cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Political Bias in News Magazines

Though I suspect that few people read all three of the major news magazines, Time, Newsweek, and U.S. News & World Report (USN&WR), people, in my personal experience, hold very strong views about their political biases. Time is usually said to be conservative, Newsweek liberal, and USN&WR very conservative or at least more conservative than Time. In an attempt to assess the merits of these views, I examined the coverage by these three magazines of former Vice President Walter Mondale and President Ronald Reagan during their presidential campaign.
Conceptualizing variability in U.S. Latino children's dual-language development

Approximately 25 % of the population of children in the United States comes from Latino families, many of whom are immigrants and speak Spanish in the home, and this number is steadily growing. However, research on dual-language learning Latino children is lacking, especially in the field of language development. In order to move toward a framework of positive development of Latino children, it is important to understand the inter- and intra-individual variability that exists within language development of the DLL population in order to highlight their unique skills and advantages that extend beyond the domain of language. Moreover, a focus on variability can prevent negative biases and help researchers and practitioners better support young DLLs in their early education. Accordingly, this chapter presents two main research questions: 1) What does the early language variability of young Latino DLLs look like? 2) What factors might contribute to this variability?
The Nigerian legislature and the crisis of governance

Using descriptive method of data gathering: qualitative analysis of data from secondary source, the study x-rays the performance of the parliament at the federal and state levels between 1999 and 2016 to see whether it has enhanced good governance in the country. The study implicates corruption as the major reason for the ineffectiveness of this arm of government. It is therefore imperative to alter the nation’s leadership recruitment process such that patriotically-minded and unblemished Nigerians will be attracted into politics and contest for parliamentary positions.
Quality-of-life improvement after endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.

Author(s): Tajudeen, Bobby A; Brooks, Steven G; Yan, Carol H; Kuan, Edward C; Schwartz, Joseph S; Suh, Jeffrey D; Palmer, James N; Adappa, Nithin D | Abstract: BackgroundThere is preliminary evidence that patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and comorbid obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have reduced quality-of-life (QOL) improvements after functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) compared with patients without OSA. The effect of OSA severity on QOL improvement after FESS is unknown.ObjectivesTo better characterize the QOL improvement after FESS for patients with comorbid OSA and to assess whether QOL improvement is dependent on OSA severity.MethodsThis multi-institution, retrospective cohort study evaluated adult patients with CRS who underwent FESS between 2007 and 2015. Preoperative, 1-month, 3-month, 6-month, and 1-year postoperative 22-Item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test scores were used to evaluate QOL. We compared patients without OSA with patients with stratified OSA based on the preoperative apnea-hypopnea index. A multilevel, mixed-effects linear regression model was used for the analysis.ResultsOf 480 participants, 83 (17%) had OSA, and 47 of these patients had polysomnography results available for review. Both patients with OSA and patients without OSA reported significant QOL improvement after surgery (p l 0.0001) relative to baseline. In the unadjusted model, the subjects with OSA demonstrated a statistically worse outcome in 22-Item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test scores at each time point (2.4 points higher per time point, p = 0.006). When controlling for covariates, the adjusted model showed no difference in QOL outcome based on OSA status (p = 0.114). When stratified by OSA disease severity, the adjusted model showed no difference in the QOL outcome.ConclusionsPatients with CRS and comorbid OSA had worse QOL outcomes after FESS; however, when controlling for patient factors, there was no difference in QOL outcome. OSA disease severity did not seem to predict QOL improvement after FESS.
Ergative case assignment in Hindi-Urdu: Evidence from light verb compounds

Various accounts have been proposed for ergative/absolutive case-assignment in Hindi-Urdu (HU) within the Minimalist Program. (Ura 2006, Anand & Nevins 2006 etc.) Using facts about subject case-assignment in a particular type of light verb compound in HU as evidence, I propose a syntactic account for subject case-assignment in the language in general. This account relies on two claims: (i) absolutive case can be assigned by some I, V and v heads to the subject, or (in the case of v) to the object, and (ii) ergative case results from a special KP configuration, only grammatical when absolutive case cannot be assigned to the subject. I show that this proposal can also explain facts about verb agreement in the language.
Speed profile planning in dynamic environments via temporal optimization

To generate safe and efficient trajectories for an automated vehicle in dynamic environments, a layered approach is usually considered, which separates path planning and speed profile planning. This paper is focused on speed profile planning for a given path that is represented by a set of waypoints. The speed profile will be generated using temporal optimization which optimizes the time stamps for all waypoints along the given path. The formulation of the problem under urban driving scenarios is discussed. To speed up the computation, the non-convex temporal optimization is approximated by a set of quadratic programs which are solved iteratively using the slack convex feasible set (SCFS) algorithm. The simulations in various urban driving scenarios validate the effectiveness of the method.
Gettysburg and the Great War

Fifty years after the conclusion of the Civil War, the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania faced the challenge of another war. From 1914 to 1917, the townspeople followed events in Europe closely, becoming vehement supporters of the American entry into the war by April 1917. In 1918, the Gettysburg Battlefield became inundated with American soldiers for the second time in its history, as doughboys trained for overseas service on the site of Pickett’s Charge. This paper considers the way the town of Gettysburg reacted to and mobilized for the First World War. It explores the notion of a ‘forgotten’ American war in a place that is perpetually haunted by war memories.
A review of Education and Social Media using conflict and functionalist theories

Education and Social Media: Toward a Digital Future (2016), edited by Christine Greenhow, Julia Sonnevend, and Colin Agur, is a compilation of essays by leading contributors to the digital and social media movement in education. The chapters within this volume provide a granular look at the current landscape of how digital media is utilized across educational levels, fields of study, and geographic areas. The book is divided into three sections discussing the emerging use of social media in education, challenges in its implementation, and potential directions as tech-based education continues to evolve. In this review, we situate the ideas presented in Education and Social Media in the functionalist and conflict theories of educational perspective to further illuminate the potential of digital learning in supporting increased access to education for marginalized student populations. We discuss how these competing views are both given voice in Education and Social Media, prompting the reader to critically reflect on advantages and dangers presented by increased use of technological platforms in educational settings. Topics discussed include online universities, peer-developed curriculum, and differential use of technology based on school socioeconomic demographics. We also suggest areas that have emerged in need of further discussion since the book’s publication.
23-Hydroxy Ursolic Acid Protects Atherosclerosis-prone Mice from Monocyte Dysfunction

We showed that ursolic acid (UA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid with anti-inflammatory properties, reduces atherosclerotic lesion size and improves kidney function in diabetic mice. We proposed that the atheroprotective effects of UA are due to its ability to protect monocytes against metabolic stress-induced dysfunction or “priming”, i.e. the hyper-responsiveness to chemokine-induced cell adhesion and migration. Based on structure-function analyses of UA’s naturally occurring analogs, we identified and synthesized a compound, 23-hydroxy ursolic acid (23-OHUA), with a structural feature that we predicted to enhance both bioavailability and the protective effects of UA against monocyte dysfunction in vitro and in dyslipidemia atherosclerosis-prone mice. 23-OHUA protected monocytes from metabolic priming and dysfunction with a similar efficacy to UA. Both phytochemicals protected monocytes from metabolic stress by preventing the degradation of MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), a master regulator of monocyte chemotaxis and macrophage function. To test the efficacy of 23-OHUA in protecting mice against monocyte dysfunction and atherogenesis, we fed atherosclerosis-prone LDLR-/- mice a high fat diet (HFD) or a HFD supplemented with either 0.05% UA or 0.05% 23-OHUA. Monocytes were primed and hyper-sensitive to chemokines as early as 6 weeks after initiating HFD-feeding as shown by our in vivo chemotaxis assay. After 20 weeks, mice fed 23-OHUA showed 11% less weight gain compared to HFD-fed control mice and 40% reduced atherosclerotic plaque formation. Both dietary UA and 23-OHUA reduced metabolic priming and prevented the decrease in MKP-1 activity, suggesting that both compounds exert their anti-inflammatory, anti-obesogenic and anti-atherogenic effects through a novel but common mechanism involving the protection of blood monocytes against metabolic stress-induced priming and dysfunction. Our results suggest 23-OHUA and UA are viable candidates for dietary supplements for the prevention of chronic inflammatory diseases associated with metabolic disorders.
Strategies for Reflection in Situated Learning

Based on a review of literature, it can be concluded that providing learners with opportunities for reflection within a situated learning environment helps them form abstract conceptualizations and transfer knowledge to future situations. Reflection also helps learners critically analyze their own performance in order to make improvements in strategies applied in the future. Yet currently, there is little guidance within the literature on how to best incorporate reflection to support learners within a situated learning environment. However, there are strategies described within the literature, which, when included in situated learning, have been found to promote reflection. These strategies include building a context and environment that promotes reflection, incorporating social interaction, considering duration and timing of reflection, providing feedback, providing nonlinear navigation, and promoting spontaneous reflection. This chapter will elaborate on each of these strategies and provide methods to support incorporating them into situated learning environments.
How to Teach Mathematics. By Steven G. Krantz

(1994). How to Teach Mathematics. By Steven G. Krantz. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 101, No. 7, pp. 692-694.
Performance benchmarks of the MCV Monte Carlo system

The Monte Carlo group at the Medical College of Virginia has integrated Monte Carlo dose calculation directly into a commercial treatment planning system. The design basis for this system was to provide an integrated treatment-planning environment in which issues related to clinical implementation of Monte Carlo based treatment planning could be addressed. While this symposium addresses the speed and accuracy of MC dose calculation, our efforts have been directed toward the latter. Additionally, our efforts have addressed issues such as: What statistical accuracy is required for MC based treatment planning? What is the proper way to prescribe dose for MC based dose calculations? How do we compare MC dose distributions (that are dose to material) with other algorithms (that are dose to water)? What clinical advantages might be gained from use of MC in comparison with other dose algorithms?
An Anechoic Facility for Basic Aeroacoustic Research

This chapter presents the details for the design, construction, and evaluation of a low-speed, low-turbulence, anechoic wind tunnel facility. This facility allows for the experimental examination of an acoustic field generated by fluid/structure interaction. The chapter begins by describing the motivation for the design of one such facility, located at the University of Notre Dame. This is followed by a detailed description of the design and construction of its major components. Methods for characterization of facility performance are presented and applied to the specific tunnel described. Finally, the contributions of this facility, specifically in the area of a marine propeller’s response to inflow distortions, are summarized.
Predominantly Neutrophilic Group

The predominantly neutrophilic group of primary cicatricial alopecias includes folliculitis decalvans and tufted folliculitis. Clinically, the affected areas are much more inflamed than the lymphocytic cicatricial alopecias with crusting, pustules, draining, and erythema. There is usually considerable pain, tenderness, and itching. Histologically in the early stages, the inflammatory infiltrate consists predominantly of neutrophils. However, the infiltrate does not remain neutrophilic but rather becomes plasma-cell rich. What other histologic features can be used as clues to a neutrophilic cicatricial alopecia that is no longer predominantly neutrophilic? Scan the scalp biopsy with low-power light microscopy: the presence of four or more fused follicles, and dense interfollicular inflammation and fibrosis are diagnostically useful (see Chap. 3)
Memory and Resistance: Doro’s Empire, Mary’s Rebellion, and Anyanwu as Lieu de Mémoire in Octavia E. Butler’s Mind of My Mind and Wild Seed

Can we create a liberated future without an understanding of our past? The role of history and memory in creating a liberated future are explored in many of African-American science fiction author ...
Attitudes toward gender integration in policing: A study of police cadets in China

Abstract Research results in Western democracies indicate that female police officers favor performing the full range of police duties (Brown, 1997). However, the full gender integration agenda in policing has been challenged, to some extent, by research indicating that female police officers prefer partial integration or segregation in non-Western societies (Natarajan, 2008a,b; Strobl, 2008). Utilizing the recent survey data collected from three police colleges in three different provinces in China, the current study examines police cadets’ attitudes toward gender integration and its predictors beyond gender. Inconsistent with previous studies, this study reveals no significant difference in attitudes toward gender integration between male and female cadets, and cluster analysis results indicate that only a small portion of police cadets support giving women specialized assignments. Both male and female cadets who perceive women as having low competence levels in policing were more likely to support gender segregation. These findings highlight the importance of gender-sensitive education, curricula, and training at the police colleges and academies.
Effects of temperature, salinity, and sediment organic carbon on methylmercury bioaccumulation in an estuarine amphipod

Mercury (Hg) is a global contaminant that poses a human health risk in its organic form, methylmercury (MeHg), through consumption of fish and fishery products. Bioaccumulation of Hg in the aquatic environment is controlled by a number of factors expected to be altered by climate change. We examined the individual and combined effects of temperature, sediment organic carbon, and salinity on the bioaccumulation of MeHg in an estuarine amphipod, Leptocheirus plumulosus, when exposed to sediment from two locations in the Gulf of Maine (Kittery and Bass Harbor) that contained different levels of MeHg and organic carbon. Higher temperatures and lower organic carbon levels individually increased uptake of MeHg by L. plumulosus as measured by the biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF), while the effect of salinity on BSAF differed by sediment source. Multi-factor statistical modeling using all data revealed a significant interaction between temperature and organic carbon for both sediments, in which increased temperature had a negative effect on BSAF at the lowest carbon levels and a positive effect at higher levels. Our results suggest that increased temperature and carbon loading, of a magnitude expected as a result from climate change, could be associated with a net decrease in amphipod BSAF of 50 to 71%, depending on sediment characteristics. While these are only first-order projections, our results indicate that the future fate of MeHg in marine food webs is likely to depend on a number of factors beyond Hg loading.
Modeling Fish Movement in 3-D in the Gulf of Mexico Hypoxic Zone

The hypoxic zone on the Louisiana-Texas shelf varies in its area, volume, and vertical distribution. Vertical movement to avoid hypoxia (dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration < 2 mg/L) can be important to understanding fish exposure to low DO. Fish movement was simulated in 2-D (bottom layer) and 3-D with movement algorithms that depended on DO fields generated by a 3-D coupled hydrodynamic-water quality model. Fish exposure to low DO was simulated using two alternative movement algorithm groups, good and bad avoidance competency, and three perception ranges for detecting DO. The algorithm groups (default and avoidance) differed in whether the default movement included a downward bias. Avoidance competencies differed in the degree of random variation imposed on the avoidance movement. Fish exposures to low DO were simulated in 2-D and 3-D for July 24 to August 2 of 2002 during which hypoxia showed both horizontal and vertical variations. The addition of vertical movement (3-D) resulted in mean cumulative hypoxia exposures (days with DO< 2 mg/L) typically about 8 times lower than the 2-D movement results (e.g., ∼0.1 days versus 0.8 days with good avoidance), but vertical avoidance did not decrease the cumulative days of exposure of fish to moderate hypoxia (2–4 mg/L). The differences between the 2-D and 3-D model results, coupled with the limited data on vertical fish movement in response to hypoxia, suggest that 3-D movement could affect exposure to hypoxia and should be considered for spatially complex habitats.
Fatigue crack growth rates in high pressure hydrogen gas for multiple X100 pipeline welds accounting for crack location and residual stress

Abstract Fatigue crack growth rates (FCGR) of multiple X100 pipeline steel welds and heat affected zones were measured in high-pressure hydrogen gas to investigate their behavior compared to lower strength pipeline welds. A total of five high strength welds and two heat affected zones (HAZ) were examined all of which were fabricated using the same X100 base material. Different welding wires and techniques were used to fabricate the welds to provide a variety of end products to evaluate susceptibility to fatigue in high pressure hydrogen gas. Residual stresses were measured for each weld and HAZ using the slitting method and the effect of residual stress on the stress intensity factor, Kres, was determined. Using Kres, the fatigue crack growth rate curves were corrected to remove the effects of residual stress by examining the influence of Kres on stress ratio, R. Comparisons were then made between the high strength welds, which were corrected for residual stress, and lower strength welds from the literature. It was found that the higher strength welds and heat affected zones exhibited comparable fatigue crack growth rates to lower strength welds, as the FCGR data of the high strength welds overlaid the lower strength welds. This suggests that despite distinct differences in strength and microstructure between the different welds, hydrogen-assisted fatigue crack growth susceptibility is similar. A comparison was made between the Kres measured in extracted coupons and residual stress estimates provided in relevant welded pipe assessment standards such as API 579-1/ASME FFS-1. It was found the residual stress values in the test coupons extracted from welded pipe were significantly lower than those expected in the intact welded pipes and highlights the importance in quantifying and removing coupon residual stresses when fatigue crack growth rates are measured and including expected weld joint residual stress when making structural assessments.
The roles of polymerases ν and θ in replicative bypass of O6- and N2-alkyl-2'-deoxyguanosine lesions in human cells.

Exogenous and endogenous chemicals can react with DNA to produce DNA lesions that may block DNA replication. Not much is known about the roles of polymerase (Pol) ν and Pol θ in translesion synthesis (TLS) in cells. Here we examined the functions of these two polymerases in bypassing major-groove O6-alkyl-2′-deoxyguanosine (O6-alkyl-dG) and minor-groove N2-alkyl-dG lesions in human cells, where the alkyl groups are ethyl, n-butyl (nBu), and, for O6-alkyl-dG, pyridyloxobutyl. We found that Pol ν and Pol θ promote TLS across major-groove O6-alkyl-dG lesions. O6-alkyl-dG lesions mainly induced G→A mutations that were modulated by the two TLS polymerases and the structures of the alkyl groups. Simultaneous ablation of Pol ν and Pol θ resulted in diminished mutation frequencies for all three O6-alkyl-dG lesions. Depletion of Pol ν alone reduced mutations only for O6-nBu-dG, and sole loss of Pol θ attenuated the mutation rates for O6-nBu-dG and O6-pyridyloxobutyl-dG. Replication across the two N2-alkyl-dG lesions was error-free, and Pol ν and Pol θ were dispensable for their replicative bypass. Together, our results provide critical knowledge about the involvement of Pol ν and Pol θ in bypassing alkylated guanine lesions in human cells.
Tillage and residue management effects on irrigated maize performance and water cycling in a semiarid cropping system of Eastern Colorado

Residue removal from maize (Zea mays) fields offers an opportunity to increase farmer profits, but potential tradeoffs for water dynamics and crop performance merit further evaluation. This study, established in 2014, compared the effects of two tillage practices (no-till and conventional) and two residue management practices (harvested vs. kept in place) on maize grain yields, water infiltration, evapotranspiration, and soil physical attributes. On average, maize grain yields under limited irrigation increased with residue retention by 1.1 Mg ha−1 year−1 between 2016 and 2018, but tillage had no significant effect. Total infiltration (over 30 min) was higher with residue retention. Neither tillage nor residue management had a significant impact on evapotranspiration during the vegetative growth stage. However, there was a significant residue by tillage interaction where vegetative evapotranspiration was reduced by no-till and residue retention. Conversely, penetrometer resistance was significantly reduced by both tillage and residue retention. Volumetric water content in the soil profile at planting was higher with residue retention. These results suggest that plots with residue removal would on average require 60 mm year−1 of additional irrigation to attain the same yields as fields with residue retention. In summary, our findings suggest that high rates of crop residue removal under limited irrigation in a semiarid environment can negatively affect water conservation and yields, and that tradeoffs surrounding residue export need to be fully considered in land management and policy decisions.
Armor Within: Defending Against Vulnerabilities in Third-Party Libraries

Vulnerabilities in third-party software modules have resulted in severe security flaws, including remote code execution and denial of service. However, current approaches to securing such libraries suffer from one of two problems. First, they do not perform sufficiently well to be applicable in practice and incur high CPU and memory overheads. Second, they are also harder to apply to legacy and proprietary systems when the source code of the application is not available. There is, therefore, a dire need to secure the internal boundaries within an application to ensure vulnerable software modules are not exploitable via crafted input attacks. We present a novel approach to secure third-party software modules without requiring access to the source code of the program. First, using the foundations of language-theoretic security, we build a validation filter for the vulnerable module. Using the foundations of linking and loading, we present two different ways to insert that filter between the main code and the vulnerable module. Finally, using the foundations of ELF-based access control, we ensure any entry into the vulnerable module must first go through the filter. We evaluate our approaches using three known real-world exploits in two popular libraries-libpng and libxml. We were able to successfully prevent all three exploits from executing.
Due Process and Counterterrorism

In this article, I examine counterterrorism from the perspective of detention, interrogation and trial and in particular how these three are articulated and implemented. The broader question is whether the contemporary counterterrorism paradigm is based in due process or a legal (not necessarily lawful) regime that minimizes individual rights. That is, does civil, democratic society discard core principles in the face of an on-going, viable threat or are political rights and national security rights effectively balanced in order to protect both. Answering this question requires analyzing the interface between threats and rights; in particular, the extent to which society responds to the former while protecting the latter.The challenges facing national decision makers are extraordinary; the public demands concrete measures in responses to attacks. Decision makers are charged with simultaneously protecting both the law and the public in accordance with core values of rights and morality. Balancing competing responsibilities is manifested in what I refer to as the “dilemma of the decision maker.” The terrorism/counterterrorism paradigm manifests those tensions and uncertainties in a more powerful manner than perhaps any other issue confronting contemporary decision makers and the public alike. The public’s visceral reaction to feeling threatened is reflected in a survey demonstrating that fifty-eight percent (58%) of U.S. voters say waterboarding and other aggressive interrogation techniques should be used to gain information from the terrorist who attempted to bomb an airliner on Christmas Day”.Benjamin Franklin’s much cited words of wisdom “any society that would give up a little liberty to gain a little security will deserve neither and lose both” capture the essence of this constant and unremitting tension. With respect to the paradigm before us - due process and counterterrorism - Franklin’s words spoken over 200 years ago capture the essence of the existential, philosophical, legal and practical dilemma of counterterrorism conducted in societies subject to the rule of law.
Laparoscopic versus ultrasound-guided visualization of transversus abdominis plane blocks.

Abstract Background Ultrasound-guided (US) transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is commonly utilized as part of a multi-modal approach for postoperative pain management. This study seeks to determine whether laparoscopic-guided TAP blocks are as effective as US-guided TAP blocks among pediatric patients. Method In this prospective, randomized controlled trial, pediatric patients undergoing laparoscopic procedures were randomly assigned to one of two treatment arms: US-guided TAP block (US-arm) or laparoscopic-guided TAP block (LAP-arm). Primary outcome was PACU pain scores. Secondary outcomes included PACU opioid consumption, block completion time and block accuracy. Results Twenty-five patients were enrolled in each arm. In the LAP-arm, 59% of blocks were in the transversus abdominis plane compared to 74% of TAP blocks in the US-arm (p = 0.18). Blocks were completed faster in the LAP-arm (2.1 ± 1.9 vs. 7.9 ± 3.4 min, p Conclusion Laparoscopic TAP blocks have equivalent efficacy in post-operative pain scores, narcotic use, and tissue plane accuracy as compared to US-guided TAP blocks. They are also completed faster and may result in less operating room and general anesthetic time for the pediatric patient.
Dual-Quaternion Analytic LQR Control Design for Spacecraft Proximity Operations

Proximity operations offer aggregate capability for a spacecraft operating in close proximity to another spacecraft, to perform on-orbit satellite servicing, or to a space object to perform debris removal. To utilize a spacecraft performing such advanced maneuvering operations and perceiving of the relative motion of a foreign spacecraft, these trajectories must be modeled accurately based on the coupled translational and rotational dynamics models. This paper presents work towards exploiting the dual-quaternion representations of spacecraft relative dynamics for proximity operations and developing a sub-optimal control law for efficient and robust maneuvers. A linearized model using dual-quaternions for the proximity operation was obtained, and its stability was verified using Monte Carlo simulations for the linear quadratic regulator solution. A sub-optimal control law using generalized higher order feedback gains in dual-quaternion form was developed based on small error approximations for the proximity operation and also verified through Monte Carlo simulations. Necessary information needed to understand the theory behind the use of the dual-quaternion is also overviewed within this paper, including the validity of using the dual-quaternions against their Cartesian or quaternion equivalents.
Our Tangled Family Tree: New Genomic Methods Offer Insight into the Legacy of Archaic Admixture.

The archaic ancestry present in the human genome has captured the imagination of both scientists and the wider public in recent years. This excitement is the result of new studies pushing the envelope of what we can learn from the archaic genetic information that has survived for over 50,000 years in the human genome. Here, we review the most recent ten years of literature on the topic of archaic introgression, including the current state of knowledge on Neanderthal and Denisovan introgression, as well as introgression from other as-yet unidentified archaic populations. We focus this review on four topics: 1) a reimagining of human demographic history, including evidence for multiple admixture events between modern humans, Neanderthals, Denisovans, and other archaic populations; 2) state-of-the-art methods for detecting archaic ancestry in population-level genomic data; 3) how these novel methods can detect archaic introgression in modern African populations; and 4) the functional consequences of archaic gene variants, including how those variants were co-opted into novel function in modern human populations. The goal of this review is to provide a simple-to-access reference for the relevant methods and novel data, which has changed our understanding of the relationship between our species and its siblings. This body of literature reveals the large degree to which the genetic legacy of these extinct hominins has been integrated into the human populations of today.
3D Integrated Chiplet-Encapsulation (3D ICE): High-Density Heterogeneous Integration using SiO2-Reconstituted-Tiers

We propose a 3D heterogeneous integration technology called 3D Integrated Chiplet-Encapsulation (3D ICE). The proposed 3D ICE architecture encapsulates chiplets into a reconstituted tier using low-temperature (100 °C) ICP-PECVD SiO2 deposition. The SiO2-reconstituted-tier in this work is 10 μm thick with through-oxide vias that are 2 μm in diameter and 10 μm in pitch (104 /mm2 via density), which exceeds vias in conventional fan-out packaging. Tier-transferring using KOH wet-etch is also reported. Lastly, four-point Kelvin resistance measurements are performed for Cu-filled through-oxide-vias of various dimensions. The resistance of a 50 μm diameter single via is 36 mΩ and that of a 2 μm diameter via is 1.14 Ω.
OOV Word Detection using Hybrid Models with Mixed Types of Fragments

This paper presents initial studies to improve the out-ofvocabulary (OOV) word detection performance by using mixed types of fragment units in one hybrid system. Three types of fragment units, subwords, syllables, and graphones, were combined in two different ways to build the hybrid lexicon and language model. The experimental results show that hybrid systems with mixed types of fragment units perform better than hybrid systems using only one type of fragment unit. After comparing the OOV word detection performance with the number and length of fragment units of each system, we proposed future work to better utilize mixed types of fragment units in a hybrid system.
Equal shadow wealth: A new concept of fairness in exchange economies

Abstract In this paper I introduce a new notion of fairness in exchange economies as well as a measure of unfairness. First, I consider the benchmark case in which agents have identical preferences, and I then extend the framework to allow for heterogeneous tastes. In both cases, I identify an appropriate egalitarian benchmark which requires that a numeraire commodity be distributed in such a way so as to offset differences in the holdings of other commodities. Inequality is then measured as the deviation between the actual distribution of the numeraire and such an ideal distribution. This renders a complete social ordering. Next, I contrast this notion of equal shadow wealth with the notion of no-envy (Foley, 1967) and with the envy-intensity measures proposed by Chaudhuri (1986) and Diamantaras and Thomson (1990). I also investigate conditions which ensure the existence of equitable and efficient allocations. The concepts developed here may be generalizable to a wide range of environments including economies with externalities and indivisible goods as well as relatively unstructured environments such as those involving abstract opportunity sets. In addition, this approach offers a simple method to measure multidimensional inequality.
Prospects for Therapeutic Targeting of MicroRNAs in Human Immunological Diseases

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous oligoribonucleotides with exciting therapeutic potential. Early studies established a clear role for miRNAs in leukocyte biology. The first miRNA-based therapy, miravirsen, is now in phase 2 clinical trials, making the reality of these therapies undeniable. The capacity for miRNAs to fine-tune inflammatory signaling make them attractive treatment targets for immunological diseases. Nonetheless, the degree of redundancy among miRNAs, coupled with the promiscuity of miRNA binding sites in the transcriptome, require consideration when designing miRNA-directed interventions. Altered miRNA expression occurs across a range of inflammatory conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, and diabetes. However, very few studies successfully treated murine models of immunological diseases with miRNA-based approaches. While discussing recent studies targeting miRNAs to treat immunological conditions, we also reflect on the risks of miRNA targeting and showcase some newer delivery systems that may improve the pharmacological profile of this class of therapeutics.
Trees in the Small City Retail Business District: Comparing Resident and Visitor Perceptions

Many small cities and towns are located near resource lands, and their central business districts serve both residents and visitors. Such quasi-rural retail centers face competitive challenges from regional shopping malls, online purchasing, and big box discount retailers. District merchants must strategically enhance their market position to prevent outshopping. Streetscape trees are a physical improvement that can be used to attract and welcome consumers. A national survey evaluated public perceptions, patronage behavior intentions, and product willingness-to-pay in relationship to depictions of trees in retail settings. Results suggest that consumer behavior is positively associated with the urban forest on multiple cognitive and behavioral dimensions. Forest amenities of both wildland and built environments can be used to strengthen local economies.
Visualization of Basic Structural Geometries with Structure Lab 1

Abstract Structure Lab 1 is a Macintosh application designed for use in the first few laboratory classes of an introductory structural geology course. The program permits students to relate the orientations of planar structures on a map, stereonet, and cross section. It automati-cally solves strike line, apparent {tivs}. true dip, and 3-point problems.
Are protein-tyrosine phosphatases specific for phosphotyrosine?

Protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) are believed to exhibit restricted specificity toward phosphotyrosine. I demonstrate here that both the Yersinia PTPase and rat PTP1 can dephosphorylate alkyl phosphates such as flavin mononucleotide, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, D-glucose 6-phosphate, DL-alpha-glycerophosphate, O-phospho-L-serine, and O-phospho-L-threonine. The kcat values for alkyl phosphates are orders of magnitude slower than those for aryl phosphates such as p-nitrophenyl phosphate and O-phospho-L-tyrosine, reflecting the intrinsic lower chemical reactivity of the alkyl phosphates. In addition, the kcat values for the PTPase-catalyzed hydrolysis of alkyl phosphates are similar to the kcat values for the PTPase-catalyzed 18O exchange reaction between inorganic phosphate and water. I conclude that the rate-limiting step for the hydrolysis of alkyl phosphates has changed to the phosphorylation of the PTPases, i.e. the formation of the phosphoenzyme intermediate. The implications of the results described in this report in terms of studying the PTPase catalytic mechanism and their potential application in developing selective PTPase inactivators are discussed.
Your Money and Your Life: The Export of U.S. Antitrust Remedies

Substantive antitrust law has spread around the world. This has been a rather amazing turn of events in our post-cold war era, with more than 100 jurisdictions now claiming some form of antitrust legislation. Even though there is no global treaty framework for antitrust (similar, for example, to the TRIPs agreement for intellectual property), there does now appear to be broad international consensus on the basic principles of competition policy.Substantive antitrust law may be one of the United States’ more popular legal exports, but how does the rest of the world view two very important remedy aspects of the U.S. antitrust enforcement system, private treble-damages suits for antitrust violations and incarceration of antitrust violators? As is well known, in the United States we take your money and your life. Conventional wisdom is that other countries do not.This paper argues that not only are these two remedies in fact good exports, but that non-U.S. jurisdictions are increasingly coming to accept them, as shown in a study presented in this chapter. This trend should not be surprising because the policy arguments in their favor make good sense.The paper begins with a discussion of the history of the acceptance of these remedies in the United States. The next part presents a study focused on thirteen enforcing jurisdictions, representing a cross-section of large and small economies located in different parts of the world, examining the spread of these remedies. The paper concludes with an assessment of the wisdom of adopting the two remedies, not only in the jurisdictions covered in the study but also in other jurisdictions.A later version of this paper appears as a chapter in Competition Law and Development (D. Daniel Sokol, Thomas K. Cheng, and Ioannis Lianos, eds.) (Stanford Univ. Press 2013).
Potential Impacts of Foodborne Illness Incidences on Market Movements and Prices of Fresh Produce in the U.S.

This study investigates the potential impacts of food safety outbreaks on domestic shipments, imports, and prices of the produce industry. Three case studies were analyzed to assess these potential impacts: the cantaloupe outbreak of March–April 2008, the spinach outbreak of September 2006, and the tomato outbreak of June–July 2008. Data-determined historical decompositions were conducted to provide a weekly picture of domestic shipment, import, and price fluctuation transmissions. The empirical analysis based on a vector autoregression (VAR) model showed differences in the results depending on the source of the outbreak (domestic vs. imported).
Issues in synthesis of board-level systems

Board layout is fully or partially automated, thanks to placement and routing systems. The higher levels of the design process-component selection, architectural design, software development-are still done manually. The authors' research program at Princeton University concentrates on synthesis algorithms for high-level board design tasks. Based on case studies of system designs made both within the university and in industry, they have chosen a skeleton-based methodology for board specification and synthesis and are researching a variety of problems posed by this approach. A skeleton-based synthesis methodology assumes that a few key design decisions-major architectural choices and key component selections-are part of the board specification. The synthesis system's task is to complete the board design, based on a functional description of the board plus constraints on speed, size, power consumption, and interface behavior. A skeleton-based synthesis methodology is realistic and effective. >
Influences of subsurface heterogeneity and vegetation cover on soil moisture, surface temperature, and evapotranspiration at hillslope scales

Physical processes are at the root of determining hydrologic response at all scales. Here, the physical mechanisms linking (1) subsurface heterogeneities to soil moisture and (2) resulting land-surface energy feedbacks to the atmosphere, are examined at the hillslope scale using a fully coupled surface-subsurface-land-surface model, ParFlow. A hillslope with a heterogeneous subsurface and uniform topography was modeled numerically using summer atmospheric conditions and a single precipitation event under controlled boundary conditions in order to isolate the contribution of hydraulic conductivity to land-surface hydrological processes and energy interactions. Patterns of subsurface hydraulic conductivity are shown to govern soil-moisture distribution at the hillslope scale following precipitation. This variability in soil moisture is closely linked to the variability in land-surface energy feedbacks. The role that vegetation plays in subsurface soil moisture and land energy communications is also examined. Results show that hillslope soil moisture variation is first established by patterns in vertical hydraulic conductivity, while later on in the dry-down period, vegetation exerts greater control on the land-surface energy fluxes and controls the rate of hillslope dry down. Furthermore, as compared to bare-soil simulations, grass-cover simulations show an increase in near-surface soil moisture despite water up-take along the rooting depth.
Complex characteristics of slow slip events in subduction zones reproduced in multi-cycle simulations

[1] Since the discovery of slow slip events along subduction zone interfaces worldwide, dense geodetic and seismic networks have illuminated detailed characteristics of these events and associated tremor. High-resolution observations of tremor, where the spatial-temporal evolution is presumed to reflect that of the underlying slow slip events, show highly complex patterns in which the origins remain poorly understood. We present a new, computationally efficient modeling technique that reproduces many features of observed slow slip events, including slow initiation, coalescence of separate events, and rapid back-propagation of renewed slip over previously slipped regions. Rapid back propagation speeds are explained as a consequence of rate- and state-dependent frictional healing, consistent with analytical solutions developed in support of the simulations.
The Influence of Exercise on Cognitive Abilities

Scientific evidence based on neuroimaging approaches over the last decade has demonstrated the efficacy of physical activity improving cognitive health across the human lifespan. Aerobic fitness spares age-related loss of brain tissue during aging, and enhances functional aspects of higher order regions involved in the control of cognition. More active or higher fit individuals are capable of allocating greater attentional resources toward the environment and are able to process information more quickly. These data are suggestive that aerobic fitness enhances cognitive strategies enabling to respond effectively to an imposed challenge with a better yield in task performance. In turn, animal studies have shown that exercise has a benevolent action on health and plasticity of the nervous system. New evidence indicates that exercise exerts its effects on cognition by affecting molecular events related to the management of energy metabolism and synaptic plasticity. An important instigator in the molecular machinery stimulated by exercise is brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which acts at the interface of metabolism and plasticity. Recent studies show that exercise collaborates with other aspects of lifestyle to influence the molecular substrates of cognition. In particular, select dietary factors share similar mechanisms with exercise, and in some cases they can complement the action of exercise. Therefore, exercise and dietary management appear as a noninvasive and effective strategy to counteract neurological and cognitive disorders.
Energy transfer in NH3-He collisions

The paper presents a new electron gas intermolecular NH3-He potential determined by the Hartree-Fock results of Davis, Boggs, and Mehrotra (1979) with semiempirical long-range induction and dispersion terms. The resulting potential agrees with beam scattering and pressure broadening measurements; it was also found that the quadrupole induced dipole interaction is not as effective as the short range anisotropy. It was concluded that discrepancies remain in the quantitative description of energy transfer in the NH3-He system; discrepancies result from improper consideration of the dependence of cross-sections on degenerate magnetic quantum levels in the experimental investigation.
Inherited multiple citizenships: opportunities, happenstances and improvisations among mobile young adults

This paper explores the implications of inherited multiple citizenships for young Canadian adults as they experienced key life course transitions. These young adults acquired Canadian citizenship through birth but they also inherited EU and/or American citizenships through their parents. While there is a growing literature exploring state policies towards dual citizenship, this article focuses on the meanings, relationships and opportunities that two sets of siblings associated with their multiple citizenships. Navigating this kind of volatile terrain is, I argue, as likely to involve happenstance and improvisation as a careful interpretation of, or identification with the formal properties of citizenship.