cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Escape of magnetic toroids from the Sun

Analysis of heliospheric magnetic fields at 1 AU shows that 10(exp 24) Mx of net azimuthal flux escapes from the Sun per solar cycle. This rate is consistent with rates derived from other indicators of flux escape, including coronal mass ejections and filament eruptions. The toroidal flux escape rate is compared with the apparent rate of flux emergence at the solar surface, and it is concluded that escaping toroids will remove at least 20% of the emerging flux, and may remove as much as 100% of emerging flux if multiple eruptions occur on the toroids. The data imply that flux escapes the Sun with an efficiency far exceeding Parker's upper limit estimate of 3%. Toroidal flux escape is almost certainly the source of the observed overwinding of the interplanetary magnetic field spiral. Two mechanisms to facilitate net flux escape are discussed: helicity charging to push open the fields and flux transport with reconnection to close them off. We estimate the Sun will shed approximately 2 x 10(exp 45) of magnetic helicity per solar cycle, leading to a mean helicity density of 100 Mx(exp 2)cm(exp -3) at 1 AU, which agrees well with observations.
Iatrogenic aortopulmonary communications after transcatheter interventions on the right ventricular outflow tract or pulmonary artery: Pathophysiologic, diagnostic, and management considerations

Objectives To investigate the spectrum, etiology, and management of traumatic aortopulmonary (AP) communications after transcatheter interventions on the pulmonary circulation. Background An iatrogenic AP communication is an unusual complication after balloon pulmonary artery (PA) angioplasty or stenting, or transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement (TPVR). However, with the increasing application of transcatheter therapies for postoperative PA stenosis and right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) dysfunction, including percutaneous pulmonary valve replacement, consideration of the etiology, diagnosis, and management of this problem is important for interventional cardiologists performing such procedures. Methods and Results We present three new cases, as well as gross anatomy and histopathology data, related to AP communications after PA interventions. We also review the literature relevant to this topic. Including these new cases, there have been 18 reported cases of iatrogenic AP communication after transcatheter interventions on the PAs or RVOT, primarily patients with transposition of the great arteries who underwent PA angioplasty after an arterial switch operation, or after TPVR in patients who had undergone a Ross procedure. The likely cause of such defects is PA trauma plus distortion of the neo-aortic anastomosis resulting from angioplasty or stenting of the RVOT or central PAs, with subsequent dissection through the extravascular connective tissue and into the closely adjacent vessel through the devitalized tissue at the anastomosis. Conclusions Cardiologists performing PA or RVOT interventions should be aware of the possibility of a traumatic AP communication and consider this diagnosis when confronted with suggestive signs and symptoms. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role of Exogenous and Endogenous Hormones in Endometrial Cancer

: Endometrial carcinoma is the most common cancer of the female reproductive organs in the United States. International comparisons reveal that the incidence of endometrial cancer vary widely between different countries with the highest rates observed in North America and Northern Europe, intermediate rates in Eastern Europe and Latin America, and lowest rates in Asia and Africa. International variation in endometrial cancer rates may represent differences in the distribution of known risk factors, which include obesity, postmenopausal estrogen replacement, ovarian dysfunction, diabetes mellitus, infertility, nulliparity, and tamoxifen use. Most of the risk factors for endometrial cancer can be explained within the framework of the unopposed estrogen hypothesis, which proposes that exposure to estrogens unopposed by progesterone or synthetic progestins leads to increased mitotic activity of endometrial cells, increased number of DNA replication errors, and somatic mutations resulting in malignant phenotype. Although the impact of exogenous hormone replacement was intensively studied during the last two decades, less is known about the effects of endogenous hormones in endometrial cancer. A review of available experimental, clinical, and epidemiologic data suggests that in addition to estrogens, other endogenous hormones, including progesterone, androgens, gonadotropins, prolactin, insulin, and insulin-like growth factors, may play a role in the pathogenesis of different histopathologic types of endometrial cancer.
Synthesis and optical behaviors of 6-seleno-deoxyguanosine

We have developed a simple method to synthesize 6-seleno-2′-deoxyguanosine (SedG) by selectively replacing the 6-oxygen atom with selenium. This selenium-atom-specific modification (SAM) alters the optical properties of the naturally occurring 2′-deoxyguanosine (dG). Unlike the native dG, the UVabsorption of SedG is significantly influenced by the pH of the aqueous solution. Moreover, SedG is fluorescent at the physiological pH and exhibits pH-dependent fluorescence in aqueous solutions. Furthermore, SedG has noticeable fluorescence in non-aqueous solutions, indicating its sensitivity to environmental changes. This is the first time a fluorescent nucleoside by single-atom alteration has been observed. Fluorescent nucleosides modified by a single atom have great potential as molecular probes with minimal perturbations to investigate nucleoside interactions with proteins, such as membrane-transporter proteins.
Modeling and analysis of intrinsic gate capacitance for carbon nanotube array based devices considering variation in screening effect and diameter

An accurate analytical model for intrinsic gate capacitance of carbon nanotube array based back-gated FET is proposed. The model accounts for electrostatic capacitive coupling between nanotubes as well as screening effect for any given number of nanotubes, their diameter, and pitch. Analysis using this model shows that as the number of nanotubes increases, although the overall electrostatic capacitance per nanotube decreases by up to 50%, the electrostatic capacitance becomes the dominant factor over the quantum capacitance. Furthermore, applicability of the proposed model in presence of practical fabrication process variations such as variation in diameter of carbon nanotubes is demonstrated using a probabilistic approach.
Pressure dependence of bubble departure diameter for water

Abstract Bubble departure diameters have been correlated for water over a wide range of pressures. The averaged deviation of the experimental data from the proposed correlation is approximately ±33% and is typical of most boiling correlations. Considering the variety of the natural surfaces used to obtain experimental data gathered from different sources, it may be noted that the correlation allows a fairly good representation of the available experimental water data.
Revisiting the Illiquidity Discount for Private Companies: A New (and “Skeptical”) Restricted-Stock Study

Data from restricted-stock studies are routinely used by business-valuation analysts and small-business appraisers to estimate discounts for lack of marketability, or DLOMs, which are then applied in the valuation of private companies. The rationale for the use of such DLOMs is that, even after an investor is compensated for the risk associated with holding an asset, an asset held unwillingly (due to illiquidity) must be worth less than if the asset were held by choice. But the same rationale can also be applied to the DLOM on riskless assets (such as Treasuries), and the evidence is consistent with a DLOM on such assets of only about 2.5%. This in turn suggests that any DLOM larger than 2.5% amounts to a second round of discounting for risk (where the first round occurs in a DCF or similar core valuation). Discounting with conventionally measured DLOMs is likely to be redundant because liquidity or marketability is highly correlated with company size, and size is already an important determinant of discount rates. Existing evidence suggests that, before DLOMs are applied, real-world valuations of small businesses typically include discounts of as much as 50% for lack of size. And given that restricted-stock studies are routinely used to support DLOMs of 20% to 40%, the valuation discounts resulting from this procedure are likely to be much too large. In contrast to industry practice, the author's study of a large sample of private placements of equity produces evidence consistent with use of a DLOM no greater than 5% or 6%.
Ultra-fast plasma cleaning as a waste minimization tool and some applications in environmentally conscious manufacturing

Summary form only given, as follows. Plasmas have frequently been used in industry as a last step surface preparation technique in an otherwise predominantly wet-etch process. The limiting factor in the usefulness of plasma cleaning techniques has been the rate at which organic materials are removed. Recent research in the field of plasma chemistry has provided some understanding of plasma processes. By controlling plasma conditions and gas mixtures, ultra-fast plasma cleaning and etching is possible. With enhanced organic removal rates, plasma processes become more desirable as an environmentally sound alternative to traditional solvent or acid dominated process, not only as a cleaning tool, but also as a patterning and machining tool. In this paper, innovations in plasma processes are discussed including enhanced plasma etch rates via plasma environment control and aggressive gas mixtures. Applications that have not been possible with the limited usefulness of past plasma processes are now approaching the realm of possibility. Some of these possible applications are discussed along with their impact to environmentally conscious manufacturing.
The insulin receptor on activated immunocompetent cells

This article reviews the corpus of work on the activated T lymphocyte insulin receptor begun in the laboratory of Dr. Reubin Andres. It reviews the pharmacokinetic properties of the lymphocyte insulin receptor and the mechanisms by which the receptor is regulated on the cell. An immunobiologic role for insulin and its receptors is described. Lastly, a novel monokine responsible for fine regulation of the T lymphocyte insulin receptor is described which might be an important immunosuppressant molecule for future studies.
“iReporting” an Uprising: CNN and Citizen Journalism in Network Culture

This essay examines the increasing interdependence of television news organizations and citizen journalism, specifically focusing on CNN’s citizen journalist website called iReport. Using Tiziana T...
The uptake and elimination of 1,1,1-trichloroethane during and following inhalation exposures in rats☆☆☆

Abstract The pharmacokinetics of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TRI) was studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats in order to characterize and quantify TRI uptake and elimination by direct measurements of the inhaled and exhaled compound. Fifty or 500 ppm TRI was inhaled for 2 hr through a one-way breathing valve by unanesthetized rats of 325–375 g. Repetitive samples of the separate inhaled and exhaled breath streams, as well as arterial blood, were collected concurrently both during and following TRI inhalation and analyzed for TRI by gas chromatography. Respiratory rates and volumes were continuously monitored during and following exposure and were used in conjunction with the pharmacokinetic data to characterize profiles of uptake and elimination. TRI was very rapidly absorbed from the lung, in that substantial levels were present in arterial blood at the first sampling time (i.e., 2 min). Blood and exhaled breath concentrations of TRI increased rapidly after the initiation of exposure, approaching but not reaching steady state during the 2-hr exposures. The blood and exhaled breath concentrations were directly proportional to the exposure concentration during the exposures. Percentage uptake of TRI decreased 30–35% during the first hour of inhalation, diminishing to approximately 45–50% by the end of the exposure. Total cumulative uptake in the 50 and 500 ppm groups over the 2-hr inhalation exposures was determined to be 6 and 48 mg/kg body wt, respectively. By the end of the exposure period, 2.1 and 20.8 mg, respectively, of inhaled TRI was eliminated from rats inhaling 50 and 500 ppm TRI. A physiological pharmacokinetic model for TRI inhalation was utilized to predict blood and exhaled breath concentrations for comparison with observed experimental values. Overall, values predicted by the physiological pharmacokinetic model for TRI levels in the blood and exhaled breath were in close agreement with measured values both during and following TRI inhalation.
Ion beam irradiation in La2Zr2O7–Ce2Zr2O7 pyrochlore

Abstract Generally, zirconate pyrochlores do not experience a radiation-induced transformation from the crystalline-to-amorphous state, but rather disorder to a defect fluorite structure-type. Thus Gd2Zr2O7 has been proposed as a nuclear waste form for the immobilization of plutonium because of its radiation “stability”. In contrast, La2Zr2O7 can be amorphized by a 1.5 MeV Xe+ ion irradiation (∼5.5 dpa at room temperature), and the critical amorphization temperature is low (∼310 K). In this study we present data on ion beam irradiations of compositions in the solid solution: (La1−xCex)2Zr2O7 (x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 1). Ce is used as an analogue element for Pu because of similarities in charge and size. La2Zr2O7 can be amorphized by a 1.0 MeV Kr+ ion irradiation at 25 and 293 K at doses of ∼1.19 and ∼3.42 dpa, respectively, confirming that La2Zr2O7 is susceptible to ion irradiation-induced amorphization. With the addition of 10 mol% Ce in lanthanum–zirconate pyrochlore structure, no ion irradiation-induced amorphization has been observed at room temperature. The critical amorphization dose for (La0.9Ce0.1)2Zr2O7 at 25 K is ∼3.55 dpa, and with increasing Ce-content, a higher dose (∼5.20 dpa) is required to fully amorphize (La0.8Ce0.2)2Zr2O7 at 25 K. No amorphization occurred for Ce2Zr2O7 at 25 K at a dose of ∼7 dpa. These results suggest that the addition of Ce into the La2Zr2O7 structure increases the stability of the La2Zr2O7 waste form in a radiation environment, which may be attributed to the decreasing average radius of cations in the A-site, resulting from the smaller ionic radii of Ce3+ (0.114 nm) and Ce4+ (0.097 nm) as compared to La3+ (0.116 nm). An ion beam-induced anion-disordered pyrochlore was observed prior to the final transformation to a disordered fluorite structure. The local structural evolution upon ion irradiation was also investigated for Ce-doped La2Zr2O7 pyrochlores with different average A-site cation sizes and valence states using electron energy-loss spectrometry (EELS).
Nucleotide sequences of two hydrogenase-related genes (hypA and hypB) from Bradyrhizobium japonicum, one of which (hypB) encodes an extremely histidine-rich region and guanine nucleotide-binding domains.

Abstract Sequencing of a 1359-bp ( Nru I- Acc I) DNA fragment located approximately 5.2 kb downstream from the end of the hydrogenase structural genes of Bradyrhizobium japonicum revealed two open reading frames designated hypA and hypB , encoding polypeptides with predicted molecular masses of 12.3 and 32.8 kDa, respectively. Both hypA and hypB showed strong homology with other genes in hydrogenase-containing bacteria. Two ‘C-X-X-C’ motifs were contained in the deduced amino acid sequence of hypA , a motif that is present in all known products homologous to HypA. The deduced product of hypB contains an area remarkably rich in histidine residues at the N-terminus (24 histidines within a 39 amino acid stretch). The deduced HypB also contains GTP0-binding domains. We postulate that the product of hypB is involved in nickel binding and accumulation, and may utilize energy (GTP) to mobilize nickel for its subsequent incorporation into hydrogenase.
A study of ageing effect at elevated temperature of flexible silicon diodes integrated using conductive adhesives

Abstract A simple fabrication scheme of using silver-filled conductive tape to form flexible single crystalline Si–Pd Schottky diodes on a polymer substrate has been studied and reported previously. In this investigation, we studied the long term thermal stability of these flexible diodes on polymer annealed at 80 °C in open air for 1 year. The I–V characteristics of the diodes were measured periodically. We found that the barrier height of the Si–Pd diodes remained relatively unchanged at 0.795 eV ± 0.003 with an n-factor of 1.03 ± 0.03, and a series resistance of ∼110 Ω for diodes with a 950 μm diameter, which are almost identical to the values before annealing. The integrated structure stayed flexible to a similar curvature after 1 year. The stability of silver-filled conductive tape was investigated separately over the same period of time and under the same conditions. The resistance of two conductive tapes was found to quickly decrease from high initial values to significantly lower values, and remained constant over the course of the investigation. Based on these results, we conclude that this simple bonding technique of using conductive tape to fabricate flexible devices can be of useful value in practical applications.
Instrumental Needs For Hadamard Transform Spectrometry (HTS)

Hadamard transform spectrometry utilizes a spatial transform, described by Hadamard mathematics,' in order to gaina multiplex advantage similar to that seen in Fouier transform techniques. A Hadamard instrument can be thought ofto consist of five components: 1) optical separator (usually a grating), 2) Hadamard encoding mask, 3) post collectionoptics, 4) detector and 5) data processing (both hardware and software). Relevant qualities of each component willbe discussed below. Limitations in the current encoding masks and possible alternatives are noted.2. INTRODUCTION
Calculation of Potential Broadband Biologically Active and Thermal Solar Radiation above Vegetation Canopies

Abstract A spectral model was assembled and used to compute the potential solar irradiance in five broad bands, that is, ultraviolet-B (280320 nm in wavelength), ultraviolet-A (320400 nm), photosynthetically active (400700 nm), near infrared (7001500 nm), and far infrared (15004000 nm), above a green vegetation canopy defined by ground albedo. Starting from the spectral solar irradiance above the atmosphere, the spectral model calculates unweighted potential (clear-sky) direct, diffuse, and global irradiance over the total solar spectrum at the ground-level by considering molecular scattering, scattering and absorption by aerosols, and absorption by ozone, uniformly distributed gases, and water vapor. Broadband irradiances and atmospheric transmittances were determined by spectral integration of the predictions from the spectral model over the five spectral regions. The effects of solar position, altitude, column ozone, column water vapor, and turbidity in the lower atmosphere on the broadband atmosp...
Geological context of water‐altered minerals in Valles Marineris, Mars

[1] Greater than 15,000 km2 of the layered deposits within Valles Marineris are associated with water-altered minerals, yet their origin and history of alteration remain a mystery. There are numerous competing hypotheses for the formation of the interior layered deposits including aeolian, lacustrine, and volcanic. Recent orbiter spectroscopic data have indicated that water has played a role in their geological history. Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) measurements have revealed significant crystalline hematite-bearing deposits within Valles Marineris, typically related to interior layered deposits. These hematite deposits, found with a wide range of albedo values, are associated with relatively steep bedrock exposures but can also be seen downslope on flat surfaces where they may be a lag deposit. More recently, Observatoire la Mineralogie, l'Eau, les Glaces, et l'Activite (OMEGA) data have shown hydrated sulfates covering more than 13,000 km2 area of Valles Marineris. Sulfates are found in numerous topographic settings and geological units, but are typically located along the flanks of interior layered deposits and nearby low-lying floor units. Here we study the detailed morphologies of hematite and sulfate-bearing units such as mantled wall units, mass-wasting blocky deposits, massive floor deposits, and tectonically altered floor units. All of these terrains have diverse erosional styles and varied crater populations. In both hematite- and sulfate-bearing units, occasionally found in conjunction with one another, formation processes require contributions from water. The results indicate a wide range of diversity within an individual mineral class, between mineral classes, and also among morphological types. The diversity of geological settings and properties suggest that any single, unified formation mechanism is improbable.
The GUN4 protein plays a regulatory role in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis and chloroplast-to-nucleus signalling in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

Summary The GENOMES UNCOUPLED 4 (GUN4) protein is found only in aerobic photosynthetic organisms. We investigated the role of GUN4 in metabolic activities of the Mg branch of the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway and the plastid signal-mediated changes of nuclear gene expression in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In light, gun4 accumulates only 40% of the wild-type chlorophyll level. Light- or dark-grown gun4 mutant accumulates high levels of protoporphyrin IX (Proto), and displays increased sensitivity to moderate light intensities. Despite the photooxidative stress, gun4 fails to downregulate mRNA levels of the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis and the photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes (PhANGs). In contrast, upon illumination, the Proto-accumulating and light-sensitive chlD–1 mutant displays the expected downregulation of the same nuclear genes. Although chlD–1 and the wild type have similar GUN4 transcript levels, the GUN4 protein in chlD–1 is hardly detectable. Overexpression of GUN4 in chlD–1 modifies the downregulation of nuclear gene expression, but also increases light tolerance. Therefore, GUN4 is proposed to function in ‘shielding’ Proto, and most likely MgProto, by reducing reactivity with O2. Furthermore, GUN4 seems to be involved in sensing elevated levels of these photoreactive tetrapyrrole intermediates, and contributing to 1O2-mediated retrograde signalling, originating from chlorophyll biosynthesis.
The variable use on versus tu/vous for indefinite reference in Spoken French*

The subject clitic on has a surprising range of referential values, both indefinite and definite, that can be seen only when one examines the use of the pronoun in natural discourse. This paper proposes a partial typology of on derived from examples found in a socially-deverse corpus of Tourangeau French. The focus of the paper is on the variable use of on versus vous or tu as indefinite-genetic pronouns. The variation is partially constrained by a complex of linguistic, sociolinguistic, and partially discourse pragmatic factors. The saliency the speaker wishes to give to the referent apppears to be a key factor determining the probability of occurrence of the variants.
Role of glucagon as a contributor to glucose intolerance in acute and chronic uremia

Abstract It has been suggested that increased sensitivity to glucagon may contribute to glucose intolerance in uremia. In order to evaluate this possibility systematically, we have assessed the effect of glucagon on hepatic glucose outflow, formation of cAMP, and activation of adenylate cyclase by livers obtained from acutely and chronically uremic rats and their respective sham operated controls. Glucagon infused at rates of 6 ng/min/kg rat resulted in minimal and equivalent increases in hepatic glucose outflow and cAMP accumulation when livers from acutely uremic and control rats were perfused for 30 min. However, at glucagon infusion rates of 18 ng/min/kg, glucose efflux from perfused livers of acutely uremic rats was significantly reduced ( p p −8 to 10 −6 at equivalent rates in both groups. In livers from chronically uremic rats, glucagon infused at rates of 6 ng/kg/min significantly increased hepatic glucose outflow (32.5 ± 6.9 μmolg liver). However this was not greater than that of control animals (37.6 ± 9.2). Furthermore, cAMP accumulation was significantly lower ( p
The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy in Early Modern Europe

Desmond M. Clarke and Catherine Wilson (eds): The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy in Early Modern Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011, pp. xiv + 595, £85.00 (hb.). ISBN 978-0-19-955613-7. D...
Rethinking the Taiwanese minor marriage data: evidence the mind uses multiple kinship cues to regulate inbreeding avoidance

Abstract Natural experiments such as the Israeli Kibbutzim and Taiwanese minor marriages provide unique opportunities for testing the effects of childhood association on adult sexual attraction. Within these populations, early childhood association leads to the development of a sexual aversion, an effect first proposed by Edward Westermarck. However, recent analysis of Taiwanese minor marriages indicates that only the age at first association (an inverse index of childhood association) of the younger partner predicts marital fertility rates; the age at first association of the older partner does not. Although considered a puzzle, a recent model of human inbreeding avoidance can explain this pattern. This model suggests that the mind uses at least two kinship cues to regulate the development of sibling sexual aversions: (i) childhood coresidence duration, a default cue used mainly by younger siblings in detecting probable older siblings, and (ii) exposure to one's mother caring for a newborn, a cue only available to older siblings and reliable regardless of coresidence duration and, hence, age at first association. Thus, one reason that the age at first association of only the younger partner in minor marriages predicts fertility is that coresidence duration serves as a cue to siblingship mainly for younger partners; older partners use a different kinship cue not influenced by durations of association. When compared to data from psychological investigations of the effects of coresidence duration on opposition to sibling incest, the minor marriage data reveal an identical pattern providing converging lines of evidence that multiple kinship cues mediate sibling detection and inbreeding avoidance in humans.
Ethanol may stimulate or inhibit (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, depending upon Na+ and K+ concentrations

The influence of varying the ratios of [Na+]/[K+] on the effects of alcohol (500 mg/dl) on brain (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, using a commercial porcine enzyme preparation, showed that, generally, activity was stimulated by ethanol when [Na+] less than [K+], but inhibited when [Na+] greater than [K+] (with sum kept constant at 150 mM). In addition, when [Na+]/[K+] was 15/90 mM, representative of normal intracellular levels, ethanol (500 mg/dl) stimulated the porcine enzyme, but inhibited it when [Na+]/[K+] was 144/6 mM, representative of normal extracellular levels. Similarly, in freshly prepared enzyme from highly purified rat brain synaptic membranes, ethanol (100, 300, and 450 mg/dl) stimulated when [Na+]/[K+] was 15/88 mM (representing intracellular levels), but inhibited when [Na+]/[K+] was 142/4 mM (extracellular levels).
External voltage sources and tunnelling in quantum wires

We (re)consider in this paper the problem of tunnelling through an impurity in a quantum wire with arbitrary Luttinger interaction parameter. By combining the integrable approach developed in the case of quantum Hall edge states with the introduction of radiative boundary conditions to describe the adiabatic coupling to the reservoirs, we are able to obtain the exact equilibrium and non-equilibrium current. One of the most striking features observed is the appearance of negative differential conductances out of equilibrium in the strongly interacting regime g ≤0.2. In spite of the various charging effects, a remarkable form of duality is still observed. New results on the computation of transport properties in integrable impurity problems are gathered in the appendices. In particular, we prove that the TBA results satisfy a remarkable relation, originally derived using the Keldysh formalism, between the order T 2 correction to the current out of equilibrium and the second derivative of this current at T = 0 with respect to the voltage: this is the first direct link between the TBA approach out of equilibrium and the traditional Keldysh one
Relationships of psychotomimetic to anti-serotonin potencies of congeners of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25).

1. The psychotomimetic potency of 13 congeners of LSD-25 has been approximately determined in man. 2. With the exception of acetylation of the indole nitrogen, all the changes made in the LSD molecule reduced psychotomimetic potency. Bromination at carbon 2 caused the greatest inactivation. 3. High potency as a serotonin antagonist in isolated smooth muscle preparations was not correlated with high potency as a psychotomimetic. 4. The data do not support but do not disprove the “serotonin deficiency” hypothesis of the LSD psychosis.
Nonlinear Behavior of Woven Fabric Composites

This paper examines the non-linear elastic behavior of fabric composites. Three types of non linearity including the shear deformation of fill threads, the extensional deformation of the pure matrix regions and transverse cracking of the warp regions have been taken into considerations. The non-linear constitutive relation developed by Hahn and Tsai is adopted in this analysis and the fiber undulation and bridging models developed by Ishikawa and Chou are also applied. Results of the analysis for a glass 8 harness satin/polyimide composite compares remarkably well with the experimental stress-strain curve. The analyses also show that the nonlinear effects are less pronounced for fabrics assuming larger geometrical repeating length due to the increasing in fluence of the "bridging effect." As a result, both knee stress and strain increase with the geometrical repeating length.
Klinotaxis and rheotaxis in orientation of sharks toward chemical stimuli.

Abstract 1. 1. EEG and behavioral experiments on lemon sharks ( Negaprion brevirostris ) and nurse sharks ( Ginglymostoma cirratum ) demonstrate a marked sensitivity of these species to protein breakdown products, especially amino acids and amines. 2. 2. Initial responses of both species during chemical stimulation are stereotyped and similar. 3. 3. Subsequent orientation mechanisms differ. Those of Negaprion involve rheotaxis, while Ginglymostoma utilizes klinotaxis to a greater degree. 4. 4. Recognition of these differing orientation mechanisms appears to resolve some conflicting interpretations in the published observations on shark behavior.
Required scientific floating point arithmetic

Previous papers in computer arithmetic have shown that correct rounded floating point with good arithmetic properties can be attained using guard digits and careful algorithms on the floating point fractions. This paper combines that body of knowledge with proposed exponent forms that are closed with respect to inversion and detection and recovery of exponent under and over flow. In addition radix 2 is shown to be the only base radix meeting minimal variation of precision, a condition necessary for the safe use of floating point. An effort is made to establish objective criteria in answer to the question; "What is the best division of the computer word into exponent and fraction parts?". Combining the previous results allows a required scientific floating point arithmetic to be portrayed and compared with available arithmetics on current computers.
Histamine synthesis and degradation in the chick (Gallus gallus) and the rat (Rattus rattus).

Abstract 1. 1. Seven tissues from chicks (180 g body weight) and rats (100 g body weight) were examined for histamine and the enzymes histidine decarboxylase and histamine methyl transferase. 2. 2. The greatest histamine concentration was found in the stomach of both species. 3. 3. The tissue concentrations of histamine in the rat and chick could not be explained on the basis of the activity of the synthesizing and degradatory enzymes. 4. 4. Major species differences in enzyme activity were observed, with the chick values corresponding more nearly with reported literature values for the mouse and the guinea-pig than for the rat.
Dual electrochemical detector for liquid chromatography

Abstract Selectivity, sensitivity, and wide dynamic range are all displayed by the dual electrochemical detector for use with liquid chromatography. Exhibiting a linear range of about 105, it is, at the same time, capable of sensing sub-picomole quantities of certain species. Moreover, only those compounds which display electroactivity (oxidation or reduction) at the chosen potential(s) are detected. Two distinctive modes of operation are available with the dual detector. For compounds which overlap chromatographically, but have differing electrochemical formal potentials, the system offers an instrumental separation. For routine investigations, the system provides significant time reductions without causing proportionate increases in cost.
All-optical switching based on inverse Raman scattering in liquid-core optical fibers

We report on a new platform for all-optical switching based on inverse Raman scattering in liquids. Narrowband switching, which could be suitable for wavelength-division-multiplexed applications, is demonstrated using integrated liquid-core optical fiber infiltrated with both neat liquids (CCl4 and CS2) as well as an organic chromophore (β-carotene) dissolved in CCl4. Compared to standard glass optical fibers, these liquids have much larger Raman loss coefficients, which help reduce the pump power by at least an order of magnitude. Further improvements can be expected with the development of highly soluble organic compounds possessing large Raman cross sections.
Political Science in the International Field

Political science, like all other branches of social science, has, in the past century, become increasingly inductive in method. Attempts to deduce conclusions regarding the details of political organization and practice by speculative thought concerning the nature of man, of liberty, of authority, of society, and so on, have now largely ceased. In their place we have efforts to collect as much data as possible concerning actual forms of state organization and governmental methods, and efforts to analyze that data and discover therein the main lines of causation and the fundamental principles of politics. This is all a matter of common knowledge. It is, moreover, a change which most of us regard with approval. The reason for calling attention to it here, therefore, is principally to point out its effect upon the study of the international field by political scientists. There are several consequences which flow from the placing of political science upon the basis of inductive method. The consequence of which we think most frequently is that of rendering our conclusions more certain and secure, and of reducing as much as possible the element of subjective personal judgment therein. No less important, however, is the result that political
The effects of physostigmine on the response characteristics of the cat visual evoked potential

Steady—state pattern visual evoked potentials were recorded from the surface of the cat primary visual cortex before and after the intravenous administration of physostigmine, an agent that blocks the enzyme responsible for the breakdown of synaptically released acetylcholine. Under pentobarbital anesthesia, physostigmine increased the amplitude and changed the phase of the second response harmonic of the visual evoked potential, whereas the amplitude and phase of the fourth harmonic were not affected. These effects persisted for 15 to 45 minutes and were blocked by prior treatment with scopolamine or atropine. In addition, scopolamine or atropine administered 5 to 10 minutes after physostigmine returned the visual evoked potential to the baseline state. In comparison, when nitrous oxide was used, physostigmine caused a marked reduction in visual evoked potential amplitude, an effect that was reversed by subsequent atropine. These results indicate that the cholinergic system influences the visual evoked potential via a muscarinic pathway and that this influence is strongly affected by the anesthetic regimen used.
Baseline experience with Modified Mini Mental State Exam: The Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS).

The Modified Mini Mental State Exam (3MS) is widely used for screening global cognitive functioning, however little is known about its performance in clinical trials. We report the distribution of 3MS scores among women enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS) and describe differences in these scores associated with age, education, and ethnicity. The 3MS exams were administered to 7,480 women aged 65-80 who had volunteered for and were eligible for a clinical trial on postmenopausal hormone therapy. General linear models were used to describe demographic differences among scores. Factor analysis was used to characterize the correlational structure of exam subscales.The distribution of 3MS scores at baseline was compressed in WHIMS compared to population-based data. Mean 3MS scores (overall 95.1) tended to decrease with age and increase with education, however these associations varied among ethnic groups (p< 0.0001) even after adjustment for health, physical disability and occupation attainment. Four factors accounted for 37% of the total variance. Each varied with education and ethnicity; the two most prominent factors also varied with age. Despite relatively narrow distributions in WHIMS, baseline 3MS scores retained associations with age and education. These associations varied among ethnic groups, so that care must be taken in comparing data across populations.
'CURE' OF CRITHIDIA (STRIGOMONAS) ONCOPELTI OF ITS BACTERIAL ENDOSYMBIOTE.

EARLY work on the comparative biochemistry and nutrition of the lower Trypanosomatidae revealed that one organism, Crithidia (Strigomonas, Herpetomonas, Leptomonas) oncopelti differed from the other members of the group: C. oncopelti had strikingly simpler nutritional requirements than the other haemoflagellates1. Indeed, C. oncopelti synthesized rather than required haemin1 and appeared to require only four2,3 rather than twelve or more amino-acids as did other members of the family4. These nutritional anomalies have remained unexplained for about twenty-five years.
4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase: identification of lysine residues connected with catalytic activity

Abstract Bis-PLP ( P′P 2 -bis[5′-pyridoxal]diphosphate) was used as a probe of the catalytic site of 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase. It reacts with lysine residues connected with aminotransferase activity and the binding of 1 mol of reduced bis-PLP/enzyme monomer abrogates catalytic activity. The reactive lysine residues are characterized by low p K values (p K =7.3). The presence of substrate 2-oxoglutarate (4mM) prevents inactivation of the aminotransferase treated with bis-PLP. After tryptic digestion of the enzyme modified with bis-PLP and reduced with tritiated NaBH 4 , a radioactive peptide absorbing at 320 nm was separated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The amino acid sequence of the radioactive peptide, elucidated by Edman degradation, revealed that a specific lysine residue of monomeric 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase has reacted with bis-PLP. The sequence of the modified peptide differs from the sequence of the peptide bearing the cofactor pyridoxal-5- P covalently attached to a lysine residue. It is postulated that the modified lysine residue is involved in direct interactions with negatively charged car☐ylic groups of 2-oxoglutarate.
Relationship between heterogeneity of insulin responses and insulin resistance in normal subjects and patients with chemical diabetes

Plasma insulin responses and insulin resistance were determined in 75 subjects, defined as having a normal, borderline abnormal, or abnormal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Although considerable heterogeneity of insulin response existed, most patients with abnormal OGTT's had insulin responses greater than normal; none had insulin responses less than normal. The degree of insulin resistance also varied, but most patients with abnormal OGTT's were also abnormally insulin resistant. A significant correlation (r=0.64, p ±0.001) existed between insulin response and the degree of insulin resistance. However, when both variables were taken into consideration, the entire population could be divided into two groups. One group was characterized by both normal insulin responsiveness and sensitivity, the other by increased insulin response, associated with greater insulin resistance. Most patients with abnormal OGTT's fell into the latter group, but some had glucose intolerance without either an exaggerated insulin response or insulin resistance. These results suggest that true heterogeneity exists in patients with abnormal OGTT's.
“External” Organizations and the Politics of Urban Educational Leadership: The Case of New Small Autonomous Schools Initiatives

Members of organizations traditionally outside public school systems have begun to take on central, and in some cases internal, leadership roles and responsibilities in the implementation of ambitious educational improvement initiatives. How are these arrangements playing out in practice? This article explores that question with a 3-year qualitative investigation of the participation of two such organizations—a school reform support organization and a consortium of foundations—in the implementation of new small autonomous schools initiatives in Oakland (California) and Chicago. Using Malen's politics of implementation framework, this article reveals how external organizations influenced the implementation of district initiatives with significant consequences for both the reform strategy and their own ability to sustain their involvement in implementation over time. The article concludes with implications for the research and practice of educational leadership.
Epoxy−Silica Mesocomposites with Enhanced Tensile Properties and Oxygen Permeability

As-made and calcined forms of large-pore (5.3 nm) mesostructured silica with a wormhole framework structure, denoted MSU-J, have been used to form rubbery epoxy mesocomposites containing 1.0−12% (w/w) silica. The tensile modulus, strength, toughness, and extension-at-break for the mesocomposites formed from as-made and calcined forms of MSU-J silica are systematically reinforced by up to 4.8, 5.7, 1.6, and 8.5 times, respectively, in comparison to the pure epoxy polymer. The composites represent the first examples wherein the reinforcement benefits provided by mesostructured silica particles are comparable to those provided by exfoliated organoclay nanolayers at equivalent loadings. Moreover, the reinforcement benefits are realized without the need for organic modification of the silica surface, and the increases in tensile properties occur with little or no sacrifice in optical transparency or thermal stability. The oxygen permeability of the mesocomposites prepared from as-made MSU-J silica increases dr...
Gravity compensation in accelerometer measurements for robot navigation on inclined surfaces

Abstract Accelerometers are used in most robot navigation systems as sensors for robot speed and localization. Normally, these accelerometers sense the body acceleration, which is integrated to determine the robot velocity, and cumulatively the robot position relative to the starting position. When the robot is moving on a horizontal surface, the computed speed will in general reflect the actual robot speed; however, when the robot is moving on an inclined surface, such as uphill or downhill motions, then the measured speed will include components due to gravity, which are not part of the actual robot speed. Therefore the computed speed will not reflect the actual robot speed. These gravity components must be compensated for in the speed computations to capture the actual robot speed. This paper proposes a computational approach for elimination of the gravity components from the accelerometer measurements using a 3-axis accelerometers combined with 3-axis gyro on tilted surfaces. The compensated accelerometer speed results were compared to simulated robot speed results on inclined surfaces, and were found to accurately reflect the actual robot speed. By using these compensated accelerometer results it becomes possible to determine the robot speed even under wheel slip conditions.
Evidence for a secretory phenomenon in the brain of Illex and Ommatostrephes (cephalopoda, architeuthacea)

Cells filled with large inclusions and with processes abutting on the walls of an extensive system of blood sinuses in the brain of architeuthoid cephalopods appear to have a secretory function. The inclusions measure up to 2.1 μ in diameter and stain with paraldehydefuchsin. The characteristics in favour of the homology of the cells with large inclusions with the neurons of the “neurosecretory system of the vena cava” (Alexandrowicz, 1964, 1965) are presented.
The influence of osteoporosis on the marital relationship of older couples

Thirty-four older wives and their husbands participated in interviews about adaptation to the wives’osteoporosis and its influence on their relationship. For most couples, the wives’osteopo-rosis resulted in changes in the structure of their marital relationship but not the overall quality of the marriage. Discrepancies in pain perceptions were associated with lower marital adjustment for wives but not for husbands. The findings suggest the need to focus on the dynamics of the marital relationship to understand chronic illness in late-life families.
College Quality, Earnings, and Job Satisfaction: Evidence from Recent College Graduates

This study investigates the relationship among college quality, earnings, and job satisfaction among a recent cohort of college graduates. Our results suggest that, controlling for earnings, college quality is negatively related to job satisfaction, especially to those aspects of the job that are associated with monetary rewards. Further analysis indicates that there is no significant difference between the male and female groups; however, the negative relationship between satisfaction with monetary rewards and college quality is mainly driven by the non-white group. These findings do not support the view that graduating from elite schools will necessarily lead to greater job satisfaction.
On the Essence of Education

Educational reforms in developed countries are not successful, because we do not have a clear understanding of what is education. The essence of education is the limits of its improvement. Education is understood as the artificial extension of human ability to learn, as the product of learner's own efforts, and finally, as a series of historic forms of labor arrangements.