cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Patriarchal Paradox: Women Politicians in Turkey

An investigation that reveals the paradoxical nature of the patriarchal ties that bind Turkish women politicians. These women are also Muslim women expressing themselves in a political medium both secular and democratic, yet in a context in which neither secular nor democratic politics is firmly embedded.
A systematic review and critical appraisal of quality measures for the emergency care of acute ischemic stroke.

Acute stroke is an important focus of quality improvement efforts. There are many organizations involved in quality measurement for acute stroke, and a complex landscape of quality measures exists. Our objective is to describe and evaluate existing US quality measures for the emergency care of acute ischemic stroke patients in the emergency department (ED) setting. We performed a systematic review of the literature to identify the existing quality measures for the emergency care of acute ischemic stroke. We then convened a panel of experts to appraise how well the measures satisfy the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) criteria for performance measure development (strength of the underlying evidence, clinical importance, magnitude of the relationship between performance and outcome, and cost-effectiveness). We identified 7 quality measures relevant to the emergency care of acute ischemic stroke that fall into 4 main categories: brain imaging, thrombolytic administration, dysphagia screening, and mortality. Three of the 7 measures met all 4 of the ACC/AHA evaluation criteria: brain imaging within 24 hours, thrombolytic therapy within 3 hours of symptom onset, and thrombolytic therapy within 60 minutes of hospital arrival. Measures not satisfying all evaluation criteria were brain imaging report within 45 minutes, consideration for thrombolytic therapy, dysphagia screening, and mortality rate. There remains room for improvement in the development and use of measures that reflect high-quality emergency care of acute ischemic stroke patients in the United States.
A frequency-dependent finite-difference time-domain formulation for induced current calculations in human beings.

The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method has been used to calculate SARs and induced currents involving whole-body or partial-body exposures of models to spatially uniform or nonuniform (far-field or near-field), to sinusoidally varying EM fields, or to transient fields such as those associated with electromagnetic pulses. However, a weakness of the FDTD algorithm is that the dispersion of the tissue's dielectric properties is ignored and frequency-independent properties are assumed. Although this is permissible for continuous-wave or narrow-band irradiation, the results may be highly erroneous for short pulses, in which ultra-wide bandwidths are involved. In some recent publications, procedures are described for one- and two-dimensional problems for media in which the complex permittivity ϵ * (ω) may be described by a single-order Debye relaxation equation or a modified version thereof. These procedures based on a convolution integral describing D(t) in terms of E(t) cannot be extended to human tissues for which multiterm Debye relaxation equations must generally be used. We describe here a new differential-equation approach that can be used for general dispersive media. We illustrate the use of this approach by one- and three-dimensional examples of media for which ϵ * (ω) is given by a multiterm Debye equation, and for an approximate two-thirds muscle-equivalent model of the human body. Based on a single run involving a Gaussian pulse, the frequency-dependent FDTD [(FD)2TD] method allows calculations of SARs and induced currents at various frequencies by taking the Fourier components of the induced E fields. The (FD)2TD method can also be used to calculate coupling of the short (ultra-wideband) pulses to the human body. 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Personality, Negativity, and Political Participation

Scholars have recently started to integrate personality traits into models of political participation. In this paper, we present the results of a survey experiment (N = 724) designed to test whether negative political messages differentially impact people with different personality traits. We found evidence that individuals with high scores on agreeableness were less likely, and individuals with high scores on extraversion were more likely, to report intending to participate in politics than their counterparts after being exposed to negative political messages. Agreeableness and extraversion also interacted with negative messages to influence specific intentions to make a political donation, attend a meeting, rally, or event, and volunteer for a political campaign. We also found suggestive evidence that agreeableness interacted with negativity to influence turnout intentions. The results of this study have important implications for the study of political engagement, the ways in which people interact with political information, and the practice of democratic politics.
Relationship of scores on PPVT-R and WISC-R with special education children and youth.

Comparisons of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised were made with 104 children diagnosed as learning disabled and mentally retarded. Significant but modest correlations were found between all but one of the WISC-R scaled scores (i.e., Coding) and PPVT-R standard scores, and between WISC-R IQs and PPVT-R standard scores. Significant differences were found among mean Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs and mean PPVT-R standard scores. The PPVT-R standard scores underestimated WISC-R Verbal IQs by 7 points, WISC-R Performance IQs by 17 points, and WISC-R Full Scale IQs by 11 points.
Could Intracrine Biology Play a Role in the Pathogenesis of Transmissable Spongiform Encephalopathies Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases?

Abstract Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies have been shown to result from the misfolding of normal cellular prion proteins in neurons caused by a transmissible abnormal form of the protein. in recent years, similar transmission of abnormal proteins capable of inducing abnormal folding of their normal homologues has been reported in other neurological disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and the so-called tauopathies. Thus, a new paradigm—the notion that some neurodegenerative disorders are protein “foldopathies”—has gained wide support. in addition, over recent years, the notion that some intercellular signaling proteins/peptides are intracrines—that is, they can in some instances act within their cells of synthesis or within target cells—has also gained currency. Tenets of this intracrine physiology/action have been developed. Here, it is argued that the protein functionalities demonstrated by foldopathy-related proteins are similar to intracrine actions and that these disorders could be intracrine in nature. if correct, this proposal would have therapeutic implications.
Communication Research and the Image of Society Convergence of Two Traditions

Research on mass communications and on the acceptance of new farm practices may be characterized as an interest in campaigns to gain a acceptance of change. Despite their shared problems, these two fields have shown no interest in each other. However, very recently, as the student of mass communications began to revise his image of an atomized mass society, there have been signs of growing convergence. The attempt to take systematic account of interpersonal relations as relevant to the flow of mass communications has directed the attention of students of urban communication to rural sociology.
A General Systems Approach to Modifying Risk for Retarded Development.

This paper reviews the results which have been obtained from a longitudinal experiment in early education designed to prevent mild mental retardation in high‐risk families. Test of cognitive development indicate that risk frequently becomes manifest deficits by the second year of life but that systematic and intense early education can prevent that occurrence. The results are discussed within a General Systems Theory approach to risk and primary prevention.
North China Lower Coal Surrounding Rock Failure Characteristics Study Based on FLAC3D and Fiber Bragg Grating

In order to study north China type coal field lower coal surrounding rock failure characteristics, a numerical model was built based on the numerical simulation software FLAC3D. Water inrush information was monitored during mining process based on optical fiber Bragg grating sensor technology. Lower coal surrounding failure characteristics were studied according to numerical simulation and monitoring results. This study show that the first weighting distance of the test face is from 35m to 40m and the periodic weighting step distance is from 10m to 20m. Coal floor can be divided to three areas which are increased stress area, decreased stress area and recovery stress area. Coal roof failure scope is like a composition of two saddle-shaped zones along trend and tendency directions. Normal failure depth of the test face floor is from 10m to 12.5m, and it can reach 22.5m near open-off cut and stop line. The research can explain the reason of the test faces water inrush accident and can direct lower coal mine water control work.
The force generated by a single kinesin molecule against an elastic load.

Abstract To probe the mechanism by which the motor protein kinesin moves along microtubules, we have developed a highly sensitive technique for measuring the force exerted by a single motor molecule. In this technique, one end of a microtubule is attached to the tip of a flexible glass fiber of calibrated stiffness. The other end of the microtubule makes contact with a surface sparsely coated with kinesin. By imaging the tip of the glass fiber on a photodiode detector, displacement of the microtubule by kinesin through as little as 1 nm can be detected and forces as small as 1 pN resolved. Using this force-fiber apparatus we have characterized the mechanical output of this molecular motor. The speed at which a molecule of kinesin moved along the surface of a microtubule decreased linearly as the elastic force was increased. The force required to stop a single kinesin molecule was 5.4 +/- 1.0 pN (mean +/- SD; n = 16), independent of the stiffness of the fiber, the damping from the fluid, and whether the ATP concentration was high or low.
Preparation and Characterization of LiMn2 O 4 Spinel Nanoparticles as Cathode Materials in Secondary Li Batteries

Nanoparticles of LiMn 2 O 4 spinels have been synthesized through a sol-gel method followed by annealing at various temperatures between 350 and 550°C. The particle sizes depend on annealing temperatures. At a low annealing temperature (350°C), the nanoparticles may have a size of 10 nm, estimated from transmission electron microscopy photographs. The annealing temperatures higher than 550°C give rise to particles larger than nanoscale. Some large porous Li 1.4 Mn 2 O 4 particles with 1 μm size were prepared for comparison through an emission process. The electrochemical tests indicate that those nanoparticles reduce capacities in the 4 V discharge region but improve rechargeability of the electrode materials. On the other hand, the nanoparticles significantly improve both capacities and cycling performance in the 3 V discharge region. The electrochemical properties of these materials are further investigated using cyclic voltammetry and ac impedance spectroscopy. The results reveal that the homogeneous-phase transition occurring in the 3 V region and at the first discharge plateau of the 4 V discharge region increases the difficulty of the Li + insertion/extraction process and affects rechargeability of the electrode materials. However, the nanoparticles and porous materials reduce charge-transfer resistances between the composite electrodes and electrolyte interface and increase the effectiveness of lithium intercalation into the active materials in comparison with those large but nonporous materials.
Further observations on the cutaneous branches of the dorsal primary rami of the spinal nerves

Recent investigators suggest that dermatomes extend as consecutive bands from the dorsal median line and question the existence of dorsal axial lines. Our observations were made on serial sections of human embryos and fetuses prepared with neurofibrillar stains. Cervical nerves 1, 6, 7 and 8 failed to have cutaneous branches in most cases, the remainder usually had cutaneous branches. With a few exceptions in T 1, all thoracic dorsal rami had cutaneous branches. Usually T 1, 2 and 3 became cutaneous through medial branches, while T 9 through 12 did so through lateral branches. However T 4 through 8 constitute a transition zone where many of these nerves became cutaneous through both medial and lateral branches. Thoracic 4, 5 and 6 tended to have cutaneous distribution through medial branches, but T 7 and 8 through lateral branches. All lumbar dorsal rami having cutaneous distribution did so through lateral branches, but independent branches became progressively less frequent below L 1. Lumbar 4 lacked direct cutaneous branches in most cases and succeeding nerves in all cases. These nerves form the dorsal sacral plexus. The deficit in cutaneous distribution of lower lumbar rami was not as pronounced as in the lower cervical region. A deficit is significant in relation to dorsal axial lines.
Statistical behavior of nucleon transfer to highly excited states in heavy-ion collisions

The $Q$-value dependence of the cross section of heavy-ion transfer reactions to high-lying states is studied. The continuum energy spectra are measured for each exit channel while systematically varying the bombarding energy, scattering angle, target and projectile: $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ + $^{232}\mathrm{Th}$, $^{15}\mathrm{N}$ + $^{232}\mathrm{Th}$ and $^{181}\mathrm{Ta}$, and $^{35}\mathrm{Cl}$ + $^{181}\mathrm{Ta}$ at energies ranging up to 1.4 times the Coulomb barrier, at and about the grazing angle. The transfer reactions exhibit common properties which depend mainly on the number of transferred nucleons $\ensuremath{\Delta}N$. The average amount of energy dissipated, which depends strongly on $\ensuremath{\Delta}N$, is interpreted with a semiclassical model that assumes momentum matching and the presence of a velocity-dependent frictional force. Also, the branching ratios of the exit channels are observed to depend systematically on $\ensuremath{\Delta}N$, which suggests a statistical process. The energy spectra are examined in terms of a phenomenological constrained phase-space analysis. The dominant constraint is found to be the optimal $Q$ value. The description of data with at most two constraints implies that essentially all of the information content of the energy distribution is contained in these constraints.NUCLEAR REACTIONS Heavy ions, $^{232}\mathrm{Th}$($^{16}\mathrm{O}$,$X$), $X=^{9,10}\mathrm{Be}, ^{11\ensuremath{-}13}\mathrm{B}, ^{12\ensuremath{-}16}\mathrm{C}, ^{15\ensuremath{-}17}\mathrm{N}, ^{17\ensuremath{-}19}\mathrm{O}$, $E=97,105,115,125$ MeV. $^{181}\mathrm{Ta}$, $^{232}\mathrm{Th}$($^{15}\mathrm{N}$,$X$), $X=^{9\ensuremath{-}11}\mathrm{Be}, ^{11\ensuremath{-}13}\mathrm{B}, ^{12\ensuremath{-}15}\mathrm{C}$, $E=86,95,103$ MeV. $^{181}\mathrm{Ta}$($^{35}\mathrm{Cl}$,$X$), $X=^{30\ensuremath{-}32}\mathrm{Si}, ^{31\ensuremath{-}34}\mathrm{P}, ^{33\ensuremath{-}36}\mathrm{S}, ^{36,37}\mathrm{Cl}$, $E=205$ MeV. Energy and angular distributions of the ejectiles. Statistical aspects. Surprisal analysis.
Optimizing major release frequency using agile practices

My experience report focuses on the Image Processing Toolbox story, how we transitioned to agile practices to address the problem of needing more frequent major releases of our shrink-wrapped product, and how we have continually adapted our processes in the context of an evolving business environment. Over the last three major releases of the product, we have evolved from being primarily scope-driven to finely balancing scope and schedule over the entire span of the release. The most recent major release was planned to be diversified in scope and was delivered right on its planned schedule, fifteen months after the previous major release.
Atmospheric heterogeneous stereochemistry.

While many biogenic and anthropogenic organic constituents in the atmosphere are surface-active and chiral, the role of stereochemistry in heterogeneous oxidation chemistry in the atmosphere has not yet been evaluated. Here, we present nonlinear vibrational surface spectra of fused silica substrates functionalized with quinuclidine diastereomers during exposure to 1011 to 1013 molecules of ozone per cm3 in 1 atm helium to model ozone-limited and ozone-rich tropospheric conditions. Kinetic studies show that diastereomers that orient their reactive C═C double bonds toward the gas phase exhibit heterogeneous ozonolysis rate constants that are 2 times faster than diastereomers that orient their C═C double bonds away from the gas phase. Insofar as our laboratory model studies are representative of real world environments, our studies suggest that the propensity of aerosol particles coated with chiral semivolatile organic compounds to react with ozone may depend on stereochemistry. We expect that the difference...
Polarized secretion of the regulated secretory protein chromogranin A.

Abstract Bovine chromogranin A (CgA), together with secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) as an external control for apical secretion were expressed in MDCK cells to test if CgA contains sorting signals for polarized secretion. CgA, SEAP, and the endogenous apical marker GP80 were secreted 75–80% apically. Basolateral secretion of SEAP was inhibited 40% by ammonium chloride. Sulfate labeling and digestion with chondroitinase ABC revealed a 120 kDa proteoglycan-CgA and 75 kDa CgA. Inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis did not affect apical secretion of CgA. As CgA is not N-glycosylated, we used tunicamycin to test if cellular N-glycosylation is required for apical sorting. Tunicamycin reversed the polarity of secretion of CgA to the basolateral side. These results suggest that CgA contains dominant apical and recessive basolateral sorting information.
Local perceptions of public lands natural resource management in the rural west: Toward improved understanding of the “revolt in the west”

During the 1990s federal land and resource management agencies have experienced increasingly contentious relationships with many rural‐area publics. Controversies over agency efforts to manage traditional resource uses such as grazing and mining and to protect environmentally sensitive areas have provided an impetus for organized efforts to reduce federal control over public lands resources. The emergence of the “Wise Use,” “country supremacy,” and “home rule” movements reflects a broadening social conflict over public lands management and growing demand for increased local control over resource management decisions. However, at present little information is available regarding the extent to which such concerns are widely shared among the West's rural‐area residents, or how such views may vary across community contexts and types of residents. This article attempts to answer such questions through an analysis of survey data drawn from six rural‐area communities in Utah, Idaho, and Wyoming. Representative s...
Mate, neighbour and stranger songs: a female song sparrow perspective.

We investigated discrimination by female song sparrows, Melospiza melodia, between different categories of male song using the copulation solicitation display as a preference assay. Females responded most strongly to songs recorded from their mates, less strongly to songs of neighbouring males and least strongly to songs of stranger males. Among the stranger songs, however, females preferred songs that were most similar structurally to song types in their mates’ repertoires (matching songs). These results are interpreted as evidence that females can recognize individual males based on the songs in their repertoires. Moreover, the observed female preferences for nonmatching neighbour and matching stranger song over nonmatching stranger song, suggest that any male with songs structurally similar to mate songs or even to nonmate but local neighbourhood songs, will be at an advantage in sexual interactions with local females. © 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: Evaluation and Management

Reconstruction has become a common, safe, and very effective treatment for the ruptured anterior cruciate ligament. During the past 3 decades there have been numerous advancements in the treatment of this very common injury. Although there is still debate over the best treatment, here we present our preferred approach to anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The following describes a single-bundle reconstruction with the use of predominantly bone-patellar tendon-bone graft. The technique is based on the medial portal technique vs transtibial for femoral tunnel placement. In addition, a brief overview of augmentation technique is also described.
EM Form Factors and OLYMPUS

The elastic form factors of the nucleon characterize the distributions of charge and magnetization in momentum space and are important input for calculations of strong interaction phenomena and nuclear structure. The dramatic discrepancy in the observed ratio of elastic proton form factors between the Rosenbluth separation and polarization transfer methods has invoked numerous theoretical and experimental investigations. The previously neglected effect from two-photon exchange has become the favored explana- tion for the discrepancy. While the effect can not be calculated from first principles, it can be verified experimentally in several ways, most stringently by comparing the positron- proton and electron-proton elastic cross sections. The OLYMPUS experiment at DESY has been carried out to quantify the effect of two-photon exchange using intense stored positron and electron beams along with an internal unpolarized hydrogen target and a large acceptance detector to measure the ratio of the positron-proton and electron-proton elastic scattering cross sections. The status of proton form factor measurements and of the experimental efforts to verify the effect of two-photon exchange is presented, with some emphasis on the OLYMPUS experiment.
Management of Symptomatic Cholelithiasis While on Ketogenic Diet: A Case Report

Abstract Introduction The ketogenic diet is a treatment modality used for patients with refractory epilepsy. Development of cholelithiasis while on the ketogenic diet is a potential side effect that has been described in the literature. There however have not been any reports on the outcomes of continuing the diet after cholecystectomy. Patient We present a 5-year-old boy with history of pharmacologically intractable epilepsy that was well controlled on the ketogenic diet. He underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for the development of symptomatic cholelithiasis 12 months after the initiation of ketogenic diet for seizure control. Results Patient tolerated the surgery well and was able to continue the ketogenic diet postoperatively. Discussion There have been no reports describing the continuation of ketogenic diet after cholecystectomy. This child demonstrates the safety of the procedure and the ability to continue the ketogenic diet without further biliary or surgical complications.
Arousal and Costs in Bystander Intervention

One hundred and twenty female undergraduates were subjects in an experiment testing aspects of the Piliavin and Piliavin (Note 1) model of bystander intervention. Subjects heard a female "victim" experience a falling-bookcase crisis. Three hypotheses were tested: (a) severity of the emergency would have an inverted-U relationship with help rather than the direct positive function predicted by the Piliavin model, (b) manipulated competence, and (c) permission to leave the room would each be positively linearly related to helping behavior. Severity had no significant effect on the kind of response, but there was some support for the inverted-U hypothesis with regard to latency of intervention. The permissibility-of-leaving-the- room hypothesis was strongly supported.
Rationale for the use of antimicrobial agents in periodontal disease.

The traditional approach to treating dental decay and periodontal disease has often focused on caries, neglecting periodontal infection. The past 15 years have seen significant advances in the treatment of periodontal disease with antimicrobial therapy, both with and without moretraditional debridement or surgery. This article presents an overview of the use of antimicrobials, including an examination of treatment philosophies and the diagnosis of periodontal infection.
The Making of the Hyper-Industrial City in Western India: The Transformation of Artisanal Towns into Middle-Sized Urban Centres, 1930–1970

This essay explores the rapid expansion of small handloom centres in Western India between 1930 and 1970. It attributes the transformation of these places into larger cities to the role of local weaver-capitalists, who developed new markets for local textiles and introduced significant technological innovations into the industry, and who forged strategies for combatting the growth of labour resistance. The essay also highlights the role of the late colonial and early post-Independence states, which promoted the growth of weavers’ co-operatives and which imposed extensive regulations on larger enterprises. The paper argues that the powerloom centres of Western India sustained a ‘hyper-industrial’ quality, with limited economic or cultural diversification, restricted urban amenities and public services, and the extensive concentration of poor urban migrants in slums.
VolunteerGet - A novel information system for engaging society in volunteering for emergency care

This work presents VolunteerGet, a novel information system for engaging society in volunteering for emergency situations. We will use the social networking and location services infrastructure as a means of 1) registering volunteers and other users, 2) spreading the word on volunteering opportunities and increasing the volunteer database, 3) matching the users and volunteers at time and location of need. Such a system has the potential to promote volunteering as a social phenomenon and eventually reduce suffering and mortality.
Zum Wirkungsquerschnitt depolarisierender Stöße. II. Die Depolarisation der Calcium-Resonanzstrahlung durch Edelgasstöße

Es wird eine Versuchsapparatur beschrieben mit deren Hilfe die Depolarisation der Resonanzfluoreszenz von optisch angeregtem Calciumdampf unter dem Einflus von Stosen zugefugter Edelgasatome bestimmt werden konnte. Aus den erhaltenen Ergebnissen werden unter Zuhilfenahme von in Teil I abgeleiteten Gleichungen der Wirkungsquerschnitt fur depolarisierende Edelgasstose ermittelt in Abhangigkeit von der Starke des angelegten auseren Magnetfeldes, d. h. von der Resonanzabweichung ΔE. Das Resultat wird abschliesend verglichen mit dem sich aus der Stuckelbergschen Theorie fur energieubertragende Stose ergebenden Ausdruck. Es wird gezeigt, das die Formel Stuckelbergs bei van der Waalsscher Wechselwirkung und kleinen Werten ΔE nicht gilt, das stattdessen q(ΔE) eine sehr flache Resonanzkurve bildet.
Scoring a backstage pass: Mechanisms of ciliogenesis and ciliary access

Cilia are conserved, microtubule-based cell surface projections that emanate from basal bodies, membrane-docked centrioles. The beating of motile cilia and flagella enables cells to swim and epithelia to displace fluids. In contrast, most primary cilia do not beat but instead detect environmental or intercellular stimuli. Inborn defects in both kinds of cilia cause human ciliopathies, diseases with diverse manifestations such as heterotaxia and kidney cysts. These diseases are caused by defects in ciliogenesis or ciliary function. The signaling functions of cilia require regulation of ciliary composition, which depends on the control of protein traffic into and out of cilia.
Results of Whole-Brain Radiation As Salvage of Methotrexate Failure for Immunocompetent Patients With Primary CNS Lymphoma

Purpose This study evaluates the efficacy and toxicity of whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT) as salvage therapy for immunocompetent patients who failed initial high-dose methotrexate for primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL).
Factors associated with mosquito pool positivity and the characterization of the West Nile viruses found within Louisiana during 2007.

Background: West Nile virus (WNV) is an arbovirus of public health importance in the genus Flavivirus, a group of positive sense RNA viruses. The NS3 gene has a high level of substitutions and is phylogenetically informative. Likewise, substitutions in the envelope region have been postulated to enable viruses to subvert immune responses. Analysis of these genes among isolates from positive mosquitoes collected in Louisiana illustrates the variation present in the regions and provides improved insight to a phylogenetic model. Employing a GIS eco-regionalization method, we hypothesized that WNV pool positivity was correlated with regional environmental characteristics. Further, we postulated that the phylogenetic delineations would be associated with variations in regional environmental conditions. Results: Type of regional land cover was a significant effect (p < 0.0001) in the positive pool prediction, indicating that there is an ecological component driving WNV activity. Additionally, month of collection was significant (p < 0.0001); and thus there is a temporal component that contributes to the probability of getting a positive mosquito pool. All virus isolates are of the WNV 2002 lineage. There appears to be some diversity within both forested and wetland areas; and the possibility of a distinct clade in the wetland samples. Conclusions: The phylogenetic analysis shows that there has been no reversion in Louisiana from the 2002 lineage which replaced the originally introduced strain. Our pool positivity model serves as a basis for future testing, and could direct mosquito control and surveillance efforts. Understanding how land cover and regional ecology effects mosquito pool positivity will greatly help focus mosquito abatement efforts. This would especially help in areas where abatement programs are limited due to either funding or man power. Moreover, understanding how regional environments drive phylogenetic variation will lead to a greater understanding of the interactions between ecology and disease prevalence.
Robust Approximate Bilinear Programming for Value Function Approximation

Value function approximation methods have been successfully used in many applications, but the prevailing techniques often lack useful a priori error bounds. We propose a new approximate bilinear programming formulation of value function approximation, which employs global optimization. The formulation provides strong a priori guarantees on both robust and expected policy loss by minimizing specific norms of the Bellman residual. Solving a bilinear program optimally is NP-hard, but this worst-case complexity is unavoidable because the Bellman-residual minimization itself is NP-hard. We describe and analyze the formulation as well as a simple approximate algorithm for solving bilinear programs. The analysis shows that this algorithm offers a convergent generalization of approximate policy iteration. We also briefly analyze the behavior of bilinear programming algorithms under incomplete samples. Finally, we demonstrate that the proposed approach can consistently minimize the Bellman residual on simple benchmark problems.
Optimization of thin film microcoolers for hot spot removal in packaged integrated circuit chips

Hot spot removal using monolithic thin film microcoolers in a packaged chip is analyzed via an effective one-dimensional electrothermal model taking into account the three-dimensional heat and current flow in the substrate region. Various ideal and nonideal parameters that affect the maximum cooling performance for the thin film microcoolers are discussed. Our results show that there is an optimum thin film thickness and current that give the highest cooling density at the hot spot and further thinning of thin film thickness degrades cooling performance due to finite thermal resistance between the hot side of the Si substrate and ambient, and due to electrical contact resistance. An optimally designed Si/SiGe superlattice thin film microcooler with material thermoelectric figure-of-merit, ZT, of ~0.12 is able to lower the local hot spot temperature compared to that calculated from the Si substrate with no Peltier effects. At Qh = 300 W/cm the temperature difference between the passive bulk Si substrate and thin film microcooler configuration reaches more than 7.0 degC for a hot spot 50 microns in diameter. Finally, the effect of material properties, chip to ambient thermal resistance and contact resistance on the cooling performance is also discussed. If the material ZT is improved by a factor of 5, hot spot temperature can be lowered by 10-30 C at a heat flux of 1000 W/cm2. Seebeck coefficient improvement will have a higher impact on maximum cooling than the reduction in material's thermal conductivity or its electrical resistivity
Incorporating variability in point estimates in risk assessment: Bridging the gap between LC50 and population endpoints

Historically, point estimates such as the median lethal concentration (LC50) have been instrumental in assessing risks associated with toxicants to rare or economically important species. In recent years, growing awareness of the shortcomings of this approach has led to an increased focus on analyses using population endpoints. However, risk assessment of pesticides still relies heavily on large amounts of LC50 data amassed over decades in the laboratory. Despite the fact that these data are generally well replicated, little or no attention has been given to the sometime high levels of variability associated with the generation of point estimates. This is especially important in agroecosystems where arthropod predator–prey interactions are often disrupted by the use of pesticides. Using laboratory derived data of 4 economically important species (2 fruit fly pest species and 2 braconid parasitoid species) and matrix based population models, the authors demonstrate in the present study a method for bridging traditional point estimate risk assessments with population outcomes. The results illustrate that even closely related species can show strikingly divergent responses to the same exposures to pesticides. Furthermore, the authors show that using different values within the 95% confidence intervals of LC50 values can result in very different population outcomes, ranging from quick recovery to extinction for both pest and parasitoid species. The authors discuss the implications of these results and emphasize the need to incorporate variability and uncertainty in point estimates for use in risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:1683–1688. © 2015 SETAC
Characterization of particulate matter (PM10) related to surface coal mining operations in Appalachia

This study investigates the environmental exposure of residents of a community in southwest Virginia to respirable concentrations of dust (PM-10 i.e. PM10) generated by trucks hauling coal from surface coal mining operations. The study site is representative of communities in southwest Virginia and other parts of Appalachia that are located in narrow hollows where homes are placed directly along roads that experience heavy coal truck traf! c. Preliminary air sampling (Particulate Matter i.e. PM10) was conducted for a period of approximately two weeks during early August 2008 in the unincorporated community of Roda, Virginia, at two locations (about a mile apart along Roda Road (Route 685) in Wise County, Virginia). For the purposes of this study (a combination of logistics, resource, and characterization of PM) we sited the PM samplers near the road to ascertain the micro exposure from the road. The results revealed high levels of PM10 (the mean adjusted 24-h concentration at the Campbell Site! 250.2 mgm " 3 (# 135.0 mgm " 3 ); and at the Willis Site! 144.8 # 60.0 mgm " 3 ). The U.S. 24-h national ambient air quality standard for PM10 is 150 mgm " 3 . Elemental analysis for samples (blank-corrected) collected on Quartz ! lter paper (on one randomly selected day) at both the sites revealed the presence of antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, selenium. Electron micrographs reveal the morphology and habit (shapes and aggregates) of the particulate matter collected.
Gender-bias hate crimes: what constitutes a hate crime from a potential juror's perspective?

The current study explored hate crime in a nontypical scenario. Label of the crime (first-degree assault vs. bias-motivated assault) and gender of the victim were varied within the context of an attack perpetrated within other gender dyads (i.e., when the victim was female, the perpetrator was male, and vice versa). Results indicated that participants in the assault condition were more likely to find the defendant guilty than those in the hate crime condition. Participants also made differential attributions of victim blame, such that those in the assault condition found the victim to be more mentally unstable than those in the hate crime condition.
Rational use of oral contraceptives in the perimenopausal woman.

Few family planning specialists are examining the potential bone-protective effects of oral contraceptives (OCs) in premenopausal and perimenopausal women. Osteoporosis is a major public health problem worldwide as reflected in its associated morbidity and mortality and economic impact. For example more than 25 million people in the US have osteoporosis which costs society $7-10 billion each year. These costs are largely due to the more than 1.3 million fractures each year. The 250000 hip fractures are responsible for the highest personal and societal cost. 12-20% of women with a hip fracture die within 2-3 months of the fracture. At least 50% need assistance with daily activities. Clinicians and public health specialists are not putting their energy into developing strategies that may preserve bone density in the premenopausal and perimenopausal years. More emphasis is needed on such strategies since menopause is the time when bone loss accelerates. Clinicians do stress hormone replacement as a preventive therapy but this is restricted to postmenopausal women. Extensive research and development of lower-dose OCs and data on appropriate screening of women with risk factors (e.g. smoking obesity and hypertension) demonstrate that healthy nonsmoking women can use OCs safely and effectively throughout most of their reproductive years. Perhaps OC use can provide women the noncontraceptive benefit of maintenance and build up of bone mass up to menopause.
Abstract 682: Pharmacological Inhibition of COX and LOX Pathways Leads to Substrate Rediversion: A Novel Plasma Lipidomics Assay to Screen Drugs in Human Blood

Cardiovascular complications from cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) prompted interest in microsomal prostaglandin synthase 1 (mPGES-1), downstream of COX-2, as an alternative drug target. Unlike COX-2, global deletion of mPGES-1 in mice suppresses prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and augments prostacyclin PGI2 through substrate rediversion, and does not predispose to thrombogenesis and hypertension. However, after cell-specific deletions of mPGES-1, the predominant substrate rediversion product amongst the prostaglandins varies by cell type. We hypothesized that inhibition of mPGES-1 leads to changes in bioactive lipids beyond the prostaglandin pathway, and that substrate rediversion associated with a more favorable cardiovascular profile after mPGES-1 vs COX-2 inhibition can be translated from mouse to human studies. In this project, we aimed 1) to develop a mass spectrometry-based, broad-spectrum lipidomics approach to measure arachidonate-derived products additional to prostanoids; and 2) to work out an in vitro human whole blood assay (hWBA) to study substrate rediversion upon mPGES-1 vs COX-2 inhibition. We have developed a novel, reproducible analytical method to scan the impact of drugs on the bioactive lipidome. Using an in vitro hWBA and HPLC-MS/MS lipidomics analysis, we observed substrate rediversion in both COX and LOX pathways after mPGES-1 inhibition, which was distinct from inhibiting COX-1/2. We further optimized this assay to screen combinations of inhibitors from COX and lipoxygenase (LOX) cascades. Overall, we have shown that a clear signature of inhibiting diverse targets - mPGES-1, COX and LOX enzymes - can be readily detected from experiments of small samples sizes, and discovered novel aspects of drug effect due to substrate rediversion. Our findings contribute to the comparative cardiovascular safety of inhibiting mPGES-1 vs COX-2 and demonstrate the impact of combining mPGES-1 with LOX inhibitions on the hemostatic system
“‘Original Stock’ in America”: James Purdy's Native American Desire

ABSTRACT In Eustace Chisholm and the Works James Purdy constructs a fictional allegory critiquing Euro-American colonization of America and the forced acculturation of Native Americans. Though set in 1930s Chicago, it tells a tale of indigenous America. Daniel Haws, recognized as “Indian” by friends, fails to acknowledge his heritage and ultimately suffers a tragic fate. Purdy rhetorically links this failure with Daniel's failure to accept his love of youthful Amos. Since Daniel is figured as Native American and Amos is linked with ancient Greece, Purdy associates same-sex desire with the aboriginal and antiquity, a counternarrative to the homophobia of the pre-Stonewall 1960s.
Practical Applications of Risk Disparity

Most institutional investors today maintain a formal investment policy portfolio, which allocates among asset classes according to their risk and return objectives. But while the policy portfolio provides a yardstick on overall active management, it does not always meet the risk preferences that are implicit in the institution9s policy portfolio. In Risk Disparity , which appeared in the Fall 2013 issue of The Journal of Portfolio Management , Mark Kritzman , President and CEO of Windham Capital Management , explores alternative approaches. In this Practical Applications report,Kritzman suggests a more flexible investment policy. One that does not adhere to fixed asset weights but instead opportunistically changes exposure to assets.The article is a winner of the 15 th Annual Bernstein Fabozzi/Jacobs Levy Awards (Outstanding Article).
Peer and Individual Risk Factors in Adolescence Explaining the Relationship between Girls' Pubertal Timing and Teenage Childbearing

Girls with early pubertal timing are at elevated risk for teenage childbearing; however, the modifiable mechanisms driving this relationship are not well understood. The objective of the current study was to determine whether substance use, perceived peer substance use, and older first sexual partners mediate the relationships among girls' pubertal timing, sexual debut, and teenage childbearing. Data are from Waves 1-15 of the female cohort of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), a nationwide, ongoing cohort study of U.S. men and women born between 1980 and 1984. The analytic sample (n = 2066) was 12-14 years old in 1997 and ethnically diverse (51 % white, 27 % black, 22 % Latina). Using structural equation modeling, we found substance use in early adolescence and perceived peer substance use each partially mediated the relationships among girls' pubertal timing, sexual debut, and teenage childbearing. Our findings suggest early substance use behavior as one modifiable mechanism to be targeted by interventions aimed at preventing teenage childbearing among early developing girls.
Adaptive radio frequency interference mitigation techniques at the National Weather Radar Testbed: First results

As demand for microwave bandwidth increases, meteorological radars must balance the benefits of utilizing a large spectrum with the significant cost of reserving such a large bandwidth. With increased crowding of the frequency spectrum, interference from other transmitters will become more prevalent, affecting the integrity of meteorological data. This problem has already arisen at the National Weather Radar Testbed Phased Array Radar. This paper introduces a new algorithm known as ISDA. The ISDA is intended to mitigate the effects of this interference, and early results from application of this algorithm to theoretical and real radar data afflicted with this interference are presented.
Planar Mie Scattering Method for Measurement of Spray Characteristics

An optical droplet measurement method based on planar multi-angle Mie scattering is presented. Sizing information measured with this system consists of a mean droplet diameter and droplet distribution estimates for every individual point within a planar (2D) area of interest. The planar method makes possible the fast acquisition of data within a large eld of interest, and uses relatively inexpensive instrumentation. The abilities of the technique are explored, and results presented herein demonstrate measurement of water droplets from a typical simplex spray nozzle, across the range of 5-50 m within +/-10% of known values, and in addition return an estimate of the shape and width of the size distribution at each location within the planar region of interest. Measurements demonstrating the agreement between results from the planar method and known PDPA data are presented for a 1-gallon-per-hour spray nozzle.
Precolumbian Cucurbita argyrosperma ssp. argyrosperma (Cucurbitaceae) in the Eastern Woodlands of North America

Peduncles ofCucurbita argyrosperma ssp.argyrosperma are present in collections of desiccated archaeological plant remains from at least seven prehistoric Ozark rockshelter sites. A radiocarbon date (Accelerator Mass Spectrometer method) on a fragment of one of these fruiting stems has a two-sigma calendric date range of A.D. 1280-1490. One C.argyrosperma ssp.argyrosperma peduncle excavated from the Cahokia site in Illinois was among contents of a sub-mound pit deposited during the 11th century A.D. Therefore, cushaw-like squashes were present in eastern North America before European contact, contrary to the long-held belief thatCucurbita pepo was the only prehistoric squash species in the region. Landraces of eastern North American cushaws were isolated from their Southwestern and Mexican argyrosperma progenitors for a longer period of time than previously believed.
The Eosinophil Stimulation Promoter Test in Murine and Human Trichinella spiralis Infection

A test for the lymphokine eosinophil stimulation promoter (ESP) has been adapted to the study of Trichinella spiralis infections in mice and has been used as an aid in the diagnosis of trichinosis in a patient. With use of soluble antigen extracted from T. spiralis larvae and peritoneal exudate cells rich in eosinophils obtained from mice with trichinosis of four weeks' duration, a dose-response curve was constructed and analyzed. The soluble larval antigens greatly enhanced the migration of eosinophils from the mice with trichinosis but had no effect on the eosinophils from mice with schistosomiasis, nor did soluble schistosome egg antigens have any effect on the cells from mice with trichinosis. On two occasions peripheral white blood cells from a patient with presumed T. spiralis infection gave strongly positive results in ESP tests on stimulation with soluble larval antigen, but the cells did not respond significantly to soluble schistosome egg antigen; the result in the ESP test was positive before the patient's serum produced a weakly positive agglutination response.