cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Urinalysis in the diagnosis of urinary tract infections.

Urinalysis is a simple, relatively sensitive, and reliable way of diagnosing urinary tract infection. Pregnant females, patients with known anatomic abnormalities, and patients with recent genitourinary instrumentation should be screened. Urinalysis can be used to diagnose the presence of an infection, to localize the site of infection in some instances, and even to guide therapy in some patients.
Control of Oxygen Utilization In Vitro and In Vivo: Implications for Radiotherapy of Tumors

Several studies have shown that as a tumor increases in size, its QO2 decreases1,2. Measurements on tumor homogenates in vitro and in vivo perfusion studies, indicate large variations in oxidative capacity among various types of tumors3. However, we have previously found that human tumor cells in log-phase culture as well as log-phase cultures of mammalian cells have similar oxygen consumption rates4. Some cultured lines show a decrease in oxidative capacity in plateau phase growth5,6. The differences between QO2 values obtained for in vitro versus in vivo cells as well as the differences between log and plateau phase growth suggest that metabolic controls or cellular adaptations are operative in vivo. Similar controls may or may not operate or exist in vivo. Tberefore we have initiated a study of the possible factors that might influence cellular oxygen consumption for a number of murine tumors including the mouse mammary carcinoma (MCaIV), a fibrosarcoma (FSaII), a squamous cell carcinoma (SCCaVII), the Ehrlich ascites tumor and the rat brain carcinoma (9L). We have compared the tumor rates with cultured FSall as well as HEp-2, the A549, a human lung carcinoma and the V79 Chinese hamster lung cell.
Non-Western therapies for affective disorders: in pursuit of open-minded considerations of concepts and applications.

Introduction: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) modalities are gaining popularity among patients in Western countries. They are especially popular among patients seeking treatment for mental and mood symptoms. Some CAMs are according to current Western approaches but have not achieved approval by regulatory agencies. Some other modalities are acording to non-Western concepts of mental order and disorder.This installment of "The Well-Rounded Brain" will illuminate some non-Western concepts with an example of treatment modality for affective disorders, and compare them to conventional Western approach. Methods: Principles of the Chinese concept of affective disorders and acupuncture modalities for their treatments are briefly described from a culturally sensitive perspective. Results: Traditional Chinese medicine and current conventional Western medicine substantially differ in underlying concepts, development of treatment modalities, as well as their goals and implementation. Conclusion: Some non-Western concepts and treatment modalities have been meticulously and rigorously developed through trial and error, though the evidence for their efficacy and efficiency is not necessarily according to current Western standards. The consistent epidemiological demonstrations of the demand for CAM among patients suffering from mental disorders call for an open-minded, unbiased assessment of efficacy of non-Western treatment modalities for specific clusters of affective symptoms.
Pathway Analysis with Signaling Hypergraphs

Signaling pathways play an important role in the cell’s response to its environment. Signaling pathways are often represented as directed graphs, which are not adequate for modeling reactions such as complex assembly and dissociation, combinatorial regulation, and protein activation/inactivation. More accurate representations such as directed hypergraphs remain underutilized. In this paper, we present an extension of a directed hypergraph that we call a signaling hypergraph. We formulate a problem that asks what proteins and interactions must be involved in order to stimulate a specific response downstream of a signaling pathway. We relate this problem to computing the shortest acyclic $B$ -hyperpath in a signaling hypergraph—an NP-hard problem—and present a mixed integer linear program to solve it. We demonstrate that the shortest hyperpaths computed in signaling hypergraphs are far more informative than shortest paths, Steiner trees, and subnetworks containing many short paths found in corresponding graph representations. Our results illustrate the potential of signaling hypergraphs as an improved representation of signaling pathways and motivate the development of novel hypergraph algorithms.
A Couple-Based Psychological Treatment for Chronic Pain and Relationship Distress

Chronic pain impacts individuals with pain as well as their loved ones. Yet, there has been little attention to the social context in individual psychological treatment approaches to chronic pain management. With this need in mind, we developed a couple-based treatment, "Mindful Living and Relating," aimed at alleviating pain and suffering by promoting couples' psychological and relational flexibility skills. Currently, there is no integrative treatment that fully harnesses the power of the couple, treating both the individual with chronic pain and the spouse as two individuals who are each in need of developing greater psychological and relational flexibility to improve their own and their partners' health. Mindfulness, acceptance, and values-based action exercises were used to promote psychological flexibility. The intervention also targets relational flexibility, which we define as the ability to interact with one's partner, fully attending to the present moment, and responding empathically in a way that serves one's own and one's partner's values. To this end, the intervention also included exercises aimed at applying psychological flexibility skills to social interactions as well as emotional disclosure and empathic responding exercises to enhance relational flexibility. The case presented demonstrates that healthy coping with pain and stress may be most successful and sustainable when one is involved in a supportive relationship with someone who also practices psychological flexibility skills and when both partners use relational flexibility skills during their interactions.
Sexual Behavior in Sexual Minority Women and Connections with Discrimination

This study examined the prevalence and forms of sexual behavior in a sample of sexual minority women (SMW) with a history of experiencing discrimination. One hundred fifty ethnically diverse lesbian, bisexual, queer, and other non-heterosexual-identified cisgender women completed a national online survey. Rates of sexual behavior over the past 6 months were high, including having sex with someone who had had many sexual partners (40.7%), engaging in cunnilingus without protection (64%), and having sex under the influence of substances (56.7%). A canonical correlation found that heterosexist experiences and sexual behaviors had 20.7% overlapping variance. Experiences of heterosexism by individuals in service jobs, strangers, or those in helping professions were tied to engagement in more impulsive sexual behaviors. Multiple linear regressions found that heterosexism explained 19.3% of the variance in impulsive sexual behaviors, 8.6% in sex with uncommitted partners, and 8.8% in intent to engage in sexual behaviors. Despite the high rates of sexual behavior found in this study, a focus on sexual behaviors among SMW has largely been omitted from health research. Based on the current findings, interventions for addressing sexual behaviors in SMW as well as future research directions are discussed.
mm-Scale and MEMS piezoelectric energy harvesters powering on-chip CMOS temperature sensing for IoT applications

We report on the design and demonstration of a self-powering sensor microsystem that exploits vibrational energy harvesting to fully supply power for an integrated, ultra-low-power, CMOS temperature sensor. This system features a novel circuit interface, capable of handling input harvested power down to the sub-μW level, enabled by an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) that performs energy conversion from mm-scale and MEMS piezoelectric harvesters. The ASIC exhibits efficient voltage rectification and electrical energy storage, supplying sufficient energy for on-chip temperature sensing, by employing a single mm-scale piezoelectric harvester or multiple piezoelectric MEMS cantilevers.
Light strings draw together

Critical self-focusing of laser pulses is as old as the field of nonlinear optics itself, with early observations of this phenomenon dating back to the mid-1960s. It manifests itself as an explosive growth in the laser intensity combined with a severe narrowing of the "waist" of the laser pulses.
System Change Designed to Increase Safety and Stabilization for Traumatized Children and Families: Trauma Systems Therapy

This chapter provides an overview of the complicated systems issues involved in providing service to traumatized youth and families associated with the child welfare system. These issues include the ways in which chronic exposure to traumatic events can impact brain development and attachment, as well as the nature of how child welfare services are structured and provided. The complications of providing clinical service within a primarily non-clinical setting are addressed, as well as the potential negative impact on those who are providing these services. An overview of a specific model, Trauma Systems Therapy, is presented. This model is uniquely adapted to address the specific clinical, organizational, and multisystems needs of youth, family, and staff within the child welfare system.
Kagome fiber-based ultrafast laser surgery probe with custom CaF2 miniaturized optics for rapid in vivo tissue dissection (Conference Presentation)

We present the development of an endoscopic ultrafast laser scalpel with improved miniaturized optics as a follow-up to our previous studies. We previously determined that the nonlinear susceptibility of ZnS crystal lenses at high pulse energies can limit the maximum energy reaching the tissue surface. Here, we improve the nonlinear properties of miniaturized optics using CaF2 in lieu of ZnS as a lens material to mitigate the problem of three-photon absorption at the high energies needed for rapid tissue ablation. We built and tested a miniaturized objective consisting of a CaF2 crystal lens pair to focus ultrashort laser pulses delivered through a large air core Kagome fiber to a 3.4 μm diffraction limited spot and scan the beam with a piezo-tube across a 100×100 μm^2 field of view (FOV). Negligible three-photon absorption and high transmission through the probe (>50%) allows for delivery of fluences >8.0 J/cm^2. The entire opto-mechanical system, enclosed within a 5-mm hypodermic tubing, can remove tissue at material removal rates (MRR) >0.5 mm^3/min in excised soft (porcine vocal folds) and hard (bovine rib bone) tissue samples. We found that MRRs could be increased by the optimized combination of piezo- and translation scanning parameters, providing clinically relevant tissue removal speeds. Further, we present the first ultrafast tissue ablation experiments in a live animal model (hamster cheek pouch) using a handheld surgical probe. Towards clinical acceptance, we designed an injection-molded enclosure to seal the 5-mm diameter opto-mechanical assembly and constituent wires into a sterilization-ready ergonomic handheld stylus tool.
Producing geometric deformations of orthogonal and symplectic Galois representations

Abstract For a representation of the absolute Galois group of the rationals over a finite field of characteristic p, we study the existence of a lift to characteristic zero that is geometric in the sense of the Fontaine–Mazur conjecture. For two-dimensional representations, Ramakrishna proved that under technical assumptions odd representations admit geometric lifts. We generalize this to higher dimensional orthogonal and symplectic representations. A key step is generalizing and studying a local deformation condition at p arising from Fontaine–Laffaille theory.
Verifying Pipelines with BAT

Hardware systems are ubiquitous and are an integral part of safety-critical and security-critical systems. Ensuring the correct functioning of hardware is therefore of paramount importance. In this chapter, we show how to use the Bit-level Analysis Tool (BAT) for hardware verification. BAT has been used in the analysis of systems ranging from cryptographic hash functions to biological systems; in this chapter, we describe how to use the BAT system to verify that pipelined machines refine their instruction set architectures. We show how to strengthen the well-founded equivalence bisimulation refinement condition to obtain a statement in the BAT specification language, for which BAT includes a decision procedure. This allows us to automatically check that a pipelined machine satisfies the same safety and liveness properties as its specification, namely the instruction set architecture; otherwise, BAT provides a counterexample.
Restricting wireless network access within the classroom

Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) are fast becoming the networks of choice. With the availability of cheap wireless solutions, WLANs are seeing exponential growth which is expected to continue in the years to come. Over 50% of college classrooms have wireless network availability. Instructors have discovered that along with the benefits of WLANs there are also many students misusing the wireless network during class. This paper provides a solution to the multiple access point problem and proposes a system that can be used to control wireless network access in the classroom. The wireless network control system is based off of CNAC(7) and uses passive wireless sniffers to determine wireless clients location. The wireless sniffer is placed in the classroom and passively monitors all wireless traffic and records Received Signal Strength(RSS). The sniffing of RSS allows the system to know what wireless clients are broadcasting from inside of the room. This information is then passed onto the monitoring system that is placed on the network in a location that is able to see all network traffic. The system then monitors and filters traffic based on the instructors requirements.
Materials Analysis and Failure Analysis

Materials analysis techniques are key tools in the arsenal of the materials failure analyst. Materials analysis seeks to characterize the intrinsic properties of a material in order to understand the extrinsic behavior of the material. Morphology and composition are frequently found to be causes or indications of a failure. This article focuses on a selection of important materials analysis techniques used to determine aspects of morphology and composition. Selected applications are presented and a list of useful materials analysis references is provided.
The role of surface texturing on the physics of boundary layer separation over a bump

Abstract In the present work the effects of different types of roughness elements on flow separation over a circular bump is investigated by means of direct numerical simulations. Two types of roughness elements are considered, dimples and spherical beads. The boundary condition setup and the Reynolds number range were selected to replicate in a qualitative sense the initial development of the boundary layer (growth, transition, separation) on full cylinders or spheres, which is primarily responsible for the trends in the behavior of their drag coefficient. Both roughness elements are very effective in causing transition of the boundary layer at a much lower Reynolds number when compared to a smooth surface. For the spherical beads the drag coefficient exhibits a minimum and quickly rises as the Reynolds number increases. For the dimples the minimum drag coefficient remains constant and independent on the Reynolds number within the range considered in this study. This behaviour agrees with experimental observations in the literature for similar types of roughness elements. The differences are due to the way the boundary layer grows over dimples or spherical beads. For the latter, transition shifts upstream and moves toward the stagnation point on the front of the body as the Reynolds number increases. An earlier transition means the boundary layer starts growing thicker earlier and has less momentum to overcome the adverse pressure gradient. As a result the separation point moves upstream too giving rise to increased drag. In contrast the transition and separation points are weakly dependent on the Reynolds number for the case of the dimples.
Beverage consumption among Korean adolescents: data from 2016 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Association between the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and obesity is universally a controversial issue. This study was undertaken to examine the beverage consumption pattern of Korean adolescents. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Data was collected from the 2016 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey involving 65,528 adolescent respondents. A list of the most frequently consumed beverages was analyzed, and the consumption frequency of carbonated beverages, SSBs, and energy drinks during the past seven-days was assessed. The main reasons for the adolescents to consume the beverages were also determined. RESULTS: The beverage preference of adolescents were carbonated beverages (31.0%), ‘fruit and vegetable beverages (17.7%)", ‘milk (13.6%)", and ‘coffee (12.7%)". Carbonated beverages and SSBs were consumed more than three times a week by 27.1% and 41.1% of the respondents, respectively. About 86.2% of adolescents did not take of any energy drinks during the last seven-days. Taste was the most common reason that adolescents considered when choosing a drink. Carbonated beverages consumed more frequently by boys than girls, and high school students drank coffee more frequently than middle school students. CONCLUSIONS: Boys had a higher preference for unhealthy beverages than girls, whereas consumption of high-caffeine drinks was greater amongst high-school students than middle school students.
The role of heterogeneous environment and docetaxel gradient in the emergence of polyploid, mesenchymal and resistant prostate cancer cells

The ability of a population of PC3 prostate epithelial cancer cells to become resistant to docetaxel therapy and progress to a mesenchymal state remains a fundamental problem. The progression towards resistance is difficult to directly study in heterogeneous ecological environments such as tumors. In this work, we use a micro-fabricated "evolution accelerator" environment to create a complex heterogeneous yet controllable in-vitro environment with a spatially-varying drug concentration. With such a structure we observe the rapid emergence of a surprisingly large number of polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs) in regions of very high drug concentration, which does not occur in conventional cell culture of uniform concentration. This emergence of PGCCs in a high drug environment is due to migration of diploid epithelial cells from regions of low drug concentration, where they proliferate, to regions of high drug concentration, where they rapidly convert to PGCCs. Such a mechanism can only occur in spatially-varying rather than homogeneous environments. Further, PGCCs exhibit increased expression of the mesenchymal marker ZEB1 in the same high-drug regions where they are formed, suggesting the possible induction of an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in these cells. This is consistent with prior work suggesting the PGCC cells are mediators of resistance in response to chemotherapeutic stress. Taken together, this work shows the key role of spatial heterogeneity and the migration of proliferative diploid cells to form PGCCs as a survival strategy for the cancer population, with implications for new therapies.
Foldable rollover protective structures: Universal lift-assist design

The numbers of agricultural tractor rollover fatalities occurring with foldable rollover protective structures (FROPS) in their lowered position are significant. Raising and lowering the FROPS is a time consuming and strenuous process, and operators often leave the FROPS in the folded-down position providing no protection during a rollover. The purpose of this project is to design, manufacture, and test a lift-assist mechanism to raise and lower the FROPS from the operator's seat. The lift-assist design is based on the FROPS actuation forces, FROPS and tractor dimensions, and ergonomics engineering standards [SAE J898/ISO 6682 and SAE J1814]. The design considered can be retrofitted and will not modify or compromise the FROPS structure. A universal lift-assist lever design has been constructed and successfully tested for three FROPS of different sizes meeting appropriate ergonomics engineering standards. The operator actuation forces were less than the 75 N allowable maximum, and within the zones of comfort and reach for the operator. The lift-assist design uses an energy absorbing torsional spring to accommodate heavier FROPS designs.
A Summary of Ecological Information on the Seagrass Beds of Puerto Rico

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the ecology of seagrass beds in the coastal zone of Puerto Rico. It provides an overview of species composition, distribution, relative abundance, and primary production with an emphasis on turtle grass. Seagrasses form vast meadows over shallow unconsolidated sediments on the continental and island shelves of the world. They modify the physical, chemical, and geological properties of coastal areas. Seagrasses provide nutrients, primary energy, and habitats that sustain the coastal fishery resources. They provide foraging grounds for some endangered marine species and form one of the biologically most diversified biotopes. The depth limits of seagrasses depend on variables like substrate type, turbidity, and grazing pressure. Turbidity determines the maximal depth of turtle grass. Male and female turtle grass flowers are found from March through June in the intertidal and shallow subtidal zone. The percentage of shoots with reproductive structures varies from 4 to 54% during May. Turtle grass beds exposed to high wave energy, sand burial, poor water quality, and heated effluents do not reproduce sexually.
Association Between Maternal Exposure to Lead, Maternal Folate Status, and Intergenerational Risk of Childhood Overweight and Obesity

Importance The first pediatric lead screening typically occurs at 1-year well-child care visits. However, data on the extent of maternal lead exposure and its long-term consequences for child health are lacking. Objective To investigate the associations between maternal red blood cell (RBC) lead levels and intergenerational risk of overweight or obesity (OWO) and whether adequate maternal folate status is associated with a reduction in OWO risk. Design, Setting, and Participants Prospective birth cohort study. The analysis was conducted from July 14, 2018, to August 2, 2019, at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. This study included 1442 mother-child pairs recruited at birth from October 27, 2002, to October 10, 2013, and followed up prospectively at Boston Medical Center. Main Outcomes and Measures Child body mass index (BMI)zscore, calculated according to US national reference data, and OWO, defined as BMI at or exceeding the 85th percentile for age and sex. Maternal RBC lead levels and plasma folate levels were measured in samples obtained 24 to 72 hours after delivery; child whole-blood lead level was obtained from the first pediatric lead screening. Results The mean (SD) age of mothers and children was 28.6 (6.5) years and 8.1 (3.1) years, respectively; 50.1% of children were boys. The median maternal RBC lead level and plasma folate level were 2.5 (interquartile range [IQR], 1.7-3.8) μg/dL and 32.2 (IQR, 22.1-44.4) nmol/L, respectively. The median child whole-blood lead level and child BMIzscore were 1.4 (IQR, 1.4-2.0) μg/dL and 0.78 (IQR, −0.08 to 1.71), respectively. Maternal RBC lead level was associated with child OWO risk in a dose-response fashion, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.65 (95% CI, 1.18-2.32) for high maternal RBC lead level (≥5.0 μg/dL) compared with low maternal RBC lead level ( Conclusions and Relevance In this sample of a US urban population, findings suggest that maternal elevated lead exposure was associated with increased risk of intergenerational OWO independent of postnatal blood lead levels. Adequate maternal folate status appeared to be associated with lower OWO risk. If confirmed by additional studies, these findings have implications for prenatal lead screening and management to minimize adverse health consequences on children.
Dirac electron behavior and NMR evidence for topological band inversion in ZrTe 5

We report $^{125}\mathrm{Te}$ NMR measurements of the topological quantum material ${\mathrm{ZrTe}}_{5}$. Spin-lattice relaxation results, well explained by a theoretical model of Dirac electron systems, reveal that the topological characteristic of ${\mathrm{ZrTe}}_{5}$ is $T$ dependent, changing from weak topological insulator to strong topological insulator as temperature increases. Electronic structure calculations confirm this ordering, the reverse of what has been proposed. NMR results demonstrate a gapless Dirac semimetal state occurring at a Lifshitz transition temperature, ${T}_{c}=85$ K, in our crystals. We demonstrate that the changes in NMR shift at ${T}_{c}$ also provide direct evidence of band inversion when the topological phase transition occurs.
Mammalian alternative translation initiation is mostly nonadaptive.

Alternative translation initiation (ATLI) refers to the existence of multiple translation initiation sites per gene and is a widespread phenomenon in eukaryotes. ATLI is commonly assumed to be advantageous through creating proteome diversity or regulating protein synthesis. We here propose an alternative hypothesis that ATLI arises primarily from nonadaptive initiation errors presumably due to the limited ability of ribosomes to distinguish sequence motifs truly signaling translation initiation from similar sequences. Our hypothesis, but not the adaptive hypothesis, predicts a series of global patterns of ATLI, all of which are confirmed at the genomic scale by quantitative translation initiation sequencing in multiple human and mouse cell lines and tissues. Similarly, although many codons differing from AUG by one nucleotide can serve as start codons, our analysis suggests that using non-AUG start codons is mostly disadvantageous. These and other findings strongly suggest that ATLI predominantly results from molecular error, requiring a major revision of our understanding of the precision and regulation of translation initiation.
The Social and Economic Factors Underlying the Impact of COVID-19 Cases and Deaths in US Counties

This paper uncovers the socioeconomic and health/lifestyle factors that can explain the differential impact of the coronavirus pandemic on different parts of the United States. Using a dynamic panel representation of an epidemiological model of disease spread, the paper develops a Vulnerability Index for US counties from daily reported number of cases over a 20-day period of rapid disease growth. County-level economic, demographic, and health factors are used to explain the differences in the values of this index and thereby the transmission and concentration of the disease across the country. These factors are also used to examine the number of reported deaths. The paper finds that counties with high median income have a high incidence of cases but reported lower deaths. Income inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient, is found to be associated with more deaths and more cases. The remarkable similarity in the distribution of cases across the country and the distribution of distance-weighted international passengers served by the top international airports is evidence of the spread of the virus by way of international travel. The distributions of age, race, and health risk factors such as obesity and diabetes are found to be particularly significant factors in explaining the differences in mortality across counties. Counties with better access to health care as measured by the number of primary care physicians per capita have lower deaths, and so do places with more health awareness as measured by flu vaccination prevalence. Environmental health conditions such as the amount of air pollution is found to be associated with counties with higher deaths from the virus. It is hoped that research such as these will help policymakers to develop risk factors for each region of the country to better contain the spread of infectious diseases in the future.
A Resonant 1:5 Cockcroft-Walton Converter Utilizing GaN FET Switches with N-Phase and Split-Phase Clocking

Recent demonstrations of merged inductor-capacitor (LC) switching converters have resulted in record power densities being achieved at high voltage conversion ratios. To do so, sophisticated switch control schemes may be required. This work demonstrates N-phase and Split-phase switching techniques applied to a resonant Cockcroft-Walton converter. For the same hardware, the lower resonant switching frequency of the N-phase scheme significantly improves light-load efficiency relative to the Split-phase scheme. However, the N-phase approach suffers reverse body diode turn-on at large voltage ripple contributing to the Split-phase scheme obtaining the highest power density. Converter performance combining both switching techniques is analyzed using a discrete 1:5 Cockcroft-Walton converter implemented using gallium nitride FETs, multi-layer ceramic chip (MLCC) capacitors, and a 68 nH inductor. The resulting converter achieves a peak efficiency of 94.9% and 94% for the N-phase and Split-phase schemes respectively with the N-phase scheme seeing a 30% reduction in losses at light-load. The converter achieves a maximum output power of 190W, resulting in a record power density of 483.3 kW/liter (7,920 W/inch3) and specific power of 243 kW/kg.
Transformations: What I Learned Along My Patient's Gender Journey.

It took me almost a decade after I met Rex to really know him; or perhaps more accurately, I might say I knew Rex for almost a decade before I ever met him. The first ten years I was his endocrinologist, he was not Rex, the confident, outgoing, hard-working, healthy young man successfully juggling college, managing his diabetes, and working several jobs to pay for college; he was Rose, the withdrawn, isolated, depressed teen-aged girl struggling with, among many other things, her diabetes. When Rose came to the diabetes clinic, she would politely and reluctantly indulge me as I instructed her on the importance of taking her insulin, counting her carbohydrates, and checking her blood sugar levels. I would sometimes make it all the way through the lesson before her eyes glazed over, but more often not. I worried about her long-term health and felt that I was failing her as her doctor. I attributed our failure to connect to our vast differences in age, ethnic background, and socioeconomic situation. She connected better, I think, with one of our nurse practitioners, although she continued to struggle with depression, with a lack of motivation, and, of course, with her diabetes … Address correspondence to Stuart A. Weinzimer, MD, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Yale University, PO Box 208064, New Haven, CT 06520-8064. E-mail: stuart.weinzimer{at}yale.edu
Stark Modulation of Submillimeter Radiation

A Stark cell containing methanol at pressures around 200μm Hg has been used to modulate 119μm submillimeter radiation generated by a methanol waveguide laser. Applying an electric field across the cell shifted the absorption band of methanol away from the laser frequency.
Has the United States Become More Racist Over Time? An Empirical Study

This study examines the question of whether people in the United States have become more racist over time. It is a longitudinal study that uses data gathered from 7 waves of World Values Surveys conducted from 1982 to 2017. Rather than examine economic data or legal issues, this study focuses on views toward discrimination that exist in the hearts and minds of the people. Specifically, participants were asked whether they would not like to have neighbors who were of a different race. The study found that racism, as measured by responses to this question, has declined markedly since 1982. Results are presented overall, and are also broken down by ethnicity, gender, age, religion and education level.
Access and Representation: A Narrative Review of the Disparities in Access to Clinical Trials and Precision Oncology in Black men with Prostate Cancer

Objective To provide commentary on the disparities in access to clinical trials and precision oncology specific to Black men with Prostate Cancer (PCa) in the United States and lend a general framework to aid in closing these gaps. Materials and methods The ideas, commentaries and data presented in this narrative review were synthesized by utilizing qualitative and quantitative studies, reviews, and randomized control trials performed between 2010 and 2021. We searched PubMed using the key words "Medicaid", "Medicare", "clinical trials", "African Americans", "Black", "underrepresentation", "access", "Prostate Cancer", "minority recruitment", "racial disparities", "disparity", "genomics", "biomarkers", "diagnostic" "prognostic", "validation", "precision medicine", and "precision oncology" to identify important themes, trends and data described in the current review. Keywords were used alone and combination with both "AND" and "OR" terms. Results Black men with prostate cancer (PCa) in the United States have earlier onset of disease, present with more advanced stages, and worse prostate cancer-specific survival than their White counterparts. Potential causative factors vary from disparities in health care access to differences in tumor immunobiology and genomics along with disparate screening rates, management patterns and underrepresentation in clinical and translational research such as clinical trials and precision oncology. Conclusions To avoid increasing the racial disparity in PCa outcomes for Black men, we must increase inclusion of Black men into precision oncology and clinical trials, using multilevel change. Underrepresentation in clinical and translational research may potentiate poorly validated risk calculators and biomarkers, leading to poor treatment decisions in high-risk populations. Relevant actions include funding to include minority-serving institutions as recruitment sites, and inclusion of evidence based recruitment methods in funded research to increase Black representation in clinical trials and translational research.
Mental Health and Neighborhoods

Residents of disadvantaged neighborhoods suffer higher levels of depression, anxiety, and anger than do residents of more advantaged neighborhoods. In this entry, we define neighborhoods and discuss objective and subjective measures. Then we describe the processes by which neighborhoods might influence psychological well-being and distress, and the conditions under which neighborhood disadvantage and disorder may be more or less stressful. Keywords: anxiety; depression; neighborhoods
Nuclear Resonance Scattering of Synchrotron Radiation as a Unique Electronic, Structural, and Thermodynamic Probe

Discovery of Mossbauer effect [1] in a nuclear transition was a remarkable development. It revealed how long-lived nuclear states with relatively low energies in the kiloelectron volt (keV) region can be excited without recoil. This new effect had a unique feature involving a coupling between nuclear physics and solid-state physics, both in terms of physics and sociology. Physics coupling originates from the fact that recoilless emission and absorption or resonance is only possible if the requirement that nuclei have to be bound in a lattice with quantized vibrational states is fulfilled, and that the finite electron density on the nucleus couples to nuclear degrees of freedom leading to hyperfine interactions. Thus, Mossbauer spectroscopy allows peering into solid-state effects using unique nuclear transitions. Sociological aspects of this coupling had been equally startling and fruitful. The interaction between diverse scientific communities, who learned to use Mossbauer spectroscopy proved to be very valuable. For example, biologists, geologists, chemists, physicists, materials scientists, and archeologists, all sharing a common spectroscopic technique, also learned to appreciate the beauty and intricacies of each other’s fields. As a laboratory-based technique, Mossbauer spectroscopy matured by the end of the 1970s. Further exciting developments took place when accelerator-based techniques were employed, like synchrotron radiation or “in-beam” Mossbauer experiments with implanted radioactive ions. More recently, two Mossbauer spectrometers on the surface of the Mars kept the technique vibrant and viable up until present time.
Revisiting Multi‐Organ Transplantation in the Setting of Scarcity

In the setting of organ scarcity, the ethics of multi-organ transplantation (MOT) deserve new examination. MOT offers substantial benefits to certain recipients, including avoiding serial surgeries. However, MOT candidates in the United States commonly receive priority for their nonprimary organ over many individuals who need that organ, which may undermine equity. The absence of standard criteria for MOT eligibility also enables large and unfair regional variation in MOT, such as simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation. Unfortunately, MOT may also undermine utility (optimal patient and graft survival) in circumstances where providing multiple organs to one person fails to achieve the greater collective benefit attained by providing transplants to multiple people. Policy reforms should include the adoption of minimal clinical criteria for MOT candidacy with the attendant goal of decreasing regional variation in MOT. In the future, these minimal criteria can be revised to accommodate new research about which patients derive the most benefit from MOT. Incentives to perform MOT should also be reduced, such as by including MOT outcomes in center-specific reports. These reforms run the risk that the transplant community could be perceived as abandoning MOT candidates, but offer an opportunity to align transplant practice and ethical principles.
Psoriasis and physical activity: a review

Psoriasis is a common, chronic inflammatory skin disease that can cause significant discomfort and impairment to quality of life. Recent research indicates that individuals with moderate-to-severe psoriasis are likely at greater risk for chronic cardiometabolic co-morbidities such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome. Physical activity can be an effective primary and adjunctive treatment for these maladies in other populations. Unfortunately, only a limited number of studies have examined physical activity in psoriasis, which are limited by poor design and lack of validated physical activity assessment methodologies. A variety of data suggest shared physiologic pathways between physical activity, psoriasis, and psoriasis cardiometabolic co-morbidities. Increased adiposity, inflammation, oxidative stress, adhesion molecules and lipids are physiologically linked to psoriasis, the risk of psoriasis cardiometabolic co-morbidities, and low levels of physical activity. In addition, epigenetic pathways are involved in psoriasis and could be influenced by physical activity. The physical and psychosocial impairments common in psoriasis may make it difficult to participate in regular physical activity, and future studies should aim to determine if physical activity interventions improve functioning and reduce co-morbidities in psoriasis.
Morphology and Round Body Formation in Vibrio marinus

Abstract The morphology of Vibrio marinus MP-1 was studied by phase and electron microscopy. The ultrastructure of the vibrio form of V. marinus was found to be typically gram-negative with a trilaminar plasma membrane and cell wall. The coccoid or round bodies noted in otherwise pure cultures of V. marinus were frequently found in early and late stationary phase of growth. The round bodies in ultrathin section were found to contain at least one, and often three or four, cell units. Three types of round bodies were observed in ultrathin section, each differing in size and behavior: “spherules,” “spheres” or the “round body,” and “giant cells” or “macrospheres.” The round bodies appeared to be associated with, or to result from, the constrictive cell division of V. marinus.
Application of a Numerical Version of Terr Acini’s Lemma for Secants and Joins

This paper illustrates how methods such as homotopy continuation and monodromy, when combined with a numerical version of Terracini’s lemma, can be used to produce a high probability algorithm for computing the dimensions of secant and join varieties. The use of numerical methods allows applications to problems that are difficult to handle by purely symbolic algorithms.
Preface to Narrative, Violence, and the Law: The Essays of Robert Cover

It was wonderful to learn with Robert Cover. Yet Bob Cover did not stand out as a teacher in the classic scene. He was hardly a dazzling orator; he did not adopt the entertainer's role for his audience, nor did his classroom zing with the tension of the so-called Socratic method done well. His classes and even his style on the lecture platform mirrored his probing, open-minded, everyday conversations. In those conversations, Bob Cover turned everyone – family, children, law students, friends, workers, and other scholars – into his fellow students
Amelioration of the foam cell formation by simvastatin due to increased expression of Niemann-Pick disease type C1 protein and enhanced lysosomal lipids transport (606.4)

It is well accepted that statins, hypercholesterol-lowing agents, have direct therapeutic effects on the atherosclerotic lesions. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Given the pivota...
MHC-Mismatched Mixed Chimerism Mediates Thymic Deletion of Cross-Reactive Autoreactive T Cells and Prevents Insulitis in Nonobese Diabetic Mice

Type 1 diabetic NOD mice have defects in both thymic negative selection and peripheral regulation of autoreactive T cells, and induction of mixed chimerism can effectively reverse these defects. Our recent studies suggest that MHC-mismatched mixed chimerism mediates negative selection of autoreactive thymocytes in wild-type NOD and TCR-transgenic NOD.Rag1 +/+ .BDC2.5 mice. However, it remains unknown how mismatched I-A b MHC class II can mediate deletion of autoreactive T cells positively selected by I-A g7 . In the present study, we directly tested the hypothesis that mismatched MHC class II in mixed chimeras mediates deletion of cross-reactive autoreactive thymocytes. We first identify that transgenic BDC2.5 T cells from NOD.Rag1 +/+ .BDC2.5 but not NOD.Rag1 −/− .BDC2.5 mice possess cross-reactive TCRs with endogenous TCRα-chains; MHC-mismatched H-2 b but not matched H-2 g7 mixed chimerism mediates thymic deletion of the cross-reactive transgenic T cells in NOD.Rag1 +/+ .BDC2.5 mice. Second, by transplanting T cell–depleted (TCD) bone marrow (BM) cells from NOD.Rag1 +/+ .BDC2.5 or NOD.Rag1 −/− .BDC2.5 mice into lethally irradiated MHC-mismatched H-2 b C57BL/6 or MHC-matched congenic B6.H-2 g7 recipients, we demonstrate that NOD.Rag1 +/+ .BDC2.5 BM-derived cross-reactive transgenic T cells, but not NOD.Rag1 −/− .BDC2.5 BM-derived non–cross-reactive transgenic T cells, can be positively selected in MHC-mismatched H-2 b thymus. Third, by cotransplanting NOD.Rag1 +/+ .BDC2.5 TCD BM cells with BM cells from MHC-mismatched T cell–deficient C57BL/6 mice into lethally irradiated MHC-matched B6.H-2 g7 recipients, we demonstrate that thymic deletion of the cross-reactive transgenic T cells is dependent on MHC-mismatched donor BM-derived APCs but not on donor BM-derived T cells. Taken together, our studies indicate that MHC-mismatched mixed chimerism can mediate thymic deletion of cross-reactive autoreactive T cells that express more than one TCR.
Hospital Discharge of Respiratory-Technology-Dependent Children: Role of a Dedicated Respiratory Care Discharge Coordinator

BACKGROUND: Preparation of respiratory-technology-dependent children for hospital discharge presents many challenges. Adequate training and education of parental caregivers, discharge planning, and coordination with the durable-medical-equipment and home-nursing companies must be completed. A process using multiple respiratory therapists (RTs) to achieve this may not be efficient. METHODS: We evaluated our model, in which a dedicated RT discharge coordinator provides education and coordinates discharge planning of respiratory-technology-dependent pediatric patients. This system provides a single contact for caregivers and outside agencies, a single respiratory-care educator for the caregivers, and a clinical pathway that involves the entire multidisciplinary team. Patient length of stay and customer satisfaction were evaluated before and after implementation of the discharge-coordinator program. RESULTS: Our dedicated-RT-discharge-coordinator model was associated with rapid initiation of frequent family-training sessions. Durable-medical-equipment-company personnel reported that they had increased satisfaction with the quality of training of the family caregivers. The members of the hospital multidisciplinary team had increased satisfaction with the discharge process. Patient length of stay nonsignificantly decreased after the implementation of the discharge-coordinator program. CONCLUSIONS: There are several advantages to using a dedicated RT-discharge-coordinator system for home-discharge preparation of respiratory-technology-dependent children.
Changing Race Boundary Perception by Reading Narrative Fiction

Participants read a story about a counterstereotypical Muslim woman and were then asked to determine the race of ambiguous-race Arab-Caucasian faces. Compared to a content-matched control condition, participants who read the narrative exhibited lower categorical race bias by making fewer categorical race judgments and perceiving greater genetic overlap between Arabs and Caucasians (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, participants determined the race of ambiguous-race Arab-Caucasian faces depicting low and moderate anger. Emotion-related perceptual race bias was observed in the control conditions where higher intensity anger expressions led participants to disproportionately categorize faces as Arab. This bias was eliminated in the narrative condition.
Reactions and transport modeling of surfactant and anthracene in the soil flushing process

Soil flushing using surfactants is a promising alternative to the pump-and-treat method of removing hydrophobic organic compounds. The interactions and transport modeling of the surfactant and chemicals in soil were studied by batch and column experiments. Sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), an anionic surfactant, and anthracene, a hydrophobic organic, were chosen as a representative surfactant and chemical for the soil flushing process. The equilibrium model was observed to predict the SDS breakthrough in soil columns. Mobilization of anthracene from soil matrices by flushing medium containing SDS was noted to be a rate-limiting process. A non-equilibrium model was found to be suitable for the prediction of anthracene breakthrough. The quasi-equilibrium isotherm between anthracene in SDS solution and the soil appeared to be of the Langmuir type.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 55

Abstract Experimental data pertaining to the nuclear structure of 55 Cr, 55 Mn, 55 Fe, and 55 Co have been compiled, and the results of various measurements compared and evaluated. Adopted level properties, based on all available data are obtained for each nucleus. An effort is made to construct as complete a set of level and decay properties as the data will allow. Inconsistencies found in the data are explicity noted. The adopted level and decay properties are based on data received before May 1969. Data received between May and September 1969 have been “Added in Proof.”