cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Climatic and stream-flow controls on tree growth in a Western montane riparian forest.

Humans have severely impacted riparian eco- systems through water diversions, impoundments, and con- sumptive uses. Effective management of these important areas is becoming an increasingly high priority of land man- agers, particularly as municipal, industrial, and recreational demands for water increase. We examined radial tree growth of four riparian tree species (Pinus jeffreyi, Populus tricho- carpa, Betula occidentalis, and Pinus monophylla) along Bishop Creek, California, and developed models relating basal area increment (BAI) and relative basal area increment (RBAI) to climatic and stream flow variables. Between years 1995- 1999, univariate regression analysis with stream flow ex- plained 29 to 61% of the variation in BAI and RBAI among all species except P. trichocarpa; growth by P. trichocarpa was not significantly related to stream flows over this period. Step- wise linear regression indicated that species responded differ- ently to climatic variables, and models based on these vari- ables explained between 33 to 86% of variation in BAI and RBAI during the decade of the 1990s. We examined branch growth of P. trichocarpa for sensitivity to differences in stream flow regimes and found that annual branch growth did not vary between a high- and low-flow site, but that annual branch growth was significantly higher in wet years with greater stream flows. Our results support the establishment of site- specific management goals by land managers that take into account all of the important tree species present in riparian ecosystems and their differential responses to altered hy- drologic condition. Instream flow requirements for maintain- ing tree growth and vigor are only one of the species-spe- cific responses that need to be evaluated, and these assessments should attempt to separate experimentally stream-flow (managed) controls from climatic (unmanaged) controls on growth. Resource managers in the eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains of California are faced with the daunting task of balancing multiple and often conflicting man- agement objectives in riparian areas, including provid- ing hydroelectric power, supplying water to municipal areas, and growing recreational activities. Concern over maintaining riparian ecosystem integrity in this region has grown over the past 20 years because of increased documentation of these impacts on riparian flora and fauna, as well as the recognition that these activities are unlikely to diminish in the future (Kondolf and others 1996).
Experience with Ada for the Graphical Kernel System

This paper describes the effort to produce an Ada language binding to the Graphical Kernel System (GKS) and to implement a subset of the GKS functionality in Ada. It presents an overview of the GKS/Ada project, discusses some of the issues raised during development of the GKS software, describes the results of a post-coding analysis comparing the binding and prototype code, and comments on the lessons drawn from this experience.
Independence and the Creative Potential of Gifted and Exceptionally Gifted Boys.

A 16-item questionnaire concerning independence and three divergent thinking tests were administered to three groups of preadolescent boys and their mothers as part of an ongoing longitudinal investigation of exceptional giftedness. The subjects included one group of exceptionally gifted boys with IQs in excess of 150 (n=28), a second group of exceptionally gifted boys selected for their math-science abilities (also well within the 99th percentile;n=26), and a control group of gifted boys (n=37), with a mean IQ of 133). The three groups were compared with one another in terms of (a) their own independence ratings, (b) their mothers' independence ratings, (c) correlations of boys' and mothers' independence ratings, and (d) correlations of independence ratings with IQ and scores from the divergent thinking tests. Results indicated significant differences among the three groups of mothers, and significant differences between the two exceptionally gifted groups and the control group. In addition, mothers' and subjects' independence scores were moderately correlated with IQ and divergent thinking test scores. These results are discussed and placed in the context of the longitudinal project of which they are a part.
Reconstruction of Annual Temperature (1590–1979) for Longmire, Washington, Derived from Tree Rings

Annual growth records from trees at timberline in the Cascade Range of Washington are correlated with variations in temperature and snow depth and used to reconstruct climatic variation in the past. Response surfaces indicate that growth of mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) and subalpine larch (Larix lyallii) is positively correlated with summer (July to September) temperature and negatively correlated with spring (March) snow depth when snow depth is at or below average. During years of above average snow depth, temperature has little effect on mountain hemlock but has a negative effect on growth in subalpine larch. These interactions make it difficult to reconstruct these climatic variables separately using standard methods. Mean annual temperature values, which combine information on both summer temperature and spring snow depth, were estimated from a regression model that reconstructs past temperature at Longmire, Washington, as a function of larch and hemlock tree-ring chronologies. The reconstruction of mean annual temperature shows temperatures between 1590 and 1900 to be approximately 1°C lower than those of the 20th century. Only during a short period from 1650 to 1690 did temperatures approach 20th-century values.
Bartholin's gland hyperplasia in a postmenopausal woman.

Background Benign solid tumors of Bartholin's gland are rare, with only six cases reported in the English language literature since 1966. Bartholin's gland hyperplasia has not been described. Case A postmenopausal woman with painless bilateral vulvar masses underwent surgical removal of one of the masses, which revealed a well-circumscribed, nonencapsulated tumor composed of mucous glands and ducts within a dense fibrous stroma, most consistent with hyperplasia of Bartholin's gland. Conclusion Hyperplasia represents a new etiology for the enlarged Bartholin's gland. Whether the hyperplastic gland forms in response to a stimulus is unclear. However, it appears to share some features with Bartholin's gland hamartoma or adenoma.
The centralizer of a semi-linear transformation

Abstract Let V be a finite-dimensional vector space over a division ring D , where D is finite-dimensional over its center F . Suppose T is a semi-linear transformation on V with associated automorphism σ of D . The centralizer of T is the ring C ( T ) of all linear transformations on V which commute with T . If σ r is the identity on D for some r ⩾ 1 and no smaller positive power of σ is an inner automorphism, then the center of C ( T ) is computed to be polynomials in T r with coefficients from F 0 , where F 0 is the subfield of F left elementwise fixed by σ. A matrix version of this theorem is also given.
Display of the flow of energy in molecules

In this article, we develop a method to graphically display the flow of energy within molecules. An energy continuity equation is derived leading to a molecular energy flux vector field. Computation of the flux calls for the intramolecular potential, any external interactions, and the phase space trajectories of the molecular motion. The flux provides a means to display energy flow in still frames and as a tool to visualize hitherto undiscovered dynamic pathways in molecules. Examples are presented that show energy flow in three molecular systems and illustrate the point that depiction of energy flux patterns has increasing utility and meaning as one moves to larger molecules. Simple extensions to this work would also allow visualization of the flux of such quantities as linear and angular momentum. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effects of Annealing on Dynamic Behavior of a Bulk Metallic Glass

Bulk metallic glasses are excellent candidate materials for integral armor because of their high strength and large elastic strain. Also, annealed glasses exhibit higher yield strengths than their fully amorphous counterparts. Therefore, the dynamic behavior of an annealed bulk metallic glass, Zr41.25 Ti13.75 Ni10 Cu12.5 Be22.5 , was investigated in this study. A Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) was employed to determine the stress-strain response at strain rates varying from 500/s-2000/s for the annealed glass. Also, a high-speed camera was utilized to obtain in-situ video of the specimen during the deformation process. These results were then compared to similar tests on the fully amorphous material. Finally, a new specimen design and experimental setup was proposed to promote accurate measurements from SHPB tests. During dynamic loading, the strain to failure increased as the strain-rate was increased, and the changes in strain-rate produced a larger effect than that of the annealing treatment on the failure strain. Maximum stresses were generally higher for the annealed glass, although there was some scatter. Finally, while an instability formed a dominant shear band for the as-received material, extensive fragmentation characterized the deformation after formation of an initial crack.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Heterogeneity in 1H-MRS profiles of presymptomatic and early manifest Huntington's disease.

Abstract Objective To evaluate 1 H-MRS profiles of the putamen in presymptomatic and manifest Huntington's disease (HD) patients for spectroscopic markers that are reliable, consistent signs of early pathology and to look for hemispheric differences as signs of use activation in an accelerated degradative process of the dominant hemisphere. Methods: A short echo time Point RESolved Spectroscopy (PRESS) spectroscopic imaging study was performed at low field (0.5 Tesla, T) on 27 right-handed patients (17 presymptomatic gene carriers and 10 manifest patients of less than 3 years from clinical onset) and 10 right-handed normal volunteers. Spectra from individual voxels (0.56 cm 3 ) in the putamen were selected for analysis. Resonance areas of peaks were normalized to water as a concentration standard. Interhemispheric comparisons were made in individuals in all three groups to look for hemispheric differences. Results: Two presymptomatic patients showed normal spectra but all other HD patients displayed some combination of reduced N -acetylaspartate (NAA), enhanced glutamate/glutamine (Glx) activity, and lactate (Lac) elevations or reduced creatine (Cr). Rather than showing any one metabolite as pathognomonic of early change, spectroscopic profiles showed heterogeneity between HD patients. Low creatine was common in the presymptomatic but not in the manifest group. Hemispheric ratios of abnormal metabolites showed lower values of NAA and Glx in the dominant hemisphere in all three groups but values of creatine were selectively lower in the dominant hemisphere of only the presymptomatic patients. Lac was elevated in both hemispheres but less so in the dominant hemisphere in all HD patients. Conclusions: 1 H-MRS profiles from the putamen of presymptomatic and manifest patients reflect heterogeneity in pathophysiology. With the possible exception of low creatine in presymptomatic patients 1 H-MRS spectra are not suggestive of hemispheric differences supportive of an overall accelerated degradative process in the dominant hemisphere.
Transforming growth factor‐β1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from children with cystic fibrosis

Rationale Transforming factor β1 (TGF-β1) genetic polymorphisms have been identified as a modifier of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease severity. However, few data link TGF-β1 protein levels and clinical markers of CF lung disease severity. Objectives To determine the association between protein levels of TGF-β1 in pediatric CF bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and clinical parameters of CF lung disease severity. Methods Total TGF-β1 was measured in BALF from 30 pediatric CF patients and 12 non-CF disease controls undergoing clinically indicated flexible bronchoscopy, and compared to four indicators of clinical disease: infection, inflammation, pulmonary function, and recent/recurrent hospitalization. Results TGF-β1 was elevated in CF BALF compared to non-CF controls (135 ± 15 pg/ml vs. 57 ± 10 pg/ml, P < 0.01). In CF BALF, increased TGF-β1 was associated with elevated BALF PMN % (r = 0.67, P < 0.01). BALF TGF-β1 was increased in CF subjects whose FEV1 after the completion of antibiotic therapy remained below CF age-normative median values (205.9 ± 20.5 pg/ml vs. 106.4 ± 24.0, P = 0.01). BALF TGF-β1 was increased in CF children hospitalized in the previous year compared to those not recently hospitalized (169.9 ± 21.6 pg/ml vs. 107.5 ± 17.5 pg/ml, P = 0.04). Neither the presence of a bacterial pathogen nor bacterial quantity was associated with BALF TGF-β1. Conclusions In CF, BALF TGF-β1 is elevated compared to non-CF controls. Increased BALF TGF-β1 is associated with neutrophilic inflammation, diminished lung function and recent hospitalization. Further investigation is needed to address mechanisms behind these associations. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:1057–1064. ©2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Carotid sinus hypersensitivity in patients with unexplained syncope: Clinical, electrophysiologic, and long-term follow-up observations

Abstract To assess the incidence and clinical characteristics of carotid sinus hypersensitivity and the relationship to electrophysiologic findings, 76 patients with unexplained syncope underwent carotid sinus massage during electrophysiologic studies for syncope evaluation. Twenty-one patients (28%) were found to have carotid sinus hypersensitivity. Of these 21 patients, 11 (52%) had coronary artery disease, two (10%) had hypertensive heart disease, and eight (38%) had no organic heart disease. During electrophysiologic studies, abnormal sinus node function was found in three patients (14%), abnormal atrioventricular (AV) node function was noted in four (19%), and combined abnormal sinus node and AV node functions were seen in three (14%). Eleven patients (53%) had a normal electrophysiologic study. During carotid sinus massage, sinus arrest alone was observed in 12 patients (57%), and combined sinus arrest and AV nodal block was seen in nine (43%). Thirteen patients were treated with a permanent pacemaker, in whom either carotid sinus massage reproduced the symptom or concomitant sinus node or AV node abnormality, or organic heart disease was present. With a mean follow-up of 42 ± 19 months, none of these 13 patients had recurrent syncope. However, one of eight patients (13%) who did not receive a pacemaker had recurrence of syncope. Subsequently, this patient has done well after implantation of a pacemaker. These observations suggest that there is a significant incidence of carotid sinus hypersensitivity in patients with unexplained syncope. Permanent pacing appears to be beneficial in selected patients based on clinical and electrophysiologic findings.
New Inroads in an Old Subject: Plasticity, from Around the Atomic to the Macroscopic Scale

Abstract Nonsingular, stressed, dislocation (wall) profiles are shown to be 1-d equilibria of a non-equilibrium theory of Field Dislocation Mechanics (FDM). It is also shown that such equilibrium profiles corresponding to a given level of load cannot generally serve as a travelling wave profile of the governing equation for other values of nearby constant load; however, one case of soft loading with a special form of the dislocation velocity law is demonstrated to have no ‘Peierls barrier’ in this sense. The analysis is facilitated by the formulation of a 1-d, scalar, time-dependent, Hamilton–Jacobi equation as an exact special case of the full 3-d FDM theory accounting for non-convex elastic energy, small, Nye-tensor-dependent core energy, and possibly an energy contribution based on incompatible slip. Relevant nonlinear stability questions, including that of nucleation, are formulated in a non-equilibrium setting. Elementary averaging ideas show a singular perturbation structure in the evolution of the (unsymmetric) macroscopic plastic distortion, thus pointing to the possibility of predicting generally rate-insensitive slow response constrained to a tensorial ‘yield’ surface, while allowing fast excursions off it, even though only simple kinetic assumptions are employed in the microscopic FDM theory. The emergent small viscosity on averaging that serves as the small parameter for the perturbation structure is a robust, almost-geometric consequence of large gradients of slip in the dislocation core and the persistent presence of a large number of dislocations in the averaging volume. In the simplest approximation, the macroscopic yield criterion displays anisotropy based on the microscopic dislocation line and Burgers vector distribution, a dependence on the Laplacian of the incompatible slip tensor and a nonlocal term related to a Stokes–Helmholtz-curl projection of an ‘internal stress’ derived from the incompatible slip energy.
A mass penalty technique to control the critical time increment in explicit dynamic finite element analyses

The applicability of explicit time integration in structural dynamics is often limited by a restrictively small solution time increment. This paper presents a mass penalty technique whereby the highest natural frequencies of a dynamic system can be preferentially lowered with only a minimal effect on the structural modes. Because the critical time increment is inversely proportional to the highest natural frequency, a dramatic increase in the solution time increment may be achieved. An expression is developed for the frequency shift and a number of useful properties of this technique are derived analytically for linear systems. Its utility in non-linear analyses is demonstrated with several examples.
Incommensurate magnetic structure in the orthorhombic perovskite ErMnO3

By combining dielectric, specific heat, and magnetization measurements and high-resolution neutron powder diffraction, we have investigated the thermodynamic and magnetic and structural properties of the metastable orthorhombic perovskite ErMnO3 prepared by high-pressure synthesis. The system becomes antiferromagnetically correlated below 42 K and undergoes a lock-in transition at 28 K with propagation wave vector (0,k(b),0), which remains incommensurate at low temperature. The intercorrelation between the magnetic structure and electric properties and the role of the rare earth moment are discussed.
Quality of life of patients receiving home parenteral or enteral nutrition support.

Limited data are available on the impact of enterally or parenterally supplied home nutritional support on quality of life. Data from national registries have been useful in identify ing the OUfeome of different patient groups in terms of their functional capacity and rehabilitation status. Results in patients with inflammatory bowel disease are used as the ‘gold standard’ for this type of therapy. The annual cost of home parenteral nutrition can range from $USlOOOOO to $USI50000 per patient, depending on the frequency of feeding. Only one cost-utility analysis has been reported in the literature. based on a Canadian home parenteral nutrition programme which suggested that the estimated quality-adjusted survival of patients receiving this treatment is 4 times greater than if they had not been treated. There are many controversial areas associated with the use of home parenteral and enteral nutrition, including the treatment of patients with tenninal malignant disease or severe dementia, and those infected with human immunodeficiency virus. To date, the clinical benefit of providing this type of nutritional support for these patient groups has not been clearly demonstrated. Prospective randomised controlled trials are necessary to evaluate the costs and benefits of this expensive high technology treatment.
Substrate specificities in ether lipid biosynthesis. Metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids and alcohols by rat brain microsomes

Abstract Reduction of fatty acids having one to four double bonds per molecule to the corresponding alcohols, and the utilization of such alcohols for alkyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate (alkyl DHAP) synthesis was measured with microsomal preparations from 19-day-old rat brain. While alkyl DHAP formation proceeded well with octadecenol, octadecadienol, octadecatrienol and eicosatetraenol, fatty acids with more than one cis -double bond were not readily reduced to the corresponding alcohols.
PSA response to neoadjuvant androgen deprivation is an independent prognostic marker and may identify patients who benefit from treatment escalation

Abstract Purpose To determine whether pPSA, defined as the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measurement after initiation of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) but prior to the start of radiotherapy (RT), is an independent predictor of biochemical relapse-free survival (bRFS). We also sought to determine the effect, if any, of factors affecting bRFS for patients who did not achieve pPSA Methods and materials A total of 105 patients with National Comprehensive Cancer Network intermediate- or high-risk prostate cancer treated with neoadjuvant ADT (median = 3.9 mo) and external beam RT had pPSA data available and met the inclusion criteria. Pretreatment and treatment characteristics were included in a Cox proportional hazards model to determine effect on bRFS. Results Median follow-up was 5.4 years. On multivariable analysis, pPSA≥0.5 ng/mL was associated with worsened bRFS (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.7, P = 0.013). For the subgroup of patients with at most 1 high-risk factor, pPSA remained a statistically significant prognostic factor. For patients within this subgroup who had pPSA≥0.5 ng/mL, the addition of pelvic RT was associated with a trend toward improved outcome (HR = 0.609, P = 0.083). Conclusion For patients with intermediate- or high-risk prostate cancer receiving neoadjuvant ADT, achieving pPSA
Brillouin scattering and segmental motion of a polymeric liquid, II

We have studied the Brillouin scattering spectra of oligomers of polyethylene glycol, along with ethylene glycol. These systems vary greatly in viscosity as well as molecular weight. We have found that except for ethylene glycol (the monomer), the Brillouin frequencies and the linewidths of the rest of oligomers show more or less the same temperature dependence, independent of viscosity and molecular weight. These results indicate that the motion responsible for the hypersonic dispersion and attenuation is localized. We have also developed a theory based upon the Zwanzig-Mori formalism to account for the experimental results. We have then shown that in order to obtain good agreement between theory and the experiment, the usual Markov approximation describing the dynamic behaviour of the memory function cannot be used. Thus, the usual hydrodynamic equations with frequency-independent transport coefficients are inadequate in describing the Brillouin scattering spectra of viscous liquids.
Bilingualism in the Maya Codices and the Books of Chilam Balam

The bilingualism recently discovered in the Maya codices by Robert Wald and Alfonso Lacadena has parallels in the Colonial Maya Books of Chilam Balam, which show both linguistic and scriptural bilingualism — involving, on the one hand, the Maya and Spanish languages, and on the other, the logosyllabic and alphabetic scripts of these two cultures. The article explores the continuities and discontinuities in these language contact phenomena with respect to vocabulary, morphology, syntax, spelling conventions, style, and text format.
The footwall ramp of the Subandean decollement, northernmost Argentina, from extended correlation of seismic reflection data

Abstract The link between thin-skinned foreland shortening and thickening of the lower crust beneath the hinterlands of mountain belts has seldom been observed. We have reprocessed Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales (YPF S.A.) seismic reflection data from the Eastern Cordillera of the Central Andes at 22°S latitude using Vibroseis extended correlation; the result we tentatively interpret as an image of the crustal-scale footwall ramp of the Subandean belt decollement. Three crossing lines, extended from 5 to 15 s (45 km) provide excellent 3D control. A band of strong mid-crustal reflections between 4.5 and 6 s (−9 to −13 km) displays imbricate thrust geometry. It may be a shallow zone of decollement but is 5–10 km too shallow for the Subandean belt decollement. At 7–8 s (−16 to −20 km), a band of reflections dips steeply NW at about 35° (migrated) and strikes parallel to the Andean structure, underlying the Camargo syncline. The dipping band correlates closely with the westward projection of the Subandean decollement. East of the dipping event, scattered horizontal reflections are present to 12 s (−32 km). Reflections above the dipping event have geometries similar to hanging wall anticlines and may truncate against it. West of the band, reflections occur to 15 s (−41 km). None of these lines have sufficient penetration to image Moho. The footwall ramp of the Subandean belt apparently extends to near the base of the crust and would mark the western limit of under-thrusting of undeformed craton beneath the orogen. Based on lateral variation in surface geology, existing balanced cross-sections, and the geometry imaged on the reprocessed seismic lines, we suggest that the Subandean belt decollement steepens its ramp from north to south as shortening dies out southward. At 24°S, foreland structures are locally compensated and have seismicity to 25 km.
An interferometric measurement technique for railgun structures

A technique to measure the dynamic expansion of a railgun bore under conditions of high magnetic stress has been developed. Bore deflections are detected by a Michelson interferometer apparatus. The measurement is made during application of a current pulse which produces deflections similar to those in an actual projectile launch. The technique has been successfully used with three different barrel configurations whose rails are electrically connected outside the bore at the muzzle. These configurations are: a parallel plate bench model, a simple railgun, and an augmented railgun. Even with the application of relatively modest current, bore deflections are readily measured. For these low-current tests, the deflections scaled as the square of the current, indicating that the forces are within the structures' elastic limits. >
Helium bubble formation in Cu, Ni and Cu-Ni alloys

Copper, nickel, and Cu-Ni alloys have been irradiated with 200–400 keV 3He ions at a constant homologous temperature of TTm = 0.65. The samples have been analyzed by TEM to compare helium bubble size and density. Visible bubbles were observed in all samples. The pure copper and the Cu-Ni alloys were found to contain similar bubble densities and sizes after irradiation. The pure nickel samples contained helium bubbles of smaller size and higher density as compared to the alloys.
Breast cancer knowledge and preventive behaviors: An urban emergency department-based survey.

. Objective: To assess general knowledge and preventive behaviors regarding breast cancer among women who present to an urban emergency department. Methods: During a six-month study period, a convenience sampling of women aged 21 years and older who were in treatment and waiting areas was surveyed. The anonymous written survey asked about demographic variables, knowledge, and preventive behaviors regarding breast cancer. Knowledge was assessed with questions about the recommended frequency of breast self-examination and the recommended age for first mammography. Performance was assessed by questions about breast self-exam and mammography. Subgroup analysis was done by age (above and below 40 years old), race, income (above and below the median), insurance type, history of breast lump, and family history (FH) of breast cancer. Results: Four hundred women completed surveys. Two hundred twelve (53%) correctly knew the answers to the two knowledge questions. Knowledge was greater in women with private insurance. Knowledge of the frequency of breast self-exam was significantly greater among whites and Native Americans than among African Americans, Asians, or Hispanics. Stated performance of preventive behaviors was 72% (288) for breast self-exam and for mammography. Preventive behaviors were significantly more likely to be performed by higher-income and privately-insured women. Breast self-exam was more likely to be done in older women, those with a history of a breast lump, and those with a FH of breast cancer. Conclusions: Women with lower income and without private insurance were less likely to be knowledgeable and practice preventive measures for detecting breast disease.
Morphological Divergence Driven by Predation Environment within and between Species of Brachyrhaphis Fishes

Natural selection often results in profound differences in body shape among populations from divergent selective environments. Predation is a well-studied driver of divergence, with predators having a strong effect on the evolution of prey body shape, especially for traits related to escape behavior. Comparative studies, both at the population level and between species, show that the presence or absence of predators can alter prey morphology. Although this pattern is well documented in various species or population pairs, few studies have tested for similar patterns of body shape evolution at multiple stages of divergence within a taxonomic group. Here, we examine morphological divergence associated with predation environment in the livebearing fish genus Brachyrhaphis. We compare differences in body shape between populations of B. rhabdophora from different predation environments to differences in body shape between B. roseni and B. terrabensis (sister species) from predator and predator free habitats, respectively. We found that in each lineage, shape differed between predation environments, consistent with the hypothesis that locomotor function is optimized for either steady swimming (predator free) or escape behavior (predator). Although differences in body shape were greatest between B. roseni and B. terrabensis, we found that much of the total morphological diversification between these species had already been achieved within B. rhabdophora (29% in females and 47% in males). Interestingly, at both levels of divergence we found that early in ontogenetic development, females differed in shape between predation environments; however, as females matured, their body shapes converged on a similar phenotype, likely due to the constraints of pregnancy. Finally, we found that body shape varies with body size in a similar way, regardless of predation environment, in each lineage. Our findings are important because they provide evidence that the same source of selection can drive similar phenotypic divergence independently at multiple divergence levels.
The effect of acetate oxidation on the endogenous adenine nucleotides of rat heart mitochondria.

Abstract When citrate cycle substrates or glutamate are oxidized by rat heart mitochondria, AMP comprises only a few percent of the endogenous pool of adenine nucleotides. However, when acetate is oxidized, greater than half or about 30% of the total mitochondrial pool of adenine nucleotides is converted to AMP in the ADP-stimulated or resting state, respectively. Supporting substrates which form GTP as a result of their oxidation partially, but not completely, reverse the accumulation of AMP which results from acetate metabolism.
Sufficiency for optimal control with state and control constraints

Abstract Sufficient conditions are derived for optimal control of a dynamical system described by ordinary differential equations and subject to constraints on both state and control.
The Rapid Development of User Interfaces: Experience with the Wizard of OZ Method

The Wizard of Oz technique is an efficient way to examine user interaction with computers and facilitate rapid iterative development of dialog wording and logic. The technique requires two machines linked together, one for the subject and one for the experimenter. In this implementation the experimenter (the “Wizard”), pretending to be a computer, types in complete replies to user queries or presses function keys to which common messages have been assigned (e.g., Fl=“Help is not available”). The software automatically records the dialog and its timing.This paper provides a detailed description of the first implementation of the Oz paradigm for the IBM Personal Computer. It also includes application guidelines, information which is currently missing from the literature.
Insights into the mechanisms of catalysis and heterotropic regulation of Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamoylase based upon a structure of the enzyme complexed with the bisubstrate analogue N-phosphonacetyl-L-aspartate at 2.1 A.

A high-resolution structure of Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamoylase has been determined to 2.1 A; resolution in the presence of the bisubstrate analog N-phosphonacetyl-L-aspartate (PALA). The structure was refined to a free R-factor of 23.4% and a working R-factor of 20.3%. The PALA molecule is completely saturated with interactions to side chain and backbone groups in the active site, including two interactions that are contributed from the 80s loop of the adjacent catalytic chain. The charge neutralization of the bound PALA molecule (and presumably the substrates as well) induced by the electrostatic field of the highly positively charged active site is an important factor in the high binding affinity of PALA and must be important for catalysis. The higher-resolution structure reported here departs in a number of ways from the previously determined structure at lower resolution. These modifications include alterations in the backbone conformation of the C-terminal of the catalytic chains, the N- and C-termini of the regulatory chains, and two loops of the regulatory chain. The high-resolution of this structure has allowed a more detailed description of the binding of PALA to the active site of the enzyme and has allowed a detailed model of the tetrahedral intermediate to be constructed. This model becomes the basis of a description of the catalytic mechanism of the transcarbamoylase reaction. The R-structural state of the enzyme-PALA complex is an excellent representation of the form of the enzyme that occurs at the moment in the catalytic cycle when the tetrahedral intermediate is formed. Finally, improved electron density in the N-terminal region of the regulatory chain (residues 1 to 7) has allowed tracing of the entire regulatory chain. The N-terminal segments of the R1 and R6 chains are located in close proximity to each other and to the regulatory site. This portion of the molecule may be involved in the observed asymmetry between the regulatory binding sites as well as in the heterotropic response of the enzyme. Protein 1999;37:729–742. ©1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Eicosenoic and docosenoic acid incorporation in serum lipoproteins in rats fed rapeseed oil

Rats were fed rapeseed oil rich in eicosenoic (20∶1) and docosenoic (22∶1) acids for 7 days, and the fatty acid composition of the lipid classes of serum and serum lipoproteins was determined. Concentrations of 20∶1 and 22∶1 acids in the lipid classes were variable, especially among lipoproteins, and were a direct function of the alimentary state of the animal. The results suggest differences in the incorporation of the above acids among the major lipoprotein types and various lipid classes within a given lipoprotein type. The quick partial disappearance of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and of low density lipoproteins (LDL) containing 20∶1 and 22∶1 acids upon starvation and the preferential incorporation of these acids in the triacylglycerols of high density lipoproteins (HDL) are discussed.
The association of physical and sexual abuse with HIV risk behaviors in adolescence and young adulthood: Implications for public health

Abstract This paper explores the relationship between changes in HIV risk behaviors and physical and sexual abuse. A stratified random sampling procedure selected 602 youths from a sample of 2,787 patients seen consecutively at public health clinics in 10 cities. Face-to-face structured interviews conducted since 1984–1985 provide a history of change in risk behavior from adolescence to young adulthood. Univariate and bivariate analyses assessed differences in demographic and number and type of risk behaviors between those experiencing single or multiple types of abuse and those with no abuse history at all. The results show that a history of physical abuse, sexual abuse, or rape is related to engaging in a variety of HIV risk behaviors and to a continuation or increase in the total number of these behaviors between adolescence and young adulthood. This information might help practitioners to both prevent initial involvement in HIV risk behaviors and to prevent continuation of behaviors as youths move into young adulthood.
Scaphopoda from the Alexander Terrane, Southeast Alaska-The first occurrence of Scaphopoda in the Silurian

Abstract The scaphopods Dentalium hecetaensis n. sp. and Rhytiodentalium cf. kentuckyensis Pojeta et Runnegar, 1979, are described from Ludlow-age strata of the Heceta Limestone on Prince of Wales Island, Southeast Alaska. This is the first occurrence of Silurian scaphopods known to date. They are part of a diverse macrobenthic fauna of the Alexander terrane, an accreted southern Alaskan terrane of Siberian or Uralian affinities.
Just What Is an Urban Service, Anyway?

There has been an ad hoc research agenda employed in service delivery research which is now in need of reconsideration. Definitions are imprecise, research purpose and opportunities have become blurred, and essential characteristics of services have been ignored, leading to potential misattribution of reasons for service delivery patterns. This article maps some of the service delivery terrain to help avoid these pitfalls, charting the range of services which should be considered on the agenda (including "meta-services"); differences in capital intensive vs. labor intensive service characteristics; and providing some criteria for service selection and delivery pattern investigation in any future research.
A dynamically adaptive hybrid algorithm for scheduling lightpaths in lambda-grids

This paper focuses on the scheduling of multiple-wavelength lightpaths and outlines an algorithm to provide increased simultaneous allocations of lightpaths on the lambda-grid. Several approaches for lightpath scheduling have been proposed, and most of them involve some variation of concentrating or balancing wavelengths over the edge-disjoint paths between the source and destination specified in a request. We have used our LRSS, lightpath request scheduling simulator, to show that the efficiency of balancing- and concentrating-based algorithms depends on the characteristics of the lightpaths requested. Based on this assumption, we have developed a dynamically adaptive hybrid algorithm, which combines both balancing and concentrating, employing each of the approaches when appropriate. The efficiency of the new algorithm is assessed by comparing its performance with the performance of the two basic approaches. Our experiments show that the dynamically adaptive hybrid scheduling algorithm has a blocking probability that is always close to the lower one, for a representative set of topologies under a representative set of traffic conditions.
Alteration of hemolymph polypeptides in Manduca sexta larvae parasitized by Cotesia congregata: A two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis and comparison with major bacteria-induced proteins

Analyses using one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) previously demonstrated that parasitization by the braconid wasp Cotesia congregata significantly alters the normal hemolymph polypeptide profile of host Manduca sexta larvae. In the present study two-dimensional gel analyses corroborated our earlier findings and provided additional evidence that multiple parasitism-specific polypeptides were induced, which varied according to the stage of development of the wasps. Parasitization additionally elicited changes in the total protein concentration detected in the blood. Initially an elevation was observed, with newly parasitized larvae exhibiting a twofold elevation in hemolymph protein concentration by 12–24 h postoviposition. In contrast, terminal-stage hosts with second instar parasites had significantly less protein in the hemolymph, likely due to reduced growth and inhibition of arylphorin synthesis by the fat body during the final stages of parasitism. Comparison of the array of hemolymph polypeptides produced in unparasitized larvae injected with 106cells of the gram-negative bacterium Enterobacter cloacae with those proteins induced by parasitization indicated the two classes are different. Our findings confirm that the hostresponse to parasitism is a specific one, and not mimicked by bacterial challenge. Duringshort-term in vitro culture of wasp larvae dissected from the host hemocoel, several proteins were detected in the medium using SDS - PAGE, with their appearance in vitro suggestive of secretion by the wasps in vivo. Moreover, hemolymph from the parasites had significant amounts of putative host proteins, including an arylphorin - like polypeptide and a protein with a mobility similar to that of insecticyanin. Thus, a dynamic interchange of proteins may occur, with the parasites accumulating host proteins while simultaneously secreting a variety of factors into the host hemocoel.
Multiscale modeling of the causal functional roles of nsSNPs in a genome-wide association study: application to hypoxia

It is a great challenge of modern biology to determine the functional roles of non-synonymous Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (nsSNPs) on complex phenotypes. Statistical and machine learning techniques establish correlations between genotype and phenotype, but may fail to infer the biologically relevant mechanisms. The emerging paradigm of Network-based Association Studies aims to address this problem of statistical analysis. However, a mechanistic understanding of how individual molecular components work together in a system requires knowledge of molecular structures, and their interactions. To address the challenge of understanding the genetic, molecular, and cellular basis of complex phenotypes, we have, for the first time, developed a structural systems biology approach for genome-wide multiscale modeling of nsSNPs - from the atomic details of molecular interactions to the emergent properties of biological networks. We apply our approach to determine the functional roles of nsSNPs associated with hypoxia tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster. The integrated view of the functional roles of nsSNP at both molecular and network levels allows us to identify driver mutations and their interactions (epistasis) in H, Rad51D, Ulp1, Wnt5, HDAC4, Sol, Dys, GalNAc-T2, and CG33714 genes, all of which are involved in the up-regulation of Notch and Gurken/EGFR signaling pathways. Moreover, we find that a large fraction of the driver mutations are neither located in conserved functional sites, nor responsible for structural stability, but rather regulate protein activity through allosteric transitions, protein-protein interactions, or protein-nucleic acid interactions. This finding should impact future Genome-Wide Association Studies. Our studies demonstrate that the consolidation of statistical, structural, and network views of biomolecules and their interactions can provide new insight into the functional role of nsSNPs in Genome-Wide Association Studies, in a way that neither the knowledge of molecular structures nor biological networks alone could achieve. Thus, multiscale modeling of nsSNPs may prove to be a powerful tool for establishing the functional roles of sequence variants in a wide array of applications.
Radiosensitizing effects of ectopic miR-101 on non-small-cell lung cancer cells depend on the endogenous miR-101 level.

Purpose Previously, we showed that ectopic miR-101 could sensitize human tumor cells to radiation by targeting ATM and DNA-PK catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) to inhibit DNA repair, as the endogenous miR-101 levels are low in tumors in general. However, the heterogeneity of human cancers may result in an exception. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that a few tumor cell lines with a high level of endogenous miR-101 would prove less response to ectopic miR-101. Methods and Materials Fourteeen non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines and one immortalized non-malignant lung epithelial cell line (NL20) were used for comparing endogenous miR-101 levels by real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Based on the different miR-101 levels, four cell lines with different miR-101 levels were chosen for transfection with a green fluorescent protein–lentiviral plasmid encoding miR-101. The target protein levels were measured by using Western blotting. The radiosensitizing effects of ectopic miR-101 on these NSCLC cell lines were determined by a clonogenic assay and xenograft mouse model. Results The endogenous miR-101 level was similar or lower in 13 NSCLC cell lines but was 11-fold higher in one cell line (H157) than in NL20 cells. Although ectopic miR-101 efficiently decreased the ATM and DNA-PKcs levels and increased the radiosensitization level in H1299, H1975, and A549 cells, it did not change the levels of the miR-101 targets or radiosensitivity in H157 cells. Similar results were observed in xenograft mice. Conclusions A small number of NSCLC cell lines could have a high level of endogenous miR-101. The ectopic miR-101 was able to radiosensitize most NSCLC cells, except for the NSCLC cell lines that had a much higher endogenous miR-101 level. These results suggest that when we choose one miRNA as a therapeutic tool, the endogenous level of the miRNA in each tumor should be considered.
Effect of viscoplastic flow rules on steady state penetration of thermoviscoplastic targets

Ah&act-Steady state thermomechanical deformations of a thick viscoplastic target being penetrated by a fast moving long rigid cylindrical penetrator are analysed by the finite element method. Two different constitutive relations, the Bodner-Partom flow rule, and the Litonski-Batra flow rule, are used to model the viscoplastic response of the material. The two flow rules are calibrated to give essentially similar shear stress-shear strain curves during the overall adiabatic simple shearing deformations of a block deformed at an average strain-rate of 3300 s-l. For the Bodner-Partom flow rule, the effect on target deformations of the penetrator nose shape, penetrator speed, and the variation in the values of material parameters of the target is also studied.
Mean Reversion in G-10 Nominal Exchange Rates

According to conventional wisdom, industrial country floating exchange rates contain unit roots. SUR tests on panels of monthly Group of Ten (G-10) log nominal rates reject the null of unit roots for various samples over the current float with significance levels from 0.5% to 15%. On average, in out-of-sample forecasts mean reversion models beat random walks significantly in some forecast periods. For monthly data, the range of expected USD-DEM appreciation rates exceeds 15% per year in the mean reversion model. Mean reversion places strong restrictions on international models: over the sample period, the G-10 had to run monetary policies consistent with stable long-run nominal rates.