cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Events and objects first: an innovative approach to teaching JAVA in CS 1

As many have learned by experience, teaching a CS 1 course in Java requires an entirely new approach. Because it is an object-oriented language, it is difficult to teach it in the style used for imperative languages like Pascal, C, and C++. Many have proposed teaching Java in an objects-first way, but others have complained that too many concepts must be introduced before students can understand the construction of classes and objects. This three hour workshop is focused on a new approach to teaching Java that we have developed at Williams College over the last two years that overcomes these problems. Our design goals in developing the course were: Use an object-first approach, requiring students to think from the start about the programming process with a focus on methods and objects. Use graphics and animation extensively. Introduce event-driven programming early. Introduce concurrency early as a natural extension of single-threaded execution and as a way to simplify the interaction of objects.
A Multicenter, Longitudinal Cohort Study of Cryptococcosis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-negative People in the United States.

Background Cryptococcosis is increasingly recognized in people without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Methods A multicenter, prospective cohort study was performed in 25 US centers. Consenting patients were prospectively followed for ≤2 years. Neurological morbidities were assessed with longitudinal event depiction and functional scores (Montreal Cognitive Assessment [MoCA]). Risks of death were analyzed using Cox regression. Results One hundred forty-five subjects were enrolled. Most were male (95; 65.5%) and had immunosuppression (120; 82.8%), including solid organ transplant (SOT; 33.8%), autoimmunity (15.9%), and hematologic malignancies (11.7%). Disease involved the central nervous system (CNS) in 71 subjects (49%). Fever was uncommon, documented in 40 (27.8%) subjects, and absence was associated with diagnostic delay (mean: 48.2 vs 16.5 days; P = .007). Abnormal MoCA scores ( 1 lumbar puncture and 8 (11.3%) required ventriculostomies. In multivariable models, older age (>60 years) was associated with higher risks of death (hazard ratio [HR], 2.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-4.38; P = .036), and lower risks were noted with underlying hematologic malignancy (HR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.09-0.98; P = .05) and prior SOT (HR, 0.153; 95% CI, 0.05-0.44; P = .001). Conclusions Despite aggressive antifungal therapies, outcomes of CNS cryptococcosis in people without HIV are characterized by substantial long-term neurological sequelae. Studies are needed to understand mechanism(s) of cognitive decline and to enable better treatment algorithms.
Analysis of a large single center cohort demonstrates poor prognosis of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in HIV infected patients (pts).

e18077 Background: Even though HIV is associated with worse prognosis in many malignancies, the clinical course of MDS and AML in HIV+ pts has not been well studied. Determining the clinical presen...
Elemental composition and moisture prediction in manure by portable X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy using random forest regression.

Manure elemental composition determination is essential to develop farm nutrient budgets and assess environmental risk. Portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) spectrometers could facilitate hazardous waste-free, rapid, and cost-effective elemental concentration determinations. However, sample moisture is a problem for elemental concentration determination by X-ray methods. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of sample moisture content, predict moisture content, and correct for moisture effect on elemental concentration determinations in livestock manure. Oven-dried manure samples (n = 40) were ground and adjusted to five moisture ranges of (w/w moisture) .90 for P, K, and Mg and from .78 to .98 for Fe, compared with linear, nonlinear, and Lucas-Tooth and Price equations. These results indicated that elemental concentration can accurately be measured in dried and moist manure samples using PXRF and expands the potential applications of PXRF to in situ elemental determinations for agricultural and environmental samples.
Pituitary adenoma consistency: Direct correlation of ultrahigh field 7T MRI with histopathological analysis

Abstract Purpose Tumor consistency is a critical factor in surgical planning that influences ease of resection and risk of operative morbidity. The ability of MRI to predict tumor consistency tumor consistency has been shown to increase with higher field strength. The present study examined the utility of 7 T (7 T) MRI in predicting the tumor consistency of pituitary adenomas. Method Fifteen patients with pituitary adenomas were preoperatively scanned at 7 T MRI. Regions of interest were drawn around lesions for voxel-based signal intensity (SI) analysis. The percentage of tumor voxels with intensity higher than local gray matter was calculated on T2-weighted imaging. A single neurosurgeon rated tumor firmness for all patients. Histopathological analysis was performed. Radiological tumor features were correlated with intraoperative tumor consistency measurements and histopathology. Results Tumors rated as ‘soft’ intraoperatively were hyperintense to local gray matter on T2-weighted imaging. ‘Firm’ tumors were hypointense to local gray matter. There was no significant difference in SI ratio between soft and firm tumors (p = 0.098). Soft tumors had a significantly higher percentage of tumor voxels greater than local gray matter compared to firm tumors (p = 0.035, Cohen’s D-effect size = 1.208). Soft tumors had higher vascularity than firm tumors, p = 0.015. Conclusions The signal and contrast advantage conferred by 7 T MRI may provide valuable preoperative information regarding pituitary tumor consistency and physiology. The use of granular, voxel-based analysis maximizes the potential afforded by the high resolution of 7 T imaging, and may be a valuable method of predicting consistency of pituitary adenoma.
Toward Involving the Total Community in Career Education.

Because of the importance of career education to the future of today's children, parents, businessmen, and others who are sensitive to the needs of the community should be involved in comprehensive...
Psychological and neuropsychological issues in the care of children with disabilities

Pediatric specialists are faced with many challenges when confronted with young patients diagnosed with acquired or congenital disabilities. In addition to the myriad of presenting medical issues, team members also need to acknowledge and address contributing psychological, social and environmental factors when working with medically involved children. Specifically, the understanding of developmental, cognitive, familial, and emotional considerations is essential for tailoring more successful individual treatment plans. The purpose of this article is to address the multidimensional aspects associated with the treatment of children presenting with physical or neurological impairments. Specifically, psychological and neuropsychological perspectives will be discussed and case examples will be presented in an effort to propose a comprehensive approach for the promotion of better outcomes in pediatric patient care.
Bariatric Surgery Lowers the Risk of Major Cardiovascular Events.

Objective This study examines the impact of bariatric surgery on the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and a composite of cardiovascular outcomes in a large population cohort. Additionally, the impact of different bariatric surgery procedures on cardiovascular outcomes is assessed and compared. Summary background data Bariatric surgery has been shown to improve comorbid conditions that are associated with cardiovascular disease and death. Few large studies have examined the impact of bariatric surgery on cardiovascular outcomes, and specifically compared the different bariatric procedures. Methods A retrospective, observational, matched-cohort study was conducted in adult patients with obesity in New York state from 2006 to 2012. Patients were stratified into 2 groups, based on utilization of bariatric surgery. Patients were further subgrouped based on the types of primary bariatric surgery. The primary endpoint was the development of specific cardiovascular events - myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke; as well as a composite of both events. Results A total of 328,807 patients, including 60,445 who had undergone bariatric surgery, and 268,362 matched nonsurgical controls were the study cohort for comparing surgical and nonsurgical patients. The risk of composite cardiovascular events decreased in the surgical group [hazards ratio (HR) = 0.48, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.45-0.51], as did the risk of MI (HR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.35-0.42), and stroke (HR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.51-0.59). Among the surgical cohort, sleeve gastrectomy patients had a higher risk of developing MI, stroke, and any type of cardiovascular event than gastric bypass patients. Conclusions Bariatric surgery is associated with decreased risk of significant cardiovascular events compared to nonsurgical controls. In this exploratory analysis, gastric bypass was associated with a lower risk of all cardiovascular events than sleeve gastrectomy.
Taking a Practice Approach to California

This chapter specifies the people and groups included in the research design – chosen and defined by their location along the “vertical axis” of California’s diplomacy. The chapter also explains the background and reasoning for the “practice” approach used by the study.
Trends in Global Production, Consumption, and Utilization of Sorghum

Global production and consumption of sorghum has remained constant over the past decade but has shifted continentally and regionally. Despite cultivation across the globe, 20 nations account for 90% of all land allocated to sorghum and of those nations, ten account for 80%. Global patterns of plantings and production indicate that both reached lows in the early 1990s but are increasing through 2018. The long-term patterns also show that there is a statistically significant decline in sorghum production in Asia and the Americas and Caribbean while an increase in production in Sub-Saharan Africa. Across the globe, sorghum production has shifted away from Asia, and in particular India, and the United States, toward two separate groups of nations: those emerging as surplus producers and serving as granaries feeding the international marketplace for industrialized usage and secondly, nations consuming the grain locally, primarily as a foodstuff with local market appeal and trade with neighboring nations.
Unmet need for mental health services in indolent lymphoma: age differences over one-year post-diagnosis.

This study examined distress and mental health service use in patients with newly diagnosed indolent lymphoma over the first-year post-diagnosis, as well as differences by age. Patients with indole...
An Unbiased Regression Type Estimator In Randomized Response Sampling

In this paper, we suggest a new method of constructing an unbiased regression type estimator in randomized response sampling. We introduce two new randomized response estimators, one we created through the utilization of a sum of special products technique and the other through the utilization of the method used for computing a matrix determinant. This new idea of making an unbiased regression type estimator proves to be more efficient with no loss in respondent protection. Analytical comparisons show the proposed unbiased regression type estimator is always more efficient than the considered competitors. The theoretical justification that the proposed estimator has a smaller variance over its competitors is crystal clear, so no simulation study is required. However to study the gain in magnitude of the relative efficiency, a simulation study has been carried out.
Inflammation as a therapeutic target in myocardial infarction: learning from past failures to meet future challenges

In the infarcted myocardium, necrotic cardiomyocytes release danger signals, activating an intense inflammatory response. Inflammatory pathways play a crucial role in regulation of a wide range of cellular processes involved in injury, repair, and remodeling of the infarcted heart. Proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1, are markedly upregulated in the infarcted myocardium and promote adhesive interactions between endothelial cells and leukocytes by stimulating chemokine and adhesion molecule expression. Distinct pairs of chemokines and chemokine receptors are implicated in recruitment of various leukocyte subpopulations in the infarcted myocardium. For more than the past 30 years, extensive experimental work has explored the role of inflammatory signals and the contributions of leukocyte subpopulations in myocardial infarction. Robust evidence derived from experimental models of myocardial infarction has identified inflammatory targets that may attenuate cardiomyocyte injury or protect from adverse remodeling. Unfortunately, attempts to translate the promising experimental findings to clinical therapy have failed. This review article discusses the biology of the inflammatory response after myocardial infarction, attempts to identify the causes for the translational failures of the past, and proposes promising new therapeutic directions. Because of their potential involvement in injurious, reparative, and regenerative responses, inflammatory cells may hold the key for design of new therapies in myocardial infarction.
9 – ESTABLISHMENT OF FORAGE SPECIES1

A forage crop requires significant inputs in the form of money, resources, and time to establish vigorous, high-producing stands. Economic reality associated with establishment and the necessity of survival dictates that sound management principals and practices be followed. Establishment of a forage stand, whether it is grasses, grass-legume mix, alfalfa, or other legumes, is an expensive proposition when one considers the costs incurred in land preparation, fertilization, liming in areas with acid soils, seed and seeding, weed control, and, in arid areas, irrigation. These costs vary from location to location, from season to season, according to fertilizer needs of the soil, and the extent of seedbed preparation required. Nevertheless, it is expensive enough that the proved principals of successful stand establishment should be applied. Without the establishment of a stand, there is no opportunity for high forage yields or production of high-quality forage. Because of forage plant seed size and the dynamics of seed germination and seedling establishment, it is critical that certain standards be met if success is to be realized. A prescribed set of procedures must be followed if these standards are to be met, which are discussed in this chapter.
VLSI implementation of high speed two-dimensional state-space recursive filtering

The authors explore the parallelism in two-dimensional (2-D) state-space filter algorithms and propose some VLSI architectures for high-speed applications. First, the local state-space (LSS) realizations of 2-D IIR filters are reviewed. Then, two systolic array implementations, a direct form implementation, and a transformed implementation are obtained for realizing local speedup. They process one pixel during each clock time. To achieve very high speed, two global speed-up structures are used that exploit the inherent spatial concurrency. Based on the computational independence between the samples along the diagonal lines in a first-quadrant 2-D system, they work on multiple columns of images or multiple lines of images concurrently. The comparisons among the different architectures are also given. It is shown that the proposed architectures are attractive for high-speed, high-performance digital filtering. >
A hierarchical framework for discrete event scheduling in manufacturing systems

Cover title. "Presented at the IIASA Workshop on Discrete Event Systems: Models and Applications. August 3-7, 1987. Sopron, Hungary."
Concurrent clinical intraocular findings in horses with depigmented punctate chorioretinal foci

Objective To report concurrent clinical intraocular findings in horses with depigmented punctate chorioretinal foci and to document any correlation with equine recurrent uveitis (ERU). Procedure Records of 131 horses (241 eyes) examined at the University of Georgia Veterinary Teaching hospital from 2001 to 2010 were reviewed with either clinically normal fundi or depigmented punctate chorioretinal foci in the absence of other fundic pathology. Data collected included patient signalment, concurrent clinical ocular findings and follow-up information. Sex, presence of no other intraocular findings, presence of ERU, presence of cataracts, and presence of vitreal disease were compared between normal and foci groups using chi-squared analysis. Age and length of follow-up time were compared using a student’s t-test. Results Ninety-one horses (167 eyes) with chorioretinal foci and forty horses (74 eyes) with clinically normal ocular fundi were examined. Fifty-eight (64%) horses with chorioretinal foci and 20 (50%) horses with clinically normal fundi had a normal intraocular examination. There was no significant difference in any of the criteria examined between groups. Conclusions Horses with depigmented punctate chorioretinal foci, in the absence of other fundic pathology, are not more likely to have intraocular disease or ERU than horses with clinically normal ocular fundi. These findings suggest that depigmented punctate fundic foci in horses are not indicative of or associated with ERU.
Feed Adjustment Chemistry for Hanford 101-SY and 103-SY Tank Waste: Attempts to Oxidize the Non-Pertechnetate Species

More than 50% of the technetium in Hanford 101-SY and 103-SY tank waste is not pertechnetate (TcO4−). These non-pertechnetate species (TcN) are stable, soluble, reduced complexes of technetium. In order to remediate these waste, it will be necessary to oxidize these species to TcO4−. For radioanalytical purposes, oxidation requires digestion in Ce(IV)/16M HNO3. Many oxidants are ineffective. Sodium peroxydisulfate, sodium peroxydisulfate/silver(I), and ozone oxidize all of the technetium species to pertechnetate.
The Moderating Role of Attachment on the Relationship Between History of Trauma and Intimate Partner Violence Victimization

Exposure to trauma is a well-established predictor of intimate partner violence (IPV), although this relationship is not causal. The current study hypothesized that attachment-based anxiety moderated the relationship between trauma history and IPV revictimization in a sample of women who had reported IPV victimization 1 year earlier. Results confirmed the following hypotheses: When attachment-based anxiety was high, trauma history was positively associated with IPV victimization and use of violence. When attachment-based anxiety was low, trauma history was no longer positively associated with IPV victimization or use of violence. Secure attachments may protect female victims of IPV from the impact of trauma.
Are Pain Ratings Irrelevant

Pain intensity ratings have been the basis of pain diagnosis and a fundamental tool in pain research, but are not always used. Frequent comments by physicians that pain ratings, sometimes called pain scores, are not useful in clinical practice and comments by basic scientists that pain ratings may measure the wrong thing, have been in significant part supported by a short survey conducted among members of American Pain Society (APS). Though limited by small number of respondents, the findings of this survey and additional comments by members of APS raise critical questions about why pain ratings do not serve the clinical communities. These findings send an urgent call to the pain community to reassess the status of currently used pain ratings and to find solutions to this fundamental issue.
Suffix Effects and Intrusion Errors in Young and Elderly Subjects

Abstract Potential age differences in selective attention and response inhibition in 16 young and 16 elderly college students were explored using the stimulus suffix paradigm. Subjects were presented with auditory and visual lists of sevenletter sequences. Half the lists were appended with a letter suffix that was not to be recalled. Recall was spoken and written and in strict serial order. Despite similar letter spans, serial recall was more difficult for the elderly than for the young. Final-item recall advantage in the control condition was reduced more for the elderly than for the young in the auditory modality, and the elderly were more susceptible to a small degree of visual suffix interference. Older subjects made more suffix and extralist intrusion errors than did young subjects. Oral recall, along with the method of recording written responses, may have allowed these errors to surface. The extralist intrusion errors were phonological or based on alphabetic order, suggesting that the elderly may e...
Effect of a high carbohydrate diet on the content of apolipoproteins C-II, C-III and E in human plasma high density lipoprotein subfractions

The effect of isocaloric high and low carbohydrate (Carb) diets on the structure and apoprotein composition of plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL) was assessed in four healthy men. The high Carb diet contained 65% calories as Carb and 15% as fat; the low Carb was 15% and 65%, respectively, with protein fixed at 20% of calories in each case. Cholesterol was 400 mg/day and the P/S ratio of the fat was 0.4. Each diet was sequentially consumed for periods of 3 weeks. At the end of each 3-week study period, plasma HDL2 and HDL3 were isolated by zonal ultracentrifugation and their apoprotein and lipid compositions were determined. Compared to the low Carb diet, the high Carb diet was associated with an increase in the size of HDL2 (116.0 +/- 1.8 vs. 109.1 +/- 1.8 A) and in the content (mean weight % +/- SEM) of apoE (2.81 +/- 0.71 vs. 1.79 +/- 0.49, P less than 0.01) and of apoC-II (1.73 +/- 0.09 vs. 1.11 +/- 0.12, P less than 0.01). HDL2 apoC-III content was not significantly different on the two diets (6.49 +/- 0.50 vs. 7.42 +/- 1.21). On the two diets, HDL3 size and HDL3 apoE content were not significantly changed. HDL3 apoC-II and apoC-III, however, were higher on the high Carb diet, P less than 0.05. The ratio (by weight) of HDL2 apoE/HDL2 apoC-II + C-III increased on the high Carb diet compared to the low Carb diet (0.344 +/- 0.058 vs. 0.228 +/- 0.053, P less than 0.01). We suggest that the increased amount of apolipoprotein E in HDL2 may influence its rate of catabolic clearance and may account for the well-known decrease in plasma HDL-cholesterol in subjects on high Carb diets.
Research on the Effects of Violent Video Games: A Critical Analysis

The impact of violent video games on youth and adults who play these games has been a source of great controversy for years. This paper reviews the research on violent video games across three main areas: general effects on aggression, negative effects on specific high-risk populations, and effects on visuospatial cognition. Difficulties in adequately measuring constructs such as aggression are also highlighted. It is concluded that the extreme focus on general aggression effects is not supported by the current literature, and that social science's focus on general aggression effects distracts from research on specific at-risk populations, and potential positive uses of some violent video games.
Registration of three-dimensional compound ultrasound scans of the breast for refraction and motion correction

Abstract Use of multiple lood directions, that is, compound imaging, has been shown previously to increase detection of specular reflectors and averaging of speckle noise in gray-scale images, often at the expense of spatial resolution and other misregistration errors. In color flow imaging, additional view angles can fill in vessels missed due to Doppler angle dropout and increase quantitative and visual Doppler accuracy by triangulation or a simple peak-frequency-shift combination algorithm. Image registration and unwarping throughout multiple three-dimensional (3D) volume sets should correct for many refraction artifacts, motion between and during compounded image sets and even, possibly, positioning errors between image sets, acquired months apart, to display growth of abnormalities. The registration described here does not provide sufficient accuracy for formation of enhanced coherent apertures, but shows promise in some cases to provide superior compound images and possibly comparisons of current and prior studies. In this study, the breast is stabilized by mild compression between a flat plate and a scanning membrane. Registration and unwarping is performed retrospectively on two separate volumetric data sets by defining pairs of corresponding points and, in some cases, line and plane segments. Three-dimensional linear affine transforms are performed using identified points, lines and planes. 3D nonlinear warped transforms are also possible given adequate numbers of identifiable points. More than two data sets are registered by selecting one as the standard, and registering the remainder to match. The most appropriate algorithm, such as averaging or maximum amplitude, may be used to combine the data sets for display. Significant success has been achieved in compound display of a test object and of the breast in vivo , even when there was relative motion or warping between image sets. In pulse-echo imaging, homologous feature registration for compounding appears to have advantages over mechanically registered compounding methods previously employed in the breast and significant increases in lesion and structural conspicuity are noted due to a reduction in speckle noise. The improvements from compounding in 3D, surface-rendered Doppler imaging of vasculature are striking.
Compartment syndrome in all four extremities: a rare case associated with systemic capillary leak syndrome

While isolated limb injuries often lead to suspicion for and treatment of compartment syndrome, multi-limb compartment syndrome induced by a systemic disease is a rare entity, in which lack of immediate diagnosis can have catastrophic consequences to the patient. We present a patient with idiopathic systemic capillary leak syndrome (SCLS) resulting in compartment syndrome in all four extremities. Treatment required bilateral hand, forearm, calf, and thigh fasciotomies. Presenting symptoms included pain in all four extremities, malaise, and confusion. Laboratory data included polycythemia, hypoalbuminemia, leukocytosis, and elevated creatinine, but not a monoclonal spike on serum electrophoresis as is common in SCLS. Thus, when faced with clinical evidence of multiple extremity compartment syndrome, the surgeon should consider systemic disorders, such as SCLS, and aggressively treat the compartment syndrome as well as the underlying disease.
Big and Little Moon Peyotism as health care delivery systems

Big Moon Peyotism was introduced in the 1880s to the Delaware, Osage and Quapaw of Northeast Oklahoma by John Wilson, a Delaware‐Caddo from Southwest Oklahoma. This form of Peyotism and the Little Moon ritual developed by the Apache, Kiowa, and Comanche of Southwest Oklahoma formed the basis of the two major variations of this religion as practiced by Native Americans throughout North America. An ethnographic and historic comparison of these religious traditions in Northeast Oklahoma presents these as health care delivery systems and highlights the importance of health care as a factor in the acceptance and persistence of Peyotism.
A BaF2 detector system for (n,γ) cross section measurements at ORELA

Abstract We have implemented a 4π BaF 2 detector system at the Oak Ridge Electron Linear Accelerator (ORELA) for making (n,γ) measurements of interest to nuclear astrophysics. This new detector will allow us to work with smaller samples and to avoid potential problems with the pulse-height weighting technique used in other systems. Also, our first measurements with this system demonstrate that as a result of the excellent time-of-flight (TOF) resolution at ORELA and the good pulse-height resolution of the detector, the background from sample-scattered neutrons will not be a serious problem in most cases.
Evolution of protein architectures inferred from phylogenomic analysis of CATH

Protein architecture refers to similar secondary structural arrangements irrespective of their connectivity. Here we aim to explore the evolution of protein architectures by benchmarking CATH and SCOP annotations. For example, we explore the appearance and diversification of protein architectures such as sandwiches, bundles, barrels, solenoids, ribbons, trefoils, prisms and propellers. Structural phylogenies generated at CATH “A”, “T” and “H” levels of structural abstraction revealed patterns of reductive evolution and three epochs in the evolution of protein world. Although CATH and SCOP differ significantly in their protein domain definitions and in the hierarchical partitioning of fold space, our findings strongly support the fact that both protein structural classification systems classify a protein on a very similar theoretical basis by taking into account their structural, functional and evolutionary roles. The tree of “A” showed that the 3-layer (aba) sandwich (3.40), the orthogonal bundle (1.10) and the alpha-beta complex (3.90) harbor simple secondary structure arrangements that are the most ancient, popular and abundant architectures in the protein world.
An outline of positron measurements of superconducting oxides

Abstract Positron measurements on superconducting oxides have gone through an evolution from divergent results of low statistical precision on samples of suspect quality to convergent results of higher statistical precision on high quality samples. He outline the elements affecting the progress of these experiments and questions that can be addressed at our present state of the art.
Stick−Slip Dynamics of Entangled Polymer Liquids

Stick−slip dynamics of polymer liquids sheared between aluminum, stainless steel, and α-brass substrates are investigated using model 1,4-polybutadiene (PBD) melts with a broad range of molecular weights 6.7 × 104 ≤ Mn ≤ 5.15 × 105. A variable gap, 50 μm ≤ H ≤ 750 μm, planar-Couette shear flow apparatus equipped with a centrally mounted shear force transducer is used to produce uniform steady shear flow in the polymers and to measure shear stresses over a constant area near the shear platen's center. The same instrument is used to quantify extrapolation lengths b from steady shear flow measurements at multiple gaps. Experiments performed using aluminum (Al) and stainless steel substrates reveal dramatic transitions from simple shear flow to stick−slip dominated flows at shear stresses near a critical value σ* ≈ 0.26 ± 0.02 MPa. The stick−slip regime is evidenced by asymmetric transient stress oscillations that at first observation possess periods close to the longest relaxation times of polymers studied. ...
Three new approaches for adjustment and improvement of the RR scheduler in a dynamic resource environment

Many methods of packets' service have been developed, such as the Deficit Round Robin (DRR) and the Surplus Round Robin (SRR), that have to do with a borrowing of credits technique for use in the next rounds. In the present work, we propose a new variable flexible credit scheme, for adjustment of the weights, instead of a fixed credit scheme with a lower maximum weight. The service of various short duration flows with large size packets (impossible to be serviced in a round), is achieved by using gradual or direct weight increase mechanisms. A feedback mechanism is used for adjusting the weight size taking into account the parameter of the current packet size. This constitutes an alternative way of defining the most suitable size of the quantum versus the traditional one of the weight's computation (like SLA). The advantage of our best weight adjusting method lies on both the restriction of the otherwise required, repeated, unexpected and uncertain changes of the next round's credits (as it happens with the uninformed for the large packets arrival Deficit Round Robin) and the guarantee of the next packet's service with no extra overhead ('empty round'). With this ability, the DRR has again O(1) complexity, without making any assumption for the maximum size of the packets. A family of algorithms, with O(1) complexity, that work on the fly, using different and systematic weight request methods are: the Direct Increasing Weight (DIW), the Compound Round Robin (CRR) and the Proportional Increasing Weight (PIW). In the case of large packets sequence's arrival, our algorithms outclasses the low static quantum DRR. Upgrading the DRR using the PIW, is a different approach that outperforms the DRR (fixed weight). Their relative fairness along with the delay bounds are derived. Simulation experiments support the algorithms' significance and useful results are also provided in comparison with other scheduling algorithms. This kind of algorithms can be applied for next generation internet routers, achieving short time service for delay sensitive flows.
Investigation of the formation of MH+ and other ions in the mass spectrum of methyl decanoate using specifically deuterated decanoates

Abstract Intensities of [M + 1] + ions in mass spectra of methyl esters of C 8 –C 14 acids exceeded theoretical values, deviation was greatest for the shortest chain esters and for methyl decanoate was four times the calculated intensity. Similar effects were also observed in spectra of decanoates of C 2 –C 6 alcohols. The abnormal results were due to the presence of MH + ions and mode of formation of this ion was investigated using all the methyl gem dideuterated decanoates, methyl[10 −2 H 3 ]- and [3,5,6- 2 H 6 ]- decanoates and [ 2 H 3 ] methyl decanoate. A hydrogen radical migrates from one of the carbons in the chain to the ionized carbonyl oxygen and the resultant ion, on collision with a molecule, transfers the hydrogen, as a proton, giving MH + . The transferred hydrogen was derived from those same carbons that provide hydrogen in the first stages of fragmentation to the mass spectrum of methyl decanoate. Thus 37% came from C-4, 15% from C-5, 9% from C-6 and lesser percentages from the other carbons. The results do not exclude possible formation of MH + by hydrogen transfer from ions m/z 74 and 87. Modes of formation of ions m/z 103, 117 and 131 were also studied using the deuterated decanoates. They were formed by a mechanism similar to that involved in production of ions m/z 87 and 143 but less specifically. Hydrogen transfer from C-3, C-4 or C-5 was followed by cleavage of the bond between the carbons α- and β to that carbon. Some initial migration from carbons 5,6 and 7 also ocurred.
Therapy with zoledronic acid, 5 mg, for a patient with Paget disease of bone.

Objective: To describe the effects of an infusion of zoledronic acid in a patient with Paget disease of bone (PD) who had been treated unsuccessfully with several other bisphosphonates.Methods: The...
The Vanderbilt Holistic Face Processing Test: A short and reliable measure of holistic face processing

Efforts to understand individual differences in high-level vision necessitate the development of measures that have sufficient reliability, which is generally not a concern in group studies. Holistic processing is central to research on face recognition and, more recently, to the study of individual differences in this area. However, recent work has shown that the most popular measure of holistic processing, the composite task, has low reliability. This is particularly problematic for the recent surge in interest in studying individual differences in face recognition. Here, we developed and validated a new measure of holistic face processing specifically for use in individual-differences studies. It avoids some of the pitfalls of the standard composite design and capitalizes on the idea that trial variability allows for better traction on reliability. Across four experiments, we refine this test and demonstrate its reliability.
Protein secretions in mouse uterus after methoxychlor or estradiol exposure.

Abstract Four-month-old, ovariectomized mice were treated with 14 daily ip injections of either 10.0 μg of 17β-estradiol or 1.0 mg technical grade methoxychlor. Uterine luminal proteins were radiolabeled with 35 S-methionine and run on 2-dimensional electrophoresis gels. The influence of methoxychlor or estradiol was compared to untreated controls by examining reproductive tract weights, uterine histology, and the patterns of uterine protein secretions. The data indicate that the stimulation of the uterus in ovariectomized, adult mice by methoxychlor is indistinguishable from that caused by estradiol. Both substances alter reproductive tract weights, promote cellular hypertrophy, stimulate uterine development, and induce the secretion of comparable levels of incorporation of methionine into a large number of proteins. The data further indicate that the alterations in gene expression promoted by estradiol in terms of secreted proteins appear to be qualitatively similar to those caused by the pesticide methoxychlor.
Three-dimensional interactions of vortex tubes

Abstract Three-dimensional interactions of vortex tubes in an incompressible flow are studied using vector valued vortex particles as computational elements. We observe the dynamics of the space curves of the vortex tubes, the development of complez internal structure in the vortex cores and the reconnection of vortex lines. Two cases are studied each involving two vortex rings initially.
Geographic information system (GIS) characterization of metal loading in the binational Tijuana River watershed

This paper describes a geographic information system (GIS)-based, land use runoff model that estimates the annual mass emission of copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) from the binational Tijuana River watershed (TRW). This model estimates that the urbanized portion of the City of Tijuana, Mexico, accounted for 37 to 47 percent of the actual downstream loading of these metals to the Tijuana Estuary and coastal ocean. The fraction of loading contributed by open space was about the same (31-44%), although this land use comprised about 90 percent of the total watershed area. Modeled estimates of the annual mass emission of heavy metals are in reasonable agreement with actual measurements, particularly for zinc (within about 10%), thereby suggesting that GIS-based modeling may be useful for predicting nonpoint source pollutant loading in a variety of border development scenarios.
Radiation heat transfer down an elongated spheroidal cavity

Effects of elongation on the radiation heat transport down a spheroidal cavity, located in a conducting solid with a diffusely reflecting cavity-solid interface, are examined. An effective conductivity {lambda}{sub e} and a void radiation conductivity {lambda}{sub r} are obtained as a function of cavity eccentricity {alpha} and surface emissivity {epsilon}. To facilitate the calculations and produce readily applicable equations, a rigorous variational principle is used. Exact solutions are generated in the neighborhood of the spherical cavity ({alpha}{sup 2} {yields} 0) for any {epsilon} > 0, a long needle-shaped void ({alpha}{sup 2} {yields} 1) for any {epsilon} > 0, and a perfect reflector ({epsilon} {yields} 0) for arbitrary elongation (0 {le} {alpha}{sup 2} {le} 1). Significant differences arising from the shape change are observed. The {alpha}{sup 2} {yields} 0 edge demonstrates a linear increase in {lambda}{sub r} with {epsilon}. At the opposite edge {alpha}{sup 2} {yields} 1 and positive {epsilon}, {lambda}{sub r} is a horizontal line independent of {epsilon}, much like the long cylinder, whose conductivity is a factor of 32/(9{pi}) (= 1.13) larger. In the neighborhood of {epsilon} {yields} 0, {lambda}{sub r} is always zero for any 0 {le} {alpha}{sup 2} {le} 1. The emissivity slope for {epsilon} {yields} 0more » starts from unity at {alpha}{sup 2} = 0 and increases monotonically with elongation to a singularity 3{pi}[16(1 {minus} {alpha}{sup 2})]{sup {minus}1} as {alpha}{sup 2} {yields} 1 for the long needle.« less
Ionic Mechanisms Controlling Behavioral Responses of Paramecium to Mechanical Stimulation

A mechanical stimulus applied to the anterior part of Paramecium causes a transient increase in membrane permeability to calcium. This permits a calcium current to flow into the cell, causing the membrane potential to approach the equilibrium level for calcium. The transient depolarization which results elicits a reversal in the direction of ciliary beat. When the organisms are free-swimming this is seen as the reversed locomotion of Jennings' "avoiding reaction." In contrast, a mechanical stimulus applied to the posterior part results in increased permeability to potassium ions, and hence an outward potassium current. The hyperpolarization which results causes an increase in the frequency of ciliary beat in the normal direction. In free-swimming specimens this is seen as an increase in the velocity of forward locomotion.
Acetic Acid Treatment of Reconstituted Sorghum Grain for Dairy Cos

Abstract Rations containing air-dry (90% dry matter), water reconstituted (70% dry matter) or acetic acid reconstituted (70% dry matter, 2% acetic acid) sorghum grain were compared in digestion and production trials. Coefficients of apparent digestibility for all chemical components were highest for the water reconstituted grain ration and lowest for the dry grain ration; however, only soluble sugars, starch and ash differences were statistically significant. Lactating cows fed a 40:60 hay: concentrate ration consumed equal quantities of total dry matter, but cows fed the two reconstituted rations consumed more hay and less concentrate dry matter than cows fed the dry grain ration. Fat-corrected milk production was not affected by grain treatment, but actual milk production was higher by cows fed the water reconstituted grain ration than cows fed dry grain ration. Milk fat percent and yield were decreased by water recon-stitution, yet no difference occurred between acetic acid reconstitution and dry grain rations. Milk protein percent was higher for cows fed the acetic acid reconstituted grain ration than those fed the dry grain ration. Molar percentage of ruminal acetic acid from cows fed the water reconstituted grain ration was lower than from those fed the other two rations. Acetic acid from reconstituted grain was sufficient to maintain ruminal acetic acid and milk fat percentages.
THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY'S END-USE CONSERVATION PROGRAM: DISCUSSION PAPER

I am not a student of ERDA* or the Department of Energy, but I know that two years ago ERDA had very limited goals for conservation. It envisioned little medium-term and no long-term conservation R&D. Of course, anyone can appreciate the reluctance of an organization with the history going from AEC to ERDA to DOE to be enthusiastic about conservation. I suggest that we all must be skeptical and demanding of the Department with respect to conservation, and that is the spirit of my remarks.
A comparison of plasma alprazolam concentrations following different routes of chronic administration in the Sprague-Dawley rat: implications for psychotropic drug research.

Rationale: Benzodiazepines are effective in the treatment of anxiety disorders over a prolonged period of time. This results in relatively stable plasma concentrations over the course of a day. However, due to differences in drug clearance in rats, which generally metabolize and clear drugs much more rapidly than humans, it is difficult to model this steady level in rats. Objectives: Several methods of chronic alprazolam administration were compared to determine which would best result in reproducible, therapeutically relevant levels of the drug. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered alprazolam via two subcutaneous routes, Alzet 2ML2 osmotic minipumps and commercially produced slow-release pellets, for 1 week and 2 weeks, respectively. Additionally, alprazolam was orally administered for 2 weeks by mixing the compound into a commercially available liquid, fat emulsion-based diet. The use of silastic implants to deliver several different benzodiazepines was also evaluated in vitro. Results: Following 7 days of alprazolam administration at 2 mg/kg per day via osmotic minipump, plasma concentrations in ten identically treated rats ranged from <1 ng/ml to 97 ng/ml. Slow-release pellets produced more consistent plasma concentrations, but were only minimally effective at raising plasma concentrations. In vitro studies utilizing silastic implants containing 90 mg drug in 6 cm of tubing revealed stable release of only 45–55 µg/day alprazolam versus 625–650 µg/day diazepam. In contrast to these methodologies, incorporation of alprazolam into a commercially available liquid diet (~25–150 mg/kg per day) provided consistent, dose-dependent increases in plasma concentrations of alprazolam and its metabolites in a range appropriate for mimicking clinical exposure. Conclusions: These findings indicate that the most effective technique to produce plasma concentrations of alprazolam that are reproducible, clinically pertinent, and consistent between rats is to incorporate the drug into a liquid diet. These findings may also be of value in determining dosing routes for other benzodiazepines or psychotropic drugs.
Structure and organization of cellular components measured in neoplastic tissues using angular low coherence interferometry

We use angular low coherence interferometry (a/LCI) to measure the size of cell nuclei and organization of smaller cell components for sub-surface layers in living tissues, demonstrating its applicability for detecting early stages of neoplasia.
Interfacial Structure and Rearrangement of Nonionic Surfactants near a Moving Contact Line

Surfactant solutions exhibit a wide variety of wetting and dewetting behaviors on high energy surfaces. These behaviors are driven by surfactant self-assemblies at the moving contact line. To probe...
Baroclinic Energy Flux at the Hawaiian Ridge: Observations from the R/P FLIP

Abstract Estimates of baroclinic energy flux are made in the immediate “Nearfield” (September–October 2002) and 450 km offshore (“Farfield”; October–November 2001) of the Kaena Ridge, an active barotropic-to-baroclinic conversion site. The flux estimates are based on repeated profiles of velocity and density obtained from the Research Platform Floating Instrument Platform (FLIP) as an aspect of the Hawaii Ocean Mixing Experiment. Energetic beams associated with both semidiurnal and diurnal internal waves are observed in the Kauai Channel. Beam depths and orientations are consistent with generation along the upper flanks of the ridge. At the far-field site, the baroclinic energy flux is borne primarily by first-mode semidiurnal waves. The energy flux associated with the entire spectrum of internal waves is computed by cross-spectral analysis. Significant energy fluxes are found in the inertial, diurnal, semidiurnal, and twice-semidiurnal frequency bands. The semidiurnal energy flux strongly dominates the s...