cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ribosomal ribonucleic acid synthesis by virulent Treponema pallidum.

Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) synthesis by virulent Treponema pallidum was monitored by incorporation of [ 3 H]uridine into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable counts and examination of radiolabeled rRNA on polyacrylamide gels. Verification that rRNA synthesis originated with T. pallidum was based upon co-electrophoresis with Escherichia coli rRNA, proportionate reductions in the amount of rRNA synthesized when numbers of treponemes were decreased, and inclusion of appropriate animal cell controls. The rate of treponemal rRNA synthesis was greater at temperatures of 37 and 39°C than at 33°C; rRNA synthesis was inhibited at 4 and 42°C and was effectively inhibited by actinomycin D. Kinetic experiments indicated that the majority of rRNA synthesis occurred early after extraction of treponemes from infected rabbit testicular tissue. Polyacrylamide gel profiles demonstrated the capacity of virulent T. pallidum to synthesize and process RNA to 23 s , 16 s , and 4 to 5 s classes. Although motility of T. pallidum appeared unaffected during longer periods of incubation, pulselabeling experiments confirmed significant reductions in the rate of rRNA synthesis. When the effect of various environmental conditions upon rRNA synthesis was investigated, optimal synthesis was found to occur in an atmosphere of 20% oxygen whereas virtually no synthesis was observed under anaerobic or low-oxygen conditions.
A detailed record of shallow hydrothermal fluid flow in the Sierra Nevada magmatic arc from low-δ18O skarn garnets

Garnet from skarns exposed at Empire Mountain, Sierra Nevada (California, United States) batholith, have variable δ18O values including the lowest known δ18O values of skarn garnet (–4.0‰) in North America. Such values indicate that surface-derived meteoric water was a significant component of the fluid budget of the skarn-forming hydrothermal system, which developed in response to shallow emplacement (∼3.3 km) of the 109 Ma quartz diorite of Empire Mountain. Values of δ18O, measured in situ across single garnet crystals by secondary ion mass spectrometry, vary considerably (up to 7‰) and sometimes abruptly, indicating variable mixing of meteoric, magmatic, and metamorphic water. Brecciation in the skarns and alteration of the Empire Mountain pluton suggests that fracture-enhanced permeability was a critical control on the depth to which surface waters penetrated to form skarns and later alter the pluton. Compared to other Sierran systems, much greater volumes of skarn rock suggest an exceptionally vigorous hydrothermal system that saw unusually high levels of decarbonation reaction progress, likely a consequence of the magma intruding relatively cold wallrocks inboard of the main locus of magmatism in the Sierran arc at that time.
Utility of Retrovir's® Phase IV Research from a Regulatory Perspective:

RETROVIR'S® Phase IV research program has encompassed a number of well defined preclinical and clinical investigations. The studies were negotiated during the preapproval period of the New Drug Application (NDA) and the progress has been closely followed by a special Phase IV monitoring group which was established within the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. An overview of the program is provided, along with an evaluation of the impact on the drug development process for the drug
Ketamine for depression: evidence, challenges and promise

Major depressive disorder and bipolar depression are among the most prevalent and disabling mental disorders worldwide. Real-world effectiveness trials in major depressive disorder have underscored that most pharmacological options target monoamines, which are involved in a minority (15-20%) of synaptic contacts in the mammalian brain. Most synapses (∼50%) use the amino acid glutamate as their primary neurotransmitter, and preclinical models of depression have implicated aberrant glutamatergic neurotransmission for 25 years (1). More recently, the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor antagonist ketamine was shown to produce rapid and robust antidepressant effects in patients with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder and bipolar depression (2–7).
High resolution genomic analysis of 18q− using oligo‐microarray comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH)

The advent of oligonucleotide array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) has revolutionized diagnosis of chromosome abnormalities in the genetics clinic. This new technology also has valuable potential as a research tool to investigate larger genomic rearrangements that are typically diagnosed via routine karyotype. aCGH was used as a tool for the high-resolution analysis of chromosome content in individuals with known deletions of chromosome 18. The aim of this study was to clarify the precise location of the breakpoints as well as to determine the presence of occult translocations creating additional deletions and duplications. One hundred eighty-nine DNA samples from individuals with 18q deletions were analyzed. No breakpoint clusters were identified, as no more than two individuals had breakpoints within 2 kb of each other. Only two regions of 18q were never found to be haploid, suggesting the existence of haplolethal genes in those regions. Of the individuals with only a chromosome 18 abnormality, 17% (n = 29) had interstitial deletions. Six percent (n = 11) had a region of duplication immediately proximal to the deletion. Eight percent (n = 15) had more complex rearrangements with captured (non-18q) telomeres thus creating a trisomic region. The 15 captured telomeres originated from a limited number of other telomeres (4q, 10q, 17p, 18p, 20q, and Xq). These data were converted into a format for ease of viewing and analysis by creating custom tracks for the UCSC Genome Browser. Taken together, these findings confirm a higher level of variability and genomic complexity surrounding deletions of 18q than has previously been appreciated.
Managing psychiatric comorbidity within versus outside of methadone treatment settings: a randomized and controlled evaluation

Background and aims Integrating psychiatric services within substance abuse treatment settings is a promising service delivery model, but has not been evaluated using random assignment to psychiatric treatment setting and controlled delivery of psychiatric care. This study evaluates the efficacy of on-site and integrated psychiatric service delivery in an opioid-agonist treatment program on psychiatric and substance use outcomes. Design Participants at the Addiction Treatment Services (ATS) were assigned randomly to receive on-site and integrated substance abuse and psychiatric care (on-site: n = 160) versus off-site and non-integrated substance abuse and psychiatric care (off-site: n = 156),andobservedfor1year.On-siteparticipantsreceivedallpsychiatriccarewithinthesubstanceabuseprogram by the same group of treatment providers.The same type and schedule of psychiatric services were available to off-site participants at a community psychiatry program. Setting All participants received routine methadone maintenance at the ATS program in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Participants Participants were opioid-dependent men and women with at least one comorbid psychiatric disorder, as assessed by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV and confirmed by expert clinical reappraisal. Measurements Outcomes included psychiatric service utilization and retention, Hopkins Symptom Checklist Global Severity Index (GSI) change scores and urinalysis test results. Findings On-site participants were more likely to initiate psychiatric care 96.9 to 79.5%; P < 0.001), remain in treatment longer (195.9 versus 101.9 days; P < 0.001), attend more psychiatrist appointments (12.9 versus 2.7; P < 0.001) and have greater reductions in GSI scores (4.2 versus 1.7; P = 0.003) than off-site participants; no differences were observed for drug use. Conclusions On-site and integrated psychiatric and substance misuse services in a methadone treatment setting might improve psychiatric outcomes compared with off-site and non-integrated substance misuse and psychiatric care. However, this might not translate into improved substance misuse outcomes.
Explaining US welfare reform: power, gender, race and the US policy legacy

US welfare reform eliminates social rights and caregiving as bases for making claims; it expands the role of the market; and it marks a shift in patterns of stratification toward gender `sameness', in that mothers and fathers must be employed. The expansion of the Earned Income Tax Credit reinforces these changes, channelling resources to poor parents, but only if they are employed. These changes are explained with reference to changing balances of power and structural conditions, particularly long-term shifts in expectations about mothers' employment, including their racialized dimensions, situating such factors in the context of the policy legacy. Both the market-supporting character of the US policy regime and the articulation of feminist projects regarding women's employment helped create a context in which welfare reform was likely to require employment. The linkage of such requirements and the end of entitlement occurred in the context of Republican electoral victories, with a Democratic President c...
The Delayed Effect of Major El Nino Events on Indian Monsoon Rainfall

Abstract Previous studies have shown that boreal summer Indian monsoon rainfall is, on average, significantly above normal after major El Nino events. In this study, the underlying causes of this rainfall response are examined using both observational analysis and atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) simulations. Moist static energy budgets for two strong El Nino events (1982/83 and 1997/98), estimated from monthly 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA-40), suggest that stronger low-level moisture transport and reduced moist stability associated with a warmer north Indian Ocean (NIO) can increase monsoon rainfall, despite a weakened monsoon circulation. The trade-off between a dynamically weaker monsoon and moist processes favoring enhanced monsoonal rainfall is broken during the late monsoon season (August–September) as the warm NIO enhances surface latent heat flux and the monsoon circulation relaxes back to the climatological mean. The monsoon circulation str...
Improving surgical outcomes through adoption of evidence-based process measures: intervention specific or associated with overall hospital quality?

Background The Leapfrog Group aims to improve surgical outcomes through promoting hospital adoption of procedure-specific process measures, although it is unclear whether compliance reflects a hospital's overall quality. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether implementation of Leapfrog's standard for routine β-blockade was associated with reductions in mortality after open abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair alone versus other high-risk operations. Methods Using a 2:1 matched case-control study design, hospitals that had not adopted the β-blockade standard (n = 72) were compared with hospitals that had implemented this Leapfrog standard (n = 36). Leapfrog survey data were linked to patient outcomes in the California OSHPD database from 2000 to 2005. Random-effects Poisson regression models were used to evaluate in-hospital mortality over time for patients undergoing AAA repair versus esophagectomy, hepatectomy, pancreatectomy, colectomy, gastrectomy, and pulmonary lobectomy. Results A total of 6,199 AAA repairs, 2,780 esophagectomies, 2,544 hepatectomies, 2,909 pancreatectomies, 57,795 colectomies, 6,267 gastrectomies, and 10,210 lobectomies were analyzed. AAA-associated mortality significantly declined in hospitals that adopted the β-blocker standard (relative risk [RR]: 0.49; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.24–0.97; P .05). Conclusion Compliance with peri-operative β-blockade resulted in a significant reduction in mortality after open AAA repair over time, but it had no crossover effect on mortality associated with other high-risk operations in the same hospital. These data suggest that improvements in outcomes resulting from the adoption of evidence-based process measures are procedure specific and do not necessarily reflect overall hospital quality.
Hormonal contraceptive use modulates the local inflammatory response to bacterial vaginosis.

Objectives: To compare cervical concentrations of numerous cytokines/chemokines in women with bacterial vaginosis (BV) compared with the levels detected after BV resolution and determine if hormonal contraceptive use modulates the local inflammatory response to BV. Methods: Cervical secretions from 81 women with BV at enrollment and normal flora at one-month follow-up were analysed for 10 different cytokines/chemokines using multiplexed fluorescent bead-based immunoassays. Results: BV was associated with significantly higher concentrations of IL-1β, tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interferon-γ, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 compared with the levels detected in the presence of normal vaginal flora. Analysis of results stratified by contraceptive practice demonstrated significantly lower levels of numerous cytokines among women with BV using hormonal contraceptives compared with those women with BV not using hormonal contraceptives. Hormonal contraceptive use was also associated with a statistically significant lesser change in TNF levels between the two study visits compared with the amount of change detected between visits among women who denied their use. Conclusions: Despite increases in the levels of both pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the lower genital tract of women with BV, the overall balance of these two types of molecules was maintained. The character of this local inflammatory response may help explain the typical absence of overt signs of inflammation among women with BV. In addition, hormonal contraceptive use was associated with significantly lower levels of the pro-inflammatory molecules TNF, interferon-γ, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor in women with BV, but did not significantly reduce the levels of IL-10, a key anti-inflammatory cytokine. These results suggest the possibility of an association between hormonal contraceptive use and altered genital tract immunity.
Dislodged But Not Dead: Survivorship of a High Intertidal Snail Following Wave Dislodgement

Waves breaking on rocky shorelines impart large forces on intertidal organisms, sometimes dislodging individuals. Dislodged individuals may be deposited in habitats that have a greater risk of predation or that prevent return to preferred regions on the shore. Thus, dislodgement is often assumed to be lethal. We experimentally dislodged Littorina keenae snails from high in the intertidal zone to test the likelihood of survival. Under a variety of wave conditions, we measured return rates to the high shore of 54–90%, so in this species, dislodgement is not equal to death. Snails showed a strong preference for returning to the approximate tidal height from which they were dislodged, but we found no evidence of widespread homing behaviour back to the original site of dislodgement.
Determination of residues of 1‐(2‐cyano‐2‐ methoxyiminoacetyl)‐3‐ethylurea (DPX‐3217) by gas‐liquid chromatography

Residues of the fungicide 1-(2-cyano-2-methoxyiminoacetyl)-3-ethylurea (DPX-3217) in grapes, potatoes, tomatoes and wine were determined by initial extraction with ethyl acetate, clean-up by liquid-liquid partitioning and adsorption chromatography, and final determination by gas-liquid chromatography with a nitrogen-selective detector. The sensitivity of the method was 0.04 mg kg−1 based on 50-g samples. Recoveries of the compound added to untreated substrates averaged approximately 92% in the range of 0.04-5.0 mg kg−1.
CYCLIC AMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITS ADH2 EXPRESSION IN PART BY DECREASING EXPRESSION OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR GENE ADR1

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the unregulated cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK) activity of bcy1 mutant cells inhibits expression of the glucose-repressible ADH2 gene. The transcription factor Adr1p is thought to be the primary target of cAPK. Here we demonstrate that the decreased abundance of Adr1p in bcy1 mutant cells contributes to the inhibition of ADH2 expression. Activation of ADH2 transcription was blocked in bcy1 mutant cells, and UAS1, the Adr1p binding site in the ADH2 promoter, was sufficient to mediate this effect. Concurrent with this loss of transcriptional activation was an up to 30-fold reduction in the level of Adr1p. Mutating the strong cAPK phosphorylation site at serine 230 did not suppress this effect. Analysis of ADR1 mRNA levels and ADR1-lacZ expression suggested that decreased ADR1 transcription was responsible for the reduced protein level. In contrast to the ADH2 promoter, however, deletion analysis suggested that cAPK does not act through a discrete DNA element in the ADR1 promoter. The amount of Adr1p found in bcy1 mutant cells should have been sufficient to support 23% of the wild-type level of ADH2 expression. Since no ADH2 expression was detectable in bcy1 mutant cells, cAPK must also act by other mechanisms. Overexpression of Adr1p only partially restored ADH2 expression, indicating that some of these mechanisms may impinge upon events at or subsequent to the ADR1-dependent step in ADH2 transcriptional activation.
Safe BDD minimization using don't cares

In many computer-aided design tools, binary decision diagrams(BDDs) are used to represent Boolean functions. To increase theefficiency and capability of these tools, many algorithms have beendeveloped to reduce the size of BDDs. This paper presents heuristicalgorithms that minimize the size of BDDs representing incompletelyspecified functions by intelligently assigning don't cares tobinary values. The traditional algorithm, restrict [Verification of Synchronous Sequential Machines Based on Symbolic Execution], is often effectivein BDD minimization, but can increase the BDD size. We proposenew algorithms based on restrict which are guaranteed neverto increase the size of the BDD, thereby significantly reducing peakmemory requirements. Experimental results show that our techniquestypically yield significantly smaller BDDs than restrict.
Stability of solutions to abstract evolution equations with delay

Abstract An equation u = A ( t ) u + B ( t ) F ( t , u ( t − τ ) ) , u ( t ) = v ( t ) , − τ ≤ t ≤ 0 , is considered, where A ( t ) and B ( t ) are linear operators in a Hilbert space H , u = d u d t , F : H → H is a non-linear operator, and τ > 0 is a constant. Under some assumptions on A ( t ) , B ( t ) and F ( t , u ) sufficient conditions are given for the solution u ( t ) to exist globally, i.e., for all t ≥ 0 , to be globally bounded, and to tend to zero at a specified rate as t → ∞ .
Editorial on "Cancer and the microbiota" published in Science.

In recent years, improved sequencing technologies have resulted in a surge of information that has clarified the interactions between microorganisms and their environment. Most notably, examination of human-associated microbes has revealed their important role in the prevention and development of specific diseases. In particular, we now have a deeper understanding of how the microbiota can influence cancer development and progression as well as their potential application in cancer therapeutics. Dr. Wendy Garrett highlights these recent advances in her review “Cancer and the microbiota” which was published in April 2015 in Science . This is the most recent review of a relatively large number that cover this topic, but Dr. Garrett’s review stands out in its coverage of the therapeutic potential of microorganisms for cancer prevention. Here we provide an overview of Dr. Garrett’s manuscript in the context of the larger body of work on this topic.
The Nature and Status of Visual Resources

Across many types of tasks, our ability to process multiple objects or locations at once is limited by a finite processing resource. This chapter describes 15 classic examples of such resources limits. The chapter then reviews evidence suggesting that this resource primarily reflects competition for representation, across two types of representation. First, limits on the identification of objects may reflect competition within networks that represent object identity (the ventral visual stream). Second, limits on the selection of multiple locations may reflect competition between selected locations within representations of visual space (the dorsal visual stream). This definition of visual resources provides a parsimonious explanation for many effects in the visual cognition literature, and it makes concrete predictions about manipulations that should affect performance across a wide variety of visual tasks.
Steamed or Boiled: Identity and Value in Food Preparation

In welcher Weise gleichen tagliche Mahlzeiten groseren festlichen Zusammenkunften? In vielen Kulturen ist jede mit Nahrung verbundene Handlung mit Sinn und religioser Bedeutung aufgeladen. Bei Festen werden meist mehr Menschen verkostigt als bei Mahlzeiten im Haushalt. Durch diesen groseren Rahmen erlangen Feste nach ausen wirkende, zentrifugale Bedeutung. In den Anden gleichen solche rituellen Speisen fur Gotter, Ahnen und grosere Gruppen selten alltaglichen Mahlzeiten. Eines der Ziele des Taraco Archaeological Project (TAP) ist es, zu untersuchen, wie in der Vergangenheit in der Region um den Titicaca See (Bolivien) Nahrung produziert, verarbeitet und konsumiert wurde. Das Vorkommen von ungewohnlichen Zutaten legt nahe, dass in rituellen Zusammenhangen auf Gemeindeebene mit exotischen Lebensmitteln experimentiert wurde, was integrierende Aspekte dieser groseren Mahlzeiten widerspiegelt. Archaologie der Anden; Kochen; Mahlzeiten; Anden; Rituale; Performanz; Diskursive Praktiken
Lacanian Demand and the Tactics of Emotional Abuse

This paper employs Lacanian theories of language and temporality in order to dissect the workings of emotional abuse. Because emotional abuse varies greatly and can be difficult to describe, this paper attempts to discern the internal mechanisms that allow abuse to function: specifically, how the abused partner is trapped by the linguistic and emotive techniques of the abuser. Lacanian psychoanalysis can help show how the internal dynamic of abuse works, and how it repeats itself through the continuous immobilization of the abused partner.
Regulatory rebound in Interleukin-12-treated tumors is driven by uncommitted peripheral Treg (TUM9P.1012)

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) promotes a rapid reversal of immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment. However the adjuvant activity of IL-12 is short-lived due to T-regulatory cell (Treg) re-infiltration. Quantitative analysis of Treg kinetics in IL-12-treated tumors and tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLN) revealed a transient loss followed by a rapid 4-fold expansion of tumor Treg between days 3 and 10. Subset-specific analysis demonstrated that the post-treatment rebound was driven by the CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Neuropilin-1(Nrp-1)low peripheral Treg (pTreg) resulting in a 5-fold increase in the pTreg to CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Nrp-1high thymic Treg (tTreg) ratio by day 10. The expanding pTreg displayed hypermethylation of the CpG islands in Treg-specific demethylated region (TSDR), CTLA-4 exon 2 and GITR exon 5; were phenotypically unstable; and exhibited diminished suppressive function consistent with an uncommitted in vitro-induced Treg (iTreg)-like phenotype. In vitro culture of post-therapy Treg populations under TH1-promoting conditions resulted in the production of IFNg by pTreg but not by tTreg, confirming their transitional state. Blockade of selected molecular mechanisms that are known to promote Treg expansion identified Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO)-positive Dendritic cells as the primary mediator of post-IL-12 pTreg expansion. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
LASER FORMING OF SHAPED FILL HOLES IN BERYLLIUM TARGETS FOR INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION EXPERIMENTS

A variety of shaped fill holes is needed in beryllium capsules for inertial confinement fusion experiments to allow for pyrolysis of the plastic (CH) mandrels, deuterium (D 2 ) or deuterium-tritium gas fill, and fill tube attachments. The holes required include through-holes ranging in diameters from ∼5 to 30 μm and counterbores ranging in diameters from ∼13 to 17 μm with depths <37 μm. These holes are laser drilled using a double-pulse nanosecond format. Hole diameter and depth can be controlled by altering pulse format, energy, and beam delivery optics. Furthermore, according to National Ignition Campaign specifications, there is a tight tolerance for perturbations on capsule surfaces, so we have developed a technique to eliminate material redeposition through the use of sacrificial foils stretched over the targeted areas.
An Ordinary Language Analysis of 'Entrepreneurship'

The question of what entrepreneurship is has been an enigma since the arrival of the term into the English language over 200 years ago and the largest obstacle to building a theoretical framework for the field. A historical review of the term reveals a wide variety of attempts to locate its conceptual underpinnings and the scattered results of such efforts. Many scholars are tired of the challenge and suggest ignoring the problem (option 1), thereby ignoring hope for a well-demarcated field. Attempts of the of the last decade have revolved around efforts to ground entrepreneurship in the concept of ‘opportunity’ (option 2), but this has resulted in increasing fragmentation and not lived up to its promise to solve the enigma. There is a third option–to take a straight run at the enigma by distilling the conceptual structure that grounds ‘entrepreneurship’ in ordinary language. The core concept, which all of us utilize in non-academic prose, is simple and elicited from subjects by asking them to assess the ...
Community-level Sociodemographic Characteristics and Adoption of the Patient-Centered Medical Home

The Patient Centered Medical Home (PCMH) has gained attention in recent years due to its potential to improve the quality of patient care. To date, most studies have focused cross-sectionally on pr...
Uromyces Trifolii-Repentis Variety Trifolii-Repentis on Trifolium Repens in North Carolina

Rust on Ladino white clover, Trifolium repens, was observed in a greenhouse in Raleigh, North Carolina, on clones transplanted from field plots near Salisbury, North Carolina. The spermogonial, aecial, uredinial, and telial stages and spores were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The fungus produces a type 4 spermogonium, a cupulate aecium, and uredinial and telial pustules lacking peridia. This rust, identified as Uromyces trifoliirepentis var. trifolii-repentis, is not widespread, nor is it presently thought to limit forage production in North Carolina. This is the first characterization of this rust using SEM and paraffin sectioning techniques. Clover rust taxonomy is discussed.
S16.3 Recurrent TV: The Potential of Molecular Techniques to Improve Clinical Practise

Infection with the widespread protozoan pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) does not result in lasting immunity, and recurrent infections are common. Whether due to unrecognised, inadequately treated or repeatedly acquired TV infections, recurrent vaginitis in women, nongonococcal urethritis and chronic prostatitis in men are well-recognised and challenging clinical conditions. Despite increased recognition in the STI research community of the adverse consequences of trichomoniasis in women and men and the potential for TV infection to increase transmission of HIV and other STIs, T. vaginalis infection remains underappreciated by clinicians, public health professionals, policy makers and patients. Trichomoniasis is not a reportable STI in most countries, and TV infection is often asymptomatic, thus many infections are neither diagnosed nor treated. Symptomatic infection in women is the clinical presentation most likely to be recognised and treated, but treatment of male sexual partners of infected women is infrequent or inadequate, and testing and treatment of trichomoniasis in male patients is rare. Thus, reservoirs of infection persist. Recent improvements in molecular diagnostics for detection of TV in women and men have the potential to improve clinical practise. Rapid antigen detection tests offer point of care testing and improved treatment options in settings where technically complex and costly nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) are not available, and NAATs offer highly sensitive and specific testing options for detection of TV in urogenital specimens commonly tested for other sexually transmitted pathogens including N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis . With enhanced awareness, availability and application of these molecular tests, better detection and treatment of trichomoniasis in women and in their sexual partners can be achieved with eventual reduction of the adverse reproductive consequences associated with T. vaginalis infection.
Information Sharing between Local and State Governments

Integration and information sharing among government agencies is one of the highest priorities of decision makers. Local governments play a vital role in the nationwide information sharing efforts. This study investigates the factors that influence local agency electronic information sharing with state agencies. Survey methodology was used to collect data from local law enforcement agencies. Results show that local agency electronic information sharing is determined by technological, agency and environmental factors. Implications for research and practice are provided.
Optimized inspection design for the thermographic characterization of sub-pixel sized through cracks

Abstract Non-destructive evaluation of structural components is critical for reducing costs from unnecessary replacements and maintenance. We study the utility of a non-contact modality for the inspection of thin metal plates for the presence of through cracks. Sensitivity to early stages of deterioration allows for simpler and less expensive repair than if a flaw propagates and becomes more damaging. Hence, we focus on the characterization of very small cracks with a thermal imaging technique. Through cracks interact with the flow of heat within a component, so that the characterization of cracks from a thermal image amounts to solving an inverse problem to discover unknown parameters that describe the crack. We consider cracks with length of less than a millimeter, falling under the pixel resolution of the recording thermal camera. Although these flaws are not directly visible from imaging data, the well-understood theory of heat conduction can be used in inference of crack properties. Herein we present a method to design an inspection modality that yields optimal data for such inference. Numerical experiments are performed to compare our optimized inspection setup to previous thermographic inspection scenarios found in the literature. Our design is found to produce the same quality of inference as these previous experiments which require much more expensive equipment (e.g. more powerful lasers and more sensitive IR cameras).
87 PULSE PRESSURE AND CANCER: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE.

Background and Purpose Inflammatory process underlies both cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Understanding the process of atherosclerosis has opened new doors to the novel treatments for CVD. Similarly, the process of inflammation has been shown at the molecular level to have a role in oncogenesis and progression of cancer. Objectives (1) To review the literature to determine the association between cancer and inflammation; (2) to find an easily measurable clinical parameter that can predict the risk of cancer. Methods A search was run in Medline and Google in August 2006 using different sets of the key words cancer, inflammation, atherosclerosis, CVD, and pulse pressure. Several basic science, clinical, epidemiologic articles and links were reviewed from 1970 to 2006. In addition, the Medical University of South Carolina library was used to obtain complete text of the articles published from 1970 to 2000. Results Mechanisms underlying the development of CVD and oncogenesis are reviewed. Molecular studies have shown that CVD and oncogenesis are likely caused by a similar inflammatory process, with subtle variations. It is well known that subclinical inflammatory process that underlies CVD is represented as atherosclerosis. Thus, the process of atherosclerosis may be used as a surrogate marker for the inflammatory process that underlies oncogenesis. Review of the literature suggests that pulse wave velocity and thus pulse pressure can be used to measure the extent of atherosclerosis with reasonable accuracy. Pulse pressure has also been shown to significantly correlate with the biologic markers of inflammation. Hence, pulse pressure, an easily measurable clinical marker, is likely to have utility as a hemodynamic parameter for cancer risk. There are only very few epidemiologic studies performed on pulse pressure and cancer. It appears that the relationship between cancer (oncogenesis, cancer mortality) and pulse pressure has been understudied and may have relevance for clinical practice. Limitations Among the cancer types, bronchopulmonary cancer has been shown to have highest association with pulse pressure. For digestive tract and genitourinary cancers, the association is less pronounced. Conclusions Pulse pressure may have utility used as a hemodynamic parameter for the inflammatory process underlying cancer. Further studies are needed to show this association and implications.
Periprosthetic fractures of the humerus

Periprosthetic humeral fractures present a treatment challenge for the orthopedic surgeon. The overall incidence of fracture is between 0.5% and 3%, with the majority of fractures occurring intraoperatively and involving the humeral diaphysis. Excess torque produced during surgery is usually responsible for intraoperative fractures. Improper canal preparation or prosthetic placement may also increase the chance of sustaining a fracture. Postoperative fractures are most commonly caused by minor trauma, such as a fall. Poor bone quality, female sex, advanced age, and history of rheumatoid arthritis are the risk factors most commonly associated with periprosthetic fractures. All 4 systems used to describe periprosthetic humeral shaft fractures classify fracture patterns according to the anatomic relation of the fracture to the prosthetic stem. Treatment decisions should be made with respect to obtaining fracture stability, initiating early gleno-humeral motion, and restoring shoulder function. Intraoperative fractures and any postoperative fracture resulting in prosthetic instability should be treated with a long-stem prosthesis extending at least 2 to 3 cortical diameters past the fracture site with consideration for rigid plate fixation. Short oblique or transverse postoperative fractures should be managed with early stable fixation. There has been some support for conservative treatment of long oblique or spiral postoperative fractures. Postoperative diaphyseal fractures distal to the stem generally are well maintained with standard fracture management.
Clinical Features of Corpus Callosum Agenesis

The clinical and genetic characteristics of 63 patients with agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) are reported from the Scientific Institute “E Medea,” Italy.
Evaluation and Analysis of In-Memory Key-Value Systems

This paper presents an in-depth measurement study of in-memory key-value systems. We examine in-memory data placement and processing techniques, including data structures, caching, performance of read/write operations, effects of different in-memory data structures on throughput performance of big data workloads. Based on the analysis of our measurement results, we attempt to answer a number of challenging and yet most frequently asked questions regarding in-memory key-value systems, such as how do in-memory key-value systems respond to the big data workloads, which exceeds the capacity of physical memory or the pre-configured size of in-memory data structures? How do in-memory key value systems maintain persistency and manage the overhead of supporting persistency? why do different in-memory key-value systems show different throughput performance? and what types of overheads are the key performance indicators? We conjecture that this study will benefit both consumers and providers of big data services and help big data system designers and users to make more informed decision on configurations and management of key-value systems and on parameter turning for speeding up the execution of their big data applications.
Selective Toxicity of a Highly Potent Camptothecin Analogue: A Pilot Study with Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells.

Background/aim We developed a novel camptothecin analogue, CPT417, that yields reduced toxicity compared to other analogues used in chemotherapeutic regimens. In this pilot study, we assessed the activity of CPT417 against glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells and glioma stem cells. Materials and methods The human U251 GBM cell line and normal human astrocytes were cultured in parallel for clonogenic survival analysis following exposure to increasing concentrations of CPT417. Cell viability of a glioma stem cell line was assessed 5 days after exposure to a range of CPT417 concentrations. Results CPT417 completely inhibited clonogenic survival of GBM cells at 10 nM, whereas this concentration only inhibited astrocytes by approximately 50%. Cell viability analysis of glioma stem cell cultures yielded a half-maximal response at 15 nM. Conclusion CPT417 acts selectively against GBM cells at concentrations that are at least an order of magnitude below reported values for related alkylating agents in clinical use.
Unfair Competition and Corporate Income Taxation

When a group of wealthy graduates donated the Mueller Macaroni Company to the New York University (N.Y.U.) Law School in 1948, the university persuaded a court to give Mueller's profits taxexempt status because N.Y.U. was a nonprofit entity.2 Two years later, Congress amended the Internal Revenue Code to narrow this exemption: Henceforth, only the "related" business ventures of nonprofits would be tax exempt.3 Very little money has been collected under this provision.4 Instead, it has channeled the "active" investments of nonprofits into
A Piece of the Pie? The Effects of Familial Control Enhancements on the Use of Broad‐Based Employee Ownership Programs in Family Firms

While family firms tend to be highly committed to their employees, scholars contend that founding family owners are likely hesitant when it comes to sharing ownership broadly with nonfamily employees. Taking a heterogeneous view of family firms, this study investigates the implications of different familial control-enhancing mechanisms on the use of broad-based employee ownership programs (BEOPs) among publicly-traded family firms. Based on a five-year panel data set of S&P 500 family firms, the findings indicate that certain control-enhancing mechanisms can cause family owners to frame their decision to use BEOPs differently. Essentially, family firms with family CEOs, regardless of whether the CEO is a founder or descendant, have a decreased likelihood of using BEOPs in spite of the direct control that family owners have over the firm's operations. Conversely, when family owners hold dual-class shares, which enhance shareholder voting power, family firms are more likely to use BEOPs. Furthermore, the likelihood of family firms with family CEOs using BEOPs increases when the family holds dual-class shares. Moreover, there is no significant difference between founder and descendant CEOs, as both are less resistant to using BEOPs when a dual-class share structure is in place. These findings have implications for HR practitioners working in family firms given the influence that family owners can have on the firm's HR activities, namely BEOPs.
Valorization of Grass Lignins: Swift and Selective Recovery of Pendant Aromatic Groups with Ozone

The lack of a simple process for valorizing the lignin produced during cellulosic ethanol manufacture is a major hurdle preventing such biorefineries from becoming economically sustainable. Here, we demonstrate a facile ozonolysis process in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) to generate a value-added product stream from lignin dissolved in either acetic acid (as in acetosolv lignin) or formic acid. At ambient pressure, relatively mild temperature (70 °C), and short residence times (few minutes), ozone is bubbled through the solution to selectively cleave the C═C bonds associated with specific pendant groups present in corn stover and wheat straw lignins. The resulting products, mainly vanillin and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, constitute approximately 7 wt % of the lignin and command high value with established applications in the flavoring, pharmaceutical, and electronics industries. These products are easily separated from the remaining lignin via membrane nanofiltration of the product mixture. The lign...
The Right Stuff: Preschoolers Generalize Reliability Across Communicative Domains When Informants Show Semantic (Not Episodic) Knowledge

ABSTRACTAlthough preschoolers have strong expectations about the pedagogical nature of pointing gestures (Csibra & Gergely, 2006), more recent work has shown that preschoolers prefer to use informants’ spoken language, not their pointing gestures, to make judgments about their reliability (Palmquist & Jaswal, 2015). Here, we explored children’s inferences about pointers using a standard selective trust paradigm. Specifically, we asked whether 4- and 5-year-olds generalize reliability across communicative domains (from pointing ability to speaking ability). We found that children preferred to make generalizations about pointers’ reliability when they had conveyed semantic, but not episodic, knowledge. Individual differences in theory of mind also predicted children’s willingness to make generalizations about pointers’ reliability. Both sets of results suggest that multiple factors (i.e., the type of knowledge an informant shares and individual differences in children’s cognitive development) affect whether...
Linking Crime and Corruption: The Case of Mexico

At a fundamental level, crime and corruption represent a failure to control society (crime) and the state (corruption), and Mexico faces major problems in both arenas. But despite parallels, the literature exploring the relationships linking crime and corruption beyond the area of drug trafficking remains limited. Few examine the broader relationship or the question of causal direction. Drawing on the case of Mexico and a review of the literature, the current chapter explores both the direct and indirect mechanisms by which crime facilitates corruption and how corruption generates crime. This chapter also considers the possibility of mutual causality and the influence of third factors ranging from weak institutions, low levels of legitimacy, poverty, inequality, and neoliberalism and how each affects both crime and corruption. The paper concludes by pointing to the need to differentiate and disaggregate types of corruption and crime.
Dual-Mobility Constructs in Primary and Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review of Comparative Studies.

Abstract Background Utilization of dual-mobility constructs in total hip arthroplasties (THA) has increased in the recent years. Benefits and risks of these implants in terms of reducing dislocations, long-term survivorship, and associated complications are uncertain when compared to non-dual-mobility articulations. Methods A systematic review of prospective and retrospective studies that compared dual-mobility constructs with controls for primary or revision THAs between 1986 and 2018 was performed. All articles in both English and French were reviewed. Results Five studies with primary THAs and 6 with revision THAs were analyzed. For primary THAs, the overall rate of dislocation was 0.9% in the dual-mobility group compared to 6.8% in the control group (P Conclusion This systematic review of comparative studies supports the efficacy of dual-mobility constructs to minimize dislocation after both primary and revision THAs in addition to excellent mid-term survivorship compared to control constructs. However, further evidence is needed to evaluate the long-term risks and benefits of dual-mobility constructs in the primary and revision THA setting when compared to contemporary conventional implants. Level of Evidence III, therapeutic.
Current Readiness for Quantum Radar Implementation

With the introduction of the quantum radar concept, there has been a great number of discoveries theoretically about its implementation and the possible benefits for use in remote sensing. As of this date, there has been little experimental realization to bolster the theoretical claims. Thispaper will provide a brief survey of the current status of a quantum radar implementation based on the more relevant research. It will be shown that all of the pieces arecurrently in place to provide simple, proof-of-concept type of quantum radar experiments.
Systematic Review of the Clinical Utility of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Nasal Screening for MRSA Pneumonia.

Objective: To describe the diagnostic performance characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasal screening for patients with pneumonia. Data Sources: PubMed and Scopus ...
Negotiation of Individual and Collective Identities in the Online Discourse of Autistic Adults

Background: Previous studies have shown an increasing preference for online communication within the autistic advocacy community. Yet, little is known about how online communication facilitates the...
Energy-efficient video processing for virtual reality

Virtual reality (VR) has huge potential to enable radically new applications, behind which spherical panoramic video processing is one of the backbone techniques. However, current VR systems reuse the techniques designed for processing conventional planar videos, resulting in significant energy inefficiencies. Our characterizations show that operations that are unique to processing 360° VR content constitute 40% of the total processing energy consumption. We present EVR, an end-to-end system for energy-efficient VR video processing. EVR recognizes that the major contributor to the VR tax is the projective transformation (PT) operations. EVR mitigates the overhead of PT through two key techniques: semantic-aware streaming (SAS) on the server and hardware-accelerated rendering (HAR) on the client device. EVR uses SAS to reduce the chances of executing projective transformation on VR devices by pre-rendering 360° frames in the cloud. Different from conventional pre-rendering techniques, SAS exploits the key semantic information inherent in VR content that is previously ignored. Complementary to SAS, HAR mitigates the energy overhead of on-device rendering through a new hardware accelerator that is specialized for projective transformation. We implement an EVR prototype on an Amazon AWS server instance and a NVIDA Jetson TX2 board combined with a Xilinx Zynq-7000 FPGA. Real system measurements show that EVR reduces the energy of VR rendering by up to 58%, which translates to up to 42% energy saving for VR devices.
Extreme UV spectrossapy of H2

A good understanding of the autoionization process via transitions to Rydberg states in H2 is important for understanding a number of dynamic processes, such as ion-pair formation, dissociative ionization, and electron-ion recombination. We report here the first application of a technique using two-step doubly resonant excitation followed by negative (H−) ion detection to study the Rydberg state of H2 above 17 eV.
Accelerated flowering of herbaceous perennials under nursery conditions in the Southern United States.

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the effects of night-interrupted (NI) lighting initiated at different times in late winter on several herbaceous perennials produced outdoors in a southe...