cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laser-assisted molecular alignment in a strongly dissipative environment

This paper shows that transient alignment of linear molecules in a dense collisional environment can result from the formation of trapped aligned ``dark'' states in a laser field constituting either a comb of resonant short pulses or a sinusoidally frequency-modulated wave with a continuous flux. Simulation of the laser-induced dynamics of CO molecules reveals that the latter approach is effective at room temperature and requires three orders of magnitude less laser intensity compared to known alignment techniques.
Dynamics in an idealized ionic liquid model.

An idealized four-site ionic liquid model having characteristics approximating those of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([Im41][PF6]) is introduced as a low-cost alternative to existing all-atom models for purposes of simulating solute-based dynamics over nanosecond and longer time scales. The structural and energetic properties of the model are in reasonable agreement with those of [Im41][PF6] and similar ionic liquids, but the dynamics are unrealistically slow. A temperature shift of ∼100 K is required to produce agreement between the viscosity and diffusion coefficients of the model and experimental values. Several aspects of the ion dynamics such as subdiffusive translational motions, non-Gaussian van Hove distributions, and jumplike displacements in both positions and orientations, are similar to behavior observed in supercooled liquids. Translational diffusion coefficients and rotational correlation times show roughly the proportionalities to viscosity expected from hydrodynamic mode...
Internal gravity waves in atmospheres with realistic dissipation and temperature part II. Thermal tides excited below the mesopause

Abstract The formalism developed in Part I for studying atmospheric tides and other internal gravity waves in atmospheres with realistic structure and dissipation is discussed further, and used to study the atmosphere's response to thermotidal excitation due to insolation absorption by ozone, water vapor and the ground. It is shown that the main diurnal propagating mode becomes unstable near 85 km. The instability is shown to cease at 108 km—suggesting an explanation of the turbopause. It is also shown that the semidiurnal tide is attenuated by molecular dissipation before nonlinear terms become dominant. Another result found is that the inclusion of eddy and molecular viscosity and conductivity, Newtonian cooling and surface heating do not significantly alter the predicted phase of the semidiurnal surface pressure oscillation from the value obtained from inviscid theory with excitation due only to insolation absorption by water vapor and ozone. A discrepancy of about 40 minutes exists between theory and ...
Calcium influx and release from intracellular stores contribute differentially to activity-dependent neuronal facilitation in Hermissenda Photoreceptors

Abstract A series of experiments is described that elucidates the sources of Ca2+that contribute to activity-dependent neuronal facilitation inHermissendaB photoreceptors during associative conditioning. In an in vitro preparation, pairings of a 4-s light with a 3-s mechanical stimulation of presynaptic hair cells increased the input resistance and elicited spike rate (i.e., excitability) of the B photoreceptors in theHermissendaeye, indicative of a Ca2+-dependent process that is analogous to associative conditioning in the intact animal. This increase in excitability was reduced but not eliminated when hyperpolarizing current was applied to the B cell during the pairings, suggesting that voltage-dependent influx of Ca2+contributed only a portion of the total calcium signal necessary for facilitation. Moreover, no increase in excitability was observed when a comparable current-induced depolarization of the photoreceptor was substituted for light-induced depolarization. In other experiments, Ca2+-dependent inactivation of a light-induced Na+current was used as an index of intracellular Ca2+concentration. It was determined that light caused a large increase in intracellular Ca2+concentration regardless of whether the photoreceptor was allowed to freely depolarize in response to light or was voltage clamped at its resting membrane potential. Current-induced depolarization produced a smaller increase, while presynaptic stimulation had no measurable effect. Intracellular injections of either heparin, an antagonist of intracellular Ca2+release, or EGTA, a general Ca2+chelator, induced comparable reductions of light-induced Ca2+accumulation. Finally, intracellular injections of heparin blocked the pairing-induced increases in B cell excitability as effectively as injections of EGTA. Taken as a whole, these data suggest that Ca2+release from intracellular stores may be sufficient for the induction of facilitation in this preparation, while Ca2+influx through voltage-dependent channels may have an additive effect and provide further evidence for the ubiquitous role of Ca2+in learning-related forms of neuronal plasticity.
Single-electron-capture cross sections for multiply charged O, Fe, Mo, Ta, W, and Au ions incident on H and H 2 at intermediate velocities

Total cross sections for electron capture have been measured for ${\mathrm{O}}^{q+}(1\ensuremath{\le}q\ensuremath{\le}8)$, ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{q+}(4\ensuremath{\le}q\ensuremath{\le}15)$, ${\mathrm{Mo}}^{q+}(4\ensuremath{\le}q\ensuremath{\le}18)$, ${\mathrm{Ta}}^{q+}(3\ensuremath{\le}q\ensuremath{\le}19)$, ${\mathrm{W}}^{q+}(6\ensuremath{\le}q\ensuremath{\le}15)$, and ${\mathrm{Au}}^{q+}(5\ensuremath{\le}q\ensuremath{\le}16)$ incident on H and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ in the velocity range 2.2-6.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{8}$ cm/s. Both the scaling of the capture cross sections with projectile charge and their velocity dependence are investigated and compared to current theoretical models. In the range of charge states and velocities investigated, the cross sections, in general, are observed to decrease uniformly with increasing projectile velocity and to increase monotonically with increasing projectile charge. The charge dependence of the cross sections becomes stronger with increasing projectile velocity. In the present range of velocities, the ratios of the cross sections measured on ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ and H targets decrease with increasing projectile charge, while increasing as a function of velocity. For the lighter projectiles Fe and Mo, localized deviations from the expected smooth increase of the capture cross sections with increasing projectile charge at constant velocity were observed in the vicinity of projectile charge states corresponding to closed-shell configurations. These observed "dips" are strongly correlated with variations in calculated ionic projectile radii. For the heavier projectiles Ta, W, and Au, oscillations superimposed on the expected monotonically increasing $q$ dependence were observed, having amplitude and phase that are only weakly dependent on projectile species. This oscillatory behavior is attributed to interference between the long-range Coulomb and short-range (screened) Coulomb interactions characterizing the collision.
On the Origins of Making Italy: Massimo D’Azeglio and ‘Fatta l’Italia, bisogna fare gli Italiani’

This article clarifies the origin of a phrase that has been central to Italy’s nation-making project since the mid-nineteenth century, ‘Fatta l’Italia, bisogna fare gli Italiani,’ and which has been erroneously attributed to statesman Massimo D’Azeglio since approximately 1866. It traces the permutations of the phrase through the publication history of D’Azeglio’s I miei ricordi, its resurfacing in the writings of Ferdinando Martini at the fin de siecle, and finally its reappropriation by Gabriele D’Annunzio and Fascism. Investigating this history shows how ‘making Italy’ emerged as a common trope in the nationalist discourse by exposing the ways in which interpersonal relationships shaped its textures, and, in doing so, how personal and political spheres also became intertwined in Italy’s national project. In such ways, D’Azeglio’s maxim signifies the dialectical tensions between poiesis and negation — tensions that mutually constitute and destabilize the contours of the modern Italian nation-state.
Nonlinear viscoelastic properties of layered-silicate-based intercalated nanocomposites

The nonlinear viscoelastic properties for a series of intercalated nanocomposites of an organically modified montmorillonite and a disordered styrene−isoprene diblock copolymer are reported. The li...
A SINGLE DOSE OF PANTOTHENATE, CYSTEINE, AND CARNITINE INCREASES LIVER COENZYME A AND ACETYL CoA LEVELS IN NORMAL INFANT MICE AND SUBSTANTIALLY REVERSES VALPROATE-INDUCED HEPATIC DYSFUNCTION: POSSIBLE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

We have previously reported that valproate (VAL) reduced coenzymeA (CoA) and acetyl CoA (AcCoA) levels in the livers (LV) of 4-8-d-old mice. In this study, we attempted to increase LV CoA and AcCoA synthesis in normal mice by s.c. injection of pantothenate (B5, 2 mmol/kg), L-cysteine (CYST, 1 mmol/kg) and L-carnltlne (CARN, 2.5 mmol/kg). Effects in VAL-treated mice were also examined. B5 + CYST + CARN had a significant effect on LV CoA metabolism in normal mice (Table). B5 + CYST without CARN or CARN alone had no effect. In VAL-treated mice (15 mg/kg) (N=6) injection of B5 + CYST + CARN increased depressed LV CoA and AcCoA levels 58% (P<0.001), and 70% (P=0.006), respectively; plasma [p-OHB] increased 128%, P<0.001. CoA and AcCoA are essential cofactots in over 100 synthetic and degradative reactions. Increasing levels of CoA and AcCoA In LV may have clinical relevance not only to VAL-associated hepatotoxicity, but also to other conditions where there is sequestration of CoA (as acyl-CoA) and inhibition of LV metabolism because of CoA and AcCoA depletion.
Reducing Health Complaints in the Computerized Workplace: The Role of Ergonomic Education

Increasing pressure from governmental agencies and rising health costs are pressing those responsible for workplace design to be responsible for ergonomic improvements. Understanding the technical aspects of ergonomic applications can bring designers into the pivotal position of being able to specify changes in the office which favorably affect management's bottom line, and, at the same time, to a large extent, free the human beings who work in the office from major health hazards. It is, therefore, increasingly important that design education have an ergonomic component.
Manipulation of Spectral Composition of a Random Beam in Turbulent Atmosphere

We employ spectral dependence of several parameters of Gaussian Schell-model beams (beam width, correlation width) for efficient manipulation of their spectral composition on propagation in turbulent atmosphere of Kolmogorov and non-Kolmogorov type.
A comparison of Ne II lifetimes obtained by several techniques

Abstract Radiative lifetimes have been determined by the beam-foil method for a number of states of Ne II for which lifetimes have been previously measured by the phase shift technique and by intensity measurements on a He-Ne plasma. The measurements were made using a fixed monochromator adjusted to pass one of the spectral lines originating in the state of interest and a second monochromator set to pass the spectral line of interest. The second monochromator could be moved along the direction of the beam. The data recorded were the number of photon counts for the scanning monochromator for a predetermined number of photon counts of the fixed monochromator as a function of distance along the beam. The resulting lifetimes are compared with previous results and an evaluation of the relative importance of several sources of error is made.
NOAA satellite data: a useful tool for macro inventory

This article discusses some of the demonstrated and potential uses of data from satellites with large fields of view and high frequency of coverage, such as NOAA AVHRR data and Nimbus-7 CZCS data. The use of such data is discussed for three types of applications: (a) stratification, (b) change detection, and (c) area estimation. It is concluded that such data have considerable promise as an aid to a variety of large-area inventory and monitoring tasks.
Hemorrhagic Complications in Emergency Department Patients Who Are Receiving Dabigatran Compared With Warfarin

Study objective Dabigatran is a reversible direct thrombin inhibitor recently approved for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation. An increasing number of patients receiving dabigatran present to the emergency department (ED) with bleeding complications. Unlike vitamin K antagonists, there are no accepted reversal agents for dabigatran and the data on course and management of bleeding complications are limited. The study objective is to describe the course of bleeding complications in patients admitted through the ED who are prescribed dabigatran in comparison with warfarin therapy. Methods This was a prospective observational study of ED patients under treatment with dabigatran or warfarin who were admitted with bleeding complications during a 6-month period. Patient demographics, laboratory results, bleeding site, interventions, and outcomes are reported. Results There were 15 and 123 patients admitted with dabigatran and warfarin-induced bleeding complications, respectively. Of the warfarin patients, 25 charts were randomly chosen for extraction. Patients with dabigatran-induced bleeding had a shorter length of stay (3.5 versus 6.0 days) and were older (77 versus 70 years). Patients receiving dabigatran were more likely to have gastrointestinal bleeding (80% versus 48%) and less likely to have intracranial bleeding (0% versus 32%) than those receiving warfarin. Of patients with dabigatran-induced bleeding, 53% presented with an acute kidney injury. Conclusion Our patients with dabigatran-induced bleeding had a more benign clinical course with a shorter length of stay compared with patients with warfarin-induced bleeding. As was the case in previous published reports, there were fewer intracranial hemorrhages in patients receiving dabigatran than warfarin. Sustaining an acute kidney injury potentially predisposes patients to bleeding while receiving dabigatran.
Olefin Metathesis Catalysts Containing Acyclic Diaminocarbenes

The first examples of ruthenium-based olefin metathesis catalysts containing acyclic diaminocarbene (ADC) ligands are reported. Complexes of the type (ADC)(SIMes)Cl2Ru═CHPh and (ADC)Cl2Ru═CH(2-isopropoxy)Ph (ADC = N,N′-dimesityl-N,N′-dimethylformamidin-2-ylidene or N,N′-bis(2,6-di-isopropylphenyl)-N,N′-dimethylformamidin-2-ylidene; SIMes = 1,3-dimesitylimidazolin-2-ylidene) were synthesized and studied in solution as well as in the solid state. Depending on their N-substituents and the metal center to which they were coordinated, the aforementioned ADC ligands were found to adopt different conformations. Preliminary investigations revealed that these Ru complexes exhibited high catalytic activities in a variety of olefin metathesis reactions at elevated temperatures and afforded cross-metathesis products with significantly lower E:Z ratios than catalysts containing analogous N-heterocyclic carbene ligands.
Spatiotemporal representation of the pitch of harmonic complex tones in the auditory nerve.

The pitch of harmonic complex tones plays an important role in speech and music perception and the analysis of auditory scenes, yet traditional rate–place and temporal models for pitch processing provide only an incomplete description of the psychophysical data. To test physiologically a model based on spatiotemporal pitch cues created by the cochlear traveling wave (Shamma, 1985), we recorded from single fibers in the auditory nerve of anesthetized cat in response to harmonic complex tones with missing fundamentals and equal-amplitude harmonics. We used the principle of scaling invariance in cochlear mechanics to infer the spatiotemporal response pattern to a given stimulus from a series of measurements made in a single fiber as a function of fundamental frequency F0. We found that spatiotemporal cues to resolved harmonics are available for F0 values between 350 and 1100 Hz and that these cues are more robust than traditional rate–place cues at high stimulus levels. The lower F0 limit is determined by the limited frequency selectivity of the cochlea, whereas the upper limit is caused by the degradation of phase locking to the stimulus fine structure at high frequencies. The spatiotemporal representation is consistent with the upper F0 limit to the perception of the pitch of complex tones with a missing fundamental, and its effectiveness does not depend on the relative phase between resolved harmonics. The spatiotemporal representation is thus consistent with key trends in human psychophysics.
Determination of Significance Levels for Tests of Item Validity

The desirability of performing tests of significance of measures of item validity (in item analyses) has been noted in a number of texts (Magnuson, 1966; Guilford and Fruchter, 1973; Anastasi, 1968). However the problem of determining the significance level (α) which should be used in these statistical tests, in order to control the risk of occurrence of an excessive number of Type I Errors has, apparently, received little attention. The present paper addresses itself to this problem, limiting itself to the case in which the tests of significance of the item validity measures are independent.
Studies of Chiral Modifiers on γ-Cyclodextrin-Pyrene Complexes Using Fluorescence Lifetime Measurements

This work focuses on the inclusion complexes of γ-cyclodextrin and pyrene as indicated by fluorescence lifetime analyses and the influences of chiral alcohols and diols on these complexes. The 2-butanol participates in the γ-cyclodextrin-pyrene complexation and produces a longer lifetime of complexed pyrene than the value determined for the complex in pure water. The enantiomeric 1,3-butanediol also produces a longer lifetime of complexed pyrene. However, a decrease in this lifetime is observed in the presence of racemic 1,3-butanediol. This study also involves an estimation of formation constants for γ-cyclodextrin-pyrene complexes by use of the fluorescence lifetime measurements.
Pupil-sparing oculomotor palsies with internal carotid—posterior communicating artery aneurysms

The charts of 84 patients admitted to the Neurosurgery Service of the Washington University Medical Center between January, 1960, and July, 1981, with aneurysms at or near the junction of the internal carotid and posterior communicating arteries (ICA-PoCA) were reviewed. Special emphasis was placed on the pupillary size and reactivity of 51 patients with oculomotor nerve involvement. Seven initially had normal pupils, representing 8% of the total group and 14% of those presenting with oculomotor palsies. In 4 of these patients pupillary involvement developed within 5 days, and in I pupillary involvement developed in 4 months. Pupillary sparing appears to be more common than previously appreciated in patients with ICA-PoCA aneurysms and oculomotor nerve involvement. Patients with acute somatic oculomotor paresis should be observed closely for at least one week for the development of pupillary involvement. Arteriography may be indicated more frequently than previously recommended.
Soil water potential measurement: An overview

Soil water potential is measured either by measuring some property of the soil which changes with the water potential, or by equilibrating the liquid or gas phase of the water in some reference medium with the liquid phase of the soil and measuring some property of the water in the reference medium. Devices commonly used to measure soil water potential are tensiometers, thermocouple psychrometers, electrical resistance sensors, thermal conductivity sensors, and correlations with water contents of the soil or of filter paper which has been equilibrated with the soil. The principles governing the operation of each of these devices will be discussed.
Projections to the neostriatum from the cat precruciate cortex. Anatomy and physiology

The projections to the striatum from two cytoarchitectonically and functionally distinct subdivisions of the cat precruciate motor cortex were studied using anatomical and electrophysiological techniques. Our results indicate that the medial precruciate cortex (stimulation of which leads to movements of the axial and proximal musculature) has a widespread projection to the lateral half of the caudate nucleus. The lateral precruciate cortex (stimulation of which leads to movements of the distal musculature) has a localized projection within the caudate nucleus adjacent to the internal capsule. Both medial and lateral precruciate areas project to the putamen. These results are discussed in relation to recent studies suggesting that the basal ganglia are involved in the enabling and sequencing of movements.
Localization of age-associated white matter hyperintensities in late-life depression.

Objective: Deep white matter hyperintense lesions are associated with advanced age and late-life depression. The authors examined where age-related cerebral lesions occurred in elderly depressed and healthy control subjects. Methods: Eighty-seven depressed subjects and 47 control subjects underwent 1.5 T cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Utilizing a semiautomated method, a segmented image was created containing only white matter lesions. We created a statistical parametric map (SPM) separately for each subject group that displayed the association between lesions in any voxel and advanced age. Results: The SPM analysis in depressed subjects demonstrates a significant association between age and lesions found in bilateral, frontal, and left parietal regions. The analysis in control subjects found significant associations only in bilateral parieto-temporal regions, not frontal regions. Conclusions: This study demonstrates a different pattern of age-related lesion location between depressed and control subjects. It further supports the theory that frontostriatal disconnection contributes to late-life depression.
Change in Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Estradiol Across the Menopausal Transition: Effect of Age at the Final Menstrual Period

The time span and patterns of change in serum FSH and E2 across the menopausal transition do not vary by age at the final menstrual period.
Objective sleep in pediatric anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder.

Objective: To examine objective and subjective sleep problems in early-onset anxiety and depression. Method: Children and adolescents (46% female, ages 7 to 17 years) with anxiety disorders (n = 24), major depressive disorder (MDD) without comorbid anxiety disorders (n = 128), or no history of psychiatric disorder (n = 101) spent two consecutive nights in a sleep laboratory and completed self-reports of sleep quality. Results: On objective measures, the anxiety group exhibited more awakenings than the MDD group, less slow-wave sleep than the control or MDD group, and greater night 2 sleep latency than the MDD or control group. The anxiety group exhibited no decrease in rapid eye movement latency from the first night to the second. The MDD group exhibited less time awake than the control group and less stage 1 sleep than the anxiety or control group. On subjective measures, young people with anxiety reported greater sleep latency on the second night and no decrease in sleep latency. Age was covaried in analyses. Conclusions: Findings provide objective and subjective evidence of sleep disturbance in children and adolescents with anxiety disorders and replicate findings of limited objective sleep disturbance in those with MDD. Sleep problems are an important consideration when treating young people with anxiety.
Particle focusing in a suspension flow through a corrugated tube

A computational study is performed of the transport of a particulate suspension through a corrugated tube using a discrete-element method (DEM). The tube is axisymmetric with a radius that varies sinusoidally along the tube length, which, in the presence of a mean suspension flow, leads to periodic inward and outward acceleration of the advected particles. The oscillations in radial acceleration and straining rate lead to a net radial drift, with mean acceleration measuring about an order of magnitude smaller than the instantaneous radial acceleration, which over time focuses small particles within the tube. The foundations of particle focusing in this flow are examined analytically using lubrication theory, together with a low-Stokes-number approximation for the particle drift. This lubrication-theory solution provides the basic scaling for how the particle drift will vary with wave amplitude and wavelength. Computations are then performed using a finite-volume method for a fluid flow in the tube at higher Reynolds numbers over a range of amplitudes, wavelengths and Reynolds numbers, examining the effect of each of these variables on the averaged radial fluid acceleration. A DEM is used to simulate particle behaviour at finite Stokes numbers, and the results are compared to an asymptotic approximation valid for low Stokes numbers. At low tube Reynolds number (e.g. Re = 10), the drift velocity induced by the tube corrugations focuses the particles onto the tube centreline, in accordance with the low-Stokes-number approximation based on the axial-averaged fluid radial acceleration. At higher tube Reynolds numbers (e.g. Re = 100), the correlation between the particle radial oscillation and the fluid acceleration field leads the outermost particles to drift into a ring at a finite radius from the tube centre, with little net motion of the particles in the innermost part of the tube. At larger Stokes numbers, particles can be dispersed to the outer regions of the tube due to particle outward dispersion from the large instantaneous radial acceleration. The effects of eddy formation within the corrugation crests on particle focusing are also examined.
XAS of the MerR metalloregulatory protein

The central component of a metal-responsive genetic switch, the MerR metalloregulatory protein, is one of the first examples of an mtracellular heavy metal receptor [l]. The merR gene product mediates the induction of the mercury resistance phenotype in bacteria [21, and resistant cells respond to subtoxic Hg(I1) levels (10 *6 -lo8 M) with transcriptional activation of the mer operon [31. Genetic evidence indicates that the merR gene product, MerR, exerts negative control of the structural genes in the absence of HgUI), and positive control in the presence of Hg(I1) 133.
Performance evaluation of vector implementations of combinatorial algorithms

We study the performance and the use of vector computers for the solution of combinatorial optimization problems, particularly dynamic programming and shortest path problems. A general model for performance evaluation and vector implementations for the problems described above are studied. These implementations were done on a CRAY-1 vector computer and the computational results obtained show (i) the adequacy of the performance evaluation model and (ii) very important gains concerning computing times, showing that vector computers will be of great importance in the field of combinatorial optimization.
Development of cortical polarity in mouse eggs: Involvement of the meiotic apparatus

Experiments were carried out to determine the origin of cortical polarity in mouse eggs and its possible relation to the meiotic apparatus. Cortices of mature eggs overlying the meiotic apparatus (microvillus-free area) were distinguished by an absence of microvilli and a thickened layer of actin. In contrast, the surfaces of immature oocytes were covered entirely with a dense population of microvilli and were subtended by a uniform layer of actin. When induced to undergo maturation, meiotic spindles formed in the center of immature oocytes and then moved peripherally. Coincident with the cortical localization of the meiotic spindle was the formation of a microvillus-free area, i.e., a loss of microvilli and a thickening of the actin layer associated with this region of the egg cortex. If immature oocytes were incubated in cytochalasin B, meiotic spindles formed; however, they failed to move peripherally and microvillus-free areas did not develop. Oocytes incubated in colchicine did not form meiotic spindles, although the chromosomes condensed and became localized to cortices where microvillus-free areas developed. Cytochalasin B-treated mature eggs maintained intact meiotic spindles and exhibited a disappearance of microvillus-free areas and a reduction in cortical actin. The chromosomes of mature eggs treated with colchicine remained associated with microvillus-free areas despite the disappearance of meiotic spindles. Occasionally, colchicine-treated eggs possessed more than one cortically located mass of chromosomes, each of which was associated with a microvillus-free area. These observations indicate that mechanisms involving the movement of the meiotic spindle to the oocyte cortex and development and maintenance of cortical polarity are cytochalasin B sensitive. Commensurate with the localization of meiotic chromosomes to the egg cortex is the reorganization of cortical actin and the formation of a microvillus-free area.
Combination Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy and Cranial Closing Wedge Osteotomy of the Tibia for the Treatment of Cranial Cruciate Ligament-Deficient Stifles with Excessive Tibial Plateau Angle

Objective To describe a surgical technique, and outcome, for treatment of cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) deficient stifle joints with excessive tibial plateau angle (TPA) by combined tibial plateau leveling osteotomy and cranial closing wedge osteotomy (TPLO/CCWO). Study design Retrospective clinical study. Animals Fifteen client-owned dogs (18 stifle joints). Methods Medical records of dogs that had TPLO/CCWO were reviewed. Pre- and postoperative TPA, CCWO technique, method of fixation and complications were recorded. In-hospital re-evaluation of limb function and length of time to radiographic healing was reviewed. Long-term outcome was assessed by owner telephone interview. Results Mean pre- and postoperative TPA was 42 degrees and 8 degrees, respectively. The Slocum biradial saw was used to create the CCWO in 4 stifle joints (mean postoperative TPA, 16 degrees) and a sagittal saw was used in 14 stifle joints (mean postoperative TPA, 5 degrees). Postoperative surgical complications were documented in 77.8% of cases; including patellar tendon thickening (61.1%), and implant loosening or breakage (27.8%), seroma formation (11.1%), and local irritation (11.1%). A second surgical procedure was performed in one-third of cases primarily to retrieve implants. Mean time to documented radiographic healing was 18 weeks. Final in-hospital re-evaluation of limb function (mean, 23 weeks postoperatively) was recorded as no lameness in 73.3% and mild lameness in 26.7%. All interviewed owners were satisfied with outcome and 90.9% reported marked improvement or a return to preinjury status. Conclusions Long-term clinical outcome of TPLO/CCWO was very good in dogs with excessive TPA, with high owner satisfaction. Longer healing times and a higher complication rate were observed compared with TPLO alone. Clinical relevance TPLO/CCWO of the tibia in stifle joints with excessive TPA allows for full correction of the TPA to 5 degrees without eliminating buttress support of the tibial tuberosity.
Extinction Rates in Archipelagoes: Implications for Populations in Fragmented Habitats

To study the effect of habitat fragmentation on population viability, I used extinction rates on islands in archipelagoes and estimated the relative probability of extinction per species on single large islands and sets of smaller islands with the same total are~ Data on llzard~ bird~ and mammals on oceanic islands and mammals on mountaintops and in nature reserves yield similar result~ Species are likely to go extinct on all the small islands before they go extinct on the singl~ large islanaL In the short terng the analysis indicates that extinction probabilities may be lower on a set of small island~ This is perhaps an artifact due to underestimation of extinction rates on small islands and/or the necessity of pooling species in a focal taxon to obtain estimates of extinction rates (which may obscure area thresholds and underestimate the slope and curvature of extinction rates us a function of area). Ultimately, cumulative extinction probabilities are higher for a set of small islands than for single large island~ Mean and median times to extinction tend to be shorter in the fragmented system~ in some cases much shorte~. Thug to minimize extinction rates in isolated habitat remnants and nature reserve system~ the degree of fragraentation should be miniraizea~ Las tasas de extinci6n en archiplelagos: consecuencias para poblaciones en habitats fragmentados Resumen: A fin de estudiar el efecto de la fragmentaci6n del hdbitat sobre la viabilidad pobiaciona~ utilic~ las tasas de extinci6n en islas yen archipielagos y estim~ la probabilidad relativa de extincibn por especie en islas grandes individuales y en conjuntos de islas peque~as con la mtsma drea total Los datos sobre lagarto~ aves y mamiferos que habitan islas ocednica~ mamiferos que viven en cimas de montatias yen reservas naturales, dan lugar a resultados similare& En td~minos generale~ las especies tienen una mayor probabilldad de extinguirse primero en el conjunto de islas pe~ y luego en la tsla grande. El andlisis indica que, a corto plazo, las probabilldades de exttnci6n serian menores para un grupo de islas pe~ Esto quizas se deba a la subestimact6n de las tasas de extinci6n en tslas peq~ y/o a la necesldad de agrupar especies dentro de un mismo tax6n para obtener estimaciones de ias tasas de extinci6n (esto podrla ocultar los umbraies de drea~ y subestimar la pendiente y ia curvatura de las tasas de extinci6n como funci6n del drea). En ultima instancia~ las probabilldades acumulativas de extinci6n son mayores para el conjunto de isias peque~as que para las islas individuaies grande~ La media y mediana de los tiempos de extinci6n tienden a ser menores en los ststemas fragmentado~ yen algunos caso~ estos son mucho mas corto~ Por lo tanto, para minimizar las tasas de extinci6n en los remanentes de hdbitat aislados yen ststemas de reservas naturaies, se debe minimizar el grado de fragmentaci6n.
Stigma and mental health treatment of adolescents with depression in jordan.

Stigma is a fundamental barrier to seeking and engaging in mental health treatment for individuals managing depression. This study examines stigma perceptions of mental health treatment for Arab adolescents managing depression using a vignette survey completed by adults in public spaces in Amman, Jordan (n = 108). The vignette was systematically changed across four different conditions that varied the described youth’s gender and whether or not they were receiving treatment for their depression. Two-way ANOVAs found that gender and receipt of mental health treatment influenced perceptions of stigma. Seeking treatment, however, did not increase perceived stigma, and receiving mental health treatment rather than no treatment was found as more likely to be a helpful approach for both males and females. Findings indicate that personal level stigma may have greater effects on females whereas public stigma may exert more influence on males. Participants endorsed that adolescents with depression are most likely to be helped when a family sought treatment rather than not seeking treatment. Findings also indicate that the community seems to appreciate the need for treatment and the likelihood of benefiting from formal mental health services.
Structural trends in first-row transition-metal bis(benzimidazole) complexes

Dimethyl-substituted bis(benzimidazole) (Me2BBZ) is a novel macrocyclic ligand that possesses an intrinsic nonplanarity. To examine how metal-ion binding affects the magnitude of this nonplanarity, we have determined the structures of a periodic series of Me2BBZ complexes bound to Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II). These studies demonstrate that the extent of ligand ruffling and metal doming is indeed influenced by the nature of the metal. Concomitant with the periodic decrease of the ionic radii of the encapsulated divalent metal ion, a decrease in the magnitude of both the ligand nonplanarity and the metal out-of-the-plane distance is observed. For the metal out-of-the-plane distance, this correlation persists until the metal finally moves into the mean ligand plane. For the nonplanar distortion, the extent of the nonplanarity decreases to a limiting value that is intrinsic to the Me2BBZ ligand due to steric factors. These observations indicate that the relative sizes of the metal ion and the Me2BBZ ligand cavity have profound effects on the structural features of the metal-ligand complex.
An information system profile of U.S. companies

Abstract The information system (IS) characteristics of U.S. companies were surveyed to produce an overall IS profile. This profile was examined for statistical differences as a function of size of company and stage of IS sophistication. In general, most firms surveyed are in the so-called integration or data administration stage. There were apparently no significant differences found in EDP/MIS expenditures, computing hardware expenditures, and MIS-supported activities, due to the organization's stage of IS sophistication. The size of company is found to have no significant effect on the stage of IS sophistication. Most companies have formal IS planning and control systems and some form of distributed data processing (DDP). The majority of the companies use software for conventional programming and database management purposes with very little emphsis on their use in decision modeling and statistical analysis. Quite surprisingly, IS is still being used primarily for operational and management controls rather than for strategic planning.
MANDATING AS A POLICY ISSUE – THE DEFINITIONAL PROBLEM

Mandating of state policies by agencies of the federal government and of local government policies by both state and federal agencies has emerged in recent years as an important policy issue. This conceptualization of mandating behavior offers a typology based upon (1) substantive aspects of the mandate; (2) the method by which a mandate is imposed; and (3) the mode of application. Problems associated with different types of mandates suggest multidimensional effects of intergovernmental relations on state and local policy formulation and Implementation.
Characterization of metal profile notching as a result of electron shading in a high-density plasma etcher

ABSTRACT In today's high volume manufacturing of semiconductor devices large amounts of capital are required to establish and operateproduction facilities. Therefore, IC manufacturers are now "cloning" processes to enable products and technologies to betransferred to other sites to provide optimum production flexibility.Unfortunately, these processes cannot always simply be lifted and "dropped" into a new facility, even if identical tools are used. During a process and product transfer from one Motorola fab to another the metal etch process exhibited some unexpected complications as severely undercut metal profiles were seen on certain products. Although initially not very wellunderstood the reason for this defect turned out to be ion deflection due to electron shading.This paper will show that by applying the relevant statistical tools this mechanism can be controlled or even completelyeliminated. Adjustment ofplasma parameters will result in a process which yields excellent profile control.Keywords: metal etch, profile notching, electron shading
Linearly independent vertices and minimum semidefinite rank

We study the minimum semidefinite rank of a graph using vector representations of the graph and of certain subgraphs. We present a sufficient condition for when the vectors corresponding to a set of vertices of a graph must be linearly independent in any vector representation of that graph, and conjecture that the resulting graph invariant is equal to minimum semidefinite rank. Rotation of vector representations by a unitary matrix allows us to find the minimum semidefinite rank of the join of two graphs. We also improve upon previous results concerning the effect on minimum semidefinite rank of the removal of a vertex.
Comparison of Full-Field Digital Mammography to Screen-Film Mammography with Respect to Diagnostic Accuracy of Lesion Characterization in Breast Tissue Biopsy Specimens

Abstract Rationale and Objectives This study was performed to investigate whether full-field digital mammography (FFDM) is at least as accurate as screen-film mammography with respect to breast lesion characterization. Materials and Methods Seventy-nine breast surgical specimens were obtained by means of preoperative needle localization with surgical excision from 79 patients. The specimens were imaged with both screen-film mammography and FFDM. Six radiologists specialized in breast imaging analyzed both sets of images and characterized the visualized lesions on a five-point scale: 1, definitely not malignant; 2, probably not malignant; 3, possibly malignant; 4, probably malignant; and 5, definitely malignant. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of the data was then performed to assess for differences between modalities in the radiologists' ability to predict breast malignancy. Results The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for the prediction of breast malignancy in surgical biopsy specimens were not statistically significantly different for FFDM and screen-film mammography. Conclusion The results demonstrate that with breast surgical specimens, FFDM is similar in diagnostic accuracy to screen-film mammography.
Political process and the 1989 Chinese student movement

Abstract This article analyzes the 1989 Chinese student movement in Beijing using the political process model that was used by Doug McAdam (1982) in his study of the U.S. civil rights movement. Discussing McAdam's three main variables—the structure of political opportunities, indigenous organizational strength, and cognitive liberation processes—as they relate to the 1989 Chinese context, the authors present a cross‐national application of the model. The Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS) Daily Reports from April, May, and early June of 1989 are used as the primary sources of data on the Chinese student movement. In applying McAdam's model crossnationally, the authors call for some modifications, but find its central elements to be essentially useful in explaining the emergence, development, and basic outcomes of this social movement.
Enhancing Corn Production Through the Use of Starter Fertilizer in the Northern Great Plains

Abstract The northern portion of the Great Plains has environmental conditions that require unique management practices to ensure optimum corn (Zea mays L.) yield and quality. The objective was to investigate the effect of starter fertilizer on corn yield and quality under different soil management. A field experiment was established within a 2‐year corn/soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] rotation. Whole‐plot treatments were tillage with split‐plot treatments of starter fertilizer. Starter fertilizer treatments consisted of two nitrogen (N) sources, each at four rates, all contained phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). An additional treatment of no starter fertilizer was also incorporated into the experiment. There was a significant increase in yield with application of starter‐N for all years except 2002. The most dramatic yield increase was obtained with the comparison between the no starter (no N, P, or K) treatment and the P and K treatment (no N+P and K). Starter fertilizer with only P and K also increa...
Phosphorylation: The Molecular Switch of Double-Strand Break Repair

Repair of double-stranded breaks (DSBs) is vital to maintaining genomic stability. In mammalian cells, DSBs are resolved in one of the following complex repair pathways: nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ), homologous recombination (HR), or the inclusive DNA damage response (DDR). These repair pathways rely on factors that utilize reversible phosphorylation of proteins as molecular switches to regulate DNA repair. Many of these molecular switches overlap and play key roles in multiple pathways. For example, the NHEJ pathway and the DDR both utilize DNA-PK phosphorylation, whereas the HR pathway mediates repair with phosphorylation of RPA2, BRCA1, and BRCA2. Also, the DDR pathway utilizes the kinases ATM and ATR, as well as the phosphorylation of H2AX and MDC1. Together, these molecular switches regulate repair of DSBs by aiding in DSB recognition, pathway initiation, recruitment of repair factors, and the maintenance of repair mechanisms.
Design of membrane proteins: toward functional systems

Over the years, membrane-soluble peptides have provided a convenient model system to investigate the folding and assembly of integral membrane proteins. Recent advances in experimental and computational methods are now being translated into the design of functional membrane proteins. Applications include artificial modulators of membrane protein function, inhibitors of protein–protein interactions, and redox membrane proteins.
Research enrichment: evaluation of structured research in the curriculum for dental medicine students as part of the vertical and horizontal integration of biomedical training and discovery

Research programs within medical and dental schools are important vehicles for biomedical and clinical discovery, serving as effective teaching and learning tools by providing situations in which predoctoral students develop problem-solving and critical-thinking skills. Although research programs at many medical and dental schools are well-established, they may not be well integrated into the predoctoral curriculum to effectively support the learning objectives for their students. A series of structured seminars, incorporating faculty research, was designed for first-year dental students at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, School of Dental Medicine to reinforce and support the concepts and skills taught in concurrent courses. A structured research enrichment period was also created to facilitate student engagement in active research using faculty and student curricular release time. Course evaluations and surveys were administered to gauge student perceptions of the curricular integration of research, the impact of these seminars on recruitment to the research program, and overall levels of student satisfaction with research enrichment. The analysis of course surveys revealed that students perceived the research-containing seminars effectively illustrated concepts, were logically sequenced, and were well-integrated into their curriculum. In addition, analysis of surveys revealed that the Integration Seminar courses motivated students to engage in research enrichment. Finally, this analysis provided evidence that students were very satisfied with their overall learning experience during research enrichment. Curricular integration is one method of improving the teaching and learning of complicated and inter-related concepts, providing an opportunity to incorporate research training and objectives into traditionally separate didactic courses. Despite the benefits of curricular integration, finding the most appropriate points of integration, obtaining release time for curricular development and for research engagement, and funding predoctoral student research remain issues to be addressed in ways that reflect the character of the faculty and the goals of each institution.