cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Queue management for short-lived TCP flows in backbone routers

Packets in the Internet can experience large queueing delays during busy periods. Backbone routers are generally engineered to have large buffers, in which packets may wait as long as half a second (assuming FIFO service, longer otherwise). During congestion periods, these buffers may stay close to full, subjecting packets to long delays, even when the intrinsic latency of the path is relatively small. This paper studies the performance improvements that can be obtained for short-lived TCP flows by using more sophisticated packet schedulers, than are typical of Internet routers. The results show that the large buffers found in WAN routers contribute only marginally to improving router throughput, and the higher delays that come with large buffers makes them a dubious investment. The results also show that better packet scheduling algorithms can produce dramatic improvements in fairness. Using ns-2 simulations, we show that algorithms using multiple queues can significantly outperform RED and Blue, especially at smaller buffer sizes. Given a traffic mix of short-lived TCP flows with different round-trip times, longer round-trip time flows achieve 80% of their fair-share using multiqueue schedulers, compared to 40% under RED and Blue. We observe a similar performance improvement for multi-hop paths. We also show that performance results can be reliably scaled across a wide range of parameter values, so long as the ratio of the buffer size to the link bandwidth-delay product is held invariant.
From Ferraro to Palin: Sexism in Media Coverage of Female Vice Presidential Candidates

Print media coverage of vice presidential candidates is examined from 1984 through 2008 to determine whether gender differences exist in the amount, type, tone, and content of coverage. We find persistent gender differences in mention of dress/appearance, mention of candidate family, gendered policy coverage, and negative tone that disadvantage female candidates. Additionally, female candidates are four times more likely to receive sexist media coverage, and the intensity and volume of sexist coverage increased dramatically from Ferraro’s run in 1984 to Palin’s run in 2008. We also compared Palin’s coverage in Old Media (print) and New Media (blogs) and found that sexist coverage and negative coverage are more pronounced in this new medium. This does not bode well for female candidates considering that New Media is eclipsing Old Media in readership.
Early invasive and in situ warty carcinoma of the valva: Clinical, histologic, and electron microscopic study with particular reference to viral association

Abstract Cases of carcinoma of the vulva with a warty appearance were reviewed. Altogether, 27 cases of warty carcinoma of the vulva were treated at the University of Minnesota Hospitals between 1976 and 1980, which accounted for 22.4% of all vulvar epithelial malignancies. As compared to the previous experience between 1951 and 1970, this relative frequency increased fourfold. Clinical history indicated that warty carcinoma of the vulva was not necessarily preceded by long lead periods of in situ lesions. The lesions seamed to occur in all ages after adolescence, were multifocal in one third of the cases, were frequently locally recurring, and were relatively benign despite their often large size. Many of them were originally diagnosed as condyloma acuminatum. Virus-like particles were seen in eight of the 12 cases (67%) examined with transmission electron microscopy, which included six cases of invasive lesions. These observations suggest that human papillomavirus (HPV) may be the important etiologio agent of this group of tumors. Warty carcinoma of the vulva must be clearly separated from conventional invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva, as its clinical behavior and a possible etiology appear unique.
Factors influencing mortality among young women with second primary breast carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Tumor characteristics are strong predictors of survival among women with breast carcinoma, yet the variability in prognosis among women presenting with similar stages suggests other factors may also play an important role. We examine the prognostic significance of etiologic risk factors for breast carcinoma to determine whether factors that influence the development of breast carcinoma also affect the course of the disease among a prospective cohort of young women with bilateral breast carcinoma. METHODS The 369 U.S. women included in this study were from the Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study who were diagnosed with an invasive first primary breast carcinoma between 1980 and 1982 and a second primary breast carcinoma before 1999. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate factors known and suspected to be associated with breast carcinoma and with survival, based on reporting at the time of the first primary. RESULTS One hundred sixty women died during the 16–18-year follow-up period. The adjusted 1, 5, 10, and 15-year survival rates following diagnosis of second primary breast carcinoma were 94%, 70%, 55%, and 49%, respectively. Survival rates werepoorest among the youngest women, those diagnosed with a second primary within 5 years of their first, poor African American women, women with either primary diagnosed at a later stage, those with less than 12 years of school, single women, and those with major weight gain between age 18 and adulthood. CONCLUSIONS This study provided little evidence that important etiologic factors for breast carcinoma predict mortality following diagnosis of a second primary breast carcinoma. Cancer 2002;95:2051–8. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10950
Effect of serum from depressed and manic patients on maze behavior of rats.

Serum von depressiven und manischen Patienten und von normalen Kontrollen wurde in die Venen von Ratten injiziert und deren Labyrinthlaufen beobachtet. Bedeutende Unterschiede bei Laufzeit und Fehlern wurden nicht festgestellt.
Monolithic dried gels

Monolithic dried silica gels were formed by treating a mixture of tetraethyl orthosilicate, ethanol and water with small additions of HCl, increasing the solution density by a vacuum distillation process, casting samples at densities between 0.9 and 1.3 g/cm3 and drying these samples slowly for one month in the laboratory. Samples which remained monolithic had 0.040 mol of 1 N HCl for a liter of solution and had been cast at a density of about 1.0 g/cm3. They showed about 25% weight loss, were about 65 mm in diameter and had a density of about 1.60 g/cm3 when dried. These samples were optically transparent, amorphous and undistorted. Firing to 900°C produced another 25% weight loss, which was attributed to the elimination of hydroxyls. A suggested structural unit for dried gels is adjacent chains of silicates with hydroxyls that are linked by bridging oxygens at every sixth silicon.
Interposition of a jejunal segment between esophagus and pylorus for treatment of multirecurrent gastroesophageal reflux.

Abstract Here the authors report the clinical experience with placement of an isolated jejunal segment between the esophagus and pylorus for treatment of multirecurrent gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in a child. A 6-year-old neurologically normal girl experienced severe symptomatic GER after 3 previous well-constructed Nissen fundoplications that failed over a 4-year period. The gastric cardia was closed, and a 16-cm isolated segment of proximal jejunum was placed in an isoperistaltic direction between the distal esophagus and an incision through the pylorus, extending onto both the antrum and duodenum. A gastrostomy was used for 3 months. The patient recovered from the operation without complications and has been completely relieved of reflux symptoms during the 15 months postoperation. She has gained over 6.5 kg in weight and 3.2 cm in height during this period and has not experienced difficulty swallowing solid foods. Esophagogastric dissociation with placement of an isolated jejunal segment between the esophagus and pylorus may have a useful role in the surgical management of multirecurrent symptomatic GER as a “rescue procedure” with low risk compared with other options.
The present and future of graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy

Abstract Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) technology has been greatly improved since the late 1970s and the new technology is now being used widely. The chief characteristic of the new technology is its remarkable freedom from interference while retaining the high sensitivity of graphite furnace AAS. Thus, an important goal of continuing furnace research is to identify interferences that persist and, by understanding the causes of residual interference, make further improvements to the system. Several background correction systems have been used. Furnace AAS remains a slow analytical technique, typically about 2 min per analyte and sample. One way to speed throughput is to use simultaneous multielement analysis although this is not easily compatible with the modern furnace. Inherently, the photometric range of furnace AAS has been more limited than, say, inductively coupled plasma but there are now ways to improve the range of furnace measurements. Alternatively, furnace emission provides a potential multielement opportunity, especially if the emission signal is enhanced with an electric discharge. The reduction in matrix interferences increases the opportunity of analyzing solid samples in the furnace. Solid samples may be handled by using well stirred aqueous slurries of finely ground materials. Flow injection analysis, already widely used with flame AAS, provides real potentiality. Perhaps the furnace AAS may become an 'absolute' technique. This will require some changes in the design of the spectrometer and electronic signal handling.
Storage of pelleted wheat middlings in farm bins

Abstract The objective of this study was to describe the storage-related characteristics of pelleted wheat middlings (WM) and to test strategies for maintaining the desirable bulk flow characteristics of the pellets during storage in farm bins during warm, humid weather. Cattle producers located close to flour mills purchase pelleted WM in the summer when prices are low and store them into the winter when they are needed. Four Kansas flour mills were surveyed on four sampling dates to characterize samples of pelleted WM relative to storage-related factors, e.g. moisture content, bulk density, bulk flow characteristics, and mycological conditions. Physical simulations were done in environmental chambers to determine the cause of aggregation (loss of bulk flow characteristics) and develop techniques for controlling aggregation and mold growth. Findings were verified at a larger scale in farm bins. Pelleted WM had twice the bulk density and a greatly reduced count of storage molds compared to unpelleted WM. Mold counts remained low for at least 6 weeks after pelleting, even with storage at 30°C. The moisture contents of WM pellets ranged from 128 to 149 g/kg with a mean of 140±5 g/kg in March, April, and May, but the mean moisture content was reduced to about 132 g/kg by June. Pelleted WM aggregated when stored at high moisture and temperature even if the level of mold infection was low. Mold growth that caused heating and aggregation was observed at higher temperatures when pellets remained moist, but the species of molds predominating were not those associated with the production of aflatoxin. Drying and cooling the pellets by means of near-continuous summer aeration prevented mold growth to a large extent and minimized the effects of aggregation. Spout lines, areas where fine material accumulated directly beneath the fill spout, were associated with mold growth, heating, and impedance of airflow.
Deformation and adhesive contact of elastomeric membranes

We have developed a highly sensitive inflation technique for probing adhesive interactions between soft materials. In this method, an elastomeric membrane is placed across a cylindrical glass tube and is pressurized into contact with a substrate. The adhesive interaction between the membrane and the substrate is obtained from the angle of contact, which is determined indirectly from the measured contact radius and applied pressure. An analysis of the membrane profile based on the numerical solution of the axisymmetric Laplace equation is developed. In a nonadhesive situation, where the membrane contact angle is known to be zero, the analysis is used to obtain the relationship between the membrane deformation and the biaxial membrane strain. Linearization of the governing equations is used to develop an analytic solution for the contact angle and energy release rate, making a connection to existing, more restrictive analyses of this problem. Results from three different types of membranes are presented as illustrative applications of the method. The substrate in these experiments is the gold electrode surface of a quartz crystal resonator, and the effect of membrane contact on the crystal resonance is summarized briefly. Adhesive interactions between the membranes are minimized in most cases by adding a grafted polyethylene glycol brush to one or both of the contacting surfaces. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 3361–3374, 2007
GESLIC: genetic and evolutionary-based short-length iris codes

The discriminative potential of the human iris has been the center of much attention in the past decade. Feature selection has proven to be an effective means of increasing performance of current iris recognition systems. This paper introduces a novel method of reducing the size of iris codes by the use of genetic & evolutionary computing to eliminate bits corresponding to entire rings of the iris.
Band structure of InN

Abstract The energy band structure of wurtzite-structure semiconductive InN is predicted using empirical nearest-neighbor tight-binding theory. The tight-binding parameters are extrapolated from those of zincblende InP, InAs, and InSb by using empirical rules for the dependences of the parameters on bond length and on row of the Periodic Table. The predicted band gap is direct and agrees well with the data for this potential orange light-emitter. It is suggested that zincblende InN, if it can be grown, also will have a band-gap near 2 eV.
Scalable ion trap quantum computation in decoherence-free subspaces with pairwise interactions only

We show that universal ion trap computation can be performed on decoherence-free subspaces (DFS's) using only two-qubit operations. One logical qubit is minimally encoded into three physical qubits. The encoded qubit is in a DFS under collective decoherence. Encoded single- and two-qubit logical operations are implemented via the S\o{}rensen-M\o{}lmer interaction. We show that alternation of the effective Hamiltonians for two particular phase configurations of control fields approximates an anisotropic exchange interaction that has recently been shown to be universal on these encodings. Physically realistic rapid alternation of the control fields also approximates evolution in a DFS. Our scheme is scalable in a recently proposed array-based architecture.
Mutiny on the Boundless: A Review of “Leap into the Boundless …”

According to the author, "The purpose of this paper is to consider whether any single philosophy of teaching can provide teachers with the freedom necessary to meet the needs of the diverse range of students they face in classrooms and move those students toward flexibility, creativity, and freedom." Although the paper goes on to argue against the "monistic" problem of adopting a single approach to teaching, the paper begins with the monistic claim, "The ultimate goal of education is to help students develop the motivation as well as the conceptual, strategic, and metacognitive knowledge base that will enable them to pursue the goals that they set for themselves, effectively address the various challenges they will face in their lives, and in general realize true freedom." Using the writings of Chuang Tzu, the author proceeds to metaphorically illustrate and discuss three central factors that he considers to be limitations to true understanding and impediments to complete freedom: conceptualization, attachment, and language. The author then considers how these factors apply to two educational philosophies: whole language and eclecticism. In laying out his argument, the author develops what Walter Weimer (1979) has termed the tu quoque argument against science (i.e., that any method used to empirically verify observations in science must be able to verify itself). For instance, the author cites Chuang Tzu who (as interpreted by the author) suggests that all conceptualizations are inadequate, for even Chuang Tzu himself "must draw on conceptualizations that inadequately represent reality," but this observation in itself does not prevent the author from continuing to create his own categories in this essay. The author also argues, based on Chuang Tzu, that all conceptualization is evaluative (i.e., "things begin to be seen as 'good' and 'bad,' or 'constructive' and 'unconstructive' based on the way they are conceptualized in the knowledge structure"). The author further claims that "we simply cannot capture dynamic qualities through static conceptualizations." After laying out the tu quoque argument, the author turns his attention to conceptualization and philosophies of teaching. Here the author applies the tu quoque argument to the "philosophy of teaching" as a form of conceptualization. Hence, the limitations of any conceptualization in general are argued as applying to teaching philosophy in particular. At this point, the author reintroduces his own monistic philosophy for a second time:
CHARACTERIZATION AND BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF SCYTONEMIN, A CYANOBACTERIAL SHEATH PIGMENT

Scytonemin, the yellow-brown pigment of cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) extracellular sheaths, was found in species thriving in habitats exposed to intense solar radiation. Scytonemin occurred predominantly in sheaths of the outermost parts or top layers of cyanobacterial mats, crusts, or colonies. Scytonemin appears to be a single compound identified in more than 30 species of cyanobacteria from cultures and natural populations. It is lipid soluble and has a prominent absorption maximum in the near-ultraviolet region of the spectrum (384 nm in acetone; ca. 370 nm in vivo) with a long tail extending to the infrared region. Microspectrophotometric measurements of the transmittance of pigmented sheaths and the quenching of ultraviolet excitation of phycocyanin fluorescence demonstrate that the pigment was effective in shielding the cells from incoming near-ultraviolet-blue radiation, but not from green or red light. High light intensity (between 99 and 250 μmol photon · m−2· S−1, depending on species) promoted the synthesis of scytonemin in cultures of cyanobacteria. In cultures, high light intensity caused reduction in the specific content of Chl a and phycobilins, increase in the ratio of total carotenoids to Chl a, and scytonemin increase. UV-A (320–400 nm) radiation was very effective in eliciting scytonemin synthesis. Scytonemin production was physiological and not due to a mere photochemical conversion. These results strongly suggest that scytonemin production constitutes an adaptive strategy of photoprotection against short-wavelength solar irradiance.
A Comprehensive Approach for Quantitative Lignin Characterization by NMR Spectroscopy

A detailed approach for the quantification of different lignin structures in milled wood lignin (MWL) has been suggested using a combination of NMR techniques. 1H−13C heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence and quantitative 13C NMR of nonacetylated and acetylated spruce MWL have been found to have a synergetic effect, resulting in significant progress in the characterization of lignin moieties by NMR. About 80% of side chain moieties, such as different β-O-4, dibenzodioxocin, phenylcoumaran, pinoresinol, and others, have been identified on the structural level. The presence of appreciable amounts of α-O-alkyl and γ-O-alkyl ethers has been suggested. Although the quantification of various condensed moieties was less precise than for side chain structures, reliable information can be obtained. Comparison of the calculated results with known databases on spruce MWL structure shows that the suggested approach is rather informative and comparable with the information obtained from the combination of various w...
Acid Etch Study of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanofibers (VACNFs)

One of the major limitations in the development of ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensors based on one dimensional nanostructures is the difficulty involved with uniform growth of the nanofibers. Fabrication of the Vertically Aligned Carbon Nano Fibers (VACNFs) involve treatment of several chemicals including a variety of etchants. In previous work, successful measurement and characterization of electron beam patterned VACNFs is demonstrated using Atomic Force Microscopy. Also the effect of most commonly used etchant i.e. HF is studied. Here, the effect of acid etching on VACNFs is observed and characterized using a highly sensitive and precise Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Furthermore, statistical analysis is performed on AFM data to demonstrate data confidence and verify experiments.
Down-regulation of interleukin 7 mRNA by hypoxia is calcium dependent.

Abstract Objective: The discovery of IL-7R α polymorphisms implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis has highlighted the importance of interleukin 7 (IL-7) in central nervous system diseases. Hypoxia affects neurological disease states in part by modulating expression of many early and late response genes. The present work used cultured PC12 cells to investigate the effect of hypoxia on IL-7 expression. Method: PC12 cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM)/F12 medium. RNA was isolated and reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was run to quantify messenger RNA (mRNA) change. Western blots were used to assess IL-7 protein change in the medium. Extracellular free Ca2+ was removed by using Ca2+-free DMEM/F12 with 1 mM ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid for 45 minutes before the start of hypoxia. Results: Exposure of PC12 cells to 1% oxygen for 6 hours decreased IL-7 mRNA by 77% using RT-PCR (p<0.01). Exposure to 1% oxygen for 24 hours decreased IL-7 protein ...
Optical Absorption due to Intrinsic Defects in CdS Single Crystals

Optical absorption spectra due to intrinsic defects in CdS were measured between 0.13 and 2.5 eV, at 80 °K. The results indicate that Cd interstitials (Cdi) and Cd vacancies (Vcd) are the dominant electronically active defects, which act as double donors and double acceptors, respectively. A detailed discussion of the properties of the observed absorption bands, in particular their shape, polarization, and the effects of Cd and S heat treatment, leads to assignments to optical transitions at isolated Cdi and Vcd and at nearest-neighbour donor-acceptor associates between these intrinsic defects and impurity ions. Durch Eigenstorstellen hervorgerufene optische Absorptionsspektren in CdS wurden zwischen 0,13 und 2,5 eV bei 80 °K gemessen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, das Cd auf Zwischengitterplatz (Cdi) und Cd-Lucken (Vcd) die dominierenden elektronisch aktiven Eigenstorstellen sind und als Doppeldonatoren bzw. Doppelakzeptoren wirken. Eine detaillierte Diskussion der Eigenschaften der beobachteten Absorptionsbanden, insbesondere ihrer Form, Polarisation und des Einflusses von Cd- und S-Temperung, fuhrt zu Zuordnungen zu optischen Ubergangen an isolierten Cdi und Vcd sowie an Donator-Akzeptor-Assoziaten, die aus derartigen Eigenstorstellen und nachstbenachbarten Fremdstorstellen bestehen.
First-generation European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) response to three conservation tillage systems in Minnesota

Plant injury and densities of mature larvae by first-generation Ostnnja nubilalis (Hubner), European corn borer, were examined in chisel-plow, ridge-tillage, and notillage maize, Zea mays (L.). in southeastern Minnesota during 1985-1987. Tillage plots were split with and without terbufos application and with and without Bacjllus thurjngjensjs permethrin application in all combinations. Chisel-plow suffered greater plant injury than ridge-tillage or no-tillage, probably because oviposition was greater in chisel-plow. Ovipositing females were not responding primarily to plant height or developmental stage. Soil surface temperatures were higher in chisel-plow during the early evening when oviposition occurred, and we suggest microclimate influenced female oviposition. Larval density was highest in chisel-plow maize that received terbufos. We concluded that the risk of yield loss to first-generation O. nubllaljs in ridge-tillage and no-tillage maize did not exceed the risk of yield loss in chisel-plow maize.
Dual-energy in mammography: feasibility study

The purpose of this work is to examine the feasibility of dual-energy techniques to enhance the detection of microcalcifications in digital mammography. The digital mammography system used in this study consists of two different mammography systems; one is the conventional mammography system with molybdenum target and Mo filtration and the other is the clinical version of a low dose x-ray system with tungsten target and aluminum filtration. The low dose system is optimized for screen-film mammography with a highly efficient scatter rejection device built by Fischer Imaging Systems for evaluation at NIH. The system was designed by the University of Southern California based on multiparameter optimization techniques. Prototypes of this system have been constructed and evaluated at the Center for Devices and Radiological Health. The digital radiography system is based on the Fuji 9000 computed radiography (CR) system which uses a storage phosphor imaging plate as the receptor. High resolution plates (HR-V) are used in this study. Dual-energy is one technique to reduce the structured noise associated with the complexity of the background of normal anatomy surrounding a lesion. This can be done by taking the advantage of the x-ray attenuation characteristics of two different structures such as soft tissue and bone in chest radiography. We have applied this technique to the detection of microcalcifications in mammography. The overall system performance based on this technique is evaluated. Results presented are based on the evaluation of phantom images.
Range of the Kondo Cloud in Weakly Disordered Hosts

The calculation of the Kondo cloud is extended to disordered hosts. For a weakly disordered, large three-dimensional host, the structure of the ground state is very close to the pure host. However, the range of the disordered electron basis is much shorter. The extention of the Kondo cloud is essentially given by \(\sqrt {\xi _{K}l}\) where ξK is the Kondo length in the pure host and l is the mean free path.
Optimal and suboptimal estimation of mixed rotational observables

This paper considers the estimation of mixed rotational and doubly stochastic Poisson process observables. The estimation structure for the general nonlinear problem is obtained using Kushner's method for the development of the differential equations for the evolution of the conditional probability density functions.
Substance P increases release of acetylcholine in the dorsal striatum of freely moving rats

Abstract Little is known about the role that neuropeptides such as substance P play in cell-to-cell interactions in the striatum. The effect of locally perfused substance P on extracellular acetylcholine (ACh) in the dorsal striatum of awake, freely moving rats was examined using microdialysis. Neostigmine (1 μM) was included in the perfusate to improve recovery of ACh. Basal extracellular ACh was sensitive to Na + -channel blockade with tetrodotoxin (0.3 μM) and Ca 2+ -channel blockade with MgCl 2 (10 mM) and therefore largely neuronal in origin. Local perfusion with 10 and 25 μM substance P for 20 min elevated extracellular ACh by 30% and 51%, respectively. The NK 1 receptor antagonist, CP 96,345 (10 μM), which by itself had no effect on extracellular ACh, prevented the substance P-induced increase in extracellular ACh. These results suggest that stimulation of NK 1 receptors by substance P enhances ACh release in the dorsal striatum and is consistent with anatomical evidence of a substance P-cholinergic circuit in this region.
Content and correlates of checking related to symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder

In addition to the central role of compulsive behaviors in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), recent data have documented the presence of compulsive behaviors in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). However, there is a lack of information about potential similarities and differences with regard to the quality, or content, of checking associated with worry and obsessions. The two studies presented herein are an initial step towards gathering this information. Findings of Study 1, from a large unselected undergraduate sample, showed that symptoms of OCD and GAD were both significantly associated with checking behaviors. However, while OCD symptoms were associated with checking related to both objects and interpersonal situations, GAD symptoms were only significantly associated with interpersonal checking. Findings of Study 2, using a separate sample, suggest links between interpersonal checking and features characteristic of GAD, namely emotion regulation difficulties, and between object checking and a cognitive feature of OCD, namely thought-action fusion. In summary, the current studies add to a growing body of literature suggesting that checking may be important in numerous forms of psychopathology, while also suggesting that the nature and function of checking may differ for various symptom profiles.
An optical scan system for encoding and tabulation of visually scored sleep data

Abstract A system for computer-assisted encoding, tabulation and analysis of visually scored sleep data is presented. The main features of the system are: 1. (1) The use of computer-readable optical scan sheets for direct encoding of the sleep data. This eliminates the need for a separate transcription and/or key-punching operation. 2. (2) The development of a visually scored data base, organized by NREM and REM periods, which contains all items of visually scored data indexed by time and/or page of occurrence in the sleep record. The advantages of this new system are: (a) the low cost per night operation; (b) the facilitation of analysis of cycle phenomena and testing of new hypotheses that would usually involved retabulation of the data; and (c) the facilitation of analysis of real-time correlates of visually scored sleep stages.
Shiretoko logging controversy: A case study in Japanese environmentalism and nature conservation system

One of the most heated conservation battles in Japan was fought from 1981 to 1987 over the Forestry Agency's plan to log in Shiretoko National Park, highly regarded nationwide for its many unique characteristics. The preservation side argued for protection of the Shiretoko ecosystem for wildlife, which conflicted with the forestry side's claim of facilitated regeneration after logging and sustainable lumber production. Since little information on forest regeneration and wildlife communities in Shiretoko was available, the arguments from both sides contained many emotional factors. The Shiretoko controversy figures prominently in Japanese environmental conservation history because it resulted in new policies of national forest management by the Forestry Agency. In this article the course of the controversy is followed, with background information on Japanese nature conservation systems and the Shiretoko National Park. Problems raised in the controversy are also discussed.
Patterns of remission in pemphigus vulgaris

Abstract Background: The incidence of remissions in pemphigus is unclear because these are usually reported at a single point in the evolution of the disease. Thus it is uncertain whether treatment simply suppresses the manifestations of the disease and consequently must be continuously administered, or induces complete and long-lasting remissions that permit therapy to be discontinued. Objective: To answer this question, we investigated the incidence of remission in a long-term longitudinal study. Methods: The induction of complete and long-lasting remissions (lesion free with no systemic therapy for at least 6 months) was studied in 40 patients with pemphigus vulgaris treated conventionally and followed up for an average of 7.7 years by the same investigator. Results: Five (5%) of the patients died of the disease. Complete and long-lasting remissions were induced in 25%, 50%, and 75% of patients 2, 5, and 10 years, respectively, after diagnosis. Most of the remaining patients were in partial remission or had mild disease controlled with a small dose of steroids. The course of the disease followed different patterns, with some patients rapidly entering complete and long-lasting remissions, whereas others never entered into a complete remission. The induction of complete remission was related to the initial severity and extent of disease and to early response to treatment. Conclusion: It is possible to eventually induce complete and durable remissions in most patients with pemphigus that permit systemic therapy to be safely discontinued without a flare in disease activity. The proportion of patients in whom this can be achieved increases steadily with time, and therapy can be discontinued in approximately 75% of patients after 10 years. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:422-7.)
Neuroleptic modulation of oral dyskinesias induced in snakes by Xenopus skin mucus.

Abstract The skin mucus of the African clawed from Xenopus laevis promotes escape from the American water snake Nerodia sipedon by inducing oral dyskinesias. As Xenopus mucus contains peptides and indoleamines with known neuroleptic properties, and because neuroleptics are the chief cause of drug-induced orofacial dyskinesias in humans, the hypothesis was tested that the neuroleptic haloperidol (HAL) would induce oral dyskinesias when given alone and would potentiate dyskinesias in Nerodia if injected prior to oral application of Xenopus mucus. Mucus alone induced yawning, gaping, fixed yawning, fixed gaping, writhing tongue movements, gular and chewing movements, and climbing behavior, but attenuated locomotor activity. HAL given IP alone at 0.05 and 0.5 μg/g was ineffective. However, HAL greatly potentiated mucus-induced yawning but attenuated the fixed gaping seen when only mucus was applied. Data support the hypothesis that Xenopus skin mucus has neuroleptic properties and that Xenopus ' antipredatory defense is in part related to chemical induction of orofacial and climbing behavior in snake predators.
Immunomodulation by metals

Occupational or environmental exposure to metals is believed to affect human health adversely. One mechanism whereby metals can alter health is through modulation of immune homeostasis. Imbalances in immune regulation by metals can lead to inadequate or excessive production of inflammatory cytokines. Alternatively, metals can lead to inappropriate activation of lymphoid subsets involved in acquired immunity to specific antigens. Some resultant pathologies may include chronic inflammatory processes and autoimmune diseases. Metals may change the response repertoire by direct and indirect means by influencing expression of new antigens, new peptides, and/or antigen presentation by modifying the antigen-presenting complex. The differences in metal-induced immune responses between humans and the mechanisms of metal immunomodulation are discussed.
Vibrational and thermodynamic properties of wadsleyite: A density functional study

[i] The vibrational properties of Mg 2 SiO 4 wadsleyite have been calculated over a wide pressure range using density functional perturbation theory (DFPT). Both the normal mode frequencies and their volume dependences are consistent with the available Raman and infrared data. We provide detailed information about vibrational properties that are still not experimentally available. The vibrational density of states (vDOS) is used to calculate the Helmholtz free energy within the quasi-harmonic approximation (QHA) and other thermodynamic quantities without further approximations. The extensive and successful comparisons with experiments demonstrate once more that the QHA combined with first principles vDOSs can provide accurate thermodynamic properties of minerals over the large pressure-temperature regime relevant for the Earth.
Oral and Intramuscular Ineffectiveness of “Hypotensive” Extracts

SummaryTwo hypotensive extracts, namely Padutin and tissue extract No. 568, advocated in the treatment of important circulatory disorders, produced no demonstrable changes in blood pressure and no symptoms after oral and intramuscular administrations in very high (beyond therapeutic) doses in animals. Placed directly into ligated intestinal loops, both extracts remained unchanged and unabsorbed for 2 hours. All the animals reacted typically to control intravenous injections of both extracts. A range of fatal doses was determined intravenously only in pigeons, because very much larger doses given either by the oral or intramuscular route were without demonstrable effects. An experimental basis for the clinical use of the “hypotensive” tissue extracts, either orally or intramuscularly, is completely lacking. However, accidental intravenous injections, resulting from careless intramuscular or hypodermic uses, could conceivably cause alarming symptoms and even death. These extracts are undesirable, if not dan...
An Experimental Study of Leadership in India

(1967). An Experimental Study of Leadership in India. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 72, No. 1, pp. 35-43.
An evaluation of livability in creating transit-enriched communities for improved regional benefits

To improve a long history of misguided transportation performance measures and associated investment/policy decisions, this research explores concepts of livability with respect to transportation in an effort to impart a quantifiable framework for assessing performance of transportation in general and for the purposes of this paper, transit-oriented developments (TODs) in Denver, Colorado. One advantage of the proposed methodology is that the framework links broad sustainability and livability goals with transportation objectives as well as to associated livability indicators and variables. Such a comprehensive framework facilitates a better understanding of what can be done to improve regional performance of transportation and transit infrastructure. For illustrative purposes, this paper then assesses the extent to which TODs in Denver are satisfying livability concerns and begins to characterize the policies and planning that have led to these differing outcomes. Denver is an advantageous case study because it represents a second-generation mass transit system in a region that is fighting intense auto-dependence. The analysis presents the performance of the Denver system with its associated TODs from a broader and more comprehensive perspective that facilitates insight into how transportation goals can be better understood and realized by transportation managers.
Template-assisted assembly of electrospun fibers

Ordinarily, the electrospinning process generates one-dimensional fibers which assemble into nonwoven membrane structures due to instabilities in the fluid jet. In this paper, an electrospinning procedure is developed that utilizes patterned collectors to produce aligned membranes with designed topological structures. The template-assisted electrospinning approach is demonstrated using polycaprolactone (PCL) fibers to produce patterns including alphanumeric characters and a printed electronic circuit chip, with feature sizes on the order of several hundred microns. The process has a significant impact on micro-manufacturing, and provides the capability for incorporation of oriented fiber materials in patterned micro-composites and electronic components.
Estimates of sedation in patients undergoing endotracheal intubation in US EDs

Abstract Background Sedations after endotracheal intubation (ETI) reduce the risk of self-extubation, uncontrolled pain, and myocardial infarction. Although several small single-center studies demonstrate low rates of sedative drug administration after ETI in the emergency department (ED), little is known regarding post-ETI sedative drug practices nationally. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of the ED portion of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey from 2006 to 2009. We identified all ED patient visits with ETI. Using the multiple probability sampling design of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, we estimated the proportion of ETI patients receiving pharmacologic sedation, defined as benzodiazepines, opiates, or other sedative agents (propofol, ketamine, etc). We compared patients receiving sedative drugs with those who did not using descriptive statistics and univariable logistic regression. Results During the 4-year study period, 1071000 patients (95% confidence interval [CI], 839000-1303000) underwent ETI in the ED. Of intubated patients, 46.4% (95% CI, 40.2%-52.7%) received sedative drugs, most commonly benzodiazepines (67.9%). Of patients who survived to hospital admission, 57.4% (95% CI, 48.7%-65.7%) received sedative drugs. Patients were less likely to receive sedation if they were diagnosed with circulatory or cardiac disease (odds ratio, 0.51; P = .026). Use of sedative drugs was not associated with patient age, sex, race, geographic location, or extended ED length of stay (>2 hours). Conclusion Less than one-half of patients undergoing ETI in the ED receive sedative drugs while in the ED. These findings are congruent with prior smaller studies from single academic centers.
Can Antitumor Immunity Help to Explain “Oncogene Addiction”?

"Oncogene addiction" refers to the process of tumor cell death that can occur after inactivation of a single oncogene. In this issue of Cancer Cell , Rakhra et al. argue that complete tumor clearance after molecular targeted therapies requires a functioning immune system, pointing the way toward radically new combination therapies.
Specific inhibition of ribosomal RNA synthesis in escherichia coli by tetracycline

Five Hundred μg/ml tetracycline was found to inhibit the accumulation of RNA in Escherichia coli cells. RNA synthesis was not totally inhibited, however. On the contrary, by using DNA-RNA hybridization, it was found that 500 μg/ml tetracycline specifically inhibits ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis but allows messenger RNA synthesis to continue. Also, tetracycline specifically inhibits initiation of ribosomal RNA synthesis as determined from rate studies. The inhibition of rRNA synthesis at 500 μg/ml tetracycline was not due to several trivial explanations, that is, stimulation of ppGpp synthesis, inhibition of nucleoside triphosphate synthesis, nor was it due to sequestering of magnesium ion necessary for RNA polymerase action. Also, 500 μg/ml tetracycline was not inhibitory to RNA synthesis in permeabilized cells capable of normal rates of rRNA synthesis, similar to data previously obtained using ppGpp. Thus, it is proposed that tetracycline stops rRNA synthesis by inhibiting a ribosomal specific transcription factor; this factor is lost or destroyed during cell permeabilization. It is further proposed that tetracycline acts in a manner analogous to the normal rRNA regulator molecule (very likely ppGpp) at the transcriptional level.
DNA-binding nonhistone proteins: DNA site reassociation

Abstract The DNA-binding nonhistone proteins (NHP) have been demonstrated to fractionate the rat genome into protein-bound and unbound DNA sequences. Twenty percent of highly sheared rat DNA [approximately 350 base pair (bp)] can be retained on membrane filters as protein complexes. When extracted from the filter and retitrated with the NHP, a 4- to 5-fold enrichment of binding sites is present in the bound DNA with few, if any, sites detected in the unbound DNA. Rat DNA restricted by EcoRI endonuclease can be fractionated by its DNA-binding NHP retention characteristics. Reassociation kinetics of the bound restricted sequences indicate that 45.6% is a subset of total single-copy sequence of the rat genome an 26.9% is repetitive sequences. Cross hybridization studies indicate the repetitive sequences of the bound DNA are not enriched as much as the slow component of the rat genome. Thus a 4-fold enrichment of a subset of the rat genome has been observed via NHP-DNA interactions.
Properties of New, Long-Wavelength, Voltage-sensitive Dyes in the Heart

Membrane potential measurements using voltage-sensitive dyes (VSDs) have made important contributions to our understanding of electrophysiological properties of multi-cellular systems. Here, we report the development of long wavelength VSDs designed to record cardiac action potentials (APs) from deeper layers in the heart. The emission spectrum of styryl VSDs was red-shifted by incorporating a thienyl group in the polymethine bridge to lengthen and retain the rigidity of the chromophore. Seven dyes, Pittsburgh I to IV and VI to VIII (PGH I-VIII) were synthesized and characterized with respect to their spectral properties in organic solvents and heart muscles. PGH VSDs exhibited 2 absorption, 2 excitation and 2 voltage-sensitive emission peaks, with large Stokes shifts (> 100 nm). Hearts (rabbit, guinea pig and Rana pipiens) and neurohypophyses (CD-1 mice) were effectively stained by injecting a bolus (10–50 μl) of stock solution of VSD (2–5 mM) dissolved in in dimethylsulfoxide plus low molecular weight Pluronic (16% of L64). Other preparations were better stained with a bolus of VSD (2–5 mM) Tyrode’s solution at pH 6.0. Action spectra measured with a fast CCD camera showed that PGH I exhibited an increase in fractional fluorescence, ΔF/F = 17.5 % per AP at 720 nm with 550 nm excitation and ΔF/F = − 6% per AP at 830 nm with 670 nm excitation. In frog hearts, PGH1 was stable with ∼30% decrease in fluorescence and AP amplitude during 3 h of intermittent excitation or 1 h of continuous high intensity excitation (300 W Xe-Hg Arc lamp), which was attributed to a combination of dye wash out > photobleaching > dynamic damage > run down of the preparation. The long wavelengths, large Stokes shifts, high ΔF/F and low baseline fluorescence make PGH dyes a valuable tool in optical mapping and for simultaneous mapping of APs and intracellular Ca2+.