cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Label-Free, High-Time-Resolution, Single-Molecule Studies of Riboswitch Folding

Riboswitches are genetic control elements that are located within the 5’ untranslated region of predominantly bacterial mRNAs and that undergo metabolite-dependent structural rearrangements that regulate mRNA transcription, splicing, translation, or stability in response to specific metabolites. A molecular-resolution understanding of the mechanisms through which riboswitches fold, specifically recognize and bind their target metabolites, and subsequently influence cellular processes is essential for development of next-generation antibiotics that target riboswitches and for engineering riboswitches for use in synthetic biology applications. Motivated by this, previous studies using single-molecule fluorescence and force spectroscopy methods have provided insights into the metabolite-responsive folding and function of several riboswitches. Despite the power of these methods, however, they suffer from intrinsic disadvantages (e.g., fluorophore labeling, invasive forces, etc.) that can corrupt and/or restrict the mechanistic information that they provide. Additionally, the resolution of these methods is generally limited to tens-to-hundreds of milliseconds, resulting in time-averaging of RNA dynamics that occur on faster timescales. To overcome these limitations, we have developed carbon nanotube-based, single-molecule field-effect transistors (smFETs) that enable label-free, high-time-resolution, single-molecule studies of RNA folding and dynamics. Using these novel smFET devices, we have investigated the dynamics of the pbuE adenine-responsive riboswitch at the single-molecule level and a time resolution of tens of microseconds. Our results show that the adenine-free riboswitch exists in a conformational equilibrium between at least four states, some of which exchange on timescales too fast to have been previously observed. Using a combination of adenine, adenine analogs, and riboswitch mutants, we have detected the formation of an initial, highly transient riboswitch-metabolite complex whose evolution to the final, stably bound complex we are currently investigating. Taken together with previous studies, our results are providing unprecedented insights into the structure, dynamics, and function of this paradigmatic metabolite-responsive riboswitch.
Treatment of Annular Voids in Diffusion Theory

The usual one-dimensional multigroup diffusion codes are used to calculate configurations with annular void regions by assigning a fictitious diffusion coefiicient to the void region. The method is suitable for both infinite cylinders and spheres. Basically, the method is to calculate a diffusion coefficient for the void region which preserves the annular void boundary conditions consistent with the neutron streaming problem in the P-1 approximation. (N.W.R.)
State of Nations: Barack Obama's Indigenous America

ABSTRACTFrom his “adoption” by a Crow Nation family while on the campaign trail in 2008, to his renaming of Mt. McKinley to Denali—the mountain's Koyukon Athabascan name—Barack Obama has enjoyed a relationship with Indigenous Americans that is unique in presidential history. He has spent more time in “Indian country,” as it is officially known by the federal government, than any other president. Moreover, he has implemented an annual Tribal Nations Conference to facilitate consultation between the federal government and Indigenous leadership. In this article, the author argues that Obama's discourse of Indigenous issues is marked by a particular form of rhetoric, constitutive rhetoric, through which he calls into existence a new, inclusive relationship between the United States and tribal governments. Focusing primarily on his speeches at Tribal Nations Conferences, the author identifies a “nations-within” concept adhered to by Obama that contrasts markedly with past presidential rhetoric concerning Indig...
Cardiac and Pericardial Tumors

Primary cardiac and pericardial tumors are rare and affect patients of all ages. Primary cardiac tumors have a reported incidence between 0.0017 and 0.19% in autopsy series (1). Approximately 75% of all cardiac tumors are benign histologically, and the remainder are malignant. Approximately half (52%) of the benign cardiac tumors are myxomas, which account for the most frequent primary cardiac tumor. Other lesscommon benign tumors include papillary fibroelastomas (16%), lipomas (16%), hemangiomas (6%), fibromas (3%), and rhabdomyomas (1%). Less frequently, teratomas, neurofibromas, lymphangiomas, cystic tumors of the atrioventricular node, endocrine tumors (paraganglioma), and histiocytoid tumors comprise the rest of benign tumors (2,3).
The Metalloprotease ADAMTS13 Is a Natural Anti-Thrombotic.

Abstract The metalloprotease ADAMTS13 cleaves highly adhesive ultra large von Willebrand factor (UL-VWF) multimers after their release from the endothelium. UL-VWF is stored in Weibel-Palade bodies of endothelial cells. ADAMTS13 deficiency is linked to a life threatening disorder, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), which is characterized by VWF and platelet-rich thrombi in the microvasculature, and may lead to organ ischemia, neurological dysfunction and ultimately death. We previously confirmed in vivo that in Adamts13−/− mice and not in wild-type mice “strings of platelets” formed after endothelial activation. The VWF strings remain attached at one end to the endothelium and “waved” the other end in the blood stream. In addition, we showed prolonged adhesion of platelets to secreted VWF on endothelium of Adamts13−/− mice. The possible role of ADAMTS13 in platelet plug formation has not been addressed previously. We investigated thrombosis in venules and arterioles of Adamts13−/− mice by intravital microscopy. Mesenteric microvenules were stimulated with calcium ionophore A23187, a secretagouge of Weibel-Palade bodies. In the Adamts13−/− mice we observed spontaneous thrombus formation in the activated microvenules. Inhibitory antibody to plasma ADAMTS13 induced thrombi formation in the activated microvenules and prolonged adhesion of platelets to secreted VWF on endothelium of wild-type mice. In the ferric chloride arterial injury model we found that the number of fluorescent platelets deposited within 2–3 min on the sub-endothelium after injury was unexpectedly higher in Adamts13−/− mice as compared to Adamts13+/+ mice (P 30 um were seen at 6.6±0.9 min compared to 10.8±0.8 min in the Adamts13+/+ mice (P
Heat Transfer and Fluidization Characteristics of Lignite in a Pulsation-Assisted Fluidized Bed

To address the problem of low drying efficiency increasing lignite dryer size, a pulsation-assisted fluidized bed with horizontal tube bundles was built for investigating the heat transfer in lignite particles with the goal of enhancing the lignite drying rate by introducing a pulsed flow to increase the heat transfer rate. Results showed that the pulsation-assisted flow increased the heat transfer rates by a maximum of 50–100%. The heat-enhancement effect increased as the gas velocity increased, with 3 and 5 Hz pulsation-assisted flows demonstrating higher heat transfer rates than a 1 Hz flow. Local heat transfer rates showed a maximum value at the tube top for lignite. Simulation was conducted to analyze the details of the lignite particles and bubble movements to explain the heat transfer rate enhancement effect.
Failure to differentiate between divergence of species and their genes can result in over-estimation of mutation rates in recently diverged species.

Devil's Hole pupfish ( Cyprinodon diabolis , DHP) is an icon of population persistence due to having survived in complete isolation in a small pool in the Mojave Desert (Devil's Hole, southwestern USA) for thousands of years [1]. Although the exact time and mode of colonization is unclear, DHP are generally assumed to have been isolated for 10–40 kyr [2]. However, in a recent paper, Martin et al. [3] use an analysis with over 13 000 genomic loci to seriously challenge this notion. Based on demographic modelling with a genomic substitution rate of 5.37 × 10−7 mutations per site per year (m/s/y) (obtained from a phylogenetic analysis of Cyprinodontidae), they estimated the age of DHP to be 0.105–0.830 ka, and argue evolutionary time scales in DHP and other pupfish species in the region have been overestimated [3]. The recent divergence of DHP according to Martin et al. [3] can be linked to the extremely high genomic mutation rate used in their demographic analysis. Although some teleost fish genomes are believed to evolve slightly faster than the typical vertebrate rate of 1 × 10−8 m/s/g [4,5], there is no precedent for a rate of 1.79 × 10−7–5.37 × 10−7 m/s/g, depending on the assumed average generation interval. Martin et al. [3] defend this rate because it was estimated using the only well-defined internal calibration event known for Cyprinodon: the 8000 ± 200 year age of the Laguna Chichancanab [6]. This date was used to put a lower bound on the divergence between species within Laguna …
Genealogia e historicismo crítico: dois modelos de Esclarecimento nos escritos de Horkheimer e Adorno

Este artigo sustenta que dois conceitos distintos de Esclarecimento coexistem em tensao na Dialetica do esclarecimento de Horkheimer e Adorno. De acordo com o primeiro conceito, genealogico, o Esclarecimento e uma forma confusa de autopreservacao que existiu desde a aurora da civilizacao ocidental. O segundo conceito, historicista critico, concebe como Esclarecimento os ideais criticos e antiautoritarios articulados – mais radicalmente na Franca do seculo XVIII – durante o irregular desenvolvimento da sociedade burguesa moderna. Depois de examinar as origens destes dois conceitos nos primeiros escritos de Adorno e Horkheimer, este artigo demonstra porque o primeiro conceito se tornou dominante na Dialetica do esclarecimento , ao mesmo tempo apontando tracos significativos do segundo conceito que ali permaneceram. Argumenta-se que uma reconsideracao do conceito historicista critico revela um modelo de Teoria Critica inicial que ainda pode fornecer uma alternativa convincente nao apenas para a Dialetica do esclarecimento , mas tambem para as tentativas mais recentes de situar a Teoria Critica em fundamentos normativos.
Efficient transcranial ultrasound delivery via excitation of Lamb waves

Transcranial focused ultrasound is being researched as a noninvasive means of ablating brain tumors and of increasing delivery of cancer therapeutics through the blood-brain barrier. However, the current techniques are implemented by means of a large-aperture spherical transducer. The geometric focus of these transducers limits the treatment envelope to the center of the brain, whereas the majority of cancers, especially metastases, occur along the periphery of the brain. In addition, these transducers create waves that impinge perpendicularly on the skull, which is inefficient. A normal incident transmission also sets up standing waves in the skull, which along with high attenuation leads to excess heating and a requirement for active cooling. We have developed an array of ultrasound wedge transducers capable of efficiently delivering focused ultrasound energy into the brain with minimal heating of the skull and the ability to address regions in the brain that are close to or far from the skull.
Sea urchins exposed to near-future elevated seawater temperature alter resource allocation under low-quality food conditions

The sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus inhabits seagrass meadows in the northern Gulf of Mexico where seasonal high temperatures are already capable of inducing physiological stress. Climate change will increasingly expose individuals to longer periods of elevated temperature. Sea urchins (n = 12 per treatment) were chronically exposed for a period of 90 days to ambient early summer temperature (26 °C) and a near-future predicted summer temperature (30 °C). Feeding and absorption efficiencies were measured in sea urchins fed a diet of the seagrass Thalassia testudinum embedded in agar. Test diameter and height, and total wet weight were recorded for each individual every 30 days. Mean spine length and diameter were also recorded for each individual at days 0 and 90. During the first 60 days, there were no significant differences in feeding rate, absorption efficiency, or growth of individuals held in the ambient (26°) or elevated (30 °C) temperature treatment. However, after 90 days, sea urchins exposed to 30 °C exhibited reduced rates of feeding, lower levels of total organic content in the Aristotle’s lantern, and thinner spines than those held at ambient temperature. Accordingly, despite the ability of L. variegatus to feed efficiently and sustain growth at predicted near-future seawater temperature for 60 days, after 90 days, individuals had significantly reduced their allocation of resources to skeletal components (spines and lantern). These findings suggest that in the near-future, chronic exposure to elevated temperature may compromise feeding through inadequate maintenance of the lantern and increase vulnerability to crushing predators through a reduction in spine diameter. Both factors could alter the role of L. variegatus as a key player in seagrass ecosystems.
Putting Culture on the Map: Media Discourse and the Urban Growth Machine in Koreatown, Los Angeles:

In today’s postindustrial economy, the extent to which cities and neighborhoods can develop and promote their cultural assets has become a key strategy for maintaining competitiveness by attracting...
The Role of Surface Acoustic Waves in Scanning Acoustic Microscopy

The reflection type acoustic microscope with water couplant has been used successfully in the last 10 years to image grain boundaries, solid-state bonds, or integrated circuits. The reflection coefficient of acoustic waves for most metals in water is in the order of 0.9; therefore the acoustic contrast even of different metals is quite weak when the transducer is focused to the surface of the sample. Strong contrast is observed even in the grain structure when the transducer is focused below the surface, provided that the angle of the aperture is large enough to generate Rayleigh type surface waves. Figure 1 shows the geometrical configuration of the scanning acoustic microscope. The rays (B) generate leaky Rayleigh waves which interfere with the specularly reflected wave (A) thereby producing contrast between points of constructive and destructive interference. In studying the contrast mechanisms it is found that the output voltage (V) of the microscope is sensitive to the vertical distance (z) of the lens from the sample, and a series of maxima and minima is observed. The characteristic periodicity of V(z), often called acoustic materials signature (AMS), is related to the Rayleigh velocity of the sample and hence to near-surface material properties. Two equivalent explanations of the AMS using either ray theory or Fourier optics were given in the literature.1–10 According to the latter approach, the output of the transducer can be written as9 $${\text{V}}\left( {\text{z}} \right){\text{ = }}\int {{\text{ }}_{\text{0}}^{2\pi } } \int {{\text{ }}_{\text{0}}^\alpha } {\text{R}}\left( {\theta ,\varphi } \right){\text{P}}\left( \varphi \right){\text{exp}}\left[ {{\text{i2kz cos}}\theta } \right]{\text{cos}}\theta \,sin\theta \,d\theta {\text{d}}\varphi $$ (1) where R(θ, φ) is the reflectivity of the sample, P(θ) is the pupil function, α is the viewing angle of the focusing lens, θ and φ denote the polar and azimuthal angles, respectively, and k is the wave number in the coupling liquid.
Two-Weight Norm Inequalities for the Fourier Transform

In this short talk we shall give two (trivial) necessary and two similar-looking sufficient conditions on non-negative weights V and W for the inequality $$ {\smallint _{{R^d}}}{\left| {f(x)} \right|^2}Vdx \leqslant {\smallint _{{R^d}}}{\left| {\hat f(\xi )} \right|^2}Wd\xi $$ (1) to hold for all \( f \in C_0^\infty ({R^d}) \) .
Essentials and Future Directions of Robotic Bariatric Surgery

As the epidemic of obesity and related health issues continues to increase, the field of bariatric surgery has exploded. Almost all bariatric procedures are now performed with the assistance of minimally invasive techniques, and the adoption of robotics in this field continues to increase. We review the literature and data surrounding the application of robotics in adjustable gastric band, sleeve gastrectomy, roux-en-y gastric bypass, biliopancreatic diversion/duodenal switch, revisional bariatric surgery, and bariatric surgery in the pediatric population. In addition, we also discuss training and port placement and present several videos of robotic bariatric surgical procedures. As the literature on robotics in bariatric surgery continues to mature, the appropriate application of robotics in this field continues to evolve.
Cold Water Pressor Test Differentially Modulates Functional Network Connectivity in Fibromyalgia Patients Compared with Healthy Controls

Fibromyalgia is a multifaceted chronic pain condition of unknown etiology. Conditioned pain modulation (CPM) such as cold water pressor test of the foot, is widely documented as being disrupted in patients with fibromyalgia. To date, the mechanisms underlying such dysregulation of the descending control of pain in fibromyalgia remain poorly understood. In this study, we used ICA-based network analysis to comprehensively compare differences in functional network connectivity among relevant (nonartifactual) intrinsic connectivity brain networks during the resting state before and after cold pressor test in patients with fibromyalgia and healthy controls. The results revealed significant differences in functional connectivity between the two groups that included the networks that integrate cognitive control and attention systems with memory, emotion and brainstem regions. Specifically, functional connectivity involving central executive network was absent in patients with fibromyalgia compared with controls. Patients showed significant functional connectivity changes involving subcortical and brainstem networks with the sensorimotor and dorsal attention networks. Accordingly, aberrant CPM in patients with fibromyalgia may be due to the differences in functional connectivity involving the subcortical/brainstem regions, and is facilitated by the recruitment of the dorsal attention network in lieu of the central executive network. Future research replicating the present findings with larger sample size can shed more light on neurobiology of endogenous pain modulation in fibromyalgia.
Cultural invalidations: Deconstructing the "acting White" phenomenon among Black and Latinx college students

Objectives The accusation of "acting White" (AW) represents a common cultural invalidation that youth of color encounter during adolescence. However, few studies have examined the broader implications of AW beyond academic achievement and it is unclear how multiple racial/ethnic groups internalize this invalidation during late adolescence. The present study addresses these gaps by examining the meaning ascribed to AW among a diverse sample of youth and evaluates whether interpretations of AW vary across demographic factors (race/ethnicity, gender). Method We utilized a subset of participants (n = 282; 47% Black; 53% Latinx; 68% female) from the Minority College Cohort Study-a longitudinal investigation of minority college students. Qualitative responses were analyzed through content analysis. Results The AW construct was defined by four themes: speech/behavior, style/social preferences, cultural ideologies, and academics/success. AW was described most frequently in terms of speech patterns, while achievement/success was the least commonly described theme. Several important demographic distinctions are also highlighted and discussed. Conclusion Results indicate that AW invalidations are interpreted in a similar fashion across diverse populations. Our sample defined AW in a manner that critically examined rigid racial/ethnic norms and stereotypes within U.S. society. Findings indicate that cultural invalidations, such as AW, should be examined more broadly because they are relevant for diverse populations and may yield significant psychological implications for individuals targeted by these threats. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Focusing light inside live tissue using reversibly switchable bacterial phytochrome as a genetically encoded photochromic guide star

Focusing light deep by engineering wavefronts toward guide stars inside scattering media has potential biomedical applications in imaging, manipulation, stimulation, and therapy. However, the lack of endogenous guide stars in biological tissue hinders its translations to in vivo applications. Here, we use a reversibly switchable bacterial phytochrome protein as a genetically encoded photochromic guide star (GePGS) in living tissue to tag photons at targeted locations, achieving light focusing inside the tissue by wavefront shaping. As bacterial phytochrome-based GePGS absorbs light differently upon far-red and near-infrared illumination, a large dynamic absorption contrast can be created to tag photons inside tissue. By modulating the GePGS at a distinctive frequency, we suppressed the competition between GePGS and tissue motions and formed tight foci inside mouse tumors in vivo and acute mouse brain tissue, thus improving light delivery efficiency and specificity. Spectral multiplexing of GePGS proteins with different colors is an attractive possibility.
Association of Length of Stay, Recovery Rate, and Therapy Time per Day With Functional Outcomes After Hip Fracture Surgery.

Importance Medicare is shifting from payment for postacute care services based on the volume provided to payment based on value as determined by patient characteristics and functional outcomes. Matching therapy time and length of stay (LOS) to patient needs will be critical to optimize functional outcomes and manage costs. Objective To investigate the association among therapy time, LOS, and functional outcomes for patients following hip fracture surgery. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study analyzed data on patients from 4 inpatient rehabilitation facilities and 7 skilled nursing facilities in the eastern and midwestern United States. Participants were patients aged 65 years or older who received inpatient rehabilitation services for hip fracture and had Medicare fee-for-service as their primary payer. Data were collected from 2005 to 2010. Analysis was conducted from November 2018 to June 2019. Exposure Therapy minutes per LOS day. Main Outcomes and Measures Functional Independence Measure mobility and self-care measures at discharge. Patients were categorized into 9 recovery groups based on low, medium, or high therapy minutes per LOS day and low, medium, or high rate of functional gain per day. Results A total of 150 patients (101 [67.3%] female; 148 [98.6%] white; mean [SD] age, 82.0 [7.3] years) met inclusion criteria. Participants in all gain and therapy minutes per LOS day trajectories were similar in function at rehabilitation admission (mean [SD] mobility, 16.2 [3.2];F8,141 = 1.26;P = .27) but differed significantly at discharge (mean [SD] mobility, 23.9 [5.2];F8,141 = 14.34;P Conclusions and Relevance In this study, rate of recovery and LOS in skilled nursing and inpatient rehabilitation facilities were associated with mobility and self-care outcomes at discharge following hip fracture surgery, particularly for medium-gain patients. Therapy time per day explained only 1% of the variance in discharge outcome. Discharging medium-gain patients before 21 days LOS may transfer burden of care to family and caregivers, home health, and outpatient services.
Evaluation of a university’s smart partying social norms campaign including emoji-style messaging

Background: Given the media saturated world today’s college students occupy, novel messaging needs to be utilized to cut through the noise to influence their perceptions of a perennial issue facing...
A National Survey of Police Mental Health Training

This study examines mental health-focused training in law enforcement academies and police departments across the USA. Results show that education and training on mental health topics have increased significantly in the last 20 years, and almost all departments reported using a specialized response team for the management of mental health crisis calls. Departments largely feel that their management of mental health crisis situations is effective. Mental health professionals are routinely involved in the development of training materials on mental health topics and in the delivery of such training. Future research that examines the outcomes of police officer training on mental health topics would be beneficial, including an examination of whether knowledge, skills, and perspective taking increase following training.
228 Predictive factors of lymph node involvement and topography of lymph node metastasis in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer

Objectives to determine the rate, the repartition and to predict the risk factors of lymph node metastasis in patients operated on for epithelial ovarian cancer. Methods we reviewed retrospectively the data of 185 patients diagnosed of epithelial ovarian cancer and operated on between January 2005 and October 2019 at Hotel-Dieu de France University Hospital. Results 88% of patients received a pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy. Node involvement was noted in 56% of cases. 85% of patients presented lymph node metastasis in the pelvic lymph nodes and 83% in the paraaortic nodes. Lymph nodes metastases in both pelvic and paraaortic levels were encountered in 70% of cases. Isolated pelvic or aortic lymph node metastases were seen in 16% and 14% of cases respectively. The median number of removed pelvic and paraaortic lymph nodes was 27 and 30 nodes respectively. In the univariate analysis, the rate of positive lymph nodes was higher in patients with serous histology (65% (serous) vs. 33% (non-serous), p=0.000), high grade (68% vs. 26%, p=0.000), bilateral adnexal involvement (74% vs. 27%, p =0.000) and positive peritoneal cytology (79% vs. 26%, p=0.000). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the rate was significantly higher in patients with bilateral adnexal involvement, higher grade and positive peritoneal cytology. Conclusion Serous histology, grade 3 tumors, positive peritoneal cytology and bilateral adnexal involvement seem to predictive factors of lymph node involvement in patients with ovarian cancers.
The History of Non- Criminal Background Checks: A Review

Several criminal justice and policy researchers have questioned the benefit of conducting pre- employment background checks. Our review of the background check literature suggests that persons with physical and cognitive disabilities have a much higher probability of being financially exploited, neglected, or abused. We recommend a balance of employment for incarcerated persons for re- entry into society, however, caution putting violent felons into employment providing long- term care services.
Dynamic Analyses of Mutation and Recombination

The previous chapters in this book have examined static characterizations of recombination and mutation. They were static in the sense that the time evolution of a population of chromosomes was not considered. Although static characterizations can be extremely helpful, it is also useful to investigate dynamic characterizations in which the time evolution is explicitly considered.
Vertical Specialization and Interregional Trade: Turbulence Analogy and Feedback Loops Analysis of the Midwest Economy

The renewed interest in international trade has drawn attention to the phenomenon of vertical specialization, the use of imported inputs for producing goods that are exported (Bruelhart, Hine 1999). The term vertical specialization was introduced by Balassa (1967); in a recent paper, Hummels et al. (1998) introduced and discussed the following definition of vertical specialization: “(1) a good must be produced in multiple sequential stages, (2) two or more countries must specialize in producing some, but not all, stages, and (3) at least one stage must cross an international border more then once. Thus, countries link sequentially to produce a final good.”
SU-F-BRB-07: A Plan Comparison Tool to Ensure Robustness and Deliverability in Online-Adaptive Radiotherapy

Purpose: To develop a plan comparison tool that will ensure robustness and deliverability through analysis of baseline and online-adaptive radiotherapy plans using similarity metrics. Methods: The ViewRay MRIdian treatment planning system allows export of a plan file that contains plan and delivery information. A software tool was developed to read and compare two plans, providing information and metrics to assess their similarity. In addition to performing direct comparisons (e.g. demographics, ROI volumes, number of segments, total beam-on time), the tool computes and presents histograms of derived metrics (e.g. step-and-shoot segment field sizes, segment average leaf gaps). Such metrics were investigated for their ability to predict that an online-adapted plan reasonably similar to a baseline plan where deliverability has already been established. Results: In the realm of online-adaptive planning, comparing ROI volumes offers a sanity check to verify observations found during contouring. Beyond ROI analysis, it has been found that simply editing contours and re-optimizing to adapt treatment can produce a delivery that is substantially different than the baseline plan (e.g. number of segments increased by 31%), with no changes in optimization parameters and only minor changes in anatomy. Currently the tool can quickly identify large omissions or deviations from baseline expectations. As our online-adaptive patient population increases, we will continue to develop and refine quantitative acceptance criteria for adapted plans and relate them historical delivery QA measurements. Conclusion: The plan comparison tool is in clinical use and reports a wide range of comparison metrics, illustrating key differences between two plans. This independent check is accomplished in seconds and can be performed in parallel to other tasks in the online-adaptive workflow. Current use prevents large planning or delivery errors from occurring, and ongoing refinements will lead to increased assurance of plan quality.
Night Trading: Lower Risk But Higher Returns?

This paper demonstrates that overnight returns are subject to highly persistent biases and examines the profitability of overnight-only investments in that context. Overnight returns tend to exceed their intraday counterparts, and the paper first reconciles these patterns by introducing a model that factors in recurring biases. This model identifies one fifth of stocks as having positive and statistically significant overnight biases. Investing overnight in these stocks in the next year yields twice the market’s return for a third of the market beta. Results have also implications for daytime investors as these stocks average negative returns intraday. Implementation costs and issues are discussed.
Lineage extrinsic and intrinsic control of immunoregulatory cell numbers by SHIP

We previously showed that germline or induced SHIP deficiency expands immunoregulatory cell numbers in T lymphoid and myeloid lineages. We postulated these increases could be interrelated. Here, we show that myeloid-specific ablation of SHIP leads to the expansion of both myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) and regulatory T (Treg) cell numbers, indicating SHIP-dependent control of Treg-cell numbers by a myeloid cell type. Conversely, T-lineage specific ablation of SHIP leads to expansion of Treg-cell numbers, but not expansion of the MDSC compartment, indicating SHIP also has a lineage intrinsic role in limiting Treg-cell numbers. However, the SHIP-deficient myeloid cell that promotes MDSC and Treg-cell expansion is not an MDSC as they lack SHIP protein expression. Thus, regulation of MDSC numbers in vivo must be controlled in a cellextrinsic fashion by another myeloid cell type. We had previously shown that G-CSF levels are profoundly increased in SHIP −/− mice, suggesting this myelopoietic growth factor could promote MDSC expansion in a cell-extrinsic fashion. Consistent with this hypothesis, we find that G-CSF is required for expansion of the MDSC splenic compartment in mice rendered SHIP-deficient as adults. Thus, SHIP controls MDSC numbers, in part, by limiting production of the myelopoietic growth factor G-CSF.
Automobile Crashes and Teenaged Drivers

This letter is a comment on an earlier article by Chen et al. in this publication that discussed the risks associated with teenaged drivers who transport passengers late at night, in which it was recommended that adolescent drivers receive graduated driving privileges. The focus of the comment is on a California study that examined the initial results of such a graduated privilege driver licensing program. A reply by the authors of the original article is included.
Parallel Distributed 2-D Short-Range Molecular Dynamics on Networked Workstations

In the paper we present efficient parallel algorithm for molecular dynamics simulation of 2-D Lennard-Jones systems with large number of particles (106+). Computational complexity is reduced by use of neighbour and link lists. The algorithm was implemented on networked workstations under PVM programming environment and optimized for the execution time and the memory requirements.
Edge server software architecture for sensor applications

Edge servers perform computation on data in addition to that performed by the application server. Typically edge servers are deployed just in front of the application server and perform simple generic functions such as load balancing. With the increasing integration of network connected sensors into Internet based applications we foresee the need for the deployment of edge servers at the other end of the network, i.e. at the boundary with the external sensor network. These edge servers reduce the amount of data that has to be sent to the application server by filtering, summarizing and aggregating the sensor data. They are distinct from existing servers in both the location they run and the application-specific functions they perform. Both these differences influence their design. We describe our implementation of such an edge server.
The lower ionosphere at high latitudes

A review is given of the present knowledge and understanding of the E and D regions at high latitudes, and comparisons are made with current ideas concerning the formation of these regions at lower latitudes. Processes operating at E-region heights during auroral events and at D-region heights during solar particle and electron precipitation events are considered. In addition, the growth of water cluster ions, H+. (H20)n, during conditions of low mesospheric temperatures in summer is considered in relation to the formation of noctilucent clouds.
Generalization of a Theorem of Waldspurger to Nice Representations

This paper presents some examples of equalities of integrals over local fields of characteristic zero predicted by the stationary phase approximation. These examples should be considered in the context of algebraic integration theory, proposed by the first author in [6]. From the point of view of this theory, our main theorem gives examples of pairs of algebro-geometric data over a given local field E producing equal integrals over arbitrary finite extensions of E. Another motivation for this work is the theory of Sato’s functional equations associated with prehomogeneous vector spaces over local fields. As an application of our techniques, we find an explicit form of these equations for the action of GLnon symmetric n x n matrices in the case when n is odd (this is a generalization of a particular case of the equations obtained by W. J. Sweet Jr. in [24]).
Nonlinear transmission of picosecond 10.6-μm pulses in InSb

Picosecond, high-intensity 10.6-μm pulses have been used for a time-resolved investigation of nonlinear transmission in InSb. Self-induced shutoff of transmission was observed at 20 K and is attributed to avalanche generation and subsequent strong absorption by intervalence-band transitions. At higher temperatures, generation by two-photon absorption strengthens the effect. The apparent avalanche contribution is not accompanied by laser-induced damage such as occurs in larger-band-gap materials. The change from the transmissive to an opaque state occurs on a picosecond time scale.
Water pillow irrigation compared to furrow irrigation for soybean production in a semi-arid area

Abstract Field studies were done in 2003 and 2006 to evaluate the performance of water pillow (WP) irrigation as an alternative to furrow irrigation (FI) for soybean growth in semi-arid climatic conditions. There were four irrigation treatments: two of which (FI and WP 1.0 ) were full irrigation, in that the water deficit in the soil profile (0.9 m) was brought to field capacity in 10-day intervals. The other two treatments (WP 0.75 and WP 0.50 ) were deficit irrigation treatments, and received 75% and 50% of WP 1.0 irrigation amount. The highest seed yield was achieved with the WP 1.0 treatment. Irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) and water use efficiency (WUE) were influenced significantly by the irrigation methods and levels ( P ≤ 0.05). The highest values of WUE and IWUE were obtained by the WP 0.75 and WP 0.50 treatment, respectively, in both study years. However, the smallest irrigation amount resulted in lower total yield for the WP 0.50 treatment, and is not recommended. In conclusion, the WP 0.75 treatment is recommended for soybean production in order to attain higher values of IWUE and WUE, and to conserve water and maximize yield with the same volume of water.
The short-channel IGFET

Formulas are presented which show that arbitrarily short-channel length for an insulated-gate field-effect transistor does not lead to arbitrarily large transconductance. Instead, the Boltzmann limit is indicated.
Crowd-out and diversity ☆

Abstract Research has shown that altruism is lower in diverse communities. Can this phenomenon be counteracted by government intervention? To answer this question, this paper introduces diversity to the canonical model of “warm glow” giving. Diversity may have two effects on incentives: it may attenuate individuals' altruistic preferences for public goods, and it may “cool off” the warm glow that individuals get from voluntarism. Either of these effects leads to diverse communities having lower levels of public goods, consistent with prior research. However, these effects have opposite implications for the efficacy of government intervention. I then empirically investigate whether government intervention is more effective in diverse communities. For identification, I exploit the Supreme Court-mandated 1991 expansion of the SSI program. Using a new dataset of United Methodist churches from 1984 to 2000, the results show that the expansion of SSI crowded-out charitable spending by churches. The crowd-out estimate for the average church is reasonably large, but this masks significant differences in crowd-out between communities. Crowd-out occurred almost entirely in relatively homogeneous communities; there is only modest evidence of crowd-out in racially diverse communities. Thus diverse communities, while having the lowest levels of altruism, are in this instance the most amenable to government intervention.
Thinking About the Future as a Way to Succeed in the Present: A Longitudinal Study of Future Orientation and Violent Behaviors Among African American Youth

Previous research has linked higher levels of hopelessness about one’s future to violent behavior during adolescence; however, little is known about this relationship over time for adolescents. Using growth curve modeling, we tested the association between future orientation and violent behavior across the high school years of adolescence in a sample of African American youth (n = 681). Variation based on demographic characteristics (i.e., sex, SES, previous violence) was explored. At baseline, differences in violent behavior varied by demographic characteristics. Overall, violent behavior decreased with age. Higher levels of future orientation were associated with greater decreases in violent behavior over time. Demographic characteristics were not associated with change in violent behavior overtime. Our findings suggest that future orientation can act as a promotive factor for at risk African American youth. Interventions that help support the development of future goals and aspirations could play a vital role in violence prevention efforts.
Radiosynthesis of 6-([18F]fluoroacetamido)-1-hexanoic-anilide ([18F]FAHA) for PET imaging of histone deacetylase (HDAC)

Radiosynthesis of a novel substrate for histone deacetylase (HDAC), 6-([18F]fluoroacetamido)-1-hexanoicanilide ([18F]FAHA, [18F]-3) is reported. For precursor synthesis, compound 1 (6-amino-1-hexanoicanilide) was prepared by the reaction of 6-amino hexanoic acid with thionyl chloride in dichloroethane followed by addition of aniline. Compound 1 was reacted with bromoacetic anhydride in tetrahydrofuran (THF) in the presence of triethylamine to produce the precursor compound 6-(bromoacetamido)-1-hexanoicanilide 2. Fluorination reactions were performed using tetrabutylammonium fluoride in various solvents at 80°C to prepare the unlabeled reference compound 3. Radiofluorinations were performed using either n-Bu4N18F or K18F/kryptofix, and the crude product was purified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The radiochemical yields were 9–13% decay corrected (d.c.) with an average of 11% using K18F/kryptofix, and specific activity >2 GBq/µmol at the end of synthesis. The synthesis time was 67–75 min from the end of bombardment (EOB). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depositional ice nucleation on crystalline organic and inorganic solids

[1] This work describes measurements of the heterogeneous depositional nucleation of ice on micrometer-sized (NH4)2SO4 (AS), maleic acid (C4H4O4) (MA), and mixed AS/MA particles and on thin NH4NO3 (AN) films. The critical saturation ratio (Scrit) required for heterogeneous nucleation was found to be similar and temperature-dependent for all solids, ranging from Scrit = 1.42 ± 0.04 at 190 K to Scrit = 1.04 ± 0.05 at 240 K. Deliquescence of the solids was not observed in any experiment; ice nucleation always occurred below the deliquescence relative humidity. The observed saturation ratios for ice nucleation were all substantially lower than the saturation ratios required for homogeneous nucleation. These results suggest that vapor deposition of ice may compete with deliquescence for crystalline organic and inorganic solids below the eutectic temperature.
Using Cases Published in Issues in Accounting Education: Categories and Topics at a Glance

To increase accessibility, cases published in Issues in Accounting Education from its inception through November 2006 are categorized by course area. Course categories include accounting information systems, auditing, financial accounting, managerial/cost accounting, and taxation. Specific course topics addressed in each case are identified. Additional tables list cases addressing ethical issues and cases using governmental or not‐for‐profit entities and firms in the service sector.
Characterization of the 70S Ribosome from Rhodopseudomonas palustris using an integrated "top-down" and "bottom-up" mass spectrometric approach.

We present a comprehensive mass spectrometric approach that integrates intact protein molecular mass measurement (“top-down”) and proteolytic fragment identification (“bottom-up”) to characterize t...
Shirking and the choice of technology: a theory of production inefficiency with an empirical application

Abstract We develop a model of shirking and technology choice and show that organizations exercising less effective direct control over shirking adopt technologies that underutilize the workforce to a greater degree relative to neoclassical counterparts in order to control shirking indirectly. Thus technical inefficiency arises endogenously as a rational response to allocative inefficiency caused by shirking. An empirical analysis of data from a sample of collective and private farms operating in Jewish Palestine reveals the presence of shirking, and supports the prediction that farms with less effective direct control over shirking exhibit greater labor hoarding as a manifestation of technical inefficiency.
Calcaneus malunion and nonunion.

Though the debate continues between operative interventions versus conservative therapy, there is significant evidence that the deformity that results from calcaneus malunions causes significant disability for the patient. Knowledge of the fracture patterns in the original calcaneal fracture aids in both understanding the deformity of the malunion and the necessary steps for correction of the deformity.
Phonetic capability as a function of vertical dimension in complete denture wearers—a preliminary report

T he influence of the vertical dimension of complete dentures upon the speech of the denture wearer has long been of interest to both the prosthodontist and the speech pathologist. A review of the literature related to this problem, however, is most disappointing. There do not appear to be any definite guidelines by which the occlusal vertical dimension may be provided for the denture wearer and which will, at the same time, provide him with an optimum phonetic capability. It has been stated that of the three main objectives of complete denture construction (mechanics, esthetics, and phonetics) it is necessary to provide the patient with only the first two (mechanics and esthetics), and the third (phonetics) will necessarily prove adequate .lm4 Many denture disappointments and frustrations on the part of the prosthodontist at the time of denture insertion and immediately thereafter are due to a lack of the expected correlation among these three objectives.
Total nasopharyngeal stenosis: treatment with laser excision, nasopharyngeal obturators, and topical mitomycin-c.

OBJECTIVE: Severe nasopharyngeal stenosis after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) is a dreaded complication. Very little has been written about successful treatment because attempts at correction frequently fail. Severe stenosis of the nasopharynx drastically worsens speech, swallowing, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). We present our successful experience with severe stenosis focusing on a simple functional repair using topical mitomycin-c as well as differing daytime and nighttime palatal obturators.METHODS: Three adults with total or near-total nasopharyngeal stenosis secondary to UPPP were referred to our institution after multiple failed attempts at repair. Each presented with significant OSA on polysomnogram (PSG), with excessive daytime somnolence and voice and swallowing complaints. Under general anesthesia, a CO2 laser is used to create an opening in the nasopharynx. Removable and adjustable palatal obturators are fashioned to keep the nasopharynx open with a daytime insert piece with a small obt...