cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of shear on mixing across density interfaces

This paper discusses critically observations of mixing processes across density interfaces in laboratory experiments and inferences that have been made and can be made from these observations. Fluxes of heat or salt and entrainment velocities have been found to depend on negative powers of an overall Richardson number Ri* based on the buoyancy jump across the interface, the depth of the homogeneous layer and the intensity of the turbulence near the source. When the Reynolds and Peclet numbers are large, the fluxes or entrainment velocities appear to be proportional to the minus one and minus three-halves powers of Ri* for flows with and without mean shear respectively, and this difference has caused speculation about the accuracy of the experimental data and about the reasons for the two laws if the difference is real. In the present discussion, we accept the accuracy of the two laws and attribute the higher entrainment rate for shear flows to the decrease of r.m.s. velocities near the interface with increasing Ri* in the case of zero shear. A plausible argument yields the unifying result that the entrainment rates in both cases are proportional to Ri−1, where Ri is a Richardson number based on the buoyancy jump and velocities and lengths characteristic of the turbulence near the interface. It is suggested that the behaviour inferred by Turner is based on an erroneous interpretation of experimental data.In the course of the discussion, it is shown that the drag coefficient in flow of a stratified fluid over a rough surface is independent of the Richardson number (or density jump across the interface or inversion) and depends only on the ratio of the roughness length to the depth of the homogeneous layer. This has obvious implications for problems of parameterizing the momentum flux near the ground in the atmosphere.
THE INFLUENCE OF INTRANUCLEAR IRRADIATION ON THE GROWTH OF HELA CELLS IN AGITATED FLUID MEDIUM

S>Techniques are described which were developed to obtain quantitative data on the absolute uptake of thymidine and the influence of incorporated tritium beta irradiation on cellular proliferation in agitated cultures maintained for relatively prolonged periods. Cultures of HeLa cells in agitated fluid medium were coupled with multichannel electronic particle counting and quantitative beta counting procedures. Results indicate that essentially comparable amounts of energy deposited per nucleus by decay of tritiated thymidine and tritium water exert markedly different biological effects. Possible mechanisms are discussed. (C.H.)
Physiological adjustments to prolonged diving in the Pacific green turtle (Chelonia mydas agassizii).

Abstract 1. 1. During prolonged diving, the green turtle (Chelonia mydas agassizii) exhibits an extreme bradycardia that develops slowly and is broken every time the animal struggles. 2. 2. Pre-dive carotid arterial blood pressure is maintained for the first hour of a dive, implying peripheral vasoconstriction. 3. 3. Lactic acid does not appear in the carotid arterial blood for the first 30–60 min of a dive; if the dive persists, blood lactate slowly increases. 4. 4. On emergence there is a sharp increase in blood lactate concentration, further suggesting selective ischemia during apnea. 5. 5. The total blood lactate accumulation is slight, an indication of lowered metabolic rate during apnea. 6. 6. The green turtle survives 40 min–5 hr of submersion with no oxygen measurable in the tracheal air or carotid arterial blood, evidence of extreme resistance to asphyxial distress.
Independent Voting Behavior and Its Effects On Rational Social Choice

IN THE LAST three decades political scientists have witnessed the occurrence of a remarkable phenomenon in the realm of voters' attitudes and behavior in and toward the American two-party system. Attitudinally, voters increasingly declined to identify with any political party; behaviorally, the practice of ticket-splitting became much more widespread than in the past. Academics, newspaper editors, and others who cherish the Progressive ideal of the informed citizen voting in the public interest have generally hailed the growth of independence in the electorate. At the same time, those academics and professional political people who focus their attention on the centrifugal forces in our political system have expressed concern that the weakened connection between parties and voters might undermine the ability of anyone actually to govern. With all this debate, however, no one has clearly addressed in careful theoretical terms the connection between independence and the policy choices which are made or defaulted in our elections.
Simultaneous Plutonium and Uranium Isotopic Analysis from a Single Resin Bead - A Simplified Chemical Technique for Assaying Spent Reactor Fuels

Abstract The method uses basic anion resin to adsorb plutonium and uranium from 7–8 M HNO3 solutions containing dissolved spent reactor fuels. After equilibrating the resin with the solution, a single bead is used to determine the isotopic composition of plutonium and uranium on sample sizes as small as 10−9 to 10−10 g of each element per bead. Isotopic measurements are essentially free of isobaric interferences and fission product contamination in the mass spectrometer is eliminated. A very small aliquot of dissolver solution containing 10−6 g of U and 10−8 g of Pu is sufficient sample for chemically preparing several resin beads. A single prepared bead is loaded onto a rhenium filament and analyzed in a two-stage mass spectrometer using pulse counting for ion detection to obtain the high sensitivity required. Total quantity of the elements, in addition to isotopic abundances, can be determined by isotope dilution. Other areas where the method may be useful are: in plutonium production, isotope separatio...
Pre-operative Use of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension-Targeted Medication and the Effects on Post-Pulmonary Endarterectomy Morbidity and Mortality

s S159 W.R. Auger.1 1Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; 2Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA. Purpose: The definitive treatment for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension remains a pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) at an experienced surgical center. Despite this recommendation, many patients with surgically accessible disease are pre-treated with pulmonary arterial hypertension-targeted medications. The effects of such a strategy on post-operative outcomes are not well defined. Methods: We examined all patients who underwent PEA at UCSD from January 2011 through December 2013. Differences in outcomes were compared between patients pre-treated and those who were not using t-tests for continuous variables and chi-square tests for dichotomous variables. Logistic regression was used to determine odds of reperfusion lung injury. Results: Of the 438 patients who underwent surgery during this time period, 43.6% were pre-treated with any PAH medications. There was no significant difference in preoperative PVR between the two groups (671.9 vs. 656.5, untreated vs. pre-treated; p= 0.656), but the mean PA pressure (42.8 vs. 45.7, untreated vs. treated; p= 0.01) and cardiac output (4.35 vs. 4.79, untreated vs. pre-treated; p= 0.001) were higher in the pre-treated group. There were no differences in post-operative mortality (1.6% vs. 1.0%, untreated vs. pre-treated; p= 0.62) or residual pulmonary hypertension (7.3% vs. 11.6%, untreated vs. pre-treated; p= 0.14) between the two groups, but those pre-treated had a higher incidence of reperfusion lung injury (15.7% vs. 27.4%, untreated vs. pre-treated; p= 0.003). Adjusting for age, sex, BMI, preoperative right atrial pressure, cardiac output, mean PA pressure and PVR, the odds a pre-treated patient developed reperfusion lung injury were 2.46 times higher (95% CI: 1.44-4.20) than the odds a untreated patient developed lung injury. Conclusion: There was no difference in post-operative mortality or residual pulmonary hypertension between treated and untreated patients. Pre-treated patients had a higher rate of reperfusion lung injury, a risk that remained after adjusting known risk factors for reperfusion lung injury. These findings need to be corroborated in a prospective, randomized controlled trial of medical therapy before PEA.
Optimum immersion time in the surface modification of polymers by the two-liquid deposition of diblock copolymers

Abstract The surface modification technique by a two-liquid process deposition of an A-B block copolymer (in which one of the blocks is hydrophobic and the other hydrophilic) proposed by Ruckenstein and Chung is applied to poly(methyl methacrylate) by using five different block copolymers and four organic solvents. In the first step, the A-B block copolymer is dissolved into an organic solvent which has some solvent capabilities for the polymer as well. The polymer solid is immersed into the organic solvent for a short time and then is withdrawn to be introduced in water. The latter process reorients the hydrophilic block toward water and imbeds the hydrophobic block into the substrate. An optimum immersion time for which the interfacial free energy with respect to water is minimum was identified in some cases. In addition, the interfacial free energy is stable, since in some cases it maintains its value, while in other cases, it decreases with time.
The ultimate RISC

Reduced instruction set computer (RISC) architectures have attracted considerable interest during the past decade. The ultimate RISC architecture presented here is an extreme yet simple illustration of such an architecture. It has only one instruction, move memory to memory, yet it is useful.
Rb-associated protein 46 (RbAp46) suppresses the tumorigenicity of adenovirus-transformed human embryonic kidney 293 cells.

The retinoblastoma suppressor (Rb)-associated protein 46 (RbAp46) is a nuclear protein of the WD-repeat protein family and a component of the histone deacetylase complex that physically interacts with Rb. We demonstrated that RbAp46 is a gene up-regulated by the Wilms' tumor suppressor (WT1) and functions as a negative regulator of cell growth. Here we have investigated the ability of RbAp46 to inhibit malignant phenotype of adenovirus-transformed human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells in tumorigenesis assays. We have found that expression of RbAp46 suppressed clonal growth of HEK 293 cells in soft agar and inhibited tumor growth of these cells in nude mice. Furthermore, expression of RbAp46 resulted in an increase of cells in the G2/M fraction of cell cycle and augmented apoptosis in serum-starved cells. The results suggest that high levels of RbAp46 expression inhibit the transformation of tumor cells through interfering with normal cell cycle and/or enhancing apoptotic cell death.
Vesicle shape, molecular tilt, and the suppression of necks

Can the presence of molecular-tilt order significantly affect the shapes of lipid bilayer membranes, particularly membrane shapes with narrow necks? Motivated by the propensity for tilt order and the common occurrence of narrow necks in the intermediate stages of biological processes such as endocytosis and vesicle trafficking, we examine how tilt order inhibits the formation of necks in the equilibrium shapes of vesicles. For vesicles with a spherical topology, point defects in the molecular order with a total strength of +2 are required. We study axisymmetric shapes and suppose that there is a unit-strength defect at each pole of the vesicle. The model is further simplified by the assumption of tilt isotropy: invariance of the energy with respect to rotations of the molecules about the local membrane normal. This isotropy condition leads to a minimal coupling of tilt order and curvature, giving a high energetic cost to regions with Gaussian curvature and tilt order. Minimizing the elastic free energy with constraints of fixed area and fixed enclosed volume determines the allowed shapes. Using numerical calculations, we find several branches of solutions and identify them with the branches previously known for fluid membranes. We find that tilt order changes the relative energy of the branches, suppressing thin necks by making them costly, leading to elongated prolate vesicles as a generic family of tilt-ordered membrane shapes.
Looking for a smoking gun: Committee jurisdictions and congressional voting decisions

The nature of jurisdictional boundaries of committees in the House of Representatives has received little scholarly attention. Recently, however, LaRue and Rothenberg (1992) focused specifically on this topic and concluded that for some legislators — namely, those involved in a jurisdictional dispute — jurisdictional issues were an important influence, above and beyond policy preferences, in determining votes. I expand on their analysis in an attempt to discover whether members who are not involved in such a dispute also seek to protect jurisdictional property rights. I find that these non-involved members werenot affected by the jurisdictional considerations.
Rhyme as a determinant of clustering

This study dealt with rhyme as a determinant of clustering in free recall. The stimuli comprised 12 rhyming pairs of words. The results from 30 Ss showed significan clustering as well as high variance attribu table to both Ss and word pairs.
Composition and Physicochemical Properties of Chevon Patties Containing Oat Bran

Chevon (goat) meat-based patties were formulated with oat bran (15-50% w/w) and evaluated for nutrient content and physicochemical properties. Moisture, fat, and protein decreased with increased oat bran. Patties containing oat bran had higher concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids and lower cholesterol. Additions of oat bran also reduced sodium and zinc. Soluble and insoluble fiber content of patties increased, while cooking loss and shear force of patties decreased with increased oat bran. Nutritional value of patties was enhanced with minimal composition and texture changes at 15 or 20% oat bran addition.
Experimental Evidence for the Role of Zero-Point Motion in a One-Dimensional Material: Optical Studies of an MX Solid

Abstract Luminescence and resonance Raman spectra have been measured for the quasi-one-dimensional charge-density-wave material [Pt(en)2] [Pt(en)2Cl2] (ClO4)4; en=l, 2- diaminoethane, PtCl. While the luminescence experiments show the existence of tail states at low temperature in the band gap region, the Raman measurements conclusively demonstrate that this tail does not arise from ordinary static structural disorder. These results can be explained by considering the zero-point motion of the lattice.
Facile synthesis of tadpole-like nanostructures consisting of Au heads and Pd tails.

This communication describes an investigation of the galvanic replacement reaction between single-crystal Pd nanorods and AuCl4- ions. We found that the Au atoms resulting from the galvanic replacement reaction did not coat the entire surface of a Pd nanorod to generate a core-sheath or hollow nanostructure. In the earlier stages of the reaction, Au deposition was localized to both ends of the Pd nanorod. Then, a transition from two-end to one-end growth was observed, producing a new type of hybrid nanostructure in the shape of a tadpole consisting of a Au head and a Pd tail. Beyond this point, the Au served as nucleation sites for further Au deposition until the hybrid nanostructure was dismantled into round Au nanoparticles and smaller/shorter Pd fragments.
Battle of the Port Memory, Preservation, and Planning in the Creation of the South Street Seaport Museum

The creation of the South Street Seaport Museum in 1967 represents a dynamic synthesis of urban development, civic memory, and the use of heritage in urban revitalization. The dominant narrative of midcentury urban renewal debates, which pits growth-oriented modernism against a street corner preservationism antagonistic to change, offers an incomplete analysis of the founding of South Street as a historic museum district. The Seaport plan imagined historic preservation and the use of civic memory as integral factors in the process of urban modernity, not as a resistance to it. Rather than simply rejecting urban development and the modernist architectural landscape that had come to dominate the tip of lower Manhattan, boosters of South Street, like Progressive Era preservationists before them, envisioned historic preservation as an integral part of the future cityscape. This article argues that South Street boosters were far more concerned with sustainability and building a new urban future than preservati...
Delayed fermentation of sucrose by certain haploid species of Saccharomyces.

Several haploid species ofSaccharomyces andSchiz. octosporus were shown to ferment sucrose in Durham tubes after a delay of 3 to 4 weeks. Detailed studies were done with a strain ofS. rouxii. The delayed fermentation of sucrose was not caused by mutationselection or by inducible enzyme formation, since young glucose grown cells after drying, freezing, aging or autolysis contained an active sucrase. Cells pretreated by drying or freezing fermented sucrose nearly as fast as glucose. After autolysis, the sucrase ofS. rouxii is only present in the cell debris and not in the autolysate. The use of a heavy inoculum in the van Iterson-Kluyver fermentometer resulted in a slow, but non-delayed fermentation. Variation in the pH or sucrose concentration had little effect on the delayed fermentation. It is suggested that after sufficient aging of the cells, the cell wall permeability undergoes a rather abrupt change, allowing the sucrose to come in contact with the sucrase of the cells.
Elastomeric polypropylenes from unbridged 2-phenylindene zirconocene catalysts : Temperature dependence of crystallinity and relaxation properties

The solid-state structure and physical behavior of an elastomeric polypropylene (PP1) synthesized with unbridged 2-phenylindene zirconocene catalyst were examined using solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, wide-angle X-ray powder diffraction, and birefringence measurements of relaxation behavior. Extraction of these elastomeric polypropylenes with boiling ether and heptane yielded three fractions of different molecular weight and tacticity. The ether-soluble fraction is the lowest in isotactic pentad content and exhibits no detectable crystallinity. For the other fractions and the parent homopolymer, the degrees of crystallinity estimated from DSC and WAXD results are similar. The amount of the immobile phase determined by solid-state NMR, however, appears much higher than the degree of crystallinity. An increase in temperature from 20 to 80 °C results in a loss in the relative fraction of mobile and immobile phase as measured by solid-state NMR and a corresponding loss in ...
Inconsistency: The good, the bad, and the ugly

Inconsistency is commonplace in the real world and is an accepted part of life. Inconsistency is a multi-dimensional issue that includes: causes, types, interpretations, circumstances, desirability, detection approaches, handling strategies, and significance measures. In this paper, we focus our attention on the desirability dimension for inconsistency. It turns out that not all inconsistencies are bad, some are even desirable. We summarize three lists of inconsistent cases in terms of their desirability using the metaphor of “the good, the bad, and the ugly.” We then offer some guidelines on how to discern the desirability of inconsistency. The results in the paper will help pave the way for developing some practical desirability measures for inconsistency.
A framework for automatic improvement of workflows to meet performance goals

Business performance improvement is arguably the most important factor in the development or reengineering of a business information system. We present a framework that, given a model of a business information system and a performance goal, helps determine the modifications required in the model in order to meet the performance goal. The framework includes: an executable system model based on workflows, triggers, and execution resources; an execution environment that measures system performance; improvement operators that can modify the system model; and an automatic improvement mechanism that uses AI search techniques to guide the modification of the system model to meet a performance goal. >
The Whys of Teaching Tennis.

This article addresses the importance of clearly defining tennis terms and explaining the reasons behind certain techniques so that students will learn and apply the material taught and enjoy the game more fully.
Sensitivity analysis of kinematic approximations in dynamic medusan swimming models

Models of medusan swimming typically rely on kinematic approximations to observed animal morphology to make such investigations tractable. The effect of these simplifications on the accuracy of predicted dynamics has not been examined in detail. We conduct a case study of the scyphozoan jellyfish Chrysaora fuscescens to isolate and quantify the sensitivity of dynamic models to common kinematic approximations. It is found that dynamic models exhibit strong dependence on the nature of some approximations and the context in which they are implemented. Therefore it is incorrect and potentially misleading to assume that achieving kinematic similarity in models of measured animal locomotion will necessarily provide dynamically correct models.
Expression of foreign genes in the yeast Pichia pastoris.

Although the P. pastoris expression system is not suitable for the production of all foreign proteins, many are compatible with the system. For these proteins, there are major advantages to production in this yeast. Relative to higher eukaryotic expression systems, culturing costs are lower, yields (foreign protein/L of culture medium) are usually higher, and for secreted proteins, the initial purity of the product in the culture medium is higher. Relative to bacterial expression systems, the chances of recovering a eukaryotic foreign protein in its biologically active form are significantly higher with P. pastoris. Although few major P. pastoris- produced human Pharmaceuticals are on the market, several are in the clinical trial pipeline, including the anti-tumor drugs angiostatin and endostatin (44). In addition, P. pastoris is one of the only lower eukaryotic expression systems that is available to academic researchers as a complete kit (see Invitrogen catalog). Recent improvements in the system, including new marker host combinations and alternative promoters, should increase the range of proteins that can be produced by this methylotrophic host. As more proteins are successfully (or unsuccessfully) synthesized in P. pastoris, parameters involved with the optimal expression of specific classes of proteins will become better defined.
A self-retracting fully compliant bistable micromechanism

A new class of fully compliant bistable mechanisms with the added benefit of integrated self-retraction has been developed (hereafter identified as Self-Retracting Fully compliant Bistable Mechanism or SRFBM). A technique using tensural pivots to manage compressive loading in compliant mechanisms is introduced and implemented in the SRFBM. The elimination of traditional kinematic joints and their associated clearance allows a total displacement between stable positions of 8.5 /spl mu/m, and the mechanism size is less than 300 /spl mu/m square when using 2.0 /spl mu/m minimum line widths. Maximum actuation force is approximately 500 /spl mu/N. The SRFBM's small linear displacement and reasonable actuation force facilitate integration with efficient thermal actuators. Furthermore, fully compliant mechanisms allow greater freedom in fabrication as only one mechanical layer is needed. Systems with on-chip actuation have been fabricated and tested, demonstrating bistability and on-chip actuation, which requires approximately 150 mW. A single fatigue test has been completed, during which the SRFBM endured approximately 2 million duty cycles without failure.
Determination of the existence of hinge movements of the temporomandibular joint during normal opening by Cine-MRI and computer digital addition.

Purpose The purpose of the first phase of this two-part investigation was to determine if the opening motion of the mandible could be illustrated and described using a dynamic imaging method. The purpose of the second phase of the investigation was to determine if a center of rotation would be discovered. Materials and Methods Five volunteer subjects, 2 female and 3 male, whose temporomandibular joints had previously been determined to be asymptomatic, were examined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) during opening from a standardized position. The serial static images were reconstructed by the MRI's computer in “cine mode'’to simulate dynamic motion, similar to a motion picture. For the second phase, each patient's series of static images were digitally added and manipulated by a computer graphics program to locate the center of hinge motion. Results After reviewing the animated images recorded on videotape, three independent dentist observers confirmed that the opening movement of the mandible was initially rotational, followed by translation within the glenoid fossa. A center of rotation was calculated to be in the anatomic center of the condylar head of all of the subjects in this study. Conclusions This study showed that opening dynamics of the mandibular condyle could be studied by cine-MRI and that an opening hinge axis appears to be located in the anatomic center of the condylar head.
Scaffold Proteins in the Postsynaptic Density

Many intractable neurological and mental diseases, including epilepsy, depression, and schizophrenia, are believed to result, in part, from derangements of regulation of synaptic transmission in the brain. For this reason, much effort has been made to discover how the delicate mechanisms of signal transduction at synapses lead to modification of synaptic strength. One fruitful area of research over the last twenty years has been the postsynaptic signaling apparatus in glutamatergic spines (8, 97, 99, 106). Spines contain clusters of receptors and signaling proteins located in a dense submembranous structure that can be seen in the electron microscope and is called the postsynaptic density or PSD (For review of early work see 98). In the 1970’s, Philip Siekevitz (40) and Carl Cotman (42) worked out subcellular fractionation methods to purify tiny disks from brain that contain many of the proteins that are most tightly bound to the PSD. Their purification methods were later used to obtain material from which several ubiquitous PSD proteins were identified and sequenced, including the prototypical scaffold protein, PSD-95 (37, 109, 113), synGAP (35), the shank/proSAP family (20), and densin (6). At the same time, and independently, some of these proteins, and additional new ones from the PSD fraction, were identified by their interactions in yeast two hybrid screens, including GKAP (104), synGAP (107), shank/proSAP (158), and homer (24). Continuing proteomic analyses of the PSD fraction or related “NMDA-receptor complexes” (89, 127, 177, 235) have produced a catalog of putative PSD-associated proteins that comprises a few hundred individual proteins. More recent studies have begun to address the crucial question of the relative abundance of each protein in the PSD fraction and their stoichiometric ratios (126, 127, 177). However, we are still in the early stages of understanding which core protein complexes are present in most excitatory synapses, and which proteins are present only in a subset of synapses, perhaps conferring specialized properties.
Computation of exact interference and probability of error for several CDMA communication systems

A new class of hit arrays called cyclical hit arrays is introduced. They give insight into the previously unavailable properties of a modified number of theoretical frequency-hop patterns, which are based on Welch-Costas and quadratic congruence codes. Three theorems related to the cyclical hit arrays are proved and are used to determine the exact probability distribution function of a random variable that represents the number of coincidences between two arbitrary patterns from the set, which at the same time stands for the interference between two users of a code division multiple access (CDMA) system. The results are useful for the exact computation of the total interference and error probabilities in some CDMA systems. >
Schools of music and conservatories and hearing loss prevention.

AbstractMusic students are not being taught that music is a sound source capable of harming hearing. Ensemble directors of public school and college bands, orchestras, and choirs, are unaware and unprepared to recognize and manage risk from excessive sound exposures. Schools of music and conservatories around the world, and the organizations that accredit them, need to embrace the idea that schools of music are best suited to facilitate change, conduct research, create and impart knowledge, institute competency, and most importantly, cultivate a culture of responsibility and accountability throughout the music discipline. By drawing attention to actions pursued at and through the College of Music at the University of North Texas, the purpose of this paper is to encourage change and to assist others in efforts to reach the best conditions for preventing irreversible hearing disorders associated with music.SumarioA los estudiantes de musica no se les ensena que la musica es una fuente de sonido capaz de dan...
High current density carbon nanotube FEAs grown by DC plasma CVD

High currents from carbon nanotubes grown inside arrays of gated silicon posts are measured using a DC plasma CVD reactor. The arrays occupying /spl sim/0.1 mm/sup 2/ area typically delivered at least 100 /spl mu/A total current to an anode, with similar currents intercepted by the gate. Currents in excess of 100 /spl mu/A could be sustained for many hours with short term fluctuations below 1%. Several arrays delivered roughly 1 mA. The highest currents (equivalent to 1 A/cm/sup 2/) occurred at gate potentials near 60 V, giving transconductance values exceeding 100 /spl mu/S or 100 mS/cm/sup 2/.
Effects of Work, Non Work, and Role Conflict on the Overall Life Satisfaction of Pharmacy Faculty

For many faculty members, the demands of work and personal lives can lead to conflict between the two roles and decrease overall life satisfaction. A preliminary investigation of the work and non work influences that contributed to faculty role conflict and overall life satisfaction was conducted. Data were collected via a questionnaire, and responses were received from 63 percent of faculty contacted. Respondents were only moderately satisfied with their lives and identified being married, receiving social support from spouses or mates and socializing with friends as non work influences that were related to life satisfaction. Many of these same influences were related to role conflict. Time spent at work was the only work influence that correlated with role conflict (positive) and overall life satisfaction (negative). Differences were also found across selected demographic characteristics. These findings suggest a model that can be used to study work and non work influences on faculty role conflict and overall life satisfaction.
Robust positively invariant cylinders for constrained sliding mode control designs

We consider the problem of designing sliding mode controllers for linear systems subject to disturbance and constraints in the states and control magnitude. The use of infinite cylinders as primary, positively invariant sets is motivated by a coordinate transformation where the sliding motion is decoupled from the overall convergence to the origin. We give robust positive invariance conditions for cylinders having convex and compact cross sections. Robust positively invariant cylinders are intersected with the state constraints to yield sets which, under some conditions, retain the invariance and satisfy the constraints. For the case of cylinders with ellipsoidal cross sections, we provide a decision procedure that is used to qualify each state constraint during the design process. A numerical example for a third order plant illustrates the method.
Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation (CDG) Presenting as Non-immune Hydrops Fetalis.

To the Editor: Non-immune hydrops fetalis (NIHF) is caused by a variety of disorders recently classified in over 6000 individuals. The main causes are cardiovascular disorders (21 %), anemia (10 %), chromosomal and metabolic inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) disorders (20 %); however in 20–25 % of NIHF cases, the cause remains unexplained [1]. Among IEM cases, only 15 cases of congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG) presenting with NIHF have been reported [2]. We report here a case of NIHF which was later found to be associated with CDG and its various progressive multisystem manifestations. A 34 wk preterm, antenatally diagnosed case of hydrops fetalis was delivered because of fetal distress. She was managed as per the protocol and investigated for possible causes of hydrops fetalis (HF). Immunemediated cause was ruled out with detailed investigations. Echocardiography was normal. USG abdomen showed moderate ascites which resolved within 2 wk. No obvious malformations or dysmorphism were noticed. Second week of life screening showed evidence of congenital hypothyroidism with normal total T4 (11.6 μg/dl), low free T4 (0.5 ng/L) and an elevated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH 47.8mIU/L). TSH level was normalized over 4 wk with thyroxine treatment. As per few earlier reports, association of NIHF with congenital hypothyroidism was suspected and monitoring and follow up were planned [3]. During next 6 mo she developed recurrent pericardial effusion with no specific etiology. She also developed seizures and generalized hypotonia, failure to thrive, hepatosplenomegaly and coarse facial features. CT chest and abdomen showed pericardial effusion, hepatomegaly with fatty infiltration and bilateral enlarged kidneys. Metabolic workup and urinary glycosaminoglycans (GAG) were normal. Congenital disorders of glycosylation was suspected and isoelectric focusing (IEF) of serum transferrin was done that suggested diagnosis of CDG-Ia, but over next 3 d she died due to massive pericardial effusion and cardio respiratory arrest (Fig. 1). Genetic testing of the parents or child could not be done; however literature suggests CDG type-Ia (PMM2) as the most frequent form of CGD which is caused by deficiency of phosphor manno mutase (PMM) enzyme and associated with mutations in the PMM2 gene located on chromosome 16p13 [4].
Financial reporting quality and investment efficiency

This paper studies the relation between financial reporting quality and investment efficiency on a sample of 49,543 firm-year observations between 1980 and 2003. Financial reporting quality has been posited to improve investment efficiency, but there has been little empirical evidence supporting this claim to date. Consistent with this claim, I find that proxies for financial reporting quality are negatively associated with both firm underinvestment and overinvestment. Further, financial reporting quality is more strongly associated with underinvestment for firms facing financing constraints and with overinvestment for firms with large cash balances, which suggests that financial reporting quality mitigates information asymmetries arising from adverse selection problems and agency conflicts. Finally, the relation between financial reporting quality and investment efficiency is stronger for firms with low quality information environments. Overall, this paper has implications for research examining the determinants of investment efficiency and the economic consequences of enhanced financial reporting.
Crop residue decomposition in no-tillage small-grain fields

wind erosion. Soil microenvironments are different in fields that have surface-crop residues than in tilled fields Conservation tillage fields provide different environments for biowith incorporated residues. Natural-resource simulation logical and chemical processes than tilled fields. Our understanding of decomposition does not adequately account for post-harvest residue models that address soil erosion, water quality, intedistributions or field environment variability. We hypothesized that grated pest management, nutrient management, and temperature and moisture could be used to normalize field environ- other issues need to consider the impacts of residues ments to optimal conditions that produce maximum decomposition on the agroecosystem and ecosystem impacts on residue rates; and biomass density could be normalized based on the fraction decomposition (Steiner, 1994). of initial biomass remaining over time. Four small grains were grown Much of our understanding of decomposition is based at Bushland, TX, to produce high-, medium-, and low-biomass densi- on controlled-environment studies, or field studies using ties in 36 field subplots using different seeding rate, fertilizer, and bagged residues or labeled isotopes. Mass loss over time irrigation on Pullman clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Torrertic Paleushas been reported for few studies in natural field distritoll). During decomposition, differential irrigation increased environbutions because of inherently high variability of such mental variability (13, 5, and 0 applications to sub-subplots). Ashfree crop residue biomass was measured seven times during 14 mo. data and the high labor requirement to collect and proClimate indices related field to optimal conditions, based on the daily cess residue samples. However, it is important that we minimum of air temperature and precipitation coefficients. First-order gain a better understanding of decomposition in realistic decomposition coefficients, k, were determined by plot, using the field environments. For example, Stott et al. (1990) recumulative climate index to represent time. Irrigation did not affect k ported that about 16 to 18% of total residue biomass was (P , 0.45), indicating that the moisture index accounted for irrigation in standing stubble, following harvest in decomposition effects; but crops had different coefficients (P , 0.062). Initial biomass studies at Pullman, WA; but the fraction of remaining density was inversely related to k (P , 0.008), indicating that climate- biomass increased to 85% after 49 wk during 1 yr, con
The Midwest Snow Storm of 8–11 December 1977

Abstract Conventional surface and upper-air aerological data are combined with radar and aircraft measurements to give a description of a major winter storm that deposited over 69 cm of new snow at Muskegon, Michigan, between 8 and 11 December 1977. It is shown that most of this snow occurred during four distinct episodes, three of which were related to air-water temperature contrasts as Arctic air flowed over the relatively warm surface of Lake Michigan. These four episodes have been identified as 1) pre-cold frontal, 2) post-cold frontal, 3) secondary trough, and 4) mesolow phases. During the pre-cold front phase heavy snow was associated with an advancing synoptic-scale trough. Little direct effect of the lakes was detected. Following passage of the cold front, strong northwesterly winds across Lake Michigan resulted in strong air-mass transformation with light steady snow along the downwind shoreline. The evidence suggests the presence of horizontal-roll convection as the dominant organizational mode ...
Countering Anti-Immigrant Discourses in the New Latino South: "Nos Mascan Pero No Nos Tragan".

The increased visibility of immigrant communities in the southeastern United States coupled with the economic recession has led to a proliferation of anti-immigrant policies and contributed to a climate which positions Latin@ immigrants and the Spanish language as foreign or threatening. In this article, we examine language ideologies related to Latin@ immigrants that are prevalent in rural communities in North Carolina. We explore which language ideologies circulate and how these are incorporated into coherent Discourses. Data for this qualitative study include 42 in-depth interviews with immigrant and nonimmigrant residents. Findings indicate tensions between the ideologies of English monolingualism as inherently American and individual self-determination, including language choice, as integral to Appalachian culture. Although current social policies seek to marginalize immigrant communities, many participants worked to dispel negative perceptions of immigrants, challenge dominant Discourses that circum...
Empirical Dynamic Stochastic Models for Firm Dividends

This paper develops a framework for the empirical analysis and quantitative modeling of firm dividends viewed as discrete stochastic processes. The framework, built around the concept of sojourn intervals - the length of time that dividends remain unchanged - is first used to identify a number of striking dynamic patterns in the dividend payouts of US corporations, some of which are linked to the length of time that the firm has been paying regular dividends. For example, while it is well known that stock splits tend to be followed by dividend increases, we find a similar tendency following dividend cuts. Furthermore, changes in dividend payouts are very poor predictors of such cuts, and their frequency is inversely related to the length of time the firm has been paying dividends. The paper then provides a class of empirical models of firm dividends, based on absorbing Markov chains with phase-type structure, that are consistent with dividend discreteness, and are also sufficiently flexible to address the dynamic patterns observed in the data. An appropriately calibrated empirical model is shown to perform quite well in matching sample moments, and in simulating actual sample paths. The calibration also suggests that the empirical transition matrix of firm dividends has properties that may be generally useful in developing accurate but tractable dynamic specifications for them.
Information processing in preschool children

Preschool children between the ages of 3 and 5 were asked to tell E whether the two figures on a stimulus card were “exactly the same, or different.” The stimulus cards were classified into seven levels of complexity, based upon the number of “bits each figure contained.” It was found that the 3, 4, and 5-yr. old Ss performed better than chance at successively higher levels of complexity.
In-Plane Crystallographic Texture of Bcc Metal thin films on Amorphous Substrates

We show that dramatically different in-plane crystallographic textures can be produced in body centered cubic (bcc) metal thin films deposited under different conditions. The orientation distribution of polycrystalline bcc thin films on amorphous substrates often has a strong (110) fiber texture, and an in-plane texture may develop when deposition takes place with an off-normal incidence flux of energetic ions or atoms. Three orientations in Nb films have been observed in which the energetic particle flux coincides with crystal channeling directions. In-plane orientations in Mo films have also been obtained in magnetron sputtering systems. The selected orientations are reviewed, and examples are given in which the in-plane orientation of Mo deposited in two similar magnetron sputtering systems differs by a 90° rotation. The origins of in-plane texture in rectangular magnetron sputtering systems are discussed.
Analysis of risk factors of childhood simple obesity and its relationship with plasma D-dimer

Objective To investigate the risk factors of children simple obesity and the association of plasma D-dimer and children simple obesity.Methods The height and body weight of 530 outpatients with simple obesity were measured and questionnaire survey was processed from January 2006 to December 2010.The plasma D-dimer was tested in 102 children of them.Meanwhile,120 healthy children were selected as control with matched gender,age and region.The plasma D-dimer was also measured.Results The birth weight and the mean parents BMI of obese children were significantly higher than those of control group(P 0.01).Compared with the control group,obese children daily exercised less time but spent more time on sleeping and watching TV(all P 0.01).Children obesity was diet related,and the percentage of family history of cardiovascular disease and the levels of D-dimer in obese children were significantly higher than those in control group(P 0.001).Conclusions Obesity in children is determined by genetic and environmental factors.The plasma D-dimer is related to children simple obesity.
The WKB Method, Path-Integrals, and Large Deviations

In Sects. 3.4 and 3.5 we highlighted a limitation of the diffusion approximation of jump Markov processes for large system size N, namely, that it can lead to exponentially large errors in solutions to FPT problems.
All-optical buffers for high-speed slotted TDM networks

In this presentation we will give an overview of the recent advances in fiber optic buffer design and describe how these buffers might be used in ultrafast TDM networks. In particular, we will describe buffers that rely on semiconductor optical laser amplifiers as the switching and timing elements. Recent experimental results will be described.
Highly Transparent Compositionally Graded Buffers for New Metamorphic Multijunction Solar Cell Designs

The development of compositionally graded buffer layers (CGBs) with enhanced transparency would enable novel five and six junction solar cells, with efficiencies approaching 50% under high concentration. We demonstrate highly transparent grades between the GaAs and InP lattice constants on both A- and B-miscut GaAs substrates, employing Al x Ga y In1- x - y As and highly Se-doped Burstein–Moss (BM) shifted Ga x In 1- x P. Transparency to >810 and >890 nm wavelengths is demonstrated with BM-shifted Ga x In1- x P on B-miscut substrates and Al x Ga y In1- x - y As/Ga x In1- x P(Se) combined grades on A-miscut substrates, respectively. 0.74 eV GaInAs solar cells grown on these transparent CGBs exhibit ${{W}}_{{\rm{OC}}}= {\text{0.41}}\, {\text{V}}$ at ${\text{15}}\ {\text{mA/ cm}}^{2}$ , performance comparable with the state-of-the-art Ga x In1- x P grade employed in the four-junction-inverted metamorphic multijunction (IMM) cell. A ${\text{GaAs/ 0.74 eV}}$ GaInAs tandem cell was grown with a transparent BM-shifted Ga x In1- x P CGB to verify the CGB performance in a multijunction device structure. Quantum efficiency measurements indicate that the CGB is completely transparent to photons below the GaAs bandedge, validating its use in 4–6 junction IMM devices with a single-graded buffer. This tandem represents a highly efficient two-junction band gap combination, achieving 29.6% ± 1.2% efficiency under the AM1.5 global spectrum, demonstrating how the additional transparency enables new device structures.