cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What incites new daily persistent headache in children

This study asked what incites the development of a new daily persistent headache in children. A total of 175 children with chronic daily headache were prospectively identified and observed by the author. Of these patients, 40 (23%) with a new daily persistent headache were identified. These patients had no significant prior headache history. Seventeen patients (43%) had the onset of their symptoms during an infection. Of these patients, over half had positive Epstein-Barr virus serology at the onset of symptoms. Nine patients (23%) manifested minor head injuries at the onset of their symptoms, yet had a normal examination and neuroimaging. Symptom onset was also associated with surgery (four patients) and high-altitude camping (one patient). In five patients, no specific etiologic factor could be identified. Four patients were initially identified as having idiopathic intracranial hypertension, yet their chronic headache persisted despite the normalization of their intracranial pressure. Similar findings were observed in episodic migraine patients who abruptly developed the onset of chronic migraine. In conclusion, the onset of new daily persistent headache in childhood is typically associated with a physiologic stress such as an infection, head trauma, or post-surgery.
Abstract 3294: Notch signaling is regulated by vacuolar ATPase in triple negative breast cancer

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) constitutes 15 % of all diagnosed breast cancers. It is more common among African American and younger women. TNBC cells do not express Estrogen, Progesterone and Her2 receptors. As a result, patients have limited treatment options. To effectively treat TNBC, it is important to identify and target specific signaling pathways that contribute to TNBC tumorigenesis. Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved juxtacrine pathway that is important in normal mammary development and has been shown to play a role in TNBC progression. Although there has been considerable research on role of Notch in TNBC, little is known about its regulation. Identifying novel molecules that can regulate Notch can lead to the development of effective combinatorial treatments. The Vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) has been shown to regulate Notch Signaling in Drosophila. V-ATPase is an ATP driven proton pump, which is responsible for maintaining pH. Tumor cells increase expression of V-ATPase, which aids in cancer proliferation and metastasis. Here, we report that the a2 isoform of V-ATPase regulates Notch Signaling in breast cancer. Among isoforms a1, a2, a3 and a4, breast cancer cell lines robustly expressed a2 V-ATPase on their surface. a2 V-ATPase is present towards the leading edge of cells and is higher in TNBC cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468) as compared to normal chemically transformed cell line (184A1) and hormonal positive cell line (MCF7). Expression of Notch ligands, receptors and target genes was also higher in TNBC cell lines as compared to Non-TNBC cell lines. siRNA mediated knockdown of a2 V-ATPase resulted in an increase of Notch Signaling in the Triple Negative MDA-MB-231 cell line. To understand the molecular mechanism behind this regulation, we used Bafilomycin to inhibit V-ATPase activity. Following V-ATPase inhibition, the expression of Jagged1, a Notch ligand was increased. Our results suggest that Vacuolar ATPase can regulate Notch Signaling by affecting ligand internalization through endocytosis. We further assessed the effect of V-ATPase and Notch signaling inhibitors on cell proliferation of the breast cancer cell lines (184A1, MCF7, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468). Combined inhibition of V-ATPase and Notch signaling caused significant cell death in all cell lines tested. Together our results identify a2 V-ATPase as a novel regulator of Notch signaling in Breast Cancer and that targeting both V-ATPase and Notch Signaling can be beneficial for Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Citation Format: Sahithi Pamarthy, Kenneth D. Beaman. Notch signaling is regulated by vacuolar ATPase in triple negative breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3294. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3294
Analysis of region-specific library constructed by sequence-independent amplification of microdissected fragments surrounding weaver (wv) gene on mouse chromosome 16.

The C3−C4 region of mouse chromosome 16 was microdissected and amplified directly by sequence-independent amplification (SIA). The SIA product was proved to originate from the microdissected region by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and was cloned into the PCR II vector (mean insert size 506 bp). Colony hybridization showed that about 59% of the clones contained either unique or low copy number sequences. Southern blot analysis of 100 unique clones demonstrated that 50 clones hybridized with single (33 clones) or multiple (17 clones) bands on blots of DNA from a hamster-mouse hybrid cell line that contains mouse chromosome 16, 13 clones hybridized with mouse but not with the hamster-mouse hybrid DNA, 19 clones contained repetitive sequences, and the remaining 18 clones failed to yield bands. One third of the 100 unique clones hybridized to human genomic DNA. Thirty-three clones were sequenced. None of them was found in GenBank. Our results demonstrate that this relatively simple method of microdissection and cloning can produce a library of good quality.
In-vivo depth-resolved birefringence measurements of the human retina

Glaucoma causes irreversible damage to nerves in the retinal nerve fiber layer. A technique that could measure both the condition and thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) would be very useful for the early detection and treatment of glaucoma. Polarization Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography (PS-OCT) is a modality that measures the depth resolved optical birefringence of biological tissue. Since damage to the nerve fiber layer could decrease its birefringence, PS-OCT has the potential to enhance specificity in determining RNFL thickness and integrity in OCT images. In order to measure the RNFL birefringence on humans in vivo, a fiber-based PS-OCT set-up was built with which quasi real time images of the human retina were made. Preliminary measurements on a healthy retina show that the birefringence of the RNFL around the optic nerve head was equal to 34+/- 3 degree(s)/100 micrometers . In conclusion, to our knowledge, we present the first depth resolved birefringence measurements of the human RNFL in vivo.
Thick caliber projections from brainstem to cerebral cortex in the snakes Thamnophis sirtalis and natrix sipedon

Abstract Unilateral transections of the midbrain in snakes produce degeneration in a thick caliber system of fibers that effects widespread projections to the telencephalon. The anatomy of this diffuse projection system was investigated using Fink-Heimer, horseradish peroxidase, Golgi and electron microscopic preparations. The projection originates, at least in part, from a population of neurons located in the dorsolateral mesencephalic tegmentum. They have fusiform somata and dendrites with isodendritic branching patterns. The axons are of thick caliber and ascend through the forebrain bundles into the caudal, basal telencephalon. Some of the axons cross the midline around the anterior commissure. The major bundle of fibers splits into three fascicles at this level. One fascicle continues into the striatum, the second continues into the anterior dorsal ventricular ridge and the third continues into the septum and cerebral cortex. Fibers in the cortical fascicle are aligned primarily concentric with the ventricle. Some of the thick caliber fibers slant obliquely into the dorsomedial cortex and run concentric with the ventricle in layer 1. Other fibers bear thin caliber collaterals that ascend into layers 2 and 3 of the medial cortex, layers 2 and 1 of the dorsomedial cortex and layers 3 and 2 of the dorsal cortex. Varicosities are present on both the thick, parent fibers and on their thin collaterals. Electron microscopic observations suggest that the varicosities are presynaptic elements. These form synapses with clear, round vesicles and asymmetric active zones, principally on dendritic spines. This study demonstrates the existence in snakes of a thick caliber system of projections that parallels the widespread projections of monoaminergic systems to the cortex.
The architecture of MANIP: a parallel computer system for solving NP-complete problems

In this paper, we study the network architecture of MANIP, a parallel Machine for processing Non-deterministic Polynomial complete problems. The most general technique that can be used to solve a wide variety of NP-complete problems on a uni-processor system, optimally or sub-optimally, is the branch and bound algorithm. We have adapted and extended the branch and bound algorithm for parallel processing. The parallel branch and bound algorithm requires a combination of sorting and merging. A common memory to sort for a large number of processors can become a bottleneck in the system. We have proposed a system with distributed intelligence so that sorting can be carried out in a distributed fashion. A uni-directional ring network is proved to be-the optimal and most cost-effective inter-processor communication network when sorting is done by a hardware priority queue in each processor.
Acute kidney injury in a girl with ulcerative colitis and cytomegalovirus-induced focal segmental glomerular sclerosis.

Background Mesalamine or 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) has proven efficacy in treating patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Although mesalamine is considered safe, it has been associated with acute interstitial nephritis and renal failure.
Ray tracings of the in between

When brought into the anaglyphic format, the images leap out of the two-dimensional plane. Without the three-dimensional glasses, the images are a complex jumble of red and cyan lines on an abstracted surface. With the three-dimensional glasses, the scenes spring into an enveloping experience of vibratory depth. Small differences in the laser tracing process that are perceived by left and right eyes cause the images to shimmer and feel alive.
Reactions of (CO2)2+ and (CO)2+ association ions

The reactons of (CO2)2+ and (CO)2+ with various additives have been investigated using the NBS high-pressure photoionization mass spectrometer at total pressures of 0.4–1.0 torr of either CO2 or CO. The additives include CH4, CD4, C2H2, O2, H2O, 15,14N2O, and CO in both CO2 and 13CO2. Second- and third-order rate coefficients based on an ambipolar diffusion model are reported for 25 separate reaction pairs at 295°K, as well as sequential cationic reaction mechanisms. An approximate value of 225 ± 3 kcal/mol (941 ± 13 kJ/mol) was derived for ΔHf (CO)2+ based on the kinetics observed in various CO-additive mixtures. Some projections regarding the utility of the data under other conditions are also included.
Manufacturing and firm performance in technology-intensive industries: U.S. and Japanese DRAM experience

Firm-specific limits on capacity development rates (rates at which firms are able to increase output rate to design capacity) can affect firm performance in important ways, especially for firms involved in technological competition which introduce products relatively early. A simple model in which capacity development rates act in this way is developed and tested using data from semiconductor memory products (DRAMs). These results are used to estimate the ex post impact of increasing U.S. capacity development limits to the higher Japanese levels in the important 64 K DRAM generation.
In Vivo Real-Time, Multicolor, Quantum Dot Lymphatic Imaging

The lymphatic network is complex and difficult to visualize in real-time in vivo. Moreover, the direction of flow within lymphatic networks is often unpredictable especially in areas with well-developed "watershed" or overlapping lymphatics. Herein, we report a method of in vivo real-time multicolor lymphatic imaging using cadmium-selenium quantum dots (Qdots) with a fluorescence imaging system that enables the simultaneous visualization of up to five distinct lymphatic basins in real-time. Five visually well-distinguishable carboxyl-Qdots (Qdot 545, 565, 585, 605, and 655) were selected and injected subdermally into mice at five different sites, and serially imaged in vivo or in situ under surgery with real-time multicolor lymphatic imaging. In all seven mice, in vivo lymphatic images successfully distinguished all five lymphatic basins with different colors in real-time. These visualizations of lymph node lasted up to at least 7 days. This method could have a considerable potential in lymphatic research for studying the anatomy and flow within the lymphatic system as well as in some limited clinical settings where real-time visible fluorescence could facilitate procedures under surgery or endoscopy.
A new series for π via polynomial approximations to arctangent

Using rational functions of the form { t 1 2 m ( t − ( 2 − 3 ) ) 1 2 m 1 + t 2 } m ∈ ℕ we produce a family of efficient polynomial approximations to arctangent on the interval [0,2−3], and hence provide approximations to π via the identity arctan(2−3)=π∕12. We turn the approximations of π into a series that gives about 21 more decimal digits of accuracy with each successive term.
Prostate cancer: the challenge of comparing open and laparoscopic surgery.

A recent study using claims data to compare open retropubic with minimally invasive prostatectomy has revealed higher rates of genitourinary complications, incontinence and erectile dysfunction after the laparoscopic procedure. However, there are a number of inherent problems associated with the use of claims-based diagnoses for the evaluation of surgical techniques.
Intelligent Grasping with the Robotic Opposable Thumb

Recent advances in the field of grasp planning have used heuristics, dimensionality reduction, machine learning, and haptic feedback, with a high degree of success, to plan grasps for simple grippers and/or simple object geometry. We look at applying some of these techniques to the anthropomorphic Meka gripper. First, dimensionality reduction is attempted. We show that dimensionality reduction does not accurately predict the thumb position. A new algorithm is proposed in which measurements from 2D images are used to classify the thumb opposition angle to one of three positions. The remaining joints employ a reactive torque-control strategy to complete the grasp. The algorithm achieves force closure for 82% of 39 household objects. It is simple, computationally fast, and achieves a success rate that is similar to other contemporary grasp planning algorithms.
Modeling of ultra-fast ionization dynamics in intense short pulse laser-solid interaction

We investigate energy transfer from laser-generated hot electrons to thermal cold electrons in solid targets at relativistic laser intensities, using analytical methods and numerical particle simulations. We find that (1) there can be a competition between two interdependent processes, i.e. energy transfer via a collisionless Langmuir turbulence and binary Coulomb collisions, and (2) there can be a significant effect of collisions in slowing down or even completely suppressing Langmuir turbulence, depending on the plasma parameters of the background plasma.
Three-dimensional simulation of current collection in space

Abstract A three-dimensional, time-dependent, two species (i.e. electron and ion) particle simulation model is developed for a better understanding of current collection by a charged body in space. The Low Earth Orbit (LEO) space environment is simulated by a super-particle simulation (SUPS) model to study the plasma transient response and its asymptotic behavior around a three-dimensional, highly biased satellite. The SUPS model is developed because the plasma particles in LEO are so abundant that it is impossible to simulate each single particle in the study. Each simulation particle in this study represents a particle cloud. The potential distribution and the electric field are dependent on the density distribution of the particles. The simulation could apply to the spacecraft mission such as the first Tether Satellite System Re-fly (TSS-1R) mission for current collection analysis. Both positive and negative charged particles are considered in the study. The potential distribution surrounding the satellite is determined self-consistently by Poisson's equation. This study is both time dependent and space dependent simultaneously. Results indicate that when the satellite is charged to a highly positive potential, a plasma torus is formed in the plane perpendicular to the geomagnetic field. A dumbbell-shaped potential distribution is formed along the geomagnetic field lines and plasma oscillations are observed within the plasma sheath during the early stage of simulation. The effect of the local geomagnetic field on current collection is also presented.
Two developmental transitions in selective remembering strategies

Abstract Two experiments were reported investigating developmental changes in the use of strategies to eliminate interference from irrelevant information in memory. The participants in the first were 7-, 9-, and 11-year-old children and those in the second were adults. In both experiments a directed forgetting paradigm was used in which the person was presented two sets of pictures but only recalled one set on a trial. On some trials there was a cue to forget the first set and to remember only the second set. There were two developmental transitions. The first was from ineffective to effective selective remembering which occurred between 7 and 11 years of age. The second, which occurred between 11 years of age and adulthood, was from the use of selective retrieval strategy to a more sophisticated rehearsal strategy. The implications of these two developmental transitions were discussed.
Role of isosafrole as complexing agent and inducer of P-450LM4 in rabbit liver microsomes

SUMMARY: Isosafrole serves as an excellent inducing agent in rabbits for Wq, the same isozyme as that which is induced by 3-methylcholanthrene and 5,6-benzoflavone. Since the isosafrole adduct formed with isozyme 4 is unstable, the uncomplexed cytochrome may be purified in very good yield (over 30%, based on total P-450) from liver microsomes of animals given this agent. Isosafrole forms adducts with both isozyme 2 (the phenobarbital-inducible form of P-450) and isozyme 4 in the reconstituted system containing NADPHcytochrome P-450 reductase, phosphatidylcholine, and NADPH under aerobic conditions, but with the latter cytochrome the reaction has a lower Km and maximal rate. The addition of synergists to insecticides has a sparing action, so that lower doses of the insecticide then have the same effect (11. Many synergists were found to exhibit substrate binding spectra upon addition to hepatic microsomes (21, and it was proposed that the methylenedioxyphenyl synergists may act by affecting the integrity of the electron transfer chains involved in mixed function oxidation reactions (3). Philpot and Hodgson (4) reported that an ethyl isocyanide-like difference spectrum with absorption maxima at 455 and 428 nm was produced by the addition of piperonyl butoxide and a reduced pyridine nucleotide to mouse liver microsomes, and Franklin (5) demonstrated that various methylenedioxyphenyl compounds (piperonyl butoxide, methylenedioxybenzene, safrole, and isosafrole) are metabolized by rat liver microsomes in the presence of oxygen and NADPH (but not NADH) to give products which exhibit an isocyanide-like absorption spectrum with the reduced cytochrome P-450. Safrole and isosafrole cause the induction of a unique hepatic microsomal hemoprotein in the rat (6) which is present as a stable complex (7); this form of cytochrome P-450 has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity as the isosafrole metabolite complex (8,9). The dissociation of the complex by added substrates to generate free cytochrome P-450 has been described (10,111, and a linear relationship has been observed between the amount of complex decomposed and the ability of the
A Model and Simulation of the Actuation of a CNT-Based Nanoswitch

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are the subject of extensive research in nanoelectromechanical devices due to their excellent mechanical and electrical properties. This study focuses on modeling the actuation of a CNT-based nanoswitch. The CNT is simulated as a wire with negligible bending stiffness. The distributed force due to the applied voltage difference between it and the electrode causes the CNT deflect toward the electrode. The 2nd order nonlinear ordinary differential equation (ODE) is first solved by the finite difference method (FDM) with fixed point iteration. However, this result is only found in a portion of the stable domain. The second method algebraically reduces the governing equation to a 1st order ODE. After removing the singularity, a numerical integration method is applied without iteration. This method gives complete results in the stable and unstable domains that coincide with the results by FDM in its convergent range.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The relationship of relatives' attributions to their expressed emotion and to patients' improvement in treatment for anxiety disorders

In a test of Hooley's (1987) attributional model of expressed emotion (EE), attributions for negative behaviors and events in patients' lives were examined in relatives of 74 outpatients with panic disorder with agoraphobia or obsessive-compulsive disorder. Attributions were extracted from 10-minute problem-solving interactions between relatives and patients, whereas EE was assessed during a separate interview with the relative. Consistent with prior findings in relatives of individuals with other disorders, relatives who made greater proportions of attributions of patient responsibility demonstrated significantly higher levels of EE-hostility. In addition, nonspousal relatives (mostly parents) who attributed any negative behaviors or events to a patient's disorder were significantly higher in emotional overinvolvement (EOI); no such relationship was found for spouses. Finally, patients with relatives who made attributions to the patient's disorder received less benefit from behavior therapy than did those whose relatives made no such attributions, even when EE variables were controlled.
High-throughput determination of quantitative structure-property relationships using a resonant multisensor system: solvent resistance of bisphenol a polycarbonate copolymers.

Polymers are important materials for sensor, microfluidic, and other demanding applications. High-throughput screening methodology has been applied for the evaluation of the solvent resistance of a family of polycarbonate copolymers prepared from the reaction of bisphenol A (BPA), hydroquinone (HQ), and resorcinol (RS) in different solvents of practical importance, such as chloroform, tetrahydrofuran (THF), and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK). We employed a 24-channel acoustic-wave sensor system that provided previously unavailable capabilities for parallel evaluation of polymer solvent resistance. This high-throughput polymer evaluation approach assisted in construction of detailed solvent-resistance maps of polycarbonate copolymers and in determination of quantitative structure−property relationships. The best absolute solvent resistance of all studied copolymers was achieved in MEK, followed by chloroform and THF. A D-optimal mixture design was employed to explore the relationship between the copolymer compo...
Randomized routing in multi-party internet video conferencing

Despite significant advances, supporting high-quality large video conferences at a low cost remains a significant challenge due to stringent performance requirements, limited and heterogeneous client resources, and dynamic traffic demands. In this paper, we develop a simple yet effective valiant multicast routing to select application-layer routes and adapt streaming rates according to the current network condition. It consists of four novel components: (i) a valiant multicast routing using two random choices to effectively balance the load in the presence of uncertainty about the clients' load, (ii) a scheme to cluster clients based on their delay and adapt valiant multicast routing based on both upload capacity and locality, (iii) an approach to further leverage resources from other peers or nodes in content distribution network (CDN) to enhance performance, and (iv) a simple distributed scheme to adapt streaming rates according to the current network resources. Our real implementation and experiments show that our approach significantly out-performs existing multicast routing schemes and quickly adapts to changing traffic demands and network conditions.
Following Youth After Out-of-Home Placement: Navigating a Data Collection Obstacle Course

As part of a state-wide study of group home care, approximately 500 youth were followed for eight months after discharge from participating group homes. This article discusses challenges of such post-discharge data collection and presents methods and tools for following this highly mobile population. Methods include determining a specific sequence of protocol, designing a concise transferrable form for following youth, and holding regular meetings with all involved staff to problem-solve and develop/revise protocol. Suggestions are made for following this population by youth serving agencies as well as other researchers attempting longitudinal data collection with youth experiencing out-of-home placement.
Consistency of New Meson-Nucleon Elastic Scattering Data with a Previously Conjectured Universal Curve

We show that important new large-$t$ ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ data at ${p}_{L}=13.8 \mathrm{and} 22.6$ GeV/c are in good agreement with a universal curve suggested last year.
A probabilistic approach to the effect of water hydrogen bonds on the kinetics of protein folding and protein denaturation

Previously, we presented a review of our kinetic models for the nucleation mechanism of protein folding and for the protein thermal denaturation in a barrierless way. A protein was treated as a random heteropolymer consisting of hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and neutral beads. As a crucial idea of the model, an overall potential around the cluster of native residues wherein a residue performs a chaotic motion was considered as the combination of the average dihedral, effective pairwise, and confining potentials. The overall potential as a function of the distance from the cluster has a double well shape. This allowed one to develop kinetic models for the nucleation mechanism of protein folding (NMPF) and barrierless protein denaturation (BPD) by using the mean first passage time analysis. In the original models, however, hydrogen bonding effects were taken into account only indirectly which affected the accuracy of the models because hydrogen bonding does play a crucial role in the folding, stability, and denaturation of proteins. To improve the NMPF and BPD models and explicitly take into account the hydrogen bonding "water-water" and "water-protein residue", we have developed a probabilistic hydrogen bond (PHB) model for the effect of hydrogen bond networks of water molecules around two solute particles (immersed in water) on their interaction, and have then combined the PHB model with the NMPF and BPD models. In this paper, that can be regarded as sequel of our previous review, we analyze the modified NMPF and BPD models that explicitly take into account the effect of water-water hydrogen bonding on these processes. As expected, the application of the modified models to the folding/unfolding of two model proteins (one short, consisting of 124 residues and the other large, consisting of 2500 residues) demonstrate that the hydrogen bond networks play a very important role in the protein folding/unfolding phenomena.
Syntheses, Solid State Structures, and Electrical Properties of Oxadiazole-Based Oligomers with Perfluorinated Endgroups

A series of four new oligomers with oxadiazole rings and perfluorinated endgroups was synthesized, utilizing ring closure and coupling reaction procedures that we developed to be compatible with this family of compounds. Three shorter oligomers (three and four rings) crystallize readily and show rigid well-defined structures with close π interactions as determined by X-ray crystallography and thus are a suitable basis for further development as organic semiconductors. Reduction potentials (E1/2) are at or slightly more negative than –1.1 V versus Ag/AgCl. The longest of the oligomers, with a terthiophene core, showed hole mobility in a field-effect transistor of 0.002 cm2/Vs and a threshold voltage well into accumulation. On the basis of electrochemical redox potentials, we expect that elaboration of this oligomer motif with further electron-withdrawing groups will ultimately lead to n-channel organic semiconductors.
Database Requirements to Meet Food Grouping Needs

Abstract There is a growing emphasis on the importance of food group patterns to further our understanding of diet and disease relationships. Despite the interest and undisputable need for these types of analysis, food and nutrient databases have not been developed to provide formats and outputs that could be easily manipulated to answer food pattern questions. To conduct food group analysis, foods are generally grouped together by similar nutrient content either to obtain meaningful comparison with dietary recommendations or to examine dietary change such as in intervention studies. Methodologies can vary considerably both in terms of mode of data collection such as food frequency, food records or recalls and in terms of analysis approach. General methodological approaches from both behavioral and epidemiological perspectives have been used to group foods. Nutrient and food analysis databases or software can be useful tools for food grouping and to a large extent can dictate the approach or strategy that is used to conduct food group analysis. A brief overview of methodologies used for food group analysis at the Penn State Diet Assessment Center to analyze dietary recalls is presented as well as some data on comparisons of food group approaches using the Nutrition Data System for Research (NDS-R). The flexibility of NDS-R provides the basis for sophisticated food pattern analysis to answer a variety of research questions. Food grouping issues along with other features of NDS-R and a summary of the requirements of databases for food group analysis are discussed.
Response of digoxin toxic atrial tachycardia to digoxin-specific Fab fragments

Abstract Digoxin-specific antibody fragments have been used successfully to safely treat ventricular ectopic activity, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, severe sinus bradycardia and atrioventricular block precipitated by excess digoxin.1–3 These arrhythmias in general have been reported to respond within 30 minutes of administration of digoxin-specific Fab fragments. We describe the time course and electrocardiographic response of a patient with digoxin toxic atrial tachycardia to digoxin-specific Fab fragments.
Metal/dielectric transmission interference filters with low reflectance. 1. Design

For many applications the high reflectance of conventional multilayer interference filters is undesirable. It is possible to design and construct interference filters in which the transmittance and reflectance are independently controlled and in which the reflectance is very low. However, to do this it is necessary to employ absorbing coating materials and, as a result, a reduction in the peak transmittance must be accepted. We describe three different methods for the design of such coatings. Examples are given of a number of bandpass filters, neutral density filters, cutoff filters, and of an x¯λ tristimulus filter, all having a low reflectance. This reflectance is frequently 15 to 50 times lower than that of conventional filters.
Local pooling conditions for joint routing and scheduling

A major challenge in the design and operation of wireless networks is to jointly route packets and schedule transmissions to efficiently share the common spectrum among links in the same area. Due to the lack of central control in wireless networks, these algorithms have to be decentralized. It was recently shown that distributed (greedy) algorithms can usually guarantee only fractional throughput. It was also recently shown that if a set of conditions regarding the network topology (known as Local Pooling) is satisfied, simple distributed maximal weight (greedy) scheduling algorithms achieve 100% throughput. In this paper, we focus on networks in which packets have to undergo multihop routing and derive multihop local pooling conditions for that setting. In networks satisfying these conditions, a backpressure-based joint routing and scheduling algorithm employing maximal weight scheduling achieves 100% throughput.
Spatiotemporal Wavelet Transform and the Multiscale Behavior of the Madden–Julian Oscillation*

Abstract Meteorological and geophysical phenomena involve multiple-scale processes. Here the spatiotemporal wavelet transform (STWT) is applied to detect significant, nonstationary, wave propagation signals from a time–space domain. One of the major advantages of the STWT is the capability to localize the wave properties in both space and time, which facilitates the study of interactions among multiple-scale disturbances by providing relevant information about energy concentration at a given time and space. The global wavelet spectrum (scalogram) of the STWT, which gives an integrated view of the spectrum as wavenumber and frequency, provides a lucid picture of the spectral power distribution that is consistent with the result obtained from the Fourier-based space–time power spectrum. The STWT has also the capability of reconstruction and thus can be used as a spatiotemporal wave filter. The STWT analysis is applied to analyze the multiscale structure of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) studied by Naka...
Analytically soluble mean-spherical-approximation model of a binary mixture with phase transitions

An extension of Waisman's model of a binary-fluid mixture is considered. In this equal-diameter mixture particles interact via a hard core for rl1 and Yukawa tail potentials ${K}_{\mathrm{ij}}$exp[-z(r-1)]${r}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ for rg1. The symmetrical mixture consists of two species of particles, each with the same number density. For like particles ${K}_{11}$=${K}_{22}$ and unlike particles are specified by ${K}_{12}$. We solve analytically the mean-spherical-approximation equations for this model and show that two kinds of phase transition may occur in it. Namely, when ${K}_{11}$-${K}_{12}$ a liquid-gas-type phase transition is possible whereas in the case ${K}_{11}$${K}_{12}$ a phase-separation-type transition may occur. The separation line between the two liquid phases is exactly a straight line in the temperature-versus-density coordinate system. The liquid-liquid transition for this system is compared with the corresponding transition for the quasilattice model. If the equation ${x}_{1}$${K}_{11}$-(${x}_{1}$/B -${x}_{2}$)${K}_{12}$-${x}_{2}$${K}_{22}$=0 is satisfied, the equal-diameter Yukawa system for a general composition ${x}_{i}$ can also be solved analytically. Based on this finding, we propose an approximate extension of the equal-diameter Yukawa model to arbitrary values of ${K}_{\mathrm{ij}}$ and all compositions.
The resistivity of scandium single crystals

Abstract The resistivity of scandium was measured along the a -, b -, and c -axes from 2° to 300°K. Results of measurements on a polycrystalline sample are compared with an average of the single crystal results. With the exception of a polycrystalline sample with high tantalum impurity, no anomalies are observed. At low temperatures, the temperature dependence of the intrinsic resistivity, ϱ 1 , varies as T 3.1 for the a -axis sample and T 4.0 for the c -axis sample. The resistivity of the a -axis sample is about 2.2 times as much as that of the c -axis sample. No resistivity anisotropy is present in the basal plane greater than 2.2%, the accuracy with which the absolute resistivity is known. Hardness measurements give a DPH hardness ratio of about 3.5 for the (0001) plane vs. the (1010) plane. Disk-shaped inclusions are present in the samples as a second phase.
A rapid method to capture and screen for transcription factors by SELDI mass spectrometry.

A novel method to screen for transcription factors binding to promoter DNA sequences has been developed using DNA chip surfaces and mass spectrometry. This technique was demonstrated with Escherichia coli lac repressor, LacI. The consensus promoter binding sequence for LacI and a scrambled version of the same DNA sequence were prepared on two affinity chip surfaces. Total E. coli protein lysate was applied to the two surfaces. A 38.2 kDa protein, as detected by SELDI-MS, was captured on the chip surface containing the binding sequence for LacI but not on the surface containing the scrambled sequence. The protein was identified following one-step, small-scale affinity capture and peptide mapping. Subsequent database searches identified the 38.2 kDa protein as the lac repressor of E. coli. We discuss application of DNA chip affinity capture to characterize transcription factors and to screen for differences in cellular regulatory networks.
Work in progress - using case studies to increase the retention of female doctoral students in STEM Fields

This paper discusses part of the NSF funded project, CareerWISE: Internet-delivered resilience training to increase the persistence of Women Ph.D. Students in STEM Fields. Research shows that rates of doctoral student attrition (i.e., beginning and then not completing a doctoral degree program) are substantially higher for women than for men, including in the physical sciences and engineering. The CareerWISE project addresses this problem through the development of a Web-based resource consisting of training materials that will build the resilience skills, problem solving skills, and persistence of women in science and engineering PhD programs. CareerWISE is currently in the second of three years, and this paper focuses primarily on the portion of the project involving written case studies. The differences between the types of case studies traditionally used in science and engineering courses and the CareerWISE case studies are discussed, along with the plans for evaluating and integrating the cases with the other pieces of the CareerWISE project.
Scaling up from local competition to regional coexistence across two scales of spatial heterogeneity: insect larvae in the fruits of Apeiba membranacea

Species that live in patchy and ephemeral habitats can compete strongly for resources within patches at a small scale. The ramifications of these interactions for population dynamics and coexistence at regional scales will depend on the intraspecific and interspecific distributions of individuals among patches. Spatial heterogeneity due to independent aggregation of competitors among patchy habitats is an important mechanism maintaining species diversity. I describe regional patterns of aggregation for four species of insect larvae in the fruits of Apeiba membranacea, a Neotropical rainforest tree. This aggregation results from variation in densities at a small scale (among the fruits under a single tree), compounded by significant variation among trees in both mean densities and degrees of aggregation. Both the degrees of aggregation and mean densities are statistically independent within and across species at both spatial scales. I evaluate the regional consequences of these spatial patterns by using maximum likelihood methods to parameterize a model that includes both explicit measures of the strength of competition and spatial variation at both within- and among-tree spatial scales. Despite strong competitive interactions among these species, during 2 years the observed spatial variation at both scales combined was sufficient to explain the coexistence of these species, although other coexistence mechanisms may also operate simultaneously. The observed spatial variation at small spatial scales may not be sufficient for coexistence, indicating the importance of considering multiple sources of spatial heterogeneity when scaling up from experiments that investigate local interactions to regional patterns of coexistence.
A Construction Kit for Electronic Textiles

Construction kits have long been popular as educational artifacts, supporting and encouraging creative explorations of engineering and design; but to date, such kits have had little connection with the new and expanding field of electronic textiles (e-textiles). We believe that creating an "e-textile construction kit" could provide a powerful new medium to engage a diverse range of students in electrical engineering and computer science. This paper, then, describes a construction kit designed to introduce novices to electronics, computing and design via e-textiles. We describe each component of the kit, provide examples of constructions that were built with the kit, and examine the durability of these constructions. We conclude with a discussion of the results of preliminary user testing and an exploration of our plans for continued work in this area.
Incumbents? Overlooked Role in Discontinuous Technological Change in the US newspaper industry

This paper focuses on incumbents? reactions to discontinuous technological change and examines the relationship between the way in which incumbents respond to discontinuous change at the product-feature level and their adoption performance in the U.S. newspaper industry. I argue that incumbent firms can improve adoption performance by emphasizing product-feature similarity, which is defined as co-option in this paper. By co-opting technological change, incumbents are more likely to be acceptable to external audiences and in turn, can make their current assets more valuable and appropriable in the new market. Consequently, they can be more successful in shaping an ex ante discontinuous technological change into an ex post less discontinuous one. Fixed-effects panel regression analyses from 2002 to 2012 support my theoretical arguments: newspapers that deemphasized interactivity on the web, the characteristic that most distinguish digital media from print media, had higher online and net-combined readerships. Furthermore, the effect of co-option on readerships increased over time, which could potentially create a ?print-media-like? digital media.
Suppression of the floating-body effect using SiGe layers in vertical surrounding-gate MOSFETs

The use of silicon germanium (SiGe) heterostructures in vertical surrounding-gate MOSFETs provides an additional means for tailoring current-voltage (I-V) characteristics by controlling physical effects inside the device. Incorporation of an SiGe layer in the vertical MOSFET source can delay the floating-body effect by changing the back injection efficiency and current gain of the parasitic bipolar junction transistor (BJT). Structures with abrupt and ramped SiGe source layers showed up to 2 V and 6 V increases in breakdown voltage at low gate voltages with suppression of the floating-body effect kink. Comparison of simulation to experiment displayed the difficulties of accurately predicting device parameters, but demonstrated the usefulness of simulation to qualitatively predict device behavior.
Antiapoptotic Effects of Erythropoietin in Differentiated Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells Require Activation of Both the STAT5 and AKT Signaling Pathways *

The hematopoietic cytokine erythropoietin (Epo) prevents neuronal death during ischemic events in the brain and in neurodegenerative diseases, presumably through its antiapoptotic effects. To explore the role of different signaling pathways in Epo-mediated antiapoptotic effects in differentiated human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, we employed a prolactin receptor (PrlR)/erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) chimera system, in which binding of prolactin (Prl) to the extracellular domain activates EpoR signaling in the cytosol. On induction of apoptosis by staurosporine, Prl supports survival of the SH-SY5Y cells expressing the wild-type PrlR/EpoR chimera. In these cells Prl treatment strongly activates the STAT5, AKT, and MAPK signaling pathways and induces weak activation of the p65 NF-kappaB factor. Selective mutation of the eight tyrosine residues of the EpoR cytoplasmic domain results in impaired or absent activation of either STAT5 (mutation of Tyr(343)) or AKT (mutation of Tyr(479)) or both (mutation of all eight tyrosine residues). Most interestingly, Prl treatment does not prevent apoptosis in cells expressing mutant PrlR/EpoR chimeras in which either the STAT5 or the AKT signaling pathways are not activated. In contrast, ERK 1/2 is fully activated by all mutant PrlR/EpoR chimeras, comparable with the level seen with the wild-type PrlR/EpoR chimera, implying that activation of the MAPK signaling pathway per se is not sufficient for antiapoptotic activity. Therefore, the antiapoptotic effects of Epo in neuronal cells require the combinatorial activation of multiple signaling pathways, including STAT5, AKT, and potentially MAPK as well, in a manner similar to that observed in hematopoietic cells.
Limitations on the inversion for mantle viscosity from postglacial rebound

SUMMARY Observations of postglacial rebound (PGR) can provide important constraints on mantle viscosity structure. In this study, we investigate how well PGR observations are able to constrain the spherically symmetric (1-D) viscosity structure of the Earth. We generate synthetic PGR data by calculating the response of an earth model with realistic 3-D viscosity. The viscosity model is constructed starting from seismic tomography models. We generate synthetic PGR data from this model including relative sea levels, exponential relaxation times, ˙ J2, polar wander, and GRACE time-variable gravity measurements, where most of the data is concentrated in the Laurentide region. We then attempt an inversion for a 1-D (spherically symmetric) viscosity structure based on minimizing the misfit to these PGR data. Using a Monte Carlo algorithm to invert for two layers of viscosity [upper and lower mantle (UM and LM)], we obtain well-constrained values which correspond to the two-layer average of the logarithm of the 3-D viscosity structure in the vicinity of Laurentia. We then attempt to invert for four layers of viscosity. In this case we find a ‘trade-off effect’ in which neighbouring layers may have highly variable viscosities while maintaining a constant average between them. Since the PGR data are insensitive to this trade-off in neighbouring layers, the viscosity of any one of the four layers cannot be well constrained. By repeating the inversion with synthetic data derived from an Earth model which itself is 1-D with four viscosity layers, we demonstrate that it is the insensitivity of the PGR data, not complications due to 3-D structure, that allow the trade-off effect and the resulting failure of the inversion. We also perform a resolution test to study the extent of the insensitivity of PGR to these viscosity trade-offs, finding that the limit of resolution in the UM is about the size of the entire UM, and similarly for the LM. This reinforces our findings that only two layers are obtainable in an inversion for viscosity from PGR.
Accurate buffer modeling with slew propagation in subthreshold circuits

This paper presents an accurate and fully analytical model of delay in subthreshold inverters. The model characterizes the direct connection between the input slew and output delay. It is also capable of predicting the signal slew at the inverter output. Delay and slew prediction models are used to compute delay and understand slew propagation in an inverter chain. These models can also provide insight into skew analysis of subthreshold clock networks. Variability analyses across power supply and threshold changes ensure the accuracy of the model.