cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphological Correlates of Triadic Circuitry in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus of Cats and Rats

Morphological correlates of triadic circuitry in the lateral geniculate nucleus of cats and rats. J Neurophysiol 93: 748‐757, 2005; doi: 10.1152/jn.00256.2004. We used an in vitro slice preparation of the lateral geniculate nucleus in cats and rats to study morphological correlates of triadic circuitry in relay cells. The three triadic elements involve a retinal synapse onto a GABAergic dendritic terminal of an interneuron, a synapse from the same retinal terminal onto a relay cell dendrite, and a synapse from the same interneuron terminal onto the same relay cell dendrite. We made whole cell recordings and labeled cells with biocytin. Previous methods were used to identify triadic circuitry based on evidence that the retinal terminal activates a metabotropic glutamate receptor on the interneuronal terminal. Thus application of ()-1-aminocyclopentane-trans-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (an agonist to that receptor) increases the rate of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) recorded in the relay cell, and if some of this increase remains with further addition of TTX (a TTX-insensitive response), a triad is indicated. We quantified the extent of the TTX-insensitive response and sought morphological correlates. In both rats and cats, this response correlated (negatively) with the number of primary dendrites and (positively) with polarity of the dendritic arbor. There was no correlation with cell size. Curiously, in cats, this response correlated with the presence of appendages at primary dendritic branches, but there was no such correlation in rats. These observations in cats map onto the X/Y classification, with X cells having triads, but it is not clear from our results if a comparable classification exists for rats.
23-OR: THE SEARCH FOR A MISSING HLA-DRB1∗09 ALLELE

Aim Our aim was to identify a novel DRB1 ∗ 09 allele not detected by PCR-SSO in an NMDP donor. Methods Luminex-based SSO, SSP, and SBT were used to determine the HLA typing. Results The following typing was established using Luminex based technology: HLA-A ∗ 02:xx, 02:xx; B ∗ 07:xx, 45:xx; C ∗ 07:xx, 16:xx; DRB1 ∗ 13:xx, - ;DQB1 ∗ 03:xx, 05:xx. To investigate the unusual DR-DQ associations, high resolution PCR-SBT was performed (SeCore, Life Technologies). Low resolution results were confirmed and high resolution Class II results were: HLA-DRB1 ∗ 13:02, -; DQB1 ∗ 03:03, 05:01. Further testing included DRB1 low resolution PCR-SSP (Life Technologies and Olerup). The results obtained from both kits indicated the presence of an allele from the DRB1 ∗ 09 group. Next, PCR-SBT was performed using AlleleSeqr (Celera). This typing yielded HLA-DRB1 ∗ 09:xx, 13:02. A one nucleotide difference in exon 2 at position 112 was detected. This resulted in an A to C substitution. To confirm the DRB1 ∗ 09 allele as potentially novel, PCR-SBT was set up using SBTexcellerator (Qiagen). This approach allowed for the separate sequencing of the DRB1 ∗ 09 and DRB1 ∗ 13 alleles. The mutation occurred in the DRB1 ∗ 09 allele. This base substitution resulted in an amino acid change from a lysine to a glutamine at codon 9. The substitution is found on the pleated floor of the HLA protein, affecting its structure and potentially influencing peptide binding and presentation [Fig. 1]. Download full-size image Conclusions The sequence of this new allele is in the process of being submitted to the IMGT/HLA database for an official allele assignment. This demonstrates the need for HLA labs to utilize multiple methods and typing kits to achieve the most comprehensive results.
Gaslift Optimization - Claymore Field

The Claymore field has been developed with a single 36-slot integrated platform. Wells drilled from the platform are deviated up to 70 to reach reservoirs in the Lower Cretaceous sands, the Upper Jurassic Claymore sands, the Zechstein limestones and dolomites, and the Carboniferous sands. Gas lift was selected as the artificial-lift system for the field and compressors were installed with a total throughput of 200 MMscfd at a discharge pressure of 1,600 psig. During early operations it became clear that the gas lift system was very sensitive to pressure and gas-rate surges and that the manually adjustable chokes, which regulate the flow of lift gas to each well, were not adequate. This study describes the development of a computer designed to simulate each individual well and calculate performance curves, calculate gas lift valve spacing and setting pressures, and find the optimum distribution of gas lift gas.
The Evolving Contours of Water Law in the United States: Bridging the Gap between Water Rights, Land Use and the Protection of the Aquatic Environment

Although Australia and the United States share a common law heritage, water law has developed in significantly different patterns in the two nations. Much of the credit for Australia's different course can be ascribed to Alfred Deakin, who after taking a study tour of the American West in 1885, wrote a report that rejected the doctrine of prior appropriation as used in the arid states of the American West and advocated a system in which the rights of the state were elevated over those of the individual. Unfortunately, both countries have generally treated water, just like land and other natural resources, as a commodity for human use, manipulation, and degradation. Little thought or significance, at least until relatively recently, was attached to the adverse environmental impact of reduced stream flows and the severe damage caused by hydrologic modifications such as dams and by various development activities that disrupt and pollute aquatic habitats. Both countries, therefore, face the difficult challenge of trying at a late date to bring together two separate, but inextricably connected, disciplines, one focusing on water use and the other on water quality. The challenge is daunting, especially in light of both existing uses of water "giving rise to settled expectations in Australia and often confirmed as a matter of right in the United States" and anticipated growth in demand. Complicating the situation in the United States is its fragmented approach to law and regulation dealing with watershed issues. Water quantity law is state-driven, while water pollution law is primarily federal in origin, with the notable exception of non-point source pollution, which is primarily the responsibility of state government. Land use management, on the other hand, is generally a question for local government. After exploring the three separate regimes governing water use, water quality and land use, the article discusses and evaluates a number of approaches for trying to integrate these regulatory schemes into a mechanism that can enhance and protect the integrity of our aquatic systems while also meeting many human needs in a sustainable and adaptive way. Perhaps the most important aspect of this analysis lies in its attempt to connect, in terms of law and institutions, the natural and symbiotic relationship between land use and water. Although that relationship has long been ignored, it is essential to conceive of a river or other freshwater system as part of a larger interdependent ecosystem, one linking all land and aquatic features in a particular watershed.
COURTSHIP PATTERNS AND EVOLUTION OF THE DROSOPHILA ADIASTOLA AND PLANITIBIA SPECIES SUBGROUPS

The picture-winged species group of Hawaiian Drosophila is divided into 11 species subgroups (Carson et al., 1970; Carson, 1971; Hardy and Kaneshiro, 1971, 1972). Two of the subgroups, the adiastola and the planitibia subgroups, consist respectively of 16 and 17 species. Evidence derived from behavior, polytene chromosomes, and systematics indicates that the two subgroups are closely related and represent the most primitive subgroups of the picture-winged species group.
Platelet adhesion to collagen in individuals lacking glycoprotein IV

The Naka isoantigen is expressed on glycoprotein (GP) IV (CD36), a platelet membrane GP that has been identified as having a role in platelet interactions with collagen and thrombospondin and in binding Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to endothelial cells and melanoma cells. We have studied normal platelets and Naka- platelets from two Japanese donors that have 1% of GPIV by concentration- dependent antibody binding and flow cytometry. We studied the adherence of normal and Naka- platelets to types I, III, and IV collagen in static and to type I collagen in flowing systems at high shear force. We have also studied aggregation of normal and Naka- platelets to type I collagen. Naka- platelets showed normal or increased aggregation to type I collagen and normal adhesion to types I, III, and IV collagen in the presence of Mg++ or EDTA. Platelet aggregation and adhesion were inhibited by the anti-alpha 2 beta 1 antibody 176D7 to the same extent in Naka- as in normal platelets. We also studied endogenous thrombospondin surface expression and found that thrombin-stimulated Naka- platelets expressed the same amount of thrombospondin as did normal platelets. From our studies with Naka- platelets, we cannot identify a definitive role for GPIV in platelet aggregation, in adhesion to types I, III, and IV collagen, or in endogenous thrombospondin binding to platelets.
Control of Frankliniella occidentalis with Foliar Insecticides, 2014

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of several insecticides against western flower thrips, a serious pest in greenhouse and nursery crop production in the United States. The trial was conducted on an ornamental pepper cultivar ‘Masquerade’ under greenhouse condition at the U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory. Pepper plants were grown from seed in Fafard Pro-Mix (Canadian Formula; Conrad Fafard, Inc., Agawam, MA 01001-2907) medium in seedling trays and transplanted in 10.1 cm-diam plastic pots when seedlings were approximately 5 wk old. The greenhouse was maintained at 26 ± 3°C and 75–80% RH. Plants were spaced at 1.5 × 1.5 ft, watered as …
Ítems contextualizados de PISA Ciencias: La conexión entre las demandas cognitivas y las características de contexto de los ítems

The ubiquitous use of contexts in test items is based on the premise that contextualizing items is an effective strategy to test whether students can apply or transfer their knowledge. In this paper, we continue a research agenda focusing on testing this premise. We present a study of the context characteristics in a sample of 2006 and 2009 PISA science items and how these characteristics as well as student performance may be related to the cognitive demands of the items. The study was guided by two research questions: (1) What are the cognitive demands of the sampled PISA contextualized items and what is the students’ performance linked to these items ? (2) Are the items’ cognitive demands associated with certain characteristics of the contexts of the items that proved to be linked to students’ performance? Using 52 released and secured PISA science items, we captured information about three context dimensions of items, level of abstraction, resources, and nature of the context, and the cognitive demands of the items. A multinomial logistic regression with cognitive demand as the outcome variable, context characteristics as the predictors, and percent of correct responses as the covariant indicated that certain context characteristics are linked to the cognitive demands of items. For example, we found that items in which contexts involve only concrete ideas were associated with items with low cognitive demands; these items are unlikely to require content knowledge to be responded. We also found that the type of resource (e.g., tables, graphs) was associated with the cognitive demands of the items: schematic representations seem to be linked to items tapping procedural knowledge rather than to items tapping declarative or schematic knowledge. We concluded that further research is needed to better understand the influence that context characteristics have on the cognitive processes in which students are asked to engage and in their performance. Key-words: PISA, science items, context characteristics of the Items, cognitive demands, validity.
Using the Internet for research.

Objective: (1) To give an overview of research tools, techniques, and resources that are available on the Internet; and (2) to identify valid, pharmacy-related information that will reduce uncertainty in the problem-solving activities of practitioners. Data Sources: The World Wide Web. Study Selection: Examples cited in the article were evaluated according to the criteria offered in the text as a prerequisite for their inclusion. Data Synthesis: Functional aspects of the Internet include communication, commerce, and content. Because a lack of control has led to mixed information quality, the use of Internet-based information for patient care and professional, decision making should be subject to rigorous screening criteria. Pharmacists can use Web browsers combined with excellent search I engines and search techniques to identify quality resources, including primary, secondary, and tertiary literature, either fee-based or free, and that can be sought actively or distributed on a schedule directly to the desktop of the pharmacist. Conclusion: The Internet can be an immensely helpful research tool, if used appropriately. Whether actively searching or passively receiving useful updates, the Internet can function as a value-added asset to any pharmacy practice.
Detecting 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Using Flow Cytometry

The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (DS) is a multisystem chromosomal deletion disorder with pleotropic phenotypic presentations that may be subtle. We examine retrospectively whether we can support the diagnosis of 22q11.2DS by flow cytometric analysis of platelets for surface CD42 (GPIb/V/IX) as ~89% of these patients (with the classical deletion) should have a deficiency of GPIbbeta due to loss of one copy of the GPIBB gene. Loss of one copy of GPIBB may result in macrothrombocytopenia and a mild bleeding diathesis. We characterized the bleeding manifestations and the level of expression of the CD42 complex in patients with known 22q11.2 deletion to determine if CD42 levels could be used to assess bleeding risk. We evaluated 56 patients with 22q11.2 deletion and compared them to age-matched controls with normal platelet counts and no bleeding as well as with controls evaluated for concern for platelet disorder (platelet disorder subjects – PDS), mostly other thrombocytopenias. Comparisons were also made for other platelet parameters. Expression of the CD42b (GP1bb) varied in individuals with the 22q11.2 deletion. Although only 30/56 (54%) subjects had low CD42 expression ( 2 0.18, p 9, plt 7), the diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome results in a specificty of 85% to detect 22q11.2DS with a positive predictive value of 67% when at least 3 of the 4 criteria are present. We suggest that if subjects evaluated for thrombocytopenia manifest this constellation, appropriate genetic testing should be considered and sent, especially given that the manifestations of the disorder can be subtle, but the consequences for management are significant. Future studies will focus on prospectively evaluating all subjects with the combination of decreased CD42 expression, macrothrombocytopenia and low normalized CD42:CD41 ratio to see if this combination can predict the presence of 22q11.2 deletion. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
An Army of Soldiers or a Meadow: The Seagram Building and the "Art of Modern Architecture"

An Army of Soldiers or a Meadow: The Seagram Building and the "Art of Modern Architecture" focuses on the New York headquarters of Joseph E. Seagram & Sons (1954–58), designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe in association with Philip Johnson. Drawing upon archival documents and the history of the building9s design and reception, Felicity D. Scott demonstrates the participation of the tower and its plaza in an important transformation of modern architecture—usually identified as the rise of Postmodernism. She closely analyzes the shifting assessment of a key interpreter of the building, Arthur Drexler (of New York9s Museum of Modern Art) and carefully tracks the construction and reception of the landmark building9s image within American consumer culture. Although Mies demanded that art grow out of the immanent forces of its time, he was ultimately sorrowful that cultural and economic forces made his design vocabulary the lingua franca of postwar commercial architecture. The author situates this landmark building in a manner that complicates our reading of its importance both to the field of architectural history and to the career of Mies van der Rohe.
SOFTWARE PRACTICE, COSTS, AND ENGINEERING

This chapter provides an overview of software practice and engineering. The field of software development is very dynamic; new ideas are constantly being put forward and then attacked as useless or worse. Despite of this, there are a number of well-identified facts and principles that anyone with a substantial involvement in software should know. Programming is a high-level intellectual activity. The important role of clarity in programming can be seen from the definition of a small program; it must be such that the programmer's mind can completely grasp it. It is crucial for both the original programmer and any later readers to be able to understand the program. The structured, systematic approach to program design naturally leads to modularity in software. Software modules are programs that have a well-identified function. The modules should be natural for a logical subdivision of the program, and modular programming can help greatly to give clarity to the software. A companion to the modular software idea is the approach of isolating functionality and parameterizing software. Software has a number of different qualities or properties that are somewhat independent; the importance of these qualities depends on the use of the program.
Routine use of clinical exome-based next-generation sequencing for evaluation of patients with thrombotic microangiopathies.

Next-generation sequencing is increasingly used for clinical evaluation of patients presenting with thrombotic microangiopathies because it allows for simultaneous interrogation of multiple complement and coagulation pathway genes known to be associated with disease. However, the diagnostic yield is undefined in routine clinical practice. Historic studies relied on case–control cohorts, did not apply current guidelines for variant pathogenicity assessment, and used targeted gene enrichment combined with next-generation sequencing. A clinically enhanced exome, targeting ~54 Mb, was sequenced for 73 patients. Variant analysis and interpretation were performed on genes with biological relevance in thrombotic microangiopathy (C3,CD46, CFB, CFH, CFI, DGKE, and THBD). CFHR3-CFHR1 deletion status was also assessed using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Variants were classified using American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines. We identified 5 unique novel and 14 unique rare variants in 25% (18/73) of patients, including a total of 5 pathogenic, 4 likely pathogenic, and 15 variants of uncertain clinical significance. Nine patients had homozygous deletions in CFHR3-CFHR1. The diagnostic yield, defined as the presence of a pathogenic variant, likely pathogenic variant or homozygous deletion of CFHR3-CFHR1, was 25% for all patients tested. Variants of uncertain clinical significance were identified in 21% (15/73) of patients.These results illustrate the expected diagnositic yield in the setting of thrombotic microangiopathies through the application of standardized variant interpretation, and highlight the utility of such an approach. Sequencing a clinically enhanced exome to enable targeted, disease-specific variant analysis is a viable approach. The moderate rate of variants of uncertain clinical significance highlights the paucity of data surrounding the variants in our cohort and illustrates the need for expanded variant curation resources to aid in thrombotic microangiopathy-related disease variant classification.
Flow Cytometric and Immunohistochemical Analysis of Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Mantle Cell Lymphoma, and Plasmacytoid Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma

Small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), and SLL plasmacytoid (SLLP) are malignant neoplasms of small B cells that may have overlapping cytologic features. Entities such as SLL with irregular nuclear contours may pose additional diagnostic difficulties. We investigated the utility of flow cytometric analysis and immunohistochemistry studies in distinguishing these disorders from each other. We reviewed 29 lymphomas and classified them as SLL (13 cases), MCL (8 cases), and SLLP (8 cases) based on histology and expression of cytoplasmic immunoglobulin light chain. Paraffin section immunohistochemistry was performed for CD5, CD20, CD23, CD43, CD45RA, CD45RO, and kappa and lambda light chains. Flow cytometric analysis was carried out by 2-color direct immunofluorescence for CD5, CD11c, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD23, FMC7, and kappa and lambda light chains. By immunohistochemistry, we found that the expression of CD23 in SLL discriminates between SLL and MCL and that the expression of CD23 and CD43 in SLL discriminates between SLL and SLLP. By flow cytometric analysis, we found that CD11c+ and dim fluorescence intensity of slg and dim fluorescence intensity of FMC7 in SLL distinguish SLL from MCL, and the expression of CD5+, CD23+ and dim fluorescence intensity of FMC7 in SLL distinguishes SLL from SLLP. We found no immunophenotypic difference between SLL and SLL with irregular nuclear contours.
Feasibility of Equivalent Dipole Models for Electroencephalogram-Based Brain Computer Interfaces.

This article examines the localization errors of equivalent dipolar sources inverted from the surface electroencephalogram in order to determine the feasibility of using their location as classification parameters for non-invasive brain computer interfaces. Inverse localization errors are examined for two head models: a model represented by four concentric spheres and a realistic model based on medical imagery. It is shown that the spherical model results in localization ambiguity such that a number of dipolar sources, with different azimuths and varying orientations, provide a near match to the electroencephalogram of the best equivalent source. No such ambiguity exists for the elevation of inverted sources, indicating that for spherical head models, only the elevation of inverted sources (and not the azimuth) can be expected to provide meaningful classification parameters for brain–computer interfaces. In a realistic head model, all three parameters of the inverted source location are found to be reliable, providing a more robust set of parameters. In both cases, the residual error hypersurfaces demonstrate local minima, indicating that a search for the best-matching sources should be global. Source localization error vs. signal-to-noise ratio is also demonstrated for both head models.
DeepBrowse: Similarity-Based Browsing Through Large Lists (Extended Abstract)

We propose a new approach for browsing through large lists in the absence of a predefined hierarchy. DeepBrowse is defined by the interaction of two fixed, globally-defined permutations on the space of objects: one ordering the items by similarity, the second based on magnitude or importance. We demonstrate this paradigm through our WikiBrowse app for discovering interesting Wikipedia pages, which enables the user to scan similar related entities and then increase depth once a region of interest has been found.
Brain scan using an ultra fast cadmium-zinc-telluride gamma camera

2513 Objectives Cadmium-zinc-telluride (CZT) gamma camera has recently gained increasing applications exclusively in nuclear cardiac imaging due to its superior high sensitivity and better spatial resolution. However, its expansion in other applications in nuclear imaging has been limited due to the unique fixed 90 deg gantry configuration and limited energy spectrum range(up to 175 keV). This work was designed to explore the feasibility of utilizing a CZT γ-camera in brain studies. Methods A 3D Huffman brain phantom, filled with either Tl201 or Tc99m, was scanned on a CZT γ-camera, which has been dedicated to nuclear cardiac imaging. The phantom was positioned within a limited scanning field of view which is defined by camera’s fixed 90 deg gantry configuration. Images were acquired in list mode to obtain a total 6 M counts in just few min. The images were reconstructed into a matrix of 128x128 using Iterative Reconstruction without attenuation correction. The same phantom was also scanned on a conventional SPECT gamma (Anger) camera for comparison. Results The images are shown in the Figure for the 3D brain phantom filled with Tl201. The results show the images without any truncation to the subject which indicates that it is feasible to utilize a CZT γ-camera in brain scans even though the scanning field of view is limited due to the fixed 90 deg gantry configuration. Conclusions The results clearly show the advantages of CZT γ-camera over a conventional SPECT camera:1). Higher sensitivity. The result in this work yielded even higher counts in a 6min scan than that in a 45 min scan by a conventional SPECT camera; 2) Better spatial resolution: 5.0mm vs. 15 mm for a conventional SPECT camera, which means using a CZT γ-camera in brain scan can shorten the scanning time significantly without sacrificing the image quality. Consequently, shorter scanning time will reduce the discomfort to the patients and further reduce the image artifacts due to patient’s motion. It could also mean to potentially reduce the dose and radiation exposure to the patients.
Perceptual quality evaluation of synthetic pictures distorted by compression and transmission

Abstract Measuring visual quality, as perceived by human observers, is becoming increasingly important in a large number of applications where humans are the ultimate consumers of visual information. Many natural image databases have been developed that contain human subjective ratings of the images. Subjective quality evaluation data is less available for synthetic images, such as those commonly encountered in graphics novels, online games or internet ads. A wide variety of powerful full-reference, reduced-reference and no-reference Image Quality Assessment (IQA) algorithms have been proposed for natural images, but their performance has not been evaluated on synthetic images. In this paper we (1) conduct a series of subjective tests on a new publicly available Embedded Signal Processing Laboratory (ESPL) Synthetic Image Database, which contains 500 distorted images (20 distorted images for each of the 25 original images) in 1920 × 1080 resolution, and (2) evaluate the performance of more than 50 publicly available IQA algorithms on the new database. The synthetic images in the database were processed by post acquisition distortions, including those arising from compression and transmission. We collected 26,000 individual ratings from 64 human subjects which can be used to evaluate full-reference, reduced-reference, and no-reference IQA algorithm performance. We find that IQA models based on scene statistics models can successfully predict the perceptual quality of synthetic scenes. The database is available at: http://signal.ece.utexas.edu/%7Ebevans/synthetic/ .
Sovereignty in the City: The Tacticalization of 'Disallowed' Life

In this paper, I perform close readings of several of the narratives included in the This American Life podcast in order to rethink sovereignty outside of the framework of the state as it is lived and practiced in everyday circumstances. Drawing on Bonnie Honig’s reformulation of sovereignty as a modality of power that is not possessed by a singular authority but instead embodied in the collective activity of a people, I use these narratives to assist in theorizing a politics that seeks not emancipation but rather the enactment of futures that are more egalitarian. Such a politics is best conceived a struggle against forms of violence enacted at specific sites rather than as expressions of unified forms of domination. To undertake this analysis, I begin by briefly outlining Honig’s line of inquiry, after which I turn to the specific narratives documented by This American Life, reading them not merely as the chronicles of life in Englewood but as theoretically fecund exemplars of collective and individual sovereignty. Finally, I conclude by exploring what the reading of such narratives as instances of sovereignty can reveal for us regarding politics more generally. Conceiving of the characters in these narratives as sovereign actors seeking to survive rather than as either helpless sufferers (those who experience violence) or criminals (those who act violently) helps to illuminate the complex political dynamics that sustain poverty and produce violence in locales such as Chicago’s Englewood neighborhood.
Using diffusion anisotropy to study cerebral cortical gray matter development

Abstract Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (diffusion MRI) is being used to characterize morphological development of cells within developing cerebral cortical gray matter. Abnormal morphology is a shared characteristic of cerebral cortical neurons for many neurodevelopmental disorders, and therefore diffusion MRI is potentially of high value for monitoring growth-related anatomical changes of relevance to brain function. Here, the theoretical framework for analyzing diffusion MRI data is summarized. An overview of quantitative methods for validating the interpretations of diffusion MRI data using light microscopy is then presented. These theoretical modeling and validation methods have been used to precisely characterize changes in water diffusion anisotropy with development in the context of several animal model systems. Further, in diffusion MRI studies of several preclinical models of neurodevelopmental disorders, the ability is demonstrated of diffusion MRI to detect abnormal morphological neural development. These animal model studies are reviewed along with recent initial efforts to translate the findings into an approach for studies of human subjects. This body of data indicates that diffusion MRI has the requisite sensitivity to detect abnormal cellular development in the context of several models of neurodevelopmental disorders, and therefore may provide a new strategy for detecting abnormalities in early stages of brain development in humans.
Emotional, Cognitive, Behavioral, and Temperament Characteristics of High-Empathy Children

Recent research has suggested that individual differences in young children's capacity for empathy and altruism has heritable components and may be related to early temperament. These individual differences, like other human capacities such as intelligence, may be distributed normally. Thus, “high-empathy” children may exhibit cognitive, emotional, and behavioral precocity in empathic and altruistic responding, and begin expressing these capacities early in life. Twenty-seven 2- to 8-year-old (M = 53 months), primarily Euro-American high-empathy children (10 male) were identified by childcare center staff. Ethnographically oriented interviews of their mothers provided detailed accounts of the children's empathic and altruistic responding in everyday interactions at home and school. As a group, the children were described as emotionally positive, especially sociable individuals whose empathic and altruistic responses were highly spontaneous, occurred more frequently, and differed from peers in depth, intensity, and persistence. Parallels were drawn between these capacities and temperamental dispositions for self-regulation and emotional reactivity. Limitations of the methodology and directions of future research are discussed.
Studies on the Mechanism of Allylmetal-Acetal Additions

The mechanism and stereochemical course of addition of allylsilanes and allylstannanes to acetals has been investigated. Using an intramolecular process to model the possible transition states the reaction stereochemistry has been shown to depend on the nature of the Lewis acid and acetal structure, but not on the allylmetal. Trimethylsilyl tritiate, triflic acid and BF3·OEt2 gave highly selective reactions while SnCl4 and TiCl4 did not. A spectroscopic investigation into the complexes formed between dimethyl acetals and various Lewis acids showed divergent results ranging from no observable complexation of the acetal with TMSOTf to complete, stoichiometry-dependent complexation with SnCl4. Finally, the duality of mechanism and its stereochemical consequences in reactions of acetals has been demonstrated. Using enol ethers as oxocarbenium ion precursors, the results show conclusively that the model dimethyl acetal does not react with TMSOTf via an oxocarbenium ion. As in classic nucleophilic aliphatic substitution, stereochemistry is used as a probe for differentiating SN1 and SN2 mechanisms in acetal reactions as well.
Hereditary Ovarian Cancer

The three types of hereditary ovarian cancer families are (1) site-specific hereditary ovarian cancer, (2) breast/ovarian hereditary cancer, and (3) the Lynch II syndrome. Female members of these families require genetic counseling and close observation to facilitate early detection of cancer. When childbearing is complete, these women should consider prophylactic oophorectomy.
Outcomes of advanced pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma stratified by RB1 loss, SLFN11 expression, and tumor mutational burden.

e20568Background: LCNEC is a biologically heterogeneous disease comprised of distinct subgroups characterized by genomic signatures of either SCLC or NSCLC (e.g. RB1 loss or retained). We assessed ...
Phase evolution in the ferroelectric relaxor Ba (Ti 1 -x ,Zr x ) O 3 from atomistic simulations

We develop and/or use a combination of first-principles density functional theory and first-principles-based effective Hamiltonian approaches to investigate phase evolution in $\mathrm{Ba}({\mathrm{Ti}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x},{\mathrm{Zr}}_{x}){\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ ferroelectric relaxor. Our simulations reveal two competing effects, which are associated with substitution of Ti with Zr and primarily responsible for the unusual phase evolution and the properties of this family of solid solutions. They are the negative chemical pressure that Zr exerts on the ${\mathrm{BaTiO}}_{3}$ matrix and the ferroelectric ``inactivity'' of Zr itself. While the former has a stabilizing effect on ferroelectricity, the latter disrupts the ferroelectric cooperation. These competing effects are responsible for the so-called pinched phase transition, where the three phases of parent ${\mathrm{BaTiO}}_{3}$ merge together, and the loss of ferroelectricity at the onset of relaxor behavior. The origin of the controversial diffuse phase transition is attributed to the coexistence of the three ferroelectric phases. In the region of the diffuse phase transition, we detect polar nanoregions, which often exhibit unusual nanopillar geometry.
Towards A Circular Energy Economy: Cross-Sector Successes in Brazil and India

A new paradigm for energy production is one that emulates the closed-loop circular systems of natural ecosystems. At once holistic, economical, and equitable, energy production based upon reciprocities with other sectors (e.g. telecommunications, water, sanitation, and waste management) can leverage synergies and provide multiple co-benefits. With avoidance of fossil fuels, less pollution, and reduced throughput of matter and energy, such a circular energy economy offers a model for critical electricity provision for the next 2 billion people in emerging economies—both those moving to cities and particularly those who remain in rural poverty. Three exemplary cases, one in India and two in Brazil, reveal the efficacy of renewable power created through cooperative, cross-sector initiatives that also yield economic and social benefits. The first, methane recovery in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, illustrates the potential for closed-loop use of an otherwise wasted energy source in rapidly urbanizing settlements. In the second case, Omnigrid Micropower Company leveraged affordable electricity for some of India’s poorest rural citizens by combining the electricity demand from the telecommunications sector to support the economical construction of small- to mid-size solar power plants. Lastly, Brazil and Paraguay’s Itaipu Binacional, developer of the world’s largest generator of renewable power, addressed the pollution of its reservoir from agricultural waste by establishing a rural waste-to-energy program that electrified 2,200 households. Moving beyond conventional, mono-sectoral approaches to energy delivery, these alternative, circular strategies for power production are solving energy poverty. As blended, multi-functional systems, they have also fostered job creation, allowing for economic growth while suppressing carbon emissions.
Alkali-silica reactivity of alkali-activated concrete subjected to ASTM C 1293 and 1567 alkali-silica reactivity tests

Abstract This paper presents an experimental investigation of the alkali-silica reactivity of alkali-activated concrete (AAC). Some researchers suggest that the high alkalinity of the pore solution could make AAC more susceptible to alkali-silica reaction (ASR) than comparable ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete, perhaps even with aggregates that are normally considered non-reactive. Many have further questioned the suitability of standardized ASR test methods for use with AAC. In an attempt to resolve this controversy, the authors subjected OPC, alkali-activated fly ash (AAF), and alkali-activated slag (AAS) concrete made with both reactive and non-reactive aggregates to accelerated and long-term ASR test protocols (ASTM C1567 and C1293). Paradoxically, some AAS mixtures with non-reactive aggregates showed significant expansion while AAF mixtures with reactive aggregates expanded minimally. AAS mixtures with reactive aggregates underwent extremely high expansions. Microstructural evaluation using scanning electron microscopy revealed significant cracking but did not identify ASR gel in the majority of specimens.
Scoping Review of Self-Advocacy Education Interventions to Improve Care:

Self-advocacy is a client's ability to represent one's interests when managing disease or disability. Self-advocacy may increase one's ability to seek, evaluate, and use information to promote health, yet little is known about the role of occupational therapy in promoting self-advocacy. This scoping review aims to identify interventions within occupational therapists' scope of practice to improve self-advocacy. A literature search was conducted through Academic Search Complete to identify interventions within the scope of occupational therapy that promote self-advocacy. All levels of evidence were included, and articles were reviewed for inclusion by two authors. Included articles were charted for level of evidence, objectives, participants, and results. Fourteen articles met the criteria. Interventions included interactive multimedia interventions, peer-led educational groups, writing interventions, job counseling and advocacy, and disease-specific advocacy programs. Occupational therapists are well-equipped to intervene and promote self-advocacy through workplace modification, utilizing assistive technologies, and facilitating peer-led educational groups.
White moves and counter-moves: the doing and undoing of whiteness in academe

This qualitative study examines the white racial literacy of white educators working in multi-racial institutions of higher learning. As institutional actors in positions of power, white faculty an...
Abstract 481: Investigation into the Genetic Cause of Congenital Dilated Cardiomyopathy Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Congenital dilated cardiomyopathy (cDCM) is a rare but typically fatal disease. In most cases, its etiology is unknown, but a genetic root cause is often suspected. The objective of current study i...
Outdoor Industry Credential: Exploring Perspectives Within the Profession

This paper reviews the findings of a professional task force from the Association of Outdoor Recreation and Education (AORE), which explored the feasibility of and support for a credentialing system for students and young professionals aspiring to a career in the outdoor industry. The task force used initial public discussions to design a survey, which was then sent to AORE members. The quantitative and qualitative data revealed an almost 50% division in favor of/against a credentialing system. In general, younger professionals and students expressed more interest in a credential than seasoned veterans did. All respondents identified similar challenges to a credentialing system: cost versus benefit, assessing and evaluating the qualifications, and a lack of value-added (a sense that there are already too many credentials in the industry). Although credentialing can signal a unified profession that agrees on the professional competencies required for effective professional practice, our findings indicate the outdoor industry is not yet there. Subscribe to JOREL
Phase I trial of ixabepilone and vorinostat in metastatic breast cancer.

1070 Background: VOR, an HDAC inhibitor, induces acetylation of tubulin, and decreases resistance by attenuating downstream activation of AKT, c-Raf and HER-2. Patients (pts) with MBC treated with ...
Selective Ablation of Dehydrodolichyl Diphosphate Synthase in Murine Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) Causes RPE Atrophy and Retinal Degeneration.

Patients with certain defects in the dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase (DHDDS) gene (RP59; OMIM #613861) exhibit classic symptoms of retinitis pigmentosa, as well as macular changes, suggestive of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) involvement. The DHDDS enzyme is ubiquitously required for several pathways of protein glycosylation. We wish to understand the basis for selective ocular pathology associated with certain DHDDS mutations and the contribution of specific ocular cell types to the pathology of mutant Dhdds-mediated retinal degeneration. To circumvent embryonic lethality associated with Dhdds knockout, we generated a Cre-dependent knockout allele of murine Dhdds (Dhddsflx/flx). We used targeted Cre expression to study the importance of the enzyme in the RPE. Structural alterations of the RPE and retina including reduction in outer retinal thickness, cell layer disruption, and increased RPE hyper-reflectivity were apparent at one postnatal month. At three months, RPE and photoreceptor disruption was observed non-uniformly across the retina as well as RPE transmigration into the photoreceptor layer, external limiting membrane descent towards the RPE, and patchy loss of photoreceptors. Functional loss measured by electroretinography was consistent with structural loss showing scotopic a- and b-wave reductions of 83% and 77%, respectively, at three months. These results indicate that RPE dysfunction contributes to DHDDS mutation-mediated pathology and suggests a more complicated disease mechanism than simply disruption of glycosylation.
A non-dispersive approach for a Raman gas sensor

Although Raman spectroscopy is widely used on solids and liquids, its application on gaseous samples is far less commonplace due to technical issues related to dealing with very weak signals over a strong background. A demonstration of a possible approach for a simple, noninvasive Raman-based gas detector is presented and evaluated. This setup is meant to perform nitrogen and oxygen gas concentration measurements through Raman scattering working with optical filters instead of the traditional spectrograph and a lighting-grade 532 nm diode-pumped solid state laser as the pumping source. An industrial-grade CMOS camera is used as the detector, taking full advantage of the low noise and spatial resolution of this device. The system has been tested for both oxygen and nitrogen in a gas flow cell. Nitrogen measurement in a glass vial is reported in order to demonstrate and show some of the advantages that could be obtained with the use of an imaging detector instead of a single pixel one. The reported measurements show that even without using a dispersion spectrometer, this approach enables an indicative, noninvasive gas detection through glass vials with significant rejection of the elastic scattering contribution.
Stirling Pairs of Permutations

Stirling permutations are permutations $$\pi $$ of the multiset $$\{1,1,2,2,\ldots ,n,n\}$$ in which those integers between the two occurrences of an integer are greater than it. We identify a permutation $$\pi $$ of $$\{1,1,2,2,\ldots ,n,n\}$$ as a pair of permutations $$(\pi _1,\pi _2)$$ which we call a Stirling pair. We characterize Stirling pairs using the weak Bruhat order and the notion of a 312-avoiding permutation. We give two algorithms to determine if a pair of permutations is a Stirling pair.
Exhibit or Human?: Analysis on the Life of the Aztec Children

Through researching the lives of the Aztec Children, the exploitation of performers becomesevident. These “children” were adults with a congenital disorder who were purchased and commodified since childhood. Due to the manipulationby their various owners, not even the true historyof these two are known. This article delves intothe history of these two, the issues surroundingtheir exhibition, and works at the time sheddingfurther light on their time touring the world.
Once Should Have Been Enough: Gregor Mendel, “Experiments in Plant Hybridization”

At the time of Mendel’s experiments on plant hybridization in pea plants, there was no existing theory of hybridization. It is unclear whether Mendel had his reproductive and inheritance model, which included dominant and recessive characters, in mind when he began his work, or whether it was suggested to him by his early results. His experiments on pea plants not only suggested the laws of segregation and independent assortment, which are the basis of modern genetics, but also provided strong evidence for those laws. The experiments also provided evidence that those factors, which we now associate on a deeper biological level with genes, come in two types, dominant and recessive. And while Mendel’s results once they had been rediscovered were in some respects experimentally duplicated, those duplications were of only limited importance since by far the dominant effort was to expand on Mendel’s results by extending their application and tying Mendel’s factors more specifically to their biological underpinnings. In short, once was very much enough to get a major experimental and theoretical endeavor under way.