cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
More aid, better institutions, or both?

It has been nearly 20 years since a working definition for “sustainable development” was put forward by the World Commission on Environment and Development. The concept endures in the mission statements and frameworks of action of various societal actors, including those of neighborhood associations, metropolitan development authorities, environmental ministries, and United Nations (UN) specialized organizations, to name a few. Yet many observers doubt that sustainable development is occurring in poor countries. This failure, the critics contend, stems from miserly transfers of foreign aid. The extent to which inadequate aid is to blame for poor environmental/developmental outcomes is an open question. But vocal demands for increasing aid to meet sustainable development goals come from many parts of society and are persistent. Exhortations for more aid to help poor countries are noble, perhaps even justifiable, but there are understandable doubts about the wisdom of transferring large capital and technical resources to countries that are slow to adopt needed institutional reforms. Aid without institutional reform is a recipe for wasted resources and donor fatigue. Worse, it may enhance inequities of wealth and power in recipient countries. There are few illustrations to draw on demonstrating how institutionally impoverished societies are affected when they are compelled to absorb massive aid inputs over a short period––a remedy suggested by some prominent aid experts. As a proxy, it is valuable to examine instances where swift macroeconomic changes, spurred by external investment and export-led growth, has occurred without significant institutional development. The case of Equatorial Guinea and its sudden oil riches is examined to discern whether, in the absence of meaningful institutional reform, rapid and profound increases in foreign direct investment and export income enable poverty alleviation and sustainable development.
Studying ‘Everyday Political Talk’ in the Deliberative System

‘Everyday political talk’ is an increasingly important part of what Jane Mansbridge characterizes as ‘deliberative systems’ in industrialized democracies. However, how is it practiced by ordinary people? And how does their practice affect democracy and citizenship? Our paper addresses four questions: (1) How should everyday political talk be conceptualized as a component of the ‘deliberative system’? (2) What can and cannot be learned by studying normative topics like deliberation empirically? (3) How can we investigate such everyday talk using the methodologies of survey research, focus groups and content analysis? (4) What have we learned in our own research programs from each methodological approach?
Downwind: Articulation and Appropriation of Social Movement Discourse

This essay examines the transformation of ideographs as they are passed from one social movement organization to another. The processes of articulation and appropriation are presented as a means of understanding which circumstances allow for a successful conveyance of discourse. A case study of “downwinder” discourse is offered as a means of analyzing this process and its effect on the construction of identity and place.
Phase stability of BSCF in low oxygen partial pressures

Abstract In situ X-ray diffraction has been used to investigate the phase stability of barium strontium cobalt iron oxide (BSCF) with the formula Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe1−xCoxO3−δ (x=0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1). The thermal decomposition processes in both low partial pressures of oxygen (air −10−5 atm pO2) and in reducing conditions have been detailed. BSCF manifests excellent stability down to 10−5 atm pO2; however, it decomposes through a complex series of oxides under reducing conditions. Increasing the cobalt content results in a decrease in the temperature range of stability of the material under 4% H2 in N2, with the initial decomposition taking place at 375, 425, 550, 600, 650 and 675 °C, for x=1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2 and 0, respectively. Further, the thermal expansion is a strong function of the oxygen activity and Co content. The x=0, 1 end member, BSC, undergoes a phase transition from rhombohedral to cubic symmetry at ∼800 °C under 10−5 atm pO2, resulting in an ideal perovskite with a=3.9892(3) A at room temperature.
Some social psychological influences on the linguistic performance of black teenagers

Black teenagers viewed a series of drawings depicting verbal encounters between two figures. These drawings were administered by either a black or a white experimenter and were accompanied by dialogue and instructions presented in either standard English or black dialect. Transcriptions of subjects’ responses were rated on a set of evaluative dimensions by both experienced nonprofessional (probation officers) and inexperienced professional (English teachers) judges. Subjects’ responses to black dialect were substantially longer and were given more favorable ratings than their responses to standard English. In general, experienced nonprofessionals gave more favorable ratings to subjects’ responses than did inexperienced professionals. These latter judges in turn gave more favorable ratings to responses to drawings accompanied by standard English when these drawings portrayed situations in which English dialogue was appropriate than when they did not. Results provide evidence for a “difference” hypothesis a...
Yueh-Gin Gung and Dr. Charles Y. Hu Award to T. Christine Stevens for Distinguished Service to Mathematics

The Yueh-Gin Gung and Dr. Charles Y. Hu Award for Distinguished Service to Mathematics is the most prestigious award made by the Mathematical Association of America. This award, first presented in 1990, is the successor to the MAA Award for Distinguished Service to Mathematics, given since 1962. The award is for service to mathematics that has been widely recognized as extraordinarily successful, with contributions made that influence the field of mathematics or mathematics education in a significant and positive way on a national scale. This description fits the 2004 recipient of this award exceptionally well. Professor T. Christine Stevens of the Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Computer Science at Saint Louis University has a striking record of service to the MAA and the profession. Her contributions have impacted national science policy, through her service as an AMS/MAA/SIAM Congressional Science Fellow, her chairing of the MAA's Science Policy Committee, and her service on the SIAM Science Policy Committee. She has also had an impact on the effectiveness of mathematics education nationally as an Associate Program Director for the Teacher Enhancement Program at the National Science Foundation as well as by her service on many national and regional education committees, including the SIAM Education Committee, the National Research Council Committee on Recognizing, Evaluating, and Rewarding Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching, the Technical Advisory Committee on Mathematics of the Missouri Coordinating Board for Higher Education, and the Advisory Committee for
Educating Cancer Prevention Researchers in Emerging Biobehavioral Models: Lessons Learned

To increase the adoption of transdisciplinary research methods among future cancer prevention investigators, faculty members from The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center developed a graduate-level course in biobehavioral methods in cancer prevention research. Two instructors paired by topic and area of expertise offered an hour-long lecture-based seminar every week for 15 weeks during the spring semester of 2010. Students and presenters both evaluated the overall course content and delivery method, as well as each session. A total of 11 students and 22 presenters participated in the course. In each class session, one presenter was from a behavioral science background,and the other was from a biological sciences background. Both presenters and students expressed overall satisfaction with the content and format of the course. The presentation of topics from a transdisciplinary perspective and interaction with presenters from both biological and behavioral sciences are valuable and can help junior researchers prepare to meet the emerging challenges in cancer prevention research.
Retrovirus gene therapy for X-linked chronic granulomatous disease can achieve stable long-term correction of oxidase activity in peripheral blood neutrophils

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality from infection. The first CGD gene therapy trial resulted in only short-term marking of 0.01% to 0.1% of neutrophils. A recent study, using busulfan conditioning and an SFFV retrovirus vector, achieved more than 20% marking in 2 patients with X-linked CGD. However, oxidase correction per marked neutrophil was less than normal and not sustained. Despite this, patients clearly benefited in that severe infections resolved. As such, we initiated a gene therapy trial for X-CGD to treat severe infections unresponsive to conventional therapy. We treated 3 adult patients using busulfan conditioning and an MFGS retroviral vector encoding gp91(phox), achieving early marking of 26%, 5%, and 4% of neutrophils, respectively, with sustained long-term marking of 1.1% and 0.03% of neutrophils in 2 of the patients. Gene-marked neutrophils have sustained full correction of oxidase activity for 34 and 11 months, respectively, with full or partial resolution of infection in those 2 patients. Gene marking is polyclonal with no clonal dominance. We conclude that busulfan conditioning together with an MFGS vector is capable of achieving long-term correction of neutrophil oxidase function sufficient to provide benefit in management of severe infection. This study was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00394316.
Parametric estimation for the mean of a Gaussian process by the method of sieves

Abstract In this paper, we apply Grenader's method of sieves to the problem of estimation of the infinite dimensional mean parameter of a Gaussian random vector with values in a real separable Banach space. We use an increasing sequence of natural sieves in terms of geometric properties of the parameter space, on which we maximize the likelihood function. Sufficient conditions on the growth of the sieves are given in order that the sequence of restricted maximum likelihood estimators of the unknown mean is consistent when the sample size tends to infinity. Exponential rates of convergence in the topology of the parameter space are obtained. Applications to some examples are also discussed.
The need for clinical quantification of combined PET/MRI data in pediatric epilepsy

In the past, multimodality integrative analysis of image data has been used to obtain a better understanding of underlying mechanisms of seizure generation and propagation in children with extratemporal lobe epilepsy. However, despite important advances in the combined analysis of PET, MRI, DTI and EEG data, successful surgical outcome is only achieved in about 2/3 of patients undergoing resective surgery. The advent of simultaneous PET/MR data acquisition promises an important advance in neuroimaging through clinical quantification, which will finally translate the strength of PET (which is the ability to absolutely quantify physiological parameters such as metabolic rates and receptor densities) into clinical work. Taking advantage of recently developed integrated PET/MR devices, absolute physiological values will be available in clinical routine, replacing currently used visual assessment of relative tissue tracer uptake. This will allow assessment of global increases/decreases of brain function during critical phases of development and is likely to have a significant impact on patient management in pediatric epilepsy.
Evaluation of Simulation in Undergraduate Nurse Education: An Integrative Review

Abstract Background Although nearly two decades have passed since the introduction of simulation in nurse education, many nurse educators continue to struggle with how to evaluate the effectiveness of simulations. The aim of this review was to synthesize the research findings regarding evaluation of simulation in undergraduate nurse education. Methods One hundred and one articles were reviewed. Results Synthesis of research revealed the following five themes: confidence/self-efficacy, satisfaction, anxiety/stress, skills/knowledge, and interdisciplinary experiences. Evidence regarding minimal level of fidelity needed to produce significant learning outcomes was inconclusive. Recommendations and future directions are provided. Conclusion More robust educational research in simulation is warranted.
Enhancement of antimicrobial properties of cavity varnish: A preliminary report

Abstract Bacterial contamination beneath amalgam restorations has been a problem in restorative dentistry. Cavity varnish improves the marginal seal but possesses no antibacterial properties, and chlorhexidine gluconate is a known antimicrobial substance. This study investigated the efficacy of a chlorhexidine gluconate/cavity varnish mixture against Streptococcus mutans, S. salivarius , and Escherichia coli . The in vitro results indicated that the addition of chlorhexidine gluconate to cavity varnish improved its antimicrobial properties.
Role of Epicardial Mapping in Catheter Ablation of Postmyocardial Infarction Ventricular Tachycardia

The role of epicardial mapping for radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation of postmyocardial infarction monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) is still under investigation. We present two septuagenarian patients with a history of myocardial infarction, poor left ventricular function, and drug-refractory monomorphic VT who were treated with RF catheter ablation. The first patient had a history of myocardial infarction, left ventricular aneurysm, and mitral valve replacement complicated by recurrent drug refractory VT and congestive heart failure. The second patient had ischemic cardiomyopathy and VT and was implanted with a cardioverter defibrillator and subsequently suffered repeated episodes of VT refractory to multiple antiarrhythmic drugs. In both patients, coronary sinus mapping was performed with a multipolar catheter as endocardial mapping did not reveal satisfactory sites for ablation. Epicardial catheter mapping provided stable electrograms and identification of areas of slow conduction during VT. RF lesions guided by epicardial mapping resulted in successful ablation of VT and no recurrence at long-term follow-up. This report emphasizes the potential usefulness of coronary sinus mapping as an adjuvant to endocardial mapping to guide VT ablation.
Patterns of luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormone pulsatility in menopausal women: correlation with plasma testosterone level and vasomotor instability episodes.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that subtle differences among postmenopausal women can be detected by careful analysis of plasma luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone pulses. STUDY DESIGN: Twelve postmenopausal women not receiving estrogen therapy were admitted for continuous blood withdrawal at the rate of 1 ml/min. Aliquots of 3 ml of pooled blood were collected every 3 minutes for 3 hours for the measurement of plasma luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. Estradiol, estrone, free testosterone, androstenedione, and dihydrotestosterone were measured from pooled specimens. Concomitantly, continuous recordings of peripheral blood flow and peripheral temperature from the opposite arm were obtained to detect vasomotor instability episodes. RESULTS: Analysis of gonadotropin pulses revealed a single pattern of plasma follicle-stimulating hormone but two distinct patterns of luteinizing hormone frequency and amplitude. One group of six women had a low mean (±SEM) interpulse interval frequency of 0.8 ± 0.26 ( p p p p CONCLUSION: There are subgroups of postmenopausal women with different patterns of luteinizing hormone pulsatility. This difference can be explained by higher steroid levels in women with low frequency and high amplitude pulses.
Small molecule adsorption on to polyester capillary-channeled polymer fibers: Frontal analysis of naphthalene and naphthol (naphthalene and naphthol adsorption on capillary-channeled polymer fibers)

Frontal analysis was carried out employing poly(ethylene-terephthalate) capillary-channeled polymer fibers as the stationary phase for the immobilization of low-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (naphthol and naphthalene) from 2% methanol/water solutions. The effects of several experimental parameters on the frontal profile, the breakthrough volume, and the equilibrium parameters were determined for each solute. The amount adsorbed at exhaustion of naphthalene and naphthol was also compared. The kinetics and thermodynamics were maintained at relatively fast flow rates/linear velocities (∼6–18 mm/s). Comparisons of dynamic capacity revealed that naphthalene was more retained than naphthol, in most situations more than five times that of the naphthol adsorption. This increase in capacity is most likely due to the multilayering of naphthalene on the surface of the fibers through π–π interactions between the solute and the fiber surface and successive layering of solute molecules. The extent of layering is a function of the flow, with faster flow rates (and subsequent shear forces) reducing the extent of adsorbate–adsorbate interactions. Although the overall loading capacity of the capillary-channeled polymer fibers is far below porous phases, there are a number of attractive attributes that support further development.
In vivo quality assurance of volumetric modulated arc therapy for ano-rectal cancer with thermoluminescent dosimetry and image-guidance.

Abstract Objective To assess in vivo dose distribution using cone-beam computed tomography scans (CBCTs) and thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) in patients with anal or rectal cancer treated with volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). Methods Intracavitary (IC) in vivo dosimetry (IVD) was performed in 11 patients using adapted endorectal probes containing TLDs, with extra measurements at the perianal skin (PS) for anal margin tumors. Measured doses were compared to calculated ones obtained from image fusion of CBCT with CT treatments plans. Results A total of 55 IC and 6 PS measurements were analyzed. IC TLD median planned and measured doses were 1.81Gy (range, 0.25–2.02Gy) and 1.82Gy (range, 0.19–2.12Gy), respectively. In comparison to the planned doses all IC TLD dose measurements differed by a median dose of 0.02Gy (range, −0.11/+0.19Gy, p =0.102) (median difference of 1.1%, range −6.1%/+10.6%). Overall, 95% of IC measurements were within ±7.7% of the expected percentage doses and only 1 value was above +10%. For PS measurements, only one was not within ±7.7% of expected values (i.e., −8.9%). Conclusions Image guidance using CBCT for IVD with TLDs is helpful to validate the delivered doses in patients treated with VMAT for ano-rectal tumors.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy investigation of chemical bonding in low-k a-SiC:H thin films

Abstract Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy has long been utilized as an analytical technique for qualitatively determining the presence of various different chemical bonds in gasses, liquids, solids, and on surfaces. Most recently, FTIR has been proven to be extremely useful for understanding the different types of bonding present in low dielectric constant “low-k” organosilicate materials. These low-k materials are predominantly utilized in the nanoelectronics industry as the interlayer dielectric material in advanced Cu interconnect structures. In this article, we utilize FTIR to perform a detailed analysis of the changes in chemical bonding that occur in Plasma Enhanced Chemically Vapor Deposited (PECVD) low-k a-SiC:H thin films. PECVD low-k a-SiC:H materials are equally important in advanced Cu interconnects and are utilized as both etch stop and Cu diffusion barrier layers. We specifically investigate the changes that occur in low-k a-SiC:H films as the dielectric constant and mass density of these films are decreased from > 7 to 3 respectively. We show that decreases in mass density and dielectric constant are accompanied by both an increase in terminal SiH x and CH x bonding and a decrease in Si C network bonding. At densities of 1.85 g/cm 3 , the concentration of terminal SiH x bonding peaks and subsequent hydrogen incorporation are achieved predominantly via terminal CH 3 groups. Low-k a-SiC:H films with k 3 can be achieved via incorporating larger organic phenyl groups but result in non-stoichiometric carbon rich films. Electron beam curing of these lower density a-SiC:H films results in volatilization of the phenyl groups leaving behind nanoporous regions and production of some C C C chain linkages in the network.
Precision of purity determinations by differential scanning calorimetry

Abstract Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) produces thermograms which should be satisfactory for purity analyses using the van't Hoff equation. Using mixtures characterized by accepted alternate methods the precision and accuracy of the DSC method have been explored. The single most important variable has been found to be the thermal resistance of the cell sample-encapsulation package. Sample size and heating rate are also important in the accuracy of the determination. This is due to a combination of thermal resistance and response rate of the DSC instrument. When all variables are properly controlled a precision of ± 3% of the component in lowest concentration can easily be obtained. Eutectic formation was found to cause serious errors only when the eutectic melted near the principal component peak.
DWELL-TIME EFFECTS OF LOW-FLOOR BUS DESIGN

Low-floor buses are used to serve the population of transit passengers with disabilities as the main platform is reached with a single step from curb level. In this study, researchers evaluate this bus design and its potential to reduce dwell times of buses in service for general population. Three data sources were developed in cooperation with the Ann Arbor (Michigan) Transportation Authority: 1) a regular service sample in which the full range of fare payment media was used, 2) a special shuttle sample in which all fares were prepaid, and 3) a limited wheelchair sample. The study results indicate an overall dwell time savings and a 13 to 15 percent reduction in general passenger boarding and alighting time using the low-floor bus design. Ranges of potential savings by passenger type and fare payment media are estimated.
Outline of procedure to standardize the PAI

The Programmer Appraisal Instrument (formerly titled the Programmer Performance Appraisal Instrument) has been shown to be reliable and valid for the programming installation at the Applied Physics Laboratory. The present study will establish rating norms and a suggested scoring key so that the Instrument may be used on a universal basis.
Inversion-mediated gene fusions involving NAB2-STAT6 in an unusual malignant meningioma.

Meningiomas are the most common primary intracranial tumours, with ∼3% meeting current histopathologic criteria for malignancy. In this study, we explored the transcriptome of meningiomas using RNA-Seq. Inversion-mediated fusions between two adjacent genes, NAB2 and STAT6, were detected in one malignant tumour, creating two novel in-frame transcripts that were validated by RT–PCR and Sanger sequencing. Gene fusions of NAB2-STAT6 were recently implicated in the pathogenesis of solitary fibrous tumours; our study suggested that similar fusions may also have a role in a malignant meningioma with unusual histopathologic features.
The electric system of the rectifier-type locomotives for the Virginian Railway

IN OCTOBER 1956 delivery began on an order of twelve 3,300-hp (horsepower) rectifier-type locomotives for The Virginian Railway Company. These locomotives mark the climax of 45 years of development since the first experimental mercury-arc rectifier locomotive was built, and represent the acceptance of this type of motive power for main-line railroad freight service.
A Deterministic Approach to Adjacency Testing for Delay Faults

Adjacency testing for delay faults is examined in both theory and implementation. We shall show that the necessary and sufficient conditions for adjacency testability yield an efficient method of robust delay test generation. Empirical results (including several different cost measurements) are presented which demonstrate that our technique: (1) achieves high fault coverages under both the robust and nonrobust delay fault models and (2) is cost effective.
Value and role of intensive care unit outcome prediction models in end-of-life decision making

In the United States, intensive care unit (ICU) admission at the end of life is commonplace. What is the value and role of ICU mortality prediction models for informing the utility of ICU care? In this article, we review the history, statistical underpinnings, and current deployment of these models in clinical care. We conclude that the use of outcome prediction models to ration care that is unlikely to provide an expected benefit is hampered by imperfect performance, the lack of real-time availability, failure to consider functional outcomes beyond survival, and physician resistance to the use of probabilistic information when death is guaranteed by the decision it informs. Among these barriers, the most important technical deficiency is the lack of automated information systems to provide outcome predictions to decision makers, and the most important research and policy agenda is to understand and address our national ambivalence toward rationing care based on any criterion.
Transcriptional analysis of phloem-associated cells of potato

Numerous signal molecules, including proteins and mRNAs, are transported through the architecture of plants via the vascular system. As the connection between leaves and other organs, the petiole and stem are especially important in their transport function, which is carried out by the phloem and xylem, especially by the sieve elements in the phloem system. The phloem is an important conduit for transporting photosynthate and signal molecules like metabolites, proteins, small RNAs, and full-length mRNAs. Phloem sap has been used as an unadulterated source to profile phloem proteins and RNAs, but unfortunately, pure phloem sap cannot be obtained in most plant species. Here we make use of laser capture microdissection (LCM) and RNA-seq for an in-depth transcriptional profile of phloem-associated cells of both petioles and stems of potato. To expedite our analysis, we have taken advantage of the potato genome that has recently been fully sequenced and annotated. Out of the 27 k transcripts assembled that we identified, approximately 15 k were present in phloem-associated cells of petiole and stem with greater than ten reads. Among these genes, roughly 10 k are affected by photoperiod. Several RNAs from this day length-regulated group are also abundant in phloem cells of petioles and encode for proteins involved in signaling or transcriptional control. Approximately 22 % of the transcripts in phloem cells contained at least one binding motif for Pumilio, Nova, or polypyrimidine tract-binding proteins in their downstream sequences. Highlighting the predominance of binding processes identified in the gene ontology analysis of active genes from phloem cells, 78 % of the 464 RNA-binding proteins present in the potato genome were detected in our phloem transcriptome. As a reasonable alternative when phloem sap collection is not possible, LCM can be used to isolate RNA from specific cell types, and along with RNA-seq, provides practical access to expression profiles of phloem tissue. The combination of these techniques provides a useful approach to the study of phloem and a comprehensive picture of the mechanisms associated with long-distance signaling. The data presented here provide valuable insights into potentially novel phloem-mobile mRNAs and phloem-associated RNA-binding proteins.
Micro arc-plasma hybrids for detection of vapors at atmospheric pressure

Chemical sensors based on microdischarges - both arcs and plasmas $provide rapid and simultaneous detection of vapors by using their characteristic emission spectra in the plasma glow. Generally, D.C, microplasmas operate in vacuum while arcs exist at higher pressures. Arcs are driven by high transient currents and exhibit wider spectral distribution than plasmas, which are driven by steady currents that are smaller in magnitude. In this paper we report the controlled combination of these discharges and the combined use in ambient air to detect low concentrations of organic vapors. It is found that as the discharge gap is scaled to <75 mum, it becomes possible for a microplasma to exist at 1 atm. With appropriate powering circuitry, an arc can also exist under the same conditions. The relative strengths of the arc and plasma components can be controlled by the adjusting the value of a single resistor. The emission spectra of combined discharges have the spectral characteristics of both arc and plasma spectra. The utility of such a system to vapor sensing is demonstrated by detecting 17 ppm of acetone in air ambient with a 65 ms detection time, and without any pre-concentration. This is accomplished using pulses that consume 60 mJ/discharge, on a device that has an active area of 300 mum times 300 mum
Relationships between major ownerships, forest aboveground biomass distributions, and landscape dynamics in the New England region of USA.

This study utilizes remote sensing derived forest aboveground biomass (AGB) estimates and ownership information obtained from the Protected Areas Database (PAD), combining landscape analyses and GIS techniques to demonstrate how different ownerships (public, regulated private, and other private) relate to the spatial distribution of AGB in New England states of the USA. “Regulated private” lands were dominated by lands in Maine covered by a Land Use Regulatory Commission. The AGB means between all pairs of the identified ownership categories were significantly different (P 200 Mg/ha were located outside the area designated in the PAD and concentrated in western MA, southern VT, southwestern NH, and northwestern CT. While relatively unfragmented and high-AGB forests (>200 Mg/ha) accounted for about 8% of total forested land, they were unevenly proportioned among the three major ownership groups across the region: 19.6% of the public land, 0.8% of the regulated private land, and 11.0% of the other private land. Mean disturbance rates (in absolute value) between 1992 and 2001 were 16, 66, and 19 percent, respectively, on public, regulated private, and other private land. This indicates that management practices from different ownerships have a strong impact on dynamic changes of landscape structures and AGB distributions. Our results may provide insight information for policy makers on issues regarding forest carbon management, conservation biology, and biodiversity studies at regional level.
Determination of the nonlinearity parameter B/A of biological media

The nonlinearity parameter B/A has been determined for various biological solutions and soft tissues using the thermodynamic and finite amplitude methods. Agreement between the two methods is better than 10% for the tissues and 1% for the solutions. Fat has a B/A value around 11, the highest among soft tissues studied. Other soft tissues including liver, muscle, brain, and heart muscle have B/A values close to 7. Based on the observed linear relation between the B/A value and solute concentration in protein solutions, and also the lack of dependence of the B/A value on solute molecular weight in dextran solutions, it is postulated that the nonlinearity in these solutions is due to solute-solvent interactions. The general trend of increasing B/A value with specimen structural hierarchy suggests that the nonlinearity of biological materials is related to this feature. These observations suggest the use of the nonlinearity parameter B/A in tissue characterization, particularly since structural alteration often attends the pathological state.
Distortion of SSB Transmission Due to AM-PM Conversion

It appears not to have been widely recognized that intermodulation distortion of a SSB-AM signal will be generated by AM-PM conversion effects present in amplifiers (such as traveling wave tubes), as well as by output-input nonlinearity. When the SSB-AM signal is carrying multichannel telephony this can be an important source of distortion. In the present paper, a formula is developed relating intermodulation distortion to AM-PM conversion level. The theory is also applied to two-tone testing, in order to allow comparison with experiment. The experimental results are found to be in satisfactory agreement with theoretical predictions.
Chemotherapy of an Experimental Bacteroides fragilis Infection in Mice

The efficacies of five common antimicrobial agents were determined for a pure Bacteroides fragilis infection in mice. Therapy was begun 4 h after bacterial injection and given every 8 h thereafter for 5 days. Blood levels were determined over an 8-h period for each concentration of antibiotic tested. Clindamycin and tetracycline were the most effective in preventing the formation of abscesses. Chloramphenicol, penicillin G, and cephalothin were not effective in protecting the mice from infection.
A simple model of the tropical atmosphere driven by a circulation-dependent forcing

A linearized shallow water model is forced by a circulation-dependent heating term. This heating is derived from a consideration of the moisture budget equation and includes terms representing vertical motion, horizontal advection and evaporation. The model is iterated to achieve steady states. The impact of various terms of the heating expression to initial surface layer specific humidity perturbations near 2.5°N and 22.5°S is explored for a hypothetical mean specific humidity field representing the tropical Pacific Ocean. The vertical motion and advection terms in the heating equation lead to a smaller scale of heating than the initial perturbation. The evaporation term tends, on the other hand, to maintain or increase the spatial scale of the heating. For the initial perturbation at 2.5°N the final heating region is often shifted westward of its original position but remains at the same latitude. The 22.5°S perturbation leads to a heating zone equatorward of the original perturbation. The possible impact of these processes on El Nino theories is briefly discussed.
In Search of a Consensus: Evaluation of the Patient With Hematuria in an Era of Cost Containment

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to describe the current consensus guidelines for nonimaging triage and ultimate preferred imaging approach for the patient with unexplained hematuria. CONCLUSION. Numerous consensus guidelines from varying societies have outlined preferred imaging pathways for the patient with unexplained urologic causes of hematuria. Future guidelines will need to take into account disease prevalence, radiation considerations, and cost.
Doorways to the Divine: Vijayanagara Reservoirs and Rural Devotional Landscapes

The area around the city of Vijayanagara saw a large-scale expansion in irrigation works between the mid-fourteenth and late sixteenth centuries. Of these, reservoirs or ‘tanks’ played an important role in extending farming into areas beyond the reach of perennial irrigation. Reservoirs were linked to Hindu temples, not only through networks of patronage, but also physically, in aspects of form and decoration. Indeed, reservoirs can be thought of as temples themselves, as well as statements of power and authority, functional objects, and tangible connections to larger social and conceptual worlds. This paper presents reservoirs in four ways: as agricultural features, as (political) monuments, as oceans, and as temples. This juxtaposition is made possible only because of the intersection of textual representation and material form, different modes of representation which may be critically evaluated and compared. Reservoirs formed one part of a complex rural landscape of devotion that included field shrines...
Device Therapies in the Post-Myocardial Infarction Patient with Left Ventricular Dysfunction

The post-myocardial infarction (MI) patient with left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) is at risk for ventricular arrhythmias resulting in sudden cardiac death. In high-risk post-MI patients with a depressed left ventricular ejection fraction, prophylactic implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) may significantly improve survival. These benefits are in addition to those of optimal pharmacologic therapy, and ICD therapy should be considered the standard of care in these patients. Recent device trials have demonstrated the benefits of prophylactic ICD placement in patients who have been selected based on post-MI left ventricular systolic dysfunction alone. In addition, cardiac resynchronization therapy can improve the quality of life beyond that achievable with drug therapy alone and should be considered in patients with symptomatic heart failure with QRS prolongation. Further risk stratification studies of post-MI LVD patients will allow ICD therapy to be applied in a more cost-effective manner.
The design and delivery of a thermally responsive peptide to inhibit S100B-mediated neurodegeneration

S100B, a glial-secreted protein, is believed to play a major role in neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease, Down syndrome, traumatic brain injury, and spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1). SCA1 is a trinucleotide repeat disorder in which the expanded polyglutamine mutation in the protein ataxin-1 primarily targets Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. Currently, the exact mechanism of S100B-mediated Purkinje cell damage in SCA1 is not clear. However, here we show that S100B may act via the activation of the receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE) signaling pathway, resulting in oxidative stress-mediated injury to mutant ataxin-1-expressing neurons. To combat S100B-mediated neurodegeneration, we have designed a selective thermally responsive S100B inhibitory peptide, Synb1-ELP-TRTK. Our therapeutic polypeptide was developed using three key elements: (1) the elastin-like polypeptide (ELP), a thermally responsive polypeptide, (2) the TRTK12 peptide, a known S100B inhibitory peptide, and (3) a cell-penetrating peptide, Synb1, to enhance intracellular delivery. Binding studies revealed that our peptide, Synb1-ELP-TRTK, interacts with its molecular target S100B and maintains a high S100B binding affinity as comparable with the TRTK12 peptide alone. In addition, in vitro studies revealed that Synb1-ELP-TRTK treatment reduces S100B uptake in SHSY5Y cells. Furthermore, the Synb1-ELP-TRTK peptide decreased S100B-induced oxidative damage to mutant ataxin-1-expressing neurons. To test the delivery capabilities of ELP-based therapeutic peptides to the cerebellum, we treated mice with fluorescently labeled Synb1-ELP and observed that thermal targeting enhanced peptide delivery to the cerebellum. Here, we have laid the framework for thermal-based therapeutic targeting to regions of the brain, particularly the cerebellum. Overall, our data suggest that thermal targeting of ELP-based therapeutic peptides to the cerebellum is a novel treatment strategy for cerebellar neurodegenerative disorders.
PowerPC visual simulator: peeking under the hood of the PowerPC engine

The first suite of Power PC processors such as the PowerPC 601 and PowerPC 603 are making their way into both desktop and special purpose hardware applications. Additional PowerPC processors are being developed including processors designed for the high-end server and workstation market as well as those which function efficiently in real-time embedded control applications. In this paper, the PowerPC visual simulator (PVS) is introduced. Following this, several PowerPC application scenarios are described. Each of these scenarios focuses on a common software analysis or testing problem. PowerPC solutions to these problems are explored using the PVS tool. >
Similarities, Connections, and Systems: The Search for a New Rationality for Planning and Management

The article reviews the book “Similarities, Connections and Systems: The Search for a New Rationality for Planning and Management,” by Niraj Verma.
Cysteine-Scanning Analysis of the Dimerization Domain of EnvZ, an Osmosensing Histidine Kinase

EnvZ and OmpR are a transmembrane sensor and its cognate response regulator, respectively, regulating the transcription of porin genes in response to medium osmolarity in Escherichia coli. The cytoplasmic domain of EnvZ (EnvZc) possesses both kinase and phosphatase activities and can be dissected into two functional domains, A and B. Here, we performed a cysteine-scanning analysis of domain A, a 67-residue central dimerization and phosphatase domain containing His-243 as the phosphorylation site, and we examined the effects of the cysteine substitution mutations on the enzymatic activities of domain A. The substitution mutations were made at 31 residues, from which 24 mutant domain A proteins were biochemically characterized. From the analysis of the phosphatase activity of purified mutant proteins, it was found that there are two regions in domain A which are important for this activity. Cysteine mutations in these regions dramatically reduce or completely abolish the phosphatase activity of domain A. The mutations that have the most-severe effects on domain A phosphatase activity also significantly reduce the phosphatase activity of EnvZc containing the same mutation. Using an in vitro complementation system with EnvZc(H243V), these cysteine mutants were further characterized for their autophosphorylation activities as well as their phosphotransfer activities. The results indicate that some mutations are specific either for the phosphatase activity or for the kinase activity.
Potential Changes in the Distributions of Western North America Tree and Shrub Taxa under Future Climate Scenarios

Increases in atmospheric greenhouse gases are driving significant changes in global climate. To project potential vegetation response to future climate change, this study uses response surfaces to describe the relationship between bioclimatic variables and the distribution of tree and shrub taxa in western North America. The response surfaces illustrate the probability of the occurrence of a taxon at particular points in climate space. Climate space was defined using three bioclimatic variables: mean temperature of the coldest month, growing degree days, and a moisture index. Species distributions were simulated under present climate using observed data (1951‐ 80, 30-year mean) and under future climate (2090 ‐99, 10-year mean) using scenarios generated by three general circulation models—HADCM2, CGCM1, and CSIRO. The scenarios assume a 1% per year compound increase in greenhouse gases and changes in sulfate (SO4) aerosols based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) IS92a scenario. The results indicate that under future climate conditions, potential range changes could be large for many tree and shrub taxa. Shifts in the potential ranges of species are simulated to occur not only northward but in all directions, including southward of the existing ranges of certain species. The simulated potential distributions of some species become increasingly fragmented under the future climate scenarios, while the simulated potential distributions of other species expand. The magnitudes of the simulated range changes imply significant impacts to ecosystems and shifts in patterns of species diversity in western North America.
Cholinesterases in Aquatic Biomonitoring: Assay Optimization and Species-Specific Characterization for a California Native Fish

Cholinesterase (ChE) enzyme activity measurements are widely applied in aquatic organisms for water quality monitoring, especially for pesticide contamination in agricultural watersheds. These biomarkers are amenable to measurement in a variety of species, and are therefore useful for examining effects in model organisms relevant to the ecosystem of interest. However, extensive variation in ChE biochemistry exists among tissues and species. This variation is rarely characterized and may lead to biases in the interpretation of activity determinations. We optimized ChE activity measurement parameters and characterized ChE biochemistry in Sacramento sucker (Catostomus occidentalis), a widely distributed fish native to watersheds of the Central Valley of California. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was the predominant ChE present in C. occidentalis brain and muscle, and muscle AChE was most sensitive to diazinon inhibition. Field caging experiments indicated that exposures to ChE-inhibiting pesticides were insufficient to induce neurotoxic effects. However, pesticide usage in the Central Valley is highly variable among years, and long-term monitoring of in-stream effects would be necessary to evaluate trends in pesticide contamination. Recent changes to the State Water Code require agricultural landowners to participate in a regional water quality monitoring plan. As with most regional monitoring plans, measurements of in-stream effects, and effects in resident species, are not scheduled to be included. We suggest that inclusion of biomarker measures would lend important information to the monitoring process, and propose these procedures as a template for adapting ChE activity measurements into region-specific monitoring programs to assess in-stream effects of pesticide contamination on native species.
A soft X-ray streak camera

A soft X-ray streak camera is presented which offers wide application for picosecond recording of transient signals in the spectral range from the VUV to the very hard X-ray region. Specific demonstration results are presented from laser-fusion diagnostic studies. Dynamic characterization of the streak camera, new photocathode studies, and the application of intermediate and broad spectral selectivity techniques are discussed.
Methods for Reliable pH Measurements of Precipitation Samples

Abstract Significant errors in precipitation acidity determinations can result from improper use of pH electrodes. Conventional electrodes measure free hydrogen ion activity instead of hydrogen ion concentration or free acidity. Correction from activity to concentration is a function of ionic strength and can be large for the low ionic strengths typical of precipitation samples. Also, differences between sample and standard calibration buffer solution ionic strengths can result in liquid-junction potentials that affect electrode readings. Streaming potentials due to the stirring of precipitation samples can cause the single, largest error in pH. Certain procedures can be employed to reduce individual types of errors. These and methods to assess pH electrode performance are discussed.
Testing the waters: Blogging for user needs analysis, information access, and building a community of practitioners

This panel session will focus on three strategies for using blogs to improve access to collections, understand information needs of those searching the collections, and build communities of practice with information professionals serving similar user groups. Three presenters will share their experiences, goals, methods, and results. A facilitated discussion with the audience will follow the presentations and allow attendees to brainstorm on possible uses of blogging outside the box to reach the goals of their current projects or initiatives that they are hoping to undertake in the near future.