cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A high-speed photography study of cavitation in a dynamically loaded journal bearing

The earlier study made by Jacobson and Hamrock on the cavitation of liquid lubricant films in a dynamically loaded journal bearing was repeated with a quartz sleeve, which was more rigid than the Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) sleeve used previously. Various improvements of the test rig were made concomitantly so that the experimental errors could be better controlled and assessed. The updated speed photography experiment and its results are described.
Does motor voter work? Evidence from state-level data

The National Voter Registration Act of 1993 mandates "motor voter" programs in all states prior to the 1996 presidential election. Using state-level registration and turnout data over the 1976-1992 period, this study finds that motor voter programs already implemented in many states have significantly increased participation rates. A duration-based specification of motor voter is employed, to account for the fact that driver's license renewal cycles last up to six years or even more in some states. Dummy-variable specifications are shown to underestimate the eventual impact of motor voter. Models include state dummy variables to control for long-standing differences in participation rates across states that otherwise bias coefficient estimates for registration closing date and other variables. In contrast to motor voter, other provisions required by the NVRA--including mail-in and agency-based registration, and limitations on the purging of voter rolls--show little evidence of effectiveness in the states ...
Equipping Youth With Autism Spectrum Disorders for Adulthood Promoting Rigor, Relevance, and Relationships

Equipping students with ASD for a good life after high school is the overarching goal of secondary special education services and supports. In this paper, we review important elements of effective transition education for adolescents with ASD. First, we review recent findings related to the post-school employment, education, and independent living outcomes of young adults with ASD. Next, we describe a framework for addressing three important aspects of secondary schooling: rigor, relevance, and relationships. At present, an emphasis on promoting rigor, relevance, and relationships offers a promising approach for addressing the multifaceted needs of youth and young adults with ASD. Rigor, relevance, and relationships should not be viewed as distinct or competing priorities, but as essential, inseparable elements of comprehensive transition education for students with ASD. We conclude with research and policy recommendations for improving the impact of transition service delivery for students with ASD.
A Note on Measuring the Depth of Minimum Wage Violation

In the empirical literature on minimum wage enforcement, the standard approach is to measure the number of violations, not their depth. In this paper we present a family of violation indices that, by analogy with poverty indices, can emphasize the depth of violation to different degrees. The standard measure is a special case of this family of indices, but other members of the family highlight the depth of violation. We present an application to South Africa to show that the depth of violation matters, and is not captured by the standard measure in actual situations.
A Flexible and Stereoselective Synthesis of Azetidin‐3‐ones through Gold‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Oxidation of Alkynes

A practical synthesis of azetidin-3-ones including chiral derivatives is developed through gold-catalyzed oxidative cyclization of N-propargylsulfonamides.
Addiction and suicide: A review.

BACKGROUND: Addiction specialists frequently find themselves faced with suicidal behavior in their addictions patients. Although many addiction treatment programs will not accept clients with recent suicidal behavior, up to 40% of patients seeking treatment for substance dependence report a history of suicide attempt(s).(1-3) Risk factors for suicide have been studied in the general population and among people with mental illness, less is known about risk factors in those with substance use disorders and co-occurring disorders. METHODS: Studies, psychological autopsies and recent reviews on risk factors for suicide and suicide attempts in patients with alcohol and drug use disorders and the relationship with co-occurring mental illness were examined. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Suicidal behavior is a significant problem for people with co-occurring disorders seeking addiction treatment. Several predisposing and precipitating risk factors such as marital and interpersonal relationship disruption, occupational and financial stressors, recent heavy substance use and intoxication as well as a history of previous suicide attempts and sexual abuse combine in an additive fashion with personality traits and mental illnesses to intensify risk for suicidal behavior in addiction patients. Major depression, bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder are especially associated with suicidal behavior in people with addictive disorders. DISCUSSION AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: Treatment implications of these findings are discussed. Addiction treatment providers should routinely gather information about client's suicidal histories, thoughts, and plans in order to assess risk and develop treatment plans for suicidality at various points in treatment. (Am J Addict 2015;XX:1-7). Language: en
Critical area computation via Voronoi diagrams

In this paper, we present a new approach for computing the critical area for shorts in a circuit layout. The critical area calculation is the main computational problem in very large scale integration yield prediction. The method is based on the concept of Voronoi diagrams and computes the critical area for shorts (for all possible defect radii, assuming square defects) accurately in O(n log n) time, where n is the size of the input. The method is presented for rectilinear layouts and layouts containing edges of slope /spl plusmn/1. As a byproduct, we briefly sketch how to speed up the grid method of Wagner and Koren [1995].
AEMPES: an expert system for in-situ diagnostics and process monitoring

AEMPES (Advanced Electronic Materials Processing Expert System), an expert system for in-situ diagnostics and process monitoring, is being developed. This system is a key component of intelligent manufacturing equipment architecture and is intended to integrate the manufacturing line with its simulator. In the expert system, there are two interrelated subsystems: a neural network subsystem for adaptive process control, monitoring, and learning; and a rule-based subsystem for human interface and high-level AI (artificial intelligence) reasoning. Also presented is a neural network software, INNSE (Interactive Neural Network Simulation Environment). >
Enriching interactions: Incorporating outcome data into static discrete games

When modeling the behavior of firms, marketers and micro-economists routinely confront complex problems of strategic interaction. In competitive environments, firms make strategic decisions that not only depend on the features of the market, but also on their beliefs regarding the reactions of their rivals. Structurally modeling these interactions requires formulating and estimating a discrete game, a task which, until recently, was considered intractable. Fortunately, two-step estimation methods have cracked the problem, fueling a growing literature in both marketing and economics that tackles a host of issues from the optimal design of ATM networks to the choice of pricing strategy. However, most existing methods have focused on only the discrete choice of actions, ignoring a wealth of information contained in post-choice outcome data and severely limiting the scope for performing informative counterfactuals or identifying the deep structural parameters that drive strategic decisions. The goal of this paper is to provide a method for incorporating post-choice outcome data into static discrete games of incomplete information. In particular, our estimation approach adds a selection correction to the two-step games approach, allowing the researcher to use revenue data, for example, to recover the costs associated with alternative actions. Alternatively, a researcher might use R&D expenses to back out the returns to innovation.
$I^{2}$ Average Current Mode Control for Switching Converters

Constant frequency average current mode (ACM) control is a widely used control scheme for converters requiring precise current control. However, its transient response is relatively slow, while the switching loss and driving loss significantly diminish the light load efficiency. To solve these issues, the I2 control ACM is proposed. By combining the fast direct current feedback and integral feedback, the I2 control achieves both wide bandwidth and accurate current control. As a particular embodiment of this concept, by adopting constant on-time modulation, constant on-time I2 control needs no artificial ramp, and has a fast dynamic response. Moreover, due to the decrease of the switching frequency, constant on-time I2 control improves the efficiency in discontinuous conduction mode. The concept of I2 control can be extended to other modulations. A small-signal model using the describing-function-based equivalent circuit model is proposed. The model is accurate up to 1/2 switching frequency. Based on the model, the design guidelines are discussed. The proposed control is verified with simulation and hardware measurement results.
Robust image transmission using JPEG2000 and turbo-codes

A method of combined source and channel coding is described that provides robustness to errors from a binary symmetric channel and uses the JPEG2000 (JP2) image compression standard. The source code rate and channel code rate are jointly optimized to produce a stream of fixed-size channel packets, such that the rate allocation complexity grows O(N/sup 2/) with the number of transmitted packets, N. Punctured turbo codes are used for channel coding, providing strong error protection. The rate allocation scheme presented obtains all necessary information from the JP2 encoder, and does not require image decompression.
Operators with Large R-Charge in N=4 Yang-Mills Theory

Abstract It has been recently proposed that string theory in the background of a plane wave corresponds to a certain subsector of the N=4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory. This correspondence follows as a limit of the AdS/CFT duality. As a particular case of the AdS/CFT correspondence, it is a priori a strong–weak coupling duality. However, the predictions for the anomalous dimensions which follow from this particular limit are analytic functions of the 't Hooft coupling constant λ and have a well-defined expansion in the weak coupling regime. This allows one to conjecture that the correspondence between the strings on the plane wave background and the Yang–Mills theory works at the level of perturbative expansions. In our paper we perform perturbative computations in the Yang–Mills theory that confirm this conjecture. We calculate the anomalous dimension of the operator corresponding to the elementary string excitation. We verify at the two-loop level that the anomalous dimension has a finite limit when the R-charge J→∞ keeps λ/J2 finite. We conjecture that this is true at higher orders of perturbation theory. We show, by summing an infinite subset of Feynman diagrams, under the above assumption, that the anomalous dimensions arising from the Yang–Mills perturbation theory are in agreement with the anomalous dimensions following from the string worldsheet sigma-model.
Crop Insurance for Energy Grasses

This study compares the efficiency of three policy instruments (i.e., crop insurance, establishment cost share, and biomass price subsidy) in promoting energy crop production. The efficiency is measured by energy crop acreage increased due to the policy instrument for a given amount of government expenditure supporting the instrument. Based on a unique dataset of county-level miscanthus yield over 1979-2010 across the rainfed region of the United States, our results show that if there is no credit constraint in financing establishment costs then crop insurance is most efficient and biomass price subsidy is least efficient among the three policy instruments. If there is credit constraint in financing establishment costs, however, then crop insurance is more (respectively, less) efficient than establishment cost share for small (respectively, large) expenditure. Geographical distributions of energy crop acreage under different policy instruments are studied as well.
Spatially correlated qubit errors and burst-correcting quantum codes

We explore the design of quantum error-correcting codes for cases where the decoherence events of qubits are correlated. In particular, we consider the case where only spatially contiguous qubits decohere, which is analogous to the case of burst errors in classical coding theory. We present several different efficient schemes for constructing families of such codes. For example, one can find one-dimensional quantum codes of length n=13 and 15 that correct burst errors of width b<3; as a comparison, a random-error correcting quantum code that corrects t=3 errors must have length n/spl ges/17. In general, we show that it is possible to build quantum burst-correcting codes that have near optimal dimension. For example, we show that for any constant b, there exist b-burst-correcting quantum codes with length n, and dimension k=n-log n-O(1); as a comparison, the Hamming bound for the case with t (constant) random errors yields k/spl les/n-tlog n+O(1).
Risk measure pricing and hedging in incomplete markets

This article attempts to extend the complete market option pricing theory to incomplete markets. Instead of eliminating the risk by a perfect hedging portfolio, partial hedging will be adopted and some residual risk at expiration will be tolerated. The risk measure (or risk indifference) prices charged for buying or selling an option are associated to the capital required for dynamic hedging so that the risk exposure will not increase. The associated optimal hedging portfolio is decided by minimizing a convex measure of risk. I will give the definition of risk-efficient options and confirm that options evaluated by risk measure pricing rules are indeed risk-efficient. Relationships to utility indifference pricing and pricing by valuation and stress measures will be discussed. Examples using the shortfall risk measure and average VaR will be shown.
INTRODUCTION OF A PRODUCT FAMILY PENALTY FUNCTION USING PHYSICAL PROGRAMMING

In an effort to increase customization for today's highly competitive global markets, many companies are looking to product families to increase product variety and shorten product lead-times while reducing costs. The key to a successful product family is the product platform around which the product family is derived. Building on our previous work in product family design, we introduce a product family penalty function (PFPF) in this paper to aid in the selection of common parameters and scaling variables for scaled-based families of products derived from product platforms. The implementation of the PFPF utilizes the powerful physical programming paradigm to formulate the problem in terms of physically meaningful parameters. To demonstrate the proposed approach, a family of electric motors is developed and compared against previous results. We find that the PFPF enables us to properly balance commonality and performance within the product family through the judicious selection of scaling variables and the common parameters that constitute the product platform. Nomenclature Product Family: a group of related products that share common features, components, and subsystems; and satisfy a variety of market niches. A product family comprises a set of variables, features or components that remain constant from product to product (product platform), and others that vary from product to product. The modification of features from product to product within a given family can be effected through scaling (Scale-Based Product Family), or through the addition, substitution and exclusion of modules (Module-Based Product Family).
Bagging with Adaptive Costs

Ensemble methods have proven to be highly effective in improving the performance of base learners under most circumstances. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm that combines the merits of some existing techniques, namely, bagging, arcing, and stacking. The basic structure of the algorithm resembles bagging. However, the misclassification cost of each training point is repeatedly adjusted according to its observed out-of-bag vote margin. In this way, the method gains the advantage of arcing-building the classifier the ensemble needs - without fixating on potentially noisy points. Computational experiments show that this algorithm performs consistently better than bagging and arcing with linear and nonlinear base classifiers. In view of the characteristics of bacing, a hybrid ensemble learning strategy, which combines bagging and different versions of bacing, is proposed and studied empirically.
Design and Analysis of a Transmission Hydraulic System for an Engine-Flywheel Hybrid-Vehicle

Unlike hydraulic systems of conventional automotive transmissions, the hydraulic system of a hybrid vehicle must cope with large variations of pressure as well as flow. This paper presents a feasibility study of a dual-pump hydraulic supply system which consists of a low-volume fixed-displacement pump and a high-volume variable-displacement pump
On decidability and closure properties of language classes with respect to bio-operations

We present general results that are useful in showing closure and decidable properties of large classes of languages with respect to biologically-inspired operations. We use these results to prove new decidability results and closure properties of some classes of languages under bio-operations such hairpin-inversion, the recently studied operation of pseudo-inversion, and other bio-operations. We also provide techniques for proving undecidability results. In particular, we give a new approach for proving the undecidability of problems for which the usual method of reduction to the undecidability of the Post Correspondence Problem seems hard to apply. Our closure and decidability results strengthen or generalize previous results.
Stability of the Perovskite Compounds in the Ce-Ga-O and Pu-Ga-O Systems

Cerium oxides are used as surrogates for plutonium oxides because of the similarities in their thermodynamic properties. In this study, the stability limits of both CeGaO3 and PuGaO3 with respect to the partial pressure of oxygen and temperature have been predicted by theoretical calculations. Using the results of the calculations as guidance, mixtures of CeO2 and Ga2O3 have been prepared and thermally treated at 1273, 1473, and 1673 K, in atmosphere of air, argon, or Ar–6% H2. In the samples annealed under low oxygen partial pressures, the CeGaO3 perovskite-type compound was identified. Based on Rietveld structure refinement, the orthorhombic space group (Pnma, 62) was confirmed.
Writing on Fading Paper and Causal Transmitter CSI

1 A wideband fading channel is considered with causal channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter and no receiver CSI. A simple orthogonal code with energy detection rule at the receiver is shown to achieve the capacity of this channel in the limit of large bandwidth. This code transmits energy only when the channel gain is large enough. In this limit, this capacity without any receiver CSI is the same as the capacity with full receiver CSI?a phenomenon also true for dirty paper coding. For Rayleigh fading, this capacity (per unit time) is proportional to the logarithm of the bandwidth. Our coding scheme is motivated from the Gel'fand-Pinsker and dirty paper coding. Nonetheless, our scheme requires only causal transmitter CSI (CSIT) in contrast with Gel'fand-Pinsker and dirty paper coding, which require non-causal CSIT. A general discrete channel with i.i.d. states is considered later. Each input has an associated cost and a zero cost input "0" exists. The channel state is known at the transmitter in a causal manner. Capacity per unit cost is found for this channel and a simple orthogonal code is shown to achieve it. Later, a novel orthogonal coding scheme is proposed for the case of causal CSIT and a condition for equal capacity per unit cost with causal and non-causal CSIT is derived.
Two-frequency forced Faraday waves: weakly damped modes and pattern selection

Abstract Recent experiments [A. Kudrolli, B. Pier, J.P. Gollub, Physica D 123 (1998) 99–111] on two-frequency parametrically excited surface waves produced an intriguing “superlattice” wave pattern near a codimension-two bifurcation point where both subharmonic and harmonic waves onset simultaneously, but with different spatial wave numbers. The superlattice pattern is synchronous with the forcing, spatially periodic on a large hexagonal lattice, and exhibits small-scale triangular structure. Similar patterns have been shown to exist as primary solution branches of a generic 12-dimensional D 6 + T 2 -equivariant bifurcation problem, and may be stable if the nonlinear coefficients of the bifurcation problem satisfy certain inequalities [M. Silber, M.R.E. Proctor, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 (1998) 2450–2453]. Here we use the spatial and temporal symmetries of the problem to argue that weakly damped harmonic waves may be critical to understanding the stabilization of this pattern in the Faraday system. We illustrate this mechanism by considering the equations developed by Zhang and Vinals [J. Fluid Mech. 336 (1997) 301–330] for small amplitude, weakly damped surface waves on a semi-infinite fluid layer. We compute the relevant nonlinear coefficients in the bifurcation equations describing the onset of patterns for excitation frequency ratios of 2 3 and 6 7 . For the 2 3 case, we show that there is a fundamental difference in the pattern selection problems for subharmonic and harmonic instabilities near the codimension-two point. Also, we find that the 6 7 case is significantly different from the 2 3 case due to the presence of additional weakly damped harmonic modes. These additional harmonic modes can result in a stabilization of the superpatterns.
Vortical Gust Response of a Low-Solidity Vane Row Including Steady Loading and Dynamic Stall Effects

The effects of high steady loading and separated flow on the unsteady aerodynamic response of turbomachine blade rows are experimentally investigated. This is accomplished utilizing a unique single-stage turbomachine research facility in which the flow is not generated by the blading but rather by an additional fan. Thus, for a particular stator incidence angle, the steady or mean stator aerodynamic performance were determined in a completely steady flow with no rotor and also with unsteady flow generated by a rotor composed of perforated plates at the same mean operating condition, thereby identifying the stator vane row dynamic stall conditions. The unsteady aerodynamic response of the very low-solidity stator vane row is then investigated over a range of incidence angle values, including attached and separated flows with dynamic stall.
Theoretical Transmission Spectra during Extrasolar Giant Planet Transits

The recent transit observation of HD 209458 ban extrasolar planet orbiting a Sun-like star¨ con—rmed that it is a gas giant and determined that its orbital inclination is 85i. This inclination makes possible investigations of the planet atmosphere. In this paper we discuss the planet transmission spectra during a transit. The basic tenet of the method is that the planet atmosphere absorption features will be superimposed on the stellar —ux as the stellar —ux passes through the planet atmosphere above the limb. The ratio of the planets transparent atmosphere area to the star area is small (D10~3 to 10~4); for this method to work, very strong planet spectral features are necessary. We use our models of close-in extra- solar giant planets to estimate promising absorption signatures: the alkali metal lines; in particular, the Na I and K I resonance doublets; and the He I 2 3S¨2 3P triplet line at 1083.0 nm. If successful, obser- vations will constrain the line-of-sight temperature, pressure, and density. The most important point is that observations will constrain the cloud depth, which in turn will distinguish between diUerent atmo- sphere models. We also discuss the potential of this method for extrasolar giant planets at diUerent orbital distances and orbiting nonsolar-type stars. Subject headings: planetary systemsradiative transferstars: atmospheres
Development of the Joints for ITER Central Solenoid

The ITER Central Solenoid has 36 interpancake joints and 12 bus joints in the magnet. The joints are required to have resistance below 4 nOhm at 45 kA at 4.5 K. The interpancake joints will have to withstand a significant cyclic tensile strain during ITER operation. The joints are located at the OD of the magnet embedded in the winding pack and therefore need to be compliant with the rest of the winding pack to avoid excessive stress. The US ITER Project Office is carrying out a program for joints development in order to establish fabrication process and also characterize electrical and mechanical performance of the joints in a special Joint Test Apparatus. Status of the joint development and test results are presented and discussed in the paper.
Modeling Spatial Knowledge

A person's cognitive map, or knowledge of large-scale space, is built up from observations gathered as he travels through the environment. It acts as a problem solver to find routes and relative positions, as well as describing the current location. The TOUR model captures the multiple representations that make up the cognitive map, the problem-solving strategies it uses, and the mechanisms for assimilating new information. The representations have rich collections of states of partial knowledge, which support many of the performance characteristics of common-sense knowledge.
Do house officers learn from their mistakes

Mistakes are inevitable in medicine. To learn how medical mistakes relate to subsequent changes in practice, we surveyed 254 internal medicine house officers. One hundred and fourteen house officers (45%) completed an anonymous questionnaire describing their most significant mistake and their response to it. Mistakes included errors in diagnosis (33%), prescribing (29%), evaluation (21%), and communication (5%) and procedural complications (11%). Patients had serious adverse outcomes in 90% of the cases, including death in 31% of cases. Only 54% of house officers discussed the mistake with their attending physicians, and only 24% told the patients or families. House officers who accepted responsibility for the mistake and discussed it were more likely to report constructive changes in practice. Residents were less likely to make constructive changes if they attributed the mistake to job overload. They were more likely to report defensive changes if they felt the institution was judgmental. Decreasing the work load and closer supervision may help prevent mistakes. To promote learning, faculty should encourage house officers to accept responsibility and to discuss their mistakes.
Policy Agendas for South Korea's Broadband Convergence Network Infrastructure Project

Broadband holds a critical position in the progress of economic and social indicators by connecting consumers, businesses, and governments. South Korea has consistently been the global leader in broadband deployment since 1999. In the last 10 years, the Korean government has pursued several strategies for its broadband policy. The purpose of this article was to explore South Korea's implementation of its Broadband Convergence Network (BcN) project with special emphasis on its objectives of achieving media convergence, ubiquitous connectivity, and coordination among network stakeholders. The study uses the theoretical framework of institutionalism to identify factors that help explain how the policy agenda for the BcN was implemented. The BcN is Korea's most recent high-speed Internet infrastructure project and is envisioned as a conduit through which broadband services, applications, and content will flow to reflect a robust high-speed Internet infrastructure. This broadband infrastructure project began in 2004 as a consortium that includes the government and private sector firms. This infrastructure was launched as a three-phase project. The first phase of the BcN extended from 2004 through 2005, the second phase extended from 2006 through 2007, and the third phase extended from 2008 through 2010.
Measuring and testing advertising-induced rotation in the demand curve

Advertising can rotate the demand curve if it changes the dispersion of consumers’ valuations. We provide an elasticity form measure of the advertising-induced demand curve rotation in five demand models and test for its presence in the US nonalcoholic beverage market. The Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) model reveals that doubling advertising spending rotates the demand curves clockwise for milk, and coffee and tea with associated slope changes of 7 and 12%. Soft-drink advertising rotates its demand curve counterclockwise. Our policy suggestion is that milk and soft-drink firms time advertising to coincide with high-and low-price periods, respectively.
Education and training in forensic psychiatry

There are two principal approaches to education and training in psychiatry and the law in the United States today, each with its own attractions and liabilities. The dominant mode is self-training by reading, participation in periodic continuing medical education programs, and the acquisition of personal experience by doing work in the field. Another approach that is becoming increasingly attractive, largely appeals to those physicians who are relatively recent graduates of residency training programs in clinical psychiatry: the formal, full-time fellowship training program under the auspices of a medical school. This article will characterize each of these two approaches and will provide information for those who seek further education and training in forensic psychiatry.
Solid‐State Electrochemistry of the Li Single Wall Carbon Nanotube System

Electrochemistry has proven to be very useful for the study of guest-host systems, particularly, carbon intercalation compounds. Not only does electrochemistry provide essential information about the thermodynamics and kinetics of these systems, but it also offers accurate control of guest stoichiometry which is difficult to achieve by other doping methods. Therefore, electrochemical doping has been used extensively to study the properties of carbon guest-host systems. In situ X-ray diffraction and electrochemical doping were used to study the phase diagram of Li xC6 graphite, 1 phase transitions in Li-doped polyacetylene 2 and the structure of Li-doped solid C 60. 3 In situ resistivity measurements were used to study the electronic transport properties of K- and Na-doped polyacetylene. 4,5 In this work, electrochemistry was used to study a new carbon guest-host system: Li/carbon nanotubes. Two types of carbon nanotubes can be distinguished according to their structural properties: multiwall (MWNT) and single wall (SWNT). 6 MWNT consist of graphitic sheets rolled into closed concentric cylinders, with a structure similar to that of Russian dolls. The concentric tubes are separated by Van der Waals gaps of ,3.4 A, a typical interlayer spacing in turbostratically disordered graphite. External diameters can be as large as 50 nm, and lengths are of micrometer scale. SWNT can be envisioned as a single graphene sheet rolled into a cylinder, with diameters in the range 1-2 nm and lengths of several micrometer. SWNT of nearly uniform diameters self-organize into long crystalline “ropes” in which parallel nanotubes are bound by Van der Waals forces. 7 The diameter of a rope is typically 10-50 nm corresponding to 30-600 tubes per rope. Ropes containing as few as 2-3 tubes or as many as several thousand are occasionally found. Figure 1 presents a high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) image of purified and annealed SWNT, in which several entangled ropes with different diameters can be observed. The parallel fringes within each rope are due to the constructive scattering from the parallel planes of SWNT. The fact that the fringe spacings differ among ropes does not arise from a wide distribution in nanotube diameters, but rather from the different orientation of each rope zone axis with respect to the electron beam. Figure 2 shows an X-ray profile from purified and annealed SWNT. The well
Solving the strong CP problem with supersymmetry

We propose a new solution to the strong CP problem based on supersymmetric non-renormalization theorems. CP is broken spontaneously and it's breaking is communicated to the MSSM by radiative corrections. The strong CP phase is protected by a susy non-renormalization theorem and remains exactly zero while loops can generate a large CKM phase from wave function renormalization. We present a concrete model as an example but stress that our framework is general. We also discuss constraints on susy breaking and point out experimental signatures.
Computing Criticality of Lines in Power Systems

The authors propose a computationally efficient method based on nonlinear optimization to identify critical lines, failure of which can cause severe blackouts. The method computes criticality measure for all lines at a time, as opposed to detecting a single vulnerability, providing a global view of the system. This information on criticality of lines can be used to identify multiple contingencies by selectively exploring multiple combinations of broken lines. The effectiveness of our method is demonstrated on the IEEE 30 and 118 bus systems, where we can quickly detect the most critical lines and identify severe multiple contingencies.
On the Equivalence of Lagrangian and Newton-Euler Dynamics for Manipulators:

Recently, there has been considerable interest in efficient formulations of manipulator dynamics. The inefficiency of the classic Lagrangian formulation is well known, leading several researchers to a new formulation based on the Newton-Euler equations. This formulation is highly ef ficient, but there may be some confusion as to the source of this efficiency. This paper shows that there is in fact no fundamental difference in computational efficiency between Lagrangian and Newton-Euler formulations. The efficiency of the above-mentioned Newton-Euler formula tion is due to two factors: the recursive structure of the computation and the representation chosen for the rota tional dynamics. Both of these factors can be achieved in a Lagrangian formulation. Recursive Lagrangian dy namics has been discussed previously by Hollerbach. This paper compares the representations that have been used and shows that with a proper choice the Lagrangian formulation is indeed equivalent to the Newton-Euler formulation.
Flops on holomorphic symplectic fourfolds and determinantal cubic hypersurfaces

We study the birational geometry of irreducible holomorphic symplectic varieties arising as varieties of lines of general cubic fourfolds containing a cubic scroll. We compute the ample and moving cones, and exhibit a birational automorphism of infinite order explaining the chamber decomposition of the moving cone.
A general purpose sparse matrix parallel solvers package

A package of three parallel solvers with a unified user interface is developed for sparse symmetric complex linear systems arising from the discretization of partial differential equations on unstructured meshes. Once the data interface is set up, the package constructs the sparse symmetric complex matrix, and solves the linear system using one of the following methods: a bi-conjugate gradient solver, a two-stage Cholesky LDL/sup T/ factorization, or a hybrid solver combining the above two methods. The user deals only with local matrices on local mesh partitions in each processor. Scaling problem size N with the number of processors P with N/P fixed, test runs on Intel Delta up to 28 processors show that the bi-conjugate gradient method scales linearly with N whereas the hybrid method scales as /spl radic/N. >
Per se drugged driving laws and traffic fatalities

Abstract In an effort to reduce drugged driving by 10%, the Office of National Drug Control Policy is encouraging all states to adopt per se drugged driving laws, which make it illegal to operate a motor vehicle with a controlled substance in the system. To date, 20 states have passed per se drugged driving laws, yet little is known about their effectiveness. Using data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System for the period 1990–2010, the current study examines the relationship between these laws and traffic fatalities, the leading cause of death among Americans ages 5 through 34. Our results provide no evidence that per se drugged driving laws reduce traffic fatalities.
Semiparametric Estimates of the marginal price of floorspace

Smoothing splines are used to generate a nonparametric response of housing price to floorspace size. A rising marginal price is estimated. Comparison to common parametric forms indicates that the semilog is reasonably close to the nonparametric form.
Relativistic fine structure oscillator strengths for Li-like ions: C IV - Si XII, S XIV, Ar XVI, Ca XVIII, Ti XX, Cr XXII, and Ni XXVI

Ab initio calculations including relativistic eects in the Breit-Pauli R-matrix (BPRM) method are reported for ne structure energy levels and oscillator strengths upto n =1 0 and 0 l 9 for 15 Li-like ions: C IV, N V, O VI, F VII, Ne VIII, Na IX, Mg X, Al XI, Si XII, S XIV, Ar XVI, Ca XIII, Ti XX, Cr XXII, and Ni XXVI. About one hundred bound ne structure energy levels of total angular momenta, 1=2 J 17=2 of even and odd parities, total orbital angular momentum, 0 L 9 and spin multiplicity (2S + 1) = 2, 4 are obtained for each ion. The levels provide almost 900 allowed bound-bound transitions. The BPRM method enables consideration of large set of transitions with uniform accuracy compared to the best available theoretical methods. The CC eigenfunction expansion for each ion includes the lowest 17 ne structure energy levels of the core congurations 1s 2 , 1s2s, 1s2p, 1s3s, 1s3p, and 1s3d. The calculated energies of the ions agree with the measured values to within 1% for most levels. The transition probabilities show good agreement with the best available calculated values. The results provide the largest sets of energy levels and transition rates for the ions and are expected to be useful in the analysis of X-ray and EUV spectra from astrophysical sources.
Differential privacy and the fat-shattering dimension of linear queries

In this paper, we consider the task of answering linear queries under the constraint of differential privacy. This is a general and well-studied class of queries that captures other commonly studied classes, including predicate queries and histogram queries. We show that the accuracy to which a set of linear queries can be answered is closely related to its fat-shattering dimension, a property that characterizes the learnability of real-valued functions in the agnostic-learning setting.
The number of cliques in graphs of given order and size

Let kr (n, m) denote the minimum number of r-cliques in graphs with n vertices and m edges. We give a lower bound on kr (n, m) that approximates kr (n, m) with an error smaller than n r / n 2 − 2m � . This essentially solves a sixty year old problem. The solution is based on a constraint minimization of certain multilinear forms. In our proof, a combinatorial strategy is coupled with extensive analytical arguments.
The Performance of Commercial Mortgages

This study examines the return characteristics of a large, well-diversified commercial mortgage portfolio. Mortgage-specific cash-flow histories are constructed for 2,480 loans originated over the period 1974 through 1990, and a contingent-claims approach to pricing risky debt is used to estimate inter-temporal market values. Quarterly holding-period returns are compared across selected mortgage groups and to alternate asset classes. Our findings suggest that both mortgage returns and volatility of return are comparable to those of other forms of fixed-income assets over the study period. Implied property price volatility is found to average 17%, a result significantly higher than reported in earlier studies. While mortgage returns are found to vary by property type and region of origin, cross correlation of returns is found to be high, illustrating the systematic effect of interest rates on the performance of commercial mortgages over the period 1974 through 1990. However, an increase in credit risk in the latter years of the study suggests that diversification may be a worthwhile objective for holders of these assets. We do not find evidence to suggest that abnormal returns were earned on commercial mortgage portfolios over the study period.
Multi-hadron systems in lattice QCD

I present an overview of recent progress in the study of multi-hadron systems in lattice QCD. After reviewing the recent developments that are beginning to enable nuclear physics to be studied from the underlying theory of the Standard Model, I discuss the recent results that have been obtained in multi-hadron systems. I also explore the difficulties particular to lattice QCD calculations of such systems and emphasise the issues that remain to be resolved.
The Effect of Schooling and Ability on Achievement Test Scores

This paper develops two methods for estimating the effect of schooling on achievement test scores that control for the endogeneity of schooling by postulating that both schooling and test scores are generated by a common unobserved latent ability. These methods are applied to data on schooling and test scores. Estimates from the two methods are in close agreement. We find that the effects of schooling on test scores are roughly linear across schooling levels. The effects of schooling on measured test scores are slightly larger for lower latent ability levels. We find that schooling increases the AFQT score on average between 2 and 4 percentage points, roughly twice as large as the effect claimed by Herrnstein and Murray (1994) but in agreement with estimates produced by Neal and Johnson (1996) and Winship and Korenman (1997). We extend the previous literature by estimating the impact of schooling on measured test scores at various quantiles of the latent ability distribution.
Dynamical systems gradient method for solving ill-conditioned linear algebraic systems

A version of the Dynamical Systems Method (DSM) for solving ill-conditioned linear algebraic systems is studied in this paper. An a priori and a posteriori stopping rules are justified. An algorithm for computing the solution using a spectral decomposition of the left-hand side matrix is proposed. Numerical results show that when a spectral decomposition of the left-hand side matrix is available or not computationally expensive to obtain the new method can be considered as an alternative to the Variational Regularization.
Robust Text Processing in Automated Information Retrieval

We report on the results of a series of experiments with a prototype text retrieval system which uses relatively advanced natural language processing techniques in order to enhance the effectiveness of statistical document retrieval. In this paper we show that large-scale natural language processing (hundreds of millions of words and more) is not only required for a better retrieval, but it is also doable, given appropriate resources. In particular, we demonstrate that the use of syntactic compounds in the representation of database documents as well as in the user queries, coupled with an appropriate term weighting strategy, can considerably improve the effectiveness of retrospective search. The experiments reported here were conducted on TIPSTER database in connection with the Text REtrieval Conference series (TREC).
Synthesis of peptides containing unnatural, metal-ligating residues: aminodiacetic acid as a peptide side chain

Peptides possessing a pair of residues separated by one turn in the α-helical conformation and potentially capable of ligating a single metal ion in aqueous solution were designed. It was predicted that the resulting cross-link would shift toward α-helix the random coil/α-helix equilibrium. The syntheses of 10 peptides Ac-Ada l Ala m A-da l (Ala 4 GluLys) n -NH 2 where Ada l is an L-α-amino acid residue with an aminodiacetic acid bearing side chain, -(CH 2 ) l N(CH 2 CO 2 H) 2 are described using Boc chemistry on p-methylbenzhydrylamine resin. The aminodiacetic acid bearing residues were incorporated with side chains protected as the dibenzyl esters. The circular dichroism spectra of several of these peptides that possess a pair of metal-ligating residues separated by two or three intervening residues have previously been shown to undergo changes on addition of metal ions consistent with appreciable enhancement of helix content
Between a rock and a hard place: US industrial unions, shop-floor participation and the lean, mean global economy

Utilising historical and contemporary studies of metalworking plants, a review of current trends in labour-management relations, and observations from 15 years as a machinist and local union officer, the author describes the efforts of US workers and their local unions to play a positive role in shop-floor production matters in the post-Second World War period, only to be rebuffed by corporations intent on gaining hegemony on the factory floor. This history is juxtaposed to contemporary efforts by managers to kindle interest among workers in participating in various shop-floor continuous improvement schemes, in the context of the implicit and explicit threats to employment security that global production flexibility provides to corporations.
Jet Physics at the Tevatron

Jets have been used to verify the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), measure the structure of the proton, and search for physics beyond the Standard Model. In this article, we review the current status of jet physics at the Tevatron, a TeV collider at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. We report on recent measurements of the inclusive jet production cross section, dijet production measurements, and the results of searches for physics beyond the Standard Model using jets.
Differential capacity p-Cycles: A p-Cycle variant with increased capacity efficiency

In this paper we introduce the concept of Differential Capacity p-Cycles as an enhancement to span protecting p-Cycles. DC cycles provide increased capacity efficiency by reducing the amount of spare capacity that needs to be reserved on each link of a cycle. Our results show a small reduction in spare capacity requirement over traditional p-Cycles. We also present a joint spare and working capacity allocation formulation, as well as DC formulations for flow and Failure Independent Path Protecting cycles, that give further improved capacity efficiency at the cost of a more complicated ILP. Results of ILP formulations of DC p-Cycles are compared to regular p-Cycles.
Preparation of substituted allyl acetates and sulfones from Baylis–Hillman adducts in ionic liquid media

Abstract Reactions of potassium acetate and the sodium salt of p-toluenesulfinic acid with acetates of Baylis–Hillman adducts produce substituted allyl acetates and allyl sulfones respectively. Ionic liquids are utilized in place of conventional solvents.