The unusual life-history of Daubaylia potomaca (Nematoda: Cephalobidae ) in Australorbis glabratus and in certain other fresh-water snails

Natural infection with the cephalobid nematode, Daubaylia potomaca , is reported in Helisoma antrosum pericarinatum ( = H. anceps pericarinatum ) collected in the vicinity of the University of Michigan Biological Station on Douglas Lake, Cheboygan, Michigan. The life-cycle of D. potomaca , which appears to be unique, has been determined and reproduced experimentally utilizing Australorbis glabratus and other snails as hosts. The cycle involves escape from the host by gravid females, invasion by the females of new hosts and the reproduction therein of generation after generation of parasites, and the eventual emergence of female worms from dying hosts to the external aquatic environment. The parasite does not lead a saprozoic existence, and no dauer larvae were seen. Except for the newly emerged female, no stage of D. potomaca is ‘free-living’, and there is no evidence that transmission can occur except through the agency of these females. However, parasitic females removed at any time from their hosts by dissection are fully capable of infecting new hosts under experimental conditions. Dissection of A. glabratus infected with known numbers of female D. potomaca disclosed that the gravid nematodes deposit about two eggs per day in the tissues, that larvae may be found after 5 days of infection, and that the first ‘new’ generation of adult males and females appears within the host 11 or more days after infection. Continued reproduction in the host may give rise to very large nematode populations. A. glabratus exposed to five female D. potomaca usually became infected and all infected snails were killed within 44 days. Death of infected snails was preceded, in nearly every case, by the emergence of female D. potomaca from their hosts. It is suggested that this phenomenon reflects an adaptive response of the worms to changes in the internal milieu of the snail. Attempts to infect certain physid and lymnaeid snails with D. potomaca failed, and varying degrees of success were achieved in attempts to infect several planorbids. Of the latter, the most suitable hosts appeared to be A. glabratus (Puerto Rico) and Helisoma sp. (Michigan); the least suitable host was Helisoma caribaeum (Puerto Rico and St Croix), in which an intense tissue reaction killed all nematode eggs before they could hatch. Other susceptible planorbids (in declining order of apparent suitability as hosts) were Helisoma trivolvis ? macrostomum (Canada), Bulinus truncatus (Egypt) and Planorbarius corneus (Massachusetts). Some of the problems associated with the possible use of D. potomaca as a means of biological control for A. glabratus are discussed. It is a pleasure to thank the persons whose names appear in the text for aid or counsel graciously extended. I am also grateful to Dr George L. Graham (University of Pennsylvania) for certain citations in the literature, to Dr M. R. Tripp (now at the University of Delaware) for receiving the shipments of snails in Boston, and to Dr A. H. Stockard, Director of the University of Michigan Biological Station, for facilitating the field work.