cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rewrite the Bankruptcy Laws, Not the Scriptures: Protecting a Bankruptcy Debtor's Right to Tithe

In June 1998, the Religious Liberty and Charitable Donation Protection Act (the "Act") of 1998 was signed into law. The centerpiece of the Act will protect gratuitous transfers to churches and charities that would otherwise be avoidable as fraudulent transfers. The Act has been roundly criticized by the bankruptcy community. This article explains the state of the law with respect to these transactions prior to the enactment of the Act, the reasons justifying the Act, and explains the relevant provisions of the Act. This article justifies the Act on several grounds. First, it is shown that courts were in error in failing to protect these transfers under established fraudulent transfer principles even prior to the Act. Fraudulent conveyance law has traditionally protected consumption and investment transactions so as to permit reliance with third-parties with whom the debtor deals. This principle applies with equal force to arms'-length transfers made to bona fide religious and charitable organizations that actually rely on the transfer. Second, principles of equity justify protecting these transactions. Fraudulent conveyance law does not avoid transactions made for gambling, fine dining, and vacations; it similarly should not avoid transfers made from religious and charitable motives. Third, current law allows debtors to transfer property to themselves through use of the exemption power, a transaction analogous to a classical fraudulent conveyance "kickback" transaction. An arms'-length transfer to a bona fide religious or charitable organization does not create such a kickback arrangement. Fourth, just as the policies of the tax code yield to the traditional public support for religious and charitable organizations through their tax-exempt status, it is appropriate for bankruptcy and fraudulent conveyance policies also to yield.
Orbital-Angular-Momentum Multiplexing for High-Capacity Free-Space Optical Communications

Beams can carry orbital angular momentum (OAM), and different amounts of OAM can define a set of orthogonal modes. This presentation will highlight advances in using multiplexing of multiple OAM beams in free-space communications to increase capacity and spectral efficiency.
A preliminary report of an indirect fluorescent antibody test for detecting antibodies to cysts of Pneumocystis carinii in human sera.

An indirect immunofluorescence screening test for detecting antibodies to Pneumocystis carinii in human serum is described. The antigen used was prepared from isolated pneumocystis cysts separated from human pulmonary tissue. Of 89 sera from patients with confirmed or provisionally diagnosed pneumocystis pneumonia in the United States, 46% were positive. Of 85 sera from healthy contacts in the home or hospital, 14% were positive serologically. None of 50 sera from healthy young Americans was reactive.
Depressed expression of adipocyte beta-adrenergic receptors is a common feature of congenital and diet-induced obesity in rodents.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the dramatic reduction in expression and functional activity of the β3-adrenergic receptor (AR) and β1AR subtypes originally observed in adipose tissue of the C57BL/6J Lepob/ Lepob (‘obese’) mouse are general features of all models of obesity, and whether obesity-related differences in βAR subtype expression occur between adipose depots. DESIGN: Survey of adipose tissue βAR expression from four mouse models of congenital obesity: the ‘obese’ mouse (C57BL/6J Lepob/ Lepob), the ‘diabetic’ mouse (C57BL/KsJ LepRdb/LepRdb), the ‘tubby’ mouse (C57BL/6J tub/tub) and the ‘fat’ mouse (C57BL/KsJ Cpefat/Cpefat), and in a model of high-fat diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6J mice. MEASUREMENTS: Expression of the βAR subtypes was measured by Northern blot hybridization in white and brown adipose depots. RESULTS: In the severely obese Lepob and LepRdb mice, mRNA concentrations of β3AR and β1AR in white adipose tissue (WAT) were decreased by >99% and by >70%, respectively. More modest effects on β3AR expression were observed in brown adipose tissue (BAT, decreased by 20–30%). In less severe forms of obesity, as found in the tubby and carboxypeptidase (Cpe)fat mice, and in diet-induced obese B6 mice, β3AR expression was decreased in WAT by up to 90%, with more modest decreases in interscapular BAT (IBAT). Changes in β1AR mRNA concentrations were more variable. β2AR mRNA levels did not differ in most cases, with the exception that there was a 3–5-fold increase in BAT for both Lepoband LepRdb mice. C0NCLUSIONS: Impaired expression of adipocyte βAR subtypes is a general feature of both genetic and dietary obesity in mice. The degree of obesity is correlated with the extent of loss of β3AR and β1AR expression in WAT. The distinct endocrine abnormalities associated with these obesity models may be responsible for the degree of impaired adipocyte βAR expression.
Exporting U.S. Counter-Interpretation: Redeeming Constitutional Supremacy in the U.K.

To solve the democratic deficit of U.S. style judicial review, the New Commonwealth Model of Judicial Review (NCM) gives legislatures the “final word” on law by empowering them to override Supreme Court decisions. This model was recently implemented in the United Kingdom, Canada, and New Zealand. I argue that the United Kingdom has failed and the United States has succeeded in the democratization of the interpretation of rights because the U.K.’s Human Rights Act has intermediate status while the U.S. Constitution is supreme law. Constitutional supremacy is the necessary condition for the democratization of rights, which I call “counter-interpretation.” Counter-interpretation occurs when the legislature interprets the constitution independently of and sometimes in conflict with the Supreme Court. I illustrate the link between “counter-interpretation” and constitutional supremacy in the homeland of parliamentary sovereignty, the United Kingdom. I show how during a brief period of de facto constitutional supremacy in the United Kingdom, politicians independently and in opposition to the courts interpreted the meaning of the controversial “right to family life.” I conclude by arguing that the United Kingdom should abandon parliamentary sovereignty, that the United States is a viable model for countries seeking to produce counter-interpretation, and I put forth a new more democratic model of judicial review.
Dynamic analysis on physical examination results of practitioners in food hygiene and public places in Changping District of Beijing

Objective To survey infectious diseases among practitioners in food hygiene and public places in Changping District of Beijing based on physical examination result.Methods Physical examination results of practitioners in food hygiene and public places in Changping District between 2006 and 2010 was analyzed retrospectively.Results The annual detection rate of infectious diseases among food hygiene and public place practitioners from 2006 to 2010 was 2.38%,2.19%,2.18%,2.00%,and 0.37%respectively.Total HBsAg carrying rate of local practitioners was obviously lower than practitioners from other cities(0.85%vs 2.45%;χ~2= 763.18,P0.01);Active pulmonary tuberculosis detection rate of local practitioners in each year was 0.000%,0.044%,0.155%,0.048%, and 0.265%respectively,and the other cities practitioners was 0.002%,0.041%,0.152%,0.149%,and 0.216%respectively,there was an increasing tendency of active pulmonary tuberculosis detection rate in both the local and other cities practitioners(local:χ~2 =82.08,P0.01;other cities:χ~2 = 145.99,P0.01);Total detection rate of active pulmonary tuberculosis in local practitioners was significantly lower than that of other cities (0.103%vs 0.115%;χ~2 = 13.50,P0.01).Conclusion Adhering to the annual physical examination of practitioners in food hygiene and public places,strengthening the prevention of hepatitis B and pulmonary tuberculosis are important for ensuring food hygiene and safety of public places.
A Framework for Aligning Instructional Design Strategies with Affordances of CAVE Immersive Virtual Reality Systems

Increasing availability of immersive virtual reality (IVR) systems, such as the Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE) and head-mounted displays, for use in education contexts is providing new opportunities and challenges for instructional designers. By highlighting the affordances of IVR specific to the CAVE, the authors emphasize the importance of establishing new instructional strategy guidelines to mitigate the risk of designing lessons with CAVEs and other IVRs that simply overload learners with unnecessary information and impede overall learning. This information is then applied to create a framework of best practices for designing IVR lessons and instructional materials to effectively incorporate the technology and create opportunities for positive learning. This framework focuses on areas of content, differentiated instruction, interactivity of instruction, presentation of learning materials, virtual and physical spaces, and technical knowledge.
The effect of electrically induced lower extremity ergometry on an ischial pressure ulcer: a case study.

AbstractBackground: lndividuals with spinal cord injury (SC I) are at an increased risk of pressure ulcer development. Electrical stimulation of adjacent musdes may be underutilized as a tool for pressure ulcer healing in individuals with SCI.Method: Single case study.Summary: A 27 -year-old man with C4 tetraplegia developed a left ischial pressure ulcer that for 23 months responded slowly and inconsistently to conventional treatment. Electrically induced lower extremity ergometry (EI LEE) was introduced to facilitate wo und healing. The pressure ulcer healed completely in 6.5 months.Condusion: This case illustrates the potential important contribution of EI LEE in the healing of an ischial pressure ulcer in individuals with SCI.
A fast method for estimating transient scene attributes

We propose the use of deep convolutional neural networks to estimate the transient attributes of a scene from a single image. Transient scene attributes describe both the objective conditions, such as the weather, time of day, and the season, and subjective properties of a scene, such as whether or not the scene seems busy. Recently, convolutional neural networks have been used to achieve state-of-the-art results for many vision problems, from object detection to scene classification, but have not previously been used for estimating transient attributes. We compare several methods for adapting an existing network architecture and present state-of-the-art results on two benchmark datasets. Our method is more accurate and significantly faster than previous methods, enabling real-world applications.
Size determination in Hydra: the roles of growth and budding.

Hydra pseudoligactis cultured at 9 °C for 3–4 weeks are one-and-a-half times larger than those cultured at 18 °C. The size of Hydra is correlated with the numbers of epitheliomuscular and digestive cells in the distal portion of the animal and with the diameters of the epithelio-muscular cells in the peduncle. Counts of mitotic figures and tritiated-thymidine-labeled nuclei and determinations of increase in mass of Hydra populations suggest that the difference caused by these temperatures does not affect mitosis. At 9 °C buds are initiated at a lower rate and take longer to develop than at 18 °C. The surface-areas of buds raised at the two temperatures are similar. Because Hydra raised at the two temperatures have similar growth dynamics, the differences in sizes of the animals cannot be due to growth rate. The observed effect of temperature on bud initiation and development is probably relevant to the increased size of animals raised at 9 °C, since these larger animals may be accumulating more cells while losing fewer to buds.
Induced varicoceles in rhesus monkeys.

Varicoceles were surgically induced unilaterally in seven rhesus monkeys. Effects of the varicoceles were documented by quantitative and qualitative changes in the semen analysis and testicular biopsies. Testicular temperatures appeared to be higher bilaterally in animals with varicoceles. Testosterone and estradiol levels in the testicular vein were somewhat higher on the experimental side. We found no evidence for adrenal retrograde flow.
The Canaanite Woman, the Second Nun, and St. Cecilia

Chaucer's little-noticed allusion to the story of the Canaanite woman in his Prologue to the Second Nun's Tale brings several aspects of his poem into focus. What he gains by alluding to this accou...
Macromolecular Transport in Arterial Walls: Current and Future Directions

Relevant mathematical models associated with the transport of macromolecules in the blood stream and in the arterial walls are reviewed in this work. A robust four-layer model (endothelium, intima, internal elastic lamina and media) based on porous media concept and accounting for selective permeability of each porous layer to certain solutes is presented to describe the transport of macromolecules in the arterial wall coupled with the transport in the lumen. The variances in the current models are analyzed and discussed. Future direction in developing a rigorous mathematical model for transport in arterial walls using porous media theory and fluid-structure interaction approach is outlined in this study.
Low-Cost Sensor System Design for In-Home Physical Activity Tracking

An aging and more sedentary population requires interventions aimed at monitoring physical activity, particularly within the home. This research uses simulation, optimization, and regression analyses to assess the feasibility of using a small number of sensors to track movement and infer physical activity levels of older adults. Based on activity data from the American Time Use Survey and assisted living apartment layouts, we determined that using three to four doorway sensors can be used to effectively capture a sufficient amount of movements in order to estimate activity. The research also identified preferred approaches for assigning sensor locations, evaluated the error magnitude inherent in the approach, and developed a methodology to identify which apartment layouts would be best suited for these technologies.
Einstein's wife

It has come to my attention that the very literal English translation of three sentences from an obituary of Albert Einstein, originally written in Russian by Abram Joffe, which appeared in my article "Arguing about Einstein's wife"(Physics World April 2004 p14), is nearly identical to a translation that appeared in Albert Einstein: The Incorrigible Plagiarist by Christopher J Bjerknes (2002, XTX Inc).
Multivariate Monitoring of the Process Mean and Variability Using Combinations of Shewhart and MEWMA Control Charts

Control charts are considered for the problem of simultaneously monitoring the mean and variability of a multivariate process when the joint distribution of the process variables is multivariate normal. We investigate sets of univariate EWMA charts used in combination with sets of Shewhart charts or in combination with sets of EWMA charts based on the squared deviations of the observations from target. We also investigate the MEWMA control chart used in combination with a multivariate Shewhart control chart or with a form of MEWMA-type chart based on the squared deviations from target. We conclude that a combination of multivariate charts gives somewhat better average performance than a combination of sets of univariate charts, and that a combination of MEWMA charts that includes one based on the squared deviations from target gives the best overall performance.
The Inner Ear

Equal time is given to the ‘place theory’ and the ‘volley theory’ of pitch discriminations. The latter is found wanting in some respects in which the former seems more adequate. Still, it is acknowledged that in the auditory nerve information may be detected as though coded by either method, and only the study of the central nervous system will eventually disclose which one of the two is actually read there.
A Single Particle Model with Chemical/Mechanical Degradation Physics for Lithium Ion Battery State of Health (SOH) Estimation

Abstract State of Health (SOH) estimation of lithium ion batteries is critical for Battery Management Systems (BMSs) in Electric Vehicles (EVs). Many estimation techniques utilize a battery model; however, the model must have high accuracy and high computational efficiency. Conventional electrochemical full-order models can accurately capture battery states, but they are too complex and computationally expensive to be used in a BMS. A Single Particle (SP) model is a good alternative that addresses this issue; however, existing SP models do not consider degradation physics. In this work, an SP-based degradation model is developed by including Solid Electrolyte Interface (SEI) layer formation, coupled with crack propagation due to the stress generated by the volume expansion of the particles in the active materials. A model of lithium ion loss from SEI layer formation is integrated with an advanced SP model that includes electrolytic physics. This low-order model quickly predicts capacity fade and voltage profile changes as a function of cycle number and temperature with high accuracy, allowing for the use of online estimation techniques. Lithium ion loss due to SEI layer formation, increase in battery resistance, and changes in the electrodes' open circuit potential operating windows are examined to account for capacity fade and power loss. In addition to the low-order implementation to facilitate on-line estimation, the model proposed in this paper provides quantitative information regarding SEI layer formation and crack propagation, as well as the resulting battery capacity fade and power dissipation, which are essential for SOH estimation in a BMS.
Long-Term Cognitive and Psychological Functioning in Post-Electroconvulsive Therapy Patients

Objective: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is associated with positive outcomes for treatment-resistant mood disorders in the short term. However, there is limited research on long-term cognitive or psychological changes beyond 1 year after -ECT. This study evaluated long-term outcomes in cognitive functioning, psychiatric symptoms, and quality of life for individuals who had undergone ECT. Methods: Eligible participants (N = 294) who completed a brief pre-ECT neuropsychological assessment within the last 14 years were recruited for a follow-up evaluation; a limited sample agreed to follow-up testing (n = 34). At follow-up, participants were administered cognitive measures (Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status [RBANS], Wide Range Achievement Test-4 Word Reading, Trail Making Test, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition Letter Number Sequence and Digit Span, and Controlled Oral Word Association Test), along with emotional functioning measures (Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition [BDI-II] and Beck Anxiety Inventory) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF quality of life measure. Follow-up-testing occurred on average (SD) 6.01 (3.5) years after last ECT treatment. Results: At follow-up, a paired t test showed a large and robust reduction in mean BDI-II score. Scores in cognitive domains remained largely unchanged. A trend was observed for a mean reduction in RBANS visual spatial scores. Lower BDI-II scores were significantly associated with higher RBANS scores and improved quality of life. Conclusions: For some ECT patients, memory, cognitive functioning, and decreases in depressive symptoms can remain intact and stable even several years after ECT. However, the selective sampling at follow-up makes these results difficult to generalize to all post-ECT patients. Future research should examine what variables may predict stable cognitive functioning and a decline in psychiatric symptoms after ECT.
Current-constrained density-matrix theory to calculate molecular conductivity with increased accuracy

Molecular conductivity is the quantum flow of electrons through a molecule. Since its conception by Aviram and Ratner, molecular conductivity has been realized experimentally in molecules and molecular-scale circuits. Significant challenges, however, remain for its prediction with popular theoretical methods often overpredicting conductance by as much as an order of magnitude. Here we report a current-constrained, electronic structure-based variational principle for molecular conductivity. Unlike existing theories, which set the voltage to compute the current, the current-constrained variational principle determines the voltage from an electronic structure calculation in which the current is added as a constraint. We apply the variational principle to benezenedithiol with gold and nickel leads where it matches experimental values and trends, improving upon previous theory by as much as 1–2 orders of magnitude. The current constraint produces a conducting steady state that includes all many-body effects treatable by the electronic structure calculation. Molecular conductivity, the quantum flow of electrons through a molecule, is typically overpredicted by theoretical methods to date. Here, the authors report a current-constrained, electronic structure-based method improving on existing techniques for calculating conductance by up to two orders of magnitude.
An analytical model for interfacial stresses in double-lap bonded joints

Due to their many advantages, adhesively bonded joints are widely used to join components in composite structures. However, premature failure due to debonding and peeling of the joint is the major ...
The Judiciary and Education Reform: A Reassessment.

OF THE UNITED STATES 1971 Tables 192-93, at 124-25 (92d ed. 1971). A few state courts held there were some limits to the states' power to operate and compel attendance at public schools. See, e.g., Trustees of Schools v. People, 87 Ill. 303, 29 Am. R. 55 (1877) (inability to pass grammar examination no bar to pupil's admission to public school); State ex rel. Sheibley v. School Dist. No. 1, 31 Neb. 552, 48 N.W. 393 (1891) (reinstatement of child ordered despite refusal to study grammar); School Bd. Dist. No. 18 v. Thompson, 24 Okla. 2, 103 P. 578 (1909) (reinstatement of child ordered despite refusal to participate in music class). Most state courts, however, upheld the right of school authorities to prescribe certain courses. See, e.g., Samuel Benedict Memorial School v. Bradford, 111 Ga. 801, 36 S.E. 920 (1900); Donahoe v. Richards, 38 Me. 379, 61 Am. Dec. 256 (1854); Guernsey v. Pitldn, 32 Vt. 224, 76 Am. Dec. 171 (1859). The discretionary power of school authorities to regulate pupil conduct in disciplinary matters has also been recognized. See Salem Community School Corp. v. Easterly, 275 N.E.2d 317 (Ind. App. 1971); Andrews v. Webber, 108 Ind. 31, 8 N.E. 708 (1886) (suspension of student for refusal to study music constitutes act within discretion of school board); Tanton v. McKinney, 226 Mich. 245, 197 N.W. 510 (1924). On several occasions, the Supreme Court cautioned states with respect to their control of education. For example, in Pierce v. Society of Sisters, the Court held that states could not force students to attend public schools, while in West Virginia State Board
Text Messaging and Private Practice: Ethical Challenges and Guidelines for Developing Personal Best Practices

The impact of technology on mental health practice is currently a concern in the counseling literature, and several articles have discussed using different types of technology in practice. In particular, many private practitioners use a cell phone for business. However, no article has discussed ethical concerns and best practices for the use of short message service (SMS), better known as text messaging (TM). Ethical issues that arise with TM relate to confidentiality, documentation, counselor competence, appropriateness of use, and misinterpretation. There are also such boundary issues to consider as multiple relationships, counselor availability, and billing. This article addresses ethical concerns for mental health counselors who use TM in private practice. It reviews the literature and discusses benefits, ethical concerns, and guidelines for office policies and personal best practices.
The Development and Deployment of a Virtual Unit Operations Laboratory

Computer-simulated experiments offer many benefits to engineering curricula in the areas of safety, cost, and flexibility. We report our experience in developing and deploying a computer-simulated unit operations laboratory, driven by the guiding principle of maximum fidelity to the physical lab. We find that, while the up-front investment in terms of labor in virtual laboratory development is substantial, the benefits of augmenting a physical laboratory with computer-simulations can justify the investment.
Assessing the Nuances of Counterterrorism Programs: A Country-Level Investigation of Targeted Killings:

Although there has been research assessing the effectiveness of targeted killings in a variety of contexts, there remains important gaps in the literature. This study addresses these gaps by evaluating previously established nuanced effects together in one analysis, while at the same time incorporating vital country-level controls. This investigation utilizes two types of analytic strategies, ZINB and series hazard models, with multiple independent and dependent variables. Overall, this study fails to find clear evidence that targeted killings are correlated with terrorism outcomes in the three countries in which they are most commonly used: Pakistan, Yemen, and Somalia.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Oseltamivir Phosphate (Tamiflu) via the Iron-Catalyzed Stereoselective Olefin Diazidation.

We herein report a gram-scale, enantioselective synthesis of Tamiflu, in which the key trans-diamino moiety has been efficiently installed via an iron-catalyzed stereoselective olefin diazidation. This significantly improved, iron-catalyzed method is uniquely effective for highly functionalized yet electronically deactivated substrates that have been previously problematic. Preliminary catalyst structure–reactivity–stereoselectivity relationship studies revealed that both the iron catalyst and the complex substrate cooperatively modulate the stereoselectivity for diazidation. Safety assessment using both differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the drop weight test (DWT) has also demonstrated the feasibility of carrying out this iron-catalyzed olefin diazidation for large-scale Tamiflu synthesis.
Effect of pasteurization and fat, protein, casein to serum protein ratio, and milk temperature on milk beverage color and viscosity.

ABSTRACT Our goal was to determine the effect of pasteurization-homogenization, fat and protein concentration, proportion of milk protein that is casein and serum protein, and temperature on sensory and instrumental measures of viscosity and color of milk-based beverages. A second goal was to use instrumental measures of whiteness and yellowness to predict sensory measures of whiteness and yellowness. A complete balanced 3 factor (fat, true protein, and casein as a percentage of true protein) design was applied with 3 levels of fat (0.2, 1.0 and 2.0%), 4 levels of true protein (3.00, 3.67, 4.34, and 5.00%) within each fat level, and 5 levels of casein as a percentage of true protein (CN%TP; 5, 25, 50, 75, and 80%) within each protein level for beverage formulation. Instrumental color and viscosity, and visual sensory color analyses were done on each beverage formulation. For unpasteurized beverages across 3 fat levels (0.2, 1, and 2%), changes in CN%TP had the largest effect on L values, sensory whiteness, opacity, color intensity, and yellowness, whereas changes in fat concentration had a stronger influence on a and b* values. Increasing CN%TP from 5 to 80% increased L values, sensory whiteness, and opacity, and decreased sensory color intensity and yellowness. The a and b* values increased with increasing fat concentration. For unpasteurized milk protein beverages within each fat level, variation in CN%TP dominated the changes in L values, sensory whiteness, and opacity, and decreased a and b* values, sensory color intensity, and yellowness. The effect of heat (pasteurization and homogenization) and its interaction terms had the second largest effect on color of milk protein beverages with respect to instrumental color data and sensory appearance attributes. Heat increased L values, sensory whiteness, and opacity, and decreased a and b* values, sensory color intensity, and yellowness. Increases in temperature decreased instrumental viscosity and changes in protein concentration and CN%TP had a greater effect on instrument viscosity data within each temperature (4, 20, and 50°C) than fat. Sensory perception of yellowness was not highly correlated with b* values. Multiple linear regressions of L, a, and b* values produced more robust predictions for both sensory whiteness and yellowness than simple linear regression with L and b* values alone, and may be a useful instrumental approach for quality control of sensory whiteness and yellowness of milk protein beverages.
Complications in the adult asplenic patient: A review for the emergency clinician

Abstract Background The spleen performs several important physiologic functions. However, patients can have functional asplenia or have their spleen removed for a number of reasons, which can put them at risk for several dangerous complications. Objective This narrative review provides a focused evaluation of adult asplenic patients and complications in the emergency departing setting. Discussion The spleen plays integral roles in the immune and reticuloendothelial systems and also modulates the inflammatory and coagulation cascades. Asplenia refers to the anatomic or physiologic loss of splenic function, which may be due to trauma, immunological, hematological, or oncological etiologies. Asplenic patients are at risk for several complications including infection, arterial and venous thrombosis, and pulmonary hypertension. Fever in an asplenic patient and overwhelming post-splenectomy infection (OPSI) are medical emergencies with a high mortality and require rapid evaluation and management with broad-spectrum antibiotics. Asplenic patients are at increased risk of arterial thrombosis, such as coronary artery disease, and venous thrombosis including deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and splenic and portal vein thrombosis. Management of venous thrombosis includes anticoagulation. Pulmonary hypertension with associated right ventricular dysfunction may also occur in asplenia. These patients require hemodynamic stabilization with an emphasis on inciting causes and treatment of the pulmonary hypertension. Conclusions The spleen is an integral organ involved in several physiologic functions. Asplenia, or absence of spleen function, is associated with severe complications. Knowledge of these complications can improve the care of these patients.
Tomato Atypical Receptor Kinase1 Is Involved in the Regulation of Preinvasion Defense.

Tomato Atypical Receptor Kinase 1 (TARK1) is a pseudokinase required for postinvasion immunity. TARK1 was originally identified as a target of the Xanthomonas euvesicatoria effector protein Xanthomonas outer protein N (XopN), a suppressor of early defense signaling. How TARK1 participates in immune signal transduction is not well understood. To gain insight into TARK1’s role in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) immunity, we used a proteomics approach to isolate and identify TARK1-associated immune complexes formed during infection. We found that TARK1 interacts with proteins predicted to be associated with stomatal movement. TARK1 CRISPR mutants and overexpression (OE) lines did not display differences in light-induced stomatal opening or abscisic acid-induced stomatal closure; however, they did show altered stomatal movement responses to bacteria and biotic elicitors. Notably, we found that TARK1 CRISPR plants were resistant to Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato strain DC3000-induced stomatal reopening, and TARK1 OE plants were insensitive to P. syringae pathovar tomato strain DC3118 (coronatine deficit)-induced stomatal closure. We also found that TARK1 OE in leaves resulted in increased susceptibility to bacterial invasion. Collectively, our results indicate that TARK1 functions in stomatal movement only in response to biotic elicitors and support a model in which TARK1 regulates stomatal opening postelicitation.
Effect of Crowd Voting on Participation in Crowdsourcing Contests

While expert rating is still a dominant approach for selecting winners in contests for creative works, a few crowdsourcing platforms have recently used “crowd voting” for winner selection – that is...
Metabolism of Dioxins and Dioxins-Like Compound, Its Regulation and Toxicological Pathways

Dioxin and dioxin-like compounds are group of chemical compounds that are highly toxic, persistent environmental pollutants that can affect human health, wildlife and environment adversely. Dioxins are ubiquitous in environment (soil, water and air) and are formed mostly as by-products of various industrial activities such as metallurgy, waste incineration or burning. Environmental clean-up of dioxins is extremely difficult partly because of its planner structure, extremely hydrophobic nature, strong adsorption/absorption to the soil. Once released into the environment dioxins can contaminate the human and animal food supply. Dioxin mediated toxicity can result in immune-toxicity, induction of enzyme related disorders, chloracne, carcinogen and birth defects. This chapter details the structure, source, fate, impact on human health and environment, metabolism, biodegradation, enzymes and the genes involved during the biodegradation of dioxin and dioxin-like compounds such as dibenzofuran.
Examining Spiritual Ecograms in Child Welfare Settings with Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in including spiritual assessments in child welfare settings with families and children. Studies suggest that most social workers and practitioners would benefit from more training on how to include their client's spiritual strengths into their practice, especially when dealing with specific cultural subgroups, such as members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Therefore, the focus of this study was how to assess spirituality in child welfare settings with families and children who are members of the Church using a spiritual ecogram assessment tool. Evaluation of this spiritual assessment tool was facilitated through a survey of 100 practitioners who were members of the Church or experienced in working with members. In general, the practitioners perceived the spiritual ecogram as appropriate and consistent with the beliefs and culture of the Church, although numerous suggestions for improvement were offered.
NeuroSOFM: A Neuromorphic Self-Organizing Feature Map Heterogeneously Integrating RRAM and FeFET

Many currently available hardware implementations of the unsupervised self-organizing feature map (SOFM) algorithm utilize complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS)-only circuits that often compromise key behaviors of the SOFM algorithm due to complexity. We propose a neuromorphic architecture harnessing the unique properties of ferroelectric field-effect transistors (FeFETs) and gated-resistive random access memory (RRAM) for in-memory computing to implement the SOFM algorithm. The FeFET-based synapse, organized in a novel circuit, is able to compute the input-weight Euclidean error in memory via the saturation drain current. The self-decaying states of the gated-RRAM allow for a self-decaying neighborhood and learning rate implementation to allow for convergence and lifelong learning. This novel architecture is able to successfully cluster benchmarks (RGB colors and MNIST handwritten digits) and real-life datasets, such as COVID-19 patient chest X-rays completely unsupervised. The architecture also demonstrates a significant amount of robustness to device variability and damaged neurons. In addition, the proposed architecture is completely parallelized and provides a power-efficient platform for implementing the SOFM algorithm.
Phase Behavior of Binary and Ternary Amorphous Mixtures Containing Indomethacin, Citric Acid, and PVP

Purpose. To better understand the nature of drug-excipient interactions we have studied the phase behavior of amorphous binary and ternary mixtures of citric acid, indomethacin and PVP, as model systems.
The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra

We have seen that if F is a field, every nonconstant polynomial in F[x] factors uniquely (up to the order of the factors) into the product of irreducible polynomials. Irreducible polynomials relate to all polynomials in the same way that primes do to all natural numbers. Thus one naturally asks: Which polynomials are irreducible? and How does one factor a given polynomial into a product of irreducible polynomials?
The Fort McDowell Yavapai: From Pawns to Powerbrokers

Abstract Faced with the loss of their homeland due to a proposed dam, a small American Indian community initially seemed powerless to prevent their relocation. This threat was associated with substantial detrimental impacts on the physical, psychological, and economic functioning of the community and its members. While the proposed dam initially was stopped in 1976, it was resurrected by local political and public pressure following two years of devastating floods affecting a nearby metropolitan area. A federally funded and highly visible study was then commissioned to investigate the impacts of and alternatives to the proposed dam. An independent investigation collected data assessing the psychological impact on the Yavapai community caused by the threat of relocation. As a result of the visibility and attention the Yavapai gained from this study, their role as a politically active pressure group, and their shrewd use of the leverage they gained, the tribal community succeeded in eliminating the proposed...
The Stimulation of Rat Liver Phenylalanine Hydroxylase by Phospholipids

Abstract The maximum velocity of rat liver phenylalanine hydroxylase is stimulated by the following phospholipids, in order of decreasing potency: lysolecithin, lysophosphatidylserine, phosphatidylserine, and sphingomyelin. Lysolecithin stimulates the maximum velocity 50-fold when the naturally occurring pterin, tetrahydrobiopterin, is used as cofactor, and only 1.15-fold when the synthetic cofactor, 6,7-dimethyltetrahydropterin, is employed. In the presence of tetrahydrobiopterin, lysolecithin also converts the initial velocity-phenylalanine concentration relationship from a sigmoidal to a hyperbolic curve.
Examining the Intersection of Bullying and Physical Relationship Violence Among New York City High School Students

Research is just beginning to explore the intersection of bullying and relationship violence. The relationship between these forms of youth aggression has yet to be examined in diverse urban centers, including New York City (NYC). This study seeks to identify intersections of joint victimization from bullying and electronic bullying (e-bullying) with physical relationship violence (pRV). This study examines data from the NYC Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), a representative sample of NYC public high school students, to assess the concurrent victimization from bullying at school and e-bullying with pRV, operationalized as physical violence by a dating partner in the past 12 months. Students who reported being bullied at school and e-bullied had increased odds (bullied: OR = 2.5, 95% CI [2.1, 2.9]; e-bullied: OR = 3.0, 95% CI [2.6, 3.5]) of also being victimized by pRV compared with those who did not report being bullied or e-bullied. In logistic regression models, being bullied at school and being e-bull...
Variability of in‐stream and riparian storage in a beaded arctic stream

The extent and variability of water storage and residence times throughout the open water season in beaded arctic streams are poorly understood. Data collected in Imnavait Creek, a beaded stream located north of the Brooks Range in Alaska, were used to better understand the effects of in-pool and riparian storage on heat and mass movement through beaded streams. Temperature data of high spatial resolution within the pools and surrounding sediments were used with volumetric discharge and electrical conductivity to identify storage areas within the pools, banks, and other marshy areas within the riparian zone, including subsurface flow paths that connect the pools. These subsurface flows were found to alter water conductivity and the character of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in short reaches (10 s of m) while influencing the chemistry of downstream pools. During low flow periods, persistent stratification occurred within the pools due to absorption of solar radiation by DOM coupled with permafrost below and low wind stress at the pool surface. Additionally, one of the shallow pools (<0.5 m depth) remained stratified during higher flow periods and lower radiation inputs due to dense subsurface flows entering the bottom of the pools. This consistent separation of surface and bottom water masses in each pool will increase the travel times through this and similar arctic watersheds, and therefore will affect the evolution of water chemistry and material export. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interconnect performance modeling for 3D integrated circuits with multiple Si layers

Long interconnect RC delay is increasing rapidly with chip size, limiting chip performance. 3D device integration in multiple layers of Si promises to increase transistor packing density and reduce RC time delay through reducing chip size. This paper offers a quantitative approach to compare current technology chip performance to that of 3D ICs.
Biginelli pyrimidone synthesis

One-pot condensation reaction of an aromatic aldehyde, urea, and ethyl acetoacetate in acidic ethanolic solution and expansion of such a condensation thereof.
Reprolysins and Astacins ... Alive, Alive-O

Proteases are common enzymes that cut proteins into pieces. But new work indicates that they do not just perform janitorial duties. The cleavages by proteases are proving to be important regulatory steps, as summarized by Weinmaster in her commentary. She focuses on two instances in which proteases perform essential regulatory jobs during the development of the embryo.
Detecting Thread-Safety Violations in Hybrid OpenMP/MPI Programs

We propose an approach by integrating static and dynamic program analyses to detect threadsafety violations in hybrid MPI/OpenMP programs. We innovatively transform the thread-safety violation problems to race conditions problems. In our approach, the static analysis identifies a list of MPI calls related to thread-safety violations, then replaces them with our own MPI wrappers, which involve accesses to some specific shared variables. The static analysis avoids instrumenting unrelated code, which significantly reduces runtime overhead. In the dynamic analysis, both happen-before and lockset-based race detection algorithms are used to detect races on these aforementioned shared variables. By detecting races, we can identify thread-safety violations according to their specifications. Our experimental evaluation over real-world applications shows that our approach is both accurate and efficient.
Role of Control-Structure Interaction in Protective System Design

Most of the current research in the field of structural control for mitigation of responses due to extreme environmental loads does not directly account for the effects of control-structure interaction and actuator/sensor dynamics in analysis and design. The importance of including control-structure interaction when modeling a control system is discussed herein, and a general framework within which one can study its effect on protective systems is presented. A specific model for hydraulic actuators typical of those used in many protective systems is developed, and a natural velocity feedback link is shown to exist which tightly couples the dynamics of the hydraulic actuator to the dynamics of the structure to which it is attached. Experimental verification of this model is given. Numerical examples are provided that use seismically excited structures configured with active bracing, active tendon, and active mass driver systems. These examples show that accounting for control-structure interaction and actu...
Turbulent entrainment into fluid mud gravity currents

The entrainment of ambient water into non-Newtonian fluid mud gravity currents was investigated in this study. Constant volume release gravity currents were generated in a lock-exchange tank for a wide range of experimental conditions. A technique similar to the so-called light attenuation technique was used to find the boundary of the current, allowing for the calculation of both temporal and bulk entrainment parameters (in terms of the temporal and bulk entrainment velocities, respectively). It was found that the temporal entrainment velocity is dependent on different parameters in the different propagation phases. The slumping phase begins with an adjustment zone (henceforth, non-established zone) in which the temporal entrainment velocity is not a function of the current front velocity, followed by the established zone in which the temporal entrainment velocity is a function of the current front velocity. This dependence of the temporal entrainment velocity on the current front velocity carries through to the inertia-buoyancy phase. As expected, temporal entrainment velocity in the viscous-buoyancy phase was negligible in comparison to average entrainment velocity in the other phases. It is observed that the temporal entrainment characteristics in the non-established zone is governed by the competition between the entrainment-inhibiting density stratification effects and the entrainment-favouring effects of the Kelvin–Helmholtz billows that are quantified by the Richardson number and the Reynolds number of the gravity current, respectively. In the established zone, Reynolds number effects were observed to dominate over Richardson number effects in dictating temporal entrainment characteristics. A parameterization for the temporal entrainment velocity for non-Newtonian fluid mud gravity currents is developed based upon the experimental observations. This study also found that the bulk entrainment characteristics for the non-Newtonian fluid mud gravity currents can be parameterized by the Newtonian bulk entrainment parameterizations that rely solely on a bulk Richardson number. Interestingly, it was found that the non-Newtonian characteristics of the gravity current have little to no effect on the entrainment of the Newtonian ambient fluid.
Histofluorescence characteristics and quantification of small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells in sympathetic ganglia of several species

Small intensily fluorescent (SIF) cells in the superior cervical ganglion of the cow, cat, rabbit, rat, guinea pig and monkey were studied, using the glyoxylic acid monoamine fluorescence method. SIF cell populations per mg ganglion tissue showed great species variation. The greatest numbers of SIF cells per mg were found in the rat (380±30 per mg). Intermediate numbers (76±20 per mg) were found in the guinea pig; and SIF cells in other species were much more sparsely distributed (less than 10 per mg). Two types of SIF cell were identified. Type I cells have long (up to 200 μ) processes which ramify among the principal ganglionic neurons, and this type often occurs singly; whereas type II cells tend to occur in clusters near blood vessels in the interstitial or subcapsular regions of the ganglion. As a general hypothesis we propose that type I SIF cells are interneurons whereas type II SIF cells operate through a neurosecretory mechanism.