cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organizational Principles for Theoretical Embryology1

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses organizational principles for theoretical embryology. One mechanism whereby a tissue may change its form is that of the autonomous change in cell shape. For example it is now well known that various microstructures may be synthesized within cells during characteristic changes of shape, and that their destruction impairs such changes. Thus cells seem able to elongate themselves by producing microtubules aligned parallel to the axis of elongation. Cells seem able to constrict a portion of themselves by producing microfilaments that can then contract to provide the constriction by a sort of purse-string effect. Such mechanisms have been combined to provide an elegant model of neurulation—the process whereby a plate of cells on the back of the embryo is formed into a trough, which then rolls up into a tube running the length of the embryo, and then disappears beneath the surface of the back and form the rudiments of the spinal cord and brain. Another mechanism whereby a tissue may change its form involves the combined effects of cellular adhesiveness and cellular motility.
Well-being (Subjective), Psychology of

Subjective well-being (SWB) is defined as people's evaluations of their lives, valuations which are both cognitive and affective, and covers the broad range of quality of life from despair and depression to elation and consummate life satisfaction. SWB includes what is colloquially referred to as ‘happiness,’ and the components of this state include life satisfaction, abundant pleasant affect, low levels of unpleasant affect, and satisfaction with domains such as work, family, and health that are important to the person. Early survey research focused on the question of what demographic variables predict SWB, and often concluded that people with more resources, such as the wealthy, were somewhat happier. Personality or temperament, however, has emerged as a stronger predictor of SWB than all of the demographic variables combined. This is because to some degree people adapt to their life circumstances, and their reactions are then based substantially on their dispositions. Nonetheless, conditions such as living in wealthier vs. poor nations, or having multiple disabilities, can influence SWB even over a period of many years. People tend to be happier if they have resources that help them meet their values and goals. It is also likely, however, that happy people tend to select goals for which they have adequate resources. People in various cultures value diverse things, and therefore across societies there are different correlates of high SWB. Average levels of SWB vary across cultures differing in wealth and political stability, as well as among cultures differing in the tendency to view life in a positive light.
Antiendothelial cell antibodies in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis: prevalence and correlation with disease activity and manifestations.

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies in small cohorts of patients with Wegener9s granulomatosis (WG) or antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) associated vasculitis have yielded conflicting data regarding the prevalence of antiendothelial cell antibodies (AECA), ranging from 8% to 100%, and the use of AECA as a measure of disease activity. We examined a large, well-characterized cohort of patients with WG and active disease for the presence of AECA. METHODS: Serum from subjects with WG who participated in a clinical therapeutic trial was collected at baseline, when all subjects had active disease. Clinical manifestations and disease activity were documented using the Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score for WG (BVAS/WG). Serum AECA (IgG) was measured by cyto-ELISA using unfixed human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The AECA positivity cutoff was determined using 71 healthy control samples. Statistical analyses utilized Student9s t test, chi-square and Fisher9s exact tests, and linear regression. RESULTS: AECA were detected in 34 of 173 (20%) evaluated serum samples. Mean BVAS/WG did not differ between patients with (7.3 +/- 3.2) or without AECA (7.0 +/- 3.3) (p = 0.58). Among the 34 patients positive for AECA, the antibody titer did not correlate with disease activity (BVAS/WG; r = 0.09, p = 0.60). There were no statistically significant differences in the frequency of major clinical manifestations between patients with or without AECA. CONCLUSION: AECA, as measured using HUVEC, are not highly prevalent among patients with active WG, are not associated with specific clinical manifestations, and do not correlate with level of disease activity.
Digital Media and the 2010 National Elections in Brazil

Over the past decade, digital and mobile media have significantly changed the system of political communication in Brazil. An increasing number of Brazilian candidates have begun to use websites and social networking applications as an integral part of their overall campaign efforts. To explore how these “new” media tools are used at all levels of campaigns for national office, we built an original dataset of media used by political campaigns in the 2010 elections in Brazil. We investigate factors such as a candidate’s use of Web and social networking sites in conjunction with other traditional influences such as incumbency and party affiliation in order to get a robust understanding of the different roles that digital media tools are beginning to play in Brazilian elections. In this chapter, we ask two questions. First, does digital media provide some competitive advantage to minor party candidates facing off against major party candidates with higher profile and more resources? Second, do challenger candidates get any electoral advantage against incumbents for using the Internet, social media, or mobile media strategies in their campaigning?
Analysis of the Spherulitic Growth Rate of Poly(Pivalolactone) in Blends with Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride)

Using polarized optical microscopy, we have studied the temperature dependence of the α-phase poly(pivalolactone) (PPVL) spherulite growth rate in blends with poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVF2) for compositions ranging from pure PPVL to 10/90 wt/wt PPVL/PVF2. Using the Lauritzen-Hoffman crystal growth model, we have determined the variation in equilibrium melting temperature of a-phase PPVL with blend composition directly from the spherulitic growth rate data. The predicted depression in equilibrium melting temperature was successfully analyzed following the treatment proposed by Nishi & Wang and based on Scott’s expression for chemical potentials in a binary polymer mixture to yield a negative interaction parameter (χ = — 0.13). Analysis of the composition dependence of the nucleation constant, Kg, suggests that the PPVL crystal/melt lateral interfacial free energy, σ, decreases markedly with increasing PVF2 concentration in the blend. Such an observation is discussed on the basis of a recent model for the crystal/melt lateral interfacial free energy.
Commercial Egg Production Regions of the Future

THE location of commercial egg production in the future will be dependent upon relative costs of production, both in terms of direct and opportunity costs in relation to the local demand for eggs.1 Location of consumer demand will be closely associated with location of population. Research by the United States Department of Agriculture indicates that in the spring of 1955, average per capita egg consumption differed little among regions of the United States. The Western states had both the highest average per capita number and value of eggs consumed. The average quantity per person was lowest in the Northeast while the average value was lowest in the North Central region.2 Cost of producing eggs is dependent in part on size of flock. The average cost of producing eggs increases as flock size increases from the small flock which reproduces itself, finds its own feed and shelter, to the size where the feed is mostly purchased and there are alternative employments for labor. Then the per unit cost decreases. We are not sure at what point per unit costs tend to level off. One indication is at about 3,000 birds under present organizational setups.3 Equipment not now generally used in egg production possibly will result in decreasing average cost until flock size reaches 100,000 birds or more. In this paper we are interested only in decreasing or constant per unit costs. Judge has done a good job of developing the problem of location of production in relation to consumption of eggs.4 His study is useful as a first approximation to the real situation. His model was made manageable through the use of twelve regions and points within the regions as markets and supply sources, with a perfectly competitive market. Thus only transportation and handling costs caused differences among prices at the various locations. He also assumed that eggs were homogeneous. Transportation rates for contract and common carrier trucks were used. This necessarily assumed away many complicating variables such as
Religious Sisters of Mercy and Matuska and Christiansen's life balance model

ABSTRACTBackground: Experiencing life balance may decrease stress and promote health. Key characteristics for achieving life balance are identified in Matuska and Christiansen's (2008) Life Balance Model. This exploratory, descriptive study investigated the utility of the model to explain perceptions of life balance of the Religious Sisters of Mercy, an order of Catholic Sisters. Method: Fifteen of the Sisters were interviewed using the original Life Balance Model. The Model's five dimensions, along with two questions about lifestyle balance, were used as a priori codes for content analysis. Review of interview transcripts determined numerous categories that were cross-compared and blended through researcher dialogue and consensus to determine if and how they resided in the a priori codes. Results: The Sisters communicated overall balance, which reflects the Life Balance Model's five dimensions. Notable characteristics which frequently appeared, and may be unique to this group of women, included reflectio...
Tolerance to high temperature and salt stress by a salt marsh isolate of Aureobasidium pullulans

When cells of a salt marsh isolate of Au- reobasidium pullulans were shifted from 25 C to 35 C, a series of proteins was observed by gel electropho- resis to increase in synthesis over time in a manner consistent with the classic heat shock response. In contrast, salt shock of 4.5% NaCl resulted in the en- hancement of only three of the 12 bands observed for heat shock, whereas a simultaneous exposure to temperature and salt stress, a common occurrence in temperate salt marshes, produced an intermediate pattern of enhanced bands. The stimulation in syn- thesis of these proteins by sublethal stress dosages correlated with the ability of cells to survive subse- quent exposures to lethal stress conditions. Not only did exposure to sublethal temperature and salt pre- treatments protect against lethal temperature and salt dosages, respectively, but the pretreatments also exhibited reciprocity in their protection; an elevated temperature pretreatment protected against a lethal salt dosage and an elevated salt pretreatment pro- tected against a lethal temperature dosage. These physiological attributes are consistent with an active
Synthesis and crystal structure of [H2B(3-Phpz)2]2Zn

Our attempts to synthesize [H2B(3-Phpz)2]Zn(acetate) from K[H2B(3-Phpz)2] and anhydrous zinc acetate has instead resulted in the formation of the 2:1 complex, [H2B(3-Phpz)2]2Zn. This derivative was isolated and crystallized from THF at 10°C. Its structure has been defined as a distorted tetrahedron with an average Zn‐N bond distance of 2.011(1) A, as revealed by X-ray crystallography. As anticipated, this complex is inactive at catalyzing the coupling of cyclohexene oxide and carbon dioxide. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Imatinib-induced hyperbilirubinemia with UGT1A1 (*28) promoter polymorphism: first case series in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor

Imatinib, an orally administered protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) is indicated for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Severe hepatotoxicity associated with imatinib is rare, and relationship to polymorphism of uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) expression and related frequency of hyperbilirubinemia or toxicity are not well known. We present a case series patients who developed hyperbilirubinemia while on oral administration imatinib for treatment of GIST. Genetic testing for polymorphism of UGT1A1 showed the first patient to be homozygous for the UGT1A1 TA7 (*28) polymorphism and the second patient heterozygous for the UGT1A1 TA1 (*28) polymorphism. The first patient had to stop imatinib due to severe and persistent hyperbilirubenemia peaking >3 despite reducing imatininb to only 100 mg every other day while the second patient improved at this dose. Our case series represent the first data associating UGT1A1 polymorphism and imatinib in patients being treated for GIST. Given the prevalence of Gilbert's syndrome and the increasing use of imatinib, we encourage physicians to be aware of this possible toxicity as hepatotoxicity can be fatal if not managed in a timely fashion. This association is also timely due to recent FDA requirement for testing UGT1A1 polymorphism for nilotinib, another TKI.
Mutant p53 regulates ovarian cancer transformed phenotypes through autocrine matrix deposition

High-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGS-OvCa) harbors p53 mutations and can originate from the epithelial cell compartment of the fallopian tube fimbriae. From this site, neoplastic cells detach, survive in the peritoneal cavity, and form cellular clusters that intercalate into the mesothelium to form ovarian and peritoneal masses. To examine the contribution of mutant p53 to phenotypic alterations associated with HGS-OvCA, we developed live-cell microscopy assays that recapitulate these early events in cultured fallopian tube nonciliated epithelial (FNE) cells. Expression of stabilizing mutant variants of p53, but not depletion of endogenous wild-type p53, in FNE cells promoted survival and cell-cell aggregation under conditions of cell detachment, leading to the formation of cell clusters with mesothelium-intercalation capacity. Mutant p53R175H-induced phenotypes were dependent on fibronectin production, α5β1 fibronectin receptor engagement, and TWIST1 expression. These results indicate that FNE cells expressing stabilizing p53 mutants acquire anchorage independence and subsequent mesothelial intercalation capacity through a mechanism involving mesenchymal transition and matrix production. These findings provide important new insights into activities of mutant p53 in the cells of origin of HGS-OvCa.
Keynote: The Trichoptera fauna of Asia

Many foreign and indigenous scientists have contributed extensively to our knowledge of Asian caddisflies. At the time of the Trichoptera Symposium in 2012, the number (1,090 spp.) and density (43 spp./Gm2) of Trichoptera species in the East Palearctic Region were the least for any of the Earth’s 7 biogeographic regions as defined by the Trichoptera World Checklist; the number (5,313 spp.) and density (405 spp./Gm2) in the Oriental Region were the greatest. Limnephilidae, Rhyacophilidae, and Leptoceridae are the most speciose families in the East Palearctic Region; Leptoceridae, Hydropsychidae, and Hydroptilidae in the Oriental Region. In the East Palearctic Region, 288 fossil species have been reported, most of which are ichnotaxa, sedimentary impressions of larval cases for which the family is unknown; in the Oriental Region, only two fossil species are known, both from Burmese amber. Based on cosmopolitan species, the distinction between the East Palearctic and Oriental Regions is as great or greater than average; the distinction between the East and West Palearctic Regions is less than average but between the East Palearctic and the Nearctic Region is greater; the fauna of the Oriental Region is conspicuously endemic. Future increases in knowledge of the Asia Trichoptera fauna will result from accelerated collecting in poorly explored regions; increasing the rate of identifying and describing new and poorly known species, especially with use of modern molecular, computational, and networking tools and especially focusing on descriptions of larvae in the Oriental Region; mentoring young Asian Trichoptera scientists for excellence in research quality and productivity; and promoting international collaborations for theoretical and applied science in Asia.
Psychosocial Needs of Patient’s Relatives and Health Care Providers in a Pediatric Critical Care Unit

To describe the needs of relatives of children admitted to an Intensive Care Unit and compare their needs with the perspectives of doctors, nurses and administrators. This is a descriptive comparative study done at a tertiary care PICU from South India. A modified Critical Care Family Needs Inventory (CCFNI) (internal consistency reliability =0.93) was used to assess the needs of 35 family members, 30 nurses, 30 doctors and 30 administrators. Four needs pertaining to developing countries were included. Their responses were ranked by means and analysed by multivariate analysis of variance. The responses were significantly different between the groups for 13 needs (28%) and two domain items of proximity and support. Needs of relatives correlated with doctors more strongly than with nurses (rs = 0.80 vs. 0.68; p < 0.001). No significant difference was found between the perceived needs of family members and hospital staff for assurance, information and comfort. Both doctors and administrators underestimated the proximity needs but overestimated the support needs of relatives. The CCFNI with minor modifications can be used in developing countries for assessing the needs of families of children in ICU. Making sure that the relative feels assured about the care given to the child and timely information regarding the child’s condition, are the two most important domains from the perspective of family members and hospital staff. Meeting these needs might help family members to cope better and be more supportive to their critically ill child.
Membrane Sweeping to Decrease Rates of Postdate Induction

In uncomplicated pregnancies, membrane sweeping at 38 to 40 weeks' gestation safely decreases the rate of postdate inductions. Membrane sweeping increases the incidence of spontaneous labor, especially in the subsequent seven days, and results in fewer pregnancies extending beyond 41 weeks.
Twenty-five-year trajectories of insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell response and diabetes risk in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Background & aims Insulin resistance is a risk marker for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and a risk factor for liver disease progression. We assessed temporal trajectories of insulin resistance and β-cell response to serum glucose concentration throughout adulthood and their association with diabetes risk in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Methods Three thousand and sixty participants from Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults, a prospective bi-racial cohort of adults age 18-30 years at baseline (1985-1986; Y0) who completed up to 5 exams over 25 years and had fasting insulin and glucose measurement were included. At Y25 (2010-2011), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was assessed by noncontrast computed tomography after exclusion of other liver fat causes. Latent mixture modelling identified 25-year trajectories in homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance and β-cell response homeostatic model assessment-β. Results Three distinct trajectories were identified, separately, for homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (low-stable [47%]; moderate-increasing [42%]; and high-increasing [12%]) and homeostatic model assessment-β (low-decreasing [16%]; moderate-decreasing [63%]; and high-decreasing [21%]). Y25 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease prevalence was 24.5%. Among non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, high-increasing homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (referent: low-stable) was associated with greater prevalent (OR 95% CI = 8.0, 2.0-31.9) and incident (OR = 10.5, 2.6-32.8) diabetes after multivariable adjustment including Y0 or Y25 homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance. In contrast, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease participants with low-decreasing homeostatic model assessment-β (referent: high-decreasing) had the highest odds of prevalent (OR = 14.1, 3.9-50.9) and incident (OR = 10.3, 2.7-39.3) diabetes. Conclusion Trajectories of insulin resistance and β-cell response during young and middle adulthood are robustly associated with diabetes risk in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Thus, how persons with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease develop resistance to insulin provides important information about risk of diabetes in midlife above and beyond degree of insulin resistance at the time of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease assessment.
Time-domain modeling of the wind effects on the nonlinearity and absorption of sonic booms

This paper discusses the derivation and solution, in the time domain, of a Burgers’ equation for sonic boom propagation in a windy atmosphere. As the wind effects become important with increasing wind speed, the proper treatment of wind is necessary for sonic booms propagating through a jet stream as well as for those propagating to the stratosphere or thermosphere where stronger winds typically exist. The effects of wind are quantified in terms of the Doppler shift and of a parameter which measures the strength of the convection. The latter, referred to as the convective index, is a ratio of the local sound speed to the magnitude of the ray velocity and is unity in the absence of wind. Both Doppler shift and convective index are larger than unity if there is a component of the wind velocity opposite to the direction of the acoustic propagation. Consequently, the effective nonlinearity coefficient and effective absorption coefficients are larger for rays propagating opposite the wind direction than for rays propagating in the same direction. To demonstrate the significance of the derived Burgers’ equation, the effect of a jet stream with a typical strength and profile on nominal sonic booms will be described.This paper discusses the derivation and solution, in the time domain, of a Burgers’ equation for sonic boom propagation in a windy atmosphere. As the wind effects become important with increasing wind speed, the proper treatment of wind is necessary for sonic booms propagating through a jet stream as well as for those propagating to the stratosphere or thermosphere where stronger winds typically exist. The effects of wind are quantified in terms of the Doppler shift and of a parameter which measures the strength of the convection. The latter, referred to as the convective index, is a ratio of the local sound speed to the magnitude of the ray velocity and is unity in the absence of wind. Both Doppler shift and convective index are larger than unity if there is a component of the wind velocity opposite to the direction of the acoustic propagation. Consequently, the effective nonlinearity coefficient and effective absorption coefficients are larger for rays propagating opposite the wind direction than for ra...
LSIL biopsies after HSIL smears. Correlation with high-risk HPV and greater risk of HSIL on follow-up.

Can the risk associated with a high-grade cervical smear be disregarded when followed by a low-grade biopsy? We examined the distribution of human papillomavirus (HP V) types in such cases to see whether they segregated preferentially with low-risk or high-risk viruses and compared the distribution with that reported in the literature for women with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSILs). We identified 48 cases of HSIL smears with corresponding LSIL biopsy specimens. Biopsy specimens were tested and typed for HPV by polymerase chain reaction amplification with consensus primers followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, and HPVs were scored as low-risk or high-risk types. Thirty-seven cases scored positive for HPV DNA: 2 for low-risk HPV types, 17 for high-risk types, and 18 for types of unknown oncogenicity. The prevalence of high-risk HPV was significantly higher than that of low-risk HPV. There was a higher rate of high-risk HPV than that seen in historic unselected LSIL cases. Cases of HSIL cytology/LSIL histology represent a group distinct from unselected LSILs by virtue of their higher prevalence of high-risk HP V types and, therefore, warrant closer clinical follow-up.
Female Human Spines with Simulated Osteolytic Defects: CT-based Structural Analysis of Vertebral Body Strength

By using computational structural analyses of quantitative CT, this study demonstrates that prediction of strength of female cadaveric spines with lytic defects improves upon the prediction on the ...
Trends in racial and ethnic demographics of the nursing workforce: 2000 to 2015.

Abstract Background The case for a more diverse nursing workforce has never been stronger given the rapidly changing demographics of the United States (U.S.) and the underrepresentation of certain racial and ethnic groups in nursing. Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how representation of ethnic and racial minority groups in the nursing workforce has changed over a 15-year period (2000–2015). Methods The American Community Survey (ACS) data files were used to examine patterns in ethnicity/race and education level in the registered nurse (RN) workforce. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square. Findings In the nursing workforce, minority groups are reaching higher levels of education. There has been a sharp increase in the number of baccalaureate graduates and a leveling-off of associate degree nurses. Discussion Nursing leaders are working collaboratively to increase the ethnic and racial diversity of the nursing workforce that is growing at a rate faster than that of the U.S. population as a whole.
Time zones, GDP & exports

ABSTRACTRecent studies have established a negative effect of time zone differences on trade flows. We extend this literature by examining whether a country’s economic size is relevant in its’ respo...
Wheat and Wheat Products

Cereals are the dried seeds of the cultivated grasses, which belong to the family Gramineae. They include wheat, rye, barley, corn, oats, grain sorghum, and millet. Buckwheat, although not a true cereal, is usually included with them.
Urban Wildlife Communication and Negotiation

Effective communication shapes how urban audiences affect and are affected by wildlife, ranging from policy making and management to citizen science and conflict resolution. This chapter reviews the elements of communication: Sources, Encoding, Messages and Media, Decoding, Receivers, and Feedback. We describe the process for identifying communication objectives, targeting audiences, using mass media and social dialogues, and evaluating results. We present strategies for wildlife conflict negotiation among diverse urban audiences as an example of communications that impact the fate of our urban ecosystems.
Flux crystal growth, structure, magnetic and optical properties of a family of alkali uranium(IV) phosphates

Abstract A family of alkali uranium(IV) phosphates, AU2(PO4)3 (A = Li – Cs), was synthesized as single crystals by the reaction of US2 and (NH4)2HPO4 in the respective ACl (A = Li – Cs) flux contained in a sealed fused-silica tube at 850 °C, and as phase pure powders from a similar reaction using UF4 as the uranium source. AU2(PO4)3 (A = Li – Rb) crystallize in the NaTh2(PO4)3 (NTP) structure type with monoclinic space group C2/c and consist of a 3D structure that features a framework composed of edge- and corner-sharing polyhedra. The cesium analogue, CsU2(PO4)3, crystallizes in a different structure with space group P21/n that is related to the NaZr2(PO4)3 (NZP) structure type and consists of a framework composed of corner-sharing polyhedra. Two new alkali uranium phosphates, Li2U(PO4)2 and Cs4U4(P2O7)5, were also grown as single crystals at 700 °C. Li2U(PO4)2 was isolated in approximately 30% yield based on uranium. Li2U(PO4)2 crystallizes in space group P21/c exhibiting a layered structure while Cs4U4(P2O7)5, crystallizes in space group P21/n in a new structure type featuring a 3D framework. The magnetic susceptibilities and the field dependent magnetizations were measured for AU2(PO4)3 (A = Li, Na, K and Cs); all compounds exhibited negative Weiss temperatures with no obvious antiferromagnetic transition. Optical properties were measured by UV–vis and IR spectroscopy.
Postscript on a Visit to the People's Republic of China.

Visitors traveling to Peking from the air port pass a large-character roadside sign. Its message urges viewers to "Learn from Tachai," a model commune whose demon stration of self-reliance is a source of na tional pride. Contemporary China is a land of models for personal and institutional emulation and of slogans and exhortations that stimulate and perpetuate mobilization campaigns. As a member of the NCTM delegation I found myself visiting China at a most opportune time, educationally speaking, since schooling was about to un dergo radical reforms. Our delegation of
Phagocytotische Aktivität des Pigmentepithels nach Lichtcoagulation

Beim Kaninchen wurde die Herkunft der nach Lichtcoagulation in der Retina auftretenden Makrophagen untersucht. Zur Lokalisation der Zellproliferation diente Colchicin. Die phagocytierende Zelle in der Netzhaut nach Schadigung durch Lichtcoagulation ist eine morphologisch stark veranderte Pigmentepithelzelle. Der Verlust des Pigmentes kann zur Verwechslung mit Histiocyten oder Monocyten fuhren. Pigmentfrei wird die Pigmentepithelzelle erstens, wenn ihr Pigment mit der Coagulation auf die Bruchsche Membran gelotet wird und sie sich davon ablost, zweitens wenn sie rasch aufeinanderfolgende Mitosen durchlauft, wahrend welcher kein neues Pigment gebildet wird. Fur die sich wie ein Makrophage verhaltende Pigmentepithelzelle wird zur Abgrenzung von mesenchymalen Zellen mit gleicher Funktion die Bezeichnung Pigmentepithel-Makrophage vorgeschlagen.
Interactive Virtual Reality Reduces Quadriceps Pain during High-Intensity Cycling.

Purpose Brief, high-intensity cycling is popular because physiological benefits accrue with a short workout time, but burning pain in the quadriceps is a potential barrier to engaging in this type of exercise. Virtual reality (VR) can temporarily decrease pain, but its effect on muscle pain during high-intensity exercise is unknown. The primary purpose of this experiment was to test whether adding interactive VR (I-VR) to high-intensity cycling could reduce quadriceps pain or improve performance. Methods Ninety-four adults who were physically active in their leisure time and age 18 to 29 yr completed three 30-s sprint interval cycling trials at a high resistance (0.085- and 0.075-kg resistance to the flywheel per kilogram body weight for men and women, respectively). In this randomized between-subject experiment, participants cycled while wearing a head-mounted display and viewing either (i) a dynamically changing cityscape perceived as interactively cycling through a virtual city (I-VR group) or (ii) a static picture of the cityscape with instructions to mentally imagine cycling through that city (static VR/motor imagery control group). Results Sphericity-adjusted 2 × 3 (group-time) ANOVA revealed a significant group-time interaction (F = 4.568; df = 1.499, 133.301; ηp = 0.047, P = 0.021) for pain intensity. With I-VR, pain intensities were 13.3% (mean, 4.60 vs 5.31; d = 0.28) and 11.8% (mean, 5.68 vs 6.44; d = 0.27) lower at sprint trials 2 and 3, respectively. The group-time interaction (P = 0.412) was not significant for total work. Conclusion Compared with a static VR/motor imagery control condition, I-VR during brief, high-intensity, fatigue-inducing leg cycling attenuates quadriceps pain intensity without reducing performance.
Use of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 Inhibitors in Statin-Associated Immune-Mediated Necrotizing Myopathy: A Case Series.

Objective To determine the safety of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors in patients with statin-associated anti-3-hydroxy-3-methlyglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (anti-HMGCR)-positive immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM). Methods Muscle strength was assessed in anti-HMGCR-positive patients at each visit before and after initiation of PCSK9 inhibitors. The trends in creatine kinase (CK) levels and serum anti-HMGCR antibody titers were monitored over time. Results Among 122 anti-HMGCR-positive patients, we identified 8 patients who were receiving PCSK9 inhibitors for hyperlipidemia. Patients were followed up for an average of 1.5 years (range 3-37 months), and none exhibited reduction in muscle strength. The mean ± SD CK level prior to the initiation of PCSK9 inhibitors was 956 ± 1,137 IU/liter, which was reduced to 419 ± 393 IU/liter at their last visit. Anti-HMGCR antibody titers followed a similar trend. Notably, in 2 patients, the initiation of the lipid-lowering medication was followed by unanticipated spontaneous clinical improvement and reduction in immunosuppression. Conclusion PCSK9 inhibitors are safe for long-term use as a cholesterol-lowering agent in patients with statin-associated IMNM.
History voted many times in Ian McHarg’s favor

In this showcase article, the author presents three exemplary instances of Ian McHarg’s effective, time-honored socio-ecological practice research. Each case is powered by an insightful idea he discovered in practice and articulated for practice. These are, respectively, the idea “to green the earth,” the intrinsic “unsuitability for urbanization,” and “a profoundly simple concept” for building ecological resilience. Together, these examples make a compelling case for the statement that “McHarg had it right” many times.
UNL-VRTM, A Testbed for Aerosol Remote Sensing: Model Developments and Applications

The UNL-VRTM, short for the Unified Linearized Vector Radiative Transfer Model, was specifically designed as a testbed for remote sensing of atmospheric aerosols, with additional potential for remote sensing of clouds, trace gases, and surface. It integrates analytically linearized vector radiative transfer (VLIDORT) with particulate and molecular scatterings, HITRAN spectroscopic gaseous absorption, and reflection models of land and water surfaces. Coupled with an optimal estimation (OE) facility, these components constitute a testbed tool that can simulate atmospheric remote sensing measurements from ultraviolet to thermal infrared (0.2–40 \(\upmu \)m) and assess the capacity of any current or future observation system to provide quantitative information on atmospheric composition (aerosol, cloud, and gas) and surface properties. The UNL-VRTM package is freely available to the public through http://unl-vrtm.org. Since 2014 the model has gained dozens of user groups from eight different countries, and has been applied to a number of studies in Earth surface and atmospheric remote sensing. In this chapter, we describe the physics, structure, and capabilities of UNL-VRTM, with emphasis on how its constituent modules are coupled. Capabilities of the UNL-VRTM model are reviewed and demonstrated with several applications in the spectroscopic and polarimetric remote sensing of aerosol microphysical properties. Finally, we introduce some recent and important upcoming updates to the model.
Use of melengestrol acetate and gonadotropins to induce fertile estrus in seasonally anestrous ewes.

Ewes of three genotypes (Hamp- shire, n = 59; Rambouillet, n = 36; crossbred, n = 57) were used to determine the efficiency of melengestrol acetate (MGA) and(or1 PG-600 (a combination of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin and human chorionic gonadotropin) in inducing fertile estrus in seasonally anestrus ewes. Ewes were assigned randomly, within geno- type, to treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrange- ment. Treatments were control, .125 mg of MGA given twice per day for 9 d (MGA), a single 5-mL injection of PG-600 (PG-6001, and the combina- tion of treatments MGA and PG-600 (MGA/PG- 600). Feeding of MGA began on May 14, 1990, and ended on May 23. Injections of PG-600 were given immediately after the last feeding of MGA or vehicle on May 23. All ewes were exposed to fertile, brisket-painted rams on May 24 (d 0) for 40 d. Ewes were checked for estrus twice daily for 9 d. Laparoscopy was performed, to assess ovulation rate (OR), on d 6 for ewes that were not detected in estrus and on d 12 for ewes that exhibited estrus. Percentage of ewes mated was increased by MGA (P < .001). Ovulation rate of ewes exposed to rams was increased by PG-600 (P < .01) and this effect was enhanced by MGA (P < .051, whereas MGA alone tended to decrease OR (P < ,101. Melenges- trol acetate decreased the interval to lambing by 6.5 d (P.051. In addition, MGA increased the percentage of ewes lambing (P < .001) and the number of lambs born per ewe exposed to rams (P e .001). The number of lambs born per ewe lambing was unaffected by treatment. These data indicate that use of MGA can facilitate twice-per- year lambing. The use of PG-600 did not enhance ewe productivity beyond that achieved using MGA alone.
Initial use of tobacco or marijuana and later use profiles inyoung adults

INTRODUCTION Given the relatively limited literature regarding risk factors for progression of alternative tobacco and marijuana use, this study examined initially-used tobacco or marijuana products and psychosocial risk factors such as adverse childhood events (ACEs), mental health (depression, ADHD), and parental substance use, in relation to young adult lifetime and current (past 30-day) tobacco and marijuana use. METHODS Using cross-sectional data from a 2014-2016 study of 3418 young adult college students in Georgia, we analyzed lifetime and current use of various tobacco products (cigarettes, cigar products, smokeless tobacco, e-cigarettes, hookah) and marijuana among lifetime tobacco or marijuana users (N=1451) in relation to initially-used product as well as sociodemographic characteristics and psychosocial risk factors. RESULTS Multivariable analyses indicated that more products ever used correlated with cigarettes being first used (vs cigars, B=-0.66; e-cigarettes, OR=-1.33; hookah, B=-0.99; and marijuana, B=-1.05; p<0.001), as well as being older (B=0.06), male (B=-0.72) and White (vs Black, B=-0.30; or Asian, B=-0.60), more adverse childhood events (ACEs, B=0.07), and parental marijuana use (B=0.47; p<0.05). Currently-used products correlated with cigarettes being first used (vs cigars, B=-0.18; e-cigarettes, B=-0.37; and hookah, B=-0.18; p<0.05), being younger (B=-0.04), male (B=-0.15), more depressive symptoms (B=0.01), and parental marijuana use (B=0.40; p<0.05). Current cigarette, smokeless tobacco, hookah and marijuana use demonstrated specificity to initially-used products. CONCLUSIONS Initially-used products, specifically cigarettes, with well-documented and communicated risks, correlated with using more products subsequently among young adults, underscoring needed research on such risks and risk communication, and early intervention strategies.
Newly Discovered Papers of S. Chandrasekhar and an Ethical Dilemma

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1910–1995) was one of the most important figures of 20th–Century astrophysics. The closing of Yerkes Observatory by the University of Chicago in 2018 led to discovery in Chandrasekhar's old Yerkes office of several boxes of items he had left. They included a sealed envelope, which when opened revealed an inner sealed envelope on which was written "Please do not examine contents. Thanks. S. Chandrasekhar." This paper discusses how the authors handled the ethical dilemma of balancing the wishes of a deceased scientific icon versus the obvious possibility that the envelope contained materials of historical importance.
Terrorists Use of Ambulances for Terror Attacks: A Review.

Introduction: Using an ambulance as an attack modality offers many advantages to a terrorist organization. Ambulances can carry more explosives than most vehicles and can often bypass security. Yet, studies examining how terrorist organizations have incorporated ambulances into their attacks are lacking. Study Objective: This article seeks to identify and analyze known instances in which an ambulance has been used in a terrorist attack. Methods: The Global Terrorism Database (GTD) was searched for terrorist events that involved the use of an ambulance from the years 1970-2018. Variables of event time, location, and loss of life were analyzed. Results: Twenty instances where an ambulance had been used in a terrorist attack were identified from the GTD. Fifteen of the attacks occurred in the Middle East, while the remaining five occurred in Southeast Asia. All attacks except one had occurred after 2001, and 13 had occurred within the past decade. Most attacks (12/20) resulted in up to three people killed, while six attacks had 10-20 casualties. The deadliest attack occurred in Kabul, Afghanistan in 2018 and caused over 100 casualties. One event did not have casualty information in the GTD. In all cases, ambulances were used as vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices (VBIED) by terrorist organizations. Conclusion: This study shows that terrorists are increasingly acquiring and utilizing ambulances in their attacks, often with deadly consequences. Security and public health experts must be aware of this hazard and work to deny terrorists access to these vehicles.
Clinical Outcomes Following Single vs. Multiple Vessel Living-Donor Kidney Transplantation: A Retrospective Comparison of 210 Patients

Background: The use of living-donor kidney allografts with multiple vessels continues to rise in order to increase the donor pool. This requires surgeons to pursue vascular reconstructions more often, which has previously been associated with a higher risk of developing early post-transplant complications. We therefore wanted to investigate the prognostic role of using living-donor renal allografts with a single artery (SA) vs. multiple arteries (MA) at the time of transplant. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed a cohort of 210 consecutive living-donor kidney transplants performed between January, 2008 and March, 2019, and compared the incidence of developing postoperative complications and other clinical outcomes between SA vs. MA recipients. Results: No differences were observed between SA (N = 161) and MA (N = 49) kidneys in terms of the incidence of developing a postoperative (or surgical) complication, a urologic complication, hospital length of stay, delayed graft function, estimated glomerular filtration rate at 3 or 12 mo post-transplant, and graft survival. Conclusions: The use of live-kidney allografts with MA requiring vascular reconstruction shows excellent clinical outcomes and does not increase the risk of developing postoperative complications or other adverse outcomes when compared with SA renal allografts.
Skew Brace Enhancements

We use the structure of skew braces to enhance the biquandle counting invariant for virtual knots and links for finite biquandles defined from skew braces. We introduce two new invariants: a single-variable polynomial using skew brace ideals and a two-variable polynomial using the skew brace group structures. We provide examples to show that the new invariants are not determined by the counting invariant and hence are proper enhancements.
Accelerating hybrid perovskite research through robotic micro-experimentation

The vast chemical and processing universe of emerging halide perovskite materials can be overwhelming to traditional research practices. The sheer scale of the design problem and the emergent nature of many phenomena, including highly nonequilibrium thin film processing, complex solution-to-solid phase transformation can be overwhelming for traditional trial-and-error investigations. Solving such a complex problem would benefit from a robot-in-the-loop strategy that can accelerate many of the manual tasks as well as reduce cost and waste generation and support implementation of artificial intelligence. We present the RoboMapper, our recent effort to leverage robotic automation towards accelerating parameter space exploration and establishment of formulation-structure-property relationships with orders of magnitude enhancement in research efficiency. We will demonstrate formulation, printing and characterization of halide perovskites towards the aim of accelerating research workflows.
Ventriculostomy supply cart decreases time-to-external ventricular drain placement in the emergency department.

Background Minimizing time-to-external ventricular drain (EVD) placement in the emergency department (ED) is critical. We sought to understand factors affecting time-to-EVD placement through a quality improvement initiative. Methods The use of process mapping, root cause analyses, and interviews with staff revealed decentralized supply storage as a major contributor to delays in EVD placement. We developed an EVD "crash cart" as a potential solution to this problem. Time-to-EVD placement was tracked prospectively using time stamps in the electronic medical record (EMR); precart control patients were reviewed retrospectively. Results The final cohorts consisted of 33 precart and 18 postcart cases. The mean time-to-EVD in the precart group was 99.09 min compared to 71.88 min in the postcart group (two-tailed t-test, P = 0.023). Median time-to-EVD was 92 min in the precart group compared to 64 min in the postcart group (rank sum test, P = 0.0165). Postcart patients trended toward improved outcomes with lower modified Rankin score scores at 1 year, but this did not reach statistical significance (two-tailed t-test, P = 0.177). Conclusion An EVD "crash cart" is a simple intervention that can significantly reduce time-to-EVD placement and may improve outcomes in patients requiring an EVD.
“Mises Redux” — Redux: Fifteen Arguments Against Finite Frequentism

According to finite frequentism, the probability of an attribute A in a finite reference class B is the relative frequency of actual occurrences of A within B. I present fifteen arguments against this position.
Securing the Colonies for the Commonwealth: Counterinsurgency, Decolonization, and the Development of British Imperial Strategy in the Postwar Empire

On the 26th of July, 1956, Field Marshal Sir Gerald Templer, the chief of the imperial general staff, sent a memorandum to Alan Lennox-Boyd, the colonial secretary. He suggested that the parachute battalions slated to leave Cyprus at the end of the year be replaced by two light artillery regiments rather than infantry. This was not, he explained, due to the changing nature of the conflict in Cyprus, nor to any apparent need for more heavy weaponry, but because the British infantry battalions had finally succumbed to the burden placed upon them since the end of the Second World War. Indeed, at the time of his writing, Templer revealed that there were only nine infantry battalions remaining in the United Kingdom that had been resident there for a period of more than twelve months, three of which were already earmarked for internal security operations in Somaliland. With a reserve of only six battalions and with tensions in the Suez Canal region rising, Templer simply could not afford to send more infantry to Cyprus.1 As chief of the imperial general staff, Templer was under increasing pressure in