cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Standardization of Part and Complete Milk and Milk Fat Production Records

Abstract A method for correcting test-day production to a standard 30.5-day period is compared to the system of equating 30.5 times the test-day production and to the actual production, under the assumed lactation curve. Cumulative records were obtained by summing the standardized 30.5-day periods completed by the cow. Approximately half of the 16,991 records from 12,750 Holstein cows were complete. Sets of gross ratio age-season factors to place cumulative part lactations on a mature-equivalent, part-lactation basis were computed for two seasons and 10 cumulative lengths for milk and milk fat yields. Sixty-six age groups were considered for each set. Equivalent factors were computed with only complete lactations. Factors for the complete length were compared with the present U.S. Department of Agriculture factors for this region. A comparison was made at each of several lengths between factors for the different seasons, milk versus milk fat, and complete versus all records. After the first several lengths, seasonal differences were the largest effects. The age by length interaction previously reported by other workers was further substantiated.
Does anarchy make political sense? A response to Schürmann

political philosophy which is properly educed from Heidegger's thought must understand anarchy as the essence of that which requires action. Since Sch?rmann recognizes that Heidegger himself has not provided an explicit political philosophy, he attempts to elaborate what he calls a middle term which will allow a political philosophy to be developed which is in agreement
Super high sensitivity moiré interferometry with optical multiplication

Abstract A new method has been developed for increasing the sensitivity of the moire interferometry method, which yields an order of magnitude improvement. The new method offers this improvement without sacrificing the resolution or simplicity of the experimental procedure, making it unique from other methods suggested in the literature. The accomplished results open a number of possible applications in micro- and macro-mechanics, and provide data in a form easy to accommodate by automated fringe processing systems.
Parsing positive emotion in relation to agentic and affiliative components of extraversion

Extraversion is comprised of agentic and affiliative components, which are characterized by distinct positive emotional states of positive activation and warmth-affection, respectively. This study examined these positive emotions using the International Affective Picture System, a standardized set of pictures used to induce emotion. Compared to response to neutral pictures, the following target emotions were induced: (1) affiliative pictures induced warmth-affection and pleasantness, (2) agentic pictures induced positive activation, pleasantness, and arousal, (3) high arousal nonagentic pictures induced pleasantness and arousal, and (4) low arousal nonaffiliative pictures induced pleasantness. As previously demonstrated (Morrone, J. V., Depue, R. A., Scherer, A. J., & White, T. L. (2000). Film-induced incentive motivation and positive activation in relation to agentic and affiliative components of extraversion. Personality and Individual Differences, 29(2), 199–216; Morrone-Strupinsky, J. V. & Depue, R. A. (2004). Differential relation of two distinct, film-induced positive emotional states to affiliative and agentic extraversion. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(5), 1109–1126), agentic picture-induced positive affective ratings were significantly related to a trait measure of social potency, but not to other extraversion scales. The results support a multicomponent conceptualization of the extraversion trait, where agentic and affiliative components are associated with distinctive positive emotional experience.
Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Aires: Public Space and Public Consciousness in Fin-de-Siècle Latin America

The Parisian Faubourg Saint Germain and perhaps the Rue de la Paix and the boulevards seemed the adequate measure of luxury to all of the snobs. The old colonial shell of the Latin American cities little approximated such scenery. The example of Baron de Haussmann and his destructive example strengthened the decision of the new bourgeoisies who wished to erase the past, and some cities began to transform their physiognomy: a sumptuous avenue, a park, a carriage promenade, a luxurious theater, modern architecture revealed that decision even when they were not always able to banish the ghost of the old city. But the bourgeoisies could nourish their illusions by facing one another in the sophisticated atmosphere of an exclusive club or a deluxe restaurant. There they anticipated the steps that would transmute “the great village” into a modern metropolis.—Jose Luis Romero
Binge Alcohol-Induced Bone Damage is Accompanied by Differential Expression of Bone Remodeling-Related Genes in Rat Vertebral Bone

Binge alcohol-related bone damage is prevented by concurrent administration of bisphosphonates, suggesting an activation of bone resorption with patterned alcohol exposure. Although chronic alcohol abuse is known to cause osteopenia, little is known about the effects of binge drinking on bone metabolism. We examined the effects of binge alcohol exposure on the relationship between bone damage and modulation of bone remodeling-specific gene expression profiles. Our hypothesis was that bone damage observed in young adult rats after binge alcohol exposure is associated with differential expression of bone remodeling-related gene expression. We further hypothesized that this differential gene expression specific to bone remodeling (bone resorption or formation related) would be influenced by the duration of binge alcohol exposure. Binge alcohol (3 g/kg, i.p.) was administered on 3 consecutive days each week, for 1 or 4 weeks, to adult male rats. Matched control animals were injected with an equal volume of isotonic saline. Lumbar vertebrae, L4-5, were analyzed for the presence of bone damage by quantitative computed tomography and compressive strength analysis. Total RNA was isolated from an adjacent vertebrae (L3), and whole transcriptome gene expression data were obtained for each sample. The expression levels of a subset of bone formation and resorption-associated differentially expressed genes were validated by quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. Bone loss was not observed after 1 week of treatment but was observed after four binge alcohol cycles with a 23% decrease in cancellous bone mineral density and 17% decrease in vertebral compressive strength compared with control values (P < 0.05). We observed that the duration of binge alcohol treatment influenced the modulation of expression profiles for genes that regulate the bone formation process. The expression of key bone formation-related marker genes such as osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) after acute binge alcohol exposure, and expression of regulators of osteoblast activity such as bone morphogenetic proteins and parathyroid hormone receptor displayed significantly (P < 0.05) decreased differential expression. The expression of sclerostin, a key canonical Wnt inhibitory protein, was significantly increased after acute binge alcohol treatment. The expression of important regulators of osteoclast maturation and activity such as NF-κβ (nuclear factor κβ) ligand (RANKL) and interleukin-6 were significantly increased (P < 0.05) by binge alcohol, and osteoprotegerin levels were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in vertebral bone. These results show that expression patterns of several key bone remodeling genes are significantly perturbed by binge alcohol treatment, suggesting that perturbation of gene expression associated with bone remodeling may be one mechanism contributing to the disruption of bone mass homeostasis and subsequent bone loss observed after binge alcohol exposure in rodents.
Transfer-messenger RNA unfolds as it transits the ribosome

In bacteria, translation of mRNAs lacking stop codons produces truncated polypeptides and traps ribosomes in unproductive complexes. Potentially harmful truncated proteins are tagged with short peptides encoded by the mRNA-like domain of tmRNA and targeted for digestion by housekeeping proteases. We show that altered Escherichia coli transfer-messenger RNAs (tmRNAs) produce in vivo fusion proteins with peptide tags that extend far beyond the conventional termination signal of the wild-type tmRNA. Regions of tmRNA capable of serving as templates for protein synthesis include helix 5, as well as pseudoknots 2, 3, and 4. The removal of all six in-frame stop codons negatively affects tmRNA processing, thereby preventing translation of the 3′ portion of the tRNA-like domain. These findings provide evidence that trans-translation can be accompanied by the unfolding of significant portions of the tmRNA molecule. Many of these conformational changes are likely to be required during trans-translation to maintain the ribosomal subunits in close proximity to the tmRNA for monitoring its transit.
Harmonization of the auditor's report

Abstract International efforts to harmonize the audit report, spearheaded by the International Auditing Practices Committee of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), culminated in the issuance of International Standard on Auditing (ISA) 13 in 1983. The stated purpose of ISA 13 was to: “provide guidance to auditors on the form and content of the auditor's report issued in connection with the independent audit of the financial statements of any entity.” The purpose of this paper is to assess whether ISA 13 has resulted in greater international harmonization of audit reports. We assess the level of harmonization both by examining the extent to which countries have adopted ISA 13 and by the extent to which the content of the auditor's report has changed. A survey of IFAC's member organizations in 86 countries netted 50 responses. Eighty-six percent of respondents (and 93% of respondents from developing and emerging economies) said they have achieved harmonization with ISA 13. We compared the auditor's reports (in financial reports) of 450 companies in 33 IFAC member countries on two different dates (a pre-ISA 13 date and a post-ISA 13 date). The results suggest a higher degree of conformity with the standard for the post-ISA 13 reports. Finally, cluster analysis was conducted to explore the dynamics of clustering from pre-ISA 13 to post-ISA 13 regimes. A slight drop in the divisiveness coefficient (DC) was observed for the total audit report elements as well as for the form elements, suggesting a less cohesive cluster structure for the post-ISA 13 regime. The empirical evidence, taken as a whole, shows reduced diversity of practices and standards involving the audit report since the issuance of ISA 13. This conclusion should provide encouragement for international standard-setters.
Quantized energy cascade and log-Poisson statistics in fully developed turbulence.

It is proposed that the statistics of the inertial range of fully developed turbulence can be described by a quantized random multiplicative process. We then show that (i) the cascade process must be a log-infinitely divisible stochastic process (i.e., stationary independent log-increments); (ii) the inertial-range statistics of turbulent fluctuations, such as the coarse-grained energy dissipation, are log-Poisson; and (iii) a recently proposed scaling model [Z.-S. She and E. Leveque 72, 336 (1994)] of fully developed turbulence can be derived. A general theory using the Levy-Khinchine representation for infinitely divisible cascade processes is presented, which allows for a classification of scaling behaviors of various strongly nonlinear dissipative systems.
Starvation Diabetes in the Rat: Onset, Recovery, and Specificity of Reduced Responsiveness of Pancreatic β-Cells*

A 24-h starvation markedly diminished the stimulant action of 8 mM glucose on insulin secretion from isolated perifused rat islets of Langerhans. The response to a supramaximal glucose stimulus (27.5 mM) remained normal, but prolonged fasting (48 or more) also reduced its efficacy. Refeeding of 24-h fasted animals resulted in complete restoration of glucose sensitivity within 24 h. The responses to glyceraldehyde (2 mM) and α-ketoisocaproate (8 mM) at concentrations which elicit approximately half-maximal stimulation were unaltered by a 24-h fast, while that to a half-maximally effective dose of mannose (15 was decreased. Theophylline (5 mM) could not normalize the reduced secretory response to glucose seen in this state. The islets' ability to metabolize glucose, using various in vitro pretreatment protocols and different incubation times, was not affected by a 24-h fast. Mannose and glyceraldehyde metabolism were also unaltered. Prolonged fasting (48 h) reduced glucose metabolism by 25% at both 8 and 27...
CONSTRUCTED‐RESPONSE DIF EVALUATIONS FOR MIXED‐FORMAT TESTS

In this study, differential item functioning (DIF) methods utilizing 14 different matching variables were applied to assess DIF in the constructed-response (CR) items from 6 forms of 3 mixed-format tests. Results suggested that the methods might produce distinct patterns of DIF results for different tests and testing programs, in that the DIF methods' results might be similar for tests with multiple-choice (MC) and CR scores that are similar in their measurement characteristics but would exhibit larger variations for tests with MC and CR scores having more distinct measurement characteristics. Impact measures of the MC and CR scores appeared to be a useful basis for indicating the scores' measurement similarity, for predicting the variations of DIF results from using these scores as matching variables, and possibly for indicating the most appropriate DIF method and matching variable for a particular test. The results are described in terms of their implications for research and practice.
CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOTHERAPY AS RITUAL PROCESS: AN INITIAL RECONNAISSANCE

Abstract. Instead of attempting to reduce rituals of healing to so-called primitive psychotherapy this essay raises the question of whether contemporary psychotherapies might not fruitfully be viewed as ritual processes through which a small segment of modern society receives ritual leadership in times of crisis. Selected phenomena in contemporary psychotherapeutic practice are analyzed in an attempt to discern the ritual processes which are manifest in them. It is concluded that most modalities of contemporary psychotherapy manifest elements of ritualized submission, containment, and enactment.
Organic carbon flow in the Ob, Yenisey Rivers and Kara Sea of the Arctic region.

Abstract Stable carbon isotope and elemental C/N ratios of the organic fraction of a set of samples along a transect in the Ob and Yenisey Rivers into the Kara Sea in the Arctic were measured. Previously, the concentrations of 239,240 Pu and 137 Cs in these same samples had been determined. The coupled measurements were carried out to assess possible connectivity between organic carbon flow into the Kara Sea and transport of radioactive nuclides in this marine environment. Organic carbon flow into the Kara Sea is influenced significantly by terrigenous sources carried by the Ob and Yenisey Rivers. The carbon isotope–organic carbon relationship provides evidence that a rich source of terrigenous carbon exists in the riverine system. A weak, but significant relationship between stable carbon isotope ratio and 137 Cs suggests that most of the 137 Cs is derived from riverine particles, as compared to Pu which is also derived from in situ scavenging within the water column.
A longitudinal study of the changes in responsiveness of the hypothalamo-pituitary unit to medial preoptic area stimulation and to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone administration during diestrus-2 and proestrus in rats.

The present studies have examined whether certain components of the preoptico-tuberalpituitary unit show differential changes in responsiveness to activating stimuli during various hours on diestrus day-2 (D2) and proestrus (P) in rats. In Experiment I, the medial preoptic area (MPOA) of Nembutal®-treated 4-day cyclic rats was electrochemically stimulated (ECS), blood was sequentially collected at 30 min intervals to 210 min on various hours during D2 and P, and plasma was radioimmunoassayed for LH/FSH. While MPOA-ECS provoked a significant release of LH in all groups, the peak plasma concentrations varied considerably between 1000 h D2 and 1300 h P. By 2300 h D2, plasma LH rose significantly above baseline but FSH values remained unchanged. At 0300 h P preoptic stimulation induced further significant rises in LH and at this hour plasma FSH also had increased by 200 min poststimulation. While the greatest peak LH concentrations occurred in rats stimulated at 1100-1300 h P, plasma FSH values did not exceed...
Soluble arsenic and selenium species in fly ash/organic waste-amended soils using ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Mixing coal fly ash with an organic waste increases macronutrient content and may make land application of fly ash a viable disposal alternative. However, trace element chemistry of these mixed waste products warrants investigation. Speciation of As and Se in soil solutions of fly ash-, poultry litter- and sewage sludge-amended soils was determined over a 10-day period by ion chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (IC−ICP-MS). Detection limits were 0.031, 0.028, 0.051, 0.161, 0.497, and 0.660 μg L-1 for dimethylarsinate (DMA), As(III), monomethylarsonate (MMA), As(V), Se(IV), and Se(VI), respectively (100 μL injection). Arsenic was highly water-soluble from poultry litter and appeared to be predominantly As(V). Arsenic(V) was the predominant species in soil amended with two fly ashes. Application of fly ash/poultry litter mixtures increased As solubility and led to the prevalence of DMA as the major As species. DMA concentrations in these soil solutions decreased rapidly ov...
Group XV phospholipase A2, a lysosomal phospholipase A2

A phospholipase A₂ was identified from MDCK cell homogenates with broad specificity toward glycerophospholipids including phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylglycerol. The phospholipase has the unique ability to transacylate short chain ceramides. This phospholipase is calcium-independent, localized to lysosomes, and has an acidic pH optimum. The enzyme was purified from bovine brain and found to be a water-soluble glycoprotein consisting of a single peptide chain with a molecular weight of 45 kDa. The primary structure deduced from the DNA sequences is highly conserved between chordates. The enzyme was named lysosomal phospholipase A₂ (LPLA₂) and subsequently designated group XV phospholipase A₂. LPLA₂ has 49% of amino acid sequence identity to lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase and is a member of the αβ-hydrolase superfamily. LPLA₂ is highly expressed in alveolar macrophages. A marked accumulation of glycerophospholipids and extensive lamellar inclusion bodies, a hallmark of cellular phospholipidosis, is observed in alveolar macrophages in LPLA₂(-/-) mice. This defect can also be reproduced in macrophages that are exposed to cationic amphiphilic drugs such as amiodarone. In addition, older LPLA₂(-/-) mice develop a phenotype similar to human autoimmune disease. These observations indicate that LPLA₂ may play a primary role in phospholipid homeostasis, drug toxicity, and host defense.
Great Suffering, Great Compassion: A Transcultural Opportunity for School Nurses Caring for Cambodian Refugee Children:

The cultural ways of Cambodian refugee families, combined with the physical and psychological health problems inherent in their refugee experience, present opportunities for nurses to engage in transcultural nursing. The purpose of this descriptive study was to understand the nature and meaning of a school district cross-cultural team's experiences of providing health care for children of Cambodian refugee families. Focus group interviews with school nurses and Cambodian liaisons were conducted utilizing S. M. Dobson's conceptual framework of transcultural health visiting as a guiding theoretical perspective. Transcultural and intracultural reciprocity as experienced with Cambodian families are explored and described. Concrete suggestions for fostering transcultural reciprocity with Cambodian refugee families are provided.
Classification of genomic islands using decision trees and their ensemble algorithms

Background Genomic islands (GIs) are clusters of alien genes in some bacterial genomes, but not be seen in the genomes of other strains within the same genus. The detection of GIs is extremely important to the medical and environmental communities. Despite the discovery of the GI associated features, accurate detection of GIs is still far from satisfactory.
The skinny on CD39 in immunity and inflammation.

The finding that CD39 on Langerhans cells modulates inflammation and immunity in the skin might lead to new strategies to alter immune responses to benefit patients and suggests a new in vitro technique for assessing the irritant potential of topical agents. ( pages 358–365 )
Liver transplantation, including the concept of reduced-size liver transplants in children

Since the establishment of a clinical program in liver transplantation in 1984, 162 liver transplants have been performed in 131 patients (78 adults, 53 children). The patient mortality rate while waiting for a suitable organ has been 8% for adults and only 4% for children (25-46% reported in the literature). The low pediatric mortality is a result of the use of reduced-size liver transplants. A total of 14 procedures have been performed in recipients whose clinical condition was deteriorating and for whom no full-size graft could be located. Of 14 children, 13 were less than 3 years of age. Patient survival is 50%, comparable to survival of high-risk recipients of full-size livers. Using reduced-size liver grafting in a transplant program can lower mortality for children awaiting a transplant by overcoming size disparity. Reduced-size liver grafting will allow more effective use of donor resources and provide a potential avenue of research for organ splitting and living related donation.
Clonal origins of neocortical interneurons.

Once referred to as ‘short-axon’ neurons by Cajal, GABA (gamma-amino butyric acid)-ergic interneurons are essential components of the neocortex. They are distributed throughout the cortical laminae and are responsible for shaping circuit output through a rich array of inhibitory mechanisms. Numerous fate-mapping and transplantation studies have examined the embryonic origins of the diversity of interneurons that are defined along various parameters such as morphology, neurochemical marker expression and physiological properties, and have been extensively reviewed elsewhere. Here, we focus on discussing two recent studies that have, for the first time, examined the production and organization of neocortical interneurons originated from individual progenitors, that is, with clonal resolution, and provided important new insights into the cellular processes underlying the development of inhibitory interneurons in the neocortex.
Theory of the Intensity of Scattered X-Rays

The writer's theory of the unmodified line in the Compton Effect (Phys. Rev., 25, 314, 1925) has recently been extended by Williams (Phil. Mag. 2, 657, 1926) and the writer (Phys. Rev., 29, 206, 1927) to the case of reflection of x-rays by crystals. Both these writers assume that it is only the $U$ electrons (i.e. the electrons associated with unmodified scattering, see Phys. Rev., 26, 433, 1925) which take part in crystal reflection. In the present paper it is supposed that the $U$ electrons in a given atom scatter coherently and also according to the classical theory, so that, if ${N}_{U}$ is the number of $U$ electrons in the atom, the intensity of the x-rays scattered in a given direction is ${{N}_{U}}^{2}$ times the intensity scattered by a single free electron in the same direction according to Thomson's theory. In previous papers it has been assumed that the intensity of unmodified scattering is proportional to ${N}_{U}$. Now, however, because of the above assumptions, it is proportional to ${{N}_{U}}^{2}$. In modified scattering it is assumed that the $S$ electrons (i.e. the electrons associated with modified scattering)scatter incoherently and according tothe quantum theories of Compton,Jauncey and Breit. The modified scattering, as in previous papers, is,therefore,proportional to ${N}^{S}$, the number of $S$ electrons in the atom. Formulas are obtained for the energy of the total (i.e. unmodified plus modified) scattering coefficient and for the ratio of the modified to the total scattering coefficient in terms of the angle of scattering, the primary wave-length and the critical absorption wave-lengths of the scatterer. The theory seems to work equally well for heavy as for light elements and explains the phenomenon of excess scattering.It is also pointed out that Williams has made a small error in his correction for the interference of x-rays scattered by the $U$ electrons in atoms in the same crystal plane. Rectifying this error, an excellent agreement between theory and the experimental atomic structure factors as found by Havighurst (Phys. Rev., 28, 869, 1926) for rock salt is obtained.
Dynamic Analysis of the Axially Moving String Based on Wave Propagation

In this paper, we present an exact solution for the linear, transverse response of an axially moving string with general boundary conditions. The solution is derived in the frequency domain and interpreted in terms of wave propagation functions. The boundary effects are included by the use of compliance functions at the boundaries. The response in the time domain involves only several convolution integrals which can easily be obtained for many physical boundary conditions. A comparison of this method with an existing solution method shows that this method requires much less computation time. The transient response of the translating string with a spring or a dashpot at a boundary is presented. It is shown that complete wave absorption occurs at a boundary when that boundary has a dashpot with damping coefficient equal to the propagation speed of the reflected wave.
The Impact of Resource Limitation and the Phenology of Parasitoid Attack on the Duration of Insect Herbivore Outbreaks

Fluctuations in resource quality and quantity, and changes in mortality due to predators and parasites are thought to be of prime importance in the regular fluctuations of forest insects. We examine how food limitation and parasitoids with different phenologies of attack regulate the population cycles of insect hosts. Our analysis of the limit cycle of a model with a biologically realistic form of density dependence in the host yields two novel predictions. First, outbreaks will typically last for only 2 generations after parasitoids begin to reduce the host population below the maximum density. Second, host growth rate is important in determining cycle length only when parasitoids attack before the impacts of resource limitation affect the host. The robustness of these predictions are tested using a more general form of density dependence in the host, revealing that our predictions are valid as long as density dependence in the host is not too overcompensatory.
Effect of Exogenous Penicillin on Penicillin Biosynthesis

aciddidnotlimit penicillin accretion. Incorporation ofradioactive precursors (cysteine, valine, andsodiumphenoxyacetate) intopenicillin inthepresence ofinhibitory concentrations oftheantibiotic indicated thatpenicillin synthesis continued despite thelackofaccretion oftheantibiotic inbroth. Therates ofpenicillin synthesis ina48-hr anda136-hr culture werecompared byshort-term exposure toNa2"5SO4, andnosignificant difference inthebiosynthetic ratewasobserved. Exogenous penicillin intherange of1to15mg/mlofculture broth hadnoeffect onutilization ofacetate orglucose byPenicillium chrysogenum. Theantibiotic-synth esizing capacity oftheorganism wasnotirreversibly inhibited byexogenous penicillin. Thedegradation ofpenicillin during thefermentation wasalso studied. Penicillin V wasstable inbroth filtrate. Catabolic enzymes suchaspenicillinase andpenicillin-acylase werenotdemonstrated inwholebroth, norwastheaccumulation of6-APA,penicilloic acid, orother degradation products detected. Anexamination oftheintracellular penicillin concentration andtheamountofpenicillin associated withthemycelium revealed thatcells contained significantly morepenicillin late inthefermentation thanearlier inthecycle. Thiscell-associated antibiotic maybearegulatory factor infurther penicillin synthesis. Thepenicillin fermentation, like thesynthesis ofmanyother antibiotics andsecondary metabolites, ischaracterized bytwophases. After a period ofrapid growth, strains ofPenicillium chrysogenum steadily synthesize penicillin. The cultures, nutrients, andphysical factors influencingpenicillin production havebeenreviewed extensively (1,4,7-9,13,14). Thecauseofthe termination ofpenicillin accumulation-in spite of themaintenance ofoptimal conditions during fermentation hasnotbeenfully determined. Thisinvestigation wasundertaken toascertain whether penicillin itself actsasaninhibitor or regulator ofpenicillin biosynthesis. MATERIALSAND METHODS Antibiotics. Potassium benzylpenicillin (penicillin G),potassium phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin
Dynamic flux balance analysis for synthetic microbial communities

Dynamic flux balance analysis (DFBA) is an extension of classical flux balance analysis that allows the dynamic effects of the extracellular environment on microbial metabolism to be predicted and optimised. Recently this computational framework has been extended to microbial communities for which the individual species are known and genome-scale metabolic reconstructions are available. In this review, the authors provide an overview of the emerging DFBA approach with a focus on two case studies involving the conversion of mixed hexose/pentose sugar mixtures by synthetic microbial co-culture systems. These case studies illustrate the key requirements of the DFBA approach, including the incorporation of individual species metabolic reconstructions, formulation of extracellular mass balances, identification of substrate uptake kinetics, numerical solution of the coupled linear program/differential equations and model adaptation for common, suboptimal growth conditions and identified species interactions. The review concludes with a summary of progress to date and possible directions for future research.
Asian cultural values, internalized heterosexism, and sexual orientation disclosure among Asian American sexual minority persons.

The purpose of this study was to examine how cultural-specific influences effect dimensions of sexual identity experience among 143 Asian American lesbian, gay, bisexual, and questioning (LGBQ) persons using a web-based Internet survey. Findings revealed that more adherence to Asian values was positively related to internalized heterosexism (also known as internalized homophobia) and negatively related to sexual orientation disclosure to others. Results also indicated that internalized heterosexism mediated and moderated the relationship between adherence to Asian values and sexual orientation disclosure. In terms of mediation, findings were consistent with the notion that more adherence to Asian cultural values leads to more internalized heterosexism, which in turn leads to less willingness to be out. In terms of moderation, results revealed that the difference between the high and low internalized heterosexism groups occurs at the lower levels of adherence to Asian values when LGBQ persons who have less...
Validation of a Novel Kinematic Based Protocol to Study Foot and Ankle Biomechanics

A novel testing protocol was developed to simulate in vivo mechanics of the foot-ankle complex during early stance phase gait in a human cadaveric lower extremity model. A lower leg was mounted in a robotic testing platform with the tibia upright and foot flat on the baseplate. The axial force applied to the tibia was controlled as a function of the vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) set at half body weight (356N) and a 50% vGRF (178N) Achilles tendon load. The loading scenario was repetitively tested over 1° dorsiflexion and 20° plantarflexion in two specimens. Because the platform axes were controlled to within 2microns and 0.0002°, error in calculating the ankle instantaneous axis of rotation (IAR) was ±0.001mm. Mean axial tibia loads, vGRFs, and mean ankle IAR values were analyzed with an ANOVA and a Holm-Sidak post-hoc multiple comparisons test (P<;0.05). Axial forces applied to the tibia were controlled to within ±2N of the target conditions with a maximum deviation of ±6N. Ankle IAR values were significantly different between dorsiflexion and plantarflexion. The customized robotic platform and advanced testing protocol can be programmed to simulate many different loading scenarios appropriate for studying foot biomechanics.
Genetic Factors Influencing Adverse Effects of Mesotrione and Nicosulfuron on Sweet Corn Yield

Sensitivity to certain P450-metabolized herbicides in corn (Zea mays L.) is largely conditioned by a single cytochrome P450 (CYP) gene. Little to no research has been done to evaluate the effect of CYP genotype on sweet corn yield. Yield of 23 sweet corn hybrids of known CYP genotype was evaluated in 2007, 2008, and 2009 following postemergence applications of mesotrione, an hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitor, or nicosulfuron, an acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor, at two growth stages. Mesotrione and nicosulfuron were evaluated in separate experiments. Treatments included herbicide application during the V3 to V5 or V5 to V7 growth stages and a nontreated control. Crop injury, measured 7 d after treatment (DAT), ranged from 0 to 87% for mesotrione and 0 to 54% for nicosulfuron among CYP genotypes. Injury from both mesotrione and nicosulfuron was most severe following application during V3 to V5 growth stages on hybrids with mutant (i.e., nonfunctional) cyp alleles. Only hybrids homozygous for mutant cyp alleles (i.e., cypcyp) suffered yield losses from mesotrione, ranging from 9 to 40%. These hybrids were not evaluated for nicosulfuron because applications ofALS-inhibiting herbicides kill cypcyp hybrids. Nicosulfuron reduced the yield of CYPcyp hybrids only; whereas mesotrione did not. Yield losses from nicosulfuron ranged from 9 to 35% among CYPcyp hybrids and were associated with moderate to severe loss of kernel rows (i.e., ear pinching). Yield of CYPCYP hybrids was not affected by mesotrione or nicosulfuron.
Structure of an oxo-bridged germatrane dimer

The reaction of tris(2-hydroxyphenyl)amine with Ge(OEt)4 produced 1,1′-oxybis(1-germa-5-aza-2,8,9-trioxatribenzobicyclo[3.3.3]undeca-3,6,10-triene) (11). This reaction proceeded via 1-ethoxy-1-germa-5-aza-2,8,9-trioxatribenzobicyclo[3.3.3]undeca-3,6,10-triene (10a). In oxo-bridged germatrane dimer 11, the GeOGe moiety is bent at an angle of 131.2(4)°, and GeObridge distances are 1.750(7) and 1.743(6) A. The other GeO distances, by comparison, averaged 1.785(7) A. The germanium centers in 11 are nearly trigonal bipyramidal by virtue of significant interaction with transannular nitrogen: the GeN distances are 2.235(8) and 2.247(7) A. Ab initio calculations on 11 and H3GeOGeH3 predict a linear GeOGe geometry when d-orbitals are omitted from the basis set, but correctly predict a bent geometry when d-orbitals are used.
The effect of magnesium sulfate on fetal heart rate parameters: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

Abstract Objective: We sought to determine the effect of magnesium sulfate on fetal heart rate baseline value, variability, and acceleration-deceleration pattern. Study Design: Normal, nonlaboring pregnant patients at >30 weeks' gestation were recruited. Baseline fetal heart rate monitoring for 1 hour was performed. After an 800-kcal meal, patients were randomized to receive either an intravenous loading dose of 6 g of magnesium sulfate in 100 mL of isotonic sodium chloride solution or 100 mL of isotonic sodium chloride solution alone. Subsequently, patients in the magnesium sulfate group received a 2-g/h intravenous infusion for 3 hours at a rate of 125 mL/h. Patients randomized to the sodium chloride solution group received a sodium chloride solution infusion at a similar rate (unlabeled intravenous bags). Maternal blood was drawn at 0, 1, and 3 hours for determination of total and ionized magnesium and calcium, electrolyte, and glucose levels. One hour of fetal heart rate monitoring was repeated at 1 and 3 hours of infusion. Tracings were interpreted without identifiers (of time or group) by using the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development fetal heart rate monitoring guidelines. Results: Magnesium sulfate administration resulted in decreased fetal heart rate baseline values and variability in the third hour. The fetal heart rate baseline value was 134.4 ± 6.3 versus 136.6 ± 6.4 beats/min before infusion ( P > .05), 134.4 ± 7.1 versus 135.1 ± 6.6 beats/min in the first hour ( P > .05), and 134.6 ± 7.1 versus 132.3 ± 7.6 beats/min in the third hour ( P P > .05), 2.81 ± 0.30 versus 2.84 ± 0.28 in the first hour ( P > .05), and 2.71 ± 0.52 versus 2.67 ± 0.36 in the third hour in the sodium chloride solution group versus the magnesium sulfate group, respectively ( P Conclusions: Prolonged administration of magnesium sulfate was associated with decreased fetal heart rate baseline values and variability. Given the small magnitude of these changes, the clinical significance of these findings is questionable. Magnesium sulfate inhibition of the increasing number of accelerations with gestational age needs to be considered when fetal well-being is assessed. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:1122-7.)
Calculation of elastic Green’s functions for lattices with cavities

In this Brief Report, we present an algorithm for calculating the elastic Lattice Greens Function of a regular lattice, in which defects are created by removing lattice points. The method is computationally efficient, since the required matrix operations are on matrices that scale with the size of the defect subspace, and not with the size of the full lattice. This method allows the treatment of force fields with multi-atom interactions.
Cytotoxicity of three endodontic intracanal medicaments.

Abstract Three endodontic intracanal medicaments (camphorated para-monochlorophenol, Cresatin, and Acriphen) were tested for their cytotoxic effect on HeLa cell tissue system. All three drugs showed extreme toxicity to the tissue culture cells even when the concentration of each drug was in a dilution of 1:1,000.
Carbon dioxide-dolomite rock interaction during CO2 flooding process

The effect of CO2 on carbonate rock during CO2 flooding of petroleum reservoirs was investigated using dolomite cores. The studies were made at several pressure levels to determine the effects of pressure on the interaction of CO2 and dolomite. Fifteen cylindrical dolomite cores were saturated with 0.1 N KCl solution which was displaced with liquid CO2. The tests were conducted at pressures varying from 1,000 to 2,500 psig, while the temperature of the system was maintained 80 F. The results of the laboratory study showed that CO2 would dissolve some of the rock around an injection well in a field application. The higher the injection pressure, the more pronounced would be this effect. The larger the pressure drop, the more the carbonate precipitation and the reduction in the permeability of the rock.
Species-dependent regulation of monocyte/macrophage Ia antigen expression and antigen presentation by prostaglandin E

The expression of Ia antigen by various murine and human macrophage populations and the ability of prostaglandins of the E series to regulate Ia antigen expression were explored. Monocytes and macrophages from human and murine populations demonstrated a dichotomy in the expression of Ia antigen. Both human monocytes and macrophages expressed elevated levels of Ia antigen compared to their murine counterpart. Murine macrophages appear to express elevated levels of Ia antigen only when actively interacting with T lymphocytes in vivo or with lymphokines in vitro. Prostaglandins of the E series can suppress murine macrophage Ia antigen expression, but have little effect on the expression of Ia antigen by human monocytes and macrophages. Also, prostaglandins of the E series do not modulate the ability of human monocytes to present antigen to autologous lymphocytes when studied over a broad concentration range. These data suggest that prostaglandin E compounds do not profoundly affect human monocyte/macrophage Ia antigen expression or human monocyte antigen presenting activity.
DEFECTS AND SITE OCCUPANCIES IN Nb-Cr-Ti C15 LAVES PHASE ALLOYS

A multiply-faulted dipole in the C15 Laves phase of composition Nb{sub 15}Cr{sub 68}Ti{sub 17} has been characterized. The dislocations all lie along [011] and show no residual contrast when imaged edge-on at B = [0{bar 1}{bar 1}] indicating that they are edge in character. Given this, the Burgers vectors for the Shockley partials are {+-} 1/6[2{bar 1}1] and those of the stair-rods are {+-} 1/6[0{bar 1}1]. This is consistent with a g {center_dot} b analysis which was performed. The stacking fault energy was determined to be 35 mJ/m{sup 2} which is higher than the experimental value of 25 mJ/m{sup 2} from NbCr{sub 2}. Simulations are currently underway to understand, given the site occupancies and observed trend in stacking fault energy, whether Ti would be expected to raise the stacking fault energy of the C15 Laves phase.
Seed-mediated synthesis of Pd–Rh bimetallic nanodendrites

This Letter describes a simple, aqueous-phase route to the synthesis of Pd–Rh bimetallic nanodendrites consisting of Rh branches anchored to a Pd nanocrystal core. Palladium nanocrystals with various shapes, including truncated octahedron, cube, octahedron, and thin plate, have all been successfully employed as seeds to grow Rh branches via the reduction of Na3RhCl6 with l-ascorbic acid in an aqueous solution. The degree of Rh branching could be controlled by varying the concentration of Na3RhCl6 involved in a synthesis. Electron microscopy analysis revealed that growth of Rh branches proceeded via attachment of small Rh particles that had been formed via homogeneous nucleation in solution.
Encased Cantilevers for Ultra-Low-Noise Force Spectroscopy of Proteins and Ligand Receptor Complexes

The energy landscape of proteins folding and unfolding or of ligand-receptor binding can be elucidated by force spectroscopy. Laser tweezers has excellent force resolution (∼10 fN/sqrt(Hz)) but a low force limit, making it poorly suited for protein pulling. Atomic Force Microscopy has a high force limit but poor force resolution (∼200 fN/sqrt(Hz)) because of viscous interaction of the water with the cantilever. To reduce viscous damping we developed encased cantilevers in which the cantilever is kept dry. Immersed in the solution, surface tension prevents the liquid from entering into the encasement, and only few microns of the tip protrude to interact with the sample in solution. The length of the free cantilever within the encasement is easily controlled during fabrication, hence, ultra short cantilevers with resonance frequencies >1MHz can be fabricated (Figure1, a and b). Thanks to the low damping we achieve quality factors of >100 and minimal detectable forces of 12 fN/sqrt(Hz). The cantilevers can be used in any conventional AFM setup using beam deflection. The low force noise and high force limit make encased cantilevers ideal for force spectroscopy applications.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
“They Licked the Platter Clean”: On the Co-Dependency of the Religious and The Secular

This paper argues that a methodological puzzle that stands in the way of those who critique the adequacy of a secularist perspective for studying religion is that the modern invention that goes by the name of secularism is the only means for imagining religion to exist as an item of discourse. Drawing on a variety of efforts to move beyond the limits of binary thinking—efforts that invariably function to reaffirm one or the other pole by imagining it to predate its partner—the paper concludes that, for those interested in talking about such things as religion, faith, spirit, belief, experience, etc., there is no beyond to secularism, for it constitutes the discursive conditions by means of which we in the modern world think religion into existence. us, the now common effort to critique the adequacy of secularism for studying religion not only presuppose the idea of the nation-state but reinforce and extend it as well.
Constructing sustainable biofuels: governance of the emerging biofuel economy

In recent decades, new modes of governance have emerged in which an array of non-nation-state actors (NNSAs) drive norms and behaviors related to the production and consumption of goods and service...
Regulation of coupling factor in field-grown sunflower: a redox model relating coupling factor activity to the activities of other thioredoxin-dependent chloroplast enzymes.

Simultaneous, non-invasive measurements were made of the rate of photosynthetic CO2 fixation and the state of activation of the chloroplast CF1CF0-ATP synthase (CF) in field-grown sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) during the dark-to-light transition at sunrise. CO2 fixation showed a linear response with light intensity from zero to about 500–700 μE m-2 s-1. However, at light intensities of only 5–22 μE m-2 s-1, the energetic threshold for activation of the CF was found to be significantly lowered (as compared to the pre-dawn state), presumably through reduction of the regulatory sulfhdryl groups of the γ-subunit of the CF. When these studies were extended to chamber-grown plants, it was found that as little as 5 seconds of illumination at 4 μE m-2 s-1 caused apparently full CF reduction. It is clear, therefore, that the catalytic activation of CF is not rate limiting to the induction of carbon assimilation under field conditions during a natural dark-to-light transition at sunrise. A model, based on the redox properties of the regulatory sulfhydryls, was developed to examine the significance of sulfhydryl midpoint potential in explaining the differences in light sensitivity and oxidation and reduction kinetics, between the CF and other thioredoxin-modulated chloroplast enzymes. Computer simulations of the light-induced regulation of three representative thioredoxin-modulated enzymes are presented.
John Dewey’s social psychology and neopragmatism: theoretical foundations of human agency and social reconstruction

John Dewey’s social psychology arose within the intellectual context of the nature-nurture controversy and the transition from laissez-faire to etatise liberalism. These ideas were themselves envel...