cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accelerated crack growth experiments of SS304H for dry storage canister in substitute ocean water – Effect of temperature

Abstract Spent nuclear fuels (SNFs) are expected to be stored in dry storage canisters (DSCs) for much longer time than earlier anticipated due to a lack of permanent deep geological repository. As a result, DSCs located in marine environment may undergo chloride induced stress corrosion cracking (SCC) during long-term storage of SNFs. We report here the effect of test temperature on accelerated crack growth experiments carried out on sensitized austenitic stainless steel SS304H in substitute ocean water using fracture mechanics approach. Wedge-opening loading specimens were selected for measurement of crack growth rates using direct-current potential drop technique. Average crack growth rates of 0.975 × 10−10 ± 9.528 × 10-12, 3.258 × 10−10 ± 9.551 × 10-11 and 1.580 × 10-9 ± 2.593 × 10−10 m/s were obtained for 22, 37 and 60 °C, respectively resulting in an activation energy of 60.9 kJ/mol corresponding to diffusion of hydrogen in steel. Intergranular crack propagation was noted along with formation of chromium-rich carbide precipitates at grain boundaries.
Sleeping Dogs: The Restatement (Fourth) and International Humanitarian Law

Over the past two decades, important new rules regulating the conduct of armed conflict have emerged from domestic judicial decisions in several states, including the United States. Courts produced decisions about how to characterize a state’s extra-territorial armed conflicts against non-state actors; who a state lawfully may detain or target during those conflicts; the detention review processes a state must conduct; and what restrictions should attach to detainee transfers. We might term this case law “domestic humanitarian law” (or “DHL”). DHL offered a way to develop international humanitarian law in the absence of new international negotiations. U.S. courts were a major player in this undertaking. The decisions they produced, and the congressional and executive reactions to those decisions, fall squarely within what we think of as U.S. foreign relations law. Notwithstanding the stated interest by the Restatement (Fourth) of Foreign Relations Law’s reporters in updating the Restatement (Third) to better reflect major geopolitical changes since 1987, however, and notwithstanding the fact that DHL is a new, plentiful, and important reflection of those changes, there seems to be an unspoken consensus that DHL would be a poor subject for the Restatement (Fourth) to take up. This chapter considers why this is the case and what it says about U.S. “war on terror” jurisprudence. The chapter first describes basic developments in U.S. “DHL” since the September 11 attacks and shows why this jurisprudence theoretically would fit squarely into a Restatement (Fourth). It then explores why there is no enthusiasm for including the topic in a future Restatement, even from groups whom we might expect to support such an idea. It focuses on academics who support broad executive power, academics who emphasize the importance of U.S. compliance with international law, and officials in the executive branch, including lawyers in the State, Defense, and Justice Departments. Substantively, it surveys why each group may have unique reasons to resist the inclusion of DHL in a Restatement, and why all three groups may share general, strategic reasons to resist. It concludes that this pessimism reflects dissatisfaction from virtually all quarters about the state of U.S. law in this area, even from those actors who ostensibly “won” their cases.
Applied value of color Doppler flow imaging in diagnosis of congenital subglottic haemangioma in infant

Objective:To investigate the value of color Doppler flow imaging（CDFI） in the diagnosis of congenital subglottic hemangioma（CSH） in infants. Methods:The data of 18 children with CSH who underwent laryngeal CDFI examination were collected and analyzed retrospectively, and compared with those who underwent laryngeal ultrasound examination at the same time. The shape, size, blood flow characteristics of the tumor and its relationship with airway were observed. Eighteen cases were treated with propranolol orally. CDFI of larynx was reexamined after 1 week, 1 month and 3 months of treatment. Results:CDFI could clearly show the location, shape, size and range of CSH in 18 cases, as well as the relationship with airway and surrounding tissues. CDFI images of CSH showed that the tumor was massive or nodular with abundant or patchy blood flow signals. Hemangioma was found in 6 cases on the right side, 8 cases on the left side, and 4 cases on both sides. Conclusion:CDFI can be used in the diagnosis of subglottic hemangioma. It has advantages in displaying its size, scope and relationship with airway, especially in the later treatment and follow-up.
HPC Data Center Participation in Demand Response: an Adaptive Policy with QoS Assurance

Demand response programs help stabilize the electricity grid by providing monetary stimulus to consumers if they regulate their power consumption following market requirements. Regulation service, a market that requires participants to regulate power by following a signal updated every few seconds, is particularly beneficial to HPC data centers since data centers are capable of increasing/decreasing power consumption owing to the flexibility in running workloads and the availability of power control mechanisms. While prior works have explored how data centers can provide regulation service reserves, Quality-of-Service (QoS) provisioning for the jobs running at the data centers has not been considered. In this work, we propose an Adaptive policy with QoS Assurance that enables data centers to participate in regulation service programs with assurance on job QoS. Our policy regulates data center power through job scheduling and server power capping. QoS assurance is achieved by applying a queueing-theoretic result to our job scheduling strategy. We evaluate our policy by experiments on a real cluster. Our results demonstrate that the proposed policy reduces electricity costs by 25-56% while providing QoS assurance. On the other hand, the baseline policies cannot meet QoS constraints in 9 of the 14 workload traces tested.
Synthesis of agelastatin A and derivatives premised on a hidden symmetry element leading to analogs displaying anticancer activity

Abstract Concise total syntheses of (±)-7-hydroxy debromo agelastatin A (AglA), (±)-AglA, and 11-nitro AglA are presented based on an identified pseudo-symmetry element. This synthetic strategy was developed based on a desire to improve solubility of this potent anticancer agent while also developing a synthetic strategy that would enable late-stage variation of the pyrrole moiety. A stability study of pyrrole-derived carbinolamines revealed critical substituent effects impacting the equilibrium between the cyclic carbinolamine and keto pyrrole forms. 7-Hydroxy AglA existed primarily in the ketopyrrole form however the des-bromo variant existed primarily in the cyclic carbinolamine form. Cytotoxicity assays revealed activity for a 13-nitro AglA derivative (∼14–63 μM) for breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 and MCF7) and a glioblastoma cell line (U87) while for 7-hydroxy des-bromo AglA, measurable activity was only observed against the glioblastoma cell line.
Quasi-two-day wave modulation of carbon dioxide in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere

Abstract In this paper, we report the quasi-two-day wave (QTDW) in daytime only SABER CO2 in January 2003. The QTDW in CO2 of ∼7 ppmv or 3–4% shows double peak structures at mid and low latitudes of both hemispheres. We compare the SABER measured QTDW disturbance in CO2 and temperature to those in the eCMAM (the extended Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model). Good agreement of QTDW CO2 spatial and temporal variations is seen, especially at southern mid-latitudes. eCMAM outputs are further analyzed to show that the QTDW in CO2 mixing ratio is mainly driven by both vertical transport and meridional advection. Because waves in vertical transport can be derived by temperature disturbance via a so-called adiabatic displacement approach, we can estimate the QTDW in CO2 mixing ratio from the SABER QTDW in temperature assuming meridional advection is weak at low and mid-latitudes.
Evaluating stability of the craniovertebral junction after unilateral C1 lateral mass resection: implications for the direct lateral approach.

OBJECTIVE The direct lateral approach is an alternative to the transoral or endonasal approaches to ventral epidural lesions at the lower craniocervical junction. In this study, the authors performed, to their knowledge, the first in vitro biomechanical evaluation of the craniovertebral junction after sequential unilateral C1 lateral mass resection. The authors hypothesized that partial resection of the lateral mass would not result in a significant increase in range of motion (ROM) and may not require internal stabilization. METHODS The authors performed multidirectional in vitro ROM testing using a robotic spine testing system on 8 fresh cadaveric specimens. We evaluated ROM in 3 primary movements (axial rotation [AR], flexion/extension [FE], and lateral bending [LB]) and 4 coupled movements (AR+E, AR+F, LB + left AR, and LB + right AR). Testing was performed in the intact state, after C1 hemilaminectomy, and after sequential 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% C1 lateral mass resection. RESULTS There were no significant increases in occipital bone (Oc)-C1, C1-2, or Oc-C2 ROM after C1 hemilaminectomy and 25% lateral mass resection. After 50% resection, Oc-C1 AR ROM increased by 54.4% (p = 0.002), Oc LB ROM increased by 47.8% (p = 0.010), and Oc-C1 AR+E ROM increased by 65.8% (p < 0.001). Oc-C2 FE ROM increased by 7.2% (p = 0.016) after 50% resection; 75% and 100% lateral mass resection resulted in further increases in ROM. CONCLUSIONS In this cadaveric biomechanical study, the authors found that unilateral C1 hemilaminectomy and 25% resection of the C1 lateral mass did not result in significant biomechanical instability at the occipitocervical junction, and 50% resection led to significant increases in Oc-C2 ROM. This is the first biomechanical study of lateral mass resection, and future studies can serve to validate these findings.
Direct aperture optimization using an inverse form of back-projection

Direct aperture optimization (DAO) has been used to produce high dosimetric quality intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) treatment plans with fast treatment delivery by directly modeling the multileaf collimator segment shapes and weights. To improve plan quality and reduce treatment time for our in-house treatment planning system, we implemented a new DAO approach without using a global objective function (GFO). An index concept is introduced as an inverse form of back-projection used in the CT multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique (MART). The index, introduced for IMRT optimization in this work, is analogous to the multiplicand in MART. The index is defined as the ratio of the optima over the current. It is assigned to each voxel and beamlet to optimize the fluence map. The indices for beamlets and segments are used to optimize multileaf collimator (MLC) segment shapes and segment weights, respectively. Preliminary data show that without sacrificing dosimetric quality, the implementation of the DAO reduced average IMRT treatment time from 13 min to 8 min for the prostate, and from 15min to 9 min for the head and neck using our in-house treatment planning system PlanUNC. The DAO approach has also shown promise in optimizing rotational IMRT with burst mode in a head and neck test case.
What About the Children? A Call for Regulation of Assisted Reproductive Technology

Sitting in rush-hour traffic, I hear a radio commercial for a local hospital. Quadruplets were born, it says, premature, after the mother was on hospitalized bed rest for several weeks. The radio commercial urges listeners to visit the hospital’s Web site to “see how the story turned out.” A review of the Web site reveals that the quadruplets have survived and are developing well despite their prematurity. Further investigation reveals that the quadruplets were born because their mother used fertility drugs. Prematurity is one of the adverse outcomes that users of assisted reproductive technology (ART) might expect, and not all ART stories have happy endings. In 1978, the first “test-tube” baby was born. This birth, the first to result from the use of in vitro fertilization (IVF), ushered in an era of new reproductive choices for infertile parents. Since that first birth, the use of assisted reproduction has grown dramatically. In 2005, fertility clinics registered with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) performed 134,260 ART cycles, which resulted in 38,910 live
FISSION-PRODUCT CAPTURE CROSS SECTIONS

Experimental measurements of fission product capture cross sections and statistical estimates of capture cross sections for energies at which no measurements have been made yielded a set of group cross sections for primary and secondary fission products covering the complete range of energies of interest for reactor calculations. Capture cross sections and fission product yield measurements were obtained from a comprehensive search covering published and some unpublished measurements available prior to May 196l. Unmeasured capture cross sections in the resonance region were statistically estimated using average neutron strcngth functions, level spacings, and radiation widths. The general techniques of obtaining reliable nuclear parameters and estimates of cross sections are discussed in detail. The importance of capture in shortlived fission products is considered. The group cross sections obtained in this work were combined and presented in a form useful for calculating fission product poisoning in reactors containing U/sup 233/, U/sup 235/, and/or Pu/sup 239/. Results are analyzed and compared with previously published fission product studies. (auth)
The ventricular system in neuroendocrine mechanisms

This investigation has dealt with a light and electron microscopic autoradiographic analysis of the median eminence of the rat following intraventricular infusion of 3H-dopamine. This study has demonstrated that 3H-dopamine, once infused into the mammalian cerebral ventricular system, is rapidly and selectively absorbed by tanycytes and transported to the contact zone within 5 minutes after ventricular infusion. Certain axon terminals in the ependymal, hypendymal, and palisade-contact zones selectively sequester 3H-dopamine as do subpopulations of arcuate neurons. This picture of intense labelling of neurons and axon terminals is discussed with respect to monoaminergic re-uptake mechanisms. Uptake and transport of 3H-DA by tanycytes is discussed.
The Tritium Performance of Alloy 22-13-5

Previously published studies of the performance of high strength austenitic steels and superalloys in tritium have demonstrated significant shortcomings in toughness and sensitivity to decay helium in the metal matrix. The alloy 22Cr-13Ni-5Mn exhibits high cracking thresholds in hydrogen, and promising performance in tritium-charged and aged smooth tensile specimens. It is readily forged to strengths beyond 690 MPa, and is commercially available. The tensile performance of 22-13-5 is compared to that of 21-6-9 and JBK-75. Aspects of a development program are outlined.
Effect of potential placental surface area reduction on fetal growth

This investigation was undertaken to study the effect of reduction of placental surface area on fetal growth. The right horn of the bicornuate uterus was removed in nonpregnant ewes, the ewes were bred and 11 out of 15 became pregnant. Near term, under experimental conditions, maternal and fetal blood gases, pH, uterine and umbilical blood flows were measured or calculated. Fetal, placental membrane, uterine, and cotyledonary weights and number of cotyledons were recorded. The experimental hemi-hysterectomized group was compared to a control group of 14. Results show that: (1) weight per cotyledon was significantly greater (p less than 0.01) in the hemi-hysterectomized series than in the controls, (2) loss of a significant number of placentation sites was compatible with the production of term-sized fetuses, (3) since the difference between the number of cotyledons in the hemihysterectomized and control groups is significantly less than the number of implantation sites removed, the efficiency of implantation is improved, and (4) there were no changes in blood flows, PO2, PCO2, and fetal oxygen consumption.
Is Another World Possible? The Contribution of Sociological Practice to Societal Change:

This paper describes the session at the 2007 American Sociological Association Annual Meeting that was the basis for this symposium. It provides an overview of the papers and finishes with a discussion of altruism, the context provided by the introductory paper, because of its potential importance in processes of societal change. I suggest attention to the 1,200 years of altruism training in the Tibetan Buddhist tradition as a component of future sociological thinking on this subject.
Incompleteness of Behavioral Logics

Abstract Incompleteness results for behavioral logics are investigated. We show that there is a basic finite behavioral specification for which the behavioral satisfaction problem is not recursively enumerable, which means that there are no automatic methods for proving all true statements; in particular, behavioral logics do not admit complete deduction systems. This holds for all of the behavioral logics of which we are aware. We also prove that the behavioral satisfaction problem is not co-recursively enumerable, which means that there is no automatic way to refute false statements in behavioral logics. In fact we show stronger results, that all behavioral logics are Π 0 2 -hard, and that, for some data algebras, the complexity of behavioral satisfaction is not even arithmetic; matching upper bounds are established for some behavioral logics. In addition, we show for the fixed-data case that if operations may have more than one hidden argument, then final models need not exist, so that the coalgebraic flavor of behavioral logic is lost.
Preliminary SAR analysis of novel antiproliferative N6,5′-bis-ureidoadenosine derivatives

Abstract A preliminary library of novel N6,5′-bis-ureidoadenosine analogs and related derivatives was prepared and tested for activity against the NCI 60 panel of human cancers. A 2′-O-TBS group was found to be necessary, but not sufficient, for optimal antiproliferative activity. Neither the N6- nor 5′-ureido substituents were sufficient to achieve significant antiproliferative effects when present in the absence of the other. The 2′-O-TBS, and N6,5′-bis-ureido substitution patterns were found to be necessary for optimal antiproliferative activity.
Cell biology: Nuclear order out of chaos

How cells build their internal structures remains one of the central mysteries in cell biology. If the cell nucleus is anything to go by, stochastic assembly and self-organization seem to be key.
Effect of Terplex/VEGF-165 gene therapy on left ventricular function and structure following myocardial infarction. VEGF gene therapy for myocardial infarction.

Abstract Background : We used a novel lipopolymeric gene delivery system, TeplexDNA, to transfect myocardium with plasmid vascular endothelial growth factor-165 (pVEGF) and evaluated the ability of pVEGF to preserve left ventricular function and structure after coronary ligation in a rabbit model. Methods : New Zealand white rabbits underwent circumflex coronary ligation after direct intramyocardial injection of either Terplex alone or Terplex+50 μg pVEGF-165. Serial echocardiography and histologic studies were performed ( n =12/group). Mortality did not differ between groups. The data is reported as the mean±standard deviation. Results : Over the 21 days following coronary ligation, pVEGF-165-treated animals demonstrated significant improvement in fractional shortening (20–25%, p =0.02), long axis two-dimensional ejection fraction (42–51%, p =0.02) and short axis m-mode ejection fraction (46–54%, p =0.02). No significant improvements were noted in the control group. VEGF-treated animals had a 50% increase in peri-infarct vessel density and a trend towards a smaller infarct size (20% vs. 29%, p =0.10). In animals receiving pVEGF-165, the diastolic ventricular area increased from 1.87±0.24 cm 2 prior to ligation to 2.19±0.23 cm 2 at 21 days following ligation, compared to an increase from 1.84±0.38 to 2.54±0.55 cm 2 over the same period in control animals ( p =0.03). Similarly, the systolic ventricular area in VEGF-165 animals increased from 1.06±0.26 cm 2 prior to ligation to 1.50±0.29 cm 2 at 21 days following ligation, compared to an increase from 1.16±0.30 to 1.86±0.43 cm 2 over the same period in the control animals ( p =0.04). Conclusion : TerplexDNA mediated delivery of plasmid VEGF administered at the time of coronary occlusion improves left ventricular function and reduces left ventricular dilation following myocardial infarction.
Primate communities: Past, present, and possible future

An understanding of the fundamental causes of the structure of primate communities is important for studies of primate evolutionary history, primate behavioral ecology, and development of conservation strategies. Research into these structuring factors has benefited from new perspectives such as consideration of primate phylogenetic history, metacommunities, and interactions with predators and nonprimate competitors. This review presents the underlying factors of primate community structure within the biogeographic regions of Madagascar, the Neotropics, Africa, and Asia. One of the major differences among these locations likely resulted from the initial primate taxa that colonized each region (a single colonization event in the case of Madagascar and South America, and multiple radiations of higher-level taxa in Africa and Asia). As most primates live in forests, the differences among the forests in these locations, caused by various climatic influences, further influenced speciation and the development of primate communities. Within these habitats, species interactions with different groups of organisms were also instrumental in developing community dynamics. Through an investigation of these fundamental factors, we identify some of the most important effects on primate communities in each region. These findings suggest that low primate richness in Asia may be caused by either the abundance of dipterocarp trees or high levels of monsoon rains. High numbers of frugivores and a lack of folivores in neotropical communities may be associated with competition with sloths that were already present at the time of initial radiation. Climatic patterns which affect forest structure and productivity in Madagascar may be responsible for high numbers of folivorous lemurs. The identification of these factors are important for the conservation of existing primate communities, and indicate directions for future studies.
Experimental acidification of Little Rock Lake, Wisconsin: The first four years of chemical and biological recovery

Little Rock Lake was experimentally acidified in 1984-1990 during which sulfuric acid was added to one basin, decreasing pH from 6.1 to 5.6, 5.1 and 4.7. The lake has been allowed to recover without manipulation since autumn 1990. By the third year of recovery, ∼40% of the change necessary to return to pre-acidification values of pH, acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), sulfate (SO 4 2- ) and calcium (Ca 2+ ) had occurred. During recovery years 1-2, ANC was closely predicted by models based on acidification phase observations, but recovery during years 3-4 was slower than predicted. A possible explanation for the slowed recovery is acidification of the upper 0-5 cm of sediment, which acts as a sink for the ANC generated via SO 4 2- reduction, the primary recovery mechanism. Trends for zooplankton did not follow pH recovery very closely. Species diminished by acidification (e.g. Keratella cochlearis, Daphnia dubia) have not recovered, but species that dominated the community at pH 4.7 (e.g. K. taurocephala, D. catawba) have not maintained high populations. The time required for the zooplankton community to recover to pre-manipulation conditions is uncertain. Delays also have been observed for the mayfly species Caenis, which had disappeared at pH 4.7. In contrast, reproductive success of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmonides) mirrored that observed during acidification ; egg hatch and survival of young-of-the-year to autumn recurred when pH exceeded response levels documented during acidification. Overall, recovery has not closely followed the pattern predicted by acidification responses.
Homegrown reality: locally formatted Israeli programming and the global spread of format TV

In recent years, global television formats have challenged the decades-long dominance of ‘finished’ US product imports in the international market, highlighting an alternative conceptual or formal television global flow. However the diversity of this flow is not always captured in the dominant industrial and academic discourses surrounding the contemporary spread of format television. One key oversight results from the tendency to overemphasize the big-name ‘official’ reality franchises while downplaying the importance of ‘unlicensed’ or locally formatted programming. Nevertheless, unaffiliated local productions, commonly known as ‘clones’, have played a significant role in reality television's global distribution. Focusing on one key Israeli case study – Lo Nafsik Lashir/We Won't Stop Singing, a locally formatted patriotic game show that evolved gradually into a Pop Idol ‘clone’ – this article offers an alternative framework for considering the importance of ‘unaffiliated’ programming. Thus, foregroundin...
Dynamic correlations in the classical two-dimensional antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model with easy-plane symmetry

We investigate the dynamics of the two-dimensional antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model with easy-plane exchange symmetry. We develop a phenomenology of spin-wave and vortex excitations and calculate their contributions to the dynamical correlation functions {ital S}{sup {alpha}{alpha}}({bold q},{omega}), {alpha}={ital x},{ital y},{ital z}. The vortex shape depends explicitly on an exchange anisotropy parameter {lambda} and changes from a mainly in-plane structure below a critical {lambda}{sub {ital c}} to a shape with well-established {ital z} components around the vortex center above {lambda}{sub {ital c}}. In this paper we will discuss only the case {lambda}{lt}{lambda}{sub {ital c}}, where the system behaves almost like the pure {ital XY} model. The general properties of the dynamical behavior of the spin waves and vortices below the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition temperature {ital T}{sub KT} have been widely examined for the ferromagnetic {ital XY} model, and do not change much in the antiferromagnet (although here we have two magnon branches according to the two different spin sublattices). Our main interest is focused on the unbound vortices just above {ital T}{sub KT}. Assuming a dilute gas of ballistically moving vortices, we obtain central peaks in {ital S}{sup {alpha}{alpha}}({bold q},{omega}) similar to the ferromagnetic case, but in some cases at different positions inmore » {bold q} space depending on whether the static vortex structure or the deviation from it due to a finite velocity dominates the correlations. These results are compared with a combined Monte Carlo--molecular-dynamics simulation on a 100{times}100 square lattice.« less
Precise and accurate measurement of proton T1 in human brain in vivo: Validation and preliminary clinical application

Precise and accurate inversion-recovery (PAIR) magnetic resonance (MR) measurements of T1 were obtained in eight brain regions and cerebrospinal fluid of 26 healthy volunteers. Accuracy of the technique was assessed by measuring T1 in small fluid volumes with the PAIR technique and with two independent spectroscopic techniques. The mean difference between T1 measured with PAIR and with the two spectroscopic techniques was 3.1% +/- 1.3. The precision (reproducibility) of measurements with the PAIR technique was excellent. The coefficient of variation (CV) across 16 measurements in a head phantom was 2.0%, compared with a CV of 2.7% across 45 separate measurements in a single subject. The within-subject CV was 1.8% +/- 0.6 in white matter and 1.4% +/- 1.0 in basal ganglia. The between-subject CV in 26 healthy volunteers was 3.6% +/- 0.6 in white matter and 4.1% +/- 1.9 in basal ganglia. Comparison between a patient with an active recurrent brain tumor and an age-matched patient with an inactive brain tumor showed that T1 was significantly elevated throughout the brain of the active-tumor patient, especially in white matter tracts, even though no tumor or edema was detected in the white matter on standard MR images. Comparisons between five brain tumor patients and four healthy volunteers of similar age showed that T1 was significantly and substantially elevated throughout the white matter tracts and in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and thalamus. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that white matter tracts are selectively vulnerable to edema and that T1 increases in white matter are a sensitive indicator of patient status or tumor aggressiveness.
Varieties of Mere Exposure: The Effects of Processing Style and Repetition on Affective Response

Various theories are examined in order to develop a mechanism that can explain the role of exposure in affective response. Processing style is proposed as a moderating variable that includes attention and elaboration of processing. An experiment suggests that some minimal level of processing (focused attention) may be required for affective response based on sensed familiarity and that more elaborative processing may invoke complex evaluative processes.
The significance of life events as contributing factors in the diseases of children

A study of several groups of children was carried out in terms of the social-psychological events that occurred in their external environments prior to the onset of illness. Major life changes had been experienced by twice as many children with disease as would have been expected in a control population of healthy children.
Low-status compensation: A theory for understanding the role of status in cultures of honor.

The mechanisms that link herding regions to cultures of honor have never been empirically tested. The objective of the present article is to show the important role that issues of status play in linking herding regions to cultures of honor using the theory of low-status compensation (P. J. Henry, 2008b) as a framework. Four studies are presented. Study 1 replicates the finding that counties in the American South conducive to herding have higher murder rates than do counties conducive to farming but shows those differences are mediated by indicators of status disparities in a county. Study 2 replicates the findings of Study 1 with an international sample of 92 countries. Study 3 tests the theoretical idea that people who are low in socioeconomic status face stigma in society and show self-defensive strategies generally. Finally, Study 4 provides experimental evidence that low-status tendencies toward aggressing in the face of insults may be due to strategies to protect their sense of social worth. The results are contextualized within the theory of low-status compensation as a theory for understanding the role status plays in predicting some forms of violence.
NATURE'S METROPOLIS: THE GHOST DANCE OF CHRISTALLER AND VON THUNEN

William Cronon’s Nature’s Metropolis (1991) is a wonderful book, on a par with Fernand Braudel’s erudite tomes on European history. This book is a standing brief for a thoroughgoing geographical reworking of American economic history. We welcome its appearance wholeheartedly, even as we admit its ambiguous meaning for geography: a triumphant assertion of the geographic perspective that is energizing western history, urban history and environmental studies, but an opportunity missed by geographers to have written it first. Nevertheless, there is much left to do. While saluting Cronon, geographers must take him to task for the substantial shortcomings of the treatment of Chicago and the American west. For Cronon has reproduced a style of geography that is, for all its narrative brilliance, analytically limited and thoroughly out of date. Nature’s Metropolis explores the relationship between Chicago and its vast western hinterland of the 19th century, and in so doing masterfully reveals the environmental basis of Chicago’s economic expansion: the abounding products of nature flowing into the city like a torrent. The centerpiece of the book is the section ”Nature to Market,” consisting of “a series of stories, each tracing the path between an urban market and the natural systems that supply it.” (p. xvii). In three enthralling chapters on grain, lumber and meat, Cronon examines in detail the mammoth resource extraction orchestrated by Chicago merchants. Their challenge was to reduce the diverse and living products of nature to
Landscape and Habitat Attributes of Species of Glyptasida Casey (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

ABSTRACT The geographic distribution of species of Glyptasida Casey, 1912 ranges from along the western edge of the Great Plains from southern Canada to northern Jalisco, Mexico and west into Utah. Species and habitat associations of these beetles are here analyzed using a powerful geospatial dataset created by layering four habitat attributes (land cover, elevation, precipitation, and temperature) with locality data from museum specimens. Individuals of Glyptasida are associated with shrubland and grassland of temperate and tropical biomes. Species are found between 380 and 3,035 m elevation, in areas receiving 15–92 cm of precipitation and experiencing temperatures between -7° and 30°C annually. The distribution of Glyptasida conforms to the elevation and precipitation patterns in shrubland and grassland areas. Distribution cuts across temperature patterns, and therefore temperature does not appear to restrict the distributions of Glyptasida species. Geospatial considerations indicate favorable conditio...
TU-A-9A-08: Alternative Magnetic Particle Imaging Methods

Purpose: Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is being actively developed for applications where truly quantitative maps of the magnetic nanoparticle distribution are required. The applications include thermal therapies and cell tracking applications. Our Objectives: is to demonstrate the preliminary feasibility of alternative methods of imaging magnetic nanoparticles. Methods: Current MPI methods use an alternating magnetic field (AMF) to induce a magnetization and a static field gradient to localize their position. The magnetization is in the same direction as the AMF so only the harmonics of the magnetization can be isolated from the AMF by recording the signal at the harmonic frequencies. We recently introduced a method of using a small static field to induce a component of the magnetization in the direction perpendicular to the AMF for spectroscopic sensing applications. The perpendicular magnetization is geometrically as well as spectrally isolated from the AMF. Here we used equilibrium, Langevin function simulations to show that the perpendicular magnetization can be used to image nanoparticles using two gradient geometries. Simulations used 100nm iron oxide nanoparticles and a 75mT gradient over the field of view. Results: The perpendicular magnetization is entirely in the even harmonics as opposed to the current MPI methods where the magnetization is entirely in the odd harmonics. Localization can be achieved with static gradient fields in either the direction perpendicular to the AMF or in the same direction as the AMF. Using a stepped field in combination with a 2mT sinusoidal field and perpendicular gradients, a condition number of 8 can be achieved. Using an 80mT sinusoidal field and in-line gradients, a condition number of 5 can be achieved with faster imaging. Conclusion: The perpendicular magnetization at the even harmonics can be used to produce low noise images with reasonably conditioned reconstructions.
Soft mode behavior in RbH2AsO4

Abstract The low frequency xy Raman spectra of RbH2AsO4 are reported as a function of temperature in the paraelectric phase and are fitted to a coupled damped harmonic oscillator model to yield the soft mode behavior of the ferroelectric model.
Performance status of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder ten years after launch

The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) is a hyperspectral infrared instrument on the EOS Aqua Spacecraft, launched on May 4, 2002. AIRS has 2378 infrared channels ranging from 3.7 μm to 15.4 μm and a 13.5 km footprint at nadir. The AIRS is a “facility” instrument developed by NASA as an experimental demonstration of advanced technology for remote sensing and the benefits of high resolution infrared spectra to science investigations. AIRS, in conjunction with the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU), produces temperature profiles with 1K/km accuracy on a global scale, as well as water vapor profiles and trace gas amounts for CO 2 , CO, SO 2 , O 3 and CH 4 . AIRS data are used for weather forecasting, climate process studies and validating climate models. The AIRS instrument has far exceeded its required design life of 5 years, with over 10 years of operations as of September 2012. While the instrument has performed exceptionally well, with little signs of wear, the AIRS Project continues to monitor and maintain the health of AIRS, characterize its behavior and improve performance where possible. Radiometric stability has been monitored and trending shows better than 16 mK/year stability. Spectral calibration stability is better than 1 ppm/year, and a new gain table was recently uploaded to recover 100 significantly degraded or dead channels by switching to their redundant counterpart. At this time we expect the AIRS to continue to perform well for the next decade.
Adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate stimulates secretion of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone from permeabilized cells of the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary gland

Abstract The effect of Mg-ATP and cyclic AMP on the secretion of α-melanocyto-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) from electrically permeabilized cells of rat intermediate lobe (IL) were investigated. Addition of exogenous Ca 2+ stimulated α-MSH secretion in a concentration- (EC 50 = 4.8 μM) and temperature-dependent manner. This Ca 2+ -evoked secretion was further enhanced by Mg-ATP and cyclic AMP. Mg-ATP was required for the fully secretory response in the electrically permeabilized IL cells and the maximal secretion was reached at 1 mM. Cyclic AMP in the presence of GTP γ S also potentiated Ca 2+ -evoked α-MSH secretion to the same magnitude as Mg-ATP. In the absence of Ca 2+ both the cyclic AMP and Mg-ATP did not stimulate α-MSH secretion from IL cells. The data suggest that Mg-ATP and cyclic AMP may modulate directly the secretory components rather than change intracellular concentration of free Ca 2+ .
Spin-orbit effect on strong-field ionization of krypton

A recent pump-probe experiment employing tunable, linearly polarized x rays demonstrated that ${\mathrm{Kr}}^{+}$ ions produced via strong-field ionization in a linearly polarized laser field are aligned, but that the degree of alignment is greatly overestimated by nonrelativistic strong-field ionization models. An effective one-electron model of strong-field ionization is presented that includes the effect of spin-orbit interaction. The method makes use of a flexible finite-element basis set and determines ionization rates in this square-integrable basis using a complex absorbing potential. It is found that even at the electric-field strength corresponding to the saturation intensity for the ionization of Kr, there is very little mixing between the $4{p}_{3∕2}$ and $4{p}_{1∕2}$ outer-valence orbitals. This shows that the uncoupled ${m}_{l},{m}_{s}$ projection quantum numbers are inappropriate to describe the ${\mathrm{Kr}}^{+}$ states that are populated by strong-field ionization of krypton. For the x-ray probe step, a description is developed, within a density-matrix formalism. It is demonstrated that the inclusion of spin-orbit interaction in the ionization process provides satisfactory agreement with the experimental observation. Possibilities for time-resolved studies utilizing fs and sub-fs laser pulses are indicated.
Endogenous Trading Volume and Momentum in Stock-Return Volatility

This article examines the ability of volume data to shed light on the source of persistence in stock-return volatility. A mixture model, in which a latent common factor restricts the joint density of volume and returns, is used to relax the assumption of exogenous volume used in previous studies. We use a point-in-time signal-extraction procedure to identify this latent process and a calibrated simulation to conduct analysis of the viability of the model to explain important properties of the data. Using daily returns and volume on individual stocks, our procedure cannot accommodate serial dependence in squared returns.
The Age of Elizabeth in the Age of Johnson

In The Age of Elizabeth in the Age of Johnson, Jack Lynch explores eighteenth-century British conceptions of the Renaissance, and the historical, intellectual, and cultural uses to which the past was put during the period. Scholars, editors, historians, religious thinkers, linguists and literary critics of the period all defined themselves in relation to 'the last age' or 'the age of Elizabeth'. Seventeenth- and eighteenth-century thinkers reworked older historical schemes to suit their own needs, turning to the ages of Petrarch and Poliziano, Erasmus and Scaliger, Shakespeare, Spenser, and Queen Elizabeth to define their culture in contrast to the preceding age. They derived a powerful sense of modernity from the comparison, which proved essential to the constitution of a national character. This interdisciplinary study will be of interest to cultural as well as literary historians of the eighteenth century.
Inhibition of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase by malondialdehyde

Rat liver mitochondria contain an aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH, EC 1.2.1.3) with a low Km for acetaldehyde (2 microM) which is susceptible to inhibition by a variety of agents including p-chloromercuribenzoate and arsenite. This low Km ALDH isozyme has been shown to be decreased in activity following CCl4 treatment in vivo and by lipid peroxidation in vitro. Malondialdehyde, the most studied product of lipid peroxidation, was investigated for possible inhibitory effects on the low Km ALDH for rat liver mitochondria. Malondialdehyde was found to be a potent inhibitor of the enzyme. The enzyme was equally sensitive to inhibition when intact mitochondrial preparations were compared with disrupted mitochondria. The extent of enzyme inhibition was dependent on malondialdehyde concentration and time of incubation. High concentrations of malondialdehyde completely inhibited low Km mitochondrial ALDH activity. Malondialdehyde was found to inhibit the low Km ALDH irreversibly. The rate of ALDH inactivation exhibited two phases, one a rapid rate phase (5-15 s) and a second slower rate phase, both of which showed rates which were dependent on malondialdehyde concentration. These data show that malondialdehyde is a potent, high affinity, irreversible inhibitor of the low Km ALDH of rat liver mitochondria. This ALDH isozyme is considered to be the most important enzyme in acetaldehyde metabolism. Malondialdehyde inhibition of the low Km ALDH may be important since both ethanol and acetaldehyde are thought to stimulate hepatic lipid peroxidation.
Determination of serum procarboxypeptidase A concentrations in healthy human adults.

Abstract Clostripain (EC 3.4.22.8) has been shown to be superior to trypsin as a means of activating serum procarboxypeptidase A. With this activation and a previously described assay for carboxypeptidase A it has been possible to determine the concentration of procarboxypeptidase A in human serum. In order to establish a baseline in the healthy adult a survey of the procarboxypeptidase A content of the serum of 66 blood donors was carried out. An average value of 9.7 μg/l was found for the proenzyme. This is in sharp contrast to a mean of 0.34 μg/l for the free enzyme present in serum that was not treated with clostripain [1] .
Veterinary applications for monitoring mononuclear cell proliferation using cell tracking dyes.

Veterinary species offer unique opportunities for the study of immune responses during natural host / pathogen interactions. Experimental studies can be used to characterize the response to infection, vaccination, and influence of vaccination on the response to infection. The intent of this review is to demonstrate the use of cell tracking dyes to monitor and characterize in vitro proliferative responses by mononuclear cell subsets from veterinary species as a correlate to the in vivo response. Selected examples are provided to illustrate the usefulness of this approach to characterize various tissue dendritic cell populations, CD8αα+ T cells, γδ T cells, and CD172a+ cells. Comparative approaches provide unique and comprehensive insights into mononuclear cell biology that may be applicable to similarly described cell populations in humans.
Explicit solutions for the optical properties of arbitrary magneto-optic materials in generalized ellipsometry

Analytic expressions for the eigenvalues for the four-wave components at an oblique angle of light incidence inside a randomly oriented anisotropic magneto-optic dielectric medium are reported explicitly. In particular, these solutions are valid as long as the dielectric function tensor consists of a symmetric and an antisymmetric part. The normalized Jones reflection and transmission coefficients, i.e., the generalized ellipsometric parameters of homogeneously layered systems having nonsymmetric dielectric properties, are obtained immediately from a recently reviewed 4 × 4 matrix approach. Our explicit solutions allow a future analysis of the generalized ellipsometric data of multilayered magneto-optic media regardless of the orientation of the material magnetization and crystalline axes and the angle of light incidence. Possible experimental thin-film situations are discussed in terms of generalized ellipsometric parameters and illustrated for birefringent free-carrier effects in heavily doped semiconductor thin films and for oblique magnetization directions in magneto-optic multilayer systems.
A generalized hard‐sphere model for Monte Carlo simulation

A new molecular model, called the generalized hard‐sphere, or GHS model, is introduced. This model contains, as a special case, the variable hard‐sphere (VHS) model of Bird [Rarefied Gas Dynamics, edited by S. S. Fisher (AIAA, New York, 1981), Part 1, p. 239] and is capable of reproducing all of the analytic viscosity coefficients available in the literature that are derived for a variety of interaction potentials incorporating attraction and repulsion. In addition, a new procedure for determining interaction potentials in a gas mixture is outlined. Expressions needed for implementing the new model in the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) methods are derived. This development makes it possible to employ interaction models that have the same level of complexity as used in Navier–Stokes calculations.