cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward a predictive understanding of molecular recognition

T cells circulate in blood and the lymphatic system, continually engaging cells through transient non-specific adhesion. In a normally functioning immune system, these interactions permit sufficient time for T-cell receptors (TCRs) to sample major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide complexes for the presence of foreign antigen, with detection of the latter to some extent being triggered by a longer dwell time of the receptor on the complex. Precisely how this incremental stability, which may be relatively small, leads to activation is unclear, but it appears to be related to diffusion-mediated formation of ternary complex dimers. The formation of stable dimers can explain the high sensitivity of the response, but leaves a number of questions unaddressed, including the following: i) How can high sensitivity be reconciled with high specificity, and how can a short TCR dwell time be reconciled with a comparably short time for ternary complex pair formation? ii) What is the nature of the early signals on the plasma membrane that determine alternative responses e.g. proliferation at one extreme and apoptosis at the other? iii) What are the cell-surface correlates of biphasic dose response functions i.e. of responses that peak as a function of dose and then descend? This paper has two loosely coupled goals. One is to review and assess the mathematical and computational methods available for analyzing reactions with and between mobile membrane-bound receptors. These methods range from phenomenological to mechanistic, the latter being based on the details of atomic structure. The other is to apply these methods to address biological questions, such as those raised above, part of whose answer may lie in the kinetic competition between alternative reaction paths.
The Quality of Life Inventory: Its Utility as an Assessment and Treatment Planning Tool in a Psychiatric Setting

Interest in assessing the quality of life of individuals with severe psychiatric disorders has grown within recent years [1,2,3]. The anticipation of quality of life research is that it will provide relevant information to assist in treatment planning and service evaluation. Increasingly, the goal of mental health services is to improve sufferers' quality of life as well as effecting biological interventions and ameliorating illness symptoms [4]. Subjective well-being and quality of life constitute the ultimate humanitarian goals for services to severely mentally disordered adults. Mental health services also endeavour to be reflective of the needs of sufferers and their families by eliciting information from service consumers and involving them in therapeutic decision making. Life satisfaction assessments offer a means for sufferers to express how they perceive their well-being, what they value as important and what they want.
Reconstruction of complex-valued propagating wave fields using the Hilbert–Hankel transform

In this paper the theory of the unilateral inverse Fourier transform and the unilateral Hankel transform is developed. The consistency between each transform and its bilateral version leads to an approximate real-part sufficiency condition for complex-valued one-dimensional even signals and two-dimensional circularly symmetric signals. The two-dimensional result is used in a reconstruction algorithm that is applied to synthetic -and experimental underwater acoustic fields.
Circulating levels of growth hormone, insulin‐like growth factor‐I and growth hormone binding protein in normal women of advanced reproductive age

OBJECTIVE Women experience an age-related decline in fertility despite regular ovulatory cycles and normal production of ovarian steroids. Growth hormone and IGF-I are both reported to decline with age, and there is evidence that both hormones promote intraovarian actions of gonadotrophins. The purpose of this study was to characterize circulating levels of GH and IGF-I in normal, older reproductive age women with ovulatory cycles. DESIGN Prospective, controlled. PATIENTS Twenty-eight regularly cycling older (n = 16) and younger (n = 12) women were recruited for daily blood sampling throughout a menstrual cycle. MEASUREMENTS Serum obtained from daily blood sampling was analysed for LH, FSH, oestradiol (E2) and progesterone (P). Serum obtained from frequent sampling during the admission was analysed for pulsatile GH secretion. IGF-I and GH binding protein (GHBP) were also measured in subsets of the two age groups. RESULTS All subjects exhibited normal patterns of LH, FSH, E2 and P consistent with ovulatory cycles. There were no differences between the two age groups in integrated 24-hour GH secretion or in GH pulse amplitude or frequency. There were no differences in GH secretion between the early follicular and midluteal phases when data were combined for the two subject groups. Plasma concentrations of IGF-I were significantly lower throughout the cycle in the older women. There were no significant differences in levels of GHBP across the cycle or between the two age groups. CONCLUSIONS IGF-I decreases with age in women without identifiable changes in the amount or pattern of GH secretion or in circulating GHBP concentrations. Decreased IGF-I production may be related to decreased ovarian gonadotrophin sensitivity in older reproductive age women.
The role of neuronal activity in upregulating GFAP mRNA levels after electrolytic lesions of the entorhinal cortex.

Abstract This study evaluates whether the rapid transient increases in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) mRNA in the hippocampus after electrolytic lesions of the entorhinal cortex (EC) are triggered by lesion-induced changes in hippocampal neuronal activity (either the decreases that result from loss of afferent drive or transient increases that occur during lesion production). To evaluate the role of activity, we carried out four experiments: 1. (1) tetrodotoxin (TTX) was injected into the EC to mimic the decreases in afferent drive that occur after lesion; 2. (2) TTX was injected into the EC or hippocampus before producing electrolytic lesions to block any abnormal activity induced during lesion production; 3. (3) the EC was destroyed by aspiration, thus creating a lesion comparable in size to the electrolytic lesion, without passing direct current; 4. (4) seizures were elicited by stimulating the EC of anesthetized rats, to examine whether electrographic seizures alone can induce the same type of increases in GFAP mRNA as lesions. Our results demonstrated that: 1. (1) TTX injections into the EC did not induce the same increases in GFAP mRNA levels that occurred after EC lesions; 2. (2) animals that received TTX injections into the EC prior to lesions exhibited increases in hippocampal GFAP mRNA that were nearly as great as following EC lesions alone; 3. (3) aspiration lesions of the EC resulted in increases in GFAP mRNA that were comparable to those observed after electrolytic lesions 4. (4) seizure-inducing stimulation of the EC resulted in 2-fold increases in GFAP mRNA in the hippocampus 24 hr after stimulation rather than the 5–13-fold increases observed after lesions. These results suggest that lesion-induced changes in hippocampal neuronal activity are not solely responsible for inducing the rapid transient increases in GFAP mRNA levels in the hippocampus ipsilateral to EC lesions.
Tests of the Gravitational Inverse Square Law at Short Ranges

A laboratory test and several geophysical tests conducted in the last decades of the 20th century suggested deviations from the inverse square distance dependence of Newton’s law of gravity. While further work has failed to substantiate these results, renewed interest in inverse square law tests of increased sensitivity has been stimulated by a wide range of new theoretical ideas. Of particular interest are tests at submillimeter ranges, which could reveal the existence of compact new dimensions accessible only to gravity. This paper reviews the current status of inverse square law tests, with emphasis on present and proposed experimental techniques.
The Appropriate Scale of US Airport Retail Activities

Terminal-based retail has been sufficiently successful that many airport operators are considering enlarging their facilities in order to increase revenues. On the basis of data on the retail sales and rental revenues for 75 of the US's most important passenger airports, we demonstrate the significant impact of passenger demography on the volume and nature of airport retail sales. A method is outlined for combining information on the demography of passenger flows with construction costs in order to evaluate appropriate capital investments for terminal retail expansions.
Multiple bonds between hafnium and the chalcogens: syntheses and structures of the terminal chalcogenido complexes (η15-C5Me4R)2Hf(E)(NC5 H5) (E O, S, Se, Te)

The series of terminal hafnium chalcogenido complexes (η5C5Me4R)2Hf(E)(NC5H5) (E  S, Se, Te; R  Me, Et) has been synthesized by the reactions of (η5-C5Me4R)2Hf(CO)2 with the chalcogens E in the presence of NC5H5. The oxo derivatives (η5-C5Me4R)2Hf(O)(NC5H5) are prepared by the reaction of the tellurido complexes (η2- C5Me4R)2Hf(Te(NC5H5) with N2O. The structures of the complete series of chalcogenido complexes (η5-C4Me 4Et)2Hf(E)(NC5H5) (E  O, S, Se, Te) have been determined by X-ray diffraction.
THE EFFECT OF CORTIN ON THE SODIUM, POTASSIUM, CHLORIDE, INORGANIC PHOSPHOROUS AND TOTAL NITROGEN BALANCE IN NORMAL SUBJECTS AND IN PATIENTS WITH ADDISON'S DISEASE1

This investigation was undertaken in an effort to determine the usefulness of electrolyte and nitrogen balance studies in the diagnosis of early Addison's disease. Three classes of subjects were used in the study, normal individuals, patients with severe Addison's disease and patients who presented some of the signs and symptoms usually associated with Addison's disease. In all, the influence of cortin on these balances has been determined. Patients with Addison's disease do not lend themselves well to metabolic investigation. This fact coupled with the limited amount of potent adrenal cortical extract which has been available in the past is largely responsible for the few balance studies which have been made in this disease.
Propagation of condensation front in steam injection into dry porous media

Abstract The front speed and the liquid saturation distribution in the condensate flow region have been examined for one-dimensional injection of dry steam into a lower temperature, dry porous medium with a constant inlet pressure. Existing models for the volumetric viscous and inertial forces are used along with an upstream region with an immobile liquid, which is followed by a two-phase region, a condensation zone, a liquid region, and a downstream noncondensable gas flow region. The down- and upflow (along and against gravity) are examined assuming a quasi-steady behavior. For downflow, the liquid region grows with the condensation front location. The asymptotic front speed is obtained in closed form for both the near-field regime, where the steam flow rate is high (i.e. deviation from a Darcy behavior is significant), and the far-field regime. For upflow, the liquid region gradually disappears, the liquid saturation distribution in the upstream immobile region undergoes two transitions, and correlation expressions are found for the location of these transitions. An experiment is performed, and the experimental results confirm the predictions for both down- and upflows.
Clinical Psychopharmacologic Practice: The Need for Developing a Research Base

The advent of psychotropic drugs has enormously improved psychiatric care. Nonetheless, our practice is not optimum. Current knowledge is not regularly applied. It has been repeatedly shown that the majority of patients with psychiatric illness go undiagnosed, and even if diagnosed, they are inappropriately or ineffectively treated, both by clinical psychiatrists and by primary care practitioners. Improved care depends on practitioner education, often referred to as "technology transfer." However, this article emphasizes that optimal practice also requires a vastly increased database that differs sharply in content from current data production. Necessary facts are still not known with regard to many aspects of clinical practice. THE PROBLEMS OF THE CLINICIAN The clinical psychiatrist has the responsibility for diagnosing the condition of the patient, understanding the patient's developmental and current contexts, deciding on a proper course of treatment, educating the patient and family with regard to the illness and proposed course of
The effect of elevated ovarian hormones on periodontal health: oral contraceptives and pregnancy

The most common oral manifestation of elevated levels of ovarian hormones, as seen in pregnancy or oral contraceptive usage, is an increase in gingival inflammation with an accompanying increase in gingival exudate. This gingivitis can be avoided or at least minimized by establishing low plaque levels at the beginning of pregnancy or the beginning of oral contraceptive therapy. It would appear that bacteria are not solely responsible for the gingivitis seen during these times, nor are the ovarian hormones solely responsible for the condition. Data from numerous studies suggest that the ovarian hormones alter the microenvironment of the oral bacteria so as to promote their growth and shifts in their populations. The present article reviews the current state of knowledge concerning the relationship of gingivitis to elevated levels of ovarian hormones, and describes the role that these hormones may play in the gingivitis associated with pregnancy or oral contraceptive usage.
Polarization properties and fractional-power analysis of coated and uncoated parallel-slab multireflection beam splitters

The polarization properties of coated and uncoated parallel-slab multireflection beam splitters are investigated. In a recent study [Opt. Lett.21, 1709 (1996)] it was shown that the parallel-slab beam splitter is a basic optical component of the parallel-slab division-of-amplitude photopolarimeter. The ellipsometric parameters and the fractional powers for multireflected components generated by this system are analyzed. Interesting new observations with respect to the polarization properties at the Brewster angle of incidence and the distribution of powers among the multireflected components are presented.
Description of a New Mymarid Which Parasitizes the Eggs of the Saratoga Spittlebug

An interesting new mymarid and an aphelinid to be described later were discovered during the late summer of 1946 at Lakewood, Wisconsin, while a study was being made of the Saratoga spittlebug, Aphrophora saratogensis (Fitch); both appear to be undescribed.
The Good Daughter Dilemma: Latinas Managing Family and School Demands

This study documents strategies employed by Latina doctoral graduate students to balance family relationships with the demands of school to maintain their status of a “good daughter.” In-depth inte...
Development of a simplified, sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method using fluorescence detection to determine the concentration of UCN-01 in human plasma.

Abstract UCN-01 is a naturally derived anticancer agent isolated in the culture broth of actinomyces streptomyces. We have developed a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of UCN-01 in human plasma. UCN-01 was isolated from human plasma after intravenous administration, by using 100% ice-cold acetonitrile liquid–liquid phase extraction. Liquid chromatographic separation was achieved by isocratic elution on a phenyl analytical column. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile–0.5 M ammonium acetate (45:55) with 0.2% triethylamine added as a modifier. The UCN-01 peak was identified from other peaks using fluorescence excitation energy and emission energy wavelengths of 310 and 410 nm, respectively. Retention time for UCN-01 was 4.2±0.5 min. The UCN-01 peak was baseline resolved, with nearest peak at 2.6 min distance. No interfering peaks were observed at the retention time of UCN-01. Peak area amounts from extracted samples were proportional over the dynamic concentration range used: 0.2 to 30 μg/ml. Mean recoveries of UCN-01 at concentrations of 0.5 and 25 μg/ml were 89 and 90.2%, respectively. Relative standard deviations for UCN-01 calibration standards ranged from 1.89 to 2.31%, with relative errors ranging from 0.3 to 11.6%. Assay precision for UCN-01 based on quality control samples of 0.50 μg/ml was ±4.86% with an accuracy of ±5.7%. For drug extracted from plasma the lowest limit of detection was 0.1 μg/ml, with the lowest limit of quantitation being 0.2 μg/ml. This method is suitable for routine analysis of UCN-01 in human plasma at concentration from 0.2 to 30 μg/ml.
Does differential drop-out explain the influence of study design on antidepressant response? A meta-analysis

Abstract Background Response to antidepressants is higher in active comparator relative to placebo-controlled clinical trials. Increased patient expectancy in comparator trials has been hypothesized to explain this finding, but previous analyses have not accounted for the increased drop-out observed in placebo-controlled trials. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted to identify published antidepressant clinical trials reporting data on intent-to-treat (ITT) as well as completer patient populations. The influence of participant drop-out on observed antidepressant response was investigated by comparing the ITT and completer data sets in separate multilevel meta-analyses of antidepressant response in placebo-controlled and comparator trials. Results 18 placebo-controlled and 18 active comparator studies were available for analysis. Using the intent-to-treat data, the odds of responding to medication in comparator trials were 1.9 times the odds in placebo-controlled trials (95% CI = 1.3–2.7, p = 0.001). The same pattern was obtained among study completers, in whom the odds of responding to antidepressant medication were 1.9 times higher in comparator as opposed to placebo-controlled study designs (95% CI = 1.2–3.0, p = 0.009). Limitations Publication bias, the use of trial-level summary data, and unreported clinical or demographic differences between the ITT and completer patient populations may have influenced the study results. Conclusions Increased drop-out in placebo-controlled vs. active comparator studies of antidepressant medications does not appear to explain the difference in response rates between these study types. Rather, increased patient expectancy resulting from the certainty of receiving active medication in comparator trials may lead to improved response rates.
An empirical test of biases in the rapid visual technique for species-time censuses of reef fish assemblages

For an assemblage of fishes inhabiting a warm temperate, rock reef near San Diego, California (USA), a series of censuses were made based on frequency of occurrence and standard numerical counts. These data were then compared with a parallel study based on the rapid visual technique (RVT) of Jones and Thompson (1978). Because the RVT ranks abundances according to frequency of encounter and disregards variations in the spatial distributions of different species, the method overemphasizes the importance of widespread albeit rare fishes but under-emphasizes patchy although abundant species. The discussion considers the relative merits of the RVT method for characterizing assemblages of fishes on temperate rock reefs and on tropical coral reefs.
Love and Microphones: Romantic Comedy Heroines as Public Speakers

This article examines Hollywood films Never Been Kissed (1999), Miss Congeniality (2000), The Princess Diaries (2001), and Legally Blonde (2001), in which the heroine's final public speech is a balancing act of romantic desirability and professional success that suggests the direction that romantic comedy is heading in the twenty-first century.
Septal lesions enhance shock avoidance behavior in the rat

Abstract King reported that rats with septal lesions showed quicker learning of a conditioned avoidance response than did control subjects. Our study extends these findings to Long-Evans hooded rats and a training procedure using a fixed intertrial interval of 1 min, a guillotine door separating the two compartments of the avoidance apparatus and a light instead of a buzzer as the CS. Also, subjects were trained 70 days after the septal lesions had been made. Because eight of the fifteen rats with septal lesions did not demonstrate the hyperemotionality syndrome at the time of behavioral testing but performed the conditioned avoidance response significantly better than the controls, it is concluded that the septal syndrome as here measured is not a necessary condition for the improved learning. These results can be accounted for if one assumes that septal lesions weaken fear-elicited, unconditioned responses, which usually compete with the instrumental avoidance response.
Modeling Adenovirus Latency in Human Lymphocyte Cell Lines

Species C adenovirus establishes a latent infection in lymphocytes of the tonsils and adenoids. To understand how this lytic virus is maintained in these cells, four human lymphocytic cell lines that support the entire virus life cycle were examined. The T-cell line Jurkat ceased proliferation and died shortly after virus infection. BJAB, Ramos (B cells), and KE37 (T cells) continued to divide at nearly normal rates while replicating the virus genome. Viral genome numbers peaked and then declined in BJAB cells below one genome per cell at 130 to 150 days postinfection. Ramos and KE37 cells maintained the virus genome at over 100 copies per cell over a comparable period of time. BJAB cells maintained the viral DNA as a monomeric episome. All three persistently infected cells lost expression of the cell surface coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR) within 24 h postinfection, and CAR expression remained low for at least 340 days postinfection. CAR loss proceeded via a two-stage process. First, an initial loss of cell surface staining for CAR required virus late gene expression and a CAR-binding fiber protein even while CAR protein and mRNA levels remained high. Second, CAR mRNA disappeared at around 30 days postinfection and remained low even after virus DNA was lost from the cells. At late times postinfection (day 180), BJAB cells could not be reinfected with adenovirus, even when CAR was reintroduced to the cells via retroviral transduction, suggesting that the expression of multiple genes had been stably altered in these cells following infection.
Laser-induced Raman scattering in calcium titanate

Abstract The Raman spectrum of polycrystalline calcium titanate prepared by a liquid mix technique and heated to 800°C has been recorded at room temperature using an argon-ion laser as exciter. The observed spectrum was interpreted on the basis of factor-group C 2 V . Not all of the Raman active modes predicted by factor group analysis were observed and this could be due to: over-lapping of bands, or very low polarizabilities of some of the modes or masking of the weak bands by intense bands. The band at 639 cm −1 is tentatively assigned to the TiO symmetric stretching vibration (γ 1 ) and the bands at 495 and 471 cm −1 to torsional modes. The bands in the region 180–340 cm −1 are assigned to the OTiO bending modes and the 155 cm −1 band to the Ca(TiO 3 ) lattice mode. The observed Raman bands are compared with the available infrared absorption data and, as expected, some coincidences in frequencies are seen for this compound with a noncentrosymmetric structure.
Consumer Eye Movement Patterns on Yellow Pages Advertising

Abstract Process tracing data help researchers understand how yellow pages advertisement characteristics influence consumer information processing behavior. In a laboratory experiment eye movement data were collected while consumers chose businesses from telephone directories. Consumers scan listings in alphabetic order. Their scan is not exhaustive. As a result, some ads are never seen. Consumers noticed more than 93% of the quarter-page display ads but only 26% of the plain listings. They perceived color ads before ads without color, noticed more color ads than noncolor ads, and viewed color ads 21% longer than equivalent ads without color. Also, they viewed 42% more bold listings than plain listings. Consumers spent 54% more time viewing ads for businesses they ended up choosing, which demonstrates the importance of attention for subsequent choice behavior.
SU-E-T-53: Statistical Process Control Methodologies for Predictive Maintenance of Linear Accelerator Beam Quality

Purpose: This study prospectively applies statistical process control (SPC) methods as a predictive maintenance tool in linear acceleratorphoton beam quality. Methods: Steering coil currents (SCC) are sampled and stored daily during morning warm‐up. The transverse and radial ‐ positioning and angle SCC for photon beams were evaluated using average and range (Xbar‐R) process control charts (PCC). The weekly average and range values (subgroup n=5) for each SCC was used to develop the PCC. Control limits were calculated using the first sixteen subgroups. Run charts of the daily SCC values were maintained and updated weekly. PCC high alarm action limit was set at six standard deviations. Six subgroups in a row all increasing or decreasing were a low alarm indicator. A sustained high alarm of 3 subgroups in conjunction with a low alarm was used as our action threshold (i.e. independent verification of beam flatness and symmetry constancy). Results: Data collection commenced September 2010, following beam steering adjustments during annual calibration. Only alarms received following establishment of limits (week sixteen) were considered valid indicators for deviation or an uncontrolled process. A high alarm was first detected on Jan 25 (15 MV — transverse position). Simulated intervention was triggered by 6 MV — radial angle SCC on February 18th. Beam scans taken and compared to those from the annual calibration indicated a change in symmetry in the transverse plane (0.6% ‐ 6 MV and 1.0% ‐ 15 MV) while the flatness remained effectively unchanged (<0.5%). There were no changes noted in the radial plane for either energy. Conclusions: SPC techniques are able to effectively detect variations in beam steering currents. SPC monitoring of beam steering has the capability to ensure AAPM TG‐142 constancy guidelines of +/− 1% are maintained. Further investigation is required to develop consistent intervention guidelines.
Historical Trauma Among Indigenous Peoples of the Americas: Concepts, Research, and Clinical Considerations

Indigenous Peoples of the Americas have experienced devastating collective, intergenerational massive group trauma and compounding discrimination, racism, and oppression. There is increasing evidence of emotional responses to collective trauma and losses among Indigenous Peoples, which may help to inform ways of alleviating psychological suffering and unresolved grief. Tribal cultural and regional differences exist which may impact how the wounding across generations and within an individual's lifespan are experienced and addressed. This article will review the conceptual framework of historical trauma, current efforts to measure the impact of historical trauma upon emotional distress, and research as well as clinical innovations aimed at addressing historical trauma among American Indians/Alaska Natives and other Indigenous Peoples of the Americas. We will discuss assessment of historical trauma and implications for research and clinical as well as community interventions, and conclude with recommendations.
Devaluations and Consumption Smoothing

The paper considers the effect of a nominal exchange rate devaluation on the current account, using an intertemporal model that highlights the interaction between leisure and consumption. An analytical solution demonstrates that household behavior may differ markedly from the simple consumption smoothing emphasized in most previous literature. This distinction has special significance for demand shocks, in which output rises through a rise in labor input and hence a fall in leisure. In particular, consumption tends to move closely with increased output in this context, so a devaluation tends not to improve the current account. This result may cast doubt on the effectiveness of competitive devaluations.
Electron-capture detection of tertiary aromatic amines after ring trifluoroacetylation

Abstract Trifluoroacetyl substitution in the aromatic ring (C-acylation) of N,N-dimethylaniline and N,N-dimethyl- p -toluidine is described; the reaction is catalyzed by trimethylamine. The resulting trifluoroacetophenone derivatives elicit a high response from an electron-capture detector (3–4 × 10 −16 mole/sec) and are well suited to quantitative determinations.
M-estimators in linear models with long range dependent errors

Abstract This paper discusses the asymptotic behavior of a class of M-estimators in linear models when errors are Gaussian, or a function of Gaussian random variables, that are long range dependent. The asymptotics are discussed when the design variables are either i.i.d. or long range dependent, independent of the errors, or known constants. It is observed that in the latter two cases, the leading r.v.'s in the approximation of the class M-estimators of the regression parameter vector corresponding to the skew symmetric scores and symmetric errors is proportional to the least squares estimator in the Gaussian errors case. Moreover, if the design variables are either i.i.d. or the known constants then the limiting distributions are normal. But if the design variables are long range dependent then the limiting distributions are nonnormal.
Models of individual preference and choice

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of models of individual preference and choice, and to direct the reader towards some of the vast literature on the topics that we shall consider. Our discussion will center around three basic approaches to the structure of preferences and choices, namely binary preferences, choice functions, and choice probability functions. These three approaches will be explored both separately and in terms of interconnections between them. Although an important aspect of decision making is the development and discovery of feasible decision alternatives, I shall not discuss this process explicitly. It will be presumed throughout that the individual is confronted with a non-empty set X of potential decision alternatives which will be denoted as x, y, a, b ..... Generally speaking, the alternafives in X are mutually incompatible in the sense that no more than one alternative can ultimately be chosen and implemented. Moreover, when discussing choices from specified subsets of X, it will generally be assumed that some alternative in each subset must be chosen when that subset is the feasible subset. This latter point deserves elaboration. To provide flexibility in discussing choices and relationships between choices from different 'environments' or subsets of X, we imagine that any one of a number of non-empty subsets of X might emerge as the set of alternatives actually available for implementation in the situation at hand. Notationally, M will denote this set of potentially feasible subsets of X, with members A, B,... Then we can speak about choices or potential choices from A, from B, and so forth, and consider relationships between these choices in view of relationships between the potential feasible subsets. For example, if A is a subset of B, or A _~ B, and if x ~ A is a 'choice' from B, then we
Induction of multilocus lesions by UVC-radiation in mouse L5178Y lymphoblasts

The survival, the mutant frequency and the nature of the DNA alteration responsible for the inactivation of the thymidine kinase (tk) locus were investigated in 5 strains of mouse L5178Y lymphoblasts exposed to UVC radiation. The nature of the DNA alteration was investigated in independent TK-/- mutants using Southern blot analysis. The concomitant loss of galactokinase (GK) activity in homogenates of individual TK-/- mutants was taken as an indication that the lesion inactivating the tk allele extended to the neighboring galactokinase (gk) allele. The survival of strains LY-R16 and LY-R83 was decreased to a greater extent than that of strains LY-S1, LY-SR1, and LY-3.7.2C, reflecting a deficiency in excision repair in strains derived from LY-R cells. The TK-/- mutant frequency of strain LY-R83, which is monosomic for chromosome 11 and thus hemizygous for the tk and gk genes, was only 50% of the mutant frequency of strain LY-R16 which is heterozygous for the tk gene. Moreover, a greatly reduced percentage of individual spontaneous and UVC-induced TK-/- mutants of strain LY-R83 showed loss of GK activity in comparison to the other strains. This result indicates that UVC irradiation induces intergenic mutations and that such mutants are poorly recovered in the hemizygous strain. Strain LY-3.7.2C appears to have only one active galactokinase (gk) allele, and very few TK-/- mutants of this strain showed loss of GK activity, possibly because this strain, although heterozyogous for the tk gene, is hemizygous in the region of the gk gene. Strains LY-R16 and LY-S1 are deficient in the repair of UVC- and X-radiation-induced damage, respectively, and the percentage of TK-/- mutants with intergenic mutations was higher for strain LY-R16 after UVC-radiation and for strain LY-S1 after X-radiation. These results indicate that unrepaired DNA lesions lead to an increase in intergenic mutations.
A unique hominin menu dated to 1.95 million years ago.

Research on ancient foragers has tended to focus on their acquisition of large land mammals, but our ancestors in fact exploited a wider range of taxa. Depending on the local environment, this range included tortoises, birds, and hares from terrestrial habitats and mollusks, birds, and fish from aquatic habitats. These small terrestrial animals and aquatic species begin to appear occasionally in the archaeological record during the Middle Pleistocene (<780,000 y ago), occur irregularly until the Late Pleistocene (<130,000 y ago), and are abundant only within the past few tens of thousands of years (1–6). However, the exploitation of these resources in the Plio-Pleistocene has been difficult to detect because relevant samples are rare and have not always been studied in sufficient detail. Recent information on excavations at the 1.95 million-year-old Oldowan site of FwJJ20 in the East Turkana Basin of northern Kenya, published in PNAS, helps fill the void, and research shows that at least some early hominins, enjoyed a varied diet, including aquatic species that were typical of the well-watered surroundings of the site (7). This work highlights the opportunistic nature of early hominin foraging and the importance of sampling as many paleo-habitats as possible as well as the need for thorough analyses of all excavated animal remains.
Therapeutic Applications of Drugs Acting on Peripheral Dopamine Receptors

The recent development of dopamine (DA) receptor agonists with different receptor selectivities has confirmed the therapeutic utility of modulations of the peripheral dopaminergic system that were proposed shortly after the description of the cardiovascular effects of DA. In addition to the acute therapy of heart failure, circulatory shock, and renal dysfunction, for which low dose DA has an established role, there is substantial clinical evidence that DA receptor modulation will be a significant advance in the chronic therapy of congestive heart failure and hypertension
The Effects of Postdivorce Attachment on Coparenting Relationships

Whether ongoing attachment to the former spouse affects postdivorce relationships has been a source of debate and controversy for several years. The purpose of this study was to further explore post-divorce attachment by examining the influence of both friendly and dependent types of attachment on the coparent- ing relationship. The sample consisted of 95 respondents (54 women and 41 men) who were divorced and not remarried. Results indicated that friendlier attachment is not only conducive to a more supportive and shared coparenting relationship, but also decreases conflict around childrearing. The predicted inverse relationship between de- pendent attachment and shared and supportive coparenting 'was not found. Instead, dependent attachment was positively related to sup- portive and shared coparenting, but only for women. There were no gender differences on the attachment and coparenting variables. Custodial status did not differentiate the respondents on the depen- dent variables. Discussion centered o...
Structure determination of clathrin coats to subnanometer resolution by single particle cryo-electron microscopy

Clathrin triskelions can assemble into lattices of different shapes, sizes and symmetries. For many years, the structures of clathrin lattices have been studied by single particle cryo-electron microscopy, which probed the architecture of the D6 hexagonal barrel clathrin coat at the molecular level. By introducing additional image processing steps we have recently produced a density map for the D6 barrel clathrin coat at subnanometer resolution, enabling us to generate an atomic model for this lattice [Fotin, A., Cheng, Y., Sliz, P., Grigorieff, N., Harrison, S.C., Kirchhausen, T., Walz, T., 2004. Molecular model for a complete clathrin lattice from electron cryomicroscopy. Nature 432, 573-579]. We describe in detail here the image processing steps that we have added to produce a density map at this high resolution. These procedures should be generally applicable and may thus help determine the structures of other large protein assemblies to higher resolution by single particle cryo-electron microscopy.
Demonstrated Resolution Enhancement Capability of a Stripmap Holographic Aperture Ladar System

Holographic aperture ladar (HAL) is a variant of synthetic aperture ladar (SAL). The two processes are related in that they both seek to increase cross-range (i.e., the direction of the receiver translation) image resolution through the synthesis of a large effective aperture. This is in turn achieved via the translation of a receiver aperture and the subsequent coherent phasing and correlation of multiple received signals. However, while SAL imaging incorporates a translating point detector, HAL takes advantage of a two-dimensional translating sensor array. For the research presented in this article, a side-looking stripmap HAL geometry was used to sequentially image a set of Ronchi ruling targets. Prior to this, theoretical calculations were performed to determine the baseline, single subaperture resolution of our experimental, laboratory-based system. Theoretical calculations were also performed to determine the ideal modulation transfer function (MTF) and expected cross-range HAL image sharpening ratio corresponding to the geometry of our apparatus. To verify our expectations, we first sequentially captured an oversampled collection of pupil plane field segments for each Ronchi ruling. A HAL processing algorithm incorporating a high-precision speckle field registration process was then employed to phase-correct and reposition the field segments. Relative interframe piston phase errors were also removed prior to final synthetic image formation. By then taking the Fourier transform of the synthetic image intensity and examining the fundamental spatial frequency content, we were able to produce experimental modulation transfer function curves, which we then compared with our theoretical expectations. Our results show that we are able to achieve nearly diffraction-limited results for image sharpening ratios as high as 6.43.
High-end low-cost microelectronic fabrication available through MOSIS

The MOSIS Service (located at the University of Southern California's Information Sciences Institute) offers a route to obtain custom designed, prototype quantities of ASICs, Multichip Modules (MCMs) and MEMs devices. Over the last few years the service added MIDAS (MCM Interconnect Designers Access Service) for MCM fabrication to the list of standard offerings. Thus a designer can now access domestic, high- volume IC and MCM production lines to obtain low-cost, prototype quantities of both. In addition custom MEMs fabrication is now supported in conjunction with the Microelectronics Center of North Carolina. This unique resource is available to all users including commercial, government and university. The low-cost environment exists via a multi-project environment, where users share the cost of NRE, masks, and fabrication. MOSIS takes care of front end foundry tasks such as data preparation and obtaining masks as well as placing the orders and delivering the finished product. This paper gives a brief overview of the MOSIS service. In addition, it provides an update of the technologies available including, flip-chip MCM fabrication and assembly, 0.35 micron CMOS, bare die bumping, and MEMs technologies.
Effect of austempering time on mechanical properties of a low manganese austempered ductile iron

An investigation was carried out to examine the influence of austempering time on the resultant microstructure and the room-temperature mechanical properties of an unalloyed and low manganese ductile cast iron with initially ferritic as-cast structure. The effect of austempering time on the plane strain fracture toughness of this material was also studied. Compact tension and round cylindrical tensile specimens were prepared from unalloyed ductile cast iron with low manganese content and with a ferritic as-cast (solidified) structure. These specimens were then austempered in the upper (371 °C) and lower (260 °C) bainitic temperature ranges for different time periods, ranging from 30 min. to 4 h. Microstructural features such as type of bainite and the volume fraction of ferrite and austenite and its carbon content were evaluated by X-ray diffraction to examine the influence of microstructure on the mechanical properties and fracture toughness of this material.
Unsuspected neonatal killers in emergency medicine

A neonate presenting to the emergency department can present a challenge to even the most experienced clinician. This article has focused on four deceiving and potentially devastating neonatal diseases. 1. Neonatal herpes is a potentially devastating illness without pathognomonic signs or symptoms. Early recognition and therapy can reduce mortality markedly. Although no specific sign or symptom is diagnostic,the diagnosis should be strongly considered in the presence of HSV risk factors, atypical sepsis, unexplained acute hepatitis, or focal seizure activity. Acyclovir therapy should be initiated before viral dissemination or significant CNS replication occurs. 2. Pertussis is a disease in which infants are at greatest risk of death or severe complication. Neonatal pertussis often presents in an atypical manner, lacking the classic signs and symptoms such as the "whoop."More common signs and symptoms include cough, feeding difficulty,low-grade fever, emesis, increasing respiratory distress, apnea, cyanosis,and seizures. Management should include hospitalization, supportive care, and antibiotics. 3. Congenital heart defects, particularly ductal-dependent lesions, may have an initial asymptomatic period that culminates in a rapidly progressive and fatal course. A neonate with CHD presents with shock refractory to volume resuscitation or pressor support. Resuscitative efforts are ineffective unless PGE, is administered. 4. Inborn errors of metabolism often are unsuspected because of their protean and heterogeneous nature. Signs and symptoms are subtle,are nonspecific, and often mimic other, more common diseases.An elevated index of suspicion, along with application and correct interpretation of a select few laboratory tests, is the key to making a diagnosis. Therapy is relatively straightforward and focused on resuscitation followed by prevention of catabolism and correction of specifically identified abnormalities. Although these disorders are relatively uncommon, prompt diagnosis and therapy can lead to a decrease in morbidity and mortality. The key is to maintain a high index of suspicion.
What Do You Mean My Child Is in Custody? A Qualitative Study of Parental Response to the Detention of Their Child

This qualitative study involved in-depth interviews with 11 parents whose children had been taken into custody. The initial reactions and responses of the parents to the detention of their children were examined, as well as these parents' thoughts and feelings about theprocess and their involvement in the juvenile justice system. The following major themes emerged from the data analysis: (a) feeling frustrated and confused, (b) a perception of the system as being fair, (c) the juvenile system assuming a parental role, and (d) the influence of detention on family dynamics. Findings highlight the personal experiences of the parents as they attempted to navigate the juvenile justice system.
Hairy polyp of the pharynx obscured on physical examination by endotracheal tube, but diagnosed on brain imaging

We report a case of hairy polyp of the pharynx diagnosed on brain MRI in order to stress the need to examine carefully all tissues included on an imaging study, even those outside the clinically stated region of interest, and to remind practitioners to consider unusual as well as common etiologies for neonatal respiratory distress. Our case is unique in that thorough examination of a brain MRI, ordered in the evaluation of presumed central apnea, led to the correct diagnosis.
Description Of The Three-Dimensional Two-Phase Simulator Shaft78 For Use In Geothermal Reservoir Studies

The algorithm of SHAFT78 i s based on mass and energy-balance equations f o r two-phase flow i n a porous medium. We convert the basic d i f fe ren t ia l equations in to integrated f ini te-difference form. This allows regular and i r regular reservoir shapes to be handled with the same ease. The equations are solved semi-implicitly f o r discrete time steps. The present version of SHAFT78 t r e a t s the coupling between mass and energy flow i n a noniterative way. Special provisions a re made t o compute phase t ransi t ions with high accuracy. We have ver i f ied the program by computing a number of sample problems tha t previously had been investigated by other authors. reveal tha t two-phase geothermal reservoirs a re capable of a great var ie ty of pressure responses upon production. We show tha t the standard techniquc of estimating reserves by extrapolating a plot of p/; vs cumulative production i s not applicable t o twophase eothermal reservoirs. W e develop a bulk model 7 lumped parameters) f o r a two-phase reservoir tha t admits an analyt ical solution €or pressure decline upon production. i n many cases pressure will be a l inear function of cumulative production, with the slope allowing an estimate of t o t a l reservoir volume. Reserve assessment requires knowledge of average porosity an( vapor saturation, which cannot be obtained from pressure decline curves. Our model studies From this we conclude tha t