cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Host tree influences on the dispersal of first instar gypsy moths, Lymantria dispar (L.)

. 1. In laboratory tests, first instar gypsy moths attempted dispersal more frequency when exposed to less acceptable foliage. 2. First instars from small eggs attempted dispersal less frequently than larvae from large eggs when exposed to foliage from highly acceptable or marginally acceptable hosts. Dispersal rates of larvae from medium sized eggs were intermediate. 3. These results (1–2) confirm and expand upon the findings of Capinera & Barbosa (1976). 4. In the field, data on the relative densities of larvae on different host species support the conclusion that the frequency of dispersal attempts is inversely related to host acceptability. 5. The implications of these findings for the population dynamics of the gypsy moth are discussed.
Intergeneric transfer of genes involved in the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis

Genes that seem to be involved in the initial steps of infection of a legume by Rhizobium have been transferred, by transformation, to mutant strains of Azotobacter vinelandii that are unable to fix nitrogen. These genes code for a surface antigen that binds specifically to a protein from the host plant.
An equilibrium model of the terrestrial carbon budget

The global terrestrial carbon budget is examined using a process-based model, DEMETER-1. In this version of the model, the carbon budgets of vegetation, litter and soil organic matter are simulated using simplified parameterizations of ecosystem processes and their climatic sensitivity. For the modern climate, the model simulates the carbon storage potential of the terrestrial biosphere: 800 Gt-C in vegetation, 150 Gt-C in litter and 1370 Gt-C in soil organic matter. The global and continental-scale simulations of net primary productivity and carbon storage are in good agreement with available observations. In particular, simulated biome-average soil carbon densities are in very strong agreement ( r = 0.9373) with published data. To obtain accurate simulations on the local and regional scales, more detailed treatments of ecosystem processes may be required, provided that they can be validated across the range of spatial and temporal scales. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.47.issue3.3.x
Abnormal coagulation during pediatric craniofacial surgery.

Introduction: This prospective study of children undergoing major craniofacial surgery was undertaken to determine whether abnormal hemostasis occurred and to characterize any coagu
(E)-1,2-Bis(1-propyl-5,6-dimethyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)ethene.

In the title compound, C26H32N4, the essentially planar (r.m.s. deviations of 0.0053 and 0.0242 A) benzimidazole fragments are trans with respect to a central ethene fragment, and are canted in opposite directions by 2.78 (6) and 5.87 (6)° with respect to the ethene plane, giving the mol­ecule a propeller conformation. The terminal ethyl fragments of the pendant n-propyl groups protrude to either side of the benzimidazole planes. Overall, the mol­ecule exhibits a pseudo-center of symmetry at the mid-point of the ethene fragment. Both π–π stacking and typical C—H⋯π inter­actions are notably absent, as are inter­molecular hydrogen bonds. When viewed along the a axis, the structure appears as criss-crossed layers of mol­ecules with the planar fragments separated along the c-cell direction by the protruding ethyl groups.
Functional Capillary Density Changes During Blood Substitution with ααHb and Dextran 70: Influence on Oxygen Delivery

The effectiveness of a blood substitute is ultimately determined by the rate at which O2 arrives to the capillaries and the functional capillary density i.e., the number of flowing capillaries per unit volume of tissue. We use this rationale to analyze the effectiveness of isovolemic blood substitution with alpha alpha Hb (3,5-bis(dibromosalicyl)fumarate) compared to isooncotic and isovolemic hemodilution with dextran 70. Progressive hemodilution with each solution was performed in the awake hamster skinfold model by simultaneous isovolemic exchange of blood until the systemic hematocrit was reduced to 30% of control. Systemic hematocrit, blood pressure, heart rate were monitored. To determine O2 delivery at the microcirculatory level, functional capillary density, RBC velocity, RBC flux, capillary hematocrit were measured. Functional capillary density was maintained during moderate hemodilution with dextran 70, whereas alpha alpha Hb exchange caused a gradual reduction in the number of flowing capillaries. O2 delivery to tissue was calculated from total O2 content (RBC and plasma Hb or RBC only), blood flow, and functional capillary density. Our findings suggest that augmentation of the O2 content of blood with alpha alpha Hb substitution produces similar results in terms of capillary O2 delivery and capacity as isovolemic and isooncotic hemodilution with dextran 70.
SULFUR APPLICATION EFFECTS ON SOIL PROPERTIES IN A CALCAREOUS SOIL AND ON SUGARCANE GROWTH AND YIELD

High pH soils limit availability of pH sensitive nutrients including phosphorus (P), even though abundant levels are present. Application of such nutrients to the soil is ineffective because they quickly get tied up in unavailable forms. Elemental sulfur (S) application in a narrow band to lower root zone pH and increase nutrient availability to the crop is a possible economically feasible solution. A four year field study was conducted in which S was applied to sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) at rates up to 1120 kg S ha−1 each of the 1st three years in a band using different application methods. Sulfur application effects on soil pH were gradual, causing only a slight reduction in the application zone after one year; but was long lasting, resulting in continuing substantial declines in soil pH in an adjacent zone four years after the first S application. Soil available P, sulfate (SO4)-S, and salinity levels increased with increasing S applied. Sugarcane plant growth, as indicated by leaf area index during th...
Disagreement and causal learning: others' hypotheses affect children's evaluations of evidence.

When children evaluate evidence and make causal inferences, they are sensitive to the social context in which data are generated. This study investigated whether children learn more from evidence generated by an agent who agrees with them or from one who disagrees with them. Children in two age groups (5and 6-year-olds and 9- and 10-year-olds) observed the functioning of a machine that lit up and played music in the presence of certain objects. After endorsing one of two plausible causal hypotheses, children observed a puppet either agree or disagree with their own hypotheses. The puppet then generated a further piece of evidence that confirmed, disconfirmed, or was neutral with respect to the children’s hypotheses. When they were later asked to make causal inferences about objects they did not directly observe, children in both age groups responded differentially to identical evidence depending on whether the agent agreed or disagreed, and they often drew stronger inferences in response to disagreement. In addition, older children were particularly sensitive to disagreement when the evidence was ambiguous. Our results suggest that children consider the relationship between their own and others’ hypotheses when evaluating evidence that others generate.
Receptor-mediated Vectorial Transcytosis of Epidermal Growth Factor by Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cells

Transcellular transport of a variety of ligands may be an important mechanism by which regulatory substances reach their site of action. We have studied the transcellular transport of two 6,000-mol-wt proteins, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin, across polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells grown on dual-sided chambers on a nitrocellulose filter substrate. When grown on these chambers, MDCK cells are polarized and express distinct basal and apical surfaces. MDCK cells are capable of unidirectional transport of EGF from the basal-to-apical direction, 50% of bound EGF transported in 2 h. Transport was inhibited by the addition of unlabeled EGF in a dose-dependent manner. Anti-EGF receptor Ab, which inhibited binding, also inhibited transport. No transport in the apical-to-basal direction is noted. Insulin transport is not observed in either direction. Transport correlates with the presence of ligand-specific receptors on the cell surface. Hence, EGF receptors (Ro = 48,000, Kd = 3.5 X 10(-10) M) are found only on the basal surface of the MDCK cells and neither surface expresses insulin receptors. Characterization of the EGF receptors on MDCK cells, as assessed by affinity, molecular mass, and anti-receptor antibody binding reveals that this receptor has similar characteristics to EGF receptors previously described on a variety of cells. Hence, the EGF receptor can function as a transporter of EGF across an epithelial cell barrier.
Cerebrospinal fluid markers reveal intrathecal inflammation in progressive multiple sclerosis.

Objective The management of complex patients with neuroimmunological diseases is hindered by an inability to reliably measure intrathecal inflammation. Currently implemented laboratory tests developed >40 years ago either are not dynamic or fail to capture low levels of central nervous system (CNS) inflammation. Therefore, we aimed to identify and validate biomarkers of CNS inflammation in 2 blinded, prospectively acquired cohorts of untreated patients with neuroimmunological diseases and embedded controls, with the ultimate goal of developing clinically useful tools. Methods Because biomarkers with maximum utility reflect immune phenotypes, we included an assessment of cell specificity in purified primary immune cells. Biomarkers were quantified by optimized electrochemiluminescent immunoassays. Results Among markers with cell-specific secretion, soluble CD27 is a validated biomarker of intrathecal T-cell activation, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.97. Comparing the quantities of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) immune cells and their respective cell-specific soluble biomarkers (released by CSF cells as well as their counterparts in CNS tissue) provided invaluable information about stationary CNS immune responses, previously attainable via brain biopsy only. Unexpectedly, progressive and relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) patients have comparable numbers of activated intrathecal T and B cells, which are preferentially embedded in CNS tissue in the former group. Interpretation The cell-specific biomarkers of intrathecal inflammation may improve diagnosis and management of neuroimmunological diseases and provide pharmacodynamic markers for future therapeutic developments in patients with intrathecal inflammation that is not captured by imaging, such as in progressive MS. Ann Neurol 2015;78:3–20
Bibliotherapy for Divorced and Remarried Families

This column presents issues that affectfamilies undergoing separation, divorce, and remarriage, including single parenting and stepfamilies. If you have specific areas or questions that you would like discussed in this column, please write to: James H. Bray, Department of Family Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 5510 Greenbiiar, Houston, TX 77005, or call (713) 798-7751.
Peer and Upward Appraisals A Comparison of their Benefits and Problems

This study reports on the positive and negative outcomes that abroad cross section of employees associate with peer and upward appraisals used solely for administrative or developmental purposes. A...
The Relation of Career Maturity to Personality Type and Social Adjustment

Models of career maturity, first formulated at midcentury, have been criticized for not incorporating innovations in personality and developmental psychology. This isolation from general models of ...
Monte Carlo simulations of the bandwidth of InAlAs avalanche photodiodes

We present a Monte Carlo simulation of the bandwidth of an InAlAs avalanche photodiode with an undepleted absorber. The carrier velocities are simulated in the charge layer and the multiplication region. It is shown that the velocity overshoot effect is not as significant as simpler models have suggested. At high electric field intensity, the electron effective saturation velocity is only slightly higher when impact ionization is significant, compared with when impact ionization is absent. The simulated 3 dB bandwidth is consistent with experiments for gains up to 50.
Combining NLP with evidence-based methods to find text metrics related to perceived and actual text difficulty

Measuring text difficulty is prevalent in health informatics since it is useful for information personalization and optimization. Unfortunately, it is uncertain how best to compute difficulty so that it relates to reader understanding. We aim to create computational, evidence-based metrics of perceived and actual text difficulty. We start with a corpus analysis to identify candidate metrics which are further tested in user studies. Our corpus contains blogs and journal articles (N=1,073) representing easy and difficult text. Using natural language processing, we calculated base grammatical and semantic metrics, constructed new composite metrics (noun phrase complexity and semantic familiarity), and measured the commonly used Flesch-Kincaid grade level. The metrics differed significantly between document types. Nouns were more prevalent but less familiar in difficult text; verbs and function words were more prevalent in easy text. Noun phrase complexity was lower, semantic familiarity was higher and grade levels were lower in easy text. Then, all metrics were tested for their relation to perceived and actual difficulty using follow-up analyses of two user studies conducted earlier. Base metrics and noun phrase complexity correlated significantly with perceived difficulty and could help explain actual difficulty.
2010 perinatal GBS prevention guideline and resource utilization.

OBJECTIVES: To quantify differences in early-onset sepsis (EOS) evaluations, evaluation-associated resource utilization, and EOS cases detected, when comparing time periods before and after the implementation of an EOS algorithm based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2010 guidelines for prevention of perinatal Group B Streptococcus (GBS) disease. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of infants born at ≥36 weeks’ gestation from 2009 to 2012 in a single tertiary care center. One 12-month period during which EOS evaluations were based on the CDC 2002 guideline was compared with a second 12-month period during which EOS evaluations were based on the CDC 2010 guideline. A cost minimization analysis was performed to determine the EOS evaluation-associated costs and resources during each time period. RESULTS: During the study periods, among well-appearing infants ≥36 weeks’ gestation, EOS evaluations for inadequate GBS prophylaxis decreased from 32/1000 to CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of an EOS algorithm based on CDC 2010 GBS guidelines resulted in a 25% decrease in EOS evaluations performed among well-appearing infants ≥36 weeks’ gestation, attributable to decreased evaluation of infants born in the setting of inadequate indicated GBS prophylaxis. This resulted in significant changes in EOS evaluation-associated resource expenditures.
Neighborhood Integration and Connectivity Predict Cognitive Performance and Decline

Objective: Neighborhood characteristics may be important for promoting walking, but little research has focused on older adults, especially those with cognitive impairment. We evaluated the role of...
Alcohol Use by Heroin Addicts: Evidence for an Inverse Relationship. A Study of Methadone Maintenance and Drug-Free Treatment Samples

This study examines the relationship between the patterns of use of alcohol and heroin by narcotics addicts, and evaluates the hypothesis--frequently reported during methadone maintenance--that this form of treatment can be causally implicated in an increased consumption of alcohol. Data were obtained on lifetime patterns of alcohol and heroin use of 375 Anglo and Chicano male addicts sampled from two treatment sources: the nonmethadone (drug-free) California Civil Addict Program (CAP) and several Southern California Methadone Maintenance (MM) programs. Repeated-measures MANOVAs revealed that alcohol and heroin consumption were inversely related throughout the addicts' careers. This pattern was evident in the addiction, treatment, and postdischarge stages of Anglo and Chicano addict careers, in both the CAP and MM samples. Consequently, the authors reject the hypothesis that increased alcohol consumption is caused solely by addicts' participation in methadone maintenance treatment. Rather, the findings suggest that addicts' alcohol use during methadone treatment reflects a lifetime pattern of increased alcohol use following any decline in heroin intake.
Bentazon Degradation in Soil: Influence of Tillage and History of Bentazon Application

Laboratory studies determined the fate of bentazon (3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)one 2,2-dioxide) in soil as affected by tillage and history of application. Bentazon degradation in two soils from Mississippi and three soils from Illinois under conventional-tillage (CT) and notillage (NT) (3-18 years) with varying histories of bentazon application (0-9 applications) was studied. The half-life (DT50) for bentazon degradation ranged from 4.6 to 49.5 d; half-lives for NT of the two soils with the longest history of bentazon application were lower than those for CT. Halflives for soils with no bentazon history were 3-11-fold higher than bentazon half-lives of those previously exposed to bentazon. Dissipation of bentazon was accompanied with increases in nonextractable material. Methylbentazon was the most consistently observed metabolite (1.75.8% applied 14 C after 48 d). Bentazon mineralization ranged from 12% to 18% applied after 48 d and 2% to 3% applied after 22 d for bentazon history and nonhistory soils, respectively. Patterns of mineralization were affected by tillage in the two of the five soils with the longest bentazon history.
Evolutionary History of Hunter-Gatherer Marriage Practices

Background: The universality of marriage in human societies around the world suggests a deep evolutionary history of institutionalized pair-bonding that stems back at least to early modern humans. However, marriage practices vary considerably from culture to culture, ranging from strict prescriptions and arranged marriages in some societies to mostly unregulated courtship in others, presence to absence of brideservice and brideprice, and polyandrous to polygynous unions. The ancestral state of early human marriage is not well known given the lack of conclusive archaeological evidence. Methodology: Comparative phylogenetic analyses using data from contemporary hunter-gatherers around the world may allow for the reconstruction of ancestral human cultural traits. We attempt to reconstruct ancestral marriage practices using hunter-gatherer phylogenies based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. Results: Arranged marriages are inferred to go back at least to first modern human migrations out of Africa. Reconstructions are equivocal on whether or not earlier human marriages were arranged because several African hunter-gatherers have courtship marriages. Phylogenetic reconstructions suggest that marriages in early ancestral human societies probably had low levels of polygyny (low reproductive skew) and reciprocal exchanges between the families of marital partners (i.e., brideservice or brideprice). Discussion: Phylogenetic results suggest a deep history of regulated exchange of mates and resources among lineages that enhanced the complexity of human meta-group social structure with coalitions and alliances spanning across multiple residential communities.
Is preoperative ciliary body and iris anatomical configuration a predictor of malignant glaucoma development

Background To investigate anatomical configuration of ciliary body and iris using ultrasound biomicroscopy as a predictor of malignant glaucoma development. Design Retrospective study in a tertiary care hospital. Participants Cohort of 31 consecutive patients diagnosed with post-surgical malignant glaucoma. Methods Anterior chamber angle, iris and ciliary body configuration of involved eyes that had ultrasound biomicroscopy evaluation prior to the malignant glaucoma onset were evaluated. In cases with no presurgical ultrasound biomicroscopy exam of the involved eye, images from the fellow eye (imaged within 6 months) were analysed. Main Outcome Measures Qualitative parameters. Results Thirty-one eyes (31 patients) had confirmed malignant glaucoma between 1996 and 2008. Most patients were women (65%) and had an anatomical narrow angle or angle-closure glaucoma (77%). Mean intraocular pressure at diagnosis was 30.4 ± 13.5 mmHg. The most common operation was trabeculectomy with mitomycin C (55%, 17/31 eyes), combined (3/17) or not (14/17) with cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation. Among these 31 cases, we were able to evaluate the ultrasound biomicroscopy images of 13 patients (13 eyes) including involved eyes imaged prior to the malignant glaucoma onset or eligible fellow eyes. A narrow angle with or without iridotrabecular contact was found in all eyes. A large and/or anteriorly positioned ciliary body associated with an iris root angulating forward and centrally, revealing a plateau iris configuration, was noticed in 85% (11/13) of these eyes. Conclusion Identification of plateau iris configuration by ultrasound biomicroscopy should be considered as a possible predictor of post-operative malignant glaucoma development.
Irrigating solution and pressure effects on tooth sectioning with surgical burs

Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of the applied load on the handpiece, type of cooling agent, and type of tooth on surgical tooth dissection with a tapered crosscut fissure bur. Study Design. Cutting studies were performed at handpiece loadings of 295 and 590 g through use of an oral surgery straight handpiece, tapered crosscut fissure burs, and an established cutting regimen. Extracted molars were dissected under irrigation with water, 0.9% saline solution, and lactated Ringer’s solution at constant flow rates of 15 and 25 mL/min. Cutting efficiencies were analyzed by 1-way analysis of variance and Scheffe tests. Results. No difference in cutting efficiency was found at low loads under irrigation with water or saline solution, but under irrigation with lactated Ringer’s solution, a higher cutting efficiency was found (P < .05). There was no difference in cutting efficiency for lactated Ringer’s solution and saline solution at high loads, but both cut more efficiently than water (P < .01). Conclusions. Saline solution is a useful coolant/irrigant for the dissection of teeth under most conditions, but lactated Ringer’s solution might be beneficial with respect to cutting efficiency when lower handpiece loads are required.(Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1999;87:552-6)
Treatment of Schizophrenia With Long-Acting Fluphenazine, Haloperidol, or Risperidone

Objective: This study compares 3 cohorts of patients with schizophrenia before, during, and after initiating treatment with fluphenazine decanoate (FD), haloperidol decanoate (HD), or long-acting injectable risperidone (LAR). Methods: Administrative data are analyzed from California Medicaid (Medi-Cal) beneficiaries with schizophrenia who initiated FD, HD, or LAR treatment. Patients were required to have been continuously enrolled in Medi-Cal for 180 days before and 180 days after the start of the new episode of long-acting antipsychotic therapy. Results: There were few demographic and clinical differences among patients initiating FD, HD, and LAR. During the 180 days before starting long-acting injections, most patients initiating FD (53.5%), HD (58.5%), and LAR (61.2%) received oral antipsychotic medications for FD). Few patients who started on FD (5.4%), HD (9.7%), or LAR (2.6%) continued for at least 180 days. Most patients in each group (FD [77.4%], HD [78.9%], and LAR [75.5%]) received oral antipsychotic medications during the 45 days after discontinuing long-acting injections. Coprescription with antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and benzodiazepines was common. Conclusions: Patients treated with long-acting antipsychotic injections tend to have complex pharmacological regimens and recent medication nonadherence. A great majority of patients initiating long-acting antipsychotic medications discontinue use within the first few months of treatment.
A Three-Dimensional Recovery-Based Discontinuous Galerkin Method for Turbulence Simulations

Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods have recently received much attention because of their portability to complex geometries, scalability in parallel architectures and relatively simple extension to high order. However, their implementation for compressible turbulence problems is not straightforward, e.g., due to parameter-free limiting for orders greater than first and the lack of a consistent high-order diffusion scheme for DG. To address this last point, Van Leer proposed the idea of recovery-based discontinuous Galerkin (RDG) approaches. In the present work, an explicit recovery-based diffusion scheme is developed in three dimensions on a Cartesian grid to solve incompressible and slightly compressible turbulence problems. It is shown that the selection of an optimal recovery and enhancement basis preserves the super-convergence property of this scheme (eighth order for P = 2, where P is the order of the polynomial basis) for the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations. Test problems confirm the efficient and accurate application of the present recovery-based discontinuous Galerkin method to incompressible and slightly compressible turbulence problems.
Clinical Efficacy, Safety, and Feasibility of Using Video Glasses during Interventional Radiologic Procedures: A Randomized Trial.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the clinical efficacy, safety, and feasibility of implementing video glasses in a variety of interventional radiologic (IR) procedures. Materials and Methods Between August 2012 and August 2013, 83 patients undergoing outpatient IR procedures were randomized to a control group (n = 44) or an experimental group outfitted with video glasses (n = 39). State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scores, sedation and analgesia doses, mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), pain scores, and procedure times were obtained. Complications and adverse events related to the use of video glasses were recorded. Postprocedural staff surveys and patient satisfaction surveys were completed. Results Women had greater preprocedural anxiety than men ( P = .0056), and patients undergoing vascular interventions had greater preprocedural anxiety than those undergoing nonvascular interventions ( P = .0396). When assessed after the procedure, patients who wore video glasses had significantly reduced levels of anxiety (−7.7 vs −4.4, respectively; P = .0335) and average MAP (−6.3 vs 2.1, respectively; P = .0486) compared with control patients. There was no significant difference in amount of sedation and analgesia, HR, RR, pain score, or procedure time between groups. No significant adverse events related to the use of video glasses were observed. Postprocedural surveys showed that video glasses were not distracting and did not interfere or pose a safety issue during procedures. Patients enjoyed using the video glasses and would use them again for a future procedure. Conclusions Video glasses can be safely implemented during IR procedures to reduce anxiety and improve a patient's overall experience.
Mesoscale budgets of heat and moisture in a convective system over the central United States

Mesoscale heat and moisture budget calculations from the April 10-11 AVE-SESAME central U.S. region are calculated in order to diagnose the effect of midlatitude organized convection on its environment. When averaged over an area greater than the observational scale, the noise levels of 5 C/day for the heat budget and 2 g/kg per day for the moisture budget are considerably reduced. The credibility of such area-averaged budget results is indicated by the general agreement obtained between the observed rainfall rate and the vertically integrated heat sources and moisture sinks. The vertical convective heating that is diagnosed from this organized midlatitude convection differs significantly from tropical structures diagnosed on much larger temporal and spatial scales. A time lag of several hours between the moisture convergence and rainfall rate is noted.
Frequency-independent resonance condition for annular ring microstrip antenna on metamaterial substrate

A theoretical analysis of an annular ring microstrip antenna with metamaterial substrate is presented. The approach is based on the cavity model. By including in the substrate a conventional dielectric material and a metamaterial possessing negative permittivity and permeability, a frequency independent resonance condition is found. Numerical validation of the theoretical results is performed.
Low temperature electroformation of TaOx-based resistive switching devices

Transport characteristics of TiN/Ta/TaOx/TiN resistive-switching crossbar devices with amorphous TaOx functional layer have been investigated at cryogenic temperatures. Quasi-DC I-V characteristics at 10 K show a negative differential resistance region followed by a rapid transition to the non-volatile formed state. Accounting for Joule heating, the device temperature at the point of switching was estimated at 150 K. Measurements of transient resistance at low stage temperatures revealed an abrupt drop of resistance delayed by a characteristic incubation time after the leading edge of the voltage pulse. The incubation time was a strong function of applied voltage but did not depend on temperature between 10 K and 100 K. This implies a very low activation energy of the threshold switching process at low temperatures. Both of these observations argue against the involvement of oxygen vacancy motion at the onset of the forming process.
Troubleshooting the Windows File System

So far in this book, we’ve detailed the complexities of the Windows file system and some of the most common problems you can encounter with files, such as security and access permissions.
Variation in an Iron Metabolism Gene Moderates the Association Between Blood Lead Levels and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children

Although attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heritable neurodevelopmental condition, there is also considerable scientific and public interest in environmental modulators of its etiology. Exposure to neurotoxins is one potential source of perturbation of neural, and hence psychological, development. Exposure to lead in particular has been widely investigated and is correlated with neurodevelopmental outcomes, including ADHD. To investigate whether this effect is likely to be causal, we used a Mendelian randomization design with a functional gene variant. In a case-control study, we examined the association between ADHD symptoms in children and blood lead level as moderated by variants in the hemochromatosis (HFE) gene. The HFE gene regulates iron uptake and secondarily modulates lead metabolism. Statistical moderation was observed: The magnitude of the association of blood lead with symptoms of ADHD was altered by functional HFE genotype, which is consistent with a causal hypothesis.
Are there Reasons for Optimism in the Battle against Sexual Assault

Rape and sexual assault remain major criminological problems in the United States. However, there are a number of reasons for future optimism. American society appears to be gradually evolving in important ways, and changing attitudes reflect more appreciation for human rights, human equality, and support for victims of sexual violence. In addition, advances in technology offer new ways for the justice system to catch and prosecute sex offenders, and the scholars researching these crimes continue to make important strides in critical areas. Furthermore, several data sources suggest that the prevalence of rape and sexual assault has decreased over the past 40 years. As long as Americans continue to demand more progress and more justice, they may have a chance to make that happen.
Role of hemodynamic factors in osmoregulatory alterations of rat pregnancy.

Plasma osmolality (Posmol) decreases in pregnancy, possibly because of hemodynamically mediated arginine vasopressin (AVP) secretion, i.e., inadequate vascular filling and/or decreased blood pressure. This hypothesis was tested in Sprague-Dawley rats treated on gestational days 1-18 or 13-18 with 1) deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) + standard chow (0.5% Na), 2) vehicle + standard chow, or 3) high-Na (1.25%) diet. Renal sodium "escape" and suppression of the renin-aldosterone system suggested "effective volume expansion," yet Posmol was similar in all pregnant groups, 7-10 mosmol/kg below levels in virgin controls, and plasma AVP was unaltered. Apparent osmotic thresholds for AVP secretion, similar in control and DOCA-treated gravid animals, were 8-10 mosmol/kg below those of untreated virgin rats. Norepinephrine + DOCA, administered to gravid animals consuming normal or high-Na chow, increased blood pressure approximately 10% above control levels, but this also failed to alter Posmol. These data suggest that mechanisms other than hemodynamically mediated AVP secretion are responsible for the osmoregulatory alterations accompanying rodent pregnancy.
Immunobiological Identification of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin.

SummaryThis report describes the immunobiological characterization of an antiserum to commercial human chorionic gonadotropin. This antiserum identified human chorionic gonadotropin of benign or malignant trophoblastic origin in serum or urine and neutralized its biological activity.
Influence of Risk/Safety Information Framing on Android App-Installation Decisions

We conducted three experiments with participants recruited on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk to examine the influence on app-installation decisions of summary risk information derived from the app permis...
Optical Absorption by Alkali Halides: Possible Structure in the Multiphonon Region

Earlier theories of the multiphonon absorption in insulators have either treated anharmonicity as a perturbation rather than exactly, or have ignored the lattice in favor of a single-oscillator model. Here we attempt to incorporate the important features of both models into a single theory applicable to many substances. For the heavier alkali halides, the calculation predicts some structure in the absorption spectrum in the “transparent” region well above the reststrahl line. The nature of this structure is examined in detail by focusing specifically upon results for the potassium halides. The amount of structure is shown to be related to the amount of overlap between the optic and acoustic branches of the phonon dispersion curves. Experimental possibilities for observing the multiphonon bumps are discussed.
Two Enzyme Immunoassays to Screen for 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in Water

Two solid-phase enzyme immunoassays were developed to measure 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), using 2 sets of structurally distinct immunogens and enzyme ligands. The 2,4-D analog, 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), gave a similar response with both methods, whereas other phenoxy herbicides cross-reacted differently. In method A, the aromatic moiety of 2,4-D was distal from the carrier protein and labeled enzyme, whereas in method B, the acetic acid portion of the herbicide was distal. The use of both methods to screen for this herbicide in ground water and municipal and river water reduced the number of false-positive responses. Water sources having a low background response could be monitored with either method alone. When a concentration step, with disposable C18 extraction columns, was used, the limit of sensitivity was 5 micrograms/L. Method A was the more sensitive of the 2 methods with a limit of detection of 10 micrograms/L without the concentration step.
Perspective on Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation of Biomass Pyrolysis Oils: Essential Roles of Fe-Based Catalysts

Catalytic fast pyrolysis is the most promising approach for biofuel production due to its simple process and versatility to handle lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks with varying and complex compositions. Compared with in situ catalytic fast pyrolysis, ex situ catalytic pyrolysis has the flexibility of optimizing the pyrolysis step and catalytic process individually to improve the quality of pyrolysis oil (stability, oxygen content, acid number, etc.) and to maximize the carbon efficiency in the conversion of biomass to pyrolysis oil. Hydrodeoxygenation is one of the key catalytic functions in ex situ catalytic fast pyrolysis. Recently, Fe-based catalysts have been reported to exhibit superior catalytic properties in the hydrodeoxygenation of model compounds in pyrolysis oil, which potentially makes the ex situ pyrolysis of biomass commercially viable due to the abundance and low cost of Fe. Here, we briefly summarize the recent progress on Fe-based catalysts for the hydrodeoxygenation of biomass, and provide perspectives on how to further improve Fe-based catalysts (activity and stability) for their potential applications in the emerging area of biomass conversion.
Reduced nicotine content cigarettes and use of alternative nicotine products: exploratory trial.

Aims To compare the use of alternative nicotine products, smoking behavior and tobacco biomarker exposure in smokers unwilling to quit who were assigned randomly to normal nicotine content (NNC) cigarettes or very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes. Design Randomized, parallel-arm 8-week study with assignment to VLNC (VLNC 1, n = 53) or NNC (NNC, n = 27) with access to non-cigarette combusted and non-combusted tobacco/nicotine products or to VLNC with access to only non-combusted products (VLNC2, n = 56). Setting Clinics in Minnesota, USA. Participants Smokers uninterested in quitting smoking with a mean [± standard deviation (SD)] age of 44 (± 14) years and smoking 16 (± seven) cigarettes/day; 51% female, 72% white. Measurements During the experimental period, the measures taken included: rate of alternative products used, amount of and abstinence from combusted tobacco used and tobacco exposure biomarkers. Findings There were higher rates of non-combusted alternative tobacco/nicotine product use in both VLNC conditions versus the NNC condition [rate ratio (RR) = 2.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.94, 2.46 and RR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.46, 1.85, respectively] and in VLNC1 versus VLNC2 condition (RR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.23, 1.44), accompanied by reduced biomarkers of exposure primarily in VLNC2 condition compared to NNC condition (Ps < 0.05). Fewer combusted products were smoked at almost all visits (Ps ≤ 0.02) and there were higher rates of abstinence for both VLNC conditions compared with the NNC condition (VLNC1 versus NNC: RR = 9.96, 95% CI = 5.01, 19.81; VLNC2 versus NNC: RR = 11.23, 95% CI = 5.74, 21.97). Conclusion The offer of, and instructions to use, reduced nicotine content cigarettes during an 8-week period led to greater use of alternative tobacco/nicotine products compared with continued use of normal nicotine cigarettes and also reductions in smoking rates.
Gifted Education: Best Practices and Methods for Educating Gifted Youth from a Christian Perspective

Gifted and Talented Education (GATE) is a topic in which the research is very specified. Experts in gifted education are often close knit and the field is small and insular. Research on GATE from a Christian perspective is limited, and in order to remedy this gap in the literature, this chapter discusses gifted education through a Christian lens. Gifted identification praxis ; gifted differentiation ; and the social and emotional needs of gifted students are each examined. The author further explores the inquiry theme discussed previously in the book, by answering the “how to” for meeting the needs of gifted students from a perspective of Shalom.
QM Internally Approving a Systems Analysis and Design Course

This paper describes the process of approving internally, through Quality matters, an advanced undergraduate online course teaching System Analysis and Design.
Optimism, Pessimism, Cynical Hostility, and Biomarkers of Metabolic Function in the Women's Health Initiative

Background Psychological attitudes reflecting expectations about the future (optimism, pessimism) and people (cynical hostility) independently predict incident cardiovascular disease and possibly diabetes, but underlying biologic pathways are incompletely understood. We examined the cross-sectional relationship between optimism, pessimism, and cynicism and biomarkers of metabolic function in the Women's Health Initiative. Methods Among 3443 postmenopausal women, biomarkers of metabolic function (fasting insulin and glucose) were measured at baseline and used to calculate insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and pancreatic beta cell activity (HOMA-B). Psychological attitudes were assessed by the Life Orientation Test, Revised (LOT-R, full scale and optimism and pessimism subscales) and the Cook-Medley cynicism subscale. Multivariable linear regression modeled the association of psychological attitudes with biomarker levels, adjusting for sociodemographics, health conditions, and health behaviors. Because obesity promotes insulin resistance, and obese individuals tend to report higher levels of pessimism and cynical hostility, we explored an interaction with BMI. Results In fully-adjusted models, only pessimism remained independently associated with higher fasting insulin levels and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Scoring one point higher on the pessimism subscale was associated with a 1.2% higher fasting insulin level, while scoring one-standard deviation higher was associated with a 2.7% higher fasting insulin level (p = 0.03); (results similar for HOMA-IR). An interaction term with BMI was not significant. Conclusions In multivariable models, higher dispositional pessimism was associated with worse metabolic function, and these findings were not modified by obesity status. Results extend prior work by linking pessimism to an objective biomarker of insulin resistance in elderly women. HIGHLIGHTS In postmenopausal women, higher levels of pessimism were related to worse metabolic function. For each additional point on the pessimism scale, a woman's fasting insulin level was 1.2% higher, holding other health-related factors constant, while scoring one standard deviation higher was associated with almost 3% higher insulin levels. Future research should address whether interventions to modify pessimistic attitudes could potentially reduce a woman's risk of diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease.
Decomposition of Design Activities

Concurrent design may result in reduction of the duration of a design project, cost savings, and better quality of the final design, however, it may increase the complexity of the design process and make it more difficult to manage. One way to reduce the complexity of a large scale design project is to decompose it into subsystems. In this paper, three types of decomposition are discussed: decomposition of module (component) - activity matrix decomposition of procedure (formula) - parameter (variable) matrix decomposition of activity (variable) - activity (variable) matrix.
“It'S So Opinioney”:

Drawing upon classroom discussions in high school women's history courses and follow-up interviews six years later, this article addresses three central questions: “What impression does viewing our history from primarily a male perspective, with the authority of the school behind it, make on students?” “What impression does viewing our history from a female perspective, with the authority of the school behind it, make on students?” “How can a gender-balanced history help female and male students to think about the concerns they have in shaping their own lives and in judging their society?”
Video-based learning vs traditional lecture for instructing emergency medicine residents in disaster medicine principles of mass triage, decontamination, and personal protective equipment

Introduction Great demands have been placed on disaster medicine educators. There is a need to develop innovative methods to educate Emergency Physicians in the ever-expanding body of disaster medicine knowledge. The authors sought to demonstrate that video-based learning (VBL) could be a promising alternative to traditional learning methods for teaching disaster medicine core competencies. Hypothesis/Problem The objective was to compare VBL to traditional lecture (TL) for instructing Emergency Medicine residents in the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP; Irving, Texas USA) disaster medicine core competencies of patient triage and decontamination. Methods A randomized, controlled pilot study compared two methods of instruction for mass triage, decontamination, and personal protective equipment (PPE). Emergency Medicine resident learning was measured with a knowledge quiz, a Likert scale measuring comfort, and a practical exercise. An independent samples t-test compared the scoring of the VBL with the TL group. Results Twenty-six residents were randomized to VBL (n=13) or TL (n=13). Knowledge score improvement following video (14.9%) versus lecture (14.1%) did not differ significantly between the groups (P=.74). Comfort score improvement also did not differ (P=.64) between video (18.3%) and lecture groups (15.8%). In the practical skills assessment, the VBL group outperformed the TL group overall (70.4% vs 55.5%; P<.0001), with significantly better performance in donning PPE and decontamination. Although not part of the original study design, a three-month post-hoc analysis was performed. When comparing the pre-intervention and three-month post-hoc performances, there were no significant differences in knowledge increases between VBL versus TL (P=.41) or in comfort (P=.39). Conclusion Video modules can be as effective as TL when utilized to train Emergency Medicine residents in the ACEP disaster medicine core competencies of patient triage and decontamination. Curtis HA , Trang K , Chason KW , Biddinger PD . Video-Based Learning vs Traditional Lecture for Instructing Emergency Medicine Residents in Disaster Medicine Principles of Mass Triage, Decontamination, and Personal Protective Equipment. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(1):7–12.
Dissemination of Research-Based Family Interventions for the Prevention of Substance Abuse

Drug abuse and associated adolescent problem behaviors, such as delinquency, unwanted pregnancy, and school failure, are weakening this country economically, socially, and spiritually. This chapter discusses the current status of drug abuse among adolescents and research suggesting that parents and other family members are more influential than previously thought in positively influencing adolescent behaviors. However, despite their best intentions, some parents have had little chance to learn how to be effective parents. And although more than 25 model family-strengthening programs have been shown to be effective in reducing substance abuse and its childhood precursors (such as conduct disorders, violence and aggression, depression and shyness, lack of social competencies, and school failure), these programs are not being implemented as often as are untested, commercially marketed parenting programs. This chapter stresses the need for increased investment by the federal government and its state and private-sector partners in learning how to improve the dissemination and adoption of science-based models of family-strengthening interventions.