cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tillage and residue effects on root growth and yields of grain sorghum following wheat

Abstract Crop production in the Southern Great Plains of TX (USA) is limited by insufficient precipitation. Furrow diking and residue management systems in water deficit regions can influence water infiltration, root growth and water extraction and, consequently, plant growth and yield. Field studies were conducted on a clay loam soil in unfertilized rotation systems to determine the influence of tillage and residue management practices on grain sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] rooting depth and changes in soil water content and cone index (CI). Treatments imposed on a wheat-sorghum-fallow (WSF) rotation system included furrow diking (FD), conventional tillage (CT), no-tillage with wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) residue maintained on the field (NT+), and no-tillage with wheat residue removed from the field (NT−). Furrow diking and NT+ management systems increased sorghum grain yields 19 and 15%, respectively, compared to CT. Grain yields from the NT− system were not significantly different from the CT system. The FD system decreased CI and increased depth of rooting, profile water use and grain yield. Conventional tillage and NT− adversely affected these variables. Tillage operations loosened the soil and reduced the CI of the tilled layer. A decrease in CI values in the NT+ treatment was related to increased root development and penetration of roots to deeper soil layers. Root length in the 40 to 60 cm depth of FD and NT+ treatments was 30 to 85% greater compared to the CT and NT− treatments. Greater rooting densities, at all three growth stages (30, 60 and 90 days after emergence of sorghum), under FD and NT+ were associated with higher soil profile water contents. Data from this study show that profile water content, root development and sorghum grain yield can be significantly increased in semiarid regions with limited rainfall by incorporating furrow diking or surface residues into the management system.
Using Social Network Analysis to Evaluate Community Capacity Building of a Regional Community Cancer Network.

The Tampa Bay Community Cancer Network (TBCCN) is one of 25 Community Network Programs funded by the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) Center to Reduce Cancer Health Disparities with the objectives to create a collaborative infrastructure of academic and community based organizations and to develop effective and sustainable interventions to reduce cancer health disparities. In order to describe the network characteristics of the TBCCN as part of our ongoing evaluation efforts, we conducted social network analysis surveys with our community partners in 2007 and 2008. One key finding showed that the mean trust value for the 20 community partners in the study increased from 1.8 to 2.1 (p<0.01), suggesting a trend toward increased trust in the network. These preliminary results suggest that TBCCN has led to greater collaboration among the community partners that were formed through its capacity-building and evidence-based dissemination activities for impacting cancer health disparities at the community level. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Alternative Routes for Teacher Professional Development and Resources: The MERLOT Online Community.

MERLOT (Multimedia Educational Resource for Learning and Online Teaching) is a multifaceted project that optimizes resources and extends “linking to learn.” Although intended for use by higher education faculty members, this resource provides rich options for K-12 teachers and administrators. Professional development applications are also discussed.
Balance of payments crises in an optimal portfolio model

Abstract Balance of payments crises are often associated with large current account movements preceding and following the crises. In this paper we treat the issue of balance of payments crises in a general equilibrium model to allow for such current account movements. At the same time, we model the portfolio decisions of the individuals in an explicit risk and return framework. The resulting behavior for money demand, foreign exchange reserves and current account is derived. Most importantly, the risk and return framework allows for a discussion of the influence of uncertain government domestic credit policies on the current account behavior preceding the attack and on the probability of an attack.
Adults with LD in the 1990S

What issues face adults with LD in the 1990s! Proposed solutions are delineated in educational, vocational, and social service areas.
Planar array of semiconducting nanotubes in an external electric field : Collective screening and polarizability

We study theoretically the charge separation in a planar array of semiconducting nanotubes (NTs) of length, $2h$, placed in an external electric field, $F$, parallel to their axes. By employing the conformal mapping, we find analytically the exact distribution of the induced charge density for the arbitrary ratio of the gap, ${E}_{g}$, and the voltage drop, $eFh$, across the NT. We use the result obtained to (i) trace the narrowing of the neutral strip at the center of the NT with increasing $F$, (ii) analyze the polarizability of the array as a function of ${E}_{g}$, and (iii) study the field enhancement near the tips.
A mathematical model of monoclonal antibody therapy in leukemia

Abstract We propose and develop a pharmacokinetic model for the quantitative analysis of dose-time-cell survival curves devolving from infusions of the murine monoclonal antibody T101 into patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Model parameters can reflect dramatic patient-to-patient differences, though qualitative differences in model behavior across patients are slight. Our model offers tentative explanations for the dynamics of monoclonal antibody therapy in CLL and CTCL.
Molecular Orientation-Dependent Interfacial Energetics and Built-in Voltage Tuned by a Template Graphene Monolayer

Highly transparent and conductive monolayer graphene was used as a template to tune the crystal orientation of pentacene from generic standing-up (001) to lying-down (022) in neat films. Spatially resolved Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) was used to reveal the energy levels of pentacene thin films grown on substrates with and without the template graphene layer, as well as the energy level alignment in various pentacene-containing organic–organic heterojunctions. A correlation between crystal domain orientation and the work function was directly observed using KPFM. Up to 0.36 eV shifts in work function were observed in neat pentacene films over large areas (>0.5 in.2) upon orientation transition, likely due to the transition from Fermi level pinning (standing-up pentacene on ITO) to vacuum level alignment (lying-down pentacene on graphene–ITO). Morphology-induced energy level shifts versus interfacial electronic equilibration effects were disentangled using atomic force microscopy, KPFM, X-ray diffr...
Settling and asymptotic motion of aerosol particles in a cellular flow field

This paper presents a proof that given a dilute concentration of aerosol particles in an infinite, periodic, cellular flow field, arbitrarily small inertial effects are sufficient to induce almost all particles to settle. It is shown that when inertia is taken as a small parameter, the equations of particle motion admit a slow manifold that is globally attracting. The proof proceeds by analyzing the motion on this slow manifold, wherein the flow is a small perturbation of the equation governing the motion of fluid particles. The perturbation is supplied by the inertia, which here occurs as a regular parameter. Further, it is shown that settling particles approach a finite number of attracting periodic paths. The structure of the set of attracting paths, including the nature of possible bifurcations of these paths and the resulting stability changes, is examined via a symmetric one-dimensional map derived from the flow.
Reaction kinetics of sodium bisulfite and dissolved oxygen in seawater and their applications to seawater reverse osmosis

Abstract Recently, single-stage seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) in the Middle East has been developed. In this process, removing dissolved oxygen (DO) from the feed seawater is very important for membrane life. The reaction rate of sodium bisulfite (SBS) and DO in seawater was investigated to apply DO removal system to the SWRO. The reaction in seawater was very fast because the salinity had a positive catalytic effect and the bicarbonate ion kept the pH suitable for the reaction. By applying these results, Toray's PEC-1000 membrane modules have shown excellent performance and long durability.
Acyclovir kinetics in end-stage renal disease

Acyclovir (ACV) is almost entirely eliminated by the kidneys and has a terminal plasma half-life (t1/2) of 2 to 3 hr in subjects with normal renal function. To determine the drug's kinetics and tolerance in patients with severe renal failure, six anuric subjects on long-term hemodialysis were studied. Each received a 1-hr infusion of 2.5 mg/kg IV ACV. The kinetics are well described by a two-compartment open model. ACV terminal plasma t 1/2 and the total body clearance were 19.5 +/- 5.9 hr (mean +/- SD) and 28.6 +/- 9.5 ml/min/1.73 m2. Peak (end of infusion) and 8- and 24-hr plasma ACV concentrations were 37.5 +/- 23.3, 10.3 +/- 2.9, and 6.4 +/- 2.4 microM. Approximately 48 hr after the start of the infusion the subjects were hemodialyzed for 6 hr. The pre- and posthemodialysis ACV plasma levels were 2.74 +/- 1.38 and 1.11 +/- 0.60 microM. The terminal ACV t1/2 during hemodialysis was 5.7 +/- 0.85 hr. During hemodialysis paired arterial and venous samples showed that ACV was readily dialyzed, with a mean coefficient of extraction of 0.45 +/- 0.12. The dialysis clearance of acyclovir was 81.8 +/- 12.6 ml/min. None of the patients had any ACV-related adverse effects. Since ACV elimination is markedly reduced in end-stage renal failure and because ACV is readily hemodialyzible, dosage modification are needed to avoid cumulation and to replace dialyzed drug.
Adhesion force of polymeric three-dimensional microstructures fabricated by microstereolithography

The adhesion between microstructures represents a great challenge in reliability of polymeric three-dimensional structures fabricated by microstereolithography (μSL). During the evaporative releasing, the capillary force of the solvent causes the deformation and adhesion of the fabricated beams. We present a method to determine the adhesion force of polymeric microstructures fabricated by μSL. The test structures with parallel beams were fabricated and released from the liquid resin via evaporation. By measuring the relationship between the adhesion length and the geometry of the beams, the adhesion force between two 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) polymeric parallel beams is determined as γ=72±5 mN/m. This simple method and the determined adhesion force provide a key in designing reliable polymeric microelectromechanical systems in preventing the stiction problem.
Energy Transformations and Meridional Circulations associated with simple Baroclinic Waves in a two-level, Quasi-geostrophic Model

The changes in geostrophic kinetic energy predicted by the “2 — ½ dimensional” quasi-geostrophic vorticity equations without friction are shown to be compatible with the mechanical energy equation. The second-order effects on a zonal current due to the presence of very simple unstable baroclinic waves are then analysed, using a two-level model of finite lateral width without friction or heat sources. In addition to the poleward transport of sensible heat and the creation of kinetic energy by these waves, it is shown that they are accompanied in this model by a weak meridional circulation. This circulation consists of an indirect cell in middle latitudes with direct cells to the north and south. The possible importance of this mechanism in providing appropriately distributed sources and sinks of relative zonal momentum (and therefore in prescribing the distribution with latitude of the surface zonal winds) is demonstrated with the aid of Widger's observations of the horizontal momentum transfer by eddies during January 1946. Finally it is shown that about 95 per cent of the perturbation energy in the unstable waves of this type comes from the “potential energy” of the basic current, the small remainder coming from the kinetic energy of that current. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1954.tb01123.x
Methodologic issues regarding outcome measures for clinical drug trials of psychiatric complications in dementia.

Selecting outcome measures that are both psychometrically sound and sensitive to change is a very important aspect of clinical outcome research. A variety of measures have been introduced in recent...
Prospective teachers’ beliefs about students’ goal orientations: A carry-over effect of prior schooling experiences?

This study examined the relationship between prospective teachers’ (N = 166) retrospective perceptions of their own past achievement goals and their current beliefs about students’ goal orientations and achievement behaviors. Results of hierarchical regression analysis provide correlation evidence in support of a “carry-over effect” of prospective teachers’ past goal orientations on their current beliefs about students. Specifically, prospective teachers’ were found to believe that their future students will pursue goal orientations analogous to their own past goal orientations. In addition, prospective teachers’ explanations for why students might engage in or avoid achievement-directed behaviors were examined. Regardless of past goal orientation, “internal motives” (e.g., improvement and self-satisfaction) represented the most frequent explanation offered by prospective teachers for why students engage in achievement behaviors. Prospective teachers with past performance-approach goals were significantly more likely to view avoidance as a sign of “laziness,” whereas those with past performance-avoidant goals were more likely to view avoidance as resulting from a “lack of confidence and support.” Implications for subsequent research are discussed.
Treatment of stages I and II hodgkin's disease with three different therapeutic modalities

Since 1969, 184 previously untreated and evaluable adult patients with Hodgkin's disease, staged as I (43) or II (141), have been treated. Eighty patients were part of the National Hodgkin's Disease Study, randomly assigned to receive radiotherapy to either an involved (39) or extended field (41). In a subsequent single-arm study, 104 patients were treated with involved-field radiotherapy preceded and followed by three cycles of MOPP chemotherapy. Median durations of follow-up have been 172, 172, and 92 months, for the involved-field radiotherapy, extended-field radiotherapy, and MOPP plus involved-field radiotherapy treatment groups, respectively. Although significant differences among the three treatment groups were observed with respect to disease-free survival (p less than 0.001), only the group of patients treated with involved-field radiotherapy had a statistically significant decline in overall survival as compared with the two other treatment groups (p less than 0.001). Moreover, patients who underwent clinical staging and were treated with MOPP plus involved-field radiotherapy had significantly prolonged disease-free survival compared with those who underwent surgical staging and were treated with extended-field radiotherapy (p less than 0.001). One of the patients who received MOPP plus involved-field radiotherapy had subsequent development of acute monocytic leukemia, and another had refractory anemia with excess blasts. One instance of diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma was also observed. Acute monocytic leukemia developed in another patient treated with involved-field radiotherapy. The rates of amenorrhea in the group treated with MOPP plus involved-field radio-therapy were 9.6 percent and 78.5 percent for female patients younger and older than 30 years of age, respectively. Despite the universal azoospermia ensuing after MOPP plus involved-field radiotherapy, in three patients whose sperm counts were checked sequentially for 26 to 53 months after treatment, evidence of spermatogenesis was observed. Three patients with remission of Hodgkin's disease after involved-field (two) and extended-field (one) radiotherapy died from cardiovascular disease that could only be attributed to the prior radiotherapy. Although further follow-up evaluation will be required to determine the impact of the three different treatment modalities on survival and long-term toxicity, MOPP plus involved-field radiotherapy appears to be superior to involved-field or extended-field radiotherapy alone in achieving prolonged disease-free survival without significant leukemogenic potential.
Finite element stress formulation for dynamic elastic-plastic analysis☆

Abstract The solution to wave propagation problems in solids with elastic-plastic material properties is obtained by using the finite element method directly in terms of the stresses. A variational principle due to Gurtin is modified by including a plastic strain tensor in the constitutive relationship. The resulting finite element equations, which represent the strain-displacement equations written in terms of the stresses, are simultaneous integral equations in time. With a transformation of variables, a set of simultaneous differential equations is obtained of the form H s + Qs+ Ve p = q(t) , where H is a symmetric positive-semidefinite matrix, and Q is a symmetric positive-definite matrix. The stresses and the plastic strains are represented by s and e p , respectively. Finite element equations are developed for an axisymmetric ring element with an arbitrary quadrilateral cross section in which the stresses and the plastic strains vary linearly along the sides of the elements. The equations are numerically integrated with respect to time by Newmark's generalized acceleration method. An iterative procedure is presented, which uses the finite element strain-displacement equations and the plasticity relationships, to determine the state of stress at the end of the time step. Several examples are used to demonstrate the solution technique for elastic and elastic-plastic problems.
Prego! An Invitation to Italian 7th ed. by LAZZARINO, GRAZIANA, MARIA CRISTINA PECCIANTI, & ANDREA DINI. Workbook to Accompany Prego! An Invitation to Italian. 7th ed. by LAZZARINO, GRAZIANA, & ANDREA DINI.

The article reviews the books "Prego! An Invitation to Italian," 7th ed., by Graziana Lazzarino, Maria Cristina Peccianti and Andrea Dini and "Workbook to Accompany Prego! An Invitation to Italian," 7th ed., by Graziana Lazzarino and Andrea Dini.
Acute inhalation of hypertonic saline does not improve mucociliary clearance in all children with cystic fibrosis

Little is known of how mucociliary clearance (MCC) in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) and normal pulmonary function compares with healthy adults, or how an acute inhalation of 7% hypertonic saline (HS) aerosol affects MCC in these same children. We compared MCC in 12 children with CF and normal pulmonary function after an acute inhalation of 0.12% saline (placebo), or HS, admixed with the radioisotope 99 mtechnetium sulfur colloid in a double-blind, randomized, cross-over study. Mucociliary clearance on the placebo day in the children was also compared to MCC in 10 healthy, non-CF adults. Mucociliary clearance was quantified over a 90 min period, using gamma scintigraphy, and is reported as MCC at 60 min (MCC60) and 90 min (MCC90). Median [interquartile range] MCC60 and MCC90 in the children on the placebo visit were 15.4 [12.4-24.5]% and 19.3 [17.3-27.8%]%, respectively, which were similar to the adults with 17.8 [6.4-28.7]% and 29.6 [16.1-43.5]%, respectively. There was no significant improvement in MCC60 (2.2 [-6.2-11.8]%) or MCC90 (2.3 [-1.2-10.5]%) with HS, compared to placebo. In addition, 5/12 and 4/12 of the children showed a decrease in MCC60 and MCC90, respectively, after inhalation of HS. A post hoc subgroup analysis of the change in MCC90 after HS showed a significantly greater improvement in MCC in children with lower placebo MCC90 compared to those with higher placebo MCC90 (p = 0.045). These data suggest that percent MCC varies significantly between children with CF lung disease and normal pulmonary functions, with some children demonstrating MCC values within the normal range and others showing MCC values that are below normal values. In addition, although MCC did not improve in all children after inhalation of HS, improvement did occur in children with relatively low MCC values after placebo. This finding suggests that acute inhalation of hypertonic saline may benefit a subset of children with low MCC values. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01293084
Do psychiatrists understand research-related experiences, attitudes, and motivations of schizophrenia study participants?

Psychiatrists serve in different but important capacities with research participants. Because ethical problems may arise in research when participants misunderstand motives and responsibilities of clinical-investigators (i.e., “therapeutic misconception”), it is important that relationships between research participants and psychiatric caregivers and investigators be based on genuine mutual understanding. Considerations about attunement of psychiatrists with schizophrenia research participants have never been studied empirically. As part of a larger structured interview-survey study, we assessed the predictions of psychiatrists regarding self-reported experiences, attitudes, and motivations of individual schizophrenia research volunteers who were known to the respondent psychiatrists. Fourteen patient-psychiatrist pairs were identified for inclusion. Psychiatrists predicted schizophrenia research participants’ ease of participation, privacy concerns, and willingness to participate in future research but underestimated their positive overall experience. Psychiatrists also were attuned to schizophrenia participants’ attitudes and motivations regarding personal benefit but did not accurately predict their responses concerning helping others and science. Also, psychiatrists underestimated the schizophrenia participants’ perceived degree of influence by researchers and caregivers during recruitment. Psychiatrists recognized the burden, primary concerns, future participation willingness, and personal benefit orientation of schizophrenia participants, but they did not appear to fully understand the overall positive quality of research experience, altruistic orientation, and relationship orientation of their schizophrenia patients who volunteer for research participation.
Laparoscopic extraperitoneal bladder diverticulectomy: Initial experience

Abstract Herein we report the initial experience with a completely extraperitoneal laparoscopic approach to bladder diverticulectomy combined with a drainage procedure (transurethral incision of the prostate).
Ion Binding Affinity in the Cavity of the KcsA Potassium Channel

The hydrophobic cell membrane interior presents a large energy barrier for ions to permeate. Potassium channels reduce this barrier by creating a water-filled cavity at the middle of their ion conduction pore to allow ion hydration and by directing the C-terminal "end charge" of four alpha-helices toward the water-filled cavity. Here we have studied the interaction of monovalent cations with the cavity of the KcsA K(+) channel using X-ray crystallography. In these studies, Tl(+) was used as an analogue for K(+) and the total ion-stabilization energy for Tl(+) in the cavity was estimated by measuring its binding affinity. Binding affinity for the Na(+) ion was also measured, revealing a weak selectivity ( approximately 7-fold) favoring Tl(+) over Na(+). The structures of the cavity containing Na(+), K(+), Tl(+), Rb(+), and Cs(+) are compared. These results are consistent with a fairly large (more negative than -100 mV) electrostatic potential inside the cavity, and they also imply the presence of a weak nonelectrostatic component to a cation's interaction with the cavity.
Lead toxicity - a call to action.

Invited commentary on ‘Blood lead levels in children attending a tertiary teaching hospital in Enugu, south-eastern Nigeria’, Ugwuja et al.In 2010, international attention focused on the problem of...
A new simulator workbench for comparing SIMD processing element architectures

The impact of machine structure on system performance is a critical consideration in designing highly integrated SIMD architectures. This issue is affected by PE granularity, PE complexity, and interconnection structure. Detailed analysis of the issues related to this structure/performance relationship is relevant in developing new massively parallel architectures. To meet this need, a simulator workbench which can be used to quantitatively evaluate the performance of a wide range of machine structures is presented in this paper. The set of PE granularities supported includes 1, 4, 8, and 16-bit processors. The simulator workbench also provides support for evaluating the functionality provided by different features included in an SIMD PE. Features include floating point operation support, multiplication support, local address modification, and support for generating flags during computation. An analysis of the impact of various I/O and communication path widths is also possible.Floating point support is provided in the form of an exponent register and a mantissa unit. Multiplication is supported by a recoding unit that examines two multiplier bits and recodes them in such a way that a partial product of the multiplicand and the two multiplier bits can be generated with only a single n-bit addition. Communication and I/O path widths are examined for each granularity, and the amount of time spent in communication and data I/O can be isolated for any application. The impact of local address modification is isolated, and flag sets are also investigated. Overall performance, communication balance, PE and feature utilization, and operand length are monitored using the workbench, and are used to assess the merits of the various granularities and feature sets.
Transport of the Neonatal Patient With Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension

Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn remains a challenging condition to manage. The key to treatment is to maximize ventilatory support through conventional ventilation, high-frequency oscillator ventilation, exogenous surfactant, inhaled nitric oxide, and, if needed, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. When these treatments are not available, the infant must be transferred to a tertiary/quaternary care center by a qualified neonatal/pediatric transport team that is equipped to transport the newborn on inhaled nitric oxide. The transport team must perform a quick and thorough assessment of the newborn, determine and initiate the appropriate treatment, evaluate the response, and transport the infant to the receiving facility as safely and quickly as possible; these steps are the key to a positive outcome. This article will review the pathophysiology, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment options for a newborn with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, and considerations for infant transport to a higher level of care will be emphasized.
Lateral buckling of beam

Abstract A repeated concern with attempts to generalize classical results for the problem of lateral buckling of originally straight end loaded cantilever beams suggested the present account. Earlier efforts are reported and previously unpublished material is also included. The theme of the account is how to deal with the effects of warping stiffness, and the effect of transverse shear deformability, on the classical formulas without consideration of these effects. The results described are, in the author's view, capable of being improved upon. It is hoped that placing them on record in their present form, will lead to further developments by others.
WEE2 Is an Oocyte-Specific Meiosis Inhibitor in Rhesus Macaque Monkeys

WEE1 homolog 2 (WEE2, also known as WEE1B) is a newly identified member of the WEE kinase family that is conserved from yeast to humans. The aim of the present study was to determine the spatiotemporal expression pattern and the function of WEE2 during oocyte maturation in a nonhuman primate species, the rhesus macaque. Among 11 macaque tissues examined, WEE2 transcript is predominantly expressed in the ovary and only weakly detectable in the testis. Within the ovary, WEE2 mRNA is exclusively localized in the oocyte and appears to accumulate during folliculogenesis, reaching the highest level in preovulatory follicles. Microinjection of a full-length WEE2-GFP (green fluorescent protein) fusion mRNA indicates a specific nuclear localization of WEE2 protein in both growing and fully grown germinal vesicle (GV)-intact oocytes. Taking the long double-stranded RNA-mediated RNA interference approach, we found that down-regulation of WEE2 led to meiotic resumption in a subset of GV oocytes even in the presence of a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor. On the other hand, overexpression of WEE2 delays the reentry of oocytes into meiosis in both mice and monkeys. These findings suggest that WEE2 is a conserved oocyte-specific meiosis inhibitor that functions downstream of cAMP in nonhuman primates.
Correlated observations of impulsive UV and hard X-ray bursts in solar flares from the solar maximum mission

An investigation is conducted of the temporal and spatial structures of UV and hard X-ray bursts in a disk and a limb flare observed with instruments on the Solar Maximum Mission satellite. Attention is given to the transient UV brightening before the flare, the impulsive enhancement of UV continuum emission, the relationship between emission source region and particle acceleration region, and large scale excitations. The most active part of the active region appears to be the most flare-productive region. These regions exhibit high UV activities with numerous UV transient bursts occurring in many small kernels.
Physical and acoustic measurements on cohesionless sediments from the northwest Florida Sand Sheet

The effects of grain size and density on compressional wave speed and attenuation are investigated for a clastic silica sand from a seabed study site south of Panama City, Florida, using an automated core logging device that allows for highly accurate, non-destructive, fine-scale measurements to be taken on unopened core sections. Measurements were conducted on relatively undisturbed cores obtained using a large-diameter gravity corer, as well as on reconstituted sections containing sediment segregated into narrow grain size ranges. Findings indicate that whereas density is the primary physical sediment attribute controlling speed, attenuation at 500 kHz is primarily a function of grain size and grain structure. Sandy sediments, particularly those with narrow sorting, are susceptible to liquefaction, which can reduce attenuation dramatically.
Numerical evaluation of Hilbert transforms for oscillatory functions: A convergence accelerator approach

The numerical evaluation of Hilbert transforms on the real line for functions that exhibit oscillatory behavior is investigated. A fairly robust numerical procedure is developed that is based on the use of convergence accelerator techniques. Several different types of oscillatory behavior are examined that can be successfully treated by the approach given. A few examples of functions whose oscillations are too extreme to deal with are also discussed.
Laboratory Comparison of Crushed Aggregate and Recycled Pavement Material With and Without High Carbon Fly Ash

In-place recycling of asphalt pavement materials is a sustainable rehabilitation method. Existing hot-mix asphalt (HMA) layer is pulverized and blended with some or the entire base course and possibly some subgrade to form a broadly graded material referred to as recycled pavement material (RPM). The RPM is then compacted as the new base course and overlaid by a new layer of HMA. In some occasions, additives are added to increase the strength of RPM base course, such as cement, emulsion, fly ash. It is plausible to utilize high calcium high carbon fly ash, as the high level of carbon prevents fly ash from being used in concrete. A series of laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of these materials, including crushed aggregate, untreated RPM, and treated RPM with high carbon fly ash. The tests included compaction, California Bearing Ratio, resilient modulus, and unconfined compressive strength for treated RPM. The engineering properties of these materials were compared.
Methodology and Design for the Broadcast of GNSS Integrity Information derived from SBAS on Low Bandwidth Data Channels

The benefits of Spaced Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) in enabling and enhancing the use of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) for civilian applications are being recognized worldwide. While designed to support aviation, their use has become more ubiquitous. SBAS plays an important role in monitoring the safety and reliability of GNSS. As such, the ability to receive the SBAS broadcast is ever vital to safety-critical users. The broadcast of SBAS information over additional data links would prove beneficial as it improves coverage and redundancy. This paper develops a methodology for designing alternate means of broadcasting SBAS information. It examines the major considerations for enabling the broadcast. The paper focuses on the challenging issue of data rate constrained channels. Many desirable candidates for alternate SBAS broadcast cannot support the full data rate. The paper examines Loran and FM subcarrier as case studies. This paper presents feasible designs for both systems.
Assessing Personnel Practices in Higher Education: A Case Study in the Hiring of Females.

Abstract This study develops a dynamic model of ideal minority representation in an employer's work force. The model assumes that the hiring and termination processes are random and takes into account both changes in the size of the work force over time as well as minority representation in the labor pool from which employees are drawn. Various parameter specifications representing alternative employer personnel practices are utilized to demonstrate their impact on the adjustment path of work force minority representation toward that found in the overall labor pool. The model is then estimated empirically to generate a point of comparison in a case study involving alleged sex discrimination in the hiring practices of an academic department at a major midwestern university. A test procedure is illustrated which allows formal statistical comparisons of actual work force minority representation and the ideal minority representation by the model.
Cloacogenic carcinoma of the anorectum in homosexual men: an observation of four cases.

Cloacogenic carcinoma of the anorectum is an uncommon neoplasm which arises from the transitional zone (cloacogenic) epithelium. The transitional zone epithelium is derived from the embryonic cloacogenic membrane as is the epithelium of the vagina and uterine cervix in the female. Four cases of cloacogenic carcinoma in male homosexuals who have engaged in longstanding receptive anal intercourse have been observed. This observation, along with the realization that the anorectal transitional zone shares a common embryologic origin with the uterine cervix, a site of cancer long known to be associated with factors related to sexual intercouse, leads to the serious question of the etiologic potential of receptive anal intercourse in the development of cloacogenic carcinoma.
Active constrained truncated Newton method for simple-bound optical tomography

In the past, nonlinear unconstrained optimization of the optical imaging problem has focused on Newton–Raphson techniques. Besides requiring expensive computation of the Jacobian, the unconstrained minimization with Tikhonov regularization can pose significant storage problems for large-scale reconstructions, involving a large number of unknowns necessary for realization of optical imaging. We formulate the inverse optical imaging problem as both simple-bound constrained and unconstrained minimization problems in order to illustrate the reduction in computational time and storage associated with constrained image reconstructions. The forward simulator of excitation and generated fluorescence, consisting of the Galerkin finite-element formulation, is used in an inverse algorithm to find the spatial distribution of absorption and lifetime that minimizes the difference between predicted and synthetic frequency-domain measurements. The inverse approach employs the truncated Newton method with trust region and a modification of automatic reverse differentiation to speed the computation of the optimization problem. The reconstruction results confirm that the physically based, constrained minimization with efficient optimization schemes may offer a more logical approach to the large-scale optical imaging problem than unconstrained minimization with regularization.
Fitting data, but poor predictions: Reverberation prediction uncertainty when seabed parameters are derived from reverberation measurements

For many decades, researchers have been developing inverse techniques for estimating seabed parameters from reverberation data, notably scattering strength. Generally, the angular dependence of the scattering kernel is unknown and is either solved for or assumed fixed. In either case, agreement is typically quite good between the measured reverberation and that modeled (by fitting scattering parameters). However, what are the resulting uncertainties in a reverberation prediction if the ocean or geometry changes? The main results of the paper are that (1) these prediction uncertainties are surprisingly large, of order 10 dB at 10 km and thus (2) traditional/current methods for reverberation inversion should be augmented, mitigating the large prediction uncertainties by an additional measurement. Several options for additional measurements are discussed.
Hatching success of eggs of Hexagenia bilineata (ephemeroptera) exposed to brief thermal shock

1. 1.|Hatching of Hexagenia bilineata eggs was significantly reduced after brief exposure (5–15 min) to above-ambient temperature (⩾ 33°C) during oviposition. 2. 2.|Comparison of eggs shocked during oviposition with eggs shocked 2 h afterwards indicates that the gametes or some step in the ferlization process may be affected. 3. 3.|Survival of nymphs hatching from eggs exposed to 43°C for 10 min during oviposition was significantly lowered, pointing to a latent effect of increased temperature.
Field Evaporation of Tungsten-Helium Molecular Ions

Ions field evaporating from tungsten in the presence of helium are identified by a time-of-flight atom probe of improved resolution. Helium is found to be adsorbed at all imaged surface sites. From the brightly imaged crystal regions the adsorbate comes off as ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$, approximately in a one-to-one ratio with ${\mathrm{W}}^{+++}$ and ${\mathrm{W}}^{++++}$. The dim, high work-function regions around (011) predominantly yield ${\mathrm{WHe}}^{+++}$ molecular ions with the temperature-dependent relative abundance peaking at liquid nitrogen temperature.
File system aging—increasing the relevance of file system benchmarks

Benchmarks are important because they provide a means for users and researchers to characterize how their workloads will perform on different systems and different system architectures. The field of file system design is no different from other areas of research in this regard, and a variety of file system benchmarks are in use, representing a wide range of the different user workloads that may be run on a file system. A realistic benchmark, however, is only one of the tools that is required in order to understand how a file system design will perform in the real world. The benchmark must also be executed on a realistic file system. While the simplest approach may be to measure the performance of an empty file system, this represents a state that is seldom encountered by real users. In order to study file systems in more representative conditions, we present a methodology for aging a test file system by replaying a workload similar to that experienced by a real file system over a period of many months, or even years. Our aging tools allow the same aging workload to be applied to multiple versions of the same file system, allowing scientific evaluation of the relative merits of competing file system designs.In addition to describing our aging tools, we demonstrate their use by applying them to evaluate two enhancements to the file layout policies of the UNIX fast file system.
Revised molecular basis of the promiscuous carboxylic acid perhydrolase activity in serine hydrolases

Several serine hydrolases catalyze a promiscuous reaction: perhydrolysis of carboxylic acids to form peroxycarboxylic acids. The working hypothesis is that perhydrolases are more selective than esterases for hydrogen peroxide over water. In this study, we tested this hypothesis, and focused on L29P-PFE (Pseudomonas fluorescens esterase), which catalyzes perhydrolysis of acetic acid 43-fold faster than wild-type PFE. This hypothesis predicts that L29P-PFE should be approximately 43-fold more selective for hydrogen peroxide than wild-type PFE, but experiments show that L29P-PFE is less selective. The ratio of hydrolysis to perhydrolysis of methyl acetate at different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide fit a kinetic model for nucleophile selectivity. L29P-PFE (β(0)=170 M(-1)) is approximately half as selective for hydrogen peroxide over water than wild-type PFE (β(0)=330 M(-1)), which contradicts the working hypothesis. An alternative hypothesis is that carboxylic acid perhydrolases increase perhydrolysis by forming the acyl-enzyme intermediate faster. Consistent with this hypothesis, the rate of acetyl-enzyme formation, measured by (18)O-water exchange into acetic acid, was 25-fold faster with L29P-PFE than with wild-type PFE, which is similar to the 43-fold faster perhydrolysis with L29P-PFE. Molecular modeling of the first tetrahedral intermediate (T(d)1) suggests that a closer carbonyl group found in perhydrolases accepts a hydrogen bond from the leaving group water. This revised understanding can help design more efficient enzymes for perhydrolysis and shows how subtle changes can create new, unnatural functions in enzymes.
Workflow-Based High Performance Data Transfer and Ingestion to Support Petascale Simulations on TeraGrid

We report on high performance data transfer and ingestion design carried out in a scientific workflow project to support Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) petascale simulations on TeraGrid (TG), which is conducive to utilize the grid resource to pipeline data pre- and post-processing in this workflow simulation. We develop an enhanced prototype framework that brings together Globus Toolkit and advanced MPI batch jobs for reliable and efficient data transfer between heterogeneous supercomputer clusters on TG. The framework automates the whole process of data transfer without human intervention and it can recover automatically from any failures during the transfers. We also examine optimization approaches for ingesting simulation data into the iRODS (Integrated Rule-Oriented Data System) digital library. The average transfer rate from TACC Ranger to iRODS achieves 133MB/sec, 5 times faster than conventional methods. Experiments performed on TG clusters demonstrated that these concurrent data transfer and ingestion mechanisms can shorten the processing time of the scientific workflow and significantly reduce the load as well.
Cytotoxic activity of peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytes from patients with multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases: analysis at the single cell level of the relationship of cytotoxic effectors and interferon-producing cells.

Abstract The production of interferon (IFNα) in relationship to NK and ADCC activity of peripheral blood and cerebrospinal lymphocytes was examined at the single cell level in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neurological diseases (OND) compared with age- and sex-matched controls. IFN-producing cells were assessed by indirect immunofluorescent scoring of cytoplasmic IFN+ cells. Peak production of cytoplasmic IFNα in nylon wool-passed (NWP) cells occurred between 5 and 17 hr in vitro under the inductive stimulus of MOLT 4, K562, or antibody-coated Chang liver cells. The proportion of K562- and MOLT 4-induced IFNα-positive cells in the total lymphocyte and target-binding cell (TBC) population was significantly lower in MS NWP-peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) than in OND and normal controls; this was in direct relationship to a decreased percentage of NK cells in MS PBL. In contrast MS cells responded the same as controls (total IFN+ cells) or higher than controls (IFN+-TBC) after IFNα induction by antibody-coated Chang, the ADCC target, in parallel with elevated ADCC activity by MS PBL. MS CSF contained a higher proportion of total IFN+ cells but a similar proportion of IFN+-TBC as their homologous NWP PBL population. In OND CSF, both the percentage of total IFN+ and the percentage of IFN+-TBC were higher than in OND blood and higher than their respective MS CSF populations. The relationship of IFN-producing cells in the central nervous system (CNS) to putative cytotoxic cells is discussed.
Some Unintended Consequences of Intention to Quit

With the use of a two-cycle model of job search, the situation of employees who intend to quit, but do not, is analyzed to see if intention to quit can be useful in explaining job behaviors other than quitting. Absenteeism and being fired are suggested as unintended consequences of intention to quit. The relationship between these unintended consequences and job performance also is examined. The analysis is guided by the theoretical premises of Mobley's models of the employee turnover process.
A dual-porosity model for waterflooding in naturally fractured reservoirs

Abstract A dual-porosity model for saturated, two-phase, incompressible, immiscible flow in a naturally fractured petroleum reservoir is formulated and then approximated by a finite difference procedure. Calculations are presented to indicate the behavior of the model as a function of several parameters, including the size and shape of the matrix blocks, the form of the relative permeability curves in the blocks, the inclination of the reservoir, the absolute permeabilities and the fluid viscosities.
Lifetimes of the biradicals produced in the Norrish type I reaction of cycloalkanones

Abstract The lifetimes of several biradicals produced in the Norrish type I reaction of cyclopentanones and cyclohexanones have been examined in solution using laser flash photolysis techniques. For example, the lifetime of the biradical from 2,2,6,6-tetramethylcyclohexanone is 45 ns in methanol and 36 ns in isoociane at 300 K. Cyclopentanone-derived biradicals are three or four times shorter lived.