow in coastal unconfined aquifers. A quasi-steady approximation technique is utilized which allows for a BEM discretization of only the boundary of the physical domain occupied by fresh water. The objective of the proposed solution is the location of the two moving boundaries of the fresh water domain, i.e. the water table and the saltwater/fresh water interface, under conditions of transient tidal fluctuation, rainfall, and/or pumping. A comparison study and solutions to transient example problems are presented.
Sociodemographic disparities in differentiated thyroid cancer survival among adolescents and young adults in California.

Background: Few studies have focused on prognostic factors among adolescents and young adults (AYAs) 15 to 39 years of age when diagnosed with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). Our study expands upon prior work by including an evaluation of survival among AYA men and by neighborhood socioeconomic status, health insurance, and clinical factors to identify subgroups of young DTC patients at higher risk of mortality. Methods: Data for 16,827 AYA DTC patients diagnosed between 1988 and 2010 were obtained from the California Cancer Registry. Survival, through 2010, by sociodemographic and clinical factors was analyzed using Cox proportional hazards regression. Results: Of the 2.1% of AYAs who died, 16.7% died from thyroid cancer and 21.4% died from a subsequent cancer. In multivariate analyses, older AYAs 35 to 39 year of age (versus 15- to 29-year-olds), men (hazard ratio [HR] 2.77, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.62–4.72), and AYAs of African American or Hispanic race/ethnicity (versus non-Hispanic whites)...
Examining HPV threat-to-efficacy ratios in the Extended Parallel Process Model.

The Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) posits that an effective fear appeal includes both threat and efficacy components; however, research has not addressed whether there is an optimal threat-...
What Jim Crow’s Teachers Could Do: Educational Capital and Teachers’ Work in Under-resourced Schools

This article explains how Jim Crow’s teachers—former teachers of legally segregated schools for blacks—prepared and motivated disadvantaged students in spite of funding and resource deprivation. According to the author, black teachers fashioned situated pedagogies for the acquisition of educational capital that could be used in exchange for jobs, rights, and social power. Findings reveal three strategies of opportunity which provide some clues to how urban teachers today can educate poor children of color in under-resourced schools, such as generating materials and supplies, situating curriculum and instruction, and mobilizing human resources. The analysis draws upon 44 oral history interviews with former teachers in the coastal plains of North Carolina, as well as secondary historical sources.
Remote system for production of carbon‐11 labeled glucose via photosynthesis

A remote system has been constructed for the preparation of 11C-glucose via photosynthesis. The system is totally contained in a shielded hood, with all manipulations done from the outside. This system is capable of routine delivery of 25–50 mCi of 11C-glucose which has a radiochemical purity >95% and is sterile and pyrogen free. The design, construction and operation of this system are fully described.
Direct comparison of cellulose and quartz fiber filters for sampling submicrometer aerosols in the marine boundary layer

Abstract Paired high-volume aerosol samples of 20–60-h duration were collected using identical Sierra Model 235 cascade impactors during a July–September 1991 research cruise in the Atlantic Ocean. Whatman 41 cellulose fiber was used for the final filter in one impactor and a quartz fiber filter was used for the final filter in the other impactor during each of 17 sampling intervals. A paired t -test of measured nonseasalt sulfate (NSS) mass concentrations indicates that the retention efficiencies of the two materials for this primarily submicrometer species are indistinguishable under the conditions of our sampling. A paired t -test of ammonium concentrations indicates slightly higher concentrations on Whatman 41, suggesting, perhaps, a positive artifact due to sorption of ammonia vapor.
Identification of 14-3-3ε substrates from embryonic murine brain

Mice deficient in 14-3-3e exhibit abnormal neuronal migration and die perinatally. We report here the first large-scale analysis of 14-3-3 interacting partners from primary animal tissue, identifyi...
Dynamic histomorphometry of alveolar bone remodeling in the adult rat.

Alveolar bone normally undergoes remodeling on one side of the socket and modeling on the opposite side as the tooth migrates at a rate of 6.7 micrometer per day. Periodontal ligament width, however, remains constant. Because of this very high turnover rate, this bone is a good model to study bone modeling and remodeling activities. This study was undertaken in order to measure the different cellular events occurring during tooth migration along the alveolar bone of the rat. The histomorphometric measurements performed on this model permitted us to calculate the duration of each phase of the remodeling cycle, i.e., resorption lasts about 1.5 days and reversal about 3.5 days. Since the duration of the forming phase is about 1 day (Guyomard and Baron, '74), the total duration of each remodeling cycle is about 6 days. This time is very short compared to 60--120 days in adult human trabecular bone. Additionally, in this model each osteoclast resorbs 2--4 times its own volume of bone per day. Based on this knowledge, it will be possible to measure accurately the effects of experimental conditions on bone cells and bone remodeling in this rat alveolar bone model.
Beyond Positivist Ecology: Toward an Integrated Ecological Ethics

A post-positivist understanding of ecological science and the call for an “ecological ethic” indicate the need for a radically new approach to evaluating environmental change. The positivist view of science cannot capture the essence of environmental sciences because the recent work of “reflexive” ecological modelers shows that this requires a reconceptualization of the way in which values and ecological models interact in scientific process. Reflexive modelers are ecological modelers who believe it is appropriate for ecologists to examine the motives for their choices in developing models; this self-reflexive approach opens the door to a new way of integrating values into public discourse and to a more comprehensive approach to evaluating ecological change. This reflexive building of ecological models is introduced through the transformative simile of Aldo Leopold, which shows that learning to “think like a mountain” involves a shift in both ecological modeling and in values and responsibility. An adequate, interdisciplinary approach to ecological valuation, requires a re-framing of the evaluation questions in entirely new ways, i.e., a review of the current status of interdisciplinary value theory with respect to ecological values reveals that neither of the widely accepted theories of environmental value—neither economic utilitarianism nor intrinsic value theory (environmental ethics)—provides a foundation for an ecologically sensitive evaluation process. Thus, a new, ecologically sensitive, and more comprehensive approach to evaluating ecological change would include an examination of the metaphors that motivate the models used to describe environmental change.
Homological geometry I. Projective hypersurfaces

Introduction Consider a generic quintic hypersurfaceX inCP . It is an example of Calabi– Yau 3-folds. It follows from Riemann–Roch formula, that rational curves on a generic Calabi–Yau 3-fold should be situated in a discrete fashion. Therefore a natural question of enumerative algebraic geometry arises: find the number nd of rational curves in X of degree d for each d = 1, 2, 3, .... In 1991 Candelas, de la Ossa, Green and Parkes [1] ‘predicted’ all the numbers nd simultaneously: they conjectured that the generating function
Computed radiography dual energy subtraction: Performance evaluation when detecting low-contrast lung nodules in an anthropomorphic phantom

A dedicated chest computed radiography (CR) system has an option of energy subtraction (ES) acquisition. Two imaging plates, rather than one, are separated by a copper filter to give a high-energy and low-energy image. This study compares the diagnostic accuracy of conventional computed radiography to that of ES obtained with two radiographic techniques. One soft tissue only image was obtained at the conventional CR technique (s=254) and the second was obtained at twice the radiation exposure (s=131) to reduce noise. An anthropomorphic phantom with superimposed low-contrast lung nodules was imaged 53 times for each radiographic technique. Fifteen images had no nodules; 38 images had a total of 90 nodules placed on the phantom. Three chest radiologists read the three sets of images in a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) study. Significant differences in Az were only found between (1) the higher exposure energy subtracted images and the conventional dose energy subtracted images (P=.095, 90% confidence), and (2) the conventional CR and the energy subtracted image obtained at the same technique (P=.024, 98% confidence). As a result of this study, energy subtracted images cannot be substituted for conventional CR images when detecting low-contrast nodules, even when twice the exposure is used to obtain them.
IFATS collection: Adipose stromal cells adopt a proangiogenic phenotype under the influence of hypoxia.

Evolving evidence suggests a possible role for adipose stromal cells (ASCs) in adult neovascularization, although the specific cues that stimulate their angiogenic behavior are poorly understood. We evaluated the effect of hypoxia, a central mediator of new blood vessel development within ischemic tissue, on proneovascular ASC functions. Murine ASCs were exposed to normoxia (21% oxygen) or hypoxia (5%, 1% oxygen) for varying lengths of time. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion by ASCs increased as an inverse function of oxygen tension, with progressively higher VEGF expression at 21%, 5%, and 1% oxygen, respectively. Greater VEGF levels were also associated with longer periods in culture. ASCs were able to migrate towards stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1, a chemokine expressed by ischemic tissue, with hypoxia augmenting ASC expression of the SDF-1 receptor (CXCR4) and potentiating ASC migration. In vivo, ASCs demonstrated the capacity to proliferate in response to a hypoxic insult remote from their resident niche, and this was supported by in vitro studies showing increasing ASC proliferation with greater degrees of hypoxia. Hypoxia did not significantly alter the expression of endothelial surface markers by ASCs. However, these cells did assume an endothelial phenotype as evidenced by their ability to tubularize when seeded with differentiated endothelial cells on Matrigel. Taken together, these data suggest that ASCs upregulate their proneovascular activity in response to hypoxia, and may harbor the capacity to home to ischemic tissue and function cooperatively with existing vasculature to promote angiogenesis. STEM CELLS 2009;27:266–274
The effect of changing loads affecting the martensite steel on its structure and the Barkhausen noise level

The intended aim of the paper is to demonstrate how changes in the Barkhausen noise (BN) intensity depend on changes in the microstructure of rotor blades of an axial compressor, ones made of the martensite steel exposed to changing loads. What has been explained is the non-linear dependence of the BN on the number of steel-deformation cycles applied on a test stand under service-loading conditions. The modification of the dislocation structure emerging in the course of steel fatigue has been presented. It has also been shown that any change in the dislocation distribution and the accompanying increase in the misorientation of sub-grains as well as the modification of retained austenite precipitates both considerably affect the BN intensity. The dependence of the BN on the blade's operation time has been compared with that of the BN on the number of service-loading cycles. It has been found that results of both the stand tests and metallographic examination can be used to determine the level of blade material fatigue in the course of operational use thereof.
Trends in on-call workload in an academic medical center radiology department 1998–20021

Abstract Rationale and Objectives. The workload in radiology departments is increasing rapidly. This study was designed to determine whether and to what extent the workload is being generated outside of traditional working hours (defined as 0800-1700 Monday thru Friday, excluding holidays). Materials and Methods. Exam statistics were derived from the radiology department’s automated examination scheduling and reporting system for four successive fiscal years. The distribution of the number of studies completed throughout the 24-hour day and the 7-day week was charted. Results. A large proportion of studies are being completed outside of traditional working hours. Moreover, as the overall workload of the department increased, the proportion of studies being completed during nontraditional working hours was increasing at an even faster pace, particularly in the cross-sectional imaging modalities. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound have increased by 59%, 51%, and 30%, respectively, over 4 years. The on-call proportions have increased from 34% to 40% and 13% to 18% for computed tomography and ultrasound, respectively, over 4 years and from 44% to 50% for magnetic resonance imaging over 3 years. Conclusion. These trends have implications for radiologist and radiology technologist staffing. The department has already modified the scheduling of technologist staffing to provide in-house extended-hours coverage in most modalities. As the number of studies conducted outside of traditional working hours continues to expand and the demand for contemporaneous readings increases, radiologist staffing may need to be adjusted as well. Traditional on-call coverage may be insufficient to competently handle the growing workload. This may have particular implications for radiology residency programs.
Qualitative Spatial Reasoning with Cardinal Directions

Following reviews of previous approaches to spatial reasoning, a completely qualitative method for reasoning about cardinal directions, without recourse to analytical procedures, is introduced and a method is presented for a formal comparison with quantitative formulae. We use an algebraic method to formalize the meaning of cardinal directions. The standard directional symbols (N, S, E, W) are extended with a symbol 0 to denote an undecided case, which greatly increases the power of inference. Two examples of systems to determine and reason with cardinal directions are discussed in some detail and results from a prototype are given. The deduction rules for the coordination of directional symbols are formalized as equations; for inclusion in an expert system they can be coded as a look-up table (given in the text). The conclusions offer some direction for future work.
Charge and Mobility Enhancements in In-Polar InAl(Ga)N/Al(Ga)N/GaN Heterojunctions Grown by Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition Using a Graded Growth Strategy

In this paper, we investigated the Ga incorporation effect in InAl(Ga)N/Al(Ga)N/GaN heterojunctions grown by a close coupled showerhead metal–organic chemical vapor reactor and proposed a grading growth strategy, where the indium composition was graded from Al(Ga)N to InAl(Ga)N, to mitigate the deleterious effect of Ga carry-over on the transport properties of two dimensional electron gas (2DEG). In contrast to non-graded samples grown by conventional growth strategy without grading, hall measurements revealed significant charge and mobility enhancements for the graded samples, with an electron mobility of 1300 cm2 V-1 s-1, a sheet charge density of 2.35 ×1013 cm-2 and a resultant low sheet resistance of 205 Ω/ compared to the non-graded sample with an low sheet charge density of 1.4 ×1013 cm-2 and mobility of 1100 ±50 cm2 V-1 s-1. The reason of the enhancements were then analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atom probe techniques, which revealed that grading strategy led to a higher average Al composition in the barrier layer.
“Good” Probability Assessors

Abstract Since a meteorologist's predictions are subjective, a framework for the evaluation of meteorological probability assessors must be consistent with the theory of subjective probability. Such a framework is described in this paper. First, two standards of “goodness,” one based upon normative considerations and one based upon substantive considerations, are proposed. Specific properties which a meteorologist's assessments should possess are identified for each standard. Then, several measures of “goodness,” or scoring rules, which indicate the extent to which such assessments possess certain properties, are described. Finally, several important uses of these scoring rules are considered.
Kinetics of Silylene Insertion into N−H Bonds and the Mechanism and Kinetics of the Pyrolysis of Dimethylsilylamine

Product and kinetic data on the copyrolysis of silane with ammonia and of silane with dimethylamine are reported. The main products of the SiH4/NH3 reaction are disilane and silylamine, and the main products of the SiH4/Me2NH reaction are Si2H6 and Me2NSiH3. The silylamine products are produced by SiH2 insertions into the N−H bonds of the amine reactants, and rate constants for this insertion lie in the k2 ∼ 2 × 109 M-1 s-1 range, with no temperature dependence within the errors. Kinetic and product data on the pyrolysis of dimethysilylamine are also presented. Reactant loss followed reasonable first-order kinetics and produced rate constants consistent with Arrhenius parameters of log A(sec-1) = 12.64 ± 0.98 and E = 48.02 ± 3.1 kcal/mol. A mechanism of reaction, based on the kinds of silylene intermediate reactions expected, is presented. Comparisons of mechanistic expectations with the product data, however, indicate a more complex reaction system.