cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Gallery Applied at Different Growth Stages to Dwarf Burning Bush (Euonymus alatus ‘Compacts’)

Abstract The effect of Gallery application timing on dwarf burning bush tolerance was determined in field trials. Gallery was applied foliarly at 0.84, 1.69 and 3.39 kg ai/ha (0.75, 1.5 and 3 lb ai/A) to dwarf burning bush at different growth stages. Gallery applied at the dormant stage and two months after bud-break did not injure dwarf burning bush. Plants treated one month after bud-break with all three rates were injured approximately 30 to 45% at one and three months after herbicide application. Injury symptoms were manifested as decreased leaf size and leaf distortions. Gallery applied at 0.84 and 1.69 kg/ha (0.75 and 1.5 lb/A) one month after bud-break decreased plant width. Shoot-dieback was also observed in plants treated with Gallery at all rates one month after bud-break. Gallery at all three rates applied one month after bud-break caused 60 to 75% of the leaves to defoliate six weeks earlier in the fall compared to the other application timings.
Protein Lipidation As a Regulator of Apoptotic Calcium Release: Relevance to Cancer.

Calcium is a critical regulator of cell death pathways. One of the most proximal events leading to cell death is activation of plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum-resident calcium channels. A large body of evidence indicates that defects in this pathway contribute to cancer development. Although we have a thorough understanding of how downstream elevations in cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium contribute to cell death, it is much less clear how calcium channels are activated upstream of the apoptotic stimulus. Recently it has been shown that protein lipidation is a potent regulator of apoptotic signaling. Although classically thought of as a static modification, rapid and reversible protein acylation has emerged as a new signaling paradigm relevant to many pathways including calcium release and cell death. In this review we will discuss the role of protein lipidation in regulating apoptotic calcium signaling with direct therapeutic relevance to cancer.
Interband magnetoreflection of α-Sn

Abstract Two sets of oscillations in the magnetoreflection of high purity α-Sn have been observed. These are well explained by the ‘inverted’ band structure. The Γ8+ − Γ7 − energy separation is found to be 0.413 eV, and independent of temperature over the range 1.5°–85°K. Other directly determined quantities are the band-edge masses m∗c(Γ8+) = 0.028m, m∗v(Γ8+ = −0.195m, and m∗v(Γ7−) = −0.058m. the k . p interaction parameter Ep and the valence-band spin-orbit splitting Δ are deduced to be 24.0 and 0.80 eV, respectively. The results of this and other experiments raise doubts about ‘current thoughts’ on the positions of the Γ15 conduction band and Γ15 valence band. There is a discrepancy between interband and intraband effective masses, which is also characteristic of InSb.
Cell Type-specific Intrinsic Perithreshold Oscillations in Hippocampal GABAergic Interneurons.

The hippocampus plays a critical role in learning, memory, and spatial processing through coordinated network activity including theta and gamma oscillations. Recent evidence suggests that hippocampal subregions (e.g., CA1) can generate these oscillations at the network level, at least in part, through GABAergic interneurons. However, it is unclear whether specific GABAergic interneurons generate intrinsic theta and/or gamma oscillations at the single-cell level. Since major types of CA1 interneurons (i.e., parvalbumin-positive basket cells (PVBCs), cannabinoid type 1 receptor-positive basket cells (CB1BCs), Schaffer collateral-associated cells (SCAs), neurogliaform cells and ivy cells) are thought to play key roles in network theta and gamma oscillations in the hippocampus, we tested the hypothesis that these cells generate intrinsic perithreshold oscillations at the single-cell level. We performed whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from GABAergic interneurons in the CA1 region of the mouse hippocampus in the presence of synaptic blockers to identify intrinsic perithreshold membrane potential oscillations. The majority of PVBCs (83%), but not the other interneuron subtypes, produced intrinsic perithreshold gamma oscillations if the membrane potential remained above -45 mV. In contrast, CB1BCs, SCAs, neurogliaform cells, ivy cells, and the remaining PVBCs (17%) produced intrinsic theta, but not gamma, oscillations. These oscillations were prevented by blockers of persistent sodium current. These data demonstrate that the major types of hippocampal interneurons produce distinct frequency bands of intrinsic perithreshold membrane oscillations.
Functional Design of Structural Firefighter Clothing Systems for Improved Comfort

Over 50% of firefighter injuries and fatalities are due to heat exhaustion. To reduce incidents of heat strain and improve the comfort of structural firefighter turnout suits, the functional design process was used. Specifically, such tools as an interaction matrix and digital logic decision making tables further informed the incorporation of multiple design specifications for improved functionality. Design modifications explored included clothing ventilation, systems modularity, strategic layer reductions, and air gap volume analysis (using 3D body scanning). Full garment prototypes were developed and evaluated for manikin total heat loss (THL) according to ASTM F 1291 and 2370. Physiological responses were predicted using human thermal modeling software. Results demonstrated increased manikin THL for the modular, vented, and revolutionary turnout prototypes, compared to a control suit. Predicted physiological responses also demonstrated meaningful benefits for these prototype suits. Further research is necessary on the human wear level to measure the physiological responses of firefighters.
Electrochromic and Electrochemichromic Materials and Phenomena

Electrochromism (EC) is broadly defined as a reversible color change induced in a material by an applied electric field or current. A great variety of physical phenomena which bring about such a reversible color change in certain solids or liquids, organic or inorganic materials, are covered by this definition. The physical mechanisms that are responsible for these phenomena are quite different but for ease in discussion may be grouped into two main categories, one being electronic and the other electrochemical in nature. For the latter class of phenomena, a more descriptive nomenclature is electrochemichromism (ECC). An attempt is made in this paper to review various EC and ECC materials and phenomena. A description of each phenomenon is given and the materials which exhibit such phenomena are examined in detail. Emphasis is placed on EC and ECC material properties, especially display performance characteristics and problem areas. Some existing EC and ECC display devices, as well as those being proposed, are evaluated in terms of their applicability and feasibility respectively. Comparisons are made with other non-emissive electrooptic display technologies which already have products available in the market place. The EC and ECC displays are, of course, at a relatively early stage of development. However, they possess some unique features which may ultimately lead to a position of preference for certain applications.
Thermodynamic Relations and Functional Forms for Equations of State

Both historical and current functional forms for equations of state used for properties of cryogens are described in this chapter. This includes pressure-explicit equations of state and fundamental equations with the Helmholtz energy as the dependent variable. (Pressure-explicit equations of state require an independent function for the heat capacity as a function of temperature.) Reference states are defined for enthalpy and entropy.
Chapter 50 – Neighborhood Effects

This paper surveys the modern economics literature on the role of neighborhoods in influencing socioeconomic outcomes. Neighborhood effects have been analyzed in a range of theoretical and applied contexts and have proven to be of interest in understanding questions ranging from the asymptotic properties of various evolutionary games to explaining the persistence of poverty in inner cities. As such, the survey covers a range of theoretical, econometric and empirical topics. One conclusion from the survey is that there is a need to better integrate findings from theory and econometrics into empirical studies; until this is done, empirical studies of the nature and magnitude of neighborhood effects are unlikely to persuade those skeptical about their importance.
Progress in ecotoxicogenomics for environmental monitoring, mode of action, and toxicant identification

Abstract The holistic tools developed through genomic technologies are becoming rapidly integrated into many biological fields including ecotoxicology. Ecotoxicogenomics encompasses the incorporation of genomic technologies, including transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, into ecological studies. Like biomarkers, ecotoxicogenomic techniques may be applied to many areas of ecotoxicology, and offer increased sensitivity and specificity, and may be more informative than traditional toxicity endpoints. There are several potential applications for ecotoxicogenomics, including chemical screening, environmental monitoring, and risk assessment. In each of these areas, recent studies are laying the foundations for the field and establishing proof-of-principle for ecotoxicogenomics. However, many challenges remain. Ecosystem complexity, limited or non-existing sequence data of relevant organisms, the need for bioinformatics tools and the cost of the technology are currently delaying the growth of ecotoxicogenomics and making interpretation of the results difficult. Consortiums could play a large role in propelling the field forward by facilitating the development of standardised genomic tools and protocols.
Pharmacotherapy for metastatic esophageal cancer: where do we need to improve?

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Esophageal cancer is a heterogeneous cancer comprised of differing cells of origin, molecular changes, and immune microenvironments. To date, most advances have been made in chemotherapy regimens where a one-size-fits-all approach is used. As a result, there remains a lack of tailored treatment options for such a heterogeneous cancer. This paper highlights the current standard of care treatment options as well as active areas of clinical research.Areas covered: The authors review the key trials that have led to current standard of care treatment including pivotal chemotherapy and targeted therapy trials. The authors then discuss the current approved uses and future directions for immunotherapy.Expert opinion: Current treatment options lack tailored treatment strategies based on the tumor’s biology. To date, approved targeted approaches only include HER2-directed and anti-VEGFR2 therapies. Furthermore, while immunotherapy treatment response is often durable, few clear predictive bioma...
Liquidity or Volatility? Disentangling the Sources of Spillovers in Euro Area Sovereign Bond Markets

This paper examines the propagation of volatility and liquidity shocks across major sovereign bond markets during the euro area sovereign debt crisis. Spillovers are measured via a forecast error variance decomposition of a vector autoregressive model, which captures jointly the dynamics of liquidity and volatility in the government bond markets of Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Spain. The model controls for common trends in sovereign credit risk, financial sector credit risk, funding conditions, aggregate default risk, and proxies for regional and global risk aversion. We show that liquidity is generally the more important source of shocks transmitted across borders, and this transmission largely originates from Italy and around the Italian crisis. Our findings highlight the importance of considering jointly liquidity and volatility dynamics in an analysis of spillovers beyond a traditional volatility spillover framework.
Tumor Heterogeneity on FDG PET/CT and Immunotherapy: An Imaging Biomarker for Predicting Treatment Response in Patients With Metastatic Melanoma.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ability of quantitative 18F-FDG PET parameters to predict outcomes of patients with malignant melanoma who have been treated with immune modu...
Brain Volume Abnormalities in Youth at High Risk for Depression: Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study

Objective Children of parents with depression are two to three times more likely to develop major depressive disorder than children without parental history; however, subcortical brain volume abnormalities characterizing major depressive disorder risk remain unclear. The Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study provides an opportunity to identify subcortical differences associated with parental depressive history. Method Structural magnetic resonance data were acquired from 9- and 10-year-old children (N = 11,876; release 1.1, n = 4,521; release 2.0.1, n = 7,355). Approximately one-third of the children had a parental depressive history, providing sufficient power to test differences in subcortical brain volume between low- and high-risk youths. Children from release 1.1 were examined as a discovery sample, and we sought to replicate effects in release 2.0.1. Secondary analyses tested group differences in the prevalence of depressive disorders and clarified whether subcortical brain differences were present in youths with a lifetime depressive disorder history. Results Parental depressive history was related to smaller right putamen volume in the discovery (release 1.1; d = −0.10) and replication (release 2.0.1; d = −0.10) samples. However, in release 1.1, this effect was driven by maternal depressive history (d = −0.14), whereas in release 2.0.1, paternal depressive history showed a stronger relationship with putamen volume (d = −0.09). Furthermore, high-risk children exhibited a near twofold greater occurrence of depressive disorders relative to low-risk youths (maternal history odds ratio =1.99; paternal history odds ratio = 1.45), but youths with a lifetime depressive history did not exhibit significant subcortical abnormalities. Conclusion A parental depressive history was associated with smaller putamen volume, which may affect reward learning processes that confer increased risk for major depressive disorder.
Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy of Glasses

Terahertz-time domain spectroscopy () uses the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric and optical constants for glass characterization over a wide frequency range in the electromagnetic spectrum. This chapter provides an overview and analysis of various THz spectrometers and typical data sets over \(0.1{-}10\,{\mathrm{THz}}\). Phonon modes in THz region and Lunkenheimer–Loidl plots for disordered materials along with density-functional based tight-binding () modeling results for \(\mathrm{As_{2}S_{3}}\) are described. THz optical and dielectric properties of selected model glass systems, e. g., silica, alkali borate, and silicates, based on works reported in the literature, are discussed. Mixed-alkali effects and thermal stability in terms of THz properties of simple tellurite glass composition, \(\mathrm{80TeO_{2}}\)-\(\mathrm{10WO_{3}}\)-(\(10{-}x\))\(\mathrm{Li_{2}O}\)-\(\mathrm{\mathit{x}Na_{2}O}\) with \(x=\) 0, 2, 4, and 6, are reported. Chalcogenide (As-S) glasses show that the refractive indices in THz, infrared, and visible frequencies decrease with arsenic composition up to a point of optimal constrained structure with average coordination number, \(\langle r\rangle\), beyond which the refractive index increases. Our results in hydroxyapatite (\(\mathrm{Ca_{10}(PO_{4})_{6}}\)\(\cdot\)\(\mathrm{(OH)_{2}}\); HA)-glass (0.05CaO-\(\mathrm{0.12TiO_{2}}\)-\(\mathrm{0.17Na_{2}O}\)-0.28ZnO-\(\mathrm{0.38SiO_{2}}\)) composites demonstrate that the THz-TDS can be a promising non-destructive tool for evaluating these composites and tracking their degradation in simulated body fluids in biological applications.
Short-term Adverse Events With BIC/FTC/TAF: Postmarketing Study

Bictegravir (BIC)/emtricitabine (FTC)/tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) was Food and Drug Administration approved in February 2018. The paucity of real-world data prompted this retrospective, observational evaluation of discontinuation rates, adverse effects, and virologic control. In a Southern US, predominantly African American overweight population, we found optimal virologic control and low discontinuation rates, with 4% discontinuing BIC/FTC/TAF due to rash, low platelets, loss of appetite, and insomnia.
An in vitro alveolar epithelial cell model recapitulates LRRK2 inhibitor-induced increases in lamellar body size observed in preclinical models

Alveolar type II (ATII) epithelial cells contain lamellar bodies (LBs) which synthesize and store lung surfactants. In animals, the inhibition or knockout of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) causes abnormal enlargement of LBs in ATII cells. This effect of LRRK2 inhibition in lung is largely accepted as being mediated directly through blocking of the kinase function; however, downstream consequences in the lung remain unknown. In this work we established an in vitro alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) model that recapitulates the in vivo phenotype of ATII cells and developed an assay to quantify changes in LB size in response to LRRK2 inhibitors. Culture of primary human AECs at the air-liquid interface on matrigel and collagen-coated transwell inserts in the presence of growth factors promoted the LB formation and apical microvilli and induced expression of LRRK2 and ATII cell markers. Treatment with a selective LRRK2 inhibitor resulted in pharmacological reduction of phospho-LRRK2 and a significant increase in LB size; effects previously reported in lungs of non-human primates treated with LRRK2 inhibitor. In summary, our human in vitro AEC model recapitulates the abnormal lung findings observed in LRRK2-perturbed animals and holds the potential for expanding current understanding of LRRK2 function in the lung.
A Fast Data-Driven Method for Genotype Imputation, Phasing, and Local Ancestry Inference: MendelImpute.jl

Current methods for genotype imputation and phasing exploit the sheer volume of data in haplotype reference panels and rely on hidden Markov models. Existing programs all have essentially the same imputation accuracy, are computationally intensive, and generally require pre-phasing the typed markers. We propose a novel data-mining method for genotype imputation and phasing that substitutes highly efficient linear algebra routines for hidden Markov model calculations. This strategy, embodied in our Julia program MendelImpute.jl, avoids explicit assumptions about recombination and population structure while delivering similar prediction accuracy, better memory usage, and an order of magnitude or better run-times compared to the fastest competing method. MendelImpute operates on both dosage data and unphased genotype data and simultaneously imputes missing genotypes and phase at both the typed and untyped SNPs. Finally, MendelImpute naturally extends to global and local ancestry estimation and lends itself to new strategies for data compression and hence faster data transport and sharing.
An Analysis of Medicare Reimbursement Rates in Hysterectomies Performed in Gynecologic Surgery: 2010-2019

Study Objective To investigate differences in Medicare reimbursement rates between type of hysterectomy procedure, including abdominal, vaginal, and laparoscopic/robotic to help guide reimbursement for best practices. Design Twenty-two reimbursement codes representing hysterectomy from The Physician Fee Schedule Look-Up Tool. Setting Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Patients or Participants All patients who had undergone hysterectomy of any type with reimbursement by Medicare using the twenty-two codes represented in The Physician Fee Schedule Look-Up Tool from 2010-2019 in the United States. Interventions Abdominal, vaginal, or laparoscopic/robotic hysterectomy reimbursed by Medicare. Measurements and Main Results A total of twenty-two codes were identified and the average annual and total percent change in reimbursement were calculated for abdominal, vaginal, and laparoscopic/robotic hysterectomy. After adjusting for inflation, the average reimbursement for all hysterectomy procedures decreased by 14.97% from 2010 to 2019 with an average R2 of 0.92. The average annual change in reimbursements was 1.75%. Reimbursement for abdominal, vaginal, and laparoscopic/robotic hysterectomies decreased by 7.85%, 10.17%, and 21.16%, with an average R2 of 0.94, 0.96, 0.88, respectively. Annual decrease in reimbursements was 0.90%, 1.18%, 1.56% for abdominal, vaginal, and laparoscopic/robotic respectively. These numbers show a decrease in reimbursement for all hysterectomies, and by hysterectomy type. Conclusion Medicare reimbursement for hysterectomy declined significantly from 2010-2019. Laparoscopic/robotic hysterectomy reimbursement decreased more than other modalities. With increasing use of laparoscopic/robotic procedures for hysterectomies in gynecologic surgeries due to increased safety, it is critical to understand these reimbursement trends. A minimally invasive approach should be the standard of care for benign hysterectomy, as it has improved patient outcomes and safety. Reimbursement does not reflect this best medical practice as minimally invasive hysterectomy rates decreased more than laparotomy. Further understanding of trends is essential to provide input to policy-makers who determine these reimbursement rates.
‘Whiteness seeps through’: Resisting colorblind racism in Mandeville’s Travels

Drawing on postcolonial and critical race theories, this essay argues that Mandeville’s Travels provides an influential example of medieval race-making that also plants the seeds for colorblind racism: a practice where white people who benefit from their white identity erect elaborate political and psychological arrangements that allow them to position themselves as blind to whiteness. After examining the role played by the Travels in inserting invisible, normative whiteness into early and enduring Western notions of self and other, the essay concludes with suggestions for practices that can allow medievalists to counter colorblind racism in their classes and elsewhere.
Deglobalizing Garbage: U.S. Legislative Responses to Disruption of the Global Plastic Waste Supply Chain

Since the 1950’s, plastic has become a dominant material with a myriad of applications. U.S. solid waste policies led to a strategy reflecting the pollution haven hypothesis, where developed countries export plastic waste and pollution-intensive plastic recycling to developing countries, primarily China. Recent changes in China’s environmental and trade policies to limit China’s plastic waste imports have disrupted the global plastic waste supply chain, resulting in accumulation of plastic waste in U.S. cities. This paper examines U.S. legislative responses to China’s waste import restrictions, at both the state and federal levels, with a focus on three pending federal bills.
CIÊNCIA POR MEIO DE AÇÕES DE EXTENSÃO E DE ENSINO JUNTO A AGRICULTORES FAMILIARES E ESTUDANTES ENVOLVENDO POPULAÇÕES LOCAIS DE FEIJÃO COMUM

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial agronomico de populacoes locais de feijao comum e destacar junto a agricultores e estudantes a importância da conservacao dessa especie vegetal. Foram conduzidos tres ensaios com 12 populacoes de feijao, em delineamento de blocos completos casualizados, com tres repeticoes. Ao final da conducao do ensaio foram realizados dias de campo com agricultores e estudantes e distribuidas sementes aos interessados. Os dados de variaveis quantitativas foram submetidos a analise de variância e teste de comparacao de medias. Foi elaborada uma cartilha para agricultores e estudantes com os resultados do trabalho.
Multiscale Image Matching for Automated Calibration of UAV-Based Frame and Line Camera Systems

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with integrated global navigation satellite systems/inertial navigation systems together with frame and/or line cameras are used for a variety of applications. Geometric system calibration is crucial for delivering accurate products from UAV-based imaging systems. This article presents automated geometric calibration strategies for UAV-based frame and line camera systems to estimate accurate system calibration parameters without the need for ground control points or manual measurements of tie points. The matching strategy used in this article to establish conjugate features among overlapping frame camera images is based on a traditional Structure from Motion technique augmented with several layers of matching outlier removal. On the other hand, a new strategy relying on ortho-rectified images is introduced for automated feature matching in line camera scenes. Then, a general bundle adjustment procedure with system calibration capabilities for frame and line cameras is presented, where the derived automated tie points are used for estimating accurate geometric system calibration parameters. The proposed approach is evaluated using four datasets—two datasets captured by frame cameras and two datasets captured by line cameras. The results show that the developed automated calibration strategy is capable of producing the same level of absolute accuracy when compared to using manually measured tie points for both frame camera and line camera systems. Results also indicate that the presented automated system calibration approach can be applied to systems even with significant deviation of actual system parameters from their nominal values, and still produce accurate estimates of calibration parameters.
Interspecific hybridization between Abelia × grandiflora ‘Francis Mason’ and A. schumannii via ovule culture

Inter specific hybridization among species of Abelia offers the potential for new cultivars. Seeds from inter specific hybridization between A. × grandiflora ‘Francis Mason’ × A. schumannii failed to germinate, and ovule culture was employed. Ovules were dissected from the achenes 4, 5, and 6 weeks after pollination and cultured on either Woody Plant Medium (WPM) or Linsmaier and Skoog (LS) Medium containing 0, 9.8, or 39.2 μM 2iP. All media contained coconut water (5% v/v), sucrose(30 g/l), agar (8 g/l), and MS vitamins (1 mg/l). Embryos recovered, spontaneous embryo germination, root formation, and plant survival were recorded. Number of weeks following pollination significantly affected all parameters examined, with ovules harvested 5 weeks after pollination producing the best results. Plant survival was greatest for embryos cultured on Woody Plant Medium with 0 μM 2iP. Eight-five percent of the cultured ovules produced embryos that rooted and 65% survived the hardening off process when ovules were cultured 5 weeks after pollination on WPM containing no growth regulator.
Biophysical Mechanisms of Ultrasound

In this chapter, we shall consider the question: Why does ultrasound cause bioeffects? Somewhat more fully, this may be put: Why does ultrasound produce changes in biological structures and/or changes in biological processes? The answer requires an examination of the basic principles that govern the interactions of ultrasound with matter, and what these principles mean when living systems are involved.
Structure‐function‐based approach to analyzing received signals for spaced antenna radars

[1] This paper describes an alternative approach to analyzing multiple received signals for spaced antenna radars. The approach is based on computation and analysis of the different order auto and cross structure functions (SF) for the received signal's power. SF of order p ≥ 2 is the p-th order statistical moment of the difference between signals. Equations for cross and auto SF at p = 2 and 4 are derived for a spaced antenna radar with a vertically directed transmitted beam. SF parameters in these equations are related to the mean horizontal velocity components and turbulence characteristics of a scattering medium. Theoretical limitations on applying the derived equations to a specific radar are presented. Advantages and shortcomings of the proposed approach with respect to the correlation function and spectra-based approaches are discussed as well. The major advantage of the proposed approach is that SF of any order p ≥ 2 can be derived and applied to practical measurements; the higher-order SF provide additional information about the scattering medium.
Erythroblastosis fetalis in a premature infant from a mother with sickle cell anemia; a report of a patient successfully treated by exchange transfusion.

Summary 1. A case of erythroblastosis fetalis in a premature infant from a motherwith sickle cell anemia is reported. 2. Treatment was by exchange transfusion with a successful end result. 3. The transfusion technique is described. 4. The rationale for the treatment of icterus gravis by exchange transfusion is briefly discussed.
After the Revolution: Gender and Democracy in El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Guatemala

Contents:List of Tables Preface and Acknowledgments List of AcronymsChapter 1: The Gender Composition of the Central American Guerrilla Movements Chapter 2: Gender Equality and the Central American Peace Accords Chapter 3: Voices from the Salvadoran Grass Roots: A Case Study of San Jose Las Flores, Meanguera, and San Esteban Catarina Chapter 4: The Vanguard in Search of a New Identity: Incipient Democratization Chapter 5: Transforming the Party: Gender Equality in the Revolutionary Left Chapter 6: Gender Equality and Recent ElectionsConclusion Gender Equality and DemocratizationNotes Bibliography Index
Kali: the Goddess of the millennium [interactive art installation]

Kali is an intense, user-driven, multileveled virtual-reality piece that incorporates advanced technology to create a major interactive art installation. It is a comprehensive experience in the new language of interactive design, aesthetic interpretation of digital information and use of visual design in the virtual environment. Through Kali, the author explores a fusion of digital media, culture, the arts, literature, myth, and cinema.
Protecting Location Privacy: Policy Evaluation

With the growing trend toward location-based services in transportation, the collection and the use of traveler data have grown rapidly. With the potential for multiagency sharing of data and an increased public-private partnerships, inconsistencies in how data are collected and shared may become of growing concern for users, particularly given the potential sensitivity of locational data. An overall picture of policies relevant to data collection and use in the private locational environment highlights the gaps that may be evident between the privacy recommendations of regulatory and industry guidance agencies and individual company policies. The approach combines policy and content analysis to determine how well identified privacy considerations are reflected in user-oriented privacy policies.
The Ophthalmic Clinical Evaluation Exercise: Reliability Determination

Purpose Reliable and valid tools must be developed to assess the core residency competencies identified by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. The Ophthalmic Clinical Evaluation Exercise (OCEX) is a tool designed to assess the ophthalmology resident's competence in patient care. The OCEX has been shown to have face and content validity. This study will determine the degree to which the OCEX is reliable and has construct validity. Participants Ninety-four academic ophthalmology teaching faculty from ophthalmology residency programs across the country. Methods Participants reviewed a video compact disc of the same resident and new patient encounter and then completed the OCEX. A scoring rubric was provided. Results Results indicate that the OCEX is a reliable tool for faculty to use to assess residency competency. The coefficient alpha statistic (a measure of reliability/internal consistency) for the OCEX as a whole was 0.81. The alpha statistics for 3 of 4 subscales that comprise the OCEX (i.e., interviewing skills=0.65, interpersonal skills/professionalism = 0.73, case presentation=0.70) were lower than the OCEX as a whole, but were acceptable for new scales. However, the alpha for the examination subscale (i.e., 0.27) was extremely low. Interrater reliability assessment shows that of 33 individual OCEX items, 31 (94%) had at least 85% of the raters rating the student in 1 of 2 consecutive rating categories. Conclusions The OCEX shows both reliability and validity and, therefore, meets the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education criteria for an acceptable assessment tool.
Fabrication of solid oxide fuel cell anode electrode by spray pyrolysis

Abstract Large triple phase boundaries (TPBs) and high gas diffusion capability are critical in enhancing the performance of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). In this study, ultrasonic spray pyrolysis has been investigated to assess its capability in controlling the anode microstructure. Deposition of porous anode film of nickel and Ce 0.9 Gd 0.1 O 1.95 on a dense 8 mol.% yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) substrate was carried out. First, an ultrasonic atomization model was utilized to predict the deposited particle size. The model accurately estimated the deposited particle size based on the feed solution condition. Second, effects of various process parameters, which included the precursor solution feed rate, precursor solution concentration and deposition temperature, on the TPB formation and porosity were investigated. The deposition temperature and precursor solution concentration were the most critical parameters that influenced the morphology, porosity and particle size of the anode electrode. Ultrasonic spray pyrolysis achieved homogeneous distribution of constitutive elements within the deposited particles and demonstrated capability to control the particle size and porosity in the range of 2–17 μm and 21–52%, respectively.
An approach to the economic manufacture of an aerostatic lead screw for micro-scale machine tools

Abstract A new manufacturing method is presented for an aerostatic lead screw actuator (ALSA) designed for use in a hard-turning micro-scale machine tool. The actuator is designed for a travel of 20 mm and to achieve a static stiffness of 50 N/mm and dynamic stiffness of 40–60 N/mm for a range of frequencies from 50 Hz to 500 Hz, respectively. The design of the aerostatic bearing is based on a orifice-restricted groove-fed collar bearing and uses replication of the lead screw geometry by casting with a low-shrink epoxy to produce the nut. The nut is designed to achieve a static stiffness of 50 N/μm and dynamic stiffness of 40–60 N/μm with friction below 0.1 N m. Equations for the aerostatic bearing are adopted from a mathematical model of an aerostatic collar bearing and used to determine the screw size, orifice diameter and air gap. The design evaluation led to the selection of an air gap of 9 μm and an orifice diameter of 1 mm. By using a two-revolution nut, the stiffness requirements of the ALSA are achieved. Methods to produce the orifices, grooves, nut housing and desired surface roughness on the nut are presented. Several alternative nut designs used to construct the ALSA are evaluated according to stability and friction characteristics. Stability is found to be improved by using a single revolution nut due to better control of the orifice size, but at the expense of some system stiffness. Potential methods to control the air gap size are also presented.
Substance Abuse Treatment in Persons with HIV/AIDS: Challenges in Managing Triple Diagnosis

Clinical management of HIV must account for the “triple diagnosis” of HIV, psychiatric diagnosis, and substance use disorders and requires integrated treatment services that focus beyond just mitigation of substance use and psychiatric and medical symptoms but also address other health behaviors. Because clinical management of HIV/AIDS has shifted significantly with the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) in the mid 1990s, a literature review focusing on literature published since 2000, and using relevant key words was conducted using a wide range of literature search databases. This literature review was complemented by studies to expand on specific treatment modalities for which there was a dearth of literature addressing HIV infected cohorts and to provide discussion of issues around substance abuse treatment as an HIV prevention tool. Existing models of substance abuse treatment including cognitive behavioral therapy and motivational interviewing have proven to be useful for enhan...
What Would Jesus Buy: American Consumption of Religious and Spiritual Material Goods

This article examines an important and understudied part of the sociological study of religion: consumption of religious materials. We use data from the Baylor Religion Survey and present an initial look at which Americans read the Left Behind series, viewed The Passion of the Christ, or purchased religious paraphernalia such as “What Would Jesus Do” bracelets. Drawing on cultural consumption and religious capital research we explore class, demographic, and religious influences on consumption patterns. We find some support for each of these perspectives, which suggests that religious consumption is not a subset of cultural consumption nor of religious practice but is some combination of both.
Attenuation of Mengo virus through genetic engineering of the 5' noncoding poly(C) tract

THE murine cardioviruses, such as the Mengo and encephalo-myocarditis viruses, and the bovine aphthoviruses, such as foot-and-mouth disease virus, are distinguished among positive-strand RNA viruses by the presence of long homopolymeric poly(C) tracts within their 5′ noncoding sequences. Although the specific lengths (60–350 bases) and sequence discontinuities (for example, uridine residues) that sometimes disrupt the homopolymer have served to characterize natural viral isolates, the biological function of the poly(C) region has never been clear. We now report that complementary DNA-mediated truncation of the Mengo virus poly(C) tract dramatically attenuates the pathogenicity of the virus in mice. Animals injected with viruses with short tracts not only survived inoculation of up to 50 μg live virus (1011 plaque-forming units) but consistently produced high titres of neutralizing antibodies, which conferred long-term immunogenic protection from (normally) lethal virus challenge. We propose that analogous synthetic strains of foot and mouth disease virus could serve as the basis for new attenuated vaccines.
Joint Book-Reading Strategies in Working-Class African American and White Mother-Toddler Dyads

Twenty working-class mother-toddler dyads were videorecorded during three joint book-reading activities. Ten of the dyads were white, and 10 were African American, balanced for parent educational l...
Review of Brillouin-active fiber-based acousto-optic sensors

Brillouin active fibers, based on stimulated Brillouin scattering (sBs), have been extensively studied as ambient sensors by exploiting quartz fiber intrinsic acoustooptic properties[5-7]. Thus, the fiber is inherently a sensor, as opposed to fiber Bragg gratings, in which lines have to be photolithographically etched on the fiber by UV light. The sBs threshold enables sensing to be switched on and off in standard communication fibers, leading to fiber dual use. They have also been examined as combined optical and acoustic waveguides for joint optical and acoustic sensing. Success of these sensors lies in lowering the sBs threshold to achieve low power, short fiber length and multi-Stokes line generation. Numerous schemes have been proposed and tested, such as fiber rings, and they will be surveyed. The inherent optical feedback by the back-scattered Stokes wave leads to instabilities in the form of optical chaos. This paradigm of optical chaos serves as a test for fundamental study of chaos and its suppression and exploitation in practical application in communication and sensing.
Alcoholism in narcotic addicts with antisocial personality.

Summary This siudy examines the lifetime prevalence of alcoholism in antisocial personality (ASP) men selected for narcotic addiction and in ASP men not selected for narcotic addition. The ASP men selected for narcotic addiction had a lower prevalence of alcoholism than their counterparts not selected for narcotic addiction. Methodological and neuropharmacological explanations for these results are discussed. That narcotic use may interfere with the development of alcoholism in a high risk population correlates with the neurochemical interactions of ethanol and opiates in the central nervous system.
Syncope Management Unit: Evolution of the Concept and Practice Implementation

Abstract Syncope, a clinical syndrome, has many potential causes. The prognosis of a patient experiencing syncope varies from benign outcome to increased risk of mortality or sudden death, determined by the etiology of syncope and the presence of underlying disease. Because a definitive diagnosis often cannot be established immediately, hospital admission is frequently recommended as the "default" approach to ensure patient's safety and an expedited evaluation. Hospital care is costly while no studies have shown that clinical outcomes are improved by the in-patient practice approach. The syncope unit is an evolving practice model based on the hypothesis that a multidisciplinary team of physicians and allied staff with expertise in syncope management, working together and equipped with standard clinical tools could improve clinical outcomes. Preliminary data have demonstrated that a specialized syncope unit can improve diagnosis in a timely manner, reduce hospital admission and decrease the use of unnecessary diagnostic tests. In this review, models of syncope units in the emergency department, hospital and outpatient clinics from different practices in different countries are discussed. Similarities and differences of these syncope units are compared. Outcomes and endpoints from these studies are summarized. Developing a syncope unit with a standardized protocol applicable to most practice settings would be an ultimate goal for clinicians and investigators who have interest, expertise, and commitment to improve care for this large patient population.
End-to-end performance modeling of passive remote sensing systems

The ultimate goal of end-to-end system modeling is to simulate all known physical effects which determine the content of the data, before flying an instrument system. In remote sensing, one begins with a scene, viewed either statistically or dynamically, computes the radiance in each spectral band, renders the scene, transfers it through representative atmospheres to create the radiance field at an aperture, and integrates over sensor pixels. We have simulated a comprehensive sequence of realistic instrument hardware elements and the transfer of simulated data to an analysis system. This analysis package is the same as that intended for use of data collections from the real system. By comparing the analyzed image to the original scene, the net effect of nonideal system components can be understood. Iteration yields the optimum values of system parameters to achieve performance targets. We have used simulation to develop and test improved multispectral algorithms for (1) the robust retrieval of water surface temperature, water vapor column, and other quantities; (2) the preservation of radiometric accuracy during atmospheric correction and pixel registration on the ground; and (3) exploitation of on-board multispectral measurements to assess the atmosphere between ground and aperture.
Beta-adrenergic receptor alterations in hypertension--physiological and molecular correlates.

In hypertensive animals, there is physiological and biochemical evidence that β-adrenergic responsiveness is diminished. In contrast, in man the physiological evidence of reduced β-adrenergic responsiveness is not completely convincing and few biochemical studies have been reported. The lymphocyte has been widely used as a model for the human β-adrenergic receptor complex. In studies comparing young normotensive and mild hypertensive subjects we demonstrated a reduction in β-adrenergic mediated adenylate cyclase activity in lymphocytes from hypertensive subjects. A parallel reduction in β-adrenergic receptor affinity for agonists was also seen. These changes are consistent with a functional uncoupling of the receptor from the adenylate cyclase complex. To determine the role of dietary sodium intake on β-adrenergic receptor properties in hypertension we studied lymphocytes from hypertensive and normotensive subjects fed either a low (10 mequiv.) or high (400 mequiv.) NaCl diet. We demonstrated that a low N...
The paradoxical nature of growth in the US bison industry

In the bison industry, a paradox has emerged in which the ideal of bison restoration has become increasingly disconnected from the management practices that orient and coordinate the lives of bison on private ranches. Although the industry has spurred the growth and reintroduction of the species, it has not been able to restore it in a theoretically significant way that approximates historic bison populations. This article examines the economic, cultural, and material variables that have generated this paradox. While considerable diversity remains within the industry, economic crises, consumer expectations and governmental regulations have reduced the influence of alternative practices and perspectives. Representations of the bison industry should acknowledge these contradictory forces to facilitate better understanding of the costs and benefits of these developments.
64 Output 1024X1024 Pixel Imager For High Frame Rate Applications

A 1024x1024 imager suitable for high frame rate applications is described. Sixty-four parallel outputs are incorporated to achieve high resolution fast framing with reduced individual port data rate. Layout segmentation and a separate masking step provides for operation as either a frame store or full frame imager. This paper discusses the architecture, fabrication and packaging of the imager.
Comparative Urodynamic Findings After Primary Valve Ablation, Vesicostomy or Proximal Diversion

AbstractPurpose: There is little known about the effect of urinary diversion on the bladder of children with posterior urethral valves. There is a fear that diversion may result in contracted noncompliant bladders. We wished to compare urodynamic parameters in patients who underwent primary ablation of posterior urethral valves and in those who underwent diversion in the form of vesicostomy or pyelostomy.Materials and Methods: Urodynamics were done in 32 boys with a history of posterior urethral valves divided into 3 groups based on initial treatment: 1) transurethral valve ablation; 2) cutaneous vesicostomy, subsequent closure and valve ablation, and 3) proximal cutaneous pyelostomy, subsequent reconstitution and valve ablation.Results: Patients who underwent initial diversion with vesicostomy or pyelostomy had bladders with larger functional capacity, better compliance and less instability. Chronic renal failure developed in 25 percent of the patients who underwent primary valve ablation and 33 percent ...