cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of graphic symbol learning in individuals with aphasia and right hemisphere brain damage

This study compared the differences in performance on recognition of graphic symbols across time by individuals with aphasia, individuals with right-hemisphere brain damage, and neurologically normal adults. The subjects, seen individually, learned 40 Blissymbols. The symbols were selected so that the effects of symbol translucency and complexity on the recognition of graphic symbols could be examined. A paired-associate learning paradigm was used to teach the symbol-referent pairs to subjects. The results indicated that individuals with aphasia and neurologically normal adults do not differ significantly in recognition of graphic symbols. However, individuals with right-hemisphere damage recognized fewer symbols compared to individuals with aphasia and normal adults, suggesting that they have difficulty in associative learning of graphic symbols. Additionally, translucency was found to be a potent factor in the recognition of Blissymbols by all groups. The finding that individuals with severe chronic aphasia can learn and retain graphic symbols has significant clinical implications for aphasia rehabilitation.
ORGANIZATIONAL MEMORY: THREE EXPERIMENTS ON THE QUALITY OF INFORMATION

ABSTRACT Information has become a strategic business resource (Peters and Waterman 1982). This article posits that this pattern of information use generates more than just technical issues; it creates issues around how information is filtered. A key questions is how can we assure we get the same information out that was put in? Subquestions to this main question include: What information should be stored? How can we identify deceptive information? When we see the same data, do we get the same information? In this article, we explore these three filters, which are known to impact information quality. Finally, the potential for future research streams aligned with this model are discussed.
New Price Area Zonal-based Approach for Optimal Location of Distributed Generation in Hybrid Electricity Markets

Abstract This article presents a new price-area-based zonal approach for the optimal location of distributed generation in pool, as well as hybrid electricity, markets. The price-based zones have been determined based on the nodal price of real power obtained at each node. The price-based zone has been determined based on the variation and magnitude of the real power nodal price at each node. The zone with a higher variation of the nodal real power price has been termed as zone 1, and that with a low variation of price has been termed as zone 2. Two new benefit indices, based on nodal price reduction and fuel cost savings, have been proposed and determined based on the location of distributed generations at load buses in the higher nodal price zone. The study has been performed for pool, as well as hybrid electricity, markets. The proposed optimal power flow based approach has been tested on an IEEE 24-bus reliability test system.
Asymptomatic high-grade internal carotid artery stenosis: is stratification according to risk factors or duplex spectral analysis possible?

Abstract High-grade (80% to 99% diameter reduction) asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenoses are associated with an increased neurologic event rate (transient ischemic attack, stroke, asymptomatic internal carotid artery occlusion) compared to less severe asymptomatic lesions. However, many do remain free of associated events. To determine which are most dangerous, we compared risk factors and duplex scan results in two groups with asymptomatic high-grade internal carotid artery stenoses. Group A included 31 patients with 33 unoperated high-grade lesions that remained asymptomatic for at least 12 months (mean 30 months). Group B included 25 patients with 26 initially asymptomatic lesions that subsequently were associated with a neurologic event (mean time to event 7.4 months). The groups did not differ significantly in average age, sex, aspirin use, smoking, or prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, or cardiac disease. With respect to the index highgrade lesion, there was no difference in the frequency of a >50% contralateral internal carotid artery stenosis or >50% ipsilateral external carotid stenosis. However, on duplex scanning, high-grade stenoses with >6.5 kHz end-diastolic frequencies were more frequently associated with an event than high-grade lesions with lower end-diastolic frequency ( p = 0.0004). Similarly, seven of 23 lesions (30%) with end-diastolic frequency >6.0 kHz were associated with subsequent internal carotid artery occlusion compared to only one of 29 (3.5%) with end-diastolic frequency ≤6.0 kHz ( p = 0.025). Analysis of internal carotid artery end-diastolic frequency may help select a subgroup of patients with asymptomatic high-grade lesions who are at greatest risk for subsequent neurologic symptoms or ICA occlusion or both. (J Vasc Surg 1989;10:475–83.)
Digital video surveillance platform based on cell processor and H.264 video compression

We analyze challenges in the current approaches to digital video surveillance solutions, both technically and financially. We propose a Cell Processor based digital video surveillance platform to overcome those challenges and address ever growing needs in enterprise class surveillance solutions capable of addressing multiple thousands camera installations. To improve the compression efficiency we have chosen H.264 video compression algorithm which outperforms all standard video compression schemes as of today.
Mind-wandering in younger and older adults: converging evidence from the Sustained Attention to Response Task and reading for comprehension.

One mechanism that has been hypothesized to contribute to older adults' changes in cognitive performance is goal neglect or impairment in maintaining task set across time. Mind-wandering and task-unrelated thought may underlie these potential age-related changes. The present study investigated age-related changes in mind-wandering in three different versions of the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART), along with self-reported mind-wandering during a reading for comprehension task. In the SART, both younger and older adults produced similar levels of faster reaction times before No-Go errors of commission, whereas, older adults produced disproportionate post-error slowing. Subjective self-reports of mind-wandering recorded during the SART and the reading task indicated that older adults were less likely to report mind-wandering than younger adults. Discussion focuses on cognitive and motivational mechanisms that may account for older adults' relatively low levels of reported mind-wandering. Language: en
Metal-alloy-dispersed carbon-paste enzyme electrodes for amperometric biosensing of glucose

Abstract The preferential electrocatalytic detection of hydrogen peroxide and the selective biosensing of glucose at carbon-paste enzyme electrodes dispersed with bimetallic (Ru–Pt) alloy particles are described. Unlike the marked acceleration of the redox reaction of the peroxide product (versus single metal catalysts), the signals of common interfering compounds shift to higher potentials. Such use of carbon-supported alloy particles thus results in a greatly enhanced sensitivity compared to the dispersion of pure metals, without compromising the remarkable selectivity inherent to metallized carbon biosensors.
Disruption of vertebrate monosynaptic habituation by ethyl alcohol

The effects of ethyl alcohol on neuronal plasticity were examined using a model systems preparation of monosynaptic habituation: the lateral column to motoneuron pathway of the isolated frog spinal cord. Two fundamental effects of alcohol on this system were demonstrated. First, alcohol always depressed the ventral root responses to lateral column stimulation when stimulus intensity was held constant across conditions. This was accompanied by an increase in the amount of habituation produced as training progressed. Second, when stimulus intensity was increased in the alcohol condition so that responses were equated with pre-alcohol response amplitudes, the amount of habituation was markedly decreased. Results are discussed both in terms of proposed mechanisms of habituation and of possible pharmacological interactions with this simple example of response plasticity.
Control strategies for the improvement of corrosion resistance

The corrosion resistance of a metal surface in contact with an aqueous medium can, in principle, be improved by imposing conditions that cause the otherwise chemically active surface to be passivated. In this work, several different control strategies directed toward achieving this end are investigated using the two-dimensional Sato model as a prototype for metal passivation. First, the classic linear feedback theory is applied and is shown quite generally to be unusable in the sense of achieving complete passivation of a chemically active surface. Then, extension of the model by addition of a third state variable is shown to be capable of yielding complete passivation. Finally, a third strategy, based on feedback control of the two-dimensional model, is shown to result in significantly increased levels of passivation, and therefore in correspondingly improved corrosion resistance.
VIP enhances the differentiation of retinal pigment epithelium in culture: from cAMP and pp60c-src to melanogenesis and development of fluid transport capacity

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a single cell layer juxtaposed between the neural retina and the choroid and functions as a blood-retina barrier. The RPE performs functions essential for photoreceptor (PR) survival. Although the regulation of these functions has remained unknown, it is a distinct possibility that the RPE is under constant regulation by signaling molecules coming from the choroid and the retina. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a 28-amino acid neuropeptide present in the retina and in the choroid, has been shown to promote the growth and differentiation of a variety of cells in tissue and organ cultures. In cultured RPE cells, VIP is the one most effective stimulator of the cAMP signaling pathway among a long list of neurotransmitters and modulators tested. For example, VIP, at 1 microM, stimulates the intracellular cAMP to 80-100- and 20-fold in 3 min in RPE cells cultured from chick embryos and adult human donor eyes, respectively. In cultured chick embryonic RPE, VIP is also shown to be a potent and effective modulator of pp60(c-src), the non-receptor tyrosine kinase present in differentiating and terminally differentiated cells. VIP stimulates both overall phosphorylation at unknown sites and phosphotyrosine dephosphorylation in pp60(c-src). A 190-kDa microtubule-associated protein is known to be one of the downstream targets in VIP-modulated signaling pathways. At the cellular level, VIP stimulates cell proliferation modestly and melanogenesis pronouncedly in growing chick embryonic RPE cultures. Ultimately, the differentiation goal of RPE cells in vivo is to perform functions that are essential for photoreceptor survival. On bare permeable supports (that is, without biological material coating), the chick embryonic RPE cells grow to become RPE sheets with a cytoarchitecture that allows the display of two of the RPE functions. These cultures demonstrate structural polarity and are functionally polarized, allowing for proper macromolecule secretion and fluid transport. VIP is shown to stimulate macromolecule secretion at the apical surface (retina facing) and the development of the capacity for fluid transport from the apical to the basal surface of the RPE sheet. In conclusion, studies in our laboratory indicate that VIP is a differentiation promotor during the development of a functional RPE. Recent advances in the molecular biology of melanogenesis and the fluid transport-linked Na-K-2Cl cotransporter in other cells will allow future studies of VIP modulated events in the RPE at the molecular level. Finally, identification of RPE differentiation factors may prove essential for the ultimate success of RPE transplantation, thus promoting the rescue of photoreceptor cells in retinal degeneration.
New dual-channel microtip transducer catheter for urethral pressure profile and cystometry

Urethral pressure profilometry performed with a dual-channel microtipped transducer catheter and its use in the clinical investigation of female urinary stress incontinence and bladder hyperreflexia are described. A technique for performing filling and voiding cystometry in conjunction with dual-channel profilometry also is discussed.
Commissioning of the collinear laser spectroscopy system in the BECOLA facility at NSCL

Abstract A collinear laser-spectroscopy (CLS) system in the BEam COoler and LAser spectroscopy (BECOLA) facility was constructed at National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) at Michigan State University. The BECOLA facility will be used to advance measurements of nuclear properties of low-energy rare isotope beams generated via in-flight reactions and subsequent beam thermalization in a buffer gas. The CLS studies at BECOLA will complement laser spectroscopy studies of charge radii and nuclear moments mostly obtained so far at Isotope SeOn Line (ISOL) facilities. Commissioning tests of the CLS system have been performed using an offline ion source to produce stable-ion beams. The tests set the ground work for experiments at the future Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) as well as experiments at the current Coupled Cyclotron Facility at NSCL.
Transitions in Visual Proprioception: A Cross-Sectional Developmental Study of the Effect of Visual Flow on Postural Control

In the present study, a moving room paradigm was used that characterized the developmental progression of the effects of visual perturbations on stance control in subjects (N = 39) from 5 months to 10 years of age. Kinematic (probability of recording sway, magnitude of sway response) and electromyographic (probability and patterns of muscle activation, muscle onset latencies) data were found that suggested that visual flow simulating sway activates organized postural muscle responses and results in subsequent sway in standing infants as young as 5 months of age, well before they are able to stand independently. In new walkers, there was an increase in the magnitude of the effect of the visual perturbation, suggesting a possible increase in reliance on visual information. The magnitude of sway decreased to very low levels in older children and adults. The large-amplitude responses observed in the youngest age groups may indicate an inability to switch from an unreliable to a reliable source of perceptual information or an inability to modulate the responses produced following the perturbations. With increasing age and experience, the ability to resolve the conflict increased, with adult subjects demonstrating little sway response.
Lectin-resistant CHO cells:selection of four new pea lectin-resistant phenotypes.

The cytotoxic plant lectins fromP. sativum have been used to select new lectin-resistant mutants from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Two novel phenotypes that behave recessively but fall into the same complementation group have been termed Lec 13 and Lec 13A. Both of these mutant types are phenotypically reverted to pea lectin sensitivity following growth inl-fucose. In contrast, two other unique phenotypes behave dominantly in somatic cell hybrids and maintain their pea lectin-resistance in the presence ofl-fucose. They have been termed LEC14 and LEC18, respectively. The lectin-resistance and complementation properties of the four new mutant types suggest that they define three different glycosylation genes of the CHO genome.
Influence of attrition milling on nano-grain boundaries

Abstract Nanostructured materials have a relatively large proportion of their atoms associated with the grain boundary and the method used to develop the nano-grains has a strong influence on the resulting grain boundary structure. In this study; attrition milling iron powders and blends of iron powders produced micron-size particles composed of nano-size grains. Mechanical cold-working powder resulted in dislocation generation; multiplication; and congealing that produced grain refinement. As the grain size approached nano-dimensions; dislocations were no longer sustained within the grain and once generated rapidly diffuse to the grain boundary. Dislocations on the grain boundary strained the local lattice structure which; as the grain size decreased; became the entire grain. Mechanical alloying of substitutional aluminium atoms into iron powder resulted in the aluminium atoms substituting for iron atoms in the grain boundary cells and providing a grain boundary structure similar to that of the iron powder processed in argon. Attrition milling iron powder in nitrogen gas resulted in nitrogen atoms being adsorbed onto the particle surface. Continued mechanical milling infused the nitrogen atoms into interstitial lattice sites on the grain boundary which also contributed to expanding and straining the local lattice.
Studies of the human stretch reflex.

We recorded the late electromyographic (EMG) responses to predictable and unpredictable stretches of the wrist flexor and extensor muscles during ballistic movement or isometric contractions. We simultaneously recorded the accompanying cerebral responses. Our findings suggest that the late EMG responses are influenced by suprasegmental (cerebral) phasic mechanisms that seem to have a dual functional role, being involved in the control of limb stiffness and in a servomechanism to return the displaced limb to its intended position.
Effects of the kappa opioid receptor antagonist, norbinaltorphimine, on stress and drug-induced reinstatement of nicotine-conditioned place preference in mice.

Rationale Several studies implicate stress as a risk factor for the development and maintenance of drug addictive behaviors and drug relapse. Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonists have been shown to attenuate behavioral responses to stress and stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine and ethanol seeking and preference.
A projection chest phantom for in vivo dosimetry.

A unique projection chest phantom has been constructed of very inexpensive materials. This phantom provides for complete variability of chest thickness and incorporates bone structures of a bone-equivalent substance. The phantom contains lung cavities in which doped artificial lungs can simulate any possible lung deposition. The phantom is designed to be especially useful for calibration of in vivo lung counters when measuring low-energy x-rays and gamma rays (10 to 100 keV). Construction details and a comparison of results with those obtained using a commercial phantom show a reasonable relationship and demonstrate the usefulness of the projection concept.
Proopiomelanocortin Neurons in Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Are Activated by Visceral Afferents: Regulation by Cholecystokinin and Opioids

The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) receives dense terminations from cranial visceral afferents, including those from the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Although the NTS integrates peripheral satiety signals and relays this signal to central feeding centers, little is known about which NTS neurons are involved or what mechanisms are responsible. Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons are good candidates for GI integration, because disruption of the POMC gene leads to severe obesity and hyperphagia. Here, we used POMC-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) transgenic mice to identify NTS POMC neurons. Intraperitoneal administration of cholecystokinin (CCK) induced c- fos gene expression in NTS POMC-EGFP neurons, suggesting that they are activated by afferents stimulated by the satiety hormone. We tested the synaptic relationship of these neurons to visceral afferents and their modulation by CCK and opioids using patch recordings in horizontal brain slices. Electrical activation of the solitary tract (ST) evoked EPSCs in NTS POMC-EGFP neurons. The invariant latencies, low failure rates, and substantial paired-pulse depression of the ST-evoked EPSCs indicate that NTS POMC-EGFP neurons are second-order neurons directly contacted by afferent terminals. The EPSCs were blocked by the glutamate antagonist 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfonyl-benzo[ f ]quinoxaline. CCK increased the amplitude of the ST-stimulated EPSCs and the frequency of miniature EPSCs, effects attenuated by the CCK1 receptor antagonist lorglumide. In contrast, the orexigenic opioid agonists [d-Ala(2), N -Me-Phe(4), Gly-ol(5)]-enkephalin and met-enkephalin inhibited both ST-stimulated EPSCs and the frequency of miniature EPSCs. These findings identify a potential satiety pathway in which visceral afferents directly activate NTS POMC-EGFP neurons with excitatory inputs that are appropriately modulated by appetite regulators.
Calculation of viscosity from immiscible displacement of highly viscous materials in capillary tubes

Abstract This paper explains how immiscible displacement of a viscous liquid can be used to measure viscosity. Consistency variables and shear rate relations are developed that indicate when the effects of surface forces can be neglected and also provide a means of interpreting nonNewtonian behavior. While this simple technique has often been used incorrectly, it now appears to be able to obtain important rheological information on samples as small as ten microliters.
Synthesis and Biologic Activity of Purine 2′-Deoxy-2′-fluoro-ribonucleosides

Abstract The synthesis of 3,5-di-O-benzoyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-ribofuranosyl bromide (8) and its reaction with 2,6-dichloropurine by fusion and with mercuric cyanide catalysis is described. The resulting 2,6-dichloro-9-(3,5-di-O-benzoyl-2-deoxy-2-fluor[ddot]-D-ribofuranosyl)purine (13) was converted to the 2-fluoroadenine (16), the 2-chloroadenine (17), 2,6-diaminopurine (12), and guanine (14) nucleosides by standard procedures. These nucleosides were cytotoxic to a number of cell lines in culture. The 2-haloadenine nucleosides 16 and 17 gave modest increases in lifespan when tested against the P388 leukemia in mice.
Characterization of glutathione peroxidase in frog retina.

The properties and kinetic parameters of glutathione peroxidase were measured in retinal homogenates from frogs (R. pipiens) using a spectrophotometric assay in which the oxidation of glutathione is coupled to the oxidation of NADPH+ by exogenous glutathione reductase. The standard assay utilized 5.0 mM glutathione and 0.6 mM cumene hydroperoxide in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7.0. All solutions were bubbled with argon and all reactions were carried out under an atmosphere of argon. The enzyme activity was linear with protein concentration at different concentrations of both substrates. Determination of the pH optimum was complicated by a large increase in non-enzymatic oxidation of glutathione at alkaline pH. The highest ratio of enzymatic to non-enzymatic activity was at pH 7.0. Increasing glutathione concentration showed less effect on the spontaneous reaction than increasing the cumene hydroperoxide concentration. Glutathione peroxidase Km value for glutathione was 3.86 mM and for cumene hydro...
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease induced by noncanonical Wnt and its rescue by Wnt3a

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease, which begins with isolated steatosis and advances to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), steatofibrosis, and cirrhosis. The pathways involved in disease progression are not understood. Loss-of-function mutations in Wnt coreceptor LDL receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) underlie early-onset atherosclerosis, metabolic risk factors, and NAFLD in humans by unknown mechanisms. We generated mice with the human disease-associated LRP6(R611C) mutation and phenotypically characterized their liver. Homozygote LRP6(R611C) (LRP6(mut/mut)) mice exhibited both steatohepatitis and steatofibrosis. These traits were associated with increased activity of the noncanonical Wnt/Ras homolog family member A, Rho-associated protein kinase 2, and PKC-α/-μ pathways. Accordingly, there was increased TGF-β1 activity, coupled with enhanced expression of smooth muscle α-actin and vimentin that colocalized with albumin in LRP6(mut/mut) mouse liver. LRP6 knockdown reprogramed HepG2 cells to express both these markers, linking impaired Wnt signaling with hepatocyte transdifferentiation. The causal link between altered Wnt signaling and NASH was established by normalization of the disease pathways and rescue of the liver traits by Wnt3a administration to LRP6(mut/mut) mice. Thus, this study identifies diverse disease pathways that underlie a spectrum of NASH-related liver diseases and are linked by a single human genetic variant. LRP6 and noncanonical Wnt pathways are important potential therapeutic targets against NASH.
780-3 Does Estrogen Reduce the Accuracy of Exercise Electrocardiography in Women?

It has been suggested that estrogen has a role in the genesis of false positive exercise electrocardiograms in women. We evaluated 1007 men and 832 women with suspected coronary artery disease concerning the accuracy of exercise electrocardiography. Women were grouped according to estrogen status (ES): ES- = postmenopausal and not on estrogen replacement and ES+ = premenopausal (Premen) or on estrogen replacement. Positive exercise ST criteria were ≥1 mm horizontal/downsloping or ≥1.5 mm upsloping depression. Results Overall accuracy: sensitivity 44% and specificity 87%; receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) area 76 ± 3. The following table compares the accuracy of men and subgroups of women. Number Sensitivity Specificity ROC Area Men 1007 52 ± 7 91 ± 2 84 ± 3 Women 832 34 ± 7 82 ± 2 * 64 ± 6 * ES- 317 35 ± 12 79 ± 5 * 61 ± 9 * ES+ 515 15 ± 11 81 ± 2 * 46 ± 15 * Premen 259 72 ± 40 91 ± 5 ** 90 ± 14 † * p l 0.01 vs Men ** p = 0.05 vs ES+ or ES- † p l 005 vs Women, ES+, or ES The heart rate-pressure products for Men (26,600 ± 600) and Premen (26,500 ± 500) were the same (p = 0.58). Conclusion Concerning exercise electrocardiography, both ES+ and ES- women have lower accuracy than men. However, Premen women (a subgroup of ES+) had exercise performance and accuracy similar to men, especially concerning specificity. These results suggest that not all ES+ women have the same accuracy and argue against a role for naturally occurring estrogen as an etiology for false positive results.
Protection by U-50,488H against β-chlornaltrexamine antagonism of nitrous oxide antinociception in mice

Nitrous oxide antinociception in the abdominal constriction test was significantly reduced in mice pretreated intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) with β-chlornaltrexamine (β-CNA). However, this antagonism was reversed when the β-CNA was co-administered i.c.v. with the κ-opioid ligand U-50,488H but not the μ-opioid ligand CTOP. These findings further demonstrate that nitrous oxide antinociception in the mouse abdominal constriction paradigm is mediated by κ- but not μ-opioid receptors.
Do source and anonymity affect mail survey results

This study examines the effects of the methodological characteristics of research source and anonymity of response upon mail survey response behavior. Unique features of the study were that the survey sponsor was identified, and the population sampled was one that should have a certain amount of commitment to both the sponsor and the topic because of membership in the sponsoring organization.
FT-IR study of the changes in carbohydrate chemistry of three New Jersey pine barrens leaf litters during simulated control burning

Abstract Low intensity control burns are a standard fuel reduction management tool used in pine barrens ecosystems. Periodic disturbances through fire can be an important influence on the cycling of nutrients within the ecosystem. Previous studies have shown that the inorganic chemistry of leaf litter residues differs with increasing temperature. Our study compared chemical changes in white oak ( Quercus alba ), pitch pine ( Pinus rigida ) and black huckleberry ( Gaylussacia baccata ), characteristic of the New Jersey pine barrens, during thermal decomposition using FT-IR spectroscopy. Three replicates of senescent leaf material were ground and separately heated for 2 h at: 100, 200, 300, 400 and 550 °C. These temperatures are representative of the range seen in fuel reducing prescribed burns in the pine barrens. Unburned litter of each species was used as a control. An optimization process using varying amounts of KBr and oak litter was performed to develop favorable FT-IR spectral conditions for a sample to KBr ratio of 0.75%. Chemometric analysis of the FT-IR spectra using principal component analysis (PCA) was used to analyze the changes in carbohydrate chemistry of each litter plant species (leaf litter species) at each temperature. In general, it appears that there is clear separation of leaf litter species at the different combustion temperatures. Infrared spectroscopy illustrated that all three species shared wavenumbers characteristic of the primary components of leaves such as cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose. Results from the PCA indicated separation of litter species and species by combustion temperature. PC axis 1 corresponds to the effects of temperature on leaf litter species and PC axis 2 separates the leaf litter species. At the low temperatures (control-200 °C), oak, pine and huckleberry litter species separated from each other. Wavenumbers that contributed to the separation of species at low temperatures belonged to functional group stretching frequencies of outer surface waxes, basic sugars, fatty acids and aldehydes. It appears that oak had more IR bands specific to suberin content. Convergence of these species occurs at 300 °C. Complexity of chemical composition decreases at this particular temperature as is shown by the decrease in wavenumber richness when compared to litters at low and high temperatures. Oak, pine and huckleberry had similar IR spectra showing bands belonging to outer surface wax content, pectin, lignin and hemicellulose. With increasing temperatures (400–550 °C), differences between litter species increased slightly. Plant material was reduced to similar composition due to thermal decomposition, which consisted of inorganic materials such as carbonate, phosphate and sulfate ions and possible fused aromatics.
Effects of fasting on the blood chemistry of the rattlesnake, Crotalus atrox

Abstract 1. 1. Fasting of male rattlesnakes for up to 20 weeks had only small effects on most blood constituents. 2. 2. Cholesterol and NaCL showed a tendency to drop while all other values were essentially unchanged. 3. 3. The time of year apparently had a greater effect on Na + and Cl − than did fasting since a marked decrease in Na + and Cl − was observed during the winter months.
Charge-transfer ion pairs with cationic bis(arene)iron(II) acceptors. Thermal electron-transfer catalysis of aromatic de-ligation

Abstract Bis(hexamethylbenzene)iron dication (HMB) 2 Fe 2+ forms a series of charge-transfer salts with anionic donors such as bromide, iodide, thiocyanate, tricyanomethide, tetraphenylborate and tetracarbonylcobaltate. X-Ray crystallography of the 1:2 tricyanomethide salt identifies the structural origin of the charge-transfer interaction for the contact ion pair, [(HMB) 2 Fe 2+ , C(CN) 3 − ]. The strong carbonylmetalate donors Co(CO) 4 − and Mn(CO) 5 − promote the catalytic de-ligation of bis(arene)iron(II) by the electron-transfer chain (ETC) process previously identified in electrochemical and photochemical studies.
On the development of glycine transport systems by rat renal cortex.

Abstract The initial uptake of glycine by renal cortical slices from newborn Sprague-Dawley and Long-Evans rats is the same as that observed in adult tissues. Both newborn and adult tissue possess similar high and low affinity glycine transport systems which require an examination of velocity measurements over a wide range of concentration (0.02–50.0 mM) for their discernment. Initial rates of glycine uptake by isolated renal tubule fragments from newborn and adults are similar at a physiological substrate concentration but at high glycine levels there appears to be a decrease in velocity of uptake ( V ) associated with the high K m system in the young. Whatever preparation of renal cortex is studied, there is a consistent finding that immature tissue is able to accumulate much higher intracellular levels of glycine than the adult, a finding consistent with slower efflux from the cell. An interpretation of the etiology of physiologic aminoaciduria in young animals should take this into account.
Litter Characteristics of Gilts Artificially Inseminated with Transforming Growth Factor-β

Problem Semen is a rich source of transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b) and it has been proposed that this molecule promotes embryonic survival by modifying immune responses to promote tolerance toward paternal antigens and by inducing release of cytokines that promote embryonic development. The role of TGF-b was tested using pigs by evaluating whether its addition to washed sperm improves conceptus survival and fetal growth. Methods of study At estrus, gilts were artificially inseminated twice at 12-hr intervals with 100 mL of either washed semen resuspended in a commercial semen extender supplemented with 2 mg/mL of gelatin or washed semen in the same extender containing 65 ng/mL of TGF-b1. Three boars were used as semen donors. At day 80 (±4 days) of gestation, gilts were sacrificed and reproductive tracts harvested. Results Treatment had no effect (P > 0.10) on total or live fetuses per litter, implantation rate, fetal survival or percentage of corpora lutea resulting in live fetuses at day 80. Insemination with TGF-b1 also did not affect total or average fetal weight or total placental weight. There was a tendency (P ¼ 0.09) for average placental weight of live fetuses to be lower for pregnancies established in gilts treated with TGF-b1. Also, placental efficiency (mass of fetus/mass of placenta) was greater (P < 0.05) for pregnancies established in gilts treated with TGF-b1. The high fertility in control gilts (80% implantation rate and 11.5 live fetuses per litter) is indicative that soluble seminal factors are not necessary for the establishment of pregnancy.
Development of glucose active transport in embryonic chick intestine. Influence of thyroxine and hydrocortisone.

Abstract 1. 1. Glucose active transport is detectable in 12-day-old embryonic chick duodenum and increases at least 11-fold after 4 days of postnatal life. 2. 2. Glucose active transport develops at the in vivo rate in 72-hr cultures of 14-day embryonic duodenum. 3. 3. In the presence of either 1 nM thyroxine or 1 μM hydrocortisone in vitro , glucose active transport reaches levels approximately 200% of control values (equivalent to 18–19 day levels in vivo ). 4. 4. Thyroxine and hydrocortisone act by different mechanisms based on their antagonistic interaction and differences in time course of action, requirement for protein synthesis and modulation by extracellular calcium.
Peripheral Nerve Blockade and Neonatal Limb Ischemia: Our Experience and Literature Review

Considering the high frequency of bleeding complications following fibrinolytic treatment in neonates, peripheral nerve blockade (PNB) has been proposed alone or in association with lower doses of tissue plasminogen activator, as a possible new therapeutic approach in the management of neonatal limb ischemia (LI) secondary to vasospasm and/or thrombosis. The present article provides a review of the current knowledge about the topic, in order to evaluate the efficacy and safety of this therapeutic approach. According to the few case reports documented in literature and to our experience, PNB could be considered as valid procedure for the treatment of LI, especially during neonatal period, when the risk of serious bleeding associated with fibrinolytic or anticoagulant therapy is higher. Peripheral nerve blockade resulted in a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of neonatal vascular spasm and thrombosis.
The Return to the State

Three important questions are raised by the “return to the state” movement of recent years. First, are the pluralist, structural functionalist, and Marxist literatures of political science societally reductionist, as this movement contends? Second, does the neostatist paradigm remedy these defects and provide a superior analytical model? Third, regardless of the substantive merits of these arguments, are there heuristic benefits flowing from this critique of the literature? Examination of the evidence leads to a rejection of the first two criticisms. The answer to the third question is more complex. There is merit to the argument that administrative and institutional history has been neglected in the political science of the last decades. This is hardly a “paradigmatic shift”; and it has been purchased at the exorbitant price of encouraging a generation of graduate students to reject their professional history and to engage in vague conceptualization.
Packaging-Compatible microinductors and microtransformers with screen-printed soft ferrite using low temperature processes

Fully integrated microinductors and microtransformers compatible with organic (low-temperature) electronic packaging are investigated for miniaturized power converters, filters, multichip modules (MCMs), and other consumer electronic products. Four differing geometries of ferrite-based integrated magnetic components have been designed, fabricated, and tested: sandwich-spiral, sandwich-meander, two layer vertically stacked spiral, and bar type (open and closed magnetic circuit). In the comparison of fabricated microinductors, two layers vertically stacked spiral inductors with 50 pm height has the largest inductance (15 /spl mu/H/cm/sup 2/ at 10 MHz) and dc resistance (2.1 ohms). The smallest inductance (1.2 /spl mu/H/cm/sup 2/ at 1 MHz) and dc resistance (0.35 ohms) are achieved in the fabricated bar type microinductor with a closed magnetic core. In the comparison of fabricated microtransformers, the EMI shielded sandwich type spiral transformer has the best gain characteristics and the lowest resonant frequency (27 MHz), the EMI shielded sandwich-meander-type transformer has the worst gain characteristics, and the closed bar type transformer has the highest resonant frequency (38 MHz).
A method for estimating from thermometer sales the incidence of diseases that are symptomatically similar to influenza

Early detection and accurate characterization of disease outbreaks are important tasks of public health. Infectious diseases that present symptomatically like influenza (SLI), including influenza itself, constitute an important class of diseases that are monitored by public-health epidemiologists. Monitoring emergency department (ED) visits for presentations of SLI could provide an early indication of the presence, extent, and dynamics of such disease in the population. We investigated the use of daily over-the-counter thermometer-sales data to estimate daily ED SLI counts in Allegheny County (AC), Pennsylvania. We found that a simple linear model fits the data well in predicting daily ED SLI counts from daily counts of thermometer sales in AC. These results raise the possibility that this model could be applied, perhaps with adaptation, in other regions of the country, where commonly thermometer sales data are available, but daily ED SLI counts are not.
Non first normal form relations and recursive queries: An SQL-based approach

The work presented in this paper is an attempt to combine two different but closely related research areas in the data base field, namely the quite heavily investigated question of recursive queries in relational data bases on the one hand and the introduction of non first normal form relations on the other. This paper proposes the integration of recursive queries and non first normal form relations by providing a recursion mechanism which can be nested according to the structure of a non first normal form relation. It is shown by examples that this method can be used to formulate queries which are rather cumbersome if only flat relations are used. Especially, in some cases the problem of performing a selection on a recursively defined relation disappears. This question has been the topic of several research papers recently. Moreover, many queries can be formulated in a more natural way than in the world of flat tuples. Therefore, nested recursive queries in combination with non first normal form relations provide a contribution to the problem of modelling complex data.
Design considerations for high-current photodetectors

This paper outlines the design considerations for gigahertz-bandwidth, high-current p-i-n photodiodes utilizing InGaAs absorbers. The factors being investigated are photodetector intrinsic region length, intrinsic region doping density, temperature effects, illumination spot size, illumination wavelength, frequency, and illumination direction. Space-charge calculations are used to determine optimal device geometry and conditions which maximize saturation photocurrent. A thermal model is developed to study the effects of temperature on high-current photodetector performance. The thermal and space-charge model results are combined to emphasize the importance of thin intrinsic region lengths to obtain high current. Finally, a comparison between surface-illuminated p-i-n structures and waveguide structures is made to differentiate between the problems associated with achieving high current in each structure and to outline techniques to achieve maximum performance.
Asynchronous logic for high variability nano-CMOS

At the nanoscale level, parameter variations in fabricated devices cause extreme variability in delay. Delay variations are also the main issue in subthreshold operation. Consequently, asynchronous logic seems an ideal, and probably unavoidable choice, for the design of digital circuits in nano CMOS or other emerging technologies. This paper examines the robustness of one particular asynchronous logic: quasi-delay insensitive or QDI. We identify the three components of this logic that can be affected by extreme variability: staticizer, isochronic fork, and rings. We show that staticizers can be eliminated, and isochronic forks and rings can be made arbitrarily robust to timing variations.
How is contraction not possible here

While how-questions typically elicit information about manner or instrument, English how‑questions have an additional, largely unnoticed interpretation: they can be used (often rhetorically) to express surprise that the proposition under ‘how’ holds at all (How is Chili's still open?) While these ‘propositional how-questions’ freely allow negation, they do not allow neg-contraction (?*How isn't Chili's open yet?). I propose that Neg-to-C raising is blocked because it would enable Neg to (undesirably) scope over a covert VERUM operator in C that contributes to the 'surprise at the true-status of p' reading.
Coupled-mode hot electron relaxation and the hot-phonon effect in polar semiconductors

Abstract Electron-density fluctuations and LO-phonon in polar semiconductors form coupled modes(CM). The relaxation of hot carriers occur via these coupled modes. A derivation of the key formulae for the energy loss rate of hot electrons relaxing via LO-phonon emission with coupled-mode formation is presented. Previous results[3] are recovered; and new microscopic formulae for the relaxxation of coupled-mode-LO-phonons to acoustic-phoonons are also given. The extended formulae given here are needed to treat hot-phonon effects and agree well with available experimental data.
Replacing Protein in Corn-Soybean Turkey Diets with Methionine and Lysine

Abstract The extent to which dietary protein can be minimized by using Met and Lys supplements for market turkeys has been investigated in three experiments involving 2,750 birds. Large White (Nicholas) male turkey poults were fed corn-soybean meal diets of varying protein level to supply Lys from 80 to 120 of NRC (1984) from day-old to 18 wk of age. Performance with diets of 90% NRC Lys was equal to that with diets of higher Lys, provided that SAA were at 100% of NRC. Up to .2% Lys·HCl could be substituted into the 100 or 90% of NRC diets with no depression in performance, suggesting that the other essential amino acids were present in adequate amounts. When turkeys were fed diets of 85% of NRC (1984) Lys, maximum growth and breast meat yield were obtained with supplemental SAA at 100% during 0 to 18 wk of age and Lys at 100% during 12 to 18 wk of age. The requirements for other amino acids were supplied by diets formulated to provide 85% of the Lys requirement from protein. These values were for turkeys subjected to 18 C during final growout; they were not adequate in warmer temperatures.
Biology, ecology and management of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (Russian olive) in western North America

Elaeagnus angustifolia (Russian olive) is an alien tree that is increasingly common in riparian habitats of western North America. This paper reviews the pertinent scientific literature in order to determine the status ofE. angustifolia as a riparian invader and to suggest ecological reasons for its success.Elaeagnus angustifolia meets the biogeographic, spread, and impact criteria for invasive species. Ecological characteristics likely enabling its invasiveness include adaptation to the physical environmental conditions that characterize semi-arid riparian habitats, lack of intense pressure from herbivores, and tolerance of the competitive effects of established vegetation. We believe that the success of this species is at least partly due to its ability to take advantage of the reduced levels of physical disturbance that characterize riparian habitats downstream from dams. Control ofE. angustifolia is likely to be most promising where natural river flow regimes remain relatively intact.
The Columbia University Single-Ion Microbeam

Abstract Randers-Pehrson, G., Geard, C. R., Johnson, G., Elliston, C. D. and Brenner, D. J. The Columbia University Single-Ion Microbeam. Radiat. Res. 156, 210–214 (2001). A single-ion microbeam facility has been constructed at the Columbia University Radiological Research Accelerator Facility. The system was designed to deliver defined numbers of helium or hydrogen ions produced by a van de Graaff accelerator, covering a range of LET from 30 to 220 keV/μm, into an area smaller than the nuclei of human cells growing in culture on thin plastic films. The beam is collimated by a pair of laser-drilled apertures that form the beam-line exit. An integrated computer control program locates the cells and positions them for irradiation. We present details of the microbeam facility including descriptions of the collimators, hardware, control program, and the various protocols available. Various contributions to targeting and positioning precision are discussed along with our plans for future developments. Beam tim...
Happiness from Ordinary and Extraordinary Experiences

Prior research indicates that experiences bring greater happiness than material possessions, but which experiences result in the greatest happiness? The current investigation is one of the first to categorize types of experiences and highlights one important distinction: the extent to which an experience is ordinary (common and frequent) versus extraordinary (uncommon and infrequent). Eight studies examine the experiences individuals recall, plan, imagine, and post on Facebook finding that the happiness enjoyed from ordinary and extraordinary experiences depends on age. Younger people, who view their future as extensive, gain more happiness from extraordinary experiences; however, ordinary experiences become increasingly associated with happiness as people get older, such that they produce as much happiness as extraordinary experiences when individuals have limited time remaining. Self-definition drives these effects: although extraordinary experiences are self-defining throughout one’s life span, as peop...