cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Host odor and visual stimulus interaction during intratree host finding behavior of Rhagoletis pomonella flies

Responses ofRhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae) flies to host fruit visual stimuli (apples or models of apples) and chemical stimuli (synthetic apple volatile blend) were studied in semidwarf field-caged apple trees. Three different fruit or model densities (1, 4, or 16 fruit or models/ tree) and two odor release rates [ca. 0.7μg/hr (close to the natural release rate of a ripe apple) and ca. 500μg/hr (amount of odor released by commercially sold apple maggot traps)] were tested. Individually released flies were followed as they moved within a tree for a maximum of 20 min. We recorded three-dimensional search paths followed by foraging flies and computed such variables as total relative distance traveled before alighting on a fruit or model, track length between individual alightment sites, and directness of flight to fruits or models. Effect of odor on propensity to alight on fruit or models and host-searching behavior prior to alighting on fruit or on models varied according to fruit or model color and density. If the fruit visual stimulus was strong (e.g., red color), odor did not increase the probability of finding fruit or fruit models. As the visual stimulus became progressively weaker (red to green to clear), odor (irrespective of concentration) appeared to aid flies during the fruit-finding process. As density of fruit or models increased, the probability of flies finding a fruit or model also increased (e.g., 50% of flies found a red fruit model at 1 model/tree while 90% found a red model at 16 models/tree; 4% of flies found a clear model with odor at 1 model/tree while 35% found a clear model with odor at 16 models/tree). Findings reported elsewhere indicate thatR. pomonella flies are able to discover a point source of odor (an odor-bearing tree in a patch of trees) by flying upwind (in the tree patch) in response to intermittent exposure to odor. Findings here indicate that after arrival on a host tree (point source), flies discover individual apparent and abundant host fruit on the basis of vision. If fruit are less apparent or scarce, odor appears to interact with vision during the fruit-finding process.
Liquid attachment and momentum transfer by collisions between free-fall solids and liquid spray droplets

Abstract Understanding solid wetting by collisions between flowing solids and spray droplets is essential to optimizing the design and operation of related industrial processes. This paper presents an innovative experimental method to identify the statistical distributions of liquid attachment and collision probability of the impingement of a liquid spray onto free-fall particles. To separate liquid attachment from other contributions to the mass measurements of particles and liquids, individual impingement experiment with hydrophobic or hydrophilic particles of the same otherwise properties is respectively performed under the same conditions. In addition, a series of collection bins are distributed along the spray path to determine the statistical probability of collision properties including coating thickness. Based on these measurements, the collision-induced momentum transfer and velocity redistribution of solids and droplets can be estimated with the aid of a Lagrangian trajectory model. Consequently a general two-parameter of collision probability density function is proposed.
Naloxone enhances the expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference

The present study examined the effects of naloxone on acquisition and expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). Three groups of rats were given morphine (5 mg/kg, SC), both morphine and naloxone (1 mg/kg, SC), or saline paired with a distinctive environment. On alternating days they were given saline paired with another distinctive environment. After four exposures to each environment, the animals were given a preference test in which they had access to both environments simultaneously while under the influence of either naloxone (1 mg/kg, SC) or saline. Morphine-conditioned animals showed CPP evident as an increased amount of time spent in the drug-associated environment relative to saline controls. Rats given both naloxone and morphine during conditioning, and saline on the test day, did not show CPP. In contrast, morphine-conditioned animals given naloxone on the test day showed stronger CPP than morphine-conditioned animals given saline. These findings indicate that naloxone blocks the acquisition, but enhances the expression of morphine-induced CPP. In a separate experiment, the effects of naloxone on locomotor activity were determined during the CPP test. The results indicated that naloxone decreased locomotor activity. In morphine-conditioned animals only, naloxone also produced an increase in the amount of time per entry in the drug-associated environment. The results suggest that naloxone may enhance morphine-induced CPP by decreasing locomotor activity that may otherwise compete with expression of CPP.
Spectral partitioning works: planar graphs and finite element meshes

Spectral partitioning methods use the Fiedler vector-the eigenvector of the second-smallest eigenvalue of the Laplacian matrix-to find a small separator of a graph. These methods are important components of many scientific numerical algorithms and have been demonstrated by experiment to work extremely well. In this paper, we show that spectral partitioning methods work well on bounded-degree planar graphs and finite element meshes-the classes of graphs to which they are usually applied. While active spectral bisection does not necessarily work, we prove that spectral partitioning techniques can be used to produce separators whose ratio of vertices removed to edges cut is O(/spl radic/n) for bounded-degree planar graphs and two-dimensional meshes and O(n/sup 1/d/) for well-shaped d-dimensional meshes. The heart of our analysis is an upper bound on the second-smallest eigenvalues of the Laplacian matrices of these graphs: we prove a bound of O(1/n) for bounded-degree planar graphs and O(1/n/sup 2/d/) for well-shaped d-dimensional meshes.
A TEST OF A HYPOTHESIS CONCERNING ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION DAMAGE AND PHAGE FUNCTIONS.

Abstract The formation of the T4 phage-induced lysozyme is highly sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The formation of this “late” protein, in cells infected with nonirradiated, lysozymeless phage and UV-irradiated, lysozyme-producing phage shows an undiminished, high sensitivity to UV irradiation. These results are discussed in the context of current ideas on the control of phage development and of irradiation damage.
Spectral asymmetry in the light scattered from a nonequilibrium liquid interface

Abstract An asymmetry of the two capillary wave peaks in the light scattered from a water surface subject to a temperature gradient parallel to the surface has been observed using a Fourier transform heterodyne technique. The sign and order of magnitude of the effect agree with linear fluctuating hydrodynamic theory.
The onset of rapidly progressive neurologic deterioration after a brief gastrointestinal illness in a renal allograft recipient.

Abstract: Renal transplant recipients are at increased risk for life-threatening complications, most commonly infections. Because of their impaired cell-mediated immunity, these patients are particularly susceptible to organisms that rely on intracellular survival and spread, such as Listeria monocytogenes. Despite being a food-borne pathogen, L. monocytogenes is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Here we report the case of a renal transplant recipient who developed rapidly progressive neurological symptoms after a brief gastrointestinal illness. Magnetic resonance imaging scan of the brain showed a large mass that was identified as an abscess due to L. monocytogenes. Timely aspiration and antibiotic treatment resulted in complete recovery, as opposed to worse outcomes in the available case reports. We further review the epidemiology, microbiology, clinical presentation, and therapeutic options for listerial brain abscess.
The Efficacy of Pulmonary Rehabilitation Using a Mechanical In-Exsufflator and Feedback Respiratory Training for Cervical Cord Injury Patients

[Purpose] The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of pulmonary rehabilitation using a mechanical in-exsufflator and feedback respiratory training on cervical cord injury (SCI) patients. [Subjects and Methods] Thirty-eight patients were selected through a random sampling method and divided into two groups: an experimental group (n=19) and a control group (n=19). The intervention was conducted five times per week over a four-week period. [Results] In the respiratory training group, there were significance improvements in the ratio (%VC) of the predicted value, forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1), and unassisted peak cough flow (UPCF) after the intervention. [Conclusion] The results suggest that pulmonary rehabilitation using a mechanical in-exsufflator and feedback respiratory training is effective at increasing the lung function, as well as augmenting the strength of cough capacity. This may reduce the respiratory system?related complications of cervical cord injury patients.
Effects of phospholipase A2 inhibitors on coupling of α2‐adrenoceptors to inwardly rectifying potassium currents in guinea‐pig submucosal neurones

1. Noradrenaline hyperpolarizes guinea-pig submucosal neurones by opening inwardly rectifying potassium channels. Intracellular recordings were made from submucosal neurones and the possible involvement of the phospholipase A2 pathway in this response was examined. 2. The non-specific phospholipase A2 inhibitors, quinacrine (10 microM) and 4-bromophenacyl bromide (4-BPB, 10 microM) inhibited nerve-evoked inhibitory synaptic potentials (i.p.s.ps) and hyperpolarizations to somatostatin and UK 14304. Quinacrine and 4-BPB also blocked the inward rectification present in current-voltage curves in the absence of somatostatin or UK 14304. 3. The more selective phospholipase A2 inhibitor, cyclosporin A (10 microM) and the lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA, 20 microM) and nordihydroguairetic acid (NDGA, 20 microM) did not alter i.p.s.ps or hyperpolarizations to UK 14304. 4. Exogenously applied arachidonic acid (1-300 microM) did not mimic the i.p.s.p. or the hyperpolarization to UK 14304. 5. We conclude that arachidonic acid or its eicosanoid metabolites produced by phospholipase A2 stimulation are unlikely to be involved in the receptor G-protein coupled activation of potassium currents in submucosal neurones. The inhibition of the noradrenaline-induced hyperpolarization by quinacrine and 4-BPB is most likely due primarily to blockade of the basal inwardly rectifying potassium conductance present in these neurones.
Sustainable manufacturing process planning

Environmental factors have a major role in selecting an optimal process planning schema. However, the systems that are currently available are barely capable of dealing with these environmental issues. In this paper, an automated evaluation tool based on environmental standards has been developed so that it is capable of identifying and quantifying the environmental impacts of a set of feasible manufacturing process plans and is able to select a near-optimal solution (out of the feasible set) for a desired process plan of a given part. The selection methodology is based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and has considered three main factors: emission, waste production, and hazardous materials to arrive at a selection. The proposed technique has been written in detail in the following paper and has been illustrated with appropriate case studies.
Lack of a role for bradykinin in allergen-induced airway microvascular leakage and bronchoconstriction in the guinea pig.

We have investigated the role of bradykinin in allergen-induced airway microvascular leakage and bronchoconstriction in sensitized guinea pigs. We used a selective bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist, HOE140, which has been shown to prevent the airway effects induced by bradykinin. Lung resistance (RL) was measured for 6 min after challenge with allergen. Extravasation of Evans blue dye into airway tissues was used as an index of the airway microvascular leakage. Aerosolized ovalbumin (5 mg/ml, 30 breaths) induced a significant increase in RL and leakage of dye in the trachea, main bronchi and intrapulmonary airways in the ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs. HOE140 given by inhalation (200 μM, 60 breaths) had no effect on the airway microvascular leakage and bronchoconstriction induced by the allergen. I.v. HOE140 (200 nmol/kg) did not significantly inhibit these airway responses. We conclude that bradykinin-mediated mechanism may not play a significant role in airway microvascular leakage or bronchoconstriction induced by allergen.
Ca2+-dependent Inactivation of a Store-operated Ca2+ Current in Human Submandibular Gland Cells ROLE OF A STAUROSPORINE-SENSITIVE PROTEIN KINASE AND THE INTRACELLULAR Ca2+ PUMP

Abstract Stimulation of human submandibular gland cells with carbachol, inositol trisphosphate (IP3), thapsigargin, or tert-butylhydroxyquinone induced an inward current that was sensitive to external Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]e) and was also carried by external Na+ or Ba2+ (in a Ca2+-free medium) with amplitudes in the order Ca2+ > Ba2+ > Na+. All cation currents were blocked by La3+and Gd3+ but not by Zn2+. The IP3-stimulated current with 10 μm3-deoxy-3-fluoro-d-myo-inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate and 10 mm1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid in the pipette solution, showed 50% inactivation in 5 min with 10 and 1 mm [Ca2+]e, respectively. The Na+ current was not inactivated, whereas the Ba2+ current inactivated at a slower rate. The protein kinase inhibitor, staurosporine, delayed the inactivation and increased the amplitude of the current, whereas the protein Ser/Thr phosphatase inhibitor, calyculin A, reduced the current. Thapsigargin- andtert-butylhydroxyquinone-stimulated Ca2+currents inactivated faster. Importantly, these agents accelerated the inactivation of the IP3-stimulated current. The data demonstrate that internal Ca2+ store depletion-activated Ca2+ current (ISOC) in this salivary cell line is regulated by a Ca2+-dependent feedback mechanism involving a staurosporine-sensitive protein kinase and the intracellular Ca2+ pump. We suggest that the Ca2+ pump modulates ISOC by regulating [Ca2+]i in the region of Ca2+influx.
MEDIA AND THE MUSICAL IMAGINATION: COMPARATIVE DISCOURSES OF BELONGING IN “NUESTRO HIMNO” AND “REGGAETóN LATINO”

In May 2006, United States residents were witness to the largest pro-immigrant cross-country protests in the nation's history. During the apex of the pro-immigrant demonstrations, the single “Nuestro Himno,” a Spanish-language paraphrasing of “The Star-Spangled Banner,” was released. Both the “Nuestro Himno” recording and the demonstrations constituted important symbolic gestures toward the (re)claiming of U.S. public space and the contested meanings of citizenship, nation, and belonging. This essay commences with an overview of recent debates on cultural citizenship, followed by a discussion of the “musical imagiNation” as it pertains to Latino popular music in general. I juxtapose this commentary against a critical discourse analysis of mainstream (English-language) Internet and print media discourse regarding the “Nuestro Himno” recording and an audiovisual analysis of the hit video “Reggaeton Latino (Chosen Few Remix)” (2005). Employing “Nuestro Himno” as a analytical lens, I propose a (re)evaluation ...
Acute toxicity of hydrazine hydrate to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and daphnid (Daphnia pulex).

Utilities that depend on steam generation for the production of electricity have benefitted greatly from the use of hydrazine (H/sub 2/NNH/sub 2/). The chemical is a strong antioxidant that reacts with oxygen in water to form water and nitrogen gas. Deoxygenated boiler water helps reduce oxidation inside boilers and steam systems, thereby increasing their efficiency and longevity. Idle boilers are protected with layup solutions of hydrazine in concentrations as high as 200 mg/L. Hydrazine may enter the aquatic environment as controlled industrial discharge or as a result of an accidental spill. Data on the aquatic toxicity of hydrazine hydrate, however, are lacking. This paper addresses the acute toxicity of hydrazine hydrate to a freshwater fish (fathead minnow, Pimephalas promelas) and invertebrate (daphnid, Daphnia pulex).
Multinomial and Compound Multinomial Error Models for Tests With Complex Item Scoring

This article introduces a multinomial error model, which models an examinee's test scores obtained over repeated measurements of an assessment that consists of polytomously scored items. A compound...
Yeast NC2 Associates with the RNA Polymerase II Preinitiation Complex and Selectively Affects Transcription In Vivo

NC2 (Dr1-Drap1 or Bur6-Ydr1) has been characterized in vitro as a general negative regulator of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription that interacts with TATA-binding protein (TBP) and inhibits its function. Here, we show that NC2 associates with promoters in vivo in a manner that correlates with transcriptional activity and with occupancy by basal transcription factors. NC2 rapidly associates with promoters in response to transcriptional activation, and it remains associated under conditions in which transcription is blocked after assembly of the Pol II preinitiation complex. NC2 positively and negatively affects approximately 17% of Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes in a pattern that resembles the response to general environmental stress. Relative to TBP, NC2 occupancy is high at promoters where NC2 is positively required for normal levels of transcription. Thus, NC2 is associated with the Pol II preinitiation complex, and it can play a direct and positive role at certain promoters in vivo.
Drug-eluting stents in octogenarians: early and intermediate outcome.

Background Large randomized controlled trials have demonstrated that percutaneous coronary intervention with the routine use of drug-eluting stents is safe and effective. However, octogenarians are usually excluded from these trials. Methods We analyzed 2453 consecutive patients who underwent DES implantation at the Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN). The patients were classified in 2 age groups: patients ≥80 years of age ≤79 years of age. Results Patients ≥80 years old had significantly more adverse baseline characteristics including more comorbid conditions and more severe extensive coronary artery disease. Procedural success was high irrespective of the age group—97% in patients ≥80 years of age versus 98% in the younger patients. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that age of ≥80 years was significantly associated with inhospital major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) ( P = .004). In addition, among inhospital survivors, octogenarians also had higher follow-up MACE rates ( P P P = .019). However, there was no significant difference in 12-month target lesion revascularization (4.5% vs 4.9% [≥80 years of age vs ≤79 years of age]) or coronary artery bypass grafting (1.8% vs 1.3% [≥80 years of age vs ≤ 79 years of age]). After age-sex adjustment, life expectancy of octogenarians was similar to that of the general population ( P = .78). Conclusion This study showed that drug-eluting stent implantation in octogenarians has high initial procedural success rates compared with the younger patients despite having more severe baseline risk characteristics. During follow-up, death and overall MACE rates remain higher in octogenarians but target lesion revascularization rates are similar.
Brachial Plexus Injury in the Newborn

Brachial plexus palsy in the neonate is classified according to the anatomic location and type of injury. Upper plexus lesions are observed most frequently. The overall rate of perinatal brachial plexus palsy (PBPP) has remained stable for the last 3 decades, although risk factors for the injury are well described. The true rate of full recovery after PBPP remains controversial. Knowledge of an infant9s PBPP classification can assist in predicting long-term outcome. A thorough physical examination is essential to make the diagnosis, evaluate for comorbidities, determine the treatment plan, and assess the need for referral. Additional investigations typically are not indicated. Initial management of the infant who has PBPP includes parent counseling, physical or occupational therapy, and clinical observation of the infant. A proportion of affected infants eventually requires surgical intervention or alternative therapeutic approaches, including botulinum toxin injections.
Importance-scanning worm using vulnerable-host distribution

Most Internet worms use random scanning. The distribution of vulnerable hosts on the Internet, however, is highly non-uniform over the IP-address space. This implies that random scanning wastes many scans on invulnerable addresses, and more virulent scanning schemes may take advantage of the non-uniformity of a vulnerable-host distribution. Questions then arise how attackers may make use of such information, and how virulent the resulting worm may be. These issues provide "worst-case scenarios" for defenders and "best-case scenarios" for attackers if the vulnerable-host distribution is available. This work develops such a scenario as the so-called importance scanning. Importance scanning results from importance sampling in statistics that scans IP-address space according to an empirical distribution of vulnerable hosts. An analytical model is developed to relate the infection rate of worms with the importance-scanning strategies. Experimental results based on parameters chosen from code red and slammer worms show that an importance-scanning worm can spread much faster than both a random-scanning worm and a routing worm. Furthermore, a game-theory approach suggests that the best strategy for defenders is to scatter applications uniformly in the entire IP-address space.
The heartland responds to terror: Volunteering after the bombing of the Murrah Federal Building

Objective. We examine volunteering to support the relief effort after the bombing of the Murrah Federal Building. We address two issues: (1) how widespread was volunteering and what forms did it take, and (2) does Wilson and Musick’s (1997a) “integrated theory of volunteer work” help to explain variation in volunteering in this disaster situation? Methods. We use data from the 1996 Oklahoma City Survey (OKC Survey). The 1996 OKC Survey is based on a random sample of the adult population of Oklahoma City and was administered 10 months after the bombing. Results. Nearly 75 percent of the sample respondents volunteered to support the relief effort in at least one way; giving money and donating nonprofessional goods or services were the two most prevalent volunteer activities. Socioeconomic status, knowing someone killed or injured in the bombing, belonging to voluntary organizations before the bombing, and being affiliated with a religious denomination were predictors of volunteering, depending on the type of volunteer activity considered. Conclusions. The magnitude of volunteering after the Murrah Building bombing was in line with volunteer efforts after other disasters. The integrated theory of volunteer work is a useful framework for studying volunteering after disasters.
A thermoreflectance thermography system for measuring the transient surface temperature field of activated electronic devices

This work reports on a system that can determine the thermal behavior of an activated complex microelectronic device by measuring its surface temperature field with a thermoreflectance-based system. The article describes the features of the experimental setup, provides details of the calibration process used to map the changes in the measured surface reflectivity to absolute temperature values, and explains the data acquisition procedure used to measure the transient temperature over a given active region of interest. The method is applied to determine the thermal behavior of actual MOSFET devices. First, the method is used to measure an activated MOSFET device and show that by scanning first and then switching the source and drain contacts, the two resulting steady state temperature scans are symmetrical. The method is then used to differentiate between the transient thermal behavior of identically activated devices that have been made on two different epitaxial layers, one with natural silicon and the other with isotopically-pure silicon
Spontaneous symmetry breaking during interrupted crystallization of an axially chiral amino acid derivative

High net enantiomeric excess was observed for crystal collections obtained by crystallization of the TFA salt of a configurationally stable yet racemic axially chiral amidoamine in EtOH solution with or without stirring (up to >99% ee at ≤15% crystallization).
PAS: A Wireless-Enabled, Cell-Phone-Incorporated Personal Assistant System for Independent and Assisted Living

Advances in networking, sensors, medical devices and smart phones have made it feasible to monitor and provide medical and other assistance to people either in their homes or outside. Aging populations will benefit from reduced costs and improved healthcare through assisted living based on these technologies. However, these systems challenge current state-of-the-art techniques for usability, reliability, and security. In this paper we present the PAS open architecture for assisted living, which allows independently developed third party components to collaborate. Furthermore, we incorporate cell phones in PAS as the local intelligence in order to enhance the robustness and ubiquity. We discuss key technological issues in assisted living systems, such as software architecture layout, power preserving, security and privacy; and results from our pilot study in a real assisted living facility are presented.
Retrieval of water-leaving radiance and aerosol optical thickness over the oceans with SeaWiFS: a preliminary algorithm

The second generation of ocean-color-analyzing instruments requires more accurate atmospheric correction than does the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS), if one is to utilize fully their increased radiometric sensitivity. Unlike the CZCS, the new instruments possess bands in the near infrared (NIR) that are solely for aiding atmospheric correction. We show, using aerosol models, that certain assumptions regarding the spectral behavior of the aerosol reflectance employed in the standard CZCS correction algorithm are not valid over the spectral range encompassing both the visible and the NIR. Furthermore, we show that multiple-scattering effects on the algorithm depend significantly on the aerosol model. Following these observations, we propose an algorithm that utilizes the NIR bands for atmospheric correction to the required accuracy. Examples of the dependence of the error on the aerosol model, the turbidity of the atmosphere, and surface roughness (waves) are provided. The error in the retrieved phytoplankton-pigment concentration (the principal product of ocean-color sensors) induced by errors in the atmospheric correction are shown to be <20% in approximately 90% of the cases examined. Finally, the aerosol thickness (τ(α)) is estimated through a simple extension of the correction algorithm. Simulations suggest that the error in the recovered value of τ(α) should be ≲ 10%.
The taylor diagram (temperature against vapor pressure) for air mixtures

The diagram having temperature as one coordinate and partial pressure of aqueous vapor as the other was introduced byG. I. Taylor in his study of condensation due to mixing and is now called the Taylor diagram. The diagram fulfills almost exactly the property of mixtures, i. e., that mixtures of two samples of air are represented by the straight line joining the two points representing the samples, and that the relative distance from the point for either sample to the point for any mixture equals the proportion of the other sample in the mixture.
Influence of watershed system management on herbicide concentrations in Mississippi Delta oxbow lakes

The Mississippi Delta Management Systems Evaluation Area (MD-MSEA) project was established in 1994 in three small watersheds (202 to 1497 ha) that drain into oxbow lakes (Beasley, Deep Hollow, and Thighman). The primary research objective was to assess the implications of management practices on water quality. Monthly monitoring of herbicide concentrations in lake water was conducted from 2000 to 2003. Water samples were analyzed for atrazine, cyanazine, fluometuron, metolachlor, and atrazine metabolites. Herbicide concentrations observed in the lake water reflected cropping systems of the watershed, e.g., atrazine and metolachlor concentrations were associated with the level of corn and sorghum production, whereas cyanazine and fluometuron was associated with the level of glyphosate-sensitive cotton production. The dynamics of herbicide appearance and dissipation in lake samples were strongly influenced by herbicide use, lake hydrology, rainfall pattern, and land management practices. The highest maximum concentrations of atrazine (7.1 to 23.4 μ gL �1 ) and metolachlor (0.7 to 14.9 μ gL �1 ) were observed in Thighman Lake where significant quantities of corn were grown. Introduction of s-metolachlor and use of glyphosateresistant cotton coincided with reduced concentration of metolachlor in lake water. Cyanazine was observed in two lakes with the highest levels (1.6 to 5.5 μ gL �1 ) in 2000 and lower concentrations in 2001 and 2002 (b0.4 μ gL �1 ). Reduced concentrations of fluometuron in Beasley Lake were associated with greater use of glyphosate-resistant cotton and correspondingly less need for soilapplied fluometuron herbicide. In contrast, increased levels of fluometuron were observed in lake water after Deep Hollow was converted from conservation tillage to conventional tillage, presumably due to greater runoff associated with conventional tillage. These studies indicate that herbicide concentrations observed in these three watersheds were related to crop and soil management practices.
Growth Factor Induction and Order of Events in CNS Repair

In response to damage, the adult CNS exhibits capabilities, such as glial cell proliferation and differentiation and axonal sprouting and growth, typical of the developmental period. This “rejuvenation” of the CNS tissue arises as a consequence of the injury-induced increase in the activities of neurotrophic and sprouting factors and of glia, fibroblast, and endothelial cell mitogens and morphogens.
The English Professors of Brazil: On the Diasporic Roots of the Yorùbá Nation

Melville J. Herskovits (e.g., 1966, 1941) argued that African Americans in virtually every American nation “retained” some greater or lesser cultural “memory” of the African past. Assuming that the cultures of the West African Fon, Yoruba, and Ashanti (as reconstructed in the “ethnographic present”) represented the extant “base line,” or starting point, of African-American cultural history, Herskovits' “ethnohistorical” method posited that less-acculturated African-American groups instantiated the earlier historical stages of the more acculturated African-American groups. Thus, for example, spirit possession in the Brazilian Candomble, could be taken to demonstrate the African derivation of “shouting,” or the behavior of those “filled with the Holy Spirit,” in black North American churches (Herskovits 1958[1941]:220–1). No less, the Candomble, could be taken to represent an earlier stage of black North Americans' gradual syncretic adaptation, accommodation, and acculturation (Herskovits 1958[1941]:218). Herskovits' descriptions tend to represent the distinctive qualities of African-American cultures, in terms of enduring “deep-seated drives,” “bents,” and “underlying patterns.” On the other hand, Herskovits gives little attention to proximate historical and sociological mechanisms of their transmission. Dozens of scholars have usefully employed similar methods in the study of African cultural “memory” and adaptations. E.g., Arthur Ramos, Edison Carneiro, Ruth Landes, and Roger Bastide on Afro-Brazilians; Lydia Cabrera on Afro-Cubans; Herskovits himself on Haitians and Surinam Maroons; Gonzalo Aguirre Beltran on Afro-Mexicans; W. E. B. Du Bois, Joseph Holloway, Sterling Stuckey, Albert Raboteau, Robert Farris Thompson and Margaret Creel on blacks in the United States; and so forth. This study revises Herskovits' cultural history of the African diaspora and proposes, at the Afro-Latin American locus classicus of Herskovitsian studies, some non-linear alternatives to Herskovits' and others' visions of diasporas generally.
Electrocardiogram baseline wander removal based on empirical mode decomposition

In electrocardiogram (ECG) signals, low frequency artifacts caused by respiration and movements of patient and recording hardware, create challenging problems for signal processing algorithms. Due to nonlinear origins of these undesirable artifacts, the use of nonlinear signal processing methods gives assistance to achieve more reliable outcomes. This paper introduces a baseline drift cancellation algorithm using polynomial fitting based on empirical mode decomposition (EMD), then evaluates it comparing two conventional methods, EMD-based global slope minimization and moving average filtering. The methods were applied over 26 generated ECG baselines where the polynomial fitting showed more than 81% correlation with the generated baselines. The comparative results proved a remarkable robustness of the proposed algorithm against the baseline drifts.
Verification & validation in military simulations

The verification and validation (VV however, significant differences exist. Military simulations are often large, extremely complex production systems, in which the initial conditions provide the driving force and the transients are the elements of interest. The difficulties of performing the V&V and the lack of understanding of the realities being modeled have led to fears that the costs of V&V would greatly outweigh any benefits. Despite these fears, the current Defense Department requirement for the verification, validation and accreditation (VV&A) of simulations and the desires of modelers and users for useful simulations are generating a considerable body of experience in the actual V&V of military simulations. 1 BACKGROUND
Influence of Copper on Selected Physiological Responses in Salvinia minima and Its Potential Use in Copper Remediation

Abstract This study was designed to evaluate selected physiological responses of Salvinia minima to copper (Cu2+) concentrations of 0.06 (control), 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 mg l−1. The plants were grown under laboratory conditions of 25 ± 2°C, a light intensity of 120 μmol m−2 s−1, and a 14-h photoperiod. After seven days of exposure to the Cu, Salvinia growth decreased gradually with an increase in Cu concentration resulting in a significant decline at 3.0 mg l−1Cu. Similar results were obtained after 14 days of exposure. However, calculating growth using fresh weight showed a significant decline at 2.5 and 3.0 mg l−1. After 14 days exposure, CO2 assimilation decreased as the Cu concentration increased in the growth media. This decrease in CO2 assimilation coincided with a similar decrease in photosynthetic pigments. Uptake of Cu significantly increased with the increase of Cu concentration in the growth media. This study demonstrated the potential of Salvinia to remediate Cu in concentrations 100 times wh...
Transduction of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes with vectors derived from Aedes densovirus.

Abstract Aedes densovirus (AeDNV)-based constructs that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) from either the P7 or the P61 promoter were made. The construct in which GFP protein was expressed as a fusion protein to the C-terminus of NS1 (NS1–GFP) showed the highest level of GFP expression. This hybrid NS1–GFP protein preserved the biological functions of the parental proteins: it showed GFP fluorescence, it stimulated expression from the virus promoters, and it facilitated rescue and replication of the cloned AeDNV genome. Similar to NS1, the hybrid NS1–GFP localized in the nucleus predominantly in a punctate pattern. Transducing virus particles carrying the NS1–GFP gene infected mosquito larvae. Expression of GFP was detected as early as 48 h postinfection and in larval and pupal stages. Midgut, hindgut, and Malpighian tubule cells expressed GFP soon after transduction. However, the anal papillae were the most commonly infected organ system. The anal papillae are syncytia and regulate ion concentration in the hemolymph of mosquito larvae, and they might be a novel route of mosquito larvae infection with densoviruses.
Factors Associated With Parents' Perceptions of Their Infants' Oral Health Care.

Introduction: Parents have an important role ensuring their infants receive oral and medical health care. Their decisions affect the well-being of their children. Methods: This study used data coll...
The Pupation Rhythm in Aedes taeniorhynchus. III. Factors in Developmental Synchrony

Food, light, and temperature together establish the degree of developmental synchrony in a simultaneously hatched larval population of the black salt-marsh mosquito, Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann). Periodic starvation does not enhance synchrony, nor does larval crowding per se, nor light regimes divergent from 12 hours light: 12 hours dark, with daylight intensity (>10,000 lux) white light alternating with total darkness. Maximum synchrony is achieved with the highest food ration which will not contaminate the culture and cause extra mortality, at temperatures between 29 and 32°C, with hatching at sunrise of a 12-hour light regime. Approximately 90% of simultaneously hatched larvae can be made to pupate within a span of 12 hours. Such synchronization, never approached in nature with this species, can be very useful in research.
National Institute of Rocket Propulsion Systems Tool Development for Domestic Propulsion System Industrial Base Modeling and Analysis

The National Institute of Rocket Propulsion Systems (NIRPS) was established in 2011 with the primary goal to maintain and advance United States leadership in all aspects of rocket propulsion. NIRPS recognized that a clear view and understanding of the health of the rocket propulsion industrial base is a key factor in achieving this goal. To this end, NIRPS has supported development of a tool with The Aerospace Corporation that can be used to enhance understanding of the complex and interconnected domestic supplier network currently responsible for the production of all liquid rocket engines and solid rocket boosters required for medium to heavy space lift applications. This tool also has the capability to perform scenario analysis to investigate the potential impact to the domestic industrial base due to specific launch vehicle demand forecasts. The tool is called PropSIMA (Propulsion Supplier Integrated Modeling and Analysis). The objective of this paper is to provide a detailed description of PropSIMA’s capabilities and to apply the tool to an example scenario involving partial reusability of a hypothetical launch vehicle propulsion system.
Age and the Rate of Venous Enlargement under Increased Venous Pressure.

Conclusions1. After ligation of the vena cava above the entrance of the renal veins a plot of the logarithms of the percentage mortality on age seems to indicate that they are a linear function of the age at the time of operation. 2. It is suggested that the above relation may be the result of a decrease in the rate of venous enlargement under increased pressure as age advances.
Shear history independence in colloidal aggregation.

Stimulated by experiments, we have carried out detailed simulations of aggregation in the presence of shear in a model colloidal system with a short-range attractive potential. For weak shear rates, we find that the shear enhanced the aggregation and that the long-time state of the system is independent of the shear history. For strong shear rates, precipitous fragmentation occurred after the shear was turned on and, after an induction period, the aggregation quickly rebounded in a stochastic manner similar to classical nucleation phenomena. However, the long-time state of the system is, once again, independent of the shear history. Thus, for both weak and strong shear cases, the shear rate acts as a state variable of the aggregating system. Shear rates employed in the simulations can be attained in laboratory experiments, as confirmed by computing the dimensionless Peclet numbers.
Cross-Sectional Examination of Patient and Therapist Factors Affecting Participation in Physical Therapy in Acute Care Hospital Settings

Background Research has demonstrated benefits of early and continued physical therapy for patients in acute care hospitals. Despite known benefits, scheduled sessions do not always result in treatment. Reported percentages for nontreatment are 15% to 25%. Understanding when and why nontreatment occurs is fundamental to future interventions to reduce it and provide patients with needed services. Objective The study objective was to describe nontreatment and the extent to which attributes of the patient, physical therapist, and environment affect its occurrence at a suburban community hospital. Design This was a cross-sectional study. Methods Medical records for 1,252 patients who were scheduled for 6,246 physical therapy sessions were reviewed. Therapist demographics were collected via a questionnaire. Results Therapist sexes were equally represented, and most therapists were nonwhite and worked full time at the hospital. The nontreatment percentage for individual therapists ranged from 5.4% to 23.2%. This percentage was 1.3% for the first scheduled session but nearly 20% for the remaining sessions. In more than 30% of nontreatment events, the specific therapist attempting treatment was not identified. Patients were much less likely to experience nontreatment if they were scheduled for therapy on a Tuesday or if they were in the hospital for a musculoskeletal condition. Sunday had a particularly high percentage of nontreatment. Limitations The participants were recruited from a single hospital. The specific therapist associated with nontreatment events was not always known. Conclusions Hospital and rehabilitation department policies and culture for weekend therapy staffing should be evaluated in light of the high percentage of nontreatment on Sunday. The impact of patient diagnosis on nontreatment must be evaluated further and may reflect hospital culture. Future research efforts should be designed to obtain data on the assigned therapist for all instances of nontreatment.
Effect of dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate on structure and function of rodent and human intestine.

We tested the hypothesis that dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS), an anionic detergent often described as a stool softener, blocks water absorption in the small and large intestines. Net water transport was measured under steady state conditions in vivo during single pass infusions of intestinal segments; each segment served as its own control. DSS, in concentrations which may obtain when it is fed to man, inhibited water absorption in segments of human jejunum, and in segments of rat jejunum, ileum, or colon. In man, 0.5 mM DSS inhibited water absorption by 80%. In rats, the degree of inhibition was linearly related to log10, of the concentration of DSS (0.1 to 2.0 mM). Furthermore, DSS altered the histological appearance of the surface absorptive cells of the rat colon. Because of these properties, DSS could be regarded as a stimulant laxative.
Ventral Midline Thalamus Is Critical for Hippocampal-Prefrontal Synchrony and Spatial Working Memory.

UNLABELLED Maintaining behaviorally relevant information in spatial working memory (SWM) requires functional synchrony between the dorsal hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). However, the mechanism that regulates synchrony between these structures remains unknown. Here, we used a unique dual-task approach to compare hippocampal-prefrontal synchrony while rats switched between an SWM-dependent task and an SWM-independent task within a single behavioral session. We show that task-specific representations in mPFC neuronal populations are accompanied by SWM-specific oscillatory synchrony and directionality between the dorsal hippocampus and mPFC. We then demonstrate that transient inactivation of the reuniens and rhomboid (Re/Rh) nuclei of the ventral midline thalamus abolished only the SWM-specific activity patterns that were seen during dual-task sessions within the hippocampal-prefrontal circuit. These findings demonstrate that Re/Rh facilitate bidirectional communication between the dorsal hippocampus and mPFC during SWM, providing evidence for a causal role of Re/Rh in regulating hippocampal-prefrontal synchrony and SWM-directed behavior. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Hippocampal-prefrontal synchrony has long been thought to be critical for spatial working memory (SWM) and the ventral midline thalamic reuniens and rhomboid nuclei (Re/Rh) have long been considered a potential site for synchronizing the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex. However, the hypothesis that Re/Rh are critical for hippocampal-prefrontal synchrony and SWM has not been tested. We first used a dual-task approach to identify SWM-specific patterns of hippocampal-prefrontal synchrony. We then demonstrated that Re/Rh inactivation concurrently disrupted SWM-specific behavior and the SWM-specific patterns of hippocampal-prefrontal synchrony seen during dual-task performance. These results provide the first direct evidence that Re/Rh contribute to SWM by modulating hippocampal-prefrontal synchrony.
Design for Trustworthiness

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Modules and Components Politics of Reuse Design Principles Design Constraints That Make Systems Trustworthy Conclusions References and Notes ]]>
Preoperative breast MRI: Surgeons' patient selection patterns and potential bias in outcomes analyses

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study is to determine which patient- and tumor-related and clinical variables influence dedicated breast surgeons' and general surgeons' referrals for preoperative breast MRI for patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Surgeons who perform breast surgery responded to a survey from June 16, 2014, through August 11, 2014. Participants self-identified as breast or general surgeons and provided professional practice details. They used Likert scores (range, 1–7 with increasing likelihood to order MRI) to weigh numerous patient- and tumor-related and clinical variables. Mean likelihood scores were calculated and compared using a linear mixed model. A p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS. Two hundred eighty-nine surveys from 154 (53%) breast surgeons and 135 (47%) general surgeons showed an overall likelihood to refer for patients with a BRCA mutation (mean Likert score, 6.17), familial (mean Likert score, 5.33) or personal (mean Li...
Safety and efficacy of the addition of bevacizumab to temozolomide and radiation therapy followed by bevacizumab, temozolomide, and irinotecan for newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme.

2094^ Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) has a very poor prognosis, and the majority of patients die within 2 years of diagnosis. GBMs have high concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VE...