cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solid stress and elastic energy as measures of tumour mechanopathology

Solid stress and tissue stiffness affect tumour growth, invasion, metastasis and treatment. Unlike stiffness, which can be precisely mapped in tumours, the measurement of solid stresses is challenging. Here, we show that two-dimensional spatial mappings of solid stress and the resulting elastic energy in excised or in situ tumours with arbitrary shapes and wide size ranges can be obtained via three distinct and quantitative techniques that rely on the measurement of tissue displacement after disruption of the confining structures. Application of these methods in models of primary tumours and metastasis revealed that: (i) solid stress depends on both cancer cells and their microenvironment; (ii) solid stress increases with tumour size; and (iii) mechanical confinement by the surrounding tissue significantly contributes to intratumoural solid stress. Further study of the genesis and consequences of solid stress, facilitated by the engineering principles presented here, may lead to significant discoveries and new therapies.
Modeling circuit variability

In order to design integrated circuits which can be manufactured with high yield the variations which can occur during manufacturing must be included with the compact models. The manufacturing variations comprise a complex correlated set of statistical distributions. This paper presents some of the current options and challenges in modeling variation. Improving the prediction of statistical circuit behavior will require coordinated improvement in models, netlisting tools and simulators.
Academic–industry relations: an international perspective

As universities struggle to redefine their roles in regional, national and global economic and social systems it appears that a second academic revolution may be taking place. It builds on that in the late 19th century, when many universities took on research functions in addition to their teaching roles. In September, scientists from around the world met in Acquafredda, Italy, to discuss the changing relationships between academia, industry and government."
The fool of the Psalms and religious epistemology

L'A. compare la sensibilite religieuse qui apparait dans les Psaumes et l'epistemologie religieuse developpee par la tradition analytique actuelle et ses modeles (Plantinga, Alston).
An empirical examination of the motivational antecedents of social and commercial venture creation

Given the fleeting nature of opportunities and the resource-poor state of most entrepreneurs, time is of the essence during the emergence phase. Because motivation is a primary driver of individual...
Primary Cell Phenotypic Screening Illuminates ADRs and AOPs

Preclinical, in vitro screening for adverse drug reactions continues to present challenges in the field of drug development. In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Shah et al. (2017) employ a phenotypic screening strategy using a panel of human primary cells to define a signature response and an adverse outcome pathway for delayed type IV skin hypersensitivity.
Designing Difference in Difference Studies: Best Practices for Public Health Policy Research

The difference in difference (DID) design is a quasi-experimental research design that researchers often use to study causal relationships in public health settings where randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are infeasible or unethical. However, causal inference poses many challenges in DID designs. In this article, we review key features of DID designs with an emphasis on public health policy research. Contemporary researchers should take an active approach to the design of DID studies, seeking to construct comparison groups, sensitivity analyses, and robustness checks that help validate the method's assumptions. We explain the key assumptions of the design and discuss analytic tactics, supplementary analysis, and approaches to statistical inference that are often important in applied research. The DID design is not a perfect substitute for randomized experiments, but it often represents a feasible way to learn about casual relationships. We conclude by noting that combining elements from multiple quasi-experimental techniques may be important in the next wave of innovations to the DID approach.
Historical Perspective of Eukaryotic DNA Replication

The replication of the genome of a eukaryotic cell is a complex process requiring the ordered assembly of multiprotein replisomes at many chromosomal sites. The process is strictly controlled during the cell cycle to ensure the complete and faithful transmission of genetic information to progeny cells. Our current understanding of the mechanisms of eukaryotic DNA replication has evolved over a period of more than 30 years through the efforts of many investigators. The aim of this perspective is to provide a brief history of the major advances during this period.
A New, Direct Measure of Thumb Use in Children After Index Pollicization for Congenital Thumb Hypoplasia

Purpose After index pollicization for congenital thumb hypoplasia, time-based hand dexterity tests do not indicate whether the new thumb is being used by a child. The Thumb Grasp and Pinch assessment (T-GAP) is a new outcome measure that classifies grasp and pinch styles to quantify use of the new thumb. The goal of this study was to establish concurrent validity and construct validity in the T-GAP. Methods Data from children treated with index finger pollicization for congenital thumb hypoplasia were retrospectively reviewed. Measures of strength, range of motion, and scores on the Box and Blocks Test (BBT), 9-Hole Peg Test (NHPT), Functional Dexterity Test (FDT), and Task 7 (Heavy Objects) from the Jebsen-Taylor Test (JTT7) were recorded. Patients also completed the T-GAP consisting of 9 age-appropriate tasks, during which grasp patterns were classified. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated comparing the T-GAP score with scores on the BBT, NHPT, FDT, and JTT7. Results We evaluated 21 thumbs in 21 children an average of 71.7 months after pollicization surgery (range, 9–175 months). The T-GAP score was significantly correlated with BBT, NHPT, FDT, and JTT7 (R = 0.69, –0.60,–0.59, and –0.60, respectively). The T-GAP score was significantly correlated with tripod pinch, key pinch, and grip strength (R = 0.77, 0.75, and 0.71, respectively) and with opposition and grasp span (R = 0.50 and 0.52, respectively). The T-GAP was the only functional measure correlated with parent and patient satisfaction with thumb function. Conclusions Concurrent validity was supported by significant correlations between T-GAP score for all 4 dexterity measures. Construct validity was supported by significant correlations between strength and range of motion of the thumb and T-GAP score. Clinical relevance This evaluation may help surgeons and therapists better understand results after pollicization and determine whether the new thumb is being incorporated into daily activities.
Racial/ethnic differences in the utilization of infertility services: A focus on American Indian/Alaska Natives

Objectives Previous studies have identified racial/ethnic disparities in infertility care, but patterns among American Indian/Alaska Natives (AI/AN) have not been reported. Our objective was to evaluate infertility services use in the US by race/ethnicity using data from the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). Methods We analyzed female respondent data from the pooled NSFG cycles 2002, 2006-2010 and 2011-2013. Respondents reported use of infertility services and types of services. We calculated weighted crude and adjusted prevalence proportion ratios (PPR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) using modified Poisson regression with robust error variances accounting for the complex survey design to compare infertility services use across race/ethnicities. Results Overall, 8.7% of women reported using medical services to get pregnant. The prevalence of using any medical service to help get pregnant was lower for American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) (PPR: 0.60, 95% CI 0.43-0.83) and black (PPR: 0.53, 95% CI 0.44-0.63) compared to white women and in Hispanic compared to non-Hispanic women (PPR: 0.57, 95% CI 0.48-0.67). The prevalence of accessing treatment, testing, and advice also differed by race and ethnicity. Conclusions for Practice We observed disparities in accessing services to get pregnant among AI/AN and black women and reduced use of advice among Asian/Pacific Islanders compared to whites. We also observed reduced service utilization for Hispanic compared to non-Hispanic women. Differential utilization of specific services suggests barriers to infertility care may contribute to reproductive health disparities among underserved populations.
Silica coatings on bismaleimide (BMI) polymeric substrates

For many years, ceramics have been added to polymeric materials as reinforcements or extenders. Recently, thin ceramic coatings have been applied to polymers for biomedical applications, and in this paper ceramic coatings are applied to an aerospace polymer, bismaleimide (BMI). Unreinforced BMI specimens were coated with a thin, protective layer of a dense silicate ceramic material. Vickers indentation testing on the coated and uncoated BMI specimens indicated that the coatings adhere surprisingly well to the substrate, with cracking of the coating taking place only within a diamond-shaped region with diagonal dimensions equivalent to the Vickers indentation impression.
20. Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy ushered in the modern era of minimally invasive surgery for the general surgeon. It remains the most common laparoscopic procedure in the USA. Although much has changed since its introduction in 1989, the technical steps are as similar today as they were then.
Antibiotic treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia: is it different from ventilator-associated pneumonia?

Purpose of reviewHospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is a form of nosocomial pneumonia, distinct from ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). This review compares HAP and VAP, highlighting differences in natural history, risk factors, and bacteriology that necessitate a different approach to the therap
The Revision Procedures and Secondary Reconstruction After Head and Neck Cancer Reconstruction

Head and neck reconstruction can be complex due to its 3D conformation. The patient’s function and aesthetics can be compromised after the primary reconstruction, affecting quality of life. This is not only aggravated by a mutilating surgery but also worsened by postoperative radiotherapy. Therefore, secondary revisions must be available and offered to adequate candidates at an adequate timing in order to improve their post-treatment disease-free condition.
The impact of flexible grouping on reading achievement for sixth grade students

A quantitative case study at a three-section Midwestern elementary school examined a current flexible grouping method, with increased numbers of teachers, being implemented in sixth grade classrooms versus the traditional whole group instruction. Using Iowa Test of Basic Skills (ITBS) data, the research analyzed if flexible grouping can significantly increase reading achievement in sixth grade students. The research compared the means of sixth grade students national percentile rank (NPR) of the participating students in the area of reading, on their fifth grade ITBS test to their NPR on their sixth grade ITBS test. Results suggest there was no significant growth in the area of reading achievement when students were instructed using flexible grouping.
Predictive Factors for Return to Driving following Volar Plate Fixation of Distal Radius Fracture.

Background A common query by patients undergoing distal radius fracture (DRF) repair is when (s)he can resume driving postoperatively. A prospective cohort analysis was performed to assess fracture and patient factors on a patient's self-reported ability to return to driving to better inform patients and surgeons. Methods Consecutive patients undergoing DRF repair with locking volar plate were enrolled. Preoperative demographic and radiographic characteristics, and postoperative time to return to driving were collected. Data collected included age, sex, hand dominance, body mass index (BMI), level of education, concomitant ulnar fracture, fracture setting prior to surgery, and AO fracture classification. Results A total of 131 patients were enrolled (108 women, 23 men) with 36 AO type A, 22 AO type B, and 73 AO type C DRFs, with an average age of 59.5 years. Fracture severity by classification did not significantly affect time to return to driving. However, BMI, sex, and age were found to significantly affect time to return to driving. Patients aged 19 to 59 years, 60 to 75 years, and over 75 years returned to driving 13.1, 15.4, and 30.1 days following surgery, respectively ( p < 0.01). Classified by BMI, patients that were normal weight, overweight, and obese returned to driving 11.5, 13.1, and 21.0 days following surgery, respectively ( p < 0.05). Men returned to driving 8.8 days and women 17.3 days postoperatively ( p = 0.001). Conclusion Patients severity of fracture as determined by AO fracture type did not affect time to driving, while increased BMI, female sex, and increased age were found to be significant factors in patients' return to driving time after distal radius fracture repair. Level of Evidence This is a Level II, prospective cohort study.
Neural fluctuation cues for simultaneous notched-noise masking and profile-analysis tasks: Insights from model midbrain responses.

Results of simultaneous notched-noise masking are commonly interpreted as reflecting the bandwidth of underlying auditory filters. This interpretation assumes that listeners detect a tone added to notched-noise based on an increase in energy at the output of an auditory filter. Previous work challenged this assumption by showing that randomly and independently varying (roving) the levels of each stimulus interval does not substantially worsen listener thresholds [Lentz, Richards, and Matiasek (1999). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 106, 2779–2792]. Lentz et al. further challenged this assumption by showing that filter bandwidths based on notched-noise results were different from those based on a profile-analysis task [Green (1983). Am. Psychol. 38, 133–142; (1988). (Oxford University Press, New York)], although these estimates were later reconciled by emphasizing spectral peaks of the profile-analysis stimulus [Lentz (2006). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 120, 945–956]. Here, a single physiological model is shown to account for performance in fixed- and roving-level notched-noise tasks and the Lentz et al. profile-analysis task. This model depends on peripheral neural fluctuation cues that are transformed into the average rates of model inferior colliculus neurons. Neural fluctuations are influenced by peripheral filters, synaptic adaptation, cochlear amplification, and saturation of inner hair cells, an element not included in previous theories of envelope-based cues for these tasks. Results suggest reevaluation of the interpretation of performance in these paradigms.
The ATPase mechanism of myosin 15, the molecular motor mutated in DFNB3 deafness

Abstract Cochlear hair cells possess an exquisite bundle of actin-based stereocilia that detect sound. Unconventional myosin 15 (MYO15A) traffics and delivers critical molecules required for stereocilia development and is essential for building the mechanosensory hair bundle. Mutations in the human MYO15A gene interfere with stereocilia trafficking and cause hereditary hearing loss, DFNB3. To understand the molecular mechanism of how MYO15A delivers proteins within stereocilia, we performed a kinetic study of the ATPase motor domain to characterize its mechano-chemical cycle. Using the baculovirus-Sf9 system, we purified a recombinant minimal motor domain (S1) by co-expressing the mouse MYO15 ATPase, essential and regulatory light chains that bind its IQ domains, and UNC45 and HSP90A chaperones required for correct folding of the ATPase. MYO15 purified with either UNC45A or UNC45B co-expression had similar ATPase activities (kcat = ~ 6 s−1 at 20°C). Using stopped-flow and quenched-flow transient kinetic analyses, we measured the major rate constants describing the ATPase cycle, including ATP, ADP and actin binding, hydrolysis and phosphate release. Actin-attached ADP release was the slowest measured transition (~ 12 s−1 at 20°C), although this did not rate-limit the ATPase cycle. The kinetic analysis shows the MYO15 motor domain has a moderate duty ratio (~ 0.5) and weak thermodynamic coupling between ADP and actin binding. This is consistent with MYO15 being adapted for strain sensing as a monomer, or processive motility if oligomerized into ensembles. Our kinetic characterization enables future studies into how deafness-causing mutations affect MYO15 and ultimately disrupt stereocilia trafficking necessary for normal hearing.
A Differential-Algebraic Approach for Dynamic Modeling of Diesel Engine Particulate Aftertreatment Systems

A new model for a typical diesel engine particulate aftertreatment system, which consists of exhaust pipes, a fuel burner for active soot regeneration and a diesel particulate filter (DPF) is developed. The model described by nonlinear high-index differential-algebraic equations (DAEs) is more general than ordinary differential approximations, and is realized using a singularly perturbed sliding manifold (SPSM) approach. The system parameters and model realization are verified using experimental data. Behaviors of the dynamic system (stability and observability) near an equilibrium point are investigated using Lyapunov’s linearization method. The DAE model is transformed into a linear-like form and based on that a sliding mode observer (SMO) is designed. Application of the SMO design approach to the aftertreatment system model is evaluated using actual vehicle test data and results are encouraging.
Electronic wearable device and physical activity among US adults: An analysis of 2019 HINTS data.

Abstract Background Promoting physical activity is one of the most critical components in strategies to improve both individual and population health. Previous studies on electronic wearable devices (EWDs) have shown modest improvements in physical activity, including daily steps and energy expenditures. Large population-based evidence on EWDs and physical activity is needed to better understand the patterns of EWD use and physical activity. Methods This cross-sectional study used data from the Health Information National Trends Survey 2019. We calculated weighted frequencies and prevalence of EWD utilization. Wald Chi-square test was used to compare individual characteristics by EWD use, and multivariable logistic regression model was fitted to examine the associations between EWD use and physical activity level while adjusting for sociodemographic/health-related characteristics. Results The final sample included 4219 respondents representing 212,976,500 US adults aged 18 years or older. The overall utilization of EWDs in this group was 28.2 % (95 % CI, 26.0−30.5%). Respondents who used EWDs were more likely to have 150 min/week or over physical activities compared to those who did not use EWDs in the past 12 months (OR, 1.53, 95 % CI, 1.16–2.02). When restricting the analaysis to those with chronic conditions only, EWD use was still associated with higher level of physical activity (OR, 1.74, 95 % CI, 1.02–2.98). Conclusions About three in ten Americans reported using EWDs in the past year. EWD use seems to be associated with achieving a higher level of physical activity. Further studies are needed to examine the effect of EWD use on other clinical measures and subsequent health outcomes.
Limited impacts of thermoneutral housing on bone morphology and mechanical properties in growing female mice exposed to external loading and raloxifene treatment.

Abstract Thermoregulation is an important factor that could have physiological consequences on pre-clinical research outcomes. Simply housing mice at thermoneutral temperature has been shown to prevent the well-established loss of cancellous bone that is typical in growing mice. In this study, active tissue formation was induced by non-invasive tibial loading in female mice and combined with raloxifene treatment to assess whether temperature could enhance their combined effects on bone morphology and mechanical properties. It was hypothesized that by removing the cold stress under which normal lab mice are housed, a metabolic boost would allow for further architectural and mechanical improvements in mice exposed to a combination of tibial loading and raloxifene. Ten-week old female C57BL/6J mice were treated with raloxifene, underwent tibial loading to a maximum tensile stress of 2050 μe, and were housed in thermoneutral conditions (32 °C) for 6 weeks. We investigated bone morphology through microcomputed tomography (μCT), mechanical properties via four-point bending, and fracture toughness testing. Results confirmed previous work showing a combined effect of external loading and raloxifene which led to greater improvements in most properties than either individual treatment. Counter to the hypothesis, temperature had modest effects on body weight, overall bone size, and trabecular architecture, and most effects were detrimental. Thermoneutrality had no impact on mechanical integrity or fracture toughness. In most cases, the magnitude of temperature-based effects were less robust than either RAL treatment or loading.
Annual winter water-level drawdowns influence physical habitat structure and macrophytes in Massachusetts, USA, lakes

Annual wintertime water‐level drawdowns are a common management strategy in recreational lakes; however, few studies have estimated their relative impact on lake littoral habitat among a set of typically co‐occurring anthropogenic stressors including lakeshore development and herbicide application. Within 21 Massachusetts, USA lakes that represented a drawdown magnitude gradient (0.07–2.26 m), we assessed depth‐specific littoral habitat (coarse wood, sediment, macrophytes) at two sites adjacent to forested or developed shorelines. Using generalized linear mixed models, we found coarse wood abundance and branching complexity was not correlated with drawdown magnitude but was primarily explained by the presence of lakeshore development. Drawdown magnitude was negatively correlated with silt cover and positively correlated with coarse substrate cover, with effects further varying by depth (0.5 m vs. 1 m). Macrophyte biomass and biovolume were negatively correlated with drawdown magnitude with effects also varying by depth for biomass. Macrophyte taxa with annual longevity strategies (e.g., Najas flexilis) and amphibious growth forms increased in biomass proportions with drawdown magnitude. Distance‐based redundancy analyses suggested macrophyte taxa composition was driven by drawdown magnitude, coarse substrate, alkalinity, water transparency, and herbicide use. These results suggest the importance of water quality and depth on macrophyte assemblage responses to winter drawdowns and the potential to develop drawdown‐tolerant macrophyte assemblages. Altogether, understanding the unique impacts of anthropogenic stressors on littoral zone habitat across heterogeneous environmental lake conditions can help minimize impacts to lake ecological integrity while maintaining recreational value.
Stereotactic body radiation therapy with simultaneous integrated boost for prostate cancer: does MRI-targeted biopsy alter the boost field?

Introduction We aim to investigate if the addition of MRI-US fusion biopsy (FB) can aid in radiation planning and alter the boost field in cases of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for prostate cancer with a simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) to a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-defined intraprostatic lesion. Materials and methods Patients undergoing SBRT with SIB for biopsy-proven prostatic adenocarcinoma and a pre-radiation MRI were retrospectively reviewed. 36.25 Gy in 5 fractions was delivered to entire prostate along with SIB of 40 Gy to an MRI-defined intraprostatic lesion. Demographic, radiation planning details, and post-procedural outcomes were compared between patients undergoing systematic transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) biopsy followed by MRI to those undergoing an MRI followed by a FB prior to radiation planning. Results Forty-three patients underwent systematic TRUS biopsy followed by MRI and 46 patients underwent FB prior to radiation planning. Patients undergoing systematic TRUS biopsy had a smaller prostate volume when compared to the FB cohort (37.58 ± 13.78 versus 50.28 ± 26.76 cc, p = 0.007). No differences in prostate planning target volume (PTVprostate) and boost volume (PTVboost) were noted, but those undergoing TRUS biopsy prior to MRI had a higher integrated boost volume density (IBVD = PTVboost/total prostate volume) (0.16 ± 0.09 versus 0.13 ± 0.06, p = 0.045). No differences were observed in genitourinary or gastrointestinal toxicity rates. Conclusions Compared to systematic TRUS biopsy, implementation of prebiopsy prostate MRI and FB allows for safe and feasible SBRT in patients with significantly larger prostate volumes without increasing SIB cancer-directed treatment volumes, oncologic outcomes, quality of life measures, or treatment-related toxicities.
Is the Principle of Superposition Really Necessary

My main intention today is to examine a few well-known and a few notso -well-known experiments, primarily with regard to their implications for the validity of the principle of superposition. In order to set my remarks in proper context, however, especially in a conference of this sort (on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics), I think it appropriate to state first my views on the general subject of the wave function’s interpretation.
Repetitive stimulation of the common peroneal nerve as a diagnostic aid for botulism in foals.

Background: Botulism is a potentially fatal paralytic disorder for which definitive diagnosis is difficult. Objectives: To determine if repetitive stimulation of the common peroneal nerve will aid in the diagnosis of botulism in foals. Animals: Four control and 3 affected foals. Methods: Validation of the test in healthy foals for its comparison in foals with suspected botulism. Controls were anesthetized and affected foals were sedated to avoid risks of anesthesia. The common peroneal nerve was chosen for its superficial location and easy access. Stimulating electrodes were placed along the common peroneal nerve. For recording, the active and reference electrodes were positioned over the midpoint and distal end of the extensor digitorum longus muscle, respectively. Repeated supramaximal stimulation of the nerve was performed utilizing a range of frequencies (1–50 Hz). Data analysis consisted of measuring the amplitude and area under the curve for each M wave and converting these values into percentages of decrement or increment based on the comparison of subsequent potentials to the initial one (baseline) within each set. Results: A decremental response was seen at all frequencies in control foals. Decremental responses also were observed in affected foals at low frequencies. An incremental response was seen in all affected foals at 50 Hz. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Decreased baseline M wave amplitudes with incremental responses at high rates are supportive of botulism. Repetitive nerve stimulation is a safe, simple, fast, and noninvasive technique that can aid in the diagnosis of suspected botulism in foals.
The Universal Library: Intelligent Agents and Information on Demand

The vision of The Universal Library represents a powerful idea. It is not a mere electronic equivalent of a conventional library. The scope of this library would involve a combination of sources which will provide video, movies and music on demand, as well as books, newpapers and magazines. Because of the astronomical cost of $5 to $20 billion that is required to create the The Universal Library is beyond the reach of any one country, the most effective way to attain this goal is likely to be through a truly international collaboration. The projected world wide annual revenues of $20 to $200 billion is likely to make the idea of The Universal Library into a reality.
Issues with Introducing Generic Optimization Models into SMEs in Subsaharan Africa

Small and Medium Enterprise (SMEs) play a vital role in the sustainable industrial development of the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). SMEs can benefit from use of productivity and efficiency enhancement optimization models. Even the simplest mathematical model application has the potential to help SMEs promote their competiveness and sustainable growth. The application of optimization models has a proven supportive role in streamlining strategic and operational planning processes. This paper discusses conceptually the feasibility and problems of applying generic optimization methods in the operational planning of SMEs in the SSA nations. This will increase the awareness of SME entrepreneurs of how simple optimization models can help SMEs’ improve their efficiency and effectiveness in scarce resources utilization activities. The paper develops generic optimization models with the topologies of suitable applications’ modes operandi. Practical application will be subject to further research.
Finding Worst-Case Instances of, and Lower Bounds for, Online Algorithms Using Genetic Algorithms

This paper presents a novel application of Genetic Algorithms, as an empirical method in the analysis of algorithms. Online Algorithms are designed for the case in which the problem input does not arrive in its totality, as in Offline Algorithms, but arrives piece by piece, during the course of the computation. Generating worst-case instances for these algorithms, both for use as test cases and as lower-bound proofs, is often non-trivial. We study the use of Genetic Algorithms as a novel method for finding worst-case instances of online problems, including versions of the Taxicab Problem. These worst-case instances give us lower bounds on the non-competitiveness of the approximation algorithms used. In particular, our experimental results demonstrate that 6.93 is a lower bound on the competitive ratio of the hedging and optimal offline algorithms on the Hard Planar Taxicab Problem. This experimental result has theoretical implications for the study of the problem, i.e., further research to prove an upper bound of 7 may be warranted.
Managing Coastal Wetlands

Wetland management may be improved by evaluating nonlinear relationships of economic value and ecological services.
The Effect of Sacral Neuromodulation on Anticholinergic Use and Expenditures in a Privately Insured Population

Objectives Sacral neuromodulation is Food and Drug Administration approved for many types of voiding dysfunction. Goals of treatment often include cessation of anticholinergic therapy. With the goal of understanding the impact of sacral neuromodulation on anticholinergic use, we analyzed patterns of care using a national claims-based dataset. Materials and Methods The Ingenix (i3) data base contains insurance claims, including utilization and cost data, for 75 large employers. De-identified patients who underwent sacral neuromodulation between 2002 and 2007 were identified by the unique current procedural terminology-4 procedure code for pulse generator implantation, code 64590. The number and costs of anticholinergic prescriptions were compared before and after treatment. Results There were 266 percutaneous and 794 two-staged procedures performed from 2002 to 2007 in the i3 dataset. A total of 484 pulse generator implantations were performed, representing 46% of the test procedures. During the year prior to pulse generator placement, each patient purchased an average of 2.1 prescriptions for an anticholinergic agent (SD 3.5). During the year after neuromodulation, each patient purchased an average of 1.0 prescription (SD 2.3, p < 0.0001 by t-test). Prescription charges were $241.31 per patient before and $103.52 after neuromodulation, a statistically significant cost difference (p < 0.0001 by t-test). During the year before the procedure, 50% of patients filled anticholinergic prescriptions. This decreased to 23% after the procedure (p < 0.0001 by chi-square test). Conclusions Sacral neuromodulation was associated with a significant decrease in the use of anticholinergic medication. Cost-effectiveness analyses that take into account patient quality-adjusted life years are needed to determine the true cost-benefit ratio of sacral neuromodulation.
Small molecule inhibitors of anthrax toxin-induced cytotoxicity targeted against protective antigen.

Two molecular scaffolds were designed using the CAVEAT molecular design package to inhibit the oligomerization of protective antigen (PA63), a key protein component of anthrax toxin. The inhibitors were designed to prevent heptamerization of PA63 by mimicking key residues of PA63 needed for the intermolecular interactions that stabilize the heptamer. Using the scaffolds identified by CAVEAT, seven candidate inhibitors were synthesized and tested for their ability to inhibit anthrax toxin–induced cytotoxicity, with three of the agents demonstrating modest inhibition in murine J774A.1 macrophage cells.
Optical coherence imaging of microvascular oxygenation and hemodynamics

Here, we present high-speed spectral domain OCT in the visible spectral range using a supercontinuum source that performs angiography, oximetry, and speed assessment of red blood cells in individual vessels of the mouse pinna in vivo.
Changes in mercury bioaccumulation in an apex predator in response to removal of an introduced competitor

We evaluated methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in native apex predators, lake trout Salvelinus namaycush before and after the large-scale removal of introduced predators, smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu in a 270 ha Adirondack lake. Previous studies show that removing competitors can result in increased growth and decreased mercury concentrations in remaining fish. Instead, we observed a significant increase in lake trout MeHg concentrations despite observed increases in lake trout growth. Bioenergetics simulations predicted similar increases in lake trout MeHg concentrations. Higher MeHg in prey fish (post-removal diet) relative to invertebrates (pre-removal diet) was the most important factor increasing lake trout MeHg concentrations. However, this effect was counteracted by increased lake trout growth (i.e., growth dilution) likely due to a combination of decreased foraging costs and an increase in prey energy density. These data provide evidence for a mechanism (diet shift due to reduced competition) by which changes in food web structure can influence MeHg concentrations in top predators.
Early Chandra X-Ray Observations of η Carinae

Subarcsecond-resolution Chandra observations of η Carinae reveal a 40'' × 70'' ring or partial shell of X-ray emission surrounding an unresolved bright central source. The spectrum of the central source is strongly absorbed and can be fitted with a high-temperature thermal continuum and emission lines. The surrounding shell is well outside the optical/infrared bipolar nebula and is coincident with the outer shell of η Car. The X-ray spectrum of the shell is much softer than that of the central source. The X-ray shell is irregular and only correlates well with optical features in which a bright X-ray knot coincides with a bright feature of the outer shell. Implications for the binary model of the central source are discussed.
Structural covariance of graphs

Algebraic structures including multiple rank tensors, linear and non-linear operators are related to and represented with various types of graphs. Special emphasis is placed on linear operators e.g. on the Hibert space. A different graph represents the same operator depending on the basis frame used, in general non-orthonormal. All such graphs are shown to belong in one equivalence class and are termed “structurally covariant”. Crucial indices related to eigenvalues but invariant under any basis frame changes including non-orthonormal ones provide one way to characterize each class. A set of rules are given that allow one to find the graphs structurally covarinat with a given one and/or to deduce the class indices directly by simple pictorial manipulations on a graph. Applications in various fields including the quantum theory of molecules and reactions are indicated.
Operationalizing equilibrium unemployment: A general equilibrium external economies approach

Abstract This paper presents a new formulation of equilibrium unemployment that is inspired by job search or matching models. Unlike those approaches, however, this formulation does not rely on an explicit stochastic process. The matching process is incorporated through external economies in the labor market such that market expansions reduce the unemployment rate and contractions increase it. The model gives intuitively appealing results in both its static and dynamic versions with relatively little modeling overhead. Conceptually, this formulation represents a modest revision of the standard Arrow–Debreu model, and it builds on the external economies literature. To illustrate the formulation in an applied model, results are presented from an analysis of the United States’ commitment to reduce carbon emissions under the Kyoto Protocol.
Flexible Algorithm Selection Framework for Large Scale Metalearning

We are working on the problem of developing a flexible, generic metal earning process that supports algorithm selection based on studying the algorithms' past performance behaviors. State of the art machine learning systems display limitations in that they require a great deal of human supervision to select an effective algorithm with corresponding options for a specific domain. Additionally, very little guidance is available for algorithm-parameter selection and the number of available choices is overwhelming. In this paper, we develop a flexible, large-scale experimental framework for a metacontroller that supports explorations through algorithm-parameter space and recommend algorithm for a given dataset. First, we aim to facilitate an easy to use process to create a search space for algorithm selection by automatically exploring some possible combinations of algorithms and key parameters. Secondly, our goal is to come up with an algorithm recommendation by looking at the past behaviors of related datasets. Our main contribution is the implemented framework itself which is based on the use of a wide variety of strategies to automatically generate a search space and recommend algorithms for a specific dataset. We evaluate our system with 40 major algorithms on 20 datasets from the UCI repository. Each dataset is represented by 25 data characteristics. We generate and run 7510 combinations of algorithm, parameters and datasets. Our experiments show that our framework offers a friendly way of setting up a machine learning experiment while providing accurate ranking of recommended algorithms based on past behaviors. Specifically, 88% of recommended algorithm rankings significantly correlated with the true rankings for a given dataset.
Incorporating demand shifters in the Almost Ideal demand system

Abstract Intercepts of share equations generally include demand shift variables. In the Almost Ideal demand system and related models, this results in estimates that depend on units of measurement. Solutions to this problem are identified and discussed.
Early feelings about school and later academic outcomes of children with special needs living in poverty

In this investigation we examined the relation of children's reported feelings about school during kindergarten or first grade to their academic achievement at the end of fifth grade. Participants were children (N = 103) who lived in poverty during early childhood and who were placed on individualized education programs (IEPs) during their elementary school years. Results indicated that early feelings about school predicted fifth-grade outcomes above and beyond predictions based on an assessment of receptive language at age 5. Specifically, general positive feelings about school predicted higher fifth-grade literacy skills whereas feelings of greater competence in academics predicted higher fifth-grade math skills. The findings have implications for interventions with young children who have special learning needs, live in poverty, and report early ambivalent or negative feelings about school.
IMPACT OF MITRAL ANNULAR CALCIFICATION ON OUTCOMES OF AORTIC VALVE SURGERY

Mitral annular calcification (MAC) is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events and vascular death. Studies have addressed the impact of MAC on mitral valve surgery but there is no data on the impact of MAC on outcomes of aortic valve (AV) surgery. Our study aimed to determine the impact of
Impact of cow size on dry matter intake, residual feed intake, metabolic response, and cow performance

Thirty-eight Angus-cross beef cows were used to evaluate differences in DMI, residual feed intake (RFI), and endocrine markers on the basis of cow size and RFI ranking during 2 stages of production. Cows housed in individual pens (2.2 × 9.1 m) were fed, over a 70-d feeding period, 30% Bermuda grass hay and 70% ryegrass baleage diet during lactation (LACT) and a 100% ryegrass hay diet during postweaning (NOLACT). Individual daily feed intake, BW, and BCS were recorded, and hip height was used to determine frame score (FS). Feed intake was used to calculate RFI for each cow, and cow was the experimental unit. Blood samples were obtained on d 0 and 70 and were analyzed for glucose, insulin, leptin, triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4). Cows were assigned to a light (LIT) or heavy (HEV) BW groups on the basis of mean BW at the beginning of the LACT period. On the basis of RFI values for each feeding period, cows were placed into a negative (NEG; RFI 0.00) RFI group and into a low (LOW; ≤0.2 SD mean RFI), medium (MED; within ±0.19 SD), or high (HI; ≥0.2 SD mean RFI) RFI group. During LACT, DMI was 4.8% greater (P = 0.03) and FS was greater (P 0.05) among BW groups; however, DMI was 6.5% and 8.9% greater (P < 0.01) for POS compared with NEG RFI in the LACT and NOLACT periods. In LACT, DMI was greater (P < 0.01) for HI and MED RFI compared with LOW RFI, and in NOLACT, DMI was greater (P < 0.01) for the HI compared with MED and LOW RFI cows and MED compared with LOW RFI cows. During NOLACT, DMI was 8.9% greater (P < 0.01) for the HEV (12.4 ± 0.22 kg) compared with LIT (11.3 ± 0.19 kg) BW cows. Change in BCS was greater (P ≤ 0.03) in higher RFI cows in both RFI groups only in the NOLACT period. Differences in T3 and T4 on d 0 and 70 were 25% and 15% greater (P ≤ 0.04) for the LIT BW group compared with the HEV BW group. A negative correlation existed (P ≤ 0.04) between BW group and T3 and T4, as well as leptin and RFI (P = 0.03). Although cow BW was independent of RFI and T3 and T4 levels tended to be greater in lighter BW cows, DMI was consistently greater for cows with heavier BW and higher RFIvalues.
Motion study for the blinded: a review of the gilbreths’ work with the visually handicapped

This paper reviews the Gilbreths’ work with the blind following the First World War. Although their work has essentially been neglected, the Gilbreths contributed substantially to the rehabilitation of military and civilian blind through their work at the Red Cross Institute for the Blind and through their advocacy for employing the sightless in industry.
Quality of life and sexual function after evaluation and treatment at a referral center for vulvovaginal disorders.

Abstract Objectives: This study was undertaken to assess sexual function and quality of life of women after evaluation and treatment of vulvovaginal problems at a University Center. Study Design: Subjects were mailed a cover letter and follow-up survey. All new patients (322) referred for evaluation of vulvar problems at a University Vulvar Specialty Clinic between January 1, 1996, and December 31, 1999, were mailed a survey instrument containing specific questions concerning general, vulvar, and sexual health. Medical records from clinic visits were manually abstracted. Groups defined with descriptive statistics and proportional change in symptoms analyzed with χ 2 statistics. Results: Of the 322 women who met the study criteria, 195 returned valid surveys for an overall response rate of 60.5%. The mean duration of follow-up was 28 months. The most common presenting symptoms were vulvar pain (86%), dyspareunia (71%), itching (35%), and skin changes (20%). At follow-up, 128 (66%) reported improvement in symptoms compared with 14 (7%) that worsened ( P P Conclusion: Most women presenting for evaluation of vulvar pain will report improvement in symptoms and sexual function after treatment in a Vulvar Specialty Clinic. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:1629-37.)
Enzyme-inhibitor interactions as a basis for heterogeneity of extracellular cyclic AMP phosphodiesterases in Dictyostelium discoideum

Abstract We have previously characterized three forms of cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase obtained after dithiothreitol activation of the enzyme from the extracellular medium during late vegetative growth of Dictyostelium discoideum (Toorchen, D. and Henderson, E.J. (1979) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 87, 1168–1175). This communication presents evidence supporting the earlier hypothesis that the observed heterogeneity of enzyme species is due to formation of complexes between an endogenous inhibitor protein and a common catalytic polypeptide. Dithiothreitol inactivates the inhibitor, but does not cause its release from the catalytic unit. Additional evidence is presented for the presence of a similar catalytic polypeptide in the extracellular phosphodiesterase produced during the first 8 h of developmetn, except that this species is a phosphoprotein.
Recent Progress in the Understanding of Infective Endocarditis

Infective endocarditis is an uncommon cardiac condition but is associated with significant morbidity and mortality despite advancements in diagnosis and treatment. Recent epidemiologic changes in this disease have resulted in additional challenges for treatment and improving outcome. Health care-associated infection is a growing cause of endocarditis, and the predominance of Staphylococcus aureus infection is associated with increased co-morbid medical conditions, lower rate of surgical intervention, and worse outcome. In order to reduce the high rate of complications and mortality related to endocarditis, attention to the role of antibiotic prophylaxis has been given by major cardiology societies including the American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association, and European Society of Cardiology. These recent guidelines have reduced the role of prophylaxis due to the unclear benefit, but uncertainty remains for certain pre-disposing cardiac lesions. Earlier diagnosis of endocarditis or improved prognostic tests may also reduce the complications of endocarditis by allowing earlier treatment with antibiotics or surgery, and a number of recent, preliminary studies have investigated biomarkers for improving its diagnosis or better prediction of adverse outcome. In patients with complications of endocarditis (heart failure, severe valvular regurgitation, intracardiac abscess or fistula, recurrent emboli, large vegetation or refractory infection), surgery is recommended because outcome is recognized to be poor with medical treatment alone. Recent studies of surgery for infective endocarditis have shown low operative mortality rates, particularly for patients with hemodynamic stability and non-emergent status, and a survival benefit over medical therapy alone for many of these complications. In patients with S. aureus endocarditis, surgery is less commonly performed due to co-morbid conditions, but has been shown to improve outcome and should be considered more aggressively. A growing number of studies have suggested that early surgery during the active phase of infection can be performed at low risk of operative mortality and recurrence of endocarditis, even in patients with cerebral infarction. Additional studies are needed to define the influence of surgical timing on outcome, and its potential benefit in lower-risk patients with endocarditis.