cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HOOVER: Distributed, Flexible, and Scalable Streaming Graph Processing on OpenSHMEM

Many problems can benefit from being phrased as a graph processing or graph analytics problem: infectious disease modeling, insider threat detection, fraud prevention, social network analyis, and more. These problems all share a common property: the relationships between entitites in these systems are crucial to understanding the overall behavior of the systems themselves. However, relations are rarely if ever static. As our ability to collect information on those relations improve (e.g. on financial transactions in fraud prevention), the value added by large-scale, high-performance, dynamic/streaming (rather than static) graph analysis becomes significant.
Abstract 4091: Evaluating the efficacy of a STING agonist in a murine model of prostate cancer

Despite the promise of checkpoint inhibitor therapy, prostate cancer has remained resistant to this treatment. Innate immune agonists, however, have been shown to have anti-tumor effects in various cancer types, such as melanoma and colon cancer, and have been nominated to be used in combination with approved anti-PD1/PD-L1 drugs. For instance, STING agonist + anti-PD-1 combination therapy has been demonstrated in a syngeneic mouse model of melanoma. Other innate immune agonists, such as TLR7/8 and TLR9 have also been shown to have potential anti-tumor effects. We hypothesized that innate immune agonists may be effective in the MycCaP syngeneic mouse model of prostate cancer. To compare the efficacy of three innate agonists targeting the STING (3’3’ cGAMP), TLR7/8 (CL097), and TLR9 (ODN2395) pathways, FVB mice were first injected bilaterally with MycCaP subcutaneous tumors. Upon establishment of tumors, mice were administered 3 doses of a single-sided intratumoral injection of each drug. The injected tumors had responses of 50% (6/12), 23% (3/13), and 8% (1/13) for the STING, TLR7/8 and, TLR8 agonists, respectively. Contralateral tumors showed no significant regression. Published data have reported inherent resistance of MycCaP tumors to anti-PD-1 treatment in vivo. Given our results, we hypothesize that the addition of a STING agonist could enhance efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy in this model. Mice with MycCaP tumors were administered anti-PD1 alone (n=10) or in combination with bilateral injections of the STING agonist (n=14). Combined therapy resulted in significant reduction in tumor size (71%) compared to anti-PD1 alone (9%). Additionally, there was a significant increase in the Ifnb1 (p=.04), Ifng (p=.008), Tnf-α (p=.006), IRF3 (p=.003) and II6 (p Citation Format: Jonathan Gurkan, Jae Eun Choi, Jean Tien, Marcin Cieślik, Luigi Franchi, Arul M. Chinnaiyan. Evaluating the efficacy of a STING agonist in a murine model of prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4091.
BREAKING THE INEQUITABLE EDUCATION CYCLE FOR ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS THROUGH POLICIES AND PRACTICES IN AMERICAN SCHOOLS

This study employed qualitative evidence synthesis (Saldana, 2012) to critically examine and systematically analyze 63 studies published between 2000-2018 reporting positive educational impacts on English language learners (ELLs). Drawing on Scarcella’s (2003) academic English literacy framework and culturally responsive teaching (Gay, 2001), this study demonstrates three mechanisms to improve ELL outcomes. First, teachers should use both culturally responsive practices and knowledge of language acquisition. Second, fostering family and peer supports creates positive learning environments. Finally, long-term solutions require policies addressing the socio-politico-economic disparities affecting ELLs. These results show, in a synthesized fashion, an approach to equitable quality education for ELLs. Article visualizations:
The Evolution of Computing Degrees: Tracking ABET Accredited Undergraduate Disciplines over Time

Recent decades have seen the continual growth in the number and quality of undergraduate computing programs and disciplines. For example, the ACM and ABET draw distinctions between these computing disciplines: Computer Engineering, Computer Science, Information Technology, Information Systems, Software Engineering, and Cybersecurity. This paper analyzes data from ABET-accredited undergraduate programs in these disciplines, pulling in data from the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education about the type of institution. We illustrate the contrasting initial growth pattern between Computer Engineering (slow growth) and Computer Science (rapid growth) and the newer disciplines (moderate growth). Information Technology is notable in its consistent growth and high percentage of accredited programs that are in research universities compared to other newer disciplines. Further analysis shows that about half of all institutions with an ABET accredited program have only one accredited program. This data can help inform academics, ABET, and others hoping to better understand the state of the computing disciplines and their trajectory so far.
A clinical perspective on food-relatA Clinical Perspective on Food-Related Diseases in the First Year of Lifeed diseases in the first year of life

Food-related disease processes can have a wide presentation picture. We present here a review of their clinical patterns in infants to allow a prompt diagnosis and appropriate management. Included in the discussion in infants from birth to 12 months includes IgE-mediated food allergy, food protein–induced allergic proctocolitis , food protein enterocolitis syndrome, atopic dermatitis, eosinophilic esophagitis, and eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease. The bibliography is updated to the past two years unless the latest guideline pre-dated 2018, or the reference was of a classic nature.
The Origins of Federal Wildlife Regulation Under the Commerce Clause

June 8, 2020, marked the eightieth anniversary of the Bald Eagle Protection Act—the first federal statute to rely on the Commerce Clause for the authority to prohibit the taking of wildlife. Its enactment marked a turning point in federal wildlife law. The Eagle Act’s forgotten history supports the Ninth Circuit’s conclusion that the Eagle Act is within the scope of Congress’s Commerce Clause power, as well as the many federal courts of appeals that have come to the same conclusion about the Endangered Species Act. This history should leave no doubt that Congress may regulate the taking of wildlife.
Understanding U.S.-Latin American Relations: Theory and History

1. Why U.S.-Latin American Relations Matter (And Sometimes seem Unintelligible) 2. Foreign Policy Determinants: International Systems and Levels of Causality 3. The Expansion of American Power 4. Hemispheric Relations through WWII 5. The Cold War Comes to Latin America 6. Crisis Management 7. Responding to Revolutions 8. Globalization and Interdependence 9. Hemispheric Relations in the 21st Century
Investigating the Use of the Core as a Solution Concept in Spatial Price Equilibrium Games

This paper presents a critical appraisal of the use of the core as a solution concept for games involving spatially separated producers. Starting from the classicl Samuelson/Takayama-Judge spatial price equilibrium model, the core of a game between the producers of commodities in this economy is defined, the conditions ensuring the nonemptiness of the core are stated, and the problems surrounding the definition and computation of the characteristic function are addressed.
River Temperature Variation with Freezing and Storage

Water temperature in the northern part of the United States is significantly affected by the freezing phenomenon. Because of the freezing constraint on the variability of water temperature, there is a good correlation between the mean value and the fluctuating component. The probability density curve of water temperature variation develops a sharp peak near the freezing point. A stochastic model using two independent variables, air temperature variation and the mean daily water temperature, is developed. It is also shown that the water temperature variability tends to decrease as a dimensionless reservoir storage capacity decreases.
Design for Robust Controls Having Almost Minimum Time Response

The problem of proximate time-optimal control of third-order systems is considered. Two third-order proximate time-optimal servomechanisms, PTOS3 and PTOS3?, are proposed for type-3 and type-2 third-order plants, respectively. The approach used here to develop the controllers is that of constructing a 'slab' in 3-dimensional state space that describes the 'switching' structure of the control. The technique relies on 3-dimensional phase-space analysis which is rarely applied to systems of order 3 or higher. Simulation results demonstrate the performance of the developed algorithms.
Mitochondrial resistance to massive irradiation in vivo. V. Repair and the repair overshoot.

Abstract An immediate mitochondrial response to injury is apparent when megarad doses of ionizing radiation are absorbed by quiescent fruit cells. Mitochondrial oxidative activity, ADP O , and respiratory control were used as indices of radiation injury and repair. The time-course of recovery and the response to split radiation doses reveal an overcompensation of the initial injury. This is interpreted to result from an overshoot either in repair processes or in de novo synthesis of mitochondria.
Triggering of Cultured Neoplastic Mast Cells by Antibodies to the Receptor for IgE

Cell surface receptors for IgE were isolated from detergent lysates of iodinated, IgE-saturated, rat basophilic leukemia cells by precipitation with anti-IgE antibodies followed by chromatography at acid pH. The isolated material showed a single 125I-band (m.w. ∼58,000) on gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl surfate and was used to immunize a rabbit. The resulting antiserum was reacted with lysates of surface iodinated mouse or rat tumor mast cells. Analysis of the precipitates on (10%) gel electrophoresis revealed one major peak comprising >80% of the detectable counts and having an estimated m.w. of ∼58,000. The antiserum reacted with detergent-solubilized and cell-bound receptors in the presence of absence of excess IgE; it also inhibited the binding of 125I-IgE. Cultured mouse mastocytoma cells never exposed to IgE released 3H-serotonin when incubated with F(ab′)2, but not Fab′ fragments of the antiserum, which had been rigorously freed of IgE and anti-IgE. The release was inhibited in the presence of excess IgE, was Ca++ dependent, and equaled 80% of the maximum obtained with IgE and anti-IgE. We conclude that aggregation of the receptors for IgE provides the critical signals for cell activation.
Combined blue nevus‐smooth muscle hamartoma: a series of 12 cases

Background One of the most common types of combined melanocytic nevus is that of a blue nevus with ordinary melanocytic nevus. Blue nevi have also been described in association with non-melanocytic cell types, such as those of neural or mesenchymal derivation. Although there are rare descriptions in the literature of blue nevi with myomatous structures, the specific association of combined blue nevi with smooth muscle hyperplasia has not been reported Methods We review the clinicopathological features of 12 cases of combined blue nevi with smooth muscle hyperplasia. Results The majority of these lesions occurred on the back of middle-aged patients and were clinically interpreted as melanocytic nevi or melanoma. Histopathologic examination revealed a combined population of ‘common’ and blue nevus melanocytes with accompanying smooth muscle hyperplasia. In addition to a lentiginous proliferation of melanocytes at the dermal-epidermal junction with variable basilar hyperpigmentation, there were varying degrees of epidermal acanthosis and follicular induction (three cases). Conclusion We present an unusual hamartoma with features of combined blue nevus and smooth muscle hyperplasia, which has not been previously described.
Bladder injury during herniorrhaphy. Manifested by ascites and azotemia.

Abstract A case of inadvertent injury to the bladder during repair of an inguinal hernia in a three-month-old male infant is reported. This injury was manifested by urinary ascites and severe azotemia. Awareness of the anatomic relation of the bladder to the internal inguinal ring in infants will prevent this injury or allow recognition of it at surgery. Proper repair can then be undertaken before serious complications ensue.
Zinc status and peripheral nerve function in guinea pigs.

Guinea pigs fed a diet low in zinc develop clinical signs of apparent neurological origin. The signs include abnormal posture and locomotion as well as hypersensitivity to touch. In this study, electrophysiological and biochemical measurements were made on sciatic nerves from zinc-deficient and repleted animals as well as on controls fed either ad libitum or restricted to maintain weight comparable to those consuming the deficient diet. Both in vivo and in vitro measurements showed decreased motor nerve conduction velocity (NCV) in nerves of deficient animals. A longitudinal study showed excellent correlation of NCV and severity of clinical signs. Nerves from zinc-deficient guinea pigs had decreased Na,K-ATPase activity, but the number of sodium channels, as determined by saxitoxin binding, was not affected. It was concluded that the clinical signs of neuropathy in zinc deficiency are associated with impaired NCV and decreased Na,K-ATPase activity of peripheral nerves. The zinc-deficient guinea pig provid...
Evolution of Rotation in Main-Sequence Stars

A review of the classical and modern measurements of axial rotation and their implications for the evolution of rotation of stars on the lower main sequence is given. From stars of main-sequence spectral type A through early K, the dependence of rotation on mass and age is investigated, from results for stars in open clusters and in the field. The high-mass, single, normal dwarf stars of spectral type A display a common mean projected rotational velocity dependent on their masses and re gardless of their ages. The angular momentum per unit mass in this range decreases slowly with decreasing mass.
Commissioning report of the MuCool 5 Tesla solenoid coupled with helium refrigerator

MuCool 5T solenoid was successfully cooled down and operated coupled with MTA 'Brown' refrigerator. The system performed as designed with substantial performance margin. All process alarms and interlocks, as well as ODH and fire alarms, were active and performed as designed. The cooldown of the refrigerator started from warm conditions and took 44 hours to accumulate liquid helium level and solenoid temperature below 5K. Average liquid nitrogen consumption for the refrigerator precool and solenoid shield was measured as 20 gal/hr (including boil-off). Helium losses were small (below 30 scfh). The system was stable and with sufficient margin of performance and ran stably without wet expansion engine. Quench response demonstrated proper operation of the relieving devices and pointed to necessity of improving tightness of the relieving manifolds. Boil-off test demonstrated average heat load of 3 Watts for the unpowered solenoid. The solenoid can stay up to 48 hours cold and minimally filled if the nitrogen shield is maintained. A list of improvements includes commencing into operations the second helium compressor and completion of improvements and tune-ups for system efficiency.
Putting Social Movements in their Place: Explaining Opposition to Energy Projects in the United States, 2000–2005

The field of social movement studies has expanded dramatically over the past three decades. But as it has done so, its focus has become increasingly narrow and 'movement-centric'. When combined with the tendency to select successful struggles for study, the conceptual and methodological conventions of the field conduce to a decidedly Ptolemaic view of social movements: one that exaggerates the frequency and causal significance of movements as a form of politics. This book reports the results of a comparative study, not of movements, but of communities earmarked for environmentally risky energy projects. In stark contrast to the central thrust of the social movement literature, the authors find that the overall level of emergent opposition to the projects has been very low, and they seek to explain that variation and the impact, if any, it had on the ultimate fate of the proposed projects.
The Culture of Science in the Late 20th Century

Modest_Witness@Second_Millmnium:.FemaleMan©_ Meets OncoMouse™_Feminism and Technoscience. Donna Haraway. With paintings by Lynn M. Randolph. New York: Routledge, 1997. 361 pp.
Preservation and conservation: separate disciplines, common goals

The conservation of the natural environment and the preservation of the built environment are fields often distinguished from one another both in application and in theory. At academic institutions, courses in preservation and conservation are usually offered in different departments and faculty members concerned with either of the two disciplines are tenured into different departments. Special interest groups usually target either preservation or conservation, reinforcing the notion of separate disciplines and separate causes. In the USA, the distinctions between the fields of preservation and conservation is further exaggerated by other concerns, in the competition to acquire Federal funding. Ironically, both preservationists and conservationists rely heavily on funds funneled through the National Park Service. Despite the dualism presented by the two environmental movements, they in fact have a number of common goals. To reduce the impact and harm of humans on nature, conservationists advocate ways to reduce the amount of solid waste and to conserve energy. Conservation programs, often including recycling campaigns, have gained popular appeal, and yet approximately 30% of landfill in the USA is comprised of previously used and discarded building materials, a fact often marginalized by the popular press and a facet arguably overlooked by conservation groups as well. By bringing preservation and conservation under one environmental banner, a more complete vision of the environment might be possible and the goals of both preservation and conservation might well be achieved.
Testimony Before the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs: Oversight Hearing on Fixing the Federal Acknowledgment Process

The Federal Acknowledgment Process provides one avenue for an unrecognized tribe to obtain federal status as a tribe eligible to receive services from the Bureau of Indian Affairs ("BIA"). Other avenues include federal court recognition and congressional legislation. In the 1970s, the Department of Interior ("DOI" or "Department") identified that there were an increased number of tribes seeking to clarify their federal status and that it needed to implement a process to address these requests; this resulted in the creation of what is now referred to as the Federal Acknowledgment Process ("FAP"). Since its inception in 1978, only forty-five tribes have completed the FAP.This analysis includes an overview of the American Indian Policy Review Commission's examination of unrecognized tribes and the development of the FAP. The analysis then focuses on four issues hindering the process: increased burdens, timeliness, lack of resources, and lack of transparency. The analysis also includes a review of legislative proposals addressing these four issues with the FAP. The final section of the analysis includes recommendations for improving the recognition process.
Horizontal Thermal Movement of Curved Bridge Decks

The displacements of the boundaries of skewed and curved bridges resulting from temperature change of the bridge deck depend on the lateral support system of the superstructure. To avoid high internal stresses in a redundant lateral support system due to temperature change of the superstructure, and to predict the boundary displacements, a statically determinate lateral support system is proposed. Equations are derived to compute the boundary displacements for the determinate lateral support system and suggestions are made for a suitable arrangement of this system. The effect on the displacements is presented for two different lateral support systems. The use of a statically determinate lateral support system permits the computation of the temperature displacements and the lateral support forces of the superstructure for the correct design of bearings.
Feasibility of rapid discharge after transoral robotic surgery of the oropharynx

Objectives/Hypothesis To investigate the use of an algorithm for rapid discharge after transoral robotic surgery (TORS) and its effect on postoperative complications. Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods A retrospective analysis of TORS cases from September 2009 to February 2013 was conducted. The effect of patient and tumor characteristics on postoperative length of stay (LOS) and complications were analyzed. Results A total of 91 patients were included; 79 underwent TORS for malignancy and 12 for a benign process. The mean LOS was 1.51 days (range, 1–5 days) with a median of 1 day. The mean time to initiation of oral diet was 1.26 days (range, 1–7 days) with a median of 1 day. Eleven (12%) patients experienced one or more complications during their postoperative course. Multivariate analysis demonstrated a significant association between patient and procedure variables and postoperative complications. TORS base of tongue reduction for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was associated with a significantly greater mean incremental time to initiation of oral diet (1.0 days, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.4 to 1.7, P < .001). A significantly greater mean incremental LOS was observed for patients with advanced comorbidity and a delay in initiation of oral diet beyond 24 hours. Conclusions Rapid initiation of oral diet and rapid discharge home is feasible and not associated with postoperative complications. Similarly, the performance of a concurrent neck dissection does not contribute to LOS or the development of postoperative complications. Patients undergoing TORS for OSA are at greater risk of delay in initiation of oral diet and increased LOS. Level of Evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 124:2518–2525, 2014
Seamount acoustic scattering

The cover of the March 1 issue of Eos showed a time series of acoustic scattering above Southeast Hancock Seamount (29°48′N, 178°05′E) on July 17–18, 1984. In a comment on that cover Martin Hovland (Eos, August 2, p. 760) argued that gas or “other far reaching causes” may be involved in the observed acoustic signals. He favors a hypothesis that acoustic scattering observed above a seeping pockmark in the North Sea is a combination of bubbles, stable microbubbles, and pelagic organisms and infers that this may be a more general phenomenon and indeed plays a role in the attraction of organisms to seamounts
Tuning SoCs using the global dynamic critical path

We propose using a profiling-based technique (Dynamic Critical Path) to guide SoC optimization. Optimizing SoCs composed of many modules involves exploring a large space of possible configurations (exponential in the number of component modules). We present this optimization technique applied to a Globally Asynchronous Locally Synchronous (GALS) RTL design. Furthermore, we investigate the loss of precision when abstract versions of hardware modules are used for the critical path computation. Using the critical path provides very fast convergence towards optimal or near-optimal solutions when analyzing large configuration spaces by optimizing the design for composite optimization metrics, such as energy-delay.
Recognition and Significance of Pumice in Marine Pyroclastic Rocks

Pumice is abundant in many ancient sequences of marine pyroclastic rocks and is regarded as important evidence that contemporaneous, or nearly contemporaneous, volcanic activity was the source of at least some of the fragmental debris. The pumice in many such sequences of rocks, however, is easily overlooked, chiefly because most marine pyroclastic rocks have been altered or metamorphosed to varying degrees, masking or obliterating the delicate cellular structures of the original pumiceous material. With care, however, and with the knowledge that pumice-rich rocks commonly occur toward the top of thick, vertically graded beds of lapilli tuff and tuff breccia, the elusive pumiceous fraction of most sequences of rocks can generally be recognized. Hand-lens examination of wetted specimens in the field will usually reveal the wispy and ragged outlines of some of the pumice that is present. More detail can be seen in thick sections and in conventional thin sections of pumiceous rocks. In general, the pumice in more altered and metamorphosed rocks can be seen by careful examination of hand specimens or thick sections; the pumice in relatively unaltered rocks can best be seen in thin section. Examples of pumice-rich rocks from the Precambrian of Arizona, the Cretaceous of Puerto Rico, and the Tertiary of Japan are described and illustrated.
Effects of the Anabolic Steroid Stanozolol on Growth of Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, and Goldfish, Carassius auratus

Abstract In tests ranging from 3 to 8 weeks, the anabolic steroid Stanozolol added to the diet of channel catfish and goldfish did not significantly improve weight gains.
Comprehensive linkage of defect equilibrium and phase equilibria through ferroelectric transition behavior in BaTiO3-based dielectrics

Defect and phase equilibrium have been investigated via the paraelectric-ferroelectric phase transition temperature () behavior of pure and equilibrated non-stoichiometric BaTiO3 powder samples. Through fabricating the BaTiO3 materials under conditions to preserve the equilibrium conditions with respect to Ba/Ti ratio, annealing temperature (T), and oxygen partial pressure (Po2), systematic variations in the phase transition temperature can be noted with respect to Ba/Ti ratio, T, and Po2. From the data extracted we can determine the solubility limit at each condition. The solubility regime, as determined through the variation, decreased with decreasing. Determining the solubility limits and equilibrating the defect reactions at the solubility limits provide a direct approach to calculate the defect formation energies and provide data to test a new defect model for concurrent defect reactions of partial Schottky and reduction defects. The formation enthalpy and entropy for the partial Schottky defect reactions was evaluated to be 2.32±0.1 eV and 10.15 for the BaO partial Schottky defect, and 2.89±0.3 eV and 8.06 for TiO2 partial Schottky defects equilibrated under air annealing conditions. Under low Po2 conditions, a refined approach introduces a balanced equilibrium between the oxygen vacancy concentrations controlled by the partial Schottky and reduction reactions. In the limiting ambient cases the approach gives the expected cases, and also fully explains the solubility trends under low Po2Is. Universally the theory supports all the experimental data over different temperatures and Po2Is.
An experimental rate constant for H + H2 (ν″ = 1) → H + H2 (ν″ = 0)

Abstract A rate constant for the process H + H2(ν″ = 1) → H + H2(ν″ = 0) has been measured and compared to theory. The concentrations of H2(ν″ = 1) and H downstream from a microwave discharge in pure H2 were determined by quantitative vacuum ultraviolet spec
Relationships between squamation chronology of the bluegill, Lepomis macrochims Rafinesque, and age‐growth methods

Scales first developed on 13 mm juvenile bluegills along the midlateral line anterior to the caudal fin in the area of the caudal peduncle, squamation chronology continued anteriorly, and was completed in the dorsal area of the nape of 25 mm bluegills. Body-scale relationships calculated from scales taken from three distinct body regions of adult fish were compared using both the Dahl-Lea and the Fraser-Lee methods. The calculated body length intercepts followed the chronology of the squamation and compared closely with the observed fish length at scalation of each area. The body length intercepts were different from one another and from the origin. There was little difference among the Dahl-Lea and Fraser-Lee calculated lengths beyond annulus one for the three distinct body regions. In all cases, however, results from the Dahl-Lea method produced lower lengths than their corresponding values calculated by the Fraser-Lee method. Selected size classes which omitted the smaller fish resulted in body length intercepts higher than those calculated from the total sample regression.
Miscellaneous New Species in the Pleurothallidinae (Orchidaceae) Excluding Species from Brazil

Abstract. Fifty-eight new species from regions north and west of Brazil are described and illustrated in miscellaneous genera of the Pleurothallidinae. A new combination in Crocodeilanthe, C. bracteosa, is proposed, as well as the new generic name Lalexia to replace the invalid name Loddigesia. A new combination in Lalexia, L. quadrifida is also proposed. Pleurothallis ringens is transferred to Talpinaria and recognized as distinct from Pleurothallis hitchcockii (= Talpinaria hitchcockii). These two species are discussed and described, and the treatment of Talpinaria hitchcockii in Icones Pleurothallidinarum XVI is revised. Porroglossum miguelangelii, originally described for Ecuador, is placed in synonymy with Porroglossum tokachii, a species heretofore known only from Amazonian Peru. In alphabetical order, the new species proposed herein are: Acianthera cornejoi, A. fernandezii, A.tanyae; Acronia miniatura, A. niesseniae, A. rinkei, A. werneri, Alaticaulia amsleri, A. cracens, Ancipitia dubbeldamii, A.r...
Religious-colonial models of language and early Hindi grammars

Abstract A reexamination of the early Hindi grammars reveals that they follow a unique model of language which can best be characterized as the religious-colonial model. The grammars depart from the perception of language embodied in the traditional prescriptive grammars. Compromising between the sociological and a purely linguistic view of language, the grammars are sometimes delinquent in presenting an accurate description of the language. However, treated as socio-historical data, they constitute a rich storage of sociolinguistic information which awaits exploitation by linguists working in the area of socio- and psycholinguistics in general and Hindi linguistics in particular.
Progress in transcription of broadcast News using Byblos

In this paper, we describe our progress during the last four years (1995-1999) in automatic transcription of broadcast news from radio and television using the BBN Byblos speech recognition system. Overall, we achieved steady progress as reflected through the results of the last four DARPA Hub-4 evaluations, with word error rates of 42.7%, 31.8%, 20.4% and 14.7% in 1995, 1996, 1997 and 1998, respectively. This progress can be attributed to improvements in acoustic modeling, channel and speaker adaptation, and search algorithms, as well as dealing with specific characteristics of the real-life variable speech found in broadcast news. Besides improving recognition accuracy, we also succeeded in developing several algorithms to achieve close-to-real-time recognition speed without a significant sacrifice in recognition accuracy.
Some personal observations on the status of marine sciences in the People's Republic of China

Owing to the long hiatus in communication with the People's Republic of China (PRC) during the Cultural Revolution and the inability of most westerners to read the original Chinese literature, a great deal of marine science research in PRC is not known to the outside world. I have felt that progress in marine science in general could be accelerated with better awareness of the existence of a large Chinese data base. Also, duplication of efforts caused by lags in communication could be averted if a review of the status of marine science research in PRC were available.
Estimation of inertial parameters of manipulator loads and links

The inertial parameters of manipulator rigid-body loads and links have been automatically estimated as a result of gen eral movement. The Newton-Euler equations have been recast to relate linearly ...
Epitaxial graphene: A new electronic material for the 21st century

Graphene has been known for a long time, but only recently has its potential for electronics been recognized. Its history is recalled starting from early graphene studies. A critical insight in June 2001 brought to light that graphene could be used for electronics. This was followed by a series of proposals and measurements cumulating in a comprehensive patent for graphene-based electronics filed in 2003. The Georgia Institute of Technology (GIT) graphene electronics research project group selected epitaxial graphene as the most viable route for graphene-based electronics, as described in their 2004 paper on transport and structural measurements of epitaxial graphene. Subsequently, the field developed rapidly, and multilayer graphene was discovered at GIT. This material consists of many graphene layers, but it is not graphite; in contrast to graphite, the layers are rotated with respect to each other, causing electronic decoupling so that each layer has the electronic structure of graphene. Currently, the field has developed to the point where epitaxial graphene-based electronics may be realized in the not too distant future.
Individual mobility, population growth and labor force participation.

Trends in labor force participation rates and the age of retirement are shown to be important determinants of upward mobility. Reductions in age specific participation rates increase the speed of movement through the employment hierarchy. In conjunction with economic development, the falling labor force participation of older men acts to offset the adverse effects of slowing population growth on promotional prospects. These conclusions are reached by extending a model of employment status developed by Keyfitz to limit employment competition to only those actually in the labor force.
A comparison of the sensitivity of electroimmunodiffusion and single radial diffusion in quantitation of immunoglobulins in dilute solution

Abstract The sensitivity and reproducibility of two simple techniques, electroimmunodiffusion (EID) and single radial diffusion (SRD), which allow quantitation of proteins without prior concentration, were compared. Goat antisera to human γA, γM, γG, and 11S secretory γA globulins plus serum albumin were used, and standards were prepared by quantitative dilution of commercial serum standards. There types of agar were used in EID: agarose 1 per cent for γA and γM globulins, Noble 1 per cent for γG globulin, and ionagar No. 2 or agarose for albumin. Agarose 1 p per cent was used in all SRD experiments. EID was particularly suited to albumin quantitation probably because of its relatively low molecular weight and high net negative charge. EID and SRD albumin quantitations were three to four times as sensitive as immunoglobulin quantitations. The intrinsic sensitivity of SRD and EID was similar in quantitating some immunoglobulins, but EID was generally superior in quantitating larger molecules like γM and 11S secretory γA globulins which had slower rates of passive diffusion. EID was rapid, accurate, and slightly more sensitive than SRD. Washing and staining were required with both systems. The use of special electrophoresis chambers, variable migration periods, and multiple agar media requirements for EID contrasted with the simplicity of SRD. Thus we feel that SRD offers more potential usefulness for widespread use by clinicians in quantitating body cavity fluid proteins in dilute solution.
Liposome-Entrapped Contact Inhibitory Factor: Transfer of Capacity for Density-Dependent Growth to Melanoma Cells

Contact inhibitory factor (CIF) is a growth inhibitor obtained from conditioned culture, medium of a contact-inhibited line of hamster melanocytic cells, which reversibly restores density-, anchorage-, and serum-dependent growth to melanoma cells. The usefulness of liposomes as carriers for CIF was investigated in vitro. The stability of liposomes prepared both with and without CIF was demonstrated by measuring the rate of efflux of a K2CrO4 marker. Anionic multilamellar lipid vesicles (7 phosphatidylcholine:2 dicetyl phosphate:1 cholesterol) prepared with CIF-containing material and separated from unentrapped CIF by gel filtration on Sepharose 2B, showed retarded leakage of a K2CrO4marker (half-efflux at 77 h) when compared with identical liposomes lacking CIF (half-efflux at 40 h). When added to subconfluent cultures of hamster melanoma cells, liposome-entrapped CIF restored contact-inhibited growth. Compared with aqueous solutions of CIF, liposome-CIF effects were characterized by longer latency and, more sustained duration. the ability of CIF-bearing liposomes to effectively restore density-dependent growth in vitro should facilitate in vivo studies of the effects of this potent growth inhibitor on melanoma and other neoplasms.
Linear and circular digital spectral analysis of serial data

Two methods of digital spectral analysis of unevenly sampled data are developed and illustrated here. One method uses a linear function of time (or space), the other uses circular functions. The circular method turns out to be essentially equivalent to a least-squares sine-wave analysis. The linear, anharmonic method uses only the field of real numbers and elementary algebraic operations, and hence it can be made computationally very fast and accurate. Both methods are very general, properly handling all kinds of time series ranging from simple series consisting only of the times of events to complicated series consisting of pulses with long duty cycles. The two methods are here applied to the analysis of annual mean relative sunspot numbers.
MODULATED MICROWAVE ABSORPTION SPECTRA FROM JOSEPHSON JUNCTIONS ON A SCRATCHED NIOBIUM WIRE

Modulated microwave absorption (MMA) spectra from Josephson junction formations on a scratched Nb wire have been studied at 9.3 GHz and 4 K. The peak-to-peak separation, {delta}H of the Josephson lines was found to vary linearly with P{sup 1/2}, where P is the applied microwave power, in contrast to a recent interpretation of junction formation in pressed lead pieces by Rubins, Drumheller, and Trybula. The interpretation of the MMA data on Nb are given in terms of the theory of Vichery, Beuneu, and Lejay for superconducting loops containing weak links. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
The route to voluntary non-custody: How mothers decide to relinquish child custody

This exploratory investigation of mothers' decisions to voluntarily relinquish child custody indicates that (1) mothers tend to make these decisions alone, i.e., without consulting kin or friends, (2) it is mothers who decide against custody rather than fathers who decide for it, and (3) mothers attribute their decisions either to external factors which disrupted their ability to provide a “good” home, to idiosyncracies of their relationship to their child, or to stable aspects of their own personalities which rendered them generally incapable of “good” mothering.
Elevation in Multiple Serum Inflammatory Biomarkers Predicts Survival of Pancreatic Cancer Patients with Inoperable Disease

Cancer-associated inflammation plays a driver role in pancreatic tumor development and progression. Moreover, recent studies have implicated the inflammatory tumor microenvironment in modulating therapy response and inducing resistance. The aim of this study is to investigate the prognostic and predictive value of the inflammatory biomarkers serum ferritin and C-reactive protein (CRP) in advanced pancreatic cancer patients. We measured pretreatment serum ferritin and CRP levels in 159 patients with inoperable pancreatic cancer participating in a phase III trial. Serum ferritin and CRP levels were examined for correlations with overall survival using Kaplan–Meier analysis. When analyzed on a categorical basis, patients with higher ferritin (>median) or CRP (>25th percentile) had shorter overall survival. Moreover, the two biomarkers were not correlated suggesting independent mechanisms of production and release. However, when patients were evaluated by their ferritin and CRP levels, only patients with elevation in both inflammatory biomarkers showed a significant decrease in overall survival. Serum ferritin and CRP are independent prognostic factors for shorter survival in patients with inoperable pancreatic tumors. Moreover, the evaluation of patients based on both biomarkers suggested that their prognostic value, although independent, reflected the broader state of cancer-associated inflammation. Thus, serum ferritin and CRP should be further explored as clinical biomarkers.
The convergence of AML

In this work it is shown that provided a certain positive real condition is satisfied, the AML recursion for the parameters of a scalar ARMAX time series model converges with probability one without the need of monitoring. Previous proofs of convergence had effectively required that the recursion be monitored.
Protection of transfective poliovirion RNA by histidine

Abstract Transfectivity titers of RNA preparations obtained from purified poliovirions in phosphate-buffered saline using phenol were low. Addition of tissue culture nutrient medium to the virions prior to extraction with phenol increased the RNA titers 100–1000-fold. The 32 solute differences between the phosphate-buffered saline and the nutrient medium were divided into three blocs for testing. Only the bloc containing the 13 amino acids of the nutrient medium enabled the preparation of high-titer RNA. Tests of the individuals amino acids revealed that l -histidine has high activity, l -cystine and l -glutamine moderate activity, and the remaining ten zero or very slight activity. Five congeners of l -histidine, viz. d -histidine, histamine, l -histidine methyl ester, α-N- acetyl- l -histidine , and l -histidyl-glycine, also had high activity; but imidazole had no activity. The histidine effect was obtained whether transfection was enhanced by DEAE-dextran or by bentonite. Histidine was fully effective only when it was added to the virions before or very shortly after the phenol; later additions of histidine were progressively less effective. Without added histidine, RNA preparations made very rapidly and inoculated promptly showed high transfectivity titers, but the transfectivity was highly labile; with histidine present, the high RNA titers were stable. Histidine did not reactivate the inactivated RNA.
Systematics of pleurotoid Russulaceae from Guyana and Japan, with notes on their ectomycorrhizal status.

Three species of pleurotoid, putatively lig- nicolous basidiomycetes previously described in the genus Lactarius sect Panuoidei were redescribed from fresh material collected in Guyana andJapan. In Guy- ana, Lactarius panuoides and Lactarius campinensis were restricted to forests dominated by ectomycor- rhizal Dicymbe species (Caesalpiniaceae) and basi- diomata of both pleurotoid species were subtended by ectomycorrhizal rootlets. This suggested an ecto- mycorrhizal nutritional mode for these fungi. Analy- sis of DNA sequences in the nuclear large subunit region taken from basidiomata and co-occurring ec- tomycorrhizae of L. panuoides and L. campinensis confirmed that these fungi are ectomycorrhizal and that their fruiting habit on organic deposits and well rotted wood at elevated positions is not due to sap- rotrophy, as previously assumed. Lactarius uyedae was collected in Japan from mature temperate forests dominated by Fagaceae, yet ectomycorrhizal rootlets were not found in association with the basidiomata. Morphological features and analysis of DNA sequenc- es suggested that L. panuoides and L. uyedae have affinities with established sections of the genus Lac- tarius, regardless of the pleurotoid morphology of their basidiomata, and that L. campinensis should be transferred to the genus Russula. Discussion is pro- vided for the genus Pleurogala, which was erected to accomodate putatively lignicolous, pleurotoid species
DUTCH AUCTION VERSUS FIXED‐PRICE SELF‐TENDER OFFERS: DO FIRMS OVERPAY IN FIXED‐PRICE OFFERS?

We investigate differences in purchase premiums and returns of common stock the day following the offer expiration of firms conducting Dutch auction self-tender offers versus those conducting fixed-price self-tender offers to see whether firms overpay for shares in fixed-price offers. After controlling for the proportion of shares sought and firm size, no statistically significant differences in premiums or returns are found between the two types of offers.
Preparation and properties of dispersed iron (III) oxide on rutile

Abstract Samples of 5 and 20 mole% α-Fe 2 O 3 supported on rutile TiO 2 were prepared by incipient wetness. A temperature of 390°C was found to be necessary for complete decomposition of the nitrates. Below 400°C there appears to be little evidence for strong interactions between α-Fe 2 O 3 and the support. However, ternary phase formation was observed at elevated temperature. Magnetic properties of bulk and supported α-Fe 2 O 3 are compared and discussed.
DIRECTIONAL HYDROGEN BONDING IN THE MM3 FORCE FIELD : II

Extensive calculations on hydrogen bonded systems were carried out using the improved MM3 directional hydrogen bond potential. The resulting total function was reoptimized. Comparisons of the hydrogen bonding potential function from ab initio calculations (MP2/6-31G**); the original MM3(89); and the reoptimized MM3 force field MM3(96), for a variety of C, N, O, and Cl systems including the formamide dimer and formamide–water complex, are described herein. Hydrogen bonding is shown to be a far more complicated and ubiquitous phenomenon than is generally recognized. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 19: 1001–1016, 1998
Visualization of solute migration in liquid chromatography columns

Abstract By matching the refractive indices of the mobile phase, the stationary phase and the material of the bed enclosure, one can render transparent to the eye the chromatographic column which is normally opaque in nature. As a result, band visualization is readily obtained. High-definition on-column detection becomes feasible by using a photographic detector instead of the conventional post-column, on-line (UV–Vis or similar) detector. Quantitative information regarding the concentration distribution in the band is obtained by utilizing optical scanners to obtain a digital image and computer imaging software. The processes of data collection and image analysis are discussed in detail and are illustrated by observing the concept of the infinite diameter column following a central point injection. The performance of the photographic detection method is compared to that of regular detection procedures. The efficiency of the column was determined with both on-column measurements and regular post-column measurements. A minimum reduced plate height (h) of 1.9 was recorded with post-column detection, in agreement with the average of the results given by on-column detection. On-column analysis allowed the determination of the local plate height which was found to vary across the central region of the column between 2.7 and 0.95.