cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A 54-Year-Old Woman With Postextubation Stridor

A 54-year-old woman developed a witnessed generalized tonic clonic seizure at work. Paramedics recorded a blood glucose level of 30 mg/dL. Despite normalizing the blood glucose level, the patient's mental status did not improve, and she was intubated in the field. Given the limited view of the glottis, a tracheal tube introducer (Bougie) was used to facilitate intubation.
Human resource practices and organizational commitment: A deeper examination:

This paper examines newer conceptualizations of HRM practices in the HR—performance relationship as well as newer conceptualizations of commitment. Juxtaposing these categories of HR practices and types of commitment provides a clearer theoretical rational for at least some ways that HR practices can influence organizational performance, be that positive or negative. Implications for research are then discussed.
Incorporating solid mechanics into biomedical and life sciences

Integrating and interfacing solid mechanics and life sciences is challenging, but, with effort, the two disciplines can complement one another. This paper describes work ongoing at the Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department of the University of Missouri at Rolla on cellular biomechanics and mechanical characterization of single cells. Also discussed is the study of tissue biomechanics in understanding the mechanical aspects of lens accommodation in human vision.
Segmental multicystic dysplasia and ureteropelvic junction obstruction in a nonduplicated kidney

A 2-month-old child presented for evaluation of prenatal hydronephrosis. Imaging studies were consistent with a right duplex system with a dysplastic, nonfunctioning upper pole and lower pole ureteropelvic junction obstruction. We proceeded with removal of the upper pole and pyeloplasty and were surprised to find a single collecting system with a cystic, dysplastic upper pole segment and the absence of an upper pole pelvis or ureter. The rare diagnosis of a segmental multicystic dysplastic kidney with ipsilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction was made. We present a review of the case and of previous literature on this topic.
Senataxin mutations and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

We studied three patients with mutations in the senataxin gene (SETX). One had juvenile onset of ALS. The second case resembled hereditary motor neuropathy. The third patient had an overlap syndrome of ataxia-tremor and motor neuron disease, phenotypes previously associated with SETX mutations. Our patients were all apparently sporadic, with no other affected relative. Two relatives of patient no. 2 carried the SETX c.4660T > G transversion but did not manifest motor neuron disease, abnormal eye movements, ataxia, or tremor suggesting that genetic or environmental modifiers may influence expression of this SETX polymorphism. Relatives of patients 1 and 3 were not available for examination or SETX mutation screening. Mutations causing ALS4 may be more frequent and heterogeneous than expected. Screening for SETX mutations should be considered in patients with apparently sporadic juvenile-onset ALS, hereditary motor neuropathy, and overlap syndromes with ataxia and motor neuron disease.
Turbulent and Direct Numerical Simulations for Optimizing Mechanical Heart Valve Designs

Patients who receive mechanical heart valve (MHV) implants require mandatory anticoagulation medication after MHV implantation due to the thrombogenic potential of the devise. Optimization of MHV designs may facilitate in reducing the flow induced thrombogenic potential. To accomplish this goal highly resolved 3D geometries of different bileaflet mechanical heart valves were examined to study the contribution of distinct flow phases to platelet damage. Both turbulent and direct numerical simulations (DNS) were conducted and compared. A multiphase approach was formulated, in which the blood interacts with a large number of particles injected in the fluid domain, representing the platelets passing through the MHV. Loading histories experienced by the platelets were calculated by computing the combined effect of stress and exposure time. Platelet stress accumulation during randomized repetitive passages past the valves were calculated using a damage accumulation model. The results from the simulations were used as an input to our hemodynamic shearing device (HSD) which emulated the numerical loading waveforms, and platelet activity measured in order to quantify the thrombogenic potential of different MHVs.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Direct Magnitude Estimation and Equal Appearing Interval Scaling of Vowel Roughness

Direct magnitude estimation (DME) and equal-appearing interval (EAI) ratings of the perceived roughness of isolated sustained vowel samples (/a/ and /i/) were obtained. The linear and curvilinear r...
Nutrient Spatial Heterogeneity: Effects on Community Structure, Physiognomy, and Diversity of Stream Algae

Nutrient—diffusing substrata (sand—agar plates) were combined with an in situ, flow—through bioassay system to experimentally separate effects of substratum and water enrichment on algal communities in a phosphorus—poor stream in northern Michigan, USA. Glass slides and both control and fertilized sand—agar substrata (N:P ° 16) were exposed to low ambient nutrient levels in a phosphorus—limited stream (N:P ° 40) and to water amended with nitrogen and phosphorus (N:P ° 16). Quantitative cell counts of periphyton taxa and microscopic examination of intact communities on sand—agar substrata indicated that motile biraphid diatom taxa (e.g., Navicula and Nitzschia spp.) responded to nutrients in both the water and substratum, attaining spatial dominance in the upper canopy. These upperstory taxa comprised > 50% total algal biovolume on sand—agar substrata and appeared to interfere with the response of sessile understory taxa (e.g., Achnanthes minutissima, Cocconeis placentula) to inorganic nutrient amendments to the water. Sessile taxa did respond to inorganic nutrients added to the water when growing on glass slides, where algal communities lacked a dense motile upperstory, indicating that substratum type can influence the nature of periphyton taxon response to nutrients. Periphyton community physiognomy and interactions between taxa are interrelating factors regulating algal response to nutrients from different sources. In addition, the form of phosphorus enrichment (inorganic vs. organic) influenced algal growth, physiognomy, and taxon composition. Algal response to the form of phosphorus was dependent on the source of the nutrient (water vs. substratum) and substratum type. Taxon diversity was greater on all nutrient treatments relative to controls on both substratum types. Diversity and species richness were highest on enriched substrata exposed to low ambient nutrient levels, relative to more homogeneous nutrient regimes where communities on enriched substrata were exposed to water amended with nutrients. Results indicate that nutrient spatial heterogeneity between substratum and water is a mechanism maintaining the species diversity of periphytic algae.
Ultrastructural changes in tobacco thylakoid membrane protein caused by a bacterially induced hypersensitive reaction

Abstract Structural proteins (SP) were obtained from chloroplast thylakoid membranes of tobacco leaf tissues 6 h after infiltration with either water or 108 cells/ml of Erwinia amylovora. Lipids were extracted from the thylakoid membranes of normal tobacco leaf tissues. Each of these three preparations was solubilized with sodium dodecyl sulfate and dialyzed against dilute beta buffer containing 20 m m -Mg2+. The SP from water-infiltrated tissues formed spherical aggregates whereas the SP from bacteria-infiltrated tissues aggregated into irregular clumps. The extracted lipid coalesced to form globules. Thin sections of the lipid revealed alternating light and dark bands. When solubilized lipid and the solubilized SP from water-infiltrated tissues were mixed and dialyzed, membrane-like structures approximating those of thylakoids in thickness were formed. Very few membrane-like structures were formed when the lipids were mixed with SP from bacteria-infiltrated tissues. Since the lipid used in these two experiments was identical, the inability to form membrane-like structures was attributed to the alteration in SP properties by hypersensitive reaction-induding bacteria.
Flow pattern and molecular visualization of DNA solutions through a 4: 1 planar micro-contraction

Abstract The present work explores unusual flow behavior of entangled fluids in an abrupt contraction flow device. Fluorescent imaging was carried out on four different entangled DNA solutions with concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1.0% (with a wide range of entanglements per chain Z = 7–55). For weakly entangled solutions (Z
Pathways linking major depression and immunity in ambulatory female patients.

OBJECTIVES The goals of this study were to investigate whether depression is associated with cellular immunity in ambulatory patients and to identify neuroendocrine and behavioral pathways that might account for this relationship. METHODS We studied 32 women who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, fourth edition, criteria for major depressive disorder and 32 healthy female control subjects. The groups were matched for age and ethnicity. None were taking medication, and all were free of disease involving the immune system. RESULTS Depressed subjects had reduced proliferative responses to the mitogens concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin compared with control subjects. Natural killer cell activity was reduced among older depressed subjects but enhanced among younger depressed subjects. Although depression was associated with elevated circulating levels of norepinephrine and estradiol, these hormones could not account for the immunologic differences between depressed and control subjects. Depression was also associated with greater tobacco and caffeine consumption, less physical activity, and poorer sleep quality. Mediational analyses were consistent with physical activity acting as a pathway through which depression was associated with reduced lymphocyte proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Ambulatory patients with mild to moderately severe depression exhibit reduced mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferative responses and altered natural killer cell cytotoxicity. The relationship between depression and proliferative responses may be mediated by physical activity.
The yield stress anomaly in stoichiometric FeAl at high strain rate

Single crystals and large-grained polycrystals of B2-structured FeAl containing initially low vacancy concentrations exhibit a so-called yield anomaly, with a yield strength peak at typically {approximately}0.40--0.45 of the absolute melting point. If the grain size in a polycrystal is fine, declining Hall-Petch strengthening with increasing temperature can obscure this yield anomaly. Similarly, vacancies retained after elevated temperature annealing can raise the low temperature yield strength to such an extent that the yield anomaly is not observed, an effect that has been most clearly demonstrated by Carleton et al. The purpose of the work reported here was to examine whether staining at a higher strain rate would shift the yield strength peak in stoichiometric FeAl to higher temperatures, as predicted by the vacancy-hardening model.
Effects of X-rays on the growth of KCl

The effect of irradiation on the specific gravity of KDl during crystallization was studied. In one series of experiments supersaturated solutions were irradiated from the beginning. In a second experiment the solution was irradiated only after the formation of minute crystals. Both solultions received 143,000 r. The specific gravity of both crystals, measured after 11 days of irradiation, was found to be less than that of normal KCl. The decreased specific gravity was attributed to radioinduced expansion of the crystal lattice. (J.S.R.)
Use of an Organometallic Palladium Oxazoline Catalyst for the Hydrolysis of Methylparathion

Reaction of (S)-4-carbomethoxy-2-phenyl-2-oxazoline with Pd(OAc)2 leads to the formation of the ortho-palladated complex (S,S)-di-μ-(acetate)-bis{2-[2-(4-carbomethoxy)oxazolinyl]phenyl-C,N}dipalladium(II) (1). In the presence of water, this complex reacts with methylparathion to produce p-nitrophenol as well as two oxazoline palladium dimethylthiophosphate complexes (2 and 3), which have been observed in solution by 31P NMR. This reaction is accompanied by racemization of the oxazoline ligand and ultimately produces the dinuclear complex (R,S)-di-μ-(dimethylthiophosphate-S,S)-bis{2-[2-(4-carbomethoxy)oxazolinyl]phenyl-C,N}dipal-ladium(II) (4), which features bridging dimethylthiophosphate ligands. At pH 9−10, complex 1 serves as a precatalyst for the hydrolysis of methylparathion. The reaction rate has a first-order dependence in substrate and palladium catalyst with a second-order rate constant of 726 (± 30) M-1 s-1 at pH 9.0.
Discussion of the behavior of the classical linear instability method of islanding prevention as a function of load quality factor

The classical linear instability method (CLIM) of islanding prevention works by manipulating the control loop of a photovoltaic inverter such that when the utility disappears, right-half-plane poles appear, and the inverter becomes unstable, eventually leading to a shutdown due to abnormal voltage or frequency. The CLIM has been less well-studied than other methods, so in this work, a MATLAB/Simulink model of a CLIM-equipped inverter was developed and tested. In this work, the version of CLIM tested was the one implemented in the Teslaco inverter of the early 1980s. In this paper, the simulation results are presented and discussed.
Thickness profiles of retinal layers by optical coherence tomography image segmentation.

● PURPOSE: To report an image segmentation algorithm that was developed to provide quantitative thickness measurement of six retinal layers in optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. ● DESIGN: Prospective cross-sectional study. ● METHODS: Imaging was performed with time- and spectral-domain OCT instruments in 15 and 10 normal healthy subjects, respectively. A dedicated software algorithm was developed for boundary detection based on a 2-dimensional edge detection scheme, enhancing edges along the retinal depth while suppressing speckle noise. Automated boundary detection and quantitative thickness measurements derived by the algorithm were compared with measurements obtained from boundaries manually marked by three observers. Thickness profiles for six retinal layers were generated in normal subjects. ● RESULTS: The algorithm identified seven boundaries and measured thickness of six retinal layers: nerve fiber layer, inner plexiform layer and ganglion cell layer, inner nuclear layer, outer plexiform layer, outer nuclear layer and photoreceptor inner segments (ONLPIS), and photoreceptor outer segments (POS). The root mean squared error between the manual and automatic boundary detection ranged between 4 and 9 m. The mean absolute values of differences between automated and manual thickness measurements were between 3 and 4 m, and comparable to interobserver differences. Inner retinal thickness profiles demonstrated minimum thickness at the fovea, corresponding to normal anatomy. The OPL and ONLPIS thickness profiles respectively displayed a minimum and maximum thickness at the fovea. The POS thickness profile was relatively constant along the scan through the fovea. ● CONCLUSIONS: The application of this image segmentation technique is promising for investigating thickness changes of retinal layers attributable to disease progression and therapeutic intervention. (Am J Ophthalmol 2008;146:679‐687. © 2008 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of pediatric pancreaticobiliary disorders

A multidisciplinary approach using traditional open surgery, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and laparoscopic surgery has revolutionized the care of the adult with pancreaticobiliary disease. This study focuses on a similar collaborative effort to diagnose and treat children with pancreaticobiliary disorders. Charts of all patients treated on the pediatric surgery service between June 1990 and May 1995, who also underwent ERCP, were abstracted for disease process, presenting symptoms, laboratory evaluation, surgical or endoscopic procedures, and eventual outcome. Twenty-six children were identified, ranging from 6 months to 19 years of age. Pancreaticobiliary disorders included pancreas divisum (n = 1), choledochal cyst (n = 4), pancreaticobiliary trauma (n = 4), cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis (n = 17). The pancreaticobiliary tree was successfully visualized by ERCP in 25 of 26 (96%) patients. Fifteen of these patients also underwent attempted therapeutic endoscopic procedures, with 13 (87%) performed successfully. Three patients with choledochal cyst had stents placed preoperatively for cholangitis, all of whom have undergone successful choledochal cyst excision. Two trauma patients underwent attempted stenting of a bile leak and bile duct stricture, respectively, both of which were unsuccessful, necessitating surgical correction. Seventeen patients with cholelithiasis underwent ERCP to rule out choledocholithiasis. Ten patients were found to have common duct stones, and all stones were endoscopically extracted, including those in a 6-month-old child. Overall survival rate was 96% (25 of 26), with the one death occurring in a trauma patient unrelated to his pancreaticobiliary disorder. A multidisciplinary approach using traditional open surgery, ERCP and laparoscopic surgery can successfully treat even young children with pancreaticobiliary disorders. In experienced hands, diagnostic ERCP and therapeutic endoscopic intervention can be performed successfully in most pediatric patients, greatly simplifying the surgical management of these potentially complex problems.
Re-inventing the medical treatment of advanced prostate cancer

ABSTRACT While the concept of immunotherapy for cancer has been proposed for many years, proof of principle did not exist. In the context of prostate cancer, the allogeneic cell based agent, GVAX has been tested. GVAX consists of a platform of irradiated hormone sensitive (LNCaP) and hormone resistant (PC-3) prostate cancer cell lines transduced with a replication-defective retrovirus bearing GM-CSF. Unfortunately, two phase III studies in men with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) failed to demonstrate a survival advantage. More recently, the improved survival observed with sipuleucel-T, an autologous antigen presenting cell (APC)-based agent, for the treatment of patients with metastatic CRPC supports immunotherapy as a valid approach for this disease. Sipuleucel-T uses a fusion antigen of prostatic acid phosphatase and GM-CSF. Evidence exists to support activation of APCs and T cells in an antigen specific fashion and that the degree of activation correlates with overall survival. PROSTVAC-VF TRICOM, a poxvirus vector based PSA antigen targeted vaccine showed promising results in a randomized Phase II study and is now being tested in a international Phase III study. The CTLA-4 inhibiting human monoclonal antibody, ipilimumab, has extended survival in advanced melanoma. Early phase I clinical trials of ipilimumab have yielded clinical and PSA responses in advanced CRPC. A Phase I/II trial was conducted using ipilimumab 10 mg/kg every 3 weeks x 4 with or without prior priming by single fraction of radiation to a metastatic bony site. Results were promising enough to launch 2 phase III clinical trials in men with metastatic CRPC who were either chemo-naive or following prior chemotherapy. The outcomes of these 2 studies are pending. Disclosure P.W. Kantoff: Amgen USA consultant (con), Bayer con, Bellicum con, BIND Biosciences SAB, BN Immunotherapeutics con, Celgene DSMB, Dendreon con, Genetech con, Progenics Pharmaceuticals con, Janssen con, Takeda/Millenium DSMB, Oncogenex DSMB, Tokai con
Characterization of bacterial consortia capable of degrading 4-chlorobenzoate and 4-bromobenzoate under denitrifying conditions.

Chlorobenzoate and 4-bromobenzoate were readily degraded in denitrifying enrichment cultures established with river sediment, estuarine sediment or agricultural soil as inoculum. Stable denitrifying consortia were obtained and maintained by serial dilution and repeated feeding of substrates. Microbial community analyses were performed to characterize the 4-chlorobenzoate and 4-bromobenzoate degrading consortia with terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and cloning of 16S rRNA genes from the cultures. Interestingly, two major terminal restriction fragments (T-RFs) in the 4-chlorobenzoate degrading consortia and one T-RF in the 4-bromobenzoate utilizing consortium were observed from T-RFLP analysis regardless of their geographical and ecological origins. The two T-RFs (clones 4CB1 and 4CB2) in 4-chlorobenzoate degrading consortia were identified as members of the L-subunit of the Proteobacteria on the basis of 16S rRNA sequencing analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA genes showed that clone 4CB1 was closely related to Thauera aromatica while clone 4CB2 was distantly related to the genera Limnobacter and Ralstonia. The 4-bromobenzoate utilizing consortium mainly consisted of one T-RF, which was identical to clone 4CB2 in spite of different enrichment substrate. This suggests that degradation of 4-chlorobenzoate and 4-bromobenzoate under denitrifying conditions was mediated by bacteria belonging to the L-subunit of the Proteobacteria. 7 2002 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Robust quadratic performance for time‐delayed uncertain linear systems

In this paper, the analysis and control synthesis problems were studied for a general class of uncertain linear systems with variable time delay. It is assumed that the structured time-varying parametric uncertainties enter the system state-space description in a linear fractional fashion. The generic quadratic performance metric encompasses many types of dynamic system performance measure. In the context of delay-independent stability, it was shown that the analysis and state-feedback synthesis problems for such time-delayed uncertain systems can be formulated equivalently as linear matrix inequality (LMI) optimization problems using the mechanism of full block multipliers. However, the solvability condition to output-feedback problem was given as bilinear matrix inequality (BMI), which leads to a non-convex optimization problem. A numerical example is provided to demonstrate the advantages of newly proposed control synthesis condition for time-delayed uncertain systems over existing approaches. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Erosion control practices integrated with polyacrylamide for nutrient reduction in rill irrigation runoff

The objective of this research was to assess soil conservation practices for improving water quality of return flows from rill irrigation in the Yakima River Basin, Washington, by combining patch application of polyacrylamide (PAM) with an additional erosion control practice. A 2-year field study was conducted that combined PAM with (1) check dams, (2) surge irrigation, (3) surface drains, and (4) grass filter strips. The study was conducted at three sites: two vineyards (A and B) with silt loam soils at 1.2% slope and a cornfield with sandy loam soils at 0.2% slope. During irrigation events, water samples and flow records were taken at periodic intervals from each treatment to determine nutrient concentrations and loads (total nitrogen (TN), total Kjeldahl N (TKN), nitrate‐N (NO3‐N), total phosphorus (TP), particulate P (PP), soluble phosphorus (SP), and sediment load (SL)). For all treatments and sites, TN and TP concentrations were compared to USEPA value concentrations in streams of the Xeric West for full support of aquatic life and drinking water standards. Results showed that TN exceeded the USEPA-reference condition of 0.36 mg TN/L in all samples, while 96% of the samples exceeded the USEPA-recommended TP concentration value of 0.1 mg/L. All samples showed NO3‐N concentrations below the USEPA drinkingwater standard of 10 mg/L. The only nutrient component in irrigation runoff that was strongly related to SL was PP concentration (r = 0.87). For TKN, significant concentration and load reduction between control and the other four erosion control practices (P < 0.05) occurred only in vineyard A. As for PP, the four PAM integrated control practices showed statistically significant effects with respect to the PAM control in vineyard B only. Although PAM isan excellent practice to control soil erosion with widespread adoption, additional offsite treatment may be needed for nutrient concentrations in irrigation return flows to meet reference conditions that would fully support aquatic life.
Detection of Trace Amounts of Erionite Using X-ray Powder Diffraction: Erionite in Tuffs of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, and Central Turkey

Recent data in the biological literature suggest that the natural zeolite erionite may be more tumorigenic than asbestos minerals. Because of its potential biological importance, a technique has been developed to facilitate detection of erionite in tuffaceous rocks to a lower limit of detection (LLD) between 100 and 500 ppm. The method involves the use of automated X-ray powder diffraction instrumentation with long count times, as much as 360 s/step. The presence of interfering phases, such as smectite or clinoptilolite, raises the LLD. Ethylene glycol solvation of smectite improves the LLD, and profile fitting with clinoptilolite-bearing mixtures improves quantification. Application of these methods to tufts from central Turkey allowed improved detection and more accurate quantification compared with previous scanning electron microscope examinations. Use of these methods with tufts from Yucca Mountain, Nevada, the potential site for the nation's first high-level radioactive waste repository, showed that erionite occurs sporadically. Erionite is found only in the altered zone directly above the lower vitrophyre of the Topopah Spring Member. This altered zone is anomalous in that is contains a variety of zeolites that are either rare or absent in other Yucca Mountain tufts. It appears that erionite is restricted to fractures and must have formed under unusual and variable conditions in the altered zone.
Transmission of Helicobacter pylori among siblings

Summary Background Helicobacter pylori infection causes chronic digestive diseases with a major public-health impact, yet the design of prevention measures is hampered by limited knowledge of transmission pathways. We studied the effect of family composition on H pylori prevalence among rural Colombian children aged 2–9 years. Methods 684 children were screened for H pylori with the 13 C-urea breath test. For each child, birth order, birth spacing, number of 2–9-year-old siblings, and number of H-pylori -positive 2–9-year-old siblings was recorded. Odds ratios were estimated by logistic regression, controlling for hygienerelated exposures, socioeconomic indicators, and the number of children in the household. Findings The odds of infection increased with the number of 2–9-year-old siblings in the household (odds ratios 1·4, 2·3, 2·6, and 4·3 for one, two, three, and four to five siblings, respectively). Compared with first-born children, odds ratios for children born second and third to ninth were 1·8 (95% CI 1·0–3·3) and 2·2 (1·0–4·3), respectively. Compared with children born 10 or more years after the next older household member, those born within 4 years were 4·1 times (CI 2·0–8·6) more likely to be infected; the age gap to the next younger household member displayed a weaker effect. The number of H-pylori -positive 2–9-year-old siblings had a particularly strong effect gradient (1·5, 3·2, 5·6, and 7·1, for one, two, three, and four positive siblings, respectively). Interpretation Among rural Andean children younger than 10 years, H pylori infection seems to be transmitted most readily among siblings who are close in age, and most frequently from older siblings to younger ones.
Vulnerable plaque features on coronary CT angiography as markers of inducible regional myocardial hypoperfusion from severe coronary artery stenoses

Objective We explored whether the presence of 3 known features of plaque vulnerability on coronary CT angiography (CCTA) – low attenuation plaque content (LAP), positive remodeling (PR), and spotty calcification (SC) – identifies plaques associated with greater inducible myocardial hypoperfusion measured by myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI).
Time-to-depth conversion and seismic velocity estimation using time-migration velocity

The objective of this work is to build an ecient algorithm (a) to estimate seismic velocity from time-migration velocity, and (b) to convert time-migrated images to depth. We establish theoretical relations between the time-migration velocity and the seismic velocity in 2-D and 3-D using paraxial ray tracing theory. The relation in 2-D implies that the conventional Dix velocity is the ratio of the interval seismic velocity and the geometrical spreading of the image rays. We formulate an inverse problem of nding seismic velocity from the Dix velocity and develop a numerical procedure for solving it. This procedure consists of two steps: (1) computation of the geometrical spreading of the image rays and the true seismic velocity in the time-domain coordinates from the Dix velocity; (2) conversion of the true seismic velocity from the time domain to the depth domain and computation of the transition matrices from time-domain coordinates to depth. For step 1, we derive a partial dierential equation (PDE) in 2-D and 3-D relating the Dix velocity and the geometrical spreading of the image rays to be found. This is a nonlinear elliptic PDE. The physical setting allows us to pose a Cauchy problem for it. This problem is ill-posed. However we are able to solve it numerically in two ways on the required interval of time. One way is a nite dierence
β-Adrenoceptor control of G protein function in the neonate: determinant of desensitization or sensitization

Neonatal β-adrenoceptors (β-ARs) are resistant to agonist-induced desensitization. We examined the functioning of Gi and Gs after repeated administration of β-AR agonists to newborn rats. Isoproter...
Dynamic programming and ill-conditioned linear systems—II

Abstract : The aim of this memorandum was to show how an illconditioned linear system Ax = y, can be solved. Realizing that there exists a certain degree of smoothness in the solution, and attempt was made to determine x by minimizing, for appropriate values of lambda, the form (ax-y, ax-y) + lambda D sub N (x). This was done in a sequential fashion, using dynamic programming, so that no matrix inversions were required.
Attitudes toward neuroscience education among psychiatry residents and fellows.

Objective The purpose of this study is to assess the attitudes of psychiatry trainees toward neuroscience education in psychiatry residency and subsequent training in order to inform neuroscience education approaches in the future. Methods This online survey was designed to capture demographic information, self-assessed neuroscience knowledge, attitudes toward neuroscience education, preferences in learning modalities,andinterestinspecificneurosciencetopics.Volunteers were identified through the American Psychiatric Association, which invited 2,563 psychiatry trainees among their members. Results Four hundred thirty-six trainees completed the survey. Nearly all agreed that there is a need for more neuroscience education in psychiatry residency training (94 %) and that neuroscience education could help destigmatize mental illness (91 %). Nearly all (94 %) expressed interestin attending a 3-day course on neuroscience. Many neuroscience topics and modes of learning were viewed favorably by participants. Residents in their first 2 years of training expressed attitudes similar to those of more advanced residents and fellows. Some differences were found based on the level of interest in a future academic role. Conclusions This web-based study demonstrates that psychiatry residents see neuroscience education as important in their training and worthy of greater attention. Our results suggest potential opportunities for advancing neuroscience education.
Marek's Disease Herpesviruses I. Production and Preliminary Characterization of Marek's Disease Herpesvirus A Antigen

A method was developed for the large-scale production of Marek's disease herpesvirus A antigen in duck embryo fibroblast roller bottle cultures in quantities sufficient to permit its purification and characterization. Maximum yield was obtained in serum-free culture medium harvested daily. The Marek's disease herpesvirus A antigen was stable at pH 2.0 and was a glycoprotein based on its sensitivity to trypsin, specific immune co-precipitation of radioactive amino acids and glucosamine, and detection of radioactive glucosamine by immunodiffusion and autoradiography. The antigen aggregated and lost titer upon storage but dissociated readily and regained titer in 1 or 2 M urea and 0.05% Brij 35. Fresh unaggregated antigen or antigen dissociated with urea and Brij 35 sedimented at 3.7S on sucrose gradients. The apparent molecular weight of the glycoprotein antigen was estimated to be 44,800 by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 in the presence of 2 M urea and 0.05% Brij 35.
Improving injection accuracy of the elbow, knee, and shoulder: does injection site and imaging make a difference? A systematic review.

Background: Joint injections and aspirations are used to reduce joint pain and decrease inflammation. The efficacy of these injections is diminished when they are placed inadvertently in the wrong location or compartment. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the use of varying sites or imaging techniques affects the rate of accurate needle placement in aspiration and injection in the shoulder, elbow, and knee. Hypotheses: (1) Accuracy rates of different joint injection sites will demonstrate variability. (2) Injection accuracy rates will be improved when performed with concomitant imaging. Study Design: Systematic review of the literature. Methods: Studies reporting injection accuracy based on image verification were identified through a systematic search of the English literature. Accuracy rates were compared for currently accepted injection sites in the shoulder, elbow, and knee. In addition, accuracy rates with and without imaging of these joints were compared. Results: In the glenohumeral joint, there is a statistically higher accuracy rate with the posterior approach when compared with the anterior approach (85% vs 45%). Injection site selection did not affect accuracy for the subacromial space, acromioclavicular joint, elbow, or knee. The use of imaging improved injection accuracy in the glenohumeral joint (95% vs 79%), subacromial space (100% vs 63%), acromioclavicular joint (100% vs 45%), and knee (99% vs 79%). Conclusion: Injection accuracy rates are significantly higher for the posterior approach compared with the anterior approach for the glenohumeral joint. Similarly, the accuracy rates are also higher when imaging is used in conjunction with injection of the glenohumeral joint, subacromial space, acromioclavicular joint, and knee.
APOBEC3A can activate the DNA damage response and cause cell‐cycle arrest

Human apolipoprotein-B mRNA-editing catalytic polypeptide-like 3 (APOBEC3) proteins constitute a family of cytidine deaminases that mediate restriction of retroviruses, endogenous retro-elements and DNA viruses. It is well established that these enzymes are potent mutators of viral DNA, but it is unclear whether their editing activity is a threat to the integrity of the cellular genome. We show that expression of APOBEC3A can lead to induction of DNA breaks and activation of damage responses in a deaminase-dependent manner. Consistent with these observations, APOBEC3A expression induces cell-cycle arrest. These results indicate that cellular DNA is vulnerable to APOBEC3 activity and deregulated expression of APOBEC3A could threaten genomic integrity.
Caspase-8 mutations in head and neck cancer confer resistance to death receptor-mediated apoptosis and enhance migration, invasion, and tumor growth

Little is known regarding molecular markers in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) that predict responsiveness to different therapeutic regimens or predict HNSCC progression. Mutations in procaspase-8 occur in 9% of HNSCC primary tumors, but the functional consequences of these mutations are poorly understood. In this study, we examined the impact of four, representative, HNSCC-associated procaspase-8 mutations on activation of the extrinsic apoptosis pathway, as well as cellular migration and invasion, and in vivo tumor growth. All four mutant proteins acted to potently inhibit activation of apoptosis following treatment with TRAIL or agonistic anti-Fas. In contrast to wild-type procaspase-8, the mutant proteins were not recruited to FADD following treatment with TRAIL or anti-Fas, but may be constitutively bound by FADD. Three of the four procaspase-8 mutants promoted enhanced cellular migration and invasion through matrigel, relative to that seen with the wild-type procaspase-8 protein. Procaspase-8 mutation also stimulated the growth of HNSCC xenograft tumors. These findings indicate that HNSCC-associated procaspase-8 mutations inhibit activation of the extrinsic apoptosis pathway and are likely to represent markers for resistance to therapeutic regimens incorporating death receptor activators. Moreover, procaspase-8 mutations may serve as markers of HNSCC tumor progression, as exemplified by enhanced migration, invasion, and tumor growth.
Compliance in pain rehabilitation: patient and provider perspectives.

Objective. To identify potential predictors and correlates of compliance and to examine differences between patient and provider perspectives on compliance. Patients. One hundred eighty-four patients (84 men and 96 women) were recruited from a chronic pain treatment program for this telephone follow-up study. Results. Health care providers (HCPs) reported making more recommendations than patients reported hearing. Patients rated themselves as more compliant than did HCPs. Overall compliance rates at a >6-month follow-up were 89% from the patients' perspective and 70% from the HCPs' perspective. HCPs rated compliance specific to psychological care as more related to positive outcomes than did patients. Participants' pain and anxiety ratings at a >6-month follow-up and satisfaction with treatment were significantly associated with patients' compliance ratings. For HCP-rated compliance, only HCPs' perceived benefit and interference from compliance were associated. Conclusion. Results suggest important disparities between HCPs and patients on remembered recommendations, levels of compliance, and health-related importance of complying with recommendations.
Analytical beam propagation model for clipped focused-Gaussian beams using vector diffraction theory.

Vector diffraction theory is applied to the case of focused TEM00 Gaussian beams passing through a spatially limiting aperture in order to investigate the propagation of these clipped focused-Gaussian beams. Beam distributions at different axial distances show that a traditional M2 propagation model cannot be used for the propagation of clipped focus-Gaussian beams. Using Luneberg’s vector diffraction theory and Fresnel approximations, an analytical model for the on-axis transverse and longitudinal electric fields and intensity distributions is presented including predictions of the maximum obtainable intensity. In addition, an analytical expression is provided for the longitudinal component of the electric field of a TEM00 mode unperturbed Gaussian beam. Experimental results are also presented and compared to the model’s predictions.
Semi-automated human radiodosimetry extrapolation from small animal PET

1817 Objectives: The main goal of this research was to test the utility of an approach incorporating semi-automated micro-PET mouse/digital atlas co-registration methods we previously developed for defining tracer bio-distribution (JNM, 2005;46:227P) in projecting effective organ doses for radiation exposure to humans. Methods: Using software which co-registers a digital mouse phantom with a small animal PET mouse scan, enabling rapid semi-automated quantification of activity in organs, bio-distribution data were acquired from nine dynamic FDG small animal PET mouse scans. Bio-distribution estimates were extrapolated to a human model (standard man), using a previously established method (JNM, 1975;16:248-249) accounting for differences in relative organ masses, though not for species-related pharmacokinetic differences. A dose calculation software program based on MIRD schema was applied to obtain human organ dose estimates, which were compared with previously published FDG human dosimetry values (Radiation Dose Estimates for Radiopharmaceuticals: ORISE). Results: We examined FDG small animal PET scans from nine mice. The organ-to-organ correlation coefficients (r) for the nine human dosimetry estimates versus the previously established human values ranged from 0.69 to 0.98 (median 0.96, average 0.97). The correlation resulting from the average activity distribution in the mice was 0.96. The extrapolation method identified the urinary bladder (0.12 mGy/MBq) as the target organ and the heart wall (0.05 mGy/MBq) as receiving the second highest radiation dose, both of which conformed to the established human organ distribution of FDG (0.19 and 0.06 mGy/MBq respectively). The estimated EDE was 0.025 mSv/MBq compared to the value of 0.030 mSv/MBq established in humans. Of the 21 other organs for which radiodosimetry exposure was estimated, 18 of the estimates were within ±0.01 mGy/MBq from the published dosimetry, and only 1 differed by more than 0.02 mSv/MBq (spleen). Conclusions: A method was examined here to estimate in a semi-automated fashion human radiodosimetry from mouse data obtained from small animal PET. It generated reasonable correlations with previously published radiodosimetry values for biodistribution of FDG in humans. As dosimetric determinations are important for maximizing statistical quality of images while maintaining patient safety, these dose estimation methods may be used as a quick gauge of radiodosimetry for a new tracer. Such methods have the potential to be used in tracer development to save time and money, and decrease the number of animal specimens needed for initial testing purposes. Further investigations into interspecies extrapolation with methods similar to the ones we have utilized here may be of value in assessing the generalizability and limitations of such an approach.
Temporal trade-offs in psychophysics

Psychophysical techniques typically assume straightforward relationships between manipulations of real-world events, their effects on the brain, and behavioral reports of those effects. However, these relationships can be influenced by many complex, strategic factors that contribute to task performance. Here we discuss several of these factors that share two key features. First, they involve subjects making flexible use of time to process information. Second, this flexibility can reflect the rational regulation of information-processing trade-offs that can play prominent roles in particular temporal epochs: sensitivity to stability versus change for past information, speed versus accuracy for current information, and exploitation versus exploration for future goals. Understanding how subjects manage these trade-offs can be used to help design and interpret psychophysical studies.
Understanding Differences in Mental Health History and Behavioral Choices in a Community Sample of Individuals with and without Body Modifications

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the differences in mental health history and social, health, alcohol and substance, and sexual behaviors of individuals with and without body modification in a community sample. Previous research primarily focused on negative behavioral and psychological correlates of body modification practices in college student, juvenile delinquent, inpatient, and incarcerated populations. This tendency does not take into account changes in the demographics and motivations of individuals who obtain body modifications in the last two decades. The Community Body Modification Checklist was developed based on previous studies; reliability and validity for the measure were established using Cronbach’s alpha and factor analysis. The results indicated that individuals with body modifications were not more likely to engage in risky behaviors or report a history of mental health problems when compared to non-modified persons; however, they were more likely to engage in social and health behaviors...
The Movement of Retail Trade within a Metropolitan Area

THE income of the various districts within a metropolitan area cannot be computed from sources (such as manufacturing, mining, agriculture, wholesaling, retailing, etc.) for the reason that many people do not live in the districts where they work. Income must be computed for the families living in the various parts or districts in the area. This can be done from Census figures showing rents paid and value of homes owned by the occupants. A method of doing this and measuring the flow of retail trade within the area has been suggested previously.2 Here we show application of this method using the Chicago Metropolitan Area as an example. The Census gives retail sales figures only for political divisions. Hence this method will not show the movement of trade within a city. When a metropolitan area consists of several political subdivisions, the movement of trade between these subdivisions can be computed. This movement is important to the merchants in the districts involved, to students of marketing, and to manufacturers and wholesalers selling in the area. If the Census in the future publishes sales figures for districts within a city, it will then be possible to use the method outlined here in measuring the movement of trade between districts or sections within a city. The method consists of three steps: 1. Computation of incomes of the various
Generalized Recursive Track-Before-Detect With Proposal Partitioning for Tracking Varying Number of Multiple Targets in Low SNR

Track-before-detect (TBD) algorithms incorporate unthresholded measurements to track targets under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions. In this paper, we generalize a single target recursive TBD tracking algorithm to track a time-varying number of targets in low SNR and cluttered environments. This algorithm is important, for example, in tracking scenes involving multiple, closely spaced targets moving along the same direction such as a convoy of low observable vehicles moving through a forest, or multiple targets moving in a crisscross fashion. The proposed multi-mode, multi-target TBD (MM-MM-TBD) algorithm is based on estimating the probabilities of all possible combinations of target existence scenarios to obtain the joint multi-target posterior probability density function in a recursive Bayesian framework. We implement the algorithm recursively using particle filtering to also incorporate nonlinear/non-Gaussian tracking models. As the number of target existence combinations dynamically increases with the number of targets, we also propose an efficient proposal density function through partitioning of the multiple target space in order to decrease the number of particles and thus improve the approximation accuracy of the particle filter. We employ a heuristic decision-directed based approach to keep the computational complexity as a linear function of the maximum number of possible targets by exploiting the information obtained from the estimated mode probabilities.