cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pain and behavior

There seem to be two kinds of pain: fundamental “sensory” pain, the intensity of which is a direct function of the intensity of various pain stimuli, and “psychological” pain, the intensity of which is highly modifiable by such factors as hypnotism, placebos, and the sociocultural setting in which the stimulus occurs.Physiological, cognitive, and behavioral theories of pain each have their own view of the nature of the two kinds of pain. According to physiological theory and cognitive theory, “psychological” pain and “sensory” pain are both internal processes, with the former influencing the latter as central processes influence peripheral processes. According to behavioral theory, “sensory” pain is a reflex (a respondent) while “psychological” pain is an instrumental act (an operant). Behavioral theory claims that neither kind of pain is an internal process — that both are overt behaviors.Although both physiological theory and cognitive theory agree with common sense that pain is internal, they disagree with commonsense intuitions at other points. They are no better at explaining the subjective experience of pain than is behavioral theory. They have not generated treatments for pain that are superior to those generated by behavioral theory. There is no basis for the frequent claim by antibehaviorist philosophers and psychologists that behaviorism, because it cannot explain pain, is less capable of explaining mental phenomena than physiology or cognition.
Electromyographic Correlates of Experimentally Induced Stress in Diurnal Bruxists and Normals

Diurnal bruxists and normals were compared in responsiveness to stress and on psychological status. Results indicated that masseter EMG activity was significantly higher at rest for bruxists than normals, that bruxists responded differentially more to stress than normals, and that no significant differences were present between bruxists and normals on the psychological measures.
Fossils: The Key to the Past

Richard Fortey, 2002, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C., 232 p. (Softcover, $27.50) ISBN: 1-58834-048-1. Fossils: the Key to the Past was originally published over 20 years ago. With the third edition of this book comes some reorganization of chapters, but it remains a good introductory book for amateur paleontologists. Fortey states the goal of this book is “to stimulate the reader to further study and enjoyment of our geological legacy.” His goal is achieved with this easy to read book that is targeted for novice paleontologists with the scientific vocabulary kept to a minimum, excellent color plates, and discussions of some of the hot topics in paleontology. All these factors educate the readers and leave them longing to know more about climate change, mass extinctions, and how humans use and interpret fossils. This book is not written for most PALAIOS subscribers, but all paleontologists should think of this as a handy book for friends and family when they get tired of explaining to them what it is you do for a living. Give it as a gift or direct them to it, and maybe your friends will come back with some interesting questions about your profession instead of asking you the cliched question of “Have you been on any good digs lately?” Chapter 1, “Buried in the Rocks,” is a basic introduction to fossil preservation with an emphasis on soft-part preservation and trace fossils, and includes some helpful figures. Fortey covers the importance of taphonomy and why it is essential for paleontologists to recognize diagenetic features and fossil-preservation bias in their efforts to reconstruct the past. Fortey illustrates this point with the example of the Iguanodon being first reconstructed with its thumb on its nose. Chapter 2, “Setting the Stage: Time and Change,” is a brief history of early attempts …
The effect of exogenous δ-aminolaevulinate on rat liver haem and cytochromes

The activity of delta-aminolaevulinate synthetase is generally regarded as rate-limiting for hepatic haem biosynthesis. It has been suggested that cytochrome synthesis may also be regulated by changes in delta-aminolaevulinate synthetase activity. This hypothesis was studied by injecting product, delta-aminolaevulinate, into adult rats over a 4-240h period. The concentrations of hepatic mitochondrial cytochromes a, b, c and c(1) were unchanged by treatment with delta-aminolaevulinate, allylisopropylacetamide or phenobarbital. In control animals, total microsomal haem content equalled the sum of cytochromes b(5) plus P-450. After delta-aminolaevulinate administration the total amount of microsomal haem, measured as the pyridine haemochromogen, exceeded these components, indicating the formation of a ;free' haem pool. Haem synthesis does not appear rate-limiting for hepatic cytochrome synthesis in the adult rat.
Half a Century’s Experience With the Superior Cavopulmonary (Classic Glenn) Shunt

Background Five decades after its introduction, the Glenn shunt remains an integral step for patients undergoing single-ventricle palliation. We performed a longitudinal follow-up of the original cohort of patients who underwent Glenn shunt. Methods We performed a retrospective study of the original cohort of patients who underwent Glenn shunt at Yale between 1958 and 1988. Electronic medical records and chart review up to current era were used to collect data. Results Ninety-one patients underwent a Glenn shunt at an average age of 6.6 ± 2.5 years, of which 89 were classic Glenn shunts. Median overall survival was 43 years (range, 2 to 56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 39.5 to 46.5) while median survival from the Glenn shunt was 31.4 years (range, 0 to 45; 95% CI, 23.9 to 38.9). Forty-six patients died, 7 in the early postoperative period and 39 late deaths. Twenty-six patients were lost to follow-up. Nineteen patients remain alive with active clinical follow-up, 6 of whom still live with their classic Glenn shunt without conversion to bidirectional Glenn. Twenty-six patients (31%) developed pulmonary arteriovenous fistula with 11 patients (42%) requiring coil embolization. No patient developed thrombosis of the Glenn shunt. There were a total of 28 patients who developed arrhythmias, mostly in the tricuspid atresia group (n = 16), with the majority being atrial tachyarrhythmias (48%). Sixteen patients required permanent pacemaker placement for sinus node dysfunction. Conclusions The Glenn shunt continues to provide excellent staged palliation in single-ventricle patients and a bridge to two-ventricle repair. Arrhythmias and pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas were common among single-ventricle cohort. Quality-of-life evaluation of the surviving patients would be an important outcome measure for future investigation.
Polyglandular Autoimmune Diseases

Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes constitute a wide variety of disorders associated with the hypofunction of various endocrine organs, candidiasis and immunological abnormalities. Antibodies directed against various endocrine organs may be present. They have been subdivided into two major groups.
Diamond necklaces: perspectives on power and the language of "community"

The relationship between power and the language of "community" is considered through findings from research conducted in a clinic in which clinic personnel and women who used the clinic discussed their understanding of "community." Analysis of the data was informed by critical social theory such as the work of Foucault which was used to understand "community" as a place of oppression, while feminist theory was applied in order to understand "community" as a place of resistance. Women who used the clinic were created and defined consonant with clinic practices. The exercise of power was evident through the types of objectives pursued by the clinic, the establishment of power relations, the system of differentiation between clinic personnel and users, and the forms of institutionalization. Counter-discourses were also constructed that served as points of resistance. "Community" became a mechanism by which clinic users challenged various enactments of clinic power through their health care choices and the stories they shared among each other. Findings point to "community" as emphasizing boundaries and divisions rather than similarities and unity.
Evidence, Empathy, and Ethics: Lessons from Oral Histories of the Klan

Many contemporary oral histories are rooted in principles of progressive and feminist politics, particularly in a respect for the truth of each informant's life experiences and a quest to preserve the memory of ordinary people's lives. Feminist scholars have been in the forefront of efforts to elaborate these ideals as methodological principles, seeking ways to dissolve the traditional distinction between historian-as-authority and informant-as-subject and to create what the sociologist Judith Stacey calls "an egalitarian research process characterized by authenticity, reciprocity, and intersubjectivity between the researcher and her 'subjects.',"1 Such oral history practices have been designed primarily to study and record the lives of "people who, historically speaking, would otherwise remain inarticulate."2 From this tradition of history from the bottom up has come a rich and sensitive body of interviews with union organizers, feminist activists, civil rights workers, and others whose experience progressive and feminist scholars share and whose life stories and world views they often find laudable. Historians have paid less attention to the life stories of ordinary people whose political agendas they find unsavory, dangerous, or deliberately deceptive.3 Oral history is a particularly valuable source for rectifying this scholarly lacuna since rightwing, reactionary, and racial hate groups tend to be secretive and highly transient, limiting the availability and usefulness of traditional documentary sources. But
Effect of inosine on contractile force and high-energy phosphates in ischemic hearts.

SummaryThe effects of intravenously infused inosine on myocardial contractile force (MCF) and high-energy phosphate content were studied in 17 open-chest, pentobarbital-anesthetized mongrel dogs following occlusion of small branches of the left anterior descending and circumflex coronary arteries. In 7 dogs, MCF was measured using strain gauge arches sutured in the center of the ischemic area (IMCF), in the periphery of the ischemic area (PIMCF), and in a nonischemic area (NIMCF). After the arteries were ligated and IMCF had stabilized, an infusion of either 50 ml of 50 mM inosine or saline was begun at a rate of 10 ml/min. Inosine infusion produced increases in IMCF, PIMCF, and NIMCF of 32, 41, and 42% of preinfusion levels, respectively. In an additional 10 dogs, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate (CP) content of the ischemic myocardium was determined at intervals prior to and following coronary arterial occlusion, during which time either inosine (n = 5) or normal saline (n = 5) was in...
"CEO Family-Work Conflict, Decision Making Comprehensiveness, and Firm Performance"

The present study examines the relationship between CEO family-work conflict and firm performance in a sample of 99 CEOs from firms within the high technology industry. Drawing upon the conservatio...
Arteriovenous malformation embocure score: AVMES

Background Cerebral arteriovenous malformations (CAVMs) may be treated with microsurgery, radiosurgery, endovascular surgery, or a combination of these modalities. Grading scales are available to aid the assessment of curative risk for microsurgery and radiosurgery. No grading system has been developed to assess the curative risk of endovascular surgery. Objective To report our retrospective application of the AVM embocure score to patients treated at our institution between 2005 and 2011 Methods We performed a retrospective review of 39 patients with CAVM treated at our institution between 2005 and 2011 with the primary aim of achieving a curative embolization. After reviewing all the different variables associated with the conventional Onyx embolization technique for CAVMs, we identified the following as the most relevant characteristics influencing the chances for complete angiographic embolization and complication risk: the number of arterial pedicles and draining veins, size of AVM nidus, and vascular eloquence. We sought to develop a scoring system to assess the complication risk for a curative embolization of CAVM with liquid embolic Onyx (Covidien, Irvine, California, USA). We developed the AVM embocure score (AVMES). This scoring system ranges from 3 to 10 and is the arithmetic sum of the number of arterial pedicles feeding the AVM (≤3, 4–6, >6), the number of draining veins (≤3, 4–6, >6), the size of the AVM nidus in centimeters (≤3, 4–6, >6), and the vascular eloquence (0–1). We applied AVMES to the same cohort of patients and validated the predictability of complete angiographic embolization and expected clinical risk of complication. Results In lesions with an AVMES of 3 (n=8), there was a 100% rate of complete AVM obliteration and 0% rate of major complications. In AVMES 4 (n=12) lesions, there was 75% complete obliteration rate, with 8% major morbidity. In AVMES 5 (n=9) lesions, there was 78% complete obliteration and 11% major morbidity. In AVMES >5 (n=10) there was 20% complete obliteration and 30% major morbidity. Receiver-operator curve analysis showed that this scoring system was robust in its discriminative ability, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.8356 for complete obliteration without complication, AUC=0.8240 for complete obliteration regardless of the presence of major morbidity, and AUC=0.7529 for major morbidity. Conclusions The AVMES complements existing scoring systems for microsurgery and radiosurgery. It provides a valuable tool for risk assessment during the complex decision-making process in treating AVMs that accounts for angioarchitectural features of particular relevance to endovascular surgeons.
Imaging progress of quantitative diagnosis of fatty liver

In recent years, the incidence of fatty liver shows a rising trend due to the improvement of living standards and diet changes. Fatty liver is a benign pathological change, but in some cases it can progress to steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, even liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma, endangering seriously to life and health. Early diagnosis and treatment can make the fatty degenerative liver cells return to normal. Noninvasive method for quantitative diagnosis and follow-up efficacy of treatment is very important in clinical practice. In this paper, we reviewed the state-of-the art of ultrasound, CT and magnetic resonance imaging(including gradient dual echo T1 WI and magnetic resonance spectroscopy) in the quantitative diagnosis of fatty liver.
Analysis on Epidemiological Characteristics of Measles in Qingyuan during 2007-2009

[Objective]To understand the epidemiological characteristics of measles in Qingyuan during 2007-2009,provide the reference for making relevant countermeasures of measles control and elimination.[Methods]The report data from measles monitoring system in Qingyuan during 2007-2009 were analyzed with descriptive epidemiology. [Results]During 2007-2009,among 1094 suspected measles cases reported in Qingyuan,there were 334,666 and 94 cases in 2007,2008 and 2009 respectively,and the annual reported incidence rate was 8. 59 /lakh,16. 89 / lakh and 2. 33 / lakh respectively. 756 cases occurred during peak season which was from April to July,accounted for 69. 10% of total cases. 83. 36% ( 912) of total cases was children and youth aged 0 ～ 18 years. Among 1094 suspected measles cases,11. 52% of them had MV immunization history,and 88. 48% of them had dubious immunization history or no vaccination records.[Conclusion]The routine immunization and supplementary immunization of MV should be improved further,timeliness and quality of MV should be enhanced,measles surveillance should be strengthened to prevent measles outbreaks. Meanwhile,the measles control and prevention among adults should be improved.
Adherence to time and temperature standards and food acceptability.

The objective of this study was to examine time and temperature of food under actual operating conditions during product flow, from procurement through service, and to seek relationships to the amounts of food consumed during the noon meal by children in Head Start early childhood developmental centers. A process flow model was developed for a conventional foodservice system such as that used in Head Start. The preparation and service of the lunch menus served to 101 3- to 5-year-old children in three centers were studied during a 3-week period for adherence to time and temperature standards. Weight of food consumed was measured and evaluated by a preference ratings panel for acceptability. Food was well accepted, was consumed by the children, and received very good adult preference panel ratings. The largest variations from the time standard were in processing-heating hot vegetables, while the greatest temperature variations were across all process steps for entrees. Deviations from recommended time and temperature standards for handling of milk were significantly correlated with lower consumption of milk.
Sea lamprey carcasses exert local and variable food web effects in a nutrient-limited Atlantic coastal stream

Resource flows from adjacent ecosystems are critical in maintaining structure and function of freshwater food webs. Migrating sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) deliver a pulsed marine-derived nutrient subsidy to rivers in spring when the metabolic demand of producers and consumers are increasing. However, the spatial and temporal dynamics of these nutrient subsidies are not well characterized. We used sea lamprey carcass additions in a small stream to examine changes in nutrients, primary productivity, and nutrient assimilation among consumers. Algal biomass increased 57%–71% immediately adjacent to carcasses; however, broader spatial changes from multiple-site carcass addition may have been influenced by canopy cover. We detected assimilation of nutrients (via δ13C and δ15N) among several macroinvertebrate families including Heptageniidae, Hydropsychidae, and Perlidae. Our research suggests that subsidies may evoke localized patch-scale effects on food webs, and the pathways of assimilation in streams are...
A Technique for Bladder Neck Reconstruction in Exstrophy: The Cinch

AbstractA surgical modification of the Young-Dees-Leadbetter procedure for bladder neck reconstruction is presented. The procedure uses a bladder muscle flap devoid of mucosa as a cinch to encircle and compress the reconstructed neourethra, increasing urethral resistance and helping to achieve continence in patients with bladder exstrophy. The operation combines the continence enhancing features of bladder neck narrowing, urethral elongation, cuff compression, sling suspension of the urethra and urethropexy. Of 10 patients who underwent an operation 6 are dry during the day and night, and they achieved continence relatively soon postoperatively.
Skin in the Game: Why Business Lawsuits Get Third-Party Funded

An archetypal example of the principal-agent relationship is that between an attorney and her client. Deciding how to best ensure that lawyers play by the rules has become ever more difficult as the American legal profession evolves. One profound change, particularly in commercial litigation, has been the decoupling of legal services from the capital necessary to provide them. Such separation gave birth to the nascent market where third parties, in hope of a profit, provide litigants or litigators with means to see their case through. Drawing from multiple normative and empirical sources, this paper examines the tripartite relationship among the litigant, the lawyer, and the funder, with each party assumed to have an independent agenda. The focus here is on incentives. The paper examines why third-party financiers seek law firms as allies; why corporate litigants may want to “outsource” their disputes; and how the push towards alternative fee arrangements and the bundling of litigation representations by risk-averse law firms aligns them with financiers. The main claim of the paper is that the changing realities of legal practice create lasting attorney-funder alliances. In effect, among a funder, a friendly law firm, and the client circle of such firm, there is not one attorney-client-funder triangle, but many; and they all revolve around the common link between the two repeat-players. The emergence of “litigation funding cones” impacts the attorney-client relationship. The paper argues that in third-party funded litigation, the attorney-funder bond, often informal and confidential, may leave represented litigants in a vulnerable position. Such vulnerability is unlikely to be adequately addressed solely by contract. Therefore, clear rules are required to promote disclosure of behind-the-scenes players and minimize conflicts of interest.
Enantioselective Syntheses of 10B-Enriched L- and D-Carboranylalanine and Their Radiobiological Evaluation in V-79 Chinese Hamster Cells

The single greatest impediment to widespread clinical use of BNCT is the development of boron compounds that deliver large amounts of boron to the tumor, are highly tumor selective while clearing from normal tissues and blood, and which have acceptably low systemic toxicity. Boronated amino acids represent one potentially useful approach to meeting these requirements. While BPA possesses some of these very desirable characteristics, its single boron atom and lack of significant aqueous solubility requires that very large doses of the fructose complex be administered to achieve minimal acceptable tumor boron and tumor:normal tissue ratios. Amino acids bearing the polyhedral carbo-rane cage represent a potential source of compounds which, either in and of themselves or in a small tumor-seeking peptide, might provide alternatives to BPA. The carborane analog of phenylalanine, carboranylalanine or Car, has received special attention in this regard. First synthesized by Zakharkin et al.1 and by Brattsev and coworkers2 and later by Soloway’s group as the racemic mixture,3 Car has more recently been prepaid stereoselectively.4, 5, 6 Our group was the first to publish a truly stereoselective method of preparation by which both enantiomers could be made available.7 Beginning with allyl-o-carborane and following an oxazolidinone approach pioneered by Evans et al.,8 the 6 step synthesis produced either L- or D-Car in about 34% overall yield.
Politics and Science

We cannot begin to deal with the question of whether or not we can have a “science of international politics,” or with such related questions as whether or not history is a science, unless we first make clear the concept of science we have in mind when we ask the question. For the word “science” often means nothing more than systematic knowledge, and in that sense, we must give a positive answer to the question. For I should be hard-pressed to justify why it is I am here giving a series of lectures and why you are spending your time listening to them, unless I felt that something in the way of systematic knowledge could be transmitted. In this very loose sense, then, I should certainly say that a science of international politics is possible and that, indeed, we already have something of one.
Technology: Asia's space race

Greater global cooperation is needed to avert the risk of further militarization, says James Clay Moltz.
Patent and Copyright Term Extension and the Constitution: A Historical Perspective

The U.S. Constitution provides that patents and copyrights may only be granted "for limited Times." This article analyzes the constitutionality of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998 (CTEA) in light of the long history of congressional extensions of patents and copyrights.
JOURNAL CLUB: Utility of Repeat Core Needle Biopsy of Musculoskeletal Lesions With Initially Nondiagnostic Findings.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of the present study is to assess the utility of repeat image-guided core needle biopsy (CNB) of musculoskeletal lesions in the setting of initially nondiagnostic CNB findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A retrospective review was conducted of 1302 consecutive CNBs performed on bone or soft-tissue lesions at a single institution. Pediatric cases and spine lesions were not included. All cases for which a repeat biopsy of the same lesion was performed because biopsy results were nondiagnostic were included in the study. Tumor characteristics, such as lesion size and type (i.e., bone vs soft tissue), were correlated with the diagnostic yield on repeat biopsy. Technical factors, including the modality used, the number of passes performed, the gauge of the biopsy device, the time between biopsies, the radiologist performing the procedure, and the portion of the lesion biopsied, were also correlated. RESULTS. Twenty-six of the 1302 CNBs (2.0%) performed had been referred for repeat biopsy. A ...
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: Immune protein expression and clinical outcomes.

124Background: The immune microenvironment is emerging as an important prognostic factor with potential therapeutic targets for various malignancies. Although programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) have been studied in some tumor types, significance of their expression in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) is largely unknown. Methods: Tissue microarrays at an academic tertiary care center were constructed from pathology files from 1996 to 2016. Immunohistochemistry for PD-L1 and IDO was performed and correlated with tumor size, mitoses, and clinical outcomes. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were counted using image analysis software. Results: 131 GISTs were analyzed. Median patient age was 64 years (range 30-89); 51.1% were male. Tumor location included 89 stomach (67.9%), 34 small bowel (26.0%), 4 colorectal (3.1%), and 4 other (3.1%). Median follow-up was 58 months. Mean tumor size was 5.6±4.5cm, range 0.5 to 24; mean mitoses were 7.2/50HPF. 19 (14.5%) metasta...
Terminal Maturation of Orthochromatic Erythroblasts Is Impaired in Burn Patients

Mechanisms of erythropoietin (Epo)-resistant anemia in burn patients are poorly understood. We have recently found that administering a nonselective beta 1,2-adrenergic blocker propranolol (PR) was effective in reversing myelo-erythroid commitment through MafB regulation and increase megakaryocyte erythrocyte progenitors in burn patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-derived ex vivo culture system. Having known that Epo-dependent proliferation of early erythroblasts is intact after burn injury, here we inquired whether or not Epo-independent maturation stage of erythropoiesis is affected by burn injury and the relative role of PR on late-stage erythropoiesis. While majority of erythropoiesis occurs in the bone marrow, maturation into reticulocytes is crucial for their release into sinusoids to occupy the peripheral circulation for which enucleation is vital. peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from burn patients were extended beyond commitment and proliferation stages to late maturation stage in ex vivo culture to understand the role of PR in burn patients. Burn impedes late maturation of orthochromatic erythroblasts into reticulocytes by restricting the enucleation step. Late-stage erythropoiesis is impaired in burn patients irrespective of PR treatment. Further, substituting the microenvironment with control plasma (homologous) in place of autologous plasma rescues the conversion of orthochromatic erythroblasts to reticulocytes. Results show promise in formulating interventions to regulate late-stage erythropoiesis, which can be used in combination with PR to reduce the number of transfusions.
Production of Cellulose Nanofibrils and Their Application to Food: A Review

Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) are one type of nanostructured cellulosic materials with a width below 100 nm and a length of several micrometers. CNFs have many desirable characteristics, such as a unique rheological behavior, high mechanical and barrier properties, and lightweight. They are produced from cotton, wood, grasses, and other lignocellulosic biomass. Thus, CNFs are abundantly available and can be a cheap alternative to petroleum-based polymers. Manufacturing of CNFs consists of pretreatment process and mechanical disintegration process. The pretreatment process makes cellulose fibers more responsive to be fibrillated, and pretreated fibers are mechanically disintegrated into nano-sized fibers in the next stage. Moreover, the type of raw materials can be a principal factor that affects CNFs production and properties. In this chapter, we reviewed the production, characterization, and the current applications of nanocellulose for food industries, such as food additives, food packaging, and coating.
The pharyngovertebral veins: an anatomical rationale for Grisel's syndrome.

Non-traumatic subluxation of the atlanto-axial joint following peripharyngeal inflammation (Grisel's syndrome) has been attributed to laxity of the transverse ligament caused by hyperemia, but a satisfactory anatomical rationale for the association of these conditions has been lacking. Injection of the cervical epidural sinuses of a series of human perinatal cadavera showed retrograde filling of a previously undescribed system of veins with frequent lymphovenous anastomoses. This system appears to drain the posterosuperior pharyngeal region. Clinical Relevance: Because of their direct connection with the periodontoidal venous plexus and the suboccipital epidural sinuses, the pharyngovertebral veins may provide a hematogenous route for the transport of peripharyngeal septic exudates and neoplastic cells to the upper cervical spinal structures and provide an anatomical explanation for the atlanto-axial hyperemia of Grisel's syndrome.
Is There a Buddhist Philosophy of Nature

One of the most common and enduring stereotypes in environmental literature is the idea that Eastern religions promote a sense of harmony between human beings and nature. On the other side of the stereotype stand the religions of the West, promoting the separation of human beings and nature and encouraging acts of domination, exploitation, and control. Roderick Nash gave classic expression to this contrast when he said: “Ancient Eastern cultures are the source of respect for and religious veneration of the natural world” and “In the Far East the man—nature relationship was marked by respect, bordering on love, absent in the West.”1 Y. Murota drew a similar contrast between Japanese attitudes toward nature and the attitudes he felt are operative in the West: “the Japanese view of nature is quite different from that of Westerners... For the Japanese nature is an all-pervasive force... Nature is at once a blessing and a friend to the Japanese people... People in Western cultures, on the other hand, view nature as an object and, often, as an entity set in opposition to mankind.”2
Structure Development in Side Group Liquid Crystalline Diblock Copolymers

In side-chain liquid crystalline diblock polymers, driving forces for ordering of the material may be provided by the chemical incompatibility between the blocks and the liquid crystalline nature of one of the blocks. We study the microstructure and its development from initially isotropic solutions in side group liquid crystalline copolymers based on styrene-isoprene diblocks. Hierarchical structure from the 5 A to the 500 A length scale is observed, the product of coherent block copolymer microphase separation and liquid crystalline mesophase formation. The development of structure in these materials is discussed
Clinical Subpopulations in a Sample of North American Children Diagnosed With Acute Flaccid Myelitis, 2012-2016

Importance Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is an emerging poliolike illness of children whose clinical spectrum and associated pathogens are only partially described. The case definition is intentionally encompassing for epidemiologic surveillance to capture all potential AFM cases. Defining a restrictive, homogenous subpopulation may aid our understanding of this emerging disease. Objective To evaluate the extent to which the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) case definition of AFM incorporates possible alternative diagnoses and to assess the plausibility of a case definition that enriches the biological homogeneity of AFM for inclusion in research studies. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective case analysis of children younger than 18 years diagnosed as having AFM between 2012 and 2016 using the CDC case definition. Group 1 included patients recruited from the United States and Canada based on the CDC case definition of AFM. Group 2 included patients referred to the Johns Hopkins Transverse Myelitis Center for evaluation of suspected AFM. Patients’ records and imaging data were critically reviewed by 3 neurologists to identify those cases with definable alternative diagnoses, and the remaining patients were categorized as having restrictively defined AFM (rAFM). Clinical characteristics were compared between patients with rAFM (cases) and those with alternative diagnoses, and a case description distinguishing these AFM groups was identified. Interrater reliability of this description was confirmed for a subset of cases by a fourth neurologist. Data were analyzed between May 2017 and November 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures Proportion of patients with possible alternative diagnosis. Results Of the 45 patients who met the CDC AFM case definition and were included, the mean age was 6.1 years; 27 were boys (60%); and 37 were white (82%), 3 were Asian (7%), 1 was Hispanic (2%), and 4 were mixed race/ethnicity (9%). Of the included patients, 34 were classified as having rAFM, and 11 had alternate diagnoses (including transverse myelitis, other demyelinating syndromes, spinal cord stroke, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Chiari I myelopathy, and meningitis). Factors differing between groups were primarily asymmetry of weakness, lower motor neuron signs, preceding viral syndrome, symptoms evolving over hours to days, absence of sensory deficits, and magnetic resonance imaging findings. A case description was able to reliably define the rAFM group. Conclusions and Relevance We present an approach for defining a homogeneous research population that may more accurately reflect the pathogenesis of the prototypical poliomyelitis-like subgroup of AFM. The definition of rAFM forms a blueprint for inclusion criteria in future research efforts, but more work is required for refinement and external validation.
Experimentally validated models for falling-film absorption around microchannel tube banks: Hydrodynamics

Abstract Internally cooled horizontal tube banks are widely used as absorbers in thermally driven heat pumps. Recent visualization studies have revealed several flow structures such as formation, detachment, and impact of droplets, and the resulting waves and film disturbances, which can affect the liquid mixing and distribution, and consequently affect the heat and mass transfer rates. A hydrodynamic model of flow over microchannel tube banks that addresses these flow structures is presented in this paper. Droplet-mode flow is modeled by considering representative primary droplets, evolving at specific droplet formation sites on each tube row. The spreading of liquid over the tube surface is modeled by considering three regions: the Feed region, the Spread region, and the Inactive region. Various droplet and film characteristics, such as droplet spacing and evolution time, film thickness and spreading, and tube wetting are also addressed. This hydrodynamic model can be coupled with a corresponding heat and mass transfer model to estimate the local absorption rates in the flow.
CT Myocardial Perfusion Imaging: Arterial First-Pass Imaging

The high pace of technological innovations in cardiac CT has extended its reach to the evaluation of ischemic cardiomyopathy, enabling pharmacological stress myocardial CT perfusion imaging. This extension promises to cover one of the traditionally weaker flanks of cardiac CT: the specificity and positive predictive value in the detection of hemodynamically significant stenoses. Furthermore, diagnostic accuracy in the assessment of stent patency and severely calcified coronary trees may be increased. Future clinical studies will have to address the differences between static and dynamic acquisition protocols, as the former cannot provide fully quantitative data but come at considerably lower radiation doses.
CONFIDENCE BOUNDS FOR PROPORTION OF IN UNBALANCED TWO-WAY CROSSED MODELS

Consider the two-way crossed components of variance model given by Y ijk = μ + A i + B j + E ijk (i=1,2,…a; j=1,2,…b; k=1,2,…n ij ≥o) where A i , B j and E ijk . are unobservable independent normal random variables with means zeros and variances σ 2 A , σ 2 B and σ 2 E respectively. In this paper procedures for finding confidence bounds on ρ E = σ E 2 /(σ A 2 +σ B 2 +σ E 2 ) are derived. The performance of the bounds are evaluated by conducting a simulation study.
In Situ Measurement of Thermal Strain Development in 420 Stainless Steel Additive Manufactured Metals

Metal components fabricated through additive manufacturing processes generally require post-processing in the form of thermal treatments in order to relieve residual stresses or facilitate development of a desired microstructure. In this work, the thermal strain response of multiple variations of 420 stainless steel made using a laser-powder bed fusion were probed during a low temperature (315 °C) heat treatment. Surface strains in both the build plane and build direction were measured in situ during the thermal cycle using a three-dimensional digital image correlation method. The effect of specimen build parameters on the thermal expansion coefficients and relief of residual strains are presented. Results show that specimens with lower layer build heights produced both slightly higher thermal expansion coefficients and higher degrees of strain relief after the thermal cycle. The addition of niobium and molybdenum content was also found to reduce the coefficient of thermal expansion and lower the strain relief found after the low temperature cycle.
Treating Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): The Impact of Historical Environmental Context on Healthcare Perceptions and Decision-Making in Charleston, South Carolina.

Introduction: Over 400,000 slaves were taken from Africa and brought to Charleston, South Carolina, as part of the transatlantic slave trade during the 18th and 19th centuries. Due to these negative historical events, the healthcare of African Americans in Charleston may be compromised in regard to chronic illnesses and other conditions affecting minorities, such as lupus. Materials and Methods: The current study used an ethnographic approach to obtain the perspectives of lupus patients with the goal of identifying gaps within current research. In addition to patient perspectives, the geographical location of Charleston, South Carolina was considered through inquiries around culture, community, advocacy, and client/patient interaction to establish a narrative for the themes that emerged. Results: The eleven major themes identified were connectedness, knowledge, experience with lupus, compliance, clinical trial participation, career and planning for the future, visits, access to resources, lifestyle, transition from child to adult care, and an overarching theme of self-management. Conclusion: Understanding healthcare perceptions and decision-making among culturally diverse populations, particularly those who have been defined by centuries of substandard care, marginalization, exploitation, and distrust, is critical to the development of culturally tailored interventions designed to improve patient outcomes and reduce health disparities.
Tobacco smoke exposure enhances reward sensitivity in male and female rats.

Systemic administration of the tobacco smoke constituent nicotine stimulates brain reward function in rats. However, it is unknown if the inhalation of tobacco smoke affects brain reward function. These experiments investigated if exposure to smoke from high-nicotine SPECTRUM research cigarettes increases reward function and affects the rewarding effects of nicotine in adult male and female Wistar rats. Reward function after smoke or nicotine exposure was investigated using the intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) procedure. A decrease in reward thresholds reflects an increase in reward function. In the first experiment, the rats were exposed to tobacco smoke for 40 min/day for 9 days, and the rewarding effects of nicotine (0.03–0.6 mg/kg) were investigated 3 weeks later. In the second experiment, the dose effects of tobacco smoke exposure (40-min sessions, 1–4 cigarettes burnt simultaneously) on reward function were investigated. Tobacco smoke exposure did not affect the nicotine-induced decrease in reward thresholds or response latencies in male and female rats. Smoke exposure lowered the brain reward thresholds to a similar degree in males and females and caused a greater decrease in latencies in females. There was a positive relationship between plasma nicotine and cotinine levels and the nicotine content of the SPECTRUM research cigarettes. Similar smoke exposure conditions led to higher plasma nicotine and cotinine levels in female than male rats. These findings indicate that tobacco smoke exposure enhances brain reward function but does not potentiate the rewarding effects of nicotine in male and female rats.
Fabrication of robust poly l-lactic acid/cyclic olefinic copolymer (PLLA/COC) blends: study of physical properties, structure, and cytocompatibility for bone tissue engineering

Abstract Poly ( l -lacticacid) (PLLA) is an FDA approved material for bone tissue engineering but its inherent brittleness and low melting ability are major challenges for its large-scale commercial applications. This challenge can be overcome by making its blends. This study reports blends of PLLA with a relatively new class of polymer i.e. cyclic olefinic copolymer and their miscibility, thermal behavior, morphology, crystallinity, degradability, and excellent biocompatibility is evaluated. Blends were prepared by taking 5–30 weight percent COC with PLLA matrix using solvent casting method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that PLLA/COC form miscible blends up to 5–20 wt% of COC. FTIR, XRD, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data showed that addition of COC to PLLA resulted in decrease in crystallinity along with formation of new α′-crystalline phase which coexists with inherent α-phase of PLLA in the blends. The transformation of α′-form is due to the presence of Van der Waals forces of interactions of the polymer chain moieties between PLLA and COC. Interestingly, PLLA/COC blends exhibited superior mechanical properties in relation to the pure PLLA. Compressive modulus values for PLLA/COC 10wt% increased 117% as compared to pure PLLA. PLLA/COC blends at 10 wt% have maximum ultimate tensile strength, modulus, and toughness ~ 123%, 67.8% and, 18.87% respectively. PLLA/COC blends showed increased swelling and degradation results as compared to PLLA. PLLA/COC blends exhibited excellent cytocompatibility over PLLA with preosteoblast (MC3T3-E1) and bone marrow stem cells (BMSc) cell lines suggesting possible candidate for Bone Tissue Engineering.
Firm performance under the COVID-19 pandemic: The case of the U.S. textile and apparel industry

The COVID-19 pandemic is a public health crisis that has triggered a global economic recession. We investigated COVID-19’s effect on firm performance through the case of the U.S. textile and appare...
Das Simplexverfahren, eine geometrische Interpretation

Wir haben bisher gezeigt, dass die Menge der Optimallosungen eines linearen Programms, falls es eine solche gibt, eine Seitenflache des dazugehorigen Polyeders ist. Dieses Ergebnis konnte verscharft werden, indem man zeigte, dass bei spitzen Polyedern das Optimum — wenn es existiert — stets in einer Ecke angenommen wird. Wir wollen nun ein Verfahren entwerfen, das lineare Programme uber spitzen Polyedern lost, indem es eine optimale Ecke findet oder feststellt, dass keine optimale Ecke existiert.
The Abnormal Biopsy

The importance of recognition of histological artifacts that can be confused with pathological abnormalities cannot be overemphasized. These artifacts may be induced by cutting or suction trauma during removal of the biopsy specimen, by the presence of Brunner glands or of lymphoid hyperplasia, or by the failure to orient biopsy specimens so that the sections are obtained parallel to crypts and villi (Figure 5-1).1,2 How to recognize artifacts in light microscopy sections has been discussed in Chapter 2. It is discussed further at the end of this chapter in the section dealing with the normal histology of the duodenal bulb.
Power system and energy storage models for laser integration on naval platforms

High power solid state laser systems are being developed for advanced weapons and sensors for a variety of Department of Defense applications including naval surface combatants. The transient power and cooling requirements of these emerging technologies present significant challenges to the electric power distribution and thermal management systems, particularly for applications requiring back fit of the new systems onto existing platforms with limited electric power generation and cooling capacities. The University of Texas Center for Electromechanics (UT-CEM) and the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) have collaborated in the development of simulation models of ship power systems to evaluate and help guide the integration of pulsed laser loads onto existing ship platforms. Key to the success of these efforts is the definition of a suitable energy storage system to handle the effect of the transient load. This paper reports on the progress of detailed MatLab/Simulink models of a destroyer class ship service electric power distribution system that have been developed to evaluate the performance of battery, flywheel, and capacitor energy storage in support of laser weapons. The models allow the user to develop comparative studies of the three energy storage systems in regard to several relevant metrics that can be used for their discrimination. Examples of some of these results based on the simulations are given.
Fool Me Once, Fool Me Twice: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy with Aortic Stenosis

studies, including a complete blood count, basic metabolic panel, b-type natriuretic peptide level (35 pg/mL), and troponin level (0.01 ng/ML), were also unremarkable. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) revealed hyperdynamic left ventricular systolic function with an ejection fraction of 74% and asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy. The aortic valve had 3 severely calcified cusps. In addition, the mitral valve exhibited severe systolic anterior motion, and the peak left ventricular outflow tract gradient was 64 mmHg. Mild posterolaterally-directed mitral valve regurgitation was evident. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) confirmed the presence of systolic anterior motion, a left ventricular outflow tract gradient of up to 65 mmHg, and asymmetric hypertrophy of the basal interventricular septum at 1.65 cm (Figure 1). The aortic valve area was 1.5 sq cm by planimetry.
Drug patent settlements between rivals: a survey

This survey provides a detailed account of patent settlements reached between brand-name drug companies and their generic rivals over the past fourteen years, and the antitrust suits and investigations initiated in response. Thirty settlements of patent litigation involving twenty drugs fall within the scope of the study. Three patterns emerge from the data. First, antitrust activity in this area has continued to expand, including more than a dozen pending antitrust suits and agency investigations. Second, repeat players have emerged. Third, settlements have grown more sophisticated, particularly through the emergence of a second wave of settlements that avoids the mistakes of the first wave.For an updated analysis based upon this survey, drawing upon a new dataset of 143 brand-generic settlements, see An Aggregate Approach to Antitrust: Using New Data and Rulemaking to Preserve Drug Competition, Columbia Law Review (2009), http://ssrn.com/abstract=1356530.