cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptive unstructured grid generation for viscous flow applications

Our objective is to develop a procedure for efficient generation of high-quality solution-adapted grids suitable for viscous flow applications. The overall approach taken in this work for solution adaptation is to generate high-aspect-ratio elements in the boundary-layer regions and to capture inviscid features and detached viscous features independently using different adaptation procedures.
Investigation of inversion polymorphisms in the human genome using principal components analysis.

Despite the significant advances made over the last few years in mapping inversions with the advent of paired-end sequencing approaches, our understanding of the prevalence and spectrum of inversions in the human genome has lagged behind other types of structural variants, mainly due to the lack of a cost-efficient method applicable to large-scale samples. We propose a novel method based on principal components analysis (PCA) to characterize inversion polymorphisms using high-density SNP genotype data. Our method applies to non-recurrent inversions for which recombination between the inverted and non-inverted segments in inversion heterozygotes is suppressed due to the loss of unbalanced gametes. Inside such an inversion region, an effect similar to population substructure is thus created: two distinct “populations” of inversion homozygotes of different orientations and their 1∶1 admixture, namely the inversion heterozygotes. This kind of substructure can be readily detected by performing PCA locally in the inversion regions. Using simulations, we demonstrated that the proposed method can be used to detect and genotype inversion polymorphisms using unphased genotype data. We applied our method to the phase III HapMap data and inferred the inversion genotypes of known inversion polymorphisms at 8p23.1 and 17q21.31. These inversion genotypes were validated by comparing with literature results and by checking Mendelian consistency using the family data whenever available. Based on the PCA-approach, we also performed a preliminary genome-wide scan for inversions using the HapMap data, which resulted in 2040 candidate inversions, 169 of which overlapped with previously reported inversions. Our method can be readily applied to the abundant SNP data, and is expected to play an important role in developing human genome maps of inversions and exploring associations between inversions and susceptibility of diseases.
Proton tunneling: a decay channel of the O-H stretch mode in KTaO3.

The vibrational lifetimes of the O-H and O-D stretch modes in the perovskite oxide KTaO 3 are measured by pump-probe infrared spectroscopy. Both stretch modes are exceptionally long lived and exhibit a large "reverse" isotope effect, due to a phonon-assisted proton-tunneling process, which involves the O-Ta-O bending motion. The excited-state tunneling rate is found to be 7 orders of magnitude larger than from the ground state in the proton conducting oxide, BaCeO 3 [Phys. Rev. B 60, R3713 (1999)].
The Maasai Warriors: pattern maintenance and violence in colonial Kenya

This article attributes early twentieth century Maasai conservatism to the Maasai social structure and in particular to the warrior (moran) age-grade. Modernizing changes meant different things to different groups. To some Maasai elders they meant increased political power and wealth. But to the warriors they constituted a threat to their already declining status and entailed new and onerous obligations like road work. Governmental efforts to transform and modernize the Maasai were met by small-scale warrior rebellions. There were three such uprisings–in 1918, 1922 and 1935. All three were carried out by the warriors in defiance of the wishes of the elders and occurred at times when the government was seeking to alter Maasai society. The 1918 rebellion was over the recruitment of children for school; that of 1922 over attempts to do away with essential features of the moran system; and that of 1935 in opposition to road work. The Maasai warriors were effective resisters of change because of their considerable autonomy within their society and their esprit de corps.
The public/private division of responsibility for education

Abstract In this chapter “private” schools are defined as those that were privately founded and are privately managed; they usually have some private funding, although in some cases considerable funding and control come from the government. The size and nature of the private sector is viewed as stemming from excess demand for education due to limited public spending (i.e., these are students who would prefer to use the public schools but are involuntarily excluded and pushed into the private sector); differentiated demand due primarily to cultural heterogeneity (i.e., these are students whose differentiated tastes along religious, linguistic or ethnic lines lead them voluntarily to choose the private sector even if a public school place is available); and the supply of non-profit educational entrepreneurship (e.g., founders who start schools to maximize religious faith or believers, rather than profits) by competing religious organizations. The impact of public policies, including public educational spending and private subsidies, is also considered.
Targeting ALK in neuroblastoma—preclinical and clinical advancements

Neuroblastoma is a debilitating disease and a leading cause of childhood cancer deaths. The discovery of ALK as a mutated oncogenic receptor in neuroblastoma has provided an attractive target for innovative therapies. In this article, Mosse and Carpenter review the preclinical and clinical advances in ALK-targeted therapies for neuroblastoma and discuss the emerging challenges.
The relation of approach/avoidance motivation and message framing to the effectiveness of charitable appeals

This study tested whether congruency between approach/avoidance dispositional motivation and message framing (gain, loss) affects receptivity to appeals for charitable donations. Participants read gain-framed and loss-framed messages regarding funding needs and completed the BIS vs. BAS scale assessing dispositional motivation. Approach-oriented people were more persuaded by gain-framed messages, and avoidance-oriented people were more persuaded by loss-framed messages. The results thus extend the congruency effect beyond self-relevant messages to include other-oriented messages as well. These findings suggest that real-world charitable appeals will be more effective to the degree that they are tailored to match the motivational dynamics of the target audience.
The challenge of managing journal collections

I have the bad luck of writing on a topic that requires me to begin with a confession of a certain degree of failure. It is not a confession in which I stand alone, but a corporate confession on behalf of our profession. We have not exactly managed our journal collections well, if by manage we mean to have maintained some larger understanding of what has been going on with journal publications and by virtue of that understanding to have influenced those publications in a way which served the best interests of scholarship, libraries, and educational institutions. We have, rather, been late in our analysis and understanding and correspondingly marginal in our efforts to have a salubrious effect on journal publishing, particularly the publishing of journals by commercial agencies and the generally perceived declining quality of journal articles brought about by intense pressures for faculty members to publish. We are, I am pleased to say, rectifying the matter of inadequate understanding of the larger situation surrounding journal publications. We have many individual libraries and librarians to thank for that as well as our various library associations and their subgroups. I call your attention to one of the latest analyses of the problem. This is an excellent study conducted by the Association of Research Libraries entitled Report of the ARL Serials Prices Project (ARL: Washington, D.C., May 1989). The heart of that report is two studies, one being “A Study of Trends in Average Prices and Costs of Certain Serials over Time” conducted by an independent corporation, Economic Consulting Services, Inc., and the other being an exceedingly perceptive study of the many complex factors that have given rise to the current situation with regard to journal and other serial prices. I commend this report to you. Our growing understanding aside, there are some things that we simply do not manage. Journals have become and are presently the key medium in the advance of science and technology. We have been made acutely aware of the increasing rapidity of the advance of human knowledge in these areas. Even if we were to cure the problems of quality control, multiple
Practice patterns in the management of fungal corneal ulcers.

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to determine the practice patterns of ophthalmologists in the management of fungal corneal ulcers.Methods:In December 2007, a survey of 13 questions addressing the actual and preferred treatment of fungal ulcers was sent to the kera-net e-mail listserv facilitat
Deuteron-Induced Reactions Leading to N 16

The cross sections for the reactions ${\mathrm{O}}^{18}(d, \ensuremath{\alpha}){\mathrm{N}}^{16}$ and ${\mathrm{N}}^{15}(d, p){\mathrm{N}}^{16}$ have been determined and the excitation functions obtained for deuteron bombarding energies of 0.30 to 3.00 Mev. At a bombarding energy of 1.16 Mev, the ${\mathrm{O}}^{18}(d, \ensuremath{\alpha}){\mathrm{N}}^{16}$ cross section is 44 mb, and the ${\mathrm{N}}^{15}(d, p){\mathrm{N}}^{16}$ cross section is 280 mb. Resonances in the ${\mathrm{O}}^{18}(d, \ensuremath{\alpha}){\mathrm{N}}^{16}$ excitation function occur at values which correspond to excited levels in ${\mathrm{F}}^{20}$ at 13.69, 13.91, 14.27, and 14.94 Mev. The rapidly rising smooth excitation curve for the reaction ${\mathrm{N}}^{15}(d, p){\mathrm{N}}^{16}$ indicates a barrier penetration with some evidence for weak resonances corresponding to excited states in ${\mathrm{O}}^{17}$ at 15.18 Mev and 15.69 Mev.Attempts were made to detect the reaction ${\mathrm{C}}^{14}(d, \ensuremath{\gamma}){\mathrm{N}}^{16}$; it was possible to set only an upper limit of 0.1 mb on the cross section for this reaction at a bombarding energy of 1.16 Mev.Scintillation spectrometry of the ${\mathrm{N}}^{16}$ decay shows the ratio of the intensities of the 6.133 and 7.10 Mev $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-rays to be 1:0.81.
The Isolated-Sentence Exercise

Author's Summary— Beginning grammars with only isolated-sentence reading material in the foreign language are obviously inferior to those which afford interesting, connected paragraphs of reading matter, but the former type is still in wide use. To avoid turning the language class hour into a dull translation exercise, ways are suggested of utilizing the isolated-sentence exercise in aural and oral drill.)
Short-range correlations in two-particle productions

Abstract Based on the analysis of the eight-point dual amplitude, we show that the two-particle distribution function exhibits a transverse momenta cutoff of the form, exp −4(p 1 ⊥ 2 +p 1 ⊥ 2 +2p 1 ⊥ p 1 ⊥ cosβ) , in the pionization region, where β depends on the relative rapidity y and the relative azimuthal angle φ between p1⊥ and p2⊥. Explicit correlation function is obtained to the exp (−y) order. As it is expected from a Mueller analysis, we find the correlation length in y to be (αV − αV′)−1 in terms of the two leading vacuum trajectories with positive intercepts.
Infectious Spondylodiscitis, Epidural Phlegmon, and Psoas Abscess Complicating Diabetic Foot Infection: A Case Report

Few published case reports have cited vertebral osteomyelitis as a sequela of a diabetic foot infection. The purpose of the present report is to increase awareness of a potentially severe complication of diabetic foot ulceration: vertebral osteomyelitis and associated pathologic features. We present the case of a 63-year-old male with right calcaneal osteomyelitis who developed acute onset lower back pain with concomitant fever and chills. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed L4-L5 vertebral osteomyelitis, a T9-L1 epidural abscess, and a right psoas muscle abscess secondary to hematogenous seeding from the calcaneus. The patient underwent right partial calcanectomy, spinal and right psoas abscess incision and drainage, and direct lumbar interbody fusion of L4-L5 with a right iliac crest allograft. All bone, blood, and abscess cultures were positive for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. After the surgery, the patient's pain resolved in his back and hip and he regained full right lower extremity function. The 1-year follow-up examination revealed that the patient had vertebral arthritis but was able to perform his activities of daily living with a walker and cane. It is important to recognize the potential complications of diabetic foot ulcerations and be aware of the identifying symptoms and treatment options for this condition to prevent significant morbidity and mortality.
EUVOLUNTARY OR NOT, EXCHANGE IS JUST*

The arguments for redistribution of wealth, and for prohibiting certain transactions such as price-gouging, both are based in mistaken conceptions of exchange. This paper proposes a neologism, “euvoluntary” exchange, meaning both that the exchange is truly voluntary and that it benefits both parties to the transaction. The argument has two parts: First, all euvoluntary exchanges should be permitted, and there is no justification for redistribution of wealth if disparities result only from euvoluntary exchanges. Second, even exchanges that are not euvoluntary should generally be permitted, because access to market exchange may be the only means by which people in desperate circumstances can improve their position.
Holographic description of asymptotically AdS 2 collapse geometries

The mapping between bulk supergravity fields in anti--de Sitter space and operators in the dual boundary conformal field theory usually relies heavily on the available global symmetries. In the present work, we study a generalization of this mapping to time dependent situations, for the simple case of collapsing shock waves in two spacetime dimensions. The construction makes use of analyticity of the conformal field theory and the properties of the asymptotic bulk geometry to reconstruct the nonanalytic bulk observables. Many of the features of this construction are expected to apply to higher dimensional asymptotically anti--de Sitter spacetimes and their conformal field theory duals.
A Calorimetric Study of Binary-Mixtures of 1-Octadecanoyl-2-decanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine and Dimyristoyl Phosphatidylethanolamine

Abstract Model membranes composed of 1-octadecanoyl-2-decanoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine and dimyristoyl phosphatidylethanolamine have been studied calorimetrically. 1-Octadecanoyl-2-decanoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine is a highly asymmetric mixed-chain lipid, whereas dimyristoyl phosphatidylethanolamine is an identical-chain lipid with the same molecular weight. Calorimetric results indicate that these two lipids with a common molecular weight are completely miscible in the two-dimensional plane of the lipid bilayer in the liquid-crystalline state and that they are only partially miscible in the gel-state bilayer. Specifically, binary mixtures of these two lipids form eutectic phase diagrams at pH 7.4 and 10.0.
Active (In,Ga)As/GaAs blue-green light emitters

An analysis of the second-order nonlinear polarizability of III-V, [112]-oriented heterostructures is presented. This analysis is used as a basis for the discussion of visible second-harmonic light-emitters. It is then shown experimentally that active blue-green light-emitters can be fabricated from (In,Ga)As/GaAs quantum well laser structures.
Polymers with multiple hydrogen-bonded end groups and their blends

A new strategy for synthesizing well-defined, chain-end-functionalized polymers containing multiple hydrogen-bonding (MHB) groups capable of heterodimerization in both solution and the melt has been developed. Two complementary MHB systems were chosen for initial studies: 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidinone (UPy) and 2,7-diamido-1,8-naphthyridine (Napy) and ATRP initiators containing either UPy or Napy were prepared and shown to produce well-defined (meth)acrylic polymers with the desired MHB functionality present at the chain end. To characterize the effectiveness of the MHB interaction in the melt, blends of chain-end-functionalized linear polymers were cast into films, annealed at various temperatures above Tg, and then quenched, and their structures were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was shown that the nature of the hydrogen-bonding group(s) present in the blend has a significant effect on bulk microstructure and thermal behavior, in particu...
The Effect of Financial Incentive on General Aviation Vfr-Into-Imc

Two flight simulator studies explored the effects of financial incentive on general aviation pilots' willingness to proceed under visual flight rules flight into adverse weather. Study 1 assessed 60 pilots' takeoff behavior into varying degrees of adverse weather seen immediately at taxiway level. Thirty pilots received straight salary, while 30 received salary plus a bonus contingent on takeoff. Trend emerged in regression analysis for effect of incentive. Study 2 examined 45 pilots' in-flight continuation into weather degrading to zero visibility. Fifteen pilots received straight salary, 15 received salary plus a partial bonus, 15 received salary plus a full bonus. Bonuses were contingent on reaching the assigned destination. Although all pilots diverted before reaching the destination, financial incentive was a powerful stimulant to continuation into IMC (p = .001). The difference between studies involves an information contrast effect. That is, when conditions deteriorate slowly, a bad situation can d...
Use of topical bovine thrombin in an anti-coagulated rat model of hepatic injury☆

Abstract The need for surgical hemostasis in patients treated with anticoagulant medications is a concern. This study assessed a bovine-derived topical hemostat (FastAct, FA) using a partial hepatectomy hemorrhage model in anticoagulated rats. Ninety rats were randomly assigned to receive preoperative heparin, warfarin, or nothing ( n = 30/treatment). Within each treatment group, FA, saline, direct pressure (DP), electrocautery, or nothing ( n = 6/group) was applied to the hepatectomy site. Eight additional rats were used for assessment of the preoperative anticoagulant regimen. Rats that were not anticoagulated and received FA had faster clot times and less hemorrhage than those receiving DP ( P P P
Studies on human tRNA I. The rapid, large scale isolation and partial fractionation of placenta and liver tRNA

A procedure for the large scale isolation of mammalian tRNA has been applied to the isolation of several grams of human liver, human placenta, rabbit liver and rat liver tRNA. This procedure entails an initial grinding of the tissue in phenol-sodium acetate at acidic pH, followed by DEAE cellulose chromatography. Procedures are also described for analysis of the purified tRNA on the basis of size, using controlled pore glass bean columns. In addition, the acceptor activity of isolated tRNAs has been determined using both the heterologous and homologous synthetases. The chromatographic profile of individual isoaccepting species using BD cellulose chromatography is shown and the 3' terminal nucleoside content was also determined. The methods described now make it feasible for large scale studies of mammalian tRNA enabling us to better understand the relationships between the structure of mammalian tRNA and its many diversified functions.
Corticotropin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin gene transcription in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of unstressed rats: Daily rhythms and their interactions with corticosterone

To drive the daily ACTH secretory rhythm from anterior pituitary corticotropes signals from the circadian clock schedule CRH and, to lesser extent, arginine vasopressin (AVP) release from neuroendocrine terminals. In turn, releasable pools of CRH and AVP in neuroendocrine terminals are sustained by synthetic mechanisms in the medial parvicellular paraventricular nucleus, a critical component of which involves transcribing primary (heteronuclear (hn)) RNA transcripts from their cognate genes. To determine the fundamental daily patterns of ACTH secretagogue gene transcription in unstressed rats, we measured CRH and AVP hnRNA levels at 1- to 4-h intervals throughout the day using in situ hybridization. Crh gene transcription is readily detectable throughout the day, and shows a pronounced rhythm that is temporally correlated with CRH mRNA levels, but is uncoupled from ACTH release. However, avp gene transcription is barely detectable and shows no discernable rhythm. We then performed similar experiments in adrenalectomized rats with or without corticosterone replacement. Corticosterone-dependent mechanisms regulate CRH hnRNA levels at the nadir and peak as well as the onset of nocturnal crh gene transcription. A prominent rhythm of avp hnRNA seen in adrenalectomized animals was dampened by corticosterone. This study shows, first, CRH synthesis in intact animals is maintained by a nocturnal episode of crh gene transcription, parameters of which are modulated by corticosterone-dependent mechanisms; second, circulating corticosterone is sufficient to completely inhibit a daily rhythm of avp gene transcription present in adrenalectomized rats; third, the neural systems that activate crh gene transcription can be uncoupled from those driving ACTH release.
Abnormal development of peripheral lymphoid organs in mice deficient in lymphotoxin

Mice rendered deficient in lymphotoxin (LT) by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells have no morphologically detectable lymph nodes or Peyer's patches, although development of the thymus appears normal. Within the white pulp of the spleen, there is failure of normal segregation of B and T cells. Spleen and peripheral blood contain CD4+CD8- and CD4-CD8+ T cells in a normal ratio, and both T cells subsets have an apparently normal lytic function. Lymphocytes positive for immunoglobulin M are present in increased numbers in both the spleen and peripheral blood. These data suggest an essential role for LT in the normal development of peripheral lymphoid organs.
Polyamine-induced prolongation of storage in tomato fruits'

Mature green tomato fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) of cv. ‘Rutgers’ and the line ‘Alcobaca-red’ were vacuum infiltrated with solutions of polyamines, their precursors and metabolites, and other compounds which might affect ripening and/or storage duration. Putrescine (1,4-diaminobutane), spermidine, spermine, diaminopropane, γ-aminobutyric acid and methionine were found to increase the storage life of these fruit after vacuum infiltration of the test compounds and storage of fruit in darkness. Polyamines probably play a role in the normal ripening/overripening process and may prove commercially valuable in the extension of fruit shelf life.
Zinc Regulates the Acute Phase Response and Serum Amyloid A Production in Response to Sepsis through JAK-STAT3 Signaling

Sepsis rapidly activates the host inflammatory response and acute phase response. Severe sepsis, complicated by multiple organ failure, is associated with overwhelming inflammation and high mortality. We previously observed that zinc (Zn) deficiency significantly increases mortality in a mouse model of polymicrobial sepsis due to over-activation of the inflammatory response. In order to identify potential mechanisms that account for Zn-responsive effects, we generated whole exome expression profiles from the lung tissue of septic mice that were maintained on Zn modified diets. Based on systems analysis, we observed that Zn deficiency enhances the acute phase response and particularly the JAK-STAT3 pathway, resulting in increased serum amyloid A production. In vitro studies of primary hepatocytes and HepG2 cells substantiated that Zn-deficiency augments serum amyloid A production through up-regulation of the JAK-STAT3 and NF-κB pathways. In contrast, Zn inhibited STAT3 activation through the up-regulation of SHP1 activity. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that Zn deficiency enhances the acute phase response through up-regulation of the JAK-STAT3 pathway, thereby perpetuating increased inflammation that may lead to increased morbidity and mortality in response to sepsis.
Computational studies of the interaction of myoglobin and xenon

Computational studies are used to investigate the energies of xenon binding to myoglobin and to describe pathways through the protein interior for a metmyoglobin-xenon complex. Empirical energy calculations indicate a favorable enthalpic contribution of 0.6 to 4.2 kcal/mol to xenon binding for four experimentally determined xenon sites. These calculated enthalpies help to explain the different xenon occupancies observed experimentally. A fifth site, modeled in place of the iron co-ordinated water molecule in the distal cavity, is also predicted to bind xenon. The largest contribution to the binding energy is from van der Waals' interactions with smaller contributions from polarization and protein strain terms. Ligand trajectory calculations as well as a new geometric algorithm define a connecting network of channel-like pathways through the static protein structure. One or two pathways appear to lead most easily from each major internal cavity to the protein surface. The importance of these channels in protein dynamics and their implications as routes for ligand motion are discussed.
Np elastic spin transfer measurements at 788 MeV

We have measured the spin-transfer parameters ${\mathit{K}}_{\mathit{L}\mathit{L}}$, ${\mathit{K}}_{\mathit{S}\mathit{L}}$, ${\mathit{K}}_{\mathit{L}\mathit{S}}$, and ${\mathit{K}}_{\mathit{S}\mathit{S}}$ at 788 MeV from 47\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 177\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} c.m., and also uncovered a 10--16 % normalization discrepancy which affects all previous np elastic spin data from LAMPF. Results disagree significantly from previous phase-shift predictions. With the inclusion of these new data the NN phase shifts and amplitudes (isospin 0 and 1) become well determined for the first time near 800 MeV.
The Absolutist Advantage: Sacred Rhetoric in Contemporary Presidential Debate

Sacred rhetoric invokes nonnegotiable convictions rather than reasoned consequences. This form of rhetoric, grounded in transcendent authority and moral outrage, provides an electoral advantage by inspiring greater political engagement and valorizing candidates in the eyes of voters. A study of the language employed in contemporary presidential debates from 1976 to 2004 illustrates that while Democrats made sacred appeals in a few political domains, Republicans employed sacred rhetoric more frequently across a broad range of issues. Democrats have relied more heavily on projected numbers and plans rather than protected values and bounds, often yielding to Republicans an absolutist advantage.
Remifentanil as an adjuvant during desflurane anesthesia facilitates early recovery after ambulatory surgery.

Abstract Study Objective: To investigate the effect of using a remifentanil infusion during desflurane anesthesia on the early recovery profile and side effects. Design: Randomized, single-blind study. Setting: University-based ambulatory surgery unit. Patients: 46 healthy, ASA physical status I and II women undergoing outpatient laparoscopic tubal ligation procedures. Interventions: After premedication with midazolam 2 mg intravenously (IV), anesthesia was induced with propofol 2 mg · kg −1 IV and remifentanil 1 μg · kg −1 IV. Following tracheal intubation, anesthesia was maintained with desflurane 2% and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) 65% in both groups. During the maintenance period, hemodynamic stability was maintained using either a variable inspired concentration of desflurane, 2% to 8% (Control group), or a variable-rate infusion of remifentanil 0.05 to 0.2 μg · kg −1 · min −1 IV (Remi group). Ketorolac 30 mg IV and local anesthetic infiltration at the surgical portals were administered for preventive analgesia prior to skin closure. Measurements and Main Results: Emergence times and times to achieving an Aldrete score of 10 (i.e., fast-tracking eligibility) were determined. Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), as well as the need for analgesic and antiemetic rescue medications, were noted during the 24-hour follow-up period. A structural questionnaire was used to assess intraoperative recall. Compared to the Control group, the Remi group had shorter emergence times and reduced times to achieving an Aldrete score of 10. There were no differences between the two groups with respect to the incidence of PONV and the requirements for postoperative analgesic and antiemetic drugs. None of the patients experienced intraoperative recall. Conclusions: The adjunctive use of a remifentanil infusion (0.07 ± 0.03 μg · kg −1 · min −1 ) during desflurane-N 2 O anesthesia facilitated early recovery without increasing PONV, pain, or the need for rescue medication after laparoscopic surgery.
Comparison of open and laparoscopic gastrostomy and fundoplication in 120 patients

The rapid development and incorporation of minimally invasive surgical techniques has abruptly changed adult surgical practices. These minimally invasive procedures are now being successfully applied to pediatric surgical problems. The anticipated benefits of these techniques include less postoperative pain, quicker return of bowel function, shorter hospital stay, and lower hospital costs, with a quicker return to normal activity. This report compares the first 60 infants and children to undergo laparoscopic gastrostomy and/or fundoplication at our institution with the same number of patients that underwent these procedures in the traditional open fashion. The two groups were similar with respect to age, sex, concurrent illness, presenting symptoms, neurological status, and procedures performed. Patients in the laparoscopic group were found to have shorter mean hospital and postoperative stays and tolerated feeding earlier. The mean hospital stay was 13.8 days for the laparoscopic group versus 16.4 days in the open group. The mean postoperative stay was 6.8 days for the laparoscopic group versus 10.7 days for the open group. The mean postoperative day on which feeding was tolerated was 2.3 in the laparoscopic group versus 4.8 in the open group. Postoperative complications were similar between the two groups. These results seem to reflect the less traumatic nature of the laparoscopic procedures as compared with the open procedures. Laparoscopic fundoplication and gastrostomy is an attractive alternative to open fundoplication and gastrostomy in infants and children.
3.2.2 A Bayesian Approach for Estimating Complex System Reliability

Although a number of recent studies on using BN for system reliability estimation have been proposed, these studies are based on the assumption that a pre-built BN was designed to represent the system. In these studies, the task of building the BN is typically left to a group of specialists who are BN and domain experts. However the process of building a system-specific BN is generally very time consuming and may lead to incorrect deductions. As there are no existing studies to eliminate the need for a human expert in the process of system reliability estimation, this paper introduces a holistic method that uses historical data about the system to be modeled as a BN and provides efficient techniques for automated construction of the BN model and estimation of the system reliability. Moreover, very limited human intervention is sufficient for the process of BN construction and reliability estimation.
Reiter's disease in women.

Reiter's disease in its classic form is defined by the triad of arthritis, conjunctivitis, and urethritis and occurs predominantly in men. Recent descriptions have emphasized other ancillary findings: mucocutaneous lesions, plantar fasciitis, Achilles tendinitis, sausage digits, asymmetrical sacroiliitis, and an association with HLA-B27. This study describes 29 women followed over the past 4 years who have a rheumatic disorder most consistent with Reiter's disease. All 29 patients were seronegative, 72% presenting with an asymmetrical pauciarticular arthritis, and the majority evidenced lower extremity involvement. During the course of their illness, 52% of the patients developed either eye and/or urinary tract involvement. Additional features were mucocutaneous lesions in 8 patients, heel pain or Achilles tendinitis in 15 patients, sausage digits in 20 patients, and clinical sacroiliitis in 20 patients. HLA-B27 was positive in 59% of patients, and radiographic bone and joint abnormalities were present in 52% of the patients. The recognition of this group of patients has both therapeutic and prognostic implications, because they preferentially respond to indomethacin or phenylbutazone and often pursue a chronic course, albeit without widespread joint destruction.
Gestational weight gain and postpartum behaviors associated with weight change from early pregnancy to 1 y postpartum.

OBJECTIVES: (1) To describe the relative importance of gestational weight gain, postpartum exercise, food intake and breastfeeding to weight change from early pregnancy to 1 y postpartum; and (2) to identify subgroups of women at greatest risk for major weight gain surrounding childbearing. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study of women who registered for obstetrical care in a hospital and primary care clinic system serving a 10 county area of upstate New York. SUBJECTS: A total of 540 healthy adult women who gave birth to full-term singleton infants. MEASUREMENTS: Sociodemographic characteristics, exercise, food-related behaviors and breastfeeding were assessed using the medical record and a mailed questionnaire. Body weight was measured at prenatal visits and 1 y postpartum. Weight retained and major weight gain (4.55 kg) at 1 y postpartum were the main outcomes. ANALYSIS: Linear and logistic regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Women were on average 1.51±5.95 kg heavier at 1 y postpartum than they were in early pregnancy. Nearly 25% of women experienced a major weight gain of 4.55 kg or more at 1 y postpartum. Gestational weight gain, exercise frequency, change in food intake and breastfeeding were each significantly related to postpartum weight retention. With the exception of breastfeeding, all of these factors were also associated with major weight gain. Women under 20 y or over 40 y at delivery, and single women retained significantly more weight. Lower income women with gestational weight gains above the Institute of Medicine (IOM) range retained 3.73 kg more than lower income women who gained within the range. They were also 4.7 times more likely to experience major weight gain with childbearing. The impact of exceeding the IOM gestational weight gain guidelines was three times greater in lower income women than it was in higher income women. CONCLUSION: Gestational weight gain, postpartum exercise frequency, and food intake are significantly associated with weight change from early pregnancy to 1 y postpartum and major weight gain with childbearing. Lower income women who gain more weight in pregnancy than the IOM recommends are at high risk for major weight gain with childbearing.
Z and W Physics with Tau-Leptons at the LHC

Abstract Measurements of the Z → τ τ and W → τ ν τ cross-sections in pp collisions at the LHC with data taken at s = 7 TeV are reported for the ATLAS, CMS, and LHCb experiments. Additionally, the polarization of τ-leptons produced from W → τ ν τ events, as measured by ATLAS, is presented. All results are found to agree with the Standard Model.
Differential effects of viewing four patterns of figure movement on performance of a dynamic balance task.

Summary.-To investigate the differential effects of viewing four patterns of figure movement on the performance of a dynamic balance task, 48 male Ss watched a visual figure moving in a horizontal, vertical, circular clockwise, or circular counterclodcwise pattern while performing on a Dynabalometer. A twoway analysis of variance showed there was a significant difference among the balance scores while performing the visual tasks. Scheffe tests indicated that the differences occurred between the vertical versus horizontal and between the vertical and counterclockwise conditions. Balance was best while viewing the vertical pattern, followed by the clockwise and horizontal patterns, and poorest with the counterclocl;wise pattern. Dynamic balance, establishing and maintaining equilibrium, is an essential component in movement behavior. Man's internal and external environments both provide stimuli which affect the actual orientation of the body and the perception of the orientation of the body in space. Of the sensory input from these environments, vision is one of the major contributors. Man's ability selectively to integrate visual cues from varying visual conditions is an important factor in his orientation during the performance of activities ranging from sport skills to aerospace maneuvers. Many studies have been conducted to study the perception of verticality on body positioning; however, little has been done to study the effects of viewing various moving figures or grounds on dynamic balance. Wapner and Witkin's study (1950) of effects of visual fields of varying structure and stability on the maintenance of balance on a stabilometer showed that, as the visual field was weakened, eliminated, and finally made unstable, balance became progressively poorer. This study was designed to investigate the differential effects of viewing four patterns of figure movement on dynamic balance performance. The following hypothesis was tested: balance performance is differentially affected when viewing four selected patterns of a moving visual figure during performance.
Slip-Link Simulations of Entangled, Finitely Extensible, Wormlike Chains in Shear Flow

We present computer simulations of entangled finitely extensible wormlike chains, including real space chain coupling, in shearing flows. Extending existing simulation techniques, we examine the mi...
HIRSHLEIFER’S SOCIAL COMPOSITION FUNCTION IN DEFENSE ECONOMICS

This article displays the importance and richness of Hirshleifer’s social composition function in public good applications, particularly those in defense economics. This function indicates how individual contributions to the public good combine to determine the overall level of the good that is available for consumption. As such, the concept indicates the aggregation technology of public supply. Applications of this ‘aggregator’ notion include alliance burden sharing, counter‐terrorism policy, and curbing weapon proliferation. For these applications, the article shows how alternate aggregators can have profoundly different collective action and policy implications.
Delays in diagnosis and bladder cancer mortality.

BACKGROUND: Mortality from invasive bladder cancer is common, even with high-quality care. Thus, the best opportunities to improve outcomes may precede the diagnosis. Although screening currently is not recommended, better medical care of patients who are at risk (ie, those with hematuria) has the potential to improve outcomes. METHODS: The authors used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare linked database for the years 1992 through 2002 to identify 29,740 patients who had hematuria in the year before a bladder cancer diagnosis and grouped them according to the interval between their first claim for hematuria and their bladder cancer diagnosis. Cox proportional hazards models were fitted to assess relations between these intervals and bladder cancer mortality, adjusting first for patient demographics and then for disease severity. Adjusted logistic models were used to estimate the patient's probability of receiving a major intervention. RESULTS: Patients (n = 2084) who had a delay of 9 months were more likely to die from bladder cancer compared with patients who were diagnosed within 3 months (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20-1.50). This risk was not markedly attenuated after adjusting for disease stage and tumor grade (adjusted HR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.14-1.45). In fact, the effect was strongest among patients who had low-grade tumors (adjusted HR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.69-2.64) and low-stage disease (ie, a tumor [T] classification of Ta or tumor in situ; adjusted HR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.54-2.64). CONCLUSIONS: A delay in the diagnosis of bladder cancer increased the risk of death from disease independent of tumor grade and or disease stage. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie these delays may improve outcomes among patients with bladder cancer. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Pachydactylus katanganus de Witte 1953, a species endemic to the Upemba National Park (Sauria: Gekkonidae)

Abstract On morphological and zoogeographical grounds, the isolated populations of Pachydactylus katanganus in the Upemba National Park, Katanga, D.R.C., are considered to represent an evolutionary species.
Effects of helium on the high-temperature creep and fracture properties of Ni-6% W

Abstract High-temperature constant true stress creep tests have been perfomed on samples of Ni-6% W which were injected with α-particles to calculated helium concentrations of 0.4 ppm and 4.0 ppm. The apparent activation energies for creep were determined to be between 260 kJ/mol at 20.7 MPa and 364 kJ/mol at 48.2 MPa and were found to be greater than 247 kj/ mol, the activation energy for creep in similar samples which did not contain helium. These high activation energies for the injected material are believed to be fictitious in the sense that they are caused by the effects of helium on the shape of the creep curve. The helium bubbles present at grain boundaries promote premature fracture early in the primary creep stage by lowering the effective fracture-surface energy and thereby prevent the observation of steady-state creep in the injected material.
Synthesis and pharmacology of benzoxazines as highly selective antagonists at M4 muscarinic receptors

Previously, we reported on PD 102807 (41) as being the most selective synthetic M4 muscarinic antagonist identified to date. Synthesized analogues of 41 showed no improvement in affinity and select...
The fate of cryopreserved adipose aspirates after in vivo transplantation.

Background: Successful long-term preservation of adipose tissues may have an important impact on future clinical application of autologous fat transplantation. Our group has recently developed an optimal cryopreservation method for possible long-term preservation of adipose aspirates. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fate of previously cryopreserved adipose aspirates after in vivo administration in an established nude mouse model. Methods: Adipose aspirates were collected from a cosmetic lipoplasty of the patient's abdomen after centrifugation. In the fresh control group (n = 20), fresh adipose aspirates were injected into the posterior scalp of a nude mouse. In the optimal cryopreservation group (n = 20), adipose aspirates after the optimal cryopreservation were injected. In the simple cryopreservation group (n = 20), adipose aspirates after the simple cryopreservation were injected. All animals in each group were observed for gross appearance of maintained fat grafts over their posterior scalps for up to 16 weeks. The final volume and weight of maintained fat grafts and their histology were evaluated at the end of the study. Results: More maintained volume, weight, and fatty tissue structure of injected free grafts were found in the optimal cryopreservation group compared with the simple cryopreservation group, but the results were still less satisfactory than those in the fresh control group. Conclusions: Based on this in vivo study, we believe that an optimal cryopreservation method developed in our laboratory provides reasonably good long-term preservation of adipose aspirates. However, further studies may still be warranted to refine our method for optimal cryopreservation of adipose tissues.
Temperature sensing across species

The ability to detect changes in temperature is a fundamental sensory mechanism for every species and provides organisms with a detailed view of the environment. This review focuses on what is known of the neuronal and molecular substrates for thermosensation across species, focusing on the three robust model systems extensively used to study sensory signaling, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, and the laboratory mouse. Nematodes migrate to thermal climes that are amenable to their survival, a behavior that is regulated primarily through a single sensory neuron. Additionally, nematodes “learn” to seek out this temperate zone based upon their prior experience, a robust model of learning and memory. Drosophila larvae also prefer select thermal zones that are optimal for growth and have also developed vigorous mechanisms to avoid unfavorable conditions. In mammals, the transduction mechanisms for thermosensation have been identified primarily due to the fact that naturally occurring plant products evoke distinct psychophysical sensation of temperature change. More remarkably, the elucidation of the molecular sensors in mammals, along with those in Drosophila, has demonstrated conservation in the molecular mediators of temperature sensation across diverse species.
Humoral responses to oxidized low-density lipoprotein and related bacterial antigens after pneumococcal vaccine

Antibodies to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) may modulate the development of atherosclerosis. Antibodies to oxLDL may also react with cell wall polysaccharides (CWPS) of Streptococcus pneumoniae because both antigens share a common phosphorylcholine moiety. In hypercholesteremic mice, immunization with pneumococcal organisms elicited antibodies to oxLDL and protection against atherosclerosis. In humans, we determined whether the widely used adult pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine augmented antibodies to oxLDL, CWPS, and phosphorylcholine, providing the potential to retard atherogenesis. Before and 4 weeks after pneumococcal vaccination of 23 healthy adults (11 smokers and 12 matched nonsmokers), we characterized IgG, IgM, and IgA to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides, CWPS, and phosphorylcholine, IgG and IgM to oxLDL, and fasting serum lipids. The pneumococcal vaccine elicited significant increases in each antibody class to surface capsular polysaccharides. In contrast, only IgG to CWPS increased modestly and only among smokers. Moreover, antibodies to neither phosphorylcholine nor oxLDL increased consistently in either group. The pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine effectively elicits antibodies to the bacterial capsule. The vaccine had no effect on serum lipids. The vaccine did not augment antibodies to CWPS, to its component phosphorylcholine, or to oxLDL, which are antibodies that have been proposed to modify the uptake of oxLDL by macrophages and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.