cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chronic ethanol consumption produces genotype-dependent tolerance to ethanol in LS/Ibg and SS/Ibg mice.

Abstract It is well known that chronic ethanol administration produces tolerance to the sedative-hypnotic and hypothermic effects as well as low-dose locomotor inhibitory effects of ethanol. We report herein characterization of a convenient method of producing genotype-dependent functional tolerance to ethanol-induced locomotor inhibition. Mice, LS/Ibg (LS) and SS/Ibg (SS), which differ markedly in acute effects of ethanol on locomotor activity, hypothermia, and hypnotic sensitivity, were required to consume solutions of ethanol in water as the sole source of liquid. Mice were provided lab chow ad lib. and the following regimen of ethanol in water, v/v: 10% for 4 days, 15% for 7 days, 20% for 7 days, followed by 15% for periods longer than 2 weeks. Control animals received water only or were pair-fed sucrose (isocaloric with ethanol) solutions plus lab chow; both control and ethanol-consuming (15 g ethanol/kg/24 h) mice maintained similar body weights for up to 4 weeks. Blood ethanol concentrations from 10–200 mg% were obtained during a 12 L:12 D cycle. At 6 h following withdrawal, LS and SS mice showed differential dose-dependent tolerance to locomotor inhibitory effects of ethanol. However, low-dose locomotor activation was unaltered in either line of mice, and results indicate that an apparent sensitization in SS mice is secondary to development of tolerance to locomotor inhibition. Maximum tolerance to locomotor inhibition was observed after 2 weeks of chronic ethanol consumption, with responses returning to control values within 1–2 weeks after withdrawal. Rates of acquisition of tolerance were similar in LS and SS mice. LS but not SS mice developed tolerance to ethanol-induced hypothermia, but neither line acquired tolerance to the hypnotic effects of ethanol. While LS mice acquired some metabolic tolerance, tolerance to locomotor inhibition or hypothermia was not mediated by alterations in ethanol elimination rates indicating marked neuroadaptation, that is, changes in CNS sensitivity. Only slight hypothermia and zero scores for handling-induced seizures were observed after withdrawal from 2–4 weeks of chronic ethanol intake. The results indicate that different genotype-dependent mechanisms may mediate or modulate hypnotic effects and activating or inhibitory effects of subhypnotic doses of ethanol and that these processes respond differentially to chronic ethanol intake. It is proposed that this ethanol intake model will be valuable in examining neurochemical processes hypothesized to mediate neuroadaptation to locomotor inhibitory effects of ethanol.
Production Dynamics of Smallmouth Bass in a Small Minnesota Stream

Abstract Annual production by smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu in Bear Creek, Minnesota, was 43.8 and 24.1 kg wet weight per hectare in 1985–1986 and 1987–1988, respectively. Corresponding annual production/biomass ratios were 1.6 and 0.9. Densities and standing stocks changed little between years. Twenty-five additional fish species were present in Bear Creek. Age-0 smallmouth bass (shorter than 11 cm total length) fed most heavily on corixids, whereas older, larger fish fed most heavily on other fishes. Annual production by smallmouth bass was much lower than trout production in similarly fertile streams in southern Minnesota and Wisconsin. This lower production may be attributable to the many more coexisting fishes with which the smallmouth bass must share the food resources of its habitat. More-restrictive creel regulations may be needed for smallmouth bass than for trout, even in streams of similar basic productivity.
Mass-weighting methods for sensor placement using sensor set expansion techniques

Placement of sensors is one of the most important tasks performed during pretest planning. The purpose of this work was to develop and investigate the use of an iterative Guyan expansion for mass weighting of target modes for sensor placement analogous to the common iterative Guyan reduction technique. The goal was to determine the appropriate mass-weighting approach to use in conjunction with effective independence sensor set expansion. In either sensor set expansion, or reduction, mass weighting requires a reduction of the FEM mass matrix to the current sensor set size Test-Analysis-Model (TAM). A general theory is presented for target mode mass weighting that can accommodate any type of reduction technique. The theory predicts that sensor set expansion using static mass weighting will result in sensor configurations that produce poor static TAMs. In contrast, sensor set expansion using modal mass weighting exactly reproduces the correct mass distribution during the expansion process. The results of a numerical example corroborate the theory. The modal mass sensor set expansion process produced significantly more accurate static TAMs than the static mass expansion. The modal expansion process was not quite as accurate as the iterative static reduction approach, but modal expansion was over 1600 times faster.
LA-(MC)-ICP-MS Trends in 2006 and 2007 with Particular Emphasis on Measurement Uncertainties

Research in 2006 and 2007 dealing with laser ablation-(multicollector)-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, LA-(MC)-ICP-MS, involved studies concerned with optimising the technique itself, as well as applying the method to a variety of problems in the Earth sciences. The causes of elemental and isotopic fractionation produced during laser ablation continues to be of considerable interest, with evidence mounting that processes occurring both at the ablation site and in the argon plasma of the ICP are culpable. There is growing excitement in the use of femtosecond lasers for LA-(MC)-ICP-MS, with the hope that they reduce or eliminate melting and non-congruent volatilisation at the ablation site and thus approach stoichiometric sampling. Ablation chamber design emerged as a serious concern, particularly with respect to achieving the rapid washout needed for fine-scale compositional mapping of geological objects. LA-MC-ICP-MS provided data for a wide range of isotopic systems, especially hafnium, but also B, S, Mg, Cu, Fe, Sr, Nd, Pb and U. Measurement uncertainties in LA-ICP-MS were discussed by several researchers, and are critically reviewed here - total uncertainties for trace element concentration measurements of silicates including errors on the calibration values of common reference materials are ∼10% (95% confidence limits), though the precision of individual spot measurements (50 to 100 μm) is much better, ∼1% RSD, using a 193 nm laser and a sector field-ICP-MS. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb ages for zircon and other U-rich accessory phases are claimed by most geoanalysts to have 2s uncertainties of ∼0.7 and 1.3% respectively but the actual accuracy of the method is probably only as good as ∼2% (2s), when uncertainties associated with laser-induced Pb/U fractionation are included.
Association of cauda equina compression on magnetic resonance images and clinical signs in dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to examine the lumbosacral spine of 27 dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. Four normal dogs were also similarly imaged. Compression of the soft-tissue structures within the vertebral canal at the lumbosacral space was assessed in two ways: by measuring dorsoventral diameter on T1-weighted sagittal images and cross-sectional area on transverse images. The severity of the clinical signs was compared to the severity of cauda equina compression. No significant correlation was found. It is concluded that degree of compression as determined by MRI at time of presentation is independent of disease severity.
Hemidesmosome and desmosome morphogenesis during epidermal wound healing.

Employing suction-induced subepidermal blisters as a model of epidermal wound healing, de novo synthesis of hemidesmosomes and desmosomes has been studied. Hemidesmosome formation was studied in direct sequence and involved the interaction between a basal epidermal cell and the underlying basal lamina, while desmosome formation involved the interaction of two contiguous keratinocytes. The morphological sequence of events, however, in the synthesis of hemidesmosomes and desmosomes appears to be the same. The formation of these junctional complexes occurs in four steps: (1) the extension of fine filaments from the external leaflet of the keratinocyte to the basal lamina or to an adjacent keratinocyte; (2) the condensation of these filaments producing within them an electron dense line which is separated from and parallel to the cell membrane; (3) the formation of an electron dense attachment plate along the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane; and (4) the insertion of tonofilaments into the attachment plate.
Apolipoprotein E and its receptors in Alzheimer's disease: pathways, pathogenesis and therapy

The vast majority of Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases are late-onset and their development is probably influenced by both genetic and environmental risk factors. A strong genetic risk factor for late-onset AD is the presence of the e4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene, which encodes a protein with crucial roles in cholesterol metabolism. There is mounting evidence that APOE4 contributes to AD pathogenesis by modulating the metabolism and aggregation of amyloid-β peptide and by directly regulating brain lipid metabolism and synaptic functions through APOE receptors. Emerging knowledge of the contribution of APOE to the pathophysiology of AD presents new opportunities for AD therapy.
Trends in powerlessness: a ten year follow-up.

Summary This experiment tested the hypothesis that there would be a significant increase in powerlessness scores over a 10 year period. The sample was drawn from a population of college students originally tested in 1964. At the 10 year follow-up, all Ss had graduated from college and were either professionally employed (mostly as teachers) or engaged in child-rearing/home activities. The average age of the 1974 sample was 29 years and consisted of 70 females and 30 males. The test instrument was the adult version of Rotter's Internal-External (I-E) Locus of Control Scale which consists of 23 forced-choice items. There were no significant differences on total I-E scores over the 10 year period. However, with use of the Mirels two-factor scoring system, significant increases in social-political control were found. No significant differences in personal control were found. It was concluded that care should be taken in utilizing cross-sectional findings and that utilizing multidimensional scores suggests dif...
Self-regulated learning in gifted students.

Self‐regulated learning, the processes and strategies that students use to initiate, direct, and monitor their learning, is receiving greater attention in the area of gifted education. A review of the available research indicates that gifted students spontaneously utilize self‐regulatory learning strategies more frequently in comparison to nongifted students. When trained to use strategies, gifted students also use them more effectively and can transfer these strategies to novel tasks. Implications are that self‐regulation measures may be a useful adjunct in diagnosing giftedness and that self‐regulation training may further enhance gifted students’ academic achievement.
PRODUCTION OF VITAMIN B12, THIAMINE, AND BIOTIN BY PHYTOPLANKTON1

SUMMARY Some ecologically important phytoplankters released vitamins into culture medium during growth. Skeletonema costatum and Stephanopyxis turris (vitamin B12-requirers) produced both thiamine (vitamin B1) and biotin when growing with either 12 or 2 ng vitamin B12/liter. Gonyaulax polyedra (vitamin B12-requirer) produced thiamine with 12 ng vitamin B12/liter, and Coccolithus huxleyi (thiamine-requirer) produced vitamin B12 and biotin with 120 ng thiamine/liter, but only biotin with 10 ng thiamine/liter. The amount of vitamin produced by an alga and rate at which it was produced varied with the phytoplankter, the concentration of the required vitamin, and incubation time. Vitamins produced during early and exponential growth were due to excretions, and those produced at stationary growth resulted from excretion and release due to cell lysis. Uptake of the required vitamin by all phytoplankters was greatest during the first few days of incubation. On continued incubation the rate of uptake/cell decreased. In the sea phytoplankters may contribute a major portion of the amount of dissolved vitamins.
Analysis of unbonded contact problems by means of quadratic programming

Two-body, elastic, unbonded contact problems are formulated as quadratic programming problems. Uniqueness theorems of quadratic programming theory are applied to show that the solution of a contact problem, if one exists, is unique and can be readily found by the modified simplex method of quadratic programming. A solution technique that is compatible with finite-element methods is developed, so that contact problems with complex boundary configurations can be routinely solved. A number of classical and nonclassical problems are solved. Good agreement is found for problems with previously known solutions.
Fall Mortality of the Boll Weevil in Fallen Cotton Squares, with Emphasis on Parasite-Induced Mortality

Studies were conducted in the northern Texas rolling plains from mid-September to early November 1977 to 1979 to determine the amount of fall boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, mortality occurring in cotton squares. Apparent and real mortalities were determined for the immature boll weevil stages—egg to 1st instar, 2nd to 3rd instar, pupa, and teneral adult—for each weekly field-collected cohort. Total real boll weevil mortality increased from 40 to 70% in early October to 100% by late October each year. Parasites caused a significant amount of indispensable boll weevil mortality during early October, but parasitization was not high enough throughout the fall to effectively control the boll weevil.
MR mapping of temperature and perfusion for hyperthermia therapy

The promising results, recently obtained in phantom experiments employing the MR-based proton resonance frequency (PRF) method as a non-invasive tool for the temperature monitoring of hyperthermia therapy, are not easily reproduced in vivo. One of the reasons is the impact of perfusion changes on the PRF-measured temperature. In our experiments in vivo, heat was supplied on one side of the volunteers knee or pelvis by a rubber hose with circulating warm water (50iC). The PRF method was calibrated by the constant temperature sensitivity of pure water of 0.011 ppm/iC. MR mapping of perfusion changes was based on T2*-weighted tracking of the first-pass kinetics of contrast agent. The hemodynamic parameters of regional blood volume (rBV) and mean transit time (MTT) were extracted by fitting pixel-by-pixel the first- pass kinetics to the gamma-variate model. Special attention was directed to improve a quality of the automatic non-linear fit at low signal-to-noise values. The distributions of PRF- based temperature changes show large areas of apparently high temperature elevations (exceeding 10iC) in regions close to the heat source, and others with just as large temperature decays in more distant regions. Areas of apparently high temperature elevations correlate with areas of blood flow increase and vice versa. In conclusion, the visible heat- induced PRF changes in vivo are primarily perfusion changes, which mask the much smaller true temperature changes.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cultural Concepts of Women’s Health and Health-Promoting Behaviors

Cultural diversity is the reality of the 1990s, and the United States is becoming the most ethnically diverse society in the world. The needs and responses of many different racial and ethnic groups are competing for recognition, and nurses must learn how to meet the health care needs of this multicultural society. This article explores cultural concepts relating to women's health and health-promoting behaviors in the context of this social change. It explores demographic change, concepts of heritage consistency, traditional health beliefs, and traditional health-promoting behaviors.
Alzheimer's Disease and Institutionalization The Ongoing Construction of a Decision

A common concern of service providers and caregivers in caring for the Alzheimer's Disease patient is the decision to institutionalize. An implicit rational model of the decisionmaking process, from the onset of the disease to institutionalization, informs intervention and coping. Observational data gathered in three settings show that the rational model is not as representative of the decisionmaking process as it is a practical artifact of it.
Pharmacological dissociation of glutamatergic metabotropic signal transduction pathways in cortical astrocytes.

Abstract Using cultured cortical astrocytes we demonstrate differential activation of metabotropic signal transduction pathways with 1-aminocyuclopentane-trans-1S3R-dicarboxylic acid (1S3R-ACPD) and the glutamate transport inhibitor trans-2,4-pyrrolidine dicarboxylic acid (trans-2,4-PDC). Phosphoinositide hydrolysis was more potently stimulated by 1S3R-ACPD than by L -trans-2,4-PDC; however, L -trans-2,4-PDC was far more efficacious than 1S3R-ACPD at inhibiting cyclic AMP accumulation. The metabotropic receptor antagonist (+)-α-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine ((+)-MCPG) inhibited 1S3R-ACPD stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis but not its ability to inhibit cyclic AMP accumulation thereby demonstrating a means to pharmacologically dissociate these two metabotropic signal transduction pathways in astrocytes. (+)-MCPG produced similar antagonism of the metabotropic agonist properties of L -trans-2,4-PDC. The metabotropic effects of L -trans-2,4-PDC could not be reduced with enzymatic treatment of the cultures to remove extracellular glutamate, suggesting that these effects are not secondary to the ability of this compound to inhibit glutamate uptake. Taken together the findings indicate the presence of multiple glutamatergic signal transduction pathways in astrocytes and suggest a similarity in the pharmacophores for metabotropic receptors and glutamate transporters.
Antibody-mediated activation of a defective beta-D-galactosidase. II. Immunological relationship between the normal and the defective enzyme.

Two closely related protein antigens were used to study immunogenic competition. Namely, normal β-D-galactosidase of Escherichia coli (Z) and a genetically defective β-D-galactosidase (AMEF) which seems to differ from the normal in one amino acid substitution. A unique characteristic of this pair of antigens is that, although they are indistinguishable in precipitation and absorption tests with antibodies, the enzymatic activity of AMEF is specifically increased several-hundredfold in the presence of antibodies directed against Z. The following results show that Z and AMEF also differ in their immunogenic ability: (a) antibodies directed against Z activated AMEF; antibodies directed against AMEF did not activate, but competed specifically with activating antibodies. (b) Animals immunized with AMEF failed to produce activating antibodies when they were subsequently challenged with Z, although the presence of some cells primed to produce activating antibodies could be demonstrated by adoptive transfer. (c) Animals preimmunized with Z were stimulated in their production of activating antibodies by AMEF challenge, although not as efficiently as with Z. A model explaining these observations by competition for the immunogenic site among antigen-sensitive cells carrying cross-reacting receptors is presented.
Interaction of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) with perfluorooctanoic acid in aqueous solution

Interaction of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAM) with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was explored in aqueous solution. Increasing concentrations of PFOA were observed first to depress slightly the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) then to elevate it at concentrations greater than ca. 2.5 mM. At concentrations >ca. 3.5 mM, the LCST transition could not be detected by either microcalorimetry or cloud point measurements. PNIPAAM appeared to promote the micellization of PFOA. Pinacyanol dye experiments were ambiguous, but the aggregation concentration reported by surface tension measurements was clearly depressed upon addition of PNIPAAM.
Volumetric Sampling Strategies for Heterogeneous Brainstem Nuclei

Many brainstem nuclei are heterogeneous structures in which neuronal and glial populations are unevenly distributed, and focal normal or pathologic deviations in cell density, so-called "features," are found. Examples of features include subnuclei, focal neuronal loss, and focal gliosis. We present a statistical test that justifies an investigator's claim that a feature is present in a nucleus at a selected level of confidence after completion of a cell counting experiment. The computer program developed for the test also indicates the most probable location of the feature within the nucleus, and its most probable density and length, and potentially allows one to make comparisons of feature characteristics among cases. We also present quantitative guidelines for the selection of a sampling periodicity in a heterogeneous nucleus before a cell counting experiment. Sampling periodicity is based upon analysis of computer-generated simulations of the nucleus with features of different sizes; for each feature the probability of Type I (false positives) and Type II (false negatives) errors are examined against one another. Type II error rate is dependent upon feature length and density, acceptable Type I error rate, and sampling periodicity. Feature detection is important for devising sampling strategies in brainstem nuclei.
Filipino Americans : transformation and identity

Foreword - Fred Cordova Introduction - Maria P P Root The Tragic Sense of Filipino History - Peter Bacho Demographic Changes Transforming the Filipino American Community - Juanita Tamayo Lott Macro/Micro Dimensions of Filipino Immigration to the United States - Antonio J A Pido Colonialism's Legacy - Nilda Rimonte The Inferiorizing of the Filipino Coming Full Circle - Leny Mendoza Strobel Narratives of Decolonization among Post-1965 Filipino Americans Contemporary Mixed-Heritage Filipino Americans - Maria P P Root Fighting Colonized Identities Filipino American Identity - Linda A Revilla Transcending the Crisis Living in the Shadows - Concepcion A Montoya The Undocumented Immigrant Experience of Filipinos Mail-Order Brides - Raquel Z Ordonez An Emerging Community Part of the Community - Cynthia C Mejia-Giudici A Profile of Deaf Filipino Americans in Seattle The Day the Dancers Stayed - Theodore S Gonzalves On Filipino Cultural Nights Pamantasan - Jon Y Okamura and Amefil R Agbayani Filipino American Higher Education Images, Roles and Expectations of Filipino Americans by Filipino Americans - Allan L Bergano and Barbara L Bergano-Kinney Homeland Memories and Media - Rick Bonus Filipino Images and Imaginations in America Deflowering the Sampaguita - M Evelina Galang Tomboy, Dyke, Lezzie and Bi - Trinity A Ordona et al Filipina Lesbian and Bisexual Women Speak Out At the Frontiers of Narrative - Martin F Manalansan IV The Mapping of Filipino Gay Men's Lives in the United States Throwing the Baby Out with the Bathwater - Antonio T Tiongson, Jr Situating Young Filipino Mothers and Fathers Beyond the Dominant Discourse on Adolescent Pregnancy The Prevalence and Impact of Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drugs on Filipino American Communities - Jacqueline T Jamero Berganio, Leonardo A Tacata Jr and Peter M Jamero The Family Tree - Emilie Gaborne Dearing Dicovering Oneself The Filipino American Young Turks of Seattle - Peter M Jamero A Unique Experience in the American Sociopolitical Mainstream Filipino Americans and Ecology - Felix I Rodriguez New Challenges in the Global Future Filipino Spirituality - Thelma B Burgonio-Watson An Immigrant's Perspective
Product analysis of the OH oxidation of isoprene and 1,3-butadiene in the presence of NO

[1] The oxidation mechanisms of isoprene and butadiene initiated by OH in the presence of NO have been explored under “wall-less” flowing conditions, with products observed a few seconds after reaction by infrared spectroscopy. Since only ∼1% of alkene is reacted, any secondary chemistry is negligible. The use of reaction modulation spectroscopy permits the accurate measurement of a percent change in high alkene concentration and of 1013 molecules/cm3 concentrations for products. Measured carbonyl species agree with previous studies, while alkyl nitrate yields are consistent with upper values reported in the literature. NO sensitivity studies performed exclude the possibility of competing chemistry. Isoprene is not observed to form 3-methyl furan, indicating that this is not a prompt oxidation product. However, butadiene does form furan. In an auxiliary experiment, peroxy radicals in the second stage of butadiene oxidation are fully converted to peroxynitrates. Average cross sections for integrated peroxynitrate bands are determined from this experiment.
Synthesis of Variable-Sized Nanocrystals of Fe3O4 with High Surface Reactivity

A new rational method of synthesis of nanocrystalline iron (II, III) oxide is based on the elevated-temperature hydrolysis of chelate iron alkoxide complexes in solutions of corresponding alcohol, diethylene glycol, and N-methyl diethanolamine. The rates of reaction and crystallization are easily tuned by varying the concentration of reactants and changing the temperature. The size of the nanocrystals is controlled by changing the complexing strength of the reaction medium: 5.7 nm in diethylene glycol, 16.8 nm in N-methyl diethanolamine, and 12.7 nm in a 1:1 mixture of both solvents. The nanocrystalline powdered Fe3O4 products were isolated with a high yield. The surface of the obtained nanocrystals is passivated by molecules of adsorbed donating solvent that provide stability against agglomeration, provide solubility in polar protic solvents (water and methanol), and allow reactions at the nanocrystal surface.
Classical biological control of Aphis gossypii (Homoptera: Aphididae) with Neozygites fresenii (Entomophthorales: Neozygitaceae) in California cotton

Abstract In August 1994 and 1995 classical biological control releases were made in cotton in the San Joaquin Valley, California, with an Arkansas strain of the entomopathogenic fungus, Neozygites fresenii , a pathogen of the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii . Pre-release samples in both years indicated that N. fresenii was not naturally present in A. gossypii populations in the San Joaquin Valley. Two release methods were compared: dried N. fresenii -infected cotton aphid “cadavers” and chamber inoculation of A. gossypii . Both methods were successful in introducing N. fresenii to cotton aphids in California; however, higher prevalence of fungal infection resulted with the cadaver treatments. N. fresenii persisted and spread in the aphid population until early October 1994 and late September 1995. The highest mean percentage infection in the cadaver treatment in 1994 reached a level (14%) considered imminent for epizootics (12–15%). The use of predator exclusion cages resulted in higher N. fresenii prevalences.
The Development of a Listening Skills Comprehension‐Based Program: What Levels of Proficiency Can Learners Reach?

sequence of levels set forth in the ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines. Citing Omaggio's statement about the experiential, rather than theoretical, nature of the Guidelines, they called for an examination of this claim and argued that they knew of no empirical evidence for the gradation of linguistic criteria.1 While our purpose is not to enter into the debate surrounding the proficiency movement, a number of fundamental questions about it must be addressed given the increasing importance of the Guidelines and of oral proficiency testing within the entire profession. These questions are: 1) to what degree do the descriptions contained in the Guidelines reflect a "realistic"
Limitations for measuring religion in a different cultural context - the case of Japan

The article points out the limitations in surveys measuring religiosity and spirituality using the measures developed in Christian or Western contexts. Japanese people think of religion (shūkyō) as revealed religion such as Christianity that has specific doctrinal belief and faith. Through their history of religious regulation, Japanese people came to consider themselves “non-religious” as a way of survival, not to be punished by political authorities and not to be stigmatized in their community. Thus they tend to answer that they consider themselves “non-religious” in surveys, while performing ritual performances for their ancestors in Buddhist temples and Buddhist altars not only to thank ancestors but also to ease the psychological fear people have toward muenbotoke, restless ancestors who have no legitimate offspring to take care of them. To extend the study of spirituality or religiousness in the Japanese context, qualitative studies are necessary not to misinterpret religiousness and spirituality in Japanese context.
Protective Efficacy of Centralized and Polyvalent Envelope Immunogens in an Attenuated Equine Lentivirus Vaccine

Lentiviral Envelope (Env) antigenic variation and related immune evasion present major hurdles to effective vaccine development. Centralized Env immunogens that minimize the genetic distance between vaccine proteins and circulating viral isolates are an area of increasing study in HIV vaccinology. To date, the efficacy of centralized immunogens has not been evaluated in the context of an animal model that could provide both immunogenicity and protective efficacy data. We previously reported on a live-attenuated (attenuated) equine infectious anemia (EIAV) virus vaccine, which provides 100% protection from disease after virulent, homologous, virus challenge. Further, protective efficacy demonstrated a significant, inverse, linear relationship between EIAV Env divergence and protection from disease when vaccinates were challenged with viral strains of increasing Env divergence from the vaccine strain Env. Here, we sought to comprehensively examine the protective efficacy of centralized immunogens in our attenuated vaccine platform. We developed, constructed, and extensively tested a consensus Env, which in a virulent proviral backbone generated a fully replication-competent pathogenic virus, and compared this consensus Env to an ancestral Env in our attenuated proviral backbone. A polyvalent attenuated vaccine was established for comparison to the centralized vaccines. Additionally, an engineered quasispecies challenge model was created for rigorous assessment of protective efficacy. Twenty-four EIAV-naive animals were vaccinated and challenged along with six-control animals six months post-second inoculation. Pre-challenge data indicated the consensus Env was more broadly immunogenic than the Env of the other attenuated vaccines. However, challenge data demonstrated a significant increase in protective efficacy of the polyvalent vaccine. These findings reveal, for the first time, a consensus Env immunogen that generated a fully-functional, replication-competent lentivirus, which when experimentally evaluated, demonstrated broader immunogenicity that does not equate to higher protective efficacy.
Cobo and her friends: the caring clowns.

Knock, Knock, Knock, bMay I come in?Q requests the Auguste clown at the rehabilitation hospital patient’s door. An bAuguste clownQ differs from the bwhite face clownQ and the btramp clownQ in the manner that makeup is applied to their face. The white face clown covers the complete face with white grease paint and then accents the eyebrows, nose, and mouth in combinations of black and red makeup. The tramp clown does not have a standard manner for applying makeup and is at liberty to use their own creative inspiration. In contrast, the Auguste clown’s face begins with a pink or red base; oversized features are subsequently outlined in red or black over selected white areas. The patient looks up from his book to see the smiling face of Cobo who is one of many caring clowns that occasionally visit the rehabilitation hospital. The rehabilitation hospital is only one of the facilities that Cobo and her friends visit. They also go to many other hospitals, nursing homes, head start programs, and residences of patients with Alzheimer disease. Early in the morning, Cobo, knowing that she has a busy day, slowly rises from her bed. She feels the pain from her aching arthritic back. Cobo enters a hot shower and, like the Tin Man in the Wizard of Oz, slowly moves around until all of her joints are more mobile. After a healthy breakfast, it is time to dress for the day. First, Cobo dons her colorful costume. Then, she approaches the mirror and transforms her face. With each application of face paints, her persona slowly appears. Cobo, pleased with her accomplishment, is now ready to begin the many visits she has planned for the day. Cobo’s skin is very sensitive. She cannot use grease paints because they cause an itchy rash on her face. Therefore, Cobo
Behavioral and learning disabilities associated with cognitive-motor dysfunction.

There is a need to clarify the diagnosis of school maladjustment. Previous research suggested the hypothesis that a high percentage of maladjusted school children would have cognitive-motor dysfunction predisposing to behavioral and learning disorders. Utilizing a new method that measures nine areas of cognitive-motor functioning to compare maladjusted and problem-free children, 40% of the maladjusted group showing dysfunction are clearly identified. Relationships of dysfunction to behavioral symptoms, IQ and learning are discussed. Implications for remediation are reported.
Redistribution of Ta and W impurities in Niobium by electron beam float zone refining

Niobium rods, 12.5 mm in diameter and with about 0.05 wt% each of Ta and W impurities, were electron beam float zone refined one pass at zoning speeds from 1.4 × 10-4 to 1.0 × 10-2 cm/sec. Autoradiography and neutron activation analyses were used to examine the redistribution of the Ta and W impurities along the rod. The Burton-Prim-Slichter (BPS) relationship between the effective distribution coefficients and the zoning speed was used for the data analysis. The equilibrium distribution coefficients were found to be 1.17 and 1.40 for Ta and W, respectively. Both impurities had a striated distribution parallel to the former liquid- solid interface along the zone length. Turbulent convection in the liquid, due to steep temperature gradients, was probably responsible for the striations and the good mixing in the liquid that was indicated by the BPS analysis. However, the redistribution of Ta and W at zoning speeds slow enough for the effective distribution coefficient to approach the equilibrium value was opposed by an enrichment due to preferential evaporation of the niobium.
Refinement of the RLAB Color Space

The prediction of color appearance using the RLAB color space has been tested for a variety of viewing conditions and stimulus types. These tests have shown that RLAB performs well for complex stimuli and not-so-well for simple stimuli. This article reviews the various psychophysical results, interprets their differences, and describes evolutionary enhancements to the RLAB model that simplify it and improve its performance. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sphingomyelinase isozymes of human tissues: A hypothesis on enzymatic differentiation of the neuropathic and non-neuropathic forms of Niemann-Pick disease

Summary Sphingomyelinase of normal human brain can be separated into two discrete fractions (sphingomyelinase A and B) by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. Available evidence suggests that these two fractions probably represent two different enzyme proteins. In normal human brain, sphingomyelinase A constitutes 30–40% of the total sphingomyelinase activity, while in the liver, almost all sphingomyelinase is present in the B form with only a trace of sphingomyelinase A. A plausible hypothesis is proposed regarding the enzymatic difference between the neuropathic and non-neuropathic forms of Niemann-Pick disease.
Anti-thrombotic medications for the neurointerventionist: aspirin and clopidogrel

The majority of neurological complications encountered during neuroendovascular procedures are a result of thromboembolic phenomena. This has become increasingly evident as techniques have evolved to incorporate an ever-growing volume of temporary and permanently implanted adjunctive devices. By optimizing our anti-thrombotic management strategies we can potentially improve procedural safety. The appropriate selection of anti-thrombotic regimens for neurointerventional procedures poses a unique set of challenges when compared with endovascular interventions in other vascular territories. Neurological procedures frequently target lesions that have hemorrhaged or have a lethal hemorrhagic potential-thus requiring that the operator maintain a tenuous balance between bleeding and thrombosis. Neurological end-organs are unforgiving, even of small emboli, further magnifying the implications of inadequate therapy. The spectrum of disease processes encountered within the context of routine clinical practice is very heterogeneous and each lesion requires a specific anti-thrombotic strategy. The diseases treated (eg, aneurysms, AVM, acute ischemic stroke, chronic atherosclerotic stenosis) are relatively uncommon in comparison with coronary or peripheral atherosclerotic disease. The field of neurointervention itself is still relatively new and continues to evolve rapidly, with innovation frequently outpacing clinical evidence. Predictably, within this environment, there are no large, controlled trials to guide anti-thrombotic management in most cases. For these reasons, medical decision making is based largely upon an understanding of the pharmacology of the agents used and an extrapolation of the literature from other fields. In this review we discuss aspirin and clopidogrel, the two anti-platelet agents commonly used in conjunction with endovascular stents and stent-like devices. We will discuss their pharmacology and applications in neuroendovascular therapeutics with a focus on practical solutions to dilemmas that are encountered during the course of daily clinical practice.
Aluminum lons stimulate DNA synthesis in quiescent cultures of Swiss 3T3 and 3T6 cells

Micromolar concentrations of AI3+ are shown to be strongly mitogenic for quiescent cultures of Swiss 3T3 and 3T6 cells. AI3+ caused a striking shift in the dose-response curve for the effect of fetal bovine serum on 3H-thymidine incorporation. In the absence of serum the mitogenic effect of aluminum was greatly potentiated by insulin or cholera toxin, but not epidermal growth factor or 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate. The stimulation of DNA synthesis was maximal by 15-20 microM AI3+ X AI3+ at 100 microM had no inhibitory effect on DNA synthesis. AI3+ had no significant effect on cellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate in the presence or absence of insulin or an inhibitor of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases.
Cytotrophoblast invasion of the endometrium in the human and macaque early villous stage of implantation

Summary Archival specimens of human implantation sites were destained and reacted with antibodies to cytokeratin and SP1. These specimens were compared to recently collected macaque implantation sites of similar age. It was found that, in the human, individual cytokeratin positive cytotrophoblast cells from the forming trophoblastic shell penetrated into the endometrial stroma and around the more superficial coils of the uterine glands. However, these interstitial cytotrophoblast cells showed no tendency to enter either the endometrial blood vessels or glands. In contrast, in the macaque, cytokeratin positive cells entered the arterioles even before formation of the trophoblastic shell, and showed a substantially lesser tendency to migrate into the stroma as individual interstitial cytotrophoblast cells. It is suggested that, despite similarities in trophoblastic shell formation, the population of migrating cytotrophoblast must have different adhesion capabilities in the two species.
Carnival in a Mainstream Kindergarten Classroom: A Bakhtinian Analysis of Second Language Learners' Off-Task Behaviors

This study explored Mikhail Bakhtin's conceptualization of carnival as it applies to 2 second language (L2) learners in an American kindergarten classroom. Unwilling to engage in two story retelling tasks, the children nevertheless invoked the imaginative, playful, and dialogic world of carnival, creating meaningful, contingent contexts for interaction in the L2. A third task, also originally thought to be representative of carnival, proved only to have carnival-like features and did not lead to the sense of renewal associated with Bakhtin's interpretation of the state of mind of the festivals.
Effect of Wire Purity on Copper Wire Bonding

Cu bonding has been making a wave in the IC packaging industry due to the combined efforts of wire, capillary and wirebonder manufacturers. The present challenge in copper bonding resides in minimizing the aluminium squeeze of the aluminium metallization of bond pads. This demands the copper ball to possess a lower yield stress for reduced energy to deform. In this article the methods that are adopted to understand and minimize the aluminium squeeze by the authors from the aspect of wire purity has been discussed in detail.
Ecosystem feedbacks on climate at the landscape scale

Vegetation controls aspects of climate at all scales. These controls operate through fluxes of mass (water vapour, particulates, trace gases, condensation nuclei, and ice nuclei) and energy (latent and sensible heat, radiative exchanges, and momentum dissipation) between the biosphere and the atmosphere. The role these fluxes play in controlling minimum and maximum temperature, temperature range, rainfall, and precipitation processes are detailed. On the hemispheric scale, the importance of evapotranspiration, vegetation surface roughness, and vegetation albedo in the current generation of atmospheric general circulation models is reviewed. Finally, I assess at the planetary scale the global climate effects of biogenic emissions that are well mixed throughout the troposphere. I show that daily maximum and minimum temperatures are, in part, controlled by the emission of non–methane hydrocarbons and transpired water vapour. In many regions, a substantial fraction of the rainfall arises from upstream evapotranspiration rather than from oceanic evaporation. Biosphere evapotranspiration, surface roughness, and albedo are key controls in the general circulation of the atmosphere: climate models that lack adequate specifications for these biosphere attributes fail. The biosphere modulates climate at all scales.
Enumeration of anaerobic oxalate‐degrading bacteria in the ruminal contents of sheep

Abstract Concentrations of oxalate-degrading anaerobes in ruminal contents of sheep were determined from counts of colonies producing clear zones on a calcium oxalate medium (D agar with 7 mM CaCl2). Viable counts of oxalate degraders from a 55-kg sheep fed a diet containing 32% halogeton (4.6% oxalate) averaged 2.6 × 106 / g (dry weight). When the halogeton concentration in the diet was reduced to 16%, counts of oxalate degraders decreased nearly 300-fold. Oxalate-degrading isolates from this sheep were similar to OxB, the type strain of Oxalobacter formigenes. When a 45-kg sheep was fed diets containing 2.2, 1.5, and 0.8% oxalate, viable counts of oxalate degraders (enumerated on D agar with 14 mM CaCl2 and 20% filter-sterilized ruminal fluid) represented 0.85, 0.52, and 0.06% of the total viable population, respectively; total viable counts were essentially unchanges by these concentrations of dietary oxalate. Similar percentages of oxalate degraders were also observed when a 23-kg sheep was fed diets containing 1.5 or 0.8% oxalate. This report presents the first direct measurements of the concentrations of oxalate-degrading bacteria in the rumen and supports the concept that the availability of oxalate in the diet influences the proportion of oxalate-degrading bacteria in the rumen
Enantioselectively catalyzed intramolecular cyclopropanations of unsaturated diazo carbonyl compounds

Abstract A series of unsaturated α-diazo carbonyl compounds underwent enantioselective intramolecular cyclopropanation (ee = 4–77%) when treated with an enantiomerically pure chiral copper catalyst. The nature of the diazo substrate was critical: α-diazo ketones gave the best enantioselectivities whereas α-diazo β-keto ester systems showed diminished enantioselectivities.
Evaluation of the Craig Lipreading Inventory.

Responses to the Craig Lipreading Inventory have not been subjected to rigorous statistical analysis. No normative data currently exist. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the internal val...
SAFE-RD (secure, adaptive, fault tolerant, and efficient resource discovery) in pervasive computing environments

To facilitate thousands of hand held device users' lookup for services anywhere anytime, the importance of a resource discovery scheme in pervasive computing environments cannot be overlooked. The incorporation of security, adaptability, fault tolerance, and efficiency features is the quest for long but there is no existing resource discovery scheme that can be claimed as "the solution". In this paper, we propose the design of such a discovery mechanism named SAFE-RD, which is an integral part of our on-going research project MARKS (Adaptive Middleware for Resource discovery, Knowledge usability and Self-healing) with illustrative examples.
“Drowning In Information and Starving For Knowledge”: 21st Century Scholarly Publishing

This essay draws on scholarly and public-policy literature, along with personal experience, to examine academic publishing in the global North, especially the United States. It does so in the hope of interesting academic readers, writers, presses, and distributors. The piece is idiosyncratic in its blend of impressionistic experience with, let us say, book learning.
Pregnancy diagnosis by vaginal lavage in deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus

We developed a method for diagnosing pregnancy in the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) using vaginal lavage. We first clearly defined stages of the estrous cycle by using the ratio of the cell types observed. The distribution of cells found in vaginal smears prepared from visibly pregnant females matched the cell ratio of the metestrous stage. Two females were monitored through consecutive pregnancies; no significant variation of the cell types from the metestrous cell ratio was observed. We tested the accuracy of this predictive method using 67 breeding females. Because the vaginal smear of a pregnant mouse is indistinguishable from the smear of a mouse in cyclic metestrus, we lavaged mice twice at a 2-day interval to eliminate false positives (mice in cyclic metestrus). We obtained an 86.6% accuracy rate and concluded that the method can predict pregnancy in deer mice.