cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A prospective study of physical activity during different times of life and premenopausal breast cancer.

A170 Background: Physical activity may lower postmenopausal breast cancer incidence, but the evidence for premenopausal breast cancers is conflicting. Few prospective studies have been conducted. Methods: We examined the prospective relation between physical activity and premenopausal breast cancer among 64,777 women in the Nurses9 Health Study II cohort. Participants were followed from 1997 (ages 33-51) to 2003. Incidence of invasive breast cancer was assessed according to the intensity (strenuous, strenuous plus moderate, walking, and total) and time-of-life (adolescence, adulthood, and lifetime - i.e. age 12 onwards) of self-reported physical activity. Total activity, expressed in metabolic equivalent hours per week (MET-h/wk), was computed by multiplying the hours per week of strenuous, moderate, and walking activities with their MET score, and summing the values. The MET score generally describes the effort required for an activity. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate relative risks (RR) and confidence intervals (CI), adjusting for established breast cancer risk factors. Results: During 6 years of follow-up, 550 confirmed cases of incident breast cancer were identified. Compared with women reporting
Frequency and Associated Clinical Features of Functional Tricuspid Regurgitation in Patients With Chronic Atrial Fibrillation

Significant functional tricuspid regurgitation (TR) can develop in some but not all patients with chronic atrial fibrillation (AF). This study sought to identify factors likely to be involved in determining the severity of TR in patients with chronic AF. In this retrospective cohort study of adult patients referred for transthoracic echocardiography for evaluation of AF between 2004 and 2015, we identified 170 patients with chronic AF in the absence of structural or known coronary heart disease. Patients were classified into nonsevere (89 patients) versus severe TR (81 patients) groups based on a comprehensive assessment of color Doppler, spectral Doppler, and morphologic parameters of the tricuspid valve and right side of the heart. Patients with severe TR were significantly older (76 ± 10 vs 70 ± 11, p <0.001), with smaller body surface area (1.7 ± 0.3 m2 vs 1.9 ± 0.23 m2, p = 0.001) and with female predominance (percentage of men 30% vs 57%, p <0.001). Although comorbidities, use of cardiovascular medications, and left-sided cardiac parameters were statistically indistinguishable between these 2 groups, right-sided cardiac dimensions, tricuspid valve tethering height, and tricuspid valve tethering area were significantly larger in the severe TR group. A comprehensive multivariate logistic regression model (model 1) identified the age, gender, right ventricular systolic pressure, right atrial volume index, and right ventricular end-diastolic area as independent factors associated with TR severity. A simplified logistic regression model using only clinical factors (model 2) confirmed the age, gender, and right ventricular systolic pressure as clinically relevant factors in relation to TR.
Prevalence of ventricular ectopy in older adults across different frailty levels

An increased prevalence of ventricular ectopy (Premature Ventricular Contraction, PVC) is associated with increased incidence of congestive heart failure and increased mortality. Increase in incidence of ventricular ectopy with age has been demonstrated in previous studies, but to the best of our knowledge, its association with frailty, a geriatric syndrome that is associated with adverse health outcomes, has not been studied. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of ventricular ectopy in older adults across different frailty levels. A uni-channel ECG in 45 older adults aged 65 and above were measured using a wearable ECG recorder. Participants were classified as non-frail (n=22), pre-frail (n=17), and frail (n=6) using the Fried frailty phenotype. PVCs were identified automatically, and subsequently checked manually by an expert to ensure accuracy. Number of PVC beats per hour was considered for ECG assessment and analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to evaluate the number of PVC episodes per hour among frailty groups. Ninety eight percent of participants had at least one PVC episode and correlation of number of PVC beats with age was very weak (r=0.28, p=0.076). Number of PVC beats was not significantly different (p>0.05) between non-frail (44.18±67.58), pre-frail (47.93±76.76), and frail (22.13±7.84). However, the average number of PVC beats was higher in pre-frail compared to non-frail (p>0.05).
The packet protector

The internet is more than 45 years old and it's starting to show its age. To be sure, it has served us wonderfully well. Its underlying technologies delivered the World Wide Web (still a young adult at around 28 years old) and our global communications network. Even as its user base has swelled to 3.4 billion, these technologies have scaled admirably. n Today, however, all of those users demand a level of performance that the Internet was never designed to deliver. The authors of the original Internet protocols, who began their pioneering work in the late 1960s, designed them for a network to be used mainly for sending electronic mail from one computer to another. Now, though, people spend far more time streaming Netflix movies. Oftentimes, one piece of content must be distributed to hundreds of thousands or millions of users simultaneously-and in real time.
Abstract W P385: Hypertension-Induced Hypoxia Leads to Neurodegeneration in a Novel Model of Accelerated Cerebrovascular Disease

Hypertension is a major risk factor contributing to cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke and vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). Elevated blood pressure leads to cerebral small vessel disease, resulting neuronal cell death and cognitive dysfunction. We developed a unique animal model of clinical VCI in the spontaneously hypertensive stroke prone (SHR-SP) rat, characterized by significant white matter disease, neuroinflammation and behavioral deficits induced by a Japanese Permissive Diet (JPD) and unilateral carotid artery occlusion (UCAO). We hypothesized that the SHR-SP rat has neuropathological changes in the cortex and hippocampus due to effects of hypertension on neurodegeneration. To test the hypothesis, we performed permanent right side UCAO (hypoxia) at 12 weeks (12W) of age in male SHR-SP rats (n=5). Following surgery, rats were placed on a JPD and received 1% NaCl in drinking water (hypertension). Control rats were fed a normal diet and underwent right carotid artery isolation (n=4). A preliminary time course of NeuN and Cresyl Violet staining, from hypoxia onset (12W) to sacrifice (16W), showed decreased neuronal survival and elevated neuroinflammatory response (astro- and micro-gliosis by GFAP and Iba1 staining, respectively) in the experimental group as compared to controls. Microbleeds and endothelial cell damage were observed by Hematoxylin and Eosin histology. Immunohistochemistry showed an up-regulation of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), implicating a hypoxia-mediated mechanism in neurodegeneration. We observed disruption of the blood brain barrier beginning at 13W, with progressive changes by 16W. MRI-T2 imaging showed significantly larger infarct sizes on the left as compared to the right side hippocampus of experimental rats versus controls (1409656.67±262032 and 1174952.89±145886 (mean±SE), respectively; p
Human and nonhuman primate meninges harbor lymphatic vessels that can be visualized noninvasively by MRI.

How does the brain rid itself of waste products? Other organs in the body achieve this via a system called the lymphatic system. A network of lymphatic vessels extends throughout the body in a pattern similar to that of blood vessels. Waste products from cells, plus bacteria, viruses and excess fluids drain out of the body’s tissues into lymphatic vessels, which transfer them to the bloodstream. Blood vessels then carry the waste products to the kidneys, which filter them out for excretion. Lymphatic vessels are also a highway for circulation of white blood cells, which fight infections, and are therefore an important part of the immune system. Unlike other organs, the brain does not contain lymphatic vessels. So how does it remove waste? Some of the brain’s waste products enter the fluid that bathes and protects the brain – the cerebrospinal fluid – before being disposed of via the bloodstream. However, recent studies in rodents have also shown the presence of lymphatic vessels inside the outer membrane surrounding the brain, the dura mater. Absinta, Ha et al. now show that the dura mater of people and marmoset monkeys contains lymphatic vessels too. Spotting lymphatic vessels is challenging because they resemble blood vessels, which are much more numerous. In addition, Absinta, Ha et al. found a way to visualize the lymphatic vessels in the dura mater using brain magnetic resonance imaging, and could confirm that lymphatic vessels are present in autopsy tissue using special staining methods. For magnetic resonance imaging, monkeys and human volunteers received an injection of a dye-like substance called gadolinium, which travels via the bloodstream to the brain. In the dura mater, gadolinium leaks out of blood vessels and collects inside lymphatic vessels, which show up as bright white areas on brain scans. To confirm that the white areas were lymphatic vessels, the experiment was repeated using a different dye that does not leak out of blood vessels. As expected, the signals observed in the previous brain scans did not appear. By visualizing the lymphatic system, this technique makes it possible to study how the brain removes waste products and circulates white blood cells, and to examine whether this process is impaired in aging or disease.
Space-saving tips to lower stress

Understanding how some single cells evolved into multicellular life means figuring out how they overcome the stresses associated with crowding as they multiply. New insights from yeast suggest that changes in the shape of cells may provide an answer.
A Case of Focal REM-Sleep Epilepsy Originating from the Occipital Lobe (P3.278)

Objective: NA Background: Seizures occur during various stages of sleep with different propensity. REM sleep has been found in particular to play a seizure-protective role, and therefore seizures during this phase are a rare phenomenon. Multiple pathways have been postulated that makes REM sleep relatively immune to seizures, when compared to other stages of sleep as well as the awake state. We present a case of focal occipital lobe epilepsy in REM sleep. Design/Methods: Case report Results: 36-year-old right-handed legally blind gentleman who presented with seizures reportedly beginning at 6 months of age. Seizure semiology progressed from generalized tonic clonic convulsions to ultimately become almost exclusively related to experiencing a vivid dream. We admitted him for video-EEG monitoring. Anti-seizure drugs (ASD) include Levetiracetam 300 mg daily, Topiramate 300mg twice daily, and Zonisamide 200 mg daily. Patient had frequent right interictal occipital spike-and-wave discharges which were seen exclusively during REM sleep. After weaning ASD, patient had a clinical event described as a dream experience of being pursued and in distress, followed by a brief period of wakefulness and subsequent loss of consciousness. Electrographically, this was associated with seizure onset during REM sleep and was 7-minute-long in duration, originating from right occipital region that subsequently generalized. There was no clear clinical correlate aside from brief leg stiffening 5 minutes into the seizure. Conclusions: Seizures during REM sleep are seldom seen and are usually reported in temporal and frontal lobe epilepsy; REM sleep seizures emanating from occipital lobe is a rare entity. Vivid dream at seizure onset during REM sleep is of particular interest in this case. The mechanism for the seizure-protective effect of REM sleep is not entirely clear, but is postulated to be due to factors including increased cholinergic output, asynchronous discharges that result in reduced opportunity for spatial and temporal summation, and emergence of regional antiepileptic microrhythms. Disclosure: Dr. Shuaib has nothing to disclose. Dr. Humayun has nothing to disclose. Dr Panjwani has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sheikh has nothing to disclose.
Obama’s Pivot to Asia and Its Failed Japan-South Korea Historical Reconciliation

Since the 1980s, Japan’s war memory has strained its relations with South Korea and China, to a less degree, the USA. Two of the thorniest issues are the comfort women and the US atomic bombing of Japan. Before the Obama administration announced its policy pivot to Asia in 2011, both Japanese and American leaders were reluctant to make amends for the past acts of their countries. However, in 2015, the Japanese conservative Prime Minister Abe reached an agreement with South Korea that “finally and irreversibly” resolved the comfort women issue, thus achieving a historic reconciliation between the two countries. In 2016, then President Obama visited Hiroshima to commemorate the atomic bomb victims. Then, in December 2016, the comfort women issue resurfaced in Japan and South Korea relations, indicating a failure of the reconciliation. Why did the USA change its policy on historical issues involving Japan? Why did Abe and the South Korean President Park Geun-hye settle the comfort women issue? Why did Obama visit Hiroshima? Why did the reconciliation fail? In this article, I propose a rational choice theory to answer these questions. Applying the proposed theory and relying on available evidence, I argue that the settlement of the comfort women issue and Obama’s visit to Hiroshima are important components of Obama’s pivot to Asia to balance China’s rise. The reconciliation failed mainly because it did not resolve the historical justice issue promoted by the human rights norms. I discuss some implications for reconciliation in Northeast Asia.
Frailty Syndrome in Patients with Carotid Disease: Simplifying How We Calculate Frailty.

Abstract Introduction Frailty syndrome is established predictor of adverse outcomes after carotid surgery. Recently, a modified 5 factor NSQIP frailty index has been utilized however; its utility in vascular procedures is unclear. The aim of our study was to compare the mFI-5 to the mFI-11 regarding of value and predictive ability for mortality, postoperative infection , and unplanned 30-day readmission. Methods The mFI was calculated by dividing the number of factors present for a patient by the number of available factors for which there were no missing data. Spearman's rho test was used to assess the correlation between the mFI-5 and mFI-11. Predictive models, using both unadjusted and adjusted logistic regressions, were created for each outcome for carotid endarterectomy using 2005-2012 NSQIP data, the last year all mFI-11 variables existed. Results A total of 36,000 patients were included with mean age was 74.6±5.9 years, complication rate 10.7%, and mortality rate 3.1%, and readmission rate is 6.2%. Correlation between the mFI-5 and mFI-11 was above 0.9 across all outcomes for patients. mFI-5 had strong predictive ability for mortality, postoperative complications and 30-days readmission Conclusions The mFI-5 and the mFI-11 are equally effective predictors of postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. mFI-5 is a strong predictor of postoperative complications, mortality and 30-d readmission.
Changing perspectives on terrestrial nitrogen cycling: The importance of weathering and evolved resource‐use traits for understanding ecosystem responses to global change

Our understanding of terrestrial nitrogen (N) cycling is changing as new processes are uncovered, including the sources, turnover and losses of N from ecosystems. We integrate recent insights into an updated N‐cycling framework and discuss how a new understanding integrates eco‐evolutionary dynamics with nutrient cycling. These insights include (a) the significance of rock weathering as a biologically meaningful N source to plants and microbes; (b) the lack of consistent N limitation of organic matter decomposition by soil microbes; (c) species‐specific variation in plant N limitation; and (d) how fire effects on soil N shift with ecosystem properties. Using an eco‐evolutionary framework and revised knowledge of N cycling, we describe how (a) rock N weathering could have contributed more strongly to gradients in soil N availability than previously recognized, (b) evolution and co‐evolution of plant and soil microbial resource‐use traits underlie whether decomposition and production are N‐limited, and (c) the effects of fire on soil N pools are mediated by composition of plant species and time‐scale. Our revised framework of N cycling provides a way forward for improving biogeochemical models to more accurately estimate rates of plant production and decomposition, and total soil N. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
CFD goes to school

The part that universities should play in the future development of CFD, which must be evaluated in light of CFD's pacing elements and challenges, is discussed. Attention is given to CFD pacing items that must be in place before routine aerodynamic simulation can be performed including grid generation and geometry surface definition, solution adaptive meshing, more efficient time-accurate simulation, modeling of real-gas effects, multiple relative body motion, and prediction of transition and turbulence modeling. As universities have contributed to research in CFD from its inception, this research should continue to enhance and motivate teaching, improve CFD as a discipline, and stimulate faculty and students.
SREBP1 regulates mitochondrial metabolism in oncogenic KRAS expressing NSCLC

Abstract Cancer cells require extensive metabolic reprogramming in order to provide the bioenergetics and macromolecular precursors needed to sustain a malignant phenotype. Mutant KRAS is a driver oncogene that is well known for its ability to regulate the ERK and PI3K signaling pathways. However, it is now appreciated that KRAS can promote tumor growth via upregulation of anabolic metabolism. We recently showed that oncogenic KRAS promotes a gene expression program of de novo lipogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To define the mechanism(s) responsible, we focused on the lipogenic transcription factor SREBP1. We observed that KRAS increases SREBP1 expression and genetic knockdown of SREBP1 significantly inhibited cell proliferation of mutant KRAS-expressing cells. Unexpectedly, lipogenesis was not significantly altered in cells subject to SREBP1 knockdown. Carbon tracing metabolic studies showed a significant decrease in oxidative phosphorylation and RNA-seq data revealed a significant decrease in mitochondrial encoded subunits of the electron transport chain (ETC). Taken together, these data support a novel role, distinct from lipogenesis, of SREBP1 on mitochondrial function in mutant KRAS NSCLC.
Simultaneous leaf-level measurement of trace gas emissions and photosynthesis with a portable photosynthesis system

Abstract. Plants emit considerable quantities of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the identity and amount of which vary with temperature, light, and other environmental factors. Portable photosynthesis systems are a useful method for simultaneously quantifying in situ leaf-level emissions of VOCs and plant physiology. We present a comprehensive characterization of the LI-6800 portable photosynthesis system's ability to be coupled to trace gas detectors and measure leaf-level trace gas emissions, including limits in flow rates, environmental parameters, and VOC backgrounds. Instrument contaminants from the LI-6800 can be substantial but are dominantly complex molecules such as siloxanes that are structurally dissimilar to biogenic VOCs and thus unlikely to interfere with most leaf-level emissions measurements. We validate the method by comparing CO2 assimilation calculated internally by the portable photosynthesis system to measurements taken with an external CO2 gas analyzer; these assimilation measurements agree within 1 %. We also demonstrate both online and offline measurements of plant trace gas exchange using the LI-6800. Offline measurements by pre-concentration on adsorbent cartridges enable the detection of a broad suite of VOCs, including monoterpenes (e.g., limonene) and aldehydes (e.g., decanal). Online measurements can be more challenging if flow rates require dilution with ultrapure zero air. We use high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometry coupled to the LI-6800 to measure the direct plant emission of formic acid.
Pion Fields and Quarks in Nuclear Matter

While the basic description of nuclear matter is usually in terms of point nucleons interacting via two-body potentials*, other degrees of freedom can be important in determining the properties of the matter. Recently the effects of nucleon isobar, or Δ (1236), degrees of freedom on the effective nucleon-nucleon interaction in matter have been stressed (Green 1976, Holinde et al. 1977, 1978). In these lectures I would like to describe the roles of explicit pion and quark degrees of freedom in producing unusual states of nuclear matter, concentrating particularly on the possibilities of pion condensation, and formation of quark matter, in the density range from normal nuclear matter density, no ≃ 0.17 fm-3, to several orders of magnitude higher.
Community Partnerships for Enhanced Research Experience in Biomedical Informatics

The Department of BioHealth Informatics at the School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) has successfully built strong collaborations and partnerships with local communities. The partners include but not limited to other higher education institutes, biomedical research institutes, healthcare organizations, pharmaceutical companies, government agencies, and other biomedical technology industries. The department drafted a 5-year strategic plan to foster teamwork and practice with community partners, which benefit both faculty and students. The department also recruited members for the BHI community-based advisory boards with diverse backgrounds and different decision making. The advisory board strengthens our programs to meet the industrial needs, promote faculty interactions with local communities, and increase student employment opportunities. Through the weekly BHI seminar series, including colloquium speakers, Ph.D. student work-in-progress reports, and faculty proposal development, BHI faculty have been successful in building new collaborative projects and secure joint grants. Another significant initiative is the establishment of the BioHealth Informatics Research Center (BHIRC), which systematically promotes collaborations among faculty members, students, and external collaborators. Students have enriched research and learning experience from hands-on experience, application-oriented projects, and internships with local companies. The practices and strategic planning can be extended to other informatics disciplines easily.
PRISMS-Fatigue computational framework for fatigue analysis in polycrystalline metals and alloys

The PRISMS-Fatigue open-source framework for simulation-based analysis of microstructural influences on fatigue resistance for polycrystalline metals and alloys is presented here. The framework uses the crystal plasticity finite element method as its microstructure analysis tool and provides a highly efficient, scalable, flexible, and easy-to-use ICME community platform. The PRISMS-Fatigue framework is linked to different open-source software to instantiate microstructures, compute the material response, and assess fatigue indicator parameters. The performance of PRISMS-Fatigue is benchmarked against a similar framework implemented using ABAQUS. Results indicate that the multilevel parallelism scheme of PRISMS-Fatigue is more efficient and scalable than ABAQUS for large-scale fatigue simulations. The performance and flexibility of this framework is demonstrated with various examples that assess the driving force for fatigue crack formation of microstructures with different crystallographic textures, grain morphologies, and grain numbers, and under different multiaxial strain states, strain magnitudes, and boundary conditions.
Enhanced ionization of counter-rotating electrons via doorway states in ultrashort circularly polarized laser pulses

We have performed single-active-electron numerical calculations of neon- and argonlike atoms interacting with short, intense, circularly polarized laser pulses at wavelengths between 10 nm and 1000 nm. Our results reveal a surprisingly large change by a factor of about 100 in the ionization ratio of electrons in initial states counter-rotating with respect to the field over corotating electrons in the previously unexplored intermediate few-photon ionization regime. The physical mechanism behind this observation is related to resonant enhanced ionization via states close in energy to the initial states. These doorway states are accessible exclusively from the initial state for counter-rotating electrons within the respective wavelength regime. The results may open a new route for controlling the generation of spin-polarized electrons by ultrashort laser pulses.
Corrosion-Resistant Metallic Canisters for Nuclear Waste Isolation

A program with the goal of estimating the potential of a material to survive 300 years as a nuclear waste canister is underway at Sandia Laboratories. The corrosion and stress corrosion cracking behavior of the leading candidate, TiCode-12***, is contrasted to that of a commonly used engineering alloy, 304 stainless steel. Experimental evidence is presented which shows the inadequacy of 304 stainless steel in potential repository environments and shows that TiCode-12 could endure the desired 300 years. Further work required to qualify TiCode-12 is outlined.
Habits of the Sensory System and Mental Health: Understanding Sensory Dissonance.

Objective In occupational therapy, research has studied sensory function predominantly in relation to sensory disorders. There is a gap in the literature exploring how sensory experiences affect mental health. This study sought to provide a phenomenological understanding of how people relate experiences of sensory dissonance to their mental health. Method Ten immigrants from Latin America participated in semistructured interviews and video observations of their occupational behavior. Results Participants' experiences of sensory dissonance provoked negative mental states and distress. Participants reported poor mental health following sensory experiences that were incongruent with their habits of sensing. They also intentionally used sensory anchors to induce positive mental states and connect with past occupational experiences. Conclusion Occupational therapy practitioners should be mindful of how sensory environments can facilitate or impede intervention. Practitioners are encouraged to harness clients' sensory habits and use sensory anchors as a form of sensory scaffolding to facilitate therapeutic gains.
Intensity dynamics of an “EIT wave” observed by trace

Abstract On 13 June 1998 an “EIT wave” was observed by the TRACE satellite, initiated by a flare outside the TRACE field of view. This allowed for deep exposure observations, something rare with “EIT wave”. To study the wave dynamics we examine a time series of base difference images, taking slices radiating from the flare origin. Graphs of the slices show changes in intensity with respect to a pre-flare image. We find the “EIT wave” is observable as a propagating crest for 400–500 second before it dissipates and/or is disrupted by in-situ magnetic structures. We examine eight vectors that can be modelled in part by Gaussian curves. Velocities determined by measuring from peak intensities (the “center” of the wave rather than a visually determined wave front) give a wide range of values; the eastern portion of the wave front moves coherently at ∼350 km/s, while the western wave front slows dramatically and shows possible deflection. One of the slices appears to map ejecta, rather than a wave front trajectory. Initial results show that the “EIT wave” crests do not exhibit a monotonic dissipation, but instead seem to maintain or increase in size for hundreds of seconds before dimming and broadening. Similarly, the depleted region following each crest also becomes larger over time. The intensity increase may represent material heating into the TRACE 195passband, or it may be evidence of a soliton behavior. The large intensity decrease behind the wave front appears to be the coronal dimming often associated with coronal mass ejections.
Substrate-induced activation of a trapped IMC-mediated protein folding intermediate

While several unfolded proteins acquire native structures through distinct folding intermediates, the physiological relevance and importance of such states in the folding kinetics remain controversial. The intramolecular chaperone (IMC) of subtilisin was used to trap a partially folded, stable crosslinked intermediate conformer (CLIC) through a disulfide bond between mutated IMC and subtilisin. The trapped CLIC contains non-native interactions. Here we show that CLIC can be induced into a catalytically active form by incubating it with small peptide substrates. The structure and catalytic properties of the activated crosslinked intermediate conformer (A-CLIC) differ from those of the fully folded enzyme in that A-CLIC lacks any endopeptidase activity toward a large protein substrate. Our results show that a disulfide-linked partially folded protein can be induced to acquire catalytic activity with a substrate specificity that is different from completely folded subtilisin. These results also suggest that protein folding intermediates may also participate in catalytic reactions.
Directions in Cell Migration Along the Rostral Migratory Stream: The Pathway for Migration in the Brain

Abstract The rostral migratory stream (RMS) is an extension of the subventricular zone (SVZ) that ends at the center of the olfactory bulb. In rodents, the SVZ and RMS contain the precursor cells for the olfactory interneurons. In development and throughout adult life, these neural precursors leave the SVZ, migrate tangentially along the RMS to the olfactory bulb, from where they then begin to migrate radially to their final destination and differentiate into mature neurons. Live imaging techniques have revealed the nature of RMS migrations at high spatial and temporal resolution. Through the use of genetic and other interventions, the molecular mechanisms controlling the migration are now beginning to emerge. Here we review the nature of the migrations and the putative molecular players.
Alternating Treatments Design

The alternating treatments design (ATD) is a type of single-participant design that is commonly used to determine the effectiveness of two or more treatments. Conditions in the ATD are alternated rapidly and randomly/semirandomly, and effects can by analyzed statistically (e.g., randomization tests) and/or by visual inspection. Using the ATD can be advantageous because treatment effects can be found rather quickly and a withdrawal phase and baseline data are not required. Keywords: single-participant design; alternation treatment design; baseline data; randomization test
Penile Cutaneous Metastasis of Prostate Adenocarcinoma: Report of a Case: Abstracts

Adenocarcinoma of the prostate is the most common visceral malignancy in men and has a tendency to metastasize to the axial skeleton, lungs, adrenal, and liver. Cutaneous metastasis is extremely rare and portends resistance to therapy and poor prognosis. We report an unusual case of metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma to the penile skin. A 77-year-old man presented with two-month history of a subcutaneous nodule on the dorsal aspect of the glans penis in the region of the coronal ridge. The patient was seven years status-post radical prostatectomy for adenocarcinoma of the prostate, and had previously received both radiation and hormonal therapy for metastatic bone disease. The penile nodule was excised and microscopic examination showed infilteration of the dermis by malignant acini exhibiting a cribriform growth pattern and central comedonecrosis. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the tumor cells were negative for prostate specific antigen (PSA), thyroid transription factor-1, cytokeratin 7, and cytokeratin 20, but were strongly and diffusely positive for prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP). Based on these findings, a diagnosis of metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma was established. In addition to the unusual location on the penis, this case also demonstrates the importance of immunostaining for PAP when metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma is suspected.
A case study in Costa Rica about personal happiness: Does health and family communication have more influence than quantity of money and material goods?

From extensive research on the phenomenom of “simpatia”, known as a relationship or an affinity between people or things in which whatever affects one correspondingly affects the other, in Latin American countries, many characteristics, such as friendliness and a positive attitude, have been identified. However, despite such positive attitudes, very few studies measured levels of happiness and satisfaction in these communities, specifically Costa Rica. This study measured happiness levels during March-April 2012 in San Ramon, Costa Rica. Created questionnaires measuring happiness levels were distributed to 197 participants (104 M, 92 F, 1 Unknown). A validated questionnaire showed homogeneity to our created questionnaire (P<0,0001). Mean responses relating happiness to “good health” (=4,73) and “family communication” (= 4,58) were greater than responses of “quantity of money made each month” (= 3,49) or “owning material goods” (= 3,49) (P<0,05). Mean responses of “having a national army” (= 1,73) were smaller than responses to “living in nature” (= 4,62). On terms of gender and sexuality rights, most participants did not support the idea of homosexuality, and while equal gender rights was supported, more women than men felt happier by this concept (P=0,0004). The major limitation for this study was limited time, area, and the number of participants. KEY WORDS Costa Rica, family communication, good health, happiness levels, income levels, material possessions, simpatia
Foreign material evaluation equipment: measurement method

In injector manufacturing, mixed defectives are occurred by the foreign material of burrs, cellulose and so on. Then, we developed a foreign material evaluation equipment to show the specification of foreign material reduction and defectives generating cause. This paper discusses on our foreign material measurement method with dynamic threshold, outline processing, and incident-light illumination.
Characterization of the protective antibody response to Borrelia burgdorferi in experimentally infected LSH hamsters

Abstract We show that serum obtained from normal hamsters infected with Borrelia burgdorferi can confer complete protection on irradiated recipients challenged with the Lyme spirochete. Borreliacidal activity was detected 7 days after infection, peaked at weeks 3 to 5, and thereafter decreased. Relatively high borreliacidal activity was detected in immune serum at weeks 3 and 5 of infection. The borreliacidal activity did not correlate with antibody used for the serodiagnosis of Lyme disease, which remained elevated throughout experimental infection. Our results also demonstrated that blocking antibody and antigenic variation in B. burgdorferi did not account for the decreasing titer of protective antibody. These findings indicate that protection against reinfection gradually wanes.
Performance Surprises and Uncertain Managerial Ability: Evidence from CEO Turnovers

We document that the number of past quarterly performance surprises: earnings decreases, negative analysts' forecast errors, and negative stock returns, are positively related to the likelihood of CEO dismissal. This relation declines over a CEO's tenure, consistent with performance surprises revealing information about uncertain managerial ability. We also show that CEO tenure affects firm governance characteristics: tenure is positively associated with CEO ownership and CEO-chair duality, and negatively associated with board independence. Results suggest that periodic performance reports increasingly resolve uncertainty about managerial ability thereby affecting a firm's demand for monitoring its CEO over the CEO's tenure.
A solution to the turbulent Graetz problem—III Fully developed and entry region heat transfer rates

Abstract The equation describing the turbulent Graetz problem (heat transfer to a fluid in a pipe) is solved numerically for the lower eigenvalues and constants for Reynolds numbers in the range 10 4 Re 6 and for Prandtl numbers in the range 0 Pr 4 . The numerical calculations incorporate new information on eddy diffusivities and are supplemented by asymptotic calculations of the higher eigenvalues and constants of the problem. Heat transfer rates are predicted for both the entry and fully developed regions of the pipe. The numerical results of this study are shown to be in good agreement with experimental data on fully developed heat transfer rates for Prandtl numbers between 0·01 and 10 5 . The numerical predictions are described as follows: Wall thermal condition Correlation Minimum range of validity Uniform temp. Nu ∞ = 4·8 + 0·0156 Pe 0·85 Pr 0·08 ±5% 0·004 Pr 4 Re 6 Uniform flux Nu ∞ = 6·3 + 0·0167 Pe 0·85 Pr 0·08 Uniform flux or temp. Nu ∞ = 5 + 0·016 Re a Pr b a = 0·88−0·24/(4+ Pr ) b = 0·33+0·5 e −0·6 Pr ±10% 0·1 Pr 4 10 4 Re 6 Tables of eigenvalues and constants are provided for Nusselt number calculations in the entry region. Calculations of entry region Nusselt numbers are compared with experimental data, and five per cent heat transfer entry lengths are calculated for both wall temperature boundary conditions. The effect of the wall temperature boundary condition on heat transfer rate is discussed.
Sudden cardiac death in young athletes.

Incidence of sudden cardiac death (SCD) is now recognized to be several times higher than once believed based on recent epidemiologic data such as the 2012 study of National Collegiate Athletic Association athletes across the country, which suggests an incidence of 1 per 44,000 athlete deaths per year. There are multiple causes of SCD in young athletes, with most attributed to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Improving ECG and echocardiography (echo) technology, along with the advent of the cardiac MRI and genetic studies, provide physicians with multiple screening and diagnostic options to identify lethal cardiac disease. Today, multiple treatment options exist for potentially lethal structural and arrhythmogenic cardiac disorders. With the medical therapy, surgical therapy, and genetic testing available, there can be many life years saved by identifying even one previously unidentified young athlete. For the purposes of the general pediatrician, it is critical to identify at-risk patients in the office who may require an ECG or further work up. Identification of these patients is emphasized at the preparticipation examination, but should not be
A temperature-sensitive suppressor enabling the manipulation of the level of individual proteins in intact cells

Abstract A temperature-sensitive suppressor strain of E. coli has been isolated and characterized. The properties of the mutant indicate a strong potential for its use in biochemical and genetic work. In particular, the mutant makes possible the variation of the intracellular concentration of any selected protein, permitting an evaluation of its role in cell growth and biochemistry. The mutant also permits the selective radiochemical labeling of proteins in vivo for in vitro identification and analysis. The utilization of the mutant for these and other applications is discussed.
Pseudo Jahn-Teller effect in the origin of enhanced flexoelectricity

The controversy between the theory and experiment in explaining the origin of enhanced flexoelectricity is removed by taking into account the pseudo Jahn-Teller effect (PJTE) which, under certain conditions, creates local dipolar distortions of dynamic nature, resonating between two or more equivalent orientations. The latter become nonequivalent under a strain gradient thus producing enhanced flexoelectricity: it is much easier to orient ready-made dipoles than to polarize an ionic solid. For BaTiO3, the obtained earlier numerical data for the adiabatic potential energy surface in the space of dipolar displacements in the Ti centers were used to estimate the flexoelectric coefficient f in the paraelectric phase in a one-dimensional model with the strain gradient along the [111] direction: f = −0.43 × 10−6 Cm−1. This eliminates the huge contradiction between the experimental data of f ∼ μ Cm−1 for this case and the theoretical predictions (without the PJTE) of 3–4 orders-of-magnitude smaller values. Enhanced flexoelectricity is thus expected in solids with a sufficient density of centers that have PJTE induced dipolar instabilities. It explains also the origin of enhanced flexoelectricity observed in other solids, noticeable containing Nb perovskite centers which are known to have a PJTE instability, similar to that of Ti centers. The SrTiO3 crystal as a virtual ferroelectric in which the strain gradient eases the condition of PJTE polar instability is also discussed.
Identification of dimethyl sulfide in dimethyl sulfoxide and implications for metal-thiolate disulfide exchange reactions†

The concentration of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) in seven different samples of research grade dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), including one deuterated sample, was measured by GC-MS. The average concentration of DMS is 0.48 ± 0.14 mM (range: 0.44–0.55 mM) and ca. 0.35 mM in DMSO-d6. The presence of DMS in DMSO is potentially problematic for compounds that are susceptible to reaction with DMS and are present at μM–mM concentrations. Standard methods of purification of DMSO were unsuccessful in removing all traces of DMS.
Facilitating Knowledge Exploration in Folksonomies: Expertise Ranking by Link and Semantic Structures

We developed user models of knowledge exploration in a social tagging system to test the expertise rankings generated by a link-structure method and a semantic-structure method. The link-structure method assumed a referential definition of expertise, in which experts were users who tagged resources that were frequently tagged by other experts; the semantic-structure method assumed a representational definition of expertise, in which experts were users who had better knowledge of a particular domain and were better at assigning distinctive tags associated with certain domain-specific resources. Simulations results showed that the two methods of expert identification, although based on different assumptions, were in general consistent but did show significant differences. As expected, the link-structure method was better at facilitating exploration of popular “hot” topics than the semantic-structure method. However, the semantic-structure method was better at guiding users to find less popular “cold” topics than the link-structure method. Resources tagged by domain experts could contain cold topics that were associated with high quality tags, but these resources were less likely highlighted by the link-structure method. We argue that to facilitate knowledge exploration in social tagging systems, it is important to keep a good balance between helping user to follow hot topics and to discover cold topics by including expertise rankings generated by both link and semantic structures.
Quantification of stimuli

In the experimental setting where pain or discomfort is elicited, it is imperative that the different types of stimuli used (i.e., chemical, mechanical, thermal, and electrical) be quantified and other important factors be considered: (1) reproducibility of the stimulus, which depends upon its ability to be completely characterized and exactly measured; and (2) control of potential modifying factors winch might influence the pain threshold. Thus, the stimulus must be measurable, reproducible, and behaviorally predictable.
Localization of Cu and heme a on cytochrome c oxidase polypeptides

Abstract After mild dissociation of cytochrome c oxidase protomers, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, copper was found predominantly in polypeptides of Bands V (m.w. 12,100) and VII (m.w. 3,400), and heme a predominantly in polypeptides of Bands I (m.w. 35,300) and II (m.w. 21,000). Some copper was found in Band II – III, and heme a in Band V.
Genetic inheritance of body mass index in African‐American and African families

Numerous studies have shown recessive major gene inheritance of body mass index (BMI) in white populations; few have examined the inheritance of BMI in the African-American population where obesity is more prevalent, nor in African populations where obesity is comparatively rare. To evaluate the inheritance of obesity in two different populations of African origin, we used segregation analysis to determine the transmission of BMI in 95 African-American families and 400 Nigerian families. Probands were selected from participants in the population-based International Collaborative Study on Hypertension in Blacks. Using class D regressive models, results from the segregation analysis of the African-American data showed evidence of a major gene effect on BMI. The Nigerian results were strikingly similar, with comparable estimates for the genotype frequencies and means and strong evidence for a major effect in the transmission of BMI. The high BMI allele frequency estimate of 24% is consistent with estimates in other studies, but the mode of transmission appeared codominant, which differs from studies involving predominantly white populations. In the Nigerian analysis, however, the probability of a high BMI homozygote parent transmitting a low BMI allele to his/her offspring was significantly different from the Mendelian expectation of zero (estimated τBB = 0.45), suggesting that additional complexities exist in the major gene inheritance of BMI in this population. The strong similarity of the genotype frequencies and means obtained from the African-American and Nigerian samples suggests that a common codominant major gene effect may contribute to the variation in BMI in both populations. Genet. Epidemiol. 18:360–376, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.