cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stepwise O-Atom Transfer in Heme-Based Tryptophan Dioxygenase: Role of Substrate Ammonium in Epoxide Ring Opening.

Heme-based tryptophan dioxygenases are established immunosuppressive metalloproteins with significant biomedical interest. Here, we synthesized two mechanistic probes to specifically test if the α-amino group of the substrate directly participates in a critical step of the O atom transfer during catalysis in human tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). Substitution of the nitrogen atom of the substrate to a carbon (probe 1) or oxygen (probe 2) slowed the catalytic step following the first O atom transfer such that transferring the second O atom becomes less likely to occur, although the dioxygenated products were observed with both probes. A monooxygenated product was also produced from probe 2 in a significant quantity. Analysis of this new product by HPLC coupled UV–vis spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HSQC, HMBC, and infrared (IR) spectroscopies concluded that this monooxygenated product is a furoindoline compound derived from an unstable epoxyindole intermediate. These resu...
Intersection of endocytic and exocytic systems in Toxoplasma gondii.

Host cytosolic proteins are endocytosed by Toxoplasma gondii and degraded in its lysosome-like compartment, the vacuolar compartment (VAC), but the dynamics and route of endocytic trafficking remain undefined. Conserved endocytic components and plant-like features suggest T. gondii endocytic trafficking involves transit through early and late endosome-like compartments (ELCs) and potentially the trans-Golgi network (TGN) as in plants. However, exocytic trafficking to regulated secretory organelles, micronemes and rhoptries, also proceeds through ELCs and requires classical endocytic components, including a dynamin-related protein, DrpB. Here, we show that host cytosolic proteins are endocytosed within 7 minutes post-invasion, trafficked through ELCs en route to the VAC, and degraded within 30 minutes. We could not definitively interpret if ingested protein is trafficked through the TGN. We also found that parasites ingest material from the host cytosol throughout the parasite cell cycle. Ingested host proteins colocalize with immature microneme proteins, proM2AP and proMIC5, in transit to the micronemes, but not with the immature rhoptry protein proRON4, indicating that endocytic trafficking of ingested protein intersects with exocytic trafficking of microneme proteins. Finally, we show that conditional expression of a DrpB dominant negative mutant increases T. gondii ingestion of host-derived proteins, suggesting that DrpB is not required for parasite endocytosis.
Evaluation of Burn Rounds Using Telemedicine: Perspectives from Patients, Families, and Burn Center Staff.

Abstract Introduction: Burn care requires multiple disciplines to collaborate to achieve best patient care. Because of this, rounds involve a very large burn team to assess patients' wounds and for...
Summary Regression Case

The following analysis revisits the Forbes executive compensation data that was studied in Classes 2 and 3 of Basic Business Statistics. Rather than simply characterize the variation in total compensation, this regression analysis builds a model that attempts to “explain” the differences in compensation. We have come a long way since that introductory material.
The Role of Bile Acids in Colorectal Carcinogenesis

Bile acids are formed in the liver of mammals through a series of biochemical reactions starting from the 27-carbon sterol, cholesterol (Fig. 1, I) (Kritchevsky and Nair 1971). The most abundant bile acids possess a 24-carbon atom cyclopentanophenanthrene structure. Two primary bile acids common in man and animals are chenodeoxycholic acid (Fig. 1, II) and cholic acid (Fig. 1, III). These compounds are secreted by the liver into bile where they are present as amidates of either glycine or taurine (Bergstrom and Danielsson 1968; Hofmann 1984; Hofmann and Roda 1984).
Appendix D – Critical Properties and Acentric Factor*

This chapter presents critical properties and acentric factor of the elements and compounds discussed in the book, “Handbook of Vapor Pressure” (Inorganic Compounds and Elements).
Theoretical and Experimental Differential Scanning Calorimetric Studies of Enzyme — Substrate Reactions

The investigation of biologically important substances such as enzymes and DNA gels by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has become more frequent in the last few years. In our preliminary investigations of enzyme-substrate systems by DSC we felt it necessary to theoretically account for possible temperature and concentration gradient effects in the aqueous sample which could lead to significant errors in the kinetic curve since our samples could not be considered to be infinitely thin. In addition to problems associated with temperature and concentration gradients, the nature of enzyme-substrate systems places certain restrictions on the experimental parameters.
Congenital Viral Infection: Traversing the Uterine-Placental Interface

Why certain viruses cross the physical barrier of the human placenta but others do not is incompletely understood. Over the past 20 years, we have gained deeper knowledge of intrauterine infection and routes of viral transmission. This review focuses on human viruses that replicate in the placenta, infect the fetus, and cause birth defects, including rubella virus, varicella-zoster virus, parvovirus B19, human cytomegalovirus (CMV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and hepatitis E virus type 1. Detailed discussions include ( a) the architecture of the uterine-placental interface, ( b) studies of placental explants ex vivo that provide insights into the infection and spread of CMV and ZIKV to the fetal compartment and how these viruses undermine early development, and ( c) novel treatments and vaccines that limit viral replication and have the potential to reduce dissemination, vertical transmission and the occurrence of congenital disease.
Scale and manufacturing effects on tensile strength of marine grade sandwich composite panel joints

In this article, scale and manufacturing effects on the tensile strength of marine grade sandwich composite panels and joints are investigated to aid in the fabrication of large modular ship hulls....
Assembly of myosin II filament arrays: Network Contraction versus Expansion.

How cellular contractile systems assemble has fascinated scientists for generations. The major molecule responsible for cellular force generation is the molecular motor, non-muscle myosin II (NMII). NMII molecules are organized into single myosin filaments and larger arrays of filaments called NMII I stacks, which are capable of generating increasing amounts of force. The textbook model of NMII stack assembly is the Network Contraction Model, where ensembles of distinct NMII filaments condense into a NMII stack by pulling on actin filaments. While this model has been widely accepted for ~20 years, it has been difficult to test inside cells due to the small size of NMII filaments. Recently, interest in how NMII stacks form has been reinvigorated by the advent of super-resolution microscopy techniques which have afforded unprecedented resolution of NMII filaments inside cells. A number of recent publications using these techniques have called into question key aspects of the Network Contraction Model, and our understanding of how NMII stacks assemble.
Developing Large Slab Airport Runways for the Next Century

The purpose of this research was to determine whether shrinkage-compensating concrete (SCC) made with Type K cement can create durable airport runways with fewer joints and reduced maintenance costs. The primary criterion examined was the ability of SCC to offset the effects of early-age drying shrinkage when the concrete is acted upon by external restraint. The interaction of restraint with SCC is important because restraint resists the expansive behavior that provides shrinkage compensation. Four sets of experiments were conducted, with increasing levels of Type K expansive mineral additive in each set. A set of test specimens consisted of four-inch diameter restrained columns. Each set consisted of three columns with varying degrees of stiffness in the restraint frame, including low, medium, and high-restraint stiffness. The medium-restraint column provides the theoretical response of new pavement cast against a mature slab, whereas the other two bracket the problem. The column specimens were instrumen...
Durable responses to 3rd party viral specific T cells mediated by different patterns of engraftment

Background & Aim Background Adoptive therapy with 3rd party virus-specific T cells has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of refractory infection complicating hematopoietic stem cell (HCT) and solid organ (SOT) transplant. A striking feature of responses observed at our center has been their durability. We have previously demonstrated that expansion of the infused viral specific T cells lasting for 3-6 wks is observed in patients (pts) responding to transplant donor-derived or 3rd party T cells. The durability of response to HCT donor-derived T cells is expected; however, the durability of response to 3rd party T cells, which are expected to be rejected, is unexplained. Methods, Results & Conclusion Methods We have evaluated pts responding to 3rd party EBV-specific T cells (tabelecleucel) and CMV CTLs for the durability of response through 12-mo and whether the durability of response correlates with overall survival (OS) and depends on persistence of 3rd party viral specific T cells. We evaluated HCT pts treated for CMV viremia and/or disease who responded to 3rd party CMV-CTLs (N=32) and HCT and SOT pts with rituximab refractory EBV+ PTLD who responded to tabelecleucel (N=29). To detect in vivo persistence of 3rd party T cells we sorted viral specific T cells and performed analysis by short tandem repeats (STRs). This method is especially well suited to detection of even rare CMV specific T cells where the epitope recognized by the infused population has been defined. Results Clinical responses were durable at 1 year in 57/61 pts. This durability correlated to improved OS. Pts responding to CMV-CTL therapy had 12-mo OS of 80.3%. In contrast 12-mo OS for pts not responding to CMV CTLs was 33.3%. Pts responding to tabelecleucel had 12-mo OS of 93.1%. with 12-mo OS of 12.5% in non-responders. We demonstrated three patterns of persistence of CMV-CTLs in HCT pts ranging from very transient detection up to detection for 9 mos after infusion. Conclusion Our studies provide evidence that, while initial response can be ascribed to the function and expansion of the T cells administered, the durability of response in HCT pts does not depend on detectable 3rd party cells.
Infants from Food Insecure Households Have Altered Gut Microbiota (OR01-03-19)

Infancy represents a critical period for growth and development. Food insecurity (defined as the limited availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods) in early life may have both immediate and long-term health implications. Some limited evidence suggests that food insecurity in adults may influence the gut microbiota composition, perhaps through a lack of dietary diversity. A number of studies also link malnutrition with alterations in the gut microbiota in children. However, associations between food insecurity and the gut microbiota have yet to be explored in children and especially in infants, who may have had little exposure to foods other than human milk and formula. Participants were from the Nurture study, a birth cohort of predominately black women and their infants residing in the southeastern United States. We collected stool samples from 68 infants 3 months after birth. Our exposure was household food security status assessed when infants were between 2 and 3 months. We used the US Household Food Security Survey Module: Six-Item Short Form. We grouped scores of 0–1 (full or marginal food security) as food secure and 2–6 (low or very low food security) as food insecure, consistent with prior studies. For the 3-month outcome, we used an Illumina MiSeq to conduct paired-end sequencing of the 16S rRNA V4 region. We used beta-binomial regression to determine differential abundance of microbiota according to food security status. Two-sided FDR corrected P-values < 0.05 were considered significant. We adjusted for delivery method (C-section versus vaginal), breastfeeding (never versus any), and timing of introduction to solid foods (at or before 3 months versus after 3 months of age). Demographic characteristics of mothers and infants from food insecure households (n = 20) resembled those from food secure households (n = 45). The relative abundance of 16 microbial amplicon sequence variants were lower in food insecure infants, and 3 microbial amplicon sequence variants were higher in food secure infants (Figure). Findings from our birth cohort suggest that infants from food insecure households had altered gut microbiota composition at 3 months of age. Future research is warranted to provide mechanistic insight into these potentially novel associations. NIDDK, National Institutes of Health.
Adding Authenticity to Inquiry in a First-Year, Research-Based, Biology Laboratory Course

Course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) are an effective way to integrate research into an undergraduate science curriculum and extend research experiences to a large, diverse group of early-career students. We developed a biology CURE at the University of Miami (UM) called the UM Authentic Research Laboratories (UMARL), in which groups of first-year students investigated novel questions and conducted projects of their own design related to the research themes of the faculty instructors. Herein, we describe the implementation and student outcomes of this long-running CURE. Using a national survey of student learning through research experiences in courses, we found that UMARL led to high student self-reported learning gains in research skills such as data analysis and science communication, as well as personal development skills such as self-confidence and self-efficacy. Our analysis of academic outcomes revealed that the odds of students who took UMARL engaging in individual research, graduating with a degree in science, technology, engineering, or mathematics (STEM) within 4 years, and graduating with honors were 1.5-1.7 times greater than the odds for a matched group of students from UM's traditional biology labs. The authenticity of UMARL may have fostered students' confidence that they can do real research, reinforcing their persistence in STEM.
Checklist for Heterotaxy Syndrome Improves Compliance with Multidisciplinary Standard of Care

Background Heterotaxy Syndrome (HS) is a disorder with abnormal arrangements of thoracic and abdominal organs. Manifestations include congenital heart defects, increased risks of bacteremia associated with variable splenic anatomy, and intestinal malrotation that may lead to volvulus. Patients with HS currently lack coordinated standard of care given the wide spectrum of organs and disease complexity involved. We, therefore, implemented a multidisciplinary HS-specific checklist and standard discharge letter to improve communication, coordination of care, and education amongst caregivers. The study was set at a tertiary referral children’s hospital. Methods We …
Creating High-Impact Literature Reviews: An Argument for ‘Integrative Reviews’

In this article, we argue that integrative literature reviews are among the most useful vehicles for advancing knowledge and furthering research in a topic domain. Integrative literature reviews are strongly anchored in a representative description of a field, but add new insights via a critical analysis and synthesis of the field’s literature. Based on this definition, we explicate the ways that scholars can (1) define the ‘space’ for an integrative review (i.e., how they can justify and bound an integrative review), and (2) synthesize insights gained from the review to develop a new perspective or point of view on the literature. We illustrate these points with several of the most highly‐cited manuscripts published in the Academy of Management Annals. Finally, we close by arguing why these points make integrative reviews most useful for advancing knowledge and furthering research in the area of management.
Coverage for Biosimilars vs Reference Products Among US Commercial Health Plans.

This study uses US commercial health plan insurance data to characterize coverage for biosimilar drugs compared with reference products.
Information and Disinformation: Social Media in the COVID-19 Crisis.

The novel coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID‐19) is a global pandemic with over 4.7 million cases and 316,000 deaths worldwide.1 Social media, defined as “electronic communication through which users create online communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, and other content,”2 has played an important role during the COVID‐19 pandemic. In fact, social media usage amongst the public has previously been demonstrated to significantly increase in cases of natural disasters and crises.3 However, it is important to consider the benefits and limitations of this medium.
Office Cystoscopy Urinary Tract Infection Rate and Cost before and after Implementing New Handling and Storage Practices

AbstractIntroduction:Based on 2010 American Urological Association recommendations our practice transitioned from sterile to high level disinfection flexible cystoscope reprocessing and from steril...
Let's Talk about Sext: How Adolescents Seek Support and Advice about Their Online Sexual Experiences

We conducted a thematic content analysis of 4,180 posts by adolescents (ages 12-17) on an online peer support mental health forum to understand what and how adolescents talk about their online sexual interactions. Youth used the platform to seek support (83%), connect with others (15%), and give advice (5%) about sexting, their sexual orientation, sexual abuse, and explicit content. Females often received unwanted nudes from strangers and struggled with how to turn down sexting requests from people they knew. Meanwhile, others who sought support complained that they received unwanted sexual solicitations while doing so-to the point that adolescents gave advice to one another on which users to stay away from. Our research provides insight into the online sexual experiences of adolescents and how they seek support around these issues. We discuss how to design peer-based social media platforms to support the well-being and safety of youth.
Workplace-based opportunities to support child care workers’ health and safety

Abstract Child care workers earn among the lowest wages in the United States and they struggle with many health issues. The purpose of this study was to describe workplace supports for nutrition, physical activity, other health behaviors (e.g., smoking cessation, stress management), and occupational health and safety available to child care workers, and thereby inform the development of future workplace-based interventions to improve worker well-being. Between 2015 and 2016, 74 North Carolina child care centers (and directors), participating in a larger randomized controlled trial, completed a Workplace Health and Safety Assessment (interview and observation) measuring four domains: Infrastructure, Organizational Policies and Procedures, Programs and Promotions, and Internal Physical Environment. This study used baseline data to report means and standard deviations. Participating child care centers employed, on average, 12.7 ± 8.4 employees. Total scores from the Workplace Health and Safety Assessment averaged 41.3 ± 12.6 out of a possible 154, demonstrating many missed opportunities for supporting health/safety. More specifically, centers scored on average 9.5 ± 3.9 on Infrastructure (35% of potential points), 11.1 ± 3.9 on Organizational Policies and Procedures (32% of potential), 7.6 ± 5.4 on Programs and Promotions (12% of potential), and 13.1 ± 2.2 on Internal Physical Environment (49% of potential). The most frequent supports available were for occupational health and safety issues, while fewer supports were available for physical activity and other health behaviors. Child care workers could benefit greatly from more comprehensive workplace health and safety interventions; however, strategies must overcome centers’ limited capacity and resources.
Short-term effects of loblolly pine thinning intensity on coverage of preferred white-tailed deer forage plants

Commercial thinning and prescribed fire can improve habitat quality for white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands by increasing coverage of forage plants. ...
Acute contact with imidacloprid in soil affects the nesting and survival success of a solitary wild bee, Osmia lignaria (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae).

Abstract We assessed impacts of direct acute contact with imidacloprid-treated soil on nesting behavior and mortality of the blue orchard mason bee (Osmia lignaria Say), which is a native solitary cavity-nesting species that collects mud for nest partitions. Laboratory-reared O. lignaria females were exposed to three concentrations of imidacloprid (0, 50, 390 and 780 ppb), in wet (30% moisture) soil for 20 min and released in large flight cages, where impacts on nesting activity and nest cell production were evaluated. Mortality was tested in another experiment using exposure at the same concentrations with two differing soil moisture levels (20% and 40%). Nesting activity was reduced by 42% for females exposed at 390 ppb and by 66% for females exposed at 780 ppb. Females treated at 780 ppb produced 40% fewer nest cells per day. Sex ratios of F1 generation were skewed toward male in the 50 ppb treatment group with 50% fewer females. The number of cells and pre-pupae per nest, as well as the weight of pre-pupal cocoons did not vary among exposure levels. There were no mortality effects at 20% soil moisture for any level of imidacloprid, but at 40%, mortality of females was >50% at all levels of imidacloprid. These results suggest that acute exposure to imidacloprid residue in soil can have negative impacts on soil-interacting bees, and the effects may be relative to the degree of soil moisture.
The Role of Beliefs in Asset Prices: Evidence from Exchange Rates

A long-standing challenge in the asset pricing literature is to understand why asset prices sometimes underreact and sometimes overreact to news. We seek to address this challenge in the context of currency markets. We construct a model of exchange rate determination disciplined by survey data, where short-lived investors each (1) receive noisy private signals about the future path of interest rate differentials between the US and other countries and (2) overestimate the persistence of interest rate differentials. The model is able to qualitatively and quantitatively match patterns of underreaction and overreaction of exchange rates in response to news. The model also matches the failure of uncovered interest rate parity (UIP), capturing the return predictability of interest rate differentials for the returns to borrowing in USD and lending in foreign currency, as well as the fact that this return predictability is declining in the maturity of bonds used to borrow and lend. Finally, we use the model to help understand the reversal of the failure of UIP in recent years, the role of higher-order uncertainty, and the persistence of subjective beliefs. Our results highlight the important role that investors' beliefs may play in asset price behavior.
Global Southerners in the North

Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) scholarship contends that international law privileges nation-states in the Global North over those in the Global South. The literature primarily draws on a Westphalian conception of the North-South divide in analyzing asymmetrical issues of power in the global political economy. Given the expansion of global capitalism, however, the nation-state-based mode of analysis misses the fact that there are Global Souths in the geographic North and Global Norths in the geographic South. This Essay makes two theoretical claims. First, it argues that racial capitalism renders expendable populations across the geographic North and South, destabilizing the Westphalian North-South structure. Global Southerners, defined by their positionality as capitalism’s externalities, exist across the North-South schema. The Essay uses climate displacement as an example. The adverse effects of carbon pollution combine with postcolonial legacy and contemporary imperialism to transmogrify the lives, livelihoods, and homelands of Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) around the world into the hidden cost of industrialization. Climate change, an issue that challenges strict notions of national borders, serves as germane material in the Essay’s work to deterritorialize the notion of the North-South divide. Second, this Essay names the existence of Global Southerners in the geographic North as a heretofore unnamed site of resistance for reordering the North-South divide in international law. It leverages the author’s deterritorialized view of the Global South to claim that Global Southerners are political agents with the capacity to shift the global political economy of international law. Although others have begun to reimagine the Global South beyond geographical lines in order to articulate a theory of resistance in international law, this Essay seeks to break new ground by highlighting the particular power of Global Southerners residing in the geographic North. As such, this Essay reinvigorates the central TWAIL question of how to shift power along the North-South divide.
Severe respiratory viral infections in children with history of asymptomatic or mild COVID-19.

IMPORTANCE: The spectrum of complications of COVID-19 in children, including the effect of COVID-19 on later viral infection, is not known. OBJECTIVE: To examine the features of children hospitalized for respiratory illness with history of prior COVID-19. DESIGN: Retrospective observational case series at a single pediatric quaternary medical center in New York City. Data were obtained from review of medical records. PARTICIPANTS: Children with prior mild or asymptomatic COVID-19 and no known risk factors for severe respiratory disease, who were hospitalized at our center for acute respiratory illness from October 2020 to May 2021, were reviewed. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Co-morbidities, history of prior COVID-19 symptoms, respiratory viral panel findings, acuity of illness, degree of respiratory decompensation based on support and interventions required, duration of hospitalization, and overall clinical course were assessed from the medical record. RESULTS: This study included 5 patients (median age, 4 years; age range: 0.8-9 years; 4 [80%] male). All had positive COVID-19 serology, 1 (20%) had mild symptoms, while the others had no symptoms of prior Sars-CoV-2 infection, 3 (60%) had asthma, and the remaining had no co-morbidities. All were admitted between April and May 2021. Two were re-admitted for respiratory symptoms in the subsequent 3 months. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This case series describes a possible association between severe lower respiratory tract infection and prior mild COVID-19 in children. Larger cohort studies describing the respiratory effects of prior COVID-19 in children are needed.
Functional interactions between 5‐HT2A and presynaptic 5‐HT1A receptor‐based responses in mice genetically deficient in the serotonin 5‐HT transporter (SERT)

Background and purpose Despite decreased presynaptic 5-HT(1A) and altered 5-HT(2A) receptor function in genetically-deficient serotonin (5-HT) transporter (SERT) mice, the 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist N-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-N-2-pyridinylcyclohexanecarboxamide maleate salt (WAY 100635) still induced head twitches in these mice, a well-established 5-HT(2A) receptor-mediated response. Experimental approach Interactions between 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2A) receptors were assessed using the head-twitch response following 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2A) receptor agonists and antagonists in SERT wild-type (+/+), heterozygous (+/-), and knockout (-/-) mice. The role of brain 5-HT availability in WAY 100635 induced head twitches was also examined. Key results WAY 100635 induced head twitches in a SERT gene-dose dependent manner, inducing 5-fold more head twitches in SERT -/- versus SERT +/+ mice. In SERT -/- mice, inhibition of 5-HT synthesis with p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) markedly depleted tissue 5-HT in all five brain areas examined and abolished WAY 100635 induced head twitches. Further, the selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor fluvoxamine increased WAY 100635 induced head twitches in SERT +/+ and +/- mice. Head twitches following the 5-HT(2A) receptor agonist (+/-)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl-2-aminopropane (DOI) were robust in SERT +/+ and +/- mice but much reduced in SERT -/- mice. DOI-induced head twitches were decreased by the 5-HT(1A) agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) in SERT +/+ and +/- mice. All drug-induced head twitches were blocked by the 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist a-Phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinemethanol (MDL 11,939). Conclusions and implications These data show that indirect activation of 5-HT(2A) receptors via blockade of presynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors potentiated head-twitch responses, suggesting functional interactions between these receptors, interactions affected by altered 5-HT availability. Our findings strongly support the correlation of WAY 100635 induced head twitches with increased 5-HT availability, induced genetically or pharmacologically.
The Evolution of Broadband Industry in the Developing World: A Comparison of China and India

Telecommunications networks of India and the People's Republic of China are among the largest in the world and have a number of areas for broadband use ripe for exploration. Broadband networks in some regions in these two economies are even more developed than in some parts of the industrialized world. There are, however, a number of reasons to believe that these two countries may exhibit distinct and varied patterns of broadband diffusion. This chapter compares and contrasts the diffusion patterns of broadband technology in the two economies.
Segmented 1.55 /spl mu/m laser with 400% differential quantum efficiency

By electrically segmenting, and series-connecting an InP ridge laser, we have demonstrated 12-stage lasers with 409 % differential efficiency and 2.6 mA threshold, as well as 3-stage lasers with 51 ohm input impedance and 126 % differential efficiency.
The Place of Leadership in Turnaround Schools: Insights from Organizational Recovery in the Public and Private Sectors.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review the literature from the organizational sciences to develop a grounded narrative of turnaround leadership.Design/methodology/approach – The paper is a review of literature, which employs a ten‐step process to explore and make sense of the turnaround literature from the organizational sciences. The paper relies on strategies appropriate for document analysis, and borrows analytic strategies (e.g. memoing, coding) employed with interview data.Findings – The paper finds three defining themes that flow from the review of empirical and theoretical work on organizational recovery in firms, non‐educational public agencies, and not‐for‐profit organizations: leadership as the critical variable in the turnaround equation; change of leadership as a generally essential element in organizational recovery; and type of leadership, but not style, as important in organizational reintegration work.Practical implications – The paper posits that the literature on turning around...
Radiation Transmittance through lake ice in the 400–700 nm Range *

Significant new information on radiation transmittance through ice in the photosynthetically active range (400–700 nm) has been collected at an inland lake near Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A., and at one site on the Great Lakes (lat. 46° 46´ N., long. 84° 57´ W.). Radiation transmittance through clear, refrozen slush, and brash ice varied according to snow cover, ice type, atmospheric conditions, and solar altitude. Snow cover caused the greatest diminution of radiation. During periods of snow melt, radiation transmittance through snow-covered ice surfaces increased slightly. Moderate diurnal variations of radiation transmittance (about 5%) are attributed to solar altitude changes and associated changes in the direct- diffuse balance of solar radiation combined with the type of ice surface studied. Variations in radiation transmittance of nearly 20% over short periods of time are attributed to abrupt changes from a clear to a cloudy atmosphere. A two-layer reflectance–transmittance model illustrates the interaction of layers in an ice cover such as snow or frost overlying clear ice. Upper layers of high reflectance have considerable control on the overall transmittance and reflectance of an ice cover.
Theoretical study of the structure and stability of (NaCl) 2

Abstract Electron correlation effects are shown to play a major role in determining the relative stability of the various forms of (NaCl) 2 + . The D 2h form of (NaCl) 2 + is found to be 0.64 eV more stable than the C ∞v structure. The Na 2 Cl + ·Cl complexes investigated by other researchers are found not to be potential energy minima.
The First Parthenogenetic Populations of Orthoptera Saltatoria to be Reported from North America

The first 2 cases of female-only populations of saltatorial orthopteroid insects in North America have been found in the camel-cricket genus Hadenoecus , species of which are ecologically important members of many cave communities east of the Mississippi River.
Short pitch cholesteric electro-optical device stabilized by nonuniform polymer network

We have developed a method for stabilization of the uniform lying helix (ULH) texture of short pitch cholesterics in an electro-optical device, based on the flexoelectro-optic effect in such a texture. By using a small concentration of photoreactive liquid crystalmonomer (less than 5 wt. % ) and selecting the illumination conditions, we were able to create a nonuniform polymeric network in the liquid crystal bulk (localized essentially at both substrate surfaces) which stabilized efficiently the amplitude and the phase modulation modes of the device. Most importantly, the effect of the residual birefringence of the polymeric network in the field-unwound state of the device was eliminated resulting thus in a substantial improvement of device performance.
Vortex breakdown simulation

In this paper, steady, axisymmetric inviscid, and viscous (laminar) swirling flows representing vortex breakdown phenomena are simulated using a stream function-vorticity-circulation formulation and two numerical methods. The first is based on an inverse iteration, where a norm of the solution is prescribed and the swirling parameter is calculated as a part of the output. The second is based on direct Newton iterations, where the linearized equations, for all the unknowns, are solved simultaneously by an efficient banded Gaussian elimination procedure. Several numerical solutions for inviscid and viscous flows are demonstrated, followed by a discussion of the results. Some improvements on previous work have been achieved: first order upwind differences are replaced by second order schemes, line relaxation procedure (with linear convergence rate) is replaced by Newton's iterations (which converge quadratically), and Reynolds numbers are extended from 200 up to 1000.
Polymer recycling codes for distributed manufacturing with 3-D printers

With the aggressive cost reductions for 3-D printing made available by the open-source self-replicating rapid prototypers (RepRaps) the economic advantage of custom distributed manufacturing has become substantial. In addition, the number of free designs is growing exponentially and the development and commercialization of the recyclebot (plastic extruders that fabricate 3-D printing filament from recycled or virgin materials) have greatly improved the material selection available for prosumer 3-D printer operators. These trends indicate that more individuals will manufacturer their own polymer products, however, there is a risk that an even larger fraction of polymer waste will not be recycled because it has not been coded. The current limited resin identification code available in the U.S. similarly restricts closing the loop on less popular polymers, which could hamper the environmental impact benefits of distributed manufacturing. This paper provides a solution for this challenge by (1) developing a recycling code model based off of the resin identification codes developed in China that is capable of expansion as more complex 3-D printing materials are introduced, (2) creating OpenSCAD scripts based on (1) to be used to print resin identification codes into products, (3) demonstrating the use of this functionality in a selection of products and polymer materials, and (4) outlining the software and policy tools necessary to make this application possible for widespread adoption. Overall the results showed that a far larger resin code identification system can be adopted in the U.S. to expand distributed recycling of polymers and manufacturing of plastic-based 3-D printed products.
Structural and biochemical characterization of HP0315 from Helicobacter pylori as a VapD protein with an endoribonuclease activity.

VapD-like virulence-associated proteins have been found in many organisms, but little is known about this protein family including the 3D structure of these proteins. Recently, a relationship between the Cas2 family of ribonucleases associated with the CRISPR system of microbial immunity and VapD was suggested. Here, we show for the first time the structure of a member of the VapD family and present a relationship of VapD with Cas2 family and toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems. The crystal structure of HP0315 from Helicobacter pylori was solved at a resolution of 2.8 A. The structure of HP0315, which has a modified ferredoxin-like fold, is very similar to that of the Cas2 family. Like Cas2 proteins, HP0315 shows endoribonuclease activity. HP0315-cleaved mRNA, mainly before A and G nucleotides preferentially, which means that HP0315 has purine-specific endoribonuclease activity. Mutagenesis studies of HP0315 revealed that D7, L13, S43 and D76 residues are important for RNase activity, in contrast, to the Cas2 family. HP0315 is arranged as an operon with HP0316, which was found to be an antitoxin-related protein. However, HP0315 is not a component of the TA system. Thus, HP0315 may be an evolutionary intermediate which does not belong to either the Cas2 family or TA system.
The atmosphere of Io

Observations of Io suggest that it may have an atmosphere in which sodium vapor, ammonia, and nitrogen are important constituents. Several atmospheric models consisting of these gases are tested as a function of total content against the Pioneer 10 observations and for stability against escape. The results suggest that the atmosphere is very tenuous and that the interpretation of the ionosphere detected by Pioneer 10 by a static model may be inconsistent with the sodium-cloud observations. It is postulated that ionization may also be escaping and that sodium may be comparable in content in the atmosphere with some molecular constituent such as NH3 or N2. Sodium and this molecular component then dominate the atmosphere. It is also suggested that particle precipitation contributes to heating of the atmosphere and to the production of ionization; the difference between day- and nighttime ionospheres and possible trailing and leading side effects may relate to the nature of the particle energy distributions. These distributions may result from the peculiar interaction of Io with the Jovian magnetosphere.
Taste and tactile recordings from the ramus recurrens facialis innervating flank taste buds in the catfish

1. The ramus recurrens facialis (VII) innervating the flank of the channel catfish,Ictalurus punctatus, responded to both amino acid (Fig. 2–10; Table 1) and mechanical (Fig. 11) stimulation of the flank skin. 2. The integrated phasic gustatory responses generally increased exponentially with logarithmic increase in stimulus concentration over a wide concentration range with a tendency for saturation at concentrations ≧10−4.5 M (Fig. 6). 3. l-alanine andl-arginine HCl were the most stimulatory compounds tested, with thresholds averaging 10−8.6±0.4m (M±SE) (Fig. 4; Table 1). 4. Cross-adaptation experiments suggest that alanine and arginine bind to relatively independent receptor sites on the taste cells (Fig. 10; Table 1); further, single-unit studies indicate the recurrent nerve is composed of at least two types of amino acid sensitive taste fibers, alanine-best and arginine-best fibers (Fig. 8). In general, unit responses were consistent with the multiunit data (Table 1). 5. Taste fibers of the recurrent nerve are relatively insensitive to sodium chloride and sucrose; generally, responses were obtained to quinine hydrochloride and hydrochloric acid, but only at relatively high stimulus concentrations (≧10−4 M, Fig. 7). 6. Taste responses of the recurrent nerve are similar to the results obtained from maxillary barbel taste recordings in the same species (Caprio 1975, 1978), suggesting an analogous chemical response profile of facially innervated taste buds irrespective of their anatomical location in the catfish. 7. Intra-cranial neural recordings from the recurrent nerve indicate that the tactile responsiveness observed in the present experiments was not attributable to spinal innervation of the flank. The size and contour of the mechanoreceptive flank region innervated by teased bundles of the recurrent nerve varied greatly; some single units responded to both chemical and mechanical stimuli (Fig. 11).
Optimal Project Portfolio Selection with Carryover Constraint

In a typical capital rationing problem, a project portfolio is selected to maximize expected return on investment while adhering to the capital budget constraint. Sometimes projects may be delayed and they have to be funded beyond their planned completion time. This type of ‘unplanned carryovers’ represents a financial obligation to the company. If future years' capital budgets cannot be expanded to cover such obligations, future projects may be cancelled or postponed to fund the unplanned carryover. In this paper, we develop a methodology based on multi-attribute utility theory and chance-constrained programming to optimize portfolio selection subject to the constraints that the selected portfolio does not exceed the available budget and that the carryover of the unspent funds to the next fiscal year does not exceed predetermined limits. We use this technique to select an optimal project portfolio for Lockheed Martin Space Systems' infrastructure investments.
Marriage and Baby Blues: Redefining Gender Equity in the Academy

Traditionally, gender equity in the academy is evaluated in terms of women’s professional success as compared to men’s. This study examines gender equity not only in terms of professional outcomes but also in terms of familial outcomes, such as childbirth, marriage, and divorce. Using data from the Survey of Doctorate Recipients as well as data from a 2002 to 2003 survey of the work and family issues facing ladder-rank faculty in the nine campuses of the University of California system, the authors followed more than thirty thousand Ph.D.s in all disciplines across their life course and surveyed more than eighty-five hundred active University of California faculty. Results indicate that gender equity in terms of familial gains is as elusive as gender equity in terms of professional employment, raising the fundamental issue of what gender equity means in a university setting or in any fast-track employment setting.
Analysis of Extensively Washed Hair from Cocaine Users and Drug Chemists to Establish New Reporting Criteria

Samples from a self-proclaimed cocaine (COC) user, from 19 drug users (postmortem) and from 27 drug chemists were extensively washed and analyzed for COC, benzoylecgonine, norcocaine (NC), cocaethylene (CE) and aryl hydroxycocaines by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Published wash criteria and cutoffs were applied to the results. Additionally, the data were used to formulate new reporting criteria and interpretation guidelines for forensic casework. Applying the wash and reporting criteria, hair that was externally contaminated with COC was distinguished from hair collected from individuals known to have consumed COC. In addition, CE, NC and hydroxycocaine metabolites were only present in COC users' hair and not in drug chemists' hair. When properly applied, the use of an extended wash, along with the reporting criteria defined here, will exclude false-positive results from environmental contact with COC.
Does Participation in a Structured High-Intensity Exercise Program Influence Daily Physical Activity Patterns in Older Adults?

(1999). Does Participation in a Structured High-Intensity Exercise Program Influence Daily Physical Activity Patterns in Older Adults? Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 70, No. 2, pp. 201-205.
Unified theory of meson and nucleon scattering by nuclei

In the meson-nucleon model of nuclei, the decomposition of the meson and nucleon field operators into internal and external parts provides a way of treating orthogonality effects in the scattering of hadrons by a nucleus. Under this decomposition, the Hamiltonian of the system splits into an internal part and terms that couple external modes. The internal part of the Hamiltonian is the Hamiltonian of the meson-nucleon shell model, and its eigenstates are approximations to the bound nuclear states. The rest of the Hamiltonian describes the external quanta of the fields and their interactions with the internal states. The internal mode functions are chosen so as to minimize the coupling of the external modes to the low-lying internal states. The Green's functions for the external fields and the diagrammatic representation of the perturbation series are presented and used to describe the treatment of hadron scattering in the one-external-hadron sector.
RACIAL DISPARITIES IN USE OF DRUG ELUTING STENT BETWEEN BLACKS AND WHITES IN THE STATE OF FLORIDA

Drug Eluting Stents (DES) decrease in stent re-stenosis by about 80% when compared to Bare Metal Stents (BMS). Racial disparities have been reported in the use of cardiovascular procedures. We explore such disparities in Florida. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of all stent procedures