cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulatory Considerations in Development of Amorphous Solid Dispersions

There is a growing interest in the pharmaceutical industry to develop amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) of poorly aqueous soluble drugs due to their higher supersaturation solubility in the aqueous media compared to the crystalline form. Despite superior solubility, it is a challenge to maintain the amorphous form of the ASD throughout the shelf life, thus reaping the full therapeutic advantage of the system. To ensure safety and efficacy of the marketed ASDs, it is also important to understand the product and process variables that affect the quality of the products. The measurement systems should be capable of detecting the product changes throughout the shelf life of the product. A good product and process understanding can be obtained by the quality by design (QbD) approach for the pharmaceutical development. QbD is a multi-prong approach to understand, control, and maintain the critical quality attributes (CQA) of the product over its shelf life. Regulatory experience of ASD includes reviews and approvals of numerous new drug applications (NDAs), abbreviated new drug applications (ANDAs), and their related supplements and product recall reports. The present chapter represents some knowledge management aspects from these products as well as internal research of these products in the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) laboratories.
Cognitive–behavioral treatment of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder

Purpose of reviewAvoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) was added to the psychiatric nomenclature in 2013, but little is known about its optimal treatment. The purpose of this article is to review the recent literature on ARFID treatment and highlight a novel cognitive–behavioral approach
Fake news as an informational moral panic: the symbolic deviancy of social media during the 2016 US presidential election

A persistent story about the 2016 US presidential election was the preponderance of fake news stories on social media, and on Facebook in particular, that had no basis in fact but were wholly conco...
#Notallmen: Media and Crime Victimization

Perceptions of victimization influence who is thought to be a “real” victim. These perceptions of who is a victim and how victimization occurs can be shaped by media imagery. This chapter begins by discussing the notion of the ideal victim, the media construction of victims, and the reality of victimization. Throughout the discussion of the media construction of victims, particular attention is paid to victims of sexual assault and intimate partner violence. Using current examples from the news media and pop culture, this chapter also covers how gender identity, victimization, and sexuality are blurred and often criminalized. Additionally, this chapter highlights how the ideal victim narrative is being challenged through the media. New media, in particular, is being used to push back against victimization and perceptions of victimization.
Generational perceptions of prosperity on the niche tourism island destination of Ikaria, Greece

This study answers the call for new research approaches by investigating a cross-generational sample of residents involved in niche tourism and their perceptions of prosperity against the backdrop of an evolving niche tourism industry. Data were collected via in-depth, semi-structured interviews with nine participants involved in niche tourism, comprising three generational cohorts (i.e., young, middle, old), on the island of Ikaria, Greece. Data revealed five emergent themes (i.e., dimensions of prosperity) that provide insight into how residents conceptualise prosperity: community, means to an end, connection to place, change, and perceived impacts of tourism. The influences of family, friendship, cultural values, ideals, and health are the strongest indicators of Ikarians' perceived prosperity in the context of niche tourism development on the island.
A Comparative Study of Assertion Mining Algorithms in GoldMine

GoldMine automatically generates assertions for register transfer level (RTL) designs using a combination of static analysis and machine learning algorithms. We compare four different machine learning algorithms implemented in GoldMine with respect to metrics that determine quality of their results. Metrics include assertion complexity, coverage, expectedness, predictive accuracy, and number of assertions. We introduce a new statically guided assertion mining algorithm, the best-gain decision forest (BGDF) algorithm here. In our comparative study, two of the algorithms have been invented by us for assertion generation, while the two others are standard machine learning algorithms. The best-gain decision forest and coverage guided association mining algorithms developed by us are compared with the decision tree and PRISM algorithms. We provide an extensive comparative study of assertion mining algorithms with experimental results on realistic designs. We also hereby provide access to these implementations in GoldMine that can be downloaded from [64] for research purposes.
Quantifying Ca exchange in gypsum using a 45Ca tracer: Implications for interpreting Ca isotopic effects in experimental and natural systems

Abstract Mineral-solution exchange rates of Ca were determined using a 45Ca tracer technique for three types of gypsum: natural cm-long gypsum needles, natural microcrystalline gypsum, and synthetic microcrystalline gypsum. Batch reactors containing the gypsum crystals were equilibrated with a saturated 45Ca spiked solution (Ωgypsum ≈ 1) for 30 days and were sequentially sacrificed to estimate exchange rates. The percentage of gypsum that exchanged was determined using a time-dependent box model, which simulated mineral dissolution and reprecipitation over time with variable extents of back reaction. Large natural needles exhibited no detectable exchange over 30 days, whereas a significant percentage of the Ca in the synthetic and natural micro-crystals exchanged. According to our model-based calculations, 45% of the synthetic gypsum and 20% of the natural gypsum exchanged; because of our experimental design, these extents are not affected by the model framework. The surface area normalized exchange rates were faster over the first five days (1.04 · 10−5 ± 5.84 · 10−6 mol/m2/d in the synthetic micro-crystals and 8.97 · 10−5 ± 7.45 · 10−5 mol/m2/d in the natural micro-crystals) than during the remainder of the experiment (2.37 · 10−6 ± 6.03 · 10−7 mol/m2/d in the synthetic micro-crystals and 2.69 · 10−5 ± 1.23 · 10−5 mol/m2/d in the natural micro-crystals). As the Ca concentration in solution remained constant over the experiment, the observed exchange is thought to be a result of dissolution/reprecipitation at the mineral-solution interface rather than due to net dissolution or net precipitation. The gypsum exchange rates that we constrain are consistent with those of other sulfate minerals, irrespective of their hydration state, but are considerably faster than carbonates over similar time scales. It is not clear if this is a result of the interpretive model framework, which can strongly influence both the derived rate and the extent of reaction, or whether it is a real phenomenon. Because the influence of the model framework is so important, we detail the importance of the solid to fluid mass ratio and the role of a back-reaction flux to the accurate quantification of recrystallization rates and extents. Finally, we apply our numerical model to the reinterpretation of past work and constrain the Ca isotopic fractionation factor associated with extremely slow rates of gypsum precipitation/exchange to be between 0 and −0.1‰.
Motor Performance in Children With Childhood Apraxia of Speech and Speech Sound Disorders.

Purpose This study sought to determine if (a) children with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), other speech sound disorders (SSDs), and typical development (TD) would perform differently on a stand...
A pilot assessment: Integrating a cystic fibrosis simulation scenario to enhance pre-licensure educational understanding of genomics

Background and objective: Integration of patient simulations into the nursing student curricula have been shown to be effective and innovative teaching enhancements leading to enhanced knowledge, clinical reasoning and judgment for students, whilst promoting optimal patient care. This pilot study aimed to explore how the use of a simulation, with a genetic component of a Cystic Fibrosis (CF) case scenario, improved the self-perceived knowledge comprehension of pre-licensure baccalaureate nursing students of a large diverse urban School of Nursing. Methods: Three assessment surveys were utilized to glean data: nine multiple choice questions explored factual content of CF pre/post simulation; five question survey explored self-perception of knowledge and one open-ended simplified critical incident report provided qualitative data. Results: Twenty-four pre-licensure third year nursing students participated (three groups of eight students). All participants agreed that their understanding of the genetic component of CF improved post simulation. Four major themes emerged from the qualitative data: genomics and nursing; patient education; teamwork exercise and patient-nurse relationship. Conclusions: Integrating a genetically-based condition into a simulation, whereby students are expected to research the condition, engage in patient education, facilitate effective and appropriate nursing care enriches their critical thinking, confidence, skills and knowledge acquisition.
Do Filial Values Corrupt? How Can We Know? Clarifying and Assessing the Recent Confucian Debate

In a number of papers, Liu Qingping has critiqued Confucianism’s commitment to “consanguineous affection” or filial values, claiming it to be excessive and indefensible. Many have taken issue with his textual readings and interpretive claims, but these responses do little to undermine the force of his central claim that filial values cause widespread corruption in Chinese society. This is not an interpretive claim but an empirical one. If true, it merits serious consideration. But is it true? How can we know? I survey the empirical evidence and argue that there is no stable or direct relationship between filial values and corruption. Instead, other cultural dimensions (such as high power distance and assertive materialism) are more robust predictors of corruption. As it happens, China ranks very high in these other cultural dimensions. I conclude that if the empirical research is correct then Liu’s claims lack support.
TET family regulates the embryonic pluripotency of porcine preimplantation embryos by maintaining the DNA methylation level of NANOG

The ten-eleven translocation (TET) family (TET1/2/3) initiates conversion of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, thereby orchestrating the DNA demethylation process and changes in epigenetic marks during early embryogenesis. In this study, CRISPR/Cas9 technology and a TET-specific inhibitor were applied to elucidate the role of TET family in regulating pluripotency in preimplantation embryos using porcine embryos as a model. Disruption of TET1 unexpectedly resulted in the upregulation of NANOG and ESRRB transcripts, although there was no change to the level of DNA methylation in the promoter of NANOG. Surprisingly, a threefold increase in the transcript level of TET3 was observed in blastocysts carrying modified TET1, which may explain the upregulation of NANOG and ESRRB. When the activity of TET enzymes was inhibited by dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) treatment, a dioxygenase inhibitor, to investigate the role of TET1 while eliminating the potential compensatory activation of TET3, reduced level of pluripotency genes including NANOG and ESRRB, and increased level of DNA methylation in the NANOG promoter was detected. Blastocysts treated with DMOG also presented a lower inner cell mass/TE ratio, implying the involvement of TET family in lineage specification in blastocysts. Our results indicate that the TET family modulates proper expression of NANOG, a key pluripotency marker, by controlling its DNA methylation profile in the promoter during embryogenesis. This study suggests that TET family is a critical component in pluripotency network of porcine embryos by regulating gene expression involved in pluripotency and early lineage specification.
Exploration of the organic food-related consumer behaviour in emerging and developed economies: the case of India and the US

This paper takes an exploratory step toward more deeply understanding how the millennials of emerging versus developed economies perceive organic products, represented by India. We find that Indian focus groups perceive organic products more holistically than their US counterparts, feel a spiritual connection to organics, focus more on the societal benefits of a cleaner environment, better treatment of animals and the improved health of farmers. They are traditionalists who see the organics movement taking them back to their agricultural roots and away from unhealthy Western influences. US focus groups view the US diet as unhealthy but look to organics not as a way back but as a means to a healthier future. The Indian low involvement focus group view organic foods favourably but remain aspirational consumers due to unavailability and prices. The low involvement US focus group are sceptical of the benefits of organics. Theoretical and social implications are discussed.
Identifying Predictors of Recommendations for and Participation in Multimodal Nonpharmacological Treatments for Chronic Pain Using Patient-Reported Outcomes and Electronic Medical Records.

Objective High-quality chronic pain care emphasizes multimodal treatments that include medication and nonpharmacological treatments. But it is not clear which patients will participate in nonpharmacological treatments, such as physical therapy or mental health care, and previous research has shown conflicting evidence. Methods We used the Patient Outcomes Repository for Treatment (PORT) registry, which combines patient-reported outcomes data with electronic medical records. In this retrospective observational study, we performed two separate multinomial regression analyses with feature selection to identify PORT variables that were predictive of 1) recommendation of a nonpharmacological treatment by the provider and 2) patient participation in nonpharmacological treatments. Two hundred thirty-six patients were recommended (REC) or not recommended (NO REC) a nonpharmacological treatment, and all REC patients were classified as participating (YES) or not participating (NO) in the recommendations. Results Female gender and a diagnosis of Z79 "Opioid drug therapy" were significant positive and negative predictors of nonpharmacological treatment recommendations, respectively. Schedule II opioid use at initial presentation and recommendations for rehabilitation therapy were significant predictors of nonparticipation. Conclusions Patients using opioids are less likely to be recommended nonpharmacological treatments as part of multimodal chronic pain care and are less likely to participate in nonpharmacological treatments once recommended. Males are also less likely to be recommended nonpharmacological treatments. Patients referred for rehabilitation therapies are less likely to comply with those recommendations. We have identified patients in vulnerable subgroups who may require additional resources and/or encouragement to comply with multimodal chronic pain treatment recommendations.
Shock Performance Enhancement of a Container for Rack Server

Electronic devices suffer from many different types of shock environments. Especially during transportation, hugely large impacts and amplified shock accelerations are transmitted to electronic devices and container, resulting in mechanical failure of the electronic components such as solder-joint failures, chip-cracking and pad cratering, etc. In this paper, we did a container design for rack server in order to increase its shock performance. The foam packaging with different structures were investigated for rack server which can protect rack server in good condition during transportation. Explicit finite element dynamic analysis was performed to improve the shock container. Based on the numerical model, the parametric study was conducted regarding the structure and thickness of foam packaging.
Summary of Introductory, Literature Review, and Methodology Chapters (Chapters 1–3)

This chapter summarizes Chapters 1–3. These chapters include the introductory chapter’s statement of the crowd out problem and how changes in loanable funds can eliminate it. It also summarizes the literature review and the regression methodology used to test hypotheses about crowd out and the extent to which changes in loanable funds can offset it methodology.
Comparison of venous thromboembolism incidence in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients receiving bortezomib, lenalidomide, dexamethasone (RVD) or carfilzomib, lenalidomide, dexamethasone (KRD) with aspirin or rivaroxaban thromboprophylaxis.

Incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) varies across different regimens in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) patients. Limited data exist on the use of direct oral anticoagulants as thromboprophylaxis in the setting of haematologic malignancies, specifically multiple myeloma. In this retrospective study of 305 NDMM patients, VTE rates in those treated with carfilzomib, lenalidomide, dexamethasone (KRD) + aspirin (ASA), bortezomib, lenalidomide, dexamethasone (RVD) + ASA, and KRD + rivaroxaban were statistically significant, 16·1%, 4·8%, and 4·8%, respectively. The findings confirm a higher incidence of VTE when using KRD induction compared to RVD induction and reveal that the use of low-dose rivaroxaban thromboprophylaxis can mitigate this risk without an observable increase in bleeding rates.
Normalization of the coronal and sagittal profile in idiopathic scoliosis: Options of treatment*

There are many current strategies for normalizing coronal and sagittal profile in the idiopathic adolescent and adult scoliosis patient. Anterior and posterior approaches have their advantages and limitations. Many factors have to be considered in determining the "best" approach, as idiopathic scoliosis presents with a wide diversity of deformity and curve pattern. Those points are reviewed in this manuscript.
Rhythm Classes for Junior High and High School Girls

(1942). Rhythm Classes for Junior High and High School Girls. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 13, No. 10, pp. 598-628.
Random Sample Sizes: Limit Theorems and Characterizations

Random sample sizes naturally come up in such topics as sequential analysis, branching processes, damage models or rarefactions of point processes, and records as maxima, while their introduction in an applied model permits the user to select samples of varying sizes on different occasions. In the first group of examples, the random sample size is generated by the problem itself, hence the mathematician has no control over the dependence between the sample size and the underlying random variables. On the other hand, if one introduces the random sample size as an extension of a model (mainly for statistical inference), one can usually assume that it is independent of the underlying variables. Therefore, one has to be aware of the limitations of using a result developed under the assumption of the sample size’s independence of the main variables.
The Persistence and Effectiveness of Large-Scale Mathematical Programming Strategies: Projection, Outer Linearization, and Inner Linearization

Geoffrion [19] gave a framework for efficient solution of large-scale mathematical programming problems based on three principal approaches that he described as problem manipulations: projection, outer linearization, and inner linearization. These fundamental methods persist in optimization methodology and underlie many of the innovations and advances since Geoffrion’s articulation of their fundamental nature. This chapter reviews the basic principles in these approaches to optimization, their expression in a variety of methods, and the range of their applicability.
A Combined Experimental and Finite Element Study of Crack Closure Effects in Modified 1070 Steel

The significance and even the existence of crack closure is being questioned by several researchers. The objective of this study was to determine if crack closure occurs and to quantify its significance. An approach combining experimental measurement techniques with finite element analysis techniques was utilized. For two values of compact tension specimen thickness, a series of tests were conducted to determine the effect of maximum stress intensity, load ratio, constraint, and single tensile overload on the crack closure and fatigue crack growth behavior of a modified 1070 steel. Test results indicated that constraint has a significant influence on crack closure and crack growth rate behavior. Thin specimens exhibited consistently lower crack growth rates and higher crack closure levels than the thick specimens, except for tests conducted at a high load ratio, where crack closure did not occur. The thin specimens also exhibited a more significant overload effect. A new finite element modeling technique, which uses substructuring techniques to model the load cycling and crack propagation of an entire compact tension specimen, was developed. Comparison of stationary crack and propagating crack finite element models revealed that plasticity-induced crack closure produces a significant amount of crack tip shielding, which effectively reduces the strain range and mean strain experienced at the crack tip.
Structure and function of mammalian ribosomes: II. Exchange of ribosomal subunits at various stages of in vitro polypeptide synthesis

Abstract 1. (1) During in vitro polypeptide chain termination by rat or mouse liver polysomes, 80 s monosomes briefly dissociate into free subunits, presumably at the moment of their relase from the messenger. The subunits reassociate to form 80 s couples. In this reassociation step labeled 40 s subunits added to the incubation mixture freely compete with unlabeled subunits. 2. (2) The 80 s ribosomes reformed after termination of the polypeptide chain slowly exchange their subunits with radioactive subunits in the reaction mixture. The equilibrium between free subunits and 80 s couples strongly favors the latter. 3. (3) In contrast to polypeptide chain termination, at initiation of polyphenylalanine synthesis directed by polyuridylic acid, 80 s ribosomes attach to this messenger without a dissociation step.
Multiple Shell Planetary Nebulae

It has been shown in several independent investigations that the multiple-shell phenomenon is prevalent in planetary nebulae. Despite the common classification, the multiple shell planetary nebulae are a heterogeneous group of objects, as testified by the wide variety of their morphologies and physical structures. There are two types of double-shell structures that are seen frequently: one has an inner shell expanding supersonically into a faint, subsonically expanding halo, and the other has a bright attached envelope co-expanding with the inner shell. The physical structures and relative elemental abundances in the shells are reviewed, and their possible formation mechanisms are discussed.
Research Alone Is Not Enough

Powerful forms of business innovation represent a challenge to U.S. efforts in technology development.
Laboratory evaluation of time domain reflectometry for continuous monitoring of stream stage, channel profile, and aqueous conductivity

[1] Time domain reflectometry (TDR) operates by propagating a radar frequency electromagnetic pulse down a transmission line while monitoring the reflected signal. As the electromagnetic pulse propagates along the transmission line, it is subject to impedance by the dielectric properties of the media along the transmission line (e.g., air, water, and sediment), reflection at dielectric discontinuities (e.g., air-water or water-sediment interface), and attenuation by electrically conductive materials (e.g., salts and clays). Taken together, these characteristics provide a basis for integrated stream monitoring, specifically, concurrent measurement of stream stage, channel profile, and aqueous conductivity. Requisite for such application is a means of extracting the desired stream parameters from measured TDR traces. Analysis is complicated by the fact that interface location and aqueous conductivity vary concurrently and multiple interfaces may be present at any time. For this reason a physically based multisection model employing the S11 scatter function and Debeye parameters for dielectric dispersion and loss is used to analyze acquired TDR traces. Here we explore the capability of this multisection modeling approach for interpreting TDR data acquired from complex environments, such as encountered in stream monitoring. A series of laboratory tank experiments was performed in which the depth of water, depth of sediment, and conductivity were varied systematically. Comparisons between modeled and independently measured data indicate that TDR measurements can be made with an accuracy of ±3.4 × 10−3 m for sensing the location of an air-water or water-sediment interface and ±7.4% of actual for the aqueous conductivity.
Variable resolution-adaptive sampling approach to image coding

Since the local characteristics of an image usually change from region to region, adaptive coding techniques are necessary to achieve high compression rates. An effective coding scheme is based on the principle of variable resolution image representation, where compression is generally achieved by adaptive sampling or subsampling. Various adaptive sampling schemes that are effective for image compression are developed and evaluated. The main focus is the design of the nonuniform sampling patterns associated with the sample selection process. Two different design procedures, based on nonrecursive and recursive image decomposition, are investigated. Simulation results indicate that some of the sampling schemes proposed here attain higher compression rates than other reported coders of this nature. >
Effect of polymer stereoregularity on polystyrene/single-walled carbon nanotube interactions

We use a combination of computational and experimental studies to elucidate the effect of polymer stereoregularity on the capability of polystyrene interacting with single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) surfaces. Calculated binding energies on complexes of slightly oxidized SWNT with isotactic and atactic polystyrene favor the former, which suggests that the isotactic polymer interacts more effectively with the SWNT. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the isotactic polystyrene/SWNT matrix increases from 90.9 to 100.5 °C as the SWNT content is increased to 0.5%, whereas the glass transition temperature of the atactic polystyrene/SWNT matrix is invariant with increasing SWNT content. Rotating frame 13C T1ρ relaxation rates for the isotactic polymer/SWNT matrix increases from 2.15 to 2.43 ms as the SWNT content is increased from 0.25 to 1.0%. However, the rotating frame 13C T1ρ relaxation rates for the atactic polymer/SWNT matrix decreases from 2.50 to 1.60 ms as SWNT content is increased from 0.25 to 1.0%. Our results demonstrate that the SWNTs are better dispersed within the isotactic polystyrene and the better dispersion is associated with a more effective interaction of the isotactic polymer with the SWNT surface.
Christ as Chrism, Christ Given Away

This article develops the concept of Christ not as static body but as chrism for bodies. Christ as chrism travels in the matrix of relationality, on a vector toward the benefit of others. Conceptualizing christ as chrism potentially avoids both exclusionary and colonizing tendencies in Christian polity, and frames a Christian ethics that, while vulnerable and risky, marks the sanctity of the one giving Christ away.
The Jahn–Teller Effect: Implications in Electronic Structure Calculations

An updated and extended formulation of the generalized Jahn–Teller effect (JTE) is given, which includes the proof of the general validity of this effect as the only source of instabilities and distortions of high-symmetry configurations of polyatomic systems. The immediate implication in electronic structure calculations is that when unstable states are considered, the excited electronic states that produce the instability of the ground state should be involved in the calculations. It is shown that when molecular systems are distorted, but there are no apparent degeneracies or close in energy states, the JTE are hidden in the excited states of the undistorted configuration, even when the energy gap to these states is very large. For molecular systems with half-closed-shell electronic configurations e2 and t3, which produce totally symmetric charge distribution and are not subject to the JTE, distortions were shown to occur due to the strong pseudo-JT mixing of two excited states, and the distortion is accompanied by orbital disproportionation. In some systems, this produces two coexisting states, low-spin (LS) distorted and high-spin (HS) undistorted, and a novel phenomenon: JT-induced spin-crossover.
Enzyme Immunoassays for the Detection of Infectious Antigens in Body Fluids: Current Limitations and Future Prospects

Enzyme immunoassays are attaining increased usage for the direct detection of microbial antigens in body fluids. Advantages of enzyme immunoassays include a high degree of sensitivity resulting from the inherent magnification of the enzyme-substrate reaction and the use of objective end points without the need for radioactivity. Enzyme immunoassays have been developed for the reliable detection of several important microbial antigens in body fluids, including antigens of rotavirus, hepatitis B virus, and Haemophilus influenzae type b. However, standard enzyme immunoassay techniques are not sufficiently sensitive for the measurement of some antigens from other viruses, bacteria, and parasites in concentrations that commonly occur in body fluids during the course of infectious diseases. This review examines some of the limitations of currently available enzyme immunoassay technology and discusses approaches to increasing the sensitivity and specificity of enzyme immunoassay systems. Methods for improving these assay systems include the use of monoclonal antibodies, improved methods of enzyme-immunoreactant conjugation, more sensitive substrate systems, improved methods of antigen-antibody access, and the direct measurement of microbial enzymes. The use of such techniques should lead to the development of efficient enzyme immunoassay systems for the direct detection of a wide range of bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections.
Solubilization of pituitary receptors for thyrotropin-releasing hormone

Receptors for thyrotropin-releasing hormone were solubilized by Triton X-100. Membrane fractions from GH3 pituitary tumor cells were incubated with thyrotropin-releasing hormone in order to saturate specific receptor sites before the addition of detergent. The amount of protein-bound hormone solubilized by Triton X-100 was proportional to the fractional saturation of specific membrane receptors. Increasing detergent:protein ratios from 0.5 to 20 led to a progressive loss of hormone . receptor complex from membrane fractions with a concomitant increase in soluble protein-bound hormone. The soluble hormone . receptor complex was not retained by 0.22 micron filters and remained soluble after ultracentrifugation. Following incubation with high (2.5--10%) concentrations of Triton X-100 and other non-ionic detergents, or following repeated detergent extraction, at least 18% of specifically bound thyrotropin-releasing hormone remained associated with particulate material. Unlike the hormone receptor complex, the free hormone receptor was inactivated by Triton X-100. A 50% loss of binding activity was obtained with 0.01% Triton X-100, corresponding to a detergent:protein ratio of 0.033. The hormone . receptor complex was included in Sepharose 6B and exhibited an apparent Stoke radius of 46 A in buffers containing Triton X-100. The complex aggregated in detergent-free buffers. Soluble hormone receptors were separated from excess detergent and thyrotropin-releasing hormone by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone dissociated from soluble receptors with a half-time of 120 min at 0 degrees C, while the membrane hormone . receptor complex was stable for up to 5 at 0 degrees C.
Studies on Chick Growth Stimulation by Alfalfa Juice, Casein, and Aureomycin

Abstract KOHLER and Graham (1951) presented evidence that the juice pressed from alfalfa stimulated the growth of chicks. These investigators postulated the presence of an unidentified growth factor in the alfalfa juice. Later Kohler and Graham (1952) described a variation in the chick response to alfalfa juice which was inversely correlated with the seasons during which the breeder hens had access to good range. Scott (1951a) presented evidence that poult growth was stimulated by including 5% alfalfa juice in the ration. Later Scott (1951b) presented the results of studies showing that grass juice increased the growth of poults to approximately the same extent as aureomycin, while the response to the combination of grass juice and aureomycin was not superior to the response due to aureomycin alone. Slinger et al. (1952), using penicillin instead of aureomycin, confirmed the findings of Scott (1951b) that grass juice increased the growth of poults approximately to …
Beyond the Vote: Responses to Centralization among Nepal's Marpha Thakali

Although the advantages of centralized administration are considerable, the pathologies of over-centralized political systems are evinced by the "Balkanization" pressures that have recently erupted worldwide. When the locus of regulatory control passes from local agencies to a distant central authority, small societies often develop crippling organizational dependencies on higher-order systems whose goals may be alien and irrelevant to local needs and circumstances. Critical adaptive capacities are thereby lost. The Marpha Thakali provide an example of an adaptive indigenous political-administrative system, in which flexibility is a governing principle, even though its complex of laws and procedures is highly intricate and intensely regimented. This system has been used to respond creatively and collectively to changes in external political, economic, and social conditions, thereby enhancing group prestige and individual prosperity. The government of Nepal's current consolidation of uniform administrative...
Influence of diet composition and crowding on wing production by the aphid Myzus persicae.

Abstract Two factors have been shown to affect alata-production in a Californian strain of Myzus persicae. Contact between adult apterous females increases the proportion of alatae in their progenies as, to a lesser extent, does contact between the larvae themselves. In the absence of behavioural interactions between the aphids, the relative proportions of apterae and alatae can be influenced by the diet the mothers and their larvae receive. By suitable dietary adjustments, it is therefore possible to increase or decrease the proportions of alatae among the progeny of isolated as well as of grouped aphids. In neither case is it necessary to isolate the larvae directly after their birth in order to observe the influence of diet composition on their wing dimorphism.
Acute Glutathione Depletion Restricts Mitochondrial ATP Export in Cerebellar Granule Neurons

Abstract Decreases in GSH pools detected during ischemia sensitize neurons to excitotoxic damage. Thermodynamic analysis predicts that partial GSH depletion will cause an oxidative shift in the thiol redox potential. To investigate the acute bioenergetic consequences, neurons were exposed to monochlorobimane (mBCl), which depletes GSH by forming a fluorescent conjugate. Neurons transfected with redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein showed a positive shift in thiol redox potential synchronous with the formation of the conjugate. Mitochondria within neurons treated with mBCl for 1 h failed to hyperpolarize upon addition of oligomycin to inhibit their ATP synthesis. A decreased ATP turnover was confirmed by monitoring neuronal oxygen consumption in parallel with mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and GSH-mBCl formation. mBCl progressively decreased cell respiration, with no effect on mitochondrial proton leak or maximal respiratory capacity, suggesting adequate glycolysis and a functional electron transport chain. This approach to “state 4” could be mimicked by the adenine nucleotide translocator inhibitor bongkrekic acid, which did not further decrease respiration when administered after mBCl. The cellular ATP/ADP ratio was decreased by mBCl, and consistent with mitochondrial ATP export failure, respiration could not respond to an increased cytoplasmic ATP demand by plasma membrane Na+ cycling; instead, mitochondria depolarized. More prolonged mBCl exposure induced mitochondrial failure, with Δψm collapse followed by cytoplasmic Ca2+ deregulation. The initial bioenergetic consequence of neuronal GSH depletion in this model is thus an inhibition of ATP export, which precedes other forms of mitochondrial dysfunction.
Axoneme-dependent tubulin modifications in singlet microtubules of the Drosophila sperm tail.

Drosophila melanogaster sperm tubulins are posttranslationally glutamylated and glycylated. We show here that axonemes are the substrate for these tubulin C-terminal modifications. Axoneme architecture is required, but full length, motile axonemes are not necessary. Tubulin glutamylation occurs during or shortly after assembly into the axoneme; only glutamylated tubulins are glycylated. Tubulins in other testis microtubules are not modified. Only a small subset of total Drosophila sperm axoneme tubulins have these modifications. Biochemical fractionation of Drosophila sperm showed that central pair and accessory microtubules have the majority of poly-modified tubulins, whereas doublet microtubules have only small amounts of mono- and oligo-modified tubulins. Glutamylation patterns for different β-tubulins experimentally assembled into axonemes were consistent with utilization of modification sites corresponding to those identified in other organisms, but surrounding sequence context was also important. We compared tubulin modifications in the 9 + 9 + 2 insect sperm tail axonemes of Drosophila with the canonical 9 + 2 axonemes of sperm of the sea urchin Lytichinus pictus and the 9 + 0 motile sperm axonemes of the eel Anguilla japonica. In contrast to Drosophila sperm, L. pictus sperm have equivalent levels of modified tubulins in both doublet and central pair microtubule fractions, whereas the doublets of A. japonica sperm exhibit little glutamylation but extensive glycylation. Tubulin C-terminal modifications are a prevalent feature of motile axonemes, but there is no conserved pattern for placement or amount of these modifications. We conclude their functions are likely species-specific. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Poor relief before the Welfare State: Britain versus the Continent, 1780–1880

An eclectic array of quantitative data sketches public and private poor relief in the century before 1880, and invites new interpretations. Church and secular charity was meagre in the eighteenth century, and probably earlier. While richer countries transferred a higher share of national income to the poor than did poorer countries, the trend in this share failed to march upward with income across the nineteenth century. Some explanations are proposed for the differences between countries and the decline in poor relief's share of national income in England-Wales and the Low Countries before 1880. It may be that the newly franchised had stronger reasons to oppose tax-based relief than the elites who had voice at the start of the century. Changes in voice partly explain the movements of English poor relief over time and space. So do movements in the chances that the disenfranchised would exit from cooperating and supplying labour.
Toll-like receptor 1 polymorphisms and associated outcomes in sepsis after traumatic injury: a candidate gene association study.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLR1 are associated with mortality, specifically sepsis-associated mortality, in a traumatically injured population. BACKGROUND Innate immune responses mediated by toll-like receptors (TLRs) induce early inflammatory responses to pathogen and damage-associated molecular patterns. Genetic variation in TLRs has been associated with susceptibility and outcomes in a number of infectious and noninfectious disease states. METHODS Patients admitted to the trauma intensive care unit at a level 1 trauma center serving 4 states were enrolled and followed for development of infection, sepsis, and death. Genomic DNA was genotyped and logistic regression analysis was performed to determine associations between TLR1 SNPs and mortality. We further examined for associations between TLR1 SNPs and mortality in subgroups on the basis of the presence of sepsis and the type of sepsis-associated organism. RESULTS We enrolled 1961 patients. TLR1-7202G (rs5743551) was associated with increased mortality after traumatic injury and this association was primarily observed in the subset of patients who developed sepsis [adjusted odds ratio (OR): 3.16; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.43-6.97, P=0.004]. This association persisted after further restriction to gram-positive sepsis. TLR1(742A/G(Asn248Ser)) (rs4833095), a coding SNP in LD with TLR1-7202G, was also associated with mortality in gram-positive sepsis (adjusted OR: 4.16; 95% CI: 1.22-14.19, P=0.023). CONCLUSIONS Genetic variation in TLR1 is associated with increased mortality in patients with sepsis after traumatic injury and may represent a novel marker of risk for death in critically injured patients.
Sensory Analysis and Consumer Acceptance of Irradiated Boneless Pork Chops

Flavor, texture, and aroma were determined for chilled (3 ± 2°C) and frozen (-17 ± 3°C) boneless pork chops packaged in vacuum or air and exposed to an absorbed dose of 0, 1.5, or 2.5 kGy (chilled) or 0, 2.5, or 3.85 kGy (frozen) of electron beam and cobalt 60 irradiation. Irradiation (≤3.85 kGy) had minimal effects on aroma, flavor, and textural attributes in chilled and frozen boneless pork chops. Irradiation source had limited effects and packaging type had the greatest influence. Consumers reported no difference (P>0.05) between irradiated (2.5 kGy cobalt 60 irradiated, chilled, vacuum-packaged, boneless, pork chops) and control samples for overall acceptance, meatiness, freshness, tenderness and juiciness.
Dispersion control with a Fourier-domain optical delay line in a fiber-optic imaging interferometer.

Recently, Fourier-domain (FD) optical delay lines (ODLs) were introduced for high-speed scanning and dispersion compensation in imaging interferometry. We investigate the effect of first- and second-order dispersion on the photocurrent signal associated with an optical coherence imaging system implemented with a single-mode fiber, a superluminescent diode centered at 950 nm ± 35 nm, a FD ODL, a mirror, and a layered LiTAO3 that has suitable dispersion characteristics to model a skin specimen. We present a practical and useful method to minimize the effect of dispersion through the interferometer and the specimen combined, as well as to quantify the results using two general metrics for resolution. Theoretical and associated experimental results show that, under the optimum solution, the maximum broadening of the point-spread function through a 1-mm-deep specimen is limited to 57% of its original rms width value (i.e., 8.1 µm optimal, 12.7 µm at maximum broadening) compared with approximately 110% when compensation is performed without the specimen taken into account.
Senior Centers and Policy Advocacy: Changing Public Perceptions.

As critical components of the aging continuum of care, senior centers promote older adult health and well-being by providing opportunities for recreation, socialization, nutrition, health education, and access to vital social services. Nationally, a vast network of 11,000 senior centers serves over four million older adults annually. As the United States population ages rapidly, public funding, which is the primary source of support for a majority of senior center services, has remained stagnant. If senior centers are to continue to effectively serve older adults and meet their comprehensive needs, they need to demonstrate their relevance to the community and advocate for increased funding support. This paper explores the policy concerns of senior center administrators, investigates their efforts to influence public policy, illustrates advocacy techniques currently utilized by them, and highlights the learning needs of administrators in this regard. Practice implications for senior centers, their constitu...
Mass spectra and photodetachment of sodium fluoride negative ion clusters

A flowing afterglow discharge ion source with NaF vaporized into the flow produces the expected stable anions F−(NaF)n, as well as the unusual species Na(NaF)−n and (NaF)−n (n ⩽ 17). The dominance of (NaF)−6 suggests that it has a particularly stable structure. A fixed-frequency laser has been used to photodetach electrons from mass-selected ion beams extracted from the flowing afterglow. Photoelectron energy spectra, vertical detachment energies and estimates of adiabatic electron affinites are reported for the (NaF)−n and Na(NaF)−n ions. The F(NaF)−n ions are found to be too stable for photodetachment at 488 nm.
Aerosol direct fluorination: orthoesters, syntheses of perfluoromethylorthocarbonate and perfluoroethylene orthocarbonate

Abstract The extension of aerosol direct fluorination techniques to orthoesters is described. Perfluorinated orthocarbonates can be isolated in modest yield from the direct fluorination of the analogous hydrocarbon orthocarbonates. They are stable, relatively unreactive and highly volatile. From the aerosol fluorination of tetramethyl orthocarbonate perfluorotetramethyl orthocarbonate (8%) and perfluorotrimethyl orthoformate (19%) can be isolated. The fluorination of ethylene orthocarbonate produces perfluoroethylene orthocarbonate (17%) and a small amount of a second product presumed to be perfluoroethylene carbonate. The fluorination of trimethyl orthoacetate resulted in the isolation of perfluoro-1,1-dimethoxyethane (24%). All starting materials undergo extensive beta scission during fluorination a result of alkoxy stabilized radicals.