cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Grid-based methods for diatomic quantum scattering problems II: Time-dependent treatment of single- and two-photon ionization of H2+

The time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation for H2+ in a time-varying electromagnetic field is solved in the fixed-nuclei approximation using a previously developed finite-element/ discrete variable representation in prolate spheroidal coordinates. Amplitudes for single- and two-photon ionization are obtained using the method of exterior complex scaling to effectively propagate the field-free solutions from the end of the radiation pulse to infinite times. Cross sections are presented for one-and two-photon ionization for both parallel and perpendicular polarization of the photon field, as well as photoelectron angular distributions for two-photon ionization.
Editorial: Does RCR Education Make Students More Ethical, and Is This the Right Question to Ask?

In response to growing concerns in the 1980s about ethical problems in the conduct of federally-funded research, federal agencies began requiring education 1 in responsible conduct of research (RCR...
Criticisms of the recently proposed analysis and methods of ‘thermoviscoelasticity’

Abstract Thermoelasticity of force-temperature measurements on elastomeric networks are generally conducted in such a way that viscous effects can be assumed to be of negligible importance. Specifically, the deformed networks are permitted to relax for relatively long periods of time at high temperatures, and the measurements of the elastic force are then carried out at a series of lower temperatures using significantly shorter time intervals. These techniques have recently been criticized, with the recommendation that they be replaced with a time-dependent ‘thermoviscoelasticity’ analysis. Re-examination of this general problem shows the earlier approach to have a sound theoretical foundation and the time-dependent analysis to be misguided and very seriously flawed.
Comparison of non-radioactive DNA hybridization probes to detect human immunodeficiency virus nucleic acid.

Abstract Simple and sensitive methods to directly detect the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are needed for routine use in the clinical laboratory. In this study, we compared DNA probes prepared by: (1) nick translation with biotinylated dATP; (2) direct covalent biotinylation with photobiotin; (3) direct covalent reaction with 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF); and (4) a standard radioactive ( 32 P) nick translation procedure. These four DNA probes were hybridized with dilutions of purified target HIV DNA blotted onto nitrocellulose strips. Hybridization was detected using a complex of strepavidin-alkaline phosphatase [for (1) and (2)], alkaline phosphatase-tagged antibodies [for (3)] and by autoradiography [for (4)]. Alkaline phosphatase was detected colorimetrically using nitroblue tetrazolium and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate. After 1 h, AAF probes were most sensitive (amount detected less than 5 pg), followed by biotin (10 pg), photobiotinylated probes (20 pg) and the radioactive probe (10 pg). The AAF probes were then used to detect HIV DNA in infected CEM cells. We conclude that non-radioactive DNA labelling methods can be used to directly detect HIV DNA under conditions compatible with present clinical laboratory procedures.
Optimizing nonrigid registration performance between volumetric true 3D ultrasound images in image-guided neurosurgery

Compensating for brain shift as surgery progresses is important to ensure sufficient accuracy in patient-to-image registration in the operating room (OR) for reliable neuronavigation. Ultrasound has emerged as an important and practical imaging technique for brain shift compensation either by itself or through computational modeling that estimates whole-brain deformation. Using volumetric true 3D ultrasound (3DUS), it is possible to nonrigidly (e.g., based on B-splines) register two temporally different 3DUS images directly to generate feature displacement maps for data assimilation in the biomechanical model. Because of a large amount of data and number of degrees-of-freedom (DOFs) involved, however, a significant computational cost may be required that can adversely influence the clinical feasibility of the technique for efficiently generating model-updated MR (uMR) in the OR. This paper parametrically investigates three B-splines registration parameters and their influence on the computational cost and registration accuracy: number of grid nodes along each direction, floating image volume down-sampling rate, and number of iterations. A simulated rigid body displacement field was employed as a ground-truth against which the accuracy of displacements generated from the B-splines nonrigid registration was compared. A set of optimal parameters was then determined empirically that result in a registration computational cost of less than 1 min and a sub-millimetric accuracy in displacement measurement. These resulting parameters were further applied to a clinical surgery case to demonstrate their practical use. Our results indicate that the optimal set of parameters result in sufficient accuracy and computational efficiency in model computation, which is important for future application of the overall biomechanical modeling to generate uMR for image-guidance in the OR.
Photopion Production From Deuterium Near Threshold

The reactions $\ensuremath{\gamma}d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}2p, {\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}2n$ were studied near threshold with the Berkeley electron synchrotron. A 4-in. liquid-deuterium bubble chamber served as target and detector in a 194-MeV bremsstrahlung beam hardened by about one radiation length of LiH. A total of 1309 ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and 447 ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ events was analyzed. The experimental data for the minus-to-plus ratio $R$ were corrected for final-state Coulomb interactions by the method of Baldin, with the results $R=1.28\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.13$ for $160 \mathrm{MeV}lkl175 \mathrm{MeV}$ and ${\ensuremath{\theta}}^{*}g110$ deg (c.m.); $R\ensuremath{\ge}1.13\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.13$ for $152 \mathrm{MeV}lkl160 \mathrm{MeV}$ and ${\ensuremath{\theta}}^{*}l110$ deg (c.m.). The theory of Chew, Goldberger, Low and Nambu (CGLN), modified by Ball to include the $\ensuremath{\rho}$-exchange parameter $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$, predicts $R=1.28(1\ensuremath{-}0.14 \frac{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}{e})$. This relation was used with our values of $R$ to obtain $\frac{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}{e}=0.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.7$ and $\frac{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}{e}\ensuremath{\le}0.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.7$ for the above two photon-energy ranges. The Chew-Low extrapolation technique was used to obtain the value of the squared matrix element ${{a}_{0}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ for the reaction $\ensuremath{\gamma}n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$. It was found to be a satisfactory method to apply to the deuteron for deriving reaction cross sections for free neutrons. We obtain ${{a}_{0}}^{\ensuremath{-}}=27.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.8$ \ensuremath{\mu}b/sr at threshold with a slope of -0.30\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.16 \ensuremath{\mu}b/sr MeV. Our most accurate value is ${{a}_{0}}^{\ensuremath{-}}=23.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.9$ \ensuremath{\mu}b/sr at ${k}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}n}=162$ MeV. These results have been corrected for the final-state ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ interaction, by means of the Coulomb penetration factor. The threshold value of the squared matrix element for the reaction $\ensuremath{\gamma}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}n$ was determined to be ${{a}_{0}}^{+}=21.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.9$ \ensuremath{\mu}b/sr by McPherson et al. using the same apparatus. Combining these results gives the values $R=\frac{{{a}_{0}}^{\ensuremath{-}}}{{{a}_{0}}^{+}}=1.27\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.13$ at threshold and $\frac{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}{e}=0.06\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.7$. The results are in good agreement with the CGLN theory, and consistent with a value $\ensuremath{\Lambda}=0$.
ARE QUASI-ONE DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES OF SI STABLE?

The stability of quasi-one-dimensional structures of Si is investigated using a generalized tight-binding molecular-dynamics scheme. Our results show that these structures can be stable provided that their geometries consist of a core of fourfold coordinated atoms, surrounded by a threefold coordinated outer surface incorporating one of the most stable reconstructions of bulk Si. Recent experimental works reporting on the synthesis of Si nanowires support these findings.
A Random Mutagenesis Approach to Probing Electromechanical Coupling in the Hyperpolarization-Activated Channel MVP

MVP, the hyperpolarization-activated potassium channel from the archaeon M. jannaschii, poses an interesting case study for understanding how the voltage-sensing domain (VSD) couples to the pore domain in Kv channels. Although the VSD of MVP adopts the same orientation in the membrane and senses changes in the polarity of the membrane potential in the same manner as canonical Kv channels, the pore of MVP opens in response to hyperpolarization; thus, like the eukaryotic hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels, MVP opens when the S4 helix moves inwards and closes when the S4 moves outwards. Because hyperpolarization-activated channels use the same VSD for inverse gating, they offer a unique opportunity for understanding the molecular basis of coupling the VSD and pore domain. Since structural evidence in canonical Kv channels suggests that the movement of the S4 is transmitted to the pore domain via the S4-S5 linker, we have set out to identify key residues of MVP necessary for electromechanical coupling. We probed the S4-S5 linker and S6 helix with a random mutagenesis screen using the potassium uptake deficient strain LB2003 in conjunction with a MVP library consisting of single amino acid substitutions along the linker with full codon coverage. By screening this library under different potassium concentrations, we have identified mutations in the linker and S6 that abolish WT complementation on potassium-depleted media (Loss of Function). This approach has allowed high-throughput screening of all possible amino acid identities along the linker that are incompatible with channel function. Here we present preliminary assessments of the expression profile, stability and functional properties of these mutants.
Timothy Beatley (Ed.), Green Cities of Europe: Global Lessons on Green Urbanism (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2012).

Why study European cities? The answer to the book’s opening question lies in the worldwide influence of European city planning since the seventeenth century. European cities continue to advance inn...
THE OMEGA PHASE TRANSFORMATION

Different theoretical models for the -, o phase transformation in Ti, Zr and Hf alloys are reexamined and their predictions compared to experimental evidence. Although the fundamental reasons for the presence of the transformation are not fully understood at the present time, most of the features of the transition can be described quite accurately by phenomenological models. A brief discussion is presented of a recent Cluster Variation calculation which uses the bcc primitive unit cell as the basic configurational cluster. Such a calculation shows an increase in the concentration of activated complexes for diffusion as the P -t o transition is approached, thus explaining the enhancement in self-diffusion at low temperatures observed in Ti, Zr and Hf. The diffusion model based on the presence of o-like fluctuations in the 8-phase is, in addition, in excellent quantitative agreement with rather puzzling observations in P-stabilized alloys of the Group IV B transition metals.
Managerial secrecy: An ethical examination

The paper studies the ethics of withholding information about an impending layoff and describes those situations in which managerial secrecy might be justified. It describes a layoff situation in which a manager has the latitude to decide what information to release and when, lists the reasons managers commonly give for withholding the information and analyzes each reason from a consequentialist and a Kantian perspective. The paper uses Sisela Bok's analyses of lying and secrecy to create the prima facie case against secrecy in the situation.
Biographic and Personal Characteristics of Women in Management.

Abstract Ninety-five women managers from around the United States volunteered to complete a personality and biographic survey. The results of the Bem Sex Role Inventory and the Attitudes Toward Women Scale reveal that most of the women were androgynous or masculine in their gender-role orientation and had highly egalitarian views of women's role in society. They shared a number of biographical correlates. The majority were from middle class families, had close relationships with their parents, had mothers who were employed outside the home, had mostly male role models, and played a sport in their youth. The findings were compared to models of career choice developed by Farmer (1985) and Fassinger (1985, 1990) .
Xerogel Optical Sensor Films for Quantitative Detection of Nitroxyl

Xerogel sensing films synthesized via sol−gel chemistry were used to fabricate optical nitroxyl (HNO) sensors. Selective detection of HNO in solution was achieved by monitoring the rates of manganese(III) meso-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrinate (MnIIITPPS) reductive nitrosylation in the anaerobic interior of aminoalkoxysilane-derived xerogel films. Nitroxyl permeability in sensor films deposited in round-bottom 96-well plates was enhanced via incorporation of trimethoxysilyl-terminated poly(amidoamine-organosilicon) dendrimers in the xerogel network. The selectivity of MnIIITPPS for HNO, the overall sensitivity, and the working dynamic range of the resulting sensors were characterized. The HNO-sensing microtiter plates were used to quantify pH-dependent HNO generation by the recently described HNO-donor sodium 1-(isopropylamino)diazene-1-ium-1,2-diolate (IPA/NO), and compare HNO production efficiency between IPA/NO and Angeli's salt, a traditional HNO-donor.
Growth of large ZnSe single crystal by CVT method

Abstract Large ZnSe single crystals with a diameter of 30 mm and a thickness of 25 mm were successfully obtained by the rotational chemical vapor transport (R-CVT) using iodine as a transport agent, which comprises the rotation of the horizontal growth ampoule with a constant frequency. Two-step annealing was developed to ensure the stable growth of the epitaxial layer by MBE on the obtained ZnSe substrates in addition to electrical conductivity. It was demonstrated that the optical properties of the CVT-grown ZnSe, photoluminescence and excitation of SA emission, was superior for the fabrication of white LEDs.
Use of Quantum 1/f Noise Formulas in the Reliability Characterization of Nitride-Based Heterostructures

To utilize the great potential of nitride compound semiconductors and improve their characteristics for a variety of high power applications, physical theories describing the device performance and reliability are needed. In this vein we provide noise-based reliability indicators through the quantum theory of 1/f noise. We develop new physical theories of FET and HFET failure based on the new concept of "heat instability." This allows suggesting stability criteria and new approaches to increase the reliability of HFETs. The quantum 1/f noise formulas have been recently refined for the case of AlGaN/GaN HFETs, of other heterostructures and FETs through a better definition of the coherence parameter s, exhibiting much better agreement with the experiment. This allows for the first time to verify the reliability of a device by comparing the measured 1/f noise with its calculated value. Furthermore, quantum theory based studies of the noise behavior of FETs and HFETs under the influence of ionizing radiation induced damage, allow development of measures for radiation hardening. They also clarify the failure mechanisms and suggest ways to reliability optimization for rf stress. Results reported for the first time in this paper show that under certain conditions, limited doses of radiation may improve HFETs and reduce their channel 1/f noise. This happens by reduction of (large angle) lattice scattering in favor of (small angle) defect and impurity scattering. The theory also predicts that the noise of p-n junction-based devices will always increase. Finally, the new quantum 1/f noise methods developed here are applied to compound semiconductor MQW infrared and THz photodetector heterostructures.
New image compression capabilities in CFITSIO

The previously proposed tiled-image compression scheme is now fully supported when reading and writing FITS images using the CFITSIO subroutine library. This scheme generally produces image compression factors that are superior to the standard gzip or unix compress algorithms, especially when compressing floating point data type images. In addition to reducing the required amount of disk space to store the image, this compression technique often makes applications programs run faster because of the reduced amount of magnetic disk I/O that is required to read or write the image.
Yeast artificial chromosome cloning of 3.2 megabases within chromosomal band 11q24 closely linking c-ets 1 and Fli-1 and encompassing the ewing sarcoma breakpoint

Human chromosome 11 harbors many genes of medical significance and cancer-related rearrangements. The availability of cloned DNA in cosmids and in yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs), combined with fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis, has led to the cloning of genes at sites of chromosomal breakpoints in acute leukemias in 11q23 and in Ewing tumors in 11q24. YAC cloning has facilitated the construction of contigs covering large portions of chromosomes for the detailed analysis of disease gene regions. Here we have cloned in YACs approximately 3.2 Mb of DNA within band 11q24, spanning the Ewing sarcoma breakpoint. Landmark cosmids 23.2 (D11S374) and 5.8 (D11S372), shown by FISH to flank the breakpoint within a 1.5- to 1.8-Mb segment, were used to seed two YAC "walks" both centromeric and telomeric to the breakpoint by YAC-end cloning and screening of two total genomic YAC libraries. The centromeric YAC contig, which consists of 23 overlapping YACs and orders 19 sequence-tagged sites (STSs), covers a minimum of 2.2 Mb and spans the Ewing sarcoma breakpoint. c-ets 1 and Fli-1, two members of the ets family, have been linked within 400 kb of intervening DNA within this contig, which also comprises a polymorphic microsatellite, D11S912 (CA)n, which we have localized within the Fli-1 gene. The telomeric YAC contig, which consists of 11 overlapping YACs, comprises 5 STSs and covers a minimum of 1 Mb distal to the breakpoint. Taken together, the two contigs, which consist of a total of 34 YACs and comprise 24 STSs, are separated by a maximum gap of 200-400 kb and cover as a whole 3.2 Mb of DNA. This represents about 70% of human chromosomal band 11q24, which extends over approximately 4.4 Mb of DNA.
Integrating plan-based behavior generation with game environments

In this paper, we describe an architecture called Mimesis, designed to integrate a range of intelligent components with conventional game engines. The architecture is designed to bridge the gap between game engine design and development and much of the work in artificial intelligence that focuses on the automatic creation of novel and effective action sequences.
Tropical cyclone boundary layer rolls derived from SAR

In this work we present a proposed procedure for retrieving large aspect ratio roll vortices in tropical cyclone wind fields over the ocean from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. Preliminary results are shown for one RADARSAT-2 image of super typhoon Megi. We use surface-layer pressure-corrected high-resolution surface wind vector fields as input to a boundary layer model in order to retrieve estimates of the vertical wind distribution in the lowest 1–2 km of the tropical cyclone. Preliminary results show evidence of large aspect ratio rolls, whose wavelengths correspond to results shown in previous works. Further analysis of these profiles will help to improve the understanding of air-sea interaction under these extreme conditions.
A CONSULTATIVE PRACTICE IN PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Little if any information is available concerning the spectrum of illness encountered during the day to day practice of pediatric infectious diseases. Poretz (J. Infect. Dis. 147:417-421, 1983) presented his experience with inpatient and outpatient consultations for a primarily adult population seen during part of 1982. We reviewed patient records for 1408 infants, children, and adolescents seen by one of us in inpatient infectious disease consultation during the period 01/01/81 to 12/01/83. Patients ranged in age from neonates through 21 years. Consultations were requested by pediatricians, family practitioners, internists, medical and surgical subspecialists and seen at one of nine institutions in northern New Jersey. Consultations were classified according to organ system involved, age and disease category. Several striking differences emerged when compared to Poretz's experience with adults. These include less post general surgical and gynecologic infections; bone and joint infections are problems in all age groups. In our study, neonates (by definition) dermatologic, gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections were more prominent. This study has implications for undergraduate, graduate and post graduate education in infectious diseases. This experience has been used effectively to develop teaching sessions at involved institutions. Data on telephone inquiries from physicians will also be presented.
Glycolysis-dependent antimetabolites: Possible improvement in antineoplastic selectivity

The increased rate of glycolysis in neoplastic cells may be used to design tentatively antimetabolites whose detoxification would be faster in normal cells. Pyruvo-substituted nucleotides are examined in this respect and their expected differential metabolism outlined.
Sleeve Muscle Actuator: Concept and Prototype Demonstration

This paper presents the concept and prototype demonstration results of a new sleeve muscle actuator, which provides a significantly improved performance through a fundamental structural change to the traditional pneumatic muscle. Specifically, the sleeve muscle incorporates a cylindrical insert to the center of the pneumatic muscle, and thus eliminates the central portion of the internal volume. Through the analysis of the actuation mechanism, it is shown that the sleeve muscle is able to provide a consistent increase of force capacity over the entire range of motion. Furthermore, the sleeve muscle provides a significant energy saving effect, as a result of the reduced internal volume as well as the enhance force capacity. To demonstrate this new concept, a sleeve muscle prototype was designed and fabricated. Experiments conducted on the prototype verified the improvement in the force capacity and demonstrated a significant energy saving effect (20%–37%). Finally, as the future work on this new concept, the paper presents a new robotic elbow design actuated with the proposed sleeve muscle. This unique design is expected to provide a highly compact and powerful actuation approach for robotic systems.
Meiosis and early embryology of Blissus leucopterus hirtus montandon (heteroptera: Lygaeidae)☆

Abstract At the time of oviposition, maturation is under way, and is completed after 2 hr of development. Early cleavage is synchronous, but the synchrony breaks down before blastoderm formation. Invasion of the peripheral cytoplasm by cleavage nuclei is accomplished between 12 and 18 hr of development. The embryonic rudiment forms on the ventral surface of the egg, and appears to be split and divergent anteriorly with the head lobes as lateral plates that are positioned over the surface of the yolk. Anatrepsis begins when the germ cells and the posterior end of the embryonic rudiment are drawn into the posterior end of the egg. This process, when completed, causes the embryo to be reversed in polarity. As anatrepsis ends, the inner layer is formed by the proliferation of cells from the germ band. Segmentation begins in the inner layer in the gnathal and thoracic areas. Segmentation of the ectoderm in the gnathal and thoracic areas is followed by segmentation in the abdomen. Soon, appendages appear, and the neuroblasts proliferate from the ectoderm in the thoracic region. Proliferation of neuroblasts in the abdomen occurs later.
Direct Measurement of the Rate of Interconversion of Zirconaaziridine Enantiomers

The insertion of enantiopure C2-symmetric diphenylethylene carbonate into the Zr−C bonds of zirconaaziridines leads to the asymmetric synthesis of amino acid methyl esters. Because the zirconaaziridine enantiomers interconvert, the reaction is a dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR). The efficiency of the DKR (the ratio of the two diastereomeric products) is determined by the balance between the rate of enantiomer interconversion and the rate of insertion; slow addition of the inserting enantiopure carbonate is often required to maximize the stereoselectivity. For a case when enantiomer interconversion is fast, its rate constant kinv has been determined by NMR line broadening; for a case when interconversion is slow, kinv has been determined by computer simulation of the formation of the diastereomeric products as a function of time; for several intermediate cases, kinv has been determined by making the zirconaaziridine enantioenriched and monitoring its racemization by CD spectroscopy. The observed kinv is in...
The microstructural stability and thermoelectric properties of Mm0.9Fe3.5Co0.5Sb12-based skutterudites

Abstract Recent efforts to scale the synthesis of skutterudite thermoelectric materials have identified microstructural inhomogeneities as a potential cause for diminished mechanical stability above 873 K. Specifically, this work evaluated the effect of un-reacted Sb on the dimensional stability of p-type skutterudite of nominal composition Mm 0.9 Fe 3.5 Co 0.5 Sb 12 between 773 and 973 K. It is believed that residual Sb resides at grain boundaries, thus upon heating above the melting temperature of Sb (904 K), the microstructure softens and expands: (i) to relieve residual stress associated with hot pressing and/or (ii) due to vaporization of elemental Sb. Two approaches for mitigating the effects of un-reacted Sb were conducted. First, the effect of dimensional stability was evaluated based on Sb concentration between x = −1.0 (deficient) and 1.0 (excess) in Mm 0.9 Fe 3.5 Co 0.5 Sb 12+ x . When x > 0 the samples heated to 973 K exhibited four times the linear dimensional change (Δ L / L ) compared to all other samples. Second, the effect of dimensional stability was evaluated using excess Fe as an Sb scavenger where y = 0.0 to 0.32 in Mm 0.9 Fe 3.5+ y Co 0.5 Sb 12. For y ≥ 0.06, the dimensional change was significantly lower for samples heated to 873 and 973 K. Additionally, comprehensive thermoelectric property assessment indicated that the compositions resulting in improved dimensional stability had a negligible effect on ZT where the nominal ZT was approximately 0.9 at 773 K.
Efficient processing of pathological images using the grid: computer-aided prognosis of neuroblastoma

This paper presents a generalizable architecture for a grid-enabled biomedical imaging application, used for processing of pathological images for computer-aided prognosis. The presented architecture provides the scientists and developers a collaborative environment for management of remote image data and algorithm repositories and job execution over the grid. It is specifically designed for processing large-scale images in a distributed environment. In addition to the architecture, we also present its application to the computer-aided neuroblastoma prognosis as well as performance evaluation of the developed system using digitized pathological images.
Temperature sensitivity of the optical constants of BiVO4

Abstract The temperature dependence of the refractive indices of BiVO 4 crystals oriented along (100), (110), and (001) planes have been investigated using spectroscopic ellipsometry. The wavelength of maximum sensitivity was identified. The temperature sensitivity of the indices to a small temperature modulation was then investigated using null ellipsometry. It was found feasible to detect temperature changes of 10 -2 °C by monitoring the reflectance coefficients.
Occupational stress and subclinical atherosclerosis: a systematic review.

AbstractBackground:Stress is a common hazard in the work environment and is associated with multiple adverse health effects. The association between work-related stress (WRS) and cardiovascular disease has been established in a number of epidemiological studies.Methods:A systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA statement of the English literature involving WRS and carotid artery intima media thickness (CIMT).Results:Four cohorts and six cross-sectional studies of occupational stress and CIMT were identified. All cohorts and five of the cross-sectional studies reported a significant positive association, while one reported an inverse association of WRS and CIMT.Discussion:The weight of the evidence that we were able to identify suggests that occupational stress results in an increased risk of atherosclerosis, assessed via CIMT. Studies that include longitudinal measures of stress and intermediate cardiac endpoints, with adequate accounting for confounders, are needed. Interventional studies ...
Predicting the Need for Surgical Intervention in Pediatric Orbital Cellulitis

Purpose To investigate the predictive value of the complete ophthalmic examination at first presentation in foreseeing the need for surgery in patients with pediatric orbital cellulitis. Design Retrospective observational case series. Methods We reviewed 136 cases of radiographically confirmed orbital cellulitis between 2004 and 2012 at Children's Hospital Colorado. The presenting ophthalmic examinations, imaging results, medical and surgical interventions, and clinical complications were recorded. The main outcome measures were ophthalmic examinations on presentation, medical or surgical interventions, and complications. Results The median age was 6.5 years. Of the patients, 56 (41%) underwent surgical intervention, and 80 patients (59%) were managed medically. Patients requiring surgery had higher rates of extraocular motility (EOM) restriction (78.6% vs 38.8% P P P P Conclusions In pediatric orbital cellulitis, the likelihood of surgical intervention can be estimated accurately based on the ophthalmic examination on initial presentation to the hospital. Risk factors for surgery include age older than 9 years, proptosis, EOM restriction, and elevated IOP. These factors may be used to identify patients at high risk for failure of medical management early in the clinical course.
Evaluation of the Current Modulation Effect on the Cathodic Efficacy during Copper Electroplating in Alkaline Medium

The main aim of this paper is to study copper ions electroplating, evaluating the cathodic current efficacy, from cyanide ion free alkaline baths, stabilized by different complexant agents for the Cu2+ ions. The cathodic current efficacy was assessed through quartz microbalance measurements, employing different current modulations. Results revealed that the pulsed current application has great influence on the cathodic current efficacy during electroplating in the baths under study.
Functional Group Effects on the Enthalpy of Adsorption for Self-Assembly at the Solution/Graphite Interface

The thermodynamics of self-assembly have long been explored by either experimental or theoretical investigations which are often unable to account for all the factors influencing the assembly process. This work interrogates the thermodynamics of self-assembly at a liquid/solid interface by measuring the enthalpy of adsorption encompassing analyte–analyte, analyte–solvent, analyte–substrate, and solvent–substrate interactions. Comparison of the experimental data with computed lattice energies for the relevant monolayers across a series of aliphatic analytes reveals similar ordering within the series, with the exceptions of the fatty acid and bromoalkane adsorbates. Such a discrepancy could arise when the lattice energies do not account for important interactions, such as analyte–analyte interactions in solution. Flow microcalorimetry provides a uniquely inclusive view of the thermodynamic events relevant to self-assembly at the liquid/solid interface.
From paper to machine: extracting strokes from images for use in sketch recognition

Sketching is a way of conveying ideas to people of diverse backgrounds and culture without any linguistic medium. With the advent of inexpensive tablet PCs, online sketches have become more common, allowing for stroke-based sketch recognition techniques, more powerful editing techniques, and automatic simulation of recognized diagrams. Online sketches provide significantly more information than paper sketches, but they still do not provide the flexibility, naturalness, and simplicity of a simple piece of paper. Recognition methods exist for paper sketches, but they tend to be domain specific and don't benefit from the advances of stroke-based sketch recognition. Our goal is to combine the power of stroke-based sketch recognition with the flexibility and ease of use of a piece of paper. In this paper we will present a stroke-tracing algorithm that can be used to extract stroke data from the pixilated image of the sketch drawn on paper. The presented method handles overlapping strokes and also attempts to capture sequencing information, which is helpful in many sketch recognition techniques. We present preliminary results of our algorithm on several paper-drawn, hand-sketched, scanned-in pixilated images.
Atraumatic Control in Calcified Arteries

We have attempted distal saphenous vein bypasses for limb salvage in increasingly difficult situations. Severe calcification in the recipient artery makes vascular control and anastomosis troublesome. An atraumatic method of intraluminal control, which has been of aid in this situation, is described.
Rac-dependent cyclin D1 gene expression regulated by cadherin- and integrin-mediated adhesion

Integrin-mediated adhesion to substratum is required for cyclin D1 induction in mesenchymal cells, but we show here that the induction of cyclin D1 persists despite blockade of ECM-integrin signaling in MCF10A mammary epithelial cells. E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion also supports cyclin D1 induction in these cells, and the combined inhibition of both E-cadherin and integrin adhesion is required to prevent the expression of cyclin D1 mRNA and protein. Our previous studies described a pro-proliferative effect of E-cadherin in MCF10A cells, mediated by Rac, and we now show that Rac is required for cyclin D1 mRNA induction by both E-cadherin and integrin engagement. The levels of p21Cip1 and p27Kip1, Cdk inhibitors that are also targets of integrin signaling, are not affected by E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion. Finally, we show that the increased expression of cyclin D1 mRNA associated with E-cadherin-dependent cell-cell adhesion is causally linked to an increased entry into S phase. Our results identify Rac signaling to cyclin D1 as a crucial pro-proliferative effect of E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion.
A Pilot Feasibility Study of Neurofeedback for Children with Autism

Neurofeedback (NFB) is an emerging treatment for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This pilot study examined the feasibility of NFB for children with ASD. Ten children ages 7-12 with high functioning ASD and attention difficulties received a NFB attention training intervention. A standardized checklist captured feasibility, including focus during exercises and academic tasks, as well as off-task behaviors. Active behaviors and vocalizations were the most frequent off-task behaviors. Positive reinforcement and breaks including calm breathing exercises were the most common supports. Low motivation was associated with higher feasibility challenges, yet parental involvement and accommodations were helpful. This pilot study shows that it is feasible to conduct NFB sessions with children with high functioning autism and attention difficulties.
Sensitivity analysis of an ICU simulation model

The modeling and simulation of inpatient healthcare systems comprising of multiple interconnected units of monitored care is a challenging task given the nature of clinical practices and procedures that regulate patient flow. Therefore, any related study on the properties of patient flow should (i) explicitly consider the modeling of patient movement rules in face of congestion, and (ii) examine the sensitivity of simulation output, expressed by patient delays and diversions, over different patient movement modeling approaches. In this work, we use a high fidelity simulation model of a tertiary facility that can incorporate complex patient movement rules to investigate the challenges inherent in its employment for resource allocation tasks.
An evaluation of imaging spectrometry for estimating forest canopy chemistry

High spectral resolution Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (AIS) data were acquired over 20 well-studied Wisconsin forest sites to evaluate the potential of remote sensing for estimating forest canopy chemistry. Intensive nutrient cycling research in these forests demonstrates that canopy lignin content is strongly related to measured annual nitrogen mineralization at the undisturbed sites and may serve as an accurate index for nitrogen cycling rates. Ground measurements were made of foliar biomass and canopy nitrogen and lignin content, the latter within two weeks of the AIS overflight. The spectral data were transformed using derivative techniques modified from laboratroy spectroscopy. Stepwise regression assisted in determining combinations of wavelengths most highly correlated with canopy chemistry and biomass. Strong correlations between AIS data and total canopy lignin content in deciduous forests and canopy lignin concentration (total lignin/biomass) in both deciduous and coniferous stands indicate that imaging spectrometry can be used to estimate canopy lignin content and, from that, the spatial distribution of annual nitrogen mineralization rates.
Lifetime of the 362-keV E1 transition in Tb159

Abstract Using the Doppler broadening at elevated temperatures, resonance fluorescence from the 362-keV excited state of Tb159 has been observed. From the magnitude of the resonance scattering effect, assuming a spin value of 5 2 for the excited state and a branching ratio Γ 0 Γ of 0.96, a mean life τγ = (2.0±0.3) × 10−10s had been determined for the gamma-ray transition to the ground state. Internal conversion measurements confirmed the electric dipole character of the 362-keV transition.
Synthesis of tert‐butyl‐[1‐13C]glycolic acid

A one step synthesis of tert-butyl-[1- 13 C]glycolic acid was accomplished by a modification of the Corey and Eckrich procedure, tert-Butyl methyl ether was metallated by treatment with sec-butyl lithium and potassium tert-butoxide at -78°C. Carbonation with 13 CO 2 yielded tert-butyl-[1- 13 C]glycolic acid.
An integrated MEMS ferrofluid pump using insulated metal substrate

A novel ferrofluid micropump utilizing traveling magnetic fields is designed based on previous numerical analysis. A cost-effective fabrication process combining insulated metal substrate etching and soft lithography is used to realize the prototype ferrofluid micropump. Preliminary results show good agreement of pumping characteristics between theory and experiment.
Novel SOFC anodes for the direct electrochemical oxidation of hydrocarbons

Recent developments in solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFC) that electrochemically oxidize hydrocarbon fuels to produce electrical power without first reforming them to H2 are described. First, the operating principles of SOFCs are reviewed, along with a description of state-of-the-art SOFC designs. This is followed by a discussion of the concepts and procedures used in the synthesis of direct-oxidation fuel cells with anodes based on composites of Cu, ceria, and yttria-stabilized zirconia. The discussion focuses on how heterogeneous catalysis has an important role to play in the development of SOFCs that directly oxidize hydrocarbon fuels.
Cognitive impairment and risk of future stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Several studies have assessed the link between cognitive impairment and risk of future stroke, but results have been inconsistent. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies to determine the association between cognitive impairment and risk of future stroke. Methods: We searched MEDLINE and Embase (1966 to November 2013) and conducted a manual search of bibliographies of relevant retrieved articles and reviews. We included cohort studies that reported multivariable adjusted relative risks and 95% confidence intervals or standard errors for stroke with respect to baseline cognitive impairment. Results: We identified 18 cohort studies (total 121 879 participants) and 7799 stroke events. Pooled analysis of results from all studies showed that stroke risk increased among patients with cognitive impairment at baseline (relative risk [RR] 1.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.24–1.56). The results were similar when we restricted the analysis to studies that used a widely adopted definition of cognitive impairment (i.e., Mini-Mental State Examination score Interpretation: Baseline cognitive impairment was associated with a significantly higher risk of future stroke, especially ischemic and fatal stroke.
Large-scale gene-expression studies and the challenge of multiple sclerosis

In multiple sclerosis, a complex neurodegenerative disorder, a combination of genetic and environmental factors results in inflammation and myelin damage. Recent transcription-profiling studies have found distinct gene-expression patterns in diseased tissue; such large-scale studies at different stages of the disease are contributing to understanding multiple sclerosis and developing effective therapy.
Identification of repeat structure in large genomes using repeat probability clouds

The identification of repeat structure in eukaryotic genomes can be time-consuming and difficult because of the large amount of information (3 10 9 bp) that needs to be processed and compared. We introduce a new approach based on exact word counts to evaluate, de novo, the repeat structure present within large eukaryotic genomes. This approach avoids sequence alignment and similarity search, two of the most time-consuming components of traditional methods for repeat identification. Algorithms were implemented to efficiently calculate exact counts for any length oligonucleotide in large genomes. Based on these oligonucleotide counts, oligonucleotide excess probability clouds, or ‘‘P-clouds,” were constructed. P-clouds are composed of clusters of related oligonucleotides that occur, as a group, more often than expected by chance. After construction, P-clouds were mapped back onto the genome, and regions of high P-cloud density were identified as repetitive regions based on a sliding window approach. This efficient method is capable of analyzing the repeat content of the entire human genome on a single desktop computer in less than half a day, at least 10-fold faster than current approaches. The predicted repetitive regions strongly overlap with known repeat elements as well as other repetitive regions such as gene families, pseudogenes, and segmental duplicons. This method should be extremely useful as a tool for use in de novo identification of repeat structure in large newly sequenced genomes.
Group I metabotropic glutamate receptor activation produces prolonged epileptiform neuronal synchronization and alters evoked population responses in the hippocampus.

Glutamate activates a class of receptors coupled to G-proteins that initiate second messenger cascades, change ion channel function, cause release of calcium from intracellular stores, and produce long-term changes in synaptic strength. We used the CA3 region of the adult rat hippocampal slice to evaluate group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) activation on epileptiform activity and the population response recorded extracellularly evoked by stratum radiatum stimulation. The selective group I mGluR agonist (R,S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) accelerated the rate of bicuculline-induced interictal discharges at concentrations of 10 and 30M. At a concentration of 100M, DHPG produced prolonged recurrent discharges that last more than 2 s and consisted of an oscillation of the field potential at 2–20 Hz that resembled electrographic seizure activity (ictal). DHPG (100M) when bath-applied alone for 30–120 min produced both ictal and interictal discharges that persisted following removal of DHPG from the bathing solution. DHPG (100M) reduced the amplitude of the first population spike evoked by stratum radiatum stimulation and changed the relationship of paired evoked population spikes from suppression of the second response relative to the first to facilitation of the second response at interpulse intervals of 15 and 25 ms. To test the possibility that a reduction of the first evoked population spike and loss of inhibition of a second evoked population spike generated prolonged ictal discharges, we used 4-aminopyridine (4-AP 50M) to enhance synaptic transmission. 4-AP converted ictal discharges produced by DHPG to an interictal pattern of synchronous activity, reversed the DHPG-induced reduction in the first evoked population spike, and changed paired-pulse facilitation to inhibition. Reversing the changes of evoked population neuronal activity produced by group I mGluR activation favored interictal patterns of epileptiform activity. These results confirm that group I mGluR activation promotes epileptiform activity in the hippocampus and support the hypothesis that a lower efficacy of synaptic transmission favors the generation of prolonged synchronization of neurons that underlies seizures. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Efficacy of 3 days/wk resistance training on myofiber hypertrophy and myogenic mechanisms in young vs. older adults.

Resistance training (RT) has shown the most promise in reducing/reversing effects of sarcopenia, although the optimum regime specific for older adults remains unclear. We hypothesized myofiber hype...
New Equipment for Experiments on Data Transmission and Error Analysis

This paper describes the test equipment which was used jointly in 1959 by Post Office authorities and IBM for evaluation of the data transmission feasibility over European telephone networks. A summary of the results gained is displayed and demonstrates the feasibility of data transmission even if many problems are still to be solved. In the second part of the paper a method for recording and analyzing the errors is explained briefly. This method uses a conventional way of programming a computer and will be used in the future for statistical studies on error distributions.
Solid-state diffusion as an efficient doping method for silicon nanowires and nanowire field effect transistors

In this work we investigate doping by solid-state diffusion from a doped oxide layer, obtained by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), as a means for selectively doping silicon nanowires (NWs). We demonstrate both n-type (phosphorous) and p-type (boron) doping up to concentrations of 1020 cm − 3, and find that this doping mechanism is more efficient for NWs as opposed to planar substrates. We observe no diameter dependence in the range of 25 to 80 nm, which signifies that the NWs are uniformly doped. The drive-in temperature (800–950 °C) can be used to adjust the actual doping concentration in the range 2 × 1018 to 1020 cm − 3. Furthermore, we have fabricated NMOS and PMOS devices to show the versatility of this approach and the possibility of achieving segmented doping of NWs. The devices show high Ion/Ioff ratios of around 107 and, especially for the PMOS, good saturation behavior and low hysteresis.