cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
12 – RUNNING TETRAD

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the uses of TETRAD program. TETRAD is an interactive command-driven program that is simple to use. The chapter describes the format of input files, presents a description of each commands, some transcripts of actual TETRAD sessions, and also describes the types of errors that can occur. It discusses two versions of TETRAD. One of these versions, TETRAD, is designed for computers that do not have an 8087 coprocessor chip; the other version, TET87, is designed for computers that do have this chip. The two programs act in an identical fashion, except that TET87 is considerably faster than TETRAD. The TETRAD program requires both a directed graph and correlation or covariance data for the measured variables in that graph. The file from which TETRAD reads the correlation of covariance data is called the covariance file. The file from which TETRAD reads the directed graph will be called the graph file. In both the covariance file and in the directed graph, variables must have names.
Effect of Contact-Based Education on Medical Student Barriers to Treating Severe Mental Illness: a Non-randomized, Controlled Trial.

Emerging evidence suggests that contact-based education—learning via structured social interactions designed around intergroup contact theory—could be an important educational adjunct in improving attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of medical students toward patients with severe mental illness (SMI). However, existing literature in the area lacks structured curriculum, control group designs, or longitudinal analyses. The authors conducted a longitudinal, non-randomized, controlled trial of the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) Provider Education Program—a 15-h contact-based adjunctive curriculum—on the attitudes, beliefs, and behavior of third-year medical students (MS3) at a single institution. Two-hundred and thirty-one students were invited to participate. Forty-one students elected to complete the curriculum and eighty served as the control group (response rate = 52%). Participants in both conditions completed questionnaires assessing aspects of caring for patients with SMI at pre-test, 1-week post-curriculum, and at 3-month follow-up. Results indicated that participants in the curriculum reported improved attitudes, beliefs, and behavior in working with SMI as compared with their cohort-matched peers. The majority of these outcomes were maintained at 3-months post-intervention, with effect sizes in the medium to large range. The largest improvement was in behavioral responses to a vignette describing an acute psychiatric emergency. The present study provides evidence that a contact-based curriculum leads to improvements in the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of MS3 students when offered as an adjunctive program following their first year of clinical rotations.
Improvement of Cardiac Structure And Function In Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis Cardiomyopathy With Inotersen: A Case Report

Introduction Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (hATTR) is a progressive, fatal disease caused by systemic deposition of misfolded transthyretin (TTR) fibrils resulting in cardiomyopathy (CM) and polyneuropathy (PN). Treatment options include stabilizers (tafamidis) to prevent TTR tetramer dissociation, silencers (inotersen, patisiran) that inhibit hepatic TTR synthesis, or liver transplantation. Silencers have favorable outcomes in PN, with limited data on CM. This case highlights improvement in hATTR-CM in a patient treated with inotersen. Patient Case A 68 year old female with a family history of hATTR presented for evaluation as a heterozygous carrier of the p.T80A (T60A) TTR mutation. She experienced refractory nausea, vomiting, diarrhea alternating with constipation, weight loss (10 kg) over the preceding 6 months, and 2 months of new onset exertional dyspnea and was in NYHA Class 2 heart failure. ECHO showed severe concentric hypertrophy (septal and posterior walls, 2.1 cm and 1.9 cm), moderate reduction in left ventricular systolic function with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 32%, and moderate pericardial effusion. BNP and troponin I levels were 532 pg/mL and 0.05 ng/mL. Diffuse 4-chamber delayed gadolinium enhancement was noted on cardiac MRI (A). Nerve conduction studies confirmed sensorimotor neuropathy with an estimated neuropathy impairment score of 10. Furosemide and spironolactone resulted in a 6.4 kg diuresis with improved dyspnea. Right heart catheterization showed right atrial pressure of 6 mm Hg, pulmonary artery pressure of 39/16 mm Hg, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 10 mm, with a cardiac index of 2. Episodic orthostatic hypotension precluded initiation of beta blockers and vasodilators. She was initiated on inotersen for symptoms of neuropathy. After 6 months, LVEF increased to 45% and diastolic function improved from stage 2 to 1. The pericardial effusion resolved. Six minute walk distance showed an increasing trend over 10 months (B). BNP levels were 108 pg/mL after 1 year on inotersen, and modified BMI stabilized. Conclusion Inotersen was associated with improvements in cardiac function in this patient with hATTR-CM who could not be treated with guideline-directed heart failure therapy. For hATTR-CM with no convincing benefit from conventional therapy beyond symptom control, inotersen may offer a treatment option to alter the natural history of this fatal disease.
Foundations of Modern Physics

In addition to his ground-breaking research, Nobel Laureate Steven Weinberg is known for a series of highly praised texts on various aspects of physics, combining exceptional physical insight with his gift for clear exposition. Describing the foundations of modern physics in their historical context and with some new derivations, Weinberg introduces topics ranging from early applications of atomic theory through thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, transport theory, special relativity, quantum mechanics, nuclear physics, and quantum field theory. This volume provides the basis for advanced undergraduate and graduate physics courses as well as being a handy introduction to aspects of modern physics for working scientists.
FOD-A: A Dataset for Foreign Object Debris in Airports.

Foreign Object Debris (FOD) detection has attracted increased attention in the area of machine learning and computer vision. However, a robust and publicly available image dataset for FOD has not been initialized. To this end, this paper introduces an image dataset of FOD, named FOD in Airports (FOD-A). FOD-A object categories have been selected based on guidance from prior documentation and related research by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). In addition to the primary annotations of bounding boxes for object detection, FOD-A provides labeled environmental conditions. As such, each annotation instance is further categorized into three light level categories (bright, dim, and dark) and two weather categories (dry and wet). Currently, FOD-A has released 31 object categories and over 30,000 annotation instances. This paper presents the creation methodology, discusses the publicly available dataset extension process, and demonstrates the practicality of FOD-A with widely used machine learning models for object detection.
QTLs detected for individual sugars and soluble solids content in apple

Sweetness is one of the most important fruit quality traits in breeding programs, determining the overall quality and flavor perception of apples. Selecting for this trait using conventional breeding methods is challenging due to the complexity of its genetic control. In order to improve the efficiency of trait selection via DNA-based markers, extensive studies focused on the detection of quantitative trait loci (QTL) and the development of DNA-based markers associated with QTL regions for traits of interest. Newly discovered QTLs detected in multiple apple breeding populations are presented here for individual sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose, and sorbitol) and soluble solids content (SSC) at harvest, after 10, and 20 weeks of refrigerated storage followed by 1 week at room temperature in two successive years. A total of 1416 polymorphic SNPs were filtered from the RosBreed Apple SNP Infinium® array for QTL analysis using FlexQTL™ software. QTLs for individual sugars were identified on linkage groups (LG) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, and 16, and QTLs for SSC were found on LGs 2, 3, 12, 13, and 15. One QTL region on LG 1 was consistently identified for both fructose and sucrose from harvest through storage in both years, which accounted for 34–67 and 13–41 % of total phenotypic variation, respectively. These stable QTLs with high explained phenotypic variation on LG 1 for fructose content indicate a promising genomic region for DNA-based marker development to enable marker-assisted breeding for sweetness selection in apple breeding programs.
Impaired glutamate recycling and GluN2B‐mediated neuronal calcium overload in mice lacking TGF‐β1 in the CNS

Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) is a pleiotropic cytokine expressed throughout the CNS. Previous studies demonstrated that TGF-β1 contributes to maintain neuronal survival, but mechanistically this effect is not well understood. We generated a CNS-specific TGF-β1-deficient mouse model to investigate the functional consequences of TGF-β1-deficiency in the adult mouse brain. We found that depletion of TGF-β1 in the CNS resulted in a loss of the astrocyte glutamate transporter (GluT) proteins GLT-1 (EAAT2) and GLAST (EAAT1) and decreased glutamate uptake in the mouse hippocampus. Treatment with TGF-β1 induced the expression of GLAST and GLT-1 in cultured astrocytes and enhanced astroglial glutamate uptake. Similar to GLT-1-deficient mice, CNS-TGF-β1-deficient mice had reduced brain weight and neuronal loss in the CA1 hippocampal region. CNS-TGF-β1-deficient mice showed GluN2B-dependent aberrant synaptic plasticity in the CA1 area of the hippocampus similar to the glutamate transport inhibitor DL-TBOA and these mice were highly sensitive to excitotoxic injury. In addition, hippocampal neurons from TGF-β1-deficient mice had elevated GluN2B-mediated calcium signals in response to extrasynaptic glutamate receptor stimulation, whereas cells treated with TGF-β1 exhibited reduced GluN2B-mediated calcium signals. In summary, our study demonstrates a previously unrecognized function of TGF-β1 in the CNS to control extracellular glutamate homeostasis and GluN2B-mediated calcium responses in the mouse hippocampus.
The Effect of Alternative Accounting Measurement Bases on Investors’ Resource Allocation Decisions and Assessments of Managers’ Stewardship

We conduct a laboratory experiment to examine investors’ investment decisions and related assessments of managers’ stewardship. We provide evidence that investors’ stewardship assessments fall prey to correspondence bias; that is, investors attribute external (i.e., non-manager-related) causes of company performance to managers’ performance. We predict and find that fair value information enables investors to make better stewardship and investment decisions than investors with amortized cost information. We also find that investors presented with amortized-cost-based financial statements perform better to the extent they access fair-value-based footnote information, while investors presented with fair-value-based financial statements perform worse to the extent they access amortized-cost-based footnote information. Collectively, our results suggest that investors’ stewardship and investment decisions are improved because fair value information allows them to disentangle endogenous actions by managers from exogenous market forces that are outside of managers’ control, and thus mitigate correspondence bias.
Monitoring land ecosystems using the NOAA Global Vegetation Index data set

Abstract The Global Vegetation Index (GVI) data set produced by NOAA from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer measurements for 1985–1988 was used to derive the temporal variability of surface characteristics of diverse ecosystems over the globe. The GVI data were screened for residual cloud contamination and haze. The viewing geometry was restricted to within 25° of nadir. The results are demonstrated using monthly means of the satellite derived parameters spatially averaged over 250 km × 250 km. Phenology of land ecosystems as manifested by the surface albedo, greenness and temperature is analyzed. A color-composite technique for mapping global ecosystems is introduced.
Stochastic Simulation for Biochemical Systems

Biochemical systems are often modeled with ordinary differential equations that are continuous and deterministic by nature. In recent years, with the development of new techniques to collect wet-lab data in a single cell, there are increasing concerns on the stochastic effect in cellular systems, where the small copy numbers of some reactant species in the cell may lead to deviations from the predictions of the deterministic differential equations of classical chemical kinetics. In this chapter, we will review important algorithms for stochastic modeling and simulation of biochemical systems.
Hong Kong's Endgame and the Rule of Law (I): The Struggle over Institutions and Values in the Transition to Chinese Rule

The fifteen-year struggle over Hong Kong's future has been a struggle over the rule of law. The People's Republic of China ("P.R.C.") and Great Britain agreed at the outset of negotiations over the territory's future to strive to preserve Hong Kong's "stability and prosperity," a task that was seen to depend on preserving the rule of law. Specifically, this meant pledging to maintain the territory's common law legal system and most of its existing laws while also undertaking to construct judicial, lawmaking, and law-administering institutions adequate to implement a "high degree of autonomy" for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ("S.A.R."). In addition, much of the work and many of the conflicts in the preparations for Hong Kong's transition and the establishment of the S.A.R., from the drafting of the Sino-British Joint Declaration on the Question of Hong Kong 1 ("Joint Declaration") and the Basic Law for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 2 ("Basic Law"), to the
Extension of the Lane Model to Light Nuclei

The Lane model1) provides a convenient way to relate isospin-coupled reaction channels. This approach exploits the isospin symmetry of the nuclear force and yields nuclear potentials which strictly conserve isospin. We have attempted2) to simultaneously describe cross-section and polarization results for both elastic proton and neutron scattering and the quasi-elastic (p, n) reaction, all on a single nucleus. Our results represent the first time the Lane model has been successfully extended to a light nucleus. In fact, no previous calculation has described such a comprehensive set of observables for any nucleus. The present paper calls attention to this success and proposes that the model be similarly applied for very light nuclei.
Lattice structure for two-band perfect reconstruction filter banks using Pade approximation

We show how the Pade table can be utilized to develop a new lattice structure for general two-channel bi-orthogonal perfect reconstruction (PR) filter banks. This is achieved through characterization of all two-channel bi-orthogonal PR filter banks. The parameter space found using this method is unique for each filter bank. Similarly to any other lattice structure, the PR property is achieved structurally and quantization of the parameters of the lattice does not effect this property. Furthermore, we demonstrate that for a given filter, the set of all complementary filters can be uniquely specified by two parameters, namely the end-to-end delay of the system and a scalar quantity.
Investigated Reporting: Muckrakers, Regulators, and the Struggle Over Television Documentary

Raphael, C. (2005). Investigated reporting: Muckrakers, regulators, and the struggle over television documentary. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 304 pages. Investigated Reporting is an ambit...
Further studies on in vitro pairing ofEchinostoma revolutum (Trematoda) adults

Various factors that influence in vitro pairing ofEchinostoma revolutum adults were studied. More worms paired in Locke's, Ringer's, and 0.85% NaCl solutions than in the defined medium NCTC 135. Also, more pairing occurred at 39 or 43°C than at 35°C. Echinostomes placed, 1, 3, or 5 cm apart in 5.5 cm diameter Petri dishes as well as those placed 2, 4, or 6 cm apart in 8.5 cm diameter Petri dishes paired; however, worms placed 8 cm apart in the latter dishes did not. Individuals maintained in Locke's solution at 20 or 39°C for 1 h after having been removed from the chicks paired less frequently than those used for experiments immediately after their removal from chicks. Worms showed more pairing in fresh Locke's solution than in this solution preconditioned by excretory-secretory products ofE. revolutum. Scanning electron microscopy revealed no differences between the tegument of fresh worms and of those maintained under experimental conditions for 2 h at 39°C.
Ab Initio/IGLO/GIAO-MP2 Study of Hypercoordinate Square-Pyramidal Carbocations1

The structures of hypercoordinate square-pyramidal carbocations were calculated at the correlated MP2/6-31G* level. The 13C NMR chemical shifts of the cations were also calculated using IGLO and GIAO-MP2 methods. The IGLO calculated data show only a reasonable correlation with the experimental 13C NMR chemical shifts. The correlated GIAO-MP2 calculated 13C NMR shifts, however, showed significant improvements over the SCF IGLO calculated chemical shifts. It was also found that among the C8H9+ isomers, the bishomo square-pyramidal cation 7 is only 0.2 kcal/mol more stable than the trishomocyclopropenium-type ion 8 at the MP4(SDQ)/6-31G*//MP2/6-31G* + ZPE level. Almost a calculated 1:2 equilibrium mixture of ions 7 and 8 seems to best represent the experimental NMR spectrum of C8H9+ at −80 °C. The structures and 13C NMR chemical shifts for the elusive (CH)5+ 1 and its monomethyl-substituted analogues 2 and 3 were also computed.
Modulation methods and channel separation in the land mobile service

The following fundamental technical questions concerning the use of the spectrum allocated to the land mobile radio service are discussed. 1) Is it technically feasible to increase the number of assignable channels within the allocated spectrum space? 2) Are other modulation methods more or less suitable for providing more channels? The primary resource material used to answer these questions is the response of the Land Mobile Section, Industrial Electronic Division, Electronic Industries Association [49]. Only the frequency spacing question is treated in this paper.
Influence of fibrin glue on seroma formation after breast surgery.

Abstract Background This study was designed to determine the effectiveness of Hemaseel APR fibrin sealant versus conventional drain placement in the prevention of seromas after breast procedures. Methods A prospective, randomized, controlled study of subjects who were randomized into control (drain) and experimental (fibrin) groups was conducted. Results Analysis of 82 patients showed similarly matched groups. Seroma formation rate was 45.5% in the control group and 36.8% in the fibrin glue group (P = 0.43). The rate of wound complications was similar. Aspirate volumes were significantly greater in the fibrin glue group. Drain placement saved patients >$366 over fibrin glue. Conclusions Although use of fibrin sealant resulted in a nonsignificant decrease in seroma formation rate compared with that of drain placement, the higher cost involved, cumbersome technique, and higher aspirate volumes tend to indicate that there is no advantage to using fibrin glue over drain placement with the technique described.
Virasoro Algebra, Dedekind η-function and Specialized Macdonald Identities

We motivate and prove a series of identities which form a generalization of the Euler pentagonal number theorem, and are closely related to specialized Macdonald identities for powers of the Dedekind η-function. More precisely, we show that what we call “denominator formula” for the Virasoro algebra has “higher analogue” for all cs,t-minimal models. We obtain one identity per series which is in agreement with features of conformal field theory such as fusion and modular invariance that require all the irreducible modules of the series. In particular, in the case of c2,2k+1-minimal models we give a new proof of a family of specialized Macdonald identities associated with twisted affine Lie algebras of type A(2) 2k k ≥ 2 (i.e., BCk affine root system) which involve (2k2 - k)-th powers of the Dedekind η-function.
Experimental investigation of pulsating heat pipe performance with regard to fuel cell cooling application

Abstract A pulsating heat pipe (PHP) is a closed loop, passive heat transfer device. Its operation depends on the phase change of a working fluid within the loop. Design and performance testing of a pulsating heat pipe was conducted under conditions to simulate heat dissipation requirements of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack. Integration of pulsating heat pipes within bipolar plates of the stack would eliminate the need for ancillary cooling equipment, thus also reducing parasitic losses and increasing energy output. The PHP under investigation, having dimensions of 46.80 cm long and 14.70 cm wide, was constructed from 0.3175 cm copper tube. Heat pipes effectiveness was found to be dependent upon several factors such as energy input, types of working fluid and its filling ratio. Power inputs to the evaporator side of the pulsating heat pipe varied from 80 to 180 W. Working fluids tested included acetone, methanol, and deionized water. Filling ratios between 30 and 70 percent of the total working volume were also examined. Methanol outperformed other fluids tested; with a 45 percent fluid fill ratio and a 120 W power input, the apparatus took the shortest time to reach steady state and had one of the smallest steady state temperature differences. The various conditions studied were chosen to assess the heat pipe's potential as cooling media for PEM fuel cells.
Purification of a 44 kilodalton protease which mediates the ecdysis of infective Haemonchus contortus larvae.

Abstract We have characterized and purified a parasite which mediates the ecdysis of Haemonchus contortus , and at least several other ruminant trichostrongyles. The protease, with an apparent approximate molecular weight of 44 000, is a zinc metalloprotein which hydrolyzes several large protein substrates in in vitro assays. In vivo and in biological assays on isolated second molt cuticles this protease hydrolyzes a specific circular region of the second stage cuticle which results in removal of a cuticular cap, providing a rapid and synchronous method for the escape of infective larvae during the transition from free-living to parasitic environments.
Effects of feed intake and protein degradability on ruminal characteristics and site of digestion in steers.

Abstract Four multiple-fistulated Hereford steers were used in a 4×4 Latin square design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments [two intakes (9.1 and 6.1kg dry matter/d) and two protein sources differing in ruminal degradability (dry distillers grains and dry corn gluten feed)]. Steers fed at the high intake had faster fluid dilution rates (7.63 versus 6.52%/h), higher ruminal fluid outflows (120.2 versus 91.7 L/d), lower apparent ruminal digestibilities of organic matter (41.3 versus 44.3%) and neutral detergent fiber (56.0 versus 60.2%), and lower total tract digestibilities of neutral detergent fiber (64.3 versus 68.7%) than when they were fed at the low intake. Steers fed dry corn gluten feed had higher apparent ruminal digestibilities of organic matter (45.5 versus 40.1%) and neutral detergent fiber (60.2 versus 56.0%) and lower duodenal flows of nonammonia-nonbacterial N (40.1 versus 52.2% of N intake) than when they were fed dry distillers grains. Efficiency of ruminal bacterial growth was higher when steers were fed at the high versus low intakes. Efficiency of ruminal bacterial growth and site and extent of fiber digestion, especially hemicellulose, but not ruminal escape of protein, can be readily altered by manipulation of feed intake of moderately high forage diets.
Reactions of oxymyoglobin with NO, NO2, and NO2- under argon and in air.

Oxymyoglobin under argon reacts with NO2- and NO2 (N2O4) to produce metmyoglobin in a spectrally clean process with clear isosbestic points. In both cases, the reactant is NO2-. The second-order ra...
Nilpotent orbits and some small unitary representations of indefinite orthogonal groups

Abstract For 2⩽m⩽l/2, let G be a simply connected Lie group with g 0 = so (2m,2l−2m) as Lie algebra, let g = k ⊕ p be the complexification of the usual Cartan decomposition, let K be the analytic subgroup with Lie algebra k ∩ g 0 , and let U( g ) be the universal enveloping algebra of g . This work examines the unitarity and K spectrum of representations in the “analytic continuation” of discrete series of G, relating these properties to orbits in the nilpotent radical of a certain parabolic subalgebra of g . The roots with respect to the usual compact Cartan subalgebra are all ±ei±ej with 1⩽i q = l ⊕ u be the parabolic subalgebra of g for which em−em+1 contributes to u and the other simple roots contribute to l , let L be the analytic subgroup of G with Lie algebra l ∩ g 0 , let L C = Int g ( l ) , let 2δ( u ) be the sum of the roots contributing to u , and let q = l ⊕ u be the parabolic subalgebra opposite to q . The members of u ∩ p are nilpotent members of g . The group L C acts on u ∩ p with finitely many orbits, and the topological closure of each orbit is an irreducible algebraic variety. If Y is one of these varieties, let R(Y) be the dual coordinate ring of Y; this is a quotient of the algebra of symmetric tensors on u ∩ p that carries a fully reducible representation of L C . For s∈ Z , let λ s = ∑ k=1 m (−l+ s 2 )e k . Then λs defines a one-dimensional ( l ,L) module C λ s . Extend this to a ( q ,L) module by having u act by 0, and define N(λ s +2δ( u ))=U( g )⊗ q C λ s +2δ( u ) . Let N′(λ s +2δ( u )) be the unique irreducible quotient of N(λ s +2δ( u )) . The representations under study are π s =Π S (N(λ s +2δ( u ))) and π s ′=Π S (N′(λ s +2δ( u ))) , where S= dim ( u ∩ k ) and ΠS is the Sth derived Bernstein functor. For s>2l−2, it is known that πs=πs′ and that πs′ is in the discrete series. Enright, Parthsarathy, Wallach, and Wolf showed for m⩽s⩽2l−2 that πs=πs′ and that πs′ is still unitary. The present paper shows that πs′ is unitary for 0⩽s⩽m−1 even though πs≠πs′, and it relates the K spectrum of the representations πs′ to the representation of L C on a suitable R(Y) with Y depending on s. Use of a branching formula of D. E. Littlewood allows one to obtain an explicit multiplicity formula for each K type in πs′; the variety Y is indispensable in the proof. The chief tools involved are an idea of B. Gross and Wallach, a geometric interpretation of Littlewood's theorem, and some estimates of norms. It is shown further that the natural invariant Hermitian form on πs′ does not make πs′ unitary for s L C on any R(Y). A final section of the paper treats in similar fashion the simply connected Lie group with Lie algebra g 0 = so (2m,2l−2m+1) , 2⩽m⩽l/2.
EFFECTS OF DEPARTURES FROM THE SINGLE PARTICLE MODEL ON NUCLEAR MAGNETIC MOMENTS

Departures from the single particle model (SPM) are considered, in which the SPM wave function is mixed with others representing states for which the core no longer has zero angular momentum. It is found that under certain restrictions an experimentally established relation exists between the deviations of odd-$N$ nuclei from the Schmidt lines and those of odd-$Z$ nuclei.
Generation of trees by algebraic methods

It is shown that the technique of generating trees by the method of partial differentiations is actually a variant of the Wang algebra technique.
Conformational effects of environmentally induced, cancer-related mutations in the p53 protein

The tumor suppressor gene p53 has been identified as the most frequent target of genetic alterations in human cancers. A considerable number of environmentally induced, cancer-related p53 mutations in human tumors have been found in a highly conserved proline-rich sequence of the p53 protein encompassed by amino acid residues 147-158. Using conformational energy analysis based on ECEPP (Empirical Conformational Energy for Peptides Program), we have determined the low-energy three-dimensional structures for this dodecapeptide sequence for the human wild-type p53 protein and three environmentally induced, cancer-related mutant p53 proteins with His-151, Ser-152, and Val-154, respectively. The results suggest that the wild-type sequence adopts a well-defined low-energy conformation and that the mutant peptides adopt well-defined conformations that are distinctly different from the conformation of the wild-type peptide. These results are consistent with experimental conformational studies demonstrating altered detectability of antigenic epitopes in wild-type and mutant p53 proteins. These results suggest that the oncogenic effects of these environmentally induced, cancer-related, mutant p53 proteins may be mediated by distinct local conformational changes in the protein.
Educating for Democracy and Social Justice to Further Burundi's 2025 Vision

Abstract The authors use Burundi's 2025 Vision to outline a transformative theoretical framework around which critical discourses about democracy and social justice can be articulated to develop and implement educational approaches and strategies that empower educators and students to take charge of their individual and collective destiny, and to work together with confidence in pursuit of the national vision of equity and prosperity.
An Earth–Moon system trajectory design reference catalog ☆

As demonstrated by ongoing concept designs and the recent ARTEMIS mission, there is, currently, significant interest in exploiting three-body dynamics in the design of trajectories for both robotic and human missions within the Earth-Moon system. The concept of an interactive and 'dynamic' catalog of potential solutions in the Earth-Moon system is explored within this paper and analyzed as a framework to guide trajectory design. Characterizing and compiling periodic and quasi-periodic solutions that exist in the circular restricted three-body problem may offer faster and more efficient strategies for orbit design, while also delivering innovative mission design parameters for further examination.
More than the politics of decentralization: Local government reform, district development and public administration in Zimbabwe

Abstract What is evaluated as central government decentralization to improve rural development may also be local government reform for improved district development. The challenge in analyzing such efforts is not to be preoccupied with an always-present politics of decentralization. This article examines a local government reform in Zimbabwe that has been equated with central government decentralization: the Amalgamation of the countryside's two racially different local authorities. Lessons from the Zimbabwe experience have implications for similar efforts in postapartheid South Africa.
2-Phosphoglyceric acid phosphatase: Identification and properties of the beef-liver enzyme

Summary A 2-phosphoglyceric acid phosphatase (2-phosphoglycerate phosphohydrolase) has been identified and partially purified from beef liver. The purification of 2-phosphoglyceric acid phosphatase from other non-specific liver phosphatases was based on the relative activity of 2- or 3-phosphoglycerate to α-glycerophosphate and β-glycerophosphate during the preparation. The final preparations had high specificity for 2-phosphoglycerate but with variable low activity with other substrates. Further purification was prevented by low final yields of enzyme. Data are presented on the kinetics, specificity and inhibition of the enzyme preparations obtained. The identification of 2-phosphoglyceric acid phosphatase completes the description of the mammalian enzymes of serine biosynthesis from carbohydrate intermediates. Both “phosphorylated” and “non-phosphorylated” pathways appear to be present in mammalian systems but the relative significance of each is not yet known.
Malformations in chicken embryos in the Northeast

In Deborah Barnes' article "Joint Soviet-U.S. attack on heart muscle dogma" (Research News, 14 Oct., page 193), credit for a photograph was inadvertently omitted. John Oberpriller of the University of North Dakota graciously supplied the photograph of a newt ventricular myocyte dividing in culture.
Diasporan subjectivity and the dynamics of empowerment in Buchi Emecheta's Head Above Water

Abstract The writings of diasporan African women writers capture the struggle for agency and self-definition. Writers write themselves out of confined patriarchal and hegemonic spaces by forging new subjectivities that define their positionality in the metropole. For example, Buchi Emecheta's diasporic encounter in her life writing, Head Above Water, forces her to grapple with multilayered systems of oppression (such as patriarchy, racism, classism, sexism, and nationality) that often complicate the identity of diasporan subjects. Such diasporan identity shows the fluidity and ever shifting subjectivities of subjects who constantly negotiate the myriad forces of domination in the metropole. A migrant subject like Emecheta continually has to negotiate between conflicting social and ideological discourses in order to create a space and place for herself in the metropole. I argue that finding and expressing a sense of subjectivity changes the dialog of the diaspora from one of loss to a new configuration of ...
Methods of clinical prediction

The abililty to predict clinical outcomes is of great importance to physicians and patients alike. Accordingly, multiple different methods have been used in an effort to accurately predict these outcomes. These methods include the development of scoring systems based on univariable and multivariable analysis, as well as models involving the use of neural network, nomograms, and classification and regression trees. The principles of these types of methods, as well as their advantages and disadvantages will be presented.
Testing How Management Matters in an Era of Government by Performance Management

Public administration finds itself in an era of government by performance management, which is reflected in the widespread assumption that management is a key determinant of performance, and that it is reasonable to expect managers to measurably improve organizational effectiveness. This article joins a growing literature in seeking to conceptualize and empirically test how external environmental influences and internal management factors combine to create performance, relying on data from the 2002–2003 National Administrative Studies Project (NASP-II) survey of state government health and human services officials. We categorize managerial efforts to facilitate organizational performance as determined either through their interactions with the organizational environment, or through employing workable levers to change internal organizational culture, structure, and technology. Among the external environmental variables we find that the support of elected officials and the influence of the public and media have a positive impact on effectiveness. Among internal management choices, the ability to create a developmental organizational culture, establish a focus on results through goal clarity, and decentralize decision-making authority are all positively associated with organizational effectiveness. AN ERA OF GOVERNMENT BY PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT Frederick Mosher’s Democracy and the Public Service (1982) characterizes the history of public administration in the United States as falling into different eras. He portrays the twentieth century as dominated by two phases: government by the efficient (1906–1937), This is a revised version of a paper originally presented at the National Public Management Research Conference, October 9–11, 2003, at Georgetown University. The authors would like to thank Pamela Herd, Patrick Wolf, and three anonymous reviewers for insightful suggestions on revising the article. Data analyzed in this article were collected under the auspices of the National Administrative Studies Project (NASP-II), a project supported in part by the Forum for Policy Research and Public Service at Rutgers University and under a grant from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation to the Center for State Health Policy, also at Rutgers University. Naturally, this support does not necessarily imply an endorsement of analyses and opinions in the article. Address correspondence to Donald P. Moynihan at dmoynihan@bushschool.tamu.edu. doi:10.1093/jopart/mui016 Advance Access publication on December 16, 2004 Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, Vol. 15, no. 3 a 2005 Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, Inc.; all rights reserved. JPART 15:421–439
What makes a Pollock Pollock: a machine vision approach

Jackson Pollock introduced a revolutionary artistic style of dripping paint on a horizontal canvas. Here we study Pollock's unique artistic style by using computational methods for characterising the low–level numerical differences between original Pollock drip paintings and drip paintings of other painters who attempted to mimic his signature drip painting style. Four thousands and twenty four numerical image content descriptors were extracted from each painting, and compared using weighted nearest neighbour classification such that the Fisher discriminant scores of the content descriptors were used as weights. In 93% of the cases, the computer analysis was able to differentiate between an original and a non–original Pollock drip painting. The most discriminative image content descriptors that were unique to the work of Pollock were the fractal features, but other numerical image content descriptors such as Zernike polynomials, Haralick textures, and Chebyshev statistics show substantial differences between original and non–original Pollock drip paintings. These experiments show that the uniqueness of Pollock's drip painting style is not reflected merely by fractals, but also by other numerical image content descriptors that reflect the visual content. The code and software used for the experiment is publicly available, and can be used to study the work of other artists.
Geometry and reflectance estimation for virtualization

In this paper we discuss virtual reconstruction of real scenes from photographs. In particular, we discuss extraction of the geometry of the scene from the photographs, as well as a new method for determining the reflectance properties for the virtualized objects. We then present a new method for representing view-dependant information in the reconstructed scene.
Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion (CSII): A "New" Way to Lower Risk of Severe Hypoglycemia, Improve Metabolic Control, and Enhance Coping in Adolescents with Diabetes

Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion (CSII): A "New" Way to Lower Risk of Severe Hypoglycemia, Improve Metabolic Control, and Enhance Coping in Adolescents with Diabetes
Weighted Imbedding Theorems in the Space of Differential Forms

Abstract We prove A r (Ω)-weighted imbedding theorems for differential forms. These results can be used to study the weighted norms of the homotopy operator T from the Banach space L p ( D , ∧ l ) to the Sobolev space W 1, p ( D , ∧ l − 1 ), l = 1, 2, …, n , and to establish the basic weighted L p -estimates for differential forms.
An electrophoretic analysis of rodent creatine phosphokinase isozymes

Abstract 1. 1. Via starch gel electrophoresis, rodent creatine phosphokinase (CPK) can be resolved into three primary isozyme forms designated BB, MB and MM. 2. 2. In skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, liver and kidney, the MM isozyme exhibits one to five sub-bands. The BB isozyme of rat and kangaroo rat can be resolved into two sub-bands. 3. 3. The B subunit is less stable to freeze-thawing than the M subunit. 4. 4. Tissue distribution, sub-banding pattern and relative electrophoretic mobility of rat and kangaroo rat CPK isozymes suggests close phylogenetic relationship between Muridae (rat) and Heteromyidae (Kangaroo rat). 5. 5. Tissue distribution, sub-banding pattern and relative electrophoretic mobility of the MM isozyme group of Syrian hamster CPK exhibits greater similarity to that of the rat than the other cricetids studied (cotton rat, wood rat).
Viewing minerals, atom by atom

With state-of-the-art technology supported by scissors and bungy cords, Earth scientists are beginning to look at mineral surfaces and mineral-fluid interactions on an atomic scale. The instrument that can provide such a detailed view is the scanning tunneling microscope (STM), which made a great theoretical and practical splash when it was introduced in 1981 by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer, physicists at IBM's laboratory in Zurich. They won a Nobel Prize in Physics for their work 5 years later.
Towards organic energy storage: characterization of 2,5-bis(methylthio)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene

Electrical energy storage devices will play a key role in the development of sustainable energy production and usage, and for integrating intermittent and renewable sources into the energy landscape. One strategy for developing improved energy storage materials and devices is to take advantage of capacitive and pseudocapacitive electrodes such as activated carbons or conducting polymers. However, these materials generally suffer from low energy densities. Functionalization of these materials with pendant redox units has been proposed as a method to improve the energy densities while maintaining the high rate capability. In this report, we present the synthesis and thorough characterization of one such candidate pendant molecule, 2,5-bis(methylthio)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene, and assess its potential use as a cathode material. Electrochemical, spectroelectrochemical and computational data suggest that bis(methylthio)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene is a lightweight molecule, capable of undergoing multiple reversible redox processes, and a good candidate for improving the energy density of cathode materials while still offering high rate (power) capability.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) macular and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer measurements and automated visual fields.

Abstract Purpose To investigate the structure-function relationship between optical coherence tomography (OCT) macular retinal and peripapillary nerve fiber layer (NFL) thickness and automated visual field (VF) findings. Design Cross-sectional observational study. Methods Retrospective institutional study where 150 consecutive eyes (101 subjects) from a glaucoma service were included. All the participants had full ophthalmic evaluation, VF testing and prototype OCT scanning at the same visit. Orthogonal OCT macular analysis was obtained to maximize the sampling of the area of interest. Pearson age-adjusted correlation was determined between macular retinal thickness and peripapillary NFL thickness. Area under the receiver operator characteristics (AROC) curves for the association between macular retinal thickness and peripapillary NFL thickness and VF findings were calculated in a subgroup of eyes without VF defect and eyes with VF defect confined to one hemifield. Results The correlation between macular retinal and peripapillary NFL measurements ranged between r = .27 to .54 for quadrants, .44 to .55 for hemiretina, and .52 for the overall mean. Areas under the receiver operator characteristics for macular thickness were higher in areas corresponding to the VF defect location than the noncorresponding locations. Areas under the receiver operator characteristics for peripapillary NFL thickness were higher than for the macular retinal thickness. Including both macular retinal thickness and peripapillary NFL thickness measurements in the logistic regression model yielded AROCs (range: .69 − .77) similar to those found for the peripapillary NFL alone. Conclusion Macular retinal thickness, as measured by OCT, was capable of detecting glaucomatous damage and corresponded with peripapillary NFL thickness; however, peripapillary NFL thickness had higher sensitivity and specificity for the detection of VF abnormalities.
conjecture for locally compact groups. I

Let G be a locally compact group with a left Haar measure 'p'. Let 'p' and 'r' be two real numbers > 1. By Lrp conjecture we mean the following assertion: whenever f e Lr(G) and g E LP(G) we have that the convolution product f * g of f and g is defined and belongs to LP(G) again if and only if G is compact. By LP conjecture we mean the assertion above with r =p. Both the conjectures were widely believed to be true though there was no written statement about these conjectures until recently. But in 1960, Kunze and Stein [3] showed that the Lr,p conjecture is false for the unimodular group of 2 x 2 real matrices. This naturally raises the question whether the LP-conjecture is true in general. The first published result on the LP-conjecture is by Zelazko [9] and Urbanik [7] in 1961. They proved the conjecture to be true for the abelian case. Then in [5] the author established the truth of the LP-conjecture for discrete groups when p ? 2. The author announced in that paper that the conjecture is true for all groups when p > 2 and presented this result to Amer. Math. Soc. in August of 1963 at the Boulder meeting. At the same time Zelazko [10] established the conjecture for allp > 2 for all unimodular groups. He claims to have established the conjecture for p > 2 for all groups in that paper but his crucial Lemma 1 of that paper contains a gap in the proof. In a private communication, Zelazko agreed to this gap. The problem is still open in general when p > 1. In this paper we prove the following: The LP-conjecture is true for all locally compact groups when p > 2. The LP-conjecture is true for totally disconnected groups when p =2. The methods used in this paper yield the truth of the conjecture for all nilpotent groups, and all unimodular C-groups of Iwasawa when p > 1. But this result will appear elsewhere. This is a portion of the author's doctoral dissertation submitted to Yale University in 1963 under the guidance of Professor C. E. Rickart. The author had a grant AFOSR 62-20 from the Air Force when this work was done. The author thanks Professor C. Ionescu-Tulcea for having brought the paper [9] of Zelazko to his attention. Notations and conventions. All purely topological notions are taken from [2]. All topological spaces occurring in this paper are taken to be Hausdorff. All notions in topological groups and integration on locally compact groups are
The Effect of Drop (Bubble) Size on Contact Angle at Solid Surfaces

Abstract Examples of experimental contact angle data for varying drop and bubble volumes on different solids whose surfaces are smooth and homogeneous, rough and homogeneous, smooth and heterogeneous, and covered with unstable organic films are presented. The ideas and theoretical models as proposed in the literature for the interpretation of contact angle/drop (bubble) size relationships are critically reviewed. It is shown that major factors affecting the contact angle variation with drop (bubble) size such as surface heterogeneity, roughness, and stability, have been identified in the literature. However, there is still a need for experimental work with well-defined and well-characterized solid surfaces. Theoretical models that have been proposed in the literature are still inadequate. Advanced modeling of liquid behavior at heterogeneous and rough surfaces is required to understand further, and to predict, the contact angle/drop (bubble) size relationships at imperfect surfaces.