cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
To stay or quit: A review of the literature on correctional staff turnover

Correctional staff are the most important asset for any correctional agency. In fact, they are the heart and soul of any correctional organization. Many staff, however, voluntarily quit. The cost of this turnover is high for correctional organizations. Nonetheless, correctional staff turnover has generated only limited research. Moreover, there has been little direction in the correctional turn-over research. The different forms of turnover are discussed and the correctional staff turnover research is reviewed. A causal model for correctional staff voluntary turnover is developed and presented to guide future research.
A Musculoskeletal Profile of Elite Female Soccer Players

The purpose of this study is to identify lower-extremity (LE) musculoskeletal characteristics of elite female soccer players and to determine whether differences between dominant and nondominant extremities exist with respect to strength, flexibility, and range of motion. Physical data were collected from 26 female professional soccer players. Core control, hip and knee passive range of motion (PROM), LE flexibility, hip abductor strength, and dynamic functional alignment were assessed for each LE. Of 26 subjects, 21 scored 2/5 or less on core control. Mean hip internal rotation and external rotation were 33° (±8°) and 25° (±6.7°), respectively. All subjects had shortened two-joint hip flexors with an average knee flexion angle of 50° (±11°) and increased femoral anteversion. Forty one of 48 dominant limbs and 42 of 48 nondominant limbs demonstrated deviations from neutral alignment during step down or single-leg squat. Of 25 subjects, 15 demonstrated a stiff-knee landing and/or takeoff. All subjects demonstrated limitations in hip external rotation PROM and hip flexor length. There was no difference between dominant and nondominant LEs in all variables including hip abductor strength. Additional research is needed to determine if there is a correlation between the musculoskeletal characteristics, LE biomechanics, and potential risk for injury. Level of evidence: IV
Understanding disturbance attenuation problems with unknown input time-delays: A game-theoretic approach with performance risk aversion

The main contribution is the application of a zero-sum game-theoretic framework and performance-measure statistics that can help robust control design to obtain a certain level of performance robustness in presence of adversarial process and measurement disturbances starting from the assumptions of linear stochastic dynamics, unknown input time-delays, a finite-horizon integral-quadratic cost and noisy output observations. A disturbance attenuation problem is based on a saddle-point equilibrium associated with the controller with performance risk aversion in competing with persistent process and measurement disturbances. The resulting saddle-point strategies are in turn supported by: i) a Kalman-like estimator for both unknown time-delays and noisy states and ii) a custom dynamical set of mathematical statistics associated with the underlying random cost of the chi-squared type.
Effects of incretin-based therapy in patients with heart failure and myocardial infarction.

Studies designed to evaluate the short-term effects of incretin-related drugs in subjects with cardiac disease are still preliminary. In patients with heart failure, two of five studies showed that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) infusion was associated with an absolute increase in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by 6–10 %, whereas no significant benefit was observed in the remaining three studies. In patients with coronary artery disease, single infusion of the GLP-1 receptor analog, exenatide, did not increase LVEF, but this drug may decrease infarct size in patients with myocardial infarction presenting with short duration of ischemic symptoms. Single dose of GLP-1 and the dipeptidyl-peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor, sitagliptin, may improve left ventricular function, predominantly in ischemic segments, and attenuate post-ischemic stunning. Nausea, vomiting and hypoglycemia were the most common adverse effects associated with GLP-1 and exenatide administration. Increased heart rate was also observed with exenatide in patients with heart failure. Large randomized trials including diabetic patients with preexisting heart failure and myocardial infarction showed that chronic therapy with the DPP-IV inhibitors saxagliptin and alogliptin did not reduce cardiovascular events or mortality. Moreover, saxagliptin use was associated with significant increase in frequency of heart failure requiring hospitalization, hypoglycemia and angioedema. Overall, short-term preliminary data suggest potential cardioprotective effects of exenatide and sitagliptin in patients with heart failure and myocardial infarction. Meanwhile, long-term randomized trials suggest no benefit of alogliptin, and increased harm associated with the use of saxagliptin.
Analyzing Transportation Reconstruction Network Strategies: A Full Cost Approach

Policymakers interested in evaluating the costs and benefits of earthquake retrofit and reconstruction strategies require a way to measure the benefits (costs avoided) of competing proposals. This requires an integrated, operational model of losses due to earthquake impacts on transportation and industrial capacity, and how these losses affect the metropolitan economy. Our approach to this problem advances the information provided by transportation and activity system analysis techniques in ways that help capture the most important economic implications of earthquakes. These full cost results have four dimensions: structure damage, business interruption, network performance, and infrastructure damage. Preliminary results for all four measures are summarized for a hypothetical magnitude 7.1 earthquake on the Elysian Park blind thrust fault in Los Angeles.
Contribution of radionuclide imaging to radiation oncology

Radionuclide imaging has been helpful to oncologists in the initial evaluation and follow-up of patients with primary and metastatic disease. With the introduction of ultrasound and computed tomography, there has been some reduction in the number of radionuclide imaging procedures. These imaging modalities should be used to complement one another. With the introduction of single-photon emission computed tomography in clinical nuclear medicine, there will be a significant improvement in the sensitivity, accuracy, and quantitative ability to detect abnormal lesions. There are intensive efforts in the development of tumor imaging using new agents. Specific antibodies for surface tumor antigens can be labeled with radioisotopes and used as tools for screening primary tumors and metastatic lesions. Therefore, for the present, radionuclide imaging will continue to contribute to clinical oncology.
Closed-loop pitch control for spin-stabilized spacecraft.

This paper is an outgrowth of an investigation of a spin-stabilized spacecraft for an interplanetary mission. A simple concept is developed to rotate the spin axis in a plane without precession. The closed-loop system described employs low-thrust gas jet torquers with rate gyros as sensors. The gas consumption compares favorably with that of a two-impulse spin axis rotation and is less than the two-impulse maneuver for angles greater than 90°.
Risk-based crime statistics: A forecasting comparison for burglary and auto theft

Abstract A major criticism of official statistics on crime is that they use inappropriate bases for computing rates. Here we investigate whether computing crime rates that contain in their denominators the number of exposures to risk of a specific event (e.g., residential burglary and auto theft) provides more accurate forecasts than employing the traditional FBI denominators as a base (e.g., the number of auto thefts and burglaries per 100, 000 persons living in the United States). Single equation, macrodynamic structural models are fitted to both the “traditional” and “alternative” forms of computing auto theft and burglary rates over the twenty-seven-year period from 1947–1974, in order to determine how well they perform on statistical and substantive grounds over the estimation period. Ex-post forecasts of the 1975–1979 observed crime rates, used to gauge the accuracy of these models, reveal few differences between the two kinds of rates in terms of how well they forecast. Both types of rates forecast well with the exogenous variables employed here and lead to similar substantive conclusions. The forecasts of the “traditional” rates are consistently, but only slightly, more accurate than those of the “alternative” rates (in most cases the differences are less than 1 percent). It is argued that the criticism of official data may be overstated and that little benefit accrues from the modification of the rate base for some purposes.
A Hierarchical Approach to Designing Compact Ecological Reserve Systems

A number of mathematical models and solution techniques have been developed to design systems of reserve sites to protect species and their natural habitats. This paper presents two optimization models for obtaining ecological reserve systems that are spatially compact. Compact reserve systems will increase species persistence relative to more fragmented systems and can reduce the costs associated with reserve boundaries. These optimization models employ a hierarchical approach that incorporates both the boundary length of all clusters and the sum of within-cluster distances. Unlike previous approaches, we argue that measuring the distance between sites within clusters (and not between clusters) is more appropriate. Numerical experiments are conducted on synthetic grid systems and on a real-world hexagonal data set. These experiments confirm that the models produce reasonably compact clusters of reserve sites that respect species availability and budget constraints. Simplifications to the models are developed that significantly reduce the computational effort, while still identifying reasonable sets of reserve clusters. Sensitivity of the results to changes in model parameters (number of allowable sites, number of possible clusters, and rarity of species covered) is also explored.
A sticky solution

Selection favours single-celled mutants that stick together when a sugar needed for growth is in short supply, suggesting that multicellular life may have evolved as a by-product of selection for more efficient usage of resources.
Blindsight: Post-natal Potential of a Transient Pulvinar Pathway

More vision is preserved after removal of primary visual cortex in infant than adult primates. A recent study suggests that this is due to the preservation of a retina-to-pulvinar-to-cortex pathway that normally regresses during development.
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC PATTERN OF MASSIVE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION WITHOUT PATHOLOGIC CONFIRMATION.

A case of a 67-year-old patient with an electrocardiographic pattern of a massive myocardial infarction but with a normal heart at autopsy is described. The cause of death was purulent pneumonia complicated by peripheral vascular collapse. The findings in our case simply reconfirm the well-established principle that the surface electrocardiogram mirrors the electrical phenomena of the heart, which may or may not parallel histologic changes.
ZARATHUSTRA'S DILEMMA AND THE EMBODIMENT OF MORALITY ∗

Author(s): Garthoff, Jon | Abstract: In this paper I defend and expand on John Rawls’s view that what morality requires of major social institutions –- the “basic structure of society” –- is fundamentally different from what morality requires of individual moral agents. I do so by motivating the view that many moral relations are not purely interpersonal, but rather are specified and mediated by the institutions of the basic structure. I propose that we think of these social institutions as, to the extent that they specify and mediate moral relations among individuals, embodying morality.
Visual monitoring trap for tarnished plant bug adults on apple.

Sticky-coated, non-ultraviolet-reflecting white rectangle traps (15 by 20 cm) hung from apple tree branches at ca. 70 cm above ground proved significantly more effective 10 detecting adult tarnished plant bugs(TPB), Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), than three other sampling methods: visual counts of adults on trees, limb jarring of adults onto a drop cloth, and net sweeps of ground cover vegetation. For 12 orchard situations in which no prebloom. insecticide treatments were applied, there were significant positive linear relationships between levels of TPB-injured fruit at harvest and cumulative trap capture levels through the tight-cluster (r2 = 0.736) and late-pink (r2 = 0.526) stages of flower bud development. If the economic injury level for TPB is considered to be 2.0% fruit damage, then our findings suggest a tentative action threshold of cumulative capture of 3.0 adults per trap through tight cluster or 4.4 adults per trap through late pink.
Bradykinin and human airways.

Abstract This work explored the effects of bradykinin (BK) on human airways. Bradykinin (1 μg/kg body weight) was rapidly injected intravenously and respiratory system resistance (Rrs), closing volume (CV), forced vital capacity (FVC), expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), maximal midexpiratory flow (MMF), and peak flow (PF) were measured. Bradykinin in normals produced no changes in Rrs or CV, but reduced the FVC. This suggests alveolar duct constriction, since no constriction of either large or small airways occurred with the decreased FVC. Bradykinin in asthmatics decreased the Rrs and CV, and increased the FEV1, MMF and PF, while the FVC did not change significantly. The absence of a significant increase in the FVC in the presence of concomitant bronchodilation, suggests that asthmatics also had alveolar duct constriction. These data are consistent with animal studies which show that BK may release adrenalin (or other agents) with secondary effects, such as bronchodilation. The secondary bronchodilation seen in asthmatics but not in normals, is probably a result of the initial higher intrinsic bronchial tone of the asthmatics.
Merits and shortcomings of the American Medical Association Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, 5th Edition: A physiatric perspective

We review in this article the most recent edition of the American Medical Association Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) from a physiatric perspective. Important general changes within the framework from the 4th to the 5th edition are highlighted. Those sections of the AMA Guides most often consulted by physiatrists are examined in critical detail, including sections dealing with the spine, upper and lower extremities, neurologic impairments, and impairments due to pain.
Reexamining the Ecological Fallacy: A Study in Which Aggregate Data Are Critical in Investigating the Pathological Effects of Living Alone

Social isolation, as measured by living alone, is hypothesized to be a cause of mortality due to suicide and alcoholism. A detailed methodological argument is presented for using aggregate evidence to test this hypothesis. Analysis of data from 389 American cities demonstrates that living alone is strongly related to two types of mortality: suicide and alcoholism. Evidence is presented that the relationships found in these data are not due to social drift, and that there are solid grounds for concluding the relationships are causal. Since Robinson's article in 1950 on the "ecological fallacy," sociologists have avoided making inferences about individual behavior from aggregate data. 1 For many research problems, however, only aggregate data are available. The sociologists who will use these data to study individual behavior either argue that the individual phenomenon is characteristic of the aggregate unit, or they simply proceed, presumably reasoning that the information to be gained from questionably applicable data is better than no information at all. For both approaches, the resulting analyses tend to be poorly received: they are dismissed as irrelevant or quickly and severely criticized as having fundamental errors in analysis and interpretation. In this paper we will analyze some of the issues involved in the presumed ecological fallacy, show that in many cases they can be resolved, and present a case *We would like to thank William Rushing, Karl Taeuber, Lisa Heinrich, Jack Gibbs, and particularly Omer Galle, John McCarthy, and Glenn Firebaugh for their comments on an earlier draft of this paper. The research for this paper was supported by a grant from NICHD (5-RO1-HD-6911-02). Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, 1974 and at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, 1978. The initial paper presented in 1974 was a substantive paper titled "Overcrowding and Isolation" on which Omer Galle and John McCarthy were coauthors. As essentially the only relationship of the present paper to that earlier paper is a historical tie, Professors Galle and McCarthy have withdrawn their names as authors. ? 1980 The University of North Carolina Press. 0037-7732/80/041157-77$02.1
Preclinical Pharmacology of BA-TPQ, a Novel Synthetic Iminoquinone Anticancer Agent

Marine natural products and their synthetic derivatives represent a major source of novel candidate anti-cancer compounds. We have recently tested the anti-cancer activity of more than forty novel compounds based on an iminoquinone makaluvamine scaffold, and have found that many of the compounds exert potent cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines. One of the most potent compounds, BA-TPQ [(11,12),7-(benzylamino)-1,3,4,8-tetrahydropyrrolo[4,3,2-de]quinolin-8(1H)-one], was active against a variety of human cancer cell lines, and inhibited the growth of breast and prostate xenograft tumors in mice. However, there was some toxicity noted in the mice following administration of the compound. In order to further the development of BA-TPQ, and in a search for potential sites of accumulation that might underlie the observed toxicity of the compound, we accomplished preclinical pharmacological studies of the compound. We herein report the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of BA-TPQ, including its stability in plasma, plasma protein binding, metabolism by S9 enzymes, and plasma and tissue distribution. We believe these studies will be useful for further investigations, and may be useful for other investigators examining the use of similar compounds for cancer therapy.
Long-term exposure of human proximal tubule cells to hydroxycobalamin[c-lactam] as a possible model to study renal disease in methylmalonic acidurias

Dysfunction of proximal tubules resulting in tubulointerstitial nephritis and chronic renal failure is a frequent long-term complication of methylmalonic acidurias. However, the underlying pathomechanisms have not yet been extensively studied owing to the lack of suitable in vitro and in vivo models. Application of hydroxycobalamin[c-lactam] has been shown to inhibit the metabolism of hydroxycobalamin and, thereby, to induce methylmalonic aciduria in rats, oligodendrocytes, and rat hepatocytes. Our study characterizes the biochemical and bioenergetic effects of long-term exposure of human proximal tubule cells to hydroxycobalamin[c-lactam], aiming to establish a novel in vitro model for the renal pathogenesis of methylmalonic acidurias. Incubation of human proximal tubule cells with hydroxycobalamin[c-lactam] and propionic acid resulted in a strong, time-dependent intra- and extracellular accumulation of methylmalonic acid. Bioenergetic studies of respiratory chain enzyme complexes revealed an increase of complex II-IV activity after 2 weeks and an increase of complex I and IV activity as well as a decrease of complex II and III activity after 3 weeks of incubation. In addition, human proximal tubule cells displayed reduced glutathione content after the exposure to hydroxycobalamin[c-lactam] and propionic acid.
Inhibition of lipid peroxidation in spinal cord homogenates by various drugs

Abstract The extent and kinetic profiles of lipid peroxidation induced with Fe 2+ -ascorbic acid in a homogenate of spinal cord from greyhound dogs were ascertained by measurement of the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and chemiluminescence in the presence of four drugs. Changes in MDA and chemiluminescence were correlated as a function of the activator or inhibitors. The kinetic profiles of chemiluminescence which were observed for 25 min after addition of the activator and individul inhibitors were similar regardless of the type of inhibitor studied. The most effective inhibition was by disulfiram which was approximately 11 and 33 times more effective than two other inhibitors, propyl gallate and promethazine, respectively, and 11,000 times more effective than d -α-tocopherol.
Effects of calcium oxide treatment of dry and modified wet corn distillers grains plus solubles on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and apparent digestibility of feedlot steers

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of feeding dried corn distillers grains (DDGS) or modified wet corn distillers grains (MDGS) with or without CaO treatment to feedlot steers on 1) growth performance and carcass characteristics and 2) diet digestibility, pattern of intake, and meal distribution. In Exp. 1, steers (n = 139; average initial BW = 336 ± 75 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design, and pens were randomly allotted to 1 of the 4 dietary treatments (DM basis): 1) 50% DDGS untreated, 2) 48.8% DDGS treated with 1.2% CaO, 3) 50% MDGS untreated, or 4) 48.8% MDGS treated with 1.2% CaO. The remainder of the diet was corn husklage, dry rolled corn, and vitamin and mineral supplement. In Exp. 2, fistulated steers (n = 8; average initial BW = 540 ± 250 kg) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with the same dietary treatments as in Exp. 1. There was no interaction (P ≥ 0.14) between distillers grains plus solubles (DGS) and CaO inclusion for DMI, ADG, final BW, or USDA yield and quality grades. However, steers fed CaO-treated DGS had decreased (P < 0.01) DMI, regardless of DGS type. Because CaO treatment decreased DMI without affecting (P = 0.66) ADG, steers fed CaO-treated DGS had increased (P < 0.01) G:F compared to steers not fed CaO. The variation in DMI found in this experiment could be explained by differences in meal size and distribution. Steers fed CaO-treated DGS ate a similar (P = 0.36) number of meals but ate smaller (P < 0.01) meals. No effects (P ≥ 0.55) of CaO treatment or its interaction with DGS type were found for apparent total tract DM or NDF digestibility. However, steers fed MDGS had increased (P < 0.01) NDF digestibility compared to steers fed DDGS. In conclusion, CaO treatment of DGS improved feed efficiency when DGS-based diets were fed but did not improve digestibility.
Expected Plurality Voting Equilibrium and Social Choice Functions

One of the routes for bypassing Arrow's Impossibility result [1] on social choice functions is that taken by Hinich and Ordeshook [8] and Hinich, Ledyard and Ordeshook [7].1 They relax the assumption of a deterministic vote by an individual based on his own preferences, and, rather, assume that given a set of alternatives there is a probability distribution for each individual indicating the probability that he will vote for each alternative or that he will not vote at all. Also a new probabilistic equilibrium concept is used in which expected plurality replaces plurality in the deterministic models.2 The mathematical tool used by Hinich, Ledyard and Ordeshook is game theory. In this paper we use this probabilistic approach for several reasons. For one we consider it a good substitute to the single-peakedness approach. In particular, the assumption about the probability of voting functions being concave in one argument (a precise definition comes later) seems to us to be less severe than single-peakedness. This is so since a probability function can be viewed as a conditional utility function of a candidate (an elaboration on this will come later). In our opinion, this is so even in the one-dimensional case. And since it allows one to get some results in the multi-dimensional case as well, when singlepeakedness is not sufficient, it appears overall to be a better approach. We expand the work of Hinich, Ledyard and Ordeshook in several ways. Our assumptions (see Section 2) are much weaker than theirs. For example, we do not require differentiable utility functions or symmetric probability functions (an assumption which they did not make explicitly, but which is embedded implicitly intheir work). By weakening the assumptions we give up the uniqueness of equilibrium and, in particular, we show that the sets of equilibrium points for each candidate may differ. This result, which differs from the " median-position " result stated first by Black [3], may explain, at least in part, why candidates choose somewhat different positions. The existence of different equilibrium points for different candidates no longer gives rise to just one social choice function, but to several. Finally, we use a method of proof (see Section 3) much simpler and much less technical than that used by HLO. This method is based on a recently stated fixed-point theorem [6]. 2. THE MODEL AND SOME BASIC RESULTS
NT-proBNP levels improve the ability of predicting a hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus in very low-birth-weight infants

Purpose: A hemodynamically significant Patent ductus arteriosus (HsPDA) in premature infants is known to be associated with significant morbidity. Recently brain natriuretic peptides and superior mesenteric artery (SMA)-resistive indices have been used to effectively diagnose HsPDA. Objective: To assess the sensitivity and specificity of N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP) in predicting an HsPDA diagnosed by clinical and echocardiographic criteria including pulsatility index (PI) of SMA. Materials and Methods: All preterm neonates <1500 g were evaluated with echocardiograms and NT-proBNP levels on the 3 rd to 5 th day of life and then every week until the echo showed either a closed PDA or non-HsPDA. Results: Sixty-nine babies with mean gestational age of 27 weeks were included in the study. NT-proBNP levels were significantly higher in the HsPDA group (n=22) with a mean±SEM of 24420±3190 compared to 3072±332 in the non-HsPDA group (n=47) (P<0.001). NT-pro BNP level of 5900 pg/ml had 96% sensitivity and 90% specificity of predicting HsPDA. Conclusions: With frequently changing hemodynamics in low-birth weight infants, including NT-proBNP and PI of SMA improve the ability of assessing the effects of a HsPDA and will help timing of intervention.
Islam in Asia : religion, politics, and society

Islam in the second largest of the worlds religions,numbering in excess of 800 million muslims. the Islamic world includes not only the fortyfive muslim countries that extend from north Africa to south east asia but also significant muslim communities in Europe.
Expression and activity of taxane-metobolizing enzymes in ovarian tumors

Abstract Objective. Current firstline chemotherapy for ovarian cancer consists of carboplatin combined with either paclitaxel or docetaxel. Disposition of carboplatin is determined by renal clearance, while the taxanes are metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes. Although the majority of taxane metabolism occurs in the liver, recent data have shown that some solid tumors express CYP450 enzymes in the tumors themselves. The objective of this study was to determine whether ovarian tumors express genes regulating cellular efflux and subsequent metabolism, and whether any clinico-pathologic features correlated with expression. Methods. Gene expression of CYP2C8, CYP3A4/A5 and the ABC transporter ABCB1 was determined in 56 primary epithelial ovarian tumors. Cells were grown from seven different tumors and exposed ex vivo to paclitaxel (PAC) and docetaxel (DOC) for up to 24 h. PAC and DOC concentrations were measured in the media by an LC-MS assay. Results. Results from this analysis demonstrate that ovarian cancer cells do express functional taxane-metabolizing enzymes. Such expression appeared to enhance the ability of cancer cells to metabolize DOC. Specifically, the PK of DOC was correlated with the ratio of CYP4A5 to ABCB1 gene expression, thus representing a novel mechanism of chemotherapy resistance. There was no relationship between PAC PK parameters and gene expression. Conclusions. Knowledge of inter-individual variation in CYP450 enzyme and ABC transporter tumor expression and activity may influence the individualization of chemotherapy, by avoiding agents that are rapidly metabolized and selecting agents that are not.
Mammary stroma modulates hormonal responsiveness of mammary epithelium in vivo in the mouse.

Several lines of evidence indicate that there may be important stromal influences on epithelial behavior in a number of adult organs. The present studies were undertaken to examine the contribution of mammary gland stroma to mammary epithelial cell hormonal responsiveness in vivo. To accomplish this, mouse mammary epithelium from a developmental state that is not responsive to estrogen (E)-regulation of progesterone receptors (3-week-old) was surgically recombined with mammary stroma from a developmental state that is E-responsive (10-week-old) and vice versa. The recombinants were then tested in vivo for the ability of E to regulate epithelial progesterone receptors. The results demonstrate that when immature nonresponsive epithelium is transplanted to mature stroma of E-responsive mice, the epithelium prematurely acquires E responsiveness, When the converse experiment was carried out, mature E-responsive epithelium retained its responsiveness when transplanted to stroma of immature nonresponsive mice. T...
Regional Imaging with Oxygen-14

The metabolic significance of the distribution of labeled oxygen was studied in the dog by inhalation of gas mixtures labeled with oxygen-14 (T1/2 = 71 seconds) maintained at a constant level of activity. Under steady-state conditions, whole body images were developed by detection of the positron annihilation emissions with a dual head rectilinear scanner in the coincidence mode.
Improved perfect-fluid energy-momentum tensor with spin in Einstein-Cartan space-time

An improved perfect-fluid energy-momentum tensor including spin and torsion is presented with use of a Lagrangian variational principle based upon the tetrad formalism of Halbwach and the method of constraints of Ray.
234U/238U evidence for local recharge and patterns of ground-water flow in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA

Uranium concentrations and 234U/238U ratios in saturated-zone and perched ground water were used to investigate hydrologic flow and downgradient dilution and dispersion in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain, a potential high-level radioactive waste disposal site. The U data were obtained by thermal ionization mass spectrometry on more than 280 samples from the Death Valley regional flow system. Large variations in both U concentrations (commonly 0.6–10 μg l−1) and 234U/238U activity ratios (commonly 1.5–6) are present on both local and regional scales; however, ground water with 234U/238U activity ratios from 7 up to 8.06 is restricted largely to samples from Yucca Mountain. Data from ground water in the Tertiary volcanic and Quaternary alluvial aquifers at and adjacent to Yucca Mountain plot in 3 distinct fields of reciprocal U concentration versus 234U/238U activity ratio correlated to different geographic areas. Ground water to the west of Yucca Mountain has large U concentrations and moderate 234U/238U whereas ground water to the east in the Fortymile flow system has similar 234U/238U, but distinctly smaller U concentrations. Ground water beneath the central part of Yucca Mountain has intermediate U concentrations but distinctive 234U/238U activity ratios of about 7–8. Perched water from the lower part of the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain has similarly large values of 234U/238U. These U data imply that the Tertiary volcanic aquifer beneath the central part of Yucca Mountain is isolated from north-south regional flow. The similarity of 234U/238U in both saturated- and unsaturated-zone ground water at Yucca Mountain further indicates that saturated-zone ground water beneath Yucca Mountain is dominated by local recharge rather than regional flow. The distinctive 234U/238U signatures also provide a natural tracer of downgradient flow. Elevated 234U/238U in ground water from two water-supply wells east of Yucca Mountain are interpreted as the result of induced flow from 40 a of ground-water withdrawal. Elevated 234U/238U in a borehole south of Yucca Mountain is interpreted as evidence that natural downgradient flow is more likely to follow southerly paths in the structurally anisotropic Tertiary volcanic aquifer where it becomes diluted by regional flow in the Fortymile system.
Principles of photoelectrochemical, solar energy conversion

Photoelectrochemical devices for conversion of solar energy into both electrical energy and chemical energy are discussed with emphasis on how the various material properties of the photoactive electrodes influence device efficiency and stability. The similarity between photoelectrochemical cells (PECs) and solid state devices is used to model their behaviour and optimize such parameters as band gap, doping level, minority carrier lifetime, etc. A model is presented which calculates the electron affinity of any semiconductor and allows the prediction of the open circuit voltage of wet photovoltaic cells and optimum biasing forchemical producing cells. The effects of absorbed ions at the semiconductor/electrolyte interface are reviewed. The temperature dependence of the energy levels in the semiconductor and the electrolyte are considered and the implications of these results to operation of PECs at elevated temperature are discussed. The major differences between PECs and solid state devices are the stability considerations. The thermodynamics of this problem is discussed. Other important degradation mechanisms and some solutions to these problems are reviewed. Finally, a prognosis of the future of this field is presented.
Latino Immigration, Interaction, and Homicide Victimization

As Latinos spread across the United States, many Americans have begun to fear that their arrival will spark an increase in crime. Unfortunately, early explanations of the immigration-crime link, which found that immigrants disorganized communities, focused on the experience of Eastern European immigrants. This article updates previous literature by focusing on the experience of Latino immigrants. I find that (1) Latino immigration is linked to crime only in new Latino destinations, (2) this link is mitigated by increased interaction among Latinos, and (3) Latino interaction lowers victimization regardless of destination.
Interannual fluctuations in the density of sand lance, Ammodytes americanus, larvae in Long Island Sound, 1951-1983

Enumeration data from over 2,300 ichthyoplankton samples collected during 17 yr, spanning a 32-yr interval (1951–1983), were compiled to determine interannual variations in density of sand lance larvae. Years of relatively high densities were noted during the winters of 1965–1966 and 1978–1979 and low densities in 1971–1974. A regular increase in numbers during the late 1970’s and the peak in 1978–1979 coincided with increases in population size found throughout the coastal northwest Atlantic Ocean. Densities in Long Island Sound began to decline in 1980 and this continued through 1983. In contrast, densities throughout coastal Atlantic areas during the 1980’s remained at least as high as they were 1976–1978. Interannual fluctuations in density of sand lance larvae could be partially explained by water temperatures in December. Warm Decembers were associated with low larval densities.
Neural Development, Sensory Processing, and Behavioral Control: Highlights of Cold Spring Harbor Meeting on Neurobiology of Drosophila, September 29 to October 3, 2009

Work presented by Christian Klambt at the University of Munster identifies a new molecular mechanism that regulates the migration of glial cells along axons in the developing peripheral nerves. Mut...
Maturation of BRI2 generates a specific inhibitor that reduces APP processing at the plasma membrane and in endocytic vesicles

Processing of the amyloid-β (Aβ) precursor protein (APP) has been extensively studied since it leads to production of Aβ peptides. Toxic forms of Aβ aggregates are considered the cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD). On the other end, BRI2 is implicated in APP processing and Aβ production. We have investigated the precise mechanism by which BRI2 modulates APP cleavages and have found that BRI2 forms a mature BRI2 polypeptide that is transported to the plasma membrane and endosomes where it interacts with mature APP. Notably, immature forms of APP and BRI2 fail to interact. Mature BRI2 inhibits APP processing by α-, β- and γ-secretases on the plasma membrane and in endocytic compartments. Thus, BRI2 is a specific inhibitor that reduces secretases' access to APP in the intracellular compartments where APP is normally processed.
Solar neutrinos and the violation of the equivalence principle

In this Brief Report, a non-standard solution to the solar neutrino problem is reexamined. This solution assumes that neutrino flavors could have different couplings to gravity; hence, the equivalence principle is violated in this mechanism. The gravity induced mixing has the potential of accounting for the current solar neutrino data from several experiments even for massless neutrinos. We fit this solution to the total rate of neutrino events in the SuperKamiokande detector (first 504 days) together with the total rate from other detectors and also with the SuperKamiokande results for the recoil-electron spectrum. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
A GERIATRIC GYNECOLOGICAL SURVEY

: Findings of a geriatric gynecological survey at Bird S. Coler Hospital, New York, reflect the increased life expectancy of American females and thus the greater number of geriatric gynecological problems. This hospital cares for 750–800 female patients (average age, 71.5 years) who are admitted chiefly for chronic disabling disorders. The two phases of their gynecological care are: 1) routine screening examination, and 2) consultative services. Details are described. Candidates for surgery first must receive a medical clearance and a gynecological examination. Of the patients screened, 3.5 per cent were medically cleared for surgery; in these cases, surgery was successful in 57 per cent. The present survey of 775 patients, as compared with a survey made ten years previously showed: 1) the incidence of senile vulvitis had decreased from 95.8 to 1.6 per cent, of atrophic vaginitis from 98.5 to 20.8 per cent, and of cystocele from 17 per cent to less than 1 per cent; and 2) the incidence of uterine fibroids, adnexal masses, uterine prolapse, rectocele and post-hysterectomy conditions had remained relatively unchanged. In the present series, Papanicolaou tests showed a high percentage of normal cytology in the vaginal smears. In a significant percentage of patients who had received digitalis (but no estrogen) for more than a year, the vaginal smear showed an estrogenic effect as compared with the controls.
Multiple control mechanisms for succinate dehydrogenase in mitochondria.

Summary Succinate dehydrogenase (SD) in intact, respiring mitochondria undergoes activation and deactivation in response to the metabolic state of the mitochondria. Highest SD activity is observed in state 4 and lowest in state 2 or in the presence of uncouplers, while in state 3 the level of activation is intermediate and varies with the nature of the substrate. Transition from the active to inactive (unactivated) state of SD occurs in mitochondria with a lower energy of activation (10 Kcal/mole) than in soluble or membrane preparations (33 to 36 Kcal/mole). In addition to activation by succinate and CoQ 10 H 2 , the enzyme in mitochondria is uniquely activated by ATP (or a compound in equilibrium with it), a process which has not been previously observed in submitochondrial particles and is oligomycin-insensitive. In tightly coupled mitochondria reversible activation by all these agents may occur concurrently, but experimental conditions are described to study the action of each type of activator independently.
TRANSMISSION OF Sarcocystis rileyi TO THE STRIPED SKUNK (Mephitis mephitis)

Musculature containing grossly visible cysts of Sarcocystis rileyi from northern shoveler (Anas clypeata) ducks was fed to the striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis). Skunks used were determined to be Sarcocystis free, the challenged skunk became infected and shed both sporulated oocysts and free sporocysts in the feces. The prepatent period was 15 days and the patent period 50 days. Oocysts were fully sporulated when shed and contained two sporocysts, free sporocysts averaged 9 × 13.5 μm (N=50). Each sporocyst contained four sporozoites and a granular residuum.
Evi-1 expression in Xenopus

The Evi-1 gene was first identified as a site for viral integration in murine myeloid leukemia. Evi-1 is a zinc finger transcription factor that has been implicated in the development of myeloid neoplasia. In humans, disruption of the Evi-1 locus, by chromosomal rearrangements, is associated with myeloid leukemia and myelodyplastic syndromes. Here, we report the cloning and developmental pattern of expression of Xenopus Evi-1. xEvi-1 is expressed during oogenesis and during embryonic development. In situ hydridization reveals that xEvi-1 has a dynamic expression profile during early embryonic development. Expression of Evi-1 is detected by in situ hybridization in the pronephric tissue, the brain and in neural crest derivatives of the head and neck.
Search for Supersymmetry in Toponium Decays

Although cosmology and unification suggest that the mass of the gluino is larger than about 14 GeV, in many theories of broken supersymmetry the photino γ, gluino g and one of the spin-zero partners t of the t quark can be lighter than mt− We calculate the decay rates for toponium →gg, γγ and tt and show that in many models they can be as large as, or larger than, the rate for toponium →e+e− decay. If it is kinematically accesible, the decay t→t + γ dominates the decays of toponium as well as those of naked top states.
Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum is mediated by a guanine nucleotide regulatory mechanism.

Ca2+ accumulation and release from intracellular organelles is important for Ca2+ -signalling events within cells1,2. In a variety of cell types, the active Ca2+-pumping properties of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) have been directly studied using chemically per-meabilized cells3–6. The same preparations have been extensively used to study Ca2+ release from ER, in particular, release mediated by the intracellular messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3)1,2,5,7–12. So far, these studies and others using microsomal membrane fractions2,11,13–15 have revealed few mechanistic details of Ca2+ release from ER, although a recent report16 indicated that InsP3-mediated Ca22+ release from liver microsomes may be dependent on GTP. In contrast to the latter report, we describe here the direct activation of a specific and sensitive guanine nucleotide regulatory mechanism mediating a substantial release of Ca2+ from the ER of cells of the neuronal cell line N1E-115. These data indicate the operation of a major new Ca2+ gating mechanism in ER which is specifically activated by GTP, deactivated by GDP, and which appears to involve a GTP hydrolytic cycle.
Effect of pharmacological lowering of plasma urate on exercise-induced oxidative stress

Urate is a metabolic end product of purine metabolism that contributes about 66% of the antioxidant capacity of plasma. The objective of this study was to evaluate the importance of plasma urate as an antioxidant using pharmacological lowering and examining the impact on plasma antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress after intense exercise. Fifteen subjects ran for 45 min at ~80% VO2 max under the influence of probenecid (1 g/d) (PRO) or placebo (PLA) in a double-blind, crossover design. Blood samples obtained at baseline, pre-exercise, and immediately post-exercise were analyzed for F2-isoprostanes, lipid hydroperoxides (LHs), ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), urate, ascorbate (AA), and nitrite. A 2 (group) × 2 (time) repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), one-way ANOVA, Tukey–Kramer multiple comparison tests, and Student’s t tests were used for statistical analysis. PRO exhibited lowered urate and FRAP compared with baseline (p ≤ 0.05), and group effects existed for the exercise trial...
Family experiences as moderators of the relationship between eating symptoms and personality disturbance

A questionnaire study with 243 female undergraduates assessed whether late adolescent females' experiences of autonomy and perceptions of family conflict would moderate the relationship between eating symptoms and personality disturbances associated with severe eating disorders. Univariate correlations between eating symptoms, on the one hand, and perceived family conflict and reports of individuation and mutuality in the adolescent/parent relationship, on the other hand, were relatively weak and for the most part insignificant. However, these data supported a “moderating hypothesis” in that eating symptoms were more strongly related to interoceptive confusion and maturity fears among participants describing less individuated relationships with their parents and reporting unusually low levels of family conflict.
Effects of intraventricular infusion of vascular endothelial growth factor on cerebral blood flow, edema, and infarct volume.

Background: Therapeutic cerebral angiogenesis, utilizing angiogenic factors to enhance collateral vessel formation within the central nervous system, is a potential method for cerebral revascularization. A prior dose-response study determined that intracerebroventricular infusion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) increases vascular density with minimal associated brain edema at a concentration of 5 μg/ml. The purpose of this study was to assess effects of intracerebroventricular infusion of VEGF (5 μg/ml) on cerebral blood flow, infarct volume, and brain edema after ischemia. Methods: Recombinant human VEGF165 was infused into the right lateral ventricle of rats with an osmotic minipump at a rate of 1 μl/hr for 7 days. Control animals received vehicle only. Ischemia was produced by transient (2 hours) middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). After MCAO, cerebral blood flow was determined with the indicator fractionation technique: infarct volume was assessed with 2,3,5-triphenlytetrazolium chloride staining, and brain edema was determined by measuring brain water content. Findings: Cerebral blood flow was not significantly different in animals treated with VEGF compared to controls. There was a significant reduction in total infarct volume after temporary MCAO in VEGF-treated animals compared to controls (163±37 mm3 vs. 309±54 mm3, P<0.05). Brain water content after transient MCAO was also significantly reduced in VEGF-treated animals compared to controls (80.9±0.7% vs. 83.3±0.6%, P<0.05). Interpretation: Intracerebroventricular infusion of VEGF165 (5 μg/ml) decreases infarct volume and brain edema after temporary MCAO without a significant increase in cerebral blood flow. These results indicate that VEGF may have a direct neuroprotective effect in cerebral ischemia.