cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conservative Treatment of Potentially Curable Breast Cancer

The surgical management of breast cancer changed at the Cleveland Clinic during the mid-1950s from radical operations to conservative operations. This change in our management of breast cancer came about initially through the influence of Dr. George Crile Jr (1956, 1961), and was subsequently taken up by all of the other members of the Department of General Surgery. This report is, therefore, that of our institutional experience.
Rationalizable conjectural equilibrium: A framework for robust predictions

I introduce a new framework to study environments with both structural and strategic uncertainty, different from Harsanyi’s ( 1967–1968) “Bayesian games”, that allows a researcher to test the robustness of Nash predictions while maintaining certain desirable restrictions on players’ beliefs. The solution concept applied to this environment is rationalizable conjectural equilibrium (RCE), which integrates both learning from feedback (in the spirit of self-confirming equilibrium) and from introspection (in the spirit of rationalizability). I provide an epistemic definition of RCE and obtain a characterization in terms of a procedure that generalizes iterated deletion of strategies that are not a best response.
Atmospheric carbon dioxide: Possible consequences of future fossil fuel use

Abstract Accurate and regular measurements of the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere during the past 20 years show an accelerating increase. Although clearing of tropical forests has released large amounts of carbon to the atmosphere, evidence is strong that a major contributor is the combustion of fossil fuels. Future energy demands of the world will require extensive further exploitation of fossil fuels, and projections show that without major development of nonfossil fuel alternatives, the atmospheric concentration will double within the next 75 years. Four issues require serious attention: The developing countries will require vastly increased amounts of energy. Major efforts to develop suitable (inexpensive) non-fossil energy sources to meet at least a portion of this demand are required. The distribution of carbon released from fossil fuels and from other anthropogenic sources among the reservoirs of the carbon cycle must be better defined. Uncertainties regarding the effect of the increased concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere on global climate must be reduced. Possible political and social responses to a substantial climate change must be studied in order to more fully understand all of the implication of increased atmospheric CO2.
Hydrodynamic Interactions and Transport Coefficients in a Suspension of Spherical Particles

Particulate suspensions of solids in liquids can be understood in terms of the microstructure of the solid phase by using the well-known techniques of numerical statistical mechanics. The major problem with such an approach has been the incorporation of the long-range, many-body hydrodynamic forces between the suspended particles. In this paper I describe a general computational method for calculating the forces and torques exerted by slowly moving spheres suspended in an incompressible fluid. The method can be used to determine bulk constitutive properties of solid-fluid suspensions or particulate porous media. Numerical results for the sedimentation velocity and high frequency viscosity of monodisperse suspensions have been obtained, and the results are shown to compare very well with experimental measurement.
Recent Development in Pulmonary Valve Replacement after Tetralogy of Fallot Repair: The Emergence of Hybrid Approaches.

In the current era approximately 90% of infants born with tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) are expected to live beyond 40 years of age making it the fastest growing population amongst patients with congenital heart disease. One of the most common late consequences after repair of ToF, is pulmonary valve regurgitation (PVR). Significant PVR results in progressive dilatation and dysfunction of the right ventricle, decrease in exercise tolerance, arrhythmias, heart failure, and increased risk of sudden death. The conventional approach of dealing with this problem is to perform pulmonary valve replacement using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and cardioplegic arrest. However, this approach is associated not only with long operative times but also side effects related to the use of CPB. Development of percutaneous approaches to valve disease is one of the most exciting areas of research and clinical innovation in cardiovascular research. The main development has been that of transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement for the rehabilitation of conduits between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery in patients after surgery for ToF. However, with the percutaneous technique, a limited size of prosthesis can be inserted. Moreover, the technique does not offer the opportunity of treating additional defects that are frequently associated with severe PR, such as pulmonary artery dilatation, and it cannot be used in the significantly dilated native right ventricular outlet tract (RVOT). The advent of the hybrid surgical options for treating cardiac disease has integrated the techniques of interventional cardiology with the techniques of cardiac surgery to provide a form of therapy that combines the respective strengths of both fields. In this review, we present and compare recent advances in procedures to replace the pulmonary valve in patients with ToF presenting with severe PVR and dilated RVOT.
Toward the intelligent control of hierarchical clustering

The importance of the inter-cluster distance measure in the determination of the clusters in hierarchical clustering is pointed out. We note a fundamental distinction between the nearest neighbor cluster distance measure, Min, and the furthest neighbor measure, Max. The first favors the merging of large clusters while the later favors the merging of smaller clusters. We introduce a family of intercluster distance measures which can be parameterized along a scale characterizing their preference for merging larger or smaller clusters. We then consider the use of this distinction between distance measures as a way of controlling the hierarchical clustering process. Combining this with the ability of fuzzy systems modeling to formalize linguistic specifications we see the emergence of a tool that can aid in the inclusion of intelligence in the clustering process.
Mental patients' perceptions of illness etiology.

By means of a questionnaire, the author studied hospitalized mental patients' perceptions of the factors contributing to their illness in terms of the economic, family, and social problems they experienced. Childhood problems of all types were reported and connected to illness less frequently than were adult problems. Patients often placed various difficulties concerning worries, failures, rejections, and interpersonal conflicts in an etiological context but not those which concerned deprivations and hardships. Statistically significant relationships were observed between the number of problems that patients believed were responsible for their illness and the patients' age, marital status, diagnosis, and length of hospitalization. Type of hospital commitment was related to a lesser extent; sex, social class, and prognosis were unimportant variables.
Regularity of free boundaries of two‐phase problems for fully nonlinear elliptic equations of second order I. Lipschitz free boundaries are C1,α

In this paper, we study an extension of a C1,α regularity theory developed by L. Caffarelli in [2] to some fully nonlinear elliptic equations of second order. In fact, we investigate a two-phase free boundary problem in which a fully nonlinear elliptic equation of second order is verified by the solution in the positive and the negative domains. Assuming the free boundary is locally a Lipschitz graph, we have established the C1,α regularity of the free boundary. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Using social agents to visualize software scenarios

Enabling nonexperts to understand a software system and the scenarios of usage of that system can be challenging. Visually modeling a collection of scenarios as social interactions can provide quicker and more intuitive understanding of the system described by those scenarios. This project combines a scenario language with formal structure and automated tool support (ScenarioML) and an interactive graphical game engine featuring social automomous characters and text-to-speech capabilities. We map scenarios to social interactions by assigning a character to each actor and entity in the scenarios, and animate the interactions among these as social interactions among the corresponding characters. The social interactions can help bring out these important aspects: interactions of multiple agents, pattern and timing of interactions, non-local inconsistencies within and among scenarios, and gaps and missing information in the scenario collection. An exploratory study of this modeling's effectiveness is presented.
Advancing Training to Identify, Intervene, and Follow Up with Individuals at Risk for Suicide Through Research

Research and training on suicide is critical given the fact that the majority of suicide deaths are preventable with accurate identification of risk and intervention by trained individuals. However, implementing and evaluating training is difficult because of the multiple factors involved, including, but not limited to, the heterogeneity of trainees, their diverse roles in suicide prevention, absence of clear guidelines for training content across settings, and limited methods for assessing outcomes. Here, three groups of trainees are discussed: community and professional gatekeepers and behavioral health providers. The roles each group plays in managing suicide risk and the training content it needs to be effective are addressed. A staged training approach is proposed, building on the core components of currently used suicide training: knowledge, attitudes, and skills/behaviors. Limitations of current assessment methods are identified and recommendations for alternative methods are provided. The article concludes with a discussion of next steps in moving the field forward, including overcoming challenges and identifying and engaging opportunities.
The Incidence of Non-return among Foreign Students in the United States.

Abstract This article presents a comprehensive concenptual and empirical analysis of non-return among foreign students in the United States. Non-return rates are constructed for 69 source countries using administrative microdata from the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (various years). The conceptual analysis extends the Roy-model formulation of Borjas (1987, 1992) to the return decision of the foreign student. The empirical analysis finds that the variation in non-return rates across source countries is explained by differences in economic and political conditions in the source countries. The article also reports indirect evidence of skill sorting among foreign students who stay in the United States.
Tolerating bounded inconsistency for increasing concurrency in database systems

Recently, the scope of databases has been extended to many non-standard applications, and serializability is found to be too restrictive for such applications. In general, two approaches are adopted to address this problem. The first approach considers placing more structure on data objects to exploit type specific properties while keeping serializability as the correctness criterion. The other approach uses explicit semantics of transactions and databases to permit interleaved executions of transactions that are non-serializable. In this paper, we attempt to bridge the gap between the two approaches by using the notion of serializability with bounded inconsistency. Users are free to specifiy the maximum level of inconsistency that can be allowed in the executions of operations dynamically. In particular, if no inconsistency is allowed in the execution of any operation, the protocol will be reduced to a standard strict two phase locking protocol based on type-specific semantics of data objects. Bounded inconsistency can be applied to many areas which do not require exact values of the data such as for gathering information for statistical purpose, for making high level decisions and reasoning in expert systems which can tolerate uncertainty in input data.
Quasi-phase-matched frequency doubling over 5 mm in periodically poled polymer waveguide

Quasi-phase-matched second harmonic generation from 1340 to 670 nm with a quasi-phase-matching length of 5 mm is demonstrated in a periodically poled polymer waveguide containing a nonlinear optical polymer. Angle, wavelength and temperature tuning are used to obtain independent measures of the quasi-phase-matching length, and those factors limiting the quasi-phase-matching length are indicated.
Computational modeling of cardiac ventricular action potentials in rat and mouse: Review

Little is known about the ionic mechanisms underlying the action potential heterogeneity in ventricle-associated healthy and disease conditions, even though five decades of histological, electrophysiological, pharmacological, and biochemical investigations exist. The computational modeling in murine ventricular myocytes can complement our knowledge of the experimental data and provide us with more quantitative descriptions in understanding different conditions related to normal and disease conditions. This paper initially reviews the theoretical modeling for cardiac ventricular action potentials of various species and the related experimental work. It then presents the progress of the computational modeling of cardiac ventricular cells for normal, diabetic, and spontaneously hypertensive rats. The paper also introduces recent modeling efforts for the action potential heterogeneity in mouse ventricular cells. The computational insights gained into the ionic mechanisms in rodents will continue to enhance our understanding of the heart and provide us with new knowledge for future studies to treat cardiac diseases in children and adults. Because the dissemination of computational models is very important, we continue to disseminate these models by iCell, the interactive cell modeling resource. iCell (http://ssd1.bme.memphis.edu/icell/) has been developed as a simulation-based teaching and learning tool for electrophysiology and contains JAVA applets that present models of various cardiac cells and neurons and simulation data of their bioelectric activities at cellular level.
Endogenous ecotropic and recombinant MCF mouse retroviral variation and escape from antiviral CTL

Abstract Mouse retroviruses cause a variety of diseases, including lymphoma/leukemia, and such experimental systems have served as useful models for analogous human diseases. Both ecotropic (mouse tropic) retroviruses (EMV) and polytropic recombinant mink cytopathic focus inducing (MCF) retroviruses have been studied for disease pathogenesis and as targets for host humoral and cellular immunity. Here, the cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to selected ecotropic and MCF retroviruses is defined, including an immunodominant CTL epitope located in the p15E transmembrane anchor envelope protein and several minor/subdominant epitopes. Also presented is evidence for retroviral escape from CTL by selection following genetic recombination, point mutation, and other strategies.
Some Group Theory

In this chapter we state (mostly without proof) some basic facts from the theory of groups. We have included only those facts from the general theory that we shall have occasion to use later — the treatment is by no means exhaustive. We refer to any standard textbook on Group Theory for more detailed accounts of the subject in general and for the contents of this chapter in particular. Some of the best are Hall (1959), Suzuki (1982, 1986), Rotman (1995), Robinson (1995) and Luthar & Passi (1996).
On the connections among activity-based costing, mathematical programming models for analyzing strategic decisions, and the resource-based view of the firm

This paper examines connections between data-driven models for analyzing a firm's strategic plans, which use activity-based costing and mathematical programming, and the resource-based view of the firm. After brief reviews of the three disciplines, extensions of activity-based costing methods to mathematical programming models for strategic resource planning are discussed. Applications of these models to supply chain planning in a multi-national food manufacturer, a specialty chemicals company, and a wholesaling/retailing company are presented. The paper concludes by using concepts from the resource-based view of the firm to interpret optimal solutions from mathematical programming models. Extensions to strategic planning under uncertainty using stochastic programming are also discussed briefly.
Introduction to Special Issue on the Economics of Information in Real Estate Markets

The articles featured in this issue are introduced, their relationships noted, and their key points highlighted.
Interactions of macromolecules on cell membranes and restrictions of T-cell specificity by products of the major histocompatibility complex☆

Abstract The specificity of T cells for syngeneic target cells is directed to both antigens and products of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on the target cell surface. This dual requirement is best accounted for by the altered-self hypothesis, which implies that the MHC products on a cell's surface are able to form complexes with many other proteins on the surface of the same cell. To account for the ability of MHC products to bind so many different cell surface antigens we propose that interactions in general among macromolecules on the surface of a membrane may be dramatically enhanced by a purely physical effect. This effect derives from the confinement of membrane macromolecules to an effective volume which is the product of membrane surface area times d, the distance over which the center of mass of the molecules can move in a vertical direction (perpendicular to the membrane surface). Because d is very small the effective concentrations of surface molecules are extremely high and their interactions are correspondingly enhanced.
Protein kinase C in the postmortem brain of teenage suicide victims

Increased serotonin2A (5-HT2A) receptors have been reported in the postmortem brain of suicide victims. To examine if this increase is associated with the dysregulation of postreceptor sites in the signaling cascade, we determined [3H]phorbol dibutyrate (PDBU) binding to protein kinase C (PKC) in postmortem brain samples (Brodmann's areas 8 and 9) obtained from teenage suicide victims and control subjects. [3H]PDBU binding to PKC was determined in membranal and cytosolic fractions. We observed that Bmax of [3H]PDBU binding sites was significantly decreased in both membranal and cytosolic fractions in brain samples from Brodmann's areas 8-9 compared to matched controls. These results thus suggest that PKC may play a role in the pathophysiology of suicidal behavior.
The Addition of Human Milk Fortifier Does Not Affect Feeding Tolerance in Premature Infants † 1552

The Addition of Human Milk Fortifier Does Not Affect Feeding Tolerance in Premature Infants † 1552
Topoedaphic and Morphological Complexity of Foliar Damage and Mortality Within Western Juniper (Juniperus Occidentalis Var. Occidentalis) Woodlands Following an Extreme Meteorological Event

Aim An extreme early season freeze event in October 2002 resulted in significant foliar damage and/or mortality within western juniper woodlands. We identify the geographical patterns of tree damage based on morphological, topographical and edaphic parameters, and discuss the ecological implications of this event. Methods: We sampled trees on four matched pairs of disturbed and minimally disturbed study sites within the core area of tree damage. We collected information about age, morphology (height, basal area, level of foliar damage), and topographic position (elevation, slope, aspect) for each tree sampled using dendroecological and GPS/GIS procedures. We collected plot-level data on tree density and degree of cover for shrubs and grasses. We used a series of Mann–Whitney, Kruskal–Wallis and Wilcoxon tests and graphical analyses to determine if significant differences exist in our collected variables both between matched pairs and within our disturbed sites.Results: Topographically, we found that aspect was a critical element regulating damage, with trees in colder microenvironments (north-westerly slopes) experiencing less damage because they were further along in the annual process of cold-hardening. The majority of damaged trees were found in areas of higher density and more even age structure that are typical of recent juniper afforestation. Morphologically, we show that trees with greater basal areas and/or less stature were less likely to have foliar damage, consistent with winter cavitation.Main conclusions: Our results show that the spatial pattern of damage was closely related to topography and tree morphology, parameters that, in turn, correspond closely to differences between the historical locales of western juniper and juniper woodlands that have emerged in a 100+ year period of rapid afforestation. This freeze event fits the criteria for a large, infrequent disturbance in that it was spatially complex and may act as an endogenous factor that can contribute to stand maintenance
Factors influencing the formation of complexes between oxidized lipids and proteins

Complexes were formed between egg albumin and oxidized lipids, such as thermally oxidized corn oil and autoxidized linoleic acid, under a standardized set of conditions. No complex could be obtained under these conditions when lysine, glycine, bactopeptone, gelatin or sodium caseinate were substituted for egg albumin. Lactalbumin was equally as reactive, casein much less and fresh egg white superior to egg albumin in their complexing ability with oxidized corn oil. As the time of reaction was increased, the amount of the complex formed also increased. Optimum complex formation took place at a concentration of 1% protein, a pH of 7 and 60C. The ease of formation of these complexesin vitro indicated that similar complexing could readily take placein vivo under suitable pathological conditions.
Effects of Ascorbic Acid on Peroxidase and Polyphenoloxidase Activities in Fresh-Cut Cantaloupe Melon

Peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in minimally processed cantaloupe melon (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus Naud) were assayed and the effect of ascorbic acid on their respective activities during storage at 4 8 88 8C was determined. POD activity decreased with storage and was inhibited by ascorbate treatment. Two native electrophoretic POD bands with estimated molecular weights 240 and 170 kDa respectively were obtained. Isoelectric focusing separated six acidic POD isozymes with isoelectric points between 5.1 and 6.0, possibly subunits of the POD isozymes. PPO activity in the cantaloupe melon extract was very weak and the fruit's content of oxidiz-
Phase changes and configuration mixing in Sm chalcogenides

We investigate a model, based on the localized-electron mechanism discussed by Kaplan and Mahanti, which incorporates the lattice energy and the lowering of the conduction band with increasing pressure. The results are compared with experiment.
The Beijing National Stadium as Media Space

ABSTRACTThis essay examines the Olympic Games as a media-space which comprises both physical and mediated spatial attributes. Focusing on the Beijing National Stadium it addresses the new post-geographical spatial experiences that are produced by the layering of physicality and digitization. Drawing methodologies from the fields of ethnography, media studies and design studies, we aim to develop an interdisciplinary approach which critically explores the multiple and intertwined dimensions of these hybrid spatial articulations. This takes into account the new transnational public realms that have been opened by diverse forms of social media, and the proliferation of actors in the dissemination and shaping of the Olympic event and its architectures.
Attitudes toward the role of the psychologist and the counselor in the secondary school

Abstract Attitudes of various professional groups toward the role of the school psychologist were assessed by means of an attitude scale. The scale had also been submitted to other samples of these professional groups to assess their attitudes toward the role of the school counselor. The items were the same except that “the school psychologist” was substituted for “the school counselor.” The results of the two administrations of the scale were compared. It was concluded that the professional groups view the counselor and psychologist as having different roles in the school and that separate training programs should continue. However, the existence of “role differentiation” suggests the need for more communication between the counselor and the psychologist in their training programs and in their work in the secondary school.
Magnetic field dependence of radical-pair decay kinetics and molecular triplet quantum yield in quinone-depleted reaction centers

Abstract Radical-pair decay kinetics and molecular triplet quantum yields at various magnetic fields are reported for quinone-depleted reaction centers from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides R26. The radical-pair decay is observed by picosecond absorption spectroscopy to be a single exponential to within the experimental uncertainty at all fields. The decay time increases from 13 ns at zero field to 17 ns at 1 kG, and decreases to 9 ns at 50 kG. The orientation averaged quantum yield of formation of the molecular triplet of the primary electron donor, 3 P, drops to 47% of its zero-field value at 1 kG and rises to 126% at 50 kG. Combined analysis of these data gives a singlet radical-pair decay rate constant of 5 · 10 7 s −1 , a lower limit for the triplet radical-pair decay rate constant of 1 · 10 8 s −1 and a lower limit for the quantum yield of radical-pair decay by the triplet channel of 38% at zero field. The upper limit of the quantum yield of 3 P formation at zero field is measured to be 32%. In order to explain this apparent discrepancy, decay of the radical pair by the triplet channel must lead to some rapid ground state formation as well as some 3 P formation. It is proposed that the triplet radical pair decays to a triplet charge-transfer state which is strongly coupled to the ground state by spin-orbit interactions. Several possibilities for this charge-transfer state are discussed.
Responsible Citizens? UK Primary School Children's Views of Germans and Germany

There exists a variety of evidence to suggest that the views of English pupils of Germans and Germany are uniform ally negative and are formed at an early age. Based upon data collected from a sample of primary school pupils, this paper explores the validity of this claim. It describes elements of anti-German rhetoric at work in English popular culture and an analysis of pupil perceptions of Germans and Germany based upon interview responses. The conclusions analyse the data discussed in the paper and offers some thoughts regarding the development of a curriculum that might help combat the inter-cultural hostility reported in the paper.
BWH emergency radiology–surgical correlation: torsion of Meckel’s diverticulum

We present the radiologic findings and intraoperative correlation of a torsed Meckel's diverticulum leading to small-bowel obstruction in a 65-year-old male without prior abdominal surgery. As this is a rare entity and difficult to diagnose, an understanding of the clinical presentation and radiologic findings correlated with this pathology can help to expedite diagnosis and treatment.
Magnetic quenching of positronium in organic solutions

Abstract The magnetic quenching of ortho -positronium ( o -Ps) in some pure nonpolar liquids ( n -hexane, cyclohexane and benzene) and solutions (nitrobenzene in n -hexane, cyclohexane and benzene; and carbon tetrachloride and biphenyl in n -hexane) is examined for steady magnetic fields up to 14 kG by the positron annihilation lifetime technique. The long lifetime of o -Ps is very sensitive to the strength of the external magnetic field, decreasing as the field strength increases. This effect follows from a well-known principle of atomic physics, the quadratic Zeeman effect. With one exception, all the liquids studied here appear to be normal in this regard. The exception is nitrobenzene in n -hexane, which shows a very marked enhancement of quenching beyond the Zeeman effect at low fields.
Servant leadership across cultures

Servant leadership is anchored in the human drive to bond with others and contribute to the betterment of the society. An emphasis on service motivation, as demonstrated by empowering and developing people with empathy and humility, differentiates servant leadership from other leadership frameworks. In this study, we analyzed the degree to which five aspects of servant leadership, Egalitarianism, Moral Integrity, Empowering, Empathy and Humility were endorsed as important for effective leadership across cultures. While each of these dimensions was found to be associated with effective leadership, there was considerable variation in degree of endorsement of components of servant leadership across different GLOBE culture clusters. The dimensions of Egalitarianism and Empowering were endorsed more strongly in Nordic/European cultures but less so in Asian and similar cultures. On the other hand, servant leadership dimensions of Empathy and Humility were more strongly endorsed in Asian cultures than European cultures. Further, significant relationships were found between several societal cultural values and aspects of servant leadership which help us understand why nations differ in endorsing this leadership construct.
Research utilization : Adhesive bandage dressing regimen for peripheral venous catheters

Abstract Background: This project used the process of research utilization to apply research knowledge to clinical practice for dressing peripheral intravenous (IV) catheters. Method: The project included (1) the review and synthesis of multiple research studies, (2) transformation of the research-based knowledge into a clinical protocol of use of adhesive bandage (AB) for dressing peripheral IV catheters, and (3) evaluation of the proportion of phlebitis as an outcome measure for comparison of peripheral IV catheter sites dressed with 2 × 2 inch gauze/tape or AB. Integral to the research utilization process was the use of planned change strategies. Results: The proportion of phlebitis among peripheral IV catheters dressed with gauze/tape was 16.7% compared with 14.9% for AB. Antimicrobial ointment applied to the insertion site resulted in a higher proportion of phlebitis when used with an AB. Conclusion: This project used a research utilization framework to transfer research knowledge into clinical practice. To assure dissemination and implementation of the new practice, the use of ABs for dressing peripheral IVs was incorporated into hospital policy and procedure. In addition, the discontinuation of application of an antimicrobial ointment to peripheral IV sites was reinforced.
Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar): A decade of progress and future approaches

In 1990, there was essentially one treatment regimen in use for visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) around the world: 20 to 28 days of daily injections of pentavalent antimony (Sb). During the past 10 years, however, new agents have been tested alone or in combination, in more than 50 studies carried out worldwide. This renewed clinical effort was spurred by a variety of factors, including the emergence of large-scale Sb unresponsiveness in India, where up to one-half of the world's cases of kala-azar now are found. As this new decade opens, the success of this clinical research effort is tangible: three additional, highly effective parenteral regimens now are available (amphotericin B, lipid formulations of amphotericin B, aminosidine), and an active oral agent, a long sought after objective in kala-azar, has been identified (miltefosine). This report reviews the evolution of treatment of visceral leishmaniasis, considers the interaction of the immune response and chemotherapy, highlights therapeutic successes and failures, examines advantages and disadvantages of current treatments, and looks at future therapeutic approaches to the management of this disseminated intracellular protozoal infection.
Incident hyperglycemia, parenteral nutrition administration and adverse outcomes in patients with myeloma admitted for initial auto-SCT

Parenteral nutrition (PN) exacerbates hyperglycemia, which is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in various cancer populations. By using a retrospective design, we examined incident hyperglycemia in PN and non-PN recipients and the associations with clinical events and 5-year survival in a cohort treated for myeloma with melphalan and auto-SCT (n=112). Clinical comparisons were made at admission, and 'before' and 'after' initiating PN to discern differences and temporality. Actual infusion times were used for PN patients; time frames based on mean PN infusion days were created for the non-PN recipients. Oral intake was lower 'before' in PN vs non-PN patients (P<0.001); however, no differences in mucositis, emesis, infections or transfusions were detected 'before.' Incident hyperglycemia (≥7.0 mmol/L) was significant 'after' PN initiation, and PN recipients experienced delays in WBC (P<0.05) and platelet engraftment (P=0.009), and required significantly greater RBC (P=0.0014) and platelet (P=0.001) support 'after' than non-PN patients. Neutropenic fever and longer hospital stay were more frequent among PN vs non-PN recipients (P<0.001). Differences in 5-year mortality were not apparent. The findings fail to support clinical benefits of PN administration during auto-SCT for myeloma. Further study is needed to discern if hyperglycemia or feeding per se was deleterious in this patient population.
Bistable optical fibre switch

The construction of a fast low-powered one-pole two-way optical fibre switch is described. It has a measured insertion loss of 0.43 dB, or 0.04 dB with index matching fluid, and a crosstalk below −75 dB. Switch power is 0.6 mJ with a total switching time of 2 ms The time to switch from one fibre output to another is 0.4 ms.
Internal Wave Wake of a Moving Storm. Part I. Scales, Energy Budget and Observations

Abstract The ocean's baroclinic response to a steadily moving storm is analyzed using a numerical model for an inviscid, multi-layered fluid. This first part of a two-part study gives a detailed account of the response to a rapidly moving hurricane, while parameter dependence is examined in the second part. A central theme of both parts is the coupling between wind-forcing, the surface mixed layer, and the thermocline. The baroclinic response is made up of a geostrophic component and a three-dimensional wake of inertial-internal waves which is emphasized. These waves initially have large horizontal spatial scales set directly by the storm. Their along-storm track wavelength is the storm translation speed times the wave period, which is typically five percent less than the local inertial period. Their cross-track scale is the storm scale. If the storm is intense as it is here, finite amplitude effects soon produce a double inertial frequency wave and smaller spatial scales. An important qualitative result ...
Focusing fluids and light

There exist two major technical challenges when developing on-chip single- particle detection systems: focusing the particles and focusing the light. Flow cytometry is used to measure the optical and fluorescence characteristics of single cells while cells pass through an optical interrogation area (with dimensions on the order of several micrometers to tens of micrometers) that is defined by a focused laser beam.
An analysis of an adiabatic adsorption column part IV: Adsorption in the high temperature range

Abstract The analysis of elution and saturation adsorption presents problems with mathematical singularities which are investigated in some detail. They find application to problems of adiabatic adsorption in the high temperature range where the energy state has a significant effect on adsorption performance. A variety of examples are presented for single-solute adsorption as well as for two-solute adsorption and the physical implications are elucidated to reveal the striking contrast to the adsorption in the normal temperature range. The role of the energy state is carefully examined and some consideration is also given to the phenomenon of the adsorptivity reversal.
Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the forensic fingerprinting of silicone engineering elastomers

In this study, pyrolysis gas chromatography paired with mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) has been investigated as an analytical technique for the identification and discrimination of commercial silicone elastomer formulations. Multivariate statistical analysis, specifically principle component analysis (PCA), was utilized in order to provide a direct link between the fingerprint behavior and the starting network structure. This work utilizes PCA to “map” the pyrolysis analyses such that underlying chemistries, systematic similarities, fillers, and morphologies may be predicted. It has been demonstrated that silicone materials formulated via differing cure chemistries have distinct degradation fingerprints. The application of PCA statistical methodologies to Py-GC/MS data allows these unique signatures to be rapidly and reliably identified. Furthermore, PCA allows the chemical origins of the degradation fingerprints to be assessed with comparative ease.
Point sources of elastic deformation: elementary sources, dynamic displacements

We construct a catalogue of all the possible elementary point sources of seismic waves. There are three general classes of sources, two spheroidal and one toroidal. We consider excitation functions for these point-like sources as well as for sources of finite size in far-, intermediate- and near-field for an infinite homogeneous isotropic medium. The sources corresponding to seismic-moment tensors for the second-, third- and fourth-ranks are considered in more detail; we identify 10 different seismic sources in this range: one monopole, two or three dipoles, three quadrupoles, etc. For the step-function of the scalar seismic-moment release, the amplitude spectrum for the third-rank sources is proportional to the angular frequency ω in the region below the corner frequency ωcr. The fourth-rank sources have an ω2 spectrum in the same range. The possibility of separate and simultaneous inversion of seismic body-wave data and static deformation data for sources of different order is discussed. Some equivalent-force moment higher-rank sources are ‘shielded’ by lower-rank sources of the same order; the former sources cannot be inverted from seismic data without additional assumptions. Because of their simple radiation pattern, the lower order multipoles, i.e. the monopole and dipoles, are the first sources other than the double-couple which should be considered for inversion.
Notes on Estimation of the General Odds Ratio and the General Risk Difference for Paired-Sample Data

Under the matched-pair design, this paper discusses estimation of the general odds ratio OR G for ordinal exposure in case-control studies and the general risk difference RD G for ordinal outcomes in cross-sectional or cohort studies. To illustrate the practical usefulness of interval estimators of OR G and RD G developed here, this paper uses the data from a case-control study investigating the effect of the number of beverages drunk at burning hot temperature on the risk of possessing esophageal cancer, and the data from a cross-sectional study comparing the grade distributions of unaided distance vision between two eyes. Finally, this paper notes that using the commonly-used statistics related to odds ratio for dichotomous data by collapsing the ordinal exposure into two categories: the exposure versus the non-exposure, tends to be less efficient than using the statistics related to OR G proposed herein.
Effect of cyclodextrin solutions on aqueous peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence

Abstract The aqueous peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence resulting from the reaction of 4,4'-[oxalylbis[(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imino] ethylene]bis[4-methylmorpholinium trifluoromethane sulfonate] with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of fluorophore was studied in alpha, beta, gamma, and heptakis 2, 6-di-0-methyl beta cyclodextrin solutions. Cyclodextrins were capable of increasing the light output of this reaction by factors up to 300. The enhancement can be attributed to increases in reaction rate, excitation efficiency, and fluorescence efficiency of the emitting species. Inclusion of a reaction intermediate and fluorophore in the cyclodextrin cavity is proposed as one possible mechanism for the observed enhancement.
Optimal Deployment of Managed Lanes in General Networks

Falling budget, political, and environmental constraints force decision makers and transportation authorities to develop innovative ways to better manage existing facilities. Managed lanes, more specifically, high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) and high-occupancy toll (HOT) lanes, have been recognized as viable options to improve vehicle trips without constructing additional capacity. This paper investigates how to deploy managed lanes in general networks. A mathematical program with complementarity constraints is formulated to simultaneously determine the locations of managed lanes and the toll rates on HOT lanes to maximize the social benefit. Numerical examples based on the networks in the literature are presented to verify the model.
Closed Orbits and Semiclassical Wavefunctions in Two-Dimensional Hamiltonian Systems

The periodic-orbit theory of the density-of-states and the closed-orbit theory of atomic absorption spectra relate properties of a quantum system to properties of periodic or of closed orbits of a system. In these theories, every return of an orbit to the initial point makes a contribution, so in general for each orbit an infinite number of terms must be computed and summed. We show that the term asising from thenth return of an orbit can be calculated from properties of the orbit on its first return.
Rotational diffusion and intermolecular collisions of a spin labeled alpha-helical peptide determined by electron spin echo spectroscopy

Short peptides that are composed mainly of alanine have recently been shown to form alpha-helices in aqueous solution at low temperature (Marqusee, S., and R. L. Baldwin. 1987. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 84:8898–8902; Marqusee, S., V. H. Robbins, and R. L. Baldwin. 1989. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 86:5286–5290). These peptides are excellent models for probing structure and dynamics in isolated helical domains. In previous work we have designed and synthesized spin labeled analogs of these helix-forming peptides and we have shown that these analogs retain the folding characteristics of the parent peptide (Todd, A. P., and G. L. Millhauser. 1991. Biochemistry. 30:5515–5523). Using conventional continuous wave electron spin resonance (CW ESR) we have further shown that local motion is more pronounced near the helix amino terminus than in the central region as the peptide is thermally unfolded (Miick, S. M., A. P. Todd, and G. L. Millhauser. 1991. Biochemistry. 30:9498–9503). In this present work we use electron spin echo (ESE) spectroscopy to further refine our understanding of the solution dynamics of the 3K-8 peptide, which is a 16-mer with a nitroxide spin label attached at position 8. We find that the spin echo decays are well described by a single exponential function and that the determined correlation times are close to those previously derived from CW experiments. Variable concentration ESE experiments have directly revealed Heisenberg spin exchange (HSE) interactions and we find that the interpeptide collision rate is near to that expected for a free species in solution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Fishing for evolutionary clues to globin gene regulation

The pufferfish has a compact genome that is well suited for finding many protein-coding genes by fish-mammal sequence comparison. In this issue Gillemans and colleagues (page [2842][1]) also turn to pufferfish for insights into the evolution and function of long-range regulatory elements, such as
Protein Identification by Mass Spectrometry Issues to be Considered

During the past two decades, mass spectrometry has become established as the primary method for protein identification from complex mixtures of biological origin. This is largely attributable to the fortunate coincidence of instrumental advances that allow routine analysis of minute amounts (typically femtomoles) of involatile, polar compounds such as peptides in complex mixtures, with the rapid growth in genomic databases that are amenable to searching with MS data. Like many other developing fields in science, the creation of techniques and software tools and the initial generation and interpretation of data have been the domain of experts, people who are cognizant not only of the benefits of the methods but also of their actual and potential weaknesses. Now as mass spectrometric techniques and proteomic tools become increasingly available and accessible, a much broader range of researchers is applying the same methodology, often with substantially less understanding of the major limitations that critically affect the reliability and significance of the results. Ideally the mass spectrometry community should establish criteria for mass spectrometric identification of proteins that should be employed by researchers. As this remains a rapidly developing field with many different experimental approaches and different ways of searching and interpreting the data, it is difficult to promulgate hard and fast rules. Nevertheless Molecular and Cellular Proteomics is attempting to develop standards of acceptability for proteomics papers, based on emerging knowledge as well as on principles of biological MS established over the last 20 years by the MS community. Authors of proteomics papers employing mass spectrometry must make themselves fully aware of the key issues that are driving development of these guidelines. Hence the paper that follows attempts to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the methods in current use. It is particularly important to realize that for any protein match returned from a database search, there is a non-zero probability that it will be wrong. Many times the quality of the data is such that the probability of a false positive can be disregarded, but in some cases the identifications returned by the search engines are very likely incorrect. Therefore it is unacceptable to simply list all the hits that come back from any search engine and then discuss their biological significance as though they were categorically correct. Peptide Analysis - Almost without exception, protein identification is based on the analysis of peptides generated by proteolyic digestion. The most widely used enzyme is trypsin, which hydrolyses the protein on the C-terminal side of lysine and arginine, unless the subsequent amino acid in the sequence is a proline. This is advantageous as every peptide other than the protein C-terminus has at least two sites for efficient protonation, the N-terminal amino group and