cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxido-reduction is not the only mechanism allowing ions to traverse the ferritin protein shell

Abstract Background Most models for ferritin iron release are based on reduction and chelation of iron. However, newer models showing direct Fe(III) chelation from ferritin have been proposed. Fe(III) chelation reactions are facilitated by gated pores that regulate the opening and closing of the channels. Scope of review Results suggest that iron core reduction releases hydroxide and phosphate ions that exit the ferritin interior to compensate for the negative charge of the incoming electrons. Additionally, chloride ions are pumped into ferritin during the reduction process as part of a charge balance reaction. The mechanism of anion import or export is not known but is a natural process because phosphate is a native component of the iron mineral core and non-native anions have been incorporated into ferritin in vitro. Anion transfer across the ferritin protein shell conflicts with spin probe studies showing that anions are not easily incorporated into ferritin. To accommodate both of these observations, ferritin must possess a mechanism that selects specific anions for transport into or out of ferritin. Recently, a gated pore mechanism to open the 3-fold channels was proposed and might explain how anions and chelators can penetrate the protein shell for binding or for direct chelation of iron. Conclusions and general significance These proposed mechanisms are used to evaluate three in vivo iron release models based on (1) equilibrium between ferritin iron and cytosolic iron, (2) iron release by degradation of ferritin in the lysosome, and (3) metallo-chaperone mediated iron release from ferritin.
Resonant and near-resonant charge transfer reactions of gaseous organic ions

Abstract Cross sections have been measured for the charge transfer reactions of organic ions in keV collisions with pyrrole target molecules. These cross sections, for symmetric C4H5N+-C4H5N reactions, are ≈80 A2. Cross sections computed using a simple resonant charge transfer model are in approximate accord with experimental values for the symmetric reaction. Cross sections for several asymmetric reactions are as large as those for the resonant system. The magnitudes of these asymmetric cross sections are correlated with reaction energy defects.
A soil chronosequence on quaternary marine terraces, san clemente island, california

Abstract A soil chronosequence on marine terraces was examined on San Clemente Island, California, in an arid Mediterranean climate in order to see which soil properties differ most systematically with time. Ages of the geomorphic surfaces were determined by radiocarbon, uranium-series and amino acid racemization techniques and range from 1,000,000 yrs. Soils on surfaces 200,000 yrs old are Vertisols or Alfisols with vertic properties such as slickensides and cracks and they exhibit both prismatic and angular blocky (sphenoidal) or only angular blocky structure. Solum thickness increases linearly with age of geomorphic surface. Clay, soluble salts, Ald, smectite/mica ratios in the clay fraction and quartz/plagioclase ratios in the silt fraction, when expressed as profile summations, show increases with age of geomorphic surface; the best-fit regression equations are linear with the exception of Ald which is best expressed as a power function. Important soilforming processes appear to be alteration of mica to smectite, accumulation at depth of soluble salts derived from marine aerosols, possibly additions of eolian materials, clay illuviation in the younger soils and pedoturbation in the older soils. The observations reported here allow the following conclusions to be drawn about soils in this environment: (1) certain soil properties which show distinct trends with time can be used for relative-age dating in geomorphic and stratigraphic studies; (2) soils have not reached a steady-state condition with respect to many of their properties; and (3) Alfisols and Mollisols with natric B horizons may be precursors to Vertisols.
Detection of sterol hydroperoxides on thin-layer chromatoplates by means of the wurster dyes

Abstract A specific and sensitive means of detection of sterol hydroperoxides on irrigated thin-layer chromatoplates using N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride or N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride has been developed. Using the color test the presence of specific sterol hydroperoxides in aged samples of cholesterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, lanosterol, 24,25-dihydrolanosterol, 3α, 5-cyclo-5α-cholestan-6β-ol, 5α-cholest-7-en-3β-ol, and 5α-cholest-8(14)-en-3β-ol and the absence of sterol hydroperoxides in similarly stored samples of 5α-cholestan-3β-ol and 5β-cholestan-3β-ol are demonstrated. Autoxidation of cholesterol in the solid state, in the irradiated solid state, in colloidal dispersion, and in aerated solution is shown to proceed via initial formation of sterol hydroperoxides.
The Postoperative use of Amoxicillin in Adult Tonsillectomy Patients

Methods: A randomized controlled study was performed on adult patients who underwent tonsillectomy at a large military tertiary care teaching hospital. Study patients were randomized, prior to surgery, to receive no antibiotics (group 1), amoxicillin with clavulanate (group 2), or amoxicillin (group 3). Ninety patients completed follow-up. Pain level was assessed by visual analog scale (VAS) for the first 10 days following surgery. Additional outcomes evaluated included the length of time for patients to return to a regular diet and normal activities and the total pain medications consumed during recovery. Complications, including adverse events from medications, were recorded.
Interviewing for an Interdisciplinary Job: Principled Goals, Pragmatic Outcomes, and Finding the Right Fit in Academia.

This paper sets up a scenario about Rebecca, a jobseeker, who is a fictitious composite, a "typical" candidate who wants a position at a college/university. A job description is provided. She interviews for the advertised position, and while doing so, she also interviews the university, school/department, and working environment to see if there is a match with her goals. She goes about her own interviewing using observational, interactive, and analytic approaches, which are described. Rebecca had to clarify her goals in terms of interdisciplinarity, collegiality, and the kind of community that she ideally wants. She found shortfalls between what was advertised and the actual program and also the setting in which she ideally would like to work. This is problematic for her, but she is pragmatic and knows she needs a job. The scenario ends with Rebecca exploring her options. This paper will be of interest to anyone seeking an environmental job in academia.
A three-dimensional model of vocal fold abduction/adduction

A three-dimensional biomechanical model of tissue deformation was developed to simulate dynamic vocal fold abduction and adduction. The model was made of 1721 nearly incompressible finite elements. The cricoarytenoid joint was modeled as a rocking–sliding motion, similar to two concentric cylinders. The vocal ligament and the thyroarytenoid muscle’s fiber characteristics were implemented as a fiber–gel composite made of an isotropic ground substance imbedded with fibers. These fibers had contractile and/or passive nonlinear stress–strain characteristics. The verification of the model was made by comparing the range and speed of motion to published vocal fold kinematic data. The model simulated abduction to a maximum glottal angle of about 31°. Using the posterior-cricoarytenoid muscle, the model produced an angular abduction speed of 405° per second. The system mechanics seemed to favor abduction over adduction in both peak speed and response time, even when all intrinsic muscle properties were kept identical. The model also verified the notion that the vocalis and muscularis portions of the thyroarytenoid muscle play significantly different roles in posturing, with the muscularis portion having the larger effect on arytenoid movement. Other insights into the mechanisms of abduction/adduction were given.
Evaluation of cellular mechanisms for modulation of calcium transients using a mathematical model of fura-2 Ca2+ imaging in Aplysia sensory neurons.

A theoretical model of [Ca++]i diffusion, buffering, and extrusion was developed for Aplysia sensory neurons, and integrated with the measured optical transfer function of our fura-2 microscopic recording system, in order to fully simulate fura-2 video or photomultiplier tube measurements of [Ca++]i. This allowed an analysis of the spatial and temporal distortions introduced during each step of fura-2 measurements of [Ca++]i in cells. In addition, the model was used to evaluate the plausibility of several possible mechanisms for modulating [Ca++]i transients evoked by action potentials. The results of the model support prior experimental work (Blumenfeld, Spira, Kandel, and Siegelbaum, 1990. Neuron. 5: 487–499), suggesting that 5-HT and FMRFamide modulate action potential-induced [Ca++]i transients in Aplysia sensory neurons through changes in Ca++ influx, and not through changes in [Ca++]i homeostasis or release from internal stores.
First-principles calculations and thermodynamic modeling of Cs–In system

Abstract Thermodynamic description of the Cs–In system has been developed by the CALPHAD modeling combined with first-principles calculations. From first-principles calculations, the enthalpies of formation of CsIn 3 and Cs 2 In 3 are predicted to be −14.76 and −16.79 kJ/mol atom, respectively. With these enthalpies of formation and phase equilibrium data, Gibbs energy functions of individual phases in the Cs–In system have been evaluated. The calculated phase diagram of the Cs–In system is compared with the experimental one showing good agreement with each other.
Critical Indigenous Pedagogy of Place: How Centering Hawaiian Epistemology and Values in Practice Affects People on Ecosystemic Levels

Native Hawaiians face an array of disparities due to structural oppression. Interventions developed by social workers need to be culturally responsive. The process of indigenization is necessary for an intervention to be effective in addressing the needs of a cultural group. This article highlights the growing literature on indigenizing interventions. It examines Critical Indigenous Pedagogy of Place (CIPP) as an approach and method that can facilitate the process of indigenization and the impact it may have on multiple ecosystemic levels. Data are drawn from a case study of a community-based, youth-led farm. A content analysis of the interviews was conducted using critical indigenous qualitative research to build a working conceptual model of CIPP. Findings indicate that CIPP has influence on the individual, family, and community levels as it promotes the use of indigenous epistemology and values. Implications on social work practice and education are discussed.
Neuromodulation and Sexual Function in Women

Although up to half of the female population may suffer from sexual dysfunction, few treatment options are available. During the past decade, a great deal of research has been devoted to studying not only the etiology of these disorders, but also possible treatment modalities. Neuromodulation is an effective therapy for urinary urgency, frequency, urge incontinence, and urinary retention, and it may also play a role in altering the sexual response. Unfortunately, few studies have evaluated the effects of neuromodulation on sexual dysfunctions; therefore, only limited conclusions can be drawn. We present a review of the current literature that focuses on neuromodulation with electrical stimulation and on chemical neuromodulation with botulinum toxin.
New selective nodule enhancement filter and its application for significant improvement of nodule detection on computed tomography

Computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) schemes have been developed to assist radiologists in the early detection of lung cancer in radiographs and computed tomography (CT) images. In order to improve the sensitivity for nodule detection, many researchers have employed a filter as a preprocessing step for enhancement of nodules. However, these filters enhance not only nodules, but also other anatomic structures such as ribs, blood vessels, and airway walls. Therefore, nodules are often detected together with a large number of false positives caused by these normal anatomic structures. In this study, we developed a selective enhancement filter for nodule which can simultaneously enhance nodules and suppress other normal anatomic structures such as blood vessels and airway walls. Therefore, as preprocessing steps, this filter would be useful for improving the sensitivity of nodule detection and for reducing the number of false positives. We applied the enhancement filter to two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) CT images and also to 3-D magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) images to show its effectiveness in the enhancement of lung nodules and intracranial aneurysms.
Taking the sensory approach: how individual differences in sensory perception can influence mate choice

Many male signallers convey information to female receivers in multimodal courtship displays. While much is known about how males vary in terms of signalling, variation in female detection of these multimodal signals is relatively unexplored. We suggest that there is a critical, albeit underdeveloped, link between multimodal sensory reception and individual variation in mate choice. This review addresses the potential effects of developmental and conditional factors (e.g. nutrient availability, hormone profiles and age) on female multimodal processing, and illustrates that differences in the (1) source of individual variation and (2) the number of sensory processing modes affected by this variation can influence the receiver's mate choice patterns. Based on these two factors, we outline novel predictions of preference functions and choosiness in a redundant multimodal signalling context. Moreover, we explore the theoretical implications of individual variation in multimodal signal perception in relation to sensory drive, honest signalling, assortative mating and intrasexual selection. We propose that understanding the role of variation in sensory processing and its relation to mate choice can help us better identify the factors that influence sender and receiver fitness, and subsequently the rate and direction of signal evolution.
Loudness growth under masking: relation to true sensorineural impairment.

Alternate binaural loudness balances between masked and unmasked normal ears were performed to examine the growth of loudness as a function of masker level at each of several frequencies (500, 1000...
Exploring the RNA world in hematopoietic cells through the lens of RNA-binding proteins

The discovery of microRNAs has renewed interest in posttranscriptional modes of regulation, fueling an emerging view of a rich RNA world within our cells that deserves further exploration. Much work has gone into elucidating genetic regulatory networks that orchestrate gene expression programs and direct cell fate decisions in the hematopoietic system. However, the focus has been to elucidate signaling pathways and transcriptional programs. To bring us one step closer to reverse engineering the molecular logic of cellular differentiation, it will be necessary to map posttranscriptional circuits as well and integrate them in the context of existing network models. In this regard, RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) may rival transcription factors as important regulators of cell fates and represent a tractable opportunity to connect the RNA world to the proteome. ChIP-seq has greatly facilitated genome-wide localization of DNA-binding proteins, helping us to understand genomic regulation at a systems level. Similarly, technological advances such as CLIP-seq allow transcriptome-wide mapping of RBP binding sites, aiding us to unravel posttranscriptional networks. Here, we review RBP-mediated posttranscriptional regulation, paying special attention to findings relevant to the immune system. As a prime example, we highlight the RBP Lin28B, which acts as a heterochronic switch between fetal and adult lymphopoiesis.
Clinical features and outcomes of uterine and ovarian carcinosarcoma.

Abstract Background. The objective of this study was to compare the clinical presentation and outcomes of women with ovarian and uterine carcinosarcoma (CS). Methods. We performed a retrospective review of patients treated for uterine or ovarian CS from 1952 to 2003. Fisher's Exact Test was used to compare patient characteristics. Survival curves were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method and compared using the log rank test. Results. We identified 87 patients with uterine CS and 18 with ovarian CS. There was no difference in age, body mass index, parity, menopausal status, family history of cancer, history of pelvic radiation, diabetes or hypertension between the two groups. 43% of women with uterine CS presented at stage I/II, compared to 28% of women with ovarian tumors ( P = 0.0003). 82% of patients with ovarian tumors received adjuvant chemotherapy with or without radiation; 51% of the patients in the uterine CS group received adjuvant radiation therapy. The median length of follow-up was 13 months. There was no difference in the Kaplan–Meier estimates of overall survival between the two disease sites. The median survival for uterine CS patients was 16 months, compared to 11 months in the ovarian CS group; HR=0.991 (95% CI=0.534, 1.839). Conclusions. We found no differences in patient demographics between the two groups. Despite differences in stage and initial treatment, there was no difference in survival between women with uterine and ovarian CS.
The Use of Split-Thickness Skin Grafts on Diabetic Foot Ulcerations: A Literature Review

Diabetic foot ulcerations are historically difficult to treat despite advanced therapeutic modalities. There are numerous modalities described in the literature ranging from noninvasive topical wound care to more invasive surgical procedures such as primary closure, skin flaps, and skin grafting. While skin grafting provides faster time to closure with a single treatment compared to traditional topical wound treatments, the potential risks of donor site morbidity and poor wound healing unique to the diabetic state have been cited as a contraindication to its widespread use. In order to garner clarity on this issue, a literature review was undertaken on the use of split-thickness skin grafts on diabetic foot ulcers. Search of electronic databases yielded four studies that reported split-thickness skin grafts as definitive means of closure. In addition, several other studies employed split-thickness skin grafts as an adjunct to a treatment that was only partially successful or used to fill in the donor site of another plastic surgery technique. When used as the primary closure on optimized diabetic foot ulcerations, split-thickness skin grafts are 78% successful at closing 90% of the wound by eight weeks.
A modern hypothesis: The distinct pathologies of dementia associated with Parkinson's disease versus Alzheimer's disease.

Background/Aims: Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD) is common, but its neuropathological basis has been controversial. The aim of this review was to survey the recent literature on
Cholinergic modulation of Pavlovian fear conditioning in rats: differential effects of intrahippocampal infusion of mecamylamine and methyllycaconitine.

The cholinergic system has consistently been implicated in Pavlovian fear conditioning. Considerable work has been done to localize specific nicotinic receptor subtypes in the hippocampus and determine their functional importance; however, the specific function of many of these subtypes has yet to be determined. An α7 nicotinic antagonist methyllycaconitine (MLA) (35 μg), and a broad spectrum non-α7 nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine (35 μg) was injected directly into the dorsal hippocampus or overlying cortex either 15 minutes pre-, 1 minute post-, or 6 hours post-fear conditioning. One week after conditioning, retention of contextual and cue (tone) conditioning were assessed. A significant impairment in retention of contextual fear was observed when mecamylamine was injected 15 minutes pre- and 1 minute post-conditioning. No significant impairment was observed when mecamylamine was injected 6 hours post-conditioning. Likewise, a significant impairment in retention of contextual fear was observed when MLA was injected 1 minute post-conditioning; however, in contrast, MLA did not show any significant impairments when injected 15 minutes pre-conditioning, but did show a significant impairment when injected 6 hours post-conditioning. There were no significant impairments observed when either drug was injected into overlying cortex. No significant impairments were observed in cue conditioning for either drug. In general, specific temporal dynamics involved in nicotinic receptor function were found relative to time of receptor dysfunction. The results indicate that the greatest deficits in long-term retention (1 week) of contextual fear are produced by central infusion of MLA minutes to hours post-conditioning or mecamylamine within minutes of conditioning.
An Application of Dogon Epistemology

An application of Dogon epistemology proposes an analysis of African knowledge—classical, indigenous, and diasporan—in view of broader ontological realities that include the synergy of metaphysical perception and cultural production. It analyzes several texts in light of four Dogon categories of knowledge and Karenga’s framework for the creation of knowledge in Africana studies: San Spirituality: Roots, Expression, and Social Consequences, by J. David Lewis-Williams and David G. Pearce; Legends, Sorcerers, and Enchanted Lizards: The Door Locks of the Bamana of Mali, by Pascal James Imperato; and HIV/AIDS and the Curriculum: Methods of Integrating HIV/AIDS in Theological Programmes , edited by Musa W. Dube. The result is a framework for discussing the dynamics of the synergy of metaphysical perception and cultural production.
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Pediatric Patients with Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant–Associated Thrombotic Microangiopathy

Abstract Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is rarely included in the differential diagnosis of cardiorespiratory failure after pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) as the clinical presentation is nonspecific and may mimic other etiologies. The pathogenesis of PAH in HSCT is poorly understood and the diagnosis requires a high degree of suspicion. We describe 5 children diagnosed with PAH after allogeneic HSCT. All 5 patients had prolonged clinical signs of transplantation-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA) when they presented with hypoxemic respiratory failure and evidence of PAH. Four of the 5 patients had echocardiographic evidence of PAH, and 1 patient was diagnosed with PAH only on autopsy. PAH was diagnosed a median of 76 days (range, 56-101 days) after a diagnosis of TA-TMA. Despite aggressive medical management, including inhaled nitric oxide, 4 of the 5 patients died. One patient recovered from PAH after 11 months of sildenafil therapy. Three of the 4 deceased patients had an autopsy performed, demonstrating severe pulmonary vascular disease consistent with TA-TMA and severe PAH. We conclude that TA-TMA can be associated with significant pulmonary vascular injury presenting as hypoxemic respiratory failure with PAH after HSCT. Pediatric patients with unexplained hypoxemia after HSCT should be evaluated for both transplantation complications, TA-TMA and PAH, accordingly.
Effectiveness and retention of thiamine and its analogs administered to steelhead and landlocked Atlantic salmon.

Abstract We investigated the feasibility of enhancing the reproduction of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss and landlocked Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in lakes where the consumption of alewives Alosa pseudoharengus and other forage fishes containing thiaminase can cause them to become thiamine deficient and thereby reduce the survival of their fry. We evaluated feeding fingerling steelhead excess thiamine hydrochloride (THCl) for 1 or 2 weeks or equimolar amounts of thiamine mononitrate, thiamine-tetrahydro-furfuryl-disulfide, benfotiamine, or dibenzoyl thiamine (DBT). We found minimal internal reserves of thiamine after 6 months. We also compared the ability of injections of thiamine and its analogs to prevent mortality in thiamine-deficient steelhead and Atlantic salmon sac fry and found all forms to be effective, although benfotiamine was the least effective on an equimolar basis. Further, we injected yearling steelhead and found that DBT was tolerated at approximately 11,200 nmol/g of body weight, about 1...
Experiments on Immunization with Haptens

Experiments were previously reported1 confirming the findings of Gonzalez and Armangue that the antigenic properties of alcoholic organ extracts containing Forssman's substance are strikingly increased by adsorption to inorganic adsorbents such as kaolin. Additional evidence for this effect has been advanced by the above authors recently,2 in particular by establishing that it can be observed with a variety of adsorbents.To study further the phenomenon discovered by Gonzalez and Armangue, experiments similar to those referred to were carried out with Forssman preparations which had been freed from a large portion of inactive material originally present, by methods described previously.3 Of the two preparations used, one was easily soluble in water and the other was brought into water solution by the addition of phenol.It appeared that with these substances practically no antigenicity could be induced by adsorption to kaolin whereas on injecting rabbits with the same preparations mixed with pig serum, all ...
A BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS QUESTIONNAIRE FOR ADOLESCENT DRINKERS

A 20-item Drinking Analysis Questionnaire is described which has been used to study the learning variables associated with adolescents' alcohol use. Potential applications of the questionnaire are discussed.
Fractured identity: a framework for understanding young Asian American women's self-harm and suicidal behaviors

Despite the high suicide rate among young Asian American women, the reasons for this phenomenon remain unclear. This qualitative study explored the family experiences of 16 young Asian American women who are children of immigrants and report a history of self-harm and/or suicidal behaviors. Our findings suggest that the participants experienced multiple types of “disempowering parenting styles” that are characterized as: abusive, burdening, culturally disjointed, disengaged, and gender-prescriptive parenting. Tied to these family dynamics is the double bind that participants suffer. Exposed to multiple types of negative parenting, the women felt paralyzed by opposing forces, caught between a deep desire to satisfy their parents’ expectations as well as societal expectations and to simultaneously rebel against the image of “the perfect Asian woman.” Torn by the double bind, these women developed a “fractured identity,” which led to the use of “unsafe coping” strategies. Trapped in a “web of pain,” the young women suffered alone and engaged in self-harm and suicidal behaviors.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Class 1 Integron PCR Method in Detection of Antibiotic Resistance in Salmonella Isolates from Swine Production Systems

The diagnostic accuracy of an integron PCR method (Int-PCR) for detecting class 1 integrons (1,000, 1,200, and 1,600 bp) in the identification of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella strains was evaluated using 730 Salmonella isolates from pen floor samples collected from four swine production systems in Illinois. Three integron groupings were detected: 1,000 bp only, 1,600 bp only, and both 1,000 and 1,200 bp. The presence of any of the three class 1 integron groupings was associated with four-drug resistance (streptomycin, spectinomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline [St Spc Su Tet]). In addition, the presence of both the 1,000- and 1,200-bp integrons added resistance to ampicillin (Amp) and chloramphenicol (Cm), and the 1,600-bp integron added resistance to gentamicin (Gen) and kanamycin (Kan). DNA sequencing of integrons confirmed the presence of the aminoglycoside adenyl transferase (aadA) gene, conferring St Spc resistance in the 1,000-bp integron; the β-lactamase gene, conferring Amp resistance in the 1,200-bp integron; and the aadA and aadB genes, conferring St Spc Gen Kan resistance in the 1,600-bp integron. The 1,600-bp integron appears to have the 1,000-bp intergron as its core, with additional genetic material conferring additional antibiotic resistance. The diagnostic accuracy of Int-PCR in detecting resistance to individual antibiotics was limited by the presence of phenotypic resistance in isolates without integrons. However, Int-PCR had high diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity and specificity) in detecting multidrug resistance: 0.98 and 0.92, respectively, for St Spc Su Tet; 0.95 and 1.0 for Amp Cm St Spc Su Tet; and 1.0 and 0.99 for Gen Kan St Spc Su Tet. Thus, Int-PCR can be valuable in epidemiological surveys as a screening tool for the detection of multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains.
THE ACCUMULATION OF ELECTROLYTES : X. ACCUMULATION OF IODINE BY HALICYSTIS AND VALONIA.

Analyses of the sap of Halicystis Osterhoutii and of Valonia macrophysa for iodide indicate accumulations of the order of 1000 to 10,000-fold in the first case, and 40 to 250-fold in the second case. The chemical potential of KI, NaI, HI, and CaI(2) is greater inside than outside.
Main Currents in Caribbean Thought: The Historical Evolution of Caribbean Society in its Ideological Aspects, 1492-1900

"Main Currents in Caribbean Thought" probes deeply into the multicultural origins of Caribbean society, defining and tracing the evolution of the distinctive ideology that has arisen from the region's unique historical mixture of peoples and beliefs. Among the topics that noted scholar Gordon K. Lewis covers are the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century beginnings of Caribbean thought, pro- and antislavery ideologies, the growth of Antillean nationalist and anticolonialist thought during the nineteenth century, and the development of the region's characteristic secret religious cults from imported religions and European thought.Since its original publication in 1983, "Main Currents in Caribbean Thought" has remained one of the most ambitious works to date by a leader in modern Caribbean scholarship. By looking into the 'Caribbean mind', Lewis shows how European, African, and Asian ideas became creolized and Americanized, creating an entirely new ideology that continues to shape Caribbean thought and society today. Gordon K.Lewis was a professor of political science at the University of Puerto Rico and an author of several books, including "Puerto Rico: Power and Empire in the Caribbean" and "Growth of the Modern West Indies". Anthony P. Maingot is a professor of sociology at Florida International University and was a member of the Constitutional Reform Commission of Trinidad, 1971-74. He is the author of "The United States and the Caribbean: Challenges of an Asymmetrical Relationship".
Li-ion batteries from LiFePO4 cathode and anatase/graphene composite anode for stationary energy storage

Li-ion batteries made from LiFePO4 cathode and anatase TiO2/graphene composite anode were investigated for potential application in stationary energy storage. Fine-structured LiFePO4 was synthesized by a novel molten surfactant approach whereas anatase TiO2/graphene nanocomposite was prepared via self-assembly method. The full cell that operated at 1.6 V demonstrated negligible fade even after more than 700 cycles at measured 1 C rate. While with relative lower energy density than traditional Li-ion chemistries interested for vehicle applications, the Li-ion batteries based on LiFePO4/TiO2 combination potentially offers long life and low cost, along with safety, all which are critical to the stationary applications.
Confidence assessment of quality prediction from process measurement in sequential manufacturing processes

Sequential manufacturing processes are common in many manufacturing industries. We can use an artificial neural network (ANN) technique to build a model of manufacturing processes to capture the relationship between process measures and production unit quality. Using the ANN model, the quality value of a production unit can be predicted for its process measures. In addition to the predicted quality value, we need to assess our confidence in the predicted quality value through a confidence interval (prediction interval). Little work exists to assess the confidence in ANN outputs. This paper presents a comparative study of several methods in assessing the confidence in ANN outputs for quality prediction. We investigate two new methods: the variance estimation method and the distribution estimation method, in comparison with two existing methods: the error estimation method and the linear regression method. With respect to prediction accuracy and power, our results show that the distribution estimation method appears very promising among the four methods. However, the distribution estimation method requires much computation and storage during training and prediction, which may create difficulty in real-time quality monitoring and control. For the consideration of computation and storage requirement, the variance estimation method provides an acceptable solution. The error estimation method produces the worst performance among the four methods.
A tester system for detecting each of the six base-pair substitutions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by selecting for an essential cysteine in iso-1-cytochrome c.

A collection of isogenic yeast strains that is specifically diagnostic for the six possible base-pair substitutions is described. Each strain contains a single, unique base-pair substitution at the Cys-22 codon of the CYC1 gene, which codes for iso-1-cytochrome c. These mutations encode replacements of the functionally critical Cys-22 and render each strain unable to grow on media containing nonfermentable carbon sources (Cyc-). Specific base-pair substitutions, which restore the Cys-22 codon, can be monitored simply by scoring for reversion to the Cyc+ phenotype. These strains revert spontaneously at very low frequencies and exhibit specific patterns of reversion in response to different mutagens. Only true (CYC1+) revertants were recovered after 7 days on selection medium. The following mutagen specificities were observed: ethyl methanesulfonate and N-methyl-N9-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, G.C----A.T; 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide, G.C----T.A and G.C----A.T; diepoxybutane, A.T----T.A, A.T----G.C and G.C----T.A; 5-azacytidine, G.C----C.G. Methyl methanesulfonate induced all six mutations, albeit at relatively low frequencies, with preference for A.T----T.A and A.T----G.C. Ultraviolet light was the most inefficient mutagen used in this study, consistent with its preference for transition mutations at dipyrimidine sequences reported in other systems. This tester system is valuable as a simple and reliable assay for specific mutations without DNA sequence analysis.
The Minimally Invasive Treatment of Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction: A Review of Our Experience During the Last Decade

Purpose: The minimally invasive treatment of ureteropelvic junction obstruction has evolved during the last decade from endoscopic to laparoscopic and robotic. We review our 10-year experience with ureteropelvic junction obstruction, and report on our experience and followup.Materials and Methods: We reviewed all patients treated during the last 10 years. There were 294 procedures performed with complete records on 273 patients including 128 retrograde endopyelotomies, 116 laparoscopic pyeloplasties and 29 robotic pyeloplasties. Technique for each procedure is reviewed. Statistical analysis was performed on all results. Variables evaluated were gender, age (younger than 41 vs 41 years or older), side (right or left), presence of crossing vessels, presence of a high insertion, primary or secondary procedure and whether prior endopyelotomy or pyeloplasty had been performed.Results: Mean followup for endopyelotomy, laparoscopic pyeloplasty and robotic pyeloplasty was 20, 20 and 19 months, respectively, with ...
A bi-directional active lens antenna array

We present a passive and an active 2D lens antenna array fed from the focal point in the near field, eliminating the corporate feed structure at the plane of the array. The active circuits in each element of the active array perform transmit and receive functions. In transmission, a source illuminates the array from the focal point, and in reception the signal is received at the same focal point. Used as a front end in a communication system, the array can reduce the effects of multipath fading. A lens array can also add angular diversity to a receiver, by placing several receivers along the focal surface. In transmission, the array offers increased ERP. Because the noise in each element is uncorrelated and the power is combined in free-space, the array offers increased dynamic range in reception. We present l0-element passive and active lens amplifier arrays designed for X-band and operating in both transmitting and receiving modes.
Spectral theory for the wave equation with a potential term

A spectral representation for the potentially-perturbed wave equation $$u_t {\text{ }}_t (x,t) - \Delta u(x,t) + q(x){\text{ }}u(x,t) = 0{\text{ }}(x \in E^3 , - \infty < t < \infty )$$ is given for a class of non-negative potentials q(x) which vanish at ∞. The proof depends for the most part on energy considerations.
Force and motion management in legged locomotion

The control of a legged locomotion system over uneven terrain requires a new approach to coordination. The system has a high degree of static indeterminacy and, because of the stiffness of the structural and actuation systems, has stability problems if position-velocity control is used. The problem has many similarities to that of grasping and manipulating an object in a multi-fingered hand. The stability problem is removed by controlling actuator force directly, but the necessary computations can be prohibitive. In this paper, a solution is presented which is moderate in its computational requirements. It is based on an assumption of zero foot interaction forces in the horizontal plane.
Osteological conservatism and developmental constraint in the polymorphic ‘ring species' Ensatina eschscholtzii (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)

The plethodontid salamander species Ensatina eschscholtzii comprises seven subspecies that are geographically distributed in a ring surrounding California's Central Valley. The subspecies are differentiated primarily on the basis of colour pattern, although there is also significant electrophoretic protein variation both within and among subspecies. The subspecies intergrade around the north end of the valley, whereas at the southern end, two morphologically distinct subspecies meet but do not interbreed. Thus, the species is believed to be at or near speciation. The present study examines osteological variation in Ensatina eschscholtzii using x-radiographs of 436 individuals from 19 localities around the ring-shaped range of the species. In marked contrast to the distinct geographic differentiation in colour pattern variation, skeletal conservatism predominates and the small amounts of variation seen in the limbs and vertebral column show no correlation with geography. Thus, skeletal variation does not further elucidate the status of speciation in E. eschscholtii. Rare skeletal variants, especially in the limb, follow patterns of variation that implicate developmental processes in constraining skeletal variability. In the digits, variation in the number of phalanges in E. eschscholtzii is congruent with variation produced by mitotic inhibition experiments in the developing axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) limb. In the mesopodium, the sequence of mineralization (in rare large individuals where mineralization occurs) matches the sequence of prechondrogenic condensation in the developing Ambystoma limb. Although constraints on morphological variability by internal developmental mechanisms can account for the patterns of variation seen among these rare limb variants, the question remains open as to whether developmental processes are responsible for the overall skeletal conservatism seen in E. eschscholtzii.
Independent quantitative trait loci influence ventral and dorsal hippocampal volume in recombinant inbred strains of mice

Anatomical and functional studies support segregation of the hippocampus into ventral and dorsal components along its septotemporal axis. However, it is unknown whether the development of these two components of the hippocampus is influenced by common or separate genetic factors. In this study, we used recombinant inbred strains of mice to determine whether the same or different quantitative trait loci (QTL) influence ventral and dorsal hippocampal volume. Using two sets of strains of recombinant inbred mice (BXD and AXB/BXA), we identified separate QTLs for ventral and dorsal hippocampal volume. In BXD mice, suggestive QTLs for ventral hippocampus were identified on chromosomes 2, 8 and 13, and a significant QTL for dorsal hippocampal volume was identified on chromosome 15. There was also a suggestive QTL for dorsal hippocampal volume on chromosome 13. In AXB/BXA mice, there were no significant or suggestive QTLs for ventral hippocampal volume, but a significant QTL for dorsal hippocampus was identified on chromosome 5. These findings suggest that the development of the ventral and dorsal components of the hippocampus is influenced by separate genetic loci.
Spice quality: effect of cryogenic and ambient grinding on color

The effect of cryogenic and ambient milling on the color of spice was investigated to determine its influence on spice quality. A Hunterlab Color Difference Meter and sensory analyses were used to determine if cryogenically milled spices were comparable to ambiently milled spices. Cryogenically milled spices are lighter in color than ambiently milled spices and untrained panelists were able to detect the differences (P less than or equal to 0.038).
αb-crystallin: A novel regulator of breast cancer metastasis to the Brain

Purpose: Basal-like breast tumors are typically (ER/PR/HER2) triple-negative and are associated with a high incidence of brain metastases and poor clinical outcomes. The molecular chaperone αB-crystallin is predominantly expressed in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and contributes to an aggressive tumor phenotype in preclinical models. We investigated the potential role of αB-crystallin in brain metastasis in TNBCs. Experimental Design: αB-crystallin expression in primary breast carcinomas and brain metastases was analyzed by immunohistochemistry among patients with breast cancer with brain metastases. αB-crystallin was overexpressed or silenced in two different TNBC cell lines. The effects on cell adhesion to human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) or extracellular matrix proteins, transendothelial migration, and transmigration across a HBMEC/astrocyte coculture blood–brain barrier (BBB) model were examined. In addition, the effects of overexpressing or silencing αB-crystallin on brain metastasis in vivo were investigated using orthotopic TNBC models. Results: In a cohort of women with breast cancer brain metastasis, αB-crystallin expression in primary breast carcinomas was associated with poor overall survival and poor survival after brain metastasis, even among patients with TNBC. Stable overexpression of αB-crystallin in TNBC cells enhanced adhesion to HBMECs, transendothelial migration, and BBB transmigration in vitro , whereas silencing αB-crystallin inhibited these events. αB-crystallin promoted adhesion of TNBC cells to HBMECs, at least in part, through an α3β1 integrin–dependent mechanism. αB-crystallin overexpression promoted brain metastasis, whereas silencing αB-crystallin inhibited brain metastasis in orthotopic TNBC models. Conclusion: αB-crystallin is a novel regulator of brain metastasis in TNBC and represents a potential biomarker and drug target for this aggressive disease. Clin Cancer Res; 20(1); 56–67. ©2013 AACR .
Pistachio nut consumption modifies systemic hemodynamics, increases heart rate variability, and reduces ambulatory blood pressure in well-controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial.

Background Managing cardiovascular risk factors is important for reducing vascular complications in type 2 diabetes, even in individuals who have achieved glycemic control. Nut consumption is associated with reduced cardiovascular risk; however, there is mixed evidence about the effect of nuts on blood pressure (BP), and limited research on the underlying hemodynamics. This study assessed the effect of pistachio consumption on BP, systemic hemodynamics, and heart rate variability in adults with well-controlled type 2 diabetes. Methods and Results We enrolled 30 adults (40 to 74 years) with type 2 diabetes in a randomized, crossover, controlled feeding study. After a 2-week run-in period, participants consumed a low-fat control diet (27% fat) containing low-fat/high-carbohydrate snacks and a moderate-fat diet (33% fat) containing pistachios (20% of total energy) for 4 weeks each, separated by a 2-week washout. Following each diet period, we assessed BP, systemic hemodynamics, and heart rate variability at rest and during acute mental stress, and, in a subset of participants (n=21), 24-hour ambulatory BP. BP at rest and during stress did not differ between treatments. The pistachio diet significantly reduced total peripheral resistance (−3.7±2.9%, P =0.004), increased cardiac output (3.1±2.3%, P =0.002), and improved some measures of heart rate variability (all P <0.05). Systolic ambulatory BP was significantly reduced by 3.5±2.2 mm Hg ( P =0.046) following the pistachio diet, with the greatest reduction observed during sleep (−5.7±2.6 mm Hg, P =0.052). Conclusions A moderate-fat diet containing pistachios modestly improves some cardiovascular risk factors in adults with well-controlled type 2 diabetes. Clinical Trial Registration URL: [www.clinicaltrials.gov][1]. Unique identifier: [NCT00956735][2]. [1]: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov [2]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT00956735&atom=%2Fahaoa%2F3%2F4%2Fe000873.atom
Municipal Real Property Asset Management: An Overview of World Experience, Trends and Financial Implications

Executive Summary. In nearly all countries, municipalities own or control substantial amounts of real estate, but few municipal governments think of their holdings as a “portfolio” whose compositio...
Isomerization and dehydrogenation of butene catalyzed by noble metals and their alloys

Abstract Isomerization and dehydrogenation of butene have been studied on metal catalysts composed of palladium, gold, and their alloys. The isomerization of 1-butene to 2-butene was found to be catalyzed by gold at temperatures of 300 ° and 400 °C in the absence of added hydrogen. In the presence of added hydrogen, some isomerization activity was exhibited also by palladium and palladium-gold alloys. The addition of small quantities of oxygen, however, completely suppressed the isomerization process and led to the formation of butadiene on catalysts containing up to 60 atom % gold. Results of measurements on a hydrogen-porous metal membrane indicate that the rate of isomerization is faster than that of hydrogenation and that both processes depend on the surface density of hydrogen atoms. As a primary step in the isomerization process, the addition of a hydrogen atom is proposed, followed by hydrogen abstraction.