cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Student Academic Self-Concept and Perception of Classroom Environment in Single-Sex and Coeducational Middle Grades Mathematics Classes

In this article, we present findings from a study that investigated the relationship between all-girls classes, all-boys classes, and coeducational classes on student mathematics self-concept and student perception of classroom environment. Further, we compared responses of girls in all-girls classes to girls in coeducational classes and responses of boys in all-boys classes to boys in coeducational classes. Using the Mathematics Attitude Scale and the What Is Happening in This Class? questionnaire, we found no significant differences in student responses on any of the subscales or domains for any of the subgroups, except for Math as a Male Domain. Our findings indicate that student mathematics self-concept and student perception of the classroom environment are similar regardless of whether students are in a single-sex or a coeducational class.
Paleoindian archaeology of the Upper Gunnison Basin, Colorado Rocky Mountains:

The past two decades have seen a fluorescence of work at Paleoindian sites in Colorado’s Upper Gunnison Basin (UGB). This article presents and synthesizes the results of that work in two parts, the first, a landscape-scale analysis of 82 UGB Paleoindian components as reported in Colorado state site files; the second, a higher-resolution analysis of Paleoindian sites excavated in recent years. Conclusions include that starting as early as Folsom time, Paleoindian groups occupied the UGB year-round, and that UGB Paleoindian settlement strategies varied significantly both synchronically and diachronically. Both findings relate in large part to the enormously diverse resource base of the Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene Rocky Mountains in general and UGB in particular.
Management of Traumatic LASIK Flap Edge Invagination

Refractive surgeons who perform LASIK should be familiar with how to manage a traumatic flap dehiscence, as proper and timely diagnosis and management can increase the chance of an optimal visual outcome [1].
Coulomb Corrections to π π Scattering

A two-particle Klein-Gordon equation, containing corrections for retardation effects in the vector potential, is used to construct the electromagnetic scattering amplitude for the scattering of two equal-mass spinless particles good to order ${(\frac{v}{c})}^{2}$. The amplitude reduces to the nonrelativistic result at low energies and to the quantum-electrodynamic result at high energies and is similar to a form conjectured by Van Hove for pion-nucleon scattering. This amplitude is used to analyze the kinematically elastic scattering of two charged pions in terms of the electromagnetic and isospin phase shifts.
The Brain and the Endocrine System: A Memoir

I suppose my career first began to turn toward neuroendocrinology on December 7, 1941. At that time, I was majoring in government at Harvard College and planning to enter public administration. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, I was drafted and initially assigned to the infantry. However, the Army subsequently decided to send me back to school, first for pre-engineering studies and then for a premedical and medical education. The change from public administration to medical science is one I have never regretted, but it is one that occurred because of world events rather than personal planning.
Denoised ordered subset statistically penalized algebraic reconstruction technique (DOS-SPART) in digital breast tomosynthesis

Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is a three dimensional (3D) breast imaging modality in which projections are acquired over a limited angular span around the compressed breast and reconstructed into image slices parallel to the detector. DBT has been shown to help alleviate the breast tissue overlapping issues of two dimensional (2D) mammography. Since the overlapping tissues may simulate cancer masses or obscure true cancers, this improvement is critically important for improved breast cancer screening and diagnosis. In this work, a model-based image reconstruction method is presented to show that spatial resolution in DBT volumes can be maintained while dose is reduced using the presented method when compared to that of a state-of-the-art commercial reconstruction technique. Spatial resolution was measured in phantom images and subjectively in a clinical dataset. Noise characteristics were explored in a cadaver study. In both the quantitative and subjective results the image sharpness was maintained and overall image quality was maintained at reduced doses when the model-based iterative reconstruction was used to reconstruct the volumes.
Some Challenges for Reformers and Architects

In these brief concluding remarks, I confine myself to a few reflections on some of the themes that have been broached today, without much reference to individual authors or comments, as it would be impossible to summarize everything that has been said at this conference about the new architecture of the international monetary system.
Polymer formation during the HDN of indole

During kinetic studies of the hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) of indole (IND) over a NiMo/P–Al2O3 catalyst, it was found that material balances (representing loss of indole) were often low and varied depending on reaction conditions. Tests of IND with an alumina support, in which no reaction to HDN products occurred, also gave low material balances, which appeared to reach a line out value with space time. UV spectra of a liquid sample from this run showed evidence of species different than IND, which is attributed to a polymer. The low material balances were due to the failure of the GC analysis to detect the polymer in the product sample and possible loss of polymer by condensation in the lines leading to the sample collector. Material balances with the catalyst were related to conversion of IND to HDN reaction products. Low material balances were only obtained with IND, not with reaction products alone. It was concluded that the loss of IND is due to formation of a polymer. At low space time (low IND conversion), the polymer is rapidly formed in competition with conversion of IND to HDN products, while at high space time (high IND conversion), the polymer decreases due to back reaction to IND, followed by conversion to HDN products. The consequence of polymer formation, when it occurs, is that it represents a parallel reaction path to conversion of indole and needs to be accounted for in any kinetic analysis of the HDN of indole.
High Heart: A Role for Calcineurin Signaling in Hypoxia-Influenced Cardiac Growth.

In 1925, Dr Carlos Monge presented to the National Academy of Medicine in Lima, Peru, his observations of a new disease. His patient had bluish skin, dizziness, and confusion when working at high altitudes, but symptoms were ameliorated once the patient returned to the coast.1 In a storied and impactful career, Monge went on to study the physiological differences between sufferers of Monge’s disease, those who were able to acclimatize to the altitude, and finally those who thrived in the low oxygen conditions.2 Today, we now know this condition as chronic mountain sickness (CMS). Caused by exposure to low oxygen conditions, CMS affects a significant proportion of high-altitude populations and can lead to pulmonary hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and eventual heart failure.3 See Article by Zarndt and Walls et al Today, CMS still afflicts a large number of individuals, including a striking one sixth of residents of Cerro de Pasco in Peru,4 designating CMS as a significant medical challenge in many high-altitude populations. Understanding the mechanisms by which hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy occur as a result of hypoxia is important not only …
A Tale of Two Navies: Geopolitics, Technology, and Strategy in the United States Navy and Royal Navy, 1940–2015: Wells, Anthony R. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press 264 pp., $35.00 ISBN 978–1682471203 Publication Date: January 2017

A Tale of Two Navies is a fascinating book. Anthony R. Wells has experience serving the governments of both Great Britain and the United States as a technical intelligence analyst for the navies ex...
Extension of the Kohn-Sham formulation of density functional theory to finite temperature

Abstract Based on Mermin's extension of the Hohenberg and Kohn theorems to non-zero temperature, the Kohn-Sham formulation of density functional theory (KS-DFT) is generalized to finite temperature. We show that present formulations are inconsistent with Mermin's functional containing expressions, in particular describing the Coulomb energy, that defy derivation and are even in violation of rules of logical inference. More; current methodology is in violation of fundamental laws of both quantum and classical mechanics. Based on this feature, we demonstrate the impossibility of extending the KS formalism to finite temperature through the self-consistent solutions of the single-particle Schrodinger equation of T > 0. Guided by the form of Mermin's functional that depends on the eigenstates of a Hamiltonian, determined at T = 0 , we base our extension of KS-DFT on the determination of the excited states of a non-interacting system at the zero of temperature. The resulting formulation is consistent with that of Mermin constructing the free energy at T > 0 in terms of the excited states of a non-interacting Hamiltonian (system) that, within the KS formalism, are described by Slater determinants. To determine the excited states at T = 0 use is made of the extension of the Hohenberg and Kohn theorems to excited states presented in previous work applied here to a non-interacting collection of replicas of a non-interacting N-particle system, whose ground state density is taken to match that of K non-interacting replicas of an interacting N-particle system at T = 0 . The formalism allows for an ever denser population of the excitation spectrum of a Hamiltonian, within the KS approximation. The form of the auxiliary potential, (Kohn-Sham potential), is formally identical to that in the ground state formalism with the contribution of the Coulomb energy provided by the derivative of the Coulomb energy in all excited states taken into account. Once the excited states are determined, the minimum of the free energy within the KS formalism follows immediately in the form of Mermin's functional, but with the exact excited states in that functional represented by Slater determinants obtained through self-consistency conditions at the zero of temperature. It is emphasized that, in departure from all existing formulations, no self-consistency conditions are implemented at finite T; as we show, in fact, such formulations are rigorously blocked.
Tippers and stiffers: An analysis of tipping behavior in taxi trips

Tipping is a social norm in many countries and widely recognized as an anomalous behavior, in that a tip is common enough to have become expected when dealing with tipped industries (e.g., restaurants, bars, taxi trips), while at the same time defying rational-agent assumptions of economics. Such intriguing consumer behavior has led to its wide study across the world. However, most studies of tips and tipping behavior have suffered from a lack of data, relying on surveys and manually collected information. Here we analyze a dataset of 13 million taxi trips with their associated tips, in order to examine tips as they compare to the average income of the location from which the trip originated. We discovered that tipping behavior is temporally stable during either the time of the day or the day of the week. Also, when people tip, there is no statistically significant correlation between the amount tipped and the people's income. However, passengers who do not leave any tip (i.e., the stiffers) exhibit consistent patterns both temporally and spatially in which the highest frequency of stiffers occurs around 4am, and the tendency of a passenger to stiff the taxi driver presents a strong negative correlation with income. The understanding of social behavior is important in ubiquitous computing in particular in smart-city contexts. A more complete understanding of human behavior is intrinsically linked to our ability to develop smarter cities.
The case for residential back-alleys: A North American perspective

This article addresses the issue of accessduplication within North Americanneighborhoods. The author compares fiveresidential development models with distinctiveaccess patterns: one, the ubiquitous postwarsuburban “street-no-alley” neighborhood; two,the “open-back” neighborhood which providespedestrian access beyond rear property lines;three, the Radburn-style “open-front”configuration with vehicular access providedonly at the rear side of residences;four, the traditional “street-and-alley”neighborhood with detached houses; and five,the “street-and-alley” form with attached homesand higher residential densities. The author'scase study method seeks to understand andreveal the “behavioral landscape”. What are thestreets, alleys or pedestrian open spaces beingused for – which activities occur in whichplaces? How do residents perceive these spaces?The author maintains that in the contemporaryera, the street or alley/lane alone ishard-pressed to stage all the social-space andservice functions within a residentialcommunity. However, we might look to bothtraditional “alley-and-street” communities andthe “alley-no-street” example to gain anunderstanding of just how vital the diverselandscape of back-side connection among homescan be in supporting outdoor community sociallife. Finally, the case study of thehigher-density example suggests that here,block-scale community life is as muchstreet-based as it is alley-based, and theauthor's conclusion is that the greater densitymakes having both – street and alley – all the more important. When densities reach acritical mass, it becomes clear that accessduplication enhances both the range of residentchoices as well as the diversity of socialsettings available to residents.
Double Origin of the Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery: Anatomic Case Report.

Background Double origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery is rare. It has important clinical implications especially in cases of aneurysms of the vertebral artery or the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. Several radiologic reports of this variant exist. However, no anatomic illustration of this rarity exists in the literature. This brief report provides the first anatomic illustration of this important variation of the vertebrobasilar system. Case Description A cadaveric specimen was prepared for dissection. A far lateral craniotomy was performed on the right side. While exploring the right cerebellomedullary cistern, 2 separate origins of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery were found from the vertebral artery as the caudal and rostral trunks that joined to form the distal posterior inferior cerebellar artery trunk at the tonsillomedullary segment. Microscopic and endoscopic illustrations are provided. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first anatomic report on the double origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. Cadaveric illustration of this variant helps with understanding its anatomic relationship with adjacent neurovascular structures of the cerebellomedullary cistern including the perforating arteries and the lower cranial nerves.
An Applied/Computational Mathematician’s View of Uncertainty Quantification for Complex Systems

Uncertainty quantification (UQ) is defined differently by different disciplines. Here, we first review an applied and computational mathematician’s definition of UQ for complex systems, especially in the context of partial differential equations (PDEs) with random inputs. We then discuss the types of stochastic noises that are used as inputs to the PDEs and, for the case of infinite stochastic processes, how those inputs are approximated so that they are amenable to computations. We then review methods that are used to obtain approximations of solutions of PDEs with random inputs, with special emphases given to stochastic Galerkin and stochastic sampling methods, including sparse-grid methods in the latter case. We close with a brief foray into where UQ in the PDE setting is going moving forwards.
Antibacterial activity of polymeric nanofiber membranes impregnated with Texas sour orange juice

Abstract The antibacterial activity of Nylon 6 nanofiber membranes and commercial gauze pads dipped in Texas sour orange juice were evaluated. The Nylon 6 nanofiber mats were developed using a centrifugal spinning technique. The resultant mats were composed of fibers with average diameter of 209 nm, while the average fiber diameter of the commercial gauze pad was 8.73 µm. The dipping solution was composed of 100% Texas sour orange juice. The samples were immersed in the solution for 5 min. The antibacterial activity against gram-positive, (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp.) bacteria were evaluated after one day of culture by measuring the inhibition zones. The bacterial tests demonstrated that the addition of the citrus juice to nanofiber membrane increases the degree of inhibition zones from 5.5 mm to 18.5 mm, however; in case of coated gauze pad samples a maximum inhibition zone up to 16 mm was observed. Cell growth was inhibited in the nanofiber membranes, indicating that the nanofiber mats are amenable to be used as easy to remove wound dressings. These results show promising applications in wound care, especially given that the results were achieved in the absence of a sterilization process.
How the Sausage is Made: An Examination of a State Funding Model Design Process

ABSTRACTExtant research neglects to examine how policymakers make decisions regarding funding allocations to higher education institutions. This case study analyzed the policy process surrounding t...
Should pregnancy testing during chemotherapy be standardized

e18314Background: The incidence of cancer diagnosed during pregnancy is 0.1-0.2%. The incidence of women who become pregnant while on chemotherapy is less clear. As the initiative to improve awaren...
A comparison of buprenorphine and psychosocial treatment outcomes in psychosocial and medical settings.

Abstract Background Facing an epidemic of opioid-related mortality, many government health departments, insurers, and treatment providers have attempted to expand patient access to buprenorphine in psychosocial substance use disorder (SUD) programs and medical settings. Methods With Missouri Medicaid data from 2008 to 2015, we used Cox proportional hazard models to estimate the relative hazards for treatment attrition and SUD-related emergency department (ED) visits or hospitalizations associated with buprenorphine in psychosocial SUD programs and medical settings. We also tested the association of buprenorphine with hours of psychosocial treatment during the first 30 days of psychosocial SUD treatment. The analytic sample included claims from 7606 individuals with an OUD diagnosis. Results Compared to psychosocial treatment without buprenorphine (PSY), the addition of buprenorphine (PSY-B) was associated with a significantly reduced hazard for treatment attrition (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.62–0.71). Among buprenorphine episodes, office-based (B-OBOT), outpatient hospital (B-OPH), and no documented setting (B-PHA) were associated with reduced hazards for treatment attrition when compared to the psychosocial SUD setting (B-PSY) (adjusted hazard ratios: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.24–0.31; 0.46, 95% CI: 0.39–0.54; 0.70, 95% CI: 0.61–0.81). Compared to B-PSY, B-OBOT and B-PHA were associated with significantly reduced hazards for a SUD-related ED visits or hospitalization (adjusted hazard ratios: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.41–0.85; 0.53, 95% CI: 0.36–0.78). There was no significant difference between B-PSY and B-OPH or B-PSY and PSY in hazard for an SUD-related ED visit or hospitalization. Conclusions Our findings support the conclusion that adding buprenorphine to Medicaid-covered psychosocial SUD treatment reduces patient attrition and SUD-related ED visits or hospitalizations but that buprenorphine treatment in office-based medical settings is even more effective in reducing these negative outcomes. Policy-makers should consider ways to expand buprenorphine access in all settings, but particularly in office-based medical settings. Buprenorphine treatment in an unbilled setting was associated with an increased hazard for patient attrition when compared to treatment in billed medical settings, indicating the importance of Medicaid-covered provider visits for patient retention.
Protein characterization using electrophoresis and immunofixation; a case-based review of dogs and cats.

Protein electrophoresis and immunotyping can be a useful adjunct to the standard biochemical techniques for characterizing serum and urine proteins. This paper reviews currently available and commonly used methods for diagnostic protein electrophoresis, including both agarose gel and capillary zone electrophoretic techniques and total protein assessments. Immunofixation and immunosubtraction methods for identification of immunoglobulin location and class are also presented. Practical application of quality assurance and quality control strategies in compliance with American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology (ASVCP) best practices are discussed. Commonly encountered serum and urine electrophoretic diagnostic patterns, including electrophoretically normal, acute-phase protein responses, polyclonal gammopathies, restricted polyclonal/oligoclonal gammopathies, paraproteinemias (monoclonal or biclonal gammopathies), and Bence-Jones proteinurias are also reviewed using relevant case material. Cases in which immunofixation electrophoresis are particularly useful are highlighted, and methodologies to more accurately quantify serum monoclonal proteins (M-proteins), monitoring tests commonly used in human medicine, are discussed.
Properties of Cartilage-Subchondral Bone Junctions: A Narrative Review with Specific Focus on the Growth Plate.

ObjectiveThe purpose of this narrative review is to summarize what is currently known about the structural, chemical, and mechanical properties of cartilage-bone interfaces, which provide tissue in...
Family Communication Patterns and Challenges of Huntington's Disease Risk, the Decision to Pursue Presymptomatic Testing, and Test Results.

Background Communicating genetic information within families can provide individuals with the emotional support, alert family members to their own potential risk, and strengthen relationships. However, these communications have the potential to cause emotional distress to individuals and family members if family members are informed of a risk they do not wish to know or discuss. Communication about the decision to pursue testing and test results are especially sensitive in Huntington's disease (HD), where individuals often feel strongly about either knowing or not knowing their genetic status. Objective To examine family communication patterns of genetic risk, the decision to pursue testing, and test results not just years, but decades after testing for HD, and examine how family communication of genetic risk information affects family relationships over the long-term. Methods In this qualitative study, 39 semi-structured interviews were conducted with probands who went through genetic testing for HD. Clinic notes from these individuals were also analyzed. Results Family communication patterns varied based on relation (e.g., significant others, child, extended family) and were influenced by a variety of factors. Sharing with spouses and children had a positive influence on the relationship in most cases. Sharing with extended family members had varying effects on relationships. Negative effects were more likely when family members were in denial, had not pursued testing for themselves, or did not support testing. Conclusion Communication to significant others and children, should be discussed with and supported in individuals seeking testing for HD, but for extended family members, potential effects on the relationship, emotional distress, and benefits should be discussed and weighed.
Metal-organic framework portable chemical sensor

Abstract Combining the chemical-specific adsorption properties of metal-organic framework (MOF) materials with the dielectric sensitivity of a novel open-ended hollow coaxial cable resonator (OE-HCCR), a mechanically-robust and portable gas sensor device (OE-HCCR-MOF) with high chemical selectivity and sensitivity is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The operating principle of the device is based on changes in the dielectric property of the host MOF layer in response to variations in the types and concentrations of guest molecules. The changes in the dielectric property of the MOF layer modify the phase-matching condition of the microwave resonator, causing shifts in the resonance frequency of the device. By monitoring the resonance frequency shift, the adsorptions of guest molecules can be monitored in real-time and accurately quantified. In proof-of-concept demonstrations, a 200-μm layer of MOF (HKUST-1) was placed within an OE-HCCR to develop a prototype OE-HCCR-MOF sensor. The novel sensor showed high sensitivity to variations in the concentrations of carbon dioxide with good reversibility. The chemical selectivity of the prototype sensor for carbon dioxide compared to methane was also investigated.
Menstrual suppression in girls with disabilities.

Background Girls with disabilities and their caregivers are challenged during pubertal transitions, particularly with menses onset. More than 50% of caregivers report concern and anxiety related to menarche, and they have sought health care providers to discuss options. Menstrual suppression planning and education from nurse practitioners (NP) is key to ensure quality of life for these girls and their caregivers. Objective The purpose of this systematic review is to examine and evaluate the state of the science surrounding the use of medical modalities for menstrual suppression in adolescent girls with disabilities. Data sources Articles were identified through systematic electronic search of the following databases: CINAHL, Medline, Health Sources: Nursing/Academic Edition, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, PsycINFO, Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials, and Academic Search Complete. Conclusions Results indicate that the most common medical modality used for menstrual suppression in girls with disabilities is the combined oral contraceptive pill, but depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system have been recommended. Concerns related to menstrual suppression include expressed wishes of the girl and her caregivers, existing comorbid conditions, and risks associated with medical modalities used for suppression. Implications for practice Meaningful conversations about concerns and expectations related to pubertal transitions are essential to ensure smooth transitions. NPs should provide counseling and discuss the variety of interventions available for menstrual suppression, being mindful of the need for comprehensive gynecological care. Additional studies using robust methods, including longitudinal and prospective strategies, are needed to better inform NPs of the goals and desirable outcomes for these girls and their caregivers.
One Type of Polar, Information-Seeking Question and Its Stance of Probability: Implications for the Preference for Agreement

There is little doubt that Sacks’s notion of the “preference for agreement” is generally valid. However, that it is valid does not tell us how it is valid. This article further unpacks the preferen...
Re) Framing Multilingual Technical Communication with Indigenous Language Interpreters and Translators

Through an ethnographic study conducted with an Indigenous language rights organization, this article illustrates how translation and interpretation can be further considered in global technical co...
A Machine Learning Inspired Transceiver with ISI-Resilient Data Encoding: Hybrid-Ternary Coding + 2-Tap FFE + CTLE + Feature Extraction and Classification for 44.7dB Channel Loss in 7.3pJ/bit

This paper presents a machine learning inspired energy-efficient transceiver targeting long-reach channels using an ISI-resilient hybrid-ternary encoding on the transmitter and feature extraction and classification on the receiver. In addition to data encoding, the proposed transceiver also employs a 2-tap FFE and CTLE to achieve communication on a 44.7dB loss FR4 channel with BER less than 1×10-6, and an energy efficiency of 7.3pJ/bit at 13.8Gb/s in 65nm CMOS.
Waves across the ocean

The predictions of linear surface wave theory (S = 1/2A sq rt L and S = 1/2A squared P, where S is speed, A is a proportionality constant, L is wavelength, and P is period) are discussed in connection with the remote measurement of swell, i.e., long ocean waves. Particular attention is given to the Scripps experiments and to the APL experiment involving Seasat microwave remote sensing. It is noted that these measurements have yielded an exceptionally clear field verification of the theory, indicating the fidelity of ocean remote sensors.
Chapter 34 Current trends and future directions in environmental geochemistry research

Abstract Increasing population growth and rapid industrialization with passing time have augmented the rate of deterioration of the environment, which is having a clear negative impact on human and ecological health. Although considerable research is now being undertaken in critical areas such as global change, environmental quality, and ecological protection, more collaborative, inter-disciplinary research is needed in order to ensure long-term environmental sustainability. A thorough understanding of the geochemistry of the earth's intrinsic processes is needed to develop a comprehensive, holistic model for the protection of the environment to ensure long-term sustainability in a global scale. This chapter briefly discusses some of the more salient current trends in environmental geochemistry research and a few of the many potential future directions of research in this area, often in close collaboration with experts in other scientific disciplines and policy makers geared towards maintaining earth system sustainability.
Protein Disorder and Human Genetic Disease

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are biologically active proteins that lack stable structure under physiological conditions. They are involved in crucial biological functions related to regulation, recognition, signalling and control of various events in the cell. Misbehaviour of IDPs is commonly associated with various human diseases. IDPs represent a prominent part of the human diseasome, a network that links the human disease phenome (which includes all the human genetic diseases) with the human disease genome (which contains all the disease-related genes), where they could be grouped into a unique entity, the human-genetic-disease-associated unfoldome. The exonic single nucleotide variations (SNVs) may induce a significant change in the tendency of a protein region to be structured or disordered, thereby causing malfunction of such a protein and contributing to the disease risk. Therefore, IDPs are abundant in genetic diseases, play crucial roles in pathogenesis of these maladies, and clearly require special attention. Key Concepts: Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are common in various proteomes, where they constitute functionally broad and densely populated unfoldomes. IDPs have crucial biological functions and are responsible for regulation, recognition, signalling and control of various events in the cell. Dysfunction, dysregulation and misbehaviour of IDPs are related to the pathogenesis of various diseases. Mutations in IDPs are frequently associated with genetic diseases. Mutations affecting the potential post-translational modification sites (which are frequently located within the intrinsically disordered regions) are often related to various diseases. A more-detailed understanding of the roles of intrinsically disordered proteins in genetic diseases might provide a basis for rational drug design against them. Keywords: intrinsic disorder; intrinsically disordered protein; diseasome; unfoldome; genetic disease; protein–protein interaction networks; pre-molten globule; random coil; entropic chain
Introduction to Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology refers to technology that is implemented at the nanoscale and has applications in the real world. Unique physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials can be exploited for applications that benefit society. Nanotechnology represents a megatrend and has become a general purpose technology. An executive action of 2000, the National Nanotechnology Initiative was formalized with the 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act in 2003. Through FY 2015 in the United States, federal R&D investment has been about $20 billion, with annual investment in FY 2015 of about $1.5 B, and more than double that by the private sector. The revenues from nanoenabled products continue growing, with over $200 B in FY 2012 in the US alone, and over $700 B worldwide. This represents an impressive return on investment. Basic research and development as well as research on potential safety issues of nanotechnology, workforce development, and education and curriculum should be continued. A biological system can be exceedingly small. Many of the cells are very tiny, but they are very active; they manufacture various substances; they walk around; they wiggle; and they do all kinds of marvelous things – all on a very small scale. Also, they store information. Consider the possibility that we too can make a thing very small which does what we want – that we can manufacture an object that maneuvers at that level. R.P. Feynman: There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom. In:Annu. Meet. Am. Phys. Soc. California Institute of Technology, Pasadena (1959)
The Influence of Training Environment on Trainee Expertise

Competent computing skills are critical for successful business operations and the accountants who sustain them. Developing competent skills requires not only knowledgeable trainers but also facilities able to support and deliver instruction to accounting trainees in efficient ways. Technology-equipped training environments have long been espoused as essential environments needed to speed delivery and enhance the learning experience of trainees. This study examined the impact of training environment on knowledge and skill set development. Results suggest that there are limitations to the extent to which technology-equipped training environments influence learning.
Racial differences in determinants of live donor kidney transplantation in the United States.

Few studies have compared determinants of live donor kidney transplantation (LDKT) across all major US racial-ethnic groups. We compared determinants of racial-ethnic differences in LDKT among 208 736 patients who initiated treatment for end-stage kidney disease during 2005–2008. We performed proportional hazards and bootstrap analyses to estimate differences in LDKT attributable to sociodemographic and clinical factors. Mean LDKT rates were lowest among blacks (1.19 per 100 person-years [95% CI: 1.12–1.26]), American Indians/Alaska Natives-AI/ANs (1.40 [1.06–1.84]) and Pacific Islanders (1.10 [0.78–1.84]), intermediate among Hispanics (2.53 [2.39–2.67]) and Asians (3.89 [3.51–4.32]), and highest among whites (6.46 [6.31– 6.61]). Compared with whites, the largest proportion of the disparity among blacks (20%) and AI/ANs (29%) was attributed to measures of predialysis care, while the largest proportion among Hispanics (14%) was attributed to health insurance coverage. Contextual poverty accounted for 16%, 4%, 18%, and 6% of the disparity among blacks, Hispanics, AI/ANs and Pacific Islanders but none of the disparity among Asians. In the United States, significant disparities in rates of LDKT persist, but determinants of these disparities vary by race-ethnicity. Efforts to expand preESKD insurance coverage, to improve access to high-quality predialysis care and to overcome socioeconomic barriers are important targets for addressing disparities in LDKT.
Protecting the Innocent as the Primary Value of the Criminal Justice System (Reviewing George Thomas, 'The Supreme Court on Trial: How the American Justice System Sacrifices Innocent Defendants.')

This is a review of George Thomas’s important and provocative new book, THE SUPREME COURT ON TRIAL: HOW THE AMERICAN JUSTICE SYSTEM SACRIFICES INNOCENT DEFENDANTS. Thomas argues that protection of the innocent is the primary goal of the criminal justice system, and that the adversary system has proved poorly suited to advancing that goal. In addition, he argues that Warren Court reforms exacerbated the problem, creating a system in which procedural protections have become an end rather than a means toward achieving justice. He argues that our system would do well to adopt many aspects of the inquisitorial system, and particularly the French system. The review gives an overview of the book, and then explores two of its central arguments. First, to what extent are the root causes of wrongful convictions tied to the adversary system, or to the current U.S. version of the adversary system, and to what extent do they transcend national culture? Second, is Thomas correct that protecting the innocent is the primary goal of the criminal justice system, and that the focus on process conflicts with that goal?
Congruent Phase Transition at a Twist Boundary Induced by Solute Segregation.

A congruent or 2D structural phase transition is observed, via Monte Carlo simulations, in a $\ensuremath{\Sigma}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}5/(002)$ twist boundary that is induced by segregation of Ni from the bulk of a single-phase Pt(Ni) alloy bicrystal. This segregation induced phase transition, at 850 K, is from the coincident site lattice (CSL) structure to the type 2 structure, which involves a change in the space group from ${p42}_{1}^{\ensuremath{'}}{2}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ to ${p42}^{\ensuremath{'}}{2}^{\ensuremath{'}}$. For bulk concentrations up to 0.6 at. % Ni the boundary has the CSL structure, while for a bulk concentration of 7 at. % Ni the type 2 structure is stable. Evidence is presented for chemical ordering at this interface.
Cortisol metabolism in hypertensive patients who do and do not develop hypokalemia from diuretics

Deficiency of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase causes hypertension and hypokalemia. To test whether hypertensive patients who develop hypokalemia when treated with diuretics have low levels of activity of this enzyme as a metabolic predisposition to the development of hypokalemia, we measured urinary cortisone, cortisol, tetrahydrocortisol, tetrahydrocortisone, and creatinine in 42 hypertensive patients who either did or did not become hypokalemic on hydrochlorothiazide. The mean ratios of cortisone to cortisol, tetrahydrocortisone to tetrahydrocortisol, tetrahydrocortisol to cortisol, and cortisol to creatinine did not differ between the two groups. We conclude that hypertensives who develop hypokalemia on diuretics do not have low activity of this enzyme. They also do not appear to have low ring A reduction or higher cortisol secretion rates compared with hypertensives who do not develop hypokalemia. We failed to find a metabolic predisposition to the development of hypokalemia by diuretic treatment.
Second-order perturbations for solitons in optical fibers

A singular perturbation theory for nonlinear Schr\"odinger solitons is extended into second order. An application is the calculation of the contribution of the radiation to the phase-independent interaction between soliton pairs, as suggested by Smith and Mollenauer [Opt. Lett. 14, 1284 (1989)].
The effects of interference on visual memory of 2D shape

Change detection requires comparing the representation of a previously presented stimulus to the representation of a new stimulus. During the interval over which information about the previously presented stimulus is stored, processing of additional information may corrupt the stored representation. The effects of this interference on change detection performance has been shown to depend on allocating attention to the additional information, but is largely independent of the type (visual vs. auditory) of information to which attention is allocated (Makovski, Shim, & Jiang, 2006). In the current experiments, subjects detect changes between the shapes of two smooth, closed, 2D contours presented sequentially, while sometimes also performing a shape-part-counting task between presentations of the change detection displays. On one-third of the trials, the part-counting task was done on a shape similar in structure to the shapes in the change-detection task. On another one-third of the trials, the part-counting task was done on a shape with very different structure - a shape composed of a set of straight lines all meeting at a single point. On the remaining trials, the part-counting task was omitted. Interference due to the part-counting task was measured as the decrease in change detection performance on trials with the part-counting task relative to trials without the part-counting task. Interference effects were dependent on the similarity of the shapes used in the two tasks; similar shapes interfere more than dissimilar shapes. The difference in interference may be reduced or eliminated if the subjects know ahead of time whether there will be an additional, interfering task, and if there is, what type of stimuli will be presented.
Suppression of the contact hypersensitivity response following topical exposure to 2-butoxyethanol in female BALB/c mice.

The effects of route of exposure, time of exposure and metabolism of 2-butoxyethanol (BE) on the contact hypersensitivity response (CHR) were evaluated in female BALB/c mice. Mice were either orally exposed to 50, 150 or 400 mg BE/kg or topically exposed to 0.25, 1.0, 4.0 or 16.0 mg BE on the ear and the oxazolone (OXA)-induced CHR evaluated by measuring ear thickness before and after OXA challenge. While no modulation was observed following oral exposure to BE, topical exposure resulted in a significant decrease in the CHR. Application of 4.0 mg BE in 4:1 acetone and olive oil (AOO) vehicle at the time of sensitization, challenge or both, decreased the CHR by 18%, 18% and 22%, respectively. A time course study of the effects of topical exposure to 4.0 mg BE/ear during the challenge phase of the CHR revealed that BE must be applied at the time of OXA challenge to significantly reduce the ear swelling response. In order to determine if metabolism of topically applied BE was required for suppression of the ...
Dynamic Postural Control in Older People With Diabetes During Gait Initiation

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the study was to investigate whether older people with diabetes exhibit different temporal characteristics related to postural control during gait initiation (GI) from age-matched healthy individuals. Eighteen participants were recruited and divided into two groups: nine people with diabetes and nine age/gender-matched people without diabetes. Participants performed the task of GI along 10m walkway on Tek-Scan® with bare feet. The temporal events of foot position were identified from ground reaction forces during five GI trials. For the absolute temporal events, our results show the anticipatory postural adjustment (APA) in the diabetic group was significantly longer than the nondiabetic group during GI. Despite having a longer APA for participants with diabetes, the relative temporal events of the diabetic group were not significantly different from the nondiabetic group during GI, which suggests that the feedforward control of GI remains unaffected after diabetes.
Wide-energy-range, high-resolution measurements of neutron pulse shapes of polyethylene moderators

We report measurements of the emission time distributions (pulse shapes) as functions of energy for neutrons emerging from two heavily irradiated, ambient-temperature polyethylene moderators in IPNS. A time-focused crystal spectrometer arrangement provided resolution such that instrumental broadening was insignificant; cooling the Ge monochromator to 10 K provided adequate reflectivity in the high energy region. Measurements covered the range 2.5 < E < 1000 meV. We introduce a novel set of functions which fit the pulse shapes over the entire range of energies with four wavelength-independent parameters.
Heat capacity study of4He desorbing from H2-plated graphite

We report measurements of the surface binding energy of4He adsorbed on 1.45, 2.15, or 3.15 layers of hydrogen plating graphite. The heat capacity of partial monolayer coverages of helium was measured using adiabatic heat pulse calorimetry from 0.2 to 9 K. Desorption of low surface density4He films was indicated above ≈2 K by a broad peak in the heat capacity. A model was developed to calculate the specific heat of an ideal gas in two dimensions as it desorbs into an ideal gas in three dimensions. This model was used to obtain the binding energies from our experimental data. The binding energies per atom are −39, −25.8, and −22 ± 0.5 K, respectively, for the three hydrogen platings. The 2-d compressibility of the partial solid second layer of H2 in the 1.45 layer H2 coverage was calculated from an increase in its melting temperature with increase of4He 2-d pressure.
Respiratory and laryngeal contributions to maximum phonation duration

Maximum phonation duration (MPD) is a common assessment procedure in speech-language pathology. However, the specific contributions of the respiratory and phonatory components of the speech-production mechanism to this task are not typically assessed. Six women and 6 men with normal speech and voice were monitored for lung volume during a standard MPD task, and for laryngeal airway resistance (Rlaw) during a modified MPD (slow syllable-repetition) task. On average, subjects used 90% of their vital capacity (VC) for their best MPD trial. There was no systematic relation between MPD and VC for these subjects. Rlaw was strongly correlated with MPD for the men (r(s) = 0.886 for /a/; r(s) = 0.829 for /i/), but not for the women. Rlaw increased linearly as lung volume decreased (slope > 0.15) for a subset of trials (32%). This was a common pattern for four of the subjects. The clinical utility of MPD to assess breathing for speech is questioned because of the lack of association between MPD and VC, and some atypical laryngeal-valving strategies.
Eco-innovation diffusion in artifact systems

The objective of this paper is to create a framework for sustainable product systems while considering the economic and environmental aspects of products. Specifically, this paper addresses the development of a Factor X model to study the diffusion of eco-innovation strategies. An adaptive agent based simulation model is presented to deduce the artifact system level design principles (behaviors) for sustainable product development.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Prostromelysin and procollagenase genes are differentially up-regulated in chondrocytes from the knees of rabbits with experimental osteoarthritis.

Objective. To determine the relative expressions of matrix metalloprotease (MMP) genes pro-MMP1 and pro-MMP3 in the cartilage of rabbits with experimentally induced osteoarthritis (OA), and to assess the role of the chondrocyte in this process. Methods. OA was induced in rabbits after partial medial meniscectomy. Rabbits were killed at 4 weeks or 8 weeks, and total cellular RNA was prepared from cartilage and probed by Northern blotting with pro-MMP 32P-labeled complementary DNA. Monolayer chondrocytes were used to assess MMP-inducing activity of chondrocyte factor(s). Results. Pro-MMP messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were up-regulated in experimental OA cartilage; pro-MMP3 mRNA expression exceeded that of pro-MMP1. Conditioned medium from OA-derived chondrocytes up-regulated pro-MMP mRNAs in normal chondrocytes. Conclusion. Up-regulation of MMP genes in this OA model may contribute to cartilage degradation. Chondrocytes up-regulate MMP genes via an autocrine pathway.