cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimization and Fabrication of III-Nitride Light-Emitting Diodes with Self-assembled Colloidal-based Convex Microlens Arrays

Improvement of light extraction efficiency of InGaN light emitting diodes (LEDs) using colloidal-based SiO2 / polystyrene microlens arrays was demonstrated. The size effect of the SiO2 microspheres and the thickness of the polystyrene layer on the light extraction efficiency were studied. Ray tracing simulations show that the use of microlens arrays leads to increase in light extraction efficiency by 2.6 times. This is consistent with experiments that demonstrated 2.7 times improvement in light extraction utilizing SiO2/polystyrene microlens arrays. The enhancement in light extraction efficiency is attributed to increase in effective photon escape cone due to SiO2/polystyrene microlens arrays.
Immigration Reform: Policies and Implementation

Americans are dissatisfied with their immigration system and are seeking changes. However, additional demands and expectations will be placed on those organizations that have to enforce and implement these changes. How will comprehensive immigration reform affect federal agencies? Determining the specific implementation demands likely to result from comprehensive immigration reform (CIR) legislation without knowing the specific policy elements that will be enacted is a difficult task. Nevertheless, this report presents a broad overview of the probable effects of likely policy changes by presenting an authoritative analysis utilizing a comprehensive literature review, a detailed investigation of relevant case studies, secondary analysis of public opinion polls, and in-depth interviews with eleven-stakeholder groups.
Exploiting the sparsity of edge information in synthetic aperture radar imagery for speckle reduction

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images are corrupted with speckle noise, which manifests as a multiplicative gamma noise and reduces the contrast in imagery, making detection and classifi- cation using SAR images a difficult task. Many speckle reduction techniques aim to reduce this noise without including available prior knowledge about the speckle and the scene contents. In this investigation, we develop a new technique for speckle reduction which incorporates both the statistical model of speckle and the a priori knowledge about the sparsity of edges present in the scene. Using the proposed technique, we despeckle a synthetic image, a SAR image from the MSTAR data set and a SAR image from the Gotcha data set. Our results show that, with our method, we are able to visually improve the quality of SAR images. We show quantitatively that we are able to reduce speckle in homogeneous areas beyond comparable methods, while maintaining edge and target intensity information.
A ‘Paradox of Expression’: Merleau-Ponty and the Intertwining Nature of Brecht’s ‘not...but’ Procedure

This article seeks to investigate the practical applications of a performance process that Bertolt Brecht called the procedure of “fixing the ‘not…but’,” which produces a Verfremdungseffekt . The article also interrogates the philosophy that such a process inherently performs. In one of his last writings, Maurice Merleau-Ponty argues that to look at oneself through the eyes of another necessarily blends the divide between one body and another and, by applying one’s senses to another’s, one engages in a “paradox of expression.” I explore the process of working with actors to produce distancing effects in their acting by chronicling the results of a 2012 practice-as-research project titled The Galileo Experiment . I use Merleau-Ponty’s “paradox of expression” as a way of considering Brecht’s call for the co-presence of the actor and their character in a stage performance. I borrow Nick Crossley’s approach to phenomenological intersubjectivity and consider other theoretical implications of performing the ‘not...but’ procedure. I argue that in order for the actor to successfully perform Brecht’s ‘not...but’ procedure, the actor must play into their character while occasionally playing out of the character in an alternative attitude, using what I call the ‘reflective block’.
Bubble plumes in a stratified environment : Source parameters, scaling, intrusion height, and neutral height

A horizontally integrated model for bubble plumes in stratified environments, including inlet conditions, finds that the maximum plume momentum height cannot be identified with the neutral buoyancy height, which it is always less than. These results are in agreement with existing observations.
Matrix degradation: Making way for neural stemness.

The influence of matrix stiffness and degradation on neural progenitor cell stemness was investigated in a three-dimensional culture system, highlighting the role of remodelling in enhancing cell-to-cell interaction and ultimately maintaining neural stemness.
A Numerical Comparison of Soave Redlich Kwong and Peng-Robinson Equations of State for Predicting Hydrocarbons’ Thermodynamic Properties

Mixture phase equilibrium and thermodynamic properties have a significant role in industry. Numerical analysis of flash calculation generates an appropriate solution for the problem. In this research, a comparison of Soave Redlich Kwong (SRK) and Peng-Robinson (PR) equations of state predicting the thermodynamic properties of a mixture of hydrocarbon and related compounds in a critical region at phase equilibrium is performed. By applying mathematical modeling of both equations of states, the behavior of binary gases mixtures is monitored. The numerical analysis of isothermal flash calculations is applied to study the pressure behavior with volume and mole fraction. The approach used in this research shows considerable convergence with experimental results available in the literature.
Market Corrective Rulemaking: Drawing on EU Insights to Rationalize U.S. Regulation

This article offers a new approach to regulation designed to correct market failures. It proposes a new, optional track for rulemakings aimed at remedying perceived market flaws, dubbed “market corrective rulemaking.” In developing the proposal, the article calls upon several innovations adopted by the European Union. Given the significant differences between the U.S. and EU regulatory regimes, the article adapts these procedures for a U.S. context, drawing from the comparative strengths of both systems. Under market corrective rulemaking procedures, Congress would delegate sweeping powers to agencies to correct certain market flaws, but it would impose certain procedural requirements, including pre-NPRM outreach to relevant stakeholders and comprehensive retrospective review, and would require the rulemaking agencies to assess both economic costs and benefits and disruption to existing market forces. Though Congress would possess complete discretion in determining whether to direct agencies to undertake market corrective rulemaking or instead to rely on the informal rulemaking default, the existence of such an alternative could help resolve much of the prevailing gridlock, offering an opportunity for narrowly tailored market interventions that can be readjusted over time.
Serum Immunoglobulin Levels in Patients Having Sickle Cell Syndromes

Serum immunoglobulin concentrations were measured for 44 patients who had sickle cell syndromes and for 19 normal black individuals. Most patients who had sickle cell syndrome had significantly elevated IgA levels. In addition, patients who had sickle cell anemia had elevated IgG levels, and patients who had sickle-beta-Thalassemia or other sickle combinations (SC, SD, SO) had significantly elevated IgM levels. None of these patients had a monoclonal gammopathy. The elevated immunoglobulin levels could be the result of chronic reticuloendothelial stimulation by chronic extravascular hemolysis or by potentiation by the inflammation secondary to cholecystitis and cholelithiasis. The reason patients with sickle cell anemia do not have increased IgM levels could be due to their functional asplenia.
Taxonomic Discrimination Among Sex Offenders: Forensic Utility?

Sexual offenders are a markedly heterogeneous group of individuals. The chapter provides a historic overview of rational and empirically derived taxonomic classification systems of sexual offenders, as well as their potential utility and limitations. Various taxonomic classification systems for contact offenders, child pornography, and Internet offenders are presented. This chapter includes a brief discussion of relevant laws. Related crossover effects and “black swan” perpetrators will be discussed. Implications for future research and directions using taxonomic approaches will be discussed.
A challenging case of Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma involving the thyroid and special considerations for diagnosis

Thyroid ultrasound is usually used to risk-stratify incidental thyroid nodules. Nodules with high risk sonographic features for malignancy are evaluated by fine-needle aspiration. The role of core needle biopsy for thyroid nodules is limited to cases where the fine needle aspiration is inconclusive. We describe a rare case of mesenchymal chondrosarcoma of the thyroid gland with uncertain primary origin. Thyroid ultrasound showed right sided large, solid, hypoechoic nodule with calcifications and peripheral vascularity and unremarkable isthmus and left thyroid lobe. Fine needle aspiration of the right nodule suggested lymphocytic thyroiditis. The sonographic findings contradicted the typical bilateral clinical and sonographic picture of lymphocytic thyroiditis. A core needle biopsy showed mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. This case highlights the importance of correlating pathologic diagnosis with sonographic findings, the appropriate utilization of fine needle aspiration and core needle biopsy to evaluate thyroid nodules and the rare incidence of mesenchymal chondrosarcoma involving the thyroid.
Characterization of radar cross section of carbon fiber composite materials

Carbon fiber composite (CFC) materials have been used for many structural applications for decades. Their electromagnetic properties are also of great interest and are being quantified by recent research. This research explores shielding effectiveness, antenna design, conductivity, reflection, and absorption properties. The work in this paper specifically characterizes the radar cross section (RCS) of CFC structures. Various CFC planar samples were created using a wet layup method and vacuum bagging techniques. These samples were then placed in an anechoic chamber and their RCS values were measured at normal incidence. These measured values were compared to those of aluminum samples made into the same shape as the CFC samples. All of the measurements were made over 7 - 12 GHz frequency range. The RCS of the CFC samples show some interesting results. The fiber direction in the CFC samples had great influence on the RCS. Theories and reasoning for the results are presented and discussed.
Chinese overseas development financing of electric power generation: A comparative analysis

Summary Global power generation must rapidly decarbonize by mid-century to meet the goal of stabilizing global warming below 2°C. To meet this objective, multilateral development banks (MDBs) have gradually reduced fossil fuel and increased renewable energy financing. Meanwhile, globally active national development finance institutions (DFIs) from Japan and South Korea have continued to finance overseas coal plants. Less is known about the increasingly active Chinese DFIs. Here, we construct a new dataset of China’s policy banks’ overseas power generation financing and compare their technology choices and impact on generation capacity with MDBs and Japanese and South Korean DFIs. We find that Chinese DFI power financing since 2000 has dramatically increased, surpassing other East Asian national DFIs and the major MDBs’ collective public sector power financing in 2013. As most Chinese DFI financing is currently in coal, decarbonization of their power investments will be critical in reducing future carbon emissions from recipient countries.
Fame amid the Ruins. Italian Film Stardom in the Age of Neorealism STEPHEN GUNDLE, 2020: New York, Berghahn pp.xii + 370, illus., bibliography and index, £110 (hardback)

This elegantly produced book, complete with a lavish choice of illustrations all supplied by the author, confirms Stephen Gundle’s status as the leading historian of Italian cinema in the English-s...
Troponin Variants as Markers of Skeletal Muscle Health and Diseases.

Ca2+-regulated contractility is a key determinant of the quality of muscles. The sarcomeric myofilament proteins are essential players in the contraction of striated muscles. The troponin complex in the actin thin filaments plays a central role in the Ca2+-regulation of muscle contraction and relaxation. Among the three subunits of troponin, the Ca2+-binding subunit troponin C (TnC) is a member of the calmodulin super family whereas troponin I (TnI, the inhibitory subunit) and troponin T (TnT, the tropomyosin-binding and thin filament anchoring subunit) are striated muscle-specific regulatory proteins. Muscle type-specific isoforms of troponin subunits are expressed in fast and slow twitch fibers and are regulated during development and aging, and in adaptation to exercise or disuse. TnT also evolved with various alternative splice forms as an added capacity of muscle functional diversity. Mutations of troponin subunits cause myopathies. Owing to their physiological and pathological importance, troponin variants can be used as specific markers to define muscle quality. In this focused review, we will explore the use of troponin variants as markers for the fiber contents, developmental and differentiation states, contractile functions, and physiological or pathophysiological adaptations of skeletal muscle. As protein structure defines function, profile of troponin variants illustrates how changes at the myofilament level confer functional qualities at the fiber level. Moreover, understanding of the role of troponin modifications and mutants in determining muscle contractility in age-related decline of muscle function and in myopathies informs an approach to improve human health.
Episcopal Power and Royal Jurisdiction in Angevin England

During the second half of the twelfth century, powerful and charismatic bishops presented a threat to the emerging jurisdiction of the king’s courts. By contrast, King John was able to fill key episcopal vacancies with loyal bureaucrats who acted as servants to the king. This paper will consider how the assertion and subsequent cession of power by English bishops under the Angevin kings shaped the developing jurisdiction of the common-law courts, particularly in disputes over advowsons, or rights of presentation to churches. The evidence suggests that the bishops played a significant role in the development of the early common law, first by sending litigation into the king’s courts and later by declining to challenge the primacy of royal jurisdiction.
Biological Substrates of Predictive Mechanisms in Learning and Action Choice

ABSTRACT A number of experimental studies have shown that diffuse monoaminergic systems influence neural plasticity and ongoing neural activity. In the vertebrate, these systems also play a role in activity-dependent development. In this chapter, I address the kinds of information that such systems could construct and deliver to their widespread target structures. I suggest that these diffuse systems may be positioned to construct prediction errors about the amount of reinforcement expected in the future. The framework is motivated by an established body of computational theory built around the method of temporal differences (TD). I demonstrate that this way of viewing the output of diffuse systems can account for the firing-rate changes in mesencephalic dopamine neurons during simple learning tasks, and provide a good account for the decision-making behavior exhibited by bees and humans on simple choice tasks.
Relatedness, Self-Definition, and Early Adolescent Adjustment

Concerns of young adolescents with interpersonal relatedness and self-definition assessed by the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire for Adolescents, were examined in relation to measures of maladjustment (internalizing and externalizing problems) and adaptive capacities (multiple dimensions of social competence and quality of relationships with parents and peers). Participants were four hundred ninety nine 6th and 7th grade students attending a large, ethnically and socioeconomically diverse, urban school. Factor analysis of the DEQ-A resulted in a factor structure similar to that obtained in previous research with older adolescents and adults. Prior findings of associations between DEQ-A factors and internalizing and externalizing problems, after controlling for levels of depressive symptoms, were also replicated in this sample. Furthermore, associations were found linking adolescents' interpersonal concerns, self-criticism, and efficacy, as assessed on the DEQ-A, with measures of social competence and quality of relationships with parents and peers.
How sediment promotes narrow rifting: Application to the Gulf of California

[1] If the gravitational stress changes related to crustal thinning are large enough to affect the mode of extension, then sedimentation should also affect that mode. We propose that the weight of sediments reduces the difference in crustal buoyancy forces caused by local crustal thinning, allowing a rift to extend more easily in a narrow rift mode. We examine the effect of deposition of large amounts of nonlocally derived sediment on extensional style using two-dimensional, regional-scale numerical experiments of extending thick continental crust with varied initial thermal conditions, geometries, rheological parameters, and sedimentation properties. Depending on initial model conditions, the onset of rifting in thick continental crust occurs in the narrow rifting, wide rifting, or core complex mode. With continued extension, all cases eventually transition to a narrow rifting mode. For a system in wide rift mode, moderate to fast sedimentation shortens the time needed to transition to a narrow rift. In the Gulf of California, changes in extensional style correlate with sediment thickness, with an earlier transition to narrow rifting in the north versus the south. We compare our model results to the extensional history of the Gulf of California, where sediments may have caused the northern and north central domain of the gulf (Delfin-Tiburon and Guaymas segments) to transition to narrow rifting before the south central domains (Alarcon segment).
HIGH MUTABILITY IN MALE HYBRIDS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

The frequencies of sex-linked lethal mutations arising in hybrid male offspring from various crosses and in nonhybrid controls were determined. The hybrids were produced by crossing representative strains of the P-M system of hybrid dysgenesis in all possible combinations. Males from the cross of P males x M females had a mutation rate about 15 times higher than that of nonhybrid males from the P strain. Genetically identical males from the reciprocal cross had a mutation rate 3 to 4 times that of the nonhybrids. For crosses involving a Q strain, a significant increase in the mutation rate was detected in males produced by matings of Q males with M females. No increase was observed in genetically identical males from the reciprocal mating. Crosses between P and Q strains gave male hybrids with mutation rates not different from those of nonhybrids. Many of the lethals that occurred in hybrids from the cross of P males x M females appeared to be unstable; fewer lethals that arose in hybrids from the cross of Q males x M females were unstable. The relationship between P and Q strains is discussed with respect to a model of mutation induction in dysgenic hybrids.
Aortic dissection associated with penetration of a spinal pedicle screw: a case report and review of the literature

A 30-year-old male underwent a corrective posterior instrumented spinal fusion for scoliosis. Six years later, he was found to have an aortic dissection after aortic penetration of a spinal pedicle screw. We review the literature, including diagnostic modalities, and treatment decision-making for this unusual complication.
cis-2,6-Dibenzyl­cyclo­hexa­none

In the title compound, C20H22O, the mol­ecule is a meso isomer with the two benzyl groups cis to each other. The central cyclo­hexa­none ring adopts a chair conformation. The mol­ecule lies on a noncrystallographic mirror plane and the dihedral angles of the benzyl groups with respect to the ketone moiety are 88.06 (6) and 89.07 (6)°.
Composition of aerosol particles collected at rural sites in the ohio river valley

Abstract Fine and coarse mode aerosol particles were collected for 16 months at three rural sites spanning a 600 km length of the Ohio River Valley. Particle mass and concentrations of 15 elements are reported as means, quarterly means and parameters of the frequency distributions. Results are also presented from analysis of two regional episodes: a high sulfur event and a forest fire. Fine particle mass and elemental composition are remarkably uniform from site to site. Sulfur is the predominant element in the fine particles, and shows a marked annual cycle. The mean ratio of potassium to silicon in the fine particles is 8 times the value found in crustal materials and in the coarse aerosol. Factor analysis of element concentrations indicates three clusters throughout the year: 1. (1) coarse particle crustal elements; 2. (2) fine particle sulfur and selenium and 3. (3) fine particle manganese, iron and zinc. A high temperature, crystalline alumino-silicate characteristic of combustion was identified in the aerosol particles.
Bethe ansatz for the one-dimensional boson Hubbard model.

The Bethe ansatz (BA) for the one-dimensional boson Hubbard model is studied. Even though the model cannot be solved exactly by this method, it is argued that it gives an excellent approximation for densities \ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\le}1. This claim is substantiated by a detailed study of the internal consistency of the BA solution, and by comparison with quantum Monte Carlo simulations.
Head impact rotational measurements and frequency response.

Abstract Head impact response data are often subjected to integration and differentiation procedures. These procedures are low- and high-pass filtering processes which should be analyzed in the frequency domain. This paper discusses the measurement data frequency response requirement and shows how this requirement is related to three differentiation methods and one integration method. Experimental head impact rotational data obtained by a rate gyro and by a high-speed camera are processed and compared. Results indicated that for operations in the frequency domain, the bandwidth used for differentiation must be higher than that used to reconstruct the function itself. For operations in the time domain, the sampling rate must be sufficiently high to avoid frequency cutoff. The integration process involves lower bandwidth than that of the function itself; thus the cutoff frequency is not important.
A novel quantitative imaging technique for material differentiation based on differential phase contrast CT

Compared to single energy CT, which provides information only about the x-ray linear attenuation coefficients, dual energy CT is able to obtain the electron density and effective atomic number for different materials in a quantitative way. In this study, as an alternative to dual energy CT, a novel quantitative imaging method based on phase contrast CT is described. Rather than requiring two scans with different x-ray photon energies, diffraction grating-based phase contrast CT is capable of reconstructing images of both the linear attenuation and refractive index decrement from a single scan. From the two images, quantitative information of both the electron density and effective atomic number can be extracted. Experimental results demonstrate that: (1) electron density can be accurately determined from refractive index decrement through a linear relationship; and (2) effective atomic number can be explicitly derived from the ratio of linear attenuation to refractive index decrement, using a simple function, i.e., a power function plus a constant. The presented method will shed insight into the field of material separation and find its use in medical and non-medical applications.
Radioactive Isotopes of Lutetium and Hafnium

A study has been made of neutron-deficient radioactive isotopes of lutetium and hafnium produced by bombardments of thulium and ytterbium with alpha-particles of various energies; of ytterbium with 10-Mev protons, and of lutetium with protons of energies from 10 to 70 Mev. Seven radioactive isotopes of lutetium and four of hafnium, all previously unreported, are described.
Assessment of projected temperature impacts from climate change on the U.S. electric power sector using the Integrated Planning Model

Abstract This study analyzes the potential impacts of changes in temperature due to climate change on the U.S. power sector, measuring the energy, environmental, and economic impacts of power system changes due to temperature changes under two emissions trajectories—with and without emissions mitigation. It estimates the impact of temperature change on heating and cooling degree days, electricity demand, and generating unit output and efficiency. These effects are then integrated into a dispatch and capacity planning model to estimate impacts on investment decisions, emissions, system costs, and power prices for 32 U.S. regions. Without mitigation actions, total annual electricity production costs in 2050 are projected to increase 14% ($51 billion) because of greater cooling demand as compared to a control scenario without future temperature changes. For a scenario with global emissions mitigation, including a reduction in U.S. power sector emissions of 36% below 2005 levels in 2050, the increase in total annual electricity production costs is approximately the same as the increase in system costs to satisfy the increased demand associated with unmitigated rising temperatures.
3.8 Micron Interferometry For Testing Coated Optics

Large wavefront phase errors introduced by small thickness changes in multilayer high reflectance coatings are discussed. The importance of measuring these wavefront phase errors at the wavelength the coating is to be used is illustrated. Plans for an interferometer working at a wavelength of 3.8 microns for measuring wavefront phase errors introduced by coating nonuniformity are described.
Ribosomal-RNA genes in the chloroplast DNA of pea leaves.

Abstract Pea chloroplast DNA has been found to have two genes for the chloroplast ribosomal RNA. The rRNA-gene region in the chloroplast DNA has been shown to have a buoyant density heavier than that of the main band of chloroplast DNA. The base sequences of the 23-S and 16-S rRNAs have been found to be non-overlapping.
Older adults and cancer treatment

Approximately 60% of the cancer incidence occurs in adults age 65 and older, yet older patients often are not accorded access to treatment trials. Therefore, we remain uninformed about clinical and behavioral responses of older patients with cancer to cancer treatment. This article gives a broad overview of what some of the dimensions of cancer treatment in the elderly are, and raises issues for behavioral research. The literature is reviewed in general for cancer treatment and briefly addresses areas such as comorbidity, function, adverse events, palliation and side effects, social and psychological factors, cognition, and provider behavior. The importance to behavioral research is discussed. Challenges for behavioral researchers are discussed in the context of cancer treatment. Few studies were found specific to behavioral research. Chronological age alone is an inadequate indicator to determine responses among older patients to cancer treatment. When carefully selected, older patients can benefit from treatment or palliation. More research is needed to define clinical and behavioral criteria for the inclusion of older patients in treatment trials.
DesertFD: a finite-domain constraint based tool for design space exploration

As the complexity of computer based systems increases, designers are faced with the task of balancing a variety of design choices and parameters against conflicting optimization criteria. Design space exploration seeks to automate or partially automate the process of evaluating tradeoff decisions at design time. DesertFD is a domain-independent design space exploration tool which facilitates the representation and pruning of a design space using constraint satisfaction. DesertFD offers a formal tree-based view of a family of systems related through common structure, together with a flexible scripting language for modeling mathematical expressions governing property composition. User-specified constraints applied to the design space representation result in a pruning of the space. We discuss the reduction of the design space, property composition formulas and constraints into a constraint satisfaction problem using finite domain constraints. We examine two example design space exploration problems to evaluate DesertFD: the generation of a high level custom computer architecture for supporting H.264-based motion estimation, and the reliability-driven mapping of tasks to distributed embedded control units in a steer-by-wire automotive application.
Thiol-Dependent passive K/Cl transport in sheep red cells: IV. Furosemide inhibition as a function of external Rb+, Na+, and Cl−

The effect of the loop diuretic furosemide (4-chloro-N-furfuryl-5-sulfamoyl-anthranilic acid) on the thiol-dependent, ouabain-insensitive K(Rb)/Cl transport in low K+ sheep red cells was studied at various concentrations of extracellular Rb+, Na+ and Cl−. In Rb+-free NaCl media, 2×10−3m furosemide inhibited only one-half of thiol-dependent K+ efflux. In the presence of 23mm RbCl, however, the concentration of furosemide to produce 50% K+ efflux inhibition (IC50) was 5×10−5m. In Rb+ containing NaCl media, the inhibitory effect of 10−3m furosemide was equal to that caused by NO3− replacement of Cl− in the medium. The apparent synergistic action of furosemide and external Rb+ on K+ efflux was also seen in the ouabain-insensitive Rb+ influx. A preliminary kinetic analysis suggests that furosemide binding alters both maximal K+(Rb+) transport and apparent external Rb+ affinity. In the presence of external Rb+, Na+ (as compared to choline) exerted a small but significant augmentation of the furosemide inhibition of K+(Rb+) fluxes. There was no effect of Cl− on the IC50 value of furosemide. As there is no evidence for coupled Na+K+ cotransport in low K+ sheep red cells, furosemide may modify thiol-dependent K+(Rb+/Cl flux or Rb+ (and to a slight degree Na+) modulate the effect of furosemide.
Exchanging heterogeneous goods via sealed bid auctions and transportation systems

A primary commodity such as wheat, rice, coffee, oil, etc., is shipped fromm locations where it was grown or pumped ton manufacturers. Each manufacturer processes, packages, advertises, and distributes the commodity under a consumer product brand name. The resulting heterogeneous good is sold at a sealed bid auction, in competition with the other manufacturers of the consumer product, tok final customers. The problem to be considered in this paper is to find a way of determining prices for the goods produced and the physical exchanges between seller and buyer which satisfy flow conditions and which take into account the evaluations of the goods by both sellers and buyers. The first model for doing this is given in section 1, which combines the idea of a sealed bid auction due to Shapley, Shubik and Thompson, with a conventional transportation system. The sealed bid auction is used to determine the exchange prices, and the transportation system is used to calculate the production and transportation costs. It is suggested that the resulting model type can also be applied in a wide range of problems that arise in the marketing of goods sold under brand names (i.e., heterogeneous goods) regardless of whether they are actually exchanged at formal auctions. We show in section 6 that our model is a generalization of the transshipment model in a recent paper by Dubey and Shapley [1]. In their model they considered a number of oligopolists engaged in transshipping and trading goods. Their oligopolists set their prices in order to maximize profits, rather than having them determined by an auction process as is done in our model. In section 7, we extend the model to one in which the wholesalers are permitted to make positive profits. We show how to calculate the values of coalitions of the various players in the model.
An approach to mining call-usage patternswith syntactic context

An approach to mine frequently appearing ordered sets of function-call usages, taking into account their proximal control constructs (e.g., if-statements), in the source code is presented. These ordered sets are termed as call-usage patterns. Additionally, variant usages, such as those with missing or out of order calls, are automatically identified along with their specific contextual location. The approach uses lightweight source code analysis and frequent sequential pattern mining. The hypothesis is that these call-usage patterns embody latent programming rules that developers commonly reuse, for example standard usages of API calls. The variants are an indicator of future changes such as the elimination of non-standard usages and/or bugs
The volume dependence of thermal pressure in perovskite and other minerals

Abstract This is a review paper concerning the thermal pressure, PTH, of solids and the conditions under which it is independent of volume. When PTH is independent of V, the general equation of state (EoS) reduces from P(V,T)=P 1 (V,0)+P TH (V,T) to P(V,T)=P 1 (V,0)+P TH V 0 ,T , and thus is separated into two independent mathematical functions. P1(V,0) is the isothermal EoS. Four tests of thermoelastic data are shown to determine the T and V range in which PTH is independent of volume. Eighteen solids are examined. Most of these are minerals, but two metals, three alkali metals and three noble gases are also included. The focus is on three lower mantle minerals, MgSiO3, MgO, and CaSiO3. For these three minerals (∂PTH/∂V)T vanishes at conditions of the lower mantle, but PTH is a function of V at ambient conditions. However, for most solids, (∂PTH/∂V)T becomes zero at high temperature. The behavior of (∂PTH/∂V)T is apparently not correlated with such properties as crystal class, chemical composition, bonding type, and anharmonicity. The vanishing of (∂PTH/∂V)T is strictly a high temperature property of solids.
Economic analysis of the impact of anti-discrimination legislation based on familial status

For years complaints have been raised that landlords have been discriminating against families with children. This discrimination supposedly takes the form of charging families with children higher rents, or higher security deposits, to compensate for the perceived increased liability the children represent. In addition, landlords have alleged that rental properties that allow children incur higher operating expenses. These complaints have often resulted in legal action being undertaken.' As a result of the complaints and cases, the Fair Housing Amendments Act of 19882 (Act) has been passed to 'correct the wrong.' Yet no conclusive research has been conducted to determine what impact this corrective legislation might have on the cost of housing, and ultimately on the families that the legislation has been passed to protect. This paper provides an analysis into the anti-discrimination legislation area by looking at the effect of legislation on rental costs, as well as the effect on operating costs and profits. Following a review of the legal background and legislation in this field, the advocate arguments will be discussed. The data and model used to conduct the analysis are then presented, followed by the results and conclusion.
Isotopic composition of osmium in terrestrial samples determined by accelerator mass spectrometry

Interest has revived in the rhenium/osmium system due to significant advances in detection methods1–4 and because of its use for the identification of extraterrestrial material at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary5. Another, perhaps more important application is its use as a tracer for the origin of crustal material. This application is, however, severely restricted by the very low concentrations typical of crustal rocks. We present here the first results for the isotopes 187Os, 188Os, and 189Os measured in sub-p.p.b. (parts per 109) level samples by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). Our first exploratory measurements on extraterrestrial and crustal material with Os concentrations between 2 p.p.m. (parts per 106) and 0.006 p.p.b. show a detection limit of ∼0.01 p.p.b. and a precision of better than 10%. The 187Os/186Os ratios measured for samples for the Canyon Diablo meteorite and from the East Clearwater crater in Quebec, Canada, were close to 1, typical of extraterrestrial material. In contrast, ratios in samples from the Ries crater in Germany were around 10, which is evidence of predominantly crustal osmium in these rocks.
A review of the development and application of soybean‐based diets for Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

The production of the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) has expanded to the point of being the most widely cultured species of shrimp. One of the advantages of this species is its acceptance of a wide variety of feed formulations including plant-based feeds. Given the increases in ingredient costs, particularly fish meal, there is considerable interest in the use of alternative feed formulations for cultured species. Given that soybean meal is one of the most widely available protein sources for which production can be expanded, the move to soy-based diets is inevitable. The successful use of alternative feed ingredients for shrimp production depends on a number of factors. This paper summarizes studies regarding the move towards high soy diets concerning manipulation of ingredients and nutrient profiles to maintain balanced feed formulations.
Comparison of three lasers on demineralization of human enamel

Previous studies have recorded the reduction of caries-like lesions or demineralization in extracted human teeth that had been irradiated with CO 2 laser, Nd:YAG laser, and Argon laser. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of three different cw lasers on acid resistance and demineralization of dental enamel. Human enamel was laser irradiated with either Argon, CO 2 , or Nd:YAG energy densities of 60 - 65 J/cm 2 or 120 - 130 J/cm 2 . The amount of demineralization was determined in a rotating disk assembly (0.1 M acetate buffer, pH - 4.5) for 24 hours and the results determined and plotted against the non-lased control using microradiographs and computerized imaging. The amount of dissolution of tooth structure lost to demineralization in 4.5 pH acid bath in a 24 hour period was reduced from approximately 140 microns for the unlased control to approximately 90 microns for the Argon laser and 70 microns for the CO 2 laser at 60 - 65 J/cm 2 . At 120 - 130 J/cm 2 the results were: 120 microns for the Nd:YAG, 70 microns for the Argon, and 45 microns for the CO 2 laser. This study shows that demineralization is reduced significantly in vitro when human enamel is exposed to Argon and CO 2 laser irradiation.
Impact of social connections on risk of heart disease, cancer, and all-cause mortality among elderly Americans: findings from the Second Longitudinal Study of Aging (LSOA II).

Abstract This study examined the associations between social connections and risk of mortality among older adults aged ≥70 using data (n = 9246) from the United States LSOA II. Social connections were measured at baseline (1994–96), and survival status and cause of mortality were identified in December 2002. A weighted sum score of lack of social connections (LSC) was estimated. Associations between LSC score by quartiles and risk of mortality were examined prospectively using Cox's proportional hazard regression models. The results show that within an eight-year follow-up, African Americans (AA) had the highest age-adjusted all-cause mortality (48.7%), followed by white Americans (WA) (44.7%), and Asian Americans (ASA) (38.4%). Participants within the highest quartile of LSC score had 2 times higher risk of death from heart disease, cancer, and all-causes among AA, and 1.40–1.80 times higher among WA than those within the lowest quartile (p
Implementation scheme of controlled SWAP gates for quantum fingerprinting and photonic quantum computation

We propose a scheme to implement quantum controlled SWAP gates by directing single-photon pulses to a two-sided cavity with a single trapped atom. The resultant gates can be used to realize quantum fingerprinting and universal photonic quantum computation. We present a theoretical model for our scheme and analyze its performance under practical noise, including spontaneous emission and randomness of atom-cavity coupling strength. It is shown that our scheme should be robust against practical imperfections in current cavity QED experiment setup.
Petrogenesis of the Eonyang granitoids, SE Korea: new SHRIMP-RG zircon U–Pb age and whole-rock geochemical data

Petrogenesis of the Late Cretaceous Eonyang granitoids in the Gyeongsang Basin is considered in terms of field relations, petrography, geochemistry, Sr–Nd isotopes, and sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe-reverse geometry (SHRIMP-RG) geochronology. The plutons can be divided into two groups: Group I consists of quartz-monzodiorite (QMD), granodiorite (GD), enclave-rich porphyritic granite (ERPG), and enclave-poor porphyritic granite (EPPG), showing evidence of magma mixing/mingling. Group II comprises coarse-grained porphyritic granite (CPG), fine-grained micrographic granite (FMG), and equigranular granite (EG), displaying non-mixing and highly differentiated characteristics. The age of the EPPG, reflecting magma mixing, is 73.3 ± 2.0 Ma. The Eonyang granitoids show subalkaline, calc-alkaline, I-type, and high-K characteristics except for the mafic magmatic/microgranular enclaves (MMEs), which have medium-K calc-alkaline compositions. The mafic facies (QMD + GD + MME) are metaluminous, whereas the f...
Sexual Activity of Male Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) Infected with Entomophthora muscae (Entomophthoraceae: Entomophthorales)

Abstract Male house flies (Musca domestica L.) exposed to Entomophthora muscae (Cohn) Fresenius conidial showers mechanically transmitted conidia to female house flies during copulation. Female flies were infected by primary conidia dislodged from the male or by secondary conidia produced from existing primary conidia on the male carrier. Male mating behavior was affected by the developing infection. When healthy female flies mated with diseased males, they laid fewer eggs and had lower fecundity than females that mated with healthy males.
Heat and mass transfer through a liquid metal in an infinitely long, rotating cylinder with a uniform, transverse magnetic field

Abstract This paper treats a liquid-metal motion in an infinitely long, vertical cylinder which is rotating about its vertical axis in the presence of a steady, uniform, horizontal magnetic field. The liquid near the cylinder wall rotates with the cylinder, but elsewhere the velocity is parallel to the magnetic field. This paper also treats a steady, two-dimensional heat and mass transfer problem which qualitatively models some aspects of the Czochralski growth of silicon crystals with a uniform, horizontal magnetic field. In spite of the strongly asymmetric flow and relatively large values of the Peclet number, the temperature and solutal distributions do not deviate significantly from axisymmetry.
The hydroformylation of vegetable oils and model compounds by ligand modified rhodium catalysis

Abstract The hydroformylation of vegetable oils (soybean, high oleic safflower, safflower, and linseed) and model compounds (methyl linoleate, methyl oleate, triolein, and trilinolein) using Rh(CO)2Acac ((acetylacetonato)dicarbonylrhodium(1)) as the catalyst precursor in the presence of triphenylphosphine (TPP) or (PhO)3P converted the olefins to polyaldehydes in quantitative yield. The reaction rate expressed as either initial rate or maximum turnover frequency (TOF) correlates with the olefin concentration of the substrate independent of the type of dominant triglyceride in vegetable oils. The relative rate constants (ko/kl) between methyl oleate and methyl linoleate at 90 °C and 1000 psig measured separately (2.4) and measured competitively in a mixture (0.90±0.08) indicate the formation of a π-allyl complex of the catalyst with the diolefin, methyl linoleate. The relative rate constants (ko/kl) of triglycerides (triolein and trilinolein) measured separately (1) and measured competitively in a mixture (0.94±0.06) do not indicate any significant effect from π-allyll complex formation on the reaction speeds of vegetable oils. The co-catalyst, (PhO)3P, showed a lesser reactivity compared to TPP in contrast to the rates of bulky phosphite ligands reported in the literature.
Nitrate Leaching through Lysimeters in a Corn-Soybean Rotation

Leaching of NO 3 -N can be excessive under continuous corn (Zea mays L.) production. To reduce NO 3 -N losses, corn might be rotated with soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], which does not require fertilizer N. Six large, undisturbed monolith lysimeters (8.1-m 2 surface area, 2.4 m deep) were used to investigate NO 3 -N leaching in a 6-yr corn-soybean rotation study in eastern Ohio. Four lysimeters (Y103 A, B, C, and D) contained a moderately well-drained Keene silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Aquic Hapludalf) on a 6% slope, and two lysimeters (Y102 A and C) contained a well-drained Rayne silt loam on a 13% slope (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludult). In the spring of each year, 224 kg N/ha as NH 4 NO 3 was surface applied, and a rye (Secale cereale L.) winter cover crop was used following soybean. Nitrate-N levels in lysimeter percolate varied seasonally from 1 to 20 mg/L and on a 2-yr cycle, showing the influence of the crop rotation. The highest NO 3 -N levels usually occurred during the dormant season following corn. During the 6 yr of the study, the flow-weighted average NO 3 -N concentration in the percolate was 10.5 and 14.3 mg/L from the Y103 and Y102 lysimeters, respectively. Mean annual NO 3 -N losses in the percolate were 31.6 and 47.1 kg/ha, respectively. These NO 3 -N losses are smaller than losses from continuous corn production previously measured with the same lysimeters. Thus, a corn-soybean rotation may be one strategy for reducing NO 3 -N loading to groundwater.