cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Annual Surveillance Biopsies for Detection of Acute Cellular Rejection Have Limited Utility More Than Two Years Post-Transplant

Purpose Purpose: Surveillance bronchoscopy for the diagnosis of subclinical rejection are common after lung transplantation. Our center previously performed annual surveillance bronchoscopy with transbronchial biopsy for up to 5 years post-transplant. The goal of this study was to determine the utility of annual surveillance bronchoscopy. Methods Medical records were reviewed for patients who underwent lung transplantation between 1/1/2014 and 12/31/2017, survived greater than 1 year, and underwent at least 2 annual bronchoscopy procedures (n=80). Pathology reports for acute cellular rejection were reviewed. Clinical notes and pulmonary function tests were reviewed to determine whether detected rejection was associated with clinical symptoms or a decline in FEV1. Results A total of 232 annual surveillance bronchoscopies were performed in 80 patients. 21/232 (9%) of annual bronchoscopies showed A grade rejection and 7/232 (3%) of bronchoscopies showed B grade rejection. Acute cellular rejection (A or B grade) was diagnosed in 22/80 (27.5%) of patients on at least 1 annual procedure. A2 rejection was detected on 8 annual bronchoscopies. A2 rejections occurring after the 2nd annual bronchoscopy were associated with >10% decline in FEV1 and were clinically apparent, whereas A2 rejections within 2 years of transplant were not. Conclusion Conclusion: Annual surveillance bronchoscopy beyond 2 years after lung transplantation has limited clinical utility. After 2 years, significant acute cellular rejection (A2 or greater) was associated with a decline in FEV1.
Purkinje Neurons: Structural and Functional Changes in Alzheimer’s Disease (3028)

Objective: This study explored cerebellar involvement in postmortem human and mouse Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brains, as well as cerebellum-essential motor function in transgenic AD mice. Background: There is growing interest in using non-cognitive functional changes as potential predictors of AD. Additionally, increasing evidence suggests the cerebellum may be affected in early stage AD. Loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells has been observed in both familial and sporadic AD. Furthermore, balance and gait impairments are frequent in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD patients. However, research on the functional relevance of the cerebellum in AD remains in its infancy, and the contribution of the cerebellum to AD pathophysiology is unclear. Design/Methods: Human and APPswe/PSEndE9 mouse cerebellar Purkinje neurons were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Locomotor and spatial cognitive functions were evaluated in 4 to 5-month-old APPswe/PSEN1dE9 mice by rotorod, bridge walking, and water maze tests. Aβ plaque and APP processing were determined in APPswe/PSEndE9 mice at different age groups by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Results: MCI and AD cerebellums exhibited Purkinje neuron loss, as compared with cognitively normal controls. Purkinje neuron loss was found in AD mice as early as 5 months. AD mice demonstrated impairment of balance beam and rotorod performance, but not spatial learning and memory at 4–5 months. Aβ plaque was present in AD mice cerebral cortex at 2 months and significantly increased at 6 and 10 months, while cerebellar plaque was only present at 10 months. Strong intracellular APP staining was observed in AD cerebellum at 2 months. Similar expression of full-length APP and C-terminal fragments was observed in cerebral cortex and cerebellum of AD mice during aging. Conclusions: These results provide neuropathological and functional evidence that cerebellar dysfunction may occur before cognitive impairment in early stages of AD. Furthermore, cerebellar impairment is likely independent of Aβ plaque formation but associated with intracellular APP processing. Disclosure: Mr. Kruse has nothing to disclose. The institution of Kiran Chaudhari has received research support from American Heart Association. Linshu Wang has nothing to disclose. Ali Winters has nothing to disclose. Nathalie Sumien has nothing to disclose. Ritu Shetty has nothing to disclose. Jude Prah has nothing to disclose. Ran Liu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shi has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Roche. The institution of Michael Forster has received research support from National Institute on Drug Abuse. Shaohua Yang has nothing to disclose.
Primate neuronal connections are sparse in cortex as compared to mouse

Detailing how primate and mouse neurons differ is critical for creating generalized models of how neurons process information. We reconstruct 15,748 synapses in adult Rhesus macaques and mice and ask how connectivity differs on identified cell types in layer 2/3 of primary visual cortex. Primate excitatory and inhibitory neurons receive 2-5 times fewer excitatory and inhibitory synapses than similar mouse neurons. Primate excitatory neurons have lower excitatory-to-inhibitory (E/I) ratios than mouse but similar E/I ratios in inhibitory neurons. In both species, properties of inhibitory axons such as synapse size and frequency are unchanged, and inhibitory innervation of excitatory neurons is local and specific. Using artificial recurrent neural networks (RNNs) optimized for different cognitive tasks, we find that penalizing networks for creating and maintaining synapses, as opposed to neuronal firing, reduces the number of connections per node as the number of nodes increases, similar to primate neurons compared with mice.
Uma Nova Área Promissora

O termo “cardio-oncologia” foi criado ha aproximadamente 15 anos. Eu me recordo dos primordios: ultima sessao do ultimo dia de encontros cientificos locais e internacionais de cardiologia, com a presenca principalmente de amigos proximos. Grandes avancos na area de cardio-oncologia ocorreram desde entao, com a formacao de grupos de interesse e conselhos em nossas sociedades, e desenvolvimento de diretrizes cientificas nos guiando na avaliacao e no tratamento desses pacientes com condicoes tao complexas. , Assim, e com enorme interesse que [...]
Enzyme and Nucleic Acid Formation During Synchronous Growth of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides

The synthesis of various cell components was examined during the anaerobic photosynthetic growth of synchronous populations of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. Net deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and protein increased continuously as did the rate of incorporation of radioactive precursors into protein. The rates of incorporation of radioactive precursors into RNA and DNA were marked by abrupt discontinuities. It is not clear whether these discontinuities represent changes in rates of synthesis or fluctuations in precursor pools. Although the synthesis of bacteriochlorophyll occurred in a continuous manner, those enzymes examined which are involved in the synthesis of tetrapyrroles, i.e., succinyl CoA thiokinase, delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase, and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase, increased discontinuously. Two other enzymes not involved in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis were examined. Alkaline phosphatase increased in a stepwise manner during the division cycle, whereas the synthesis of ornithine transcarbamylase increased rapidly before leveling off for a period of time until synthesis began again. In each instance of discontinuous enzyme synthesis, increases occurred at regular and characteristic times during the division cycle. Ammonium sulfate precipitation was employed to remove low molecular weight end product inhibitors from enzyme preparations. These studies suggested that the stepwise increases in enzyme activity observed in the present investigation were not affected by periodic end product inhibition. A temporal map of enzyme synthesis during the division cycle was constructed. Both delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase appeared early in the division cycle, whereas alkaline phosphatase and succinyl CoA thiokinase appeared later on.
Challenges and Choices in Urban Education: The Perceptions of Teachers and Principals

The study described in this paper was designed to investigate the perspectives of principals and teachers in urban schools across the country in regard to challenges in urban teaching. The perceptions of these educators were investigated regarding (1) the extent to which challenges commonly cited in the literature on urban teaching were evident at their schools; (2) the extent to which school personnel have the power to favorably influence challenge areas; and (3) the potential for success of promising practices commonly cited in the literature on urban teaching.
Thermal analysis of tetracycline hydrates: I. Preparation and identification

Abstract The known hydrates of tetracycline base have been studied, and their intermediates true hydrates themselves, have been identified. Differences in physical and chemical properties of these hydrates have been studied and will be reported in a later paper.
Interpreting Risk Premia Across Size, Value, and Industry Portfolios

In this paper, we model cash flow and consumption growth rates as a vector-autoregression (VAR), from which we measure the response of cash flow growth to consumption shocks. As the appropriate cash flow proxy is not unambiguous, nor likely to be measured without error, we consider three alternatives for portfolio cash flows: cash dividends, dividends plus repurchases and corporate earnings. We find that the long-run exposure of cash flows to aggregate consumption risk can justify a significant degree of the observed variation in risk premia across size, book-to-market, and industry sorted portfolios. Also, our economic model highlights the reasons for the failure of the market beta to justify the cross-section of risk premia. Most importantly, our results indicate that measured diferences in the long-run exposures of cash flows to aggregate economic fluctuations as captured by aggregate consumption movements contain very valuable information regarding diferences in risk premia. In all, our results indicate that the size, book-to-market and industry spreads are not puzzling from the perspective of economic models.
Nonadiabatic dynamics of a slowly driven dissipative two-level system

We study the dynamics of a two-level system described by a slowly varying Hamiltonian and weakly coupled to the Ohmic environment. We follow the Bloch-Redfield perturbative approach to include the effect of the environment on qubit evolution and take into account modification of the spectrum and matrix elements of qubit transitions due to the time dependence of the Hamiltonian. We apply this formalism to two problems. (1) We consider a qubit, or a spin-$\frac{1}{2}$, in a rotating magnetic field. We show that once the rotation starts, the spin has a component perpendicular to the rotation plane of the field that initially wiggles and eventually settles to the value proportional to the product of angular rotation velocity of the field and the Berry curvature. (2) We reexamine the Landau-Zener transition for a system coupled to the environment at arbitrary temperature. We show that as temperature increases, the thermal excitation and relaxation become leading processes responsible for transition between states of the system. We also apply the Lindblad master equations to these two problems and compare results with those obtained from the Bloch-Redfield equations.
Adam Smith and the Circles of Sympathy: Cosmopolitanism and Moral Theory

Introduction: Smith's oikeiosis Part I. The Circle of the Self: 1. Conflicted self 2. Sympathetic self Part II. The Circle of Society: 3. Discipline and the socialized conscience 4. Perfectionism and social order Part III. The Circle of Humanity: 5. Sympathy in space: Section 1. Physical Immediacy Section 2. Affective 'Connexion' Section 3. Historical Familiarity 6. The commercial cosmopolis 7. Negative justice Conclusion: Cultural pluralism, moral goods, and the 'laws of nations'.
Generalization of the multirate basis for time convolution to unequal forward and reverse rates and connection to reactions with memory.

[1] The convolution form used to express mass transfer between mobile and immobile aqueous domains, and often associated with multirate mass transfer representations of matrix diffusion processes, is generalized to the case of unequal forward and reverse rates for each of the multiple rates of the multirate mass transfer and is shown to represent also linear but non-Markovian reactions that kinetically partition mass between mobile and immobile phases with rate of return to mobile phase dependent on contiguous time spent in the immobile phase. In the case where a multirate model refers to multiple sites with distributed mobilization or release rates but single-valued immobilization rate, an equivalent formulation is found using single-site mobilization-immobilization with non-Markovian mobilization rate dependent on contiguous time spent immobilized.
SU-E-J-23: Characteristics of X-Rays From ExacTrac and Patient Dose From Imaging Procedures

Purpose: The purpose of this investigation is 1) provide the beam characteristics of x-rays produced by a Novalis TX ExacTrac system; 2) present a method to commission such beams, 3) present radiation dose to patients resulting from the imaging procedures. Methods: The Monte Carlo simulations were used to obtain the characteristics of kV beams and validated by measurements. The calculated beam HVLs, profiles and depth-dose curves were benchmarked against measurements. Twelve different image acquisition protocols were studied. The x-ray tube voltage ranges from 70 - 145 kV and milliampere-second (mAs) ranges from 8 - 80 mAs depending on the selection of Cranium, Head & Neck, Thorax or Abdomen imaging protocols. The beam output of each image acquisition protocol was determined by using an ionization chamber. The air kerma calibration factors of the ion chamber were obtained from an Accredited Dosimetry Calibration Laboratory for specified HVLs. Results: The agreements between measured and simulated results were within the uncertainties for HVLs, dose profiles and depth-dose curves. When %dd was normalized at 1 cm depth, its values at depth of 5 cm ranged from 45% to 66% of in water for kV beams range from 70 kVp to 145 kVp respectively. For headmore » images, a typical dose to eye resulting from single projection ranged from 0.008 cGy to 0.025 cGy depending on the cranial image protocols selected. For a single pelvic image the skin dose could reach up to 0.1 cGy from an abdominal protocol. Conclusion: Although multiple pairs of x-ray images are commonly acquired during a daily patient treatment, the imaging doses to patients resulting from the sum of these projected x-rays are generally much less than 0.5 cGy. The knowledge obtained from this investigation can be used to estimate the image dose and optimize the used of the system.« less
Separating the roles of nitrogen and oxygen in high pressure-induced blood-borne microparticle elevations, neutrophil activation, and vascular injury in mice

An elevation in levels of circulating microparticles (MPs) due to high air pressure exposure and the associated inflammatory changes and vascular injury that occur with it may be due to oxidative stress. We hypothesized that these responses arise due to elevated partial pressures of N2 and not because of high-pressure O2. A comparison was made among high-pressure air, normoxic high-pressure N2, and high-pressure O2 in causing an elevation in circulating annexin V-positive MPs, neutrophil activation, and vascular injury by assessing the leakage of high-molecular-weight dextran in a murine model. After mice were exposed for 2 h to 790 kPa air, there were over 3-fold elevations in total circulating MPs as well as subgroups bearing Ly6G, CD41, Ter119, CD31, and CD142 surface proteins-evidence of neutrophil activation; platelet-neutrophil interaction; and vascular injury to brain, omentum, psoas, and skeletal muscles. Similar changes were found in mice exposed to high-pressure N2 using a gas mixture so that O2 partial pressure was the same as that of ambient air, whereas none of these changes occurred after exposures to 166 kPa O2, the same partial pressure that occurs during high-pressure air exposures. We conclude that N2 plays a central role in intra- and perivascular changes associated with exposure to high air pressure and that these responses appear to be a novel form of oxidative stress.
Mass transfer of urea through blood

Mass transfer of urea through whole blood and packed red cells at high rates comparable to those expected during hemodialysis has been studied using an adaptation of a transient diffusion experiment for characterizing hollow fiber membranes. Experimental observations indicated that for short times (2–3 min) the mass transfer of urea through stagnant blood followed the exponential decay with time which is characteristic of simple diffusion. By applying a model for diffusion through suspensions of elliposids the ratio of the diffusion coefficients for urea in red cells and in plasma was found to be 0.075. The values of the diffusivities in whole blood (Hct=41) and packed cells were found to be 51% and 16% of the value in saline, respectively.
A procedure for filling calixarene nanotubes

Alkyl nitrites readily transfer nitrosonium into calixarene-based synthetic nanotubes thus offering a mild, effective and precise method to fill them.
Hydroclimatic controls on water balance and water level variability in Great Slave Lake

On average, 86% of riverine discharge to Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories, Canada, was gauged during the period 1964–1998, offering an unprecedented opportunity to study and understand controls on water balance of a large northern lake at the headwaters of the Mackenzie River. A functional daily water balance model, incorporating measurements of riverine inflow, precipitation on the lake surface, evaporation, and riverine outflow was developed, which predicts the amplitude and frequency of annual water level fluctuations, and closes the water balance to within s6% for 28 of 35 years and s11% for the remaining 7 years, with an overall systematic error of C2%. Annual water balance estimates for the period 1964–1998 reveal that about 74% of inflow into Great Slave Lake originates from the Peace-Athabasca catchments that enter the lake via the Slave River, whereas 21% is derived from other catchments bordering Great Slave Lake, and 5% from precipitation on the lake surface. An estimated 94% of water losses occur by riverine outflow to the Mackenzie River and 6% by evaporation from the lake surface. The primary driving force behind water level fluctuations in Great Slave Lake, including the post-regulation period following development of the W.A.C. Bennett Dam, is shown to be climate-driven precipitation variability in the Peace-Athabasca basins. A simple precipitation regression model is developed to simulate water level fluctuations in Great Slave Lake over the past 100 years. Copyright  2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An empirical model of firm entry with endogenous product-type choices

I describe a model of entry with endogenous product-type choices. These choices are formalized as the outcomes of a game of incomplete information in which rivals' differentiated products have nonuniform competitive effects on profits. I estimate the model for location choices in the video retail industry using a nested fixed-point algorithm solution. The results imply significant returns to product differentiation. Simulations illustrate the tradeoff between demand and intensified competition and the extent to which markets with more scope for differentiation support greater entry.
SPIN-ORBIT COUPLING IN THE BAND STRUCTURE OF MAGNESIUM AND OTHER HEXAGONAL- CLOSE-PACKED METALS

A calculation of the spin-orbit splitting of the energy levels at the corner of the Brillouin zone in Mg is performed using a six orthogonalized-plane- wave approximation. The parameters of the wave iunctions were taken from an existing calculation by one of the authors. The corresponding splittings for Be, Zn, Cd, and Tl are estimated from spectroscopic values of the atomic splittings. The changes in the topological properties of the Fermi surface caused by the spin- orbit splitting are discussed as well as the implications of these changes for various physical properties. (auth)
Mergers, Method of Payment and Returns to Manager‐ and Owner‐Controlled Firms

Previous work provides evidence of disparate consequences for acquiring firms initiating stock and cash merger exchanges. These studies show that the choice of payment method and the subsequent consequences may be a result of dissimilar motivations. This paper addresses the role of corporate control by examining the consequences of stock, cash and mixed exchanges to manager- and owner-controlled firms. Particular attention is paid to mixed exchanges as a test of the total consequences of acquisition activity. The results indicate that the market valuation of the acquiring firm's stock is related to both the method of payment and the acquiring firm control structure.
Superconduction: thallium's merits

The phenomenon of superconductivity is explained. The discovery of superconductors with high superconducting-to-normal transition temperatures is recounted. The structure of one of these compounds, Tl/sub 2/Ca/sub 2/Ba/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 10/, which has a transition temperature of 125 K, is described. Potential applications of this new class of materials are examined. >
Anti-tumor × anti-CD3 heteroconjugates direct human peripheral blood lymphocytes to lyse colon tumor cells☆

T lymphocytes normally recognize antigens through the antigen receptor complex (TCR/CD3) but can be redirected to bind and lyse unrecognized tumor cells by anti-tumor X anti-CD3 heteroconjugates. Chemical coupling of an antibody directed against the T cell receptor complex and an antibody directed against tumor antigen produces a conjugated antibody that activates the T cell lytic mechanism and bridges the T cell and tumor cell. We tested the lytic activity of heteroconjugate-treated cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) in 4-h radioactive chromium release assays with human colon tumor cell targets. PBLs were enriched for T cells by the depletion of Leu11a+ and Leu19+ cells, prior to culture in rIL-2 and anti-CD3. Cultured human PBLs depleted of Leu11a+ and Leu19+ cells produced low levels of tumor cell lysis in the absence of antibodies. Anti-tumor X anti-CD3 heteroconjugates significantly enhanced tumor cell lysis by cultured PBLs when tested against four different colon tumor cell lines (P less than 0.005), but, heteroconjugates in the absence of PBLs did not augment tumor cell lysis. Cultured PBLs treated with monoclonal anti-tumor antibody, with monoclonal anti-CD3 antibody, or with irrelevant heteroconjugate did not enhance tumor cell lysis. We conclude that heteroconjugate-directed lysis is mediated by PBLs and that both the anti-tumor antibody and the anti-CD3 antibody are essential for heteroconjugate function. In addition, heteroconjugate-enhanced tumor cell lysis is mediated through a mechanism other than antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity or nonspecific T cell receptor crosslinking.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Sum-Capacity of the Ergodic Fading Gaussian Cognitive Interference Channel

This paper characterizes the sum-capacity of the ergodic fading Gaussian overlay cognitive interference channel (EGCIFC), a time-varying channel with two source–destination pairs in which a primary/licensed transmitter and a secondary/cognitive transmitter share the same spectrum and where the cognitive transmitter has noncausal knowledge of the primary user's message. The throughput/sum-capacity is characterized under the assumption of perfect knowledge of the instantaneous fading states at all terminals, which are assumed to form an ergodic process. A genie-aided outer bound on the sum-capacity is developed and then matched with an achievable scheme, thereby completely characterizing the sum-capacity of the EGCIFC. The power allocation policy that maximizes the sum-capacity is derived. It is shown that the sum-capacity achieving scheme for an EGCIFC is “separable” in all regimes (i.e., coding across fading states is not necessary), as opposed to the classical interference channel. Extensions to the whole capacity region are discussed. As a capacity achieving scheme for the EGCIFC under certain channel gain conditions, and as a topic of independent interest, the ergodic capacity of a point-to-point multiple-input–single-output channel with per-antenna power constraints and with perfect channel state information at all terminals is also derived.
Cultural sensitivity rediscovered: Developing training strategies for police officers

Abstract The most important issue in law enforcement for the 1990s is the rediscovery of human relations in police work. In many ways, the mood of the nineties is reminiscent of the urgency of the 1960s with regard to instilling in the police officer a greater sensitivity to diverse cultures and lifestyles. Two decades of focus on technology, professionalism, and war‐like strategies in law enforcement has left a void in policing in the area of human relations. This article reviews the history of police‐minority relations and compares the development of cultural sensitivity training in a southern state and in a large midwestern city in order to outline the critical issues involved in human relations training for police. Finally, it provides a practical guide for constructing lesson plans and instructing such seminars.
The RS-·HSR Hydrogen Bond: Acidities of α,ω-Dithiols and Electron Affinities of Their Monoradicals

Gas-phase acidities ( ) have been measured for 1,2-ethanedithiol, 1,3-propanedithiol, and 1,4-butanedithiol, using a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer. Adiabatic electron affinities (EAs) of the thiolate monoradicals of these compounds were assigned from electron photodetachment spectra of their corresponding thiolate monoanions, acquired using a cw-ICR. The dithiols exhibit enhanced acidities (up to 8.7 kcal/mol in ) and greater EAs (up to 6.7 kcal/mol) than analogous monothiol species. These differences are attributed to an intramolecular RS-·HSR hydrogen bond in the thiolate anion. Considerations of the RO-·HOR hydrogen bond in monoanions of α,ω-diols and in the [CH3O-·HOCH3] complex anion suggest that the RS-·HSR hydrogen bond provides up to 9 kcal/mol extra stabilization.
Histopathologic analysis of successful endothelial keratoplasty following multiple failed keratoplasties

A 68-year-old woman with bilateral keratoconus presented with persistent visual acuity deficits following cataract extraction with a neodymium:YAG capsulotomy in the right eye 2 years earlier. Penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) had been performed for keratoconus in the right eye without complications until steroid drops were discontinued after 10 years because of persistent elevated intraocular pressure. The right eye experienced immunologic rejection and failure of 3 PKPs, 1 Descemet-stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK), and a trabeculectomy with an eventual anatomically successful DSEK before the patient died at 95 years of age. The left eye improved following a single PKP. Postmortem histopathologic analysis of the cornea showed an anatomically successful DSEK graft with intact donor Descemet membrane and viable graft endothelial cells. To our knowledge, this is the first histopathologic analysis of an anatomically successful DSEK after multiple failed PKPs and trabeculectomy. The course in this case supports early consideration of lamellar keratoplasty, especially in patients with ocular comorbidities. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Analysis of the thiol status of peripheral blood leukocytes in rheumatoid arthritis patients

Abstract Although the exact etiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains unknown, there is increasing evidence that reactive oxygen species and a pro-oxidant/antioxidant imbalance are an important part of the pathogenesis of joint tissue injury. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the thiol status [surface-thiols and intracellular glutathione (iGSH)] of leukocytes from RA patients and controls. Levels of surface-thiols and iGSH of leukocytes from RA patients were significantly lower than of leukocytes from controls. CD53, a glycoprotein of the tetraspanin superfamily, which coprecipitates with the GSH recycling enzyme gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, was elevated significantly on leukocytes from RA patients compared with leukocytes from controls. Surface-thiols and GSH play important roles in redox buffering of cells, providing protection from oxidative stress. The chronic inflammation of RA has been associated with oxidative stress, which is shown to cause a decline in the levels of cellular antioxidant sulfhydryls (R-SH). As antioxidant-protective levels also decline with age, the problem is compounded in older RA patients, who did have fewer R-SH. Chronic stress can also have an effect on telomere lengths, determining cell senescence and longevity. Although telomeres shorten with increasing age, our flow cytometry studies indicate that accelerated shortening in telomere lengths occurs with increasing age of RA patients, suggesting premature cellular aging. The paradox is that lymphocytes from RA patients are believed to resist apoptosis, and we suggest that the elevated expression of CD53, which results from the increased oxidative stress, may protect against apoptosis.
Myocarditis and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy

Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC) accounts for 25% of cases of heart failure in the United States. Understanding the relationship between an inciting event or agent and the development of IDC has progressed only recently. Once IDC has developed, treatment is palliative and little can be done to alter the natural course of the disease. Active myocarditis, a suspected precursor of IDC, is myocardial inflammation and injury without ischemia. The disease ranges from a self-limited flulike illness to one of serious consequence with arrhythmias, heart failure, or death. Many agents have been associated with myocarditis, and the clinical manifestations depend on an interplay between the inciting agent and the host response. The development of a murine model and the expanded use of endomyocardial biopsy using the Dallas criteria have increased our understanding of myocarditis and its sequelae. Therapy consists of managing symptoms using conventional medical regimens for heart failure. Immunosuppressive therapy should be reserved for patients with biopsy-proven disease who have failed conventional therapy. Continued deterioration warrants ventricular assistance and consideration of cardiac transplantation.
Fiber optic sensor for general anesthetics based on Raman spectroscopy

Vibrational spectroscopy and chemometrics together can be used to identify and quantify low concentrations of small molecules, but the Raman effect has been considered too weak to be employed for remote fiber optic sensing of such gases. Preliminary data are presented suggesting that it is possible to enhance Raman signals of gases from a small probe. Polymers that have large partition coefficients for small nonpolar molecules such as general anesthetics can be used as selective absorbents for these gases. As long as the polymers do not luminesce or Raman scatter at interfering frequencies, they increase the signal-to-noise ratio of signals from absorbed molecules. Multipass cells are often used to enhance Raman scattering from gases. Forming an absorbent polymer into a ring with one or more optical `taps' allows recirculation of the excitation light, and extraction of the contrarotating Raman scattered light. Such a ring could be the basis of a small probe to be connected to a compact Raman instrument by optical fibers. These two methods of amplification improve signal-to-noise ratio, extend sensing range, and reduce both instrumental complexity and cost of sensors.
Wage inflation, fiscal policies, and income distribution in Brazil

Abstract Economic growth in Brazil over the last three decades has been marked by sharp changes in the socioeconomic structure of the nation. The state has played a major role in the growth process, pursuing development strategies aimed at stimulating growth that directly or indirectly affected income distribution. This article presents an empirical model of Brazil's economy that is used to explore the effects of alternative policies and other structural changes. A computable general equilibrium model is used to simulate the impact of increases in money wages, public spending and transfers, and a change in the distribution of labor income.
Using Pop Culture to Teach Biomechanics.

(2012). Using Pop Culture to Teach Biomechanics. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 83, No. 8, pp. 27-30.
The velocity and acceleration signatures of small-scale vortices in turbulent channel flow

Time-resolved particle-image velocimetry measurements are made in the streamwise-wall-normal plane of turbulent channel flow at Re τ = 550 and 1747. Temporal and convective derivatives of velocity are computed from this data in order to evaluate the small-scale behaviour of these quantities as well as of the velocity itself. Instantaneous velocity fields indicate that the flow is dominated by small-scale vortex cores believed to be associated with hairpin/hairpin-like vortices. These vortices have been observed in realizations of the random velocity in other wall turbulence studies. In this work, a deterministic ‘vortex signature’ is determined by conditional averaging techniques. This average signature is consistent with the hairpin vortex signature defined by Adrian and co-workers: circular streamlines with a strong ejection of low-speed fluid away from the wall (a Q 2 event) just upstream of the vortex head. In addition, the spatial extent of these small-scale vortices appears to remain relatively cons...
Tick-Borne Tularemia: An Outbreak of Lymphadenopathy in Children

Between June 1 and July 15, 1984, twenty persons with glandular tularemia were identified on the Lower Brule and Crow Creek Indian reservations in South Dakota. The median age of the patients was 6 years (range, 2 to 20 years). The clinical illness was mild, consisting of fever, headache, and lymphadenopathy. All lymphadenopathy was in the head and neck area. Dermacentor variabilis ticks were identified as the vector. Although the mild clinical illness suggested Francisella tularensis , type B, was the agent, both type A and type B strains of F tularensis were isolated from ticks collected from dogs in the area. Tularemia is generally thought to be a severe systemic illness in North America. This outbreak illustrates that it can be a mild disease and that both type A and type B strains can be tick-borne and coexist in the same ecosystem. ( JAMA 1985;254:2922-2925)
Bragg Reflection of Water Waves in a Rectangular Channel

A series of corrugations on the bottom of a layer of water of otherwise uniform depth can have a cooperative effect on incident water waves. The phenomenon is well-known, called Bragg reflection or Bragg resonance. These effects on the normal modes of oscillation in a rectangular tank with corrugated bottom are studied using an asymptotic theory, and by developing an exact theory. The exact theory confirms the essential correctness of the asymptotic results for the slowly varying aspects of the motions. The rapidly varying components are, however, important to the flow near the boundaries. Higher order Bragg resonance, i.e. when the spacing of corrugations is an integer (greater than 1) multiple of half the water wavelength, is examined and the solution regimes (resonance tongues) are constructed using the exact theory.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The Structural Characteristics of Monologues in the Speech of Normal Children: Syntactic Nonconversational Aspects

The syntactic nonconversational features of monologue speech were investigated as a companion paper to Gallagher and Craig’s (1978) study of the semantic and conversational aspects of monologues. The monologue-dialogue language samples collected by Gallagher and Craig from nine normal subjects, three at Brown’s language stages I, II, and III, were analyzed syntactically. The original procedure consisted of the collection of a two-hour language sample from each child containing alternations of dialogue with the examiner and monologue produced during independent play. The results indicate that the syntactic categories that occurred in monologue speech were similar to those appearing in dialogue speech but the percentage frequencies differed. Monologue subsamples can be characterized syntactically as highly structured sequences of revision behavior reflecting a basic metalinguistic performative. The clinical implications of the naturally occurring analysis procedures observed are discussed.
An automated open field method.

A new automated apparatus for recording movement and rearing of rats in the open field method has been produced using electronic techniques. This equipment permits the evaluation of depressant and excitatory actions of drugs on the CNS. Having observed that the rat always supported itself against the walls of the chamber on rearing, automatic recording of this activity was developed.
Effects of dark storage and retail display on beef chuck and round muscles enhanced with ammonium hydroxide, salt, and carbon monoxide

The objective of this study was to determine the retail shelf stability of beef chuck and round muscles enhanced with ammonium hydroxide, salt, and carbon monoxide. A split plot design was used for each of 3 muscles [triceps brachii (TB), biceps femoris (BF), and rectus femoris (RF)] with 2 treatments (0 and 20% pump), 3 dark storage periods (1, 2, and 3 wk), and 3 replications in the whole plot and retail display period as the split plot. There were a total of 12 subprimals per treatment per dark storage period (n = 72 each). Individual steaks were cut to a thickness of 2.54 cm and packaged in a modified-atmosphere package (MAP). The TB was packaged in a high-oxygen MAP (80% oxygen, 20% carbon dioxide). The BF and RF were packaged in a low-oxygen MAP (100% carbon dioxide). At the completion of each dark storage period, steaks were subjected to 7 d of simulated retail display. Steaks were used for objective and subjective color measurements, total plate counts, and determination of retail purge and oxidation. For all muscles, total plate counts were always numerically greater in injected steaks. Triceps brachii steaks held in dark storage for 3 wk and displayed at retail for 4 or more days all exceeded 10(7) log of cfu/cm(2) for aerobic plate count. Biceps femoris and RF steaks packaged in a low-oxygen MAP had much lower bacterial counts, with levels below 4.2 log of cfu/cm(2), even after 7 d of retail display. Oxidation values for the TB were extremely high (ranging from 12.3 to 26.6), whereas the BF and RF had values that were much lower (< or =1.0 mg of malonaldehyde/kg of muscle), likely due to the oxidation occurring in a high-oxygen MAP for the TB. Enhanced TB steaks proved to have greater color stability (less discoloration) than nonenhanced TB steaks. In addition, the BF and RF (low-oxygen MAP) steaks had better color stability (more stable redness values) than TB (high-oxygen MAP) steaks, although TB steaks initially exhibited a brighter red color. Retail display life was enhanced by packaging in 100% carbon dioxide, and enhanced steaks exhibited greater color stability in retail display than control steaks.
Ecological Biogeography of the Terrestrial Nematodes of Victoria Land, Antarctica

The terrestrial ecosystems of Victoria Land, Antarctica are characteristically simple in terms of biologi cal diversity and ecological functioning. Nematodes are the most commonly encountered and abundant metazoans of Victoria Land soils, yet little is known of their diversity and distribution. Herein we present a summary of the geographic distribution, habitats and ecology of the terrestrial nematodes of Victoria Land from published and unpublished sources. All Victoria Land nematodes are endemic to Antarctica, and many are common and widely distributed at landscape scales. However, at smaller spatial scales, populations can have patchy distributions, with the presence or absence of each species strongly influenced by specific habitat requirements. As the frequency of nematode introductions to Antarctica increases, and soil habitats are altered in response to climate change, our current understanding of the environmental parameters associated with the biogeography of Antarctic nematofauna will be crucial to monitoring and possibly mitigating changes to these unique soil ecosystems.
Rehabilitation following surgical reconstruction of the hypoplastic thumb

Abstract Hypoplastic thumbs can be classified in a range from a small, normally functioning thumb to aplasia, with intervening gradations. Depending on the degree of thumb dysfunction, children will develop compensatory precision grasp patterns between the index and middle fingers. When reconstructive surgery is being planned, normal thumb functional milestones, associated anomalies, and parental expectations should be considered. Ideally, thumb reconstruction should be undertaken between the ages of 6–12 months to permit normal cortical imprinting and incorporation of the improved thumb in precision grasp. Once digital opposition occurs, thumb reconstruction, except pollicization, will be unsuccessful in converting this pattern to a thumb-digit opposition pattern, despite numerous therapy modalities. However, reconstruction of the hypoplastic thumb can reliably improve power grasp. Subsequent expectations from surgery must be carefully understood and explained to the family.
The Geometry of Separation Boundaries. II. Mathematical Formalism

This article is concerned with the mathematical proof that distillation boundaries correspond to locally longest residue curves. Perturbation theory and the implicit function theorem are used to provide an analytical relationship between neighboring trajectories while local congruence and a variety of limiting arguments are used to establish the relative distances between neighboring residue curves. The mathematical conditions on which this analysis is based include (1) The assumptions that trajectories are twice continuously differentiable and do not cross. (2) The comparison of neighboring trajectories that converge to the same stable node. (3) The existence and placement of a proper focal point. (4) Local congruence. While all of these assumptions and conditions are important, it is the existence and proper placement of a focal point and local congruence that are the keys to establishing relative distances between neighboring residue curves and, in turn, the main result that distillation boundaries are defined by locally longest trajectories from any unstable node to all reachable stable nodes. Wherever possible, geometric illustrations are used to clarify key concepts. 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 53: 1779– 1788, 2007
Hidden Characteristics of Effective Community College Teachers.

This article explores faculty viewpoints, values, and behavior regarding faculty student interaction in and outside of the classroom. The research is qualitative in nature, consisting of systematic observations of five effective community college faculty members interacting with students in the classroom, supplemented with open‐ended interviews of faculty. The results of the study validate earlier research on effective college teaching and suggest additional “hidden characteristics” that help to explain why some professors are particularly effective. These characteristics are significant in that they have not been previously reported. Attention is shifted away from just looking at a teacher's command of the subject, organizational skills, and rapport with students. Characteristics such as charisma and altruism also come into consideration, bringing forth the concept of teacher as messiah. For these faculty, teaching is more than an occupation; it's a dedication to leave the world a better place, an opport...
Validating Predictions from Climate Envelope Models

Climate envelope models are a potentially important conservation tool, but their ability to accurately forecast species’ distributional shifts using independent survey data has not been fully evaluated. We created climate envelope models for 12 species of North American breeding birds previously shown to have experienced poleward range shifts. For each species, we evaluated three different approaches to climate envelope modeling that differed in the way they treated climate-induced range expansion and contraction, using random forests and maximum entropy modeling algorithms. All models were calibrated using occurrence data from 1967–1971 (t1) and evaluated using occurrence data from 1998–2002 (t2). Model sensitivity (the ability to correctly classify species presences) was greater using the maximum entropy algorithm than the random forest algorithm. Although sensitivity did not differ significantly among approaches, for many species, sensitivity was maximized using a hybrid approach that assumed range expansion, but not contraction, in t2. Species for which the hybrid approach resulted in the greatest improvement in sensitivity have been reported from more land cover types than species for which there was little difference in sensitivity between hybrid and dynamic approaches, suggesting that habitat generalists may be buffered somewhat against climate-induced range contractions. Specificity (the ability to correctly classify species absences) was maximized using the random forest algorithm and was lowest using the hybrid approach. Overall, our results suggest cautious optimism for the use of climate envelope models to forecast range shifts, but also underscore the importance of considering non-climate drivers of species range limits. The use of alternative climate envelope models that make different assumptions about range expansion and contraction is a new and potentially useful way to help inform our understanding of climate change effects on species.
Extension of Coronal Structure into Interplanetary Space

The evolution of the solar corona and its imprint on the solar wind is investigated by comparing Ulysses radio occultation measurements of path-integrated electron density and density fluctuations in the heliocentric distance range of 21-32R(sub o) with simultaneous measurements of the solasr corona by the HAO Mauna Loa K-coronameter.
Remote terminal emulation in the procurement of teleprocessing systems

This paper addresses some of the problems which exist when benchmarking interactive computing. The teleprocessing workload may be emulated by a program running internal to the System Under Test (SUT), known as an internal driver or internal stimulator. The limitations of internal drivers are discussed, especially with respect to procurement testing. The use of live operators and tape loops are also discussed, but these are also limited techniques. The most attractive alternative is to employ another, external, computer system to emulate the teleprocessing workload; this approach is called remote terminal emulation. The emulation constraints are delineated; terms applicable to the process are defined, including: Remote Terminal Emulator (RTE), scenario, script, and scene. Ten RTE's, representative of current capabilities, are briefly described.
Pressurized Flow in a Mesostructured Silica Modified by Silane Groups

By applying a quasihydrostatic pressure, water or electrolyte solution can be compressed into a surface treated MSU-H mesoporous silica. Based on the pressure-volume curves, thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics of the pressurized flow are analyzed. For pure water based system, continuum theory explains the testing data quite well but fails to capture the rate effect. For electrolyte solution based system, the classic interface theory breaks down, probably due to the unique ion behaviors in the nanoenvironment.