cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Granular measures of agricultural land use influence lake nitrogen and phosphorus differently at macroscales

Agricultural land use is typically associated with high stream nutrient concentrations and increased nutrient loading to lakes. For lakes, evidence for these associations mostly comes from studies on individual lakes or watersheds that relate concentrations of nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) to aggregate measures of agricultural land use, such as the proportion of land used for agriculture in a lake's watershed. However, at macroscales (i.e., in hundreds to thousands of lakes across large spatial extents), there is high variability around such relationships and it is unclear whether considering more granular (or detailed) agricultural data, such as fertilizer application, planting of specific crops, or the extent of near-stream cropping, would improve prediction and inform understanding of lake nutrient drivers. Furthermore, it is unclear whether lake N and P would have different relationships to such measures and whether these relationships would vary by region, since regional variation has been observed in prior studies using aggregate measures of agriculture. To address these knowledge gaps, we examined relationships between granular measures of agricultural activity and lake total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations in 928 lakes and their watersheds in the Northeastern and Midwest U.S. using a Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach. We found that both lake TN and TP concentrations were related to these measures of agriculture, especially near-stream agriculture. The relationships between measures of agriculture and lake TN concentrations were more regionally variable than those for TP. Conversely, TP concentrations were more strongly related to lake-specific measures like depth and watershed hydrology relative to TN. Our finding that lake TN and TP concentrations have different relationships with granular measures of agricultural activity has implications for the design of effective and efficient policy approaches to maintain and improve water quality.
Approximation of the Constrained Joint Spectral Radius via Algebraic Lifting

This article studies the constrained switching (linear) system which is a discrete-time switched linear system whose switching sequences are constrained by a deterministic finite automaton. The stability of a constrained switching system is characterized by its constrained joint spectral radius that is known to be difficult to compute or approximate. Using the semitensor product of matrices, the matrix-form expression of a constrained switching system is shown to be equivalent to that of a lifted arbitrary switching system. Then, the constrained joint/generalized spectral radius of a constrained switching system is proven to be equal to the joint/generalized spectral radius of its lifted arbitrary switching system which can be approximated by off-the-shelf algorithms.
The Evolution of Swarm Founding in the Wasps: Possible Scenarios

Independent- and swarm-founding wasps represent two discrete social syndromes, differing from each other in a number of traits that include colony size, level of social complexity, queen number, division of labor among workers, nest architecture, body size, and ecological dominance. Swarm founding evolved independently at least four times in the Vespidae. While much attention in recent decades has been paid to unraveling the steps leading to eusociality in the vespids, virtually none has been devoted to understanding how swarm founding evolved from its ancestral independent-founding state. Here I suggest possible scenarios by which the transition could have occurred. I argue that the key initial step was the evolution of pheromonal queen signaling, which enabled the evolution of larger colonies. Larger colonies in turn led to the decentralization of colony control away from a dominant queen and onto the workers. Other traits of the swarm founders, including polygyny, nest envelopes, nocturnality (in Apoica and Provespa), and small body size, probably evolved later. Swarm founding appears to be an inevitable outcome of the evolution of larger colony size among tropical vespids.
Challenges for Children Living with Complex Chronic Disease: It Takes a Village

Introduction: Children with complex, chronic disease face hospital readmissions, considerations for advanced technologies and fractured care coordination. This case highlights the impactful role of palliative medicine in general pediatrics. Case Discussion: 16 mo female infant with congenital Zika virus infection required admission for RSV bronchiolitis and aspiration pneumonia. PMH: severe microcephaly with skull collapse, hydrocephaly, periventricular calcifications, chorioretinal scars; 3 brief admissions due to irritability and seizures. G-tube and tracheostomy considered due to severe failure to thrive, neurologic impairment and upper airway compromise. The infant’s care involved 14 subspecialties and …
OXIDATION OF Ti IN MOLTEN Cu UNDER WATERY ATMOSPHERE

An experimental study has been made of the oxidation of Ti in molten Cu-Tialloy under watery atmosphere at 1500℃. The results may be expressed as follows: [Ti]_(Cu)=0.92-0.69t 0≤t≤1.0 (h) [Ti]_(Cu)=0.02t~2-0.14t+0.35 1.0≤t≤6.0 (h) The apparent rate and orders of related reaction are: -d[Ti]_(Cu)/dt=0.69, pseudo-zeroth order, k=0.69 -d[Ti]_(Cu)/dt=0.14-0.04t, pseudo-0.85 order, k=0.39 The apparent mass transfer coefficient k'_(Ti)=0.16cm/h, and the relation of W~2 vs time: W~2=1.04×10~(-4)t
Changing Systems That Influence Birth Outcomes in Marginalized Zip Codes.

* Abbreviations: ECEP — : early childhood education provider FIMR-CAT — : Fetal and Infant Mortality Review Community Action Team GMCHL — : grassroots maternal and child health leader HP — : Healthy People IMR — : infant mortality rate MCH — : maternal and child health SDOH — : social determinants of health SSWG — : Safe Sleep Work Group Indiana’s government is prioritizing the reduction of the state’s persistently high infant mortality levels. Despite improvements in overall state and Black infant mortality rates, high rates persist within Indianapolis zip codes, characterized by multigenerational poverty and underrepresented minorities (Table 1). These rates occur in the presence of high-quality health care and home-visiting programs working to address the leading causes of infant death (birth defects, preterm birth and low birth weight, maternal pregnancy complications, and sudden unexpected infant death).1 Numerous studies, however, link infant mortality to underlying root causes associated with the social determinants of health (SDOH).2–4 Addressing the SDOH requires sustainable improvements in social systems that influence women’s health and birth outcomes. Our work complements the work of health care by building the capacity of individuals and organizations within targeted zip codes to remove social inequities that impact birth outcomes. View this table: TABLE 1 Indiana Urban Zip Codes With Persistently High Infant Mortality Rates, 2014–2018 Our work with families motivated and informed our approach. First, many families have experienced infant mortality across multiple generations. Second, even with public communication campaigns focused on prenatal care, safe sleep practice, and women’s health, many residents are unaware of the leading and root causes of poor birth outcomes. Third, residents are not aware of the linkages between social demographics and poor birth outcomes. Fourth, neighborhood networks within communities are often insular; likewise, policy-making networks are insular. There is a need to merge community and policy networks to facilitate dialogue and share realities and solution strategies. Finally, … Address correspondence to Nancy L. Swigonski, MD, MPH, MBA, FAAP, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, 410 W 10th St, Suite 2000, Indianapolis, IN 46202. E-mail: nswigons{at}iu.edu
Conclusion: Muntu Through a Glass Queerly/Darkly

This last chapter addresses one major possible objection to my claim that Africana’s interiority is fecund with queer imagination. The claim often takes the form of negation that insists there are other priorities to Africana’s life than identity-based claims. The chapter addresses this potential objection by engaging with one of the foremost thinkers of African philosophy, Eboussi Boulaga, showing that there is more to the binary interpretation of his work than previously recognized. Rather than countering the claim by way of objection, I demonstrate how interiority provides us with mature and necessary synergies that need no hierarchization in Africana’s modes of presentation.
Small-diameter artery decellularization: Effects of anionic detergent concentration and treatment duration on porcine internal thoracic arteries.

Engineered replacement materials have tremendous potential for vascular applications where over 400,000 damaged and diseased blood vessels are replaced annually in the United States alone. Unlike large diameter blood vessels, which are effectively replaced by synthetic materials, prosthetic small-diameter vessels are prone to early failure, restenosis, and reintervention surgery. We investigated the differential response of varying 0%-6% sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium deoxycholate anionic detergent concentrations after 24 and 72 h in the presence of DNase using biochemical, histological, and biaxial mechanical analyses to optimize the decellularization process for xenogeneic vascular tissue sources, specifically the porcine internal thoracic artery (ITA). Detergent concentrations greater than 1% were successful at removing cytoplasmic and cell surface proteins but not DNA content after 24 h. A progressive increase in porosity and decrease in glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content was observed with detergent concentration. Augmented porosity was likely due to the removal of both cells and GAGs and could influence recellularization strategies. The treatment duration on the other hand, significantly improved decellularization by reducing DNA content to trace amounts after 72 h. Prolonged treatment times reduced laminin content and influenced the vessel's mechanical behavior in terms of altered circumferential stress and stretch while further increasing porosity. Collectively, DNase with 1% detergent for 72 h provided an effective and efficient decellularization strategy to be employed in the preparation of porcine ITAs as bypass graft scaffolding materials with minor biomechanical and histological penalties.
Effects of Pressure, Temperature, and Defect Concentration on Positron Behavior in Metals

Positron lifetime distributions and the angular correlation of annihilation radiation are being used by numerous investigators to determine vacancy formation enthalpies and to reveal the presence of defects which may be precursors of voids in irradiated materials. However, the analysis that is needed to find vacancy formation energies is complicated by the presence of vacancy-independent temperature effects. These effects may be isolated by the application of sufficient pressure to remove the volume changes that result from increasing the temperature. For example, we find that the positron mean lifetime in cadmium at 296 K and 9.8 kb is 178 ± 2 ps, significantly larger than the lifetime of 170 ± 2 ps observed at 77 K and 0 kb, even though the volume of the sample is smaller in the former case, demonstrating that the effect of temperature is more than that of a simple volume change.
- Lck: Lck protein-tyrosine kinase (vertebrates) (p56lck)

A typical nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase of the Src-family, Lck was first identified by virtue of its overexpression in two Moloney murine leukemia virus-induced lymphoid tumors. In these cases, augmented lck expression, resulting from retroviral insertion into the LCK locus, clearly contributed to lymphomagenesis. Expressed almost exclusively in T lymphocytes and NK cells, Lck interacts physically and functionally with CD4 and CDS coreceptors via a specialized cysteine-containing motif in its N-terminal domain that complements a related motif in the cytoplasmic regions of these receptors. The kinase also relays signals from the β chain of the IL-2 receptor, from certain T-cell receptor-associated molecules, and almost certainly from the T-cell receptor itself. Recent studies make plain that Lck regulates thymocyte development. In domain structure, the N-terminal domain mediates interaction with CD4 and CDS coreceptors through a binding motif centered around C20 and C23. The SH3 and SH2 domains have conventional characteristics and mediate binding to regulatory proteins and possible substrates. The kinase domain contains a single autophosphorylation site (Y394) and a C-terminal phosphorylation site (Y505), which is a substrate for Csk. Phosphorylation at this site acts to decrease kinase activity, while the Y505F mutation increases the in vivo potency of Lck by >5-fold.
An integrated model of immunoregulation mediated by regulatory T cell subsets.

Publisher Summary The immune system is capable of mounting effective immune responses to a virtually infinite variety of foreign pathogens or tumor cells, while avoiding harmful immune responses to self. This is achieved by central thymic selection and peripheral regulation. It is clear that thymocytes expressing T cell receptors with high affinity for self-peptide/MHC complexes undergo apoptosis and are deleted centrally in the thymus. Recent experiments have highlighted the fact that central thymic negative selection eliminates the majority potentially pathogenic self-reactive T cells, however, many selfreactive T cells with low to intermediate affinity for self antigen escape thymic negative selection and are released into the periphery. Although these selfreactive T cells display relatively low-avidity to self peptide/MHC complexes, they are capable of self peptide-driven proliferation, and some may differentiate into potentially pathogenic effector cells.
High-performance liquid chromatography of porphyrin esters. Identification of mixed esters generated in sample preparation.

Abstract Uroporphyrin and its naturally occurring decarboxylated derivatives can be conveniently separated, identified, and quantified chromatographically after formation of their methyl esters. Use of high-performance liquid chromatography has revealed the presence of previously unobserved components in such mixtures. One of these components was isolated and identified as uroporphyrin heptamethyl monoethyl ester. The family of uroporphyrin methylethyl esters was synthesized and its chromatographic behavior investigated. The quantity of ethanol present in solvents, e.g., chloroform, which are used during the standard preparation of porphyrin methyl esters is sufficient for the synthesis of significant amounts of methyl-ethyl esters. The presence of methyl-ethyl esters can lead to errors in chromatographic purification, identification, and/or quantification of components in mixtures of porphyrins.
Attitude towards fashion advertisements with political content: impacts of opinion leadership and perception of advertisement message

Fashion advertisements with political content are unique in that they go against the accepted strategy of advertising. As fashion advertisements with political content become more prevalent, consumers’ reactions to them become an important subject of research. This study examines consumers’ attitudes towards fashion advertisements with political content with respect to fashion and political opinion leadership, political views, perception of advertisement message and product attitude. Results showed that attitude towards advertisements with political content was influenced significantly by the viewer's political views and agreement with the advertisement message, but not by political opinion leadership. Fashion opinion leadership influenced product attitude only for advertisements without political content. The viewers’ advertisement attitudes were carried over to product attitudes regardless of the presence of political message.
Lung surfactants for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: animal-derived or synthetic agents?

Exogenous surfactant therapy is widely used in the management of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Two types of surfactants are available: synthetic surfactants, and those derived from animal sources (‘natural’ surfactants). Both of these surfactants have been shown to be effective. In this article, we review the evidence to compare the two types of surfactants in terms of their physical properties, physiologic effects, and clinical outcomes. Natural surfactants have been shown to have advantages over synthetic surfactants in their physical properties and physiologic effects in animals, as well as in humans. A systematic review of 11 randomized clinical trials comparing natural and synthetic surfactants demonstrated that the use of natural surfactant preparations results in greater clinical benefits compared with synthetic surfactants. These benefits include a more rapid improvement in oxygenation and lung compliance after surfactant therapy, a decrease in the risk of mortality (typical relative risk 0.87; typical risk difference −0.02), and a decrease in the risk of pneumothorax (typical relative risk 0.63; typical risk difference −0.04). Although the use of natural surfactants results in a slightly increased risk of intraventricular hemorrhage (typical relative risk 1.09; typical risk difference 0.03), there is no increase in the risk of grade 3 or 4 intraventricular hemorrhage. There are theoretical but unproven risks of natural surfactants, such as transmission of infectious agents, immunogenicity and impurities in composition. The use of natural surfactants is preferred in most situations. In addition, clinicians should determine the costs of different types of surfactants in their individual practice settings and use this information in decision-making.
Overexpression of neurotrophin-3 enhances the mechanical response properties of slowly adapting type 1 afferents and myelinated nociceptors.

Constitutive overexpression of neurotrophin-3 (NT3) in murine skin results in an increased number of sensory neurons within the dorsal root ganglia, an increase of myelinated axons in cutaneous nerves, hyperinnervation of the skin, and an increased number of Merkel cells found in flank skin. Here we used a saphenous skin/nerve preparation to determine if these anatomical changes affect the functional response characteristics of cutaneous sensory neurons. Overexpression of NT3 significantly increased the responses of slowly adapting type 1 (SA1) low-threshold mechanoreceptors and Aδ high-threshold mechanoreceptors to suprathreshold mechanical stimulation. It also resulted in significantly faster conduction velocities of SA1 fibers. In contrast to earlier findings in flank skin, no differences were noted in the numbers of Merkel cells in the touch domes in hindlimb skin of NT3-overexpressing mice. In addition, the number of dermal Merkel cells, located around hair follicles on the dorsum of the foot, was reduced by 55%. The increase in mechanical sensitivity was found to correlate with significant increases in the expression of acid-sensing ion channels (ASIC) 1 and 3. Additional experiments using intracellular recordings and staining procedures confirmed that at least some cutaneous myelinated nociceptors and SA1 mechanoreceptors stained positively for both trkC and ASIC3. These results indicate that cutaneous NT3 overexpression alters the response properties of specific cutaneous sensory neurons, and that these changes may be due to the modulation of putative mechanosensitive ion channels.
The Softassign Procrustes Matching Algorithm

The problem of matching shapes parameterized as a set of points is frequently encountered in medical imaging tasks. When the point-sets are derived from landmarks, there is usually no problem of determining the correspondences or homologies between the two sets of landmarks. However, when the point sets are automatically derived from images, the difficult problem of establishing correspondence and rejecting non-homologies as outliers remains. The Procrustes method is a well-known method of shape comparison and can always be pressed into service when homologies between point-sets are known in advance. This paper presents a powerful extension of the Procrustes method to pointsets of differing point counts with correspondences unknown. The result is the softassign Procrustes matching algorithm which iteratively establishes correspondence, rejects non-homologies as outliers, determines the Procrustes rescaling and the spatial mapping between the point-sets.
A laboratory apparatus for determining the moisture content in capillary-porous materials by the method of super-high-frequency absorption

A test apparatus and procedure are described for determining the moisture content in capillary-porous materials by the absorption of super-high-frequency radio waves. Results are shown which have been obtained for clay and ceramics at temperatures from 300 to 373°K.
AIRS impact on precipitation analysis and forecast of tropical cyclones in a global data assimilation and forecast system

[1] The impact of assimilating quality-controlled Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) temperature retrievals obtained from partially cloudy regions is assessed, with focus on precipitation produced by the GEOS-5 data assimilation and forecasting system, for three tropical cyclones: Nargis (April 27 - May 03, 2008) in the Indian Ocean, Wilma (October 15–26, 2005) and Helene (September 12–16, 2006) in the Atlantic. It is found that the precipitation analysis obtained when assimilating AIRS cloudy retrievals (AIRS) can capture regions of heavy precipitation associated with tropical cyclones much better than without AIRS data (CONTRL) or when using AIRS clear-sky radiances (RAD). The precipitation along the storm track shows that the AIRS assimilation produces larger mean values and more intense rain rates than the CONTRL and RAD assimilations. The corresponding precipitation forecasts initialized from AIRS analysis show reasonable prediction skill and better performance than forecasts initialized from CONTRL and RAD analyses up to day-2.
Chapter 24 Cyelie-GMP-lndueed Depolarization and Increased Response Latency of Rods: Antagonism by Light

Publisher Summary The results of the injection of excess cyclic guanosine 3´,5´-monophosphate (cGMP) suggest that the hydrolysis rates of cGMP in the rod outer segment (ROS) function in mediating transduction by regulating the Na + permeability for some properties of both excitation and adaptation. This interpretation is supported by observations that excess intracellular cGMP in darkness depolarizes the ROS in a graded and transient manner, decreases membrane resistance, and uniquely regulates the latency, amplitude, and duration of the response to light. The effects of cGMP are antagonized by light in a dose-dependent manner. Physiological experiments suggest that (1) phosphodiesterase (PDE) activation is the rate-limiting step in excitation, (2) the latency and rising phase of the response may be triggered by cGMP hydrolysis, and (3) adaptation may reflect residual effects on either PDE activity or its balance with other regulatory components superimposed on inherent membrane time and voltage conductances.
Time‐Evolution of TATB‐Based Irreversible Thermal Expansion (Ratchet Growth)

TATB is an insensitive high explosive, attractive for use because of its safety aspects. TATB compactions, with or without binder, undergo irreversible volume expansion (or ratchet growth) upon thermal cycling. In the past, experimental elucidation of this phenomenon has focused on irreversible expansion as a function of the number of thermal excursions over a given temperature range, where growth is asymptotic with increasing cycle number. In this paper, we demonstrate that ratchet growth also occurs as a function of time at constant temperature, and that growth is substantial at elevated temperatures. We have measured strain response in PBX 9502, a TATB-based composite, by performing thermal-cycling tests with different durations at high temperature. Irreversible growth arises from the thermal ramps themselves (increasing and decreasing), as well as from the subsequent isotherms. PBX 9502 specimens with previously-identified TATB texture/orientation were used in order to eliminate and/or evaluate texture as a variable. Measurements were also performed on dry-pressed TATB (no binder) to confirm that expansion as a function of time (constant temperature) is not caused by the binder. A simple analysis of the time-response data demonstrates consistency in the results. We propose that the primary driving force for irreversible expansion is the proximity of the current strain value (due to thermal history) to the strain saturation point of the current cycle (i.e. strain at infinite high-temperature hold times or an infinite number of cycles). Such tests should aid in the understanding and modeling of ratchet growth response in these materials.
Regional Differences in White Matter Breakdown Between Frontotemporal Dementia and Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease

Background: White matter abnormalities have been associated with both behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Objective: Using MRI diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures, we compared white matter integrity between patients with bvFTD and those with early-onset AD and correlated these biomarkers with behavioral symptoms involving emotional blunting. Methods: We studied 8 bvFTD and 12 AD patients as well as 12 demographically-matched healthy controls (NCs). Using four DTI metrics (fractional anisotropy, axial diffusivity, radial diffusivity, and mean diffusivity), we assessed the frontal lobes (FWM) and genu of the corpus callosum (GWM), which are vulnerable late-myelinating regions, and a contrasting early-myelinating region (splenium of the corpus callosum). The Scale for Emotional Blunting Scale (SEB) was used to assess emotional functioning of the study participants. Results: Compared to AD patients and NCs, the bvFTD subjects exhibited significantly worse FWM and GWM integrity on all four DTI metrics sensitive to myelin and axonal integrity. In contrast, AD patients showed a numerical trend toward worse splenium of the corpus callosum integrity than bvFTD and NC groups. Significant associations between SEB ratings and GWM DTI measures were demonstrated in the combined bvFTD and AD sample. When examined separately, these relationships remained robust for the bvFTD group but not the AD group. Conclusions: The regional DTI alterations suggest that FTD and AD are each associated with a characteristic distribution of white matter degradation. White matter breakdown in late-myelinating regions was associated with symptoms of emotional blunting, particularly within the bvFTD group.
Uterine artery embolization immediately preceding laparoscopic myomectomy

Objective To determine whether performing uterine artery embolization (UAE) immediately before laparoscopic myomectomy can facilitate a minimally invasive surgical approach for larger uterine fibroids.
Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Dogs Using a Particle-Distribution Method∗

SummaryIn this study a known activity of microspheres labeled with 169Yb was injected into the left heart of lightly anesthetized dogs. Prior to injection of microspheres, cardiac output was determined by the isotope dilution technique using 42K or 86Rb. Blood flow to the cerebral cortex, white matter, thalamus, cerebellum, and caudate nucleus was determined in ml/min·g from fractional distribution of particles in tissue samples. Total brain blood flow in ml/min·g was estimated from the radioactivity observed in the remaining brain tissue. Comparison of dogs breathing air with dogs breathing 5% CO2 showed that flow values were significantly increased (p<.05) with 5% CO2 for all areas except white matter. Old dogs tended to show higher flow values than young dogs. Flow values obtained in this study were compared with values reported by others using different methods. The distribution of the particles in the brain was checked by autoradiography.
A Practical Approach to Research During Residency Training

This article describes a basic model for clinical research in a 3-year residency training program. Obstacles to research along with practical solutions are presented. Performing clinical research should be an integral part of residency training with publication being the ultimate goal for every resident research project.
Physical and gene mapping of chloroplast DNA from Atriplex triangularis and Cucumis sativa

A rapid and simple method for constructing restriction maps of large DNAs (100-200 kb) is presented. The utility of this method is illustrated by mapping the Sal I, Sac I, and Hpa I sites of the 152 kb Atriplex triangularis chloroplast genome, and the Sal I and Pvu II sites of the 155 kb Cucumis sativa chloroplast genome. These two chloroplast DNAs are very similar in organization; both feature the near-universal chloroplast DNA inverted repeat sequence of 22-25 kb. The positions of four different genes have been localized on these chloroplast DNAs. In both genomes the 16S and 23S ribosomal RNAs are encoded by duplicate genes situated at one end of the inverted repeat, while genes for the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and a 32 kilodalton photosystem II polypeptide are separated by 55 kb of DNA within the large single copy region. The physical and genetic organization of these DNAs is compared to that of spinach chloroplast DNA.
Distribution of red blood cells between tissues of mouse.

SummaryDistribution of intravenously injected radioactive red cells throughout tissue circulation of mice was determined. The evidence suggests that distribution of labeled red cells throughout the circulation of spleen, kidney and liver proceeds more slowly than in skin, intestine, muscle and lungs.
Oligodendrocyte-type 2 astrocyte-derived trophic factors increase survival of developing dopamine neurons through the inhibition of apoptotic cell death.

Survival of embryonic dopamine (DA) neurons is extremely low (5-20%) following transplantation. Strategies to increase this survival are critical to the future of transplantation for Parkinson's disease. We demonstrate here that a factor(s) released from striatal oligodendrocyte-type 2 astrocytes (SO2A) greatly improves the survival and phenotype expression of mesencephalic DA neurons in culture while simultaneously decreasing the presence of apoptotic nuclear profiles, as detected by the TUNEL method and bisbenzamide/tyrosine hydroxylase double labeling. This SO2A-derived trophic factor(s) has minimal effects on glia and no effect on nondopaminergic mesencephalic neurons. The developmental period during which this SO2A trophic effect occurs (E14-18) coincides with the period when mesencephalic grafts are undergoing the highest rates of apoptosis, i.e., immediately following implantation. Therefore, SO2A-derived trophic factor(s) offers great potential for the augmentation of grafted DA neuron survival.
Post earthquake performance monitoring of a typical highway overpass bridge

Bridges form crucial links in the transportation network especially in high seismic risk regions. This research aims to provide a quantitative methodology for post-earthquake performance evaluation of the bridges. The experimental portion of the research involved shake table tests of a 4-span bridge which was subjected to progressively increasing amplitudes of seismic motions recorded from the Northridge earthquake. As part of this project, a high resolution long gauge fiber optic displacement sensor was developed for post-seismic evaluation of damage in the columns of the bridge. The nonlinear finite element model was developed using Opensees program to simulate the response of the bridge and the abutments to the seismic loads. The model was modified to predict the bent displacements of the bridge commensurate with the measured bent displacements obtained from experimental analysis results. Following seismic events, the tangential stiffness matrix of the whole structure is reduced due to reduction in structural strength. The nonlinear static push over analysis using current damaged stiffness matrix provides the longitudinal and transverse ultimate capacities of the bridge. Capacity loss in the transverse and longitudinal directions following the seismic events was correlated to the maximum displacements of the deck recorded during the events.
The Andreev reflection of rotons at the free surface of liquid4He

Abstract An experiment to measure P 23 , the probability for Andreev reflection of rotons at the free surface, gives the upper limit P 23 ≤P 24 2 , where P 24 is the probability of single-particle conversion of an R - roton to an atom.
Naive T cells are dispensable for memory CD4+ T cell homeostasis in progressive simian immunodeficiency virus infection

The development of AIDS in chronic HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection has been closely linked to progressive failure of CD4+ memory T cell (TM) homeostasis. CD4+ naive T cells (TN) also decline in these infections, but their contribution to disease progression is less clear. We assessed the role of CD4+ TN in SIV pathogenesis using rhesus macaques (RMs) selectively and permanently depleted of CD4+ TN before SIV infection. CD4+ TN-depleted and CD4+ TN-repleted RMs were created by subjecting juvenile RMs to thymectomy versus sham surgery, respectively, followed by total CD4+ T cell depletion and recovery from this depletion. Although thymectomized and sham-treated RMs manifested comparable CD4+ TM recovery, only sham-treated RMs reconstituted CD4+ TN. CD4+ TN-depleted RMs responded to SIVmac239 infection with markedly attenuated SIV-specific CD4+ T cell responses, delayed SIVenv-specific Ab responses, and reduced SIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses. However, CD4+ TN-depleted and -repleted groups showed similar levels of SIV replication. Moreover, CD4+ TN deficiency had no significant effect on CD4+ TM homeostasis (either on or off anti-retroviral therapy) or disease progression. These data demonstrate that the CD4+ TN compartment is dispensable for CD4+ TM homeostasis in progressive SIV infection, and they confirm that CD4+ TM comprise a homeostatically independent compartment that is intrinsically capable of self-renewal.
The ‘bush ethos’ and Brisbane in the 1890's

(1972). The ‘bush ethos’ and Brisbane in the 1890's. Historical Studies: Vol. 15, No. 58, pp. 276-283.
Poiseuille, thermal creep and Couette flow: results based on the CES model of the linearized Boltzmann equation

Abstract A synthetic-kernel model (CES model) of the linearized Boltzmann equation is used along with an analytical discrete-ordinates method (ADO) to solve three fundamental problems concerning flow of a rarefied gas in a plane channel. More specifically, the problems of Couette flow, Poiseuille flow and thermal-creep flow are solved in terms of the CES model equation for an arbitrary mixture of specular and diffuse reflection at the walls confining the flow, and numerical results for the basic quantities of interest are reported. The comparisons made with results derived from solutions based on computationally intensive methods applied to the linearized Boltzmann equation are used to conclude that the CES model can be employed with confidence to improve the accuracy of results available from simpler approximations such as the BGK model or the S model.
EXERTIONAL HYPOTENSION IN SPINAL CORD INJURY

Study objective To assess blood pressure (BP) response to continuous maximal arm ergometry in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). Design Cross-sectional analysis of data collected for a prospective study of functional electrical stimulation in patients with SCI. Setting Short-term rehabilitation hospital. Participants: Twenty individuals with SCI; 4 cervical (C6 to C8), 10 high thoracic (T1 to T6), and 6 low thoracic (T7 to T12). Measurements and results Each subject performed continuous maximal arm ergometry with expired gas analysis. Blood pressure was measured using a technician-assisted protocol. The BP at maximal exercise was compared with the highest submaximal BP reached during the test (▴BP=final BP minus highest submaximal BP). All 20 subjects had a negative ▴BP (mean±SD; −22.8±12.1 mm Hg) for mean BP and 19 of 20 had a negative ▴BP (—25.8±14.4 mm Hg) for systolic BP. The ▴BP was not significantly related to maximum exercise parameters, resting BP, or level of lesion. Four able-bodied subjects and six wheelchair-bound individuals without SCI showed no exertional hypotension. Repeated testing on the four able-bodied subjects showed excellent reproducibility for mean BP (coefficient of variation [CV]=3.6 percent; r=0.98; p Conclusions These data describe, for the first time to our knowledge, that exertional hypotension is present in all individuals with SCI during continuous arm ergometry. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon and to evaluate the long-term consequences for individuals with SCI.
The NT-criterion for predicting crack growth increments

A new approach is presented to determine the crack propagation increment after the direction of crack propagation has been predicted. The maximum dilatational strain energy density (NT-criterion) is employed in the derivation for predicting both direction and increment of the propagating crack. The crack propagation path predicted by the NT-criterion is compared to the one predicted by the S-criterion and to some available experimental data.
Preoperative prediction of open breast biopsy results

BACKGROUND The accuracy of a surgeon's clinical judgment dictates the need for interventional diagnostic procedures to identify breast carcinoma patients. Few studies exist in which such accuracy is determined. METHODS A series of 2247 consecutive open breast biopsies in newly presenting patients is presented in which the author preoperatively predicted a benign or malignant condition. RESULTS Positive predictive values for all patients, patients with breast lumps, and patients with abnormal mammograms were 0.49, 0.68, and 0.39, respectively, with the highest positive predictive value (0.89) found in women 50 years or older with a breast lump. Negative predictive values for all patients, patients with a breast lump, and patients with abnormal mammograms were 0.94, 0.94, and 0.93, respectively, with the highest values found in women younger than 30 years (0.98) and in women younger than 50 years (0.95). CONCLUSIONS Negative predictive values are reliable enough in women younger than 50 years to justify initial clinical observation of many benign appearing breast conditions. Minimal interventional procedures and open breast biopsies have a tendency to be overutilized in an effort to avoid any delay in the diagnosis of breast carcinoma. Fear of failure to diagnose breast carcinoma in a "timely fashion" is a driving force for interventional procedures in many situations in which close clinical follow-up alone is justifiable. Cancer 1997; 79:1822-7. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Being out: The behavioral language of self-disclosure

Prior research on self-disclosure of sexual orientation has focused almost exclusively on the assessment of direct verbal self-declaration by gay men, lesbians and bisexual persons. The Behavioral Self-Disclosure Questionnaire (BDQ) was developed to assess behavioral language in the “being out” process. One hundred seventy-seven participants completed the BDQ, the Sexual Orientation Disclosure Scale (SODS; Shachar and Gilbert, 1983), and a modification of the SODS, entitled the Acceptance of Sexual Orientation Disclosure Scale (ASODS). Results indicated that the BDQ was comprised of six factors and the overall scale had excellent internal consistency. Pearson Product-Moment Correlations showed a significant and positive correlation between the BDQ and verbal disclosure as assessed by the SODS.
Molecular genetics of sulfate assimilation in plants

The sulfate assimilation pathway is the primary route by which higher plants obtain the sulfur necessary for growth. Sulfur is involved in a myriad of processes of central importance in metabolism. In the past few years much has been learned about this pathway and its regulation through analysis’of the genes encoding the enzymes and proteins that make up the sulfate assimilation pathway. The recent molecular genetic analysis builds on the biochemical and physiological groundwork of past studies. Further, gene analysis has provided the opportunity to compare directly the evolution of sulfate assimilation in plants and other organisms.,
Estimation with Information Theoretic Criteria: An Interpetation

The estimation problem on arbitrary statistical environment is considered when the performance of the estimator is measured using information theoretical criteria. Existence and uniqueness conditions are discussed for continuous ensembles. Analytic sufficient conditions for the minimum error entropy estimator are derived. In a few circumstances the minimum error entropy estimator is derived explicitly. In discrete probability ensembles, it is shown that the results of the estimation with information criteria must be interpreted from a coding point of view.
The Cabinet and Big Business: A Study of Interlocks

This study of business interlocks of United States Cabinet Secretaries from 1897 to 1973 reveals evidence which strongly supports Mills' (1956) contention that there is a high degree of interchange of personnel between the elites of the corporate and political institutions. These data on the Cabinet largely negate the argument by Keller (1963) that elites are increasingly specialized and autonomous, and cast serious doubt upon the findings of pluralist researchers who have attempted to prove that a divided elite exists in this country. The present analysis makes it apparent that elite businessmen are the rule rather than the exception in positions of leadership in the executive branch of government in the United States.
Martingale solutions of a stochastic wave equation with reflection

Abstract We discuss an initial boundary value problem for a one-dimensional stochastic wave equation with reflection. For stochastic parabolic equations with reflection, there are some well-known results. However, there seems to be no existence result for a stochastic wave equation with reflection. Even for a deterministic wave equation, the problem has not been completely resolved. Our goal is to establish the existence of a martingale solution for this problem.
“Cognitive Resources and Leadership Performance”: A Rejoinder

I feel very honoured by the distinguished group of colleagues who consented to comment on my paper. All raised thought-provoking questions which merit a detailed reply. I only regret that the strict space limitation imposed by the editor restricts my response to points on which my paper was unclear, and to a few important substantive issues. It would have been very satisfying to explore the many constructive and highly intriguing insights contained in the commentators' contributions.
The Role of the Central Atom in Structure and Reactivity of Polyoxometalates with Adjacent d-Electron Metal Sites. Computational and Experimental Studies of γ-[(Xn+O4)RuIII2(OH)2(MFM)10O32](8-n)- for MFM = Mo and W, and X = AlIII, SiIV, PV, and SVI

The role of the central atom X in the structure and reactivity of di-Ru-substituted γ-Keggin polyoxometalates (POMs), γ-[(Xn+O4)RuIII2(OH)2(MFM)10O32](8-n)-, where MFM = Mo and W, and X = AlIII, SiIV, PV, and SVI, was computationally investigated. It was shown that for both MFM = Mo and W the nature of X is crucial in determining the lower lying electronic states of the polyoxoanions, which in turn likely significantly impacts their reactivity. For the electropositive X = AlIII, the ground state is a low-spin state, while for the more electronegative X = SVI the ground state is a high-spin state. In other words, the heteroatom X can be an “internal switch” for defining the ground electronic states of the γ-M2-Keggin POMs. The obtained trends, in general, are less pronounced for MFM = Mo than for W. On the basis of the comparison of the calculated energy gaps between low-spin and high-spin states of polytungstates and polymolybdates, we predict that the γ-M2-Keggin polytungstates could be more reactive tha...
Strain-Based Mechanism of Kinesin ATPase

Kinesin family motors have a highly conserved set of residues at the ATP binding pocket, yet members differ in their ATPase rate. The ATPase rate should thus be determined not only by conserved residues in contact with ATP, but allosterically by other parts of the motor head. We perform all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of several different kinesin structures in ATP-like (ATP analog) states with and without binding to tubulin. Model of the kinesin-tubulin complex was built from either recent x-ray structure (PDB 4HNA) or sub-nanometer resolution cryo-EM structures. We find that the motor head has an inherent tendency to carry out a ‘see-saw’ motion so as to rotate into the ADP-like state. This tendency results in generation of a pulling force on the gamma phosphate of ATP by the switch-I domain. Differences in ATPase rates among kinesin families are thus likely to be caused by different amount of torque generated by the tendency of the motor head to rotate. In this process, the microtubule appears to increase the torque by holding the kinesin motor head in a strained conformation.
Control of Salmonella typhimurium Colonization in Broiler Chicks with a Continuous-Flow Characterized Mixed Culture of Cecal Bacteria

A continuous-flow culture system was used to isolate and maintain a mixed culture of cecal bacteria from adult broilers composed of 29 bacterial strains representing 10 genera. Broiler chicks were treated with the mixed culture in the drinking water on the day of hatch and challenged orally with 10(4) Salmonella typhimurium 2 d after treatment. The experiment was repeated in four separate trials using newly hatched chicks. The concentration of propionic acid and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) in the cecal contents was determined 2 d after treatment and at 10 d of age. Compared with controls, the number of treated chicks that were cecal culture-positive for Salmonella decreased (P < .01) in each of the trials. Additionally, the number of Salmonella in the cecal contents of the treated chicks at 10 d of age was decreased (P < .005) compared with controls in each trial. The decreased number of Salmonella in the cecal contents of the 10-d-old treated chicks was correlated with elevated concentrations of propionic acid (P < .05) and total VFA (P < .1) in the cecal contents of the treated chicks 2 d after treatment. The results indicated that VFA-producing bacteria present in the mixed culture became rapidly established in the ceca of the treated chicks and effectively increased resistance to S. typhimurium challenge.
Fluorescence Intensity and Lifetime Cell Imaging with Luminescent Gold Nanoclusters

In this article, luminescent properties of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) were studied at the single nanoparticle level and also used as novel imaging agents in cell media. Two types of water-soluble AuNCs which were stabilized with a monolayer composed of either mercaptosuccinic acid (MSA) or tiopronin thiolate ligands were synthesized by a chemical reduction reaction. These AuNCs were determined to have an average core diameter of less than 2 nm. On a time-resolved confocal microscope, the emission signals from the single AuNCs were distinctly recordable. The quantum yields of these AuNCs were measured to be ca. 5%. The lifetime of these AuNCs is also much longer than the lifetime of cellular autofluorescence in lifetime cell imaging as well as the lifetime of organic dye Alexa Fluor 488. After being derivatized with polyethylene glycol (PEG) moieties, the AuNCs were uploaded efficiently in the HeLa cells. Fluorescence intensity and lifetime cell images were recorded on the time-resolved confocal microscope ...