cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does the number of lymph nodes examined in patients with lymph node-negative breast carcinoma have prognostic significance?

BACKGROUND There are conflicting data on the prognostic significance of the number of lymph nodes examined in patients with lymph node-negative breast carcinoma. Therefore, the authors analyzed the impact of the number of tumor-free axillary lymph nodes on disease-free survival (DFS) in two distinct patient populations. METHODS Eight hundred thirty-three consecutive patients with breast carcinoma who underwent mastectomy between 1927 and 1987 and 1094 consecutive patients with breast carcinoma who underwent with breast-conservation therapy between 1984 and 2001 were diagnosed pathologically with negative axillary lymph node status. Patients were stratified into 4 groups according to the number of lymph nodes examined: Group 1 had 1–3 lymph nodes examined, Group 2 had 4–9 lymph nodes examined, Group 3 had 10–20 lymph nodes examined, and Group 4 had > 20 lymph nodes examined. RESULTS In the mastectomy cohort, with a median follow-up of 153 months, the 10-year DFS rate was 70%, 65%, 79%, and 81% for Groups 1–4, respectively. On multivariate analysis, pathologic tumor size (P < 0.001) and the number of lymph nodes examined (P = 0.010) were significant predictors for long-term DFS. In the breast-conservation cohort, with a median follow-up of 53 months, the 5-year DFS rate was 90%, 91%, 92%, and 95% for Groups 1–4, respectively. On multivariate analysis, the only predictors of DFS were method of detection (clinically vs. mammographically) (P = 0.003) and tumor size (P = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS The recovery of < 10 lymph nodes in lymph node-negative patients who underwent mastectomy resulted in a 10–15% decreased long-term DFS rate compared with patients who had a more extensive axillary assessment. However, the number of lymph nodes examined did not have an impact on the DFS rate in a contemporary cohort of patients who underwent breast-conservation therapy, which included radiation. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Essential interaction between lambdoid phage 21 terminase and the Escherichia coli integrative host factor.

Abstract Lambdoid phage 21 requires the Escherichia coli integrative host factor (IHF) for growth. λ-21 hybrids that have 21 DNA packaging specificity also require IHF. IHF-independent ( her ) mutants have been isolated. her mutations map in the amino-terminal half of the 21 1 gene. The 1 gene encodes the small subunit of the 21 terminase, and the amino-terminal half of the 1 polypeptide is a functional domain for specifically binding 21 DNA. Hence changes in the DNA-binding domain of terminase, her mutations, render 21 terminase able to function in the absence of IHF. Three of four her mutations studied are trans -dominant. An in vitro system was used to show that packaging of 21 DNA is IHF-dependent. IHF is directly required during the early, terminase-dependent steps of assembly. It is concluded that IHF is a host factor required for function of the 21 terminase. It is proposed, in analogy to the role of IHF in λ integration, that IHF facilitates proper binding of 21 terminase to phage DNA. Consistent with this proposal, possible IHF-binding sites are present in the 21 cohesive end site.
Quantized plateaus of the Hall conductance of 2D electron systems

Abstract Based on a memory function formalism, a new theory of the quantized Hall effect in 2D electron systems is developed. This theory explains the integral character of − σ xy /( e 2 / h ) independent of scattering potentials. The plateau width is reduced as temperature increases.
Brueckner's Theory and the Method of Superposition of Configurations

The method of superposition of configurations, which provides a general solution of the quantum-mechanical many-particle problem (for fermions), is reformulated so that equations may be compared with those used in the Brueckner theory. Important differences occur in application to finite or nonuniform systems for which the Hartree-Fock or Brueckner self-consistent orbitals are not plane waves. In such cases nonvanishing single-particle matrix elements occur which cannot be described by the Brueckner formalism based on a two-particle operator. Equations for an effective two-particle operator, equivalent to the variational equations of the method of superposition of configurations, are derived for a basis of Hartree-Fock orbitals. At the expense of making the orbital basis dependent upon the effective two-particle operator, the orbital basis can be determined by a condition which is essentially that of the Brueckner method. This condition removes a class of matrix elements which do not necessarily vanish in the Hartree-Fock basis although they would be neglected to second order in a perturbation calculation starting from the Hartree-Fock wave function. The equations for the effective two-particle operator are formally the same in both cases but lead to different operators because of the different choice of basis. In neither case can the equations be written in terms of products of such operators, a formalism assumed in the Brueckner theory. It is shown that the Brueckner condition is not equivalent to the condition which would determine the best possible orbital basis for the form of wave function implied by the use of an effective operator dependent on two particles only. The argument of the present paper is limited to systems with a finite number of particles, since the variational principle used here is not applicable without modification to systems with an infinite number of particles.
Scaling for supercritical circle-maps: Numerical investigation of the onset of bistability and period doubling

Abstract The scaling of mode-locked regions in supercritical circle-maps is studied. We have calculated distances from the critical line to the first period doubling and to overlaps by neighboring tongues. Around quadratic irrationals we find usual scaling behavior corroborating earlier results. For sequences converging to rationals novel behavior is found: the distances remain finite and the limiting value depends strongly on the particular sequence.
A simplified proof of parikh's theorem☆

Abstract A strengthened form of the pumping lemma for context-free languages is used to give a simple proof of Parikh's Theorem.
Efficient Power-Aware Network Provisioning for All-Optical Multicasting in WDM Mesh Networks

Optimal network provisioning is the process of equipping the network with the devices and resources needed to support all traffic demands while minimizing the network cost. Optical amplifiers (OAs) are one of those devices that contribute significantly to the network cost, especially in wide area networks. We propose a heuristic approach for placing the minimum number of OAs in the network. The solution is designed for all-optical multicasting and is based on dividing the problem into smaller subproblems. While solving them separately, the heuristic takes the interdependency between these subproblems into consideration. Therefore, efficient and accurate solutions can be obtained which is shown by the numerical results.
A New Analytical Model for Heinrich Events and Climate Instability

Abstract The authors focus on Heinrich events and the question of whether the arrest and restart of convection can explain the associated sudden changes in oceanic and atmospheric temperature. For this purpose, a new (mixed) dynamical-box model is developed in which the ocean and atmosphere communicate via both Ekman layers and convection. The conservation of heat, salt, volume flux, and a “convection condition” yields a system of algebraic equations that are solved analytically. As expected, it is found that as the freshwater flux increases, the convective ocean temperature decreases. The heat flux from the ocean to the atmosphere, the transport of the oceanic meridional overturning cell (MOC), and the corresponding atmospheric flow generated by the heat flux from the ocean all decrease. However, the outgoing air temperature increases with increasing freshwater flux. This counterintuitive increase is because a decreased latent and sensible heat flux (to a humid atmosphere) means a reduced temperature dif...
Adsorption and reaction of trace gas-phase organic compounds on atmospheric water film surfaces: a critical review.

The air−water interface in atmospheric water films of aerosols and hydrometeors (fog, mist, ice, rain, and snow) presents an important surface for the adsorption and reaction of many organic trace gases and gaseous reactive oxidants (hydroxyl radical (OH·), ozone (O3), singlet oxygen (O2(1Δg)), nitrate radicals (NO3·), and peroxy radicals (RO2·). Knowledge of the air−water interface partition constant of hydrophobic organic species is necessary for elucidating the significance of the interface in atmospheric fate and transport. Various methods of assessing both experimental and theoretical values of the thermodynamic partition constant and adsorption isotherm are described in this review. Further, the reactivity of trace gases with gas-phase oxidants (ozone and singlet oxygen) at the interface is summarized. Oxidation products are likely to be more water-soluble and precursors for secondary organic aerosols in hydrometeors. Estimation of characteristic times shows that heterogeneous photooxidation in wate...
Derivations of the Two-Parameter Quantized Enveloping Algebra

Let r, s be two parameters chosen from ℂ* such that rmsn = 1 implies m = n = 0. We compute the derivations of the two-parameter quantized enveloping algebra and calculate its first degree Hochschild cohomology group. We further determine the group of algebra automorphisms for the two-parameter Hopf algebra . As a result, we determine the group of Hopf algebra automorphisms for .
Clinical, morphologic, and cytogenetic characteristics of patients with lymphoid malignancies characterized by both t(14;18)(q32;q21) and t(8;14)(q24;q32) or t(8;22)(q24;q11).

Six patients with an aggressive leukemia/lymphoma disorder had a t(14;18) as well as either a t(8;14) (three patients) or a t(8;22) (three patients). Leukemia cells from all three patients with the t(8;22) had a mature B cell phenotype (Smlg{sup +} and TdT{sup {minus}}), whereas two of three patients with the t(8;14) had a pre-B phenotype and were Smlg{sup {minus}}. None of the patients with the t(8;22) had a prior history of follicular lymphoma, whereas two of the three patients with the t(8;14) had had a follicular lymphoma. The clinical, cytogenetic, and morphologic characteristics of these six patients along with the eight previously reported cases with both the t(14;18) and the t(8;14), the t(8;22) or the t(2;8) are discussed.
Pneumatic distortion compensation for aircraft surface pressure sensing devices

In this paper a technique of compensating for pneumatic distortion in aircraft surface pressure sensing devices is developed. The compensation allows conventional pressure sensing technology to obtain improved unsteady pressure measurements. Pressure distortion caused by frictional attenuation and pneumatic resonance within the sensing system makes obtaining unsteady pressure measurements by conventional sensors difficult. Typically, most of the distortion occurs within the pneumatic tubing used to transmit pressure impulses from the surface of the aircraft to the measurement transducer. This paper develops a second-order distortion model that accurately describes the behavior of the primary wave harmonic of the pneumatic tubing. The model is expressed in state-variable form and is coupled with standard results from minimum-variance estimation theory to develop an algorithm to compensate for the effects of pneumatic distortion. Both postflight and real-time algorithms are developed and evaluated using simulated and flight data. Covariance selection and filter-tuning examples are presented. Results presented verify that, given appropriate covariance magnitudes, the algorithms accurately reconstruct surface pressure values from remotely sensed pressure measurements.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Regulates Cyclin-dependent Kinase 5 Activity during Pain Signaling through Transcriptional Activation of p35

Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a proline-directed serine/threonine kinase. We have previously reported that Cdk5 participates in the regulation of nociceptive signaling, and the expression of Cdk5 and its activator, p35, are up-regulated in nociceptive neurons during peripheral inflammation. The aim of our current study was to identify the proinflammatory molecules that regulate Cdk5/p35 activity in response to inflammation. We constructed a vector that contains the mouse p35 promoter driving luciferase expression. We transiently transfected this vector in PC12 cells to test the effect of several cytokines on p35 transcriptional activity and Cdk5 activity. Our results indicate that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) activates p35 promoter activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner and concomitantly up-regulates Cdk5 activity. Because TNF-α is known to activate ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, JNK, and NF-κB signaling pathways, we examined their involvement in the activation of p35 promoter activity. MEK inhibitor, which inhibits ERK activation, decreased p35 promoter activity, whereas the inhibitors of p38 MAPK, JNK, and NF-κB increased p35 promoter activity, indicating that these pathways regulate p35 expression differently. The mRNA and protein levels of Egr-1, a transcription factor, were increased by TNF-α treatment, and this increase was dependent on ERK signaling. In a mouse model of inflammation-induced pain in which carrageenan injection into the hind paw causes hypersensitivity to heat stimuli, TNF-α mRNA was increased at the site of injection. These findings suggest that TNF-α-mediated regulation of Cdk5 activity plays an important role in inflammation-induced pain signaling.
Diffusion-weighted Imaging–Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery Mismatch in Nocturnal Stroke Patients with Unknown Time of Onset

Background More than a quarter of patients with ischemic stroke (IS) are excluded from thrombolysis because of an unknown time of symptom onset. Recent evidence suggests that a mismatch between diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) imaging could be used as a surrogate for the time of stroke onset. We compared used the DWI–FLAIR mismatch and the FLAIR/DWI ratio to estimate the time of onset in a group of patients with nocturnal strokes and unknown time of onset. Methods We used a prospectively collected acute IS patient database with MRI as the initial imaging modality. Nineteen selected nocturnal stroke patients with unknown time of onset were compared with 22 patients who had an MRI scan within 6 hours from stroke onset (control A) and 19 patients who had an MRI scan between 6 and 12 hours (control B). DWI and FLAIR signal was rated as normal or abnormal. FLAIR/DWI ratio was calculated from independent DWI and FLAIR ischemic lesion volumes using semiautomatic software. Results The DWI–FLAIR mismatch was different among groups (unknown 43.7%; control A 63.6%; control B 10.5%; Fisher-Freeman-Halton test; P = .001). There were significant differences in FLAIR/DWI ratio among the 3 groups (unknown 0.05 ± 0.12; control A 0.17 ± 0.15; control B 0.04 ± 0.06; Kruskal–Wallis test; P P = .0045) but not different from the control A group. DWI volumes were not different among the 3 groups. Conclusions A large proportion of patients with nocturnal IS and an unknown time of stroke initiation have a DWI–FLAIR mismatch, suggesting a recent onset of stroke.
Microfluidic fabrication of polymeric and biohybrid fibers with predesigned size and shape.

A “sheath” fluid passing through a microfluidic channel at low Reynolds number can be directed around another “core” stream and used to dictate the shape as well as the diameter of a core stream. Grooves in the top and bottom of a microfluidic channel were designed to direct the sheath fluid and shape the core fluid. By matching the viscosity and hydrophilicity of the sheath and core fluids, the interfacial effects are minimized and complex fluid shapes can be formed. Controlling the relative flow rates of the sheath and core fluids determines the cross-sectional area of the core fluid. Fibers have been produced with sizes ranging from 300 nm to ~1 mm, and fiber cross-sections can be round, flat, square, or complex as in the case with double anchor fibers. Polymerization of the core fluid downstream from the shaping region solidifies the fibers. Photoinitiated click chemistries are well suited for rapid polymerization of the core fluid by irradiation with ultraviolet light. Fibers with a wide variety of shapes have been produced from a list of polymers including liquid crystals, poly(methylmethacrylate), thiol-ene and thiol-yne resins, polyethylene glycol, and hydrogel derivatives. Minimal shear during the shaping process and mild polymerization conditions also makes the fabrication process well suited for encapsulation of cells and other biological components.
A simulation analysis of pedestrian actuated traffic signal control system

To aid design and evaluation of pedestrian actuated traffic signal control system, a simulation model is used along with theoretical considerations to develop a set of equations which depict the performance of the system in terms of frequency of pedestrian interference, traffic delay, and queue lenght. The equations may be useful in identifying optimal settings of the system.
Neuronal RAGE expression modulates severity of injury following transient focal cerebral ischemia

Inflammation has a significant role in the neurological injury that follows stroke. The receptor for advanced-glycation end products (RAGE) is a multiligand member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that has been implicated in multiple neuronal and inflammatory stress processes. To directly test the role of neuronal RAGE in stroke, we employed two cohorts of transgenic mice, one over-expressing full-length functional human RAGE in neurons, and the other a human RAGE transgene in which deletion of the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor in neurons suppresses signal transduction stimulated by ligands (referred to as dominant negative or DN-RAGE). We found a statistically significant increase in stroke volume in the RAGE over-expressing cohort compared to normal controls, and a trend towards decreased stroke volume in the DN RAGE cohort. These results indicate that RAGE signaling directly contributes to pathology in cerebral ischemia.
An efficient implementation of the Wagner-Whitin algorithm for dynamic lot-sizing

Abstract We consider an N-period planning horizon with known demands D t ordering cost A t , procurement cost, C t and holding cost H t in period t. The dynamic lot-sizing problem is one of scheduling procurement Q t in each period in order to meet demand and minimize cost. The Wagner-Whitin algorithm for dynamic lot sizing has often been misunderstood as requiring inordinate computational time and storage requirements. We present an efficient computer implementation of the algorithm which requires low core storage, thus enabling it to be potentially useful on microcomputers. The recursive computations can be stated as follows: M jk =A j +C j Q j + ∑ k−1 t=j H t ∑ k r=t+1 D r F k = min 1⩽j⩽k [F j +M jk ]; F 0 =0 where M jk is the cost incurred by procuring in period j for all periods j through k, and F k is the minimal cost for periods 1 through k. Our implementation relies on the following observations regarding these computations: M j,k =A j +C j D j M j,k+1 =M jk +D k+1 (C j + ∑ k t=j H t , k⩽j Using this recursive relationship, the number of computations can be greatly reduced. Specifically, 3 2 N 2 − 1 2 N 2 additions and 1 2 N 2 + 1 2 N multiplications are required. This is insensitive to the data. A FORTRAN implementation on an Amdahl 470 yielded computation times (in 10 −3 seconds) of T = −.249 + .0239N + .00446N 2 . Problems with N = 500 were solved in under two seconds.
Comparison of four-dimensional flow parameters for quantification of flow eccentricity in the ascending aorta.

Purpose:To compare quantitative parameters for assessing the degree of eccentric systolic blood flow in the ascending thoracic aorta (AsAo).Materials and Methods:Forty-one patients were studied wit ...
The soil-artifact context model: A geoarchaeological approach to paleoshoreline site dating in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA

Archaeological investigations in the central Upper Peninsula of Michigan have revealed numerous sites associated with Mid- and Late-Holocene paleoshorelines of the ancestral Great Lakes. The sites typically contain stone flakes and fire-cracked rock, with no preserved floral or faunal material and rarely any diagnostic artifacts or dateable carbon. Because of the association with dated shorelines, many workers have assumed the sites are Archaic occupations (ca. 5000–2000 B.P.). However, the actual ages of the sites is often unclear, as later Woodland cultures (2000–500 B.P.) may have also used the abandoned shorelines. Based on expected pedological and archaeological characteristics, a soil-artifact context model was used at eight paleoshoreline sites to provide a preliminary means of relative dating. Sites that were correlative with shoreline development (i.e., Archaic) have artifacts that are deeper within the soil profile, soil horizon boundaries that cut across midden concentrations, and some artifacts that are iron-stained from Spodic horizon development. In contrast, sites that are not correlative with the time of shoreline development (i.e., Woodland) have artifacts that are at or very near the ground surface and archaeological features, if present, will cut across soil horizons, and artifacts tend not to be iron-stained. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Endotoxin-induced Uveitis in Cyclooxygenase 2 Deficient Mice

Purpose Endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) is a model that mimics human acute anterior uveitis. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is an enzyme that initiates the conversion of arachidonic acid (AA) into prostaglandins (PGs), whereas 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) generates leukotrienes (LT). The purpose of this study was to delineate the role of COX-2 in acute ocular inflammation. Methods EIU was induced in wild-type (WT), heterozygotic (COX-2(+/-)) and COX-2 null (COX-2(-/-)) mice by injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Other mice were coinjected with LPS and IFN gamma. Ocular histology, serum cytokines, and AA products determined by ELISA, and relevant ocular messengers determined by RT-PCR were compared among the different groups. Results Histology showed that the EIU score was significantly enhanced in COX-2(-/-) mice in comparison to WT and COX-2(+/-). PGE(2) was increased in WT and COX-2(+/-) EIU but not in COX-2(-/-) EIU. LTB(4) in serum and ocular 5-LO transcripts were increased in COX-2(-/-) EIU mice in comparison with WT and COX-2(+/-) EIU mice. IL-6 increased, whereas IFN gamma decreased both in serum and ocular transcripts in COX-2(-/-) EIU mice in comparison with WT and COX-2(+/-). Furthermore, EIU was suppressed in mice treated with recombinant IFN gamma, as shown by the decreased EIU scores, the presence of serum LTB(4) and IL-6 and ocular 5-LO and IL-6 mRNA, and the increases in serum IFN gamma and ocular IFN gamma, particularly in COX-2(-/-) mice. Conclusions These data suggest that disturbance of the AA pathway exacerbates EIU in COX-2-deficient mice. IFN gamma moderately reverses this exacerbation and protects against EIU.
Mesolore: Learning to think critically

Los autores son los creadores de Mesolore, un programa educacional multidisciplinario e interactivo disenado para instruir a los estudiantes sobre las culturas de Mesoamerica, en el pasado y presente. Ellos describen la estructura e intento de su proyecto multidisciplinario y multivocal con la arqueologia.
Mechanism of electrodimerization of retinal and cinnamaldehyde

Abstract Electrochemical reduction of either cinnamaldehyde or retinal in acetonitrile containing 0.5 M. TBAP and water or phenol leads to a mixture of dimeric products. However, electroreduction of either of these aldehydes in the presence of the carbon acid, diethyl malonate, leads to increased yield of pinacol formation. The mechanism of these electrodimerization reactions has been discerned using cyclic voltammetry-variations in peak potential as a function of scan rate, proton donor concentration and concentration of aldehyde have been compared to published diagnostic criteria. Retinal and cinnamaldehyde form dimeric products in a radical-radical coupling pathway. The major mechanistic feature that correlates with product distribution is the association (solvation) of oxygen acids, phenol and water with the radical anion. In contrast, diethyl malonate reacts with the radical anion of either cinnamaldehyde or retinal by a direct proton transfer.
Antidiuretic hormone and evaporative weight loss during heat stress

In order to investigate the effects of vasopressin (ADH) on evaporative weight loss during heat exposure, four modifications of a single experiment were used. In all experiments the subjects (co-authors) initially ingested an amount of tap water equal to 2% of their body weight. During 3 out of 4 experiments urinary and evaporative weight loss was replenished at 15 min intervals while no further water was ingested in the 4th experiment. Following a 2 hr period at room temperature (25–27.8°C), the subjects entered the heat chamber maintained at 43–44°C D. B., 28–29°C W. B. Heat exposure for 3 experiments lasted 2 hrs, while for a 4th exposure the time lapse was 4 hrs. Vasopressin (5 units) was injected intramuscularly at the beginning of the last hour of heat exposure in two experiments wherein water replacement took place. Vasopressin injection had no apparent effect on rates of evaporative weight loss. For these experiments the effects of exercise, hypohydration and probably subject anxiety could be ruled out as influencing these results.
3.7.1 Creating High Value Future Architectures

Government and commercial organizations have realized that system architectures (complex large-scale systems of systems) are critical to their future success. Architecting involves many decision-makers and stakeholders; significant future uncertainties; and complex value trade-offs. System architects, systems engineers, and systems analysts must develop and use objective, credible, and traceable methodologies to create high value future architectures. This paper provides a process to develop a system architecting methodology to meet this need.
Drinking in the monkey evoked by nicotine or angiotensin II microinjected in hypothalamic and mesencephalic sites

In 7 unanesthetized rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), spontaneous drinking was measured following a 1 μl injection of nicotine at 153 sites in the hypothalamus and mesencephalon. Nicotine in doses of 5 and 10 μg evoked the intake of water in volumes ranging from 35–365 ml within 30 min following the microinjection. A lower dose produced less drinking or had no effect. An anatomical mapping of this response revealed that nicotine exerted its dipsogenic effect at only 18 of the 153 sites at which the alkaloid was injected. These sensitive loci were clustered in and around the mammillary complex. When 1 μl of angiotensin II solution was microinjected in a dose of 1 μg at homologous sites in the hypothalamus and mesencephalon, volumes of water from 30–320 ml were consumed within 30 min after the injection. The anatomical distribution of the loci sensitive to angiotensin correspond identically to the nicotine drinking sites, i.e., the region surrounding the mammillary bodies and extending caudally into the mesencephalon. It was hypothesized that a cholinergic pathway mediated by nicotine receptors may subserve a drinking circuit in the brain stem of the primate. Further, because of the anatomical concordance of the dipsogenic substances, it was proposed that topically applied angiotensin may act to release acetylcholine within this region.
State of the art of Fault Current Limiters and their applications in smart grid

We summarize the state of the art of Fault Current Limiters (FCL), focusing on devices in or near to field test status, and then, based on capabilities and characteristics of FCLs and smart grid, assign the various types to the most appropriate nodes in a smart grid.: 1) solid-state FCLs can be installed at microgrid and renewable energy resource feeders to replace circuit breaker and maintain protection coordination of the transmission network; 2) resistive superconducting FCL, saturated iron-core superconducting FCL and dynamic FCL can be installed at distribution substations to maintain downstream over-current protection without current harmonics disturbance; and 3) resistive and saturated iron-core superconducting FCLs can be installed at optimum locations in the transmission network to reduce fault currents to within a tolerable range when a new power plant is installed. With these placements, we can make full use of the advantages of smart grid's communication network and different characteristics of FCL devices in different categories to offer a more flexible and reliable protection for future power grid.
Photodynamic therapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis: the effectiveness of topical phenothiaziniums in parasite eradication and Th1 immune response stimulation

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is emerging as a therapeutic modality in the clinical management of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). The efficacy of PDT against CL has been demonstrated previously with aminolevulinic acid, although the prolonged terms of therapy were less than ideal, and the search for new photosensitizers (PS) is ongoing. However, phenothiaziniums have demonstrated high parasiticidal effects in vitro. The subject of our investigation is the in vivo activity of two PS, 5-ethylamino-9-diethylaminobenzo[a]phenoselenazinium chloride (EtNBSe) and (3,7-Bis(N,N-dibutylamino) phenothiazinium bromide (PPA904). The results of our comparative analysis of the efficacy of these two phenothiazinium analogues demonstrated a high antiparasitic activity of EtNBSein vitro, and the higher efficacy of PPA904 in a mouse model of CL. The kinetics of photodestruction are different in parasite and mammalian cells, and with both dyes, the macrophages are more susceptible to photodynamic effects than L. major parasites. As the number of parasites in the lesions undergoes a biphasic change, temporarily increasing on days 2–4 and decreasing on days 5–7, more than one treatment is required within an interval of 5 to 7 days. We have also shown that PPA904-PDT can provide an immunomodulating, dose-dependent efflux on IL-12p70 production. This mechanism could be responsible for promoting a more rapid healing in PPA904-PDT treated mice. Our initial data indicate that phenothiaziniums exhibit a high parasiticidal effect in vivo against CL; this finding may be of use in establishing curative PDT regimens for future clinical trials.
Erratum to: “On the solutions of a parametric family of cubic Thue equations” [Bull Braz Math Soc, New Series 39 (4) (2008), 537–554]

In our original paper [4], Theorem 2.1 of [2], that we quoted, was not properly proved. This was done by Lee-Louboutin [3]. The gap doesn’t affect the final result of the paper.
An approach to the modeling and analysis of multiobjective generalized networks

Abstract Generalized networks can often provide substantial advantages in both the modeling and solution of integer programming problems. In this paper we present a straightforward approach which combines generalized networks with goal programming so as to achieve a modeling and solution methodology for multiobjective generalized networks. Such an approach also encompasses the solution to weighted integer foal programming as well as lexicographic integer goal programming problems. In ongoing research, the resulting hybrid algorithms have indicated superior performance, for a number of problems, over that obtained by more conventional approaches. A particularly attractive feature of the methodology is its relative simplicity and robustness.
Monthly and Size-Related Changes in the Diet of Rainbow Trout in Lake Oahe, South Dakota

ABSTRACT We analyzed the food habits of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from Lake Oahe, South Dakota, from May through September, 1993–1994. Rainbow trout were captured in surface, suspended and bottom monofilament gill nets. Diets were analyzed using the relative importance index (RI). Composition of the diet differed among months and among size categories of rainbow trout. Greatest RI values for zooplankton prey occurred during May, July and August. Terrestrial invertebrates had the highest RI value during June and September. Overall, RI values for aquatic macroinvertebrates and rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) were lower than the other two prey categories. Zooplankton were the most important prey for rainbow trout < 330 mm and decreased in importance as rainbow trout increased in length. Rainbow trout between 330–459 mm fed predominantly on terrestrial invertebrates. Rainbow smelt were incorporated into the diet of rainbow trout between 201–330 mm and increased in importance as rainbow trout length i...
Engaging in Less Protective Self-Presentation: The Effects of a Friend's Presence on the Socially Anxious

To cope with their fear of negative evaluation, socially anxious people use protective self-presentation strategies. We hypothesized that the presence of a close friend (vs. being alone) would lead socially anxious people to engage in more acquisitive self-presentation tactics. Results supported the hypotheses. With a friend present versus not, socially anxious participants presented themselves more positively to and selected more self-disclosing topics to discuss with a stranger they believed they would meet face-to-face. Friendship strength moderated some of the effects. Results suggest that friends’ support may allow socially anxious people to satisfy safety needs while engaging in less protective self-presentation.
A comparison of cholesteryl oleate and 19-iodocholesteryl oleate as substrates for adrenal cholesterol esterase

SUMMARY Radiolabeled 19-iodocholesterol is widely used to obtain images of human adrenals. We have shown in rats and mice that 85-95% of the radiolabel is present in the esterified form. Using rat adrenal cytosolic cholesterol esterase, the kinetic parameters K~t and V were determined for commercially available cholesteryl [l-14C]-oleate (!) and [125I]-19-iodocholesteryl oleate (It). The Kra and V were found to be 16.2/zM and 602 pmol/min/mg prot. respectively for I compared to 76.2 ttM and 37.6 pmol/min/mg prot. for II. Since V/Ku is 37.3 ml/min/mg prot. for the normal ester and 0.49ml/min/mg prot. for the iodinated analog, it appears that the normal substrate is 76 times more specific than II. In addition, direct competition experiments were run in which 67/~M I was used as substrate. The addition of 65 and 325/tM 19-iodocholesteryl oleate caused 20 and 49% inhibition, respectively. On the basis of these studies, it is not surprising that 19-iodocholesterol would accumulate in the adrenals in an esterified form and thus provide an effective agent for adrenal visualization.
The role of drinking restraint success in subsequent alcohol consumption

Intentional self-restraint may play an important role in the control of potentially addictive behavior. Unfortunately, for some individuals, efforts to reduce substance use may prove not only temporary but to increase the likelihood of a later "binge." An experimental study examined the relationship between prior self-restraint efforts and drinking. Results indicated that successfully restrained drinkers (i.e., those individuals who reported exerting considerable effort toward drinking self-control, and who were normatively successful, that is, light drinkers) responded to the sudden availability of alcohol with increased levels of consumption, relative to unrestrained drinkers at a similar level of habitual drinking. There was no such effect among unsuccessfully restraining (i.e., heavy) drinkers. These results suggest that a period of successful drinking restraint which is initiated by the individual, may lead to heightened subsequent alcohol consumption.
The supression of milk fat globule secretion by colchicine: an effect coupled to inhibition of exocytosis

Abstract The effects of colchicine on release of milk lipids from mammary tissue were evaluated by biochemical analysis of milk and morphological study of the tissue following intramammary infusions of the alkaloid into lactating goats. Colchicine produces a reversible drop in milk yield. As the flow of milk resumes, 36–48 h after infusion, the fat content of the milk increases, phospholipid per g of total globule lipid falls, mean size of milk fat globules increased and diameters of fat droplets (presecretory milk fat globules) within lactating cells approximately double. These observations are consistent with the conclusion that colchicine suppresses milk fat globule secretion but that globules continue to grow in size within cells during the suppression period. These findings indicate that secretion of milk fat globules and the skim milk phase are coupled.
An interactive beam-weight optimization tool for three-dimensional radiotherapy treatment planning.

A computer software tool has been developed to aid the treatment planner in selecting beam weights for three‐dimensional radiotherapytreatment planning. The program consists of a feasibility search algorithm embedded in an interactive, user‐friendly driving program. The feasibility search algorithm is based on the iterative relaxation algorithm of Cimmino [L a R i c e r c a S c i e n t i f i c a, Vol. I, pp. 326–333 (1938)] as applied to the radiotherapyinverse problem by Altschuler e t a l. [Med. Phys. 1 3, 590 (1986)]. Relative importances of structures based upon clinical considerations can be incorporated into the algorithm. In order to speed convergence, the relaxation parameter is made to vary, with its value based upon a measure of deviation from feasibility. The interactive driving program is designed so that the treatment planner can make reasonable judgments regarding the acceptability of a plan in the event that the dose constraints yield no feasible solution. An example of the use of this program applied to a problem in three‐dimensional radiotherapytreatment planning is illustrated.
Molecular characterization of Lolium latent virus, proposed type member of a new genus in the family Flexiviridae.

Lolium latent virus (LoLV) was recently detected in the USA for the first time in ryegrass hybrids (Lolium perenne × Lolium multiflorum). The genome of one USA isolate, LoLV-US1, has now been fully sequenced. The positive strand genomic RNA is 7674 nucleotides (nt) long and is organized in five open reading frames (ORFs) encoding the replication-associated protein, the movement-associated triple gene block proteins and the coat protein (CP). The genome organization is similar to that of viruses in the genera Potexvirus and Foveavirus; however, analysis of the complete LoLV genomic sequence, phylogenetic analyses of the deduced amino acid (aa) sequences of the polymerase and the CP, presence of a putative ORF 6, and the in vivo detection of two CPs in equimolar amounts, highlight features peculiar to LoLV. These characteristics indicate that LoLV forms a monotypic group separate from existing genera and unassigned species within the family Flexiviridae, for which we propose the genus name Lolavirus. One-step RT-PCR was developed for quick and reliable LoLV detection.
A New Mouse Model for Mania Shares Genetic Correlates with Human Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder (BPD) is a debilitating heritable psychiatric disorder. Contemporary rodent models for the manic pole of BPD have primarily utilized either single locus transgenics or treatment with psychostimulants. Our lab recently characterized a mouse strain termed Madison (MSN) that naturally displays a manic phenotype, exhibiting elevated locomotor activity, increased sexual behavior, and higher forced swimming relative to control strains. Lithium chloride and olanzapine treatments attenuate this phenotype. In this study, we replicated our locomotor activity experiment, showing that MSN mice display generationally-stable mania relative to their outbred ancestral strain, hsd:ICR (ICR). We then performed a gene expression microarray experiment to compare hippocampus of MSN and ICR mice. We found dysregulation of multiple transcripts whose human orthologs are associated with BPD and other psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and ADHD, including: Epor, Smarca4, Cmklr1, Cat, Tac1, Npsr1, Fhit, and P2rx7. RT-qPCR confirmed dysregulation for all of seven transcripts tested. Using a novel genome enrichment algorithm, we found enrichment in genome regions homologous to human loci implicated in BPD in replicated linkage studies including homologs of human cytobands 1p36, 3p14, 3q29, 6p21–22, 12q24, 16q24, and 17q25. Using a functional network analysis, we found dysregulation of a gene system related to chromatin packaging, a result convergent with recent human findings on BPD. Our findings suggest that MSN mice represent a polygenic model for the manic pole of BPD showing much of the genetic systems complexity of the corresponding human disorder. Further, the high degree of convergence between our findings and the human literature on BPD brings up novel questions about evolution by analogy in mammalian genomes.
Dopaminergic control of prolactin secretion in the turkey

The stimulatory and inhibitory effects of dopamine (DA) upon avian prolactin (PRL) secretion suggest that, in birds, these actions are mediated by multiple DA receptors. To test this hypothesis, combined intracranial infusions of DA and selective D1 or D2 DA receptor blockers, plus electrical stimulation (ES) of the brain and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) immunoneutralization, were used to characterize the actions of DA on PRL secretion in the turkey. Blockade of D1 DA receptors prevented the increase in circulating PRL observed in response to infusion of stimulatory concentrations of DA or to ES. Stimulatory infusions of DA also failed to increase circulating PRL in birds immunized against VIP. Results from infusion of the D2 DA receptor antagonist were unclear. Low concentrations had no effect, while the highest concentration (100 nmol/min) produced an increase in plasma PRL. At the high concentration the drug may be affecting PRL secretion by (1) acting nonspecifically, (2) acting as a partial DA agonist on D1 DA receptors, or (3) diffusion to the pituitary and blockade of D2 receptors there. These data suggest that avian PRL secretion is mediated by D1 DA receptors within the brain and that the stimulatory effect of DA upon PRL secretion requires an intact VIPergic system.
Towards meaningful high-dimensional nearest neighbor search by human-computer interaction

Nearest neighbor search is an important and widely used problem in a number of important application domains. In many of these domains, the dimensionality of the data representation is often very high. Recent theoretical results have shown that the concept of proximity or nearest neighbors may not be very meaningful for the high dimensional case. Therefore, it is often a complex problem to find good quality nearest neighbors in such data sets. Furthermore, it is also difficult to judge the value and relevance of the returned results. In fact, it is hard for any fully automated system to satisfy a user about the quality of the nearest neighbors found unless he is directly involved in the process. This is especially the case for high dimensional data in which the meaningfulness of the nearest neighbors found is questionable. We address the complex problem of high dimensional nearest neighbor search from the user perspective by designing a system which uses effective cooperation between the human and the computer. The system provides the user with visual representations of carefully chosen subspaces of the data in order to repeatedly elicit his preferences about the data patterns which are most closely related to the query point. These preferences are used in order to determine and quantify the meaningfulness of the nearest neighbors. Our system is not only able to find and quantify the meaningfulness of the nearest neighbors, but is also able to diagnose situations in which the nearest neighbors found are truly not meaningful.
The design and utility of the ML-RSIM system simulator

Execution-driven simulation has become the primary method for evaluating architectural techniques as it facilitates rapid design space exploration without the cost of building prototype hardware. To date, most simulation systems have either focused on the cycle-accurate modeling of user-level code while ignoring operating system and I/O effects, or have modeled complete systems while abstracting away many cycle-accurate timing details. The ML-RSIM simulation system presented here combines detailed hardware models with the ability to simulate user-level as well as operating system activity, making it particularly suitable for exploring the interaction of applications with the operating system and I/O activity. This paper provides an overview of the design of the simulation infrastructure and discusses its strengths and weaknesses in terms of accuracy, flexibility, and performance. A validation study using LM Bench microbenchmarks shows a good correlation for most of the architectural characteristics, while operating system effects show a larger variability. By quantifying the accuracy of the simulation tool in various areas, the validation effort not only helps gauge the validity of simulation results but also allows users to assess the suitability of the tool for a particular purpose.
Tracking antenna arrays for near-millimeter waves

A two-dimensional monolithic array has been developed that gives the elevation and azimuth of point source targets. The array is an arrangement of rows and columns of antennas and bismuth bolometer detectors on a fused quartz substrate. Energy is focused onto the array through a lens placed on the back side of the substrate. At 1.38 mm with a 50 mm diameter objective lens, the array has demonstrated a positioning accuracy of 26 arcmin. In a differential mode this precision improves to 9 arcsec, limited by the mechanics of the rotating stage. This tracking could be automated to a fast two-step procedure where a source is first located to the nearest row and column, and then precisely located by scanning. With signal processing the array should be able to track multiple sources.
Drug Use in Hungary: An Overview

Based on surveys and clinical data, it is concluded that the use of illegal drugs is spreading in Hungary. The social composition of drug users is changing and new forms of drugs and uses have appeared, such as heroin use and cocaine snorting. The legal regulation of access to drugs changed in 1993: stricter sentences can be imposed on drug traffickers, while the possibility has been created for drug users to undertake therapy in place of punishment. The Interministerial Committee on Drug Affairs and the Hungarian Association on Drug Use and Addiction have been set up. There are a few scientifically-based prevention programs. A number of clear paradigms have emerged in prevention policy and therapy, although it is not yet possible to see which of these will be confirmed by time and practice.