cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patellar Tendon Rupture

A patellar tendon rupture involves a complete tear of the tendon that runs from the patella's inferior pole to the tibial tubercle. It is typically seen in males in their third or fourth decade of life. It tends to result from an overall weakened tendon placed under high tensile forces. These tendon ruptures are best classified into acute versus chronic tears, depending on the time from rupture. This type of injury requires prompt diagnosis and surgical repair as the patellar tendon is a part of the extensor mechanism. The extensor mechanism of the knee is crucial to the function of the lower extremity, including ambulation. It is solely responsible for extending and straightening the knee and resisting knee flexion – a crucial aspect of standing with a flexed knee and, therefore, ambulation. Without a properly functioning knee extensor mechanism, the patient is severely limited functionally. Surgical intervention depends on the timing and location of the rupture. Acute ruptures are amenable to primary repair, whereas chronic ruptures often require tendon reconstruction. Anatomy The knee extensor mechanism is composed of the quadriceps muscle, quadriceps tendon, medial and lateral patellar retinaculum, patella, patellar tendon, and tibial tubercle.The quadriceps muscle is composed of four separate muscles with different origins but a common insertion point on the patella through the quadriceps tendon. Quadriceps Muscles with Origins Rectus femoris – anterior superior iliac spine and superior acetabular rim Vastus lateralis – greater trochanter and lateral linea aspera Vastus intermedius – proximal femoral shaft Vastus medialis – intertrochanteric line and medial linea aspera The medial and lateral patellar retinaculum are on their respective sides of the patella and are continuous with the vastus fascia to the tibia and the patella. They are minor patellar stabilizers and, if intact, can provide knee extension and straight leg raising despite a patellar or quadriceps tendon rupture.The patella is a sesamoid bone. It functions to increase the moment arm from the knee joint axis, thereby increasing the mechanical advantage and quadriceps pull in extension. The patella begins to engage the trochlea at 20 degrees of flexion and is fully engaged by 40 degrees of flexion. Joint reaction forces in the patellofemoral joint can be up to three times the body weight with stair climbing and seven times the bodyweight with deep bending.The patellar tendon, by definition, is a ligament as it connects bone (patella) to bone (tibial tubercle). The patellar tendon is approximately 30 mm wide by 50 mm long, with a thickness of 5 to 7 mm. The origin on the inferior pole of the patella is juxtaposed on the articular cartilage on the deep side and becomes confluent with the periosteum of the patella anteriorly. The tibial insertion is narrower and invests the entirety of the tibial tubercle, connecting the quadriceps muscles to the lower leg.
Content Area Literacy in the Mathematics Classroom

Content area literacy has an important role in helping students understand content in specific disciplines, such as mathematics. Although the strategies are not unique to each individual content area, they are often adapted for use in a specific discipline. For example, mathematicians use mathematical language to make sense of new ideas and information and to organize that information in a specialized way. Content literacy strategies can help mathematics students accomplish these goals. In this article, we will discuss six practical strategies to help build students' content skills in the mathematics classroom and they are: the Frayer model, question generation, visual supports, think-alouds, writing to learn, and text reading.
Heterogeneity of the Uppermost Eurasian Mantle along the DSS Profile “Quartz”, Russia

The ultra-long Deep Seismic Sounding (DSS) profile “Quartz’ crosses 6 major geologic provinces in Eurasia and is sourced by 3 nuclear (PNE) and 48 chemical explosions. Our interpretation shows a 42-kin thick, high-velocity crust under the Baltic Shield, a 29-km thick crust and high-velocity upper mantle under the Mezenskaya depression, 52-km thick crust with high-velocity lower crust and uppermost mantle under the Urals, and 40-km thick crust under the West Siberian Basin deepening to 45 km under the Altay-Sayan fold belt. High velocity (8.4 km/sec) uppermost mantle is found under the Mezenskaya depression and under the east flank of the Urals. One almost continuous upper mantle boundary occurs at 65 to 80 km depth, and another with an approximately 40-km thick LVZ occurs at 120–140 km depth. The shallow upper mantle blocks and the two extensive interfaces indicate strong upper mantle heterogeneity imaged by this unique profile.
Transmittance vs. Wavelength for Unsupported Carbon Foils

We use the optical transmission of carbon foils that we make by arc evaporation as an indicator of their surface density. It’s not a perfect method, but it’s quick and easy, and reliable at the ten percent level. Other people use it too, sometimes.
The base selection task in analogical planning

Analogical planning provides a means of solving problems where other machine learning methods fail, because it does not require numerous previous examples or a rich domain theory. Given a problem in an unfamiliar domain (the target case), an analogical planning system locates a successful plan in a similar domain (the bast case), and uses the similarities to generate the target plan. Unfortunately, the analogical planning process is expensive and inflexible Many of the limiting factors reside in the base selection step, which drives the analogy formation process. This paper describes two ways of increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of analogical planning. First, a parallel graph-match base selection algorithm is presented. A parallel implementation on the Connection Machine is described and shown to substantially decrease the complexity of base selection. Second, a base-case merge algorithm is shown to increase the flexibility of analogical planning by combining the benefits of several base cases when no single plan contributes enough information to the analogy. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated with examples from the domain of automatic programming.
Artificial Neural Network Based in Vitro-in Vivo Correlations

In vitro drug dissolution test facilitates design, development, and quality assurance of solid (oral) products. During product development dissolution tests are used to characterize impact of formulation variables on drug release and to optimize formulations to achieve a target drug release profile (assuming the in vitro test is predictive of in vivo drug release). Every manufactured batch must meet pre-set specifications prior to being released for distribution. Certain “minor” post-approval changes in the manufacturing process and/or formulation may be justified by demonstrating equivalent in vitro dissolution profiles1. For certain “major” post-approval changes the FDA may grant requests for waiver of in vivo bioequivalence studies when a sponsor demonstrates acceptable predictive ability of the selected in vitro test (i.e., availability of an validated in vitro to in vivo correlation -IVIVC)2.
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Radiologic Phenotypes Are Associated With Distinct Survival Time and Pulmonary Function Trajectory

Background Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an interstitial lung disease with a better prognosis, on average, than idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We compare survival time and pulmonary function trajectory in patients with HP and IPF by radiologic phenotype. Methods HP (n = 117) was diagnosed if surgical/transbronchial lung biopsy, BAL, and exposure history results suggested this diagnosis. IPF (n = 152) was clinically and histopathologically diagnosed. All participants had a baseline high-resolution CT (HRCT) scan and FVC % predicted. Three thoracic radiologists documented radiologic features. Survival time is from HRCT scan to death or lung transplant. Cox proportional hazards models identify variables associated with survival time. Linear mixed models compare post-HRCT scan FVC % predicted trajectories. Results Subjects were grouped by clinical diagnosis and three mutually exclusive radiologic phenotypes: honeycomb present, non-honeycomb fibrosis (traction bronchiectasis and reticulation) present, and nonfibrotic. Nonfibrotic HP had the longest event-free median survival (> 14.73 years) and improving FVC % predicted (1.92%; 95% CI, 0.49-3.35; P = .009). HP with non-honeycomb fibrosis had longer survival than IPF (> 7.95 vs 5.20 years), and both groups experienced a significant decline in FVC % predicted. Subjects with HP and IPF with honeycombing had poor survival (2.76 and 2.81 years, respectively) and significant decline in FVC % predicted. Conclusions Three prognostically distinct, radiologically defined phenotypes are identified among patients with HP. The importance of pursuing a specific diagnosis (eg, HP vs IPF) among patients with non-honeycomb fibrosis is highlighted. When radiologic honeycombing is present, invasive diagnostic testing directed at determining the diagnosis may be of limited value given a uniformly poor prognosis.
The expedited discharge of patients with multiple traumatic rib fractures is cost-effective.

Abstract Introduction: Rib fractures are a cause of significant morbidity and mortality in trauma patients. It is well documented that optimizing pain control, mobilization, and respiratory care decreases complications. However, the impact of these interventions on hospital costs and length of stay is not well defined. We hypothesized patients with multiple rib fractures can be discharged within three hospital days resulting in decreased hospital costs. Methods: A retrospective review of adult patients (≥18yrs) admitted to our Level 1 trauma center (2011–2013) with ≥2 rib fractures was performed. Patients were excluded if they were intubated, admitted to the ICU, required chest tube placement, or sustained significant multi-system trauma. (n = 202) Demographics, clinical characteristics, hospital costs, and outcome data were analyzed. Patients discharged within three hospital days of admission were considered to have achieved expedited discharge (ED). Univariate and multivariate analyses determined predictors of failure to achieve ED. A p value of Results: Study patients (n = 202) were 60 (SD = 19) years of age with an injury severity score (ISS) of 10 (SD = 5), and 4 (SD = 2) rib fractures. Of 202 patients, 127 (63%) achieved ED while 75 (37%) did not. No differences in chest AIS, ISS, smoking status or history of pulmonary disease were identified between the two groups (all p > 0.05). Average LOS (2 (SD = 1) vs. 7 (SD = 4) days; p Conclusion: The majority of patients admitted to the hospital with multiple rib fractures can be discharged within three days. This expedited discharge results in significant cost savings to the hospital. Early identification of patients who cannot meet the goal of expedited discharge can facilitate improvement in management strategies.
Presence of long-lasting peripheral adaptation in oblique-banded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana and absence of such adaptation in redbanded leafroller, Argyrotaenia velutinana.

Pre-exposure of male oblique-banded leafrollers, Choristoneurarosaceana (Harris), to the main component of their pheromone blend and traces of its geometric isomer (Z11–14:Ac and E11–14:Ac, respectively) at 36 ± 12 ng/ml air for durations of 15 and 60 min in sealed Teflon chambers with continuous air exchange significantly reduced peripheral sensory responses to these compounds as measured by electroantennograms (EAGs). The EAG responses of C. rosaceana to all tested dosages of pheromonal stimuli and blank controls were lowered by 55–58% and made a linear recovery to 70–100% of the pre-exposure amplitude within 12.5 min at a rate of 3–4 %/min. Exposures of 5 min were insufficient to maximally adapt C. rosaceana; however, exposures of 15 and 60 min reduced sensory responsiveness to the same minimum. In contrast, EAG responses of redbanded leafroller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), after identical pheromone exposure for 5 and 60 min yielded no long-lasting peripheral sensory adaptation as measured by EAGs, even though this species shares the same main pheromone components with C. rosaceana. We postulate that the long-lasting peripheral adaptation observed for C. rosaceana is a mechanism that impedes central nervous system habituation in this species. In contrast, A. velutinana may be more susceptible to central nervous system habituation because it lacks the capacity for minutes-long adaptation. We propose that long-lasting adaptation may be a mechanism explaining some of the variation in efficacy of pheromone-based mating disruption across taxa.
Deuterium Hugoniot: Pitfalls of thermodynamic sampling beyond density functional theory

Outstanding problems in the high-pressure phase diagram of hydrogen have demonstrated the need for more accurate ab initio methods for thermodynamic sampling. One promising method that has been deployed extensively above 100 GPa is coupled electron-ion Monte Carlo (CEIMC), which treats the electronic structure with quantum Monte Carlo (QMC). However, CEIMC predictions of the deuterium principal Hugoniot disagree significantly with experiment, overshooting the experimentally determined peak compression density by $7%$ and lower temperature gas-gun data by well over $20%$. By deriving an equation relating the predicted Hugoniot density to underlying equation of state errors, we show that QMC and many-body methods can easily spoil the error cancellation properties inherent in the Rankine-Hugoniot relation, and very likely suffer from error addition. By cross validating QMC based on systematically improvable trial functions against post-Hartree-Fock many-body methods, we find that these methods introduce errors of the right sign and magnitude to account for much of the observed discrepancy between CEIMC and experiment. We stress that this is not just a CEIMC problem, but that thermodynamic sampling based on other many-body methods is likely to experience similar difficulties.
Theory of Mind in Social Robots: Replication of Five Established Human Tests

Theory of Mind is an inferential system central to human–human communication by which people ascribe mental states to self and other, and then use those deductions to make predictions about others’ behaviors. Despite the likelihood that ToM may also be central to interactions with other types of agents exhibiting similar cues, it is not yet fully known whether humans develop ToM for mechanical agents exhibiting properties of intelligence and sociality. A suite of five tests for implicit ToM were performed (white lie test, behavioral intention task, facial affect inference, vocal affect inference, and false-belief test) for three different robots and a human control. Findings suggest that implicit ToM signals are consistent across variably human-like robots and humans, so long as the social cues are similar and interpretable, but there is no association between implicit ToM signals and explicit mind ascription; findings suggest that heuristics and deliberation of mental status of robots may compete with implicit social-cognitive reactions.
Value of SPECT planar and tomographic scan in diagnosis of lumbar spondylolysis of youngsters

Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of single-photon emission computed tomography(SPECT) planar and tomographic bone scan in the diagnosis of lumbar spondylolysis of youngsters.Methods 115 youngsters with back pain received bone scan,male 66 cases,female 49 cases,age range 11-22 years old,average age(15.9±4.2) years old.At last,47 cases were diagnosed as lumbar spondylolysis.68 cases were not diagnosed as lumbar spondylosysis.These data were analyzed restrospectively of SPECT planar and tomographic bone scan in the diagnosis of lumbar spondylolysis.Results The accuracy,sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,negative predictive value of SPECT planar bone scan was respectively 85.2%,53.3%,98.5%,96.9%,80.7%.The accuracy,sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,negative predictive value of SPECT tomographic bone scan was respectively 93.0%,87.2%,97.1%,95.3%,91.7%.Conclusion SPECT planar bone scan can make diagnosis in most lumbar spondylolysis.However,SPECT tomographic bone scan can make diagnosis of lumbar spondylolysis without increase of radiation dose.
Distributed Optimization with Sheaf Homological Constraints

In this paper we introduce a new class of local linear operators on graphs, the sheaf Laplacians, which provide drop-in replacements for graph Laplacians in distributed algorithms. These operators can enforce more general constraints on data distributed in a network than those given by the graph Laplacian. The constraints for such optimization problems can be framed in the context of sheaf cohomology, leading to a description of this framework as distributed optimization with homological constraints. We formulate a representative problem, elucidate its solution with sheaf Laplacians, and give illustrative examples of potential applications.
The Price is Light: Socializing the Cost of Wildfires in California

The effects of climate change have caused catastrophic wildfires in California to become perennial occurrences, claiming numerous lives and contributing to billions of dollars in property damages. ...
Till Death Do Us Part: Lived Experiences of HIV- Positive Married African American Women

HIV/AIDS disease continues to be an escalating health problem, particularly among women. However, African American women are among the leading demographic groups for HIV prevalence in the United States. The typical woman with HIV/AIDS is young, in her late twenties, economically challenged, and of childbearing age. Participants were recruited from an HIV/AIDS outpatient clinic to explore their perceptions of social support, life experiences and marriage. Data were collected through tape-recorded interviews using a semi-structured guide and journaling. Participants reported that most of their time was spent providing care for their husbands who were HIV-positive. Very often their health and well-being were compromised by providing care to others. Participants reported a lack of social support and challenges managing
“Perform'd in this wide gap of time”: A Stage History of The Winter's Tale

The stage history of Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale reflects changing critical perceptions about its themes as well as an evolution of theatrical production over a span of four centuries. First no...
The prognostic value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in patients with epidermal growth factor receptor mutated advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

e21675Background: An elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) indicates a poor prognosis across multiple cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Our study aims to validate these...
Letting things rot

Rot is associated with loss; loss of shape and solidity; loss of time and vitality; loss of zest and purity. Rot recalls dirt and death. As a part of my PhD research, Virginity as Performance: A pr...
Localized muscle spasm as a manifestation of pembrolizumab-induced infusion reaction.

IntroductionAs immune checkpoint inhibitors increasingly gain oncological utility, the incidence of unique adverse events may rise as well. The description and management of localized, recurrent mu...
Influence of Donor Transmitted and Rapidly Progressive Coronary Vascular Disease on Long-Term Outcomes After Heart Transplantation: A Contemporary Intravascular Ultrasound Analysis.

ABSTRACT Background Donor-transmitted atherosclerosis (DTA) and rapidly progressive cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) at 1 year are intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)-derived measures shown to predict adverse cardiovascular outcomes in the setting of early generation immunosuppressive agents. Given the paucity of data on the prognostic value of IVUS-derived measurements in the current era, we sought to explore their association with adverse outcomes after heart transplantation. Methods and Results This is a retrospective cohort analysis of patients who underwent heart transplantation at our center between January 2009 and June 2016 with baseline and 1-year IVUS. Five IVUS sections were prospectively analyzed for intimal thickness and lumen area. DTA was defined as maximum intimal thickness of 0.5 mm or greater at baseline, and rapidly progressive CAV as an increase in maximum intimal thickness by 0.5 mm or more at 1 year. Our primary analysis assessed the relationship of IVUS and other clinical data on a composite outcome: coronary intervention, CAV stage 2 or 3 (defined by the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation 2010 nomenclature), or cardiovascular death. Among 249 patients (mean age 51.0 ± 12.2 years and 74.3% male) included in the analysis, DTA was detected in 118 patients (51.4%). Over a median follow-up of 6.1 years (interquartile range 4.2–8.0 years), 45 patients met the primary end point (23 percutaneous coronary intervention, 11 CAV 2 or 3, and 11 cardiovascular deaths as first event). DTA and rapidly progressive CAV were not associated with the primary end point, all-cause mortality, or retransplantation. In an additional analysis including post-transplant events, incident rejection was strongly associated with poor outcomes, although cytomegalovirus infection was not. Conclusions In this contemporary cohort, IVUS-derived DTA and rapidly progressive CAV were not associated with medium- to long-term adverse events after heart transplantation.
Association of Dose Tapering With Overdose or Mental Health Crisis Among Patients Prescribed Long-term Opioids

Importance Opioid-related mortality and national prescribing guidelines have led to tapering of doses among patients prescribed long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain. There is limited information about risks related to tapering, including overdose and mental health crisis. Objective To assess whether there are associations between opioid dose tapering and rates of overdose and mental health crisis among patients prescribed stable, long-term, higher-dose opioids. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective cohort study using deidentified medical and pharmacy claims and enrollment data from the OptumLabs Data Warehouse from 2008 to 2019. Adults in the US prescribed stable higher doses (mean ≥50 morphine milligram equivalents/d) of opioids for a 12-month baseline period with at least 2 months of follow-up were eligible for inclusion. Exposures Opioid tapering, defined as at least 15% relative reduction in mean daily dose during any of 6 overlapping 60-day windows within a 7-month follow-up period. Maximum monthly dose reduction velocity was computed during the same period. Main Outcomes and Measures Emergency or hospital encounters for (1) drug overdose or withdrawal and (2) mental health crisis (depression, anxiety, suicide attempt) during up to 12 months of follow-up. Discrete time negative binomial regression models estimated adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRRs) of outcomes as a function of tapering (vs no tapering) and dose reduction velocity. Results The final cohort included 113 618 patients after 203 920 stable baseline periods. Among the patients who underwent dose tapering, 54.3% were women (vs 53.2% among those who did not undergo dose tapering), the mean age was 57.7 years (vs 58.3 years), and 38.8% were commercially insured (vs 41.9%). Posttapering patient periods were associated with an adjusted incidence rate of 9.3 overdose events per 100 person-years compared with 5.5 events per 100 person-years in nontapered periods (adjusted incidence rate difference, 3.8 per 100 person-years [95% CI, 3.0-4.6]; aIRR, 1.68 [95% CI, 1.53-1.85]). Tapering was associated with an adjusted incidence rate of 7.6 mental health crisis events per 100 person-years compared with 3.3 events per 100 person-years among nontapered periods (adjusted incidence rate difference, 4.3 per 100 person-years [95% CI, 3.2-5.3]; aIRR, 2.28 [95% CI, 1.96-2.65]). Increasing maximum monthly dose reduction velocity by 10% was associated with an aIRR of 1.09 for overdose (95% CI, 1.07-1.11) and of 1.18 for mental health crisis (95% CI, 1.14-1.21). Conclusions and Relevance Among patients prescribed stable, long-term, higher-dose opioid therapy, tapering events were significantly associated with increased risk of overdose and mental health crisis. Although these findings raise questions about potential harms of tapering, interpretation is limited by the observational study design.
Some new polynomial discriminant formulas

We generalize recent discriminant formulas of the second author, and we give discriminant formulas for some classes of irreducible polynomials found by the first author. In addition, we find other classes of irreducible polynomials, and we provide discriminant formulas for them as well.
The effect of injectable vitamin C and road transit duration on inflammation, muscle fatigue, and performance in pre-conditioned beef steer calves.

This study examined the effects of injectable vitamin C (VC) before transport and duration of transit on feedlot performance, inflammation, and muscle fatigue in cattle. One hundred thirty-two Angus-cross steers (393 ± 4 kg) were stratified by body weight (BW) to a 2 × 2 factorial of intramuscular injection (INJ; 20 mL/steer): VC (250 mg sodium ascorbate/mL) or saline (SAL) and road transit duration (DUR): 18 h (18-h; 1,770 km) or 8 h (8-h; 727 km). On d 0, steers were weighed and given INJ of VC or SAL immediately before transport. Upon return (d 1), BW and blood were collected before steers returned to pens equipped with GrowSafe bunks. Steers were weighed on d 0, 1, 7, 15, 30, 31, 54, and 55. Data were analyzed via ProcMixed of SAS (experimental unit = steer; 32 to 34 steers/treatment) with fixed effects of INJ, DUR, and the interaction. Blood was collected on d -5, 1, 2, 3, and 7 (n = 9 steers/treatment); blood parameters were analyzed as repeated measures with the repeated effect of day. Area under the curve (AUC) for plasma ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was calculated using R. Final BW was greater for 8-h compared to 18-h (P = 0.05) with no effect of INJ or interaction (P ≥ 0.51). Dry matter intake (DMI) from d 1 to 7 was greater for VC-8, intermediate for VC-18 and SAL-18, and least for SAL-8 (P = 0.02). Overall DMI tended to be greatest for SAL-18, intermediate for VC-18 and VC-8, and lowest by least for SAL-8 (P = 0.08). Day 7 to 31 gain:feed (G:F) was greatest for VC-18 compared to other treatments (INJ × DUR, P = 0.05), and there was no effect of treatment on overall G:F (P ≥ 0. 19). There was no INJ or INJ × DAY (P ≥ 0.17) effect on serum lactate, haptoglobin, or non-esterified fatty acid. However, these blood parameters were greater on d 1 for 18-h compared to 8-h, and both treatments returned to near baseline by d 3 (DUR × DAY, P < 0.01). Plasma ascorbate concentrations on d 1 were greater for VC compared to SAL and returned to baseline by d 2 (INJ × DAY, P < 0.01). Plasma FRAP AUC from d -5 to 3 was greatest for VC-18, intermediate for VC-8 and SAL-8, and lowest by least for SAL-18 (INJ × DAY, P = 0.02). This suggests an antioxidant prior to long-haul transit positively influenced antioxidant capacity; however, VC did not improve overall post-transit performance. While longer transit duration increased indicators of muscle fatigue and inflammation, post-transit performance was not appreciably different between transit durations.
Quantification of decadal anthropogenic CO 2 uptake in the ocean based on dissolved inorganic carbon measurements

About half of the ‘anthropogenic’ CO2 emitted to the atmosphere is taken up by the oceans and terrestrial biosphere1, and the amount sequestered by the ocean is generally estimated using numerical ocean carbon-cycle models2. But these models often differ markedly3, resulting in different estimated spatial and temporal patterns and magnitudes of uptake. Because of its importance climatically, the CO2 flux needs to be verified using field measurements. Accurate estimates of CO2 uptake have been difficult to obtain, however, as the annual increase of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration in surface water due to anthropogenic input is ∼0.05% of the total DIC, an order of magnitude lower than past measurement precision. Early measurement-based estimates4,5 of total anthropogenic CO2 inventory in the ocean have recently been improved on6,7, and new approaches have been proposed for determining changes in ocean DIC concentration over one to two decades8,9. Here we use recent improvements in DIC measurement techniques to determine changes in DIC concentrations between 1978 and 1995 in the Indian Ocean. Our method subtracts decadal-scale natural variability, enabling the ocean anthropogenic CO2 increase in this region over the 17-year period to be determined. The calculated uncertainties and known measurement capabilities allow us to define the minimum sampling strategies that will be required to quantify the regional and global anthropogenic CO2 oceanic uptake over future decades.
The Fundamentals of Political Science Research

The third edition of the best-selling The Fundamentals of Political Science Research provides an introduction to the scientific study of politics. It offers the basic tools necessary for readers to become both critical consumers and beginning producers of scientific research on politics. The authors present an integrated approach to research design and empirical analyses whereby researchers can develop and test causal theories. They use examples from political science research that students will find interesting and inspiring, and that will help them understand key concepts. The book makes technical material accessible to students who might otherwise be intimidated by mathematical examples. This revised third edition features new 'Your Turn' boxes meant to engage students. The edition also has new sections added throughout the book to enhance the content's clarity and breadth of coverage.
Existence of static capillary plugs in horizontal rectangular cylinders

Capillary-dominated conditions exist for fluids in the flow passages in smaller devices on Earth and also at larger scale in spaceflight. A recent mathematical advance permits determination of the range of Bond numbers for which a static free surface that spans the entire cross section of a closed channel can exist for general channel cross section with gravity perpendicular to the axis of the channel. This paper reports on the application of that new theory to determine the Bond number for existence of occluding capillary surfaces in rectangular channels. Details of a numerical step in the application are examined and result compared for three computational methods. Results of the analysis produce the desired result, a transitional Bond number, for all possible rectangles, surface tension, densities, and contact angles.
Bailout antegrade coronary reentry with the stingray™ balloon and guidewire in the setting of an acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock.

Emergent coronary artery bypass surgery for failed percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) during acute myocardial infarction (MI) is a bailout strategy that is associated with a high in-hospital morbidity and mortality (7–10%). Innovative strategies to improve the probability of PCI success in this setting are needed. Antegrade coronary re-entry with the Stingray™ balloon and guidewire has been shown to facilitate recanalization of chronic total occlusions in stable patients. We report a case where the Stingray™ device was successfully used as a bailout strategy in the setting of an acute MI complicated by cardiogenic shock. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Social Assessment Prioritizes Urban Water and Wastewater Problems in Russia

Russia's transition to a market economy has had profound effects on its municipal water and wastewater sector. The country's overall economic downturn and severe fiscal constraints have deprived the municpal water and wastewater companies and local governments of the large subsidies they used to receive. The scarcity of resources has prevented new investment, and many wastewater companies need help to keep their systems functioning. The proposed Bank-financed project on Russia Municipal Water and Wastewater seeks to improve the water services people receive. People are the most important factor in all water supply and sanitation activities. This Note summarizes the objectives of the social assessment (SA) for the project and the SA findings. It also presents the recommendations the SA made.
Vascular type Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome with fatal spontaneous rupture of a right common iliac artery dissection: case report and review of literature

Vascular Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (previously Ehlers-Danlos IV) is a rare autosomal dominant collagen vascular disorder caused by a 2q31 COL3A1 gene mutation encoding pro-alpha1 chain of type III collagen (in contrast to classic Ehlers-Danlos, caused by a COL5A1 mutation). The vascular type accounts for less than 4% of all Ehlers-Danlos cases and usually has a poor prognosis due to life threatening vascular ruptures and difficult, frequently unsuccessful surgical and vascular interventions. In 70% of cases, vascular rupture or dissection, gastrointestinal perforation, or organ rupture is a presenting sign. We present a case of genetically proven vascular Ehlers-Danlos with fatal recurrent retroperitoneal hemorrhages secondary to a ruptured right common iliac artery dissection in a 30-year-old male. This case highlights the need to suspect collagen vascular disorders when a young adult presents with unexplained retroperitoneal hemorrhage, even without family history of such diseases.
The Nutrition of Glaucoma chaitoni A

Glaucoma chaitoni. A has been grown in a medium free from protein. Twelve amino acids, seven B-vita-mins, a purine and pyrimidine were essential. Long-chain unsaturated fatty acids and their triglycerides, synthetic phosphatides, and carbohydrates were stimulatory. Oleic acid- containing lipids were best. The significance of the phosphatide activity and the applicability of the results of this work to problems in tissue cell and bacterial cultivation are discussed.
Improved Ballistic Test and Evaluation Methodology

Ballistic test and evaluation of body armor is of great priority for the US Army to meet current operational needs. The current experimental design process centers on standardized threat level classifications and a baseline ballistic limit velocity, V50; both measures originate from the National Institute of Justice circa 1979. The measures are complex, statistical in nature, and yield large quantities of data. A methodology incorporating response surface techniques improves ballistic test and evaluation from a pass fail analysis of data to iterative, directional experiments with design intelligence. Without this mathematical direction, it is extremely difficult to analyze the multitude of factors and their interaction effects in order to attain product improvement. We provide a ballistic experimental design example to demonstrate the usefulness of this methodology and identify the potential for its application in future armor developments.
Optimal timing of the US breeder

Abstract Optimal timing of the introduction of the FBR is very sensitive to factors such as the availability of low-cost uranium, future energy demands and the possibility of the introduction of yet more advanced technology. To a lesser extent it is also sensitive to the relative capital costs of fast breeder and thermal nuclear plants. The relationship between R & D costs and the programme timing is also crucial in deciding optimisation.
Interactions between sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles and peptides during matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) of proteolytic digests

Although sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is routinely used as a denaturing agent for proteins, its presence is highly detrimental on the analysis of peptides and proteins by mass spectrometry. It has been found, however, that when SDS is present in concentrations near to or above its critical micelle concentration (CMC), improvements in the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) analysis of peptide mixtures or hydrophobic proteins are obtained. To elucidate possible explanations for such improvements, here we have undertaken a study examining the effect of SDS micelles on peptide mixtures. Fluorescently labeled peptides were used as probes to determine whether hydrophobic or hydrophilic peptides interact exclusively with SDS micelles. In addition, four globular proteins were digested with trypsin and then various amounts of SDS were added before MALDI mass spectrometry. To examine the role of mixture complexity on the mass spectral results, the tryptic digest of bovine serum albumin was also fractionated according to hydrophobicity before SDS treatment. Results from these experiments suggest that micelle-peptide interactions increase peptide-matrix cocrystallization irrespective of analyte hydrophobicity. As these studies were performed using the dried-droplet method of sample spotting, the presence of micelles is also hypothesized to reduce Marangoni effects during the crystallization process.
Emerson's Strange Equality

In this essay I explore the signi�cance of equality in Ralph Waldo Emerson9s essays, particularly with respect to his treatment of personal relations and, more generally, to his ideas about self-reliance. I begin with Alexis de Tocqueville9s premise that equality, by uniting individuals under some common rubric, thereby induces these same individuals to separate or de�ne themselves against one another. In essays such as "Love" and "Friendship," Emerson plays out this dynamic with peculiar vehemence: af�rmations of a radical sameness linking all together go hand-in-hand with warnings against sacri�cing one9s individuality to another. I ascribe this dynamic to equality9s social logic more than to psychological ambivalence, and I go on to argue for the importance of distinguishing between different kinds of equality in order to underscore and help account for the extremity of Emerson9s attachment to this theme. I also suggest that so long as contemporary criticism remains �xated on one particular understanding of equality-speci�cally, as a social good that may be won or lost-it is bound to misconstrue not only its signi�cance to a writer like Emerson but, more broadly, its signi�cance as an ideological force.
Imaging for percutaneous lumbar disc decompression procedures

This article analyzes the proper use of imaging in the performance of procedures for disc decompression by minimally invasive techniques. The importance of obtaining and reviewing images before the procedure is discussed. Reviewed are the positioning, preparation, performance, and follow up of patients undergoing these procedures. The proper views on fluoroscopic imaging are highlighted, and examples are given of desirable images for performing these cutting edge techniques. Clinical pearls and pitfalls for those procedures are reviewed, and examples of proper imaging are shown.
BRILLOUIN-LIGHT-SCATTERING STUDY OF LONG-WAVELENGTH ACOUSTIC PHONONS IN SINGLE-CRYSTAL DYSPROSIUM FILMS

We have employed Brillouin scattering to investigate elastic-wave velocities as a function of temperature in Dy thin films and in bulk Dy. The single-crystal films were synthesized by molecular-beam epitaxy to ensure high crystalline and interfacial quality. Surface (Rayleigh) and guided-wave (Lamb) modes were probed by the Brillouin technique through the surface ripple-coupling mechanism. Results taken near room temperature in the paramagnetic phase agree very well with a layered-elastic model in which the materials of the samples are represented by elastic behavior using bulk single-crystal elastic data from the literature. At lower temperatures anomalies were found for samples with the thinner Dy layers: Measured wave velocities differed by up to 2% from the model predictions, and the ratio of Lamb-to-Rayleigh intensities was twice the predicted value. The anomalies coincide with the ferromagnetic transitions of the films, and they are believed to originate from coupling between the phonons and the magnetic system in the near-surface region probed by the Brillouin scattering.
Accelerating and disseminating across Asia

Asia does not yet face the same burdens as Africa, but evidence of severe epidemics in some states already exists. The window of opportunity to respond to HIV in Asia is narrow and closing; the time for action is now.
Correlation between gross appearance and histologic findings in the postoperative stomach

Among 50 postoperative stomachs examined endoscopically, there were 13 cases showing a pattern of linear erythematous streaks radiating from the stoma. Biopsy sections obtained under direct vision from the erythematous streaks disclosed more significant histologic changes than those taken from the intervening pale areas. The finding of reparative changes was the most reliable criterion for differentiating the degree of change in the 2 areas. The topography of gastritis in the postoperative stomach suggests that mechanical factors may be important in the pathogenesis of reflux gastritis.
Effects of cadaver age on production of infective stages of Entomophaga grylli pathotype 2 in infected Melanoplus differentialis

Abstract The effect of cadaver age on production of resting spores, hyphal bodies and prespores, and cryptoconidia was studied in vitro using fungi extracted from cadavers of Melanoplus differentialis 0 and 24 hr following death from Entomophaga grylli pathotype 2. No resting spores were present in grasshopper cadavers immediately following death, but the number of all fungus stages increased significantly 24 hr after death. The percentage of cryptoconidia produced did not vary during the 24 hr following host death. Results suggest that the timing of cadaver disruption and subsequent production of resting spores and cryptoconidia may effect transmission of infection and maintenance of epizootics.
Significance of ATP, carbon, and caloric content of meiobenthic nematodes in partitioning benthic biomass

Benthic, free-living marine nematodes from two stations, one subtidal, one intertidal, in the North Inlet Estuary, South Carolina, USA, have been characterized by measurement of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), carbon, caloric content, and ash-free dry weight. Two methods of extracting the organisms from the sediment were used. Resulting carbon to ATP ratios and population density data from ongoing North Inlet meiofauna studies show that the nematodes account for 0.11 to 6.33 μg ATP per g dry weight of sediment, varying seasonally. The percentage of nematode ATP/g sediment is higher in the winter and lowest in the summer, and accounts for 68% to over 90% of the total sediment ATP. The findings of this study indicate that meiofauna, particularly nematodes, can no longer be overlooked as a separate entity in attempts to partition benthic systems.
Insulin resistance in Pima Indians. A combined effect of genetic predisposition and obesity-related skeletal muscle cell hypertrophy.

ABSTRACT Obesity and diabetes are epidemic in the Pima Indians of Southwest United States. Recent evidence suggests that a reduced metabolic rate may predispose the obesity and, since metabolic rate appears to be familial, this may predispose to the familial dependence of obesity. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of diabetes. Insulin resistance is associated with obesity, but is also familial, independent of obesity. In this population insulin resistance is a risk factor for the development of diabetes. Diabetes occurs when insulin secretory failure is superimposed on insulin resistance. Reduced glucose storage in muscle, regulated by glycogen synthase, is important in determining insulin resistance especially at high plasma insulin concentrations and it is possible that a specific genetic defect may be the cause of this. Obesity has its major effect on insulin action at lower plasma insulin concentrations and we propose that this may in part be due to abnormalities of insulin action induced by an increased fat-free mass with a consequent enlargement of muscle cells, a reduced capillary supply, and reduced penetration of insulin into muscle in obese subjects. We propose therefore that insulin resistance may be due to a combination of a genetic defect and obesity-induced changes in the biophysical properties of skeletal muscle. These defects, by slightly increasing the plasma glucose concentration and inducing pancreatic glucose insensitivity, may in turn lead to the development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Calcium ion regulation of flagellar beat symmetry in reactivated sea urchin spermatozoa.

Summary Spermatozoa extracted with Triton X-100 solutions containing 0.005 M CaCl2 have nearly symmetrical flagellar beat patterns and straight swimming paths when reactivated in ATP solutions containing low concentrations (10−9 M) of free calcium ion. Increased calcium in the reactivation solutions, or omission of calcium from the extraction solution, causes asymmetrical flagellar beating, and circular swimming paths.
Tapping into the culture of homelessness

This article describes the problem of homelessness from a cultural perspective. Three health and human service agencies located in Pennsylvania were investigated to ascertain whether the needs of the homeless as a culture were being met. The findings of this qualitative investigation conclude that the strategies of survival inherent in the culture of homelessness are rarely considered by social and health agencies in providing services to the homeless. Implications for improving health and other services provided for the homeless from a cultural perspective are discussed in the concluding remarks of the report.
Phase II evaluation of galactitol in head and neck cancer: A southwest oncology group study

A phase II evaluation of DAG in head and neck cancer patients produced one partial response and one patient with prolonged stable disease from nine fully evaluable patients with squamous carcinomas. One partial response was produced in a patient with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. No drug deaths or life-threatening toxicity were reported. Further evaluation of DAG in thyroid tumors is warranted.
Suppressive Factor or Factors Derived from Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Induce Apoptosis in Activated Lymphocytes

Abstract Our laboratory has previously identified a soluble factor derived from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma that impairs lymphocyte proliferative responses in vitro. This study further investigates the nature of the interaction between these factors and T lymphocytes. The proliferative activity of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes and the Jurkat T-cell line was significantly suppressed (>50%) by the supernatants of 13 (41.9%) of 31 recently explanted head and neck squamous cell carcinoma samples. A characteristic morphologic appearance of these suppressed cells and ladderlike pattern of DNA fragmentation on gel electrophoresis indicated that the suppressive supernatants were inducing or predisposing T cells to apoptotic death. This apoptosis-inducing activity may be similar to that previously described in a suppressive supernatant obtained from an esophageal carcinoma cell line. These results shed further light on the mechanism behind a soluble immunosuppressive factor or factors produced by head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997; 116:458-65.)