cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of ambient temperature on caffeine ergogenicity during endurance exercise

It is well established that caffeine ingestion during exercise enhances endurance performance. Conversely, the physiological and psychological strain that accompanies increased ambient temperature decreases endurance performance. Little is known about the interaction between environmental temperature and the effects of caffeine on performance. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of ambient temperature (12 and 33°C) on caffeine ergogenicity during endurance cycling exercise. Eleven male cyclists (mean ± SD; age, 25 ± 6 years; [Formula: see text] 58.7 ± 2.9 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) completed four exercise trials in a randomized, double blind experimental design. After cycling continuously for 90 min (average 65 ± 7% [Formula: see text]) in either a warm (33 ± 1°C, 41 ± 5%rh) or cool (12 ± 1°C, 60 ± 7%rh) environment, subjects completed a 15-min performance trial (PT; based on total work accumulated). Subjects ingested 3 mg kg(-1) of encapsulated caffeine (CAF) or placebo (PLA) 60 min prior to and after 45 min of exercise. Throughout exercise, subjects ingested water so that at the end of exercise, independent of ambient temperature, their body mass was reduced 0.55 ± 0.67%. Two-way (temperature × treatment) repeated-measures ANOVA were conducted with alpha set at 0.05. Total work (kJ) during the PT was greater in 12°C than 33°C [P 0.05). Increased ambient temperature had a detrimental effect on cycling performance in both the CAF and PLA conditions. CAF improved performance independent of environmental temperature. These findings suggest that caffeine at the dosage utilized (6 mg/kg body mass) is a, legal drug that provides an ergogenic benefit in 12 and 33°C.
Nuclear Abnormalities Resulting from Inhibition of Mitosis by Colchicine and other Substances

Attention has been called, during the past few years, to the striking phenomenon of mitotic inhibition which occurs as a result of injecting certain substances into living animals and tissue cultures. The most striking effects of this sort occur, as originally described by Dustin (1), following treatment with sodium cacodylate and with the alkaloid colchicine. After the administration of these substances, large numbers of abnormal mitotic figures appear in all tissues, both normal and malignant, in which cell divisions normally occur in appreciable numbers. There is general agreement that these abnormal figures are characterized in all cases by the absence of the spindle, and Ludford (2) has attributed the suspension of division to the failure of that mechanism of which the spindle is the visible attribute. If we examine a slide of mouse sarcoma No. 180 from an animal which was injected with 0.025 mg. of colchicine ten hours previously, we see that about 12 per cent of the cells are in mitosis, in contrast to the normal figure of about 1 or 2 per cent (Fig. 1). When viewed superficially, many of these figures are not very different in appearance from normal figures, but upon careful observation it appears that there is no vestige of a spindle mechanism in the great majority of these cells, that the incidence of late stages (anaphases and telophases) is relatively much reduced, and that the chromosomes, although usually clumped together in a position suggestive of the normal early metaphase, are frequently somewhat scattered and clumped into many groups of different sizes. Detailed examination of this tumor shows certain note-worthy features. In the first place, the incidence of arrested mitotic figures is much higher around the periphery of the tumor than it is near the center, remote from the blood supply. A diagram of this tumor shows the percentage of dividing cells in nine selected areas, in each of which about 1000 cells were counted. The frequency is seen to be relatively low at the extreme periphery, where there are some normal cells mingled with sarcoma cells (Fig. 2). It reaches a maximum just below this point, and then shades off to figures in the center of the tumor which are not unlike those found in normal tissues. This may be due either to the fact that mitosis is less prevalent in the central portion of the tumor, normally, or that the drug fails to penetrate the entire 5 or 6 mm. of tissue; actually both factors are probably active.
Carbon monoxide on the primitive earth

Abstract The reaction of CO + OH− in aqueous solution to give formate was studied as a carbon monoxide sink on the primitive earth and in the present ocean. The reaction is first order in OH− and first order in the molar CO concentration. The second order rate constant is given by log k(M−1hr−1) = 15.83−4886/T between 25°C and 60°C. Using the solubility of CO in sea water, and assuming a pH of 8 for a primitive ocean of the present size, the halflife of CO in the atmosphere is calculated to be 12 × 106 yr at 0°C and 5.5 × 104 yr at 25°C. Three other CO sinks would have been important in the primitive atmosphere: CO + H2 → H2CO driven by various energy sources, CO + OH → CO2 + H, and the Fischer-Tropsch reaction of CO + H2 → hydrocarbons, etc. It is concluded that the lifetime of a CO atmosphere would have been very short on the geological time scale although the relative importance of these four CO sinks is difficult to estimate. The CO + OH− reaction to give formate is a very minor CO sink on the earth at the present time.
Volatile Organic Compounds: Comparison of Two Sample Collection and Preservation Methods

Two soil sample collection and preservation methods for volatile organic compounds, used during site characterization activities, were evaluated using standard U.S. Environmental Protection Agency analyti cal methods. A conventional bulk method recom mends completely filling a sample container with soil; a less commonly used methanol method recommends placing a soil aliquot into methanol. Analytical results showed large negative biases associated with the bulk samples as compared to the methanol samples for aromatic compounds. Order of magnitude differences in concentrations measured between the methods were observed for benzene and toluene. Lesser differences were noted for xylenes and ethylbenzene. Limited data for chlorinated compounds suggest behavior similar to the aromatic species. A limited spike recovery study was conducted using the methanol method on laboratory and field samples. Samples were analyzed 82 days after spike addition. Poorer spike recoveries were noted from spiked methanol vials tra...
Catalytic O2-fixation with new CoII complexes

Abstract Solutions of Co II salts of organic acids in primary amines absorb molecular oxygen rapidly and irreversibly forming μ-dioxygen—cobalt complexes. Thermolysis leads to a homopolar cleavage of the OO bond with subsequent radical reactions involving ligand amine. After thermolysis the capacity of oxygen uptake is reestablished (catalysis).
Abstract 2081: FoxM1 transactivates PTTG1 and promotes colorectal cancer cell migration and invasion

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Previous studies have shown that both Forkhead Box M1 (FoxM1) and pituitary tumor transforming gene 1 (PTTG1) were associated with cancer development and metastases. This study aims to investigate the relation between FoxM1 and PTTG1 and its role in colorectal cancer cell behavior. The microarray data of colorectal cancer were analyzed to determine the association of FoxM1 and PTTG1 expression. Luciferase reporter assay, ChIP and EMSA were used to identify the regulatory mechanisms between FoxM1 and PTTG1. PTTG1 mRNA and protein levels were examined using real-time PCR and western blot after knocking down or over expressing FoxM1. The roles of FoxM1 and PTTG in tumor metastasis were investigated by cell migration and invasion assays. Gene expression microarray data indicated that FoxM1 and PTTG1 are concordantly up-regulated in colorectal cancer tissues. Over-expression of FoxM1 up-regulated PTTG1 expression and knock-down of FoxM1 did the opposite, indicating that PTTG1 was regulated by FoxM1. Luciferase reporter assay indicated that -391 to +50 bps of PTTG1 promoter are important for FoxM1 to enhance PTTG1 promoter activity. Sequence analysis identified two potential FoxM1 binding sites. EMSA indicated that FoxM1 directly binds to PTTG1 promoter at the -350 to -343 binding motif. This binding was confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation in HCT116 and SW620 cells. Boyden chamber assay indicated that FoxM1 and PTTG1 concordantly regulate migration and invasion of HCT116 and SW620 colorectal cancer cells. In summary, our results elucidate that FoxM1 up-regulates PTTG1 transcription through binding to PTTG1 promoter. PTTG1 likely mediates effects of FoxM1 on colorectal cancer cell migration and invasion. Citation Format: Jinjun Guo, Yun Zheng, Yunguang Tong, H Philip Koeffler. FoxM1 transactivates PTTG1 and promotes colorectal cancer cell migration and invasion. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2081. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2081
Coherent optical array receiver experiment : design, implementation and ber performance of a multichannel coherent optical receiver for PPM signals under atmospheric turbulence.

The performance of a coherent free-space optical communications system operating in the presence of turbulence is investigated. Maximum Likelihood Detection techniques are employed to optimally detect Pulse Position Modulated signals with a focal-plane detector array, and reconstruct the turbulence-degraded signals. The experimental demonstration of this project and results may be divided in three parts; two of which have already been explained in previous publications [1]. This latest paper shows the final experimental results, including investigation of performance of the Coherent Optical Receiver Experiment (CORE) performed at the laboratory facilities at JPL. Bit Error Rate (BER) is presented for single and multichanel optical receivers, where quasi-shot noise limited performance is achieved, under simulated turbulence conditions using non-coherent post-detection processing techniques. Theoretical BER expressions are compared with experimental obtained BER results and array combining gains are presented. Receiver sensitivity in terms of photons per bit (PPB) is examined; BER results are shown as a function of signal to noise ratios, (SNR), as well as a function of photons per symbol, and photons per bit.
Using Meditative Techniques in Psychotherapy

Although research evidence exists concerning the efficacy of meditation in psychotherapeutic settings, therapists and counselors are often unfamiliar with meditative techniques and their usefulness...
Metastatic tumors of the hand: A report of six cases

Six metastatic tumors of the hand of mammary, renal, pulmonary, colonic, and humeral origins are described. The areas involved were the distal phalanges, the metacarpal bones, a carpal bone, the nail bed, and the soft tissue of the dorsum of the hand. All six patients died within a few months after the metastatic lesions were diagnosed correctly. Metastases to the bone can cause destruction, pain, and swelling and may be misdiagnosed before operation as osteomyelitis. Metastases to the soft tissues tend to be asymptomatic and can closely mimic benign soft tissue tumors.
Supply chain networks with global outsourcing and quick-response production under demand and cost uncertainty

This paper develops a modeling and computational framework for supply chain networks with global outsourcing and quick-response production under demand and cost uncertainty. Our model considers multiple off-shore suppliers, multiple manufacturers, and multiple demand markets. Using variational inequality theory, we formulate the governing equilibrium conditions of the competing decision-makers (the manufacturers) who are faced with two-stage stochastic programming problems but who also have to cooperate with the other decision-makers (the off-shore suppliers). Our theoretical and analytical results shed light on the value of outsourcing from novel real option perspectives. Moreover, our simulation studies reveal important managerial insights regarding how demand and cost uncertainty affects the profits, the risks, as well as the global outsourcing and quick-production decisions of supply chain firms under competition.
Azide complexes of LnIII and AnIII

Abstract Differences in the solvent extraction of trivalent lanthanides and actinides have been noted for extractants with nitrogen donor atoms. This effect has been attributed to an enhanced covalency in the actinide elements when bound to the softer nitrogen donor. To study this model the thermodynamics of complexation of LnIII and AnIII cations by the azide anion have been determined by radiotracer studies using solvent extraction. The stability of the AnIII complexes is somewhat greater than that of the LnIII complexes. However, within experimental uncertainty, the enthalpies of acomplexation cannot be differentiated. Consequently, the assignment of the stability difference to a covalency effect remains uncertain.
Deploying the Robot Application Programming Interface Delegate via second-generation IP-over-DTN

The Robot Application Programmer Interface Delegate (RAPID) is a pipeline designed for telerobotic operations in the Human Exploration Technology (HET) Program. As human spaceflight missions become more ambitious and far reaching (for example, long duration operations on board ISS or around near-Earth asteroids), traditional telerobotic technology becomes expensive, unwieldy and difficult to scale. We present a RAPID deployment architecture that leverages the advantages of COTS internetworking infrastructure while enjoying many of the benefits of space-optimized Delay/Disruption Tolerant Network (DTN) technology. DTNTAP is a multi-platform second-generation IP over DTN implementation with performance and usability improvements over its predecessor. Selected results from functional and performance tests are presented and new capabilities are described.
Dynamics of a polymer attached to a surface: Bead and spring model

The Smoluchowski formalism is used to solve the problem of a bead of frictional resistance β attached to a surface with a spring of force constant k over which a linear shear field of strenght α flows. The power dissipation is given by βα2kT/k. k and T have their usual meanings. The result is generalized to an n-bead polymer. It is found that the power dissipation of a Rouse model polymer attached to a surface at one end is twice that of an identical polymer flowing freely in solution. If the force constant k arises from an entropy force, then, because of the effect of the surface on the number of polymer configurations, there is an additional factor of two. The same relationship is expected to also hold for the frequency-dependent power dissipation. It is argued that a net circulation exists in the beads above the surface and that the magnitude of the circulation is roughly comparable to that which exists in a polymer freely rotating in solution under a shear field of the same magnitude.
Des personnes et des situations aux préférences et contraintes

Resume Dans cet article, on trouvera principalement ce que l'auteur considere comme etant : a) l'essentiel de la critique adressee par Walter Mischel en 1968 et 1973 a la psychologie des traits de personnalite ; b) le lien entre les points de vue de Walter Mischel et ceux de Roy D'Andrade et Richard Shweder sur « la distorsion systematique » ; et c) les bonnes raisons de passer d'une conception de la personne comme une entite dotee de dispositions (que celles-ci soient globales ou plus specifiques) [le modele personne–situation], a une conception ou la personne est un agent avise dont les comportements peuvent etre expliques en reference aux fins et aux moyens dont elle dispose (le modele « preference–contrainte »).
Echoes after Carl Rogers: “Reflective listening” revisited

Abstract By means of an analysis based on Heidegger's conceptualization of “authentic language,” this article shows that the Rogerian “reflective listening” is a “speech which maintains silence” and that the therapeutic potential of this “attending skill” lies not so much in its attending to the client's statements, as in its nourishing the silence in the latter's voice. In particular, it demonstrates that “reflective listening” has the capacity to function as a therapeutic tautology, as a “negative discourse” which intends to “speak but say nothing,” and thereby recovers silence in the midst of “idle talk.” Ethical implications of this particular perspective on the Rogerian discourse are discussed.
Effect of surface roughness on hemolysis in a centrifugal blood pump.

Surface roughness of a blood pump is an important factor for blood cell damage. This study investigated the effect of surface roughness pertaining to hemolysis in a centrifugal pump. In vitro hemolysis tests were performed under car-diopulmonary bypass (CPB; 5 L/min, 350 mmHg) and left ventricular assist device (LVAD; 5 L/min, 100 mmHg) conditions using the pivot bearing supported Gyro centrifugal pump (C1E3). Seven types of pumps with impellers and housings with different surface roughness were prepared as follows: vapor polish (VP) housing and VP impeller; VP housing and sandpaper (SP) impeller; VP housing and fine sandblasting (FSB) impeller; VP housing and coarse sandblasting (CSB) impeller; SP housing and VP impeller; FSB housing and VP impeller; and CSB housing and VP impeller. The results revealed that 1) the effect of surface roughness on hemolysis was significantly larger with CPB than LVAD; 2) surface roughness, regardless of the impeller or housing, had little effect on hemolysis with LVAD; and 3) during CPB, the surface roughness of the pump housing had a larger effect on hemolysis than did that of the impeller. In conclusion, from a hemolytic point of view, it is likely that an extremely smooth pump housing is required for an impeller centrifugal pump for CPB. However, it is likely that a smooth surface is not as essential for this impeller centrifugal pump as for an LVAD.
Spin polarons in nickel sulphide

Abstract Using a random formulation of the Hubbard model developed by the authors, thermodynamic and electronic properties of antiferromagnetic nickel sulphide are considered. The transition mechanism is shown to be magnetic in origin and not due to phonons in the high temperature phase as has been accepted. The metallic-like properties of the magnetic phase originate from hole-like spin polarons for non-stoichiometric samples. We obtain good quantitative agreement assuming a leV Ni(3d) bandwidth and predict stoichiometric NiS to behave as an intrinsic semiconductor at low temperatures.
Role of EHD1 and EHBP1 in Perinuclear Sorting and Insulin-regulated GLUT4 Recycling in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes *

Insulin stimulates glucose transport in muscle and adipose tissues by recruiting intracellular membrane vesicles containing the glucose transporter GLUT4 to the plasma membrane. The mechanisms involved in the biogenesis of these vesicles and their translocation to the cell surface are poorly understood. Here, we report that an Eps15 homology (EH) domain-containing protein, EHD1, controls the normal perinuclear localization of GLUT4-containing membranes and is required for insulin-stimulated recycling of these membranes in cultured adipocytes. EHD1 is a member of a family of four closely related proteins (EHD1, EHD2, EHD3, and EHD4), which also contain a P-loop near the N terminus and a central coiled-coil domain. Analysis of cultured adipocytes stained with anti-GLUT4, anti-EHD1, and anti-EHD2 antibodies revealed that EHD1, but not EHD2, partially co-localizes with perinuclear GLUT4. Expression of a dominant-negative construct of EHD1 missing the EH domain (ΔEH-EHD1) markedly enlarged endosomes, dispersed perinuclear GLUT4-containing membranes throughout the cytoplasm, and inhibited GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membranes of 3T3-L1 adipocytes stimulated with insulin. Similarly, small interfering RNA-mediated depletion of endogenous EHD1 protein also markedly dispersed perinuclear GLUT4 in cultured adipocytes. Moreover, EHD1 is shown to interact through its EH domain with the protein EHBP1, which is also required for insulin-stimulated GLUT4 movements and hexose transport. In contrast, disruption of EHD2 function was without effect on GLUT4 localization or translocation to the plasma membrane. Taken together, these results show that EHD1 and EHBP1, but not EHD2, are required for perinuclear localization of GLUT4 and reveal that loss of EHBP1 disrupts insulin-regulated GLUT4 recycling in cultured adipocytes.
The distribution of internally studentized statistics via Laplace transform inversion

SUMMARY This paper demonstrates that for a rich class of problems the distribution of internally studentized statistics can be obtained from the distribution of the corresponding unstudentized statistics via an inverse Laplace transform. Various known results are easily rederived or extended by use of this theorem; among these are results for problems involving random divisions of an interval, residual analysis, ratios of quadratic forms in normal variables, and latent roots of a central Wishart matrix.
Real-Time Monitoring of a United States Air Force Topcoat/Mg-Rich Primer System in ASTM B117 Exposure by Embedded Electrodes

Abstract The protection of metallic structures by organic coatings has traditionally been as a barrier, reducing the transport of water, ions, and oxygen from the environment to the substrate. Orga...
PRESCHOOL EMBEDDED FIGURES TEST PERFORMANCE OF YOUNG CHILDREN: AGE AND GENDER DIFFERENCES '

An analysis of the literature was the basis for a set of predictions regarding the Preschool Embedded Figures Test performance of a small, cross-sectional sample of 37 3- to 5-year-old children. The test scores were modestly reliable. Predicted age-related differences in scores for boys and girls were observed, including an interaction of age with gender; however, other predictions regarding those scores were not supported. Based on a small sample, it was tentatively concluded that the evidence for continued use of the Preschool Embedded Figures Test as a measure of field independence for young children was weak.
Discovery and Development of Epichlorohydrin Elastomers

The epichlorohydrin elastomers were discovered in early 1957 when the author's new vinyl ether coordination catalyst was explored for epichlorohydrin polymerization and yielded a new rubber, amorphous polyepichlorohydrin. This work quickly led to the discovery of unique new organometallic catalysts which facilitated the development of the epichlorohydrin elastomers. Laboratory studies indicated that amorphous polyepichlorohydrin had merit as a specialty oil resistant elastomer. Limited market contacts on amorphous polyepichlorohydrin (called chlorohydrin rubber or CHR) with rubber producers, users, and epichlorohydrin producers indicated some problems and some interest. We made progress in solving the problems but Hercules decided not to proceed with the development at that time. Instead, Hercules know-how and patents were licensed to B. F. Goodrich Chemical Company. We subse quently made larger samples of epichlorohydrin—ethylene oxide copolymers and found the 1:1 mol copolymer to be an outstanding candi...
A spin probe approach for measuring the nucleic acid affinity of gene 32 protein.

Abstract A novel and fast procedure for determining by electron spin resonance the affinity of proteins for nucleic acids is described. The assay makes use of nitroxide radicals which are covalently bound to various polynuleotides to the extent of one probe per 75 to 100 nucleotides. As a test example gene 32 protein was used, a protein known to interact with single stranded nucleic acids. Competition experiments with unlabeled nucleic acids made it feasible to directly monitor the gene 32 protein affinity for different nucleic acids. It was observed that DNA single strands are not necessarily favored by this protein for preferential binding. The experimental data also suggest that the difference in the binding constants for most of the complexes is remarkably large; for instance, (dT)n binds at least 3 to 4 orders of magnitude better to gene 32 protein than (dA)n.
In Vivo confocal microscopic changes of the corneal epithelium and stroma in patients with herpes zoster ophthalmicus.

Purpose To analyze the density and morphology of corneal epithelial cells and keratocytes by in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) in patients with herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) as associated with corneal innervation. Design Prospective, controlled and masked cross-sectional study. Methods setting: Single-center study. patients: Thirty eyes with the diagnosis HZO and their contralateral clinically unaffected eyes, 15 eyes of 15 normal controls. intervention procedures: In vivo confocal microscopy and corneal esthesiometry of the central cornea. main outcome measures: Changes in morphology and density of the superficial and basal epithelial cells and stromal keratocytes, and correlation with corneal sensation. Results The density of superficial epithelial cells in HZO eyes with severe sensation loss (766.5 ± 25.2 cells/mm 2 ) was significantly lower than both healthy control eyes (1450.23 ± 150.83 cells/mm 2 ) and contralateral unaffected eyes (1974.13 ± 298.24 cells/mm 2 ) ( P = .003). Superficial epithelial cell size (1162.5 μm 2 ) was significantly larger in HZO eyes with severe loss of sensation, as compared to contralateral (441.46 ± 298.14) or healthy eyes (407.4 ± 47.2μm 2 ; all P Conclusions In vivo confocal microscopy reveals profound HZO-induced changes in the superficial epithelium, as demonstrated by increase in cell size, decrease in cell density, and squamous metaplasia. We demonstrate that these changes strongly correlate with changes in corneal innervation in eyes affected by HZO.
Internationalization and Organizational Growth: The Impact of Internet Usage and Technology Involvement Among Entrepreneur-led Family Businesses:

For many years, large, multinational corporations were thought to dominate international business. It was recently recognized that a number of entrepreneurial and family firms are active in the international arena (Oviatt & McDougall, 1994). Using data from a U.S. survey of entrepreneur-led family businesses, this paper examines the extent to which certain entrepreneurial characteristics, Internet usage, and investments in information technology influence internationalization and organizational growth among such firms. The results of regression analyses identify variables leading to success in the emerging global economy and their differential impact on these performance outcomes.
A 16-amino acid peptide from human alpha2-macroglobulin binds transforming growth factor-beta and platelet-derived growth factor-BB

Alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2M) is a major carrier of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in vitro and in vivo. By screening glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins with overlapping sequences, we localized the TGFbeta-binding site to aa 700-738 of the mature human alpha2M subunit. In separate experiments, we screened overlapping synthetic peptides corresponding to aa 696-777 of alpha2M and identified a single 16-mer (718-733) that binds TGF-beta1. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) bound to the same peptide, even though TGF-beta and PDGF-BB share almost no sequence identity. The sequence of the growth factor-binding peptide, WDLVVVNSAGVAEVGV, included a high proportion of hydrophobic amino acids. The analogous peptide from murinoglobulin, a human alpha2M homologue that does not bind growth factors, contained only three nonconservative amino acid substitutions; however, the MUG peptide failed to bind TGF-beta1 and PDGF-BB. These results demonstrate that a distinct and highly-restricted site in alpha2M, positioned near the C-terminal flank of the bait region, mediates growth factor binding. At least part of the growth factor-binding site is encoded by exon 18 of the alpha2M gene, which is notable for a 5' splice site polymorphism that has been implicated in Alzheimer's Disease.
A theory of credit cards

Abstract A two-period model is constructed to study the interactions among consumers, merchants, and a card issuer. The model yields the following results. First, if the issuer's cost of funds is not too high and the merchant's profit margin is sufficiently high, in every equilibrium of our model the issuer extends credit to qualified consumers, merchants accept credit cards and consumers face a positive probability of default. Second, the issuer's ability to charge higher merchant discount fees depends on the number of customers gained when credit cards are accepted. Thus, credit cards exhibit characteristics of network goods. Third, each merchant faces a prisoner's dilemma where each independently chooses to accept credit cards, however all merchants' two-period profits are reduced because of intertemporal business stealing across industries.
Silences and Serenades: The Journeys of Three Ethnic Minority Women School Leaders

This article articulates the need to explore the knowledge and practice of ethnic minority women school leaders, to encourage dialogue, and to ask, “What is it about these women's lives that reveals ontological and political discourses and practices that disrupt the rhythm of the mainstream?” The stories affirm each woman's explicit struggle against “overt and passive racism” and objectifying marginalization. Additionally, each story reveals a unique “self-text,” which is a composite of history, family, profession, and cultural memories. Each woman, in the way she expresses this “self,” is an advocate for respect and equity.
Consistency Over Flattery Self-Verification Processes Revealed in Implicit and Behavioral Responses to Feedback

Negative social feedback is often a source of distress. However, self-verification theory provides the counterintuitive explanation that negative feedback leads to less distress when it is consistent with chronic self-views. Drawing from this work, the present study examined the impact of receiving self-verifying feedback on outcomes largely neglected in prior research: implicit responses (i.e., physiological reactivity, facial expressions) that are difficult to consciously regulate and downstream behavioral outcomes. In two experiments, participants received either positive or negative feedback from interviewers during a speech task. Regardless of self-views, positive compared to negative feedback elicited lower self-reported negative affect. Implicit responses to negative feedback, however, depended on chronic self-views with more negative self-views associated with lower blood pressure reactivity, lower facial negativity, and enhanced creativity. These findings point at the role self-verification may p...
Social influences on contact maintenance interactions of bison mothers and calves: group size and nearest-neighbour distance

Abstract If predation risk for young animals varies with the number and proximity of conspecifics in gregarious ‘follower’ ungulates, mothers and offspring should maintain closer contact in smaller groups and when further from neighbours. This hypothesis was supported by evidence of intra- and interindividual variation in bison, Bison bison , mother-calf interaction. Dyad members spent more time close together, following each other, and synchronizing their behaviour in smaller groups and when nearestneighbour distance was greater. Comparisons of maternal and filial contributions to observed patterns indicated that calf behaviour varied more with social conditions than that of mothers. Calves followed mothers more in smaller groups. Resting calves waited longer to follow their grazing mothers when other conspecifics were nearby. Thus dyad members, particularly calves, behave as if the presence of conspecifics offers protection. The results also indicate a second benefit of gregariousness: calves spent half as much time active in large as in small groups. This suggests that larger groups, by allowing a relaxation of contact maintenance, confer energetic as well as protective advantages. One proposed benefit, that calves grow faster in larger groups, was not supported; growth rates were not significantly related to group size when other variables, particularly birth date, were included. A second proposed benefit, that large groups reduce lactation costs, remains to be tested.
de Haas-van Alphen oscillations for nonrelativistic fermions coupled to an emergent U(1) gauge field

In this paper we investigate magneto-oscillations in the specific heat and the magnetization of nonrelativistic fermions coupled to a fluctuating $U(1)$ gauge field. This model obtains as an effective model for the underdoped cuprates realizing a so-called ``algebraic charge liquid,'' which is a true non-Fermi-liquid state. Our study is driven by very recent observations of quantum oscillations in the underdoped cuprates. We calculate corrections to the standard Lifshitz-Kosevich expression due to the internal gauge degree of freedom for the oscillation amplitude. We perform this calculation in the dirty limit in a model with $\mathcal{N}$ species of fermions. The $\mathcal{N}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ result corresponds to the well-known Fermi-liquid result reproducing the Lifshitz-Kosevich result. We capture the effect of the gauge field on the oscillation amplitude to Gaussian accuracy controlled in the small parameter $1/\mathcal{N}$. Our main finding is the presence of qualitative and quantitative differences compared to standard Fermi-liquid theory.
Educational Progress and Parenting Among Mexican Immigrant Mothers of Young Children

This study examined the potential for educational investments in Mexican immigrant mothers to enhance their management of their children's pathways through an educational system in the U.S. that often disadvantages them. We tested this hypothesis with data on 816 Mexican immigrant women and their children in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K). The results suggest that mothers who pursued their own schooling over a four year period, regardless of degree attainment, increased their engagement with their children's schools during that same period. These results appeared to be robust to a wide range of factors selecting women into continuing education.
Covariance analysis in generalized linear measurement error models

We summarize some of the recent work on the errors-in-variables problem in generalized linear models. The focus is on covariance analysis, and in particular testing for and estimation of treatment effects. There is a considerable difference between the randomized and non-randomized models when testing for an effect. In randomized studies, simple techniques exist for testing for a treatment effect. In some instances, such as linear and multiplicative regression, simple methods exist for estimating the treatment effect. In other examples such as logistic regression, estimating a treatment effect requires careful attention to measurement error. In non-randomized studies, there is no recourse to understanding and modelling measurement error. In particular ignoring measurement error can lead to the wrong conclusions, for example the true but unobserved data may indicate a positive effect for treatment, while the observed data indicate the opposite. Some of the possible methods are outlined and compared.
Management of nonpalpable breast lesions: techniques in breast biopsy.

(1999). Management of Nonpalpable Breast Lesions: Techniques in Breast Biopsy. Cancer Investigation: Vol. 17, No. 8, pp. 624-630.
Activation of calpain may alter the postsynaptic density structure and modulate anchoring of NMDA receptors.

Elevation of calcium during sustained synaptic activity may lead to the activation of the postsynaptic calcium-dependent protease calpain and thus could alter the integrity and localization of endogenous proteins. The distribution of anchoring proteins for neuroreceptors is an important determinant of the efficacy of neuronal transmission. Many of these anchoring proteins are concentrated within the postsynaptic density (PSD). In the present study, we examined the effects of calpain II on isolated PSDs using biochemical and electron microscopic techniques. Biochemical analysis reveals that PSD-95, a clustering molecule which anchors NMDA receptors by interaction with their NR2 subunits, as well as the NR2 subunits themselves, are cleaved by calpain. On the other hand, under conditions where all the PSD-95 protein is cleaved, actin and α-actinin—a protein thought to anchor NMDA receptors to actin filaments—remain intact. For analysis by electron microscopy, PSDs were adsorbed on glass, immunogold-labeled with an antibody to PSD-95, slam frozen, freeze dried, and rotary shadowed. Electron micrographs of replicas indicate that PSDs are disc-shaped and are composed of a lattice-like structure which labels with PSD-95 immunogold. After calpain treatment, PSDs adsorbed on glass become thinner overall and the lattice becomes fragmented. Altogether, these results suggest that calpain activity could produce changes in the organization of the PSD and, by cleaving PSD-95 associated with the PSD lattice, could modify the anchoring of NMDA receptors. Synapse 40:302–309, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cellularity of adipose depots in six strains of genetically obese mice

Adipocyte cell size and number of three adipose depots, gonadal, subcutaneous, and retroperitoneal, were determined in several strains (aAy, aAiy, dbdb, obob, and NZO) of adult genetically obese mice, male and female, and in male gold thioglucose-treated mice. Epididymal pad cellularity was determined during development in yellow and viable yellow obese mice and their lean littermates, as well as in the NCS/R mouse. Cell number in the mouse epididymal pad in both lean and genetically obese animals is determined early in development, i.e., before weaning. Cell enlargement is the consistent and usually dominant morphological explanation for adipose depot enlargement in genetic and in gold thioglucose-induced mouse obesity. In some instances, hyperplasia accompanied the hypertrophy, occurring most often in the subcutaneous depot. Cell number in the subcutaneous pad of the obese–hyperglycemic female is four times that of the lean control and represents the most extreme case of hyperplasia observed. In fact, hyperplasia was consistently seen in the obob mouse. A classification for genetic obesity based primarily upon the cellularity characteristics of the adipose depots is proposed.
Simple explicit formulae for finite time blow up solutions to the complex KdV equation

Abstract Simple explicit formulae for finite time blow up solutions to the complex KdV equation are obtained via a Darboux transformation. Diffusions induced by perturbations are calculated.
Organizing Preschool Environments: Suggestions for Enhancing the Development/Learning of Preschool Children with Handicaps.

Appropriate skill development is one of the basic functions of preschool programs. In many instances, behavior problems in classrooms can be managed by appropriately organizing caregiving environments. For example, researchers have demonstrated that organized environments may promote increases in appropriate social interaction and decreases in disruptive behavior. The purpose of this article is to suggest ways that preschool environments can be organized to avoid behavior problems, and the implications of these arrangements for moving children from preschool to elementary school settings are discussed. In addition, the relationship between environmental arrangement and direct contingency management interventions is discussed.
Some strategic aspects of faster new product introduction

The author examines some strategic issues of concern to top management in order to make the new product introduction process faster. The issues are in four major areas: technology, market, organization, and vendor relations. It is concluded that by taking appropriate strategic steps in these four areas the process of speeding up new product introduction will be facilitated. >
Work, Play, and In-Between: Exploring the Role of Work Context for Informal Web Developers

Web development is rapidly becoming a routine activity for informal as well as professional software developers. Research has shown that one variable that distinguishes segments of this population is the context in which Web development is carried out - work or nonwork. This paper explores the role of Web development context in a survey of Web developers that probed their development practices and attitudes
Quantum Langevin theory and the Mori random force

Abstract The relationship of the Mori random force operator and the friction kernel in quantum boson systems is derived quite generally using a second-quantized version of generalized Langevin equation theory.
Zebrafish homologs of genes within 16p11.2, a genomic region associated with brain disorders, are active during brain development, and include two deletion dosage sensor genes

Summary Deletion or duplication of one copy of the human 16p11.2 interval is tightly associated with impaired brain function, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD), intellectual disability disorder (IDD), and other phenotypes, indicating the importance of gene dosage in this copy number variant region (CNV). The core of this CNV includes 25 genes, however, the number of genes that contribute to these phenotypes is not known. Further, genes whose functional levels change with deletion or duplication (termed 9dosage sensors9), which may associate the CNV with pathologies, have not been identified. Using the zebrafish as a tool, a set of 16p11.2 homologs was identified, primarily on chromosomes 3 and 12. Use of eleven phenotypic assays, spanning the first five days of development, demonstrates that this set of genes is highly active, such that 21 out of 22 homologs tested show loss of function phenotypes. Most genes are required for nervous system development − impacting brain morphology, eye development, axonal density or organization, and motor response. In general, human genes can substitute for the fish homolog, demonstrating orthology, and consistent with conserved molecular pathways. In a screen for 16p11.2 genes whose function is sensitive to hemizygosity, the aldolase a ( aldoa) and kinesin family member 22 (kif22) genes were identified as giving clear phenotypes when RNA levels are reduced by ~50%, suggesting that these genes are deletion dosage sensors. This study leads to two major findings. The first is that the 16p11.2 region comprises a highly active set of genes, which may present a large genetic target, and may explain why multiple brain function and other phenotypes are associated with this interval. The second major finding is that there are (at least) two genes with deletion dosage sensor properties amongst the 16p11.2 set, which may link this CNV to brain disorders including ASD and IDD.
The hyponatraemic hypertensive syndrome in a 2-year-old child with behavioural symptoms.

In this case report we present a 2-year-old girl with the classical signs of the hyponatraemic hypertensive syndrome. She initially presented with a history of behavioural abnormalities and hyponatraemia (126 mmol/l) and her blood pressure was as high as 220/160 mmHg. After admission, somnolence developed. Intravenous antihypertensive therapy was started immediately. The hyponatraemia was treated with i.v. sodium supplementation. The cause of this syndrome proved to be fibromuscular dysplasia of the left renal artery. Finally, a left nephrectomy was performed. With this therapy, blood pressure and serum sodium normalised and the girl promptly regained normal consciousness and behaviour.
The Physics of the Marine Stratocumulus-Capped Mixed Layer.

Abstract In order to simulate the stratocumulus-capped mixed layer, a one-dimensional stratocumulus model is developed. This model consists of five major points: 1) a one-dimensional (1D) option of the CSU Cloud/Mesoscale Model, 2) a partially diagnostic higher-order turbulence model, 3) an atmospheric radiation model, 4) a partial condensation parameterization, and 5) the drizzle process. This model is tested against the observed structure of the marine stratocumulus layer reported by Brost et al. In this paper we also investigate the interactions among the following physical processes: atmospheric radiation, cloud microphysics, vertical wind shear, turbulent mixing, large-scale divergence, the sea surface temperature and the presence of high-level clouds above the capping inversion. The model simulated fields were found to be in generally good agreement with observations, although the amount of cloud liquid water predicted was too large. This may have been a result of employing a wind profile that exhib...
A transaction model for management of replicated data with multiple consistency levels

We present a transaction model which simultaneously supports different consistency levels, which include serial-izable transactions for strong consistency, and weaker consistency models such as causal snapshot isolation (CSI), CSI with commutative updates, and CSI with asynchronous updates. This model is useful in managing large-scale replicated data with different consistency guarantees to make suitable trade-offs between data consistency and performance. Data and the associated transactions are organized in a hierarchy which is based on consistency levels. Certain rules are imposed on transactions to constrain information flow across data at different levels in this hierarchy to ensure the required consistency guarantees. The building block for this transaction model is the snapshot isolation model. We present an example of an e-commerce application structured with data items and transactions defined at different consistency levels. We have implemented a testbed system for replicated data management based on the proposed multilevel consistency model. We present here the results of our experiments with this e-commerce application to demonstrate the benefits of this model.
History and Esthetics in Suspension Bridges

The George Washington Bridge raised two fundamental problems in the history and esthetics of bridge design: (1)The relationship between esthetic preference and structural performance; and (2)the relationship between the architecture of bridges and their engineering. The first relationship was put in terms of the flexible deck: the George Washington Bridge, as originally completed in 1931, had almost no vertical stiffness. The second relationship arose in the design of the towers, for which architectural plans envisioned masonry forms while engineering requirements dictated a steel structure. Thus, that design followed from two questionable assumptions: (1)The deck could be without vertical stiffness; and (2)the steel towers should be covered with a masonry facade. The first led directly to the failure of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940, and the second carried forward the idea that in large-scale structures, the engineering form needed an architectural facade to be elegant.
Stability of Rauscher Leukemia Virus under Certain Laboratory Conditions

SummaryThe stability of Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) was investigated under certain laboratory conditions. The half life of the virus at 37° was 7 hr, and considerably longer at lower temperatures. RNA dependent DNA polymerase activity was more stable than infectivity at all temperatures. Air dried virus had a half life of approximately 1 hr, but was rapidly inactivated by uv light or 70% alcohol.We are indebted to Drs. W. Emmett Barkley and Herbert K. Oie for advice and encouragement, and Edward Russell for technical assistance.
Passive Transfer of Atopic Hypersensitiveness in Man by Means of Leucocytes.

Conclusions1. The intracutaneous injection of viable leucocytes obtained from the bloods of atopic subjects who respond with immediate whealing reactions to skin tests with common allergens may specifically and locally sensitize the skin of normal recipients.2. Red blood cells obtained from the same donors lack this skin-sensitizing property.