cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing Phlebotomy Device Preference and Specimen Quality in an Oncology Outpatient Clinic.

BACKGROUND Oncology patients have frequent venipunctures, which causes scarring, making subsequent draws difficult and painful. Novel blood collection systems may decrease discomfort in patients experiencing repeat blood draws. METHODS Oncology outpatients (n = 101; criteria excluded 12) were recruited to determine their preference for either of two blood collection systems, the 23-gauge standard BD Vacutainer Push Button Blood Collection Set (Standard Push Button system) or the 25-gauge BD Vacutainer UltraTouch Push Button Blood Collection Set (UltraTouch Push Button system). Subjects received two blinded, randomized blood draws, one with each device and just one device for each arm. Subjects subsequently rated their blinded preference for blood collection system. Specimen quality was assessed for each device with measurements for plasma hemoglobin (Shimadzu UV-1800 spectrophotometer, Shimadzu), lactate dehydrogenase, and potassium (Vitros 4600/5600 analyzer, Ortho Diagnostics). RESULTS Preference for the 25-gauge UltraTouch Push Button system over the 23-gauge Standard Push Button system was significant (UltraTouch, n = 51; Standard n = 30; no preference, n = 8; P = 0.0196). Regarding sample quality, the 25-gauge UltraTouch Push Button system had significantly lower plasma hemoglobin (average 5.34 mg/dL) vs the 23-gauge Standard Push Button system (9.37 mg/dL; P < 0.0001); serum lactate dehydrogenase and potassium differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Subjects in an oncology clinic preferred phlebotomy with the 25-gauge UltraTouch Push Button system, and samples using this device had less hemolysis as assessed by plasma hemoglobin.
Sunder: Enabling Low-Overhead and Scalable Near-Data Pattern Matching Acceleration

Automata processing is an efficient computation model for regular expressions and other forms of sophisticated pattern matching. The demand for high-throughput and real-time pattern matching in many applications, including network intrusion detection and spam filters, has motivated several in-memory architectures for automata processing. Existing in-memory architectures focus on accelerating the pattern-matching kernel, but either fail to support a practical reporting solution or optimistically assume that the reporting stage is not the performance bottleneck. However, gathering and processing the reports can be the major bottleneck, especially when the reporting frequency is high. Moreover, all the existing in-memory architectures work with a fixed processing rate (mostly 8-bit/cycle), and they do not adjust the input consumption rate based on the properties of the applications, which can lead to throughput and capacity loss. To address these issues, we present Sunder, an in-SRAM pattern matching architecture, to processes a reconfigurable number of nibbles (4-bit symbols) in parallel, instead of fixed-rate processing, by adopting an algorithm/architecture methodology to perform hardware-aware transformations. Inspired by prior work, we transform the commonly-used 8-bit processing to nibble-processing (4-bit processing) to reduce hardware requirements exponentially and achieve higher information density. This frees up space for storing reporting data in place, which significantly eliminates host communication and reporting overhead. Our proposed reporting architecture supports in-place report summarization and provides an easy access mechanism to read the reporting data. As a result, Sunder enables a low-overhead, high-performance, and flexible in-memory pattern-matching and reporting solution. Our results confirm that Sunder reporting architecture has zero performance overhead for 95% of the applications and incurs only 2% additional hardware overhead.
Aging with a Plan: How a Little Thought Today Can Vastly Improve Your Tomorrow

This book offers a concise, comprehensive resource for middle-aged readers who are facing the prospects of their own aging and of caring for elderly relatives — an often overwhelming task for which little in life prepares us.Everyone ages, and nearly everyone will also experience having to support aging relatives. Being prepared is vital to being able to make good decisions when challenges and crises arise. This book addresses a breadth of topics that are relevant to aging and caring for the elderly, analyzing each thoroughly and providing up-to-date, practical advice. It can serve as a concise and comprehensive resource read start-to-finish to plan for an individual's own old age or to anticipate the needs of aging relatives, or as a quick-reference guide on specific issues and topics that are relevant to each reader's circumstances and needs.Using an interdisciplinary approach, Aging with a Plan: How a Little Thought Today Can Vastly Improve Your Tomorrow develops recommendations for building sustainable social, legal, medical, and financial support systems that can promote a good quality of life throughout the aging process. Chapters address critical topics such as retirement savings and expenses, residential settings, legal planning, the elderly and driving, long-term care, coordinated medical care, and end-of-life decisions. The author combines analysis of recent research on the challenges of aging with engaging anecdotes and personal observations. Readers in their 40s, 50s, and beyond will greatly benefit from learning about aging in the 21st century and from investing some effort in planning for their own old age and that of their loved ones.Features:•Covers a broad range of topics and offers a wealth of practical advice that should be considered by individuals who are planning for old age, supplying a comprehensive "one-stop shopping" resource on the subject.•Presents interdisciplinary perspectives that draws on the author's background in law and bioethics as well as personal experience with health care and the elderly.•Combines thorough scholarly research and analysis with engaging anecdotes and personal observations.•Provides a preparedness checklist at the end of each chapter that summarizes take-away messages and outlines practical next steps for the reader.
Early transcriptional response to aminoglycoside antibiotic suggests alternate pathways leading to apoptosis in sensory hair cells in the mouse inner ear

Aminoglycoside antibiotics are "the drug of choice" for treating many bacterial infections, but their administration results in hearing loss in up to one fourth of the patients who receive them. Several biochemical pathways have been implicated in aminoglycoside antibiotic ototoxicity; however, little is known about how hair cells respond to aminoglycoside antibiotics at the transcriptome level. Here we have investigated the genome-wide response to the aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamicin. Using organotypic cultures of the perinatal organ of Corti, we performed RNA sequencing using cDNA libraries obtained from FACS-purified hair cells. Within 3 h of gentamicin treatment, the messenger RNA level of more than three thousand genes in hair cells changed significantly. Bioinformatic analysis of these changes highlighted several known signal transduction pathways, including the JNK pathway and the NF-κB pathway, in addition to genes involved in the stress response, apoptosis, cell cycle control, and DNA damage repair. In contrast, only 698 genes, mainly involved in cell cycle and metabolite biosynthetic processes, were significantly affected in the non-hair cell population. The gene expression profiles of hair cells in response to gentamicin share a considerable similarity with those previously observed in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. Our findings suggest that previously observed early responses to gentamicin in hair cells in specific signaling pathways are reflected in changes in gene expression. Additionally, the observed changes in gene expression of cell cycle regulatory genes indicate a disruption of the postmitotic state, which may suggest an alternate pathway regulating gentamicin-induced apoptotic hair cell death. This work provides a more comprehensive view of aminoglycoside antibiotic ototoxicity, and thus contributes to identifying potential pathways or therapeutic targets to alleviate this important side effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics.
Identification of CREB3L1 as a Biomarker Predicting Doxorubicin Treatment Outcome

Background Doxorubicin has been shown to inhibit proliferation of cancer cells through proteolytic activation of CREB3L1 (cAMP response element binding protein 3-like 1), a transcription factor synthesized as a membrane-bound precursor. Upon doxorubicin treatment, CREB3L1 is cleaved so that the N-terminal domain of the protein can reach the nucleus where it activates transcription of genes that inhibit cell proliferation. These results suggest that the level of CREB3L1 in cancer cells may determine their sensitivity to doxorubicin. Methods Mice transplanted with 6 lines of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) were injected with doxorubicin to observe the effect of the chemotherapy on tumor growth. Immunohistochemistry and bioinformatics analyses were performed to compare CREB3L1 levels in types of cancer known to respond to doxorubicin versus those resistant to doxorubicin. Results Higher levels of CREB3L1 protein are correlated with increased doxorubicin sensitivity of xenograft RCC tumors (p = 0.017 by Pearson analysis). From patient tumor biopsies we analyzed, CREB3L1 was expressed in 19% of RCC, which is generally resistant to doxorubicin, but in 70% of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that is sensitive to doxorubicin. Doxorubicin is used as the standard treatment for cancers that express the highest levels of CREB3L1 such as osteosarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma but is not generally used to treat those that express the lowest levels of CREB3L1 such as RCC. Conclusion Identification of CREB3L1 as the biomarker for doxorubicin sensitivity may markedly improve the doxorubicin response rate by applying doxorubicin only to patients with cancers expressing CREB3L1.
A global view of one-dimensional solar radiative transfer through oceanic water clouds

[1] Solar radiative transfer through a cloudy atmosphere is commonly computed assuming clouds to be one-dimensional, i.e., plane-parallel. Here we provide a global perspective on how often and with what degree oceanic water clouds may be considered plane-parallel by fusing multi-view-angle and multi-spectral satellite data. We show that the view-angular distribution of the retrieved reflectance, spherical albedo and cloud optical thickness measured at 1 km resolution are indistinguishable from plane-parallel clouds 24%, 25% and 79% of the time, respectively, at the 95% confidence level of our measurement method. These plane-parallel clouds occur most frequently within regions dominated by stratiform clouds under solar zenith angles <60°. For all other regions or sun-angles, the frequency in which clouds are indistinguishable from plane-parallel drops sharply to as low as a few percent. Our results provide a basis for interpreting space-time variability within many satellite-retrieved variables and reveal a need for continued efforts to handle three-dimensional radiative transfer in environmental modeling and monitoring systems.
Basic A1 Protein of the Myelin Membrane THE COMPLETE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE

Abstract Twenty-seven tryptic peptides were isolated from the A1 protein from bovine spinal cord. These, together with 16 peptic peptides, were utilized to establish the complete amino acid sequence of the 170 residues of the A1 protein. Peptide T, derived from the A1 protein by cleavage of the carboxyl of the single tryptophan residue, was useful in positioning the peptides which comprise the COOH-terminal end. Seven chymotryptic and nine tryptic peptides were isolated from Peptide T. An unusual feature of the sequence is the methylated arginine residue at position 107 which is present as both the dimethyl and monomethyl derivatives. The methylated derivatives appear to be relatively resistant to tryptic hydrolysis. Located close to the methylated arginine residue is a Pro-Arg-Thr-Pro-Pro-Pro sequence, a structure which may induce a sharp bend in the molecule, suggesting a conformation more compatible with an open double chain structure than a random coil. The over-all sequence reveals no obvious periodicity but rather a general distribution of basic residues over the polypeptide chain, making the interaction with phospholipids within the myelin matrix highly probable. Several peptide segments of 9 residues exist, in which basic residues are missing; the somewhat nonpolar character of these regions suggests a possiblity for participation in nonpolar interactions.
Isolation of a trans-dominant histidase-negative mutant of Salmonella typhimurium.

Abstract A mutation of Salmonella typhimurium was obtained that results in the failure of cells to synthesize the enzyme l-histidine ammonia-lyase (histidase). The mutation mapped within the hutH gene and in merodiploid strains was dominant over the wild-type allele. Extracts from cells bearing the trans-dominant histidase-negative allele were shown to contain material that reacts immunologically with antiserum against purified wild-type histidase. It is proposed that the trans-dominant allele results in the synthesis of defective histidase subunits that can combine with, and partially inactivate, wild-type histidase subunits. This subunit mixing presumably does occur, as the enzyme synthesized in a hybrid merodiploid strain is abnormally heat sensitive.
Transgenic rodent models of Parkinson's disease.

In the case of Parkinson’s disease (PD), classical animal models have utilized dopaminergic neurotoxins such as 6-hydroxydopamine (6OHDA) and 1-methyl 4-phenyl 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). More recently, human genetic linkage studies have identified several genes in familial forms of PD. Transgenic models have been made that explore the function of PD-linked genes (e.g. a-synuclein, DJ-1, LRRK2, Parkin, UCH-L1, PINK1). Recent evidence suggests mitochondrial dysfunction may play a major role in PD. Manipulation of mitochondrial respiratory genes (e.g. mitochondrial transcription factor A or TFAM) also elicits a PD phenotype in mice. Transgenic mice (MitoPark) were developed that have TFAM selectively knocked out in dopaminergic neurons. The nigral dopamine neurons of MitoPark mice show respiratory chain dysfunction, accompanied by the development of intraneuronal inclusions and eventual cell death. In early adulthood, the MitoPark mice show a slowly progressing loss of motor function that accompanies these cellular changes. The MitoPark mouse enables further study of the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in DA neurons as an important mechanism in the development of PD. Transgenic technology has allowed new insights into mechanisms of neurodegeneration for a number of neurological disorders. This paper will summarize recent studies on several transgenic models of PD.
Unwrapping phase in 3D MR phase contrast angiograms

The phase of a MR signal can provide important information about magnetic field inhomogeneity, or be used to map the velocity of blood flow. However, phase images can contain artifacts due to phase wrapping when the imaged signal lies outside the 2π range (i.e. outside the velocity encoding range for PCA) and is wrapped back on itself. For example, in 3D PCA sequences it might be necessary to deliberately reduce the encoding range to better discern small or slow flowing vessels causing aliasing in higher velocity regions. In this paper we show that we can quickly and reliably correct for such artifacts and gain a factor of two in the imaged dynamic range. Using an automatic filtering based method, we derive a statement of the certainty of the phase signal at each point to control an iterative decision process. This algorithm does not require the user to supply a threshold and is non-causal in the sense that it does not rely on finding good regions which is a drawback of methods reported elsewhere. After a detailed description of our algorithm, we present results of phase unwrapping in both phantom and clinical data. We show the method to be effective even in low signal to noise images and when the single-wrap-only assumption is violated. We illustrate a clinical use of our method in simulating bolus injection from PCA velocity data.
Rapid Hippurate Hydrolysis Method for Presumptive Identification of Group B Streptococci

A rapid test to detect the hydrolysis of sodium hippurate by beta-hemolytic streptococci within 2 h was developed. All group B streptococci tested were positive using this method and all other groups were negative.
An Atomistic Study of Surface Vacancy Diffusion

Diffusion of atoms and molecules on surfaces plays an important role in the growth of thin films. In the present study, the surface vacancy diffusion on Cu and Ni (100) and (111) planes is investigated via atomistic simulations. This investigation is performed using the Embedded Atom Method (EAM) interatomic potentials and the finite temperature properties are determined within the local harmonic and quasiharmonic frameworks. This study helps reveal fundamentals of surface vacancy diffusion in the thin film growth. Our results show that the vacancy diffusion is important on (100) surface but it is not the dominant diffusion mechanism on (111) plane.
The Malnutrition Initiative: Results of a Program Enhancing Dietitian Impact on Revenue Generation

Abstract A program of aggressive dietitian (RD) identification and documentation of malnutrition as defined by World Health Organization ICD-9-CM codes has resulted in increased reimbursement and secured adequate clinical staffing in a Chicago hospital. Located in a federally designated medically underserved area of the country, 3 3% of hospital admissions exhibit nutrition risk and 85% are served by Medicare or Medicaid governed by the Diagnostic-Related Group (DRG) system of payment DRGs recognize malnutrition as a qualifying complication/comorbidity (cc) which can increase reimbursement. Currently in it's fourth year, "The Malnutrition Initiative" created new interdisciplinary links between its RD coordinator and Medical Records, Information Management Services (IMS) and hospital Finance to track documentation and reimbursement. Medical Records defined appropriate nomenclature for RD documentation, interprets diagnostic codes to determine cases where malnutrition affects reimbursement, and provides annual DRG updates. IMS developed computer pathways to audit confirmation of malnutrition as a cc on discharge statements. Finance provides access to accounts payable and Medicare/Medicaid reimbursement information. Program audits reveal 72% of patients presenting nutrition risk on admission are subsequently documented by RDs as malnourished. Physician support for RD intervention is evident in an average 75% attestation to the diagnosis of malnutrition on discharge statements. The presence of malnutrition as a cc in eligible cases has resulted in program revenue exceeding program costs and secured the RD coordinator position salary. In addition to these financial outcomes, the program provides ample clinical data to study the efficacy of Medical Nutrition Therapy in treating malnutrition.
Effects of corn particle size on growth performance and nutrient utilization in young chicks

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of corn particle size on growth performance, ME(n), apparent total tract amino acid digestibility, and cecal microbial populations when young chicks were fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet. In all experiments, 1-d-old chicks were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments containing corn particle geometric mean diameters of 557, 858, 1,210, or 1,387 microm. Chicks were fed the experimental diets from 0 to 21 d posthatch and ME(n) and apparent total tract amino acid digestibility were determined at 7 and 21 d of age. When compared with the smallest geometric mean diameters of 557 microm, feeding the larger particle sizes had no effect on growth performance from 0 to 21 d in all experiments. Feeding larger corn particle sizes resulted in increases in relative gizzard weights in all experiments, with the greatest increase occurring with the 1,387-microm corn particle size. Gizzard pH was unaffected by corn particle size in all experiments. The ME(n) values and digestibility coefficients for most amino acids were higher (P < 0.05) at 21 d than at 7 d for all dietary treatments. In experiment 2, the ME(n) values showed a significant linear decrease (P < 0.007) as corn particle size increased at 7 d. The digestibility of most amino acids was unaffected by corn particle size at 7 or 21 d. Cecal lactobacilli populations were increased (P < 0.05) when the largest particle size was included in the diet. The results of these studies indicated that feeding larger particle size corn increased gizzard weight significantly but had no consistent effect on overall growth performance, ME(n), or amino acid digestibility.
Effects of life stress and dysphoria on complex judgments.

Summary.-A sparse literature concerning the effects of scress on judgment and decision making has produced two tentative conclusions: (1) stress impaus judgment and (2) such impairment is often the result of the narrowing of a judge's focus of attention. While evidence supportive of these propositions exists, [here have also been concrad~ccory findings. This investigation attempted to address both of these issues. 98 undergraduate students completed a complex multiple-cue judgment [ask and were also assessed as to (a) their exposure to two sources of stress (life events and irrational thinkmg) and (b) the amount of personal dysphoria they were experiencing. Two indices of subjective distress, depression and state anxiety, were significantly related to poor judgmental performance. None of several indices of potential stressors confirmed a relationship, whch suggests that possible external sources of stress do not negatively affect judgment unless they generate subjective distress at the time judgments are made. There was no support for the "narrowing" hypothesis. While research literature on (a) the nature and consequences of stress and (b) human judgment and decision making are large and varied, there is virtually no overlap between the two, despite the obvious practical irnportance of the issue, the effects of stress on judgments, for military, police, governmental, and other practical affairs. Critical judgments are frequently made under conditions of momentary or prolonged stress. To date, however, we know almost nothing about the extent to which they are affected by such circumstances much less the specific ways in which they are influenced. Such was the general position taken by four judgment/decision psychologists in their reports as expert witnesses to a Defense Policy Panel of the Armed Services in 1989. One of these experts, Slovic, remarked that "It is rather surprising to see how few studies have examined the effects of stress. . . . There are only a handful of laboratory studies that manipulated stress and observed the effects on complex judgment and decision making tasks" (Committee on Armed Services, 1989, p. 196). Slovic later stated that it was "astounding to see how few studies have examined the effects of stress" (Committee on Armed Services, 1989, p. 209). The present study was done to address the paucity of research in this area by examining the few tentative conclusions which can be drawn: (a) that stress further impairs the already fallible process of human judgment and (b) that stress narrows the focus of attention, the range of cues or sources of
Electron- He + elastic scattering

In a previous paper [Bhatia and Temkin, Phys. Rev. A $64,$ 032709-1 (2001)], electron-hydrogen S-wave scattering phase shifts were calculated using the optical potential approach. This method is now extended to the singlet and triplet electron-${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ scattering in the elastic region. Phase shifts are calculated using Hylleraas-type correlation functions with up to 95 terms. Results are rigorous lower bounds to the exact phase shifts.
The Magnetic Moment of the Hydrogen Atom

The magnetic moment of the hydrogen atom has been investigated by the atomic ray method introduced by Stern and Gerlach. Atomic hydrogen formed in a discharge tube by the method of R. W. Wood was first used. The ray was formed in a special all-glass slit system of three slits sealed to the discharge tube. The ray was detected by the reduction resulting on contact with a target coated with molybdenum trioxide. A sharply defined blue line against a white background was the result. In the magnetic field the ray was separated into two branching rays. There was also evidence of a central underviated ray which is believed to be due to hydrogen active chemically but probably not in the atomic state. From a measurement of the deflection the magnetic moment of the hydrogen atom was calculated to be one Bohr magneton within the limits of experimental error. This result is of interest because of the questions raised by the new quantum mechanics of Heisenberg, Born, and Jordan, and by the spinning electron theory of Uhlenbeck and Goudsmit. Atomic hydrogen formed by the hot filament method of Langmuir was next used. The increased velocity of the atoms in this case resulted in less separation of the ray, but a deflection was distinctly recorded. Finally, the product formed on exposing a mixture of mercury vapor and hydrogen to ultra-violet light was investigated. This is believed by Cario and Franck, Taylor, and others to be atomic hydrogen. Thus far attempts to form a ray which will reduce the target have been unsuccessful. The reasons for this are being investigated.
Yeast RAD14 and human xeroderma pigmentosum group A DNA-repair genes encode homologous proteins.

XERODERMA pigmentosum (XP), a human autosomal recessive disorder, is characterized by extreme sensitivity to sunlight and high incidence of skin cancers. XP cells are defective in the incision step of excision repair of DNA damaged by ultraviolet light. Cell fusion studies have defined seven XP complementation groups, XP-A to XP-G (refs 1,2). Similar genetic complexity of excision repair is observed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutations in any one of five yeast genes, RAD1, RAD2, RAD3, RAD4, and RAD10, cause a total defect in incision and an extreme sensitivity to ultraviolet light3. Here we report the characterization of the yeast RAD14 gene. The available radl4 point mutant is only moderately ultraviolet-sensitive, and it performs a substantial amount of incision of damaged DNA4,5. Our studies with the radl4 deletion (A) mutation indicate an absolute requirement of RAD14 in incision. RAD14 encodes a highly hydrophilic protein of 247 amino acids containing zinc-finger motifs, and it is similar to the protein encoded by the human XPAC gene that complements XP group A cell lines6.
Who Was Nietzsche's Genealogist?*

Nietzsche’s Genealogy of Morals is deservedly part of the ethical canon, but it is also be enormously and insistently absent-minded. I’m going to first present, as a textual puzzle, a handful of forgetful moments in the first two essays of the Genealogy. To address the puzzle, I will take up a familiar idea, that the Genealogy is both a subversive account of ethics and of what it is to be an intellectual. I will describe a strategy for reading the text that makes these out to be differently and more closely connected than they are usually taken to be. That will allow me to address a persistent worry in the secondary literature, by explaining how the Genealogy ’s criticism of morality can be something other than an instance of the genetic fallacy, yet also not lapse into one or another form of moralism. On the way, I will suggest that Nietzsche’s text requires us to modify one of the standard constraints on interpreting philosophical writing. ∗My thanks to Sarah Buss, Ben Crowe, Ken Gemes, Brooke Hopkins, Chris Janaway and an anonymous reviewer for comments on an earlier drafts, to Lori Alward, R. Lanier Anderson, Pepe Chang, Nadeem Hussain and Kathrin Koslicki for helpful conversation, and to an audience at the Western Humanities Alliance’s 22nd Annual Conference. An ancestor of this material was presented at a conference on Moral Theory after Nietzsche hosted by the University of Texas; I’m grateful to commentator Robert Solomon, and for criticism from Brian Leiter and Neil Sinhababu, as well as feedback from the audience.
Saturnine Gout, Redux: A Review

Illicitly distilled beverages (colloquially referred to as moonshine) account for approximately one third of alcohol consumption worldwide. Moonshine is often produced in makeshift distilling units composed of old, repurposed parts, whose component elements can leach into the distillate. Consequently, the resultant beverages may inadvertently contain harmful toxins, one of which is the metal lead. One manifestation of chronic lead toxicity-from moonshine or other forms of chronic lead poisoning-is the rheumatologic entity known as saturnine gout. With the increasing prevalence of gout over the past few decades, physicians should be aware of the association of moonshine consumption or lead toxicity with gouty arthritis. In this article, we present an overview of saturnine gout, beginning with a discussion of lead poisoning in antiquity and tracing its path to modern times. The contribution of lead to human disease and the clinical features of saturnine gout are outlined. After describing the role of lead in renal insufficiency and purine metabolism, we conclude with a discussion of specific strategies to manage this clinically important form of secondary gout.
Subsidizing unmediated document delivery: Current models and a case study

Abstract New models for document delivery in libraries are emerging as technology enables end-user ordering through electronic interfaces. Recently Colorado State University (CSUL) tested the viability of providing subsidized unmediated document delivery to the entire university community using UnCover2. The project was analyzed and users were surveyed to evaluate the performance of the service.
Adult European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Flight Activity In and Away from Aggregation Sites

In central and eastern Iowa, adults of the European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), were captured hourly with blacklight traps (BLT) in and away from action sites (dense vegetation where ECB adults mate and rest) for 14 nights during the second flights of 1980 and 1981. Also, samples of moths in the grass at the action sites were taken hourly. Peak capture of females in the BLT occurred immediately after dusk, whereas peak male capture occurred during the period of greatest mating activity (ca. 2400 to 0100 h). Captures of males remained much greater than those of females throughout the rest of the night, indicating that, during this period, males are captured while seeking less mobile females. This difference in mobility explains the tendency of males to outnumber females in BLT. Males tended to outnumber females in captures obtained daily in action sites with a drop-net. The drop-net data suggest that, after oviposition in cornfields, not all mated females return to the action site each night, but that males usually remain in the action sites because of the pheromone released by the unmated females.
Knowledge-based geographic information systems (KBGIS): New analytic and data management tools

In its simplest form, a geographic information system (GIS) may be viewed as a data base management system in which most of the data are spatially indexed, and upon which sets of procedures operate to answer queries about spatial entities represented in the data base. Utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques can enhance greatly the capabilities of a GIS, particularly in handling very large, diverse data bases involved in the earth sciences. A KBGIS has been developed by the U.S. Geological Survey which incorporates AI techniques such as learning, expert systems, new data representation, and more. The system, which will be developed further and applied, is a prototype of the next generation of GIS's, an intelligent GIS, as well as an example of a general-purpose intelligent data handling system. The paper provides a description of KBGIS and its application, as well as the AI techniques involved.
Channel responses to artificial stream capture, Death Valley, California

Artificial capture of Furnace Creek Wash by Gower Gulch in 1941 caused channel responses in three separate reaches of this integrated ephemeral stream system: (1) upper Furnace Creek Wash, (2) Gower Gulch channel, and (3) Gower Gulch fan. At the diversion point, vertical erosion had lowered the brink of a 25-m nickpoint by approximately 3.2 m by 1974. Upstream from the nickpoint, Furnace Creek Wash had responded with headward dissection for 2.7 km and removal of debris at a mean rate of about 4 × 10 3 m 3 /yr. The mean slope of the Gower Gulch channel had been lowered throughout by erosion due to drastically increased discharge, producing debris at a mean rate of about 2 × 10 3 m 3 /yr. Dissection of the upper part of the Gower fan to a maximum depth of 5.7 m and production of debris at a mean rate of about 0.4 × 10 3 m 3 /yr are attributed to high stream velocities and increased discharge. In the absence of further intervention, evolution of the system during the next few hundred years is likely to be characterized by the following: (1) increasing depth and extent of headward dissection in Furnace Creek Wash and its tributaries upstream from the diversion point and (2) readjustment of the Gower fan profile in response to accumulation of coarse diverted debris.
Calibration of a pH sensitive buried channel silicon‐on‐insulator MOSFET for sensor applications

The threshold voltage characteristics of a buried channel silicon-on-insulator MOSFET is examined in solutions of varying acidity. Experiments utilizing an integrated micro-fluidic channel exhibit a variation in threshold voltage that appears approximately linear with pH in the range from pH 4 to pH 7, with a sensitivity of ∼1 V per pH unit. Charge configuration changes in the vicinity of the MOSFET inversion layer due to protonation/deprotonation of the device surface is proposed as an explanation for the observed shifts in threshold voltage. When the pH range is expanded we observe a non-linear relationship between pH and the threshold voltage of the device, this behavior is explained in terms of deprotonation of the different species of the native oxide surface, Numerical simulations of the MOSFET demonstrate that the threshold voltage sensitivity corresponds to an additional surface positive fixed charge density of ∼1 × 10 10 cm -2 for each pH unit.
Steroid Binding at σ Receptors Suggests a Link between Endocrine, Nervous, and Immune Systems

Specific sigma binding sites have been identified in the mammalian brain and lymphoid tissue. In this study, certain gonadal and adrenal steroids, particularly progesterone, were found to inhibit sigma receptor binding in homogenates of brain and spleen. The findings suggest that steroids are naturally occurring ligands for sigma receptors and raise the possibility that these sites mediate some aspects of steroid-induced mental disturbances and alterations in immune functions.
Strategies for Reduced NOx Emissions in Pilot-Ignited Natural Gas Engines

The performance and emissions of a single-cylinder natural gas fueled engine using a pilot ignition strategy have been investigated. Small diesel pilots (2-3% on an energy basis), when used to ignite homogeneous natural gas-air mixtures, are shown to possess the potential for reduced NO X emissions while maintaining good engine performance. The effects of pilot injection timing, intake charge pressure, and charge temperature on engine performance and emissions with natural gas fueling were studied. With appropriate control of the above variables, it was shown that full-load engine-out brake specific NO X emissions could be reduced to the range of 0.07-0.10 g/kWh from the baseline diesel (with mechanical fuel injection) value of 10.5 g/kWh. For this NO X reduction, the decrease in fuel conversion efficiency from the baseline diesel value was approximately one to two percentage points. Total unburned hydrocarbon (HC) emissions and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were higher with natural gas operation. The nature of combustion under these conditions was analyzed using heat release schedules predicted from measured cylinder pressure data. The importance of pilot injection timing and inlet conditions on the stability of engine operation and knock are also discussed.
The role of hyperuricemia in vascular disorders.

Purpose of reviewThe role of uric acid as a mediator of vascular damage is not a new idea but has only recently gained widespread acceptance. Uric acid has previously been viewed as a benign solute in serum until it exceeds its saturation level. Others have viewed it as an important antioxidant. The
Introduction to the brain imaging and behavior special issue on neuroimaging findings in mild traumatic brain injury

Contemporary neuroimaging methods and research findings in mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) are reviewed in this special issue. Topics covered include structural and functional neuroimaging techniques with a particular emphasis on the most contemporary research involving magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Future research directions as well as applied applications of using neuroimaging techniques to define biomarkers of brain injury are covered.
Vasorelaxation, endothelium, and wine

The mechanism of the cardiovascular benefits of wine is not fully understood, and indeed, may be manifold [1–3]. We have evidence, at least in vitro, that there are compounds present in grapes and wines, particularly red wines, as well as many other food plants, which cause endotheliumdependent relaxation (EDR) of blood vessels via the arginine/nitric oxide/cyclic GMP pathway [4,5]. Nitric oxide (NO) was discovered in 1980 by Furchgott and Zawadzki [6], who coined the term endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). In 1987, Furchgott [7] and Ignarro et al. [8], working in separate laboratories, simultaneously reported that EDRF was indeed nitric oxide. Since that time, NO has been shown to play important roles in many physiological systems. NO is generated in endothelial cells by the Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent enzyme NO synthase (NOS), acting on its substrate, the amino acid L-arginine. NO is released from the endothelial cell (both luminal and abluminal sides) and easily traverses the distance to the vascular smooth muscle cell, where it diffuses in and acts on its target enzyme, guanylate cyclase. Guanylate cyclase, in turn, causes generation of cyclic GMP, which ultimately leads to vasorelaxation. NO donor drugs such as nitroglycerin deliver NO directly to the smooth muscle cell to cause vasodilation, thus bypassing the endothelial cell. NO exhibits several potentially significant cardiovascular protective effects:
Mechanical tissue optical clearing devices: enhancement of light penetration in ex vivo porcine skin and adipose tissue.

Background and Objective The complex morphological structure of tissue and associated variations in the indices of refraction of components therein, provides a highly scattering medium for visible and near-infrared wavelengths of light. Tissue optical clearing permits delivery of light deeper into tissue, potentially improving the capabilities of various light-based therapeutic techniques, such as adipose tissue removal or reshaping.
ORGANIC AND INORGANIC NANOPARTICLE HYBRIDS

Viruses are exemplary models in nanoassembly for their regular geometries, well characterized surface properties, and nanoscale dimensions. Armed with versatile tools aimed at site-directed mutagenesis to modify the virion's surface, conjugation chemistry for capsid coupling, and manipulation of nanoparticles, we have demonstrated nanoscale assembly of inorganic carbon nanotubes and quantum dots with engineered viruses to produce an intimate array of hybrid structures.
Size and frequency characteristics of αβ and γδ T cells in the spleens of normal and cyclophosphamide-suppressed virus-infected chickens

The characteristics of avian lymphocytes expressing surface CD8 (CT8) and T cell receptor (TCR) glycoproteins have been monitored by two-color flow microfluorimetry. Exposure of 1-month-old birds to a lethal influenza A virus, which is known to be lympholytic, significantly decreased the frequency of both the alpha beta TCR2+CT8+ and gamma delta TCR1+CT8- subsets in spleen. However, all categories of T cells showed evidence of greater mean cell size, indicating that they are responding. Inoculation of baby chicks with fowl pox virus induced a response more typical of specific immunity in the TCR2+CT8+ set, in that the lymphocytes increased in both frequency and mean cell size. Greater numbers of lymphoblasts were also found for the TCR2+CT8-, TCR1+CT8+, and TCR1+CT8- subsets, but the total cell counts for the minority TCR1+CT8- cells in spleen were consistently decreased. Immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide prior to infection eliminated 90% of the white blood cells from spleen, with the greatest effect being on the TCR1+ populations. The CT8+ alpha beta T cell response in chick spleen following exposure to a poxvirus is thus comparable to the situation observed for this subset of lymphocytes in mice infected with other viruses. However, although the gamma delta T cells increase in size, their frequency in spleen either does not change (CT8+) or is significantly decreased (CT8-).
Isolation of anovel sulphatase from rat liver

Abstract A lysosomal sulphatase active towards an oligosaccharide sulphate, has been isolated from rat liver and partially purified. The purified system still contained β-glucuronidase, β-N-acetylhexosaminidase and arylsulphatase activities. The substrate employed for the assay was isolated from the digestion products obtained from chick embryo chondroitin sulphate A following testicular hyaluronidase digestion. Specificity studies indicated that the system was only active towards relatively high molecular weight substrates, but not towards chondroitin sulphate A itself. Prior cleavage of the nonterminal glucuronosyl residue of the oligosaccharide was apparently essential in the overall hydrolytic process.
Sensitivity of low molecular weight RNA synthesis to UV radiation.

RNA SPECIES C and D (nomenclature of Weinberg and Penman1) are among the most abundant of the long-lived2, homodisperse, low molecular weight nuclear RNAs3, and are present in all vertebrates tested4, but their function is unknown. They have several interesting characteristics: they seem to be transcribed from multiple-copy genes (102–103 genes per genome)5,6, to pass through the cytoplasm for a few minutes shortly after their transcription3,7–10, to have 5′-end caps that are very similar to those of eukaryotic mRNAs11,12, and to be present in heterogeneous nuclear RNA-protein particles13,14. Here, we show that C and D RNA syntheses are unexpectedly sensitive to UV radiation in HeLa cells. The effect of UV radiation on RNA synthesis has been used to study the organisation of transcription units15. UV irradiation, causing random formation of pyrimidine dimers in DNA, results in premature termination of transcription. The probability of causing a UV lesion within a transcription unit is directly proportional to its length, making it possible to measure the distance between a gene and its promoter. The present UV sensitivity data are compatible with the transcription units for the low molecular weight (less than 200-nucleotide long1,11,12) RNA species C and D being as long as 5 kilobases.
Hydrogen effects on nanovoid nucleation at nickel grain boundaries

Abstract We performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study hydrogen effects on nanovoid nucleation at nickel grain boundaries using an embedded atom method (EAM) potential. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations were performed to introduce hydrogen atoms in low-angle and high-angle symmetrical [0 0 1] tilt boundaries at 300 K for analysis of plasticity and nanovoid nucleation. The simulation results show that hydrogen atoms were trapped at the grain boundaries and reduced the critical stresses and strains for nanovoid nucleation. The MD results also show that the effects of hydrogen on nanovoid nucleation depended on the grain-boundary hydrogen concentration regardless of the grain-boundary misorientations. The MD results were then inserted into a new hydrogen associated void nucleation model that operates as an internal state variable in the context of continuum thermodynamic plasticity.
Some oxidative enzyme systems of mammary gland tissue

Abstract The succinoxidase system, which is associated with mitochondria, is low in nonlactating mammary tissue throughout most of gestation but increases markedly near parturition. When only adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and Mg++ are added to guinea pig mammary cyclophorase, succinate, oxalacetate, and α-ketoglutarate are rapidly oxidized, while fumarate is slowly oxidized. Malate and citrate are oxidized only when pyridine nucleotides are added. The fatty acid oxidase system is present in lactating guinea pig mammary cyclophorase. Evidence has been presented that some definite ratio exists among substrate, enzyme, and “sparking cooxidant” for optimum activity of this enzyme system.
Phase separation in GeGeO2 glasses

Abstract De Neufville prepared homogeneous glasses ranging in composition from pure GeO 2 to GeO by quenching bulk samples from the melt and by vapor deposition. For compositions in the range of 10–20 mol % excess Ge dissolved in GeO 2 , he found that phase separation into amorphous Ge rich and amorphous GeO 2 phases occurred. The results reported here on a 7.5 mol % excess Ge composition using differential scanning calorimetry have shown that a two-step phase separation mechanism is operative. A homogeneous GeGeO 2 glass phase separates at 450°C into amorphous GeO 2 and amorphous GeO. The GeO phase separates at 570°C into crystalline Ge and amorphous GeO 2 . The heat measured at 570°C is equal to the sum of the heats of phase separation of GeO and crystallization of Ge. The amorphous GeO 2 crystallizes at 670°C with a heat of crystallization of 4.65 kcal/mol (± 0.5). Additional support for a two-step phase separation mechanism is provided by kinetic arguments based on the viscosity dependence on composition and on the structure of the amorphous GeO phase and its stability relative to the homogeneous GeGeO 2 glass.
The clinical value of frequency analysis of the first heart sound in myocardial infarction.

A sensitive technic for frequency analysis of the first heart sound (S1) during isovolumic contraction time (ICT) was developed. Recorded heart sounds were filtered with a dynamic analyzer. Amplitudes of frequencies between 30 and 70 cps were plotted as a percentage of peak total energy of S1 against frequency. A consistent and reproducible frequency "fingerprint" was obtained in 74 normal subjects. Frequencies of S1 were shown to be directly proportional to ventricular elasticity (VE) and inversely proportional to combined ventricular mass (VM). VM is constant during ICT. Amplitude at 40 cps was less than at 30 cps because of reduced VE (myocardial infarction), increased VM (athletes), or combined reduction in VE and increased VM (myocardiopathy). Normal patterns were found in aortic insufficiency (increased VE and VM). Diagnostic patterns were found in 21 of 24 patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) but were similar to patterns found in patients with healed infarcts and myocardiopathy and athletes. Acute pulmonary embolism could be differentiated from MI.
Continuous vs Discrete Semantic Differential Rating Scales

This study examined the equivalence of information obtained from a five-category semantic differential rating scale and a continuous scale of the same length. Data from 176 university students show...