cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cost and U.S. public policy for new coal power plants with carbon capture and sequestration

Abstract This paper provides a financial analysis for new supercritical pulverized coal plants with carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) that compares the effects of two relevant climate policies. First, an updated cost estimate is presented for new supercritical pulverized coal plants, both with and without CCS. The capital cost escalation of recent years can be attributed to rising materials, plant supply, and plant contractor constraints. This estimate is then compared with recent estimates from public sources. Second, several current and proposed public policies relevant to CCS are presented. Finally, a financial analysis is performed to evaluate the effectiveness of two likely US carbon regulations on deploying Nth-plant CCS technology. The major conclusion is that the leading US carbon cap-and-trade bills will likely not be sufficient to deploy CCS technology in a manner consistent with a 550 ppm CO2 stabilization scenario. A more aggressive carbon policy including CCS research, development, and demonstration must be considered to achieve this goal with significant CCS deployment.
Association Between Metabolic Syndrome and Its Individual Components With Viral Hepatitis B

Abstract Background The association between hepatitis B and metabolic syndrome (MetS) has not been well described. Overall epidemiologic evidences for this association have suggested conflicting results. The aim this study was to determine the association between hepatitis B infection and MetS using large U.S. population database, the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Methods Individuals aged ≥ 18 years were included in this study. MetS was defined according to the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel guideline. The chronic hepatitis B was defined as the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen. The presence of hepatitis B core antibody with/without surface antibody, in the absence of surface antigen, was considered as past exposure to hepatitis B. To represent national estimates, weighted frequencies for chronic hepatitis B and past exposure to hepatitis B are reported. Multivariate logistic regression analysis accounting for age, gender, race, smoking and alcohol status was conducted to identify the independent predictor(s) of MetS. Results This study cohort consisted of total population of 593,594 with chronic hepatitis B and 7,280,620 with past exposure to hepatitis B. Prevalence of MetS among included study cohort was 25.7%. Inverse association was observed between MetS and chronic hepatitis B (adjusted odds ratio, 0.32; 95% confidence interval, 0.12–0.84). Among individual components of MetS, waist circumference was inversely associated with chronic hepatitis B (adjusted odds ratio, 0.31; 95% confidence interval, 0.14–0.71). No significant association was noted between past exposure to hepatitis B and MetS or its individual components. Conclusions in this study, the authors noted significant inverse association between MetS and chronic hepatitis B.
Hydrodynamic response of primary reactor containment to high-energy excursions

Abstract A numerical method for calculating the two-dimensional hydrodynamic response of a primary reactor containment system to a high-energy excursion is described. Equations of hydrodynamics and equations of state of reactor materials are expressed in Lagrangian form and then set into finite-difference equations. Shock discontinuities are eliminated by the use of the Von Neumann-Richtmyer pseudo-viscosity q . These equations, along with pressure pulse and other pertinent input data are programmed for solution on the IBM-360 computer. Propagation of shock waves, loads imposed on different parts of the reactor components, and the resulting damage are determined at every time step until the steel vessel ruptures or the force acting on the rotating shield plug exceeds the strength of the plug hold-down device. Calculated displacements and pressures at all spatial points at any instant of time also can be given in pictorial form.
ARE SWIFT LONG-LAG GAMMA-RAY BURSTS IN THE LOCAL SUPERCLUSTER?

A sample of 18 long-lag (τlag > 1 s) gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) has been drawn from our catalog of all Swift long GRBs. Four different tests were done on this sample to test the prediction that a large fraction of long-lag GRBs are from our Local Supercluster. The results of these four tests reveal that: (1) the distribution of these GRBs shows no tendency toward the Supergalactic plane; (2) the distribution shows no tendency toward the Virgo or Coma Cluster; (3) no associated bright host galaxies (m ≤ 15) in the Local Supercluster are found for any of the 18 GRBs; (4) 17 of these 18 GRBs have redshifts of z > 0.5, which are too far to be in the Local Supercluster. All these results disproved the hypothesis that any significant fraction of long-lag GRBs are from Local Supercluster. Hence these long-lag GRBs cannot be counted in the calculation of LIGO detection rates. An explanation of why we can detect long-lag GRBs at high redshift is presented.
Agent-based Modeling and Institutional Design

The recent economic crisis has led to calls for a comprehensive restructuring of energy, financial, health care, and educational systems. Critics worry that the restructuring of these complex institutional arrangements could produce adverse unintended consequences. Given these concerns, pre-testing of proposed changes is eminently desirable but also exceedingly difficult. This essay focuses on the potential use of agent-based modeling for studying proposed changes in institutional arrangements in advance of actual implementation. Ongoing agent-based research on the restructuring of electric power markets is used for concrete illustration.
Calculation of Transonic Aileron Buzz

An implicit finite-difference computer code that uses a two-layer algebraic eddy viscosity model and exact geometric specification of the airfoil has been used to simulate transonic aileron buzz. The calculated results, which were performed on both the Illiac IV parallel computer processor and the Control Data 7600 computer, are in essential agreement with the original expository wind-tunnel data taken in the Ames 16-Foot Wind Tunnel just after World War II. These results and a description of the pertinent numerical techniques are included.
Divergent synthesis of functionalized carbocycles through organosilane-directed asymmetric alkyne-alkene reductive coupling and annulation sequence.

An organosilane-directed alkyne–alkene reductive coupling of readily available propargylsilanes is used to access densely functionalized chiral allylsilanes. The divergent reactivity of the allylsilanes can be controlled to afford a range of novel carbocyclic ring systems through an intramolecular allylation, [3+2] annulation, and Sakurai-like homodimerization.
Issues in Computational Fluid Dynamics Code Verification and Validation

A broad range of mathematical modeling errors of fluid flow physics and numerical approximation errors are addressed in computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It is strongly believed that if CFD is to have a major impact on the design of engineering hardware and flight systems, the level of confidence in complex simulations must substantially improve. To better understand the present limitations of CFD simulations, a wide variety of physical modeling, discretization, and solution errors are identified and discussed. Here, discretization and solution errors refer to all errors caused by conversion of the original partial differential, or integral, conservation equations representing the physical process, to algebraic equations and their solution on a computer. The impact of boundary conditions on the solution of the partial differential equations and their discrete representation will also be discussed. Throughout the article, clear distinctions are made between the analytical mathematical models of fluid dynamics and the numerical models. Lax`s Equivalence Theorem and its frailties in practical CFD solutions are pointed out. Distinctions are also made between the existence and uniqueness of solutions to the partial differential equations as opposed to the discrete equations. Two techniques are briefly discussed for the detection and quantification of certain types ofmore » discretization and grid resolution errors.« less
The Bayesian and the Dogmatist

It has been argued recently that dogmatism in epistemology is incompatible with Bayesianism. That is, it has been argued that dogmatism cannot be modelled using traditional techniques for Bayesian modelling. I argue that our response to this should not be to throw out dogmatism, but to develop better modelling techniques. I sketch a model for formal learning in which an agent can discover a posteriori fundamental epistemic connections. In this model, there is no formal objection to dogmatism.
Outer-Sphere Direction in Iridium C-H Borylation

The NHBoc group affords ortho selective C–H borylations in arenes and alkenes. Experimental and computational studies support an outer sphere mechanism where the N–H proton hydrogen bonds to a boryl ligand oxygen. The regioselectivities are unique and complement those of directed ortho metalations.
Early stages in the development of stress corrosion cracks

Abstract Processes involved in the growth of short cracks and stage I of long stress corrosion cracks have been identified and evaluated. There is evidence that electrochemical effects can cause short stress corrosion cracks to grow at rates which are either faster or slower than those of long cracks. Short cracks can grow at faster rates than long cracks for a salt film dissolution growth mechanism or from reduced oxygen inhibition of hydrolytic acidification. An increasing crack growth rate with increasing crack length could result from a process of increasing crack tip concentration of a critical anion, such as Cl − , with increasing crack length in a system where the crack velocity is dependent on the Cl − or some other anion concentration. An increasing potential drop between crack tip and mouth would result in an increased anion concentration at the crack tip and hence an increasing crack velocity. Stage I behavior of long cracks is another early development stage in the life of a stress corrosion crack which is poorly understood. This stage can be described by d a /d t = AK m where d a /d t is the crack velocity, A is a constant, K is the stress intensity and m ranges from 2 to 24 for a variety of materials and environments. Only the salt film dissolution model was found to describe this stage quantitatively; however, the model was only tested on one material and its general applicability is unknown.
The development of the alkalinity concept in marine chemistry

Abstract The development of our present chemical model of acid-base chemistry in seawater taken with the concomitant refinement of analytical techniques for alkalinity provides an interesting case study of “progress in marine chemistry”. I have used this history to illustrate how developments in the parent discipline of chemistry have aided our understanding of marine chemistry. The concept of alkalinity has its roots in the late nineteenth century investigations of seawater by Tornoe and Dittmar. As the years went by, it assimilated the Arrhenius and Debye-Huckel revolutions in our understanding of the thermodynamics of electrolyte solutions, and thus of the molecular nature of seawater, and was refined into its modern form. Nevertheless, uncertainties persist to the present day.
Renormalization group approach to low temperature properties of a non-Fermi liquid metal

We expand upon an earlier renormalization group analysis of a non-Fermi liquid fixed point that plausibly governs the two-dimensional electron liquid in a magnetic field near filling fraction ν =12. We give a more complete description of our somewhat unorthodox renormalization group transformation by relating both our field-theoretic approach to a direct mode elimination and our anisotropic scaling to the general problem of incorporating curvature of the Fermi surface. We derive physical consequences of the fixed point by showing how they follow from renormalization group equations for finite-size scaling, where the size may be set by the temperature or by the frequency of interest. In order fully to exploit this approach, it is necessary to take into account composite operators, including in some cases dangerous “irrelevant” operators. We devote special attention to gauge invariance, both as a formal requirement and in its positive role providing Ward identities constraining the renormalization of composite operators. We emphasize that new considerations arise in describing properties of the physical electrons (as opposed to the quasiparticles.) We propose an experiment which, if feasible, will allow the most characteristic feature of our results, that is the divergence of the effective mass of the quasiparticle near the nominal Fermi surface, to be tested directly. Some comparison with other recent, related work is attempted.
Two-spatial-mode parametric amplifier in lithium niobate waveguides with asymmetric Y-junctions

We report optical parametric amplifiers using asymmetric Y-junctions, which launch the pump in a pure TM10 mode and separate the signal and idler in the TM10 and TM00 modes with 27.5 dB power contrast ratios
Progress in Measurements of the Gravitational Bending of Radio Waves Using the VLBA

We have used the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) at 43, 23, and 15 GHz to measure the solar gravitational deflection of radio waves among four radio sources during an 18 day period in 2005 October. Using phase-referenced radio interferometry to fit the measured phase delay to the propagation equation of the parameterized post-Newtonian formalism, we have determined the deflection parameter γ = 0.9998 ± 0.0003 (68% confidence level), in agreement with general relativity. The results come mainly from 43 GHz observations where the refraction effects of the solar corona were negligible beyond 3 deg from the Sun. The purpose of this experiment is three-fold: to improve on the previous results in the gravitational bending experiments near the solar limb; to examine and evaluate the accuracy limits of terrestrial VLBI techniques; and to determine the prospects and outcomes of future experiments. Our conclusion is that a series of improved designed experiments with the VLBA could increase the presented accuracy by at least a factor of 4.
Thromboses due to catheterization in infants and children

A recent 3.5-fold increase in thrombosis of large vessels in autopsies is believed to be related to direct mechanical injury and alteration of flow in catheterized vessels. Although a useful diagnostic and therapeutic tool, the catheter may cause serious complications. In 75 per cent of the cases the “catheter thromboses” were accompanied by infarcts of major organs; in 12 per cent the sequelae of catheterization were considered to be the cause of death.
Cesium Carbonate–Promoted Michael‐Type Addition of Thiols to Hex‐1‐en‐3‐ulose: A Practical Synthesis of 2‐Deoxy‐1‐thio‐α‐hexopyranosid‐3‐ulose Template

Abstract The template 2‐deoxy‐1‐thio‐α‐hexopyranosid‐3‐ulose was synthesized in quantitative yield and high diastereoselectivity by 1,4‐addition of aryl and alkyl thiols to hex‐1‐en‐3‐ulose promoted by cesium carbonate in THF.
The linear correlation coefficient vs. the cross term in Bose-Einstein correlations

Abstract We investigate the nature of the new cross term for Gaussian parameterizations of Bose-Einstein correlations of identical particles emitted from purely chaotic hadron sources formed by relativistic heavy ion collisions. We find that this additional parameter in the so-called Bertsch-Pratt parameterization can be expressed in terms of a linear “out-longitudinal” correlation coefficient for emission of bosons and two already known “radius” parameters, R l and R o . The linear correlation coefficient is of kinematical origin and can be used to determine the widths of longitudinal momentum distributions.
A Spacelab Principal Investigator's Guidance for Planning Scientific Experiments Using the Shuttle

Experience gained in defining and developing the payload and the mission timeline for the OSS-1, Spacelab-1, and Spacelab-2 missions suggests several areas which require careful planning to carry out a Shuttle scientific experiment. During the experiment definition phase early attention should be given to the thermal design, the analysis of potential safety hazards, and contamination since these areas can escalate the instrument design. In completing the Experiment Requirements Document it is important to be realistic in specifying the requirements and desires for mass, energy, data, orbit and attitude, and crew time but to be flexible in how these requirements are satisfied. Examples of resource allocations for Spacelab-1 and Spacelab-2 are given. To optimize the scientific return from a mission it is suggested that joint operations of complementary and compatible experiments be planned from the beginning to maximize the use of the limited resources. Crew members should be given primarily tasks of essential commanding and data interpretation; the experiment computer use should be limited to servicing the dedicated experiment processors and providing essential onboard commands and displays. It may be desirable to rely on experiment ground support equipment for essential data capture and processing rather than on the Payload Operations Control Center data services.
Games against nature

Abstract We present a new characterization of MACE in terms of problems in a classical area in optimization, decision-making under uncertainty. These problems are modeled by certain games played against a disinterested opponent who makes moves at random. We show several natural problems of this sort to be MACE-complete.
Three-loop corrections in a covariant effective field theory

Abstract Chiral effective field theories have been used with success in the study of nuclear structure. It is of interest to systematically improve these energy functionals (particularly that of quantum hadrodynamics) through the inclusion of many-body correlations. One possible source of improvement is the loop expansion. Using the techniques of Infrared Regularization, the short-range, local dynamics at each order in the loops is absorbed into the parameterization of the underlying effective Lagrangian. The remaining nonlocal, exchange correlations must be calculated explicitly. Given that the interactions of quantum hadrodynamics are relatively soft, the loop expansion may be manageable or even perturbative in nuclear matter. This work investigates the role played by the three-loop contributions to the loop expansion for quantum hadrodynamics.
Teaching art through computer graphics

The computer is becoming an important tool for the production of works of art. Art students are becoming increasingly interested in tapping the potential of the computer in the area of static and animated graphics. This paper deals with my personal experience in teaching art through computer graphics, at Syracuse University, to art majors and students from other academic disciplines.
Mediastinal goiter presenting with ventricular tachycardia

Background We report a rare case of a mediastinal goiter confined to the thoracic inlet and cavity presenting with ventricular tachycardia as the sole clinical manifestation. Methods and Results The patient did not have any of the typical features of a mediastinal goiter such as neck swelling, dysphagia, or respiratory difficulty, but instead had spontaneous onset of wide-complex tachycardia requiring emergency treatment. This atypical presentation led to initial misinterpretation of imaging studies and delayed diagnosis of the mediastinal mass. The large, completely intrathoracic thyroid goiter abutted the cardiac muscle and required a combined transcervical and median sternotomy approach for removal. The arrhythmia resolved postoperatively. Conclusion To our knowledge, this case represents the first documented presentation of ventricular tachycardia as a unique and sole feature of mediastinal goiter. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
A COLD MILKY WAY STELLAR STREAM IN THE DIRECTION OF TRIANGULUM

We present evidence for a new Milky Way stellar tidal stream in the direction of the Andromeda and Triangulum (M31 and M33) galaxies. Using a matched-filter technique, we search the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 8 by creating stellar density maps which probe the Milky Way halo at distances between 8 and 40 kpc. A visual search of these maps recovers all of the major known stellar streams, as well as a new stream in the direction of M31/M33 that we name the Triangulum stream. The stream spans 02 by 12° on the sky, or 75 pc by 5.5 kpc in physical units with a best-fitting distance of 26 ± 4 kpc. The width of the stream is consistent with being the tidal remnant of a globular cluster. A color-magnitude diagram of the stream region shows an overdensity which, if identified as a main-sequence turnoff, corresponds to an old (~12 Gyr) and metal-poor ([Fe/H] ~–1.0 dex) stellar population. Future kinematic studies of this and similar cold streams will provide tight constraints on the shape of the Galactic gravitational potential.
Enantioselective Aza-Henry Reaction with an N-Sulfinyl Urea Organocatalyst

A new class of organocatalyst has been developed that incorporates a sulfinyl group as a urea or thiourea substituent. The sulfinyl group serves to simultaneously acidify the urea and provide asymmetric induction in hydrogen-bond-catalyzed reactions. The utility of this new catalyst structure is demonstrated by the high selectivity provided in the aza-Henry reaction not only for aromatic N-Boc imine substrates but also for aliphatic imines for which enantioselective H-bonding catalysis has not previously been demonstrated.
Stiffness derivative finite element technique to determine nodal weight functions with singularity elements

Abstract The use of the stiffness derivative technique coupled with “quarter-point” singular crack-tip elements permits very efficient finite element determination of both stress intensity factors and nodal weight functions. Two-dimensional results are presented in this paper to demonstrate that accurate stress intensity factors and nodal weight functions can be obtained from relatively coarse mesh models by coupling the stiffness derivative technique with singular elements. The principle of linear superposition implies that the calculation of stress intensity factors and nodal weight functions with crack-face loading, σ( r s ), is equivalent to loading the cracked body with remote loads, which produces σ( r s ) on the prospective crack face in the absence of crack. The verification of this equivalency is made numerically, using the virtual crack extension technique. Load independent nodal weight functions for two-dimensional crack geometry is demonstrated on various remote and crack-face loading conditions. The efficienct calculation of stress intensity factors with the use of the “uncracked” stress field and the crack-face nodal weight functions is also illustrated. In order to facilitate the utilization of the discretized crack-face nodal weight functions, an approach was developed for two-dimensional crack problems. Approximations of the crack-face nodal weight functions as a function of distance, ( r s ), from crack-tip has been sucessfully demonstrated by the following equation: h(a, r s ,) = A(a) √r s + B(a) + C(a)√r s + D(a)r s . Coefficients A(a) , B(a) , C(a) and D(a) , which are functions of crack length ( a ), can be obtained by least-squares fitting procedures. The crack-face nodal weight functions for a new crack geometry can be approximated using cubic spline interpolation of the coefficients A, B, C and D of varying crack lengths. This approach, demonstrated on the calculation of stress intensity factors for single edge crack geometry resulted in total loss of accuracy of less than 1%.
The average number of block interchanges needed to sort a permutation and a recent result of Stanley

We use an interesting recent result of probabilistic flavor concerning the product of two permutations consisting of one cycle each to find an explicit formula for the average number of block interchanges needed to sort a permutation of length n.
More Persistence during Task Acquisition by Intact Vs. Castrated Japanese Quail

Introduction: In view of reports that circulating testosterone levels can lead to the persistence of the selection of previously used stimulus specifications in selective attention mechanisms (Andrew and Rogers, 1972), adult male Japanese Quail with and without circulating gonadal steroids were tested in on a match to sample task in a T-maze. As the specifications (sample) change from trial to trial, it would be predicted that testosterone would not facilitate acquisition of this task if a type of stimulus controls response, but would enhance acquisition if the steroid acts on the activation of a set. Methods: Treatment: Data from 13 castrated and 12 intact male Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica) are reported. Testing: Birds were tested with and without prior experience of simple T-maze discrimination. The main test consisted of responding to the same colour door (black or white) in one of the two arms as had been encountered in the runway (i.e. match-to-sample). Results: 1/ Both groups of birds acquired the simple discrimination rapidly and at similar rates. 2/ On the match-to-sample task intact birds exhibited a relatively stable performance with longer response sequences, while castrates showed a more variable pattern of responding - increasing then decreasing error rates across sessions. 3/ Sequences of 3 or more responses to position or to brightness were more numerous in birds with circulating gonadal steroids. 4/ All birds showed a preference for longer sequences of response to position than to brightness . 5/ Birds with prior experience of the T-maze discrimination made fewer errors. Conclusions: The results support a role for testosterone in the persistent selection of familiar or learned sets for controlling response - as suggested in the introduction the effect is on the "rule" not the nature of an individual stimulus
The effects of the interphase and strain gradients on the elasticity of layer by layer (LBL) polymer/clay nanocomposites

Abstract A synergistic stiffening effect observed in the elastic mechanical properties of LBL assembled polymer/clay nanocomposites is studied via two continuum mechanics approaches. The nanostructure of the representative volume element (RVE) includes an effective interphase layer that is assumed to be perfectly bonded to the particle and matrix phases. An inverse method to determine the effective thickness and stiffness of the interphase layer using finite element (FE) simulations and experimental data previously published in Kaushik et al. (2009) , is first illustrated. Next, a size-dependent strain gradient Mori–Tanaka (M–T) model (SGMT) is developed by applying strain gradient elasticity to the classical M–T method. Both approaches are applied to LBL-assembled polyurethane–montmorillonite (PU–MTM) clay nanocomposites. Both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) FE models used in the first approach are shown to be able to accurately predict the stiffness of the PU–MTM specimens with various volume fractions. The SGMT model also accurately predicts the experimentally observed increase in stiffness of the PU–MTM nanocomposite with increasing volume fraction of clay. An analogy between the strain gradient effect and the role of an interphase in accounting for the synergistic elastic stiffening in nanocomposites is provided.
Robust global exponential attitude tracking controls on SO(3)

Four types of attitude control systems are developed for the rotational dynamics of a rigid body on the special orthogonal group. First, a smooth control system is constructed to track a given desired attitude trajectory, while guaranteeing almost semi-global exponential stability. It is extended to achieve global exponential stability by using a hybrid control scheme based on multiple configuration error functions. They are further extended to obtain robustness with respect to a fixed disturbance using an integral term. The resulting robust global exponential stability for attitude tracking problems on the special orthogonal group is the unique contribution of this paper. These are illustrated by numerical examples.
Aerodynamic Behavior of the Viking Entry Vehicle: Ground Test and Flight Results

An extensive series of tests of the Viking entry vehicle flying in pure CO2 was conducted in a ballistic range at Ames Research Center. The primary purpose of these tests was to calibrate the aerodynamic lift and drag characteristics in order to allow the density, pressure, and temperature profiles of the Martian atmosphere to be determined from onboard instrumentation carried on Viking. Both the Viking 1 and Viking 2 entry vehicles performed flawlessly during entry and descent, and the atmosphere structure was deduced to an altitude of about 120 km. A description is given of the ballistic range tests and of the aerodynamic behavior of the full scale entry vehicles during entry into the Martian atmosphere. Some comparisons between ground test and flight results are shown.
Approximate representations for multi-robot control policies that maximize mutual information

We address the problem of controlling a small team of robots to estimate the location of a mobile target using non-linear range-only sensors. Our control law maximizes the mutual information between the team's estimate and future measurements over a finite time horizon. Because the computations associated with such policies scale poorly with the number of robots, the time horizon associated with the policy, and typical non-parametric representations of the belief, we design approximate representations that enable real-time operation. The main contributions of this paper include the control policy, an algorithm for approximating the belief state, and an extensive study of the performance of these algorithms using simulations and real world experiments in complex, indoor environments.
Screening for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the baseline findings of randomized controlled trials.

Objectives: Lung cancer is the leading cause of death among all cancers. An estimated 29% of the global population older than 15 years currently smokes tobacco. The presence of a high risk population, relatively asymptomatic nature of the disease in the early phase, and relatively good prognosis when discovered early makes screening for lung cancer an attractive proposition. We performed a systematic review and a meta-analysis of the baseline results of randomized controlled trials so far published, which included more than 14,000 patients. Analysis was used to determine whether data was for or against the screening of lung cancers using low-dose computed tomography (LDCT). Design: Random effect meta regression model of meta-analysis and systematic review. Methods: We performed a systematic review and a meta-analysis of the current literature to determine whether screening for lung cancer in a high-risk population with computed tomography improves outcomes. A search strategy using Medline was employed, studies selected based on preset criteria and application of exclusion criteria, and data collected and analyzed for statistical significance. Results: Screening for lung cancer using LDCT resulted in a significantly higher number of stage I lung cancers (odds ratio 3.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.0‐7.4), higher number of total non-small cell lung cancers (odds ratio 5.5, 95% CI 3.1‐9.6), and higher total lung cancers (odds ratio 4.1, 95% CI 2.4‐7.1). Screening using LDCT also resulted in increased detection of false-positive nodules (odds ratio 3.1, 95% CI 2.6‐3.7) and more unnecessary thoracotomies for benign lesions (event rate 3.7 per 1000, 95% CI 3.5‐3.8). For every 1000 individuals screened with LDCT for lung cancer, 9 stage I non-small cell lung cancer and 235 false-positive nodules were detected, and 4 thoracotomies for benign lesions were performed. Conclusions: The baseline data from six randomized controlled trials offer no compelling data in favor or against the use of LDCT screening for lung cancer. We await the final results of these randomized controlled trials to improve our understanding of the effectiveness of LDCT in the screening for lung cancer and its effect on mortality.
Rate of energy absorption for a driven chaotic cavity

We consider the response of a chaotic cavity in d dimensions to periodic driving. We are motivated by older studies of one-body dissipation in nuclei, and also by anticipated mesoscopic applications. For calculating the rate of energy absorption due to time-dependent deformation of the confining potential, we introduce an improved version of the wall formula. Our formulation takes into account that a special class of deformations causes no heating in the zerofrequency limit. We also derive a mesoscopic version of the Drude formula, and explain that it can be regarded as a special example of our calculations. Specifically we consider a quantum dot driven by an electro-motive force which is induced by a time-dependent homogeneous magnetic field. PACS numbers: 0545, 7323, 8530V
Versatile and iodine atom-economic co-iodination of alkenes.

Molecular iodine, I2, is readily converted into 2 equiv of acetyl hypoiodite (CH3CO2I) via oxidation by (diacetoxyiodo)benzene (DAIB) followed by trapping of the iodide ion by acetoxyphenyl iodonium ion formed. The in situ generated CH3CO2I is utilized for the synthesis of 1,2-iodo-cofunctionalized derivatives of a variety of alkenes. Conversion of both iodine atoms of I2 to I+ sources results in 100% iodine atom economy for the reported iodo-cofunctionalization of alkenes.
Cancellation of infrared divergences in non-Abelian gauge theories

Abstract We investigate the infrared problem for non-Abelian gauge fields. Specifically, we show that the transition rate for fermion-fermion scattering suitably averaged over the colors of the fermions is infrared finite to lowest non-trivial order. The finite radiative correction due to soft bosons is given explicitly.
Characteristics of Satellite – Satellite Single-Difference Widelane Fractional Carrier-Phase Biases

: To analyze the behavior characteristics of widelane fractional carrier-phase biases, time series of biases were analyzed. Single-differenced widelane fractional phase bias calibration values, involving two GPS satellites and one receiver, were analyzed for long-term characteristics between January 1, 1997, and May 30, 1998. The single differencing removes receiver effects, and differencing of the code and carrier-phase measurements isolates the widelane ambiguity. This ambiguity term includes a fraction that is consistent for each single-difference satellite pair. These fractional terms were averaged over a global tracking network using directional statistics to calculate daily fractional phase bias calibration values. Trends were then computed for individual GPS satellites. Over the test period, satellites 22, 26, 27, 29, 31, and 32 experienced near-zero drift rates in widelane and signals with amplitudes smaller than 0.1 widelane cycle. Satellites 30, 33, and 40 had high drift rates between 0.78 and 1.4 widelane cycles/year and substantial second-order signals. These groupings are correlated with mission launch date.
On some aspects of land development when the decision to develop is divisible

Abstract The Arrow–Fisher–Henry (AFH) analysis of land development under uncertainty has been conducted in a two period model in which the decision to develop is indivisible. Recently, this analysis has been extended to study the development problem in a multi-period framework. However, very little is known about the nature of the development decision when this decision is divisible. Consequently, this paper has two objectives. First, we discuss the divisible land development problem generally, and then in the context of minerals development in the USA. Next, we formally analyze the impact of divisibility on the land development decision over time and under uncertainty.
A hybrid structure for the storage and manipulation of very large spatial data sets

Abstract The map data input and output problem for geographic information systems is rapidly diminishing with the increasing availability of mass digitizing, direct spatial data capture, and graphics hardware based on raster technology. Although a large number of efficient raster-based algorithms exist for performing a wide variety of common tasks on these data, there are a number of procedures which are more efficiently performed in vector mode or for which raster mode equivalents of current vector-based techniques have not yet been developed. A hybrid spatial data structure is presented, named the vaster structure, which can utilize the advantages of both raster and vector structures while potentially eliminating, or greatly reducing, the need for raster-to-vector and vector-to-raster conversion. Other advantages of the vaster structure are also discussed.
Synthesis of isoquinolines and naphthyridines by electrophilic ring closure of iminoalkynes.

Substituted isoquinolines and naphthyridines have been prepared in good to excellent yields by the reaction of iminoalkynes with a variety of electrophiles under mild reaction conditions.
Impdh As A Biological Probe For Rna Antiviral Drug Discovery: Synthesis, Enzymology, Molecular Docking, And Antiviral Activity Of New Ribonucleosides With Surrogate Bases

Our interest in the discovery of molecules with antiviral activity against RNA viruses led us to the design of ribonucleosides with surrogate bases with the intent of using inhibition of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) as a probe for antiviral drug discovery. A general methodology for the preparation of these compounds is discussed. Kinetic parameters of the inhibition studies with IMPDH, which were carried out spectrophotometrically by monitoring the formation of NADH, are given. Antiviral information and correlation of activity with IMPDH inhibition are discussed.
Induction plasmas at low frequencies

The possibility of generating thermal electrodeless plasmas at frequencies below the rf range through the use of magnetic materials has been investigated, both analytically and experimentally. Existing minimum frequency and voltage criteria for the maintenance of quasisteady, tube filling a.c. arcs were combined with the induction law to yield design criteria for a "plasma transformer" which consists of a conventional iron core and primary but has the secondary replaced by a torus-shaped vessel containing a single plasma turn. The idea has been tested, at a frequency of 9600 Hz, on a small model with an iron core of 100 cm cross section. Glow and arc discharges at pressures up to 600 torr have been generated in argon. Applicability to operation at 60 Hz is discussed.
The Fine Structure and Outskirts of DDO 154

Mapping of the H I disk of the isolated irregular galaxy DDO 154 with the C array of the Very Large Array (VLA) and with the 32 upgraded Arecibo beam is presented. Our results show a truncation (or temporary drop) of the H I disk at a column density around 1019 atoms cm-2, consistent with theoretical expectations for the truncation produced by the extragalactic UV field. We also detect a marginally significant levelling off of the H I distribution along the continuation of the major axis at a column density near 2 × 1018 atoms cm-2. The VLA results show that the gas beyond ~6' in radius must be relatively smooth, with no structure larger in size than ~300 pc exhibiting a density contrast of a factor of 10 or more. However, there is considerable structure on a few hundred parsec scale in the gas disk at smaller radii, even well outside the regions where there are visible stars. Two prominent cavities well removed from any significant stellar populations are studied. While the energies required for evacuation are consistent with those produced by multiple supernovae, there is no visible trace of stars within a kiloparsec of the center of the larger cavity, and the smaller of the two cavities is centered just outside the 26.5 mag arcsec-2 B isophote. The velocity dispersion of the gas, measured within our 270 pc beam, is 7–8 km s-1 throughout the disk (to 6' radius). This translates to a scale height of ~700 pc at the point where the rotation curve flattens at a radius of ~4.5 kpc. Velocity profiles are well fitted by single Gaussians at all points.
Quenched two dimensional supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory

Abstract By studying the pure Yang-Mills theory on a circle, as well as an adjoint scalar coupled to the gauge field on a circle, we propose a quenching prescription in which the combination of the spatial component of the gauge field and P is treated as a dynamic variable. Averaging over momentum is not necessary, therefore the usual ultraviolet cut-off is eliminated. We then apply this prescription to study the large N two dimensional supersymmetric gauge theory. An one dimensional supersymmetric matrix model is obtained. It is not known whether this model can be solved exactly. However, an extended model with one more complex fermion is exactly solvable, with N = 1 supersymmetry as Parisi-Sourlas supersymmetry. The exact solvability may have some implications for the N = 1 quenched model.
Testing the Evolutionary Sequence of High-Mass Protostars with CARMA

We present 1" resolution Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA) observations of the 3 mm continuum and 95 GHz CH_3OH masers toward 14 candidate high-mass protostellar objects (HMPOs). Dust continuum emission is detected toward seven HMPOs, and CH3OH masers toward five sources. The 3 mm continuum sources have diameters 10^8 cm^(–3). Most of the 3 mm continuum sources are spatially coincident with compact H II regions and/or water masers, and are presumed to be formation sites of massive stars. A strong correlation exists between the presence of 3 mm continuum emission, 22 GHz H_2O masers, and 95 GHz CH_3OH masers. However, no 3 mm continuum emission is detected toward ultracompact H II regions lacking maser emission. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that 22 GHz H_2O masers and CH_3OH masers are signposts of an early phase in the evolution of an HMPO before an expanding H II region destroys the accretion disk.
Methods for modelling and generating probabilistic components in digital computer simulation when the standard distributions are not adequate: a survey

Methods of modelling probabilistic components which are not adequately represented by the standard continuous distributions (such as normal, gamma, and Weibull) are surveyed. The methods are categorized as systems of distributions, approximations to the cumulative distribution function, and four-parameter distributions. Emphasis is on generality, determination of appropriate parameter values, and random variate generation.
Looking to the Future: A Fermilab Viewpoint

This is a short paper summarising a presentation of the evolution of the Fermilab program for the next five to ten years. Emphasis is given to the Fermilab accelerator complex, but external collaboration is emphasised.
Effects of Structural Coupling on Mistuned Cascade Flutter and Response

The effects of structural coupling on mistuned cascade flutter and response are analytically investigated using an extended typical section model. This model includes both structural and aerodynamic coupling between the blades. The model assumes that the structurally coupled system natural modes were determined and are represented in the form of N bending and N torsional uncoupled modes for each blade, where N is the number of blades and, hence, is only valid for blade dominated motion. The aerodynamic loads are calculated by using two dimensional unsteady cascade theories in the subsonic and supersonic flow regimes. The results show that the addition of structural coupling can affect both the aeroelastic stability and frequency. The stability is significantly affected only when the system is mistuned. The resonant frequencies can be significantly changed by structural coupling in both tuned and mistuned systems, however, the peak response is significantly affected only in the latter. Previously announced in STAR as N83-15672
The “Long Arm” of Childhood Health: Linking Childhood Disability to Late Midlife Mental Health

A growing body of research underscores the early origins of health in later life; however, relatively little is known about the relationship between childhood physical health and adult mental health. This research explores the relationship between childhood disability and depressive symptoms among a nationally representative sample of late midlife adults (N= 3,572). Using data from Waves 8–10 (2006–2010) of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a series of ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models were created to assess the number of depressive symptoms. Childhood disability was significantly associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms; however, late midlife social and health factors accounted for differences between those with and without childhood disability. Late midlife physical health appeared to be a particularly salient mediator. Individuals who experience childhood disability may accumulate more physical impairment over the life course, thus experiencing worse mental health such as greater depressive symptoms in late midlife.
Brain lactate during partial global ischemia and reperfusion: Effect of pretreatment with dichloroacetate in a rat model☆

Elevated cerebral lactate levels following cerebral ischemia have been associated with brain cell damage and death. We previously found that pre- or postischemia treatment with dichloroacetate (DCA), presumably by its activation of brain pyruvate dehydrogenase, effectively lowers cerebral lactate levels in rats subjected to 30 minutes of partial global ischemia (PGI) followed by 30 minutes of recirculation. The goal of the present study was to determine the effects of preischemia DCA treatment on cortical lactate levels during the ischemia period or during early recirculation. Rats (four in each group) received preischemia treatment with DCA and were then subjected to 0, 10, or 30 minutes of PGI or 30 minutes of PGI followed by 15 minutes of recirculation. Cortical lactate levels in pretreated animals were not significantly different from lactate levels of untreated rats at any time during PGI, but were significantly lower than levels in untreated rats at 15 minutes of recirculation (P less than .05, ANOVA). These results suggest that preischemia treatment with DCA does not limit the accumulation of cortical lactate during PGI but may promote its clearance during recirculation following PGI. If reperfusion events influence the degree of brain cell injury, DCA may enhance cell recovery by lower cortical lactate levels in the reperfusion period.
The epimerization of α-chiral hydrazones: Menthonetosylhydrazone

Abstract The first preparation of (−)-menthonetosylhydrazone (2) in diastereomerically pure form is reported. Kinetic studies show that 2 is far more susceptible to acid-catalyzed epimerization (∼150x) than is the parent ketone, (−)-menthone (1), a relationship which has not been generally recognized. Conversion of 2 to 1-menthenyllithium (3) using excess butyllithium occurs without detectable epimerization, as determined by analysis of the 1-iodomenthene 5 obtained by treatment of 3 with iodine in-situ.
Nanoparticle-supported and magnetically recoverable nickel catalyst: a robust and economic hydrogenation and transfer hydrogenation protocol

A magnetic nanoparticle-supported leach-proof Ni catalyst was readily prepared from inexpensive starting materials which catalyzes various hydrogenation and transfer hydrogenation reactions; high catalytic activity and ease of recovery using an external magnetic field are additional eco-friendly attributes of this catalytic system.