cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Blood Flow Measurements in Digital Cardiac Angiography using 3D Coronary Artery Reconstructions

Impaired blood flow, which can result in ischemia and death to tissues of critical organs, is a byproduct of several disease states. Examples of angiographic techniques which study blood flow include those 1. which measure uptake and washout of contrast media, 2. which measure the contrast dilution as an indicator, and 3. transit time measurements which measure the time it takes for the fluid to traverse a known volume. This last technique provides the ability to measure absolute blood flow within individual segments and is the subject of this paper.
An examination of the reciprocal relations between life satisfaction and social problem solving in early adolescents.

Theoretical and emerging empirical advances in the life satisfaction (LS) and social problem solving (SPS) literature suggest that LS and SPS may have bidirectional relations. The main purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis of bidirectionality between LS and two components of the SPS, orientation (SPS-O) and skills (SPS-S). Two waves of data were collected from a sample of 733 adolescents at a middle school over a 6-month period. Cross-lagged panel analysis results showed that statistically, LS significantly predicted SPS-O and SPS-S after six months; however, neither SPS-O nor SPS-S significantly predicted LS after six months. These findings suggest LS may function as an antecedent of SPS-O and SPS-S among early adolescents, which lead to a main implication that both SPS and LS could be the direct aims of educational and psychological programs to promote SPS development in early adolescents. Additional implication and future directions are discussed.
Scalable Robustness

Complex computational systems can experience undetected faults that produce incorrect outputs. However, error measures can be adopted to quantify these incorrect results and evaluate computational robustness. This paper offers an approach to assessing the worst case scalable robustness (WCSR) of an algorithm paired with an error measure, as well as the i.i.d. average case scalable robustness (ACSRiid). In a case study on four linearithmic and quadratic pairwise sorting algorithms suffering faulty comparisons, we confirm that algorithm efficiency is inversely correlated with algorithm robustness, and more unexpectedly, that only round robin sort -- a quadratic algorithm rarely used in computing -- achieves both ACSRiid and WCSR.
Perceived Message Effectiveness Predicts Information-Seeking Behavior

This study examined whether perceived message effectiveness (PE) predicted information-seeking behavior in the topical domain of colon cancer. Participants (N = 277) viewed one of three video messages (news, testimonial, and animation) that advocated screening for colon cancer. Information-seeking behavior was operationalized as reading time for a subsequent message about colon cancer. The proposed mediation model successfully reproduced the pattern of data, thereby providing evidence that PE predicts behavior via intention.
Multi-spectral black meta-infrared detectors (Conference Presentation)

There is an increased emphasis on obtaining imaging systems with on-demand spectro-polarimetric information at the pixel level. Meta-infrared detectors in which infrared detectors are combined with metamaterials are a promising way to realize this. The infrared region is appealing due to the low metallic loss, large penetration depth of the localized field and the larger feature sizes compared to the visible region. I will discuss approaches to realize multispectral detectors including our recent work on double metal meta-material design combined with Type II superlattices that have demonstrated enhanced quantum efficiency (collaboration with Padilla group at Duke University).
Renal Calcium Oxalate Deposits Induce a Pro-Atherosclerotic and Pro-Osteoporotic Response in Mice

Urinary stone disease (USD) is increasing in adult and pediatric populations. Adult and pediatric studies have demonstrated decreased bone mineral density and increased fracture rates. USD has also been independently linked to increased rates of myocardial infarction and cerebral vascular accidents. Although USD is a multisystem disorder involving the kidneys, bone, and vasculature, the molecular mechanisms linking these three organs remain unknown. Calcium oxalate nephropathy was induced in C57BL/6J mice with intra-peritoneal (ip) injection of sodium glyoxolate. Half of each kidney underwent Pizzalato staining and half was snap frozen for RNA extraction. RT2 Profiler Mouse Atherosclerosis, Osteoporosis, and Calcium Signaling PCR Arrays (Qiagen) were performed. Only results that passed quality checks in PCR array reproducibility and genomic DNA contamination were included. Genes had to show at least fourfold differential expression and P 10-fold increase. All 10 have P ≤ 0.003. The calcium signaling array showed significant fourfold upregulation of 10 genes, four of which were ≥10-fold. All 10 have P ≤ 0.03. We have demonstrated that calcium oxalate nephropathy can induce upregulation of atherosclerotic, metabolic bone, and calcium homeostasis genes in a murine model. This may be and initial step in identifying the molecular mechanisms linking stone, bone, and cardiovascular disease. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 2744–2751, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Degradation of halogenated aliphatic compounds utilizing sequential anaerobic/aerobic treatments.

The objective of this research was to determine if either methanogenic or sulfidogenic reductive dechlorination could survive an alternating anaerobic/aerobic sequence to biologically transform halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons (HACs), specifically tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), cis-1,2 dichloroethylene (cDCE), trans-1,2 dichloroethylene (tDCE), 1,1 dichloroethylene (1, 1DCE) and vinyl chloride (VC). This ability was considered to be a necessary prerequisite for complete anaerobic/aerobic mineralization of halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons by a single microbial consortia. Chlorinated solvents, which are among the most common groundwater contaminants, have been partially dechlorinated using single-stage anaerobic environmental treatment strategies. Various types of bacteria typically reductively dechlorinate PCE and TCE to cDCE and VC in an anaerobic environment, including methanogens, sulfidogens, and homoacetogens. The problem lies in the fact that reductive dechlorination typically leads to an accumulation of daughter compounds (cDCE, VC) which are more toxic than their parent compounds (PCE, TCE). Furthermore, PCE and (to a lesser extent) TCE, are resistant to dechlorination in aerobic environments. In contrast, VC and cDCE are readily oxidized co-metabolically in an aerobic environment by methanotrophic bacteria, and others using oxygenases (e.g. toluene oxidizers). Results from this research showed that both methanogenic and sulfidogenic reductive dechlorination could resume after transient exposures to both oxygen and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In fact, for cycles as frequent as 10 days between aerobic treatment cycles, reductive dechlorination was observed to resume at rates at least as rapid as microcosms not exposed to aerobic treatments.
Techniques for Materials Microanalysis

The science and technology of ultrasmall three-dimensional materials systems has been developing rapidly the last 20 years or so. Catalysts, coatings, composites, as well as electronic device structures—all rely on materials properties on an atomic scale. To develop such new materials and understand the chemical and physical properties that determine their unique behavior, we also require analytical tools with atomic level spatial resolution and at the same time the desired measurement capability. This need, along with extensive scientific interest in the fundamental chemical and physical properties of free surfaces, has led to the continued development of microanalytical chemical analysis techniques over the past 20 years. Most readers will be familiar with many of these techniques with acronyms such as AES, XPS, RBS, SIMS, ESCA, etc. This issue of the MRS BULLETIN will review some recent advances in the development of these techniques as well as introduce new techniques with significant advantages over the older ones.As you can see from the thickness of this issue, it is difficult to cover the entire field in a finite amount of space. This led us to limit the discussion to those microanalytical tools which can easily be applied to the analysis of buried interface structures such as those found in semiconductor devices.
Starshade Orbital Maneuver Study for WFIRST

The Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST) mission, scheduled for launch in the mid-2020s will perform exoplanet science via both direct imaging and a microlensing survey. An internal coronagraph is planned to perform starlight suppression for exoplanet imaging, but an external starshade could be used to achieve the required high contrasts with potentially higher throughput. This approach would require a separately-launched occulter spacecraft to be positioned at exact distances from the telescope along the line of sight to a target star system. We present a detailed study to quantify the Δv requirements and feasibility of deploying this additional spacecraft as a means of exoplanet imaging. The primary focus of this study is the fuel use of the occulter while repositioning between targets. Based on its design, the occulter is given an offset distance from the nominal WFIRST halo orbit. Target star systems and look vectors are generated using Exoplanet Open-Source Imaging Simulator (EXOSIMS); a boundary value problem is then solved between successive targets. On average, 50 observations are achievable with randomly selected targets given a 30-day transfer time. Individual trajectories can be optimized for transfer time as well as fuel usage to be used in mission scheduling. Minimizing transfer time reduces the total mission time by up to 4.5 times in some simulations before expending the entire fuel budget. Minimizing Δv can generate starshade missions that achieve over 100 unique observations within the designated mission lifetime of WFIRST.
Phase separation in organic aerosol

Organic aerosol is ubiquitous in the atmosphere, and impacts climate through the scattering and absorption of light and through the formation of nuclei for cloud droplets. These aerosol particles, which are composed of organic compounds and salts, are of great recent interest due to the complex chemistry that occurs within the particles as well as at the air-aerosol interface. Historically, organic aerosol was thought to undergo two phase transitions as the relative humidity around the particles is varied: efflorescence (crystallization) and deliquescence (water uptake). Recently, however, it was proposed that organic aerosol can undergo a phase transition in which liquid–liquid phase separation results in the formation of a particle with two liquid phases. This phenomenon has been recognized in the biophysical chemistry community for over a century, but atmospheric systems differ in several key aspects. Over the past 15 years, characterisation of the systems that undergo phase separation, the mechanisms by which this phase transition occurs, and the resultant morphologies have been investigated, sometimes with lingering questions. In addition, theory has been developed to model liquid–liquid phase separation in bulk systems. This review will cover these studies, focusing on experimental results, as well as covering recent results on the inhibition of liquid–liquid phase separation in nanoscale particles and studies that address the implications of this phase transition on climate-related properties of aerosol particles.
Focusing light through scattering media by polarization modulation based generalized digital optical phase conjugation (Conference Presentation)

Focusing light deep inside and through thick biological tissue is critical to many applications. However, optical scattering prevents light from being focused through thick biological tissue, which restricts biophotonics to a limited depth of about 1 mm. To break this optical diffusion limit, digital optical phase conjugation (DOPC) based wavefront shaping techniques are being actively developed. Previous DOPC systems employed spatial light modulators that modulated either the phase or the amplitude of the conjugate light field. Here, we achieve optical focusing through scattering media by using polarization modulation based generalized DOPC. First, we describe an algorithm to extract the polarization map from the measured scattered field. Then, we validate the algorithm through numerical simulations, and find the focusing contrast achieved by polarization modulation is similar to that achieved by phase modulation, and is higher than those achieved by binary-phase and binary-amplitude modulations. Finally, we build a system using an inexpensive twisted nematic liquid crystal based spatial light modulator, and experimentally demonstrate light focusing through 3-mm thick chicken breast tissue. Since the polarization modulation based SLMs are widely used in displays and are having more and more pixel counts with the prevalence of 4K displays, these SLMs are inexpensive and valuable devices for wavefront shaping. Thus, we anticipate that polarization modulation based SLMs will gain their prevalence in the field of wavefront shaping.
The man behind the machine

As a practising computer scientist, I thought I had a fairly good grasp of Alan Turing's many contributions to the field. But The Turing Guide by Jack Copeland, Jonathan Bowen, Mark Sprevak and Robin Wilson has opened up a universe of Turing's other pursuits I knew nothing about, inflating my admiration for him and his work.
Prejudice in Perceptions of Physicians?: The Influence of Race and Gender on Evaluations of Medical Errors

Little is known about prejudicial attitudes patients have toward physicians. Past research shows that physicians commonly face discrimination 1–3, and although Asian physicians constitute the largest ethnic minority population of practicing physicians,4, there is no research that examines their experiences with discrimination explicitly. Asian professionals are subject to both positive and negative stereotypes, such that they are categorized as high-achieving (e.g., intelligent, successful), yet also perpetually foreign and never accepted into the American milieu.5 This research examined how patient biases can influence evaluations of physicians as a function of physician race, gender, and severity of a medical error.
The Value of Scintigraphy in Staging Esophageal Carcinoma

The primary benefit of clinical staging of esophageal carcinoma is improved selection of therapeutic modalities. The most common methods of clinical assessment are history and physical examination, barium swallow, and chest radiograph. They provide very little information about tumor stage, particularly with respect to the incidence of distant organ metastases. Our experience using routine scintigraphic techniques to detect distant metastases is summarized.
Cells and Cytokines in Resistance to Toxoplasma gondii

With the advent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic the importance of toxoplasmosis as an opportunistic infection has markedly increased. This parasite has long been recognized as an important cause of disease in other patients with deficiencies in T cell functions including those with Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, those with acute lymphocytic leukemia, and those patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation (Israelski and Remington 1992, 1993). The fact that life-threatening toxoplasmosis occurs in these patients, in contrast to immunologically normal individuals, indicates the importance of T cells in resistance to this infection. However, other aspects of the immune system are also involved in resistance or susceptibility to this disease. In this review we will present data from recent studies from our laboratory on the role of a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I gene in resistance to toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) in murine models, the role of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the pathogenesis of TE, the response of human γδ T cells to T. gondii, and the role of cytokines in the regulation of T cell-independent resistance to the parasite.
Hans-Georg Gadamer: Phronetic Understanding and Learned Ignorance

Hans-Georg Gadamer was born in Marburg on February 11, 1900, and spent his childhood in Breslau in Silesia (now Wroclaw, Poland). As he wryly remarks in Philosophical Apprenticeships, his father was a fervent natural scientist who disdained the humanities, and was appalled by his son’s native inclinations to “chatty” disciplines such as philosophy, art, and literature. Much later the mature Gadamer retorted with an elaborate defense of the legitimacy and autonomy of the human sciences vis-a-vis the natural sciences. After graduating from the Holy Spirit Gymnasium of Breslau in 1918, he enrolled in Breslau University to study the humanities. In 1919 he moved to Marburg, where he came under the influence of Paul Natorp, Nicolai Hartmann, life philosophy, and the Stefan George circle. He completed his doctorate in 1922 with a dissertation on Plato written under Natorp. In 1923 he spent three months at Freiburg where he attended the lectures of Husserl and Heidegger, and those of Heidegger in particular impressed him enormously. The influence of Heidegger on Gadamer intensified after Heidegger’s move to Marburg in 1925. Gadamer was enthralled by Heidegger’s radical interpretations of Greek philosophy, and this motivated him to undertake a new systematic study of classical philology and ancient rhetoric, especially under Paul Friedlander. Gadamer passed a state examination in classical philology in 1927, and completed his habilitation in philosophy in 1928 with Platos dialektische Ethik, a phenomenological interpretation of the Philebus heavily influenced by Heidegger.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy and Tricyclics for Depression

Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is based on the evidence that most clinical depressions — regardless of symptom patterns, severity, presumed biological vulnerability, or personal traits — occurs in an interpersonal context. Understanding and renegotiating the interpersonal context associated with the depression is important to the depressed person’s recovery and the prevention of possible further episodes. IPT is a brief (usually 12–16 weeks) weekly psychotherapeutic treatment developed for the ambulatory, nonbipolar, nonpsychotic depressed patient, focused on improving the quality of the depressed patient’s current interpersonal functioning. It is suitable for use, following training, by experienced psychiatrists, psychologists, or social workers. It can be used alone or in conjunction with pharmacologic approaches.
Amino Acid Requirements in Childhood

The sources of data upon the amino acid requirements of infants and children are very limited. The major work is that of Holt and Snyderman and their associates and their estimates have been published in many places. When data are limited there is also a limit to what one can say about them. However, one of the major problems is that people are likely to take estimates of requirements too seriously without adequate consideration of the limitations of the data.
An Audit of Thrombophilia Testing in Patients with Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack: The Futility of Testing.

Abstract Objectives Many patients admitted with an ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) undergo thrombophilia testing. There is limited evidence to support this practice. We examined the effect of thrombophilia testing on management of patients admitted with an ischemic stroke or TIA. Materials and Methods In this retrospective observational single-center study, we identified patients who were admitted with stroke or TIA and underwent thrombophilia testing over a 45-month period. We reviewed their electronic medical records to assess whether testing affected clinical management, defined as anticoagulation treatment by the time of discharge due to a positive test result. Secondary endpoints included potential misdiagnosis due to false positive results and cost of testing. Results Testing was performed in 143 patients with a stroke or TIA. Forty-four patients (31%) had at least 1 positive test result. The most common positive tests were an elevated factor VIII activity (18% of patients tested) and decreased protein S activity (11% of patients tested). Both of these tests are subject to acute phase effects. Testing altered clinical management in only 1 patient (1% of total patients tested). Thirty-three patients (75%) have the potential for carrying a misdiagnosis due to a positive test that was never repeated for confirmation or repeated too soon after the initial positive test. The annual cost of testing was approximately $62,000. Conclusions Thrombophilia testing in the acute inpatient setting rarely impacted the clinical management of patients admitted with a stroke or TIA. By avoiding thrombophilia testing, both the potential for misdiagnosis and health care costs can be reduced. Therefore, we have discontinued thrombophilia testing in in-patients with a diagnosis of stroke.
The obesity paradox: the protective effect of obesity on right ventricular function using echocardiographic strain imaging in patients with pulmonary hypertension.

Background Obesity is associated with right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, but its effect on RV remodeling in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) has not been studied. We evaluated the effect of obesity, and its interplay with diabetes, in patients with PHTN using RV echocardiographic strain imaging. Methods One hundred eighty-five patients underwent echocardiographic imaging and pulmonary artery pressure was calculated using tricuspid regurgitation jet velocity. From focused RV apical-four-chamber view, global and mid peak systolic RV free wall longitudinal strain (FWLS) was calculated using speckle-tracking software. Results Global and mid RV FWLS in patients with PHTN (N.=84) was lower (-16.8±7 vs. 18.9±6.3, P=0.035 and -11.2±12.8 vs. -18.9±9.2, P=0.002 respectively) compared with patients without PHTN (N.=101). Among patients without PHTN, obese patients (BMI>30) had lower global and mid RV FWLS (-17.2±6.2 vs. -20.3±5.7, P=0.012 and -17.6±7.2 vs. -21.9±7.3, P=0.004), even after excluding diabetic patients (Mid RV FWLS -18.2±6.8 vs. -22.1±8, P=0.032). Among patients with PHTN, obese patients had similar RV FWLS compared with non-obese patients (P=0.46). However, on excluding diabetic patients from PHTN group, obese patients with PHTN had higher global and mid RV FWLS (-21.7±5.7 vs. -16.1±8, P=0.017 and 23.8±4.8 vs. -17±9.4, P=0.009 respectively) compared to non-obese patients which suggests a protective effect of obesity on RV function in patients with PHTN. Conclusions Obesity is associated with subclinical RV dysfunction as assessed by RV strain imaging, but paradoxically it may confer a protective effect on RV function once the patient develops PHTN. Future studies should evaluate the clinical impact of this paradox.
Efficient global sensitivity analysis with correlated variables

Existing methods for the computation of global sensitivity indices are challenged by both number of input-output samples required and the presence of dependent or correlated variables. First, a methodology is developed to increase the efficiency of sensitivity computations with independent variables by incorporating optimal space-filling quasi-random sequences into an existing importance sampling-based kernel regression sensitivity method. Two prominent situations where parameter correlations cannot be ignored, however, are (1) posterior distributions of calibrated parameters and (2) transient, coupled simulations. Therefore, the sensitivity methodology is generalized to dependent variables allowing for efficient post-calibration sensitivity analyses using input-output samples obtained directly from Bayesian calibration. These methods are illustrated using coupled, aerothermal simulations where it is observed that model errors and parameter correlations control the sensitivity estimates until coupling effects become dominant over time.
A Short History of Human Dissection and the Autopsy

This chapter will review the history of the evolution of human dissection to the practice of the autopsy from approximately 5000 BCE until the early twenty-first century, highlighting the contributions of European investigators during medieval times, especially those at Padua, where Vesalius’s great work, De corporis humani fabrica libri septum, overthrew more than a millennium of misinformation about the human body and led to the studies of William Harvey, who elucidated the circulation of the blood, and Giovanni Battista Morgagni, who firmly established clinical-pathologic correlation as the best way to understand human disease. The work of Vesalius, Harvey, and Morgagni, in turn, led to the important pathology observations of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, which served as the foundation for the great clinical diagnostic and therapeutic advances of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Increasing ease and reliability of newer diagnostic approaches may lead to the eventual disappearance of the autopsy as a medical standard, although, in the second decade of the twenty-first century, there is continuing, and, perhaps, even increased, need for autopsy studies.
Toddler Bedtime Routines and Associations With Nighttime Sleep Duration and Maternal and Household Factors.

Study Objectives:The aims of this study were to examine (1) relationships among implementing a bedtime routine, nighttime awakenings, and nighttime sleep duration in toddlers from low-income, minor...
The effects of regenerative injection therapy compared to corticosteroids for the treatment of lateral Epicondylitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The lateral epicondyle is a common site for chronic tendinosis (i.e. lateral epicondylitis), a condition characterized by overuse and degeneration of a tendon due to repeated microtrauma. This leads to pain and functional limitations. There is a growing interest in non-surgical forms of treatment for this condition including provision of corticosteroid injections and regenerative injection therapy (provision of autologous blood and platelet rich plasma injections). We compared the effectiveness of corticosteroids with regenerative injection therapy for the treatment of lateral epicondylitis. We systematically reviewed randomized controlled trials published in English language from 2008 to 2018. Databases used included PEDro, Scopus, PubMed, and CINAHL. Nine articles met our selection criteria. The PEDRo scale scores helped assess study quality. Cochrane risk of bias criteria helped assess bias. We analyzed results focusing on pain and function using meta-analyses. Six out of 9 studies had low risk of bias. There were no short-term (1 and 2 month) differences in pain scores between the corticosteroid and regenerative injection groups. Participants receiving regenerative injections demonstrated greater long-term improvements lasting for a period of ≈2 years. Regenerative injections provision results in greater long–term pain relief and improved function for people with lateral epicondylitis.
The Central Bank of Brazil

The Central Bank of Brazil (Banco Central Do Brazil; CBB) was established in 1964 as an autonomous federal institution and part of the Brazil National Financial System (SFN).83 But it was not until the 1988 Constitution that the CBB could perform the core functions of a modern central bank.
The What, How, and Why of Bottom-Up Rebuilding and Recovery After Natural Disasters

The federal government plays a prominent role in post-disaster response and assistance in the United States. Research on post-disaster recovery, however, points to the importance of bottom-up responses, or actions driven by community actors. Bottom-up responses offer several advantages, including that they (1) have access to local knowledge, (2) can make use of social capital, and (3) have flexibility in a changing environment. These advantages, in turn, allow actors to promote recovery by (1) providing needed goods, services, and information; (2) coordinating actions, including the distribution of assistance; and (3) signaling return. This chapter relies on evidence following Hurricane Katrina (2005) and Hurricane Sandy (2012) to investigate the potential for bottom-up efforts in the aftermath of natural disaster.
Symmetry-Controlled Reactions

Bonding interactions are determined by the symmetry of orbitals available. Since many chemical reactions break some bonds and form new bonds, it seems obvious that reaction mechanisms involving interactions of orbitals of like symmetry would be favored (allowed). This is a beautiful example where elegant theory and experimental observations come together in an appealing way. Symmetry rules can be expressed in terms of orbital symmetry, state symmetry, or bond symmetry.
Deepening transparency about value-laden assumptions in energy and environmental modelling: improving best practices for both modellers and non-modellers

Transparency and openness are broadly endorsed in energy and environmental modelling and analysis, but too little attention is given to the transparency of value-laden assumptions. Current practice...
Effects of Student Help-Seeking Behaviors on Student Mathematics Achievement.

Using the nationally representative sample from the United States in the 2012 Programme for International Student Assessment (N = 7,429 students from 240 schools), the present study examined the effects of student help-seeking behaviors on eight measures of student mathematics achievement. To account for the multilevel structure of the data with students nested within schools (i.e., students attending different schools), a two-level hierarchical linear model was used in the data analysis. Student help-seeking behaviors showed statistically significant positive effects on all eight measures of mathematics achievement, even after controlling for student characteristics and school characteristics. Furthermore, for all eight measures of mathematics achievement, the positive effects of student help-seeking behaviors on student mathematics achievement are independent of which schools students attend.
Cervical spine injury: Approach to the trauma patient

Cervical spine injury can be found in an estimated 5% of blunt trauma patients and poses some specific concerns for the otolaryngologist. Understanding the mechanisms and nature of injuries are essential to manage and minimize secondary spinal cord injury, particularly during intubation, or emergent or planned airway or other surgical procedures. Providers should be able to identify patients with potential cervical spine injury, be familiar with alternative methods of airway management and neck stabilization and have an understanding of basic management of cervical spine injury.
Exploring and Analyzing Machine Commonsense Benchmarks.

Commonsense question-answering (QA) tasks, in the form of benchmarks, are constantly being introduced for challenging and comparing commonsense QA systems. The benchmarks provide question sets that systems' developers can use to train and test new models before submitting their implementations to official leaderboards. Although these tasks are created to evaluate systems in identified dimensions (e.g. topic, reasoning type), this metadata is limited and largely presented in an unstructured format or completely not present. Because machine common sense is a fast-paced field, the problem of fully assessing current benchmarks and systems with regards to these evaluation dimensions is aggravated. We argue that the lack of a common vocabulary for aligning these approaches' metadata limits researchers in their efforts to understand systems' deficiencies and in making effective choices for future tasks. In this paper, we first discuss this MCS ecosystem in terms of its elements and their metadata. Then, we present how we are supporting the assessment of approaches by initially focusing on commonsense benchmarks. We describe our initial MCS Benchmark Ontology, an extensible common vocabulary that formalizes benchmark metadata, and showcase how it is supporting the development of a Benchmark tool that enables benchmark exploration and analysis.
Primary Debates and the Presidential Nomination Process

Debates have become a centerpiece of the presidential nominating contest. In this essay, I explore the role debates played in the Democrats’ 2020 primaries. While debates can help voters make decisions about candidates, several aspects of the way debates are held may have unintentional impacts on the nominating process. The Democrats struggled with an oversized field of candidates, and their solutions to this challenge probably hurt the chances of several worthy candidates. Meanwhile, news outlets’ use of debates as major events that showcase their journalists and elaborate production values often overshadows the candidates on stage. In preparing for 2024’s primary debates, America’s political parties should nevertheless avoid the trap of trying to fix the debates of 2020, and focus instead on creating debate formats that best serve the interests of candidates and rank-and-file party members.
Business as Mission: Bajalia Trading Company as a Portrait of Holistic Transformation

Business as Mission (BAM) has attracted many practitioners, but relatively few researchers. This study seeks to make an initial contribution to BAM research by presenting a portrait of a global entrepreneur who “lives her faith” through her business. A qualitative research method is used to examine this phenomenon within the business experiences of Bajalia Trading Company and CEO/Founder Debbie Farah. The findings are designed to help Christian scholars better understand the transformative nature of BAM.
Design and evaluation of an application-based pharmaceutical calculations review module.

Abstract Background and purpose To describe the design of an application-based calculations review module, determine retention of skills learned in a calculations course, determine student ability to identify information necessary to solve calculations, and evaluate student perceptions. Educational activity and setting Three student cohorts completed the calculations application-based review module. All students passed a required pharmaceutical calculations course previously (17 months prior for Cohort 1 and nine months prior for Cohorts 2 and 3). The activity included seven themed stations each with three questions. Each question was categorized by calculation type. Students utilized stock bottles and patient chart information to solve problems. For select stations, necessary information was missing, and students had to request it. Each student completed an activity evaluation form. Findings Two hundred ninety students completed the module (90, 102, and 98 in Cohorts 1, 2, and 3, respectively). Two hundred eighty students (97%) completed the activity assessment form. The overall average score was 85.1%, which did not differ significantly among the cohorts. Cohort 1 performed significantly lower on dosage, unit conversion, ratio, and milliosmole calculations. Almost all (96.4%) students agreed the activity reinforced lecture material, and 90% agreed the activity improved their ability to perform in future pharmacy practice. Participating students scored significantly higher on a pre-graduation math skills assessment. Summary Some calculation types, such as dosage, unit conversion, ratio, and milliosmoles may warrant more closely spaced reinforcement activities in the curriculum. Inclusion of the review module was associated with increased knowledge retention.
MG-DmDSE: Multi-Granularity Domain Design Space Exploration Considering Function Similarity

Heterogeneous accelerator-rich (ACC-rich) platforms combining general-purpose cores and specialized HW accelerators (ACCs) promise high-performance and low-power streaming application deployments in a variety of domains such as video analytics and software-defined radio. In order to benefit a domain of applications, a domain platform exploration tool must take advantage of structural and functional similarities across applications by allocating a common set of ACCs. A previous approach [1] proposed a GenetIc Domain Exploration tool (GIDE) that applied a restrictive binding algorithm that mapped applications functions to monolithic accelerators. This approach suffered from lower average application throughput across and reduced platform generality. This paper introduces a Multi-Granularity based Domain Design Space Exploration tool (MG-DmDSE) to improve both average application throughput as well as platform generality. The key contributions of MG-DmDSE are: (1) Applying a multi-granular decomposition of coarse grain application functions into more granular compute kernels. (2) Examining compute similarity between functions in order to produce more generic functions. (3) Configuring monolithic ACCs by selectively bypassing compute elements within them during DSE to expose more functionality. To assess MG-DmDSE, both GIDE and MG-DmDSE were applied to applications in the OpenVX library. MG-DmDSE achieves an average 2.84x greater application throughput compared to GIDE. Additionally, 87.5% of applications benefited from running on the platform produced by MG-DmDSE vs 50% from GIDE, which indicated increase platform generality.
Expanding bipolar outreach during college

Abstract Objectives To assess feasibility and clinical significance of tracking mania and depression in community college students before and after early identification and intervention. Methods From Affective Illness to Recovery: STudent Access to Rapid Treatment (FAIRSTART) is an early intervention program to provide diagnostic therapeutic consultation, short-term care, and community ongoing care referral for 18-28 year-old outpatient community college students (mean age 22.9±4.0 years) experiencing manic symptoms. Over three years, 54 FAIRSTART participants (70% with DSM-IV bipolar I/II/not otherwise specified disorder, BDI/II/NOS) were assessed with the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for BD (STEP-BD) Affective Disorders Evaluation (ADE) and followed (range: one-time consult to 4.3±3.6 visits over 3-6 month follow-up) with the STEP-BD Clinical Monitoring Form. Results 38/54 patients (70%) had BDI/II/NOS, 11 unipolar depression (20%), 1 psychosis spectrum disorder (2%), 2 dysthymia/persistent depressive disorder (4%), and 2 incomplete intake with mood disorder diagnosis undetermined (4%). Average illness duration was 9.1±5.3 years. Among the 38 BD I/II/NOS patients, depression (SUM-D, t(30)=6.5; p Conclusions Short-term, early intervention in community college students with mood symptoms appeared feasible and yielded significant improvements in depression and mania scores. However, additional studies, with longer-term follow-ups, larger sample sizes, and comparison to current care standards, are needed to determine this early intervention program's impact on trajectory of mania symptoms in transitional age young adult populations.
A Structured Approach to Skin and Soft Tissue Infections (SSTIs) in an Ambulatory Setting.

The skin is the largest, and arguably, the most vulnerable organ in the human body. Scratches and scrapes, bites and puncture wounds, impetigo and erysipelas—all these disruptions can lead to pain, swelling, and/or systemic symptoms. In this article, which is based on the Infectious Diseases Society of America’s 2014 guidelines and the World Society of Emergency Surgery and Surgical Infection Society of Europe’s 2018 consensus statement, a structured approach to skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) is reviewed, comparing treatment for suppurative and non-suppurative infections, and then discussing specific conditions commonly seen in Primary Care and Urgent Care facilities.
A Neural Network Model Informs Total Synthesis of Clovane Sesquiterpenoids

Efficient syntheses of complex small molecules often involve speculative experimental approaches. The central challenge of such plans is that experimental evaluation of high-risk strategies is resource intensive, as it entails iterative attempts at unsuccessful strategies. Herein, we report a complementary strategy that combines creative human-generated synthetic plans with robust computational prediction of the feasibility of key steps in the proposed synthesis. A neural network model was developed to predict the outcome of a generally disfavored transformation, the 6-endo-trig radical cyclization, and applied to synthetic planning of clovan-2,9-dione, resulting in a 5-step total synthesis that improves on a prior 15-step approach. This work establishes how machine learning can guide multistep syntheses that employ innovative and high-risk human-generated plans.
The Soldier and the Changing State: Building Democratic Armies in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas

Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 Chapter 1 What Does a Democratic Army Look Like? 14 BUILDING DEMOCRATIC ARMIES After War Chapter 2 After World War II: Germany, Japan, and Hungary 47 Chapter 3 After Civil War: Bosnia and Herzegovina, El Salvador, and Lebanon 78 After Regime Change Chapter 4 After Military Rule in Europe: Spain, Portugal, and Greece 113 Chapter 5 After Military Rule in Latin America: Argentina, Chile, and Guatemala 143 Chapter 6 After Military Rule in Asia: South Korea, Thailand, and Indonesia 178 Chapter 7 After State-Socialism in Europe: Slovenia, Russia, and Romania 212 After State Transformation Chapter 8 After Colonial Rule in Asia: India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh 245 Chapter 9 After Colonial Rule in Africa: Ghana, Tanzania, and Botswana 275 Chapter 10 After (Re)Unification and Apartheid: Germany, South Africa, and Yemen 303 Conclusion 339 Notes 359 Bibliography 409 Index 443
Applications of119mSn Mössbauer Spectroscopy to the Study of Organotin Compounds

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the applications of 119mSn Mӧssbauer spectroscopy to the study of organotin compounds. The phenomenon of resonance depends on having a pair of systems, the emitter of energy and the absorber, with nearly the same characteristic frequencies. The emission of radiation arises from transitions between discrete electronic energy levels with both the emitting and the absorbing sodium atoms having the same level separation. The energies involved in the nuclear transitions are much larger than those in atoms, but the natural widths of the spectral lines are about the same. In any resonance experiment the resonance condition is best observed by systematically perturbing the system and then noting the influence of the variation on the measurable parameters. In chemical applications of the Mossbauer effect the source and absorber nuclei are usually in different chemical states.
Kinetics of Biphenyl and Polychlorinated Biphenyl Metabolism in Soil

Abstract The metabolism of 14C-labeled PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), which comprised the Aroclor 1242 mixture, was greatly enhanced by the addition of biphenyl (BP) to soil. After 49 days, only 25 to 35% of the original PCBs remained in the soil, and 48 to 49% was converted to 14CO2 (including soil carbonates) in treatments enriched with BP; by contrast, 92% of the PCBs remained and less than 2% was converted to 14CO2 in the unenriched control. Although the mineralization of PCBs in soils inoculated with Acinetobacter strain P6 was not greater than that in uninoculated BP-enriched soils, the initial and maximum mineralization rates and the disappearance of more highly chlorinated PCBs were greater with Acinetobacter strain P6. The mineralization of BP was consistent with kinetic models based upon linear-no growth and exponential growth; lower cell densities (<106/g) of BP-oxidizing bacteria gave a better fit for exponential growth, whereas the highest cell density (109/g) gave a better fit for linear-no growth. The numbers of BP-oxidizing bacteria declined exponentially upon depletion of the substrate. Since the mineralization of the chlorinated cometabolites was brought about by microorganisms (commensals) other than BP oxidizers, 14CO2 production could not be fit to either of the two growth models. However, 14CO2 production from the highest-density inoculum could be fit to a first-order (no-growth) sequential-reaction series. Although the population dynamics of the commensals could not be determined, the rate-limiting step in the cometabolic-commensal metabolism of PCBs to CO2 had to be the initial oxidation, since the rate of 14CO2 production was directly related to the population density of BP oxidizers.
Antibodies as Cancer Immunotherapy

Infused antibodies are the most successful immune-based agents to treat certain cancers. However, their modes of action are not always dependent on immune mechanisms aside from antigen-specific targeting. Immune mechanisms include direct and indirect cytotoxicity while nonimmune mechanisms include the targeting of toxins, such as drugs or irradiation sources, directly to the tumor, the subject of Chap. 12. Therapeutic antibodies can be chimeric or humanized (part human and part animal, usually mouse), but fully human antibodies are in trials or have been FDA approved. This chapter will summarize the current FDA-approved antibodies to treat cancer, and highlight promising antibodies in development.
Clinical Pharmacy Nephrology Consultation and Documentation: A Comprehensive Approach

End-stage renal disease patients represent a complex medical population with multiple comorbid conditions and, therefore, complex medication regimens that may lead to noncompliance, and drug-drug a...
Formal Analysis of Real-Time Systems with SAM

The Software Architecture Model (SAM) is a general software architecture model based on a dual formalism combining Petri nets and temporal logic. This paper proposes a formal method for modeling and analyzing real-time systems with SAM. A high level Petri net and a linear time temporal logic are used as the theoretical basis for SAM. Behaviors of real-time systems are modeled by Petri nets, while their properties are specified by temporal logic. By translating Petri nets into clocked transition systems, we can apply the Stanford Temporal Prover to automating the analysis of real-time systems. A case study of interactive multimedia documents demonstrates our approach to modeling and analyzing real-time systems with SAM.
Inhibitor of Transfer Ribonucleic Acid Methylases in the Differentiating Slime Mold Dictyostelium discoideum

Eight hours after the onset of morphogenesis, an inhibitor of transfer ribonucleic acid methylases appears in differentiating Dictyostelium discoideum. The inhibitor is also present in spores. Fifty per cent of the inhibiting activity is lost upon heating at 100 C for 5 min; it is nondialyzable and sensitive to trypsin.
The Emergence of a Social Problem: Single‐Parent Families in U.S. Popular Magazines and Social Science Journals, 1900–1998*

Abundant research investigates the content of public discourse about social problems. Far less is known about the quantity of social problems discourse. This article employs original data to address this gap by examining the emergence of single-parent families as a social problem within U.S. popular magazines and social science journals. I trace the growth of discourse about single-parent families in magazines indexed by the Readers Guide to Periodical Literature (N = 3050) and social science journals indexed by JSTOR (N = 1376) between 1900 and 1998 and explore factors associated with this growth. The results indicate that contemporary issues functioned as rival social problems and depressed single-parent family discourse within magazines but not within journals. Increases in the prevalence of single-parent families were associated with increases in related discourse in both arenas, but discourse increased earlier in journals. Growing popular concern about single-parent family formation in the 1960s was associated with a reduction in the quantity of single-parent family discourse within journals but not within magazines.