cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Excited State Characterization of Carborane-Containing Poly(dihexyl fluorene)s

Carborane-containing poly(dihexylfluorene)s experience drastic solvatochromism in both the solution and solid states, a characteristic that is advantageous for use in environmental and biological sensing applications. Understanding the intrinsic decay mechanisms that give rise to such sensitive emission properties is important for designing responsive sensors. The solution-state photophysical properties of homopolymer, poly(9,9-dihexyl(bisfluorenyl)carborane) (PFCY), and alternating copolymer, poly(9,9-dihexyl-2,7-fluorene- alt-9,9-dihexyl(bisfluorenyl)carborane) (PFCS), were deciphered using steady-state, electrochemical, spectroelectrochemical, and time-resolved spectroscopic methods. From these techniques, it was discovered that following excitation the conjugated fluorene local excited state (LES) donates an electron to the carborane molecule, forming an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) state between a radical cation on the fluorene moiety and a radical anion on the carborane moiety. From the global analysis of transient absorption data, it was discovered that the rate of electron transfer from the fluorene to the carborane is heavily influenced by solvent polarity and is significantly faster in more polar solvents. Once formed, the ICT state can decay through radiative or nonradiative mechanisms and is more likely to undergo radiative decay in nonpolar solvents, due to an intramolecular restriction of the polar ICT state. This study elucidates the effects that polarity has on the excited-state formation and subsequent decay mechanisms of fluorene-carborane systems, conclusively explaining the solvatochromism and steady-state emission properties exhibited by this system.
Restoration and Baroque Revolutions (1600s–1700s)

This chapter looks at the English Restoration Period when female actors and playwrights were introduced, catering to male spectators (onstage and in dressing rooms) through comedies of manners and tragicomedies of intrigue, showing lust and adventure, under a royal patent—in distinctive theatres with four proscenium doors. It then explores the moral attitudes developing with sentimental comedies and enlightenment philosophies, in relation to baroque expressiveness across Europe. This involved multiple vanishing points onstage, three-dimensional objects, box sets, and middle-class, domestic dramas. Also, the chapter considers various acting styles with actor-managers as directors, different directions of Italian commedia, the beginning of melodramas and comic operas in France, ballad operas in Britain, theatres in North America, and “Storm and Stress” drama in Germany.
"Boarding-Up": Radiation Damage and Radionuclide Leaching Kinetics in Linker-Capped Metal-Organic Frameworks.

For the first time, we report the ability to control radionuclide species release kinetics in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as a function of postsynthetic capping linker installation, which is es...
Management of Cardiac Amyloidosis: Do’s and Don’ts

Cardiac amyloidosis is a potentially deadly disease characterized by progressive infiltration of amyloid fibrils, and it is increasingly recognized as an underdiagnosed but important cause of heart failure. Given its unique pathogenesis, there are key differences in the management of cardiac amyloidosis compared with other forms of heart failure. Moreover, the 2 common forms of cardiac amyloidosis, transthyretin and light-chain amyloidosis, are distinct entities with varying clinical manifestations and prognoses, leading to the need for tailored approaches to management. In the past decade, there have been many significant advances in the diagnosis and treatment of both forms of cardiac amyloidosis. For example, in selected cases, transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis can be diagnosed noninvasively with the use of bone scintigraphy imaging, avoiding the need for a biopsy. Effective, more targeted therapies have been developed for both transthyretin and light-chain amyloidosis. However, these treatments are much more effective in early stages of disease before significant end-organ amyloid deposition has occurred. Consequently, it is increasingly imperative that clinicians aggressively screen at-risk groups, identify early signs of disease, and initiate treatment. Finally, once thought to be ill advised, heart transplantation should be considered in carefully selected patients with end-stage cardiac amyloidosis, because transplant outcomes in these patients is now similar to other those for other cardiomyopathies. Given these and other recent changes in clinical practice, this article discusses several key considerations for the clinical care of patients with cardiac amyloidosis.
Enhancing the SRAM Failure Analysis Process

The advent of the 65nm silicon fabrication technology node and smaller geometries; particularly for static random-access memory (SRAM) array, posed several Failure Analysis (FA) challenges such as the fault isolation capability limitations, physical FA (PFA) approach identification intricacy, defect node localization complexity and defect to fail mode correlation difficulty. To address these challenges, device defect modeling (DDM) process through software simulations and building of defect databases were introduced. Through the aid of the DDM process, defect sites were reduced to a single transistor or node from the SRAM array. Defect models were derived from the simulation process that guided analysts in identifying the suitable PFA approach. DDM process was effective in the failure mechanism to failure mode simulations. The DDM process was likewise instrumental in building defect databases for SRAM layout designs. These databases contained relevant information such as circuit simulation results, fabrication material stacking, suggested fault isolation techniques and potential defect locations that served as references for analysts.
An Assessment of the use of Agricultural Marketing Extension among Extension Methods: Insight from Jordan

This study aimed at assessing the use of agricultural marketing extension services among extension methods provided by public agricultural extension agents in Jordan. A sample survey of public agricultural extension agents was conducted covering the whole Agricultural Directorates in the country. The survey employed a structured questionnaire with pre-coded questions. The entire sample consists of 107 agricultural extension agents. To achieve its goals qualitative as well as quantitative analytical procedures were adopted in this study. A Four point likert-scales was used to compute the respondents overall mean score. The study provided empirical evidence about the lack of agricultural marketing extension among extension methods used by public extension agents in Jordan. Public extension agents in Jordan consider agricultural marketing extension with low priority during their extensive activity. Public agricultural extension activities should be directed to enhance marketing extension activities. Extension methods such as newspapers, radio, TV, mobile, internet and experts systems should be strongly considered to spread marketing knowledge to the farmers. Public agricultural extension activities should be directed to enhance marketing extension activities. Extension methods such as newspapers, radio, TV, mobile, internet and experts systems should be strongly considered to spread marketing knowledge to the farmers.?
Analysis of inspection certification results on malaria elimination in Baise City

Objective To analyze the results of inspection certification on malaria elimination in Baise City, and summarize the experiences of malaria elimination at a prefecture level. Methods According to Evaluation Schemes of Malaria Elimination (2014 edition) and Municipal Evaluation Schemes of Malaria Elimination in Guangxi (2016 edition), the malaria elimination work in Baise City was evaluated. In addition, 2 counties (cities, districts) in the administrative region of Baise City were randomly selected for review assessment. Then the assessment and certification results were analyzed. Results The score of evaluation on malaria elimination in Baise City was 95.80, and the scores of review in Tiandong County and Jingxi City were 94.70 and 90.60, respectively. According to the weight of the three scores, namely 0.4, 0.3, 0.3, the final score of malaria elimination in Baise City was 93.91, which reached the national standards of malaria elimination score (more than 85). Conclusions Baise City has passed the inspection certification of malaria elimination by the authority of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. However, the malaria monitoring post-elimination still should continue to consolidate the elimination achievements.
Improving stability of ALD ZrN thin film coatings over U-Mo dispersion fuel

Abstract Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of ZrN is a candidate technology for coating U-Mo dispersion fuel as a diffusion barrier coating. During the early development stages of the coating the ZrN deposition showed to be mechanically unstable and ultimately resulted in spalling. Based on experimental outcomes it was found that instabillity can be eliminated through the introduction of a thin amorphous (a) Al2O3 interlayer coating deposited in between the ~1-μm thick ZrN and the U-Mo. substrate. To elucidate these findings simulations were performed with density functional theory (DFT) to measure work of adhesions at different interfaces while finite element modeling (FEM) was performed to measure the residual stress distribution. DFT indicated that the ZrN coating deposited over (a)-Al2O3 is ~2.5 times stronger when compared to direct deposition over U or UO2 substrate. While calculations from FEM recognized; (1) large stress concentrations can originate from the irregularly distributed native surface oxides (UO2) over U-Mo and (2) stress concentrations can be reduced if those surface UO2 can be modified to a uniform layer (achieved after application of a 8 nm (a)-Al2O3 interlayer). These results provided explanations and confirmed the role played by interlayer in eliminating the original mechanical instability of the ZrN.
Childhood Obesity Is Associated with Poor Academic Skills and Coping Mechanisms.

Objective To assess the relationship between obesity and select childhood flourishing markers including academic skills and coping strategies. Study design Cross-sectional study utilizing parental reported data for children aged 10-17 years (n = 22 914) from the 2016 National Survey of Children's Health. Multiple binary regressions assessed the association between body mass index-for-age and 5 school-related and behavioral childhood flourishing markers independently and combined, including completing homework, showing interest in learning, finishing tasks, staying calm when challenged, and caring about academics. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, depression, sleep, digital media exposure, poverty, and parental education level. Results Only 28.9% of children with obesity were reported to have all 5 markers, compared with 38% with overweight, and 40.5% with normal body mass index. In an adjusted model, children with obesity had significantly decreased odds of demonstrating 4 of 5 markers: showing interest in learning (aOR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.62-0.97), finishing tasks (aOR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.63-0.94), staying calm when challenged (aOR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.59-0.90), and caring about academics (aOR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.55-0.86). Completing homework was not associated with obesity. Youth with obesity also had 23% decreased odds (aOR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.61-0.98) of meeting the combined measure for flourishing markers. Conclusions Childhood obesity is associated with poor academic skills and coping strategies which may lead to worse individual and public health outcomes. Further studies are needed to create validated flourishing measures and identify interventions that promote healthy youth behavior and academic success.
‘The Kara Kirghiz Must Develop Separately’: Ishenaaly Arabaev (1881–1933) and His Project of the Kyrgyz Nation

This chapter revisits the historical circumstances under which the notion of Kyrgyzness developed and further solidified into the concept of the modern Kyrgyz nation. It does so through the example of the Central Asian Kyrgyz intellectual Ishenaaly Arabaev. The chapter reveals that early twentieth-century Kyrgyz nationalism emerged alongside a Kazakh nationalist discourse, which had a significant influence on Kyrgyz intellectuals’ conception(s) of the nation. Furthermore, it outlines how the idea of the Kyrgyz national territorial autonomy was formed in the early 1920s, after a period of shock and recovery from the devastation of the revolt of 1916, the revolutions of 1917 and the fall of the Russian imperial regime. Through it all came new efforts to redefine what it meant to be Kyrgyz, encouraged by the changing political and cultural climate of the early 1920s and enforced by various political alliances.
Emission Diagnostics for Benchtop-Scale Explosive Fireballs

Quantitative optical measurements in post-detonation fireballs are challenging due to high optical densities and short time scales. This paper demonstrates the use of simultaneous imaging, multispectral emission, and spectrometry diagnostics at high speeds.
Multigate Ferroelectric Transistor Design Toward 3-nm Technology Node

An advanced gate-stack design of ferroelectric (FE) transistors has been proposed and investigated for logic compatible program/erase voltage, better scalability, and suppressed depolarization field. The ferroelectric-metal (FeM) FinFET (FeM-FinFET) and stacked nanosheets transistor (FeM-Nanosheet), which have an FE layer on top of the transistor’s gate, could adjust the area ratio (AR) between the FE capacitor ( ${A}_{\text{FE}}$ ) and the MOS capacitor ( ${A}_{\text{MOS}}$ ) (AR = ${A}_{\text{FE}} / {A}_{\text{MOS}}$ ) using the floating gate between them, thereby enhancing the electric field on the FE layer. In particular, the proposed FeM-Nanosheet could have the flexibility to lower the operating voltage and depolarization field by increasing the number of nanosheets to reduce the AR.
Hearing Stories Already Told: Successfully Incorporating Third Party Professionals into the Attorney-Client Relationship

In multidisciplinary practices, attorneys often shy away from fully incorporating other professionals working with their clients into the attorney-client relationship. This is a mistake in many cases. Although it sometimes works to use lawyer-centric ways to understand clients, like using cross-cultural lawyering tools or others borrowed from client-centered lawyering models, bringing other professionals into attorney-client meetings can be an effective way to ensure that attorneys are understanding clients’ stories and goals of representation. Attorney-client privilege may preclude this practice in some cases. However, in those that privilege is not relevant, important, or in which arguments can be made that including those professionals in attorney client meetings does not waive privilege, the practice is too valuable to ignore. The article discusses these issues, suggests arguments that attorney-client privilege is not breached in many cases by bringing in professionals, and includes suggestions for practice forms that can be signed by clients and other professionals that makes preserving privilege more likely.
Beyond transparency: how students make representations meaningful

In current science education reform, two criteria are considered most critical for determining whether or not an external representation is pedagogically productive. One is whether or not the representation maintains a high level of epistemic fidelity. The other is whether or not the representation is transparent relative to the content it is supposed to represent. We believe that these criteria are too limited in scope and have been considered acceptable in part because we have a very limited understanding of how students construct meaningful interpretations of unfamiliar representations. To remedy that, we propose a new framework for understanding acts of interpretation that focuses on four major constructs: registrations, symbolic forms, interpretive genres, and interpretive maxims. We demonstrate this framework's utility by applying it to excerpts of middle school students interpreting unfamiliar representations of light reflection.
Resistance to Coliphage Infection Induced in Escherichia coli by Growth in the Presence of a Surfactant

Abstract Heavy slime exudates surrounding Escherichia coli cells grown in media containing 1% sodium dodecybenzene sulfonate apparently block adsorption of coliphages to susceptible strains.
Dangling Bonds and Metastability in Semiconductors

All semiconductors have dangling bonds. In crystals they are found on the surface, in grain boundaries, in dislocations, in point defects, near impurities and in vacancies. In amorphous semiconductors, there is a much greater opportunity to form dangling bonds: not only because some atoms are not fully coordinated (e.g. those lining a microvoid) but also because there are atoms with weak bonds due to stretching or bending stresses.
Six-year survival following massive intestinal resection with eventual potassium depletion nephropathy.

In recent years a singular type of renal tubular nephropathy has been recognized in association with hypokalemia consisting of a characteristic patchy vacuolar change usually localized to the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubules. Most vacuoles are supranuclear, compressing the nuclei toward "the basement membrane. Affected tubules usually fail to stain for fat, although some fat-positive vacuoles have been reported in experimentally induced lesions in rats.! The picture of vacuolar nephropathy has been seen in a number of gastrointestinal diseases associated with diarrhea; for example, ulc~rative colitis, regional enteritis, diverticulitis, gastroenterocolitis, acute enteritis, bacillary dysentery, sprue (idiopathic or malabsorption syndrome), and Whipple's disease.2 6 The importance of this clinical entity lies in the fact that the lesion is probably a reversible one if recognized and treated promptly. The purpose of this paper is to present a patient with massive intestinal resection, who survived for 6 years, with development of hypokalemic vacuolar nephropathy. This clinical sequence has not been previously reported.
Social investment in work reliably predicts change in conscientiousness and agreeableness: A direct replication and extension of Hudson, Roberts, and Lodi-Smith (2012)

The present study was a close replication of Hudson, Roberts, and Lodi-Smith (2012). Participants’ personality traits and social investment in work were measured twice over three years. Latent change models were used to examine the associations among the intercepts (levels) and slopes (changes) for these variables. Results revealed that levels of all of the big five traits except openness were generally related to levels of social investment at work. Longitudinally, changes in social investment in work were generally associated with simultaneously co-occurring changes in only conscientiousness and agreeableness. Age did not moderate these correlated changes. Overall, the results directly replicated those of Hudson et al. (2012) and suggest that personality traits develop in concert with job experiences.
Economic Nature of the Cooperative Association

HE cooperative association is an association of firms or households for business purposes-an economic institution through which economic activity is conducted in the pursuit of economic objectives. An understanding of economic concepts is basic to the sound organization and operation of cooperatives, and to public policies toward cooperative activity which are consistent with society's objectives. Much has been written about cooperative activity, but the literature is dominated by socio-reformistic, historical, and descriptive interpretations. The so-called basic "principles of cooperation" are referred to frequently and with considerable ardor. Seldom is their significance seriously questioned. Economic theorists have seldom addressed themselves specifically to the cooperative association. Where cooperative activity has been mentioned at all, the cooperative has been treated as a special kind of corporation, covered quite adequately by the general theory of the firm. As Aizsilnieks has suggested,' such a treatment led Clark2 to generalizations regarding the effect of cooperatives on general welfare which are difficult to justify, at least until further analysis has been made. This article attempts to develop, on the basis of the contemporary economic theory of the firm-but with adaptation to the cooperative structure-a realistic, workable, and reasonably complete theory of the economic nature of the cooperative association. This theoretical framework involves: (1) the economic structure of the cooperative association; (2) the economic relationships among the participating units; and (3) the conditions necessary for profit maximization in the cooperating firms.
The impact of aerosols on simulated ocean temperature and heat content in the 20th century

[1] Observational analyses have documented increases in global ocean temperature, heat content, and sea level in the 20th century. Previous studies argued that the observed ocean warming is a response to increasing greenhouse gases. We use a new climate model to decompose simulated ocean temperature changes into components attributable to subsets of anthropogenic and natural influences. The model simulates a positive trend in global ocean volume mean temperature from the mid 1950s to 2000, consistent with observational estimates. We show that for the period 1861–2000 aerosols have delayed the onset of ocean warming by several decades and reduced the magnitude of the transient warming by approximately two-thirds when compared to the response that arises solely from increasing greenhouse gases. The simulated cooling signature from large volcanic eruptions in the late 19th and early 20th centuries is clearly visible in the subsurface ocean well into the middle part of the 20th century.
PHOTODIMERIZATION OF 1-PHENYLCYCLOHEXENE. A NOVEL TRANSIENT-TRANSIENT COMPONENT

Low-temperature irradiations of 1-phenylcyclohexene (PC6) yield two singlet state 2 + 2 photodimers and two 4 + 2 cycloadducts. The 4 + 2 adducts are not observed in low intensity lamp irradiations at room temperature but are produced in significant quantities when PC6 solutions are subjected to higher intensity laser irradiation. The results indicate a reaction mechanism involving two trans-PC6 molecules. The findings are consistent with earlier kinetic observations that the decay of trans-PC6 adopts a significant second-order component at lower temperatures. The transient−transient reaction also occurs under triplet-sensitized low-temperature/low-intensity or room temperature/high-intensity irradiation conditions. Triplet-sensitized irradiations also yield significant amounts of the 2 + 2 photodimers produced by attack of the PC6 triplet on its ground state. Quantum yield studies reveal that the rate of addition of 3PC6* to its ground state is in the range 0.28 to 4.0 × 105 L mol-1 s-1 consistent with t...
Can you see the cystic artery yet? A simple matter of trust

Abstract As our contribution to this special issue, we examine how understandings of objects are talked and worked into being within concerted action. We will argue that formal procedure can serve as a resource in this regard. Procedures make relevant certain kinds of objects, objects that serve as its materials, tools, end-products, agents, etc. Our analysis traces all references to a particular object, the cystic artery, over the course of a surgery conducted at a teaching hospital. The arrangements of the operating theatre impose certain constraints on how the key participants, a surgeon in training, a faculty member and a medical student, were able to display and detect particular features of their material environment. Also, because of the surgery's status as a ‘site of instruction,’ a special set of accountabilities came into play during its performance. Talk was frequently seen to do both instructional and instrumental work. The team members were called upon to interpret the visual field in congruent ways and, more specifically, to strike agreements as to what would serve as salient objects for the purposes of the work at hand. The identification of the cystic artery was called into question and its thingness had to be renegotiated. We draw on Garfinkel's notion of ‘trust’ to describe the prospective/retrospective processes of referring to what comes to be the cystic-artery-for-the-purposes-of-this-surgery. We argue that procedure both determines and is determined by its objects.
Use of instrumental variable in prescription drug research with observational data: a systematic review

Abstract Objective Instrumental variable (IV) analysis may offer a useful approach to the problem of unmeasured confounding in prescription drug research if the IV is: (1) strongly and unbiasedly associated to treatment assignment; and (2) uncorrelated with factors predicting the outcome (key assumptions). Study Design and Methods We conducted a systematic review of the use of IV methods in prescription drug research to identify the major types of IVs and the evidence for meeting IV assumptions. We searched MEDLINE, OVID, PsychoInfo, EconLit, and economic databases from 1961 to 2009. Results We identified 26 studies. Most ( n =16) were published after 2007. We identified five types of IVs: regional variation ( n =8), facility-prescribing patterns ( n =5), physician preference ( n =8), patient history/financial status ( n =3), and calendar time ( n =4). Evidence supporting the validity of IV was inconsistent. All studies addressed the first IV assumption; however, there was no standard for demonstrating that the IV sufficiently predicted treatment assignment. For the second assumption, 23 studies provided explicit argument that IV was uncorrelated with the outcome, and 16 supported argument with empirical evidence. Conclusions Use of IV methods is increasing in prescription drug research. However, we did not find evidence of a dominant IV. Future research should develop standards for reporting the validity and strength of IV according to key assumptions.
Concentration profiles and the design of metal-supported catalysts

Abstract Theoretical results (R. C. Vincent and R. P. Merrill, J. Catal. 35, 206 (1974)) have shown that it is possible to describe the concentration profile of catalytic metals within a macroporous catalyst support prepared by the incipient wetness technique. However, most catalysts are prepared under conditions where a coingredient is present in the impregnating solution. If the design of desired concentration profiles is to be successful, the earlier model proposed must be extended to include competing coingredients during the impregnation process. This report offers such an extension by considering two species competing for surface sites on the support during impregnation. For adsorption obeying Langmuir kinetics, the critical parameters which determine the profiles for each of the adsorbed species have been identified. However, attempts to fit the recent studies of Y. Shyr and W. R. Ernst (J. Catal. 63, 425 (1980)) were not successful until the adsorption kinetics appropriate to the system were used. The importance of properly describing the adsorption kinetics is emphasized and suggestions are offered when such data are not directly available.
Electric dipole transitions in 88Sr and 90Zr

Abstract Electric dipole transitions in 88Sr and 90Zr have been studied using realistic two-body interactions. Shell model wave functions of definite isospin were used and both the T-upper and the T-lower transitions were calculated. In the case of 90Zr the pairing effect in its ground state was taken into account and, in addition to the ground state E1 widths Γγ0, the first excited state widths Γγ1 were obtained. The results are in good agreement with experiment.
OAI and NASA’s scientific and technical information

The Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI‐PMH) is an evolving protocol and philosophy regarding interoperability for digital libraries (DLs). Previously, “distributed searching” models were popular for DL interoperability. However, experience has shown distributed searching systems across large numbers of DLs to be difficult to maintain in an Internet environment. The OAI‐PMH is a move away from distributed searching, focusing on the arguably simpler model of “metadata harvesting”. We detail NASA’s involvement in defining and testing the OAI‐PMH and experience to date with adapting existing NASA distributed searching DLs (such as the NASA Technical Report Server) to use the OAI‐PMH and metadata harvesting. We discuss some of the entirely new DL projects that the OAI‐PMH has made possible, such as the Technical Report Interchange Project. We explain the strategic importance of the OAI‐PMH to the mission of NASA’s Scientific and Technical Information Program.
Ageostrophic Pseudovorticity and Geostrophic C-Vector Forcing—A New Look at the Q Vector in Three Dimensions

Abstract By combining the two Q-vector component equations with the third quasigeostrophic (QG) diagnostic equation (the vertical ageostrophic vorticity equation) a complete set of QG diagnostic equations is formed in a three-dimensional vector form with the ageostrophic pseudovorticity vector on the left-hand side and a newly defined geostrophic forcing vector (the C vector) on the right-hand side. The horizontal projection of the C vector is a rotated Q vector (by 90° to the right). The vertical C-vector component is proportional to the Gaussian curvature of the geopotential surface of constant pressure. Since C-vector streamlines can be viewed as ageostrophic pseudovortex lines, ageostrophic circulations can be easily inferred through three-dimensional “vorticity thinking,” which considers both the boundary effect and moist processes. The C vector is interpreted physically in terms of generation of Coriolis force curl and buoyancy curl due to the geostrophic advection alone. The basic techniques and po...
An Ecological Perspective on the Transition to Kindergarten: A Theoretical Framework to Guide Empirical Research

This paper presents a dynamic, ecologically informed approach to conceptualizing and studying the transition to formal schooling. This perspective acknowledges that early school transitions play an important role in later school success; theorizes that a full understanding of child competence must examine the influence of the relationships among child characteristics and home, school, peer, family, and neighborhood contexts; and, most importantly, examines how these relationships change over time. This approach recommends that future policy, practice, and research be based on the following three premises. First, the transition to school must be conceptualized in terms of relationships between children and their surrounding contexts, such as schools, peers, families, and neighborhoods. Second, the measurement of children's readiness for school must acknowledge the combined influence of school, home, peers, and neighborhood contexts, the relationship among such contexts, and their direct and indirect effects on children. Third, and most specific to this paper, the examination of this transition period must address how contexts and relationships change over time, and how change and stability in these relationships form key aspects of children's transition to school. Ultimately, research informed by these principles may advise policy and practice on transition to school in normative and high-risk populations.
Smart Server: Concepts and Applications

The Internet has become a critical tool for information and communication that has reached much of the developed world. It is comprised of numerous components, of which the World Wide Web (WWW) is the largest and fastest growing. Efficient functionality of the WWW depends on a multitude of web servers in operation throughout the world. A web server, in and of itself, is frequently inefficient. We propose several concepts—all of which involve the assimilation of computational intelligence into a web server—that will ultimately improve its performance. A web server would then become a “smart” server that will learn during its operation and subsequently adapt its components and behavior to optimize many of its functions and modes of operation. Furthermore, it will be more secure, robust, and reliable via a hierarchical security system. A smart server will ultimately be more efficient, thus providing an enhanced experience for the multitude of people making use of the WWW every day. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Int Syst 22: 1139–1154, 2007.
Echocardiography in chronic alcoholics following prolonged periods of abstinence.

Abstract Left ventricular function was analyzed using standard echocardiographic techniques in 26 chronic asymptomatic alcoholics without clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease. All were studied following a long period of abstinence (mean 3.1 years; range 3 months to 17 years). Seven asymptomatic children (mean age 14.1 years; range 4 to 19 years) whose mothers had been actively drinking throughout their pregnancies were also studied. The calculated fractional shortening of the left ventricle (per cent ΔS), ejection fraction, mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (mean V CF ), excursions and maximal systolic velocites of the ventricular septum and left ventricular posterior wall, preejection period/left ventricular ejection time ratios, mitral valve EF slopes, and thicknesses of the left ventricular posterior wall and ventricular septum were obtained in all. Normal left ventricular function was found in all but one adult alcoholic. In this patient, the per cent ΔS, ejection fraction, and mean V CF were reduced. One additional adult alcoholic had a minimally thickened ventricular septum. Our results differ from other studies which have shown significant left ventricular dysfunction in asymptomatic chronic alcoholics. A possible explanation is the much longer period of abstinence of our chronic alcoholics at the time of their examinations. It also appears that left ventricular function in children born of alcoholic mothers is not affected when assessed after the long interval following prolonged exposure to alcohol in utero.
Alcohol dependence, smoking status, reproductive characteristics, and bone mineral density in premenopausal women

Bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and femoral neck in 25 women who were alcohol dependent (case subjects) and 25 control subjects, matched for age, height, and weight was compared. Mean bone mineral density was 6.8% lower at the femoral neck and 6.9% lower at the lumbar spine in case subjects (p ≤ 0.05). Some of that difference may be attributed to cigarette smoking. Eighty-six percent of the cases and 44% of controls smoked. When smoking was controlled through comparison of pairs concordant on smoking status, the difference in bone mineral density between cases and controls diminished and was not significantly different. Cases were most likely to report episodes of nonpregnancy related amenorrhea and to have experienced their first pregnancy at age 16 years or younger. These findings suggest that, while women who were alcohol dependent had lower bone mineral density than those who were not, smoking behavior and reproductive characteristics may explain some of that difference. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Routine histological sampling of doughnuts post oncologic anterior resection is not necessary.

A stapled end-to-end colo-rectal anastomosis is increasingly adopted following a proctectomy for various colorectal conditions. The ensuing doughnuts of colonic tissue created from the stapling device have been routinely sent for histological analysis. However, its efficacy remains debatable. This study aims to determine if there is a role in sending colonic doughnuts for histological examination following a stapled end-to-end colo-rectal anastomosis following proctectomy for colorectal cancers. A retrospective review of all histological reports of the doughnuts from patients who underwent a proctectomy followed by a stapled end-to-end colo-rectal anastomosis for colorectal cancer in the National University Hospital, Singapore, from 2004–2010 was performed. A total of 336 patients who underwent a stapled end-to-end anastomosis following proctectomy for colorectal cancer from 2004–2010 had available histological reports. The specimen margins and colonic doughnuts were all negative for malignancy. Clinical decisions were not altered based on doughnut histology results. A total cost of USD$61,017.60 was incurred for the histological processing of these doughnuts. There appears to be no additional oncological or cost benefits in sending doughnuts after a stapled end-to-end colo-rectal anastomosis following proctectomy for colorectal cancers except in selected clinico-pathological conditions whereby the risk of a positive margin is deemed higher.
A STUDY OF THE SPINAL CORD BY NISSL'S METHOD IN TYPHOID FEVER AND IN EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION WITH THE TYPHOID BACILLUS

(1) The application of the Nissl method to the study of the motor cells of the spinal cord, and the nerve cells of the dorsal root ganglia in typhoid fever, shows that these cells regularly suffer pathological changes in the course of the infection. (2) The alterations in the motor cells are more constant and of a severer grade than are those in the cells of the sensory ganglia. The more characteristic changes consist of disintegration, solution and destruction of the chromatic substance of the cell starting from the axone hillock and proceeding toward the nucleus. Coincidently the nuclei of the affected cells seek the periphery. Alterations are also suffered by the nucleus and nucleolus. (3) While this central form of ehromatolysis is the prevailing type of pathological change, disintegration, etc., of the Nissl bodies situated in the periphery of the cell and in the dendrites is also observed (peripheral chromatolysis). (4) In experimental infection with typhoid bacilli in rabbits a similar series of lesions in the corresponding nerve cells in the spinal cord and ganglia is encountered. (5) The main or central type of lesions discovered is identical with that found in man and animals after section, destruction, or even slight injury of the peripheral nerves. (6) The examination of the peripheral nerves arising from the lumbar segment of the cord (the site in man and rabbit of the most profound changes) in rabbits inoculated with typhoid bacilli showed well-marked evidences of parenchymatous degeneration. (7> It is probable that lesions of the peripheral nerves in typhoid fever in human beings are common and that the post-typhoid hyper sthesias and paralyses are due to this cause. (8) Restitution of the chromatic granules may take place in the affected nerve cells, the new formation beginning about the nucleus and extending through the protoplasm.
Enhancement of dielectronic recombination by an electric field

Dielectronic recombination from a continuum of finite bandwidth has been examined down to very low electric fields, 60 mV/cm, with very high resolution. A tunable laser is used to excite atoms to the continuum of finite bandwidth, the broad $\mathrm{Ba} {6p}_{3/2}11d$ autoionizing state, which straddles the ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{+} {6p}_{1/2}$ limit. Atoms which make transitions into the high-lying $\mathrm{Ba} {6p}_{1/2}\mathrm{nd}$ states and radiatively decay to the bound $6snd$ states are detected by field ionization. The recombination, integrated over energy, has been measured for fields from 60 mV/cm to 28 V/cm, showing a peak at 0.5 V/cm, in agreement with expectation based on calculations done for other systems. The final-state distribution has been measured, showing that the outer electron remains a spectator in the radiative decay. At fields below 1.0 V/cm and binding energies less than 12 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ below the ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{+} {6p}_{1/2}$ limit we find a deviation of our experimental results from the isolated resonance approximation.
Congenital anomalies of the fetal/neonatal chest

The ability to identify and confidently diagnose a wide range of congenital fetal thoracic lesions has increased tremendously in the past 2 decades with the emergence of high-resolution sonography and ultrafast MRI sequences. Imaging studies constitute a vital component in the diagnosis of these lesions, whether in the fetal, neonatal or childhood periods. In addition to providing a road map for potential intervention, imaging techniques have provided important information about normal development, natural history, and prognosis. In the prenatal stage, these features aid in family counseling, pregnancy management, and the identification of a subgroup of patients who may benefit from fetal intervention. In the neonatal and childhood periods, imaging studies facilitate timely diagnosis and institution of appropriate therapeutic strategies.
On optical studies of high-velocity clouds

Lists of distant objects that can be used to study physical conditions in, and distances of, 21 cm (Oort) high-velocity clouds are presented. Recent published observations are used to compile positions, velocities, and distances of the clouds.
A Statistical Study of Rapid Sunspot Structure Change Associated with Flares

We reported recently some rapid changes of sunspot structure in white-light (WL) associated with major flares. We extend the study to smaller events and present here results of a statistical study of this phenomenon. In total, we investigate 403 events from 1998 May 9 to 2004 July 17, including 40 X-class, 174 M-class, and 189 C-class flares. By monitoring the structure of the flaring active regions using the WL observations from the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE), we find that segments in the outer sunspot structure decayed rapidly right after many flares; and that, on the other hand, the central part of sunspots near the flare-associated magnetic neutral line became darkened. These rapid and permanent changes are evidenced in the time profiles of WL mean intensity and are not likely resulted from the flare emissions. Our study further shows that the outer sunspot structure decay as well as the central structure darkening are more likely to be detected in larger solar flares. For X-class flares, over 40% events show distinct sunspot structure change. For M- and C-class flares, this percentage drops to 17% and 10%, respectively. The results of this statistical study support our previously proposed reconnection picture, i.e., the flare-related magnetic fields evolve from a highly inclined to a more vertical configuration.
Lateral Nose and Perinasal Defects: Options in Management Following Mohs Micrographic Surgery for Cutaneous Carcinoma

. Primary and recurrent cutaneous carcinomas of the nose and the adjacent perinasal tissues often invade more deeply than cutaneous carcinomas in other areas. The operative defect may be large. The physician who has to close these defects is faced with a challenging problem that requires an appreciation of facial anatomy and function. There is often more than one option in the repair of these defects. Important concepts in the management of lateral nose and perinasal surgical defects are discussed.
What about chemoprevention for melanoma

Purpose of reviewThis paper aims to critically review the potential for a chemoprevention strategy in melanoma, and to discuss new data on candidate chemoprevention agents, as chemoprevention has been suggested as an unexplored approach in melanoma.Recent findingsA strong scientific rationale, estab
The evolution of psychiatric subspecialties.

This paper will review the process in which a discipline constant ly redefines itself. This process leads to focused examinat ions of cert a in changing areas which are called subdisciplines or as we refer to t h e m in medicine, subspecialties. If a subdiscipline or subspecialty ma in ta ins the in teres t of a group of members of the pa ren t discipline informal associations or affinity groups of interested individual form. If in teres t is main ta ined , journals and formal societies develop focused on this new area. This sequence may vary but the development of a new subdiscipline is dependent upon uniqueness of the knowledge and skills in the new area as well as the in te l lec tual vigor of the s tudents and pract i t ioners in the new area. At any point in the evolution of a subspecialty the process may ha l t or reverse direction. The evolution of knowledge in a given a rea may be l imited. In the 1960's, the most visible psychiatr ic subspecial ty was communi ty psychiatry. Its focus has now been assumed by other areas of medicine and psychiatry. The developmen t of a new skill may be superseded by a skill in another discipline which may be safer and less expensive. For example, a decade ago it was common for individuals wi th single a r te ry coro-
Exploring old and new benzene formation pathways in low-pressure premixed flames of aliphatic fuels

A modeling study of benzene and phenyl radical formation is performed for three low-pressure premixed laminar flat flames having an unsaturated C{sub 2} or C{sub 3} hydrocarbon fuel (acetylene, ethylene, and propene). Predictions using three published detailed elementary-step chemical kinetics mechanisms are tested against MBMS species profile data for all three flames. The differences between the three mechanisms predictive capabilities are explored, with an emphasis on benzene formation pathways. A new chemical kinetics mechanism is created combining features of all three published mechanisms. Included in the mechanism are several novel benzene formation reactions involving combinations of radicals such as C{sub 2}H+C{sub 4}H{sub 5}, and C{sub 5}H{sub 3}+CH{sub 3}. Reactions forming fulvene (a benzene isomer) are included, such as C{sub 3}H{sub 3}+C{sub 3}H{sub 5},as well as fulvene-to-benzene reactions. Predictions using the new mechanism show virtually all of the benzene and phenyl radical to be formed by reactions of either C{sub 3}H{sub 3}+C{sub 3}H{sub 3} or C{sub 3}H{sub 3}+C{sub 3}H{sub 5}, with the relative importance being strongly dependent upon the fuel. C{sub 5}H{sub 3}+CH{sub 3} plays a minor role in fulvene formation in the acetylene flame. The C{sub 2}H{sub x}+C{sub 4}H{sub 4} reactions do not contribute noticeably to benzene or phenyl radical formation in these flames, sometimes being a major decomposition channel for either fulvene or phenyl radical. The formation pathways for C{sub 3}H{sub 3} and C{sub 3}H{sub 5}are delineated for the three flames; while the key reactions differ from flame to flame, CH{sub 2}+C{sub 2}H{sub 2} {Longleftrightarrow} C{sub 3}H{sub 3}+H is important for all three flames.
The application of the parametric expansion method of control optimization to the guidance and control problem of a rigid booster

In this paper a rigid missile (booster) guidance and control system is synthesized by means of an advanced control optimization technique called the Parametric Expansion Method. It was developed by Dr. Charles W. Merriam III of the General Electric Research Laboratory, Schenectady, N. Y. The results obtained are evaluated in a digital simulation of the missile dynamics and compared with those obtained using a similar system which was synthesized by the more conventional means of root locus.