cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nucleosome fractionation by mercury affinity chromatography. Contrasting distribution of transcriptionally active DNA sequences and acetylated histones in nucleosome fractions of wild-type yeast cells and cells expressing a histone H3 gene altered to encode a cysteine 110 residue.

Abstract A technique for the separation of transcriptionally active and inactive nucleosomes by mercury affinity chromatography has been applied to study the nucleosomal distribution of DNA sequences from the GAL1, ACT1, HIS4, MAT alpha, and HMRa genes of yeast. In mammalian cells, the method has been shown to separate active from inactive nucleosomes and to fractionate the active nucleosomes into two classes, one retained on the mercury column because of salt-labile associations with certain thiol-reactive non-histone proteins, and the other bound by covalent linkage of the cysteine 110 thiol groups of histone H3 molecules to the mercurated support. The first class of nucleosomes is elutable in 0.5 M NaCl; the second is displaced by 10 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) (Walker, J., Chen, T. A., Sterner, R., Berger, M., Winston, F., and Allfrey, V.G. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 5736-5746). We show that, in wild-type yeast cells, in which histone H3 lacks cysteinyl residues, very little DNA and a negligible complement of nucleosomes appear in the DTT-eluate, confirming the requirement for the H3-thiols in the mercury-binding reaction. Moreover, the DTT-eluted fraction is seriously deficient in the actively transcribed GAL1, ACT1, HIS4, and MAT alpha DNA sequences. Site-directed mutagenesis was employed to create an H3 gene containing a cysteine codon in place of the alanine codon at position 110 of the yeast H3 amino acid sequence. A strain was constructed containing the mutant histone H3 gene instead of the normal H3 gene. Subsequent fractionations of the mutant nucleosomes by mercury-affinity chromatography revealed a characteristic nucleosome peak in the DTT-eluted fraction. Its content of transcribed GAL1, ACT1, and HIS4 DNA sequences was 20- to 500-fold higher than that of the corresponding DTT-eluted fraction of wild-type yeast. Although this result is in accord with the finding that, in mammalian cells, the thiol groups of histone H3 become accessible when nucleosomes "unfold" during transcription, we find that nucleosomes containing the GAL1 DNA sequences of the yeast H3-mutant also bind to the mercury column when that gene is not being expressed. We conclude that many yeast nucleosomes are maintained in a "primed," potentially active state, possibly due to the very high constitutive levels of acetylation of the core histones. However, the nucleosomes of the HMRa gene, which is not expressed in a MAT alpha yeast strain, are virtually absent from the DTT-eluted nucleosome fractions of the H3-mutant cells, indicating that prolonged silencing of the gene is accompanied by compaction and loss of H3-thiol reactivity of its nucleosomes.
Chapter 2 Reaction network analysis. The kinetics and mechanism of water-gas-shift reaction on Cu(111)

This chapter is concerned with the kinetic information on individual molecular events or elementary reaction steps to determine the kinetics and mechanisms of overall reactions comprising such steps. The general approach presented in this chapter is more widely applicable and, in principle, utilized for the analysis of non-catalytic reaction networks as well as the functioning of cellular machinery. There are currently two available different ways to use the predicted kinetic information on elementary reaction steps: 1) the conventional Langmuir–Hinshelwood–Hougen–Watson (LHHW) approach, in which an explicit rate expression might be derived based on the common, but rather arbitrary, assumptions such as the rate-determining step (RDS), quasi-steady-state (QSS) approximation, most abundant reactive intermediate (MARI), etc., and 2) the microkinetic approach, wherein no assumptions are made, but only numerical results are possible.
The effects of wage distortions on the transition

Abstract Before the reforms, the Chinese government had strong distributional objectives, which it pursued mainly by direct controls over state enterprise wage rates and hiring decisions. During the reform period, similar controls over state enterprises continued, but use of them had to reflect competition with the new nonstate sector that was mostly free from these controls. Based on these distributional considerations alone, we can explain: (1) a decline in the skills of workers in the state sector as the most able workers leave, (2) higher productivity in the nonstate sector, which consists of the most able workers, (3) accounting losses in the state sector, reflecting the transfer of tax revenue to finance higher wage payments to the unskilled, and (4) restructuring within the state sector, to reduce the distortions to relative wage rates.
The Marketing of Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drugs: An Examination of Advertising Content

Abstract The promotion of prescription drugs directly to consumers is a rapidly-growing phenomenon. The regulatory aspects of prescription drug advertising beg the question: To what degree do the ads inform versus persuade consumers? This study examines the advertising appeals of prescription drug advertisements aimed at consumers. A content analysis of prescription drug advertisements in eight popular magazines between 1992 and 1995 was undertaken to develop a typology of appeals used by drug manufacturers to promote their brands. The use of promotional techniques, such as coupons, toll-free numbers and web sites and the incidence of self-diagnostic “tests” in DTC prescription drug ads are also examined.
CHANGES IN SELF-EFFICACY AND OUTCOME EXPECTANCY AS PREDICTORS OF ANXIETY OUTCOMES FROM THE CALM STUDY

Background:Although self-efficacy(SE) and outcome expectancy (OE) have been well researched as predictors of outcome, few studies have investigated changes in these variables across treatments. We evaluated changes in OE and SE throughout treatment as predictors of outcomes in a large sample with panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, or posttraumatic stress disorder. We hypothesized that increases in SE and OE would predict reductions in anxiety and depression as well as improvement in functioning. Methods: Participants (mean age = 43.3 years, SD = 13.2, 71.1% female, 55.5% white) were recruited from primary care centers throughout the United States and were randomized to receive either Coordinated Anxiety Learning and Management (CALM)treatment–composedofcognitivebehavioraltherapy,psychotropicmedication, or both – or usual care. SE and OE ratings were collected at each session for participants in the CALM treatment (n = 482) and were entered into a structural equation model as predictors of changes in Brief Symptom Inventory, Anxiety Sensitivity Index, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), and Sheehan Disability Scale outcomes at 6, 12, and 18 months after baseline. Results: The best-fitting models predict symptom levels from OE and SE and not vice versa. The slopes and intercept of OE significantly predicted change in each outcome variable except PHQ-8. The slope and intercept of SE significantly predicted change in each outcome variable. Conclusion: Over and above absolute level, increases in SE and OE were significant predictors of decreases in symptoms and increases in functioning. Implications for treatment are discussed, as well as
Role of sodium thiosulfate therapy in the treatment of digital necrosis due to Mönckeberg sclerosis.

Accelerated vascular calcification is a well-described complication of chronic kidney disease often affecting large and small vessels alike through a variety of mechanisms. Accordingly, dysregulation of calcium and phosphate balance, vitamin D metabolism, hyperparathyroidism, and endothelial injury can lead to both macrovascular and microvascular complications. We describe a 56-year-old Hispanic male with a history of end-stage renal disease, diabetes mellitus type 2, and medical noncompliance who developed sequential digital ischemia and necrosis involving both hands as well as right foot as a result of Monckeberg sclerosis. An extensive metabolic and serologic workup was unrevealing but radiographic studies and histopathology revealed the diagnosis. A multifaceted approach was instituted including wound debridement and amputations along with intensive medical support. In addition to improving hypertensive control and striving for improved calcium and phosphate balance, sodium thiosulfate solution was administered for more than 1 year. This aggressive approach allowed his wounds to heal and has arrested further digital ischemia from occurring.
Reliable diagnosis of murine type 1 diabetes using a panel of autoantigens and “antigen surrogates” mounted onto a liquid array

Autoantibodies raised against β cell antigens are the most reliable preclinical biomarkers for predicting the imminent onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The most current detection platforms are technically challenging or are run on clinically esoteric equipment. Here, we present a straightforward approach to detect autoantibody biomarkers that employs highly PEGylated microspheres onto which are mounted various capture agents that include affinity-tagged antigens or small molecule “antigen surrogates.” After incubation with small quantities of serum, the bound autoantibodies can be measured using a standard flow cytometer. By multiplexing this assay, we show that a panel of antigen and antigen surrogates reliably predicts hyperglycemia in a mouse model of diabetes without false positives.
Air-stable liquid clathrates. 1. Crystal structure of [NBu4][Br3] and reactivity of the [NBu4][Br3]5 C6H6 liquid clathrate

[NBu4][Br3] interacts with C6H6 to form an air-stable liquid clathrate. The tribromide anion reacts with phenol to give para-bromophenol in>95% yield. The HBr which is generated in the reaction combines with the Br− anion to form [Br-H-Br]−. The latter forms the basis for a new liquid clathrate, [NBu4][Br-H-Br]·n C6H6. The parent salt, [NBu4][Br3], crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c witha=12.983(5),b=10.380(7),c=16.222(6) A,β=93.93(3)°, andD c =1.47 g cm−3 forZ=4. The final R value is 0.068 based on 787 observed reflections.
Should bisphosphonates be used for long-term treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis?

Skeletal mass is a reflection of the relative activities of bone synthesizing osteoblasts and resorbing osteoclasts. When the activity of the latter supersedes that of the former, bone loss occurs, which if profound, eventuates into osteoporosis (1). While their clinical manifestations may be similar, the causes of osteoporosis are many, the most common attending menopause. Estrogen-deficiency typically prompts a high turnover form of osteoporosis in which both formation and resorption are accelerated but the relative activity of the osteoclast is greater than that of the osteoblast (2–3). Thus, suppression of the osteoclast using hormone replacement was standard of care for decades. With the realization that estrogens increase risk of breast cancer and cardiovascular complications in older women, bisphosphonates have become the most common treatment for post-menopausal osteoporosis. Given the absolute increase in osteoclast activity in estrogen-deficient osteoporosis, the effectiveness of bisphosphonates is not surprising. Alendronate, for example, maintains bone mass and reduces fracture risk of post-menopausal, osteoporotic women for as long as a decade with minimal complications in the great majority of patients (4).
pH dependence of the absorption spectra and photochemical transformations of the archaerhodopsins.

Abstract—Two strains of archaebacteria have been found to contain light-driven proton pumping pigments analogous to bacteriorhodopsin (bR) in Halobacterium salinarium. These proteins are called archaerhodopsin-1 (aR-1) and archaerhodopsin-2 (aR-2). Their high degree of sequence identity with bR within the putative proton channel enables us to draw some conclusions about the roles of regions where differences in amino acids exist, and in particular the surface residues, on the structure and function of retinal-based proton pumps. We have characterized the spectral and photochemical properties of these two proteins and compared them to the corresponding properties of bR. While there are some differences in absorbance maxima and kinetics of the photocycle, most of the properties of aR-1 and aR-2 are similar to those of bR. The most striking differences of these proteins with bR are the lack of an alkaline-induced red-shifted absorption species and a dramatic (apparent) decrease in the light-induced transient proton release. In membrane sheet suspensions of aR-1 at 0.15 M KCI, the order of proton release and uptake appears opposite that of bR, in which proton release precedes uptake. The nature of this behavior appears to be due to differences in the amino acid sequence at the surfaces of the proteins. In particular, the residue corresponding to the lysine at position 129 of the extracellular loop region of bR is a histidine in aR-1 and could regulate the efficient release of protons into solution in bR.
Stop, Look and Listen! When Vocal and Nonvocal Adults Communicate

ABSTRACT This study focuses on the communicative interactions of three nonvocal, physically disabled adults who use an augmentative device in place of speech with their vocal peers, teachers, families, and friends. Using an ethnographic perspective, audio-visual equipment and field notes were used to record interactions occurring in naturalistic settings. Three aspects of the communication interaction interfere systematically with the quality of the interaction: the perceptions of the nondisabled communication partners regarding disability; patterns of speech resembling adult-child interactions; and the unwillingness of some nondisabled people to communicate. Issues of power and control are suggested as possible causes. The success of the communication act may lie not in the sophistication of the augmentative device, but rather in the willingness of the communication partner to accept the nonvocal person as a capable communication partner.
Psychological functioning of adolescent and young adult survivors of pediatric malignancy

Objective To assess the psychological functioning of adolescent and young adult survivors of pediatric malignancy, and identify risk factors for maladjustment. Design Patients age ≥ 14.5 years (N = 161) receiving surveillance follow-up at a major pediatric cancer center completed the SCL-90-R, a self-report measure of psychological symptomatology. Comparisons were made with the normative standardization sample, and the relationship of selected demographic and medical variables with psychological distress was explored using logistic regression analyses. Results Survivors mean scores on all SCL-90-R subscales were lower than those of the standardization sample, and the distribution of scores on the Anxiety, Psychoticism, Global severity Index, and Positive Symptom Total scales were significantly below normative values. No SCL-90-R subscale displayed an excessive frequency of clinically elevated scores. For patients who displayed clinical elevations on the SCL-90-R, three factors were identified which were associated with increased risk of maladjustment; older patient age at follow-up, more frequent disease relapse, and more severe functional impairment. Conclusions This cohort of childhood cancer survivors is characterized by very low levels of psychological distress and significantly better psychological health than would be expected according to normative data. These findings contrast with those of another study from the same institution in which a fourfold increase in social and behavioral problems was found amongst younger survivors, in the age range 7–15. The use of self-report vs. parent-report, and the potential influence of repressive adaptation on the self-reports of pediatric cancer survivors, are raised as possible explanations for these findings. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 29:582–588, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Changes in the seasonality of precipitation over the contiguous USA

[1] Consequences of possible changes in annual total precipitation are dictated, in part, by the timing of precipitation events and changes therein. Herein, we investigated historical changes in precipitation seasonality over the US using observed station precipitation records to compute a standard seasonality index (SI) and the day of year on which certain percentiles of the annual total precipitation were achieved (percentile day of year). The mean SI from the majority of stations exhibited no difference in 1971-2000 relative to 30-year periods earlier in the century. However, analysis of the day of year on which certain percentiles of annual total precipitation were achieved indicated spatially coherent patterns of change. In some regions, the mean day of the year on which the 50th percentile of annual precipitation was achieved differed by 20-30 days between 1971-2000 and both 1911-1940 and 1941-1970. Output from the 10-Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models (AOGCM) simulations of 1971-2000, 2046-2065, and 2081-2100 was used to determine whether AOGCMs are capable of representing the seasonal distribution of precipitation and to examine possible future changes. Many of the AOGCMs qualitatively captured spatial patterns of seasonality during 1971-2000, but there was considerable divergence between AOGCMs in terms of future changes. In both the west and southeast, 7 of 10 AOGCMs indicated later attainment of the 50th percentile accumulation in 2047-2065, implying a possible reversal of the twentieth-century tendency toward relative increases in precipitation receipt during winter and early spring over the southeast. However, this is also a region characterized by considerable interannual variability in the percentile day of year during the historical period.
FDA Evaluations Using In Vitro Metabolism to Predict and Interpret In Vivo Metabolic Drug-Drug Interactions: Impact on Labeling

Recent advances in in vitro metabolism methods have led to an improved ability to predict clinically relevant metabolic drug-drug interactions. To address the relationships of in vitro metabolism data and in vivo metabolism outcomes, the Office of Clinical Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutics in the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, evaluated a number of recently approved new drug applications. The goal of these evaluations was to determine the contribution of in vitro metabolism data in (1) predicting in vivo drug-drug interactions, (2) determining the need to conduct an in vivo drug-drug interaction study, and (3) incorporating findings into drug product labeling. Ten cases are presented in this article. They fall into two major groups: (1) in vitro data were predictive of in vivo results, and (2) in vitro data were not predictive of in vivo results. Discussion of these cases highlights factors limiting predictability of in vivo metabolic interactions from in vitro metabolism data. The integration of these findings into drug product labeling is also discussed.
Characterizing riverbed sediment using high‐frequency acoustics: 1. Spectral properties of scattering

Bed sediment classification using high-frequency hydroacoustic instruments is challenging when sediments are spatially heterogeneous, which is often the case in rivers. The use of acoustic backscatter to classify sediments is an attractive alternative to analysis of topography because it is potentially sensitive to grain scale roughness. Here a new method is presented which uses high-frequency acoustic backscatter from multibeam sonar to classify heterogeneous riverbed sediments by type (sand, gravel, and rock) continuously in space and at small spatial resolution. In this, the first of a pair of papers that examine the scattering signatures from a heterogeneous riverbed, methods are presented to construct spatially explicit maps of spectral properties from georeferenced point clouds of geometrically and radiometrically corrected echoes. Backscatter power spectra are computed to produce scale and amplitude metrics that collectively characterize the length scales of stochastic measures of riverbed scattering, termed “stochastic geometries.” Backscatter aggregated over small spatial scales have spectra that obey a power law. This apparently self-affine behavior could instead arise from morphological scale and grain scale roughnesses over multiple overlapping scales or riverbed scattering being transitional between Rayleigh and geometric regimes. Relationships exist between stochastic geometries of backscatter and areas of rough and smooth sediments. However, no one parameter can uniquely characterize a particular substrate nor definitively separate the relative contributions of roughness and acoustic impedance (hardness). Combinations of spectral quantities do, however, have the potential to delineate riverbed sediment patchiness, in a data-driven approach comparing backscatter with bed sediment observations (which is the subject of part two of this manuscript).
Understanding the Ultrawideband Channel Characteristics Within a Computer Chassis

A measurement-based, statistical ultrawideband (UWB) channel model is presented for the unique environment within a computer chassis. The channel impulse response parameters are derived from measurement data. Because of the short-range communications, a mixture of near-field and far-field propagation is characterized by the use of a breakpoint path-loss model. Due to the near-field nature of this environment, an unusually large number of clusters and rapid cluster decay time is noted in the channel impulse response. Additionally, electromagnetic interference measured inside a computer chassis that is generated by the motherboard in a custom fully operational mode is presented, wherein it is observed that the CPU clock does not appear as a significant interference source.
Improving participation rates for women of color in health research: the role of group cohesion.

Adherence to physical activity and dietary interventions is a common challenge. Interventions that use group cohesion strategies show promise for increasing adherence, but have not been tested among women of color. The purpose of this study was to determine whether dimensions of group cohesion mediate the association between intervention condition and attendance within a community physical activity program for women of color. African American and Hispanic or Latina women (N = 310) completed measurements at baseline and post-intervention and participated in a social cohesion intervention to improve physical activity and dietary habits. Women were assigned to a physical activity or fruit and vegetable intervention group. Social and task cohesion was measured using the Physical Activity Group Environment Questionnaire (PAGE-Q). Attendance was recorded at each of six intervention sessions. Women were generally middle-age (M age = 46.4 years, SD = 9.1) and obese (M BMI = 34.4 kg/m2, SD = 7.7). The estimate of the mediated effect was significant for all group cohesion constructs, indicating both task constructs—attraction to the group’s task (SE = 0.096, CI: −0.599 to −0.221) and group integration around the task (SE = 0.060, CI: −0.092 to −0.328)—and social constructs—attraction to the group’s social aspects (SE = 0.046, CI: −0.546 to −0.366) and group integration around social aspects (SE = 0.046, CI: −0.546 to −0.366)—significantly mediated the association between group assignment and attendance. Both task and social constructs are important to improve attendance in health promotion interventions for women of color.
Abstract 1940: Anti-tumor action of adenosine A3 receptor in prostate cancer involves suppression of micro RNA-21

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Introduction: Adenosine-based drugs have shown promising results against various solid tumors including prostate cancer. These drugs exert their effects via adenosine receptors (ARs), and in prostate cancer, the A3AR subtype appears to play a major role in its anti-tumor action. MicroRNAs (miRs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate the coding RNAs at post-transcriptional level. One of these, miR-21, has been shown to promote prostate cancer growth and invasiveness. In the present study, we hypothesized that A3AR agonists suppressed prostate tumor growth by reducing miR-21 expression. Methods: In vivo studies were performed in xenograft model of prostate cancer in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Mice were injected subcutaneously with PC3-MM human prostate cancer cells, treated with vehicle, the agonist N’-(3-iodobenzyl) adenosine-5′-N-methyluronamide (IB-MECA), the antagonist 9-Chloro-2-(2-furanyl)-5-((phenylacetyl)amino)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline (MRS1220) or MRS1220 + IB-MECA, on alternate day for 2-3 weeks, and tumor growth was measured. Primary tumors were then excised and used to determine miR-21 (by TaqMan assay) and maspin, PDCD4 and TPM1 (by Western blotting and RT-PCR). In vitro studies were done in PC3-MM cells grown in cell culture plates. The levels of miR-21 were also detected in RNA samples obtained from human prostate cancer tissues (OriGene Technologies), while the levels of maspin and PDCD4 were determined in the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) prostate tumor sections by immunohistochemistry. Results: IB-MECA suppressed tumor growth in SCID mice. This effect was blunted in presence of the antagonist, MRS1220. Reductions in tumor volume were associated with reduced expression of miR-21 in the primary tumors. Furthermore, we observed up-regulation of the tumor suppressor proteins maspin, PDCD4 and TPM1, which are known to be negatively regulated by miR-21. Similar findings were obtained in in vitro cell culture studies. In human prostate cancer RNA samples from patients with different stages of prostate cancer there was high expression of miR-21. This finding co-related with down-regulation of its target proteins, maspin and PDCD4, in human prostate tumor sections. Conclusions: Based on the data, we conclude that activation of the A3AR reduces the prostate cancer growth by suppressing miR-21 expression and up-regulating tumor suppressor proteins such as maspin, PDCD4 and TPM1. These data support the use of A3AR agonists as a viable therapeutic option against the advanced forms of prostate cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1940. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1940
Potato yield reductions associated with certain fertilizer mixtures

Studies were conducted to find the cause of a potato disorder which was characterized by growth retardation, poor root development, “mouse ear” symptoms and serious yield reductions. Since the damaged plants were grown from material indexed for freedom from disease, the stunting was thought to result from some type of nutritional disturbance. Field investigations were undertaken to determine the effects of several fertilizer materials on tuber yields. Fertilizers were prepared using urea or ammonium nitrate as N sources and monoammonium phosphate or diammonium phosphate as P sources. The fertilizers were applied at planting in bands 5 cm to the side and 5 cm below the seedpieces. These studies showed that fertilizer materials which produced an initially alkaline reaction with the soil, such as urea and/or diammonium phosphate, caused significant yield reductions. Further laboratory studies indicated that ammonia and/or nitrite toxicities were probably the underlying causes of the yield reductions. Since potatoes are often grown on light sandy soils and often receive large amounts of fertilizer at planting, this problem can be most easily controlled by applying fertilizers which do not contain appreciable quantities of urea or diammonium phosphate. In 1973 certain areas of foundation potato fields at the Uihlein Farm of Cornell Universityp1 suffered from a disorder manifested as growth retardation at the 10–15 cm stage. Recovery was highly variable, ranging from almost complete to virtually none 10–14 days after initial cessation of growth. Further examination of retarded plants revealed poor root development, and subsequently “mouse ear” symptoms became quite prevalent on plants in the affected areas. Serious yield reductions were evident at harvest. Since the planting stocks at the Uihlein Farm are derived from material indexed for freedom from disease, and since insect damage is minimal, the stunting was thought to have resulted from some type of physiologic disturbance.
The impact of complete surgical staging on adjuvant treatment decisions in endometrial cancer

Abstract Objective . The aim of this study was to determine the impact of complete surgical staging on adjuvant treatment decisions in endometrial cancer. Methods . Two hundred ninety-one patients with endometrial cancer treated between 1996 and 2002 were identified through patient registry. Two hundred seventy-one (93%) of these women were completely surgically staged. Results . Average patient age: 64 years (23–92); average weight: 198 lb (99–350+); median follow-up: 12 months (0–77). Eighteen percent of tumors had surgical grade greater than preoperative grade. One hundred forty-nine patients had low-risk uterine factors, three with positive nodes (2%). One hundred forty-six out of 149 patients had negative nodes, received no adjuvant therapy, and four recurred (3%). Ninety-six patients had intermediate risk uterine factors, 16 with positive nodes (17%). Eighty out of 96 patients had negative nodes. Twenty-one out of 80 patients (26%) received whole pelvis radiation or chemotherapy. Three out of 21 patients (14%) had distant recurrences. Fifty out of 80 patients (63%) received no adjuvant therapy. Six out of 50 patients (12%) recurred, three distant and three distant and in the pelvis. The recurrence rate of patients with intermediate risk uterine factors that received adjuvant therapy was not statistically different than that of patients receiving no adjuvant therapy ( P = 1.00, Fisher's exact test). Forty-six patients had high-risk uterine factors, 26 with positive nodes (55%). The recurrence rate for stage I disease was 5% (11/211), for stage II disease 14% (2/14), for stage III disease 21% (11/52), and for stage IV disease 50% (7/14). Conclusion . Complete surgical staging adds important information that influences adjuvant treatment decisions. Patients with surgical stage I and II endometrial cancer do not benefit from whole pelvis radiation therapy.
Solvent design for crystallization of carboxylic acids

Critical to crystallization chemical product design is the choice of an appropriate solvent. Traditional methods have focused on bench scale experiments using classes of solvents (e.g. polarity) with the different classes giving rise to different crystal morphologies. However, there are instances where some solvents belonging to a particular class give completely different morphology from other solvents in the same class. There has been some modeling effort aimed at predicting crystal morphology. A major drawback with some of these morphology prediction models is that they tend to be limited in application. It is clear that the solvent selection, with respect to crystal morphology cannot be carried out efficiently by just experimentation or modeling alone. This paper outlines a systematic methodology which combines targeted bench scale crystallization experiments, an efficient computer-aided molecular design (CAMD) approach and a database search approach for the design and selection of solvents for crystallization of carboxylic acids.
Effect of cryoprotective agents on rat cutaneous nerves.

Abstract Desheathed rat cutaneous nerves were exposed to various concentrations of ethylene glycol (EG), glycerol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at temperatures of 1, 24, and 38 °C for periods of time ranging from 5 to 60 min. Measurements of the percent recovery of the original action potential (AP) were determined after removal of the cryoprotective agent (CPA) under various conditions, i.e., temperature, time and sequence of rinsing. A comparison of the results obtained after the nerves were exposed directly to a 15% concentration of the three CPAs at 1 °C for a 15-min period showed that the percentage of recovery of the AP was 90, 69, and 36% of the original values when treated with DMSO, EG, or glycerol, respectively. In all three groups, the nerves were rinsed at 1 °C for 15 min. If the exposure to glycerol at 1 °C was carried out in a gradual stepwise manner, the recovery of the AP in 10 and 15% solutions ranged from 58 to 64%. If the temperatures of the exposure and rinse were increased to 24 and 38 °C, glycerol produced some toxicity within 10 min and after 25 min no recovery of AP was obtained. The results of a 10-min direct exposure to EG at 1 °C showed a moderate decrease in recovery of the AP as the concentration was increased from 10 to 15–20%. Increasing the exposure time to 15 and 30 min at 1 °C also contributed to further reduction in recovery. DMSO, however, in concentrations of 10, 15, and 20% produced only a slight decline of AP after a 5–15 min exposure at 1 °C. Recovery ranged from 96% after 10 min in a 10% solution to 88% after 15 min in a 20% solution. Toxicity became more apparent with DMSO when nerves were exposed to 30% concentrations for 5–10 min; the latter time resulted in a 49% recovery of the AP. Exposure of nerves to a CPA solution containing isotonic concentrations of electrolytes resulted in a 10–30% improvement in recovery when compared with specimens treated with lower levels of salt. The effect of raising the temperature of the rinse to 38 °C and increasing the wash time to 20 min was studied in a few selected experiments. After a direct 15-min exposure to a 15% solution of a CPA at 1 °C the recovery in the case of glycerol was significantly increased with such treatment whereas with EG and DMSO it remained unchanged. There was no evidence of thermal or cold shock in this work.
Comprehensive craniospinal radiation for controlling central nervous system leukemia.

Purpose To determine the benefit of radiation therapy (RT) in resolution of neurologic symptoms and deficits and whether the type of RT fields influences central nervous system (CNS) control in adults with CNS leukemia. Methods and Materials A total of 163 adults from 1996 to 2012 were retrospectively analyzed. Potential associations between use of radiation and outcome were investigated by univariate and multivariate analysis. Results The median survival time was 3.8 months after RT. Common presenting symptoms were headache in 79 patients (49%), cranial nerve VII deficit in 46 (28%), and cranial nerve II deficit in 44 (27%). RT was delivered to the base of skull in 48 patients (29%), to the whole brain (WB) in 67 (41%), and to the craniospinal axis (CS) in 48 (29%). Among 149 patients with a total of 233 deficits, resolution was observed in 34 deficits (15%), improvement in 126 deficits (54%), stability in 34 deficits (15%), and progression in 39 deficits (17%). The 12-month CNS progression-free survival was 77% among those receiving CS/WB and 51% among those receiving base of skull RT ( P =.02). On multivariate analysis, patients who did not undergo stem cell transplantation after RT and base of skull RT were associated with worse CNS progression-free survival. Conclusions Improvement or resolution of symptoms occurred in two thirds of deficits after RT. Comprehensive radiation to the WB or CS seems to offer a better outcome, especially in isolated CNS involvement.
Mechanisms of prey choice by planktivorous fish: perceptual constraints and rules of thumb

Abstract Visually foraging planktivorous fish feed preferentially on larger, energetically more valuable zooplankton. Laboratory studies of bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus , feeding on different size classes of Daphnia indicate that, at low prey densities, these fish generally select among prey encountered simultaneously by pursuing whichever one appears largest, i.e. projects the largest retinal image. At high prey densities, however, bluegills take fewer small Daphnia than predicted for fish foraging by this apparent size rule. The pattern of prey selection observed suggests that bluegills employ the apparent size rule, not as the sole determinant of prey choice, but only to direct their attention to an individual prey item. In this way, fish may consider prey encountered simultaneously in a sequential manner. The fish can then evaluate the actual size of the apparently largest prey item, and ignore it if it is below a minimum threshold actual size. The less-preferred small prey, however, are never completely excluded from the diets of the fish. This partial preference may be the result of perceptual constraints; fish may be able to evaluate the actual size of zooplankton prey only when they occur within the fish's binocular visual field.
Profilin and the Abl Tyrosine Kinase Are Required for Motor Axon Outgrowth in the Drosophila Embryo

The ability of neuronal growth cones to be guided by extracellular cues requires intimate communication between signal transduction systems and the dynamic actin-based cytoskeleton at the leading edge. Profilin, a small, actin-binding protein, has been proposed to be a regulator of the cell motility machinery at leading edge membranes. However, its requirement in the developing nervous system has been unknown. Profilin associates with members of the Enabled family of proteins, suggesting that Profilin might link Abl function to the cytoskeleton. Here, genetic analysis in Drosophila is used to demonstrate that mutations in Profilin (chickadee) and Abl (abl) display an identical growth cone arrest phenotype for axons of intersegmental nerve b (ISNb). Moreover, the phenotype of a double mutant suggests that these components function together to control axonal outgrowth.
Energy content and digestibility of brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana) and other prey items of eared grebes (Podiceps nigricollis) on the Great Salt Lake, Utah

Abstract We measured the gross energy of brine shrimp ( Artemia franciscana ), brine shrimp cysts, brine flies ( Ephydra spp.), brine fly larva, and corixids ( Trichocorixa verticalis ) from the Great Salt Lake (GSL). We estimated the apparent and true digestible energy in eared grebes ( Podiceps nigricollis ) for these prey items through feeding trials. We found no difference in energy concentration (kJ/g) between any of the invertebrates except for brine fly larva. Invertebrates from the GSL have a relatively high mean energy concentration ranging from 18.8 kJ/g to 23.9 kJ/g. Eared grebes are able to use 82.2–94.9% of the dry mass and 87.4–89.7% of the gross energy (true digestibility) content of their prey items. The high energy content and digestibility partially explain how an eared grebe can successfully forage on such small prey items on the GSL. In contrast, brine shrimp cysts had a high-energy concentration (23.5 kJ/g), but had the lowest amount of true digestible energy (34% of dry mass and 51% of energy), which helps explain why grebes are rarely observed foraging on them.
Adjuvant hypofractionated intensity modulated radiation therapy after resection of regional lymph node metastases in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma of the head and neck

Abstract Purpose To evaluate outcomes in patients with malignant melanoma of the head and neck with resected regional lymph node (LN) metastases treated with adjuvant hypofractionated intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Methods and Materials A retrospective review was performed of 46 patients with malignant melanoma of the head and neck with regional LN metastases treated with lymphadenectomy and adjuvant IMRT. Patients underwent neck dissection (n = 42) or local excision (n = 4) for regional metastases at initial diagnosis (n = 19) or recurrence (n = 27). Adjuvant IMRT was delivered twice per week over 2.5 weeks for a total dose of 30 Gray (Gy) in 5 fractions. Acute and late adverse events were recorded using the Common Toxicity Criteria for Adverse Events version 4. Site of first recurrence was defined as local-regional (LR, above the clavicles) or distant. Overall survival, disease-free survival, and disease recurrence risks were determined using Kaplan-Meier estimates. Results The median follow-up in living patients was 2.8 years (range, 0.2-6.9). Most patients experienced acute grade 1-2 dermatitis (80%) and mucositis (85%). One patient (2%) experienced an acute grade 3 adverse event. Seven patients (16%) experienced late grade 2 adverse events. No patient experienced grade 3 or higher late adverse events. Site of first recurrence was LR alone (n = 5), both LR and distant (n = 1), and distant alone (n = 25). Five of the 6 LR recurrences were inside the IMRT planning target volume (PTV). In-PTV and total LR control at 3 years were 85% and 76%, respectively. Overall survival and disease-free survival at 3 years were 63% and 25%, respectively. Conclusions Adjuvant hypofractionated IMRT (30 Gy in 5 fractions) was associated with a high rate of in-PTV control and a low risk of serious adverse events.
Algorithms for three-dimensional chemical analysis with multi-energy tomographic data

The conversion of 3D data sets of x-ray absorption images into 3D composition maps requires accurate mass absorption values, high-quality images, and a robust fitting algorithm. We evaluate the status of convenient x-ray absorption databases, the impact of various CCD parameters and imaging strategies (minimal vs over-determined), and styles of least-squares fits of the images (optionally including volume constraints). Concerns raised include the impact of NEXAFS features and limited CCD dynamic range. In the absence of these effects, the reduction of images to composition is fast and robust, as tested with simulations based on element-labeled Shepp-Logan phantoms. These studies allow one to evaluate a recent experiment in which synchrotron X-ray tomography is used to image a multicomponent sample. Those samples consisted of a mixture containing high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) and a two-component flame retardant, a brominated phthalimide dimer and a synergist, antimony oxide (Sb 2 O 3 ). Complete tomography data sets were acquired at 3.34 micron spatial resolution using seven X-ray energies in the range of 12 to 40 keV, closely spanning Br and Sb 1s electron binding energies at 13.474 and 30.491 keV, respectively.
Progress of internal waves along submarine canyons

Abstract Alternating up- and downcanyon currents with velocities up to 50 cm/sec are found in submarine canyons. These alternations have patterns that usually can be matched between adjacent stations in the same canyon, even where separated by as much as 16 km. The matching of curves from adjacent stations is obtained by time shifts. In 20 out of 23 comparisons, the patterns were best fitted by shifting so that a later time of arrival is indicated for the upcanyon station. This indicates that internal waves (mostly tidal in period) are advancing up the submarine canyons or rarely downcanyon. Because the data come from canyons off California, the East Coast of the United States, and the Hawaiian Islands and include depths to as much as 3,500 m, it is suggested that these canyon internal waves may be worldwide. The exceptional downcanyon advances appear to be the result of unusual canyon bathymetry, perhaps combined with unusual tides.
Explicit Evidence on the Import of Implicit Attitudes: The IAT and Immigration Policy Judgments

The implicit association test (IAT) is increasingly used to detect automatic attitudes. Yet a fundamental question remains about this measure: How well can it predict individual judgments? Though studies find that IAT scores shape individual evaluations, these inquiries do not account for an array of well-validated, theoretically relevant variables, thus raising the challenge of omitted variable bias. For scholars using the IAT, the risk here is one of misattributing to implicit attitudes what can be better explained by alternate and rigorous self-reports of explicit constructs. This paper examines the IAT’s performance in the context of U.S. immigration politics. Using a representative web survey of adults, I demonstrate the IAT effectively captures implicit attitude toward Latino immigrants. Critically, I then show these attitudes substantively mold individual preferences for illegal and legal immigration policy, net of political ideology, socio-economic concerns, and well-established measures of intolerance toward immigrants, such as authoritarianism and ethnocentrism. Combined, these results suggest the IAT measures attitudes that are non-redundant and potent predictors of individual political judgments.
Resonance Raman spectroscopic evidence for structural variation among bacterial ferredoxin, HiPIP, and Fe4S4(SCH2Ph)42.

Summary Resonance Raman spectra have been obtained for C. pasteurianum ferredoxin, Chromatium HiPIP and Fe 4 S 4 (SCH 2 Ph) 4 2−* , all of which contain a cubane-like Fe-S cluster. They show bands assignable to Fe-S stretching vibrations of both bridging and terminal sulfur atoms. The frequencies shift significantly among the three molecules, and an extra polarized band gives evidence of symmetry lowering in the proteins.
Achievement in the First Course in Psychology as Predicted from the California Psychological Inventory

(1964). Achievement in the First Course in Psychology as Predicted from the California Psychological Inventory. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 57, No. 2, pp. 419-430.
A comparison of electroacoustic and microelectrophoretic zeta potential data for titania in the absence and presence of a poly (vinyl alcohol) adlayer

Abstract The recently developed technique of electroacoustics can measure the zeta potential in relatively concentrated (0.1–50 vol%) particle dispersions that cannot be analyzed by conventional microelectrophoresis. In this research, the MATEC Applied Sciences ESA 8000 electroacoustic apparatus is used to determine the zeta potential of aqueous colloidal anatase titania in the absence and presence of 88 mol% poly (vinyl alcohol), PVA, which adsorbs strongly to the titania surface. For both the bare titania and the titania/PVA adlayer systems the electroacoustically determined zeta potential data are in agreement with data collected on the Bank Bros. Mk. II microelectrophoresis apparatus, provided that the electroacoustic data are corrected for the effect of particle inertia. For all pH values the presence of a PVA adlayer acts to decrease the magnitude of the zeta potential. Since the PVA does not significantly change the surface charge density of the titania, this decrease is interpreted as an outward shift in the shear plane location. A diffuse double layer potential profile is then used to calculate an effective adlayer thickness from the zeta potential data. The calculated adlayer thickness is found to increase with nominal polymer molecular weight.
Loosening of massive proximal femoral cemented endoprostheses: Radiographic evidence of loosening mechanism☆☆☆

A review of the radiographs of 24 patients with massive proximal femoral cemented tumor endoprostheses revealed a repetitive radiographic sequence that culminated in implant loosening. The initial step was osteolysis of the proximal femur at the bone-prosthesis junction (13 of 24 cases, 54%). The osteolysis then progressed into the adjacent periprosthetic bone-cement interface as a radiolucent line (5 of 24 cases, 21%), followed by extension along the stem, culminating in implant loosening (4 of 24 cases, 17%). Two prostheses (8%) have required revision for loosening. The proximal osteolysis was noted prior to the appearance of progressive periprosthetic radiolucent lines in 11 patients and simultaneously in 2 but never followed periprosthetic radiolucent lines (P < .05). These findings are consistent with loosening by debris-induced osteolysis. This loosening sequence, confirming previous observations of cemented component loosening, should encourage efforts to prevent or delay the onset of this sequence.