cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract A29: Frequency and circadian timing of eating may influence metabolic risk of breast cancer

Emerging evidence suggests that there is interplay between the frequency and circadian timing of eating and metabolic health. We examined the associations of eating frequency and timing with metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers putatively associated with breast cancer risk. We used data from a nationally representative sample of adult women participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination 2009-2010 Survey. Eating frequency and timing variables were calculated from 24-hour food records and included (1) proportion of calories consumed in the evening (between 17.00-00.00h), (2) nighttime fasting duration, and (3) number of eating episodes per day. Multivariable linear regression models examined each eating frequency and timing exposure variable with hsCRP concentrations and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Logistic regression modeled associations of these same exposure variables with odds of elevated hsCRP (defined as≥ 1.0 mg/L). Models were adjusted for age, education, race/ethnicity, BMI, sleep duration, and caloric intake. Sample weights were used to account for differential probabilities of selection into the sample, nonresponse, and noncoverage. Standard errors were estimated using Taylor Series Linearization. Dietary, anthropometric and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) data were available for 2,212 women, and fasting glucose and insulin concentrations (i.e., HOMA-IR) were available for 1,066 women. The mean age of women in this sample was 46.8 (SEM=0.66) years. They consumed an average of 43.1% (SEM=0.62) of daily energy intake between 17.00-0.00h, fasted 12.4 (SEM=0.08) hours per night, and ate 4.7 (SEM=0.05) times per day. Evening caloric intake and eating frequency were significantly associated with hsCRP. Specifically, a 10% increase in the proportion of calories consumed in the evening was associated with a 1.02-unit increase in hsCRP (β 1.02; p These findings suggest that eating more frequently and reducing evening energy intake may lower generalized inflammation in the body and subsequently reduce breast cancer risk. Randomized trials are needed to validate these associations. Citation Format: Catherine R. Marinac, Dorothy D. Sears, Linda C. Gallo, Loki Natarajan, Caitlin Breen, Ruth E. Patterson. Frequency and circadian timing of eating may influence metabolic risk of breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Metabolism and Cancer; Jun 7-10, 2015; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(1_Suppl):Abstract nr A29.
The association between racial identity and hypertension in African-American adults: elevated resting and ambulatory blood pressure as outcomes.

OBJECTIVES This study investigated the association between Black racial identity attitudes and hypertension. It was hypothesized that racial identity attitudes characterized, in part, by an intense focus on African Americans as a group and a general rejection of White individuals and culture (termed transitional identity), would be associated with elevated blood pressure. It was also hypothesized that the experience of stress and hostility or cynical mistrust associated with transitional identity would account for this association. METHODS Participants were 126 non-obese African-American men and women (mean age 53.8 years) with normal blood pressure or minimally treated hypertension, recruited from among individuals enrolled in a study of risk factors for atherosclerosis in southwestern Pennsylvania. Participants completed assessments of racial identity, hostility, perceived stress, and race-focused situational appraisal. Physiological measures included resting and daytime ambulatory systolic blood pressures (SBP) and diastolic blood pressures (DBP), as well as nocturnal declines in blood pressure. RESULTS Transitional racial identity attitudes significantly predicted resting SBP (P<.03) and DBP (P<.002), as well as ambulatory SBP (P<.001) and DBP (P <.0004), when adjusting for demographic variables. Transitional identity remained a significant predictor of resting DBP (P<.01) and ambulatory SBP (P<.02) and DBP (P<.006), when hostility and perceived stress were also controlled. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that transitional racial identity may be an important correlate of elevated blood pressure in African Americans and that this association cannot be fully accounted for by measures of perceived stress or hostility.
Prevalence of work-site injuries and relationship between obesity and injury among U.S. workers: NHIS 2004-2012.

Abstract Introduction: Studies have reported associations between obesity and injury in a single occupation or industry. Our study estimated the prevalence of work-site injuries and investigated the association between obesity and work-site injury in a nationally representative sample of U.S. workers. Methods: Self-reported weight, height, and injuries within the previous three months were collected annually for U.S. workers in the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) from 2004–2012. Participants were categorized as normal weight (BMI: 18.5–24.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI: 25.0–29.9), obese I (BMI: 30.0–34.9), and obese II (BMI: 35 +). The prevalence of injury and prevalence ratios from fitted logistic regression models was used to assess relationships between obesity and injury after adjusting for covariates. Sampling weights were incorporated using SUDAAN software. Results: During the 9-year study period from 2004 to 2012, 1120 workers (78 workers per 10,000) experienced a work-related injury during the previous three months. The anatomical sites with the highest prevalence of injury were the back (14.3/10,000 ± 1.2), fingers (11.5 ± 1.3), and knees (7.1 ± 0.8). The most common types of injuries were sprains/strains/twists (41.5% of all injuries), cuts (20.0%), and fractures (11.8%). Compared to normal weight workers, overweight and obese workers were more likely to experience work-site injuries [overweight: PR = 1.25 (95% CI = 1.04–1.52); obese I: 1.41 (1.14–1.74); obese II: 1.68 (1.32–2.14)]. These injuries were more likely to affect the lower extremities [overweight: PR = 1.48, (95% CI = 1.03–2.13); obese I: 1.70 (1.13–2.55); obese II: 2.91 (1.91–4.41)] and were more likely to be due to sprains/strains/twists [overweight: PR = 1.73 (95% CI = 1.29–2.31); obese I: PR = 2.24 (1.64–3.06); obese II: PR = 2.95 (2.04–4.26)]. Conclusions: Among NHIS participants, overweight and obese workers were 25% to 68% more likely to experience injuries than normal weight workers. Practical applications: Weight reduction policies and management programs may be effectively targeted towards overweight and obese groups to prevent or reduce work-site injuries.
WE-H-202-02: Biomechanical Modeling of Anatomical Response Over the Course of Therapy

Deformable image registration has now been commercially available for several years, with solid performance in a number of sites and for several applications including contour and dose mapping. However, more complex applications have arisen, such as assessing response to radiation therapy over time, registering images pre- and post-surgery, and auto-segmentation from atlases. These applications require innovative registration algorithms to achieve accurate alignment. The goal of this session is to highlight emerging registration technology and these new applications. The state of the art in image registration will be presented from an engineering perspective. Translational clinical applications will also be discussed to tie these new registration approaches together with imaging and radiation therapy applications in specific diseases such as cervical and lung cancers. Learning Objectives: 1.To understand developing techniques and algorithms in deformable image registration that are likely to translate into clinical tools in the near future. 2.To understand emerging imaging and radiation therapy clinical applications that require such new registration algorithms. Research supported in part by the National Institutes of Health under award numbers P01CA059827, R01CA166119, and R01CA166703. Disclosures: Phillips Medical systems (Hugo), Roger Koch (Christensen) support, Varian Medical Systems (Brock), licensing agreements from Raysearch (Brock) and Varian (Hugo).; K. Brock, Licensing Agreement - RaySearch Laboratories. Research Funding - Varian Medical Systems; G. Hugo, Research grant from National Institutes of Health, award number R01CA166119.; G. Christensen, Research support from NIH grants CA166119 and CA166703 and a gift from Roger Koch. There are no conflicts of interest.
Practical {DIFC} Enforcement on Android

Smartphone users often use private and enterprise data with untrusted third party applications. The fundamental lack of secrecy guarantees in smartphone OSes, such as Android, exposes this data to the risk of unauthorized exfiltration. A natural solution is the integration of secrecy guarantees into the OS. In this paper, we describe the challenges for decentralized information flow control (DIFC) enforcement on Android. We propose contextsensitive DIFC enforcement via lazy polyinstantiation and practical and secure network export through domain declassification. Our DIFC system, Weir, is backwards compatible by design, and incurs less than 4 ms overhead for component startup. With Weir, we demonstrate practical and secure DIFC enforcement on Android.
Fabrication of Optical Meta-structure at Infrared Rang using Nanoimprint Lithography

Summary form only as given. Negative index meta-materials (NIM) that exhibit unique refractive and focusing properties have recently become a focus of research worldwide. They have opened up new opportunities in nano-photonics and optical integration.1'8 The important issue of how to fabricate these meta-structures with high-precision, high-throughput, and low-cost remains a challenge, especially for short wavelengths of radiation (e.g. infrared or even visible range). Here, we report on the development of a fabrication procedure of optical meta-structures using nanoimprint lithography (NIL)9.
Optical coherence tomography angiography in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy.

A 17-year-old man had acute vision loss OS (visual acuity 20/40), having lost vision OD months before (20/400). There were cecocentral scotomas OU. Mitochondrial DNA testing revealed a T14484C mutation, suggestive of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), which results in painless sequential vision loss. Acutely, there is hyperemia of the optic nerve, circumpapillary microangiopathy, and dilated, tortuous vasculature1; the pathognomonic finding is nerve swelling without leakage on fluorescein angiography. Chronically, the optic nerve develops atrophy, sometimes with cupping.2 Optical coherence tomography angiography provides rapid, high-resolution visualization of retinal vasculature without dye injection, and is a novel imaging modality in LHON (figure).
HEAT ACTIVATION OF BYSSOCHLAMYS FULVA ASCOSPORES

Activation of Byssochlamys fulva ascospores was influenced by temperature and the suspending medium. At 60 C maximal activation occurred in hydrochloric and nitric acid solutions. Both the concentration of hydrogen ions and the type of anion were critical; little activation was achieved above pH 1.6, and pH 1 solutions of sulfuric and phosphoric acid were not stimulatory. Storage of activated spores as aqueous suspensions at 32 C resulted in about a 50% reversion to a dormant state.
Cannabis use disorder and suicide attempts in Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans

The objective of the present research was to examine the association between lifetime cannabis use disorder (CUD), current suicidal ideation, and lifetime history of suicide attempts in a large and diverse sample of Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans (N = 3233) using a battery of well-validated instruments. As expected, CUD was associated with both current suicidal ideation (OR = 1.683, p = 0.008) and lifetime suicide attempts (OR = 2.306, p < 0.0001), even after accounting for the effects of sex, posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, alcohol use disorder, non-cannabis drug use disorder, history of childhood sexual abuse, and combat exposure. Thus, the findings from the present study suggest that CUD may be a unique predictor of suicide attempts among Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans; however, a significant limitation of the present study was its cross-sectional design. Prospective research aimed at understanding the complex relationship between CUD, mental health problems, and suicidal behavior among veterans is clearly needed at the present time.
Intestinal Epithelial Ecto-5'-Nucleotidase (CD73) Regulates Intestinal Colonization and Infection by Nontyphoidal Salmonella.

Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) is expressed abundantly on the apical surface of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and functions as the terminal enzyme in the generation of extracellular adenosine. Previous work demonstrated that adenosine signaling in IECs results in a number of tissue-protective effects during inflammation; however, a rationale for its apical expression has been lacking. We hypothesized that the highly polarized expression of CD73 is indicative of an important role for extracellular adenosine as a mediator of host-microbe interactions. We show that adenosine harbors bacteriostatic activity against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium that is not shared by the related purine metabolite 5'-AMP, inosine, or hypoxanthine. Analysis of Salmonella colonization in IEC-specific CD73 knockout mice (CD73f/fVillinCre ) revealed a nearly 10-fold increase in colonization compared to that in controls. Despite the increased luminal colonization by Salmonella, CD73f/fVillinCre mice were protected against Salmonella colitis and showed reduced Salmonella burdens in viscera, suggesting that adenosine promotes dissemination. The knockdown of CD73 expression in cultured IECs resulted in dramatic defects in intraepithelial localization and replication as well as defective transepithelial translocation by Salmonella In conclusion, we define a novel antimicrobial activity of adenosine in the gastrointestinal tract and unveil an important role for adenosine as a regulator of host-microbe interactions. These findings have broad implications for the development of new therapeutic agents for infectious disease.
A recurrent neural model for proto-object based contour integration and figure-ground segregation

Visual processing of objects makes use of both feedforward and feedback streams of information. However, the nature of feedback signals is largely unknown, as is the identity of the neuronal populations in lower visual areas that receive them. Here, we develop a recurrent neural model to address these questions in the context of contour integration and figure-ground segregation. A key feature of our model is the use of grouping neurons whose activity represents tentative objects (“proto-objects”) based on the integration of local feature information. Grouping neurons receive input from an organized set of local feature neurons, and project modulatory feedback to those same neurons. Additionally, inhibition at both the local feature level and the object representation level biases the interpretation of the visual scene in agreement with principles from Gestalt psychology. Our model explains several sets of neurophysiological results (Zhou et al. Journal of Neuroscience, 20(17), 6594–6611 2000; Qiu et al. Nature Neuroscience, 10(11), 1492–1499 2007; Chen et al. Neuron, 82(3), 682–694 2014), and makes testable predictions about the influence of neuronal feedback and attentional selection on neural responses across different visual areas. Our model also provides a framework for understanding how object-based attention is able to select both objects and the features associated with them.
Do private acquirers pay less compared to public acquirers

Abstract Because going public significantly changes bidder managerial ownership (a proxy for agency problems) but not the corporate control market in which private equity (PE) firms operate, if agency problems causally drive takeover premiums as hypothesized by Bargeron et al. (2008), deal premiums should significantly increase after PE acquirers go public. We test this prediction, and find that deal premiums are not significantly higher after PE acquirers go public. Our finding thus is inconsistent with the agency-problem hypothesis.
Defining and surveying key populations at risk of HIV infection: Towards a unified approach to eligibility criteria for respondent-driven sampling HIV biobehavioral surveys:

Substantial resources are invested in human immunodeficiency virus biobehavioral surveys using respondent-driven sampling for measuring progress towards the UNAIDS 90-90-90 goals and to obtain other essential data on key populations. Survey data are used to meet country needs as well those of development partners, whose data needs may sometimes diverge. Surveys using differing eligibility criteria impede comparisons across surveys. With scant literature and guidelines on how to approach eligibility criteria, diverse criteria are used within and across countries. We conducted a review of peer-reviewed human immunodeficiency virus respondent-driven sampling biobehavioral survey literature published through December 2013. We describe eligibility criteria of 137 articles representing 214 surveys. Reporting on age, risk behavior, and reference period of risk behavior was nearly universal; however, reporting on gender, geography, and language was less common. Multiple definitions were used for each criterion, making comparisons challenging. We provide a framework for how to approach defining eligibility to improve consistency and comparability across surveys.
Synergy and convergence of pathways controlling functional regeneration in the spinal cord

Barriers to regeneration in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) include the presence of inhibitory factors like myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) that block re-growth of injured axons. Inhibition by MAG antagonizes the induction of integrin-based substrate adhesions in axonal growth cones by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Here, using a novel approach to overcome inhibitory actions of MAG by activating integrins, we provide cellular and molecular evidence that integrin activity modulates the actions of chemotropic cues on substrate adhesions and supports axon regeneration in vertebrates. Potentiating integrin activity in cultured spinal neurons blocked negative integrin remodeling and inhibition of axon outgrowth induced by MAG, but also restored BDNF-dependent integrin clustering and stimulated outgrowth. In a zebrafish complete spinal cord transection model, combined integrin activation and BDNF treatment synergistically triggered functional regeneration of long projection axons that lack regenerative capacity from the hindbrain. The combined treatment also promoted functional repair even in the presence of exogenous mammalian inhibitory factors, including MAG, which alone impaired recovery of swimming movements. Thus, integrin activation state plays complementary roles in modulating the output activity of opposing cues on integrin-based adhesions and supports functional nerve regeneration in vivo. Our findings reveal effective reversal of downstream actions of inhibitory cues, thereby overcoming a major barrier to regeneration in the mammalian CNS, while simultaneously supporting neurotrophin-stimulated outgrowth. Discovery of therapeutic strategies targeting integrin activation state therefore holds promise for promoting axon regeneration after traumatic injury, which is a critical step in restoring connectivity and functional recovery.
Comparative Physiology of the Renal Transport of Organic Solutes

This chapter concerns the transport of organic substances by the renal tubules of nonmammalian vertebrates. It treats primarily the transport of those organic substances for which there is substantial and distinctive material (except organic cations, see chapter on these). Moreover, it concentrates on recent work which is helping to define the cellular steps in the transport processes.
The HST observations archive at ST SCI

1. All data generated by HST are preserved in a specially-designed interim archive system, the “Data Management Facility” at ST ScI. 2. Data is currently being written to 2 Gb – 12” optical disks at the rate of about 0.5 Gb/day = 35 exposures/day. 3. A catalog is produced as the data is archived. This catalog is publically accessible and currently contains information on over 19,000 exposures (images, spectra, flat fields, calibration data, etc.) 4. About 14,000 exposures are now non-proprietary; more than a third of these are observations of sky targets obtained during OV/SV.
Evaluation of the stage IB designation of the 7th edition of the AJCC Staging System.

1130 Background: Recent data from large cooperative group trials have questioned the relevance of small volume metastases identified in the sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) of early stage breast cancer p...
64 Culture of bovine oocytes and embryos with metabolic hormones concentrations associated with equine metabolic syndrome

Maternal metabolic status could affect fertility and early embryo development due to altered concentrations of metabolic hormones. Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is a condition in horses associated with obesity and insulin resistance. Equine metabolic syndrome is accompanied by increased concentrations of insulin and leptin and decreased concentrations of adiponectin, in ovarian follicular fluid (FF) and in systemic circulation (SYST). We sought to determine how altered concentrations of insulin, leptin, and adiponectin (ILA), consistent with those in mares with EMS (EMS) or normal mares (normal), would affect blastocyst formation rates, blastocyst gene expression for metabolism and inner cell mass formation (OCT4, SOX2, COX2, DNMT3a1, HK2, LDH, PDH, and GLUT1), and metabolite uptake from culture media. Because equine oocytes are not available for large-scale study, a bovine model was used in this preliminary study to determine the impact of altered ILA on oocytes and embryos. Bovine ovaries were obtained from an abattoir and embryos produced as previously described using chemically defined media (CDM; Barcelo-Fimbres and Seidel 2007 Mol. Reprod. Dev. 74, 1406-1418). Briefly, oocytes were cultured in in vitro maturation medium (IVM), fertilized in FCDM, presumptive zygotes were placed into CDM-1 for ~56 h. Cleavage rates were assessed, and embryos were moved to CDM-2 for ~122 additional hours. Treatments consisted of 5 groups: (1) standard oocyte IVM, FCDM and embryo production (EP) system (control), (2) IVM with normal FF ILA and control FCDM and EP, (3) IVM with normal FF ILA and FCDM and EP with normal SYST ILA, (4) IVM with EMS FF ILA and control FCDM and EP, and (5) IVM with EMS FF ILA and FCDM and EP with EMS SYST ILA. Seven days after fertilization, blastocysts were pooled in groups of 5 and placed into 50 mL of CDM-2 for 24 h. Embryos were removed, and medium was frozen and stored at −80°C to determine metabolite usage via gas chromatography mass spectroscopy. Pooled embryos were washed and placed into RNA lysis solution for relative quantitative PCR. Statistical comparisons were performed using ANOVA with a post-hoc Tukey test. Blastocyst formation rates and gene expression of viability markers were not significantly different among groups. However, aspartate was lower (P = 0.02) in spent media from Group 3 (normal FF and SYST ILA) and tended (P = 0.09) to be lower in media from Group 5 (EMS FF and SYST ILA) when compared with controls (Group 1). The ILA during early embryo development but not oocyte maturation appeared to be associated with increased uptake of aspartate, a nonessential amino acid, thought to be involved in osmoregulation, cellular signalling, and in mouse embryos, facilitate the metabolism of lactate. In conclusion, the addition of ILA in concentrations observed in normal horses and EMS horses did not affect blastocyst formation rates or markers of embryo viability, although embryo metabolism could have been altered.
Leadership Practices for Place-Based Community Engagement Initiatives

Place-based community engagement (PBCE) is a contemporary form of community engagement gaining popularity throughout the United States. PBCE provides a comprehensive strategy for universities and communities to more democratically partner with each other through long-term efforts focused on distinct geographic areas. Drawing from one-on-one interviews, focus groups, and observational data, this research examined the leadership at five institutions currently engaged in PBCE. In particular, this research involved an analysis of the leadership role of community engagement professionals within a framework of the five elements of PBCE (Yamamura & Koth, 2018). Findings revealed three leadership competency areas for community engagement professionals: (1) Managing geographies of place and space, (2) actualizing a 50/50 approach to community and university impact, and (3) leading with multicultural competency and inclusion. The findings illuminate the need for stronger training and development in these areas, especially for institutions that seek to start a PBCE initiative.
Reirradiation of recurrent high-grade glioma and development of prognostic scores for progression and survival.

Background Optimal techniques and patient selection for salvage reirradiation of high-grade glioma (HGG) are unclear. In this study, we identify prognostic factors for freedom from progression (FFP) and overall survival (OS) after reirradiation, risk factors for high-grade toxicity, and validate clinical prognostic scores. Methods A total of 116 patients evaluated between 2000 and 2018 received reirradiation for HGG (99 WHO grade IV, 17 WHO grade III). Median time to first progression after initial therapy was 10.6 months. Salvage therapies before reirradiation included surgery (31%) and systemic therapy (41%). Sixty-five patients (56%) received single-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) as reirradiation. The median biologically effective dose (BED) was 47.25 Gy, and the median planning target volume (PTV) was 4.8 cc for SRS and 95.0 cc for non-SRS treatments. Systemic therapy was given concurrently to 52% and adjuvantly to 74% of patients. Results Median FFP was 4.9 months, and median OS was 11.0 months. Significant multivariable prognostic factors for FFP were performance status, time to initial progression, and BED; for OS they were age, time to initial progression, and PTV volume at recurrence. High-grade toxicity was correlated to PTV size at recurrence. Three-level prognostic scores were generated for FFP and OS, with cross-validated receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (AUC) of 0.640 and 0.687, respectively. Conclusions Clinical variables at the time of reirradiation for HGG can be used to prognosticate FFP and OS.
1658 Hormone Replacement Therapy use After Premature Surgical Menopause

Study Objective Assess hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use in patients undergoing premature surgical menopause, and correlate that with surgical indication for menopause. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Academic tertiary care center. Patients or Participants Surgically menopausal patients aged ≤45 years who underwent minimally invasive hysterectomy with salpingo-oophorectomy from September 2012- June 2018. Interventions HRT prescription in the 6 week postoperative period. Measurements and Main Results Sixty-three patients met inclusion criteria. Of those, 52% were prescribed HRT in the 6 week postoperative period. Indications for surgical menopause included pelvic pain/endometriosis (32%), gynecological malignancy (21%), BRCA (18%), breast cancer (10%), Lynch syndrome (4.8%), and other (14%). Forty five percent of BRCA patients, 25% of gynecological malignancy patients and 80% of patients with pelvic pain used HRT postoperatively. In patients who utilized HRT postoperatively, 76% were offered preoperative HRT counseling, compared to 33% of patients who did not start postoperative HRT (p Conclusion In patients who undergo premature surgical menopause, more than half utilized HRT postoperatively. Patients with pelvic pain are more likely to use HRT, whereas those with gynecologic or breast malignancy and genetic susceptibility for malignancy are less likely to use HRT. Preoperative HRT counseling is associated with postoperative HRT use.
Protected area stewardship in the Anthropocene: Integrating science, law, and ethics to evaluate proposals for ecological restoration in wilderness

Author(s): Landres, P; Hahn, BA; Biber, E; Spencer, DT | Abstract: Every year, the four federal agencies that manage designated wilderness in the United States receive proposals to implement small- and large-scale ecological restorations within the National Wilderness Preservation System. The combination of climate change with other landscape stressors is driving ecological restoration to be one of the single most important, challenging, and potentially litigious wilderness stewardship issues. In addition, different stakeholders may have strongly divergent views about what the right decision should be, and decisions need to go beyond routine technical and scientific analyses to incorporate a broader range of legal and ethical considerations. We present a framework based on a comprehensive, structured set of scientific, legal, and ethical questions to guide the evaluation of proposals for ecological restoration and other types of ecological intervention in wilderness. This framework of questions is a voluntary tool designed to increase communication and transparency among scientists, managers, and interested publics regarding the trade-offs and uncertainties of ecological restoration, and promote informed public deliberation in managing the public resource of wilderness.
Association of Race/Ethnicity, Stage, and Survival in Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A SEER Study:

ObjectiveSurvival differences in oral cancer between black and white patients have been reported, but the contributing factors, especially the role of stage, are incompletely understood. Furthermor...
A changing climate is snuffing out post-fire recovery in montane forests

Climate warming is increasing fire activity in many of Earth’s forested ecosystems. Because fire is a catalyst for change, investigation of post-fire vegetation response is critical to understanding the potential for future conversions from forest to non-forest vegetation types. We characterized the influences of climate and terrain on post-fire tree regeneration and assessed how these biophysical factors might shape future vulnerability to wildfire-driven forest conversion.
Case Report: Tocilizumab for the Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Patient With Aplastic Anemia

While cytokine storm develops in a minority of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, novel treatment approaches are desperately needed for those in whom it does. Tocilizumab, an interleukin-6 receptor antibody, has been utilized for the treatment of cytokine storm in a number of severe inflammatory conditions, including in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here, we present the first published case utilizing this therapy in a patient with underlying immunodeficiency. Our patient with aplastic anemia developed cytokine storm due to COVID-19 manifested by fever, severe hypoxia, pulmonary infiltrates, and elevated inflammatory markers. Following treatment with tocilizumab, cytokine storm resolved, and the patient was ultimately safely discharged from the hospital.
Chemotherapy and Radiation-Associated Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction

Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction (AD) among cancer survivors is increasingly being recognized. However, the mechanisms and incidence are poorly understood. In this review, the clinical features, diagnostic modalities, proposed mechanisms, and currently available treatments of cardiovascular AD in cancer survivors are described. Much of our current understanding of cardiovascular AD is based on disease states such as diabetes, multisystem atrophy, and Parkinson’s disease. Several non-invasive tests, measurements, and scoring systems have been developed as surrogates for autonomic function, with some even demonstrating associations with all-cause mortality. The mechanism of cardiovascular AD specifically in the cancer population, however, has not been directly studied. The etiology of cardiovascular AD in cancer survivors is likely multifactorial, and proposed mechanisms include direct nerve damage by chemoradiation, the pro-inflammatory state associated with malignancy, and paraneoplastic syndromes. It may also be that cardiovascular AD is an early marker of global cardiomyopathy rather than its own condition. Current pharmacologic options for cardiovascular AD are extrapolated from how it has been treated in other disease processes, and these agents have not been studied in the cancer population or compared head-to-head. Cardiovascular AD in cancer survivors can cause significant debilitation and may be associated with all-cause mortality. Current diagnostic modalities have several limitations, such as standardization and validity. However, given the nonspecific nature of cardiovascular AD, these tools provide an objective marker for diagnosis and tracking treatment response. While the mechanism of cardiovascular AD in cancer survivors has not been directly studied, it may be useful to evoke mechanisms of cardiovascular AD in other disease states such as diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, and multisystem atrophy in addition to identifying unique conditions associated with malignancy like a pro-inflammatory state. Until further studies are performed, management of cardiovascular AD as seen in other disease states may serve as a guide for symptom management in cancer survivors.
Ultrathin SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 passivation for silicon heterojunctions using rapid thermal annealing

In this manuscript we study the surface passivation properties of ultrathin Al 2 O 3 in silicon heterojunctions. The Al 2 O 3 layer needs to be thin enough ( 2 O 3 shows that thicknesses below 10nm do not provide adequate surface passivation. In this work, we combine 0.8 nm of Al 2 O 3 with 1nm of SiO 2 to improve the passivation properties of the thin Al 2 O 3 . The SiO 2 helps to improve the chemical passivation by increasing the storage capacity of hydrogen with Al 2 O 3 , and the overall negative fixed charge of the SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 stack. Additionally, we have optimized the rapid thermal annealing in forming gas environment to activate the Al 2 O 3 in the SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 stack. To further increase the hydrogen in the films we deposited n-a-Si:H film before the annealing step. Effective minority-carrier lifetimes of 5 ms and implied open-circuit voltages of 723 mV were accomplished.
Characterization of Phase Space Topology Using Density: Application to Fault Diagnostics

Almost all engineered systems are nonlinear and show nonlinear phenomena that can only be predicted by nonlinear models. However, the application of model-based approaches for diagnostics has been constrained mostly to linearized or simplified models. This paper introduces a fundamental approach for characterization of nonlinear response of systems based on the topology of the phase space trajectory. The method uses the density distribution of the system states to quantify this topology and extracts features that can be used for system diagnostics. The proposed method has been employed to diagnose a multi degree of freedom system with various simultaneous defects.
Modeling the dominance of the gradient drift or Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in sheared ionospheric E x B flows

Studies have shown that in sheared $\mathbf{E}\times\mathbf{B}$ flows in an inhomogeneous ionospheric plasma, the gradient drift (GDI) or the Kelvin-Helmholtz (KHI) instability may grow. This work examines the conditions that cause one of these instabilities to dominate over the other using a novel model to study localized ionospheric instabilities. The effect of collisions with neutral particles plays an important role in the instability development. It is found that the KHI is dominant in low collisionality regimes, the GDI is dominant in high collisionality regimes, and there exists an intermediate region in which both instabilities exist in tandem. For low collisionality cases in which the velocity shear is sufficiently far from the density gradient, the GDI is found to grow as a secondary instability extending from the KHI vortices. The inclusion of a neutral wind driven electric field in the direction of the velocity shear does not impact the dominance of either instability. Using data from empirical ionospheric models, two altitude limits are found. For altitudes above the higher limit, the KHI is dominant. For altitudes below the lower limit, the GDI is dominant. In the intermediate region, both instabilities grow together. Increasing the velocity shear causes both limits to be lower in altitude. This implies that for ionospheric phenomena whose density and velocity gradients span large altitude ranges, such as subauroral polarization streams, the instabilities observed by space-based and ground-based observation instruments could be significantly different.
The enigmatic role of HLA-B*27 in spondyloarthritis pathogenesis

Establishing a clear role for HLA-B*27 in the pathogenesis of spondyloarthritis continues to be challenging. Aberrant properties of the heavy chain as well as a potential role presenting arthritogenic peptides continue to be pursued as plausible mechanisms. Recent studies implicate HLA-B*27 in aberrant bone formation. An unanticipated cell surface interaction between HLA-B*27 and the bone morphogenetic protein pathway receptor subunit ALK2 may augment TGFβ superfamily signaling pathways, increasing responsiveness to Activin A and TGFβ. This has the potential to increase bone formation as well as Th17 T cell development, presenting an attractive model to explain several aspects of axial and peripheral spondyloarthritis. In a separate study, intracellular effects of misfolded HLA-B*27 implicate this mechanism in increased osteoblast mineralization and bone formation. HLA-B*27 expression in early osteoblasts activates unfolded protein response-mediated X-box binding protein-1 mRNA splicing and induction of the retinoic acid receptor-β gene, with downstream increases in expression of tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase. Increased TNAP expression in osteoblasts was linked to increased mineralization in vitro and bone formation in vivo. In the ongoing search for evidence of arthritogenic peptides, high-throughput TCR (T cell receptor) sequencing has provided evidence for reduced clonal expansion and increased TCR diversity in ankylosing spondylitis. In addition to two common CD8+ TCR sequences identified in one study, similar CD8 and CD4 TCR motifs were found in another study. Further work will be needed to shed light on the nature of the peptide-HLA class I complex recognized by these T cells and its role in disease.
Editorial Comment: Imaging of the Postoperative Breast-How the Addition of Artificial Intelligence-Based Computer-Aided Detection and Digital Breast Tomosynthesis Can Improve Accuracy and Confidence.

This Editorial Comment discusses the following AJR article: Mammographic Surveillance After Breast Conserving Therapy: Impact of Digital Breast Tomosynthesis and Artificial Intelligence-Based Compu...
HANDMADE HUSTLE: ETSY, WHITENESS, AND GENDERED PRECARITY

Since the e-commerce site’s launch in 2005, Etsy has branded itself as a platform for individuals to buy and sell unique, handmade, and vintage items. This project is interested in questions about gender, race, labor, and platforms and seeks to examine how Etsy articulates new formations of raced and gendered labor directly tied to The Great Recession. While scholars have analyzed Etsy’s relationship to historic craft movements (Krugh 2014; Luckman 2013) and to fan handicrafting (Cherry 2016), there is still relatively little published research on the platform. Situating Etsy within the literature on postfeminism and media culture (Gill 2007; McRobbie 2004), gender and passionate work (Duffy 2016; Duffy 2017; McRobbie 2018), and race and digital hustle economies (McMillan Cottom 2020), I analyze products sold on Etsy that rhetorically engage gendered labor dynamics and precarity through the language of hustling or entrepreneurship in ways that center white femininities. Utilizing a cultural studies framing and critical discourse and textual analysis, I identify three main threads: 1) White women on the platform have co-opted Black vernacular to address how economic insecurity has pushed them into gig labor 2) These products romanticize precarity by positioning feminized grit and individualized solutions to macro economic hurdles as female empowerment 3) The products discursively frame entrepreneurship as aspirational, liberatory, and, most centrally, compatible with white, domestic femininities. While hustling, and its new, white appearance, is celebrated on Etsy, we must be mindful of how hustling is always raced, gendered, and precarious.
The Descriptive Phenomenological Method in Psychology: A Modified Husserlian Approach

Conceptual Framework The Qualitative Perspective in Researching Psychological Phenomena The research Process Scientific Phenomenological Method & Its Philosophical Context The Phenomenological Method The Application of the Method Index.
Generation of CD8+ T Cell Memory in Response to Low, High, and Excessive Levels of Epitope

The magnitude of a virus-specific memory CTL population can dramatically influence the outcome of secondary infections, yet little is known about the determinants of memory size. We investigated the impact of epitope levels on CTL memory generation by using a recombinant vaccinia virus system that allows for a broad range of epitope expression with the same infectious dose of virus. The size of the memory pool was examined using MHC class I/peptide tetramer staining and IFN-γ ELISPOT analysis following priming with viruses expressing low, high, or excessive epitope levels. The size of the epitope-specific CD8 + T cell memory population correlates with Ag dose at the low and high levels of epitope expression. However, at excessive epitope levels, the number of functional, IFN-γ-producing, epitope-specific memory cells is significantly reduced compared with the number of tetramer + cells. These results demonstrate that the level of epitope expressed during an acute viral infection in vivo can dramatically influence CTL memory size. Furthermore, when epitope is overexpressed, the quality of the response can be adversely affected. Therefore, epitope expression level is an important consideration when developing approaches to optimize CTL memory induction.
Vasoactive Hormone Adrenomedullin and Its Binding Protein: Anti-Inflammatory Effects by Up-Regulating Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ

Sepsis is a critical inflammatory condition from which numerous patients die due to multiple organ failure and septic shock. The vasoactive hormone adrenomedullin (AM) and its binding protein (AMBP-1) are beneficial in sepsis by abrogating the progression to irreversible shock and decreasing proinflammatory cytokine release. To investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanism, we studied to determine the effect of the AM/AMBP-1 complex on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) expression and activation by using RAW264.7 cells and a rat endotoxemia model. LPS treatment significantly decreased PPAR-γ expression in vivo and in vitro and was associated with increased TNF-α production. Treatment with AM/AMBP-1 for 4 h completely restored PPAR-γ levels in both models, resulting in TNF-α suppression. In a knockdown model using small interfering RNA in RAW264.7 macrophages, AM/AMBP-1 failed to suppress TNF-α production in the absence of PPAR-γ. LPS caused the suppression of intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP), which was prevented by simultaneous AM/AMBP-1 treatment. Although incubation with dibutyryl cAMP significantly decreased LPS-induced ΤΝF-α release, it did not alter PPAR-γ expression. Through inhibition studies using genistein and PD98059 we found that the Pyk-2 tyrosine kinase-ERK1/2 pathway is in part responsible for the AM/AMBP-1-mediated induction of PPAR-γ and the anti-inflammatory effect. We conclude that AM/AMBP-1 is protective in sepsis due to its vasoactive properties and direct anti-inflammatory effects mediated through both the cAMP-dependent pathway and Pyk-2-ERK1/2-dependent induction of PPAR-γ.
Affinity labeling of a glutamyl peptide in the coenzyme binding site of NADP+-specific glutamate dehydrogenase of Salmonella typhimurium by 2-[(4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)thio]-1,N6-ethenoadenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate.

Abstract NADP+-specific glutamate dehydrogenase from Salmonella typhimurium, cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, has been purified to homogeneity. The nucleotide sequence of S. typhimurium gdhA was determined and the amino acid sequence derived. The nucleotide analogue 2-[(4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)thio]-1,N6-ethenoadenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate (2-BDB-T epsilon A-2',5'-DP) reacts irreversibly with the enzyme to yield a partially inactive enzyme. After about 60% loss of activity, no further inactivation is observed. The rate of inactivation exhibits a nonlinear dependence on 2-BDB-T epsilon A-2',5'-DP concentration with kmax = 0.160 min-1 and KI = 300 microM. Reaction of 200 microM 2-BDB-T epsilon A-2',5'-DP with glutamate dehydrogenase for 120 min results in the incorporation of 0.94 mol of reagent/mol of enzyme subunit. The coenzymes, NADPH and NADP+, completely protect the enzyme against inactivation by the reagent and decrease the reagent incorporation from 0.94 to 0.5 mol of reagent/mol enzyme subunit, while the substrate alpha-ketoglutarate offers only partial protection. These results indicate that 2-BDB-T epsilon A-2',5'-DP functions as an affinity label of the coenzyme binding site and that specific reaction occurs at only about 0.5 sites/enzyme subunit or 3 sites/hexamer. Glutamate dehydrogenase modified with 200 microM 2-BDB-T epsilon A-2',5'-DP in the absence and presence of coenzyme was reduced with NaB3H4, carboxymethylated, and digested with trypsin. Labeled peptides were purified by high performance liquid chromatography and characterized by gas phase sequencing. Two peptides modified by the reagent were isolated and identified as follows: Phe-Cys(CM)-Gln-Ala-Leu-Met-Thr-Glu-Leu-Tyr-Arg and Leu-Cys(CM)-Glu-Ile-Lys. These two peptides were located within the derived amino acid sequence as residues 146-156 and 282-286. In the presence of NADPH, which completely prevents inactivation, only peptide 146-156 was labeled. This result indicates that modification of the pentapeptide causes loss of activity. Glutamate 284 in this peptide is the probable reaction target and is located within the coenzyme binding site.
Minima of Odd Unimodular Lattices in Dimension 24m

Abstract Rains and Sloane established that the minimum of a unimodular Z -lattice in dimension 24 m is bounded above by 2 m +2. They conjectured that only even lattices could attain this bound. In this paper, I prove their conjecture.