cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ALTERED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE WITH HISTOLOGICALLY NORMAL ISLETS FOLLOWING REPEATED SMALL DOSES OF ALLOXAN1

Dunn and co workers (1943) observed beta cell necrosis in the pancreatic islets of rats following the administration of alloxan subcutaneously (200-400 mg./kg.) in a, single injection. Such animals became permanently diabetic if they survived the initial toxic effects of the chemical. Shipley and Rannefeld (1945) noted the decreased glucose tolerance of rats receiving 25 mg./kg. doses intravenously. Hyperglycemia and glucosuria were not, however, exhibited by these animals.3 To correlate this altered glucose tolerance with some histological evidence, if present, of beta cell impairment was the purpose of the experiment being reported. experimental Five groups of albino rats of mixed sex were used. Animals weighed about 100 grams at the start of the experiment, and were weighed every 10 days while under observation. They were fed Purina Fox Chow ad libitum. The stock of rats of the Department of Anatomy colony, although not inbred by brother-sister matings, is quite uniform genetically. Alloxan4
Shakya Chokden’s Interpretation of the Ratnagotravibhāga: “Contemplative” or “Dialectical”?

This reconciliation of the dialectical and contemplative approaches to the buddha-essence is related to and closely resembles Shakchok’s reconciliation of the two approaches to ultimate reality advocated respectively by Niḥsvabhāvavāda (ngo bo nyid med par smra ba, “Proponents of Entitylessness”) system of Madhyamaka and Alīkākāravāda (rnam rdzun pa, “False Aspectarians”) system of Yogācāra. These approaches in turn are connected respectively to the explicit teachings (dngos bstan) of the second dharmacakra (chos ’khor, “Wheel of Dharma”) and the definitive teachings (nges don, nītārtha) of the third dharmacakra that he also presents in a reconciliatory manner. In the same way as the teachings of the last two dharmacakras, as well as the Niḥsvabhāvavāda and Alīkākāravāda systems that derive from them, come to the same point, the dialectical and contemplative traditions also come to the same point. This point is the above-mentioned naturally pure primordial mind luminous by nature, the ultimate reality. In Shakchok’s opinion, application of non-affirming negations is a powerful tool for accessing direct realization of that reality, while its identification as primordial mind (ye shes, jnāna) is important for maintaining that realization and turning it into the basis of unfolding positive qualities on the path to buddhahood. When in the passage above Shakchok says that the two traditions are not contradictory, and when he reconciles the two last dharmacakras together with Alīkākāravāda and Niḥsvabhāvavāda, he is not arguing that their words are non-contradictory. They obviously are! Nevertheless, those systems are non-contradictory in terms of complementing each other in getting access to and maintaining realization of the ultimate reality of primordial mind.
Balancing risk and cost in fuzzy economic dispatch including wind power penetration based on particle swarm optimization

Abstract Utilization of renewable energy resources such as wind energy for electric power generation has assumed great significance in recent years. Wind power is a source of clean energy and is able to spur the reductions of both consumption of depleting fuel reserves and emissions of pollutants. However, since the availability of wind power is highly dependent on the weather conditions, the penetration of wind power into traditional utility grids may incur certain security implications. Therefore, in economic power dispatch including wind power penetration, a reasonable tradeoff between system risk and operational cost is desired. In this paper, a bi-objective economic dispatch problem considering wind penetration is formulated, which treats operational costs and security impacts as conflicting objectives. Different fuzzy membership functions are used to reflect the dispatcher’s attitude toward the wind power penetration. A modified multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm is adopted to develop a power dispatch scheme which is able to achieve compromise between economic and security requirements. Numerical simulations including sensitivity analysis are reported based on a typical IEEE test power system to show the validity and applicability of the proposed approach.
Integrated free-space optical interconnects: All optical communications on- and off-chip

Compact free-space optical interconnects using MQW modulators heterogeneously integrated on silicon with novel waveguide-coupled free-space optical fabrics are presented. The goal is to provide seamless ultra-high density links spanning the intra- and inter-chip levels.
N,N-Dimethylformamide Additions to the Solution for the Electrospinning of Poly(ε-caprolactone) Nanofibers

Additives taht exhibit polyelectrolyte behavior such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) may improve the electrospinning characteristics of viscoelastic polymer solutions. DMF additions to the solution lead to extensive jet splaying, thereby reducing the fiber diameter significantly. Nanofibrous structures with diameters of the order of 150 nm can be produced by the addition of about 10 vol.-% DMF to the solvent (chloroform). DMF additions also yield a narrow, unimodal distribution of fibers, compared to the bimodal distribution typically detected in electrospun polymers.
The CEO as chief political officer: Managerial discretion and corporate political activity

Abstract Corporate political activity (CPA) is an important nonmarket strategy aimed at advancing a firm's interests by influencing public policy. Yet studies report mixed results as to the impact of CPA on firm outcomes. Building on recent extant research we suggest that one reason for the ambivalent evidence regarding the impact of CPA on firm performance is the moderating role of CEO discretion on the CPA-firm performance relationship. In a longitudinal study of S&P 1000 firms over 10 years, we test competing perspectives regarding the moderating impact of CEO discretion on the CPA-corporate performance relationship. We find that some aspects of CEO discretion, in particular CEO duality, moderate the relationship between CPA and performance. The findings provide some support for an agency view of the impact of CEO discretion the CPA-performance relationships, which carry implications for both scholarship and regulation in the areas of CPA and corporate governance.
Antinociceptive and motor effects of delta/mu and kappa/mu combinations of intrathecal opioid agonists.

Abstract Interactions between selective opioid agonists acting at spinal μ-, δ-, and κ-opioid receptors were evaluated by co-administering a low-antinociceptive dose of the selective δ-agonist, DPDPE, or the selective κ-agonist, U50,488H, with sequentially increasing doses of the selective β-agonist, DAMGO, intrathecally. Antinociceptive synergy (i.e., a more than additive antinociceptive effect) was observed with both combinations of opioid agonists tested. The demonstration of antinociceptive synergy suggests that the subtypes of spinal opioid receptors can act, at least in part, through a common neural circuit. Since our measure of antinociception, the Randall-Selitto paw-withdrawal test, is dependent on a normally functioning motor system, we also evaluated the effects of these same combinations of opioid peptides on motor coordination using a rotarod treadmill. A low-antinociceptive dose of DPDPE or U50,488H co-administered intrathecally, with sequentially increasing doses of DAMGO, did not worsen the decrement in rotarod performance observed with the same doses of DAMGO administered as a single agent. In fact, the low-antinociceptive dose of DPDPE significantly attenuated the decrease in rotarod performance produced when the same dose of DAMGO was administered as a single agent. The results of this study suggest that intrathecal combinations of selective μ- with both δ- or κ-selective opioid agonists can produce antinociceptive synergy without producing an increase in motor side effects. In addition, the results of a secondary analysis, that compared the antinociceptive data from this study with data from our previous studies of intrathecal combinations of sequentially increasing doses of U50,488H with low doses of DPDPE or DAMGO and sequentially increasing doses of DPDPE with low doses of DAMGO or U50,488H, demonstrate distinct differences in the magnitude of the antinociceptive interactions. The most prominent finding from the secondary analysis was that administration of the μ-opioid agonist, DAMGO, as a component of any combination regimen, resulted in the largest enhancement in antinociceptive effects.
Gender Role Conflict, Drive for Muscularity, and the Impact of Ideal Media Portrayals on Men

The current study examined the effects of exposure to ideal print-based masculine images on men's body esteem, self-esteem, and drive for muscularity. Eighty-two college-age men were exposed to magazine images of muscular men or neutral images. Supporting the authors' hypotheses, men who viewed muscular images reported significantly lower body esteem than men in the neutral (control) group. The hypotheses regarding the impact of media portrayals on self-esteem and drive for muscularity as well as the moderating effects of gender role conflict and drive for muscularity were not supported. Findings are discussed within the context of related theory and research on men's body image, and suggestions for further research are provided.
Motivation Concepts and Sexual Identity.

Abstract The association dimension of the Picture Identification Test (PIT) was used to investigate the motivation concepts of male and female university students classified as Declared Homosexual, Sexually Uncertain, Clinical Control, and Normal Control. The t test was used to identify Need Association Dyads which discriminated ( p
Feasibility of identification and classification of microorganisms using a combined FFFF/Spectroscopy system

This paper reports on the progress made towards the implementation of a novel micron and sub-micron particle characterization technology for in-situ, continuous monitoring and detecting of microorganisms in water. The particle technology focuses on characterizing the joint particle property distribution (size, shape, and composition). The experimental set up includes two parts: a separation methodology based on Flow Field-flow Fractionation (FFFF); and a detection system consisting of a UV-vis spectrometer coupled with an optical wave guide and a multi-angle laser light scattering (MALLS) photometer. FFFF is used because it separates particles based on particle volume, which eliminates one variable. The UV-vis /optical waveguide constitutes the primary detection system, while the multi-angle laser light scattering photometer is used for the purpose of validation. UV-vis spectroscopy has been shown to be capable of detecting the chemical composition and size distribution for particles in the size range of 50 nm - 10 μm. The UV-vis absorption patterns of microorganisms of interest strongly suggest the possibility of a two way (size and spectral signature) identification and classification of pathogens in water. It is evident that this methodology has the potential for continuous monitoring applications. Transmission measurements coupled with the liquid core waveguide (LCW) enables detection at very low concentration consistent with typical eluent concentration from the FFFF. In this paper it is shown that the combined system (FFFF-MALLS-UV-vis-LCW) can provide, in a matter of minutes, the spectra and size distribution of waterborne microorganisms for on-line identification and classification.
Complex adaptive systems: A response to Luchins

Luchins (2003, Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 31(2), 183–186) distinguishes the mutual strengths and shortcomings of qualitative and quantitative approaches as applied to the complexities of evaluation psychiatric hospital functioning in particular, and behavioral healthcare practice in general. This brief response offers an examination of the complex interplay of factors within non-linear models in a conceptualization of complex adaptive systems for understanding causal factors in mental health administration as well as calling into question the myth of the relationship between measurement and hence control and understanding and prediction.
Effects of accuracy motivation and need to evaluate on mode of attitude formation and attitude–behavior consistency

Abstract This study investigates the effects of accuracy motivation and need to evaluate on online vs. memory-based attitude formation and attitude–behavior consistency. Results show that online attitude formation is more likely when accuracy motivation or the need to evaluate is high. However, cognitive load disrupts online attitude formation even when accuracy motivation is high. Additionally, attitude relevance increases the likelihood of online attitude formation, but attitude accessibility does not. Furthermore, online (vs. memory-based) attitudes are more predictive of subsequent non-hypothetical choice.
Entrepreneurial Risk: Jordan Baltimore and Oyster Digital Media

As the global economic downturn entered the last quarter of 2009, Jordan Baltimore, a young but experienced entrepreneur, had to consider alternative funding for his start-up company, Oyster Digital Media. He had planned for venture capital to develop his 'Oysters'-electronic shelf tags for retail stores. He was ready to launch his business just as funding became scarce and uncertain. Should he continue to try for venture capital? Angel investors or Friends-and-Family were alternatives, but they could involve less money and delay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Tutorial on Computational Linguistic Phylogeny

Over the last 10 or more years, there has been a tremendous increase in the use of computational techniques (many of which come directly from biology) for estimating evolutionary histories (i.e., phylogenies) of languages. This tutorial surveys the different methods and different types of linguistic data that have been used to estimate phylogenies, explains the scientific and mathematical foundations of phylogenetic estimation, and presents methodologies for evaluating a phylogeny estimation method.
THE REGISTER OF THE SLAVES OF SULTAN MAWLAY ISMA‘IL OF MOROCCO AT THE TURN OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

In late-seventeenth-century Morocco, Mawlay Isma‘il commanded his officials to enslave all blacks: that is, to buy coercively or freely those already slaves and to enslave those who were free, including the Haratin (meaning free blacks or freed ex-slaves). This command violated the most salient Islamic legal code regarding the institution of slavery, which states that it is illegal to enslave fellow Muslims. This controversy caused a heated debate and overt hostility between the ‘ulama’ (Muslim scholars) and Mawlay Isma‘il. Official slave registers were created to justify the legality of the enforced buying of slaves from their owners and the enslavement of the Haratin. An equation of blackness and slavery was being developed to justify the subjection of the free Muslim black Moroccans. To prove the slave status of the black Moroccans, the officials in charge of the slavery project established a fictional hierarchy of categories of slaves. This project therefore constructed a slave status for all black people, even those who were free.
Complex events detection using data-driven concepts

Automatic event detection in a large collection of unconstrained videos is a challenging and important task. The key issue is to describe long complex video with high level semantic descriptors, which should find the regularity of events in the same category while distinguish those from different categories. This paper proposes a novel unsupervised approach to discover data-driven concepts from multi-modality signals (audio, scene and motion) to describe high level semantics of videos. Our methods consists of three main components: we first learn the low-level features separately from three modalities. Secondly we discover the data-driven concepts based on the statistics of learned features mapped to a low dimensional space using deep belief nets (DBNs). Finally, a compact and robust sparse representation is learned to jointly model the concepts from all three modalities. Extensive experimental results on large in-the-wild dataset show that our proposed method significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods.
Use of Soft Lithography for Multi-layer MicroMolding (MMM) of 3-D PCL Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering

Tissue engineering scaffolds with precisely controlled geometries, particularly with surface features smaller than typical cell dimensions (1-10μm), can improve cellular adhesion and functionality. In this paper, soft lithography was used to fabricate polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamps of arrays of parallel 5μm wide, 5μm deep grooves separated by 45 μm ridges, and an orthogonal grid of lines with the same geometry. Several methods were compared for the fabrication of 3-D multi-layer polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds with precise features. First, micromolding in capillaries (MIMIC) was used to deliver the polymer into the small grooves by capillarity; however the resultant lines were discontinuous and not able to form complete lines. Second, spin coating and oxygen plasma were combined to build 3-D scaffolds with the line pattern. The resultant scaffolds had good alignment and adhesion between layers; however, the upper layer collapsed due to the poor mechanical rigidity. Finally, a new multi-layer micromolding (MMM) method was developed and successfully applied with the grid pattern to fabricate 3-D scaffolds. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterization showed that the multi-layered scaffolds had high porosity and precisely controlled 3-D structures.
S-Nitrosoglutathione protects the spinal bladder: novel therapeutic approach to post-spinal cord injury bladder remodeling.

Aims Bladder and renal dysfunction are secondary events of the inflammatory processes induced by spinal cord injury (SCI). S-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), an endogenous nitrosylating agent is pleiotropic and has anti-inflammatory property. Hence, GSNO ameliorates inflammatory sequelae observed in bladder and renal tissues after SCI. Thus, we postulate that GSNO will improve the recovery of micturition dysfunction by quenching the bladder tissue inflammation associated with SCI.
Reexamining age, race, site, and thermometer type as variables affecting temperature measurement in adults – A comparison study

Thermometer devices and sheaths were donated by BD (mercury-in-glass) and RG Medical Diagnostics (Galinstan-in-glass). Funding for this investigation was received by the Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) from two supporting sponsors: Geratherm Medical Diagnostic Systems and RG Medical Diagnostics. Funding requests were initiated by OHSU staff. Grant sources of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis/interpretation, or report writing.The principal investigator (manuscript author) formulated and implemented all aspects of this study and report.
Relation of airway reactivity and sensitivity with bronchial pathology in asthma.

Airway hyperresponsiveness in asthmatics, which may result from inflammation or remodeling, is expressed as the concentration of methacholine that causes a 20% fall in FEV1 in the concentration–response curve (PC20). A decrease in PC20 may be due to a steeper curve (hyperreactivity) and/or a curve shift to the left (hypersensitivity). Our purpose was to analyze the relation of airway sensitivity and reactivity to airway pathological changes. The PC6, as sensitivity parameter, and the slope between PC20 and PC40 as reactivity parameter, were calculated. Total and differential cell counts in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and percentage of epithelial shedding, basement membrane thickness, and submucosal thickness on bronchial biopsy, were measured. The PC6 showed a correlation with the baseline FEV1%. The slope was significantly correlated with the basement membrane thickness, and also demonstrated a strong association with submucosal thickness. The PC20 showed a correlation with the baseline FEV1% and t...
In vitro assays fail to predict in vivo effects of regulatory polymorphisms

A typical paradigm in the investigation of complex human disease is to assess the effects of cis-regulatory polymorphisms implicated in association studies on transcription in cellular expression systems. Evidence from in vitro transfection studies is often assumed to be sufficient evidence for the in vivo functional importance of a polymorphism in the context of human disease, even though many confounding effects (e.g. temporal regulation, tissue specificity, genetic background) are not considered. In this study, we evaluate this assumption directly by examining the translation of in vitro results on allele-specific expression to an in vivo system using four genes that have been well documented through reporter assays to have promoter polymorphisms affecting transcription level: monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), neuropeptide Y (NPY), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3), and prodynorphin (PDYN). In our study, MAOA was found to have large allelic imbalances, which indicates that there is in vivo variation in the expression of this gene. However, the imbalances observed were not correlated with genotype at the putatively functional polymorphism. PDYN, NOS3 and NPY did not have large allelic imbalances. Overall, there was no statistically significant effect of these polymorphisms on expression level as measured by imbalance ratios in any of these genes. These results suggest that the functional effects of a polymorphism on gene expression may be more complicated and context dependent than is often assumed and also imply that the use of cell-based expression studies to support the role of such polymorphisms in disease etiology should be treated with caution.
The Effects of Dietary Boron on Bone Strength in Rats

R. E., Ku, W. W., KENNEY, M. A., MCCOY, H., GLADEN, B., WINE, R. N., WILSON, R., AND ELWELL, M. R. (1997). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 35, 205-215. Previous studies from our laboratory found that when boric acid (BA) was administered in the diet to rats, boron levels in bone were approximately fourfold greater than serum levels. The current studies were undertaken to determine if these elevations produced adverse effects on several bone-related measures, including serum electrolyte levels, bone structure, and bone strength. Data from two studies are presented: in the first study, young adult male rats consumed a powdered diet containing 0, 3000, 4500, 6000, or 9000 ppm BA for 9 weeks. Endpoints were serum calcium, phosphorous, potassium, and chloride, as well as blood and bone boron concentrations ([B]) measured weekly during the 9-week exposure period, and at 8, 16, 24, and 32 weeks after the end of exposure. In the second study, the male and female young adult rats diet contained 0, 200, 1000, 3000, or 9000 ppm BA for 12 weeks; endpoints measured weekly were serum levels of calcium, phosphorous, and magnesium, bone [B], and bone structure (humerus) and strength (tibia, femur, and lumbar vertebrae). In treated rats, calcium was reduced in the first study but not the second. Serum phosphorous was reduced in both studies; potassium was unchanged, chloride was increased by 1%, and magnesium was reduced in all BA-exposed groups in the second study, to a maximal 19% reduction. Bone [B] was consistently increased in all treated groups, to concentration s approximately fourfold those of serum. After cessation of exposure, serum and urinary boron concentrations dropped to within control values within a week. However, even 32 weeks after the end of exposure, bone [B] remained threefold greater than controls. Male tibia and femur resistance to bending was unchanged. However, vertebra] strength in compression was significantly increased by 5-10% in all dose groups (200 to 9000 ppm). The pattern was substantially similar
Rifabutin Induced Vitritis in AIDS Patients

The authors report three patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who developed uveitis while prophylactically taking rifabutin (300 mg/kg or more), clarithromycin and fluconazole. The uveitis presented unilaterally, but became bilateral within seven days in each patient. Inflammation was more severe in the vitreous than in the anterior chamber. Examination of the vitreous and blood from one patient with microbiological smears, bacterial and fungal culture and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to herpesviruses did not reveal an infectious etiology. Discontinuation or decreasing the dose of rifabutin to 300 mg/day and treatment with topical steroids and cycloplegics resulted in resolution of the uveitis within two weeks. Our findings support the observation that prophylactic doses of rifabutin, combined with clarithromycin, fluconazole or other agents which can increase rifabutin levels, can induce uveitis in patients with AIDS. It is important to recognize that a severe vitritis which can obscure visualization of the retina can be solely attributed to rifabutin in patients with AIDS. Therapy requires lowering the dose of rifabutin and the use of topical corticosteroids and cycloplegics.
Building Knowledge? Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Global Problems Summit Simulation

This paper is an initial attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of the Global Problems Summit, a simulation exercise developed for the international studies classroom over 10 years ago. We first situate the simulation exercise within the wider literature on active learning techniques and discuss how the Global Problems Summit can be used as a learning tool to introduce international relations students to issues and processes that underlie diplomacy and negotiations. The paper then assesses the pedagogical value of the simulation based on data from an experimental research design. We test whether students who participated in the summit demonstrated a statistically significant level of increased knowledge about these issues compared with control groups who learned the same material in a traditional classroom (lecture/discussion) format. The paper concludes that while both the Global Problems Summit and traditional lecture environments promote learning, they have a significantly different impact on the types of knowledge that students gain from the experience.
Commentary: The Psychological Impact of Pediatric Cancer Hardiness, the Exception or the Rule?

This commentary was written asa result of our participation in the Symposium on the Psychosocial and Neurocognitive Consequences of Childhood Cancer in honor of our colleague, Raymond Mulhern, who was a major leader in the field. The commentary has two purposes: (a) to briefly review research findings regarding psychosocial functioning of children and adolescents with cancer and other severe chronic illnesses; and (b) to propose a theoretical rationale that could account for an increasingly compelling and consistent body of research that consistently does NOT identify psychopathology or dysfunction in these children despite exposure to major challenges and trauma. Since much of our research (R.B.N./M.J.K.) has already been published, we simply wanted to refer to the studies whose results suggest that most children with cancer adapt well in comparison to normative data; we have reported similar findings for other medical conditions such as sickle cell disease (Noll et al., 1996; Noll, Reiter-Purtill, Vannatta, Gerhardt, & Short, 2007), juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (Noll et al., 2000), and hemophilia (Trzepacz, Vannatta, Davies, Stehbens, & Noll, 2003). We also found this to be true in our longitudinal follow-up studies of these children
Determinants of sperm release and storage in a spiny orbweaving spider

Sperm release and sperm storage were examined in the spiny orbweaver, Micrathena gracilis. This species shares characteristics with other spiders that show a first-male advantage for egg fertilization. Male M. gracilis diVerentially released sperm to virgin females. Sperm release was not related to female age or copulatory duration. In this species, a complete mating between a pair requires two copulations that are separated by a dismount. The second copulation is twice as long as the first. After manipulating the duration of the second copulation, it was found that sperm were released early in the copulation. When a female copulated twice, storage of sperm in the female's first side was influenced by the prolonged second copulation. Considering that males often do not obtain two copulations, and that a female may alternate copulations when two males are present, it was experimentally determined that the copulatory stimulation provided by a second male does facilitate the storage of the first copulating male's sperm. It is concluded that sperm release and sperm storage are two separate processes. Copulation does not necessarily result in sperm release by the male. Not all sperm released are stored within the female, and the number stored is influenced by copulatory duration. ? 1997 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour
From facial expression to level of interest: a spatio-temporal approach

This paper presents a novel approach to recognize the six universal facial expressions from visual data and use them to derive the level of interest using psychological evidences. The proposed approach relies on a two-step classification built on the top of refined optical flow computed from sequence of images. First, a bank of linear classifier was applied at frame level and the output of this stage was coalesced to produce a temporal signature for each observation. Second, temporal signatures thus computed from the training data set were used to train discrete hidden Markov models (HMMs) to learn the underlying models for each universal facial expressions. The average recognition rate of the proposed facial expression classifier is 90.9% without classifier fusion and 91.2% with fusion using a five fold cross validation scheme on a database of 488 video sequences that include 97 subjects. Recognized facial expressions were combined with the intensity of activity (motion) around the apex frame to measure the level of interest. To further illustrate the efficacy of the proposed approach two set of experiments, namely, television (TV) broadcast data (108 sequences of facial expression containing severe lighting conditions, diverse subjects and expressions) analysis and emotion elicitation on 21 subjects were conducted.
Looking for Sex in All the Wrong Places: Press Coverage and the Electoral Fortunes of Gubernatorial Candidates

Although female candidates have achieved parity on some dimensions, political institutions remain deeply gendered in how they structure the parameters of electoral competition. We rely on a new data set of gubernatorial races from the 1990s to address the theoretical and empirical challenges created by the interaction of gender, media content, and electoral institutions. Based on an analysis of 1,365 newspaper articles for 27 contests in which a woman held a major party nomination, we uncover evidence of continuing bias in media coverage. Yet significant coefficients on candidate sex tell only part of the story. Gendered contextual factors linked to the contest and state in which candidates compete, as well as the newspapers that cover their races, also affect women's experiences on the campaign trail. The major finding, however, is the presence of a powerful baseline effect favoring male candidates that is deeply embedded in U.S. politics. All else equal, women gubernatorial candidates suffer a substantial vote deficit that results from non-observable influences. The results support the emerging consensus among feminist theorists that greater focus on the political context is likely to produce bigger scholarly payoffs than is continued attention to observable differences between male and female candidates.
Human-specific Evolution of Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor Recognition of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Molecules

In placental mammals, natural killer (NK) cells are a population of lymphocytes that make unique contributions to immune defence and reproduction, functions essential for survival of individuals, populations and species. Modulating these functions are conserved and variable NK-cell receptors that recognize epitopes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. In humans, for example, recognition of human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-E by the CD94:NKG2A receptor is conserved, whereas recognition of HLA-A, B and C by the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) is diversified. Competing demands of the immune and reproductive systems, and of T-cell and NK-cell immunity—combined with the segregation on different chromosomes of variable NK-cell receptors and their MHC class I ligands—drive an unusually rapid evolution that has resulted in unprecedented levels of species specificity, as first appreciated from comparison of mice and humans. Counterparts to human KIR are present only in simian primates. Observed in these species is the coevolution of KIR and the four MHC class I epitopes to which human KIR recognition is restricted. Unique to hominids is the emergence of the MHC-C locus as a supplier of specialized and superior ligands for KIR. This evolutionary trend is most highly elaborated in the chimpanzee. Unique to the human KIR locus are two groups of KIR haplotypes that are present in all human populations and subject to balancing selection. Group A KIR haplotypes resemble chimpanzee KIR haplotypes and are enriched for genes encoding KIR that bind HLA class I, whereas group B KIR haplotypes are enriched for genes encoding receptors with diminished capacity to bind HLA class I. Correlating with their balance in human populations, B haplotypes favour reproductive success, whereas A haplotypes favour successful immune defence. Evolution of the B KIR haplotypes is thus unique to the human species.
Challenge of Change Incorporating Family Members in Hospital Care

Culture is difficult to change, particularly when created and maintained within formal institutions. The culture of the hospital, as reflected in its specific practices, rules, and policies, seems particularly resistant to change. From its historical roots as a hierarchical structure focused on maintaining patient safety, hospitals have a long history of limiting information about the patient (eg, minimizing access to the medical record and even the diagnosis) and restricting visitors. Today, however, the hospital is slowly evolving to a structure that supports patient-centered care and open communication among patients, families, and caregivers.1 Article see p 226 The article by Goldberger et al2 in this issue of Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes focuses on a policy adopted by some hospitals that allows family presence during resuscitation (FPDR). The focus of their study provides an interesting insight into the traditions and culture that underlie many hospital practices, as well as the resistance that some physicians and nurses feel about having families participate in the care of acutely ill patients, particularly during a cardiac arrest. The authors compared the clinical outcomes of patients who had an in-hospital cardiac arrest in institutions that allowed FPDR compared with those that did not allow FPDR to address the concern expressed by clinicians and hospital administrators that FPDR is detrimental to patient care. Goldberger et al2 compared the 2 categories of hospitals (those who allowed FPDR versus those who did not) on the proportion of patients who experienced a resuscitation event and had a return of spontaneous circulation, …
The Nonequivalence of Vertical Merger and Exclusive Dealing

The economic and legal view of vertical integration has varied over time, but, a constant source of concern is the fear that the integrated firm will foreclose competitors from intermediate markets. At the same time, most commentators have considered the economics of vertical contracts, especially exclusive dealing, to be essentially identical to vertical merger. Using the simple model of Comanor and Freeh [Comanor, William S. and Freeh, H.E., III, “The Competitive Effects of Vertical Agreements?” American Economic Review, June 1985, 75, 3, 539-46], it is shown that vertical mergers and exclusive dealing contracts are not behaviorally equivalent. In particular, vertical mergers will not lead to foreclosure of rivals for anticompetitive reasons, while ordinary exclusive dealing contracts will lead to such anticompetitive foreclosure. Vertical mergers avoid certain externalities that exclusive dealing contracts create. In this model, vertical mergers can only cause anticompetitive problems through their hor...
Rhetoric of Science Without Constraints

In 1979, Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar crossed the invisible line that divided the social from the scientific, opinion from knowledge. The subtitle of Laboratory Life: The Social Construction of Scientific Facts implicated the social in the formation of these very facts. But the title left ambiguous the exact degree of causal involvement: did social action just contribute, or was it the sole cause of scientific knowledge? When Laboratory Life was republished, its authors deleted from their subtitle a single word: social. In a postscript, they asserted that this deletion was a necessary consequence of the book's thesis: "by demonstrating its pervasive applicability, the social study of science has rendered social' devoid of any meaning."! Another line had been crossed: not just the social structure
Effects of α-blocker therapy on active duty military and military retirees for benign prostatic hypertrophy on diabetic complications.

ABSTRACT Objectives: Determine if men with type 2 diabetes who take α-blockers (ABs) for benign prostatic hypertrophy gain additional benefit with reduced diabetic complications. Methods: Chart review of 1,100 men with type 2 diabetes and benign prostatic hypertrophy taking either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin-receptor blocker. Results: Of the 1,100 men, 330 took ABs and 770 did not take ABs. Despite no difference in blood pressure between men taking or not taking ABs, those taking them had more evidence of renal and cardiovascular disease. The prevalence of complications varied among the AB types with tamsulosin users having more coronary artery disease diagnoses and doxazosin users having more renal disease diagnoses. Conclusions: ABs when prescribed for benign prostatic hypertrophy not only failed to give additional protection against developing diabetic complications but were associated with more cardiovascular and renal disease diagnoses. Prospective randomized controlled ...
Cellular events in the IgE antibody response.

Publisher Summary The reaginic hypersensitivity reactions in atopic diseases are mediated by IgE antibody. IgE antibody response is highly dependent on antigen-specific T cells, and collaboration between T and B cells is required for the formation of IgE antibody. The purpose of the chapter is to analyze the cellular events involved in the IgE antibody response in different experimental systems in comparison with the IgG antibody response. Basic work on IgE antibodies and their role in reaginic hypersensitivity is discussed. The extension to the cellular regulation of IgE antibodies is continued in various experimental animals. The important role of both helper and suppressor T cells in this regulation is quite apparent. Immunoglobulin E antibody formation in vivo and in vitro and the immunological factors essential for IgE antibody responses are discussed. Promising approaches to therapy derived from the animal model work are also proposed. Cellular basis and the regulation of IgE antibody response are also described. The discussion of the mechanisms for induction and suppression of IgE antibody response provides a clue to future therapy for atopic diseases.
Fast eutrophication assessment for stormwater wet detention ponds via fuzzy probit regression analysis under uncertainty

Stormwater wet detention ponds have been a commonly employed best management practice for stormwater management throughout the world for many years. In the past, the trophic state index values have been used to evaluate seasonal changes in water quality and rank lakes within a region or between several regions; yet, to date, there is no similar index for stormwater wet detention ponds. This study aimed to develop a new multivariate trophic state index (MTSI) suitable for conducting a rapid eutrophication assessment of stormwater wet detention ponds under uncertainty with respect to three typical physical and chemical properties. Six stormwater wet detention ponds in Florida were selected for demonstration of the new MTSI with respect to total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and Secchi disk depth (SDD) as cognitive assessment metrics to sense eutrophication potential collectively and inform the environmental impact holistically. Due to the involvement of multiple endogenous variables (i.e., TN, TP, and SDD) for the eutrophication assessment simultaneously under uncertainty, fuzzy synthetic evaluation was applied to first standardize and synchronize the sources of uncertainty in the decision analysis. The ordered probit regression model was then formulated for assessment based on the concept of MTSI with the inputs from the fuzzy synthetic evaluation. It is indicative that the severe eutrophication condition is present during fall, which might be due to frequent heavy summer storm events contributing to high-nutrient inputs in these six ponds.
Philemon, Marbury, and the Passive-Aggressive Assertion of Legal Authority

The essay “Philemon, Marbury, and the Passive-Aggressive Assertion of Legal Authority” draws a parallel between the Apostle Paul’s Letter to Philemon and Chief Justice John Marshall’s opinion in Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137 (1803). In each instance, the author claimed a legal authority to direct someone else to act — in Philemon, to order Philemon to release the slave Onesimus; in Marbury, to order the President to comply with the law — but declined to exercise that authority in that particular case. We should praise Paul’s skillfulness in avoiding a risk of prosecution for encouraging Philemon to extend Onesimus mercy for his misdeeds and to grant him freedom, and laud Marshall’s claim of the right to engage in judicial review. But democratic self-government is hardly the same type of vile institution as slavery. Unjustified assertions by government officials of authority over private parties also are neither the same type of white lie that Paul uttered nor an enterprise that the courts can largely leave alone. Accordingly, we should not automatically extend the admiration that we display for Paul’s and Marshall’s political skills to government officials when they use the same technique and claim to possess legal authority that they do not enjoy.
The association of an elastase with amyloid fibrils.

AbstractThe fibrils of all systemic forms of amyloid (primary, AL; secondary, AA; and hereditary, AF) that had been isolated by the water extraction procedure demonstrated elastolytic enzyme activity when examined in a specific assay using tritiated elastin. The source of this fibril-bound enzyme activity was consistent with human neutrophil elastase (HNE), since it was readily extracted by high salt solutions and inhibited by an elastase-specific chloromethyl ketone inhibitor, human α-1-protease inhibitor or by an antibody specific for HNE. The presence of an elastase on the amyloid fibril may suggest physiologic mechanisms of amyloid precursor protein degradation.
Health Care Use Before and After Entering Long-Term Services and Supports:

Objective: We examined the health care utilization patterns of Medicare and Medicaid enrollees (MMEs) before and after initiating long-term care in the community or after admission to a nursing fac...
Simultaneous Determination of As and Se in Drinking Water by Hydride Generation-Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry

Objective To study application of the simultaneous determination of Arsenic and Selenium in drinking water with HG-AFS.Methods Researching the working condition of instrument,including lamp current negative high –voltage,the rate of carrier and shield gas was described in detail.Other factors including the concentration of Hydrochloric acid,the concentration of Sodium borohydride,the concentration of mixed solution of thiourea and ascorbic acid and interferences of the coexisting ions were studied.Linear relationships between the fluorescence intensity and mass concentration of As and Se found were in the ranges of 0.3～100ug/L and 0.2～80ug/L(r=0.9999 r=0.9998),with the detection limits of 0.07ug/L and 0.04ug/L,respectively.Values of RSD of the method found were less than 2%.The analytical results of two Reference Materials were in uncertainty.The proposed method was applied to the analysis of samples of tap water,well water,river water and pond water.Use these samples as matrixes,tests for recovery were made by standard addition method,values of recovery for As and Se were ranged in 96.2%～104.0%.Conclusions The study showed that the simultaneous determination of arsenic and Selenium in drinking water with HG-AFS was easy to practise and resnlts had good accuracy and reliability.
Optimal Joint Positions for Manual Isometric Muscle Testing

Context:Manual isometric muscle testing is a common clinical technique that is used to assess muscle strength. To provide the most accurate data for the test, the muscle being assessed should be at a length in which it produces maximum force. However there is tremendous variability in the recommended positions and joint angles used to conduct these tests, with little apparent objective data used to position the joint such that muscle force production is greatest. Objective:To use validated anatomically and biomechanically-based musculoskeletal models to identify the optimal joint positions in which to perform manual isometric testing. Design:In silico analysis. Main outcome measure:The joint position which produces maximum muscle force for 49 major limb and trunk muscles. Results:The optimal joint position for performing a manual isometric test was determined. Conclusion:Using objective anatomical models that take into account the force-length properties of muscles, we identified joint positions in which ...