cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Redox properties of an engineered purple CuA azurin

Abstract Purple Cu A centers are a class of binuclear, mixed-valence copper complexes found in cytochrome c oxidase and nitrous oxide reductase. An engineered Cu A protein was formed by replacing a portion of the amino acid sequence that contains three of the ligands to the native type I copper center of Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin with the corresponding portion of sequence from the Cu A center of cytochrome c oxidase from Paracoccus denitrificans [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93 (1996) 461]. Oxidation–reduction midpoint potential ( E m ) values of the Cu A azurin of +399±10 and +380±2 mV, respectively, were determined by cyclic voltammetry and spectrochemical titration. An n value of one was obtained, indicating that the redox reaction is cycling between the mixed valence and the fully reduced states. Whereas the E m value of native azurin is pH dependent, the E m value of Cu A azurin is not, as expected for the Cu A center. Similarities and differences in the redox properties are discussed in terms of the known crystal structures of Cu A centers in cytochrome c oxidase and Cu A azurin.
How the change agent has changed

As the US military's research arm turns fifty — and other branches of government seek to adopt its famously nimble approach — a former director reflects on what worked and what didn't. the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, was set up in 1958 as a response to the launch of Sputnik. DARPA was to ensure that the United States remained the most advanced military nation. As well as producing a military dividend, DARPA technology has changed the commercial world: its Arpanet network paved the way for the Internet, and it helped create the Global Positioning System. To mark DARPA's fiftieth anniversary, we ask if it is still relevant today. And former DARPA director Charles Herzfeld reflects on its successes and failures.
Language, sublanguage, and the promise of machine translation

L'auteur s'attache a l'analyse de la communication linguistique afin de definir des sous-ensembles (des sous-langues) qui serviront de base a la traduction automatique
VASOPRESSIN IN BLOOD: EFFECT OF HEMORRHAGE1

A method has been developed for the estimation of vasopressin in blood. By means of a few simple chemical and chromatographic procedures vasopressin contained in large quantities of blood may be extracted and obtained in small volumes of solution suitable for either bioassay determinations or further purification. These methods coupled with a bioassay procedure have been employed for the study of the time course of changes in the concentration of pressor material in the blood after hemorrhage. Evidence is presented that this pressor material is identical with vasopressin. From the results of these studies, an approximate rate and total discharge of vasopressin into blood of dogs subjected to hemorrhage was calculated.
Considering the Environment in Transportation Planning: Review of Emerging Paradigms and Practice in the United States

Several state Departments of Transportation (DOTs) and metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) in the United States are considering environmental issues in the early stages of the transportation planning process, recognizing that there are benefits to be gained from better decisions, reduced public controversy, and shortened times to project implementation. This paper examines the current practice of such consideration, with special emphasis on best case examples. The study was conducted through a literature review, a survey of state DOTs and MPOs, and the identification of best case examples. The findings indicate the emergence, both in the literature and in practice, of more formal recognition of the need to consider environmental factors earlier in the planning process. State DOTs and MPOs agree that air quality, land use, socio-economic, environmental justice, and community cohesion impacts are of greatest concern today, and will be so in 10 years. Different approaches for considering environmental factors in planning include scenario analysis, environmental analysis of plans, environmental performance measures, consideration of equity issues, new data and analysis tools, and innovative institutional partnerships.
Leaf fossil record suggests limited influence of atmospheric CO2 on terrestrial productivity prior to angiosperm evolution

Declining CO2 over the Cretaceous has been suggested as an evolutionary driver of the high leaf vein densities (7–28 mm mm−2) that are unique to the angiosperms throughout all of Earth history. Photosynthetic modeling indicated the link between high vein density and productivity documented in the modern low-CO2 regime would be lost as CO2 concentrations increased but also implied that plants with very low vein densities (less than 3 mm mm−2) should experience substantial disadvantages with high CO2. Thus, the hypothesized relationship between CO2 and plant evolution can be tested through analysis of the concurrent histories of alternative lineages, because an extrinsic driver like atmospheric CO2 should affect all plants and not just the flowering plants. No such relationship is seen. Regardless of CO2 concentrations, low vein densities are equally common among nonangiosperms throughout history and common enough to include forest canopies and not just obligate shade species that will always be of limited productivity. Modeling results can be reconciled with the fossil record if maximum assimilation rates of nonflowering plants are capped well below those of flowering plants, capturing biochemical and physiological differences that would be consistent with extant plants but previously unrecognized in the fossil record. Although previous photosynthetic modeling suggested that productivity would double or triple with each Phanerozoic transition from low to high CO2, productivity changes are likely to have been limited before a substantial increase accompanying the evolution of flowering plants.
Postcranial element shape and function: assessing locomotor mode in extant and extinct mustelid carnivorans

Assessment of locomotor modes in fossil taxa must often be made on the basis of heavily fragmented postcranial material. Previous authors have used quantitative methods to determine locomotor function from whole postcranial elements. The goals of this project were to assess the ability of element shape to discern between locomotor modes through landmark analysis, and to apply the results to assessment of fossils. Results suggest that element shape is a good predictor of function, but that different elements have different predictive capacities for each locomotor mode. Additionally, a relationship between size and shape exists that appears to drive morphological differentiation in the group. Finally, data from the extant sample were applied to fossil material of the extinct Plio-Pleistocene taxon Trigonictis. The results suggest that the locomotor mode of Trigonictis was generalized and probably an intermediate between the half-bound locomotion found in weasels and ferrets and the scansorial locomotion of martens and fishers. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 150, 895–914.
The effect of documentation on customer perception of product quality

Documentation is generally viewed in a secondary or support role to the sale and function of primary products. The study discusses the relationship between secondary and primary product characteristics and provides the results of a customer survey of computer hardware end users. Over 500 respondents (or customers) were surveyed regarding the impact of documentation on customers' perception of product quality. The results of a logistic regression showed that the level of satisfaction with documentation plays a critical role in explaining customer satisfaction with primary product quality. Consequently, before organizations make decisions regarding cuts in documentation, they should carefully evaluate documentation's effects on company performance. Implications for practice and research are also provided, with follow up and complementary studies suggested.
Segmental Replacement of the Femur in Baboons with Fiber Metal Implants and Autologous Bone Grafts of Different Particle Size

A study was made of bone ingrowth into fiber metal composite prostheses used to replace large segments of the femur in baboons. Bone grafts of two different types were used to cover the segment: chips of bone with large particle size and ground bone with a smaller particle size. The prosthetic segment was bridged by bone at 3 and 6 months in all cases irrespective of the structure of the transplant. In animals sacrificed at 6 months bone ingrowth occurred, with a marked difference between specimens with the two different grafts. In the ground bone specimens ingrowth occurred over the total surface area, and bone penetrated deep into the composite. With the chip grafts ingrowth was more irregular occurring only in some areas and it was always superficial. The difference is believed to be due to the improved contact between the fiber metal surface and the transplant. The lesser bulk of the ground transplant is advantageous when the soft tissue cover of the bone is thin.
A Theoretical Analysis of a Self-Propelled Backward-Bent Duct Wave Energy Conversion System

In this paper an analysis of a self-propelled Backward-Bent Duct Barge (BBDB) wave energy conversion system operating at an averaged forward speed is presented. The energy required to propel the system is a parasitic energy of the wave energy conversion subsystem. The analysis includes a feedback between the internal water motions and the floating body dynamics. The performance of the BBDB operating in a design (head) sea is shown to be far superior to both a BBDB in a following sea and a fixed BBDB in a following sea. For this comparison, a 35.6-m long system having a 9.91-m beam and displacing 500 metric tons is studied. The system is also shown to have a positive drift in head seas.
Barcoding bushmeat: molecular identification of Central African and South American harvested vertebrates

The creation and use of a globally available database of DNA sequences from a standardized gene region has been proposed as a tool for species identification, assessing genetic diversity and monitoring the legal and illegal trade in wildlife species. Here, we contribute to the Barcode of Life Data System and test whether a short region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COX1) gene would reliably distinguish among a suite of commonly hunted African and South American mammal and reptile species. We used universal primers to generate reference barcode sequences of 645 bp for 23 species from five vertebrate families (Crocodilidae, Alligatoridae, Bovidae, Suidae and Cercopithecidae). Primer cocktails yielded high quality barcode sequences for 179 out of 204 samples (87.7%) from all species included in the study. For most taxa, we sequenced multiple individuals to estimate intraspecific sequence variability and document fixed diagnostic characters for species identification. Polymorphism in the COX1 fragment was generally low (mean = 0.24%), while differences between congeneric species averaged 9.77%. Both fixed character differences and tree-based maximum likelihood distance methods unambiguously identified unknown and misidentified samples with a high degree of certainty. Barcode sequences also differentiated among newly identified lineages of African crocodiles and identified unusually high levels of genetic diversity in one species of African duiker. DNA barcoding offers promise as an effective tool for monitoring poaching and commercial trade in endangered species, especially when investigating semi-processed or morphologically indistinguishable wildlife products. We discuss additional benefits of barcoding to ecology and conservation.
Contribution of active hair-bundle motility to nonlinear amplification in the mammalian cochlea

The cochlea’s high sensitivity stems from the active process of outer hair cells, which possess two force-generating mechanisms: active hair-bundle motility elicited by Ca2+ influx and somatic motility mediated by the voltage-sensitive protein prestin. Although interference with prestin has demonstrated a role for somatic motility in the active process, it remains unclear whether hair-bundle motility contributes in vivo. We selectively perturbed the two mechanisms by infusing substances into the endolymph or perilymph of the chinchilla’s cochlea and then used scanning laser interferometry to measure vibrations of the basilar membrane. Blocking somatic motility, damaging the tip links of hair bundles, or depolarizing hair cells eliminated amplification. While reducing amplification to a lesser degree, pharmacological perturbation of active hair-bundle motility diminished or eliminated the nonlinear compression underlying the broad dynamic range associated with normal hearing. The results suggest that active hair-bundle motility plays a significant role in the amplification and compressive nonlinearity of the cochlea.
Chatter Detection in Machining Using Nonlinear Energy Operator

A normalized chatter detection index, which is independent of cutting conditions, is critical for machining process monitoring and control. This paper introduces a novel method for on-line machine-tool chatter detection. The method characterizes the significant transition in the cutting dynamics at the onset of chatter by the changes in the instantaneous energy of the machining system. This technique utilizes the relation between the Teager‐ Kaiser nonlinear energy operator and time-frequency (Wigner) distribution to develop a normalized chatter detection index. The validity of this technique is demonstrated with the actual experimental cutting data obtained from turning and milling processes. DOI: 10.1115/1.4001331
Translating first-order causal theories into answer set programming

Nonmonotonic causal logic became a basis for the semantics of several expressive action languages. Norman McCain and Paolo Ferraris showed how to embed propositional causal theories into logic programming, and this work paved the way to the use of answer set solvers for answering queries about actions described in causal logic. In this paper we generalize these embeddings to first-order causal logic--a system that has been used to simplify the semantics of variables in action descriptions.
OAI-PMH architecture for the NASA langley research center atmospheric science data center

We present the architectural decisions involved in adding an Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) interface to the NASA Langley Research Center Atmospheric Science Data Center (ASDC). We review four possible implementation strategies and discuss the implications of our choice. The ASDC differs from most OAI-PMH implementations because of its complex data model, large size (1.3 petabytes) of its Earth Science data holdings and its rate of data acquisition (>20 terabytes / month).
Pressure-Induced Distortive Phase Transition in Chromite-Spinel at 29 GPa

A natural chromite single crystal was compressed in a helium pressure medium to just above 35 GPa at ambient temperature and studied with energy-dispersive x-ray diffraction. The volume compression of the cubic, spinel-type structure was fit to a third-order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state with parameters a 0 = 8.338(4) A, V 0 = 579.6(9) A 3 , K 0 =179(10) GPa, and K' = 3.9(9) up to 29 GPa. A distortive phase transition was discovered at higher pressures to a CaAl 2 O 4 -type orthorhombic structure, with two cubic unit-cell axes increasing and the third decreasing with increasing pressure. The transition can be fit to a Landau-type strain-order formulism with approximately 5% volume decrease from the cubic phase at 35 GPa. The transition may be triggered by electronic or magnetic transitions in the 3 d elements Fe and Cr cations.
Nonlinear quantum dynamics

The vast majority of the literature dealing with quantum dynamics is concerned with linear evolution of the wave function or the density matrix. A complete dynamical description requires a full understanding of the evolution of measured quantum systems, necessary to explain actual experimental results. The dynamics of such systems is intrinsically nonlinear even at the level of distribution functions, both classically as well as quantum mechanically. Aside from being physically more complete, this treatment reveals the existence of dynamical regimes, such as chaos, that have no counterpart in the linear case. Here, we present a short introductory review of some of these aspects, with a few illustrative results and examples.
Comparison of optimization procedures for radar scattering matrices

Summary form only given. Basic principles of radar polarimetry were introduced, and various optimization procedures for the propagation (scattering) range operator equation and the received power expressions were presented and compared. It was assumed that the radar is a complete coherent dual orthogonal (A,B) transmit/receive antenna system of high channel isolation and antenna sidelobe reduction, where in the case of wave interaction with a discrete stationary point target the propagation (scattering) matrix is given by the 2*2 coherent Jones (Sinclair) matrix and/or the 3*3 or 4*4 complex covariance matrix, and the 4*4 Mueller (Kennaugh) power density matrix for the symmetric or the asymmetric partially coherent cases, respectively. Separate optimization procedures were introduced for the symmetric case, demonstrating that for the coherent (deterministic) scattering scenario the solutions are identical, and so approximately also for the partially polarized case, whereas for the partially coherent case a more elaborate optimization procedure for the 3*3 covariance and/or 4*4 Mueller matrices is employed. >
Information Cascades; Entry Written for the New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics

An information cascade occurs when it is optimal for an individual, having observed the actions and possibly payoffs of those ahead of him, to take the same action regardless of his own information. When there are informational cascades, society may reap only a modest fraction of the potential gains from aggregating the diverse information of many individuals. As a result, information cascades can help explain some otherwise puzzling aspects of human and animal behavior. For example, why do individuals tend to converge on similar behavior? Why is mass behavior prone to error and fads? We suggest that the theory of observational learning, and particularly of information cascades, has much to offer economics and other social sciences. Abstract describes an entry written for: S. N. Durlauf and L. E. Blume, The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, forthcoming, Palgrave Macmillan. This abstract has not been reviewed or edited. The definitive published version of the entry may be found in the complete New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics in print and online, forthcoming.
Pharmacology Review: Common Diuretics Used in the Preterm and Term Infant

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Review the actions of the diuretic agents commonly used in neonates. 2. Delineate the adverse effects of diuretic therapy. 3. Determine the roles of diuretics in therapy. Diuretics represent one of the most common classes of drugs administered to sick neonates and infants. Unwanted fluid retention arising from myriad neonatal disorders can and does complicate the optimal care of sick infants. To appreciate the many factors that influence a patient’s response to diuretic therapy and clinical and laboratory monitoring, we direct readers to the article “The Ontogeny of Human Kidney Development: Influence on Neonatal Diuretic Therapy” in this issue. All the clinically relevant diuretics, with the exception of aldosterone receptor antagonists (eg, spironolactone), must achieve sufficient free drug concentrations within the renal tubular lumen to reach their sites of action. Thus, diuretic effectiveness ultimately is guided by the functional capacity of the kidney, which clearly is influenced by infants’ gestational and postnatal ages. This article addresses the most common diuretics used in the neonate and young infant, focusing on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of each drug relative to the infant’s postconceptional age and other factors that influence the infant’s overall response to therapy. ### “Loop” or “High Ceiling” Diuretics All diuretics, with the exception of spironolactone, must reach the renal tubular lumen to exert their pharmacologic effect. A lower renal blood flow (RBF) in preterm infants reduces the amount of drug delivered to the kidney, potentially limiting diuretic effectiveness. Highly protein-bound, loop diuretics (Table 1) are filtered minimally at the glomerulus. Instead, these agents are carried to the proximal tubule where they are actively secreted into the lumen via the organic acid transport pump. Luminal flow then carries the loop diuretics to their sites of action. | Loop Diuretics | || | •Bumetanide | | •Furosemide | | •Torsemide | | Thiazide Diuretics | | •Chlorothiazide | | •Chlorthalidone | | •Hydrochlorothiazide | | •Indapamide | | •Metolazone | | Aldosterone Antagonists | | •Eplerenone | | •Spironolactone | Table 1. Commonly Used Diuretic Drugs in Preterm and Newborn Infants Loop diuretics bind …
Two-Dimensional Flow and NOx Emissions in Deflagrative Internal Combustion Wave Rotor Configurations

A wave rotor is proposed for use as a constant volume combustor. A novel design feature is investigated as a remedy for hot gas leakage, premature ignition and pollutant emissions that are possible in this class of unsteady machines. The base geometry involves fuel injection partitions that allow stratification of fuel/oxidizer mixtures in the wave rotor channel radially, enabling pilot ignition of overall lean mixture for low NOx combustion. In this study, available turbulent combustion models are applied to simulate approximately constant volume combustion of propane and resulting transient compressible flow. Thermal NO production histories are predicted by simulations of the STAR-CD code. Passage inlet/outlet/wall boundary conditions are time-dependent, enabling the representation of a typical deflagrative internal combustor wave rotor cycle. Some practical design improvements are anticipated from the computational results. For a large number of derivative design configurations, fuel burn rate, two-dimensional flow and emission levels are evaluated. The sensitivity of channel combustion to initial turbulence levels is evaluated.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
An Empirical Analysis Of The Effects Of Auditor Time Budget Pressure And Time Deadline Pressure

This study utilized a case method approach to examine the impact of time budget pressure and time deadline pressure on auditor perceptions of stress, key organizational behavior measures, and cognitive problems. The results indicate that increases in both types of time pressures will cause increased stress perceptions by both senior and staff auditors in a nonadditive manner. Specifically, examination of the case means suggested that stress levels are highly affected when one of the two types of time pressure are encountered, with little additional increase in stress when the other type of time pressure is encountered simultaneously. However, both types of time pressure were found to have individual, additive effects on the auditors’ organizational behavior measures and, to a lesser extent, on the cognitive problems examined in the study. Overall, the results of the study indicate that time pressure cannot be examined generally; rather, it must be decomposed into the individual types of time pressure (time budget or time deadline) to properly understand the effects the specific time pressure is having on auditors.
A Study of the Interrelationship Between Esophageal Disease and Coronary Artery Disease as the Cause of Chest Pain

Determining whether recurrent chest pain emanates from an esophageal or cardiac disorder presents a formidable challenge even for the most astute clinician. The overlapping response to provocative as well as therapeutic drugs and the often atypical nature and distribution of the pain adds to these difficulties. Evaluation of these patients is difficult, not only because of the overlapping clinical picture, but also because of the danger in using provocative drugs in those with demonstrated coronary artery disease to evoke chest pain [5, 6]. Because of our experience in encountering this situation clinically, we reviewed the records of 24 patients with proven coronary artery disease in whom it was also found necessary to perform complete esophageal diagnostic testing, including 24-h esophageal pH and esophageal manometry. The results of treatment, including simultaneous surgical repair of two disorders, were also analyzed.
Early dysregulation of trigeminal motor pool excitability in a mouse model for neurodegenerative motoneuron disease

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative motoneuron (MN) where in fast fatigable motor units (MUs) of vulnerable motor pools preferentially degenerate followed by fast fatigue resistant and slow MUs . Excitability is a key endogenous mechanism of MN neuroprotection [1] and therefore we hypothesize that pre-symptomatic excitability indicates impending disease development. Using a transgenic mouse model for ALS, we performed in vitro patchclamp electrophysiology in ALS-vulnerable trigeminal motoneurons (TMNs) retrogradely labeled from jaw closer muscles at P8-12. We proposed a novel k-means clustering approach to classify TMNs into putative fast fatigable (PFF), fast fatigue resistant (PFR) and slow (PS) MUs based on rheobase and input resistance. Interestingly, hyper-excitability was noted in PFF and PFR
Alcohol Use, Drug Use, and Sexual Activity among Pharmacy Students at Three Institutions

Abstract Objective To determine alcohol and drug use and sexual activity among pharmacy students at three colleges of pharmacy. Design and Setting A survey to obtain self-reported information on alcohol and drug use, and sexual activity was administered to professional pharmacy students at the University of Iowa (UI), Massachusetts College of Pharmacy, and Texas Southern University. Main Outcome Measures Information on sexual activity and condom use, alcohol and drug consumption, and the effect of alcohol on unintended sexual activity. Results 848 students (50% response rate) completed the survey. Alcohol use was high at all three institutions, and most students had consumed five or more drinks on one or more occasions within the last three months. The extent of drug use among pharmacy students was similar to that reported in other college students. The majority of students were sexually active. More men than women reported having been sexually active with one or more partners. Most students reported having had sexual intercourse without a condom. Significant numbers of students had engaged in unintended sex after alcohol use, especially at UI (χ 2 = 12.6, p = 0.002). Sexual contact and drinking were strongly correlated (Pearson r = 0.31, p = 0.0001). Conclusion Alcohol consumption among pharmacy students was high. Heavy drinking (five or more drinks on one occasion) was associated with unintended sexual contact. Given low condom use and increased sexual contact, pharmacy students are at an increased risk for HIV infection. Strategies should be developed to reduce alcohol intake and unprotected sexual activity among pharmacy students.
Autoignition of Biodiesel, Methanol, and a 50:50 Blend in a Simulated Diesel Engine Environment

Autoignition delay times of diesel, methanol, biodiesel, and 50 wt%, 25 wt%, and 10 wt% biodiesel in methanol were measured in a constant-volume combustor. The autoignition delay times of biodiesel are similar to diesel and confirm the utility of biodiesel as a direct diesel alternative. While methanol has poor ignition characteristics, the 50 wt% blend performed similar to diesel. The 25 wt% and 10 wt% blends had ignition delay times between those of methanol and biodiesel. Methanol and biodiesel have a synergy in blends where the favorable ignition delay times of biodiesel and lower viscosity and cost of methanol combine to provide a better fuel.
Phosphonic Acid Adsorbates Tune the Surface Potential of TiO2 in Gas and Liquid Environments

Controlled attachment of molecules to the surface of a material can alter the band structure energies with respect to the surrounding environment via a combination of intrinsic and bonding-induced dipoles. Here, we demonstrate that the surface potential of an application-relevant material, anatase TiO2, can be tuned over a broad energy range of ∼1 eV using a family of dipolar phosphonic acid-based adsorbates. Using TiO2 as an example, we show with photoelectron spectroscopy that these adsorbates are stable in a liquid environment (propylene carbonate). More interestingly, the tunability is substantially retained and follows trends in the computed bound dipole. The electrochemical surface potential is shown to vary over 600 meV, the highest range in electrolytes to the best of our knowledge. Using density functional theory calculations, we rationalize the measured trends and show that the effective dipole upon molecular adsorption and not the intrinsic dipole of the isolated molecules correlates with obser...
Hypoxia downregulates tropoelastin gene expression in rat lung fibroblasts by pretranslational mechanisms

Elastolytic lung injury disrupts cell barriers, flooding alveoli and producing regional hypoxia. Abnormal O2 tensions may alter repair of damaged elastin fibers. To determine the effect of hypoxia on extravascular elastin formation, we isolated rat lung fibroblasts and cultured them under a variety of O2 conditions. Hypoxia downregulated tropoelastin mRNA in a dose- and time-related fashion while upregulating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA levels. The changes in tropoelastin gene expression were not due to cell toxicity as measured by chromium release and cell proliferation studies. Neither cycloheximide nor actinomycin D abrogated this effect. Hypoxia induced early decreases in tropoelastin mRNA stability; minor suppression of gene transcription occurred later. When returned to 21% O2, tropoelastin mRNA recovered to control levels in part by upregulating tropoelastin gene transcription. Taken together, these data indicate that hypoxia regulates tropoelastin gene expression and may alter repair of acutely injured lung.
Assessment on adolescent perceptions towards smoking and tobacco control

Objectives: To assess the perceptions toward tobacco control policy and regulations in order to provide the information to policy-makers.Methods: The questionnaire survey was conducted among 480 students from one junior school,high school,and technical school in Xuhui District.Results: Smoking prevalence is(2.91%,)16.01% for experimental smoking.Among these rate the technical school students their smoking prevalence is much higher.18.72% students they do not aware of tobacco control policy and regulations,50.85% have no idea about FCTC.Conclusions: In order to effective smoking prevention and intervention,it is vital and imperative that social supporting environment,health cultural surroundings and positive role model being enhanced.
Novel features of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4.

The defining characteristic of G protein-coupled receptor homologous desensitization is that the receptor must be occupied by an agonist or in an activated conformation that mimics an agonist-induced state. In most instances, the mechanistic basis for this characteristic is the high selectivity of G protein-coupled receptor kinases for the activated receptor. In this issue, Rankin et al. (p. 759) demonstrate that under some conditions, at least, the G protein-coupled receptor kinase GRK4 does not display a preference for the agonist-occupied D1 dopamine receptor. Coexpression of GRK4 and the D1 receptor in a heterologous system induces phosphorylation of the receptor in the absence of agonist, causing constitutive desensitization and internalization of the receptor. Lacking the normal rapid feedback mechanisms associated with homologous desensitization, a system incorporating constitutively active GRK4 will be prone to dysregulation, perhaps explaining the generally low expression of GRK4. Indeed, considerable evidence suggests that just such dysregulation resulting from mutationally activated GRK4 contributes to the heritable component of human essential hypertension (Physiol Genomics19:223-246, 2004).
Human Frequency-Following Responses : Representation of Second Formant Transitions in Normal-Hearing and Hearing-Impaired Listeners

Auditory nerve single-unit studies have demonstrated that phase-locking plays an important role in the neural encoding of the spectrum of speech-like sounds. Recently, it has been reported that the phase-locked activity underlying the scalp-recorded human frequency-following response (FFR) also encodes the first two formants of several steady-state vowels and the time-variant frequency presented in tonal sweeps. The purpose of this study was to determine (1) if FFR can encode the time-varying second formant transitions in synthetic stop consonant stimuli in normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners, (2) if hearing-impairment causes degradation of this neural representation, and (3) if the degraded representation is correlated with reduced consonant identification in hearing-impaired listeners. FFRs were obtained from normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners in response to several synthetic stop consonants. The results demonstrated that the FFR did encode the second formant transition in normal-hearing listeners. However, FFR encoding was severely degraded in most of the hearing-impaired listeners. Further, comparison of identification and FFR data for individual hearing-impaired listeners appears to suggest that degradation in the neural representation of the second formant transition may be accompanied by reduction in identification performance.
The US Presidential World Food and Nutrition Study and Commission on World Hunger: Lessons for the United States and other Countries

In this paper I will first examine the results of the World Food and Nutrition Study (WFNS) established by President Ford and delivered to President Carter (WFNS, 1977) and of the Commission on World Hunger (CWH) which was commissioned by President Carter and delivered to him (CWH, 1980). I also consider an educational effort to make American academic and religious circles more aware of problems associated with food, agriculture, and world hunger. In the second main section of the paper, I examine a fundamental underlying difficulty encountered in these efforts. In the second section, I will also present reasons for hope concerning American information systems and decision processes with respect to food, agricultural development and trade. The third main section deals with current issues about the American role in international food aid and the promotion of development. The fourth and last section deals with the methodological lessons from the first three sections for the research work which agricultural economists do on food, nutrition and agriculture in countries around the world.
Prenatal Diagnosis of Subependymal Hemorrhage

Fetal intracranial hemorrhage is a rare sonographic finding. Due to the subtle and variable nature of hemorrhage on sonography, prenatal diagnosis of intracranial hemorrhage is difficult. Subependymal hemorrhage of the germinal matrix is the least severe form of intracranial hemorrhage. Knowledge of the sonographic appearances of intracranial hemorrhage can make prenatal diagnosis possible and is essential to protecting the neurodevelopmental outcome of the fetus.
Impact of different environmental conditions on the aggregation of biogenic U(IV) nanoparticles synthesized by Desulfovibrio alaskensis G20

This study investigates the impact of specific environmental conditions on the formation of colloidal U(IV) nanoparticles by the sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB, Desulfovibrio alaskensis G20). The reduction of soluble U(VI) to less soluble U(IV) was quantitatively investigated under growth and non-growth conditions in bicarbonate or 1,4-piperazinediethanesulfonic acid (PIPES) buffered environments. The results showed that under non-growth conditions, the majority of the reduced U nanoparticles aggregated and precipitated out of solution. High resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed that only a very small fraction of cells had reduced U precipitates in the periplasmic spaces in the presence of PIPES buffer, whereas in the presence of bicarbonate buffer, reduced U was also observed in the cytoplasm with greater aggregation of biogenic U(IV) particles at higher initial U(VI) concentrations. The same experiments were repeated under growth conditions using two different electron donors (lactate and pyruvate) and three electron acceptors (sulfate, fumarate, and thiosulfate). In contrast to the results of the non-growth experiments, even after 0.2 μm filtration, the majority of biogenic U(IV) remained in the aqueous phase resulting in potentially mobile biogenic U(IV) nanoparticles. Size fractionation results showed that U(IV) aggregates were between 18 and 200 nm in diameter, and thus could be very mobile. The findings of this study are helpful to assess the size and potential mobility of reduced U nanoparticles under different environmental conditions, and would provide insights on their potential impact affecting U(VI) bioremediation efforts at subsurface contaminated sites.
Nanoparticle stochastic motion in the inertial regime and hydrodynamic interactions close to a cylindrical wall.

Scientists perform direct numerical calculations aimed at the optimization of drug delivery agents such as targeted therapeutic nanocarriers. The emphasis of their work is on hydrodynamic interactions between the nanocarrier and the vessel wall mediated by the fluid flow, and how the hydrodynamic interaction varies as the particle transitions from being at the center of the vessel to being very close to the wall prior to binding.
Impact of Health Insurance Expansion on the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer

Purpose Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Lack of insurance coverage has been associated with more advanced disease at presentation, more emergent admissions at time of colectomy, and lower survival relative to privately insured patients. The 2006 Massachusetts health care reform serves as a unique natural experiment to assess the impact of insurance expansion on colorectal cancer care. Methods We used the Hospital Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient Databases to identify patients with colorectal cancer with government-subsidized or self-pay (GSSP) or private insurance admitted to a hospital between 2001 and 2011 in Massachusetts (n = 17,499) and three control states (n = 144,253). Difference-in-differences models assessed the impact of the 2006 Massachusetts coverage expansion on resection of colorectal cancer, controlling for confounding factors and secular trends. Results Before the 2006 Massachusetts reform, government-subsidized or self-pay patients had significantly lower rates of resection for colorectal cancer compared with privately insured patients in both Massachusetts and the control states. The Massachusetts insurance expansion was associated with a 44% increased rate of resection (rate ratio = 1.44; 95% CI, 1.23 to 1.68; P < .001), a 6.21 percentage point decreased probability of emergent admission (95% CI, -11.88 to -0.54; P = .032), and an 8.13 percentage point increased probability of an elective admission (95% CI, 1.34 to 14.91; P = .019) compared with the control states. Conclusion The 2006 Massachusetts health care reform, a model for the Affordable Care Act, was associated with increased rates of resection and decreased probability of emergent resection for colorectal cancer. Our findings suggest that insurance expansion may help improve access to care for patients with colorectal cancer.
Jail and Prison Health Care Standards

Delivering health care in a jail or prison is delivering care in a “non-health-care space.” Health care professionals must diagnose, treat, care for, and comfort in an institution designed to confine, humiliate, infantilize, punish, and reform. The intrinsic conflict between the goals of a health care delivery system and the goals of penal institutions has historically produced and continues now to create most severe tensions in the interactions between correctional personnel and health care providers and it also challenges the relationship usually assumed to exist between providers and their patients.
Natural and acquired resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi.

Since the identification in 1909 of Trypanosoma cruzi as the causative agent of Chagas’ disease, a large body of literature has arisen relating to the nature of the disease. Two observations in particular initially stimulated my interest in the immunology of Chagas’ disease. The first was that the severity of the disease that occurs following the initial infection with T. cruzi (called the acute stage of the disease) can range from asymptomatic to lethal (1). This variation in what can be termed natural resistance may be the result of multiple genetic and environmental factors, but it is easy to imagine how differences in the immune responses made by individuals could be critical for influencing the ensuing course of the disease.
Pharmacology and Toxicology of N-Benzylphenethylamine (“NBOMe”) Hallucinogens

Serotonergic hallucinogens induce profound changes in perception and cognition. The characteristic effects of hallucinogens are mediated by 5-HT2A receptor activation. One class of hallucinogens are 2,5-dimethoxy-substituted phenethylamines, such as the so-called 2C-X compounds 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine (2C-B) and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine (2C-I). Addition of an N-benzyl group to phenethylamine hallucinogens produces a marked increase in 5-HT2A-binding affinity and hallucinogenic potency. N-benzylphenethylamines (“NBOMes”) such as N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine (25I-NBOMe) show subnanomolar affinity for the 5-HT2A receptor and are reportedly highly potent in humans. Several NBOMEs have been available from online vendors since 2010, resulting in numerous cases of toxicity and multiple fatalities. This chapter reviews the structure–activity relationships, behavioral pharmacology, metabolism, and toxicity of members of the NBOMe hallucinogen class. Based on a review of 51 cases of NBOMe toxicity reported in the literature, it appears that rhabdomyolysis is a relatively common complication of severe NBOMe toxicity, an effect that may be linked to NBOMe-induced seizures, hyperthermia, and vasoconstriction.
Patients’ perceptions of caregivers’ preference for comfort care at the EOL: Impact on DNR completion.

9521 Background: Research has shown that informal caregivers provide substantial psychosocial and material support to advanced cancer patients. Few studies have examined how family caregivers influ...
No conflict, no coverage: Media misses repeal of nuclear energy moratorium

Conflict is a core news value taught in journalism courses across the world because it allows disparate viewpoints and stakeholders to make claims about societal issues in the public sphere. But wh...
"Kn0w Thy Doma1n Name": Unbiased Phishing Detection Using Domain Name Based Features

Phishing websites remain a persistent security threat. Thus far, machine learning approaches appear to have the best potential as defenses. But, there are two main concerns with existing machine learning approaches for phishing detection. The first is the large number of training features used and the lack of validating arguments for these feature choices. The second concern is the type of datasets used in the literature that are inadvertently biased with respect to the features based on the website URL or content. To address these concerns, we put forward the intuition that the domain name of phishing websites is the tell-tale sign of phishing and holds the key to successful phishing detection. Accordingly, we design features that model the relationships, visual as well as statistical, of the domain name to the key elements of a phishing website, which are used to snare the end-users. The main value of our feature design is that, to bypass detection, an attacker will find it very difficult to tamper with the visual content of the phishing website without arousing the suspicion of the end user. Our feature set ensures that there is minimal or no bias with respect to a dataset. Our learning model trains with only seven features and achieves a true positive rate of 98% and a classification accuracy of 97%, on sample dataset. Compared to the state-of-the-art work, our per data instance classification is 4 times faster for legitimate websites and 10 times faster for phishing websites. Importantly, we demonstrate the shortcomings of using features based on URLs as they are likely to be biased towards specific datasets. We show the robustness of our learning algorithm by testing on unknown live phishing URLs and achieve a high detection accuracy of $99.7%$.
A coherent grid system of coordinates for precise anatomical localization.

Specific localization in surface and topographical anatomy has always been on the basis of random, arbitrarily selected and unsystematized criteria. A coherent scheme is proposed as a prototype of a truly scientific approach. Using the earth's geographic coordinate system as a model, a similar lattice pattern of numbered transverse “lines of latitude” and lettered vertical “lines of longitude” was devised for the human body. To preserve metric consonance the grid was decimalized with 100 parallel transverse lines on the entire body and 10 essentially parallel vertical lines on any half of the body or on any limb. A body surface point can be symbolized by a very concise coordinate consisting of a combination of one or two numbers with one or two alphabetic letters. A few other very common everyday symbols used in conjunction with coordinates can vastly extend utility of the grid system to the precise determination of body surface lines, penetrating vectors, every kind of conceivable plane, and every spatial volume in and outside the body in any aspect desired. The grid is ideal for computerization. With a thoroughly coordinated ideal “body” thus committed to computer memory banks for random access at will, the stage will have been set for the advent of total automation of many medical and surgical procedures. Some kind of universal system as proposed is urgently needed if in the future medicine is to successfully meet the awesome challenge thrust upon it by the spectacular achievements of high technology.