cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hyperinducibility as a Result of Mutation in Structural Genes and Self-Catabolite Repression in the ara Operon

Abstract Mutations in gene araB producing an l-arabinose-negative phenotype cause either an increase (hyperinducible), decrease (polar), or have no effect at all on the inducible rate of expression of the l-arabinose operon. Fourteen araB gene mutants exhibiting such effects were shown to be the result of: nonsense, frameshift, or missense mutations. All missense mutants were hyperinducible, exhibiting approximately a twofold increase in rate of l-arabinose isomerase production. All frameshift and most nonsense mutants exhibited polar effect. One nonsense mutant was hyperinducible. The cis-dominant polar effect of nonsense and frameshift mutants (as compared to induced wild type) were more pronounced in arabinose-utilizing merodiploids and in araBaraCc double mutants where inducible and constitutive enzyme levels are respectively determined. On the other hand, in arabinose-utilizing merodiploids, missense mutations no longer exhibited hyperinducibility but displayed a wild-type level of operon expression. Increases in the wild type-inducible rate of expression of the operon were found when growth rate was dependent on the concentration of l-arabinose. Cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate also stimulated expression of the operon with the wild type in a mineral l-arabinose medium. These observations are explained on the basis that the steady-state expression of the l-arabinose operon OIBAD is dependent on the concentration of (i) l-arabinose, the effector of this system, which stimulates the expression of the operon, and (ii) catabolite repressors, produced from l-arabinose, which dampen the expression of the operon. We have termed the latter phenomenon “self-catabolite” repression.
Perception-based motion planning for indoor exploration

This paper proposes an approach for motion planning in indoor environments based on incomplete and uncertain information from a line-based binocular stereo system. The primary goal of the planning process is to plan an optimal path through an unknown or partially known environment, depending on the information gained from exploration and the current mission goal. This paper presents an adaptable motion planner that supports sensor-based map construction, object recognition and navigation in an unknown environment while carrying out a mission. Also presented are some preliminary experimental results that demonstrate the utility of the approach.
Relationship between Clinical and Polysomnography Measures Corrected for CPAP Use.

Objectives:The changes in patient-reported measures of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) burden are largely discordant with the change in apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and other polysomnography measures b...
An adaptive control framework for QoS guarantees and its application to differentiated caching

Software mechanisms that enforce QoS guarantees often require knowledge of platform capacity and resource demand. This requirement calls for performance measurements and profiling upon platform upgrades, failures, or new installations. The cost of performing such measurements is a significant hurdle to the wide-spread deployment of open QoS-aware software components. In this paper, we introduce a new QoS-control paradigm based on adaptive control theory. The hallmark of this paradigm is that it eliminates profiling and configuration costs of QoS-aware software, by completely automating the process in a way that does not require user intervention. As a case study, we describe, implement and evaluate the control architecture in a proxy cache to provide proportional differentiation on content hit rate. Adaptive control theory is leveraged to manage cache resources in a way that adjusts the quality spacing between classes, independently of the class loads, which cannot be achieved by other cache resource management schemes, such as biased replacement policies, LRV or greedy-dual-size.
Response of the suspended sediment transport system to continental shelf dynamics

Surface currents influenced by a wind-driven upwelling event in San Pedro Bay moved total suspended matter (TSM) confined to the inner shelf on 19 April 1978 seaward, so that by 27 April surface TSM had increased over the outer shelf. Near-bottom concentrations of TSM also increased across the shelf during this time. This is explained by sediment resuspended by large surface waves being advected from the inner shelf seaward by the mean flow after this flow had turned from southeasterly to southerly when upwelling ceased on 26 April. These complex shelf dynamics contribute to the off-shelf transport of mud to the slope and deep basins.
Experimental Study of the Magnetic Structure of the Neutron

A measurement of the ratio of the magnetic form factor of the neutron to that of the proton has been carried out by comparing large- and small-angle elastic electron-deuteron scattering at constant four-momentum transfers. The experimental result for the average value of the ratio in the range of momentum transfers from 1.6 ${\mathrm{f}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ to 2.25 ${\mathrm{f}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ is $\frac{{F}_{2n}}{{F}_{p}}=(0.91\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05)\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07$; the first error is a standard deviation arising from experimental uncertainties, and the second from theoretical uncertainties in the analysis. Measurements of the ratio of the nucleon isotopic scalar form factors have also been obtained from this experiment. The average value of $\frac{{{F}_{2}}^{s}}{{{F}_{1}}^{s}}$ for the same range of momentum transfers has been found to be (+0.06\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.09) \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.13. The small-angle scattering data have been used to determine the charge form factor of the deuteron in the range of momentum transfers from 0.98 ${\mathrm{f}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ to 2.8 ${\mathrm{f}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The results are consistent with a repulsive-core model of the deuteron.
Excellent tolerance of rituximab when given after mitoxantrone/cyclophosphamide: an effective and safe combination for indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Treatment for extensive indolent lymphoma should provide optimization of efficacy while avoiding excessive toxicity. Rituximab may be an ideal agent to combine with chemotherapy because of its lack of classical myelotoxicity. In this study, 27 patients with a variety of histologies of indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma have been treated utilizing a novel three-drug combination. Nine patients had relapsed disease and 18 were previously untreated. Patients first received cyclophosphamide 800 mg/m(2) and mitoxantrone 8 mg/m(2) i.v. on day 1, every 3 weeks for 2 cycles. Subsequently, patients received rituximab 375 mg/m(2) followed by mitoxantrone 8 mg/m2 every 2 weeks for 4 cycles. This regimen and, in particular, the rituximab infusion were extremely well tolerated. Only two of 27 patients experienced a grade 1/2, infusion-related reaction during the first rituximab infusion. Grade 4 neutropenia was noted at some point in 16 patients who were then offered granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor support for improvement of neutropenia. No infections were noted. Alopecia was minimal. Of 27 patients, 19 achieved a complete response (CR), one achieved an unconfirmed CR (CRu), and five patients achieved a partial response, for an overall response rate of 92.5%. Molecular remissions were noted in seven of 12 tested patients in CR. We concluded that the cyclophosphamide/mitoxantrone/rituximab (CyMiR) regimen is effective and extremely well tolerated. Furthermore, rituximab infusion-associated morbidity is markedly reduced.
Identification by sequence analysis of a second rat brain cDNA encoding the dopamine (D2) receptor.

Abstract A rat brain cDNA library constructed in lambda ZAP II was screened with three oligonucleotide probes based on the reported coding region of the D2 receptor gene, RGB-2. A complete cDNA clone, D2(8)-1, showing positive signals with the three probes was subsequently identified by restriction analysis and dideoxy sequence analysis to be a variant of the RGB-2 gene. Comparison of the two genes revealed almost complete homology except that D2(8)-1 contains an 87 bp insert within the protein coding region and 265 additional nucleotides 5′ upstream from the 5′ end reported for RGB-2. It is suggested that at least two mRNA species encoding for D2 receptors exist in rat brain, possibly resulting from alternative splicing of RNA.
Measurement of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine metabolism in MCF-7 cells at low concentrations using accelerator mass spectrometry

Growing evidence suggests that oxidative damage to cells generates mutagenic 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), which may initiate diseases related to aging and carcinogenesis. Kinetic measurement of 8-oxodG metabolism and repair in cells has been hampered by poor assay sensitivity and by difficulty characterizing the flux of oxidized nucleotides through the relevant metabolic pathways. We report here the development of a sensitive and quantitative approach to characterizing the kinetics and metabolic sources of 8-oxodG in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by accelerator mass spectrometry. We observed that [14C]8-oxodG at medium concentrations of up to 2 pmol/ml was taken up by MCF-7 cells, phosphorylated to mono-, di-, and triphosphate derivatives, and incorporated into DNA. Oxidative stress caused by exposure of the cells to 17β-estradiol resulted in a reduction in the rate of [14C]8-oxodG incorporation into DNA and an increase in the ratio of 8-oxodG monophosphate (8-oxodGMP) to 8-oxodG triphosphate (8-oxodGTP) in the nucleotide pool. 17β-Estradiol-induced oxidative stress up-regulated the nucleotide pool cleansing enzyme MTH1 and possibly other Nudix-related pyrophosphohydrolases. These data support the conclusion that 8-oxodGTP is formed in the nucleotide pool by both 8-oxodG metabolism and endogenous reactive oxygen species. The metabolism of 8-oxodG to 8-oxodGTP, followed by incorporation into DNA is a mechanism by which the cellular presence of this oxidized nucleoside can lead to mutations.
Hyperphagia induced by intrahypothalamic implants of mercury thioglucose.

Abstract Rats implanted with intrahypothalamic cannulas prepacked with mercury thioglucose or gold thioglucose developed lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus, were hyperphagic and gained significantly more weight than normal animals ( p
An Improved High-Gain Panel Light Amplifier

A grooved photoconductor light-amplifying picture panel is described, whose gain is more than 10 times greater than any previous amplifier and whose threshold for input light is reduced. These improvements have been obtained with a new electrode structure which enables a more efficient type of operation and by the use of a more sensitive photoconductive powder. Measured input-output characteristics are shown comparing the new and earlier types of operation and also indicating the effects of different supply frequencies. The time-integrated energy gain for a one-second excitation is of the order of 100 with input light of the same spectral distribution as the output. The asymptotic energy gain after a longer excitation interval is about 800 with optimum spectral matching of the photoconductor. Although the decay time is of the order of seconds, as with early amplifiers, the shape of the decay curves and the rate of decay are changed by the new method of operation.
Investigating Halo and Ceiling Effects in Student Evaluations of Instruction

Many measurement biases affect student evaluations of instruction (SEIs). However, two have been relatively understudied: halo effects and ceiling/floor effects. This study examined these effects in two ways. To examine the halo effect, using a videotaped lecture, we manipulated specific teacher behaviors to be “good” or “bad” based on specific items on the evaluation form (the Teacher Behavior Checklist). To examine ceiling/floor effects, we expanded the standard 5-point rating to either 7 or 9 points. Across three universities, 537 students watched and rated the videotaped lecture. Both biases were robust and remained despite characteristics of the measure designed to combat them. Instead, direct instruction regarding how to use the evaluation forms seems to be necessary to limit these biases on ratings.
Selective Organizational Deviance: A Model of Information Deviance in Supply Chains

Recent theory suggests that organizations are selective in the rules they violate. However, theory of selective rule violations is currently bounded to formal, externally governed rules (i.e., laws and directives). This paper expands the boundary conditions of theory of selective rule violations to norms and standards as well as to formal rules by adopting institutional theory. The model offers a more robust and flexible explanation of selective organizational deviance. This paper demonstrates the viability of the conceptual model by exploring information poaching in interorganizational relationships. The model suggests that isomorphism may be selective by positing that perceived risk and focus of attention mediate the effect of isomorphic pressures on isomorphic behavior. Additionally, the model identifies organizational and interorganizational factors that affect selective violations of rules, norms, and standards.
Diffusion of titanium in slightly reduced rutile

Abstract The self-diffusion of 44 Ti in slightly reduced rutile. TiO 2−δ , was measured along the c axis over the temperature range of 1000–1100°C between 0.2 and 1 × 10 −18 atm. oxygen pressure. These measurements enabled the determination of the defect structure of TiO 2-δ for 0.02 ⩾gd ⩾ 0.001. For oxygen pressures between 1 × 10 −13 and 1 × 10 −16 atm. at 1058.4°C random tetravalent titanium atoms are the predominant defects evident from self-diffusion. The enthalpy of motion was determined as ΔH m = 57.03 ± 4.9% kcal / mole . From the activation energy at 1.69 × 10 −16 atm., the enthalpy of formation for tetravalent titanium interstitials was determined as ΔH f = 276 ± 15.6% kcal / mole . For oxygen pressures less than 1 × 10 −16 atm. at 1058.4°C, the tracer diffusion coefficient shows a continuous decline as the oxygen pressure is lowered. Comparisons with thermogravimetric studies and consideration of the similarity in structure between nonstoichiometric point defect phases and the first homologous series phase indicate that the order-disorder transition retains a considerable degree of short range order below the critical concentration in the form of Wadsley defects.
Watson awarded 2006 Walter H. Bucher medal

E. Bruce Watson was awarded the Walter H. Bucher Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting honors ceremony, which was held on 13 December 2006 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal recognizes original contributions to the basic knowledge of crust and lithosphere. It is with great pleasure that I introduce Bruce Watson as this year's recipient of the Walter H. Bucher Medal. This honor comes at an opportune moment, as 2006 represents the thirtieth anniversary of Bruce's first publications on the role of silicate melt structure in trace element partitioning. As always, Bruce's approach to the problem was original, in this case investigating mineral-melt partitioning by simply eliminating the mineral, and instead focusing the distribution of trace elements between immiscible melts. In 2006, a conceptually identical paper appeared in the pages of Science. This affords a quantification not often observed at awards ceremonies: Exactly how far ahead of his time was Bruce Watson? The answer is, 30±1 years.
Defining Quality of Care for Breast Cancer: Clinical Challenges

Breast cancer is the second most common oncologic diagnosis in women; however, these patients only receive 86% of the basic recommended care. Understanding how high-quality breast cancer care is defined and measured is the first step toward improving the care we provide. In addition, regulatory agencies and some payers are requiring that certain measures of quality are reported and publicized. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services offers higher payments to hospitals and providers with better quality care, ie, pay-for-performance. As the demands on physicians to measure quality grow, it is imperative that we are well informed on the topic and participate in the current debates and future policy implications. In this article, we describe the methods used to measure the quality of care, as well as the challenges to measuring and providing high-quality breast cancer care.
Trends for inpatient treatment of tubal pregnancy in Maryland.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the burden of tubal pregnancy in Maryland in hospitalized patients and to elicit treatment trends. STUDY DESIGN: Patients who were admitted with tubal pregnancy from January 1, 1994, through March 31, 1999, were identified with the use of the Maryland Health Service Cost Review Commission discharge database. Combining this with census data, we calculated the incidence. Cases were then stratified by demographics, presentation, and surgeon volume. Outcome measures included type of medical treatment,conservative (salpingostomy or salpingotomy) or extirpative operation (salpingectomy, salpingo-oophorectomy, oophorectomy, hysterectomy), length of stay, charges, and disposition. The treatment groups were compared with the use of t tests and linear regression, and associations between demographics and type of operation were analyzed with logistic regression. RESULTS: The database included 3729 cases, which yielded an annual incidence of 5.2 per 10,000 women aged 15 to 45 years. Subjects averaged 29.6 years old and were predominantly African American(52.6%) and white (43.3%). Most of the women (67.8%) were seen in the emergency department and were treated surgically (90.7%). Conservative operation was performed in 18.1% of the women; extirpative operation was performed in 81.9% of the women. Significant predictors for extirpative operation were emergency department admission (odds ratio, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.18-1.75), increasing age (odds ratio, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.06-1.09), African American race (odds ratio, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.51-2.31), higher surgeon volume (odds ratio, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.04-1.57), and market area. Length of stay and total charges were higher for the extirpative group(P
Neonatal intensive care organization: problems and solutions.

Development of neonatal intensive care unit requires careful planning with the joint efforts of physicians, nurses and architects. The plan should be based on functional efficiency. Neonatal intensive care unit ideally should be next to the obstetric suite. Components of the NICU plan should include supportive services, such as microchemistry laboratory, x-ray, and other facilities for social service and continuing education. Minimal monitoring equipment required is heart and respiratory rate monitors and temperature recorders. Newer techniques of blood gas monitoring along with bedside techniques of biochemical monitoring should be freely utilized. While it is obvious that the cost of building an NICU is prohibitive, one should establish the priorities within the local unit and work out plans within ones resources. Innovative ideas should be developed to suit local facilities and talents.
Chlorobenzoate-Degrading Bacteria in Similar Pristine Soils Exhibit Different Community Structures and Population Dynamics in Response to Anthropogenic 2-, 3-, and 4-Chlorobenzoate Levels

A study was conducted to determine the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate (CB) degraders in two pristine soils with similar physical and chemical characteristics. Surface soils were collected from forested sites and amended with 500 μg of 2-, 3-, or 4-CB g−1 soil. The CB levels and degrader numbers were monitored throughout the study. Degraders were isolated, grouped by DNA fingerprints, identified via 16S rDNA sequences, and screened for plasmids. The CB genes in selected degraders were isolated and/or sequenced. In the Madera soil, 2-CB and 4-CB degraded within 11 and 42 d, respectively, but 3-CB did not degrade. In contrast, 3-CB and 4-CB degraded in the Oversite soil within 14 and 28 d, respectively, while 2-CB did not degrade. Approximately 107 CFU g−1 of degraders were detected in the Madera soil with 2-CB, and the Oversite soil with 3- and 4-CB. No degraders were detected in the Madera soil with 4-CB even though the 4-CB degraded. Nearly all of the 2-CB degraders isolated from the Madera soil were identified as a Burkholderia sp. containing chromosomally encoded degradative genes. In contrast, several different 3- and 4-CB degraders were isolated from the Oversite soil, and their populations changed as CB degradation progressed. Most of these 3-CB degraders were identified as Burkholderia spp. while the majority of 4-CB degraders were identified as Bradyrhizobium spp. Several of the 3-CB degraders contained the degradative genes on large plasmids, and there was variation between the plasmids in different isolates. When a fresh sample of Madera soil was amended with 50, 100, or 200 μg 3-CB g−1, 3-CB degradation occurred, suggesting that 500 μg 3-CB g−1 was toxic to the degraders. Also, different 3-CB degraders were isolated from the Madera soil at each of the three lower levels of 3-CB. No 2-CB degradation was detected in the Oversite soil even at lower 2-CB levels. These results indicate that the development of 2-, 3-, and 4-CB degrader populations is site-specific and that 2-, 3-, and 4-CB are degraded by different bacterial populations in pristine soils. These results also imply that the microbial ecology of two soils that develop under similar biotic and abiotic environments can be quite different.
A Critical Analysis of the Surgical Management of Early-Stage Gallbladder Cancer in the United States

Radical resection is recommended for selected patients with gallbladder (GB) cancer. We sought to determine whether radical resection improves survival for patients with early-stage cancer and to evaluate surgeon compliance with current treatment recommendations. Patients with stage 0, I, or II GB cancer who underwent surgical resection were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) tumor registry from 1988 through 2004. Patients were classified by surgical procedure performed (simple vs. radical resection) and adjuvant treatment given (radiation therapy [RT] vs. no RT). Unadjusted and adjusted overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were compared. Of the 4,631 patients who underwent surgery for early-stage GB cancer from 1988 through 2004, 4,188 (90.4%) underwent cholecystectomy alone and 443 (9.6%) underwent radical surgery including hepatic resection. The proportion of patients having radical surgery for T1b, T2, and T3 cancers was 4.5%, 5.6%, and 16.3%, respectively. For patients with T1b/T2 cancer, radical resection was associated with significant improvement in adjusted CSS (p = 0.01) and OS (p = 0.03). For patients with T3 cancers, we noted no improvement in CSS or OS. Survival for patients with node-positive disease (stage 2b) was universally poor and not improved by radical resection. For all patients who underwent radical resection, node negativity, female sex, age <70, low grade, and RT predicted improved CSS and OS. Despite a significant survival advantage for patients with T1b/T2 GB cancer who undergo radical resection, this treatment is significantly underutilized. Ensuring delivery of recommended surgical treatment is vital to improving outcomes for patients with this disease.
General mathematical programming formulations for the statistical classification problem

The study presents mathematical programming formulations for the statistical classification problem. The formulations maximize the number of observations that are properly categorized. The models are easily modified for any number of categories of classification. The formulation were tested on a standard problem.
Radiation-induced conductivity: High-speed detection of X rays and neutrons

Radiation-induced conductivity (RIC) is a generalized term for photoconductivity expanded to include nonelectromagnetic radiation. This paper will discuss the principles of RIC for C rays and neutrons, the fabrication of detectors, and applications. Applications of these detectors to inertial confinement fusion measurement will be shown
A statistical methodology for exploring elevational differences in precipitation chemistry

Abstract A statistical methodology for exploring the relationships between elevation and precipitation chemistry is outlined and illustrated. The methodology is only applicable to situations where the precipitation at two (or more) matched sites is correlated. Maximum likelihood tests are utilized, with contour ellipses of assumed bivariate log-normal distributions to assist in the interpretation. Data from 12 sites located in the southern Rocky Mountains of the U.S. were used for illustration. The results indicate differences in sulphate concentrations between airsheds, between snow and rain, and between higher and lower elevations in the Rocky Mountains. There are other approaches for investigating these issues, however, the likelihood ratio with contour ellipses is easy to apply and interpret, and we feel that it provides a greater insight than some of the more common analyses of variance or regression techniques. However, it is important to note that the superiority of one method over others depends on the criterion used.
Quadruple and Quintuple Perovskite-Layered Cuprates (NdDyBa2−xSrxCu2+yTi2−yO11−δ and NdDyCaBa2−xSrxCu2+yTi3−yO14−δ): Their Defect Chemistry and Electrical Properties

The structure–property relationships of chemically substituted quadruple- and quintuple-layered cuprate perovskites, NdDyBa2−xSrxCu2+yTi2−yO11−δ and NdDyCaBa2−xSrxCu2+yTi3−yO14−δ, have been investigated with an emphasis on high-temperature electrical properties. Cu doping for Ti in both systems, especially the quadruple system, improves their electrical properties; however, substantial compensation by oxygen vacancies occurs. On the other hand, isovalent Sr substitution for Ba in these systems significantly reduces the ionic compensation, i.e., the [V··O] concentration, as evidenced by thermogravimetry and electrical measurements. Sr substitution not only reduces the Cu–O bond length in favor of hole formation but also introduces metallic behavior as evidenced by in situ high-temperature (800–400°C) electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient measurements plus low-temperature resistivity measurements. A master plot of high-temperature Seebeck coefficient vs hole content of known superconductors shows that the hole content necessary for superconductivity has been achieved in some of the doped quadruple systems, yet they fail to exhibit superconductivity owing to other structural limitations.
Bending contorted hexabenzocoronene into a bowl

This article describes the synthesis of a new type of bowl-shaped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. These bowls are formed by joining the proximal carbons of contorted hexabenzocoronenes. These methods begin to tap a wealth of structural diversity available from these core structures. The bowl-shaped hydrocarbons more easily accept electrons than their contorted hexabenzocoronene precursors and associate strongly with C70.
The effect of ethanol and acetaldehyde on Na pump function in cultured rat heart cells.

To further define the sarcolemmal effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde, their effects on Na pump function were studied in synchronously contracting monolayers of neonatal rat myocardial cells. The effects of ethanol (10 mg/dl to 1000 mg/dl: 2× 10 −3 M-0.2 M) and acetaldehyde (10 −6 M to 10 −4 M) on total 42 K influx, ouabain-sensitive 42 K influx, Na pump density (from specific 3 H-ouabain binding) and pump turnover rates were measured. Applied acutely ethanol had no effect on 42 K influx but after 30 min of treatment 42 K influx was decreased by 13%, 23% and 48% in 100 mg/dl, 300 mg/dl and 1000mg/dl ethanol respectively. This primarily reflected a decrease in mean ouabain-sensitive K + influx from a control of 12.54 to 9.90,8.95 and 6.68 ( p -mol/cm 2 /s) in 100, 300 and 1000 mg/dl (2×10 −2 M, 6× 10 −2 M and 0.2M) ethanol. Acetaldehyde in the concentrations tested had no effect on K + influx. Ethanol treatment produced a decrease in Na pump density, maximum within 30 min and dosedependent, at concentrations of 100 mg/dl (22%), 300 mg/dl (37%) and 1000 mg/dl (55%). Acetaldehyde had no effect on Na pump density. In the presence of ethanol (300 mg/dl and 1000 mg/dl) intracellular Na + increased significantly and the Na + efflux declined in parallel with the K + influx. From the ouabain-sensitive K + and Na + fluxes and the Na pump density individual pump turnover rates were calculated at 62.5/s in control cells and 66/s and 84/s in cells treated with 300 mg/dl (6× 10 −2 M) and 1000mg/dl (0.2 M) respectively. We conclude that ethanol, but not acetaldehyde has a depressant effect on sarcolemmal Na pump function. The results suggest this is due primarily to a decrease in the number of sarcolemmal Na pump sites.
On the fundamental tradeoffs between routing table size and network diameter in peer-to-peer networks

We study a fundamental tradeoff issue in designing a distributed hash table (DHT) in peer-to-peer (P2P) networks: the size of the routing table versus the network diameter. Observing that existing DHT schemes have either 1) a routing table size and network diameter both of O(log/sub 2/n), or 2) a routing table of size d and network diameter of O(n/sup 1/d/), S. Ratnasamy et al. (2001) asked whether this represents the best asymptotic "state-efficiency" tradeoffs. We show that some straightforward routing algorithms achieve better asymptotic tradeoffs. However, such algorithms all cause severe congestion on certain network nodes, which is undesirable in a P2P network. We rigorously define the notion of "congestion" and conjecture that the above tradeoffs are asymptotically optimal for a congestion-free network. The answer to this conjecture is negative in the strict sense. However, it becomes positive if the routing algorithm is required to eliminate congestion in a "natural" way by being uniform. We also prove that the tradeoffs are asymptotically optimal for uniform algorithms. Furthermore, for uniform algorithms, we find that the routing table size of O(log/sub 2/n) is a magic threshold point that separates two different "state-efficiency" regions. Our third result is to study the exact (instead of asymptotic) optimal tradeoffs for uniform algorithms. We propose a new routing algorithm that reduces the routing table size and the network diameter of Chord both by 21.4% without introducing any other protocol overhead, based on a novel number-theory technique. Our final result is to present Ulysses, a congestion-free nonuniform algorithm that achieves a better asymptotic "state-efficiency" tradeoff than existing schemes in the probabilistic sense, even under dynamic node joins/leaves.
The vitamins required for cultivated salmonids

Vitamins are organic chemical compounds which are required in small amounts for normal growth, reproduction, health, and maintenance of fish metabolism. Eleven water-soluble vitamins and four fat-soluble vitamins are known to be required by salmonids. Compared with most mammals and birds, the gastrointestinal tract of fishes does not contain a rich pattern of established micro-organisms (Margolis, 1953); therefore, it cannot be assumed that the fish obtains appreciable quantities of vitamins from microbial synthesis in the intestine. Transformation of the amino acid, tryptophan, into the vitamin, niacin, is very inefficient in trout and salmon (Poston & DiLorenzo, 1973; Poston & Combs, 1979); therefore, niacin must be included in salmonid feeds. Intensive production of fish in water low in natural food chain organisms amPlifies the importance of providing the dietary requirements for the vitamins listed in Table 1. Vitamins are grouped into the eight water-soluble B vitamins, the macrovitamins L-ascorbic acid, choline and myo-inositol, and the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K. A typical vitamin test diet for fish to control the water-soluble vitamins is listed in Table 2.
Surfaces of murine lymphocyte subsets differ in sialylation states and antigen distribution of a major N-linked penultimate saccharide structure.

Rat liver beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase and Vibrio cholerae sialidase were used with cytidine-5'-monophospho-N-acetyl-[3H]neuraminic acid (CMP-[3H]NeuAc) to specifically probe the distribution and sialylation state of Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc residues on N-linked saccharides on the surfaces of murine lymphocytes. The relative extent of exogenous sialyltransferase-mediated sialylation (per cellular protein) was thymocytes greater than T-cells greater than T-cell lymphoma (EL-4) greater than B-cells greater than B-cell lymphoma (AKTB-1b) greater than splenocytes. Prior desialylation increased exogenous resialylation by 23.8-, 13.1-, 7.1-, 7.9-, 7.0-, and 5.3-fold for splenocytes, B-cells, T-cells, EL-4, AKTB-1b, and thymocytes, respectively. Though numerous glycoproteins were labeled, the majority of the Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc residues were detected on a relatively small number of cell surface proteins, many of which are well-defined lymphocyte antigens. Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc residues on thymocytes were found to exist in an undersialylated state on T200 but not on other antigens (e.g., Thy-1). T200 was found to be fully sialylated on mature cells (i.e., hydrocortisone-resistant thymocytes and splenic T-cells), suggesting that its sialylation state is developmentally regulated. These studies indicate that the number, sialylation state, and polypeptide distribution of the penultimate structure, Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc, differ on N-linked saccharides on the surfaces of different lymphocyte populations.
Elevation of Serum Prolactin Levels after the Inhibition ofSerotonin Uptake

Although earlier investigators showed that serotonin produced an elevation in serum PRL, recent studies indicate that serotonergic mechanisms are not of importance, at least in older adult animals, in the tonic regulation of serum PRL levels. As the activity of neuronal pathways may vary in activity at different chronological ages, the present study was undertaken to further evaluate the role of serotonergic pathways in the regulation of serum PRL levels. During the course of the study, animals in two different weight ranges were studied. In the initial studies, young male rats in the 120- to 170-g range were studied, while in later studies male rats in the 250–340-g weight range were utilized. In rats weighing 120–170 g, the administration of fluoxetine (Lilly 110140), an inhibitor of serotonin uptake, produced a significant elevation of serum PRL which persisted for at least 8 h. At the same time, diencephalon 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels were decreased, providing evidence of the effectiveness of t...
Ovarian volume related to age.

Abstract Objective. The goal of this study was to determine the relationship of ovarian volume to age, height, and weight in women undergoing transvaginal sonography. Methods. Thirteen thousand nine hundred sixty-three women 25–91 years of age undergoing annual transvaginal sonography as part of the University of Kentucky Ovarian Cancer Screening Program were the subjects for this investigation. Each ovary was measured in three dimensions, and ovarian volume was calculated using the prolate ellipsoid formula ( L × H × W × 0.523). Mean ovarian volume according to age was calculated for each decade of life. Results. Data were obtained from 58,673 observations of ovarian volume. Mean ovarian volume was 6.6 ± 0.19 cm 3 in women less than 30 years of age; 6.1 ± 0.06 cm 3 in women 30–39; 4.8 ± 0.03 cm 3 in women 40–49; 2.6 ± 0.01 cm 3 in women 50–59; 2.1 ± 0.01 cm 3 in women 60–69; and 1.8 ± 0.08 cm 3 in women ≥70. Mean ovarian volume was 4.9 ± 0.03 cm 3 in premenopausal women and 2.2 ± 0.01 cm 3 in postmenopausal women ( P 68 in.) than in short women ( Conclusion. There is a statistically significant decrease in ovarian volume with each decade of life from age 30 to age 70. Mean ovarian volume in premenopausal women is significantly greater than that in postmenopausal women. The upper limit of normal for ovarian volume is 20 cm 3 in premenopausal women and 10 cm 3 in postmenopausal women.
From Ultimatum Bargaining to Dictatorship—an Experimental Study of Four Games Varying in Veto Power

Inspired by Bolton and Zwick (1995) we study four different games, namely the ultimatum and dictator game as well as the two games in which a veto (non-acceptance) of the responder implies that only one of the two players does not receive the proposed payoff. In the experiment the participants had to play either as the proposer or as the responder in all four games. Only the proposer was privately informed about the actual cake size which could be either small or large. The main results were that the offers were more generous when the responder could only veto the proposer's payoff than in ultimatum bargaining which, in turn, induced more generous offers than dictatorship. The worst proposals were observed when the responder could only reject his own payoff. A similar tendency was also observed for the minimal offers required for acceptance although many acceptance strategies were non-monotonic. Allocators with large cakes did not hide behind the small cake by offering an equal share of the small cake. A pre-experimental questionnaire designed to trigger considerations of backward induction led to more generosity.
Revisiting Export-Led Growth for Bangladesh: A Synthesis of Cointegration and Innovation Accounting

Bangladesh, with spectacular growth in both exports and output in recent years, has drawn attention to the hypothesis of export-led growth. The results on this hypothesis are nevertheless inconclusive. By selecting a relatively liberalized regime from 1979 to 2010, this study engages both the Johansen cointegration approach and innovation accounting with Bangladesh’s output, exports, and imports. This comprehensive approach finds significant evidence on export-led growth in Bangladesh for both the long run and the short run. It finds that output growth also leads to export expansion. While export-import feedback is high, the import-output relation appears to be insignificant for the country. These findings suggest further export promotion and import liberalization not only for Bangladesh, but also for other emerging economies that aspire to grow fast but confront dilemmas with economic openness.
Comparison of Certain Pharmacological and Antibacterial Properties of p-Hydroxaminobenzenesulfonamide and Sulfanilamide.∗

SummaryThe preparation, properties, stability, and colorimetric analysis of p-hydroxaminobenzenesulfonamide are described. When injected into dogs, this substance appears to be completely converted to sulfanilamide within 5 minutes. In vitro, under the conditions of our experiments, it is no more than ten times as active as sulfanilamide.
The Impact of the Work Environment on Prison Staff: The Issue of Consideration, Structure, Job Variety, and Training

Correctional staff are instrumental in ensuring the success of any correctional institution; therefore, investigating how the work environment impacts correctional workers is essential. To determine the effects of supervisory consideration, supervisory structure, job variety, and perceptions of training on correctional staff job stress, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment, data from a survey of staff at a Midwestern private correctional facility were examined. The Ordinary Least Squares regression results indicate that each of the work environment factors had a significant impact on one or more of the three outcomes. Specifically, supervisory consideration and perceptions of training decreased job stress. Supervisory consideration, job variety, and perceptions of training had positive effects on job satisfaction. Finally, supervisory consideration, supervisory structure, job variety, and perceptions of training had positive relationships with organizational commitment.
Total elbow arthroplasty as an outpatient procedure using a continuous infraclavicular nerve block at home: a prospective case report.

Objective: Total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) often results in severe postoperative pain requiring hospitalization to provide potent analgesia. This prospective series investigated the feasibility of converting TEA into an ambulatory procedure using a continuous infraclavicular nerve block provided at home with a portable infusion pump. Case Report: Preoperatively, patients undergoing TEA had an infraclavicular perineural catheter and peripheral nerve block placed. Postoperatively, perineural ropivacaine was delivered through postoperative day (POD) 3 to 6. Patients were discharged home when they met specific, prospectively defined criteria as early as POD 1 for the first phase and directly from the recovery room for the second phase. Of the 2 patients in the first phase who remained hospitalized for at least 1 postoperative night, both met discharge criteria in the recovery room, required no medical interventions during their admission, and were discharged home the following morning. The patient of phase 2 met discharge criteria in the recovery room and was discharged home at that time. Postoperative pain was well controlled, opioid requirements and sleep disturbances were minimal, and patient satisfaction was high for all patients. Conclusions: These cases suggest that for a subset of patients without major comorbidities, it is feasible to convert total elbow arthroplasty into an ambulatory procedure using a continuous infraclavicular nerve block as part of a multimodal analgesic regimen provided at home. Additional research is required to replicate these results in a controlled trial, define the appropriate subset of patients, and assess the incidence of complications associated with this practice before its mainstream use.
CULTURE OF WHITE SHRIMP (Penaeus setiferus, Linnaeus) IN STATIC WATER PONDS1

Pond experiments with white shrimp (Penaeus setiferus. Linnaeus) were conducted at the Marine Fisheries Research Station, Palacios, Texas during 1973. Two 0.4 ha ponds were used as nursery ponds. Ten ponds (six 0.2 and four 0.1 ha) were used as grow-out ponds where the effects of stocking rate, pond size, and feed type on growth rates were studied. Shrimp in the grow-out ponds were sampled twice monthly and fed two different types of feed at 7.5% of the total weight of the shrimp, assuming 10% handling and stocking mortality. Feed types and pond sizes significantly affected shrimp growth while stocking density did not. Food conversion rates ranged from 1.8 to 2.3. Production ranged from 224 to 667.5 kg per ha. Temperatures ranged from 19.4 to 31.9 C., while salinities ranged from 6.0 to 17.8 ppt.
Atypical forms of herpes simplex–associated erythema multiforme

Erythema multiforme (EM) is an uncommon condition mostly observed in otherwise healthy young adults. von Hebra l is credited with the first detailed description of EM, namely, a recurrent condition characterized by the abrupt appearance of self-limited, symmetrically distributed round, red papules some of which evolved into target lesions. More recently, it has been found that in the majority of occurrences both in children and adults, EM is precipitated by herpes simplex virus.2,3 This type of EM is also known as herpesassociated EM (HAEM), and herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA has been demonstrated in the involved skin of HAEM,4 further evidence of a causal association. We describe four women with atypical presentations of HAEM.
Biogeochemical Cycles: A Computer-Interactive Study of Earth System Science and Global Change

Global biogeochemistry is the discipline that links various aspects of biology, geology, and chemistry to investigate the surface environment of the Earth. The global biogeochemical cycles of the elements lie at the very core of the subject and involve a myriad of processes that transform and transport various substances throughout the Earth's ecosphere, which consists of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, shallow crust (soils, sediments, and crustal rocks), biosphere, and cryosphere. As the authors of Biogeochemical Cycles: A Computer-Interactive Study of Earth System Science and Global Change say, “anyone interested in understanding the causes of global environmental change and its implications for life would be well-advised to begin with an investigation of global biogeochemistry.” This small but illuminating book is an attempt to provide a reasonably integrated and comprehensive text dealing with the study of the life-essential global biogeochemical cycles of carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen.
Low-rank decomposition-based anomaly detection

With high spectral resolution hyperspectral imaging is capable of uncovering many subtle signal sources which cannot be known a priori or visually inspected. Such signal sources generally appear as anomalies in the data. Due to high correlation among spectral bands and sparsity of anomalies, a hyperspectral image can be e decomposed into two subspaces: a background subspace specified by a matrix with low rank dimensionality and an anomaly subspace specified by a sparse matrix with high rank dimensionality. This paper develops an approach to finding such low-high rank decomposition to identify anomaly subspace. Its idea is to formulate a convex constrained optimization problem that minimizes the nuclear norm of the background subspace and little ι 1 norm of the anomaly subspace subject to a decomposition of data space into background and anomaly subspaces. By virtue of such a background-anomaly decomposition the commonly used RX detector can be implemented in the sense that anomalies can be separated in the anomaly subspace specified by a sparse matrix. Experimental results demonstrate that the background-anomaly subspace decomposition can actually improve and enhance RXD performance.
Parental Beliefs About Medications and Medication Adherence Among Urban Children With Asthma

Background.—Although national guidelines recommend controller medications for children with persistent asthma, adherence is poor. Prior studies have begun to explore parental beliefs regarding controller asthma medications and their effect on adherence. Objective.—To describe parental beliefs about controller medications among a community-based sample of urban children with persistent asthma and to examine the relationship between parental beliefs and adherence. Design/Methods.—Parents of 150 children with asthma completed a telephone survey as part of a larger asthma intervention. Parents of children using controller asthma medications were included in this study. A previously validated Beliefs About Medications Questionnaire (BMQ) was used, which included two subscales: necessity and concern. The relationship between parental beliefs about medications and medication adherence was assessed using bivariate linear regression and multivariate statistics. Results.—This study included 67 children with parental report of controller medication (54% male, 61% African American, 69% Medicaid). Overall, 75% of parents strongly believed that their child's medications were necessary for their health and 34% had strong concerns about the medications. Only 22% of parents reported being completely adherent with medications. Parents with greater concern about medications were more likely to have poor adherence (P Conclusions.—Parental concerns about controller medications were associated with poor medication adherence for this population of urban children with asthma. These findings highlight the importance of addressing parental concerns at the time of medication prescription.