cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adoption of SSO-ASTRO Margin Guidelines for Ductal Carcinoma in Situ: What Is the Impact on Use of Additional Surgery?

Historically, more than one-third of patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) treated with breast-conserving surgery (BCS) underwent additional surgery. The SSO-ASTRO guidelines advise 2 mm margins for patients with DCIS having BCS and whole-breast radiation (WBRT). Here we examine guideline impact on additional surgery and factors associated with re-excision. Patients treated with BCS for pure DCIS from August 2015 to January 2018 were identified. Guidelines were adopted on September 1, 2016, and all patients had separately submitted cavity-shave margins. Clinicopathologic characteristics, margin status, and rates of additional surgery were examined. Among 650 patients with DCIS who attempted BCS, 50 (8%) converted to mastectomy. Of 600 who had BCS as final surgery, 336 (56%) received WBRT and comprised our study group. One hundred twenty-eight (38%) were treated pre-guideline and 208 (62%) were treated post-guideline. Characteristics and margin status were similar between groups. The re-excision rate was 38% pre-guideline adoption and 29% post-guideline adoption (p = 0.09), with 91% having only one re-excision. Re-excision for ≥ 2 mm margins was uncommon (6% pre-guideline vs. 5% post-guideline). On multivariate analysis, younger age (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.94–0.99, p = 0.02) and larger DCIS size (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.2–1.8, p < 0.001) were predictive of re-excision; guideline era was not. Younger age (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.9–0.97, p < 0.001) and larger size (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.3–2.1, p < 0.001) were predictive of conversion to mastectomy, but residual tumor burden was low. The SSO-ASTRO guidelines did not significantly change re-excision rates for DCIS in our practice, likely since re-excision for margins ≥ 2 mm was uncommon even prior to guideline adoption, dissimilar to historically observed variations in surgeon practices. Younger age and larger DCIS size were associated with additional surgery.
Memories of Visual Events Can Be Formed Without Specific Spatial Coordinates.

To what extent does specific spatiotopic location accompany the remembered representation of a visual event? Feature integration theory suggests that identifying a multi-feature object requires focusing on its spatial location to integrate those features. Moreover, single unit data from anterior ventral stream neurons that fire preferentially to complex objects indicates that they have retinotopic receptive fields. It can, therefore, be predicted that location information of features of a complex stimulus is inherent in the memory of a perceived visual stimulus’ representation. To evaluate this prediction, we presented participants with a brief array of characters with instructions to identify and locate the solitary letter among a set of digits. Surprisingly, analysis of trials in which the target identity was accurately reported indicated that in more than 15% of trials (i.e., in Experiments 2b & 2c) participants were almost completely uninformed about the location of the letter that they had just identified. Further analysis showed that there were two main sources of these location errors; misbinding the target to the distractors’ locations and extremely poor spatial representation of the target’s location to an extent that was indistinguishable from guessing. The latter finding indicates that consciously accessible representations of visual events can form despite being untethered to robust and spatially-specific representations, implying that the specific location was either not quite encoded into working memory, or was rapidly forgotten. However, when the target was marked by a single feature (color), there was no evidence of remembering the target identity without remembering its location even with strong masking.
Computational Determination of pKa(C–H) in 3d Transition Metal-Methyl Complexes

A DFT study of 76 complexes comprised of 3d transition metals, Ti through Ni, bonded to at least one methyl group was undertaken to compute the Bronsted acidity of methyl C–H bonds. Example complex...
Broadband, High-Speed, and Extraordinarily Large All-Optical Switching with Yttrium-Doped Cadmium Oxide

We demonstrate significant epsilon-near-zero point shifts (11.3 μm to 5.3 μm), extraordinarily large (135%) optically-induced reflection modulation with picosecond response times, and carrier relaxation time-engineering in cadmium oxide via Yttrium doping.
Flow mediates the relationship between problematic smartphone use and satisfaction with life among college students.

Smartphones, while useful, can also function as a source of distraction from daily life and may reduce life satisfaction by inhibiting concentration and interrupting attention to ongoing tasks, tho...
Mitochondria and oxygen homeostasis.

Molecular oxygen possesses a dual nature due to its highly reactive free radical property: it is capable of oxidizing metabolic substrates to generate cellular energy, but can also serve as a substrate for genotoxic reactive oxygen species generation. As a labile substance upon which aerobic life depends, the mechanisms for handling cellular oxygen have been fine-tuned and orchestrated in evolution. Protection from atmospheric oxygen toxicity as originally posited by the Endosymbiotic Theory of the Mitochondrion is likely to be one basic principle underlying oxygen homeostasis. We briefly review the literature on oxygen homeostasis both in vitro and in vivo with a focus on the role of the mitochondrion where the majority of cellular oxygen is consumed. The insights gleaned from these basic mechanisms are likely to be important for understanding disease pathogenesis and developing strategies for maintaining health.
Breast Reconstruction during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review.

Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic posed unique challenges for breast reconstruction. Many professional organizations initially placed restrictions on breast reconstruction, leading surgeons to conceive innovative protocols for offering breast reconstruction. This study reviewed the current evidence on breast reconstruction during the COVID-19 pandemic to provide guidance for surgeons facing future crises. Methods The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched for studies (1) describing implant and autologous breast reconstruction following mastectomy and (2) occurring during or pertaining to the COVID-19 pandemic. Results Of the 1347 studies identified, 26 were included. Studies discussed type of reconstruction (18, 69%), complications (11, 42%), timing of reconstruction (10, 38%), protocols (10, 38%), COVID-19 screening (7, 27%), and length of hospital stay (7, 27%). The type of reconstruction varied depending on the stage of the pandemic: early on, autologous breast reconstruction was halted to preserve resources, but was later resumed. Within implant-based reconstruction, direct-to-implant was favored over serial tissue expansion. Several protocols were developed, with many emphasizing multidisciplinary collaborations for patient selection, use of specialized measures to reduce risk of COVID-19 transmission, and optimization of same-day discharge. Complication rates following breast reconstruction were similar to pre-pandemic rates. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic has forever changed the landscape of breast reconstruction by raising important questions about delivery of care, cost, and resource utilization. The findings of this review may inform surgeons as they plan for similar future crises or strive for improved patient care and efficacy even during nonpandemic times.
Assessing Human-Automation Role Challenges for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) Operations

New aircraft types ranging from semi-autonomous to fully autonomous aircraft are envisioned for passenger and cargo transport operations. They present innumerable integration challenges, foremost among them pertaining to human automation roles and interactions. Both the FAA Urban Air Mobility (UAM) Concept of Operations (CONOPS) and NASA UAM CONOPS present incremental paths to fully integrated operations that assume initial operations are conducted using highly autonomous aircraft with a pilot on board using existing rules, regulations, systems, and infrastructure. In this paper we present an analysis framework to analyze the varying levels of automation as well as the human automation roles and interactions to achieve an adaptable, repeatable, and reusable process for approvals and oversight. Designing displays, systems and tools considering current and future needs will be not only beneficial but essential for integrated operations.
Video compression via constructs

Current video compression standards compress video sequences at NTSC quality with factors in the range of 10-100, like in MPEG-1 and MPEC-2. To operate beyond this range, that is, MPEG-4, radically new techniques are needed. We discuss one such technique called generative video (GV). Video compression is realized in GV in two steps. First, the video sequence is reduced to constructs. Constructs are world images, corresponding to augmented images containing the non-redundant information on the sequence, and window, figure, motion, and signal processing operators, representing video sequence properties. Second, the world images are spatially compressed. The video sequence is reconstructed by applying the various operators to the decompressed world images. We apply GV to a 10 sec video sequence of a real 3-D scene and obtain compression ratios of about 2260 and 4520 for two experiments done with different quantization codebooks. The reconstructed video sequence exhibits very good perceptual quality.
Effect of Chromium on Larval Chironomidae as Determined by the Optical-Fiber Light-Interruption Biomonitoring System

An optical-fiber light-interruption biomonitoring system for examining the activity of aquatic invertebrates has been developed to test potential toxicity of chromium and other compounds on tubicolous larval Diptera (Chironomidae). Chromium has been identified as a heavy metal of environmental concern, but little is known of its effect on aquatic biota at chronic or sublethal levels. When movement patterns of midge larvae, Chironomus tentans, are monitored by the system, three distinct phases are revealed: respiratory undulations, crawling-type movements, and rest or immobility. It has been shown in other studies that the rates and duration of movements are controlled by dissolved oxygen (DO) levels and temperature. Chromium alters the duration but not the rates of the three movement phases. At 0.01 ppm chromium, larval movement patterns were not altered. At 0.1 and 1.0 ppm, the duration of the respiratory phase was suppressed. Levels from 10.0 to 1000.0 ppm progressively increased the duration of this phase. The 48-h EC/sub 50/ for fourth instar larvae was calculated to be 61.0 ppm chromium, which shows that the change in respiratory movements does indicate potential lethality of the solutions. Thus, the biomonitoring system's sensitivity is apparent in detecting low-level effects of a heavy metal on thismore » aquatic invertebrate.« less
Cattell, Raymond Bernard (1905–98)

This article is reproduced from the previous edition, volume 3, pp. 1545–1550, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Effect of thermal aging on cohesive zone models to study copper leadframe/mold compound interfacial delamination

Most microelectronic packages consist of multilayered structures made of dissimilar materials. Therefore, interfacial delamination is a common failure mechanism due to the mismatch in the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) between dissimilar materials. Epoxy mold compound (EMC) atop a copper leadframe is commonly used in microelectronic packages. Environmental factors such as high temperature storage and/or moisture conditioning will have a significant effect on the interfacial fracture toughness in such structures. The effect of thermal aging on the interfacial adhesion of an EMC to copper leadframe is investigated in this paper. Cohesive-zone models, which incorporate thermal aging effects, have been characterized to be able to study interfacial delamination propagation.
Multimetallic Catalysts – Homogeneous

A review of some of the best examples of two or more metal centers cooperating in a variety of homogeneous catalytic reactions is presented. Catalytic reactions covered include hydroformylation, cyclopropanation and diazoalkane cyclization, hydrogenation, oxidations, asymmetric epoxide ring openings, asymmetric aldol, thietane ring-opening cyclizations, and tandem catalysis. Many enzymes have long been recognized to make use of two or more metal centers in activating substrates for further reaction. A few representative enzymatic systems are presented as part of the introductory material. A number of examples of multimetallic fragmentations to reactive monometallic catalyst species, a serious ongoing problem, are also presented and discussed. Keywords: bimetallic cooperativity; multimetallic cooperativity; hydroformylation; epoxidation; cyclopropanation; hydrogenation; oxidation; asymmetric aldol; tandem catalysis
A light and electron microscopic study of the embryonic chick otocyst: The effects of trypsin and Ca- and Mg- free salt solution

Abstract A light and electron microscopic examination of the embryonic chick otocyst compared with the otocyst treated with trypsin and Ca- and Mg-free Hanks' solution (HBSS), care being taken not to disrupt or dissociate, has been done. This study was restricted to the “pseudostratified” epithelium in the medioventral portion of the otocyst which develops into the sensory epithelia of the inner ear. It was shown that the pseudostratified epithelium contained groups of epithelial cells with mature intercellular connections composed of an apical junction and an intermediate junction frequently associated with one or more fully formed desmosomes. The cohesive property of the apical junction was demonstrated in the trypsin-treated otocyst; apical junctions remained adherent while desmosomes were altered and the intercellular space of some of the intermediate junctions was increased. The groups of cells contained cells with a cilium and cells undergoing mitosis. The evidence obtained in this study strongly suggested that these groups of cells were undergoing cytodifferentiation and acted as “foci” of cells with the structural competence to respond to stimuli and to participate significantly in the mechanisms involved in the movement, localization and cytodifferentiation of presumptive sensory epithelia of the inner ear.
A novel method for analyzing transient response data obtained in isotopic tracer studies of CO hydrogenation

Abstract A method is described for analyzing transient response data obtained in isotopic tracer studies of CO hydrogenation. Methane is assumed to be produced by the independent hydrogenation of various pools of carbon present on the catalyst surface, but no assumptions are made about the number of such pools nor the homogeneity of their reactivity. Application of the method to data for Ru and Ni catalysts reveals bimodal spectra of first-order rate coefficients. The peaks in these spectra are assigned to specific forms of adsorbed carbon. It is also shown that the ability to resolve different carbon forms and the heterogeneity in the reactivity of these forms is closely linked to the noise in the experimentally observed transients.
Market's Response to Geographic Segment Disclosure: Evidence from Corporate International Diversification

Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 131 issued in 1997, regulates the reporting of geographic segment information by U.S. firms SFAS. 131: Reporting Disaggregated Information about a Business Enterprise and Related Information supersedes previous segment-reporting rules of SFAS No.14 (FASB 1976). SFAS No. 131 requires firms to disclose segment data in their annual reports for each material category of foreign involvement. Through these provisions SFAS 131 increased the scope for geographic segment information. We examine the value relevance of SFAS 131 by testing investors' responses to asset components disclosed under SFAS 131 and the explanatory power of foreign and U.S. assets. First, we find, as predicted that both foreign and domestic assets of U.S. multinationals are significantly positively correlated with changes in market value of common equity, even after we control for other identified determinants of share price. Second, we find that foreign assets, equity book value and U.S. assets explanatory power vary predictably across different specifications. The observed changes in share price sensitivity are consistent with SFAS No. 131 disclosures providing useful information to investors. Overall, our results suggest investors' greater recognition and processing of asset components after the change in geographic segment reporting.
Division of labor among gonadotropes

This chapter has presented a somewhat complex view of the gonadotrope population, indicating that it consists of independent subsets. There may be regulatory cells that influence development and other ancillary processes needed for normal reproduction. For example, normal differentiation of PRL cells requires a functioning population of gonadotropes (Kendall et al., 1991). In addition, gonadotropes appear to be autoregulatory; subsets may produce inhibin or activin (in rats) and follistatin. Production of GnRH itself may serve as another regulatory tool. The gonadotrope population appears to be quite dynamic and convertible in the female rat. Cytological and cytochemical changes with the stage of the cycle are obvious. Increases in the numbers of immunoreactive gonadotropes parallel increases in GnRH target cells and culminate in peak expression of LH and FSH beta subunit mRNAs. The immunoreactive gonadotropes are greatly reduced after the surge activity, as though the cells had disappeared from the population. However, gonadotropes can still be detected by their content of gonadotropin mRNAs. This finding has led to the hypothesis that the gonadotropes recycle themselves. However, do they go through a resting phase? Is there a normal cycle of cell death and turnover? These are basic questions that must be answered in order to understand how the population is organized and renewed. Finally, we have returned to one of our original problems. Whereas it is clear that nonparallel release can be brought about by granules or cells with only one gonadotropin, the exact mechanisms that sort the gonadotropin molecules or turn off bihormonal expression are not known. A combination of autoregulatory events involving follistatin, activin, inhibin, and possibly steroids may play a role in modulating expression by a given subset. Delays in maturation may also prevent secretion of FSH and, hence, effect the delayed rise seen during late proestrus. The nonsecretory FSH cells seen in the studies by Lloyd and Childs (1988a) may be delayed maturers, requiring additional receptor types or changes in the calcium flux pattern to secrete their product. We also have a new question to address. What is the significance of the presence of GH in proestrous gonadotropes? Is GH a regulatory hormone, bound to receptors inside gonadotropes, or do subsets of somatotropes augment the population, producing a cocktail of GH and gonadotropins to aid ovulation? Either hypothesis is intriguing. Co-storage of GH and gonadotropins would be an efficient way of providing the hormones needed by the ovary. However, further work with in situ hybridization is needed to detect GH mRNA in such cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
How do we know

Technology changes in the past two decades have changed computing power and mobility. Processing power has increased information-processing capability. Human interface technology has advanced with graphics evolution. Throughput has increased. Wireless/mobile technology has freed information flow geographically. Simulations enable us to witness phenomena at our own scale (nano to macro translated to real time). The result is more information available for increased amounts of time and with far greater spatial distribution. How do we know if the net increase in information leads to increased knowledge transfer and enhanced learning? There is a growing recognition that an enriched information environment is only part of the solution. We must proactively engage the mind of learners to receive, to process, to analyze, to synthesize, and to eventually generate new knowledge. Many innovations in educational pedagogy have the learner commit to the process of education under various names, including active learning, collaborative learning, or process education. How do we know if our innovations in pedagogy or technology contribute to learning? We will discuss the recent trends and innovations in educational pedagogy and technology environments and examine some aspects of what we know about "how do we know."
Solution of St. Venant's torsion problem by power series

Abstract It is shown how St. Venant's problem of torsion of elastic bars can be formulated so as to fit readily into the procedure for deriving approximate equations of motion of bars by expansion of the displacements in a double series of powers of the transverse coordinates. Applications are exhibited for bars with elliptic, equilateral triangular and rectangular cross-sections.
Loss of NMDA, but not GABA-A, binding in the brains of aged rats and monkeys

In this quantitative neurochemical study we investigated age-related changes in the GABAergic, glutamatergic, and cholinergic neurotransmitter systems in rats and rhesus monkeys. Sixteen young (5 months) and 20 aged (24 months) rats and seven "young" (4-9 years), six "adult" (20-25 years), and five "aged" (29-34 years) monkeys were studied. NMDA-displaceable 1-[3H]glutamate binding was significantly decreased in many neocortical and subcortical regions examined in aged rats and monkeys. The level of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity and [3H]muscimol binding were unchanged in aged animals.
Computational and molecular modeling evaluation of the structural basis for tubulin polymerization inhibition by colchicine site agents

Abstract The computer-automated structure evaluation programs MultiCASE and CASE were used to perform a quantitative structure-activity relationship study on tubulin polymerization inhibitors. A learning set of 536 chemicals (202 active, 27 marginal, and 307 inactive), built using IC50 values for inhibition of tubulin polymerization or mitosis from this and previous studies, was used for artificial intelligence self-teaching. The algorithms successfully predicted the activity of agents in the learning set with > 90% accuracy. Seventeen MultiCASE and twelve CASE (mostly included in the MultiCASE set) biophores (substructures significantly correlated with activity) were identified with a probability > 0.95. Here we present the biophores of podophyllotoxins, colchicinoids, and certain combretastatins, each examined for structure-activity relationships. For the podophyllotoxins and colchicinoids in the learning set, the correlations between observed and predicted potencies were > 0.85. The algorithms recognized the importance of several known site, electronic, and steric effects in the two classes. A predictive QSAR (R2 = 0.98) was developed for combretastatin A-2 and dihydrocombretastatin analogues. The MultiCASE/CASE analyzes were used in combination with molecular models to study relative orientations of colchicine, podophyllotoxin, combretastatin A-4, and steganacin at the colchicine site. This resulted in a new hypothesis, consistent with extensive published experimental data, in which the C-ring and part of the B-ring of colchicine overlap with the A- and B-rings of podophyllotoxin. Consequently, the trimethoxyphenyl rings of colchicine and podophyllotoxin occupied different regions of space, each pointing out from a hydrophobic ‘core’ occupied by the overlapping biophores. The molecular model of the highly potent combretastatin A-4 could fit into the model binding site in at least three different ways. The developed QSARs were used to identify the potent microtubule stabilizer discodermolide. Its identification, in concert with recently reported findings, suggest potential overlap in the colchicine and paclitaxel binding sites on tubulin.
Natural Convection in a Partial Sector-Shaped Enclosure: Experimental Results

An experimental study of the buoyancy-induced motion and heat transfer in a differentially heated partial sector-shaped enclosure is carried out. Radial surfaces of the sector are heated and cooled isothermally while the circumferential surfaces are insulated. Water is used as the working fluid in experiments with sector angles [alpha] = 30, 45, and 90 deg for Rayleigh number in the range 4 x 10[sup 8] [approx lt] Ra [approx lt] 3 x 10[sup 9]. Laser illumination/streak photography is used to visualize the flow. Steady laminar motion is observed, with flow structure qualitatively independent of sector angle except for the case [alpha] = 90 deg. Circulation intensity is found to increase modestly with sector angle. Convection energy transfer across the sector increases rapidly with respect to transport by conduction for increasing [alpha]. Total energy transport across the sector is a nonmonotonic function of sector angle due to the competing mechanisms of conduction and convective transport. The existence of a sector angle [alpha]*, which minimizes the cross-sector heat transfer rate, is discussed. 15 refs., 6 figs., 2 tabs.
Mediation and inequality reconsidered: Bringing the discussion to the table

The growing scholarship on inequality that occurs in mediation raises questions that challenge the underlying assumptions of the field. Reliance on mediator neutrality and the self-determination of parties masks the realities of how mediation can and does produce and reproduce substantive and procedural inequality. Critical interrogation of both the hegemonic paradigm and its practices permits insight into how this operates and points to the importance of learning from other paradigms and developing new strategies for addressing this dilemma.
Dissecting one click frauds

"One Click Fraud" is an online confidence scam that has been plaguing an increasing number of Japanese Internet users, in spite of new laws and the mobilization of police task forces. In this scam, the victim clicks on a link presented to them, only to be informed that they just entered a binding contract and are required to pay a registration fee for a service. Even though no money is legally owed, a large number of users prefer to pay up, because of potential embarrassment due to the type of service "requested" (e.g., pornographic goods).Using public reports of fraudulent websites as a source of data, we analyze over 2,000 reported One Click Frauds incidents. By correlating several attributes (WHOIS data, bank accounts, phone numbers, malware installed...), we discover that a few fraudsters are seemingly responsible for a majority of the scams, and evidence a number of loopholes these miscreants exploit. We further show that, while some of these sites may also be engaging in other illicit activities such as spamming, the connection between different types of scams is not as obvious as we initially expected. Last, we show that the rise in the number of these frauds is fueled by high expected monetary gains in return for very little risk. The quantitative data obtained gives us an interesting window on the economic dynamics of some online criminal syndicates.
Overexpression of the α2,6-Sialyltransferase, ST6Gal I, in a Low Metastatic Variant of a Murine Lymphoblastoid Cell Line Is Associated with Appearance of a Unique ST6Gal I mRNA

Abstract Multiple mRNA isoforms are generated from Siat1, the gene encoding ST6Gal I (β-galactoside α2,6-sialyltransferase, SiaT-1, ST6N, α2,6ST). These isoforms, transcriptionally initiated from a number of physically distinct promoter regions, differ only in the 5′-most untranslated region and share an identical ST6Gal I coding region. W16 cells, a spontaneous mutant from MDAY-D2, the highly metastatic murine lymphoid tumor cell line, is considerably less metastatic and exhibits significantly slower tumor growth characteristics [R. Takano, E. Muchmore, and J. W. Dennis (1994) Glycobiology 4, 665–674]. Takano et al. further reported that ST6Gal I mRNA in W16 is elevated 40-fold compared to the parental cells. Here, by means of 5′-RACE analysis, we demonstrate a heretofore undocumented ST6Gal I mRNA form expressed in W16 cells. This ST6Gal I mRNA contains a novel 5′-most untranslated region with 96% sequence similarity to the retroviral-like transposable element, intracisternal particle A (IAP). This observation suggests the notion that elevated ST6Gal I expression in W16 cells is the result of DNA rearrangement in the Siat1 locus. Atypical transcriptional activation of Siat1 is the result of this IAP transposition.
Nonlinear optical effects in polyacetylene films

Polyacetylene is one of the most studied nonlinear organic materials. Its nearly one- dimensional nature and the conjugate electrons along the carbon-backbone are responsible for its unusual physical, chemical, and optical properties. Polyacetylene has attracted the attention of physicists, chemists, and optical engineers. In particular, the highly nonlinear optical properties of polyacetylene can imply efficient optoelectronic applications.
Smoothing for multipoint boundary value models

Abstract We show how to solve the linear least-squares smoothing problem for multipoint boundary value models. The complementary model is derived and is used to determine the Hamiltonian equations for the smoothed state estimate and its error covariance. Stable algorithms are obtained using an invariant imbedding/multiple shooting procedure.
Varus-producing osteotomy for patients with lateral pillar type B and C Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease followed to skeletal maturity

Abstract Purpose We sought to determine if a varus-producing osteotomy of the proximal femur was related to a better outcome than non-operative treatment for LCP disease. Methods This was a retrospective review of 121 patients; clinical outcome was determined with the Iowa Hip Score, and radiographic outcome was determined with the Stulberg classification. Results A total of 73 patients undergoing a VO and 48 treated non-operatively were included; 70 had lateral pillar type B and 51 type C hips. Average follow-up was 12.03 years. The mean Iowa Hip Score was 86.8 for the VO group and 85.9 for the non-operative group. According to the Stulberg classification for the group undergoing a VO, there were 8 type II, 33 type III, and 32 type III, and for the group undergoing non-operative treatment there were 11 type II, 24 type III, and 13 type IV. Conclusions We found no statistically significant difference in the clinical or radiographic result for patients undergoing a VO compared to non-operative treatment.
Autobiographical Memory as a Predictor of Depression Vulnerability in Girls

Overgeneral autobiographical memory (AM), the tendency to recall categories of events when asked to provide specific instances from one's life, is purported to be a marker of depression vulnerability that develops in childhood. Although early adolescence is a period of risk for depression onset especially among girls, prospective examination of this putative risk factor is lacking. The current study examined the prospective associations between AM recall and depressive symptomatology in an enriched community sample of predominantly African American girls. Girls (n=195) were interviewed about depressive symptoms at ages 11 and 12 years, and AM recall was assessed at age 11. The findings showed that overgeneral retrieval to positive, but not negative, cue words predicted subsequent depressive symptoms after controlling for age 11 symptoms, race, poverty, and Verbal IQ. A moderating effect of race was also shown, whereby overgeneral AM bias predicted depressive symptoms more strongly among European American girls. The findings are discussed in relation to the broader literature on depression affective biases.
Efficiency of protein synthesis after fertilisation of sea urchin eggs.

ELUCIDATION of the mechanisms involved in the cytoplasmic control of protein synthesis is essential for an understanding of the initiation of embryogenesis. On fertilisation, echinoid eggs increase their rate of protein synthesis many-fold, independent of any increase in ribosomal or mRNA synthesis1–4. Within 2 h of fertilisation the number of ribosomes in polyribosomes increases about 25-fold without any change in the size distribution of poly ribosomes5,6. In addition, the polyribosome number doubles again by gastrulation. However, the total rate of protein synthesis increases 113-fold from egg to gastrulation7. The discrepancy between the number of ribosomes recruited into polyribosomes, an increase of ≈50 fold, and the total increase in the rate of protein synthesis, a 113-fold increase, could be explained if there were also an increase in the rate of movement of ribosomes along each message (elongation) and/or an increase in the rate of release of completed peptides (termination). We report here that the translational rate is increased about 2.5-fold after fertilisation in the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. The average transit time (elongation plus termination time for an average-sized peptide) was measured for these eggs and several stages of embryos.
Toward parameterization of the eddy field near the Gulf Stream

Abstract Analysis of measurements from two long-term moored arrays in and near the Gulf Stream suggests a simple parameterization of eddy spatial covariance statistics: a parameterization that can be referred to as “quasi-homogeneous and isotropic”. Taking the normalized covariance function (i.e. the correlation function) for streamfunction to be homogeneous and isotropic and assuming motions to be horizontally nondivergent and hydrostatic permit the velocity and temperature covariances to be derived from the streamfunction covariance. Statistical tests indicate that deviations from these assumptions are indistinguishable from Gaussian random noise. The spatial correlation function used in Gaussian with a decay scale of about 140 km, which is only weakly depth dependent. A simple form is also suggested for the vertical lag dependence. This parameterization permits calculation of derived quantities such as the eddy vorticity flux divergence which is discussed in the context of the mean potential vorticity balances for the depth integrated circulation and for the subthermocline layer. The divergence of the relative vorticity flux is found capable of driving two counter-rotating gyres of strength 30–40 Sv on either side of the Stream, as are observed. The “thickness flux” dominates the lower layer eddy potential vorticity flux and is of the correct sign to make the recirculation more barotropic. The lower layer eddy forcing is weak and the gyres exist in a region of nearly uniform mean potential vorticity.
Substrate specificity of NovM: implications for novobiocin biosynthesis and glycorandomization.

In an effort to expand the scope of natural product in vitro glycorandomization (IVG), the substrate specificity of NovM was investigated. A test of four aglycon analogues and over 40 nucleotide sugars revealed NovM has a surprisingly stringent substrate specificity and provided only three new “unnatural” natural products. On the basis of the determined substrate specificity, an alternative to the sugar nucleotide biosynthetic dogma and a cautionary note for the general applicability of IVG are introduced.
A flexible approach to reassembling thin artifacts of unknown geometry

Abstract We present a novel 3D reassembly method for fragmented, thin objects with unknown geometry. Unlike past methods, we do not make any restrictive assumptions about the overall shape of the object, or its painted texture. Our key observation is that regardless of the object's shape, matching fragments will have similar geometry and photometry along and across their adjoining regions. We begin by encoding the scale variability of each fragment's boundary contour in a multichannel, 2D image representation. Using this multichannel boundary contour representation, we identify matching sub-contours via 2D partial image registration. We then align the fragments by minimizing the distance between their adjoining regions while simultaneously ensuring geometric continuity across them. The configuration of the fragments as they are incrementally matched and aligned form a graph structure that we use to improve subsequent matches. By detecting cycles in this graph, we identify subsets of fragments with interdependent alignments. We then minimize the error within the subsets to achieve a globally optimal alignment. We leverage user feedback to cull the otherwise exponential search space; after each new match is found and aligned, it is presented to a user for confirmation or rejection. Using ceramic pottery as the driving example, we demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of our method on six real-world datasets.
The exchange of U4 + and Th4 + between molten LiF-BeF2-ThF4-UF4 and (U-Th)O2 solid solutions☆

Abstract The exchange of uranium and thorium between LiF-BeF2-ThF4 melts and (U-Th)O2 solid solutions is relevant to the oxide chemistry of Molten Salt Breeder Reactor fuel, to the thermodynamics of UO2-ThO2 solid solutions, and to a two-phase “solvent extraction system” in reprocessing reactor fuels. Exchange equilibrium at 580–780 °C usually was obtained after 40–120 h of vigorous stirring of the two phases. The equilibrium quotient of mole fractions, Q = (X UO 2 X ThF 4 ) (X UF 4 X ThO 2 ) , was determined at various compositions of the oxide phase and of the fluoride phase and at different temperatures. The results obtained for 72-16-12 mol % LiF-BeF2-ThF4 were fitted by least squares to an equation containing only two parameters: log10 Q = (2101 + 550 X UO 2 ) T. Other results indicated that Q did not vary over a fairly wide range of composition of the fluoride phase. The expression for Q gives for the oxide solid solution log10 γ UO 2 = (275 T) X 2 ThO 2 and log10 γ ThO 2 = (275 T) X 2 UO 2 , and for the heat of mixing (ΔHm)0.5 = 315 cal/ mol.
Collapsed haplotype pattern method for linkage analysis of next-generation sequence data

Recent advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) make it possible to directly sequence genomes and exomes of individuals with Mendelian diseases and screen sequence data for causal variants. With the reduction in cost of NGS, DNA samples from entire families can be sequenced and linkage analysis can be performed directly using NGS data. Inspired by 'burden' tests, which are used for complex trait rare variant association studies, we developed the collapsed haplotype pattern (CHP) method for linkage analysis. Using data from several deafness genes we demonstrate that the CHP method is substantially more powerful than analyzing individual variants. Unlike applying NGS data filtering approaches, the CHP method provides statistical evidence of a gene's involvement in disease etiology and is also less likely to exclude causal variants in the presence of phenocopies and/or reduced penetrance. The CHP method was implemented in the SEQLinkage software package, which can perform linkage analysis on NGS data or can generate data compatible with many linkage analysis programs, reviving them for use in NGS era.
Reward processing in neurodegenerative disease

Representation of reward value involves a distributed network including cortical and subcortical structures. Because neurodegenerative illnesses target specific anatomic networks that partially overlap with the reward circuit, they would be predicted to have distinct impairments in reward processing. This review presents the existing evidence of reward processing changes in neurodegenerative diseases including mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease, as well as in healthy aging. Carefully distinguishing the different aspects of reward processing (primary rewards, secondary rewards, reward-based learning, and reward-based decision-making) and using tasks that differentiate the stages of processing reward will lead to improved understanding of this fundamental process and clarify a contributing cause of behavioral change in these illnesses.
Summary of the Affordable Care Act

The voluminous bill known as the PPACA of 2010 enabled substantial changes to our health care delivery system, some of which remain to be enacted for several years to come. While the overarching goal is to align incentives and improve quality and access, implementing PPACA initiatives in a highly complex environment is fraught with economic and political implications. The purpose of this and future AJNR Health Care Vignettes is to provide relevant updated information as it becomes available.
The impact of race and gender in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer

METHODS: 195 consecutive patients underwent planned radical cystectomy and urinary diversion with curative intent (2001present). Of this cohort, the impact and differences based on gender (male, female) and race (Caucasian(CA), African-American(AA), and other(OTH)) with regard to age and operative pathology were analyzed. Organ-confined status(OC), lymph-node positivity/ metastatic disease(LN-M), unresectability, and pathological upstaging were measured.
Interaction of divalent metal cations with ferrierite: insights from density functional theory

Abstract The extraframework locations of many metal cations in pentasil zeolites, such as ferrierite, are not known, but new infrared bands in the 800–1000 cm −1 region are experimentally observed upon exchange. To investigate the origin of these bands and to better understand cation siting, density functional theory calculations were performed on ferrierite cluster models for seven divalent metals: magnesium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, and zinc. The calculated properties, such as the metal–zeolite binding energy, follow a U-shaped trend with respect to the number of metal d electrons. The calculated infrared bands are consistent with the occupation of the B and G ferrierite sites by the metal cations. However, a definitive assignment of the published experimental infrared bands to particular extraframework sites was not possible. Despite this limitation, all seven metals were shown to perturb the ferrierite framework similarly. All of the cations coordinate to four framework oxygen atoms and the framework T–O bonds associated with these oxygen atoms are elongated by the metal. This elongation is shown to be proportional to the wavenumber of the infrared bands.
PIV Investigation of a High Speed Centrifugal Compressor Diffuser: Spanwise and Loading Variations

An efficient diffuser is essential to a modern compressor stage, due to its significance in stage performance, durability and operability. To address the need for data that describe the complex, unsteady flow field in a vaned diffuser, Particle Image Velocity is utilized to characterize the spanwise and circumferential variations of the flow features in the vaned diffuser passage of a transonic centrifugal compressor. The spanwise variation in the diffuser flow field is further investigated by comparison of 3 different operating conditions representative of low, nominal and high loading. These data demonstrate that not only the diffuser flow field is highly dependent on the operation conditions, e.g. hub-to-shroud variation increases with loading, but also the circumferential periodicity, created by the highly three dimensional impeller discharge flow, generates a larger unsteadiness towards the hub region of the vaned diffuser.© 2008 ASME
Glial cells in ALS: the missing link?

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) was initially known as Charcot's sclerosis, named after the French neurobiologist and physician Jean-Martin Charcot who first described this type of muscular atrophy in the early nineteenth century. In the United States, ALS became widely known as Lou Gehrig's disease after the famous baseball player who succumbed to the disease in the late 1930s. Currently, ALS is the most common motor neuron disease, with a worldwide incidence of 8 cases per 100,000 population per year. Familial forms constitute approximately 5% to 10% of all cases. Onset increases with age, with a peak in the seventh decade and a slight preponderance (relative risk, 1.3–1.5) among men compared with women. Rapid progression of motor neuron loss leads to death an average of 3 to 5 years after symptom onset. The cause of ALS remains unknown and there is still no curative therapy.
Covalent binding and inhibition of cytochrome P4502E1 by trichloroethylene

1. To investigate the effects of trichloroethylene on cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1), an isozyme responsible for its metabolic activation, mice were treated with trichloroethylene and Western blot staining with both anti-dichloroacetyl and anti-CYP2E1 antisera detected acomigrating 50 kDaprotein band. There was adose-dependent increase in the intensity of the 50 kDa protein adduct stained immunochemically with antidichloroacetyl. 2. CYP2E1 enzyme activity was decreased from control levels in a dose-dependent manner in mice treated with 250-500 mg kg TRI. 3. Microsomal incubations with trichloroethylene resulted in covalent binding to several proteins including a 50 kDa adduct, which is in contrast with the selective binding to the 50 kDa protein observed in vivo. 4. CYP2E1 enzyme activity levels were significantly decreased following microsomal incubation with NADPH and trichloroethylene, and additionally there was a time- and NADPH- dependent decrease in enzyme activity indicating that trichloroethylene is ...
Unsupervised Spatial Event Detection in Targeted Domains with Applications to Civil Unrest Modeling

Twitter has become a popular data source as a surrogate for monitoring and detecting events. Targeted domains such as crime, election, and social unrest require the creation of algorithms capable of detecting events pertinent to these domains. Due to the unstructured language, short-length messages, dynamics, and heterogeneity typical of Twitter data streams, it is technically difficult and labor-intensive to develop and maintain supervised learning systems. We present a novel unsupervised approach for detecting spatial events in targeted domains and illustrate this approach using one specific domain, viz. civil unrest modeling. Given a targeted domain, we propose a dynamic query expansion algorithm to iteratively expand domain-related terms, and generate a tweet homogeneous graph. An anomaly identification method is utilized to detect spatial events over this graph by jointly maximizing local modularity and spatial scan statistics. Extensive experiments conducted in 10 Latin American countries demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Economic Considerations in Designing Emergency Management Institutions and Policies for Transboundary Disasters

An increasing number of disasters are generating consequences that extend beyond political boundaries. This article provides an economic framework for designing transboundary emergency management institutions and policies to address these transboundary crises. It emphasizes the importance of economic considerations in two ways. First, we disaggregate economic losses into direct and indirect components, which vary in terms of their transboundary potential. Second, we apply economic principles such as scale economies, externalities and public goods in analysing European cooperation in emergency management. The article concludes by identifying the type of consequences that might best be addressed by a wider geographic and political authority.