cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhabilidad del derecho internacional en controversias socialmente complejas:Caso Bosnia contra Serbia

* Doctor en ciencias juridicas (SJD) y maestro en derecho internacional (LLM) en Harvard Law School. 1 Aplicacion de la Convencion sobre la Prevencion y Castigo del Crimen de Genocidio (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro). Sentencia del 26 de febrero, 2007. Consultese en http://www.icjcij.org/docket/files/91/13685.pdf?PHPSESSID=e393e65539954ce40284715a80077cd9. 2 El termino responsabilidad, dependiendo del juego de lenguaje en donde sea utilizado, tiene diversos significados. Los juegos donde puede ser utilizada la palabra responsabilidad, son contextos sociales, juridicos, morales, convencionales y personales; como el de reacciones emotivas; como equivalente a causa; como sujecion a una sancion; y como habilidad para realizar actos. Algunos de estos significados se ilustran en la historia de un capitan de barco que generalmente se encontraba borracho. “Como capitan del barco, ‘X’ era responsable de la seguridad de sus pasajeros, la tripulacion y el barco. En el ultimo viaje se embriago, y resulto responsable del hundimiento del barco con todos sus ocupantes. Se penso que estaba loco, pero los doctores lo declararon responsable de sus acciones. Durante su ninez, ninguno de sus padres fue responsable de su educacion, y el como padre de familia tampoco era responsable. Varios incidentes en su carrera mostraban que no era un capitan responsable; no obstante, fue responsable ante la compania de seguros que, finalmente resulto responsable del siniestro. Siempre sostuvo, respecto al accidente, que una tormenta era la responsable, pero que el se sentia humana y emocionalmente responsable de la tragedia. En los procedimientos legales fue declarado penalmente responsable por su conducta negligente; y en el proceso civil, se le estimo legalmente responsable por la perdida de vidas y propiedades”. Esta historia parafrasea a la de Hart, H. L. A., Punishment and Responsibility, Essays in the Philosophy of Law, Oxford, Oxford University, 1973, p. 211.
Carcinogenicity and metabolic profiles of 3-methylcholanthrene oxygenated derivatives at the 1 and 2 positions

Abstract Trapping of 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) radical cation by nucleophilic compounds occurs specifically at the 1-carbon atom. With the purpose of providing more evidence for the hypothesis that the critical mechanism of activation of MC is one-electron oxidation, the carcinogenicity of MC was compared to that of 1-hydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene (MC-1-OH), 3-methylcholanthrene-1-one (MC-1-one), 2-hydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene (MC-2-OH), 3-methylcholanthrene-2-one (MC-2-one) and 3-methylcholanthrylene (MCL) by repeated application on mouse skin. Seven-week-old female Swiss mice in 6 groups of 30 were treated on the back with 0.2 μmol of compound in acetone twice weekly for 20 weeks. In addition, the metabolism of MC and its derivatives was studied using mouse skin homogenates. The compounds tested were classified according to carcinogenicity in 4 groups: MC and MC-2-OH, the strongest carcinogens; MC-2-one and MCL, weaker than MC and MC-2-OH; MC-1-OH, the weakest carcinogen; and MC-1-one, noncarcinogenic. These results support the hypothesis that one-electron oxidation for MC, MC-2-OH and MC-1-one might be the critical mechanism of carcinogenic activation, with C-1 the binding site to cellular nucleophiles. The carcinogenic effect of MC-1-OH is speculated to be the formation of an ester bearing a good leaving group, which might be the ultimate alkylating compound in the in vivo reaction. The lack of carcinogenic activity for MC-1-one may be attributed to absence of nucleophilic trapping at C-1 via the radical cation pathway as well as the inability of mouse skin to reduce MC-1-one to the carcinogenic MC-1-OH.
Making Your Point: The Use of Gestures in Ancient Israel:

More than simple narrative embellishment, the descriptions of physical gestures or other body movements by characters in biblical stories are a rich source of cultural information. As is the case with live dialogue, various forms of nonverbal communication both accompany and enliven the scene in a written narrative. They convey emotion, dominance, and social status, and they help to illustrate a position or specific point being made by the dialogue partners. Therefore the use of kinesics and other methods of analyzing nonverbal communication become a valuable interpretative tool for biblical scholars. This study examines categories of nonverbal comunication and provides an annotated survey of their use in biblical narrative.
An error-correction model of the demand for equity mutual funds in the U.S. 1973–1994

The purpose of this paper is to estimate an error-correction model of the U.S. demand for equity mutual funds. Using annual data for the period 1973–1994, this study finds that changes in the demand for equity mutual funds have been significantly influenced by the changes in the rate of return on equity mutual funds and savings deposits, as well as by the growth in income over the long run.
Limits to Relief

Comparison of slope profiles in areas exhibiting widespread bedrock landsliding with the use of a model for the maximum size of stable hillslopes established that mountain-scale material strength can limit topographic relief. Conventional laboratory values for intact rock greatly exceeded integrative rock strength properties that were back-calculated from the upper limit to hillslope relief and gradient in the northern Cascade Range and Santa Cruz Mountains. Back-calculated strength values, however, were indistinguishable from those obtained through field and conventional laboratory measurements on the weakest members of each rock formation, as well as on glacial sediments along the Cascade front. These results contrast with the conventional assumption that relief is incision-limited and indicate that the relief of mountain ranges can reflect landscape-scale material strength, as well as the interaction of tectonic and climatic processes.
Heading towards big data building a better data warehouse for more data, more speed, and more users

As a new company, GLOBALFOUNDRIES is aggressively agile and looking at ways to not just mimic existing semiconductor manufacturing data management but to leverage new technologies and advances in data management without sacrificing performance or scalability. Being a global technology company that relies on the understanding of data, it is important to centralize the visibility and control of this information, bringing it to the engineers and customers as they need it. Currently, the factories are employing the best practices and data architectures combined with business intelligence analysis and reporting tools. However, the expected growth in data over the next several years and the need to deliver more complex data integration for analysis will easily stress the traditional tools beyond the limits of the traditional data infrastructure. The manufacturing systems vendors need to offer new solutions based on Big Data concepts to reach the new level of information processing that work well with other vendor offerings. In this paper, we will show where we are and where we are heading to manage the increasing needs for handling larger amounts of data with faster as well as secure access for more users.
Theoretical interpretation of extraction (in brain) of peptides including concentration variations

The transport properties of several peptides across blood-brain barrier (BBB) have been investigated theoretically in terms of simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion processes. Comparison of the calculated results from the simple diffusion and the experimental data reveals the presence of the facilitated diffusion of these substances which we have conceived of as a carrier-mediated process. The values of the partition coefficients f for these peptides were in the range 7 X 10(-4) less than or equal to f less than or equal to 200 X 10(-4). The calculated f values gave permeabilities, Ps, in lipids between 10(-7) less than or equal to Ps less than or equal to 14 X 10(-7) cm/s. These values were then used to estimate the extraction for peptides from simple diffusion alone which vary from 0.3 to 3.5% compared with the experimental extraction (0.4-12%) indicating the inadequacy of the simple diffusion alone to explain the experimental data. As for the carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion process we have used the activated-complex theory. The extraction in this case depends on the maximal rate of transport (Tmax)f and the reciprocal of the affinity constant Kt for the transport of peptides through BBB. We have deduced that (Tmax)f approximately 0.46 X 10(-3) pmol/g X s and Kt approximately 0.35 nM for Met-enkephalin (Met-ENK), Leu-enkephalin (Leu-ENK), glutathione, carnosine, alpha-MSH and MIF and (Tmax)f approximately 10 X 10(-3) pmol/g X s and Kt approximately 7 nM for AVP, beta LT, beta E and alpha E to explain the observed results. We have also obtained the quantitative variation of extraction with concentration of peptides in the brain-capillary and have established that the extraction decreases with increasing concentration of peptides, tending to a small constant value at high concentrations. It has been inferred that carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion is important for the transport of peptides across BBB.
Once and again: Retinoic acid signaling in the developing and regenerating olfactory pathway

Retinoic acid (RA), a member of the steroid/thyroid superfamily of signaling molecules, is an essential regulator of morphogenesis, differentiation, and regeneration in the mammalian olfactory pathway. RA-mediated teratogenesis dramatically alters olfactory pathway development, presumably by disrupting retinoid-mediated inductive signaling that influences initial olfactory epithelium (OE) and bulb (OB) morphogenesis. Subsequently, RA modulates the genesis, growth, or stability of subsets of OE cells and OB interneurons. RA receptors, cofactors, and synthetic enzymes are expressed in the OE, OB, and anterior subventricular zone (SVZ), the site of neural precursors that generate new OB interneurons throughout adulthood. Their expression apparently accommodates RA signaling in OE cells, OB interneurons, and slowly dividing SVZ neural precursors. Deficiency of vitamin A, the dietary metabolic RA precursor, leads to cytological changes in the OE, as well as olfactory sensory deficits. Vitamin A therapy in animals with olfactory system damage can accelerate functional recovery. RA-related pathology as well as its potential therapeutic activity may reflect endogenous retinoid regulation of neuronal differentiation, stability, or regeneration in the olfactory pathway from embryogenesis through adulthood. These influences may be in register with retinoid effects on immune responses, metabolism, and modulation of food intake.
Microscopic inhomogeneity and ultrafast orientational motion in an organic photovoltaic bulk heterojunction thin film studied with 2D IR vibrational spectroscopy.

Two-dimensional infrared vibrational spectroscopy is used to examine conformational inhomogeneity and ultrafast orientational motion within local environments of an organic photovoltaic bulk heterojunction thin film. The bulk heterojunction material consists of a mixture of the electron donor poly[2-methoxy-5-(2‘-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-(1-cyanovinylene)phenylene] (CN-MEH-PPV) and the electron acceptor [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). PCBM species reside in a distribution of environments within large domains of the molecules that cause their CO stretch modes to be inhomogeneously broadened. The molecular inhomogeneity also results in frequency dependent vibrational relaxation dynamics. The butyric acid methyl ester group of PCBM undergoes ultrafast wobbling-in-the-cone orientational motion on the 110 fs time scale within a cone semiangle of 29°. The vibrational dynamics are sensitive metrics of molecular order in the material and have implications for charge mobility and degradation phenomena...
Multiple roles of inhibition in the olfactory system

Olfactory stimuli are vast in number and defy simple description. In contrast to light or sound, no low dimensional basis suffices to represent chemical stimuli. And yet, the olfactory system maps the complex and highdimensional world of chemical stimuli into unique and reproducible ensembles of neuronal activity. This mapping includes multilevel processing and involves complex strategies for information encoding. In the insect, olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) synapse onto a smaller group of excitatory projection neurons (PNs) and inhibitory local neurons (LNs) in the antennal lobe (AL). The odor information is then transferred to the mushroom body (MB), a structure analogous to the olfactory cortex and where olfactory memories are formed. Inhibitory circuits of the AL and the MB shape the odor representation as it progresses through the olfactory system. Drawing on results obtained with biophysical network models, I will discuss the role played by feedback and feedforward inhibition in shaping odor-driven responses of olfactory neurons. Using model of the locust olfactory system we described the role of the fast feedback GABAa-type inhibition in generating odor triggered AL oscillations. Our study suggested that the transient nature of PN synchronization could be explained by variations in inhibitory drive from inhibitory LNs to specific groups of PNs over the duration of the odor-elicited response and we established a relationship between an important structural property of an inhibitory AL network, its colorings, and the dynamics it constrains. We showed that our description allows the explicit identification of the groups of inhibitory interneurons in the insect AL that switch, during odor stimulation, between activity and quiescence to provide transiently synchronized response of the PNs. This description optimally matches the perspective of the downstream KCs looking for synchrony in ensembles of pre–synaptic cells. We further found that feedback inhibition provided by the giant GABAergic neuron (GGN) is sufficient to maintain sparse but varied excitation in the KCs across range of odor concentrations. Our study revealed how multiple forms of synaptic inhibition differentially contribute to process information in the olfactory system.
Adhesive properties of low-viscosity phenylethynyl (PE) end-capped co-oligomides and co-oligomide blends

Abstract Phenylethynyl (PE) end-capped co -oligomides of molecular weight equal to 4000 g/mol based on 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene) biphthalic anhydride (6FDA) and para and meta phenylene diamine containing 80/20 and 70/30 molar ratios of para -to- meta - substituents in the repeat unit were synthesized for thermal, rheological and adhesive properties. On the basis of minimum melt viscosity and glass transition temperature, T g , several co -oligomides and co -oligomer/reactive blend systems were selected for adhesive measurements. The co -oligomide PE-6F-PDA-4K (70 p /30 m ) (PE-PI-4 joint system) exhibited the highest tensile lap shear strength (3582) psi of all systems investigated, while joint system PE-PI-8a containing a 80/20mole% blend of PE-6F-PDA-4K (80 p /20 m ) with reactive diluent PE-6F- m -PDA exhibited the lowest tensile lap shear strength (2392 psi). Optical micrographs showed that bonded specimens containing glass scrim cloth between both titanium adherents fail cohesively at the primer/glass scrim cloth interface, while titanium joints which contained no glass scrim cloth failed mostly at the titanium-primer-adhesive interface region. The results clearly demonstrate that titanium to titanium adhesive joints can be fabricated at low pressure (14.7 psi under vacuum) at 370 °C for 1 h from low-viscosity phenylethynyl end-capped co -oligomides.
Amantadine in a Multimodal Analgesic Regimen for Alleviation of Refractory Osteoarthritis Pain in Dogs

Background: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) do not always provide sufficient pain relief in dogs with osteoarthritis (OA). Hypothesis: The use of amantadine in addition to NSAID therapy will provide improved pain relief when compared with the use of nonsteroidal analgesics alone in naturally occurring OA in dogs. Animals: Thirty-one client-owned dogs with pelvic limb lameness despite the administration of an NSAID. Methods: The study was randomized, blinded, and placebo controlled with parallel groups (days 21–42). On day 0, analgesic medications were discontinued. On day 7, all dogs received meloxicam for 5 weeks. On day 21, all dogs received amantadine (3–5 mg/kg once daily per os) or placebo for 21 days, in addition to receiving meloxicam. Assessments were performed before the study and on days 7, 21, and 42. Primary outcome measures were blinded owner assessments of activity using client-specific outcome measures (CSOM) on days 0, 7, 21, and 42. Data were analyzed by a mixed model approach. Results: For CSOM activity, there was a significant time by treatment effect (P=.009). On the basis of the planned post hoc t-tests of postrandomization means, there was a significant difference between treatment groups on day 42 (P=.030), with the amantadine group being more active. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: In dogs with osteoarthritic pain refractory to an NSAID, physical activity is improved by the addition of amantadine. Amantadine might be a useful adjunct therapy for the clinical management of canine osteoarthritic pain.
Ordinal Measures of Association

Abstract Ordinally invariant, i.e., rank, measures of association for bivariate populations are discussed, with emphasis on the probabilistic and operational interpretations of their population values. The three measures considered at length are the quadrant measure, Kendall's tau, and Spearman's rho. Relationships between these measures are discussed, as are connections between these measures and certain measures of association for cross classifications. Sampling theory is surveyed with special attention to the motivation for sample values of the measures. The historical development of ordinal measures of association is outlined. * This research was supported in part by the Statistics Branch, Office of Naval Research. Reproduction in whole or in part is permitted for any purpose of the United States Government. A large part of the work leading to this paper was done at the Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley. I would like to thank the following persons for their suggestions and c...
Motion Vector Field Analysis in Motion-Assisted Rate Control for H.264

Motion vector field analysis in motion-assisted rate control (MARC) helps us interpret the relationship between a distribution of motion vectors and its visual characteristics. In our earlier work, we showed how MARC utilized this relationship into an effective rate control method that enhanced subjective quality of regions with high visual sensitivity. In this work, we extend our initial idea further to enhance its performance. First, visual features of interest are defined in the sense of local distribution of pre-filtered motion vectors and their relationship with human visual sensitivity is discussed. To estimate the degree of this sensitivity, two simple and effective motion metrics are designed and their performance is evaluated on an MARC-enabled H.264 video codec. The calculation overhead is minimal, since motion vector information is already provided by the H.264 video codec. Our result shows that MARC reduces temporal PSNR fluctuations across frames while it improves the subjective quality of visually sensitive regions.
Tumor oxygenation and reoxygenation during radiation theraphy: Their importance in predicting tumor response

The degree of oxygenation of a tumor is a major determinant of the effectiveness of radiotherapy. From animal experiments, it is known that hypoxia is common in tumors, that there can be marked heterogeneity in cellular oxygenation within a given tumor, and that the hypoxic fraction is influenced by tumor size and site. The three methods used in obtaining such information are discussed. They are not applicable to tumors in man, but other kinds of evidence suggest qualitatively that the patterns of oxygenation in human tumors are not dissimilar to those in animals. Reoxygenation of animal tumors appears to proceed rapidly after single conditioning radiation doses, but its rate and extent depend upon the size and scheduling of the conditioning dose(s). The importance of reoxygenation in determining the outcome of fractionated radiotherapy may be inferred from the results of recent tumor growth delay experiments wherein we have found that reoxygenation in the RIF-1 sarcoma is nearly complete by 24 hr. after the completion of 5 daily 5 Gy fractional doses.
Relationship between ventricular contractility and early diastolic intraventricular pressure gradients: a diastolic link to systolic function.

Background Early diastolic intraventricular pressure gradient (IVPG), as derived by color M-mode echocardiography, has been proposed to correlate with left ventricular (LV) elastic recoil. However, any relationship to quantifiable indices of LV contractility is poorly defined. Methods To relate IVPG with invasive and noninvasive indices of contractility, 6 closed-chest dogs each had a high-fidelity conductance catheter placed into the LV for continuous determination of end-diastolic pressures, volumes, +dP/dt max , and the time constant of LV relaxation (tau) under baseline conditions and 4 different stages of β-receptor modulation. At each stage, IVPGs were determined from color M-mode echocardiography images. Doppler-derived strain rate (ϵ′) and myocardial systolic myocardial velocities (S m ) were also measured. E max was obtained from the slope of the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship during caval occlusion. Results of contractility indices were compared to IVPG with regression analysis. Results IVPG ranged from 0.72 to 3.95 mm Hg whereas E max ranged from 0.66 to 14.9 mm Hg/mL and end-systolic volume ranged from 1.9 to 59.7 mL. IVPG correlated with ϵ′ ( r = 0.71), S m ( r = 0.67), end-systolic volume ( r = 0.53), and invasive indices (+dP/dt max , r = 0.71, and E max , r = 0.82). Conclusions Early diastolic IVPGs are associated with LV contractility. These findings may explain the proposed mechanism in which potential energy stored during systole is released during diastole to provide for adequate ventricular filling, even under low filling pressures.
Population, Settlement, Race, and Ethnicity in the South

Abstract Although casual observers may conclude that the South's population is dominated by two groups—a largely homogeneous group of whites of English ancestry and the descendants of African-American slaves—such a characterization is overly simplistic. The purpose of this article is to outline the population, settlement, and ethnic geographies of the South from colonial times to the present. The final section includes speculation about future population trends in the South.
A Rigorous Algorithm To Detect And Clean Inaccurate Adult Height Records Within EHR Systems

Background: Height is a critical variable for many biomedical analyses because it is an important component of Body Mass Index (BMI). Transforming EHR height measures into meaningful research-ready values is challenging and there is limited information available on methods for “cleaning” these data. Objectives: We sought to develop an algorithm to clean adult height data extracted from EHR using only height values and associated ages. Results: The algorithm we developed is sensitive to normal decreases in adult height associated with aging, is implemented using an open-source software tool and is thus easily modifiable, and is freely available. We checked the performance of our algorithm using data from the Northwestern biobank and a replication sample from the Marshfield Clinic biobank obtained through our participation in the eMERGE consortium. The algorithm identified 1262 erroneous values from a total of 33937 records in the Northwestern sample. Replacing erroneous height values with those identified as correct by the algorithm resulted in meaningful changes in height and BMI records; median change in recorded height after cleaning was 7.6 cm and median change in BMI was 2.9 kg/m². Comparison of cleaned EHR height values to observer measured values showed that 94.5% (95% C.I 93.8-% – 95.2%) of cleaned values were within 3.5 cm of observer measured values. Conclusions: Our freely available height algorithm cleans EHR height data with only height and age inputs. Use of this algorithm will benefit groups trying to perform research with height and BMI data extracted from EHR.
Evaluating School Psychological Reports, Part I: A Procedure for Systematic Feedback.

This paper provides a rationale for obtaining systematic evaluative feedback concerning the perceived usefulness of school psychological reports and their impact on the development of individual educational plans for referred students. Research data and authoritative opinion are used to support the need for school psychologists to obtain feedback about their reports on a case-by-case basis, rather than to obtain global perceptions of the meaningfulness and usefulness of reports in general. A working copy of a brief evaluation form that can be attached to the report and forwarded to the referral agent is included for the benefit of interested readers.
Immunoglobulin G antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies are produced in the respiratory tract of patients with Wegener's granulomatosis.

Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) is a small-vessel vasculitis of unknown etiology that usually involves the upper and lower respiratory tract and the kidneys. Recently, an association has been made between the presence of serum antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) and WG. Because WG frequently involves the lung, we sought to evaluate bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids obtained from 14 patients with WG for the presence of ANCA. Immunoglobulin (Ig) G ANCA was found in the BAL with the same staining patterns as observed in the serum. Patients with active disease had the highest serum and BAL IgG ANCA titers. IgA or IgM ANCA was not detected in the serum or BAL of these patients. Protein analysis of BAL fluid revealed that patients with active, untreated WG had approximately a fourfold elevation in total protein (41.3 versus 10.5 mg/dl), with a disproportionately greater increase in the ratio of IgG to albumin (BAL IgG index = 1.49, normal = 0.74; p = 0.027). The increase of the IgG index in patients wi...
Pulsed laser damage thresholds and laser treatment energy parameters, in vivo, of human aphakic intraocular membranes.

Energy and power density damage thresholds were determined for the perforation of human aphakic pupillary membranes and intraocular lens implants, in vivo, at the focal point of Neodymium-YAG ophthalmic laser systems, at 1,064 nm, which produced (1) Q-switched nanosecond pulses (TEMoo, pulse duration; 20 ns) and (2) mode-locked pulse trains (TEMoo, 9–11 pulses, pulse duration; 30 ps, entire pulse train delivered in 50–70 ns). Pulse energies bracketing the damage thresholds and focal diameter were tabulated. The energy density and power density thresholds for perforation of the pupillary membranes (hereafter referred to as perforation threshold) (1) were slightly lower and power density damage thresholds higher for shorter duration pulses, eg—66 J/cm2 (2,200 GW/cm2) with the picosecond pulse trains vs 80 J/cm2 (2.7 GW/cm2) with the nanosecond pulses and (2) were similar in pseudophakics and aphakics; 78 J/cm2 for pseudophakics vs 83 J/cm2 aphakics, both treated with single nanosecond Nd-YAG pulses, and 68 J/cm2 for pseudophakic vs 66 J/cm2 for aphakic patients treated with picosecond Nd-YAG laser pulse trains. The number of laser pulses and pulse energies required for successful discission of the pupillary membranes depended not only on the pulse parameters but also on the characteristics of the membrane, such as thickness, nonuniformity, capsular haze, or capsular haze combined with fibrosis.
The Bottom Line: An Exercise to Help Students Understand How Social Inequality is Actively Constructed

in the American view of poverty is that peo ple are poor because they do not work. Edin and Lein (1997) summarize this view say ing, "Lazy women had babies to get money from the welfare system, the story went, and then let lazy boyfriends share their beds and live off their benefits. These lazy and immoral adults then raised lazy and im moral children, creating a vicious cycle of dependency" (p. 21). What their study shows, however, is that this highly agentic view ignores important structural limita tions, and that most of the poor work. The following exercise helps dispel students' misconceptions about the working poor. Through extensive primary-data collection and assembling a budget for low-skilled workers, the exercise 1) challenges stu dents' current thinking about concepts they hear every day such as the "American dream" and "equal opportunity," 2) pro vides insight into the everyday challenges of the working poor, and 3) helps students gain a better understanding of government programs targeted to the poor. We have used this exercise in a variety of courses, including the freshman-level intro ductory course when discussing stratifica tion, in freshman-level courses on urban sociology when discussing inner-city pov erty, and as a capstone project in an upper level stratification course. We used this
Electromagnetic Radiation from an Unmoving Charge

Gravitational perturbations in the neighborhood of a point charge can induce electromagnetic radiation even if the symmetry of a configuration indicates that the charge is not moving. Wave equations for the electromagnetic radiation are given in the Newman-Penrose formalism, and the radiation for a simple physical system is calculated and discussed.
Popular music as a mode of communication, 1955–1982

Employing a dramatistic system based upon the critical frameworks of Kenneth Burke and Northrop Frye, a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the fifteen most popular recorded single records each year between 1955 and 1982 is presented. Popular music is conceptually defined as a nondiscursive epideictic mode of communication and operationally defined as Billboard's top fifteen “hit” single records each year between 1955 and 1982. A total of 392 songs are classified as either ironic, mimetic, leader‐centered, romantic, or mythical and then examined by thematic content, decade, musical era, and with some attention to these patterns as long‐term musical trends. It is concluded that popular music is a reflection of younger American's changing attitudes which have displayed an increasingly ironic perspective of human relationships.
Integrated Storm-Water Management for Watershed Sustainability

One aspect of integrated watershed management evaluates the impact of development on the local hydrologic cycle and, in particular, drinking water, wastewater, and storm-water infrastructure. Sustainable storm-water management focuses on selecting storm-water controls based on an understanding of the problems in local receiving waters that result from runoff discharges. For example, long-term problems associated with accumulations of pollutants in water bodies include sedimentation in conveyance systems and receiving waters, nuisance algal growths, inedible fish, undrinkable water, and shifts to less sensitive aquatic organisms. Short-term problems associated with high pollutant concentrations or frequent high flows (event-related) include swimming beach closures, water quality violations, property damage from increased flooding, and habitat destruction. A wide variety of individual storm-water controls usually must be combined to form a comprehensive wet weather management strategy. Unfortunately, combinations of controls are difficult to analyze. This will require new modeling techniques that can effectively evaluate a wide variety of control practices and land uses, while at the same time ensure that the flood-control objectives also are met. The results of these new models and novel techniques used for storm-water control then can be incorporated into an evaluation of the urban water cycle for a specific service area to determine whether storm-water controls can provide additional benefits such as reduction of potable water use and reduction of sanitary sewer overflow events.
The role of beryllium deuteride in plasma-beryllium interactions

Abstract Beryllium deuteride has been measured in plasma-exposed surfaces and in the plasma column of the PISCES-B experiment. XPS measurements of high-purity BeH2 samples, used as standards, confirm the presence of beryllium deuteride in beryllium codeposited material (Be 1s energy of BeH2 bond = 115.0 eV). TDS measurements of high-purity BeD2 samples are used to accurately determine the decomposition temperature of the beryllium deuteride molecule (∼540 K). Deuterium release is observed from plasma-exposed beryllium samples and from Be codeposited layers at this temperature. BeD molecular (A–X) band emission is observed in beryllium seeded plasma discharges and during deuterium sputtering measurements of beryllium. Band emission intensities during Be-seeding are used to estimate the photon emission coefficient, , for the band. The value verifies that molecular sputtering of BeD (from beryllium targets saturated with deuterium from the plasma exposure) is a small fraction of the physical sputtering of beryllium atoms.
The Scholarly Output of Economists: A Description of Publishing Patterns

This paper analyzes the research productivity of a cohort of economists over the 15 years following receipt of their doctorate degrees, contrasting their results in publishing articles, books, and textbooks after controlling for the individual characteristics of the economists in the sample. Specifically, this paper considers the quality of graduate school, the type of employment, the general area of dissertation research, and the gender of each individual in the cohort. Primary conclusions indicate that scholarly journals are the most important research outlet, and that book production is a complementary activity to output in scholarly journals. Moreover, publishing success is closely related to the quality of the graduate school attended as well as the type of employer. According to this research, women do not face a statistically significant disadvantage to publishing. Finally, the analysis documents that midway through the 15-year time span covered by this study, output begins to decline, reflecting the post-tenure drop-off in research productivity.
X-ray absorption fine structure analysis of the local environment of Fe in Fe/Al-MFI

An MFI zeolite framework containing iron and aluminum has been prepared and characterized by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis indicates that in the as-prepared zeolite Fe is present in the framework but migrates to extraframework sites upon thermal activation at elevated temperature. In the absence of framework Al, Fe forms small particles of Fe3O4. When Al is included in the zeolite, extraframework Fe associates with framework Al in a manner identical to that observed in Fe-exchanged H-ZSM-5. Therefore, the presence of framework Al in the MFI structure plays a critical role in stabilizing atomically dispersed Fe.
Electrokinetic Properties of Lime-Treated Bentonites

Zeta-potentials of Na- and Ca-bentonites treated with varying amounts of Ca(OH)2 were measured by a Northrop-Kunitz horizontal cell and non-polarizing Zn-ZnSO4 electrodes. Influences of other factors such as particle size, clay concentration, and salt concentrations were also studied.
Leading mass corrections to the heavy quark effective theory

We investigate the 1m corrections to the heavy quark effective theory, where m is the mass of a heavy quark. At this order new flavor conserving operators arise from the expansion of the kinetic energy in the full theory. Along with 1m corrections to the matching conditions, these operators induce corrections of order λQCDm to the flavor changing currents which mediate weak decays in the effective theory. We illustrate the calculation of the anomalous dimension matrix for such operators.
The interaction between d-tubocurarine and gallamine during halothane anaesthesia.

D-Tubocurarine, gallamine and a mixture of both drugs were each given to three separate groups of patients under halothane anaesthesia, to examine the interaction between the two non-depolarizing myoneural blocking agents. Mixing the two drugs resulted in synergism rather than simple addition. This affected the magnitude of blockade without altering its duration. Measurements in dogs ruled out the possibility that variation in muscle blood flow could be responsible for this synergism. That leaves the myoneural junction as the probable site of interaction.
Systematic implications of seed morphological diversity in Portulacaceae (Caryophyllales)

The Portulacaceae are a monogeneric family with around 100 species distributed around the world. Seed morphology in the group is diverse, but its systematic significance is controversial, and its diversification patterns are unknown. In this study, the seed morphology and size of 63 samples representing 49 species, nine varieties, and two cultivars are evaluated under a phylogenetic framework. Eight seed features (including size) and DNA sequences were analyzed with parsimony and Bayesian methods and seed diversification patterns were estimated using ancestral character reconstruction under a parsimony approach. Analyses of the seed features retrieved an unresolved phylogeny, contrary to the phylogenetic estimate of the DNA data that was consistent with the clades and subclades obtained in previous studies. The analyses of a combined data matrix of seed features and DNA sequence data did not improve nodal support for the relationships within Portulacaceae. Although the hypothesis testing procedures could not reject the monophyly of major clades within Portulacaceae, ancestral character reconstruction analyses showed that the seed features are homoplasious and do not represent synapomorphies for those clades. Some character states were predominantly present in one clade and were rarely found in others. Seed size seemed to be relatively constant throughout the evolutionary history of Portulacaceae (<0.85 mm long), with multiple independent events of size increase. Although seed features do not reflect the evolutionary history of Portulacaceae, they still have a high taxonomic value, especially when used along with other features.
Economic indicators of resource scarcity: Comment☆

Abstract A recent article in this journal by Richard Norgaard [ J. Environ. Econom. Management 19 , 19–25 (1990)] concludes that the literature on economic indicators of resource scarcity is not a scientific endeavor. We argue the contrary by surveying two research literatures omitted by Norgaard but inspired by the resource indicators literature and by investigating Norgaard's claim to have found a logical flaw. We conclude that the research on economic indicators of resource scarcity is a scientific endeavor and that it is a distinguishing feature of the sub-discipline of environmental and resource economics.
Assessment of Solder Joint Fatigue Life Under Realistic Service Conditions

The behavior of lead-free solder alloys under complex loading scenarios is still not well understood. Common damage accumulation rules fail to account for strong effects of variations in cycling amplitude, and random vibration test results cannot be interpreted in terms of performance under realistic service conditions. This is a result of the effects of cycling parameters on materials properties. These effects are not yet fully understood or quantitatively predictable, preventing modeling based on parameters such as strain, work, or entropy. Depending on the actual spectrum of amplitudes, Miner’s rule of linear damage accumulation has been shown to overestimate life by more than an order of magnitude, and greater errors are predicted for other combinations. Consequences may be particularly critical for so-called environmental stress screening. Damage accumulation has, however, been shown to scale with the inelastic work done, even if amplitudes vary. This and the observation of effects of loading history on subsequent work per cycle provide for a modified damage accumulation rule which allows for the prediction of life. Individual joints of four different Sn-Ag-Cu-based solder alloys (SAC305, SAC105, SAC-Ni, and SACXplus) were cycled in shear at room temperature, alternating between two different amplitudes while monitoring the evolution of the effective stiffness and work per cycle. This helped elucidate general trends and behaviors that are expected to occur in vibrations of microelectronics assemblies. Deviations from Miner’s rule varied systematically with the combination of amplitudes, the sequences of cycles, and the strain rates in each. The severity of deviations also varied systematically with Ag content in the solder, but major effects were observed for all the alloys. A systematic analysis was conducted to assess whether scenarios might exist in which the more fatigue-resistant high-Ag alloys would fail sooner than the lower-Ag ones.
A Strategy for Development of Computerized Critical Care Decision Support Systems

It is not enough to merely manage medical information. It is difficult to justify the cost of hospital information systems (HIS) or intensive care unit (ICU) patient data management systems (PDMS) on this basis alone. The real benefit of an integrated HIS or PDMS is in decision support. Although there are a variety of HIS and ICU PDMS systems available there are few that provide ICU decision support. The HELP system at the LDS Hospital is an example of a HIS which provides decision support on many different levels. In the ICU there are decision support tools for antibiotic therapy, nutritional management, and management of mechanical ventilation. Computer protocols for the management of mechanical ventilation (respiratory evaluation, ventilation, oxygenation, weaning and extubation) in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome ((ARDS) have already been developed and clinically validated at the LDS Hospital. These protocols utilize the bedside intensive care unit (ICU) computer terminal to prompt the clinical care team with therapeutic and diagnostic suggestions. The protocols (in paper flow diagram and computerized form) have been used for over 40,000 hours in more than 125 adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients. The protocols controlled care for 94% of the time. The remainder of the time patient care was not protocol controlled was a result of the patient being in states not covered by current protocollogic (e.g. hemodynamic instability, or transport for X-Ray studies). 52 of these ARDS patients met extra corporal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) criteria. The survival of the ECMO criteria ARDS patients was 41%, four times that expected (9%) from historical data (p<0.0002). The success of these computer protocols and their acceptance by the clinical staff clearly establishes the feasibility of controlling the therapy of severely ill patients.
AMERICAN TORT LAW IN CRISIS

English lawyers have for some time been aware that some pretty exciting things have been happening to tort law and theory in America in recent decades. The invention of strict products liability is perhaps the best known of these developments, and has already inspired a rash of imitators, including the Council of Europe, and the EEC Council.' The willingness of the California Supreme Court to expand liability for nervous shock2 has recently been echoed in the House of Lords,3 which was perhaps not well informed about the extent to which California reflects the trend of opinion in the United States. Other similar developments, if they can be called 'tort law', such as the auto no-fault compensation schemes, have also been very influential in many parts of the Commonwealth. In addition, of course, there has been the great burgeoning of interest in tort theory, with the emphasis of economic ideas on the deterrence aspects of tort law, and much discussion, more recently, of fairness ideas on the compensation side. At the same time, the westerly winds bring over from time to time more disturbing news about recent developments in tort law. We hear, sometimes at second and third hand, alarming (or alarmist?) stories of absurd jury prodigality with damages, of sky-high products liability, insurance premiums driving firms into bankruptcy, of a country inundated with medical malpractice claims, and of entrepreneurial lawyers trying to fasten liability for cigarette-induced cancer onto the tobacco companies. What exactly is going on in American tort law? I will not be so rash as to attempt a general answer to this question, but sustained exposure to the six volumes of Harper, James and Gray on The Law of Torts prompts me to offer some reflections on the background to American tort law.
The role of interpolated stimuli in the retroactive interference of pigeon short-term memory

Theoretical accounts of retroactive interference in delayed matching-to-sample attribute decrements in performance to disruption of rehearsal or retrieval of a sample stimulus representation or an instruction of which test stimulus to peck. However, only two sources of retroactive interference have been identified so far: changes in illumination and electric shock. The present experiments sought evidence of additional sources of retroactive interference. Stimuli associated with variable interval (VI), extinction (EXT), and differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) schedules were interpolated into the delays of delayed matching. The results of three experiments demonstrated that a stimulus associated with a VI schedule of reinforcement interferes with delayed matching but that an EXT-associated stimulus does not. Experiment 2 showed that a DRO-associated stimulus interferes with delayed matching. Additional analysis indicated that interference with delayed matching was a function of the degree to which the interpolated stimuli disrupted delay-interval behavior associated with accurate matching. These findings support the behavioral-context hypothesis, which states that response-produced stimuli arising from delay behavior provide the context necessary for accurate matching. Retroactive interference thus occurs to the extent that interpolated stimuli interfere with baseline delay behavior.
Prototype development of a full-bridge isolated boost converter for solar photovoltaic systems integration

A critical aspect of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems integration is the power electronics interface technologies for DC power conversion. Successful integration of PV systems at all levels requires reliable, low-cost, and efficient interface capabilities. The research work for this paper presents a novel PV architecture and the development of a low voltage full bridge isolated boost converter prototype DC converter design, that is suited for solar PV integration, and provides a foundation for future advances in the areas of operational efficiency, reduced switching losses, and improved conversion ratios that the team plans to investigate. The design topology is established for future development to medium voltage applications, especially with respect to larger PV installations. The prototype converter was successfully designed, constructed, and tested for operation. In addition to the prototype converter development, the work includes a simulation model for design and test verification. The model will be utilized for analysis of future developments aimed at optimization methods and advances to the initial prototype design and to be implemented in a full scale medium voltage PV system.