cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complexation of carbonate species at the goethite surface: Implications for adsorption of metal ions in natural waters

Headspace Pco, was measured with an infrared gas analyzer over an equilibrated goethite suspension to determine adsorption of carbonate species in the pH range 3 to 8. For a 2 g/L goethite suspension in 0.1 N NaC104 (-3 1O-4 M surface sites), the fraction of carbonate species adsorbed increased from 0.15 at pH 3 to a maximum of 0.56 at pH 6. In 0.0 1 N NaC104, the fraction of carbonate species adsorbed at pH 6 increased to 0.67. The total concentration of CO2 in the suspension increased from about 0.4 to 0.6 1O-4 M in the pH range of these experiments. The development of surface charge at the goethite surface was determined in the pH range 4 to 11 by potentiometric titration under controlled low CO2 conditions. No hysteresis was observed between the acid and base legs of titrations in 0.10,0.03, and 0.01 N NaC104 resulting in a pH,,, of 8.9. The carbonate species adsorption data were modelled using the least squares optimization program FITEQL for the diffuse double-layer model and the triple- layer model using stoichiometries of the type Fe-OCOOH and Fe-OCOO for surface bound carbonate species. The model results are consistent with separate experiments showing a significant reduction in chromate adsorption on goethite as the partial pressure of CO* was increased from <5 to 450 and 40,000 patm. Our data suggest that mineral oxide surface sites which control solid/solute partitioning of metal ions in natural systems may be largely bound to adsorbed carbonate species.
Polarized control of regional structure in Tubularia

Abstract Grafts capable of inhibiting the development of homologous structures in primordia of Tubularia do not inhibit if the graft-host combinations face the cathode for 4–5 hours in a direct current. When combinants face the anode regionally specific inhibitory control is transmitted from graft to host. This suggests positively charged agents of control. Inhibitory homogenates of primordia incorporated in agar and inserted in regenerating stems do not diffuse out rapidly enough to influence regeneration. They can be moved electrophoretically and behave as positively charged particles at pH 8.1.
Experiences of leadership in health care in sub-Saharan Africa.

Leadership is widely regarded as central to effective health-care systems, and resources are increasingly devoted to the cultivation of strong health-care leadership. Nevertheless, the literature regarding leadership capacity building has been developed primarily in the context of high-income settings. Less research has been done on leadership in low-income settings, including sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in health care, with attention to historical, political and sociocultural context. We sought to characterize the experiences of individuals in key health-care leadership roles in sub-Saharan Africa. We conducted a qualitative study using in-person interviews with individuals (n = 17) in health-care leadership roles in four countries in sub-Saharan Africa: the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, the Republic of Ghana, the Republic of Liberia and the Republic of Rwanda. Individuals were identified by their country’s minister of health as key leaders in the health sector and were nominated to serve as delegates to a global health leadership conference in June 2010, at Yale University in the United States. Interviews were audio recorded and professionally transcribed. Data analysis was performed by a five-person multidisciplinary team using the constant comparative method, facilitated by ATLAS.ti 5.0 software. Five key themes emerged as important to participants in their leadership roles: having an aspirational, value-based vision for improving the future health of the country, being self-aware and having the ability to identify and use complementary skills of others, tending to relationships, using data in decision making, and sustaining a commitment to learning. Current models of leadership capacity building address the need for core technical and management competencies. While these competencies are important, skills relevant to managing relationships are also critical in the sub-Saharan African context. Developing such skills may require more time and a deeper level of engagement and collaboration than is typically invested in efforts to strengthen health systems.
Staff Opinions of Mentally III Offenders in a Prison Hospital: Implications for Training and Leadership

Information from a staff survey of opinions about working with mentally ill prison inmates was used to enhance staff training and cooperation. The survey analysis used Attribution Theory to link th...
Accepting Threatening Information: Self–Affirmation and the Reduction of Defensive Biases

Why do people resist evidence that challenges the validity of long–held beliefs? And why do they persist in maladaptive behavior even when persuasive information or personal experience recommends change? We argue that such defensive tendencies are driven, in large part, by a fundamental motivation to protect the perceived worth and integrity of the self. Studies of social–political debate, health–risk assessment, and responses to team victory or defeat have shown that people respond to information in a less defensive and more open–minded manner when their self–worth is buttressed by an affirmation of an alternative source of identity. Self–affirmed individuals are more likely to accept information that they would otherwise view as threatening, and subsequently to change their beliefs and even their behavior in a desirable fashion. Defensive biases have an adaptive function for maintaining self–worth, but maladaptive consequences for promoting change and reducing social conflict.
Assessment of weight-based versus standard dosing of heparin in patients with unstable angina.

Objective: To assess whether a weight-based dosing regimen (80 u/kg + 18 u/kg/h) or a standard-fixed dose regimen (5000 u + 1000 u/h) of heparin is more appropriate in patients with unstable angina (UA). Method: A drug use evaluation was conducted. Patient data for all patients weighing less than 100 kg who were in the coronary care unit of a Veterans Administration Hospital and who received heparin for UA (>24 h) over a 7-month period were included. For the first 4 months, patients were given standard heparin dosing and in the final 3 months patients were given heparin based on weight. The proportion of patients achieving activated partial thromboplastin times (aPTTs) that were at least therapeutic during therapy, the time to achieve the aPTT at a level that was at least therapeutic, and the number of patients with aPTTs over the therapeutic range were compared between groups. Results: Patients in the group receiving weight-based heparin therapy (n = 23) were significantly more likely to achieve an aPTT that was at least therapeutic than patients receiving standard therapy (n = 42, 100% vs. 76%, respectively, P = 0·011). When all the patients in each group who achieved an aPTT that was at least therapeutic were compared, the weight-based group achieved the levels significantly faster than the standard-fixed dosing group (7·3 ± 6·1 vs. 22·6 ± 17·6 h, respectively, P = 0·0003). However, the use of weight-based dosing was associated with a higher incidence of achieving supertherapeutic aPTTs than standard therapy (78·3% vs. 50·0%, respectively, P = 0·049). Conclusion: Patients with UA may achieve therapeutic aPTTs faster than those on standard therapy but they also have a higher risk of achieving a supertherapeutic aPTT.
PlayAnywhere: a compact interactive tabletop projection-vision system

We introduce PlayAnywhere, a front-projected computer vision-based interactive table system which uses a new commercially available projection technology to obtain a compact, self-contained form factor. PlayAnywhere's configuration addresses installation, calibration, and portability issues that are typical of most vision-based table systems, and thereby is particularly motivated in consumer applications. PlayAnywhere also makes a number of contributions related to image processing techniques for front-projected vision-based table systems, including a shadow-based touch detection algorithm, a fast, simple visual bar code scheme tailored to projection-vision table systems, the ability to continuously track sheets of paper, and an optical flow-based algorithm for the manipulation of onscreen objects that does not rely on fragile tracking algorithms.
SCRUB-PA: A Multi-Level Multi-Dimensional Anonymization Tool for Process Accounting

In the UNIX/Linux environment the kernel can log every command process created by every user using process accounting. This data has many potential uses, including the investigation of security incidents. However, process accounting data is also sensitive since it contains private user information. Consequently, security system administrators have been hindered from sharing these logs. Given that many interesting security applications could use process accounting data, it would be useful to have a tool that could protect private user information in the logs. For this reason we introduce SCRUB-PA, a tool that uses multi-level multi-dimensional anonymization on process accounting log files in order to provide different levels of privacy protection. It is our goal that SCRUB-PA will promote the sharing of process accounting logs while preserving privacy.
Interferon Consensus Sequence Binding Protein (ICSBP) Decreases β-Catenin Activity in Myeloid Cells by Repressing GAS2 Transcription

The interferon consensus sequence binding protein (ICSBP) is an interferon regulatory transcription factor, also referred to as IRF8. ICSBP acts as a suppressor of myeloid leukemia, although few target genes explaining this effect have been identified. In the current studies, we identified the gene encoding growth arrest specific 2 (GAS2) as an ICSBP target gene relevant to leukemia suppression. We find that ICSBP, Tel, and histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) bind to a cis element in the GAS2 promoter and repress transcription in myeloid progenitor cells. Gas2 inhibits calpain protease activity, and beta-catenin is a calpain substrate in these cells. Consistent with this, ICSBP decreases beta-catenin protein and activity in a Gas2- and calpain-dependent manner. Conversely, decreased ICSBP expression increases beta-catenin protein and activity by the same mechanism. This is of interest, because decreased ICSBP expression and increased beta-catenin activity are associated with poor prognosis and blast crisis in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). We find that the expression of Bcr/abl (the CML oncoprotein) increases Gas2 expression in an ICSBP-dependent manner. This results in decreased calpain activity and a consequent increase in beta-catenin activity in Bcr/abl-positive (Bcr/abl(+)) cells. Therefore, these studies have identified a Gas2/calpain-dependent mechanism by which ICSBP influences beta-catenin activity in myeloid leukemia.
Encapsulation: A new mechanism of catalyst deactivation

Abstract Silica-supported platinum model catalysts show evidence of encapsulation when annealed at 1200 and 1375 K. The 100-nm Pt particles become partially immersed in the SiO 2 surface with concurrent formation of an SiO 2 ridge around the base of the Pt particles. A model of these processes has been developed which predicts this behavior based on the reduction of the surface free energy of the Pt SiO 2 system. Partial Pt encapsulation at lower temperatures and in more highly dispersed Pt catalysts is discussed and is shown to be a possible and as yet unreported mechanism of deactivation.
The DEAD Box Protein eIF4A. 1. A Minimal Kinetic and Thermodynamic Framework Reveals Coupled Binding of RNA and Nucleotide

eIF4A is the archetypal member of the DEAD box family of proteins and has been proposed to use the energy from ATP hydrolysis to unwind structures in the 5‘-untranslated regions of eukaryotic mRNAs during translation initiation. As a step toward understanding the mechanism of action of this class of enzymes, a minimal kinetic and thermodynamic framework for the RNA-activated ATPase function has been established for eIF4A. The enzyme's affinity for ssRNA is modulated by the binding of ATP·Mg2+ and ADP·Mg2+: the affinity of the E·ATP complex for ssRNA is approximately 40-fold higher than that of the E·ADP complex. The enzyme binds its substrates in a random manner; contrary to previous suggestions, neither ATP binding nor hydrolysis is required for binding of single-stranded RNA. The presence or absence of the γ-phosphate on the bound nucleotide acts as a switch that modulates the enzyme's structure and ssRNA affinity. The data presented in this and the following paper in this issue suggest that ATP bindin...
Analysis of inter-domain collaborative routing: provider competition for clients

Any server offering a routing service in the Internet would naturally be in competition for clients, and clients may need to utilize service from a specific server in order to achieve a desired result. We study the various properties of this competition, such as the fraction of route requests handled by a routing service provider and the fraction of total revenue obtained. As the routing service providers (i.e., servers or routers in this context) compete, they may alter behavior in order to optimize one of the above properties. For example, a service provider may lower the price charged for its service, in order to increase the number of clients served. Our models are based on servers offering a routing service to clients within representative network topologies based on actual Internet sub-graphs. These models provide a framework for evaluating competition in the Internet. We monitor key aspects of the service, as several variables are introduced into the models. The first variable is the fraction of client requests that will pay more for a better quality route. The remaining requests are normal client requests that are satisfied by the most economical route. The second variable is the fraction of servers who choose to lower service prices in order to maximize the number of client requests served. As this fraction increases, it is more likely that a server will lower the price. Finally, there are some resource constraints applied to the model, to increase the difficulty in providing a routing solution, i.e., to simulate a realistic scenario. We seek to understand the effect on the overall network, as service providers compete. In simple cases, we show that this competition could have a negative impact on the overall efficiency of a service. We show that the routing variety present in the larger models is unable to mask this tendency and the routing service performance is decreased due to competition.
NARROW SHEATH1 functions from two meristematic foci during founder-cell recruitment in maize leaf development.

The narrow sheath duplicate genes (ns1 and ns2) perform redundant functions during maize leaf development. Plants homozygous for mutations in both ns genes fail to develop wild-type leaf tissue in a lateral domain that includes the leaf margin. Previous studies indicated that the NS gene product(s) functions during recruitment of leaf foundercells in a lateral, meristematic domain that contributes to leaf margin development. A mosaic analysis was performed in which the ns1-O mutation was exposed in hemizygous, clonal sectors in a genetic background already homozygous for ns2-O. Analyses of mutant, sectored plants demonstrate that NS1 function is required in L2-derived tissue layers for development of the narrow sheath leaf domain. NS1 function is not required for development of the central region of maize leaves. Furthermore, the presence of the non-mutant ns1 gene outside the narrow sheath domain cannot compensate for the absence of the non-mutant gene within the narrow sheath domain. NS1 acts non-cell autonomously within the narrow sheath-margin domain and directs recruitment of marginal, leaf founder cells from two discrete foci in the maize meristem. Loss of NS1 function during later stages of leaf development results in no phenotypic consequences. These data support our model for NS function during founder-cell recruitment in the maize meristem. SUMMARY
American Founding Son: John Bingham and the Invention of the Fourteenth Amendment. By Gerard N. Magliocca. (New York, NY: New York University Press, 2013. Pp. x, 295. $39.00.)

In this clearly written and extensively researched biography of John Bingham [1815–1900], Gerard Magliocca explains that researchers have neglected Bingham despite his important legislative contrib...
Experimental Evidence for the Relationship of the Carbon Isotope Ratios of Whole Diet and Dietary Protein to Those of Bone Collagen and Carbonate

The use of stable carbon isotopes for diet reconstruction is predicated on the assumption that you are what you eat. In other words, the carbon isotopic composition of animal tissues is assumed to be a direct and constant function of the diet. Is this assumption valid? Precise dietary reconstruction requires as accurate knowledge of the isotopic composition of locally available dietary resources, as well as an adequate understanding of the effects of nutrition, environment, and physiology on the diet-tissue function (van der Merwe 1982, 1989; Chisholm 1989; Norr 1990; Matson and Chisholm 1991; Tieszen 1991; Ambrose 1992). There is a systematic but poorly defined difference between the isotopic composition of the consumer tissues and that of the diet (an enrichment factor, expressed as Δ diet-tissue). Given the isotopic composition of a specific tissue, that of the diet or of other tissues may be calculated if the Δ diet-tissue difference factors are known. The dietary proportions of isotopically distinct food resources (e.g., C3 vs C4, or C3 vs marine) have thus been calculated from the δ 13C value of bone collagen (Δ13Cd-co) and bone apatite carbonate (Δ13Cd-ca). Deviations from actual or assumed average δ 13C values for dietary endmembers, and incorrect values for diet-to-tissue isotopic relationships, will lead to errors in the estimation of consumption of specific classes of resources. Experiments and observations designed to determine the diet-to-collagen stable isotope functions (Δ13Cd-co) however, have provided widely different values.
The effect of cellular isolation and cryopreservation on the expression of markers identifying subsets of regulatory T cells.

Background The role of CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and their subsets during HIV infection is controversial. Cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are an important source for assessing number and function of Tregs. However, it is unknown if PBMC isolation and cryopreservation affect the expression of CD120b and CD39, markers that identify specific subsets of Tregs.
Determination of the Primitive Karyotype for Peromyscus

In order to determine the most probable primitive karyotype for the Peromyscus maniculatus complex and for the genus Peromyscus , G- and C-band data for P. floridanus and P. gossypinus are analyzed and compared to data available for other species. It is concluded that the primitive karyotype for the genus is characterized by chromosomes with heterochromatin restricted to centromeric regions. Heterochro-matic short arms appear to have been added independently to several Peromyscus lineages, suggesting that heterochromatin provides some selective advantage in this genus. When autosomes are identified according to the standardized karyotype for Peromyscus (Committee, 1977), the primitive karyotype is biarmed for pairs 1, 22, and 23; pairs 2, 3, 6, and 9 may or may not be biarmed, and all other pairs are acrocentric. Based on the trend in the P. maniculatus group for orthoselection, which increases the number of biarmed elements, it is hypothesized that chromosomes 2, 3, 6, and possibly 9 are acrocentric in the primitive karyotype and that P. crinitus , with only chromosomes 1, 22, and 23 biarmed, has retained an essentially primitive karyotype for the genus. The euchromatic long arm of the X chromosome has remained stable throughout all species examined, although heterochromatic short arms on the X are quite variable. Y chromosomes are biarmed and C-band positive in all species examined, but position of the centromere varies. Chromosome banding data support the hypothesis of Bowers et al. (1973) that the primitive karyotype for the P. maniculatus group is like that of P. melanotis with 30 acrocentric elements. C-bands reveal that heterochromatin in the primitive karyotype of the P. maniculatus group was confined to the centromeric regions. The primitive karyotype for this group has pairs 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 20, 22, and 23 biarmed and all other pairs acrocentric. Peromyscus floridanus (subgenus Podomys ) shares what are believed to be derived chromosomal inversions with members of the subgenus Peromyscus , suggesting evolutionary affinities between these subgenera. Chromosomal banding data appear to have considerable promise as a tool for determining clades within Peromyscus .
THE SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF SOCIAL CHANGE* 1996 Presidential Address

The author calls attention to the restrictiveness of the assumptions of continuity and linearity underlying most sociological theories of social change. She argues that mathematical models built on assumptions of discontinuity and nonlinearity hold promise for analyzing contemporary social change. These models demonstrate the possible outcomes of periods of dramatic social upheaval at both the macro and micro levels, and the have metaphorical value for the conceptualization of social change and upheaval at both levels as well. These mathematical models have analytic value for testing new theories of social change
Comorbidity Risk Parameters Associated with Advanced Breast Cancer and Systemic Disease: Management of Nonbreast Disease

A multimodality approach to the care of locally advanced and systemic breast cancer patients has led to improved palliation and prolonged survival. This approach, however, increases the potential for the development of comorbid disease, which may substantially influence the patient’s quality of life and length of survival. The potential risks associated with advanced breast cancer and its management are outlined under three broad categories: (1) the local or regional consequences of advanced local breast cancer and its management, (2) systemic sequelae of adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and (3) systemic sequelae of metastatic breast disease.
Heterogeneous response of subsarcolemmal heart mitochondria to calcium.

he Ca2+ -uptake capacity of two distinct populations of rat heart mitochondria was characterized by monitoring Ca2+ movements directly (using both 45Ca and dual-wavelength spectroscopy) and indirec...
A Simple Approach to the Technical Aspects of Radiosurgery Treatments

An approach to radiosurgery treatment that can be readily adopted in most radiotherapy centers with linear accelerators is presented. In our institution, a Leksell-type of neurosurgical frame, a computed tomography scanner, locally fabricated cones, and 6 MV X-ray beams are used to perform radiosurgery treatments. Collimated arcs with dose distributions, that conform to the shape of the lesion in the transverse and the sagittal planes are used. It is argued that the uncertainties in the localization of the isocenter within a lesion and the specifications of the size of the target volume do not justify high precision mechanical devices for most radiosurgery treatments.
Poetry in a Standardized and Commodified World

Imagine that creating this previous work of flash fiction – a short story that is 1000 words or less – was assigned to a classroom of students in the 10th grade. The assignment might be to read a poem that helps you tap into your imagination, and write a flash fiction based on where this story takes you.
Medical Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Surgery is the treatment of choice for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) with a high cure rate and low complication rate. However, for patients that cannot or choose not to undergo parathyroidectomy, medical management can be considered. Adequate calcium and vitamin D is recommended and is not different than the general population. Bisphosphonates, especially alendronate, can improve bone density but not lower serum calcium. Cinacalcet can lower or normalize calcium but does not improve bone density. Combination therapy may be considered if both effects on bone density and serum calcium are warranted.
The Mixing Efficiency of Stratified Turbulent Boundary Layers

AbstractThe mixing efficiency observed in stratified turbulent boundary layers is considered within the framework of the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory. It is shown that the efficiency within the layer increases with distance from the boundary. Near the boundary, the efficiency is proportional to the distance from the boundary scaled with the Monin–Obukhov length. Far from the boundary, the efficiency relaxes to a value that depends on the overall thickness of the layer relative to the Monin–Obukhov layer. This value approaches 1/6 when the thickness is larger than 1/2 of the Monin–Obukhov length. The same analysis shows that the buoyancy Reynolds number cannot be used to unequivocally predict the efficiency. The −1/2 scaling between the efficiency and buoyancy Reynolds number that has been observed in field measurements and experiments is shown to depend on an extra dimensional scale and thus is not universal.
[Prevalence and trend of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents in Guangdong province, 2002-2012].

Objective To investigate the prevalence and trend of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents aged 6-17 years between 2002 and 2012 in Guangdong province. Methods A total of 7 075 children and adolescents aged 6-17 years were selected in Guangdong for nutritional survey in 2002 and a total of 2 319 children and adolescents aged 6-17 years were selected in nine counties/districts of Guangdong for nutritional survey during 2009-2012 through multi-stage random cluster sampling. The body height and weight of all the children and adolescents were measured. Results The result of 2009-2012 survey indicated the average prevalence of overweight and obesity in the children and adolescents surveyed were 7.3% and 4.5%, respectively. The prevalence of overweight and obesity were higher in boys (8.9% and 6.5%) than in girls (5.3% and 2.2%), in rural area (9.3% and 5.6%) than in urban area (4.7% and 3.2%). Children and adolescents aged 9-11 years had a higher overweight and obesity rates compared with other age groups. Compared with 2002, except for obesity rate in urban girls, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents obviously increased. The increase rate was higher in rural area than urban area and in boys than in girls. Conclusions Compared with 2002, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents in Guangdong obviously increased. The prevalence was much higher in boys, those living in rural area and those aged 9-11 years, thus more attention should be paid to them. Key words: Overweight and obesity; Children and adolescents; Trends
Survival of Enteropathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Escherichia coli During the Manufacture of Camembert Cheese.

Camembert cheese was manufactured from milk contaminated with pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of Escherichia coli . E. coli was enumerated using Violet Red Bile Agar (VRB) pour plates, a most probable number method, and surface plating on Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA) plates followed by an overlay of VRB (TSA + VRB). Numbers of E. coli during cheese manufacture increased about two log cycles during the first 6 h, then decreased during the initial stages of ripening with some strains disappearing from the cheese within the first 2 weeks of ripening, and other strains surviving 4 to 6 weeks. The rate of inactivation of E. coli in the cheese decreased as the cheese ripened and the pH increased. No growth of E. coli was observed in ripe cheese at a pH of 6.7, however rapid growth of E. coli occurred on the surface of the cheese. The TSA + VRB method was acceptable for enumeration of E. coli in Camembert cheese.
Alcohol, injury, and aging

Unintentional falls, unintentional motor vehicle crashes (MVCs), and suicides are top three leading causes of injury deaths among older adults. Unintentional falls and unintentional MVCs also rank among the causes of nonfatal injuries treated in hospital emergency departments (ED) for the 65+ age group. As in younger adults, alcohol use in older adults increases the risk of injuries and injury-related (and noninjury-related) mortality. Because of aging-related physiological changes, multiple chronic medical conditions, and use more prescription drugs in older adults than younger adults, alcohol use can be especially harmful in late life. In this chapter, we summarize previous research on alcohol-related injury and death in older adults, focusing on falls, MVCs while driving under the influence, and suicide and suicide attempts. We then discuss clinical implications of the research findings including prevention strategies for both unintentional and intentional injuries among the growing numbers of older adults.
Hill–Mandel condition and bounds on lower symmetry elastic crystals

Abstract Despite advances in contemporary micromechanics, there is a void in the literature on a versatile method for estimating the effective properties of polycrystals comprising of highly anisotropic single crystals belonging to lower symmetry class. Basing on variational principles in elasticity and the Hill–Mandel homogenization condition, we propose a versatile methodology to fill this void. It is demonstrated that the bounds obtained using the Hill–Mandel condition are tighter than the Voigt and Reuss [1] , [2] bounds, the Hashin–Shtrikman [3] bounds as well as a recently proposed self-consistent estimate by Kube and Arguelles [4] even for polycrystals with highly anisotropic single crystals.
Investigation of Ursolic Acid Supplement Purity

INTRODUCTIONUrsolic acid (UA) is a phytochemical found in the waxy coat of a variety of fruits including apples and cherries, and in herbs like rosemary and thyme. A multitude of studies have shown...
The “Need for Novelty”: A Comparison of Six Instruments

This study was addressed to the question of whether “need for novelty” is a unitary dimension. Six instruments—four attitude inventories and two performance tasks—designed to measure originality, change, sensation-seeking, stimulus-seeking, change-seeking, and cognitive innovation were administered to college Ss. Resulting intercorrelations indicated moderate overlap among attitudinal measures, some overlap between attitude inventories and a performance task with primarily conceptual demands, and no overlap between attitude measures and a performance task with primarily motor demands. Implications for theory and research are discussed.
Restating the Role of Collateral

This chapter documents the practice of collateral posting in derivative markets, introduced at the onset to provide protection against the potential default of a counterparty, and which has evolved into an art: selecting instruments—cash or securities—eligible as collateral, settling disputes, and minimizing costs. The liquidity risk stemming from the obligation to post collateral, or Margin Call Risk, has contributed to the collapse of several large firms (the case of Metallgesellschaft is reviewed). Post-2008 regulation significantly tightens collateral posting rules in order to remove all shortcomings existing in the protection against default risk. The Chapter documents how regulation leaves flexibility in the practice of collateral re-use (or re-hypothecation) so as to help collateral “circulate” and remain available, and to help participants minimize its cost.
Becoming Cleopatra: the forgotten Zionism of Raphael Lemkin

ABSTRACTThe biography of Raphael Lemkin has emerged of late as a highly contested lieu de memoire in charged political debates in Europe, the United States and the Middle East about the meaning, past and present, of the Holocaust and genocide. At the same time, scholars have attempted to demythologize Lemkin by reinscribing his life into its pre-World War II Polish context. Yet thus far no one has identified the precise political activities and affiliations that shaped Lemkin’s concept of genocide. In this article, I show that Lemkin, far from being a Jewish Bundist, a Polish nationalist or an apolitical cosmopolitan, was an active member of the interwar Polish Zionist movement, from which he drew the ideas that inspired his idea of the crime of genocide. In the first part of this article, I use his published writings from the 1920s and 1930s in Hebrew, Yiddish and Polish to recover a rich Jewish political framework in which his concepts of barbarism and genocide first began to emerge. In the second secti...
Estimating the High-Arsenic Domestic-Well Population in the Conterminous United States

Arsenic concentrations from 20 450 domestic wells in the U.S. were used to develop a logistic regression model of the probability of having arsenic >10 μg/L (“high arsenic”), which is presented at the county, state, and national scales. Variables representing geologic sources, geochemical, hydrologic, and physical features were among the significant predictors of high arsenic. For U.S. Census blocks, the mean probability of arsenic >10 μg/L was multiplied by the population using domestic wells to estimate the potential high-arsenic domestic-well population. Approximately 44.1 M people in the U.S. use water from domestic wells. The population in the conterminous U.S. using water from domestic wells with predicted arsenic concentration >10 μg/L is 2.1 M people (95% CI is 1.5 to 2.9 M). Although areas of the U.S. were underrepresented with arsenic data, predictive variables available in national data sets were used to estimate high arsenic in unsampled areas. Additionally, by predicting to all of the conterm...
Necrotizing fasciitis of the lower extremity: imaging pearls and pitfalls.

Objective:The purpose of this article is to review the imaging findings of necrotizing fasciitis as seen on radiograph, ultrasound, CT, and MRI, and to recognize the early findings in this potentially fatal disease.Conclusion:Although classically a clinical diagnosis, imaging is a powerful adjunct to facilitate early diagnosis in equivocal cases. Compared to plain radiography, ultrasound, CT and MR provide higher sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis. Cross-sectional imaging findings include asymmetric thickening of fascia, soft tissue air, blurring of fascial planes, inflammatory fat stranding, reactive lymphadenopathy, and nonenhancement of muscular fascia.
Identifying which conduits are moving water in woody plants: a new HRCT-based method

In vivo imaging methods are useful for examination of plant vascular tissues, particularly in the identification of fluid vs gas-filled conduits; however, these methods may not allow for the simple identification of conductive conduits. Our aim in the present study was to develop a method that would allow for the in vivo identification of conductive conduits. Intact plants and segments of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) and intact American chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marshall) Borkh.) saplings were examined. We found that iohexol, a water soluble iodine-rich molecule, was a useful contrast agent. We also stained the xylem of segments and gas- dried samples to compare between intact scans and excised segments. Iohexol could be readily fed through cut roots or stems into the transpiration stream, was successfully transported through the xylem and marked conductive vessels within high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scans. Iohexol results were comparable to those obtained by staining cut segments, with iohexol detecting greater numbers of smaller conduits in some samples. Samples contained gas-filled conduits, as well as both conductive (containing iohexol tracer) and non-conductive (no iohexol tracer) fluid-filled vessels. Fluid-filled non-conductive vessels were likely still developing or were not connected to the sap stream by a low resistance pathway. We found minimal differences between intact and excised segments other than excision-related dilution of iohexol. Both vessels and vasicentric tracheids were filled with iohexol in chestnut, providing a new tool to study the functions of these different cell types. The use of iohexol as a tracer to identify conductive vessels may greatly improve the utility of HRCT as a tool in the study of plant hydraulic function. Future studies using HRCT will likely need to incorporate conductive vessel markers or controls into experiments due to the presence of non-conductive fluid-filled vessels within the xylem.
The Falcon, the Helios, Two Scenarios, and Framework

Aviation is the safest form of transportation. Expert performers – narrators, Ifaistos Limnios, as the pilot, and Megas Alexandros, as the investigator – explain the two paradigmatic flights and two scenarios to formulate the reference framework of the book, for effective problem-solving and handling rules and exceptions. The “shaking Falcon VIP flight” connects the concept of silence with accountability; a major incident of rapid descent without controls occurred, but the pilot was able to hold the shaking aircraft and to prevent it from crashing. Another paradigmatic flight Helios 522, silent ghost plane, signaled the rethinking of the silence concept inside and outside the plane, as the “no reply” activated the Renegade alert in the Greek FIR Space. It was a challenge for the sterile cockpit rule. In the scenario of silence, several accidents have shown that crew members’ failure to speak up can have devastating consequences with a risk to flight safety. A second major scenario was about the experience of hesitation in interaction that may leave incomplete information and truncated messages, generate uncertainty, and result to insufficient knowledge in the cockpit-controller interaction. The chapter explains flights and scenarios as the instrument for grounded theory to be applied and lessons from protocol analysis to develop. Cockpit acts of conversation are consistent with individual members’ tacit knowledge. Thus, human operators in flights must build mutual trust with all the other participants. The framework concludes with human factors explanation of the interactions among humans and other elements of a system and applies design principles to optimize human well-being and overall system performance.
Heterotrimeric G Protein Regulation of Stomatal Movements

Fine-tuned regulation of stomatal aperture size is key to the survival of land plants. This chapter discusses the roles of heterotrimeric G proteins in the regulation of stomatal movements and ion channel activities of guard cells. Evidence implicating heterotrimeric G protein function in light-induced stomatal opening, ABA-induced stomatal closure, and pathogen-induced stomatal movements is described from early pharmacological experiments to phenotypic studies of Arabidopsis heterotrimeric G protein mutants.
Foraging Honey Bees: How Foragers Determine and Transmit Information About Feeding Site Locations

Experiments by Karl von Frisch in the 1940s revealed that dances of ­successful foragers in honeybee colonies describe the locations of feeding sites by timing and direction of patterns in their dances. v. Frisch and his students believed that energy expanded on the way to a feeder is used as a measure of distance (“The Energy Hypothesis”). More recent experiments showed that the optic flow is used to determine distance (“The Optic Flow Hypothesis”): Bees flying through a narrow tunnel, that generates a large amount of optic flow while moving forward, indicate a much larger distance than bees flying in the field. The dances of tunnel bees can be used to deceive hive mates to search at much larger distances when they leave their hives. “Robot Bee Experiments”, intended to reveal the nature of bee communication, did not lead to completely satisfying results: Robots are not as efficient as real dancers. Four chemical compounds, detected with gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry on the abdomen of dancers, might be used as “pheromones”. The following contribution does not discuss the efficiency of dances, which is covered in other chapters of this book, but it rather tries to explain the physiology of this remarkable behavior.
Effects of monensin on growth performance of beef heifers consuming warm-season perennial grass and supplemented with sugarcane molasses

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of monensin on performance of beef heifers fed warm-season forages. Brangus heifers (n = 24) were stratified by BW and BCS, and randomly assigned into 1 of 12 bahiagrass pastures (1.2 ha and 2 heifers/pasture). Heifers were offered 14 kg of sugarcane molasses and 3.5 kg of cottonseed meal weekly from day 0 to 84. Treatments were randomly assigned to pastures (6 pastures/treatment) and consisted of heifers supplemented with or without 200 mg/day of monensin. On d 85, heifers were allocated to individual drylot pens, provided free choice access to bermudagrass hay, and received their respective treatment for 10 d of adaptation and 11 d of data collection. Monensin did not impact (P ≥ 0.13) heifer BW, BCS, overall ADG, bahiagrass IVDOM, CP, herbage mass, and allowance. Supplement disappearance after 10 and 34 h of supplementation was greater for control vs. monensin heifers (P = 0.04) and tended to be greater for control vs. monensin heifers 24 h post-supplementation (P = 0.07). Plasma concentrations of glucose, IGF-1, and BUN (P ≥ 0.24) did not differ between treatments. From d 85 to 106, forage and total DM intake, in vivo DM digestibility, and heifer growth performance did not differ between treatments (P ≥ 0.12). Therefore, adding monensin to sugarcane molasses-based supplements decreased supplement consumption rate, but did not impact growth and blood parameters of heifers grazing warm-season grasses with limited nutritive value.
Few cycle pulse laser ablation study of single layer TiO2 thin films using time resolved surface microscopy.

The few cycle optical pulse induced strong field laser solid interaction is a rich area of fundamental and applied research that spans from the study of extreme non-linearities in solids and next generation ultra-broad band high damage threshold optics design and fabrication to peta-Hertz optoelectronics of the future. Our understanding of the extremely non-pertubative phenomena of few cycle pulse (FCP) laser damage and ablation of bulk solids and thin films is still limited. In this work, we present a systematic study of the dynamics of the FCP laser ablation process of single layer TiO2 thin films from 1 ps to 10 ns after a single 9 fs pulse with nominal wavelength of 760 nm interacts with the surface using time-resolved surface microscopy (TRSM) technique. It is observed that FCP ablation craters for certain films exhibit markedly different features when compared to those created by 50 – 150 fs pulses with similar fluences. TRSM measurements also reveal that FCP ablation dynamics strongly depend on the thickness-dependent E-field distribution inside the films (nominally λ/2 vs λ/4), in which the dynamics of free carrier generation due to strong field ionization may play an important role as well. A one-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation that takes into account strong field ionization and free carrier absorption is used in conjunction with the TRSM measurements to estimate the excited free carrier density prior to ablation. We also propose a mechanism for the differences in ablation craters between the films based on the FDTD simulation results.
Beyond the USMLE: The STAR Algorithm for Initial Residency Applicant Screening and Interview Selection.

Abstract Background Efficient, nonbiased methods for screening residency candidates are lacking. The purpose of this study is to highlight the design, implementation, and impact of the Selection Tool for Applicants to Residency (STAR), an objective approach to selecting candidates to interview for residency selection purposes. Materials and methods Single-institution retrospective cohort study of medical student applicants and current residents of a single otolaryngology residency program from 2008 to 2015 was performed. STAR was introduced to the selection process in 2013 with no USMLE cutoff score needed to receive an interview. Single-institution review of otolaryngology residency program applications from 2008 to 2015 was performed. STAR was introduced in 2013. In addition to applicants, we analyzed characteristics of residents who successfully matched into our program. Prealgorithm residents (n = 16) and postalgorithm residents (n = 12) were compared to assess the impact of this approach on characteristics of successfully matched residents at the program. Results Three hundred sixty-five applications were analyzed. Applicant pools before and after algorithm displayed similar characteristics. Interestingly, while there was no USMLE “cutoff,” scores significantly increased after algorithm. There was no significant difference in the proportion of women (P = 0.588) or underrepresented minorities (P = 0.587) invited to interview pre- and post-STAR. The algorithm significantly decreased the time needed to review applications and interview residency candidates without impacting the overall composition of the interviewee pool. Conclusions Traditional application review methods can be time consuming and may not ensure effective screening of applicants. STAR, or similar objective tools, may be a viable alternative to evaluate applicants, reduce evaluative time, and potentially decrease the impact of unconscious bias.
Lamotrigine and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare life-threatening syndrome of hyperinflammatory responses with aberrant activation of lymphocytes and macrophages resulting in hypercytokinemia (a positive feedback loop between cytokines and immune cells, with highly elevated levels of various cytokines).1 The syndrome has multiple etiologies including genetic mutations, infectious diseases (e.g., HIV), autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases, malignancy, immunosuppression, stem cell and organ transplantation, metabolic diseases, and drug exposure.1