cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time Spent by Breast Imaging Radiologists to Perform Value-Added Activities at an Academic Cancer Center.

BACKGROUND Health care reform in the United States has generated a paradigm shift in the practice of radiology aimed at increasing the degree of patient-centered care. We conducted a study to quantify the amount of time breast imaging radiologists spend on value-added activities at an academic comprehensive cancer center located in Miami, Florida, and accredited by the American College of Radiology as a Breast Imaging Center of Excellence. METHODS A prospective, observational study was conducted during a period of 20 consecutive workdays. Three participating breast imaging radiologists maintained a real-time log of each activity performed. A generalized linear model was used to perform a 1-way analysis of variance. An alpha level of .05 was used to determine statistical significance. RESULTS The average daily time dedicated to these activities was 92.1 minutes (range, 56.4-132.2). The amount of time significantly differed among breast imaging radiologists and correlated with their assigned daily role (P < .001 for both) but was independent of their years of experience. The daily role that required the most time was the interpretation of diagnostic imaging studies, which is when most interactions with patients, their relatives, and referring physicians occurred. The specific activity that required the most time was preparing for and participating in tumor boards. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the breast imaging radiologists who participated in this study dedicated a significant amount of their time to value-added activities to help improve patients' experience across the continuity of their care. We propose that similar studies be conducted at other institutions to better assess the magnitude of this finding across different breast imaging care settings.
Women’s Evolving Roles in Drug Trafficking in the United States: New Conceptualizations Needed for 21st-Century Markets

Drugs and crime research and theory in the United States originated after President Nixon declared the first War on Drugs in 1971. This research agenda promised to reveal the scope, dynamics, and impact of the drugs–crime relationship, thus promising solutions for the country’s drug problems. The initial focus was on drug trade violence and, as a result, produced scholarship mostly on men’s involvement in drug distribution, purchasing, and related crimes. It paid little attention to women’s involvement and failed to consider how gender might shape the drugs–crime relationship. By the early 1980s, however, studies began to appear on women’s experiences and addressed the role of gender in U.S. street-based illegal markets for crack cocaine and heroin. These studies revealed women’s relative powerlessness or supporting roles to domineering males in illegal, street-based drug markets. Today, drugs of concern in the U.S. originate and are sold and purchased through both legal and illegal channels that often wo...
Automated crystal structure solution from powder diffraction data: Validation of the first-principles-assisted structure solution method

The authors demonstrate an automated method to solve crystal structures from powder diffraction data. Originally developed by Meredig and Wolverton in 2013, their First-Principles-Assisted Structure Solution (FPASS) method uses $a\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}b$ $i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}n\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}o$ energetics to guide the search for reasonable structures. Here, the authors find that FPASS accurately recovers the known solution for nearly 100 crystals and employ it to solve 10 structures that were previously incomplete in crystallographic databases. The authors identified several potential semiconducting materials from these new solutions, and also have released their automation software to allow others to use FPASS.
Solvent or thermal extraction of ethylene oxide from polymeric materials: Medical device considerations

Ethylene oxide (EO) gas is commonly used to sterilize medical devices. Bioavailable residual EO, however, presents a significant toxicity risk to patients. Residual EO is assessed using international standards describing extraction conditions for different medical device applications. We examine a series of polymers and explore different extraction conditions to determine residual EO. Materials were sterilized with EO and exhaustively extracted in water, in one of three organic solvents, or in air using thermal desorption. The EO exhaustively extracted varies significantly and is dictated by two factors: the EO that permeates the material during sterilization; and the effectiveness of the extraction protocol in flushing residual EO from the material. Extracted EO is maximized by a close matches between Hildebrand solubility parameters δpolymer , δEO , and δsolvent . There remain complexities to resolve, however, because maximized EO uptake and detection are accompanied by great variability. These observations may inform protocols for material selection, sterilization, and EO extraction. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 2455-2463, 2018.
Applying network analysis to psychological comorbidity and health behavior: Depression, PTSD, and sexual risk in sexual minority men with trauma histories.

Objective High rates of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) contribute to sexual risk, particularly in men who have sex with men (MSM) who have experienced childhood sexual abuse. The comorbidity between depression and PTSD and mechanisms by which they contribute to sexual risk in MSM remain unclear. This study sought to demonstrate the feasibility and utility of a network approach to (a) characterize symptom interconnections between depression and PTSD in MSM, (b) identify specific symptoms related to sexual risk behavior, and (c) compare symptom networks across groups at different levels of risk. Method Cross-sectional baseline data were collected from 296 HIV-negative urban MSM as part of a multisite randomized intervention trial. Symptoms of depression and PTSD were self-reported along with sexual risk behavior. Analyses were performed in R using regularized partial correlation network modeling. Results Network analyses revealed complex associations between depression and PTSD symptoms and in relation to sexual risk behavior. While symptoms clustered within their respective disorders, depression and PTSD were connected at key symptom nodes (e.g., sleep, concentration). Specific symptoms (e.g., avoiding thoughts and feelings) were linked to sexual risk behavior. Network comparisons across risk groups suggested avoidant processes could be more readily activated in higher-risk individuals, whereas hyperarousal symptoms may be more salient and protective for lower-risk individuals. Conclusions This study is one of the earliest network analyses of depression and PTSD, and first to extend this inquiry to health behavior. Symptom-level investigations may clarify mechanisms underlying psychological comorbidity and behavioral risk in MSM and refine targets for intervention/prevention. (PsycINFO Database Record
Fast-Food Value Chains and Childhood Obesity: A Global Perspective

As childhood obesity and overweight statistics continue to rise throughout the globe, a broader analysis regarding the economic, political, and social contexts that shape children’s food choices is needed. This chapter advances a multilevel approach to studying childhood obesity by outlining a fast-food global value chain, with an emphasis on the role of fast-food corporations and their connection to dietary dependence. Dietary dependence posits that a country’s mode of integration into the global economy accelerates its population’s dependence on imported products and processed food from transnational corporations. Global fast-food expansion in China, India, and Russia illustrates how fast food directly shapes food availability and food options in the global market, strengthening and expanding dietary dependence on imported, processed, and fast-food varieties. Fast-food corporations continue to accelerate their global presence to offset pressure in the United States to provide healthier food options, although curbing the trend toward fast-food consumption has proven notoriously difficult everywhere.
Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels

Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels are evolutionarily conserved integral membrane proteins. The mammalian TRP superfamily of ion channels consists of 28 cation permeable channels that are grouped into six subfamilies based on sequence homology (Fig. 6.1). The canonical TRP (TRPC) subfamily is known for containing the founding member of mammalian TRP channels. The vanilloid TRP (TRPV) subfamily has been extensively studied due to the heat sensitivity of its founding member. The melastatin-related TRP (TRPM) subfamily includes some of the few known bi-functional ion channels, which contain functional enzymatic domains. The ankyrin TRP (TRPA) subfamily consists of a single chemo-nociceptor that has been proposed to be a target for analgesics. The mucolipin TRP (TRPML) subfamily channels are found primarily in intracellular compartments and were discovered based on their critical role in type IV mucolipidosis (ML-IV). The polycystic TRP (TRPP) subfamily is a diverse group of proteins implicated in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Overall, this superfamily of channels is involved in a vast array of physiological and pathophysiological processes making the study of these channels imperative to our understanding of subcellular biochemistry.
The relationship between body phosphate and blood pressure.

Phosphate depletion alters the function of the cardiovascular system. Decreased myocardial performance has been described in phosphate depleted dogs (1) and humans (2). In the most severe cases of hypophosphatemia, congestive cardiomyopathy can occur (3). Phosphate supplementation reverse these abnormalities.
Positron Emission Tomography: Current Achievements and Future Projections

Positron emission tomography (PET) scanning has often been proposed as a basic research tool on the one hand and as a potential clinical imaging modality on the other hand. PET can provide important information about basic physiological mechanisms and identify possible biological markers of disease. There are many future applications, including measurement of biological parameters and therapeutic monitoring of drugs.
Cancer Prevention with Berries: Role of Anthocyanins

1. Berries have been part of the human diet for many centuries. They are a rich source of known chemopreventive agents including provitamin A carotenoids, C, E, and folate, calcium and selenium, simple and complex phenols, and phytosterols.
Evolution of a Tech Desk: Providing better Services thru Upgraded Applications

After managing a Tech Desk for a year and a half, it was time to make changes, big changes. I had evaluated our systems, how they functions, the service they provided and their efficiency. I came to the conclusion our three main systems, scheduling tool, poster ordering system and checkout system need upgrades. Over the past year we have upgraded all three systems and still have some road blocks to overcome, but overall we are more efficient in serving our customers. Through these upgrades we have improved how we provide customer service and it has help with holding workers accountable for their job performance. Through this paper you will learn about what we had, what we moved to and how it was evaluated and come to the conclusions that changes were needed.
Proteome of Plant Peroxisomes.

Plant peroxisomes are required for a number of fundamental physiological processes, such as primary and secondary metabolism, development and stress response. Indexing the dynamic peroxisome proteome is prerequisite to fully understanding the importance of these organelles. Mass Spectrometry (MS)-based proteome analysis has allowed the identification of novel peroxisomal proteins and pathways in a relatively high-throughput fashion and significantly expanded the list of proteins and biochemical reactions in plant peroxisomes. In this chapter, we summarize the experimental proteomic studies performed in plants, compile a list of ~200 confirmed Arabidopsis peroxisomal proteins, and discuss the diverse plant peroxisome functions with an emphasis on the role of Arabidopsis MS-based proteomics in discovering new peroxisome functions. Many plant peroxisome proteins and biochemical pathways are specific to plants, substantiating the complexity, plasticity and uniqueness of plant peroxisomes. Mapping the full plant peroxisome proteome will provide a knowledge base for the improvement of crop production, quality and stress tolerance.
Recent Advances in 2D IR Spectroscopy Driven by Advances in Ultrafast Technology

Two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectroscopy has grown in prominence, since its inception in the 1990s. With it’s ability to report on the structure and dynamics of chemical systems with femtosecond time resolution, 2D IR spectroscopy has provided insight into a vast number of chemical systems. 2D IR spectroscopy experiments have provided important insights into water dynamics, protein structure, and kinetics, and more recently 2D IR has been used to address questions in materials chemistry, disease states, and energy sciences. This review will present a brief overview of the principles behind 2D IR spectroscopy. The observables available in 2D IR spectra and methods to extract information regarding chemical structure and dynamics will be discussed. In addition, experimental systems will be discussed to highlight new advances in ultrafast technology that will impact new areas of research to be explored. Finally, this review will briefly discuss future directions for 2-D vibrational spectroscopy and innovations that are moving the field of ultrafast spectroscopy forward.
The Association of Urologic Oncology Fellowship Training and Diagnostic Yield of Prostate Biopsy.

OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between urologic oncology fellowship training (UOFT) and diagnostic yield of prostate biopsy. METHODS Retrospective review was conducted of patients who underwent prostate biopsy across the Cleveland Clinic between 2000 and 2018. Biopsies done by urologists with and without UOFT were detailed via descriptive statistics and appropriate (chi-square, Student t, Wilcoxon rank-sum) tests. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the association between UOFT and positive prostate biopsy, adjusting for relevant covariates. RESULTS A total of 11,241 biopsies by 129 urologists had complete information available for review. Sixteen urologists (12.4%) had UOFT; 113 either completed a different fellowship or no fellowship. Those with UOFT were more likely to use MRI-guided biopsy (7.80% vs 3.05%, P <.0001), more likely to get a positive biopsy (41.25% vs 32.72%, P <.0001), and more likely to obtain an adequate number (by ≥12) of cores (90.25% vs 74.53%, P <.0001). UOFT remained a significant predictor of positivity when adjusting for patient age and race, PSA, 5-alpha-reductase-inhibitor use, year of biopsy, years in practice, and type of biopsy (MRI or transrectal ultrasound guided). UOFT also predicted higher-risk biopsy (Gleason sum ≥7), adjusting for the same variables, though this association lost significance when adjusting for adequacy of biopsy. The learning curve to achieve a higher percentage of positive biopsies was steeper for nonurologic oncology fellowship trained than for UOFT urologists. CONCLUSION UOFT is associated with higher diagnostic yield on prostate biopsy, higher uptake of MRI-guided biopsy, and less steep learning curve. This may be due to patient selection, technique, or, as we demonstrate here, adherence to guidelines.
Information Needs and Information Seeking by Family Members and Friends of Terminal Cancer Patients: An Exploratory Study

This research explored the information needs and seeking behaviors of family members and friends who experienced a terminal cancer diagnosis of a loved one that included a predicted lifespan (e.g. ...
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: A Review.

Importance Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the inflammatory subtype of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and is associated with disease progression, development of cirrhosis, and need for liver transplant. Despite its importance, NASH is underrecognized in clinical practice. Observations NASH affects an estimated 3% to 6% of the US population and the prevalence is increasing. NASH is strongly associated with obesity, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Although a number of noninvasive tests and scoring systems exist to characterize NAFLD and NASH, liver biopsy is the only accepted method for diagnosis of NASH. Currently, no NASH-specific therapies are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Lifestyle modification is the mainstay of treatment, including dietary changes and exercise, with the primary goal being weight loss. Substantial improvement in histologic outcomes, including fibrosis, is directly correlated with increasing weight loss. In some cases, bariatric surgery may be indicated to achieve and maintain the necessary degree of weight loss required for therapeutic effect. An estimated 20% of patients with NASH will develop cirrhosis, and NASH is predicted to become the leading indication for liver transplants in the US. The mortality rate among patients with NASH is substantially higher than the general population or patients without this inflammatory subtype of NAFLD, with annual all-cause mortality rate of 25.56 per 1000 person-years and a liver-specific mortality rate of 11.77 per 1000 person-years. Conclusions and Relevance Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis affects 3% to 6% of the US population, is more prevalent in patients with metabolic disease and obesity, progresses to cirrhosis in approximately 20% of cases, and is associated with increased rates of liver-specific and overall mortality. Early identification and targeted treatment of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis are needed to improve patient outcomes, including directing patients toward intensive lifestyle modification to promote weight loss and referral for bariatric surgery as indicated for management of obesity and metabolic disease.
Patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection do not have inferior outcomes after dialysis access creation.

Abstract Objective Despite improvements in treating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the risk of end-stage renal disease and need for long-term arteriovenous (AV) access for hemodialysis remain high in HIV-infected patients. Associations of HIV/AIDS with AV access creation complications have been conflicting. Our goal was to clarify short- and long-term outcomes of patients with HIV/AIDS undergoing AV access creation. Methods The Vascular Quality Initiative registry was queried from 2011 to 2018 for all patients undergoing AV access creation. Documentation of HIV infection status with or without AIDS was recorded. Data were propensity score matched (4:1) between non-HIV-infected patients and HIV/AIDS patients. Subsequent multivariable analysis and Kaplan-Meier analysis were performed for short- and long-term outcomes. Results There were 25,711 upper extremity AV access creations identified: 25,186 without HIV infection (98%), 424 (1.6%) with HIV infection, and 101 (.4%) with AIDS. Mean age was 61.8 years, and 55.8% were male. Patients with HIV/AIDS were more often younger, male, nonwhite, nonobese, and current smokers; they were more often on Medicaid and more likely to have a history of intravenous drug use, and they were less often diabetic and less likely to have cardiac comorbidities (P Conclusions Patients with HIV/AIDS undergoing AV access creation have outcomes similar to those of patients without HIV infection, including long-term survival. Patients with HIV/AIDS had fewer traditional end-stage renal disease risk factors compared with non-HIV-infected patients. Our findings show that the contemporary approach for creation and management of AV access in patients with HIV/AIDS should be continued; however, further research is needed to identify risk factors in this population.
Crowdsourcing data on the reliability of electricity service: Evidence from a telephone survey in Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract Measuring energy access in developing countries involves much more than simply recording whether or not households are connected to the grid. Both international organizations and scholars now recognize the importance of reliable electricity supply for achieving positive development outcomes. Yet, measuring reliability is much more difficult than measuring the existence of connections. We propose an economical croudsourcing method for measuring reliability, and compare this method to energy monitor data for 122 households over 12 months. The results suggest that, while far from perfect, crowdsourcing provides a reasonably accurate method for monitoring the reliability of access over time, especially when modeled as a non-linear relationship. We apply these findings to model energy reliability in a broader group of villages across Uttar Pradesh, India, demonstrating the existence of disparities between urban and rural reliability and seasonal fluctuations in reliability. The system laid out in this study can be utilized by government and non-government organizations to quickly and cheaply monitor energy reliability.
An open interface in the pre-80S ribosome coordinated by ribosome assembly factors Tsr1 and Dim1 enables temporal regulation of Fap7

During their maturation, nascent 40S subunits enter a translation-like quality control cycle, where they are joined by mature 60S subunits to form 80S-like ribosomes. While these assembly intermediates are essential for maturation and quality control, how they form, and how their structure promotes quality control remains unknown. To address these questions, we determined the structure of an 80S-like ribosome assembly intermediate to an overall resolution of 3.4 A. The structure, validated by biochemical data, resolves a large body of previously paradoxical data and illustrates how assembly and translation factors cooperate to promote the formation of an interface that lacks many mature subunit contacts but is stabilized by the universally conserved Dim1. We also show how Tsr1 enables this interface by blocking the canonical binding of eIF5B to 40S subunits, while maintaining its binding to 60S. The structure also shows how this interface leads to unfolding of the platform, which allows for temporal regulation of the ATPase Fap7, thus linking 40S maturation to quality-control during ribosome assembly.
Monoamine Oxidase a Gene (MAOA) Predicts Behavioral Aggression Following Provocation

Monoamine oxidase A gene (MAOA) has earned the nickname "warrior gene" because it has been linked to aggression in observational and survey-based studies. However, no controlled experimental studies have tested whether the warrior gene actually drives behavioral manifestations of these tendencies. We report an experiment, synthesizing work in psychology and behavioral economics, which demonstrates that aggression occurs with greater intensity and frequency as provocation is experimentally manipulated upwards, especially among low activity MAOA (MAOA-L) subjects. In this study, subjects paid to punish those they believed had taken money from them by administering varying amounts of unpleasantly hot (spicy) sauce to their opponent. There is some evidence of a main effect for genotype and some evidence for a gene by environment interaction, such that MAOA is less associated with the occurrence of aggression in a low provocation condition, but significantly predicts such behavior in a high provocation situation. This new evidence for genetic influences on aggression and punishment behavior complicates characterizations of humans as "altruistic" punishers and supports theories of cooperation that propose mixed strategies in the population. It also suggests important implications for the role of individual variance in genetic factors contributing to everyday behaviors and decisions.
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF INTERNAL DERANGEMENTS OF THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT

SUMMARY This article presents a novel approach to the differentiation of internal derangements. The diagnosis of an internal derangement is not clinically difficult. However, establishing a cause and effect relationship between the presenting symptoms and concurrent conditions may be difficult. The organized approach to the differential diagnosis that was presented involves identification of the associated conditions and serves as the basis for the differentiation of these entities. Internal derangements of the temporomandibular joint are so common that reliance only on objective evidence of the disease process as a guide to treatment is fraught with failure. A differential diagnosis should be based primarily on the results obtained from an accurate history and a thorough clinical examination. The previous discussion was developed with this in mind.
Dairy Woes in Wisconsin: What about the Amish?

Wisconsin has steadily lost dairy farms for decades, yet the number of Amish dairy herds grew both numerically and proportionately into early 2018. Facing low milk prices, the overall rate of loss of dairy farms in Wisconsin accelerated since then. During 2019, the state lost over 1% of its dairy herds monthly, losing two to three herds daily. The expansion of Amish dairying also ended. Between April 1, 2018, when Wisconsin had 1,160 Amish dairy herds or 12.9% of the state's total, and November 1, 2019, the state lost 165 Amish herds. Losses are continuing. This paper focuses on the impact of the departure of many Amish farms from dairying, relying on examination of dairy producer licenses and a survey of bishops and ministers in Wisconsin's Amish church districts. The loss of Amish herds of dairy cows is greater than the overall departure of the Amish from dairying, inasmuch as the Amish have nearly doubled their milk goat herds over the past five years. Those settlements producing milk transported in cans have been more likely to leave dairying unless their community operates its own cheese factory. Yet dairying is declining in most Amish communities, other than in several recently established settlements. Expanding involvement in growing produce and in woodworking were seen.
Hessian informed mirror descent.

Inspired by the recent paper (L. Ying, Mirror descent algorithms for minimizing interacting free energy, Journal of Scientific Computing, 84 (2020), pp. 1-14),we explore the relationship between the mirror descent and the variable metric method. When the metric in the mirror decent is induced by a convex function, whose Hessian is close to the Hessian of the objective function, this method enjoys both robustness from the mirror descent and superlinear convergence for Newton type methods. When applied to a linearly constrained minimization problem, we prove the global and local convergence, both in the continuous and discrete settings. As applications, we compute the Wasserstein gradient flows and Cahn-Hillard equation with degenerate mobility. When formulating these problems using a minimizing movement scheme with respect to a variable metric, our mirror descent algorithm offers a fast convergent speed for the underlining optimization problem while maintaining the total mass and bounds of the solution.
A Cost-Effective Paper-Based SERS Device for the Detection of Cortisol in Saliva

Cortisol levels in saliva is an important biomarker of stress and its rapid detection is a significant need for overall management of health and wellness. Herein, we demonstrate two novel SERS-based approaches for the detection of cortisol directly in saliva using regular and novel hexagonal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on a paper substrate. Using the direct SERS method, we first show the detection of cortisol by mixing the cortisol solution with highly concentrated AuNPs on a Parchment paper surface as an active SERS substrate. We also propose an alternate lateral flow SERS (LFS) approach, which employs paper as a chromatographic channel to reduce interference from background saliva matrix for the detection using SERS. A rapid detection of spiked cortisol in saliva down to 100 µg/ml concentration by employing the ‘lateral flow SERS’ (LFS) platform is shown. Results indicate a promising route for point-of-care detection of stress biomarkers.
Autobiographic Rapture and Fictive Irony in Speak, Memory and "The Real Life of Sebastian Knight"

Nabokov's autobiography and the title of his first English novel suggests a distinction between autobiography and fiction. Speak, Memory: An Autobiography Revisited is an excruciatingly self-conscious and self-directed appellation for a book, for "^peak, Memory" is a mock-classical address from the author to his own memory, as if his recollections had unto themselves not only personality but also language; "An Autobiography Revisited" is Nabokov's extremely arch way of saying that the present text is the revised edition of Conclusive Evidence. But the comedy, as always with Nabokov, cuts considerably deeper. If autobiography is a physical place to which one can return, and if memory has words with which to communicate, then consciousness is tangible and the imagination is real. Into one titular phrase Nabokov has compressed the central motif of his memoir. The Real Life of Sebastian Knight is an equally "loaded" title, for "real life" implies that lived life, rather than remembered or imagined life, is real: that here?the naive novel-reader thinks?we're going to get the goods on a writer's "real life," as if the life of an artist were to be found anywhere except in his work. In a book about half-brothers, "Sebastian" must be taken as a reference to Viola's twin brother in Twelfth Night, and "Knight" is a triple pun on "night," "chess knight," and "dubbed knight." Note the differences: we interpret both titles, but the novel-title makes references to the world as well as to literature, whereas the autobiography-title is militantly hermetic. Furthermore, the novel-title assumes a sophistication beyond the reader and hence an implicit an tagonism toward us, for certainly the reader is deceived who approaches The Real Life of Sebastian Knight with the expectation that we're going to "get" the "real life" of Sebastian Knight. The autobiography-title, on the other hand, takes the reader into its confidence; explains the entire, ensu ing book in its five-words-and-a-colon; acknowledges and reveals, via its
Fermionic theta vacua and long-necked remnants.

We study a vacuum polarization effect in the background of a certain dilatonic extremal black hole, known as the cornucopion. Whenever charged fermions are of any nonzero mass, the gravitational back reaction to a generic value of a [ital CP]-nonconserving vacuum angle [theta] is shown to be important owing to a vacuum energy density which does not vanish deep inside the cornucopion. When the vacuum energy density is positive, this effect creates an external horizon at finite physical distance, closing off the infinite neck. We study the geometry of this horizon in some detail and find different physical interpretations for small and large fermion mass. Also, we argue that the conclusion is qualitatively correct despite the inevitable strong coupling.
A global multi-year biophysical land surface data set from NOAA AVHRR data

A global, monthly, 1 by 1 degree biophysical land surface data set for 1982-1990 is derived from data collected by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on board the NOAA-7, -9, and -11 satellites. The AVHRR data are adjusted for sensor degradation, volcanic aerosol effects, cloud contamination, short term atmospheric effects (<=2 months), solar zenith angle variations, and missing data. Biophysical parameters such as leaf area index (LAI), fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by vegetation (FPAR), and albedo are estimated. Evaluation shows that the interannual variation in the data is significantly improved by the adjustments. Algorithms to derive biophysical parameters are tested with data from intensive remote sensing experiments (FIFE, OTTER, BOREAS, HAPEX Sahel). Albedo estimates from this study show general agreement with albedo estimates from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), but also indicate a need for improved soil reflectance estimates. The multi-year land surface datasets presented in this study are a unique compilation of spatially and temporarily consistent biophysical parameters to study spatial, seasonal, and interannual variation in vegetation and interactions with the atmosphere, the hydrological cycle, the energy balance, and biogeochemical cycles. The biophysical data will be distributed by the Goddard Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) [URL: http//daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/] as a precursor to the International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) Initiative II during the first half of 1999.
Gamma multiplicity moments of Ni + Ni sub-barrier fusion reactions

The purpose of these experiments was twofold: i) To elucidate the partial wave nature of the large fusion cross-section difference between the symmetric Ni systems as compared with the asymmetric Ni system that is observed when cross sections are plotted as a function of the center-of-mass energy scaled by the corresponding coulomb barriers I) (Fig.lb). 2) To determine the behavior of the multiplicity moments vs. log(fusion cross section). In the sub-barrier regions where multiplicity was measured, fusion cross sections t
Evidence for the neural crest origin of turtle plastron bones

Summary: The migrating cranial neural crest cells of birds, fish, and mammals have been shown to form the membranous bones of the cranium and face. These findings have been extrapolated to suggest that all the dermal bones of the vertebrate exoskeleton are derived from the neural crest ectomesenchyme. However, only one group of extant animals, the Chelonians, has an extensive bony exoskeleton in the trunk. We have previously shown that the autapomorphic carapacial and plastron bones of the turtle shell arise from dermal intramembranous ossification. Here, we show that the bones of the plastron stain positively for HNK-1 and PDGFRα and are therefore most likely of neural crest origin. This extends the hypothesis of the neural crest origin of the exoskeleton to include the turtle plastron. genesis 31:111–117, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Multiple limit point bifurcation

In this paper we present a new bifurcation or branching phenomenon which we call multiple limit point bifurcation. It is of course well known that bifurcation points of some nonlinear functional equation G(u, λ) = 0 are solutions (u_0, λ_0) at which two distinct smooth branches of solutions, say [u(e), λ(e)] and [u^(e), λ^(e)], intersect nontangentially. The precise nature of limit points is less easy to specify but they are also singular points on a solution branch; that is, points (u_0, λ_0) = (u(0), λ(0)), say, at which the Frechet derivative G_u^0 ≡ G_u(u_0, λ_0) is singular.
Caspase-2 Mediated Apoptotic and Necrotic Murine Macrophage Cell Death Induced by Rough Brucella abortus

Brucella species are Gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacteria that cause zoonotic brucellosis. Survival and replication inside macrophages is critical for establishment of chronic Brucella infection. Virulent smooth B. abortus strain 2308 inhibits programmed macrophage cell death and replicates inside macrophages. Cattle B. abortus vaccine strain RB51 is an attenuated rough, lipopolysaccharide O antigen-deficient mutant derived from smooth strain 2308. B. abortus rough mutant RA1 contains a single wboA gene mutation in strain 2308. Our studies demonstrated that live RB51 and RA1, but not strain 2308 or heat-killed Brucella, induced both apoptotic and necrotic cell death in murine RAW264.7 macrophages and bone marrow derived macrophages. The same phenomenon was also observed in primary mouse peritoneal macrophages from mice immunized intraperitoneally with vaccine strain RB51 using the same dose as regularly performed in protection studies. Programmed macrophage cell death induced by RB51 and RA1 was inhibited by a caspase-2 inhibitor (Z-VDVAD-FMK). Caspase-2 enzyme activation and cleavage were observed at the early infection stage in macrophages infected with RB51 and RA1 but not strain 2308. The inhibition of macrophage cell death promoted the survival of rough Brucella cells inside macrophages. The critical role of caspase-2 in mediating rough B. abortus induced macrophage cell death was confirmed using caspase-2 specific shRNA. The mitochondrial apoptosis pathway was activated in macrophages infected with rough B. abortus as demonstrated by increase in mitochondrial membrane permeability and the release of cytochrome c to cytoplasm in macrophages infected with rough Brucella. These results demonstrate that rough B. abortus strains RB51 and RA1 induce apoptotic and necrotic murine macrophage cell death that is mediated by caspase-2. The biological relevance of Brucella O antigen and caspase-2-mediated macrophage cell death in Brucella pathogenesis and protective Brucella immunity is discussed.
The effect of equine antithymocyte globulin on the outcomes of reduced intensity conditioning for AML

Whether or not the benefits of antithymocyte globulin (ATG) on engraftment and GVHD are offset by increased risk of relapse, delayed T-cell recovery and increased infections remains controversial. We retrospectively studied the effect of ATG in 144 AML patients, 34 of whom received ATG, undergoing reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCB) or HLA-matched sibling PBSC. ATG patients had not received intensive chemotherapy for 3 months before transplantation for UCB, 6 months for PBSC. There were no differences in engraftment between ATG and non-ATG patients. The cumulative incidences of TRM as well as acute and chronic GVHD in ATG-treated patients were not statistically different. ATG patients had significantly more infections between 46 and 180 days post transplantation. Unexpectedly, after adjusting for donor type, relapse was lower among ATG recipients (relative risk (RR) 0.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.3-1.0, P=0.04). In summary, administration of ATG to AML patients undergoing RIC had no adverse impact on major clinical outcomes. ATG may be indicated for patients at higher risk of graft failure after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT).
Government housing policy in Indonesia 1900–1940

Colonial society in Indonesia during the first forty years of the 20th century faced housing problems for both the European and native populations analogous to those in many Third World countries today. Some colonial cities tried to provide more housing first by annexing more land and so making building sites available and second by supporting the few private building societies which arose. In the mid-1920s housing proponents organized two national housing congresses. One result was the creation of limited liability public housing companies financed jointly by the central and city governments. By 1940 these companies had failed to provide more housing and so improve housing conditions particularly for the urban native population. The poverty of the masses, the shortage of funds, increasing populations, and government priorities which existed in colonial Indonesia are different in scale in Third World countries today and one may wonder if present-day solutions to housing problems will be any more effective.
miR-28-3p Is a Cellular Restriction Factor That Inhibits Human T Cell Leukemia Virus, Type 1 (HTLV-1) Replication and Virus Infection

Human T cell leukemia virus, type 1 (HTLV-1) replication and spread are controlled by different viral and cellular factors. Although several anti-HIV cellular microRNAs have been described, such a regulation for HTLV-1 has not been reported. In this study, we found that miR-28-3p inhibits HTLV-1 virus expression and its replication by targeting a specific site within the genomic gag/pol viral mRNA. Because miR-28-3p is highly expressed in resting T cells, which are resistant to HTLV-1 infection, we investigated a potential protective role of miR-28-3p against de novo HTLV-1 infection. To this end, we developed a new sensitive and quantitative assay on the basis of the detection of products of reverse transcription. We demonstrate that miR-28-3p does not prevent virus receptor interaction or virus entry but, instead, induces a post-entry block at the reverse transcription level. In addition, we found that HTLV-1, subtype 1A isolates corresponding to the Japanese strain ATK-1 present a natural, single-nucleotide polymorphism within the miR-28-3p target site. As a result of this polymorphism, the ATK-1 virus sequence was not inhibited by miR-28. Interestingly, genetic studies on the transmission of the virus has shown that the ATK-1 strain, which carries a Thr-to-Cys transition mutation, is transmitted efficiently between spouses, suggesting that miR-28 may play an important role in HTLV-1 transmission.
Einstein metrics on homogeneous spaces, and d = 11 supergravity

Abstract We prove that every compact homogeneous space G/H, with maximal H and inequivalent isotropy representations, admits at least one Einstein metric. This has an interesting implication for d = 11 supergravity, as every compact seven-dimensional Einstein space provides a Freund-Rubin solution of the type (anti-De Sitter spacetime) × G/H.
David S. Yost, NATO's Balancing Act (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2014), 480 pp.

The NATO alliance was the offspring of acute fear brought about by the destruction of Europe's multipolar political-strategic order. Although the war in Europe had formally ended nearly four years ...
Integrated fault detection capability for Spreeta biosensors

This paper presents integrated fault detection capability of the Spreeta biosensor technology. A specific feature is discussed based on multi-point image characterization. Multi-point image characterization provides a means to monitor biosensor surface damage, as well as sample anomalies such as macroparticulates are bubbles.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Concise parathyroidectomy: the impact of preoperative SPECT 99mTc sestamibi scanning and intraoperative quick parathormone assay.

Background. Results of initial operation for sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism are generally excellent, yet today there is pressure to improve outcome and resource utilization. Methods. We designed a prospective longitudinal cohort study comparing two approaches to concise parathyroidectomy. Strategy A was defined as the palpation method for selective unilateral exploration. Strategy B was defined as the routine use of both preoperative 99mTc sestamibi single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging and intraoperative quick parathormone assay. With either strategy the study period was 19 months and patients explored unilaterally were candidates for same-day discharge. We compared surgical outcome for 128 consecutive consenting patients each with 6 months or more of follow-up (mean 12 ± 7.6 months). Results. Demographic, biochemical, and pathologic findings did not differ between groups. SPECT imaging precisely localized hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue. Compared with Strategy A (n = 61), the 67 patients treated by use of Strategy B experienced a higher rate of unilateral exploration (41.0% versus 62.7%, p < 0.00001) and a shorter length of stay (1.07 versus 1.90 days, p < 0.00001) and tended to have shorter operative times, fewer operative failures, and less morbidity. Total perioperative costs did not differ between groups. Conclusions. Routine use of intraoperative quick parathormone measurement and preoperative 99mTc sestamibi SPECT is as safe, effective, and cost-effective as conventional approaches to parathyroidectomy. Use of this strategy is associated with significant reductions in extent of surgery and length of hospital stay.
Oscillating flow in a 2-D diffuser

Separating oscillating flows in an internal, adverse pressure gradient geometry are studied experimentally. Simultaneous velocity and pressure measurements demonstrate that the minor losses associated with oscillating flow in an adverse pressure gradient geometry can be smaller or larger than those for steady flow. Separation is found to begin high in the diffuser and propagate downward. The flow is able to remain attached further into the diffuser with larger Reynolds numbers, small displacement amplitudes, and smaller diffuser angles. The extent of separation grows with L 0/h. The minor losses grow with increasing displacement amplitude in the measured range 10 < L 0/h < 40. Losses decrease with increasing Re δ in the measured range of 380 < Re δ < 740. It is found that the losses increase with increasing diffuser angle over the measured range of 12° < θ < 30°. The nondimensional acoustic power dissipation increases with Reynolds number in the measured range and decreases with displacement amplitude.
Comparison of Five Ionization Methods for Producing Mass Spectra of Typical Organophosphorus Pesticides

Positive ion mass spectra obtained by conventional electron impact and by methane chemical ionization were compared with the negative ion mass spectra of 16 typical organophosphorus pesticides using methane, a methane-oxygen mixture, and oxygen as enhancement/reagent gases. In the negative ion spectra, phosphate and phenate anions typically carry a large fraction of the ion current. Displacement of chlorine by oxygen is noted in some cases, and migration of aryl groups from oxygen to sulfur is occasionally noted. Ion-molecule reactions between two species derived from sample molecules have been observed. The sensitivity of the negative ion techniques for the pesticides examined is greater than conventional electron impact or methane positive chemical ionization techniques, and can be up to 800 times more sensitive for some compounds.
Don't Let Your Message Die on Delivery!

AbstractMuseum educators are in the business of communication. After creating, implementing and evaluating a program or exhibition, museum educators need to communicate findings effectively. Design plays a crucial role in communication: “the way we package our words and data reflects on audience perception—both in terms of their views of our credibility and their ability to cognate our message accurately.“1 This article shares some design concepts based on research around how people scan and retain information and presents a few ideas on how to simplify and present data in a manner that will grab stakeholders' attention.
Quasilinear ridge structures in water surface waves.

Nodal patterns of stationary capillary waves formed on the surface of water enclosed in an agitated ripple tank with circular and stadium-shaped cylindrical walls are examined in the low-frequency (\ensuremath{\nu}50 Hz) and high-frequency (\ensuremath{\nu}g700 Hz) regimes. In the low-frequency regime, in agreement with predictions of quantum-chaos theory, the shape of the tank's boundaries (integrable or nonintegrable) dictates the type of nodal patterns obtained. In the high-frequency regime we obtain nodal patterns characterized by short-range order (called ``scarlets'' because they are believed to be the precursors of quantum scars), as recently predicted in the quantum-chaos context by P. O'Connor, J. Gehlen, and E. J. Heller [Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 1296 (1987)].