cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fair Play and the Public's Role in Constitution-Making

The increased role of technology in constitution-making and its improved possibilities for popular contributions in the Arab Spring and elsewhere raises interesting questions regarding public constitution-making and the obligation to obey the law. The question that will be addressed in this paper is what methods of public participation in constitution-making will create an obligation to obey the new constitutional regime under a “completed” version of John Simmons’ theory of fair play. In answering that question, this paper will first canvas methods of public participation, using examples from three states where public involvement in constitution-making was significant, Iceland, South Africa, and the United States. This paper will then explore Simmons’ theory of fair play and “complete” it, rendering it capable, under certain circumstances, of recognizing fair play obligations to obey the law that are more easily scalable. This paper will also develop a construct implied within Simmons’ theory in identifying when a community constitutes a “cooperative scheme.” Finally, this paper will then analyze whether and what kinds of participatory drafting methods and schemes qualify under Simmons’ “completed” theory in creating scalable, prima facie fair play obligations to obey the law.
A comparison of autonomic nervous system activity between physically trained and untrained individuals.

Abstract The study is concerned with the comparison of autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity between highly trained collegiate track and field athletes and untrained individuals. An ANS test battery consisting of six individual measures of autonomic activity was used: (a) sublingual temperature, (b) salivary output, (c) volar skin resistance, (d) palmar skin resistance, (e) diastolic blood pressure, and (f) heart period. One group of athletes, track runners, were found to have a mean autonomic balance score significantly higher (at the .02 level) than the norm group of college students. The autonomic scores of field event athletes, however, were not significantly different from the norm. An analysis of the type of ANS activity demonstrated by the runners showed a dominance by the parasympathetic as compared to a mixed pattern demonstrated by the normative sample. It was concluded that highly trained track runners demonstrated a significantly higher autonomic balance score than did normal college student...
Quaternary Iodide K(Ca,Sr)I3:Eu2+ Single-Crystal Scintillators for Radiation Detection: Crystal Structure, Electronic Structure, and Optical and Scintillation Properties

A mixed crystal strategy is reported as an effective approach to improving the performances of inorganic scintillators for radiation detection applications. The aim of this work is to optimize ternary iodide KCaI3:Eu2+ single crystals via partial Sr2+ substitution, and to provide physical insights and a strategy of designing promising halide scintillators. The ∅22 mm × 50 mm long K(Ca,Sr)I3:Eu2+ single crystals are grown by the Bridgman method. Crystal structure refinements verify the phase purity and the orthorhombic crystal system with a space group of Cmcm (No. 63) in the solid solutions. An energy resolution of 2.5 ± 0.1% at 662 keV and a light yield of 74 000 ± 4000 photons per MeV can be achieved for a 4 mm cube KCa0.835Sr0.165I3:Eu2+. It is for the first time that a halide solid solution is synthesized with a competitive scintillating performance as current state-of-the-art scintillators, such as SrI2:Eu2+ and LaBr3:Ce3+. A combination of first-principles calculations and optical characterization experiments is employed to construct the host material band edges and the relative positions of 5d and 4f energy levels of the Eu2+ activation center. The origins of the improvement of light yield and scintillation response nonproportionality are proposed from experimental and theoretical insights.
Neck radionuclide scanning: A pitfall in parathyroid localization

Radionuclide parathyroid scans are widely used to localize abnormal parathyroid glands. They are especially valuable for identifying ectopic glands, including those in the mediastinum. Two patients with hyperparathyroidism who had mediastinal glands that were not identified because only the neck was scanned prompted our review of the technique of parathyroid scanning at hospitals in our region and of the frequency of mediastinal parathyroid glands identified by scanning at our own institution. The nuclear medicine departments at 72 area hospitals were surveyed. Parathyroid scans were performed at 51 of these hospitals but only 13 (25%) routinely scanned the mediastinum and chest. At our institution 480 parathyroid scans were performed during a 9-year period. Twenty-six mediastinal parathyroid glands were identified by routine scanning of both the neck and mediastinum. Most of these glands could be removed through a cervical incision. However, four required formal thoracotomy and two thoracoscopy. Conclusions : A radionuclide parathyroid scan limited to the neck is an incomplete study. Scans that do not include the thorax will miss mediastinal glands that occurred in 5 per cent of the patients in our series. Despite this, radionuclide parathyroid scanning was limited to the neck in 75 per cent of surveyed hospitals. This practice increases the chance for failed surgical exploration and increases potential patient morbidity.
Policy Monitor—Green Buildings: Economics and Policies

AbstractThis article presents an overview of green building economics and policies through a survey of theoretical and empirical evidence concerning green building practices. We define green buildi...
Transparenzinduzierte Konsequenzen für Online-Handelsmodelle

Dieser Beitrag beschaftigt sich mit dem Onlinehandel und den Konsequenzen der Entwicklungen im Digitalmarkt auf die Geschaftsmodelle von Handlern. Um die Auswirkungen zu untersuchen, wird in einem ersten Schritt zunachst das Kaufverhalten auf Seite der Konsumenten anhand einer Datenerhebung erlautert und auf die Entwicklung des Onlinehandels eingegangen. Es folgt die theoretische Betrachtung der Erfolgsfaktoren im Onlinehandel und die Implikationen zunehmender Veranderungen in Wettbewerb und Kundenverhalten auf die Geschaftsmodelle von Onlinehandlern. In einem letzten Teil werden Handlungsoptionen fur Handler als mogliche Reaktion auf die Marktentwicklung angefuhrt. Es zeigt sich, dass sich der Wettbewerb im Internet verscharft, wahrend sich zugleich das Rechercheverhalten der Konsumenten professionalisiert. Durch die zunehmende Transparenz erhoht sich der Druck fur auf Drittmarken beruhende Geschaftsmodelle. Nach Sicht der Autoren wird es fur manche Handler notig sein, ihr Geschaftsmodell umzustellen, um auch in Zukunft erfolgreich zu sein. Auf Dauer werden nur diejenigen Handelsmodelle bestehen, welche sich durch Alleinstellungsmerkmale klar vom Wettbewerb abgrenzen. Diese Alleinstellungsmerkmale konnen in den Bereichen „Preisfuhrerschaft“, „exklusive Produktauswahl“ oder „Servicegestaltung“ bzw. „emotionaler Aufladung“ geschaffen werden.
Atomic Layer-Deposited Titanium-Doped Vanadium Oxide Thin Films and Their Thermistor Applications

Here we report the enhancement in the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of atomic layer-deposited vanadium oxide thin films through the doping of titanium oxide. The Hall effect measurement provides a potential explanation for the phenomenon. The composition and morphology of the thin films are investigated by x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The high TCR, good uniformity, and low processing temperature of the material make it a good candidate for thermistor application.
Outcome of Stem Cell Transplantation in Adults with Acute Myelogenous Leukemia and Normal Cytogenetics (NC-AML) According to Presence of FLT-3 Internal Tandem Duplication (FLT-3ITD) At the Time of Diagnosis

Abstract 2038 Background: Cytogenetic abnormalities in leukemic blasts at time of diagnosis are the most important prognostic factors in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). However, approximately 50% of patients (pts) with AML have normal cytogenetics (NC-AML). Within this population, the presence of somatic mutations further refines the prognosis. Mutations such as the internal tandem duplication of FLT-3 (FLT-3 ITD), and mutations in NPM1 and IDH1 have been all been shown to have significant prognostic value in determining response to chemotherapy and overall survival (OS). FLT-3 ITD is present in approximately 30% of pts with NC-AML and is considered the most significant predictor of poor prognosis following chemotherapy. However, it is not clear whether the presence of FLT-3 ITD influences the outcome of patients who undergo hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). We therefore performed a retrospective analysis of all adult patients with NC-AML and FLT-3 ITD present at time of diagnosis who underwent HSCT at MSKCC between 2007 and 2012. Methods: A total of 196 pts with AML underwent HSCT during this period. For this analysis, we excluded 112 pts with abnormal cytogenetics, 5 pts who had no cytogenetic testing performed, and 27 pts with normal cytogenetics who did not have molecular analysis performed. Results: A total of 52 pts with normal cytogenetics had molecular testing done; of these, 35 were FLT-3 negative (67%) and 17 were FLT-3 positive (33%). Characteristics of the 2 groups are shown below: Conclusion: Both groups had similar clinical and transplant characteristics, relapse rates, and OS (p=NS in all categories). We conclude that in this relatively small group of pts (1) HSCT appears to overcome the negative prognostic effect of FLT-3 ITD and (2) use of a T cell depleted graft does not influence transplant outcomes. A larger cooperative group analysis will be needed to confirm these findings. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
A bioactive peptide amidating enzyme is required for ciliogenesis

The pathways controlling cilium biogenesis in different cell types have not been fully elucidated. We recently identified peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM), an enzyme required for generating amidated bioactive signaling peptides, in Chlamydomonas and mammalian cilia. Here, we show that PAM is required for the normal assembly of motile and primary cilia in Chlamydomonas, planaria and mice. Chlamydomonas PAM knockdown lines failed to assemble cilia beyond the transition zone, had abnormal Golgi architecture and altered levels of cilia assembly components. Decreased PAM gene expression reduced motile ciliary density on the ventral surface of planaria and resulted in the appearance of cytosolic axonemes lacking a ciliary membrane. The architecture of primary cilia on neuroepithelial cells in Pam-/- mouse embryos was also aberrant. Our data suggest that PAM activity and alterations in post-Golgi trafficking contribute to the observed ciliogenesis defects and provide an unanticipated, highly conserved link between PAM, amidation and ciliary assembly.
Computational and Experimental Studies of ADP-Ribosylation

The macrodomains are a multifunctional protein family that function as receptors and enzymes acting on poly(ADP-ribose), ADP-ribosylated proteins, and other metabolites of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Several new functions for macrodomains, such as nucleic acid binding and protein-protein interaction, have recently been identified in this family. Here, we discuss methods for the identification of new macrodomains in viruses and the prediction of their function. This is followed by the expression and purification of these proteins following overexpression in bacterial cells and confirmation of folding and function using biophysical methods.
Cataract Surgery From 1918 to the Present and Future—Just Imagine!

Purpose To review the history of cataract surgery over the past 100 years, and to offer predictions about new developments that may occur during the next 50 years. Design Interpretive essay. Methods Review of historical literature and author experiences pertaining to cataract surgery, with commentary and perspective. Results By this time, cataract surgery has advanced to the point that Kelman's introduction of phacoemulsification and use of intraocular lenses (IOLs), both very controversial when initially introduced, have become state of the art. Outpatient surgery, minimally limited mobility, sutureless incisions, and topical anesthesia also have become key components of standard treatment. The author envisions availability of medications for nuclear sclerosis and presbyopia, expansion of lens surgery for refractive purposes with postsurgical adjustment and unprecedented precision, increased mechanization of lens removal with emphasis on uncomplicated surgery rather than refractive precision, and accommodating IOLs all becoming standard. Conclusions Acknowledging and appreciating the past contributions of pioneers in cataract surgery is vital to understanding the development of today's clinical care. Clues as to the future do help give us a possible scenario worthy of such conjecture.
Assessing the feasibility of developing and implementing a web-based patient education application.

101Background: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is common following allogeneic stem cell transplant (allo-SCT). Lifestyle counseling in the early post-transplant period is crucial for reducing morbidity a...
A novel high performance medium-voltage DEnMOS in 40nm CMOS technology

A new kind of symmetric medium-voltage DEnMOS embedded in 40nm CMOS process is developed out for parasitic capacitance improvement and specified on resistance decrease by adding one to two masks except for baseline set. Hot carrier induced degradation and DC measurement result are studied. Our results clearly show that the new concept gets tremendous improvement in both on-resistance and parasitic capacitance.
Cost Analysis of Prototyping Major Weapons Systems

IDA performed a major study of acquisition for the Department of Defense, Effective Initiatives in Acquiring Major Systems. The study concerned the highly-publicized cost and schedule overruns that have plagued defense programs. Since the 1960s, the Defense Department and defense contractors have pioneered reviews and management initiatives to improve program outcomes. IDA reviewed program outcomes to determine whether there is a trend toward better outcomes overall, whether any specific management initiatives have improved outcomes, and what improvements could be made.
The Dynamics and Structure of the Multiple Cluster SC 0627–54

The mini-supercluster or multiple cluster system, SC 0627–54, was recently studied as part of an extensive program on 10 rich clusters of galaxies undertaken at the Mount Stromlo and Siding Spring Observatories (Australia) with David Carter. The total data-base includes multi-object spectroscopy of almost 1200 galaxies (300 in the field of SC 0627–54), Einstein Observatory X-ray images, and COSMOS photometry. The thorough analysis of the velocity and X-ray data has enabled us to investigate the various dynamical and structural properties of each of the three clusters in SC 0627–54. From this we gain insight to the processes occurring within each cluster as well as the dynamical status and history of the whole system.
Estimating vaccination coverage using parental recall, vaccination cards, and medical records.

OBJECTIVE To compare estimates based on vaccination cards, parental recall, and medical records of the percentages of children up-to-date on vaccinations for diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis; polio; and measles, mumps, and rubella. METHOD The authors analyzed parent interview and medical records data from the Baltimore Immunization Study for 525 2-year-olds born from August 1988 through March 1989 to mothers living in low-income Census tracts of the city of Baltimore. RESULTS Only one-third of children had vaccination cards; based on medical records, these children had higher up-to-date coverage at 24 months of age than did children without cards. For individual vaccines, only two-thirds of parents could provide information to calculate coverage rates; however, almost all provided enough information to estimate coverage for the primary series. For each vaccine and the series, parental recall estimates were at least 17 percentage points higher than estimates from medical records. For children without vaccination cards whose parents could not provide coverage information, up-to-date rates based on medical records were consistently lower than for children with cards or with parents who provided coverage information. CONCLUSIONS Population-based vaccine coverage surveys that rely on vaccination cards or parental recall or both may overestimate vaccination coverage.
Desmoid Tumor in Children and Adolescents: The Influence of Age

Desmoid tumor is a soft tissue neoplasm that can occur in children as well as adults. Formally classified as an intermediate-grade neoplasm, it is known to have a locally invasive growth that can lead to severe and sometimes life-threatening problems. The historical standards of therapy for desmoid tumor center on surgical resection, with or without radiation therapy. However, depending on the site or size of the disease, surgical resection may substantially compromise form or function, making its use especially problematic in children who may be physically and psychologically immature. Further, there is some evidence that radiation is less effective against desmoid tumor in children, as compared to adults with this disease. As such, the treatment of a child with desmoid tumor may present unique problems. In this chapter, we review the pathology, biology, clinical presentation, and treatment of children with desmoid tumor as we highlight the similarities and differences from desmoid tumor in adults.
War and Moral Dissonance

1. The two-collar conflict: a philosopher's memoir of the Iraq War 2. Our better angels have broken wings: human nature and the nature of evil 3. Responsibility for innocence lost 4. Virtuous responses to moral evil 5. Assessing attempts at moral originality 6. Public and private honor, shame, and the appraising audience 7. Torture 8. Community and worthwhile living in Second Life 9. Of merels and morals: musts and oughts 10. Inference gaps in moral assessment: individuals, organizations, and institutions 11. Blaming whole populations: the American people and the Iraq War 12. The moral challenge of collective memories 13. Corporate responsibility and punishment redux 14. Mission creep.
A band-limited, intermodulation-based band-folding frequency translation link using a single modulator

We present, characterize, and demonstrate a simple, and novel, continuous-time band-folding microwave photonic link. Implemented with a single dual-drive Mach-Zehnder modulator (DDMZM) acting as 2 parallel phase modulators, the link effects an 8:1 bandwidth folding to enable direct sampling and digitization of an entire band. Two microwave tones modulated on one arm along with their 3rd-order intermodulation (IMD) products serve as the spectral comb that exists only in the desired band, and the microwave spectrum of interest (SOI) is modulated onto the other arm. Parallel implementation adds, rather than multiplies, the tone and signal together, eliminating many cross-modulation products and spurs that would otherwise complicate and limit the foldable bandwidth. The link can operate with no optical filters if biased or with no bias if an optical bandpass filter is used.
Clustering of Patients with Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome and Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome.

Purpose:We performed clustering analysis of patient symptoms to discover common patient subtypes in females and males with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome or chronic prostatitis/chronic...
Hypomethylating agents as potential therapy for pediatric/young adult AML with EVI-1 hyper expression.

e21004 Background: EVI-1 high is implicated in 25% of AML in pediatric/ young adult patients with significantly lower 5-year OS/ EFS compared to EVI-1 low. We showed in primary murine bone marrow c...
Herriot's way inspired a generation.

The current BSAVA president’s criticism of James Herriot/Alf Wight is inappropriate, if not arrogant ( VR , 27 April 2019, vol 184, p 514). > The James Herriot image allowed the profession to be uniquely popular with, and respected by, the public for …
Management of Blood Pressure After Acute Ischemic Stroke.

The present manuscript examines the significance of blood pressure elevation in patients with acute ischemic stroke, the physiologic principles worthy of consideration during its treatment, and the recent empirical evidence that should guide management protocols. It also provides a sound and practical approach to treatment along the time continuum, with particular relevance to reperfusion strategies. The existing evidence shows that both insufficient and excessive blood pressures are detrimental to the outcome of patients with acute ischemic stroke. This “U-shaped” relation, however, relates to measurements at the time of presentation, and clinical studies lack detail and specificity relative to differential measurements along the time continuum, particularly prior to and following reperfusion. Extrapolating from recent series, it is possible to construct treatment protocols balanced for effectiveness and safety. The management of blood pressure after acute ischemic stroke is an important, complex, and challenging aspect of care, requiring a thorough understanding of cerebrovascular physiology. Along the time continuum, the therapeutic priorities start with the preservation of penumbral tissue prior to reperfusion and then follow with the limitation of the damaging effects of excessive blood pressure readings after reperfusion, optimizing the chances of improved outcomes.
Trait forgiveness as a predictor of state forgiveness and positive work outcomes after victimization

Abstract Prior research shows that trait forgiveness impacts interpersonal outcomes, but its impact on state forgiveness and broader work outcomes is less clear. This paper investigated whether trait forgiveness predicts state forgiveness and three work outcomes (job satisfaction, affective commitment, and leave intentions). In studying these relationships, three potential mediators were tested as part of a perceptual model of trait forgiveness. Two hundred and fifty participants described a situation in which they were offended by another person in the workplace. Findings generally supported the perceptual model of trait forgiveness expected in that trait forgiveness predicted state forgiveness and the work outcomes tested. Perceived expectancy violation and offender reconstrual but not perceived transgression severity served as consistent mediators for these relationships. These findings highlight that trait forgiveness shapes people's reactions to victimization and that victim perceptions of the offense and offender at least partly explain why this occurs. These results inform our understanding trait forgiveness and the processes that contribute to its consequences.
Auditory enhancement under forward masking in normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners

A target within a spectrally notched masker can be enhanced by a preceding copy of the masker. Enhancement can also increase the effectiveness of the target as a forward masker. Enhancement has been reported in hearing-impaired listeners under simultaneous but not forward masking. However, previous studies of enhancement under forward masking did not fully assess the potential effect of differences in sensation level or spectral resolution between the normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners. This study measured enhancement via forward masking in hearing-impaired and age-matched normal-hearing listeners with different spectral notches in the masker, to account for potential differences in frequency selectivity, and with levels equated by adding a background masking noise to equate both sensation level and sound pressure level or by reducing the sound pressure level of the stimuli to equate sensation level. Hearing-impaired listeners showed no significant enhancement, regardless of spectral notch width. Normal-hearing listeners showed enhancement at high levels, but showed less enhancement when sensation levels were reduced to match those of the hearing-impaired group, either by reducing sound levels or by adding a masking noise. The results confirm a lack of forward-masked enhancement in hearing-impaired listeners but suggest this may be partly due to reduced sensation level.
Model-based Comparisons of the Abundance Dynamics of Bacterial Communities in Two Lakes

Lake Lanier (Georgia, USA) is home to more than 11,000 microbial Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs), many of which exhibit clear annual abundance patterns. To assess the dynamics of this microbial community, we collected time series data of 16S and 18S rRNA gene sequences, recovered from 29 planktonic shotgun metagenomic datasets. Based on these data, we constructed a dynamic mathematical model of bacterial interactions in the lake and used it to analyze changes in the abundances of OTUs. The model accounts for interactions among 14 sub-communities (SCs), which are composed of OTUs blooming at the same time of the year, and three environmental factors. It captures the seasonal variations in abundances of the SCs quite well. Simulation results suggest that changes in water temperature affect the various SCs differentially and that the timing of perturbations is critical. We compared the model results with published results from Lake Mendota (Wisconsin, USA). These comparative analyses between lakes in two very different geographical locations revealed substantially more cooperation and less competition among species in the warmer Lake Lanier than in Lake Mendota.
Enhancing the patient and family experience during pediatric sleep studies.

Study Objectives:Pediatric polysomnography can result in suboptimal patient and provider (physician and advanced practice provider) experiences. We embarked on a project aimed at increasing the pro...
Time Makes You Older, Parasites Make You Bolder — Toxoplasma Gondii Infections Predict Hyena Boldness toward Definitive Lion Hosts

There is growing interest in the alteration of host behaviors by parasites, yet crucial gaps remain in our understanding of its ecological and evolutionary significance. Here, we present the first evidence that the enhanced boldness of infected intermediate hosts of Toxoplasma gondii can increase their risk of mortality by the parasite’s definitive feline hosts. In a long-term study of hyenas in Kenya’s Masai Mara region, we found that 65% of hyenas were seropositive for T. gondii in ELISA IgG assays. Seropositive hyenas approached lions more closely than uninfected counterparts, and also showed longer latencies to approach a simulated conspecific territorial intruder. Lastly, although not significant, the ratio of mortalities caused by lions (vs. other sources) was higher for hyenas that were infected by T. gondii. These results accord with a long-standing hypothesis that the manipulation of host boldness and/or ailurophilia evolved to enhance disease transmission. Since hyenas are rarely consumed by lions, however, elevating their boldness toward lions may not be adaptive for T. gondii. Instead, it may reflect “collateral manipulation” that evolved to influence homologous mechanisms underlying behaviors of alternative hosts (e.g. rodents). This model is often invoked to explain T. gondii’s many effects in humans, but is virtually unexplored in natural settings. For T. gondii, these effects could feasibly impact both behavior and fitness in a vast array, and significant proportion, of earth’s mammals and birds. In addition to characterizing behavioral covariates of infection, we examined spatial and temporal patterns of T. gondii prevalence within the Mara landscape. Contrary to our predictions, disease prevalence did not differ 1) at a protected vs. disturbed locality, or 2) over three decades of increasing human activity within the disturbed locality.
Diagnostic Approach for Arboviral Infections in the United States.

ABSTRACT Domestic arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are single-stranded RNA viruses, the most common of which include the mosquito-borne West Nile virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, La Crosse virus, Jamestown Canyon virus, and eastern equine encephalitis virus, as well as the tick-borne Powassan virus. Previously considered rare infections, they have been detected with increasing frequency over the past 2 decades. Here, we present an overview of the domestic arboviruses listed above and describe the modalities employed to diagnose infection. Global arboviruses, including dengue virus, Zika virus, and chikungunya virus, have also been increasingly detected in the United States within the last 5 years but are not a focus of this minireview. Typical manifestations of arbovirus infection range from no symptoms, to meningitis or encephalitis, to death. Serologies are the standard means of diagnosis in the laboratory, since most viruses have a short period of replication, limiting the utility of molecular tests. The interpretation of serologies is confounded by antibody cross-reactivity with viruses belonging to the same serogroup and by long-lasting antibodies from prior infections. Next-generation assays have improved performance by increasing antigen purity, selecting optimal epitopes, and improving interpretive algorithms, but challenges remain. Due to cross-reactivity, a positive first-line serology test requires confirmation by either a plaque reduction neutralization test or detection of seroconversion or a 4-fold rise in virus-specific IgM or IgG antibody titers from acute- and convalescent-phase sera. The use of molecular diagnostics, such as reverse transcription PCR or unbiased metagenomic sequencing, is limited to the minority of patients who present with ongoing viremia or central nervous system replication. With the continued expansion of vector range, the diagnosis of domestic arboviruses will become an increasingly important task for generalists and specialists alike.
Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4α Prevents the Steatosis-to-NASH Progression by Regulating p53 and Bile Acid Signaling (in mice).

Background and aims Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) is highly enriched in the liver, but its role in the progression of nonalcoholic liver steatosis (NAFL) to NASH has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effect of gain or loss of HNF4α function on the development and progression of NAFLD in mice. Approach and results Overexpression of human HNF4α protected against high-fat/cholesterol/fructose (HFCF) diet-induced steatohepatitis, whereas loss of Hnf4α had opposite effects. HNF4α prevented hepatic triglyceride accumulation by promoting hepatic triglyceride lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and VLDL secretion. Furthermore, HNF4α suppressed the progression of NAFL to NASH. Overexpression of human HNF4α inhibited HFCF diet-induced steatohepatitis in control mice but not in hepatocyte-specific p53-/- mice. In HFCF diet-fed mice lacking hepatic Hnf4α, recapitulation of hepatic expression of HNF4α targets cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase and sterol 12α-hydroxylase and normalized hepatic triglyceride levels and attenuated steatohepatitis. Conclusions The current study indicates that HNF4α protects against diet-induced development and progression of NAFLD by coordinating the regulation of lipolytic, p53, and bile acid signaling pathways. Targeting hepatic HNF4α may be useful for treatment of NASH.
Is It Dangerous to Live in Neighborhoods with More Immigrants? Assessing the Effects of Immigrant Concentration on Crime Patterns:

The immigration-crime nexus has been the subject of much empirical attention and research findings consistently indicate that neighborhoods with large immigrant populations exhibit comparatively lo...
Torsion of Reinforced Square Cylinder

A method is development for calculating the torsional shearing stresses in a square rod which is reinforced by any number of circular reinforcing bars. An example is the concrete cylinder reinforced by steel reinforcing rods. Perfect bonding is assumed to exist between the materials, and the latter are assumed to be isotropic and linearly elastic. Simple bond shear stress distributions are given for the case of four symmetrically-disposed reinforcing rods, and for several values of the ratios of the shearing moduli of the two materials.
Between Law and Virtue

Legal ethics, professional responsibility, and professionalism are timely topics as lawyers continually reevaluate the standards of their profession, particularly in light of the challenges of multidisciplinary and multijurisdictional practice, as well as the embarrassment facing lawyers involved in and surrounding the Enron collapse. In this article, our goal is to discuss how to think and talk about ethics and professionalism. By way of preview, we need to understand that ethics and professionalism use different vocabularies and, consequently, talk past each other to some extent. Our hope is that understanding the existence of these two vocabularies helps reduce the misunderstanding. Both the areas of legal ethics and of professionalism are dynamic and both are a part of legal education and continuing professional education. Legal ethics and professional responsibility have been a required part of legal education since Watergate. Today, professionalism and professional training are becoming an increasing part of law school and post law school instruction. This article traces briefly the history of legal ethics in the United States and discusses the fundamental conflict that prevents aspiration and discipline from residing in the same space. Then it elaborates on the concept of professionalism and discusses current efforts to give content to professionalism for purposes of teaching it to law students and promoting it with lawyers.
Neoadjuvant therapy of breast cancer: Current status

Primary systemic therapy is defined as the first systemic treatment a patient receives after cancer is diagnosed, and indicates that subsequent therapies are intended. It is also known as preoperative, induction, or neoadjuvant systemic therapy. Because of high tumor regression rates, primary systemic chemotherapy has become part of the standard of multidisciplinary care for patients with locally advanced and inflammatory breast cancer. An expert panel has reviewed all large randomized clinical trials of primary systemic chemotherapy versus adjuvant systemic therapy in operable breast cancer and concluded that both result in equivalent disease-free, local recurrence-free, and overall survival rates when compared head to head. However, the rate of successful breast-conserving surgery is statistically significantly increased in patients who receive primary chemotherapy; thus, primary systemic therapy is a reasonable alternative for patients with operable breast cancer who are deemed to be appropriate candidates for mastectomy but who desire breast-conserving surgery, or for those patients who desire less extensive breast-conserving surgery. The addition of taxanes or trastuzumab to primary systemic chemotherapy results in a significant increase in the overall and complete clinical response rates and in pathologic complete response (pCR) rates. A poor response to primary systemic chemotherapy is a predictor of poor prognosis and of a high risk of recurrence, irrespective of the type of surgery performed. In contrast, a pCR of the tumor or of cytologically documented axillary lymph node disease correlates strongly with both prolonged disease-free survival and overall survival, and occurs in 6–31% of patients, depending on the breast cancer subtype, the particular chemotherapy regimen used, and on the definition of what constitutes a pCR that is used by the particular group. Thus, pCR may be regarded as one major goal of primary systemic chemotherapy. Emerging data suggest that the achievement of pCR is associated with an excellent long-term outcome, regardless of the therapy regimen that results in pCR. If this association of pCR with outcome, regardless of the therapy regimen resulting in pCR, is confirmed, the application of newer gene- or protein-based technologies to predict at diagnosis which patients will achieve pCR in response to various biologic therapies and chemotherapies will have important clinical implications. In addition, the ability of pCR to predict an excellent long-term outcome may, with further study, become routinely applicable to the study of novel anticancer agents in the adjuvant setting, perhaps ultimately allowing us to avoid the need to perform large expensive trials with many years of follow-up.
In vitro studies on transplantation immunity. I. MIF production by sensitive lymphocytes in mice.

Abstract Sensitized lymphocytes from mice immunized with skin homografts produce migration inhibitory factor upon incubation with lymphocytes (antigen) from the sensitizing strain. The MIF is produced within 14 hr following incubation of sensitized lymphocytes and antigen. In this reaction, antigenic specificity is a prerequisite for MIF production; however, the action of MIF transcends the strain barrier. Also, MIF produced in homograft reactions in mice inhibited the migration of peritoneal cells from normal guinea pigs. Finally, lymphocytes from mice bearing skin homografts do not develop the capacity to produce MIF prior to the rejection of the sensitizing skin grafts.
Influence of temperature and plumbing material selection on biofilm formation and growth of Legionella pneumophila in a model potable water system containing complex microbial flora.

Abstract Survival and growth of Legionella pneumophila in both biofilm and planktonic phases were determined with a two-stage model system. The model used filter-sterilized tap water as the sole source of nutrient to culture a naturally occurring mixed population of microorganisms including virulent L. pneumophila. At 20 degrees C, L. pneumophila accounted for a low proportion of biofilm flora on polybutylene and chlorinated polyvinyl chloride, but was absent from copper surfaces. The pathogen was most abundant on biofilms on plastics at 40 degrees C, where it accounted for up to 50% of the total biofilm flora. Copper surfaces were inhibitory to total biofouling and included only low numbers of L. pneumophila organisms. The pathogen was able to survive in biofilms on the surface of the plastic materials at 50 degrees C, but was absent from the copper surfaces at the same temperature. L. pneumophila could not be detected in the model system at 60 degrees C. In the presence of copper surfaces, biofilms forming on adjacent control glass surfaces were found to incorporate copper ions which subsequently inhibited colonization of their surfaces. This work suggests that the use of copper tubing in water systems may help to limit the colonization of water systems by L. pneumophila.
Black currant extract attenuates ovariectomy-induced bone loss in mice (1027.7)

Bone remodeling is orchestrated by osteoblasts and osteoclasts in response to changes in redox status, inflammatory cytokines, and hormones. Several animal and cell studies indicate that black currant (BC) exerts antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, which could potentially improve bone mass. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of BC on bone mass and structure in a mouse model of ovarian hormone deficiency. 14-wk old C57BL/6J mice were ovariectomized (OVX) or sham operated. The OVX mice were divided into two groups; OVX fed a basal diet (control) and OVX fed the same diet but with 1% BC extract (provided by the Just The Berries LTD), and sacrificed at 4, 8, and 12 wk. Femoral bone mineral density (BMD) and trabecular bone volume (TBV) by DXA and micro-CT and serum bone markers were determined. OVX significantly reduced BMD and TBV (p<0.05) at all time points. At 8 and 12 wk, BC supplementation attenuated OVX-induced BMD and TBV. OVX and BC treatment did not alter serum biomarkers of bone...
Premicellar taurocholate enhances ferrous iron uptake from all regions of rat small intestine

Inorganic iron is virtually insoluble at the pH of small intestinal contents. This severe solubility limitation has been partly overcome by intraluminal substances that bind and solubilize iron, thus increasing availability for absorption. While several dietary ligands capable of solubilizing Fe2+ in intestinal lumen have been described, an endogenous binding ligand has not been previously described. It has recently been shown that certain trihydroxy bile acids (taurocholate and glycocholate) show high-affinity premicellar and low-affinity micellar Fe(2+)-binding properties, resulting in the formation of soluble Fe(2+)-bile salt complexes. It was hypothesized that this binding would increase the intraluminal pool of soluble iron, increase delivery of soluble iron to mucosal carriers, and thus enhance intestinal Fe2+ uptake. As a first step toward testing this hypothesis, the effect of taurocholate on Fe2+ uptake from all regions of in vivo rat small intestine is reported. It is shown that taurocholate, at premicellar concentrations, produces a marked, stepwise increase in Fe2+ uptake from all regions of small bowel, with little further increase above the critical micellar concentration. Enhancement of intestinal Fe2+ uptake is a newly described effect, and potential physiological function, of premicellar bile salts.
Purification and properties of an acid nucleotidase from rat liver lysosomes.

Abstract The phosphatases of rat liver lysosomes have been fractionated chromatographically. One of these enzymes has been characterized as a nucleotidase of broad specificity, acting equally well on most 2'-, 3'-, and 5'-nucleotides. Evidence is presented regarding its substrate specificity, stability, and pH optimum, and the effects of inorganic and organic compounds on its activity are presented. Sucrose gradient centrifugation, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and other procedures suggest that the preparation is homogeneous with respect to phosphatase activity. The broad specificity of the enzyme toward the nucleotides tested suggests that it may play a key role in the degradation of intermediates in the lysosomal catabolism of nucleic acids and their components.
Human phase response curve to a single 6.5 h pulse of short‐wavelength light

The photic resetting response of the human circadian pacemaker depends on the timing of exposure, and the direction and magnitude of the resulting shift is described by a phase response curve (PRC). Previous PRCs in humans have utilized high-intensity polychromatic white light. Given that the circadian photoreception system is maximally sensitive to short-wavelength visible light, the aim of the current study was to construct a PRC to blue (480 nm) light and compare it to a 10,000 lux white light PRC constructed previously using a similar protocol. Eighteen young healthy participants (18-30 years) were studied for 9-10 days in a time-free environment. The protocol included three baseline days followed by a constant routine (CR) to assess initial circadian phase. Following this CR, participants were exposed to a 6.5 h 480 nm light exposure (11.8 I¼W cm-2, 11.2 lux) following mydriasis via a modified Ganzfeld dome. A second CR was conducted following the light exposure to re-assess circadian phase. Phase shifts were calculated from the difference in dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) between CRs. Exposure to 6.5 h of 480 nm light resets the circadian pacemaker according to a conventional type 1 PRC with fitted maximum delays and advances of -2.6 h and 1.3 h, respectively. The 480 nm PRC induced â�¼75% of the response of the 10,000 lux white light PRC. These results may contribute to a re-evaluation of dosing guidelines for clinical light therapy and the use of light as a fatigue countermeasure. Â© 2012 The Physiological Society.
Give me a hand: Differential effects of gesture type in guiding young children's problem-solving

Adults' gestures support children's learning in problem-solving tasks, but gestures may be differentially useful to children of different ages, and different features of gestures may make them more or less useful to children. The current study investigated parents' use of gestures to support their young children (1.5 - 6 years) in a block puzzle task (N = 126 parent-child dyads), and identified patterns in parents' gesture use indicating different gestural strategies. Further, we examined the effect of child age on both the frequency and types of gestures parents used, and on their usefulness to support children's learning. Children attempted to solve the puzzle independently before and after receiving help from their parent; half of the parents were instructed to sit on their hands while they helped. Parents who could use their hands appear to use gestures in three strategies: orienting the child to the task, providing abstract information, and providing embodied information; further, they adapted their gesturing to their child's age and skill level. Younger children elicited more frequent and more proximal gestures from parents. Despite the greater use of gestures with younger children, it was the oldest group (4.5-6.0 years) who were most affected by parents' gestures. The oldest group was positively affected by the total frequency of parents' gestures, and in particular, parents' use of embodying gestures (indexes that touched their referents, representational demonstrations with object in hand, and physically guiding child's hands). Though parents rarely used the embodying strategy with older children, it was this strategy which most enhanced the problem-solving of children 4.5 - 6 years.
Are You Experienced or Are You Talented?: When Does Innate Talent vs. Experience Explain Entrepreneurial Performance?

We explore whether entrepreneurial performance is due to innate talent or the accumulation of entrepreneurial experience. Using a novel dataset with multiple observations of founding attempts per individual, we generate a unique measure of entrepreneurial talent. In contrast to prior findings, the relative importance of experience vs. talent changes with the context. When the current market or technology is familiar, then experience dominates. However, when the venture context is unfamiliar, talent is more important. Individuals with experience and talent handle both familiar and unfamiliar aspects and may extract more from a given level of experience. The findings advance our understanding of how the drivers of venture performance shift with the broader technological and industry environment and places limits on when experience aids performance.
Asymptomatic Hemorrhage After Thrombolysis May Not Be Benign: Prognosis by Hemorrhage Type of the Canadian Alteplase for Stroke Effectiveness Study Registry

To the Editor: In their interesting article, Dzialowski et al report that asymptomatic hemorrhage after thrombolysis may not be benign and was associated with a worse outcome.1 Specifically, they found that hemorrhagic infarction–2 (HI-2) was associated with a worse long-term outcome. We wish to bring to the authors’ attention our article on asymptomatic hemorrhagic transformation of cerebral infarction, which examined a similar question, in which we found that asymptomatic hemorrhage did not worsen outcome.2 There are several …
Current Neurosurgical Management of Brain Metastases

Brain metastases occur in a third of patients diagnosed with cancer; without any intervention, the prognosis is quite poor with a median survival of 1 month. Because of the constraints of the blood-brain barrier, chemotherapy is not effective and treatment options include surgery, whole brain radiation, or stereotactic radiation. This chapter is devoted to a review of the current management options for treatment of brain metastases.