cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 4539: Anti-leukemic activity of mitochondria-targeted asymmetrical 2,2′-binaphthoquinones

Introduction: Binaphthoquinones are unique molecules consisting of two linked naphthoquinone units. By definition biquinones cause more effective oxidative stress than their monoquinone counterparts. Previously, we regiospecifically synthesized a series of asymmetrical binaphthoquinones, which possess HIV integrase inhibitory activity. Potent activity against HIV-uninfected CEM-T4 cells prompted us to investigate other cytotoxic mechanisms. A genome-wide yeast screen uncovered that mitochondria-related genes are required for sensitivity and resistance to these agents. Since mitochondria membrane permeabilization occurs early in the apoptotic program and is located downstream of most identified chemotherapy resistance mechanisms in hematological malignancies, we hypothesized that binaphthoquinones would be able to interfere with mitochondria function in leukemia cells and induce apoptosis by abrogating or bypassing other mechanisms of drug resistance. Materials and Methods: Seventeen of our biquinones were incubated with four leukemia cell lines (MV411, MOLM14, HL-60, U937) grown under standard conditions. A standard MTT cell proliferation assay was used to identify IC50 values. Two of the most potent compounds, biquinones #7 and #10 (BiQ7 & BiQ10), were assayed against MV411 cells and analyzed by flow cytometry for loss of mitochondria membrane potential (via rhodamine 123 staining), as well as a variety of apoptosis markers, such as phosphatidylserine, activated caspases, and sub-2n DNA increases by using Annexin V-PE (with 7AAD), a fluorescent caspase inhibitor reagent, and propidium iodide (PI), respectively. Results: The IC50 values for both compounds were less than 5 μM against all cell lines. A loss of mitochondria membrane potential was observed in 98-100% of the treated cells (control 5%). Loss of plasma membrane phosphatidylserine asymmetry was observed in 94-95% of the treated cells (control 18%). The cells showed increases in staining for activated caspases 3 & 7 (control 10%; BiQ7 98%; and BiQ10 96%). Finally, the cell cycle analyses showed increases in sub-2n DNA in the treated cells compared to the control (control 12%; BiQ7 34%; and BiQ10 54%). These assays were subsequently repeated to obtain triplicate results. Conclusion: Our study shows that this new class of compounds possesses promising in vitro anti-leukemic effects by targeting mitochondria membrane potential. In vivo experiments in a xenograft model and ex vivo experiments on primary human cells are in progress. The cytotoxicities of binaphthoquinones could vary widely as a result of the array of structural configurations available. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4539.
Seed Count and Berry Size in Relation to Pollinator Level and Harvest Date for the Highbush Blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum

Average size of highbush blueberries was found to be related directly to average seed number. Both variables were related directly to pollinator level and time of harvest. Differences in seed number accounted for only a pan of the total variability in berry size when individual berries were evaluated. During the early-season harvest and under conditions of high pollinator levels, seed number accounted for as low as 10% of the observed size variation. By contrast, late in the season or under conditions of low pollinator levels, this factor accounted for as much as 59% of the observed variation in berry size. Probably berry size increased considerably when berries had a high complement of seeds compared with those that had few but after a seed minimum was present further size increased was not proportional to increased seed number. On the average, about 50% of the observed variation in berry size must be explained by factors other than seed number.
Heat- and Mass-Transfer Kinetics of Carbon Dioxide Capture Using Sorbent-Loaded Hollow Fibers

Sorbent-loaded hollow fibers operating in a rapid temperature-swing adsorption cycle are a unique platform for the capture of CO2 from power plants. They are ideally suited for heat recovery strategies that will reduce the operating costs of capture facilities. Accurate estimates of the fiber-level heat- and mass-transfer kinetics are critical for the design and implementation of these systems. A detailed coupled heat- and mass-transfer model of the adsorption process in sorbent-loaded fibers is developed here. The effects of varying fiber geometry on the heat- and mass-transfer kinetics are presented. The rapid diffusion and adsorption in the fiber and the direct cooling of the fibers will enable efficient capture of CO2, as well as substantial recovery of the sensible heat capacity of the beds, thus reducing energy costs of the thermal-swing adsorption process.
CTNNB1 mutation associated with familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) phenotype

Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) is a rare genetic disorder of retinal vascular development that can result in retinal detachment and blindness.1 A pathologic hallmark of FEVR is periphe...
Coincident microvillar actin bundle disruption and perinuclear actin sequestration in anoxic proximal tubule.

The present studies investigated acute disruption of microvillar actin cytoskeleton and actin association with other cytoskeletal components in ATP-depleted rabbit proximal tubular cells. Video-enhanced differential-interference contrast microscopy and confocal microscopy were used to follow the fate of F-actin during the disruption of microvilli. Within individual cells, all microvilli collapsed simultaneously. Microvillar actin filaments underwent a parallel decrease in length. Using a sequential cytoskeletal extraction protocol and electron microscopy, we revealed in the present studies the coincident sequestration of a distinct, perinuclear pool of actin that was primarily absent in control cells. Actin sequestration progressed in a duration-dependent manner, occurring as early as 15 min of anoxia when cellular ATP dropped to 90%) of this sequestered actin to be F-actin. A microvillar actin bundling protein villin was also sequestered in the same perinuclear complex of anoxic proximal tubules. In conclusion, the present results demonstrate a coincident microvillar actin bundle disruption and the perinuclear sequestration of F-actin in ATP-depleted proximal tubular cells.
Catalysis of NiO–Al2O3 aerogels for the CO2-reforming of CHF4

Uniform and monolithic NiO–Al2O3 aerogels were prepared from cyclic nickel glycoxide, (CH2O)2Ni, and boehmite sol, AlOOH, and the catalyst performance of the aerogels for the CO2-reforming of methane was investigated. The NiO–Al2O3 aerogels showed higher activity than impregnation NiO/Al2O3 catalysts, while the aerogels exhibited much less activity for coking than the impregnation catalysts. Less deactivation was also observed on the aerogel catalysts than on the impregnation catalysts in the continuous-flow reaction. The Ni was uniformly incorporated throughout alumina where both the metal and the support exist in the aerogel form, i.e., Ni–O–Al bond was considered to be formed in the aerogels. As a result, fine Ni particles appeared after H2 reduction throughout the alumina support with high dispersion, which brought about not only higher activity but also much less activity for coking on the aerogels. Retardation of catalyst deactivation was ascribed to the suppression of both coking and sintering of Ni particles on the aerogels.
Deterministic sequential Monte Carlo for haplotype inference

A single individual haplotype reconstruction algorithm based on a deterministic sequential Monte Carlo method is proposed. The method sequentially estimates the true haplotype including phase information while using fewer variables and particles than what is typically required by the traditional SMC methods. Simulation results demonstrate higher accuracy of the proposed technique as compared to state-of-the art single individual haplotyping methods.
Effective X-ray beam size measurements of an X-ray tube and polycapillary X-ray lens system using a scanning X-ray fluorescence method

Abstract Size measurements of an X-ray beam produced by an integrated polycapillary X-ray lens (PXL) and X-ray tube system were performed by means of a scanning X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) method using three different metallic wires. The beam size was obtained by fitting the SXRF data with the analytical convolution between a Gaussian and a constant functions. For each chemical element in the wire an effective energy was calculated based on the incident X-ray spectrum and its photoelectric cross section. The proposed method can be used to measure the effective X-ray beam size in XRF microscopy studies.
Nanoscale x-ray imaging of circuit features without wafer etching

Modern integrated circuits (ICs) employ a myriad of materials organized at nanoscale dimensions, and certain critical tolerances must be met for them to function. To understand departures from intended functionality, it is essential to examine ICs as manufactured so as to adjust design rules, ideally in a non-destructive way so that imaged structures can be correlated with electrical performance. Electron microscopes can do this on thin regions, or on exposed surfaces, but the required processing alters or even destroys functionality. Microscopy with multi-keV x-rays provides an alternative approach with greater penetration, but the spatial resolution of x-ray imaging lenses has not allowed one to see the required detail in the latest generation of ICs. X-ray ptychography provides a way to obtain images of ICs without lens-imposed resolution limits, with past work delivering 20-40 nm resolution on thinned ICs. We describe a simple model for estimating the required exposure, and use it to estimate the future potential for this technique. Here we show for the first time that this approach can be used to image circuit detail through an unprocessed 300 μm thick silicon wafer, with sub-20 nm detail clearly resolved after mechanical polishing to 240 μm thickness was used to eliminate image contrast caused by Si wafer surface scratches. By using continuous x-ray scanning, massively parallel computation, and a new generation of synchrotron light sources, this should enable entire non-etched ICs to be imaged to 10 nm resolution or better while maintaining their ability to function in electrical tests.
“We're Trying to Take Action”: Transformative Agency, Role Re-mediation, and the Complexities of Youth Participatory Action Research

ABSTRACTThis article seeks to illuminate the complexity of youth participatory action research (YPAR) through the use of two concepts: (1) transformative agency, a collective initiative to address conflicts and contradictions in activity systems, and (2) role re-mediation, the disruption of power relations. We demonstrate that these concepts, in comparison to the concept of civic participation, allow for an expanded consideration of the cross-contextual processes that are involved in collective mobilization to enact justice. To explore this area, we examine an afterschool YPAR program involving the adult authors and youth of color with intersectional identities—including emergent bilinguals and youth perceived as struggling academically. We illustrate three avenues of transformative agency and role re-mediation within the YPAR program: (1) engagement with critical fiction and non-fiction texts that expose power relations; (2) interactions between individuals within and beyond the YPAR space; and (3) produ...
Relationship to Other Seizure Types

The characteristic seizure in infantile spasms is the epileptic spasm, which consists of a sudden muscular contraction of variable duration which usually involves both axial and extremity musculature, and which can occur singly or as clusters containing multiple events. These seizures, which are considered to be generalized, are typically biphasic, with an initial rapid component lasting no longer than 2 seconds, and a subsequent tonic component which persists for 2-10 seconds, and can assume a wide variety of clinical patterns (see Chapter 4, section 3.2). Infantile spasms can, however, be associated with a number of other seizure types of both partial and generalized origin. For example, seizures of other types may precede the onset of infantile spasms by weeks, or even months, in which case they often reflect underlying pathological factors, such as pre- and perinatal insults, brain malformations, and metabolic abnormalities. In other cases such seizures occur only after the onset of infantile spasms, and may then occur concurrently with spasms for months, or years, often persisting even when the spasms are controlled by medical therapy. In still other instances, seizures of various types appear only after spasms have ceased, and may be a continuing problem for many years.
Female Athletes With Varying Levels of Vertical Stiffness Display Kinematic and Kinetic Differences During Single-Leg Hopping.

Vertical stiffness may contribute to lower-extremity injury risk; however, it is unknown whether athletes with different stiffness levels display differences in biomechanics. This study compared differences in biomechanics between female athletes (n = 99) with varying stiffness levels during a repetitive, single-leg, vertical hopping task. Vertical stiffness was calculated as the ratio of peak vertical ground-reaction force to maximum center-of-mass displacement. Tertiles were established using stiffness values, and separate 1-way ANOVAs were used to evaluate between-group differences. Stance times decreased, and flight times, ground-reaction force, and stiffness increased, from the low- to high-stiffness group (P < .050). The high-stiffness group displayed: (1) greater lateral trunk flexion (P = .009) and lesser hip adduction (P = .022) at initial ground contact compared to the low- and moderate-stiffness groups, respectively; (2) lesser peak hip adduction compared to the low-stiffness group (P = .040); ...
Sense of coherence in lung cancer patients: Association with coping, immune function, and fatigue

Sense of coherence (SOC) reflects the degree to which an individual perceives their world as comprehensible, manageable, and meaningful. Among cancer populations, SOC has been linked with greater quality of life and reduced mortality, suggesting that SOC may serve as a marker of resilience in the context of chronic disease. Utilizing a published adaptation of the transactional model of stress and coping, we hypothesized greater SOC would be associated with adaptive coping, more regulated cytokine response, and lower fatigue. Sixty-two lung cancer patients provided self-report data on SOC, coping, and fatigue. PBMC were incubated with stimulators of acquired and innate immunity (PHA, LPS), and cytokines were measured (pro-inflammatory: IL-1beta IL-6, TNF-alpha; Type 1/TH1: IFN-gamma; Type 2/TH2: IL-5). Linear regressions tested hypotheses. Greater SOC was associated with emotionally expressive coping (p = 0.005), an attenuated IL-5 response to PHA (p = 0.038) and IFN-gamma response to LPS (p=.001); and lower fatigue (p
Comic Relief: The Ranks of Females are Growing Among Our Colorful Heroes [Amperes: Current Affairs from Around the World]

Hope Nicholson is passionate about comic books, and she's made a career out of being the kind of fangirl who loves comics from the 1930s as much as those published online today. Nicholson is a writer, editor, publisher, and producer dedicated to "creating spaces for stories to be told." Her company, Bedside Press, based in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, focuses on 1940s Canadian comic reprints as well as creating new stories through anthologies and books on specific themes that revolve around geek girls and science fiction.
I Don’t Think It’s Real: Exploring the Genres of Reality Programming: An Abstract

Various issues regarding television viewership have been studied in the marketing literature, including media violence (i.e., Shanahan et al., 2003), children’s programming (i.e., Wright et al., 2005), and advertising regulation (i.e., Calfee & Ringold, 1994). Viewers have increasingly turned their attention to a new genre of television entertainment – reality television (“TV”). Reality TV is characterized by the concept that ordinary people, as opposed to professional actors, serve as the main characters of a television program (Reiss & Wiltz, 2004).
Investigating the effects of environmental factors on autism spectrum disorder in the USA using remotely sensed data.

This study aimed to assess the association between exposures to outdoor environmental factors and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) prevalence in a diverse and spatially distributed population of 8-year-old children from the USA (n = 2,097,188) using the air quality index (AQI) of the US Environmental Protection Agency as well as satellite-derived data of PM2.5 concentrations, sunlight, and maximum heat index. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to determine whether the unhealthy AQI, PM2.5, sunlight, and maximum heat index were related to the odds of ASD prevalence based on gender and race and taking into consideration the confounding factors of smoking and socioeconomic status. The logistic regression odds ratios for ASD per 10% increase in the unhealthy AQI were greater than 1 for all categories, indicating that unhealthy AQI is related to the odds of ASD prevalence. The odds ratio of ASD due to the exposure to the unhealthy AQI was higher for Asians (OR = 2.96, 95% CI = 1.11-7.88) than that for Hispanics (OR = 1.308, 95% CI = 0.607-2.820), and it was higher for Blacks (OR = 1.398, 95% CI = 0.827-2.364) than that for Whites (OR = 1.219, 95% CI = 0.760-1.954). The odds ratio of ASD due to the unhealthy AQI was slightly higher for males (OR = 1.123, 95% CI = 0.771-1.635) than that for females (OR = 1.117, 95% CI = 0.789-1.581). The effects of the unhealthy environmental exposures on the odds ratios of ASD of this study were inconclusive (i.e., statically insignificant; p value > 0.05) for all categories except for Asians. The odds ratios of ASD for Asians were increased by 5, 12, and 14% with increased levels of the environmental exposures of 10 μg/m3 of PM2.5, 1000 kJ/m2 of sunlight, and 1 °F of maximum heat index, respectively. The odds ratios of ASD prevalence for all categories, except for Asians, were increased with the inclusion of the smoking covariate, reflecting the effect of smoking on ASD prevalence besides the unhealthy environmental factors.
Morbidity of local therapy for locally advanced metastatic breast cancer: an analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare Registry.

PURPOSE Limited data exist to guide the management of in-breast tumors that can produce physical and emotional discomfort in the setting of metastatic disease. We evaluated the morbidity of local therapy (LT) among patients with locally advanced metastatic breast cancer. METHODS Patients with de novo T4M1 breast cancer diagnosed between 2005 and 2011 were identified from the SEER-Medicare database. We assessed receipt of care for loco-regional morbidity before and after LT. RESULTS Among 3660 patients with T4M1 disease, 1558 (43%) underwent LT [surgery (19%), radiation (15%), both (9%)]. Before LT, few patients were reported to have loco-regional morbidity (7.9% vs. 6.7% for no LT, P = 0.17). Following LT, patients were reported to have more loco-regional morbidity than patients who did not have LT (22.6% vs. 7.9%). More patients without baseline loco-regional morbidity were reported to have received care for loco-regional morbidity documented after LT compared to baseline loco-regional morbidity reported in patients without LT (19.9% vs. 6.3%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The need to address loco-regional morbidity is relatively infrequent among patients with T4M1 disease who do not undergo LT. Receipt of care for loco-regional morbidity was higher following LT. For patients without existing loco-regional morbidity, risks of LT may outweigh potential benefits.
DyGazePass: A gaze gesture-based dynamic authentication system to counter shoulder surfing and video analysis attacks

Shoulder surfing enables an attacker to gain the authentication details of a victim through observations and is becoming a threat to visual privacy. We present DyGazePass: Dynamic Gaze Passwords, an authentication strategy that uses dynamic gaze gestures. We also present two authentication interfaces, a dynamic and a static-dynamic interface, that leverage this strategy to counter shoulder surfing attacks. The core idea is, a user authenticates by following uniquely colored circles that move along random paths on the screen. Through multiple evaluations, we discuss how the authentication accuracy varies with respect to transition speed of the circles, and the number of moving and static circles. Furthermore, we evaluate the resiliency of our authentication method against video analysis attacks by comparing it to a gaze- and PIN-based authentication system. Overall, we found that the static-dynamic interface with a transition speed of two seconds was the most effective authentication method with an accuracy of 97.5%.
A Leadership Profile of American Project Managers

This paper reports the results of a survey of senior project managers. The results clearly and unequivocally identify positive success and negative leadership as the cause of project failure. The c...
The Economics and Sociology of Organization

The intellectual appeal of a single, unified theory of organization notwithstanding, we are at present operating in a preunified stage of development. Even if a comprehensive, integrated theory were in prospect, which it is not, our understanding of some complex organizational phenomena might be better served by working out of several well-focused perspectives. Exposing the powers and limits of each of the leading approaches and the tensions and complementarities between them can be, and often is, a productive enterprise.
Effect of level of endophyte infection, nitrogen fertilization rate, grazing period, and paddock exchange on some chemical properties of four bovine tissues.

Three grazing experiments were conducted to determine the effect of level of endophyte infection, rate of N fertilization of tall fescue grass, grazing period, and paddock exchange on selected chemical properties of four bovine carcass tissues. Samples of semitendinosus and longissimus muscle and of subcutaneous and perinephric adipose tissue were excised from the left side of each carcass. In Exp. 1, percentage of stearic acid was higher (P less than .05) and percentages of palmitoleic and oleic acid were lower (P less than .05) in all tissues from steers grazed on LELN Au-Triumph fescue than in tissues from steers grazed on LELN KY-31 fescue. Grazing periods of 175 or 245 d or paddock exchange (Exp. 2) had no significant effect on proximate composition of semitendinosus and longissimus muscles; however, moisture content was higher (P less than .05) in the semitendinosus muscle from steers grazed on 100% (100E) endophyte-infected KY-31 fescue. Forage treatment, grazing period, and paddock exchange (Exp. 2 and 3) had no significant effect on percentage of saturated fatty acids in the subcutaneous, semitendinosus, and longissimus tissue samples. In Exp. 2 and 3, percentages of saturated fatty acids were higher (P less than .05) in subcutaneous and perinephric adipose tissue samples from steers grazed on 100E than in samples from steers grazed on zero endophyte (OE) fescue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Sequences of Real Numbers, Convergence

The chapter begins with a discussion of sequences that culminates in the concept of convergence, the fundamental concept of analysis. The Weierstrass-Bolzano theorem (§3.5), nominally a theorem about bounded sequences, is in essence a property of closed intervals; Cauchy’ criterion (§3.6) is a test for convergence, especially useful in the theory of infinite series (§10.1). The chapter concludes with a dissection of convergence into two more general limiting operations.
Survival and Longevity in the Business Employment Dynamics Data

The 1 990s saw many sectors of our economy grow apace, through either mergers, buyouts, or new openings. Signs of the times (figuratively and literally, as one bank bought out or merged with another) were on hometown banks, and the fruits of new construction festooned many neighborhoods. In addition to new homes going up, new businesses were moving in to take advantage of the growing wealth in the United States. Our understanding of new businesses has been limited largely to the manufacturing sector and to the scale of the firm, not to the establishment. 1 The main reason for this shortcoming is limitations on the data available for study. In many countries—including the United States until recently—manufacturing was the only sector for which data with the capability of linking firms across time were compiled on a regular basis. Thus, except for firms in the manufacturing sector, no history of a firm’s behavior could be constructed. This research summary examines the business survival characteristics of all establishments that started in the United States in the late 1990s, when the boom of much of that decade was not yet showing signs of weakness. The analysis presented builds on and extends a report from the Minnesota Department of Economic Security on business churning from 1993 to 1995. 2 The report profiled business births, survival rates, and deaths during the early years of the decade, when the boom was just starting. This article follows the businesses reported on into the recession of 2001 to see how they fared once the economy took a downturn. The analysis follows a birth cohort from the second quarter of 1998 through the next 16 quarters, differing from previous analyses in both focus and time frame. The focus is on only completely new entrants—that is, new firms which open a single establishment. The analysis encompasses all sectors of the economy; survival rates of establishments, as well as several measures of employment, are reported and compared across sectors.
Radiation-Induced Skin Changes after Postmastectomy Radiation Therapy: A Pilot Study on Indicators for Timing of Delayed Breast Reconstruction

Background Delayed autologous breast reconstruction is commonly recommended in patients requiring postmastectomy radiation. This study examines gross and histologic changes in the breast skin of patients who have undergone postmastectomy radiation to help determine when radiation-induced skin changes begin to stabilize. Methods A prospective pilot study was conducted on eight patients with invasive breast cancer who required mastectomy and radiotherapy. At the time of mastectomy and 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 months after completion of radiotherapy, a punch biopsy was taken from the radiated mastectomy skin of each patient. Serial standardized photographs were taken before and after radiotherapy to evaluate the degree of hyperpigmentation and graded by three blinded plastic surgeons. Skin biopsies were processed for histologic assessment of inflammation, elastin organization, and vascularity. Results Grading of patient photographs revealed an increase in hyperpigmentation after radiotherapy compared with baseline with a gradual improvement over time. SMAD3 immunostaining demonstrated a trend toward an increase in inflammation over 12 months. The elastin distribution within samples showed an increase in fiber disorganization, thickening, and clumping, with no improvement throughout the study period. The average number of vessels per high powered field decreased steadily through the duration of the study. Conclusion Histologic changes in dermal inflammation, elastin organization, and vascularity do not appear to correspond with the gradual improvement of hyperpigmentation, resulting from postmastectomy radiation. These histologic changes persist beyond the 12 month observation period and will require clinical correlation to determine the potential impact on postoperative outcomes.
The Biquaternionic acoustic wave equation

Equations for irrotational, linearized Euler fluid, where the mass continuity equation incorporates a linear equation of state, define linear acoustics that can be recast in terms of complexified quaternions, the biquaternions, which satisfy Cauchy-Fueter regularity equations. This gives first order partial differential equations from the four space-time dimensions to the four (complex) dimensional velocity-pressure space, with time and pressure in the biquaternionic scalar parts. The biquaternionic planar exponential provides the basis to elementary solutions as biquaternionic functions of a single biquaternionic variable. Analysis of this form shows significant geometrical algebraic properties including imaginary units for time distinct from those for space. The single biquaternion acoustic field at each point of space-time allows the propagation four complex coefficients in a single geometric algebraic structure, suitable for three or four dimensional Fourier analysis. (Work supported by the U.S. Office of Naval Research.)
Cotton Hairy Root Culture as an Alternative Tool for Cotton Functional Genomics

Although well-accepted as the ultimate method for cotton functional genomics, Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated cotton transformation is not widely used for functional analyses of cotton genes and their promoters since regeneration of cotton in tissue culture is lengthy and labor intensive. In certain cases, A. rhizogenes-induced hairy root culture has been a suitable molecular tool for functional analyses of genes and promoters for plants that are difficult to regenerate by A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Similarly, A. rhizogenes-induced hairy root cultures are an alternative tool for cotton functional genomics. In this chapter, the advantages and disadvantages of using A. rhizogenes-induced cotton hairy root culture over A. tumefaciens-mediated cotton transformation are discussed. The procedures for transformation, generation, selection, and molecular analyses of transgenic cotton hairy roots are introduced by describing the functional analysis of a cotton promoter in cotton hairy roots generated by A. rhizogenes-mediated transformation.
Access to Federally Qualified Health Centers and Emergency Department Use Among Uninsured and Medicaid-insured Adults: California, 2005 to 2013.

Background While improved access to safety net primary care providers, like federally qualified health centers (FQHCs), is often cited as a route to alleviate potentially preventable emergency department (ED) visits, no studies have longitudinally established the impact of improving access to FQHCs on ED use among Medicaid-insured and uninsured adults. We aimed to determine whether improved access to FQHCs was associated with lower ED use by uninsured and Medicaid-insured adults. Methods Using data from the Uniform Data System, U.S. Census Bureau, and California Office of Statewide Health Planning & Development, we conducted a longitudinal analysis of 58 California counties from 2005 to 2013. For each county-year observation, we employed three measures of FQHC access: geographic density of FQHCs (delivery sites per 100 square miles), FQHCs per county resident (delivery sites per 100,000 county residents), and the proportion of Medicaid-insured or uninsured residents ages 19 to 64 years that utilized FQHCs. We then used a fixed-effects model to examine the impact of changes in the measures of FQHC access on ED visit rates by Medicaid-insured or uninsured adults in each county. Results Increasing geographic density of FQHCs was associated with a 26% to 35% decrease in ED use by uninsured but not Medicaid-insured patients. Increasing numbers of clinics per county resident and higher percentages of Medicaid-insured and uninsured adults seen at FQHCs were not associated with reduced rates of ED use among either uninsured or Medicaid-insured adults. Conclusions We were unable to detect a consistent association between our measures of FQHC access and ED use by Medicaid-insured and uninsured nonelderly California adults, underscoring the importance of investigating additional drivers to reduce ED use among these vulnerable patient populations.
Rheological Properties and Gelation Threshold of Temperature Induced Forming (TIF) Alumina Suspensions with Variation in Molecular Weight of Polyacrylic Acid

The effect of polyacrylic acid (PAA) molecular weight on the rheological properties of TIF aqueous alumina suspensions that have gelation behavior at elevated temperature is studied. The volume fraction gelation threshold of such alumina suspensions is estimated based on the viscoelastic properties. The volume fraction gelation thresholds are 0.20 and 0.35 for the alumina suspensions containing 0.04 wt% PAA of Mw 10,000 and Mw 5,000, respectively. Both values are higher than that of the suspensions with 0.04 wt% PAA of Mw 50,000, which is about 0.15. These results can give us guidance to tailor both the composition and gelation character of the TIF alumina suspensions for direct casting.
Parameter identification for a stochastic SEIRS epidemic model: case study influenza

A recent parameter identification technique, the local lagged adapted generalized method of moments, is used to identify the time-dependent disease transmission rate and time-dependent noise for the stochastic susceptible, exposed, infectious, temporarily immune, susceptible disease model (SEIRS) with vital rates. The stochasticity appears in the model due to fluctuations in the time-dependent transmission rate of the disease. All other parameter values are assumed to be fixed, known constants. The method is demonstrated with US influenza data from the 2004-2005 through 2016-2017 influenza seasons. The transmission rate and noise intensity stochastically work together to generate the yearly peaks in infections. The local lagged adapted generalized method of moments is tested for forecasting ability. Forecasts are made for the 2016-2017 influenza season and for infection data in year 2017. The forecast method qualitatively matches a single influenza season. Confidence intervals are given for possible future infectious levels.
Gate-to-via ratio design for reliability

Plasma induced charging is known to cause gate oxide and MIM capacitor reliability degradation. However, the impact of plasma induced charging on metal/via is rarely reported. This paper highlights the importance of built-in-reliability during design of via connections to gate poly. Large gate oxide area per via is shown to impact via resistance and reliability. Thus, it is recommended to ground these via or design gate oxide area per via to be less than 600 $u {\mathrm{ m}}^{\mathbf {2}}$ to minimize the impact.
Extended Antibiotic Prophylaxis Confers No Benefit Following Aseptic Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Matched Case-Controlled Study.

Abstract Background Administration of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis is one of the most important practices for prevention of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA). It is common to continue perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis for 48 hours or longer in patients undergoing revision arthroplasty, until results of intraoperative culture samples become available. However, the utility of this practice remains unclear. We examined whether extended antibiotic prophylaxis following aseptic revision THA reduces the risk of subsequent PJI. Methods We retrospectively reviewed records of patients undergoing aseptic revision THA between January 2000 and December 2015. At our institution, some surgeons administer prophylactic antibiotics to revision patients for only 24 hours while others prefer to extend until intraoperative culture results become available. We matched 209 patients undergoing revision THA who received extended antibiotic prophylaxis (>24 hours) in a 1:1 ratio with 209 patients receiving standard antibiotic prophylaxis (≤24 hours). The matching criteria were age, sex, body mass index, Charlson comorbidity index, and operative time. Results The incidence of subsequent PJI was 4.8% in patients receiving extended antibiotic prophylaxis vs 2.4% in patients receiving standard. After adjusting for all cofounders and using multivariate logistic regression, the administration of extended prophylactic antibiotics did not reduce the incidence of subsequent infection. When stratified by postoperative antibiotic regimens, the 2 groups had similar infection-free implant survival rate (95.2% in extended and 97.6% in standard). Conclusion It appears that extending perioperative prophylactic antibiotics until intraoperative culture results become available in patients undergoing revision THA for aseptic failures does not provide any additional benefit in terms of reducing the risk of subsequent PJI.
Molecules, Cells, and Tissue of the Immune Response

The generation of an immune response of either the innate or acquired variety requires the interaction of specific molecules, cells and tissues. The present chapter provides an overview of these structures with brief descriptions enhanced by schematic representations, light and electron micrographs of those elements whose interactions yield a highly tailored immune response that is critical to survival of the species. Many of the molecules of immunity are described in subsequent chapters. Adhesion molecules that are important in bringing cells together in the generation of immune responses or of directing cellular traffic through vessels or interaction of cells with matrix are presented here.
Relationships among absolute growth rate, relative growth rate and feed conversion during postweaning feedlot performance tests.

Knowledge of the relationships between absolute growth rate (AGR), relative growth rate (RGR) and feed conversion (FCONV) of bulls in postweaning feedlot performance tests can give cattle producers important information for selecting superior sires. Weight gain and FCONV data that were collected during 16 yr were analyzed from 393 Angus and 340 Hereford bulls by 26 and 27 sires, respectively, that were individually fed in 140-d tests. Sire variance and covariance components were used to obtain heritability (h2) estimates for AGR, RGR and FCONV and the genetic correlations (rg) and phenotypic correlations (rp) among these traits. Respective mean AGR, RGR and FCONV were 1.27 +/- .14 kg/d, .4378 +/- .0395%/d and 7.32 +/- .58 kg/kg for the Angus and 1.28 +/- .12 kg/d, .4552 +/- .0388%/d and 6.56 +/- .46 kg/kg for the Hereford bulls. Estimates of h2 were similar for AGR and RGR in both Angus (.36 +/- .11 and .22 +/- .09) and Hereford (.33 +/- .11 and .20 +/- .09) bulls. The h2 estimates for FCONV were .14 +/- .07 for Angus and .13 +/- .08 for Herefords. For the Angus and Hereford bulls, respectively, rg were .86 +/- .09 and .86 +/- .13 between AGR and RGR, -.84 +/- .38 and -.74 +/- .49 between AGR and FCONV and -.84 +/- .49 and -.61 +/- .64 between RGR and FCONV. The rp were .80 +/- .03 and .68 +/- .04 between AGR and RGR, -.58 +/- .05 and -.51 +/- .05 between AGR and FCONV and -.71 +/- .04 and -.73 +/- .04 between RGR and FCONV for the Angus and Hereford bulls, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Radial Head Fractures

Radial head fractures are extremely common but remain a challenging fracture to treat for orthopedic surgeons. They typically have associated soft tissue and osseous injuries that should not go unnoticed. The role of the radial head in elbow stability is of paramount importance in treatment. Knowledge of the complex anatomy of the elbow is key to treating these injuries. Appropriate workup includes a complete physical exam and imaging studies, including both x-rays and CT scans if necessary. The modified Mason classification can help guide treatment and is based on imaging and physical exam findings. Nondisplaced fractures with no mechanical block to motion can be treated nonoperatively with emphasis on early motion to prevent stiffness. Displaced fractures, those with mechanical block to motion or associated injuries, are treated surgically. Displaced fractures with three or less fragments have good results with open reduction and internal fixation. Fractures with greater than three fragments do better with radial head replacement than fixation. Fragment excision and radial head resection are treatment options that have a limited indication. Choosing the appropriate treatment can lead to the best patient outcomes.
Why are catches in mixed fisheries well below TAC

Abstract In major mixed stock fisheries of the United States, the actual catch is well below the total allowable catch (TAC). In recent years, only 20–30% of the TAC is caught in the US West Coast non-whiting fishery, whereas 60–80% of the TAC is caught in the Gulf of Alaska groundfish trawl fishery. Possible explanations for the underutilization are (1) lack of infrastructure, (2) lack of market demand, and (3) low quota limits on some species restricting the ability to harvest other species. Using species by species data on catch, TAC and lease price for species under Individual Transferable Quotas, we evaluate the support for these hypotheses. The results suggest that rebuilding plans, under a strict timeline, ultimately created many of the choke species on the West Coast and reduced processing infrastructure, such that the fishery still struggles with low quota utilization even after stocks have been rebuilt. In comparison, the Gulf of Alaska has not had a history of rebuilding plans and generally has higher utilization. The results suggest that rebuilding plans intended to increase sustainable harvest have been successful at increasing abundance but have been unsuccessful at rebuilding the fishery.
Star Formation in Molecular Clouds

We examine how star formation occurs in the Galaxy and come to the following conclusions. (1) The distribution of newly-born stars in the Galaxy depends on the origin of giant-molecular-cloud complexes. For individual complexes, we favor the mechanism of Parker1s instability behind galactic shocks. The production of “supercomplexes” may require the mediation of Jeans instability in the interstellar gas. (2) Magnetic fields help to support the clumps of molecular gas making up a complex against gravitational collapse. On a timescale of 107 years, these fields slip by ambipolar diffusion relative to the neutral gas, leading to the formation of dense cloud cores. This timescale is the expected spread in ages of stars born in any clump. (3) When the cores undergo gravitational collapse, they usually give rise to low-mass stars on a timescale of 105 years. (A) What shuts off the accretion flow and determines the mass of a new star is the onset of a powerful stellar wind. The ultimate source of energy for driving this wind in low-mass stars is the release of the energy of differential rotation acquired during the protostellar phase of evolution. The release is triggered by the entire protostar being driven convectively unstable when deuterium burning turns on.
Traction performance across the life of slip-resistant footwear: Preliminary results from a longitudinal study

Abstract Introduction: Slips, trips, and falls are a major cause of injury in the workplace. Footwear is an important factor in preventing slips. Furthermore, traction performance (friction and under-shoe fluid drainage) are believed to change throughout the life of footwear. However, a paucity of data is available for how traction performance changes for naturally worn, slip-resistant footwear. Method: The presented research is a preliminary analysis from an ongoing, larger study. Participants wore slip-resistant footwear while their distance walked was monitored. Friction and under-shoe fluid pressures were measured using a robotic slip tester under a diluted glycerol contaminant condition after each month of wear for the left and right shoes. The size of the worn region was also measured. Results: Friction initially increased and then steadily decreased as the distance walked and the size of the worn region increased. Fluid pressures increased as the shoes were worn and were associated with increased walking distance and size of the worn region. Discussion: Consistent with previous research, increases in the size of the worn region are associated with increased under-shoe fluid pressures and decreased traction. These trends are presumably due to reduced fluid drainage between the shoe-floor interface when the shoe becomes worn. Conclusions: Traction performance changes with natural wear. The distance walked in the shoe and the size of the worn region may be valuable indicators for assessing loss of traction performance. Practical Applications: Current shoe replacement recommendations for slip-resistant shoes are based upon age and tread depth. This study suggests that tools measuring the size of the worn region and/or distance traveled in the shoes are appropriate alternatives for tracking traction performance loss due to shoe wear.
Persistent, refractory, and biphasic anaphylaxis: A multidisciplinary Delphi study.

Background The use of inconsistent definitions for anaphylaxis outcomes limits our understanding of the natural history and epidemiology of anaphylaxis, hindering clinical practice and research efforts. Objective Our aim was to develop consensus definitions for clinically relevant anaphylaxis outcomes by utilizing a multidisciplinary group of clinical and research experts in anaphylaxis. Methods Using Delphi methodology, we developed agenda topics and drafted questions to review during monthly conference calls. Through online surveys, a 19-member panel consisting of experts in allergy and/or immunology and emergency medicine rated their level of agreement with the appropriateness of statements on a scale of 1 to 9. A median value of 1.0 to 3.4 was considered inappropriate, a median value of 3.5 to 6.9 was considered uncertain, and a median value of 7.0 to 9.0 was considered appropriate. A disagreement index was then calculated, with values less than 1.0 categorized as “consensus reached.” If consensus was not reached after the initial survey, subsequent surveys incorporating the aggregate de-identified responses from prior surveys were sent to panel members. This process was repeated until consensus was reached or 4 survey rounds had been completed, after which the question was categorized as “no consensus reached.” Results The panel developed outcome definitions for persistent, refractory, and biphasic anaphylaxis, as well as for persistent and biphasic nonanaphylactic reactions. There was also consensus among panel members regarding the need to develop an anaphylaxis severity grading system. Conclusion Dissemination and application of these definitions in clinical care and research will help standardize the terminology used to describe anaphylaxis outcomes and serve as the foundation for future research, including research aimed at development of an anaphylaxis severity grading system.
Primary hip arthroscopy and conversion to total hip arthroplasty: trends and survival analysis in the Medicare population.

Introduction:With limited evidence on national incidences of hip arthroscopy in the elderly population, the current study aims to investigate trends of primary hip arthroscopies being performed in ...
Positive Self-Concept Images Within a Mutually Reinforcing Framework of Images

The students in this book framed anticipatory images of the future. In their own voices, the students described in detail the positive self-concept images they projected for themselves as students. They shared how these images influenced their pursuit of academic achievement as they continuously nurtured, promoted, and protected that image throughout their educational journeys always maintaining an unwavering commitment to academic excellence. Additionally, each of the students framed three mutually reinforcing anticipatory images: a preferred career image, an image of living a better, more financially secure life in the future, and the image of education, specifically college as the pathway to their ideal career and better life. Other key people in their lives, parents, teachers, school staff, and peers were influential in helping them frame these images.