cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distribution of Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni and Co in coexisting manganese nodules and micronodules

Abstract Analyses of forty-four coexisting pairs of manganese nodules and micronodules from the world's ocean have been examined. In approximately 60% of the coexisting pairs, micronodules are found to show relatively low Ni, Co and Cu concentrations and a low Mn Fe ratio. The low Mn Fe ratio in the majority of the micronodules is probably due to an incipient coating of iron oxyhydroxide on the nuclei, and thus the chemistry of a bulk sample of micronodules will be dependent on its average size. Analyses of different size fractions of five bulk samples of micronodules from the NW Atlantic has confirmed this. In approximately 20% of the coexisting pairs, nodules and micronodules have similar composition, while relatively high concentrations of Ni, Co and Cu and high Mn Fe are observed in the micronodules in the remaining 20% of cases.
Femtosecond-laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of explosives

We use femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) to detect trace amounts of TNT and RDX. A high-power pulsed laser is used in LIBS to form a plasma on the material surface and the optical emission from the plasma is spectrally analyzed to determine the material composition. Femtosecond LIBS results for TNT and RDX on aluminum substrates and glass slides are reported. Results are examined in terms of the optical properties of the substrate and the strong linear absorption for aluminum is contrasted with the weaker multiphoton absorption for glass. Optical microscope images of the ablated explosives are shown for femtosecond and nanosecond laser excitation. Fragmentation studies by femtosecond laser mass spectrometry are used to interpret LIBS results.
Into the Fray on the Very First Day: Lessons from an unconventional mentor

This study will contribute to the debate on the role of the preservice cooperating teacher mentor (mentor) by giving readers a snapshot of how a mentor defined her role and how the preservice teach...
Policing Convenience Store Crime: Lessons from the Glendale, Arizona Smart Policing Initiative

The Glendale, Arizona Police Department received funding in 2009 through the Bureau of Justice Assistance's Smart Policing Initiative (SPI). The Glendale team employed problem-oriented policing to address crime and disorder at convenience stores throughout the city. The SPI team's analysis demonstrated that crime was disproportionately occurring at Circle K stores and that store management practices were largely responsible for the crime problem. The Glendale SPI team developed a multipronged response that included intervention with Circle K leadership and the implementation of prevention and suppression strategies. Results indicate that crime dropped significantly at the SPI target stores (42%) from the year preceding the intervention to the year after. This decline is inconsistent with crime patterns witnessed at the remaining convenience stores in the city of Glendale. The article concludes with a discussion of how police departments can successfully engage with private sector corporations on issues of crime, disorder, and community safety. Language: en
Sitting Buddha in a Mississippi Golf Course: Constructing Anthropology in Exotic and Familiar Settings

Anthropologists view the subject matter of anthropology variously as an abstract panhuman mentality, irreducible local cultural manifestations and histories, and a single system of power, among others. It is somehow the exotic that catches our attention sufficiently to demand explanation. The more people share our own cultural assumptions, the less problematic their behavior and language, and the more the challenge to see past our own assumptions to create a sense of distance and question.
A survey of human papillomavirus 16 antibodies in patients with epithelial cancers

Human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV 16, is linked to the development of cervical cancer. However, the role of HPV 16 in a number of extra-cervical epithelial tumours is controversial. To assess exposure to HPV 16 in patients with different cancers, we conducted a large serosurvey of 905 patients with 21 types of tumours and measured IgG to HPV 16 virus-like particles (VLPs) using a well characterized enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Patients with cervical cancer were considered 'positive controls', as about half were expected to be specifically HPV 16-related. A non-cancer study group consisting of 48 patients with endocrine disorders (eg diabetes) was also tested. HPV 16 antibody prevalence was highest in patients with cancers of the cervix (52% +/- 7%), vulva (27% +/- 9%), vagina (27% +/- 13%) and penis (63% +/- 16%). Seroprevalence was much lower in the non-cancer group (4% +/- 3%) and all other cancer patients: uterus (9% +/- 4%); ovary (4% +/- 3%); testis (5% +/- 4%); prostate (6% +/- 4%); squamous carcinoma (6% +/- 3%) and adenocarcinoma (4% +/- 3%) of the lung; rectum (2% +/- 2%); pancreas (8% +/- 4%); colon (2% +/- 2%); stomach (0%); oesophagus (8% +/- 4%); buccal cavity (12% +/- 5%); breast (10% +/- 4%); non-melanomatous (9% +/- 6%) and melanomatous (6% +/- 3%) skin tumours; bladder (8% +/- 4%); and kidney (2% +/- 2%). The results confirm the strong relation of HPV with several lower anogenital tract tumours, but, at least in this population, fail to identify additional epithelial tumours associated with high seroprevalence of HPV 16 VLP antibodies.
Lethal Body Residues for Pentachlorophenol in Zebra Mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) under Varying Conditions of Temperature and pH

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) toxicity was measured in the zebra mussel under varying conditions of pH (6.5, 7.5, or 8.5) and temperature (10, 17, or 25 degrees C). Toxicity decreased significantly with increasing pH at all temperatures. At a given pH level, toxicity increased significantly with increasing temperature. PCP was most toxic at pH 6.5, 25 degrees C and least toxic at pH 8.5, 10 degrees C. Toxicokinetic parameters were determined at trace PCP concentrations under each combination of pH and temperature. Increasing temperature generally increased the PCP uptake clearance (ku) although elimination rate constants (kd) were unaffected. The effect of pH on toxicokinetic parameters was inconsistent but ku tended to decrease as pH and ionization of PCP increased. Lethal body residues (LR50s), estimated from kinetic parameters determined at trace PCP concentrations and the LC50 values, varied by a factor of 122 as a function of environmental conditions while LC50s varied by a factor of 381. LR50s were also estimated from the measured PCP tissue concentrations and varied by a factor of 8 across conditions. Calculated LR50s were always higher than measured LR50s, determined under identical conditions, by at least a factor of five. However, when LR50 values were recalculated using ku values measured at the LC25 concentration, the resulting adjusted LR50s varied only by a factor of 2.5 across the range of conditions studied and were more consistent with measured LR50 values. Thus, variance in the PCP concentration required to produce toxicity is reduced when LR50s are used in place of LC50s. Further, the method by which lethal residues (LR50 values) are determined can significantly affect the results and their interpretation.
A computer program for calculating oxygen consumption and QO2 from measurements with the Warburg respirometer

Abstract This paper describes and make available a simple, flexible, FORTRAN IV computer program to calculate data obtained from measurements made with the Warburg respirometer. The program will accommodate data from any number of Warburg experiments, each of which can contain up to 20 flasks. Run constants and thermobarometer data are read into the computer only once. These are stored and used repeatedly to calculate flask data within a run. Provisions are made to vary all of the run constants such as temperature, Bunsen coefficient and P0 of the manometer fluid. The program is sufficiently general to calculate data from most permutations of the basic Warburg experiment.
Contested Etymologies of Some English Words in the Popular Register

These several notes address words now best known from popular English, where they have assumed narrower figurative meanings than they enjoyed over earlier decades and centuries. Such a development ...
Drugs and postural sway: quantifying balance as a tool to measure drug effects

Research aimed at modeling the relationship of the center of gravity (COG) to the center of pressure (COP) and testing alternative clinically useful measures of postural stability that are based on the COG and COP is described. Postural sway is spontaneous involuntary body movements that result from the neuromuscular corrective mechanisms acting to preserve static posture, such as standing or sitting. The second aim of the research is to implement clinically relevant measures of postural stability, such as the limits of stability, in the context of the ongoing examination of the effects of drugs on balance. Preliminary results and directions of future research are outlined. >
Collision Prediction: Conservative Advancement Among Obstacles With Unknown Motion

Collision detection is a fundamental geometric tool for sampling-based motion planners. On the contrary, collision prediction for the scenarios that obstacle’s motion is unknown is still in its infancy. This paper proposes a new approach to predict collision by assuming that obstacles are adversarial. Our new tool advances collision prediction beyond the translational and disc robots; arbitrary polygons with rotation can be used to better represent obstacles and provide tighter bound on predicted collision time. Comparing to an online motion planner that replans periodically at fixed time interval, our experimental results provide strong evidences that our method significantly reduces the number of re-plannings while maintaining higher success rate of finding a valid path.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
A Subordinate's Experience and Prior Feedback as Determinants of Participation in Performance Appraisal Reviews

Students took part in two experiments in which simulated performance appraisal reviews were conducted to test whether such reviews could be made participative when the evaluation was negative; and, if so, whether the effects would be constructive. 56 advanced undergraduate business students participated in the first study, in which the manager's and the employee's perceptions of feedback were manipulated as was the amount of the employee's job experience. The resulting participation and reaction to the review were measured. In the second experiment (N = 33) students' perceptions of performance were again manipulated, but a training intervention was used to increase participation in half the reviews. Less participation occurred when the subordinate had prior negative feedback from the job and where the manager's evaluation was inconsistent with previous feedback. Experience was a strong moderator of these effects. In both experiments participation had a positive effect. The results are interpreted in terms...
By right of service: the military as a pathway to earned citizenship

In this article, I use the civic republican tradition as a theoretical lens to examine how Mexican-Americans in a transnational community have drawn on their wartime service to demand equal treatment as citizens and legal residence as immigrants. I interpret this account through a frame of “Tejano republicanism” originating in the historical experience of civil rights groups led by South Texas veterans. Originating as Texas-based US citizen-only groups, the League of United Latin American Citizens and the American G.I. Forum's struggle for equal rights evolved to include a broader nationwide pan-Latino constituency including unauthorized immigrants by the 1970s. Today, both groups support military service as a pathway to citizenship for all unauthorized immigrants in the spirit of their founding generation's struggle for civil rights. But unauthorized immigrants who want to follow this pathway to citizenship can no longer do so, as they are barred from enlisting. To respond to this new challenge, I apply ...
Recurrent spontaneous abortion and intrauterine fetal growth retardation as symptoms of coeliac disease

Women having recurrent miscarriages or intrauterine growth retardation could have subclinical coeliac disease, which can be detected by serological screening tests.
RELATIONSHIP OF DENTISTRY TO CARDIOLOGY.

Abstract Few people possess and maintain excellent oral hygiene at all times. Thus, it is to be expected that most patients with heart disease have unmet dental needs. In such patients, dental care should be obtained as early as possible. The patient should not be permitted to wait until the cardiac disease has become so serious that dental procedures which would have been innocuous earlier have become hazardous. The cardiologist should insist that the patient with heart disease maintain an excellent state of oral hygiene and dental health. The cardiologist knows the natural history of cardiac disease. He knows, for example, that a patient with coronary artery disease may develop a myocardial infarct at any time. If good dental care is obtained before the development of the myocardial infarct, continued maintenance of dental health should not be difficult. However, if dental problems are allowed to accumulate, restoration of dental health may be impossible. Most dental diseases are curable and should be attended to early when the cardiologist and dentist can elect the proper time and procedures rather than later when they are compelled to institute compromise therapy under adverse medical and dental circumstances and when the dental disease is irreversible.
Entanglement conditions for two-mode states: Applications

We examine the implications of several recently derived conditions [Hillery and Zubairy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 050503 (2006)] for determining when a two-mode state is entangled. We first find examples of non-Gaussian states that satisfy these conditions. We then apply the entanglement conditions to the study of several linear devices, the beam splitter, the parametric amplifier, and the linear phase-insensitive amplifier. For the first two, we find conditions on the input states that guarantee that the output states are entangled. For the linear amplifier, we determine in the limit of high and no gain, when an entangled input leads to an entangled output. Finally, we show how application of two two-mode entanglement conditions to a three-mode state can serve as a test of genuine three-mode entanglement.
Reliability generalization of the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire

Abstract A reliability generalization was conducted on the Psychoticism (P), Extraversion (E), Neuroticism (N) and Lie (L) scales of the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (J-EPQ). Twenty-three studies provided data on 44 samples of children who had been administered the J-EPQ. Score reliability was found to vary significantly both between and within scales. N and L provided the most reliable scores (with median reliabilities of 0.80 and 0.79 respectively) followed by E (median reliability=0.73) and P (median reliability=0.68). Scale length was the best predictor of score reliability, but sample gender makeup, language of administration, and the amount of variation in the ages of children in each sample were also significant predictors of reliability for various J-EPQ scales. The results highlight the importance of considering reliability to be a property of scores for a particular group, as opposed to a property of a test generally.
The role of refugia for fishes during drought: a review and synthesis

SUMMARY 1. Drought is a natural disturbance of aquatic ecosystems and can be a major factor in structuring aquatic communities. For individuals, populations and communities to persist in disturbed environments, they must have refuge from disturbance or disturbance must be minimal. Refugia convey spatial and temporal resistance or resilience in the face of disturbance, but the role of refugia in aquatic systems remains poorly understood. 2. We review available literature on aquatic refugia for fishes in order to synthesise current knowledge and provide suggestions for needed research. Our objectives were to clarify definitions of disturbance and refugia in the context of drought in aquatic systems, review how refuge habitats influence fish community structure, and consider the potential impact of refugia on fish population and community dynamics during drought. 3. Droughts cause a decrease in surface area/volume and an increase in extremes of physical and chemical water quality parameters. These conditions are linked with biotic interactions that structure the community of fishes residing in low-flow or dry season refugia by increasing mortality rates, decreasing birth rates and/or increasing migration rates. Many aquatic organisms seek refuge from disturbance and/or have adaptations (e.g. physiological tolerance) that provide refuge. 4. Drought in aquatic systems leads to shifts in refugia spacing and connectance at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Refuge size, disturbance intensity, and mobility of organisms is predicted to play a large role in population persistence. We expect that refuge habitats will experience net immigration during drying and net emigration after rewetting, with the opposite occurring in surrounding habitat patches. Population dynamics of fishes using refugia during drought are best modelled by modified source-sink dynamics, but dynamics are likely to change with spatial scale.
Environmental damage of a cast nickel base superalloy

Exposure in air in the temperature range 900 to 1100 °C produces a major loss in stress rupture life and ductility of IN738. The sensitivity to this environmental damage increases with decreasing test temperature in the range 1000 to 700 °C. Oxygen is identified as the source of the damage for air exposure and indirect evidence supports grain boundary penetration of the gas to considerable depth. It is argued that oxygen segregation can lead to grain boundary immobilization and unstable intergranular fracture at intermediate temperatures. It is shown that compositional modifications, particularly boron and hafnium additions, may reduce the oxygen damage susceptibility, and that a cobalt base coating effectively eliminates the susceptibility. The relevance of these observations in understanding the effect of test environment on creep-rupture and fatigue crack propagation is considered.
A fluoroscopic credentialing/safety program at a large research hospital.

The Brigham and Women's Hospital is an ~700 bed broad-scope licensed facility with a vigorous fluoroscopy service. Concomitant with this service is an equally robust quality management program to safeguard both patient and personnel from excessive radiation doses. The FDA, in an attempt to avoid serious skin injury for certain fluoroscopically guided procedures, issued a Public Health Advisory in 1994. Four years later the institutional Radiation Safety Committee voted to expand an existing fluoroscopic safety course to include a more formal credentialing/safety requirement. The specific parameters associated with this program follow.
von Willebrand's disease: A comparative studyof diagnostic tests

The comparative diagnostic value of the Duke, Ivy, and modified Ivy bleeding times, factor VIII assay, and in vivo and in vitro platelet adhesiveness was determined in 28 patients with von Willebrand's disease. The combination of Duke and modified Ivy bleeding times plus factor VIII assay was adequate to detect an abnormality in all patients studied. Variability of the bleeding times and factor VIII level in some patients may make repeated testing necessary. Presently available tests of platelet adhesiveness may be abnormal in patients with von Willebrand's disease, but are not necessary for the diagnosis and may give false positive results.
Solid Phase Syntheses of Oligoureas

Isocyanates 7 were formed from monoprotected diamines 3 or 6, which in turn can be easily prepared from commercially available N-BOC- or N-FMOC-protected amino acid derivatives. Isocyanates 7, formed in situ, could be coupled directly to a solid support functionalized with amine groups or to amino acids anchored on resins using CH2Cl2 as solvent and an 11 h coupling time at 25 °C. Such couplings afforded peptidomimetics with an N-phthaloyl group at the N-terminus. The optimal conditions identified for removal of the N-phthaloyl group were to use 60% hydrazine in DMF for 1−3 h. Several sequences of amino acids coupled to ureas (“peptidic ureas”) and of sequential urea units (“oligoureas”) were prepared via solid phase syntheses and isolated by HPLC. Partition coefficients were measured for two of these peptidomimetics, and their water solubilities were found to be similar to the corresponding peptides. A small library of 160 analogues of the YGGFL-amide sequence was prepared via Houghten's tea bag methodol...
Guilty of diagnostic expansion

The new diagnosis of somatic symptom disorder seems to confirm that psychiatry will stick a diagnostic label on anything that appears in any way deviant.1 Dimsdale argues that the new disorder will correct the patient unfriendly DSM-IV ( Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , third edition) notion of “medically unexplained …
On the representation of immersion and condensation freezing in cloud models using different nucleation schemes

Abstract. Ice nucleation in clouds is often observed at temperatures >235 K, pointing to heterogeneous freezing as a predominant mechanism. Many models deterministically predict the number concentration of ice particles as a function of temperature and/or supersaturation. Several laboratory experiments, at constant temperature and/or supersaturation, report heterogeneous freezing as a stochastic, time-dependent process that follows classical nucleation theory; this might appear to contradict deterministic models that predict singular freezing behavior. We explore the extent to which the choice of nucleation scheme (deterministic/stochastic, single/multiple contact angles θ) affects the prediction of the fraction of frozen ice nuclei (IN) and cloud evolution for a predetermined maximum IN concentration. A box model with constant temperature and supersaturation is used to mimic published laboratory experiments of immersion freezing of monodisperse (800 nm) kaolinite particles (~243 K), and the fitness of different nucleation schemes. Sensitivity studies show that agreement of all five schemes is restricted to the narrow parameter range (time, temperature, IN diameter) in the original laboratory studies, and that model results diverge for a wider range of conditions. The schemes are implemented in an adiabatic parcel model that includes feedbacks of the formation and growth of drops and ice particles on supersaturation during ascent. Model results for the monodisperse IN population (800 nm) show that these feedbacks limit ice nucleation events, often leading to smaller differences in number concentration of ice particles and ice water content (IWC) between stochastic and deterministic approaches than expected from the box model studies. However, because the different parameterizations of θ distributions and time-dependencies are highly sensitive to IN size, simulations using polydisperse IN result in great differences in predicted ice number concentrations and IWC between the different schemes. The differences in IWC are mostly due to the different temperatures of the onset of freezing in the nucleation schemes that affect the temporal evolution of the ice number concentration. The growth rates of ice particles are not affected by the choice of the nucleation scheme, which leads to very similar particle sizes. Finally, since the choice of nucleation scheme determines the temperature range over which ice nucleation occurs, at habit-prone temperatures (~253 K), there is the potential for variability in the initial inherent growth ratio of ice particles, which can cause amplification or reduction in differences in predicted IWC.
Assessing Mass Media Reporting of Disease-Related Genetic Discoveries: Development of an Instrument and Initial Findings

Objective: To develop an instrument to assess the content and balance of media stories about genetic discoveries relevant to human diseases and assess its ability to detect variability. Methods: Co...
Can particle-stabilized inorganic dispersions be high-temperature heat-transfer and thermal energy storage fluids?

Particle-stabilized dispersions are considered as potential high-temperature, high-energy–density heat transfer fluids as well as thermal energy storage materials. To be useful practically, these dispersions need to be stable against coalescence and have low viscosity. We present indirect experimental evidence of particle stabilization of Al–Si in NaCl–NaF dispersions with graphite as the stabilizer. We found no evidence of particle stabilization in the same system with boron carbide, silicon carbide, silica, or zirconia as the stabilizer. We also present indirect experimental evidence of particle stabilization in Al/B2O3/C and Al/NaCl–KCl/Al2O3 dispersed phase/dispersion media/stabilizer systems.
Cannabis-related impairment: the impacts of social anxiety and misconceptions of friends' cannabis-related problems.

Abstract Objective Socially anxious cannabis users are especially vulnerable to cannabis-related impairment, yet mechanisms underlying this vulnerability remain unclear. Socially anxious persons may use cannabis despite related problems if they believe such problems are common, and thus socially acceptable. Yet no known studies have examined the impact of beliefs regarding others' cannabis-related problems on one's own use-related problems. Method This study investigated the impact of beliefs about a close friend's experience with cannabis-related problems on the relationship between social anxiety and cannabis-related problems. The sample consisted of 158 (75% female) current (past-month) cannabis-using undergraduates. Results Believing one's friend experienced more cannabis problems was related to experiencing more cannabis-related problems oneself. In fact, perceived friend's problems accounted for 40% of the unique variance in one's own cannabis problems. Descriptive norms (others' use) and injunctive norms (others' approval of risky use) were unrelated to the number of one's own problems. Social anxiety was related to experiencing more cannabis problems. This relation was moderated by perceived friend's problems such that greater social anxiety was related to more cannabis-related problems among participants who believed their friend experienced more cannabis-related problems. This was not the case among participants who believed their friend experienced fewer problems. Conclusions Normative beliefs regarding a close friend's cannabis problems were robustly and uniquely related to experiencing more cannabis-related impairment. Beliefs regarding friends' experience with cannabis-related problems may play an especially important role in the experience of cannabis-related problems among socially anxious users.
Unequal area flexible bay facility layout using ant colony optimisation

In this paper, an ant colony optimisation approach is proposed to solve the facility layout problem with unequal area departments and flexible bays, which is one of the commonly used layout representations in industry practice. Optimal approaches to the facility layout design can only solve problems with a limited number of departments. The proposed ant colony optimisation approach is tested on 21 fairly well-known unequal area facility layout problems from the literature with up to 62 departments, and the results are compared with the previously best known solutions. Different cases of these problems are also tested. The proposed ant colony optimisation approach is shown to be very effective in finding previously known best solutions in a very short amount of CPU times and making improvements up to 17.38%.
Neurocomputing and computer-based tutoring: modeling learner performance

Summary form only given. Preliminary research results have been obtained which indicate that neural networks represent a promising approach for use in intelligent tutoring systems (ITS). A neural network was used to analyze learner responses to subject matter posed by a second language tutor and to classify learners into different language competence and motivational categories. An ITS could use this kind of information to modify its presentation of lesson content to be more appropriate for a learner's cognitive state. >
Potential use of Rare Earth Oxides as Tracers for Soil Erosion and Aggregation Studies

Sediment delivery from small watersheds or eroMost existing soil loss data are spatially-averaged, though various sion plots has been well monitored. These data are tracing techniques have been used for obtaining spatially-distributed extremely useful in developing erosion prediction moddata. Spatially-distributed soil erosion data are needed for validating els, understanding erosion principles, assessing the onphysically-based erosion prediction models and for better understand- site and off-site impacts, and deriving best management ing soil erosion dynamics. The objectives of this study were to evaluate practices to combat soil erosion. However, these data do the feasibility of using rare earth element (REE) oxides directly as not contain information on soil redistribution patterns tracers for soil erosion studies by examining their binding ability with within a watershed or an erosion plot. Spatially-distribsoil materials, and also to test a quick acid-extraction procedure. Five uted erosion data are needed for validating physicallyREE oxide powders were directly mixed with a Miami silt loam soil based erosion models and for understanding soil erosion (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs) and then leached with deionized water in a soil box to evaluate the mobility of REEs. Follow- dynamics at a process level. Since erosion processes ing leaching, soil samples were sectioned in 25-mm increments and change in time and space, physically-based models such analyzed for REEs. The REE-tagged soil was wet sieved to obtain as the Water Erosion Prediction Project model have REE concentrations in each aggregate size group. A simple acid- been developed to predict soil erosion at any given leaching method was used to extract REEs from all soil samples. The time and location. Process-based models can only be extracts were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spec- thoroughly validated with spatially-distributed erosion trometry (ICP-MS) techniques. The data indicated that the maximum data. coefficient of variation of the proposed procedure was 10% for To obtain spatially-distributed data, various types of all REEs. The REE oxides were uniformly incorporated into soil tracers have been developed and used. Most of them aggregates of different sizes (53 m) and were bound with silt-size involve atomic bomb fallout radionuclide
The Andalucia-Hawaii-Calitornia Migration: A Study in Macrostructure and Microhistory

The development of world-systems theory enables us to explain human migration without resorting to the theoretically barren lists of “push-pull” factors and personal motivations that characterize previous studies. Although individuals still make private decisions to move, the patterned movement of groups is better understood as an essential component in a global economic order with shifting demands for labor. National migration policies can also be interpreted within this global context. Since migration plays a central role in moving workers to regions where their labor is needed, governmental legislation regulating these movements has reflected capitalists' needs for a free labor force. It is with this in mind that Aristide Zolberg summarizes the behavior of one nation-state in the world-system as “an element in the interest-calculus of others.”
Effects of adrenalectomy, hypophysectomy, growth hormone and thyroxine on fatty acid synthesis in vivo.

Fatty acid synthesis in the carcass, liver and adipose tissues of rats was examined in vivo by measuring the amount of tritium recovered in fatty acid. Fatty acid synthesis was accelerated in adult female rats fed a low fat diet as compared with animals fed laboratory chow. Adrenalectomy did not result in any marked alteration of fatty acid synthesis. In hypophysectomized rats, fatty acid synthesis was consistently depressed and was restored to normal by thyroxine treatment. Continued treatment with growth hormone had no effect on fatty acid synthesis in either normal or hypophysectomized female rats fed laboratory chow. In normal, but not adrenalectomized, rats on the low fat diet, continued growth hormone treatment depressed carcass fatty acid synthesis. A single dose of growth hormone depressed fatty acid synthesis by one half in fed female rats on laboratory chow, in which fatty acid synthesis was measured between the 6th and 14th hours after the administration of growth hormone.
The Geography of Ethnocentrism

Hammond and Axelrod use an evolutionary agent-based model to explore the development of ethnocentrism. They argue that local interactions permit groups, relying on in-group favoritism, to overcome ...
Morphology and Sediments of Three Ocean Basin Entry Points, Hatteras Abyssal Plain

ABSTRACT Three canyon systems which enter into the northern one third of the Hatteras Abyssal Plain are the principal sources of Late Pleistocene and Holocene sediment for the entire abyssal plain. The Hatteras Canyon System enters as a point source via a small fan built directly on the ocean basin floor. The Wilmington Canyon mouth is somewhat wider and disgorges its load from a lower continental rise fan. The Hudson Canyon empties across the 110-km wide Sohm Gap, a feature which is on the true ocean basin floor. Because sedimentary processes are different, each basin entry point has produced unique topographic features, as well as unique sediment distribution patterns and sedimentary structures. The relative importance of turbidity current, pelagic and contour current processes, is variable rom system to system. Southward flowing contour currents contribute very little, if any, sediment to the Hatteras Fan, but are an important sediment source for fine materials on the seafloor at the mouth of the Wilmington Canyon and Sohm Gap. Provenance is also responsible for differences in the sediments in each canyon system. As an example, the Hatteras Canyon material is much more calcareous than material from the other two basin entry points, because of the relatively calcareous nature of the continental shelf source area near Cape Hatteras.
The Implantation of Kimbanguism in Kisangani, Zaire

Based on interviews with participants and witnesses, together with some documentation, the article describes the means and conditions by which Kimbanguist doctrines were introduced to Kisangani (Stanleyville) between 1945 and 1959, before the foundation of the Church of Christ on the Earth by the Prophet Simon Kimbangu as a national and international church. The special place in the covert theology of the Church of certain events in 1952, at the camp for Kimbanguist exiles in Lowa, is described. Discussion of ethnic rivalries during and after the foundation of the Church is related to the content of the oral traditions, which represent several political tendencies. The conclusion is that Kimbanguism in Upper Zaire differs from that of its place of origin in Lower Zaire in lacking roots in local culture and politics, and in having been primarily a product of nationalist sentiment after World War II.
Oral Administration of Interferon Tau Enhances Oxidation of Energy Substrates and Reduces Adiposity in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats

Male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats were used to study effects of oral administration of interferon tau (IFNT) in reducing obesity. Eighteen ZDF rats (28 days of age) were assigned randomly to receive 0, 4 or 8 μg IFNT/kg body weight (BW) per day (n=6/group) for 8 weeks. Water consumption was measured every two days. Food intake and BW were recorded weekly. Energy expenditure in 4-, 6-, 8-, and 10-week-old rats was determined using indirect calorimetry. Starting at 7 weeks of age, urinary glucose and ketone bodies were tested daily. Rates of glucose and oleate oxidation in liver, brown adipose tissue, and abdominal adipose tissue, leucine catabolism in skeletal muscle, and lipolysis in white and brown adipose tissues were greater for rats treated with 8 μg IFNT/kg BW/day in comparison with control rats. Treatment with 8 μg IFNT/kg BW/day increased heat production, reduced BW gain and adiposity, ameliorated fatty liver syndrome, delayed the onset of diabetes, and decreased concentrations of glucose, free fatty acids, triacylglycerol, cholesterol, and branched-chain amino acids in plasma, compared to control rats. Oral administration of 8 μg IFNT/kg BW/day ameliorated oxidative stress in skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue, as indicated by decreased ratios of oxidized glutathione to reduced glutathione and increased concentrations of the antioxidant tetrahydrobiopterin. These results indicate that IFNT stimulates oxidation of energy substrates and reduces obesity in ZDF rats and may have broad important implications for preventing and treating obesity-related diseases in mammals.
In situ GABAergic modulation of synchronous gonadotropin releasing hormone-1 neuronal activity.

Evidence indicates that gonadotropin releasing hormone-1 [GnRH-1, also known as luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH)] neurons can exhibit synchronized neuroendocrine secretory activity before entrance into the CNS. In this study, we used calcium imaging to evaluate patterns of activity in individual, embryonic, GnRH-1 neurons as well as population dynamics of GnRH-1 neurons in mouse nasal explants maintained for 1 versus 3 weeks. Independent of age, GnRH-1 neurons displayed significant calcium peaks that synchronized at an interval of ∼20 min across multiple GnRH-1 cells within an explant. Acute tetrodotoxin treatment decreased the amplitude of calcium peaks in individual GnRH-1 neurons and the duration but not the frequency of synchronized activity in the population of GnRH-1 neurons. Acute GABA B receptor antagonism increased the frequency of synchronized neuronal activity at both ages, whereas acute GABA A receptor antagonism decreased calcium oscillations in individual GNRH-1 cells as well as synchronization of the calcium pulses within the GnRH-1 population at the 1 week time point to background non-GNRH-1 cell levels. These results indicate that developing GnRH-1 neurons rely heavily on GABAergic signaling to initiate synchronized bouts of activity but thereafter, possess an innate capacity for synchronized activity patterns that are modulated by, but not completely dependent on GABAergic signaling.
Monitored steady-state excitation and recovery (MSSR) radiation force imaging using viscoelastic models

Acoustic radiation force imaging methods distinguish tissue structure and composition by monitoring tissue responses to applied radiation force excitations. Although these responses are a complex, multidimensional function of the geometric and viscoelastic nature of tissue, simplified discrete biomechanical models offer meaningful insight to the physical phenomena that govern induced tissue motion. Applying Voigt and standard linear viscoelastic tissue models, we present a new radiation force technique - monitored steady-state excitation and recovery (MSSER) imaging - that tracks both steady-state displacement during prolonged force application and transient response following force cessation to estimate tissue mechanical properties such as elasticity and viscosity. In concert with shear wave elasticity imaging (SWEI) estimates for Young's modulus, MSSER methods are useful for estimating tissue mechanical properties independent of the applied force magnitude. We test our methods in gelatin phantoms and excised pig muscle, with confirmation through mechanical property measurement. Our results measured 10.6 kPa, 14.7 kPa, and 17.1 kPa (gelatin) and 122.4 kPa (pig muscle) with less than 10% error. This work demonstrates the feasibility of MSSER imaging and merits further efforts to incorporate relevant mechanical tissue models into the development of novel radiation force imaging techniques.
Invited Commentary: The Life Course Epidemiology of Depression

Lifetime trajectories of risk for major depression appear to be established early in childhood. Within the broader frameworks of life course epidemiology and developmental psychopathology, Pesonen et al. (Am J Epidemiol 2007;166:1126–1133) provide new evidence that traumatic experiences in childhood increase the risk of depressive symptoms in adulthood. They reported on a follow-up study of 1,658 members of the Helsinki Birth Cohort, born in 1934–1944 (Finland), 410 of whom were evacuated to foster care during World War II. More than six decades later, the adults who were evacuated as children had significantly higher depressive symptom scores than the adults who were not evacuated. Their study highlights important challenges to determining whether or not specific childhood experiences have a causal effect on adult depression. This commentary reviews three challenges to causal inference in life course research: unmeasured confounding, sampling bias, and model specification. Despite the strengths of birth cohort studies for investigating developmental trajectories and for establishing the temporality of exposures, such studies often do not overcome threats to causal inference that are common to observational research in general. The study by Personen et al. provides further motivation for research that can address commonly recognized sources of bias and identify intervening pathways linking early life exposures with adult health outcomes.
EtfA catalyses the formation of dipicolinic acid in Clostridium perfringens

Dipicolinic acid (DPA) is a major component of bacterial endospores, comprising 5-15% of the spore dry weight, and is important for spore stability and resistance properties. The biosynthetic precursor to DPA, dihydro-dipicolinic acid (DHDPA), is produced by DHDPA synthase within the lysine biosynthesis pathway. In Bacillus subtilis, and most other bacilli and clostridia, DHDPA is oxidized to DPA by the products of the spoVF operon. Analysis of the genomes of the clostridia in Cluster I, including the pathogens Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani, has shown that no spoVF orthologues exist in these organisms. DPA synthase was purified from extracts of sporulating C. perfringens cells. Peptide sequencing identified an electron transfer flavoprotein, EtfA, in this purified protein fraction. A C. perfringens strain with etfA inactivated is blocked in late stage sporulation and produces < or = 11% of wild-type DPA levels. C. perfringens EtfA was expressed in and purified from Escherichia coli, and this protein catalysed DPA formation in vitro. The sequential production of DHDPA and DPA in C. perfringens appears to be catalysed by DHDPA synthase followed by EtfA. Genome sequence data and the taxonomy of spore-forming species suggest that this may be the ancestral mechanism for DPA synthesis.
FastYield: variation-aware, layout-driven simultaneous binding and module selection for performance yield optimization

While technology scaling has presented many new and exciting opportunities, new design challenges have arisen due to increased density, and delay and power variations. High-level synthesis has been touted as a solution to these problems, as it can significantly reduce the number of man hours required for a design by raising the level of abstraction. In this paper, we propose a new variation-aware high-level synthesis binding/module selection algorithm, named FastYield, which takes into consideration multiplexers, functional units, registers, and interconnects. Additionally, FastYield connects with the lower levels of the design hierarchy through its inclusion of a timing driven floorplanner guided by a statistical static timing analysis (SSTA) engine which is used to modify/enhance the synthesis solution. FastYield is able to incorporate spatial correlations of process variations in its optimization, which are shown to affect performance yield. On average, FastYield achieves a clock period that is 14.5% smaller, and a performance yield gain of 78.9%, when compared to a variation-unaware algorithm. By making use of accurate timing information, FastYield's rebinding improves performance yield by an average of 9.8% over the initial binding, for the same clock period. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first high-level synthesis binding/module selection algorithm that is layout-driven and variation aware.
Identification of Rapid Turnover Transcripts Overexpressed in Thyroid Tumors and Thyroid Cancer Cell Lines: Use of a Targeted Differential RNA Display Method to Select for mRNA Subsets

The mRNAs of transiently expressed proteins such as cytokines and proto-oncogenes are commonly subject to rapid transcriptional activation and degradation. Transcript turnover is determined in part by association of certain proteins with consensus AU-rich motifs (AUUUA) in the 3'-untranslated region of the transcripts. Here we report a modification of differential RNA display (DRD) to detect differentially expressed rapid turnover mRNAs containing AU-rich motifs from thyroid cancer tissues and cell lines. RNA of normal and thyroid cancer tissues was differentially displayed using a 3'anchor primer to the poly(A) tail and an arbitrary 5'primer incorporating an AUUUA sequence. The appropriateness of the strategy was established by its ability to display known early response genes, such as c- fos, using partially degenerate primers. To test whether the novel cDNAs isolated coded for transcripts subject to rapid turnover, they were used as probes for Northern blots of RNA from clonal human thyroid carcinoma cell lines treated for varying periods with either cycloheximide or actinomycin D. A number of novel differentially expressed cDNA fragments were isolated from human papillary thyroid carcinoma tissues, among them a cDNA with zinc finger motifs and homology to other zinc finger proteins. Using this fragment to probe a cDNA library, a full-length cDNA (ZnF20) was isolated that was 4333 bp in length and contained an open reading frame of 1029 amino acids. The ZnF20 cDNA hybridized to multiple transcripts in a thyroid cancer cell line (8.0, 4.5 and 2 kb) that increased after cycloheximide treatment and decayed <2 h after addition of actinomycin D. The ZnF20 mRNA was overexpressed in three of six thyroid papillary carcinomas as compared with paired normal thyroid tissue controls. The data presented here support the use of a targeted DRD approach for the isolation of rapid turnover mRNAs, many of which may be interesting candidate oncogenes.