cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and microdiffraction at extreme pressures and temperatures.

High pressure compounds and polymorphs are investigated for a broad range of purposes such as determine structures and processes of deep planetary interiors, design materials with novel properties, understand the mechanical behavior of materials exposed to very high stresses as in explosions or impacts. Synthesis and structural analysis of materials at extreme conditions of pressure and temperature entails remarkable technical challenges. In the laser heated diamond anvil cell (LH-DAC), very high pressure is generated between the tips of two opposing diamond anvils forced against each other; focused infrared laser beams, shined through the diamonds, allow to reach very high temperatures on samples absorbing the laser radiation. When the LH-DAC is installed in a synchrotron beamline that provides extremely brilliant x-ray radiation, the structure of materials under extreme conditions can be probed in situ. LH-DAC samples, although very small, can show highly variable grain size, phase and chemical composition. In order to obtain the high resolution structural analysis and the most comprehensive characterization of a sample, we collect diffraction data in 2D grids and combine powder, single crystal and multigrain diffraction techniques. Representative results obtained in the synthesis of a new iron oxide, Fe4O5 1 will be shown.
Temperature Characteristics of Electro-absorption Effect of GaInNAs

We investigated the temperature characteristics of the EA effect of GaInNAs. Excellent characteristics were obtained in which large extinction ratios around 20 dB were obtained for the 300-,?-long device, and they were little dependent on temperature.
Conservation laws for non-homogeneous Mindlin plates

Abstract Conservation laws are derived here for smoothly non-homogeneous Mindlin plates via Noether's first theorem, combined with Lie's group theory. Statics is also discussed as a special case. The conservation laws derived should be useful in characterizing concentrated defects, such as cracks and interfaces at phase boundaries, in an otherwise smoothly non-homogeneous plate.
Dose–response assessment of the dermal toxicity of triclosan in B6C3F1 mice

Triclosan [5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol] is a widely used antimicrobial agent in personal care products, household items, medical devices, and clinical settings. Due to its extensive use, there is potential for humans in all age groups to receive life-time exposures to triclosan, yet data on the chronic dermal toxicity/carcinogenicity of triclosan are still lacking. The present study evaluated the toxicity of triclosan administered dermally to B6C3F1 mice for 13 weeks. Groups of 10 male and 10 female B6C3F1 mice received dermal applications of 0, 5.8, 12.5, 27, 58, or 125 mg triclosan per kg body weight (bw) daily for 13 weeks. The doses were administered in 1 ml ethanol per kg bw. All mice survived the 13-week treatment period. Body weights of female mice receiving 125 mg triclosan per kg bw per day weighed 94% (p < 0.05) of the female control mice; male mice administered 58 and 125 mg triclosan per kg bw per day weighed 91% (p < 0.05) and 82% (p < 0.01) of the control male mice. Liver weights were significantly increased in females receiving 58 and 125 mg triclosan per kg bw per day and in males in the 125 mg triclosan per kg bw per day dose group. A significant dose-dependent decrease in the levels of thyroxine and cholesterol was observed in both sexes. The highest dose of triclosan increased the percentage of reticulocytes in both sexes; in addition, the 58 mg triclosan per kg bw per day dose increased the percentage of reticulocytes in females. Skin lesions (dermal fibrosis and inflammation; epidermal hyperplasia, inflammation, necrosis, and ulceration, and parakeratosis) were observed in both sexes, with a dose-dependent increase in severity and incidence.
Pseudo - melting of doped ice at -65°C☆

Abstract The Mossbauer effect in 57Fe and 151Eu have been used to study the behavior of ice containing equal concentration of trapped Fe2+ and Eu3+ ions. The ice-phase transitions which occurs with each ion seperately does not take place in the mixed system. Instead, the recoll-free fractions of both ions exhibit a sharp decrease with temperature, indicate of a pseudo-melting point at −65°C.
Risk-Scoring Model for Prediction of Non-Home Discharge in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Patients

Background Identification of preoperative factors predictive of non-home discharge after surgery for epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) may aid counseling and optimize discharge planning. We aimed to determine the association between preoperative risk factors and non-home discharge. Study Design Patients who underwent primary surgery for EOC at Mayo Clinic between January 2, 2003 and December 29, 2008 were included. Demographic, preoperative, and intraoperative factors were retrospectively abstracted. Logistic regression models were fit to identify preoperative factors associated with non-home discharge. Multivariable models were developed using stepwise and backward variable selection. A risk-scoring system was developed for use in preoperative counseling. Results Within our cohort of 587 EOC patients, 12.8% were not discharged home (61 went to a skilled nursing facility, 1 to a rehabilitation facility, 1 to hospice, and there were 12 in-hospital deaths). Median length of stay was 7 days (interquartile range [IQR] 5, 10 days) for patients dismissed home compared with 11 days (IQR 7, 17 days) for those with non-home dismissals (p Conclusions Identification of preoperative factors associated with non-home discharge can assist patient counseling and postoperative disposition planning.
Effects of peripherally induced anosmia on mating behavior of male mice

Anosmia produced by an application of a 5% solution of zinc sulfate to the olfactory mucosa failed to abolish mating behavior in male mice. This finding is consistent with the idea of multisensory control of mating behavior in male rodents and indicates that deficits observed after bulbectomy are a consequence of factors other than anosmia.
Beth definability, interpolation and language splitting

Both the Beth definability theorem and Craig’s lemma (interpolation theorem from now on) deal with the issue of the entanglement of one language L 1 with another language L 2, that is to say, information transfer—or the lack of such transfer—between the two languages. The notion of splitting we study below looks into this issue. We briefly relate our own results in this area as well as the results of other researchers like Kourousias and Makinson, and Peppas, Chopra and Foo. Section 3 does contain one apparently new theorem.
Neo-liberal ruptures: Local political entities and neighbourhood networks in El Alto, Bolivia

Abstract In October 2003, hundreds of thousands of Bolivians took to the streets demanding the resignation of President Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada. After 20 years of neo-liberal policies – and the failures to improve the living conditions of the majority – the proposal to export natural gas via Chile was taken by the population as yet another step to sustain an unjust political order. Facing a direct challenge by the population the Sanchez de Lozada administration responded with indiscriminate military force. The result was 63 dead and over 300 wounded, which deepened and extended the social rage and eventually forced the resignation of the President. The neo-liberal project – promoted and defended by Sanchez de Lozada – collapsed. The city of El Alto was the epicentre of the challenges to the legitimacy of this political order. This article focuses on the role of local political entities and neighbourhood networks from El Alto in articulating political spaces that challenged the legitimacy of the institutional infrastructure and led to the October 2003 ruptures in the neo-liberal project. Furthermore, I make the case that the particular histories and memories (of “relocalized” miners and indigenous/peasants) that converged in and defined this city were pivotal in the organization of a “political subsoil” that surged to the surface during the October 2003 events.
Design and assembly process simulation for an automotive power module

In this paper, an automotive power module (APM) package is considered with multiple die including MOSFETs, passive components, shunt resistor and thermistor attached on the direct bonded copper (DBC) substrate. 3D finite element models for design and assembly process are generated in order to conduct the DoE numerical simulations for each design and assembly process. In design phase, both electrical and thermal simulations are carried out to improve the electrical and thermal performance. The electrical resistance and inductance are examined in order to minimize the package effects on Rds(on) and switching noise. Thermal characterization is conducted for the APM heat dissipation design evaluation. In assembly manufacturing process, molding is a very critical process to ensure the high reliability of the APM product. Molding simulation is discussed to check the flow front, gate design option and the possible voids track. The mechanical simulation is also conducted to check the warpages and stresses after molding and the APM mounting process to see if package cracking, or delamination might occur in these assembly processes. Modeling is conducted to determine the proper clamping force for low clearance and avoid high stress in ceramic.
Jet-cooled fluorescence excitation spectra and carbonyl wagging potential energy functions of several cyclic ketones in their S1(n, π*) electronic excited states

The jet-cooled fluorescence excitation spectra of 2-cyclopenten-l-one and its 5,5-d2 isotopomer have been recorded in the 370 to 340 nm region. The electronic origin for the undeuterated species occurs at 27210 cm-1 for the S 1(n,π*) electronic excited state. The vibrational frequencies for the three carbonyl motions and the nine ring modes were observed for the excited state. Bands at 67, 158, and 256 cm-1 for the do species, at 63, 147, and 240 cm-1 for the 5-d1 isotopomer, and at 59,138, and 227 cm-1 for the d2 species were assigned to the ring-puckering motion in the S 1 state. A single one-dimensional potential energy function accurately fits the data for all three isotopomers. This function is nearly purely quartic in character and shows the ring to be planar in the electronic excited state. However, it has become less rigid, and this is ascribed to a decrease in initial angle strain within the ring. The C=O and C=C stretching frequencies occur at 1418 and 1357 cm-1 for the do molecule. The ring-twisting frequency for the S 1 state occurs at 274 cm-1. Previous electronic absorption measurements had resulted in a misassignment for this motion.
The fate of Bacillus anthracis in unpasteurized and pasteurized milk

Events following the inoculation of vegetative and spore forms of Bacillus anthracis into unpasteurized and pasteurized milk were monitored at 37°C, room temperature (RT; 20 × 2°C) and in a refrigerator (5–9°C). Counts of vegetative B. anthracis decreased rapidly in both unpasteurized and pasteurized milk, becoming unde-tectable by 7 h at 37°C and by 24 h at RT and in the refrigerator. Spores in unpasteurized milk showed no significant signs of germination after 48 h. In pasteurized milk, there was a slight overall increase (1 log) in total and spore counts at 37°C; at RT there was an overall fall (1.5-2 logs) and in the refrigerator, total counts remained steady while spore counts fell 1 log over a 48 h period. The frequently observed rise in counts of endogenous (presumptively identified) B. cereus from undetectable to >106/ml at 37°C and > 105/ml at RT by 24 h contrasted with the behaviour exhibited by the vegetative B. anthracis.
Particulate matter emission by a vehicle running on unpaved road

Abstract The particulate matter (PM) emission from unpaved roads starts with the pulverization of surface material by the force of the vehicle, uplifting and subsequent exposure of road to strong air currents behind the wheels. The objectives of the project were to: demonstrate the utility of a simple technique for collecting suspended airborne PM emitted by vehicle running on an unpaved road, determine the mass balance of airborne PM at different heights, and determine the particle size and elemental composition of PM. We collected dust samples on sticky tapes using a rotorod sampler mounted on a tower across an unpaved road located at the Leyendecker Plant Sciences Research Center, Las Cruces, NM, USA. Dust samples were collected at 1.5, 4.5 and 6 m height above the ground surface on the east and west side of the road. One rotorod sampler was also installed at the centre of the road at 6 m height. Dust samples from unpaved road were mostly (70%) silt and clay-sized particles and were collected at all heights. The height and width of the PM plume and the amount of clay-sized particles captured on both sides of the road increased with speed and particle captured ranged from 0.05 to 159 μm. Dust particles between PM10 and PM2.5 did not correlate with vehicle speed but particles ⩽PM2.5 did. Emission factors estimated for the total suspended PM were 10147 g km−1 at 48 km h−1 and 11062 g km−1 at 64 km h−1 speed, respectively. The predominant elements detected in PM were carbon, aluminum and silica at all heights. Overall, sticky tape method coupled with electron microscopy was a useful technique for a rapid particle size and elemental characterization of airborne PM.
The economic lot scheduling problem with finite backorder costs

We are concerned with the problem of scheduling m items, facing constant demand rates, on a single facility to minimize the long-run average holding, backorder, and setup costs. The inventory holding and backlogging costs are charged at a linear time weighted rate. We develop a lower bound on the cost of all feasible schedules and extend recent developments in the economic lot scheduling problem, via time-varying lot sizes, to find optimal or near-optimal cyclic schedules. The resulting schedules are used elsewhere as target schedules when demands are random. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
BRICs’ Philosophies for Development Financing and Their Implications for LICs

Flows of development financing from the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) to low income countries (LICs) have surged in recent years. Unlike aid from traditional donors, BRICs (excluding Russia) view their financing as primarily based on the principles of South-South cooperation, focusing on mutual benefits without attachment of policy conditionality. This paper provides an overview of the philosophies and modalities of BRIC financing and examines their implications for LIC economies and future LIC-BRIC engagement.
The novel DNA glycosylase, NEIL1, protects mammalian cells from radiation-mediated cell death.

DNA damage mediated by reactive oxygen species generates miscoding and blocking lesions that may lead to mutations or cell death. Base excision repair (BER) constitutes a universal mechanism for removing oxidatively damaged bases and restoring the integrity of genomic DNA. In Escherichia coli, the DNA glycosylases Nei, Fpg, and Nth initiate BER of oxidative lesions; OGG1 and NTH1 proteins fulfill a similar function in mammalian cells. Three human genes, designated NEIL1, NEIL2 and NEIL3, encode proteins that contain sequence homologies to Nei and Fpg. We have cloned the corresponding mouse genes and have overexpressed and purified mNeil1, a DNA glycosylase that efficiently removes a wide spectrum of mutagenic and cytotoxic DNA lesions. These lesions include the two cis−thymineglycol (Tg) stereoisomers, guanine- and adenine-derived formamidopyrimidines, and 5,6-dihydrouracil. Two of these lesions, fapyA and 5S,6R thymine glycol, are not excised by mOgg1 or mNth1. We have also used RNA interference technology to establish embryonic stem cell lines deficient in Neil1 protein and showed them to be sensitive to low levels of -irradiation. The results of these studies suggest that Neil1 is an essential component of base excision repair in mammalian cells; its presence may contribute to the redundant repair capacity observed in Ogg1 −/− and Nth1 −/− mice. © 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Outcomes after subtotal parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism due to hyperplasia: significance of whole vs. partial gland remnant.

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) due to multigland hyperplasia is managed by subtotal parathyroidectomy (sPTX), with a partial gland left in situ. However, smaller, hyperplastic glands may be encountered intraoperatively, and it is unclear if leaving an intact gland is an equivalent alternative. This study evaluates the rates of permanent hypoparathyroidism and cure of PHPT patients with four-gland hyperplasia that were left with either a whole gland remnant (WGR) or a partial gland remnant (PGR) after sPTX. We reviewed the outcomes of PHPT patients with hyperplasia who underwent sPTX at an academic institution. Surgeon intraoperative judgment determined remnant size (a WGR vs. a PGR). Between 2002 and 2013, 172 patients underwent sPTX for PHPT. There were 108 patients (62.8 %) who had a WGR. Another 64 patients (37.2 %) had a PGR. Mean age was 60 ± 14 years. There were 82.6 % female patients. Cases with positive family history for PHPT were more likely to have a PGR (12.5 vs. 3.7 %; p = 0.03). Patients had similar preoperative and postoperative laboratories. Individuals with a PGR tended to have larger glands encountered by surgeons intraoperatively (525 ± 1,308 vs. 280 ± 341 mg; p = 0.02). One patient with a WGR developed permanent hypocalcemia. Overall, the cure rate was 97.1 %. A mean of 29 ± 28.7 months follow-up revealed a recurrence rate of 5.2 %. Disease persistence and recurrence rates were similar in patients. PHPT due to hyperplasia is managed by sPTX, leaving WGR without increased rates of disease persistence/recurrence. Patients without family history for hyperparathyroidism and those with smaller glands may be the best candidates for this approach.
Intraocular Lenses: A Histopathologic Study of Eyes, Ocular Tissues, and Intraocular Lenses Obtained Surgically

Eyes, ocular tissues, and intraocular lenses obtained surgically from 179 eyes of 177 patients were studied to determine the histopathologic features of complications related to anterior chamber, iris-fixation, iridocapsular, and posterior chamber lens implantation.
Quantitative Analysis of Unique Deposition Pattern of Submicron Fe3O4Particles Using Computer-Controlled Scanning Electron Microscopy

This study was designed to optimize particle counting of a unique deposition pattern of iron oxide (Fe3O4) particles that were collected by a multidomain magnetic passive aerosol sampler (MPAS). Fe3O4 is paramagnetic with a high magnetic susceptibility, rendering high collection efficiencies. The MPAS was designed exclusively for measuring particle penetration through protective clothing. To quantify particle deposition by size, two counting methods were employed with a computer-controlled scanning electron microscope (CCSEM). Based on a sequential set of measurements at known coordinates, particles were quantified across particle clusters collected by individual magnets. Because all magnets were of equal dimensions and strength, the particle concentration per cluster across the entire MPAS substrate was expected to be relatively uniform. However, since individual CCSEM fields are extremely small compared with the full sample, a randomized counting approach was used to determine how many fields were neede...
Development and validation of an HPTLC method for simultaneous estimation of thiocolchicoside and aceclofenac in combined dosage form

A simple, precise, rapid, and accurate high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method has been developed for the simultaneous estimation of thiocolchicoside (THIO) and aceclofenac (ACE) in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form on silica gel precoated aluminum 60F254 plates (10 cm × 10 cm) with 250 mm thickness. The separation was carried out in methanol-chloroform-water 9.6:0.2:0.2 (v/v/v) as mobile phase. The densitometric scanning was carried out at 254 nm. The RF values were found to be 0.70 ± 0.05 for THIO and 0.83 ± 0.05 for ACE. The linearity was obtained in the range 30–180 and 750–4500 ng per band for THIO and ACE with correlation coefficients r2 = 0.9995 and 0.9993, respectively. The method was validated for specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ) and robustness. The percentage recovery for both the analytes was in the range of 98.7–101.2%. The proposed method was optimized and validated as per the International Conference on ...
Seed protein electrophoresis in taxonomic and evolutionary studies.

Seed protein electrophoresis is increasingly being utilized as an additional approach for species identification and as a useful tool for tracing back the evolution of various groups of plants. This paper summarizes the main features of the seed protein profile — stability, uniformity and additive nature. In addition, the significance of this approach for resolving specific taxonomic and evolutionary problems is pointed out.
Eight interval estimators of a common rate ratio under stratified poisson sampling

Under the assumption that the rate ratio (RR) is constant across strata, we consider eight interval estimators of RR under stratified Poisson sampling: the weighted least-squares (WLS) interval estimator with the logarithmic transformation, the interval estimator using the principle analogous to that of Fieller's Theorem, the interval estimators using Wald's statistic with and without the logarithmic transformation, the interval estimators using the Mantel-Haenszel statistic with and without the logarithmic transformation, the score test-based interval estimator, and the asymptotic likelihood ratio test-based interval estimator. We apply Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate and compare the performance of these estimators with respect to the coverage probability and the average length in a variety of situations. We find that the coverage probability of the commonly used WLS interval estimator tends to be smaller than the desired confidence level, especially when we have a large number of strata with a small expected total number of cases (ETNC) per stratum and the underlying RR is far away from 1 (i.e. RR18 or RR8). We further find that the two estimators with the logarithmic transformation, as well as the two test-based estimators can consistently perform well in a variety of situations. When RR1 with a given reasonable size of ETNC per stratum, we note that the interval estimators without the logarithmic transformation can be preferable to the corresponding ones with the logarithmic transformation in the situations considered here. However, when evaluating the non-coverage probability in the two tails, we find that the former tends to shift the left, while the latter is generally not subject to this concern. We also note that interval estimator using the Mantel-Haenszel (MH) statistic with the logarithmic transformation is likely less efficient than the two test-based interval estimators using the score and the likelihood ratio tests. Finally, we use the data taken from a study of the postmenopausal hormone use on the risk of breast cancer in women as an example to illustrate the use of these interval estimators considered here.
Cross-validation of brain structural biomarkers and cognitive aging in a community-based study.

Background Population-based studies face challenges in measuring brain structure relative to cognitive aging. We examined the feasibility of acquiring state-of-the-art brain MRI images at a community hospital, and attempted to cross-validate two independent approaches to image analysis.
The indications for and limitations of bone scintigraphy in osteogenic sarcoma: A review of 55 patients

The value of radioisotope bone scanning at the time of presentation and serially during follow-up has been evaluated in 55 patients with biopsy-proven osteogenic sarcoma. Many of the patients studied were treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. Bone metastases were detected at presentation in only one patient and in a second patient, proximal extension of the primary tumor not evident on radiographs was demonstrated by the radioisotope technique. During fellow-up, 20 patients experienced bone metastases and each had an abnormal bone scan. Eleven of these patients were asymptomatic for bone metastases at the time the scan became abnormal. Seven patients experienced bone metastases as their first site of tumor recurrence. The detection rate for soft tissue metastases was low, but the scan indicated stump recurrence in three patients. Although the yield is small, bone scanning is justified at presentation be cause the results may profoundly after the management. During follow-up, routine bone cans are indicated in all patients, whether they have symptoms or not.
Cycloheximide Inhibits S-14 Gene Transcription and Abolishes DNase I Hypersensitive S-14 Sites in the Livers of Euthyroid but Not Hypothyroid Rats

Earlier studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that cycloheximide administration to hypothyroid rats inhibited the induction of the hepatic mRNA-S14 by T3. These results suggested a role of short-lived proteins in the hormonal regulation of this gene. To define the possible mechanism of the cycloheximide effect, we examined the influence of cycloheximide on the in vitro transcription rate of the gene and its chromatin structure. Forty-five minutes after injection of cycloheximide to euthyroid rats, the in vitro transcriptional rate fell by 60% and this effect persisted for 4 h. In the same euthyroid rats, cycloheximide caused the disappearance of all four DNase I-hypersensitive sites situated in the 5′-flanking region of the gene. However, cycloheximide given to hypothyroid rats affected neither the basal transcription rate nor the chromatin structure. When cycloheximide was administered 30 min after anacute injection of T3 (200μ/100 g BW) to hypothyroid animals, it completely blocked the hormonein...
Effects of mass varying neutrinos on cosmological parameters as determined from the cosmic microwave background

In models with a light scalar field (the ``acceleron'') coupled to neutrinos, neutrino masses depend on neutrino density. The resulting coupled system of mass varying neutrinos (MaVaNs) and the acceleron can act as a negative pressure fluid and is a candidate for dark energy [R. Fardon et al. J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 10 (2004) 005]. MaVaNs also allow for higher $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}{\mathit{m}}_{\mathit{\ensuremath{\nu}}}$ than terrestrial bounds, giving late forming warm dark matter. In this paper we study the effect of increasing neutrino mass on the cosmic microwave background (CMB) spectrum, implementing MaVaNs cosmology using CMBEASY. We find that the CMB spectrum is only affected at very low multipoles. Cosmic variance allows for significant warm dark matter at late times. This implies that in MaVaNs cosmology ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{8}$ as determined by the CMB may not be a good determinant of structure evolution at late times, potentially reducing the tension between ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{8}$ as reported by Planck Collaboration [P. A. R. Ade et al. (Planck Collaboration) arXiv:1303.5080] without increasing the tension in the Planck determined value of Hubble's constant. In addition, in MaVaNs theories, CMB data do not necessarily constrain possible neutrino mass results in terrestrial experiments.
Multicomponent liquid-phase diffusin and adsorption in porous catalyst particles

Abstract Sorptive liquid-phase diffusion of three solutes, dissolved in cyclohexane, onto pore surfaces of three NiMoγ-Al 2 O 3 adsorbents at ambient, nonreactive conditions was studied to assess multicomponent diffusion and competitive adsorption effects. Single- and binary-solute adsorption isotherms were well modeled by Freundlich and extended Langmuir equations, respectively. The diffusion rate for single-solute systems was characterized by effective diffusivity under the influence of restrictive diffusion. For the binary-solute systems, deviations were observed between measured concentration-decay curves and curves calculated from a model using the effective diffusivity obtained from the single-solute systems when differences in adsorption uptake and/or the restrictive diffusion effect were relatively large. Two possible mechanisms are offered to explain the deviation, viz. importance of cross-term diffusivity effects, and effect of restrictive diffusion effects on main-term diffusivities. Based on the latter mechanism, lower diffusivity values were obtained for the binary-solute systems, possibly due to a slow displacement rate of weakly-adsorbed solute in the pores of the adsorbents by strongly adsorbed solute and counterdiffusion of individual solutes.
Caribou metapodial shaft splinter technology

Abstract A technique for the extraction of long narrow bone splinters for the production of bone artifacts is reported. Caribou metapodial bones from the Paxson Lake site, central Alaska, were modified by striking behind the lateral and medial borders of the posterior surface using a percussion method. The resulting fragments are termed shaft splinter cores and shaft splinters. The long shaft splinters may have been used for producing a variety of bone implements.
Applications of Photonic Crystals for Spectroscopy

We study the use of photonic crystal structures for on-chip spectroscopic applications. We show various optimized photonic crystal structures to improve the performance of various types of integrated spectrometers.
An optimization approach for constructing trivariate B-spline solids

In this paper, we present an approach that automatically constructs a trivariate tensor-product B-spline solid via a gradient-based optimization approach. Given six boundary B-spline surfaces for a solid, this approach finds the internal control points so that the resulting trivariate B-spline solid is valid in the sense the minimal Jacobian of the solid is positive. It further minimizes a volumetric functional to improve resulting parametrization quality. For a trivariate B-spline solid even with moderate shape complexity, direct optimization of the Jacobian of the B-spline solid is computationally prohibitive since it would involve thousands of design variables and hundreds of thousands of constraints. We developed several techniques to address this challenge. First, we develop initialization methods that can rapidly generate initial parametrization that are valid or near-valid. We then use a divide-and-conquer approach to partition the large optimization problem into a set of separable sub-problems. For each sub-problem, we group the B-spline coefficients of the Jacobian determinant into different blocks and make one constraint for each block of coefficients. This is achieved by taking an aggregate function, the Kreisselmeier-Steinhauser function value of the elements in each block. With block aggregation, it reduces the dimension of the problem dramatically. In order to further reduce the computing time at each iteration, a hierarchical optimization approach is used where the input boundary surfaces are coarsened to difference levels. We optimize the distribution of internal control points for the coarse representation first, then use the result as initial parametrization for optimization at the next level. The resulting parametrization can then be further optimized to improve the mesh quality. Optimized trivariate parametrization from various boundary surfaces and the corresponding parametrization metric are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the approach.
Differences in clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes of intraoperative versus spontaneous acute type A aortic dissection.

Background The clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes of patients who had intraoperative aortic dissection (IAD) have not been thoroughly investigated. This study compared early and late clinical outcomes in patients with IAD vs spontaneous (non-IAD) acute type A aortic dissection. Methods Between January 1, 2000, and July 1, 2008, 251 patients from 4 academic medical centers underwent repair of acute type A aortic dissection; of those, 11 had IAD. The mean age was 72 ± 9 years for patients experiencing IAD and 59 ± 13 years for those with non-IAD ( p = 0.001). Patients with IAD were more likely to have coronary artery disease ( p = 0.003) and a history of arrhythmia ( p = 0.038). Rates for major morbidity, operative mortality, and 5-year actuarial survival were compared between groups. Results Operative mortality was not adversely influenced by IAD (27% IAD vs 17% non-IAD, p = 0.42). There were no differences in the rates of reoperation for bleeding (10% IAD vs 20% non-IAD, p = 0.69), stroke (18% IAD vs 18% non-IAD, p ≥ 0.99), or acute renal failure (9% IAD vs 22% non-IAD, p = 0.47) between the two groups. Actuarial 5-year survival was 64% for IAD patients vs 73% for non-IAD patients ( p = 0.33). Conclusions IAD does not adversely influence early outcomes and actuarial 5-year survival of patients with type A dissection.
Hypnotic Automatic Writing and a Proposal for Elucidation of Unconscious Influences in Psychological Experimentation

Automatic writing with special reference to hypnosis has long been known as an aid in the study of unconscious behavior. The writer's experimental work and clinical investigations in hypnotherapy and hypnoanalysis (1954, 1959) have revealed that automatic writing may serve (a) as an effective method for unveiling the ramifications of unconscious behavior with its ideational and affective components, and (b) as a way of eliciting responses which at times keenly portray unconscious attitudes that completely contradict consciously expressed views and overt behavior. Problem.-Many psychological experiments at times produce seemingly perplexing or contradictory results not amenable to clarification by careful investigation of Ss' conscious attitudes and reactions. Among these are (a) attitudes toward the requirements of the experiments, (b) attitudes toward Es, and (c) Ss' attitudes toward themselves and their performances. Furthermore, carefully repeated ex~eriments by the same and by different investigators often yield discordant returns without satisfactory explanation. ProposaL.-With selection of cooperative Ss, stress on experienced Es, and focus on appropriately selected problems for elucidation, hypnotic automatic writing may be employed to explore unconscious influences of the order mentioned above in crucial experiments heretofore beset with confusing outcomes based possibly on such hidden determinants. The most fruitful application appears to be in experimental settings relying on conscious choice and modification of behavior by Ss themselves. Intra- and inter-experimental discrepancies could be studied and clarified systematically. Clinical case illustration.-Preparatory to hypnoanalysis, a patient developing hypnotic abilities declined to open her eyes in hypnosis. Encouraged to do so, she refrained from looking directly at the therapist. Automatic writing assisted in revealing that she identified the therapist with someone linked to strong sexual associations. Her behavior war a defense against, yet a revelation of her own sexual impulses within the transference relationship. The hypnotic setting had intensified such impulses. Addendum.-Hypnotic Ss vary in aptirudes for automatic writing. Some are spontaneously proficient; others require a period of training and practice. They may be consciously aware or unaware of the content of their productions with automaticity of the writing unimpaired. For some Ss variants of automatic writing are effective. One example is the projection of such writing in visual iniagery during hypnosis. The form and content of the writing itself offers a vast area of intrinsic interest for the study of personality.
SU‐GG‐I‐145: Quantifying the Increase in Radiation Exposure Associated with SPECT/CT Compared to SPECT Alone for Routine Nuclear Medicine Examinations

Purpose: Hybrid imaging SPECT/CT systems are continuing to gain widespread acceptance in nuclear medicine and cardiology facilities. Although the technology clearly has its benefits, new developments in hybrid imaging, including combining SPECT with multi‐slice CT systems, result in higher exposure levels for patients and the requirement for increased shielding in a Nuclear Medicine Department. In addition, in a Nuclear Medicine facility devoid of Radiologists / CT technologists there could potentially be limited knowledge of CT techniques, clinical applications and associated dose consequences. Method: Patient examinations from a Millennium VG Hawkeye SPECT/CT (GEMedical Systems) in one center and a recently installed Symbia T6 True Point SPECT/CT (Siemens Medical Solutions) system in another center were reviewed to determine the Effective Dose (ED) for a selection of clinical procedures. SPECT ED was calculated using the injected activity of the radiopharmaceutical and dose tables published by the Society of Nuclear Medicine.CT ED was calculated using the Dose Length Product method. Results: The percentage increase in ED ranges from 4% (GE), 13% (Siemens) for a Ga 67 chest examination to 57% (GE), 100% (Siemens) for an I123‐mIBG Abdomen/pelvis examination. For examinations that include a CT scan of the abdomen, the increase in ED is of the order of 10 months background radiation per CT scan performed for the GE system and 16 months for the multi‐slice Siemens system. Conclusion: Even though the increases in ED may be considered clinically acceptable in view of the diagnostic benefits of the CT, in order to comply with the ALARA principle it is necessary to determine if dose reduction is achievable. This study will investigate what if any dose reduction can be achieved by various methods.
I am an American: Anglos, Mexicans, Nativos, and the National Debate over Arizona and New Mexico Statehood

This article focuses on how people of Mexican descent fit within the definition of "American" during the early twentieth century. It argues that during the final years of debate over Arizona and New Mexico statehood, nativos (U.S.-born people of Mexican descent), Mexicans (immigrants from Mexico), and Anglos developed and promoted strategies of pluralism and marginalization for incorporating people of Mexican descent into the nation. Pluralists worked to ensure that nativos in New Mexico would become full members of the United States as Spanish Americans, while Anglos promoting marginalization strove to limit people of Mexican descent in Arizona to second-class citizenship. Although both territories became states in 1912, the two strategies resulted in very different consequences for people of Mexican descent and provided two very different models for how they could be considered American.
Optimizing ABC inventory grouping decisions

Abstract Inventory managers often group inventory items into classes to manage and control them more efficiently. The well-known ABC inventory classification approach categorizes inventory items into A, B and C classes according to their sales and usage volume. In this paper, we present an optimization model to enhance the quality of inventory grouping. Our model simultaneously optimizes the number of inventory groups, their corresponding service levels and assignment of SKUs to groups, under limited inventory spending budget. Our methodology provides inventory and purchasing managers with a decision-support tool to optimally exploit the tradeoff among service level, inventory cost and net profit. The model and solution are applied for an inventory classification project of a real-life company, and outperform the traditional ABC method. Computational experiments are performed to obtain managerial insights on optimal inventory grouping decisions.
Instructional materials: their preparation and evaluation

Instructional materials enhance the teaching/learning process by exhibiting information necessary to acquire knowledge and skills. Focuses on printed forms of instructional materials and provides detailed information, including examples, on five types of job performance aids, three types of instruction sheets, and two types of modules. Checklists of considerations that affect the quality of finished products are also provided. Job performance aids (JPAs)provide procedural or factual guidance in the performance of tasks. They store essential details in a variety of functional forms for use just before or during task performance. Research shows that JPAs are a cost‐effective supplement or alternative to training. They reduce the time needed to master task performance and facilitate the transfer of learning from the training setting to the job. Instruction sheets assure that all trainees have the same complete and accurate information for performing practical work and for completing assignments. These sheets also help manage large groups of trainees with diverse abilities who are working simultaneously at several different tasks. Modules are carefully structured documents which facilitate self‐directed and self‐paced learning. While their components may vary, modules typically include learning objectives, an introduction, instructional content, directions, learning activities, and test questions with feedback answers. With modules, trainees assume personal responsibility for their progress. Regardless of the care used in their preparation, all types of instructional materials must be evaluated prior to general use. Presents a comprehensive quality control procedure for confirming effectiveness and value. This was prepared to enhance both formal classroom instruction and individual study. Figures, tables, checklists, appendices, and a glossary of keywords and terms, supplement the text in explaining the content.
System level online power management algorithms

The problem of power management for an embedded system is to reduce system level power dissipation by shutting off parts of the system when they are not being used and turning them back on when they are required. Algorithms for this problem are online in nature where the algorithm must operate without access to the complete data set or its characteristics. In this paper, we present online algorithms to manage power for embedded systems and provide experimental analysis to back up the theoretical results. Specifically, this paper makes four contributions. We propose an optimal online algorithm for power management. We present an analysis of algorithmic efficiency using a technique called competitive analysis which is particularly suitable for online algorithms. Using this analysis technique, we develop a lower bound for the non-adaptive version of the power management problem and show that our algorithm achieves this lower bound. Next, we explore adaptive algorithms that try to shut down the system based on historical data. We provide a lower bound for any algorithm that uses adaptive methods to manage power. We also propose an algorithm that is independent of the input data distribution, practical and usable in both hardware and software systems with guaranteed performance. Finally, we compare these algorithms with previously proposed heuristics both theoretically and experimentally. For the experiments, we model the disk drive of a laptop computer as an embedded system. The results show that the proposed algorithms perform well in practice with guaranteed bounds on their performance. Further, this paper conclusively demonstrates that to implement aggressive power management techniques for power critical subsystems, designers will have to commit greater resources such as dedicated registers and ALU units.
The "First Zero Interrupter" as an Alternative to the Fault Current Limiter

A simplified solution to the fault current limiter problem based upon fault current limitation after the first current loop, is formulated and examined in detail. A survey of key U.S. utilities has yielded significant quantitative information on short circuit capacity requirements, characteristic features of affected systems, and fault current statistics. Based upon consultation with manufacturers of transmission equipment and mathematical analyses, an assessment is made of the short circuit behavior of existing substation apparatus when subjected to higher-than-rated faults whose duration is limited to a single current loop. Circuit breaker contact behavior is identified as the major concern. A probabilistic analysis of a representative system discloses that in a system capable of developing a fault of 160% of interruption rating, the likelihood of subjecting a circuit breaker to instantaneous currents in excess of its close-and-latch rating is surprisingly rare.
Critical look at cosmological perturbation theory techniques

Recently, a number of analytic prescriptions for computing the nonlinear matter power spectrum have appeared in the literature. These typically involve resummation or closure prescriptions which do not have a rigorous error control, thus they must be compared with numerical simulations to assess their range of validity. We present a direct side-by-side comparison of several of these analytic approaches, using a suite of high-resolution N-body simulations as a reference, and discuss some general trends. All of the analytic results correctly predict the behavior of the power spectrum at the onset of nonlinearity, and improve upon a pure linear theory description at very large scales. All of these theories fail at sufficiently small scales. At low redshift the dynamic range in scale where perturbation theory is both relevant and reliable can be quite small. We also compute for the first time the two-loop contribution to standard perturbation theory for cold dark matter models, finding improved agreement with simulations at large redshift. At low redshifts however the two-loop term is larger than the one-loop term on quasilinear scales, indicating a breakdown of the perturbation expansion. Finally, we comment on possible implications of our results for future studies. A software package implementing the methods presented here is available at http://mwhite.berkeley.edu/Copter.
CubeView: a system for traffic data visualization

Due to the huge amounts of data being stored in traffic and transportation databases as well as many other information repositories, traffic data visualization is receiving substantial interest from both academia and industry. The Minneapolis-St. Paul (Twin-Cities) traffic archival stores sensor network measurements collected from the freeway system in the Twin-Cities metropolitan area. In this paper, we present a web-based visualization package for observing rapid summarization of major trends. In the underlying database, we modeled the traffic data as a multi-dimensional data warehouse to facilitate the on-line query processing used in the visualization software. We also discuss some research issues in mining traffic and transportation data.
Visible and near-infrared spectroscopy detects queen honey bee insemination

The abdomens of honey bee queens and semen from drone bees were analyzed by visible and near-infrared spectroscopy. Mated honey bee queens could be distinguished from virgin queens by their absorption spectra with 100% accuracy. Spectra of semen showed that classifications of queens were likely influenced by the presence or absence of semen in the queen spermathecae. However, physiological or morphological changes that occur in the queens after mating probably influenced the classifications also.