cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
OH, NO! THE INTERNAL AUDITOR IS COMING!

When one thinks about accountants (an unlikely or uncommon occurrence for most librarians), we usually envision a certified public accountant working for a big six accounting firm preparing sophisticated financial reports and doing quite a bit of tax work as well. Actually, this is not an inaccurate sketch; but a more representative picture of accounting must include the important segment of the industry served by internal auditors. An internal auditor is an accountant hired by an institution, whether it is private, public, profit, or nonprofit, to continually monitor, review, investigate, “bird‐dog,” and report any accounting, financial, or operational problems and opportunities within the organization.
Faster Array Training and Rapid Analysis for a Sensor Array Intended for an Event Monitor in Air

Environmental monitoring, in particular, air monitoring, is a critical need for human space flight. Both monitoring and life support systems have needs for closed loop process feedback and quality control for environmental factors. Monitoring protects the air environment and water supply for the astronaut crew and different sensors help ensure that the habitat falls within acceptable limits, and that the life support system is functioning properly and efficiently. The longer the flight duration and the farther the destination, the more critical it becomes to have carefully monitored and automated control systems for life support. There is an acknowledged need for an event monitor which samples the air continuously and provides near real-time information on changes in the air. Past experiments with the JPL ENose have demonstrated a lifetime of the sensor array, with the software, of around 18 months. We are working on a sensor array and new algorithms that will incorporate transient sensor responses in the analysis. Preliminary work has already showed more rapid quantification and identification of analytes and the potential for faster training time of the array. We will look at some of the factors that contribute to demonstrating faster training time for the array. Faster training will decrease the integrated sensor exposure to training analytes, which will also help extend sensor lifetime.
Immigration in the 2008 Virginia presidential election: A cultural issue remains puissant despite an economic crisis

Abstract In 2006 and 2007, many analysts expected that immigration would be one of the top domestic issues in the 2008 campaign. However, in the 2008 presidential general election, immigration issues were never a major topic between candidates John McCain and Barack Obama. This was partially because McCain has more moderate views toward immigration reform than the passionate anti-immigration faction of the Republican Party. Prior research suggests that an issue in a presidential campaign can remain influential even when the media and campaigns are not discussing or addressing the issue, even when the candidates or parties do not differ greatly on the issue. In a survey of Virginia residents conducted just before the November election, immigration attitudes were a differential factor between McCain and Obama.
"A Constitutional Conveyance of Intelligence, Public and Private": The Post Office, the Business of Printing, and the American Revolution

This essay argues that American printers motivated by a deep commercial interest in fast and effective communication worked to overturn the British imperial postal service in 1774 and 1775. Printers enlisted merchants and members of the revolutionary elite, who also relied on long-distance communication through the post office for their own commercial and political purposes, to provide financial and political support. In making their case, printers mobilized a broad array of political ideology and imagery already familiar to colonists during the decade-long imperial crisis, emphasizing the political necessity of replacing the imperial institution. At the same time, they uncontroversially asserted that a new American post office would safeguard their precarious commercial ventures. The essay therefore demonstrates that printers were not "mere mechanics" but actively shaped the political debates leading to the American Revolution as part of a process that scholars have recently highlighted in a work on the economic and commercial influences on the Revolution. Furthermore, it grants the post office its due as part of the Habermasian public sphere; although understudied, the post office—both as a physical space and as a network through which information could travel—was a crucial means by which Americans developed a national infrastructure for political communications. Exploring the overthrow of the British post office, and the creation of an American post office, reveals an understudied but crucial episode to explain the symbiosis between politics and commerce during the American Revolutionary era.
Validity of Pedometers to Measure Step Counts During Dance

Purpose: To obtain validity evidence for the measurement of step counts by spring-levered and piezoelectric pedometers during dance. Methods: Thirty-five adults in a college dance class participated in this study. Participants completed trials of 3- and 5-min of different styles of dance wearing Walk4life MVP and Omron HJ-303 pedometers, while their steps were visually counted. Pearson correlation, paired t-test, mean absolute percent error (MAPE), and mean bias were calculated between actual step and pedometer step counts for the 3- and 5-min dances separately. Results: For the Walk4life trials the correlations were .92 and .77 for the 3- and 5-min dances. No significant differences were shown by t-test for the 3- (P = .16) and 5-min dances (P = .60). However, MAPE was high, 17.7 ± 17.7% and 19.4 ± 18.3% for the 2 dance durations, respectively. For the Omron, the correlations were .44 and .58 for the 3- and 5-min dances, respectively. No significant differences were shown by t-test for the 3-min (P = .38...
Classical Maple Syrup Urine Disease: Cofactor resistance

Abstract The unremitting clinical course of an infant female who died on her 13th day of life with a severe form of classical Maple Syrup Urine Disease is described. Initially high urinary levels of leucine, isoleucine, and valine and their branched-chain α-keto acid derivatives returned to normal following restriction of these amino acids at 8 days of age and the administration of thiamine and pyridoxine. Methods were developed to study the genetic control of this enzyme defect and its response to cofactors in fibroblasts cultured from the skin of the proband, her parents, and normal controls. Cells cultured from the affected proband produced C 14 O 2 from C 14 -labeled leucine, isoleucine, and valine at less than 1% of the normal rate. Cells from the parents exhibited partially impaired decarboxylating activity for all three branched-chain amino acids. The paternal cell line had more decarboxylating activity than the maternal cell line over a 3-hr course of incubation and over a 600-fold range of substrate concentration. The specificity of this inborn error was confirmed in fibroblasts from the proband that oxidized pyruvate-1-C 14 normally. This activity was stimulated 90% when a mixture of pyridoxal phosphate, sodium lipoate, thiamine pyrophosphate, β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, coenzyme A, and flavine adenine dinucleotide was added to the buffer medium. In normal cells this mixture of coenzymes also stimulated decarboxylation of isoleucine and valine, but not of leucine. In contrast, the coenzymes failed to augment branched-chain amino acid decarboxylation by the proband's cell line. We conclude from these observations that the proband inherited a mutant gene, whose product had essentially absent branched-chain amino acid decarboxylase activity. The disease was inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, but fibroblasts from each parent carried a quantitatively different mutation for the impaired enzyme function, implying that the child was doubly heterozygous. The mutant allele(s) produced a defective apoenzyme which was common to all three branched-chain amino acids, and which was unresponsive to cofactor stimulation.
In Vitro Effects of Enamel Matrix Derivative on Microvascular Cells

Background: Periodontal regeneration requires a coordinated series of events that includes not only the recruitment of periodontal ligament (PDL)-specific cells, but vascular cells as well. The mechanisms of action of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) are poorly understood, and its effects on vascular cells are unknown. The objective of this study was to examine the extent to which EMD affects angiogenesis and PDL cell recruitment.Methods: The effects of EMD on human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) were determined by examining proliferation, chemotaxis, angiogenesis, and migration. Proliferation was determined using water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST)-1 reagent. Chemotaxis was determined using microporous-culture well inserts. Angiogenesis was assessed on plates containing matrigel. The effects of HMVECs on the migration of PDL cells were assessed by evaluating PDL cell outgrowth from collagen gels cultured in the presence of HMVECs on fibrin matrix and surrounded by fibronectin-containing fibrin c...
Returns to scale in U.S. surface mining of coal

Abstract This paper applies a ray-homothetic production function in order to study returns to scale and optimal scale in U.S. surface mining of coal.
Cognitive Development and the Utilization of Memorization Strategies in Middle Childhood

Summary The relationship between cognitive development and the use of memorization strategies in a free recall task was assessed in first, third, and fifth grade children. The results indicated a prerequisite relationship in which changes in underlying cognitions proceed in advance of the spontaneous and deliberate use of memorization strategies. In addition, the results indicated that multiple mnemonic activities do not emerge concurrently at the same rate of development. The results are discussed in terms of the issue of homogeneity in cognitive development. Conclusions are drawn with respect to the Soviet position on the subordination of cognitive activities to the goal of memorization.
Dynamics of stream nitrate sources and flow pathways during stormflows on urban, forest and agricultural watersheds in central Pennsylvania, USA

Understanding the influence of storm events on nitrate (NO 3 - ) dynamics is important for efficiently managing NO 3 - pollution. In this study, five sites representing a downstream progression of forested uplands underlain by resistant sandstone to karst lowlands with agricultural, urban and mixed land-use were established in Spring Creek, a 201 km 2 mixed land-use watershed in central Pennsylvania, USA. At each site, stream water was monitored during six storm events in 2005 to assess changes in stable isotopes of NO 3 - (δ 15 N-NO 3 - and δ 18 O-NO 3 - ) and water (δ 18 O-H 2 O) from baseflow to peakflow. Peakflow fractions of event NO 3 - and event water were then computed using two-component mixing models to elucidate N0 3 - flow pathway differences among the five sites. For the forested upland site, storm size appeared to affect N0 3 - sources and flow pathways. During small storms ( 35 mm rainfall), event NO 3 - fractions were less than event water fractions at peakflow suggesting that N0 3 - was flushed from stored sources via shallow subsurface flow pathways. For the urbanized site, wash-off of atmospheric NO 3 - was an important NO 3 - source at peakflow, especially during short-duration storms where event water contributions indicated the prevalence of overland flow. In the karst lowlands, very low fractions of event water and even lower fractions of event N0 3 - at peakflow suggested the dominance of ground water flow pathways during storms. These ground water flow pathways likely flushed stored NO 3 - sources into the stream, while deep soils in the karst lowlands also may have promoted N0 3 - assimilation. The results of this study illustrated how N0 3 - isotopes and δ 18 O-H 2 O could be combined to show key differences in water and NO 3 - delivery between forested uplands, karst valleys and fully urbanized watersheds.
Microvascular acclimatization to hypoxia: role of iNOS

INTRODUCTION: Acute systemic hypoxia initiates microvascular inflammation within the gastrointestinal tract, and this response involves reactive oxidant species (ROS) and mast cell degranulation. After chronic hypoxia, however, this initial inflammation resolves and the microcirculation becomes resistant to even further decreases in oxygen levels. This study investigated the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in attenuating microvascular inflammation during chronic hypoxia.
Self-stabilizing Java

Self-stabilizing programs automatically recover from state corruption caused by software bugs and other sources to reach the correct state. A number of applications are inherently self-stabilizing---such programs typically overwrite all non-constant data with new input data. We present a type system and static analyses that together check whether a program is self-stabilizing. We combine this with a code generation strategy that ensures that a program continues executing long enough to self-stabilize. Our experience using SJava indicates that (1) SJava annotations are easy to write once one understands a program and (2) SJava successfully checked that several benchmarks were self-stabilizing.
Differential expression of YAMA/CPP-32 by T lymphocytes in popliteal artery aneurysm.

Background. We have previously demonstrated that programmed cell death, proteolytic activity, and inflammatory infiltrate in the aneurysmal wall may have a role in the pathogenesis of popliteal artery aneurysms (PAA). This investigation examines the expression of a cell death-promoting molecule, a cysteine protease, YAMA/CPP-32 in a series of PAA specimens. Methods. Twenty PAA specimens were obtained from patients undergoing elective surgical repair. Normal controls were popliteal arteries obtained from patients without PAA who were undergoing infrainguinal bypass surgery (n = 8). Standard histochemistry techniques were used to assess inflammatory infiltrates in PAA. Expression of apoptosis-promoting molecule, CPP-32, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), macrophages, and T lymphocytes was detected by immunohistochemistry. Results. There is a conspicuous disruption and fragmentation of elastic lamellae and increased inflammatory infiltrate in the PAA as compared with normal arteries. As compared with normal popliteal artery tissues, the PAA demonstrated large number of cells immunopositive for CPP-32 (60.45 ± 4.25% P < 0.05). This study revealed significantly increased expression of CPP-32 in the T-cell population of the PAA as compared with the other cells (P < 0.01). Dual immunolabeling and investigation of serial sections demonstrated that co-expression of CPP-32 was maximum in the CD8+ subset (37 ± 3.3% of the total CPP-32 immunoreactive cells identified). Conclusions. The data emphasize that the inflammatory infiltrate in the PAA walls has a significant role in the pathogenesis of this vascular disorder. Cells expressing death-promoting molecules are present in large numbers and are predominantly T lymphocytes in PAA. In addition to compromising the mechanical integrity of the vessel wall, apoptosis in the inflammatory infiltrate may contribute to the production of cytokines, activation of other signaling molecules such as stress proteins that could eventually favor PAA development.
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF ISSUES FOR BIOAG

Abstract Supply chain management has become an increasingly important topic to agribusiness managers during the past five years. Drivers of this trend include buyers seeking higher levels of customer service and efforts by firms to control costs, especially inventory. This case introduces the reader to supply chain management. It would work well either as part of a capstone course, in a special topics course, or in an executive education course. The case explores some of the issues and dilemmas associated with supply chain management efforts at BioAg, a small Midwestern firm that manufactures agricultural chemicals that are environmentally sensitive.
Stress and strain potentials for mode I and mode II cracks

The stress and strain potentials are given for the mode I and the mode II crack in an elastic, isotropic elastic solid in plane strain in a relatively simple closed form using cylindrical coordinates centered at the center of the crack. The potentials are developed from those of the mode III crack.
Comparison of young adult singers and nonsingers with vocal nodules

Summary Comparisons were made between 10 singers and 10 nonsingers with vocal nodules and two control groups of normals, 10 singers and 10 nonsingers, on a wide range of acoustic, aerodynamic, psychoacoustic, and videostroboscopic measures. Results showed significant differences between the normals and those with nodules as well as differences between the singers and nonsingers. The singers with nodules had smaller nodules, less impairment of vibratory function, and less severe vocal symptoms than their nonsinging counterparts. The singing normals were found to be superior to the nonsinging normals on acoustic measures including jitter, shimmer, and signal-to-noise ratio. In addition, the singers, even in the presence of nodules, had superior maximum performance skills than their nonsinging counterparts.
Optimal Power-Limited Rendezvous with Upper and Lower Bounds on Thrust

Optimal power-limited rendezvous with variable exhaust velocity is investigated for propulsion systems having both upper and lower bounds on thrust magnitude. In this model the spacecraft thrusters have four admissible states, thrusting at the upper saturation level, unsaturated power-limited thrusting, thrusting at the lower saturation level, and unpowered (i.e., engine off.) A fifth chattering state is also possible. The mathematical structure of the solution of the optimal rendezvous problem associated with this propulsion model is found. Computer simulations of rendezvous with a satellite in circular orbit are presented. For rendezvous near circular orbit four classes of chattering solutions of two types can occur. It is assumed that multiple thrusters can be mounted on the spacecraft and that they can operate independently. Applying the efficiency condition presented in a previous paper, a logic for switching individual thrusters on and off for optimal fuel usage and computational efficiency is presented.
"Digging" for Understanding and Significance: A High School Enrichment Model.

This article focuses on a pilot model program for gifted and talented high school students. It explores the nature and evaluation of the program, the involvement of the students in peer teaching with the elementary level gifted program, and the roles of administration, community and university. Recommendations are made for those schools who may be interested in considering similar programs. The program was funded by the Martha Holden Jennings Foundation of Cleveland, Ohio. Appreciation is expressed to the following school and community personnel who were directly involved in Project DIG: Mr. Albert Lackney, School Administrative Coordinator; Mr. John McFarland, High School Coordinator; Mrs. Deborah Delisle, Elementary Gifted Coordinator; Mr. Dad Fifer, Curator of the Portage County Historical Society, Mr. Scott Benson, media production services; and to Kathy McFarland, student, whose quotes were used.
A context-aware smart-call-center solution: improving customer service for online games

Call centers play an important role in the online game industry, using automatic call navigation, information integration, and human agent communication to provide interactive services to assist customers. The unique nature of the online game experience has led to new requirements for the call center communication model. In this paper, we propose a context-aware smart-call-center solution which increases customer satisfaction and provides cost savings to online game operators. By leveraging VoIP (voice over Internet Protocol) technology and transmitting contextual information for the player and the game, the smart call center enables a context-aware service capability, helping call-center agents to provide efficient customer support and reducing overall service time and the number of call-center agents. In addition to games, the smart-call-center implementation described in this paper can be used in various solutions that provide instant assistance to customers of online businesses.
Does preeclampsia alter the course of labor induction

MELISSA HERBST, BRIAN MERCER, MetroHealth Medical Center at CWRU School of Medicine, Maternal Fetal Medicine, Cleveland, OH OBJECTIVE: There are conflicting reports as to whether preeclampsia (PET) shortens or prolongs labor. We sought to determine the impact of PETon labor course and outcome in women induced for this indication. STUDY DESIGN: Women with intact membranes and no contractions who were induced between 1/97 and 6/03 were identified from the perinatal database of this urban tertiary care center. Those delivering before 37 weeks, with multifetal gestations, prior cesarean delivery (CD), fetal demise, malpresentation, or a contraindication to labor or vaginal delivery were excluded. Clinical characteristics and delivery outcomes of those with and without PETwere compared. Labor course was evaluated bymultivariate analysis adjusting for age, weight, nulliparity, gestational age, cervical dilation, effacement, station, and infant weight. P < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: 367 PET and 2341 non-PET women met inclusion criteria. PET women were more likely primigravid (47% vs 34%), less likely to smoke (9% vs 20%), and presented at an earlier gestation (39.1 vs 40.2 wk), with smaller infants (3200 vs 3400 g), P < 0.05 for each. Those with PET had statistically but not clinically less dilated cervixes (median 2.0 for each, P < 0.02). CD was more common (26% vs 21%) and estimated blood loss greater (460 vs 410 mL) with PET, P < 0.04. For those delivering vaginally, the PET group had longer times to onset of regular contractions (6.6 vs 4.8 hr) to membrane rupture (ROM: 9.0 vs 7.5 hr), lengths of 1st stage (9.2 vs 8.1 hr) and 2nd stage (42.3 vs 35.4 min), duration of ROM (7.1 vs 5.9 hr), and admission to delivery time (16.1 vs 13.3 hr), P < 0.04 for each, after controlling for other factors. CONCLUSION: PET is associated with an increased risk of CD after induction at term and with a prolongation of each phase of labor after controlling for other factors.
A REMARKABLE QUARTIC YIELDING CERTAIN DIVISORS OF MERSENNE NUMBERS

PROOF. I t iS easy to see that 64x a + 128x a 3904x ~ 3968x + 63353 = 43~+ 6 4 ( 3 1 x x ~ ) ~, and hence according to Reuschle [6], Western IS], Storchi [7], Golubev [3], and Kravitz [4]: If q = 8p + 1 = u ~ + 64v ~, p and q prime, u and v odd, then 2 ~ 1 (modq). Unfortunately, the next eleven x yield either q or p or both composite, bu t x = 2 0 rewards us for our patience yielding q=9686393 divides 21~1°~991. This is the more astonishing the less we are in debt to an electronic computer or even a desk calculator. I t is almost incredible to have found a 7-digit factor of Ml~0~ 9 by hand in this short time. Now, since Lehmer's list of primes [5] is exhausted and x = 2 1 exceeds even Beeger's [2], we investigate Baker and Gruenberger's microcards [1] by means of a strong magnifying glass for further q and p which could be prime. Unfortunately, the next fifteen x yield either q or p or both composite, and x = 3 6 yields q= 108328313 which is just beyond the range of the microcards. However, the factor 337 is easily found in this case.
CNS Activities of Lactam Derivatives

Data presented show that lactams, which have the resonating structure commonly associated with CNS depressants and CNS stimulants, have significant CNS activities. Results of preliminary testing show that lactams of medium ring size and lacking N-substitution are fairly potent CNS stimulants. The acute lethal toxicity (log 1/C) of four CNS stimulants of the lactam type is found to be highly correlated with log P, where P is the 1-octanol-water partition coefficient for the compound. The rate of respiration in mice depressed with sodium pentobarbital is stimulated by 2-azacyclononanone, and the rate and depth of respiration were increased by 2-azacyclooctanone in dogs anesthetized with sodium pentothal. Both 2-azacyclooctanone and 2-azacyclononanone are capable of reducing considerably the sodium pentobarbital sleeping time in mice. At higher doses, the CNS stimulant effects of these drugs are manifested by convulsions. For 2-azacyclooctanone, the convulsant ED50 is about 37 mg./kg. and the LD50 is about 300 mg./kg. Direct evidence for CNS stimulation by 2-azacyclooctanone was obtained by recording changes in EEG patterns in artificially ventilated dogs paralyzed with d-tubocurarine. Diphenylhydantoin is much less effective as an antagonist to the convulsant actions of 2-azacyclooctanone than sodium pentobarbital. This finding, taken together with the tonic-clonic convulsions produced by this drug, strongly suggests that, like nikethamide and pentylenetetrazole, the site of action for its CNS effects is subcortical and supraspinal. The conclusion is drawn that the resonating moiety shown here confers upon many compounds CNS-stimulant activities.
No Evidence of Harms of Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ATCC 53103 in Healthy Elderly—A Phase I Open Label Study to Assess Safety, Tolerability and Cytokine Responses

Background Although Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ATCC 53103 (LGG) has been consumed by 2 to 5 million people daily since the mid 1990s, there are few clinical trials describing potential harms of LGG, particularly in the elderly. Objectives The primary objective of this open label clinical trial is to assess the safety and tolerability of 1×1010 colony forming units (CFU) of LGG administered orally twice daily to elderly volunteers for 28 days. The secondary objectives were to evaluate the effects of LGG on the gastrointestinal microbiome, host immune response and plasma cytokines. Methods Fifteen elderly volunteers, aged 66–80 years received LGG capsules containing 1×1010 CFU, twice daily for 28 days and were followed through day 56. Volunteers completed a daily diary, a telephone call on study days 3, 7 and 14 and study visits in the Clinical Research Center at baseline, day 28 and day 56 to determine whether adverse events had occurred. Assessments included prompted and open-ended questions. Results There were no serious adverse events. The 15 volunteers had a total of 47 events (range 1–7 per volunteer), 39 (83%) of which were rated as mild and 40% of which were considered related to consuming LGG. Thirty-one (70%) of the events were expected, prompted symptoms while 16 were unexpected events. The most common adverse events were gastrointestinal (bloating, gas, and nausea), 27 rated as mild and 3 rated as moderate. In the exploratory analysis, the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 8 decreased during LGG consumption, returning towards baseline one month after discontinuing LGG (p = 0.038) while there was no difference in other pro- or anti-inflammatory plasma cytokines. Conclusions Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ATCC 53103 is safe and well tolerated in healthy adults aged 65 years and older. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT 01274598
Accelerated Oxidation of Epinephrine by Silica Nanoparticles

We have measured the influence of mesoporous silica (MCM-41 and SBA-15) nanoparticles and dense silica nanoparticles on epinephrine oxidation, a pH-dependent reaction, whose rate is small in acidic...
Remote Sounding of Cirrus Cloud Optical Depths and Ice Crystal Sizes from AVHRR Data: Verification Using FIRE II IFO Measurements

Abstract Using the data obtained from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) 3.7-µm and 10.9-µm channels, a retrieval scheme has been developed to simultaneously infer cirrus cloud optical depth and mean effective ice crystal size based on the theory of radiative transfer and parameterizations. A numerical scheme is further developed to remove the solar component in the 3.7-µm radiance for applications to daytime satellite data. This scheme is based on the correlation between the 3.7-µm (solar) and 0.63-µm reflectances. Validation of the algorithm has been performed by using various datasets that were collected during the FIRE-II IFO (Nov-Dec 1991) at Coffeyville, Kansas. We have focused on the 26 November and 5 December cases. The retrieval analysis over a 0.5°×1.0° area is performed around Coffeyville for each case based on AVHRR-HRPT data. For validation the authors analyze the photomicrograph data collected by the balloonborne replicator, determine the microphysical and optical propertie...
Prediction of turbulent flow over rough surfaces using a force field in large eddy simulation

A force field model to simulate turbulent flow over a surface with arbitrary roughness is described. A given roughness is decomposed into resolved and subgrid-scale roughness, conceptually similar to the flow decomposition in large eddy simulation (LES). For a given flow and Reynolds number a Cartesian grid is selected to satisfy LES requirements. This grid determines the geometric features of the roughness that are formally resolved. The force field used to represent this resolved roughness is determined during the LES solution process, without any empirical input. The subgrid roughness that is not resolved is modeled by a random force distribution in which a drag coefficient is specified. Use of this approach to model surface roughness is demonstrated by calculations of the flow in a duct with a wavy wall with superimposed fine-grain roughness
THE AESTHETIC REALISM OF ELI SIEGEL AS A TEACHING METHOD IN ANTHROPOLOGY

"Aesthetic Realism" is the new philosophy of education founded in 1941 by Eli Siegel, American critic and poet. It is exceedingly comprehensive because its purpose is to make it possible for people to like the world on an educated basis; that is, on honest terms. Since I have been studying aesthetic realism since fall 1968, I have come to like the world far more than I knew was possible. In my teaching of anthropology, I use the aesthetic realism method so that my students can use anthropology to like the world. There is no subject that cannot be taught from this point of view. The principles of aesthetic realism are true about anthropology. I do not believe it is possible to understand humanity adequately without understanding the import of these four statements by Eli Siegel: (1) Every person is always trying to put together opposites in himself. (2) Every person in order to respect himself has to see the world as beautiful or good or acceptable. (3) There is a disposition in every person to think he will be for himself by making less of the outside world. (4) All beauty is a making one of opposites, and the making one of opposites is what we are going after in ourselves. My opinion of aesthetic realism is sustained by very careful observation of myself and people I teach both in college and in aesthetic realism consultations, seminars, and workshops. It is also sustained by my anthropological research in New Guinea.
Theoretical mechanism for the gastrointestinal safety of etodolac: selective sparing of cytoprotective prostaglandins.

The high concentrations of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins (PGs) produced in the joint during the initial stage of inflammation can be decreased by inhibiting their biosynthesis with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The commonly encountered gastrointestinal intolerance in human subjects treated with NSAIDs is generally attributed to inhibition of PG synthesis in gastric mucosa, where the natural role of locally biosynthesized PGs is to protect the mucosa from necrosis upon exposure to noxious agents. The action of an ideal NSAID should therefore be tissue specific, i.e., it should inhibit PG formation at the sites of inflammation but not in gastric mucosa, where PGs are needed for cytoprotection. We believe that etodolac, a new, structurally distinct NSAID, meets this criterion, inhibiting PG synthesis in a tissue-specific fashion. Experimental data supporting this interpretation were obtained in rats by demonstrating that daily administration of orally effective anti-inflammatory doses of etodolac had no significant effect on gastric mucosal PGE2 or prostacyclin levels (measured as the stable metabolite, 6-keto-PGF1α. In contrast, naproxen, piroxicam, and aspirin caused a statistically significant PG depletion. The results obtained in rats thus support the view that the favorable gastrointestinal safety profile of etodolac in human patients may be attributable to selective sparing of the cytoprotective PGs in gastric mucosa.
Thin-layer chromatography of DDT and some related compounds on aluminum oxide chromatoplates.

Abstract The chromatographic behavior of DDT and fourteen related compounds, metabolites, analogs, and degradation products on commercially available pre-coated aluminum oxide thin-layer chromatoplates was investigated using thirty-three solvent systems. The color and/or fluorescence response of the DDT-type compounds and their sensitivity to a chromogenic reagent consisting of ammoniacal silver nitrate and 2-phenoxyethanol in acetone is discussed. A total of eleven compounds of the mixture were separated by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography on aluminum oxide plates.
Optical variability of PKS0048-097

HOSKINS et al.1 have identified the Parkes radio source 0048-097 with a neutral stellar object of 17 mag, and Carswell et al.2 have shown that, in common with the BL Lacertae class of quasistellar object (BL Lacertids) it has a featureless optical spectrum, that it is a rapid radio variable at high frequencies3–6 and that it has a radio spectrum similar to BL Lacertae3. (The name ‘Lacertid’ has been suggested7 for this class, but this invites confusion with meteor showers.) To complete the identification of PKS0048-097, we have investigated two further characteristics of the BL Lacertids: the rapidity of the optical variability; and the total range of optical variability and its correlation with the decimetric spectral index8.
Ambient desorption/ionization mass spectrometry using a liquid sampling-atmospheric glow discharge (LS-APGD) ionization source.

A novel approach to ambient desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (ADI-MS) is described, based on a recently developed liquid sampling–atmospheric pressure glow discharge (LS-APGD) ionization source. The device is essentially unmodified relative to its implementation in elemental mass spectrometry, where the operational space is characterized by low operation power (<10 W) and low solution delivery rates (<50 μL min−1). In this implementation, the plasma is produced between a Ni anode and an electrolytic liquid (1 M HNO3) cathode flowing through a glass capillary that is angled towards the sample surface, at a distance of ∼2 mm away. Analyte species can be desorbed/ionized from neat solution residues and complex solid samples. The ADI-LS-APGD source is mounted onto the source interface of a Thermo Finnigan LCQ Advantage Max quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer without modifications to the instrument faceplate or ion optics. Described here is the initial evaluation of the roles of source geometry and working parameters, including electrolytic solution composition and plasma current, on the response of caffeine residues, with preliminary limits of detection based on the relative standard deviation of the spectral background suggested to be on the 10-pg level. Demonstrative spectra are presented for green tea extracts and raw leaves, coffee beans, a dried (raw) tobacco leaf, an analgesic tablet, and paper currency. Versatility is further revealed through the determination of components in common cigarette smoke. In each case, the spectra are characterized by (M + H)+ species of the expected constituents. The capacity for a single source to perform both in solution and particulate elemental analysis (as shown previously) and ADI of molecular species is unique in the realm of mass spectrometry.
Critical role for CX3CR1+ mononuclear phagocytes in intestinal homeostasis

![Figure][1] Insight from Giorgio Trinchieri A key challenge at the intestinal barrier is to minimize responses to commensal bacteria, which can lead to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in genetically predisposed individuals, but retain the ability to recognize and control the growth of
Development of in-situ second phase pinning structure in niobium-titanium based superconducting alloys

A niobium-based superconducting alloy which has a rare-earth second phase that segregates between the matrix dendrites during solidification has been developed. The second phase can be refined by conventional deformation without heat treatment so as to form an in-situ fiber network. In such an alloy, one has independent control of the second-phase volume fraction as well as the matrix composition. The development of the in-situ alloy along with early microstructural and critical current results on the first wires are reported. The in-situ second phase was found to be about 2- mu m thick and 8- mu m apart in a conventionally solidified 35Nb-50Ti-15Y alloy. This size and spacing are suitable for producing a flux line lattice (FLL) pinning morphology in the strain available in conventional conductor processing. The properties of the test alloy are shown to be satisfactory with respect to easy melting, high ductility, and nondegraded superconducting properties.
Roles of the Bacterial Cell Wall and Capsule in Induction of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha by Type III Group B Streptococci

Group B streptococci (GBS) are the major cause of sepsis and fatal shock in neonates in the United States. The precise role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in the development of human GBS sepsis has not been defined; however, whole GBS have been shown to induce the production of this inflammatory cytokine. We sought to determine which bacterial cell wall components of GBS are responsible for triggering TNF-alpha production. Human cord blood monocytes were stimulated with encapsulated (COH1) or unencapsulated (COH1-13) whole type III GBS or with purified bacterial components, including type III capsular polysaccharide (III-PS), group B polysaccharide (GB-PS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), or peptidoglycan (PG). Lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli served as a control. Supernatants were harvested at specific timed intervals, and TNF-alpha levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Monocytes exposed to COH1 and COH1-13 induced similar amounts of TNF-alpha. III-PS, GB-PS, LTA, and PG each induced TNF-alpha in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. However, TNF-alpha release was significantly greater after stimulation by the GB-PS or PG than after stimulation by III-PS or LTA (P < 0.05). Our findings indicate that GB-PS and PG are the bacterial cell wall components primarily evoking TNF-alpha release. These, alone or in concert with other factors, may be responsible for septic shock accompanying GBS sepsis.
Biologically Effective Dose (BED) Correlation with Biochemical Control after Low-dose-rate Prostate Brachytherapy for Clinically Low-risk Prostate Cancer

Purpose To assess the correlation of postimplant dosimetric quantifiers with biochemical control of prostate cancer after low–dose rate brachytherapy. Methods and Materials The biologically effective dose (BED), dose in Gray (Gy) to 90% of prostate (D 90 ), and percent volume of the prostate receiving 100% of the prescription dose (V 100 ) were calculated from the postimplant dose–volume histogram for 140 patients undergoing low–dose rate prostate brachytherapy from 1997 to 2003 at Durham Regional Hospital and the Durham VA Medical Center (Durham, NC). Results The median follow-up was 50 months. There was a 7% biochemical failure rate (10 of 140), and 91% of patients (127 of 140) were alive at last clinical follow-up. The median BED was 148 Gy (range, 46–218 Gy). The median D 90 was 139 Gy (range, 45–203 Gy). The median V 100 was 85% (range, 44–100%). The overall 5-year biochemical relapse-free survival (bRFS) rate was 90.1%. On univariate Cox proportional hazards modeling, no pretreatment characteristic (Gleason score sum, age, baseline prostate-specific antigen, or clinical stage) was predictive of bRFS. The BED, D 90 , and V 100 were all highly correlated (Pearson coefficients >92%), and all were strongly correlated with bRFS. Using the Youden method, we identified the following cut points for predicting freedom from biochemical failure: D 90 ≥ 110 Gy, V 100 ≥ 74%, and BED ≥ 115 Gy. None of the covariates significantly predicted overall survival. Conclusions We observed significant correlation between BED, D 90 , and V 100 with bRFS. The BED is at least as predictive of bRFS as D 90 or V 100 . Dosimetric quantifiers that account for heterogeneity in tumor location and dose distribution, tumor repopulation, and survival probability of tumor clonogens should be investigated.
Rapid Antigen Testing Compares Favorably with Transcription-Mediated Amplification Assay for the Detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in Young Women

Background. Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) infection is limited by imperfect testing methods. Newer tests, such as rapid antigen and nucleic acid amplification tests, are often compared with culture, which is not widely used but is more sensitive than wet mount. We assessed the sensitivity and specificity of 4 tests for the identification of TV using 3 statistical approaches. Methods. Sexually active adolescent women aged 14-21 years (n = 330) were recruited from a teen health center and emergency department. Vaginal swabs were tested for TV using wet mount, culture (InPouch TV; Biomed Diagnostics), rapid antigen testing (OSOM TV; Genzyme Diagnostics), and transcription-mediated amplification testing (TMA; APTIMA TV analyte specific reagents; Gen-Probe). Results. TV was detected in 61 participants (18.5%). Compared with a composite reference standard (i.e., any TV test with positive results), the sensitivities of wet mount, culture, rapid antigen testing, and TMA were 50.8%, 75.4%, 82%, and 98.4%, respectively. Using latent class analysis, the sensitivity of wet mount (56%) was significantly lower than that of other tests, and the sensitivities of culture and rapid antigen testing were similar (83% and 90%, respectively); specificity was 100% for each of these 3 methods. TMA had a sensitivity of 98.2% and a specificity of 98%. Tests performed equally well regardless of whether the participant had bleeding or other infections. The sensitivities of the rapid antigen test and TMA were comparable (92.5% and 97.5%, respectively) in women who had vaginal symptoms. Conclusions. Wet mount alone is insufficient for the reliable diagnosis of TV infection in women. TMA and rapid antigen tests are highly sensitive and specific, and both are superior to wet mount. Rapid antigen testing is equivalent to culture, and it compares favorably with the sensitivity of TMA for the detection of TV.
Degradation of Starch and its Hydrolytic Products by Oral Bacteria

Selected strains of oral bacteria were analyzed for their ability to degrade wheat starch, maltose, maltotriose, and maltoheptaose. S. sanguis IUOM-11M and JC804, S. mutans 6715, S. salivarius IUOM-8, A. viscosus IUOM-62, and A. naeslundii ATCC 12104 degraded all four substrates. S. mutans NCTC 10449 degraded starch, maltose, and maltotriose, while A. viscosus ATCC 15987 degraded starch and maltose, and S. sanguis SS34 degraded only maltose. L. casei IUOM-14 did not degrade any of the substrates. Analysis of starch degradation products from S. sanguis IUOM-11M and A. viscosus IUOM-62 demonstrated oligosaccharides, maltose, and trace amounts of glucose for the former and oligosaccharides, maltotriose, and maltose for the latter. S. sanguis IUOM-11M alpha-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) demonstrated a pH optimum of 6.5 and greatly enhanced activity from maltose-cultured cells as compared with cells cultured in glucose or fructose. The presence of fructose in the growth medium prevented this enhancement of activity by maltose. Maltose inhibited sucrose-dependent synthesis of S. sanguis IUOM-11M insoluble polysaccharide and both primer-dependent and primer-independent synthesis of soluble polysaccharide. Maltoheptaose inhibited primer-dependent but not primer-independent soluble polysaccharide synthesis. Several oral bacteria have the ability to hydrolyze starch and to degrade further the products to acidogenic substrates. These products may also inhibit sucrose-dependent synthesis of polysaccharides, which enhances the production of the acidogenic substrate fructose. The results add further support to the growing body of evidence suggesting that caries-promoting properties of starch may be expressed only when starch is present in diets containing sucrose.
Through thick and thin: the conundrum of chromatin fibre folding in vivo

DNA in a human cell is approximately 2 m long but is compacted into micrometre‐sized eukaryotic nuclei. To achieve this level of compaction, DNA is first wrapped up into nucleosomes, which are then thought to fold into fibres and loops. The basal unit of such folding is the 10 nm ‘beads on a string’ structure observed in all eukaryotic cells (Fig 1A; reviewed in [[1]]). The 10 nm fibre is subsequently folded into secondary and tertiary structures, the nature of which have been at the heart of a spirited debate for nearly 30 years [[2]]. Figure 1. Models of chromatin organization. ( A ) 10 nm fibre. ( B ) Side‐view of a 30 nm fibre or solenoid. ( C ) Top‐down view of the solenoid. ( D ) Zig‐zag model of the 30 nm fibre. ( E ) Interdigitation of two 10 nm fibres (blue against green) forming a boustrophedon. Numbered circles are nucleosomes in an array; red arrow follows the path of the DNA; blue arrow represents a gene promoter. The first compelling description of the compacted interphase 30 nm chromatin fibre, found in all textbooks, originated from a seminal study by Finch and Klug, who used transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction to investigate cell‐extracted nucleofilaments. Now, nearly 40 years after Finch and Klug proposed their landmark ‘solenoid’ model, a series of papers including one published in this issue of EMBO reports [[3]] have questioned the existence of 30 nm chromatin fibres. > These data […] contradict decades of previous work that argued for the presence of 30 nm and thicker chromatin fibres In their original study, Finch and Klug found that extracted chromatin appeared …
When more is less: Feedback effects in perceptual category learning

Rule-based and information-integration category learning were compared under minimal and full feedback conditions. Rule-based category structures are those for which the optimal rule is verbalizable. Information-integration category structures are those for which the optimal rule is not verbalizable. With minimal feedback subjects are told whether their response was correct or incorrect, but are not informed of the correct category assignment. With full feedback subjects are informed of the correctness of their response and are also informed of the correct category assignment. An examination of the distinct neural circuits that subserve rule-based and information-integration category learning leads to the counterintuitive prediction that full feedback should facilitate rule-based learning but should also hinder information-integration learning. This prediction was supported in the experiment reported below. The implications of these results for theories of learning are discussed.
SAR processing of ground-penetrating radar data for buried UXO detection: results from a surface-based system

Battelle and The Ohio State University ElectroScience Laboratory have built and demonstrated a ground-penetrating radar (GPR) system for locating buried unexploded ordnance (UXO), the system is ground based and towed by an autonomously controlled vehicle as part of the subsurface ordnance characterization system (SOCS). This paper presents the results of the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing of the radar data acquired at Tyndall Air Force Base, FL, and Jefferson Proving Ground (JPG), IN.