cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Event Analysis Based on Multiple Interactive Motion Trajectories

Motion information is regarded as one of the most important cues for developing semantics in video data. Yet it is extremely challenging to build semantics of video clips particularly when it involves interactive motion of multiple objects. Most of the existing research has focused on capturing and modelling the motion of each object individually thus loosing interaction information. Such approaches yield low precision-recall ratios and limited indexing and retrieval performances. This paper presents a novel framework for compact representation of multi-object motion trajectories. Three efficient multi-trajectory indexing and retrieval algorithms based on multilinear algebraic representations are proposed. These include: (i) geometrical multiple-trajectory indexing and retrieval (GMIR), (ii) unfolded multiple-trajectory indexing and retrieval (UMIR), and (iii) concentrated multiple-trajectory indexing and retrieval (CMIR). The proposed tensor-based representations not only remarkably reduce the dimensionality of the indexing space but also enable the realization of fast retrieval systems. The proposed representations and algorithms can be robustly applied to both full and partial (segmented) multiple motion trajectories with varying number of objects, trajectory lengths, and sampling rates. The proposed algorithms have been implemented and evaluated using real video datasets. Simulation results demonstrate that the CMIR algorithm provides superior precision-recall metrics, and smaller query processing time compared to the other approaches.
Sensitivity of Si-based zero-bias backward diodes for microwave detection

Silicon-based backward diodes incorporating delta-doped active regions for direct detection of microwave radiation with zero external DC bias have been demonstrated at room temperature and characterised for their sensitivity. The resulting backward diodes, which were grown by low temperature molecular beam epitaxy, show a high zero-bias curvature coefficient (gamma) of 23.2 V -1 with a junction resistance (R j ) of 687 kOmega for a 5 mum diameter mesa diode. The microwave-frequency voltage sensitivity is reported for the first time; a measured sensitivity of 2376 V/W is obtained at zero-bias when driven from a 50 Omega source. An intrinsic 3 dB cutoff frequency of 1.8 GHz (5 mum diameter) was determined based on an extracted series resistance of 290 Omega and a junction capacitance of 0.307 pF using a small-signal model established to fit the measured S-parameters
The Epstein-Barr Virus LF2 Protein Inhibits Viral Replication

The switch from Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent infection to lytic replication is governed by two transcriptional regulators, Zta and Rta. We previously reported that the EBV protein encoded by the LF2 gene binds to Rta and can inhibit Rta activity in reporter gene assays. We now report that LF2 associates with Rta in the context of EBV-infected cells induced for lytic replication. LF2 inhibition of Rta occurs in both epithelial and B cells, and this downregulation is promoter specific: LF2 decreases Rta activation of the BALF2, BMLF1, and BMRF1 promoters by 60 to 90% but does not significantly decrease Rta activation of its own promoter (Rp). LF2 decreases Rta activation by at least two mechanisms: decreased DNA binding and interference with transcriptional activation by the Rta acidic activation domain. Coexpression of LF2 also specifically induces modification of Rta by the small ubiquitin-like modifiers SUMO2 and SUMO3. We further demonstrate that LF2 overexpression blocks lytic activation in EBV-infected cells induced with Rta or Zta. Our results demonstrate that LF2, a gene deleted from the EBV reference strain B95-8, encodes a potent inhibitor of EBV replication, and they suggest that future studies of EBV replication need to account for the potential effects of LF2 on Rta activity.
Answering the Questions of Whether and When Learning Occurs: Using Discrete-Time Survival Analysis to Investigate the Ways in Which College Chemistry Students’ Ideas About Structure–Property Relationships Evolve

Longitudinal studies can provide significant insights into how students develop competence in a topic or subject area over time. However, there are many barriers, such as retention of students in the study and the complexity of data analysis, that make these studies rare. Here, we present how a statistical framework, discrete-time survival analysis, can help overcome these barriers to longitudinal assessment studies using data from our research on students’ understanding of structure–property relationships in chemistry. In the study presented, we administered the Implicit Information from Lewis Structures Instrument (IILSI)—an instrument designed to elicit from students what information can be predicted using a Lewis structure—to three cohorts of students at five time points over a two-year period, throughout their general chemistry and organic chemistry courses, to determine the ways in which student ideas about structure–property relationships evolved. Using survival analysis, we were able to identify both whether and when learning occurred over the two-year period. The single model also allowed us to construct trajectories to determine the ways in which students developed the ideas that underlie structure–property relationships in chemistry.
Treble clef finger—a functionally diverse zinc-binding structural motif

Detection of similarity is particularly difficult for small proteins and thus connections between many of them remain unnoticed. Structure and sequence analysis of several metal-binding proteins reveals unexpected similarities in structural domains classified as different protein folds in SCOP and suggests unification of seven folds that belong to two protein classes. The common motif, termed treble clef finger in this study, forms the protein structural core and is 25–45 residues long. The treble clef motif is assembled around the central zinc ion and consists of a zinc knuckle, loop, β-hairpin and an α-helix. The knuckle and the first turn of the helix each incorporate two zinc ligands. Treble clef domains constitute the core of many structures such as ribosomal proteins L24E and S14, RING fingers, protein kinase cysteine-rich domains, nuclear receptor-like fingers, LIM domains, phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate-binding domains and His-Me finger endonucleases. The treble clef finger is a uniquely versatile motif adaptable for various functions. This small domain with a 25 residue structural core can accommodate eight different metal-binding sites and can have many types of functions from binding of nucleic acids, proteins and small molecules, to catalysis of phosphodiester bond hydrolysis. Treble clef motifs are frequently incorporated in larger structures or occur in doublets. Present analysis suggests that the treble clef motif defines a distinct structural fold found in proteins with diverse functional properties and forms one of the major zinc finger groups.
Evaluation of Two Systems for Managing Emergency Poultry Diseases in Intensive Poultry Production Regions

This paper provides an overview of two systems used for the management of infectious disease within the poultry industry on the Delmarva Peninsula. The first system is a paper-based Grid system that was developed in the 1970's. This system divides the peninsula into a total of 3420 unique locations, each covering approximately 5 square miles. The second system is a Geographic Information System (GIS) database that is currently under construction. Each system is critiqued with respect to several of the criteria established by Klaucke et al. (1998) for the evaluation of a surveillance system: simplicity, flexibility, acceptability, representativeness and timeliness. In addition, the objectives of a disease management system in an intensive poultry production area are discussed. A grid-based system is most appropriately used in situations involving a small, easily managed population or geographic location, especially when funding and geographic resources are limited. When multiple diseases or large geographic areas are the focus of a surveillance and monitoring system, or when several different risk factors are to be examined and funding and adequate resources are available, the use of a GIS-based system provides additional flexibility. The database management component of GIS allows for rapid updating of demographic and disease information, and the linkage of the database component with the spatial coordinates of a GIS provides the ability to examine the effects of several risk factors at the same time.
Gait retraining to reduce lower extremity loading in runners

Abstract Background Tibial stress fractures, which are among the most common running related injuries, have been associated with increased lower extremity loading (i.e., peak positive acceleration of the tibia, vertical force impact peak, and average and instantaneous vertical force loading rates) during initial contact. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a gait retraining program designed to reduce this loading during running and to assess the short-term persistence of these reductions. Methods Ten runners (six females and four males) with peak positive tibial acceleration greater than 8 g, measured in an initial screening, participated in the retraining program. During the retraining sessions, subjects ran on a treadmill and received real-time visual feedback from an accelerometer attached to their distal tibias. Tibial acceleration and vertical ground reaction force data were collected from subjects during overground data collection sessions held pre-training, post-training, and at a 1-month follow-up. Findings Peak positive acceleration of the tibia, vertical force impact peak, and average and instantaneous vertical force loading rates were all reduced immediately following the gait retraining. The decrease in tibial acceleration was nearly 50%. The reductions in vertical force loading rates and vertical force impact peak were approximately 30% and 20%, respectively. These reductions were maintained at the 1-month follow-up. Interpretation Subjects were able to run with reduced tibial acceleration and vertical force loading immediately following completion of the gait retraining program and at the 1-month follow-up evaluation. This may reduce their risk of stress fractures.
Risky Behaviors in Late Adolescence: Co-occurrence, Predictors, and Consequences

Abstract Purpose Advances in research have broadened our understanding of the risky behaviors that significantly threaten adolescent health and well-being. Advances include: using person-centered, rather than behavior-centered approaches to examine how behaviors co-occur; greater focus on how environmental factors, such as family, or peer-level characteristics, influence behavior; and examination of how behaviors affect well-being in young adulthood. Use of nationally representative, longitudinal data would expand research on these critical relationships. Methods Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 cohort, a nationally representative sample of adolescents who are being followed over time, the present study: (1) identifies profiles of risky behaviors, (2) investigates how environmental characteristics predict these profiles of risky behaviors (e.g., delinquency, smoking, drug use, drinking, sexual behavior, and exercise), and (3) examines how these profiles of risky behaviors relate to positive and negative youth outcomes. Results Four "risk profiles" were identified: a high-risk group (those who report high levels of participation in numerous behaviors), a low-risk group (those who engage in very few risky behaviors), and two moderate risk-taking groups. We found that profiles with any negative behaviors were predictive of negative outcomes. Conclusions It is important for practitioners to examine health behaviors in multiple domains concurrently rather than individually in isolation. Interventions and research should not simply target adolescents engaging in high levels of risky behavior but also adolescents who are engaging in lower levels of risky behavior.
Estimating potential habitat for 134 eastern US tree species under six climate scenarios

We modeled and mapped, using the predictive data mining tool Random Forests, 134 tree species from the eastern United States for potential response to several scenarios of climate change. Each species was modeled individually to show current and potential future habitats according to two emission scenarios (high emissions on current trajectory and reasonable conservation of energy implemented) and three climate models: the Parallel Climate Model, the Hadley CM3 model, and the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory model. Since we model potential suitable habitats of species, our results should not be interpreted as actual changes in ranges of the species. We also evaluated both emission scenarios under an ‘‘average’’ future climate from all three models. Climate change could have large impacts on suitable habitat for tree species in the eastern United States, especially under a high emissions trajectory. Of the 134 species, approximately 66 species would gain and 54 species would lose at least 10% of their suitable habitat under climate change. A lower emission pathway would result in lower numbers of both losers and gainers. When the mean centers, i.e. center of gravity, of current and potential future habitat are evaluated, most of the species habitat moves generally northeast, up to 800 km in the hottest scenario and highest emissions trajectory. The models suggest a retreat of the spruce-fir zone and an advance of the southern oaks and pines. In any case, our results show that species will have a lot less pressure to move their suitable habitats if we follow the path of lower emissions of greenhouse gases. The information contained in this paper, and much more, is detailed on our website: http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/atlas. Published by Elsevier B.V.
FROM COAL STACKS TO COLON CANCER—ARE POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS THE CULPRITS?

In recent times, there has been a worldwide surge in the burning of enormous amounts of fossil fuel (oil, coal, and natural gas) in order to maintain a burgeoning rate of energy consumption. In mos...
HEXIM1 down-regulates hypoxia-inducible factor-1α protein stability.

We have previously reported on the inhibition of HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor α)-regulated pathways by HEXIM1 [HMBA (hexamethylene-bis-acetamide)-inducible protein 1]. Disruption of HEXIM1 activity in a knock-in mouse model expressing a mutant HEXIM1 protein resulted in increased susceptibility to the development of mammary tumours, partly by up-regulation of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) expression, HIF-1α expression and aberrant vascularization. We now report on the mechanistic basis for HEXIM1 regulation of HIF-1α. We observed direct interaction between HIF-1α and HEXIM1, and HEXIM1 up-regulated hydroxylation of HIF-1α, resulting in the induction of the interaction of HIF-1α with pVHL (von Hippel–Lindau protein) and ubiquitination of HIF-1α. The up-regulation of hydroxylation involves HEXIM1-mediated induction of PHD3 (prolyl hydroxylase 3) expression and interaction of PHD3 with HIF-1α. Acetylation of HIF-1α has been proposed to result in increased interaction of HIF-1α with pVHL and induced pVHL-mediated ubiquitination, which leads to the proteasomal degradation of HIF-1α. HEXIM1 also attenuated the interaction of HIF-1α with HDAC1 (histone deacetylase 1), resulting in acetylation of HIF-1α. The consequence of HEXIM1 down-regulation of HIF-1α protein expression is attenuated expression of HIF-1α target genes in addition to VEGF and inhibition of HIF-1α-regulated cell invasion.
Synthetic spectra for the Arizona Airglow Experiment

The Arizona Airglow Experiment (GLO) is a panchromatic intensified CCD (ICCD) spectrograph, bore sighted with 12 monochromatic imagers. The spectrograph provides continuous spectral coverage from 1150 angstrom to 11,000 angstrom with a resolution of 5 angstrom to 20 angstrom. The spectrograph was designed to record simultaneously as much information as possible from a single column of gas. The resolution was selected to allow the determination of molecular emission vibrational and rotational structure. Molecular band emissions contain much more information than atomic lines, although interpretation of band emissions is more complicated. This complexity is due to the distribution of their energies over broad spectral ranges that overlap. The most productive method of interpreting molecular spectra is by modeling. The nature of the molecular transitions is well known, and synthetic spectra can be calculated to match the recorded spectrum accurately. Our knowledge of the transition probabilities allows accurate estimates of the intensity and shape of blended bands. It is our goal to synthesize all of the emissions recorded by the GLO as a tool to aid in detailed analysis of spectra. This work describes the approach used in calculating the synthetic spectra and references the source of parameters used for 14 band systems. This software utility will become a part of the GLO facility.
A 26 kDa yeast DNA topoisomerase I fragment: crystallographic structure and mechanistic implications.

Abstract Background: Type I DNA topoisomerases, divided mechanistically into two subfamilies, are ubiquitous enzymes that participate in replication and transcription. In addition to its role in these fundamental processes, the biological importance of eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase I is underscored by its identification as the target of the antitumor alkaloid camptothecin. An understanding of the mechanism of catalysis and interactions with camptothecin and other drugs has been hampered by a lack of detailed structural information. Results The three-dimensional structure of a 26 kDa fragment (residues 135 to about 363) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA topoisomerase I has been determined at 1.9 a resolution. The fragment has a novel architecture comprising a concave platform and a pair of outlying V-shaped helices. Photocrosslinking and protein footprinting experiments show that the positively charged concave surface and the junction region of the V-shaped pair of helices contact DNA in the enzyme–DNA complex. Conclusion Crystallographic, biochemical and genetic data indicate that this 26 kDa fragment of yeast DNA topoisomerase I is involved in complex formation between the enzyme and DNA, and probably also in camptothecin–enzyme–DNA ternary complex formation. A molecular model for protein–DNA interaction based on these data is proposed. The bipartite DNA-binding regions of the 26 kDa fragment may enable eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase I to adapt to sequence-dependent structural variations in its DNA substrates.
Infants' vocalization patterns across home and laboratory environments

Differences in infants' vocalization patterns across home and laboratory recordings were examined. Audiorecordings of the infants were made in both environments during the month immediately followi...
Chromosome condensation and radiation-induced G2 arrest studied by the induction of premature chromosome condensation following cell fusion.

SummaryWhen mitotic and interphase cells are fused together, the chromosomes of the interphase cell sometimes condense prematurely. The phenomenon of premature chromosome condensation (PCC) was utilized in investigating the problem of whether the chromosomes of cells suffering a radiation-induced G2 delay are capable of condensation. Colcemide-arrested mitotic cells were fused with synchronized G2 cells, and with irradiated cells suffering a G2 delay. The frequency of PCC in mitotic × G2 binucleate cells was determined. This was compared to the PCC frequency in an unirradiated synchronized population rich in G2 cells after fusion with mitotic cells. Flash-labelling with 3HTdR and autoradiography allowed us to eliminate S-phase cells. The frequency of G2 PCCs was not significantly different for the irradiated G2-delayed or unirradiated cells. From these results we conclude that the chromosomes of cells suffering a G2 arrest are capable of condensation, although the involvement of the condensation process i...
Chinese Internet Events

Internet events refer to public events where large numbers of citizens participate in often unorganized, autonomous online efforts to express their sentiments and opinions, address collective needs, or influence public opinion and policy. In an authoritarian country of 420 million Internet users and 200 million bloggers, Internet events occur often and have the potential to rally public opinion, pressure government, and reshape China’s public life. The article outlines the major actors (who), issues (what), causes (why), places (where), and mobilization (how) of Chinese Internet events.
Judging the Quality of Judicial Selection Methods: Merit Selection, Elections, and Judicial Discipline

This white paper evaluates an assertion that is often made by proponents of judicial merit selection — i.e., that fewer unfit judges reach the bench through merit selection than through contestable elections — by comparing discipline rates for elected and merit-selected judges.
An Examination Of Technology And Organizations Change In Service Delivery To Meet Customer Expectations

The purpose of this study is to examine the role of technology and organizations change in service delivery to meet customer expectations in the movie rental industry. This research provides a review of relevant literature and presents a theoretical framework of the relationship between technology accessibility, customer technology preference, organizations change in service delivery, organization effectiveness in service delivery, and customer technology adoption. The following research question is addressed in the study: What is the role of technology as it relates to service delivery in the movie rental industry? The study offers four hypotheses derived from the theoretical framework and the literature. Survey data collected from customers is analyzed using exploratory data analysis. Four hypotheses were tested using regression models. All four hypotheses were supported based on the items included in the regression models. This study fills a gap in the literature on service delivery and technology changes. It differs from other studies by focusing on the customers' perspective of technology and the organizations effectiveness in service delivery.
Closing the door on open standards

I examine firms' strategic actions in multi-firm technical standards consortia, fast emerging as dominant organizational arrangements for coordinating technological change. Building on strategic networks, the relational view and technological change research, I explore how firms navigate two competing technology standards organizations – an existing open standards committee and a new sponsor-backed standards alliance. I compare and contrast two distinct actions - firms' product introduction choices and their patenting claims - arguing that while products accelerate the new standard's adoption, patent claims hinder it. In my ensuing analysis, I find that while firms that possess prior technological and collaborative linkages with the sponsor firms of the new competing standard tend to introduce more products but claim fewer patents on the standard, the opposite is observed for firms that are central players in an existing open standard. These findings suggest that different firms may view products and pate...
Effects of ageing and physical activity on blood pressure and endothelial function during acute inflammation.

NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Do older and younger adults have similar vascular endothelial and blood pressure responses to acute inflammation? Does physical activity affect these responses? What is the main finding and its importance? Older adults reduce blood pressure whereas younger adults reduce endothelial function during acute inflammation. Physical activity does not provide protection against these inflammation-induced changes. This is important because older adults regularly experience acute increases in systemic inflammation that may predispose older adults to cardiovascular events through dysregulation of blood pressure. Ageing is characterized by chronic, low-grade inflammation that is related to endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness. Physical activity can protect older adults (OAs) from cardiovascular dysfunction and increased inflammation. Acute inflammation causes transient endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffening in younger adults (YAs), but may not have the same effect in OAs. We hypothesized that acute inflammation would increase blood pressure (BP) and endothelial impairment to a greater extent in OAs versus YAs, but that physical activity would be protective. We induced inflammation with an influenza vaccine in 22 OAs (55-75 years old) and 31 YAs (18-35 years old) and measured brachial flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), BP and serum inflammatory markers before vaccination and at 24 and 48 h afterwards. Physical activity data were collected using accelerometry. During inflammation, only OAs reduced systolic BP (from 120 ± 3 to 115 ± 2 to 115 ± 3 mmHg, P 0.05 for all). We conclude that acute inflammation reduced FMD only in YAs and reduced BP only in OAs. Physical activity did not affect arterial function during acute inflammation. Clinicians should be aware that all OAs are vulnerable to inflammation-mediated reductions in BP and cardiovascular complications.
Bis[μ-2-(tri­methyl­silyl­amido)-6-(tri­methyl­silyl­amino)­pyridine-κ3N1,N2:N2]bis­[(diethyl ether-κO)lithium(I)]

The title complex, [Li2(C11H22N3Si2)2(C4H10O)2], crystallizes in the P-1 space group with one molecule of a centrosymmetric dimeric complex in the unit cell. The lithium cation is coordinated in a bidentate fashion by the pyridyl N atom and a silylamido N atom of one 2,6-bis(trimethylsilylamido)pyridine ligand and by a monodentate, bridging silylamido N atom of another. A diethyl ether mol­ecule completes the tetra­hedral coordination environment for each lithium atom. Neither intra- nor inter­molecular hydrogen bonding nor π–π stacking are observed in the crystal, likely indicating that weak electrostatic inter­actions are the dominant feature leading to the supra­molecular structure.
Analysis on the Detection of MMSE and P300 in Ischemic Stroke Patients

Objective:To investigate the value of P300 parameter and Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE)in early diagnosis VCI(vascular cognitive impa--irment).Methods:P300 was detected in stroke group(stroke patients,60 cases)and control group(no-stroke people,60cases) separately,and MMSE was used to measure their cognition function.The data was analysised with SPSS13.0.Results:①The incubation period of P300 was longer(P0.001)and the wave amplitude was shorter(P0.001)in stroke group than that in control group.②In each age’s stage the incubation period of P300 was longer(P0.001) and the wave amplitude was shorter(P0.001) in stroke group than that in the contro1 group.③The longer of the course was,the longer of the incubation period of P300 was(P0.001).And the longer of the course was,the shorter of the wave amplitude was(P0.001).④In different stage of stroke,the ratio of abnormal in P300 is higher than that in MMSE.Conclusions:Stroke patients have cognition disorder.The longer of the course is,the more serious of cognition disorder is.Age is an important factor of cognition disorder,the elder the more serious of the cognition is.
SIMULATION OF STRESS IN REINFORCEMENTS AND STRESS-STRAIN CURVE OF SiC_p/Al-2618 MATRIX COMPOSITE

A 15%(volume fraction)SiC particle-reinforced Al-2618 matrix composite was se- lected to simulate its stress-strain curve and the stress in the reinforcing particles.The simulation was also carried out to two composites with hard matrix(T6 treatment)and soft matrix(T4 treat- ment).An analytical model was established based on Eshelby equivalent inclusion approach to do the simulation by introducing numerical secant moduli and tangent moduli scheme,respectively.The same modeling work was carried out by FEM analysis based on the unit cell model using a commercial ANSYS code.Through the comparison of the results between the simulation and experimental results, it is shown that the Eshelby model can predict the stress-strain curve of the composite with both hard matrix and soft matrix by introducing different numerical moduli,while the FEM model can not be used to simulate the stress-strain curve of composite with soft matrix.The stress in the particles is much higher than that in matrix shown by the simulation,which indicates that load transfer is the main strengthening mechanism for the particle-reinforced metal matrix composite.
Water Determination in Solid Pharmaceutical Products Utilizing Ionic Liquids and Headspace Gas Chromatography.

A rapid, accurate, and precise headspace gas chromatographic (HSGC) analytical method was developed for the detection and quantification of water in drug products. The analysis is able to be performed in 10 min and automated. The HSGC method used an ionic liquid (IL) based open tubular capillary gas chromatographic column to increase the ruggedness of this method and provide improved peak shapes for water. Due to the ionic liquids low vapor pressure, unique physiochemical properties, and high thermal stability, they also make idea solvents for HSGC. Unlike Karl Fischer titration methods, this HSGC method is not affected by side reactions. The developed method was shown to be broadly applicable. The water content in 12 different samples was found to range from 1%-7% water. The use of HSGC was highly sensitive and only required 10 mg of sample. In addition, it was found to have greater precision and accuracy than Karl Fischer titration and greater precision and speed than loss on drying.
Price, tobacco control policies and smoking among young people in the United States

We examine the effectiveness of several cigarette control policies in discouraging smoking among people aged 12–17 in the United States. These policies are cigarette excise taxes, which result in higher prices; restrictions on smoking in public places and private work sites; and limits on the availability of tobacco products to youths.
Building Community Governance Structures and Institutions for Snow Leopard Conservation

Snow leopards share their remote mountains with poor, isolated communities that face increasing challenges, dwindling resources, and threats that range from encroaching commercial interests to climate change. These communities are often marginalized, receiving little or no support from government at local or national level. Innovative approaches have been adopted in several countries for engaging communities directly in snow leopard conservation by adopting the principle of comanagement, whereby both communities and government agencies share responsibility for, and any benefits from, snow leopard conservation. Experience has shown that effective and legitimate community governance, particularly when mentored and supported by a third party organization, can play a significant role in making such arrangements work. This chapter highlights lessons learned in efforts to conserve snow leopards through establishing local governance structures and building capacity to engage in comanagement with government agencies, and provides examples from Pakistan and Afghanistan.
Exploring Young Children's Understanding About the Concept of Volume Through Engineering Design in a STEM Activity: A Case Study

This case study explores young children’s understanding and application of the concept of volume through the practices of engineering design in a STEM activity. STEM stands for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. However, engineering stands out as a challenging area to implement. In addition, most early engineering education research centers on curriculum and instruction rather than students’ understanding and application of models and content knowledge to a design project (Johri and Olds, Journal of Engineering Education, 100(1):151–185, 2011). For this study, we created a play-based STEM activity which helps students understand and apply the concept of volume in creating clay boats through the practices of engineering design. Three students voluntarily participated in this study. Data sources included interviews, photocopies of boats, and observation field notes which were analyzed using a comprehensive cross-case analysis. Findings indicate that the common pattern is rather intuitive when students define engineering problems using different criteria. Also, students’ solutions to engineering problems are associated with their experiential ideas of reality. How students express their understanding of volume is correlated to the way of their structuring volume. Lastly, students understand the concept of volume gradually while going through the practices of engineering design. Implications are discussed in terms of how engineering education contributes to students’ understanding of volume.
PI3K/APC pathway and cyclin-dependent kinase pathway to predict complete responders in CRC patients treated with ADAPT therapy.

e14642 Background: Recent studies have demonstrated that aspirin or selective COX-2 inhibitor improves overall survival in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with PIK3CA mutations. However, routine use of anti-inflammatory agents in metastatic CRC patients remains controversial. We showed that addition of celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor coupled with capecitabine in a two step ADAPT (activating dormant tumor cells and potentiate targeting) therapy led to complete responses (CR) and long-term survival in patients with stage IV CRC. We sought to determine genetic aberrations and related pathways as predictor of CR to ADAPT therapy. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 54 ADAPT therapy treated patients with stage IV CRC patients and tested for a panel of 199 cancer-related genes (UW Oncoplex) with Illumina deep sequencing platform between 2002-2012 including 11 CR for chemo, 12 CR for chemo-radiation, and surgical CR patients (none CR). The median overall survival in these CR patients had reached 92.7 mo...
Rings of global dimension two

This paper gives a change of rings theorem for homological dimensions which seems especially suited for the study of the commutative rings of global dimension two. Elsewhere we gave a description of the local rings of global dimension two that when applied to the global case yields an idea of what the spectrum of such rings look like "down" from a maximal ideal. Here an attempt is made to describe the spectrum "up" from a minimal prime ideal.
Maladaptive repetitive thought as a transdiagnostic phenomenon and treatment target: An integrative review.

OBJECTIVE Maladaptive repetitive thought (RT), the frequent and repetitive revisiting of thoughts or internal experiences, is associated with a range of psychopathological processes and disorders. We present a synthesis of prior research on maladaptive RT and develop a framework for elucidating and distinguishing between five forms of maladaptive RT. METHOD In addition to the previously studied maladaptive RT (worry, rumination, and obsession), this framework is used to identify two additional forms of maladaptive RT (yearning and interoceptive RT). We then present a review of extant psychotherapy intervention research targeting maladaptive RT, focusing both on specific empirically based treatment strategies, and also constructs within treatments that impact maladaptive RT. CONCLUSION The paper concludes with recommendations for future basic and intervention research on maladaptive RT and related psychopathologies.
Waldo R. Tobler (1930–2018)

Waldo R. Tobler, Emeritus Professor of Geography at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), passed away on 20 February 2018, aged 88. His contributions to cartography and geography were...
Perspectives on periviability counselling and decision-making differed between neonatologists in the United States and the Netherlands.

Aim American guidelines suggest that neonatal resuscitation be considered at 23 weeks of gestation, one week earlier than in the Netherlands, but how counselling practices differ at the threshold of viability is unknown. This pilot study compared prenatal periviability counselling in the two countries. Methods In 2013, a cross-sectional survey was sent to 121 Dutch neonatologists as part of a nationwide evaluation of prenatal counselling. In this pilot study, the same survey was sent to a convenience sample of 31 American neonatologists in 2014. The results were used to compare the organisation, content and decision-making processes in prenatal counselling at 24 weeks of gestation between the two countries. Results The survey was completed by 17 (55%) American and 77 (64%) Dutch neonatologists. American neonatologists preferred to meet with parents more frequently, for longer periods of time, and to discuss more intensive care topics, including long-term complications, than Dutch neonatologists. Neonatologists from both countries preferred shared decision-making when deciding whether to initiate intensive care. Conclusion Neonatologists in the United States and the Netherlands differed in their approach to prenatal counselling at 24 weeks of gestation. Cross-cultural differences may play a role.
Nucleic Acid Degrading Enzymes of Barley Malt. I. Nucleases and Phosphatases12

Seven enzymes involved in the degradation of nucleic acids and nucleotides were studied in barley and during germination, kilning, and mashing. Among these enzymes were deoxyribonuclease (DNase), t...
Visual short-term memory guides infants' visual attention.

Abstract Adults’ visual attention is guided by the contents of visual short-term memory (VSTM). Here we asked whether 10-month-old infants’ (N = 41) visual attention is also guided by the information stored in VSTM. In two experiments, we modified the one-shot change detection task (Oakes, Baumgartner, Barrett, Messenger, & Luck, 2013) to create a simplified cued visual search task to ask how information stored in VSTM influences where infants look. A single sample item (e.g., a colored circle) was presented at fixation for 500 ms, followed by a brief (300 ms) retention interval and then a test array consisting of two items, one on each side of fixation. One item in the test array matched the sample stimulus and the other did not. Infants were more likely to look at the non-matching item than at the matching item, demonstrating that the information stored rapidly in VSTM guided subsequent looking behavior.
Hereditarily Athymic—Asplenic (Lasat) Mice

Two major murine models congenitally lacking lymphoid organs have been described, i.e., the hereditarily asplenic mouse (Searle, 1959) and the congenitally athymic (nude) mouse (Flanagan, 1966). Since their discovery, both of these mutant lines have been used to greatly advance our understanding of the role of thymus and spleen in many immunologic phenomena. The nude mouse carries genes governing thymic agenesis and hairlessness that are either closely linked or identical and inherited as autosomal recessive. Although nude mice lack a well-developed, differentiated thymus, a large amount of experimental evidence now indicates that these mutant mice are not completely lacking lymphocytes with T-cell characteristics. Lymphocytes of nude mice, however, are devoid of critical T-cell functions. Examples of the latter include a lack of helper and cytotoxic T-cell activity, failure to mount a graft-versus-host response, inability to reject allo- and xenografts, a significantly reduced level of contact sensitization, and very little or no splenic and lymph node response to T-cell mitogens. Nude mice, however, appear to have an adequate number of T-cell precursors (Loor and Roelants, 1974; Roelants et al., 1976). In contrast, asplenia is inherited as autosomal dominant and is phenotypically identified by hemimelia, a major abnormality of the hind limbs. Thus, mice that carry the Dh gene for dominant hemimelia survive only when heterozygous. Mice that are homozygous (Dh/Dh) die within the first 3 days of the associated gastrointestinal anomalies and imperforate ani.
Geometric Fault Detection and Identification in Power Inverters with High Order Filters

In this paper, a geometric approach is utilized to design fault detection and identification (FDI) filters for power inverters with high order filters. The geometric approach has the advantage of providing a necessary and sufficient condition to verify the feasibility of FDI filter design, and offering a systematic procedure to design the FDI filters. The FDI filters are designed for inverter component (capacitance, inductance, and resistance) and current sensor faults. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed geometric FDI filters.
Antral follicle count recovery in women with menses after treatment with and without gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist use during chemotherapy for breast cancer

After chemotherapy for breast cancer, most women will recover some ovarian function, but the timing and extent of this recovery are poorly understood. We studied post-chemotherapy ovarian recovery in women with and without a history of ovarian suppression during chemotherapy. Reproductive age breast cancer patients who were seen prior to chemotherapy for fertility preservation consult were consented for follow-up ovarian function assessment (every 3–6 months after chemotherapy) with antral follicle count (AFC) in this prospective cohort study. We restricted our analysis to those with menses present after chemotherapy. Box plots were used to demonstrate the change in follow-up AFC versus time elapsed after chemotherapy. A mixed effects regression model was used to assess differences in AFC. Eighty-eight patients with a history of newly diagnosed breast cancer were included. Forty-five patients (51%) had ovarian suppression with GnRH agonist (GnRHa) during chemotherapy. AFC recovery appeared to plateau at 1 year after completing chemotherapy at a median of 40% of pre-chemotherapy AFC. After adjustment for age, initial AFC, cyclophosphamide exposure, combined hormonal contraceptive (CHC) use, and tamoxifen use, AFC recovered faster and to a greater degree for those women who underwent GnRHa therapy for ovarian protection during chemotherapy (P = 0.032). Women with menses after chemotherapy for breast cancer appear to recover their full potential AFC 1 year after their last chemotherapy dose. Treatment with GnRHa during chemotherapy is associated with a higher degree of AFC recovery. The findings of this study can aid in counseling patients prior to chemotherapy about expectations for ovarian recovery and planning post-treatment fertility preservation care to maximize reproductive potential when pre-treatment fertility preservation care is not possible or has limited oocyte yield.
A scenario analysis of thermal environmental changes induced by urban growth in Colorado River Basin, USA.

Abstract Rapid urban population growth in the cities of South Western United States has led to significant modifications in its environment at local and regional scales. In this study, three densely populated cities in Colorado River Basin (CRB), viz. Phoenix, Las Vegas, and Denver are selected to capture the various dimensions of the impacts of land use changes on emergent hydroclimatic patterns in the entire CRB. We hypothesize that different modes of urban growth will lead to markedly different modification of the thermal environment as well as surface energy balance. To test the hypothesis, we adopted the mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting model, incorporating the latest urban modeling system, for regional climate simulations. Projected future urban growth in the period 2010–2100 was obtained from Integrated Climate and Land Use Scenarios developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The simulations of urban growth in CRB demonstrated significant nocturnal warming of about 0.36 °C, 1.07 °C, and 0.94 °C in near-surface temperatures in Phoenix, Denver, and Las Vegas respectively, with comparatively insignificant changes in daytime temperature. In addition, it was found that the thermal environment of Denver is the most susceptible to the projected future urban growth. Responses in urban surface energy budgets also differ in three cities due to the combined effect of local climatology and mode of urban growth.
Broadband Terahertz Linear-to-Circular Polarization Conversion

We use a bilayer anisotropic terahertz metasurface to demonstrate broadband linear-to-circular polarization conversion in reflection. In experiments the metasurface structure enables >85% conversion efficiency, 67% fractional bandwidth, and nearly 100% degree of circular polarization. By simply rotating the metasurface by 90° it allows the conversion to the opposite circular polarization. Such a metasurface device can open a host of applications where circular polarization and modulation are desirable.
Common Ownership and Coordinated Effects

With the growth of common ownership and investor engagement with portfolio firms, the possibility of adverse competitive effects of common ownership has become an important issue. To date, most of the focus has been on “unilateral” effects. In this Article, we shift the focus to the potential “coordinated” effects of common ownership and the appropriate antitrust treatment. After examining the ways in which a common owner could be a particularly effective cartel facilitator, we identify five scenarios, based on antitrust case law and enforcement experience, in which common ownership could plausibly increase the potential for coordinated conduct in concentrated markets. For each, we provide an economic analysis of the potential anticompetitive coordinated effects and we consider the appropriate legal treatment under Section 1 of the Sherman Act. The five scenarios are: Common Owners as Cartel Initiators; Common Owners as Trustworthy Conduits; a Common Compensation Structure as a Facilitating Practice; Common Owners as Brakes; and Common Owners as Vectors of Infection. We then turn to whether and how the anticompetitive potential for coordinated effects of common ownership might affect merger analysis under Section 7 of the Clayton Act or the EU Merger Regulation.
Older Chinese Americans’ Perspectives on Physical Activity: A Mixed Methods Study:

The benefits of physical activity for successful aging are well established. Few interventions however, target older Asian Americans who may have distinct needs for cultural and linguistic tailoring. The heterogeneity among Asian Americans underscores the need to elucidate specific physical activity preferences by ethnic subgroup. To better understand older Chinese Americans' perceptions about physical activity, we conducted a community-engaged, mixed methods study with 60 participants. Through survey and focus groups, four emerging themes characterized perceptions of physical activity: (a) physical activities benefit the body and mind, (b) traditional Chinese culture influences perceptions and preferences for physical activity, (c) physical activity presents opportunities for social engagement, and (d) physical activity facilitates family harmony. Design recommendations includes encouraging mind-body approaches, incorporating culturally specific practices, highlighting opportunities for social engagement, and emphasizing the potential for improved harmony.
Physiologic and Psychological Effects

Pain is often thought of as a subjective measure of discomfort. It is easy to overlook that pain often activates a cascade of real physiologic responses throughout the body that involves the central nervous system, endocrine system and renal system. The purpose of this chapter is to delineate some of these basic changes.