cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radioimmunoassay of plasma hormones: review of plasma insulin in ruminants.

Abstract Radioimmunoassay procedures have sufficient sensitivity and specificity for assaying minute quantities of peptide hormones in biological fluids. In combination with other biochemical techniques, radioimmunoassay procedures can help characterize the nature of hormones in plasma. Various radioimrnunoassay procedures differ primarily in the methods to separate the free portion of labeled hormone from the portion bound to antibody. When properly standardized, most of the methods of separating free from bound hormone are reliable and show reasonable agreement in measuring concentrations of hormones in plasma. In selecting a method, it is advantageous to use one that will give some measure of immunoreactivity and extent of plasma or incubation damage of the labeled hormone. Plasma levels of many of the peptide hormones have been measured in ruminants by radioimmunoassay. This review, however, has been limited to those studies of plasma insulin in ruminants. In sheep, immunoreactive insulin was distributed in a volume equal to about 14% of the body weight and disappeared from circulation, with a half-life of 12 to 13min. No changes were observed in either of these measures of insulin metabolism with feeding or fasting. Plasma insulin in ruminants, as measured by radioimmunoassay, varies between 5 to 40 μ U/ml. Postprandially, plasma insulin reaches 20 to 40 μ U/ml within 4 hr and then gradually declines to less than 10 μ U/ml at 48 to 72 hr. Intravenous infusions of glucose, sodium propionate, sodium butyrate, arginine, lysine, secretin, or pancreozymin have stimulated insulin secretion. It is suggested that secretin and pancreozymin are involved in bringing about the rise in plasma insulin in cattle within 1 hr after feeding and that glucose and, possibly, short-chain fatty acids produced in the rumen are involved in maintaining elevated plasma insulin for about 6 hr after feeding. It seems unlikely that amino acids are important in regulation of plasma insulin in ruminants.
Predicting outcomes in severe heart failure.

The crisis in cardiac transplantation will soon be upon us. With current candidate-selection practices, heart-distribution priorities, and inadequate numbers of donor hearts, the cardiac transplant system is projected to reach a dynamic equilibrium in 1998.1 At that time, 100% of available hearts will go to high-priority inpatients who cannot be weaned from intravenous inotropic agents or mechanical assist devices in the intensive care unit setting. Because high-priority candidates have a higher posttransplant mortality than low-priority outpatient candidates, the number of patients who die due to transplantation or are left destitute on the waiting list will double.1 2 3 Current trends confirm this impending crisis, as the percent of candidates on the waiting list for >1 year has increased from 12.5% in 1988 to 45.4% in 1994.4 A proposed solution to the crisis would be to list only candidates younger than 56 years of age whose 1-year survival without clinical deterioration to high-priority status is projected to be ≤20%.1 This practice would result in the distribution of half of donor hearts to high-priority candidates and half to low-priority candidates and would reduce the number of postoperative deaths and destitute candidates, thus maximizing donor-heart utilization. The key to this potential solution is better prediction of outcomes. Is it supposed to rain today? Should I take an umbrella? These simple questions, which many of us face every day, also describe symbolically the issues faced by clinicians who try to use predictions to improve clinical decisions. In weather forecasting, sophisticated mathematical models produce better predictions than can be made by flipping a coin, asking the average citizen, or even relying on the experience and judgment of a human meteorologist. Nevertheless, no one expects the National Weather Service or the individual meteorologist aided by the service's data to be perfect. In …
Pulsed amperometric detection of carbohydrates on an electrophoretic microchip

The first report of pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) on an electrophoretic microchip is presented. A hybrid poly(dimethylsiloxane)/glass device was coupled with a platinum working electrode for the electrochemical detection of glucose, maltose, and xylose. Under optimized detection conditions, glucose was found to respond linearly from 20 to 500 μM with a measured detection limit of 20 μM. The coupling of PAD with a microchip provides a straightforward approach to the analysis of a wide range of carbohydrates using microfluidics.
Ecosystem governance in a highland village in Peru: Facing the challenges of globalization and climate change

The agricultural systems of the Peruvian Andes have been created and maintained over many generations using locally adapted management practices that help to maintain agrobiodiversity while providing for local populations. Despite their longstanding history, many of these ecosystems and the services they provide are currently threatened by a number of economic and environmental factors. We use findings from behavioral science to examine the opportunities and conflicts at different governance levels—individual, community, and global. Market pressures to produce for distant markets have resulted in reduced diversity of crops in the Andes region. Another major threat to ecosystem services in the region is climate change, which is already being observed in the form of rising temperatures, extreme temperature fluctuation, changing rainfall patterns, and increasing glacial melt. To explore the effects of, and the responses to, these pressures we used semi-structured interviews to gain insight into agricultural practices and challenges and the various levels of governance present in the agriculture of Langui, Peru. We find that low staple crop prices combined with increasing climate variability has led to a reduced production of traditional crops such as pseudocereals and tubers in favor of production of improved grasses for livestock. The growth of the livestock economy is being driven by the presence of a transnational dairy corporation in the region, plus increased migration leading to a reduced local labor force. We conclude that loss of traditional crops and community based agricultural management techniques will make it difficult for smallholders to maintain food self-sufficiency and agrobiodiversity in the face of a changing climate and global economy.
Simulated Driving Performance of Combat Veterans With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Pilot Study

OBJECTIVE: We determined differences in driving errors between combat veterans with mild traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder and healthy control participants. METHOD: We compared 18 post-deployed combat veterans with 20 control participants on driving errors in a driving simulator. RESULTS: Combat veterans were more likely to be male; were younger; and had more racial diversity, less formal education, and lower cognitive scores than control participants. Control participants made more signaling errors (t [19] = -2.138, p = .046, SE = 0.395), but combat veterans made more over-speeding (t [17.3] = 4.095, p = .001, SE = 0.708) and adjustment-to-stimuli (t [17] = 2.380, p = .029, SE = 0.140) errors. Young age was related to over-speeding. CONCLUSION: Combat veterans made more critical driving errors than did control participants. Such errors made on the road may lead to crashes or injuries. Although limited in generalizability, these findings provide early support for developing safe driving interventions for combat veterans. Language: en
A biomechanical evaluation of whiplash using a multi-body dynamic model.

This paper presents a biomechanical evaluation of whiplash injury potential during the initial extension motion of the head in a rear-end collision. A four-segment dynamic model is developed in the sagittal plane for the analysis. The model response is validated using the existing experimental data and is shown to simulate the "S-shape" kinematics of the cervical spine and the resulting dynamics observed in human and cadaver experiments. The model is then used to evaluate the effects of parameters such as collision severity, head/headrest separation, and the initial head orientation in the sagittal plane on the "S-shape" kinematics of the cervical spine and the resulting neck loads. It is shown, for example, that the cervical spine forms an "S-shape" for a range of change in speeds and that at lower and higher speeds changes the spine does not form the "S-shape." Furthermore, it is shown that the "S-shape" formation also depends on the head to headrest separation distance. Language: en
Ultrastructural studies on the fungus, Nomuraea rileyi, infecting the velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis☆

Abstract Combined scanning and transmission electron microscopy was used to study the fine structure of the developmental stages of Nomuraea rileyi infecting host larvae of Anticarsia gemmatalis. Larvae were dusted with large numbers of fungal conidia, which germinated and penetrated the cuticle within 6 hr post-treatment. Within 24 hr, penetration hyphae had reached the cuticular epidermis and, via a budding process, initiated the hyphal body stage in the hemocoel. The hyphal bodies, suspended in hemolymph, multiplied and spread throughout the host larvae. By 6–7 days post-treatment, the majority of larvae were mummified. Within 12 hr postmortem numerous conidiophores emerged producing a confluent mycelial mat over the entire cuticular surface. Numerous hydrophobic conidia were formed on phialides present on the aerial conidiophores.
Glacial‐interglacial excursion in the concentration of atmospheric CO2: effect in the 13C/12C ratio in wood cellulose

Stable carbon isotope ratios ( 13 C/ 12 C) of cellulose extracted from wood belonging to the last glacial-maximum period (20 ± 2k yr) is on the average 4‰ higher than that for the corresponding ratios from the recent interglacial age, and could not be the result of any changes in humidity or temperature alone. This temporal variation of δ 13 C in wood cellulose corresponds chronologically to the reduced concentration of atmospheric CO 2 measured in glacial ice cores, thus providing the first direct evidence of the effect of reduced atmospheric CO 2 concentration on land biota. The higher δ 13 C in wood cellulose and the manner in which it varies with time could be explained if, in addition to causes introduced by a changing ocean chemistry during glacial time, there is an additional carbon reservoir created by vegetation flourishing in the newly exposed land surfaces accompanying a lowering of the sea level. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1990.t01-5-00003.x
THE ARCHIVES OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN GEOGRAPHERS

(1976). THE ARCHIVES OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN GEOGRAPHERS. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 181-185.
Analysis of heuristic based access pattern obfuscation

As cloud computing becomes popular, the security and privacy issues emerge as important hindrances to more widespread adoption of cloud computing. In particular, outsourcing sensitive data to untrusted cloud service providers creates important security and regulatory compliance challenges. Encryption of the outsourced data has been introduced as an alternative to protect privacy and security. In the context of searchable symmetric encryption, many solutions have been proposed to perform efficient search on the encrypted outsourced data. Some of them achieve protecting privacy of outsourced data, but may disclose the access patterns (i.e., they disclose which data items are retrieved based on the query execution). Recently, it has been shown that such access pattern disclosures could be exploited even further to infer sensitive information about underlying data, even if the data is stored in encrypted form. To address the access pattern disclosures, oblivious RAM and heuristic based techniques are proposed. However, the overhead of oblivious RAM based solutions is too high in many cases, and the security and scalability of heuristic based techniques have not been carefully analyzed yet. In this paper, we provide the first framework to analyze and compare the security and efficiency of such heuristics (e.g., caching, fake data access, and data duplication). In addition, we provide extensive empirical analysis that yields important insights into how to use such heuristics effectively in practice; and we discuss how such heuristics can be combined to improve security and efficiency.
Computer-aided tool selection for turning and boring

Abstract This paper presents an approach for automated selection of tools for turning and boring operations. A prototype is presented that considers all toolholder and insert parameters in the selection process. The design offers flexibility, expandability, and the capability of selecting tools from any tool manufacturer. The resulting software system could be used by a machine manufacturer, a tool consultant, or a shop-floor engineer to modify existing tooling on the machine, recommend new tooling for a product, and solve tool-related problems.
Exact solutions for barrier D- states at high magnetic fields.

Solutions which are exact in the high-magnetic-field limit have recently been reported for a two-dimensional ${\mathit{D}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ problem in which the two electrons and the fixed positive ion are all confined to the x-y plane. The magnetic field is applied in the z direction. We have generalized this model by allowing the fixed positive ion to reside on the z axis at a distance \ensuremath{\zeta} from the x-y plane; the electrons remain confined in that plane. We call this configuration a barrier ${\mathit{D}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ center. Although exactly four bound ${\mathit{D}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ states exist at \ensuremath{\zeta}=0, we find that there are ten different states which, at fixed magnetic field, become bound in various intervals of \ensuremath{\zeta} values; of these states as many as eight can coexist for the barrier ${\mathit{D}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ in certain ranges of \ensuremath{\zeta}. Remarkable changes in the symmetry of the barrier ${\mathit{D}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ ground-state wave function are found, the progression of bound ground states being given by M=0 singlet \ensuremath{\rightarrow}M=-1 triplet \ensuremath{\rightarrow}M=-2 singlet \ensuremath{\rightarrow}M=-3 triplet \ensuremath{\rightarrow}M=-5 triplet as \ensuremath{\zeta} increases from zero at fixed magnetic field. (M is the orbital z angular momentum quantum number.) At sufficiently large values of \ensuremath{\zeta} all bound states of the barrier ${\mathit{D}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ center disappear. This progression leads to a predicted magnetic vaporization of barrier ${\mathit{D}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ centers.
Importance of hydroxyl radical in the vanadium-stimulated oxidation of NADH

Abstract Vanadium compounds are known to stimulate the oxidation of NAD(P)H, but the mechanism remains unclear. This reaction was studied spectrophotometrically and by electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) using vanadium in the reduced state (+4, vanadyl) and the oxidized state (+5, vanadate). In 25 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7.4, vanadyl was slightly more effective in stimulating NADH oxidation than was vanadate. Addition of a superoxide generating system, xanthine/xanthine oxidase, resulted in a marked increase in NADH oxidation by vanadyl, and to a lesser extent, by vanadate. Decreasing the pH with superoxide present increased NADH oxidation for both vanadate and vanadyl. Addition of hydrogen peroxide to the reaction mixture did not change the NADH oxidation by vanadate, regardless of concentration or pH. With vanadyl however, addition of hydrogen peroxide greatly enhanced NADH oxidation which further increased with lower pH. Use of the spin trap DMPO in reaction mixtures containing vanadyl and hydrogen peroxide or a superoxide generating system resulted in the detection by ESR of hydroxyl. In each case, the hydroxyl radical signal intensity increased with vanadium concentration. Catalase was able to inhibit the formation of the DMPO—OH adduct formed by vanadate plus superoxide. these results show that the ability of vanadium to act in a Fenton-type reaction is an important process in the vanadium-stimulated oxidation of NADH.
Degenerative Disease of the Cervical Spine and Its Relationship to Athletes

Each sport presents with unique risk factors and different mechanisms of injury, and therefore extrapolation of the data from one sport to another makes comparison difficult. The current evidence exploring the relationship of athletes and degenerative changes of the cervical spine leaves much to be debated, and future prospective longitudinal studies will be needed to clarify our understanding further. Such research will help structure clinical recommendations and improve sports safety and the care of athletes of all ages. Currently, there is evidence to suggest that participation in collision sports is implicated in premature degeneration of the cervical spine. There is some evidence to suggest that the same is true with noncollision sports and activities that result in direct and indirect repetitive loads to the cervical spine over time. The risk factors have yet to be clearly identified. The natural history and sequelae of premature degeneration have yet to be elucidated. Cervical spondylosis also appears to increase the severity, but not the frequency, of irreversible neurologic injury during collision sport participation. Prudence dictates that we not ignore the present evidence suggesting a link between neuropraxia and cervical stenosis. Proper screening for cervical stenosis in patients with transient neuropraxia with subsequent cessation of participation in collision sports if severe stenosis is present is suggested. There is no consensus for RTP guidelines in the setting of transient neurologic injuries in the athlete when severe degeneration is present, and each case must be considered individually with regard to the sport involved.
Long-Time Symplectic Integration: The Example of Four-Vortex Motion

Detailed comparisons are made between long-time numerical integration of the motion of four identical point vortices obtained using both a fourth-order symplectic integration method of the implicit Runge-Kutta type and a standard fourth-order explicit Runge-Kutta scheme. We utilize the reduced hamiltonian formulation of the four-vortex problem due to Aref & Pomphrey. Initial conditions which give both fully chaotic and also quasi-periodic motions are considered over integration times of order 10^6-10^7 times the characteristic time scale of the evolution. The convergence, as the integration time step is decreased, of the Poincare section is investigated. When smoothness of the section compared to the converged image, and the fractional change in the hamiltonian H are used as diagnostic indicators, it is found that the symplectic scheme gives substantially superior performance over the explicit scheme, and exhibits only an apparent qualitative degrading in results up to integration time steps of order the minimum timescale of the evolution. It is concluded that this performance derives from the symplectic rather than the implicit character of the method.
Temperature dependence of the c-axis phonon dispersion curves of hcp Zr

Abstract The temperature dependence of the vibrational modes of hcp Zr, between 6 and 1007K, were studied by inelastic neutron scattering techniques. As the temperature decreases we observe a rather large increase in the frequencies of all but the [001] L0 branch. The zone center mode of the [001] L0 branch softens appreciably and at 6K this branch exhibits a dip at the zone center reminiscent of the anomalous dispersion observed in technetium.
A Test Method to Establish R‐Values of Materials Used in Energy Conserving Window Coverings

A reliable test method was designed to measure the insulation value (R-value) of materials that might be used in the construction of interior window treatments used to restrict the transfer of heat. This method provides an accurate measure of just one factor by which such window coverings can be judged: heat conduction. The test method is similar to the standard test method ASTM D: 1518-77, “Thermal Transmit-tance of Textile Materials Between Guarded Hot-Plate and Cool Atmosphere,” but provides more specifically appropriate apparatus and procedure calculation methods for interior window materials. After reliability of the procedure was established, 32 samples in six categories were tested. These represented a sampling of typical drapery and lining fabrics, window blind materials, battings, products currently marketed as “energy saving,” and other materials which are not presently used as components of window coverings. This approach of establishing and using an R-value as the only measurement of effectiveness of an energy efficient window treatment can provide a standardized, easily established, quoted, and understood industry and consumer tool for the selection of effective treatments. Presently there is no industry-wide acceptance of a single test method for technical and consumer use.
Peptide mass mapping constrained with stable isotope-tagged peptides for identification of protein mixtures

Through proteolysis and peptide mass determination using mass spectrometry, a peptide mass map (PMM) can be generated for protein identification. However, insufficient peptide mass accuracy and protein sequence coverage limit the potential of the PMM approach for high-throughput, large-scale analysis of proteins. In our novel approach, nonlabile protons in particular amino acid residues were replaced with deuteriums to mass-tag proteins of the S. cerevisiae proteome in a sequence-specific manner. The resulting mass-tagged proteolytic peptides with characteristic mass-split patterns can be identified in the data search using constraints of both amino acid composition and mass-to-charge ratio. More importantly, the mass-tagged peptides can further act as internal calibrants with high confidence in a PMM to identify the parent proteins at modest mass accuracy and low sequence coverage. As a result, the specificity and accuracy of a PMM was greatly enhanced without the need for peptide sequencing or instrumental improvements to obtain increased mass accuracy. The power of PMM has been extended to the unambiguous identification of multiple proteins in a 1D SDS gel band including the identification of a membrane protein.
The 30Si(p, d)29Si and 30Si(p, t)28Si reactions at 27 MeV☆

Abstract The 30 Si(p, d) 29 Si and 30 Si(p, t) 28 Si reactions have been studied using a 27 MeV proton beam from the Livermore cyclograaff. Angular distributions were obtained for energy levels to 9.7 MeV in 29 Si and 7.4 MeV in 28 Si. A DWBA analysis was performed to extract spectroscopic factors and enhancement ratios for the one- and two-neutron pick-up reactions. The results are compared with previous neutron pickup experiments and with a microscopic shell-model calculation.
Human Mitochondrial Branched Chain Aminotransferase Isozyme STRUCTURAL ROLE OF THE CXXC CENTER IN CATALYSIS

Mammalian branched chain aminotransferases (BCATs) have a unique CXXC center. Kinetic and structural studies of three CXXC center mutants (C315A, C318A, and C315A/C318A) of human mitochondrial (hBCATm) isozyme and the oxidized hBCATm enzyme (hBCATm-Ox) have been used to elucidate the role of this center in hBCATm catalysis. X-ray crystallography revealed that the CXXC motif, through its network of hydrogen bonds, plays a crucial role in orienting the substrate optimally for catalysis. In all structures, there were changes in the structure of the beta-turn preceding the CXXC motif when compared with wild type protein. The N-terminal loop between residues 15 and 32 is flexible in the oxidized and mutant enzymes, the disorder greater in the oxidized protein. Disordering of the N-terminal loop disrupts the integrity of the side chain binding pocket, particularly for the branched chain side chain, less so for the dicarboxylate substrate side chain. The kinetic studies of the mutant and oxidized enzymes support the structural analysis. The kinetic results showed that the predominant effect of oxidation was on the second half-reaction rather than the first half-reaction. The oxidized enzyme was completely inactive, whereas the mutants showed limited activity. Model building of the second half-reaction substrate alpha-ketoisocaproate in the pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate-hBCATm structure suggests that disruption of the CXXC center results in altered substrate orientation and deprotonation of the amino group of pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate, which inhibits catalysis.
The stimulated emission of bremsstrahlung in a fully ionized plasma

L'etude du processus de rayonnement de freinage induit montre que l'anisotropie de la distribution des electrons peut conduire a l'amplification du rayonnement. Le taux de gain est γ=ν(ω 2 p /ω 2 )Λ, ou ν est la frequence de collision electron-ion, ωp et ω la frequence du plasma et du rayonnement, et Λ un facteur numerique positif seulement pour les distributions anisotropes
Unusual Suspect, Unlikely Hero: A Life in the Reign of Alarm Francis ‘Ornament’ Wrangham (1769–1842)

Like many other young liberals of the 1790s victimized by William Pitt’s ‘Reign of Alarm’, Francis Wrangham is remembered today, if at all, only as a footnote to a more famous life: in his case, William Wordsworth’s. Wrangham was a year ahead of Wordsworth at Cambridge, a far more successful student than the poet, indeed a sometime victorious rival over the academic star of the Class of ‘90, the brilliant John Tweddell. Wrangham won the Brown Prize at Magdalen in 1787 and graduated third Wrangler from Trinity Hall in 1790. He was a brilliant classicist and liked the competition: he won five more prizes as an alumnus, between 1794 and 1812. It was as a classicist that he entered Wordsworth’s life. Between 1795 and 1797 the two of them collaborated on an imitation of Juvenal’s eighth satire, on the theme of true nobility – ‘virtue’ is its ‘one and only’ name. This is Juvenal’s rough satire (his tonal signature among the great Roman satirists) on the corrupt nobles of his time, who so little deserve their titles. Wrangham and Wordsworth translated and updated Juvenal, producing an outspoken diatribe against the behavior of the most ‘noble’ personages in England, not quite touching the King, but coming close: the Prince of Wales, and the dukes of Northumberland, Norfolk, and Manchester all come in for rough handling – especially in the parts composed by Wordsworth. The satire is very up-to-date for 1795, including snide remarks about Pitt’s spy system, especially its alarmist attacks on ordinary people, while grand dukes and duchesses are allowed to get away scot-free with the illegal gambling tables they ran at home for their friends:
Calcineurin is a calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase.

Abstract Calcineurin, one of the major calmodulin-binding proteins in the brain, dephosphorylates a phosphorylated protein termed inhibitor-1, a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1. The phosphatase activity was Ca 2+ - and calmodulin-dependent and was reversed by EGTA or trifluoperazine, an antagonist of calmodulin. Using a radioimmunoassay of calcineurin and a phosphatase activity assay, we found that the two activities coincided in a sucrose density gradient and in a non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel. These results demonstrate that calcineurin is a calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase.
Crystallographic snapshot of a productive glycosylasparaginase-substrate complex.

Glycosylasparaginase (GA) plays an important role in asparagine-linked glycoprotein degradation. A deficiency in the activity of human GA leads to a lysosomal storage disease named aspartylglycosaminuria. GA belongs to a superfamily of N-terminal nucleophile hydrolases that autoproteolytically generate their mature enzymes from inactive single chain protein precursors. The side-chain of the newly exposed N-terminal residue then acts as a nucleophile during substrate hydrolysis. By taking advantage of mutant enzyme of F. meningosepticum GA with reduced enzymatic activity, we have obtained a crystallographic snapshot of a productive complex with its substrate (NAcGlc-Asn), at 2.0 Ǻ resolution. This complex structure provided us an excellent model for the Michaelis complex to examine the specific contacts critical for substrate binding and catalysis. Substrate-binding induces a conformational change near the active site of GA. To initiate catalysis, the side-chain of the N-terminal Thr152 is polarized by the free α-amino group on the same residue, mediated by the side-chain hydroxyl group of Thr170. Cleavage of the amide bond is then accomplished by a nucleophilic attack at the carbonyl carbon of the amide linkage in the substrate, leading to the formation of an acyl-enzyme intermediate through a negatively charged tetrahedral transition-state.
Phytoplankton distributions in the Shackleton Fracture Zone/Elephant Island region of the Drake Passage in February–March 2004

Abstract The Drake Passage region near Elephant Island in the Southern Ocean displays patchy phytoplankton blooms. To test the hypothesis that natural Fe addition from localized sources promoted phytoplankton growth here, a grid of stations (59°S to 62°S, 59°W to 53°W, as well as four stations in the eastern Bransfield Strait) were occupied from 12 February–24 March 2004. Phytoplankton abundance was measured using shipboard flow cytometry (70 stations), with abundances conservatively converted to biomass, and compared with measurements of dissolved iron (dFe) at a subset of stations (30 stations). Based on T–S property plots, stations were divided into Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), Water On Shelf (WOS), Bransfield Strait (BS), and Mixed water stations, the latter representing locations with T–S properties intermediate between ACC and WOS stations. The highest integrated phytoplankton biomass was found at Mixed water stations, however, the highest integrated abundance was found at WOS stations, demonstrating that abundance and biomass do not necessarily show the same patterns. The distributions of nano- and micro-phytoplankton ( 20 μm diameter cells, respectively) were also examined, with nano- and micro-plankton contributing equally to the total biomass at WOS and BS stations, but micro-plankton representing ∼2/3 of the biomass at Mixed and ACC stations. Increased inventories of dFe did not always correspond to increases in phytoplankton biomass – rather stations with lower mean light levels in the mixed layer ( 110 μEinsteins m−2 s−1, total biomass shows a positive trend with dFe, as does micro-phytoplankton biomass, but neither regression is significant at the 95% level. In contrast, if just nano-phytoplankton biomass is considered as a function of dFe, there is a significant correlation (r2=0.62). These data suggest a dual mechanism for the patterns observed in biomass: an increasing reservoir of dFe allows increased phytoplankton biomass, but biomass can only accumulate where the light levels are relatively high, such that light is not limiting to growth.
Predicting Prostate Cancer Biochemical Recurrence Using a Panel of Serum Proteomic Biomarkers

Purpose: The pathological state of the prostate may be reflected by serum proteome in a man. We hypothesized that biomarkers are present in preoperative serum, which may be used to predict the probability of biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: Mass spectrometry analysis was used to compare 52 men who experienced biochemical recurrence with 52 who remained biochemical recurrence-free for approximately 5 years after radical retropubic prostatectomy. A total of 30 matched pairs of recurrent and nonrecurrent serum samples were randomly selected as a training set for biomarker discovery and model development. Selected mass spectrometry peaks were combined with pre-radical retropubic prostatectomy prostate specific antigen in a multivariate algorithm to predict recurrence. The algorithm was evaluated using the remaining 22 recurrent and 22 nonrecurrent subjects as test samples. Protein identities of the selected mass spectrometry peaks were investigated.Results: Two ser...
Heterogeneity of Template RNA in Adrenal Glands

Template RNA in adrenal glands appears to be heterogeneous in stability. The RNA that regulates synthesis of a large fraction of adrenal protein has a turnover time of 4 hours or less. The remainder of adrenal-protein synthesis, including synthesis of protein that mediates the rapid steroidogenic response to ACTH, depends on RNA with considerably greater stability.
High-Shear Stress Sensitizes Platelets to Subsequent Low-Shear Conditions

Individuals with mechanical heart valve implants are plagued by flow-induced thromboembolic complications, which are undoubtedly caused by platelet activation. Flow fields in or around the affected regions involve brief exposure to pathologically high-shear stresses on the order of 100 to 1000 dyne/cm2. Although high shear is known to activate platelets directly, their subsequent behavior is not known. We hypothesize that the post-high-shear activation behavior of platelets is particularly relevant in understanding the increased thrombotic risk associated with blood-recirculating prosthetic cardiovascular devices. Purified platelets were exposed to brief (5–40 s) periods of high-shear stress, and then exposed to longer periods (15–60 min) of low shear. Their activation state was measured using a prothrombinase-based assay. Platelets briefly exposed to an initial high-shear stress (e.g., 60 dyne/cm2 for 40 s) activate a little, but this study shows that they are now sensitized, and when exposed to subsequent low shear stress, they activate at least 20-fold faster than platelets not initially exposed to high shear. The results show that platelets in vitro exposed beyond a threshold of high-shear stress are primed for subsequent activation under normal cardiovascular circulation conditions, and they do not recover from the initial high-shear insult.
Tenants and Homeowners Under Property Tax Relief

Clamor for property tax relief is universal among the states. Such relief is generally considered to be egalitarian, although seldom has any attempt been made to study its redistributive effects, particularly between homeowners and tenants. This study examines the redistributive effects of property tax relief measures enacted by the state of New Jersey in 1976. The results indicate that the relief measures engender a considerable subsidy from tenants to homeowners. Adoption of property tax relief measures prevailing in New Jersey would lead to a substantial reinforcement of the tax preferences already enjoyed by homeowners under the federal income tax legislation.
Acceleration of submicron-diameter particles

Abstract Progress in the development of a real-time single submicron particle analysis system is presented. The system is based on the electrostatic acceleration of particles to high velocity so that their impact with a target is energetic enough to vaporize particulate and target material. Preliminary results are presented for particles having one unit of charge accelerated through 125 kV. Craters produced by 0.02, 0.05 and 0.2 μm NaCl particles theoretically travelling at 2.4, 0.8 and 0.4 km s−1, respectively, are shown. Particle kinetic energy and the energy required to ionize the particle are calculated and compared to show what charge states and acceleration voltages are needed for single particle elemental analysis.
Alternative decision schemes for six-person mock juries☆

Abstract In a recent empirical study of six-person mock juries, Davis, Kerr, Stasser, Meek, and Holt (1977) concluded, on the basis of a chi-square test, that “the only social decision scheme that provided a statistically acceptable account of the verdicts observed … was formally defined by the matrix D 15 .” Here it is shown that numerous other social decision schemes exist which leave zero chi-squares. They have different and often conflicting psychological interpretations. This suggests that the data base of Social Decision Scheme Theory ( Davis, 1973 ), in the form it was utilized in this study, may be too weak to support some of the inferences in loc. cit . The present identifiability problem is related to others which arose from time to time in psychological theorizing.
Aberration functions for microlithographic lens

We proposed a series of orthogonal aberration functions, which is suitable for a microlithographic projection lens. In this paper, general explanation and numbering of the orthogonal aberration functions are reviewed.
Contribution of the Southern Association for Vascular Surgery to the scientific literature

Abstract The Southern Association for Vascular Surgery (SAVS) has played a significant role in the development and evolution of vascular surgery. This study was designed to document the contribution to the scientific literature and to highlight the important publications from the annual meetings of the SAVS on its 25th anniversary. A total of 413 (73%) of the 569 "free papers" presented at the SAVS Annual Meeting were published in journals that are identified in MEDLINE, and most (71%) were published in the Journal of Vascular Surgery . Carotid/cerebrovascular disease, leg ischemia, and basic considerations were the most common subject matters overall, although there has been a recent decrease in the percentage of articles about basic considerations and aortic aneurysms while there has been an increase in those about endovascular therapy, vascular laboratory/imaging, and visceral/renal artery disease. The 413 papers were cited a mean of 18 ± 20 (± SD) times (range 0–143) with 32 papers cited more than 39 times and 17 papers cited more than 59 times. A panel of three reviewers identified 42 significant articles, among which 8 were considered seminal by 2 of the 3 reviewers. The papers presented at the annual meeting of the SAVS have made a significant contribution to the scientific literature in terms of both quantity and quality. These efforts have laid the foundation for the next quarter century and have raised the level of expectation. (J Vasc Surg 2001;34:393-6.)
Heat flow, radioactive heat generation, and theoretical tectonics for northwestern Mexico

Abstract Nine heat flow values from Baja California and Sonora represent the first determinations of heat flux from Mexico and, in general, justify southerly extensions of the Basin and Range and Southern California thermal provinces of the southwestern United States. Heat flow in northern Baja California is low (0.84 hfu), consistent with known values from the Sierra Nevada Batholith, but a value of 1.23 hfu was recorded in the central area of the peninsula. Seven measurements from Sonora, averaging 2.5 hfu, are similar to Basin and Range values. Reduced heat flow values ( q* ) have been calculated for Sonora and are interpreted as indicative of a separate Basin and Range thermal subprovince in Mexico. A tectonic model developed for northwestern Mexico attributes the high heat flow of the Basin and Range to behind arc extension associated with the termination of Cenozoic subduction. Opening of the Gulf of California and sea-floor spreading therein has provided a vent for the release of heat accumulated under northwestern Mexico. Thus, the southern portion of the Basin and Range province (in Mexico) appears to be cooling and narrowing and a subprovince of high reduced heat flow is defined east and perhaps southwest of the Gulf of California.
The security implications of nanotechnology

Although nanotechnology offers much hope, it also has dual-use potential that must be addressed. Past attempts to control chemical and biological weapons are instructive but inadequate.
Maternal Attitudes and Infant Feeding among Low-income Mothers:

Sixty-four women of low socioeconomic status were interviewed in their third trimester and again six weeks postpartum. They were questioned about their infant feeding plans, general attitudes about breastfeeding, time of feeding decision, persons who influenced the infant feeding choice, and number of breastfeeding classes attended. Their knowledge of breastfeeding was measured by a questionnaire designed for this purpose.The choice of infant feeding method was influenced most by the mother herself. However, the subject's mother and the male partner were important influences. Mothers who breastfed were more likely to make their feeding decision before or very early in pregnancy than were mothers who bottle-fed. Maternal attitudes about breastfeeding also were more positive among breastfeeding women than among bottle-feeding women, and breastfeeding women attended more classes on this subject than their counterparts who bottle-fed. The role of education and follow-up by nurses is discussed.
Computed tomography pseudofractures of the mid face and skull base

Thin-section multislice CT delineates numerous normal skull-base and mid-facial bony discontinuities. These represent sutures, fissures and neurovascular foramina or channels, and should be differentiated from fractures. This pictorial review describes and illustrates the characteristic location and multiplanar CT appearances of these structures. Their clinical significance in terms of pathological processes and surgical planning are discussed.
The spreading influence of chromatin modification.

Specific post-translational histone modifications correlate with distinct patterns of gene activity. A new study of the mouse Dntt promoter shows that changes in gene activity are associated with local changes in histone modification that then spread outward in both directions, locking in the altered pattern of transcription.
Comparison of Li--Wong and loglinear mixed models for the statistical analysis of oligonucleotide arrays

Motivation: Li and Wong have described some useful statistical models for probe-level, oligonucleotide array data based on a multiplicative parametrization. In earlier work, we proposed similar analysis-of-variance-style mixed models fit on a log scale. With only subtle differences in the specification of their mean and stochastic error components, a question arises as to whether these models could lead to varying conclusions in practical application. Results: In this paper, we provide an empirical comparison of the two models using a real data set, and find the models perform quite similarly across most genes, but with some interesting and important distinctions. We also present results from a simulation study designed to assess inferential properties of the models, and propose a modified test statistic for the Li--Wong model that provides an improvement in Type 1 error control. Advantages of both methods include the ability to directly assess and account for key sources of variability in the chip data and a means to automate statistical quality control. Availability: The Li--Wong models are available in dChip: http://www.biostat.harvard.edu/complab/dchip/, and both methods will be commercially available in the forthcoming SAS Microarray Solution. Supplementary information: Supplementary material is available at http://statgen.ncsu.edu/ggibson/Pubs.htm
Associations among polychronicity, goal orientation, and error orientation

The current paper examines associations among measures of polychronicity, goal orientation, and error orientation with the intent of further explicating the nomological network surrounding polychronicity. Two samples of participants completed questionnaires measuring polychronicity, goal orientation, and error orientation: students from a South-western University (n = 302) and employees in a South-western City (n = 105). As hypothesized, polychronicity was related positively to learning goal orientation and negatively to performance-avoid goal orientation. In addition, performance-avoid goal orientation mediated the relationship between polychronicity and Error Strain orientation. Discussion emphasizes construct development as well as future research directions. 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Velocity of longitudinal waves in some Paleozoic formations in the vicinity of St. Louis, Missouri

The velocity of propagation of longitudinal elastic waves in five Paleozoic formations that crop out in the vicinity of St. Louis, Missouri, was determined by means of a series of short range seismic profiles. The instrumentation is described. The possibility that the magnesium carbonate content of a carbonate rock is a dominant factor controlling the velocity of elastic waves through it, is suggested.
An adaptive soft-decision quantizer for digital communications with convolutional coding on a Rayleigh fading channel

An adaptive soft-decision quantizer with quantization thresholds controlled by a supervised learning neural network co-processor which enhances the performance of a soft-decision Viterbi decoder used for forward error-correction in a digital communication channel subject to Rayleigh fading and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) has been investigated and designed. The neural network is designed to cooperate with a differentially phase shift keying (DPSK) demodulator, and a soft-decision quantizer which is an analog-to-digital convertor (ADC). The quantization thresholds in the quantizer are adaptively adjusted by the neural network according to the statistical characteristics of the analog symbol outputs of the DPSK demodulator. The channel cutoff rate R/sub 0/, created by the demodulation system (DPSK demodulator and quantizer), is employed to determine the best quantization threshold step-size /spl Delta//sub BEST/ that results in the minimization of the Viterbi decoder output bit error rate (BER). The neural network is trained to learn /spl Delta//sub BEST/ as a function of the mean and standard deviation of the analog symbol outputs of the DPSK demodulator. Consistent and substantial performance improvements, 3% to 30%, by computer simulations, have been demonstrated for various channel conditions. This neural network co-processor approach is easily generalized and applied to any digital signal processing system, and thus decrease the performance loss caused by quantization and/or signal instability.