cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative studies of high performance swimming in sharks II. Metabolic biochemistry of locomotor and myocardial muscle in endothermic and ectothermic sharks

Metabolic enzyme activities in red (RM) and white (WM) myotomal muscle and in the heart ventricle (HV) were compared in two lamnid sharks (shortfin mako and salmon shark), the common thresher shark and several other actively swimming shark species. The metabolic enzymes measured were citrate synthase (CS), an index of aerobic capacity, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), an index of anaerobic capacity. WM creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity, an index of rapid ATP production during burst swimming, was also quantified. Enzyme activities in RM, WM and HV were similar in the two lamnid species. Interspecific comparisons of enzyme activities at a common reference temperature (20 degrees C) show no significant differences in RM CS activity but higher CS activity in the WM and HV of the lamnid sharks compared with the other species. For the other enzymes, activities in lamnids overlapped with those of other shark species. Comparison of the HV spongy and compact myocardial layers in mako, salmon and thresher sharks reveals a significantly greater spongy CS activity in all three species but no differences in LDH activity. Adjustment of enzyme activities to in vivo RM and WM temperatures in the endothermic lamnids elevates CS and LDH in both tissues relative to the ectothermic sharks. Thus, through its enhancement of both RM and WM enzyme activity, endothermy may be an important determinant of energy supply for sustained and burst swimming in the lamnids. Although lamnid WM is differentially warmed as a result of RM endothermy, regional differences in WM CS and LDH activities and thermal sensitivities (Q(10) values) were not found. The general pattern of the endothermic myotomal and ectothermic HV muscle metabolic enzyme activities in the endothermic lamnids relative to other active, ectothermic sharks parallels the general pattern demonstrated for the endothermic tunas relative to their ectothermic sister species. However, the activities of all enzymes measured are lower in lamnids than in tunas. Relative to lamnids, the presence of lower WM enzyme activities in the thresher shark (which is in the same order as the lamnids, has an RM morphology similar to that of the mako and salmon sharks and may be endothermic) suggests that other factors, such as behavior and swimming pattern, also affect shark myotomal organization and metabolic function.
The Raman spectra of N-14O2 and N-15O2 solids at 20 K

The Raman spectra of N-14O2 and N-15O2 have been studied at 20 K. The far infrared of N-14O2 at 20 K was also measured. The data were assigned on the basis of a C-sub 2 nu molecular model. Normal coordinate calculations were performed for a variety of assignments. The assignment that yielded the best fit is presented. The solid state effects are discussed.
Dynamic shearing resistance of molten metal films under high pressures and extremely high shearing rates

In the present study plate-impact pressureshear experiments have been conducted to study the dynamic shearing resistance of molten metal films at shearing rates of approximately 107 s−1. These molten films are generated by pressure-shear impact of relatively low melt-point metals such as 7075-T6 Al alloy with high hardness and high flow-strength tool-steel plates. By employing high impact speeds and relatively smooth impacting surfaces, normal interfacial pressures ranging from 1–3 GPa and slip speeds of over 100 m/s are generated during the pressure-shear loading. The resulting friction stress (∼100 to 400 MPa) combined with the high slip speeds generate conditions conductive to interfacial temperatures approaching the fully melt temperature regime of the lower melt-point metal (7075-T6 aluminum alloy) comprising the tribo-pair. During pressure-shear loading, laser interferometry is employed to measure normal and transverse motion at the rear surface of the target plate. The normal component of the particle velocity provides the interfacial normal traction while the transverse component provides the shearing resistance of the interface as it passes through melt. In order to extract the critical interfacial parameters, such as the interfacial slip-speed and interfacial temperatures, a Lagrangian finiteelement code is developed. The computational procedure accounts for dynamic effects, heat conduction, contact with friction, and full thermo-mechanical coupling. At temperatures below melt the flyer and target materials are described as an isotropic thermally softening elastic-viscoplastic solid. For material elements with temperatures in excess of the melt point, a purely Newtonian fluid constitutive model is employed. The results of this hybrid experimental-computational study provide insights into the dynamic shearing resistance of molten metal films at high pressures and extremely high shearing rates.
Factors Affecting Women's Career Advancement in the Hospitality Industry: Perceptions of Students, Educators and Industry Recruiters

Abstract The underrepresentation of women in top management positions is an important concern in the hospitality industry, in spite of the increasing number of women employees. This study examined factors affecting women's career advancement in the hospitality industry. An online survey was conducted on a convenience sample of 226 hospitality students, educators and recruiters. Seven factors were extracted: External (e.g. network, mentor), Character, Equity, Family issues, Lack of support, Advancement and Treatment. A major finding of this research was that significant differences existed in perceptions by gender and groups (students, educators, and recruiters). Group differences showed that industry recruiters always had significant differences with educators and students. The findings indicated that hospitality education programs could implement a number of measures to better prepare women for leadership roles in the hospitality industry.
An Ovarian Role in Prolonging and Terminating the Two Surges of Prolactin in Pseudopregnant Rats

Daily nocturnal (N) and diurnal (D) surges of PRL are characteristic of a pseudopregnancy (psp) induced by cervical stimulation (CS). These semicircadian surges persist for 13–14 days, after which time they cease, and psp ends. The purpose of this study was to describe the involvement of the ovarian steroids in the maintenance and termination of the N and D surges of PRL. CS of long term ovariectomized (OVX) rats resulted in N and D surges of PRL lasting 14 days. By day 16 after CS, neither surge of PRL was present. The sc placement of Silastic implants containing large quantities of progesterone in long term OVX-CS rats sustained and enhanced the N surge of PRL until at least day 16. The D surge was also sustained until day 16, but its magnitude was normal. Estradiol alone was capable of maintaining the D but not the N surge for this same time interval. However, pharmacological quantities of estradiol restricted the magnitude of the N surge generated in the progesterone-implanted animal. Since neither su...
Temperature and Polarization Dependent XANES Measurements on Single Crystal PbTiO3

We have measured the X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) of single crystal PbTiO 3 as a function of temperature and polarization throughout its tetragonal phase. The broken centrosymmetry at the Ti site gives rise to a distinctive peak in the region before the main rising edge. The strong polarization dependence of this peak is consistent with the displacement of the Ti atom from a site of centrosymmetry along the c-axis. We find that the dependence upon temperature and polarization of the area under this peak is consistent with the presence of an order-disorder component in the dynamics of this system as it approaches its phase boundary and that the disordering can be ascertained from the XANES with greater accuracy than from the EXAFS alone.
Blocking cholesterol synthesis impairs acquisition of the classically conditioned eyeblink response.

Smith-Lemli-Opitz (SLO) syndrome is a congenital disorder characterized by severe mental retardation. Patients with SLO lack 7-dehydrocholesterol (7 dH) reductase, which catalyzes the last step of cholesterol synthesis. Administration of an agent that blocks 7 dH cholesterol reductase, BM 15.966 (BM), leads to a biochemical profile which resembles that of SLO patients, i.e., lower plasma, live and brain cholesterol levels accompanied by the appearance of the precursors 7 dH and 8 dH cholesterol. In this article we address the functional consequences of chronic BM treatment on new motor learning by assessing acquisition of the classically conditioned eyeblink response. Just-weaned rats were fed BM by gavage for four months, with half of these rats given exogenous cholesterol during the last two months of BM treatment. Acquisition of the eyeblink response was impaired in BM-treated rats. Impaired acquisition of the eyeblink response was not accompanied by alterations in responsiveness to either the conditioned or unconditioned stimulus. Exogenous cholesterol, a clinically relevant countertreatment, failed to correct for the learning impairment produced by BM treatment. Chronic treatment with a cholesterol synthesis-blocking agent impaired associative learning in just-weaned rats.
Treatment of Close Approaches in the Numerical Integration of the Gravitational Problem of N Bodies

One of the main difficulties encountered in the numerical integration of the gravitational n-body problem is associated with close approaches. The singularities of the differential equations of motion result in losses of accuracy and in considerable increase in computer time when any of the distances between the participating bodies decreases below a certain value. This value is larger than the distance when tidal effects become important, consequently, numerical problems are encountered before the physical picture is changed. Elimination of these singularities by transformations is known as the process of regularization. This paper discusses such transformations and describes in considerable detail the numerical approaches to more accurate and faster integration. The basic ideas of smoothing and regularization are explained and applications are given.
Inference under imprecise probability assessments

Under partial knowledge, the use of the precise probability might be misleading. However, it is possible to process imprecise assessments, such as comparative previsions or grades of previsions. Rules for checking their coherence with the theoretical model and for making inference are given. Sometimes the derived conclusions might provide us with a complete answer for a given problem. In any case, technical tools can measure the imprecision of the answer and reveal if the analysis is thorough enough.
"Benign" giant cell tumor of bone metastasizing to lung.

Abstract A case of "benign" metastasizing giant cell tumor is presented. Previous experience shows that this is a relatively favorable lesion not having the grave implications of sarcomatous disease, as evidenced by the good long-term results in our previously reported patient [14] and a number of others reported in the literature. An aggressive surgical approach to pulmonary metastasis of giant cell tumors is warranted because long-term control, if not permanent eradication, can be accomplished by that means.
Integrative review: parent perspectives on care of their child at the end of life

This integrative review aims to describe parents' perspectives on end-of-life care for their children. Fifteen publications from a literature search of the Cochrane databases, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and PSYCHinfo were included in the review. Recurring themes included poor communication/lack of information, strained relationships/inadequate emotional support, parental need to maintain parent/child relationships in life and death, quality of care continues after the death of the child, influence of services/planning on parent/child impacts quality of life, and the difficult decision to terminate life support. No studies were identified that focused on parents' perspectives on the care their child received at the end of life. Further research that focuses on the special needs of parents at this difficult time is needed.
Application of cladistics to the analysis of genotype-phenotype relationships

We seek to understand the relative contribution of allelic variations of a particular gene to the determination of an individual's risk of atherosclerosis or hypertension. Work in progress is focusing on the identification and characterization of mutations in candidate genes that are known to be involved in determining the phenotypic expression of intermediate biochemical and physiological traits that are in the pathway of causation between genetic variation and variation in risk of disease. The statistical strategy described in this paper is designed to aid geneticists and molecular biologists in their search to find the DNA sequences responsible for the genetic component of variation in these traits. With this information we will have a more complete understanding of the nature of the organization of the genetic variation responsible for quantitative variation in risk of disease. It will then be possible to fully evaluate the utility of measured genetic information in predicting the risk of common diseases having a complex multifactorial etiology, such as atherosclerosis and hypertension.
Adaptive supervisory control of remote manipulation

The command language by which an operator exerts supervisory control over a general purpose remote manipulator should be designed to accomodate certain characteristics of human performance if there is to be effective communication between the operator and the machine. Some of the ways in which people formulate tasks, use language, learn and make errors are discussed and design implications are drawn. A general approach to command language design is suggested, based on the notion matching the operator's current task schema or context by appropriate program structures or "frames" in the machine.
INVOLVEMENT OF PROTEIN KINASE C AND PROTEIN KINASE A IN THE ENHANCEMENT OF L-TYPE CALCIUM CURRENT BY GABAB RECEPTOR ACTIVATION IN NEONATAL HIPPOCAMPUS

In the early neonatal period activation of GABAB receptors attenuates calcium current through N-type calcium channels while enhancing current through L-type calcium channels in rat hippocampal neurons. The attenuation of N-type calcium current has been previously demonstrated to occur through direct interactions of the βγ subunits of Gi/o G-proteins, but the signal transduction pathway for the enhancement of L-type calcium channels in mammalian neurons remains unknown. In the present study, calcium currents were elicited in acute cultures from postnatal day 6-8 rat hippocampi in the presence of various modulators of protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) pathways. Overnight treatment with an inhibitor of Gi/o (pertussis toxin, 200 ng/ml) abolished the attenuation of calcium current by the GABAB agonist, baclofen (10 μM) with no effect on the enhancement of calcium current. These data indicate that while the attenuation of N-type calcium current is mediated by the Gi/o subtype of G-protein, the enhancement of L-type calcium current requires activation of a different G-protein. The enhancement of the sustained component of calcium current by baclofen was blocked by PKC inhibitors, GF-109203X (500 nM), chelerythrine chloride (5 μM), and PKC fragment 19-36 (2 μM) and mimicked by the PKC activator phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (1 μM). The enhancement of the sustained component of calcium current was blocked by PKA inhibitors H-89 (1 μM) and PKA fragment 6-22 (500 nM) but not Rp-cAMPS (30 μM) and it was not mimicked by the PKA activator, 8-Br-cAMP (500 μM-1 mM). The data suggest that activation of PKC alone is sufficient to enhance L-type calcium current but that PKA may also be involved in the GABAB receptor mediated effect.
Stimulatory effect of carbohydrates on aspartic acid deaminase activity of Bacterium cadaveris.

Summary1. Glucose, acid degraded glucose and the Christman-Williams factor exhibit significant stimulation of the aspartic acid deaminase system of the living cell. 2. Acid treatment is not required for the stimulatory activity of glucose. 3. None of these carbohydrates is capable of stimulating the thoroughly dried cell or the cell-free sonic extract. 4. The kinetics of the living cell approach those of the cell-free and dried preparation only if glucose is supplied. 5. It appears likely that the stimulatory effect of carbohydrates on this system is an indirect one perhaps concerned with the permeability of the cell membrane to the amino acid substrate.
Relativistic many-body perturbation-theory calculations of transition rates for copperlike, silverlike, and goldlike ions

We perform relativistic many-body perturbation theory calculations through third order to study amplitudes of the principal transitions in copperlike, silverlike, and goldlike ions. For low ionicities, semiempirical corrections are given for the omitted fourth- and higher-order terms. Comparisons with experiment are made.
Do endogenous volatile organic chemicals measured in breath reflect and maintain CYP2E1 levels in vivo

The effect of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (DCE), an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (P450) 2E1 (CYP2E1), on the composition and quantity of volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) expired in the breath of male F-344 rats was determined in parallel with hepatic P450 activity and content. Hepatic microsomes were prepared from groups of rats prior to dosing and at 2, 5, 12, and 24 hr postdosing with DCE (100 mg/kg ip), and total P450 content and the activity of CYP2E1 was determined. Breath was collected from parallel groups of rats predose and at several intervals that encompassed the time points for rats euthanized for microsome preparation. Over 100 breath components were identified by GC/MS and quantitated by GC/FID. The overall change in the profile of breath VOCs resulting from administration of DCE was striking. An increase of approximately 1000% was measured in the mass of non-DCE-derived VOCs exhaled 4-6 hr after dosing, but there was no increase in hepatic lipid peroxidation. In addition to hexane, short-chain methyl ketones were particularly affected, and percentage increases in response to inhibition were inversely related to chain length, with acetone and 2-butanone > 2-pentanone >> 2-hexanone > 2-heptanone. There were no statistically significant decreases in total content of P450, but the activity of CYP2E1 was diminished about 65% at 2 and 5 hr after DCE treatment. However, 24 hr after inhibitor administration the total mass of VOCs expired was only marginally elevated above baseline and CYP2E1 activity was not significantly different from that of untreated rats. The compounds most markedly increased upon inhibition of CYP2E1 are also excellent inducers of that isozyme, and this finding is consistent with the hypothesis that these chemicals are important to the normal homeostasis of CYP2E1. The increase in breath components observed following inhibition of CYP2E1 suggests that VOCs in breath can reflect the activity of that isozyme in vivo.
A two-parameter defect-correction method for computation of steady-state viscoelastic fluid flow

The numerical simulation of viscoelastic fluid flow becomes more difficult as a physical parameter, the Weissenberg number, increases. Specifically, at a Weissenberg number larger than a critical value, the iterative nonlinear solver fails to converge. In this paper a two-parameter defect-correction method for viscoelastic fluid flow is presented and analyzed. In the defect step the Weissenberg number is artificially reduced to solve a stable nonlinear problem. The approximation is then improved in the correction step using a linearized correction iteration. Numerical experiments support the theoretical results and demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.
Role of gp120 trimerization on HIV binding elucidated with Brownian adhesive dynamics.

We simulated the docking of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with a cell membrane using Brownian adhesive dynamics. The main advance in the current version of Brownian adhesive dynamics is that we use a simple bead-spring model to coarsely approximate the role of gp120 trimerization on HIV docking. We used our simulations to elucidate the effect of env spike density on the rate and probability of HIV binding, as well as the probability that each individual gp120 trimer is fully engaged. We found that for typical CD4 surface densities, viruses expressing as few as 8 env spikes will dock with binding rate constants comparable to viruses expressing 72 spikes. We investigated the role of cellular receptor diffusion on the degree of binding achieved by the virus on both short timescales (where binding has reached steady state but before substantial receptor accumulation in the viral-cell contact zone has occurred) and long timescales (where the system has reached steady state). On short timescales, viruses with 10–23 env trimers most efficiently form fully engaged trimers. On long timescales, all gp120 in the contact area will become bound to CD4. We found that it takes seconds for engaged trimers to cluster CD4 molecules in the contact zone, which partially explains the deleay in viral entry.
Reactions of the heptasulfur imide anion

Abstract Heptasulfur imide can be completely deprotonated by treatment of its solution in tetrahydrofuran with powdered KOH at −62°C for 15 min; the resulting solution of K+S7N− reacts with CH3I to give an essentially quantitative yield of the N-methyl derivative of heptasulfur imide. Extended treatment of a K+S7N− solution with KOH causes irreversible decomposition. In solution, the S7N− ion undergoes spontaneous isomerization, probably to an open chain form; at temperatures above about −40°C, the rate of isomerization is sufficient to permit equilibrium between the two forms to be readily achieved. The compounds benzyl heptasulfurimidoformate, ethyl heptasulfurimidoformate, and heptasulfurimidotrimethylsilane are formed by the action of the ring form of S7N− on the corresponding chloro compounds.
Continuing Galactic Formation - a New Concept of Galactic Evolution

A new theory for galactic arm formation shows the arms to be continually eminating from the galactic nucleus due to a continual influx of cosmic dust. In the neighborhood of the nucleus the problem is treated as a fluid flow and a simple solution is given using conservation of momentum. When rotational dynamics are included the spinning arm system is the result. This solution resolves the problem of the ‘missing mass’, accounts for warped disk galaxies and gives a probable source for the gravity waves measured by Weber which eminate from our galactic center. Reversal of arm direction is demonstrated and examples of such reversals are cited. An approximate theoretical estimate of the age of our Sun is found to be in good agreement with radio isotope dating. A general result shows why twin star systems are in such great abundance in a galaxy. It gives a model of galactic evolution which begins with only a single massive nucleus with the collapsing gas clouds forming the arms.
Kaposi's sarcoma in a homosexual—10 years on

Kaposi's sarcoma is seen in one of several clinical settings. Before the recognition of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the early 1980s, the most frequent presentation of Kaposi's sarcoma in the UK was the so-called 'classical' form of the disease. The most common form of Kaposi's sarcoma in this country is now that associated with AIDS, which particularly affects young male homosexuals. Here we describe a homosexual man who has developed many Kaposi's sarcoma tumours during the past 10 years. The disease has run a benign course and there is no evidence of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Identification of a novel arsenite oxidase gene, arxA, in the haloalkaliphilic, arsenite-oxidizing bacterium Alkalilimnicola ehrlichii strain MLHE-1.

Although arsenic is highly toxic to most organisms, certain prokaryotes are known to grow on and respire toxic metalloids of arsenic (i.e., arsenate and arsenite). Two enzymes are known to be required for this arsenic-based metabolism: (i) the arsenate respiratory reductase (ArrA) and (ii) arsenite oxidase (AoxB). Both catalytic enzymes contain molybdopterin cofactors and form distinct phylogenetic clades (ArrA and AoxB) within the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) reductase family of enzymes. Here we report on the genetic identification of a “new” type of arsenite oxidase that fills a phylogenetic gap between the ArrA and AoxB clades of arsenic metabolic enzymes. This “new” arsenite oxidase is referred to as ArxA and was identified in the genome sequence of the Mono Lake isolate Alkalilimnicola ehrlichii MLHE-1, a chemolithoautotroph that can couple arsenite oxidation to nitrate reduction. A genetic system was developed for MLHE-1 and used to show that arxA (gene locus ID mlg_0216) was required for chemoautotrophic arsenite oxidation. Transcription analysis also showed that mlg_0216 was only expressed under anaerobic conditions in the presence of arsenite. The mlg_0216 gene is referred to as arxA because of its greater homology to arrA relative to aoxB and previous reports that implicated Mlg_0216 (ArxA) of MLHE-1 in reversible arsenite oxidation and arsenate reduction in vitro. Our results and past observations support the position that ArxA is a distinct clade within the DMSO reductase family of proteins. These results raise further questions about the evolutionary relationships between arsenite oxidases (AoxB) and arsenate respiratory reductases (ArrA).
Lagrangian and Eulerian Time-Scale Relations in the Daytime Boundary Layer

Abstract Lagrangian (neutral balloon) and Eulerian (tower and aircraft) turbulence observations were made in the daytime mixed layer near Boulder, Colorado. Average sampling time was ∼25 min. Average Lagrangian time scale is ∼70 s and average ratio of Lagrangian to Eulerian time scales (β = TL/TE) is about 1.7. The ratio β is inversely proportional to turbulence intensity i. These data support the formula β = 0.7/i. Lagrangian time scale for the vertical component of turbulence at heights above ∼100 m is given by the formula TL = 0.17zi/σμ where zi is mixing depth. This formula is valid for the horizontal components of turbulence at all heights in the mixed layer. Lagrangian spectra in the inertial subrange are best represented by the formula Fr(n) = 0.2ϵn−2.
Testosterone Relaxes Rabbit Coronary Arteries and Aorta

Background Until menopause, women appear to be protected from coronary heart disease. Evidence suggests that estrogen may play a role in the protection of the cardiovascular system by exerting a be...
Choosing an intervention for problem behaviors of preschool handicapped students

One problem that faces special education teachers of young handicapped students is choosing among interventions. There has been an increased awareness recently of the issue of level of intrusiveness, or a concern for choosing the least‐restrictive intervention. Certainly the least intrusive, but effective, intervention is the one to choose. But given a level of intrusiveness, how does one choose among interventions? It is the purpose of this paper to discuss considerations for choosing an intervention based upon aspects of the student, the situation, and the intervention itself.
The auto-associative neural network - a network architecture worth considering

Of the over 73,000 papers mentioning neural networks in the last 10 years, only 232 of them mention the auto-associative neural network (AANN). This is surprising, in that the AANN is a particularly useful architecture able to perform filtering, system modeling, anomaly detection as well as its apparently more traditional associative memory role. The purpose of this paper is to introduce this versatile network to a wider audience and to raise the awareness of the engineering community to a useful tool. A brief introduction to the architecture is followed with a brief discussion of some theoretical issues, and then moves on to few practical suggestions to get the interested practitioner started using them effectively.
Imaging the intact mouse cornea using coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering (CARS).

Purpose. The aim of this study was to image the cellular and noncellular structures of the cornea and limbus in an intact mouse eye using the vibrational oscillation of the carbon–hydrogen bond in lipid membranes and autofluorescence as label-free contrast agents.
Partial loss of anabolic effect of prostaglandin E2 on bone after its withdrawal in rats.

The object of this study was to determine the fate of PGE(sub 2)-induced new bone mass after withdrawal of PGE(sub 2) administration. Seven-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were given subcutaneous injections of 1, 3, and 6 mg PGE(sub 2)/kg/d for 60 days and then withdrawn for 60 and 120 days. Histomorphometric analyses were performed on double fluorescent labeled undecalcified proximal tibial bone specimens. After 60 days of PGE(sub 2) treatment, a new steady state of increased trabecular bone area (+67% and +81% with 3 and 6 mg PGE(sub 2)/kg/d) from woven bone and stimulated lamellar bone formation, elevated bone turnover, and shortened remodeling periods were achieved compared to age-matched controls. In contrast, after 60 and 120 days withdrawal of PGE(sub 2), a new steady state characterized by less trabecular bone area (+40% to +60% of controls with 3 and 6 mg/kg/d doses), normal lamellar bone formation, no woven bone formation from controls, and eroded surface greater than those seen in controls and previously in 60-day PGE(sub 2) treated rats. The decrease in new bone mass after withdrawal of PGE(sub 2) was due to a further elevation of bone resorption above that induced by the PGE(sub 2) treatment and a reduction in PGE(sub 2) stimulated bone formation activities. Although there is more trabecular bone than in controls after 120 days' withdrawal of PGE(sub 2), we postulate that the skeletal adaptation to mechanical usage will eventually reduce the bone mass to control levels. Thus, it is conservative to conclude that the anabolic effect of PGE(sub 2) was dependent upon continuous daily administration of PGE(sub 2) in these older rats.
How Much Do Government Services Really Cost

Great efforts are being made to increase productivity and to reduce costs of government services. A necessary starting point is adequate knowledge of the true cost of service. The field of residential refuse collection is investigated and empirical evidence is presented that (1) cities do not know the cost of services provided by municipal agencies; (2) city budgets substantially understate the actual cost of service. Reasons why such under- reporting occurs are examined. Because city officials perceive program costs to be lower than they really are, they are often unable to evaluate alternatives and therefore they fail to take advantage of opportunities to increase efficiency.
Critical behavior of uniaxial ferromagnetics with dipolar interactions

Abstract The critical behavior of uniaxial ferromagnets with exchange and dipolar interaction is studied by exact renormalization group techniques. A crossover occurs from short-range (Ising) to characteristic dipolar behavior, which is described.
Assessing the importance of measurement error in capital investment models

New developments in the economics of capital investment emphasize the role of financial variables. Econometric evidence on these hypotheses is potentially compromised by measurement error due to accounting conventions. The paper reviews new capital investment models and considers ways in which accounting procedures might lead to measurement error biases. Advances in errors-in-variables econometric models are employed to gauge the impact of measurement error on estimates of financial influences on capital investment. Cash-flow models appear to be especially susceptible to measurement error but q models seem fairly insensitive to measurement problems.
Subtotal Resection for Management of Large Jugular Paragangliomas with Functional Lower Cranial Nerves

ObjectivesTo evaluate tumor control following subtotal resection of advanced jugular paragangliomas in patients with functional lower cranial nerves and to investigate the utility of salvage radiot...
FLAVOR-SPECIFIC INCLUSIVE B DECAYS TO CHARM

We have measured the branching fractions for B → D X, B → DX, and B → D Xl^+ν. From these results and some previously measured branching fractions, we obtain B(b → cc s) = (21.9±3.7)%, B(b → sg)<6.8% at 90% C.L., and B(D^0 → K^-π^+) = (3.69±0.20)%. Implications for the “B semileptonic decay problem” (measured branching fraction being below theoretical expectations) are discussed. With the increase in the value of B(b → cc s) due to B → DX, the discrepancy is no longer statistically compelling.
The COMET trial.

A roundtable discussion by cardiac specialists and pharmacologists was convened on August 18, 2003, to discuss and critique the results of the Carvedilol or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET), which were recently published in The Lancet.1 Michael R. Bristow, MD, PhD, Head of the Division of Cardiology at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center in Denver, CO, moderated the discussion. Panelists included Kirkwood F. Adams, Jr., MD, Associate Professor of Medicine and Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC; Jerry L. Bauman, PharmD, Professor of Pharmacy Practice and Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; Arthur M. Feldman, MD, PhD, Magee Professor of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA; Thomas D. Giles, MD, Professor of Medicine, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA; Sidney Goldstein, MD, Professor of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Detroit, MI; Douglas L. Mann, MD, Professor of Medicine, Winters Center for Heart Failure Research, Houston, TX; and Robert L. Talbert, PharmD, Professor of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Professor of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX.
Effect of epidermal growth factor on prostate cancer cell line PC3 growth and invasion

Elevated levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) have been demonstrated in prostate cancer cell lines and clinical specimens suggesting a role for polypeptide growth factors in prostate tumor cell growth and invasion. To more clearly define the role of EGF in prostate cancer invasion, we undertook a series of studies utilizing the PC3 prostate cancer cell line, an aggressive, hormone-independent cell line derived from a metastatic lesion. No statistical differences were noted in the growth of PC3 cells under serum-free conditions when EGF (10(-10) M-10(-8) M) or monoclonal anti-EGF-R antibody (10(-11) M-10(-8) M) were added. Utilizing the Boyden chamber microinvasion assay, EGF supplemented cells demonstrated a statistically significant augmentation in invasion (P < 0.05) when compared to control cells at each time point in the study. With increasing length of exposure to EGF, the number of concentrations that produced significant invasion increased: day 1 (10(-8) M), day 3 (10(-8), 10(-9) M), and day 5 (10(-7), 10(-8), 10(-10) M). Northern blot analysis of EGF supplemented cells revealed an increase in expression of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) RNA, a serine protease involved in the regulation of pericellular proteolysis and membrane degradation. Protein analysis confirmed these findings. Statistically significant inhibition of invasion by anti-uPA antibodies was demonstrated for EGF-stimulated and PC3 control cells. Our results demonstrate that certain concentrations of EGF augment invasion in the PC3 cell line. This enhancement of invasion occurs in part by an overproduction of uPA, an extracellular protease. These findings suggest that the autocrine production of EGF may potentiate tumor cell invasion.
Map and Line-Drawing Processing

Maps are line drawings used to represent data that is intrinsically two-dimensional in nature. The most common use of maps is for depicting geographically distributed data, though maps also find application for representing data based on totally different spatial coordinates. Once confined to representation solely on paper, today’s maps tend increasingly to be stored in digital form on magnetic tape or disk, with the “paper” map being merely a “hard copy” of the stored data. This article discusses some of the different map forms, data structures, and algorithms for analysis and manipulation, and describes some of the current problems relating to the processing of all-digital map data.
Design and computational methods in basic mechanics courses

This paper describes the changes incorporated in experimental versions of the two basic mechanics courses in the McCormick School of Engineering at Northwestern University to increase the design and computer content. These Statics and Strength of Materials classes include linear algebra, an introduction to matrix methods of structural analysis including truss elements in one and two dimensions, and the constant strain triangle. Design analysis projects are also added to the courses. We describe the new material, what has been eliminated, and our reasons for these choices. Examples of computer projects, students' reactions, and plans for the future are also summarized.
Closed-form boundary State feedbacks for a class of 1-D partial integro-differential equations

In this paper, a problem of boundary stabilization of a class of linear parabolic partial integro-differential equations (P(I)DEs) in one dimension is considered using the method of backstepping, avoiding spatial discretization required in previous efforts. The problem is formulated as a design of an integral operator whose kernel is required to satisfy a hyperbolic P(I)DE. The kernel P(I)DE is then converted into an equivalent integral equation and by applying the method of successive approximations, the equation's well posedness and the kernel's smoothness are established. It is shown how to extend this approach to design optimally stabilizing controllers. An adaptation mechanism is developed to reduce the conservativeness of the inverse optimal controller, and the performance bounds are derived. For a broad range of physically motivated special cases feedback laws are constructed explicitly and the closed-loop solutions are found in closed form. A numerical scheme for the kernel P(I)DE is proposed; its numerical effort compares favorably with that associated with operator Riccati equations.
URINARY SYMPTOMS IN ADOLESCENT FEMALES: STI OR UTI?

Purpose To determine if urinary symptoms or urinary tract infections (UTI) were associated with sexually transmitted infections (STI) and which history, clinical, and laboratory findings could distinguish these infections in symptomatic women.
Depth-Latency Tradeoffs in Multicast Tree Algorithms

The construction of multicast trees is complicated by the need to balance a number of important objectives, including: minimizing latencies, minimizing depth/hops, and bounding the degree. In this paper, we study the problem of determining a degree-bounded directed spanning tree of minimum average-latency in a complete graph where the inter-node latencies are used to determine a metric. In particular, we focus on measuring the effects on average latency when imposing depth constraints (i.e., bounds on hop count) on degree-bounded spanning trees. The general problem is a well known NP-hard problem, and several works have proposed approximate solutions which aim at minimizing either depth or latency. In this work, we present a new heuristic algorithm which improves upon previous solutions by considering both depth and latency and the tradeoffs between them. Our algorithms are shown to improve the theoretical worst-case approximation factors, and we demonstrate improvements under empirical evaluation. Our experiments examine and analyze several different topologies, including, low-dimensional random geometric networks, random transit-stub networks, and high- dimensional hypercube networks. We show how our solutions can be applied in the context of enabling multicasting support in locality aware peer-to-peer overlay networks.
Cloning and characterization of human phosphomannomutase, a mammalian homologue of yeast SEC53

Phosphomannomutase (PMM) catalyzes the conversion of mannose-6-phosphate to mannose-1 -phosphate, which is a substrate for the synthesis of GDP-mannose. This nucleotide sugar is then used in the synthesis of dolicholphosphate-mannose, which is essential for N-linked glycosylation and thus the secretion of several glycoproteins as well as for the synthesis of glycosyl-phos phatidyl-inositol (GPI) anchored proteins. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, SEC53, a gene required for viability, encodes PMM. Given the importance of PMM in glycoprotein synthesis, it is surprising that very little is known about the enzyme in higher eukaryotes. Recently, an autosomal recessive human disease, Carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome type I (CDGS-I) has been correlated with severely reduced PMM activity. Here we report the isolation of a cDNA encoding human PMM, a protein of 29 kDa that is 55% identical and 66% similar to yeast Sec53p. Northern blot analysis shows a single 1.4 kb transcript that is ubiquitously expressed, although levels vary markedly among tissues. Expression of the human cDNA in a temperature-sensitive mutant sec53 yeast strain confers growth at the restrictive temperature, strongly suggesting that this gene encodes a functional PMM. Finally, when expressed in BHK cells, PMM is localized exclusively to the cytosol corresponding to its localization in yeast.
Antler growth and osteoporosis. II. Gravimetric and chemical changes in the costal compacta during the antler growth cycle.

In an attempt to support the morphological data indicating a cyclic physiological osteoporosis in three three-year-old captive Rocky Mountain mule deer, costal cortical biopsy material was analyzed by densitometric and chemical methods. Bone densities, amount of ash per unit volume and levels of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium per unit volume indicated bone mineral was mobilized during periods of antler growth. However, calcium to phosphorus ratios were maintained at normal levels during this reversible cyclic phenomenon. These data substantiated the morphological observation of a cyclic physiological osteoporosis in the mule deer.
Energy, wealth, and human development: why and how biomass pretreatment research must improve.

A high level of human development is dependent on energy consumption (roughly 4 kW per person), and most developed countries that have reached this level have done so through the extensive use of fossil energy. However, given that fossil resources are finite, in order for developed countries to maintain their level of development and simultaneously allow developing countries to reach their potential, it is essential to develop viable renewable energy alternatives. Of particular importance are liquid fuel replacements for petroleum, the fossil resource that primarily drives commerce and economic growth. The intent of this article is to remind our fellow biofuel researchers, particularly those involved in lignocellulosic pretreatment, of these global issues and the serious nature of our work. We hope that this will inspire us to generate and report higher quality and more thorough data than has been done in the past. Only in this way can accurate comparisons and technoeconomic evaluations be made for the many different pretreatment technologies that are currently being researched. The data that primarily influence biorefinery economics can be subdivided into three main categories: yield, concentration, and rate. For these three categories we detail the specific data that should be reported for pretreatment research. In addition, there is other information that is needed to allow for a thorough comparison of pretreatment technologies. An overview of these criteria and our comparison of the current state of a number of pretreatment technologies with respect to these criteria are covered in the last section. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 28: 893–898, 2012
Effects of lamotrigine on hippocampal activation in corticosteroid-treated patients.

Background: An extensive animal literature suggests that stress or excessive corticosteroid exposure is associated with changes in hippocampal function and memory. These findings are pertinent to psychiatric disorders with elevated cortisol, Cushing's disease and the millions of patients receiving prescription corticosteroids. In animals, agents that decrease glutamate release attenuate the effects of corticosteroids on the hippocampus. Minimal data are available on preventing or reversing the effects of corticosteroids on the human hippocampus. We previously reported improvement in memory in corticosteroid-treated patients given lamotrigine. In this report, we examined the impact of lamotrigine on task-related hippocampal activation in patients taking prescription corticosteroids. Methods: A total of 28 outpatients taking long-term oral prednisone for medical conditions, such as renal transplant rejection, were randomized to lamotrigine or placebo for 24 weeks. Hippocampal activation in response to a visual memory task was assessed with blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Results: Consistent with a reduction in glutamate release, the right posterior hippocampus showed a significant decrease in task-related activation in the lamotrigine group as compared to the placebo group. Limitations: The modest sample size and an assessment period of only 24 weeks are study limitations. Conclusions: Between-group differences in hippocampal activation were observed. The results suggest that an agent that modulates glutamate may modify the effects of long-term corticosteroid exposure on the human hippocampus.
Cycling the representer algorithm for variational data assimilation with a nonlinear reduced gravity ocean model

The representer method was used by [Ngodock, H.E., Jacobs, G.A., Chen, M., 2006. The representer method, the ensemble Kalman filter and the ensemble Kalman smoother: a comparison study using a nonlinear reduced gravity ocean model. Ocean Modelling 12, 378–400] in a comparison study with the ensemble Kalman filter and smoother involving a 1.5 nonlinear reduced gravity idealized ocean model simulating the Loop Current (LC) and the Loop Current eddies (LCE) in the Gulf of Mexico. It was reported that the representer method was more accurate than its ensemble counterparts, yet it had difficulties fitting the data in the last month of the 4-month assimilation window when the data density was significantly decreased. The authors attributed this failure to increased advective nonlinearities in the presence of an eddy shedding causing the tangent linear model (TLM) to become inaccurate. In a separate study [Ngodock, H.E., Smith, S.R., Jacobs, G.A., 2007. Cycling the representer algorithm for variational data assimilation with the Lorenz attractor. Monthly Weather Review 135 (2), 373–386] applied the cycling representer algorithm to the Lorenz attractor and demonstrated that the cycling solution was able to accurately fit the data within each cycle and beyond the range of accuracy of the TLM, once adjustments were made in the early cycles, thus overcoming the difficulties of the non-cycling solution. The cycling algorithm is used here in assimilation experiments with the nonlinear reduced gravity model. It is shown that the cycling solution overcomes the difficulties encountered by the non-cycling solution due to a limited time range of accuracy of the TLM. Thus, for variational assimilation applications where the TLM accuracy is limited in time, the cycling representer becomes a very powerful and attractive alternative, given that its computational cost is significantly lower than that of the non-cycling algorithm. Published by Elsevier Ltd.