cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economics of dry lotting beef cows

Three experiments evaluated cow and calf performance in alternative production systems; 1) early weaning on feed use; 2) a sensitivity analysis investigating profit potential of confinement cow management to changes in production prices and weaning rates, and; 3) investigate a winter management system incorporating winter cornstalk residue grazing on cow and calf performance in a summer-calving herd. In experiment 1, cows were limit fed and used two weaning time, early (EW; 91 days old) or conventionally-weaned (CW; 203 days old). Nursing pairs were fed an equivalent amount of DM that the early weaned calf plus the dams were fed. Cows limit-fed in confinement resulted in no negative impact on reproduction and early-weaning did not reduce feed energy requirements. In experiment 2, production parameters were obtained from the summer-calving cowherd in a dry lot year-round. Greater returns were projected as weaning percentage increased and a positive return for systems using distillers grains and crop residues. For experiment 3, two wintering systems on cow-calf performance in a summer-calving cowherd were evaluated. Grazing cow-calf pairs on cornstalks had lower ending weights of cows and gains of calves. Incorporating winter cornstalk grazing into the system were $137 more profitable compared to cows wintered in the drylot.
Mapping Population Dynamics at Local Scales Using Spatial Networks

Nowadays, around half of the global population lives in urban areas. This rate is expected to increase up to two-thirds by the year 2050. Most studies analyze urban dynamics in wide geographic ranges, focusing mainly on cities. According to them, the global population is spatially distributed (and polarized) in two extremes: large urban agglomerations and rural deserts. However, this remark is excessively general and imprecise. For this reason, it remains essential to analyze these dynamics at other spatial scales. A close-up look in thinly populated regions shows how urban dynamics are also noticeable. In this paper, we analyze spatiotemporal patterns of population distribution in a predominantly rural area by applying a local-scale approach. These patterns are represented by using spatial networks with nodes representing the human settlements and links showing hierarchies between nodes. This case study is conducted in a small municipality located in northwestern Spain. It is a predominantly rural area with a very particular spatial pattern of population distribution.
Pound, Yeats, and the Noh Theater

A WHILE AGO a company of Japanese Noh players visited my home town, Charlottesville, Virginia, and I watched some of their per formances. I was struck by their impossibly slow and sudden, incisive movements, neither gesture nor pantomime nor dance in any Western sense, but a kind of studious surrender to vectors outside human agency. I felt sometimes that they were performing a karate designed to injure the air, other times that they aspired, through their deep rough intonation, to be organ-pipes or conduits of wind. Like most of the audience I left in a state of happy confusion, and yet, though we had seen little and under stood less, we had attained a better acquaintance with the Noh theater than had Yeats or Pound or any of those early twentieth-century poets who hoped to find a sort of dramatic salvation through the purity and severity of the Noh drama. This essay does not treat the actual practice of the Noh ?I could not do this in any case?but treats certain exuberant fantasies bred in considerable ignorance of the Noh theater. This invention by means of imitating a misunderstood precedent is a more usual state of affairs than it may seem, for the great renewals in the history of art have often found it convenient to claim the prestige of some extremely remote sanction: when the opera originated in Florence, at the end of the six teenth century, its inventors claimed to be reviving the musical drama of classical Greece. Of course Peri and Caccini and Vicenzo Galilei knew al most nothing about the music of classical Greece, and the little they thought they knew turned out to be wrong; but this pleasant hope of recovery of long-forgotten aesthetic truth allowed their imaginations the necessary freedom for invention. What the Greek theater was to time, the Noh theater was to space: a settled and elaborate body of conventions ex isting at a great distance and susceptible to almost any interpretation. I do not mean that Yeats and Pound did not do everything they could to discover what the reality of the Noh theater was; it is simply that there was little they could do in England in 1913 to educate themselves properly. When Yeats in 1916 wrote his essay on the Noh, "Certain Noble Plays of Japan," he complained that the war had required the closing of the Print
Integrating the Social Structure of Accumulation and Social Accounting Matrix with the Social Fabric Matrix

The purpose here is to elaborate on the social fabric matrix approach (SFM-A), and to assess the possibility of integrating it with the social structure of accumulation and the social accounting matrix.The SFM-A to analysis and policy evaluation allows for cultural values, social beliefs, institutions, attitudes, technology, and the ecological system to be modeled into a system. The guiding goal is to work toward a more complete model of the provisioning process.
The Reversible Dissociation of the Alkaline Phosphatase of Escherichia coli III. PROPERTIES OF ANTIBODIES DIRECTED AGAINST THE SUBUNIT

Abstract Antibodies directed against the subunit of the alkaline phosphatase of Escherichia coli have been obtained from rabbits injected with a denatured form of the subunit. These antibodies show no measurable cross reaction with the enzymatically active form of alkaline phosphatase, but they can react with several denatured forms of the enzyme as well as with subunits that are capable of reassociating to yield active protein. Certain alkaline phosphatase-negative mutants of E. coli produce altered proteins that can be precipitated by these antibodies.
Creating Hammer v. Dagenhart

Hammer v. Dagenhart is among the best known cases in the canon of constitutional law. It struck down the first federal child labor law on the grounds that Congress’s commerce power allowed it to prohibit the interstate shipment of harmful goods, like impure food and drugs, but not harmless goods, like the products of child labor. Withering criticism of the decision spread from Justice Holmes’s famous dissent to law reviews, treatises, casebooks, and constitutional law classes. For nearly a century the decision has been scorned as inconsistent with precedent, incoherent as policy, and driven solely by the Court’s reactionary commitment to a laissez faire economy. That critique has in turn supported two destructive ideas: that constitutional law is merely an expression of the ideological preferences of Supreme Court Justices and that those preferences are the only important drivers of constitutional development. Creating Hammer v. Dagenhart contributes to the growing critique of both those assertions by demonstrating that our conventional understanding of the Hammer doctrine is wrong in three ways: it underestimates the doctrine’s consistency with precedent, profoundly mischaracterizes the policies that supported the doctrine, and ignores the crucial influence of lawyers outside the courts. My research supports those claims by looking beyond the opinion itself and papers of the Justices, which reveal little about the forces that produced the doctrine. I instead recover the political, legal, and ideological origins of Hammer by examining the activities and ideas of the lawyer who can fairly be said to have created the doctrine: Philander Chase Knox. For more than a decade, Knox worked as Attorney General, Senator, and Presidential candidate to create, propagate and defend what became the Hammer doctrine. And the architect of the Hammer doctrine, it turns out, was no laissez faire zealot. He was instead a constitutional moderate who hoped the doctrine would preserve constitutional protection for traditional nineteenth century values while allowing Congress to address collective action problems generated by the increasing integration of the national economy. Creating Hammer v. Dagenhart thus contributes to two ongoing scholarly debates. By establishing that the Hammer doctrine, like freedom of contract, was more than an expression of laissez faire economics, it extends the ongoing reconsideration of the “Lochner Court,” which to this point has focused on the Court’s freedom of contract and due process doctrines. It also contributes to the increasing interest in the Constitution outside the courts by presenting a case study of how economic and ideological concerns are balanced, refined, and integrated into existing legal structures by politically involved lawyers long before the Supreme Court plays its important, but nevertheless limited, role of choosing the winning side.
Retrieval of sea surface wind vectors from simulated satellite microwave polarimetric measurements

[1] An algorithm is developed to retrieve sea surface wind vectors from satellite microwave polarimetry. The radiative transfer model produces simulated measurements under global atmospheric and surface conditions. The simulations for wind speeds less than 5 m s−1 are not utilized in the retrievals because of the unreliable performance of the current surface emissivity model. In the algorithm, the upwelling and downwelling radiative components are treated as one variable since the two components are highly correlated. As a result, under rain-free conditions, the full polarimtric measurements obtained at a single frequency can form a closure of a set of radiative transfer equations so that both surface and atmospheric column parameters can be simultaneously derived. The first guess to the solutions is normally required because the retrieval is nonlinear. In doing so, the third and fourth Stokes components and their ratio are utilized to estimate the wind direction. It is found that this ratio alone can determine the wind direction with an accuracy of 30 degrees. Without the sensor noises being added to the simulations, the algorithm can produce the wind direction with an RMS error of 6.5 degrees and the wind speed with an error of 0.3 m s−1, respectively. If the realistic random noises are taken into account with 0.1 K for vertical and horizontal polarizations and 0.15 K for the third and fourth Stokes components, the errors increase to about 10 degrees and 0.6 m s−1 for the wind direction and speed, respectively. This wind speed error is much smaller than that from the statistical algorithms (1.4 m s−1) applied for the same data set. Thus the physical retrieval significantly improves the uses of the microwave polarimetric data for remote sensing of ocean wind.
Gamers and gaming context: Relationships to critical thinking.

Gaming is purported to hold promise for education, in part, because it is thought to develop 21st century skills such as critical thinking. To date, there has been a dearth of generalisable research investigating the relationship between gaming and critical thinking. Results of a survey of 121 adults found that gamers and non-gamers do not differ significantly on critical thinking dispositions. However, gamers who play strategy games scored higher on actively open-minded thinking than did other types of gamers. In addition, low compared with high involvement in the gaming community was associated with higher open-minded thinking. Implications for educators and for further research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Comparison of treatment of patients with congestive heart failure by cardiologists versus noncardiologists.

Purpose. The frequency of treatment with Heart Failure Society of America (HFSA)-recommended medications for the management of congestive heart failure (CHF) by cardiologists versus noncardiologists was studied. Methods. The medical records of 227 patients admitted to our institution between January and June 2000 with a discharge diagnosis of CHF were retrospectively reviewed. Data collected included demographic information and medical history, severity of illness, prescribed level of hospital care at the time of admission, diagnostic evaluations conducted during admission, medications prescribed at admission and discharge, and any noted contraindications to these medications. Data for patients treated by cardiologists versus noncardiologists were compared. Results. Patients treated by cardiologists were significantly more likely to be admitted to an intensive care unit; receive chest x-rays, electrocardiograms, nuclear medicine tests, cardiac catheterizations, and stress tests; and have their weight monitored daily than were patients treated by noncardiologists. The majority of patients with CHF who were eligible for an angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, a β-blocker, or an aldosterone antagonist did not receive these medications, regardless of the treating physician. Cardiologists prescribed significantly more β-blockers and aldosterone antagonists for eligible patients at hospital admission. Greater differences were seen in discharge medications, as cardiologists were significantly more likely to prescribe ACE inhibitors, digoxin, β-blockers, and aldosterone antagonists. Conclusion. Hospitalized patients with CHF were more likely to receive HFSA-recommended medications on admission and discharge when treated by cardiologists versus noncardiologists. Neither cardiologists nor noncardiologists prescribed ACE inhibitors to all eligible patients as frequently as recommended by HFSA guidelines.
LMS with Gaussian Regressors

This chapter contains sections titled: Mean and Variance Relations Mean Behavior Mean-Square Behavior Mean-Square Stability Steady-State Performance Small Step-Size Approximations Appendix: Convergence Time ]]>
Pesticide residues in food: The delaney clause and global harmonization of pesticide standards

Phytosanitary regulations as barriers to international trade and their infringement upon the objectives of the General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade has proven to be a troublesome issue. Phytosanitary regulations governing pesticide residues pursuant to a US federal legislative provision known as the Delaney Clause may constitute barriers to trade. The policy of a zero tolerance level for carcinogens in certain foods may preclude acceptance of Codex Alimentarius limits, although the two systems of regulation are not inconsistent in themselves. This article analyzes the Delaney Clause and a recent modification to Delaney that gives the US an additional policy basis from which to seek a global harmonization of pesticide standards. Such a harmonization could perhaps best be accomplished through the Codex Alimentarius system using the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade as the mechanism for implementation.
LOW-SHEAR-RATE RHEOMETRY AND POLYMER QUALITY CONTROL

Possibilities for improved quality control of polymerization reactions arise from the measurement of N1 (the first normal stress difference) as well as the viscosity η. At low shear rates in partic...
Moisture transport in silica gel packed beds—I.Theoretical study

Abstract Diffusion mechanisms of moisture within silica gel particles are investigated. It is found that for microporous silica gel surface diffusion is the dominant mechanism of moisture transport, while for macroporous silica gel both Knudsen and surface diffusions are important. A model is proposed for simultaneous heat and mass transfer in a thin packed bed of desiccant particles, which accounts for diffusion of moisture into the particles by both Knudsen and surface diffusions. Using finite difference methods to solve the resulting partial differential equations, predictions are made for the response of thin beds of silica gel particles to a step change in air inlet conditions, and compared to a pseudo-gas-side controlled model commonly used for the design of desiccant dehumidifiers for solar desiccant cooling applications.
Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane over supported chromium oxide and Pt modified chromium oxide

Abstract The oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane at very short contact times was studied using Cr2O3 and Pt-modified Cr2O3-coated ceramic foam monoliths and Cr2O3/Al2O3 pellet catalysts. C2H4 selectivity and C2H6 conversion increased over the Cr2O3 catalysts compared to Pt-coated monoliths. The 10 wt.% Cr2O3/ZrO2 monolith catalyst produced the best results of all catalysts examined. With the Cr2O3/ZrO2 monolith, C2H4 selectivities of 70% could be obtained at a C2H6 conversion of about 80% compared to a C2H4 selectivity of 65% and 75% C2H6 conversion under the same conditions over the Pt/α-Al2O3 monolith catalyst. However, in contrast to the Pt catalyst, several Cr2O3 catalysts displayed a limited lifetime. The lifetime of the Cr2O3 catalyst depends on the C2H6/O2 feed ratio, the support material, the weight loading of the catalyst, the flowrate, the amount of N2 dilution, and the preheat of the feed. The 10 wt.% Cr2O3/ZrO2 monolith catalyst showed no deactivation up to a C2H6/O2 ratio of 2.4 with 20% N2 dilution at a flowrate of 2 SLPM when Cr2O3/α-Al2O3 and lower weight loading of Cr2O3 on ZrO2 extinguished at a C2H6/O2 ratio of 1.8 and showed superior alkene yield when compared to the Pt/α-Al2O3 catalyst under the same conditions.
Arboreal locomotion: aye, there's the rub!

![][1] A surprisingly diverse array of animals, from spiders to mammals, have adhesive structures on their feet that allow them to run along vertical surfaces, climb high in the canopy, or hang upside down to await their prey. Lizards, particularly geckos, have received a lot of
Surgical management of isolated retroperitoneal recurrences of colorectal carcinoma.

PURPOSE: Isolated locoregional disease accounts for approximately 20 percent of recurrences after treatment for colorectal cancer. It has been suggested that complete resection of these recurrences can result in increased survival. The value of surgery for isolated retroperitoneal recurrences has not been well defined. We have sought to characterize outcome and survival in patients undergoing resection for isolated retroperitoneal recurrences of colorectal cancer. METHODS: From a prospective database, 25 patients were identified as having undergone surgical exploration with curative intent for isolated retroperitoneal recurrences of colorectal cancer between 1988 and 1999. Variables studied included age, gender, location and size of the tumor, extent of resection, disease-free interval, and morbidity and mortality. Statistical analyses were performed using the log-rank test and Kaplan-Meier estimates, with overall survival as the primary end point. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 25 patients (13 males), with a median age of 55 years and a median follow-up of 29 (range, 1–151) months. The median time to first retroperitoneal recurrence was 23 (range, 3–72) months. Twenty patients underwent resection, whereas five patients were deemed unresectable at the time of operation. The median survival in patients who underwent resection patients was 31 months compared with 3 months in those patients who did not undergo resection (P = 0.0001). Analysis of the entire group demonstrated a disease-free interval of greater than 24 months to be a positive predictor of outcome (median survival, 30 vs. 48 months; P = 0.02). For patients undergoing resection, the presence of positive margins (P = 0.01) and tumor size ≥5 cm (P = 0.008) predicted a worse prognosis. In patients who underwent resection, the two-year and five-year overall survival rates were 60 and 15 percent, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with isolated retroperitoneal recurrences of colorectal cancer generally have a poor prognosis. However, a longer disease-free interval, complete negative-margin resection, and smaller tumor size are associated with long-term survival in selected patients.
On the relation between monovacancy formation energy and surface energy for metals

Abstract An empirical relation between vacancy formation energy, surface energy and nearest-neighbor separation for metals is presented and the basis for this correlation is discussed.
Aromatic/cycloaliphatic polyamide membrane

Abstract A new composite hyperfiltration membrane based on an aromatic/cycloaliphatic polyamide is under development. Principal monomers employed are m-phenylenediamine and 1,3,5-cyclohexane tricarbonyl chloride. Characterization of the membrane under standard brackish test conditions indicates superior flux. Performance under test conditions appropriate to some specific applications suggests general utility. Field testing of spirally wound cartridges has started. Preliminary results are encouraging.
Ground Based High Altitude Detection Systems

Methods for detecting nuclear explosions, at about one-fourth earth-moon distances, from ground based detection systems are discussed. At such distances the detectable signals conveniently devide into direct signals, originating in the explosion vicinity, and indirect signals arising in the ionosphere as a result of absorption of so-called thermal X-rays from the incandescent nuclear device. Several different detection systems are discussed from the point of view of the signal producing mechanisms and the natural background signals with which they must compete. It is found that there are at least five different detection methods available for detecting a 10 Kt test at this range which could be integrated to become a high altitude detection station.
Adsorption of Ethoxylated Sulfonates on Kaolinite and Alumina

Abstract Ethoxylated surfactants have been reported to show improved interfacial tension and calcium tolerance properties, even though the mechanism by which ethoxylates influence interfacial phenomena are not completely understood. The impurities present in technical grade ethoxylated sulfonates place a major hurdle in studying this type of surfactants. A technique based on flash chromatography was therefore developed for separating them and the collected fractions were characterized using HPLC and NMR. Adsorption studies showed the nonionic impurities to enhance the adsorption of as received and purified ethoxylated sulfonate on alumina in the premicellar region. The effect of variation in the structure of these compounds on adsorption was studied by comparing their adsorption with non-ethoxylated sulfonates. Also the effect of the degree of ethoxylation was studied using a series of ethoxylated sulfonates and ethoxylated alcohols. Interestingly, both ethoxylated alcohols and ethoxylated sulfonates exhibited increased adsorption in the premicellar region and lower adsorption in the micellar region with increase in ethoxylation, indicating increased hydrophobicity of the sulfonates with increase in ethoxylation. This is further supported by the HPLC behavior of these surfactants. The results are discussed in terms of molecular geometry and hydration of the ethoxy group.
Enhanced room-temperature light-emission from tensile-strained Germanium nanocrystals

We report on the high room-temperature luminescence from Germanium nanocrystals synthesized by mechanical grinding. Transients and optical spectroscopy measurements are consistent with HRTEM and electron diffraction, suggesting high tensile strains favoring direct band-to-band transitions.
Asthma in early life: is the hygiene hypothesis correct?

idade indicadas para diagnostico de autismo, que aCARS tem a tendencia de diagnosticar autismo excessivamente em criancas com deficiencias cognitivas aos dois anos de idade, masmenos aos tres anos. Outra fraqueza da CARS e sua discriminacao pouco confiavel entre criancas pequenas com autismo e criancas com idademental equivalente que sofrem deoutros transtornos, especialmente limitacoes linguisticas. O trabalho de Pereira et al. e um modelo de como adaptar um teste que ja possui alta aceitacao a uma nova cultura, e esperamos que os leitores de outros paises sigam o exemplo. Tambem esperamos que a comunidade internacional de estudiosos aceite os futuros estudos clinicos e experimentais brasileiros sobreautismoqueusaremaCARS local comoparte do processo diagnostico. E importante, no entanto, que nao apenas os casos obvios sejam diagnosticados com a ferramenta, mas tambem os casos mais controversos, especialmente criancas levemente afetadas para as quais a intervencao precoce pode representar a diferenca entre a capacidade de se adaptar e funcionar no mundo real e uma vida cara e dependente. ACARSnaoatendera todas as necessidadesdessas criancas,mase claramenteumprimeiro passo realista e importante nessa direcao para o Brasil.
Cycles in Neogene paleoceanography and eustatic changes

Abstract A characteristic indicator of Antarctic and Arctic waters today is the sinistrally-coiled Globigerina pachyderma . By tracing this indicator back through the Neogene, it is possible to demonstrate major expansions of cold-water isotherms not only during the Quaternary, but also during the Middle Pliocene and the later Miocene. Expansions of cold-water isotherms of the Quaternary are correlated with the classic expansions of ice masses during the Pleistocene; those cold-water expansions of the Middle Pliocene and later Miocene suggest increases in ice masses with associated lowered sea levels, although perhaps not of the same magnitude as those of the Pleistocene. The Antarctic and Greenland ice masses were likely much more extensive during all of these colder cycles than now. Major cycles of expanded cold-water isotherms were almost certainly associated with eustatic reductions in sea level, that in turn produced marine regressions in paralic environments. Thus, there should be regressive cycles associated with the expansion of cold-water isotherms within the later Miocene, the Middle Pliocene, and those of the classic Quaternary. In the absence of complications due to variable rates of sedimentation and tectonism, shallow water depositional sites may show an Upper Miocene nonmarine phase or unconformity, a Lower Pliocene marine phase, a Middle Pliocene nonmarine phase or an unconformity, an Upper Pliocene marine phase, and a major regression at the beginning of the Quaternary. A re-evaluation of Neogene marine sections is suggested. It may be possible that the transgressive facies of the Calabrian of Italy correlates with the later Pliocene of California and is older than 3 × 10 6 years.
Mid-infrared Amplitude and Phase Measurement of Metamaterials Using Tandem Interferometry

A tandem interferometer system measuring the absolute phase and amplitude of planar split-ring resonators fabricated on a BaF2 substrate with a designed resonance at 10.5 ?m is presented.
Acoustic Radiation From Rotating Blades - The Kirchhoff Method in Aeroacoustics

This paper reviews the current status of discrete frequency noise prediction for rotating blade machinery in the time domain. There are two major approaches both of which can be classified as the Kirchhoff method. These methods depend on the solution of two linear wave equations called K and FW-H equations. The solutions of these equations for subsonic and supersonic surfaces are discussed and some important results of the research in the past years are presented. This paper is analytical in nature and emphasizes the work of the author and coworkers at NASA Langley Research Center.
The Impact of Living in a Rural County With No Nursing Home on Utilization Rates and Admission Mobility Patterns

This article uses long-term care data from one state (Virginia) to examine four hypotheses: (a) Rural counties are more likely than urban counties to have no nursing facility, (b) counties without a nursing facility will have lower nursing home utilization rates than counties having a nursing facility, (c) individuals admitted to nursing facilities who originate in counties with no facility will tend to experience moves of greater distance than their counterparts originating in counties having a facility, and (d) those admitted to nursing facilities originating in counties with no facility will tend to move to more urban settings. These hypotheses were supported by the analysis. The findings suggest that access to nursing home care may be more limited for individuals who live in counties without nursing facilities. Long-term care policy makers should give careful consideration to access in their methods for determining need for nursing home care and long-term care services in rural areas.
Analysis of Thin Films on Metal Surfaces

Abstract External reflection infrared spectroscopy was used in combination with other surface analysis techniques such as ellipsometry, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to determine the structure of organofunctional silanes adsorbed onto 2024 aluminum and titanium-6 Al, 4V mirrors. The results obtained indicated that the adsorption of γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (γ-APS) onto aluminum was a strong function of pH and adsorption time. Films formed by adsorption of γ-APS at pH = 8.5 were composed of polysiloxanes containing amine hydrochlorides. The structure of films formed by adsorption of γ-APS at pH-10.4 depended on time. Films obtained after one minute were composed of polysiloxanes that did not interact strongly with the oxide but during 15 minutes adsorption the air-formed oxide was dissolved and copper accumulated near the surface of the mirrors. Films formed by the adsorption of γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (γ-GPS) onto aluminum were composed of poly...
Understanding the link between cancer and neurodegeneration

Abstract There is growing evidence that cancer shares a number of biological pathways with common neurodegenerative diseases of aging. In epidemiologic studies, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease seem to be associated with a decreased cancer risk. Genes associated with neurodegeneration have important functions in protein folding and processing, but often play a role in the cell cycle. Activation and deregulation of the cell cycle is a core feature of both diseases; in the neuron, the end result is apoptosis, while in the malignant cell, it is uncontrolled proliferation. Successful aging requires a careful balance between the forces that promote tissue renewal and those that suppress the cell cycle. Proteins such as p53 and Pin1 might explain why some individuals are relatively protected from cancer but at increased risk of neurodegeneration. This article reviews the available epidemiologic evidence linking neurodegenerative disease and cancer, discusses the cellular pathways and genes which might account for this unexpected relationship, and explores the potential therapeutic implications of this area of research.
Corticotropin-releasing factor concentrations exhibit an apparent diurnal rhythm in hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic brain regions : differential sensitivity to corticosterone

Regional brain concentrations of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) exhibited marked differences in a number of regions depending upon the time of day rats were sacrificed. When compared with animals killed at 09.00 h, CRF concentrations at 15.30 h were elevated in the median eminence, hypothalamus minus median eminence, preoptic area/suprachiasmatic nucleus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, septum, frontal/parietal cortex, cerebellum, cingulate cortex, locus ceruleus and the nucleus of the solitary tract. Animals that received 7 days of continuous corticosterone supplementation via osmotic minipump either did not exhibit an afternoon rise in CRF concentrations (median eminence, cingulate cortex and locus ceruleus) or exhibited significantly attenuated afternoon increases in CRF concentrations (hypothalamus minus median eminence). In rats killed at 09.00 h, corticosterone reduced CRF concentrations in the median eminence. Chronic corticosterone exposure did not affect CRF concentrations in any of the extrahypothalamic brain regions studied in rats killed at 09.00 h. These results suggest that a number of CRF-containing neurons in both hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic brain regions presumably undergo diurnal changes in their activity as evidenced by changes in CRF concentrations. Furthermore, chronic corticosterone supplementation can alter these changes, particularly those in the endocrine hypothalamus.
Metal vapor condensation in a converging nozzle

The nucleation and growth of a zinc vapor/particle mixture in converging nozzles are analytically and experimentally studied. The pressure, temperature, velocity and growth distributions along the nozzle are calculated. The effects of nozzle initial pressures and nozzle half angles on the nucleation and, therefore, on size distribution of the exiting particles are analyzed. The nucleation process is also experimentally studied with a linear nozzle of different initial vapor temperatures. The produced metallic particles are examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and the size distributions are obtained. Comparisons of experimental results with the analysis are made.
Pituitary secretion of free alpha and beta subunit of human thyrotropin in patients with thyroid disorders.

Utilizing sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays, serum concentrations of human thyrotropin (hTSH), the immunologically common alpha subunit of the glycoprotein hormones, and the specific beta subunit of hTSH (hTSH-0) have been measured in normal individuals, in patients with primary hypothyroidism, and in patients with other disorders of thyroid function before and after intravenous administration of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). In 29 normal individuals hTSH-β was not detectable in serum (<0.5 ng/ml) before or after TRH; alpha was <0.5–2.0 ng/ml in men and premenopausal women and 1.0–5.0 ng/ml in post-menopausal women and did not increase after TRH. In 20 patients with primary hypothyroidism mean serum hTSH-β was 1.3 ng/ml and increased to a peak value of 3.7 ng/ml after TRH; mean alpha was 4.3 ng/ml and increased to 6.3 ng/ml after TRH. None of the patients with Graves' disease, a hyper-functioning thyroid nodule, or hypothyrotropic hypothyroidism had detectable serum hTSH-β concentrations or ...
The lambda method in prime number theory

Abstract Starting with the identity ʌ(a 1 ʌ(a 2 ⋯ʌ(a k = (−1) k k! ∑ d|A μ(d) log k d , where all ai > 1 and (ai, aj) = 1 for i ≠ j, A = a1a2⋯ak, and Λ is the von Mangoldt function, the behavior of power series generating functions of such forms as (1-z) ∑ n=1 ∞ ʌ(a 1 (n))ʌ(a 2 (n))⋯ʌ(a k (n))z n is studied in the vicinity of z = 1. Formally, the conjectured asymptotic formulas for the distribution of various sets of prime numbers, such as twin primes, Goldbach decompositions of 2n, etc., can be obtained. Rigorously, the analytic problems encountered involve the evaluation of certain constants, and the application of appropriate Abelian and Tauberian theorems. In many cases (e.g., the twin prime problem) only the necessary Abelian theorem remains unsupplied. This method may be regarded as generalizing a proof of the prime number theorem given by N. Wiener.
Total Synthesis of (+)-Papulacandin D

A total synthesis of (+)-papulacandin D has been achieved in 31 steps, in a 9.2% overall yield from commercially available materials. The synthetic strategy divided the molecule into two nearly equal sized subunits, the spirocyclic C-arylglycopyranoside and the polyunsaturated fatty acid side chain. The C-arylglycopyranoside was prepared in 11 steps in a 30% overall yield from triacetoxyglucal. The fatty acid side chain was also prepared in 11 steps in a 30% overall yield from geraniol. The key strategic transformations in the synthesis are: (1) a palladium-catalyzed, organosilanolate-based cross-coupling reaction of a dimethylglucal-silanol with an electron rich and sterically hindered aromatic iodide and (2) a Lewis base-catalyzed, enantioselective allylation reaction of a dienal and allyltrichlorosilane. A critical element in the successful execution of the synthesis was the development of a suitable protecting group strategy that satisfied a number of stringent criteria.
The ground state of TiC revisited

The ground state of TiC is 3Σ+, as predicted by previous configuration interaction calculations. It is shown that there are two low-lying 1Σ+ states and that the density functional theory solution corresponds to the higher of the two 1Σ+ states.
Latch-to-Latch CMOS-Driven Optical Link at 28 Gb/s

We demonstrate a 3.4-pJ/bit CMOS-driven VCSEL link incorporating latched half-rate inputs and outputs operating error-free at 28 Gb/s over a few meters of multimode fiber.
Static and dynamic correlations in water at hydrophobic interfaces

We study the static and dynamic properties of the water-density fluctuations in the interface of large nonpolar solutes. With the help of extensive molecular dynamics simulations of TIP4P water near smooth spherical solutes, we show that for large solutes, the interfacial density profile is broadened by capillary waves. For purely repulsive solutes, the squared width of the interface increases linearly with the logarithm of the solute size, as predicted by capillary-wave theory. The apparent interfacial tension extracted from the slope agrees with that of a free liquid–vapor interface. The characteristic length of local density fluctuations is ≈0.5 nm, measured along the arc, again consistent with that of a free liquid–vapor interface. Probed locally, the interfacial density fluctuations exhibit large variances that exceed those expected for an ideal gas. Qualitatively consistent with theories of the free liquid–vapor interface, we find that the water interface near large and strongly nonpolar solutes is flickering, broadened by capillary-wave fluctuations. These fluctuations result in transitions between locally wet and dry regions that are slow on a molecular time scale.
Ion transport and permeability in the mouse egg

Abstract Sodium, potassium, and chloride unidirectional fluxes have been studied in the mature mouse egg. Their relationship to cell membrane potential and conductance has been investigated. Unidirectional Na efflux is composed of a ouabain sensitive component, presumably representing an active Na efflux, an external Na-dependent component and a diffusional component. The data indicate that the external Na-dependent component represents a Na:Na exchange mechanism. There also exists an ouabain-sensitive component of K influx. The stoichiometry of the ouabain-sensitive fluxes is approx. 2.7:1 (Na to K). From the diffusional components of Na and K flux, the membrane permeability to these cations has been estimated. P Na and P K are 1.2 × 10 −7 cm sec −1 and 0.8 × 10 −7 cm sec −1 respectively. These permeabilities, in conjunction with the internal exchangeable fractions of Na and K and the external concentrations, predict an egg membrane potential of −11 mV (inside negative). Microelectrode measurements yield an egg membrane potential of −14 ± 0.4 mV, indicating that the cell membrane potential is predominantly a result of the Na and K permeabilities and distributions. Internal exchangeable Cl is 67 ± 3 mM in standard medium, as determined from 36 Cl distribution. The chloride equilibrium potential is therefore −15 mV, which is not significantly different from the egg membrane potential. This suggests that Cl distributes passively across the egg membrane, reflecting the egg membrane potential. Hyperpolarization of the egg membrane potential to −27 ± 1.5 mV by reduction of external Na results in an exchangeable internal Cl of 49 ± 8 mM. This yields a Cl equilibrium potential of −24 mV, indicating that the Cl distribution shifts in the predicted manner upon a change in cell membrane potential. Tracer flux data indicate that Cl conductance comprises the bulk of the total membrane conductance with Na and K sharing the remainder in approximately equal amounts.
Depth-zero base change for unramified U(2, 1)

Abstract We give an explicit description of L -packets and quadratic base change for depth-zero representations of unramified unitary groups in two and three variables. We show that this base change is compatible with unrefined minimal K -types.
The Prescriptive Approach to the Teaching of the History of Psychology Course.

(1980). The Prescriptive Approach to the Teaching of the History of Psychology Course. Teaching of Psychology: Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 184-185.
Clinical trials with adriamycin

Adriamycin was given to 67 patients with a variety of tumors. The tolerated dose was 20–30 mg/m2/day IV daily for 3 days or 18 mg/m2/day IV daily for 5 days every 3 weeks. Objective responses were seen in transitional cell carcinoma (4/7), liposarcoma (2/2), squamous cell carcinoma (1/9), and adenocarcinoma of the breast (1/1). No responses were seen in other soft tissue sarcomas (10), malignant melanoma (4), acute leukemia (4), lymphoepithelioma (1), or tumors of the gastrointestinal organs (5), thyroid (2), kidney (4), and testis (2). At low doses, nausea and vomiting, phlebitis, and alopecia appeared. At higher doses, mucositis and myelosuppression seem related to the dose of each course, while EKG changes (4 cases) and congestive heart failure (6 cases) appear related to the cumulative dose. EKG changes, consisting of premature ventricular contractions and ST-T wave changes, appeared to be related to adriamycin in 3 cases. The CHF appeared related in 3 cases. Adriamycin appears to be promising in several tumors, but maintenance therapy may be precluded by cumulative toxicity.
SSE- and Noise-Optimized InGaAs Radiation Thermometer

For measurements of radiance temperatures in the range from 150°C to 1,000°C, low uncertainties in the temperature measurements can be achieved by using near-infrared InGaAs radiation thermometers. The design and construction of the NIST near-infrared radiation thermometer (NIRT) that is optimized for low size-of-source effect (SSE) and noise-equivalent temperatures are described. The NIRT utilizes a 50 mm diameter achromatic objective lens with low scatter that images a 4.5 mm diameter spot at a distance of 50 cm from the objective in an on-axis design. A Lyot stop is implemented in the design with the aperture stop placed after the field stop resulting in a collection f/12. A 3 mm diameter InGaAs detector is cooled to − 70°C using a four-stage thermoelectric cooler to obtain high-shunt resistance for linear, low-noise operation at high transimpedance amplifier gains. For thermal and structural stability, the optical components are placed on four, 15 mm diameter graphite-epoxy rods making the optical throughput stable. Optical ray tracing with a commercial program is used to determine the Strehl ratio and other imaging parameters. A possible approach for a detector-based temperature scale in this range which could result in 10 mK (k = 2) thermodynamic temperature uncertainties at the In-point is discussed.
Induction of cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase in developing maize seedlings

Abstract The change in the activity of cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase in light- and dark-grown maize seedlings was studied during their early growth. The total enzyme activity in shoots of light-grown developing seedlings reached its highest activity on day five after planting, and then decreased gradually. The highest specific activity, on a fresh weight basis, of the enzyme was seen in day two. A similar pattern was observed in dark-grown seedlings. The enzyme activity was detected in roots and cotyledons where the activity also increased during early growth and then decreased. The increase in activity in the developing shoots of light-grown seedlings was completely suppressed by cycloheximide.
When Institutions Collide: The Competing Forces of Hospitals Sponsored by the Roman Catholic Church

For centuries, the Catholic Church has been a major social actor in the provision of health services, particularly health care delivered in hospitals. Through a confluence of powerful environmental forces at the beginning of the twenty-first century, the future of Catholic health care is threatened. Although United States Catholic hospitals are a separate case of private, nonprofit hospitals, they have experienced environmental pressures to compete with other hospital ownership types and, on some dimensions, Catholic hospitals are indistinguishable from other hospitals. This article conceptualizes United States Catholic hospitals as having competing institutional forces that are not always compatible. To keep pace with the changing demands of religion and the social role of the hospital, Catholic hospitals continue to redefine themselves. An adaptive framework is used to explain choices Catholic hospitals may need to make to justify their existence.
Novel Recombinant Alphaviral and Adenoviral Vectors for Cancer Immunotherapy

Although cellular immunotherapy based on autolgous dendritic cells (DCs) targeting antigens expressed by metastatic cancer has demonstrated clinical efficacy, the logistical challenges in generating an individualized cell product create an imperative to develop alternatives to DC-based cancer vaccines. Particularly attractive alternatives include in situ delivery of antigen and activation signals to resident antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which can be achieved by novel fusion molecules targeting the mannose receptor and by recombinant viral vectors expressing the antigen of interest and capable of infecting DCs. A particular challenge in the use of viral vectors is the well-appreciated clinical obstacles to their efficacy, specifically vector-specific neutralizing immune responses. Because heterologous prime and boost strategies have been demonstrated to be particularly potent, we developed two novel recombinant vectors based on alphaviral replicon particles and a next-generation adenovirus encoding an antigen commonly overexpressed in many human cancers, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The rationale for developing these vectors, their unique characteristics, the preclinical studies and early clinical experience with each, and opportunities to enhance their effectiveness will be reviewed. The potential of each of these potent recombinant vectors to efficiently generate clinically active anti-tumor immune response alone, or in combination, will be discussed.
Phorbol Ester-induced Transcription of a Fibroblast Growth Factor-binding Protein Is Modulated by a Complex Interplay of Positive and Negative Regulatory Promoter Elements *

Earlier studies from our laboratory showed that a secreted binding protein for fibroblast growth factors (FGF-BP) is expressed at high levels in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell lines. Overexpression studies or conversely reduced expression of FGF-BP by ribozyme targeting have elucidated a direct role of this protein in angiogenesis during tumor development. We have also observed a significant up-regulation of FGF-BP during TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate) promotion of skin cancer. Here we investigate the mechanism of TPA induction of FGF-BP gene expression in the human ME-180 SCC cell line. We found that TPA increased FGF-BP mRNA levels in a time- and dose-dependent manner mediated via the protein kinase C signal transduction pathway. Results from actinomycin D and cycloheximide experiments as well as nuclear transcription assays revealed that TPA up-regulated the steady-state levels of FGF-BP mRNA by increasing its rate of gene transcription independently ofde novo protein synthesis. We isolated the human FGF-BP promoter and determined by deletion analysis that TPA regulatory elements were all contained in the first 118 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site. Further mutational analysis revealed that full TPA induction required interplay between several regulatory elements with homology to Ets, AP-1, and CAATT/enhancer binding protein C/EBP sites. In addition, deletion or mutation of a 10-base pair region juxtaposed to the AP-1 site dramatically increased TPA induced FGF-BP gene expression. This region represses the extent of the FGF-BP promoter response to TPA and contained sequences recognized by the family of E box helix-loop-helix transcription factors. Gel shift analysis showed specific and TPA-inducible protein binding to the Ets, AP-1, and C/EBP sites. Furthermore, distinct, specific, and TPA-inducible binding to the imperfect E box repressor element was also apparent. Overall, our data indicate that TPA effects on FGF-BP gene transcription are tightly controlled by a complex interplay of positive elements and a novel negative regulatory element.