cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metabolic control of TFH cells and humoral immunity by phosphatidylethanolamine.

T follicular helper (TFH) cells are crucial for B cell-mediated humoral immunity1. Although transcription factors such as BCL6 drive the differentiation of TFH cells2,3, it is unclear whether and how post-transcriptional and metabolic programs enforce TFH cell programming. Here we show that the cytidine diphosphate (CDP)–ethanolamine pathway co-ordinates the expression and localization of CXCR5 with the responses of TFH cells and humoral immunity. Using in vivo CRISPR–Cas9 screening and functional validation in mice, we identify ETNK1, PCYT2, and SELENOI—enzymes in the CDP–ethanolamine pathway for de novo synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)—as selective post-transcriptional regulators of TFH cell differentiation that act by promoting the surface expression and functional effects of CXCR5. TFH cells exhibit unique lipid metabolic programs and PE is distributed to the outer layer of the plasma membrane, where it colocalizes with CXCR5. De novo synthesis of PE through the CDP–ethanolamine pathway co-ordinates these events to prevent the internalization and degradation of CXCR5. Genetic deletion of Pcyt2, but not of Pcyt1a (which mediates the CDP–choline pathway), in activated T cells impairs the differentiation of TFH cells, and this is associated with reduced humoral immune responses. Surface levels of PE and CXCR5 expression on B cells also depend on Pcyt2. Our results reveal that phospholipid metabolism orchestrates post-transcriptional mechanisms for TFH cell differentiation and humoral immunity, highlighting the metabolic control of context-dependent immune signalling and effector programs. Enzymes in the cytidine diphosphate–ethanolamine metabolic pathway, which promotes de novo synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine, are shown to act as post-transcriptional mediators of the differentiation of T follicular helper (TFH) cells, by regulating the chemokine receptor CXCR5.
Developing Behavioral Concepts of Higher-Order Functions

Motivation. Higher-order functions are a standard and increasingly central component in many kinds of modern programming, including data science and Web development. Yet little research has been devoted to student learning or understanding of this topic. Objectives. We conducted formative research on how well students are able to correlate higher-order functions with their input–output behavior. We also wanted to evaluate a variety of techniques for assessing their understanding. Method. We created a series of instruments in which students were given either concrete input/output examples or abstracted diagrams of list transformations. Students were asked to cluster or classify these examples by their behavior, sometimes against a concrete list of higher-order functions and sometimes free-form. We administered these over the course of a month, and then once again three months later. Results. We find that students initially have several difficulties with clustering higher-order function examples. With different instruments, we find that students are later able to do quite well, largely avoiding large-scale errors but making several small-scale ones. We also find some evidence of growth in their thinking about these operations. We also find weaknesses in the nature and order of techniques we used. Discussion. Higher-order functions deserve far more attention than they have been paid in the literature on programming education. Their increasing use in several important domains makes this need critical. Our proposed methods for conducting such research are another contribution of this work. Our findings and methods should also be relevant for exploring how students understand libraries and APIs.
The integrated constructionist approach to emotions: A Theoretical Model for Explaining Alterations to positive emotional experiences in the aftermath of trauma

Abstract Prior research has assumed that individuals with PTSD find positive emotions enjoyable and rewarding. While intuitive, this assumption is problematic for a number of reasons. A growing body of literature suggests that positive emotions can be unwanted and uncomfortable experiences for many people, particularly individuals with PTSD. Yet our empirical and theoretical models of PTSD do not adequately account for this complexity. Throughout the following pages, we argue that the same behavioral processes that have been heavily researched and associated with fear and avoidance of negative emotions and PTSD can be extended to positive emotions as well. We propose the integrated constructionist approach to emotions, which integrates learning theory principles with a constructionist approach and suggest that trauma experiences lead to a shift in the evaluation, interpretation, and labeling of an individual's internal experiences. This evaluative shift results in generalized patterns of emotional responding characterized by efforts to downregulate internal stimuli that were previously defined as positive and may have been appetitive pre-trauma. We subsequently highlight the theoretical, empirical, and clinical importance of taking an idiographic approach to understanding and working with emotions among individuals with PTSD.
Perceptions of a Child Who was Overweight or of Average Weight by African American Children

The current study examined African American children’s perceptions of a peer who was overweight or average weight and was called a name. Participants were 107 African American children who viewed same gender line-drawings of an overweight and average weight peer and selected one line drawing as being the child who was called “stupid” in a vignette. Next, participants rated their perceptions of (popularity, friendliness, etc.) for both line-drawings. The line-drawing of an overweight peer was selected as being called a name more often than the average weight one and this child was viewed as less popular. Girls provided higher sympathy and acceptance ratings of the child selected as a victim than boys. Findings provided support for the notion that children are aware that overweight children may be marginalized. Girls may be more accepting because they are more empathic or more likely to support a peer who is teased or called names. Further research will be needed to ascertain factors related to negative perceptions of overweight children to inform intervention efforts. Speaking with children about accepting others and conducting activities to improve acceptance are important roles for social workers and implications for social work practice are reviewed.
Anterior cervical plating reverses load transfer through multilevel strut-grafts.

STUDY DESIGN In vitro biomechanical study using a programmable testing apparatus that replicated physiologic flexion/extension cervical spine motion and loading mechanics. OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of anterior plating on multilevel cervical strut-graft mechanics in vitro. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The addition of anterior instrumentation does not prevent construct failure in multilevel cervical corpectomy. METHODS Six fresh human cadaveric cervical spines (C2-T1) were tested in the four following sequential conditions: harvested, C4-C6 corpectomy, strut-grafted, and strut-grafted with an anterior cervical plate. A force-sensing strut-graft was used to measure compression/tension, flexion/extension and lateral bending moments, and axial torsion. Parameters of stiffness, vertebral motion, and strut-graft loads were compared to determine differences between the four spine conditions. RESULTS Application of the anterior plate significantly increased the global stiffness (P < 0.01) and decreased the local motion (P < or = 0.01) of the instrumented levels (C3-C7). Flexion of the strut-grafted spine loaded the strut-graft, whereas extension unloaded the strut-graft. With the anterior plate, flexion of the plated spine unloaded the strut-graft. Extension significantly loaded the strut-graft more than similar degrees of flexion in the strut-grafted condition (P = 0.01). Strut-graft loading end limits of 225 N were reached with a mean 7.5 degrees extension in the plated spines. CONCLUSIONS Anterior multilevel cervical plating effectively increases stiffness and decreases local cervical motion after corpectomy. However, anterior cervical plating also reverses graft loads and excessively loads the graft in extension, which may promote pistoning and failure of multilevel constructs.
Remarks on Acceptable Cooperation among Competitors in the Face of Growing International Competition

My subject is about cooperation and competition. In my view, if American firms are to compete effectively in global markets, we need to recognize that there is a requirement oftentimes for greater levels of cooperation among those firms; and, accordingly, we should be sensitive to those needs of cooperation when we are applying the antitrust laws. I will argue further that, in addition to applying current antitrust laws in a fashion that is sensitive to the needs of cooperation, we should think very seriously about amending the antitrust laws to provide greater certainty for cooperative arrangements.
Use of student response and engagement systems in the collegiate classroom: An educational resources review

Abstract In a recent study published in this journal, Brown, Thomas, and Thomas (2014) provided an overview of a study of 413 collegiate hospitality students, which revealed that 100% of students surveyed were in possession of a device that could facilitate the use of student response and engagement systems in the classroom, with 99% of those respondents expressing a desire to use a device in the classroom. To provide an overview for their peers in the collegiate hospitality academy, the authors developed this Education Resources Review to summarize the benefits and challenges associated with various student response and engagement systems and develop the ground work for continued diallogs pertaining to best practices in the use of these systems.
Using profit maximizing scheduling models to structure operational trade-offs and manufacturing strategy issues

Manufacturing plays an increasingly important role in determining the competitiveness of the firm. However, corporate strategy is often formulated with little regard for how these decisions affect operations within the manufacturing system. Detailed models provide a necessary link between manufacturing performance and the functional policies followed by the firm, so that the strengths of the manufacturing system can be consistently reflected in strategic decisions.
The essentials of a database quality process

Many steps are involved in the process of turning an initial concept for a database into a finished product that meets the needs of its user community. In this paper, we describe those steps in the context of a four-phase process with particular emphasis on the quality-related issues that need to be addressed in each phase to ensure that the final product is a high quality database. The basic requirements for a successful database quality process are presented with specific examples drawn from experience gained in the Standard Reference Data Program at the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Naming the Messiah: A Contribution to the 4Q246 ‘Son of God’ Debate

The attempt to identify the obscure “son of God” figure in 4Q246 often begins with discussion of the structure of the fragment and the background of the titles employed. This article suggests there are problems with both approaches and offers an alternative: an examination of biblical naming traditions and a rhetorical analysis of the way in which the figure “is called” the son of God in i 9 and ii 1. It concludes that the “son” is probably identified positively given the fragment’s similarity with positive naming traditions in the biblical text, as well as its dissimilarity with other examples of Jewish and Christian polemic. Further, it is probable that the divine naming of the figure participates in a widespread messianic topos.
Studies of the Effect of Some Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents on Growth and Egg Production of Chickens

Abstract INTRODUCTION IN WORK conducted in this laboratory a variation in response to unidentified factor supplements has been noted over a yearly period. The response is usually smaller in the fall, at the time that pullet breeders are used, and gradually increases to the period of June or early July. After this time the response of chicks from these hens to unidentified factor supplements usually decreases. Similar experiences have been reported by Waibel, Morrison and Norris (1955), Barnett and Bird (1956), and Morrison (1956). It has been thought that this response is due in part to seasonal changes in the microbial population in the experimental laboratories. Many studies have been conducted which demonstrate or attempt to explain the influence of environmental microbial populations on chick growth rate in the presence of growth promoting substances. The work of Coates et al. (1951) and others, for instance, indicates that the response to antibiotics …
Loss of vision after laser in situ keratomileusis.

Purpose. To research the incidence of visual loss after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Methods. We reviewed an extensive review of the literature published by The Ophthalmic Technology Assessment Committee of the American Academy of Ophthalmology regarding the safety and efficacy of LASIK. We also reviewed other recent literature. Results. For low to moderate myopia and astigmatism, LASIK is efficient, safe, and predictable with few eyes losing two or more lines of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). For moderate to high myopia, the results are more variable and more eyes lost two or more lines BCVA. In both cases, this BCVA occurred in studies published on or before 1999. Conclusion. Serious adverse complications leading to significant visual loss are probably rare. Continued development of micro-keratomes and laser technology are continuing to reduce the rare complications that do occur and improve functional outcomes and patient satisfaction.
Feeder cattle frame size, muscle thickness and subsequent beef carcass characteristics☆

Sixty feeder steers were assigned scores for frame size (small, medium or large) and muscle thickness (No. 1, No. 2 or No. 3), fed for 112 days and slaughtered. Grade data were collected for all 60 carcasses; 12 sides (four from each muscle thickness group) were fabricated into boneless, closely trimmed retail cuts and the 12 rounds from each of these sides were also physically separated into muscle, fat and bone. Marbling score and USDA quality grade varied inversely (P < 0·05) with frame size. Carcass quality grades were: 33·3% Choice; 67·7% Good and 0·0% Standard for small-framed cattle; 30·3% Choice, 42·4% Good and 27·3% Standard for medium-framed cattle and 5·5% Choice, 66·7% Good and 27·8% Standard for large-framed cattle. Analysis of variance showed significant (P < 0·05) differences among all muscle thickness groups in the longissimus muscle area and carcass weight but no difference in yield grade between the No. 1 and No. 3 muscle thickness groups; the larger mean longissimus muscle area of carcasses from steers in the No. 1 muscle thickness group was offset by their heavier carcass weight and their greater thickness of fat over the longissimus muscle. However, when analysis of covariance was used to hold fatness or fatness and frame size constant, the difference in yield grade between muscle thickness groups No. 1 and No. 3 was significant (P < 0·05). Also, carcasses from cattle assigned muscle thickness scores of No. 1, as feeders, had the highest (P < 0·05) muscle to bone ratio of the round (4·1 to 1) while carcasses from cattle assigned thickness scores of No. 3, as feeders, had the lowest (P < 0·05) muscle to bone ratio of the round (3·4 to 1).
Retardation of Surface Adsorption of Trace Metals by Competitive Complexation

The storage of samples containing trace metals has resulted in the adsorption of certain metals onto the surface of the container. The effect of the adsorption of trace amounts of lead and cadmium on subsequent analyses using atomic absorption spectroscopy was studied. The effects on adsorption by factors such as pH, container composition, buffer composition, metal concentration, and storage time were studied. Significant adsorption of trace amounts of lead and cadmium occurred rapidly onto both Pyrex and polyethylene containers in alkaline solution. Minimization of this adsorptive interference was attempted through the use of organic chelating agents. EDTA and thenoyltrifluoroacetone were utilized to provide retardation of the adsorption via a competitive complexation for the metal ion with the container surface. The presence of thenoyltrifluoroacetone and EDTA, in the otherwise identical solutions, successfully prevented the adsorption onto the surface of the container over a wide range of pH. In addition, the EDTA was also capable of rapidly desorbing lead which had been adsorbed for as long as 40 days on Pyrex and polyethylene surfaces.
Novel Copolymers of Styrene and Some Ring-substituted 2-Phenyl-1,1-dicyanoethylenes

Novel copolymers of trisubstituted ethylene monomers, ring-substituted 2-phenyl-1,1-dicyanoethylenes, RC6H4CH = C(CN)2 (where R is 2-F, 2-CN, 3-CN, 4-CN, 3-C6H5O, 4-C6H5O, 2-C6H5CH2O, 3-C6H5CH2O, 4-C6H5CH2O, 4-CH3CO2, 4-CH3CONH, 4-(CH3)2N) and styrene were prepared by solution copolymerization in the presence of a radical initiator (ABCN) at 70°C. The composition of the copolymers was calculated from nitrogen analysis, and the structures were analyzed by IR, 1H and 13C-NMR. The order of relative reactivity (1/r 1) for the monomers is 4-(CH3)2N (3.35) > 4-C6H5CH2O (3.1) > 2-C6H5CH2O (1.77) > 3-C6H5CH2O (1.72) > 4-C6H5O (1.70) > 4-CH3CO2 (1.58) > 2-F (1.11) > 3-C6H5O (0.90) > 3-CN (0.88) > 2-CN (0.86) > 4-CH3CONH (0.84) > 4-CN (0.76). Relatively high Tg of the copolymers in comparison with that of polystyrene indicates a decrease in chain mobility of the copolymer due to the high dipolar character of the trisubstituted ethylene monomer unit. Decomposition of the copolymers in nitrogen occurred in two steps,...
Dissatisfaction with city life: A new look at some old questions

Data from the World Values Survey are used in multilevel statistical models to evaluate received theory about preferences for rural versus big-city living, as evidenced by variations in life satisfaction/happiness/utility and its converse, life dissatisfaction. The models control for individual-level determinants of life satisfaction plus such embedding circumstances as level of development and culture region. For most parts of the world there is no evidence that either rural or big-city living are associated with variations in happiness or unhappiness; personal characteristics and level of development are the key driving forces. The exceptions are in rapidly-urbanizing Asia, where life dissatisfaction is lower in big cities than elsewhere, and in higher income countries, particularly those of Anglo-Saxon heritage, where life dissatisfaction increases with big-city residence and is significantly lower in rural areas. The Asian experience is consistent with the expectations of received urban theory for regions experiencing the upswing of the urban transition and rapid rural-to-urban migration while the higher income Anglo-Saxon experience conforms with expectations about preferences for low-density living close to nature that are traits of that culture.
Long-range forces between polar alkali-metal diatoms aligned by external electric fields

Long-range electrostatic, induction, and dispersion coefficients including terms of order ${R}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ have been calculated by the sum over states method using time-dependent density-functional theory. We also computed electrostatic moments and static polarizabilities of the individual diatoms up to the octopole order using coupled-cluster and density-functional theory. The laboratory-frame transformed electrostatic moments and van der Waals coefficients corresponding to the alignment of the diatomic molecules were found. We use this transformation to obtain the coupling induced by an external dc electric field and present values for all $XY$ combinations of like polar alkali-metal diatomic molecules with atoms from Li to Cs. Analytic solutions to the dressed-state laboratory-frame electrostatic moments and long-range intermolecular potentials are also given for the dc low-field limit.
Thermally induced phase transitions and morphological changes in organoclays.

Thermal transitions and morphological changes in Cloisite organoclays were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and in situ simultaneous small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) over the temperature range of 30−260 °C. On the basis of DSC and FTIR results, the surfactant component in organoclays was found to undergo a melting-like order−disorder transition between 35 and 50 °C. The transition temperatures of the DSC peaks (Ttr) in the organoclays varied slightly with the surfactant content; however, they were significantly lower than the melting temperature of the free surfactant (dimethyldihydrotallowammonium chloride; Tm = 70 °C). FTIR results indicated that within the vicinity of Ttr, the gauche content increased significantly in the conformation of surfactant molecules, while WAXD results did not show any change in three-dimensional ordering. Multiple scattering peak...
Interfaces In Metal-Matrix Composites

Abstract Although metal-matrix composites are geometrically similar to non-metal-matrix composites, the components are sufficiently dissimilar that the two classes have different applications and problems. Metal-matrix composites are generally used at elevated temperatures, so system stability is an important consideration. Interfaces in these composites serve as the bonding surfaces and also as the site of component interaction. The component interactions may take any of several physical or chemical forms, depending on the specific composite under consideration. This paper deals with the nature of the constituents, kinds of interfaces, and the relation between interfacial considerations and composite utilization for both fabricated (solid- or liquid-matrix phase) and eutectic metal-matrix composites. The relation of metal- to nonmetal-matrix systems is emphasized throughout.
Learning To Practice What We Teach: Integrating Elementary Education Methods Courses.

Abstract This article describes the process of how we are learning to practice what we teach by integrating methods courses for preservice teachers. This process involves taking action not just to coordinate what we do in our respective courses, but to actually integrate what we do and how we do it, with a focus on interdisciplinary instruction. A definition of interdisciplinary instruction, a rationale for using interdisciplinary instruction and a description of the context for the integrated methods courses is given. The process of learning to integrate methods courses is described, which includes an initial planning phase, an implementation phase, and a reflection and revision phase. In addition, beneficial information for other teacher educators regarding key issues and possible solutions for integrating their methods courses are presented. Implications for teacher education programs are discussed.
Visual Feature Integration in a World of Objects

rather than being in opposition, the analytic and holistic approaches to perception complement each other. Veridical object recognition depends not only on the perception of features, but also on combining features correctly. How features are combined has been largely determined by principles enumerated by the Gestalt school.
Effect of insulin on the synthesis of sarcoplasmic and ribosomal proteins of muscle.

RIBOSOMES isolated from skeletal muscle of alloxan diabetic rats are only half as effective as those from normal animals in catalysing the synthesis of protein1–4. Administration of insulin to diabetic animals restores the activity of the ribosomes to normal1. The identity of the proteins the synthesis of which is regulated by insulin, however, is not known. We report here the results of preliminary experiments that bear on the problem.
Urban influences on rural schooling in India

Abstract Many believe that low levels of schooling in rural areas of developing economies are a consequence of the low rate of return to schooling in agriculture. This belies the possibility that rural schooling decisions are undertaken in response to the possibility of employment in urban areas. This paper tests this hypothesis, using three cross sections of household data for rural India. It finds that urban rates of return do influence rural schooling, particularly amongst households who are most likely to seek urban employment, such as the landless. The results suggest that low levels of rural schooling may reflect not just conditions in the local village economy, but also the functioning and size of the relevant labor market.
Ultrastructural changes in adrenaline- and SGC-cells after morphine coincide with alterations of adrenaline and dopamine levels.

The effects of morphine on chromaffin cell ultrastructure and catecholamine contents were studied using the adrenal glands from male mice (ICR strain). After 2 h adrenaline was increased 25% from 8.1 to 11.6 μmol/g tissue, followed by a 50% decrease to 5.2 μmol/g between 8–24 h and low values persisting at 72 h. Dopamine increased initially, reaching peak values of 0.5 μmol/g between 8–24 h, but had returned towards control values of 0.29 μmol/g by 72 h. Noradrenaline remained unchanged at 2.5 μmol/gram. Naloxone prevented alterations in adrenaline and dopamine levels.
Anxiety sensitivity in 1984 and panic attacks in 1987

Abstract Subjects to whom the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) was administered in 1984 were retested in 1987 for anxiety sensitivity and tested for panic attacks, state-trait anxiety, and anxiety disorder history. ASI scores in 1984 predicted the frequency and intensity of panic attacks in 1987. Compared to subjects with low 1984 ASI scores, subjects with high 1984 ASI scores were five times more likely to have an anxiety disorder during the period 1984 to 1987. Test-retest reliability for the ASI across three years was .71. The study provided evidence for the stability of anxiety sensitivity over a long period of time and for the exceptionally strong relationships over time among anxiety sensitivity, panic attacks, and panic disorder.
Bodies steeped in stew: sport, tradition and the bodies of the sumo wrestler

Through an analysis of the role of sumo stew (chanko), this article shows how food and commensality create both the physical and the social bodies of the sumo wrestler. In examining how physical bodies are made, it also explores the meanings of ‘fat’ and obesity in sumo and Japanese culture. As professional sumo relies on a patron system, chanko commensality not only redefines the meanings of the ‘work’ of the wrestler but also provides a route to a post-retirement career.
In-Plane Analysis of Masonry Infill Materials

Simple methods for determining the corner crushing strength and the in-plane stiffness of masonry infills are developed. The methods are applicable to structural clay tile, clay brick, and concrete masonry infills and to both steel and concrete bounding frames. The corner crushing strength is determined as a function of the infill thickness and the infill prism compressive strength. The stiffness is determined using a stepwise function of the displacement and is a function of the relative stiffness of the infill to the frame. The only infill material property required for the stiffness is the modulus of elasticity. The methods were developed by looking at a wide variety of tests as reported in the literature.
DFIG Voltage Control Based on Dynamically Adjusted Control Gains

The increasing penetration of wind power presents many technical challenges to power system operations. An important challenge is the need of voltage control to maintain the terminal voltage of a wind plant to make it a PV bus like conventional generators with excitation control. In the previous work for controlling wind plant, especially the Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) system, the proportional-integral (PI) controllers are popularly applied. These approaches usually need to tune the PI controllers to obtain control gains as a tradeoff or compromise among various operating conditions. In this paper, a new voltage control approach based on a different philosophy is presented. In the proposed approach, the PI control gains for the DFIG system are dynamically adjusted based on the dynamic, continuous sensitivity which essentially indicates the dynamic relationship between the change of control gains and the desired output voltage. Hence, this control approach does not require any good estimation of fixed control gains because it has the self-learning mechanism via the dynamic sensitivity. This also gives the plug-and-play feature of DFIG controllers to make it promising in utility practices. Simulation results verify that the proposed approach performs as expected under various operating conditions.
Gold(I)-catalyzed divergence in the preparation of bicyclic enol esters: from exclusively [3C+2C]-cycloaddition reactions to exclusive formation of vinylcyclopropanes.

With the use of benzonitrile- stabilized Au I catalyst (AuA A6 (Ic ;I Pr= 1,3-bis(2,6-di- Aimidazol-2-ylidene), a spectrum of reactivity is observed for propargyl ester 4a with cyclic vinyl ethers, ranging from exclusively (3C+2C) cycloaddition reactions to ex- clusively cyclopropanation depending only on the structure of the substrate. Some initially formed cyclopropanation products rearrange into the corre- sponding formally (3C+2C) cycloaddi- tion products after treatment with fresh Au I complex at 808C. Vinylcyclo- propanes formed from dihydrofuran and dihydropyran resisted such rear- rangement, even in the presence of fresh Au I catalyst at elevated tempera- ture. This study addresses an important mechanistic question concerning whether the five-membered-ring prod- ucts were produced by a direct (3C+2C) cycloaddition reaction or by a sequential cyclopropanation/ring-ex- pansion reaction. A dual pathway is proposed for the Au I -catalyzed reac- tions between propargyl esters and cyclic vinyl ethers. The different behav- ior among vinyl cyclic ethers is attribut- ed to the difference in the polarization of the p bond. Highly polarized bonds appear to undergo the cycloaddition reaction whereas less polar p-bonds produce cyclopropanes.
Two-Dimensional Relayed-Rotating-Frame Overhauser Spectroscopy 1H NMR Experiments for the Selective Identification of 1,2-Glycosidic Linkages in Polysaccharides

Abstract This communication describes the use of two-dimensional relayed (TOCSY)-ROESY experiments for the rapid and selective identification of α/β1,2-glycosidic linkages in polysaccharides. The method assists in the identification of cross-peaks in crowded regions of ROESY spectra by moving them to less congested areas. In addition, the appearance of the spectra provides information relating the location of the glycosidic linkage within the sequence of the glycan under study. Selection of solely the 1,2- linkages is achieved by appropriately tuning the duration of the TOCSY mixing period. The method is demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally for a variety of test case polysaccharides.
Secondary structure of Bombyx mori and Dictyostelium discoideum 5S rRNA from S1 nuclease and cobra venom ribonuclease susceptibility, and computer assisted analysis

The 5S rRNAs from Bombyx mori and Dictyostelium discoideum were end-labeled with [32-P] at either the 5' or 3' end and sequenced using enzymatic digestion. The secondary structure of these molecules was studied using the single-strand specific S1 nuclease and the base-pair specific cobra venom ribonuclease. Computer analysis of these results was performed and was used to generate a consensus secondary structure for each molecule. A comparison of these results with those of other workers is presented.
Assessment of topical microbicides to prevent HIV-1 transmission: Concepts, testing, lessons learned

The development of topically applied products capable of preventing vaginal and rectal transmission of HIV-1 has been on-going for nearly 20 years. Despite this, only one clinical trial has demonstrated protection against sexual transmission of HIV-1 in women. This review covers the development of microbicides, also referred to as topical pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), through three stages. The first stage focused on nonspecific agents, including surfactants such as nonoxynol-9 (N-9), to prevent HIV-1 transmission. Unfortunately, N-9 enhanced susceptibility to sexual transmission of HIV-1 when evaluated for efficacy. Soon thereafter, other nonspecific agents (polyanions) were quickly moved into large efficacy trials. Due to a lack of coordination among investigators and funders, a large investment was made in a class of compounds shown ultimately to be ineffective, although poor adherence may have contributed to these findings. The second stage involved the assessment of the antiretroviral drug tenofovir, formulated as a vaginal gel, which was found to be modestly effective in a Phase IIb trial (CAPRISA-004) when dosed in a coitally-dependent manner. In another Phase IIb trial, VOICE (MTN-003), tenofovir gel was found to be ineffective when dosed once-daily in a coitally-independent manner. Based on pharmacokinetic data, it was concluded the participants were poorly adherent to this dosing regimen, leading to a lack of efficacy. Tenofovir gel is currently in a Phase III safety and efficacy trial in South Africa (FACTS-001), using the coitally-dependent dosing regimen employed in CAPRISA-004. We are now in the third stage of microbicide research. The antiretroviral drug dapivirine is currently in two Phase III safety and efficacy studies formulated as a vaginal ring. It is hoped that the once-monthly dosing regimen will lead to higher adherence than found in the VOICE study. It is now clear that product adherence could be the greatest challenge to demonstrating topical (and to a similar extent oral) PrEP. Novel dosage forms should play a role in creating products that women will use correctly.
A novel cell wall lipopeptide is important for biofilm formation and pathogenicity of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.

Biofilm formation by pathogenic bacteria plays a key role in their pathogenesis. Previously, the pstA gene was shown to be involved in the virulence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (M. ap), the causative agent of Johne's disease in cattle and a potential risk factor for Crohn's disease. Scanning electron microscopy and colonization levels of the M. ap mutant indicated that the pstA gene significantly contributes to the ability of M. ap to form biofilms. Digital measurements taken during electron microscopy identified a unique morphology for the ΔpstA mutant, which consisted of significantly shorter bacilli than the wild type. Analysis of the lipid profiles of the mycobacterial strains identified a novel lipopeptide that was present in the cell wall extracts of wild-type M. ap, but missing from the ΔpstA mutant. Interestingly, the calf infection model suggested that pstA contributes to intestinal invasion of M. ap. Furthermore, immunoblot analysis of peptides encoded by pstA identified a specific and significant level of immunogenicity. Taken together, our analysis revealed a novel cell wall component that could contribute to biofilm formation and to the virulence and immunogenicity of M. ap. Molecular tools to better control M. ap infections could be developed utilizing the presented findings.
Worldsheet approach to heterotic instantons and solitons

Instantons and soliton solutions of heterotic string theory are investigated with an emphasis on the worldsheet point of view. The solitons have the structure of a fivebrane in ten dimensions, the instantons are simply related to the solitons by Wick rotation. Some new fivebrane solutions are presented with a four-dimensional cross-section of the fivebrane given by an infinitely long, semi-wormhole at the core stabilized by axion charge and containing non-abelian gauge excitations. The generic such solution is shown to correspond to a sigma model with (4, 0) worldsheet supersymmetry. At special symmetric points in the moduli space of multi-instanton or multi-soliton solutions, the spin connection with torsion becomes identical to the Yang-Mills gauge connection. This results in (4, 4) worldsheet supersymmetry, and we argue that the resulting sigma models with torsion are finite and conformally invariant with no α′ corrections. It is further shown that the wormhole throat is then described by an exactly soluble conformal field theory which is essentially a Wess-Zumino-Witten model whose level is related to the axion charge. Because of the simplicity and exactness of these symmetric solutions, they should provide a useful starting point for the analysis of such issues as integration of collective coordinates in string theory, duality between strings and fivebranes and the quantization of fundamental fivebranes.
Oral stimulation influences postprandial triacylglycerol concentrations in humans: nutrient specificity.

Objective: To determined whether the nature of the lipid in an oral stimulus modifies postprandial triacylglycerolemia.Methods: Sixteen healthy adults (eight male, eight female) participated in six test sessions conducted weekly. The test sessions were administered randomly after overnight fasts and included: ingestion of 50 grams of butter in capsules (to avoid oral stimulation with lipids) and 500 mL of water in 15 minutes followed by oral stimulation with one of the following foods on a cracker: butter, unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) margarine, jelly, UFA margarine + jelly, cracker alone or no oral stimulation. Sensory stimulation entailed masticating and expectorating ∼5.0 g samples of each stimulus every three minutes for 110 minutes. Blood was drawn immediately after preload ingestion and at minutes 35, 85, 200, 320, and 440 post loading and analyzed for serum triacylglycerol (TAG), insulin and glucose concentrations.Results: Only the oral samples containing the UFA margarine led to significant elevat...
Paper Pica: An Unusual Cause of Colonic Ischemia

Pica as an eating disorder is uncommonly associated with surgical complications. Paper as the consumed substance has been previously reported twice in the literature. We present a case of bowel obstruction and ischemia secondary to paper pica. The pathophysiology, histology, and characteristics of this entity are presented, and emphasis is placed on clinical suspicion in patients with psychiatric history.
Influence of combinatorial histone modifications on antibody and effector protein recognition

Increasing evidence suggests that histone posttranslational modifications (PTMs) function in a combinatorial fashion to regulate the diverse activities associated with chromatin. Yet how these patterns of histone PTMs influence the adapter proteins known to bind them is poorly understood. In addition, how histone-specific antibodies are influenced by these same patterns of PTMs is largely unknown. Here we examine the binding properties of histone-specific antibodies and histone-interacting proteins using peptide arrays containing a library of combinatorially modified histone peptides. We find that modification-specific antibodies are more promiscuous in their PTM recognition than expected and are highly influenced by neighboring PTMs. Furthermore, we find that the binding of histone-interaction domains from BPTF, CHD1, and RAG2 to H3 lysine 4 trimethylation is also influenced by combinatorial PTMs. These results provide further support for the histone code hypothesis and raise specific concerns with the quality of the currently available modification-specific histone antibodies.
Antibody-induced conformational restriction as basis for new separation-free enzyme immunoassay

Under acid denaturing conditions, hologlucose oxidase labeled with 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) was dissociated into flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and DNP-labeled apoglucose oxidase (DNP-AG). Both lacked catalytic activity. The activity was restored by combining FAD and DNP-AG at about pH 7. If, on the other hand, anti-DNP serum was preincubated with the DNP-AG prior to the addition of FAD, activity was not restored. Furthermore, added DNP-aminocaproic acid counteracted the effects of the antibody in inhibiting the recombining of DNP-AG and FAD to form active enzyme. The anti-DNP serum probably prevented the DNP-AG from combining with FAD to form an active holoenzyme by restricting the mobility of the polypeptide chain of DNP-AG from folding into a catalytically active conformation. Based on such an antibody-induced conformational restriction of the DNP-AG, we developed a separation-free (homogeneous) enzyme immunoassay called AICREIA.
On the basis of autistic echolalia

Abstract Three children who were selected to represent varieties of developmental, belated and autistic echolalia were followed at bimonthly intervals for repeated assessments of echoic output and verbal comprehension. In addition to comparing their performances as reflected by these measures, qualitative differences of the echolalia, per se, were examined. Characteristics, linguistic and paralinguistic, which differentiated the autistic echolalia from that spoken by the other two children were discussed in terms of both traditional affect-related explanations and a contrary language-related rationale emanating from the study and from the literature.
The Short Health Anxiety Inventory and Multidimensional Inventory of Hypochondriacal Traits: A Comparison of Two Self-Report Measures of Health Anxiety

Using data from a large nonclinical sample (N = 503), the current study examined the convergence and utility of the Short Health Anxiety Inventory (SHAI; Salkovskis et al., in Psychol Med 32:843–853, 2002) and the Multidimensional Inventory of Hypochondriacal Traits (MIHT; Longley et al., in Psychol Assess 17: 3–14, 2005). Results from a higher-order measurement model indicated that the SHAI and the MIHT factors were distinguishable and generally shared significant intercorrelations. The affective factor of the SHAI and the MIHT shared the strongest convergence and the MIHT cognitive factor clustered with both affective factors. Further, a higher-order health anxiety factor adequately accounted for SHAI-MIHT factor intercorrelations, with the affective and cognitive factors of the SHAI and the MIHT loading strongest upon the higher-order factor. Finally, only the affective and cognitive SHAI and MIHT scales incrementally contributed—beyond general distress and the other SHAI and MIHT scales—in regression analyses predicting medical utilization and somatic symptoms. Implications for the conceptualization and assessment of health anxiety are discussed.
Electronic excitation transport and trapping in micellar systems: Monte Carlo simulations and density expansion approximation

Abstract A theoretical treatment of electronic energy transport and trapping in a finite volume is presented by taking, as a typical example, an ensemble of chromophores solubilized in a spherical micelle. A truncated power series expansion in the chromophore density is used to calculate the configurational average of GS(t), the probability that an initially excited donor molecule is still excited, and GD(t), the probability of finding an excitation in the sub-ensemble of donors at time t, which are directly related to experimental observables. A detailed analysis of the problem via a Monte Carlo simulation is carried out for different occupation numbers of donor and trap molecules in a micelle, and for different ratios of the micelle radius to the Forster radius. The density expansion, as checked against the numerical results, provides a quite reasonable approximation, especially at short times and low chromophore concentrations. The difference in energy transfer dynamics between a finite and infinite volume system is described. The theory developed can be useful for probing structural details of microdisperse systems via time-resolved fluorescence measurements.
The biosynthesis of DOPA in albino skin.

Abstract 1. 1. Tyrosine-hydroxylating activity from pigmented and albino rat skin has been characterized in part. Both sources of enzyme convert tyrosine to DOPA, are stimulated by DOPA, are inhibited by diethyldithiocarbamate, but not by α , α ′- dipyridyl. 2. 2. In contrast to the enzyme obtained from pigmented skin scrapings, tyrosine- hydroxylation activity is found in the soluble fraction of albino skin homogenates.
Estrogen progesterone and androgen-binding sites in renal cell carcinoma. Observations obtained in phase II trial of flutamide

A Phase II disease-oriented drug trial using flutamide (4'-nitro-3'trifluoro-methylisobutyranilide) 250 mg by mouth three times a day was undertaken in 28 patients with advanced, bidimensionally measurable renal cell carcinoma. Of 25 adequately treated cases, 1 (4%, 95% confidence limits 0-12%) had a partial remission lasting 9+ months, and 2 had stabilization of disease lasting 6 and 15 months, respectively. Flutamide demonstrated no significant antitumor activity in patients with disseminated renal cell carcinoma. Including patients entered in this study, 62 specimens were evaluated for steroid binding sites using a fluorescent method: 33 of 62 specimens assayed showed no hormone-binding sites, and only 12 cases had androgen binding. Of the 12 of 23 patients receiving flutamide who were biopsied and had an adequate sample for steroid-binding site determination, estrogen binding was demonstrated in 6, androgen binding in 3, and progesterone binding in 4. Since this study did not obtain a sufficient number of cases with androgen-binding positivity, the possible efficacy of flutamide in such cases cannot be excluded.
A Programming Environment for the Near-Paralyzed

Research in communication for people with vocal impairment has led to the development of scanning systems by which the movement of a small number of muscles e.g., jaw clenching can produce an output text to express their intentions to a trained assistant. This output is usually in a natural language. This paper discusses the development of a programming environment in standard microcomputer systems. The disabled user scans over fragments of programming and command languages to communicate with the computer and other programs instead of human assistants. The environment has been implemented in Apple IIs without hardware modification so that public domain programs and utilities may be accessed in a manner which is not stigmatory to the disabled user.
Cavernous Hemangioma of the Scrotum: A Rare Benign Genital Tumor of Childhood

AbstractCavernous hemangioma is a benign congenital lesion that rarely involves the scrotum and primarily presents during childhood. We report a case of subcutaneous scrotal-perineal hemangioma in a boy initially believed to have an inguinal hernia. These lesions can be diagnostically and therapeutically challenging. Definitive treatment by en bloc excision is recommended. Special staining techniques may be required for accurate pathological diagnosis.