cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Volumetric properties for {(1 –x)CO2+xCH4},{(1 −x)CO2+xN2}, and {(1 −x)CH4+xN2} at the preessures (19.94, 29.94, 39.94, 59.93, 79.93, and 99.93) MPa and the temperature 673.15 K

Abstract Densities ρ of pure CO2, CH4, and {(1 −x)CO2+xCH4}, {(1 −x)CO2+xN2} and {(1 −x)CH4+xN2} were measured at the pressures (19.94, 29.94, 39.94, 59.93, 79.93, and 99.93) MPa andT= 673.15 K. The measurements were made with a custom-designed, high-pressure, high-temperature vibrating-tube densimeter. For each binary system, results were obtained at mole fraction intervals of 0.1·xfromx= 0 tox= 1. Excess molar volumesVmEwere calculated from the measured densities for the end members and mixtures.
Characterization of the Reader Width Using the Micro-Track Test in Perpendicular Recording

Micro-track test is a valuable tool used to characterize the electrical reader width in perpendicular recording. The test is based on trimming both sides of a track written with a single tone and followed by a cross-track scan of the remaining track. The reader cross-track profile or read sensitivity function is characterized by a narrow band measurement of the read-back signal as a function of cross-track position. With increasing track density, the signal amplitude decreases due to incomplete media saturation and to an increase in the off-track noise due to percolation and opposite polarity media saturation. These effects cause a lump at the edge of the micro-track profile that changes the width of the profile (MT10 and MT50). Micro-magnetic analysis indicates that the off-track demagnetization field creates a track-edge section in the media with opposite polarity relative to the originally written track. This section is coherent with the main track and decreases the read-back signal during the scan of the micro-track. Consequently, the shape of the cross-track read sensitivity function becomes distorted, causing a reduction in MT10 and a side lump. The solution to this problem is to increase the amplitude of the micro-track read-back signal by reduced trimming and by the use of a higher density (KFCI) in the main track that minimizes the off-track demagnetization field. These test improvements are shown to preserve the integrity of the micro-track profile and to enable an accurate measurement of MT10 and MT50. Optimizing reader and writer widths in perpendicular recording requires an accurate measurement of these parameters.
Google Scholar’s Coverage of the Engineering Literature: An Empirical Study

Abstract Google Scholar’s coverage of the engineering literature is analyzed by comparing its contents with those of Compendex, the premier engineering database. Records retrieved from Compendex were searched in Google Scholar, and a decade by decade comparison was done from the 1950s through 2007. The results show that the percentage of records appearing in Google Scholar increased over time, approaching a 90 percent matching rate for materials published after 1990.
An oligopoly model to analyze the market and social welfare for green manufacturing industry

Abstract As public concerns on sustainable economic development increase, an increasing number of manufactured products have found their environmentally preferable alternatives. In this study, we propose an oligopoly game theoretical model to analyze the competition between the green and ordinary manufacturing sectors. We identify cost efficiency and innovative design as key elements to the survival of green products. We also find that the effectiveness of Pigouvian tax and subsidy policies depend on product characteristics, market structures, as well as targeted results. Our small empirical examples on Corolla vs. Prius and Incandescent lamp vs. Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) show that our modeling results are more optimistic than real market statistics. We identify pre-equilibrium market dynamics, consumer bias towards green products, and modeling limitations as the main reasons for such differences. We also investigate the market competition and total societal welfare in the presence of tax and subsidy policy intervention. The study results not only provide guidelines and managerial insights for green producers to understand the underlying factors that determine the competitiveness of green products in the market but also benefit policy makers by quantitatively showing the effectiveness of tax and subsidy policies in promoting green products.
Effect of glucose on pHin and [Ca2+]in in NIH-3T3 cells transfected with the yeast P-type H(+)-ATPase.

NIH-3T3 cells transfected with yeast H+-ATPases (RN1A cells) are tumorigenic (Perona and Serrano, 1988, Nature, 334: 438). We have previously shown that RN1a cells maintain a chronically high intracellular pH (pHin) under physiological conditions. We have alsoshown that RN1a cells are serum-independent for growth, maintain a higher intracellular Ca2+(in), and glycolyze more rapidly than their non-transformed counterparts (Gillies et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 1990, 87: 7414; Gillies et al., Cell. Physiol. Biochem., 1992, 2: 159). The present study was aimed to understand the interrelationships between glycolysis, pHin, and [Ca2+]in in RN1a cells and their non-transformed counterparts, NIH-3T3 cells. Our data show that the higher rate of glycolysis observed in RN1a cell is due to the presence of low affinity glucose transporters. Consequently, the higher rate of glycolysis is exacerbated at high glucose concentration in RN1a cells. Moreover, the maximal velocity (Vmax) for glucose utilization is up to sixfold higher in RN1a cells than in the NIH-3T3 cells, suggesting that the number of glucose transporters is higher in RN1a than NIH-3T3 cells. Glucose addition to NIH-3T3 cells results in modest decreases in both pHin and [Ca2+]in. In contrast, RN1a cells respond to glucose with a large decrease in pHin, followed by a large decrease in [Ca2+]in. The decrease in [Ca2+]in observed upon glucose addition is likely due to activation of Ca2+-ATPase by glycolysis, since the Ca2+ decrease is abolished by the Ca2+ ATPase inhibitors thapsigargin and cyclopiazonic acid. Glucose addition to ATP-depleted cells results in a decrease in [Ca2+]in, suggesting that ATP furnished by glycolysis is utilized by this pump. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Global change in the thermosphere: Compelling evidence of a secular decrease in density

[1] We derive secular trends in upper thermospheric density from the historical orbital elements of 27 long-lived, near-Earth space objects. The results cover all levels of solar activity during the period 1996–2001, and each object indicates a long-term decrease of total mass density. The observed trends increase with increasing height from 200–700 km and are largest for solar minimum conditions; average values range from −2% to −5% per decade. The trends are largely independent of geomagnetic activity, local time, latitude, and season. We examine several possible sources of error in our results and conclude that none of them can individually account for the observed trends. The trends that we obtain are qualitatively, and in some cases quantitatively, consistent with available theoretical predictions of density decreases associated with the cooling effect of increased greenhouse gas concentrations.
Moment analysis and non-condon effects in MCD spectra

Abstract The conventional moment analysis of an unresolved MCD spectrum used to extract the A and B terms is shown to be unreliable due to the neglect of non-Condon effects. A modified moment analysis is proposed to detect these effects. The MCD spectra of fluorofluoranthenes are treated as an example.
Liquid mixing based on convection and turbulent dispersion in bubble columns

A phenomenological model for liquid mixing, that captures the essence of the observed physical phenomena in bubble columns, is presented. In this model, mixing of the liquid phase is considered to be primarily due to convective recirculation and turbulence caused by the rising gas bubbles. The mixing phenomena is thus linked with the hydrodynamics of the flow. The input parameters of the model are obtained using noninvasive experimental techniques, such as Computer Automated Radioactive Particle Tracking (CARPT) and Computer assisted Tomography (CT) to measure the local liquid velocities and void fraction distribution in the system. In addition, it is shown that model parameters can be related to the turbulent eddy diffusivity measurements obtained by CARPT. The model is shown to compare well with tracer data and to reflect a variety of experimental observations. A brief comparison with the axial dispersion model (ADM) and recycle with cross-flow (RCF) model is presented.
Visible-band testbed projector with a replicated diffractive optical element.

Raytheon has designed, fabricated, and tested a diffractive-optical-element-based (DOE-based) testbed projector for direct and indirect visual optical applications. By use of a low-cost replicated DOE surface from Rochester Photonics Corporation for color correction the projector optics bettered the modular transfer function of an equivalent commercial camera lens. The testbed demonstrates that a practical DOE-based optical system is suitable for both visual applications (e.g., head-mounted displays) and visual projection (e.g., tactical sensors). The need for and the proper application of DOE's in visual optical systems, the nature and the performance of the projector optical design, and test results are described.
On the Number of Solutions of a Linear Equation over Finite Sets

The largest possible number of representations of an integer in thek-fold sumsetkA=A+?+Ais maximal forAbeing an arithmetic progression. More generally, consider the number of solutions of the linear equationc1a1+?+ckak=?, whereci?0 and?are fixed integer coefficients, and where the variablesairange over finite sets of integersA1,?,Ak. We prove that for fixed cardinalitiesni=|Ai|, this number of solutions is maximal whenc1=?=ck=1,?=0 and theAiare arithmetic progressions balanced around 0 and with the same common difference. For the corresponding residues problem, assumingci,??FpandAi?Fp(where Fpis the set of residues modulo primep), the number of solutions of the equation above does not exceed1pn1?nk+8?n1?nkn21plus;?+n2k(1+o(1))ask?∞ and under some mild restrictions onni. This is best possible save for the constant in the second term: we conjecture that in fact 8 can be replaced by 6.
Differential Inhibition of Deoxyribonucleic Acid and Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis induced in Cultured Mammalian Cells by 7 : 12-Dimethylbenzanthracene

THE mammalian cell genome has frequently been implicated as the specific site of chemical carcinogen-cell interaction. Notable were the findings of Brookes and Lawley1, who demonstrated a positive correlation between the degree of binding of aromatic hydrocarbons to mouse skin DNA in vivo and the carcinogenic potency of these agents. Certain hydrocarbon carcinogens suppress interferon synthesis in virus-infected cells2 and appear to be similar in activity to actinomycinD (ref. 3) in their ability to inhibit the replication of DNA rather than RNA viruses. The work recorded here concerns the probable specific alterations in DNA replication induced in cultured normal cells treated with low concentrations of 7 : 12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) soluble in the culture medium. The rates of incorporation of labelled uridine and thymidine were measured in several cell lines and correlated to the cell cycle and total DNA formation.
Tunneling anomaly of superconducting films in strong magnetic fields

We consider the tunneling density of states (DOS) of superconducting films driven to the paramagnetic phase by the Zeeman splitting. We show that there is minimum in the DOS whose position depends on the orientation of the applied field. This dependence, not predicted by previous theoretical calculations, is in agreement with a recent experiment.
Protection of minority shareholders after the New Company Law: 26 case studies

Purpose – The paper aims to discuss the amended provisions relating to protection of minority shareholders (PMS) in the newly amended Chinese Company Law and evaluate whether it adequately protects the interests of minority shareholders.Design/methodology/approach – In total, 26 cases will be examined by discussing the characteristics of the relevant parties involved, specifically plaintiffs, defendants, their lawyers, judges and also the grounds of complaint. A comparison will be made between the cases decided by following the first Company Law (1994) and the cases decided in accordance with the newly amended Company Law (2006).Findings – The findings indicate that the amended Company Law has removed certain drawbacks in PMS present in the first Company Law (1994) but the New Company Law can protect interests of minority shareholders only to a certain extent. Further amendments are still needed.Originality/value – This is one of the first studies to actually examine the implementation of PMS‐related prov...
Cleavage of carbon-carbon bonds of diphenylacetylene and its derivatives via photolysis of Pt complexes: tuning the C-C bond formation energy toward selective C-C bond activation.

Carbon−carbon bond activation of diphenylacetylene and several substituted derivatives has been achieved via photolysis and studied. Pt0−acetylene complexes with η2-coordination of the alkyne, along with the corresponding PtII C−C activated photolysis products, have been synthesized and characterized, including X-ray crystal structural analysis. While the C−C cleavage reaction occurs readily under photochemical conditions, thermal activation of the C−C bonds or formation of PtII complexes was not observed. However, the reverse reaction, C−C reductive coupling (PtII → Pt0), did occur under thermal conditions, allowing the determination of the energy barriers for C−C bond formation from the different PtII complexes. For the reaction (dtbpe)Pt(−Ph)(−C⋮CPh) (2) → (dtbpe)Pt(η2-PhC⋮CPh) (1), ΔG⧧ was 32.03(3) kcal/mol. In comparison, the energy barrier for the C−C bond formation in an electron-deficient system, that is, (dtbpe)Pt(C6F5)(C⋮CC6F5) (6) → (dtbpe)Pt(η2-bis(pentafluorophenyl)acetylene) (5), was found t...
Continuous intravenous infusion of fentanyl: Case reports of use in patients with advanced cancer and intractable pain

The use of continuous intravenous infusion of opioids may be efficacious in managing pain related to advanced cancer. Short-acting opioids, such as morphine and hydromorphone, are commonly used. We describe the use of a fentanyl infusion in four cases. This experience suggests that fentanyl may be considered an alternative drug for infusion in the treatment of refractory cancer pain.
Limit theorems for the empirical vector of the Curie-Weiss-Potts model

Abstract The law of large numbers and its breakdown, the central limit theorem, a central limit theorem with conditioning, and a central limit theorem with random centering are proved for the empirical vector of the Curie-Weiss-Potts model, which is a model in statistical mechanics. The nature of the limits reflects the phase transition in the model.
In vitro and in vivo enhancement of ddI activity against Rauscher murine leukemia virus by ribavirin

Abstract Ribavirin has been reported to enhance the activity of ddI against HIV. We explored this enhancement of antiviral activity in Rauscher murine leukemia virus (RMuLV) models in vitro and in vivo. The significant finding in these studies was that combinations of the drugs exhibited virus titer reductions that were greater than would be expected if the drug interactions were simply additive. These effects were designated synergistic by the method of Prichard and Shipman (Prichard, M.N. and Shipman, C., Jr. (1990) A three-dimensional model to analyze drug-drug interactions, Antiviral Res. 14, 181–206). In addition to the antiviral synergy, we also observed some synergistic toxicity in the animal model.
A role for Grb2-associated binder-1 in growth hormone signaling.

GH signaling begins with activation of the GH receptor (GHR)-associated cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase, Janus kinase-2. GH-induced Janus kinase-2 activation leads to engagement of several signaling pathways, including the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphoinositol 3-kinase, and signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 (STAT5) pathways. Previous work suggests that ERK activation in response to GH may be modulated by several proteins acting as docking molecules, including the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and insulin receptor substrate-1. In this study we investigate potential roles for the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain-containing insulin receptor substrate-like protein, Grb-2-associated binder-1 (Gab1), in GH signaling. We find in 3T3-F442A preadipocytes that GH promotes tyrosine phosphorylation of Gab1 and its association with SHP2, an Src homology 2-containing cytoplasmic tyrosine phosphatase. The Grb2 adapter protein, in contrast, is...
Impaired clearance, elimination, and metabolism of plasma cholesterol esters associated with hypercholesteremia in mice fed cyclopropenoid fatty acids.

Abstract Swiss-Webster mice were fed corn oil control diet or 0.7% cyclopropenoid fatty acid (CPFA) for 8 weeks and dosed iv with an equimolar suspension of [ 3 H]cholesteryl palmitate and [ 14 C]cholesteryl palmitoleate. Blood decline of labeled sterol was biphasic. There were no differences in the in vivo plasma cholesterol ester metabolism, elimination kinetics, or fecal elimination rate for labeled sterol from [ 3 H]cholesteryl palmitate or [ 14 C]cholesteryl palmitoleate within CPFA or control groups. However, compared to controls, CPFA animals diverted significantly more labeled sterol into saturated and diunsaturated cholesterol esters, less into mono- and tetraunsaturated esters, and showed decreased blood clearance and fecal elimination of labeled sterol. Biliary elimination was probably not impaired by depressed hepatic cholesterol esterase activity in CPFA-fed mice. The fundamental effect of CPFA on serum cholesterol concentration appears to reside in a severely imbalanced cholesterol esters profile. Results indicate that CPFA alter normal fatty acid profile of serum cholesterol esters by proportionally altering the C-2 fatty acyl composition of serum phospholipid, which is the substrate for lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, the major source of plasma cholesterol esters.
On null operator structures

This paper presents a unified account of null operator structures, based on the hypothesis that the categorial status of empty categories (ECs) in A′ positions is determined by free assignment of the features [±a(naphor)] and [±p(ronominal)], essentially as suggested by Brody (1984) for ECs in A-positions. In so-called predicational structures, the null operator is ungoverned and can only surface as [+p]. As expected, it can be locally A-bound or discourse-licensed, just like argument PRO orpro. Null operators in adjunct clauses with parasitic gaps are governed, and can surface as [−a, −p] or [−a, +p]. The properties of these structures are only compatible with the assignment of the features [−a, −p]. This suggests that even though no general principle blocks [−a, +p] as a governed null operator, there are no licensing conditions for this category.
Statistical contrast enhancement of subtraction images for radiographic caries diagnosis

Abstract The effects of the nonlinear contrast-enhancement technique are examined in terms of diagnostic performance obtainable from subtracted dental radiographs for a variety of simulated exposures. Conventional bitewing radiographs of patients known to be free of caries were digitized by means of a computer interfaced with a conventional television camera. The resulting images were duplicated and stored in the computer. Radiolucencies similar in appearance to interproximal caries were simulated analytically in one set of the images. Reference images were superimposed spatially and subtracted from their counterparts containing the induced interproximal lesions after simulating the effects of quantum limited exposure on both sets. This was done for each separate image element independently by replacing original gray levels in each image with levels determined by a Poisson random deviate. The resulting difference images were contrast enhanced by a method which first smooths out local variations in gray level and then reassigns gray-level values in a way determined by the observed second-order spatial statistics. To aid in localization, these images were then again subtracted from the original noise-degraded pictures without lesions, rendering images similar to conventional radiographs but contrast enhanced. Observer performance by means of these enhanced images was compared with that produced from unenhanced lesion-containing controls. The results suggest that enhancement increases the certainty with which diagnosis can be made and, further, that diagnostic accuracy can be improved in severely degraded images which simulate the effects of reduced levels of exposure.
The iterative evolution of complex systems

Abstract The iterative properties of two classes of functions that map a finite set of N distinct elements into itself are essentially equivalent: (1) functions whose iterates form sequences that imitate random behavior; and (2) functions chosen “at random” from the set of all functions that map N into itself. The orbit structures of these functions are highly constrained. For instance, the expected size of the largest orbit is ∼ 0.8N; the expected size of the largest tree is ∼ 0.5N; the average length of a terminal cycle is (πN/8) 1 2 ; and the average number of elements without pre-images is N/e. These constraints influence the dynamical behavior of “chaotic” systems whose evolution can be modeled by functional iteration. One practical consequence is the macroscopic stabilization of hysteresis loops in magnetic and mechanical systems.
Uniform Action Potential Repolarization within the Sarcolemma of In Situ Ventricular Cardiomyocytes

Previous studies have speculated, based on indirect evidence, that the action potential at the transverse (t)-tubules is longer than at the surface membrane in mammalian ventricular cardiomyocytes. To date, no technique has enabled recording of electrical activity selectively at the t-tubules to directly examine this hypothesis. We used confocal line-scan imaging in conjunction with the fast response voltage-sensitive dyes ANNINE-6 and ANNINE-6plus to resolve action potential-related changes in fractional dye fluorescence (ΔF/F) at the t-tubule and surface membranes of in situ mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes. Peak ΔF/F during action potential phase 0 depolarization averaged −21% for both dyes. The shape and time course of optical action potentials measured with the water-soluble ANNINE-6plus were indistinguishable from those of action potentials recorded with intracellular microelectrodes in the absence of the dye. In contrast, optical action potentials measured with the water-insoluble ANNINE-6 were significantly prolonged compared to the electrical recordings obtained from dye-free hearts, suggesting electrophysiological effects of ANNINE-6 and/or its solvents. With either dye, the kinetics of action potential-dependent changes in ΔF/F during repolarization were found to be similar at the t-tubular and surface membranes. This study provides what to our knowledge are the first direct measurements of t-tubule electrical activity in ventricular cardiomyocytes, which support the concept that action potential duration is uniform throughout the sarcolemma of individual cells.
Using Evernote as an Electronic Lab Notebook in a Translational Science Laboratory

Electronic laboratory notebooks (ELNs) offer significant advantages over traditional paper laboratory notebooks (PLNs), yet most research labs today continue to use paper documentation. While biopharmaceutical companies represent the largest portion of ELN users, government and academic labs trail far behind in their usage. Our lab, a translational science laboratory at New York University School of Medicine (NYUSoM), wanted to determine if an ELN could effectively replace PLNs in an academic research setting. Over 6 months, we used the program Evernote to record all routine experimental information. We also surveyed students working in research laboratories at NYUSoM on the relative advantages and limitations of ELNs and PLNs and discovered that electronic and paper notebook users alike reported the inability to freehand into a notebook as a limitation when using electronic methods. Using Evernote, we found that the numerous advantages of ELNs greatly outweighed the inability to freehand directly into a notebook. We also used imported snapshots and drawing program add-ons to obviate the need for freehanding. Thus, we found that using Evernote as an ELN not only effectively replaces PLNs in an academic research setting but also provides users with a wealth of other advantages over traditional paper notebooks.
Teaching the Krebs Cycle

This paper outlines a simple but rigorous treatment of the Krebs Cycle suitable for A-level Biology students. The importance of the addition of water molecules in various stages of the cycle is stressed as well as the removal of hydrogen atoms by the oxidizing enzymes.
Complications and Unfavorable Clinical Outcomes in Obese and Overweight Patients Treated for Adult Lumbar or Thoracolumbar Scoliosis With Combined Anterior/Posterior Surgery.

Background Context:Combined anterior/posterior (A/P) spinal fusion with instrumentation has been used for many years in the treatment of adult thoracolumbar and lumbar (TL/L) scoliosis. However, the risk factors for complications and poor clinical outcomes with this procedure are not well known.Purp
The relation between spontaneous activity cycles and diurnal rhythms of metabolism in the polychaetous annelid Glycera dibranchiata

The oxygen consumption rate of the bloodworm Glycera dibranchiataEhlers was measured 4 times each day. Aerobic metabolism during daylight hours is significantly greater than at night, regardless of the phase of the spontaneous activity cycle. There is no reason to suppose that increased metabolism reflects an overall increase in motor activity.
Lexical Landscapes and Textual Mountains in the High T'Ang

1 Le T'ai chan: essai de monographie d'un culte chinois (Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1910). 2 Such as Michel Soymie's "Le Lo-feou shan: etude de geographie religieuse," Bulletin de l'Ecolefrancaise d'Extreme-Orient 54 (1956), 1-132, and Edward H. Schafer's Mao Shan in T'ang Times, rev. 2nd edn. (Boulder: Society for the Study of Chinese Religions, 1989). 3 Major landmarks include Aoki Masaru's 1934 article, "Shinajin no shizenkan" JA0)lON,. , rpt. in Aoki Masaru zenshu l*IWE_,H, 6 vols. (Tokyo: Shunjusha, 1969-75), 2: 552-91; Richard B. Mather, "The Landscape Buddhism of the Fifth-Century Poet Hsieh Ling-yiin," Journal of Asian Studies 18.1 (1958), 67-79; J.D. Frodsham, "The Origins of Chinese Nature Poetry," Asia Major 2nd ser., 8.1 (1960), 68-104; Obi Koichi 'J\,l'--, Chugoku bungaku ni arawareta shizen to shizenkan, chusei bungaku o chushin to shiru [ 1 ICz-^h:^t <:I.. , C'Zt*t rP, tL & L 5 (Tokyo: Iwanami, 1963); Paul Demi6ville, "La montagne dans l'art litteraire chinois," France-Asie 183 (1965), 7-32, rpt. in Demi6ville, Choix d'etudes sinologiques (1921-1970) (Leiden: Brill 1973), 364-89; Wang Kuo-ying 3-13 , Chung-kuo shan-shui-shih yen-chiu rPUJiWI?ff (Taipei: Lien-ching, 1986); Tokura Hidemi g#*X, Shijintachi no jiku: Kanpu kara Toshi e JNA t t0; !: AliX5,Fi6 ,\ (Tokyo: Heibonsha, 1988); and, most recently, Donald Holzman, Landscape Appreciation in Ancient and Early Medieval China: The Birth of Landscape Poetry (Taipei: College of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 1996). Jean-Pierre Di6ny's studies on the symbolism of various natural phenomena and images should also be mentioned here; e.g., "Pour un lexique de l'imagination litt6raire en Chine: le symbolisme du soleil," Bulletin de l'Ecole francaise d'Extreme-Orient 69 (1981), 119-52. Of the numerous works focused on
Adriamycin induced changes in translocation of sodium ions in transporting epithelial cells.

Abstract The antitumor, antibiotic, adriamycin stimulates the net transport of sodium ions across frog skin epithelium under short circuit conditions. This stimulation is largely independent of Ca ++ concentration in the media or of previous treatment of the epithelium with amiloride, ouabain, and vasopressin. We believe adriamycin induces changes in membrane permeability to sodium ions and that such changes may explain, in part, the cardiotoxicity of this drug.
Department Elimination and Its Relationship to Student Identity Issues: A Feminist Perspective:

In this paper I examined undergraduate student identity issues in relation to the elimination of the Department of Consumer Studies at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. The purpose of writing this paper was to provide some insight into our students’ identity, particularly in relation to the broader academic community. A feminist perspective (both theory and method) was used to examine gender issues that exist within textiles and clothing and gender bias in the larger academic community that impacts our female-dominated field.
Cdc2 phosphorylation of nucleolin demarcates mitotic stages and Alzheimer’s disease pathology

Nucleolin is a major multifunctional nuclear phosphoprotein that is phosphorylated by Cdc2 kinase in mitosis and that participates in a number of cellular processes. The monoclonal antibody TG-3 generated against neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) found in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is highly specific for mitotic cells in culture. We here demonstrate that phosphorylation of nucleolin by Cdc2 kinase generates the TG-3 epitope. The unique pool of TG-3 immunoreactive nucleolin appears abruptly during the prophase. It is associated with chromosomes through the metaphase and it gradually disappears during separation of chromosomes and exit from mitosis. In the brain, nucleolin was localized not only to nuclei but also to neuronal cytoplasm, and it is a marker for early NFT. In patients with AD, Cdc2 phosphorylated nucleolin was present in NFT. These findings suggest that phosphorylation of nucleolin by Cdc2 kinase is a critical event and the point of convergence of two distinct pathways, mitosis and neurodegeneration.
Transient Voltage Measurement Techniques

Transient voltages which occur in the circuits to protective relays and control devices have been known to wreck semiconductor components used in these circuits. Investigations have been conducted to determine the nature, cause, and magnitudes of these transient voltages. Obviously, the data obtained on these investigations should be as accurate as possible. Methods are presented which are used to improve the accuracy of recording with an oscilloscope in cases where the measuring equipment is beset with misleading indications.
7-Deoxy-desulfo-cylindrospermopsin and 7-deoxy-desulfo-12-acetylcylindrospermopsin: Two new cylindrospermopsin analogs isolated from a Thai strain of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii

Abstract As environmental changes such as eutrophication lead to increased size and frequency of cyanobacterial blooms, research into the toxins produced by these blooms becomes increasingly important. One of the common toxins produced by cyanobacterial blooms is cylindrospermopsin ( 1 ), a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis. To date, only two additional analogs of cylindrospermopsin have been isolated, namely 7-epicylindrospermopsin ( 2 ) and 7-deoxy-cylindrospermopsin ( 3 ). This report details the isolation and structure determination of an additional two new analogs, 7-deoxy-desulfo-cylindrospermopsin ( 4 ) and 7-deoxy-desulfo-12-acetylcylindrospermopsin ( 5 ). These are the first new analogs of cylindrospermopsin to be reported in over a decade. Based on their structural features, it is likely that these new analogs also possess the harmful biological activities displayed by the rest of the cylindrospermopsin family.
Review of the unique properties of budesonide.

Abstract Background: The aim of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) therapy for asthma is to attain high therapeutic activity in the airways while keeping the risk of systemic adverse effects relatively low. However, the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of various ICSs affect this ratio, thereby influencing their ability to fulfill the requirements of an ideal agent. Objective: This article reviews the physical and pharmacokinetic properties of budesonide, outlining how they, safety data, and use of different inhalation devices enable budesonide to meet many of the clinical requirements of an ideal ICS for the treatment of asthma. Results: ICS efficacy is influenced by lipophilicity, lung deposition, and retention in airway tissue, whereas the rate of elimination determines systemic activity. Budesonide is retained in the airways to a greater extent than other ICSs because of an esterification process that increases its lipophilicity. The prolonged retention of budesonide in the airways may contribute to its efficacy when administered QD. In addition to a pressurized metered-dose inhaler, budesonide is available as a dry-powder inhaler and in nebulized form, which can be used by asthma patients aged ≥6 months. Conclusions: When combined with delivery devices suitable for a spectrum of patient groups, the physical and pharmacokinetic properties of budesonide lend it many of the characteristics of an ideal ICS, including favorable efficacy and tolerability profiles.
A three-dimensional angle-optimized finite-difference time-domain algorithm

We present a three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm to minimize the numerical dispersion error at preassigned angles. Filtering schemes are used to further optimize its frequency response for broad-band simulations. A stability analysis of the resulting FDTD algorithm is also provided. Numerical results show that the dispersion error around any preassigned angle can be reduced significantly in a broad range of frequencies with small computational overhead.
Localization of pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA transcripts and peptide immunoreactivity in rat heart

Objective: α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), β-endorphin and other pro-opiomelanocortin- (POMC) derived peptides have been detected in the heart, but it is uncertain whether they are synthesized by cardiomyocytes or by cardiac nerves innervating the heart. The objective of this study was to determine whether POMC peptides are synthesized by cardiomyocytes. Methods: Pro-opiomelanocortin peptides were localized in rat heart by immunohistochemistry using antisera against α-MSH, β-endorphin and α N -acetyl-β-endorphin, the predominant POMC peptides found in heart. Pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA was investigated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using primers that discriminate between full-length POMC mRNA and a 5′ truncated POMC transcript that is presumed to be non-functional. Results: α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, β-endorphin and α N -acetyl-β-endorphin immunoreactivities were localized in atrial myocytes, particularly in the atrial appendages, but not to a significant extent in ventricular myocytes. Cardiac nerves were not immunostained. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) immunoreactivity was similarly distributed in the adult heart. In neonatal heart, POMC-peptide and ANP immunoreactivities were present in both atrial and ventricular myocytes. RT-PCR amplification showed that full-length POMC mRNA transcripts were present in both atrial and ventricular tissue and provide evidence that 5′ truncated POMC mRNA is expressed in heart. Conclusions: These results support the hypothesis that cardiomyocytes synthesize POMC peptides.
Parathyroid hormone activates protein kinase C of pancreatic islets

Pancreatic islets are targets for PTH. The acute exposure of the islets to PTH results in a rise in their cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]i). It also stimulates insulin secretion in a manner similar to that produced by phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), an activator of protein kinase C (PKC), suggesting that the hormone may stimulate the activity of this enzyme. The present study examined the effect of PTH (1-34) on both cytosolic and membrane bound PKC activity of pancreatic islets and compared it with that of glucose and TPA. In the basal state, PKC activity is predominantly found in the cytosol. Both PTH or high glucose concentration caused a significant increase in membrane-bound and total PKC activity, whereas cytosolic enzyme activity remained unchanged. The effects of these two agonists peaked at 5 min and declined thereafter. The effect of PTH on PKC activity was abolished by the PTH antagonist ([Tyr-34] bovine PTH (7-34) NH2). In contrast, TPA induced a rise in membrane-bound PKC ...
A Novel Probabilistic Approach in Determination of Landing Site for Distressed Aircraft

A flight path planning strategy based on a novel probabilistic approach is proposed and developed. The main goal is to increase overall survivability of an in-flight distressed aircraft by biasing the flight path closer to possible abort airports so that in the event of an abort, the aircraft has less distance to fly to reach the abort field. Probabilistic methods are used to derive an optimal biased path and to evaluate the efficacy of such a path in improving overall aircraft survivability. Simulation results show that this novel probabilistic approach to flight path planning increases survivability of an in-flight distressed aircraft.
High Precision Electrohydrodynamic Printing of Polymer Onto Microcantilever Sensors

We report electrohydrodynamic jet printing to deposit 2-27 μm diameter polymer droplets onto microcantilever sensors. The polymer droplets were deposited as single droplets or organized patterns, with sub-μm control over droplet diameter and position. The droplet size could be controlled through a pulse-modulated source voltage, while droplet position was controlled using a positioning stage. Gravimetry analyzed the polymer droplets by examining the shift in microcantilever resonance frequency resulting from droplet deposition. The resonance shift of 50-4130 Hz corresponded to a polymer mass of 4.5-135 pg. The electrohydrodynamic method is a precise way to deposit multiple materials onto micromechanical sensors with greater resolution and repeatability than current methods.
Reconstituting the Submerged State: The Challenges of Social Policy Reform in the Obama Era

President Barack Obama came into office with a social welfare policy agenda that aimed to reconstitute what can be understood as the “submerged state”: a conglomeration of existing federal policies that incentivize and subsidize activities engaged in by private actors and individuals. By attempting to restructure the political economy involved in taxation, higher education policy, and health care, Obama ventured into a policy terrain that presents immense obstacles to reform itself and to the public's perception of its success. Over time the submerged state has fostered the profitability of particular industries and induced them to increase their political capacity, which they have exercised in efforts to maintain the status quo. Yet the submerged state simultaneously eludes most ordinary citizens: they have little awareness of its policies or their upwardly redistributive effects, and few are cognizant of what is at stake in reform efforts. This article shows how, in each of the three policy areas, the contours and dynamics of the submerged state have shaped the possibilities for reform and the form it has taken, the politics surrounding it, and its prospects for success. While the Obama Administration won hard-fought legislative accomplishments in each area, political success will continue to depend on how well policy design, policy delivery and political communication reveal policy reforms to citizens, so that they better understand how reforms function and what has been achieved.
Early detection of osteopenia in anorexia nervosa by radiographic absorptiometry

Abstract Severe osteopenia, kyphosis, and fractures have been documented in adult women after many years of anorexia nervosa. This study evaluated adolescent patients with anorexia nervosa with less than 5 years of illness for early diagnosis of osteopenia. Criteria for inclusion were absence of bone disease, fractures, or deformity; previous nutritional rehabilitation; and continuing amenorrhea. There were 13 subjects ranging in age from 12.8 to 21 years. Primary amenorrhea was present in 23% and secondary amenorrhea in 77%. All patients had an x-ray film of the nondominant hand for computerized radiographic absorptiometry. Three patients (23%) had a bone mineral volume density below 100 (risk threshold for osteoporosis). It is necessary to evaluate for osteopenia during the initial years in the course of anorexia nervosa. At a minimum, if there is no recovery of menses after half a year of amenorrhea or if primary amenorrhea persists at the age of 16, a measurement of mineral bone density should be considered.
Solubility Properties of Hydroxyapatite Doped with Divalent and Trivalent Ions

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a bone-like ceramic with good cytocompatibility properties and, consequently, has been used as coatings for dental and orthopedic implants. However, the main limitation of using HA as a coating material is its high calcium dissolution rate. The present study investigated an assortment of dopants in order to lower the calcium dissolution rate of HA. The HA dopants used in the present study were divalent (magnesium and zinc) and trivalent (yttrium, lanthanum, indium, and bismuth) cations. In a 21 day study, undoped HA and HA doped with magnesium (Mg), lanthanum (La), and bismuth (Bi) were found to increase in mass while formulations doped with zinc (Zn), indium (In), and yttrium (Y) were found to decrease in mass. Decreased mass may be due to loss of a number of chemical groups (such as calcium, phosphorous, and hydroxyl groups). Studies were also performed to specifically evaluate calcium dissolution. The divalent and trivalent-doped HA averaged samples had calcium concentrations in the supernatant consistently below the undoped HA samples suggesting lower calcium dissolution rate for all doped formulations. The results of the present study demonstrated that of those dopants tested that increased in mass, HA doped with Bi had the lowest amount of calcium released into the supernatant media. Since calcium has been shown to increase adsorption of proteins important for new bone growth, the present study provided evidence that to decrease the calcium dissolution rate of HA, dopants should be used, particularly Bi.
Tolerance of dinitrochlorobenzene, a contact sensitizer, in man.

Abstract The contact sensitizer, dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), was applied according to several schedules of small weekly or biweekly doses to the buccal mucosa of 64 adult men. The responses of these men were then compared with those of 37 control subjects when all were simultaneously given a "sensitizing" series of applications of DNCB to the skin. Buccal administration of DNCB induced detectable contact sensitivity to DNCB in 39 of the 64 subjects. During the subsequent topical exposures, those buccally treated subjects who had been sensitized showed little rise in degree of sensitivity, while many of those who had not been sensitised failed to become sensitized. Control subjects showed a normal response to the same topical exposures, and quantitative tests at the end of the experiment showed that control subjects were significantly more sensitive to DNCB than were those previously exposed to the compound by the buccal route. Thus, application of DNCB to the buccal mucosa partially aborted later attempts to induce contact sensitivity to the same compound by topical application. There is some evidence that this tolerance was more effectively induced by lower doses of DNCB applied to the buccal mucosa at fortnightly intervals than by larger amounts given more frequently.
Parallel I/O Performance for Application-Level Checkpointing on the Blue Gene/P System

As the number of processors increases to hundreds of thousands in parallel computer architectures, the failure probability rises correspondingly, making fault tolerance a highly important and challenging task. Application-level checkpointing is one of the most popular techniques to proactively deal with unexpected failures because of its portability and flexibility. During the checkpoint phase, the local states of the computation spread across thousands of processors are saved to stable storage. Unfortunately, this approach results in heavy I/O load and can cause an I/O bottleneck in a massively parallel system. In this paper, we examine application-level checkpointing for a massively parallel electromagnetic solver system called NekCEM on the IBM Blue Gene/P at Argonne National Laboratory. We discuss an application-level, two-phase I/O approach, called Aureduced-blocking I/OAu (rbIO), and a tuned MPI-IO collective approach (coIO), and we demonstrate their performance advantage over the Au1 POSIX file per processorAu approach. Our study shows that rbIO and coIO result in 100vo improvement over previous checkpointing approaches on up to 65,536 processors of the Blue Gene/P using the GPFS. Our study also demonstrates a 25vo production performance improvement for NekCEM. We show how to optimize parameter settings for those parallel I/O approaches and to verify results by I/O profilings. In particular, we examine the performance advantage of rbIO and demonstrate the potential benefits of this approach over the traditional MPI-IO routine, coIO.
Information Storage And Display Techniques Using PLZT Ceramics

Information storage, including image storage with gray scale, has been previously reported for PLZT ceramic ferroelectric-photoconductor (FE-PC) devices in which the infomation is stored as spatial variations either of birefringence or of light scattering centers. The FE-PC devices also store information in the form of variable surface deformation. We have discovered recently that nonvolatile, gray-scale images, superior in quality to those achieved with FE-PC devices, can be stored in rhombohedral-phase PLZT ceramics (without photoconductive films) by simultaneously exposing the image on a surface of a ceramic plate using near-UV light and switching the ferroelectric polarization through a portion of the hysteresis loop. This paper reviews some important characteristics of the FE-PC devices and describes the new photoferroelectric image storage mechanisms and devices.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.