cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Accession of Sima Yan, AD 265: Legitimation by Ritual Replication

AbstractUsing what textual material can be found in the standard histories and in statements by later commentators, this paper traces the process by which the Sima family was able finally to replace the Wei state of the Three Kingdoms with their own Jin dynasty. It provides a close reading of these materials in the context of the Sima family's need to gain widespread support and to be seen as Wei's legitimate successors. The events of ad 239–65 may be useful for comparative purposes of analysis in other cases of replacement through abdication of one dynasty by another, especially in respect to the importance of legitimacy. This study thus considers usurpation not as a matter of raw power but rather a carefully planned series of steps that involve also an observance, indeed, a conscious exploitation of the traditional symbols of such a transition. The elements of precedent, ritual, sympathetic magic, and temporal manipulation can all be combined in a legitimating formulation.
Disability and the Self-Reliant Family: Revisiting the Literature on Parents with Disabilities

An estimated 8.4 million adults with disabilities have children under age 18 living with them. Despite the large number of adults with disabilities engaged in parenting, studies of parents with disabilities have been relatively scarce, though the number is growing. This article reviews the literature on parents with disabilities as a whole and elaborates three themes relevant to parental support and care: parental capacity, “young carers,” and social networks. Also discussed are key concepts from the feminist and disability studies literature that can form the basis for a theoretical framework to guide research on parents with disabilities.
Regulation of active genome integrity and expression by Rad26p

Rad26p is a SWI/SNF-like ATPase in yeast, and is conserved among eukaryotes. Both Rad26p and its human homolog CSB (Cockayne syndrome group B) are involved in regulation of chromatin structure, transcription and DNA repair. Thus, mutations or malfunctions of these proteins have significant effects on cellular functions. Mutations in CSB are associated with Cockayne syndrome (CS) that is characterized by heterogeneous pathologies such as mental and physical retardation, sun sensitivity, premature aging, muscular and skeletal abnormalities, and progressive decline in neurological and cognitive functions. Therefore, many research groups focused their studies to understand the mechanisms of Rad26p/CSB functions to illuminate the molecular bases of CS. These studies have provided significant functional and mechanistic insights of Rad26p/CSB in regulation of gene expression and genome integrity as described here.
Dicer is a key player in oocyte maturation

Apply Dicer siRNA to study functions of Dicer and miRNA during oogenesis. Mouse oocytes were injected with Dicer siRNA and negative control siRNA and then matured in vitro. After IVM, oocytes were examined for maturation rates, spindle and chromosomal organization, and various gene expressions. Dicer siRNA significantly reduced maturation rates, increased abnormal spindle and chromosomal organization, and reduced the transcripts of Dicer miRNAs, spindle formation proteins (plk1 and AURKA) and spindle check points (Bub1, Bublb). Depletion of bulb16 markedly prohibited the first polar body extrusion and increased the incidence of misaligned chromosomes and abnormal meiotic spindle assembly. Dicer siRNA triggered a cascade reduction for gene expressions starting from Dicer to miRNAs than to spindle assembly proteins and checkpoints which led to abnormal spindle and chromosomal organization. Thus, Dicer and miRNA appeared to play an important role during oogenesis and were essential for meiotic completion.
General sampling theorems for functions in reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces

In this paper we prove general sampling theorems for functions belonging to a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) which is also a closed subspace of a particular Sobolev space. We present details of this approach as applied to the standard sampling theory and its extension to nonuniform sampling. The general theory for orthogonal sampling sequences and nonorthogonal sampling sequences is developed. Our approach includes as concrete cases many recent extensions, for example, those based on the Sturm-Liouville transforms, Jacobi transforms, Laguerre transforms, Hankel transforms, prolate spherical transforms, etc., finite-order sampling theorems, as well as new sampling theorems obtained by specific choices of the RKHS. In particular, our setting includes nonorthogonal sampling sequences based on the theory of frames. The setting and approach enable us to consider various types of errors (truncation, aliasing, jitter, and amplitude error) in the same general context.
Municipal sewage sludge application on Ohio farms: Estimation of cadmium intake

This study was designed to estimate the contribution of municipal sewage sludge exposure and smoking to the daily Cd intake in Ohio farm residents, based on the Cd concentrations in 24-hr fecal samples. The fecal samples were analyzed for Cd and the daily Cd intakes were calculated by correcting for absorption (4.6%) in the gastrointestinal tract. Fecal samples from cattle grazing on sludge-treated pastures were also similarly treated except that published 24-hr fecal weights and a 2% absorption correction were used. Fecal weights and the daily Cd intakes, in humans, calculated from these data were significantly lower in females than in males with a female/male ratio of 0.77/1. Daily Cd intakes calculated from these data ranged from 5.37 to 13.31 micrograms/day for females and 8.87 to 18.52 micrograms/day for males. No significant increase in daily Cd intake resulted from exposure of humans to sludge on the farmlands. Although daily Cd intake for smokers was 1 microgram/day higher than for non-smokers, the difference was not statistically significant. Cattle grazing on sludge-treated pastures consumed significantly more (up to 3 times) Cd than cattle on control pastures. It was concluded that application of sewage sludge on farmlands at rates of 2-10 dry metric tons/ha did not significantly contribute to the daily Cd intake in humans; cattle on such farms, however, significantly increased their Cd consumption.
Information value of the rodent bioassay

Tests for human carcinogens using lifetime rodent bioassays are expensive, time-consuming and give uncertain results. For most chemicals such tests are not cost-effective.
Diazepam modification of evoked and spontaneous lateral geniculate activity

Abstract The effects of diazepam on evoked and spontaneous activity of dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) principal (P) and inhibitory (I) cells were examined in rats. In the majority of P cells tested both spontaneous and evoked activity were suppressed following diazepam treatment with these effects being altered little by a pentylenetetrazol (Metrazol) challenge. In two P cells, which were off-responding to photic pulse stimulation, evoked and spontaneous activity was enhanced by diazepam but again these effects were altered little by the Metrazol challenge. I cell spontaneous activity was suppressed by diazepam and augmented by the Metrazol challenge; however, post-stimulus activity was relatively unaffected by either treatment. These results were discussed in terms of support for a functional re-evaluation of the rat dLGN.
GEL STRUCTURE OF NONMEAT PROTEINS AS RELATED TO THEIR ABILITY TO BIND MEAT PIECES

Investigations on the binding abilities of some nonmeat proteins showed that those studied were inferior to the binding ability previously reported for myosin. Their binding abilities in the presence of 8% salt and 2% sodium tripolyphosphate were ranked from highest to lowest as wheat gluten, egg white, corn gluten, calcium reduced dried skim milk, bovine blood plasma, isolated soy protein and sodium caseinate. Structures of gels formed by these proteins and mixtures of them with crude myosin showed that a three dimensional network of protein fibers is not indicative of good binding ability. The types of molecular interactions stabilizing their gel structures are thought to be more important.
The CD8α β co-receptor on double-positive thymocytes binds with differing affinities to the products of distinct class I MHC loci

The CD8 co-receptor is essential for TCR-dependent immune recognition and T cell development involving peptides bound to MHC class I (MHCI) molecules. The dominant interaction of CD8 alpha alpha and alpha beta co-receptors is with the alpha3 domain of an MHCI molecule. Whether this interaction is different for the products of various MHCI loci is currently unknown. Here we examine the interaction between H-2K(b) and H-2D(b), the two MHCI molecules in the C57BL / 6 mouse, and CD8 using H-2K(b) and H-2D(b) tetramers. The MHCI molecules bind to the CD8alpha beta co-receptor on double-positive thymocytes with different avidities (H-2K(b) > D(b)). The differences are linked to their respective alpha3 domains. Hence, an H-2D(b)K(b) tetramer comprising D(b)alpha1--alpha2 and K(b)alpha3 domains shows more binding than H-2D(b). We also quantitated the monomeric affinities of CD8alpha alpha and CD8alpha beta for H-2K(b) and H-2D(b). The H-2K(b) interaction with CD8alpha alpha and CD8alpha beta is stronger than that of H-2D(b). Given that T cell repertoire selection of DP thymocytes is a function of both TCR-pMHCI and CD8alpha beta-pMHCI avidities, these differences may explain the dominant role of H-2K(b) as compared to H-2D(b) in CD8 T cell development of C57BL / 6 mice. The influence of allelic and non-allelic alpha3 polymorphisms on thymic selection processes are discussed.
PROPERTIES OF THE CELL MEMBRANE OF DEVELOPING SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBRES IN CULTURE AND ITS SENSITIVITY TO ACETYLCHOLINE

SUMMARY 1. The relationship between determinants of membrane potential has been studied during myogenesis in culture. 2. Myoblasts obtained from 11-day chick embryo musculature were cultured and intracellular records were made from myoblasts and developing unstriated and striated myotubes. 3. Resting membrane potentials increased with time of culture until values equivalent to those obtained from fully developed striated muscle fibres were reached after about 20 days in culture. 4. High concentrations of potassium added to the medium failed to affect significantly the resting membrane potentials in myoblasts and myotubes up to 10 days in culture. Changes in external sodium had little effect on values of potentials from myotubes and cells up to 4 days in culture, but removal of sodium after 5 and 6 days in culture caused depolarization. 5. Electrolyte distributions determined for myoblasts and myotubes 4 days after fusion showed no significant change in potassium content, whereas the sodium concentration fell significantly. 6. Acetylcholine applied by microinjection caused two types of response from myoblasts depending upon the level of the resting membrane potential: when the potential was less than —7 mV, hyperpolarization occurred; when it was greater than this value, depolarization occurred. 7. Depolarizing responses to acetylcholine application were regularly obtained from myotubes with resting membrane potentials greater than —7 mV. 8. The responses to acetylcholine could be blocked by d-tubocurarine in the medium; tetramethylammonium (a nicotinic agonist) acted similarly to acetylcholine, but bethanecol (a muscarinic agonist) had no effect.
Chemical hydrogeology in natural and contaminated environments

Abstract Chemical hydrogeology, including organic and inorganic aspects, has contributed to an increased understanding of groundwater flow systems, geologic processes, and stressed environments. Most of the basic principles of inorganic-chemical hydrogeology were first established by investigations of organic-free, regional-scale systems for which simplifying assumptions could be made. The problems of groundwater contamination are causing a shift of emphasis to microscale systems that are dominated by organic-chemical reactions and that are providing an impetus for the study of naturally occurring and manmade organic material. Along with the decrease in scale, physical and chemical heterogeneity become major controls. Current investigations and those selected from the literature demonstrate that heterogeneity increases in importance as the study site decreases from regional-scale to macroscale to microscale. Increased understanding of regional-scale flow systems is demonstrated by selection of investigations of carbonate and volcanic aquifers to show how application of present-day concepts and techniques can identify controlling chemical reactions and determine their rates; identify groundwater flow paths and determine flow velocity; and determine aquifer characteristics. The role of chemical hydrogeology in understanding geologic processes of macroscale systems is exemplified by selection of investigations in coastal aquifers. Phenomena associated with the mixing zone generated by encroaching sea water include an increase in heterogeneity of permeability, diagenesis of minerals, and formation of geomorphic features, such as caves, lagoons, and bays. Ore deposits of manganese and uranium, along with a simulation model of ore-forming fluids, demonstrate the influence of heterogeneity and of organic compounds on geochemical reactions associated with genesis of mineral deposits. In microscale environments, importance of heterogeneity and consequences of organic reactions in determining the distributions and concentrations cf. constituents are provided by several studies, including infiltration of sewage effluent and migration of creosote in coastal plain aquifers. These studies show that heterogeneity and the dominance of organically controlled reactions greatly increase the complexity of investigations.
Species differences in the intestinal transport of p-aminobenzoic acid.

Abstract 1. 1. The in vitro small intestine of the rat and hamster did not transport p-aminobenzoic acid (10−6−10−3) against a concentration gradient, while that of the mouse and flying squirrel did. 2. 2. This asymmetric distribution did not exceed that predicted on the basis of the potential differences across the intestine.
Using human activity data in exposure models: Analysis of discriminating factors

This paper tests factors thought to be important in explaining the choices people make in where they spend time. Three aggregate locations are analyzed: outdoors, indoors, and in-vehicles for two different sample groups: a year-long (longitudinal) sample of one individual and a cross-sectional sample of 169 individuals from the US Environmental Protection Agency's Consolidated Human Activity Database (CHAD). The cross-sectional sample consists of persons similar to the longitudinal subject in terms of age, work status, education, and residential type. The sample groups are remarkably similar in the time spent per day in the tested locations, although there are differences in participation rates: the percentage of days frequenting a particular location. Time spent outdoors exhibits the most relative variability of any location tested, with in-vehicle time being the next. The factors found to be most important in explaining daily time usage in both sample groups are: season of the year, season/temperature combinations, precipitation levels, and day-type (work/nonwork is the most distinct, but weekday/weekend is also significant). Season, season/temperature, and day-type are also important for explaining time spent indoors. None of the variables tested are consistent in explaining in-vehicle time in either the cross-sectional or longitudinal samples. Given these findings, we recommend that exposure modelers subdivide their population activity data into at least season/temperature, precipitation, and day-type "cohorts" as these factors are important discriminating variables affecting where people spend their time.
Idioms of Distress Among Trauma Survivors: Subtypes and Clinical Utility

In this introduction to the Special Issue on Trauma and Idioms of Distress, we provide an overview of the concept and typology of “idioms of distress,” focusing particularly on their clinical utility. This includes the role of idioms as indicators of trauma exposure, of various types of psychopathology and of levels of distress, risk and functioning. It likewise includes the fact that idioms of distress may profoundly influence the personal meaning of having a trauma-related disorder, may shape the interpersonal course of the disorder and may pattern help-seeking and self-treatment. Finally, it illustrates the fact that idioms may also help clinicians understand sufferers’ views of the causes of their distress, constitute key therapeutic targets and help increase therapeutic empathy and treatment adherence. This special issue focuses on the role played by idioms of distress in the local trauma ontology, the associations between the idioms and psychiatric disorders occurring in the context of trauma and the mechanisms by which the idioms profoundly influence the personal and interpersonal course of trauma-related disorders.
Population cycles are highly correlated over long time series and large spatial scales in two unrelated species: greater sage-grouse and cottontail rabbits

Animal species across multiple taxa demonstrate multi-annual population cycles, which have long been of interest to ecologists. Correlated population cycles between species that do not share a predator-prey relationship are particularly intriguing and challenging to explain. We investigated annual population trends of greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) and cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus sp.) across Wyoming to explore the possibility of correlations between unrelated species, over multiple cycles, very large spatial areas, and relatively southern latitudes in terms of cycling species. We analyzed sage-grouse lek counts and annual hunter harvest indices from 1982 to 2007. We show that greater sage-grouse, currently listed as warranted but precluded under the US Endangered Species Act, and cottontails have highly correlated cycles (r = 0.77). We explore possible mechanistic hypotheses to explain the synchronous population cycles. Our research highlights the importance of control populations in both adaptive management and impact studies. Furthermore, we demonstrate the functional value of these indices (lek counts and hunter harvest) for tracking broad-scale fluctuations in the species. This level of highly correlated long-term cycling has not previously been documented between two non-related species, over a long time-series, very large spatial scale, and within more southern latitudes.
Assessing the Emotional Availability of Parents

Parental emotional availability has been discussed extensively in the research literature, but has rarely been evaluated directly. This manuscript describes a series of four studies (two pilot studies and two formal studies) that culminated in the development of a psychometrically sound measure of parental emotional availability. The Lum Emotional Availability of Parents (LEAP) measure was developed initially with older adolescents and then was extended down to children as young as 9 years old in both clinical and nonclinical samples. Collateral parental reports were also collected. The LEAP assesses children’s and adolescents’ perceptions of their mother’s and father’s emotional availability separately. The measure shows good psychometric properties regarding both reliability and validity. Children in the clinical sample reported lower rates of parental emotional availability than did children in the nonclinical sample. The LEAP is a promising new measure that can be used to identify children who might be at risk for development of emotional/behavioral problems because of their perceptions of parental emotional unavailability.
Evaluating the Continuity of Offending from Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood and its Effect on Academic Failure among College Student Arrestees: A Research Note

Life-course/developmental criminology has generated a significant amount of research in recent years, yet some questions remained unanswered. The current study seeks to fill the gap in the literature by exploring two related research questions: (1) Are there identifiable factors that distinguish offenders who demonstrate continuity in their offending in adolescence and emerging adulthood? (2) Does offending continuity increase the likelihood for experiencing negative adult outcomes? Using official data from 1,920 college student arrestees, the results of this study suggest that males and violent offenders are significantly more likely to demonstrate offending continuity, and that offending continuity significantly increases the likelihood of academic failure in college (e.g. dropping out). Study limitations and implications are discussed.
Speech-Language Pathology: Enhancing Quality of Life for Individuals Approaching Death

This article addresses the role of speech-language pathologist in hospice settings. Suggestions for intervention and rehabilitation approaches are provided across the SLP scope of practice. Case st...
Life, Death, and Resurrection: Accounting for State Uncertainty in Survival Estimation from Tagged Grass Carp

AbstractInformation about Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella survival would be useful for improving the management of fish used for aquatic weed control. Reliable methods for estimating annual poststocking survival of Grass Carp from radiotelemetry data do not exist because the fish remain sedentary for prolonged periods between movements, giving the false impression of death, only to be observed alive (i.e., “resurrected”) at a later date. We constructed a state-space, multistate mark–recapture survival model accounting for uncertainty in the live/dead states of tagged Grass Carp in a large (8,500 ha) reservoir, and we estimated monthly and annual survival. Model results were compared with life history-based methods for estimating survival, and survival estimates that were corrected for state misclassification were compared with uncorrected estimates. Corrected estimates of annual survival (mean = 0.23; 95% credible interval [CRI] = 0.15–0.41) contained less bias than uncorrected estimates (0.12; 95% CRI...
Megatrends in personality assessment: toward a human science professional psychology.

Societal megatrends have assessment counterparts — superempiricism, biopsychosocial perspective, person-centering, population-specificity, self-assessment —; which are used to examine the contemporary status of professional psychology. A human science approach to research, training, and practice can exemplify a profession that acknowledges these megatrends. The nurture of competent professional psychologists requires a reinvestment in Boulder Model ideology, a human science that is shared with consumers on the basis of values which communicate caring and understanding.
The Myth of Jones and the Return of Subjectivity

This paper discusses a number of recent criticisms of ‘theoretical’ accounts of mental state concepts—that is, accounts which take these concepts to derive their meanings from the roles played by mental states in the explanation of behavior: in particular, I evaluate the claim that (insofar as they are ‘third-personal’ or ‘theoretical’) these concepts cannot individuate mental states that intuitively are distinct, and the claim that they cannot account for what goes on in the ascription of mental states to oneself. I argue (with reference to what may be the originating text of this approach to mental state concepts, Sellars’s ‘Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind’) that, although these criticisms may have some plausibility when directed against theoretical accounts of experiential or qualitative states, they have little plausibility when directed against theoretical accounts of intentional states. In so arguing, moreover, I try to show the shortcomings of various recent ‘first-person’ or ‘subjectivist’ views.
Antitumor necrosis factor therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: a review of agents, pharmacology, clinical results, and safety.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), a proinflammatory cytokine, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Biotechnology agents including a chimeric monoclonal anti-TNF antibody (infliximab), a humanized monoclonal anti-TNF antibody (CDP571), and a recombinant TNF receptor fusion protein (etanercept) have been used to inhibit TNFalpha activity. Controlled trials have demonstrated efficacy for infliximab in moderately to severely active Crohn's disease (CD) and fistulizing CD sufficient to justify recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. Additional trials have been completed in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Similarly, preliminary controlled trials have suggested efficacy for CDP571 in active CD and RA. Larger controlled trials have demonstrated efficacy for etanercept in RA patients who have failed disease modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy leading to FDA approval for RA. Toxicities observed with anti-TNF therapies have included formation of human antichimeric antibodies (HACA) with associated acute and delayed hypersensitivity infusion reactions, human antihuman antibodies (HAHAs), and formation of autoantibodies with rare instances of drug-induced lupus. Several cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma also has been described. Future studies should evaluate optimal timing and duration of anti-TNF therapy, the utility of adjuvant medical treatments during anti-TNF therapy, and evaluate long-term safety and efficacy of the various anti-TNF agents.
Large-scale Top-down Proteomics of the Human Proteome: Membrane Proteins, Mitochondria, and Senescence

Top-down proteomics is emerging as a viable method for the routine identification of hundreds to thousands of proteins. In this work we report the largest top-down study to date, with the identification of 1,220 proteins from the transformed human cell line H1299 at a false discovery rate of 1%. Multiple separation strategies were utilized, including the focused isolation of mitochondria, resulting in significantly improved proteome coverage relative to previous work. In all, 347 mitochondrial proteins were identified, including ∼50% of the mitochondrial proteome below 30 kDa and over 75% of the subunits constituting the large complexes of oxidative phosphorylation. Three hundred of the identified proteins were found to be integral membrane proteins containing between 1 and 12 transmembrane helices, requiring no specific enrichment or modified LC-MS parameters. Over 5,000 proteoforms were observed, many harboring post-translational modifications, including over a dozen proteins containing lipid anchors (some previously unknown) and many others with phosphorylation and methylation modifications. Comparison between untreated and senescent H1299 cells revealed several changes to the proteome, including the hyperphosphorylation of HMGA2. This work illustrates the burgeoning ability of top-down proteomics to characterize large numbers of intact proteoforms in a high-throughput fashion.
2010 Special Issue: Infant joint attention, neural networks and social cognition

Neural network models of attention can provide a unifying approach to the study of human cognitive and emotional development (Posner & Rothbart, 2007). In this paper we argue that a neural network approach to the infant development of joint attention can inform our understanding of the nature of human social learning, symbolic thought process and social cognition. At its most basic, joint attention involves the capacity to coordinate one's own visual attention with that of another person. We propose that joint attention development involves increments in the capacity to engage in simultaneous or parallel processing of information about one's own attention and the attention of other people. Infant practice with joint attention is both a consequence and an organizer of the development of a distributed and integrated brain network involving frontal and parietal cortical systems. This executive distributed network first serves to regulate the capacity of infants to respond to and direct the overt behavior of other people in order to share experience with others through the social coordination of visual attention. In this paper we describe this parallel and distributed neural network model of joint attention development and discuss two hypotheses that stem from this model. One is that activation of this distributed network during coordinated attention enhances the depth of information processing and encoding beginning in the first year of life. We also propose that with development, joint attention becomes internalized as the capacity to socially coordinate mental attention to internal representations. As this occurs the executive joint attention network makes vital contributions to the development of human symbolic thinking and social cognition.
Low Power Reduced Pin Count Test Methodology

This paper explores the savings in power achieved using an I/O gating and Reduced Pin Count Test (RPCT) technique during manufacturing test. Since I/O pads consume significant power, preventing them from toggling during test will bring about a corresponding savings in power. The paper describes a fully automated RPCT methodology for low power that includes insertion of the RPCT and I/O gating logic and test generation. Based on simulation of the ATPG patterns, we show that the power consumed during scan test can be reduced significantly.
Analysis of layering dielectrics on effective permittivity using wave matrices

New materials are being developed which are composite mixtures of different dielectrics and sometimes magnetic materials. The paper focuses on the composition of layered dielectrics. More specifically, the layering of two materials with different permittivities is investigated. Increasing the number of layers while keeping the total volume of the composition constant is shown to achieve different effective permittivities. This analysis is done using the method of wave matrices to determine the S-parameters. The calculation of permittivity is then done by creating theoretical values for those S-parameters in terms of the dielectric constants, which are solved for simultaneously in conjunction with the wave matrix S-parameters using a 2 dimensional Newton's root searching algorithm (Hansen, G.W. et al., 1993). The wave matrix method provides a simple, yet useful, tool in the analysis of layered dielectric materials. Upon analysis of the graphs presented, one should be able to design a composite layered material such that the effective permittivity can be adjusted based on the contrast ratio of the dielectrics and the number of layers within the material.
A Proposal for Internationalizing Counseling Psychology in the United States: Rationale, Recommendations, and Challenges

This article, written by the coeditors of The Counseling Psychologist's (TCP) International Forum section, reviews the status of counseling psychology from an international perspective and presents a rational and modest proposal for promoting counseling psychology's commitment to global perspectives. The brief history of TCP's International Forum section is reviewed and specific recommendations for internationalizing counseling psychology are put forth. These recommendations are organized along (a) methods of psychological science, (b) profession-based initiatives, (c) Division 17 (counseling psychology) initiatives, and (d) program-specific activities. The marked challenges to internationalizing counseling psychology are also addressed.
Distributed Vehicle-Target Assignment Using Learning in Games

We consider an autonomous vehicle-target assignment problem where a group of vehicles are expected to optimally assign themselves to a set of targets. We introduce a game theoretical formulation of the problem in which the vehicles are viewed as self-interested decision makers. Thus, we seek the optimization of a global utility function through autonomous vehicles that are capable of making individually rational decisions to optimize their own utility functions. The first important aspect of the problem is to choose the utility functions of the vehicles in such a way that the objectives of the vehicles are localized to each vehicle yet aligned with a global utility function. The second important aspect of the problem is to equip the vehicles with an appropriate negotiation mechanism by which each vehicle pursues the optimization of its own utility function. We propose algorithms from multi-player learning in games as such negotiation mechanisms. We show that convergence of negotiations to an optimal assignment is generally possible provided that the utilities of the vehicles are designed appropriately. Finally, by extensive simulations, we illustrate that vehicle negotiations can consistently lead to near optimal assignments
Synaptic Potentials Mediated by α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Supraoptic Nucleus

Brain slice preparations preserving projections from nearby forebrain cholinergic neurons to the supraoptic nucleus (SON) were used to study synaptic potentials mediated by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the hypothalamus. Paired-pulse electrical stimulation in an area anterior to the SON that was rich in cholinergic cells confirmed the monosynaptic nature of the connections to putative oxytocin and vasopressin SON neurons. With ionotropic glutamate and GABA A transmission blocked, this stimulation evoked fast, atropine-insensitive EPSPs that were sensitive to nAChR antagonists. Evoked EPSPs were blocked by methyllycaconitine and α-bungarotoxin, antagonists that are selective for nAChRs containing the α7 subunit, but not by dihydro-β-erythroidine at concentrations known to antagonize α4β2 nAChRs. Although anatomical evidence exists for postsynaptic α4β2 nAChRs in the SON, these results indicate that postsynaptic α7 nAChRs are primarily responsible for the cholinergically mediated EPSPs. Repetitive stimulation suggested partial desensitization of the receptors. With ionotropic glutamate transmission blocked, inhibition of AChE increased spontaneous EPSP frequency and amplitude, suggesting spontaneous ACh release. ACh, nicotine, and choline (a selective α7 nAChR agonist) were effective in evoking action potentials and repetitive firing with synaptic transmission blocked by low Ca 2+ , high Mg 2+ medium. These agonists were also effective in evoking the type of phasic bursts characteristic of vasopressin neurons, long thought to be completely dependent on activation of NMDA receptors (NMDARs). Because phasic bursting is Ca 2+ -dependent, the functional equivalence of α7 nAChR and NMDAR activation in this regard is likely attributable to their large Ca 2+ fluxing capacities. This is the first demonstration that synaptically released ACh results in fast, α7 nAChR-mediated EPSPs in hypothalamic neurons.
Vitamin D in Lupus: New Kid on the Block?

Vitamin D is an essential steroid hormone, with well established effects on mineral metabolism, skeletal health, and recently established effects on the cardiovascular and immune systems. Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent and evidence is mounting that it contributes to the morbidity and mortality of multiple chronic diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Patients with SLE avoid the sun because of photosensitive rashes and potential for disease fare, so adequate oral supplementation is critical. This review will describe the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with SLE, identify risk factors for deficiency, describe the consequences of deficiency, and review current vitamin D recommendations for patients with rheumatic diseases.
Interdependent Folding of the N- and C-Terminal Domains Defines the Cooperative Folding of α-Lytic Protease†

Alpha-lytic protease (alphaLP) serves as an important model in achieving a quantitative and physical understanding of protein folding reactions. Synthesized as a pro-protease, alphaLP belongs to an interesting class of proteins that require pro regions to facilitate their proper folding. alphaLP's pro region (Pro) acts as a potent folding catalyst for the protease, accelerating alphaLP folding to its native conformation nearly 10(10)-fold. Structural and mutational studies suggested that Pro's considerable foldase activity is directed toward structuring the alphaLP C-terminal domain (CalphaLP), a seemingly folding-impaired domain, which is believed to contribute significantly to the high-energy folding and unfolding transition states of alphaLP. Pro-mediated nucleation of alphaLP folding within CalphaLP was hypothesized to subsequently enable the alphaLP N-terminal domain (NalphaLP) to dock and fold, completing the formation of native protease. In this paper, we find that ternary folding reactions of Pro and noncovalent NalphaLP and CalphaLP domains are unaffected by the order in which the components are added or by the relative concentrations of the alphaLP domains, indicating that neither discrete CalphaLP structuring nor docking of the two alphaLP domains is involved in the folding transition state. Instead, the rate-limiting step of these folding reactions appears to be a slow and concerted rearrangement of the NalphaLP and CalphaLP domains to form active protease. This cooperative and interdependent folding of both protease domains defines the large alphaLP folding barrier and is an apparent extension of the highly cooperative alphaLP unfolding transition that imparts the protease with remarkable kinetic stability and functional longevity.
Muscle force production during bent-knee, bent-hip walking in humans.

Researchers have long debated the locomotor posture used by the earliest bipeds. While many agree that by 3e4 Ma (millions of years ago), hominins walked with an extended-limb human style of bipedalism, researchers are still divided over whether the earliest bipeds walked like modern humans, or walked with a more bent-knee, bent-hip (BKBH) ape-like form of locomotion. Since more flexed postures are associated with higher energy costs, reconstructing early bipedal mechanics has implications for the selection pressures that led to upright walking. The purpose of this study is to determine how modern human anatomy functions in BKBH walking to clarify the links between morphology and energy costs in different mechanical regimes. Using inverse dynamics, we calculated muscle force production at the major limb joints in humans walking in two modes, both with extended limbs and BKBH. We found that in BKBH walking, humans must produce large muscle forces at the knee to support body weight, leading to higher estimated energy costs. However, muscle forces at the hip remained similar in BKBH and extended limb walking, suggesting that anatomical adaptations for hip extension in humans do not necessarily diminish the effective mechanical advantage at the hip in more flexed postures. We conclude that the key adaptations for economical walking, regardless of joint posture, seem to center on maintaining low muscle forces at the hip, primarily by keeping low external moments at the hip. We explore the implications of these results for interpreting locomotor energetics in early hominins, including australopithecines and Ardipithecus ramidus.
Generating UWB-OFDM signal using sigma-delta modulator

In this paper we study the implementation issues of ultrawideband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (UWB-OFDM) communication systems. Like narrowband OFDM, it is desirable to accomplish all modulation and demodulation process digitally in the base band. Designing such a transmitter and receiver for UWB-OFDM signal requires very fast and high-resolution digital-to-analog (D/A) and analog-to-digital (A/D) converters that operate on a very large frequency band. A modified version of sigma-delta modulator, which we call an N-tone sigma-delta, can be used for this purpose. This new structure introduces N zeros at N properly selected frequencies in the quantization noise spectrum and can be used anytime there are gaps in the spectrum of the transmitted signal. A digital transmitter and receiver for UWB-OFDM signal is proposed using this structure and its performance is studied in multipath fading channel.
Dual Infection and Superinfection Inhibition of Epithelial Skin Cells by Two Alphaherpesviruses Co-Occur in the Natural Host

Hosts can be infected with multiple herpesviruses, known as superinfection; however, superinfection of cells is rare due to the phenomenon known as superinfection inhibition. It is believed that dual infection of cells occurs in nature, based on studies examining genetic exchange between homologous alphaherpesviruses in the host, but to date, this has not been directly shown in a natural model. In this report, gallid herpesvirus 2 (GaHV-2), better known as Marek’s disease virus (MDV), was used in its natural host, the chicken, to determine whether two homologous alphaherpesviruses can infect the same cells in vivo. MDV shares close similarities with the human alphaherpesvirus, varicella zoster virus (VZV), with respect to replication in the skin and exit from the host. Recombinant MDVs were generated that express either the enhanced GFP (eGFP) or monomeric RFP (mRFP) fused to the UL47 (VP13/14) herpesvirus tegument protein. These viruses exhibited no alteration in pathogenic potential and expressed abundant UL47-eGFP or -mRFP in feather follicle epithelial cells in vivo. Using laser scanning confocal microscopy, it was evident that these two similar, but distinguishable, viruses were able to replicate within the same cells of their natural host. Evidence of superinfection inhibition was also observed. These results have important implications for two reasons. First, these results show that during natural infection, both dual infection of cells and superinfection inhibition can co-occur at the cellular level. Secondly, vaccination against MDV with homologous alphaherpesvirus like attenuated GaHV-2, or non-oncogenic GaHV-3 or meleagrid herpesvirus (MeHV-1) has driven the virus to greater virulence and these results implicate the potential for genetic exchange between homologous avian alphaherpesviruses that could drive increased virulence. Because the live attenuated varicella vaccine is currently being administered to children, who in turn could be superinfected by wild-type VZV, this could potentiate recombination events of VZV as well.
Effects of Artificial and Western Spruce Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Defoliation on Growth and Biomass Allocation of Douglas-Fir Seedlings

Artificial defoliation has been used commonly to simulate defoliation by insect herbivores in experiments, in spite of the fact that obvious differences exist between clipping foliage and natural defoliation due to insect feeding. We used a greenhouse experiment to compare the effects of artificial and western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman) defoliation on the growth and biomass allocation of 3-yr old half-sib seedlings from mature Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco variety glauca] trees that showed phenotypic resistance versus susceptibility to budworm defoliation in the forest. Artificial clipping of buds mimicked the effects of budworm feeding on total seedling biomass when 50% of the terminal buds were damaged. However, artificial defoliation decreased seedling height, relative growth rate of height, and shoot: root ratio more than budworm defoliation, whereas budworm defoliation decreased stem diameter relative growth rate more than artificial defoliation. Half-sib seedling progeny from resistant maternal tree phenotypes had greater height, diameter, biomass, and shoot: root ratio than seedlings from susceptible phenotypes. We concluded that careful artificial defoliation could generally simulate effects of budworm defoliation on total biomass of Douglas-fir seedlings, but that the two defoliation types did not have equal effects on biomass allocation between shoot and root. Further, an inherently higher growth rate and a greater allocation of biomass to shoot versus root are associated with resistance of Douglas-fir trees to western spruce budworm defoliation.
Sum frequency generation at 455 nm by nonlinear mixing of GaAlAs laser diode and Nd:YAG emission

The use of nonlinear sum frequency generation by mixing of GaAlAs laser diode emission with 1064-nm Nd:YAG output offers an efficient method for producing coherent radiation in the 450-480-nm spectral region, a range which is not easily accessible with frequency doubled laser diodes. Previously this method was used with KNbO3 in a single pass configuration,1 and KTP placed inside a dye laser pumped Nd:YAG laser cavity2 which resulted in 1.0 mW of 459-nm emission.
Volumetric Topological Analysis on In Vivo Trabecular Bone Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Osteoporosis is a common bone disease associated with increased risk of low-trauma fractures leading to substantial morbidity, mortality, and financial costs. Clinically, osteoporosis is defined by low bone mineral density (BMD); however, increasing evidence suggests that trabecular bone (TB) micro-architectural quality is an important determinant of bone strength and fracture risk. Recently developed volumetric topological analysis (VTA) is a unique method that characterizes individual trabeculae on the continuum between a perfect plate and a perfect rod. In this paper, an improved VTA algorithm is presented that eliminates the binarization step using fuzzy skeletonization. Its repeat scan reproducibility is evaluated for two different in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocols. High intra-class correlation coefficients, greater than 0.93, were observed for both the knee and the wrist MRI. The ability of the method to detect testosterone treatment effects of a two-year longitudinal study on hypogonadal men is also presented. Our method shows statistically significant improvement of TB quality as early as 6 months and the trend was observed to continue at 12 and 24 months.
Degradation of photovoltaic modules under high voltage stress in the field

The degradation in performance for eight photovoltaic (PV) modules stressed at high voltage (HV) is presented. Four types of modulestandem-junction and triple-junction amorphous thin-film silicon, plus crystalline and polycrystalline silicon moduleswere tested, with a pair of each biased at opposite polarities. They were deployed outdoors between 2001 and 2009 with their respective HV leakage currents through the module encapsulation continuously monitored with a data acquisition system, along with air temperature and relative humidity. For the first 5 years, all modules were biased continuously at fixed 600 VDC, day and night. In the last 2 years, the modules were step-bias stressed cyclically up and down in voltage between 10 and 600 VDC, in steps of tens to hundreds of volts. This allowed characterization of leakage current versus voltage under a large range of temperature and moisture conditions, facilitating determination of leakage paths. An analysis of the degradation is presented, along with integrated leakage charge. In HV operation: the bulk silicon modules degraded either insignificantly or at rates of 0.1%/yr higher than modules not biased at HV; for the thinfilm silicon modules, the added loss rates are insignificant for one type, or 0.2%/yr-0.6%/yr larger for the other type.
The Future of Justice Scalia's Predictions of Family Law Doom

This article explores Justice Scalia's dissents in the gay rights cases containing various predictions about family law doom (from his perspective) and whether they have any validity.