cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perception: Subliminal and Implicit

Unconscious perception paradigms examine effects of stimuli that cannot be consciously represented. Longstanding methodological problems in differentiating conscious versus unconscious perceptual processes are discussed, and how such difficulties derive from fundamental theoretical issues is explained. Current unconscious perception models are described, and their methodological and theoretical implications are discussed. Further unresolved issues and ongoing controversies are delineated.
Latent Class Analysis of ADHD Neurodevelopmental and Mental Health Comorbidities.

Objective Many children diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience co-occurring neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders, and those who do often exhibit higher levels of impairment than children with ADHD alone. This study provides a latent class analysis (LCA) approach to categorizing children with ADHD into comorbidity groups, evaluating condition expression and treatment patterns in each group. Methods Parent-reported data from a large probability-based national sample of children diagnosed with ADHD (2014 National Survey of the Diagnosis and Treatment of ADHD and Tourette Syndrome) were used for an LCA to identify groups of children with similar groupings of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric comorbidities among children with current ADHD (n = 2495). Differences between classes were compared using multivariate logistic regressions. Results LCA placed children who were indicated to have ADHD into 4 classes: (low comorbidity [LCM] [64.5%], predominantly developmental disorders [PDD] [13.7%], predominantly internalizing disorders [PID] [18.5%], and high comorbidity [HCM] [3.3%]). Children belonging to the HCM class were most likely to have a combined ADHD subtype and the highest number of impaired domains. Children belonging to the PDD class were most likely to be receiving school services, whereas children in the PID class were more likely to be taking medication than those belonging to the LCM class who were least likely to receive psychosocial treatments. Conclusion Latent classes based on co-occurring psychiatric conditions predicted use of varied treatments. These findings contribute to the characterization of the ADHD phenotype and may help clinicians identify how services could be best organized and coordinated in treating ADHD.
Analysis of Bcl-2 family protein expression after treatment of leukemia cell lines with homoharringtonine

2350 The natural product alkaloid Homoharringtonine (HHT) [omacetaxine mepesuccinate- USAN/INN designation] has produced encouraging results in clinical trials as a therapy for patients with CML resistant to tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapies. HHT has been shown to be an effective inhibitor of proteins synthesis (via inhibition of the elongation step of polypeptide synthesis) and to induce apoptosis and inhibit angiogenesis. In clinical studies of CML patients that are resistant to imatinib mesylate, HHT treatment has been shown to decrease BCR-ABL transcript levels which raises the possibility that HHT may be affecting alternate molecular pathways. Long term HHT treatment (>16 hr) of BCR-ABL and non-BCR-ABL positive leukemia cells activates apoptosis and modulates expression of bcl-2 family proteins and proapoptotic caspases. To further delineate the early (
STEAM: Using the Arts to Train Well-Rounded and Creative Scientists.

While the demand for a strong STEM workforce continues to grow, there are challenges that threaten our ability to recruit, train, and retain such a workforce in a way that is effective and sustainable and fosters innovation. One way in which we are meeting this challenge is through the use of the arts in the training of scientists. In this Perspectives article, we review the use of the arts in science education and its benefits in both K–12 and postsecondary education. We also review the use of STEAM (science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics) programs in science outreach and the development of professional scientists.
Tree height matters

Tall trees are more resilient to drought than short trees, suggests a comparison of the sensitivity of photosynthesis to soil moisture in Amazon forests.
The effect of breed of sire and age at feeding on muscle tenderness in the beef chuck.

Steers (n = 59) produced from the mating of Braford, Simbrah, Senepol, and Simmental bulls to Brahman- and Romana Red-sired cows and Brahman bulls to Angus cows were used in this study. Effects of sire breed and age at feeding on muscle tenderness in the major muscles of the chuck when steers were fed to 1.0 cm 12th rib fat were determined. There were no muscle tenderness effects due to sire breed group, with the exception of the serratus ventralis muscle, which was more tender in Brahman- and Braford-sired steers than in Simmental-sired steers. Additionally, the supraspinatus muscle from the yearlings was lower in shear value than that from the calves. The Brahman-sired steers had serratus ventralis muscles with higher percentages (P less than .05) of intramuscular fat than those of Braford-, Simbrah-, and Simmental-sired steers. Fat deposited within the muscle or between muscles in the chuck was not related to muscle tenderness as measured by Warner-Bratzler shear values. Also, percentages of intramuscular fat of the triceps brachii, serratus ventralis, or supraspinatus muscles were not influenced (P greater than .05) by age at feeding.
Abstract 5004: Profiling the extracellular matrix landscape of tumor microenvironments using proteomics

"Your cancer has spread" remains for most cancer patients synonymous with a death sentence. Indeed, the majority of cancer deaths are due to metastases: the dissemination of tumor cells from a primary tumor to distant vital organs. As of today, we do not have efficient treatments to stabilize or cure most metastatic cancers, and for patients diagnosed early, i.e., before metastases are detectable, we do not have reliable markers to predict whether their tumors will remain indolent or will become deadly. Tumor progression critically depends on a locally permissive microenvironment, including a unique tumor-associated extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM is a complex meshwork of proteins providing architectural support to cells and conferring biomechanical properties to tissues. ECM-derived biochemical signals transduced by cell-surface receptors, such as the integrins, regulate cellular functions such as proliferation and survival, adhesion, and migration, all essential for metastasis. Importantly, clinicians have observed that more aggressive tumors present a higher ECM content. Thus, to fully understand how tumors progress and disseminate, it is essential to study the tumor ECM. To do so, we have developed a pipeline combining bioinformatics and proteomics to comprehensively characterize the ECM composition, or "matrisome," of tissues and tumors. Using this pipeline, we demonstrated that the composition of the ECM varies i) between normal tissues and tumors, ii) between poorly and highly metastatic primary tumors, and iii) between primary tumors and derived metastases. Here we present for the first time "The Tumor ECM Atlas," a compendium of ECM proteins identified by proteomics in the microenvironment of 10+ types of primary tumors and derived metastases, including breast, colorectal and lung cancers, insulinomas and multiple myelomas, which revealed the presence of a unique subset of cancer-specific and cancer type-specific ECM proteins. We believe that this atlas is a powerful tool to formulate novel hypotheses on the roles of the ECM in tumor progression and metastasis. In addition, we propose that the ECM is an underexplored reservoir of potential diagnostic and prognostic markers and therapeutic targets, and that its exploration using proteomics will pave the way for the development of novel approaches to better care for cancer patients. Citation Format: Alexandra Naba, Karl R. Clauser, Steven A. Carr, Richard O. Hynes. Profiling the extracellular matrix landscape of tumor microenvironments using proteomics [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5004.
Bitwise Neural Networks for Efficient Single-Channel Source Separation

We present Bitwise Neural Networks (BNN) as an efficient hardware-friendly solution to single-channel source separation tasks in resource-constrained environments. In the proposed BNN system, we replace all the real-valued operations during the feedforward process of a Deep Neural Network (DNN) with bitwise arithmetic (e.g. the XNOR operation between bipolar binaries in place of multiplications). Thanks to the fully bitwise run-time operations, the BNN system can serve as an alternative solution where efficient real-time processing is critical, for example real-time speech enhancement in embedded systems. Furthermore, we also propose a binarization scheme to convert the input signals into bit strings so that the BNN parameters learn the Boolean mapping between input binarized mixture signals and their target Ideal Binary Masks (IBM). Experiments on the single-channel speech denoising tasks show that the efficient BNN-based source separation system works well with an acceptable performance loss compared to a comprehensive real-valued network, while consuming a minimal amount of resources.
Selection Benefits of Below-Market Pay in Social-Mission Organizations: Effects on Individual Performance and Team Cooperation

ABSTRACT Many organizations whose core purpose is to advance a social mission pay employees below-market wages. We investigate two under-appreciated benefits of below-market pay in these social-mis...
Embedded Maternal Mental Health Care in a Pediatric Primary Care Clinic: A Qualitative Exploration of Mothers’ Experiences

Abstract Objective The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends screening parents for postpartum depression during pediatric primary care visits. Unfortunately, many women who screen positive do not obtain treatment. Providing mental health services for women in the same location as their children's primary care may facilitate treatment, but few such clinics exist. We designed a qualitative study to evaluate women's perceptions and experiences with receiving mental health services from psychiatrists embedded in a safety-net pediatric primary care clinic. Methods Semistructured interviews were conducted with women receiving mental health care from embedded psychiatrists in a safety-net pediatric clinic. Data were analyzed using an inductive approach. Results Twenty women participated. Five major themes emerged: 1) barriers to maternal mental health care, including psychiatric symptoms impairing access, stigma, and fear of Child Protective Services; 2) benefits of embedded care, including convenience, low barrier to entry and trust; 3) motherhood as facilitator to care, with early motherhood described as a time of vulnerability to relapse; 4) focus on parenting, including appreciation for parenting skills and normalization of the mothering experience; 5) treatment modality preferences, including concerns about medications and a preference for psychotherapy. Conclusions Postpartum women face many barriers to psychiatric care. Mental health care embedded within the pediatric setting lowers barriers to care during this critical period. These insights should inform further collaboration between adult psychiatrists and pediatric care providers.
Evaluation of a heparin monitoring protocol for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and review of the literature.

Background Bleeding complications are common with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). We investigated whether a heparin monitoring protocol using activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and thromboelastography (TEG) affected clinical outcomes. Methods This retrospective chart review stratified cohorts by study interval: pre-protocol (January 2016-March 2017) or post-protocol (March 2017-December 2017). The protocol defined therapeutic anticoagulation as aPTT of 60-80 seconds and a TEG reaction (TEG-R) time of 2-4× baseline; pre-protocol management used aPTT alone. The primary endpoints were the rates of bleeding and thrombotic events (clinical/device thrombosis) as defined by Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) guidelines. Secondary endpoints included time in therapeutic aPTT range, rate of physician compliance with the protocol, time to heparin initiation, intensive care unit length of stay, mortality, and antithrombin III (ATIII) supplementation. Results The pre-protocol (n=72) and post-protocol (n=51) groups (age 60±12 years; 80% on venoarterial ECMO; average ECMO duration of 6 days) showed no difference in baseline characteristics. Major bleeding events occurred in 69% of pre-protocol patients, versus 67% of post-protocol patients (P=0.85). The post-protocol group had fewer retroperitoneal bleeds (P=0.01) and had a non-significantly lower rate of pulmonary or central nervous system (CNS) bleeding (P=0.07). Thrombotic events occurred in 21% of the pre-protocol group, versus 28% of the post-protocol group (P=0.39). Mortality during ECMO support was significantly lower in the post-protocol group (56.9% vs. 33.3%, P=0.01). The thrombosis rate was higher in patients who received ATIII than in those who did not (48.2% vs. 15.9%, P Conclusions Major bleeding did not differ between the treatment groups. However, we observed significantly less mortality and retroperitoneal bleeding in the post-protocol group, suggesting an important gain from the intervention. Further study of the value of ATIII supplementation in ECMO patients is needed since we observed that a lower baseline ATIII level may indicate higher risk for thrombosis.
Risk of natalizumab-associated PML in patients with MS is reduced with extended interval dosing

Objective To use the large dataset from the Tysabri Outreach: Unified Commitment to Health (TOUCH) program to compare progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) risk with natalizumab extended interval dosing (EID) vs standard interval dosing (SID) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods This retrospective cohort study included anti-JC virus antibody-positive patients (n = 35,521) in the TOUCH database as of June 1, 2017. The effect of EID on PML risk was evaluated with 3 planned analyses using Kaplan-Meier methods stratified by prior immunosuppressant use. Risk of PML was analyzed by Cox regression adjusted for age, sex, prior immunosuppressants, time since natalizumab initiation, and cumulative number of infusions. Results This study included 35,521 patients (primary analysis: 1,988 EID, 13,132 SID; secondary analysis: 3,331 EID, 15,424 SID; tertiary analysis: 815 EID, 23,168 SID). Mean average dosing intervals were 35.0 to 43.0 and 29.8 to 30.5 days for the EID and SID cohorts, respectively. Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of PML risk for EID vs SID were 0.06 (0.01–0.22, p Conclusion Natalizumab EID is associated with clinically and statistically significantly lower PML risk than SID. Classification of evidence This study provides Class III evidence that for patients with MS, natalizumab EID is associated with a lower PML risk than SID.
Diagnosis and Management of Delirium

Delirium is a common, dangerous, and underdiagnosed condition in older adults. It occurs particularly frequently in hospitalized older adults and those with dementia. While it is reversible, identifying the contributing factors and addressing them is critical. This chapter will review the presentation, diagnosis, and management of delirium.
Location, Location, Location: Liberatory Pedagogy in a University Classroom:

In this article, we explore the practice, promise, and contradictions of introducing liberatory practice into a higher education classroom. Freire introduced liberatory education in response to the...
The Genetics of Male Pheromone Preference Difference Between Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans.

Species of flies in the genus Drosophila differ dramatically in their preferences for mates, but little is known about the genetic or neurological underpinnings of this evolution. Recent advances have been made to our understanding of one case: pheromone preference evolution between the species D. melanogaster and D. simulans. Males of both species are very sensitive to the pheromone 7,11-HD that is present only on the cuticle of female D. melanogaster. In one species this cue activates courtship, and in the other it represses it. This change in valence was recently shown to result from the modification of central processing neurons, rather than changes in peripherally expressed receptors, but nothing is known about the genetic changes that are responsible. In the current study, we show that a 1.35 Mb locus on the X chromosome has a major effect on male 7,11-HD preference. Unfortunately, when this locus is divided, the effect is largely lost. We instead attempt to filter the 159 genes within this region using our newfound understanding of the neuronal underpinnings of this phenotype to identify and test candidate genes. We present the results of these tests, and discuss the difficulty of identifying the genetic architecture of behavioral traits and the potential of connecting these genetic changes to the neuronal modifications that elicit different behaviors.
Cost-Effective Snow Removal from Solar Panels

Part of annual solar energy contribution into global consumption of electricity consist of impressive 1%. At the same time, some northern countries with prolonged winters have little interest in usage of solar energy. In many countries actively pursuing installation of solar panels for individual and commercial usage the number of snow days is significant. This motivated us to develop hardware and cost-effective operational steps for removal of snow whenever it is needed. We designed a simple hardware and developed sequence of steps to heat up solar panels and melt the snow accumulated on surfaces of panels. When solar panels are forward biased, they dissipate heat equal to the Voc of a panel times current going through it. Commercial solar panels are rated to handle at least 10A of current through them, so heat dissipation that can be safely achieved by forward biasing a solar panel can reach around 400W without causing any damage. Our experiments both in outdoor setting as well as in a freezer condition showed that with this method, solar panels can be heated up from -5°C to 5°C in 8-12 minutes. Due to the fact that the solar panel itself is used for snow removal and minimum additional equipment is required, a commercial application of this system might promise cost-effective solution for snow removal. Our system is setup such that it uses line AC voltage to melt several panels in series and manages half-wave cycles such that bypass diodes of solar panels are not used in parasitic energy dissipation. DC alternatives were also considered, however, were found to be cost ineffective.
Power Electronics-Enabled Operation of Power Systems [Happenings]

Reports on the Power Electronics- Enabled Operation of Power Systems Workshop that was held in Chicago, IL, from October 31-November 1, 2019. The workshop was sponsored by the Energy, Power, Control, and Networks Program of the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF)
An 850 Micron SCUBA Survey of the HDF-N GOODS Region

The Hubble Deep Field-North (HDF-N) is one of the best studied extragalactic fields, and ultra-deep optical, radio, X-ray, and mid-infrared wide-field images are available for this area. Here we present an 850 um survey around the HDF-N, covering most of the area imaged by the Advanced Camera for Surveys as a part of the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey. Our map has 0.4-4 mJy sensitivities (1 sigma) over an area ~110 arcmin^2 and there are 45 sources detected at >3 sigma. After correcting the effects of noise, confusion, incompleteness, and the Eddington bias using Monte Carlo simulations, we find that the detected 850 $\mu$m sources with fluxes greater than 2 mJy have a surface density of 3200^+1900_-1000 deg^-2 and account for about 24% to 34% of the far-infrared extragalactic background light. Using the deep radio interferometric image and the deep X-ray image, we are able to accurately locate ~60% of the bright submillimeter (submm) sources. In addition, by assuming the Arp 220 spectral energy distribution in the submm and radio, we estimate millimetric redshifts for the radio detected submm sources, and redshift lower limits for the ones not detected in the radio. Using the millimetric redshifts of the radio identified sources and spectroscopic and optical photometric redshifts for galaxies around the submm positions, we find a median redshift of 2.0 for 11 possibly identified sources, or a lower limit of 2.4 for the median redshift of our 4 sigma sample.
Skin Malignancy in the Military: A Number Needed to Biopsy Analysis.

INTRODUCTION Skin malignancy has increased in prevalence over the last 15 years and effective diagnosis is required for adequate treatment. Retrospective data analysis of skin biopsy data has shown correlation between various independent variables, but no studies have been shown to directly assess skin malignancy risks for military personnel. Assessing correlation could lead to more effective, targeted screening programs that could lead to decreased mortality from skin malignancies. We present a 1-year analysis of the number needed to biopsy (NNB) to detect skin cancer and analysis of military-specific risk factors in a military dermatology training program. The present study aims to (1) compare skin biopsy yields to civilian institutions and patient populations and (2) determine significance of exposure variables including age, gender, military beneficiary status, branch of service, and military rank. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective observational study over 1 year by identifying all skin biopsies performed in the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center dermatology clinic from August 2015 to July 2016. Utilizing the pathology reports, we manually excluded biopsies performed for the purpose of ruling out inflammatory/immunologic conditions or cosmeses and focused only on encounters performed to rule out basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, or melanoma. We decided to exclude malignant diagnoses that were exceedingly rare or could mimic inflammatory conditions, such as cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. For uncertain diagnoses with vague context per pathology report, previous office clinic notes and pre-biopsy differential were referenced and included only if melanoma or non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) diagnosis was the intended indication. RESULTS A total of 3,098 biopsies were included in the study, diagnostic for 1,084 total skin malignancy and 54 melanoma diagnoses. Melanoma comprised 4.98% of all skin malignancy diagnosed. The NNB for all skin malignancy was 2.86 (95% CI 2.76-2.96) and NNB for melanoma and NMSC was 20.93 (95% CI 19.70-22.15) and 1.91 (95% CI 1.83-2.00), respectively. Patient age, gender, and military rank significantly impacted NNB values (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS The proportion of melanoma skin cancers is notably increased in our population compared to published population statistics with comparable total biopsy yields. Skin biopsy for purpose of screening for malignancy should be performed in the military population and consideration should be made for gender, age, and rank. Our findings can further expand on military risk factors for skin cancer and aid in further multivariant modeling.
Linguistic and Personological Features of the Doka and Martin Grieving Style Continuum.

While there is extensive research on the adaptive grief styles developed by Doka and Martin, this study is the first of its kind to explore the language used among each style of grief. This study u...
How ‘Qualitable’ Is Qualitative Research in Communication Studies? Examining the Pragmatic Use and Acceptance in Media Studies

The aim of this study is two-fold: It first replicates previous studies on methods used in communication research, and then textually analyses each article in the five high ranking Communication journals of the United States published in the year 2016. A total of 160 articles were analyzed for their use in qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods, as well as the particular type of design qualitative or quantitative used. Findings indicate that most journals prefer quantitative articles as opposed to qualitative or mixed methods research. 59.37% of the articles were quantitative, while qualitative and mixed methods recorded 38.75 and 1.87% respectively. Further, findings also indicated that descriptive quantitative methods (53.68%) were mostly preferred over correlations, quasi-experiments, and experiments. Similarly, findings over qualitative research suggested that the grounding theory method (31%) was the most preferred over the four other qualitative research designs. The study, therefore, concludes that quantitative research articles with a focus on descriptive methods had a higher chance of being published in the US Communication Journals than qualitative methods. The lowest chances of publication were in mixed methods and ethnographic qualitative methods that recorded less than 2% probability of being published.
Does Fair Value Accounting Exacerbate the Pro-Cyclicality of Bank Lending?

This study investigates whether fair value accounting contributes to the procyclicality of bank lending. Using banks’ approval/denial decisions on residential mortgage applications to capture banks’ supply of credit, I find no evidence that fair value accounting has procyclical effects on bank lending over the past two business cycles. I further identify two reasons for this result. First, the main accounting item distinguishing fair value accounting from historical cost accounting — unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities — does not affect lending decisions. Second, unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are not procyclical, as the risk-free interest rate rises during some expansionary periods, resulting in unrealized losses, while the risk-free interest rate (and sometimes the default spread) falls during some recessionary periods, resulting in unrealized gains.
APAP-induced IκBβ/NFκB signaling drives hepatic IL6 expression and associated sinusoidal dilation.

Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose results in high morbidity and mortality, with limited treatment options. Increased understanding of the cellular signaling pathways activated in response to toxic APAP exposure is needed to provide insight into novel therapeutic strategies. Toxic APAP exposure induces hepatic nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) activation. NFκB signaling has been identified to mediate the pro-inflammatory response, but also induces a pro-survival and regenerative response. It is currently unknown whether potentiating NFkB activation would be injurious or advantageous after APAP overdose. The NFκB inhibitory protein beta (IκBβ) dictates the duration and degree of the NFκB response following exposure to oxidative injuries. Thus, we sought to determine whether IκBβ/NFκB signaling contributes to APAP-induced hepatic injury. At late time points (24 hours) following toxic APAP exposures, mice expressing only IκBβ (AKBI mice) exhibited increased serologic evidence of hepatic injury. This corresponded with increased histologic injury, specifically related to sinusoidal dilatation. Compared to wild-type (WT) mice, AKBI mice demonstrated sustained hepatic nuclear translocation of the NFκB subunits p65 and p50, and enhanced NFκB target gene expression. This included increased expression of interleukin-6 (Il-6), a known contributor to hepatic sinusoidal dilation. This transcriptional response corresponded with increased plasma protein content of Il-6, as well as increased activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Impact Statement: IκBβ/NFκB signaling is associated with a pro-inflammatory response, exacerbated Il-6 and STAT3 activation, and this was associated with late development of sinusoidal dilatation. Thus, targeting sustained IκBβ/NFκB signaling may represent a novel therapeutic approach to attenuate late hepatic injury following toxic APAP exposure.
Does the Use of 'Request,' 'Wish,' or 'Desire' Create a Precatory Trust or Not?

Courts continue to remind us that an implied (precatory) trust will be created: "First, if the words are so used, that upon the whole, they ought to be construed as imperative; Secondly, if the subject of the recommendation or wish be certain; and, Thirdly, if the objects or persons intended to have the benefit of the recommendation or wish be also certain." The first factor has been redefined over the centuries, from mandatory, per se, to the modern trend of determining the settlor's intention based on all the facts and circumstances. The cases illustrate the complexities of determining the settlor's intent when precatory expressions are used. In the early years, the courts were not interpreting intent in accordance with its "plain language" and gave the precatory words mandatory meaning. It would clearly not be appropriate to go in the opposite direction by always giving precatory words their plain meaning. After all, the settlor's intent is the hallmark of a trust. This article provides a historical overview of the different treatment given to precatory language by different jurisdictions. Precatory words convey a recommendation, as opposed to a positive command, and the article details how a recommendation in the context of settlor's intent imposes an obligation in some jurisdictions and not in others. It’s concluded from this overview that no bright line test exists to determine a settlor's intent that is conveyed by precatory language. Precatory words are what the law characterizes as words that convey a recommendation rather than a positive command or direction. We often see them used in wills to express a settlor's intent to create a trust, sometimes interpreted to impose an obligation on those to whom they are directed -- and sometimes not. This article includes a history of courts' interpretations of those expressions and asks whether there is any bright line test in analyzing the settlor's intent to create a trust when precatory words or expressions are used. After the introduction, Part II of this article gives a background into the words usage. Part III gives readers a definition of precatory language. Then, Part IV presents the history of early settler’s use of precatory words. Part V shows a transition of how they have become a modern trend. Part VI shows other aspects, while Part VII presents the negative precatory words. Finally, Part VIII summarizes everything in the conclusion.
The Ecological Dynamics of Environmental Law and Policy

Environmental laws and policies influence the direction of environmental science in complex ways. An emphasis on static efficiency in the design and implementation of law and policy creates incentives for scientists to ask questions that are narrowly focused on the most predictable and measurable environmental variables. Policies designed to protect or restore the emergent properties of ecosystems encourage scientists to ask questions about ecosystem dynamics and the relationship between human activities and the loss or degradation of ecosystem services. Answering such questions is essential for the ecological sciences to advance. This essay addresses three manifestations of policies that can improve understanding of ecological dynamics: the precautionary principle, adaptive management, and the ecosystem approach to environmental management.
GR-friendly description of quantum systems

We present an axiomatic modification of quantum mechanics with a possible worlds semantics capable of predicting essential “nonquantum” features of an observable universe model—the topology and dimensionality of spacetime, the existence, the signature and a specific form of a metric on it, and a set of naturally preferred directions (vistas) in spacetime unrelated to its metric properties.
Racial disparities in left main stenting: insights from a real world inner city population.

Background Left main coronary artery (LMCA) disease is associated with significant cardiovascular mortality. The data on patient characteristics' predicting outcomes after LMCA revascularization is sparse. Methods A retrospective study of 227 patients with LMCA disease documented on coronary angiography from March 2000 to December 2008. Data included demographic variables, co-morbidities, cardiac function, and medications. Race was self-identified. The study outcome was a composite end-point including myocardial infarction (MI) and all-cause mortality. Cox proportional hazard analysis was performed to study the effect of various patient attributes including race and gender on the composite end-point. Results Baseline characteristics were specifically compared between individuals who had the study outcome versus those who did not. Mean age was higher in the group with study outcomes when compared to the group without any outcomes (64.3 ± 11.8 years versus 59.2 ± 13.6 years; p = 0.013). After the final multivariate regression analysis, only African American (AA) race and age were found to be independent predictors of adverse cardiac outcome at the end of the first year (race—hazard ratio (HR) 3.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.38–10.62, p = 0.010; age—HR 1.08, 95% CI 1.04–1.13, p < 0.001) and at the end of the study (race—HR 2.71, 95% CI 1.44–5.10, p = 0.002; age—HR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.08, p = 0.017). Conclusion In our study of patients with unprotected LMCA disease, AA race, and age were significantly predictive of poor prognosis following revascularization, while gender had no predictive value in prognosticating cardiovascular mortality.
mTOR controls mitochondrial oxidative function through a YY1–PGC-1α transcriptional complex

Transcriptional complexes that contain peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor coactivator (PGC)-1alpha control mitochondrial oxidative function to maintain energy homeostasis in response to nutrient and hormonal signals. An important component in the energy and nutrient pathways is mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a kinase that regulates cell growth, size and survival. However, it is unknown whether and how mTOR controls mitochondrial oxidative activities. Here we show that mTOR is necessary for the maintenance of mitochondrial oxidative function. In skeletal muscle tissues and cells, the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin decreased the gene expression of the mitochondrial transcriptional regulators PGC-1alpha, oestrogen-related receptor alpha and nuclear respiratory factors, resulting in a decrease in mitochondrial gene expression and oxygen consumption. Using computational genomics, we identified the transcription factor yin-yang 1 (YY1) as a common target of mTOR and PGC-1alpha. Knockdown of YY1 caused a significant decrease in mitochondrial gene expression and in respiration, and YY1 was required for rapamycin-dependent repression of those genes. Moreover, mTOR and raptor interacted with YY1, and inhibition of mTOR resulted in a failure of YY1 to interact with and be coactivated by PGC-1alpha. We have therefore identified a mechanism by which a nutrient sensor (mTOR) balances energy metabolism by means of the transcriptional control of mitochondrial oxidative function. These results have important implications for our understanding of how these pathways might be altered in metabolic diseases and cancer.
Grass Tetany of Ruminants

Publisher Summary A variety of convulsions and paralyses of animals are known as “tetany.” The metabolic disorder of ruminants—that is, grass tetany, has been known for over 100 years. Females are mainly affected, cattle being most susceptible. However, sheep and goats are also afflicted. Grass tetany occurs when cattle or sheep graze grass or small grains forages in cool weather. Pregnant or lactating animals are most susceptible. The primary cause of the disease is low Mg in the forage, but high concentrations of N and K in the forage can be contributing factors too. Other factors that may be involved are low concentrations of carbohydrates and high concentrations of trans-aconitic acid, citric acid, and certain higher fatty acids. The disease may be prevented by Mg fertilization of acid, coarse-textured soils. However, because of higher adsorption capacities of fine-textured soils and lower solubilities of MgCO3 in soils of high pH, higher rates of Mg fertilizer would generally be required in these cases.
Lifetime nonmedical use of prescription medications and socioeconomic status among young adults in the United States

AbstractBackground: Despite decreases in the use of illicit drugs in the United States, prescription medications have become a major category of substances used by young adults. Objective: This study examines the relationship between the socioeconomic status (SES) of young adult respondents (ages 24–32) and their history of nonmedical use of prescription medications (NUPM). Method: A secondary analysis was conducted with nationally representative data gathered from several waves (n = 15 701) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Four categories of NUPM were examined: (i) sedatives; (ii) tranquilizers; (iii) stimulants; and (iv) pain killers. SES was defined by several measures in the Add Health survey. Given the complex sampling plan of the Add Health, all analyses were weighted appropriately. Results: Results indicated higher levels of personal SES, such as having health insurance or not experiencing a financial hardship in the past year, decreased the likelihood of report...
Serologic evidence for exposure to Rickettsia rickettsii in eastern Arizona and recent emergence of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in this region.

During 2002 through 2004, 15 patients with Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) were identified in a rural community in Arizona where the disease had not been previously reported. The outbreak was associated with Rickettsia rickettsii in an unexpected tick vector, the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus), which had not been previously associated with RMSF transmission in the United States. We investigated the extent of exposure to R. rickettsii in the local area through serologic evaluations of children and dogs in 2003–2004, and in canine sera from 1996. Antibodies to R. rickettsii at titers ≥ 32 were detected in 10% of children and 70% of dogs in the outbreak community and 16% of children and 57% of dogs in a neighboring community. In comparison, only 5% of canine samples from 1996 had anti–R. rickettsii antibodies at titers ≥ 32. These results suggest that exposures to RMSF have increased over the past 9 years, and that RMSF may now be endemic in this region.
A partial restriction map of the proApurE region of the Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome

EcoRI restriction mapping data for fragments larger than 0.7 kb and contained in a 350-kb region of the Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome are presented. 75% of these fragments have been located relative to proA, B, argF, lac, proC, purE, and various insertion sequence elements normally present in this region. BglII and BamHI maps for the regions near argF and purE are also provided.
Design of a modular, mixed-speed, general-purpose test probe

The authors describe a modular, mixed-speed, general-purpose probe designed and used for the testing of integrated circuits and devices at cryogenic temperature. Modularity is emphasized for flexibility, ease of repair, and construction. The key feature of this probe is the use of a microstrip flex circuit with plated-thru-holes and plated-up copper/gold bumps at the chip-pad locations, both of which help reduce inductive discontinuities between chip and second-level packaging. The chip is mounted face down onto the bumps and held in place by an alignment plate and spring assembly. Little or no soldering occurs between any of the modules: flex circuit, coax cables, coax-to-microstrip launch, twisted-pair wiring harness, and alignment/spring assembly. Swept frequency response measurements and time domain reflectometry were carried out on three different flex circuit designs and two different coax-to-microstrip launch designs. Magnetic contamination, if any, was below the resolution of superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) and junction arrays placed on the chip. >
Bcr-Abl ubiquitination and Usp9x inhibition block kinase signaling and promote CML cell apoptosis

Although chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is effectively controlled by Bcr-Abl kinase inhibitors, resistance to inhibitors, progressive disease, and incomplete eradication of Bcr-Abl-expressing cells are concerns for the long-term control and suppression of this disease. We describe a novel approach to targeting key proteins in CML cells with a ubiquitin-cycle inhibitor, WP1130. Bcr-Abl is rapidly modified with K63-linked ubiquitin polymers in WP1130-treated CML cells, resulting in its accumulation in aggresomes, where is it unable to conduct signal transduction. Induction of apoptosis because of aggresomal compartmentalization of Bcr-Abl was observed in both imatinib-sensitive and -resistant cells. WP1130, but not Bcr-Abl kinase inhibitors, directly inhibits Usp9x deubiquitinase activity, resulting in the down-regulation of the prosurvival protein Mcl-1 and facilitating apoptosis. These results demonstrate that ubiquitin-cycle inhibition represents a novel and effective approach to blocking Bcr-Abl kinase signaling and reducing Mcl-1 levels to engage CML cell apoptosis. This approach may be a therapeutic option for kinase inhibitor-resistant CML patients.
Regulated protein degradation

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Monitoring of a high-power pulsed ruby laser

Abstract A high-power pulsed ruby laser was used to take holograms of neutrino interactions in the Fermilab 15-foot Bubble Chamber. This paper describes a system to monitor and record its most relevant parameters such as the light pulse energy, its width and shape, and the spatial intensity distribution. A second aim of this system was to help in the alignment of the laser beam towards the dispersing lens, located inside the Bubble chamber, as well as to provide a fast check of the alignment without interrupting the holographic recording. This system was required to work in the strong magnetic field (∼0.5 T ) surrounding the 15-foot Bubble Chamber, which introduced additional technical problems.
Nuclear Bar Catalyzed Star Formation: 13CO, C18O, and Molecular Gas Properties in the Nucleus of Maffei 2

We present ~3" resolution maps of CO, its isotopologues, and HCN from in the center of Maffei 2. The J = 1-0 rotational lines of 12CO, 13CO, C18O and HCN, and the J = 2-1 lines of 13CO and C18O were observed with the Owens Valley Radio Observatory ( OVRO) and Berkeley-Illinois- Maryland Association (BIMA) arrays. The lower opacity CO isotopologues give more reliable constraints on H-2 column densities and physical conditions than optically thick 12CO. The J = 2-1/1-0 line ratios of the isotopologues constrain the bulk of the molecular gas to originate in low-excitation, subthermal gas. From large velocity gradient (LVG) modeling, we infer that the central giant molecular clouds (GMCs) have nH2 ~10(2.75) cm^(-3) and T-k ~30 K. Continuum emission at 3.4, 2.7, and 1.4 mm was mapped to determine the distribution and amount of H II regions and dust. Column densities derived from C18O and 1.4 mm dust continuum fluxes indicate the standard Galactic conversion factor overestimates the amount of molecular gas in the center of Maffei 2 by factors of ~2-4. Gas morphology and the clear "parallelogram" in the position-velocity diagram shows that molecular gas orbits within the potential of a nuclear (~220 pc) bar. The nuclear bar is distinct from the bar that governs the large-scale morphology of Maffei 2. Giant molecular clouds in the nucleus are nonspherical and have large line widths, due to tidal effects. Dense gas and star formation are concentrated at the sites of the x(1)-x(2)-orbit intersections of the nuclear bar, suggesting that the starburst is dynamically triggered.
A Roadmap to Nature's Benefits

The contributors highlight tools for implementing the concept of ecosystem services in biodiversity conservation, development, and sustainability efforts.
Theory-testing research: building the science.

Lack of emphasis on the empirical validation of nursing models has hindered the development of nursing science. This article explores issues concerning theory development in nursing and criteria for evaluating theory-testing research. From a comprehensive review of the literature on theory testing,
Isolation and Properties of an Inhibitor of Escherichia coli RNA Polymerasè

An inhibitor of the Escherichia coli RNA polymerase has been isolated from E. coli and has been partially characterized. The inhibitor, a polypeptide of molecular weight 70000, acts to shut off RNA synthesis at about the time that the first round of RNA synthesis is over, preventing any further RNA synthesis. The inhibitor apparently does not recognize specific termination sequences in the DNA template, since it works equally well with double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA and poly[d(A-T)] as templates for RNA synthesis, and because the RNA molecules synthesized from T7 DNA appear to be terminated at the same site either in the presence or absence of the inhibitor. Several experiments indirectly indicate that the inhibitor may reversibly bind to the RNA polymerase at the termination step, in a ratio of approximately one inhibitor molecule per polymerase molecule.