cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ESTIMATING MAINTENANCE-OF-WAY COSTS FOR U.S. RAILROADS AFTER DEREGULATION

The movement of freight on railroads, like most transportation services, is subject to a number of restrictions that make costing of specific traffic a complex process. Among these restrictions are conditions of joint production; economies of scale, scope, and density; and a lack of data on specific expenditures as related to individual freight movements. Yet costing of specific movements is a desirable activity for shippers, railroads, and regulatory bodies. Traditionally, movement costing has involved the use of accounting-based allocative costing models such as the Uniform Rail Costing System developed by the Interstate Commerce Commission for use in regulatory hearings. Most econometric studies have aimed at characterizing the underlying economic nature of costs with little or no application to the cost of providing a specific service, and as such they may be of little use in costing specific traffic. Moving beyond the historic econometric costing models' application of economic analysis, cost behavior is evaluated for a single sector of railroad activity. The process involves four steps. First, a consistent econometric model of total railroad expenditures is developed by applying a translog function within a multidimensional definition of railroad output. Second, the model is decomposed into individual partial-elasticity estimates relative to each of the several related intermediate output measures within the framework of a total differential of the cost function. Next, specific traffic movements are defined relative to the measures of rail output. Finally, the total differential is applied using several simplifying assumptions to yield estimates of incremental (marginal) costs for the specific traffic definition.
Phosphorus and molybdenum interaction effects during accumulation of molybdenum by burley tobacco 1

Abstract Greenhouse experiments were conducted to study the P and Mo interactions during uptake by burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L., cv. ‘Ky 14') and the effect of their interactions on plant dry matter and Mo concentration. In Experiment 1, plants were grown in an intermittently irrigated gravel culture system. The nutrient variables were Mo (0–0.63 μeq/L) and P (0 to 1.8 meq/L). Experiment 2 was conducted in soil‐sand mixtures. The soil types used were Shelbyville silt loam (Mollic Hapludalf) and Baxter silt loam (Typic Paleudalf) each containing, respectively, 36 and 368 kg P/ha by the Bray 1 soil test. Treatments consisted of four rates of P (0, 84, 168, and 336 kg/ha) and five rates of Na2MoO4‐2H2O (0, 0.56, 1.12, 2.24, and 4.48 kg Mo/ha). In gravel culture a significant synergistic Mo × P interaction occurred for dry weight, but singly the effect of P was greater than Mo. Similarly, significant positive Mo × P interactions occurred for Mo concentrations in both gravel and soil culture. As contra...
Nonlinear Wave Interactions in Nonlinear Nonintegrable Systems

The main goal of this article is to understand the qualitative appearances of regular arrays of pulses that come up in nonintegrable systems in a variety of contexts, particularly in fluid dynamics. It is shown that even nonintegrable systems have a kind of particle dynamics made up of solitary waves. But the interaction of these solitary waves is not absolutely “clean” as in the case of the KdV and other integrable equations.
Comparative effects of ionizing radiation and two gaseous chemical mutagens on somatic mutation induction in one mutable and two non-mutable clones of tradescantia

Abstract The X-ray dose responses of mutable clone 0106 of Tradescantia (mutable for blue to pink), and its parent clone 02 have been determined for pink and colorless mutations in stamen hair cells, and are compared to the previously determined X-ray response for pink mutations of a third unrelated clone, clone 4430 (hybrid of T. subacaulis and T. hirsutiflora). X-ray response curves are compared to the response curves of the same three clones after exposure to the gaseous phase of the alkylating agent ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and the fumigant and gasoline additive 1,2-dibromoethane (DBE). X-irradiation induces a pink mutation rate in mutable clone 0106 that is significantly higher than that of the nearly identical pink mutation rates in clones 02 and 4430. However, the colorless mutation rates of clones 02 and 0106 are not significantly different from one another. In clones 02 and 0106, pink mutations occur more frequently than colorless mutations at lower doses, but colorless dose—response curves saturate at higher doses than do those for pink mutations. Exposure—response curves for EMS and DBE have characteristics similar to those of X-ray response curves: exponential rise followed by an area of saturation. However, it was found that the relative sensitivities of the three clones to the gaseous mutagens and to ionizing radiation do not parallel one another. Where clones 02 and 4430 are equally sensitive to X-rays, at equal mutagen concentration clone 4430 is 6–7 times more sensitive to EMS and 7–9 times more sensitive to DBE than is clone 02. Mutable clone 0106 shows intermediate sensitivities to both EMS and DBE.
Do military dentists advise tobacco users to quit? The patient's perspective.

Abstract This study explores whether tobacco users in the US military report having been counseled against tobacco use by a military dentist. The data come from a 26-site survey of active duty Army, Navy, Marine, and Air Force personnel conducted from April 1994 to January 1995. A prestratified, random sample was drawn. Women and minorities were oversampled. Respondents provided demographic and tobacco use data by self-administered questionnaires. Of 12 950 respondents (81% response rate), 4777 reported using some type of tobacco. Prior to analysis, the data were weighted to reflect the military population. Bivariate and logistic regression analysis were employed to determine what demographic and clinical factors are associated with having been counseled against tobacco use. Results show that among tobacco users, cigarettes (73%) are the most popular type of tobacco consumed followed by snuff (23%), pipes (12%), chewing tobacco (8%), and cigars (5%). Advisement to cease tobacco use varies across type of tobacco consumed, with snuff users (72%) most likely and pipe smokers (57%) least likely being advised to quit. Logistic regression results show that advisement to quit tobacco use varies across patient demographics but is unrelated to periodontal health status. Military dentists should be encouraged to counsel all patients who use tobacco to quit. Public Health (2000) 114 , 129–132
Bean Amylase Inhibitor and Other Carbohydrate Absorption Blockers: Effects on Diabesity and General Health

Many believe that excessive intake of refined carbohydrates (CHO) plays a major role in the development of obesity/overweight, type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance, a collection of events commonly referred to as "diabesity," and have sought natural means to overcome these linked perturbations. As a first approach, planned diets with low portions of refined CHO have become popular. However, these diets do not satisfy everyone; and many are concerned over replacing CHO with more fats. As a second option, addition of soluble fiber to the diet can slow absorption of refined CHO, i.e., lower the glycemic index of foods and overcome or at least ameliorate many of the adverse reactions resulting from increased refined CHO ingestion. Unfortunately, the general public does not favor diets high in fiber content, and various fibers can lead to gastrointestinal problems such as gas and diarrhea. A third choice to favorably influence CHO absorption is to use natural dietary supplements that block or slow CHO absorption in the gastrointestinal tract via inhibiting enzymes necessary for CHO absorption -amylase and alpha-glucosidases. Although a number of natural supplements with anti-amylase activity have been recognized, the most studied and favored one is white kidney bean extract. Animal and human studies clearly show that this agent works in vivo and has clinical utility. This paper reviews many aspects of diabesity and the use of "carb blockers" to prevent and ameliorate the situation. In many respects, carb blockers mimic the beneficial effects of fibers.
A New Optimum Pin Fin Beyond the “Length-of-Arc” Assumption

The problem of determining the shape of a minimum volume pin fin that dissipates a given heat flow is solved without imposing the “length-of-arc” assumption. Based on the one-dimensional approximation to the temperature distribution and Schmidt's optimality principle, the profile of the optimum pin fin is found to be a circular arc and geometric parameters of the latter are determined. The volume of the optimum circular pin fin is at least 5.26 times smaller than the volume of the corresponding Schmidt's parabolic pin fin, the best known to date. Equivalently, the optimum circular pin fin dissipates at least 2.71 times larger heat flow than Schmidt's pin fin. The optimum circular pin fin tends to be shorter and have a larger radius at the base than the corresponding Schmidt's fin.
Sharp diffraction maxima from an icosahedral glass.

We consider densely packed assemblies of icosahedra, such that icosahedral bond-orientational order is enforced throughout the sample. The peaks in the calculated diffraction patterns may be put in a one-to-one correspondence with the electron and x-ray diffraction patterns from icosahedral Al-Mn alloys, allowing the determination of the packing-unit size. We show that these maxima are not Bragg diffraction peaks, but have an intrinsic width, and may be understood as resulting from the interference between two or more characteristic lengths, as originally discussed by Hendricks and Teller.
Cardiovascular responses to pentazocine and tripelennamine in anesthetized rats.

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of intravenously administered pentazocine and tripelennamine, alone and in combination on cardiorespiratory functions were evaluated in anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats. 2. 2. Pentazocine decreased arterial blood-pressure (systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressures without changing pulse pressure) and induced transient apnea followed initially by stimulation then depressed respiration. 3. 3. Tripelennamine produced a transient initial pressor effect followed by a depression of systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures. Respiratory rate was also depressed. 4. 4. When either a fixed dose of pentazocine in combination with variable doses of tripelennamine, or a fixed dose of tripelennamine with variable doses of pentazocine were injected, qualitatively similar responses were observed; namely, decreased arterial pressure and respiratory rate with an increase in pulse pressure. 5. 5. A combination of pentazocine (0.5 mg/kg) and tripelennamine (10 mg/kg) was lethal in 100% of the rats tested. 6. 6. Naloxone delayed the mortality induced by injection of single lethal combination of pentazocine and tripelennamine. 7. 7. It appears that the toxicity of a combination of pentazocine and tripelennamine is related to the paralysis of cardiorespiratory system.
Primary lymphoma of the bladder: A unique cystoscopic appearance

Primary lymphoma of the bladder is a rare disorder that occurs in the fifth to seventh decades, with a female preponderance. Although computed tomographic scanning is the best diagnostic imaging study, cystoscopic biopsy and immunoperoxidase staining are needed to make the diagnosis. Primary lymphoma of the bladder has a good prognosis and responds to a variety of therapeutic modalities. Throughout the literature, authors have described primary lymphoma of the bladder as a submucosal tumor, smooth, nonulcerative, edematous, friable, or even hemorrhagic. We present what we believe to be the first photographic image of the cystoscopic appearance of primary lymphoma of the bladder.
Vertices and normal subgroups in solvable groups

Abstract For a finite group G and a fixed prime p, one can attach to each irreducible Brauer character φ of G a p-subgroup Q, called the vertex of φ, that is unique up to conjugacy. In this paper we examine the behavior of the vertices of φ with respect to normal subgroups when G is assumed to be p-solvable. For arbitrary finite p-solvable groups, we develop a correspondence between the set of Brauer characters of G with vertex Q and the set of Brauer characters of a certain subgroup of G with vertex Q. Moreover, in the case that G has odd order, we extend a result of Navarro regarding the behavior with respect to normal subgroups of a correspondence of Brauer characters of p ′ -degree to a result regarding the behavior with respect to normal subgroups of a correspondence of Brauer characters of arbitrary degree.
A baby with pink cheeks.

QUESTION: A 4-month-old male infant is seen because of a pink rash on his face and body. The mother says that the rash began on the child's cheeks and has spread to the body and legs. He is otherwise eating and sleeping well and has no obvious itching. The baby's diet is a cow's-milk based formula by bottle. The bowel movements and urine output have been normal. On further questioning, the mother remembered having some kind of rash as a child. She has hay fever and sometimes wheezes when she gets a cold. This is her first child, and he has had no episodes of asthma. As far as she knows, the father has never had asthma, rashes, or allergic rhinitis. There was no recent change in soaps, laundry detergent, or food. On physical examination, the child is happy and social. Erythema and exudates are seen on the face, trunk, and popliteal fossa (figures ​(figures1,1, ​,2,2, and ​and3).3). The well-circumscribed, annular erythematous lesions on the back show some scaling. Erythema, exudate, and cracking of the skin are noted behind the right ear, as seen in figure 2. There is considerable scaling and flaking on the scalp, which is not easy to see in this view. Figure 1 Face Figure 2 Trunk Figure 3 Popliteal fossa What conditions does this infant have, and what are the appropriate treatments? ANSWER: The infant has atopic dermatitis (atopic eczema) on the face and body. The facial involvement is the classic presentation of atopic dermatitis in this age group.1 Further supporting this diagnosis is the strong family history of atopy in the mother, who has allergic rhinitis, asthma, and a childhood history of probable atopic dermatitis. In older children and adults, atopic dermatitis is more commonly seen in areas of skin folds, including the antecubital and popliteal fossae. This infant has involvement in the popliteal fossa but not the antecubital fossa. He also has widespread involvement over his back, indicating a more severe case. The weeping of exudative fluid indicates the presence of a bacterial superinfection. In addition, this infant has cradle cap, which may be a manifestation of seborrhea or his atopic dermatitis.
Prolonged Exposure Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following the 9/11 Attack With a Person Who Escaped From the Twin Towers:

The occurrence and impact of terrorist attacks can be dramatic and long lasting. Cognitive-behavioral interventions are effective in alleviating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in survivors of rape, wartime combat, automobile accidents, and natural disasters. Effectiveness of such interventions on victims of terrorist attacks is in the early stages of research. On September 11, 2001, two hijacked planes crashed into the twin towers in New York City, killing approximately 2,750 people and emotionally and physically affecting thousands who witnessed or escaped the attack. This case study illustrates a course of 12 active prolonged exposure (PE) sessions for PTSD with a female survivor. After 15 sessions (3 of which were preparatory), the client improved 75%, as measured by a composite score of measures. Her reported quality of life had improved dramatically posttreatment and remained stable at 6-month follow-up. This cognitive-behavioral therapy intervention, with 15 office sessions and homework assign...
Efficient continuous-time dynamic network flow algorithms

We extend discrete-time dynamic flow algorithms presented in the literature to solve the analogous continuous-time dynamic flow problems. These problems include finding maximum dynamic flows, quickest flows, universally maximum dynamic flows, lexicographically maximum dynamic flows, dynamic transshipments, and quickest transshipments in networks with capacities and transit times on the edges.
Independent dose calculations for the corvus MLC IMRT.

Abstract Two independent dose calculation methods have been explored to validate MLC-based IMRT plans from the NOMOS CORVUS system. After the plan is generated on the CORVUS planning system, the beam parameters are imported into an independent workstation. The beam parameters consist of intensity maps at each gantry angle. In addition, CT scans of the patient are imported into the independent workstation to obtain the external contour of the patient. The coordinate system is defined relative to the alignment point chosen in the CORVUS plan. The 2 independent calculation methods are based on a pencil beam kernel convolution and a Clarkson-type differential scatter summation, respectively. The pencil beam data for a 1 × 1-cm beam, as formed by the multileaf collimator, were measured for the 6-MV photon beam from a Siemens PRIMUS linear accelerator using film dosimetry. In the pencil beam method, the dose at a point is calculated using the depth and off-axis distance from a given pencil beam, corrected for beam intensity. The scatter summation method used the conversion of measured depth dose data into scatter maximum ratios. In this method, the differential scatter from each pencil beam is corrected for the beam intensity. Isodose distributions were generated using the independent dose calculations and compared to the CORVUS plans. Although isodose distributions from both methods show good agreement with the CORVUS plan, our implementation of the differential scatter summation approach seems more favorable. The 2 independent dose calculation algorithms are described in this paper.
Imidazopyridines as selective CYP3A4 inhibitors

Cytochrome P450s are the major family of enzymes responsible for the oxidative metabolism of pharmaceuticals and xenobiotics. CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 have been shown to have overlapping substrate and inhibitor profiles and their inhibition has been demonstrated to be involved in numerous pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions. Here we report the first highly selective CYP3A4 inhibitor optimized from an initial lead with ≈30-fold selectivity over CYP3A5 to yield a series of compounds with greater than 1000-fold selectivity.
A low-tech sensing system for particulate pollution

We present an ultra low-cost sensing system, which enables participants to see and reflect on the particulates in their air. Drawing on prior work in paper computing, we introduce small sensors for particulate pollution that can be easily assembled from common paper materials for less than $1 USD, and mailed by regular postal service to residents of entire neighborhoods, cities, or geographic regions. Recipients collect particulate samples using these sensors and mail them back to a central location, where the particles are viewed and analyzed via a microscope. The data, which includes rich images of actual air pollution particles, can then be broadcast to larger audiences. This paper details the design of our system and its deployment with a local air quality activist community. We conclude by highlighting the tradeoffs between high-tech and low-tech sensing, and suggest opportunities for tangible interaction to support rich, new ways of seeing our environment.
The function of the middle ear in lizards: divergent types.

The anatomy of the middle ear and auditory sensitivity in terms of the cochlear potentials have been studied in 12 lizard species whose conductive mechanisms show various forms of divergence from normal. In addition, results are given for two normal species for purposes of comparison. Three forms of defect are found that impair the reception of sounds and reduce the effectiveness of their action on the sensory cells of the cochlea. These are the absence of the tympanic membrane, the interposition of a muscle mass barring direct access of the ear to the exterior, and the absence or encumbrance of the round window. Certain structural developments, found in several of these species, seem to be secondary in nature, and compensate in some degree for the primary changes. Therefore the sensitivity of these ears, though below average for lizards in general, is not as seriously handicapped as it might otherwise have been. These developments include: (1) an extension of the pars inferior of the extra-columella to make effective contact with skin and muscle layers, (2) the strategic location of air spaces to increase the mobility of these tissue layers, and (3) the use of reentrant fluid pathways to replace the round window in the mobilization of cochlear fluids. Despite the changes in the middle ear mechanism in these lizards, there is evidence that their cochlear structures remain fully functional, and that the ear as a whole, although handicapped, continues as a serviceable instrument in the perception of sounds.
Spatial frequency tuning of single units in macaque supragranular striate cortex.

Abstract 2-Deoxyglucose experiments have raised the possibility of a functional organization for spatial frequency in macaque striate cortex. To analyze this possibility with better spatial resolution, we made tangential microelectrode penetrations at constant eccentricity through supragranular striate cortex in 7 anesthetized, paralyzed macaque monkeys. We recorded from 121 single units. The data fell into two distinct populations with respect to mean preferred spatial frequency: (i) interblob cells (3.8 +/- 2.0 cycles/degree, n = 83) and (ii) blob cells (1.1 +/- 0.8 cycles/degree, n = 38; P less than 0.001). Beyond this, we found no evidence for an orderly mapping of spatial frequency optima. At blob-interblob borders, we observed abrupt shifts from low, relatively uniform spatial frequency optima (blobs) to higher optima that varied unsystematically (interblobs). The spatial frequency optima (low vs. high) and nature of the tuning curves (low-pass vs. band-pass) in blob vs. interblob cells correlate well with psychophysical measures of the same differences for the chrominance vs. luminance channels. These data are consistent with a functional subdivision of striate cortex in which blob cells carry information concerned predominantly with color and interblob neurons carry information important for form analysis.
Comparison of Results Generated by Serotyping, Pulsed-Field Restriction Analysis, Ribotyping, and Repetitive-Sequence PCR Used To Characterize Penicillin-Resistant Pneumococci from the United States

One hundred forty-seven isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae with high-level penicillin resistance collected during a national surveillance program in the United States were characterized by serotyping, pulsed-field restriction analysis, ribotyping, and repetitive-sequence (BOX element) PCR. The results generated by each method were compared by frequency of association to examine whether relationships existed between the various typing methods and statistically to determine association with the geographic source of the isolate or the age of the patient from whom the isolate was obtained. When the data were examined by pairwise analysis of individual strain classifications produced by each typing method, no statistically significant relationships between strain type, geographic location, or patient age were identified, suggesting that distinct clones of penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae have been widely distributed throughout the United States. However, we did observed shared expression of two or three typing markers at a high frequency (>50%) among clusters of strains, indicating a certain level of concordance between the various typing methods used to classify penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae.
Transition noise model for longitudinal thin-film media

The integrated noise power in longitudinal thin-film media increases with transition density. This behavior has been attributed to transition noise predominating over the more conventional amplitude modulation noise. At low recording densities the total noise power increases linearly with the transition density. At higher recording densities the noise increases more rapidly. The departure from the linear noise power increase with transition density has been attributed to correlation between noise in adjacent transitions. A model is presented for the noise process in longitudinal thin-film media, assuming that each transition's position fluctuation is correlated to the previous transition's position fluctuation by the demagnetization field. The dominant effect of the demagnetization fields is to increase the inherent noise in each transition and broaden the transitions as the recording density increases. It is the inherent noise increase in each transition, rather than the contribution from the adjacent transition correlation noise power term, that explains the experimentally found nonlinear noise power increase at higher transition densities. The frequency dependence of the integrated noise power is shown to be a strong function of the transition shape.
Local Government in the Netherlands.

Most writing on local government in The Netherlands is highly legalistic; only in recent years, for the most part in periodicals, have materials of any other type begun to appear. The best brief summaries in English may be found in an article by P. J. Oud, "The Burgomaster in Holland" (Public Administration, Summer, 1953, pp. 103-116), the coverage of which is broader than the title implies, and a mimeographed publication of the Union of Netherlands Municipalities, The Position of the Municipalities in the Netherlands within the General Structure of the State (Den Haag, 1953). An English translation of the constitution of The Netherlands is in process. The only comprehensive history, which carries the story up to the time of the depression of the 1930's, is D. Kooiman, De Nederlandse Gemeente in de Negentiende en Twintigste Eeuw (Alphen a/d Rijn, Samson, 1932). A. Buriks, Inleiding tot het Gemeenterecht (2 vols., Alphen a/d Rijn, Samson, 1955), a recent textbook on municipal law, has a good introductory chapter on the history of local government. Although now rather out. of date, the most thorough treatment is De Nederlandse Gemeente (3 vols., Zwolle, Tjeenk Willink, 1921-23), by the distinguished authority, G. A. van Poelje, who later published a valuable series of essays on municipal law and administration, Korte Opstellen over Gemeenterecht en Gemeentebeleid (2 vols., Alphen a/d Rijn, Samson, 1934). One of the most highly regarded commentaries on municipal law is J. Oppenheim and C. W. van der Pot, Het Nederlandse Gemeenterecht (Haarlem, Bohn, 1928-supplement 1932). Other useful general works on this subject include J. W. A. C. van Loenen, De Gemeentewet en haar Toepassing (Alphen a/d Rijn, Samson, 1934-supplement 1938), A. Zadel and F. A. Helmstrijd, Beknopt Leerboek voor het Gemeenterecht (Alphen a/d Rijn, Samson, 1957), a clear and relatively simple treatment, and P. J. Oud, Handboek voor het Nederlands Gemeenterecht (Zwolle, Tjeenk Willink, 1956), an excellent detailed guide to municipal law and practice written by the distinguished former burgomaster of Rotterdam, currently leader of the Liberal Party in the Dutch parliament and president of the International Union of Local Authorities. Two handbooks on the constitutional and political structure of The Netherlands contain sections on local government: R. Kranenburg, Het Nederlandse Staatsrecht (Haarlem, Tjeenk Willink, 1951), and C. W. van der Pot, Handboek van het Nederlandse Staatsrecht (Zwolle, Tjeenk Willink, 1957). The basic law concerning local government is still the Municipal Act of 1851.
Optical and Magnetooptical Absorption in Pure HgTe

Infrared absorption in pure, n-type HgTe has been studied in the wavelength range 3.5 to 35 μm. At ≈ 12 °K, the absorption continues to decrease with decreasing photon energy showing that the energy gap is < 40 meV. The absorption at 300 °K rises with decreasing photon energy after passing a minimum at ≈ 55 meV, due to effect of free carriers. Under an applied magnetic field, up to 30 kG, the absorption at a fixed wavelength shows oscillatory variation with the field strength. These oscillations give a determination of the effective mass and the g-factor of conduction electrons, and show that the energy gap is close to zero. Die Infrarotabsorption in n-leitendem HgTe wurde im Spektralgebiet von 3,5 bis 35 μm untersucht. Die Absorption bei ≈ 12 °K nahm mit Abnahme der Photonenenergie ab. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, das der Bandabstand < 40 meV ist. Die Absorption bei 300 °K nahm mit abnehmender Photonenenergie (nachdem sie durch ein Minimum bei ≈ 55 meV ging) infolge des Effektes der freien Ladungstrager zu. Im Magnetfeld bis 30 kG zeigt die Absorption bei festgehaltener Wellenlange Oszillationen mit varierender Feldstarke. Aus der Oszillation werden die effektive Masse und der g-Faktor des Elektrons bestimmt und ein Bandabstand von ungefahr 0 eV abgeleitet.
Fast algorithms and heuristics for phylogenomics under ILS and hybridization

Phylogenomic analyses involving whole-genome or multi-locus data often entail dealing with incongruent gene trees. In this paper, we consider two causes of such incongruence, namely, incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) and hybridization, and consider both parsimony and probabilistic criteria for dealing with them. Under the assumption of ILS, computing the probability of a gene tree given a species tree is a very hard problem. We present a heuristic for speeding up the computation, and demonstrate how it scales up computations to data sizes that are not feasible to analyze using current techniques, while achieving very good accuracy. Further, under the assumption of both ILS and hybridization, computing the probability of a gene tree and parsimoniously reconciling it with a phylogenetic network are both very hard problems. We present two exact algorithms for these two problems that speed up existing techniques significantly and enable analyses of much larger data sets than is currently feasible. Our heuristics and algorithms enable phylogenomic analyses of larger (in terms of numbers of taxa) data sets than is currently feasible. Further, our methods account for ILS and hybridization, thus allowing analyses of reticulate evolutionary histories.
Lead-induced tissue fatty acid alterations and lipid peroxidation.

Previous work showed that dietary lead (Pb) increases the relative concentration of arachidonic acid (20∶4) as a percentage of total fatty acids, and decreases the relative proportion of linoleic acid (18∶2) to arachidonic acid (18∶2/20∶4) in chick liver, serum, and erythrocyte membranes. The present investigation was undertaken to examine the time-course and magnitude of the fatty acid alterations with increasing dietary Pb levels. We also examined the effects of Pb on the fatty acid composition and lipid peroxide content of hepatic subcellular organelles. In Exp. 1, chicks were fed diets containing 0, 62.5, 125, 250, 500, or 1000 ppm added Pb (as Pb acetate trihydrate) from 1 to 21 d of age. After 21 d, no growth effects were observed; however, Pb lowered the 18∶2/20∶4 ratio and increased 20∶4 concentration in total liver and serum lipids, and in total hepatic phospholipids in a dose-dependent manner. Hepatic mitochondrial membrane fatty acids were not altered, nor was there any increase in hepatic lipid peroxidation. In Exp. 2, chicks were fed diets containing 0, 500, 1000, or 2000 ppm added Pb from 1 to 21 or 22 d of age. Pb depressed growth in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, Pb lowered the 18∶2/20∶4 ratio and increased 20∶4 concentration in total liver lipids and in hepatic mitochondrial and microsomal membranes in a dose-dependent manner. Total hepatic lipid peroxidation was increased over control values by 1000 ppm Pb, and hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation was increased by dietary Pb levels of 1000 and 2000 ppm. In Exp. 3, body weight, hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation, and fatty acid composition were determined in 4-, 9-, 14-, 18-, and 23-d-old chicks fed 0 or 1500 ppm added Pb. Body weights of Pb-treated chicks were significantly lower than those of control chicks by day 18. Microsomal 20∶4 concentration and peroxidation increased, and the 18∶2/20∶4 ratio decreased with age in both groups, but the changes were of greater magnitude in the Pb-treated chicks. The results suggest that some of the manifestations of Pb toxicity may be a reflection of increased concentration of 20∶4 in specific membranes. Further, since the Pb-induced alterations in fatty acid composition were noted in the absence of any growth depression, we propose that fatty acid composition is more sensitive than growth rate to the presence of lead in the diet.
Procuring Organs From a Non-Heart-Beating Cadaver: Commentary on a Case Report

Procurement of organs from non-heart-beating cadaver donors raises concerns. Standards for optimal patient care during withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy are evolving and continue to be debated and studied. Consensus on specific procedures and methods has not been attained, however, and protocols for the procurement of organs from patients following the withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies may compromise the evolving standards and harm the patient and the attendant family. In addition, there is little evidence to suggest that such protocols will significantly increase the number of organs procured. "Non-heart-beating cadaver" protocols that do not give comprehensive attention to optimal patient/family care at the time of withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy ought not to be endorsed.
Comment on "Spin-bag mechanism of high-temperature superconductivity"

A Comment on the Letter by J. R. Schrieffer, X.-G. Wen, and S.-C. Zhang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 944 (1988).
Aerosol composition as a function of haze and humidity levels in the Southwestern U.S.

Abstract The observed composition of visibility-reducing aerosols in the Grand Canyon region is summarized in climatological terms. Observations are from SCENES, a measurement program extending from 1984 to 1989. Results are presented as average mass balances stratified by various factors. Aerosols were found to exhibit substantial seasonal variation, but little systematic diurnal variation. Crustal material was a dynamic component, and peaked during springtime. Aerosol composition, but not total concentration, depended strongly on ambient relative humidity, with crustal material augmented at low humidities and sulfates augmented at high humidities. Total fine-particle concentrations correlated strongly with light scattering, as expected; however, little association between chemical composition and light scattering was observed.
Account and acknowledge, or represent and control? On post-modern politics and economics of collective responsibility

Abstract As a practice and a profession, late-modern accounting conceives accountability as representation and control. Post-modern modes of accountability project another practice of accounting that would resist reduction to representation and control. After the fashion of Friedrich Nietzsche, this alternative suggests that accounting “return” to a practical and professional horizon created by such internal goods as narration and acknowledgement. By complementing the economics and politics of representationalism, projects of narration and acknowledgement can gain greater autonomy and integrity for accounting. Especially as accountants address domains outside the modern corporation, these post-modern dimensions of practical accountability become harder to avoid, easier to understand, and better to cultivate.
Rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation in a neuroblastoma : a potential pitfall in the cytologic diagnosis of small round-cell tumors of childhood

Rhabdomyoblasts demonstrating immunoreactivity for muscle-specific actin, desmin, and myoglobin were identified in smears obtained by aspiration from a large retroperitoneal mass in a 14-mo-old girl. Following a tentative diagnosis of a rhabdomyogenous neoplasm, retroperitoneal exploration and adrenalectomy demonstrated a stromal poor neuroblastoma with extensive rhabdomyogenous differentiation. The presence of a subpopulation of rhabdomyoblasts was not diagnostic of rhabdomyosarcoma when obtained by fine-needle aspiration from a retroperitoneal tumor composed predominantly of primitive small round cells.
In vivo MRS assessment of altered fatty acyl unsaturation in liver tumor formation of a TGFα/c-myc transgenic mouse model *

Current detection methods (computed tomography, ultrasound, and MRI) for hepatocarcinogenesis in humans rely on visual confirmation of neoplastic formations. A more effective early detection method is needed. Using in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), we show that alterations in the integral ratios of the bis-allyl to vinyl hydrogen protons in unsaturated lipid fatty acyl groups correlate with the development of neoplastic formations in vivo in a TGFα/c-myc mouse hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) model. HPLC analysis of the TGFα/c-myc mice liver tissue revealed a significant increase in the amount of oleic acid, along with alterations in linoleic and γ-linolenic acids, as compared with control CD1 mice. Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry analysis indicated a significant increase in the abundance of specific glycerol phosphatidylcholine (GPCho) lipids containing palmitic and oleic acids between control CD1 and TGFα/c-myc mice liver tissue extracts. Western blot analysis of the mice liver tissue indicates alterations in the desaturase enzyme stearoyl CoA desaturase (SCD)1, responsible for palmitic and oleic acid formation. Microarray analysis detected alterations in several genes involved with fatty acid metabolism, particularly SCD2, in transgenic mouse liver tissue. In correlation with the HPLC, mass spectrometry, Western blot, and microarray analyses, we are able to confirm the ability of in vivo MRS to detect precancerous lesions in the mouse liver before visual neoplastic formations were detectable by MRI.
Cell surface proteins of rat myoblasts.

Abstract During the course of cell fusion of a rat myoblast cell line, L6, the relative amount of a cell surface protein of molecular weight (MW) 20 0000–25 0000 (L200), detected on the two-dimensional gel electrophoretogram, increases to one of a few major cell surface proteins in the older culture in which myotubes are being formed. In the non-fusing variant (M3A) of L6, such a spot is not detectable. Instead, one protein of MW 90 000–10 0000 (M100) is found in large quantities in M3A, but in a small amount in L6. These results suggest the possibility that these cell surface proteins, particularly L200, may play a key role in the development of muscle cells.
KI: The ‘Fervor of Vitality’ and the Subjective Self

Curiously, in the word ki, we find that the Japanese have internalized physical energy into a felt-feeling (e.g., a sense of vital potency and aliveness), thereby significantly expanding the substance of the T phase of the self. Of conceptual interest here is that in the word ki—used as a root word to indicate and connect elementary feelings and thought processes—the Japanese have reified ‘energy’ into a subjective entity that moves the individual to become both activator and respondent of interactional processes. The general awareness of ki by the people themselves is evidenced in various facets of their personal consensual life—from socialization practices to formal presentation. In closing, the author attempts to link ki to Mead's ‘impulse’ concludes that (a) ki is more substantive and active than ‘impulse’ in the movement of the social act; and (b) in contrast to that of Mead, the Japanese model provides an explicit conceptual demonstration of the substantive role of the ‘I’ as well as affective elements in social interaction.
Initiating factors in perineuronal cell hyperplasia associated with chromatolytic neurons

Neuronal hypertrophy and increased metabolism in nerve cells are evaluated as possible factors initiating hyperplasia of perineuronal cells. Colchicine induced neuropathy in the dorsal root ganglia is used as the model of increased neuronal metabolism.
A Curriculum-Integrated Small Spacecraft Program for Interdisciplinary Education

Space generates inspiration, aspiration, and passion in many students, traits that are often lacking in the traditional college classroom. By utilizing a meaningful space project with a tangible product, which serves a valuable purpose in the curriculum, instructors can generate passion in their students with regards to the topics being explored. Additionally, it can fuel interest in aerospace science and commerce, guiding more students towards valuable STEM degrees and job opportunities, which can lead to future growth and fresh blood in the aging aerospace employee pool. OpenOrbiter is a student-run research project at the University of North Dakota that can serve as a basis for developing this type of integrated interdisciplinary education. To date, it has involved over 200 students. When the design specifications, called the Open Prototype for Educational NanoSats (OPEN), are published, a cross-departmental effort towards building a CubeSat for as little as $5,000 (payload excluded) in parts cost is possible. This cross-departmental effort can span across both undergraduate and graduate programs and include a large number of college departments. The professors in these departments can create suitable projects that involve the small spacecraft in their curriculum. This paper evaluates both qualitative and quantitative benefits that this type of integrated approach has in fostering interest in STEM degrees, increasing students’ enthusiasm for class materials.
The visceromotor response to colorectal distention fluctuates with the estrous cycle in rats

The existence of a sex difference in several chronic pain syndromes and the fluctuation of symptoms during the menstrual cycle strongly suggest sex hormones are involved in pain processing. The mechanisms underlying these changes are not well understood. Using the colorectal distention model in the rat, we previously reported a sex difference in the response to distention [Ji Y, Murphy AZ, Traub RJ (2006) Sex differences in morphine induced analgesia of visceral pain are supraspinally and peripherally mediated. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 291:R307-R314] and that ovariectomy decreased the responses to distention while estrogen replacement reversed the decrease [Ji Y, Murphy AZ, Traub RJ (2003) Estrogen modulates the visceromotor reflex and responses of spinal dorsal horn neurons to colorectal stimulation in the rat. J Neurosci 23:3908-3915], suggesting estrogen increases visceral nociception. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that the visceromotor response to colorectal distention fluctuates with the estrous cycle. Three measurements (vaginal smears, uterine tube weight and plasma estrogen concentration) were used to determine the estrous phase. Comparison of the visceromotor response threshold and magnitude was made between proestrus and metestrus/diestrus. Our experiment demonstrated that the distention threshold was significantly lower in proestrus (median: 15 mm Hg) as compared with metestrus/diestrus (median: 25 mm Hg); and the magnitude of the visceromotor response to graded intensities of colorectal distentions (20, 40, 60, 80 mm Hg) was significantly higher in proestrus. The results indicate that the visceromotor response fluctuates with estrous phase, providing evidence for endogenous estrogen modulation of visceral nociceptive processing that could contribute to sex differences.
On following Your Bliss: An Interview with Jane S. Halonen

Jane S. Halonen is the Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of West Florida, where she insists on teaching introductory psychology each fall. She was employed in various roles at Alverno College for 17 years and also served for 5 years as the Director of the School of Psychology at James Madison University. Past president of both the Society for the Teaching of Psychology and the Council for the Teachers of Undergraduate Psychology, Jane has been an avid supporter of teaching conferences in the discipline. Her scholarship includes work on critical thinking, assessment, and faculty development. She won the American Psychological Foundation Distinguished Teaching Award in 2000 and was named an “Eminent Woman in Psychology” in 2002. She coordinates the international Improving University Teaching conference and also serves as Chief Reader for the Psychology Advanced Placement exam.Jessica G. Irons is a new assistant professor of psychology at James Madison University in Harrisonburg, Vir...
Generation and assessment of batch processes with ecological considerations

Abstract The BatchDesign-Kit is a software system that is aimed to support the development and design of batch processes for the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and specialty chemicals, by integrating economic and ecological considerations. One of its three subsystems, the Process_Assessor deploys techniques and methodologies which allow the rapid generation and evaluation of alternative batch processing schemes. Using a state-transition network as the basic model of the batch process, the Process_Assessor allows the simulation of batch process, assessment of materials from the ecological point of view, and the selection of the most appropriate treatment options for the process wastes. This paper gives an overview of the character, structure and facilities of the Process_Assessor .
Evaluating the Mussel Fauna of the Chagrin River, a State-Listed “Scenic” Tributary of Lake Erie

Abstract Levels of environmental protection vary among watersheds, and assessing how well conservation efforts protect threatened faunal groups is a critical need for management. Almost the entire 114 km of the Chagrin River is designated as scenic by the state of Ohio, which implies good water quality and community efforts to maintain and improve water resource integrity. We examined mussel diversity and abundance across 30 sites. The mussels present remained largely restricted to the upper reaches. One species, Lampsilis radiata luteola, dominated the assemblage of the upper Chagrin, which now includes only six additional species, none of which are very abundant: Lasmigona costata, Lasmigona compressa, Pyganodon grandis, Strophitus undulatus, Utterbackia imbecillis, and Anodontoides ferussacianus. One additional species, Lampsilis cardium, was the only species found living in the lower Chagrin. Applying the Shannon index of diversity indicated that the Chagrin River has a more depauperate fauna than nei...
Thomas Jefferson and the Hemings Family: A Matter of Blood

(1996). Thomas Jefferson and the Hemings Family: A Matter of Blood. The Historian: Vol. 59, No. 2, pp. 327-345.
Audio forensic examination

The field of audio forensics involves many topics familiar to the general audio digital signal processing (DSP) community, such as speech recognition, talker identification, and signal quality enhancement. There is potentially much to be gained by applying modern DSP theory to problems of interest to the forensics community, and this article is written to give the DSP audience some insight into the types of problems and challenges that face practitioners in audio forensic laboratories. However, this article must also present several of the frustrations and pitfalls encountered by signal processing experts when dealing with typical forensic material due to the standards and practices of the legal system.