cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiative decay of surface plasmons on oblate spheroids

We have obtained a general expression for the radiative decay rate of surface-plasmon modes on oblate spheroids in terms of familiar spherical functions. Experimental observations of the polarization, wavelength, and angular dependence of light emitted by electron-bombarded silver spheroids were compared with the theoretical calculations, and good agreement was obtained. We have shown that it is possible to use both nonretarded electrodynamics and bulk-metal optical properties to describe plasmons on particles with 10-40 nm dimensions. The results given can be used to study the angular and wavelength characteristics of other plasmon-related effects such as photoemission and surface-enhanced Raman scattering.
Symposium: Management of tumors of the parotid gland: I. Correlation of the histopathology and clinical management of parotid neoplasms

The successful management of swellings in the parotid gland region is dependent upon the establishment of a clinical and/or histologic diagnosis of the condition responsible for the production of the abnormal swelling. All mobile parotid tumors are removed as an excisional biopsy with preservation of the facial nerve. A preoperative biopsy will not influence the subsequent management of these lesions. An aspiration biopsy is employed to evaluate all primary, previously undiagnosed, non-ulcerative parotid tumors suspected of being clinically malignant. An experienced pathologist views with confidence evaluation of solid material that has been carefully separated from the aspirated specimen. It is our opinion that when the biopsy tract is removed with the tumor, there is less risk of surgical wound contamination by tumor than when there is an incisional biopsy or incomplete excision of the tumor for frozen or permanent section diagnosis. One should not expect to derive as much information from an aspiration biopsy as may be derived from a formal incisional biopsy. If the histologic interpretation of the aspirated material is inconclusive, one may proceed to accept the added risk of an open biopsy. If it is known preoperatively that the tumor is malignant, that it is other than a low grade cancer, and that the tumor should be treated surgically, management of the facial nerve and the cervical nodes may be anticipated. This may be accomplished by an aspiration biopsy.
Juvenile hormone in adult eusocial Hymenoptera: gonadotropin and behavioral pacemaker

Studies on the role of juvenile hormone (JH) in adult social Hymenoptera have focused on the regulation of two fundamental aspects of colony organization: reproductive division of labor between queens and workers and age-related division of labor among workers. JH acts as a gonadotropin in the primitively eusocial wasp and bumble bee species studied, and may also play this role in the advanced eusocial fire ants. However, there is no evidence that JH acts as a traditional gonadotropin in the advanced eusocial honey bee or in the few other ant species that have recently begun to be studied. The role of JH in age-related division of labor has been most thoroughly examined in honey bees. Results of these studies demonstrate that JH acts as a "behavioral pacemaker," influencing how fast a worker grows up and makes the transition from nest activities to foraging. Hypotheses concerning the evolutionary relationship between the two functions of JH in adult eusocial Hymenoptera are discussed.
Exact modeling of lineshape and wavenumber variations for off-axis detectors in Fourier transform spectrometers (FTS) sensor systems

The utilization of detector arrays in the focal planes of FTS sensor systems allows simultaneous spectral and spatial measurements. However, spectral lineshapes and wavenumber locations depend upon the size and location of the detector elements with respect to the Haidinger fringe pattern of the FTS sensor. These spectral distortions can be generalized as a shift and shape change of the FTS sensor lineshape. Depending on the distortions that can be tolerated, a degree of field-widening can be obtained for a given Haidinger fringe pattern. An exact model for predicting the FTS lineshape distortions is presented. The model is applied to several contemporary applications in order to quantify the magnitude of distortions to be expected.
Preparation of Large-Diameter “Molded” Porous Polymer Monoliths and the Control of Pore Structure Homogeneity

The preparation of large cylindrical macroporous polymer monoliths with internal diameters of up to 50 mm has been studied for the first time for both styrenic and methacrylic monomer systems. The temperature profiles at different locations within the mold have been recorded during these polymerizations, and the occurrence of exotherms and temperature gradients was related to the creation of inhomogeneities in the pore structure. Several techniques, such as decreasing the rate of polymerization and a slow gradual addition of the polymerization mixture to the reaction vessel, were investigated in order to minimize the extent of the reaction exotherm. The latter approach proved especially powerful, as the absence of exotherm allowed the preparation of monoliths with homogeneous pore structures inaccessible by other methods for both monomer systems.
The mechanism of differential sensitivity to methotrexate of normal and malignant human epidermal cells.

Squamous carcinoma cells are much more sensitive (>104 times) to the cytotoxic effects of methotrexate (MTX) and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUDR) than are normal human keratinocytes as measured by cell growth. Among the drugs tested, this phenomenon was found to be specific for MTX and FUDR, since arabinosylcytidine (ARA-C), 13-bis-chloroethylnitrosourea (BCNU), and daunomycin failed to show differences in inhibition between the normal and malignant cell lines. Drug uptake studies did not reveal a significant difference in MTX intracellular levels between malignant and normal epidermal cell lines at 60 min. Thymidine (TdR) salvage was assessed by examining the effects of the presence of 3 μM TdR on MTX-induced cytotoxicity. On the withdrawal of TdR, normal cells demonstrated an increased level of inhibition amounting to 4 orders of magnitude, whereas the squamous-cell carcinoma cells showed no change in sensitivity. Interestingly, the immortal nontumorigenic keratinocyte line (NM-110) was similarly not rescued by the addition of TdR. The high degree of sensitivity to MTX shown by squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC) and NM-110 cells is attributable to a significant diminution of their ability to use exogenous TdR as compared with that of normal keratinocytes and might be indicative of a biochemical change associated with cellular immortality.
Mass transfer versus kinetic control of uptake across solid‐water boundaries

We present general nondimensional solutions for uptake across a solid-water boundary, considering the combined influences of mass transfer flux limitation and uptake reaction kinetics. Mass transfer processes are represented by a general mass transfer velocity. Reaction kinetics are represented by first-order and Monod models. Mathematical solutions are well approximated by standard mass transfer models for low values of the derived nondimensional mass transfer velocity and by standard kinetic models for high values. Approximate limiting values of the nondimensional mass transfer velocity are defined for mass transfer control and kinetic control. The intermediate region, where both mass transfer and kinetics influence the solution, is relatively broad for first-order kinetics and Monod kinetics in oligotrophic environments. Both limits decrease as concentration increases in the Monod solution, such that under increasingly eutrophic conditions mass transfer control becomes less important, the intermediate range shrinks, and kinetic control becomes an increasingly good approximation. Example calculations using data from experimental ecosystems indicate that boundary nutrient uptake was mass transfer controlled or intermediate under oligotrophic conditions. Nutrient pulses applied to the systems caused temporary eutrophication, which resulted in temporary kinetic control.
Special Invited Lecture: Medical Nanotechnology for Preserving Cardiovascular Health and Treating Cardiovascular Diseases

One of the most exciting perspectives in the field of nanomedicine is the potential application of novel nanotechnogology to dramatically improve medical science and practice in the 21st century, including prevention, diagnoses, and treatment of diseases in humans. Maintaining a healthy cardiovascular system and treating cardiovascular diseases, the number one killer among all other diseases, are undoubtedly important areas for medical nanotechnology to be developed and applied. In this lecture, topics related to the application of nanotechnology in the understanding of molecular mechanisms responsible for certain cardiovascular diseases and how nanotechnology may be used for advancing the diagnose and treatment of these diseases will be discussed. Specifically, our collaborative studies in understanding cellular and molecular dynamics using a robotic atomic force microscopic system and a biosensor array will be presented in details. Also, snapshots of significant advancements in nanotechnology for diagnosis and therapy and how these key advancements may be used for tackling challenges in prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases in the 21st century will be discussed. Given that many diseases have their roots at the nanoscale and are best understood as a malfunctioning of biological nanomachines, the prospects of these unique nano-sensors or -actuators in basic biomedical research or in clinical practice are beyond our imagination. Our laboratory and our collaborative research team are working diligently to explore the full biomedical potential of nanotechnology, hoping to eventually improve human health and life.
Electroreflectance vibrational spectroscopy: A new surface analysis technique using diode lasers

Abstract A new infrared technique to measure the vibrational spectra of adsorbed molecules is introduced. An Infrared active mode of an oriented molecule has a first order Stark effect. Therefore, infrared absorption by oriented adsorbed molecules is modulated by an alternating electric field. The spectra is obtained by measuring this using a diode laser. The advantages and limitations of Electroreflectance Vibrational Spectroscopy (EVS) are discussed. We calculate the Stark tuning rate and consequent signal amplitude for a number of diatomic molecules. Measurements of diode laser Intensity noise are used to estimate the signal to noise ratio for comparison with other techniques.
Stationary gas turbines and primary energies: A review of fuel influence on energy and combustion performances

Abstract The gas turbine is a continuous-flow engine which develops steady aerodynamics and flame kinetics during stationary operation. These favourable features limit the constraints placed on fuel properties as to the performance of combustion and provide a considerable margin for devising clean combustion designs. This is why gas turbines have by essence access to a broad range of primary energies. However, due to the high specialisation of aero- and aeroderivative engines, this advantage is essentially exploitable by the Heavy Duty branch which, thanks to moderate compression ratios, robust mechanical designs and versatile combustion systems, can utilise a wide series of commercial and process by-products fuels: natural gas, petroleum distillates, gasified coal or biomass, gas condensates, alcohols, ash-forming fuels etc. In this context, a thorough knowledge of the multiple fuel/machine interdependences, which seem insufficiently covered by the existing literature on gas turbines, is of prime interest. This paper offers a consistent approach to three selected aspects of importance for gas turbine designers and users, which are: energy conversion performances ; combustion and emissions . This approach includes: (i) a review of main primary energies accessible to stationary gas turbines, (ii) a new, differential method for assessing the influence of fuel on machine thermodynamics, with original equations accounting for performance changes versus fuel, (iii) a comprehensive discussion of how fuel properties impact on NO x emission and combustion design. Finally, the main trends and prospects of gas turbine technology evolution, in terms of efficiency enhancement and low NO x achievement, are tentatively outlined.
Laser complications: hair removal.

The increasing use of laser and light source‐based hair removal techniques has led to not only an increased incidence of reported complications, but also to a better understanding of the cause of such complications. The objective of this article was to provide an understanding of the incidence and the etiology of complications following laser/light‐based hair removal. In conclusion, almost all complications following laser/light‐based hair removal techniques can be prevented with a thorough understanding of the thermally induced effect of such treatment on the hair follicle and epidermal melanin. Some newly described complications may have a variety of etiologic factors.
Young Children Read and Arrange: Part II

This article explores reading at its most fundamental: the interpretation of marks for the eye that represent musical sounds. An examination of young children’s created symbols for songs suggests that they perceive music in meaningful units rather than individual notes. In one class, arbitrary symbols that represent chunks or units of sound were used to encourage 3- and 4-year-old children to read music. The results of children’s behaviors and the musical growth potential of such an approach is outlined.
The Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Gentisic and Salicylic Acids

Aqueous solutions of gentisic acid, adjusted to a pH between 5.0 and 8.0, exhibit maximum absorption at 320 mμ, the absorbancy being proportional to concentration at least to 3 5 mg./L. Solutions of salicylic acid, adjusted within the same pH range, exhibit maximum absorption at 296 mμ, the absorbancy likewise being proportional to concentration. At 306.5 mμ, the isobestic point, both gentisic acid and salicylic acid have the same absorbancy in solutions of identical weight concentration. From readings of the absorbancy at 296 and 320 mμ of an aqueous solution containing gentisic and salicylic acids, adjusted to a pH between 5.0 and 8.0, the amount of eafh acid present in the solution may be calculated by means of simultaneous equations. The determination of the absorbancy at 306.5 mμ may be used to confirm the total amount of acids present.
Cache-aware iteration space partitioning

The need for high performance per watt has led to the development of multi-core systems such as the Intel Core 2 Duo processor and the Intel quad-core Kentsfield processor. Maximal exploitation of the hardware parallelism supported by such systems necessitates the development of concurrent software. This, in part, entails program parallelization and efficient mapping of the parallelized program onto the different cores. The latter affects the load balance between the different cores which in turn has a direct impact on performance. In light of the fact that parallel loops, such as a parallel DO loop in Fortran, account for a large percentage of the total execution time, we focus on the problem of how to efficiently partition the iteration space of (possibly) nested perfect/non-perfect parallel loops. In this regard, one of the key aspects is how to efficiently capture the cache behavior as the cache subsystem is often the main performance bottleneck in multi-core systems. In this paper, we present a novel profile-guided compiler technique for cache-aware partitioning of iteration spaces of parallel loops. We present a case study using a kernel from the industry-standard SPEC CPU benchmark suite.
Analysis of the effects of apomorphine and bulbocapnine in relation to the proposed dopamine receptor

On rat isolated vas deferens, apomorphine was found to be l/5th as active as dopamine. Reserpine or cocaine pretreatment failed to reduce the response to apomorphine. Low concentrations of apomorphine which do not cause contraction of the tissue, antagonize the effects of dopamine. The effects of dopamine were antagonized equally by phentolamine or apomorphine. On rabbit aortic strips 4 × 10−4M apomorphine repeated at 45 min intervals induces pronounced tachyphylaxis. During the tachyphylactic period dopamine was not inhibited to a significantly greater extent than was phenylephrine. Bulbocapnine tested against dopamine and phenylephrine yielded identical pA2 values of 6. Only at 10−5M was bulbocapnine observed to produce a preferentially greater blockade of dopamine. Dopamine or isoprenaline-induced relaxations of aortic strips were not blocked by bulbocapnine. Dopamine and 3 times 10−6M bulbocapnine increased the chronotropic effects in atria. Apomorphine and higher doses of bulbocapnine produced rate decelerating effects. On atria low doses of apomorphine were equally effective in reducing the effects of dopamine or histamine. These results are discussed in light of the proposal that the effects of apomorphine and bulbocapnine involve dopamine receptor interactions. In all three tissues there was no clear cut evidence of specific dopamine receptors.
Evictions and human rights: land disputes in Bogotá, Colombia

Abstract Even though many governments in Latin America, including Colombia, have improved the legalization and regularization of peripheral settlements, recognized the right to housing, and acknowledged the United Nations’ position on evictions as violations of fundamental human rights, urban displacement continues. Forced eviction brings devastation to families and neighborhoods and hampers efforts to improve large areas of the city. Over the past twenty-five years in the hills of eastern Bogota, growing competition for land combined with the competing claims of squatters, semi-legal settlements, title-holders and government agencies has led to frequent and sometimes violent land disputes. These disputes result either directly or indirectly from public and private development in the area. This paper will document the history of displacement in this sector of Bogota as a case study in order to evaluate current policy guidelines related to forced displacement. 1 There is a wealth of ethnographic data on the effects of evictions, as documented below, and yet this data, typically in the form of Social Impact Assessment, rarely translates into lasting policy guidelines. Economists, geographers, and other social scientists have also documented the negative effects of forced displacement. This study evaluates current policies from a human rights perspective. I argue that human rights can make land policies not only more equitable but also more efficient in Latin America if our current knowledge about displaced communities can be translated into public policy.
ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES: DO THEY ALL HAVE THE SAME MECHANISM OF TOXICITY?

Organophosphorus (OP) pesticides are used extensively to control agricultural, household and structural pests. These pesticides constitute a diverse group of chemical structures exhibiting a wide range of physicochemical properties, with their primary toxicological action arising from inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7). Historically, risk characterizations for these toxicants have been based on hazard and exposure data pertaining to individual chemicals. The Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 now requires, however, that combined risk assessments be performed with pesticides having a common mechanism of toxicity. It is therefore critical to consider whether OP pesticides all exert toxicity through a common mechanism. This brief review evaluates the comparative toxicity of the 38 OP AChE inhibitors currently registered for use as pesticides in the United States and examines the data which suggest that some OP pesticides have toxicologically relevant sites of action in addition...
Developmental changes in suckling of rat pups.

ONTOGENETIC analysis of mammalian suckling provides a unique opportunity to observe the emergence of appetitive behaviour. Transitions in the nature of suckling may reveal progressive stages in the development of adult ingestive systems. Unfortunately, little information is available regarding the nature of suckling behaviour as it develops, and is eventually replaced by feeding and drinking, because it has proved difficult to separate the behaviour of the altricial infant from the contribution of the mother to the nursing dyad. We report here the developmental characteristics of, and changes in, the behaviour of suckling rats as they locate, apprehend and suckle the nipples of anaesthetised dams. This situation permits the detailed evaluation of rat pup behaviour in isolation from the active maternal role. Even at birth, pups are capable of quickly apprehending and suckling the nipples of an anaesthetised dam. Suckling then undergoes two major transitions. The first, after day 10 post partum, suggests the emergence of a physiological control of suckling behaviour. The second, beginning after day 14, indicates a changing responsiveness to some characteristic of the mother's nipples or milk ejection.
Use of a branched chain amino acid enriched solution in patients under metabolic stress

Summary The metabolic response to stress results in proteolysis, increased gluconeogenesis, and negative nitrogen balance. Infusion of BCAA has been shown experimentally to decrease protein degradation and stimulate protein synthesis. Such infusion may modify the response of patients to metabolic stress. An amino acid solution containing 45 percent BCAA as a component of central vein parenteral nutrition was infused into 20 moderately to severely stressed postoperative patients in a prospective, nonrandomized fashion. Infusion was begun within 24 hours postoperatively and continued for 7 to 14 days. Patients received 1.6 g protein equivalents per kg body weight daily and 30 kcal/kg body weight daily. Nutritional indexes as measured by albumin and transferrin values were maintained during the study period. Nitrogen balance became increasingly positive over the period of infusion without an increase in the urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine. There were no serious clinical or biochemical side effects of the BCAA infusion, although a statistically significant increase in alkaline phosphatase was observed. These results suggest that central vein parenteral nutrition utilizing a 45 percent BCAA enriched solution can promote nitrogen retention without serious side effects in moderately to severely stressed patients.
Removal of the Cardiac Troponin I N-terminal Extension Improves Cardiac Function in Aged Mice

The cardiac troponin I (cTnI) isoform contains a unique N-terminal extension that functions to modulate activation of cardiac myofilaments. During cardiac remodeling restricted proteolysis of cTnI removes this cardiac specific N-terminal modulatory extension to alter myofilament regulation. We have demonstrated expression of the N-terminal-deleted cTnI (cTnI-ND) in the heart decreased the development of the cardiomyopathy like phenotype in a β-adrenergic-deficient transgenic mouse model. To investigate the potential beneficial effects of cTnI-ND on the development of naturally occurring cardiac dysfunction, we measured the hemodynamic and biochemical effects of cTnI-ND transgenic expression in the aged heart. Echocardiographic measurements demonstrate cTnI-ND transgenic mice exhibit increased systolic and diastolic functions at 16 months of age compared with age-matched controls. This improvement likely results from decreased Ca2+ sensitivity and increased cross-bridge kinetics as observed in skinned papillary bundles from young transgenic mice prior to the effects of aging. Hearts of cTnI-ND transgenic mice further exhibited decreased β myosin heavy chain expression compared to age matched non-transgenic mice as well as altered cTnI phosphorylation. Finally, we demonstrated cTnI-ND expressed in the heart is not phosphorylated indicating the cTnI N-terminal is necessary for the higher level phosphorylation of cTnI. Taken together, our data suggest the regulated proteolysis of cTnI during cardiac stress to remove the unique cardiac N-terminal extension functions to improve cardiac contractility at the myofilament level and improve overall cardiac function.
Dysregulation of renal salt and water transport proteins in diabetic Zucker rats.

Dysregulation of renal sodium and water transport proteins in diabetic Zucker rats . Background Diabetic nephropathy is commonly associated with renal salt and water retention and hypertension. The molecular mechanisms involved and how the kidney responds to this volume expansion, in terms of renal transporter regulation, are not understood. Methods Targeted proteomics employing semiquantitative immunoblotting were used to investigate regulation of abundance of the primary salt and water transport proteins of the kidney, in 6-month-old lean and obese Zucker rats, a model for Type II diabetes. Results Obese rats were significantly heavier, had larger kidneys, increased plasma creatinine and glucose levels and elevated blood pressures. Furthermore, they had a marked decrease in abundance of many pre-macula densa renal sodium transporters. Mean band densities (% lean) were: in cortex, sodium phosphate cotransporter (NaPi-2), 68%, and sodium hydrogen exchanger (NHE3), 66%; and in outer medulla, NHE3, 39%, and the bumetanide-sensitive Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2), 37%. Collecting duct proteins also were markedly reduced. In inner medulla, aquaporins-2, -3, and -4 were reduced to, 46, 48, and 46%, respectively, and the apical urea transporter, UTA1 to 52%. In contrast, post-macula densa sodium transporters were less affected. The thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) was 106% and the α- β- and γ-subunits of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), 54, 121, and 84% of lean, respectively. Conclusions In obese rats, selective decreases for pre-macula densa sodium transporters may reflect decreased glomerular filtration rate and glomerulotubular balance. This potentially could reduce blood pressure by decreasing proximal tubule sodium reabsorption.
Clonal Analysis of Human Recurrent Superficial Bladder Cancer by Immunohistochemistry of P53 and Retinoblastoma Proteins

AbstractPurpose: To investigate the clonal origin of malignant cells in recurrent superficial bladder cancer.Materials and Methods: We compared the protein expression of p53 and retinoblastoma (Rb) by immunohistochemistry using antibody P1801 and PMG3-245, respectively, in 13 patients at the time of primary superficial bladder cancer resection (6 Ta and 7 T1) and their 15 corresponding recurrences of disease. Mutations in p53 and Rb were inferred on the basis of immunoperoxidase staining.Results: At the time of initial tumor resection, a p53 mutation was observed in 5 patients (39 percent) and an Rb mutation was observed in 3 (23 percent). The p53/Rb mutation status of recurrent bladder cancers completely matched their corresponding primary bladder cancer.Conclusions: The chance that recurrent bladder cancer originated from independent clones in this study was extremely small (p less than 10 sup -6). This result strongly supports the monoclonal origin of recurrent superficial bladder cancer.
20-Hydroxyecdysone accelerates the flow of cells into the G1 phase and the S phase in a male accessory gland of the mealworm pupa (Tenebrio molitor)

Abstract The cells of the bean-shaped accessory glands of mealworms proliferate through the first 7 days of the 9-day pupal stage. Immediately after larval-pupal ecdysis, 25–27% of the cells were in the G1 phase, 60–65% were in the G2 phase, and the balance were in S phase. Over the first 4 days of normal development, the S fraction gradually increased, to reach its highest level in the mid-pupa at the time of the major ecdysteroid peak (Delbecque et al., 1978). Thereafter, the S fraction declined until over 95% of the cells had accumulated in G2 on Day 8. When 0-day pupal glands were explanted into Landureau's S-20 medium for 6 days, the G1 fraction remained fairly constant (25–30%) while S and the G2 fractions fluctuated. On the first day in vitro, the G2 fraction declined and the S fraction rose. On the second day in basal media, the S fraction fell and G2 rose correspondingly until 70% of the cells reached G2 when cycling stopped on the third day. With addition of 20-hydroxyecdysone to 0-day cultures, the S fraction increased quite sharply. It remained large for all 6 days of the experiment in the continuing presence of hormone. A 1-day pulse of hormone produced a transient increase in S. We blocked cell cycling with hydroxyurea in a stathmokinetic experiment and showed that 20-hydroxyecdysone accelerated the flow of cells from the G2 phase to the G1 phase by 2.5-fold. An increase in the G1 fraction was detected within 10 hr of hormone administration and the effect was dose-dependent with an ED50 of 5 × 10−7M for 20-hydroxyecdysone. We conclude that 20-hydroxyecdysone acts at a control point in the G2 phase. Incubation of the glands with 20-hydroxyecdysone for only 30–60 min followed by washout stimulated the flow from G2 to G1 and the effect persisted after transfer of the tissues to hormone-free media. Dose-dependent stimulation also occurred with ponasterone A (ED50 3 × 10−9) but not with cholesterol.
The Simultaneous Occurrence of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis in Two Brothers. I. Clinical, Virologic, and Histopathologic Studies

Simultaneous occurrence of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) was documented in two brothers by clinical, histopathologic, electronmicroscopic, immunologic, and virologic studies. Other intrafamilial cases were reviewed, and the implications of all cases of this type were discussed in light of modern concepts of the pathogenesis of SSPE. The findings in studies of such cases cast doubt on the theory of simple random reactivation of measles as a cause of SSPE and suggest that environmental factors may play a role in initiation of the disease.
Mergers and Acquisitions and the Structure of the Advertising Agency Industry

Abstract The impact of mergers and acquisitions on the structure of the advertising agency industry has received little academic attention. Effects of the trend on industry structure over the past three decades are considered here. Specifically, strength of demand, market concentration, ease of industry entry, economies of scale, and international expansion are analyzed. Based on the findings, combination activity has not inhibited industry competitiveness to any great extent.
The Lys1010–Lys1325 Fragment of the Wilson's Disease Protein Binds Nucleotides and Interacts with the N-terminal Domain of This Protein in a Copper-dependent Manner

Wilson's disease, an autosomal disorder associated with vast accumulation of copper in tissues, is caused by mutations in a gene encoding a copper-transporting ATPase (Wilson's disease protein, WNDP). Numerous mutations have been identified throughout the WNDP sequence, particularly in the Lys1010–Lys1325 segment; however, the biochemical properties and molecular mechanism of WNDP remain poorly characterized. Here, the Lys1010–Lys1325fragment of WNDP was overexpressed, purified, and shown to form an independently folded ATP-binding domain (ATP-BD). ATP-BD binds the fluorescent ATP analogue trinitrophenyl-ATP with high affinity, and ATP competes with trinitrophenyl-ATP for the binding site; ADP and AMP appear to bind to ATP-BD at the site separate from ATP. Purified ATP-BD hydrolyzes ATP and interacts specifically with the N-terminal copper-binding domain of WNDP (N-WNDP). Strikingly, copper binding to N-WNDP diminishes these interactions, suggesting that the copper-dependent change in domain-domain contact may represent the mechanism of WNDP regulation. In agreement with this hypothesis, N-WNDP induces conformational changes in ATP-BD as evidenced by the altered nucleotide binding properties of ATP-BD in the presence of N-WNDP. Significantly, the effects of copper-free and copper-bound N-WNDP on ATP-BD are not identical. The implications of these results for the WNDP function are discussed.
Attachment and Cancer: A Conceptual Integration

Cancer traditionally has been explained by the biomedical model; however, it is limited in comprehensively accounting for all factors in this disease. Recently, it has been suggested that a broader theoretical framework that includes psychosocial components in cancer is needed to complement the traditional approach. The purpose of this article, therefore, is to explore the utility of attachment theory as a biopsychosocial model of both development and health. Attachment, a developmental theory, explains how repeated interactions between caregiver and child in the early years establish lifelong psychosocial, physiological, affective, and cognitive patterns as well as enduring patterns of stress response to threat or illness. Despite attachment theory’s biopsychosocial foundation, the application of attachment security as a factor in physical health and psychosomatic medicine is relatively recent. The current work reviews attachment theory and psychosocial literature with regard to cancer and follows with a...
Correcting the Phenotype of the Epidermis from Chick Embryos Homozygous for the Gene Scaleless (sc/sc)

Scutate scales are completely missing in the scaleless (sc/sc) mutant chicken. Organ cultures consisting of epidermis from sc/sc embryos combined with normal (+/+) scale dermis of the same developmental age produce the scaleless phenotype, but the same scaleless epidermis in combination with normal dermis from more differentiated embryonic scales forms perfectly normal scales.
Faculty and student views of the interim term

Evaluations of the interim term or 4-1-4 program at various colleges have been generally favorable. A detailed evaluation of the Rider College interim study program (ISP) based on faculty and student reports was also generally favorable but indicated that the more non-traditionally oriented courses, such as travel or off-campus study, were rated higher than the more traditional offerings, such as lectures or library projects. ISPs which required little time or effort on the part of students were rated poorly. Many of the faculty felt that the program had given them a deeper involvement with students and had allowed them to offer material they may not have offered during the regular semester, or to teach in a different way.
Problem‐centered learning experiences: Exploring past, present and future perspectives

Problem‐centered learning experiences provide opportunities for students to acquire in‐depth knowledge and develop critical and creative thinking skills, problem‐finding and problem‐solving skills, and advanced research skills as they address ill‐structured problems. This model of problem‐centered learning provides a structure for exploring the past, present, and future perspectives of trends, problems, events, and phenomena in the social sciences. Approaches to the development of problem‐centered learning experiences that are used to initiate a unit are presented. The activities that students engage in during each of the five stages of the investigation are described.
Anatomizing System Activities on Interactive Wearable Devices

This paper presents a detailed, first-of-its-kind anatomy of a commodity interactive wearable system. We asked two questions: (1) do interactive wearables deliver "close-to-metal" energy efficiency and interactive performance, and if not (2) what are the root causes preventing them from doing so? Recognizing that the usage of a wearable device is dominated by simple, short use scenarios, we profile a core set of the scenarios on two cutting-edge Android Wear devices. Following a drill down approach, we capture system behaviors at a wide spectrum of granularities, from system power and user-perceived latencies, to OS activities, to function calls happened in individual processes. To make such a profiling possible, we have extensively customized profilers, analyzers, and kernel facilities.The profiling results suggest that the current Android Wear devices are far from efficient and responsive: simply updating a displayed time keeps a device intermittently busy for 400 ms; touching to show a notification takes more than 1 second. Our results further suggest that the Android Wear OS, which inherits much of its architecture from handheld, be responsible. For example, the OS's activity and window managers often dominate CPU usage; a simple UI task, which should finish in a snap, is often scheduled to be interleaved with numerous CPU idle periods and other unrelated tasks. Our findings urge a rethink of the OS towards directly addressing wearable's unique usage.
Appeasement and intelligence

(1987). Appeasement and intelligence. Intelligence and National Security: Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 47-66.
Except in every detail: comparing and contrasting G-protein signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

When asked to explain the difference between the mechanisms controlling mating type switching in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe , Brandeis University's Jim Haber once replied, “It's exactly the same, except in every detail.” He may as
Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Type 1 LTR DNA contains an intrinsic gene producing antisense RNA and protein products

Background While viruses have long been shown to capitalize on their limited genomic size by utilizing both strands of DNA or complementary DNA/RNA intermediates to code for viral proteins, it has been assumed that human retroviruses have all their major proteins translated only from the plus or sense strand of RNA, despite their requirement for a dsDNA proviral intermediate. Several studies, however, have suggested the presence of antisense transcription for both HIV-1 and HTLV-1. More recently an antisense transcript responsible for the HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ) protein has been described. In this study we investigated the possibility of an antisense gene contained within the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) long terminal repeat (LTR).
The NMR structure of the nucleocapsid protein from the mouse mammary tumor virus reveals unusual folding of the C-terminal zinc knuckle.

The nucleocapsid protein (NC) from the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) has been overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity for structural studies by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The protein contains two copies of a conserved zinc-coordinating “CCHC array” or “zinc knuckle” motif common to the nucleocapsid proteins of nearly all known retroviruses. The residues comprising and adjacent to the zinc knuckles were assigned by standard two-dimensional 1H and three-dimensional 1H−15N NMR methods; the rotational dynamic properties of the protein were determined from 15N relaxation experiments, and distance restraints derived from the nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) data were used to calculate the three-dimensional structure. The 1H−1H NOE and 15N relaxation data indicate that the two zinc knuckles do not interact with each other, but instead behave as independently folded domains connected by a flexible 13-residue linker segment. The proximal zinc knuckle folds in a manner th...
Dynamic publishing of links to Web resources using FileMaker Pro

Collections of links to Web resources become difficult to maintain and use as they grow in size. Database‐driven, dynamic Web publishing solutions offer searching capabilities and display options, and enable librarians to maintain current and accurate information. Reference librarians at Lafayette College use FileMaker Pro database software to generate subject lists of Web‐based resources dynamically. Thanks to FileMaker Pro’s ease of use and built‐in Web publishing capabilities, attractive and functional dynamic Web content can be generated with no programming skills.
Local Indicators of Spatial Association—LISA

The capabilities for visualization, rapid data retrieval, and manipulation in geographic information systems (GIS) have created the need for new techniques of exploratory data analysis that focus on the “spatial” aspects of the data. The identification of local patterns of spatial association is an important concern in this respect. In this paper, I outline a new general class of local indicators of spatial association (LISA) and show how they allow for the decomposition of global indicators, such as Moran's I, into the contribution of each observation. The LISA statistics serve two purposes. On one hand, they may be interpreted as indicators of local pockets of nonstationarity, or hot spots, similar to the Gi and G*i statistics of Getis and Ord (1992). On the other hand, they may be used to assess the influence of individual locations on the magnitude of the global statistic and to identify “outliers,” as in Anselin's Moran scatterplot (1993a). An initial evaluation of the properties of a LISA statistic is carried out for the local Moran, which is applied in a study of the spatial pattern of conflict for African countries and in a number of Monte Carlo simulations.
Full-wave analysis and modeling of multiconductor transmission lines via 2-D-FDTD and signal-processing techniques

The full-wave analysis of multiconductor transmission lines on an inhomogeneous medium is performed by using the two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The FDTD data are analyzed by using signal-processing techniques. The use of high-resolution signal-processing techniques allows one to extract the dispersive characteristics and normal-mode parameters, which include decoupled modal impedances and current and voltage eigenvector matrices. A new algorithm for extracting frequency-dependent equivalent-circuit parameters is presented in this paper. Smaller CPU time and memory are required as compared to the three-dimensional FDTD case. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of this method.
Comparative studies on the high-variability embedded robust parameter design from the perspective of estimators

Engineers and scientists often identify robust parameter design (RPD) as one of the most important process and quality improvement methods. Focused on determining the optimum operating conditions that facilitate target attainment with minimum variability, typical approaches to RPD use ordinary least squares methods to obtain response functions for the mean and variance by assuming that process data are normally distributed and exhibit reasonably low variability. Consequently, the sample mean and standard deviation are the most common estimators used in the initial tier of estimation, as they perform best when these assumptions hold. Realistically, however, industrial processes often exhibit high variability, particularly in mass production lines. If ignored, such conditions can cause the quality of the estimates obtained using the sample mean and standard deviation to deteriorate. This paper examines several alternatives to the sample mean and standard deviation, incorporating them into RPD modeling and optimization approaches to ascertain which tend to yield better solutions when highly variable conditions prevail. Monte Carlo simulation and numerical studies are used to compare the performances of the proposed methods with the traditional approach.
Measuring employment in a municipality

Unemployment largely relates to cities. How they can help in the national struggle to reduce it.
Three-Dimensional Time-Harmonic Elastodynamic Green's Functions for Anisotropic Solids

A method based on the Radon transform is presented to determine the displacement field in a general anisotropic solid due to the application of a time-harmonic point force. The Radon transform reduces the system of coupled partial differential equations for the displacement components to a system of coupled ordinary differential equations. This system is reduced to an uncoupled form by the use of properties of eigenvectors and eigenvalues. The resulting simplified system can be solved easily. A back transformation to the original coordinate system and a subsequent application of the inverse Radon transform yields the displacements as a summation of a regular elastodynamic term and a singular static term. Both terms are integrals over a unit sphere. For the regular dynamic term, the surface integration can be evaluated numerically without difficulty. For the singular static term, the surface integral has been reduced to a line integral over half a unit circle. Reductions to the cases of isotropy and transverse isotropy have been worked out in detail. Examples illustrate applications of the method.
Social work journals: purposes and trends

The proliferation of new journals in the field raises questions about the state of journal publication in social work. The author explores the purposes of these journals, analyzes emerging trends, and discusses the future development of journal publication in the profession.
An Intense Pulsed Neutron Source for Argonne National Laboratory

A pulsed neutron source has been designed for materials research in slow neutron scattering and radiation effects. The facility is based in its first phase on the ZGS 500 MeV Injector Booster Accelerator, which will produce 5 × 1012 protons per pulse and be modified for 60 Hz operation. In its second phase a high intensity synchrotron will provide 5 × 1013 protons per pulse at 60 Hz at 600-800 MeV. Neutrons are produced by spallat ion in two targets. A 238U target surrounded by three hydrogeneous moderators provides 12 neutron beams for slow neutron spectrometers. Peak thermal neutron fluxes of 1.5 × 1015 and 1016 n/cm2 sec will be available in Phases I and II, respectively. Such pulsed beams will provide new capabilities for neutron scattering research, especially in the use of neutrons with energies up to 1 eV, which is beyond the capacity of the most advanced research reactors. A separate tungsten target for radiation effects studies provides fast neutrons (around 1 MeV) in 10 irradiation thimbles, with time-average fluxes around 3 × 1013 and 3 x 1014 n/cm2 sec in Phases I and II, respectively. The associated ?-ray flux is extremely low.
Differential nested lattice encoding for consensus problems

In this paper we consider the problem of transmitting quantized data while performing an average consensus algorithm. Average consensus algorithms are protocols to compute the average value of all sensor measurements via near neighbors communications. The main motivation for our work is the observation that consensus algorithms offer the perfect example of network communications where there is an increasing correlation between the data exchanged, as the system updates its computations. Henceforth, it is possible to utilize previously exchanged data and current side information to reduce significantly the demands of quantization bit rate for a certain precision. We analyze the case of a network with a topology built as that of a random geometric graph and with links that are assumed to be reliable at a constant bit rate. Numerically we show that in consensus algorithms, increasing number of iterations does not have the effect of increasing the error variance. Thus, we conclude that noisy recursions lead to a consensus if the data correlation is exploited in the messages source encoders and decoders. We briefly state the theoretical results which are parallel to our numerical experiments.
The Student Anti-Sweatshop Movement: Limits and Potential

This article analyzes the student anti-sweatshop movement in the United States and its efforts to employ codes of conduct to secure improved conditions for workers in the international apparel industry. After discussing the globalization of that industry, the article examines the content of the codes of conduct that have been suggested by the student movement, on the one hand, and the members of the Apparel Industry Partnership, on the other. It concludes with a critique of the strategy of relying on codes of conduct and suggests that the pursuit of workers' rights should be sought in a strengthened International Labor Organization.