cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beyond basic study skills: The use of technology for success in college

Technology has become a fundamental component of both education and work. Yet regardless of perceived benefits, in many cases students do not use technology effectively. One challenge educators confront is how to motivate students to effectively use the technological mediums provided in their classes. The goal of the current study is twofold: to use the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to examine two motivators of behavior, ease of use and perceived need, and to assess how they affect students' likelihood of effectively using technology. Second, we evaluate how the match between expectations of the use of technology and the actual student use affect actual classroom performance. To test our hypotheses, college students (N=384) in introductory psychology classes completed a survey. We also obtained the instructor's perceptions of the need for technology in their class and students' final class grades. Results showed that ease of use and perceived need of technology were related to the frequency of computer use and intentions to use technology. Additionally, findings suggested that technology use, specifically technology deemed important by the instructor, was related to academic success (i.e., final grade in class).
Plane Strain of a Net Formed by Inextensible Cords

In this paper we consider the mechanics of a plane net formed by two families of parallel inextensible cords. We assume that, in the undeformed state of the net, the cords are straight. We assume also that the cords are perfectly flexible and thin in comparison with the distance between adjacent cords of a family, and that the deformation is such that when the net is deformed no two cords of a family are brought into contact. Furthermore, we assume that intersecting cords of the two families cannot move relative to each other at their points of intersection, as a result of the deformation. Such a net provides an idealisation of certain types of textile fabric.
Gammaproteobacterial diazotrophs and nifH gene expression in surface waters of the South Pacific Ocean.

In addition to the cyanobacterial N2-fixers (diazotrophs), there is a high nifH gene diversity of non-cyanobacterial groups present in marine environments, yet quantitative information about these groups is scarce. N2 fixation potential (nifH gene expression), diversity and distributions of the uncultivated diazotroph phylotype γ-24774A11, a putative gammaproteobacterium, were investigated in the western South Pacific Ocean. γ-24774A11 gene copies correlated positively with diazotrophic cyanobacteria, temperature, dissolved organic carbon and ambient O2 saturation, and negatively with depth, chlorophyll a and nutrients, suggesting that carbon supply, access to light or inhibitory effects of DIN may control γ-24774A11 abundances. Maximum nifH gene-copy abundance was 2 × 104 l−1, two orders of magnitude less than that for diazotrophic cyanobacteria, while the median γ-24774A11 abundance, 8 × 102 l−1, was greater than that for the UCYN-A cyanobacteria, suggesting a more homogeneous distribution in surface waters. The abundance of nifH transcripts by γ-24774A11 was greater during the night than during the day, and the transcripts generally ranged from 0–7%, but were up to 26% of all nifH transcripts at each station. The ubiquitous presence and low variability of γ-24774A11 abundances across tropical and subtropical oceans, combined with the consistent nifH expression reported in this study, suggest that γ-24774A11 could be one of the most important heterotrophic (or photoheterotrophic) diazotrophs and may need to be considered in future N budget estimates and models.
Nephrotoxicity induced by N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-hydroxysuccinamic acid in male and female Fischer 344 rats.

The agricultural fungicide N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide (NDPS) is a more potent nephrotoxicant in female rats than in males. Similarly, nephrotoxicant NDPS metabolites studied to date in male and female rats have also demonstrated gender differences, being twice as potent as nephrotoxicants in females as in males. The purpose of this study was to examine the nephrotoxic potential of N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-hydroxysuccinimide (3-NDHSA) in male and female Fisher 344 rats to determine if gender differences in nephrotoxic potential also exist for this metabolite. Rats (four per group) were administered a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 3-NDHSA (0.1, 0.2 or 0.4 mmol kg−1) or vehicle, and renal function was monitored at 24 and 48 h. 3-NDHSA 0.1 mmol kg−1 did not induce nephrotoxicity in male or female rats. In male rats, 3-NDHSA 0.2 mmol kg−1 induced mild nephrotoxicity seen as diuresis and transient, mild proteinuria. However, 3-NDHSA 0.4 mmol kg−1 induced marked nephrotoxicity. In female rats, 3-NDHSA 0.2 mmol kg−1 induced mild nephrotoxicity, as evidenced by transient diuresis and proteinuria. As in males, 3-NDHSA 0.4 mmol kg−1 induced marked nephrotoxicity. These results indicate that, unlike NDPS and other nephrotoxic NDPS metabolites, 3-NDHSA does not exhibit gender differences in nephrotoxic potential. In addition, in comparison with NDPS and other nephrotoxic NDPS metabolites, 3-NDHSA is a less potent nephrotoxicant that NDHS or 2-NDHSA and similar to NDPS in nephrotoxic potential in male rats. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increased buffer density as a means of separating peroxidase isoenzymes by preparative continuous-flow carrier-free electrophoresis.

Abstract The use of 5, 10, and 15% sucrose in the separating buffer in a preparative continuous-flow carrier-free electrophoresis system is described as it applies to the fractionation of peroxidase isoenzymes. The use of sucrose in the separating buffer greatly reduced diffusion of the isoenzymes during electrophoresis, which resulted in a better fractionation and a ceduction in the number of collecting tubes. Electrophoresis in 10% sucrose yielded fractions that contained the individual, separated, peroxidase isoenzymes.
Evidence that a Panel of Neurodegeneration Biomarkers Predicts Vasospasm, Infarction, and Outcome in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Biomarkers for neurodegeneration could be early prognostic measures of brain damage and dysfunction in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) with clinical and medical applications. Recently, we developed a new panel of neurodegeneration biomarkers, and report here on their relationships with pathophysiological complications and outcomes following severe aSAH. Fourteen patients provided serial cerebrospinal fluid samples for up to 10 days and were evaluated by ultrasonography, angiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and clinical examination. Functional outcomes were assessed at hospital discharge and 6–9 months thereafter. Eight biomarkers for acute brain damage were quantified: calpain-derived α-spectrin N- and C-terminal fragments (CCSntf and CCSctf), hypophosphorylated neurofilament H, 14-3-3 β and ζ, ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1, neuron-specific enolase, and S100β. All 8 biomarkers rose up to 100-fold in a subset of patients. Better than any single biomarker, a set of 6 correlated significantly with cerebral vasospasm, brain infarction, and poor outcome. Furthermore, CSF levels of 14-3-3β, CCSntf, and NSE were early predictors of subsequent moderate-to-severe vasospasm. These data provide evidence that a panel of neurodegeneration biomarkers may predict lasting brain dysfunction and the pathophysiological processes that lead to it following aSAH. The panel may be valuable as surrogate endpoints for controlled clinical evaluation of treatment interventions and for guiding aSAH patient care.
Visual Testimonies of Atrocity: Archives of Political Violence in Chile and Guatemala

In the aftermath of political violence in Latin America, the testimonial emerged as an important document of witness regarding the atrocities that had been committed in the region. In many cases, testimonies stood in for the absence of evidence, whereby archives of witness had been destroyed, hidden, or otherwise disappeared from public record. In this essay, the author analyzes forms of visual evidence in Guatemala and Chile, such as documentary film and illustrations from survivors that extend the function of the testimonial by not only narrating the past, but also visualizing spaces of terror and witness, such as the collective grave, prison camps, and photographs of skeletons. Such visual interruptions in the landscape of memory have the potential to fracture dominant State memory in their refusal to merely disappear. Instead, these forms of visuality name and mark social suffering.
Datasets for inquiry in geoscience: a design model

This article describes the results of a proof of concept project, Data Sets for Inquiry in Geoscience (DIGS), funded by the National Science Foundation. The three goals of the project were to: 1) study the impacts on student learning of web-based supplementary curriculum modules in which secondary students used real geoscience datasets, visualisations, and software tools to conduct investigations within two fundamental topics of study, climate change and plate boundaries; 2) develop designs and prototypes of technology-based performance assessments to provide evidence of students' geoscientific knowledge and inquiry skills; 3) develop extension scenarios to overview examples of curriculum modules and performance assessments that could be developed for other Earth Science standards and curriculum topics. The article describes the features of the climate module curricular activities and performance assessments that can serve as models for additional topics. The project promoted and tested knowledge and inquiry strategies not typically addressed in geoscience curricula and assessments.
Functions of fights in territory establishment.

Abstract Fights are often observed when prospective territory owners settle in patches of vacant habitat, but the function of these fights in space acquisition is obscure. This study tests two hypotheses about the effect of fights on subsequent space use patterns: first, that settlers win space by winning fights and, second, that fights encourage the establishment of mutually exclusive home ranges between opponents (i.e., “fights make neighbors”). The behavior of juvenile Anolts aeneus lizards was recorded as they established territories in patches of habitat in the field. In support of the fights‐make‐neighbors hypothesis, opponents whose last aggressive interaction was a fight were six times more likely to have mutually exclusive home ranges at the end of the settlement period than were otherwise equivalent dyads whose last encounter was a chase. Contra the hypothesis that settlers win space by winning fights, most last fights ended in a draw, and there was no discernable relationship between the outcom...
Therapeutic brain hypothermia, its mechanisms of action, and its prospects as a treatment for epilepsy

Summary Cooling the core body temperature to 32–35°C, is almost standard practice for conditions such as cardiac arrest in adults, and perinatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in neonates. Limited clinical data, and more extensive animal experiments, indicate that hypothermia could help control seizures, and could be applied directly to the brain using implantable devices. These data have fostered further research to evaluate whether cooling would be a viable means to treat refractory epilepsy. Although the effect of temperature on cellular physiology has long been recognized, with possibly dual effects on pyramidal cells and interneurons, the exact mechanisms underlying its beneficial effects, in particular in epilepsy, are yet to be discovered. This article reviews currently available clinical and laboratory data with a focus on cellular mechanisms of action and prospects of hypothermia as a treatment for intractable seizures.
Experimental Study of the Convective Heat Transfer From a Geometrically Scaled Up 2D Impinging Synthetic Jet

Synthetic jets are created by periodically ejecting and injecting fluid from an orifice or channel. Despite delivering no net mass flow per cycle, a synthetic jet delivers flow with net positive momentum. Small, compact synthetic jet actuators can be fabricated to operate in the subaudible acoustic range and can be packaged in orientations that allow them to deliver cooling air flow to electronic devices. The most promising orientation is one that delivers the jet flow in a direction normal to the heated surface such that it impinges on the surface as a periodic jet. In previous studies, numerical simulations have been performed by the authors, utilizing a canonical geometry, with the purpose of eliminating actuator artifacts from the fundamental physics that drive the problem. The present paper reports on laboratory experiments that have been performed in order to nearly replicate the idealized synthetic jet geometry and thus allow comparison to the previous numerical investigations. The periodic volume change in an upstream plenum required to produce the synthetic jet is accomplished with an acoustic speaker operated at low frequencies. The amplitude and the frequency at which the jet is actuated determine the Reynolds and Strouhal numbers, which are the dominant non-dimensional groups that control the behavior of the impinging synthetic jet. By maintaining the Re and the St in the laboratory experiments to match those of the small scale actuators, the laboratory experiments have been geometrically scaled up to allow highly resolved measurements of the unsteady velocity field and the local time-dependent Nusselt number on the target heated surface. Experiments were performed at variable jet Re, frequencies, and height from the target surface. The dependence of the surface averaged Nu to jet parameters generally agrees with the computational results. However, discrepancies found between numerical and empirical local data are under revision.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Naloxone as a stimulus in drug discrimination learning: Generalization to other opiate antagonists

Nonopiate dependent animals were trained to discriminate the opiate antagonist naloxone (1 mg/kg) from distilled water within the conditioned taste aversion baseline of drug discrimination learning. Specifically, rats injected with naloxone prior to a saccharin-LiCl pairing, and with its vehicle prior to saccharin alone, rapidly acquired the drug discrimination, avoiding saccharin following the administration of naloxone and consuming saccharin following its vehicle after only three conditioning trials. Once the discrimination was acquired, generalization tests revealed that the opiate antagonists diprenorphine and naltrexone and the mixed opiate agonist/antagonist nalorphine completely generalized to the naloxone cue at doses of 1.8, 5.6 and 18 mg/kg, respectively. That discriminative control was established with a low dose of naloxone (i.e., 1 mg/kg) and other compounds with opiate antagonist activity generalized to the naloxone cue suggest that the stimulus effects of naloxone were likely mediated through the opiate receptor. Because each of these compounds are reported to bind to the mu receptor (with varying affinities and varying degrees of selectivity), the stimulus properties of naloxone are likely mediated at this specific receptor subtype.
Dairy Waste Management Systems

Abstract Controlling odor of stored animal waste and its satisfactory disposition are two of the most difficult problems facing dairymen. Waste handling systems may range from a gutter cleaner and daily hauling with manure spreader to extended storage in concrete tanks whose contents are pumped and spread periodically. Daily hauling requires the lowest investment in equipment but has the disadvantage of higher labor costs and the hazard of unfavorable weather, soil, or crop conditions. Slat floors in warm free-stall barns with under-the-building manure storage offer a suitable system for manure handling with a minimum of labor. Carefully planned ventilation systems of high capacity must be provided for all confined units. Research shows that manure containing little bedding deposited in the end of a 9.1×27.4×2.4-m external flat-bottom tank will distribute itself under its own weight. Waste heat from the dairy barn ventilation system will prevent freezing.
Skin Cancer Knowledge and Prevention Counseling among Arizona Pharmacists

Skin cancer is particularly prevalent in Arizona, with incidence rates ranking number 2 worldwide. This study assessed pharmacists' knowledge of skin cancer and factors that impacted skin cancer prevention patient counseling. Participants were recruited using a listserv of pharmacists that were members of the Arizona Pharmacy Alliance (AzPA) or preceptors of the University of Arizona College of Pharmacy. Subjects completed an online questionnaire consisting of knowledge-based questions, questions about patient counseling preferences, and subject demographics. The mean correct score on the Skin Cancer and Sun Exposure Knowledge Indicator was 5.8 ± 1.9. Pharmacists living in Arizona for longer duration were more likely to know the minimum recommended sunscreen sun protection factor (SPF) for adults when outdoors (P = .003) and factors associated with malignant melanoma prognosis/survival (P = .004) but were less likely to know the definition of ABCD acronym (P = .027). Having a family or friend diagnosed with any form of skin cancer or precancerous skin condition led to more pharmacists knowing the risk factors for developing melanoma (P = .046) and knowing how often to apply water resistant sunscreen (P = .035). In conclusion, the length of pharmacy practice in Arizona and having a family member or close friend affected by skin cancer significantly impacted a pharmacists' knowledge of skin cancer.
A nationwide survey of American alcohol and drug craving assessment and treatment practices

A four-page paper survey was mailed to 500 randomly-selected substance abuse treatment agencies listed in a national directory to evaluate how often specific methods are employed to assess and treat craving in American substance abuse agencies. Of 426 eligible agencies, 149 (35%), located in 41 states, returned 152 usable replies. Although counselors regularly assessed craving during intake evaluations, they rarely used published self-report questionnaires. Almost one-half of respondents made craving a target of treatment with at least a majority (and sometimes all) of their clients, and only 5% of respondents reported never making craving a target of treatment. A variety of interventions are employed to address craving, including coping skills training, encouraging clients to avoid/leave situations where craving occurs, and providing clients with education about craving. We recommend additional professional education and training to familiarize counselors with standardized craving instruments and exposur...
Implementation of Digital Electronic Arithmetic and its application

This Parameterized Digital Electronic Arithmetic (PDEA) model replaces linear operations with non-linear ones. In this paper we introduce a hardware implementation of the parametric image-processing framework that will accurately process images and speed up computation for addition, subtraction, and multiplication. Particularly, the paper presents the design of arithmetic circuits including parallel counters, adders and multipliers based in two high performance threshold logic gate implementations that we have developed. We will also explore new microprocessor architectures to take advantage of arithmetic. The experiments executed have shown that the algorithm provides faster and better enhancements from those described in the literature. Its potential applications include computer graphics, digital signal processing and other multimedia applications.
Layer Performance and Phytase Retention as Influenced by Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate and Tribasic Copper Chloride

SUMMARY An experiment was conducted to study copper sulfate pentahydrate (CSPH, CuSO45H2O) and tribasic copper chloride (TBCC, Cu2(OH)3Cl) as sources of supplemental Cu for layers. A total of 1,560 W-36 first cycle (Phase I) hens were randomly divided into 13 groups and fed a basal corn-soybean diet or a basal diet supplemented with 65, 130, 195, 260, 325, or 390 ppm of Cu from either CSPH or TBCC for 16 wk. The common intercept multiple linear regression over 4 Cu levels (65, 130, 195, and 260 ppm) indicated the bioavailability of TBCC relative to CSPH was 134%, and the optimal supplemental Cu level was 195 ppm for TBCC and 260 ppm for CSPH based on egg weight. There were no supplemental Cu level effects (P > 0.05) over the 4 Cu levels (65, 130, 195, and 260 ppm) based on feed intake, egg production, egg mass, feed conversion, and BW over 16 wk. Feed intake during the last 4 experimental weeks was lower (P < 0.01) for birds fed CSPH than for birds fed TBCC and basal diets, indicating that CSPH, but not TBCC, began depressing bird performance after being fed for 12 wk. Feed samples for both CSPH and TBCC at concentrations of 0, 195, and 390 ppm of Cu were taken from the diets and were stored at 40°C for up to 21 d. Samples were removed at 1-wk intervals for analysis of phytase retention. Phytase retention in diets with added TBCC was higher (P < 0.05) than in control diets or in diets with added CSPH. The results from this experiment suggest that the bioavailability of Cu in TBCC is greater than in CSPH, and TBCC is more effective than CSPH at reducing the oxidation of phytase during feed storage.
PREDICTION ACCURACY OF BAND-RESTRICTED RANDOM SIGNALS AND SECURITY RISK IN STATISTICAL KEY EXCHANGE

Statistical key exchange relies on signals with irreducible randomness to covertly transmit information. Because of causality, there may be disturbances during the transient turn-on, which can pose as a security risk. Linear prediction and the Gerchberg–Papoulis methods are used to analyze the risk quantitatively. With properly generated signals, the probability of leak during the transient turn-on is found to be comparable to that of the steady state. The transient signal does not pose as an additional security risk.
Possibility of X-ray detection using quantum wells

The author presents simple designs of quantum-well-based detectors which can be easily fabricated and which can detect a flux of X-rays incident on the detector. The author calculates the X-ray induced change in absorption and refractive index in GaAs-based quantum wells and uses that information to predict the performance of several proposed X-ray detectors based on carrier induced change in optical susceptibility in semiconductor quantum well structures following X-ray absorption. A 1% change in the probe beam in a reflection geometry is calculated for an incident flux of 12 X-ray photons per mu m/sup 2/. >
Impact Fluorescence of Zinc

Excitation of the zinc spectrum by collisions of the second kind with excited mercury atoms.---A sealed quartz tube containing zinc vapor at 16.0 mm and mercury vapor at 0.28 mm was illuminated by light of various wave-lengths from the hot and cold quartz mercury arcs and the aluminum spark. The resulting fluorescent radiation, observed with a short focus quartz spectrograph, contained several zinc lines which required more than 4.9 volts for their excitation. To account for these lines it is necessary to assume that mercury atoms in the $2^{1}P_{1}$ and $2^{3}S_{1}$ or $3^{3}D$ states are effective in impacts of the second kind. $2^{1}P_{1}$ mercury atoms (energy 6.67 volts) were found to excite the first triplet of the sharp series of zinc requiring 6.62 volts but not the resonance line 3075 which requires 4.01 volts. This indicates that a collision between an excited mercury atom and a normal zinc atom is more likely to be one of the second kind if the energy of the excited mercury atom only slightly exceeds that needed to excite the zinc atom. A band, probably due to HgZn, formed in the excited state or excited by an impact of the second kind, was also observed in the fluorescent light.
Water diffusion and fracture in organosilicate glass film stacks

Organosilicate glass (OSG) coatings with low dielectric permittivity are widely used as dielectrics in high-performance integrated circuits. OSG is very brittle and it is susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking in water-containing environments. We have investigated the adhesion degradation of silicon nitride/OSG and silicon carbonitride/OSG interfaces caused by water diffusion. Experimental results are in good quantitative agreement with an analytical model that combines water diffusion with subcritical crack growth. Fracture experiments show that water diffusion in OSG film stacks is remarkably fast and that it has an activation energy of 0.27 eV. The adhesion degradation is completely reversible under mild annealing conditions. Interfacial plasma treatments result in a significant enhancement of the adhesion in the absence of water, but this enhancement is lost almost completely upon exposure of the film stack to water. A diffusion study using deuterium as an isotopic tracer shows that the Si/OSG interface is the main diffusion path.
Optical-to-Microwave Conversion with 1-second Instability at the 10-17 Level

We characterize high-power photodiodes under short pulse illumination for microwave generation. Photodetection limits the 10 GHz instability to 1.4 x 10-17 at 1 s, corresponding to 1/f phase noise of -135 dBc/Hz at 1 Hz.
Modeling urban land development as a continuum to address fine-grained habitat heterogeneity

Natural landscapes are increasingly subjected to impacts associated with urbanization, resulting in loss and degradation of native ecosystems and biodiversity. Traditional classification approaches to the characterization of urbanization may prove inadequate in some human-modified landscapes where complex and unique combinations of conditions can make classification and delineation of patches difficult. We describe a model that depicts existing human development as a fine-grained continuous variable using parcel-based land use data and transportation networks. We derived percent development values across our 88 000-ha study area, the Lake Tahoe basin. Our modeled values were highly correlated with observed levels of development based on high-resolution aerial photographs. We demonstrate how our model of development can be used to address practical conservation questions by evaluating the potential effects of highly interspersed urban land development and wildland conditions on the amount and availability of habitat suitable for the resident California spotted owl (Strix occidentalis occidentalis) at two points in time (current and 40 years in the future). The results indicated that assessments not accounting for the indirect effects of development may overestimate the amount of available habitat by 19–83%. Portraying urbanization as a continuum across entire landscapes captured fine-grained landscape complexity at scales that were relevant to the habitat needs and environmental sensitivities of a species of conservation interest. This relatively simple approach should aid ecologists and landscape planners in evaluating the current or future effects of urbanization on ecological elements and processes. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Heat Stress Activates the Yeast High-Osmolarity Glycerol Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway, and Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases Are Essential under Heat Stress

The yeast high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway has been characterized as being activated solely by osmotic stress. In this work, we show that the Hog1 MAPK is also activated by heat stress and that Sho1, previously identified as a membrane-bound osmosensor, is required for heat stress activation of Hog1. The two-component signaling protein, Sln1, the second osmosensor in the HOG pathway, was not involved in heat stress activation of Hog1, suggesting that the Sho1 and Sln1 sensors discriminate between stresses. The possible function of Hog1 activation during heat stress was examined, and it was found that the hog1Δ strain does not recover as rapidly from heat stress as well as the wild type. It was also found that protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) Ptp2 and Ptp3, which inactivate Hog1, have two functions during heat stress. First, they are essential for survival at elevated temperatures, preventing lethality due to Hog1 hyperactivation. Second, they block inappropriate cross talk between the HOG and the cell wall integrity MAPK pathways, suggesting that PTPs are important for maintaining specificity in MAPK signaling pathways.
Erasing Errors due to Alignment Ambiguity When Estimating Positive Selection

Current estimates of diversifying positive selection rely on first having an accurate multiple sequence alignment. Simulation studies have shown that under biologically plausible conditions, relying on a single estimate of the alignment from commonly used alignment software can lead to unacceptably high false-positive rates in detecting diversifying positive selection. We present a novel statistical method that eliminates excess false positives resulting from alignment error by jointly estimating the degree of positive selection and the alignment under an evolutionary model. Our model treats both substitutions and insertions/deletions as sequence changes on a tree and allows site heterogeneity in the substitution process. We conduct inference starting from unaligned sequence data by integrating over all alignments. This approach naturally accounts for ambiguous alignments without requiring ambiguously aligned sites to be identified and removed prior to analysis. We take a Bayesian approach and conduct inference using Markov chain Monte Carlo to integrate over all alignments on a fixed evolutionary tree topology. We introduce a Bayesian version of the branch-site test and assess the evidence for positive selection using Bayes factors. We compare two models of differing dimensionality using a simple alternative to reversible-jump methods. We also describe a more accurate method of estimating the Bayes factor using Rao-Blackwellization. We then show using simulated data that jointly estimating the alignment and the presence of positive selection solves the problem with excessive false positives from erroneous alignments and has nearly the same power to detect positive selection as when the true alignment is known. We also show that samples taken from the posterior alignment distribution using the software BAli-Phy have substantially lower alignment error compared with MUSCLE, MAFFT, PRANK, and FSA alignments.
Validity of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory for Youth with Sickle Cell Disease

Objective Evaluate the validity of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) for sickle cell disease (SCD). Methods Sixty-eight parent–child dyads (children 5–18 years) completed the PedsQL. Medical record review assessed history of specific morbidities. Results Internal consistency of the scales varied. The strongest reliability was for parent proxy-report for specific domains or for global functioning scores with either informant. Modest internal consistency was found for specific domains with child informants, particularly for younger children. Moderate convergent validity was found between informants. History of neurologic problems or major pain episodes indicated criterion validity for specific scales. Conclusions The PedsQL appears to validly assess quality of life in youth with SCD. Domain-specific measurement of quality of life was limited by (a) low reliability for youth-report and (b) lack of discriminant validity. Choice of informant may be important when evaluating quality of life effects from pain or neurologic problems in SCD.
A view from the international organization for standardization (ISO)

Abstract The paper describes the role of the Internation Organization for Standardization (ISO) and its interaction with the other key international standards bodies (IEC, CCITT,...), the development of telecommunications standards for Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), Local Area Networks (LANs) and Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDNs).
Suction blister grafting for vitiligo: efficacy and clinical predictive factors

BACKGROUNDSuction blister epidermal grafting (SBEG) is a well-established treatment modality for vitiligo, but predictive factors for outcomes are not well characterized.OBJECTIVETo determine the efficacy and predictive variables for response to SBEG in patients with vitiligo.MATERIALS AND METHODSA
Nonadiabatic orbit features in ion distribution functions of fast flow magnetotail configurations

[1] One of the major problems in space physics is the limitation of measurements. We present here one way to infer global characteristics of the magnetosphere from only a single satellite position. Several consistent orbit-tracing (COT) models of fast flows in thin plasma sheets were constructed. The resulting ion distribution functions were examined to see if there are any features which can distinguish a uniform earthward flow of plasma from flows which are confined in a narrow channel in the dawn-dusk direction. The model distribution functions during uniform flows had the appearance of an initially isotropic f(v) that had simply been shifted by the earthward flow speed. The model f(v) exhibited lima bean–shaped features when the flow was confined to a region comparable to the diameter of a cyclotron orbit based on Bz. Distribution functions observed by the Geotail satellite were examined for comparisons, and the measured distributions were found to exhibit features similar to those obtained in the COT model. We are able to demonstrate that the distributions measured by Geotail may only be reproduced in our technique if the convective electric field is confined in the dawn-dusk direction.
Modeling bidirectional radiance measurements collected by the advanced Solid-State Array Spectroradiometer (ASAS) over oregon transect conifer forests☆

Abstract A geometric-optical model of the bidirectional reflectance of a forest canopy, developed by Li and Strahler, fits observed directional radiance measurements with good accuracy. This model treats the forest cover as a scene of discrete, three-dimensional objects (trees) that are illuminated and viewed from different positions in the hemisphere. The shapes of the objects, their count densities and patterns of placement, are the driving variables, and they condition the mixture of sunlit and shaded objects and background that are observed from a particular viewing direction, given a direction of illumination. This mixture, in turn, controls the brightness apparent to an observer or a radiometric instrument. The Advanced Solid-State Array Spectroradiometer (ASAS) was used to validate this model. This aircraft sensor presently acquires images in 29 spectral bands in the range (465–871 nm) and is pointable fore-and-aft, allowing directional measurements of radiance as a target is approached and imaged at view angles ranging ± 45° from nadir. Through atmospheric correction, ASAS radiances were reduced to bidirectional reflectance factors (BRFs). These were compared to corresponding BRF values computed from the Li-Strahler model using, wherever possible, ground measured component BRFs for calibration. The comparisons showed a good match between the modeled and measured reflectance factors for four of the five Oregon Transect Sites. Thus, the geometric-optical approach provides a realistic model for the bidirectional reflectance distribution function of such natural vegetation canopies. Further modifications are suggested to improve the predicted BRFs and yield still better results.
GPS measured rates of deformation in the northern San Francisco Bay Region, California, 1990–1993

A 100-km-long, 13-station profile extending across the San Andreas fault system north of San Francisco Bay was measured 7 times between March 1990 and January 1993 with the Global Positioning System (GPS). The data have been processed using the Bernese Version 3.2 software. Data from a continental-scale fiducial network were included in the solutions to aid orbit improvement and provide a consistent reference frame. We find 33 ± 2 mm/yr of fault-parallel (N33°W) shear evenly distributed southwest and northeast of the Rodgers Creek fault and a near linear velocity gradient across the profile. The profile spans most of the zone of active deformation associated with the San Andreas fault system. Shear is negligible at the east end of the profile near the Great Valley. Additional shear of a few millimeters per year is likely beyond Point Reyes Head, the west end of the profile. We observe no systematic convergence upon the fault. The GPS measured velocities are similar to those derived previously from trilateration. The velocity change across the GPS profile (31–35 mm/yr) plus that west of the profile (0–3 mm/yr) and that observed with VLBI east of the Sierra Nevada Mountains (∼10–12 mm/yr) accounts for the North American-Pacific plate rate (46–47 mm/yr).
Estrogen accumulation by porcine granulosa cells in culture.

Porcine granulosa cells in culture specifically concentrate 3H-labeled estrogens. Estrone (E1) uptake was greater than 17β estradiol (E2) uptake, and was maximal within 15 minutes at 37°C. Nonspecific uptake of 3H-E1 and 3H-E2 in the presence of a 1000-fold excess of the homologous unlabeled steroid was 21.4 to 37.5% for E1 and 47.9% for E2. Estriol, 17α E2, 17β E2 and testosterone competed actively with E1 for concentration by the granulosa cells. Treatment of the cultured cells with chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) did not increase E1 uptake over untreated controls when compared on the basis of cell DNA. However, when compared on the basis of cell protein, hCG caused a significant increase in E1 uptake on day 4 of treatment. These studies provide further evidence that the porcine granulosa cell is a target cell for the action of estrogens.
Models for Delay Faults

In this chapter fault models used to model the effects of defects causing excessive circuit delays are discussed. Methods to generate tests to detect modeled faults and design for test methods to improve fault coverage are reviewed. Current work in detecting what are called small delay defects is discussed.
Domestic campsites and cyber landscapes in the Rocky Mountains

The dwellings of prehistoric Native North Americans are amongst the hardest archaeological structures to find and characterise � they leave only a shallow ring of stones. But the authors show that, when recorded to modern levels of precision, these tipi-stances contain a wealth of information. The stone rings are mapped in detail by hand, and located by GPS, their hearths are located by fluxgate survey and sampled for radiocarbon dating, and the results displayed in layered maps on GIS. Different social groups had different floor plans, so that, even where artefacts are missing, the movement of peoples can be dated and mapped. The results also bring to the fore the great cultural value of these, the dominant monument types of Bighorn Canyon National Recreational Area.
On the Theory of Liquid He 3

The difficulties raised by the elementary interpretation of the recently observed temperature variation of the nuclear paramagnetic susceptibility of liquid ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ as an ideal antisymmetric fluid type of degeneration phenomenon are discussed. The susceptibility data are then shown to lead to a direct and rigorous evaluation of the entropy of spin disorder and the associated heat capacity. The observed enormous total entropy of liquid ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ at low temperatures is thus explained to be overwhelmingly entropy of spin disorder. The spin heat capacity is about half of the observed total heat capacity at the lowest temperature of observations. It should tend to become the dominant part of the total liquid heat capacity below this temperature. The maximum of the spin heat capacity at low enough temperatures may become observable indirectly through the total heat capacity of the liquid.
A Constitutive Model for Preconditioining in Ligaments and Tendons

Collageneous tissues, such as ligaments and tendons, are viscoelastic materials: they creep under constant stress, relax under constant strain, and show hysteresis when cyclically loaded and unloaded [1]. Although these tissues are viscoelastic, researchers in biomechanics often study their “pseudo-elastic” properties after subjected them to “preconditioning.” Preconditioning is an experimental procedure consisting of loading and unloading biological tissues repeatedly until no further change between the loading and unloading stress-strain curves are observed. This procedure significantly affects the measurement of mechanical properties [2]. Unfortunately, because there is no standard preconditioning protocol used in biomechanical testing, comparison among different experimental studies that quantify the mechanical properties of biological tissues remains difficult [3].Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Research on Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction of Polysaccharides from Zizyphus jujube cv. Huping

In order to extract polysaccharides from Zizyphus jujube cv.Huping more effectively,the effects of ultrasonic power,ultrasonic extraction time and mass ratio of solid to water on polysaccharides yield were studied;and the ultrasonic assisted extraction method was optimized.The optimum extraction conditions were,ultrasonic power,180 W;ultrasonic time,20 min;and mass ratio of solid to water,1∶10.The yield was 11.32% under these conditions.
Postmenopausal endometriosis: A case report and review of the literature

Abstract 1. 1. Theories of the origin of endometriosis are reviewed and the pathophysiologic role of estrogen stimulation is discussed. 2. 2. A series of 203 cases of adenomyosis is presented, of which 23 were in women past the climacteric. An additional case is studied and reported. 3. 3. The origin and fate of such tumors in the postmenopausal woman are discussed.
Urinary Excretion (24 Hours) of Zinc and Copper in Normal Vegetarian and Non-Vegetarian Female Subjects during the Different Seasons: A Preliminary Study

The usefulness of a laboratory test is determined by two general classes of variables: analytical and biological. These variations affect the spread of values that define the normal or reference range. It is known that factors related to climate (seasonal changes) such as temperature, humidity, barometric pressure and due point affect water balance. As a consequence, urine output, and the distribution of exchangeable water in the body are altered (1). This may lead to great variations in the excretion of several urinary constituents, including trace elements.Thus,climate may become a significant factor in assessing reference values for urinary constituents. In addition to these natural cyclic changes, dietary habits such as vegetarianism, as well as variation in diet as a result of seasonal changes in availability of foods for consumption, can also influence the urinary profile. In order to define the levels of reference values (e.g. trace elements) in urine, all the above mentioned variables should be recognized. This study was initiated to determine the urinary excretion of copper and zinc during the four seasons of the year for women consuming vegetarian and meat-based diets.
Girls’ Summer Lab

Since I was not given permission by the publisher of the Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering (i.e. Begell House) to reprint Girls’ Summer Lab: An Intervention (Baker, Lindsey, & Blair, 1999) I will instead provide a synopsis of the study. Girls’ Summer Lab is an evaluation study of the impact of an intervention to support middle school minority girls’ in science.
COUNSELING ADULT CHILDREN OF AGING PARENTS

U.S. Census Bureau projections indicate that by the year 2020, the number of Americans 65 years and older will increase from the present 33.2 million to 53 million, making one in six, versus the current one in eight, a senior citizen. Adult children and their aging parents are virtually unindoctrinated in ways to effectively cope with increased longevity and fewer caregivers. The prevailing trend in parent care leaves adult children grossly unprepared to meet both personal needs and the developmental needs of their parents. This creates an opportunity for mental health professionals to assist in changes with societal implications that may enrich the lives of many generations. With reference to adult children and aging parents, issues of dependency, loneliness, communication, developmental decline, alternative living arrangements, and their implications for mental health professionals are examined in this article.
An Index to Characterize the Multi-Dimensional Nature of Land Use Regulations in the Greater Houston Metropolitan Area

Abstract Although housing prices and the lack of real income growth are cited as the main factors behind the housing affordability problem, it has been proven that land use regulations have some responsibility as well. Indices have been the most common indicator used to characterize the stringency of local land use regulations; however, these studies focus primarily on those most stringent regulatory environments, and therefore there is no evidence of the validity of such indices in areas regarded as less stringent. In response to this lack of evidence, using a unique data set this article presents an index characterizing local regulatory environments in a well-known less stringent regulatory environment: the Houston-Galveston Area in Texas. This index proves to be a valid measure capable of capturing the multi-dimensional nature of land use regulations. The analysis of the index and statistical correlations validate the use of indices to characterize metropolitan land use regulations.
Crime Diversity: Reexamining Crime Richness Across Spatial Scales:

Although much of the crime and place literature seeks to explain crime frequency in relation to environmental conditions, few studies have examined crime diversity in space. This article reexamines a study of crime diversity in relation to a neutral model assuming environmental conditions have minimal influence on crime patterns. The original study results show that the variety of crime types in a given area (i.e., crime richness) increases regularly across spatial scales, and is largely consistent with a neutral or random process. This conclusion makes no appeal to the crime-environment dependencies often believed to influence crime occurrence, making the study a worthy candidate for additional scrutiny. The current study first verifies the original study results in Los Angeles, CA, and demonstrates their robustness with alternative crime classification schemes. Next, two alternative methods are used to check whether results differ when (a) locations are sampled randomly from the entire city rather than ...
A Cautionary Tale: Fiduciary Breach as Legal Malpractice

Lawyers, judges, and legal scholars commonly refer to lawyers as fiduciaries, generally meaning agents who bear special and onerous duties toward clients. What is often missing from the incantation is a settled notion of the legal content of the concept and the part that such content should play in a client’s lawsuit against a lawyer. The topic of fiduciary breach as a theory of recovery in a client’s lawsuit is surely not new, and its asserted advantages and justifications have received some attention from legal scholars. Nonetheless, restiveness about the fiduciary breach concept continues to surface in some court opinions, suggesting that present understanding and application of the concept might be unsound. A different, and narrower, formulation of lawyerfiduciary-liability doctrine might in fact be overdue, and that is attempted here. This exercise was inspired in part by earlier efforts to come to grips with a similar set of issues in the course of drafting the Restatement of