cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Cross-Sectional Study Assessing Depression and Associated Healthcare Barriers among Urban Pakistani Women

Background: Few studies have assessed depression amongst Pakistani women, particularly in more upscale communities where many traditional risk factors for depression and associated treatment are greatly reduced. Therefore, this study sought to examine depression prevalence in a highly developed sector of Islamabad, factors associated with depression, and the association between depression and barriers to accessing healthcare. Subjects and Method: In 2016, a cross-sectional pilot study was conducted in Islamabad using convenience sampling. The survey design was based on the Pakistan Demographic Health Survey and included the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CESD) scale. 93 women filled out the entire questionnaire. Results: The prevalence of depression was unanticipated at 78%; 53% of these women sampled had major depression. 22% of women reported ever having spoken to a provider about their mental health. 41% of women further reported that their mental health negatively impacted their decision to receive care. The only independent risk factor for depression was the diagnosis of another disease. Indicators of poor-socioeconomic status, however, were consistently associated with higher depression likelihood. A robust multivariable regression analysis showed an association between a higher number of self-reported barriers to accessing care and higher depression scale scores (p<0.05). Conclusion: A high burden of untreated depression likely exists amongst Pakistani women from urban regions despite a relatively higher prevalence of healthcare resources. Improving mental health disparities in urban settings throughout Southwest and South Asia will require not only increased screening and treatment of patients, but also removal of physical and psychological barriers faced in accessing care. Keywords: mental health, access barrier, women’s health, health equity Correspondence: Marina Haque. Office for Health Equity and Inclusion at the School of Medicine and Department of Health Management and Policy at the School of Public Health, University of Michigan 5101 Medical Sciences I Building 22535 Fuller Drive, Novi, MI 48374 USA. Email: Marinaha@umich.edu. Mobile: + 1 (248) 767 3096. Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2020), 05(02): 168-181 https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2020.05.02.05
Blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) population structure in southern New England tidal rivers: Patterns of shallow-water, unvegetated habitat use and quality.

The blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, has a broad geographic distribution encompassing coastal waters of the eastern USA and Gulf of Mexico, but intraspecific patterns of habitat use and quality are lacking at northern latitudes. This study examined the population structure of blue crabs in the Seekonk and Taunton Rivers (Rhode Island and Massachusetts, USA): two tidally influenced rivers contiguous with the Narragansett Bay Estuary and dominated by shallow-water, unvegetated habitats. Crabs were collected fortnightly from May through August (2012–2016), and abundance- and growth-based metrics were used to assess riverine habitat use and quality. These metrics were also analyzed with respect to crab life history traits and in situ abiotic conditions to elucidate patterns of habitat selection throughout ontogeny. Crabs measuring 8 to 185 mm carapace width (CW; n = 2577) were collected, and two distinct age classes occupied the rivers during the spring and summer (maximum abundance ~ 5 crabs/10 m2). The younger age-0+ cohort was numerically dominant (~ 88% of total catch) and comprised of male and juvenile female crabs (mean ± SD abundance = 0.28 ± 0.26 males/10 m2 and 0.14 ± 0.12 juvenile females/10 m2). Males accounted for the majority of age-1+ crabs (~ 83% of cohort), yet sexually mature females were also observed (9% of cohort; mean ± SD abundance = 0.04 ± 0.06 adult females/100 m2; size at 50% maturity ± 95 CI = 129.0 ± 0.2 mm CW). Crabs were spatially segregated along a salinity gradient with males and juvenile females prevalent in oligohaline waters (upper river salinity ~ 5 ppt) and adult females mainly concentrating in higher salinity areas (mid- and lower-river salinity ~ 11–21 ppt). Seasonal and interannual patterns in crab abundance also differed by sex and ontogeny. Peak catches of males and juvenile females occurred during the spring and mid-summer, and annual abundances were positively related to dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations. In contrast, mature females were most abundant during August and years with elevated water temperatures. The absolute and relative growth rates of juvenile crabs equaled 0.9 ± 0.3 mm CW/day and 1.5 ± 0.6% CW/day, respectively, and were directly related to DO levels. A synoptic examination of crab abundance and growth across a broad geographic range indicated that shallow-water, unvegetated habitats presently serve as functional nurseries in southern New England tidal rivers.
Operationalizing salesperson performance with secondary data: aligning practice, scholarship, and theory

Despite the large body of research that examines the determinants of salesperson performance, significant variation exists regarding how scholars can operationalize salesperson performance using secondary, firm-provided data. Moreover, this variation often exists without explanation or justification. We explore the issue in three parts. First, we conduct practitioner surveys to discover various salesperson performance operationalizations (SPOs) in use by salespeople and sales managers. Second, using a carefully constructed and theoretically driven evaluative framework, we conduct a systematic review of the literature on salesperson performance that encompasses over thirty years of empirical research on the subject; this review allows us to better understand the SPOs that scholars use. Third, we compare these practitioner and scholarly perspectives to create a comprehensive conceptual model of the different types of SPOs. The model highlights theoretical insights and provides guidance to scholars and reviewers related to the selection of appropriate SPOs for meeting specific research objectives.
Self-Training for Sound Event Detection in Audio Mixtures

Sound event detection (SED) takes on the task of identifying presence of specific sound events in a complex audio recording. SED has tremendous implications in video analytics, smart speaker algorithms and audio tagging. Recent advances in deep learning have afforded remarkable advances in performance of SED systems; albeit at the cost of extensive labeling efforts to train supervised methods using fully described sound class labels and timestamps. In order to address limitations in availability of training data, this work proposes a self-training technique to leverage unlabeled datasets in supervised learning using pseudo label estimation. This approach proposes a dual-term objective function: a classification loss for the original labels and expectation loss for pseudo labels. The proposed self training technique is applied to sound event detection in the context of the DCASE 2020 challenge, and reports a notable improvement over the baseline system for this task. The self-training approach is particularly effective in extending the labeled database with concurrent sound events.
Do We Really Need to Learn Representations from In-domain Data for Outlier Detection?

Unsupervised outlier detection, which predicts if a test sample is an outlier or not using only the information from unlabelled inlier data, is an important but challenging task. Recently, methods based on the two-stage framework achieve state-of-the-art performance on this task. The framework leverages self-supervised representation learning algorithms to train a feature extractor on inlier data, and applies a simple outlier detector in the feature space. In this paper, we explore the possibility of avoiding the high cost of training a distinct representation for each outlier detection task, and instead using a single pre-trained network as the universal feature extractor regardless of the source of in-domain data. In particular, we replace the task-specific feature extractor by one network pre-trained on ImageNet with a self-supervised loss. In experiments, we demonstrate competitive or better performance on a variety of outlier detection benchmarks compared with previous two-stage methods, suggesting that learning representations from in-domain data may be unnecessary for outlier detection.
Marketing to the next generation of casino patrons

The expansion of gambling across the United States has made the gaming industry more competitive while the demographics of the gaming industry have evolved. Younger patrons are visiting casinos less frequently than their older counterparts, thus increasing the pressure to market to guests effectively. In this study, we investigate the differences in marketing, gaming, and entertainment preferences under the lens of Generational Cohort Theory (GCT). A survey with a discrete choice design was used to measure each generation’s gaming behaviors and marketing preferences, while a hierarchical Bayes model was used to examine intergenerational differences. The results show that younger cohorts have an increased preference for social-based gambling activities and greater preference for non-gaming offers. Considerations are noted with recommendations for the industry to help cultivate customer loyalty amongst the younger generations, which may ensure firm viability for years to come.
William Wirt and the Invention of the Public Lawyer

Wirt stood at the intersection of cross-cutting forces in the development of American law and society. Professor Anya Jabour situated his marriage to Elizabeth Gamble in the context of early nineteenth century images of marriage. Elizabeth and William Wirt strove to combine an ideal of affectionate and essentially equal companions with increasingly rigid gender roles in society. Wirt's professional life was similarly conflicted. Wirt was recurrently tempted by politics but recoiled from the tawdry, bitter partisanship. Wirt essentially created the office of Attorney General. He established a system of records, regularized the relationship of the Attorney General to other officials and to the public, represented the United States in the Supreme Court and in the lower federal courts, and rendered a substantial body of Opinions. Wirt's mature view of the law is encapsulated in his letter to President Monroe, urging the Republican Monroe to appoint the Federalist judge James Kent to the Supreme Court. Wirt conceded that Kent's appointment would provoke Republican protest, but argued that the advantage of appointing a judge of Kent's character outweighed the cost. This concern for the law as a means of safeguarding political community pervades Wirt's legal opinions as Attorney General and distinguishes his understanding of public law from today's more adversarial views.
In Vitro Translation of Picornavirus RNA

Although studies of picornavirus proteins and their biosynthesis in vivo have been conducted with approximately equal intensity for both poliovirus and encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus (l), the majority of in vitro translation studies have been performed using the mouse virus RNA. Beginning in the early 1970’s, several different laboratories reported the synthesis of virus-specific proteins in preincubated cell-free systems derived from Krebs II, Ehrlich or mouse plasmacytoma ascites cells, or from cultured L cells (2–13). In general, a variety of different sized polypeptides, including those with molecular weights over 100,000 daltons, were produced, but, unlike the various viral proteins synthesized in vivo, the in vitro products appear to arise from premature termination of translation rather than from proteolytic cleavage of a complete translate. Complete translation of the entire viral RNA molecule may occur in rare instances (5), but most of the polypeptides synthesized in vitro contain amino acid sequences derived from a common amino terminus, and the majority of the products contain the tryptic (or cyanogen bromide) peptide fragments which are present in the virus capsid proteins. These proteins are known to be encoded by nucleotide sequences within the 5′ half of the viral RNA (l). A diagram of the overlap in amino sequences of the major translation products (I-VI) of EMC virus RNA by a Krebs or Ehrlich ascites cell-free system is shown below. The data are from Hunt (13).
An animal model of motor neuron disease in guinea pigs.

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of an animal model of motor neuron disease in guinea pigs. Guinea pigs injected with bovine motor neurons develop symptoms of neuromuscular degeneration marked by weakness, evidence of denervation by electromyographic and morphological criteria, and the loss of motor neurons within the spinal cord. These guinea pigs develop high serum titers of IgG-class antibodies to motor neuron constituents. Immunohistochemistry describes the presence of IgG within the spinal cord motor neurons and at the end plates of immunized animals. This experimental model offers a relatively specific immune-mediated destruction of motor neurons, which permit detailed study of the mechanism of motoneuron loss and of therapeutic agents that may ameliorate the process. This syndrome of experimental autoimmune motor neuron disease is distinct from experimental allergic encephalomyelitis produced by the inoculation of myelin basic protein and other myelin constituents, and also distinct from experimental allergic neuritis that compromises peripheral nerve function. Only the passive transfer of motor neuron dysfunction with serum derived from guinea pigs with experimental autoimmune motor neuron disease, shed light on the pathogenesis of the disorder.
Aging and the Effects of Conversation With a Passenger of a Caller on Simulated Driving Performance

A total of 96 pairs of older and younger drivers participated in a study assessing the effects of conversation on the driving performance of older and younger drivers in a simulated city environment. These effects were investigated while drivers conversed with an in-vehicle passenger or an outside-vehicle caller. All of the passengers completed three separate, counterbalanced blocks of tasks that consisted of two single-task blocks (driving only and conversing only) and one dual-task block (driving and conversing). The results showed greater variability in velocity, lane keeping and steering control under single-task than under dual-task conditions. Drivers also showed greater average velocity and greater deviation from the center of the lane under single-task than under dual-task conditions. However, when crossing an intersection, a task requiring greater attentional resources, drivers exhibited a cost due to the dual task. The authors' data are consistent with the literature, which suggests that a secondary task may aid in the performance of a routinized task but may also impose costs if the primary task requires significant attentional resources. Older drivers exhibited greater variability in velocity, stayed closer to the center of the lane, and waited longer to cross intersections than their younger counterparts, suggesting that they compensate for their declining perceptual and cognitive abilities through changes in driving behavior. Drivers exhibited greater variability in steering under single-task conditions when talking to an outside-vehicle caller, and older drivers showed greater variability in velocity when conversing with an outside-vehicle caller.
Simplified Technique for Tympanocentesis

Needle tympanocentesis is a useful technique for elucidating the etiology of otitis media. The Senturia ear specimen collector has been designed specifically for tympanocentesis, but this instrument requires additional equipment, plus a source of negative pressure.1 Other investigators have used ap 18- to 20-gauge needle attached to a syringe in order to aspirate effusions behind the tympanic membrane.2 This technique requires that the operator direct the needle downward through the tympanic membrane while applying upward pressure to the syringe plunger. We have modified this technique so that double motion is no longer required; the operator can direct his attention toward perforating the tympanic membrane safely.
Extracellular matrix contraction by choroidal fibroblasts: inhibition by staurosporine.

Purpose To examine the potential of a broad-spectrum kinase inhibitor as a means of neutralizing the effects of contraction promoters on ocular cells. Methods The inhibitory effects of a broad-spectrum kinase inhibitor were examined and characterized using an in vitro assay of extracellular matrix contraction by choroidal fibroblasts. Results Staurosporine effectively inhibited collagen matrix contraction by choroidal fibroblasts. The inhibitory effects of staurosporine were rapid in onset and reversible upon removal of the inhibitor. Inhibition was observed when fibroblasts were stimulated with serum, transforming growth factor beta 1, transforming growth factor beta 2, platelet-derived growth factor, and endothelin-1. We also observed that platelet-derived growth factor and endothelin-1 stimulated only modest amounts of matrix contraction compared to transforming growth factor beta. Conclusions Matrix contraction by cells, as observed in the development of tractional forces, can be modulated by a broad-spectrum kinase inhibitor. The marginal contractile responses of choroidal fibroblasts to platelet-derived growth factor and endothelin-1, both potent promoters of dermal fibroblast contraction, suggest that there are substantive difference in the responses of these two cell types to growth factors.
What does the Six Minute Walk Test Reflect in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 (DM1)? (P3.166)

OBJECTIVE:The purpose of our study was to document if mobility tests of shorter distance or duration would be comparable to the 6 Minute Walk Test (6MWT). BACKGROUND:The 6MWT is an outcome measure used in therapeutic trials in various neuromuscular disorders and studies document its reliability in individuals with DM1. However, it is unknown how the 6MWT compares to other measures of mobility DESIGN/METHODS:Forty individuals with DM1 participating in current studies at our site performed the 6MWT and the 30’ Go. We assessed disease severity using the Muscle Impairment Rating Scale (MIRS). Walking distances were calculated for the first, middle, and final 2 minutes of the 6MWT. Correlational analysis was used to document relationships between disease severity and mobility measures. Paired t-tests were used to analyze the differences in distances walked during the various time periods. RESULTS:The mean distance walked during the 6MWT was 435.3 meters. The 6MWT, 2 minute walk distance and 30’ Go were all moderately correlated with disease severity (r= -0.76, -0.751 and -0.70 respectively; <.0001). A significant difference was noted between the distances walked during the first and last 2 minutes for certain individuals. Individuals who walked ≤ 435m or who had a MIRS score 蠅 3 walked significantly fewer meters in the final 2 minutes in comparison to the first 2 minutes. CONCLUSIONS:The mobility measures demonstrated similar associations with disease severity. Individuals who walked less than the average distance or who had more severe disease covered significantly less distance in the final 2 minutes of the 6MWT. Further investigation is necessary to explain the possible causes of these findings, and it may influence the selection of individuals and the use of 6MWT in future therapeutic trials. Study Supported by:Study Funding: NINDS #U54NS048843 Disclosure: Dr. Eichinger has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dekdebrun has nothing to disclose. Dr. Thornton has received research support from Isis Pharmaceuticals and Biogen Idec. Dr. Moxley has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pandya has nothing to disclose.
Heredity, stress and blood pressure, a family set method--I : Study aims and sample flow

Abstract This first article, in a series of five, describes the method of sampling family sets. Family sets are composed of three persons having a genetic relation: an index, his/her sibling and first cousin, and two persons having an environmental nexus, a spouse of index and an unrelated person matched to the index. The target populations were four census areas in Detroit, a black high stress area, a black low stress area, a white high stress, and a white low stress area. These areas were selected by a factor analysis of census rates which indicated extremes of Stressor conditions. Within each area a complete census was taken, potential sample members were selected and verified by another interviewer, then assigned as an index; sibs and first cousins, selected as closest in age to index, were verified independently, then an unrelated person was chosen, and all five persons were independently interviewed and blood pressures taken. This article details the full sampling process in each of the four census areas, and tests the final sample of 461 family sets in several ways which confirmed expectations.
Fighting for Environmental Justice Takes Long-Lasting Coalitions

Collaboration between grassroots groups, environmental groups, city politicians, and GGU law professors and students resulted in closure of two dirty power plants in the City of San Francisco. The collaboration also prevented other projects using fossil fuel. This success is attributable to the community’s ability to gather critical health information and educate the city politicians on the unjust health impacts of the plants on the City’s African Americans. Long-term stability of the community’s advocates, including our clinic also contributed to the success as the struggle lasted more than a decade. Moreover, the community had to build coalitions with regional clean air and water groups to ensure closure.
Structural and Mechanical Repair of Diffuse Damage in Cortical Bone In Vivo

Physiological wear and tear causes bone microdamage at several hierarchical levels, and these have different biological consequences. Bone remodeling is widely held to be the mechanism by which bone microdamage is repaired. However, recent studies showed that unlike typical linear microcracks, small crack damage, the clusters of submicron-sized matrix cracks also known as diffuse damage (Dif.Dx), does not activate remodeling. Thus, the fate of diffuse damage in vivo is not known. To examine this, we induced selectively Dif.Dx in rat ulnae in vivo by using end-load ulnar bending creep model. Changes in damage content were assessed by histomorphometry and mechanical testing immediately after loading (ie, acute loaded) or at 14 days after damage induction (ie, survival ulnae). Dif.Dx area was markedly reduced over the 14-day survival period after loading (p 0.6). Microindentation studies showed that Dif.Dx caused a highly localized reduction in elastic modulus in diffuse damage regions of the ulnar cortex. Moduli in these previously damaged bone areas were restored to control values by 14 days after loading. Our current findings indicate that small crack damage in bone can be repaired without bone remodeling, and they suggest that alternative repair mechanisms exist in bone to deal with submicron-sized matrix cracks. Those mechanisms are currently unknown and further investigations are needed to elucidate the mechanisms by which this direct repair occurs. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Administrative barriers to foreign investment in developing countries

Recent international experience has shown that excessively complex administrative procedures, required to establish, and operate a business, discourage inflows of foreign direct investment. The authors present a new database on the administrative costs faced by private investors in 32 developing countries. The database is much more comprehensive than the existing sources, as it contains not only information on general entry procedures, such as business and tax registration, but also captures regulation on land access, site development, import procedures, and inspections, The data include measures on the number of procedures, direct monetary costs, and time. The cost of administrative procedures vary significantly across countries. The most important barriers appear to be the delays associated with securing land access, and obtaining building permits, which in several countries, take more than two years. Countries that impose excessive administrative costs on entry, tend to be equally intrusive in firm operations, thereby weakening the argument that barriers to entry, are a substitute for the government's unwillingness, or inability to regulate enterprise operations. The level of administrative costs is positively correlated with corruption incidence, and exhibits a negative correlation with the quality of governance, degree of openness, and public wages. These correlations suggest that administrative reforms, need to be incorporated into the broader agenda for reforms, such as trade and financial liberalization, the fight against corruption, and public sector administration.
THE LEAST GRADIENT METHOD FOR COMPUTING AREA~MINIMIZING HYPERSURFACES

In this paper we give a brief presentation of the least gradient method for computing area-minimizing hypersurfaces. The theoretical basis for the method can be found in the author’s papers [5] and [6], and a detailed discussion of the implementation in [7]. These papers are rather heavy reading because of the technical details included. To some extent technical details are inevitable, but in this paper we shall try to minimize them.
AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR DELIRIUM

Objective The objective of this study was to determine empirically how many patients are identified as delirious or nondelirious according to DMS-III, DMS-III-R, and ICD-10 criteria. Method Daily, a trained research assistant using a structured instrument to detect the presence of symptoms of delirium evaluated 325 elderly patients who were admitted to a general hospital for acute medical problems. Each patient's symptoms were then compared with these diagnostic criteria sets to determine if the patient met criteria for delirium. Results DSM-III criteria were the most inclusive: they identified 125 patients as delirious. DSM-III-R identified a somewhat different group of 106 patients as delirious. ICD-10 criteria identified only 30 patients as delirious. Conclusions The development of new criteria for delirium (e.g., DSM-IV) will have to balance the need to define a pure group of patients for research purposes with the need to include cases of clinical interest. Changes in criteria should be based on data such as those presented in this paper.
Identification of a cDNA encoding an active asparaginyl endopeptidase of Schistosoma mansoni and its expression in Pichia pastoris

Asparaginyl endopeptidases, or legumains, are a recently identified family of cysteine-class endopeptidases. A single gene encoding a Schistosoma mansoni asparaginyl endopeptidase (a.k.a. Sm32 or schistosome legumain) has been reported, but by sequence homology it would be expected to yield an inactive product as the active site C197 had been replaced by N. We now describe a new S. mansoni gene in which C197 is present. Both gene products were expressed in Pichia pastoris. Autocatalytic processing to fully active C197 Sm32 occurred at acid pH. In contrast, N197 Sm32 was not processed and this is consistent with the hypothesis that C197 is essential for catalysis. This was confirmed by mutation of N197 to C and re-expression in Pichia. The availability of recombinant active Sm32 allows detailed analysis of its catalytic mechanism and its function(s) in the biology of this important human parasite.
Image-based fast small triangle rasterization

Many graphics and visualization applications require fast rendering and animation of fine detailed objects, which are named atomic primitives here. A primitive is a basic graphics shape such as a line or triangle that is directly rasterized into the framebuffer. An atomic primitive is a primitive that is small in size. A large and complex geometric model can be divided into lines, rectangles, and atomic triangles. Here we introduce a new method in the graphics pipeline hardware design to speed up rendering atomic primitives. Specifically, we present a new image-based atomic triangle rasterization algorithm. The algorithm stores the bitmaps of small triangles in memory and quickly retrieves a triangle bitmap when required. Our simulation experiments show that the image-based approach leads to faster rendering in primitive rasterization without sacrificing accuracy. At the same time, clipping, shading, hidden-surface removal, texture mapping, antialiasing, and other basic graphics functions and components are studied with suggested solutions as well. We believe our work is a novel approach that has potential of value and impact in graphics.
Toward high-speed 3D nonlinear soft tissue deformation simulations using Abaqus software

We aim to achieve a fast and accurate three-dimensional (3D) simulation of a porcine liver deformation under a surgical tool pressure using the commercial finite element software Abaqus. The liver geometry is obtained using magnetic resonance imaging, and a nonlinear constitutive law is employed to capture large deformations of the tissue. Effects of implicit versus explicit analysis schemes, element type, and mesh density on computation time are studied. We find that Abaqus explicit and implicit solvers are capable of simulating nonlinear soft tissue deformations accurately using first-order tetrahedral elements in a relatively short time by optimizing the element size. This study provides new insights and guidance on accurate and relatively fast nonlinear soft tissue simulations. Such simulations can provide force feedback during robotic surgery and allow visualization of tissue deformations for surgery planning and training of surgical residents.
Dehydroepiandrosterone and Body Fat

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) is the most abundant circulating adrenal steroid in man, yet its physiologic role and that of its parent compound DHEA are unknown. Age-related decreases in DHEA in association with increases in obesity, insulin resistance, and atherosclerosis are well known. Recent investigations in lower mammals (which do not secrete DHEA) have suggested that DHEA (or its metabolites) may function as an antiobesity agent in these models of obesity independent of food intake. Proposed mechanisms for the decrease in fat mass and lower weight gain when DHEA is given orally include increases in futile cycling and peroxisomal β-oxidation and decreases in de novo lipogenesis. Alterations in the availability of reducing equivalents for lipid synthesis do not appear to explain this decrease. Changes in pancreatic insulin secretion or insulin sensitivity may also be responsible for some of these effects. Studies in humans have failed to demonstrate a beneficial effect of DHEA on body composition or energy expenditure at either pharmacologic or physiologic replacement doses for 1–3 months. Administration of DHEA to men or women has also not been shown to alter insulin sensitivity as measured by the minimal model or the euglycemic clamp technique. The effect of DHEA on peroxisomal β-oxidation and de novo lipogenesis is not known. We conclude that a significant role for DHEA in the pharmacologic treatment of human obesity is unlikely.
The Real World Policy is a Verb

This will be my last column. I began the effort five years ago, convinced that anthropologists and anthropology students could use another voice encouraging them to apply their knowledge to the world of public policy. I did so with the blessings of Sandy Ervin, PA's masterful editor, to whom I owe much. As Sandy will complete his tenure as editor of Practicing Anthropology effective with this issue, the occasion seemed an appropriate time to strike my own colors as well, with the hope that others may take up the cause, in the pages of Practicing Anthropology and elsewhere.
Ceftriaxone Treatment Affects the Levels of GLT1 and ENT1 As Well As Ethanol Intake in Alcohol-Preferring Rats

Studies have demonstrated that deletion of equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) is associated with reduced glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) level, and consequently increased ethanol intake. In this study, we measured changes in GLT1 and ENT1 levels in prefrontal cortex (PFC), and nucleus accumbens (NAc) core and shell associated with alcohol drinking in alcohol-preferring (P) rats. We examined, then, whether ceftriaxone (CEF) would affect both GLT1 and ENT1 levels in these brain regions. P rats were given 24-h concurrent access to 15 and 30% ethanol, water, and food for 5 weeks. On Week 6, P rats received 100 mg/kg CEF (i.p.) or a saline vehicle for five consecutive days. Ethanol intake was measured daily for 8 days starting on the first day of injections. We found a significant reduction in daily ethanol intake in CEF-treated group, starting on Day 2 of injections. Western blot for GLT1 and binding assay for ENT1 revealed downregulation of GLT1 level, whereas ENT1 levels were increased in the NAc core and NAc shell, respectively, but not in the PFC in saline vehicle group. Importantly, CEF treatment reversed these effects in both NAc core and shell. These findings provide evidence for potential regulatory effects of CEF on both GLT1 and ENT1 expression in reducing ethanol intake.
Dihydrofolate reductase mutant with exceptional resistance to methotrexate but not to trimetrexate

Two double (F31A/F34A, I60A/L67G) and one quadruple (F31A/F34A/I60A/L67G) mutant murine dihydrofolate reductases were constructed and evaluated for their ability to impart antifolate resistance. Both I60A/L67G and F31A/F34A/I60A/L67G were found to be unstable and devoid of catalytic activity. The K(i) values for F31A/F34A, methotrexate (MTX), bis-MTX, and PT-523 were found to be 10100-, 4410-, and 617-fold higher than the wild-type enzyme, respectively, but only 13.5-fold higher for trimetrexate (TMTX). These findings suggest that F31A/F34A could be used for gene therapy to render normal cells resistant to MTX but sensitive to TMTX.
FROM NIMBY TO FAIR SHARE: THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW YORK CITY'S MUNICIPAL SHELTER SITING POLICIES, 1980-1990

A trajectory of city siting policies for homeless shelters is examined, reflecting either community opposition per se or the city's fear of community opposition. Furthermore, these policies created distinct geographic patterns of shelter siting. New York City's shelter siting history, from the beginning of mandatory shelter provision in the early 1980s to the institution of fair-share planning for the dispersal of city-owned facilities in 1990, is examined. City siting responses—isolation, circumvention, and cooperation—correlate with the type of community opposition being mounted.
HOW TO MANAGE FISHERIES

A review of developments in marine ecology and economic theory suggests that fishery management should: make determining process-based production functions the central goal of fishery science, establish three-fourths of the average unharvested abundance as the target stock, and tax revenues from any fish caught when the stock is below target.
Reexamining the effect of christian denominational affiliation on death penalty support

Abstract Despite the fact that numerous Christian denominations in America condemn or condone the death penalty, extant research on the effects of religiosity on citizens’ support for capital punishment has generated ambiguous results of denominational affiliation. This empirical ambiguity may be the result of measurement error. Testing data from the General Social Survey, this study employs a historically and theologically grounded measure of religious tradition affiliation to contrast to past research. Controlling for religious beliefs, religious behaviors, and race, the results indicate that affiliation with any Christian denomination increases the likelihood that an individual will support the death penalty compared to nonreligious individuals. In contrast, members of different Christian religious traditions are no more or less likely to favor capital punishment than other Christian affiliates.
Bandwidth reconfigurable ultra-wideband arrays

Past efforts on reconfiguration focused on modifying the antenna bandwidth by shifting the aperture's frequency response using switches or piezoelectric materials. By contrast, this paper proposes bandwidth reconfiguration by starting with a wideband aperture and limiting its original bandwidth by modifying the array feed. The initial un-configured design provides 9.25:1 bandwidth for a VSWR 3:1 or better at broadside. With 5 switched components, 5 distinct bandwidth configurations are realized, namely: low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop, and the un-configured response.
Process Modeling in Composites Manufacturing

Introduction Motivation and Contents Preliminaries Polymer Matrices for Composites Fibers Classification General Approach to Modeling Organization of the Book Overview of Manufacturing Processes Background Classification Based on Dominant Flow Process Short Fiber Suspension Manufacturing Methods Advanced Thermoplastic Manufacturing Methods Advanced Thermoset Composite Manufacturing Methods Transport Equations for Composite Processing Introduction to Process Models Conservation of Mass (Continuity Equation) Conservation of Momentum (Equation of Motion) Stress-Strain Rate Relationship Examples to Solve Viscous Flow Problems Conservation of Energy Constitutive Laws and Their Characterization Resin Viscosity Viscosity of Aligned Fiber Thermoplastic Laminates Suspension Viscosity Reaction Kinetics Thermoplastic Reactive Processing Crystallization Kinetics Permeability Fiber Stress Model Simplifications and Solution Formulation of Models Model and Geometry Simplifications Dimensionless Analysis and Dimensionless Numbers Customary Assumptions in Polymer Composite Processing Boundary Conditions for Flow Analysis Convection of Variables Process Models from Simplified Geometries Mathematical Tools for Simplification Solution Methods Numerical Methods Validation Short Fiber Composites Compression Molding Extrusion Injection Molding Exercises Advanced Thermoplastic Manufacturing Processes Composite Sheet Forming Processes Pultrusion Thermal Model Online Consolidation of Thermoplastics Processing Advanced Thermoset Fiber Composites Autoclave Molding Liquid Composite Molding Filament Winding of Thermosetting Matrix Composites Summary and Outlook MATLAB Files Solution to Example 8.13 using FDM Additional Examples with LIMS to Model Liquid Mold Filling Bibliography Index
Optimal cancer therapy based on a tumor growth inhibition model

The most effective cancer treatments are the ones that prolong patients' lives while offering a reasonable quality of life during and after treatment. The treatments must also carry out their actions rapidly and with high efficiency such that a very large percentage of tumor cells die or shift into a state where they stop proliferating. Due to biological and micro-environmental variabilities within tumor cells, the action period of an administered drug can vary among a population of patients. In this paper, based on a recently proposed model for tumor growth inhibition, we first characterize the variability of the length of drug action probabilistically. Then, we present a methodology to devise optimal intervention strategies for any Markovian genetic regulatory network governing the tumor when the antitumor drug has a random-length duration of action.
Accounting for unobservable exposure time bias when using Medicare prescription drug data.

OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence and correlates of unobservable medication exposure time, and to recommend approaches for minimizing bias, in studies using Medicare Part D data.. SAMPLE 179,065 Medicare patients hospitalized for an AMI in 2007 or 2008. METHODS We compared two methods for creating medication exposure observation periods using acute care discharge vs. post-acute care discharge dates. We examined options for increasing cohort sizes by requiring different thresholds for observable days, or by using as a covariate, in the observation period. We calculated the extent and health status correlates of unobserved Medicare Part D exposure time and examined its association with receipt of beta-blockers. RESULTS 39% of patients had unobservable time during the 30 day exposure assessment period following acute care; they were significantly older, had more comorbidity and longer acute care stays, had worse 1-year survival, and were significantly less likely to be classified as beta-blocker users. Using the alternative exposure assessment window, only 29% of the sample had unobservable time, and differences between groups were less pronounced. Significant gains in sample size can be obtained by restricting or controlling for the number of observable days required in the exposure assessment period. CONCLUSIONS Unobservable exposure time is common among Medicare Part D beneficiaries, and they are often in worse health. To retain patients with unobservable exposure time, we recommend stratifying patients on receipt of post-acute facility-based care, calculating and using observable days as a covariate and, when appropriate, using the discharge date from contiguous post-acute facility care for beginning the exposure assessment period.
Spin}orbit induced magnetic phenomena in bulk metals and their surfaces and interfaces

Abstract First-principles electronic structure studies based on local spin density functional theory and performed on extremely complex simulations of ever increasingly realistic systems, play a very important role in explaining and predicting surface and interface magnetism. This review deals with what is a major issue for first-principles theory, namely the theoretical/computational treatment of the weak spin–orbit coupling in magnetic transition metals and their alloys and its important physical consequences: magneto-crystalline anisotropy, magnetostriction, magneto-optical Kerr effects and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism. As is demonstrated, extensive first-principles calculations and model analyses now provide simple physical insights and guidelines to search for new magnetic recording and sensor materials.
A Magnetic-Type Air Circuit Breaker for 15,000-Volt Services

In the development of the five-Kilovolt Magne-Blast air circuit breaker, it was shown that rapidly increased arc resistance was extremely effective in circuit interruption. This paper describes an extension of that principle in the development of a Magne-Blast circuit breaker for 15-kv services with an interrupting rating of 250,-000 kva. The higher electrical resistance of the arc necessary for this voltage has been made possible by an increase in the thermal efficiency of the interleaving arc chute. The arc chute which provides this greater efficiency is discussed in some detail. The design of the breaker is described briefly as well as its application to metal-clad switchgear. Test data and representative oscillograms are submitted to substantiate the interrupting rating assigned to this breaker.
Synthesis of immunoglobulin by rabbit lymphocytes in vitro in response to anti-immunoglobulin antiserum.

Abstract Stimulation of synthesis of immunoglobulin (Ig) in vitro by Con A and anti-Ig in cultures of rabbit lymphoid cells has been analyzed qualitatively using an assay that measures the incorporation of [ 3 H]leucine into newly synthesized proteins, followed by the specific absorption of tritiated immunoglobulin by staphylococcal protein A. Whereas Con A stimulates Ig production by spleen cells only if T lymphocytes are present, anti-immunoglobulin serum enhances Ig synthesis in the absence of T lymphocytes. In contrast, neither Con A nor anti-immunoglobulin serum stimulates peripheral blood lymphocytes to produce enhanced levels of Ig. It is concluded that both Con A and anti-immunoglobulin serum do not activate resting B cells but drive differentiation of B cells which are already synthesizing Ig. Anti-Ig acts directly whereas stimulation of B-cell Ig synthesis by Con A occurs indirectly through stimulation of T cells.
Solution and applications of simultaneous equations in a multi-valued logic algebra system

The solution of a set of simultaneous equations in a multivalued logic algebra system is studied. A method for solving the set is presented. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a solution under no constraints as well as under certain constraints are given. Some possible applications are suggested.
Mesoscale Eddy–Internal Wave Coupling. Part II: Energetics and Results from PolyMode

The issue of internal wave‐mesoscale eddy interactions is revisited. Previous observational work identified the mesoscale eddy field as a possible source of internal wave energy. Characterization of the coupling as a viscous process provides a smaller horizontal transfer coefficient than previously obtained, with vh ffi 50 m 2 s 21 in contrast to nh ffi 200‐400 m 2 s 21 , and a vertical transfer coefficient bounded away from zero, with ny 1 ( f 2 /N 2 )Kh ffi 2.5 6 0.3 3 10 23 m 2 s 21 in contrast to ny 1 ( f 2 /N 2 )Kh 5 0 6 2 3 10 22 m 2 s 21 . Current meter data from the Local Dynamics Experiment of the PolyMode field program indicate mesoscale eddy‐ internal wave coupling through horizontal interactions (i) is a significant sink of eddy energy and (ii) plays an O(1) role in the energy budget of the internal wave field.
Reliability Objects Model: A Knowledge Model of System Design for Reliability

Designing complex systems that satisfy a target reliability is difficult because of complex assembly structures and logical connections, numerous components and associated failure modes, limited reliability data or prediction models, and multi-disciplinary nature. To overcome these difficulties and to design complex systems in a systematic way, this research aims to develop a knowledge model of system design for reliability, called Reliability Object Model. This knowledge model contains a) a new failure analysis structure, b) reliability metrics that represent random failures and wearout failures, c) algorithms that allocate, predict, and assess reliability using the failure analysis structure, d) rules for design changes. The use of Reliability Object Model is demonstrated by prototype reliability tools and simplified electronic systems.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Fatou's Theorem for censored stable processes

Abstract We give a proof of Fatou's Theorem for censored α -stable processes in a bounded C 1,1 open set D where α ∈(1,2). As an application of Fatou's Theorem, we show that the harmonic measure for such censored α -stable process is mutually absolutely continuous with respect to the surface measure of ∂D . Fatou's Theorem is also established for operators obtained from the generator of the censored α -stable process through non-local Feynman–Kac transforms. Fatou's Theorem for censored relativistic stable processes is also true as a consequence.
Predicted monocrystal elastic constants of 304-type stainless steel

Abstract The three monocrystal elastic constants - C 11 , C 12 , C 44 - of 304-type stainless steel are estimated from the polycrystalline bulk and shear moduli together with an empirical C 12 / C 11 value, which is discussed theoretically. The estimate involves a reverse Kroner method for relating monocrystal and polycrystal elastic constants.