cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of the sucrose gradient method for bacterial cell cycle synchronization.

Although many undergraduate and graduate Cell and Molecular Biology courses study the bacterial cell cycle and the mechanisms that regulate prokaryotic cell division, few laboratory projects exist for the enhanced study of cell cycle characteristics in a standard teaching laboratory. One notable reason for this lack of engaging laboratory projects is, although bacterial cells can be grown fairly easily, these cultured cells are in a variety of cell cycle states. As such, to study and understand the factors that regulate bacterial cell division in morphological, physiological, and even molecular respects, it is necessary to have bacterial cells in the same stage of its cell cycle. This matching can be performed by a procedure called cell cycle synchronization.
Nanostructured silica as a support for regenerable high-capacity organoamine-based CO2 sorbents

Nanostructured precipitated and fumed silica (nanosilica) were found to be superior supports for the immobilization of various organoamines. The easily prepared solids were found to be regenerable and effective CO2 absorbents at moderate temperatures from room temperature up to 100 °C. Supported polyethylenimines (PEIs), especially branched low-molecular-weight (LMW, Mwca. 800) and high-molecular-weight (HMW, Mwca. 25 000) PEIs were particularly suitable as CO2 absorbents. Amines with lower molecular weights and lower boiling points such as pentaethylenehexamine (PEH), tetraethylenepentamine (TEP), monoethanolamine (MEA) and diethanolamine (DEA) showed sorbent leaching from the solid absorbents. The addition of poly(ethylene glycol) was found to significantly enhance the subsequently needed desorption of CO2 from PEI-based solid absorbents. In the preparation of CO2 absorbents, the particle size of the nanosilica was found to be of advantage compared to other solid supports having similar or higher surface area but larger particle size.
Modeling micromechanical response to thermal history in bulk grown aluminum nitride

A thermal-elastic-viscoplastic model suitable for modeling aluminum nitride (AlN) during crystal growth is presented. A crystal plasticity model that considers slip along crystallographic slip systems and the evolution of mobile and immobile dislocations on the prismatic and basal slip systems is developed. The model has been implemented into a finite element framework, and a sublimation growth process is modeled to demonstrate the model capability. The dislocation density, which characterizes the crystal quality, and the maximum tensile stress on the cleavage planes (m -planes), which leads to cracking, are computed. (© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
MOLECULAR FLOW AND LANTHANUM CATALYZED BOND INTERCHANGE IN SODIUM PHOSPHATE POLYMERS.

Abstract It is observed that sodium phosphate polymers, in which some of the Na+ ions have been replaced by La3+ ions, are subject to both simple molecular flow and to bond interchange in the glass transition region. These two relaxation mechanisms are separated, and their relative contributions to the shear viscosity are calculated. It is shown that the bond-interchange mechanism is subject to an activation energy of ca. 50 kcal, while that of the molecular flow is of the order of 200 kcal at Tg + 30°C;the latter is of the WLF form. It is further shown that the La3+ ions act as cross-links, at least at low concentrations, and that bond interchange occurs at the site of the La3+ ions rather than at random along the polymer chain.
Effects of coresidential living on the attitudes, self-image, and role expectations of college women.

The author interviewed matched groups of college women to study the effects on women of coresidential dormitory life. As compared to those in all-women's dormitories, women in the coresidential setting were found to have more satisfying relationships with both men and women, higher self-esteem, conceptions of masculinity and femininity that were less stereotyped, and more egalitarian role expectations.
Effects of perceptual training on second language vowel perception and production

This study investigates whether audiovisual training leads to greater improvement in perception and production than auditory training. The participants (n = 60) were American English native speakers enrolled in intermediate French courses. They received audiovisual training, audio-only training, or no training, and were tested at pretest and posttest on their perception and production of French nasal vowels. The results suggest that both training groups improved significantly from the pretest to the posttest, but that the differences between the audiovisual and audio-only groups were not statistically significant. However, the production of the audiovisual training group improved significantly more than the production of the audio-only training group did, suggesting that seeing facial gestures leads to greater improvement in pronunciation.
Compartmentalized gene regulatory network of the pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum

Head blight caused by Fusarium graminearum threatens world-wide wheat production, resulting in both yield loss and mycotoxin contamination. We reconstructed the global F. graminearum gene regulatory network (GRN) from a large collection of transcriptomic data using Bayesian network inference, a machine-learning algorithm. This GRN reveals connectivity between key regulators and their target genes. Focusing on key regulators, this network contains eight distinct but interwoven modules. Enriched for unique functions, such as cell cycle, DNA replication, transcription, translation and stress responses, each module exhibits distinct expression profiles. Evolutionarily, the F. graminearum genome can be divided into core regions shared with closely related species and variable regions harboring genes that are unique to F. graminearum and perform species-specific functions. Interestingly, the inferred top regulators regulate genes that are significantly enriched from the same genomic regions (P < 0.05), revealing a compartmentalized network structure that may reflect network rewiring related to specific adaptation of this plant pathogen. This first-ever reconstructed filamentous fungal GRN primes our understanding of pathogenicity at the systems biology level and provides enticing prospects for novel disease control strategies involving the targeting of master regulators in pathogens. The program can be used to construct GRNs of other plant pathogens.
Core structure and surface functionalization of carbon nanomaterials alter impacts to daphnid mortality, reproduction, and growth: acute assays do not predict chronic exposure impacts.

There are currently over ninety products incorporating carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) on the market today for a variety of applications. Modifications in core structure and surface chemistry of manufactured nanomaterials are used to optimize nanomaterials for specific uses. However, there is a notable lack of information on how core structure and surface chemistry may alter toxicity in low-level, chronic exposures. This paper examines the effects of twelve CNMs that differ in their core structure and surface chemistry to Daphnia magna over a 21-day chronic exposure. Overall, nanomaterials with a carbon nanotube core were more toxic to daphnids than fullerenes, with the one exception of fullerenes with a gamma-cyclodextrin surface chemistry. Acute mortality was not a good predictor of chronic effects as none of the CNMs induced toxicity at tested concentrations after 48 h, yet chronic assays indicated significant differences in mortality, reproduction, and growth realized after 21 days. Our results indicate t...
Rhetoric and Poetic in Milton's Polemics of 1659–60

Recurring features of Miltonic rhetoric during the 1640s include the structural patterns of the oration and the animadversion, widespread deployment of the classical high, low, and middle styles, and an epideictic mode of praise and blame. Equally noteworthy is the close relationship of rhetoric and poetic. These features can be used as a template to characterize Milton9s work in 1659–60, his final period as a political controversialist. Five texts make up this period: Civil Power (1659), Likeliest Means (1659), two editions of The Readie Way (1660), and Brief Notes (1660). In 1659–60 the oration remains Milton9s preferred form of public, inaugural address, yet traces of the Puritan sermon can also be found. As he had done in the 1640s, Milton later relied on the classical low style for argument, documentation, and narration. The poetic qualities of Miltonic polemic are as evident in 1659–60 as they had been in the 1640s. The well-developed mimetic identity of the second edition of The Readie Way represents a sophistication of the localized mimesis of the 1640s.
Environmental risk: Urban refugees’ struggles to build livelihoods in South Africa:

Urban South Africa is a major destination for refugees across sub-Saharan Africa. Based on interviews with urban refugees, this study identified significant barriers to achieving livelihood securit...
Understanding and Improving CRM and GCM Simulations of Cloud Systems with ARM Observations

The works supported by this ASR project lay the solid foundation for improving the parameterization of convection and clouds in the NCAR CCSM and the climate simulations. We have made a significant use of CRM simulations and ARM observations to produce thermodynamically and dynamically consistent multi-year cloud and radiative properties; improve the GCM simulations of convection, clouds and radiative heating rate and fluxes using the ARM observations and CRM simulations; and understand the seasonal and annual variation of cloud systems and their impacts on climate mean state and variability. We conducted multi-year simulations over the ARM SGP site using the CRM with multi-year ARM forcing data. The statistics of cloud and radiative properties from the long-term CRM simulations were compared and validated with the ARM measurements and value added products (VAP). We evaluated the multi-year climate simulations produced by the GCM with the modified convection scheme. We used multi-year ARM observations and CRM simulations to validate and further improve the trigger condition and revised closure assumption in NCAR GCM simulations that demonstrate the improvement of climate mean state and variability. We combined the improved convection scheme with the mosaic treatment of subgrid cloud distributions in the radiation scheme of themore » GCM. The mosaic treatment of cloud distributions has been implemented in the GCM with the original convection scheme and enables the use of more realistic cloud amounts as well as cloud water contents in producing net radiative fluxes closer to observations. A physics-based latent heat (LH) retrieval algorithm was developed by parameterizing the physical linkages of observed hydrometeor profiles of cloud and precipitation to the major processes related to the phase change of atmospheric water.« less
The Presentist’s Dilemma

This paper defends three theses: (i) that presentism is either trivial or untenable; (ii) that the debate between tensed and tenseless theories of time is not about the status of presentism; and (iii) that there is no temporal analogue of the modal thesis of actualism.
Five-year experience with exercise stress testing in a family practice program.

OBJECTIVE This study describes the implementation of exercise stress testing at a family practice residency program, looking at safety and the feasibility of having family practice faculty serve as instructors. METHODS Results from the first 5 years of testing were collected, and residency graduates were polled about their experience with treadmill testing during and after residency. RESULTS A total of 202 treadmill tests were performed, all without serious complications. Family practice faculty provided the instruction. One quarter of graduates were performing treadmill tests in their practices, and most of the others felt the training was beneficial. CONCLUSIONS It is both feasible and safe for family practice faculty to provide training in exercise treadmill testing to residents.
Oral analgesic studies: Pentazocine hydrochloride, codeine, aspirin, and placebo and their influence on response to placebo

In an analgesic study of 244 patients with postsurgical pain, doses of placebo, 600 mg. aspirin, 60 mg. codeine, and 35 and 50 mg. of pentazocine were compared. Two drug presentations were used, the second one always placebo, in this “double unknowns” design. Pentazocine, 50 mg., was found to be equivalent to 60 mg. of codeine in analgesic potency; 600 mg. aspirin was superior to the 35 mg. dose of pentazocine. The analgesic potency of placebo as a second dose was functionally dependent on the preceding medication. When placebo followed placebo, responses were identical. This finding is interpreted to be a serious drawback to crossover designs in clinical trials of analgesics.
The Methodology of Worldly Philosophy

Nothing comes closer to describing Robert Heilbroner’s economic method than his own phrase Worldly Philosophy. It is remarkable that the title of his first book should remain the most lucid description of his ‘economics’ for over forty years. He has refined the content of his thought over the years but he has never questioned the broad scope of his initial inquiry. He simply paints on a much larger canvas than most economists. Heilbroner works in what has become known as the classical ‘grand tradition’ (Nell 1993b, 1). His scope is more inclusive than most modern economists. Market allocation is not the focus of his work although he admits that markets are inextricably linked to the capitalist social matrix. He is more interested in explaining the ‘nature’ and ‘logic’ of the social order than predicting simple price movements. This implies that he is specifically curious about the dynamics of the system. He wants to know how the system works and why it evolves as it does. Is it driven by some distinct ‘human nature’, or is it a combination of identifiable and predictable sociopolitical forces? This raises a question I have always found fascinating: Can economics be ‘ismi’1 independent? In other words, is economic analysis unique to one particular social structure such as capitalism, socialism or feudalism?
Error Estimation and Adaptivity in the Boundary Element Method

In recent years, the boundary element method has become a very powerful numerical tool for the analysis of a wide range of engineering problems and a very popular alternative to the finite element method. There has been a spectacular increase in theoretical developments and applications of boundary elements and numerous commercial codes have been developed and are routinely used for a wide range of practical problems.
A MICROSCOPIC MODEL FOR THE Qss DEFECT AT THE Si/SiO2 INTERFACE

ABSTRACT This paper presents a model for the local atomic structure at the positively charged Qss defect at the Si/SiO2 interface. The defect center is shown to consist of a threefold-coordinated oxygen atom, bonded to three neighboring silicon atoms in a pyramidal configuration. The net positive charge of this center is distributed over this entire group of atoms.
Total Cellular RNA Modulates Protein Activity

RNA constitutes up to 20% of a cell’s dry weight, corresponding to ∼20 mg/mL. This high concentration of RNA facilitates low-affinity protein–RNA quinary interactions, which may play an important role in facilitating and regulating biological processes. In the yeast Pichia pastoris, the level of ubiquitin-RNA colocalization increases when cells are grown in the presence of dextrose and methanol instead of methanol as the sole carbon source. Total RNA isolated from cells grown in methanol increases β-galactosidase activity relative to that seen with RNA isolated from cells grown in the presence of dextrose and methanol. Because the total cellular RNA content changes with growth medium, protein–RNA quinary interactions can alter in-cell protein biochemistry and may play an important role in cell adaptation, critical to many physiological and pathological states.
The Development of Boltzmann’s Statistical Ideas

In 1866 Boltzmann began his scientific career with an attempt to give a purely mechanical explanation of the second law of thermodynamics. He gradually recognized the need to introduce statistical concepts in order to understand irreversibility and the second law. This paper follows the development of Boltzmann’s views, tracing the increasingly important role that he assigned to statistical concepts. Boltzmann’s critics played an important part in forcing him to clarify his own thinking about statistical mechanics, and the successive criticisms made over a period of a quarter of, a century are described and analyzed. There is also an attempt to estimate the degree to which Boltzmann’s ideas were generally understood and accepted by his contemporaries.
Effect of Frozen Storage on Fungi in Foods 1

Thirty food samples were frozen and stored at -18, -26 and -34 C. Subsamples were analyzed for changes in total aerobic flora, coliforms and fungi after 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 months. Fungal populations were determined using both acidified Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and antibiotic Plate Count Agar (SPCA). Analysis of the data showed that coliforms, as measured by Violet Red Bile Agar, exhibited the greatest decrease during storage, whereas, the fungal population exhibited a sensitivity to freezing greater or less than the total aerobic flora, depending upon the medium used. Since PDA does not accurately measure the total fungal population, the SPCA count may reflect the true fate of fungi during frozen storage.
Refugee resettlement in the United States: Language, policy, pedagogy

Refugee Resettlement in the United States: Language, Policy, Pedagogy presents a variety of linguistic, educational, and policy studies that center on “how language is used by, for, and about refug...
Risk of hemorrhagic transformation after ischemic stroke in patients with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome.

AbstractBackground and purpose: Several rheumatologic conditions including systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid antibody (APS) syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and scleroderma are known risk factors for stroke. The risk of hemorrhagic transformation after an acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in these patients is not known.Methods: We queried the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) data between 2010 and 2012 with ICD 9 diagnostic codes for AIS. The primary outcome was the development of hemorrhagic transformation. Multivariate predictors for hemorrhagic transformation were identified with a logistic regression model. Using SAS 9.2, Survey procedures were used to accommodate for hierarchical two stage cluster design of NIS.Results: APS (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.14–5.81, p = 0.0228) independently predicted risk of hemorrhagic transformation in multivariate regression analysis. Similarly, in multivariate regression models for the outcome variables of total charges of the hospitalization and length of stay (LOS), pa...
Context Stimuli in Verbal Paired-Associate Learning by Normal Children and Retardates

The effects of context cues on acquisition of verbal paired-associates were investigated in relation to meaningfulness of the primary stimuli with normal children and mental retardates. Stimulus items were either words or CVC trigrams, responses were numbers, and context stimuli were colors. The major findings were: (a) the context stimuli facilitated learning of low association trigrams but not of more meaningful words in normal children, and (b) the performance of the retardates was unaffected by the addition of context cues. It was concluded that normal children attend to and select the most meaningful component of compound stimuli. Retardates did not utilize context cues as effectively.
Metabolism of 14C-Diazinon by Gypsy Moth Larvae

The metabolic fate of diazinon in larvae of Porthetria dispar (L.) was determined using 14C-ring-labeled material. Following a 4–h ingestion period, 28.7% of the total recovered activity was present as diazinon in the larvae and 0.2% in the feces at 1 h; by 12 h these amounts had changed to 1.4 and 15.4%, respectively. The major transformation products were 2, isopropyl-4-methyl-6-pyrimidinol > diazoxon > hydroxydiazinon > 2-(2′-hydroxy-2′-propyl)-4-methyl-6-pyrimidinol. Small amounts of 5 additional products were detected but were not identified. Metabolism of topically applied diazinon was the same qualitatively as that of ingested diazinon, based on a comparison of chloroform-extractable metabolites, although quantitative differences were evident. The synergists 2,6-dichlorobenzyl-2-propynyl ether (GA4-282) and piperonyl butoxide (PB) altered the metabolism of diazinon (both ingested and topical doses) by apparently similar actions, resulting in a reduction in the formation of 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-pyrimidinol, hydroxydiazinon, and 2-(2′-hydroxy-2′-propyl)-4-methyl-6-pyrimidinol.
Critical Digital Literacies Across Scales and Beneath the Screen

AbstractDigital technologies and education scholarship tend to focus on either individual creative design or analysis of the political economy. To better understand how ideologies travel across net...
Perognathus spinatus (Spiny pocket mouse)

With one pair which is distinctly shorter, the metacentric autosomes are very similar in shape and in size. A similar situation exists in the acrocentrics: one pair is distinctly smaller than others which form a smooth series in lengths. Identification of the X chromosome is feasible, but the Y chromosome is similar in size to many acrocentric autosomes.
Decentralized pole placement controller design for networks of linear systems

A broad class of networks of linear control systems is characterized by a unit time delay in communication between neighboring systems. Whenever the local systems are structurally controllable and observable, a generic decentralized dynamic feedback law ensures that each strongly connected component of such a network is structurally controllable and observable from any local plant-controller pair within the component. This leads to a simple pole placement design procedure that ensures generic, arbitrary assignability of the closed-loop system eigenvalues via decentralized dynamic feedback control regardless of the communication topology.
Zebrafish as a Model for Developmental Biology and Toxicology

Abstract In this chapter, the vertebrate model organism, zebrafish (Danio rerio), will be discussed in the context of its amenability to developmental biology and toxicology. Numerous advantages make zebrafish favorable for research in these areas, including optical clarity and rapid development. Zebrafish are ideal for the study of the major stages of development as well as neurodevelopment, having comparable stages and components of the central nervous system to higher vertebrates. An important feature of the organism for neurodevelopmental research is that it has complex, well-defined behaviors. Research using zebrafish for developmental toxicology has expanded in part because of the many benefits that make the model favorable for developmental biology discoveries. Chemical screens in embryos can be performed using automated techniques, providing developmental toxicity data for the large number of chemicals lacking this information. As advancements continue to increase the throughput of analyses, zebrafish are positioned to further expand the knowledge of vertebrate developmental biology and toxicology.
Hyperspectral Demixing: Sparse Recovery of Highly Correlated Endmembers

We apply three different sparse reconstruction techniques to spectral demixing. Endmembers for these signatures are typically highly correlated, with angles near zero between the high-dimensional vectors. As a result, theoretical guarantees on the performance of standard pursuit algorithms like orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) and basis pursuit (BP) do not apply. We evaluate the performance of OMP, BP, and a third algorithm, sparse demixing (SD), by demixing random sparse mixtures of materials selected from the USGS spectral library (Clark et al., USGS digital spectral library splib06a. U.S. Geological Survey, Digital Data Series 231, 2007). Examining reconstruction sparsity versus accuracy shows clear success of SD and clear failure of BP. We also show that the relative geometry between endmembers creates a bias in BP reconstructions.
A 434 MHz Dual-Mode Power Harvesting System with an On-chip Coil in 180 nm CMOS SOI for mm-Sized Implants

In this paper, we present a mm-sized dual-mode power harvesting system for biomedical implants that can adaptively set the power delivery mode depending on the received RF power level and the required power by the load. The system is fabricated in 180-nm SOI CMOS technology and includes a two-turn on-chip coil. The total area of the fabricated chip is 2.56 mm2.A $2\ \mathrm{cm}\times 2\ \mathrm{cm}$ loop is used to transmit RF power to the fabricated chip through 10 mm of air at 434 MHz. Measurement results show that the designed power harvesting system can achieve a wireless link efficiency of −21.7 dB and a FOM value of 165.1. Keeping the transmitted RF power below 24 dBm., the system can provide a 1.08 V dc voltage for resistive loads larger than $20\ \mathrm{K}\Omega$ continuously over time. When the transmitted power level is not enough for continuous power delivery, the power harvesting system operates in the duty-cycled mode. In this mode, the system can drive a $1\ \mathrm{K}\Omega$ load when the transmitted power level is 15 dBm.
Trends in U.S. Community hospitalizations due to herpes zoster: 2001-2015.

Abstract Background In 2007, based on decisions by the U.S. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, the CDC recommended a booster dose at 4–6 years in the varicella vaccine schedule. In 2008, a herpes zoster vaccine was recommended for use in persons age ≥60 years. The purpose of this study was to examine trends in herpes zoster hospitalization rates and assess the impact of both policy recommendations using U.S. hospital discharge data. Methods Nationwide Inpatient Sample discharge data from 2001 to 2015 were used to identify primary or secondary herpes zoster diagnoses. Trends in annual total and age-specific herpes zoster hospitalization rates and average length of stay were examined. Average annual rates for the pre (2001–2005) and post (2012–2015)-zoster vaccine policy eras were compared. Absolute change in herpes zoster hospitalizations were calculated. Results The rate difference of U.S. herpes zoster hospitalizations in the post vs. pre-zoster vaccine policy era was −1.9 per 100,000 population (6,200 fewer hospitalizations in 2015 than expected). Key age group rate differences: 0–3 years (−0.4 per 100,000; 50 fewer), 4–6 years (−0.6 per 100,000; 50 fewer), 7–14 years (−1.3 per 100,000; 400 fewer), 50–59 years (0.7 per 100,000; 300 more), 60–69 years (−2.5 per 100,000; 900 fewer), 70–79 years (−10.2 per 100,000; 2,000 fewer), 80+ years (−29.9 per 100,000; 3,600 fewer). Conclusions Reduction of wild-type varicella due to the 2-dose varicella vaccination recommendation may have impacted declining herpes zoster hospitalization rates among children ≤14 years. The 2008 herpes zoster vaccine may have impacted declining herpes zoster hospitalization rates for adults age ≥60 years despite vaccination coverage
Distributed Learning of Deep Sparse Neural Networks for High-dimensional Classification

While analyzing high dimensional data-sets using deep neural network (NN), increased sparsity is desirable but requires careful selection of "sparsity parameters." In this paper, a novel distributed learning methodology is proposed to optimize the NN while addressing this challenge. To address this challenge, the optimal sparsity in the NN is estimated via a two player zero-sum game in the paper. In the proposed game, sparsity parameter is the first player with the aim of increasing sparsity in the NN while NN weights is the second player with the goal of improving its performance in the presence of increased sparsity. To solve the game, additional variables are introduced into the optimization problem such that the output at every layer in the NN depends on this variable instead of the previous layer. Using these additional variables, layer wise cost-functions are derived that are then independently optimized to learn the additional variables, NN weights and the sparsity parameters. To implement the proposed learning procedure in a parallelized and distributed environment, a novel computational algorithm is also proposed. The efficiency of the proposed approach is demonstrated using a total of six data-sets.
Estimating the Prevalence of Gender-Biased Language in Undergraduates' Everyday Speech

Research has shown that language can be gender-biased; however, little research has investigated the prevalence of this bias in everyday speech. Using recordings sampled from undergraduates’ daily conversations, we investigated two forms of gender bias: paternalism through use of the infantilizing label girl to refer to women and androcentrism through a tendency to use more masculine (e.g., man, guy) than feminine (e.g., girl, woman) labels in everyday speech. U.S. participants (n = 175) wore the Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR), a device that recorded sound samples from their environments for 30 s every 12.5 min, for up to 4 days. Verbatim transcripts were then analyzed for instances of commonly used labels for females and males (e.g., girl, woman, boy, man). Results indicated that the label girl surpassed all other labels for women, as well as boy labels for men. We also found evidence of a masculine-label bias: Participants used masculine labels more frequently than feminine labels overall. These findings indicate the need for future research to investigate the potential consequences of infantilizing and androcentric language as well as the need for teachers, professors, clinicians, and practitioners of all types to be mindful of how their speech may include, exclude, or infantilize people based on gender.
Promoting microbial utilization of phenolic substrates from bio-oil

The economic viability of the biorefinery concept is limited by the valorization of lignin. One possible method of lignin valorization is biological upgrading with aromatic-catabolic microbes. In conjunction, lignin monomers can be produced by fast pyrolysis and fractionation. However, biological upgrading of these lignin monomers is limited by low water solubility. Here, we address the problem of low water solubility with an emulsifier blend containing approximately 70 wt% Tween® 20 and 30 wt% Span® 80. Pseudomonas putida KT2440 grew to an optical density (OD600) of 1.0 ± 0.2 when supplied with 1.6 wt% emulsified phenolic monomer-rich product produced by fast pyrolysis of red oak using an emulsifier dose of 0.076 ± 0.002 g emulsifier blend per g of phenolic monomer-rich product. This approach partially mitigated the toxicity of the model phenolic monomer p-coumarate to the microbe, but not benzoate or vanillin. This study provides a proof of concept that processing of biomass-derived phenolics to increase aqueous availability can enhance microbial utilization.
Hierarchical Modeling and Shrinkage for User Session LengthPrediction in Media Streaming

An important metric of users' satisfaction and engagement within on-line streaming services is the user session length, i.e. the amount of time they spend on a service continuously without interruption. Being able to predict this value directly benefits the recommendation and ad pacing contexts in music and video streaming services. Recent research has shown that predicting the exact amount of time spent is highly nontrivial due to many external factors for which a user can end a session, and the lack of predictive covariates. Most of the other related literature on duration based user engagement has focused on dwell time for websites, for search and display ads, mainly for post-click satisfaction prediction or ad ranking. In this work we present a novel framework inspired by hierarchical Bayesian modeling to predict, at the moment of login, the amount of time a user will spend in the streaming service. The time spent by a user on a platform depends upon user-specific latent variables which are learned via hierarchical shrinkage. Our framework enjoys theoretical guarantees and naturally incorporates flexible parametric/nonparametric models on the covariates, including models robust to outliers. Our proposal is found to outperform state-of-the-art estimators in terms of efficiency and predictive performance on real world public and private datasets.
Considering Parents in Coding Kit Design: Understanding Parents' Perspectives and Roles

As education researchers, policymakers, and industry leaders recognize the importance of computing, many coding kits (toys and apps) have emerged to help young children learn to code at home. However, how parents perceive and support their children's use of the kits at home are less understood. In this study, we performed semi-structured interviews with eighteen parents who obtained coding kits for their young children for home use. The results show parents expected their kids to have fun and meaningful interactions with the kits. In supporting the play, parents took on various roles, mostly acting as spectator, scaffolder, and teacher. While parents perceived benefits of coding kits like a changed perspective on coding, they also reported concerns, such as their limited programming knowledge to provide help. Finally, we reflect on design and research implications to develop coding kits that consider parents' perspectives and important roles in supporting young children's exploration with computational thinking.
Special Session: Looking for a New Research Partner: Find your Perfect “Researcher Match”: An Abstract

After completing a doctoral program, many researchers find that they need to find new research collaborators. Their former professors will have new students to mentor, and at small institutions, they may not find colleagues with similar research interests. Conferences can provide networking opportunities to assist with solving this problem. Yet, sometimes, conditions may make it difficult for these connections to occur.
Resolving Cargo-motor-track Interactions in Living Cells with Bifocal Parallax Single Particle Tracking

Resolving coordinated biomolecular interactions in living cellular environments is vital for understanding the mechanisms of molecular nanomachines. The conventional approach relies on localizing and tracking target biomolecules and/or subcellular organelles labeled with imaging probes. However, it is challenging to gain information on rotational dynamics, which can be more indicative of the work done by molecular motors and their dynamic binding status. Herein, a bifocal parallax single particle tracking method using half-plane point spread functions has been developed to resolve the full-range azimuth angle (0-360 degree), polar angle, and 3D displacement in real time under complex living cell conditions. Using this method, quantitative rotational and translational motion of the cargo in a 3D cell cytoskeleton was obtained. Not only well-known active intracellular transport and free diffusion were observed but new interactions, tight attachment and tethered rotation, were discovered for better interpretation of the dynamics of cargo-motor-track interactions at various types of microtubule intersections.
A Retrospective Evaluation of Airway Anatomy in Young Children and Implications for One-Lung Ventilation.

Abstract Objective One lung ventilation in children remains a niche practice with few studies to guide best practices. The objective of this study is to describe lower airway anatomy relevant to establishment of one lung ventilation in young children. Design Retrospective, observational study using pre-existing studies in electronic health record. Setting Single institution, academic medical center, tertiary-care hospital. Participants Pediatric patients Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results Chest computed tomographic scans of 111 children 4 days to 8 years of age were reviewed. Measurements were taken from the thyroid isthmus to the carina, carina to first lobar branch on the left and right, diameter of the trachea at the carina, and diameter of the left and right mainstem bronchi. Dimensions were correlated with the outer diameter of endotracheal tubes and bronchial blockers. The left mainstem bronchus is consistently smaller than the right. Lung isolation using a mainstem technique on the left should use an endotracheal tube a half size smaller than would be used for tracheal intubation. The length from the carina to the first lobar branch on the left is consistently three-times longer than on the right. Further, age delineated bronchial diameters suggest that the clinician should transition from a 5 Fr to a 7 Fr Arndt bronchial blocker at 3 to 4 years of age. Conclusion A more detailed and accurate understanding of pediatric lower airway anatomy may assist the clinician in successfully performing one lung ventilation in young children.
Reconsidering the Share of a Think-Pair-Share: Emerging Limitations, Alternatives, and Opportunities for Research

The think-pair-share is a common teaching tool, but how critical is the "share" step in helping students achieve learning goals? This feature examines assumptions that instructors may make about the share, explores unanticipated impacts of the share, and provides alternatives to having students share their thoughts in front of the class.
Foreseeability, Causation, and Guilt

The question of how to define accomplices is both important and vexing, spawning a series of competing, muddled doctrines in U.S. and international law. I argue that the confusion we see in the application of complicity law stems from a deeper theoretical confusion about the nature of accomplice liability. Causal theories of complicity define it by reference to causal contribution: helping bring about the crime makes one an accomplice. But, these theories apply complicity far too broadly -- the taxi driver who unknowingly takes the victim to the site or the worker who maintains the streets all causally contribute to the crime. Recognizing this, John Gardner in particular uses rational attention as a limiting principle, putting some boundaries on the causal chains that the law should take into account. Judges, commentators, and other legal actors, encountering the same problem, have operationalized Gardner's idea in the foreseeability doctrine that similarly limits complicity to consequences that were foreseeable. All else being equal, murder is not a naturally foreseeable consequence of road maintenance. Experience with this doctrine, however, shows that it is not adequate to the task of limiting causal theories of complicity. Even with it in place courts still have to resort to ad hoc policy judgments to avoid unreasonable, overly harsh, punishments. This renders the law arbitrary and inconsistent as like cases end up with different results depending on these ad hoc judgments. Rational attention and foreseeability are therefore not sufficient. Instead, joint intention-based approaches to complicity show more promise and put foreseeability and similar epistemic concepts in their proper place.
The New Genetic Evidence on Same-Gender Sexuality: Implications for Sexual Fluidity and Multiple Forms of Sexual Diversity.

In September of 2019, the largest-ever (N = 477,522) genome-wide-association study of same-gender sexuality was published in Science. The primary finding was that multiple genes are significantly a...
Dynamic 31P-MRI and 31P-MRS of lower leg muscles in heart failure patients.

Impaired oxidative metabolism is one of multi-variate factors leading to exercise intolerance in heart failure patients. The purpose of the study was to demonstrate the use of dynamic 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and 31P magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to measure PCr resynthesis rate post-exercise as a biomarker for oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle in HF patients and controls. In this prospective imaging study, we recruited six HF patients and five healthy controls. The imaging protocol included 31P-MRS, spectrally selective 3D turbo spin echo for 31P-MRI, and Dixon multi-echo GRE for fat–water imaging on a 3 T clinical MRI scanner. All the subjects were scanned pre-exercise, during plantar flexion exercise, and post-exercise recovery, with two rounds of exercise for 31P -MRS and 31P-MRI, respectively. Unpaired t-tests were used to compare 31P-MRS and 31P-MRI results between the HF and control cohorts. The results show that PCr resynthesis rate was significantly slower in the HF cohort compared to the controls using 31P-MRS (P = 0.0003) and 31P-MRI (P = 0.0014). 31P-MRI showed significant differences between the cohorts in muscle groups (soleus (P = 0.0018), gastrocnemius lateral (P = 0.0007) and gastrocnemius medial (P = 0.0054)). The results from this study suggest that 31P-MRS/31P-MRI may be used to quantify lower leg muscle oxidative metabolism in HF patients, with 31P-MRI giving an additional advantage of allowing further localization of oxidative metabolism deficits. Upon further validation, these techniques may serve as a potentially useful clinical imaging biomarker for staging and monitoring therapies in HF-patients.
Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Interfacial Tensions of Fluid Mixtures. I. CO2/n-Pentane Binary

The effects of temperature and pressure on interfacial tension (IFT) of a CO2/n-pentane binary system were investigated using the pendant drop method. To ensure the accuracy and reproducibility of ...
Design and implementation of a cluster randomized trial measuring benefits of medical scribes in the VA.

Abstract Background Medical scribes are trained professionals who assist health care providers by administratively expediting patient encounters. Section 507 of the MISSION Act of 2018 mandated a 2-year study of medical scribes in VA Medical Centers (VAMC). This study began in 2020 in the emergency departments and specialty clinics of 12 randomly selected VAMCs across the country, in which 48 scribes are being deployed. Methods We are using a cluster randomized trial to assess the effects of medical scribes on productivity (visits and relative value units [RVUs]), wait times, and patient satisfaction in selected specialties within the VA that traditionally have high wait times. Scribes will be assigned to emergency departments and/or specialty clinics (cardiology, orthopedics) in VAMCs randomized into the intervention. Remaining sites that expressed interest but were not randomized to the intervention will be used as a comparison group. Results Process measures from early implementation of the trial indicate that contracting may hold an advantage over direct hiring in terms of reaching staffing targets, although onboarding contractor scribes has taken somewhat longer (from job posting to start date). Conclusions Our evaluation findings will provide insight into whether scribes can increase provider productivity and decrease wait times for high demand specialties in the VA without adversely affecting patient satisfaction. Implications As a learning health care system, this trial has great potential to increase our understanding of the potential effects of scribes while also informing a real policy problem in high wait times and provider administrative burdens.
Why does water shoot higher if we partially block the garden hose outlet

It is a common experience that water shoots higher when we block a garden hose outlet by our thumb. But what causes this? How high does the water go? Does water from our neighbor's garden hose reach the same height? Is there an optimum outlet blockage that results in the greatest height that water can reach? Here, we show that a competition between viscous friction along the hose and the viscous dissipation at the thumb-generated constriction results in a variable water shooting height. Through systematic analysis, we demonstrate that depending on the municipal water main pressure, and length and diameter of the hose, the maximum water height may increase, decrease, or gain an optimum as the blockage ratio of the outlet varies.
The Judging Spectator and Forensic Video Analysis: Technological Implications for How We Think and Administer Justice

The philosophic spectator watches from a distance as a “disinterested” and impartial member of an audience (Arendt, Beiner (ed), Lectures on Kant’s political philosophy, University of Chicago Press, 1992; Kant, On history, Prentice Hall Inc, 1957). Judicial systems use many of the elements of the spectator in the concept of an eyewitness (Katz, Ohio arrest, search, and seizure, Banks-Baldwin, 2015) but, with increased video technology use, the courts have taken the witness a step further by hiring forensic video analysts. The analyst’s stance is rooted in objectivity, and the process of breaking a video down to its component parts to examine it, but is it based on the philosophic spectator? To better understand whether the forensic video analyst has adopted the stance of the philosophic spectator, this paper examines both the analyst and spectator, and discusses the implications for how we think and administer justice.
Are there protective associations between family/shared meal routines during COVID-19 and dietary health and emotional well-being in diverse young adults?

Background This study examined who is engaging in family/shared meals and associations between family/shared meal frequency and home food availability, dietary consumption, and emotional well-being among young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A rapid-response online survey was sent to participants in a ten-year longitudinal study (Eating and Activity over Time: EAT 2010-2018). A total of 585 young adults (mean age = 24.7 ± 2.0 years, 63.3% female) living with at least one family member completed the COVID-EAT (C-EAT) survey during the U.S. outbreak of COVID-19. Items assessed changes in family/shared meal frequency, eating behaviors, and emotional well-being. Regression models adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics examined associations between family/shared meal frequency and home food availability, dietary consumption, and emotional well-being. Results Participants reported an average of 4.6 ± 3.4 family/shared meals per week during COVID-19, a 0.5 meal/week increase from prior to the pandemic (p = .002). Family/shared meal frequency during COVID-19 differed by race/ethnicity, with Asian American participants being most likely to report only 1-2 family/shared meals per week. Family/shared meals during COVID-19 were associated with higher vegetable intake, greater availability of fruits, vegetables, and whole wheat bread in the home, lower levels of depressive symptoms and perceived stress, and greater perceived ability to manage stress in young adults. Conclusions Results suggest that engaging in a regular routine, such as family/shared meals, during COVID-19 may have protective associations with dietary health and emotional well-being for young adults. Results may inform practices/routines to offer protective benefits during public health crises such as the current pandemic.