cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermoeconomic modeling and parametric study of hybrid SOFC–gas turbine–steam turbine power plants ranging from 1.5 to 10 MWe

Abstract Detailed thermodynamic, kinetic, geometric, and cost models are developed, implemented, and validated for the synthesis/design and operational analysis of hybrid SOFC–gas turbine–steam turbine systems ranging in size from 1.5 to 10 MWe. The fuel cell model used in this research work is based on a tubular Siemens-Westinghouse-type SOFC, which is integrated with a gas turbine and a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) integrated in turn with a steam turbine cycle. The current work considers the possible benefits of using the exhaust gases in a HRSG in order to produce steam which drives a steam turbine for additional power output. Four different steam turbine cycles are considered in this research work: a single-pressure, a dual-pressure, a triple pressure, and a triple pressure with reheat. The models have been developed to function both at design (full load) and off-design (partial load) conditions. In addition, different solid oxide fuel cell sizes are examined to assure a proper selection of SOFC size based on efficiency or cost. The thermoeconomic analysis includes cost functions developed specifically for the different system and component sizes (capacities) analyzed. A parametric study is used to determine the most viable system/component syntheses/designs based on maximizing total system efficiency or minimizing total system life cycle cost.
Reliability & maintainability applications in logistics & supply chain

The Logistics and Supply Chain (LSC) professionals and reliability engineering professionals have overlapping and/or complementary roles. All specialties, logistics, reliability, and sup ply chain management (SCM) use the same or similar data data, but in different ways. Working together, the logistics and reliability professionals can optimize supply chain, availability, and maintenance requirements. SCM has a significant influence on company success. The supply chain costs can be modeled using various algorithms, which sum the costs of equipment and/or component storage, manufacturing, transport, and shortage. Decreasing these costs is a key to improving profit and assessing the supply chain health and diagnosing issues that need to be mitigated. This paper will present Reliability and Maintainability (R&M) applications in the LSC area. A general case for supply chain optimization with reliability data will be presented, with a mathematical exercise proving the validity of this model.
Nitric oxide: Clinical applications

E NDOTHELIUM-derived relaxing factor, der scribed in 1980, was subsequently identified as nitric oxide. Nitric oxide, previously considered only as an environmental contaminant and a toxic product of combustion, became an object of medical scientific attention. Since then, the synthesis of nitric oxide and its pathophysiological effects in all major organ systems have been desCribed. In the clinical arena, inhaled nitric oxide has been investigated for therapeutic use. Many recent publications have comprehensively summarized available data on nitric oxide.l-3 The following is a review of the physiology, mechanisms of action, and clinical applications of inhaled nitric oxide focusing on acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), perioperative use, chronic pulmonary hypertension, hypoxemic respiratory failure of the newborn, sickle cell disease, and one-lung ventilation (OLV).
CCVT calibration for harmonic voltage measurement by digital simulation and field test

This paper reports a CCVT calibration effort for harmonic voltage measurement purpose. A set of frequency response studies are conducted on two types of 345-kV Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformers (CCVT). The Electro-Magnetic Transients Program (EMTP) is used to develop the CCVT model and conduct this digital simulation. The accuracy of the CCVT frequency response study result is verified through comparison of the EMTP digital simulation results with those obtained from field measurements. The comparison results demonstrate that the developed model can accurately predict CCVT frequency response, and can provide good adjustment values for harmonic measurement purpose.
Measurement of the Casimir-Polder force through center-of-mass oscillations of a Bose-Einstein condensate

We have performed a measurement of the Casimir-Polder force using a magnetically trapped {sup 87}Rb Bose-Einstein condensate. By detecting perturbations of the frequency of center-of-mass oscillations of the condensate perpendicular to the surface, we are able to detect this force at a distance {approx}5 {mu}m, significantly farther than has been previously achieved, and at a precision approaching that needed to detect the modification due to thermal radiation. Additionally, this technique provides a limit for the presence of non-Newtonian gravity forces in the {approx}1 {mu}m range.
Oral contraceptives and arterial and venous thrombosis: A clinician’s formulation

This review considers both initial and subsequent studies on the association between third-generation oral contraceptives (OCs) and arterial and venous thrombosis. The following conclusions are consistent with the recent reports: 1) pharmacologic estrogen increases the production of clotting factors; 2) progestins have no significant impact on clotting factors; 3) past users of OCs do not have an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease; 4) all low-dose OCs regardless of progestin type carry an increased risk of venous thromboembolism; 5) smoking has no effect on venous thrombosis risk; 6) smoking and estrogen have an additive effect on the risk of arterial thrombosis; 7) hypertension is an important additive risk factor for stroke in OC users; 8) low-dose OCs do not increase the risk of myocardial infarction or stroke in healthy nonsmoking women regardless of age; 9) almost all myocardial infarctions and strokes among OC users occur in users of high-dose OCs and users over 35 years old with cardiovascular risk factors; and 10) arterial thrombosis has a dose-response relationship with the estrogen dose but there are insufficient data to assess whether the risk differs with products that contain 20 30 or 35 mcg of ethinyl estradiol. The recent studies support the belief that the risks of arterial and thrombosis are related to the estrogen rather than the progestin component of combined OCs. Effective screening for the presence of smoking and cardiovascular risk factors especially hypertension in older women can curtail any increased risk for arterial disease associated with low-dose OCs.
Multiple scattering in the Compton effect. IV. Operator formalism for nonstationary electrons

The problem of correcting experimental Compton profiles for the effects of multiple scattering is shown to be equivalent to obtaining the solution to a nonlinear operator equation. Two methods of solving the equation are presented. One, analogous to the Newton-Raphson technique for algebraic equations, leads to a new solution to the problem. Another more efficient approach, based upon the idea of successive approximation, is seen to be equivalent to the method of Felsteiner, Pattison et al., though it fails to converge if the fraction of multiple scattering is too great. The double-scattering operator is derived and examined in some detail. Extensions to higher-order scattering are indicated.
Characterization of poly-hydroxybutyrate films and hemp fiber reinforced composites exposed to accelerated weathering

Abstract Renewable biobased polymers and composites have been shown to have suitable initial specific strength and stiffness for use in commercial applications. However, the long-term performance of these materials under variable environmental conditions is largely unknown. Accelerated weathering testing is performed on poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) biopolymer films and PHB-hemp fiber reinforced composites. Simulated weathering conditions include exposure to cyclic ultra-violet (UV) light, heat, water spray, and elevated relative humidity. Two distinct weathering procedures are performed, one with cyclic elevated relative humidity and one without. Changes in the mechanical properties of ultimate stress, ultimate strain, and modulus of elasticity, as well as mass, cross-sectional area, molecular weight, and color are reported. It was found that neat PHB polymer films exhibit increased elastic modulus and decreased ultimate strength and strain with weathering exposure, while PHB-hemp fiber composites exhibit decreased ultimate strength and elastic modulus. Both the films and composites experienced mass loss and increased fading with weathering exposure. The molecular weight of the PHB polymer decreased steadily with increasing weathering. The observed changes in physical and mechanical properties are attributed to photo-oxidation and hydrolytic degradation of the PHB bio-polyester and cyclic hygrothermal expansion and contraction of the natural reinforcing fibers.
Effusive eruptions from a large silicic magma chamber: the Bearhead Rhyolite, Jemez volcanic field, NM

Abstract Large continental silicic magma systems commonly produce voluminous ignimbrites and associated caldera collapse events. Less conspicuous and relatively poorly documented are cases in which silicic magma chambers of similar size to those associated with caldera-forming events produce dominantly effusive eruptions of small-volume rhyolite domes and flows. The Bearhead Rhyolite and associated Peralta Tuff Member in the Jemez volcanic field, New Mexico, represent small-volume eruptions from a large silicic magma system in which no caldera-forming event occurred, and thus may have implications for the genesis and eruption of large volumes of silicic magma and the long-term evolution of continental silicic magma systems. 40Ar/39Ar dating reveals that most units mapped as Bearhead Rhyolite and Peralta Tuff (the Main Group) were erupted during an ∼540 ka interval between 7.06 and 6.52 Ma. These rocks define a chemically coherent group of high-silica rhyolites that can be related by simple fractional crystallization models. Preceding the Main Group, minor amounts of unrelated trachydacite and low silica rhyolite were erupted at ∼11–9 and ∼8 Ma, respectively, whereas subsequent to the Main Group minor amounts of unrelated rhyolites were erupted at ∼6.1 and ∼1.5 Ma. The chemical coherency, apparent fractional crystallization-derived geochemical trends, large areal distribution of rhyolite domes (∼200 km2), and presence of a major hydrothermal system support the hypothesis that Main Group magmas were derived from a single, large, shallow magma chamber. The ∼540 ka eruptive interval demands input of heat into the system by replenishment with silicic melts, or basaltic underplating to maintain the Bearhead Rhyolite magma chamber. Although the volatile content of Main Group magmas was within the range of rhyolites from major caldera-forming eruptions such as the Bandelier and Bishop Tuffs, eruptions were smaller volume and dominantly effusive. Bearhead Rhyolite domes occur at the intersection of faults, and are cut by faults, suggesting that the magma chamber was structurally vented preventing volatiles from accumulating to levels high enough to trigger a caldera-forming eruption.
Developmental retardation in infants as a concomitant of physical child abuse

The impact of child abuse on the developmental functioning of infants was investigated. Thirty verified cases of physically abused children were compared to a reference group of 30 nonabused children matched for age, sex, race, and socioeconomic status. Abused children scored significantly lower in terms of cognitive and motor development as measured by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Developmental delays on three of the four sectors of the Denver Developmental Screening Test, personal-social, language, and gross motor, were also found in the abused children. There were, however, relatively few item differences between the two groups on the 30 more general behavioral variables constituting the Bayley Infant Behavior Record. Results appear to confirm clinical observation of abused children as developmentally retarded with specific delays in the language and gross motor areas. Although methodologically complex, longitudinal studies are clearly indicated to assess the stability and/or reversibility of the present findings.
Vein wrapping for recurrent median nerve compression

Abstract In cases of recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome requiring revision surgery or in patients who suffer from adhesive neuritis after a primary carpal tunnel release, the prevention of further scar formation allowing nerve gliding and reduced secondary compression owing to scar constriction may be obtained by the use of barrier tissues. This article discusses the use of a vein wrapping technique in patients undergoing secondary nerve decompression or exploration.
The Impact of Elite Polarization on Partisan Ambivalence and Indifference

Considerable evidence documents the impact that elite polarization has had on the influence of partisanship on vote choice and attitudes. Yet, much of the electorate remains moderate. This paper seeks to shed some light on this paradox. Examining trends from 1952 to 2004 demonstrates that the electorate is now more opinionated about the parties than in the recent past, but that a significant portion of the increase is in the form of negative statements about an individual’s party—there are fewer indifferent individuals, but the electorate is not overwhelmingly more one-sided, instead there has been an increase in both the proportion of one-sided and ambivalent individuals. It is next examined if the intensity of one’s ideological and partisan self-identification influences how they respond to elite polarization. The results suggest that non-ideologues and pure independents are more likely to be indifferent; all other groups have shown a decline in the likelihood of being indifferent and an increase in ambivalence. The results demonstrate that the public is responding to the increased clarity in elite positions in the form of an increased number of opinions, but for many the increase results from a mix of positive and negative reactions.
Alte und neue Wege der Fortpflanzungslehre

Inhalt: Nach einem einfuhrenden geschichtlichen Uberblick werden acht neuere Aspekte der fortpflanzungsbiologischen Forschung aufgezeigt and kurz diskutiert. (1) Beurteilung der Samenbeschaffenheit; (2) Ultrastruktur and biochemische Eigenschaften der Spermien; (3) Gametogene and androgenbildende Aktivitat des Hodens; (4) Samenlagerung, Tiefgefrierung and kunstliche Besamung; (5) Alterung der Spermien and ihre Beziehung zum Samenstoffwechsel; (6) Erfassung des funktionellen Status der mannlichen akzessorischen Organe durch die chemische Analyse des Seminalplasmas; (7) Tiefgefrierung von Saugetierembryonen; (8) Pheromone. Contents: Part and prospective routes to reproduction After histological survery, eight of the most recent aspects of reproductive biology research will be presented and briefly discussed. (1) Determination of the composition of semen; (2) Ultrastructure and biochemical characteristics of sperm; (3) Gametogenic and androgenic functions of the testes; (4) semen storage, deep freezing and artificial insemination; (5) Aging of sperm and its relationship to semen metabolism; (6) Understanding the functional status of the male accessory organs by means of a chemical analysis of seminal fluid; (7) deep freezing the mammalian embryo; (8) Pheromones.
Small-bowel obstruction secondary to dental impression material.

Abdominal pain is a common complaint at the family physician's office. Small-bowel obstruction is included in the differential diagnosis. Many patients with obstruction have a history of previous abdominal surgeries as the cause of obstruction, but mechanical obstruction is another common cause. Mechanical obstruction can be caused by an ingested foreign body or foodstuff. This case is the first reported of mechanical small-bowel obstruction caused by swallowed dental impression material.
Optical resolution of (±)-dehydrodiisoeugenol: Structure revision of acuminatin

Abstract The lignan, acuminatin, whose structure was previously reported as 3 , was found to be identical with the methyl ether of (+)-dehydrodi-isoeugenol, and therefore its structure must now be revised to (+)- 2 .
"Hospital at home" care shows similar mortality and subsequent hospital admissions to hospital care for older patients with acutely decompensated chronic heart failure.

Commentary on: V Tibaldi, G Isaia, C Scarafiotti, et al.. Hospital at home for elderly patients with acute decompensation of chronic heart failure: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med2009;169:1569–75.
Understanding practice principles and service delivery: The implementation of a community-based family support program

Abstract Historically, many social work researchers and practitioners have called to reform the child welfare system in this country. Family support programs represent one of the promising initiatives in the child welfare reform movement. Using a qualitative methodology, this study explores the implementation of a family support program in a collaborative network of over 60 agencies in the southern portion of a large, urban county in the Western United States. Focus groups of family support staff and administrators discuss their understanding of important family support principles and how they are translated into service delivery. While discussing barriers to the implementation of the family support program, the focus group participants reaffirmed their enthusiasm for the family support program. The findings highlight the need for strong advocacy by child welfare agencies to gain a long-term commitment to fund family support, as well as the need for further research in the incorporation of family support practice principles as they impact program outcomes.
Cultures in Organizations: Three Perspectives

The article reviews the book “Cultures in Organizations: Three Perspectives,” by Joanne Martin.
On network intrusion detection for deployment in the wild

As the number of network-based attacks continue to increase, network operations and management tasks become more and more complex. As we have come to depend on reliable operations of networked systems, it is important to be able to provide security measures that both efficient in terms of processing speed as well as in detecting attacks that are not in the database. To this end, anomaly-based intrusion detection systems allow detection of previously unknown and never seen attacks, and effectively complement signature-based detection schemes. In this paper, we evaluate a robust intrusion detection scheme with the goal of developing stand-alone devices that can be deployed in a plug-and-play manner to existing systems. Such devices are attractive as it allows an added security feature to quickly be deployed without adding to the management complexity of existing systems. Our system is robust in that it is resilient to contaminated traffic that may be included in real-time training. Leveraging this advantage, we show that our detection system can self-train without the need for a large, sanitized training data set typically required for many anomaly-based detection schemes. This feature naturally lends itself to faster deployment and for managing systems in changing environments. We demonstrate this concept by developing a physical prototype using an embedded platform. Our results show that amount of delay introduced by the device is small. Another attractive feature of the stand alone device is that it is impossible to temper with without physical access to the device, even if host systems are compromised.
Male age: effect on mating behaviour and success in the cockroach Diploptera punctata

Abstract Older cockroach, Diploptera punctata , males (28 days old) transferred more sperm and larger spermatophores to females than 8-or 14-day-old males. In one male: one female behavioural tests, no significant correlations were found between either how rapidly males initiated courtship with females (response time), or intensity or duration of courtship, and the number of sperm or size of spermatophore subsequently transferred. Eight-day males were slower to initiate courtship than 28-day males. There was no significant differences in the duration of courtship for 8-, 14- and 28-day males, even though the mean duration of courtship was more than twice, as long for 8-day males compared with 14- and 28-day males. In competitive mating tests with one female and three males, one of each age, 28-day males were significantly more successful than 8- and 14-day males. It is concluded that the greater success of 28-day males is due to differences in male behaviour rather than to female discrimination.
Fault-tolerant routing in unique-path multistage interconnection networks

Abstract A routing scheme is described for communication in a multiprocessor system employing a unique-path multistage interconnection network in the presence of faults in the network. The scheme avoids faulty elements by routing the message to an incorrect destination and then making an extra pass to route to the correct destination. It is capable of tolerating all single faults and many multiple faults in all except the first and last stages of the network. The routing scheme is useful for tolerating both permanent as well as intermittent faults in the network. It is transparent to the processors in the system which eliminates the need for elaborate reconfiguration protocols. The hardware overhead for implementing the scheme is very small and no time-penalty is paid in the fault-free case.
Comparison of loop diuretics in patients with chronic renal insufficiency

Furosemide and bumetanide share a number of characteristics including reduced natriuretic effects in azotemic patients. It has been presumed that this condition affects each drug equally. Previous studies, however, suggest dissimilar pathways of delivery to their sites of action. Though not rigorously tested, this potential disparity might cause them to differ when used in azotemia. We, therefore, assessed the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of intravenously administered furosemide and bumetanide in ten adult patients with stable, chronic renal insufficiency (mean creatinine clearance = 14.1 +/- 2.0 ml/min/1.73 m2) in a randomized, cross-over study during controlled sodium intake. Our goals were to assess differences in diuretic effectiveness and in so doing to determine the dose required to produce a maximal response. The mean diuretic doses of 172 and 4.3 mg for furosemide and bumetanide, respectively (ratio = 40:1) were sufficient to produce a maximum response. Despite similarities in maximal fractional excretion of sodium (18.2 +/- 2.6% with furosemide vs. 19.4 +/- 4.5% with bumetanide, P = 0.687) demonstrating an equal tubular responsiveness to both drugs, overall response as quantified by cumulative natriuresis in the initial eight hour period was 52% greater with furosemide (108 +/- 17 vs. 71 +/- 7 mEq; P = 0.042). The difference in total excreted sodium was accounted for by a preserved nonrenal clearance of bumetanide (113 +/- 12 compared to 53 +/- 5 ml/min for furosemide, P = 0.001) which resulted in relatively less bumetanide in serum available to be delivered into the urine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Retrotransposon-like VL30 elements are efficiently induced in anoxic rat fibroblasts☆

VL30 elements are a multigene family within the class of retroviruses and retrotransposons. We have characterized the response of normal rat fibroblasts to anoxia, in which endogenous VL30 element expression is strongly induced. Optimal induction up to 500-fold occurs under complete anoxia, although a lesser response is seen under atmospheres up to 2% oxygen. Phorbol esters and diacylglycerol, which induce mouse VL30 RNA approximately eightfold, show no effect on the rat VL30 system. The hypoxic conditions optimal for rat VL30 induction represent a mild cellular stress, with no reduction in cell viability during the induction period. Although the precise physiological role of this fibroblast response to temporary anoxia is unknown, it may occur during wound healing. The induction of VL30 by anoxia provides a unique model system wherein a member of the mammalian retrovirus/retrotransposon family is highly responsive to a common physiological signal.
Prevalence of DSM-IV disorder in a representative, healthy birth cohort at school entry: sociodemographic risks and social adaptation.

Objective The aims of this paper are as follows: to present past-year prevalence data for DSM-IV disorders in the early elementary school years; to examine the impact of impairment criteria on prevalence estimates; to examine the relation of sociodemographic and psychosocial risk factors to disorders; and to explore associations between "internalizing" and "externalizing" disorders and social competence and family burden as further validation of the impairing nature of these disorders. Method As part of a longitudinal representative population study of children born healthy between July 1995 and September 1997 in the New Haven–Meriden Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area of the 1990 Census ( n = 1,329), parents of a subsample enriched for child psychopathology ( n = 442; 77.6% response rate, 69.5% of eligible sample) were interviewed in the child's kindergarten or first-grade year with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, Version IV (DISC-IV). Parents were surveyed about sociodemographic and psychosocial characteristics, and both parents and teachers were surveyed about social competence. Results Approximately one in five (21.6 %) children met criteria for psychiatric disorder(s) with impairment. Sociodemographic and psychosocial correlates included persistent poverty beginning in early childhood, limited parental education, low family expressiveness, stressful life events, and violence exposure. Finally, diagnostic status was significantly associated with poorer social competence and family burden. Conclusions That approximately one in five children evidenced a psychiatric disorder with impairment during the transition to formal schooling highlights the importance of integrating psychiatric epidemiological and developmental approaches to inform conversations about school readiness and intervention planning
Recording lying, cheating, and defiance in an Internet Based Simulated Environment

This study explored the utility of an Internet Based Simulated Environment (IBSE) in eliciting and recording the behaviors of lying, cheating, and defiance. The IBSE created for the study simulated an online 'quiz' environment which was programmed to elicit frustration of the participants and record their actions based on pre-defined and pre-programmed descriptions of lying, cheating, and defiance. The study was successful in eliciting and recording a total of 85 occurances of these behaviors from 191 participants.
A Two Parameter Robust Linear Parameter Varying Repetitive Control Approach to Variable Speed Electronic CAM Follower Problem

Electronic cam follower motion control is a class of master-slave type mechanism where the slave axis motion must follow the master axis coordinate (process variable) according to a given cam profile while the master axis motion has a time varying speed. Time-domain repetitive control design can be well applied to the electronic cam slave control under constant nominal master’s axis speed. This approach won’t perform well when the master’s axis nominal speed varies, however. Recent research has suggested transforming the slave dynamics into the angle domain. By treating the rotational speed as a parameter which can be measured in real time, the resulting angle domain time varying plant is modeled as an affine linear parameter varying system. A continuous two parameter robust linear parameter varying repetitive controller with modified repetitive signal generator is proposed and compared with the time varying model reference approach. Simulation results show perfect asymptotic tracking performance with piecewise constant parameter profiles and graceful performance degradation with continuously varying parameter profiles.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Using PPT to Correct for Inconsistency in a Speeded Task

Two experiments employed Potential Performance Theory (PPT) to correct for inconsistency in a speeded task. In Experiment 1, a search task was employed whereby participants searched for a target letter among distracters. In Experiment 2, the search task was more complex and naturalistic—participants searched for enemy weapons in aerial photographs. Not surprisingly, the results revealed that longer search times led to greater accuracy. However, this improvement was due only in part to improved search strategies. Much, if not most, of the improvement was due to increased consistency. The authors demonstrate and discuss some of the advantages to be gained by considering a speeded task within the context of a clear and mathematically precise theory (PPT).
Excited-state absorption of mono-, di- and tri-nuclear cyclometalated platinum 4,6-diphenyl-2,2′-bipyridyl complexes

Abstract The ground-state absorption cross-sections ( σ g ), triplet excited-state absorption cross-section ( σ T ) at 532 nm, singlet excited-state absorption cross-sections ( σ s ) at various visible wavelengths, singlet and triplet excited-state lifetimes, and triplet quantum yields of three cyclometalated platinum(II) 4,6-diphenyl-2,2′-bipyridyl complexes, are reported. The presence of metal–metal and π–π interactions in the dinuclear and trinuclear complexes results in a significant increase in their respective σ g ’s in the visible spectral region. As a result, the ratio of σ s / σ g and σ T / σ g at each wavelength is significantly greater for the mononuclear complex than for the dinuclear and the trinuclear complexes.
A single-crystal neutron diffraction study of the distribution and thermal motion of silver ions in alpha- and beta- Ag3SI

Abstract Single-crystal neutron diffraction data have been used to examine the distribution of mobile Ag+ ions in anion-ordered β-Ag3SI (space group Pm3m) and anion-disordered α-Ag3SI (space group Im3m) at 8 temperatures in the overall range 23° to 475°C. The Ag density in the β-phase is confined to a cluster of four tetrahedral sites grouped at the centers of the cell faces, closely spaced as a result of the different distances between Ag+ and the two species of anion. The individual sites are not resolved in Fourier syntheses because of large thermal displacements within a flat potential well, but the refinements permit rejection of occupancy of the octahedral site. The Ag+ distribution in α-Ag3SI displays a 2-coordinated site on the body diagonal of the cell and density delocalized in bands which display fine structure not present in α-AgI or β-Ag2S. This feature may be qualitatively interpreted as an average over positional disorder of the equilibrium position within the tetrahedral interstice, the location depending on the short-range configuration of anions about the site. Models employing partial Ag+ occupancy of the 2-coordinated position plus either octahedral or tetrahedral site occupancy involve the same number of structural parameters and refined to comparable levels. Tetrahedral site occupancy is judged to be somewhat more likely on the basis of agreement for the higher temperature data sets and physical criteria.
Platform loading from explosions in saturated sand using a visco-plastic model

A set of experiments were conducted at the Aberdeen Proving Grounds 1 (Taylor, L.C., Skaggs, R.R. and Gault, W., 2005. Vertical impulse measurements of mines buried in saturated sand. Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference on Explosives and Blasting Technique, Orlando, FL, 6 – 9 February, 2.) in which explosive charges were buried in saturated sand beneath a suspended rigid platform. The goal of these experiments was to measure the dependence of the impulse transmitted to the platform on the standoff distance and the charge burial depth. Simulations of these experiments were performed using the BUB2D axi-symmetric code using a frictional-cohesive visco-plastic model to describe the response of the saturated sand. This code solves a constrained set of conservation laws in which the liquid region (in this case saturated sand) is assumed incompressible. The explosion is initialized as a high pressure gas bubble (void) within the fluid. Comparisons of the simulations to the experiments are presented togeth...
Serum transforming growth factor-ß1 as a risk stratifier of sudden cardiac death☆

Sudden cardiac death prematurely claims the lives of some 7 million each year worldwide. It occurs primarily in patients with an underlying structural cardiac abnormality, and regardless of the type of the underlying pathology (heart failure, dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathies, myocardial infarction and aging), death is almost always caused by ventricular tachycardia (VT) which rapidly degenerates to ventricular fibrillation (VF). Implantable cardioverter defibrillator is an effective but expensive therapy for preventing SCD, and finding a reasonably specific, sensitive and cost-effective risk stratification tool for patients at high risk of sudden cardiac death will have great clinical utility in preventing premature sudden cardiac death. Increased myocardial fibrosis has been shown to develop in a wide range of cardiac diseases all manifesting increased risk of VT and VF. Clinical and experimental studies attribute a major role for fibrosis in the initiation of VT, VF and sudden cardiac death. Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) has been shown to promote myocardial tissue fibrosis and perhaps more importantly in cardiac conditions associated with increased myocardial fibrosis are shown to be positively correlated with increased serum levels of TGF-beta1. In the present hypothesis we suggest that monitoring the serum levels of TGF-beta1 may be a cost-effective risk stratifier to identify patients at high risk of sudden cardiac death caused by VT and VF.
Differential effect of heme oxygenase-1 in endothelial and smooth muscle cell cycle progression

Abstract Arterial remodeling in response to pathological insult is a complex process that depends in part on the balance between vascular cell apoptosis and proliferation. Studies in experimental models suggest that HO-1 mediates neointimal formation while limiting lumen stenosing, indicating a differential effect on vascular endothelial (EC) and smooth muscle cells (SMC). We investigated the effect of HO-1 expression on cell cycle progression in EC and SMC. The addition of SnMP (10 μM), an inhibitor of HO activity, to EC or SMC for 24 h, resulted in significant abnormalities in DNA distribution and cell cycle progression compared to cells treated with the HO-1 inducers, heme (10 μM) or SnCl 2 (10 μM). SnMP increased G 1 phase and decreased S and G 2 /M phases in EC while heme or SnCl 2 decreased G 1 phase, but increased S and G 2 /M phases ( p 1 phase and increased S and G 2 /M phases while heme or SnCl 2 increased G 1 phase but decreased S and G 2 /M phases ( p
Improved Method for Manual, Colorimetric Determination of Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen Using Salicylate

A manual colorimetric method for analyzing ammonia or total Kjeldahl nitrogen is described that eliminates irreproducibility due to variability in time between additions of reagents. Variability is negligible when trisodium phosphate is substituted in the buffer in place of the usual disodium phosphate and sodium hydroxide. The resulting procedure is very simple and reliable and uses salicylate, which is the most environmentally acceptable of the alternative colorimetric reagents. Only two reagents are used, the first containing trisodium phosphate, salicylate, and sodium nitroprusside and the second containing hypochlorite. The accuracy of the method was verified in two ways: first, by analyzing the digestate of three NBS standards and comparing the results to the NBS certified value; second, by analyzing the digestate of in-house samples and comparing the results using this procedure to the results using two other colorimetric procedures. Keywords: Total Kjeldahl nitrogen; ammonia; salicylate; NBS Stan...
Sponsorship of Community Leadership Development Programs: What Constitutes an Ideal Partnership?.

Leadership development programs help communities to address today' s complex challenges. Such programs frequently emphasize the importance of collaborating with others to effect long-term, positive change. The costs and demands of operating effective programs make partnerships essential. This raises a question: What groups should be actively engaged in sponsoring leadership programs? A survey of those who design and implement leadership programs across the United States asked respondents to identify their current partners and those they consider ideal partners. The responses support the need for modifications in program sponsorship. That is, institutions of higher education should work more closely with community-based organizations to plan and administer these valuable community development programs.
Role of renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure in the blunted natriuretic response to saline loading in the piglet.

ABSTRACT: Acute saline volume expansion (VE) in the developing animal is associated with a blunted natriuretic response when compared with that in adults. Recent studies have suggested that renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure (RIHP) plays an important role in mediating VE-induced natriuresis in the adult. The purpose of our study was to determine whether abnormalities in the RIHP response to VE could be involved in the blunted natriuretic response in the developing animal. The effect of an acute saline load (5% body wt) on RIHP and sodium excretion was examined in adult pigs (>70 d) and piglets (26-43 d). In response to an acute saline load, the piglets excreted significantly less sodium than the adults (1.7 ± 0.5 versus 3.8 ± 0.7 µmol/ min/g kidney wt). The increase in fractional excretion of sodium in response to VE was also significantly less in the piglets. There was no significant change in GFR in either group. Associated with the blunted natriuretic response in the piglet was an absence of an increase in RIHP (6.1 ± 1.1 versus 6.1 ± 1.6 mm Hg) in response to VE. In contrast, the adult pig, which exhibited a normal natriuretic response, showed a significant increase in RIHP (8.8 ± 1.3 to 12.3 ± 1.5 mm Hg) during VE. When RIHP was prevented from increasing during VE in the adult pigs, the natriuretic response was significantly attenuated, as it was in the piglets. The results of our study indicate that the piglet does not exhibit a normal adult RIHP response to VE. The absence of any discernible increase in RIHP during VE may explain, in part, why piglets have a limited ability to excrete a saline load.
The paternal effect gene ms(3)sneaky is required for sperm activation and the initiation of embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract Although a large number of maternal factors are known to be essential for fertilization or the earliest stages of embryogenesis inDrosophila melanogaster, the role of paternally supplied products is not clearly understood. Paternal effect mutations provide a means to identify factors specifically required by the sperm after its entry into the egg. Here we describe the third strict paternal effect gene to be identified inDrosophila, ms(3)sneaky(snky), which defines the earliest developmental arrest phenotype so far described. Characterization of two independently isolatedsnkymutations showed that they affected male fertility, but not viability or female fertility. Cytological analyses showed that spermatogenesis proceeded normally insnkymales. However, thesnkydefect was evident after sperm entry into the egg;snkysperm did not undergo nuclear decondensation, form a functional male pronucleus, or initiate mitotic divisions in the egg. Immunolocalization of tubulin and Drosophila Centrosomin, a known centrosomal component, showed thatsnky-inseminated eggs failed to reconstitute a microtubule-organizing center. In addition,snkysperm chromatin retained the histochemical properties of mature sperm chromatin for several hours after sperm entry, showed reduced staining with membrane-impermeant nuclear dyes, and failed to replicate. We conclude that thesnky+product is required for the initial response of the sperm to cytoplasmic cues in the egg and for the subsequent initiation of embryogenesis inDrosophila. We suggest that all of thesnkydefects can be explained by the failure of the sperm plasma membrane to break down after entry into the egg.
Ab initio analysis of the vibrational spectra of conformers of some branched alkanes

Abstract A scaled ab initio HF/6-31G force field has been optimized that provides an accurate description of normal mode frequencies and eigenvectors of branched alkanes. This force field reproduces 159 observed non-CH stretch bands of 10 conformers of 2-methylpropane, 2,2-dimethylpropane, 2-methylbutane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 3-methylpentane with an rms deviation of 6.1 cm −1 . A number of modes have been reassigned based on this vibrational analysis. The force field serves as the basis for the development of a spectroscopically accurate molecular mechanics energy function for saturated hydrocarbon chains.
A nonconvex variational problem related to change of phase

We investigate the elastostatic deformation of a tube whose crosssection is a convex ring Ω. The outer lateral surface is assumed to be held fixed and the inner surface is displaced in the axial direction a uniform distanceh. The problem becomes one of seeking minimizers for a functionalJ(u) = ∫ Ω ω(|∇u|) dx whereu(x) is the axial displacement andω(·) is nonconvex. When Ω is an annulus minimizers are known to exist. We prove existence and nonexistence results by studying a relaxed problem obtained by replacingω(|·|) with its lower convex envelope,ω**(|·|). If a minimizer forJ(·) exists it is also a solution to the relaxed problem and this leads to an overdetermined problem in some cases.
Transcription Factor IID Recruitment and Sp1 Activation DUAL FUNCTION OF TAF1 IN CYCLIN D1 TRANSCRIPTION

Cyclin D1 is an oncogene that regulates progression through the G(1) phase of the cell cycle. A temperature-sensitive missense mutation in the transcription factor TAF1/TAF(II)250 induces the mutant ts13 cells to arrest in late G(1) by decreasing transcription of cell cycle regulators, including cyclin D1. Here we provide evidence that TAF1 serves two independent functions, one at the core promoter and one at the upstream activating Sp1 sites of the cyclin D1 gene. Using in vivo genomic footprinting, we have identified protein-DNA interactions within the cyclin D1 core promoter that are disrupted upon inactivation of TAF1 in ts13 cells. This 33-bp segment, which we termed the TAF1-dependent element 1 (TDE1), contains an initiation site that displays homology to the consensus motif and is sufficient to confer a requirement for TAF1 function. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays reveal that binding of ts13-TAF1-containing TFIID complexes to the cyclin D1 TDE1 occurs at 25 degrees C but not at 37 degrees C in vitro and involves the initiator element. Temperature-dependent DNA binding activity is also observed for TAF1-TAF2 heterodimers assembled with the ts13 mutant but not the wild-type TAF1 protein. These data suggest that a function of TAF is required for the interaction of TFIID with the cyclin D1 initiator. Our finding that recruitment of TFIID, by insertion of a TBP binding site upstream of the TDE1, restores basal but not activated transcription supports the model that TAF1 carries out two independent functions at the cyclin D1 promoter.
Evolution and state-of-the-art in integer programming

Under a unifying theme of exploiting both algebraic and polyhedral special structures present in integer linear programming problems, we discuss the evolution of both technique and philosophy leading to the current state-of-the-art for modeling and solving this challenging class of problems. Integrated throughout the discussion are insights into the rationale and motivation that have contributed in a large part to the past and present direction of research in this fascinating field.
An Extension of the Results of Servais and Cramer on Odd Perfect and Odd Multiply Perfect Numbers

(2003). An Extension of the Results of Servais and Cramer on Odd Perfect and Odd Multiply Perfect Numbers. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 110, No. 1, pp. 49-52.
Evidence for Adaptive Evolution at the Divergence Between Lymphoid and Brain HIV-1 nef Genes

Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infection of the central nervous system frequently causes HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The role of HIV Nef and other accessory proteins in HAND pathogenesis is unclear. To determine whether HIV nef undergoes adaptive selection in brain, we cloned 100 nef sequences (n = 30 brain and n = 70 lymphoid) from four patients with AIDS and HIV-associated dementia (HAD). Normalized nonsynonymous substitutions were more frequent at the divergence of lymphoid and brain sequences, indicating stronger adaptive selection in brain compared to lymphoid tissue. Brain-specific nonsynonymous substitutions were found within an NH3-terminal CTL epitope, the PACS1 binding motif, or positions predicted to be important for activation of the myeloid-restricted Src family tyrosine kinase Hck. These results suggest that adaptive selection of HIV nef in brain may reflect altered requirements for efficient replication in macrophages and brain-specific immune selecti...
On the preconditioned conjugate gradient solution of a Stokes problem with Robin-type boundary conditions

Abstract We discuss the solution by a preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithm of a Stokes problem with Robin-type boundary conditions. This Stokes problem is encountered when applying an appropriate operator-splitting scheme to the time-discretization of a system modeling the interaction of an incompressible viscous fluid with a deformable thin elastic structure. The main contribution of this Note is the identification of a preconditioner operating in the pressure space that reduces substantially the number of iterations when compared to a conjugate gradient algorithm equipped with the canonical scalar product of L 2 . The results of numerical experiments show the validity of our approach. To cite this article: R. Glowinski, G. Guidoboni, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 347 (2009).
How to learn about teaching: An evolutionary framework for the study of teaching behavior in humans and other animals.

The human species is more reliant on cultural adaptation than any other species, but it is unclear how observational learning can give rise to the faithful transmission of cultural adaptations. One possibility is that teaching facilitates accurate social transmission by narrowing the range of inferences that learners make. However, there is wide disagreement about how to define teaching, and how to interpret the empirical evidence for teaching across cultures and species. In this article I argue that disputes about the nature and prevalence of teaching across human societies and nonhuman animals are based on a number of deep-rooted theoretical differences between fields, as well as on important differences in how teaching is defined. To reconcile these disparate bodies of research, I review the three major approaches to the study of teaching – mentalistic, culture-based, and functionalist – and outline the research questions about teaching that each addresses. I then argue for a new, integrated framework that differentiates between teaching types according to the specific adaptive problems that each type solves, and apply this framework to restructure current empirical evidence on teaching in humans and nonhuman animals. This integrative framework generates novel insights, with broad implications for the study of the evolution of teaching, including the roles of cognitive constraints and cooperative dilemmas in how and when teaching evolves. Finally, I propose an explanation for why some types of teaching are uniquely human, and discuss new directions for research motivated by this framework.