cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Issues in the Use of Existing Data: As Controls in Pre-Market Comparative Clinical Studies

Randomized, well-controlled clinical trials have been viewed as the gold standard in the evaluation of medical products, and observational comparative clinical studies also play an important role in the evaluation in both premarket and postmarket settings. Such observational comparative studies could be concurrent or nonconcurrent depending on the timing when patients get treated. A nonconcurrent control group could be formed from patients with existing data, when indeed appropriate. For example, a control group could come from patients with historical data collected from earlier investigational device exemption (IDE) studies of previously approved medical products or selected from a well-designed and executed registry database. However, the construction of a control group from existing data presents extra challenges compared to the formation of a concurrent control group. In this chapter, some of the design challenges, such as validity of study design, historical control group selection and treatment group comparability, and identification of a control group from an applicable registry database, are discussed and illustrated with examples from regulatory perspectives.
HREELS and LEED of {H}/{C(100) }: the 2 × 1 monohydride dimer row reconstruction

High resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and low energy electron diffraction (LEED) have been used to investigate the hydrogen (deuterium) atom exposed diamond (100) surface. HREEL spectra indicate only monohydride species after ex situ exposure of the surface at 800°C to a hydrogen plasma. Likewise, no dihydride is observed after in situ exposure of the surface to hydrogen atoms produced by a hot tungsten filament. In addition, a sharp two-domain 2 × 1 reconstruction is observed by LEED for the hydrogen (deuterium) saturated surface. These data indicate that hydrogenated C(100) assumes the monohydride dimer row reconstruction. A two-domain 2 × 1 LEED pattern is also observed from C(100) following heating to approximately 1050°C and HREEL spectra show no features due to adsorbed hydrogen (deuterium). These data are consistent with the π-bonded dimer row reconstruction for bare C(100). HREEL spectra of the bare surface show peaks at 710, 1060, and 1280 cm−1.
Effect of CCL1 antisense ODN on spontaneous bacterial translocation and subsequent sepsis in mice irradiated with whole body 137Cs γ-rays (WBI-mice) (INC7P.412)

Radiation victims who suffer from gastrointestinal injuries are extremely susceptible to gut-associated sepsis. In our previous studies, M1Mϕ located in the lamina propria and mesenteric lymph nodes were shown to be major effector cells against bacterial translocation. However, M1Mϕ were not generated in these organs of WBI-mice who are carriers of M2bMϕ (inhibitor cells for Mϕ conversion from resident Mϕ to M1Mϕ). CCL1 produced by M2bMϕ is essential for the maintenance of M2bMϕ properties. In this study, we examined the effect of CCL1 antisense ODN on gut-associated sepsis stemming from endogenous intestinal microflora in 9 Gy WBI-mice. CCL1 antisense ODN was administered s.c. to WBI-mice twice a day for 1 week starting 3 days post-exposure to γ-rays. This group of mice was designated as treated mice. The mortality rates and bacterial growth in the organs and blood of treated mice were compared to those of control mice (WBI-mice treated with scrambled ODN). In the results, control mice died within 14 days of γ-irradiation, while 30% of treated mice survived more than 30 days after the irradiation. Bacteria progressively grew in the mesenteric lymph nodes, liver and blood of control mice, while the pathogens were not isolated significantly from these organs of treated mice. These results indicate that sepsis stemming from spontaneous bacterial translocation is noticeably mitigated in WBI-mice treated with CCL1 antisense ODN.
A Bayesian Chi-Squared Test for Goodness of Fit

This article describes an extension of classical x 2 goodness-of-fit tests to Bayesian model assessment. The extension, which essentially involvesevaluating Pearson's goodness-of-fit statistic at a parameter value drawn from its posterior distribution, has the important property that it is asymptoti-cally distributed as a x2 random variable on K-1 degrees of freedom, indepen-dently of the dimension of the underlying parameter vector. By averaging over the posterior distribution of this statistic, a global goodness-of-fit diagnostic is obtained. Advantages of this diagnostic{which may be interpreted as the area under an ROC curve{include ease of interpretation, computational conve-nience, and favorable power properties. The proposed diagnostic can be used to assess the adequacy of a broad class of Bayesian models, essentially requir- ing only a finite-dimensional parameter vector and conditionally independent observations.
Transition from SU(2)L × SU(2)R × U(1)B‐L representation to SU(2)L × U(1)Y by q‐deformation and the corresponding classical breaking term of chiral U(2)

The minimal Standard Model exhibits a nontrivial chiral U(2) symmetry if the VEV and the hypercharge splitting Δ = (y-y)/2 of right-handed leptons (quarks) in a family vanish and Q = T0 + Y independently in each helicity sector. As a generalization, we start with SU(2)L × SU(2)R × U(1)(B-L) and introduce Δ as a continuous parameter which is a measure of explicit symmetry breakdown. Values 0 ⩽ Δ ⩽ 1/2 take the neutral generator of the isospin ½ representation to the singlet representation, i.e. ‘deformes’ the LR representation into the minimal Standard one. The corresponding classical O(3)-breaking term is a magnetic field perpendicular to the x3-axis. A simple mapping on the fundamental Drinfeld-Jimbo q-deformed SU(2) representation is given.
Imaging as a surrogate for the early prediction and assessment of treatment response through the analysis of 4-D texture ensembles (ISEPARATE)

In order to facilitate the use of imaging as a surrogate endpoint for the early prediction and assessment of treatment response, we present a quantitative image analysis system to process the anatomical and functional images acquired over the course of treatment. The key features of our system are deformable registration, texture analysis via texton histograms, feature selection using the minimal-redundancy-maximal-relevance method, and classification using support vector machines. The objective of the proposed image analysis and machine learning methods in our system is to permit the identification of multi-parametric imaging phenotypic properties that have superior diagnostic and prognostic value as compared to currently used morphometric measurements. We evaluate our system for predicting treatment response of breast cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy using a series of MRI acquisitions.
Isolation of STD1, a high-copy-number suppressor of a dominant negative mutation in the yeast TATA-binding protein.

Abstract The TATA-binding protein (TBP) is an essential component of the transcriptional machinery of all three nuclear RNA polymerase enzymes. Comparison of the amino acid sequence of TBPs from a number of species reveals a highly conserved 180-residue C-terminal domain. In contrast, the N terminus is variable in both size and amino acid sequence. Overexpression of a TBP protein with a deletion of the nonconserved N terminus (TBP delta 57) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae results in a dominant negative phenotype of extremely slow growth. Associated with the slow-growth phenotype are defects in RNA polymerase II transcription in vivo. We have screened a high-copy-number yeast genomic library for suppression of the slow-growth phenotype and have isolated plasmids which encode suppressors of TBP delta 57 overexpression. Here we report the sequence and initial characterization of one suppressor, designated STD1 for suppressor of TBP deletion. The STD1 gene contains a single continuous open reading frame with the potential to encode a 50.2-kDa protein. Disruption of the STD1 gene indicates that it is not essential for vegetative growth, mating, or sporulation. High-copy-number suppression by the STD1 gene is not the result of a decrease in TBP delta 57 protein accumulation or DNA-binding activity; instead, STD1 suppression is coincident with the elimination of TBP delta 57-induced RNA polymerase II defects in both uninduced and induced transcription in vivo.
Chirality Inversion in a Molecular Exciton

The bichromophoric pigment bilirubin acts as a molecular exciton in its UV−visible and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The optically active analogue, (βR,β‘R)-dimethylmesobilirubin-XIIIα exhi...
Coexisting adult polyglucosan body disease with frontotemporal lobar degeneration with transactivation response DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43)-positive neuronal inclusions

Frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin-positive inclusions (FTLD-U) is one of the most common pathological findings associated with the clinical FTLD syndromes. However, molecular characterization with genetic sequencing and protein expression techniques are recognizing many new subtypes for FTLDs. FTLDs are diverse and new nomenclature schemes have been proposed based on the molecular defects that are being discovered ( Mackenzie et al., 2010 , Acta Neuropathologica, 119, 1). Adult polyglucosan body disease (APBD) is a very rare disorder associated with systemic neurological signs and symptoms including progressive dementia with executive dysfunction and motor neuron disease. We report the clinical course of an individual with a clinical FTLD and the as yet unreported findings of coexistent APBD with FTLD-U and transactivation response DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43)-positive inclusions at autopsy (or more accurately, FTLD-TDP). It is unclear if these distinct findings are coincidental in this individual, or if pathogenic pathways may intersect to promote these coexisting pathologies.
Another look at rare earth elements in shales

Linear correlation and mass balance considerations indicate that clays are more important than zircon (or other heavy minerals) in hosting both light and heavy REE in cratonic shales. Considering the uniformity of the Eu anomaly and REE distributions in cratonic shales, it seems likely that detritus is thoroughly mixed during weathering and sediment transport and that the REE patterns in shales reflect the average REE pattern of the sources, regardless of the ratio of clays to heavy minerals in the shales. Shales, suspended river loads, and near-shore marine sediments all have broadly similar REE patterns, and reported HREE depletions in the latter two groups may reflect incomplete dissolution of heavy minerals during sample preparation. REE distributions in shales and suspended river loads determined by INNA are similar to those in average upper continent crust, and REE distributions in shale averages NASC and PAAS seem to be reasonably representative of the average composition of post-Archean upper continental crust.
The role of hepatitis B virus integrations in the pathogenesis of human hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer death world wide, accounting for approximately 600,000 deaths per year [1–4]. In North America, Western Europe and Australia the annual incidence of HCC is less than 4/100,000 per year, compared to incidence rates of up to 50/100,000 per year in parts of sub-Saharan Africa and South East Asia [1]. There is a male gender predominance in HCC incidence; the worldwide age standardized incidence rate for men is 15.8/100,000 per year while for women it is 5.8/100,000 per year [1,4]. The geographical and gender differences in the incidence rate of HCC may be due to genetic and physiologic differences as well as to the variable prevalence of risk factors such as cirrhosis due to chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection or co-infection, alcoholic cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, and exposure to dietary aflatoxin [5–11]. Chronic HBV infection is one of the most important risk factors for HCC development [12,13]. There is a high rate of HBV infection worldwide, with an incidence over 50 million new cases a year and a prevalence of over 350 million HBV surface antigen positive chronic carriers. There is significant geographic variability in the rates of chronic HBV infection. In many high-prevalence countries in Africa and Asia most infected individuals acquire the infection perinatally or during early childhood. Many of these persons develop immune tolerance to the virus and have lifelong chronic infection. About 90% of infants infected during the first year of life and 30–50% of children infected between 1 and 4 years of age develop chronic infection. The lifetime risk of death from HBV-related liver cancer or cirrhosis is approximately
SU-E-J-130: ViewRay Real-Time Imaging of a Motion Phantom and In-Vivo Canine Patients

Purpose: To test the sub-second imaging achieved with ViewRay for accuracy and ability to track real-time target motion during treatment delivery. Methods: A motion phantom incorporating MR compatibility was designed using the QUASAR Respiratory Motion Phantom. A silicon di-electric gel poured into a cylindrical shape was used as the target, connected to the motor via a rod. The target was driven with a sinusoidal trajectory of 20 mm amplitude. The cycle length was varied from 3 to 9 seconds per cycle. Images were acquired in the sagittal plane every 0.25 seconds and processed in MATLAB. Morphological-based automatic contouring identified the target through intensity thresholds and smoothing via erosion and dilation on each frame. The trajectory, y(n), was plotted using the centroid of each contour as an estimate of position and was fitted to a sinusoidal curve with four fitting parameters. The resultant amplitude, angular frequency, and cross-sectional area were compared with the expected quantity. Motion tracking was also tested in canine patients. Both automatic and manual contouring on each frame was used to obtain a trajectory. Results: The average measured amplitude over each trajectory was 20.3±0.1mm, within 2% of the known amplitude. The expected angular frequency, calculated from 2 π /T, agreed with the measured value within 2% for each trajectory. The average recorded cross-sectional area was 3.9±0.2 cm². which matches with the expected 3.9 cm². Finally, the cine images from the canine study had sufficient image quality to quantify motion and track target trajectories. Conclusion: Over the range of cycle lengths representing a wide range of breathing rates in patients, very good agreement was observed between the expected and measured target trajectory. Clinically relevant quantitative motion data can be extracted from the cine images.
Women and the Experience of Serious Mental Illness and Sexual Objectification: Multicultural Feminist Theoretical Frameworks and Therapy Recommendations

As Objectification Theory (Frederickson & Roberts, 1997) has advanced, the implications of the experience of sexual objectification of women have increasingly been identified. Objectification Theory provides a feminist theoretical framework for understanding the unique experiences of women who live in a culture that objectifies and sexualizes their bodies. This theory has now been linked to mental health problems such as depression, eating disorders, body shame, substance abuse, and sexual dysfunction (for a review, see Moradi & Huang, 2008). However, the intersections of sexual objectification and serious mental illness among women have not been sufficiently researched. This article will explore the intersections of the experience of sexual objectification and serious mental illness among women from a Multicultural Feminist Therapy framework, offering implications and recommendations for the therapeutic context.
Studies of far infrared generated nonequilibrium phonons

Abstract Monochromatic, high occupation number phonon populations are generated using defect-induced one-phonon absorption of far infrared radiation. Phonons are detected in a time-resolved frequency selective manner using an absorption vibronic sideband phonon spectrometer. We use these techniques to investigate the spectral and temporal dynamics associated with phonon decay. We concentrate on investigating phonon relaxation mechanisms which can occur in addition to spontaneous anharmonic three-phonon processes.
Tritium in the deep North Atlantic Ocean

A distinct core of tritium (from nuclear weapons testing in the atmosphere) marks the southward flowing jet of the deep western boundary current of the North Atlantic circulation at 30 °N latitude. The concentrations, of the order of 0.5–1.0 TU (1 tritium unit = 1 3H atom per 10 8H atoms), indicate a roughly 10-fold dilution of source waters in the far north. This thin jet, 50 km in width, carries water into subtropical regions which, until recently, were free of anthropogenic tritium. It underlies the more extensive distributions of tritium found in more rapidly renewed waters above the permanent thermocline.
Are Specific Allergen Sensitivities Inherited

A family history of an allergic condition is a well-accepted risk factor for the development of an allergic condition in an individual, particularly for allergic disorders such as asthma, eczema, and allergic rhinitis. However, the question of whether specific allergen sensitization is inherited requires a complicated answer, as environmental exposure plays an important role in the development of allergen-specific IgE. This article summarizes the findings of recent studies in the literature regarding what is known about the inheritance of specific allergens. Overall, properly collected and analyzed data appear to both support and refute the hypothesis that specific allergen sensitization is inherited, even when attempting to account for the complexities of varying study methodologies and the evaluation of diverse populations and communities.
Changes in mRNA levels for group I metabotropic glutamate receptors following in utero hypoxia-ischemia.

The expression of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1 and mGluR5) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 (IP3R1) mRNA was studied by in situ hybridization in the developing rat hippocampus after in utero hypoxia–ischemia. In utero hypoxia–ischemia was induced by clamping the uterine blood vessels of near-term fetuses for 10 min. Fetuses were delivered surgically, resuscitated and raised by foster mothers until postnatal day 7 and 14. Results indicated a temporal delay in the expression of mGluR1 mRNA in the dentate gyrus of the ischemic animals. The mGluR1 mRNA level was significantly lower in the ischemic animals at postnatal day 7, but reached a similar level as that of controls at postnatal day 14. In utero hypoxia–ischemia did not change the temporal–spatial expression pattern of either mGluR5 or IP3R1 mRNA in the hippocampus. Between postnatal day 7 and 14, mGluR5 mRNA showed a high and relatively constant expression, whereas IP3R1 mRNA levels were increased in all regions examined. The differences in the expressions of group I mGluRs indicate that these receptors may have different functions during hippocampal development and may play different roles in excitotoxicity.
The Value of Decision Analysis in Mediation Practice

To be constructive and effective within the mediation process, a mediator's case evaluation must be carefully derived and reasoned, persuasively articulated, and tactfully delivered. A decision analytic approach allows the mediator to structure and present an intellectually rigorous evaluation while minimizing the risk of perceived loss of neutrality. This approach can enhance the mediator's ability to unlock or redirect participants' emotional and professional investment in litigation and to remove personal and organizational incentives for entrenchment in adversarial and costly disputes. In a particularly complex case, using computer software for decision analysis offers added value by facilitating discussion of the evaluative analysis among additional decision makers who were not at the table. It provides a neutral language and method with which the mediator can probe and challenge the parties' stated positions and tolerance for risk. By helping people focus more clearly and dispassionately on the choices they face, a decision analytic approach and its presentation on computer software should enable them to achieve intelligent settlements.
Relative salience of saccharin and quinine in long-delay taste aversion learning.

In Expt I, 82 rats were subjected to toxicosis (cyclophosphamide injection), or saline injection, immediately or six hr after exposure to either 1 g/liter sodium saccharin, 10 −4 M quinine hydrochloride or water. As measured by resistance to extinction, both saccharin and quinine were discriminatively salient following immediate toxicosis, but only the quinine cue was salient following a six hr delay. In Expt II, 56 rats were used to repeat the previous delay experiment using a higher concentration of saccharin (1.5 g/liter) and a lower concentration of quinine (5 × 10 −5 ), and both cues were discriminatively salient. These results provide context for previous studies showing a loss of salience for 1 g/liter saccharin and for 5 × 10 −5 M quinine following immediate toxicosis in rats lacking gustatory neocortex. It is suggested that the salience dimension disrupted by both procedures, gustatory neocortex ablation and long CS-US delay, is either stimulus intensity or novelty.
Limits of stability for an area-preserving polynomial mapping

The Henon-Heiles mappingx′=x+a(y−y 3), y′=y−a(x′−x′3) has been studied, with the aim of finding where the unstable regions of the (x, y) plane are. When this mapping is put into the normal form, it is found to be a typical twist mapping. The criteria of Moser (1971) are used to obtain an upper limit to the size of a stable region around the origin, and this limit decreases to zero as the value of the parameter ‘a’ increases toward 2.0. However, direct calculation fora=1.99 shows that there is a fairly large region insidex=0.412,y=0, from which escape from near the outer boundary requires at least 160 mappings. The region of high stability thus appears to be much larger than any region of absolute stability predicted by the KAM theorem. A general survey has been made of instability regions for the parameter valuea=1.0, this survey having been carried out to the extent which is allowed by a computer with 18-decimal-place accuracy. First, for all thex-axis fixed points (of the above mapping) deemed to be representative and significant, both the locations and variational matrix traces have been calculated. (The latter show whether the fixed point is elliptic or hyperbolic.) Ifn is the number of mappings andk is the number of circuits around the origin, then the listing (Table IV) is for fractionsk/n between 1/6 and 1/22, inclusive. (This covers the range 0≦x 0.93,y=0. In this case, the unstable regions may be tongues encircling the origin. However, as the distance from the origin is decreased, the tongues can be replaced by exceedingly fine threads rapidly becoming less than say 10−16 in thickness. Such a thread issues fromx=0.905468199,y=0 and requires of the order of 40 000 mappings to escape. It does so by spiralling about the origin and penetrating through several series of loops associated with various fixed points at successively greater (absolute) values ofx(y=0). The region between this thread and the origin is therefore highly stable. Practical stability of a region may be regarded as attained when the region is interior to a series of loops for which the trace of the variational matrix is close to 2.0. This occurs forn=53,k=4, with fixed point atx=0.819786,y=0 and Trace=2.0000 0004. If an invariant curve does in fact exist, then one must be able to show that the outward spiralling from a given series of loops is brought to a halt at some stage. This does not occur in the region where direct computation is possible, as we show in this article, and it remains to be seen under what conditions it can take place.
Uridine reduces rotation induced by l-Dopa and methamphetamine in 6-OHDA-treated rats

The pyrimidine nucleoside uridine may reduce side effects associated with antipsychotic medication by interacting with dopamine or GABA neurotransmission. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used to investigate coadministration of uridine with agents that alter food intake (amphetamine, haloperidol, and chlordiazepoxide) and locomotor activity (methamphetamine and L-dopa). Results indicated that chronic uridine [32.0 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (IP)] alone did not alter milk intake or reduction of milk intake induced by amphetamine (dose range 0.5-2.0 mg/kg, IP) or haloperidol (0.125-1.0 mg/kg, IP), nor did it alter the biphasic response induced by chlordiazepoxide (5.0-40.0 mg/kg, IP). However, uridine-treated animals with unilateral striatal lesions exhibited no rotational behavior in the absence of drug challenge, but showed decreased rotation induced by the dopamine agonist, L-dopa (50.0-200.0 mg/kg, IP) compared with controls. In addition, uridine-treated rats exhibited reduced rotation after repeated injections of methamphetamine (4.0 mg/kg, IP) in contrast to increasingly greater rotation observed in control animals. These results are further evidence that chronic uridine may alter drug-induced dopaminergic activity without exerting effects itself.
A new pelvic fragment from swartkrans and the relationship between the robust and gracile australopithecines

A recently discovered hominid pelvic fragment from Swartkrans (SK 3155) is described in detail with particular reference to the relationship of the two presently recognized forms of australopithecines in South Africa. Results of this examination and metrical analysis indicate that the acetabulum and iliac blade of the early hominids are similar to Homo sapiens except for a unique pattern of traits: a relatively small sacral articular surface, a relatively small acetabulum, a relatively large iliac fossa, and wide lateral splaying of the iliac blades. The new Swartkrans fossil expresses these traits more strongly than does the gracile australopithecine (Sts 14) and is therefore somewhat less similar to Homo sapiens but it is very unlike any pongid.
A VLSI neuroprocessor for image restoration using analog computing-based systolic architecture

An analog computing-based systolic architecture which employs multiple neuroprocessors for high-speed early vision processing is presented. For a two-dimensional image, parallel processing is performed in the row direction and pipelined processing is performed in the column direction. The mixed analog/digital design approach is suitable for implementation of electronic neural systems. Local data computation is executed by analog circuitry to achieve full parallelism and to minimize power dissipation. Inter-processor communication is carried out in the digital format to maintain strong signal strength across the chip boundary and to achieve direct scalability in neural network size. For demonstration purposes, a compact and efficient VLSI neural chip that includes multiple neuroprocessors for high-speed digital image restoration is designed. Measured results of the programmable synapse, and statistical distribution of measured synapse conductances are presented. Based on these results, system-level analyses at 8-bit resolution are conducted. A 8.0×6.0-mm2 chip from a 1.2-µm CMOS technology can accommodate 5 neuroprocessors and the speed-up factor over the Sun-4/75 SPARC workstation is around 450. This chip achieves 18 Giga connections per second.
The human firm in the natural environment: a socio-economic analysis of its behavior

Abstract New realities are leading an increasing number of businesses to discard their old managerial perspectives and practices with regard to the natural environment. As desirable as the new approaches are, the environmental behavior (pollution, pollution prevention, etc.) of these firms cannot be explained by the neoclassical model. Thus, this paper develops a socio-economic model of the firm's environmental behavior that incorporates managerial, social, environmental, and ethical realities not found in the neoclassical model. In contrast to short-term oriented, opportunistic approaches, managements are increasingly setting high environmental goals, integrating environmental management with other aspects of management, developing environmentally oriented strategies that harmonize economic and environmental interests, and utilizing system-wide approaches along with socially responsible decision making. This cannot be explained by the neoclassical model in which the firm's environmental behavior is an outcome of economic incentives from (1) product and resource markets, and (2) regulators. The socio-economic model adds four important new elements: (1) the firm's internal organizational capability; (2) environmental opportunities; (3) society's environmental concerns, awareness, and demands; and (4) influences from extra-firm institutions. Therefore, the firm's environmental behavior is an outcome not only of economic incentives but of (1) the firm's capacity to take advantage of opportunities, and (2) the external social influences on it.
Model for focused ion beam deposition

A model of focused ion beam deposition of materials is described. Decomposition of organometallic molecules by ion beams 50-300 nm in diameter allow localized deposition of a variety of metals. The large current density (approximately I A/cm2) and the inherent sputtering of a focused ion beam can result in no net deposition for a variety of process conditions. The major process parameters of current density, beam dwell time, and readsorption time are introduced. Experimental examples of gold depositions from dimethylgold hexafluoro acetylacetonate or DMG(hfac) are presented to illustrate the effect of the process parameters on size and shape of the depositions.
Reengineering a program visualization tool

As part of an ongoing project at Auburn University we have developed GRASP/Ada, a program visualization tool that supports both reverse engineering and forward engineering of Ada source code. This paper describes our current work in reengineering the GRASP/Ada system. Although the basic functionality of the tool will remain unchanged, our reengineering effort will completely reimplement GRASP/Ada and fundamentally change our approach to rendering graphical representations from source code.
The simplicity of complex MACs.

The development of mammalian artificial chromosomes (MACs) would be useful for biotechnology and biomediclne, including their use in functional genomics, transgenic animals and gene therapy. By analogy to large cloning systems in microorganisms, MACs may be engineered using endogenous chromosomal elements such as the yeast-based artificial chromosomes (YACs), or exogenous extra-chromosomal components derived from viruses and other cellular parasites such as the bacterial-based artificial chromosomes (BACs) and p1 artificial chromosomes (PACs).
Target Classification and Identification Using Sparse Model Representations of Frequency-Domain Electromagnetic Induction Sensor Data

Frequency-domain electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensors can measure object-specific signatures that can be used to discriminate landmines from harmless clutter. In a model-based signal processing paradigm, the object signatures can often be decomposed into a weighted sum of parameterized basis functions, such as the discrete spectrum of relaxation frequencies (DSRF), where the basis functions are intrinsic to the object under consideration and the associated weights are a function of the target-sensor orientation. The basis function parameters can then be used as features for classifying the target. One of the challenges associated with effectively utilizing a model-based signal processing paradigm such as this is determining the correct model order for the measured data, as the number of basis functions containing fundamental information regarding the target under consideration is not known a priori. In this paper, sparse Bayesian relevance vector machine (RVM) regression is applied to simultaneously determine both the number of parameterized basis functions and their relative contributions to the measured signal assuming a DSRF signal model. The target is then classified utilizing the basis function parameters as features within a statistical classifier. Results for data measured with a prototype frequency-domain EMI sensor at a standardized test site are presented, and indicate that RVM regression followed by distance-based statistical classifiers utilizing the resulting model-based features provides an effective approach for classifying and identifying landmine targets.
Celiac disease or non-celiac gluten sensitivity? An approach to clinical differential diagnosis.

Celiac Disease or Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity? An Approach to Clinical Differential Diagnosis
Control of Mineral Metabolism in CAPD Patients

The purpose of this article is to review the basic pathophysiological events leading to renal osteodystrophy and how continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis may alter these processes. This form of t
A generalized formulation of the Gorlin formula for calculating the area of the stenotic mitral valve and other stenotic cardiac valves

Abstract To reconcile a potential conflict between calculations of valve area in the earth's gravity and in environments with differing or no gravitational forces, the generalized equation is presented and the use of “g” in the original equation is explained.
Spatiotemporal indexing techniques for efficiently mining spatiotemporal co-occurrence patterns

In this paper, we investigate using specifically-designated spatiotemporal indexing techniques for mining cooccurrence patterns from spatiotemporal datasets with evolving polygon-based representations. Previously, suggested techniques for spatiotemporal pattern mining algorithms did not take spatiotemporal indexing techniques into account. We present a new framework for mining spatiotemporal co-occurrence patterns that can use various indexing techniques for efficiently accessing data. Two well-studied spatiotemporal indexing structures, Scalable and Efficient Trajectory Index (SETI) and Chebyshev Polynomial Indexing are currently implemented and available in our framework.
A Network Coding Approach to IP Traceback

Traceback schemes aim at identifying the source(s) of a sequence of packets and the nodes these packets traversed. This is useful for tracing the sources of high volume traffic, e.g., in Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks. In this paper, we are particularly interested in Probabilistic Packet Marking (PPM) schemes, where intermediate nodes probabilistically mark packets with information about their identity and the receiver uses information from several packets to reconstruct the paths they have traversed. Our work is inspired by two observations. First, PPM is essentially a coupon collector's problem. Second, the coupon collector's problem significantly benefits from network coding ideas. Based on these observations, we propose a network coding-based approach (PPM+NC) that marks packets with random linear combinations of router IDs, instead of individual router IDs. We demonstrate its benefits through analysis. We then propose a practical PPM+NC scheme based on the main PPM+NC idea, but also taking into account the limited bit budget in the IP header available for marking and other practical constraints. Simulation results show that our scheme significantly reduces the number of packets needed to reconstruct the attack graph, in both single- and multi-path scenarios, thus increasing the speed of tracing the attack back to its source(s).
History Written in Stone: Evolutionary Analysis of Stone Tools in Archeology

Populations of living things evolve over time, but do other things? Evolution involves transmission, be it of genes, ideas, or designs. What is transmitted, how and by whom, influences tempo and mode of evolution. In recent years, archeologists have applied evolutionary logic and processes to their study of things made and used by ancient people. Despite differences in subject units and in modes and patterns of transmission, evolutionary processes and the transmission modes that accompany them are worth seeking in archeological data. Stone spear points are abundant in the archeological record, yet we lack a theory to explain the creation, duration, and divergence of point types. Evolutionary studies of New World Late Pleistocene Paleoindian points are a step toward such theory, but limit the form of data and the evolutionary processes considered. An alternative in the study of Paleoindian points is geometric morphometric methods that do not constrain how point size and form are characterized nor assume branching divergence between taxa. Evolutionism should not dominate archeology, but it should become a major area of research within the field.
Alternative Service Learning Approaches: Two Techniques That Accommodate Faculty Schedules

A primary barrier to the usage of the well-documented pedagogical technique of service learning is time. Successful experiences require faculty to devote significant time to facilitating the community partnership. Another challenge is student readiness for experiences, both in terms of knowledge and motivation. In this article, 2 adaptations are discussed that expand the opportunities for service learning while preserving faculty time. The first strategy identifies internal community members, such as campus offices and organizations, as potential partners. A second strategy is to collaborate on an end product. This strategy preserves the benefits of indirect service learning. This article discusses the pragmatics, trade-offs, and lessons learned from using each of these strategies in class projects.
Observation of the Spin Hall Effect of Light via Weak Measurements

We have detected a spin-dependent displacement perpendicular to the refractive index gradient for photons passing through an air-glass interface. The effect is the photonic version of the spin Hall effect in electronic systems, indicating the universality of the effect for particles of different nature. Treating the effect as a weak measurement of the spin projection of the photons, we used a preselection and postselection technique on the spin state to enhance the original displacement by nearly four orders of magnitude, attaining sensitivity to displacements of ∼1 angstrom. The spin Hall effect can be used for manipulating photonic angular momentum states, and the measurement technique holds promise for precision metrology.
A 0.55V 16Mb/s 1.6mW non-coherent IR-UWB digital baseband with ±1ns synchronization accuracy

IR-UWB radios are finding increasing use in low data rate sensing applications, in part because they can be easily duty-cycled to achieve extreme energy efficiency. Within pulsed radios, non-coherent (NC) RF front ends that use simple square-and-integrate samplers offer significant energy-per-bit savings over their coherent counterparts [1]. However, such samplers lose phase information and accumulate squared noise over the integration period. While this increases the SNR required to relay a bit reliably, the greater challenge is achieving signal synchronization. Telemetry applications often have small payloads (10 to 100 bits) where synchronization time dominates. Furthermore, synchronization performance is being continually pushed to enable positioning capability. Hence, the ultimate advantage of NC receivers relies on their ability to synchronize efficiently.
What Is the Question? A Comment on “Investigating Treatment Mediators When Simple Random Assignment to a Control Group Is Not Possible”

Debate about psychotherapy research methods in the last decade has helped to highlight important issues related to the clinical utility of randomized controlled trials. Out of this debate, significant recent advances have been made in using randomized designs to examine treatment efficacy in settings more akin to those in the “real world” where most patients access mental health care. Doss and Atkins (2006) accurately note several potential limitations of treatment-treatment designs for testing mediation, especially when the same mediator may be operating in both active treatments, and they propose several ways that correlational methods can be useful in pursuing mediational hypotheses. These proposed methods are discussed and, using several specific psychotherapy research examples, the continuing relevance of randomized designs in answering specific questions about causality is underscored.
Distinction in America? Recovering Bourdieu's theory of tastes from its critics

Abstract This essay critically examines the North American sociological literature that has developed in response to Pierre Bourdieu's Distinction, his tour-de-force study of consumer taste and social reproduction. I argue that theoretical and empirical challenges often misread Bourdieu, recasting the theory as a variant of Lloyd Warner's social class theory. I use this evaluation to reformulate the theory to reflect socio-historical circumstances particular to the contemporary United States. In an interpretive study of cultural capital and patterns of taste motivated by this reformulation, briefly summarized here, I find six dimensions of taste that vary across cultural capital resources. Finally, I consider the implications of this interpretation of Bourdieu's theory for survey research concerned with patterns of taste and social reproduction.
Health Status of Migrant Farmworkers in the Shenandoah Valley

The purpose of this study is to describe the characteristics and health status of a sample of migrant farmworkers in the Shenandoah Valley. The methodology for this study is a retrospective record review and analysis of data on 390 male migrant farmworkers. The group included men from Mexico (57. 2%), Jamaica (26. 9%), and Haiti (13. 0%) with a mean age of 38.5 years. The most common health problems reported were work-related and included musculoskeletal pain, irritated eyes, and respiratory symptoms. This study identifies areas for community and public health nurses to target interventions to address health promotion/disease prevention efforts.
Studies on isolated rat adrenal cells metabolism of hydroxylated sterols.

Abstract Corticosterone production by isolated rat adrenal cells in the absence of ACTH is stimulated by 20a-hydroxycholesterol, 22R-hydroxycholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol. This effect is also seen at sub-maximal ACTH concentrations. Aminoglutethimide (AGI) inhibits the stimulation caused by the three hydroxylated cholesterols. In the presence of ACTH, AGI also inhibits steroid production both under control conditions and in the presence of the sterols. The stimulation by 25-hydroxycholesterol is dose-dependent, both in the presence and absence of a sub-maximal ACTH concentration. At maximal ACTH concentrations 25-hydroxycholesterol does not give additional stimulation. Cycloheximide has no effect on corticosterone production from 25-hydroxycholesterol whether ACTH is present or not. Our results indicate that 25-hydroxycholesterol is a good substrate for the study of the cholesterol side-chain cleaving system and the mechanism of action of ACTH at the level of the intact cell.
Bryozoan larvae as mosaics of multifunctional ciliary fields: Ultrastructure of the sensory organs of Bugula solonifera (Cheilostomata: Cellularioidea).

The ultrastructure of ciliated sensory and effector organs has been examined by light microscopy and by scanning and transmission electron microscopy in larvae of the cellularioid cheilostome, Bugula stolonifera. The larval surface is formed by a mosaic of ciliary fields, each distinctive in organization and function. The most extensive ciliary field consists of the motile cilia of the corona, which collectively constitute the primary larval locomotory organ and form most of the larval surface. The corona is innervated basally by a nerve ring that circumscribes the larval equator. A circular field of immotile shorter cilia at the aboral pole arise from bands of radial cells in the apical disc. The radial ciliated cells form chemical synapses with underlying nerves of the paired aboral nerve cords, which extend to an equatorial nerve plexus on the median anterior side of the larva, beneath the pyriform organ. The pyriform organ is a complex of ciliated and glandular regions aligned along the anterior midline of the larva. It consists of, in aboral to oral sequence: the superior glandular field, the vibratile plume, the inferior glandular field, and the ciliated cleft. The vibratile plume is distinctive from the surrounding ciliation by its length and pattern of beating. It consists of four bundles of cilia approximately 64 μm long that beat rhythmically in synchrony into the ciliated cleft. Each bundle of cilia arises from a single cell which is further distinguished by apical pits of stout microvilli. The glandular fields and the vibratile plume are bordered by a variety of previously undescribed ciliated cells, longitudinal myoepithelial cells, and a pair of antero-medial eyespots. Another type of ciliated sensory cell is located between cornal cells. These intercoronal cells form synapses directly with the adjacent coronal cells. On the basis of these ultrastructural observations, the radial ciliated cells of the apical disc and the intercoronal cells are classified as primary sensory cells with different motor pathways. The radial ciliated cells are associated with the various effector organs of the larva via the nervous system. The intercoronal cells may combine sensory and motor functions by synapsing directly with the larval locomotory organ.
General analysis of microwave network scattering parameters for characterization of thin film materials

Abstract A general solution of the linear passive microwave network is presented for the characterization of thin film materials at high microwave frequencies. The mathematical formulas that correlate scattering parameters S11 and S21 with the distributed circuit parameters of the Z0;Zs;Z0 network are given in closed form. The applicability of the general network model to the characterization of thin film materials is illustrated experimentally for one-port reflectometry in the coaxial configuration and for the two-port transmission reflection method in a coplanar waveguide configuration.
Temporofunctional crosstalk noise analysis

Noise affects circuit operation by increasing gate delays and causing latches to capture incorrect values. This paper proposes a method of characterizing correlation of signal transitions in multiple nets by considering both timing and functionality of the signals, and uses it in an analysis procedure to eliminate noise faults that cannot actually happen when such correlations are considered. It uses four-variable Boolean logic to characterize signal transitions in a time interval, and formulates Boolean satisfiability between aggressors and a victim under the min-max delay model for gates. The technique has been successfully applied to commercial ASIC designs and has eliminated up to 35% of delay noise faults reported by a state-of-the-art noise analysis tool.
Pt-M (M = Fe, Co, Ni and Cu) electrocatalysts synthesized by an aqueous route for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Abstract Nanostructured Pt–M (M=Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu) alloy catalysts synthesized by a low temperature (70 °C) reduction procedure with sodium formate in aqueous medium have been investigated for oxygen reduction in sulfuric acid and as cathodes in single proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). The Pt–M alloy catalysts show improved catalytic activity towards oxygen reduction compared to pure platinum. Among the various alloy catalysts investigated, the Pt–Co catalyst shows the best performance with the maximum catalytic activity and minimum polarization occurring at a Pt:Co atomic ratio of around 1:7. While mild heat treatments at moderate temperatures (200 °C) improve the catalytic activity due to a cleaning of the surface oxides, annealing at elevated temperatures (900 °C) degrade the activity due to an increase in particle size.