cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MEMS Sensors for Down-Hole Monitoring of Geothermal Energy Systems

This paper reviews the limitations in current down-hole monitoring technologies for geothermal energy systems and introduces microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors as a means of optimizing well performance. The use of continuous, real-time, down-hole monitoring can improve geothermal well efficiencies and increase well life. More specifically, monitoring can aid in obtaining accurate temperature and pressure profiles to allow for optimized well reinjection and energy extraction. A variety of materials used in the fabrication of MEMS sensors have been tested in an experimental geothermal environment (critical-point water) and exposed for up to 100 hours. The results obtained from the exposure testing support the use of harsh environment materials to create a suite of sensors that can be permanently located down-hole. MEMS-based temperature and pressure sensors using a harsh environment materials platform are currently in the design phase for down-hole monitoring. In addition to designing harsh environment sensors that can reliably monitor down-hole conditions, suitable packaging must be considered. One vision is to mount the sensors to the well casings through the use of new bonding technologies.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Separation of Filler Particles from the Matrix in a Particulate-Loaded Composite Subjected to Tensile Stress

Abstract Simultaneous measurements of tensile stress, longitudinal strain, and transverse strain were obtained on particulate-filled composites. The matrix was a flexible epoxy polymer. Small glass spheres were used as filler in various volume ratios up to 0.35. The spheres were pretreated as follows: clean, coated with a parting agent, coated with either of two silane coupling agents. The volume-expansion behaviors of these four systems of composites showed differences attributed to matrix-filler separation and subsequent vacuole formation. Stress-strain behaviors were especially sensitive to this dewetting process. These two types of data, obtained simultaneously and considered together, thus provide valuable information about interface adhesion.
Voluntary changes in step width and step length during human walking affect dynamic margins of stability

"Cautious" gait is generally characterized by wider and shorter steps. However, we do not clearly understand the relationship between step characteristics and individuals' stability. Here, we examined the effects of voluntarily altering step width (SW) and step length (SL) on individuals' margins of stability. Fourteen participants completed three 3-min treadmill walking trials during three SL (short, normal with metronome, and long) and three SW (narrow, normal and wide) manipulation conditions. SL manipulations yielded significant changes in mean anterior-posterior (AP) margins of stability (MOS(ap)) (p<0.0005) but not mediolateral (ML) margins of stability (MOS(ml)) (p≥0.0579). Taking wider steps increased mean MOS(ml) while decreasing MOS(ap) (p<0.0005). Walking with either wider or long steps, each of which increases the base of support, yielded increased AP and ML MOS variability (p≤0.0468). Step-to-step analysis of MOS(ml) indicated that subjects took stable steps followed immediately by stable steps. Overall, short-term, voluntary adoption of wider steps may help increase instantaneous lateral stability but shorter steps did not change lateral stability during unperturbed walking. We suggest that the observed changes in stability margins be considered in gait training programs which recommend short-term changes in step characteristics to improve stability.
HIV knowledge and associated factors among internet-using men who have sex with men (MSM) in South Africa and the United States.

There is an error in the Results section of the Abstract. The correct Results statement should read: "Median knowledge scores were 16/18 for both groups of respondents. For South African MSM, factors associated with low knowledge were: a high school education or less (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.5, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4–4.6), not using condom-compatible lubrication during last anal sex with another man (aOR: 1.9, CI: 1.0–3.5), number of gay or bisexual acquaintances (aOR: 0.89, CI: 0.81–0.99), being unemployed (aOR: 2.2, CI: 1.0–4.6), and testing HIV negative (aOR: 0.30, CI: 0.16–0.59) or testing HIV positive (aOR: 0.15, CI: 0.03–0.74) compared to those never HIV tested. For US MSM, associated factors were: a high school education or less (aOR: 2.7, CI: 1.9–3.8), low pride and acceptance of homosexuality (aOR: 1.3, CI: 1.2–1.5), age 18–24 (aOR: 2.3, CI: 1.3–3.8) or age 50+ (aOR: 3.2, CI: 1.6–6.3) compared to age 25–29, Hispanic ethnicity compared to white non-Hispanic (aOR: 1.9, CI: 1.1–3.2), and testing HIV positive (aOR: 0.34, CI: 0.16–0.69) or testing HIV negative (aOR: 0.59, CI: 0.39–0.89) compared to those never HIV tested."
Maps of the rings of Uranus at a wavelength of 2.2 microns

Maps of the ring system of Uranus, as seen in reflected sunlight at a wavelength of 2.2 μm, are presented for May 1978 and July 1979. Large azimuthal brightness variations revealed by these maps are consistent with the variable width established for the ϵ ring from occultation studies and support the existing elliptical model for this ring. An upper limit of ∼0.010 is placed on the normal optical depth of any broad (∼5000 km wide) axisymmetric ring component. There exists, however, an unexplained east-west asymmetry in the May 1978 map. In addition, multiaperture broadband infrared photometry of Uranus is reported, from which the geometric albedo of the planet at wavelengths of 1.25, 1.65, and 2.2 μm and the geometric albedo of the rings at 2.2 μm are derived.
Tree crops and tropical development: The oil palm as a successful example

Abstract Tree crops have great potential in tropical agricultural development for the production of foodstuffs, industrial raw materials, pulp and paper, lumber, fuelwood and livestock feed. By providing a permanent vegetation canopy, tree crops can replace the natural forests and thereby minimise soil deterioration and retard erosion. The oil palm has become one of the most successful tropical tree crops of the twentieth century. A number of currently underexploited tropical tree species have potential for genetic improvement and cultivation to provide sustained yields of a wide range of products.
Mixed-ligand complexes of diruthenium(II, III): Syntheses and molecular structures of chloro-bis-(acetato)-bis-(2-anilinopyridinato)(2-anilinopyridine)diruthenium·methylene chloride and chloro-(acetato)-tris(6-chloro-2-oxypyridinato)diruthenium·methylene chloride

Abstract The compound Ru2Cl(O2CCH3)2(PhNpy)2(PhNHpy)·CH2Cl2 (1) was prepared by reacting Ru2Cl(O2CCH3)4 and PhNHpy (in 1:3 molar proportions) in boiling methanol and crystallized by slow evaporation of a solution of the compound in a CH2Cl2-hexane mixture. The compound Ru2Cl(O2CCH3)(chp)3·CH2Cl2 (2) was obtained in a similar way with a 1:4 molar proportion of starting acetate to Hchp. While 1 is dark blue in color, 2 is purple. Both compounds are soluble in common organic solvents other than hexane and are indefinitely stable in air. Compounds 1 and 2 crystallize in the triclinic space group P 1 and the orthorhombic space group Pnma, respectively, with the following unit cell dimensions: 1, a = 12.093(2) A, b = 12.143(3) A, c = 14.357(3) A, α = 94.94(2)°, β = 114.15(2)°, γ = 92.01(2)°, V = 1911(1) A3, and Z = 2;2, a = 16.912(5) A, b = 15.975(4) A, c = 10.329(6) A, V = 2791(2) A3, and Z = 4. The structures of 1 and 2 were refined to R = 0.044 (Rw = 0.062) and R = 0.058 (Rw = 0.066), respectively. In 1, the diruthenium(II, III) unit is bridged by two acetate and two 2-anilinopyridine anionic ligands (both oriented in the same direction) in trans-disposition. The axial positions are occupied by a Cl anion and a neutral PhNHpy ligand. The metal atom bonded to two equatorial pyridine nitrogen atoms has the Cl axial coordination. The amine hydrogen atom of the other axial ligand is hydrogen bonded to one bridging acetate group. The RuRu, RuCl and RuN(axial) distances in 1 are 2.308(1) A, 2.560(2) A, and 2.457(6) A, respectively. The RuN (equatorial) and RuO distances are in the ranges 2.024(5)–2.098(6) A and 2.030(5)– 2.055(4) A, respectively. In 2, a polar arrangement of three bridging chp ligands around the diruthenium(II, III) unit is also present, along with one bridging CH3CO2− ligand. The ruthenium atom which is bonded to four oxygen atoms has an axially coordinated Cl ion. The axial site of the other ruthenium atom, which is bonded to three N and one O atoms, is empty because of the three Cl atoms of the chp ligands that project into this axial site. The RuRu and RuCl distances in 2 are 2.282(4) A and 2.474(9) A, respectively. The RuN and RuO distances lie in the ranges 2.06(2)–2.11(2) A and 1.95(2)–2.03(2) A, respectively. Electronic spectra of the solutions of 1 and 2 in CH2Cl2 display bands at 695 nm (ϵ = 6560 M−1 cm−1) and 535 nm (ϵ = 3990 M−1 cm−1), respectively.
Maximizing Therapist Effectiveness with Geriatric Hand Patients

Abstract The “graying of America” is resulting in higher proportions of older persons utilizing the health care system. Current trends indicate that the geriatric population represents a growing portion of the hand therapy patient population. Appreciating the unique needs of the geriatric hand patient and developing an appropriate treatment program require special interventions that may seem unappealing due to the likelihood of prolonged initial treatment time. However, such steps can strongly enhance therapist effectiveness, patient compliance, and ultimate outcome. The purposes of this paper are: (1) to address frustrations that may be encountered in the treatment of some elderly hand patients; (2) to introduce the reader to the phenomenon of age bias; (3) to present a well-accepted and effective assessment tool of memory, orientation, and ability to follow commands as these competencies pertain to hand therapy; (4) to address concepts in the gerontology literature that can be applied clinically as treatment guidelines to boost treatment effectiveness; and, finally, (5) to suggest communication techniques to use with the elderly hand patient. Maximizing therapist effectiveness with geriatric hand patients will serve to reinforce the dignity and value of this unique population.
The Effect of Cysteamine Bitartrate on Adiponectin Multimerization in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Healthy Subjects

Objective To determine the effects of cysteamine on adiponectin multimerization in sera of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Study design Sera from 10 children with biopsy-proven NAFLD treated with cysteamine were assayed for adiponectin multimers at baseline, after 24 weeks of treatment, and again 16 weeks after discontinuing treatment. Pretreatment sera from subjects with NAFLD and from adult controls without NAFLD controls (n = 8) were incubated in cysteamine and multimers were measured 1 hour later. A cysteamine/adiponectin multimer dose-response curve was created. Results Following 24 weeks of cysteamine therapy, the mean percentage increase for high, medium (MMW), and low (LMW) molecular weight multimers and total adiponectin from baseline was 53% (P = .02), 19% (P = .02), 29.4% (P = .03), and 49.3% (P = .05), respectively. Levels returned to baseline at 16 weeks after stopping therapy, unlike hepatic transaminase levels which remained low. Sera from 0 week, incubated in cysteamine for 1 hour, showed a significant mean percent increase in LMW adiponectin levels and a mean percent reduction in MMW levels compared with baseline in adults with and without NAFLD. Conclusions Cysteamine impacts adiponectin multimerization. Long-term cysteamine therapy increases levels of all multimers, whereas, in vitro short-term exposure causes a rapid increase in LMW and reduction in MMW multimers in NAFLD and healthy controls. Cysteamine may be a potential therapeutic agent for conditions associated with insulin-resistance, oxidative stress, and depressed adiponectin levels.
Study of subretinal intercellular space

Abstract The study of the subretinal space has been possible through a technique which allows a biochemical examination of the intercellular fluid of this space. This subretinal intercellular fluid had been collected in two fractions by saline washes of the interphotoreceptor spaces ( R F ) of the detached retina and the apical surface of the exposed retinal pigment epithelium ( RPE F ). This technique produced negligible contamination from the blood, surrounding tissues or intraocular fluids. Generally, the R F contained twice the quantity of collectable proteins as the RPE F . Major differences between the two fractions of saline washes were in the proportional concentration of several specific proteins in these washes. Noticeable species specific differences between the electrophoretic patterns of rabbit and rat subretinal proteins were evident. This technique has been shown to be very reliable and has yielded consistant results.
Problems of editing “first-person” sociology

During the late 60s I directed a research project on the role of race and racism in the life experience of whites and blacks in America. As part of the project we conducted life history interviews. Perhaps because relatively little was then being published in the first-person form, we weren't prepared for the power of these narratives. The prospect of analyzing and generalizing about people's lives in terms of our project's themes seemed almost an affront to the richness and individuality of the pr imary material , and to the integrity of the people and their stories. ' The t ime commitment was also overwhelming. It took me more than two years to complete the first reading of the 10,000 pages and 4 million words that came from the 264 people in the first round of the study. (Second round reinterviews took place ten years later from 1978 to 1981, and a final third round in 1986.) 2 Studs Terkers Working (1974) suggested a solution to both problems. Instead of subjecting oneself to years of excruciating analysis and ending with a somewhat dullish tone, why not publish selected representative interviews? Not only would this be easier, but it seemed the most likely road to popular impact such as Terkel had achieved. Besides such practical considerations, the printed interview format seemed the best way to convey the remarkably heightened consciousness of ordinary people in the late 60s, as well as to depict the ferment and bewildering rapidity of social change and convey the unusual ly t ransparent impact of the historical moment on individual lives. I was deceived by appearances. Interviews don't publish themselves. Abridging, editing, and arranging the materials to retain the immediacy and interest of the original is unusually laborious and time-consuming. Curiously there is no discussion of this in the quali tat ive methodology literature. Except for certain technical issues, 3 editing first-person data is an almost completely neglected topic.
Smoking behavior of Mexicans: patterns by birth-cohort, gender, and education.

Little is known about historical smoking patterns in Mexico. Policy makers must rely on imprecise predictions of human or fiscal burdens from smoking-related diseases. In this paper we document intergenerational patterns of smoking, project them for future cohorts, and discuss those patterns in the context of Mexico’s impressive economic growth. We use retrospectively collected information to generate life-course smoking prevalence rates of five birth-cohorts, by gender and education. With dynamic panel data methods, we regress smoking rates on indicators of economic development. Smoking is most prevalent among men and the highly educated. Smoking rates peaked in the 1980s and have since decreased, slowly on average, and fastest among the highly educated. Development significantly contributed to this decline; a 1 % increase in development is associated with an average decline in smoking prevalence of 0.02 and 0.07 percentage points for women and men, respectively. Mexico’s development may have triggered forces that decrease smoking, such as the spread of health information. Although smoking rates are falling, projections suggest that they will be persistently high for several future generations.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): Dermal absorption, systemic elimination, and dermal wash efficiency

The objectives of this study were to determine the dermal absorption, systemic elimination, and dermal wash efficiency for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). 14C-Labeled 42% PCB and 14C-labeled 54% PCB were topically and parenterally administered to rhesus monkeys and guinea pigs. Dermal absorption, determined by 14C urinary excretion, was extensive. In guinea pigs, 33% of the applied 14C-labeled 42% PCB dose and 56% of the 14C-labeled 54% PCB dose were absorbed. In rhesus monkeys, 15-34% of the labeled 42% PCB was dermally absorbed, depending on the magnitude of the applied dose. 14C-labeled 42% PCB applied to guinea pig skin was immediately washed with water and acetone. Only 59% of the applied dose was removed from the skin. A post-24-h washing removed only 1% of applied labeled 42% PCB and 20% of applied labeled 54% PCB. Postcontamination washing cannot be assumed to remove all contaminated PCB from skin. The body elimination of 14C was continuous and slow, with elimination half-lives on the order of 2-3 d in the guinea pig and 4-7 d in the monkey. Only 50-65% of an intramuscular dose could be accounted for in urine and feces for up to 28 d excretion. The elimination half-lives following topical administration were not much greater than that following intramuscular administration. This suggests that PCBs are rapidly and extensively absorbed through the skin, and that they are then probably generally distributed throughout the body, and then slowly eliminated.
Post Porosity Plasma Protection: Scaling of Efficiency with Porosity

Increasing the porosity of oxycarbosilane dielectrics is a key approach to lower the interconnect signal delay and thus enable manufacturing of lower power consumption and higher performance microprocessors. However, this path leads to excessive dielectric process damage as the industry adapts procedures developed for dense and microporous insulators to mesoporous materials. Currently ultralow dielectric constant (k) materials cannot be integrated at the most aggressive pitch. Here, it is reported that the post porosity plasma protection enables the mitigation of process damage across a wide range of porosity regimes. The exponential increase in plasma damage with porosity when going from microporous k = 2.4 to mesoporous k = 1.8 is shown. Using the same range of materials, the strategy allows a reduction in process damage to a constant minimal level on both blanket wafers and patterned structures. The results demonstrate how the strategy can enable the extendibility of current materials and processes to future technology nodes.
Evidence for Prenylation-Dependent Targeting of a Ykt6 SNARE in Plasmodium falciparum

Abstract Ykt6 proteins are the most versatile fusogens in eukaryotic cells, and the only SNAREs that can be both prenylated and acylated at a C-terminal CAAX motif. Unlike yeast and mammalian cells where a single Ykt6 gene is expressed, the Plasmodium falciparum genome encodes two Ykt6 proteins. We have investigated the expression and prenylation of the Ykt6 orthologue, PfYkt6.1 in intra-erythrocytic stages of P. falciparum. PfYkt6.1 localized to the parasite Golgi and other unidentified cytoplasmic compartments, and was partly cytosolic (∼50% in early trophozoites). The membrane-association of PfYkt6.1 was dependent on the presence of a conserved C-terminal CAAX motif (CCSIM). By expressing full-length and mutant proteins in Escherichia coli, we have shown that PfYkt6.1 indeed serves as substrate for prenylation by P. falciparum farnesyltransferases. Surprisingly, PfYkt6.1 could also be geranylgeranylated by parasite extracts independent of the C-terminal amino acid residue. Deletion of the CAAX motif inhibited both farnesylation and geranylgeranylation activities. Additionally, the PfYkt6.1 heptapeptide KQCCSIM, corresponding to the C-terminal CAAX sequence, inhibited the parasite farnesyltransferase activity with an IC50 of 1 μM. Our findings underscore the importance of CAAX motif-derived peptidomimetics for antimalarial drug development.
Differentiation for flowering time and phenotypic integration in Arabidopsis thaliana in response to season length and vernalization

The response of plants or animals to different environmental regimes may take the form of specialization of their life history patterns to match the prevailing conditions in a geographical area. In turn, the evolution of different life histories implies that there are trade-offs between distinct components of the life cycle. We investigate some of the possible explanations for the existence of distinct types of populations in the weed Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae), differentiated by flowering schedule. The so-called early flowering and late flowering "ecotypes" are hypothesized to result from adaptation to harsh winters or short seasons as opposed to mild winters or long seasons, respectively. We carried out two experiments in which we studied the reaction of natural populations to an increase in season length and to conditions simulating mild winter or spring. Unfortunately, only one of our accessions turned out to be a late flowering population; however, it did have a fitness disadvantage when the season was too short, although it had a higher reproductive output at the end of longer growing seasons. Most populations reacted to the simulation of a mild winter by extending their vegetative phase and increasing their reproductive output; however, this could be offset by increased winter mortality under harsh conditions. Character correlations (phenotypic integration) showed contrasting patterns of change in response to the two environmental factors: at the shortest season's length many correlations were negative, displaying a trade-off between vegetative and reproductive traits; during longer seasons, all correlations were positive and there was no evidence of vegetative-reproductive trade-offs. Exposure to cold did not trigger any major change in the pattern of character correlations.
Novel Glucosensor for Hypoglycemic Detection Localized to the Portal Vein

In this investigation, we sought to constrain the locus of essential portohepatic glucosensors and test the hypothesis that they reside strictly in the portal vein and not the liver. Male Wistar rats were chronically cannulated in the carotid artery (sampling), jugular vein (infusion), and portal vein, either adjacent to (POR ADJ , 0.6 ± 0.1 cm, n = 6) or upstream from (POR UPS , 2.7 ± 0.1 cm, n = 8) the liver. Animals were exposed to one of three protocols distinguished by the site of glucose infusion: POR UPS , POR ADJ , or peripheral (PER). Systemic hypoglycemia (2.4 ± 0.1 mmol/1) was induced via jugular vein insulin infusion (50 mU · kg −1 · min −1 ). Arterial plasma catecholamines were assessed at basal (−30 and 0 min) and during sustained hypoglycemia (60, 75, 90, 105 min). By design, hepatic glucose was significantly elevated during POR UPS and POR ADJ versus PER (4.3 ± 0.1 vs. 2.4 ± 0.1 mmol/l, respectively; P P UPS , a 67% suppression in the epinephrine response versus that during PER was observed ( P P = 0.73). While both POR UPS and POR ADJ yielded elevated liver glycemia in the face of systemic hypoglycemia, only POR( UPS yielded an elevated portal vein glucose concentration. That only POR UPS resulted in a significant suppression of the sympathoadrenal response is consistent with the localization of the glucosensors to the portal vein.
Interpreting workplace identities: the role of office décor

Using qualitative methods, I examine how employees in corporate office environments interpreted a variety of relatively permanent office decor (e.g., furniture, photos, personal mementos) as indicators of their colleagues' workplace identities (i.e., central and enduring categorizations regarding employees' status and distinctiveness in the workplace). Similar to the encoding of behavioral cues of identity, findings suggest that interpretation of physical identity markers begins with either (1) a top-down process of social categorization, in which specific rules are applied to encoding a few, focal, and visually salient pieces of office decor as evidence of management prototypes, or (2) a bottom-up process of social categorization, in which a variety of physical artifacts are examined and compared to specific managerial exemplars to develop a complex representation of workplace identity. Findings also suggest that some of the unique attributes of physical identity markers (i.e., their potential to be viewed independently from their displayer, and their relative permanence) may be associated with the focus of each profiling process (i.e., on interpreting status vs. distinctiveness, and consistency vs. change). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Miniaturized and Reconfigurable CPW Square-Ring Slot Antenna Loaded With Ferroelectric BST Thin Film Varactors

A novel miniaturized and reconfigurable coplanar waveguide (CPW) square-ring slot antenna is presented in this paper. The miniaturization is achieved via a hybrid approach including ferroelectric varactor loadings, high dielectric constant materials, and tuning stub for impedance matching. For the first time, nine shunt ferroelectric (FE) BST (Ba(1-x)SrxTiO3) thin film varactors are integrated with the CPW antenna structure achieving both antenna miniaturization and reconfiguration at the same time. The size of the miniaturized antenna is reduced to 0.067λ0 0.067λ0 without ground, and 0.1λ0 0.1λ0 with ground. The resonant frequency of the miniaturized antenna can be reconfigured from 5.3 GHz to 5.8 GHz by applying a DC voltage. Measured E-plane and H-plane co-polarized patterns are presented.
Creating a Personal Competitive Advantage by Developing a Professional Online Presence.

The recent global economic crisis has created a hypercompetitive job market in which students have struggled to attain positions in fields related to their disciplines. In an effort to provide students with tools to achieve career success, this paper outlines the elements for "Developing POP! A Professional Online Presence." This innovation is a 10-step concept related to the promotion factor of the marketing mix and provides students with a framework that leverages online media for personal branding purposes.
Absolute optical ranging with 200-nm resolution.

Absolute optical ranging has been demonstrated by wavelength-multiplexed interferometry with a range resolution of 200 nm, well below the single-wavelength ambiguity. Two current- and temperature-tunable GaAlAs laser diodes (850 nm) provide an equivalent wavelength below 100 μm and a resolution of less than 200 nm. The achievement of such resolution provides the means for combining single- and multiple-wavelength interferometric measurements to achieve unambiguous distance measurement with nanometer resolution. The ranging system is also used to profile unambiguously an integrated circuit structure with a 2.5-μm surface topography.
The activity of the coelomic (germinal) epithelium of the male musk turtle, Sternotherus odoratus (Latreille)

Histological studies of testes of both immature and mature individuals show that the peritoneal epithelium does not give up its proliferative capacities with the completion of testis differentiation. Certain regions of the antimesorchial surface retain their activity and continue to contribute cellular elements during testis growth. Stromal cells, germ cells, and sections of or entire seminiferous tubules originate from the peritoneum in the form of cord-like ingrowths. In this form, the proliferations of the germinal epithelium of the testes are similar to and homologous with the continuous proliferations of the germinal epithelium of the ovary. In Sternotherus, both testis and ovary differentiate out of a bisexual primordium in which the deeper parts of the germinal epithelium form an ovarian cortex. Since the germinal epithelium persists as an active part of both ovary and testis, it must be responsive to the same physiological factors of female or male differentiation respectively. It is indifferent sexually and once the direction of sex differentiation is established, the response of the germinal epithelium is in the determined direction. Its activity is then to produce either seminiferous tubules or ovarian follicles, and is directly dependent upon the processes of embryonic sex differentiation and determination.
Interaction of plasma high density lipoprotein HDL2b (d 1.063-1.100 g/ml) with single-bilayer liposomes of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine.

Incubation of a major subfraction, HDL2b (d 1.063–1.100 g/ml), of human plasma high density lipoproteins, HDL (d 1.063–1.21 g/ml), with single-bilayer liposomes of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) resulted in uptake of DMPC by the HDL2b and dissociation of lipid-free apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I). In the presence of excess DMPC, the dissociated apoA-I was also incorporated with DMPC into discoidal complexes. Preliminary studies with model apoA-I-DMPC complexes indicated that they also can interact with native HDL2b with the resultant transfer of their DMPC to HDL2b and the concomitant release of their apoA-I. After interaction of HDL2b with DMPC liposomes, the DMPC-enriched HDL2b product showed a lower hydrated density and a larger particle size than the control HDL2b. The molecular properties of the lipoprotein product suggest that stabilization of the apoA-I-depleted HDL2b probably occurred via substitution of DMPC for the apoA-I at the HDL2b surface rather than by fusion of the apoA-I-depleted HDL2b. The above interactions of HDL2b with single-bilayer liposomes and discoidal complexes indicate pathways of phospholipid transfer relevant to the possible role of HDL in the metabolism of lipoprotein surface components in vivo.
Personalized email management at network edges

A new technique for managing and disseminating Web-based email prefetches messages and generates dynamic pages, displaying them at the network edge. Compared to other popular Web-based email servers, the prefetching and caching emails (PACE) prototype shows an improved performance with respect to user-perceived latency. Additionally, PACE'S centralized neural-network-based personalized spam filter will filter spam and viruses at the server's origin, thus saving bandwidth. Another major concern for users is the email accounts being clogged with spam. Spam filters can be classified as server-side or client-side. Server-side filters are integrated with email servers and filter out spam at the server end.
PHENOBARBITAL IMPROVES MOTOR MATURITY IN PREMATURE INFANTS

Higher scores on motor maturity items of the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (BNBAS) were observed in a group of infants treated with phenobarbital (P). Twenty three infants ranging in BW from 900 to 1480g were randomly assigned to treatment (N=9) or control (N=14) groups in a trial evaluating the efficiency of P in preventing intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). Study infants were treated for 7 days with anti-convulsant doses achieving P levels of 20-30ug/ml.
Effect of Free Struggle and Preslaughter Excitement on Color of Turkey Breast Muscles

Abstract The color changes produced in turkey muscle by excitement prior to slaughter and free struggle during slaughter were further characterized using reflectance analyses. The reflectance spectra of raw samples indicated that the darker color in breast muscle from birds exposed to excitement prior to slaughter and allowed to struggle freely during slaughter may be due to a higher concentration of cytochrome c. Cytochrome c may contribute to pink color problems in further processed turkey products.
The relations of motivational traits with workplace deviance

The authors developed and tested new theoretical relations between approach and avoidance motivational traits and deviant work behaviors. Approach motivation was divided into 3 traits: personal mastery (i.e., desire to achieve), competitive excellence (i.e., desire to perform better than others), and behavioral activation system (BAS) sensitivity (i.e., responsiveness to rewards). Avoidance motivation, which reflects one's sensitivity to negative stimuli and the desire to escape such stimuli, was conceptualized as a unitary construct. Using structural equation modeling, the authors examined the relations of these 4 motivational traits with interpersonal and organizational deviance in a sample of primarily part-time employees. For the approach motivation traits, results showed that personal mastery was negatively related to interpersonal and organizational deviance, BAS sensitivity was positively related to interpersonal and organizational deviance, and competitive excellence was unrelated to both types of workplace deviance. Finally, avoidance motivation was positively related to organizational deviance and interacted with organizational constraints to predict interpersonal deviance.
Consolidation and contaminant migration in a capped dredged material deposit

Abstract The effectiveness of capping contaminated dredged material was investigated in a subaqueous depression in the Duwamish Waterway in Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. Field studies were conducted to evaluate the consolidation of the capped material as well as the movement of contaminants from the dredged material into the uncontaminated cap material. Results showed that most of the dredged material consolidation at this site occurred during the first 2 weeks following capping. Monitoring of contaminant concentrations in the capped deposit for 18 months showed no movement of contaminants from the dredged material into the capping material.
Photochemical patterning of a self-assembled monolayer of 7-diazomethylcarbonyl-2,4,9-trithiaadmantane on gold films via Wolff rearrangement.

Photolithographic attachment of functional organic molecules via ester or amide linkages to self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold thin films was achieved by employing a novel photoreactive surface anchor, 7-diazomethylcarbonyl-2,4,9-trithiaadmantane. The photoreactive SAM was prepared by the spontaneous physical adsorption of the photoreactive surface anchor onto gold surfaces. The α-diazo ketone moiety of the SAM was found to display the classical Wolff rearrangement reactivity to produce a ketene intermediate on the exposed area. Organic molecules such as alcohols and amines can thus be attached to the gold surfaces selectively by the facile in situ formation of ester or amide linkages. The structure and reactivity of the photoreactive surface anchor were characterized by real-time FT-IR, fluorescence, and polarization modulation infrared reflectance absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS). The Wolff rearrangement reactivity of the SAM suggested that a “surface-isolated” carbonylcarbene may be generated w...
Polarized above sea surface hyperspectral observations and their relationship with measured water properties

Polarized radiometric measurements above and below the sea surface are combined to develop a glint correction scheme for the polarized signal from the ocean, and compare it with one simulated by a vector RT code.
Reaction of FcCCo3(CO)9 with 2,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)maleic anhydride (bma). X-ray diffraction structure and redox properties of

Abstract The reaction between the tricobalt cluster FcCCo3(CO)9 (1) (where Fc = ferrocenyl) and the redox-active diphosphine ligand 2,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)maleic anhydride (bma) affords the new cluster (3) in refluxing 1,2-dichloroethane or toluene. The cluster FcCCo3(CO)7(bma) (2), a logical precursor to 3, was observed in solution by IR spectroscopy when cluster 1 and bma were refluxed in the low boiling point solvent CH2Cl2; however, putative 2 could not be isolated due to its rapid conversion to the final product 3. Cluster 3 has been fully characterized in solution by IR and NMR (13C and 31P) spectroscopy and in the solid state by X-ray diffraction analysis. , as the CH2Cl2 solvate, crystallized in the triclinic space group P 1 , a = 10.4704(6), b = 14.6033(8), c = 14.787(1) A , α = 102.973(5), β = 94.517(8), γ = 90.197(5)°, V = 2195.9(2) A 3 , Z = 2, D calc = 1.653 g cm −3 ; R = 0.0411, R w = 0.0449 for 3602 observed reflections with 13σ(I). Cyclic voltammetric investigations of 3 in CH2Cl2 reveal the presence of three reversible redox responses assigned to the 0/1+, 0/1−1, and 1−/2− redox couples. The nature of the HOMO and the two lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO and SUMO) in 3 has been determined by carrying out extended Huckel calculations on the model compound , the results of which are discussed relative to the observed electrochemistry of 3 and related cluster compounds.
Commentary on “behavior therapy and a culturally diverse society: Forging an alliance”

We agree with Iwamasa (1997) that it is important to study and to consider issues of cultural diversity within behavior therapy. The timing to do so seems ripe, now that there are effective behavioral assessment and treatment strategies in place. Furthermore, issues of cultural diversity, and particularly Iwamasa's paper, provide behavior therapists with an opportunity to revisit some important issues within behavior therapy: topographic descriptions of cultures vs. functional descriptions of clients, group-based cultural descriptions versus individual-based clinical practice, and general principles versus idiographic applications.
Optimizing immunoglobulin treatment for patients with primary immunodeficiency disease to prevent pneumonia and infection incidence: review of the current data.

Abstract Background An increasing body of evidence suggests that the optimal dose for IgG replacement therapy is the dose that keeps the patient as free from infection as possible by either intravenous or subcutaneous delivery. Objective To review the current evidence on optimizing IgG therapy in patients with primary immunodeficiency disease (PIDD). Methods Surveys conducted among physicians who treat patients with PIDD indicate that most practitioners follow existing data and guidelines on the use and dosage of immunoglobulin therapy. On the basis of the current guidelines, most use intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy at a starting dose of 400 mg/kg every 4 weeks to treat a number of primary PIDDs with humoral immune deficiencies. However, for the optimal treatment of PIDDs, therapy needs to be tailored. Results Among the issues is the assessment of IgG trough levels or steady-state levels with subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIG) therapy needed to reduce or prevent infection in patients with PIDD. Increasing evidence suggests that optimization of treatment can be based on identifying the dosage of IVIG or SCIG for each patient needed to reduce infection. Conclusion More studies are needed to better clarify the optimal dose, IgG trough level, or IgG steady-state level necessary to reduce infection and optimize treatment for patients with PIDD treated with IVIG or SCIG.
Experimenter effects on responses to explicitly sexual stimuli

Abstract Experimenter effects on responses to explicitly sexual stimuli were investigated in 63 single undergraduate males and 89 single undergraduate females. A completely factorial design with sex of subject, sex of experimenter, and experimenter's style of interacting (informal vs formal) as the independent factors was employed. While the variables under investigation did not have an overriding effect on the outcome measures, at least one experimenter attribute was discovered to significantly influence a large percentage of the variables assessed: The data suggest that informal experimenters permit less socially desirable responses and more generalized arousal than formal experimenters. In addition to replicating earlier work on experimenter effects, the present study serves to delineate a possible set of cues by which experimenters may influence their subjects' arousal to explicitly sexual stimuli.
Universal noiseless and noisy data compression techniques—the state of the art

Abstract The technique of data compression demonstrates desirable properties that assure performance improvements of advanced network architectures such as ISDN, serial communication channels, data storage and data archiving. A global trend in telecommunications networks is the conversion from analogue to digital transmission. The design goal of these new networks is that voice, data, and images will be transmitted in fundamentally the same way, requiring neither prior knowledge as to the type of data being transmitted nor operator intervention. However, the bandwidth requirements for digital transmission are generally high. Spectrum bandwidth utilization is a design parameter for these systems that will benefit from the transmission of compressed data. The proposed Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) combines digital voice, data, and images on the same network. Since this network has limited bandwidth for transmission of information, the available bandwidth must be used as efficiently as possible.
A langmuir probe investigation of electron cyclotron resonance argon-hydrogen plasmas

We report on the physical attributes of an argon-hydrogen plasma and the effects that induced changes in these attributes have on the physical and electrical characteristics of the plasma itself. Changes in the plasma conditions of these argon-hydrogen plasmas due to variations in microwave power, DC biasing, gas concentrations, and pressures were measured. We determined that increasing the hydrogen flow increases the sheath potential of the plasma, thereby increasing the arrival energy of ions at the surface of a sample placed in the plasma. Even with the decrease in plasma density from an increase in hydrogen input flow, we found the ion current is maintained in the predominately hydrogen plasma and is likely compensated by the high velocity and long mean free path of the hydrogen. We also observed that increasing total pressure also results in hydrogen ions dominating the total number of ions reaching the Langmuir probe and therefore the sample during processing. Last, a model based on the ion/electron energy ratio was developed and used to determine the relative ion concentrations of hydrogen and argon ions.
Growth of vapor-deposited cobalt films on Pt(111) studied by scanning tunneling microscopy

The initial nucleation and subsequent growth of vapor-deposited Co on Pt(111) has been studied by scanning tunneling microscopy and Auger-electron spectroscopy. When deposited at room temperature, Co nucleates spatially in a homogeneous manner and then grows quasi-layer-by-layer up to a coverage of FTHETA=3 monolayers. For FTHETAg3 monolayers, a three-dimensional island growth mode is observed. From a detailed analysis of the observed island shapes we present direct evidence that Co grows in a hcp pattern on Pt(111) after the third layer. The nucleation of Co at a deposition temperature above 300 K is strongly influenced by the appearance of a Co-induced surface reconstruction of Pt(111). This reconstruction leads to a dendritic growth of Co deposited at 400 K. Fingers of Co 3\char21{}5 nm wide and up to 250 nm long can be observed. The influence of the Pt reconstruction on the growth becomes smaller at higher deposition temperatures, leading to compact, triangular Co islands at 600 K.
Preclinical pharmacokinetics of β-L-dioxolane-cytidine, a novel anticancer agent, in rats

Purpose: β-L-Dioxolane-cytidine (OddC), a novel L-nucleoside analog with potent cytotoxicity in vitro, appears to be a promising candidate for anticancer therapy. In this study, a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analytical method was developed and the preclinical pharmacokinetics of OddC were characterized in rats. Methods: Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were given 10, 25, or 50 mg/kg of OddC both intravenously and orally with a 6-day washout period between doses. Each rat received one dosage level of OddC and the route of administration was assessed by a randomized crossover design. Plasma and urine concentrations were determined by HPLC. Pharmacokinetic parameters were generated by area-moment analysis. Results: Following intravenous administration, the plasma concentrations of OddC declined rapidly in a biexponential manner with a terminal phase half-life of 1.65±1.12 h (mean±SD). Mean total, renal, and nonrenal clearances were 1.38±0.62, 0.30±0.14, and 1.08±0.59 l/h per kg. Approximately 22% of the administered dose was excreted unchanged in the urine. Thus, nonrenal clearance was the predominant route of elimination of OddC. The steady-state volume of distribution averaged 1.42±0.66 l/kg, indicating intracellular distribution of OddC. The nucleoside analog was slowly absorbed after oral administration and bioavailability varied greatly between individual rats, averaging 41±27% when calculated from urinary excretion data and 37±25% when calculated from plasma OddC concentration data. Conclusion: The pharmacokinetics of OddC in rats were linear over the dose range studied.
Integrated next-generation sequencing of 16S rDNA and metaproteomics differentiate the healthy urine microbiome from asymptomatic bacteriuria in neuropathic bladder associated with spinal cord injury

Clinical dogma is that healthy urine is sterile and the presence of bacteria with an inflammatory response is indicative of urinary tract infection (UTI). Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) represents the state in which bacteria are present but the inflammatory response is negligible. Differentiating ABU from UTI is diagnostically challenging, but critical because overtreatment of ABU can perpetuate antimicrobial resistance while undertreatment of UTI can result in increased morbidity and mortality. In this study, we describe key characteristics of the healthy and ABU urine microbiomes utilizing 16S rRNA gene (16S rDNA) sequencing and metaproteomics, with the future goal of utilizing this information to personalize the treatment of UTI based on key individual characteristics. A cross-sectional study of 26 healthy controls and 27 healthy subjects at risk for ABU due to spinal cord injury-related neuropathic bladder (NB) was conducted. Of the 27 subjects with NB, 8 voided normally, 8 utilized intermittent catheterization, and 11 utilized indwelling Foley urethral catheterization for bladder drainage. Urine was obtained by clean catch in voiders, or directly from the catheter in subjects utilizing catheters. Urinalysis, urine culture and 16S rDNA sequencing were performed on all samples, with metaproteomic analysis performed on a subsample. A total of 589454 quality-filtered 16S rDNA sequence reads were processed through a NextGen 16S rDNA analysis pipeline. Urine microbiomes differ by normal bladder function vs. NB, gender, type of bladder catheter utilized, and duration of NB. The top ten bacterial taxa showing the most relative abundance and change among samples were Lactobacillales, Enterobacteriales, Actinomycetales, Bacillales, Clostridiales, Bacteroidales, Burkholderiales, Pseudomonadales, Bifidobacteriales and Coriobacteriales. Metaproteomics confirmed the 16S rDNA results, and functional human protein-pathogen interactions were noted in subjects where host defenses were initiated. Counter to clinical belief, healthy urine is not sterile. The healthy urine microbiome is characterized by a preponderance of Lactobacillales in women and Corynebacterium in men. The presence and duration of NB and method of urinary catheterization alter the healthy urine microbiome. An integrated approach of 16S rDNA sequencing with metaproteomics improves our understanding of healthy urine and facilitates a more personalized approach to prevention and treatment of infection.