cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Survey of Airborne Particle Impact Characteristics Using High Speed Particle Shadow Velocimetry

A review of the effect of particle, surface, and impact characteristics on the coefficient of restitution for quartz particles impacting an aluminum plate has been performed using highspeed Particle Shadow Velocimetry. Over one million rebounds, obtained from the analysis of approximately 2.6 million images, were analyzed. Particle impacts occurred at speeds between 0 and 100 m/s, with impact angles ranging from 0 to 90 degrees. The roughness of the target surface was varied from Ra = 0.8 – 8.0 micrometers. Observed particle sizes ranged between 150 and 1000 micrometers, with shapes ranging from roughly spherical to oblong. A code was developed that incorporated image processing, particle identification, particle tracking, rebound identification, size and shape analysis, out-of-plane velocity estimation, and calculation of restitution coefficients in a manner sufficient as to allow the efficient analysis of substantial numbers of particle images. Results match trends observed in the literature that have examined variations in impact velocity, impact angle, particle size, and surface roughness independently. The total coefficient of restitution is shown to vary strongly with both impact velocity and angle, while restitution coefficients in the normal and tangential directions are primarily functions of impact angle alone. Particle size appears to have no effect on the restitution coefficients, while the shape of the particles adds randomness to the rebound characteristics. Increased surface roughness was observed to slightly lower restitution coefficients, likely due to plastic deformation of the larger asperities.
Cloning of a human kidney cDNA with similarity to the sodium-glucose cotransporter

We have used low-stringency screening with the human intestinal Na(+)-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 to isolate a 2,271-nucleotide cDNA (Hu14) from human kidney. This clone, which encodes a 672-residue protein, is 59% identical at the amino acid level to SGLT1 and has a similar number and arrangement of predicted membrane-spanning regions. It also shares significant sequence identity with other Na(+)-coupled transporters. Northern blot analysis suggests strong expression of Hu14 in kidney, but, unlike SGLT1, no significant expression in intestine. We have been unable to demonstrate definitive transport of any of a number of substrates (including amino acids, sugars, nucleosides, and vitamins) into Hu14 cRNA-injected Xenopus oocytes, although sequence conservation makes it likely that Hu14 represents another member of the Na+ cotransporter family, possibly a second Na(+)-glucose cotransporter.
143 BEVERAGE INTAKE AMONG PRESCHOOL CHILDREN AND ITS EFFECT ON WEIGHT STATUS.

Background A number of eating patterns have been associated with overweight among preschool-aged children. Recently, 100% fruit juice and sweetened fruit drinks have received a lot of attention as potential sources of high-energy, low-nutrient-dense beverages that could be related to the prevalence of obesity among young children. Objective To investigate associations between types and amounts of beverages consumed and weight status in preschool-aged children. Methods Children, 2 to 5 years old, were identified by a secondary analysis of the National Health and Nutritional Evaluation Survey (NHANES) 1999-2002 data. Beverages were classified based on the USDA Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies. Descriptive and chi-square analyses, as well as analysis of covariance, adjusting for age, gender, ethnicity, household income, calories, and physical activity were conducted. Results Of the 1,160 children analyzed, 24.1% of the children were overweight or at risk for overweight (body mass index (BMI) $ 85%) and 10.7% were overweight (BMI $ 95%). The prevalence of children who drank milk, 100% fruit juice and fruit drinks, was 83%, 48%, and 44% respectively. Whole milk was consumed by 46.5% and skim milk and 1% milk were consumed by 3.1% and 5.5% of the children, respectively. Preschool children consumed a mean total beverage volume of 26.93 oz/day (SE 0.57); which included 12.32 oz of milk (SE 0.63), 4.70 oz of 100% fruit juice (SE 0.32), and 4.98 oz of fruit drinks (SE 0.38). Weight status of the child had no association with the amount of total beverages, milk, 100% fruit juice, or fruit drink consumed. Daily total energy intake increased with increased consumption of milk (p Conclusions Preschool children drink less milk than the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommendation of 16 ounces/day and only 8.6% drink low-fat or skim milk, as recommended. On average, preschool children drink less than 6 oz/day of 100% fruit juice. Increased beverage consumption increased the total energy intake of the children, but not their BMI. Prospectively studying preschool children beyond 2 to 5 years old, through their adiposity rebound (5.5-6 years) to see if there is a trajectory increase in their BMI, may help clarify the role of beverage consumption to total energy intake and weight status.
Radical neck dissection in carcinoma of the head and neck.

The treatment of choice for patients with carcinoma of the lateral cervical region is the standard radical neck dissection. Cure rates depend on the site, size, and type of the primary lesions, but are influenced as much or more by the degree of involvement of the cervical nodes. Life-long follow-up care is essential to detect recurrence or development of a second primary tumor.
Letter to the Editor: In Response to "Minimally Invasive Technique for Repairing CSF Leaks Due to Defects of Posterior Table of Frontal Sinus".

We recently reviewed the article “Minimally Invasive Technique for Repairing CSF Leaks Due to Defects of Posterior Table of Frontal Sinus” by Bhavana et al.1 The authors present a technique of repairing traumatic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks of the posterior table through a frontal trephine and then use an endoscope to visualize and repair the defect using fat, cartilage, fascia lata, and fibrin glue as an alternative to the conventional approach of obliteration of the frontal sinus. They demonstrated that at a mean follow-up of 1 year, no patients had a CSF leak recurrence, and there was minimal morbidity (neuralgic pain and hypertrophic scar).
Site Specificity Metal Binding Affinity in C-Terminal of Calmodulin

EF-hand proteins use the ubiquitous EF-hand calcium-binding motif to coordinate diverse cellular functions ranging from muscle control and neuronal signaling, to apoptosis and cell cycle control [1–3]. A classic EF-hand motif spans 29 residues and consists of a highly conserved calcium-binding loop flanked by two helices. All the calcium-binding ligands are located inside the 12-residue loop (EF-hand loop). Nearly all the EF-hand proteins contain at least two calcium-binding sites. The binding to calcium is highly co-operative. The trigger protein, calmodulin, regulates many biological processes by calcium-induced conformational change. It contains four EF-hand calcium-binding sites in two domains. Extensive studies have shown that the calcium binding affinity of the C-terminal is greater than that of the N-terminal.
Postscript: Thinking about the “teleologies of structuralism”

A postscript to the HAU (Volume 6.3) Lectures section on "Teleologies of Structuralism," edited by Alejandro I. Paz.
Radiation-Hard Complementary Integrated Circuits Based on Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Increasingly complex demonstrations of integrated circuit elements based on semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) mark the maturation of this technology for use in next-generation electronics. In particular, organic materials have recently been leveraged as dopant and encapsulation layers to enable stable SWCNT-based rail-to-rail, low-power complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) logic circuits. To explore the limits of this technology in extreme environments, here we study total ionizing dose (TID) effects in enhancement-mode SWCNT-CMOS inverters that employ organic doping and encapsulation layers. Details of the evolution of the device transport properties are revealed by in situ and in operando measurements, identifying n-type transistors as the more TID-sensitive component of the CMOS system with over an order of magnitude larger degradation of the static power dissipation. To further improve device stability, radiation-hardening approaches are explored, resulting in the observ...
Dynamic Scheduling for Minimal Flow Time and Maximum Reliability

Abstract This paper presents a scheduling algorithm applied to a circular manufacture assembly with redundant facilities. The task is to switch on and off facilities in a manner that minimizes job failure cost and job flow time for a given job production order. The dynamic nature of the scheduling problem is dictated by the aging of the facilities. An example is given to show how our scheduling algorithm results in different system reliability, failure cost and job flow time under differently weighed cost functionals.
Gas Turbine Thermodynamic Process

The first step toward designing a new gas turbine is to generate its thermodynamic cycle diagram. This diagram provides the essential information about the connection between the turbine inlet temperature TIT, the compressor pressure ratio \( \pi_{c} \) and the gas turbine thermal efficiency \( \eta_{th} \). Starting with a simple GT-cycles, in the following sections methods are introduced to determine the GT-efficiency and its improvement by changing the gas turbine configurations and cycles.
The antioxidant glutathione protects against enteric neuron death in situ, but its depletion is protective during colitis

Enteric glia play an important neuroprotective role in the enteric nervous system (ENS) by producing neuroprotective compounds such as the antioxidant reduced glutathione (GSH). The specific cellular pathways that regulate glial production of GSH and how these pathways are altered during, or contribute to, neuroinflammation in situ and in vivo are not fully understood. We investigated this issue using immunohistochemistry to localize GSH synthesis enzymes within the myenteric plexus and tested how the inhibition of GSH synthesis with the selective inhibitor l-buthionine sulfoximine impacts neuronal survival and inflammation. Both enteric glia and neurons express the cellular machinery necessary for GSH synthesis. Furthermore, glial GSH synthesis is necessary for neuronal survival in isolated preparations of myenteric plexus. In vivo depletion of GSH does not induce colitis but alters myenteric plexus neuronal phenotype and survival. Importantly, global depletion of glutathione is protective against some macroscopic and microscopic measures of colonic inflammation. Together, our data highlight the heterogeneous roles of GSH in the myenteric plexus of the ENS and during gastrointestinal inflammation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our results show that both enteric glia and neurons express the cellular machinery necessary for glutathione (GSH) synthesis and that glial GSH synthesis is necessary for neuronal survival in isolated enteric nervous system (ENS) preparations. In vivo depletion of GSH with the selective inhibitor l-buthionine sulfoximine is not sufficient to induce inflammation but does alter neuronal neurochemical composition and survival. Together, our data highlight novel heterogeneous roles for GSH in the ENS and during gastrointestinal inflammation.
Image quality and dose for a multisource cone-beam CT extremity scanner.

Purpose This work investigates the dose characteristics and image quality of a multi-source cone-beam CT scanner dedicated for extremity imaging. Methods The scanner has an x-ray source with three separate anode-cathode units evenly distributed along the longitudinal direction. A nominal scan protocol fires the three sources sequentially, and a total of 600 projections (200 for each source) are acquired over a source-detector orbit of 210o. Dose was measured using a Farmer chamber in three CTDI phantoms stacked end-to-end. Measurements were performed at the central and four peripheral locations of a CTDI phantom on the axial plane and repeated along the longitudinal direction. The extent of 3D sampling of the three-source configuration was assessed in the Fourier domain through noise-power spectrum measurements from air scans and compared with that from a single-source scan. A modified Defrise phantom and anthropomorphic knee and hand phantoms were used for visual assessment of cone-beam artifacts in the reconstructed images. Results The dose distribution for the three-source configuration exhibits radial asymmetry on the axial plane consistent with a short-scan geometry. Along the longitudinal direction, the highest dose was measured at the central axial plane where the field of view (FOV) from all three sources overlap, and falls off more slowly toward the end compared to a single-source configuration. The extent of 3D sampling is improved throughout the FOV as each source compensates for missing frequencies from the adjacent source. As a result, the reduction of streak and shading artifacts is apparent in the reconstructed images of all three phantoms. The improvement in image quality from the three-source configuration is most pronounced in joint spaces farther from the central axial plane. Conclusions Initial assessment of the multi-source scanner demonstrated advantages over single-source designs in a compact scanner with large longitudinal FOV. The reduction of cone-beam artifact is particularly valuable for extremity imaging where high contrast articular surfaces are present away from the central axial plane and/or throughout the FOV. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
A Stick-Breaking Construction of the Beta Process

We present and derive a new stick-breaking construction of the beta process. The construction is closely related to a special case of the stick-breaking construction of the Dirichlet process (Sethuraman, 1994) applied to the beta distribution. We derive an inference procedure that relies on Monte Carlo integration to reduce the number of parameters to be inferred, and present results on synthetic data, the MNIST handwritten digits data set and a time-evolving gene expression data set.
Pictorial information systems and radiology improving the quality of communications

Radiology is a diagnostic service which utilizes images to display disease. These images are interpreted by radiologists, who pass the diagnostic information on to the physician that takes care of the patient. How information acquired in the practice of radiology is processed, stored, displayed, reported and transmitted to the referring physician is an application of medical informatics. The two management systems involved in this process are (1) The Radiology Infomations Management System (RIMS) which has a variety of essential management and control functions, and (2) The Picture Archiving and Communications System (PACS) which implies the management of digital images. Each system is computer based, and when tightly integrated the two comprise the communications structure of the totally digital department. (1) The title of this conference, “Pictorial Information Systems” could imply the PACS concept, but in reality the presentations are broader, covering computer science and informatics in medical imaging. Pictorial information systems had their origin with the discovery of x-rays by Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen in November 1895.
Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Fungal Products for Biological Control of Spotted Wing Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) under Laboratory Conditions

Spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is a major pest of bushberries, caneberries, and other thinskinned fruits around the world. Current control programs rely solely on the use of frequent insecticide applications. Entomopathogenic fungi have shown some efficacy for tephritid fruit flies and D. suzukii. In this study, formulated products BotaniGard ES (Beauveria bassiana), and PFR-97 20% WDG (Isaria fumosorosea) were evaluated for efficacy on adult D. suzukii in laboratory fruit-dip studies. Blueberry fruits were dipped in high and low label rates of each fungal suspension before exposure to D. suzukii. Mortality was assessed at 24, 48, 72, and 168 h (1 wk) after D. suzukii release. After 1 wk exposure, the remaining live flies, dead flies, and fruit were removed from containers. The live flies were discarded whereas dead flies were placed in separate containers and checked for mycosis after 1 wk. Fruits were placed in small solo cups with lids and checked after 2 wk for emergence of D. suzukii. The high rate of BotaniGard ES caused significant mortality after 24 h and both rates of BotaniGard ES reduced emergence from fruit compared with the control. BotaniGard ES may be useful in rotation with other effective compounds, but further research under field conditions is needed to confirm this finding.
Adolescent smoking: The relationship between cigarette consumption and BMI.

Abstract Background Studies relating cigarette smoking and body weight yield conflicting results. Weight-lowering effects in women and men have been associated with smoking, however, no effects on weight have been proven. This study examined the association between cigarette smoking and relative weight in adolescent males and females as they age into young adults. Methods Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth—a nationally representative survey conducted annually—was used for this analysis. The sample consists of 4225 males and females observed annually from 1997 at age 12 to 17 through 2011 at age 27 to 31. Hierarchical generalized models (HGM) assess the impact of smoking on the likelihood of having higher BMI controlling for demographic, household and environmental impacts. The second estimation considers the possibility that smoking is endogenous and utilizes a multinomial instrument (IV) for smoking level. Results HGM models reveal a negative association between cigarette smoking and BMI for both males and females. Individuals who smoke more have lower BMI compared to infrequent or non-smokers. General health rating, region of residence and income were used instrument for smoking in a linear two-stage IV specification. The instrument is highly correlated with BMI and results mirror the HGM. Finally, models run on early, middle and advanced adolescents show that the relationship diminishes over time. The relationship between BMI and smoking decreases as females age but increases for males. Conclusions Empirical models confirm an association cigarette consumption and BMI in both males and females. This negative relationship varies with age. It is important to identify health risks—obesity—and modifiable risk factors—smoking—that contribute to health disparities among adolescents. However, the increase in one risky behavior leading to the decrease in the prevalence of the other, complicates the issue. The higher prevalence of frequent cigarette uses among both adolescents and young adults of lower BMI suggest that smoking could be used curb or suppress appetite.
Microfluidic assembly of food-grade delivery systems: Toward functional delivery structure design

Abstract Background Microfluidic process is an emerging technique that can be applied to fabricate functional delivery systems with a precise control. Assembling food-grade delivery systems using microfluidic platforms is gaining more and more interest. Synthetic polymers have been extensively studied for microfluidic assembly as wall materials, while very few of them are food-grade materials. In the past decade, several food-grade biopolymers were found as feasible materials for microfluidic assembly. This review will summarize the recent advances in microfluidic process in which food-grade materials were successfully utilized to fabricate various delivery systems. Scope and approach In this review, the significance of controlled delivery in food-related applications is addressed. Using a microfluidic device, controlled delivery can be achieved by the accurate structural design and the precise production of the delivery systems. An introduction of microfluidic devices is presented, including mechanisms, basic principles in physics, and chip designs. Previous studies that used food-grade materials to fabricate delivery systems in microfluidic devices are summarized, categorized and discussed. Current hurdles and future directions are implied. Key findings and conclusions The principles of microfluidic systems and categorized five common delivery matrices with food-grade or nonfood-grade materials are discussed. Various food-grade materials showing great potential in microfluidic process, such as lipids and carbohydrates, are introduced. Scalability and reliability have always been issues toward the mass production using microfluidics and a few solutions are discussed. Additional studies focusing on prevention of clogging during a microfluidic production are needed, especially when biomaterials are used.
Being a Good Mentee in Outcomes Research

Fostering successful mentoring relationships is vital to trainees’ development into future leaders in health services research. The right mentors can be hugely beneficial for mentees’ skill acquisition, development and refinement of a career vision, creation and growth of a professional network, and the ability to pursue unique career opportunities. In the new era of mentoring relationships, it is exceedingly rare for mentees to find a “one size fits all” mentor. Instead, mentees should look to establish a network of mentors to fulfill their various professional and personal needs. Appropriate mentor selection depends on both a mentee’s individual goals and identifying a mentor who meshes well with a mentee’s expectations, working style, and personality. Additionally, a successful mentoring relationship largely depends on a mentee’s ability to take charge of the relationship and manage up. While there are several best practice behaviors and mentee missteps to avoid, sometimes even the best mentoring relationships can become unproductive, and it’s important to acknowledge when it’s time to break up with a mentor. Development in academic surgery is a team effort, and finding the right team of mentors is crucial to one’s personal and professional growth.
Performing Identity and Revealing Structures of Violence Through Purposeful Pain

This chapter draws out larger themes of the volume, demonstrating that one mechanism for constructing identity is through the experience, performance, and/or witnessing of pain. Gender identity, social status, power, and dedication to a principle can be expressed by the willing acceptance of pain as a marker of commitment. Indeed, many pain-inflicting practices are public, indicating the shared nature of the ordeal. These include the use of pain to express ideals of beauty and success, painful rituals associated with group membership, and the use of pain for social control. Self-improvement at the cost of considerable pain is examined in the early chapters, used by participants in the pursuit of increased intelligence, beauty, and status. The chapters that follow explore rituals of pain and practice to demonstrate religious devotion and piety, group inclusion, a marker of transition, and as a means of escape. The final chapters look at the politics of pain, with the desire to maintain status and exercise social control using the performance of self-inflicted pain and/or forced witnessing of said suffering. Throughout the volume, bioarchaeological, ethnographic, ethnohistoric, and paleopathological data in combination with synthetic social theories are used to address the biocultural and social costs and benefits of purposeful pain.
A Millimeter-wave kinetic inductance detector camera for long-range imaging through optical obscurants

Millimeter-wave imaging provides a promising option for long-range target detection through optical obscurants such as fog, which often occur in marine environments. Given this motivation, we are currently developing a 150 GHz polarization-sensitive imager using a relatively new type of superconducting pair-breaking detector, the kinetic inductance detector (KID). This imager will be paired with a 1.5 m telescope to obtain an angular resolution of 0.09° over a 3.5° field of view using 3,840 KIDs. We have fully characterized a prototype KID array, which shows excellent performance with noise strongly limited by the irreducible fluctuations from the ambient temperature background. Full-scale KID arrays are now being fabricated and characterized for a planned demonstration in a maritime environment later this year.
The ACL Anthology Network corpus

We introduce the ACL Anthology Network (AAN), a manually curated networked database of citations, collaborations, and summaries in the field of Computational Linguistics. We also present a number of statistics about the network including the most cited authors, the most central collaborators, as well as network statistics about the paper citation, author citation, and author collaboration networks.
Introducing dorsoventral patterning in adult regenerating lizard tails with gene-edited embryonic neural stem cells

Lizards regenerate amputated tails but fail to recapitulate the dorsoventral patterning achieved during embryonic development. Regenerated lizard tails form ependymal tubes (ETs) that, like embryonic tail neural tubes (NTs), induce cartilage differentiation in surrounding cells via sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling. However, adult ETs lack characteristically roof plate-associated structures and express Shh throughout their circumferences, resulting in the formation of unpatterned cartilage tubes. Both NTs and ETs contain neural stem cells (NSCs), but only embryonic NSC populations differentiate into roof plate identities when protected from endogenous Hedgehog signaling. NSCs were isolated from parthenogenetic lizard embryos, rendered unresponsive to Hedgehog signaling via CRISPR/Cas9 gene knockout of smoothened (Smo), and implanted back into clonally-identical adults to regulate tail regeneration. Here we report that Smo knockout embryonic NSCs oppose cartilage formation when engrafted to adult ETs, representing an important milestone in the creation of regenerated lizard tails with dorsoventrally patterned skeletal tissues.
More Than Just an Internship: One University’s Collaboration with a Rural School District to Attract, Develop, and Retain School Counselors

This promising practice describes an innovative collaboration between West Virginia University, a land grant institution situated in the middle of rural Appalachia, and Kanawha County Schools, located in Charleston, WV. The partnership aimed to assist the rural school district by supporting children in three elementary schools and by providing the university’s school counseling students an immersion experience in rural schools, with the hope of retaining them in the school district following graduation. The collaboration fulfilled the original mission of the program in two ways; first, the school district retained one-third of the school counseling students who participated. Secondly, the collaboration was met with overwhelming support by district leadership, resulting in an increase in school counseling students entering the program in the next academic year.
Nonlinear observability and an invariance principle for switched systems

This paper proposes several definitions of observability for nonlinear systems and explores relationships between them. These observability properties involve the existence of a bound on the norm of the state in terms of the norm of the output on a small time interval. As an application, we prove a LaSalle-like stability theorem for switched non-linear systems.
Characterization of Biomaterials Using Magnetic Resonance Elastography

Many diseases are known to change the mechanical properties of tissue. For example, cancerous lesions tend to feel rigid when touched and infectious lesions tend to feel soft when compared to the surrounding tissue. This is why palpation is a useful diagnostic procedure.
Global Data Analysis and the Fragmentation Problem in Decision Tree Induction

We investigate an inherent limitation of top-down decision tree induction in which the continuous partitioning of the instance space progressively lessens the statistical support of every partial (i.e. disjunctive) hypothesis, known as the fragmentation problem. We show, both theoretically and empirically, how the fragmentation problem adversely affects predictive accuracy as variation ∇ (a measure of concept difficulty) increases. Applying feature-construction techniques at every tree node, which we implement on a decision tree inducer DALI, is proved to only partially solve the fragmentation problem. Our study illustrates how a more robust solution must also assess the value of each partial hypothesis by recurring to all available training data, an approach we name global data analysis, which decision tree induction alone is unable to accomplish. The value of global data analysis is evaluated by comparing modified versions of C4.5 rules with C4.5 trees and DALI, on both artificial and real-world domains. Empirical results suggest the importance of combining both feature construction and global data analysis to solve the fragmentation problem.
Total Energy Costs of Building Construction and Operation

The energy consumed during the construction of a building is quite significant when compared with the annual energy required for its operation. This study has been confined to the extent of energy cost accounting for material fabrication in building construction. Six main building component systems were recognized in this study; structural, exterior wall, interior wall, roof, floor, and window/glass. In order to put the methodology developed here into a useful perspective, it was applied to a prototypical building, first to determine the energy costs of material fabrication and second to predict the operating energy costs of the building. The final energy cost bears heavily on the kind of exterior walls, roofs, or interior wall systems used. The results indicate that the energy costs of the example building can range from 119,500 to 721,300 MJ or from 18.4 to 110.9 barrels of oil.
Family Life Goes On: Disability in Contemporary Families

Disability is part of life for most contemporary families, but to date the literature on disability in families is fragmented and narrow. This editorial commentary introduces the content and findings of peer-reviewed articles appearing in a special issue of Family Relations. The editors outline unanswered but core research questions and preview the themes present in the issue: families with disabilities are diverse; economic hardship disproportionately characterizes their lives; family life with disabilities is a journey that includes stress and resilience, with support contributing significantly to the latter; and that work benefits and taxes family life. Articles extrapolate beyond findings to explore implications for family policy and practice. The editors assert that developing understanding of how disability influences families requires a more diverse and rigorous research portfolio. They further cite the need to embed disability as a variable in a range of family studies and advocate more outlets for publication.
The Fluxless Brazing of Aluminum Radiators

The history of material, processing, and development experience with vacuum brazing of aluminum radiators is reviewed. Three systems of fluxless brazing are currently producing parts such as air conditioner evaporators, transmission oil coolers, and radiators for production and prototype development. The welded, clad tube and bare fin concept is economically and technically superior to other designs. The mechanisms of vacuum brazing and process requirements are reviewed as they apply to radiators. Individual components and joint areas are examined, including tube-fin joints, tube-header joints, tank-header joints, and fittings.
Immunological Identification and Distribution of Dissimilatory Heme cd1 and Nonheme Copper Nitrite Reductases in Denitrifying Bacteria

Polyclonal antibodies were used to identify heme or copper nitrite reductases in the following groups: 23 taxonomically diverse denitrifiers from culture collections, 100 numerically dominant denitrifiers from geographically diverse environments, and 51 denitrifiers from a culture collection not selected for denitrification. Antisera were raised against heme nitrite reductases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas stutzeri and against copper nitrite reductase from Achromobacter cycloclastes. Nitrite reductases were identified by Western immunoblot. Diethyldithiocarbamate, which specifically inhibits copper nitrite reductases, was used to confirm the immunological characterization and determine which type was present in strains nonreactive with any antiserum. For groups in which the type of nitrite reductase has not been previously described, we found that Alcaligenes eutrophus, Bacillus azotoformans, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Corynebacterium nephridii, and Rhizobium spp. contained copper nitrite reductase, while Aquaspirillum itersonii, Flavobacterium spp., and Pseudomonas fluorescens contained heme nitrite reductase. Heme nitrite reductases dominated, regardless of soil type or geographic origin. They occurred in 64 and 92%, respectively, of denitrifiers in the numerically dominant and nonselected collections. The two nitrite reductase types were mutually exclusive in individual bacteria, but both appeared in different strains from the Alcaligenes and Pseudomonas genera. The heme type predominated in Pseudomonas strains. The heme-type nitrite reductase appeared more conserved if judged by similarities in molecular weights and immunological reactions. The Cu type was found in more taxonomically unrelated strains and varied in molecular weight and antiserum recognition. Images
Some Reflections on the Coronary Bypass Operation

A promising new operation-coronary bypass-has been developed for the treatment of coronary heart disease. However, because of the nature of the underlying disease and the minute size of the vessels to be anastomosed, its long-range prospects are in doubt. At this point in time there is no evidence that the operation either prevents infarction or prolongs life, and great caution is urged in applying it, reserving it for those who have life-threatening coronary artery disease, are clearly recalcitrant to optimum medical management, and have apparently normal coronary vessels distal to the point of stenosis. There is an urgent need for a better definition of the indications for operation in patients with coronary artery disease based on a study of the natural history of this coindition. Prophylactic operation for patients with a compromised coronary circulation with or without angina must await long-term results of therapeutic operation.
DRD3 Ser9Gly and HS1BP3 Ala265Gly are not associated with Parkinson Disease

Variants in the dopamine receptor D3 (DRD3) and HCLS1 binding protein 3 (HS1BP3) have been nominated as risk factors for essential tremor (ET). Although ET and Parkinson disease (PD) are considered different entities, they have many overlapping clinical and pathological features. We aim to evaluate the role of the Ser9Gly variant in DRD3 and Ala265Gly in HS1BP3 in PD development. To this end, we genotyped these two variants in a PD matched case-control series from the United States. Statistical analysis failed to identify significant differences in the frequency of these variants between the case and control groups; therefore our results do not support a role for these DRD3 and HS1BP3 variants in PD.
Biological and measurement issues critical to design of gingivitis trials.

Chronic plaque-induced gingivitis is usually of little consequence, thus the concern about prevention and treatment must stem from the belief that pre-existing gingivitis is necessary for periodontitis to develop. When clinical signs of gingivitis are present, an inflammatory infiltrate can be found upon histological evaluation. When clinical signs are absent, however, significant inflammation may still be present within the gingival tissues. Therefore, multiple clinical evaluations should be made, with special attention given to the visually inaccessible midinterdental area. The “gold standard” for evaluation of gingivitis is histological evaluation and other measurements should be evaluated against this standard. The significance of clinical severity measurements of gingivitis is not well-understood relative to onset of periodontitis; therefore, it is suggested that consideration be given to gingival evaluations based on the presence or absence of clinical signs of inflammation. Furthermore, equivalency and superb ority of antigingivitis agents or devices should be predicated, at least in part, on their ability to prevent the onset of periodontitis.
Defining Characteristics of Types I and II Apoptotic Cells in Response to TRAIL

Type I cells have been defined to be independent of mitochondria for the induction of Fas death receptor-mediated apoptosis, whereas Type II cells are mitochondria-dependent. Knock-out studies in mice show that thymocytes are Type I and liver cells are Type II. We have previously shown that primary human hepatocytes and HCT116 human colon carcinoma cells behave like Type II cells because TRAIL-induced apoptosis can be blocked by the caspase 9 inhibitor, Z-LEHD-FMK. On the other hand, caspase 9 inhibition does not allow survival of TRAIL-treated SW480 colon cancer cells, which is predicted for Type I cells. Investigating the differences in TRAIL-induced apoptotic pathways in HCT116 and SW480 cells revealed that although FADD, BID, and procaspase 3 protein levels are higher in SW480 cells, and although procaspase 8 and FLIP processing is more efficient at the TRAIL-DISC of SW480 cells, BID, procaspase 3, XIAP, and PARP cleavages occur more rapidly in HCT116, despite the higher levels of BCL-2 and HSP70. Cytochrome c release from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm is more efficient in HCT116 cells. These results suggest BID cleavage as a possible limiting factor in the involvement of mitochondria in TRAIL-induced cell death. Thus, regulation of BID cleavage may define if a cell is mitochondria-dependent or-independent in response to TRAIL death receptor-induced apoptosis.
On Barenblatt's problem

Abstract The problem of flow in media with double porosity (e.g. fissured rocks) is considered by utilizing the author's concept of “multiporosity” and employing the apparatus of continuum theory of mixtures. Relevant results obtained by Barenblatt et al. within the Russian literature are shown to be contained in the present theory.
Tibiofemoral contact biomechanics following meniscocapsular separation and repair.

Meniscocapsular separations are often seen in knees with other intra-articular pathology. The consequences of these tears with regard to knee contact mechanics are currently unknown, and the biomechanical advantages of repair have not been measured. We hypothesize that tears to the meniscocapsular junction will cause an increase in tibiofemoral contact pressure and a decrease in contact area, with a return to more normal conditions after repair. 10 fresh-frozen cadaver knees each underwent 10 cycles of axial compressive loading in full extension under three different testing conditions: intact, meniscocapsular separation, and repair. A pressure sensor matrix was inserted into the medial joint space and used to measure magnitude and location of contact pressure and area. Mean contact pressure increased from 0.80±0.17 MPa in the intact knee to 0.88±0.19 MPa with separation, with a decrease to 0.78±0.14 MPa following repair. Peak pressures followed a similar trend with 2.59±0.41, 3.03±0.48, and 2.84±0.40 MPa for the same three groups, respectively. While none of the changes seen was statistically significant, even these small changes would potentially create degenerative changes at the articular surface over prolonged (i. e., months or years) standing, walking, and activity in the unrepaired state.
The human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor ritonavir inhibits lung cancer cells, in part, by inhibition of survivin.

Introduction: Ritonavir is a potential therapeutic agent in lung cancer, but its targets in lung adenocarcinoma are unknown, as are candidate biomarkers for its activity. Methods: RNAi was used to identify genes whose expression affects ritonavir sensitivity. Synergy between ritonavir, gemcitabine, and cisplatin was tested by isobologram analysis. Results: Ritonavir inhibits growth of K- ras mutant lung adenocarcinoma lines A549, H522, H23, and K- ras wild-type line H838. Ritonavir causes G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis. Associated with G0/G1 arrest, ritonavir down-regulates cyclin-dependent kinases, cyclin D 1 , and retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation. Associated with induction of apoptosis, ritonavir reduces survivin messenger RNA and protein levels more than twofold. Ritonavir inhibits phosphorylation of c-Src and signal transducer and activator of transcription protein 3, which are important events for survivin gene expression and cell growth, and induces cleavage of PARP1. Although knock down of survivin, c-Src, or signal transducer and activator of transcription protein 3 inhibits cell growth, only survivin knock down enhances ritonavir inhibition of growth and survivin overexpression promotes ritonavir resistance. Ritonavir was tested in combination with gemcitabine or cisplatin, exhibiting synergistic and additive effects, respectively. The combination of ritonavir/gemcitabine/cisplatin is synergistic in the A549 line and additive in the H522 line, at clinically feasible ritonavir concentrations ( Conclusions: Ritonavir is of interest for lung adenocarcinoma therapeutics, and survivin is an important target and potential biomarker for its sensitivity. Ritonavir cooperation with gemcitabine/cisplatin might be explained by involvement of PARP1 in repair of cisplatin-mediated DNA damage and survivin in repair of gemcitabine-mediated double-stranded DNA breaks.
Influence of Mercuric Nitrate on Species and Reactions Related to Chlorine Dioxide Formation

Mercuric ions influence reactions and intermediates that are involved in forming chlorine dioxide from chlorate ions. Addition of mercuric ions to reaction solutions can aid in understanding the mechanism and kinetics of this system. Mercuric ions do not react with aqueous solutions of chlorine dioxide unless those solutions contain chlorous acid. This unusual effect has enabled us to confirm that chlorous acid is an intermediate in the formation of chlorine dioxide in the methanol−chlorate reaction. This work discusses the effect of mercuric ions on solutions containing various Cl species (chlorine, chlorine dioxide, chlorous acid, and both chlorine dioxide and chlorous acid) and on reactions that involve these same species. The work also explores the methanol−chlorate reaction in the absence of mercuric ions. In the initial stage of the process, chlorine dioxide forms after an induction period, during which an intermediate rapidly forms, maximizes in concentration, and then disappears, and a second inte...
Prevention of graft-versus-host disease by intrathymic injection of recipient-type splenocytes into donor

We have prevented graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) by tolerizing graft donors to host antigens by intrathymic injection of recipient-type splenocytes into donors. A unidirectional GVHD model was used in which intravenous injection of 3-4 x 10(8) Lewis rat (donor) lymphocytes into (Lewis x Brown Norway)F1 rats (recipients) causes lethal GVHD. The donor animals were divided into five treatment groups. The group 1 donor animals received no treatment. The group 2 donors received a single intraperitoneal injection of 1 ml of antilymphocyte antiserum (ALS). The group 3 donors received an intrathymic injection of 50x10(6) host splenocytes. The group 4 donors received both ALS (intraperitoneally) and intrathymic allograft. The group 5 donors received both ALS (intraperitoneally) and intravenous allograft. Two weeks after these treatments, 3-4x10(8) lymphocytes from each of these donors were injected (intravenously) into the recipients. The clinical signs of GVHD, as measured by profound weight loss, hair loss, inflammation of foot pads and ears, and profound splenomegaly, were evident in recipients of groups 1, 2, and 3 between days 9 and 10 and in the recipients (two of four) of group 5 on day 17. No GVHD was observed by histopathology in all 14 hosts that received lymphocyte injection from the group 4 donor animals (up to 300 days). These results demonstrate that GVHD can be eliminated by tolerizing donors toward host by intrathymic injection of the recipient-type lymphocytes into the donor. A single injection of ALS is necessary to possibly eliminate antihost response from the donor for the tolerance induction. The thymic route appears to be superior to the intravenous route for tolerance induction.
New developments about the association of SV40 with human mesothelioma

Simian virus 40 (SV40) has been detected in human tumors in over 40 different laboratories. Many of these reports linked SV40 to human mesotheliomas. The Vaccine Safety Committee of the Institute of Medicine (IOM), National Academy of Sciences, USA, recently reviewed the evidence associating polio vaccines and/or SV40 with human tumors. The IOM conclusions about polio vaccines and human cancer were: (1) 'the evidence is inadequate to accept or reject a causal relation between SV40-containing polio vaccines and cancer' because the 'epidemiological studies are sufficiently flawed'; (2) 'the biological evidence is of moderate strength that SV40 exposure from the polio vaccines is related to SV40 infection in humans'. The epidemiological studies were considered flawed because it was not possible to distinguish reliably among exposed and nonexposed cohorts. Concerning SV40, the IOM concluded that (1) 'the evidence is strong that SV40 is a transforming virus; (2) the evidence is of moderate strength that SV40 exposure could lead to cancer in humans under natural conditions' (IOM, 2002). Similar conclusions were reached at an International consensus meeting on SV40 and human tumors held at the University of Chicago in 2001. G Klein and C Croce, who chaired the final panel that reviewed all the published evidence linking SV40 to human tumors, stated that 'the presence of SV40 in human tumors has been convincingly demonstrated' (Klein et al., 2002). In addition, a workshop organized by the Biological Carcinogenesis Branch of the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, chaired by J Pagano, has reached similar conclusions (Wong et al., 2002). Therefore, three independent scientific panels have all agreed that there is compelling evidence that SV40 is present in some human cancers and that SV40 could contribute to the pathogenesis of some of them. It should be noted that the presence of SV40 in mesothelioma and other human tumor types has been challenged by a research team that has consistently reported negative findings (Strickler et al., 2001). However, a member of this research team has recently acknowledged - in sworn testimony -sensitivity problems and possible irregularities that raise concerns about these negative reports (MacLachlan, 2002). These revelations, together with the conclusions of the three independent panels mentioned above, appear to bring to an end the apparent controversy about the presence of SV40 in human mesotheliomas and brain tumors.