cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Process and Pace of Curriculum Change

511 Editor’s Note: How does one develop a strong end-of-life/ palliative medicine curriculum? How long does it take to achieve the “required for students to graduate” status? In “Institutionalization of a Palliative and End-of-Life Care Educational Program in a Medical School Curriculum,” Ross and colleagues describe the content, methods, outcomes, and strategies they used to systematically incorporate palliative medicine education into the medical student curriculum. Curriculum reform requires adherence to the principles of instructional design and sustained effort over a long period of time. As is described in the article, the palliative medicine curriculum change team at the University of Maryland officially began in 1994 with a needs assessment relative to predetermined palliative medicine objectives and formally approved as a graduation requirement in 2000. However, that approval merely signaled a new phase of the curriculum change effort. Ross and colleagues now maintain continuous surveillance of the medical student curriculum for changes that would impact their end-of-life curriculum. Concurrently, they continue to evaluate the effectiveness of their curriculum to guide ongoing improvement of their instruction and the evidence to demonstrate their effectiveness to the institution’s educational leaders. Are you about to embark on developing a palliative medicine curriculum? If so, you are reminded that revising the curriculum is a change process and all change efforts require systematic attention to key decision makers and a strong group of educational colleagues to insure that the reform is sustained.
A sport odyssey

In sport and fitness, personal meanings of physicality are negotiated and contested, and many women are empowered by the self‐definition of physicality. Physically active women push their physical and mental limits. In doing so, they also construct and reconstruct personal identity and social conventions. Physicality offers a sense of protection and the perceived ability to ward off potential attack or heal past victimisation. In this personal tale, I employ hybridity, or multi‐genre writing styles, to shed light on the construction and negotiation of identities through physical activity and sport. In this paper, I insert my voice and use my experiences to reflect upon the social constructions of sport, gender and identity. I frame sport as an odyssey, a long wandering, in which my personal identities transform in reaction to changing personal, social and cultural circumstances.
The dipole-flow test with a tracer: a new single-borehole tracer test for aquifer characterization

We propose a new aquifer characterization test, the dipole-flow test with a tracer (DFTT), and develop its interpretation methodology. Combining the dipole-flow test (DFT) and a tracer test, the DFTT is a single-borehole, forced-gradient tracer test. The DFTT device isolates an injection and an extraction chamber in a well with inflatable packers and utilizes a small pump to create a dipole-flow pattern. After a steady-state flow field is reached and the pumping rate and chamber drawdowns are measured, a tracer is released into the injection chamber, and the concentration breakthrough curve is recorded in the extraction chamber. In developing the DFTT model, we assume that the aquifer is homogeneous on the scale of the test and that the well has no skin zone. We use a streamtube approach to semi-analytically simulate the tracer transport in a DFTT and determine the necessary relationships for estimating the longitudinal dispersivity as well as the radial and vertical hydraulic conductivities. The arrival time of the peak concentration is linearly related to the anisotropy ratio, and the arrival time of the tracer front is related to the longitudinal dispersivity. We present data from preliminary DFTTs conducted with Rhodamine WT (RWT) as a tracer at the Lizzie Field Site located between Farmville and Maury, NC. Our results demonstrate that this single-borehole tracer test is feasible and that its estimates of dispersivity are consistent with those reported in literature, whereas its estimates of hydraulic conductivity differ from the flowmeter-test estimates by less than an order of magnitude. This difference is most likely caused by the natural aquifer heterogeneity and different characterization scales of the two tests. The sorption of RWT and its composition of two differently sorbing isomers complicate the nature of the DFTT breakthrough curve and its interpretation. The use of a conservative tracer, such as bromide, should eliminate this complication. The skin effects readily manifest themselves in the DFTT breakthrough curve as extra and/or recirculated peaks. The presented interpretation methodology applies to cases with insignificant skin effects.
Closed state of gramicidin channel detected by X-ray in-plane scattering.

Abstract An analogue of gramicidin A (gA) was synthesized with the formyl group replaced by a BOC group. The analogue (BOC-gA) exhibited single channel conduction, but the channel is 5-order-of-magnitude destabilized relative to the gA channel. Hydrated mixtures of gramicidin and dilauroyl phosphatidylcholine in the molar ratio of 1:10 were prepared into uniformly aligned multiple bilayers, and X-ray scattering with the momentum transfer in the plane of the membrane was measured. Analysis with the help of computer simulations showed that 70% of BOC-gA are monomers. Thus for the first time it was shown that gramicidin monomers are stable inside the monolayers of a lipid membrane. Furthermore, the monomers have the same β helical conformation as the dimeric channel. The result suggests the possibility that when a gramicidin channel is closed, it dissociates into two monomers floating in opposite monolayers.
Cephalothin clearance of Staphylococcus aureus from two experimental infection sites in the presence and absence of local phagocytic cells

The clearance of Staphylococcus aureus from perforated peritoneal capsules which are accessible to phagocytic cells, and subcutaneous Visking chambers which exclude phagocytes, was studied simultaneously in eight rabbits implanted with both devices. Animals were treated with cephalothin, 100 mg/kg im every 8 h for sixteen doses, beginning 24 h after inoculation of the infection sites with S. aureus (cephalothin MIC 0.125 mg/l, MBC 0.5 mg/l). At the start of cephalothin, subcutaneous chambers contained a higher concentration of S. aureus (8.4 log10 cfu/ml) than peritoneal capsules (6.8 log10 cfu/ml, P less than 0.001). There was a significant bactericidal effect in subcutaneous chambers on both the third and sixth day of treatment (P less than 0.002), whereas in peritoneal capsules this did not occur until day six. The total reduction in bacterial count in subcutaneous chambers (7.0 log10 cfu/ml) was significantly greater than in capsules (4.4 log10 cfu/ml, P less than 0.002). The mean concentration of cephalothin in subcutaneous chambers (10.7 mg/l) was significantly higher than in peritoneal capsules (6.1 mg/l, P less than 0.02), but no difference in in-vitro killing of S. aureus was detected at these concentrations. We conclude that cephalothin clearance of S. aureus from a site accessible to phagocytes was delayed when compared to a phagocyte-inaccessible site.
Filtering the piotroski portfolio: the roles of economic sector, small cap, and technical momentum

Background and Objective: In one of the most cited, value-investing results, a portfolio of approximately 100 stocks is selected based on value and fundamental factors. If an investor wants to select 10 of those recommended stocks, then to what extent might economic sector diversification, market capitalization, and technical momentum indicators be useful? Method and Results: In this paper, several strategies produce the 10-stock portfolio that retains the performance of the 100-stock portfolio. Choosing the smallest market cap stocks tends to make the greatest, positive difference in gains, but deeper investigation reveals that those stocks may not be practically accessible investment vehicles.
The correct stereochemistry of dimethyl 2,6-diphenyl-4-oxo-cyclohexane-1,1-dicarboxylate

Abstract Conflicting literature reports dealing with the stereochemistry of the cyclohexanone formed from the Michael reaction of dibenzalacetone with dimethyl malonate have been resolved by X-ray structure analysis. The compound is the trans isomer with a twist conformation.
Bacteriochlorophyll Synthesis and the Ultrastructure of Wild Type and Mutant Strains of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides

The ultrastructure of sectioned cells of mutant and wild type Rhodopseudomonas spheroides has been examined by electron microscopy. The characteristic vesicles associated with the presence of bacteriochlorophyll were found in wild type cells grown with low aeration. These were also found in mutant TA-R which forms bacteriochlorophyll under high aeration. None of the mutants with blocks in bacteriochlorophyll synthesis contained intracytoplasmic membrane. These included mutant 8-17 which accumulates bacteriochlorophyllide but fails at the phytolation step. We conclude that the intact bacteriochlorophyll molecule, or some particular membrane protein associated with it, is needed for the development of the characteristic intracytoplasmic membrane system in R. spheroides.
Complete pathologic maturation and regression of stage ivs neuroblastoma without treatment

Spontaneous maturation of Stage IVS neuroblastoma has been postulated as a mechanism for its favorable prognosis, but this has rarely been documented pathologically. We report on a patient with congenital Stage IVS neuroblastoma who had extensive subcutaneous and bone-marrow involvement. Serial photographs, biopsies, and vanillomandelic acid determinations documented the tumor's initial progression which was followed by spontaneous maturation and involution of the patient's disease over a 6-year period. No cytotoxic therapy was administered. Favorable biologic prognostic factors were documented, including tumor DNA and protein analyses for N-myc amplification or overexpression and analysis for serum neuron-specific enolase and ferritin. Implications for management and therapy of Stage IVS neuroblastoma are discussed with reference to this case and the recent literature.
Gold(I) and silver(I) metallocryptates based on 2,9-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,8-naphthyridine.

In acetonitrile the rigid diphosphine ligand 2,9-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,8-naphthyridine (dppn) reacts with (SMe2)AuCl in the presence of NaPF6 to produce a pale-yellow material identified as [Au2Na(μ-dppn)3](PF6)3 (1). In acetonitrile dppn reacts with 2 equiv of (SMe2)AuCl to form the simple Au−Cl adduct of the ligand, Au2Cl2dppn (2). In a fashion analogous to that of the synthesis of 1, the reaction of equimolar AgNO3 with dppn produces the trimetallic species [Ag2(μ-dppn)3Ag](PF6)3 (3) as a bright-yellow material. 1, 2, and 3 were characterized by 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy, electronic absorption spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, emission spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Additionally 1 was further characterized by cyclic voltammetry and mass spectrometry. 1·4.5CH3CN·0.5(C2H5)2O (C107H72Au2F18N10.5NaO) crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 with a = 15.408(3) A, b = 17.295(3) A, c = 22.425(5) A, α = 73.68(1)°, β = 77.32(1)°, γ = 74.18(1)°, V = 5451.4(19) A3, and Z = 2. C32H24Au2Cl2N2P2 (2)...
From rhetoric to real world: fostering higher order thinking through transdisciplinary collaboration

Ill-structured problems abound that require sophisticated problem-solving skills, knowledge across multiple domains and the abilities to think critically and communicate effectively. Despite the abundance of rhetoric supporting the need to build these skills in our students, the acquisition of domain-specific knowledge is still the primary focus of most disciplines. Students who have not mastered these skills and possess only domain-specific knowledge will be underprepared to successfully contribute to the solutions to these problems. The IDEA Studio at Virginia Tech implemented a transdisciplinary collaborative learning environment in an effort to bring these skills out of the literature and into the real-world classroom. This paper describes our strategies, the dominant themes that drove our course structure, the challenges we faced and the lessons learned.
Local lattice instabilities in the A-15's

Abstract A model based on dynamic local structural instabilities arising from the coexistence of phases and the presence of defects is proposed for the A-15's. Deductions from this model are consistent with unusual characteristic lattice features of the high T c A-15's especially their pressure and strain dependence and also with the pressure and strain dependence of T c .
Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin Concentrations Predict Development of Acute Kidney Injury in Neonates and Children after Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Objectives To investigate neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as an early acute kidney injury (AKI) biomarker after neonatal and pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Study design Serum and urine samples were obtained before and at intervals after CPB from 374 patients. AKI was defined as a serum creatinine (S Cr ) concentration increase from baseline ≥0.3 mg/dL in neonates and ≥50% in children within 48 hours of CPB. Logistic regression was used to assess predictors and clinical outcomes associated with AKI. Results AKI developed in 30% of patients. Plasma and urine NGAL thresholds significantly increased in patients with AKI at 2 hours after CPB and remained elevated at all points, with 2-hour NGAL the earliest, strongest predictor of AKI. In non-neonates, 2-hour plasma and urine NGAL thresholds strongly correlated with length of hospital stay and severity and duration of AKI. Conclusion Plasma and urine NGAL thresholds are early predictive biomarkers for AKI and its clinical outcomes after CPB. In neonates, we recommend a 2-hour plasma NGAL threshold of 100 ng/mL and 2-hour urine NGAL threshold of 185 ng/mL for diagnosis of AKI. In non-neonates, recommended AKI thresholds are 50 ng/mL for both 2-hour plasma and urine NGAL.
Development of ovine fetal ileal motility: role of muscarinic receptor subtypes.

Abstract Objective In the preterm human fetus, immaturity of gastrointestinal (GI) motility contributes to impairment of oral feeding and an increased risk of necrotizing enterocolitis. In view of the limited knowledge of fetal GI motility development, and the primary role of the muscarinic system in adult GI motility, we examined the development of GI muscarinic receptor subtypes associated with ileal motility. Study design Ovine term fetal, newborn, and pregnant adult ileal longitudinal muscle contractile responses to muscarinic agonists (bethanechol) and muscarinic nonspecific (atropine) and subtype specific-antagonists (M1-M4) were examined in organ baths. Immunohistochemical analysis of ileal muscle muscarinic receptor subtypes was correlated with contractile responses. Results Bethanechol induced a concentration-dependent ileal contraction at all 3 age groups. Adult ileal maximal tension was 2-fold higher than that of the fetus and newborn, while 50% effective concentration (EC 50 ) was similar at all ages. Atropine (10 −6 mol/L) inhibited contractility in fetal (67%±7%), newborn (82%±5%), and adult (97%±2%) in an age-dependent manner. The M3 antagonist exhibited robust inhibition at all age groups while the M2 antagonist demonstrated enhanced inhibition in the fetus. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated coexpression of subtype receptors in fetal, newborn, and adult ileal smooth muscle with increasing expression with advancing age. Conclusion These results demonstrate a specific developmental pattern of muscarinic receptor subtype expression. Knowledge and/or alterations of GI motility regulation may aid in the treatment of the preterm fetus or newborn.
Effect of sea surface temperature configuration on model simulations of “equable” climate in the Early Eocene

Abstract A major challenge in paleoclimate modeling studies is reproducing the “equable” climate conditions recorded by proxy climate data. This challenge has long been a focus in studies of Eocene paleoclimate. Climate models consistently overestimate mean annual temperature range (MATR) relative to proxy data interpretations and produce minimum temperatures that are far lower than proxy estimates. We hypothesize that the lack of accurate sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and a complete annual cycle definition is responsible for some of these model-data discrepancies in Eocene comparisons. To test this hypothesis, we developed two Eocene annual cycle SST data sets as boundary conditions for model experiments and ran full annual cycle and abbreviated cycle (perpetual) cases. When a perpetual case is replaced by a full annual cycle of SST values, the January 0°C isotherm (freezeline) over North America shifts poleward by ∼5° latitude and (MATR is reduced by ∼5°C. A change from one annual SST cycle to another, equally plausible, annual SST cycle results in a further latitudinal migration (∼5°) of the freezeline and another ∼5°C change in continental interior MATR. Overall, the global mean annual and cold month mean temperatures show little sensitivity to the forcing, while MATR shows larger sensitivity in some continental regions. Our results suggest that the annual cycle of SSTs and the actual SST values incorporated into experiments are major sources of the model-data continental temperature discrepancies reported in past paleoclimate modeling studies. We also find that the relatively coarse spatial resolution of the topography incorporated into paleoclimate models is an additional source of the discrepancy.
Stereoscopic Visualization of Scientific and Medical Content for Education: Seeing in 3D

The use of stereoscopic displays to educate students on the complex subjects of science and health holds great promise. Traditionally, students have not been easily able to visualize concepts using standard textbooks, and stereo displays fill a role that will allow these students a greater insight to the materials that often have gone misunderstood. Often, science is portrayed by artists who may not understand the science and thus misrepresent the subject matter, or by the scientist who is not capable of rendering images of a complex nature with the artist's technical ability. The technologies used to create and display stereoscopic content are becoming increasingly economically feasible and user friendly. The end result of this situation will be to permit a more fascinating, accurate, and dynamic learning environment that can be available to anyone interested in exploring science and health.
Opportunistic decision making and complexity in emergency care

In critical care environments such as the emergency department (ED), many activities and decisions are not planned. In this study, we developed a new methodology for systematically studying what are these unplanned activities and decisions. This methodology expands the traditional naturalistic decision making (NDM) frameworks by explicitly identifying the role of environmental factors in decision making. We focused on decisions made by ED physicians as they transitioned between tasks. Through ethnographic data collection, we developed a taxonomy of decision types. The empirical data provide important insight to the complexity of the ED environment by highlighting adaptive behavior in this intricate milieu. Our results show that half of decisions in the ED we studied are not planned, rather decisions are opportunistic decision (34%) or influenced by interruptions or distractions (21%). What impacts these unplanned decisions have on the quality, safety, and efficiency in the ED environment are important research topics for future investigation.
A generalized multivariate analysis of variance model useful especially for growth curve problems

The usual MANOVA (multivariate analysis of variance) model (see equation (1)) may be generalized (equation (3)) by allowing for the appending of a post-matrix in the expectation equation. As explained in ? 1, this generalized model (3) is applicable particularly to many kinds of growth curve problems, as well as to other problems. Section 2 is theoretical, and develops techniques of analysis under the generalized model. A numerical example involving growth curves is worked out in ? 3.
The adaptive response of the salt glands of adult mallard ducks to a salt water regime: an ultrastructural and tracer study.

The salt glands of adult domestic mallards that had been maintained in three different physiological conditions were studied ultrastructurally. With adaptation to salt water conditions, the glands approximately doubled in size. This size increase appeared to result entirely from hypertrophy of the secretory cells which became a labyrinth of mitochondria filled basolateral interdigitations. The extent of the extracellular spaces and the complexity of the surface amplification was delineated by horseradish peroxidase and lanthanum salts. Tracer studies provided evidence that the junctional complexes may not always contain typical “tight junctions.” The ultrastructure of the gland is discussed in relation to the standing gradient osmotic flow hypothesis of Diamond.
Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Dengue-Virus Entry

Flavivirus envelope protein (E) mediates membrane fusion and viral entry from endosomes. A low-pH induced, dimer-to-trimer rearrangement and reconfiguration of the membrane-proximal “stem" of the E ectodomain draw together the viral and cellular membranes. We found stem-derived peptides from dengue virus (DV) bind stem-less E trimer and mimic the stem-reconfiguration step in the fusion pathway. We adapted this experiment as a high-throughput screen for small molecules that block peptide binding and thus may inhibit viral entry. A compound identified in this screen, 1662G07, and a number of its analogs reversibly inhibit DV infectivity. They do so by binding the prefusion, dimeric E on the virion surface, before adsorption to a cell. They also block viral fusion with liposomes. Structure-activity relationship studies have led to analogs with submicromolar IC90s against DV2, and certain analogs are active against DV serotypes 1,2, and 4. The compounds do not inhibit the closely related Kunjin virus. We propose that they bind in a previously identified, E-protein pocket, exposed on the virion surface and although this pocket is closed in the postfusion trimer, its mouth is fully accessible. Examination of the E-trimer coordinates (PDB 1OK8) shows that conformational fluctuations around the hinge could open the pocket without dissociating the trimer or otherwise generating molecular collisions. We propose that compounds such as 1662G07 trap the sE trimer in a “pocket-open" state, which has lost affinity for the stem peptide and cannot support the final “zipping up" of the stem.
S/N Enhancement of Raman Spectra Using an Interactive Filter

The use of an interactive filter for smoothing Raman spectra is described. It is applied by fitting a polynomial to a limited range of data in a spectrum using the least-squares criterion. It provides a variable band-pass with very sharp cutoff without generating ringing artifacts. Its use is demonstrated in tailoring of the filter bandpass to the requirements of individual spectral features, in detection of weak peaks in a noisy spectrum, and in detection of minor component signals when these are superimposed on major component signals.
Experience with an Expendable Temperature and Velocity Profiler

The performance of an expendable temperature and velocity profiler (XTVP) against several independent velocity profilers is discussed. The XTVP operates on the principles of motional induction resulting from the movement of sea water through the earth's magnetic field. The induced electric currents are interpreted in terms of the generating velocity distribution. Profile intercomparisons have shown the XTVP capable of measuring ocean velocity (relative to an unknown, depth independent offset velocity) to within an uncertainty of 1 cm/s with 6 m vertical averaging for both the east and north velocity components. White noise density of about 3.5 (cm/s)2/cpm limits vertical resolution to about 10 m.The probe falls at about 4.5 m/s, requiring about 200 s to complete a profile to 900 m (3000 ft), and has a dynamic range of \pm400 cm/s. Profiles and comparison results are presented demonstrating the achievement of the development goal of velocity uncertainties of 1 cm/s rms at a vertical resolution of 10 m.
Brain–Muscle–Computer Interface: Mobile-Phone Prototype Development and Testing

We report prototype development and testing of a new mobile-phone-based brain-muscle-computer interface for severely paralyzed persons, based on previous results from our group showing that humans may actively create specified power levels in two separate frequency bands of a single surface electromyography (sEMG) signal. EMG activity on the surface of a single face muscle site (auricularis superior) is recorded with a standard electrode. This analog electrical signal is imported into an Android-based mobile phone and digitized via an internal A/D converter. The digital signal is split, and then simultaneously filtered with two band-pass filters to extract total power within two separate frequency bands. The user-modulated power in each frequency band serves as two separate control channels for machine control. After signal processing, the Android phone sends commands to external devices via a Bluetooth interface. Users are trained to use the device via visually based operant conditioning, with simple cursor-to-target activities on the phone screen. The mobile-phone prototype interface is formally evaluated on a single advanced Spinal Muscle Atrophy subject, who has successfully used the interface in his home in evaluation trials and for remote control of a television. Development of this new device will not only guide future interface design for community use, but will also serve as an information technology bridge for in situ data collection to quantify human sEMG manipulation abilities for a relevant population.
Theranostic magnetic resonance imaging of type 1 diabetes and pancreatic islet transplantation

Type 1 diabetes mellitus results in impaired insulin production by pancreatic islets due to autoimmunity. Islet transplantation has recently emerged as a promising treatment for this disease. To visualize and monitor endogenous and transplanted islets, non-invasive strategies are currently being developed. These include strategies for in vivo magnetic resonance imaging of microvascular changes during diabetes development, tracking the recruitment of diabetogenic T cells to the pancreas, and imaging of endogenous and transplanted islet mass. The combination of MR imaging agents with therapy is a novel state-of-the-art theranostic approach that has a tremendous potential for type 1 diabetes management. Though still in its infancy, theranostic MR imaging has shown certain encouraging progress. Here we provide an overview of the latest accomplishments in this area as it applies to changes in islet vasculature during diabetes development, monitoring autoimmune attack mediated by T cells, and imaging of transplanted islets. Future challenges and opportunities in the area of theranostic MRI are discussed as well.
Comparison of bandwidth selection methods for kernel smoothing of ROC curves

In this paper we compared four non-parametric kernel smoothing methods for estimating an ROC curve based on a continuous-scale test. All four methods produced a smooth ROC curve of the test. The difference in these four methods lay with the way they chose their bandwidth parameters. To assess the relative performance of the four bandwidth selection methods, we conducted a simulation study using different underlying distributions, along with varied sample sizes. The results from our simulation study suggested that the kernel smoothing method originally proposed by Altman and Leger for estimation of the distribution function was the best choice for estimation of an ROC curve. We illustrated these methods with a real example.
Graphene, plasmonic and silicon optical modulators

In this work we showcase two novel examples of electro-optic modulators (EOM) for ultrafast and low-power future transmitters. Unlike weak-interacting EOM design, which often require high feedback in form of high-Q cavity design we deploy novel materials and metal-based approaches. Both devices are based on novel materials, namely Graphene [1] and Indium-Tin-Oxide (ITO) [2], and feature the Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) platform facilitating ease in monolithic integration (Fig 1).
Network degradation accompanying the vulcanization of natural rubber with a sulfur–diphenylguanidine system†

Sol fraction and swelling values have been determined for a series of natural rubber–sulfur–diphenylguanidine vulcanizates. These data have been analyzed in terms of the Charlesby and Pinner gel network formation theory with a view to estimating the amount of permanent molecular chain scission accompanying the vulcanization. It is concluded that negligible chain scission occurs before the point of modulus reversion of these curves. In the region of cure reversion, permanent molecular chain scission does occur to a small extent. The principal factor responsible for cure reversion in this vulcanizate is crosslink scission. Chain scission is responsible for only about 3–8% of the observed cure reversion.
Terrain elevation mapping results from airborne spotlight-mode coherent cross-track SAR stereo

Coherent cross-track synthetic aperture radar (SAR) stereo is shown to produce high-resolution three-dimensional maps of the Earth surface. This mode utilizes image pairs with common synthetic apertures but different squint angles allowing automated stereo correspondence and disparity estimation using complex correlation calculations. This paper presents two Ku-band, coherent cross-track stereo collects over rolling and rugged terrain. The first collect generates a digital elevation map (DEM) with 1-m posts over rolling terrain using complex SAR imagery with spatial resolution of 0.125 m and a stereo convergence angle of 13.8/spl deg/. The second collect produces multiple DEMs with 3-m posts over rugged terrain utilizing complex SAR imagery with spatial resolutions better than 0.5 m and stereo convergence angles greater than 40/spl deg/. The resulting DEMs are compared to ground-truth DEMs and relative height root-mean-square, linear error 90-percent confidence, and maximum height error are reported.
Skunks in the Library: A Path to Production for Scholarly R&D

ABSTRACT Library-based digital humanities “skunkworks” are semi-independent research-and-development labs staffed with librarians who act as scholar-practitioners. Their creation is an uncommon, yet uncommonly potent, organizational response to opportunities opened up by digital scholarship. This article describes the Scholars’ Lab at the University of Virginia Library and asserts a critical role for library-embedded digital centers in forging new paths for knowledge work in the humanities.
Social Organization in Preschool Classrooms: Social Sets as Social Units

The purpose of this study was to examine age-related changes in preschoolers' affiliative groups. In this study, the peer group rather than the individual child was treated as the unit of analysis. Forty-seven 3-year-olds in four classes and 50 4-year-olds in four other classes were observed during free play. Observers recorded the person with whom each child interacted. McQuitty's (1957) cluster analysis was performed on the children's interaction scores to derive the affiliative groups in each classroom, which were called social sets. Social sets depict the peer interactive networks within each classroom. The social sets of 4-year-olds were both larger and higher in density than the social sets of the 3-year-olds. The findings are consistent with expectations that older preschoolers are better able to maintain several peer relationships simultaneously than are younger preschoolers. We discussed ways in which identification of social sets helps to understand the dynamics of individuals, relationships and...
Chronic and acute analysis of optic nerve sheath fenestration with the free electron laser in monkeys

Background and Objectives The Amide II wavelength (6.45 μm) produced by the free electron laser (FEL) can efficiently create an optic nerve sheath fenestration in rabbits. We wished to determine if it would be equally successful in macaque monkeys and to determine the histopathologic changes between traditional scissors or knife optic nerve sheath fenestration to FEL fenestration. Study Design/Materials and Methods Optic nerve sheath fenestration was performed using either the FEL (6.45 μm, 30 Hz, 2–3 mJ, 325-μm spot size) through a hollow waveguide probe in 12 eyes or with a scissors or a knife in 6 eyes. The monkeys survived 1 month with the fellow optic nerve operated acutely just prior to sacrifice. Optic nerves were evaluated histologically. Results Less tissue manipulation was required using the FEL surgical probe. Electroretinograms showed minimal or no change. Tissue responses using either method were similar following chronic or acute incisions. Mild upregulation of vimentin and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) was seen in astrocytes adjacent to the fenestration, but no change in S100β was evident. Conclusions The FEL energy at 6.45 μm delivered through a hollow waveguide appears capable of efficiently and safely producing an optic nerve sheath fenestration in monkeys. This innovative surgical technique should be considered for human use. Lasers Surg. Med. 32:32–41,2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Identifying membrane protein surface markers of HIV-1 infection

HIV-1 is the cause of AIDS, a destructive disease of the immune system. The ability of HIV-1 to induce selective apoptosis in certain CD4+ T lymphocytes, while establishing a persistent viral reservoir in a small population of CD4+ T cells, is a critical element for understanding the ability of HIV-1 to evade the immune system and designing new therapeutic approaches. Current therapies for HIV, such as HAART, promote resistant strains of the virus, and, therefore, there is a need for new therapeutic targets that will not develop resistance. As the plasma membrane plays an essential role in multiple steps in the HIV infection process, a thorough understanding of the membrane proteome is warranted. Proteomic studies have recently begun to identify potentially important cell-surface markers of HIV-1-infected cells. Elucidating the role of these plasma membrane proteins in HIV-1 infection may provide critically needed new therapeutic targets.
PET is alive and well.

In a recent article on DOTmed.com entitled “Is There Life After PET?” Wayne Webster, founder of ProActics Consulting, wrote that “PET is nearing the end of its life cycle and will be replaced for most if not all of its clinical uses within the next few years.” PET was a research device until
Hi-DRA: Intrusion Detection for Internet Security

Intrusion detection systems monitor computer networks looking for evidence of malicious actions. Networks are complex systems, and a comprehensive intrusion detection solution has to be able to manage event streams with different content,speed, level of abstraction, and accessibility. Therefore, it is necessary to distribute intrusion detection sensors across multiple protected networks, manage their configuration as the security posture of the networks changes, and process the results of their analysis so that a high-level picture of the security state of the network can be provided to the administrators. This paper presents Hi-DRA, a network surveillance, analysis, and response system for high-speed WANs. The system provides a framework for the modular development of intrusion detection sensors in heterogeneous, high-speed environments. In addition, the system provides an infrastructure that supports the dynamic configuration of the sensors and the collection and interpretation of their results. The system, as a whole,is able to provide fine-grained monitoring across WANs and, at the same time,is able to correlate the results of the analysis of the different sensors into a high-level expressive description of security violations.
Full wave analysis of microstrip floating line structures by wavelet expansion method

A full wave analysis of microstrip floating line structures by wavelet expansion method is presented. The surface integral equation developed from a dyadic Green's function is solved by Galerkin's method, with the integral kernel and the unknown current expanded in terms of orthogonal wavelets. Using the orthonormal wavelets (and scaling functions) with compact support as basis functions and weighting functions, the integral equation is converted into a set of linear algebraic equations, with the matrices nearly diagonal or block-diagonal due to the localization, orthogonality, and cancellation properties of the orthogonal wavelets. Limitations inherited in the traditional orthogonal basis systems are released: The problem-dependent normal modes have been replaced by the problem-independent wavelets, preserving the orthogonality; the trade-off between orthogonality and continuity (e.g. subsectional basis functions including pulse functions, roof-top functions, piecewise sinusoidal functions, etc.) is well balanced by the orthogonal wavelets. Numerical results are compared with measurements and previous published data with good agreement. >
Thermal/Fluid Characteristics of Elliptic Cross Section Filament Box Lattice Matrices as Heat Exchanger Surfaces

‡The thermal and fluid characteristics of elliptic cross section filament box lattices are studied. Analytical models for porosity and specific surface area are developed and are expressed in terms of six dimensionless parameters. Numerical simulations are performed to evaluate the flow and thermal characteristics of these structures deployed as heat exchanger matrices. The flows considered are laminar with Reynolds number ranging from 30 to 150. Friction factors and Stanton numbers are calculated from the simulated flow fields. The effect of streamlining the filaments via ellipticity is discussed by comparison with circular cross section filament box-lattices and three-dimensional filament woven structures.
Chemical pneumonitis following household exposure to hydrofluoric acid.

A previously healthy 26-year-old woman developed hemorrhagic alveolitis and adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) following use of a hydrofluoric acid-containing household cleaning agent. Exposure was inhalational in nature. The circumstances and possible mechanism of chemical pneumonitis from low-dose inhalational exposure to hydrofluoric acid are discussed.Am. J. Ind. Med. 31:474‐478, 1997. r 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ultra-wideband dual polarized cavity backed antenna

UWB systems offer many advantages over conventional systems. For example, they allow very high resolution in radar applications which make them excellent candidates in see through wall and ground penetrating radars. They are also used in high data rate communications such as wireless USB. UWB antennas are key elements in these systems. They are generally required to be light weight, compact and have good radiation characteristics. Dual polarized UWB antennas offer additional information which can be used in clutter reduction and target identification in radar systems. The additional polarization can also be used as a diversity measure to improve the received SNR and/or increase the data rate in communication applications. Many dual polarized antennas have been presented in the literature. These include dual polarized patch and slot antennas. However, due to their inherent resonant nature, these antennas cannot provide significantly more than about 20% of bandwidth which limits their use in radar and high data rate communications. Other designs include dual polarized horn and ridged horn antennas. These antennas provide much wider bandwidths, however they are bulky antennas and relatively hard and costly to fabricate.
Henry Adams and 1905: Prolegomena to The Education

We know precisely what Secretary of State John Hay was doing on 7 January 1905, and it had nothing to do with government affairs. Sixty seven years old, and not in the best of health, Hay had an engagement that took him away from his comfortable Washington mansion on Lafayette Square, across from the White House. His destination was New York? the Italian Renaissance building at 7 West 43 rd Street occupied by the Century Club. The New York Tribune duly noted his checking-in at the Wolcott Hotel, but it carried no notice of his mission, which for the moment was secret. Hay had once lived in New York, thirty years before, as an editor of the Tribune, after serving as Lincoln's secretary during the Civil War. While there he had also published his celebrated little book of western dialect poems called Pike County Ballads (1871). He had then gone on, with John Nicolay, to write a scholarly ten-volume History of Abraham Lincoln, and in 1897 had been appointed American minister to England. Now, with neither fanfare nor ambition behind him, he was in his seventh year as Secretary of State and at the apex of his career, having arranged the Open Door to Chinese trade and having negotiated several important Latin American treaties. On this particular winter day John Hay was in New York to meet five men for a one o'clock luncheon. Like Hay, these five men were also familiar to the serious public, though they seldom appeared in the headlines to which Hay, the ranking Cabinet officer, was accustomed. They ranged in
The Relationship among Neurocognitive Performances and Biopsychosocial Characteristics of Elite National Football League Draft Picks: An Exploratory Investigation

Sports neuropsychology has emerged as a specialty area within the field of clinical neuropsychology. The role of the sports neuropsychologist, rooted in baseline and post-concussion testing, has evolved to include other clinical domains, including the clinical assessment of potential draft picks. There is no published information on the neurocognitive characteristics of these draft picks. We sought to determine whether elite NFL draft picks differed from NFL roster athletes on neurocognitive (ImPACT) and biopsychosocial characteristics, and given that no published data exists for this population, adopted null hypotheses. Null hypotheses were rejected for two of the four ImPACT scores, as elite draft picks scored higher on measures of visual motor speed and reaction time than roster NFL athletes. Subtle but distinct neurocognitive differences are noted when comparing elite NFL draft picks with norms from a cumulative roster of a single NFL team.
DISTRIBUTION, HISTORY, AND TAXONOMY OF THE THAIS CLADE (GASTROPODA: MURICIDAE) IN THE NEOGENE OF TROPICAL AMERICA

Abstract The earliest known members of the Thais clade of rapanine muricid neogastropods comprise four species from the Cantaure Formation (early Miocene: Burdigalian) of Venezuela; three of these species are new. Neorapana rotundata Gibson-Smith et al., 1997, is most closely related to the Recent Pacific Mexican N. tuberculata (Sowerby, 1835), and represents the only known Atlantic occurrence of the genus. Thais brevicula new species is closest to T. callaoensis (Gray, 1828) from the Recent of northern Peru and the Galapagos. A review of the genus Thais indicates that the typical members of this group occur in the South Atlantic, West Africa, and eastern Pacific, but not in the Recent fauna of the southern Caribbean. Stramonita bifida new species is a large species related to the Recent S. haemastoma floridana (Conrad, 1837), which occurs throughout the Caribbean. A review of American species of Stramonita indicates that the taxon S. biserialis (de Blainville, 1832) from the Recent fauna of the eastern P...
Endometrial biopsies in the office. Report of 400 cases.

Abstract 1. Endometrial biopsy in the office is a safe, simple, timesaving, and very economical procedure in a large majority of patients. 2. Accuracy of diagnosis is high: recent literature in which patients had both biopsy and a hospital dilatation and curettage attests this in large series. 3. Endometrial polyps are frequently missed and are best removed by a hospital procedure. 4. Any lack of correlation between symptoms, physical examination, and histologic findings must be further investigated. 5. It is believed that the cannula curette may be used more extensively in the office. Such a procedure could materially reduce the number of diagnostic dilatations and curettages performed in the hospital.
Low-grade siderotic dysplastic nodules: Determination of premalignant lesions on the basis of vasculature phenotype

Abstract Rationale and Objectives The authors performed this study to determine whether, on the basis of the vascular profile, low-grade siderotic dysplastic nodules are premalignant lesions. Materials and Methods The authors used a monoclonal antibody specific for smooth muscle actin to stain 18 siderotic low-grade dysplastic nodules (mean size, 0.7 cm) from nine patients. Two pathologists counted the number of unpaired arteries per high-power field in siderotic dysplastic nodules and background siderotic regenerative nodules by using two techniques (conventional and hot spot). Results The number of unpaired arteries seen with the conventional counting technique in low-grade siderotic dysplastic nodules (range, 1–14; mean, 3.8) was significantly greater ( P = .004) than that seen in background siderotic regenerative nodules (range, 0–3; mean, 1.2). Similarly, the number of unpaired arteries seen with the hot spot technique in low-grade siderotic dysplastic nodules (range, 0–14; mean, 5.2) was significantly greater ( P = .005) than that seen in background siderotic regenerative nodules (range, 0–6; mean, 1.9). Conclusion On the basis of the vascular profile, low-grade siderotic dysplastic nodules should be considered premalignant lesions. Further research is needed to help differentiate these lesions from siderotic regenerative nodules with magnetic resonance imaging.
Long-term Management of Low Back Pain with Opioids and Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in a Health System.

In the past 15 years, there have been marked increases in the use of opioids to treat chronic non-cancer pain.1–3 Yet, there remains little to no clinical evidence supporting the long-term effectiveness of this class of drugs or therapeutics for this indication.4 Contemporaneous with the increase in opioid prescriptions, there has been a commensurate rise in opioid misuse.2,5 There are also serious risks associated with long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), a comparable analgesic, such as gastrointestinal bleeding and renal disease.6 Within the context of these known risks and recommendations to use both classes primarily for acute pain (except cautionary use for select conditions when there is clear longitudinal symptom improvement), it is unclear how often opioids and NSAIDs are prescribed long-term despite potential risks.6–9 This study compares long-term use of both classes for patients with non-cancer low back pain in a large healthcare system.
Methamphetamine’s effect on SDR: Replication and extension

Methamphetamine’ s effect on serial discrimination reversal learning (SDR) was studied in rats; selected doses reduced errors during acquisition of SDR with successive reversals spaced by either 24 or 48 h.
Use DENSIMAT to detect Brucellosis-A scientific approach into specific serological SAT method

Objective:To resolve the deviation caused by visual inspection of the turbidity in the SAT method to diagnose Brucellosis.Methods:Use DENSIMAT to diagnose Brucellosis and compare with the results generated by visual inspection in the SAT method.Results:There have 62 tested serum samples to show results that are in substantial agreement between the SAT method and DENSIMAT method.