cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Do People Pursue Happiness?: Relating Personality, Happiness-Increasing Strategies, and Well-Being

Five hundred ethnically diverse undergraduates reported their happiness strategies – that is, activities undertaken to maintain or increase happiness. Factor analysis extracted eight general strategies: Affiliation, Partying, Mental Control, Goal Pursuit, Passive Leisure, Active Leisure, Religion, and Direct Attempts at happiness. According to multiple regression analyses, these strategies accounted for 52% of the variance in self-reported happiness and 16% over and above the variance accounted for by the Big Five personality traits. The strongest unique predictors of current happiness were Mental Control (inversely related), Direct Attempts, Affiliation, Religion, Partying, and Active Leisure. Gender differences suggest that men prefer to engage in Active Leisure and Mental Control, whereas women favor Affiliation, Goal Pursuit, Passive Leisure, and Religion. Relative to Asian and Chicano(a) students, White students preferred using high arousal strategies. Finally, mediation analyses revealed that many associations between individuals’ personality and happiness levels are to some extent mediated by the strategies they use to increase their happiness – particularly, by Affiliation, Mental Control, and Direct Attempts.
Epidemiologic Basis of the Role of Environmental Endocrine Disruptors in Breast Cancer

What can be said about the role of environmental ­endocrine disruptors in breast cancer from epidemiologic studies of humans? To address this question, we define endocrine disruptors, consider their sources in the environment, document the breast cancer trends in incidence and mortality over time, place exposures in the context of “windows of susceptibility,” discuss the strengths and limitations of the epidemiologic approach in environmental studies, and review studies in humans relevant to this question across a range of endocrine disruptors. We take a life-course perspective on breast cancer etiology that encompasses the known and potential impact of environmental factors early in development and during ­“windows of susceptibility” across the life span. Such an approach presents certain challenges for human epidemiologic studies, which are discussed. However, observational epidemiologic studies, natural experiments, and novel study designs, along with toxicological and mechanistic studies using animal models, are creating a fuller picture of the role of the environment in breast cancer. Recommendations for filling gaps in our current knowledge of this topic complete the chapter.
The Non-Proliferation Regime and the NPT

This chapter begins with an explanation of the relevant international regimes and the factors that comprise the nonproliferation regime in particular. This is followed by an in-depth introduction to applicable treaties and the nonproliferation regime’s centrepiece: the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). This section includes a discussion of the NPT’s purpose, its historical context, and the content of each treaty article. Compliance and non-compliance with the NPT are delved into as well as an overview of the recognised vulnerabilities of the NPT as international law. The chapter concludes that the nonproliferation regime is the convergence of expectations based on shared principles and rules and the relevant treaties have an impact on State behaviour.
Severe gastroesophageal reflux disease. Medical and surgical options for long-term care.

Severe gastroesophageal reflux disease is usually a chronic problem with periods of relapse, but effective medical and surgical therapies are available. Two recently introduced agents, omeprazole (Prilosec) and cisapride (Propulsid), represent advances in medical therapy; the safety of long-term, continuous omeprazole therapy is under investigation. Used by surgeons with sufficient experience, the new laparoscopic approach offers potential advantages over conventional anti-reflux surgery in suitable candidates. The decision of whether to recommend long-term medical therapy or surgery must be individualized. Medical therapy may be the best choice in elderly patients and poor surgical candidates, in patients whose symptoms are well controlled with omeprazole and who accept its benefit-risk profile, and when a highly experienced anti-reflux surgeon is not available. Surgery may be appropriate (assuming a skilled surgeon is available) in patients who are young, have trouble taking medication, need multiple agents to control symptoms, and need continuous omeprazole therapy but are unwilling to accept the theoretical risk of gastric carcinoid tumors that accompanies it. Language: en
Laser-Assisted Dry Etching Ablation for Microstructuring of III–V Semiconductors

Laser-assisted dry etching ablation (LADEA) has been reviewed with an emphasis on its applicability for the microstructuring of III–V semiconductor compounds. The method is based on the application of an excimer laser ( λ= 308 nm) for pulsed heating of a wafer which is placed in a stream of Cl2/He gas. Both the products of chemical reaction and the depth to which a laser-induced reaction takes place depend on laser fluence. This makes possible the ablation of a well defined volume of the material. Little or no structural damage to the surface is observed because ablation is carried out with laser fluences below those required to melt the matrix material. The laser fluence dependence of the etch rate indicates that the process is primarily temperature driven with a characteristic energy for desorption. We have investigated LADEA as a method forin-situ processing of III–V semiconductors and the fabrication of nanostructures. An atomic force microscopy study has shown that atomically smooth surfaces can be obtained if the etch rate is near 1/2 atomic layer per laser pulse. The lateral resolution of LADEA has been found to be at least 20 nm. This, as well as the results ofin-situ photoluminescence and Auger electron spectroscopy measurements, indicate that LADEA can be used for the direct (photoresist-free) fabrication of high quality microstructures and, ultimately, for the nanostructuring of III–V semiconductor compounds.
A 19-year-old man with progressive lung infiltrates

After undergoing induction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia, he developed fever, lung infiltrates, and severe neutropenia. What is the most likely cause?
Endocrinological Abnormalities in Autism

A number of chemical messengers, such as various hormones and hormone-like substances, along with neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, are directly or indirectly linked with the encoding of social behavior via their action at the amygdala, hippocampus, and other related brain structures known to be involved in different aspects of social development. It is thought that any imbalance in the secretion and action of these chemicals may lead to defective or abnormal social behaviors that are the hallmarks of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs). Many of the studies have described an association between ASDs and endocrine dysfunction, but have failed to establish a cause-effect connection between these 2 conditions. All together, the literature regarding the role of endocrine-related factors and ASDs is sparse and remains somewhat preliminary, controversial, and inconclusive. Thus, more research is needed in the future to shed more light on this topic.
Patients Who Do Not Take Their Osteoporosis Medications: Can We Help Them Become Compliant?

Patients with chronic diseases frequently do not take their medications correctly. People with osteoporosis are no exception. Epidemiologic data show that noncompliance and nonpersistence should be serious concerns for healthcare professionals who treat this disease. Challenges to having patients improve their medication behaviors include complex dosing regimens, perceived and real side effects, cost and uncertainty about the severity of this disease, and the need for medication. We have developed a substantial literature about noncompliance, and many different interventions have been tested, but behavioral changes are minor and usually fleeting. Understanding why patients with osteoporosis refuse to comply with their medication regimens can help healthcare professionals create and test interventions to improve medication behaviors and reduce fractures that can result from noncompliance and nonpersistence with osteoporosis medicines.
The relevance of the analyst's character and attitudes to his work.

This paper is intended to sensitize analysts to the role of their character in analytic technique. The relation of character to countertransference, its role in analytic style, in the introduction ...
Quantum mechanics over sets: a pedagogical model with non-commutative finite probability theory as its quantum probability calculus

This paper shows how the classical finite probability theory (with equiprobable outcomes) can be reinterpreted and recast as the quantum probability calculus of a pedagogical or toy model of quantum mechanics over sets (QM/sets). There have been several previous attempts to develop a quantum-like model with the base field of $${\mathbb {C}} $$ replaced by $${\mathbb {Z}}_{2}$$ . Since there are no inner products on vector spaces over finite fields, the problem is to define the Dirac brackets and the probability calculus. The previous attempts all required the brackets to take values in $${\mathbb {Z}}_{2}$$ . But the usual QM brackets $$\left\langle \psi |\varphi \right\rangle $$ give the “overlap” between states $$\psi $$ and $$\varphi $$ , so for subsets $$S,T\subseteq U$$ , the natural definition is $$\left\langle S|T\right\rangle =\left| S\cap T\right| $$ (taking values in the natural numbers). This allows QM/sets to be developed with a full probability calculus that turns out to be a non-commutative extension of classical Laplace-Boole finite probability theory. The pedagogical model is illustrated by giving simple treatments of the indeterminacy principle, the double-slit experiment, Bell’s Theorem, and identical particles in QM/Sets. A more technical appendix explains the mathematics behind carrying some vector space structures between QM over $${\mathbb {C}} $$ and QM/Sets over $${\mathbb {Z}}_{2}$$ .
A High-Throughput Screening Assay to Identify Kidney Toxic Compounds

Kidney toxicity due to drugs and chemicals poses a significant health burden for patients and a financial risk for pharmaceutical companies. However, currently no sensitive and high-throughput in vitro method exists for predictive nephrotoxicity assessment. Primary human proximal tubular epithelial cells (HPTECs) possess characteristics of differentiated epithelial cells, making them a desirable model to use in in vitro screening systems. Additionally, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) protein expression is upregulated as a protective mechanism during kidney toxicant-induced oxidative stress or inflammation in HPTECs and can therefore be used as a biomarker for nephrotoxicity. In this article, we describe two different methods to screen for HO-1 increase: A homogeneous time resolved fluorescence (HTRF) assay and an immunofluorescence assay. The latter provides lower throughput but higher sensitivity due to the combination of two readouts, HO-1 intensity and cell number. The methods described in the protocol are amendable for other cell types as well. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nitrogen balance in response to dryland crop rotations and cultural practices

Abstract Nitrogen balance provides a measure of agroecosystem performance and environmental sustainability by taking into accounts of N inputs and outputs and N retention in the soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate N balance based on N inputs and outputs and soil N sequestration after 7 yr in response to five dryland crop rotations (two 4-yr stacked and two 4-yr alternate-year rotations and one monocropping) and two cultural practices arranged in a split-plot design in the northern Great Plains, USA. Stacked rotations were durum ( Triticum turgidum L.)-durum-canola ( Brassica napus L.)-pea ( Pisum sativum L.) (D-D-C-P) and durum-durum-flax ( Linum usitatissimum L.)-pea (D-D-F-P). Alternate-year rotations were durum-canola-durum-pea (D-C-D-P) and durum-flax-durum-pea (D-F-D-P). Monocroppping was continuous durum (CD). Cultural practices were traditional (conventional till, recommended seed rate, broadcast N fertilization, and reduced stubble height) and ecological (no-till, increased seed rate, banded N fertilization, and increased stubble height). Total annual N input due to N fertilization, pea N fixation, atmospheric N deposition, crop seed N, and nonsymbiotic N fixation was lower in CD than other crop rotations, regardless of cultural practices. Total N output due to crop grain N removal and N losses due to denitrification, volatilization, plant senescence, N leaching, gaseous N (NO x ) emissions, and surface runoff was lower in traditional CD and D-F-D-P than traditional D-C-D-P and ecological D-C-D-P, D-D-C-P, and D-F-D-P. Nitrogen sequestration rate at 0–125 cm from 2005 to 2011 ranged from 40 kg N ha −1 yr −1 for ecological D-D-F-P to 52 kg N ha −1 yr −1 for ecological CD. Nitrogen balance ranged from −39 to −36 kg N ha −1 yr −1 with CD compared to 9–25 kg N ha −1 yr −1 with other crop rotations in both cultural practices. Because of reduced reliance on external N inputs and increased grain N removal, N flow, and N surplus, crop rotations with legumes, nonlegumes, and oilseed crops in the rotation can be productive and environmentally sustainable compared with monocropping, regardless of cultural practices.
Query Suggestion to allow Intuitive Interactive Search in Multidimensional Time Series

In recent years, the research community, inspired by its success in dealing with single-dimensional time series, has turned its attention to dealing with multidimensional time series. There are now a plethora of techniques for indexing, classification, and clustering of multidimensional time series. However, we argue that the difficulty of exploratory search in large multidimensional time series remains underappreciated. In essence, the problem reduces to the "chicken-and-egg" paradox that it is difficult to produce a meaningful query without knowing the best subset of dimensions to use, but finding the best subset of dimensions is itself query dependent. In this work we propose a solution to this problem. We introduce an algorithm that runs in the background, observing the user's search interactions. When appropriate, our algorithm suggests to the user a dimension that could be added or deleted to improve the user's satisfaction with the query. These query dependent suggestions may be useful to the user, even if she does not act on them (by reissuing the query), as they can hint at unexpected relationships or redundancies between the dimensions of the data. We evaluate our algorithm on several real-world datasets in medical, human activity, and industrial domains, showing that it produces subjectively sensible and objectively superior results.
VESTIBULAR AND REFLEX CONTROL OF NORMAL STANDING

The regulation of antero-posterior body sway about the ankle joints has been the object of this study of human posture control. The stabilizing influences of two of the relevant sensory systems have been studied: (1) postural responses initiated by the vestibular system as a consequence of body sway motion and (2) muscle proprioceptive reflexes and sensory systems of the ankle joints responding to ankle joint rotation during body sway.
Comparison of Outcomes 1 Year After Rotator Cuff Repair With and Without Concomitant Biceps Surgery.

Purpose To compare the outcomes of patients who undergo a long head of the biceps (LHB) procedure (tenotomy or tenodesis) concomitant with rotator cuff repair (RCR) to those of patients who undergo isolated RCR. Methods Prospectively collected data were retrospectively reviewed on 80 patients, >18 years old, who underwent repair of a full-thickness rotator cuff tear and with 1-year patient-reported outcome scores collected June 2012 to March 2015. The exclusion criteria were concomitant procedures other than LHB tenotomy, tenodesis, or subacromial decompression; prior shoulder surgery; or other shoulder pathology. The 3 patient groups are as follows: RCR + tenotomy, RCR + tenodesis, and isolated RCR. The primary outcome measures were American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, Western Ontario Rotator Cuff (WORC) index, and visual analog scale (VAS) for pain. A t -test measured the mean improvement in LHB patients compared with isolated RCR patients and compared the LHB tenotomy and tenodesis groups. Stepwise linear progression used LHB tenotomy or tenodesis as the primary predictor. Results The biceps procedure group had more female patients (22 vs 7, P = .01); otherwise there were no significant baseline differences. The LHB procedure group had significantly worse baseline ASES scores (mean, 48.9 vs 58.7; P = .032). All RCR patients showed significant improvement in all 3 outcome measures. Patients who had either LHB tenotomy or tenodesis ( n = 45) demonstrated significantly greater mean improvement in ASES (mean, 42.7 vs 23.8; P = .002), VAS (mean, 49.2 vs 35.7; P = .020), and WORC scores (mean, 928 vs 743; P = .029) at 1-year follow-up compared with patients who had isolated RCR. ASES scores at 1 year were significantly better in the biceps group (91.6 vs 82.5; P = .023). Linear regression found a biceps procedure to be predictive of a significantly greater improvement in ASES score ( P = .01). Analysis of variance revealed that both the LHB tenotomy ( P = .04) and tenodesis ( P = .01) groups demonstrated more favorable improvement in ASES when compared with RCR alone. Conclusions Patients who underwent a concomitant biceps procedure when indicated at the time of RCR demonstrated inferior baseline patient-reported outcome measures and greater improvement after 1 year, as well as more favorable ASES scores at 1 year compared with isolated RCR patients. Level of Evidence Level III, retrospective comparative study.
Lymphocyte Counts are Dynamic and Associated with Survival after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

ABSTRACTObjective: We sought to determine whether levels of individual leukocyte subsets (neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes) and their post-procedural trajectory are related to survival after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR).Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of consecutive patients undergoing transfemoral TAVR in a large academic referral center (2012–2014). The association between baseline and 1-day post-TAVR change in leukocyte subsets and mortality were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards and Kaplan-Meier methods.Results: A total of 136 patients were included in this study. Overall, TAVR was associated with a modest increase in total leukocyte counts which was driven by increases in neutrophils and monocytes. In contrast, absolute lymphocyte counts (ALC) decreased sharply after TAVR (median difference −0.43 × 109/L, p < 0.001). The magnitude of this change in ALC did not correlate with the post-procedural neutrophilia or monocytosis. Baseline neutrophil and monocyte cou...
Ureteral Reconstruction Surgery

This chapter aims to discuss complications associated with robotic ureteral reconstructive procedures. The chapter is outlined by first giving a general overview of common robotic ureteral reconstructive procedures performed, followed by literature review of the complications and an in-depth discussion of various complications and their management options.
Guiding Image Segmentation on the Fly: Interactive Segmentation From a Feedback Control Perspective

Image segmentation is a fundamental problem in computational vision and medical imaging. Designing a generic automated method that works for various objects and imaging modalities is a formidable task. Instead of proposing a new specific segmentation algorithm, we present a general design principle on how to integrate user interactions from the perspective of feedback control theory. Lyapunov stability analysis is employed to design and analyze an interactive segmentation system. Then, stabilization conditions are derived to guide the algorithm design. Finally, the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method are demonstrated.
CRT-100.10 Congestive Profiles Correlate with Clinical Outcomes Among Patients Requiring Acute Mechanical Circulatory Support for Cardiogenic Shock

The impact of congestive profile on clinical outcome in patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) supported by acute mechanical circulatory support (AMCS) is not well understood. We retrospectively analyzed all patients (n=140) between 2012-2016 receiving veno-arterial extra corporeal membrane
Self-Management in Liver Transplant Recipients: A Narrative Review.

Introduction:Although self-management is essential for liver transplant recipients, there is no review that has synthesized findings related to self-management in this population.Objective:This nar...
Tempo and Reading Well

This chapter explores the significance of tempo and rhythm in the classroom and inquiry by focusing on a case study for a hypertext writing assignment in a seminar on Nietzsche. The investigation integrates current research on the science of reading and learning and scrutinizes historical and contemporary fears that new media undermine not only reading comprehension but even cognition. Of particular concern is the conflation of speed and ease in some discussions. It is argued that in addition to the adaptation of new technologies to the needs of humanities research in particular, we need to develop scholarly habits appropriate for the tasks: The lento tempo of the art of exegesis, as Nietzsche describes it, might yet have allegro and staccato accompaniments, which could quickly draw unexpected connections that enhance the meaning of the whole enterprise of teaching and learning.
Altered lignin content and composition in transgenic Populus trichocarpa results in a decrease of modulus of elasticity.

Transgenic Populus trichocarpa wood was compared to the corresponding wild-type material. The static modulus of elasticity in three-point bending was measured and the chemical composition among the specimens were compared, including the glucose, xylose, and lignin contents as well as the S/G ratio. Changes in chemical composition, created by genetic manipulations of the lignin biosynthetic pathway, affect the mechanical properties of young small-diameter transgenic trees. There are indications that a decrease in lignin content causes severe reductions in mechanical properties. Changes in lignin structure, either from an increased S/G ratio or structural lignin modifications, also negatively influence the mechanical properties.
Racial disparities in post-discharge healthcare utilization after trauma.

Abstract Background Racial disparities in trauma outcomes have been documented, but little is known about racial differences in post-discharge healthcare utilization. This study compares the utilization of post-discharge healthcare services by African-American and Caucasian trauma patients. Methods Trauma patients with an Injury Severity Score (ISS)≥9 from three Level-I trauma centers were contacted between 6 and 12 months post-injury. Utilization of trauma-related healthcare services was asked. Coarsened exact matching (CEM) was used to match African-American and Caucasian patients. Conditional logistic regression then compared matched patients in terms of post-discharge healthcare utilization. Results 182 African-American and 1,117 Caucasian patients were followed. Of these, 141 African-Americans were matched to 628 Caucasians. After CEM, we found that African-American patients were less likely to use rehabilitation services [OR:0.64 (95% CI:0.43–0.95)] and had fewer injury-related outpatient visits [OR:0.59 (95% CI:0.40–0.86)] after discharge. Conclusions This study shows the existence of racial disparities in post-discharge healthcare utilization after trauma for otherwise similarly injured, matched patients.
Religious Service Attendance, Moral Foundations, God Concept, and In-Group Giving: Testing Moderated Mediation

Studies demonstrate that religious people are more likely to donate money to charity, but these donations are more often given to in-group members (e.g., religiously affiliated organizations). Few studies test mechanisms by which religious attendance affects the bias toward in-group giving. Moral foundations are proposed as mediators of the association between religious attendance and the in-group giving bias, and traditional God concept is proposed as a moderator of the relation between attendance and moral foundations. Data were collected from Christians in the USA. (N = 311), and participants were given an opportunity to donate their payment to Christian (in-group), Muslim (out-group), or secular charities. The traditional God concept variable moderated the indirect effect of the fairness/reciprocity foundation in explaining the relation between religious attendance and giving. People with highly traditional God concepts and higher religious attendance reported higher fairness/reciprocity scores, and they gave less to in-group charities and more to out-group charities.
The harms of promoting ‘Zero Harm’

In this issue, Amalberti and Vincent1 ask ‘what strategies we might adopt to protect patients when healthcare systems and organizations are under stress and simply cannot provide the standard of care they aspire to’. This is clearly a critical and much overdue question, as many healthcare organisations are in an almost constant state of stress from high workload, personnel shortages, high-complexity patients, new technologies, fragmented and conflicting payment systems, over-regulation, and many other issues. These stressors put mid-level managers and front-line staff in situations where they may compromise their standards and be unable to provide the highest quality care. Such circumstances can contribute to low morale and burn-out. The authors provide guidance for addressing this tension of providing safe care during times of organisational stress, including principles for managing risk in difficult conditions, examples for managing this tension in other high-risk industries, and a research and development agenda for healthcare. Leaders at all levels of healthcare organisations should read this article. These authors join others2 who advise that we should shift our focus from creating absolute safety (meaning the elimination of error and harm) towards doing a better job of actively managing risk. I want to expand on this point to explore how an excessive focus on absolute safety may paradoxically reduce safety. Striving for absolute safety—often termed ‘zero harm’—is encouraged by some consultants, patient safety experts and regulators. Take for example the recently published book, ‘ Zero Harm: How to Achieve Patient and Workforce Safety in Healthcare ’ ,3 edited by three leaders of Press Ganey, a large organisation that works with over 26 000 healthcare organisations with the mission of helping organisations improve patient experience, including improving safety. The book states, ‘We will only reduce serious safety events, and improve organizations’ overall performance, if every US …
Characterization of Oils and Oil Mixtures using Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy

Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) transmission analysis as applied to oils typically involves multi-layer sample holders of differing materials. Here we investigate the THz transmission through multilayer systems using a simplified holder design consisting of a milled delrin ring and two thin low-density polyethylene (LDPE) windows. This configuration reduces the complexity of the analysis and increases the accuracy of terahertz time-domain measurements on oil-based samples. We analyze the refractive index and absorption coefficient for different oils. This analysis offers a new approach in monitoring oil quality during manufacturing and degradation with use of oils in food industry. The use of oils that are largely transparent in the THz regime also serves as a medium in which to dissolve chemicals for THz spectroscopic analysis.
Towards De-Anonymization of Google Play Search Rank Fraud

Search rank fraud, the fraudulent promotion of products hosted on peer-review sites, is driven by expert workers recruited online, often from crowdsourcing sites. In this paper we introduce the fraud de-anonymization problem, that goes beyond fraud detection, to unmask the human masterminds responsible for posting search rank fraud in peer-review sites. We collect and study data from crowdsourced search rank fraud jobs, and survey the capabilities and behaviors of 58 search rank fraud workers recruited from 6 crowdsourcing sites. We collect a gold standard dataset of Google Play user accounts attributed to 23 crowdsourced workers and analyze their fraudulent behaviors in the wild. We propose Dolos , a fraud de-anonymization system that leverages traits and behaviors we extract from our studies, to attribute detected fraud to crowdsourcing site workers, thus to real identities and bank accounts. We introduce MCDense, a min-cut dense component detection algorithm to uncover groups of user accounts controlled by different workers, and use stylometry and supervised learning to attribute them to crowdsourcing site profiles. Dolos correctly identified the owners of 95 percent of fraud worker-controlled communities, and uncovered fraud workers who promoted as many as 97.5 percent of fraud apps we collected from Google Play. When evaluated on 13,087 apps (820,760 reviews), which we monitored over more than 6 months, Dolos identified 1,056 apps with suspicious reviewer groups. We report orthogonal evidence of their fraud, including fraud duplicates and fraud re-posts. Dolos significantly outperformed adapted dense subgraph detection and loopy belief propagation competitors, on two new coverage scores that measure the quality of detected community partitions.
The Pediatric Autism Spectrum Therapy Observation System: Development, Psychometric Properties, and Sensitivity to Treatment

An observational coding system was developed to track clinical change in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) during psychotherapy. The Pediatric Autism Spectrum Therapy Observation System (PASTOS) consists of 23 items divided into 5 subscales and is used to rate child behaviors in individual psychotherapy sessions. Manual-based cognitive behavioral therapy session transcripts of 22 children diagnosed with ASD (IQ > 70) and a concurrent anxiety disorder (M = 9.41 years, SD = 1.56 years) enrolled in a randomized, controlled trial were coded. Results suggested that the PASTOS exhibited promising interrater reliability, internal consistency, convergent validity at post-treatment, and treatment sensitivity. The PASTOS may be a useful tool for studying process and outcome in psychotherapy research on children with ASD.
Governors Fighting Crisis: Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic across U.S. States on Twitter

In the waves of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, each U.S. state governor has been leading efforts to curb the spread of the virus within his or her state. Twitter has been...
Evaluating Tandem Luminscent Solar Concentrator Performance Based on Luminophore Selection

Analytical modeling results are reported for a tandem luminescent solar concentrator system utilizing Si nanocrystal luminophores in the bottom junction and a variety of candidate top junction luminophores. A multicrystalline Si photovoltaic cell is used for the Si nanocrystal junction and a thin-film GaAs cell is used for the top. Three of the five top luminophores tested enhance the power conversion efficiency while maintaining the aesthetic quality of the system, confirming that Si nanocrystals can be used in tandem luminescent solar concentrators and emphasizing the importance of strategic luminophore selection.
Purification and expression of gCap39: An intracellular and secreted Ca2+-dependent actin-binding protein enriched in mononuclear phagocytes

A protein of approximately 40 kDa was the major Ca2(+)-binding protein purified by Ca2(+)-dependent hydrophobic affinity chromatography from the cell lysates and conditioned media of RAW macrophages. Other Ca2(+)-binding proteins, including several annexins (calelectrins), S100-like proteins, and calmodulin, were less abundant and preferentially found in the cell lysates. Amino acid sequences of tryptic fragments from the purified 40-kDa protein revealed its identity to gCap39, an actin-binding protein encoded by a cDNA isolated on the basis of its homology with gelsolin. When an expression vector containing the gCap39 coding region was transfected into COS cells, high levels of gCap39 were found in both the cells and conditioned media, whereas annexins were only present in the cells. gCap39 could also be purified from human plasma where it appeared to be a minor component. No signal sequence was detected in the primary structure of gCap39 and the secreted and intracellular forms of gCap39 are of identical size, suggesting that unlike gelsolin, the mechanism of gCap39 secretion may not depend on a signal sequence. The high concentration of gCap39 in macrophages and its constitutive secretion as well as intracellular retention suggest that this protein may have a dual role in macrophage function, namely that of a Ca2(+)- and polyphosphoinositide-regulated intracellular modulator of the cytoskeleton as well as that of a secreted protein involved in the clearance of actin from the extracellular environment.
The Offense: Missiles and War Games

The German V1 missile was the first cruise missile, not a ballistic missile, that flew a flat trajectory, obtaining oxygen from the air, like an airplane. The German V2 was the first ballistic missile that flew on a parabolic trajectory above the atmosphere and needed to carry its oxygen. The first German V2 flight of October 2, 1942, was the first of 3,700 V2–flights. The V2 carried 750 kg a distance of 300 km, similar to today’s Russian Scud B. The accuracy of the V2 was poor, only 35 % landed within 2 km of their targets. At this rate, the accuracy of ICBMs would be 60 km over a range of 10,000 km. As ICBMs improved, the nuclear arms race shifted from production of slow, recallable bombers to that of fast, nonrecallable, MIRVed (multiple, independently targetable reentry vehicles) ICBMs. The increased accuracy of ICBMs led to decreased weapon yields, dropping from nuclear weapons from multi megatons to 300–500 kilotons (kton). To attack foreign leadership, as well as buried weapons, the U.S. also developed earth-penetrating warheads.
The Effect of Niche Occupations on Standard of Living: A Closer Look at Chinese, Filipino, and Asian Indian Immigrants

This study aims to examine Chinese, Filipino, and Asian Indian immigrants who were part of the U.S. labor force in 2009. The goal of this research is to identify the variables which most accurately influence the standard of living among these three groups once they are a part of U.S. labor market. I hypothesize that those immigrants who receive work in their ethnic niche occupations will have higher standards of living than those who do not work in the niche occupations. This study will focus narrowly on ethnic groups that come to the United States with relatively high levels of educational attainment. While many researchers have focused on immigration collectively, this research will add to existing literature by focusing narrowly on these three unique immigrant groups: Chinese, Filipino, and Asian Indians; and their associated standards of living in relation to occupation. I hypothesize that those immigrants who work in their ethnic niche occupations will have higher standards of living, ceteris paribus, than immigrants who do not. This article is available in The Park Place Economist: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol19/iss1/11
DEPLETION AND REPLENISHMENT OF THE INORGANIC POLYPHOSPHATE POOL IN NEUROSPORA CRASSA

Harold, F. M. (National Jewish Hospital, Denver, Colo.). Depletion and replenishment of the inorganic polyphosphate pool in Neurospora crassa. J. Bacteriol. 83:1047–1057. 1962.—Turnover of the inorganic polyphosphate pool of Neurospora crassa was demonstrated in both growing and nongrowing mycelium. In nitrogen-deficient cultures, polyphosphate synthesis and degradation were in balance and no net changes occurred. When mycelium was suspended in a growth medium deficient in phosphate, polyphosphate was degraded to acid-soluble compounds, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and orthophosphate; net synthesis of nucleic acids and phospholipids occurred at the expense of polyphosphate. Various attempts were made to demonstrate direct formation of ATP from polyphosphate when oxidative and fermentative ATP generation were blocked. No evidence for this reaction could be obtained, suggesting that the primary product of polyphosphate degradation is not ATP but probably orthophosphate. Addition of phosphate to phosphate-starved mycelium induced rapid replenishment of the polyphosphate pool; polyphosphate accumulation ceased abruptly when the original level had been restored. The finding that ATP accumulation within the mycelium preceded polyphosphate synthesis, together with the rapid turnover of this compound, supports the view that ATP is the metabolic precursor of polyphosphate. The results suggest a cyclic pattern of polyphosphate metabolism. In N. crassa at least, polyphosphate does not appear to function as a reservoir of “high-energy” phosphate, but the polyphosphate cycle may be involved in the dissipation of excess ATP.
Bkd-Tree: A Dynamic Scalable kd-Tree

In this paper we propose a new index structure, called the Bkd-tree, for indexing large multi-dimensional point data sets. The Bkd-tree is an I/O-efficient dynamic data structure based on the kd-tree. We present the results of an extensive experimental study showing that unlike previous attempts on making external versions of the kd-tree dynamic, the Bkd-tree maintains its high space utilization and excellent query and update performance regardless of the number of updates performed on it.
Why We Can't Wait!: An Afrocentric Approach in Working with African American Families

An Afrocentric theoretical approach is utilized as a framework in guiding practitioners working with African American families. Afrocentricity places African American history, culture, and African heritage at the center of persons of African American families. An Afrocentric perspective also epitomizes the political, economic, and social freedom of African American families and communities. More importantly, understanding the cultural dynamics of African American families and their historical and contemporary use of resources (e.g., worldview, language, spirituality, etc.) to adapt and overcome certain life circumstances can be useful in assessment and treatment.
Electronic spectra of organic molecules and their interpretation—XI : The effect of substituents on the electronic spectra of thiobenzophenone

Abstract 1. Thiobenzophenone (A = A′ = H), and a series of 4-monosubstituted derivatives (1, A = H; A′ = Ph, OH, O·CH 2 ·Ph, NMe 2 , NO 2 ) and 4,4′-disubstituted derivatives (A = A′ = Ph, OH, OMe, NMe 2 ) and 2-iodo- and 2,2′-dimethoxythiobenzophenone have been prepared. 2. The electronic spectra of these compounds has been determined in either, or both, benzene or hexane, as necessary. In addition, data for 2-hydroxy-and 2-methoxythiobenzophenone are given for a number of solvents. 3. The K-Band of thiobenzophenone is displaced to longer wavelengths on the substitution into thiobenzophenone of a terminal 4-group(s) which increases the polarity and/or polarizability of the molecule. 4. In contrast to the considerable, and always bathochromic, effect of substituents in the terminal 4-position, the introduction of this same substituent into the unsubstituted phenyl group in the “side-chain” of the thiobenzophenone molecule has a much smaller, and usually hypsochromic, effect. 5. The introduction of an electron donating group into the 4-position causes the (thiocarbonyl) R-Band of thiobenzophenone to move to shorter wavelengths. 6. The introduction of an electron withdrawing nitro group into the 4-position causes the (thiocarbonyl) R-Band of thiobenzophenone to move to longer wavelengths. 7. On the basis of the experimental results, the benzene nucleus, when substituted into the thiobenzophenone system, appears to act as an electron acceptor. 8. The 4-monosubstituted thiobenzophenones display two K-Bands, both at longer wavelengths than that of thiobenzophenone itself. An interpretation, based on the possible reversal of the electron migration, corresponding to the K 2 -Band, in the unsubstituted branch of the absorbing system, caused by the introduction of a terminal 4-electron donating group into the relatively non-polar molecule of thiobenzophenone, is offered. 9. The effect of intra- and inter-molecular (solute-solvent) hydrogen bonding on the R-Bands of 2- and 4-hydroxythiobenzophenones is examined. 10. The possible nature of the R-Band transition is discussed.
The Ratio of Dimensionless Jet Cross Sections at the Tevatron

Several sources, both experimental and theoretical, subject inclusive jet cross section measurements to large uncertainties. On the experimental side, the energy scale contributes between 10% and 30% uncertainties. On the theoretical side, choice of parton distribution function introduces a 20% variation in the prediction; freedom in renormalization scale provides another uncertainty of up to 30%. The ratio of inclusive jet cross sections reduces the uncertainty from these major sources, permitting a very precise test of next-to-leading order QCD. The preliminary results from DOand CDF differ from simple QCD predictions in normalization and differ from each other at small values of jet $x_T$.
EDI through a distributed information systems approach

The model of electronic commerce envisions the ability to send large quantities of business transactions electronically to a large number of sometimes anonymous parties. The EDI standards ANSI X12 and EDIFACT provide a framework for formatting a given EDI message, called an EDI transaction. Although the EDI paradigm provides an obvious improvement over the paper world, it suffers from several problems, a major one being lack of flexibility. Introducing a new EDI transaction or making a simple change to an existing transaction is complex, tedious and time-consuming, as it has to be first approved by the ANSI ASC X12 committee and requires updating of the EDI translation software. In this paper, we propose a simple and straightforward approach, based on distributed database concepts, that can eliminate the tedious process of standardization. EDI messages are exchanged through database transactions via a database-to-database communication rather than application-to-application. The most significant outcome of this approach is that EDI is transformed from an electronic analog of a business process in the paper world to a process supporting electronic commerce.
A role for ferrous ion and oxygen in the degradation of DNA by bleomycin.

Abstract An interaction between bleomycin and low concentrations of Fe(II) in the degradation of DNA is reported. Complete conversion of simian virus 40 DNA to acid-soluble products occurs at approximately equimolar levels of Fe(II), bleomycin, and DNA; Fe(III) does not substitute for Fe(II) in this reaction. Anaerobiosis inhibits the observed DNA degradation by bleomycin and Fe(II). Optical spectral studies reveal that an oxygen-labile complex is formed between bleomycin and Fe(II).
Fluoxetine at anorectic doses does not have properties of a dopamine uptake inhibitor.

Although fluoxetine is a highly selective inhibitor of serotonin uptake in vitro and in vivo, some investigators have suggested that dopamine uptake inhibition may contribute to anorectic actions of fluoxetine. The present experiments were done to determine fluoxetine's effects in some animal protocols in which dopamine uptake inhibitors have characteristic actions. Mazindol prevented the depletion of striatal dopamine and its metabolites by amphetamine in iprindole-pretreated rats, but fluoxetine had no effect. Mazindol prevented the depletion of striatal dopamine and its metabolites by 6-hydroxydopamine injected intracerebroventricularly into rats, but fluoxetine had no effect. Mazindol enhanced the elevation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentration in rat brain after spiperone injection, but fluoxetine did not cause that effect. Fluoxetine did not mimic amfonelic acid in antagonizing the retention of α-methyl-m-tyramine invant striatum after the injection of α-methyl-m-tyrosine. These results show that fluoxetine, at doses that are effective in blocking the serotonin uptake carrier and causing anorexia, does not block the dopamine uptake carrier.
Angle-resolved photoemission studies of Ge(001)-(2×1)

Ge(001)-(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) surfaces prepared by either molecular-beam epitaxy or sputtering followed by annealing were studied with angle-resolved photoemission with use of synchrotron radiation in the photon-energy range of 14---45 eV. The surface electronic structure was found to be independent of preparation procedures. The upper bulk valence-band dispersions of Ge were determined from the $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ point to the $X$ point along the [001] direction in the Brillouin zone; the results are in good agreement with the theoretical band dispersions of Chelikowsky and Cohen [Phys. Rev. B 14, 556 (1976)]. Three peaks were observed in the normal-emission spectra to show no dispersion over a wide photon-energy range. We will discuss if these peaks are derived from transitions involving surface states.
Electric Energy Usage in the Home: A Predictive Model

A predictive model for total electric energy (in kilowatt-hours) used in household operation based upon information on ownership of selected electric home equipment and selected char acteristics of a sample of 195 families was developed. Participants met the following criteria: (1) at least two related persons living in the household, (2) no business operated from the premises (unless the electricity was metered separately), (3) all single family houses, (4) no part of the house rented, (5) no electric heat or central electric air conditioning. The dependent variable was the amount of electricity (kilowatt-hours) used for the year June, 1975, through May, 1976. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was employed to determine the predictive equation Y1=−249 + 672X1+ 3463X2+ 925X3+ 25X4 where Y1= predicted electric energy usage, X1= number of electric major appliances owned, X2= water heater type (non- electric, electric), X3= household size (number of persons in the household), X4= employ ment (number of hours per week the home manager is employed outside the home), R2= 0. 54, p = 0. 0001. Other variables considered in the analysis but which did not explain at least 1 percent of the variation in the amount of electrical energy used were location (urban or rural), education of home manager, score for knowledge of electrical concepts and terminol ogy and number of small electric appliances owned.
Surface analysis of electrochemically oxidized metal sulfides using Raman spectroscopy

Abstract An optical multichannel apparatus was used to obtain Raman spectra from electrochemically oxidized pyrite in a neutral solution. The pyrite Raman spectra are compared with the spectra from electrochemically oxidized galena and sulfur electrodeposited on platinum. Elemental sulfur and polysulfides are found in the range 0.42–1.0 V vs. the saturated calomel electrode (SCE) for pyrite and 0.13–1.0 V(SCE) for galena.