cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Allopregnanolone influences the consummatory processes that govern ethanol drinking in C57BL/6J mice.

Abstract Although systemic allopregnanolone (ALLO; a positive modulator of GABA A receptors) has been shown to enhance ethanol-reinforced responding and to modulate drinking patterns in rodents, the effects of centrally administered ALLO on ethanol intake are not known. The current work examined the effects of intracranial ALLO on operant ethanol self-administration in food- and water-satiated mice, with a procedure designed to estimate ALLO's influence on appetitive versus consummatory processes. Male C57BL/6J (B6) mice were trained to press an ethanol-appropriate lever by being reinforced with 30-min of continuous access to a 10% ethanol solution. Following surgical implantation of a guide cannula aimed at the lateral ventricle and subsequent habituation to vehicle infusions, ALLO (50–400 ng; ICV) was delivered immediately prior to session start. ALLO doses of 100 and 400 ng were further evaluated for their effects on locomotor behavior within activity chambers. ALLO selectively modulated ethanol intake patterns associated with the onset and maintenance of self-administration, while leaving appetitive (i.e., ethanol seeking) measures unaltered. The effects of ALLO on drinking patterns were dissociable from changes in locomotor behavior, as evidenced by the absence of ALLO's influence on response frequency and horizontal distance traveled. These findings support the premise that manipulations in brain ALLO levels may influence the regulatory processes governing ethanol consumption.
The vibrational assignment of sulfuryl fluoride

Abstract The microwave spectrum of sulfuryl fluoride has been re-examined, and the infrared matrix spectrum has been studied in order to establish a reliable vibrational assignment. The five lowest fundamentals have been positively identified from these measurements. The correct assignment of fundamentals is: 1269, 848, 544 and 384 cm −1 in species A 1 ; 388 cm −1 in A 2 ; 1502 and 553 cm −1 in B 1 ; and 885 and 539 cm −1 in B 2 .
Pattern of projection and physiological properties of cortico-cortical connections from the posterior bank of the ansate sulcus to the motor cortex, area 4γ, in the cat

The physiological properties of neurons lying along the posterior bank of the ansate sulcus and the projection of these neurons to area 4γ of the motor cortex of the cat were studied and the following results were obtained: (1) Short latency antidromic responses were recorded from neurons along the medial-lateral bank of the posterior ansate sulcus following intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) delivered to motor cortex, area 4γ. (2) The posterior ansate region projects topographically to the motor cortex. Neurons in the most medial part of the ansate region project to the medial part of 4γ, while neurons in the central and lateral parts of the ansate region project to the more lateral parts of area 4γ. (3) In 33 cases, receptive field information was available for both the antidromically activated ansate neuron and from neurons around the stimulating site in 4γ. In 58% of the cases, both cortical sites received afferent input from within the same part of the periphery. (4) Afferent input to the motor cortex was examined following combined ablations of the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) and third somatosensory cortex (SIII) including all of area 5. We conclude that the integrity of these cortical regions is not necessary for afferent input to reach the motor cortex.
The Mouse Formin, FRLα, Slows Actin Filament Barbed End Elongation, Competes with Capping Protein, Accelerates Polymerization from Monomers, and Severs Filaments

Formins are a conserved class of proteins expressed in all eukaryotes, with known roles in generating cellular actin-based structures. The mammalian formin, FRLα, is enriched in hematopoietic cells and tissues, but its biochemical properties have not been characterized. We show that a construct composed of the C-terminal half of FRLα (FRLα-C) is a dimer and has multiple effects on muscle actin, including tight binding to actin filament sides, partial inhibition of barbed end elongation, inhibition of barbed end binding by capping protein, acceleration of polymerization from monomers, and actin filament severing. These multiple activities can be explained by a model in which FRLα-C binds filament sides but prefers the topology of sides at the barbed end (end-sides) to those within the filament. This preference allows FRLα-C to nucleate new filaments by side stabilization of dimers, processively advance with the elongating barbed end, block interaction between C-terminal tentacles of capping protein and filament end-sides, and sever filaments by preventing subunit re-association as filaments bend. Another formin, mDia1, does not reduce the barbed end elongation rate but does block capping protein, further supporting an end-side binding model for formins. Profilin partially relieves barbed end elongation inhibition by FRLα-C. When non-muscle actin is used, FRLα-C's effects are largely similar. FRLα-C's ability to sever filaments is the first such activity reported for any formin. Because we find that mDia1-C does not sever efficiently, severing may not be a property of all formins.
Analysis of motion disambiguation using multi-channel circular SAR

Combining moving target indication (MTI) radar with synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is of great interest to radar specialists, in terms of improving multiple-target tracking in large, urban scenes. A major obstacle to such a merger are ambiguities induced by mution. Using statistical bounds we quantify the improvement of moving target localization with multi-channel SAR over single-channel SAR and the more traditional MTI technique of displaced phase center array (DPCA) processing. We show that the potential for substantial improvements in localization performance is borne out by practical estimators based on sparse reconstruction algorithms, whose performance approach statistical bounds, even under clutter. We also outline a parallelization scheme for the nonquadratic regularized sparse reconstruction technique to utilize clusters for processing large datasets.
Effects of Dehydration on the Crystalline Structure and Strength of Developing Cotton Fibers

Cotton fibers develop a significant crystalline structure during the first week of secondary wall synthesis. Marked increases in the degree of crystallinity, crystallite dimensions, and breaking forces occur between 20 and 30 days post-anthesis (dpa). As the fiber cells mature and dehydrate, the cylindrical tubes collapse into convoluted ribbons. The dried fibers have lower breaking strength and higher breaking elongation. Wide-angle x-ray diffraction and solid-state NhlR results show lowered average crystallite dimensions with little change in the overall crystallinity upon dehydration. In developing cotton fibers, dehydration appears to cause decrystallization, distortion of crystal surfaces, and increased disorder in the intercrystal and interfibril regions, driven by removal of water during cell collapse and by the formation of new intermolecular secondary bonding. This, in turn,
Geolocation with Subsampled Microblog Social Media

We propose a data-driven geolocation method on microblog text. Key idea underlying our approach is sparse coding, an unsupervised learning algorithm. Unlike conventional positioning algorithms, we geolocate a user by identifying features extracted from her social media text. We also present an enhancement robust to a random erasure of words in the text and report our experimental results with uniformly or randomly subsampled microblog text. Our solution features a novel two-step procedure consisting of upconversion and iterative refinement by joint sparse coding. As a result, we can reduce the computational cost of geolocation while preserving accuracy. In the light of information preservation and privacy, we remark potential applications of this paper.
Assessment of low temperature X-ray detectors

Abstract X-ray detectors operating at temperatures below 1 K can provide high spectral resolution over a large bandpass with high efficiency. A number of different approaches to low-temperature X-ray detectors have been developed using a wide range of X-ray absorbing materials, sensor systems and amplifiers. These devices will provide new capabilities for basic research in many fields ranging from biophysics to astrophysics, as well as improved sensitivity for commericial materials analysis systems. We derive figures of merit for some applications of these detectors. We then discuss the operating principles of several different detector systems, as well as the factors limiting performance. A summary of the performance that has been achieved in some devices is presented, followed by a summary what might be achievable in the near future.
Localization of wound-tumor virus antigen in plant tumors by the use of fluorescent antibodies☆

Abstract Both the direct and indirect methods of staining with fluorescein-labeled antibodies were employed in attempts to determine the location of wound-tumor virus (WTV ) antigen in tumors of infected sweet clover plants. Rabbit antiserum to wound-tumor virus conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate and commercial fluorescein-labeled sheep serum against rabbit gamma globulin, contained specifically and nonspecifically staining fractions. Nonspecific staining could be satisfactorily removed when the conjugates were passed through a DEAE-cellulose column and then absorbed once with 50 mg sweet clover tissue powder. As judged by specific staining, involving wound-tumor antiserum, WTV antigen was concentrated in the pseudophloem tissue of root and stem tumors and in a few thick-walled cells in the xylem region. No other tissues contained detectable amounts of virus antigen.
Coherent growth and diet patterns in juvenile spot (Leiostomus xanthurus Lacepéde) reflect effects of hydrology on access to shoreline habitat

A previous study of hydrological effects on early recruitment of estuary-dependent spot (Leiostomus xanthurus Lacepede) underscored the importance of fluctuations in temperature and salinity on early growth; however, considerable variability in early growth remained unexplained. Hydrology might also influence early growth by mediating access to emergent shoreline vegetation (ESV). In this study, access to ESV was mediated by hydrology over the 38-day study period. Furthermore, otolith microstructure inferred that standard deviation (S.D.) and mean growth decreased with access to ESV. Diets of fish during onshore and offshore frontal passages were consistent with the growth patterns. Less access to ESV corresponded with more variable and greater amounts of food; whereas more access to ESV coincided with the opposite diet pattern. Ontogenetic diet relationships were well defined during ESV access, whereas they were undefined during ESV restriction. This study illustrates how physical forcing can indirectly affect early growth through complex interactions between abiotic and biotic variables.
Use of aphids injected with virus-specific antiserum for study of plant viruses that circulate in vectors.

Abstract When virus-specific antiserum was injected into the hemocoel of aphids before they acquired virus by feeding on infected leaves, transmission of the virus was consistently either reduced or prevented by the homologous antiserum when compared with heterologous or control antiserum. The procedure was useful for studying both the transmission of the RPV isolate of barley yellow dwarf virus by Rhopalosiphum padi and the transmission of the MAV isolate by Macrosiphum avenae . Tests with injected R. padi provided additional support for the role of transcapsidation (genomic masking) in the dependent transmission of the MAV isolate by R. padi from mixed infections of RPV and MAV. Although injection of MAV-antiserum prevented transmission of MAV by control aphids, R. padi injected with MAV-antiserum transmitted MAV from leaves infected by both MAV and RPV as readily as when injected with control serum.
Employing behavioral methods to improve the context of care in a public psychiatric hospital: Realizing improvements in the interpersonal behavior of direct-care providers

Many behaviorally trained scientist-practitioners have noted the poor utilization of behavioral technology in inpatient psychiatric treatment settings. However, few studies have examined how behavior change skills can be applied to address this organizational behavior problem. This article outlines a series of projects to develop and implement a training program for direct-care psychiatric staff in the use of behavioral methods in their daily staff-patient interactions. It outlines not only the strategy of program development and implementation but also the organizational issues that enhanced its implementation over time. A variety of organizational behavior change considerations are discussed. The authors emphasize that behavioral methods have value not only for improving direct patient care but also for improving the support for such efforts within the organization. The importance of applying behavior change skills to organizational behavior to improve the context of care is discussed.
Increasing catheter ablation lesion size by simultaneous application of radiofrequency current to two adjacent sites

Treatment of ventricular tachycardia by radiofrequency current application can be difficult, partly because of the larger size of the reentry circuit in relation to the lesion generated. Larger lesions than those currently achieved with single radiofrequency applications are desirable. This study evaluated simultaneous radiofrequency application to two adjacent electrodes to determine the effects of inter-electrode distance and configuration (bipolar serial vs parallel) on lesion size and tissue temperature. Two 6F electrodes were placed, with the tips facing each other, on bovine myocardium in a saline bath at 37 degrees C. Radiofrequency current was applied to a single electrode, or simultaneously to two electrodes connected either in series or in parallel. Tissue temperature, power, and lesion size were measured. Lesions produced by simultaneous radiofrequency delivery to both electrodes were more than twice the size of those produced by a single electrode alone (> 100 mm3 vs 33.2 mm3, p 50% if one electrode was not in contact with the tissue (p < 0.0004).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Distinctive Growth Cure for a Group of Children with Academic Learning Problems

An examination of physical growth was made for 46 school-aged twin children reported as having academic difficulties. Compared with matched controls, these children were found to have had a relatively slower rate of gain in weight during the first two years of life. Chronic or acute disease did not seem to account for the downward deflection in growth. The results suggest that appraisals of children with learning disabilities take into account deflections from growth parameters.
The effects of anisotropy on the vortex dynamics and transport dissipation in Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-0 compounds

Abstract The effects of the high anisotropy of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 on vortex dynamics and dissipation is reviewed. This high anisotropy results from the very weak coupling of conduction-electron states across the double Bi-O layers separating the conducting Cu-O bilayers. A model, based on Josephson coupling between the Cu-O bilayers, is shown to be consistent with the irreversibility behavior and the c-axis resistivity. The implications for conductor applications are described.
SU‐E‐T‐461: Using Foldable Gold Anchor Markers for IGRT Fiducial Tracking

Purpose: Tracking gold markers is a direct method of tumor localization in IGRT. Foldable gold anchor markers can be inserted using narrow needle (22 or 25 gauge) with less morbidity. We explored the feasibility of using anchor makers for IGRT.Methods: The anchor markers are either 10 mm or 20 mm long gold wires. Small notches every 2.0 mm in the wire allow the wire to fold into a dense ball shape when injected, whose angled edge makes fiducial migration less possible. Alternatively, different combination of advancing stylet and retracting needle can place the gold wire into the tissue as either a linear or a tadpole shaped marker. In our phantom study, three 20‐mm wires were placed into a bolus and each folded into ball, linear and tadpole shapes. The bolus was placed on top solid water phantom and scanned. The visualization of these markers on different imaging devices (OBI, cone beam CT, portal image, Acculoc and Cyberknife imagingtracking system) are evaluated. Clinical experience includes lung,liver, prostate and pancreases. The tracking ability of the imaging system on the anchor is evaluated.Results: All markers are clearly visible with kilo‐voltage imaging devices. In our Cyberknife test, anchor markers were visible under default X‐ray parameters. The precision of the lock‐on is within 1 mm, except for the linear marker. When employs mega voltage (MV) portal images with Acculoc system, the ball shaped anchor marker is the most visible in identification and linear one is the least. In clinic, no toxicity was observed resulting from the fiducial placement Conclusions: The gold anchor markers appear comparable with traditional solid gold markers.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of electrodeposited nanostructured CeO2 films

Nanostructured CeO2 films are produced by anodic electrodeposition onto a variety of substrates. The crystal structure and oxidation state of the films are studied by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. Calculations from XRD show that crystallite sizes of the electrodeposited films range from 6–10 nm. Sintering of these films to 700 °C increases the grain size to approximately 25 nm. A study of Ce 3d, Ce 4d, O 1s, and the valence-band region indicates that the Ce(IV)/Ce(III) ratio increases with sintering temperature, with features of both Ce4+ and Ce3+ identified by XPS. Ce 3d and O 1s characteristics show that high-temperature sintering of the films facilitates Ce(IV) oxide formation.
Dendrite arborization requires the dynein cofactor NudE

The microtubule-based molecular motor dynein is essential for proper neuronal morphogenesis. Dynein activity is regulated by cofactors, and the role(s) of these cofactors in shaping neuronal structure are still being elucidated. Using Drosophila melanogaster, we reveal that the loss of the dynein cofactor NudE results in abnormal dendrite arborization. Our data show that NudE associates with Golgi outposts, which mediate dendrite branching, suggesting that NudE normally influences dendrite patterning by regulating Golgi outpost transport. Neurons lacking NudE also have increased microtubule dynamics, reflecting a change in microtubule stability that is likely to also contribute to abnormal dendrite growth and branching. These defects in dendritogenesis are rescued by elevating levels of Lis1, another dynein cofactor that interacts with NudE as part of a tripartite complex. Our data further show that the NudE C-terminus is dispensable for dendrite morphogenesis and is likely to modulate NudE activity. We propose that a key function of NudE is to enhance an interaction between Lis1 and dynein that is crucial for motor activity and dendrite architecture.
Electrochemical performance and kinetics of Li1+x(Co1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3)1−xO2 cathodes and graphite anodes in low-temperature electrolytes

Abstract Lithium-ion batteries have started replacing the conventional aqueous nickel-based battery systems in space applications, such as planetary landers, rovers, orbiters and satellites. The reasons for such widespread use of these batteries are the savings in mass and volume of the power subsystems, resulting from their high gravimetric and volumetric energy densities, and their ability to operate at extreme temperatures. In our pursuit to further enhance the specific energy as well as low-temperature performance of Li-ion batteries, we have been investigating various layered lithiated metal oxides, e.g., LiCoO2, LiNi0.8Co0.2 and LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2, as well as different low-temperature electrolytes, including ternary and quaternary carbonate mixtures with various co-solvents. In this paper, we report our recent studies on Li1+x(Co1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3)1−xO2 cathodes, combined with three different low-temperature electrolytes, i.e.: (1) 1.0 M LiPF6 in EC:EMC (20:80), (2) 1.2 M LiPF6 in EC:EMC (20:80) and (3) 1.2 M LiPF6 in EC:EMC (30:70). Electrical performance characteristics were determined in laboratory glass cells at different discharge rates and different temperatures. Further, individual electrode kinetics of both Li1+x(Co1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3)1−xO2 cathodes and MCMB graphite anodes were determined at different temperatures, using dc micropolarization, Tafel polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Analysis of these data has led to interesting trends relative to the effects of solvent composition and salt concentration, on the electrical performance and on the kinetics of cathode and anode.
Group cohomology and quasicrystals II: The three crystallographic invariants in two and three dimensions

In Fourier-space crystallography, space groups are classified by their phase functions, Φ, and we can determine Φ (up to a gauge) by its invariants. Usually, the invariants imply necessary extinctions in diffraction, but among the 157 periodic non-symmorphic space groups, two are distinguished not by extinctions—they have none—but by a second type of invariant. We give a non-periodic example of a third type of invariant and assert that all invariants can be expressed as sums of just these three types.
A Mössbauer effect study of the manganese-rich Y6(Fe1−xMnx)23 compounds

Abstract A Mossbauer effect spectral study of Y 6 [Fe 0.1 Mn 0.9 ] 23 and Y 6 [Fe 0.2 Mn 0.8 ] 23 indicated no internal hyperfine field and hence no spontaneous long-range magnetic ordering at temperatures from 300- 1.5 K. The same result was obtained at 4.2 K in applied magnetic fields of up to 6 T. The maximum possible spontaneous magnetic moment on the iron is less than 0.03 μ β . The absence of spontaneous ordering is a result of the disruption of manganese-manganese interactions by the iron.
Preference Mapping of Domestic/Imported Jasmine Rice for U.S.-Asian Consumers

Three domestic and 12 imported commercial Jasmine rice varieties were evaluated by a trained sensory panel and by 105 Asian families who live in the State of Arkansas. Results showed that consumers preferred imported over domestic products. According to consumers, the sensory characteristics most important to the acceptance of cooked Jasmine rice were, in order of decreasing importance, color, favor, aroma, stickiness, and hardness. Using descriptive data, we evaluated predictive models of Jasmine rice's overall acceptance. These models allowed us to identify important sensory characteristics that encouraged Asian consumers to accept Jasmine rice. Such characteristics included flavor (that is, aroma, aromatics, feeling factors, and aftertaste), texture, and visual attributes. Data collected here could be useful to the U.S. rice industry in developing an understanding of the drivers of Jasmine rice acceptance.
A paragraph boundary detection system

We propose and motivate a novel task: paragraph segmentation. We discuss and compare this task with text segmentation and discourse parsing. We present a system that performs the task with high accuracy. A variety of features is proposed and examined in detail. The best models turn out to include lexical, coherence, and structural features.
Recent chemical and enzymatic approaches to the synthesis of glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides

Glycosaminoglycans, highly charged polycarboxylated, polysulfated polysaccharides, are an important class of therapeutic agents and investigational drug candidates. Heparin has been widely used as a clinical anticoagulant for over 60 years. Low molecular weight heparins have begun to displace heparin and recently a synthetic heparin pentasaccharide was approved for clinical use in Europe. In addition to heparin (and the related heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan), dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronan and their derivatives are all in various stages of clinical evaluation. This review focuses on the chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis of glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides. Recent advances in functional group protection chemistry, conversion of D-gluco to L-ido or D-galacto configurations, glycosylation reactions and the preparation and use of novel starting materials in acidic oligosaccharide synthesis are discussed.
Reproducibility of the head-up tilt test results in children with vasovagal syncope.

Abstract Background: This prospective study aims to investigate the reproducibility of HUTT results in children with typical history of vasovagal syncope. Methods: Between October 1996 and October 1999, 58 children with a history of typical vasovagal syncope attacks were evaluated with head up tilt test (HUTT). The table was tilted to 60° and the patients were monitored for heart rate and blood pressure changes during 45 min. No provocative agents were used. The test was repeated a week later at a similar setting. Results: Of 58 patients, 39 had positive and 19 had negative response during the initial test. During the second test, the positive response was reproduced in 29 cases (50%), and the negative response was reproduced in 16 cases (28%). Ten patients (17%) with an initial positive test had a negative second test. A negative test became positive only in three patients (5%). There were 12 vasodepressor, four cardioinhibitor and 23 mixed responses among the initial tests. Only in four patients did the type of the response change from vasodepressor to a mixed type during the second test. The reproducibility of a positive tilt test was 74.4% (29/39), the negative tilt test was 84.2% (16/19), and the overall reproducibility of the HUTT was 77.6% (45/58). Conclusions: Unprovoked HUTT in children is reproducible when repeated on different days and similar settings and the results are comparable to the ones with adult patients.
Micromachined Fiber Optical Sensor for In Vivo Measurement of Optical Properties of Human Skin

In this paper, we present the design, fabrication, and testing of a new micromachined fiber optic sensor probe to conduct oblique incidence diffuse reflectance spectrometry (OIDRS) for in vivo estimation of optical properties of human skins. The probe consists of three source fibers, two linear array of collection fibers, and four micromachined positioning devices for accurate alignment of the fibers. Micromachining plays a significant role in the probe development by enabling device miniaturization, low-cost fabrication, and precise assembly. The new probe has been successfully used to estimate the absorption and scattering coefficient spectra of skin with an optical spectrum between 455 and 765 nm.
Identification of a Caulobacter basal body structural gene and a cis-acting site required for activation of transcription.

Abstract The genes that encode the components and regulatory proteins of the Caulobacter crescentus flagellum are transcribed at specific times in the cell cycle. One of these genes, flbN, is required early in the flagellar assembly process. The flbN gene was cloned and sequenced, and the time of transcription activation was determined. The derived amino acid sequence indicates that fibN encodes a 25-kilodalton protein with a cleavable leader peptide. The flbN-encoded protein has 30.8% identity with the protein encoded by the Salmonella typhimurium basal body L-ring gene, flgH. Site-directed mutagenesis and gel mobility shift assays identified a binding site at -100 from the transcription start site for a trans-acting protein, RF-2, that functions to partially activate flbN transcription at a defined time in the cell cycle. The RF-2 binding region is similar to a NifA binding site normally used in the activation of some sigma 54 promoters involved in nitrogen fixation in other bacteria. Transcription of a flbN-reporter gene fusion in an Escherichia coli background was dependent on the presence of a NifA transcription factor supplied by a plasmid-borne Rhizobium meliloti gene encoding NifA. A deletion or base changes in the RF-2 binding region eliminated expression of the flbN gene in E. coli even when a NifA protein was provided in trans, suggesting that a sigma 54 promoter with an upstream activator element is used by the C. crescentus flbN gene. A consensus sequence for a sigma 54 promoter was found at the appropriate distance 5' to one of two identified transcription start sites. Site-directed mutagenesis confirmed that a conserved nucleotide in this sigma 54 promoter consensus sequence was required for transcription. Deletion of the region 5' to the apparent sigma 54 promoter caused a complete loss of transcription activation. Transcription activation of flbN in C. crescentus involves the combination of several elements: the NifA-like site is required for full activation, and other sequence elements 5' to the promoter and 3' to the transcription start site are necessary for the correct time of transcription initiation.
Protein backbone motions viewed by intraresidue and sequential HN–Hα residual dipolar couplings

Triple resonance E.COSY-based techniques were used to measure intra-residue and sequential HN–Hα residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) for the third IgG-binding domain of protein G (GB3), aligned in Pf1 medium. Measurements closely correlate with values predicted on the basis of an NMR structure, previously determined on the basis of a large number of one-bond backbone RDCs measured in five alignment media. However, in particular the sequential HN–Hα RDCs are smaller than predicted for a static structure, suggesting a degree of motion for these internuclear vectors that exceeds that of the backbone amide N–H vectors. Of all experimentally determined GB3 structures available, the best correlation between experimental 1H–1H couplings is observed for a GB3 ensemble, previously derived to generate a realistic picture of the conformational space sampled by GB3 (Clore and Schwieters, J Mol Biol 355:879–886, 2006). However, for both NMR and X-ray-derived structures the 1H–1H couplings are found to be systematically smaller than expected on the basis of alignment tensors derived from 15N–1H amide RDCs, assuming librationally corrected N–H bond lengths of 1.041 A.
High-rise habitat

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the various aspects related to high-rise habitat. Another major function of high-rise habitat in addition to supporting floor loads is to provide protection from the elements—from wind, rain, lightning, and earthquake. Fire and blast are additional design criteria. Because the successful completion of a high-rise project involves so many different disciplines, one finds increasingly that the design work is carried out more by a team (architect, engineer, planner, landscape architect) than by an individual. A systems approach becomes absolutely essential on major projects, the heart of which is interactions. It is these interactions that are so important and that are so often neglected. Beyond the successful completion of a particular tall building is a much larger problem, one that stems from the exploding population. Severe as the impact of a population doubling rate of 35–40 years might be, the rate at which cities are growing creates a greater problem.
A Scalp Garment for Prestretching Prior to Alopecia‐reducing Procedures

BACKGROUND This article demonstrates a scalp stretching device that improves scalp laxity prior to alopecia reducing procedures. This device replaces the former use of vigorous, preoperative scalp stretching exercises. OBJECTIVE To improve scalp laxity prior to alopecia-reducing procedures by using a device rather than vigorous prestretching exercises, which are physically fatiguing. METHOD A scalp stretching device was developed that uses the principle of cyclic loading in the immediate preoperative period and the principle of biologic creep during the month prior to the procedure. This device is simply applied by patients at home for 30 minutes per day starting 30 days before an alopecia-reducing procedure. RESULTS The device demonstrates ease of use for the patients and does not require any physical activity on their part. It accomplishes the same improvement in laxity that prestretching exercises formerly achieved. CONCLUSION This scalp stretching garment introduced improves the laxity of the scalp prior to alopecia-reducing procedures with no physical exertion being required by the patient.
New Capital Cost Table for Highway Investment Economic Analysis

The FHWA maintains the Highway Economic Requirements System (HERS) model to enable the estimation of highway investment requirements for the biennial Status of the Nation's Highways, Bridges, and Transit: Conditions and Performance report to Congress. The HERS logic relies on the application of benefit-cost analysis to evaluate and select the best set of roadway improvements for systemwide implementation. Benefits of roadway improvements are calculated from user and agency cost savings (including externalities), and cost is considered simply the capital cost of the improvement. The current research seeks to improve the knowledge of the unit capital costs of improvements modeled in HERS with the use of as-built road construction cost data previously developed for FHWA and bid-schedule data published by various highway agencies. The construction cost dataset used contained detailed data on more than 2,500 construction projects in six states; however, it lacked enough samples to apply either econometrics or ...
Cognitive Processes Involved in Stereotyping

Social psychologists have studied stereotypes since the start of the twentieth century. Investigation proceeded at first descriptively, then in a process-oriented manner that evolved with the broader field into increasingly cognitive explanations, and now marrying those approaches to social neuroscience. The illustrative case is stereotype content, first studied in the 1930s, then dormant as more process-oriented topics dominated, and recently revisited in several models including the stereotype content model reviewed here. Fundamental dimensions of social cognition, including stereotypes, depend on inferred intentions for good or ill (warmth) and ability to enact them (competence). These dimensions follow, respectively, from inferred cooperation/competition and from inferred societal status. In turn, the warmth-by-competence space predict emotional prejudices and discriminatory tendencies, as evidenced by laboratory experiments, social neuroscience, random sample surveys, and cross-cultural comparison. Keywords: social psychology; social cognition; stereotyping; prejudice; social neuroscience; racism; sexism
Fever in the frog Hyla Cinerea

Injection of green tree frogs (Hyla cinema) with dead Aeromonas hydrophila led to an average elevation in body temperature of over 2°C, with a latency of 2-4 hr. 2. Injection of green tree frogs with sterile pyrogen-free saline led to no change in body temperature. 3. Representative organisms from mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fishes have now been shown to develop a fever in response to bacterial injections. UNTIL a few years ago, it was generally assumed that mammals, and perhaps birds, were the only group of vertebrates to develop fevers in response to bac- terial infections. In 1974, Vaughn et al. demonstrated that reptiles (the lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis) develop a behavioral fever in response to inoculation with the Gram-negative bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila. Since that time it has been confirmed that birds de- velop a fever in response to bacterial infection (D'Alecy & Kluger, 1975). Reynolds et al. (1976) have shown that teleost fishes also develop behavioral fevers following injections of A. hydrophila. In this study, green tree frogs (Hyla cinerea) were injected with bacteria and their thermal responses were recorded in order to determine whether amphi- bians can develop a behavioral fever. The results of these investigations indicate that these frogs will behaviorally elevate their body temperature following inoculation with A. hydrophila.
The Usurer and the Merchant Prince: Italian Businessmen and the Ecclesiastical Law of Restitution, 1100–1550

Since the time of Ashley at least, it has not been possible to charge the Catholic church of the Middle Ages with having intended to throttle business enterprise by its doctrine of usury. Very few medieval writers, certainly after the early thirteenth century, wished to outlaw profit when it was a legitimate return on investment. To authoritative theologians and jurists there was a world of difference between usury , that is profit openly demanded or secretly hoped for in a contract of loan (mutuutn) , and justifiable returns derived from partnerships, where there was a sharing of the risk and venture of the capital. The doctors operated with distinctions of Roman law by which the mutuum , explicitly referred to in the Vulgate at Luke 6:35, was clearly marked off from other transactions, such as the consensual contracts of partnership ( societas ), letting and hiring ( locatio conductio ), and purchase and sale ( emptio venditio ).
Sudden infant death syndrome: another year of new hope but no cure.

Purpose of reviewSudden infant death syndrome has inspired increasingly sophisticated studies at a time when rates are declining because of the Back-to-Sleep campaign, but ethnic disparities are widening. This review evaluates and discusses original, recent research in this area.Recent findingsThe e
Open approaches to posterior mediastinal tumors and the spine.

Abstract Open operations continue to be the appropriate approach in the diagnosis and treatment of many posterior mediastinal lesions. Transthoracic approach to the spine is required for appropriate access to allow complex reconstructive procedures to be done. The surgeon must be aware of the anatomic details of the region to avoid disabling neurologic injuries and allow precise and appropriate surgical management. Thoracoscopic approaches are now being used in some situations. The role of open and thoracoscopic techniques in the treatment of mediastinal and spinal problems will certainly continue to evolve as experience with newer techniques increases.
The effect of birth weight and feeding of supplemental milk replacer to piglets during lactation on preweaning and postweaning growth performance and carcass characteristics.

The effects of piglet birth weight and liquid milk replacer supplementation of piglets during lactation on growth performance to slaughter weight was evaluated in a study carried out with 32 sows (PIC C-22) and their piglets (n = 384; progeny of PIC Line 337 sires). A randomized block design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used. Treatments were birth weight (Heavy vs Light) and liquid milk replacer (Supplemented vs Unsupplemented). The study was divided into two periods. At the start of period 1 (birth to weaning), pigs were assigned to either Heavy or Light (1.8 [SD = 0.09] vs 1.3 kg [SD = 0.07] BW, respectively, P 0.05), and required seven fewer days (P 0.05) on growth performance from weaning to slaughter. However, pigs fed milk replacer required three fewer days (P 0.05) by either birth weight or milk replacer treatment. In conclusion, birth weight has a substantially greater impact on pig growth performance after weaning than increasing nutrient intake during lactation.
Representation Theorems for Spaces of the Type Lp(T,Σ,μ,ℂ)

In section 14 we shall show that when μ is a finite measure L p (T, Σ, μ,ℂ) can be faithfully represented as a Banach lattice in terms of countable direct sums of spaces L p ([0,1]m, ℂ) where m is an infinite cardinal number and [0,1] m is m products of [0,1] with product Lebesgue measure being considered. We also discuss the isomorphic classification of these spaces.
The future of mental health care: peer-to-peer support and social media

Aims: People with serious mental illness are increasingly turning to popular social media, including Facebook, Twitter or YouTube, to share their illness experiences or seek advice from others with similar health conditions. This emerging form of unsolicited communication among self-forming online communities of patients and individuals with diverse health concerns is referred to as peer-to-peer support. We offer a perspective on how online peer-to-peer connections among people with serious mental illness could advance efforts to promote mental and physical wellbeing in this group. Methods: In this commentary, we take the perspective that when an individual with serious mental illness decides to connect with similar others online it represents a critical point in their illness experience. We propose a conceptual model to illustrate how online peer-to-peer connections may afford opportunities for individuals with serious mental illness to challenge stigma, increase consumer activation and access online interventions for mental and physical wellbeing. Results: People with serious mental illness report benefits from interacting with peers online from greater social connectedness, feelings of group belonging and by sharing personal stories and strategies for coping with day-to-day challenges of living with a mental illness. Within online communities, individuals with serious mental illness could challenge stigma through personal empowerment and providing hope. By learning from peers online, these individuals may gain insight about important health care decisions, which could promote mental health care seeking behaviours. These individuals could also access interventions for mental and physical wellbeing delivered through social media that could incorporate mutual support between peers, help promote treatment engagement and reach a wider demographic. Unforeseen risks may include exposure to misleading information, facing hostile or derogatory comments from others, or feeling more uncertain about one's health condition. However, given the evidence to date, the benefits of online peer-to-peer support appear to outweigh the potential risks. Conclusion: Future research must explore these opportunities to support and empower people with serious mental illness through online peer networks while carefully considering potential risks that may arise from online peer-to-peer interactions. Efforts will also need to address methodological challenges in the form of evaluating interventions delivered through social media and collecting objective mental and physical health outcome measures online. A key challenge will be to determine whether skills learned from peers in online networks translate into tangible and meaningful improvements in recovery, employment, or mental and physical wellbeing in the offline world.
Evaluation of a Specific Gravity Method for Estimating the Total Carcass Fat of New York-Dressed Broiler Chickens

Abstract Four trials were conducted to determine the applicability of a specific gravity method to estimate total New York-dressed carcass fat. Specific gravity values were compared to abdominal fat pad measurements, and total carcass moisture and fat values. Carcasses were produced over a very wide range of total carcass fat, from 6.5 up to 18.8%, by feeding one of five test diets with calorie-to-protein ratios ranging from 61 to 260. Total carcass fat was estimated on each New York-dressed carcass using specific gravity and abdominal fat pad weight. Each carcass was then ground, homogenized, and analyzed for total moisture and total fat. Results indicated that total carcass moisture had the best correlation with total analyzed carcass fat (r = −.95). Abdominal fat pad percent and weight resulted in the next best correlations (r = +.92 and r = +76, respectively), while specific gravity resulted in the poorest correlation (r = −.73). The low correlation value for specific gravity is thought to be due primarily to entrapped air in the lungs and air sacs of the New York-dressed carcasses.
Orientation Dependence of Flux Pinning in a Layered Bi2Sr2 Ca1 Cu2O8 + 10% Ag Composite

The Bi2 Sr2 Ca1 Cu2 O8 + 10% Ag specimen was grain oriented along the a(b) axis, but random in the perpendicular plane. Magnetic susceptibility and hysteresis measured along the axis of grain orientation and in the polycrystalline direction showed remarkable anisotropy. At low temperatures (below about 30 K), hysteresis curves were compatible with the strong-pinning model. The pinning force calculated from the hysteresis loop showed a higher maximum in the random direction, but decreased fast with increasing field and temperature. From the zero-field-cooled (zfc) and field-cooled (fc) susceptibility curves, the irreversibility line T*(H*) was determined. Evaluation according to the de Almeida-Thouless equation with fixed exponent n=3/2 revealed a two-phase vortex structure; one nearly isotropic with low (40-K) zero-field irreversibility transition temperature, and one strongly anisotropic, the irreversibility transition being close to the superconducting-transition temperature.
Topographic-anatomical basis of sacral neurostimulation: neuroanatomical variations.

AbstractIn 4 male and 5 female cadavers we undertook a detailed anatomical dissection of the caudal segment of the spinal cord with special emphasis on the conus medullaris, length of the spinal segment and pattern of nerve bridging between adjacent sacral roots. We found an unexpectedly high incidence of intradural bridging—some of simple formation and others more complex. These interconnections were more frequent between dorsal than ventral roots but never joined dorsal to ventral roots or vice versa. Ventral S5 was missing in some cases and we found no coccygeal roots. The dural sac was seen to extend to the Si to S2 intervertebral disk or the lower margin of S2, permitting a limited sacral laminectomy to expose the intradural sacral roots in their entirety. Towards the end of the dural sac the ventral and dorsal roots were joined by an extremely thin epineurium, and each root was composed of several lightly fused rootlets that could be separated under magnification but that combined to constitute the ...
Carlyle and Carlile: Late Romantic Skepticism and Early Radical Freethought

As I have suggested, mid-century Secularism as founded by George Jacob Holyoake in 1851–1852 was a post-Enlightenment development, both an extension of Enlightenment rationality, and a response to its failed promises for extending reason across the public and private spheres to the exclusion of religious belief and practice. In order to comprehend this development, I begin by examining some salient post-Enlightenment discourse and activity in early nineteenth-century Britain. This chapter counter-poses two exemplary, late Romantic-age and seemingly antithetical successors to the Enlightenment legacy. One epitomizes the late Romantic response to what Romantics deemed an overweening faith in Enlightenment rationality, as expressed in terms of scientific materialism, Political Economy, and a Utilitarian ethical ‘calculus’. The other represents the extension of Enlightenment promises to the ‘popular Enlightenment’ and the expression given it in the artisanal freethought movement, a movement that would eventually lead, circuitously, to Secularism proper. Respectively, the two figures — the ‘Victorian sage’ and cultural critic Thomas Carlyle and the Romantic-age, plebeian, Paineite radical, Richard Carlile — will serve to represent these currents. While apparently diametrically opposed, the standpoints of Carlyle and Carlile demonstrate a range of secular possibilities in the period.