cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observations on the Response of Adults of the European Corn Borer to Light in Egg Laying

In its active stages as adult and larva the European corn borer ( Pyrausta nubilalis Hubn.) is, for the most part, a lover of darkness. As dusk approaches during the periods of the year when the moths are in the field, they become active, fly, mate and deposit eggs during the hours of darkness and as dawn approaches they become inactive and rest or hide on the under side of leaves or in other protected places, remaining quiet during the day to resume activity when darkness approaches again. The larva, because of its habit of feeding in tunnels within the host plant throughout development, except in some instances during the first and second instar, is also negatively phototropic. Any migration of the larvae that may take place or any movement of larvaeoutside of the burrow that may occur, happens principally at night, and while large numbers of larvaemay be found moving about outside their burrows at favorable times during the hours of darkness, they are seldom seen in daylight. On hatching from the egg, however, the young larvaefrequently wander about on the plant, feed on the epidermis of the leaves or bore into the leaves or midribs of leaves and feed for a time before entering the main stalk of corn or other food plant. This is especially the case in the spring when the food plants are small and even the main stalks frequently being too delicate to accommodate the larvae. They soon seek shelter, however, and bore into the main stem or other parts of the plants that offer protection. In some instances during studies of migration, the young larvaehave been found to be less susceptible to light than older larvae, a condition that is undoubtedly comparable to the activity of the newly hatched larvaein the habit of surface feeding before burying themselves within the tissues of the food plant.
Reliability of self-reported age at onset of major depression

Reliability of self-reported age at onset of major depressive disorder was studied in a sample of 335 subjects who were ascertained from a large epidemiologic survey conducted in several U.S. communities and who were interviewed blindly at two different times. Reliability was generally good for these subjects who met DSM-III criteria for depression at two interviews. A large proportion of the variability in the difference of test-retest values can be accounted for by recency of last episode of depression and interactions of age with duration of illness, having been treated for a mental health problem, and comorbidity of other mental disorders. Interactions between duration and comorbidity and between geographic region and treatment were also significant. Contrary to previous studies which do not consider the interval between current age and age at onset and which suggest that reliability diminishes with age, our findings show that older respondents tend to systematically decrease and not increase age at onset across the two interviews. These findings do not support the hypothesis that recently reported secular changes in major depression, including a decreased age at onset and higher rates in younger as compared to older cohorts, can be explained by a differential reporting effect. Furthermore, the findings suggest that factors which contribute to variability in an individual's age at onset should be incorporated in genetic and clinical studies of major depression.
Surgical revascularization in the presence of a preserved primitive carotid-basilar communication

Anomalous arteries that connect the anterior and posterior cranial arterial systems are unusual variants that can severely alter normal patterns of cerebral blood flow. Persistent trigeminal, hypoglossal, otic, and proatlantal arteries have been described. This report illustrates the technical aspects of carotid endarterectomy with an ipsilateral preserved primitive carotid-basilar communication. Identification of the internal carotid and hypoglossal arteries, maintenance of cerebral perfusion, arteriotomy closure, preoperative imaging, the use of shunts, and reconstruction strategy are discussed. Preoperative angiography and detailed, individualized surgical strategy should be used to ensure a successful endarterectomy in patients with preserved primitive carotid-basilar communications.
Evidence for an immune response in major depression: a review and hypothesis

1. This paper reviews recent findings on cellular and humoral immunity and inflammatory markers in depression. 2. It is shown that major depression may be accompanied by systemic immune activation or an inflammatory response with involvement of phagocytic (monocytes, neutrophils) cells, T cell activation, B cell proliferation, an "acute" phase response with increased plasma levels of positive and decreased levels of negative acute phase proteins, higher autoantibody (antinuclear, antiphospholipid) titers, increased prostaglandin secretion, disorders in exopeptidase enzymes, such as dipeptidyl peptidase IV, and increased production of interleukin (IL)-1 beta and IL-6 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 3. It is hypothesized that increased monocytic production of interleukins (Il-1 beta and Il-6) in severe depression may constitute key phenomena underlying the various aspects of the immune and "acute" phase response, while contributing to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis hyperactivity, disorders in serotonin metabolism, and to the vegetative symptoms (i.e. the sickness behavior) of severe depression.
A simple method to fabricate fluorescent glucose sensor based on dye-complexed microgels

Abstract A simple method was developed to fabricate a fluorescent glucose sensor based on the complexation of low-cost anionic dye molecules with glucose-responsive microgels. A copolymer microgel of poly( N -isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamide-co-acrylamidophenyl boronic acid) [p(NIPAM-AAm-PBA)] was used as template to complex the commercially available fluorescent dye, Bordeaux R. While the PBA moieties can reversibly bind with glucose to induce the volume phase transition of the microgels, the amide groups in the AAm units can bind the two sulfonate groups in each dye molecules so that the dye molecules can serve as additional crosslinkers and shrink down the size of microgels. The dye molecules assemble together and form stable structure domains in the microgel networks. The glucose-induced swelling of the polymer network can stretch the dye molecules and shift the π–π stacking in the dye assemblies, thus modulate the fluorescence intensity of the dye assemblies embedded in the microgels, enabling to convert chemical changes into optical signals. The resulted p(NIPAM-AAm-PBA)-Bordeaux R composite microgels demonstrated good reproducibility in fluorescent detection of glucose. The potential interferences from lactate and human serum albumin on the glucose sensor are not significant in the physiologically important glucose concentration range. The simple dye-microgel complexation method presented here opens a new door in the fabrication of miniature fluorescent glucose sensor for continuous monitoring of glucose.
Practical Implementation of a Dead Zone Inverse on a Hydraulic Wrist

This paper presents practical aspects of implementing a dead zone inverse on a hydraulic wrist. A dead zone occurs over a range of small input values for which a system does not respond. It was desirable to use the most straightforward method available to achieve improved system performance while requiring the least amount of modification to the controller. Thus a fixed parameter dead zone inverse (DZI) was added to an existing proportional-integral (PI) controller. First, the parameters of the dead zone were characterized from open loop testing. These parameters are the break points, or input values between which the system does not respond at all, and the slope of the system’s response just outside the break points. The DZI augments the PI signal input to the plant, effectively adding or subtracting a constant equal to the size of the dead zone break points and scaling the input by its slope. Simulations predicted perfect system tracking, but implementation on the hardware revealed several practical issues. First, the dead zone slope parameters vary throughout the robot’s workspace. Overestimation can lead to non-ideal system performance, but the more extreme problem is underestimation, which effectively increases control loop gain and can lead to system instability. However, performance is not affected significantly unless these parameters are off by an order of magnitude. Overall the system performance is relatively robust to modeling errors in the slope parameters. The second issue is that noise can be magnified by the dead zone inverse and cause chattering. This problem was very noticeable in the wrist when the estimated dead zone break points were used in the DZI. This problem can be eliminated by reducing the dead zone break points or reintroducing a small artificial dead zone back into the control loop to envelope the expected noise level. The requirements for successful implementation of the DZI were found to be a basic characterization of the dead zone and an understanding of practical system issues that can be accentuated by its use. The effectiveness of the technique was tested through simulations and experiments on the wrist.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Expression and Function of a Stem Cell Promoter for the Murine CBFα2 Gene: Distinct Roles and Regulation in Natural Killer and T Cell Development

The Runt family transcription factor CBFα2 (AML1, PEBP2αB, or Runx1) is required by hematopoietic stem cells and expressed at high levels in T-lineage cells. In human T cells CBFα2 is usually transcribed from a different promoter (distal promoter) than in myeloid cells (proximal promoter), but the developmental and functional significance of this promoter switch has not been known. Here, we report that both coding and noncoding sequences of the distal 5′ end are highly conserved between the human and the murine genes, and the distal promoter is responsible for the overwhelming majority of CBFα2 expression in murine hematopoietic stem cells as well as in T cells. Distal promoter activity is maintained throughout T cell development and at lower levels in B cell development, but downregulated in natural killer cell development. The distal N-terminal isoform binds to functionally important regulatory sites from known target genes with two- to threefold higher affinity than the proximal N-terminal isoform. Neither full-length isoform alters growth of a myeloid cell line under nondifferentiating conditions, but the proximal isoform selectively delays mitotic arrest of the cell line under differentiating conditions, resulting in the generation of greater numbers of neutrophils.
Brain function with complex decision making using electroencephalography.

Abstract A computer-administered assessment for decision making relevant to daily-living decisions, using the technique of complex decision making (CDM), has been previously developed and tested in our laboratory. The present study sought to identify unique patterns of brain activity in the alpha band associated with CDM. We recorded electroencephalogram (EEG) from 30 scalp sites, during a series of baseline, eyes open fixation tasks, and CDM tasks, in different contexts, in a group of 9 male and 7 female young healthy adults, aged 18 to 34. The decision making contexts, designed to simulate real-world, daily-living decisions, were about taking a bus, choosing a friend, job, medication, and participating in research. Electroencephalograms (EEGs) were divided into the frequency bands, alpha, beta, delta, theta, and gamma, though the primary focus of this paper is the alpha band. Analysis of mean EEG power spectra across the alpha bands – alpha1 (8–10 Hz), alpha2 (10–12 Hz), and alpha3 (12–14 Hz) – showed significant decreases from baseline to the CDM task. In addition, we observed significant increases in delta, theta, beta, and gamma. There were also significant bivariate correlations between EEG spectra, mostly in low and mid alpha bands, behavioral performance on the CDM task, and scores on standardized measures of executive functioning, including the Trail-making Test and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task. These results demonstrate how brain activity in complex decision making is distributed across alpha frequency bands and electrode regions and this activity relates to executive functioning.
Allogeneic transplantation of organ cultures of adult human skin.

Abstract This paper describes skin organ culture methodology and transplant technique which has permitted investigation of questions relating to immunologic change of tissue in vitro. With in vivo viability and sex-karyotypic confirmation, results from this long-term clinical study show apparent functional change of integumentary antigenicity through organ culture. Related information, current speculation, and broad implications are discussed.
A new species of rainfrog of the Eleutherodactylus diastema group from the Alta Talamanca Region of Costa Rica

A new species of Eleutherodactylus is described from southeastern Costa Rica. It is a member of the Eleutherodactylus diastema group characterized by a vivid pattern of dark spots on a yellow-orange ground color and features of digital disk morphology.
On Missing Value Estimation in Experimental Design Models

One frequently used approach to the analysis of data in experimental design models when some of the observations are missing is to estimate the missing pieces of data and then to proceed with the analysis, making adjustments to take into account the estimation. [See, e.g., Cochran and Cox (1957) ]. The standard procedure for estimating the missing values is to minimize the residual sum of squares. It has been pointed out [e.g., by Jaech (1966)] that this procedure is equivalent to choosing the missing values to make the model fit perfectly at those points, i.e., to make the corresponding residuals equal to zero. The purpose of the present note is to discuss the criterion of minimum residual sum of squares and to prove the following Theorem. Estimation of missing values in a linear statistical model by minimization of the residual sum of squares is equivalent to setting the corresponding residuals equal to zero. Jaech (1966) proved this theorem for the special case of one missing value. There the exposition is in terms of scalar notation and at one point there is an assumption that the design matrix is of full rank. The proof to be given here is for the case of one or more missing values and avoids the assumption that the design matrix is of full rank. The mathematics involved is shortened and clarified by the use of matrix notation and the notion of projections.
An advanced Pd/Pt relative resistance sensor for the continuous monitoring of dissolved hydrogen in aqueous systems at high subcritical and supercritical temperatures

Abstract An advanced palladium/platinum resistance sensor has been developed to measure, in situ, dissolved hydrogen in high temperature aqueous systems. The measurement of hydrogen is based on the well-known fact that the resistance of palladium changes with the absorption of hydrogen into the lattice. Comparative electrical resistance measurements are made between a pair of palladium and platinum probes wound on an oxidized zirconium metal mandrel. Laboratory tests demonstrate that the sensor displays good sensitivity and responsiveness to changes of dissolved hydrogen concentration in an aqueous system at temperatures up to 410 °C and at pressures to 4000 psi (276 bar). The sensor is designed for use in water-cooled thermal power plant heat transport circuits and in supercritical-water reactor media for the reductive destruction of toxic waste, where continuous hydrogen monitoring may be necessary.
Gravitational forces in dual-porosity systems: II. Computational validation of the homogenized model

Three models are considered for single component, single phase flow in naturally fractured porous media. The microscopic model holds on the Darcy scale, and it is considered to govern the system. The macroscopic, dual-porosity model was derived in Part I of this work from the microscopic model by two-scale mathematical homogenization. In this paper, we show that the dual-porosity model predicts well the behavior of the microscopic model by comparing their computed solutions in certain reasonable test cases. Homogenization gives a complex formula for a key parameter in the dual-porosity model; herein a simple approximation to this formula is presented. The third model considered is a single-porosity model with averaged parameters. It is shown that this type of model cannot predict the behavior of the microscopic flow.
Motivating Staff--A Problem for the School Administrator.

The relevance to education of Herzberg's “motivation‐hygiene” theory and its implications for school administrators facing the “perennial problem” of motivating staff are mentioned. It is suggested that if the school administrator wishes to attempt to motivate staff by making use of the “satisfiers” and in line with a synthesising theory of supervision, it might be appropriate for him to increase staffs opportunity for goal setting, provide opportunity for participative decision making in relevant areas, and increase professional competence of staff so that they become more informed as decision makers. Since not all teachers want to “self‐actualize” on the job, job enrichment attempts ought to be presented as opportunities rather than demands for change.
Position-sensitive superheated-liquid-droplet neutron dosimeter

Abstract The one-dimensional (1D) position-sensitive superheated-liquid-droplet dosimeter (SLDD) has been fabricated and tested in the laboratory. The 1D SLDD is fabricated from a 9.525-mm OD, 6.35-mm ID, 20-cm long, Plexiglas-walled tube filled with a mixture of superheated-liquid Freon droplets and host medium glycerol. Washer-shaped piezoelectric acoustic transducers are positioned at both ends of the tube; they determine the number and positions of the acoustic events when the superheated-liquid droplets evaporate upon neutron irradiation. The SLDD is irradiated with the 137 Cs and 60 Co γ-sources, as well as 252 Cf neutron source to test for its radiation response and spatial resolution. The SLDD based on the Freon-134a superheated-liquid droplets operating at 20°C and 1 atm is found to be ideal for measuring absorbed neutron dose. This study also proves that the positions of the radiation-induced nucleation acoustic events can be linearly determined from the differences in the transmission times received by the acoustic transducers on the 1D SLDD. The spatial resolution of the neutron depth-dose is 1 mm due the finite response time (1 μs) of the piezoelectric acoustic transducers.
Preoperative radiation with or without chemotherapy and full-thickness transanal excision for selected T2 and T3 distal rectal cancers.

Background and aims: To evaluate the clinical outcome of selected patients with distal rectal cancer treated by preoperative radiation with or without chemotherapy and full-thickness local excision (FTLE). Patients and methods: Ten patients with invasive distal rectal cancer (six T2, four T3) were treated with preoperative radiotherapy (3600–5040 cGy) with or without 5-fluorouracil based chemotherapy. FTLE was performed 4–6 weeks after completion of radiotherapy, primarily because of comorbid diseases or patient refusal of a permanent colostomy. Median follow-up was 28.5 months. Results: There were no prolonged wound complications, and only one positive microscopic margin was detected. Among three cases of complete pathological response, two remain without evidence of disease. All patients retained sphincter function and avoided creation of a stoma. Two patients developed recurrence, one with widespread disease including pelvic recurrence 26 months after surgery and the other with distant disease only at 23 months. There were four deaths: two unrelated to cancer, one of undetermined cause after 7 years, and one after widespread recurrence at 26 months, with death 4 months later. Two-year actuarial survival was 78%. Conclusions: This pilot study demonstrates that preoperative radiotherapy and FTLE avoids major abdominal surgery yet facilitates sphincter preservation, excision with negative margins, and short-term local control in selected patients with distal rectal cancer.
Starch gelation and retrogradation

Abstract Starch-containing foods are normally cooked by heating in the presence of water. Most food scientists are aware of the dramatic changes that occur during heating and cooling (cooking), and of the textural changes (staling) that occur during storage. Recent scientific studies have provided a picture of the molecular changes that occur during such processes. This picture emphasizes the important roles played by the crystallization of the two starch polysaccharides (amylose and amylopectin). Moreover, the recognition that such crystallization seldom reaches completion is providing new insights into the description and manipulation of starch gelation and retrogradation.
Two-wavelength phase shifting interferometry.

This paper describes a technique that combines ideas of phase shifting interferometry (PSI) and two-wavelength interferometry (TWLI) to extend the phase measurement range of conventional single-wavelength PSI. To verify theoretical predictions, experiments have been performed using a solid-state linear detector array to measure 1-D surface heights. Problems associated with TWLPSI and the experimental setup are discussed. To test the capability of the TWLPSI, a very fine fringe pattern was used to illuminate a 1024 element detector array. Without temporal averaging, the repeatability of measuring a surface having a sag of ~100 μm is better than 25-A (0.0025%) rms.
Knowledge, certainty and probability

In this essay, I discuss some of the important logical principles governing the concepts of knowledge, certainty and probability. In the first section, I suggest a series of definitions of epistemic terms, employing as primitive the locution ‘p is epistemi‐cally possible to S’ In the second section, I develop an epistemic concept of probability and compare it to the concepts of certainty and knowledge. In the third section, I relate the epistemic concepts of certainty and probability to the quantifiers of traditional logic and to a non‐episteznic concept of probability. I conclude by noting similarities and differences between the two concepts of probability.
Binding of HTLV-1 virions to T cells occurs by a temperature and calcium-dependent process and is blocked by certain type 2 adenosine receptor antagonists.

Abstract A flow cytometric assay that measures binding of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) virions to target cells was used to investigate the binding process and to screen for compounds affecting viral binding. Results showed that adenosine receptor type 2 antagonists effectively inhibit viral binding at concentrations below 10 μM; no inhibition was seen when antagonist was used to pretreat cells or was added post binding, suggesting direct interference with virus attachment. Efficient HTLV-1 binding required divalent calcium ions and temperatures greater than 20 °C. Disruption of lipid rafts by cholesterol depletion compromised viral binding but cleavage of glycosyl–phosphatidylinositol linkages had no effect. A monoclonal antibody (mAb) that recognizes HTLV-1 envelope positions 190–209 impaired binding of virus while other anti-envelope antibodies had no effect. These findings place major constraints on the nature of the HTLV-1 cell binding process and identify a class of inhibitors that may have potential for treatment of infection.
The Minnesota Substance Abuse Problems Scale

The authors determined interrelationships among 61 items in a scale designed to assess the severity of substance-related disorder (SRD) and develop subscales that measure distinct substance-related areas of dysfunction. They evaluated 642 outpatients with items previously developed among patients with SRDs. Trained interviewers administered the Minnesota Substance Abuse Problem Scales (M-SAPS), which uses responses to yes/no (lifetime) questions. A factor analysis of items was compared with data from patients and addiction psychiatrists to measure the concurrent validity of the M-SAPS factors, yielding 37 items in three factors: Psychiatric-Behavioral Problems (14 items), Social-Interpersonal Problems (11 items), and Addiction-Dependence Symptoms (12 items). These three scales correlate with 10 scales/assessments concurrently collected independently of the M-SAPS, yielding a brief, valid, interviewer-administered, substance-related problem scale that assesses SRD severity in three distinct areas.
On the design of customizable low-voltage common-gate LNA-mixer pair using current and charge reusing techniques

Given the fast growth of battery-powered wireless communication devices, developing customizable low-voltage low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) and mixers has become a crucial design consideration in RF front ends. In this paper, we present a low-voltage LNA-mixer pair design based on the common-gate topology. Current-reuse, current bleeding, and charge injection techniques are utilized in order to maximize the gain with minimal additive power consumption. Leveraging our analytical models, the design space can be explored to optimally design the LNA-mixer pair for customizable operating frequency. Simulation results demonstrate the performance improvement using our design technique.
Piezoresistive characteristics of single wall carbon nanotube/polyimide nanocomposites

A systematic study of the effect of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) on the enhanced piezoresistive sensitivity of polyimide nanocomposites from below to above percolation was accomplished. The maximum piezoresistive stress coefficient (II) of 1.52 x 10 -3 MPa -1 was noted at just above the percolation threshold concentration (Φ ∼ 0.05 wt %) of SWCNT. This coefficient value exceeds those of metallic piezoresistive materials by two orders of magnitude (4.25 x 10 -5 MPa -1 for aluminum). The high piezoresistive characteristics appear to originate from a change in the intrinsic resistivity of the composite caused by the variation of the tunneling distance between conducting inclusions (SWCNTs) under compression or tension.
Diffusion of Water Species in Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia

The diffusion of moisture-related species into both tetragonal and cubic single crystals at temperatures characteristic of moisture-enhanced low-temperature degradation of tetragonal zirconia is reported using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The crystals were immersed in D and O18 isotopically labeled water and in O18 gas environments over the temperature range of 100°–220°C and SIMS profiles of H, D, O18, and O18D determined. The oxygen diffusivities in both tetragonal and cubic crystals were the same, irrespective of whether the crystals were exposed to gas or water. Furthermore, the oxygen diffusivities were consistent with extrapolations of the oxygen diffusivities in cubic crystals reported at higher temperatures using the reported activation energy for oxygen vacancy diffusion. Both H and D diffuse into the tetragonal crystal when immersed in water but despite having a higher concentration of vacancies no diffusion of H or D was detectable in the cubic single crystals exposed under identical conditions. Quantification of the H and D diffusion into the tetragonal crystal proved unreliable due to charging effects even though the SIMS profiling was performed at liquid nitrogen temperatures. Nevertheless, it was concluded that D can diffuse in tetragonal zirconia at room temperatures over a period of several months. Finally, although a species of mass 20 amu, which is the same as the isotopic labeled OH (O18D) ion, was detected in the tetragonal single crystal zirconia exposed to water, it was concluded that this was a SIMS artifact and that moisture does not diffuse in zirconia as either an OH or H2O ion.
Approximating a-cuts with the vertex method

If f:Rn → R is continuous and monotonic in eachvariable, and if μi is a fuzzy number on the ith coordinate, then the membership on R induced by ƒ and by the membership onfRn given by μ(x) = min(μ1(x1), …, μn(xn)) can be evaluated by determining the membership at the endpoints of the level cuts of each μi. Here more general conditions are given for both the function ƒ and the manner in which the fuzzy numbers {μi} are combined so that this simple method for computing induced membership may be used. In particular, a geometric condition is given so that the α-cuts computed when the fuzzy numbers are combined using min is an upper bound for the actual induced membership.
Category Terms as Story-Telling Shortcuts

Following Stokoe (2012), who grounded her study of membership categorization practices in the analysis of particular sequences of interaction, such as advice-giving, I will examine how participants invoke and orient to categories in story-telling episodes. Because category terms are inherently inference-rich (Schegloff, 2007), I argue that they may serve as a powerful resource for story-tellers: By invoking particular categories, a speaker can prompt a listener to make inferences that facilitate the telling of the story, obviating the need for certain accounts and explanations. I will analyze two extracts from a Skype phone conversation in which one female friend shares stories about her apartment-hunting experience with another female friend. I suggest that evidence for categorization work in these extracts may be found both in what the participants say and in what they do not have to say.
Assessing and Predicting Susceptibility to Waterpipe Tobacco Use Among College Students.

INTRODUCTION College youth susceptible to waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) represent an important target to intervene upon in order to prevent their uptake of this product. This study examined the performance of a 4-item susceptibility measure to WTS to predict future waterpipe use and correlates of susceptibility. METHODS A cohort of college students from 11 university campuses in North Carolina and Virginia completed an online survey in 2012 and again in 2013 that assessed WTS susceptibility and subsequent waterpipe use. Tobacco use, marijuana use, binge drinking, and sensation seeking were also assessed. RESULTS Overall, 964 students who reported having never used waterpipe tobacco in 2012 completed the online surveys both years. Overall, about 27% of college youth were susceptible to WTS each year. Participants susceptible in 2012 were 2.5 times more likely to report having used waterpipe tobacco the subsequent year than non-susceptible participants after controlling for significant correlates of waterpipe use. Correlates of susceptibility were: being male, past 30 day cigarette smoking, use of other tobacco products, binge drinking and marijuana use, as well as higher sensation seeking. CONCLUSIONS A 4-item WTS susceptibility measure predicts future WTS. This measure can be used to identify and intervene upon susceptible college youth to curb further exploration of WTS. Indeed, a nontrivial proportion of college students found susceptible go on to use waterpipe tobacco within a year.
The Genealogy of Content or the Future of an Illusion

Eliminativism about intentional content argues for its conclusion from the partial correctness of all three of the theses Hutto and Satne seek to combine: neo-Cartesianism is correct to this extent: if there is intentional content it must originally be mental. Neo-Behaviorism is correct to this extent: attribution of intentional content is basically a heuristic device for predicting the behavior of higher vertebrates. Neo-Pragmatism is right to this extent: the illusion of intentionality in language is the source of the illusion of intentionality in thought. Eliminativists employ the insights of all three “neo”-theses to explain why there is no such thing and why the systematic illusion that there is intentional content runs so deep.
Detection of weak signals with polarity coincidence arrays

Polarity Coincidence Array detectors (PCA) are considered for testing the hypothesis that a random signal is common to an array of receivers which contain noise processes that are independent representations of a given class of stochastic processes. A standard procedure is to reduce the received data by sampling and then hard limiting. Hard limiting is shown to introduce an inherent loss in input signal power of 1.96 dB when the input data is a sequence of independent samples from a stationary Gaussian process. However, when the stationary and/or Gaussian assumptions are violated, the relative efficiencies of the PCA detectors can greatly improve. When the input samples are dependent, it is necessary to assume Ganssian inputs in order to analyze the PCA detectors. However, these devices are still unaffected by a nonstationary noise level that is slowly varying relative to the inverse bandwidth of the pre-filter. Furthermore, the loss due to clipping is considerably reduced as the sample dependence (i.e., sampling rate) increases. For rapid sampling rates, the spectral shapes of the inputs must be known accurately in order to fix the false-alarm rate at some pre-assigned value.
Reduction of SOC test data volume, scan power and testing time using alternating run-length codes

We present a test resource partitioning (TRP) technique that simultaneously reduces test data volume, test application time and scan power. The proposed approach is based on the use of alternating run-length codes for test data compression. Experimental results for the larger ISCAS-89 benchmarks and an IBM production circuit show that reduced test data volume, test application time and low power scan testing can indeed be achieved in all cases.
Improved array configurations for synthetic aperture interferometric radiometers

Minimum redundancy linear arrays permit the maximum number of antenna elements to be removed from an imaging interferometer. Exact solutions are known for the locations of the elements in small arrays only. A new algorithm is presented which constructs arrays with fewer redundant samples than other procedures. At present, these arrays provide the best angular resolution for a given number of elements and they provide a given angular resolution with the fewest elements. Some implications of these array configurations on the design of high resolution imagers is discussed. >
A School-Based Expressive Writing Intervention for At-Risk Urban Adolescents' Aggressive Behavior and Emotional Lability

This school-based randomized controlled trial tested the efficacy of 2 expressive writing interventions among youth living in high-violence urban neighborhoods. Seventeen classrooms (n = 258 seventh graders; 55% female; 91% African American/Black) from 3 public schools were randomized to 3 conditions in which they wrote 8 times about a nonemotional topic (control condition) or about experiencing and witnessing violence following either a standard or an enhanced expressive writing protocol. Outcomes were assessed 1 month prior and 2 and 6 months postintervention and included teacher-rated emotional lability and aggressive behavior and child-rated physical aggression. Intent-to-treat, mixed-model analyses controlled for preintervention measures of outcomes, sex, race, and family structure. At 2 months postintervention, relative to controls, students in the standard expressive writing condition had lower levels of teacher-rated aggression and lability (d = -.48). The beneficial effects of the writing interventions on aggression and lability were stronger at higher levels of community violence exposure.
Optimizing Compiler for the CELL Processor

Developed for multimedia and game applications, as well as other numerically intensive workloads, the CELL processor provides support both for highly parallel codes, which have high computation and memory requirements, and for scalar codes, which require fast response time and a full-featured programming environment. This first generation CELL processor implements on a single chip a Power Architecture processor with two levels of cache, and eight attached streaming processors with their own local memories and globally coherent DMA engines. In addition to processor-level parallelism, each processing element has a Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) unit that can process from 2 double precision floating points up to 16 bytes per instruction. This paper describes, in the context of a research prototype, several compiler techniques that aim at automatically generating high quality codes over a wide range of heterogeneous parallelism available on the CELL processor. Techniques include compiler-supported branch prediction, compiler-assisted instruction fetch, generation of scalar codes on SIMD units, automatic generation of SIMD codes, and data and code partitioning across the multiple processor elements in the system. Results indicate that significant speedup can be achieved with a high level of support from the compiler.
Establishing Construct Validity and Reliability for the NAESP Professional Development Inventory: Simplifying Assessment Center Techniques.

The Professional Development Inventory, an instrument used in assessment centers sponsored by the National Association of Elementary School Principals, has recently been revised from a two- to a one-day process to reduce the time for those being assessed and for those assessing. This article reports a preliminary study to determine the validity and reliability of the instrument using field-based data from the first 113 candidates assessed. The assessment consists of thirteen skills assessed in twelve different simulated activities that principals might face in their daily duties. When finished, the artifacts produced during the simulations are then analyzed by trained assessors, scores entered into a computer data file, and results returned to the participants for direction in professional development. Preliminary results as reported indicate user satisfaction with the simplified process, construct validity for the thirteen skills, and a high degree of validity and reliability for the instrument.
L2 Cache Modeling for Scientific Applications on Chip Multi-Processors

It is critical to provide high performance for scientific applications running on chip multi-processors (CMP). A CMP architecture often comprises a shared 12 cache and lower-level storages. The shared 12 cache can reduce the number of cache misses if the data are accessed in common by several threads, but it can also lead to performance degradation due to resource contention. Sometimes running threads on all cores can cause severe contention and increase the number of cache misses greatly. To investigate how the performance of a thread varies when running it concurrently with other threads on the remaining cores, we develop an analytical model to predict the number of misses on the shared L2 cache. In particular, we apply the model to thread-parallel numerical pro grams. We assume that all the threads compute homogeneous tasks and share a fully associative L2 cache. We use circular sequence profiling and stack processing techniques to analyze the L2 cache trace to predict the number of compulsory cache misses, capacity cache misses on shared data, and capacity cache misses on private data, respectively. Our method is able to predict the L2 cache performance for threads that have a global shared address space. For scientific applications, threads often have overlapping memory footprints. We use a cycle accurate simulator to validate the model with three scientific programs: dense matrix multiplication, blocked dense matrix multiplication, and sparse matrix-vector product. The average relative errors for the three experiments are 8.01%, 1.85%, and 2.41%, respectively.
Tulip: a portable run-time system for object-parallel systems

This paper describes Tulip, a parallel run-time system used by the pC++ parallel programming language. Tulip has been implemented on a variety of scalable, MPP computers including the IBM SP2, Intel Paragon, HP/Convex SPP, Meiko CS2, SGI Power Challenge, and Cray T3D. Tulip differs from other data-parallel RTS implementations; it is designed to support the operations from object-parallel programming that require remote member function execution and load and store operations on remote objects. It is designed to provide the thinnest possible layer atop the vendor-supplied machine interface. That thin veneer can then be used by other run-time layers to build machine-independent class libraries, compiler back ends, and more sophisticated run-time support. Some preliminary performance measurements for the IBM SP2, SGI Power Challenge, and Cray T3D are given.
Resolution and noise properties of MAP reconstruction for fully 3-D PET

Derives approximate analytical expressions for the local impulse response and covariance of images reconstructed from fully three-dimensional (3-D) positron emission tomography (PET) data using maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation. These expressions explicitly account for the spatially variant detector response and sensitivity of a 3-D tomograph. The resulting spatially variant impulse response and covariance are computed using 3-D Fourier transforms. A truncated Gaussian distribution is used to account for the effect on the variance of the nonnegativity constraint used in MAP reconstruction. Using Monte Carlo simulations and phantom data from the microPET small animal scanner, the authors show that the approximations provide reasonably accurate estimates of contrast recovery and covariance of MAP reconstruction for priors with quadratic energy functions. They also describe how these analytical results can be used to achieve near-uniform contrast recovery throughout the reconstructed volume.
Comparative experiments on learning information extractors for proteins and their interactions

Objective:: Automatically extracting information from biomedical text holds the promise of easily consolidating large amounts of biological knowledge in computer-accessible form. This strategy is particularly attractive for extracting data relevant to genes of the human genome from the 11 million abstracts in Medline. However, extraction efforts have been frustrated by the lack of conventions for describing human genes and proteins. We have developed and evaluated a variety of learned information extraction systems for identifying human protein names in Medline abstracts and subsequently extracting information on interactions between the proteins. Methods and Material:: We used a variety of machine learning methods to automatically develop information extraction systems for extracting information on gene/protein name, function and interactions from Medline abstracts. We present cross-validated results on identifying human proteins and their interactions by training and testing on a set of approximately 1000 manually-annotated Medline abstracts that discuss human genes/proteins. Results:: We demonstrate that machine learning approaches using support vector machines and maximum entropy are able to identify human proteins with higher accuracy than several previous approaches. We also demonstrate that various rule induction methods are able to identify protein interactions with higher precision than manually-developed rules. Conclusion:: Our results show that it is promising to use machine learning to automatically build systems for extracting information from biomedical text. The results also give a broad picture of the relative strengths of a wide variety of methods when tested on a reasonably large human-annotated corpus.
Intraoperative placement of MammoSite for breast brachytherapy treatment and seroma incidence

Abstract Purpose To identify possible risk factors for development of clinically significant seroma (CSS) (seroma requiring intervention) and to report on incidence of infection after intraoperative placement of MammoSite for breast brachytherapy. Methods and Materials Fifty-eight postmenopausal patients with early stage breast cancer and no nodal metastases, treated with partial breast irradiation using the MammoSite catheter from June 2003 to November 2007 were analyzed retrospectively for CSS predictive factors and incidence of infection. After a lumpectomy, a MammoSite catheter was placed by intraoperative open-cavity technique (OCT). All the patients received wound care and prophylactic antibiotics. A dose of 3400 cGy was prescribed at 1 cm from the surface of the balloon and was delivered at 340 cGy twice daily 6 h apart for 5 days. The patients with seroma who underwent intervention were considered to have CSS. On the basis of the characteristics and symptoms associated with seroma, interventions, such as aspiration, core biopsy, or re-excision of the lumpectomy cavity were performed either to relieve symptoms or to rule out a local recurrence. Results Fifty-seven of the 58 patients were eligible for analysis. One patient, who died 4 weeks after treatment from unrelated causes, was excluded from final analysis. All the patients were postmenopausal, with a median age of 71 years (range, 53–88 years). Eighteen of the 57 patients (31.5%) had CSS; 9 of them had re-excision of the lumpectomy cavity. Pathology in all revealed evidence of fat necrosis, chronic inflammatory cells, and fibrosis. There was no evidence of tumor recurrence in any of these patients. Technical and nontechnical parameters were analyzed to determine possible risk factors for CSS, and none were found to be statistically significant. No patient developed acute postprocedural infection. Conclusions Meticulous wound care and postoperative antibiotics prevented acute infection. Infection was not a contributing factor for seroma formation in these patients. Placement of the MammoSite catheter by OCT did not increase the risk of CSS development, in postmenopausal breast cancer patients.
Principal curvatures on the mouse epicardium

The curvature of the cardiac geometry has a major impact on regional wall stress, but most computational models lack detailed curvature representations. A surface with continuous second-order derivatives is required to model continuous curvatures. The goal of this research was to develop a mouse epicardia1 geometry model with quantitative surface curvatures.
Toward a general control design paradigm for hybrid systems: Ideas, concepts, and formulations

This paper sheds light on the concepts of decision making and optimal control in the supervisory control of hybrid systems. Here, “decision-making” is defined as “priority-setting,” meaning that we construct a priority mapping that is allowed to be defined from both policies and the system's physical limitations. At the run time, the supervisory control of any hybrid system results in a set of possible transitions for the current state from which one should be picked. However, the set may consist of more than one transition at the highest priority. In such a case, hybrid optimal control is defined to be applied. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to highlight these stages of specification to be implemented through a novel multi-layer framework for the execution and control of hybrid systems.
Optical parametric amplification via non-Hermitian phase matching

We introduce the notion of dissipative optical parametric amplifiers (DOPA) and demonstrate that, even in the absence of the Hermitian phase-matching condition in these structures, the signal beam can be amplified when the idler mode suffers optical attenuation. We discuss the optical implementation of this concept in waveguide platforms, and we propose different methods to control the optical loss of these configurations only at the wavelength of the idler component. Surprisingly, this spectrally selective dissipation process allows the signal beam to draw more energy from the pump and, as a result, attains net amplification. Similar results also apply if the losses are introduced only to the signal component. This intriguing feature can open new avenues for building long wavelength light sources and parametric amplifiers by using semiconductor planar structures, where Hermitian phase-matching requirements can be difficult to satisfy without adding stringent geometric constraints or relatively complex fabrication steps.