cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Close in ScS and sScS reverberations from the 9 June 1994 Bolivian Earthquake

Recordings of the Bolivian Earthquake of 9 June, 1994 from two portable experiments were analyzed for ScS and sScS reverberations. These stations span the distance range 6°–22°, sampling the mantle beneath South America along an EW line from the central Andes to the Brazilian Craton. We used the CORE method to obtain path-averaged locations of the Moho and 400 and 660 km discontinuities. The average depth for D400 is 410km for the BANJO stations and 395km beneath Brazil, and the value for D660 is 700km for BANJO and 675km for BLSP, while the difference D660–D400 ≡ ΔD is 290km and 280km respectively. These values are much larger than the global average (around 245km) and suggest 200°–300° colder temperatures in the region sampled. This is most plausibly explained by the reduced temperatures in the slab and surrounding region. We also detect a significant discontinuity at 210 km depth, with a shear wave impedance increase of at least 5%. Finally, we observe systematic variations in duration between P, ScS and sScS that can only be attributed to source finiteness. These observations constrain the inclination of an equivalent unilateral rupture velocity vector to be −17° (positive up from horizontal). Our rupture model is consistent with models derived from subevent analysis of the P wave arrivals, and implies a source extent of 72 km.
The Use of Antisense Intervention to Decipher the Role of the Neuronal Growth-Associated Protein GAP-43

Abstract Two forms of antisense technology were used to explore the role of the neuronal growth-associated protein GAP-43 (neuromodulin, B-50, Fl, P-57) in the brain. The first method exploited the ability of dividing cell lines to take up and stably integrate recombinant retrovirus vectors. We transfected PC12 cells with a recombinant expression vector containing a human GAP-43 cDNA in reverse (antisense) orientation. Retrieval and characterization of two stable transfectants, AS1 and AS2, expressing high levels of antisense GAP-43 RNA revealed that the level of GAP-43 protein in these cell lines was reduced relative to controls. in the presence of extraceilular calcium, a depolarizing concentration of K + failed to stimulate dopamine release from AS1 and AS2 cells although evoked dopamine release from control cells was normal. Similarly, the calcium ionophore A23189 was ineffective in stimulating dopamine release from the cells expressing GAP-43 antisense cRNA even though it evoked dopamine release from control cells. These data suggest that GAP-43 plays an essential role in calcium-dependent neurotransmitter release in PC12 cells. The antisense GAP-43-transfected PC12 cells displayed processes of normal length when treated with NGF on polylysine or laminin substrates. in contrast, primary rat hippocampal cell cultures plated in the presence of GAP-43 antisense oligonucleotides, in a series of experiments exploiting a second antisense technology, were deficient In process outgrowth. This deficiency was dose-dependent. To venture further into the realm of GAP-43 function in the brain, we have designed a procedure to depress levels of GAP-43 protein in cultured hippocampal slices.
Selective inhibition of the semiconser vative mode of DNA replication by araCTP

Abstract In bacteria rendered permeable to nucleoside triphosphates by toluene treatment, semiconservative DNA replication is strongly inhibited by 1-β- d -arabinofuranosylcytosine triphosphate (araCTP). In contrast, the nonconservative ultraviolet-stimulated repair synthesis mode is relatively unaffected by araCTP. This selective inhibition has been observed in po1A end mutants, in po1AdnaB mutants, and in a po1A end po1C strain deficient in both DNA polymerases I and III.
Productivity of New York Dairy Farms Measured by Nonparametric Malmquist Indices

The productivity of 70 individual New York dairy farms, decomposed into technical efficiency change and technological change components, was measured annually from 1985 to 1993 from output distance functions estimated using nonparametric programming methods. Technology is measured regressively only if it is regressive to all previous periods rather than just the immediate previous period. Productivity increase averaged 2.6 per cent annually, mostly from gains in technological improvements, since average efficiency decreased slightly. Twenty-five per cent of the farms failed to increase productivity sufficiently over the period to offset the decreased ratio of output to input prices.
Chromatin remodeling and epigenetic regulation of the CrabpI gene in adipocyte differentiation

Retinoic acid (RA) acts by binding to nuclear RA receptors (RARs) to regulate a broad spectrum of downstream target genes in most cell types examined. In cytoplasm, RA binds specifically to cellular retinoic acid binding proteins I (CRABPI), and II. Although the function of CRABPI in animals remains the subject of debate, it is believed that CRABPI binding facilitates RA metabolism, thereby modulating the concentration of RA and the type of RA metabolites in cells. The basal promoter of the CrabpI gene is a housekeeping promoter that can be regulated by thyroid hormones (T3), DNA methylation, sphinganine, and ethanol acting on its upstream regulatory region. T3 regulation of CrabpI is mediated by the binding of thyroid hormone receptor (TR) to a TR response element (TRE) approximately 1 kb upstream of the basal promoter. Specifically, in the adipocyte differentiation process, T3 regulation is bimodal and closely associated with the cellular differentiation status: T3 activates CrabpI in predifferentiated cells (e.g., mesenchymal precursors or fibroblasts), but suppresses this gene once cells are committed to adipocyte differentiation. These disparate effects are functions of T3-triggered differential recruitment of coregulatory complexes in conjunction with chromatin looping/folding that alters the configuration of this genomic locus along adipocyte differentiation. Subsequent sliding, disassembly and reassembly of nucleosomes occur, resulting in specific changes in the conformation of the basal promoter chromatin at different stages of differentiation. This chapter summarizes studies illustrating the epigenetic regulation of CrabpI expression during adipocyte differentiation. Understanding the pathways regulating CrabpI in this specific context might help to illuminate the physiological role of CRABPI in vivo. This article is part of a special issue entitled: Retinoid and Lipid Metabolism.
The Effect of Noncondensible Gases on Bubble Condensation in an Immiscible Liquid

A numerical study of the collapse of a bubble in a three-component, three-phase system is presented. The heat transfer is modeled using a quasi-steady integral boundary layer approach while the concentration profiles of noncondensibles are determined by solving the transient diffusion equation. It is shown that the experimentally determined collapse of small bubbles (between 1-mm and 3-mm initial radius) agrees with the model, while larger bubbles, which deform during their early history, are better described by a uniformly distributed noncondensible model.
Abstract 1485: The role of angiopoietin family members in the progression of ovarian cancer

Despite advances in surgical debulking, radiation, and chemotherapy over the past few decades, ovarian carcinoma remains the most deadly gynecological malignancy. This is largely due to the lack of early stage detection manifesting in approximately 80% of patients presenting with metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. Current chemotherapeutic drugs are effective only for a short period as patients with advance disease eventually develop resistance despite significant initial responses. Thus, there is a pressing need for the identification of novel therapeutic targets in ovarian cancer. Mounting evidence suggests that the Angiopoietin/Tie-2 functional axis has wide-ranging effects on tumor angiogenesis and progression of a variety of cancer types, however, the expression profiles and biological effects of the Angiopoietin family members on ovarian cancer remain largely unknown. Our data show for the first time that Ang-1, Ang-2 and Ang-4 are expressed in ovarian cancer cell lines and patient samples from both primary and secondary tumor lesions. More specifically, patient tumors revealed a unique localization pattern of Angiopoietin family members whereby Ang-1 and Ang-2 are robustly expressed in tumor cells and stroma, whereas Ang-4 expression is predominately in the tumor stroma. In addition, we show that overexpression of Ang-4 and Ang-2 and, to a lesser extent, Ang-1, promotes subcutaneous growth of ovarian cancer cells and results in accelerated ascites formation and poor survival in an orthotopic ovarian cancer mouse model. Immunohistochemical analysis of orthotopic tumors suggests the pro-growth effects of Ang-1 and Ang-4 are mediated through increased tumor cell proliferation as determined by positive Ki67 staining. Our results also demonstrated that ovarian cancer cells express Tie-2 receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), the angiopoietin receptor. The expression of Tie-2, as well as angiopoietin family members, by ovarian cancer cells suggests the potential of an Angiopoietin/Tie-2 autocrine loop. Lastly, further analysis suggests the potential role of angiopoietins in increasing the amount of cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the tumor microenvironment. Taken together, our data suggest that the Angiopoietin/Tie-2 functional axis is a significant player in ovarian cancer progression and is a potential target for ovarian cancer therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1485. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1485
Preexposure of murine macrophages to CpG-containing oligonucleotides results in nuclear factor κB p50 homodimer-associated hyporesponsiveness

Abstract Background. DNA containing the CpG motif is associated with immunomodulation of the innate immune response. Preexposure of macrophages to CpG DNA elicits a hyporesponsiveness to subsequent lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. We tested the hypothesis that this effect is due to decreased nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Methods. Murine macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells were incubated with 1.5 μg/mL CpG-containing oligonucleotides (CpG ODN) for 0.5 to 9 hours followed by restimulation with 1 μg/mL LPS for 20 minutes. Some cells were cotransfected with an NF-κB sensitive luciferase reporter construct and a control β-gal plasmid. Cytoplasmic and nuclear extracts were assayed for NF-κB by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and supershift assays, for NF-κB, IκB and phospho-IκB by Western blot, for luciferase activity, and for p38, c-Jun NH 2 -terminal kinase, and extracellular signal-related kinase activity assay. Results. NF-κB functional activity was decreased as demonstrated by luciferase activity assay in the prolonged CpG ODN pretreatment groups. Unlike endotoxin tolerance, CpG ODN preexposure increased cytoplasmic phospho-IκB-α and did not abrogate mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. Conclusions. In macrophages, exposure to CpG DNA increases expression of the inhibitory p50 NF-κB homodimer and decreases NF-κB activity without inhibition of IκB kinases. Mitogen-activated protein kinase activity remains intact. Understanding these interactions between different toll receptor ligands may provide insight into novel therapeutic modalities. (Surgery 2002;132:245-51.)
Model for inclusion formation in low alloy steel welds

Oxide inclusion formation in low alloy steel welds is described with a model as a function of weld metal composition and process parameters. The model was developed by coupling thermodynamic and kinetic considerations. Thermodynamic calculations considered the effect of the alloying elements and kinetic equations allowed, describing oxide formation during weld cooling. The model showed that weld cooling rate influences the inclusion characteristics and therefore must be taken into consideration. This inclusion model is capable of predicting the composition, size, number density, and oxidation sequence of inclusions and was verified with published data. The inclusion model was coupled with numerical heat transfer and fluid flow models to extend the model to a wide range of welding process conditions.
The effect of mercury on the feeding behavior of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas).

Abstract Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to mercury (1.69, 6.79, and 13. 57 μg/L HgCl2, 10 days exposure), and afterward their foraging ability was tested in a vegetated habitat for 7 days. Among the foraging metrics used were foraging efficiency, capture speed, and the ability to learn and retain information regarding habitat characteristics. In addition to behavioral tests, muscle tissue acetylcholinesterase activity and brain levels of several neurotransmitters were investigated. Comparisons with control fish and fish from the two highest exposure groups revealed consistent performance deficits in foraging efficiency and capture speed. However, no treatment effects on learning were detected, nor were differences in neurotransmitter levels detected. In determining the underlying proximate cause of the foraging deficits, it is believed that the greater pause time exhibited by treatment fish while foraging was the main cause of treatment differences. In the future, behavioral studies will continue to allow toxicity testing of environmentally relevant variables such as those used by behavioral ecologists.
How fundraising is carried out in US nonprofit organisations

A substantial number of nonprofit organisations in the USA report inflows of charitable contributions or grants without expenditures allocated to fundraising costs. This observation raises questions about how fundraising is carried out. Based on a survey of US charities, the paper observes that nonprofit organisations use a range of internal capacities and external relationships to conduct their fundraising. The use of staff members dedicated to fundraising is common, but much fundraising is still carried out by executive directors, volunteers and board members. Also, a substantial number of organisations engage external entities, including federated campaigns, support organisations and professional fundraising firms to generate contributions. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications
Gender differences in responses to unemployment

Abstract This study examined differences between 94 men and 63 women in how they perceived, coped with, and reacted to job loss. Contrary to gender stereotypes that portray women as less traumatized by job loss than men, the results showed no significant differences between men and women in psychological and behavioral distress symptoms. There were differences, however, in how each group coped with the job loss. Men relied more on problem-focused activities such as job search, while women relied more on symptom-focused activities such as seeking social support. Marital status had a significant effect on several types of coping behaviors and reactions, but it did not significantly interact with gender. The implications of the findings for research on women and job loss are discussed.
A weak-star rational approximation problem connected with subnormal operators

Let ,u be a positive Borel measure on a compact subset K of the complex plane. Denote the weak-star closure in L? (i) of R(K) by ROO(K,u). Given f E RI(K,u), denote the weak-star closure in LI(p) of the algebra generated by R??(K,j) and the complex conjugate of f by AI (f, i) . This paper determines the structure of AI (f, ) . As a consequence, a solution is obtained to a problem concerned with minimal normal extensions of functions of a subnormal operator.
Synthesis, purification and characterization of 7-ketocholesterol and epimeric 7-hydroxycholesterols.

Various methods were assessed for the synthesis of 7-ketocholesterol and epimeric 7-hydroxycholesterols. Upon the oxidation of cholesteryl acetate with t-butyl chromate, the resulting ketosterol acetate crystallized from methanol consisted of about 25% unoxidized cholesteryl acetate. After the sterol acetates were hydrolyzed in an aqueous K2CO3 medium, preparative TLC was used to fractionate the ketone from cholesterol. Of all the reducing agents employed, only LiAlH4 reduced completely the purified 7-ketocholesterol to 7-hydroxycholesterols without side reaction products and ketone contamination. Yields of 21.3 mg of 7α-hydroxycholesterol and 72.6 mg of 7β-hydroxycholesterol were obtained by preparative TLC of a diol mixture prepared by the LiAlH4-reduction of 100 mg of 7-ketocholesterol. To accomplish the preparative TLC separation of diol bands without overlapping, a double development of a chromatoplate with ethyl ether-cyclohexane (90∶10, v/v) and ethyl ether was essential. Data on the melting point, optical rotation and infrared spectra, as well as TLC and GLC characteristics, were obtained for purified 7-ketocholesterol and epimeric 7-hydroxycholesterols.
PortVis: a tool for port-based detection of security events

Most visualizations of security-related network data require large amounts of finely detailed, high-dimensional data. However, in some cases, the data available can only be coarsely detailed because of security concerns or other limitations. How can interesting security events still be discovered in data that lacks important details, such as IP addresses, network security alarms, and labels? In this paper, we discuss a system we have designed that takes very coarsely detailed data--basic, summarized information of the activity on each TCP port during each given hour--and uses visualization to help uncover interesting security events.
Identification of an Unusual Right Atrial Mass as a Chiari Network By Biplane Transesophageal Echocardiography

An unusual right atrial mass was visualized on the transthoracic and single planar transesophageal echocardiograms of a young female patient. Biplane transesophageal echocardiography, however, clearly demonstrated this structure to be a prominent Chiari network. Large eustachian valves and Chiari networks may mimic tumor or thrombus formation when conventional noninvasive diagnostic techniques are used. Multiplanar imaging can be essential in defining anatomical relationships of normal variant structures, eliminating concern for pathological entities and the need for further invasive work-up.
An empirical analysis of the intertemporal substitution hypothesis

(1989). An empirical analysis of the intertemporal substitution hypothesis. Applied Economics: Vol. 21, No. 8, pp. 1109-1129.
A Late Silurian (Pridolian) age for the Eastport Formation, Maine: a review of the fossil, stratigraphic, and radiometric-age data

The Eastport Formation is part of a larger volcaniclastic sequence (the Coastal Volcanic Belt) that extends from Massachusetts, USA, into New Brunswick, Canada. It represents a portion of Avalonia that was accreted to Laurentia during the Acadian orogeny. For more than thirty years the age of this formation has been regarded as Early Devonian (Lochkovian or Pragian) based on a new and yet undescribed ostracode genus. However, careful analysis of the fossil data indicates a Late Silurian (Pridolian) age for the fauna, and shows that the evidence used to assign a Devonian age should have been regarded as provisional. This interpretation is additionally strengthened by local stratigraphy and recent radiometric dating, both of which support a Late Silurian age for the Eastport Formation. RESUME La Formation d'Eastport fait partie d'une sequence volcanoclastique plus importante (ceinture volcanique Cotiere) qui s'etend du Massachusetts, aux Etats-Unis, jusqu'a l'interieur du Nouveau-Brunswick, au Canada. Elle represente une partie du continent avalonien qui s'etait accretionne au continent laurentien pendant l'orogenese acadienne. Pendant plus d'une trentaine d'annees, on a considere que cette formation remontait au Devonien precoce (Lochkovien ou Praguien) en se basant sur un nouveau genre d'ostracode encore non decrit. Une analyse attentive des donnees relatives au fossile revele toutefois que la faune remonte au Silurien tardif (Pridolien) et montre que les observations utilisees pour l'attribution d'un âge devonien auraient du etre considerees comme provisoires. Cette interpretation se trouve par ailleurs renforcee par la stratigraphie locale et une datation isotopique recente, qui appuient toutes deux la datation de la Formation d'Eastport a l'epoque du Silurien tardif. [Traduit par la redaction.]
The voltage-gated sodium channel TPC1 confers endolysosomal excitability

The physiological function and molecular regulation of plasma membrane potential have been extensively studied, but how intracellular organelles sense and control membrane potential is not well understood. Using whole-organelle patch clamp recording, we show that endosomes and lysosomes are electrically excitable organelles. In a subpopulation of endolysosomes, a brief electrical stimulus elicits a prolonged membrane potential depolarization spike. The organelles have a previously uncharacterized, depolarization-activated, noninactivating Na(+) channel (lysoNaV). The channel is formed by a two-repeat six-transmembrane-spanning (2×6TM) protein, TPC1, which represents the evolutionary transition between 6TM and 4×6TM voltage-gated channels. Luminal alkalization also opens lysoNaV by markedly shifting the channel's voltage dependence of activation toward hyperpolarization. Thus, TPC1 is a member of a new family of voltage-gated Na(+) channels that senses pH changes and confers electrical excitability to organelles.
The effects of unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the growth of Escherichia coli.

Summary The effect on growth of E. coli of a series of 3-, 4-, and 5-ring unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) is determined at concentrations of 10 −5 M , 10 −6 M , and 10 −7 M . The angular hydrocarbon configurations of 1,2-benzanthracene, 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene (DIBA), and 3,4-benzpyrene (BP) promote growth; tetracene and pyrene have little or no effect on growth while at most concentrations anthracene, phenanthrene chrysene, 1,2,3,4-dibenzanthracene, and pentacene inhibit bacterial growth. No universal pattern of concentration effect is manifest, but based on the results an angular acene configuration is a necessary condition for growth stimulation.
Lifetime improvement in wireless sensor networks via collaborative beamforming and cooperative transmission

Collaborative beamforming (CB) and cooperative transmission (CT) have recently emerged as communication techniques that can make effective use of collaborative/cooperative nodes to create a virtual multiple-input/multiple-output system. Extending the lifetime of networks composed of battery-operated nodes is a key issue in the design and operation of wireless sensor networks. The effects on network lifetime of allowing closely located nodes to use CB/CT to reduce the load or even to avoid packet-forwarding requests to nodes that have critical battery life are considered. First, the effectiveness of CB/CT in improving the signal strength at a faraway destination using energy in nearby nodes is studied. Then, the performance improvement obtained by this technique is analysed for a special 2D disc case. Further, for general networks in which information-generation rates are fixed, a new routing problem is formulated as a linear-programming problem, whereas for other general networks, the cost for routing is dynamically adjusted according to the amount of energy remaining and the effectiveness of CB/CT. From the analysis and the simulation results, it is seen that the proposed method can reduce the payloads of energy-depleting nodes by about 90% in the special case network considered and improve the lifetimes of general networks by about 10%, compared with existing techniques.
Localized second-order optical potential for electron scattering in terms of imaginary-frequency susceptibilities

A local approximation to the second-order optical potential for elastic scattering of low-energy electrons from ground-state atoms is expressed in terms of the imaginary-frequency susceptibilities of the atom due to a point charge and to modified perturbing potentials. This provides a basis for the physically appealing concept of regarding the perturbation due to the projectile as having a position-dependent effective frequency associated with it. The result is extended to higher energies with the use of the concept of a local kinetic energy. With a semiclassical approximation the result reduces to a simple general form that should be useful for model potential studies of electron-atom and electron-molecule scattering. Alternatively, variational functionals for the susceptibilities can be used to calculate the approximate optical potential most rigorously without making effective-frequency, average-kinetic-energy, or semiclassical approximations. Intermediate levels of rigor are also possible.
Simulating dilute-aperture imaging: the Stellar Imager

A number of proposed space missions for high resolution imaging at wavelengths ranging from IR to UV call for ``dilute-aperture'' Fizeau-mode interferometers. We present here details of a software tool developed for high fidelity simulations of images obtained with such instruments. We show simulated images from the Stellar Imager, a mission concept being developed by NASA's GSFC to obtain high-resolution images of nearby stars in UV-optical wavelengths. Using the simulator, we study the capability of the proposed SI design to image stellar surfaces. We use the simulator to explore parameters of image quality such as resolution and dynamic range, and to evaluate proposed designs and the feasibility of science goals.
Factors affecting infant mortality in rural Bangladesh: results from a retrospective sample survey.

The primary objective of this paper is to assess the relative contribution of different socioeconomic and environmental factors affecting infant mortality in a rural area of Bangladesh. Data from detailed interviews with 1787 women of reproductive ages were collected and analyzed....Birth interval and contraceptive use emerged as the strongest correlates of infant mortality. In addition landholding size birth of preferred sex mothers age and prior pregnancy loss had significant effects on infant mortality. The analysis suggests that...infant mortality could be reduced by altering the spacing of births and avoiding births at early reproductive ages. A positive impact on infant mortality could also result from improvements in economic conditions. (EXCERPT)
Evidence for exposed water ice in the Moon’s south polar regions from Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ultraviolet albedo and temperature measurements

We utilize surface temperature measurements and ultraviolet albedo spectra from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter to test the hypothesis that exposed water frost exists within the Moon’s shadowed polar craters, and that temperature controls its concentration and spatial distribution. For locations with annual maximum temperatures Tmax greater than the H2O sublimation temperature of ∼110 K, we find no evidence for exposed water frost, based on the LAMP UV spectra. However, we observe a strong change in spectral behavior at locations perennially below ∼110 K, consistent with cold-trapped ice on the surface. In addition to the temperature association, spectral evidence for water frost comes from the following spectral features: (a) decreasing Lyman-α albedo, (b) decreasing “on-band” (129.57–155.57 nm) albedo, and (c) increasing “off-band” (155.57–189.57 nm) albedo. All of these features are consistent with the UV spectrum of water ice, and are expected for water ice layers >∼100 nm in thickness. High regolith porosity, which would darken the surface at all wavelengths, cannot alone explain the observed spectral changes at low temperatures. Given the observed LAMP off-band/on-band albedo ratios at a spatial scale of 250 m, the range of water ice concentrations within the cold traps with Tmax < 110 K is ∼0.1–2.0% by mass, if the ice is intimately mixed with dry regolith. If pure water ice is exposed instead, then up to ∼10% of the surface area on the 250-m scale of the measurements may be ice-covered. The observed distribution of exposed water ice is highly heterogeneous, with some cold traps <110 K having little to no apparent water frost, and others with a significant amount of water frost. As noted by Gladstone et al. (Gladstone, G.R. et al. [2012]. J. Geophys. Res.: Planets 117(E12)), this heterogeneity may be a consequence of the fact that the net supply rate of H2O molecules to the lunar poles is very similar to the net destruction rate within the cold traps. However, an observed increase in apparent H2O abundance with decreasing temperature from ∼110 K to 65 K suggests that destruction of surface frosts by impact gardening and space weathering is spatially heterogeneous. We find a loosely bimodal distribution of apparent ice concentrations with temperature, possibly due to competition between vertical mixing by impact gardening and resupply of H2O by vapor diffusion at sites ∼110 K. Finally, we cannot rule out the possibility that the colder population of ice deposits is in fact primarily carbon dioxide ice, although peak temperatures of ∼65 K are slightly higher than the usual CO2 sublimation temperature of ∼60 K.
Prognostic significance of vascular dilation and tortuosity insufficient for plus disease in retinopathy of prematurity.

Abstract Background: Plus disease, one of the most important prognostic indicators in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), is designated as present or absent. A grading system based on comparison with standard, high-quality color photographs may be useful to more accurately describe the spectrum of vascular dilation and tortuosity preceding plus disease, but it is of practical value only if it has prognostic significance. We hypothesized that grading of "pre-plus" vascular changes can identify eyes at risk for progression to vision-threatening ROP. Methods: Video clips of posterior pole images captured at the examination closest to 33 weeks' postconceptional age of 32 infants screened during an 18-month period were randomized. Two masked examiners viewed and graded the images in comparison with standard photographs representative of 5 distinct grades of retinal vascular dilation and tortuosity. A case-control design was used to compare the incidence of progression to stage 3 ROP, development of plus disease, and requirement of laser treatment between infants with normal posterior poles and those judged to have early dilation and tortuosity insufficient for plus disease. Results: Of the 8 patients with mild vascular dilation and tortuosity insufficient for plus disease, 5 (63%) eventually required laser treatment, 4 (50%) later developed stage 3 ROP, and 5 (63%) progressed to plus disease. Of the 24 patients with normal posterior poles, none required laser treatment, 2 (8%) developed stage 3 ROP, and none progressed to plus disease. The group with mild vascular dilation and tortuosity had a significantly higher incidence of progression to laser treatment ( P =.0003), stage 3 ROP ( P =.027), and plus disease ( P =.0003). Conclusions: Early vascular dilation and tortuosity judged insufficient for plus disease have prognostic significance in the early course of ROP. A grading system that uses standard, high-quality color photographs representing the spectrum of "pre-plus" vascular changes has potential utility in both the clinical and research settings. (J AAPOS 2000;4:224–9)
Effect of Dietary Selenium on N-2 Fluorenyl-Acetamide (FAA)-Induced Cancer in Vitamin E Supplemented, Selenium Depleted Rats

(1972). Effect of Dietary Selenium on N-2 Fluorenyl-Acetamide (FAA)-Induced Cancer in Vitamin E Supplemented, Selenium Depleted Rats. Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 187-194.
Flavin thermodynamics explain the oxygen insensitivity of enteric nitroreductases.

Bacterial nitroreductases are NAD(P)H-dependent flavoenzymes which catalyze the oxygen-insensitive reduction of nitroaromatics, quinones, and riboflavin derivatives. Despite their broad substrate specificity, their reactivity is very specific for two-electron, not one-electron, chemistry. We now describe the thermodynamic properties of the flavin mononucleotide cofactor of Enterobacter cloacae nitroreductase (NR), determined under a variety of solution conditions. The two-electron redox midpoint potential of NR is -190 mV at pH 7.0, and both the pH dependence of the midpoint potential and the optical spectrum of the reduced enzyme indicate that the transition is from neutral oxidized flavin to anionic flavin hydroquinone. The one-electron-reduced semiquinone states of both the free enzyme and an NR-substrate analogue complex are strongly suppressed based on optical spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance measurements. This can explain the oxygen insensitivity of NR and its homologues, as it makes the execution of one-electron chemistry thermodynamically unfavorable. Therefore, we have established a chemical basis for the recent finding that a nitroreductase is a member of the soxRS oxidative defense regulon in Escherichia coli [Liochev, S. I., Hausladen, A., Fridovich, I. (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (7), 3537-3539]. We also report binding affinities for the FMN cofactor in all three oxidation states either determined fluorometrically or calculated using thermodynamic cycles. Thus, we provide a detailed picture of the thermodynamics underlying the unusual activity of NR.
Correlations for the acute toxicity of multiple nitrogen substituted aromatic molecules.

Abstract Twenty-nine compounds, including amino and nitro derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons as well as azaarenes and indole analogs, were assayed. The biological activity was monitored as population growth to axenic cultures of the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis . Structure-activity relationships were examined by linear regression analysis of log biological activity ( Y ) and log 1-octanol/water partition coefficient ( X ). Partition coefficients were determined by linear regression analysis of the retention time index of HPLC data. Attempts to generate linear predictive correlations for all the test compounds ( n = 29; r 2 = 0.325; P > 0.0013) and groups, subdivided based on the following chemical classes: aromatic hydrocarbons ( n = 13; r 2 = 0.122; P > 0.2417), azaarenes ( n = 9; r 2 = 0.348; P > 0.0946) and indole analogs ( n = 7; r 2 = 0.743; P > 0.0126), met with little success. Similarly, subdivisions based on the presence of a single ( n = 14; r 2 = 0.514; P > 0.0039) or multiple H-polar groups, i.e., NO 2 , NH 2 ( n = 15; r 2 = 0.195; P > 0.0996), met with little success also. However, if one segregates the compounds which have para oriented H-polar substituents one gets a strong linear predictive correlation ( n = 11; r 2 = 0.889; P > 0.0001). A subdivision of the remaining data set leads to two models ( n = 11; r 2 = 0.845; P > 0.0001) and ( n = 7; r 2 = 0.965; P > 0.0001). An examination of the toxicity partitioning product values suggests the three-line predictive correlation model of these data is valid.
Magnetic field and temperature-induced first-order transition in Gd5(Si1.5Ge2.5): a study of the electrical resistance behavior

Abstract Magnetic field (0–4 T) and temperature dependencies (4.2–320 K) of the electrical resistance of Gd 5 (Si 1.5 Ge 2.5 ), which undergoes a reversible first-order ferromagnetic↔paramagnetic phase transition, have been measured. The electrical resistance of Gd 5 (Si 1.5 Ge 2.5 ) indicates that the magnetic phase transition can be induced by both temperature and magnetic field. The temperature dependence of the electrical resistance, R ( T ), for heating at low temperatures in the zero magnetic field has the usual metallic character, but at a critical temperature of T cr =216 K the resistance shows a ∼20% negative discontinuity due to the transition from the low-temperature high-resistance state to the high-temperature low-resistance state. The R ( T ) dependence for cooling shows a similar but positive ∼25% discontinuity at 198 K. The isothermal magnetic field dependence of the electrical resistance from 212⩽ T ⩽224 K indicates the presence of temperature-dependent critical magnetic fields which can reversibly transform the paramagnetic phase into the ferromagnetic phase and vice versa. The critical magnetic fields diagram determined from the isothermal magnetic field dependencies of the electrical resistance of Gd 5 (Si 1.5 Ge 2.5 ) shows that the FM↔PM transition in zero magnetic field on cooling and heating occurs at 206 and 213 K, respectively. The full isothermal magnetic filed hysteresis for the FM↔PM transition is ∼2 T, and the isofield temperature gap between critical magnetic fields is ∼7 K.
Improved detection of renal vascular anatomy using multidetector CT angiography: Is 100% detection possible?

Background and Purpose: Multidetector CT angiography (MDCTA) is being used increasingly to evaluate vascular anatomy prior to donor nephrectomy. To improve the ability of MDCTA to predict donor ren...
Hybrid instruments for mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry

ABSTRACT In order to refine further the technique of mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry efforts are being made to combine the desirable features of sector based tandem instruments with those of triple quadrupole mass spectrometers. This has resulted in the construction of tandem mass spectrometers which incorporate both sector type analyzers and quadrupole mass filters. These so-called hybrid instruments, designed specifically for mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry applications, are appearing in a variety of geometries each with unique features. This review describes the hybrid instruments reported to date and discusses general considerations for evaluating hybrid instruments with regard to applications.
Direct observation of surface diffusion and atomic interactions on metal surfaces

Abstract The unique attributes of the field ion microscope permit the direct observation of surface diffusion of single atoms and simple atomic clusters on perfect crystal planes. A brief review of the principles and techniques of such studies is presented along with a collection of much of the existing experimental data. Emphasis is placed on more recent work such as the diffusion of adatoms under the influence of a driving force, the kinetics of cluster formation and dissociation, and how the interatomic force between two atoms on a surface is related to the diffusion parameters and the pair distribution function.
Isolation of cells secreting specific polypeptides.

Antibody coupled erythrocytes in an agar overlay were used as a simple, nontoxic technique for the isolation of cell clones screating proteins and hormones in vitro. The adaptation of the reverse hemolytic plaque assay was developed to provide a rapid, sensitive, and specific method for the screening of any antigen screting cell without the need of prior isolation. This technique promises to be of use in the characterization and cloning of cells growing in mixed culture.
Transformations of FP program schemes

The perceived inefficiency in execution functional programming languages has been an obstacle to their widespread acceptance. Consequently, algorithms are often coded for efficient execution at the expense of clarity. This compromises the functional style, which is the prime advantage of such languages.We argue that high-level program transformations can relieve the programmer from concern for efficiency in many instances. We present several transformations applicable to FP program schemes, and show how these may be proven using fixpoint induction. We also show how specific subalgebras may be exploited to develop more specialised transformations, and suggest that this may be the most fruitful direction for further efforts to take.Comparison with earlier work on transformations reveals that the use of variables in LISP-like languages has often interfered with the identification of superficially dissimilar programs as instances of a common scheme. A variable-free notation such as FP has proven easier to work with.
A genomic clone containing the promoter for the gene encoding the human lysosomal enzyme, α-galactosidase A

We have isolated and characterized a human genomic clone for a lysosomal enzyme gene. The start point of transcription was identified using primer extension of poly(A)+ mRNA. This genomic clone is specific for human alpha-galactosidase A, and it includes sequences for the promoter, complete signal peptide, first exon, and part of the first intron. Direct and inverted repeat elements of 10, 11, 16, 19, and 22 nucleotides (nt) flank the promoter site. A (GA)n repeat element of approx. 60 nt with strong homology to similar elements identified in several species is located upstream from the promoter. A GGGCGG site specific for DNA-binding protein Sp1 is located near a CAAT box, and the CCGCCC inverted repeat of the Sp1 binding sequence is located by the TATA box. The sequence immediately flanking the ATG start codon of the human alpha-galactosidase A is highly homologous to sequences flanking the ATG start codons of the other human lysosomal hydrolases for which sequence information is available (beta-glucocerebrosidase, cathepsin B, cathepsin D, and beta-hexosaminidase alpha chain), but not for any of the other 133 human signal peptides examined. Our analysis also reveals that conversion of the propeptide to the mature enzyme involves cleavage of a C-terminal rather than an N-terminal fragment. This information about the normal alpha-galactosidase A gene will be useful for comparison to data obtained from patients with Fabry disease, who are characterized by a deficiency of this enzyme. This is the first genomic clone described to date for any lysosomal enzyme, and it establishes a reference for future analyses of the molecular events that mediate the expression of this important class of enzymes.
Enhancing perceptions of price–value associated with price-matching guarantees

Abstract The authors examine how retailers can frame price-matching guarantees (PMGs) to address customers' goal orientations (promotion or prevention focused) and enhance their perceptions of price–value. To enhance price–value perceptions, the authors manipulate participants' temporary goal orientations (study 1) and the framing of PMG offers (study 2). The results demonstrate that retailers can temporarily elevate consumers' prevention orientations to enhance their preferences for PMGs over regular price offers. Retailers who have promotion-oriented customer bases can frame PMGs so that their customers will perceive the offers as being promotion oriented. Implications for retailing practice and future research directions are discussed.
Regulation of expression of the Escherichia coli dnaG gene and amplification of the dnaG primase.

Abstract We have isolated lambda transducing phages carrying the Escherichia coli primase gene (dnaG) and mapped restriction sites in the cloned bacterial DNA segments. Several different DNA fragments containing the dnaG gene were inserted into multicopy plasmids. An analysis of the primase levels in cells harboring such plasmids indicates that sequences far upstream from the dnaG gene are required for optimal primase expression. Using this knowledge, we constructed a plasmid with a thermoinducible copy-number, pRLM61, which was employed to amplify intracellular primase levels approximately 100-fold. The dnaG gene is transcribed clockwise with respect to the E. coli genetic map, and a HindIII site located 180 base pairs upstream from the dnaG gene separates the gene from its primary promoter. An apparent transcription termination signal is positioned 30-70 base pairs in front of the primase gene. Transcription proceeds past this strong terminator only when RNA polymerase has first transcribed the bacterial DNA segment proximal to the HindIII site. We suggest that primase expression in E. coli is positively regulated by a mechanism of transcription antitermination mediated by a bacterial factor. We propose, furthermore, that the neighboring structural genes for primase and for the sigma subunit of RNA polymerase are coordinately regulated as part of an operon. This arrangement may enable the bacterial cell to readily control the level of initiation of DNA and RNA synthesis and thus to respond quickly and efficiently to changing conditions.
Effects of d-amphetamine on acquisition of leverpress Sidman avoidance in rats

Following intraperitoneal injections of d-amphetamine, male and female rats showed no drug-dose effects on response rates during the acquisition of a Sidman avoidance task. Dose-dependent differences in shock-avoidance rates were observed. Low test doses showed no effect on, moderate test doses facilitated, and high test doses inhibited shock-avoidance rates. Interresponse times (IRT) indicated that females, relative to males, emitted a greater number of well-timed responses and were facilitated by a relatively wider range of test doses. IRTs obtained during the acquisition study and data obtained from a motility experiment indicated that some mechanism other than increased motor activity, such as improved timing, was involved in amphetamine’s facilitation of shock-avoidance rates.
The IL-2 cytokine family in cancer immunotherapy

The use of cytokines from the IL-2 family (also called the common γ chain cytokine family) such as interleukin (IL)-2, IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21 to activate the immune system of cancer patients is one of the most important areas of current cancer immunotherapy research. The infusion of IL-2 at low or high doses for multiple cycles in patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma was the first successful immunotherapy for cancer proving that the immune system could completely eradicate tumor cells under certain conditions. The initial clinical success observed in some IL-2-treated patients encouraged further efforts focused on developing and improving the application of other IL-2 family cytokines (IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21) that have unique biological effects playing important roles in the development, proliferation, and function of specific subsets of lymphocytes at different stages of differentiation with some overlapping effects with IL-2. IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21, as well as mutant forms or variants of IL-2, are now also being actively pursued in the clinic with some measured early successes. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the biology of the IL-2 cytokine family focusing on IL-2, IL-15 and IL-21. We discuss the similarities and differences between the signaling pathways mediated by these cytokines and their immunomodulatory effects on different subsets of immune cells. Current clinical application of IL-2, IL-15 and IL-21 either as single agents or in combination with other biological agents and the limitation and potential drawbacks of these cytokines for cancer immunotherapy are also described. Lastly, we discuss the future direction of research on these cytokines, such as the development of new cytokine mutants and variants for improving cytokine-based immunotherapy through differential binding to specific receptor subunits.
Primates obtained in Peninsular Thailand June–July, 1973, with notes on the distribution of continental Southeast Asian leaf-monkeys (Presbytis)

During five weeks of field work 50 specimens of seven species of primates were obtained in peninsular Thailand. For each of these species information is given concerning external measurements, habitats, troop size, reproductive biology, and stomach contents. Peninsular primate specimens are compared with specimens previously collected in west-central Thailand. The distribution of species of leaf-monkeys (Presbytis) in continental Southeast Asia is comprehensively surveyed and mapped for the first time: theTrachypithecus-group of leaf-monkeys is widely distributed in continental Southeast Asia; thePresbytis-group is restricted to the Burmo-Thai-Malay Peninsula, where it is sympatric with theTrachypithecus-group; species in theTrachypithecus-group are largely allopatric.