cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Promise and Perils in the Nascent Jurisprudence of the Second Amendment

In Heller v. District of Columbia, the Supreme Court held that the Second Amendment protects the right of individuals to keep and bear arms for self-defense. In McDonald v. City of Chicago, the Court held that this right is also protected from infringement by the states under the Fourteenth Amendment. Thus, many important decisions about the reach of government’s regulatory authority will henceforth come from the federal courts. The scope of the Second Amendment right, however, has not yet been clarified, either by the Supreme Court or by a consensus of the lower courts.This short symposium contribution sketches out several possible approaches to defining the scope of the right, and argues that one of them is better than the others, at least for purposes of adjudication under the Second Amendment. The essay argues that Judges Diarmuid O’Scannlain and Diane Sykes have shown — more clearly than the Supreme Court has yet done — the right way to decide cases in this nascent area of constitutional law.
Nodal Volume Reduction after Concurrent Chemo- and Radiotherapy: Correlation between Initial CT and Histopathologic Findings

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The role of concurrent chemoradiation for treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is expanding. We sought to evaluate the CT appearance of diseased and normal cervical lymph nodes before and after concurrent chemoradiation and to correlate lymph node volume reduction as revealed by CT with histopathologic findings of resected nodes. METHODS: Using concurrent chemoradiation, we treated seven patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Our chemotherapeutic regimen consisted of cisplatin (100 mg/m2 body surface area administered on days 1 through 4 and 29 through 32) and 5-fluorouracil (1000 mg/m2 body surface area, administered on days 1 through 4 and 29 through 32). Radiotherapy was administered twice per day on dosing days 1 through 42 to a total dose of 7200 cGy to the primary tumor and 6000 cGy to the involved lymph nodes. Pre- and post-treatment CT scans were used to calculate lymph node volumes for all CT-positive (size criteria or extracapsular spread or both) diseased nodes (n = 19) and one normal node per patient (n = 7). Volume reduction was determined by CT results and correlated with the histopathologic findings of resected nodes. RESULTS: Average volume reduction (± standard error of the mean) for the 19 diseased nodes was 91% ± 4% and for the seven normal nodes was 55% ± 21% ( P < .02, two-sided t test). Fifteen of 19 of the diseased lymph nodes showed extracapsular spread before treatment and none of 19 after treatment. The histopathologic findings of resected nodes included persistent tumor in one of the 19 diseased lymph nodes. Six of seven patients remained alive and disease-free, with an average follow-up duration of 24 months. CONCLUSION: Nodal volume reduction of greater than 90% was associated with eradication of tumor as assessed by histopathologic analysis of resected nodes. Serial CT scans obtained both before and after concurrent chemoradiation may be useful for predicting which patients will benefit from adjuvant surgical therapy.
The New Interventionist Economics

The Great Recession seems to be creating a New Interventionist Economics characterized by bubbles, radical uncertainty, animal spirits, complexity dynamics, and extra-market control. When placed in that order, these characteristic create the acronym BRACE. I review some evidence and literature pointing to BRACE economics and briefly suggest some avenues to challenge the new interventionists.
Organophosphate Insecticide Activity Reduced when Mixed with Copper(II) Hydroxide in Peach Dormant Sprays

Abstract Dormant-season applications of copper-containing fungicides and organophosphate insecticides are common in Prunus spp. orchards, and these compounds are often mixed into a single application. However, copper(II) catalyzes the hydrolytic breakdown of many organophosphate insecticides. We measured the impact of tank-mixing these products using field efficacy data collected from 2002 to 2004 coupled with active ingredient degradation studies in the laboratory. Formulations of the organophosphate insecticides chlorpyrifos and diazinon were applied with and without the fungicide Cu(OH)2 in peach orchards, and the resulting peach twig borer (Anarsia lineatella Zeller) damage was measured. Laboratory experiments to quantify the degradation of the active organophosphate ingredient in various dry deposits from treatment solutions showed that addition of Cu(OH)2 to laboratory organophosphate solutions resulted in more rapid degradation of the active organophosphate ingredient in dry deposits stored at 100...
Photochromic spirooxazine as highly sensitive and selective probe for optical detection of Fe 3+ in aqueous solution

Abstract A photochromic spirooxazine derivative was synthesized and evaluated for optical response toward heavy metal ions. The spirooxazine derivative was observed to selectively respond to the presence of Fe3+ ions and produced both chromogenic and fluorogenic response. The spirooxazine derivative produced a ∼100 nm shift in the UV–visible spectrum and ∼90 fold enhancement in fluorescence intensity in the presence of one equivalent Fe3+ ions. A large stokes shift (110 nm) was also observed on addition of one equivalent Fe3+ ions in methanol or methanol:water (1:1) solvent system.
Malpractice Litigation for Uninformed Consent Implications for Physical Therapists

Although physicians generally are expected to secure their patients' informed consent to medical treatment, an emerging body of legal opinion holds that in certain situations nurses and allied health care professionals may be found similarly responsible. Failure of a health care provider to protect a patient's right of informed consent might result in a lawsuit alleging that serious harm was sustained needlessly because the patient plaintiff was not informed of certain significant risks of or consequences that resulted from treatment. As a professional group that puts patients at risk of harm during treatment, physical therapists need to know about their legal duty to facilitate a patient's awareness of and consent to treatment. This article discusses the nature of that duty and how a patient plaintiff might try to prove negligence against a physical therapist who allegedly fails to secure a valid statement of informed consent. The article also provides recommendations so that physical therapists might protect themselves from malpractice suits alleging "uninformed" consent.
Nursing of correction operation of pectus excavatum with non-thoracoscopic Nuss procedure in 100 patients

Objective To review the nursing experience in correction operation of pectus excavatum with non-thoracoscopic Nuss procedure in 100 patients.Methods 100 patients with pectus excavatum were surgically corrected by non-thoracoscopic Nuss procedure.The basic perioperative nursing methods and how to exercise and get out of bed post-surgery were summarized.Results The operations in all patients have been performed successfully without any severe complications.The average time of hospital stay was 6.5 days.Five patients had signs of subcutaneous emphysema and mild pneumothorax and recovered after thoracic puncture.The rest 95 patients recovered uneventfully.Excellent outcome was obtained in 78 patients in the following 1 to 3 months and good in 22 patients.Conclusion Non-thoracoscopic Nuss procedure for correction of pectus excavatum is safe and effective with less trauma and shorter time.However,we should focus on the perioperative nursing,including pulmonary exercise,thoracic incision nursing and postoperative exercise directions,in order to prevent surgical related complications and contribute to the recovery of patients.
THE MOST ROBUST CONTROL FACTOR VALUES FOR RECORDING WITH THERMAL INTERFERENCE UNIFORMING TECHNIQUE ON DIRECT OVERWRITE MAGNETO-OPTICAL DISK

We have attempted to obtain the parameters of the recording laser waveform by computer simulation. For the laser waveform, we have used seven kinds of control factors. For the fluctuation of the mark shapes, we have used three kinds of noise factors. To find the optimum control factor values, we have calculated various mark shapes using a computer simulation model which we have already provided for the DOW-MO disk. We have calculated the mark shapes of each combination of control factors under the nine combinations of noise factors. Judging from the controllability of the mark edges, we have obtained the best, that means 'the most robust', control factor values. The best control factor values are eventually the same as the standard values which we have already published in Reference [1].
Feasibility Studies of the NaBH4/H2O Hydrolysis to Generate Hydrogen Gas to Inflate Lighter than Air (LTA) Vehicles

Experiments using the CoCl2 catalyzed NaBH4/H2O hydrolysis were conducted at ambient and cold temperatures as well as under pressure. The purpose of these experiments was to (1) provide guidance in designing a portable reactor capable of producing 330 standard cubic feet (SCF) of hydrogen gas and (2) determine how to control the reaction so that it could be used to generate hydrogen gas to inflate lighter than air (LTA) vehicles.
Pulmonary function in pectus excavatum patients before repair with the Nuss procedure.

ABSTRACTObjectives: Whether the origin of symptoms in pectus excavatum patients (Pex) is related to reduced pulmonary function or impaired cardiovascular performance is debatable. However, pulmonary function testing (PFT) is still part of the evaluation prior to surgical repair in Pex. The purpose of this study was to corroborate our hypothesis that the majority of Pex that qualified for surgery present preoperatively with normal or close to normal PFT.Methods: After institutional review board approval, preoperative PFT data of Pex who underwent surgical repair were analyzed retrospectively: total lung capacity (TLC), vital capacity (VC), functional residual capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and maximal expiratory flow at 25% of FVC (MEF25).Results: 82 patients aged from 9 to 27 years (average, 15 years) underwent PFT. A restrictive pattern (VC<80%) was observed in 45%, an obstructive pattern (FEV1 < 75 %) in 35%, and a normal total lung capacity in 62% of the Pex. No significant corre...
Cigarette smoking, meat intake, and gene polymorphisms in relation to colorectal polyps risk.

B185 Most colorectal cancer arises from colorectal polyps, particularly adenomatous polyps. Although smoking and high meat intake have been linked to elevated risk of polyps, only a few studies have investigated potential genetic modifiers on these associations. We utilized samples from the Tennessee Colorectal Polyp Study (TCPS), a large colonoscopy-based case-control study to evaluate the association between genetic polymorphisms in genes (CYP1A2, NAT2, and AhR) involved in the metabolism of carcinogens high in well-done meat and cigarette smoke, such as heterocyclic amines (HCA) and colorectal polyp risk. Included in the current analysis are 1,110 polyp cases (601 with adenoma only, 290 with hyperplastic polyp only, 219 with concurrent adenoma and hyperplastic polyp) and 1,719 polyp-free controls. A telephone interview was conducted to obtain information on lifestyle factors including smoking and usual intake levels of 11 meats by cooking methods. Polytomous logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI). Cigarette smoking was a strong risk factor for adenoma and hyperplastic polyp. CYP1A2 genotypes were found to modify the smoking-related association only among patients with concurrent adenoma and hyperplastic polyps. In this group of patients, the odds ratios associated with regular cigarette smoking were 10.1 (95% CI = 4.9-20.7) among subjects with the AC or CC genotypes and 5.9 (95% CI = 3.2-11.0) among subjects with the AA genotype. A stronger association of smoking and concurrent adenoma and hyperplastic polyp risk was also observed among those who possessed NAT2 rapid or intermediate acetylators compared to subjects with the slow NAT2 genotypes. Similarly, NAT2 genotypes were found to modify the association of meat intake with polyp risk primarily among subjects with concurrent adenoma and hyperplastic polyps. A dose-response relation with meat intake was found among those with NAT2 rapid or intermediate acetylators (OR = 4.6, 95% CI = 1.4-14.5, highest quartile vs. lowest quartile of intake, p for trend = 0.012), but not among those with NAT2 slow acetylator. Our result suggests a potential effect modification of smoking and red meat intake by CYP1A2 and NAT2 polymorphisms on the risk of polyps, and risk factors for subjects with concurrent adenoma and hyperplastic polyp may differ from patients with only one type of these polyps.
Comparison of Side Effects of the 2015-2016 High-Dose, Inactivated, Trivalent Influenza Vaccine and Standard Dose, Inactivated, Trivalent Influenza Vaccine in Adults ≥65 Years.

BACKGROUND High-dose, inactivated, trivalent influenza vaccine (HD) is associated with higher rates of side effects than standard dose (SD) vaccine, which may represent a barrier to use. METHODS We surveyed subjects ≥65 years who received either HD or SD vaccine at the Minneapolis Veteran Affairs Health Care System clinics on October 27, 28, or 29, 2015. Research assistants conducted a 17-item telephone survey of influenza vaccine recipients to inquire about self-reported health and symptoms experienced the week after vaccination. RESULTS A total of 547 HD recipients and 541 SD recipients responded to the survey. The 2 groups were similar at baseline with respect to age, gender, and presence of high-risk medical conditions. At least ≥95% of individuals in both HD and SD groups reported that their overall health was the same or better than usual during the week after vaccination. Thirty-seven percent of HD recipients and 22% of SD recipients reported a local or systemic side effect (P < .001), most of which were mild to moderate. Only 7 of 547 (1.3%) HD recipients and 3 of 541 (0.6%) SD recipients reported a severe side effect (P = .34). There was no significant difference in healthcare visits between the groups. CONCLUSIONS Side effects were more common among subjects ≥65 years who received HD influenza vaccine compared with SD vaccine. These side effects were well tolerated and were not associated with impairment of general health status. These findings should reassure patients and their providers of the safety and tolerability of the HD influenza vaccine.
Intravenous Drug Self-Administration in Rats: Substitution of Ethyl Alcohol for Morphine

Following a period in which the opportunity was given for morphine sulfate self-administration by rats, the effects of substituting an ethyl alcohol solution for morphine were examined. Rats which had acquired the morphine self-administration behavior readily switched to ethyl alcohol. Rats that did not acquire morphine self-administration did not respond for ethyl alcohol. The results indicate that this paradigm is a suitable animal model for the analysis of interrelationships between states of dependence toward opiates and alcohol.
Essential Components of an Integrated Data Mining Tool for the Oil and Gas Industry with an Example Application in the DJ Basin

Data mining seems to be the new buzz word. During the past several years many industries other than the oil and gas industry have realized the potential bene ts of da5ta mining and have established sophisticated operations in order to implement this exciting technology in their respective organizations. Data mining is not new. It has been around for many years. What is new about its current implementation is the incorporation of machine learning techniques. The oil and gas industry has become familiar with machine learning techniques since the early 1990s. Neural networks, genetic optimization and fuzzy logic have been used in numerous applications, from well log interpretations to hydraulic fracturing optimization. Therefore, the new interest in data mining in this industry is not surprising. The industry is at its peak state for bene ting from what data mining has to o er, thanks to an abundance of digital data. A word of caution is in order, which is the main motivation behind writing this paper. As with many other new tools and technologies, the term Data Mining" can be, and is currently being, misused on several occasions. In this paper, an attempt has been made to answer questions such as; what is Data Mining? How can it be accomplished? What are the essential components of an integrated data mining process and what would be the bene ts of such a process? In addition to answering questions such as those mentioned above, this paper will provide a road map (a set of guidelines) for a successful data mining project. Finally, the paper concludes by applying the presented guidelines to a hydraulic fracturing data set in the DJ basin of the United States Rockies for a data mining study.
Clinical factors associated with reoperation and prolonged length of stay in free tissue transfer to oncologic head and neck defects

ImportanceProlonged hospitalization and reoperation after free tissue transfer may be associated with certain clinical factors. ObjectiveTo determine patient and surgical factors associated with le...
The Many Perspectives of Quality and Safety in Neurosurgery

Abstract Recent years have seen a steady increase in the attention paid to quality and safety with regard to hospitalized patients. The topic has transitioned from being a lofty ideal to one that is put into practice in a myriad of ways in hospitals across the country every day. This evolution has taken several decades and shapes a great deal how care is provided for current neurosurgical patients. This chapter discusses the variety of different perspectives among those involved in quality and safety initiatives as pertaining to neurosurgery patients, including clinical care providers, allied health professionals, patients, administrators, and payers. We discuss the layers of complexity added with each perspective, and the challenges faced in improving safety and quality from all perspectives.
Understanding Hypothetical Bias: An Enhanced Meta-Analysis

The presence of hypothetical bias (HB) associated with stated preference methods has garnered frequent attention in the broad literature trying to describe and understand human behavior, often seen in environmental valuation, marketing studies, transportation choices, medical research, and others. This study presents an updated meta-analysis to explore the source of HB and methods to mitigate it. While previous meta-analysis on this topic often involves a few dozen articles, this analysis includes 131 studies after reviewing over 500 published and unpublished articles. This enables the inclusion of several important factors that have not been investigated before. These include relatively recent willingness to pay elicitation methods such as choice experiments and the Turnbull lower bound estimator. Newly emerged HB reduction techniques such as consequentiality and certainty follow-up treatments are also included. For explanatory variables that have been examined in previous studies, this analysis does not always report consistent findings. In particular, holding everything constant and contrary to commonly-held beliefs, the method of auction does not offer much reduction to HB compared to more conventional methods such as a referendum vote. However, choice experiment, cheap talk, consequentiality and certainty follow-up all significantly contributed to explaining and mitigating the magnitude of HB. These results help practitioners to understand HB’s presence and choose appropriate methods for amelioration. The framework established through this study also enables future analyses targeted at understanding variations built upon one or multiple HB mitigation techniques.
Steroid Hormone Reactivity in Fathers Watching Their Children Compete

This study examines steroid production in fathers watching their children compete, extending previous research of vicarious success or failure on men’s hormone levels. Salivary testosterone and cortisol levels were measured in 18 fathers watching their children play in a soccer tournament. Participants completed a survey about the game and provided demographic information. Fathers with higher pregame testosterone levels were more likely to report that referees were biased against their children’s teams, and pre- to postgame testosterone elevation was predicted by watching sons compete rather than daughters as well as perceptions of unfair officiating. Pregame cortisol was not associated with pregame testosterone or with perceived officiating bias, but cortisol did fluctuate synergistically with testosterone during spectator competition. Although fathers showed no consistent testosterone change in response to winning or losing, pregame testosterone may mediate steroid hormone reactivity to other aspects of their children’s competition.
PINE NEEDLE ABORTION IN CATTLE

I. ABSTRACT A review of the literature and from these experimental data, it is evident that several factors are associated with pine needle abortion. The more apparent of these factors are: (a) stage of gestation; (b) stress; (c) animal condition; (d) physiology of the animal; and (e) pine needles. In this experiment pine needles induced abortion more consistently near the end of gestation. In addition, it was apparent that animals are depressed and develop signs of impending abortion very rapidly.
The butterfly rash and the malar flush. What diseases do these signs reflect

The butterfly rash and malar flush are common facial manifestations of several disorders. Systemic lupus erythematosus may produce a transient rash before any other signs. In pellagra, symmetric keratotic areas on the face are always accompanied by lesions elsewhere on the body. Erysipelas produces brawny, fiery red facial lesions, and scarlet fever causes facial eruptions as part of a generalized eruption. Lupus vulgaris and lupus pernio produce nodules that may spread in a butterfly pattern, and seborrheic dermatitis has a predilection for the malar prominences and other areas of the face. Carcinoid syndrome often causes flushing attacks that vary in duration, and facial flushing that lasts throughout treatment may accompany chemotherapy if the patient has a hypersensitivity reaction. Deep-red rashes and/or lichenoid lesions may be caused by graft-versus-host disease in a patient undergoing bone marrow transplantation.
Human Rights Conferences and Facilitating Community Dialogue

Universities offer the potential for organizing high-impact events—including human rights conferences—that can serve as community outlets of human rights knowledge and dialogue. Using Webster University’s Annual Human Rights Conference as an example, this chapter offers the perspectives of a faculty conference coordinator (Lindsey N. Kingston) and two undergraduate students who served as student organizers on several conferences (Monica Henson and Evelyn Whitehead). These events can not only bring outside human rights experts into new communities, but they can also situate the university as a hub of HRE in their city and/or region. The authors argue that faculty members and students can build HRE within their communities while enhancing educational opportunities on campus. To that end, the chapter offers advice and lessons learned to help event coordinators at other institutions.
A Mechanistic Study of Au(III) Removal from Solution by Bacillus subtilis

Bacteria–Au interactions control the fate of Au in a variety of geologic systems. Although previous studies have determined that non-metabolizing Bacillus subtilis cells can remove Au(III) from sol...
Effects of warming climate and competition in the ocean for life-histories of Pacific salmon

The life-histories of exploited fish species, such as Pacific salmon, are vulnerable to a wide variety of anthropogenic stressors including climate change, selective exploitation and competition with hatchery releases for finite foraging resources. However, these stressors may generate unexpected changes in life-histories due to developmental linkages when species complete their migratory life cycle in different habitats. We used multivariate time-series models to quantify changes in the prevalence of different life-history strategies of sockeye salmon from Bristol Bay, Alaska, over the past half-century-specifically, how they partition their lives between freshwater habitats and the ocean. Climate warming has decreased the time spent by salmon in their natal freshwater habitat, as climate-enhanced growth opportunities have enabled earlier migration to the ocean. Migration from freshwater at a younger age, and increasing competition from wild and hatchery-released salmon, have tended to delay maturation toward the salmon spending an additional year feeding in the ocean. Models evaluating the effects of size-selective fishing on these patterns had only small support. These stressors combine to reduce the size-at-age of fish vulnerable to commercial fisheries and have increasingly favoured a single-age class, potentially affecting the age class complexity that stabilizes this highly reliable resource.
Engaging Faculty in Learning Analytics: Agents of Institutional Culture Change

To successfully implement Learning Analytics (LA) systems within higher education, we need to engage administrators, faculty, and staff alike. This paper is by and primarily for practitioners. We suggest implementation strategies that consider the human factor in adopting new technologies by analyzing the viability of our Learning Analytics Fellows Program (LAFP), where faculty are empowered as agents of institutional change. This program directly addresses known barriers to the use of LA, dealing with culture management, adoption, and sustainability. The Fellows program engages faculty in inquiry about student success, providing them with a view of the student experience through institutional data. Faculty, with their knowledge of students and programs as well as their research expertise, are well-positioned to advance LA efforts on our campuses. In our case, faculty are also the end users of their findings, and are able to provide input into the design of the analytical tools created for them. Expanding on a paper presented at the LAK 18 conference (Rehrey, Groth, Fiorini, Hostetter, & Shepard, 2018), we describe the rationale for the implementation strategy, reflect on the effectiveness of this strategy by analyzing self-reports from our LAFP, and consider the broader impacts of this approach for the future.
Reliability and Criterion Validity of the Assess2Perform Bar Sensei.

The Assess2Perform Bar Sensei is a device used to measure barbell velocity for velocity-based training that has not yet been validated. The purpose of this study was to determine criterion validity and reliability of the Assess2Perform Bar Sensei in barbell back squats by comparing it against the GymAware PowerTool, a previously validated instrument. Sixteen injury-free, resistance-trained subjects (eleven males and five females) were recruited. Subjects were tested for their back squat one repetition maximum (1RM). Then, on two separate days, subjects performed two sets of three repetitions at loads of 45%, 60% and 75% 1RM. The GymAware PowerTool and Bar Sensei were attached to the barbell in similar locations for concurrent collection of mean concentric velocity (MCV) and peak concentric velocity (PCV). The Bar Sensei and PowerTool showed generally fair to poor agreement for MCV and PCV when subjects lifted 45% of 1RM (intraclass correlation;ICC 0.4–0.59), and they showed poor agreement when subjects lifted 60% and 75% of 1RM (ICC 0.3–0.4). Inter-repetition/within-set reliability for the Bar Sensei ranged between ICC = 0.273–0.451 for MCV and PCV compared to the far more reliable PowerTool (ICC = 0.651–0.793). Currently, the Bar Sensei is not a reliable or valid tool for measuring barbell velocity in back squats.
Association of Prehospital Plasma Transfusion With Survival in Trauma Patients With Hemorrhagic Shock When Transport Times Are Longer Than 20 Minutes: A Post Hoc Analysis of the PAMPer and COMBAT Clinical Trials.

Importance Both military and civilian clinical practice guidelines include early plasma transfusion to achieve a plasma to red cell ratio approaching 1:1 to 1:2. However, it was not known how early plasma should be given for optimal benefit. Two recent randomized clinical trials were published, with apparently contradictory results. The Prehospital Air Medical Plasma (PAMPer) clinical trial showed a nearly 30% reduction in mortality with plasma transfusion in the prehospital environment, while the Control of Major Bleeding After Trauma (COMBAT) clinical trial showed no survival improvement. Objective To facilitate a post hoc combined analysis of the COMBAT and PAMPer trials to examine questions that could not be answered by either clinical trial alone. We hypothesized that prehospital transport time influenced the effects of prehospital plasma on 28-day mortality. Design, Setting, and Participants A total of 626 patients in the 2 clinical trials were included. Patients with trauma and hemorrhagic shock were randomly assigned to receive either standard care or 2 U of thawed plasma followed by standard care in the prehospital environment. Data analysis was performed between September 2018 and January 2019. Interventions Prehospital transfusion of 2 U of plasma compared with crystalloid-based resuscitation. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome was 28-day mortality. Results In this post hoc analysis of 626 patients (467 men [74.6%] and 159 women [25.4%]; median [interquartile range] age, 42 [27-57] years) who had trauma with hemorrhagic shock, a Cox regression analysis showed a significant overall survival benefit for plasma (hazard ratio [HR], 0.65; 95% CI, 0.47-0.90;P = .01) after adjustment for injury severity, age, and clinical trial cohort (COMBAT or PAMPer). A significant association with prehospital transport time was detected (from arrival on scene to arrival at the trauma center). Increased mortality was observed in patients in the standard care group when prehospital transport was longer than 20 minutes (HR, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.05-4.30;P = .04), while increased mortality was not observed in patients in the prehospital plasma group (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.40-1.51;P = .46). No serious adverse events were associated with prehospital plasma transfusion. Conclusions and Relevance These data suggest that prehospital plasma is associated with a survival benefit when transport times are longer than 20 minutes and that the benefit-risk ratio is favorable for use of prehospital plasma. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers:NCT01838863(COMBAT) andNCT01818427(PAMPer)
Testosterone Increases the Expression and Phosphorylation of AMP Kinase α in Men With Hypogonadism and Type 2 Diabetes

Context Adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase-α (AMPKα) is a mediator of exercise-induced glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Objective We evaluated whether AMPKα expression and phosphorylation are reduced in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue of patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), and whether testosterone replacement therapy results in restoration of the expression and phosphorylation of AMPKα. Design This is a secondary analysis of a previously completed trial that showed an insulin-sensitizing effect of testosterone therapy in men with type 2 diabetes and HH. Setting Clinical research center at university. Patients Thirty-two men with HH and 32 eugonadal men were compared at baseline. Interventions Men with HH were treated with intramuscular injections of testosterone or placebo every 2 weeks for 22 weeks. Quadriceps muscle biopsies and subcutaneous abdominal fat biopsies were obtained before and after 4-hour euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp, prior to and after testosterone or placebo therapy. Outcome measures and results mRNA expression of AMPKα in hypogonadal men was lower by 37% in adipose tissue and 29% in skeletal muscle, respectively, compared with levels in eugonadal men, while phosphorylated AMPKα was lower by 22% and 28%, respectively. Following testosterone replacement, the expression of AMPKα did not alter in the fasting state but increased markedly by 41% and 46% in adipose tissue and muscle, respectively, after the clamp. In contrast, phosphorylated AMPKα increased by 69% in muscle after testosterone therapy but did not change following the clamp. Conclusions Testosterone modulates the expression of AMPKα and phosphorylated AMPKα. These effects may contribute to the improved insulin sensitivity following testosterone therapy.
Systematic Study of Al Impurity for NCM622 Cathode Materials

Many recycling processes have been developed for spent Li-ion batteries (LIBs), such as pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and direct recycling. For all the recycling methods, however, impurities are...
Social license and consumer perceptions of farm-raised fish

Abstract This study uses personal predispositions, attitudes towards food industry actors, media use and food consciousness as variables to explore trust in farm-raised and the degree to which respondents believe that aquaculture benefits their home state. The authors use a random sample mail survey of primary food shoppers in Wisconsin, a state in the Great Lakes region of the United States, where aquaculture is considered an emerging industry and fish sold for food are generally raised in manmade ponds or flow-through raceways. They find that trust in government agencies, grocery stores, food manufacturers/processors, perceived industry environmentalism and attention environmental news, were positively related to both trust in fish farmers and perceptions that benefits from fish farming accrue within the state. Although attention to environmental news and conservative ideology were positively related to trust in fish farmers, and a preference for GMO-free/organic foods was negatively related to the same, none of these three variables had a relationship to the perception that fish farming benefits the respondents' state. Implications are discussed.
Abstract 14082: The Effect of Diagnostic Ultrasound Mediated High Mechanical Impulses on Cardiac Output During an Ultrasound Enhancing Agent Infusion

Introduction: Diagnostic ultrasound high mechanical index (MI) impulses are used during an ultrasound enhancing agent (UEA) infusion to improve endocardial border resolution and study myocardial pe...
Risk Factors for Bullying Victimization in Children with Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1).

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal disorder associated with numerous physical stigmata. Children with NF1 are at known risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), academic struggles, and significant social difficulties and adverse social outcomes, including bullying victimization. The primary aim of this study was to identify risk factors associated with bullying victimization in children with NF1 to better inform clinicians regarding targets for prevention and clinical intervention. Children and a parent completed questionnaires assessing the bully victim status, and parents completed a measure of ADHD symptoms. Analyses were completed separately for parent-reported victimization of the child and the child’s self-report of victimization. According to the parent report, results suggest ADHD symptoms are a significant risk factor for these children being a target of bullying. Findings for academic disability were not conclusive, nor were findings related to having a parent with NF1. Findings indicate the need for further research into possible risk factors for social victimization in children with NF1. Results provide preliminary evidence that may guide clinicians working with children with NF1 and their parents in identifying higher-risk profiles that may warrant earlier and more intensive intervention to mitigate later risk for bullying victimization.
Item Meaning and Order as Causes of Correlated Residuals in Confirmatory Factor Analysis

In this study I examined the oft-made claim that correlated residuals result from similarities in item meaning. I also investigated the degree to which administering items with similar meaning or w...
We God's People: Christianity, Islam and Hinduism in the World of Nations

Cesari argues that both religious and national communities are defined by the three Bs: belief, behaviour and belonging. By focusing on the ways in which these three Bs intersect, overlap or clash, she identifies the patterns of the politicization of religion, and vice versa, in any given context. Her approach has four advantages: firstly, it combines an exploration of institutional and ideational changes across time, which are usually separated by disciplinary boundaries. Secondly, it illustrates the heuristic value of combining qualitative and quantitative methods by statistically testing the validity of the patterns identified in the qualitative historical phase of the research. Thirdly, it avoids reducing religion to beliefs by investigating the significance of the institution-ideas connections, and fourthly, it broadens the political approach beyond state-religion relations to take into account actions and ideas conveyed in other arenas such as education, welfare, and culture.
‘To Bring Distant Horizons Closer’: Fashioning the Decolonial Imaginary in Social Design

Looking at how we, as designers, can move beyond charges of neo-colonialism in social design this article uses the empirical example of a social design project focused on the restoration of a riverine system in New Zealand to provide an outline of ways that decolonial design can occur in practice. Exploring how the concept of ontological design, and the use of design tools and frameworks such as boundary objects and infrastructuring, can help build out a decolonial social imaginary the article demonstrates how – through our design practice – we are able to successfully acknowledge, and work with, different ‘ways of being’ in the world.
Pedicle subtraction osteotomy in adult spinal deformity correction: Clinical and radiographic risk factors for early instrumentation failure

Abstract Background Early instrumentation failure (EIF) after pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) is a known complication of adult spine deformity (ASD) correction. In contrast to the more common failure that occurs secondary to pseudarthrosis, early instrumentation failure ( Objective To identify risk factors for EIF in patients undergoing PSO for ASD correction. Methods Patients with ASD who underwent correction with PSO from 2013 to 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic characteristics, number of rods, spinopelvic parameters, bone density derived from computed tomography (CT) attenuation in Hounsfield units (HU), Global Alignment and Proportion (GAP) score, and type of instrumentation failure were evaluated. Potential risk factors for EIF were analyzed. Results 9 out of 46 (19.5%) patients who underwent PSO had EIF. All 9 patients with EIF had 2-rod constructs and failed secondary to rod fracture. The number of rods used in the EIF group was significantly lower than the non-EIF group (2.00 ± 0.00 vs 2.81 ± 0.995, p = .000. The EIF group demonstrated a significantly higher pre-op PI (77.33 ± 13.23), p = .022, pre-op PT (37.22 ± 6.46), p = .012, and post-op SVA (89.96 ± 23.85), p = .028 compared to the non-EIF group. Conclusion High pre-op PI, pre-op PT, and post-op SVA were significant risk factors associated with EIF after PSO. Use of multiple rod constructs are protective and may help mitigate risk of EIF in these patients.
STYLES OF POLICING AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICAN STATES

SUMMARY The notion that economic development in African states requires minimal levels of security has become widely accepted in the international development community. The first part of this essay explores the question of which types of security provision—professional all service policing or functionally specialized agencies—will have the greater impact on promoting and sustaining economic development. Reviewing the extant data and building on analyses by Jan van Dijk, I argue that functional policing styles and work, rather than full-service policing work, are more important to address the major obstacle to economic development: grand corruption, organized crime, political violence, fraud and mismanagement by governments. The second part of the essay considers the experience of changing policing systems in Africa, which are composed of both functional and full- policing reforms. Despite sometimes substantial donor support, only South Africa and a few post-conflict states (e.g. Sierra Leone and Liberia) have achieved some measure of success. Many of the political, social and economic contextual conditions that would support more substantive and sustainable police reforms are absent. © 2014 The Authors. Public Administration and Development published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lipid-Protein Interactions in the Reconstitution of the Microsomal Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide-Cytochrome b5 Reductase System

Abstract Interactions between the lipid bilayer and the hydrophobic portions of cytochrome b5 and NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase have been found to be essential for, and, in fact, to control the over-all rate of reduction of cytochrome b5 by NADH in hepatic microsomes. The present data and earlier work from this laboratory show that the reoxidation of reduced cytochrome b5 reductase by cytochrome b5 is the rate-limiting step in the reduction of microsomal cytochrome b5. Removal of phospholipid markedly decreases the rate of cytochrome b5 reduction and reconstitution with liposomes completely restores the structural and functional characteristics of the NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase electron transport pathway. These findings, along with the observation of a similar effect of liposomes on the NADH-dependent reduction of purified cytochrome b5 by the purified reductase, indicate that the amphipathic nature of these proteins is responsible for the lipid dependence of this reaction.
Interrelationship of Multiple Endothelial Dysfunction Biomarkers with Chronic Kidney Disease

The interrelationship of multiple endothelial biomarkers and chronic kidney disease (CKD) has not been well studied. We measured asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), L-arginine, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin), von Willebrand factor (vWF), flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and nitroglycerin-induced dilation (NID) in 201 patients with CKD and 201 community-based controls without CKD. Multivariable analyses were used to examine the interrelationship of endothelial biomarkers with CKD. The multivariable-adjusted medians (interquartile ranges) were 0.54 (0.40, 0.75) in patients with CKD vs. 0.25 (0.22, 0.27) μmol /L in controls without CKD (p<0.0001 for group difference) for ADMA; 67.0 (49.6, 86.7) vs. 31.0 (27.7, 34.2) μmol/L (p<0.0001) for L-arginine; 230.0 (171.6, 278.6) vs. 223.9 (178.0, 270.6) ng/mL (p=0.55) for sICAM-1; 981.7 (782.6, 1216.8) vs. 633.2 (507.8, 764.3) ng/mL (p<0.0001) for sVCAM-1; 47.9 (35.0, 62.5) vs. 37.0 (28.9, 48.0) ng/mL (p=0.01) for sE-selectin; 1320 (1044, 1664) vs. 1083 (756, 1359) mU/mL (p=0.008) for vWF; 5.74 (3.29, 8.72) vs. 8.80 (6.50, 11.39)% (p=0.01) for FMD; and 15.2 (13.5, 16.9) vs. 19.1 (17.2, 21.0)% (p=0.0002) for NID, respectively. In addition, the severity of CKD was positively associated with ADMA, L-arginine, sVCAM-1, sE-selectin, and vWF and inversely associated with FMD and NID. Furthermore, FMD and NID were significantly and inversely correlated with ADMA, L-arginine, sVCAM-1, sE-selectin, and vWF. In conclusion, these data indicate that multiple dysfunctions of the endothelium were present among patients with CKD. Interventional studies are warranted to test the effects of treatment of endothelial dysfunction on CKD.
Logarithmic and Exponential Functions

The entire algebra of logarithm is based on the following definition: The logarithm of a number a to the base b is a number c such that a can be expressed as b to the power c.
CONCEPTUAL CONSISTENCY IN THE USER INTERFACE: EFFECTS ON USER PERFORMANCE

Consistency is often promoted as an important goal of user interface design, yet few definitions exist, particularly in a form suitable for guiding design. Most design guidelines stress procedural consistency, e.g., low-level interaction techniques, or the assignment of programmable function keys. This paper argues that interface consistency must also be addressed at a conceptual level. Conceptual consistency is defined in terms of the internal coherence of a system's structure and the nature of the mapping from user task goals to system procedures. Interfaces to an automated office system were constructed in which low-level interaction techniques were held constant, but which varied the degree of conceptual consistency. The results of a study in which users performed representative tasks on these systems is reported and discussed with respect to the importance of various kinds of consistency in the interface.
Immunofluorescent study of the ABO blood group antigens in human spermatozoa.

Abstract 1. 1. The presence of blood group antigens A or B on human spermatozoa has been demonstrated with the use of specific immunofluorescent antisera. 2. 2. The evidence indicates that the spermatozoa carry a single ABO blood group antigen on their surface in contrast to the somatic cells.
Mu‐opioid receptor cellular function in the nucleus accumbens is essential for hedonically driven eating

Acute pharmacological studies have implicated mu-opioid receptors (MORs) in the shell of the nucleus accumbens (NAC) in mediating responses for palatable food and other natural and drug-induced rewards. However, the long-term behavioral effects of inactivating signal transduction via accumbal MORs, as quantified by an anatomically defined loss of cellular activity, have never been analysed. We combined microinfusion of the irreversible MOR antagonist, beta-funaltrexamine (beta-FNA; 8.0 nmol/0.8 microL, n=9; controls, n=6) with mapping by [35S]GTPgammaS autoradiography to demonstrate an anatomically specific loss of the coupling of MORs to their G-proteins in the dorsal caudomedial shell of the NAC in rabbits. beta-FNA did not alter the stimulated coupling of kappa-opioid receptors. This selective blockade of the cellular function of MORs persistently decreased consumption of a palatable sucrose solution by 40% during a daily 4-h test conducted 2, 3 and 4 days after infusion. beta-FNA did not alter body weight or 20-h consumption of standard chow or water. In 10 different rabbits, infusion of the selective, competitive MOR antagonist, CTAP (D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Arg-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2) into the same locus produced a reversible decrease in sucrose consumption, with normal intakes returning on the next day. Together, these data appear to establish that MORs in this accumbal subregion support responding for orosensory reward. Overall, these results visualize a discrete brain locus where cellular actions of endogenous opioids mediate behaviors involved in self-administration of foods and perhaps other hedonically valued substances, such as ethanol and drugs of abuse.