cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monodromy in the CMB: Gravity Waves and String Inflation

We present a simple mechanism for obtaining large-field inflation, and hence a gravitational wave signature, from string theory compactified on twisted tori. For nil manifolds, we obtain a leading inflationary potential proportional to ${\ensuremath{\phi}}^{2/3}$ in terms of the canonically normalized field $\ensuremath{\phi}$, yielding predictions for the tilt of the power spectrum and the tensor-to-scalar ratio, ${n}_{s}\ensuremath{\approx}0.98$ and $r\ensuremath{\approx}0.04$ with 60 e-foldings of inflation; we note also the possibility of a variant with a candidate inflaton potential proportional to ${\ensuremath{\phi}}^{2/5}$. The basic mechanism involved in extending the field range---monodromy in $D$-branes as they move in circles on the manifold---arises in a more general class of compactifications, though our methods for controlling the corrections to the slow-roll parameters require additional symmetries.
Immunohistochemical Localization of Renin in End-Stage Kidneys

Hypertension in chronic renal failure is usually due to excessive accumulation of salt and water. In some cases, sodium and volume depletion by dialysis fail to reduce the high BP, and plasma renin activity tends to be higher. We performed a semiquantitative analysis of the immunohistochemical distribution of renin in the kidneys of ten patients with end-stage renal disease and hypertension using a specific antihuman renin antibody and a peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique on paraffin sections of nephrectomy and/or autopsy specimens. In five cases with severe, dialysis-resistant hypertension, the degree of immunoreactivity was most striking, exceeding that found in renovascular hypertension and present in arterioles at a distance from the glomeruli. Three cases of advanced diabetic glomerulosclerosis consistently showed minimal immunoreactivity. We conclude that renin often can be detected immunologically in the kidney of patients with chronic renal failure and hypertension, but its pathophysiological role will require further study.
Flight evaluation of the CTAS descent advisor trajectory prediction

Since 1989, NASA's Langley Research Center and Ames Research Center have cooperated in investigating issues relating to application of air traffic control (ATC) automation. The particular system of interest is the Center TRACON Automation System (CTAS), a ground-based system for automated management and control of terminal area air traffic which was developed by NASA Ames. The goal of the joint, multi-year effort is to explore issues relating to integration of the automation with airborne flight management systems. This paper describes that follow-on flight test conducted in September, 1994. The test protocol including the test matrix, equipment, and procedure, and the collection of the weather, trajectory, and aircraft data are described.
Toward achieving energy efficiency in presence of deep submicron noise

Presented in this paper are: 1) information-theoretic lower bounds on energy consumption of noisy digital gates and 2) the concept of noise tolerance via coding for achieving energy efficiency in the presence of noise. In particular, lower bounds on a) circuit speed f/sub c/ and supply voltage V/sub dd/; b) transition activity t in presence of noise; c) dynamic energy dissipation; and d) total (dynamic and static) energy dissipation are derived. A surprising result is that in a scenario where dynamic component of power dissipation dominates, the supply voltage for minimum energy operation (V/sub dd, opt/) is greater than the minimum supply voltage (V/sub dd, min/)for reliable operation. We then propose noise tolerance via coding to approach the lower bounds on energy dissipation. We show that the lower bounds on energy for an off-chip I/O signaling example are a factor of 24/spl times/ below present day systems. A very simple Hamming code can reduce the energy consumption by a factor of 3/spl times/, while Reed-Muller (RM) codes give a 4/spl times/ reduction in energy dissipation.
Plasma proteins and lymphocyte phenotypes in long-term plasma donors

BACKGROUND: The possible effects of long-term plasma donation remain unknown, but it is important to investigate them so that donor safety is ensured. The purpose of this study was to determine if long-term plasma donation alters plasma proteins or lymphocyte phenotypes. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Two groups of long-term plasma donors, source plasma donors (n = 20) and Rh immune globulin plasma donors (n = 26), were compared with whole blood donors (n = 29) and nondonor controls (n = 30). Blood samples were obtained prior to donation. Serum protein, albumin, globulin, and immunoglobulin levels were determined. In an assay using whole blood, lymphocyte phenotypes were characterized with a panel of single- and dual-labeled monoclonal antibodies and subsequent analysis by flow cytometry. RESULTS: As compared to the nondonor controls and/or whole blood donors, the mean values for serum protein, globulin, and IgG levels were lower in both plasma donor groups, with a significant negative correlation between donation frequency and serum protein values for the source plasma donors. Albumin levels were within normal ranges for both groups of plasma donors. No significant differences existed among the donor groups in total white cell counts, the percentage or absolute number of lymphocytes, T (CD3) cells, or helper T (CD4) cells. However, there were increased percentages of B (CD19) cells and decreased percentages of suppressor T (CD8+/CD11b+) cells and natural killer cells in both groups of plasma donors as compared to nondonor controls. CONCLUSION: Many plasma donors have low levels of serum protein, globulin, and IgG. In addition, they have increased percentages of B cells and decreased percentages of suppressor T and natural killer cells. The clinical significance of these findings warrants further investigation.
Interference-aware IEEE 802.16 WiMax mesh networks

The IEEE 802.16 WiMax standard provides a mechanism for creating multi-hop mesh, which can be deployed as a high speed wide-area wireless network To realize the full potential of such high-speed IEEE 802.16 mesh networks, two efficient wireless radio resource allocation extensions were developed The objective of this paper is to propose an efficient approach for increasing the utilization of WiMax mesh through appropriate design of multi-hop routing and scheduling. As multiple-access interference is a major limiting factor for wireless communication systems, we adopt here an interference-aware cross-layer design to increase the throughput of the wireless mesh network. In particular, our scheme creates a tree-based routing framework, which along with scheduling is interference aware and results in a much higher spectral efficiency. Performance evaluation results show that the proposed interference-aware scheme achieves significant throughput enhancement over the basic IEEE 802.16 mesh network.
User-centered design and augmentative and alternative communication apps for children with autism spectrum disorders

Communication difficulties are among the most frequent characteristics of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Lack of communication can have a significant impact on the child’s life. Aug...
Contingent Valuation and Estimates of Residents’ Support for Revitalization Plans A Better Tool for Public Officials?

Revitalization efforts often require some commitment of tax dollars for the costs of the related-development projects. Elected and appointed officials often need to gauge support for these investments if electoral approval is required. Contingent valuation surveys can be a precise tool to understand support and concern among different groups of residents. This study illustrates a refined methodology and method for looking at the value placed on a new town center and the required public investment. The results illustrate that there is a considerable base of support for the plan and its financing, but officials would also need to implement an identified strategy to insure electoral support from a majority of residents.
Engineering “word experts” for word disambiguation

Every word in the lexicon of a natural language is used distinctly from all the other words. A word expert is a small expert system-like module for processing a particular word based on other words in its vicinity. A word expert exploits the idiosyncratic nature of a word by using a set of context testing decision rules that test the identity and placement of context words to infer the word's role in the passage.The main application of word experts is disambiguating words. Work on word experts has never fully recognized previous related work, and a comprehensive review of that work would therefore contribute to the field. This paper both provides such a review, and describes guidelines and considerations useful in the design and construction of word expert based systems.
Information needs among adolescent bariatric surgery patients and their caregivers.

Abstract Background Bariatric surgery is an invasive medical treatment for morbid obesity that requires behavioral maintenance for physical success. Patient knowledge, motivation, and adherence are important factors in optimizing results. Objectives The purpose of the present study was to identify perceived informational gaps of adolescent and young adult bariatric surgery patients with morbid obesity (body mass index≥40 kg/m 2 ). Setting This study took place in a pediatric tertiary care academic medical center. Methods Thirty-one adolescents/young adults who had undergone Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery at the authors' institution were recruited to complete questionnaires at their postsurgical visits (≥3 months postsurgery). Seventeen caregivers also participated in this study. The questionnaire used in the present study prompted patients and caregivers to reflect on information they wish they had known before surgery; questionnaire items included multiple choice and open-ended questions. Results Participants indicated that their informational needs were generally well met before surgery, although there were more needs noted by patients than by caregivers. Adolescent/young adult participants expressed a desire to have had more information about the necessity of taking vitamins daily and about having more gas. An association between informational needs and satisfaction was also found. Qualitative data revealed the importance of conveying cognitive-behavioral aspects of surgery to families (e.g., adherence, motivation). Conclusion Despite most patients and caregivers being satisfied with the adolescent bariatric surgery program at the authors' institution, informational gaps exist. Teen-friendly ways to disseminate information would be helpful in influencing patients' satisfaction.
Phase-shifting shadow moiré using the Carré algorithm

The difficulty of implementing the phase shifting method in shadow moire lies in the fact that the phase shift due to the displacement of the light source, the imaging sensor, or the grating is non-uniform across the field of view. Typical phase shifting algorithms fail to produce accurate results. In the past few decades, various approximation methods have been developed to overcome this difficulty. In this paper, we describe an elegant solution that provides exact close-form result. In our proposed system, the grating is translated in equal steps to introduce phase shifts. The phase value at each point is determined by the Carre algorithm, which only requires uniform phase shifts for each point, instead of in the whole field of view. The 3-D shape of the object is then reconstructed from the phase map retrieved from the Carre algorithm. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the Carre algorithm for shadow moire.
Grassroots Efforts: If You Plant Them, They Will Grow!

This article presents a four-tiered framework for the development of advocacy skills among teacher preparation professionals that reflects grassroots advocacy efforts and endorses the value of the physical and health education disciplines.
Intercepted Correspondence of William Penn, 1670

William "Penn^ 1670 In connection with the recent William Penn Tercentenary I learned by chance of some letters addressed to Penn in the Public Record Office, London, and secured photostats of them which are here transcribed and published. They do not appear to have been used by his biographers and they were not included in the Extracts from State "Papers Inflating to Friends 1654-1672 {Journal of Friends Historical Society , Supplements 8-11, 1913), though that volume has some other Penn items, notably his letter from the Tower to Lord Arlington in a form more original and much longer than the printed edition.1 Like various other Quaker letters in that volume these have been apparently intercepted by the censor. The young Penn was obviously suspect, and one of the letters, that from Philip Ford, with its reference to Friends' meetings held or to be held and to the shipment of Quaker books from Cork to Bristol, evidently aroused enough suspicion to be filed with a pr?cis endorsed by Secretary of State Sir Joseph Williamson. Otherwise the letters are inoffensive enough, purely personal, and with all their variety are of no small interest to the student of Penn or of early Quakerism. The letters all date from July or August, 1670, and hence belong to an important period of Penn's life and near other well-known episodes. Except the last they are addressed to him in Ireland, and should be studied with the Irish Journal2 in which he records his every day's doings from October 23, 1669, when he sailed from
How to Solve the eta --> 3 pi Problem by Seizing the Vacuum

Gauge theories of quarks which have chiral SU(3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}SU(3) symmetries necessarily also have a ninth axial-vector symmetry. Empirically this symmetry is not manifest in the particle spectrum in either the conventional or Goldstone form. We argue on the basis of an exactly solvable model that the apparent lack of the ninth axial-vector symmetry is due to the same long-range forces which confine quarks in infrared-unstable Yang-Mills theories. A related problem is the violation of Sutherland's low-energy theorem for the decay $\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$. We show how the same phenomenon naturally ruins the validity of Sutherland's conclusion for soft neutral pions. In the course of this work we discuss the Schwinger model with massive fermions. On the basis of mass perturbation theory and simple energy considerations, it appears that this is a well-behaved theory of confinement.
Radiative Corrections to Fermi Interactions

The radiative correction to the decay spectrum of polarized muons is recalculated taking into account a mistake in our previous work which was recently pointed out by Berman. The revised values for the radiative correction to $\ensuremath{\delta}$, $\ensuremath{\xi}$, and integrated asymmetries for the high- as well as low-energy decay electrons have turned out to be practically identical with the old values. The $\ensuremath{\rho}$ value determined from experiments, on the other hand, has to be increased by about 1% because of the new correction. Thus the over-all effect of the radiative correction to the $\ensuremath{\rho}$ value is now an increase of the order of 5.6% when the experimental and theoretical spectral distributions are compared in the region $0\ensuremath{\le}\frac{p}{{p}_{max}}\ensuremath{\le}0.95$. The radiative corrections to the spectrum and lifetime of the nuclear $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay arising from the charge interactions of the electron and proton are also studied. Use of this expression gives a correction of -1.7% for the lifetime of ${\mathrm{O}}^{14}$. The corrected Feynman-Gell-Mann coupling constant is $G=(1.40\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}49}$ erg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$. In the universal $V\ensuremath{-}A$ theory of weak interactions, the calculated muon mean life becomes ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}=(2.31\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ sec. (These three values depend logarithmically on the ultraviolet cutoff $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ and the corrections to ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ increase for increasing values of $\ensuremath{\lambda}$.) It is found that the corrections to the spectral shape of $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay are rather large in the case in which the end-point energy ${E}_{m}\ensuremath{\gg}{m}_{e}{c}^{2}$. The radiative corrections to the lifetime and the total asymmetry for muon decay are found to be well defined and finite for ${m}_{e}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ in spite of the fact that the differential spectrum itself diverges logarithmically in the same limit. The same situation is encountered in the case of radiative corrections to the nuclear $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay. A physical explanation for such behavior of the radiative corrections is attempted. In Appendix A, a simplified expression is given for the determination of the Michel parameter.
A Critical Review of the Risks to Water Resources from Unconventional Shale Gas Development and Hydraulic Fracturing in the United States

The rapid rise of shale gas development through horizontal drilling and high volume hydraulic fracturing has expanded the extraction of hydrocarbon resources in the U.S. The rise of shale gas development has triggered an intense public debate regarding the potential environmental and human health effects from hydraulic fracturing. This paper provides a critical review of the potential risks that shale gas operations pose to water resources, with an emphasis on case studies mostly from the U.S. Four potential risks for water resources are identified: (1) the contamination of shallow aquifers with fugitive hydrocarbon gases (i.e., stray gas contamination), which can also potentially lead to the salinization of shallow groundwater through leaking natural gas wells and subsurface flow; (2) the contamination of surface water and shallow groundwater from spills, leaks, and/or the disposal of inadequately treated shale gas wastewater; (3) the accumulation of toxic and radioactive elements in soil or stream sediments near disposal or spill sites; and (4) the overextraction of water resources for high-volume hydraulic fracturing that could induce water shortages or conflicts with other water users, particularly in water-scarce areas. Analysis of published data (through January 2014) reveals evidence for stray gas contamination, surface water impacts in areas of intensive shale gas development, and the accumulation of radium isotopes in some disposal and spill sites. The direct contamination of shallow groundwater from hydraulic fracturing fluids and deep formation waters by hydraulic fracturing itself, however, remains controversial.
The geochemistry of upland ponds, Taylor Valley, Antarctica

The McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica are the largest ice-free region on the continent. These valleys contain numerous water bodies that receive seasonal melt from glaciers. For forty years, research emphasis has been placed on the larger water bodies, the permanent ice-covered lakes. We present results from the first study describing the geochemistry of ponds in the higher elevations of Taylor Valley. Unlike the lakes at lower elevations, the landscape on which these ponds lie is among the oldest in Taylor Valley. These upland ponds wax and wane in size depending on the local climatic conditions, and their ionic concentrations and isotopic composition vary annually depending on the amount of meltwater generated and their hydrologic connectivity. This study evaluates the impact of changes in summer climate on the chemistry of these ponds. Although pond chemistry reflects the initial meltwater chemistry, dissolution and chemical weathering within the stream channels, and possibly permafrost fluid input, the primary control is the dilution effect of glacier melt during warmer summers. These processes lead to differences in solute concentrations and ionic ratios between ponds, despite their nearby proximity. The change in size of these ponds over time has important consequences on their geochemical behaviour and potential to provide water and solutes to the subsurface.
Diaqua[(Z)-4,4′-ethylenedipyridineN,N′-dioxide-κO](malonato-κ2O:O)copper(II) trihydrate

In the title compound, [Cu(C3H2O4)(C12H10N2O2)(H2O)2]·3H2O, a CuII center with `4+1' Jahn–Teller-distorted square-pyramidal coordination is bound by a chelating malonate dianion, two aqua ligands and a monodentate Z-4,4′-ethyl­ene­dipyridine N,N′-dioxide ligand. Three uncoordinated water mol­ecules cocrystallize with each complex mol­ecule. Individual mol­ecules are connected into one-dimensional ribbons and two-dimensional sheets through extensive hydrogen-bonding patterns mediated by both aqua ligands and water mol­ecules of crystallization.
Detection of Possible Economically Motivated Adulterants in Heparin Sodium and Low Molecular Weight Heparins with a Colorimetric Microplate Based Assay

Recently, we described a 96-well plate format assay for visual detection of oversulfated chondroitin sulfate A (OSCS) contamination in heparin samples based on a water-soluble cationic polythiophene polymer (3-(2-(N-(N′-methylimidazole))ethoxy)-4-methylthiophene (LPTP)) and heparinase digestion of heparin. Here, we establish the specificity of the LPTP/heparinase test with a unique set of reagents that define the structural requirements for significant LPTP chemosensor color change. For example, we observed a biphasic behavior of larger shifts to the red in the UV absorbance spectra with decreasing average molecular weight of heparin chains with a break below 12-mer chain lengths. In addition, the oversulfation of chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) to a partially (PSCS) or fully (OSCS) sulfated form caused progressively less red shift of LPTP solutions. Furthermore, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) containing glucuronic acid caused distinct spectral patterns compared to iduronic acid containing GAGs. We applied the LPT...
Cutaneous Microabscess Formation from Alternaria alternata

A 69-year-old farmer with acute lymphocytic lymphoma developed multiple ulcerated hemorrhagic cutaneous lesions. Alternaria alternata was cultured from the lesions and hyphae were seen in biopsies of the lesions. The potential role of Alternaria as a human pathogen is discussed.
Aging and contralateral suppression effects on transient evoked otoacoustic emissions.

Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) were recorded in 30 normal-hearing subjects to nonlinear clicks while continuous contralateral broadband noise (CBBN) was presented at 40, 50, 60, and 70 dB HL . Thirty subjects between 20 and 79 years were divided systematically into six-decade age groups, five subjects per group. All subjects in each group had hearing thresholds of 20 dB HL or better for the test frequencies from 0.25 to 8.0 kHz and normal acoustic immittance findings. The results provide evidence that contralateral suppression at varying levels of CBBN is interactive with age. Except for subjects in the age ranges between 60 and 69 and 70 and 79 years of age, an increase in CBBN from 40 to 70 dB in 10-dB steps resulted in an average increase in suppression from about 0.5 to 3.5 dB SPL . In addition, the contralateral suppression at 60 and 70 dB HL was significantly greater for subjects between 20 and 59 years of age than for subjects between 60 and 79 years of age.
Evaluation of enrichment and plating media for isolating Listeria monocytogenes.

We compared selective enrichment broths used by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Food Safety and Inspection Service, for their efficiency in the quantitative recovery of Listeria monocytogenes from a naturally contaminated Brie cheese that was obtained as part of an epidemic investigation. Quantitative recovery of Listeria in FDA broth (greater than 2.4 x 10(5) colony forming units/mL) was significantly better than recovery in USDA broth (9.3 x 10(3) colony forming units/mL). When USDA broth was supplemented with D-glucose and Phytone (papaic digest of soy protein), its recovery efficiency improved but did not equal that of FDA broth for isolating L. monocytogenes from Brie cheese. A comparison of 4 selective plating media [modified McBride's agar, gum base nalidixic acid agar, lithium chloride-phenylethanol-moxalactam agar (LPM), and acriflavine-ceftazidime agar (AC)] showed that 3 L. monocytogenes strains belonging to serotype 1/2a were partially or completely inhibited on LPM and AC agars. One strain of serotype 1/2a formed microcolonies on modified McBride's agar after 48 h of incubation.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Classical and Newer Anticonvulsants

Classical anti-epileptic drugs such as phenytoin, phenobarbital, carbamazepine and valproic acid require routine therapeutic drug monitoring for all patients. Since 1993, 14 new drugs have been approved for use and were selected to have properties that potentially reduce the need for therapeutic drug monitoring. These second-generation anti-epileptic drugs include eslicarbazepine acetate, felbamate, gabapentin, lacosamide, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, pregabalin, rufinamide, stiripentol, tiagabine, topiramate, vigabatrin and zonisamide. Clear guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring of some of these newer anticonvulsants have not been established. In addition, some drugs may not require therapeutic drug monitoring. Understanding the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these drugs will help guide when monitoring is needed. Appropriately utilizing reference ranges for these drugs is important, and determining an individual therapeutic concentration for a patient can be beneficial. Monitoring of drug levels in saliva may also be useful with specific drugs.
The Impact of Angiotensin-Modulating Antihypertensives on Time Interval to Revision Surgery for Nasal Polyps.

Objective/HypothesisAngiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) have been shown to suppress expression of periostin, a matricellular protein that is ma...
Entering through the Porta dos Fundos: The Changing Landscape of Brazilian Television Fiction:

Brazil is both a leading television producer in the Global South and home to TV Globo, one of the largest and most commercially successful networks in the world. Indeed, for nearly fifty years of its sixty-five year history, TV Globo and its standardized production of extremely popular telenovelas have largely come to characterize Brazilian television fiction as a whole. In this article, I situate the meteoric rise of the independent production company and YouTube sensation, Porta dos Fundos, within the broader context of TV Globo’s declining audience share and the wide-ranging effects of the Pay Television Law (2011). In doing so, I argue that Porta dos Fundos’s audiovisual production for the Internet and prime-time television serves as an illustrative case for understanding the interrelated ways in which recent policy, new distribution platforms, emerging independent production companies, and an influx of locally produced content are helping to shape the changing landscape of Brazilian television fictio...
Estimating Exchange Stiffness of Thin Films With Perpendicular Anisotropy Using Magnetic Domain Images

The exchange stiffness and domain wall width of magnetic thin films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy are obtained using Kerr microscopy in conjunction with vibrating sample magnetometer measurements. This approach requires only knowledge of saturation magnetization, the effective out-of-plane anisotropy energy, and an image of the demagnetized domain pattern, from which the demagnetization energy and domain wall length are determined. The demagnetization energy is calculated from the image using a Rhodes–Rowlands based approach, while domain wall length is estimated using an image processing algorithm. By relating the effect of domain periodicity on both the demagnetization energy and the domain wall length, an expression for the domain wall energy, and thus exchange stiffness, is constructed. This provides a room-temperature measurement of exchange stiffness in demagnetized unpatterned films. Results are compared with analytical solutions for idealized domain patterns, and a CoFeB/MgO stack is measured as a test case.
Agrarian Reform in Ukraine

Ukraine went through a substantial reform process between 1991 and 2010. The key priority of the reform was the adoption of a market-based institutional framework. Establishing a market-based agricultural sector in Ukraine required deep agrarian reforms, whose main component was land privatisation. A further key component was farm restructuring by transforming collective and state farms into commercial agricultural enterprises and individual farms. Other elements of the reforms included establishing a market infrastructure for trading farm products as well as reforming the tax, agricultural support and credit systems. Besides discussing the outcomes of the agrarian reform in Ukraine, this chapter also reflects on successes and failures of the reform process and highlights the potential future directions of a successful completion of agricultural reform.
Exploring Female Sexuality Embracing the Whole Narrative

Sexuality is inseparable from sexual health and can refer to sex, gender identities, orientation, pleasure, intimacy, expression, and reproduction. While each element of human sexuality is important, all of these components interconnect to make us complete sexual beings. Educators and other human service providers thus require professional preparation to ensure they can meet the needs of their learners, effectively manage programming, and successfully implement strategies that allow individuals to embrace or manage their sexual existence. An inclusive approach to sexual health is best to meet the sexual health needs of all women, while ensuring their agency and control of their own bodies.
Multiple Instance Choquet integral for classifier fusion

The Multiple Instance Choquet integral (MICI) for classifier fusion and an evolutionary algorithm for parameter estimation is presented. The Choquet integral has a long history of providing an effective framework for non-linear fusion. However, previous methods to learn an appropriate measure for the Choquet integral required accurate and precise training labels. In many applications, data-point specific labels are unavailable and infeasible to obtain. The proposed MICI algorithm allows for training with uncertain labels in which class labels are provided for sets of data points (i.e., “bags”) instead of individual data points (i.e., “instances”). The proposed algorithm is able to fuse multiple two-class classifier outputs by learning a monotonic and normalized fuzzy measure from uncertain training labels using an evolutionary algorithm. It produces enhanced classification performance by computing Choquet integral with the learned fuzzy measure. Results on both simulated and real hyperspectral data are presented in the paper.
Sentiment analysis during Hurricane Sandy in emergency response

Abstract Sentiment analysis has been widely researched in the domain of online review sites with the aim of generating summarized opinions of users about different aspects of products. However, there has been little work focusing on identifying the polarity of sentiments expressed by users during disaster events. Identifying such sentiments from online social networking sites can help emergency responders understand the dynamics of the network, e.g., the main users' concerns, panics, and the emotional impacts of interactions among members. In this paper, we perform a sentiment analysis of tweets posted on Twitter during the disastrous Hurricane Sandy and visualize online users' sentiments on a geographical map centered around the hurricane. We show how users' sentiments change according not only to their locations, but also based on the distance from the disaster. In addition, we study how the divergence of sentiments in a tweet posted during the hurricane affects the tweet retweetability. We find that extracting sentiments during a disaster may help emergency responders develop stronger situational awareness of the disaster zone itself.
Technologies of Pow(d)er: Military Mathematical Practitioners’ Strategies and Self-Presentation

The category of “military mathematical practitioners” consists of those active soldiers and engineers who consciously broadcast their use of mathematical methods to achieve their goals in warfare. These are but a subset of mathematical practitioners more broadly, and they existed on a continuum from the practical to the theoretical, with each demonstrating a mix of the two. In this military case, I investigate the concerns in gunnery and fortification of Thomas Harriot, William Bourne, Thomas Digges, and Edmund Parker—an early-modern scientist, noted author on the mathematical arts, military administrator and author, and a polymath soldier and gunner, respectively—each of whom adopted a certain “mathematical posture” to distinguish themselves in these pursuits. Framed by the work of E.G.R. Taylor, Edgar Zilsel, and Erving Goffman, the examination of how mathematics were actually used by these military mathematical practitioners (which should not be conflated with their actual utility, which is shown here to be often quite lacking) demonstrates the relationship, often a gulf, between theory and practice in one area of the mathematics in later sixteenth-century England. The context, audience, method of development, instruments, and mode of presentation (print vs. manuscript vs. rhetoric) of the mathematical methods applied to warfare also provide evidence of how mathematics was both used and understood as useful in this period to build a self-image of competence and professionalism.
Differences in brain architecture in remote mild traumatic brain injury

Abstract Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is brain trauma from an external impact with a loss of consciousness less than 30 min. Mild TBI results in several biopsychosocial impairments, with pronounced cognitive deficits thought to resolve within 3 months of injury. Previous research suggests that these impairments are due to a temporary inability to appropriately allocate neural resources in response to cognitive demands. Our study questioned this assumption and instead hypothesized that mTBI was associated with long-term neural disruptions and compromised brain structure integrity. By extension, we investigated the likelihood that functional restitution and cognitive resolution following mTBI may be due to some form of neurofunctional reorganization. To this end, we examined abnormalities in resting state functional connectivity and structure (volume, thickness, and fractional anisotropy) in two groups of mTBI—those with 1–10 years time post-injury (mTBI1–10), and those with 20–65 years time post-inju...
G237(P) The Irish Junior Doctor Experience, Inclusive of EWTD Compliance

Aims Recent implementation of the European Working Time Directive has been an important development in the training of Irish NCHDs, reducing long working hours and shift duration. Our aim was to identify strengths and deficiencies in current medical intern training including compliance to EWTD, education provided and also in identifying occupational difficulties faced by medical interns on a daily basis. Methods Ethical approval was obtained for an online survey. A cross-sectional subjective analysis of 351 current interns was performed, following successful ethical approval. Both quantitative and qualitative analysis of results was carried out. Data was subsequently analysed and reviewed. Results 158 (45%) of interns work shifts in excess of 24 hours, most noting clinical emergencies and team pressure as reasons for breach of EWTD. 39 (11%) of interns have worked shifts of duration greater than 28 hours, and 11 (3%) have worked a single shift in excess of 32 hours. Unrostered overtime was not financially compensated in 137 (39%) of interns. 75 (21.4%) interns have worked in excess of 90 hours per week on one or more occasions. Only 119 (34%) interns attend available training and education opportunities provided, more than 90% of the time. Conclusions Irish hospitals are still poorly compliant with the European Working Time Directive despite industrial action, resulting in frustration and exhaustion results from unsafe working hours. These issues require to be addressed to improve the Irish intern experience.
Breeding and multiple waves of primary molt in common ground doves of coastal Sinaloa

For adult Common Ground Doves from Sinaloa we demonstrate that the primaries are a single molt series, which sometimes feature two (in one case three) waves of feather replacement. Such stepwise primary replacement is found in many large birds but, at 40 g, this dove is much the smallest species reported to have multiple waves of replacement proceeding through its primaries simultaneously. Pre-breeding juvenile Common Ground Doves never feature two waves of primary replacement. Juveniles usually have more than two adjacent feathers growing simultaneously and replace their primaries in about 100 days. In contrast adults, which extensively overlap molt and breeding, usually grow just a single primary at a time, and require at least 145 days to replace their primaries. Molt arrests are thought to drive the generation of new waves of primary replacement in a diversity of large birds. For adult Common Ground Doves, we found molt arrests to be strongly associated with active crop glands, suggesting that the demands of parental care cause arrests in primary replacement in this dove. For those adults with two primary molt waves, initiation of an inner wave was most frequently observed once the outer wave had reached P10. Thus, unlike reports for large birds, Common Ground Doves usually suppress the initiation of a new wave of molt starting at P1 when the preceding wave arrests before reaching the distal primaries. This assures that relatively fresh inner primaries are not replaced redundantly, overcoming a serious flaw in stepwise molting in large birds (Rohwer, 1999).
Social Work Educational Debt and Salary Survey: A Snapshot from Ohio

Educational debt is on the rise, and social work salaries remain low compared with salaries of other similarly educated and trained professionals. To better understand the implications of educational debt for social workers, an online survey was sent to social workers in Ohio. More than 700 respondents provided information concerning educational debt and social work wages. It was found that educational attainment levels were correlated with educational debt burden but did not affect the length of the payback period. In contrast, type of practice setting did not affect educational debt burden but did affect payback period. Regarding social work wages, educational levels affected salaries; specifically, more time spent earning a degree resulted in higher starting and current salaries. Those with an MSW earned more than those with only a bachelor's degree in the field, both in starting and current salaries. Practice setting did not have an impact on starting salary but did affect current salary. This study has implications for social work education and advocacy work related to student debt forgiveness.
E06, A NATURAL ANTIBODY TARGETED TO OXIDIZED PHOSPHOLIPIDS, ATTENUATES CARDIAC ISCHEMIA REPERFUSION INJURY IN MICE

Ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury accounts for up to 50% of the final myocardial infarction size despite successful percutaneous coronary intervention. No effective pharmacologic therapies exist in humans to reduce I/R injury. Monoclonal antibody (MAb) E06 binds to the phosphocholine (PC) head group
A method to initialize the Keetch-Byram drought index

The 1988 National Fire Danger Rating System implements the Keetch-Byram Drought Index. This index is output both as an estimator of drought in its own right and is used to modify fire danger calculations to account for deep drying of dead vegetation and duff. That is, as drought increases, dead fuel load is increased to reflect greater fuel availability in the duff and litter layers. These fuel load changes are used in the 1988 NFDR System to better reflect seasonal changes in fire danger. A method initializes this index for those fire danger rating stations that do not run the National Fire Danger Rating System all year long.
Characterization of Long Ascending Tract Projection Neurons and Non-Tract Neurons in the Superficial Dorsal Horn (SDH)

Using the Golgi technique, Ramon y Cajal (1909) showed that the marginal and substantia gelatinosal (SG) layers of the dorsal horn, now collectively known as the superficial dorsal horn (SDH), contained at least four distinct neuronal cell types; these were the marginale of the marginal zone and the transverseux., limitrophe., and centrale cells of the SG. Several investigators in subsequent Golgi studies have described the morphology of a variety of additional types of cells in the SDH (Pearson, 1952; Scheibel and Scheibel, 1968; Matsushita, 1969; Gobel, 1975, 1978a,b, Sugiura, 1975; Mannen and Sugiura, 1976; Beal and Cooper, 1978; Beal, 1979, 1983; Price et al., 1979; Bicknell and Beal, 1981a,b, 1984; Schoenen, 1982; Abdel-Maguid and Bowsher, 1984, 1985; Beal and Bicknell, 1984; Bowsher and Abdel-Maguid, 1984; and Lima and Coimbra, 1986). These studies had been performed on a variety of different species at different levels of the neuraxis and there was considerable disagreement between investigators on the various cell types present and on the terminology used. Also, although it is known that the SDH is comprised of both projection and non-projection neurons, these two groups have never been completely distinguished from one another on a morphological basis.
An electronic documentation system increases diagnostic code capture for very low birth weight infants.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Information describing medical interventions and patient outcome of very low birth weight (VLBW; BW <1500 grams) infants who receive neonatal intensive care is necessary to evaluate the quality of health care. We developed an electronic patient documentation system (EDS) called PCode to identify and select patient diagnostic (DX) codes and compared EDS to the previous paper-based documentation system (PDS). Our hypothesis was that EDS would capture more patient diagnostic codes than PDS. METHODS: PDS was originally developed as a two page 'code sheet' which listed all 275 neonatal diagnoses/management options and corresponding 3-4 character diagnostic (DX) codes, organized by organ system. PDS code sheets were manually completed by one of three trained 'coders' for every neonatal patient. EDS was developed as a Java application with the 'coder' selecting DX codes from drop lists also categorized by organ system. The study intervention was patient code selection using either the PDS or the EDS system. Both systems produced a paper DX code summary. PDS data capture occurred from 11/1997-3/1999 followed by EDS data capture until 8/2000. The primary outcome variable was DX codes captured per patient. Data were analyzed using independent t-test and linear regression. RESULTS: The number of diagnoses increased with decreasing birth weight. After linear regression was applied to control for birth weight, the number of DX codes was 31% greater in the EDS group, 7.2 +/- 2.9 DX codes/patient, p=0.008. There was a trend towards fewer erroneous DX codes in the EDS group. The most common DX codes were hyaline membrane disease, sepsis evaluation and hyperbilirubinemia, as expected for this patient population. CONCLUSIONS: EDS captured more VLBW infant DX codes compared to PDS. These results support the transition toward electronic data documentation for the neonatal clinical environment. Electronically linking PCode to the patient database has been initiated and should reduce manual coding errors.
Effects of Metallurgical Parameters on Dynamic Fracture

The effects of systematically varying three common metallurgical parameters on the fracture pattern caused by impact loading have been studied using optical and electron microscopy. 1) Increasing dislocation densities were produced in pure copper specimens by compression prior to impact testing. The dynamic fracture strength increased and the total amount of strain induced by the impact loading, decreased for larger pres trains. The fracture surface of the copper showed typical ductile fracture morphology. 2) Decreasing the stacking fault energy using alloys of copper with up to 7 weight percent aluminum, was found to increase the dynamic fracture strength and the twin density resulting from the impact loading. Recovered fracture surfaces showed typical morphology of twin markings. 3) The state of precipitation in two age hardenable aluminum alloys was found to affect the dynamic fracture behavior. Samples of 2024 aluminum alloy showed a continuously increasing level of spall damage with increasing aging times. Samples of 6061 aluminum alloy on the other hand displayed decreasing fracture damage for aging times up to the maximum hardness condition and increasing fracture damage for longer aging times. The fracture surface morphology was typically ductile in nature and did not vary in appearance among the samples with the different precipitation states studied.
SP11 Reducing Sample Complexity for Proteomics

Most proteomes of multi-cellular organisms are far more complex and have wider dynamic ranges of protein concentrations than the capacities of existing protein profiling methods. Hence, only modest portions of these proteomes, frequently less than 10% of the proteins, are detected and studied. The most effective solution to this disconnect between proteome complexity and protein profiling capacity is to simplify the biological samples of interest and focus on one or more subproteomes. A key factor in sample simplification strategies is to achieve reproducible isolation of an appropriate subproteome so that variations in preparations are not confused with biological changes. It is also important to be able to distinguish low-abundance components of the targeted subproteome from contaminants. While contamination can be greatly minimized, it can never be entirely eliminated. The specific subproteome that should be targeted depends heavily upon the biological questions being addressed. This session will highlight a number of current strategies for simplifying complex proteomes and their application to diverse biological and biomedical problems.
Back to basics – The importance of enterostomal therapy education for general surgery residents

Background and Objectives: General surgery residents' perceived knowledge base and comfort with intestinal stomas and enterostomal therapy are profiled through a national survey. Subjects and Methods: General surgery residents were surveyed to explore the existence of formal didactics and training in ostomy creation and stomal care, to examine the residents' perceived knowledge base of clinical indications for enterostomal care approaches, and to elicit the residents' comfort with performing enterostomal surgeries and managing complications. Results: A total of 734 US residents were surveyed. 218 respondents completed the survey (30%): 40% Northeast, 22% Midwest, 22% South, 16% West, and 82% with direct university affiliation. Only 12% experienced formal enterostomal therapy training and only 15% attended related lectures. Most (86%) routinely worked with enterostomal therapists. Only 11% of chiefs felt “very confident” in their knowledge base of clinical indications for enterostomal care, and 61% felt “very comfortable” with surgical procedures of ostomy creation and closure. Merely 4% of all residents felt “very comfortable” dealing with common ostomy complications. Conclusions: In an era of surgical subspecialization and advanced nursing practice in enterostomal therapy, general surgery residents lack confidence in their knowledge base and comfort when approaching enterostomal therapy and stomal complications. US resident education should be reformed to enhance training in these fundamental principles essential to general surgery practice.