cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lipids of Putative Relevance to Virulence in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Correlation of Virulence with Elaboration of Sulfatides and Strongly Acidic Lipids

From examination of some 40 patient strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a statistically very significant correlation (Spearman's rho) can be drawn between the root index of virulence for the guinea pig (D. A. Mitchison) and the ability of the individual strains to elaborate strongly acidic lipids (SAL) in culture. These include both sulfatides (SL) and phospholipids (PL). Since essentially all, if indeed not all, of the virulent and only few attenuated strains are prolific in elaborating SAL, this criterion may be a necessary requirement for the expression of virulence in M. tuberculosis. Tested by chi-square, this premise is seen to be statistically and pragmatically highly significant. We speculate that SL may contribute to the pathogenesis of tuberculosis because of a demonstrable activity directed against host liver mitochondrial membranes (manuscript in preparation) and its synergistic potentiation of the specific toxicity of trehalose dimycolate (cord factor). The activity may also be expressed against phagosomal and lysosomal membranes within macrophages. Because of their strongly anionic character, SL and PL may interact with cationic sites on lysosomal hydrolases with resultant immobilization and/or inactivation of the enzymes. By a similar mechanism, these ionic lipids may alter the activity of bactericidal basic proteins, previously recognized in the lysosomal armamentarium. Since a minor but significant fraction of demonstrably attenuated strains is nevertheless prolific in SL or SAL elaboration, this facility alone is evidently not a sufficient criterion for expression of virulence.
Studies on the function of N-acyl glutamates in the carbamyl phosphate synthetase reaction☆

Abstract Studies were undertaken to investigate whether the natural co-factor of carbamyl-P synthetase, acetylglutamate, could act as a carrier for carbonate and carboxy-phosphate during carbamyl-P synthesis, as suggested earlier by Jones and Spector (1). For acetylglutamate to so act, either the α-amide N must lose a hydrogen or the carbonyl oxygen must enolize, which would result in a loss of a hydrogen from either the nitrogen or the acyl-methyl group. One approach to this problem is synthesis of appropriate analogues of acetylglutamate followed by a test of their ability to act as co-factor. Schooler et al. (2) have reported that 2-acetoxyglutarate is an effective co-factor for the enzyme, indicating that two of the above alternatives were unlikely. Their work is not, as yet, definitive and therefore requires confirmation, for they have not reported the method of synthesis used to prepare 2-acetoxyglutarate nor its complete characterization. This paper reports these details and confirms their observation that 2-acetoxyglutarate is an effective cofactor. In addition the ability of mono- and trifluoroacetyl glutamate to serve as co-factor is reported. A fourth analogue, 3-acetoxyglutarate will not serve as a cofactor. The third alternative i.e., enolization of the carbonyl group by the loss of a hydrogen atom of the acetyl-methyl group, was tested by experiments where the solvent was TOH. These experiments indicate that no hydrogen is labilized from the acetyl-methyl group. These results and earlier studies from a number of laboratories have completely tested the functional groups of active co-factors and consistently show that an active co-factor does not react with the other substrates (ammonia, bicarbonate, and ATP) required for carbamyl-P synthesis by carbamyl-P synthetase.
Computational and experimental models of Ca2+-dependent arrhythmias

Compelling evidence exists that in cardiac muscle cells, defects in release of calcium (Ca2+) from intracellular stores are responsible for triggering and/or maintenance of arrhythmias in at least some disorders. To better understand Ca2+-triggered arrhythmias in patients, the past several years have seen the development of in vitro pharmacological models using heart cells from animals, and, more recently, in vivo models of genetically modified mice. Here, we review several models that have been used to understand these arrhythmias, pointing out strengths and weaknesses of different approaches. We further argue that, because of the complexity of cardiac electrical and Ca2+ signaling, in silico computational models are likely to become increasingly important to understand quantitatively the competing effects that control potentially arrhythmogenic Ca2+ release in the heart.
Time allocation in a concurrent schedule of social interaction and monetary reinforcement: Effects of d-amphetamine

Two mutually exclusive options (socializing versus monetary reinforcement) were concurrently available to two normal volunteers during 60-min experimental sessions under controlled laboratory conditions. The amount of money available in the monetary option was adjusted for individual subjects during baseline conditions until subjects divided their time approximately evenly between a social option in which they could converse with another same-sex volunteer or a monetary option in which money was earned for sitting quietly in a private room. In both subjects studied, d-amphetamine (5-25 mg) increased the percent of time allocated to the social option and total seconds of speech. This effect occurred even though increases in the time allocated to the social option necessarily resulted in a forfeiture of monetary reinforcement. The present results provide the first empirical evidence, to our knowledge, that d-amphetamine can increase the relative reinforcing effects of social interaction.
A method to simultaneously image two-dimensional mixture fraction, scalar dissipation rate, temperature and fuel consumption rate fields in a turbulent non-premixed jet flame

A new imaging technique was developed that provides two-dimensional images of the mixture fraction (ξ), scalar dissipation rate (χ), temperature (T), and fuel consumption rate \((\dot{\omega}_{\rm F})\) in a turbulent non-premixed jet flame. The new method is based on “seeding” nitric oxide (NO) into a particular carbon monoxide–air flame in which it remains passive. It is first demonstrated that the mass fraction of NO is a conserved scalar in the present carbon monoxide–air flame configuration, using both laminar flame calibration experiments and computations with full chemistry. Simultaneous planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) and planar Rayleigh scattering temperature imaging allow a quantitative determination of the local NO mass fraction and hence mixture fraction in the turbulent jet flame. The instantaneous mixture fraction fields in conjunction with the local temperature fields are then used to determine quantitative scalar dissipation rate fields. Advantages of the present technique include an improved signal-to-noise ratio over previous Raman scattering techniques, improved accuracy near the stoichiometric contour because simplifying chemistry assumptions are not required, and the ability to measure ξ and χ in flames experiencing localized extinction. However, the method of measuring ξ based on the passive NO is restricted to dry carbon monoxide–air flames due to the well-controlled flame chemistry. Sample imaging results for ξ, χ, T, and \(\dot{\omega}_{\rm F}\) are presented that show high levels of signal-to-noise while resolving the smallest mixing scales of the turbulent flowfield. The application, accuracy, and limitations of the present technique are discussed.
Mechanism of the light state transition in photosynthesis. III. Kinetics of the state transition in Porphyridium cruentum

Abstract The kinetics of the light state transition in the red alga Porphyridium cruentum were studied in low intensities of initiating light and in saturating flashes brief enough to elicit single turnovers of the photochemical apparatus. We confirm that the state transition is dose-dependent, but also found that the transition to state 2 was biphasic. The slow phase was correlated with the induction of photosynthesis and was eliminated if the preceding time spent in state 1 was very short. The full transition to state 1 developed following a minimum of 15 turnovers of Photosystem I, and the optimal frequency for the flash sequence was determined to be 2.5 Hz. In contrast, the turnover time required for the transition to state 2 was found to be smaller than 30 ms. The data are consistent with a mechanism we have recently proposed for the state transition in organisms that contain phycobilisomes. The mechanism proposed involves a small conformational change within the thylakoid that is brought about by localized differences in electrochemical potential. A Photosystem-I-generated potential difference of H + is prerequisite for the initiation of state 1 and, under certain conditions, a localized electric-field generated by Photosystem II may play a significant role in the transition to state 2.
Reaction of Oxygen Atoms with Chlorine

The reaction between O(3P) atoms and Cl2 has been studied in a fast flow reactor coupled to a time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer. The reaction is first order in O and Cl2 and can be described by the mechanism, O+Cl2=OCl+Cl, O+ClO=Cl+O2. The rate constant for Reaction (1) is (7.5±0.6) × 10−14 cc molecule−1·sec−1 at 300°K. In the Cl2‐rich system, the over‐all rate constant is twice this value indicating that Reaction (2) is much faster than Reaction (1). A lower limit has been obtained for the rate constant of Reaction (2) of 10−11 cc molecule−1·sec−1. The apparent gas‐phase catalytic effect of Cl2 for the recombination of O atoms previously reported has been shown to be incorrect and to arise from a rapid regeneration of Cl2 molecules on HF ``poisoned'' walls.
Regulation of myeloid progenitor cell proliferation by STAT4- and STAT6-dependent CD4+ t helper cell populations

Abstract Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) proteins mediate growth, differentiation and gene activation following stimulation with cytokines. Gene deficient mice demonstrated that Stat4 is required for IL-12 stimulated functions including proliferation, interferon-γ induction and the development of T helper type 1 (Th1) cells. Stat6-deficient mice lack IL-4 induced gene expression, proliferation and the differentiation of Th2 cells. The absence of these genes also affects myeloid progenitor cell function. In the absence of Stat4, there were decreases in the absolute numbers of CFU-GM, CFU-GEMM and BFU-E compared to control mice especially in the spleen. This was associated with decreased cycling (as determined by high specific activity 3 H-thymidine kill assay) of the progenitor cells. In contrast, mice deficient in Stat6 showed increased numbers of bone marrow and splenic CFU-GM, CFU-GEMM and BFU-E. These increases were associated with increases in cycling of the progenitor cells. Since Stat4 and Stat6 are required for reciprocal T helper cell subsets, we speculated that alterations in myeloid progenitor numbers and cycling may be due to imbalances in Th cell activity in Stat4-(Th2 only) and Stat6-(Th1 only) deficient mice. To test this, we depleted CD4+ or CD8+ cells in vivo in Stat6-deficient mice using monoclonal antibodies. Treatment of Stat6-deficient mice with anti-CD4 resulted in progenitor cell numbers and cycling that were reduced below that observed in wildtype cells. By contrast, anti-CD8 treated animals showed no decrease, and in some assays increases in progenitor numbers and rats of cycling. Thus, CD4+ cells positively regulate myeloid progenitor function in vivo. Stat6-deficient progenitor cells were as much as 10-fold more sensitive to co-stimulation with Steel factor in combination with GM-CSF. This heightened sensitivity was also diminished with in vivo anti-CD4 treatment, suggesting that one mechanism by which T cells regulate myeloid progenitors is by altering responses to stimulatory cytokines. This suggest that Th1 cells positively regulate myeloid progenitor cells, which is consistent with the role of Th1 cells in vivo in the regulation of inflammatory responses.
Teaching the Design, Leadership, and Evaluation of Structured Groups

Although structured group formats have become increasingly popular, few articles have been written describing the training sequences or strategies for the leaders of these groups. The authors describe a class that used a structured model to teach the design, leadership, and evaluation of structured groups. Thus, the class was designed to be a model structured group experience. Specific segments of the 16 class segments are outlined and described.
Beneficial and technological analysis for the recycling of solar grade silicon wastes

In the current paper, different kinds of silicon wastes during the production of SoG-Si were summarized and the beneficial analyses, such as financial value, energy value, CO2 emissions, and efficiency and energy payback time, were briefly discussed for the recycling of SoG-Si wastes. Possible technologies to recycle and purify SoG-Si wastes were reviewed: such as filtration, sedimentation, solidification control, electromagnetic separation, plasma oxidation, centrifugation, and high temperature remelting process, et al.
Drift reconstruction from first passage time data using the Levenberg–Marquardt method

AbstractIn this paper, we consider the problem of recovering the drift function of a Brownian motion from its distribution of first passage times, given a fixed starting position. Our approach uses the backward Kolmogorov equation for the probability density function (pdf) of first passage times. By taking Laplace transforms, we reduce the problem to calculating the coefficient function in a second-order ordinary differential equation (ODE). The inverse problem effectively amounts to finding the convection coefficient of the ODE, given the transformed pdf for positive values of the Laplace variable. Our first contribution is to find series solutions to the forward problem and show that the associated operator for the linearized inverse problem is compact. Our second contribution is numerical: for low noise levels, we reconstruct simple drift functions by applying Tikhonov regularization and performing a Newton iteration (Levenberg–Marquardt method). For larger noise, our solution displays large oscillatio...
A magnetic resonance spectroscopy investigation of obsessive-compulsive disorder and anxiety

Abstract The aim of the current study was to use proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to investigate potential irregularities in neurochemical compounds in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and the extent to which these irregularities are related to state anxiety. Single voxel MRS was used to image the head of the caudate nucleus (HOC) and orbitofrontal white matter (OFWM) bilaterally in adult patients with OCD and a control group. The results indicated that patients with OCD had increased levels of a combined measure of glutamate and glutamine (Glx/Cr) and N -acetyl-l-aspartic acid (NAA/Cr) relative to creatine in the right OFWM and reduced levels of myo-inositol relative to creatine (mI/Cr) in the HOC bilaterally. Correlational analyses indicated that Glx/Cr in the OFWM was related to OCD symptoms, while mI/Cr in the HOC was related to trait and/or state anxiety. Reanalysis of the significant group differences controlling for state anxiety symptoms erased three of the four group differences. These results are discussed in context of the methodological difficulties facing this area of research.
The Anthropologist as Welfare Recipient: Views from the Inside

As anthrologist on welfare, I am in a position to comment directly on the deplorable conditions and procedures involved in receiving public assistance. My recommendations for alternate approaches to managing recipients are based upon my personal experiences at the Long Island City Human Resource Administration (HRA). They include serious changes in procedure and attitude. The latter is always the harder to change, especially when social workers come from a value system that reflects middle-class sensibilities and the work ethic.
Hexafluorophosphate salts of bis and tetrakis(2,2′-bipyridine)lead(II) complexes

Both bis- and tetrakis-substituted 2,2′-bipyridine complexes of lead(II), [Pb(bpy)2](PF6)2 and [Pb(bpy)4](PF6)2 · bpy, respectively, have been characterized by X-ray crystallography as hexafluorophosphate salts when three equivalents of bipyridine is combined with Pb(NO3)2 in aqueous solution prior to metathesis. The tetrakis-substituted product, [Pb(bpy)4](PF6)2 · bpy, shows an unusual combination of intramolecular and intermolecular π-stacking of two of the bipyridine ligands throughout the crystal. Incomplete metathesis also produces a catenated, mixed-anion complex, [Pb(bpy)2(µ-NO3)](PF6), where the nitrate bridges lead(II) metal centers to form a 1-D coordination polymer. If metathesis is carried out using perchlorate, a known [Pb(bpy)2](ClO4)2 analog is produced along with [bpyH](ClO4), which has not been previously characterized by X-ray crystallography.
Third-Order Elastic Constants of Aluminum

The complete set of six third-order elastic constants of single-crystal Al has been experimentally determined by measuring both hydrostatic-pressure and uniaxial-stress derivatives of the natural sound velocities using a two-specimen interferometric technique. The specimens were neutron-irradiated to eliminate dislocation effects from the uniaxial experiments. A self-consistent set of hydrostatic-pressure derivatives of the second-order elastic constants has been calculated from the measured third-order constants. The third-order elastic constants have also been used to calculate the thermal expansion in the anisotropic-continuum model at both high and low temperatures, and a comparison has been made with the directly measured expansion coefficients.
Synthesis of Two-Photon Absorbing Unsymmetrical Fluorenyl-Based Chromophores

Unsymmetrical fluorenyl-based chromophores, flanked on either side by electron-acceptor (A) and/or electron-donating (D) groups, separated by conjugated (π) moieties, were synthesized. Heck coupling and Wittig reactions were utilized to prepare target fluorene derivatives that possess very high solubility in organic solvents, high thermal stability (up to 395 °C), and generally high fluorescence quantum yields (0.6−0.9). The systematic alteration of the structural design allowed for investigation of numerous factors that affect the optical nonlinearity, as well as probing effects of molecular symmetry, solvent polarity, strengths of electron donating and/or withdrawing end groups, and π-conjugation length. A detailed spectroscopic study of these molecules, including absorption, fluorescence emission, excitation, and excitation anisotropy, was conducted. Two-photon absorption (2PA) cross sections (δ) were determined by a nonlinear transmission method employing a femtosecond white-light continuum (WLC) pump...
New potential applications of nonlinear dielectrics: Microwave solitons and stochastic resonance

Abstract Nonlinear dielectrics, such as SrTiO3 (STO), present unique opportunity not only to develop practical electrically tunable devices, but also to explore novel scientific and technological concepts that exploit strong nonlinearities in these materials. Using prototype device structures, we are currently investigating two interesting phenomena in the realm of nonlinearity: microwave solitons and stochastic resonance. Microwave solitons are similar to optical solitons and are formed when a specific dispersion is introduced into the medium to counteract and balance the effect of nonlinearity for certain waveforms. Stochastic resonance is a phenomenon in which random noise plays a constructive role and enhances a nonlinear system's response to a deterministic signal.
Cloning and genetic analysis of the gene encoding a new protein kinase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

We have isolated a single gene from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae encoding a potential 800 amino acid polypeptide of calculated M(r) 90,098 Da. This protein consists of an N-terminal region that shares significant homology with the catalytic domains of several serine- and threonine-specific protein kinases, as well as a large, unique, C-terminal domain of unknown function. Haploid disruption mutants are viable and do not exhibit any readily observable growth defects under varying conditions of temperature, nutrients or osmotic strength. Due to the apparent structural similarity between this kinase and the protein products of the KIN1 and KIN2 genes, we have chosen to name this new gene KIN3.
The Nutrition of Parauronema acutum

SYNOPSIS. A symbiote-free strain of Parauronema acutum, 110–3, a small marine hymenostome ciliate has been cultured in a synthetic medium consisting of amino acids, purine derivatives, vitamins, lipids and artificial sea water. Populations of ∼ 1.3 × 106 per ml were obtained in 5 to 6 days at 27 C in the dark in medium prepared in sea water, density = 1.015 g/cc at a surface to volume ratio of 5 cm2/ml. The pH optimum was 7.2. The following amino acids were determined to be essential for the growth of this strain: arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine (or glycine), threonine, tryptophan and valine: guanine, guanosine or guanylic acid, but not adenine, adenosine, adenylic acid, hypoxanthine, inosine, inosinic acid, xanthine, xanthosine, or xanthylic acid, satisfied the need for a purine for growth of this organism. Pyrimidines were not required for growth. Of the vitamins tested, folic acid, nicotinamide, d-pantothenic acid, pyridoxal HCl, riboflavin, thiamine HCl and thioctic acid were essential for growth; biotin was not. Growth in the absence of lipids was transplantable, but amounted to ∼ 3% that obtained in medium containing a mixture of asolectin, animal cephalin and Tween 80. Asolectin alone at high concentrations was almost as effective as the lipid mixture in supporting growth. Purified phospholipids such as phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl inositol were less effective on an individual basis. In minimal medium containing only the “essential” amino acids, growth was less than 5% that obtained in the complete medium, but could be restored to maximal by the addition of either glutamic acid or aspartic acid. A number of substances, including sugars, amino acids and Krebs cycle intermediates, partially restored growth under these conditions. Only glycogen, starch and glucose-1-phosphate, tested individually, were as effective as glutamic acid or aspartic acid in restoring growth to optimal levels.
Alpha-2 adrenergic regulation of norepinephrine release in the rat submandibular gland as measured by HPLC-EC.

Abstract In many tissues, norepinephrine appears to inhibit its own release through an interaction at alpha adrenergic receptors. We have developed an assay for measuring the release of endogenous norepinephrine based on HPLC and have studied the regulation of release in the rat submandibular gland by alpha adrenergic antagonists. The method uses electrochemical detection to quantitate norepinephrine released from tissue slices and does not require preloading of the tissue with [ 3 H]norepinephrine. Yohimbine, an alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist, potentiates by 50% the release caused by potassium induced depolarization with an EC 50 of 0.14 μM. Prazosin, an alpha-1 antagonist, has a similar effect, but is less potent with an EC 50 of 0.77 μM. Thus, the alpha adrenergic receptor mediating the regulation of norepinephrine release is of the alpha-2 subtype. The observed equal efficacies and lack of additivity of release potentiation by yohimbine and prazosin at maximal doses suggest that both drugs act at the same receptor. The five-fold difference in potency between prazosin and yohimbine is consistent with the recent observations indicating species differences between rodent and non-rodent alpha-2 adrenergic receptors.
Distribution of GABAergic neurons and axon terminals in the macaque striate cortex

Antisera to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have been used to characterize the morphology and distribution of presumed GABAergic neurons and axon terminals within the macaque striate cortex. Despite some differences in the relative sensitivity of these antisera for detecting cell bodies and terminals, the overall patterns of labeling appear quite similar. GABAergic axon terminals are particularly prominent in zones known to receive the bulk of the projections from the lateral geniculate nucleus; laminae 4C, 4A, and the cytochrome-rich patches of lamina 3. In lamina 4A, GABAergic terminals are distributed in a honeycomb pattern which appears to match closely the spatial pattern of geniculate terminations in this region. Quantitative analysis of axon terminals that contain flat vesicles and form symmetric synaptic contacts (FS terminals) in lamina 4Cβ and in lamina 5 suggest that the prominence of GAD and GABA axon terminal labeling in the geniculate recipient zones is due, at least in part, to the presence of larger GABAergic axon terminals in these regions. GABAergic cell bodies and their initial dendritic segments display morphological features characteristic of nonpyramidal neurons and are found in all layers of striate cortex. The density of GAD and GABA immunoreactive neurons is greatest in laminae 2–3A, 4A, and 4Cβ. The distribution of GABAergic neurons within lamina 3 does not appear to be correlated with the patchy distribution of cytochrome oxidase in this region; i.e., there is no significant difference in the density of GAD and GABA immunoreactive neurons in cytochrome-rich and cytochrome-poor regions of lamina 3. Counts of labeled and unlabeled neurons indicate that GABA immunoreactive neurons make up at least 15% of the neurons in striate cortex. Layer 1 is distinct from the other cortical layers by virtue of its high percentage (77–81%) of GABAergic neurons. Among the other layers, the proportion of GABAergic neurons varies from roughly 20% in laminae 2–3A to 12% in laminae 5 and 6. Finally, there are conspicuous laminar differences in the size and dendritic arrangement of GAD and GABA immunoreactive neurons. Lamina 4Cα and lamina 6 are distinguished from the other layers by the presence of populations of large GABAergic neurons, some of which have horizontally spreading dendritic processes. GABAergic neurons within the superficial layers are significantly smaller and the majority appear to have vertically oriented dendritic processes. These results provide support for the idea that GABAergic neurons make up a significant proportion of the neurons within the macaque striate cortex and that there are laminar differences in the number and the types of GABAergic neurons—differences that may be relevant for understanding the contributions of GABA-mediated inhibition to striate cortex function.
JAK2 Gets Histone H3 Rolling

Activation of JAK2 is implicated in normal hematopoiesis as well as oncogenic transformation. A paper in the recent issue of Nature demonstrates that phosphorylation of histone H3 by JAK2 releases the transcriptional repressor HP1α from chromatin, resulting in gene transcription.
Accurate coverage summarization of UAV videos

A predominant fraction of UAV videos are never watched or analyzed and there is growing interest in having a summary view of the UAV videos for obtaining a better overall perspective of the visual content. Real time summarization of the UAV video events is also important from tactical perspective. Our research focuses on developing resilient algorithms for summarizing videos that can be efficiently processed either onboard or offline. Our previous work [2] on the video summarization has focused on the event summarization. More recently, we have investigated the challenges in providing the coverage summarization of the video content from UAV videos. Different from the traditional coverage summarization taking SfM approach (e.g., [7]) on SIFT-based [14] feature points, there are several additional challenges including jitter, low resolution, contrast, lack of salient features in UAV videos. We propose a novel correspondence algorithm that exploits the 3D context that can potentially alleviate the correspondence ambiguity. Our results on VIRAT dataset shows that our algorithm can find many correct correspondences in low resolution imagery while avoiding many false positives from the traditional algorithms.
LooM: An anonymity quantification method in pervasive computing environments

Purpose – The paper's aim is to present a novel anonymity quantification method, LooM (loosely managed privacy protection method) for achieving privacy protection in pervasive computing environments. Design/methodology/approach – The main feature is that the method quantitatively controls anonymity by a single value (disclosure threshold value) using a classification algorithm of the decision tree. The value is not affected by the set size of users or the distribution of users' private information. The effectiveness of this method is confirmed by simulation using sample databases of attribute‐value pairs. Proposes a model of privacy information disclosure that achieves a balance between users' privacy protection requirements and service providers' disclosure requirements and applies web questionnaire survey data to this model. Findings – LooM can be applicable to a variety of pervasive computing and communication services handling a huge amount of data containing privacy information. Originality/value – The paper proposes a model of privacy information disclosure that achieves a balance between users' privacy protection requirements and service providers' disclosure requirements.
Capitalist Globalization as World-Historic Context: A Response

Critical Sociology http://crs.sagepub.com/ Capitalist Globalization as World-Historic Context: A Response William I Robinson Crit Sociol 2012 38: 405 originally published online 6 February 2012 DOI: 10.1177/0896920511434273 The online version of this article can be found at: http://crs.sagepub.com/content/38/3/405 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for Critical Sociology can be found at: Email Alerts: http://crs.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://crs.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations: http://crs.sagepub.com/content/38/3/405.refs.html >> Version of Record - May 29, 2012 OnlineFirst Version of Record - Feb 6, 2012 What is This? Downloaded from crs.sagepub.com at UNIV CALIFORNIA SANTA BARBARA on June 7, 2012
Poly(silyl ether)s by Ruthenium-Catalyzed Hydrosilylation Polymerization of Aliphatic ω-Dimethylsilyloxy Ketones and Copolymerization of Aliphatic α,ω-Diketones with α,ω-Dihydridooligodimethylsiloxanes

The hydrosilylation polymerization of aliphatic ω-dimethylsilyloxy ketones is catalyzed by activated dihydridocarbonyltris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium (Ru) to yield unsymmetrical poly(silyl ether)s. Likewise, Ru catalyzes the copolymerization of aliphatic α,ω-diketones with α,ω-dihydridooligodimethylsiloxanes to yield symmetrical poly(silyl ether)s. These polymers have been characterized by 1H, 13C, and 29Si NMR as well as IR spectroscopy. Their molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn) have been determined by GPC. End group analysis by 1H NMR provides an independent measure of Mn. Their thermal stability was measured by TGA, and their glass transition temperatures (Tg's) were determined by DSC. Chiral centers affect the NMR spectra of these poly(silyl ether)s. The effect of siloxane chain length on copolymer Tg has been evaluated.
Fundamental Chemistry And Thermodynamics Of Hydrothermal Oxidation Processes

The objective of this research program is to provide fundamental scientific information on the physical and chemical properties of solutes in aqueous solutions at high temperatures needed to assess and enhance the applicability of hydrothermal oxidation (HTO) to the remediation of DOE hazardous and mixed wastes. Focus areas for this project include measurements of the solubility and speciation of actinides in model HTO process streams at high temperatures, and the experimental and theoretical development of equations of state for aqueous mixtures under HTO process conditions ranging above the critical temperature of water. A predictive level of understanding of the chemical and physical properties of HTO process streams is being developed through molecular-level simulations of aqueous solutions at high temperatures.
EXPERIMENTAL MUMPS MENINGITIS

It has been shown that an aseptic meningitis of 3 to 5 days duration and favorable prognosis can be induced in cats by intrathecal injection of sterile saliva filtrate from early cases of parotitis, and that such a meningitis can be transmitted to other cats by injecting the cerebrospinal fluid in the same manner. The cerebrospinal fluid does not, at any time, contain bacteria which grow with the ordinary culture methods.
Two stage packet classification using most specific filter matching and transport level sharing

In this paper we introduce two new concepts to the design of packet classification systems. First, we propose most specific filter matching (MSFM), an improvement over the well known Cross Producting algorithm [V. Srinivasan, S. Suri, G. Varghese, M. Waldvogel, Fast and scalable layer four switching, in: Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM, 1998] that significantly reduces the memory requirement of the earlier scheme. Second, we suggest that rules specifying the same source-destination IP prefix pair can be grouped together forming shared sets of transport level fields. This property of Transport Level Sharing (TLS), which characterizes real world classification databases is exploited for reducing a classifier's memory requirement and for hardware acceleration. We split the classification process into two stages. First, we perform classification on source-destination IP prefix pairs using the MSFM algorithm. Second, we perform classification on transport level fields exploiting transport level sharing. It is the combination of most specific filter matching and transport level sharing which results in a scheme that requires no more than 11 dependent memory accesses in the critical path independent of the size of the classification database. The memory access bandwidth of our scheme is also bounded when our scheme is accelerated in hardware. Compared to other schemes which involve a small and predictable number of steps in the critical path (e.g., Cross Producting [V. Srinivasan, S. Suri, G. Varghese, M. Waldvogel, Fast and scalable layer four switching, in: Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM, 1998] or Recursive Flow Classification [P. Gupta, N. McKeown, Packet classification on multiple fields, in: Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM, 1999]) the combination of most specific filter matching and transport level sharing is associated with the least memory requirement.
Non-methane hydrocarbon emissions from vehicle fuel caps

Abstract Vehicles emit non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) from a number of sources, including missing, worn or improperly tightened fuel caps. Inspection and maintenance programs and the On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) system will detect some of these deficiencies, however, even properly tightened caps will emit NMHCs due to permeation, diffusion, cracks and gaps in seals, and failures of pressure-relief mechanisms. These emissions have not been previously quantified. In this study, in-use emissions from fuel caps were measured in 213 tests on vehicles of varying age and condition over several seasons, including cold and warm temperatures. Diffusion/permeation models are presented to complement the experimental work. NMHC emissions from fuel caps were detected from all vehicles, of which benzene constituted 2.5%. Emissions averaged 2.0 mg h −1 (median=0.5 mg h −1 ), and the distribution of emission rates was highly skewed by a small number of vehicles with much higher emissions, e.g., the 90th, 95th and maximum percentile values were 2.7, 5.0, and 62.7 mg h −1 , respectively. Emission rates increased substantially if the fuel cap was loose, in hot weather, and with vehicle age and mileage. Overall, emissions from properly functioning caps are small relative to running and refueling losses, though they may be significant if the gas cap is defective or loose. Further reductions in emissions may be achieved by using new low-torque cap designs, improved elastomers, properly tightening fuel caps, and replacing old caps.
Gas chromatography/plasma spectrometry—an important analytical tool for elemental speciation studies

Abstract In this review, a full discussion and update of the state-of-the-art of gas chromatography (GC) coupled to all known plasma spectrometers is presented. A brief introductive discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of GC–plasma interfaces, as well as types of plasmas and mass spectrometers, is given. The plasma-based techniques covered include inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) microwave-induced plasma optical emission spectrometry (MIP-OES), and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Also, different variants of plasma sources, such as low power plasmas and glow discharge (GD) sources, are described and compared with respect to their capabilities in elemental speciation. Recent advances and alternative mass analyzers (collision/reaction cell; time-of-flight; double-focusing sector field) are also mentioned. Different aspects of the GC–plasma coupling are discussed with particular attention to the applications of these hyphenated techniques to the analysis of elemental species. Additionally, classical and modern sample preparation methods, including extraction and/or preconcentration and derivatization reactions, are presented and evaluated.
Transcriptional silencing in bacteria.

Transcriptional silencing and repression are modes of negative control of gene expression that differ in specificity. Repressors, when present at promoter-specific binding sites, interfere locally with RNA polymerase function. Silencing proteins act by covering a continuous region of DNA, compete with a broader spectrum of proteins and are non-specific with respect to the promoters affected. Studies of transcriptional silencing promise an entree to relatively unexplored areas of prokaryotic biology.
Soluble Guanylate Cyclase α1 and β1 Gene Transfer Increases NO Responsiveness and Reduces Neointima Formation After Balloon Injury in Rats via Antiproliferative and Antimigratory Effects

Abstract —In vascular smooth muscle cells, NO stimulates the synthesis of cGMP by soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), a heterodimer composed of α1 and β1 subunits. NO/cGMP signal transduction affects multiple cell functions that contribute to neointima formation after vascular injury. Balloon-induced vascular injury was found to decrease sGC subunit expression and enzyme activity in rat carotid arteries. The effect of restoring sGC enzyme activity on neointima formation was investigated using recombinant adenoviruses specifying sGC α1 and β1 subunits (Adα1 and Adβ1). Coinfection of cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells with Adα1 and Adβ1 increased NO-stimulated intracellular cGMP levels 60-fold and decreased DNA synthesis and migration by 16% and 48%, respectively. Immunoreactivity for α1 and β1 subunits colocalized in carotid arteries infected with Adα1 and Adβ1. Molsidomine-stimulated carotid tissue cGMP levels were greater after coinfection with Adα1 and Adβ1 than after infection with a control virus, AdRR5 (0.53±0.09 pmol/mg protein, mean±SEM, versus 0.23±0.09, P <0.05). Mean intima/media ratio, 2 weeks after balloon injury and twice-daily administration of 5 mg/kg molsidomine, was less in rats coinfected with Adα1 and Adβ1 than in rats infected with AdRR5 or in uninfected rats (0.36±0.11 versus 0.81±0.13 and 0.75±0.25, respectively, P <0.05). Thus, Adα1 and Adβ1 gene transfer to balloon-injured rat carotid arteries increases NO responsiveness and attenuates neointima formation via a direct antiproliferative and antimigratory effect on vascular smooth muscle cells.
Activity-dependent elimination of neuromuscular synapses

At developing neuromuscular synapses in vertebrates, different motor axon inputs to muscle fibers compete for maintenance of their synapses. Competition results in progressive changes in synaptic structure and strength that lead to the weakening and loss of some inputs, a process that has been called synapse elimination. At the same time, a single input is strengthened and maintained throughout adult life, consistently recruiting muscle fibers to contract even at rapid firing rates. Work over the last decade has led to an understanding of some of the cell biological mechanisms that underlie competition and how these culminate in synapse elimination. We discuss current ideas about how activity modulates neuromuscular synaptic competition, how competition leads to synapse loss, and how these processes are modulated by cell-cell signaling. A common feature of competition at neuromuscular as well as CNS synapses is that temporally correlated activity seems to slow or prevent competition, while uncorrelated activity seems to trigger or enhance competition. Important questions that remain to be addressed include how patterns of motor neuron activity affect synaptic strength, what is the temporal relationship between changes in synaptic strength and structure, and what cellular signals mediate synapse loss. Answers to these questions will expand our understanding of the mechanisms by which activity edits synaptic structure and function, writing permanent changes in neural circuitry.
Sodium fluoride does not increase human bone cell proliferation or protein synthesis in vitro.

The efficacy of sodium fluoride therapy for osteoporosis remains controversial. Evidence from clinical studies and from animals receiving fluoride has suggested that fluoride might act on bone to increase osteoblast numbers and matrix synthesis. In order to examine the hypothesis that fluoride has a direct mitogenic or anabolic action on the osteoblast, we tested the effect of fluoride on first passage human osteoblastic bone cells grown from collagenase-treated trabecular bone fragments. Under a variety of culture conditions, including both medium supplementation with serum and with a chemically defined medium, fluoride in doses ranging from 10−6 to 10−3 M did not alter cell proliferation as measured either by thymidine incorporation or by direct cell counting. Furthermore, exposure to fluoride under conditions of low serum supplementation did not alter either the total protein synthesis of the cells or their biosynthetic profile. These data suggest that fluoride does not actin vitro upon differentiated osteoblastic bone cells derived from adult human patients.
On the Reduction of Nonlinear Structural Dynamics Models

The authors analyze the problem of model reduction in structural dynamics for unforced conser vative systems having static, cubic nonlinearities. The framework is the classical one of partitioning ...
Height on the Draw-a-Person: Comparison of Figure Drawings of Black and White Male Drug Abusers

The Draw-A-Person Test was administered to 30 black and 30 white male drug abusers, in a residential therapeutic community. Mean height and mean area of the female figures drawn by the black subjects were greater than the mean height and mean area of the female figures drawn by the white subjects. More black subjects drew the female figure taller than the male figure. Data were discussed in regard to family background and socio-cultural considerations.
Redox recipes. VIII. A recipe with ferric versenate, sodium sulfide and hydroperoxide as activating system (veroxasulfide recipe)

A new recipe called the Veroxasulfide Recipe is described for the polymerization of butadiene (75)-styrene (25). The initiating system is composed of ferric versenate, sodium sulfide, and a hydroperoxide. With K-fatty acid soap as emulsifier, the use of 0.00728 part of ferric nitrate nonahydrate (corresponding to 10−4M ferric iron in the aqueous phase), 10−4M versene, 0.02 part of sodium sulfide, and 0.1 part of Diox D, the following conversions are found at 5°C.: Text Table Text. Time, hrs. 1 2 4 8 12 Conversion, % 8 16 32 66 85 The optimum amount of sodium sulfide is 0.02 part (equivalent to 0.062 part of the nonahydrate) but the rate does not depend critically on the amount. The optimum rate is found with approximately 0.00025 M ferric versenate (8.3% in 8 hours at 5°C.) and the rate may be adjusted conveniently by adjustment of the amount of ferric versenate. The presence of a considerable excess of versene over ferric iron does not affect the rate. With less versene than the amount equimolar to the amount of ferric iron the rate corresponds approximately to that observed with the corresponding amount of ferric versenate; that is, the rate is determined by the amount of ferric versenate rather than by the total amount of ferric iron. Latex of normal fluidity is obtained with charges containing 0.5 part or more of potassium chloride; without added electrolyte thick latex subject to precoagulation is obtained. Satisfactory rates are found with mixtures of Dresinate 214 and K-fatty acid soap. Mercaptan is not needed for initiation; the same rate is found with n-dodecyl mercaptan, with sulfole mercaptan, and without mercaptan. The kind of agitation has no or slight effect on the rate. Added oxygen has only a slight effect which is largely eliminated by the addition of sodium dithionite. A recipe is given which at −5°C. yields 70–75% conversion in 12 hours. Polymerization using the Veroxasulfide recipe at 25°C. may provide a sensitive test for traces of iron in ingredients used in polymerization recipes, since with 2 × 10−6M ferric versenate (corresponding to 0.1 p.p.m. of ferric iron per liter of aqueous phase), 32% conversion is reached in 11 hours, whereas in the absence of iron 3% conversion is reached in the same time.
Effects of SC-0224 and glyphosate on inflated duckweed (Lemna gibba) growth and EPSP-synthase activity from Klebsiella pneumoniae

Abstract The effects of the herbicides SC-0224 (trimethylsulfonium carboxymethylaminomethylphosphonate) and glyphosate [ N -(phosphonomethyl)glycine] (PMG) on the inhibition of inflated duckweed ( Lemna gibba L.) growth and on the conversion of shikimate to anthranilate in a cell-free extract of Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 25306) were compared. SC-0224 is the trimethylsulfonium (TMS) salt of N -(phosphonomethyl)-glycine (PMG), whereas glyphosate is commercially formulated as the isopropylamine (IPA) salt of PMG. Both formulated and technical grade forms of SC-0224 were found to be much more phytotoxic to duckweed than either formulated or technical grade forms of glyphosate. The growth inhibition caused by glyphosate was partially prevented by different combinations of the aromatic amino acids Phe, Tyr, and Trp; whereas, the duckweed growth inhibition caused by SC-0224 could not be reduced by the same amino acid combinations. Trimethylsulfonium ion (TMS), the cationic constituent of the SC-0224 salt,and SC-0224 were found to be equally phytotoxic to duckweek indicating that the phytotoxic effects of TMS may be responsible for differences in the action of glyphosate and SC-0224 on duckweed. SC-0224 and glyphosate equally inhibited the production of anthranilate in the cell-free extract of K. pneumoniae , whereas TMS caused no inhibition. These results indicate that both constituents of the SC-0224 salt, TMS and PMG, are phytotoxic and may act independently.