cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New concepts in mood stabilization : Evidence for the effectiveness of valproate and lamotrigine

Recognition of limited overall benefits from lithium in bipolar disorder, with even greater disadvantages in more severe forms of the disease, has spurred interest in alternative therapies. A long history of development of evidence for the utility of valproate has culminated in well-designed, placebo-controlled studies that establish the efficacy of the divalproex form of valproate in acute mania. Generally positive, but as yet not conclusive, studies indicate continued benefits in prophylactic treatment of bipolar disorder. The spectrum of efficacy of valproate is somewhat broader than that of lithium, extending to patients with certain more severe forms of the illness; e.g., mixed manics. Pretreatment plasma GABA activity was positively correlated with magnitude of improvement in manic symptomatology with divalproex. The evidence of comparable clinical benefits for lithium and valproate has stimulated studies that indicate overlapping effects on specific G protein-linked signal transduction for lithium and valproate, but not for carbamazepine. The possibility that additional antiepileptic drugs might have efficacy in bipolar disorder has encouraged early clinical studies with several newer antiepileptic drugs. Preliminary evidence for the efficacy of one of these, lamotrigine, has been presented.
Synthesis of 2-substituted hydroxyalkyl and aminoalkyl estradiols

Abstract An homologous series of 2-substituted hydroxyalkyl and aminoalkyl estradiols have been prepared by elaboration of the formylated estradiol derivative 10 .
Influence of chemisorbed oxygen in adsorption onto carbon from aqueous solution

Abstract Isotherms are presented for the adsorption of phenol, nitrobenzene, and sodium benzene sulfonate from aqueous solution on several different carbons, including a channel black and adsorbent carbons. The content of chemisorbed oxygen on these carbons was modified by oxidation and reduction. The adsorption measurements indicate that chemisorbed oxygen substantially reduces the capacity of the carbons for the adsorbates studied, and this behavior appears to be reversible with respect to the introduction or removal of chemisorbed oxygen. Dilute phenol solutions display greater sensitivity to chemisorbed oxygen on the carbon than do more concentrated solutions of phenol. In the adsorption of sodium benzenesulfonate, the presence of chemisorbed oxygen does not appear to interfere with the action of aqueous calcium ions in enhancing the amount adsorbed.
GIANT AGN FLARES AND COSMIC RAY BURSTS

We predict a new class of very intense, short-duration active galactic nucleus (AGN) flares capable of accelerating the highest energy cosmic rays, resulting from the tidal disruption of a star or from a disk instability. The rate and power of these flares readily explains the observed flux and density statistics of ultrahigh energy cosmic ray. The photon bursts produced by the predicted AGN flares are discussed; they may soon be detectable. Observations are shown to exclude that continuous jets of powerful AGNs are the sole source of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays; the stringent requirements for gamma-ray bursts to be the source are delineated.
SUPERNOVA FEEDBACK EFFICIENCY AND MASS LOADING IN THE STARBURST AND GALACTIC SUPERWIND EXEMPLAR M82

We measure the net energy efficiency of supernova (SN) and stellar wind feedback in the starburst galaxy M82 and the degree of mass loading of the hot gas piston driving its superwind by comparing a large suite of one and two-dimensional hydrodynamical models to a set of observational constraints derived from hard X-ray observations of the starburst region (the fluxes of the Heα and Lyα-like lines of S, Ar, Ca, and Fe, along with the total diffuse E = 2-8 keV X-ray luminosity). These are the first direct measurements of the feedback efficiency and mass loading of SN-heated and enriched plasma in a starburst galaxy. We consider a broad range of plausible parameters for the M82 starburst, varying the age and mode of star formation, the starburst region size and geometry, and SN metal yields. Over all these varied input parameters all the models that satisfy the existing observational constraints have medium to high thermalization efficiencies (30% ≤ ≤ 100%) and the volume-filling wind fluid that flows out of the starburst region is only mildly centrally mass loaded (1.0 ≤ β ≤ 2.8). These results imply a temperature of the plasma within the starburst region in the range 30-80 million Kelvin, a mass-flow rate of the wind fluid out of the starburst region of and a terminal velocity of the wind in the range v ∞ = 1410 – 2240 km s–1 . This velocity is considerably larger than the escape velocity from M82 (v esc 460 km s–1 ) and the velocity of the Hα emitting clumps and filaments within M82's wind (v Hα ~ 600 km s–1 ). Drawing on these results we provide a prescription for implementing starburst-driven superwinds in cosmological models of galaxy formation and evolution that more accurately represents the energetics of the hot metal-enriched phases than the existing recipes do.
Optimization of thrust direction histories and vehicle parameters for three-dimensional ascent trajectories.

The steepest-ascent optimization technique involving control variables and control parameters is reviewed with special emphasis on the influence coefficients for booster staging times and on an automatic computation procedure. An operational digital computer program, which may be used to solve a number of optimization problems for booster configurations having from two to five stages, is described. Combinations of the launching azimuth, the liftoff weight, the pitchover rate, and the cutoff and ignition times of each stage may be used as the control variables. Specific problems are defined by choosing the payoff quantity and the desired terminal conditions from a library of 22 terminal functions. Two example problems using different combinations of control variables and control parameters are solved: 1) the maximum payload that can be placed into a 100-naut mile circular orbit by a two-stage booster launched from Atlantic Missile Range (AMR), and 2) the maximum payload that can be placed into a 100-naut mile circular polar orbit by a three-stage booster launched from Pacific Missile Range (PMR).
Costs of multidisciplinary parenteral nutrition care provided at a distance via mobile tablets.

Background: Determining the costs of healthcare delivery is a key step for providing efficient nutrition-based care. This analysis tabulates the costs of delivering home parenteral nutrition (HPN) interventions and clinical assessments through encrypted mobile technologies to increase patients’ access to healthcare providers, reduce their travel expenses, and allow early detection of infection and other complications. Methods: A traditional cost-accounting method was used to tabulate all expenses related to mobile distance HPN clinic appointments, including (1) personnel time of multidisciplinary healthcare professionals, (2) supply of HPN intervention materials, and (3) equipment, connection, and delivery expenses. Results: A total of 20 mobile distance clinic appointments were conducted for an average of 56 minutes each with 45 patients who required HPN infusion care. The initial setup costs included mobile tablet devices, 4G data plans, and personnel’s time as well as intervention materials. The initia...
Fabrication of point contacts by FIB patterning

We describe a new technique for the fabrication of point contacts using a focused ion beam (FIB) patterning. After sample coverage with a thin insulating layer (SiO), an FIB is used to mill a 100-nm-diameter hole through the insulator. Electrical contact to the sample is then made in-situ by filling the hole with a metal (Pt) using the ion beam assisted chemical vapor deposition capability of our FIB system. We have demonstrated the use of two such contacts (as an emitter and collector) in a transverse electron focusing (TEF) experiment. The contacts were made to a single crystal of bismuth, ballistic electrons were injected into the crystal through the emitter contact and then focused onto the collector by a magnetic field. We see the expected voltage peaks at the collector as a function of the applied magnetic field. Temperature dependent TEF measurements provided direct information about relaxation time of conduction electrons.
Bolus Injection v Drip Infusion Contrast Administration for Ureteral Stone Targeting During Shockwave Lithotripsy

Intraoperative excretory urography may be used to facilitate stone targeting during in situ SWL for ureteral stones, precluding the need for ureteral catheter placement. We compared bolus injection with drip infusion urography for efficacy in stone localization. Twenty-seven patients with normal renal function and a solitary, difficult to visualize, radiopaque ureteral calculus were randomized to receive intravenous contrast by either bolus injection (N = 13) or drip infusion (N = 14). The bolus injection patients received an average of 74 mL of Conray 400 contrast over 1 minute; the drip infusion patients received an average of 92 mL of contrast over 15 minutes. After bolus injection, it took an average of 12 minutes to opacify the ureter compared with 14 minutes after drip infusion (P = 0.62). It took longer to initiate (5 minutes) and complete (6 minutes) treatment after drip infusion than after bolus injection (P = 0.28 and P = 0.16, respectively). Imaging time was significantly longer in the infusion group than in the bolus group (12 v 7 minutes; P = 0.04). Stone-free rates were similar in the two groups: 100% for the bolus group and 91% for the infusion group. No patient in either group experienced an adverse reaction to the contrast. Overall, the two methods of contrast administration were equally efficacious for stone targeting during SWL. However, bolus injection required lesser amounts of contrast, provided more rapid opacification of the ureter, and resulted in an overall shorter procedural time, although the only statistically significant differences were in imaging time and contrast volume.
Monte Carlo simulations of globular cluster evolution. III. Primordial binary interactions

We study the dynamical evolution of globular clusters using our two-dimensional Monte Carlo code with the inclusion of primordial binary interactions for equal-mass stars. We use approximate analytical cross sections for energy generation from binary-binary and binary-single interactions. After a brief period of slight contraction or expansion of the core over the first few relaxation times, all clusters enter a much longer phase of stable "binary burning" lasting many tens of relaxation times. The structural parameters of our models during this phase match well those of most observed globular clusters. At the end of this phase, clusters that have survived tidal disruption undergo deep core collapse, followed by gravothermal oscillations. Our results clearly show that the presence of even a small fraction of binaries in a cluster is sufficient to support the core against collapse significantly beyond the normal core-collapse time predicted without the presence of binaries. For tidally truncated systems, collapse is easily delayed sufficiently that the cluster will undergo complete tidal disruption before core collapse. As a first step toward the eventual goal of computing all interactions exactly using dynamical three- and four-body integration, we have incorporated an exact treatment of binary-single interactions in our code. We show that results using analytical cross sections are in good agreement with those using exact three-body integration, even for small binary fractions, where binary-single interactions are energetically most important.
Efficacious Entry Into Substituted 5,6-Dihydro-4-Hydroxy-2H-Pyran-2-Ones and 2,3-Dihydro-4H-Pyran-4-Ones Utilizing Ketonic Dianions

Abstract Methyl acetoacetate and 2,4-pentanedione dianions were condensed with aldehydes and ketones to afford a 1,3,5-trioxygenated carboskeleton. Intramolecular cyclization of the aldol adducts delivered the title compounds in good yield.
A research‐inspired laboratory sequence investigating acquired drug resistance

Here, we present a six-session laboratory exercise designed to introduce students to standard biochemical techniques in the context of investigating a high impact research topic, acquired resistance to the cancer drug Gleevec. Students express a Gleevec-resistant mutant of the Abelson tyrosine kinase domain, the active domain of an oncogenic protein implicated in chronic myelogenous leukemia, and investigate the kinase activity of wild type and mutant enzyme in the presence of two cancer drugs. Techniques covered include protein expression, purification, and gel analysis, kinase activity assays, and protein structure viewing. The exercises provide students with a hands-on understanding of the impact of biochemistry on human health, and demonstrate their potential as the next generation of investigators.
Shear and ellipticity in gravitational lenses

Galaxies modeled as singular isothermal ellipsoids with an axis ratio distribution similar to the observed axis ratio distribution of E and S0 galaxies are statistically consistent with both the observed numbers of two-image and four-image lenses and the inferred ellipticities of individual lenses. However, no four-image lens is well fitted by the model (typical χ2/Ndof ~ 20), the axis ratio of the model can be significantly different from that of the observed lens galaxy, and the major axes of the model and the galaxy may be slightly misaligned. We found that models with a second, independent, external shear axis could fit the data well (typical χ2/Ndof ~ 1), while adding the same number of extra parameters to the radial mass distribution does not produce such a dramatic improvement in the fit. An independent shear axis can be produced by misalignments between the luminous galaxy and its dark matter halo, or by external shear perturbations due to galaxies and clusters correlated with the primary lens or along the line of sight. We estimate that the external shear perturbations have no significant effect on the expected numbers of two-image and four-image lenses but that they can be important perturbations in individual lens models. However, the amplitudes of the external shears required to produce good fits are larger than our estimates for typical external shear perturbations (10%-15% shear instead of 1%-3%), suggesting that the origin of the extra angular structure must be intrinsic to the primary lens galaxy in most cases.
Circle-valued Morse theory, Reidemeister torsion, and Seiberg-Witten invariants of 3-manifolds

Abstract Let X be a closed oriented Riemannian manifold with χ(X)=0 and b1(X)>0, and let φ : X→S 1 be a circle-valued Morse function. Under some mild assumptions on φ, we prove a formula relating 1. the number of closed orbits of the gradient flow of φ in different homology classes; 2. the torsion of the Novikov complex, which counts gradient flow lines between critical points of φ; and 3. a kind of Reidemeister torsion of X determined by the homotopy class of φ. When dim(X)=3, we state a conjecture related to Taubes’s “SW=Gromov” theorem, and we use it to deduce (for closed manifolds, modulo signs) the Meng–Taubes relation between the Seiberg-Witten invariants and the “Milnor torsion” of X.
Soot and smoke aerosol may not warm climate

[1] Soot and smoke aerosol contain black carbon, which absorbs solar radiation. These aerosols may reduce the overall negative climate forcing of anthropogenic aerosols by absorbing radiation that might otherwise be scattered back to space. They may also reduce overall cloudiness, an effect termed the “semidirect” effect, which is thought to enhance climate warming. Here, we evaluate the climate forcing associated with black carbon and other aerosols using the concept of “relaxed forcing,” which is the forcing associated with two simulations using fixed sea surface temperatures. The consideration of longwave perturbations associated with the relaxed forcing leads to a diminished or even negative semidirect effect associated with absorbing aerosols rather than an enhanced warming. The overall forcing depends significantly on the altitude of injection of the aerosols because higher-altitude injections tend to enhance the negative longwave forcing. In addition, high-altitude injection of absorbing aerosols can increase cloudiness at lower altitudes where temperatures, in general, may decrease.
Oxidative Condensations To Form Benzimidazole-Substituted Potassium Organotrifluoroborates

A library of benzimidazole-substituted potassium organotrifluoroborates was prepared via the condensation of various potassium formyl-substituted aryl- and heteroaryltrifluoroborates with aromatic 1,2-diamines under oxidative conditions. The efficient Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling of products thus formed to various aryl and heteroaryl bromides was achieved in good yields. The method allows the facile preparation of benzimidazole-containing triaromatic products in two steps from simple potassium formyl substituted aryl- or heteroaryltrifluoroborates.
Luminescent photoelastic coating image analysis and strain separation on a three-dimensional grid

The luminescent photoelastic coating technique is an optical technique to measure the full-field strain on 3-D structural components. A luminescent dye within a photoelastic binder is excited with circular polarized light, and the corresponding coating emission intensity is detected via a digital camera for loaded and unloaded states of the specimen to which the coating is applied. Images are processed to find the relative change in emission with respect to camera analyzer position and subsequently analyzed to determine maximum in-plane shear strain and the principal strain directions. For 3-D structures with moderate movement or deflection in the field of view, especially when implementing an oblique excitation approach to separate the principal strains while accounting for non-strain-related polarization changes due to surface inclination, the image analysis is preferably performed on a 3-D grid. This study describes such an approach and discusses the analysis procedures to separate the principal strains and to obtain full-field strain distribution. The theoretical results are compared to experimental data from both a 2-D and a 3-D test specimen.
Geoengineering: The world's largest control problem

Solar geoengineering (or Solar Radiation Management, SRM) refers to any intentional, large-scale manipulation of the Earth's incoming solar radiation to offset some of the effects of anthropogenic greenhouse gases, reducing the associated risks from climate changes. Examples of such methods are injecting aerosols into the stratosphere or increasing marine cloud reflectivity, both of which would reflect some sunlight back to space. There are many serious concerns associated with any such approach, and also many challenges. One often overlooked aspect in geoengineering research is that this is a control problem, requiring (a) feedback of the observed climate state to manage significant uncertainty in both the radiative forcing and the climate's dynamic response to this forcing, and (b) optimization of the distribution of radiative effect to minimize regional disparities as well as side-effects from the geoengineering implementation. We present recent progress on control for this challenging problem, building on [1, 2], and discuss open research gaps. This is the first time an explicit external feedback loop has been implemented in a fully coupled general circulation model of the Earth's climate.
Estimation of uranium endowment by subjective geological analysis—a comparison of methods and estimates for the San Juan Basin, New Mexico

This study investigates how estimates of uranium endowment made by a geologist using an appraisal system that is based upon a formalization of geoscience and decision rules compare with estimates made by informal and unconstrained intuitive processes. The motivation for this study derives from the premise that formalization of decisions would mitigate the heuristic biases and hedging that may result from the use of unconstrained intuitive processes. Estimates of the uranium endowment of the San Juan Basin of New Mexico by four methodologies are compared in this study. These methods, ranked from top to bottom by degree of decomposition (mitigating of heuristic bias)and control on hedging, are as follows Implicit 2 1.5 × 106 s.t. of U3O8 Implicit 1 1.6 × 106 s.t. of U3O8 NURE (1980) 2.4 × 106 s.t. of U3O8 Appraisal system 3.9 × 106 s.t. of U3O8 The magnitude of expected uranium endowment estimated by these methods, ranked from smallest to largest, is in this same order. With the exception of the NURE estimates, the magnitude of the variance (uncertainty)of uranium endowment, ranked from smallest to largest, also is in this same order. These results prompt the suggestion that the more decomposed and formalized the estimation procedure, the greater the expected value and the variance of uranium endowment. Equivalently, predicating U 3 O 8 endowment estimation strictly upon that part of the geologist's geoscience that is useful in making U 3 O 8 endowment estimates and upon his understanding of the region's history produced larger estimates than have previously been reported. However, this method of estimation also shows that uncertainty about the actual state of U 3 O 8 endowment is much greater than previously described.
Phase stability and phase transformations in Pu–Ga alloys

Plutonium is of interest because of its nuclear properties. However, it is its electronic structure and the resulting physical and chemical properties that make plutonium the most complex element in the periodic table. It exhibits six solid allotropes at ambient pressure and is notoriously unstable with temperature, pressure, chemical additions, and time. It undergoes virtually every type of phase transformation known. The addition of a few atomic percent gallium helps retain the face-centered cubic δ-phase to room temperature, avoiding transformation to a monoclinic phase with a huge volume contraction. We present previously unpublished experimental studies on phase stability and phase transformations in Pu–Ga alloys and compare these to available literature. However, we first review the physics of plutonium and the fcc δ-phase to help us understand why plutonium defies conventional metallurgical wisdom. Plutonium sits near the middle of the actinide series, which marks the emergence of 5f electrons in the valence shell. Right at plutonium the 5f electrons are caught in an abrupt transition between being bonding and being localized (chemically inert). In fact, in the δ-phase they appear to be in a unique state of being neither fully bonding nor localized, which leads to novel electronic interactions and physical behavior. We compare these interactions to two other unstable elements in the periodic table, namely iron and cerium, to get a better appreciation of peculiarities of plutonium.
Initial Orbit Determination Results for Jason‐1: Towards a 1 cm Orbit

The U.S/France Jason-1 oceanographic mission is carrying state-of-the-art radiometric tracking systems (GPS and Doris) to support precise orbit determination (POD) requirements. The performance of the systems is strongly reflected in the early POD results. Results of both internal and external (e.g., satellite laser ranging) comparisons support that the 2.5 cm radial Rh4S requirement is being readily met, and provide reasons for optimism that 1 cm can be achieved. We discuss the POD strategy underlying these orbits, as well as the challenging issues that bear on the understanding and characterization of an orbit solution at the l-cm level. We also describe a system for producing science quality orbits in near real time in order to support emerging applications in operational oceanography.
Recent advances in the synthesis of nicotine and its derivatives

This review covers developments in the synthesis of nicotine and derivatives published mainly from 1996 to 2006. <div class=" textboxdefault "> Figure options Download full-size image Download as PowerPoint slide
Hyperplane arrangements and K-theory☆

Abstract We study the Z 2 -equivariant K-theory of M ( A ) , where M ( A ) is the complement of the complexification of a real hyperplane arrangement, and Z 2 acts on M ( A ) by complex conjugation. We compute the rational equivariant K- and KO-rings of M ( A ) , and we give two different combinatorial descriptions of a subring Line ( A ) of the integral equivariant KO-ring, where Line ( A ) is defined to be the subring generated by equivariant line bundles.
Catalyst Regeneration in Transition-Metal-Mediated Atom-Transfer Radical Addition (ATRA) and Cyclization (ATRC) Reactions

Transition-metal-catalyzed atom-transfer radical addition (ATRA) and cyclization (ATRC) are considered fundamental reactions in organic chemistry for the formation of C–C bonds using free-radical means. Until recently, both processes were plagued by the large amounts of catalysts needed to achieve high selectivity towards the desired target compound (as high as 30 mol-%). The principal problem was the accumulation of the transition metal complex in the higher oxidation state as a result of unavoidable radical-radical termination reactions. In this article, recent advanced in the area of catalyst regeneration in transition-metal-mediated ATRA and ATRC reactions in the presence of free-radical diazo initiators or magnesium as reducing agents are reviewed. The role of the reducing agent in both systems is to continuously regenerate the activator (transition metal complex in the lower oxidation state) from the deactivator (transition metal complex in the higher oxidation state). As a result, ATRA and ATRC reactions can be conducted using very small concentrations of metal catalysts, making this methodology a “greener” alternative to currently available synthetic processes for such organic transformations.
Rapid microwave-assisted synthesis of dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imaging

Currently, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are the only nanosized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents approved for clinical use, yet commercial manufacturing of these agents has been limited or discontinued. Though there is still widespread demand for these particles both for clinical use and research, they are difficult to obtain commercially, and complicated syntheses make in-house preparation unfeasible for most biological research labs or clinics. To make commercial production viable and increase accessibility of these products, it is crucial to develop simple, rapid and reproducible preparations of biocompatible iron oxide nanoparticles. Here, we report a rapid, straightforward microwave-assisted synthesis of superparamagnetic dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were produced in two hydrodynamic sizes with differing core morphologies by varying the synthetic method as either a two-step or single-step process. A striking benefit of these methods is the ability to obtain swift and consistent results without the necessity for air-, pH- or temperature-sensitive techniques; therefore, reaction times and complex manufacturing processes are greatly reduced as compared to conventional synthetic methods. This is a great benefit for cost-effective translation to commercial production. The nanoparticles are found to be superparamagnetic and exhibit properties consistent for use in MRI. In addition, the dextran coating imparts the water solubility and biocompatibility necessary for in vivo utilization.
Optimal shortest path queries in a simple polygon

Abstract Let P be a simple polygon with n sides. This paper shows how to preprocess the polygon so that, given two query points p and q inside P, the length of the shortest path inside the polygon from p to q can be found in time O(log n). The path itself must be polygonal and can be extracted in additional time proportional to the number of turns it makes. The preprocessing consists of triangulation plus a linear amount of additional work.
XANES investigation of the role of cerium compounds as corrosion inhibitors for aluminum

Abstract Cerium-containing films on aluminum and Alloy 5052 have been investigated using XANES (X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure). The Ce L III and Ce L I absorption edges allow a clear distinction to be made between 3- and 4-valent cerium. Measurements were made of the fluorescent X-ray signal with X-rays incident at glancing angles to give surface sensitivity. Cerium in the 3-valent state was deposited by galvanostatic reduction from solutions of sufficiently high pH for oxygen to oxidize the cerium to a 4-valent state. From XANES measurements, it was determined that these films contained cerium mainly in the 3-valent state. Exposure of these films to a NaCl solution converted the cerium to the 4-valent state. Open circuit exposure of aluminum to low concentrations of cerium ions gave films with either 3- or 4-valent cerium depending on the exposure time.
Density-functional based determination of the CH3-CH4 hydrogen exchange reaction barrier

Abstract Due to the overbinding that is inherent in existing local approximations to the density-functional formalism, certain reaction energies have not been accessible. Since the generalized gradient approximation significantly decreases the overbinding, prospects for density-functional based reaction dynamics are promising. Results on the generalized-gradient based determination of the CH 3 -CH 4 hydrogen exchange reaction are presented. Including all Born-Oppenheimer effects an energy barrier of 9.5 kcal/ mol is found which is a very significant improvement over the local-density approximation.
Badly Approximable Systems of Affine Forms

Abstract We prove an inhomogeneous analogue of W. M. Schmidt's theorem on the Hausdorff dimension of the set of badly approximable systems of linear forms. The proof is based on ideas and methods from the theory of dynamical systems, in particular, on abundance of bounded orbits of mixing flows on homogeneous spaces of Lie groups
Phase transitions in one-dimensional nonlinear viscoelasticity: admissibility and stability

For the motion of a one-dimensional viscoelastic material of rate type with a non-monotonic stress-strain relation, a mixed initial boundary value problem is considered. A simple existence theory is outlined, based on a novel transformation of the equation into the form of a degenerate reaction-diffusion system. This leads to new results characterizing the regularity of weak solutions. It is shown that each solution tends strongly to a stationary state asymptotically in time. Stable stationary states are characterized. Stable states may contain coexistent phases, i.e. they may have discontinuous strain. They need not be minimizers of energy in the strong sense of the calculus of variations; “metastable” and “absolutely stable” phases may coexist in a stable state. Furthermore, such states do arise as long-time limits of smooth solutions. Beyond the above, “hysteresis” and “creep” phenomena are exhibited in a model of a loaded viscoelastic bar. Also, a viscosity criterion is proposed for the admissibility of propagating waves in the associated purely elastic model. This criterion is then applied to describe the formation of some propagating phase boundaries in a loaded elastic bar.
THE 2005 LAWRENCE R. KLEIN LECTURE: EMERGENT CLASS STRUCTURE

This article presents a model of the emergent class structure, in which a society inhabited by inherently identical households may be endogenously split into the rich bourgeoisie and the poor proletariat. For some parameter values, the model has no steady state where all households remain equally wealthy. In this case, the model predicts emergent class structure or the rise of class societies. Even if every household starts with the same amount of wealth, the society will experience “symmetry-breaking” and will be polarized into two classes in steady state, where the rich maintain a high level of wealth partly due to the presence of the poor, who have no choice but to work for the rich at a wage rate strictly lower than the “fair” value of labor. The nonexistence of the equal steady state means that a one-shot redistribution of wealth would not be effective, as wealth inequality and the class structure would always reemerge. Thus, the class structure is an inevitable feature of capitalism. For other parameter values, on the other hand, the model has the unique steady state, which is characterized by perfect equality. In this case, the model predicts dissipating class structure or the fall of class societies. Even if the society starts with significant wealth inequality, labor demand by the rich employers pushes up the wage rate so much that workers will escape from the poverty and eventually catch up with the rich, eliminating wealth inequality and the class structure in the long run. In an extension, we introduce self-employment, which not only provides the poor with an alternative to working for the rich, but also provides the rich with an alternative to investment that creates jobs. Due to this dual nature of self-employment, the effects of self-employment turn out to be quite subtle. Yet, within the present framework, it is possible to offer a complete characterization of the steady states even in the presence of self-employment.
Packing Posets in the Boolean Lattice

We are interested in maximizing the number of pairwise unrelated copies of a poset P in the family of all subsets of [n]. For instance, Sperner showed that when P is one element, \({\dbinom {n}{\lfloor \frac {n}{2}\rfloor }}\) is the maximum number of copies of P. Griggs, Stahl, and Trotter have shown that when P is a chain on k elements, \(\frac {1}{2^{k-1}}{\dbinom {n}{\lfloor \frac {n}{2}\rfloor }}\) is asymptotically the maximum number of copies of P. We prove that for any P the maximum number of unrelated copies of P is asymptotic to a constant times \({\dbinom {n}{\lfloor \frac {n}{2}\rfloor }}\). Moreover, the constant has the form \(\frac {1}{c(P)}\), where c(P) is the size of the smallest convex closure over all embeddings of P into the Boolean lattice.
Corruption and the Institutional Environment for Growth

Several cross-country studies have found that corruption is detrimental to economic growth, but the findings are not universally robust. We utilize the economic freedom index to examine if corruption can facilitate growth by allowing entrepreneurs to avoid inefficient policies and regulations when economic freedom is limited. Using regression analysis, we find that corruption is growth enhancing when economic freedom is most limited but the beneficial impact of corruption decreases as economic freedom increases. Not all areas of economic freedom affect the corruption–growth relationship equally. In particular, we find the beneficial effect of corruption disappears most quickly when the size of government and the extent of regulation decrease.
Selection Algorithms for Parallel Disk Systems

With the widening gap between processor speeds and disk access speeds, the I/O bottleneck has become critical. Parallel disk systems have been introduced to alleviate this bottleneck. In this paper we present deterministic and randomized selection algorithms for parallel disk systems. The algorithms to be presented, in addition to being asymptotically optimal, have small underlying constants in their time bounds and hence have the potential of being practical.
A constraint variational problem arising in stellar dynamics

We use the compactness result of A. Burchard and Y. Guo to analyze the reduced 'energy' functional arising naturally in the stability analysis of steady states of the Vlasov-Poisson system (cf. Sanchez and Soler, to appear, and Hadzic, 2005). We consider the associated variational problem and present a new proof that puts it in the general framework for tackling the variational problems of this type, given by Y. Guo and G. Rein (cf. Rein, 2005 and Rein, 2002).
Adaptive computer control of a glass coating process

This paper presents the development and implementation of an on-line adaptive controller in an industrial process. The process, drawing and coating of glass rod used in the manufacture of resistors, is described briefly and the control problem formulated. The proposed control system, based on an on-line digital computer system, is outlined. Synthesis of the adaptive controller, including an identification technique and closed loop optimization strategy, is presented. Software development, testing, and implementation of the controller is described; special emphasis is given to on-line programming techniques. Results of the implementation are presented and the development summarized.
Peeling force for an electrostatically charged sheet on a grounded surface

Abstract This paper examines the force required to peel an electrostatically-charged, insulated sheet from direct contact with a ground plane. The problem has its origins in our work on the electrostatics of parachutes but may also be applied to the handling of paper and polymer sheets, insulating textile webs, and thin sheets of tissue-like paper. Experimental peeling force measurements are compared to the forces computed from both a numerically simulated discrete charge model and a simpler analytical model based on large rectangular charge distributions oriented at right angles to the ground plane.
INVERSE SEMIGROUPS DETERMINED BY THEIR PARTIAL AUTOMORPHISM MONOIDS

The partial automorphism monoid of an inverse semigroup is an inverse monoid consisting of all isomorphisms between its inverse subsemigroups. We prove that a tightly connected fundamental inverse semigroup $S$ with no isolated nontrivial subgroups is lattice determined `modulo semilattices' and if $T$ is an inverse semigroup whose partial automorphism monoid is isomorphic to that of $S$, then either $S$ and $T$ are isomorphic or they are dually isomorphic chains relative to the natural partial order; a similar result holds if $T$ is any semigroup and the inverse monoids consisting of all isomorphisms between subsemigroups of $S$ and $T$, respectively, are isomorphic. Moreover, for these results to hold, the conditions that $S$ be tightly connected and have no isolated nontrivial subgroups are essential.
Holomorphic horospherical duality "sphere-cone"

Abstract We describe a construction of complex geometrical analysis which corresponds to the classical theory of spherical harmonics.
Impacts of priors on convergence and escapes from Nash inflation

Abstract Recent papers have analyzed how economies with adaptive agents may converge to and escape from self-confirming equilibria. These papers have imputed to agents a particular prior about drifting coefficients. In the context of a model of monetary policy, this paper analyzes dynamics that govern both convergence and escape under a more general class of priors for the government. We characterize how the shape of the prior influences possible cycles, convergence, and escapes. There are priors for which the E -stability condition is not enough to assure local convergence to a self-confirming equilibrium. Our analysis also isolates the source of differences in the sustainability of Ramsey inflation encountered in the analyses of Sims [Revista de Analisis Economico 3 (1988) 3] and Chung [PhD Thesis, University of Minnesota, 1990], on the one hand, and Cho, Williams, and Sargent [Rev. Econ. Stud. 69 (2002) 1], on the other.
Response of propellant combustion to a turbulent acoustic boundary layer

An analysis of the transitional and turbulent reactive acoustic boundary layer on a homogeneous, solid-propellant surface is conducted to investigate potential mechanisms of combustion instability. The theoretical approach utilizes a low Reynolds number turbulence closure model and a finite-difference solution procedure for an equation system of parabolic form. A new technique is developed for the condensed-phase thermal layer, in which the propellant space is mapped onto the gas space and efficiently solved using the same adaptive numerical grid. Results are obtained at an acoustic pressure node in the absence of a mean axial flow. The results indicate that acoustically induced transition can occur at relatively low acoustic pressure amplitudes, propellant response to harmonic axial velocity fluctuations is both rectified and displays a mean augmentation ("D-C shift"), and that nominal propellant combustion parameters lead to increasing susceptibility to acoustic transition at elevated mean pressures. As OQ Bg cp €« / H h h^ k ks L® n q R Reac Res Ret Ru r
Specifying attracting cycles for Newton maps of polynomials

We show that for any set of n distinct points in the complex plane, there exists a polynomial p of degree at most n+1 so that the corresponding Newton map, or even the relaxed Newton map, for p has the given points as a super-attracting cycle. This improves the result in Plaza and Romero [6], which shows how to find such a polynomial of degree 2n. Moreover, we show that in general one cannot improve upon degree n+1. Our methods allow us to give a simple, constructive proof of the known result that for each cycle length n ≥ 2 and degree d ≥ 3, there exists a polynomial of degree d whose Newton map has a super-attracting cycle of length n.
Computers: the physical sciences and medicine

Although computer science is in its infancy, it has already contributed significantly to society in the fields of business and commerce, communication, exploration, and scientific discovery. In contrast, the contributions of computers to medicine have thus far been minimal for reasons which I shall discuss in a moment. It is this lack of application of computers to medicine which makes medicine one of the most fruitful areas for the computer-oriented scientist. I can promise you the rewards will be great for those of you who choose to apply your talent for the benefit of human health and welfare. There are two reasons for this:1. The systematic methods of scientific thinking which naturally lead to success in the application of computers to a scientific discipline have already been developed, and they have proven phenomenally successful in such fields as high-energy physics and molecular biology. Discovery in the field of medicine waits like a ripe apple to be plucked by the computer-skilled scientist.2. Society will generously support your efforts. The value judgment that society places on health and longevity ultimately is the same as that which the individual places on them. I have yet to see a man who is dying of cancer of the lung, whether he be laborer or corporation president, who would not trade all of his money, business, commerce, communication, and transportation for 18 more months of healthy existence. Therefore, the computer scientist who devotes his effort to promoting human health and welfare will be both generously supported and greatly appreciated by his fellow man.
El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, the Madden‐Julian Oscillation and Atlantic basin tropical cyclone rapid intensification

[1] Both El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) have previously been documented to impact Atlantic basin tropical cyclone (TC) activity through alterations in large-scale fields such as vertical wind shear, mid-level moisture, sea level pressure and sea surface temperature. Atlantic TC activity has been shown to be enhanced when La Nina conditions are present in the tropical Pacific, while activity is reduced when El Nino conditions occur. Atlantic TC activity is enhanced when the convectively active phase of the MJO is over Africa and the western Indian Ocean (Phases 1–2), while TC activity is suppressed when the convectively active phase of the MJO is over the tropical Pacific (Phases 6–7). These relationships are shown to extend to Atlantic basin rapid intensification (RI) events (typically defined as intensification of 30 knots or greater in 24 h), with nearly three times as many RI events in La Nina years when compared with El Nino years. In addition, approximately four times more RI episodes occur when the MJO exceeds one standard deviation in Phases 1–2 than when the MJO exceeds one standard deviation in Phases 6–7. Storms forming in Phases 1–2 are twice as likely to undergo at least one RI episode during their lifetime as storms forming in Phases 6–7. Even stronger relationships are seen when the MJO and ENSO are considered in combination.
Torquoselective ring closures of chiral amido trienes derived from allenamides. A tandem allene isomerization-pericyclic ring-closure-intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition.

A new torquoselective ring-closure of chiral amide-substituted 1,3,5-hexatrienes and its application in tandem with [4 + 2] cycloaddition are described. The trienes were derived via either a 1,3-H or 1,3-H−1,7-H shift of α-substituted allenamides, and the entire sequence through the [4 + 2] cycloaddition could be in tandem from allenamides.
Turbulent Energy Transport in Nonradiative Accretion Flows

Just as correlations between fluctuating radial and azimuthal velocities produce a coherent stress contributing to the angular momentum transport in turbulent accretion disks, correlations in the velocity and temperature fluctuations produce a coherent energy flux. This nonadvective thermal energy flux is always of secondary importance in thin radiative disks, but cannot be neglected in nonradiative flows, in which it completes the mean field description of turbulence. It is nevertheless generally ignored in accretion flow theory, with the exception of models explicitly driven by thermal convection, for which it is modeled phenomenologically. This flux embodies both turbulent thermal convection and wave transport, and its presence is essential for a proper formulation of energy conservation, whether convection is present or not. The sign of the thermal flux is likely to be outward in real systems, but the restrictive assumptions used in numerical simulations may lead to inward thermal transport, in which case qualitatively new effects may be exhibited. We find, for example, that a static solution would require inward, not outward, thermal transport. Even if it were present, thermal convection would be unlikely to stifle accretion but would simply add to the outward rotational energy flux that must already be present.
Incentive design for efficient building quality of service

Buildings are a large consumer of energy, and reducing their energy usage may provide financial and societal benefits. One challenge in achieving efficient building operation is the fact that few financial motivations exist for encouraging low energy configuration and operation of buildings. As a result, incentive schemes for managers of large buildings are being proposed for the purpose of saving energy. This paper focuses on incentive design for the configuration and operation of building-wide heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, because these systems constitute the largest portion of energy usage in most buildings. We begin with an empirical model of a building-wide HVAC system, which describes the tradeoffs between energy consumption, quality of service (as defined by occupant satisfaction), and the amount of work required for maintenance and configuration. The model has significant non-convexities, and so we derive some results regarding qualitative properties of non-convex optimization problems with certain partial-ordering features. These results are used to show that “baselining” incentive schemes suffer from moral hazard problems, and they also encourage energy reductions at the expense of also decreasing occupant satisfaction. We propose an alternative incentive scheme that has the interpretation of a performance-based bonus. A theoretical analysis shows that this encourages energy and monetary savings and modest gains in occupant satisfaction and quality of service, which is confirmed by our numerical simulations.