cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What Can We Learn From Bryophyte Photosynthesis

Bryophytes have been evolving in terrestrial and aquatic environments longer than any other group of land plants, surviving and thriving through an incredible range of climatic and environmental variation. Several of the bryophyte growth forms we find today closely resemble those found in ancient fossils whereas many of the other early land plant forms lack modern representatives. What is it about bryophyte growth form and physiology that has allowed them to persist through time and radiate into every terrestrial ecosystem, even dominating some of them? What can we learn from modern bryophytes to address this question and to predict how plants will respond to future environmental change? In this chapter, we briefly examine these questions as a preview to the volume as a whole.
Management of Candida Infections in the Intensive Care Unit

The recovery ofCandidaspecies from patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) has become an extremely common occurrence.Candidaspecies may be the most common organisms recovered from the urine in the surgical ICU in most hospitals. Recovery from the sputum has also become very common, as has recovery of the organism from abdominal or thoracic drains in patients who have had surgical procedures.Candidaspecies are now the fourth most common organisms recovered from blood in hospitalized patients in the United States; most of the candidemic patients are in intensive care.
Liver and Vascularized Posterior Rectus Sheath Fascia Composite Tissue Allotransplantation

Abdominal wall closure in pediatric solid organ recipients may be confounded by donor size discrepancy and structural insults from previous surgery. Here we describe the novel use of vascularized donor abdominal wall posterior rectus sheath fascia, as a composite tissue allotransplant (CTA), to achieve abdominal wall closure in a liver and double kidney pediatric recipient who could not be closed primarily due to donor/recipient size mismatch. The posterior rectus sheath fascia was procured in continuity with the liver and falciform ligament. Blood supply was achieved using the single hepatic artery anastomosis as part of the standard liver transplantation procedure. Specimens of posterior rectus sheath fascia taken on postoperative days 3 and 30 showed no signs of acute rejection. The patient succumbed to an overwhelming fungal infection on day 51, with no signs of intraabdominal involvement. The patient received no additional immunosuppression in conjunction with the posterior rectus sheath fascia allotransplant.
Cross-sectional tomography: A diagnostic technique for determining the buccolingual relationship of impacted mandibular third molars and the inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle

Twenty-two patients with 31 impacted mandibular third molars were examined with a new, precise, cross-sectional tomographic technique to assess the radiographic size, shape, branching pattern, location, and degree of cortication of the mandibular canal, and the inclination of impacted mandibular third molars in the buccolingual plane. The mandibular canal, including bifid canals, was accurately identified in 30 cases (96.8%). The cross-sectional appearance of the canal was an uncorticated, or partially corticated, radiolucent oval that measured on average (+/- SD) 2.9 +/- 0.7 x 2.5 +/- 0.6 mm in diameter. It was located more frequently (45.2%) on the buccal aspect of the impacted mandibular third molar. About 60% of the mandibular canals notched the inner cortical plate of the mandible or the third molar root surface. Cystic expansion and quantification of cortical bone destruction were readily assessed by this technique. It was concluded that diagnostic information obtained from cross-sectional tomograms significantly aids the oral and maxillofacial surgeon during the preoperative diagnostic workup and that the radiation risks are comparable to those of other accepted localization techniques.
Effects of Microstructure and Frequency on Corrosion-Fatigue Crack Growth in Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V and Ti-6Al-4V

Abstract : Fatigue crack growth studies were conducted on Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V and Ti-6Al-4V alloys in 3.5% NaCl aqueous solution. Each alloy was studied in two microstructural conditions and at two cyclic frequencies. The Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V was heat treated to produce a fine-grained duplex anneal microstructure and a coarse-grained Widmanstatten microstructure resulting from a beta anneal. The two microstructural conditions for the Ti-6Al-4V were an as-received mill anneal and a beta anneal. The two cyclic frequencies were 01. and 5.0 Hz. Each of the four alloy/microstructure combinations studied has been the subject of prior investigation regarding fatigue crack growth rate/microstructure interactions in ambient air environments. For both alloys, crack growth rates in air were found to be significantly reduced as a result of microstructural modifications associated with the beta anneal heat treatment. Although the salt water environment significantly accelerated crack growth rates for both alloys, this same ranking of fatigue crack growth resistance persisted in the present study. Both microstructures of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy exhibited a frequency crossover effect; in contrast, no significant frequency effects were observed in the Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V, in either microstructure. Similar frequency effects were seen in separate specimens cycled at a single constant frequency or in single specimens cycled at two alternating frequencies. Out-of-plane cracking was observed in both alloys in the beta annealed condition. The effects of varying degrees of out-of-plane cracking on apparent crack growth rates are noted. (Author)
Cytometric analysis of cell contact and adhesion.

Publisher Summary A variety of techniques have been developed to assess the molecular interactions that facilitate cell contact and adhesion. This chapter describes some of the most commonly employed qualitative and quantitative techniques to measure cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesions. A number of adhesion molecule families have been identified that facilitate intercellular adhesions. They include integrins, cadherins, selectins, and the immunoglobulin superfamily. Each of these molecules has a unique adhesive specificity, although some overlapping specificities have been identified. Although the extracellular domains of adhesion molecules define substrate specificity, their intracellular domains often are involved in linkages that regulate cell adhesion and signaling. For example, interactions of integrins or cadherins with components of the actin cytoskeleton often serve to stabilize adhesion or initiate intracellular signaling by associated kinases. The chapter discusses to distinguish techniques that might be particularly useful for the study of adherent cells from those used to study nonadherent cells (e.g., lymphoid cells).
Modeling and analysis of burst switching for integrated voice/data services

A generalized stochastic petri net (GSPN) model is presented for the modeling and analysis of a burst switching integrated voice/data service. Analyses are performed in terms of the data delay, voice blocking probability, and voice cutoff fraction of the service node. In order to model the network properly, the concept of an overflow arc is introduced into the GSPN. Based on the analysis, a modification to an original burst switching network, where certain servers are allocating a fraction of their time to the data service only, is presented. The rest of the servers are shared by voice and data with voice having a higher priority, which is analogous to movable boundary frame voice/data multiplexing. Analysis has shown that the new strategy reduces the problem of an unstable data query in heavy traffic. >
Abstract W P86: Photo-stimulation of the Striatum Promotes Functional Recovery and Neurogenesis after Focal Ischemic Stroke

Introduction and Purpose: The striatum region of the brain supports self-repair process after experimental cerebral ischemia. Optogenetics is a temporally and spatially precise method to manipulate targeted neuronal populations. We tested whether optogenetic technique can be translated into stroke treatment by photo-stimulation of the striatum after focal cerebral ischemia. Methods: Adult male channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) transgenic mice were utilized, taking the advantage of that the cation channel ChR2 is abundantly expressed in the striatum. Before stroke, mice were trained 5 times per day for 3 days with a modified adhesive removal test. Mice were then subjected to the ischemic insult targeting the right sensorimotor (barrel) cortex. Four days after stroke, optical fibers were implanted into the striatum and fixed with a cannula on the skull. In control group, stoke mice received optical fiber implantation but without photo-stimulation. In treatment group, daily photo-stimulation pulses (473 nm blue laser) were started at 5 days after stroke and sustained for 8 days. The adhesive removal test on forepaws was performed 3, 10, 17, 24, and 31 days after stroke. Results: The impaired forepaw sensorimotor function in these two groups progressively recovered over the timeline. Stroke mice treated with photo-stimulation showed significantly better recovery assessed 31 days after stroke compared to stroke control. Our study also shows that the activity of neurogenesis in the brain was augmented by photo-stimulation, which may be responsible for enhanced functional recovery. Conclusions: Optogenetic stimulation of the striatum promotes functional recovery and neurogenesis after focal ischemic stroke.
Management of osteoporosis, fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies, and hyperlipidemia in primary biliary cirrhosis

Osteoporosis is several times more common in patients with PBC compared with the general population. Maintaining adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D is important for prevention of bone loss. The use of bisphosphonates or vitamin K to improve bone mineral density in osteopenic patients seems promising and needs to be further evaluated. Patients with PBC may develop fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies, especially vitamins A and D; serum levels should be investigated in patients considered at risk with the aim of recommending appropriate replacement therapy. Finally, hyperlipidemia in PBC does not seem to be associated with an increased risk of atherogenesis. New therapies in this patient population are currently under investigation.
Vehicle-specific emissions modeling based upon on-road measurements.

Vehicle-specific microscale fuel use and emissions rate models are developed based upon real-world hot-stabilized tailpipe measurements made using a portable emissions measurement system. Consecutive averaging periods of one to three multiples of the response time are used to compare two semiempirical physically based modeling schemes. One scheme is based on internally observable variables (IOVs), such as engine speed and manifold absolute pressure, while the other is based on externally observable variables (EOVs), such as speed, acceleration, and road grade. For NO, HC, and CO emission rates, the average R2 ranged from 0.41 to 0.66 for the former and from 0.17 to 0.30 for the latter. The EOV models have R2 for CO2 of 0.43 to 0.79 versus 0.99 for the IOV models. The models are sensitive to episodic events in driving cycles such as high acceleration. Intervehicle and fleet average modeling approaches are compared; the former account for microscale variations that might be useful for some types of assessme...
The measurement of natural sulfur emissions from soils and vegetation: three sites in the eastern United States revisited.

Sulfur fluxes from bare soils, naturally vegetated surfaces and from several agricultural crops were measured at two mid-continent sites (Ames, Iowa and Celeryville, Ohio) and from one salt water marsh site (Cedar Island, North Carolina) during a field program conducted jointly by the NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory, Washington State University Laboratory for Atmospheric Research and University of Idaho Department of Chemistry during July and August 1985. The sites were chosen specifically because they had been characterized by previous studies (Anejaet al., 1979; Adamset al., 1980, 1981). The NOAA gas chromatographic/dynamic-enclosure measurements yielded bare soil surfaces fluxes from the mid-continent sites composed predominantly of COS, H2S, CH3−S−CH3 (DMS) and CS2, all of which were strongly correlated with air temperature. Net fluxes of approximately 5 and 15 ng S/m2 min were observed in Iowa and Ohio, respectively, at appropriate weighted mean July temperatures. These fluxes are roughly a factor of 10 smaller than the earlier measurements, the greatest difference being in the measurement of the H2S flux. The presence of growing vegetation was observed to measurably increase the flux of H2S, significantly increase that of DMS and to decrease that of COS. Sulfur fluxes in the Cedar Island environs were observed to be both spatially and temporally much more variable and to include CH3SH as a measurable contributor. Net fluxes, composed predominantly of DMS and H2S, were estimated to be about 300 ngS/m2min during August; again about a factor of 10 lower than previous estimates. All measurements were corroborated to within about a factor of 2 by those of the other participating laboratories.
Effect of Milk on the Deodorization of Malodorous Breath after Garlic Ingestion

Abstract: The effect of milk and milk components on the deodorization of diallyl disulfide (DADS), allyl methyl disulfide (AMDS), allyl mercaptan (AM), allyl methyl sulfide (AMS), and methyl mercaptan (MM) in the headspace of garlic as well as in the mouth- and nose-space after garlic ingestion was investigated using selected ion flow tube-mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). Fat-free and whole milk significantly reduced the head-, mouth-, and nose-space concentrations of all volatiles. Water was the major component in milk responsible for the deodorization of volatiles. Due to its higher fat content, whole milk was more effective than fat-free milk in the deodorization of the more hydrophobic volatiles diallyl disulfide and allyl methyl disulfide. Milk was more effective than water and 10% sodium caseinate in the deodorization of allyl methyl sulfide, a persistent garlic odor, in the mouth after garlic ingestion. Addition of milk to garlic before ingestion had a higher deodorizing effect on the volatiles in the mouth than drinking milk after consuming garlic. Practical Application: Ingesting beverages or foods with high water and/or fat content such as milk may help reduce the malodorous odor in breath after garlic ingestion and mask the garlic flavor during eating. To enhance the deodorizing effect, deodorant foods should be mixed with garlic before ingestion.
Chemical Bonding on GaAs (001) Surfaces Passivated Using SeS 2

Selenium disulfide has been demonstrated to be an effective passivant for GaAs (001) surfaces. This chemical treatment can be more robust and effective in reducing surface-states-based Fermi level pinning than other analogous chemical treatments. We have studied SeS2-passivated surfaces, formed by treatment of GaAs in SeS2:CS2 solution, with synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy. The SeS2-treated surface consists of a chemically stratified structure of several atomic layers thickness. The As-based sulfides and selenides appear to reside on the outermost surface with the Ga-based compounds adjacent to the bulk GaAs substrate. The motion of the Fermi level within the band gap was monitored during controlled annealing conditions allowing for the specific chemical moieties responsible for the reduction in surface charge to be identified. As-based species are removed at low annealing conditions with little motion of the Fermi level. GaSe-based species, formed on the surface, are clearly shown to be associated with the unpinning of the Fermi level.
5a-Butyl-1,3,8,10-tetra-chloro-7,13-bis-(4-nitro-benzo-yl)-5a,6a,12a,12b-tetra-hydro-7H,13H-thieno[2,3-b:4,5-b']bis-(1,4-benzoxazine).

The title compound, C34H24Cl4N4O8S, is a linear penta­cyclic system formed of two substituted benzoxazinyl groups fused to 2-n-butyl­tetra­hydro­thio­phene. The oxazine ring, which is fused to the n-butyl-substituted side of the thio­phene ring, is in a boat conformation. The other fused oxazine ring and the tetra­hydro­thiene ring are each in an envelope conformation. The bridgehead C atom α to both the S and N atoms forms the flap of each envelope. This results in a twist of the penta­cyclic system such that the dihedral angle between the terminal dichloro­benzene rings is 82.92 (8)°. In the crystal, inversion-related mol­ecules form a weakly hydrogen-bonded dimer, with two C—H⋯O inter­actions between an H atom on the oxazine ring and an amide O atom. Additionally, C—H⋯O inter­actions occur between an H atom on a screw-related nitro­benzene ring and an O atom on the nitro­benzene ring of one mol­ecule. One of the Cl atoms and the butyl group are disordered over two sets of sites with occupancy ratios of 0.94 (2):0.06 (2) and 0.624 (4):0.376 (4), respectively.
The electrochemical oxidation of 1,3-butadiene on Pt and Au—I steady-state kinetics

Abstract Butadiene was electro-oxidised in aqueous solutions on both Pt and Au electrodes using steady-state techniques. Effects of potential, butadiene partial pressure, pH and temperature on the rate were measured. A change in slope of the polarisation curves occurred similar to that reported for the electro-oxidation of acetylene on Au. The resulting mechanism of oxidation on both electrodes incorporates the adsorption of water and butadiene as separate steps in conjunction with potential driving forces based on the potential of zero charge ( pzc ). It is significant that this mechanism is also applicable to the anodic oxidation of several other unsaturated hydrocarbons, eg , acetylene, ethylene and other alkenes on Pt and Au.
Uptake of the retrograde fluorescent tracer fast blue from the cerebrospinal fluid of the rat.

Injections of the fluorescent dye Fast blue (FB) into the subarachnoid space result in the retrograde labeling of cells in many brainstem and forebrain structures. These nuclei include precerebellar nuclei, cranial nerve nuclei, raphe nuclei, reticular formation and regions giving rise to tracts traveling near the surface of the brainstem. These results present a serious source of potential error (false positives) in retrograde tracing studies using FB and perhaps other fluorescent dyes. More importantly, they demonstrate possible potential routes, i.e. across the axonal membrane, or uptake by axon terminals at the brain surface, by which compounds, including toxins, can gain entrance into the central nervous system via the cerebrospinal fluid.
Superior in vitro biological response and mechanical properties of an implantable nanostructured biomaterial: Nanohydroxyapatite–silicone rubber composite

Abstract A potential approach to achieving the objective of favorably modulating the biological response of implantable biopolymers combined with good mechanical properties is to consider compounding the biopolymer with a bioactive nanocrystalline ceramic biomimetic material with high surface area. The processing of silicone rubber (SR)–nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) composite involved uniform dispersion of nHA via shear mixing and ultrasonication, followed by compounding at sub-ambient temperature, and high-pressure solidification when the final curing reaction occurs. The high-pressure solidification approach enabled the elastomer to retain the high elongation of SR even in the presence of the reinforcement material, nHA. The biological response of the nanostructured composite in terms of initial cell attachment, cell viability and proliferation was consistently greater on SR–5 wt.% nHA composite surface compared to pure SR. Furthermore, in the nanocomposite, cell spreading, morphology and density were distinctly different from that of pure SR. Pre-osteoblasts grown on SR–nHA were well spread, flat, large in size with a rough cell surface, and appeared as a group. In contrast, these features were less pronounced in SR (e.g. smooth cell surface, not well spread). Interestingly, an immunofluorescence study illustrated distinct fibronectin expression level, and stronger vinculin focal adhesion contacts associated with abundant actin stress fibers in pre-osteoblasts grown on the nanocomposite compared to SR, implying enhanced cell–substrate interaction. This finding was consistent with the total protein content and SDS–PAGE analysis. The study leads us to believe that further increase in nHA content in the SR matrix beyond 5 wt.% will encourage even greater cellular response. The integration of cellular and molecular biology with materials science and engineering described herein provides a direction for the development of a new generation of nanostructured materials.
Impact of product life cycle stages on barriers to entry

This study focuses on the importance of barriers to entry in five industries and examines the impact of industry and product life cycle stages on barriers to entry. The importance of 25 barriers is measured and tested empirically. The barriers are also factor analyzed and the resulting factor scores are compared among the different industries and different stages of the product life cycle. The results show that statistically significant differences in the importance of barriers are present among the industries and product life cycle stages.
Instant messaging usage policies enable ubiquitous communication

Instant messaging (IM) systems are popular among users. Inside corporate environments, the real-time nature of IM communication has resulted in increased productivity. However, network administrators are concerned about the lack of security in ubiquitous IM systems and their potential to leak sensitive data to outsiders. In response, some corporate managers have banned the use of IM inside the organization. We advocate the adoption of IM usage policy that clarifies how security can be strengthened while maintaining realtime communication. It is hoped that the usage guidelines outlined in this paper will enable ubiquitous communication while maintaining security in IM environments.
Perturbative Fermion Contribution to the Average Plaquette

Abstract The fermion contribution to the average plaquette is evaluated analytically to lowest order in lattice perturbation theory for an arbitrary fermion regularization. To this order the effect of the fermions is to decrease it by an amount that is proportional to the number of fermion flavors.
Incidence and management of anastomotic leakage following laparoscopic prostatectomy with implementation of a new anastomotic technique incorporating posterior bladder neck tailoring

In laparoscopic prostatectomies, vesicourethral anastomotic leaks may result in significant morbidity because of the chemical and metabolic derangements created by urine within the peritoneal cavity. To date, minimal data are available on this problem. Herein we present our experience with urine leaks after RALP. Over a period of 24 months, 135 men underwent RALP. Any drainage creatinine greater than two times the serum creatinine was considered as an anastomotic leak. According to our criteria, 20% of the first 110 patients developed an anastomotic leak. The patients were analyzed in two groups, those with and without leaks. In the two groups, there was no statistically significant difference in age, height, weight, prostate volume and pre-op hemoglobin. The patients with leaks did have higher rate of prior abdominal surgery (50 vs. 36%), higher average pre-operative PSA values (7.6 vs. 6.1), higher rates of multiple biopsies (27 vs. 17%) and a higher average BMI (29.6 vs. 27.8). Intraoperative differences included an average of 30 min longer operative time and 66 cm3 higher average EBL in patients with leaks. The transfusion rate was higher in the leak group at 18 vs. 1% in the no leak group. Recovery tended to be longer in patients with leaks, with hospital stays of an average of 3.6 days longer. The most common indication for prolonged hospitalization was ileus, which 55% of patients with leaks developed. Management included placing the catheter on mild traction, continuous antibiotics and taking the drain-off suction with caution to monitor the signs of a worsening ileus. In the last 25 patients, we revised our anastomotic technique. We now include posterior tailoring of the bladder neck prior to the vesicourethral anastomosis when the bladder neck is enlarged. This facilitates a water-tight anastomosis. Using this technique, we have yet to see the anastomotic leak. In RALPs, anastomotic leaks can lead to ileus formation and longer hospital stays. These leaks are associated with a higher average blood loss and transfusion rate. Management should focus on prevention. Since we have incorporated posterior bladder neck tailoring with the anastomosis, the problem has been markedly reduced.
Computers and Teaching Composition in a Foreign Language

New technologies for word processing provide incentives for changing the way writing is understood and taught in the foreign language classroom. Special hardware and software are expensive, however, and training faculty and students to use them is daunting. This article shows how any ordinary text editing program such as WordPerfect and a small number of computers can become the platform for a higher volume of student production, a greater variety of writing assignments in the second language and easier grading and writing management on the part of the teacher.
Spontaneous adsorption of heteropolytungstates and heteropolymolybdates on the surfaces of solid electrodes and the electrocatalytic activity of the adsorbed anions

Abstract Heteropolytungstate and heteropolymolybdate anions spontaneously adsorb from aqueous solutions onto mercury, gold, pyrolytic graphite and glassy carbon electrodes. The adsorption persists when the electrodes are transferred to pure supporting electrolyte solutions where the electrochemical responses from the adsorbed anions can be observed. The adsorption is much less extensive from non-aqueous solvents. The adsorbed anions can serve as catalysts for various electrode reactions. Examples are given of the electrocatalytic reductions of hydrogen peroxide to water and of nitrite to ammonia.
Predicted Effects of Gypsy Moth Defoliation and Climate Change on Forest Carbon Dynamics in the New Jersey Pine Barrens

Disturbance regimes within temperate forests can significantly impact carbon cycling. Additionally, projected climate change in combination with multiple, interacting disturbance effects may disrupt the capacity of forests to act as carbon sinks at large spatial and temporal scales. We used a spatially explicit forest succession and disturbance model, LANDIS-II, to model the effects of climate change, gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) defoliation, and wildfire on the C dynamics of the forests of the New Jersey Pine Barrens over the next century. Climate scenarios were simulated using current climate conditions (baseline), as well as a high emissions scenario (HadCM3 A2 emissions scenario). Our results suggest that long-term changes in C cycling will be driven more by climate change than by fire or gypsy moths over the next century. We also found that simulated disturbances will affect species composition more than tree growth or C sequestration rates at the landscape level. Projected changes in tree species biomass indicate a potential increase in oaks with climate change and gypsy moth defoliation over the course of the 100-year simulation, exacerbating current successional trends towards increased oak abundance. Our research suggests that defoliation under climate change may play a critical role in increasing the variability of tree growth rates and in determining landscape species composition over the next 100 years.
Comparison of methods for calculation and depiction of incidence infection rates in long-term care facilities

Assessment of changes in endemic infections in health care facilities are often based on comparison of infection rates over time. This study compared two methods for calculating and depicting infection data at a hospital-based nursing home care unit. Prospective incidence surveillance of nursing home acquired infections was conducted over a 12-month period, during which time denominator information on census and patient care days was also collected. Monthly infection rates were calculated based on (a) census (number infections per month/average monthly census), and (b) care duration (number infections per month/average monthly resident stay days). Results showed average monthly infection incidence of 27.4 episodes, (range 19-37), with average monthly census of 166.2 (range 160.0-180.0) and average monthly patient days of 5056 (range 4631-5583). The average census based monthly infection rate was 16.5 (range 11.9-22.4); average care duration based monthly infection rate was 5.4 (range 3.8-7.2) episodes per 1000 patient care days. Results indicate care duration based rates demonstrate less marked rate fluctuation than census based findings, and that duration based rates are more similar to values observed in acute care hospital nosocomial infection rates, thus are less likely to be misunderstood or misinterpreted by staff. Institutions should consider analyzing their methods for depicting infection data to provide consistency and clarity in data reporting.
“Repairing” Response Surface Designs

This note considers a method, recently described by Dykstra, for augmenting existing data in response surface experiments. Examples are given to show how this relatively simple approach can be usefully applied, not only to design repair problems, but to situations in which the experimenter, after reviewing his initial results, decides to change his region of interest, his model, or both.
On the nature of melody-text integration in memory for songs

Abstract In earlier experiments we found that the melodies of songs were better recognized when the words were those that had originally been heard with the melody than when they were different. Similarly, song texts were better recognized when sung with their original melodies. Some possible causes of this “integration effect” were investigated in the present experiments. Experiment 1 ruled out the hypothesis that integration was due to semantic connotations imposed on the melody by the words, since songs with nonsense texts yielded the same effect. Experiments 2 and 3 ruled out the possibility that the earlier results were caused by a decrement in recognition when a previously heard component is tested in an unfamiliar context. The results support the notion of an integrated memory representation for melody and text in songs.
Rayleigh Wave Propagation on Anisotropic (Cubic) Media

The essential features of surface-wave propagation for elastic waves on anisotropic media are delineated by consideration of the solution for cubic crystals. In using the coordinate system defined by the surface and the direction normal to it, transformation of the elastic coefficient tensor is required. Conventional means for doing this can be prohibitively laborious; but by invoking the isotropy condition, the calculation becomes quite amenable. Detailed elaboration is given for propagation in the (100) and (110) planes. The set of relations from which the damping coefficient and the Rayleigh wave velocity can be evaluated is derived.
Real-time measurements of conductance switching and motion of single oligo(phenylene ethynylene) molecules.

Real-time conductance switching and place-exchange up and down substrate step edges have been measured for oligo(phenylene ethynylene) (OPE) molecules inserted into host dodecanethiolate self-assembled monolayers (SAM). These measurements were obtained by placing a scanning tunneling microscopy tip over individual nitro-functionalized OPE molecules and recording apparent height versus time. In addition, real-time measurements for the host SAM were acquired and indicated small motions for the monolayer−substrate system.
Effect of Temperature and Salinity on the Precision and Accuracy of Landscape Irrigation Soil Moisture Sensor Systems

AbstractIt has been demonstrated that soil moisture sensor systems (SMSs) designed for landscape irrigation can save water. However, SMSs have not been tested with reclaimed wastewater. Both salts contained in the irrigation water and temperature might alter the soil water content (SWC) sensed by SMSs. The objective of this research was to quantify the effect of salinity and/or temperature on the precision and accuracy of three different commercially available SMSs. The brands, controllers, and probes selected for this experiment were as follows: Acclima, SCX, and Digital TDT, Baseline, WaterTec S100, and biSensor, and Dynamax, IL200-MC, and SM200. Every SMS was replicated three times. Each SMS probe was installed in the center of different containers filled with an Arredondo fine sand. The containers were placed in a controlled-temperature chamber and were saturated and dried down across a combination of three temperatures (10, 25, or 35°C) and three electrical conductivities (0, 0.7, or 5 dS/m). Each c...
Enhancing Self-Efficacy and Learning Performance

The effect of a communication designed to enhance the self-efficacy beliefs of introductory psychology students was examined. The author assigned students (N = 123) into above average, average, and below average performance categories. All students were invited to send the author an e-mail to receive a bonus point. Of the students who responded (n = 76), half were sent an e-mail message designed to enhance their efficacy beliefs, while the other half received a neutral note. As predicted, self-efficacy beliefs were significantly related to exam scores and significantly affected by the efficacy-enhancing communication.
Lessons Learned and Challenges Faced in Developing the Psychological Measure of Islamic Religiousness

Between 2004 and 2006, we conducted a three-stage program of research with the aim of developing and validating a measure of Islamic practices and beliefs that could be utilized in mental health research. The outcome of these efforts was a Psychological Measure of Islamic Religiousness (PMIR) that possesses desirable psychometric properties. In this article, we describe the rationale behind developing the measure, the assumptions that guided our investigation, the challenges we faced in developing the PMIR, and the lessons we learned through this process. We offer several concrete suggestions to deal with the challenges that arise in psychological investigations of Muslims and Islam.
Optimal service regions for solid waste facilities

Abstract An empirical method to determine the optimal size of a service region for a solid waste facility is presented. Population data from a region surrounding Green Bay, Wisconsin, U.S.A. and published cost data are used to illustrate the use of the method and to provide insight into the optimal values of the radius of the region when the facility is a landfill or an incinerator.
A novel memory architecture for multicore SDR systems

For conventional wireless transceiver architectures with software-defined radio (SDR) technology, the communication between microcontrollers, DSPs (digital signal processors), and memories are through public shared buses. As wireless standards change frequently, the demands of bus bandwidth increase. To avoid bus bottlenecks and to get better performance, the wireless transceiver architectures with concatenate memories and concatenate buses are proposed. The application-specific instruction-set processor (ASIP) for the IEEE 802.11p standard and the electronic system-level (ESL) virtual platform for the inner receiver of IEEE 802.11p are built. Via the proposed transceiver architectures with concatenate memories and concatenate buses, the bandwidth of communication between DSPs through public shared buses can be saved because the communications between DSPs and concatenate memories are through concatenate buses.
Role of the inferior colliculus in the inhibition of acoustic startle in the rat

Fifteen rats were tested for amplitude reduction of the acoustic startle response using auditory and visual prestimuli. Eight subjects then received large lesions of the inferior colliculus, and the remaining subjects served as normal controls. All animals were reassessed on a post-test identical to the pre-test. In addition, all subjects were tested for latency reduction of startle using auditory prestimuli. There were no significant differences between groups on the pre-test for startle amplitude, visual amplitude reduction, or auditory amplitude reduction, nor did the control group differ significantly on these measures from pre-test to post-test. After surgery, the lesion group displayed a large, significant increase in startle amplitude. Auditory prestimuli were no longer effective in reducing startle amplitude in this group, but visual prestimuli still produced reliable amplitude reduction. Both groups displayed reliable latency reduction to auditory prestimuli; the groups were not significantly different from each other on this measure. These data support the proposition that the inferior colliculus is part of a neural circuit for startle amplitude reduction by auditory prestimuli.
Abstract 4344: Ionizing radiation induces adhesion of breast cancer cells to fibronectin through upregulation of integrin alpha5beta1

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Metastatic cancer is marked by the loss of integrity of extracellular matrix (ECM). Adhesion of tumor cells to the ECM mediated by integrins on the surface of the tumor cells is a key step in the initial phase of metastasis. Since ionizing radiation (IR), which is commonly used for cancer therapy can induce alterations of the cell surface, we investigated the effect of IR on the adhesion of breast cancer cells to ECM proteins. Results showed that in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line, IR induced significant increase in both integrin expression and integrin-mediated adhesion to fibronectin, laminin, collagen I and IV. Soluble Arg-Gly-Asp peptide fragments or function-blocking antibodies directed against integrin alpha5beta1 inhibited IR-induced adhesion of MDA-MB-231 cells to fibronectin, indicating that IR-induced adhesion is caused by up-regulation of alpha5beta1 integrin fibronectin receptors. In contrast to MDA-MB-231 cells harboring mutant p53 (R280K), MCF-7 cells (WT p53) were unable to increase adhesion and up-regulation of alpha5beta1 integrin. Interestingly, knockdown of mutant p53 abrogated IR-induced integrin alpha5 integrin expression and adhesion to fibronectin. Our results indicate that mutant p53 coordinates breast cancer cell adhesion through up-regulation of alpha5beta1 integrin. This study suggests that alpha5beta1 integrin might be an effective target to improve the efficacy of radiotherapy in mutant p53 expressing cancers. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4344. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4344
Enhancer biology and enhanceropathies

Enhancers are cis-regulatory elements that enable precise spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression during development and are notable for being able to function at large distances from their target genes. Such regulatory elements often bypass intervening genes and typically comprise binding sites for multiple transcription factors that can also be transcribed by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) to produce noncoding enhancer RNAs (eRNAs). Genome-wide analyses have revealed chromatin signatures of enhancers, such as the enrichment for monomethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me1) and the acetylation or methylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27). Enhancer signatures have been used to describe the transitions of these regulatory elements from inactive to primed and from activated to decommissioned states during development. New mutations of enhancer sequences and of the protein factors regulating enhancer function in human disease continue to be identified, contributing to a growing class of 'enhanceropathies'.
A Simple CAMAC System

A data acquisition system using CAMAC hardware and a very basic set of CAMAC rules is described. With a modest effort and at low cost an approximately 1000 bit system has been assembled in a University lab and is now used in a counter-digital spark chamber system. Simple interfacing modules to multichannel Nixi display, printer, incremental tape unit and PDP8 and PDP15 computer are described.
Structure-Based Models for Alpha-Helical to Beta-Helical Conformation Change in the C-Terminal of the Mammalian Prion Protein

We employ all atom structure-based models with mixed basis contact maps to explore where there are any significant geometric or energetic constraints limiting conjectured conformational transitions between the alpha-helical (αH) and the left handed beta helical (LHβH) conformations for the C-terminal (residues 166-230) of the mammalian prion protein. The LHβH structure has been proposed to describe infection oligomers(1) and one class of in vitro grown fibrils(2,3), as well as possibly self-templating the conversion of normal cellular prion protein to the infectious form. The structure-based model uses GROMACS based molecular dynamics with a two-dimensional weighted histogram analysis method (WHAM) being applied to study projected energy surfaces. Our preliminary results confirm that the kinetics of the conformation change are not strongly limited by the large scale geometry modification, and evidence exists for a pathway linking the two conformations with a common folding intermediate, also suggested by all atom unfolding simulations(4).(1) Govaerts C., et. al. Evidence for assembly of prions with left-handed beta-helices into trimers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101; 8342-8347(2) Tattum M. H., et. al. Elongated oligomers assemble into mammalian PrP amyloid fibrils. J. Mol. Biol 2006; 357; 975-985(3) Kunes K., et. al. Left handed β helix models for mammalian prion fibrils. Prion 2008; 2; 81-90(4) See S. Dai and D.L. Cox, abstract elsewhere for this meeting∗Research supported in part by the International Institute for Complex Adaptive Matter, NSF Grant DMR-0844115
Permeability of endoneurial capillaries to K, Na and Cl and its relation to peripheral nerve excitability.

The permeability coefficient-surface area products (PA) of frog sciatic nerve endoneurial capillaries to K, Na and Cl were measured with an in situ perfusion technique and found to be 40.3, 24.6 and 32.8 X 10(-5) ml . g-1 . s-1, respectively. PAs to [14C]sucrose and 42K, when measured simultaneously, and their ratio were independent of perfusate K concentration (0.1-10.0 mM). Simultaneous measurements with 36Cl and 42K indicated that the Cl/K permeability ratio was significantly smaller than the mobility ratio of these two ions in free solution. On the other hand, comparable experiments with 22Na and 42K revealed that the K/Na permeability ratio was not significantly different from its respective mobility ratio. Thus, these results provide no evidence of facilitated transport of K by endoneurial capillaries, and suggest that K, Na and Cl traverse the endoneurial capillary wall by a paracellular route which is weakly selective for cations. The minimum extracellular K concentration (Ke) capable of producing a depolarization conduction block in frog sciatic nerve was between 12.5 and 15.0 mM. When the vasculature of this nerve was perfused with a hyperkalaemic (20.0 mM) Ringer solution, a conduction block developed in 7.9 min. Comparison of this time with the theoretically predicted rate of change of endoneurial Ke (induced by a comparable change of intravascular K concentration) indicated that an increase of endoneurial Ke is transmitted directly to the paranodal spaces of nerve fibres so as to immediately influence axonal excitability.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A preliminary investigation of large-scale organized motions in a supersonic turbulent boundary layer on a curved surface

An experimental investigation concentrating on the change in the large-scale organized motions of a supersonic turbulent boundary layer subjected to a short region of concave surface curvature is presented. Two flows were studied, a relatively weak and a relatively strong perturbation. In both flows the freestream Mach number was 2.89 and the Reynolds number based on momentum thickness was 81,900. Hot-wire anemometry and schlieren photography provided the principle tools for this investigation. Hot-wire data were analyzed using spectral and correlation methods and conditional sampling techniques. Changes in structure angle and results of conditionally sampled velocity signals are discussed. The strong perturbation is found to increase the structure angle, and in both flows the length scales of the organized motions are altered.
Interdisciplinary progress in food production, food security and environment research

SUMMARY This review examines contributions of interdisciplinary (ID) research to understanding interactions between environmental quality, food production and food security. Global patterns of food insecurity and crop production are reviewed in relation to climate, land use and economic changes, as well as potential productivity increases compatible with environmental conservation. Interactions between food production and global processes make food
Enzymic activities of lipofuscin age pigments: Comparative histochemical and biochemical studies

Summary 1. A number of particulate fractions have been isolated in continuous density-gradients of sucrose from homogenates of human heart, human liver, and beef heart and assayed for cytochrome oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1), acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2), β -glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31), cathepsin, and non-specific esterase. 2. These studies were supplemented by histochemical assays of sections made from frozen pellets of the isolated fractions. 3. Non-specific esterase and acid phosphatase, histochemical activities normally found associated with liver lipofuscin in histological sections, were not found to be concentrated in the bulk of the fluorescent, brown pigmented fractions isolated from human liver. Rather, these activities as well as leucine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.1.1), were found in more slowly-sedimenting particles forming an overlying layer of the lipofuscin pellets. The lipofuscin fractions isolated from human and beef heart had low hydrolytic activities except for cathepsin and a non-specific esterase resistant to “A” and “B” esterase inhibitors. The esterase activity appeared to be associated with particles distributed throughout the pellets. 4. These results demonstrate the value of histochemical tests on sections of particle pellets as a means of determining the homogeneity of density gradient fractions. 5. Dispersion of lipofuscin particles in phenol has been found to facilitate quantitative measurements of absorption spectra and fluorescence.
Testicular responsiveness to human chorionic gonadotrophin in growth hormone deficient pre‐pubertal boys: lack of effect of replacement therapy

The effect of hGH therapy on testicular response to hCG was studied in 7 pre-pubertal boys with known growth hormone deficiency. Each boy received 2000 IU hCG intramuscularly for 3 consecutive days either before starting hGH therapy or 4 months after temporarily discontinuing hGH therapy. A second 3 day series of hCG injections was administered after each boy had received 4 months of hGH treatment. Before each hCG challenge, serum concentrations of testosterone, LH and FSH were obtained and an iv GnRH test was performed. Growth hormone treatment either maintained or established linear growth velocities equal to or greater than expected for the patient's skeletal age. Testicular response off hGH therapy, either maximum serum concentration of testosterone or maximum rise above baseline, was not significantly different than testicular response while on hGH therapy. Testicular responses did not correlate significantly with either basal concentration of gonadotrophins or gonadotrophin responses to GnRH. Despite its effectiveness in stimulating growth, hGH did not effect testicular responsiveness to hCG in pre-pubertal boys with hGH deficiency.