cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acceptors for the derivation languages of phrase-structure grammars

This paper studies the representation of the derivations in phrase-structure grammars by the use of “derivation languages.” The words in the derivation language of a grammar correspond exactly to the “syntactical graphs” of Loeckx (1970) . Furthermore, the derivation languages generalize the representation of context-free derivation trees in prefix form. “Graph automata” are developed as acceptors of the derivation languages. The graph automata generalize the theory of tree automata as studied in connection with contextfree grammars.
A solid phase radioimmunoassay for detection of serum autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Abstract Solid phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) methods for measuring autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients' serum were developed to improve the sensitivity and quantitative precision of these determinations. Two mechanical systems were studied: (1) acetone fixed cell monolayers in glass tubes and (2) antigen coated plastic beads. Both systems were sensitive and reproducible, giving serum dilution end-points between two and four orders of magnitude (100–10,000 times) greater than those obtained by fluorescence microscopy. The most sensitive, versatile system involves the coating of plastic beads with nuclear antigen(s), incubation overnight with sera and labelling with 125 I conjugated antihuman globulin. Linear binding of this radioactive tag is obtained over a wide range of SLE serum dilutions and slopes of the serum dilution titration curves are almost identical for all SLE patients' sera we have tested. Therefore, a standard titration curve can be constructed from the results with a positive serum, and end-point dilutions of unknown sera estimated from results obtained with a single serum dilution. Alternatively, binding ratios of unknown sera can be usefully compared at fixed dilutions with standard positive and negative sera. For example, high binding ratios (> 3.0) were obtained with 19/20 SLE sera and 0/20 control sera. Antigens used in these systems include crude, whole-cell lysates and lysates from purified nuclei. These RIA methods appear to provide certain advantages over existing autoantibody assay methods because they are relatively simple, sensitive, reproducible and potentially capable of measuring a variety of autoantibody specificities.
Time-Domain Model for Injection Locking in Nonharmonic Oscillators

Time-domain delay-based modeling of injection locking is used to describe injection-locking phenomena in nonharmonic oscillators. The model is used to predict the locking bandwidth, and the locking dynamics of the locked oscillator. The model predictions are verified against simulations and measurements of a four-stage differential ring oscillator. The model is further used to predict the injection-locking behavior of a single-ended CMOS inverter based ring oscillator.
Violent victimization and involvement in delinquency: Examining predictions from general strain theory

Abstract In a recent critique and elaboration of general strain theory, Agnew (2001) argued that criminal victimization might be among the most consequential strains experienced by adolescents, and therefore might be an important cause of delinquency. Few studies to date, however, had examined victimization as a potential cause—rather than outcome—of delinquency. This article addresses this void by examining predictions from general strain theory about the effects of victimization on later involvement in delinquency. The analyses indicated that violent victimization significantly predicted later involvement in delinquency, even when controlling for the individual's earlier involvement in delinquency. Moreover, general strain theory appears to be a useful theoretical framework for examining this relationship. The effects of victimization on delinquency were explained in part by its effects on anger (the key intervening variable specified by the theory). Partial support also emerged for the theory's hypothesis that the effects of strain should be conditional upon other factors. Specifically, the effects of victimization were marginally greater for juveniles with weak emotional attachment to their parents and significantly greater for those low in self-control.
Annotating the human proteome: the Human Proteome Survey Database (HumanPSD™) and an in-depth target database for G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR-PD™) from Incyte Genomics

The Proteome Division of Incyte Genomics has released new volumes to the BioKnowledge ® Library to add human, mouse and rat protein information to its rich collection of model organism Proteome Databases. The Human Proteome Survey Database (HumanPSD™) compiles the fundamental properties of more than 25 000 characterized mammalian proteins. HumanPSD™ includes clear, concise and current protein descriptions (Title Lines), the protein sequence, calculated physical properties, precomputed BLAST alignments, controlled-vocabulary protein properties and Gene Ontology™ terms, and a list of published references. Each report also contains expression data, Pfam domain information and an associated Mouse Mutant Phenotype section describing behavioral, physiological and cellular phenotypes for over 1500 mouse mutant phenotypes. GPCR-PD™ contains more than 3200 Protein Reports from the three mammalian species for G protein-coupled receptors, their protein ligands, associated G-proteins and their downstream signaling proteins. In addition to the features described above, each GPCR-PD Protein Report displays annotations of experimental findings from over 10 000 publications. These databases provide important new volumes of Proteome’s BioKnowledge Library (http://www.incyte.com), integrating protein information from model organisms with the human proteome.
Development of a pressure prediction method for superplastic forming processes

Abstract A method is presented for the determination of pressure-time relationship for a given strain or strain-rate in a finite element formulation. The method uses a predictor corrector algorithm and predicts/corrects a new pressure based on previous known values and material constitutive equations. The technique is validated through a one-dimensional problem and applied to selected superplastic two-dimensional problems.
Arginine: Master and Commander in Innate Immune Responses

The activation of macrophages through Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways is a major component of innate immune responses to infection. Because the production of nitric oxide (NO) from arginine by the inducible isoform of NO synthase (iNOS) in activated macrophages is essential for host defense against many pathogens, arginine availability is a critical determinant of resistance to infection. Thus, induction of the arginine catabolic enzyme arginase is exploited by some pathogens as a means of immune evasion. Details of this mechanism are revealed by studies that demonstrate that mycobacteria use a component of the TLR pathway to induce the type I isoform of arginase in macrophages through an autocrine-paracrine mechanism that involves macrophage-produced cytokines. Separate studies show that, in addition to inhibiting NO synthesis by substrate limitation, reducing the availability of arginine simply by nutrient deprivation can blunt the innate immune response by impairing a specific mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway downstream of TLR4. These findings illustrate the growing complexity of the roles of arginine as an enzyme substrate and also as a regulatory molecule in signal transduction pathways in immune cells.
Genetic analysis of populations of the threatened bat Pteropus mariannus

The Mariana flying fox (Pteropus mariannus) has suffered substantial decline in recent years. Taxonomic classification of P. mariannus has been inconsistent, with subspecies designations based mainly on geography and morphological variation within small sample sizes. In this study, we examine relationships of P. mariannus across two island groups in the western Pacific Ocean. Microsatellite data and mitochondrial sequences, from D-loop, cytochrome oxidase I, and cytochrome b, suggest that the population on the islands of Palau is genetically isolated from the populations in the Mariana Islands. Our data confirm that the bats of Palau should be considered a separate conservation unit from the bats of the Mariana Islands, supporting the current subspecies separation of these two populations. Our results also suggest that there is gene flow among islands within the Mariana archipelago and that the bats on these islands, currently classified as two subspecies, should be managed as a single conservation unit, although we refrain from suggesting taxonomic revisions until genetic and morphological data become available from geographically intermediate populations.
The Re-Construction of Organization Studies: Wrestling with Incommensurability:

This paper proposes a `re-construction' of organization studies in order to deal with the chronic incommensurability that characterizes the discipline. The paper begins by discussing the issue of incommensurability between organization studies schools of thought, arguing that it represents a significant problem with which the field must cope. Ambiguity of the key constructs that form the building blocks of organization studies schools is identified as one major reason for persistent inter-school incommensurability. To help deal with the problem, we recommend the creation of a dictionary that would include democratically produced definitions of key organization studies constructs. The procedures used by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to develop new accounting standards are presented as a possible model for the dictionary-building process. The role of the dictionary in reducing inter-school incommensurability is discussed, and possible disadvantages considered. While the need to formally create co...
Russian visit to U.S. computers

In April and May of 1959, an exchange of visits by computer experts took place between the United States and the USSR. This article describes the series of negotiations which led up to this exchange and the tour itself made by the Russian visitors.
Application of Validated QSAR Models of D1 Dopaminergic Antagonists for Database Mining

Rigorously validated quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models have been developed for 48 antagonists of the dopamine D1 receptor and applied to mining chemical datasets to discover novel potential antagonists. Several QSAR methods have been employed, including comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA), simulated annealing-partial least squares (SA-PLS), k-nearest neighbor (kNN), and support vector machines (SVM). With the exception of CoMFA, these approaches employed 2D topological descriptors generated with the MolConnZ software package (EduSoft, LLC. MolconnZ, version 4.05; http://www.eslc.vabiotech.com/ [4.05], 2003). The original dataset was split into training and test sets to allow for external validation of each training set model. The resulting models were characterized by cross-validated R2 (q2) for the training set and predictive R2 values for the test set of (q2/R2) 0.51/0.47 for CoMFA, 0.7/0.76 for kNN, R2 for the training and test sets of 0.74/0.71 for SVM, and training set fitness and test set R2 values of 0.68/0.63 for SA-PLS. Validated QSAR models with R2 > 0.7, (i.e., kNN and SVM) were used to mine three publicly available chemical databases: the National Cancer Institute (NCI) database of ca. 250,000 compounds, the Maybridge Database of ca. 56,000 compounds, and the ChemDiv Database of ca. 450,000 compounds. These searches resulted in only 54 consensus hits (i.e., predicted active by all models); five of them were previously characterized as dopamine D1 ligands, but were not present in the original dataset. A small fraction of the purported D1 ligands did not contain a catechol ring found in all known dopamine full agonist ligands, suggesting that they may be novel structural antagonist leads. This study illustrates that the combined application of predictive QSAR modeling and database mining may provide an important avenue for rational computer-aided drug discovery.
Viscous heating of fluid dampers : Experimental studies

A preliminary experimental investigation on the problem of viscous heating of fluid dampers that find applications in the vibration reduction of civil engineering structures is presented in this paper. Time histories of the temperatures are recorded near the piston head and at the outer surface of a 3-kip fluid damper that undergoes harmonic loading. The experimental results uncover some of the limitations of simple analytical expressions that have been derived in the past based on one-dimensional approximations of the energy balance equation.
Of neurons and gene chips.

Abstract Microarray (gene chip) technology is giving biologists the ability to examine gene expression with an unprecedented scope and ease. A recently launched initiative promises to yield gene sequences valuable for using microarrays to study gene expression in the mouse brain, and new technologies have recently been developed that enhance the ability of neurobiologists to perform microarray-based experiments.
Erratum to “Neural circuitry underlying perception of duration depends on language experience” [Brain and Language 83 (2002) 268–290]

a Department of Audiology and Speech Sciences, Heavilon Hall, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1353, USA b Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA c Department of Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA d School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1353, USA e Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1353, USA
Bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) distribution in relation to sea surface temperature fronts in the Gulf of Maine (1994-96)

Fishery-linked aerial surveys for bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) were conducted in the Gulf of Maine (GOM) from July through October, 1994–96. Each year, from 507 to 890 surface schools were detected and their locations examined in relation to oceanographic conditions. Correlations between bluefin tuna presence and environmental variables were explored for sea surface temperature (SST), distance to a SST front, frontal density (relative density of all SST fronts seen in a given 1 km area for 2 weeks prior to each tuna sighting), and bottom depth and slope. Mean SST associated with bluefin schools was 18.1°C (±2.8). Schools were located at a mean distance of 19.7 km (±19.6) from SST fronts, and in water masses with an average frontal density of 28.2 m km−2 (±35.7). Mean bottom depth of detected schools was 139.0 m (±70.3), and mean bottom slope was 0.7% rise (±0.7). A binomial generalized linear model fit to these variables indicated that bluefin are seen closer to fronts than locations in which no tuna were seen. Using simple and partial Mantel tests, we investigated the spatial correlation between bluefin tuna presence and the environmental variables, controlling for spatial autocorrelation. For each day that schools were sighted, we performed 24 Mantel tests, on a combination of response and predictor variables. The spatial relationship between bluefin tuna and SST fronts was inconsistent. Our analysis identified significant spatial structure in the bluefin school locations that had no significant correlation with any of the measured environmental features, suggesting that other untested features, such as prey density, may be important predictors of bluefin distribution in the GOM.
Caspase-6 latent state stability relies on helical propensity.

Caspase-6 is an apoptotic protease that also plays important roles in neurodegenerative disorders including Huntington’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. Caspase-6 is the only caspase known to form a latent state in which two extended helices block access to the active site. These helices must convert to strands for binding substrate. We probed the inter-converting region and found that the absence of helix-breaking residues is more critical than is a helix-bridging, hydrogen-bond network for formation of the extended conformation. In addition, our results suggest that caspase-6 must transition through a low-stability intermediate in order to bind active-site ligand.
Novel Proresolving Aspirin-Triggered DHA Pathway

Endogenous mechanisms in the resolution of acute inflammation are of interest because excessive inflammation underlies many pathologic abnormalities. We report an aspirin-triggered DHA metabolome that biosynthesizes a potent product in inflammatory exudates and human leukocytes, namely aspirin-triggered Neuroprotectin D1/Protectin D1 [AT-(NPD1/PD1)]. The complete stereochemistry of AT-(NPD1/PD1) proved to be 10R,17R-dihydroxydocosa-4Z,7Z,11E,13E,15Z,19Z-hexaenoic acid. The chirality of hydroxyl groups and geometry of the conjugated triene system essential for bioactivity were established by matching biological materials with stereochemically pure isomers prepared by organic synthesis. AT-(NPD1/PD1) reduced neutrophil (PMN) recruitment in murine peritonitis in a dose-dependent fashion whereby neither a Δ(15)-trans-isomer nor DHA was effective. With human cells, AT-(NPD1/PD1) decreased transendothelial PMN migration as well as enhanced efferocytosis of apoptotic human PMN by macrophages. These results indicate that AT-(NPD1/PD1) is a potent anti-inflammatory proresolving molecule.
A theorem on complex-normalized reflection coefficient and its application (multiport networks)

The authors examine the scattering matrix of a lossless reciprocal n-port network terminated in n non-Foster positive-real impedances and its augmented n-port network. A theorem relating the complex-normalized scattering matrix of the n-port network to that of its augmented n-port normalizing to the n 1- Omega resistors is given, from which the scattering matrix of a diplexer or a multiplexer is obtained. >
Intraoperative Complications During Surgery on the Posterior Cervical Spine

Intraoperative complications during posterior spinal surgery are best avoided by awareness of which complications are possible during each portion of the surgery. Neurologic injury, vascular injury, and mechanical instability are the major complications that occur during the posterior cervical surgery. The relevance of positioning, tissue resection, instrumentation, and wound closure to each complication is considered. Preoperative planning, understanding each patient's anatomy, optimization in surgical positioning, and use of appropriate surgical tools form the basis for avoiding these complications. Early recognition intraoperatively, using neurologic monitoring and awareness of changes to the anatomical structures, is essential in salvaging the best chance for a successful outcome.
Static forces in noncompact SU(2)

Abstract Wilson loops have been measured at strong coupling, β = 0.5, on a 124 lattice in noncompact simulations of pure SU(2) without gauge fixing. In the loops that have been well measured, there is no sign of quark confinement.
LA-ICP-MS analysis of platinum-group elements and other elements of interest in ancient gold

One of the most promising methods for ancient gold analysis is laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). It is a quasi-non-destructive multi-elemental analytical method with detection limits in the range of ppm or below, depending on the element. Internal and external standardizations are used. Different types of standards are necessary to measure major (required for the internal standardization), minor and trace elements. High-purity gold standards doped with trace elements as well as ancient gold coins were found suitable for that purpose. The reproducibility and the accuracy of the results obtained are good enough to consider LA-ICP-MS as reliable to determine trace-element concentrations in ancient gold.
Program Structure Charts for Applicative Languages

A framework for a system of charts compatible with the use of applicative programming languages is proposed and illustrated. The charts are similar in spirit to the structured flowcharts that have sometimes been used with algorithmic languages. They are based on a method of representing the structure of nested expressions of arbitrary complexity. This method is adaptable to the incorporation of graphical devices for the depiction of local identifier bindings, conditional expressions, recursive function definitions, and the various functional combining forms employed in the FP-style of applicative programming.
Regulation of bone formation by bone morphogenetic proteins and other growth factors

Bone formation in adult humans is a complex and closely regulated process. It usually occurs at sites of previous osteoclastic bone resorption. It also may occur in the growing long bones during endochondral bone formation, and appositional bone formation also can appear during growth and adolescence without prior local resorption, particularly on periosteal surfaces. The cellular events involved in bone formation include chemotaxis of osteoblast precursors ; proliferation of committed osteoblast precursors; differentiation, including expression of growth regulatory factors and the structural proteins of bone, such as osteocalcin, osteopontin, and Type I collagen ; and mineralization. It is clear that these cellular events must be under very tight regulatory control. They may all be modulated by systemic hormones, including the calciotropic hormones, parathyroid hormone and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D and other systemic hormones, such as the pituitary and thyroid hormones and sex steroids, but probably are modulated predominantly by local factors or cytokines generated in the bone cell microenvironment.
ENERGY CONSUMED IN LOW TEMPERATURE CORN DRYING

Data collected on corn drying bins employing unheated air and bins utilizing electric heat for small air temperature rises indicate better energy efficiency when the energy is used to provide more air as compared to using a portion of the energy to increase the temperature of a smaller quantity of air. Unheated air drying of shelled corn was accomplished with an average of about 6.0 kWh per metric ton per percentage point of moisture removed as compared to an average of about 12.0 kWh/t- % when electric heaters were used to increase the air temperature. Final corn moisture content was approximately the same for both methods since the unheated air drying systems, with more air per unit of grain, completed drying earlier. Early fall weather, as contrasted to late fall, is generally more favorable to drying and the existence of lower average daily relative humidities permit the drying of corn to 15% or less, wet basis, without the addition of heat.
APPLICATION OF FRACTIONAL MASS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF PEPTIDE:OLIGONUCLEOTIDE CROSS-LINKS BY MASS SPECTROMETRY

A method has been developed to identify oligonucleotide-peptide heteroconjugates by accurate mass measurements using MS. The fractional mass (the decimal fraction mass value following the monoisotopic nominal mass) for peptides and oligonucleotides is different due to their differing molecular compositions. This property has been used to develop the general conditions necessary to differentiate peptides and oligonucleotides from oligonucleotide-peptide heteroconjugates. Peptides and oligonucleotides generated by the theoretical digestion of various proteins and nucleic acids were plotted as nominal mass versus fractional mass. Such plots reveal that three nucleotides cross-linked to a peptide produce enough change in the fractional mass to be recognized from non-cross-linked peptides at the same nominal mass. Experimentally, a Cytochrome c digest was spiked with an oligonucleotide-peptide heteroconjugate and conditions for analyzing the sample using liquid chromatography (LC)-MS were optimized. Upon analysis of this mixture, all detected masses were plotted on a fractional mass plot and the heteroconjugate could be readily distinguished from non-cross-linked peptides. The method developed here can be incorporated into a general proteomics-like scheme for identifying protein-nucleic acid cross-links, and this method is equally applicable to characterizing cross-links generated from protein-DNA and protein-RNA complexes.
Communicating real-time state machines

Communicating real-time state machines (CRSMs), a complete and executable notation for specifying concurrent real-time systems including the monitored and controlled physical environment, are introduced. They are essentially state machines that communicate synchronously in a manner much like the input-output in Hoare's CSP. In addition, CRSMs have a novel and small set of facilities for describing timing properties and accessing real time. The author defines the CRSM language, gives many examples of its use in requirements specification, outlines an algorithm for executing or simulating CRSMs, introduces some techniques for reasoning about the specifications, and discusses some open problems and issues. >
Duplex sonography after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS): Normal hemodynamic findings and efficacy in predicting shunt patency and stenosis

Portal hemodynamics are altered by placement of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). Normal duplex sonographic findings after TIPS placement and hemodynamic alterations indicating shunt failure have not yet been well described. The purposes of this study were to determine normal hemodynamic changes on duplex sonography after TIPS placement and to assess the efficacy of duplex sonography in detecting shunt dysfunction.Forty patients underwent TIPS placement and were entered into a study that included routine sonographic evaluation and portal venography at regular intervals. Portal venography was also performed if shunt velocities on duplex sonography changed from the baseline, which raised the question of shunt stenosis or occlusion. The pre-TIPS duplex sonographic study included determination of patency, velocity, and flow direction in the main, right, and left portal veins and in the hepatic artery. Follow-up sonography included the pre-TIPS examination in addition to velocity determin...
FOREIGN ACCENTS, LANGUAGE ACQUISITION, AND CEREBRAL DOMINANCE1

It has long been accepted that children are able to master the sound patterns of a second language with much greater ease than adults. In fact, adults never seem capable of ridding themselves entirely of a “foreign accent”. There have been many attempts to account for this discrepancy in language learning between children and adults in terms of nurture, but, for the most part, these theories have proved inconsistent. It is proposed that it is the nature of the human brain, not its nurture, that is essentially involved here-specifically, that the onset of cerebral dominance, which seems to occur around the age of twelve, inhibits the ability of a person to master the sound patterns of a second language without an impinging foreign accent.
Biomass supply schedules for Great Plains delivery points

This study examines the biomass price needed to deliver various amounts of biomass to three delivery points in the Great Plains. We estimate production and delivery costs on the basis of most common custom rates in the area for the various operations. We find that up to a million Mg of corn stover biomass annually could be delivered to each delivery point at prices of $69e76 Mg � 1 of dry matter. Switchgrass could be supplied in these quantities only at higher prices around $80 Mg � 1 . Differences in crop densities and yields across the three delivery points affect stover supply price by as much as 10%, but have smaller effects on switchgrass supply prices because potential crop densities are higher. The minimum estimated cost and associated supply radius required to provide combustion fuel for combined heat and power at existing grain ethanol plants range from $64 Mg � 1 , 16 km, to $47 Mg � 1 , 27 km. The minimum cost and associated radius for providing sufficient biomass for a 150 million liter per year cellulosic ethanol plant range from $66 Mg � 1 ,3 5 km to $72 Mg � 1 , 55 km.
Axes of resistance for tooth movement: does the center of resistance exist in 3-dimensional space?

Introduction The center of resistance is considered the most important reference point for tooth movement. It is often stated that forces through this point will result in tooth translation. The purpose of this article is to report the results of numeric experiments testing the hypothesis that centers of resistance do not exist in space as 3-dimensional points, primarily because of the geometric asymmetry of the periodontal ligament. As an alternative theory, we propose that, for an arbitrary tooth, translation references can be determined by 2-dimensional projection intersections of 3-dimensional axes of resistance. Methods Finite element analyses were conducted on a maxillary first molar model to determine the position of the axes of rotation generated by 3-dimensional couples. Translation tests were performed to compare tooth movement by using different combinations of axes of resistance as references. Results The couple-generated axes of rotation did not intersect in 3 dimensions; therefore, they do not determine a 3-dimensional center of resistance. Translation was obtained by using projection intersections of the 2 axes of resistance perpendicular to the force direction. Conclusions Three-dimensional axes of resistance, or their 2-dimensional projection intersections, should be used to plan movement of an arbitrary tooth. Clinical approximations to a small 3-dimensional “center of resistance volume” might be adequate in nearly symmetric periodontal ligament cases.
THE CURRENCY OF FAILURE: Money and Middle-Class Critique in Post-Crisis Buenos Aires

The 2001–2002 Argentine financial crisis entailed a dramatic currency devaluation. I argue that the devalued peso served as a key site for self-reflexive national critiques, which circulated as a privileged currency of middle-class distinction. This essay engages with the ambivalences of a world of critical practice in which practitioners framed their own critiques as the compulsory labor of a people trapped by a paradoxical monetary reality, posited as socially constructed yet nonetheless inescapable. Tracing the links among disparate modes of signification and evaluation, the essay sketches a post-crisis, middle-class representational economy predicated on these practices of suspicious interpretation.
A DFW microburst model based on DL-191 data

Analysis of the August 2, 1985 crash of an L-1011 jumbo jet (DL-191), on approach to the Dallas-Ft. Worth International Airport in a thunderstorm, indicates that the severe windshear microburst which caused the crash was composed not only of a strong downflow and outflow but also included several large-scale vortex rings entrained in the flowfield. A detailed model of the microburst, based on data from DL-191, is presented. The model uses wind vector and flight path data reconstructed by NASA-Ames Research Center from the digital flight data records and ground-based radar measurements. The model was developed using a combination of interactive graphics and a least-square-error best fit between the modeled and measured wind vectors along the DL-191 flight path. The model confirms a microburst structure based on a von Karman vortex street, and indicates that the L-1011 flew near or directly through several strong vortices. In addition, the results also confirm that the reconstructed wind vector data contain a time lag of about 3 s in the horizontal winds. >
Figure verification of a precision ultra-lightweight mirror: techniques and results from the SHARPI/PICTURE mirror at NASA/GSFC

A high-precision ultra-lightweight 0.5m mirror with ultraviolet grade tolerances on surface figure quality has been measured from its delivery to the Goddard Space Flight Center, through the coating and mounting process, and shown to survive component vibration testing. This 4.5kg, 0.5m paraboloid mirror is the prime optic of two sounding-rocket telescopes: SHARPI (solar high angular resolution photometric imager) and PICTURE (planet imaging concept testbed using a rocket experiment). By integrating the analysis of interferometer data with finite element models, we demonstrate the ability to isolate surface figure effects comparable to UV diffraction limited tolerances from much larger gravity and mount distortions. The ability to measure such features paired with in situ monitoring of mirror figure through the mirror mounting process has allowed for a diagnosis of perturbations and the remediation of process errors. In this paper, we describe the technical approach used to achieve nanometer scale measurement accuracy, we report and decompose the final mounted surface figure of 12.5 nm RMS, and we describe the techniques that were developed and employed in the pursuit of maintaining UV diffraction-limited performance with this aggressively lightweighted mirror.
Overtime and Productivity in Electrical Construction

Electrical contractors are at high risk, mainly because of the high percentage of labor in electrical construction activities and the fact that a significant part of their work is last in line in a project, which leads to facing schedule compression. The main schedule compression techniques are overtime, overmanning, and second shift. This paper quantifies the impact of overtime on labor productivity for electrical contractors. Several studies have addressed overtime, but they tend to be old and the source of data is questionable. This paper contains both quantitative and qualitative analyses. The qualitative analysis is based on a survey sent to companies around the United States and Canada and analyzes contractors’ responses regarding use of overtime on their projects. The quantitative analysis consists of collecting productivity data from different contractors and studying the effect of using overtime on labor productivity. Statistical models are developed and show the behavior of productivity when using overtime. The quantitative analysis further contains macro and micro approaches. The macro approach model projects where productivity for the whole project is tracked, and no specific overtime schedule is used. As for the micro approach, it shows the effect of using a fixed overtime schedule using the Measured Mile Method (MMM) which compares the productivity in unimpeded time to that in impacted time in order to determine how significantly the project’s productivity was impacted. The models developed show that as the number of hours per week increases, the productivity decreases. This study will decrease disputes among owners and contractors regarding the price of additional work. Furthermore, the paper presents a scientific method for forward pricing overtime work and aiding in understanding the risks and rewards of implementing different types of overtime schedules. It also offers valuable insight with regards to safety, supervision, worker fatigue, absenteeism, and other factors related to overtime use.
PHARMACEUTICAL AND COSMETIC USES OF TALC

(1990). Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Uses of Talc. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy: Vol. 16, No. 16, pp. 2409-2429.
A highly portable parallel implementation of AMBER4 using the message passing interface standard

We have implemented a portable parallel version of the macromolecular modeling package AMBER4. The message passing paradigm was used. All message passing constructs are compliant with the Message Passing Interface (MPI) standard. The molecular dynamics/minimization module MINMD and the free-energy perturbation module Gibbs have been implemented in parallel on a number of machines, including a Cray T3D, an IBM SP1/SP2, and a collection of networked workstations. In addition, the code has been tested with an MPI implementation from Argonne National Laboratories/Mississippi State University which runs on many parallel machines. The goal of this work is to decrease the amount of time required to perform molecular dynamics simulations. Performance results for a lipid bilayer molecular dynamics simulation on a Cray T3D, an IBM SP1/SP2, and a Cray C90 are compared. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Consumer Opinions About Frequency of Artifacts in Digital Video

We present results of two surveys of digital cable subscribers regarding perceived video quality. Video quality is measured in terms of (1) the subjective frequency and type of video artifacts and (2) reported willingness to accept discounted prices for poorer quality video. The main result of the first study is that about 80% of consumers report that artifacts do not occur as frequently as once every four hours in competitive cable and satellite services. Thus, most actual services seem to be doing better than a ldquono more than once per hourrdquo rule of thumb would lead one to believe. The main result of the second study is that consumers say that one artifact per hour is not acceptable. The majority of consumers also say that they would choose an artifact-free video service over a video service with artifacts that was offered at a discounted price. Although these results are based on consumers' subjective judgments, they can serve as a warning in the planning of next-generation video networks and services.
An analysis of wireless security

There is a clear, demonstrable tendency for consumers to migrate to wireless technology. The reasons why are equally clear: There are enormous benefits to using wireless technology. It is evident in anything from cell phones to the local coffee shop broadband access point. The private sector growth of wireless technology data can no longer be assumed safe. It's obvious that unscrupulous people can and will attempt to compromise data if it is left "in the wild". Companies are putting more and more money into security and the plain fact is, wireless security just doesn't exist. In this research, in Corpus Christi, while not a complete and comprehensive test, neighborhoods both poor and wealthy were scanned as were residential and business. The surprising results are presented in the paper.
On Elastic Interaction of Nominally Flat Rough Surfaces

A hybrid interactive/optimization technique is used to derive in approximate closed-form equations relating contact load to mean plane separation. Equations governing Hertz contact for the interaction of surface asperities are considered in which asperity shoulder-to-shoulder contact results in normal and tangential components of force. The normal component of asperity force is summed statistically to find total normal force between the two surfaces. The tangential force over a half-plane corresponding to a select direction is found accounting for the directionality of the tangential component of asperity forces. Two sets of approximate equations are found for each of the normal and half-plane tangential force components. The simplest forms of the approximate equations achieve accuracy to within 5% error, while other forms yield approximation error within 0.2%.
What a difference a species makes: a meta–analysis of dreissenid mussel impacts on freshwater ecosystems

We performed a meta-analysis of published studies and long-term monitoring data sets to evaluate the effects of dreissenid mussels (Dreissena polymorpha and D. rostriformis bugensis), two of the world's most problematic biological invaders, on the biogeochemistry, flora, and fauna of lakes and rivers across North America and Eurasia. Dreissenid effects were structured along two distinct energy pathways. For the pelagic–profundal pathway, large mean reductions in phytoplankton (−35% to −78%) and zooplankton (−40% to −77%) biomass occurred and were dependent on habitat type. The largest effects were found in rivers, followed by littoral and pelagic habitats in lakes. In contrast, benthic energy pathways within littoral habitats of lakes and rivers showed dramatic increases in mean benthic algal and macrophyte biomass (+170% to +180%), sediment-associated bacteria (about +2000%), non-dreissenid zoobenthic biomass (+160% to +210%), and total zoobenthic biomass, which includes dreissenid mussel soft tissues (+...
Trends in sugar-sweetened beverage and 100% fruit juice consumption among California children

Abstract Objective To determine trends in the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and 100% fruit juice by California children ages 2 to 11 years from 2003 to 2009. Methods This analysis used serial cross-sectional data from the California Health Interview Survey, a telephone survey of households in California. Parents were asked how many servings of SSBs and 100% fruit juice the child consumed the day before. A test of trend was used to evaluate changes in consumption over time. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the independent effects of race/ethnicity, parental education, and household income on beverage consumption. Results The percentage of children consuming an SSB on the prior day declined from 40% in 2003 to 16% in 2009 ( P P Conclusions The decrease in SSB consumption by California children from 2003 to 2009 is a promising trend. The increase in 100% fruit juice consumption among minority children during this period may be an unintended consequence of efforts to reduce SSB consumption.
Radiation dose and safety: Informatics standards and tools

Quality and safety improvements in radiology and medical imaging are substantially affected by radiation dose and its relationship to image quality and patient safety. Because radiation dose has many definitions and meanings, familiarity with and understanding of the basic nuances are important; modalities in general use radiation dose metrics that differ from patient radiation dose. Dose metric data differ among CT, interventional imaging, and digital radiography modalities. Informatics standards and tools assist in the extraction, collation, and analysis of these data and are described here. An informatics infrastructure can provide a pathway to automatically track and record dose metrics individually at the patient level and collectively through a regional or national radiation dose registry. Comparison of reference dose benchmarks to local and national practice values allows personnel at a given institution to objectively evaluate and optimize imaging procedures in regard to radiation dose metrics. Ultimately, enhanced patient care and safety are achieved.
A lupus-suppressor BALB/c locus restricts IgG2 autoantibodies without altering intrinsic B cell-tolerance mechanisms.

FcγR2B-deficient mice develop autoantibodies and glomerulonephritis with a pathology closely resembling human lupus when on the C57BL/6 (B6) background. The same mutation on the BALB/c background does not lead to spontaneous disease, suggesting differences in lupus susceptibility between the BALB/c and B6 strains. An F2 genetic analysis from a B6/BALB cross identified regions from the B6 chromosomes 12 and 17 with positive linkage for IgG autoantibodies. We have generated a congenic strain that contains the suppressor allele from the BALB/c chromosome 12 centromeric region ( sbb2 a ) in an otherwise B6. FcγR2B −/− background. None of the B6. FcγR2B −/− sbb2 a/a mice tested have developed IgG autoantibodies in the serum or autoimmune pathology. Mixed bone marrow reconstitution experiments indicate that sbb2 a is expressed in non-B bone marrow-derived cells and acts in trans. sbb2 a does not alter L chain editing frequencies of DNA Abs in the 3H9H/56R H chain transgenic mice, but the level of IgG2a anti-DNA Abs in the serum is reduced. Thus, sbb2 a provides an example of a non-MHC lupus-suppressor locus that protects from disease by restricting the production of pathogenic IgG isotypes even in backgrounds with inefficient Ab editing checkpoints.
Virtual Program Counter (VPC) Prediction: Very Low Cost Indirect Branch Prediction Using Conditional Branch Prediction Hardware

Indirect branches have become increasingly common in modular programs written in modern object-oriented languages and virtual-machine-based runtime systems. Unfortunately, the prediction accuracy of indirect branches has not improved as much as that of conditional branches. Furthermore, previously proposed indirect branch predictors usually require a significant amount of extra hardware storage and complexity, which makes them less attractive to implement. This paper proposes a new technique for handling indirect branches, called Virtual Program Counter (VPC) prediction. The key idea of VPC prediction is to use the existing conditional branch prediction hardware to predict indirect branch targets, avoiding the need for a separate storage structure. Our comprehensive evaluation shows that VPC prediction improves average performance by 26.7 percent and reduces average energy consumption by 19 percent compared to a commonly used branch target buffer based predictor on 12 indirect branch intensive C/C++ applications. Moreover, VPC prediction improves the average performance of the full set of object-oriented Java DaCapo applications by 21.9 percent, while reducing their average energy consumption by 22 percent. We show that VPC prediction can be used with any existing conditional branch prediction mechanism and that the accuracy of VPC prediction improves when a more accurate conditional branch predictor is used.
On the stability of periodic solutions of the generalized Benjamin-Bona-Mahony equation

Abstract We study the stability of a four-parameter family of spatially periodic traveling wave solutions of the generalized Benjamin–Bona–Mahony equation under two classes of perturbations: periodic perturbations with the same periodic structure as the underlying wave, and long wavelength localized perturbations. In particular, we derive necessary conditions for spectral instability under perturbation for both classes of perturbations by deriving appropriate asymptotic expansions of the periodic Evans function, and we outline a theory of nonlinear stability under periodic perturbations based on variational methods which effectively extends our periodic spectral stability results.
Cell Confluence Regulates Hepatocyte Growth Factor-Stimulated Cell Morphogenesis in a β-Catenin-Dependent Manner

Following organ injury, morphogenic epithelial responses can vary depending on local cell density. In the present study, the role of cell confluence in determining the responsiveness of renal epithelial cells to the dedifferentiating morphogenic signals of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) was examined. Increasing confluence resulted in a greater tendency of cells to organize into epithelial tubes and a significant decrease in migratory responsiveness to HGF. Analysis of downstream signaling revealed that the HGF receptor c-Met was equally activated in confluent and nonconfluent cells following HGF stimulation but that phosphoinositide 3-kinase-dependent activation of Akt and Rac were selectively diminished in confluent cells. In nonconfluent cells treated with HGF, the high level of Akt activation resulted in inhibitory phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK-3beta) and increased beta-catenin nuclear signaling. In contrast, confluent cells, in which HGF-stimulated Akt activation was diminished, displayed less inhibitory phosphorylation of GSK-3beta and less nuclear signaling by beta-catenin. Overexpression of beta-catenin (SA), which cannot be phosphorylated by GSK-3beta and targeted for ubiquitination, significantly increased migration in fully confluent cells. Thus, cells maintained at high confluence selectively downregulate signaling events such as Rac activation and beta-catenin-dependent transcription that would otherwise promote cell dedifferentiation and migration.