cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chromosomal aneuploidy in proliferative breast disease

Although some forms of proliferative breast disease have been associated with increased risk of breast cancer, substantial confirmatory evidence that the lesions are biologically premalignant has not been presented. Our intent was to identify cytogenetic aberrations in proliferative breast disease using fluorescence in situ hybridization probes selected for their relationship to aberrations previously reported in breast cancer. Application of fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques to paraffin tissue sections using pericentromeric probes for chromosomes 1, 16, 17, 18, and X revealed chromosome aneuploidy in proliferative and malignant lesions of the breast. Sectioning artifact that may result in nuclear truncation was controlled by establishing expected baseline frequencies for gain and loss in normal tissues from the same breast. Localization of chromosomal aberrations to proliferative breast disease lesions with concomitant retention of a normal chromosome complement in corresponding normal breast tissues indicates biologic significance of the results. The similarities of losses involving chromosomes 16, 17, and 18 in hyperplastic lesions and in malignant breast lesions suggest that some hyperplasias may be part of a sequence of progression to malignancy in breast cancer. Gains of chromosome 1 in both in situ and invasive carcinoma are consistent with reports of polysomy 1q as a common cytogenetic change in breast cancer. Its localization to advanced lesions suggests that this trisomy is probably not the initial cytogenetic change in breast cancer tumorigenesis.
Formation of the Earth‐Moon System

Earth-moon system formation theory, discussing condensation from terrestrial hot extended silicate atmosphere
Decidability of Systems of Set Constraints with Negative Constraints

Set constraints are relations between sets of terms. They have been used extensively in various applications in program analysis and type inference. Recently, several algorithms for solving general systems of positive set constraints have appeared. In this paper we consider systems of mixed positive and negative constraints, which are considerably more expressive than positive constraints alone. We show that it is decidable whether a given such system has a solution. The proof involves a reduction to a number-theoretic decision problem that may be of independent interest.
Racial Variation in Vocational Rehabilitation Outcomes: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach:

Numerous studies have indicated racial and ethnic disparities in the vocational rehabilitation (VR) system, including differences in acceptance, services provided, closure types, and employment out...
Population and quantitative genetics of regulatory networks.

I evolved boolean regulatory networks in a computer simulation. I varied mutation, recombination, the size of the network, and the number of connections per node. I measured the performance of networks and the heritability and epistasis of genetic effects. Networks of intermediate connectivity performed best. The distinction between metabolic and quantitative genetic additivity explained some of the variation in performance. Metabolic additivity describes the interaction between changes in a single network, whereas quantitative genetic additivity measures the consistency of phenotypic effect caused by gene substitution in randomly chosen members of the population. I analysed metabolic additivity by the distribution of epistatic effects of pairs of mutations in individual networks. I measured quantitative genetic additivity by heritability. Highly connected networks had greater metabolic additivity for perturbations to individual networks, but had lower additivity when measured by the average effect of a gene substitution (heritability). The lower heritability of highly connected nets appeared to reduce the effectiveness of recombination in searching evolutionary space.
Scaphoid AARIF Arthroscopically Assisted Reduction and Internal Fixation of Scaphoid Fractures

The unstable scaphoid fracture can be treated by a variety of different methods including open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), percutaneous fixation with either K-wires or cannulated screws, and arthroscopic-assisted reduction and internal fixation (AARIF) with various cannulated screw systems. The drawbacks of ORIF include extensive soft-tissue dissection, disruption of the nondominant volar blood supply, division of the radioscaphocapitate and/or radiolunate ligaments and volar capsule, and prolonged rehabilitation. Percutaneous fixation avoids the aforementioned drawbacks yet relies on fluoroscopic guidance alone to ensure accurate reduction of the scaphoid fracture fragments and optimal positioning of the implant in the central third axis of the scaphoid. The frank technical limitations of plain radiography as well as fluoroscopy in detailed visualization of the oddly oriented scaphoid finitely limit the accuracy of the percutaneous technique. AARIF avoids all the limitations of ORIF yet allows direct visualization of the scaphoid fracture site and ensures accurate reduction of the fragments before and during definitive arthroscopically assisted internal fixation. AARIF also assists in accurate targeting of the proximal pole apex or “sweet spot” assuring central third scaphoid axis placement in addition to allowing detection of concurrent pathology in the radiocarpal or midcarpal joints. Scaphoid AARIF is a convenient therapeutic alternative that avoids many of the inherent pitfalls of ORIF and percutaneous fixation.
Testing the muon g-2 anomaly at the LHC

The long-standing difference between the experimental measurement and the standard-model prediction for the muon’s anomalous magnetic moment, a μ = (g μ − 2)/2, may be explained by the presence of new weakly interacting particles with masses of a few 100 GeV. Particles of this kind can generally be directly produced at the LHC, and thus they may already be constrained by existing data. In this work, we investigate this connection between a μ and the LHC in a model-independent approach, by introducing one or two new fields beyond the standard model with spin and weak isospin up to one. For each case, we identify the preferred parameter space for explaining the discrepancy of a μ and derive bounds using data from LEP and the 8 TeV LHC run. Furthermore, we estimate how these limits could be improved with the 14 TeV LHC. We find that the 8 TeV results already rule out a subset of our simplified models, while almost all viable scenarios can be tested conclusively with 14 TeV data.
Fractal Basins of Attraction Associated with a Damped Newton's Method

An intriguing and unexpected result for students learning numerical analysis is that Newton's method, applied to the simple polynomial z 3 - 1 = 0 in the complex plane, leads to intricately interwoven basins of attraction of the roots. As an example of an interesting open question that may help to stimulate student interest in numerical analysis, we investigate the question of whether a damping method, which is designed to increase the likelihood of convergence for Newton's method, modifies the fractal structure of the basin boundaries. The overlap of the frontiers of numerical analysis and nonlinear dynamics provides many other problems that can help to make numerical analysis courses interesting.
Partitioning of metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) in soils: concepts, methodologies, prediction and applications ― a review

Prediction of the fate of metals in soil requires knowledge of their solid―liquid partitioning. This paper reviews analytical methods and models for measuring or predicting the solid―liquid partitioning of metals in aerobic soils, and collates experimental data. The partitioning is often expressed with an empirical distribution coefficient or K d , which gives the ratio of the concentration in the solid phase to that in the solution phase. The K d value of a metal reflects the net effect of various reactions in the solid and liquid phases and varies by orders of magnitude among soils. The K d value can be derived from the solid― liquid distribution of added metal or that of the soil-borne metal. Only part of the solid-phase metal is rapidly exchangeable with the solution phase. Various methods have been developed to quantify this 'labile' phase, and K d values based on this phase often correlate better with soil properties than K d values based on total concentration, and are more appropriate to express metal ion buffering in solute transport models. The in situ soil solution is the preferred solution phase for K d determinations. Alternatively, water or dilute-salt extracts can be used, but these may underestimate in situ concentrations of dissolved metals because of dilution of metal-complexing ligands such as dissolved organic matter. Multi-surface models and empirical models have been proposed to predict metal partitioning from soil properties. Though soil pH is the most important soil property determining the retention of the free metal ion, K d values based on total dissolved metal in solution may show little pH dependence for metal ions that have strong affinity for dissolved organic matter. The K d coefficient is used as an equilibrium constant in risk assessment models. However, slow dissociation of metal complexes in solution and slow exchange of metals between labile and non-labile pools in the solid phase may invalidate this equilibrium assumption.
The rise and fall of Québecois separatist terrorism: a qualitative application of factors from two models

During the 1960s and early 1970s, there was a rise in oppositional political terrorism in Quebec committed by individuals and organizations that wanted the province to separate from the rest of Canada. This situation provides an excellent case study that demonstrates the phenomenon that many of the same factors that lead to the rise of terrorism also cause its decline.
Oil droplet behavior at a pore entrance in the presence of crossflow: Implications for microfiltration of oil-water dispersions

Abstract The behavior of an oil droplet pinned at the entrance of a micropore and subject to crossflow-induced shear is investigated numerically by solving the Navier–Stokes equation. We found that in the absence of crossflow, the critical transmembrane pressure required to force the droplet into the pore is in excellent agreement with a theoretical prediction based on the Young–Laplace equation. With increasing shear rate, the critical pressure of permeation increases, and at sufficiently high shear rates the oil droplet breaks up into two segments. The results of numerical simulations indicate that droplet breakup at the pore entrance is facilitated at lower values of the surface tension coefficient, higher oil-to-water viscosity ratio and larger droplet size but is insensitive to the value of the contact angle. Using simple force and torque balance arguments, an estimate for the increase in critical pressure due to crossflow and the breakup capillary number is obtained and validated for different viscosity ratios, surface tension coefficients, contact angles, and drop-to-pore size ratios.
Feedback Message Passing for Inference in Gaussian Graphical Models

While loopy belief propagation (LBP) performs reasonably well for inference in some Gaussian graphical models with cycles, its performance is unsatisfactory for many others. In particular for some models LBP does not converge, and in general when it does converge, the computed variances are incorrect (except for cycle-free graphs for which belief propagation (BP) is non-iterative and exact). In this paper we propose feedback message passing (FMP), a message-passing algorithm that makes use of a special set of vertices (called a feedback vertex set or FVS) whose removal results in a cycle-free graph. In FMP, standard BP is employed several times on the cycle-free subgraph excluding the FVS while a special message-passing scheme is used for the nodes in the FVS. The computational complexity of exact inference is O(k2n), where is the number of feedback nodes, and is the total number of nodes. When the size of the FVS is very large, FMP is computationally costly. Hence we propose approximate FMP, where a pseudo-FVS is used instead of an FVS, and where inference in the non-cycle-free graph obtained by removing the pseudo-FVS is carried out approximately using LBP. We show that, when approximate FMP converges, it yields exact means and variances on the pseudo-FVS and exact means throughout the remainder of the graph. We also provide theoretical results on the convergence and accuracy of approximate FMP. In particular, we prove error bounds on variance computation. Based on these theoretical results, we design efficient algorithms to select a pseudo-FVS of bounded size. The choice of the pseudo-FVS allows us to explicitly trade off between efficiency and accuracy. Experimental results show that using a pseudo-FVS of size no larger than log (n), this procedure converges much more often, more quickly, and provides more accurate results than LBP on the entire graph.
The effect of bolus injection on circulation times during cardiac arrest

Previous investigations have shown that peripheral injection of medication during cardiac arrest leads to prolonged circulation times and low peak drug levels. Current Advanced Cardiac Life Support guidelines suggest that administering a bolus of flush solution after injection of medication may hasten drug delivery, but there is little evidence to support this. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of peripheral bolus injection on circulation times during cardiac arrest. Measurements of circulation times were made following injection of indocyanine green dye both with and without a bolus of 20 mL saline flush into a peripheral vein of mongrel dogs. There was no difference in systolic, diastolic, or coronary perfusion pressures during the injections with or without bolus injection. Similarly, there was no difference in end-tidal CO2 or in arterial-venous PO2, PCO2, or pH gradient. The circulation time without bolus injection was 77.7 +/- 42.7 seconds while circulation time with the saline flush was 48.3 +/- 20.9 seconds (P less than .001). Peak dye concentration without saline flush was 3.0 +/- 1.0 mg/L, and peak dye concentration with saline flush was 3.8 +/- 0.9 mg/L (P less than .001). We conclude that a bolus injection of 20 mL of saline enhances dye circulation times and peak levels during cardiac arrest in this animal model. The clinical application of this technique warrants further investigation.
Magnetic Dipole Microwave Emission from Dust Grains

Thermal fluctuations in the magnetization of interstellar grains will produce magnetic dipole emission at ν100 GHz. We show how to calculate absorption and emission from small particles composed of material with magnetic, as well as dielectric, properties. The Kramers-Kronig relations for a dusty medium are generalized to include the possibility of magnetic grains. The magnetic permeability as a function of frequency is discussed for several candidate grain materials. Iron grains, or grains containing iron inclusions, are likely to have the magnetic analog of a Frohlich resonance in the vicinity of ~50-100 GHz, which results in a large magnetic dipole absorption cross section. We calculate the emission spectra for various interstellar grain candidates. Although "ordinary" paramagnetic grains or even magnetite grains cannot account for the observed "anomalous" emission from dust in the 14-90 GHz range, stronger magnetic dipole emission will result if a fraction of the grain material is ferromagnetic, as could be the case given the high Fe content of interstellar dust. The observed emission from dust near 90 GHz implies that not more than ~5% of interstellar Fe is in the form of metallic iron grains or inclusions (e.g., in "GEMS"). However, we show that if most interstellar Fe is in a moderately ferromagnetic material, with the magnetic properties suitably adjusted, it could contribute a substantial fraction of the observed 14-90 GHz emission, perhaps comparable to the contribution from spinning ultrasmall dust grains. The two emission mechanisms can be distinguished by measuring the emission from dark clouds. If ferromagnetic grains consist of a single magnetic domain and are aligned, the magnetic dipole emission will be linearly polarized, with the polarization depending strongly on frequency.
Anomalous Magnetic Splitting of the Kondo Resonance

The splitting of the Kondo resonance in the density of states of an Anderson impurity in a finite magnetic field is calculated from the exact Bethe-ansatz solution. The result gives an estimate of the electron spectral function for a nonzero magnetic field and the Kondo temperature, with consequences for transport experiments on quantum dots in the Kondo regime. The strong correlations of the Kondo ground state cause a significant low-temperature reduction of the peak splitting. Explicit formulas are found for the shift and broadening of the Kondo peaks. A likely cause of the problems of large- $N$ approaches to spin- $\frac{1}{2}$ impurities at finite magnetic field is suggested.
Free-riding in international environmental agreements: A signaling approach to non-enforceable treaties

This paper examines countries’ free-riding incentives in international environmental agreements (IEAs) when, first, the treaty is non-enforceable, and, second, countries do not have complete information about other countries’ non-compliance cost. We analyze a signaling model whereby the country leading the negotiations of the international agreement can reveal its own non-compliance costs through the commitment level it signs in the IEA. Our results show that countries’ probability of joining the IEA is increasing in the free-riding benefits they can obtain from other countries’ compliance, and decreasing in the cost of not complying with the initial terms of the agreement. This paper shows that, when free-riding incentives are strong enough, there is no equilibrium in which all countries join the IEA. Despite not joining the IEA, however, countries invest in clean technologies. Finally, we relate our results with some common observations in international negotiations.
Thrust augmentation of flapping airfoils in low Reynolds number flow using a flexible membrane

Abstract The unsteady aerodynamic thrust and aeroelastic response of a two-dimensional membrane airfoil under prescribed harmonic motion are investigated computationally with a high-order Navier–Stokes solver coupled to a nonlinear membrane structural model. The effects of membrane prestress and elasticity are examined parametrically for selected plunge and pitch–plunge motions at a chord-based Reynolds number of 2500. The importance of inertial membrane loads resulting from the prescribed flapping is also assessed for pure plunging motions. This study compares the period-averaged aerodynamic loads of flexible versus rigid membrane airfoils and highlights the vortex structures and salient fluid–membrane interactions that enable more efficient flapping thrust production in low Reynolds number flows.
A sigma-1 receptor selective analogue of BD1008. A potential substitute for (+)-opioids in sigma receptor binding assays.

Abstract A simple, achiral monoamine sigma-1 (σ1) receptor selective ligand ( σ 2 K i σ 1 K i >2000) is described, which could replace the chiral (+)-pentazocine or dextrallorphan as a σ1 masking agent in σ2 binding assays.
Does magnetic charge imply a massive photon

In Abelian monopole theories the magnetic coupling is required to be enormous. Using the electric-magnetic duality of electromagnetism, it is argued that the existence of such a large, nonperturbative magnetic coupling should lead to a phase transition where magnetic charge is permanently confined and the photon becomes massive. The apparent masslessness of the photon could then be used as an argument against the existence of such a large, nonperturbative magnetic charge. Finally it is shown that even in the presence of this conjectured dynamical mass generation the Cabbibo-Ferrari (1962) formulation of magnetic charge gives a consistent theory.
Concerning the Selective Protection of (Z)-1,5-syn-Ene-diols and (E)-1,5-anti-Ene-diols as Allylic Triethylsilyl Ethers

Treatment of unsaturated 1,5-diols 2 with TES-Cl (1.1 equiv), imidazole, and catalytic DMAP in 1:1 CH2Cl2-DMF at -78 degrees C effects selective silylation of the allylic alcohol with >95:5 chemoselectivity when the allylic and homoallylic alcohols are in similar steric environments.
Call graph prefetching for database applications

With the continuing technological trend of ever cheaper and larger memory, most data sets in database servers will soon be able to reside in main memory. In this configuration, the performance bottleneck is likely to be the gap between the processing speed of the CPU and the memory access latency. Previous work has shown that database applications have large instruction and data footprints and hence do not use processor caches effectively. In this paper, we propose Call Graph Prefetching (CGP), an N instruction prefetching technique that analyzes the call graph of a database system and prefetches instructions from the function that is deemed likely to be called next. CGP capitalizes on the highly predictable function call sequences that are typical of database systems. CGP can be implemented either in software or in hardware. The software-based CGP (CGP_S) uses profile information to build a call graph, and uses the predictable call sequences in the call graph to determine which function to prefetch next. The hardware-based CGP(CGP_H) uses a hardware table, called the Call Graph History Cache (CGHC), to dynamically store sequences of functions invoked during program execution, and uses that stored history when choosing which functions to prefetch.We evaluate the performance of CGP on sets of Wisconsin and TPC-H queries, as well as on CPU-2000 benchmarks. For most CPU-2000 applications the number of instruction cache (I-cache) misses were very few even without any prefetching, obviating the need for CGP. On the other hand, the database workloads do suffer a significant number of I-cache misses; CGP_S improves their performance by 23p and CGP_H by 26p over a baseline system that has already been highly tuned for efficient I-cache usage by using the OM tool. CGP, with or without OM, reduces the I-cache miss stall time by about 50p relative to O5+OM, taking us about half way from an already highly tuned baseline system toward perfect I-cache performance.
On the Political Economy of Temporary Stabilization Programs

This paper provides a political economy explanation for temporary exchange-rate-based stabilization programs by focusing on the distributional effects of real exchange-rate appreciation. I propose an economy in which agents are endowed with either tradable or non-tradable goods. Under a cash-in-advance assumption, a temporary reduction in the devaluation rate induces a consumption boom accompanied by real appreciation, which hurts the owners of tradable goods. The owners of non-tradables have to weigh two opposing effects: an increase in the present value of non-tradable goods wealth and a negative intertemporal substitution effect. For reasonable parameter values, owners of non-tradables are better off.
Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed Ene–Allene–Allene [2+2+2] Cycloadditions: Stereoselective Synthesis of Complex trans‐Fused Carbocycles

A variety of trans-fused hydrindans and decalins is synthesized with complete stereochemistry, except for the (Z)-isomer (IV).
Finite Element Simulation of Hot Nanoindentation in Vacuum

A finite element model is developed to investigate technical issues associated with hot nanoindentation measurements in vacuum, e.g. thermal expansion-induced drift and temperature variations at the contact region between the cold indenter tip and hot specimen. With heat conduction properly accounted for, the model is able to reasonably reproduce experimental indentation measurements on fused silica and copper—two materials with significantly different thermal and mechanical properties—at several temperatures. Temperature and loading rate effects on thermal drift are established using this model and an analytical expression for predicting thermal drift is numerically calibrated. The model also captures details of the indentation process that are not directly accessible experimentally, and reaffirms the need for operational refinements in order to acquire high temperature indentation data of high quality, especially in a vacuum environment. Such information can guide experiments aimed at understanding thermally-activated phenomena in materials.
Asymmetric total synthesis of (+)-phomalactone, (+)-acetylphomalactone and (+)-asperlin utilizing a novel syn-selective C4-oxa-vinylogous urethane

Abstract The total synthesis of three natural products isolated from Nigrospora sp., Phoma sp., and Aspergillus nidulans 1 starting from an aldol reaction with a homochiral C 4 -oxa-vinylogous urethane is described. Inherent stereoselectivity of the aldol reaction and overall alacrity of molecular construction are discussed.
The Godunov-inverse iteration: a fast and accurate solution to the symmetric tridiagonal eigenvalue problem

We present a new algorithm for computing eigenvectors of real symmetric tridiagonal matrices based on Godunov's two-sided Sturm sequence method and inverse iteration, which we call the Godunov-inverse iteration. We use eigenvector approximations computed recursively from two-sided Sturm sequences as starting vectors in inverse iteration, replacing any nonnumeric elements of these approximate eigenvectors with uniform random numbers. We use the left-hand bounds of the smallest machine presentable eigenvalue intervals found by the bisection method as inverse iteration shifts, while staying within guaranteed error bounds. In most test cases convergence is reached after only one or two iterations, producing accurate residuals.
Direct approach to density functional theory: iterative treatment using a polynomial representation of the Heaviside step function operator

Abstract A new approach to density functional theory is presented. The ground state electronic density and energy of a many-electron system are obtained directly using a polynomial representation of the Heaviside step operator acting on a trial wavefunction. A radial coordinate extension of the distributed approximating functional (DAF) is developed to treat Coulomb singularities and cusps accurately. Examples of electronic structure for the He and Ne atomic systems are presented.
O-Allylation of phenols with allylic acetates in aqueous media using a magnetically separable catalytic system

Allylic ethers were synthesized in water using magnetically recoverable heterogeneous Pd catalystvia O-allylation of phenols with allylic acetates under ambient conditions. The aqueous reaction medium, easy recovery of the catalyst using an external magnet, efficient recycling, and the high stability of the catalyst renders the protocol economic and sustainable.
Crosstalk between Aurora-A and p53: Frequent Deletion or Downregulation of Aurora-A in Tumors from p53 Null Mice

The Aurora-A kinase gene is amplified in a subset of human tumors and in radiation-induced lymphomas from p53 heterozygous mice. Normal tissues from p53-/- mice have increased Aurora-A protein levels, but lymphomas from these mice exhibit heterozygous deletions of Aurora-A and/or reduced protein expression. A similar correlation between low p53 levels and Aurora-A gene deletions and expression is found in human breast cancer cell lines. In vitro studies using mouse embryo fibroblasts demonstrate that inhibition of Aurora-A can have either positive or negative effects on cell growth as a function of p53 status. These data have implications for the design of approaches to targeted cancer therapy involving the crosstalk between Aurora-A kinase and p53 pathways.
Model studies of heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation reactions with gold

Supported gold nanoparticles have recently been shown to possess intriguing catalytic activity for hydrogenation reactions, particularly for selective hydrogenation reactions. However, fundamental studies that can provide insight into the reaction mechanisms responsible for this activity have been largely lacking. In this tutorial review, we highlight several recent model experiments and theoretical calculations on a well-structured gold surface that provide some insights. In addition to the behavior of hydrogen on a model gold surface, we review the reactivity of hydrogen on a model gold surface in regards to NO2 reduction, chemoselective CO bond hydrogenation, ether formation, and O–H bond dissociation in water and alcohols. Those studies indicate that atomic hydrogen has a weak interaction with gold surfaces which likely plays a key role in the unique hydrogenative chemistry of classical gold catalysts.
Egocentric Field-of-View Localization Using First-Person Point-of-View Devices

We present a technique that uses images, videos and sensor data taken from first-person point-of-view devices to perform egocentric field-of-view (FOV) localization. We define egocentric FOV localization as capturing the visual information from a person's field-of-view in a given environment and transferring this information onto a reference corpus of images and videos of the same space, hence determining what a person is attending to. Our method matches images and video taken from the first-person perspective with the reference corpus and refines the results using the first-person's head orientation information obtained using the device sensors. We demonstrate single and multi-user egocentric FOV localization in different indoor and outdoor environments with applications in augmented reality, event understanding and studying social interactions.
Wounded Warriors: Their Last Battle

He had fractured his clavicle by simply turning his head. Later, he similarly fractured his arm. Fred had weakened bones throughout his cancer-riddled skeleton. Despite these hardships, his wife Peggy managed his care at home, driving him 100 miles to the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) for treatments. During his hospitalization, Fred was pivoting to a bedside commode when his thigh bone broke. Howling with pain, he shifted his weight to the other leg. In an instant, his hip broke too. Peggy heard the bones snap and was beside herself. I took her out of the room while staff worked to stabilize Fred’s fractures. “This is so unfair,” I told Peggy tearfully. “Fred doesn’t deserve this.” I could see Peggy took comfort in these words, as I validated the suffering she was feeling. “I don’t know what we’ve done to deserve this,” she said softly. We continued to express our dismay. Having confronted her own feelings, Peggy was able to return to the room to comfort Fred. A few days later, we needed to lift Fred to a special mattress. He refused any pain medication, so I shut the door and told him to scream or do whatever he needed to help his distress. But Fred had been a soldier in World War II. He knew what it took to survive, and the way soldiers survive is through sheer grit and determination. He never made a sound. While held aloft in a lift, gritting his teeth, face knotted tightly in pain, Fred winked at me and said, “How ya doin’?” I was stunned by his stoicism. I had seen it with hundreds of other veterans—veterans who refused pain medication, veterans who were wincing in pain and yet when asked, replied “I can handle it” or “It’s just a little discomfort.” For some, the more pain the better—it proved just how strong they were. “Breaking down” to take pain medication signified failure. The military magnified the “big boys don’t cry” attitudes already instilled in little boys. Male soldiers received a double dose of “macho.” Fred died a few days later, never complaining. His face remained taut until the last hours of life, when stoicism finally yielded to the peace and freedom of death. I remained haunted by his determination not to succumb to what he was experiencing—fighting until the bitter end.
THE RADIAL PART OF THE ZERO-MODE HAMILTONIAN FOR SIGMA MODELS WITH GROUP TARGET SPACE

In this note, we use geometric arguments to derive a possible form for the radial part of the "zero-mode Hamiltonian" for the two-dimensional sigma model with target space S3, or more generally a compact simply connected Lie group.
On-line dynamic programming with applications to the prediction of RNA secondary structure

Abstract An on-line problem is a problem where each input is available only after certain outputs have been calculated. The usual kind of problem, where all inputs are available at all times, is referred to as an off-line problem. We present an efficient algorithm for Waterman's problem, an on-line two-dimensional dynamic programming problem that is used for the prediction of RNA secondary structure. Our algorithm uses as a module an algorithm for solving a certain on-line one-dimensional dynamic programming problem. The time complexity of our algorithm is n times the complexity of the on-line one-dimensional dynamic programming problem. For the concave case, we present a linear time algorithm for on-line searching in totally monotone matrices which is a generalization of the on-line one-dimensional problem. This yields an optimal O(n2) time algorithm for the on-line two-dimensional concave problem. The constants in the time complexity of this algorithm are fairly small, which make it practical. For the convex case, we use an O(nα(n)) time algorithm for the on-line one-dimensional problem, where α(·) is the functional inverse of Ackermann's function. This yields an O(n2α(n)) time algorithm for the on-line two-dimensional convex problem. Our techniques can be extended to solve the sparse version of Waterman's problem. We obtain an O(n + h log min {h, n 2 h }) time algorithm for the sparse concave case, and an O(n + hα(h)) log min {h, n 2 h }) time algorithm for the sparse convex case, where h is the number of possible base pairs in the RNA structure. All our algorithms improve on previously known algorithms.
Discovery of a Classic FR II Broad Absorption Line Quasar from the FIRST Survey

We have discovered a remarkable quasar, FIRST J101614.3+520916, whose optical spectrum shows unambiguous broad absorption features, while its double-lobed radio morphology and luminosity clearly indicate a classic Fanaroff-Riley type II radio source. Its radio luminosity places it at the extreme of the recently established class of radio-loud broad absorption line quasars. Because of its hybrid nature we speculate that FIRST J101614.3+520916 is a typical FR II quasar that has been rejuvenated as a broad absorption line (BAL) quasar with a compact steep spectrum core. The direction of the jet axis of FIRST J101614.3+520916 can be estimated from its radio structure and optical brightness, indicating that we are viewing the system at a viewing angle of 40°. The position angles of the radio jet and optical polarization are not well aligned, differing by ~20°-30°. When combined with the evidence presented by Becker and coworkers for a sample of 29 BAL quasars showing that at least some BAL quasars are viewed along the jet axis, the implication is that no preferred viewing orientation is necessary to observe BAL systems in a quasar's spectrum. This, and the probable young nature of compact steep spectrum sources, leads naturally to the alternate hypothesis that BALs are an early stage in the lives of quasars.
Embryonic Dual Model for Pions and Fermions

We present a dual-resonance amplitude for $N$ pions and two fermions. In the fermion-antifermion channel the spectrum of mesons and their couplings to $N$ pions are precisely those of the Neveu-Schwarz model. In fermion-meson channels the spectrum is that of Ramond's propagator. Thus there are a sufficient number of gauges to remove all ghosts-fermion and meson. By factorizing in the fermion-antifermion channel we extract the vertex function for $(\mathrm{excited}\mathrm{meson})\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(\mathrm{f}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{r})$.
Residues and world sheet instantons

We reconsider the question of which Calabi-Yau compactifications of the heterotic string are stable under world-sheet instanton corrections to the effective space-time superpotential. For instance, compactifications described by (0,2) linear sigma models are believed to be stable, suggesting a remarkable cancellation among the instanton effects in these theories. Here, we show that this cancellation follows directly from a residue theorem, whose proof relies only upon the right-moving world-sheet supersymmetries and suitable compactness properties of the (0,2) linear sigma model. Our residue theorem also extends to a new class of ``half-linear'' sigma models. Using these half-linear models, we show that heterotic compactifications on the quintic hypersurface in CP4 for which the gauge bundle pulls back from a bundle on CP4 are stable. Finally, we apply similar ideas to compute the superpotential contributions from families of membrane instantons in M-theory compactifications on manifolds of G2 holonomy.
Oral Iron Chelators

Effective chelation therapy can prevent or reverse organ toxicity related to iron overload, yet cardiac complications and premature death continue to occur, largely related to difficulties with compliance in patients who receive parenteral therapy. The use of oral chelators may be able to overcome these difficulties and improve patient outcomes. A chelator's efficacy at cardiac and liver iron removal and side-effect profile should be considered when tailoring individual chelation regimens. Broader options for chelation therapy, including possible combination therapy, should improve clinical efficacy and enhance patient care.
Measuring the Cosmic Equation of State with Counts of Galaxies

The classical dN/dz test allows one to determine fundamental cosmological parameters from the evolution of the cosmic volume element. This test is applied by measuring the redshift distribution of a tracer whose evolution in number density is known. In the past, ordinary galaxies have been used for this; however, in the absence of a complete theory of galaxy formation, that method is fraught with difficulties. In this Letter, we propose studying instead the evolution of the apparent numbers of dark matter halos as a function of their circular velocity, observable via the line widths or rotation speeds of visible galaxies. Upcoming redshift surveys will allow the line width distribution of galaxies to be determined at both z approximately 1 and the present day. In the course of studying this test, we have devised a rapid, improved semianalytic method for calculating the circular velocity distribution of dark halos based on the analytic mass function of Sheth, Mo, & Tormen and the formation time distribution of Lacey & Cole. We find that if selection effects are well controlled and minimal external constraints are applied, the planned DEEP Redshift Survey could allow us to measure the cosmic equation-of-state parameter w to +/-10% (as little as 3% if Omegam has been well determined from other observations). This type of test also has the potential to provide a constraint on any evolution of w, such as that predicted by "tracker" models.
Charge-Dependent Atomic-Scale Structures of High-Index and (110) Gold Electrode Surfaces as Revealed by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

Abstract The atomic and nanoscale structures of high-index gold surfaces in aqueous perchloric acid electrolyte as revealed by in-situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) under electrode potential control are reported with the objective of ascertaining the terrace-step morphology and superstructures as a function of the crystallographic orientation. Six faces, Au(221), (331), (533), (311), (210), and (410), two each lying in the three main zones of the unit projected stereographic triangle, were selected to investigate the role of the step orientation and terrace width for non-vicinal faces. Data for the low-index surface Au(llO) are included for comparison with Au(331) and (221), since all three feature formally a n(111)−(111) terrace-step structure. Measurements of the double-layer capacitance as a function of the electrode potential, E, in dilute perchloric acid were also undertaken in order to evaluate the potential of zero charge (Epzc) for each surface and to check the potential-dependent surface stability. The two surfaces in the (111)−(100) zone, Au(533) and (311), both display essentially (1 × 1) (i.e. bulk-termination) atomic structures at positive electrode charges (i.e. for E >E ), yet exhibit significant surface relaxation at negative charges involving edge-atom depression and row buckling. For Au(221) and (331), lying in the (111)−(110) zone, however, such surface relaxation is seen even at positive electrode charges. This behavioral distinction can be understood on the basis of the differing step structures. Moreover, Au(331) undergoes a reversible (1 × 2) reconstruction at negative charges, involving row pairing. This reconstruction is compared with that observed for Au(110), which also involves “row pairing” but for which several distinct local microstructures can be distinguished. The faces in the (100)−(110) zone, Au(210) and (410), exhibit locally ordered atomic arrangements indicative of an essentially bulk-termination structure. The longer-range superstructures for the high-index faces, specifically involving domain-edge propagation across monoatomic steps, exhibit systematic trends consistent with an effectively attractive step-step interaction at distances within ca. 5 A.
Distance queries from sampled data: accurate and efficient

Distance queries are a basic tool in data analysis. They are used for detection and localization of change for the purpose of anomaly detection, monitoring, or planning. Distance queries are particularly useful when data sets such as measurements, snapshots of a system, content, traffic matrices, and activity logs are collected repeatedly. Random sampling, which can be efficiently performed over streamed or distributed data, is an important tool for scalable data analysis. The sample constitutes an extremely flexible summary, which naturally supports domain queries and scalable estimation of statistics, which can be specified after the sample is generated. The effectiveness of a sample as a summary, however, hinges on the estimators we have.We derive novel estimators for estimating $L_p$ distance from sampled data. Our estimators apply with the most common weighted sampling schemes: Poisson Probability Proportional to Size (PPS) and its fixed sample size variants. They also apply when the samples of different data sets are independent or coordinated. Our estimators are admissible (Pareto optimal in terms of variance) and have compelling properties.We study the performance of our Manhattan and Euclidean distance (p=1,2) estimators on diverse datasets, demonstrating scalability and accuracy even when a small fraction of the data is sampled. Our work, for the first time, facilitates effective distance estimation over sampled data.
Revised Coefficients for Priestley-Taylor and Makkink-Hansen Equations for Estimating Daily Reference Evapotranspiration

AbstractMany applications require estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) in areas where meteorological measurements are limited. Previous studies have shown that simple evapotranspiration models based on radiation and temperature perform relatively well in humid climates but underpredict ETo in drier and windier climates. In this paper, estimates of ETo based on existing simple models were compared with ETo calculated with the more comprehensive Penman-Monteith equation using meteorological measurements at 106 locations in the contiguous United States for a range of climates. Results showed that the simpler models were closest to the more comprehensive model at sites where the annual mean relative humidity (RH) was approximately 70% and annual 2-m wind speed (U) was less than 2 m·s−1. Equations for adjusting the model coefficients were developed based on annual averages of RH [or vapor pressure deficit (VPD)] and U to improve the performance of these models for drier and windier sites. Publicly...
Delegated Monitors, Large and Small: Germany's Banking System, 1800-1914

Banks play a greater role in the German financial system than in those of the United States or Britain. Germany's large universal banks are admired by those who advocate bank deregulation in the United States. Others admire the universal banks for their supposed role in corporate governance and industrial finance. Many discussions distort the German banking system by overstressing one of several types of banks, and ignore the competition and cooperation between the famous universal banks and other banking groups. Tracing the historical development of the German banking system from the early nineteenth century places the large universal banks in context.
Beyond query by example

This paper considers some of the problems we found trying to extract meaning from images in database applications, and proposes some ways to solve them. We argue that the meaning of an image is an ill-defined entity, and it is not in general possible to derive from an image the meaning that the user of the database wants. Rather, we should be content with a correlation between the intended meaning and simple perceptual clues that databases can extract. Rather than working on the impossible task of extracting unambiguous meaning from images, we should provide the user with the tools he needs to drive the database in the areas of the feature space where "interesting" images are.
Phases of N = 1 supersymmetric gauge theories in four dimensions

Abstract We exhibit N = 1 supersymmetric field theories in confining, Coulomb and Higgs phases. The superpotential and the gauge kinetic terms are holomorphic and can be determined exactly in the variuos phases. The Coulomb phase generically has points with massless monopoles. When they condense, the theory undergoes a phase transition to a confining phase. When there are points in the Coulomb phase with massless electric charges, their condensation leads to a transition to a Higgs phase. When the Higgs and confinement phases are distinct, we expect to find massless interacting gluons at the transition point between them.
THE DENSITY OF STATES MEASURE OF THE WEAKLY COUPLED FIBONACCI HAMILTONIAN

We consider the density of states measure of the Fibonacci Hamiltonian and show that, for small values of the coupling constant V, this measure is exact-dimensional and the almost everywhere value dV of the local scaling exponent is a smooth function of V, is strictly smaller than the Hausdorff dimension of the spectrum, and converges to one as V tends to zero. The proof relies on a new connection between the density of states measure of the Fibonacci Hamiltonian and the measure of maximal entropy for the Fibonacci trace map on the non-wandering set in the V-dependent invariant surface. This allows us to make a connection between the spectral problem at hand and the dimension theory of dynamical systems.
Free Vibration Analysis of Anisotropic Thin-Walled Closed-Section Beams

The equations of motion for the free vibration analysis of anisotropic thin-walled closed-section beams are derived using a variational asymptotic approach and Hamilton's principle. The analysis is applied to two laminated composite constructions. The circumferentially uniform stiffness produces extension-twist coupling and the circumferentially asymmetric stiffness produces bending-twist coupling. The effect of the elastic coupling mechanisms on the vibration behavior of thin-walled composite beams is evaluated analytically. The influence of stacking orientation on the frequencies associated with coupled vibration modes is investigated. The predictions are validated by comparison with a finite element simulation and test data.