cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mating Interaction of Native and Laboratory-reared Tobacco Budworms Released in the Field

Laboratory-reared ♂ tobacco budworms, Heliothis virescens (F.), released in cotton entered the native mating population at a rate only 4.5% of that expected. Even when laboratory-reared males and females were released together, the laboratory male, though competitive in mating with laboratory-reared females, was still unable to obtain native ♀ mates. Subsequent experiments at Brownsville, TX, and Isabela, PR, indicated that the activity periods of the laboratory and native insects were out of synchrony by 2 h, thus possibly rendering the 2 populations incompatible.
Abstract 1807: Tolfenamic acid inhibits medulloblastoma cell proliferation and tumor growth in mice by targeting Sp1 and survivin.

Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant tumor of the central nervous system in children. MB requires intensive multimodality treatment that often causes extensive long term side-effects. The morbidities associated with intensive therapy for treating this malignancy are a serious concern in children. Hence research focusing on identifying novel agents with less toxicity is very important. Specificity protein1 (Sp1) is a transcription factor which regulates several genes involved in cell proliferation and cell survival. Sp1 is also known to mediate the expression of survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family that is associated with aggressive disease and poor prognosis in multiple human cancers. Recently we showed that Tolfenamic acid (TA), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) inhibits neuroblastoma cell growth by targeting Sp1 and survivin. Strategies to target Sp1 and transcriptional regulation of survivin for treating MB have not yet been evaluated. The aim of the current investigation was to test the anti-cancer activity of TA using in vitro assays and a mouse model for MB. Human MB cells, DAOY and D283, were treated with vehicle (DMSO) or increasing concentrations (5-20 μg/ml) of TA and cell viability was measured at 24, 48 and 72 hours post-treatment. TA inhibited MB cell growth in a time and dose dependent manner. MB cells were treated with vehicle (DMSO) or TA (10 or 20 μg/ml) and the effect on cell apoptosis was measured. Apoptotic cells were measured by flow cytometry (Annexin-V staining) and caspase (3/7, 8, and 9) activity was determined using Caspase Glo kits. TA up-regulated caspase activity and augmented the apoptotic cell population. The expression of Sp1, c-PARP and survivin was determined by Western blot analysis. TA significantly inhibited the expression of Sp1, c-PARP, and survivin. Cell cycle phase distribution was measured using flow cytometry and results revealed that TA caused G0/G1 arrest in MB cells. For the in vivo assay, athymic nude mice were subcutaneously injected with D283 cells and treated with TA (50 mg/kg 3 times/wk) for 4 weeks. TA treatment caused 30-40% decrease in tumor weight and volume. Tumor tissue was subjected to immunohistochemical analysis to evaluate the expression of Sp1 and survivin. Consistent with in vitro results, TA-induced tumor growth inhibition in mice was accompanied with a decrease in Sp1 and survivin expression in mice tumor tissue. These pre-clinical data demonstrate that TA can act as an anti-cancer agent in medulloblastoma potentially targeting Sp1 and survivin. Citation Format: Don Eslin, Chris M. Lee, Umesh T. Sankpal, Robert M. Sutphin, Riyaz Basha. Tolfenamic acid inhibits medulloblastoma cell proliferation and tumor growth in mice by targeting Sp1 and survivin. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1807. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1807
Relative Efficiency and Scale Efficiency of Chinese Iron and Steel Enterprises

This paper applies DEA to measure relative efficiency and scale efficiency on 57 key large and medium sized iron and steel enterprises.The research indicates that the distinct difference of efficiency exists among those key large and medium sized iron and steel enterprises,some enterprises' efficiency is low and our iron and steel industry lacks the competition mechanisms of the survival of the fittest.The large and oversized iron and steel enterprises do not have notable efficiency superiority compared to the medium and small sized iron and steel enterprises.The efficiency of most large and oversized iron and steel enterprises is not high.A majority of the key large and medium sized iron and steel enterprises are scale efficiency or close to scale efficiency.The scale efficiency is not the main factor that affects the operational efficiency.Further research indicates that enterprise's scale don't influence its efficiency,there is not remarkable scale economy in the iron and steel industry.Relative departments should shift the policy emphases from expanding enterprise scale to building and maintaining fair competition and the market competition mechanisms of the survival of the fittest.
Study on Several Factors Affecting the Coefficient of Friction between Snow and Ski

This paper presented a measurement system of the snow-skiing and the usage of single chip microprocessor(SCM) for the data collection.In order to improve the experiment's precision,the paper has improved on the light-sensitive detector.The time of the electric switch is shortened efficiently.It also studied systemically the coefficient of friction between snow and ski.The results provide a basic reference for making simulation of snow.
How can intracranial recordings assist MEG source localization

MEG/EEG are the only non-invasive methods to instantaneously and directly measure the currents underlying cerebral information processing, but their ability to localize those currents is limited. Source localization from MEG is always uncertain, unless the signal is already known to be coming exclusively from a single focal source, or a few highly separated focal sources. Furthermore, since many cerebral currents produce little or no MEG signal, even accurate localization of the MEG sources may provide a very incomplete map of brain activation. Intracranial EEG (iEEG) can unambiguously localize sources, using steep voltage gradients, doubly-inverting gradients, traverses of the source structure from multiple directions, and/or spatial arrays of microelectrodes. These recordings show that except for a few milliseconds after the first cortical sensory response, multiple overlapping sources are active. For the commonly-studied cognitive potential components, N400 and P3b, iEEG demonstrates distributed sources in multiple lobes with similar time-courses. These data, as well as basic cortical neurophysiology from animal studies, do not support the common assumptions that the MEG generating sources are focal, and/or independent. Although focal hemodynamic activation is often described, this may be an artefact of the usual data analysis schemes. In summary, MEG source localization depends on prior assumptions of unknown accuracy, and MEG is insensitive to much cerebral activity. MEG publications should explicitly acknowledge these limitations. If possible, reference should be made to more certain knowledge, which in some cases includes iEEG.
G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor plays a key role in bile acid metabolism and fasting-induced hepatic steatosis in mice

Bile acids are signaling molecules that play a critical role in regulation of hepatic metabolic homeostasis by activating nuclear farnesoid X receptor (Fxr) and membrane G-protein-coupled receptor (Tgr5). The role of FXR in regulation of bile acid synthesis and hepatic metabolism has been studied extensively. However, the role of TGR5 in hepatic metabolism has not been explored. The liver plays a central role in lipid metabolism and impaired response to fasting and feeding contributes to steatosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver and obesity. We have performed a detailed analysis of gallbladder bile acid and lipid metabolism in Tgr5-/- mice in both free-fed and fasted conditions. Lipid profiles of serum, liver and adipose tissues, bile acid composition, energy metabolism, and mRNA and protein expression of the genes involved in lipid metabolism were analyzed. Results showed that deficiency of the Tgr5 gene in mice alleviated fasting-induced hepatic lipid accumulation. Expression of liver oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (Cyp7b1) in the alternative bile acid synthesis pathway was reduced. Analysis of gallbladder bile acid composition showed marked increase of tauro-cholic acid and decrease of tauro-α and β-muricholic acid in Tgr5-/- mice. Tgr5-/- mice had increased hepatic fatty acid oxidation rate and decreased hepatic fatty acid uptake. Interestingly, fasting induction of fibroblast growth factor 21 (Fgf21) in liver was attenuated. In addition, fasted Tgr5-/- mice had increased activation of hepatic growth hormone-signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (GH-Stat5) signaling compared to wild type mice. Conclusion: This study suggests that TGR5 may play a role in determining bile acid composition and in fasting-induced hepatic steatosis through a novel mechanism involving activation of the GH-Stat5 signaling pathway. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Role of metal-catalyzed autoxidation in Maillard reaction damage to proteins in vivo.

(1994). Role of metal-catalyzed autoxidation in Maillard reaction damage to proteins in vivo. Redox Report: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 31-34.
Room Temperature Catalyst System for the Hydroarylation of Olefins

A simple protocol for the hydroarylation of olefins to yield diarylmethine products is described. A Friedel–Crafts-type synthetic strategy allows direct access to biorelevant products in high atom efficiency. A combination of substoichiometric amounts of TMSCl and ZnBr2 promotes a rapid hydroarylation process at ambient temperature. The method is high yielding and is amenable to scale-up protocols.
The Economics of Production

Учебник рассматривает микроэкономические аспекты работы фирмы. Является базовым для чтения курса «Экономика производства» для магистров и докторантов первого года обучения. Основные рассматриваемые темы – технические аспекты производственного процесса, производство с одним переменным фактором, производство с двумя переменными факторами, эластичность производства, один продукт-n-переменных факторов, экономические аспекты производства – анализ со стороны ресурсов, случай при спросе на один ресурс и на несколько ресурсов одновременно, выпуск продукции, функции дохода и издержек, производство при различном ассортименте выпуска.
Epigenetic landscapes reveal transcription factors that regulate CD8 + T cell differentiation

Dynamic changes in the expression of transcription factors (TFs) can influence the specification of distinct CD8+ T cell fates, but the observation of equivalent expression of TFs among differentially fated precursor cells suggests additional underlying mechanisms. Here we profiled the genome-wide histone modifications, open chromatin and gene expression of naive, terminal-effector, memory-precursor and memory CD8+ T cell populations induced during the in vivo response to bacterial infection. Integration of these data suggested that the expression and binding of TFs contributed to the establishment of subset-specific enhancers during differentiation. We developed a new bioinformatics method using the PageRank algorithm to reveal key TFs that influence the generation of effector and memory populations. The TFs YY1 and Nr3c1, both constitutively expressed during CD8+ T cell differentiation, regulated the formation of terminal-effector cell fates and memory-precursor cell fates, respectively. Our data define the epigenetic landscape of differentiation intermediates and facilitate the identification of TFs with previously unappreciated roles in CD8+ T cell differentiation.
Diverse patient perspectives on respect in healthcare: A qualitative study

Abstract Background The dominant view of respect in western bioethics focuses almost exclusively on respect for autonomy (or ‘self-rule’) as conceptualized primarily from the perspective of philosophers. We designed this study to understand, from the perspective of patients from different racial/ethnic groups, what it means for patients to be treated with respect in healthcare settings. Methods We conducted focus groups with African American, Latino, and white patients in the Northwestern U.S. Focus groups were community-based and stratified by race and gender. We asked participants to describe respectful and disrespectful physician behaviors. We reviewed transcripts and coded for: 1) definitions of respect and 2) specific behaviors that convey respect or disrespect. Results We conducted 26 focus groups, 5 each with African American men and women, 4 each with Latino men and women, and 4 each with white men and women. We identified two primary definitions of respect described by all three racial/ethnic groups. These were: 1) being treated like a person (“like you’re a person not just a statistic, or another patient”), and 2) being treated as an equal (“treat me as an equal, like I matter”). When exploring specific behaviors that convey respect or disrespect, there were largely similar themes identified by all or most racial/ethnic groups. These were being known as a particular individual, avoidance of stereotyping, being treated politely, honest explanations of medical issues, and how lateness is handled. There were also some differences across racial/ethnic groups. The most prominent demonstration of respect mentioned among African American participants were for physicians to hear vs. dismiss what patients say and trusting the patient’s knowledge of him/herself. The most prominent demonstration of respect discussed in the Latino focus groups was having the provider show concern by asking the questions about the patient’s clinical condition. Conclusions Our study found that patients have insights not included in common definitions of respect, and that deliberate inclusion of diverse participants increased the number of themes that emerged. Understanding what makes patients from different backgrounds feel respected and disrespected, from the perspectives of patients themselves, is vital to delivering care that is truly patient-centered.
Comet surface sample return: Sample chain system overview

A system overview of the sample chain planned for use on a Comet Surface Sample Return mission is provided. The key actions that must be performed in order to acquire, condition, and protect the surface samples are described. Significant mission events are noted, especially with regard to their implications to successful sample return. Finally, recovery activities are discussed as these represent the initial steps taken in the terrestrial curatorial process.
International medical graduates in cardiology fellowship: brain drain or brain gain?

It was graduation day for 1 of the biggest and most prestigious pediatric residency programs in the country. Families came from every state to see their children graduate. Omar’s family could not join him from overseas today, as they were not able to get the visa in time. The big news today was
Pervasive indirect genetic effects on behavioral development in polymorphic eastern mosquitofish

“Nurture” depends on the “nature” of social partners. The behavior of a young male mosquitofish depends on genetic differences in his social partners and on his own genes. Social partners that are genetically dark or light colored affect the behavior differently. But, dark-colored males respond less to social differences than light males, and receive different behaviors from social partners. So, even apparently innate differences related to color can be caused by differences in the behavior of social partners.
Corn Silage and Earlage Nutrient Analysis

Corn Silage and earlage are two common feeds for beef cattle. Both of these feeds can increase beef production per acre as compared to corn grain but require good management from production through feeding to optimize beef production. Variation in the production, harvesting and storage of these feeds could influence the nutrient analysis and beef production.
HERMIT: A Benchmark Suite for the Internet of Medical Things

The growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) will transform the healthcare industry, and enable the emergence of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). In this paper, we present and analyze HERMIT, a benchmark suite for the IoMT. The goal of HERMIT is to facilitate research into new microarchitectures and optimizations that will enable efficient execution of emerging IoMT applications. HERMIT comprises of applications spanning various domains in the healthcare industry, including computerized tomography scan, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, implantable heart monitors, wearable devices. HERMIT also includes supplementary applications for security and data compression. We analyze HERMIT on an IoT prototyping platform to derive insights into IoMT applications’ compute and memory characteristics. We also compare HERMIT to three commonly used benchmark suites: 1) MiBench; 2) SPEC CPU2006; and 3) PARSEC, and show that IoMT applications’ characteristics differ from existing benchmarks. Our results motivate the need for a new benchmark suite to enable IoMT-targeted microarchitecture research.
Designing Culturally Competent Interventions Based on Evidence and Research

The final stage in implementing culturally competent healthcare is selecting those interventions that are grounded in evidence generated by research that has shown positive patient outcomes. Evidence-based practice (EBP) programs require staff educated in the principles of EBP, mentors to guide the process, library and time resources, and administrative support. Both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies can be used to study cultural phenomena and health behaviors, as well as to test the efficacy of interventions that have improved patient outcomes and decreased health disparities. Studies should also measure the impact of culturally specific interventions on healthcare organizations and the community since these are programs can influence the fiscal feasibility and sustainability of these interventions. Healthcare systems with limited personnel and financial assets may not have the resources to develop an extensive EBP or research program but could employ site-specific quality improvement (QI) projects or program evaluations to determine whether their culturally competent interventions improve outcomes for their patient populations. Three detailed case studies are provided to illustrate how this guideline is implemented in their culture-specific populations.
Influence of Molecular Structure on Steroid Interaction with HSA and Other Proteins

One of the early results of studies on steroid-albumin interaction was the observation that the binding strength was inversely related to the number of polar groups in the steroid molecule (Eik-Nes et al., 1954). This finding is the basis of the “polarity rule” (see Chapter V. 1) which has since been confirmed in many instances (Westphal, 1961); the subsequent pages provide additional evidence for the general validity of this concept which results from the hydrophobic nature of the bond. The polarity rule is not unique for the interaction between steroids and albumin; a similar relationship has been observed for example for the binding affinity of various anions to albumin (Westphal et al., 1953). More recent confirmation has been given by Scholtan (1968).
Mining Objective Process Metrics from Repository Data

The configuration management repository includes abundant data not only on configuration items, but about the process itself. But meaningful information about the software process is often hidden. This paper presents a method of extracting software process metrics from software repositories. More specifically, the metrics presented use data from the bug or task tracker and from the configuration management event log. The metrics are presented in graphic forms common to traditional and lean project management practices. The metrics presented here are empirical ‐ not subject to bias in reporting or interpretation, and focused on measuring the process itself - not the developers and artifacts. They are derived from data that commonly exist in project software repositories, and thus can be collected with little or no cost. The metrics are illustrated with real software development repository data collected from a large industry project over a time span of several years.
Predictive Engineering of Semiconductor-Oxide Interfaces

In this chapter, we provide the reader with the basic concepts of density functional theory and first principles calculations, at the minimum level needed to provide the reader with the necessary vocabulary. The modern electronic structure theory of materials is based on density functional theory introduced by Walter Kohn and co-workers in the mid- 1960s. The theory formulates the many-body problem of interacting electrons and ions in terms of a single variable, namely the electron density. We discuss some key aspects of density functional theory using the local density approximation including calculations of band alignment, dielectric constants, and phonons. We also briefly describe some “beyond DFT” methods that are necessary for describing highly correlated systems such as for example, many magnetic oxides.
Female preference for the songs of older males and the maintenance of dialects in brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater)

Female preferences for local song types have been implicated in the maintenance of local song dialects in songbirds. Such preferences can be assessed by copulation solicitation displays (CSDs) of females in response to playback of male songs. We used CSDs to determine if female brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) in the Sierra Nevada of California discriminate between yearling and adult male vocalizations based on two vocal characteristics that often distinguish songs of these age classes, incomplete renditions of the local dialect flight whistle and 'unique', unshared perched song types. We predicted stronger responses to adult songs because yearlings are rarely involved in copulations observed in these dialects although they are sexually mature. Eleven estradiol-treated females trapped in the Convict flight whistle dialect were more sexually stimulated by complete Convict flight whistles recorded from either adults or yearlings than by incomplete flight whistles typical of yearlings. Females also found the shared perched song types of local adults more stimulating than the 'unique' types of yearlings. These sexual preferences for complete and appropriate local songs are consistent with the hypothesis that females use vocal differences between the age classes as cues in their choice of adults as mates. Furthermore these preferences would create selection pressure on young males to conform to the local song culture. Mainly because of a learning constraint in their hatching year, yearlings do not complete their development of local repertoires until the start of their second season when they are two years old. The vocal deficits of yearling males serve as uncheatable indicators of age, and age in turn is a likely correlate of male genetic quality, which may explain female preference for songs that reliably identify older males. This system shows that signal honesty can be maintained by developmental constraints rather than by high signal cost alone.
All-cause and tumor-specific mortality trends in elderly primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) patients: a surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) analysis.

BACKGROUND Recent primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) literature indicates that younger patients benefit from improved survival, however, this benefit is not shared by those 70+ years of age. The purpose of this study is to examine mortality trends in PCNSL patients 70+ years of age to better understand why improved prognosis has not yet reached this rapidly growing population subset. METHODS 2075 cases (1973-2012, age at diagnosis 70+ years) within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database were included in Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox Regression analyses. Variables include age at diagnosis, decade of diagnosis (1=1973-1982, 2=1983-1992, 3=1993-2002, 4=2003-2012), sex, race and surgery. RESULTS Before stratification, both univariate and multivariate analyses agreed that patients aged 70-74 years at diagnosis lived the longest, while those 85+ years lived the shortest (median±SD; 6.0±0.5 months vs 2.0±0.2 months, respectively, p<0.0005); women lived longer than men (5.0±0.3 months vs 4.0±0.3 months, respectively, p=0.01); patients who received surgery (6.0±0.5 months) lived longer than those who did not (contraindicated = 1.0±0.5 months, p<0.0005; not performed = 4.0±0.3 months, p<0.0005). Univariate analysis showed decade 4 lived longer than only decade 3 (4.0±0.3 vs 4.0±0.5, respectively, p=0.008), while multivariate analysis showed decade 4 lived longer than both 2 (5.0±0.8 months, p=0.03) and 3 (p<0.0005). Following stratification, decade and sex no longer influenced survival. Race did not influence survival. CONCLUSIONS Minimal clinically meaningful improvements in elderly PCNSL patient all-cause and tumor-specific mortality have been made since 1973, while the best predictors of longevity include younger age and surgery.
Wedged Sensor in Distress? Lessons Learned from Troubleshooting Dampened Transmitted PA Waveforms of CardioMEMS Device.

Introduction. Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality with heart failure constituting a large portion of this spectrum. Heart failure patients have 90-day readmission rates of nearly 41% associated with a high expense. Numerous strategies to reduce readmissions have been attempted with the CardioMEMS pulmonary artery pressure monitoring system as one of the more successful ones. As this device becomes used more frequently, it is important to recognize procedural complications. We present of a rare complication where a patient underwent successful device placement and was subsequently found to have dampened waveforms which were due to device migration. Case Report. A 79-year-old male underwent successful CardioMEMS placement due to recurrent heart failure hospitalizations. 6 months later, the transmitted waveforms appeared dampened, and repeat angiography revealed a device that had migrated. Rather than abandoning the device, it was recalibrated and continued to transmit data and helped manage the patient’s heart failure. Conclusion. CardioMEMS is a cost-effective tool to help reduce heart failure hospitalizations. Device migration is a rare complication and can lead to inaccurate data. However, as seen in this case, the device can be successfully recalibrated and can continue to be utilized to help reduce heart failure admissions.
Collaboration for the Integration of HIV Prevention at Title X Family Planning Service Delivery Sites

Since 2001, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Office of Family Planning (OFP), in collaboration with the Minority AIDS Initiative, has provided supplemental grant funds to Title X-funded family planning service delivery sites to expand the availability of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention services. This work has resulted in three major outcomes: (1) increased institutional capacity for the delivery of HIV-prevention services at Title X family planning service delivery sites, (2) the successful implementation of HIV-prevention services at these sites, and (3) the identification of HIV-positive individuals who were referred to care services. These efforts resulted in a total of 539,667 unduplicated individuals being tested for HIV. These tests resulted in the identification of 1,692 HIV-positive individuals who otherwise may not have been tested for HIV. More than 85% of the HIV-positive cases were detected among clients who self-identified as members of racial/ethnic minority groups. The integration of HIV-prevention services is a feasible and effective strategy for detecting HIV infection among women, including women in racial/ethnic minority groups.
Chapter Eleven – Volume Scattering

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces the mathematics to describe how light is affected as it passes through participating media—particles distributed throughout a region of 3D space. Simulating the effect of participating media makes it possible to render images with atmospheric haze, beams of light through clouds, light passing through cloudy water, and subsurface scattering, where light exits a solid object at a different place than where it entered. The chapter begins by describing the basic physical processes that affect the radiance along rays passing through participating media. It then introduces the VolumeRegion base class, an interface for modeling different types of media. Like a BSDF, the volume description characterizes how light is scattered at individual points. In order to determine the global effect on the distribution of light in the scene, VolumeIntegrators are necessary. Furthermore, the chapter describes the abstraction that represents the subsurface scattering properties of objects, the BSSRDF, as well a number of Materials for translucent objects.
Chapter 8 - School Accountability

School accountability—the process of evaluating school performance on the basis of student performance measures—is increasingly prevalent around the world. In the United States, accountability has become a centerpiece of both Democratic and Republican federal administrations' education policies. This chapter reviews the theory of school-based accountability, describes variations across programs, and identifies key features influencing the effectiveness and possible unintended consequences of accountability policies. The chapter then summarizes the research literature on the effects of test-based accountability on students and teachers, concluding that the preponderance of evidence suggests positive effects of the accountability movement in the United States during the 1990s and early 2000s on student achievement, especially in math. The effects on teachers and on students' long-run outcomes are more difficult to judge. It is also clear that school personnel respond to accountability in both positive and negative ways, and that accountability systems run the risk of being counter-productive if not carefully thought out and monitored.
Physical Properties of Sub-galactic Clumps at 0.5 $\leq z \leq$ 1.5 in the UVUDF

We present an investigation of clumpy galaxies in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field at 0.5 $\leq z \leq$ 1.5 in the rest-frame far-ultraviolet (FUV) using HST WFC3 broadband imaging in F225W, F275W, and F336W. An analysis of 1,404 galaxies yields 209 galaxies that host 403 kpc-scale clumps. These host galaxies appear to be typical star-forming galaxies, with an average of 2 clumps per galaxy and reaching a maximum of 8 clumps. We measure the photometry of the clumps, and determine the mass, age, and star formation rates (SFR) utilizing the SED-fitting code FAST. We find that clumps make an average contribution of 19% to the total rest-frame FUV flux of their host galaxy. Individually, clumps contribute a median of 5% to the host galaxy SFR and an average of $\sim$4% to the host galaxy mass, with total clump contributions to the host galaxy stellar mass ranging widely from less than 1% up to 93%. Clumps in the outskirts of galaxies are typically younger, with higher star formation rates, than clumps in the inner regions. The results are consistent with clump migration theories in which clumps form through violent gravitational instabilities in gas-rich turbulent disks, eventually migrate toward the center of the galaxies, and coalesce into the bulge.
Motility-induced fracture reveals a ductile-to-brittle crossover in a simple animal’s epithelia

Epithelial tissues provide an important barrier function in animals, but these tissues are subjected to extreme strains during day-to-day activities such as feeding and locomotion. Understanding tissue mechanics and the adaptive response in dynamic force landscapes remains an important area of research. Here we carry out a multi-modal study of a simple yet highly dynamic organism, Trichoplax adhaerens, and report the discovery of abrupt, bulk epithelial tissue fractures induced by the organism’s own motility. Coupled with rapid healing, this discovery accounts for dramatic shape change and physiological asexual division in this early-divergent metazoan. We generalize our understanding of this phenomenon by codifying it in a heuristic model focusing on the debonding–bonding criterion in a soft, active living material. Using a suite of quantitative experimental and numerical techniques, we demonstrate a force-driven ductile-to-brittle material transition governing the morphodynamics of tissues pushed to the edge of rupture. Characterizing the epithelial tissue of a shape-shifting marine animal as an integrated composite material reveals a ductile-to-brittle phase transition that captures how the tissue responds to failure.
A Tragic Case of Wearable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Failure

Abstract The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines recommend a wearable cardioverter defibrillator (WCD) for certain conditions or scenarios. WCD is felt to provide a...
A taxonomy of positive emotions

Within social functionalist theory (SFT), emotions structure attachment relations, cooperative alliances, hierarchies, and collectives. Within this line of thinking, a rich array of positive emotions enable the formation and negotiation of these relationships. Guided by these arguments, we synthesize how top-down confirmatory studies and data-driven, computational studies converge on evidence for 11 positive emotions with distinct experience, expression, and physiology. This taxonomy includes amusement, awe, compassion, contentment, desire, love, joy, interest, pride, relief, and triumph. We conclude by considering how recent taxonomic efforts will advance emotion science in mapping the distinct forms and functions of the positive emotions.
Where Do Born Globals Come from? A Neoconfigurational Institutional Theory

Born globals, recently established firms that obtain a substantial share of their revenue from foreign markets, can help strengthen countries’ economic vitality and increase innovation levels. The ...
Satellite-based measurement of ground displacements for the coastal region of Charleston, South Carolina

SNAP-6 DInSAR analysis of Sentinel-1 SAR images acquired during a 2-month time frame when no significant uplift/subsidence events occurred provides the first known baseline DInSAR data for the Charleston, South Carolina, area. DInSAR measurements during a 72-day time frame had substantial bias throughout the region, with variability a strong function of the level of vegetation present. Specifically, results for (a) urban-built areas show low variability (<0.27 cm) with a bias/offset ranging from −25 to 16 cm, (b) nearby Francis Marion National Forest (FMNF) shows much high variability (1.67 to 10.52 cm) with bias/offset from −44 to 22 cm, and (c) mixed urban-forest and other vegetated areas in the region have variability (1.5 to 2.5 cm) and bias/offset (−15 cm to 15 cm) that fall between these ranges. Taken together, the satellite-based measurements indicate the need for integration of available local GPS and DInSAR measurements, as well as placement of additional persistent scatterer sites in the outlying regions.
Mammalian Base Excision Repair: Functional Partnership between PARP-1 and APE1 in AP-Site Repair.

The apurinic/apyrimidinic- (AP-) site in genomic DNA arises through spontaneous base loss and base removal by DNA glycosylases and is considered an abundant DNA lesion in mammalian cells. The base excision repair (BER) pathway repairs the AP-site lesion by excising and replacing the site with a normal nucleotide via template directed gap-filling DNA synthesis. The BER pathway is mediated by a specialized group of proteins, some of which can be found in multiprotein complexes in cultured mouse fibroblasts. Using a DNA polymerase (pol) β immunoaffinity-capture technique to isolate such a complex, we identified five tightly associated and abundant BER factors in the complex: PARP-1, XRCC1, DNA ligase III, PNKP, and Tdp1. AP endonuclease 1 (APE1), however, was not present. Nevertheless, the complex was capable of BER activity, since repair was initiated by PARP-1’s AP lyase strand incision activity. Addition of purified APE1 increased the BER activity of the pol β complex. Surprisingly, the pol β complex stimulated the strand incision activity of APE1. Our results suggested that PARP-1 was responsible for this effect, whereas other proteins in the complex had no effect on APE1 strand incision activity. Studies of purified PARP-1 and APE1 revealed that PARP-1 was able to stimulate APE1 strand incision activity. These results illustrate roles of PARP-1 in BER including a functional partnership with APE1.
Surface roughness measurements of beta-layered solid deuterium-tritium in toroidal geometries

New experiments in a NIF-scale toroidal cylinder have resulted in true shadowgraphs of the DT ice surface. The spectral analysis of the images summed over l-modes 2 through 256 reveal that the surface roughness reaches values just below 1.0 {micro}m at temperatures of 19 K and above. Summing only modes l {ge} 10, the partial surface roughness is below 0.7 {micro}m at 19.5 K. These results indicate that native beta-layering will be sufficient to meet the NIF requirements for DT ice surface finish for both Be and CH ablating shells. The toroidal cylinder incorporates a linear heater along the cylindrical axis to test the concept of surface enhancement due to heat assisted beta-layering in DT. Additionally, with the use of this heater it is possible to symmetrize a pure D{sub 2} layer.
Comparison of the structure of myosin subfragment 1 bound to actin and free in solution. A neutron scattering study using actin made "invisible" by deuteration.

The structure of subfragment 1 (S1) bound to F-actin has been compared to the structure of free S1 using neutron scattering. The F-actin was rendered “invisible” to neutrons by selective deuteration and solvent contrast matching. Highly deuterated actin was purified from the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum, which was fed deuterated Escherichia coli. The properties of this actin were found to be similar to those of protonated actin. The neutron-scattering pattern of S1 bound to this “invisible” actin was compared to that of free S1. At near-physiological ionic strength, a strong interference effect was observed, which arose from pairs of S1 molecules cross-linking actin filaments. However, at low ionic strength the only differences that could be observed were attributed to interference effects between neutrons scattered from S1s bound randomly to equivalent sites on an actin filament. These effects became negligible as the fraction of actin sites occupied by S1 approached zero. Thus, we conclude that the scattering by S1 attached to F-actin is identical with that of free S1, to a resolution of about 2·5 nm. The difference in apparent radii of gyration is less than 0·05 nm. Modeling calculations have been carried out to determine the sensitivity of neutron scattering to possible S1 deformations. The calculations showed that deformations of the structure of S1 that are large enough ultimately to produce a powerstroke of 5 n m or greater are only consistent with the data if they involve at most about 20% of the S1 mass. These results restrict the class of plausible models describing force generation in muscle contraction.
Mildly abnormal retinal function in transgenic mice without Müller cell aquaporin-4 water channels.

PURPOSE. Immunocytochemistry showed strong aquaporin (AQP)-4 water channel expression in Muller cells in mouse retina and fibrous astrocytes in optic nerve. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that AQP4 is required for vision by comparing electroretinograms and retinal morphology in wild-type mice and transgenic knockout mice with no AQP4. METHODS. Electroretinograms were recorded over a 10 5 -fold range of flash intensities in dark-adapted mice and analyzed for a- and b-wave amplitude and latency, a-wave normalized slope, and oscillatory potential amplitude and latency. AQP4 protein was localized in mouse retina by immunocytochemistry, and retinal morphology was studied by light and electron micros- copy. RESULTS. Significantly reduced electroretinogram b-wave poten- tials were recorded in 10-month-old null mice with smaller changes in 1-month-old mice. Immunocytochemistry showed strong AQP4 protein expression in retina of wild-type mice. Morphologic analysis of retina by light and electron micros- copy showed no differences in retinal ultrastructure. CONCLUSIONS. Retinal function is mildly impaired in AQP4-null mice, suggesting a role for AQP4 in Muller cell fluid balance. These results support the paradigm that AQP4 expression in supportive cells in the nervous system facilitates neural signal transduction in nearby electrically excitable cells. (Invest Oph- thalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43:573-579)
Considerations in the Design of Test Methods for Measuring Bait Shyness

Data are presented to show that the ingestion of sublethal quantities of toxic bait can modify rodents' subsequent acceptance of that and other baits by way of two separate mechanisms: a learned aversion to that specific toxicant-bait combination and a nonlearned aversion to novel foods in general. A test procedure is offered which provides separate measures of the degree of bait shyness produced by these two mechanisms and which also avoids confounding the results with the direct effect of toxicant flavor upon bait palatability.
Identity Reconstruction as Shiduers: Narratives from Chinese Older Adults Who Lost Their Only Child

Zheng Y., Lawson T.R. Identity reconstruction as shiduers: Narratives from Chinese older adults who lost their only child The purpose of this qualitative study was to illustrate how the identity of Chinese older adults who lost their only child changed after the traumatic event in the context of unique culture and policy settings. The individuals studied were 14 adults over the age of 50. Each respondent was interviewed concerning his or her post-loss experiences. Results indicated that these bereaved parents are not only deeply impacted by the loss of the most loved one, but are also stigmatized by the culture and victimized by the one-child policy. The collective identity as shiduer is defined not only by personal grief but also by cultural uniqueness and the unintended consequences of the one-child policy.
TRAP laws and the invisible labor of US abortion providers

Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers (TRAP laws) are proliferating in the United States and have increased barriers to abortion access. In order to comply with these laws, abortion providers make significant changes to facilities and clinical practices. In this article, we draw attention to an often unacknowledged area of public health threat: how providers adapt to increasing regulation and the resultant strains on the abortion provider workforce. Current US legal standards for abortion regulations have led to an increase in laws that target abortion providers. We describe recent research with abortion providers in North Carolina to illustrate how providers adapt to new regulations, and how compliance with regulation leads to increased workload and increased financial and emotional burdens on providers. We use the concept of invisible labor to highlight the critical work undertaken by abortion providers not only to comply with regulations, but also to minimize the burden that new laws impose on pati...
THE INFLUENCE OF COLLEGE STUDENTS' EPISTEMOLOGICAL STYLE ON SELECTED PROBLEM-SOLVING PROCESSES

Given the paucity of data supporting college students' epistemological style as an educationally relevant construct, we examined the degree to which individual differences in this style were predictive of various cognitive processing activities adopted to several problem-solving tasks. Twenty-two college subjects from each of three different epistemological groups—dualistic, multiplistic, and relativistic—were randomly selected to complete both a syllogism and Ink Blot problem-solving task. The results showed that the three epistemological groups reliably differed in how they mentally organized the ink blot stimuli, but not the syllogism problems. The findings are discussed as supporting the notion that the epistemology construct is an educationally salient source of individual differences, especially when performance tasks are ambiguous and ill-defined.
The limits of racial prejudice

The racial segregation of romantic networks has been documented by social scientists for generations. However, because of limitations in available data, we still have a surprisingly basic idea of the extent to which this pattern is generated by actual interpersonal prejudice as opposed to structural constraints on meeting opportunities, how severe this prejudice is, and the circumstances under which it can be reduced. I analyzed a network of messages sent and received among 126,134 users of a popular online dating site over a 2.5-mo period. As in face-to-face interaction, online exchanges are structured heavily by race. Even when controlling for regional differences in meeting opportunities, site users—especially minority site users—disproportionately message other users from the same racial background. However, this high degree of self-segregation peaks at the first stage of contact. First, users from all racial backgrounds are equally likely or more likely to cross a racial boundary when reciprocating than when initiating romantic interest. Second, users who receive a cross-race message initiate more new interracial exchanges in the future than they would have otherwise. This effect varies by gender, racial background, and site experience; is specific to the racial background of the original sender; requires that the recipient replied to the original message; and diminishes after a week. In contrast to prior research on relationship outcomes, these findings shed light on the complex interactional dynamics that—under certain circumstances—may amplify the effects of racial boundary crossing and foster greater interracial mixing.
A domain method for shape design sensitivity analysis of built-up structures

A numerical method of obtaining accurate shape design sensitivity information for built-up structures is developed and demonstrated through examples. The method utilizes the basic character of the finite element method that gives accurate information not on the boundary, but in the domain. The method is shown to drastically simplify the derivation of shape design sensitivity formulas for complex built-up structures.
Intrinsic and oxygen-related deep level defects in In0.5(AlxGa1−x)0.5P grown by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy

Oxygen-related defects in An-containing semiconductors can degrade luminescence efficiency and reduce free carrier lifetime affecting the performance of light emitting devices. We have used the oxygen-doping source, diethylaluminum ethoxide, (C 2 H 5 ) 2 AlOC 2 H 5 , to intentionally incorporate oxygen-related defects during growth of In 0.5 (Al x Ga 1 -x ) 0.5 P by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE). Our investigations have identified several defects which are present in nonintentionally oxygen-doped n-type In 0.5 (Al x Ga 1-x ) 0.5 P as well as those due to oxygen. Oxygen introduces defect states near the middle of the band gap. Deep level transient spectroscopy and photoluminescence data obtained over the range of composition 0 < x < 1, are presented illustrating the trends in defect structure with alloy composition.