cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enzyme systems in the Mycobacteria. IV. The pyruvic oxidase.

Abstract A soluble pyruvic oxidase has been isolated from cell-free extracts of the H37Ra strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. hominis . The enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of pyruvate to acetate; DPT is required for this reaction. Magnesium stimulates the reaction slightly, versene is a strong inhibitor. Ferricyanide, PIP and oxygen can all act as electron acceptors in the activity ratio of 2.5:1:3. No evidence exists that this enzyme can be separated into more than one enzymically active component.
Antivortex gyrotropic motion in a nanocontact

Abstract A vortex–antivortex pair can form in the free layer of a nanocontact device as a result of the Oersted field produced by the current. In a large-scale free layer having uniform magnetization boundary conditions an in-plane external magnetic field will tend to confine the vortex–antivortex pair, which undergoes gyrotropic motion about the nanocontact after an initial displacement from the static equilibrium position. With the vortex pinned to a defect at the nanocontact the antivortex dynamics can be isolated and gyrotropic precession of the antivortex will be the dominant mode. The frequency of antivortex precession increases as the external magnetic field increases, and the frequency decreases as the nanocontact current increases.
Genetics of Gliding Motility in Myxococcus xanthus (Myxobacterales): Genes Controlling Movement of Single Cells

M. xanthus is a gliding bacterium whose motility is subject to intercellular control. Strain DK101 of M. xanthus gives rise to 6 distinct types of nonmotile mutants and transduction of motility between mutants, mediated by the generalized transducing phage Mx8, identifies the gene loci that underlie the six types. Five of the types, B, C, D, E, and F, are contitional mutants that can be stimulated to move by wild-type cells or by cells of a different mutant type. Mutants of each stimulation type lie in separate and distinct loci, cglB, cglC, cglD, cglE and cglF. The sixth mutant type can stimulate any of the five other types to move, never moves itself, and is produced by mutations in at least 17 loci.
Overview of microelectromechanical systems

Miniaturization of mechanical systems promises opportunities for progress of science and technology in new directions. Micromechanical devices and systems are inherently smaller, lighter, faster, and possibly more precise than their macroscopic counterparts. Microfabrication provides a powerful tool for batch processing and miniaturization of mechanical systems into a dimensional domain not accessible by conventional (machining) techniques. Furthermore, microfabrication provides an opportunity for integration of mechanical systems with electronics for closed-loop control to develop high-performance microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). In the most general form, MEMS would consist of mechanical microstructures, microsensors, microactuators, and electronics integrated in the same environment. This paper provides an overview of several MEMS topics including fabrication technology, materials, microsensors, and microactuators.
Fleeing the Iron Cage: Politics and Culture in the Thought of Max Weber

1 he problem of politics and culture emerged in European thought from Kierkegaard to Freud the encounter with modernity. In this paper I examine a major instance of that encounter in Weber's "science of culture" and his analysis of the cultural significance of capitalism. In Weber's work the most important and politically relevant responses to modern, subjectivist culture lie in attempts from within the ethical, aesthetic, erotic, and intellectualist life orders or value spheres to escape from the "iron cage" constructed by Western rationalism. I investigate the relative autonomy and paradoxical nature of these different attempts, and conclude with an explanation of Weber's choices with respect to the sphere of knowledge, or "science. "
Quantum Monte Carlo and density functional theory characterization of 2-cyclopentenone and 3-cyclopentenone formation from O(3P) + cyclopentadiene

The authors investigate reaction paths for the formation of ground-state 2-cyclopentenone and 3-cyclopentenone arising from the electrophilic addition of O({sup 3}P) to a double bond of cyclopentadiene. Calculations show that one possible mechanism for these reactions is the formation initially of a triplet diradical that undergoes intersystem crossing to a diradical singlet followed by passage of the system through the transition state to ground-state products. Equilibrium geometries and total energies are computed for all species using the Hartree-Fock method, the local spin density approximation, four generalized gradient approximation, the G2 model chemistry method, and the quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) approach in both the variational (VMC) and diffusion (DMC) variants. Using DMC as a gauge of accuracy, a comparison of these approaches reveals that the density functional methods show mixed performance, with the gradient-corrected B3PW91 functional giving the best reaction pathway energetics overall for the group. The G2 energetics are in good agreement with DMC for stable species but differ significantly for transition states. A resonance found in precursors to formation of 3-cyclopentenone (3CP) provides a possible explanation for the appearance of 3CP in trace amounts in cyclopentadiene combustion reactors.
Release the Dragon: The Role of Popular Culture in Children's Stories

Young learners come to the school environment with myriad literacy experiences, some of which are inevitably based in popular culture. While literacy knowledge drawn from experiences with popular culture has traditionally been viewed as less important than academic literacy, educators wishing to create classrooms that value all children need to shift views of what contributes to student learning. Inclusion of popular culture in the school environment provides a space for extending the possibility of building upon and increasing children's understandings of these cultural resources. Through an in-depth exploration of a first-grade student's use of popular cultural items in a classroom-based storytelling project, this research illuminates how experiences with popular culture can become an imaginative and cognitive endeavor that impacts literacy learning.
No cause for panic: Key lessons from the political science literature on nuclear proliferation

This paper provides a brief overview of the progress of political science research on the causes of nuclear weapons proliferation and non-proliferation. Based on the findings of that literature, the author draws out some general lessons for today’s policymakers.
When a Scratch Becomes ‘A Scary Story’: The Social Construction of Micro Panics in Center-Based Child Care

This study analyzes the everyday world of center-based child care and the climate of suspicion that permeates that world. Based on four and a half years of participant observation field research an...
A statistical model for dissecting genomic imprinting through genetic mapping

As a result of nonequivalent genetic contribution of maternal and paternal genomes to offsprings, genomic imprinting or called parent-of-origin effect, has been broadly identified in plants, animals and humans. Its role in shaping organism’s development has been unanimously recognized. However, statistical methods for identifying imprinted quantitative trait loci (iQTL) and estimating the imprinted effect have not been well developed. In this article, we propose an efficient statistical procedure for genomewide estimating and testing the effects of significant iQTL underlying the quantitative variation of interested traits. The developed model can be applied to two different genetic cross designs, backcross and F2 families derived from inbred lines. The proposed procedure is built within the maximum likelihood framework and implemented with the EM algorithm. Extensive simulation studies show that the proposed model is well performed in a variety of situations. To demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed approach, we apply the model to a published data in an F2 family derived from LG/S and SM/S mouse stains. Two partially maternal imprinting iQTL are identified which regulate the growth of body weight. Our approach provides a testable framework for identifying and estimating iQTL involved in the genetic control of complex traits.
NMR Analysis of Methyl Groups at 100−500 kDa: Model Systems and Arp2/3 Complex†

Large macromolecular machines are among the most important and challenging targets for structural and mechanistic analyses. Consequently, there is great interest in development of NMR methods for the study of multicomponent systems in the 50−500 kDa range. Biochemical methods also must be developed in concert to produce such systems in selectively labeled form. Here, we present 1H/13C-HSQC spectra of protonated methyl groups in a model system that mimics molecular weights up to ∼560 kDa. Signals from side chain methyl groups of Ile, Leu, and Val residues are clearly detectable at correlation times up to ∼330 ns. We have also developed a biochemical procedure to produce the 240 kDa, heteroheptameric Arp2/3 actin nucleation complex selectively labeled at one subunit and obtained 1H/13C-HSQC spectra of this assembly. Sensitivity in spectra of both the Arp2/3 complex and the model system indicate that methyl groups will be useful sources of information in nonsymmetric systems with molecular weights greater th...
Seeing Life in Disney's Mutual Affection-Images

Early on in Cinema 1: The Movement-Image, Gilles Deleuze assimilates animation to movement-image based film because animation likewise creates a moving figure based on any-instant-whatevers rather ...
DIFERENCIAS EN RESULTADOS ACADÉMICOS ENTRE EDUCACIÓN TÉCNICO-PROFESIONAL Y HUMANISTA-CIENTÍFICA EN CHILE

This study analyzes differences in academic achievement among students enrolled in vocational education compared to students in academic education at the secondary level in Chile. Using OLS, propensity score matching and sensitivity analysis we examine test score differences between 10th and 12th grades in math and language. The study provides evidence that vocational education students perform, on average, 0.28 standard deviations below similar students in academic education. There is additional evidence of differentiated effects depending on the initial achievement levels. These effects range from 0.08 to 0.49 standard deviations for lower and higher achievers respectively. Finally, the sensitivity analysis suggests that most of these differences are important enough to be significant even in the presence of potentially strong omitted variables.
ν = 2 bilayer quantum Hall system in a tilted magnetic field

We report on a theoretical study of $\ensuremath{\nu}=2$ bilayer quantum Hall systems with a magnetic field that has a component parallel to the layers. As in the $\ensuremath{\nu}=1$ case, interlayer phase coherence is closely coupled to electron correlations and the Aharonov-Bohm phases introduced by a parallel magnetic field can have a strong influence on the ground state of the system. We find that response of a $\ensuremath{\nu}=2$ system to a parallel field is more subtle than that of a $\ensuremath{\nu}=1$ system because of the interplay between spin and layer degrees of freedom. There is no commensurate-incommensurate transition as the parallel field is increased. Instead, we find a different phase transition that can occur in fixed parallel field as the interlayer bias potential is varied. The transition is driven by the competition between canted antiferromagnetic order and interlayer phase coherence in the presence of the parallel field. We predict a strong singularity in the differential capacitance of the bilayer, which can be used to detect the phase transition.
Designing power efficient hypermedia processors

Distributed hypermedia systems that support collaboration are an emerging platform for creation, discovery, management and delivery of information. We present an approach to low power system design space exploration for distributed hypermedia applications. Traditionally, low power design and synthesis of application specific programmable processors has been done in the context of a given number of operations required to complete a task. Our approach utilizes the modern advances in compiler technology and architectural enhancements that are well matched to the compiler technology. This work is, to the best of our knowledge, the first attempt to address the need for synthesis of low power hypermedia processors. Also, this is the first work to address the power efficiency through exploiting instruction level parallelism (ILP) found in hypermedia tasks by a production quality ILP compiler. Using the developed framework we conduct an extensive exploration of low power system design space for a hypermedia application under area and throughput constraints. The framework introduced in this paper is very valuable in making early low power design decisions such as architectural configuration trade-offs including the cache and issue width trade-off under area and throughput constraint, and the number of branch units and issue width.
Malathion Degradation by Trichoderma viride and a Pseudomonas Species

Malathion was found to be metabolized quickly by a soil fungus, Trichoderma viride, and a bacterium, Pseudomonas sp., which were originally found in soils from northern Ohio that had been sprayed heavily with insecticides. Results of a survey of the breakdown capabilities of 16 variants of T. viride revealed that certain colonies from this species had a very marked ability to breakdown malathion through the action of a carboxylesterase(s). The enzymes can be made soluble by preparing the acetone powder suspension.
Zinc deficiency in pregnant Long‐Evans hooded rats: Teratogenicity and tissue trace elements

The Long-Evans hooded rat is widely used in experimental teratology. This study determines the teratogenicity of maternal Zn deficiency in the Long-Evans hooded rat, and examines the effects of Zn deficiency on Zn, Fe, and Cu concentrations in maternal and fetal tissues. Dams were fed an egg white-based diet containing 100 micrograms/g Zn for 1 week prior to mating. At mating rats were fed diets with 0.5, 4.5, 9.0, or 100 micrograms/g Zn ad lib, or 100 micrograms/g Zn pair-fed to 0.5 micrograms/g Zn dams. Laparotomies were performed on day 21 of gestation. Live fetuses and resorptions were counted. Fetuses were weighed and examined for external malformations. Some fetuses were used for Zn, Fe, and Cu determinations, others for internal or skeletal examination. Zn, Fe, and Cu levels were determined in maternal liver, kidney, and plasma. The 0.5 micrograms/g Zn dams lost weight during pregnancy; 27% of implantation sites were resorbed, 91.7% of live fetuses were malformed, and fetal weight was low. There were no malformed fetuses in the 4.5 micrograms/g Zn or 9.0 micrograms/g Zn groups; litter weights were low in the 4.5 micrograms/g Zn group. Tissue Zn was correlated with dietary Zn. Increased Fe concentration occurred in all maternal and fetal tissues in the 0.5 micrograms/g Zn group. The teratogenicity of Zn deficiency in the Long-Evans rat appears similar to that previously reported in the Sprague-Dawley strain.
Cytology and reactions of viable cells from malignant lymphoma.

Viable cells in suspensions from tissues diagnosed malignant lymphoma usually differed from cells obtained from 22 nonmalignant lymph nodes and spleens both in cytology and in sensitivity to reagents. The malignant lymphomas were classified into 4 categories according to the cytology of the predominating or characteristic cell type: 1) CLL cells with prominent chromatin masses, 2) small, and 3) large LSA cells with prominent nucleoli, and 4) other large cells (malignant histiocytes, plasmablasts). In comparison with normal lymphocytes from blood and lymph nodes, viable cells from some of the cases of malignant lymphoma were more sensitive to the cytocidal effects of prednisolone, dimethyl sulfoxide, heat and L-asparaginase and were less sensitive to x-irradiation. Phytohemagglutinin caused little or no transformation in cells from 4 of 6 tissues with malignant lymphoma. The cytology and the in vitro reactions of the viable cells from lymph nodes permitted differentiation of, in many cases, the malignant lymphomas from normal and hyperplastic lymph nodes.
Geobacter pickeringii sp nov., Geobacter argillaceus sp nov and Pelosinus fermentans gen. nov., sp nov., isolated from subsurface kaolin lenses

The goal of this project was to isolate representative Fe(III)-reducing bacteria from kaolin clays that may influence iron mineralogy in kaolin. Two novel dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacteria, strains G12T and G13T, were isolated from sedimentary kaolin strata in Georgia (USA). Cells of strains G12T and G13T were motile, non-spore-forming regular rods, 1–2 μm long and 0.6 μm in diameter. Cells had one lateral flagellum. Phylogenetic analyses using the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the novel strains demonstrated their affiliation to the genus Geobacter. Strain G12T was most closely related to Geobacter pelophilus (94.7 %) and Geobacter chapellei (94.1 %). Strain G13T was most closely related to Geobacter grbiciae (95.3 %) and Geobacter metallireducens (95.1 %). Based on phylogenetic analyses and phenotypic differences between the novel isolates and other closely related species of the genus Geobacter, the isolates are proposed as representing two novel species, Geobacter argillaceus sp. nov. (type strain G12T=ATCC BAA-1139T=JCM 12999T) and Geobacter pickeringii sp. nov. (type strain G13T=ATCC BAA-1140T=DSM 17153T=JCM 13000T). Another isolate, strain R7T, was derived from a primary kaolin deposit in Russia. The cells of strain R7T were motile, spore-forming, slightly curved rods, 0.6×2.0–6.0 μm in size and with up to six peritrichous flagella. Strain R7T was capable of reducing Fe(III) only in the presence of a fermentable substrate. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis demonstrated that this isolate is unique, showing less than 92 % similarity to bacteria of the Sporomusa–Pectinatus–Selenomomas phyletic group, including ‘Anaerospora hongkongensis’ (90.2 %), Acetonema longum (90.6 %), Dendrosporobacter quercicolus (90.9 %) and Anaerosinus glycerini (91.5 %). On the basis of phylogenetic analysis and physiological tests, strain R7T is proposed to represent a novel genus and species, Pelosinus fermentans gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain R7T=DSM 17108T=ATCC BAA-1133T), in the Sporomusa–Pectinatus–Selenomonas group.
Erythropoietin and Erythropoietin Receptor Expression in Head and Neck Cancer: Relationship to Tumor Hypoxia

Purpose: Erythropoietin, an oxygen-regulated glycoprotein hormone, is a hematopoietic cytokine that stimulates erythropoiesis by binding to its cellular receptor [erythropoietin receptor (EPOR)]. The recombinant form of human erythropoietin is used to prevent or treat anemia in cancer patients. However, in a recent randomized, placebo-controlled trial involving patients receiving curative radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, erythropoietin treatment was associated with poorer locoregional progression-free survival. The purpose of our study was to determine whether EPOR and its ligand erythropoietin are expressed in primary head and neck cancer. We also investigated the hypothesis that erythropoietin expression in malignant cells may be associated with the presence of tumor hypoxia, an important factor involved in resistance to radiation treatment, tumor aggressiveness, and poor prognosis. Experimental Design: Twenty-one patients received an i.v. infusion of the hypoxia marker pimonidazole hydrochloride before multiple tumor biopsies. Contiguous sections from 74 biopsies were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for EPOR and erythropoietin expression and pimonidazole binding. Results: EPOR expression was present in tumor cells in 97% of the biopsies. Coexpression of erythropoietin was observed in 90% of biopsies. Erythropoietin and pimonidazole adduct staining did not always colocalize within tumors, but there was a significant positive correlation between levels of microregional erythropoietin expression and pimonidazole binding. Conclusions: The coexpression of erythropoietin and EPOR in tumor cells suggests that erythropoietin may potentially function as an autocrine or paracrine factor in head and neck cancer. The expression of the hypoxia-inducible protein erythropoietin in tumor cells correlates with levels of tumor hypoxia.
Genetic and environmental contributions to obesity and binge eating.

Objective Binge eating is present in a substantial proportion of obese individuals. A tendency toward obesity has been identified as a risk factor for eating disorders such as bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. The purpose of this article was to determine the extent of overlap between genetic and environmental factors that contribute to the liability to obesity and binge eating. Research Method In a population-based sample of 2163 female twins, we conducted bivariate twin modeling to explore the relation between the genetic and environmental risk factors for obesity and binge eating. Results Bivariate twin modeling revealed substantial heritability for obesity (0.86: 95% CI, 0.77–0.94), moderate heritability for binge eating (0.49: 95% CI, 0.38–0.61), and a modest genetic correlation of +.34 (95% CI, 0.19–0.50) between the two traits. Conclusions Both binge eating and obesity are heritable conditions, and there seems to be only modest overlap in the genetic risk factors that increase liability to each condition. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 293–298, 2003.
NASA's Space Environments & Effects (SEE) Program: Technology for the New Millennium

Current trends in spacecraft development include the use of advanced technologies while maintaining the “ faster, better, cheaper” philosophy. Spacecraft designers are continually designing with smaller and faster electronics as well as lighter and thinner materials providing better performance, lower weight, and ultimately lower costs. Given this technology trend, spacecraft will become increasingly susceptible to the harsh space environments, causing damaging or even disabling effects on space systems. NASA’s Space Environments and Effects (SEE) Program defines the space environments and provides advanced technology development to support the design, development, and operation of spacecraft systems that will accommodate or mitigate effects due to the harsh space environments. This Program provides a comprehensive and focused approach to understanding the space environment, to define the best techniques for both flight and ground-based experimentation, to update the models which predict both the environments and the environmental effects on spacecraft, and finally to ensure that this multitudinous information is properly maintained and inserted into spacecraft design programs. A description of the SEE Program, its accomplishments, and future activities is provided.
Soluble carbohydrates of red pine ( Pinus resinosa ) mycorrhizas and mycorrhizal fungi

In the field, the concentrations of several soluble carbohydrates in mycorrhizas of red pine varied seasonally. Fructose, glucose, sucrose and trehalose concentrations were negatively correlated with soil temperature, while myo-inositol and mannitol concentrations were positively correlated. The patterns for the concentrations of fungal carbohydrates (trehalose and mannitol) were consistent with their previously-reported functions. Trehalose may serve as a storage carbohydrate, accumulating during the winter when host carbohydrate is plentiful and when fungal growth is reduced. In contrast, mannitol may serve a translocatory role, increasing in concentration in warmer months when fungal growth is more rapid and when sporocarps are formed. The carbohydrates of six species of ectomycorrhizal fungi grown at room temperature and at reduced temperatures were also analysed to determine the extent to which seasonal variation in concentrations of fungal carbohydrates of mycorrhizas may be due to fungal acclimation to temperature. Variation in carbohydrate concentration occurred both among fungal species and due to cooling treatment. The variation due to cooling was relatively small, generally less than the variation among species, and less than the seasonal variation observed in field-collected mycorrhizas. This suggests that seasonal variation in the fungal carbohydrate trehalose in mycorrhizas could possibly be due to shifts in host carbohydrate supply rather than to independent shifts by the fungi in response to temperature. Production of a distinct pattern of carbohydrate concentrations by different ectomycorrhizal fungi suggests that fungal carbohydrates may be of taxonomic significance. This was further demonstrated using discriminant analysis of fungal carbohydrates.
Corticosterone secretion induced by chronic isolation in neonatal rats is sexually dimorphic and accompanied by elevated ACTH

Rat pups repeatedly subjected to brief periods of isolation during the stress hyporesponsive period (SHRP) exhibit varied neuroendocrine and behavioral changes as neonates and as adults. For example, neonatal rats exhibit increased circulating corticosterone after 1-h isolation on postnatal day 9 (P9) only if they were isolated daily from P2 to P8 [McCormick, C.M., Kehoe, P., Kovacs, S., 1998. Corticosterone release in response to repeated, short episodes of neonatal isolation: evidence of sensitization. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 16, 175-185]. It is not known if the increase in adrenocortical response on P9 following repeated isolation is mediated by increased pituitary ACTH secretion. The present study examined the responsivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis during the SHRP following brief, repeated isolation or acute pharmacological manipulation. Removal from the nest for 1 h daily on P4-8 increased circulating corticosterone after 1-h isolation on P9 by approximately twofold. Neither unhandled nor handled controls showed a corticosterone response to 1-h isolation on P9. The increased corticosterone was sexually dimorphic, with only females showing the sensitization response. Other findings suggest that the hormonal response is centrally mediated; chronically isolated pups of both sexes exhibit increased plasma ACTH following 1-h isolation on P9. While we could not detect an increase in Fos immunoreactivity (IR) on P9 in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of chronically isolated pups, acute pharmacological activation of serotonin 2A/2C receptors produced robust activation of ACTH and corticosterone secretion as well as expression of Fos in the PVN on P9. We conclude that chronic isolation stress limited to the SHRP stimulates the neonatal HPA axis, and that the adrenal response is sexually dimorphic. In addition, PVN neurons can express Fos IR on P9 in response to a very potent activation of the HPA axis.
Mild winter temperatures reduce survival and potential fecundity of the goldenrod gall fly, Eurosta solidaginis (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Abstract We tested the hypothesis that mild winter temperatures are detrimental to the survival and reproductive potential of insects. We measured survival, body size, and potential fecundity of a freeze tolerant insect, the goldenrod gall fly (Eurosta solidaginis), after overwintering in the laboratory for ~3 mo. frozen at −22°C, unfrozen at 0°C, or unfrozen at 12°C. Larvae held at 12°C suffered high mortality (70%) and relatively low potential fecundity as adults (mean±SEM=199±11 eggs/female), while those held at 0°C had both low mortality (11%) and high potential fecundity (256±15 eggs/female). Freezing (−22°C) increased mortality (30% overall) but did not significantly reduce fecundity (245±13 eggs/female). Egg length and width were constant regardless of treatment group or female body size. Analysis of covariance indicated that reduced fecundity in the 12°C group was related to reduced larval body weight following treatment. Patterns of larval weight loss in the experimental treatments were generally correlated with previous reports of latitudinal trends in weight loss through the winter. We conclude that mild winter temperatures may be detrimental to some overwintering insects, particularly species that do not feed following winter diapause. Low temperature and even freezing are beneficial, allowing conservation of energy reserves to maintain high survival and potential fecundity.
Fluid flow paths in the Middle America Trench and Costa Rica margin

The hydrology of the subducting plate and its dewatering behavior through the shallow subduction zone is linked to the structure and deformation of the forearc prism, the nature of the seismogenic zone, the composition of seawater for selected elements, and the composition of the residual slab subducted to depths of magma generation at the volcanic arc. Two locally independent systems of fluid flow govern the transport of heat and chemistry through the Costa Rica subduction complex, a dominantly nonaccretionary subduction zone. One fluid system is the margin wedge, decollement, and underthrust sediment section. Fluid sources include local sediment compaction and mineral dehydration at depth. A second flow system occurs in basement, beneath the sedimentary sequence on the incoming plate. This region is characterized by extremely low conductive heat flow, and the sediment overlying basement has pore-water geochemistry similar to that of seawater. Flow nearly parallel to the trench could be directed by permeability associated with faults and driven by a combination of differential heating and earthquake strain cycling.
Computer simulation of turbulent mass transfer at a mobile interface

Les solutions numeriques de l'equation de bilan matiere dans le cas d'une interface mobile plane, revelent que les fluctuations de vitesse a haute et a basse frequence peuvent contribuer au transfert de matiere. Le coefficient de transfert de matiere moyen depend de Sc −0,5 , en accord avec les theories classiques
Lewis Feuer and the Study of American Jewish History

From 1976–1988, Lewis Feuer produced a series of significant papers in American Jewish History dealing with such subjects as Harry Wolfson, Joachim Gaunse, the history of Jews in the American academy, James Joseph Sylvester, and more. In each case, Feuer glimpsed himself in what he studied. He selected and viewed his subjects from the perspective of his own life, values and intellectual concerns.
Target identification of buried coated objects

We consider the three dimensional electromagnetic inverse scattering problem of determining information about a buried coated object from a knowledge of the electric and magnetic fields measured on the surface of the earth corresponding to time harmonic electric dipoles as incident fields. We assume that the buried object is a perfect conductor that is (possibly) partially coated by a thin dielectric layer. No a priori assumption is made on the extent of the coating, i.e. the object can be fully coated, partially coated or not coated at all. We present an algorithm based on the linear sampling method and reciprocity gap functional for reconstructing the shape of the scattering obstacle together with an estimate of the surface impedance of the coating.
Best Practices in Working With Linguistically Diverse Families

Many schools face the challenge of forging partnerships with families from linguistically diverse backgrounds. Effective communication, funds of knowledge, culturally relevant teaching, and extending and accepting assistance are best practices that have been used successfully by school personnel when working with students who are identified as English-language learners. These things strengthen teacher communications with linguistically diverse families and in turn foster academic success among students who are English-language learners. This article focuses on these dispositional best practices and provides examples of how these practices are used in schools to promote academic and social success of linguistically diverse children and their families and the many teachers who support their education.
The Surgical Patient on Anticoagulant Therapy

Abstract Intravascular clots are likely to develop in the patient undergoing surgical treatment because of the surgical manipulation itself and often because of the underlying pathologic process. With the coumarin and indandione drugs, it is possible to reduce the incidence of postoperative thrombophlebitis and to minimize the hazard of pulmonary embolism, once thrombosis has occurred. Details of the actual management of anticoagulant therapy in surgical patients at the Mayo Clinic are presented, along with discussions of the limitations of the therapy, and of the importance of the laboratory control.
Overexpression of Sialomucin Complex, a Rat Homologue of MUC4, Inhibits Tumor Killing by Lymphokine-activated Killer Cells

Sialomucin complex (SMC) is a large heterodimeric glycoprotein complex composed of a mucin subunit ascites sialoglycoprotein-1 and a transmembrane subunit ascites sialoglycoprotein-2. It is a rat homologue of human mucin gene MUC4 and is abundantly expressed on the cell surface of highly metastatic ascites 13762 rat mammary adenocarcinoma cells. Because of their extended and rigid structures, mucin-type glycoproteins are suggested to have suppressing effects on cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. During the metastatic process, these effects presumably cause tumor cell detachment from the primary tumor mass and facilitate escape of the tumor cells from immunosurveillance. Analyses of human breast cancer cells in solid tumors and tumor effusions showed that the more aggressive cells in effusions are stained with polyclonal antibodies against SMC more frequently than cells in solid tumors, suggesting a role for MUC4/SMC in tumor progression and metastasis. Previously, we generated recombinant cDNAs for SMC that vary in the number of mucin repeats to study the putative functions of SMC in tumor metastasis. These cDNAs were transfected into human cancer cell lines and tested for the effect of the expression of this gene. Here, using a tetracycline-responsive inducible expression system, we demonstrate that overexpression of SMC masks the surface antigens on target tumor cells and effectively suppresses tumor cell killing by cytotoxic lymphocytes. This effect results from the ability of SMC to block killer cell binding to the tumor cells and is dependent on both overexpression of the mucin and the number of mucin repeats in the expressed SMC. These results provide an explanation for the proposed role of SMC/MUC4 in tumor progression.
The concomitant use of physician diagnosis and the comprehensive muscular activity profile (CMAP): Significant implications for case closure, costs, and pain ratings of patient's with musculoskeletal injuries

The degree of physical impairment, often due to a soft-tissue injury, is an important first step in evaluating musculoskeletal pain disorders in a workers' compensation population. The Comprehensive Muscular Activity Profile (CMAP) is a recent innovation for measuring such soft tissue injuries. A total of 114 consecutive patients with musculoskeletal pain claims were evaluated by medical examination and CMAP administration. Results indicated a 6.8 times increase in the odds of case closure when there was concordance between CMAP results and the physician's independent diagnoses. There was also a significant reduction of overall medical costs after the CMAP was conducted. These preliminary findings indicate good clinical utility for the CMAP. Implications and additional interpretations of these results are discussed.
Clinical and cytogenetic survey of institutionalized mentally retarded patients with emphasis on the fragile-X syndrome

A detailed clinical and cytogenetic survey for the fragile-X syndrome was undertaken on 201 institutionalized mentally retarded males with no previously recognized cause of retardation, and the causes of mental retardation were summarized from a total of 595 institutionalized male and female patients after the review of their medical records including clinical and cytogenetic data. Among the 201 males clinically and cytogenetically examined, five (2.5%) had abnormal chromosome findings with four (2%) having the fragile-X syndrome. Twelve of the males (6.0%) were diagnosed with a single gene disorder. In the present study, mental retardation was classified as possibly due to multifactorial causes when a genetic syndrome, chromosome abnormality or environmental insult was not identified, but mental retardation was present in one or more first and/or second degree relatives, but did not follow a recognizable inheritance pattern. Hence, mental retardation was recorded in other family members and may indicate possible multifactorial causes in 45 males (22.4%). An environmental insult was noted in 25 males (12.4%); unexplained birth defects in three males (1.5%); a specific condition or diagnosis identified, but cause unknown (e.g. Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome) in 10 males (5%); and no diagnosis made in the remaining 101 males (50.2%). Of all 595 patients (334 males and 261 females), including the 201 males who had undergone a detailed clinical and cytogenetic evaluation, 39 (6.6%) had abnormal chromosome findings, with Down's syndrome noted in 31 of the patients. Twenty-five patients (4.2%) were diagnosed with a single gene disorder while mental retardation was noted in other family members and may indicate possible multifactorial causes in 64 patients (10.8%). An environmental insult was noted in 170 patients (28.6%); unexplained birth defects in 17 patients (2.9%); a specific condition or diagnosis but cause unknown in 27 patients (4.5%); and no diagnosis made in 253 patients (42.5%). Clinical and cytogenetic screening of mentally retarded patients for the fragile-X syndrome and other causes of mental retardation is helpful in identifying individuals and their families who may benefit from genetic services such as counseling and treatment. This study was performed over an approximate 2 year period from 1987 to 1989.
Intracellular pH and the control of multidrug resistance

Many anticancer drugs are classified as either weak bases or molecules whose binding to cellular structures is pH dependent. Accumulation of these drugs within tumor cells should be affected by transmembrane pH gradients. Indeed, development of multidrug resistance (MDR) in tumor cells has been correlated with an alkaline shift of cytosolic pH. To examine the role of pH in drug partitioning, the distribution of two drugs, doxorubicin and daunomycin, was monitored in fibroblasts and myeloma cells. In both cell types the drugs rapidly accumulated within the cells. The highest concentrations were measured in the most acidic compartments--e.g., lysosomes. Modifying the cellular pH in drug-sensitive cells to mimic reported shifts in MDR caused an immediate change in the cellular drug concentration. Drug accumulation was enhanced by acidic shifts and reversed by alkaline shifts. All of these effects were rapid and reversible. These results demonstrate that the alkaline shift observed in MDR is sufficient to prevent the accumulation of chemotherapeutic drugs independent of active drug efflux.
An investigation of students' willingness to report threats of violence in campus communities

Objective: This study extends prior work on students' willingness to report threats of violence to college-aged populations. Method: Undergraduate students (N = 967) were sampled from a large university in the Southern U.S. Results: Almost seventy percent (69%) of students endorsed being “at least somewhat willing” to report a threatening peer. Trust in the college support system (e.g., trust in police, administrators) was positively related to students' willingness to report threats of violence. Similarly, feeling connected to the campus environment was positively related to willingness to report threats directly and indirectly through trust in the college support system. In contrast, delinquency was negatively related to willingness to report and self-efficacy toward service (i.e., the belief that one can have a positive impact) only was positively related to reporting in the presence of trust in the college support system and campus connectedness. Lastly, fear of negative evaluation was unrelated to students' willingness to report. Conclusion: To facilitate threat reporting, it is important for students to feel connected to the campus community and trust in members of the college support system as self-efficacy toward service is not sufficient by itself. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)
Prospective comparison of indwelling bladder catheter drainage versus no catheter after vaginal hysterectomy

Objective : This study compares the postoperative outcomes of patients in whom indwelling bladder catheterization or no catheter was used after vaginal hysterectomy. Study Design : One hundred women undergoing inpatient vaginal hysterectomy were randomly assigned to have an indwelling Foley catheter for 24 hours or no catheter after the procedure. Data regarding postoperative morbidity were recorded, and a clean voided urine specimen for urinalysis and culture was obtained 48 hours and 2 weeks after surgery. Results : The study groups were similar with respect to demographics and surgical indications. Two patients in the catheterized group required recatheterization after the catheters were removed. None of the subjects in the no-catheter group required a catheter. There was a significantly higher incidence of fever in the catheter group. No differences were found in the incidence of positive urine cultures between the study groups at 48 hours (8 vs 14, p = 0.227) and 2 weeks (6 vs 1, p = 0.111), respectively. Conclusion : Indwelling catheterization appears unnecessary after routine vaginal hysterectomy. However, catheter placement for 24 hours does not contribute significantly to postoperative morbidity.
Local Climate Sensitivity of the Three Gorges Dam

[1] Two simulations, control and land use change, were performed for an eight week period (2 April–16 May 1990) to determine the net sensitivity of the local climate around the Three Gorges Dam. The analysis indicates that the large reservoir acts as a potential evaporating surface that decreases the surface temperature, cools the lower atmosphere, decreasing upward motion, and increasing sinking air mass. Such sinking results in low level moisture divergence, decreasing cloudiness, and increasing net downward radiation, which increases the surface temperature. However, results indicate that evaporative cooling dominates radiative warming in this initial study. The strong evaporation also supplies moisture to the atmosphere, suggesting an increase in precipitation, but the sinking moist air diverges away from the TGD region with no net change in precipitation. This numerical study represents an initial methodology for quantification of the impact of the Three Gorges Dam on the local climate and a more comprehensive, fine-scale set of multi-season simulations with additional observational data is needed for a more complete analysis.
Balancing the interconnect topology for arrays of processors between cost and power

High performance SoC requires nonblocking interconnections between an array of processors built on one chip. With the advent of deep sub-micron technologies, switches are becoming much cheaper while wires are still expensive. Therefore, optimization efforts should focus on the wire resources. In this paper, we devise air objective function to balance the interconnect topology between routing area and power dissipation. Based on the objective function, we find the best one-dimensional and two-dimensional nonblocking interconnect architectures. Furthermore, we define a derivative benefit and devise a strategy for improving the performance of hierarchical nonblocking interconnect architectures and derive optimized results.
Skin Excision as an Adjunctive Technique to Rhinoplasty in Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients

Rhinoplasty in middle-aged and elderly patients comes with its own set of challenges. There is relative lengthening of the nose with drooping of the nasal tip. With aging, the skin loses its elasticity, and the combination of nasal skeletal reduction along with overlying inelastic skin provides a setup for skin redundancy and poor postoperative outcome. We describe a surgical technique involving lenticular skin excision as a part of rhinoplasty in 12 patients older than 50 years to improve the aesthetic outcome. Skin width up to 1.6 cm was excised. Included is a literature review of skin excision in rhinoplasty. In elderly patients with thin, inelastic skin and long nose with a drooping tip, a reduction rhinoplasty technique might result in skin redundancy. Lenticular skin excision along the radix of the nose in these 12 patients improved the aesthetic outcome by decreasing the redundancy and preventing nasal tip ptosis. The wound from the skin resection healed in all the patients with minimal scar, and no complication was noted after at least 1 year of follow-up for each patient.
Global Interactions in the Early Modern Age, 1400–1800: The Formation of New Demographic and Ecological Structures

The ways in which human societies have provided for themselves, whether it was the hunting and gathering strategies of native tribes in North America or the extensive cereal agriculture of peasants in China or the seasonal whaling expeditions of coastal communities in Siberia, have exacted a toll on their physical landscapes. Settled agriculture, the caloric basis of all civilizations around the world, makes exacting demands on natural ecosystems and imposes drastic changes on virgin terrains. Despite the destructive environmental effects that sometimes accompanied large-scale crop cultivation, agriculture has without a doubt enabled human societies to grow at a prodigious rate, allowing for much more concentrated population densities than were otherwise possible. The practice of extensive agriculture throughout history, however, has not freed human populations from their fragile relationship with natural habitats. At the end of the eighteenth century, Thomas Malthus, an English clergyman and economist, identified clearly the limits of agriculture in his influential treatise, “An Essay on the Principle of Population.” Malthus argued that societies based on agriculture will always tend to outgrow their food supply. According to the Malthusian calculus, “population[s], when unchecked, increased in a geometrical ratio, and subsistence for man in an arithmetical ratio.” That is, humans reproduce at a much greater rate than their capacity to produce food and thus at regular intervals stand at the brink of their own destruction.