cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transmission X-Ray Microscopy of the Galvanostatic Growth of Lead Sulfate on Lead: Impact of Lignosulfonate

Abstract The galvanostatic growth of PbSO4 on Pb in H2SO4 was studied using scanning electron microscopy and in situ transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM). Images from the TXM are used to investigate the effects of sodium lignosulfonate on the PbSO4 formation and the initial growth of the PbSO4 crystals. Sodium lignosulfonate is shown to retard, on average, the growth of the PbSO4 crystals, yielding a film with smaller crystals and higher crystal densities. In addition, results from experiments with and without sodium lignosulfonate indicate an increase in the nucleation rate of the PbSO4 crystals when the oxidation current is applied, which was attributed to an increase in the supersaturation of the electrolyte. Furthermore, an analysis of the growth rates of individual, large crystals showed an initial rapid growth which declined as the PbSO4 surface coverage increased. It was concluded that the increase in PbSO4 provides additional sites for precipitation and reduces the precipitation rate on the existing crystals. Finally, the potential-time transient at the beginning of oxidation is suggested to result from the relaxation of a supersaturated solution and the development of a PbSO4 film with increasing resistance.
CFRX, a one-and-a-quarter-dimensional transport code for field-reversed configuration studies

Abstract A one-and-a-quarter-dimensional transport code, which includes radial as well as some two-dimensional effects for field-reversed configurations, is described. The set of transport equations is transformed to a set of new independent and dependent variables and is solved as a coupled initial-boundary value problem. The code simulation includes both the closed and open field regions. The axial effects incorporated include global axial force balance, axial losses in the open field region, and flux surface averaging over the closed field region. A typical example of the code results is also given.
Common Stocks And “Safety Of Principal”

WRITERS ON INVESTMENT theory and practice seem to be almost universally agreed on the fact that one of the crucial general tests of investment quality is "safety of principal." For instance, in their outstanding work on investment analysis, Graham and Dodd make "safety of principal" an essential element in their definition of an investment commitment; the proposition is advanced that unless a commitment to securities promises such safety it is not an investment but must be relegated to the rather dubious category of a "speculation."' In view of the importance thus attached to "safety of principal," it might be expected that something very precise and distinct would be implied by this incontestably desirable attribute. However, one finds that the usual discussion of the safety concept does not lead to sharply defined conclusions that may be applied to specific investment decisions. This is true to some extent in the treatment of fixed income securities, but there is an especial lack of distinct implications in the field of common stocks. In this article it is intended that attention will be concentrated on three major questions involved in the appraisal of common stocks relative to their safety elements. First, should a distinction be drawn between "safety of principal" and "recoverability of principal"? If there is such a distinction, what is the relationship between volatility of market price and safety? Second, is it always necessary to diversify commitments to common stocks in order to obtain even a modicum of safety? If so, why is it that a commitment to a single common stock does not have the "safety" essential to classify it as an investment? Third, should "safety of principal" be interpreted mainly in the light of dollar values or should greater specific emphasis be placed on so-called "real" values when this concept is discussed as a measure of investment quality? Some of these questions have been discussed by investment authorities under various topical headings, but to my knowledge they have never been specifically considered as a whole when the focus of attenton was on "safety of principal" as a general test of investment quality!
A System Transferability Questionnaire (STQ) Measuring Usability in a Multiple-Device System

The usability of a multiple device system largely depends on the ease of which users can transfer between using different devices. This paper is aimed at constructing a System Transferability Questionnaire (STQ) to effectively measure the subjective transferability of a multiple device system. Theoretical rationale and approach to develop the questionnaire were presented. A software usability study was conducted to test the STQ. Results showed that STQ helps to capture four factors regarding transferability, which are transfer experience (TE), overall experience (OE), consistency perception (CP) and functionality perception (FP). Users were more satisfied with OE (M=5.11 out of 7) and FP (M=5.20), as compared to TE (M=4.28) and CP (M=3.54), indicating redesign is necessary to improve the transferability of the two-software system.
Basic science offers a challenge for developing hemoglobin based oxygen carriers into therapeutic agents.

Abstract:Experimental data, obtained during the course of several years, are connected into a coherent picture, which may help research for the development of HBOCs as therapeutic agents. Oxygen affinity, scavenging of nitric oxide, and yield of production of hemoglobin based oxygen carriers were the areas under consideration.
TECHNOLOGY SUPPORTED COGNITIVE APPRENTICESHIP TRANSFORMS THE STUDENT TEACHING FIELD EXPERIENCE: IMPROVING THE STUDENT TEACHING FIELD EXPERIENCE FOR ALL TRIAD MEMBERS

Despite issues of fragmentation, isolation, and disconnection from the university associated with the student teaching field experience, the field experience plays a critical role in teacher education. In this article, the authors provide an overview of eSupervision, a technology-based innovation to improve the student teaching field experience by using cognitive apprenticeship as a framework for its design. They present findings from a pilot study that focused on the effectiveness of the cognitive apprenticeship and technology design elements. Using qualitative methods to analyze interviews of the participants, they found eSupervision functioned to support a cognitive apprenticeship through modeling, scaffolding learning, coaching, and providing opportunities for articulation and reflection within a community of learners. The authors conclude with suggestions for implementation and further research.
Production and properties of spin-coated cassava-starch-glycerol-beeswax films

Cassava-starch based polymer films containing glycerol as a plasticizer (1.0-2.5-5.0%, w/w) and different lipids as additives (paraffin, stearyl alcohol, and beeswax - 0.25-0.5-1.0%, w/w) were produced. Control films were produced by heating a mixture of glycerol, starch, and water, while treated films were produced by the addition of lipids/ ethanol solutions. The solutions were kept at around 70°C during amalgamation, and once congealed, were placed in a vacuum oven for 1 h at 90°C. The solutions were then spun on 7-inch diameter non-stick disks, allowed to dry, and conditioned at 23°C and 50% RH before testing. Cassava starch-glycerol-beeswax films were successfully produced with a stable film structure at glycerol concentration equal or below 5% (w/ w). Addition of glycerol and beeswax did not visually change the color of the films. Increasing glycerol content improved elongation while decreasing tensile strength. Increasing the glycerol concentration from 1.0 to 5.0% increased the water vapor permeability by 150% and addition of beeswax further increased these values by 250%.
Brain oedema in focal ischaemia: molecular pathophysiology and theoretical implications

Summary Focal cerebral ischaemia and post-ischaemic reperfusion cause cerebral capillary dysfunction, resulting in oedema formation and haemorrhagic conversion. There are substantial gaps in understanding the pathophysiology, especially regarding early molecular participants. Here, we review physiological and molecular mechanisms involved. We reaffirm the central role of Starling's principle, which states that oedema formation is determined by the driving force and the capillary "permeability pore". We emphasise that the movement of fluids is largely driven without new expenditure of energy by the ischaemic brain. We organise the progressive changes in osmotic and hydrostatic conductivity of abnormal capillaries into three phases: formation of ionic oedema, formation of vasogenic oedema, and catastrophic failure with haemorrhagic conversion. We suggest a new theory suggesting that ischaemia-induced capillary dysfunction can be attributed to de novo synthesis of a specific ensemble of proteins that determine osmotic and hydraulic conductivity in Starling's equation, and whose expression is driven by a distinct transcriptional program.
A case for source-level transformations in MATLAB

In this paper, we discuss various performance overheads in MATLAB codes and propose different program transformation strategies to overcome them. In particular, we demonstrate that high-level source-to-source transformations of MATLAB programs are effective in obtaining substantial performance gains regardless of whether programs are interpreted or later compiled into C or FORTRAN. We argue that automating such transformations provides a promising area of future research.
Electric Tuning of Ferromagnetic Resonances in Hexagonal-Barium-Ferrite/Barium-Strontium-Titanate Heterostructures

This letter reports the first demonstration of a monolithic heterostructure with a large electric tuning of the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) at millimeter-wave frequencies. The structure is composed of a barium-strontium-titanate (BST) film and two thin platinum electrodes, all grown on a barium ferrite slab with in-plane uniaxial anisotropy. The electric tuning of the FMR responses around 60 GHz was obtained for bias voltages across the BST layer in the 0-30 V range. The average tuning rate was 1.1 MHz/V. The highest incremental response was 2.1 MHz/V. These rates are significantly higher than the previously reported values for nonmonolithic structures.
Scientometrics 2.0: New metrics of scholarly impact on the social Web

The growing flood of scholarly literature is exposing the weaknesses of current, citation-based methods of evaluating and filtering articles. A novel and promising approach is to examine the use and citation of articles in a new forum: Web 2.0 services like social bookmarking and microblogging. Metrics based on this data could build a “Scientometics 2.0,” supporting richer and more timely pictures of articles' impact. This paper develops the most comprehensive list of these services to date, assessing the potential value and availability of data from each. We also suggest the next steps toward building and validating metrics drawn from the social Web.
I know who my friends are, but do you? Predictors of self-reported and peer-inferred relationships.

Using social network data, this study examines which features of social and spatial proximity predict self-reported, or “real,” and peer-reported, or “inferred,” relationships among 2,695 pairwise combinations of African American second- through fourth-grade students (aged 7–11). Relationships were more likely to exist, and more likely to be inferred to exist by peers, between pairs of children who were the same sex, sat near one another, shared a positive academic orientation, or shared athletic ability. Sex similarity had a dramatically larger effect on peers' inferences about relationships than on self-reported real relationships, suggesting that children overestimate the importance of gender in their inferences about relationships. Results were stable across different grade levels in middle childhood and for boys and girls.
Platelets in laminitis.

Abstract A review of the literature indicates that platelets likely play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of laminitis. This paper describes the key platelet events and mediators which contribute to breakdown of the laminae, particularly in cases secondary to endotoxemia. Identifying these targets at the cellular and subcellular level, and understanding the course of events ending in structural failure, will hopefully allow veterinarians to intervene with more specific, comprehensive laminitis prophylaxis in future.
Cross-flow microfiltration with high-frequency reverse filtration

A primary method of reducing membrane fouling during cross-flow microfiltration is periodic reverse filtration. This in situ method of cleaning the membrane forces clear fluid in the reverse direction through the membrane and readjusts the particle or solute accumulation on the retentate side of the membrane. This work focuses on the design of a high-frequency, reverse-filtration strategy to maximize the flux for washed yeast suspensions through 0.2- μm cellulose acetate flat sheet membranes. Several experiments were conducted with reverse-filtration times ranging from 0.5–4 s and forward-filtration times ranging from 1–40 s. For every back-filtration time, there exists an optimum forward-filtration time that gives the maximum global average flux. The optimum average flux increases with decreasing back filtration times and feed concentrations, but shows little dependence on cross-flow velocity and reverse filtration transmembrane pressure. The optimum flux with rapid backflushing is 20 to 30 times higher than the long-term flux in the absence of backflushing. A theory presented assumes that cake formation during forward filtration follows dead-end filtration theory and the cake is instantly removed during reverse filtration. The measured average flux per cycle follows the trends predicted by the theory, but the measured values exceed the predictions, presumably due to brief delays in cake removal and cake formation at the start of reverse and forward filtration, respectively, during each cycle.
Identification and characterization of aquaporin-2 water channel mutations causing nephrogenic diabetes insipidus with partial vasopressin response

Congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is a rare disease caused most often by mutations in the vasopressin V2 receptor (AVPR2). We studied a family which included a female patient with NDI with symptoms dating from infancy. The patient responded to large doses of desmopressin (dDAVP) which decreased urine volume from 10 to 4 l/day. Neither the parents nor the three sisters were polyuric. The patient was found to be a compound heterozygote for two novel recessive point mutations in the aquaporin-2 (AQP2) gene: L22V in exon 1 and C181W in exon 3. Residue Cys181 in AQP2 is the site for inhibition of water permeation by mercurial compounds and is located near to the NPA motif conserved in all aquaporins. Osmotic water permeability (Pf) in Xenopus oocytes injected with cRNA encoding C181W-AQP2 was not increased over water control, while expression of L22V cRNA increased the Pf to ~60% of that for wildtype AQP2. Co-injection of the mutant cRNAs with the wild-type cRNA did not affect the function of the wildtype AQP2. Immunolocalization of AQP2-transfected CHO cells showed that the C181W mutant had an endoplasmic reticulum-like intracellular distribution, whereas L22V and wild-type AQP2 showed endosome and plasma membrane staining. Water permeability assays showed a high Pf in cells expressing wild-type and L22V AQP2. This study indicates that AQP2 mutations can confer partially responsive NDI.
Comparison of in vivo contact positions for PS and PCR TKA implants using Lowest Point and full-contact techniques

Evaluation of in vivo tibiofemoral contact following total knee arthroplasty provides valuable feedback to clinicians and researchers. The objective of the present study was to evaluate in vivo contact positions using a combination of fluoroscopy and Finite Element (FE) modelling. Center-of-Pressure (COP) contact locations from FE models were compared to Lowest Point (LP) results. Six P.F.C ® Sigma Posterior Stabilised (PS) and 6 P.F.C ® Sigma Posterior Cruciate Retraining (PCR) implants were analysed during weight-bearing knee flexion from 0° to 90°. Statistically significant differences were observed between the means of anterior-posterior contact position from the LP and COP methods ( α = 0.05).
Preventive Intervention Following Accidental Death of a Child

This paper describes the development and pilot testing of an empirically and theoretically based preventive intervention program for bereaved parents whose adolescent and young adult children died suddenly following an accident. The parents were assigned to either an early (2-6 months postloss) or a later (7-13 months postloss) transition group (N = 15) in which they received two-dimensional preventive intervention: informational support and emotional support. A comparison group (N = 19) received no intervention. Weekly and summative evaluations completed by bereaved parents and group leaders showed the therapeutic benefits of the preventive intervention for both treated groups. However, the two groups responded differently to the interventions, suggesting that timing and type of support might both be important factors to consider.
Multidimensional femtosecond correlation spectroscopies of electronic and vibrational excitons

Femtosecond visible and infrared analogues of multiple-pulse nuclear magnetic resonance techniques provide novel snapshot probes into the structure and electronic and vibrational dynamics of complex molecular assemblies such as photosynthetic antennae, proteins, and hydrogen-bonded liquids. A classical-oscillator description of these spectroscopies in terms of interacting quasiparticles (rather than transitions among global eigenstates) is developed and sets the stage for designing new pulse sequences and inverting the multidimensional signals to yield molecular structures. Considerable computational advantages and a clear physical insight into the origin of the response and the relevant coherence sizes are provided by a real-space analysis of the underlying coherence-transfer pathways in Liouville space.
Electronic states of PBr2 and PBr2

Abstract Spectroscopic constants of nine electronic states of PBr 2 and three states of PBr 2 + have been determined by applying the complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) followed by multi-reference singles and doubles configuration interaction (MRSDCI) methods that included up to 1.2 million configurations. On the basis of our computed properties, we reassign the broad and structureless emission spectra of PBr 2 to the A 2 B 2 (I)-X 2 B 1 transition. The BrPBr dissociation energy and the D e of the diatomic PBr have been calculated.
Heterogeneity in Multidimensional Health Trajectories of Late Old Years and Socioeconomic Stratification: A Latent Trajectory Class Analysis

Objectives. This study examines (a) the heterogeneity in individual multidimensional health trajectories and (b) the socioeconomic stratification of individual multidimensional health trajectories during the late older years. Method. This study used prospective data from 1,945 adults, 75 to 85 years old, collected over an 8-year period from the Health and Retirement Study. To examine inconsistent findings in the research literature, a latent trajectory class analysis was performed. Results. Multidimensional overall health trajectories showed three heterogeneous latent classes (maintaining, persistently high, and deteriorating), and profiles of ascribed and achieved socioeconomic characteristics of multidimensional health trajectory classes showed a significant social and racial/ethnic stratification in late older years. Discussion. Past adverse socioeconomic circumstances, including childhood and adulthood adversity, are potential sources of unobserved heterogeneity of multidimensional health trajectories even in late older years. The identification of members of latent trajectory health classes and the associated antecedents linked to health class membership are consistent with a life-course conceptual framework. Thus, multidimensional health capturing the full range of health problems needs to be investigated for proper examination of socioeconomic correlates of health. This facilitates the understanding of the associations between life-course experiences and health in late old age that ultimately have implications for prevention and intervention.
Color scene matching

The paper describes a graph theoretic method for recognizing the color images of natural scenes. Images are represented by an adjacency graph description and the scenes are modeled by means of 3D to 2D constraints and adjacency relations. The relational distance measure is used for matching the relational graphs of the scenes and the respective images. Experiments are conducted on 193/spl times/232 imperfect color images of outdoor scenes involving complex shaped objects and irregular textures. Matching results are presented for one image processed by the method. >
Stochastic models for mission effectiveness

A stochastic model of mission effectiveness for a system which is required to perform a random number of tasks during its mission is developed. Mission effectiveness is defined as a combined measure of availability and reliability at each task-arrival time. An analytic model is derived under a general set of assumptions. Other models are outlined to show the wide applicability of this model for mission effectiveness. >
Sexually dimorphic growth in the dioecious tropical shrub, Siparuna grandiflora

1. To demonstrate evolved sex-based differences in vegetative traits of dioecious plant species, one must consider both pre-reproductive and reproductive individuals, as dimorphic patterns commonly arise secondarily from different effects of reproduction on resource balance. 2.Siparuna grandiflora, a neotropical dioecious shrub in which females allocate significantly more biomass to reproduction than males, was studied for 2 years (three reproductive events) to determine whether sex-based differences in stem growth, leaf production and allocation pattern could be detected in pre-reproductive individuals grown from cuttings in field plots or in mature naturally occurring individuals. 3. Among pre-reproductive individuals, females accumulated more stem and leaves than males, but among mature individuals, no sex-based growth differences were apparent. In mature individuals, both growth and leaf longevity were positively correlated with reproductive frequency. With regards allocation, pre-reproductive males had larger leaves than females, and mature females allocated less biomass per unit stem length than males. 4. The capacity of pre-reproductive females to grow faster than males demonstrates innate differences between the sexes. That mature females achieved equivalent growth to males, despite higher reproductive allocation, indicates that the greater growth capacity of young females is sustained in older females and enables them to compensate for greater reproductive allocation.
Leadership and Competition in Network Supply Chains

This paper considers network supply chains with price dependent demand by modelling them as large acyclic networks. Such large networks are common in the automobile and apparel industries. We develop a model to analyze the effect of these large-scale problems involving long sequences of contracts, and show that contract leadership, as well as leader position in the network, affect the performance of the entire supply chain. We generalize Spengler (Spengler, J. 1950. Vertical integration and anti-trust policy. J. Political Econom.58 347--352) to a game on a “contract tree” for a particular supply chain and extend the concept of double marginalization so that it can be applied in the form of a transformation to each contract that is offered by one member to another in the “contract tree.” We construct an algorithm to find the equilibrium solution, and derive the optimal location of the leader (“optimal” being the leader location that maximizes total supply chain profits). Our work formalizes many intuitive insights; for example, member profits are determined by systemwide rather than individual costs. Finally, we model Cournot competition between competing supply chains (both two heterogeneous trees and multiple identical trees) and show the effect of changes in leader position as well as cost structure on the equilibrium.
The Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade. Britain, Brazil and the Slave Trade Question, 1807-1869

Preface Maps Abbreviations 1. First steps towards abolition, 1807-1822 2. Independence and abolition, 1822-1826 3. Brazil and the slave trade, 1827-1839 4. Treaty negotiations, 1830-1839 5. The British navy and the mixed commissions, 1830-1839 6. The extension of Britain's powers, 1839 7. Britain and the slave trade, 1839-1845 8. Slave trade, slavery and sugar duties, 1839-1844 9. Lord Aberdeen's Act of 1845 10. The Aftermath of the Aberdeen Act 11. Changing attitudes and plans of action, 1845-1850 12. Crisis and final abolition, 1850-1851 13. The aftermath of abolition Appendix Bibliography Index.
Strategic Decision Support For Information Protection: A Facilitation Framework For Small And Medium Enterprises

Information security seriously concerns Corporate America but the soaring cost on protecting information assets raises equal concerns. These concerns appear to be more threatening to the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) as the percentage of their IT budgets spent on information security protection sharply surpasses those percentages budgeted by large enterprises. In light of these concerns, we propose an integrated and attainable framework that could heuristically promote strategic decision thinking on protecting information assets for the SMEs. In comparison to other approaches that aim at reaching an optimal decision through complex mathematical models, our framework requires no such computations. The goal of our approach is to help a SME reach such decisions with a framework that takes business, technological and managerial issues into account. The proposed framework fosters strategic thinking of security issues with simple and practical steps to achieve a balanced, consistent, and efficient protection with total involvement from all stakeholders of the information assets that need to be protected.
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System Implementation: Promise and Problems

The experiences of the two businesses presented here correlate well with the success factors iden-tified in the literature related to implementation of enterprise resource planning systems. The im-portance of successful ERP system planning and deployment becomes evident when con-sideration is given to the resources companies devote to these projects and the advantages promised and often realized as a result of business process improvement through ERP. As enterprise resource planning continues to evolve, its importance seems likely to grow. This evolution will allow ERP to expand to serve smaller and smaller businesses and businesses with more specialized enterprise resource planning needs. To truly serve these institutions, ERP deployments must become more reliable through the further refinement of success factor analysis.
The Business of Battlefield

This case places students in the context of the video game industry, and a competition between the best-selling video game in history (the Call of Duty series) and Electronic Arts’/DICE’s directly competing product, the Battlefield series. The case enables instructors to help students better understand the business side of a segment of the entertainment industry of which many of our students participate. In the context of a parent and subsidiary organization in the video game industry, the case is intended to better familiarize students with the riskiness and complexities of the video game industry and to help students better understand transfer pricing and “what-if” analysis in the context of the video game industry. Topics that can be discussed in detail or in brief include: transfer pricing, what-if analysis, ROI calculations, product line evaluation, and consolidated financial statements (analysis of parent/subsidiary results). The ultimate decision in the case involves the evaluation of an investment (the purchase of a business).
Effects of Linoleic Acid Hydroperoxide on the Hepatic Monooxygenase Systems of Microsomes from Untreated, Phenobarbital-Treated, and 3-Methylcholanthrene-Treated Rats

Increasing concentrations of linoleic acid hydroperoxide (10-250 µM) destroyed increasing amounts of P-450 hemoprotein in hepatic microsomes from untreated, phenobarbital-treated, and 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats. Loss of P-450 hemoprotein in microsomes from untreated and phenobarbital-treated rats was biphasic; 50% was destroyed at low concentrations of linoleic acid hydroperoxide (50 µM or less), and only about half the remainder was destroyed at relatively high concentrations (150 µM or more). The labile population of P-450 hemoprotein was designated P-450(ll), and the stable, P-450(ls). The loss of P-450 hemoprotein in microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats was not biphasic, and most of the hemoprotein was in the stable form. Almost all of the monooxygenase activity (ethylmorphine N -demethylase, aniline hydroxylase) and type I binding (hexobarbital) was associated with P-45O(ll). Microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activities and cytochrome b 5 levels were not affected by linoleic acid hydroperoxide until high concentrations were reached (150 µM or more). NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity was similarly unaffected by linoleic acid hydroperoxide in microsomes from untreated rats, was slightly elevated in microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats, and was greatly elevated in microsomes from phenobarbital-treated rats. NADPH oxidase activity was unaffected by linoleic acid hydroperoxide in microsomes from untreated and 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats, but was decreased slightly in microsomes from phenobarbital-treated animals. These results led to the conclusion that P-450(ll) functions in the oxidation of exogenous substrates, that P-450(ls) functions in the oxidation of endogenous substrates, and that the two functions are essentially independent of each other.
Marketing Management Concepts Yesterday and Today

In this historical note we find a direct application of Frederick W. Taylor's scientific management concepts to early sales management, scientific marketing management, and modem marketing manageme...
DISTRIBUTION OF FORAMINIFERA IN PUGET SOUND, WESTERN WASHINGTON, U.S.A.

Puget Sound, the southern portion of the Salish Sea, has been intensely studied for its macrofauna, but lacks a comprehensive study of its benthic foraminifera. The Sound is a fjord-like lowland consisting of numerous smaller estuaries. Much of it has been heavily impacted by anthropogenic activities, and two locations have been designated as federal Superfund sites. The purpose of this investigation was to survey the benthic foraminifera present in Puget Sound and relate their distribution to environmental parameters. The 64 grab samples used were provided by the Washington Department of Ecology through their annual Puget Sound Ambient Monitoring Program and span the years 1997–2010. The investigation recorded 46 species of benthic foraminifera, with four species dominating the assemblages: Eggerella advena (Cushman), Elphidiella hannai (Cushman and Grant), Elphidium excavatum (Terquem), and Bucella frigida (Cushman). Agglutinated taxa were dominant in the northern Sound and parts of the southern Sound, but nearly absent in samples from the central Sound. Density and diversity indices were extremely variable throughout the Sound, even in samples taken from the same site over a number of years. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that no single environmental parameter analyzed was responsible for the distribution of foraminifera. Cluster analysis yielded four main groups dominated by the four taxa listed above. These clusters were heterogeneous in their distribution, with samples from the same sample site grouped in different clusters in different years. The extreme heterogeneity of the results indicates the need for a series of smaller-scale investigations focusing on individual embayments to better understand the foraminiferal distributions and to develop a foraminiferal monitoring tool unique to Puget Sound.
Interorganizational Relationships: A Source of Innovation in Nonprofit Organizations?

Forming Interorganizational Relationships (IORs) has become a popular alternative approach among nonprofit organizations to developing competitive advantage and increasing innovative capacity. This...
Synthesis of Diacetyl With Electrochemical Method

Diacetyl was synthesized from acetylmethylcarbinol in the electrolytic cell with KI as catalyst.Effect of temperature,pH,current intensity on the reaction was discussed.The results show that the best reaction conditions are as follows:at low temperature,pH neutral,current intensity 0.05 A.
Obesity-associated cancer risk: the role of intestinal microbiota in the etiology of the host proinflammatory state

Obesity increases the risks of many cancers. One important mechanism behind this association is the obesity-associated proinflammatory state. Although the composition of the intestinal microbiome undoubtedly can contribute to the proinflammatory state, perhaps the most important aspect of host–microbiome interactions is host exposure to components of intestinal bacteria that stimulate inflammatory reactions. Systemic exposures to intestinal bacteria can be modulated by dietary factors through altering both the composition of the intestinal microbiota and the absorption of bacterial products from the intestinal lumen. In particular, high-fat and high-energy diets have been shown to facilitate absorption of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from intestinal bacteria. Biomarkers of bacterial exposures that have been measured in blood include LPS-binding protein, sCD14, fatty acids characteristic of intestinal bacteria, and immunoglobulins specific for bacterial LPS and flagellin. The optimal strategies to reduce these proinflammatory exposures, whether by altering diet composition, avoiding a positive energy balance, or reducing adipose stores, likely differ in each individual. Biomarkers that assess systemic bacterial exposures therefore should be useful to (1) optimize and personalize preventive approaches for individuals and groups with specific characteristics and to (2) gain insight into the possible mechanisms involved with different preventive approaches.
QTL mapping of parthenocarpic fruit set in North American processing cucumber.

Through a novel phenotyping method, four QTLs were consistently associated with increased parthenocarpic fruit set in North American processing cucumber that accounted for over 75 % of observed phenotypic variation. Parthenocarpy is a desirable trait with potential for increasing yield and quality in processing cucumber production. Although many successful parthenocarpic fresh market cucumber varieties have been developed, the genetic and molecular mechanisms behind parthenocarpic expression in cucumber remain largely unknown. Since parthenocarpy is an important yield component, it is difficult to separate the true parthenocarpic character from other yield related traits. In the present study, we developed a novel phenotypic approach for parthenocarpic fruit set focusing on early fruit development. Two hundred and five F3 families derived from a cross between the highly parthenocarpic line 2A and low parthenocarpic line Gy8 were phenotypically evaluated in three greenhouse experiments. Seven QTLs associated with parthenocarpic fruit set were detected. Among them, one each on chromosomes 5 and 7 (parth5.1 and parth7.1) and two on chromosome 6 (parth6.1 and parth6.2) were consistently identified in all experiments, but their relative contribution to the total phenotypic variation was dependent on plant growth stages. While each of the four QTLs had almost equal contribution to the expression of the trait at commercial harvest stage, parth7.1 played an important role in early parthenocarpic fruit set. The results suggested that parthenocarpic fruit set can be accurately evaluated with as few as 20 nodes of growth. The QTLs identified in this study for parthenocarpic fruit set are a valuable resource for cucumber breeders interested in developing parthenocarpic cultivars and to researchers interested in the genetic and molecular mechanisms of parthenocarpic fruit set.
Surface coating and matrix effect on the electrophoretic mobility of gold nanoparticles: a capillary electrophoresis-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry study

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is considered as a versatile technique in the size-based separation and speciation of nanomaterials. The electrophoretic mobility is determined by charge and size of an analyte which are affected by the surface composition of nanomaterials. Size-dependent differential electrophoretic mobility is used as a mechanism for size-based separation of nanoparticles. Understanding the effect of surface chemistry on the electrophoretic mobility of nanomaterials in CE is critical in obtaining accurate results in retention-based size calculation. A suite of gold nanoparticles (NPs) varied in sizes with different coatings, including citric acid (CA), lipoic acid (LA), tannic acid (TA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyethylene glycol (PEG), branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI), and bovine serum albumin (BSA), were selected to evaluate their impact to the migration pattern of gold NPs. Additionally, surface-coated gold NPs dispersed in Suwannee River humic acid (SRHA) solution and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were used to investigate the matrix effect. It was found that the correlation between NP size and relative electrophoretic mobility is highly dependent on the capping agents. The matrix component in the SRHA solution only exhibited limited influence to the migration of NPs while electrophoretic behaviors were drastically altered in the presence of FBS matrix.
Discordance between the 1st and 2nd Low Molecular Weight Heparin Standards. Implications for Dosing.

Soon after the introduction of low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) as antithrombotic agents, a LMWH standard to cross-reference the potency of commercially available LMWHs was developed. For the past 15 years, this standard has been used by manufacturers to cross-reference their branded LMWHs. The 1 st LMWH standard (85/600) was produced by nitrous acid digestion of porcine mucosal heparin. This standard had characteristics that were comparable to dalteparin. Because of the widespread use of the first standard, the supplies are now depleted necessitating the introduction of new standard material. The WHO has introduced a 2nd LMWH standard which is also produced by nitrous acid digestion and which mimics the commercially available LMWH reviparin. The molecular weight profile and the biologic activities, including SERPIN affinity, of these two standards are very distinct. When used to cross-reference commercially available LMWHs such as enoxaparin, the new standard consistently overestimates the anti-Xa potency by 5–10% in comparison to the first standard. Such an overestimation may lead to a reduction in dosage and have a significant impact on the clinical dosing of LMWH in various indications. As many generic versions of LMWHs are currently being introduced, a systematic study was carried out to cross-reference three commercially available generic products from India and South America against the first and second LMWH standards using amidolytic anti-Xa and anti-IIa assays. Differences were observed in the slopes of the concentration-response curves for these standards in both the anti-Xa and anti-IIa assays. The potencies of the generic LMWHs ranged from 141 to 152 U/mg in relation to the first standard and from 132 to 143 U/mg in relation to the second standard. On average, the anti-Xa potency was 6.5% lower when calculated with the 2nd standard. The differences in anti-IIa potency were further amplified and exhibited wider variation. On average, the anti-IIa potency was 18.9% lower when calculated with the 2 nd standard. These studies clearly demonstrate that the limitations in the use of the first and second LMWH standards for cross-referencing commercially available LMWHs and their potential generic versions. If the 2nd standard is used, it should first be cross-referenced against the first standard in order to properly assign the anti-Xa and anti-IIa activities. This study also underscores the need for developing individual standards for each of the branded products. Such standards should be defined in terms of not only anti-Xa and anti-IIa activity, but also in terms of anticoagulant activity in global clotting assays such as the USP assay, activated clotting time (ACT), aPTT and Heptest. Such designations will be particularly useful in evaluating the potential equivalence of generic versions of branded LMWHs.
In Vivo Metabolism of Oligodendroglial Lipids

A basic assumption for studies of in vivo lipid metabolism in oligodendroglial cells is that the metabolism of lipids in myelin reflects the activity of these glial cells. This is not a trivial assumption. The cytoplasmic connection between the oligodendroglial cell perikaryon and myelin can be visualized in the developing CNS (Bunge, 1968). However, “connections between these elements have never been demonstrated in a normal adult animal, unlike the PNS counterpart, the Schwann cell” (Raine, 1981). Nevertheless, it is generally assumed that metabolism of the mature myelin sheath (which, as will be documented below, is reasonably vigorous) requires extensive contact with elements of the oligodendroglial-cell perikaryon through cytoplasmic channels. These connections may not be easy to visualize; due to their tortuous courses, it is unlikely that a thin section prepared for electron microscopy will include the complete channel (see Chapter 1 for further discussion).
Kinobead and Single-Shot LC-MS Profiling Identifies Selective PKD Inhibitors

ATP-competitive protein kinase inhibitors are important research tools and therapeutic agents. Because there are >500 human kinases that contain highly conserved active sites, the development of selective inhibitors is extremely challenging. Methods to rapidly and efficiently profile kinase inhibitor targets in cell lysates are urgently needed to discover selective compounds and to elucidate the mechanisms of action for polypharmacological inhibitors. Here, we describe a protocol for microgram-scale chemoproteomic profiling of ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors using kinobeads. We employed a gel-free in situ digestion protocol coupled to nanoflow liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry to profile ∼200 kinases in single analytical runs using as little as 5 μL of kinobeads and 300 μg of protein. With our kinobead reagents, we obtained broad coverage of the kinome, monitoring the relative expression levels of 312 kinases in a diverse panel of 11 cancer cell lines. Further, we profiled a set of pyrrolopyrimidi...
What is the economic evidence for mHealth? A systematic review of economic evaluations of mHealth solutions

Background Mobile health (mHealth) is often reputed to be cost-effective or cost-saving. Despite optimism, the strength of the evidence supporting this assertion has been limited. In this systematic review the body of evidence related to economic evaluations of mHealth interventions is assessed and summarized. Methods Seven electronic bibliographic databases, grey literature, and relevant references were searched. Eligibility criteria included original articles, comparison of costs and consequences of interventions (one categorized as a primary mHealth intervention or mHealth intervention as a component of other interventions), health and economic outcomes and published in English. Full economic evaluations were appraised using the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) checklist and The PRISMA guidelines were followed. Results Searches identified 5902 results, of which 318 were examined at full text, and 39 were included in this review. The 39 studies spanned 19 countries, most of which were conducted in upper and upper-middle income countries (34, 87.2%). Primary mHealth interventions (35, 89.7%), behavior change communication type interventions (e.g., improve attendance rates, medication adherence) (27, 69.2%), and short messaging system (SMS) as the mHealth function (e.g., used to send reminders, information, provide support, conduct surveys or collect data) (22, 56.4%) were most frequent; the most frequent disease or condition focuses were outpatient clinic attendance, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. The average percent of CHEERS checklist items reported was 79.6% (range 47.62–100, STD 14.18) and the top quartile reported 91.3–100%. In 29 studies (74.3%), researchers reported that the mHealth intervention was cost-effective, economically beneficial, or cost saving at base case. Conclusions Findings highlight a growing body of economic evidence for mHealth interventions. Although all studies included a comparison of intervention effectiveness of a health-related outcome and reported economic data, many did not report all recommended economic outcome items and were lacking in comprehensive analysis. The identified economic evaluations varied by disease or condition focus, economic outcome measurements, perspectives, and were distributed unevenly geographically, limiting formal meta-analysis. Further research is needed in low and low-middle income countries and to understand the impact of different mHealth types. Following established economic reporting guidelines will improve this body of research.
Sleep, Recovery, and Performance in Sports

Poor sleep can lead to decreases in performance and recovery for athletes. Sleep disorders and symptoms are commonly seen in athletes, and may be unrecognized. It is important to educate athletes on adequate duration, quality, and timing of sleep. Interventions may include changes to practice times or careful planning for travel to games in different time zones. It is important to screen and treat sleep disorders such as sleep apnea and insomnia that are seen in some athletes. In patients who suffer concussion, it is important to address sleep issues, as poor sleep can prolong or exacerbate other concussion symptoms.
Synthesis and Spectroscopy of Silver-Doped PbSe Quantum Dots.

Electronic impurity doping of bulk semiconductors is an essential component of semiconductor science and technology. Yet there are only a handful of studies demonstrating control of electronic impurities in semiconductor nanocrystals. Here, we studied electronic impurity doping of colloidal PbSe quantum dots (QDs) using a postsynthetic cation exchange reaction in which Pb is exchanged for Ag. We found that varying the concentration of dopants exposed to the as-synthesized PbSe QDs controls the extent of exchange. The electronic impurity doped QDs exhibit the fundamental spectroscopic signatures associated with injecting a free charge carrier into a QD under equilibrium conditions, including a bleach of the first exciton transition and the appearance of a quantum-confined, low-energy intraband absorption feature. Photoelectron spectroscopy confirms that Ag acts as a p-type dopant for PbSe QDs and infrared spectroscopy is consistent with k·p calculations of the size-dependent intraband transition energy. We...
Increased Aversion Thresholds in Rats as a Function of Aspirin and Meprobamate Administration

Aversion thresholds for electric shock in Wistar rats were determined by presenting variable shock to one side of a two-compartment experimental chamber, and no shock to the other side. Animals treated with meprobamate (50 and 100 mg./kg., i.p.), or aspirin (125 and 250 mg./kg., p.o.) spent more time on the shock side of the chamber than did animals treated with carboxy methylcellulose placebo. These results were interpreted as indicative of an analgesic effect of meprobamate, as well as aspirin. No differences were found in motor activity as a function of drug and placebo administration.