cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of a synchronizer phase shift on circadian rhythms in response of mice to ethanol or ouabain.

The percentage of mice dying from a toxic dose of ethanol or ouabain was determined at 4-hour intervals during the first 3 days after inversion of an LD(12:12) lighting regimen. In comparison to unshifted control animals at similar stages of the synchronizer schedule, spans of relative advantage alternated with spans of relative disadvantage due to a gradual phase-shift of the circadian susceptibility rhythm. Overall mortality, determined for an integral number of day, was not obviously affected by the regimen-shift.
Measuring Poverty: The Official U.S. Measure and Material Hardship

Material hardship is a concept that is crucial to our understanding of inequality. I define it as: an inadequate consumption of goods or services that the public deems minimally necessary for decent human functioning. While quantitative poverty research purports to address this concept, it in fact does so only in part. Most discussions of poverty using the official poverty line say nothing about the material situation of the poor. This study rectifies this failing by making material hardship the centerpiece of the analysis. Data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) are used to compare hardship figures with official poverty statistics. Comparisons of the income poor with the hardship poor find that hardship is more prevalent than official poverty figures suggest. The groups who are the worst off according to income-poverty figures also do pretty poorly under hardship measures. But we also find that groups we generally think of as economically advantaged do suffer hardship at rates more similar to the traditionally disadvantaged groups. Non-senior adults, married-couple households, and workers all experience more hardship than official income rates lead us to believe. One important deviation involves seniors, who look much better off under hardship measures. Thus, the poor population that emerges under the hardship measures (younger, married, and working) looks closer to the U.S. mainstream than the official measure has led us to believe.
Relation of maximal ankle dorsiflexion angle and passive resistive torque to passive-elastic stiffness of ankle dorsiflexion stretch.

The maximal passive ankle dorsiflexion angle and the maximal passive resistive torque at this angle were measured for 81 women 20 to 84 years of age and correlated with the passive-elastic stiffness (stiffness) of an ankle dorsiflexion stretch. Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression analyses were used to examine whether the two clinical measurements could predict ankle stiffness. The maximal passive resistive torque showed a moderate correlation with stiffness in the full stretch range (r = .69) and high correlation with stiffness in the last half of the full stretch range (r = .84). The maximal dorsiflexion angle showed a low correlation with stiffness in the full stretch range (r = .27) and in the last half of the full stretch range (r = .36). The maximal passive resistive torque and the dorsiflexion angle together accounted for 54% of the stiffness variance in the full stretch range and 76% of the stiffness variance in the last half of the full stretch range. Thus, the clinical measurements of the maximal passive dorsiflexion angle and the maximal passive resistive torque were directly and significantly related to the ankle dorsiflexion passive-elastic stiffness and good predictors of stiffness in the last half of the passive ankle dorsiflexion stretch.
Zoonotic dermatoses of dogs and cats.

Diseases of animals carried by animal vectors to man, and vice versa, are important aspects of dermatology. The most common zoonotic dermatoses of dogs and cats are scabies, cheyletiellosis, fleas, and dermatophytosis. It has been estimated that over 5 per cent of the cases presenting at human dermatology clinics are directly attributable to animal ectoparasites. In addition, it is estimated that about 30 per cent of all human microsporosis and about 15 per cent of all human dermatophytosis is caused by Microsporum canis . The veterinarian and the physician form a critical “health care team” in the proper management of these disorders.
Optimizing Worker and Product Protection in Distribution Packaging

A majority of items going through distribution centers are packaged in corrugated boxes. These boxes vary considerably in size, shape, and design as well as in the weight they contain. The characteristics of the packaging and how the items are shipped and stored in the warehouse have a significant impact on the risk of injury for individuals who must manually handle those products. The purpose of this paper is to describe certain packaging issues that impact on ergonomics and more importantly to point out how this type of information can be used to help reduce musculoskeletal stressors in the distribution environment. In many cases proper design of the packaging will reduce damage to the product, packaging costs and the risk of injuries. Several ways of reducing the hazards to both the worker and the package will be illustrated through examples.
Predictors of Initial Uptake of Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Uptake Among Rural Appalachian Young Women

Women in Appalachian Kentucky experience a high burden of cervical cancer and have low rates of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination. The purpose of this study was to identify normative influences predicting initial HPV vaccine uptake among a sample of young women in southeastern Kentucky. Women (N = 495), ages 18 through 26 years, were recruited from clinics and community colleges. After completing a questionnaire, women received a free voucher for HPV vaccination. Whether women redeemed the voucher for Dose 1 served as the primary outcome variable. Hierarchical logistic regression was used to estimate the influence of healthcare providers, friends, mothers, and fathers on vaccine uptake. One-quarter of the total sample (25.9 %) received Dose 1. Uptake was higher in the clinic sample (45.1 %) than in the college sample (6.9 %). On multivariate analysis, women indicating that their healthcare provider suggested the vaccine, that their friends would “definitely” want them to be vaccinated, and that their fathers would “definitely” want them to receive the vaccine all were 1.6 times more likely to receive Dose 1. Interaction effects occurred between recruitment site (clinic vs. community college) and all three of the normative influences retaining multivariate significance, indicating that the associations only applied to the clinic sample. HPV vaccine interventions may benefit from highlighting paternal endorsement, healthcare provider recommendation, and peer support.
Facilitation and depression of synaptic transmission in amphibian sympathetic ganglia

Abstract There have been few reports concerning facilitation and depression in sympathetic ganglia9,17,40. In the present investigation, pairs of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) were recorded intracellulary from bullfrog paravertebral sympathetic ganglia for an analysis of the site and mechanism responsible for the phenomena of facilitation and depression of ganglionic transmission. The ratio of the amplitude of the second of a pair of EPSPs divided by the first was compared to the time interval between each pulse. These ratios demonstrated two phases: an earlier phase of facilitation (20–500 msec pulse intervals) and a later phase of depression (500 msec–10 sec). Additional parameters — rate of rise of synaptic potentials (dV/dt), synaptic currents (EPSCs), and synaptic conductances (Gtr) — were determined and all confirmed the results obtained with EPSPs. Furthermore, the degree of facilitation or depression could be modulated by altering the extracellular concentration of calcium. On the other hand, comparison of the amplitude of pairs of presynaptic terminal spikes did not show any variability over similar stimulus intervals, nor were the amplitudes of miniature EPSPs significantly different before or after an evoked EPSP. Therefore, the processes of facilitation and depression of ganglionic transmission occur as a result of normal nerve terminal activity. The processes are occurring simultaneously, such that one or the other may predominate depending upon the interval between pulses, as well as the relative concentration of extracellular calcium. The results from these experiments have been interpreted by a hypothetical equation which demonstrates that facilitation of ganglionic transmission is due to activation of a ‘residual’ calcium and depression is due to depletion of readily available stores of acetylcholine.
Transmission of chronic wasting disease identifies a prion strain causing cachexia and heart infection in hamsters.

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an emerging prion disease of free-ranging and captive cervids in North America. In this study we established a rodent model for CWD in Syrian golden hamsters that resemble key features of the disease in cervids including cachexia and infection of cardiac muscle. Following one to three serial passages of CWD from white-tailed deer into transgenic mice expressing the hamster prion protein gene, CWD was subsequently passaged into Syrian golden hamsters. In one passage line there were preclinical changes in locomotor activity and a loss of body mass prior to onset of subtle neurological symptoms around 340 days. The clinical symptoms included a prominent wasting disease, similar to cachexia, with a prolonged duration. Other features of CWD in hamsters that were similar to cervid CWD included the brain distribution of the disease-specific isoform of the prion protein, PrPSc, prion infection of the central and peripheral neuroendocrine system, and PrPSc deposition in cardiac muscle. There was also prominent PrPSc deposition in the nasal mucosa on the edge of the olfactory sensory epithelium with the lumen of the nasal airway that could have implications for CWD shedding into nasal secretions and disease transmission. Since the mechanism of wasting disease in prion diseases is unknown this hamster CWD model could provide a means to investigate the physiological basis of cachexia, which we propose is due to a prion-induced endocrinopathy. This prion disease phenotype has not been described in hamsters and we designate it as the ‘wasting’ or WST strain of hamster CWD.
The autopsy was conducted "Under most inauspicious circumstances:" John Turner, Harvey Cushing's case XXXII, and his unwitting contributions to the early understanding of acromegaly.

Harvey Cushing’s monograph The Pituitary Body and Its Disorders describes Case XXXII, a 36-year-old man who presented with gigantism in 1910. The detailed post-mortem exam findings are prefaced with a cryptic statement, describing “inauspicious circumstances” surrounding the autopsy. Although contemporary biographies of Cushing have offered insight into these circumstances, the original surgical file for Case XXXII has not been previously reviewed. The original Johns Hopkins Hospital surgical records were reviewed, and the case of John Turner, who Cushing identified by name in his monograph The Pituitary Body and Its Disorders, was selected for further review. A review of the original surgical file revealed a typewritten note by Dr. Crowe, one of the surgeons who performed the post-mortem exam, with a handwritten addendum by Dr. Cushing. This document provides detail regarding the “inauspicious circumstances” surrounding the autopsy. Namely, the autopsy was conducted without permission of the family, during the funeral service, following a payment to the undertaker. The new information regarding the autopsy of John Turner offers insight into the previously incompletely described circumstances surrounding the autopsy. Additionally, the case illuminates the obligations and ethical quandaries that physician–scientists face.
Letter by Singh Regarding Article, “Berlin Heart EXCOR Pediatric Ventricular Assist Device for Bridge to Heart Transplantation in US Children”

The description of the overall Berlin heart EXCOR experience in US children by Almond et al1 is an important contribution to pediatric heart failure literature. After a careful evaluation of baseline factors and competing outcomes in EXCOR recipients, the authors found that reduced end-organ function—renal or hepatic—was independently associated with death after EXCOR implantation. Using the Schwartz equation to estimate …
Synthesis of nanostructured catalytic materials using a modified magnetron sputtering technique

Abstract This paper describes a new route to synthesizing non-stoichiometric oxide catalysts and ideal oxide supported catalysts by nanocrystalline processing. By dc-magnetron sputtering from a pure or mixed metallic target, followed by slow oxidation of the metallic clusters, nanocrystalline CeO 2-x , La-CeO 2-x , and Cu-CeO 2-x catalysts were generated and collected effectively on a ground shield modified substrate. Structure and thermal stability of these materials were investigated by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Novel ultrahigh dispersion of Cu on CeO 2-x was achieved by surface segregation approach to design unique supported catalyst.
Solvatochromic studies of the surface polarity of silica under normal-phase conditions

The solvatochromic method has been used to quantify the dipolarity-polarizability, hydrogen-bonding acidity, and hydrogen-bonding basicity of the surface of silica under normal-phase conditions. In n-hexane-chloroform mixtures, the surface dipolarity-polarizability and hydrogen-bonding acidity of silica are not affected by the composition of the mixtures. The surface of silica has a high dipolarity-polarizability and a high hydrogen-bonding acidity. The hydrogen-bonding basicity of silica is much lower and decreases as the concentration of chloroform increases in the mobile phase.
A vacation from your mind: Problematic online gaming is a stress response

We present ethnographically-informed survey and interview data suggesting that problematic online gaming in the World of Warcraft (WoW) can be conceptualized as a response to pre-existing life stress, which for highly stressed individuals magnifies rather than relieves their suffering. In particular, we explore how relaxing and arousing in-game experiences and activities provide forms of cognitive diversion that can lead to problematic play among more highly stressed individuals. Our research supports what has been called a ''rich get richer'' model of problematic Internet use. In this instance, less stressed individuals manage to play WoW so as to enhance their offline lives. By contrast, more highly stressed players further magnify the stress and suffering in their lives by playing problematically the online game within which they sought refuge from their offline problems.
Analysis of neon soft x-ray spectra from short-pulse laser-produced plasmas

We report preliminary results from the analysis of streaked soft x-ray neon spectra obtained from the interaction of a picosecond Nd:glass laser with a gas jet target. In these experiments streaked spectra show prompt harmonic emission followed by longer time duration soft x-ray line emission. The majority of the line emission observed was found to originate from Li- and Be-like Ne and the major transitions in the observed spectra have been identified. Li-like emission lines were observed to decay faster in time than Be-like transitions, suggesting that recombination is taking place. Line ratios of n equals 4 - 2 and n equals 3 - 2 transitions supported the view that these lines were optically thin and thick, respectively. The time history of Li-like Ne 2p-4d and 2p-3d lines is in good agreement with a simple adiabatic expansion model coupled to a time dependent collisional-radiative code. Further x-ray spectroscopic analysis is underway which is aimed at diagnosing plasma conditions and assessing the potential of this recombining neon plasma as a quasi-steady-state recombination x-ray laser medium.
Three perspectives of Chapter 11 bankruptcy: Legal, managerial and moral

With cach successive generation of management, managers have been faced with different goals dictated by that current society's needs and mores. For example, in the early 1900's, industrial growth was essential to society's needs; at the same time, such growth would not be hampered by social costs that were perceived as unimportant. Those social costs viewed as unimportant have not been properly factored into the cost of goods produced. Therefore, the products sold were underpriced, failing to reflect their true social costs. Additionally, this miscalculation or misappropriation of such costs caused a misallocation of resources, such as the manufacturing of asbestos without regard to future health costs. Finally, the payment for the miscalculation of these social costs is due: present day management is now forced to provide a viable solution for payment of debts incurred by previous management. The most notable examples of such misappropriation are provided in the Manville, A. H. Robins and Continental cases. Unfortunately, the choice is often limited to a Chapter 11 bankruptcy.
Altered metabolic properties of cultured skin fibroblasts in alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease is associated with selective neuronal loss, the cause of which is undetermined. Evidence indicating a predisposing genetic factor associated with this disease suggests that important alterations may be expressed in tissues other than the brain. Because abnormal glucose and energy-related metabolism have been identified in both in vivo and in vitro studies of brain, we conducted a study to examine related measures in cultured skin fibroblasts from six patients with Alzheimer's disease and seven age-matched controls. After 60 minutes' incubation, the production of 14CO2 from [U-14C]glucose and lactate production were significantly higher in the cells from the group of patients with Alzheimer's disease. The increase of 14CO2 production, but not the production of lactate, was most evident after a more rapid period of metabolic activity in the first 10 minutes of incubation. By contrast, 14CO2 production from [U-14C]glutamine, which is probably the major substrate of oxidative metabolism in these cells, was significantly reduced in the Alzheimer's disease cells following longer (120-minute) incubations. Oxygen uptake by cell suspensions was also significantly reduced in the group with Alzheimer's disease. These results indicate that complex metabolic differences are expressed in nonneural tissues from some patients with Alzheimer's disease and may provide important clues to the pathogenesis of this disorder.
Use of thin ionization calorimeters for measurements of cosmic ray energy spectra

The reliability of performing measurements of cosmic ray energy spectra with a thin ionization calorimeter was investigated. Monte Carlo simulations were used to determine whether energy response fluctuations would cause measured spectra to be different from the primary spectra. First, Gaussian distributions were assumed for the calorimeter energy resolutions. The second method employed a detailed Monte Carlo simulation of cascades from an isotropic flux of protons. The results show that as long as the energy resolution does not change significantly with energy, the spectral indices can be reliably determined even for sigma sub e/e = 50%. However, if the energy resolution is strongly energy dependent, the measured spectra do not reproduce the true spectra. Energy resolutions greatly improving with energy result in measured spectra that are too steep, while resolutions getting much worse with energy cause the measured spectra to be too flat.
Structural basis for the acyltransferase activity of lecithin:retinol acyltransferase−like proteins

Lecithin:retinol acyltransferase-like proteins, also referred to as HRAS-like tumor suppressors, comprise a vertebrate subfamily of papain-like or NlpC/P60 thiol proteases that function as phospholipid-metabolizing enzymes. HRAS-like tumor suppressor 3, a representative member of this group, plays a key role in regulating triglyceride accumulation and energy expenditure in adipocytes and therefore constitutes a novel pharmacological target for treatment of metabolic disorders causing obesity. Here, we delineate a catalytic mechanism common to lecithin:retinol acyltransferase-like proteins and provide evidence for their alternative robust lipid-dependent acyltransferase enzymatic activity. We also determined high resolution crystal structures of HRAS-like tumor suppressor 2 and 3 to gain insight into their active site architecture. Based on this structural analysis, two conformational states of the catalytic Cys-113 were identified that differ in reactivity and thus could define the catalytic properties of these two proteins. Finally, these structures provide a model for the topology of these enzymes and allow identification of the protein-lipid bilayer interface. This study contributes to the enzymatic and structural understanding of HRAS-like tumor suppressor enzymes.
Tritiated imipramine binding to platelets in manic subjects.

Abstract We studied 21 patients with bipolar affective disorder and 25 healthy controls in order to determine if tritiated imipramine binding to platelets distinguished the manic from the depressed phase of bipolar disorder. Depressed patients had a significantly lower mean Bmax value (754 ± 149 fmole/mg protein) than the manic and control groups (1112 ± 248 and 1237 ± 201 fmole/mg protein, respectively), which did not differ from each other. These differences could not be attributed to differences in age, sex, menopausal status, the presence of psychotic features or medication history among the subject groups. These findings confirm that decreased imipramine binding to platelets is a state marker for bipolar depression and not a trait marker of bipolar disorder.
Calculated strength of irradiated ferritics

Abstract Effects of irradiation on dislocation recovery kinetics and strengthening have been calculated and compared to reported responses in Fe-2 1 4 Cr-lMo steels. The analysis indicates that predicted interstitial loop growth causes increases in strength at 673 K that are comparable to measure increases in strength at 10 dpa. With increasing temperature, radiation softening was predicted as expected from experimental observations. The transition from hardening to softening was predicted to occur at temperatures about 50 K above the measured transition. A strong hardening effect was predicted from depleted zone accumulation at 673 K, but only when depleted zones were assumed to be unbiased microvoids. Radiation enhanced growth of Mo 2 C precipitates were predicted to have an influence on hardening that was less than predicted for hardening caused by loop growth. At later stages of carbide evolution, irradiation softening may occur because of reduction in solid solution hardening and enhancement in carbide coarsening.
Coplanar polychlorinated biphenyl-induced CYP1A1 is regulated through caveolae signaling in vascular endothelial cells.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent environmental contaminants that can induce inflammatory processes in the vascular endothelium. We hypothesize that the plasma membrane microdomains called caveolae are critical in endothelial activation and toxicity induced by PCBs. Caveolae are particularly abundant in endothelial cells and play a major role in endothelial trafficking and the regulation of signaling pathways associated with the pathology of vascular diseases. We focused on the role of caveolae and their major protein component, caveolin-1 (Cav-1), on aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated induction of cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) by coplanar PCBs. Endothelial cell exposure to PCB77 increased both caveolin-1 and CYP1A1 levels in a time-dependent manner in total cell lysates, with a maximum increase at 6 h. Furthermore, PCB77 accumulated mainly in the caveolae-rich fraction, as determined by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry. Immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that PCB77 increased AhR binding to caveolin-1. Silencing of caveolin-1 significantly attenuated PCB77-mediated induction of CYP1A1 and oxidative stress. Similar effects were observed in caveolin-1 null mice treated with PCB77. These data suggest that caveolae may play a role in regulating vascular toxicity induced by persistent environmental pollutants such as coplanar PCBs. This may have implications in understanding mechanisms of inflammatory diseases induced by environmental pollutants.
Analysis of storage structure performance for multiple data processing activities

The File Design Analyzer, an analytical model for evaluating storage structures, has been applied to the problem of comparative performance with respect to individual data processing activities ranging from random retrievals to batch update and complex query specification. Performance is defined in terms of I/O processing time so that meaningful quantitative tradeoffs for multiple data processing applications can be determined. The model has been extended to further evaluate storage structures in terms of three levels of secondary storage contention and interference.Considerable insight into database design has been obtained from performance statistics provided by the analytical model. Relative storage structure performance is shown to be highly dependent upon the types of data processing activities required. Less significantly, it is also dependent on how the database is allowed to grow over time and on the level of secondary storage contention.
Efficacy of H5 Influenza Vaccines Produced by Reverse Genetics in a Lethal Mouse Model

We studied the efficacy, in mice, of 2 H5 influenza vaccine viruses produced by reverse genetics. Mice were immunized with inactivated viruses and then inoculated with a human H5N1 1997 or 2003 virus or an avian H5N1 2001 virus. Vaccine viruses that we tested raised high levels of hemagglutination-inhibiting (1:160-1:1280) and virus-neutralizing (1:900-1: 1900) antibodies on day 21 after a single dose of vaccine and decreased or prevented virus replication in mouse lungs; 54.5%-100% of immunized mice survived, whereas all control mice died. Protection was achieved despite antigenic differences and incomplete matching of the vaccine strain and the challenge virus. Therefore, high levels of cross-protection are predicted in the mouse model.
Stim1 Binds to and Inhibits CaV1.2 Voltage Gated Calcium Channels

CaV1.2 and other L-type voltage gated calcium channels play a key role in regulating cardiac contraction, synaptic plasticity, insulin secretion and a variety of other cellular events. Phospho-inositide linked receptors like the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, inhibit L-type calcium channels and this inhibition is important for parasympathetic regulation of heart contraction as well as for learning and memory in the brain. The mechanisms by which PLC coupled receptors inhibit L-type channels are still controversial though several hypotheses including reduction of cAMP and depletion of PIP2 from the cell membrane have been proposed. We report a new and unexpected mechanism by which PLC-coupled receptors inhibit L-type calcium channels in cells. We have found that depletion of ER calcium stores either down stream of muscarinic receptors or following application of the ER calcium ATPase inhibitor, thapsigargin, inhibits CaV1.2 channels. CaV1.2 inhibition depends on binding to Stim1, an ER calcium sensor protein that activates the Orai family of store operated calcium channels. In cells expressing CaV1.2, Stim1 translocates to ER-plasma membrane junctions and co-localizes with clusters of CaV1.2. In vitro and in vivo studies indicate that the CAD domain of Stim1 binds to a coiled coil in the II-III loop of CaV1.2. Stim1 lacking the CAD domain is unable to bind to CaV1.2 and fails to inhibit CaV1.2 currents following depletion of ER calcium stores. These studies support a new mechanism by which phosphoinositide-linked receptors inhibit L-type calcium channels and suggest that Stim1 dynamically regulates the relative contributions of Orai and CaV1.2 channels to calcium influx in excitable cells.
Neutral lipid compositions of antarctic fish tissues may reflect use of fatty acyl substrates by catabolic systems

Antarctic fishes contain large quantities of lipid in adipose tissue, blood and oxidative muscle. In this study, the fatty acyl compositions of free fatty acids (FFA) and triacylglycerol (TAG) in serum, adipose tissue and oxidative muscle were determined in two species of Antarctic fishes, Trematomus newnesi Boulenger, 1902, and Notothenia gibberifrons Lonnberg, 1905, collected off the Antarctic Peninsula in February and March 1987. Total lipid contents of serum and oxidative muscle in each species also were measured. T. newnesi, a mesopelagic species, has significantly more lipid in the serum than N. gibberifrons, a demersal species (17.6±2.4 and 10.4±1.0 mg lipid g-1 serum, respectively). The oxidative muscle of T. newnesi also contains more lipid than does that of N. gibberifrons (12.5 and 9.3% by dry weight, respectively). Fatty acids comprising greater than 5% of one or more of the lipid pools assayed in both species include 14:0, 16:0, 16:1, 16:2, 18:0, 18:1, 20:5 and 22:6. The percentages of 16:1 were lower (p<0.05) in oxidative muscle FFA than in all other assayed lipid pools in both species, suggesting a catabolic preference for some monoenes in oxidative muscle of these fishes. The percentage of 14:0 was two-to three-fold higher in adipose tissue TAG than in all other lipid pools in both species. Differences in fatty acid compositions between lipid pools indicate than proteins involved in the mobilization, transport or catabolism of fatty acids exhibit differential recognition of fatty acids in T. newnesi and N. gibberifrons.
Development of an educational facilities layout software

Abstract This paper describes a software developed for educational purposes that integrates most required procedures in design of facilities layout. It can be used to explain the steps that have to be taken in facilities planning process. The input for this program include: history of demand for the products to be manufactured, bill of materials, route sheets, elements of cost, type of layout desired, type of material handling system preferred, inventory policies implemented, and financial status of the company. The output of the program include: production capacity, number of equipment, number of skilled and unskilled labor, production cost of the product, layout of the production, service, and support facilities, size and layout of receiving and shipping, the size and layout of the storage and warehouse, number of material handlers, total area required, total capital invested and/or borrowed, and financial report.
Simultaneous Sampling of Multiple Breathing Zone Air Contaminants

Abstract A modified flight vest was developed and used to sample multiple air contaminants simultaneously in the breathing zones of soldiers during various field training scenarios. People often are exposed to several chemicals during a single work period; therefore, it is desirable to measure and monitor multiple contaminants simultaneously. Existing standardized air sampling technology is suitable for simultaneous monitoring of multiple exposures. The sampling vest consists of an aviation survival vest that was modified by the addition of pockets and ties to hold a variety of air sampling equipment. The vest initially was used to measure armored vehicle crewman exposure to propellant combustion products during weapons firing. Breathing zone samples for various organic compounds, metals, carbon monoxide, particulates, and other contaminants were collected simultaneously without interfering with soldiers' activities in rugged work (military training) environments. The vest has been used successfully in se...
EVIDENCE: FROM MEMORY TO ARCHIVE

This is an analysis of an evidence doctrine in Islamic law, based on a close reading of a chapter in an authoritative Zaydī school manual in conjunction with nineteenth and twentieth-century commentaries. As I follow the presentation of the doctrinal issues by these Muslim jurists, I examine concepts and procedures surrounding the witnesses and their testimony, the related role of the judge, the distinctive institution of jarh wa-ta'dīl , and the special case of written evidence.
Quantitative Trait Loci for Refractoriness of Anopheles gambiae to Plasmodium cynomolgi B

The severity of the malaria pandemic in the tropics is aggravated by the ongoing spread of parasite resistance to antimalarial drugs and mosquito resistance to insecticides. A strain of Anopheles gambiae, normally a major vector for human malaria in Africa, can encapsulate and kill the malaria parasites within a melanin-rich capsule in the mosquito midgut. Genetic mapping revealed one major and two minor quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for this encapsulation reaction. Understanding such antiparasite mechanisms in mosquitoes may lead to new strategies for malaria control.
Stress and Coping in Childhood: The Parents' Role

Despite the growing literature on how parenting predicts children's adjustment to potentially stressful events, little is know about the specific mechanisms through which these effects operate. This review identifies some possible paths of parental influence by specifying ways that parents may influence each step of the coping process-from exposure to the potentially stressful event to event appraisal to child coping. Current stress and coping research is reviewed from this perspective, and directions for future research are outlined.
Applicability of ˙VO2max criteria: discontinuous versus continuous protocols

This study compared the classic discontinuous Taylor et al. (1955) protocol to a continuous version of the same protocol to evaluate maximal physiological responses, and the quantitative values and incidence of achievement of the various maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) criteria in 10 males (24.1 +/- 2.5 yr). Criteria were a plateau in VO2 (change or = 1.15, and lactate > 8 mmol.l-1. Values for VO2max (56.8 +/- 4.7 vs 55.8 +/- 4.2 ml.kg-1.min-1), ventilation (150.7 +/- 16 vs 149.5 +/- 17.5 l.min-1 BTPS), and HR (186.3 +/- 7.7 beats.min-1 vs 191.7 +/- 6.7 beats.min-1) were similar (P < 0.05) between the discontinuous protocol (DT) and the continuous protocol (CT), respectively. Values for RER (1.28 +/- 0.05 vs 1.22 +/- 0.05) and lactate (14.3 +/- 2.7 vs 11.9 +/- 2.7 mmol.l-1) were greater (P < 0.05) on the DT than the CT. Criteria achievement were the following: 40% (CT) and 10% (DT) for HR; 50% (CT) and 60% (DT) for a VO2 plateau; and, 90% (CT) and 100% (DT) for RER and lactate. It is concluded that a VO2 plateau is not a prerequisite for defining VO2max and is of limited use as the primary objective criterion for evaluating the quality of a graded exercise test. Therefore, the achievement of secondary objective criteria, specifically RER and lactate in combination, increases the likelihood that the highest VO2 value achieved is VO2max.
ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY OF RESIDUAL OILS

There are few reports available detailing the electrical conductivity of heavy residual oils. The development of a model for the conductivity can lead to an increased understanding of the fundamental properties of such oils, and furthermore, conductivity is an important parameter for certain processing sequences. The authors have developed a method based on diluting the heavy oil with a variety of hydrocarbon solvents which sheds light on the conductivity mechanism involved. There is a profound difference in the results that were obtained with aliphatic and aromatic solvents: at 50% dilution, mixtures with aromatic solvents show conductivities at least 2 orders of magnitude greater than those found with the aliphatic solvents. A mechanism based on transfer of excess charge between overlapping ..pi..orbitals of the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons which constitute the bulk of the heavy oil is discussed.
HPV16 L1 capsid protein expressed from viable adenovirus recombinants elicits neutralizing antibody in mice

Immunization against human papillomavirus (HPV) infection promises to reduce the worldwide burden of cervical cancer. To evaluate the potential of live recombinant adenoviruses for induction of HPV infection-blocking immunity, we prepared viable adenovirus recombinants that express the HPV16 L1 gene from the adenovirus major late transcriptional unit. Adenovirus-produced HPV16 L1 assembles into virus-like particles (VLPs) in infected cells in culture. Purified HPV16 VLPs are recognized by HPV16 neutralizing antibodies and induce high neutralizing titers when injected intraperitoneally into mice. Canine oral papillomavirus VLPs derived from previously described recombinants also induce strong antibody responses in mice. These data support our suggestion that viable adenovirus recombinants will be able to induce protective immunity to papillomavirus infection during replication in human vaccinees.
Mutaphrase: Paraphrasing with FrameNet

We describe a preliminary version of Mutaphrase, a system that generates paraphrases of semantically labeled input sentences using the semantics and syntax encoded in FrameNet, a freely available lexicosemantic database. The algorithm generates a large number of paraphrases with a wide range of syntactic and semantic distances from the input. For example, given the input "I like eating cheese", the system outputs the syntactically distant "Eating cheese is liked by me", the semantically distant "I fear sipping juice", and thousands of other sentences. The wide range of generated paraphrases makes the algorithm ideal for a range of statistical machine learning problems such as machine translation and language modeling as well as other semantics-dependent tasks such as query and language generation.
Different effects of simple anoxic lactic acidosis and simulated in vivo anoxic acidosis on turtle heart.

We compared responses of turtle heart at 20oC to an anoxic lactic acidosis solution (LA) containing 35 mM lactic acid in an otherwise normal turtle Ringers equilibrated with 3% CO2/97% N2 at pH 7.0) to a solution simulating in vivo anoxic acidosis (VA), with elevated concentrations of lactate, Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+, and decreased Cl−, equilibrated with 10.8% CO2/89.2% N2 at pH 7.0. We examined mechanical properties on cardiac muscle strips and determined intracellular pH (pHi) and high energy phosphates on perfused hearts using 31P-NMR. Maximum active force (Fmax) and the maximum rate of force development (dF/dtmax) of muscle strips were significantly higher during VA than during LA superfusion. An elevation of Ca2+alone (to 6 mM) in LA significantly increased both Fmax and dF/dtmax but the effects diminished toward the end of the exposure; however, hypercapnic anoxic lactic acidosis (addition of 20 mM HCO3− to LA, equilibrated with 10.8% CO2/89.2% N2, pH 7.0) did not significantly affect Fmax or dF/dtmax. During VA perfusion, pHi (6.73±0.01) was significantly higher than that during LA perfusion (pHi 6.69±0.013), but the difference is probably too small to have physiological significance. ATP, creatine phosphate, and inorganic phosphate were not significantly different in the two anoxic solutions. We conclude that the reduction of cardiac mechanical function in vivo is minimized by the integrated effects of changes of ionic concentrations, but the observed changes in Ca2+ and pHi cannot fully explain the effect.
Surface mosaic map unit development for a desert pavement surface

Desert pavement plays a fundamental role in arid land processes. The first step towards quantitatively analysing this role is detailed surficial mapping. To this end, map units were developed to represent the physical variability of a desert pavement surface at a large scale (decimeters to meters). Six distinct map units were defined by surface textural parameters of clast size, percent cover, and sorting through fieldwork on a basalt flow in the Mojave Desert. These surface mosaics abut with visually distinct boundaries and are easily identified in the field. Field reconnaissance showed that delineation into such units is applicable to the detailed study of other desert pavement surfaces.
Mo studies of polymers. I. Use of MNDO to calculate geometries, vibrational frequencies and the electronic band structures of polymers; formalism and application to polyethylene

Abstract A general treatment of linear polymers is developed using MNDO and the tight binding approximation. Analytical expressions are derived for first derivatives of the energy. These are used to calculate geometries vibration frequencies and elastic moduli. Application of this treatment to polyethylene gave results in good agreement with experiment and also a reasonable account of its electronic band structure.
Four-Dimensional Image Registration for Image-Guided Radiotherapy

Purpose Newly emerged four-dimensional (4D) imaging techniques such as 4D-computed tomography (CT), 4D-cone beam CT, 4D-magnetic resonance imaging, and 4D-positron emission tomography are effective tools to reveal the spatiotemporal details of patients' anatomy. To use the 4D data acquired under different conditions or using different modalities, an algorithm for registering 4D images must be in place. We developed an automated 4D-4D registration method to take advantage of 4D information. Methods and Materials We used 4D-4D matching to find the appropriate three-dimensional anatomy in the fixed image for each phase of the moving image and spatially register them. A search algorithm was implemented to simultaneously find the best phase and spatial match of two 4D inputs. An interpolation scheme capable of deriving an image set based on temporally adjacent three-dimensional data sets was developed to deal with the situation in which the discrete temporal points of the two inputs do not coincide or correspond. Results In a phantom study, our technique was able to reproduce the known “ground truth” with high spatial fidelity. The technique regenerated all deliberately introduced “missing” three-dimensional images at different phases of the input using temporal interpolation. In the registration of gated-magnetic resonance imaging and 4D-CT, the algorithm was able to select the appropriate CT phase. The technique was also able to register 4D-CT with 4D-cone beam CT and two 4D-CT scans acquired at different times. A spatial accuracy of Conclusion Automated 4D-4D registration can find the best possible spatiotemporal match between two 4D data sets and is useful for image-guided radiotherapy applications.
Building better connections: the National Library of Medicine and public health

Purpose: The paper describes the expansion of the public health programs and services of the National Library of Medicine (NLM) in the 1990s and provides the context in which NLM's public health outreach programs arose and exist today. Brief Description: Although NLM has always had collections and services relevant to public health, the US public health workforce made relatively little use of the library's information services and programs in the twentieth century. In the 1990s, intensified emphases on outreach to health professionals, building national information infrastructure, and promoting health data standards provided NLM with new opportunities to reach the public health community. A seminal conference cosponsored by NLM in 1995 produced an agenda for improving public health access to and use of advanced information technology and electronic information services. NLM actively pursued this agenda by developing new services and outreach programs and promoting public health informatics initiatives. Method: Historical analysis is presented. Results/Outcome: NLM took advantage of a propitious environment to increase visibility and understanding of public health information challenges and opportunities. The library helped create partnerships that produced new information services, outreach initiatives, informatics innovations, and health data policies that benefit the public health workforce and the diverse populations it serves.
Connections and synaptic function in the posteroventral cochlear nucleus of deaf jerker mice

Mutations in the gene that encodes espins can cause deafness and vestibular disorders; mice that are homozygous for the autosomal recessive jerker mutation in the espin gene never hear. Extracellular injections of biocytin into the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) revealed that although the cochlear nuclei are smaller in je/je mice, the topography in its innervation resembles that in wild-type mice. Auditory nerve fibers innervate narrow, topographically organized, "isofrequency" bands in deaf animals over the ages examined, P18-P70. The projection of tuberculoventral cells was topographic in je/je as in wild-type mice. Terminals of auditory nerve fibers in the multipolar cell area included both large and small endings, whereas in the octopus cell area they were exclusively small boutons in je/je as in wild-type mice, but end bulbs near the nerve root of je/je animals were smaller than in hearing animals. In whole-cell recordings from targets of auditory nerve fibers, octopus and T stellate cells, miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) had similar shapes as in +/+, indicating that the properties of AMPA receptors were not affected by the mutation. In je/je animals the frequency of spontaneous mEPSCs was elevated, and synaptic depression in responses to trains of shocks delivered at between 100 and 333 Hz was greater than in wild-type mice, indicating that the probability of neurotransmitter release was increased. The frequency of spontaneous mEPSCs and extent of synaptic depression were greater in octopus than in T stellate cells, in both wild-type and in je/je mice.
Functional Prestin Transduction of Immature Outer Hair Cells from Normal and Prestin-Null Mice

Prestin is a membrane protein in the outer hair cell (OHC) that has been shown to be essential for electromotility. OHCs from prestin-null mice do not express prestin, do not have a nonlinear capacitance (the electrical signature of electromotility), and are smaller in size than wild-type OHCs. We sought to determine whether prestin-null OHCs can be transduced to incorporate functional prestin protein in a normal fashion. A recombinant helper-dependent adenovirus expressing prestin and green fluorescent protein (HDAd–prestin–GFP) was created and tested in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK cells). Transduced HEK cells demonstrated membrane expression of prestin and nonlinear capacitance. HDAd–prestin–GFP was then applied to cochlear sensory epithelium explants harvested from wild-type and prestin-null mice at postnatal days 2–3, the age at which native prestin is just beginning to become functional in wild-type mice. At postnatal days 4–5, we investigated transduced OHCs for (1) their prestin expression pattern as revealed by immunofluorescence; (2) their cell surface area as measured by linear capacitance; and (3) their prestin function as indicated by nonlinear capacitance. HDAd–prestin–GFP efficiently transduced OHCs of both genotypes and prestin protein localized to the plasma membrane. Whole-cell voltage clamp studies revealed a nonlinear capacitance in transduced wild-type and prestin-null OHCs, but not in non-transduced cells of either genotype. Prestin transduction did not increase the linear capacitance (cell surface area) for either genotype. In peak nonlinear capacitance, voltage at peak nonlinear capacitance, charge density of the nonlinear capacitance, and shape of the voltage-capacitance curves, the transduced cells of the two genotypes resembled each other and previously reported data from adult wild-type mouse OHCs. Thus, prestin introduced into prestin-deficient OHCs segregates normally to the cell membrane and generates a normal nonlinear capacitance, indicative of normal prestin function.