cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In situ analysis of sedimentary pollutants by X-ray fluorescence☆

Abstract A prototype energy-dispersive, X-ray fluorescence analyzer has been tested which provides in situ analysis for upwards of 30 elements in the 20 to 50 ppm range in the top millimeter of sediment at water depths to 100 m. The prototype analyzer consists of a 109 Cd excitation source and a solid cryogen-cooled Si(Li) X-ray detector with a 10 mil. Be entrance window. Details of the irradiation source, the detector, possible future improvements and the actual in situ spectra of marine and freshwater sediments are discussed with respect to the detection of pollutants at existing environmental concentrations. The observed spectra demonstrate the feasibility of using X-ray fluorescence analysis for the in situ measurement of several pollutant elements.
Global gene expression analysis of ERK5 and ERK1/2 signaling reveals a role for HIF-1 in ERK5-mediated responses.

ERK5 is a recently characterized MAPK, which is most similar to the well studied ERK1/2 subfamily but uses distinct mechanisms to elicit responses. To understand the specificity of signaling through ERK5 versus ERK1/2, we examined global gene expression changes in response to each pathway. Microarray measurements in retinal pigment epithelial cells revealed 36 genes regulated by ERK5, all which were novel targets for this pathway. 39 genes were regulated by ERK1/2, which included 11 known genes. Of these genes, 19 were regulated by both pathways. Inspection of the 17 genes uniquely regulated by ERK5 revealed that 14 genes (82%) were previously associated with hypoxia via regulation by HIF-1. In contrast, 16 genes (84%) regulated by either ERK5 or ERK1/2 were implicated in hypoxia, most through mechanisms independent of HIF-1. Of the 20 genes regulated by ERK1/2, only 9 were implicated in hypoxia and were not well characterized hypoxia targets. Thus, unlike ERK5, a mechanistic link between ERK1/2 and HIF-1/HRE could not be established on the basis of gene regulation. Activation of both pathways enhanced transcription from a hypoxia-response element and increased HIF-1α protein expression. In contrast, ERK5 but not ERK1/2 elevated transcription through GAL4-HIF-1. Most interestingly, ERK5 is not significantly activated by hypoxia in retinal pigment epithelial cells, indicating that ERK5 regulation of these genes is relevant in normoxia rather than hypoxia. Thus, ERK5 and ERK1/2 differ in their mechanisms of gene regulation, and indicate that ERK5 may control hypoxia-responsive genes by a mechanism independent of HIF-1α expression control.
Stress and Strain-Energy Distributions within Diffusion-Controlled Insertion-Electrode Particles Subjected to Periodic Potential Excitations

We derive and implement analytic solutions for the description of insertion particles subject to cyclic surface concentration variations consistent with a periodic voltage excitation source applied to an insertion electrode wherein the overall resistance is dominated by that of solid-state diffusion within the electrode particles. The form of the analytic solution allows for a direct analogy to cyclic fatigue phenomena that have been examined in detail for structural materials over the past two centuries. We utilize the strain-energy density to assess the potential for crack nucleation, and we show that while the shear stress is independent of the surface tension and surface modulus, the strain-energy density, which drives particle fracture, is sensitive to the surface mechanics and therefore the particle radii. Specifically, the analysis implies that smaller particles are more stable relative to diffusion-induced decrepitation and cracking, consistent with experimental observations.
Pollock on token physicalism, agent materialism and strong artificial intelligence

Abstract An examination of John Pollock's theory of artificial intelligence and philosophy of mind raises difficulties for his mechanist concept of person. Token physicalism, agent materialism, and strong artificial intelligence are so related that if the first two propositions are not well‐established, then there is no justification for believing that an artificial consciousness can be designed and built. Pollock's arguments are shown to be inconclusive in upholding a functionalist theory of persons as supervenient but purely physical entities. In part this is the result of Pollock's thin definition of the concept of supervenience, according to which any complex supervenes on its proper parts. The limitations of this account are apparent when contrasted with richer conceptions of supervenience, such as Joseph Margolis’. But on Margolis’ theory, the mind and its expressions supervene on or rise above their material embodiments in the sense that they cannot be fully explained in physical terms, which contr...
Cellular mechanisms for bi-directional regulation of tubular sodium reabsorption.

Cellular mechanisms for bi-directional regulation of tubular sodium reabsorption. The molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of sodium excretion are incompletely known. Here we propose a general model for a bi-directional control of tubular sodium transporters by natriuretic and antinatriuretic factors. The model is based on experimental data from studies on the regulation of the activity of Na + ,K + -ATPase, the enzyme that provides the electrochemical gradient necessary for tubular reabsorption of electrolytes and solutes in all tubular segments. Regulation is carried out to a large extent by autocrine and paracrine factors. Of particular interest are the two catecholamines, dopamine and norepinephrine. Dopamine is produced in proximal tubular cells and inhibits Na + ,K + -ATPase activity in several tubule segments. Renal dopamine availability is regulated by the degrading enzyme, catechol-O-methyl transferase. Renal sympathetic nerve endings contain norepinephrine and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Activation of α-adrenergic receptors increase and activation of β-adrenergic receptors decrease Na + ,K + -ATPase activity. α-Adrenergic stimulation increases the Na + affinity of the enzyme and thereby the driving force for transcellular Na + transport. NPY acts as a master hormone by synergizing the α- and antagonizing the β-adrenergic effects. Dopamine and norepinephrine control Na + ,K + -ATPase activity by exerting opposing forces on a common intracellular signaling system of second messengers, protein kinases and protein phosphatases, ultimately determining the phosphorylation state of Na + ,K + -ATPase and thereby its activity. Important crossroads in this network are localized and functionally defined. Phosphorylation sites for protein kinase A and C have been identified and their functional significance has been verified.
Physiological studies on the actinomycetes

Studies on the physiology of the actinomycetes have not been too extensive to date. The literature indicates that members of this group of microorganisms are able to oxidize carbohydrates and lipids to carbon dioxide, but the intermediates in this chain of reactions are unknown. Most of the actinomycetes are quite proteolytic and attack proteins and polypeptides, and are also able to utilize nitrates and ammonia as sources of nitrogen. Nearly all synthesize vitamin B12 when grown on media containing cobalt salts, and many are able to synthesize rather complex organic molecules which have antibiotic properties. The mechanism of synthesis of these substances is not understood, and their role in the organism’s metabolism has not been investigated.
Human Pathogen Shown to Cause Disease in the Threatened Eklhorn Coral Acropora palmata

Coral reefs are in severe decline. Infections by the human pathogen Serratia marcescens have contributed to precipitous losses in the common Caribbean elkhorn coral, Acropora palmata, culminating in its listing under the United States Endangered Species Act. During a 2003 outbreak of this coral disease, called acroporid serratiosis (APS), a unique strain of the pathogen, Serratia marcescens strain PDR60, was identified from diseased A. palmata, human wastewater, the non-host coral Siderastrea siderea and the corallivorous snail Coralliophila abbreviata. In order to examine humans as a source and other marine invertebrates as vectors and/or reservoirs of the APS pathogen, challenge experiments were conducted with A. palmata maintained in closed aquaria to determine infectivity of strain PDR60 from reef and wastewater sources. Strain PDR60 from wastewater and diseased A. palmata caused disease signs in elkhorn coral in as little as four and five days, respectively, demonstrating that wastewater is a definitive source of APS and identifying human strain PDR60 as a coral pathogen through fulfillment of Koch's postulates. A. palmata inoculated with strain PDR60 from C. abbreviata showed limited virulence, with one of three inoculated fragments developing APS signs within 13 days. Strain PDR60 from non-host coral S. siderea showed a delayed pathogenic effect, with disease signs developing within an average of 20 days. These results suggest that C. abbreviata and non-host corals may function as reservoirs or vectors of the APS pathogen. Our results provide the first example of a marine “reverse zoonosis” involving the transmission of a human pathogen (S. marcescens) to a marine invertebrate (A. palmata). These findings underscore the interaction between public health practices and environmental health indices such as coral reef survival.
Thermions and the Origin of Solar and Terrestrial Magnetism

PREVALENT opinion seems to favour decidedly the hypothesis that the chief part of the magnetism of the earth or sun is due to the rotation of all, or a considerable portion of, the matter of which it is constituted. Theories of the magnetisation of matter by rotation fall into two classes: one (a) assuming that the substance is magnetic but not necessarily charged, the other (b) assuming that the substance is charged but not necessarily magnetic.
Political Clientelism in Political Studies Retrospect and Prospects

This article assesses the state of research on political clientelism by examining two collections of recent articles on that subject. It finds that the collections include many descriptions of change in the nature of patron-client relationships as well as some models of political systems containing clientelist components and some two-case comparisons. But the collections contain no reports on attempts to test hypotheses concerning clientelism in a systematic fashion. This is explained in large part by the nature of patron-client relationships and other dyadic structures: They are amorphous, latent, elusive, and ubiquitous, and have certain problems of conception and explanation. The systematic testing of hypotheses will require ways to measure dyadic structures. Such measurement should first be carried out at the middle or institutional level of political systems. It is suggested that dyads may be identified and measured most easily if they are conceived as addenda attached to institutionalized relationsh...
Smectite interactions with flavomononucleotide.

Adsorption isotherms and UV-visible and Mrssbauer spectroscopic data point to specific interactions between flavomononucleotide (FMN) and Fe3+-smectite. The maximum amount of FMN adsorption was 0.3 mmole/g of Fe3+-smectite giving a 1:1 molar proportion of Fe 3§ and FMN. The results suggest a Fe3+-FMN complex residing at the smectite surface. Other homoionic smectites (Cu 2§ Zn 2+, and Ca 2§ exhibited lower levels of adsorption and less apparent specific interaction.
Ultracentrifugation of yeast cells in a gradient of acrylamide gel and sucrose.

Dichtegefalle-Ultrazentrifugation, verbunden mit Photopolymerisation von Akrylamid, ist geeignet um lebende, unverletzte Zellen unbeweglich in Bander zu trennen, insofern sie sich punkto Gewicht, Volumen, Dichte oder Beweglichkeit im Dichtegefalle unterscheiden. Verschieden ernahrte Hefezellen-Gruppen (Candida albicans) zeigten verschiedene Bandenverteilungen.
Perceived Control as a Moderator of the Prototype Effect in the Perception of Discrimination

Whether an individual's behavior is perceived as discriminatory has a great deal to do with the characteristics of the individual. The prototype effect refers to the finding that individuals who match people's prototypes of the typical executor of a particular kind of discrimination (e.g., the prototypical sex discriminator is male) are much more likely to receive attributions of discrimination than are nonprototypical executors. The motivated social cognition perspective, however, suggests that people's subjective needs will influence the extent to which they rely on simplified cognitive abstractions. The results of this study indicate that people's subjective perceptions of control over discrimination in their lives moderate the influence of the prototype effect on perceptions of discrimination in ambiguous situations.
Pranking rhetoric: “culture jamming” as media activism

This essay explores the practice of “culture jamming” as a strategy of rhetorical protest. Specifically, “pranksters” deploy the tools of the mass media and marketing in order to take advantage of the resources and venues they afford. Through the concept of “pranking,” this essay suggests that the most promising forms of media activism may resist less through negation and opposition than by playfully appropriating commercial rhetoric both by folding it over on itself and exaggerating its tropes.
Ultrasonic wave propagation in human cortical bone--III. Piezoelectric contribution.

Abstract In a piezoelectric medium such as bone, the wave propagation and elastic constants are modified by the piezoelectric coupling. This piezoelectric “stiffening” or contribution is calculated for dry cortical bone, using the piezoelectric constants and dielectric constants reported for bone in the literature, and is compared with the corresponding values of two typical piezoelectric materials, α-quartz (single crystal) and “poled” barium titanate ceramic (polycrystalline). It is found that the piezoelectric contribution to the elastic stiffnesses of bone is negligibly small.
The photochemistry of 3,4,5-trideuteriopyridine

Irradiation of 3,4,5-trideuteriopyridine at 254 nm in the vapor phase results in the formation of a mixture of 2,3,4-trideuteriopyridine and 2,3,6-trideuteriopyridine. The formation of these products is consistent with a photoisomerization mechanism involving equilibrating azaprefulvene intermediates. This is the first direct evidence that pyridine vapor undergoes photoisomerization resulting in transposition of the pyridine ring atoms.
HPLC Separation of Diastereomeric Adducts of Glutatmione with Some K-Region Arene Oxides

Abstract The diastereomeric glutathione (GSH) adducts of the K-region arene oxides phenanthrene 9,10-oxide, pyrene 4,5-oxide, (±)-benz[a]anthracene 5,6-oxide, and (±)-benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide were separated by reversed phase liquid chromatography. Chromatographic conditions involved an organic base, Tris-base or diethylenetriamine (DETA), neutralized to pH 3 with phosphoric acid, and an alcohol, methanol or 1-propanol, as modifier. For (±)-benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide, the use of DETA and 1-propanol provided a complete stereochemical profile of the thioether conjugates derived from this arene oxide. For the GSH adducts of (±)-benz[a]anthracene 5,6-oxide complete separation was achieved under two sets of chroraatographic conditions; methanol and 1-propanol enhanced the selectivity of the system for different sets of diastereomers. For both arene oxides, the GSH adducts with S-configuration eluted earlier than the R-diastereomers.
Management and prognostic significance of hypercalcemia in renal cell carcinoma

A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the prognostic significance of hypercalcemia associated with renal cell carcinoma and the efficacy of different treatment modalities. Twenty-seven of 160 (16.8%) patients with renal cell carcinoma were found to have tumor-induced hypercalcemia: 24 had Stage IV disease, 1 Stage III disease, and 2 Stage I disease. There was no evidence of bone metastasis in 13 of 27 (48%) patients. A total of 89 episodes of acute hypercalcemia were treated: 36 episodes resulted in a complete response ([CR] calcium levels returning to normal), 24 partial response ([PR] calcium decrease greater than 1 mg/dL, but above normal) and 29 negligible response ([NR] calcium decrease less than 1 mg/dL) to treatment modalities used. One patient with Stage I disease and 3 with Stage IV disease underwent nephrectomies resulting in 2 CR and 1 PR. There was a complete response (CR) to mithramycin in 7 of 10 (70%) acute hypercalcemic episodes, to furosemide and mithramycin in 12 of 20 (60%), to steroids or furosemide and steroids in 3 of 7 (43%), to hydration in 4 of 13 (31%), and to furosemide in 7 of 25 (28%). The response rates to phosphates, indomethacin, and calcitonin were low but involved a small number of patients. Survival in 24 patients with Stage IV disease was 5-239 days (av 87.3 days). There was essentially no survival difference between patients who had an initial calcium elevation less than or greater than 13 mg/dL. We conclude that mithramycin is more effective in controlling acute hypercalcemia secondary to renal cell carcinoma than furosemide or hydration. Steroids appear to be effective but our experience was limited. Surprisingly, the degree of calcium elevation did not show a significant correlation with survival.
Sexual crosses of the homothallic fungusGaeumannomyces graminis var.tritici based on use of an auxotroph obtained by transformation

Abstract Transformation ofGaeumannomyces graminis, a homothallic ascomycete, to benomyl resistance (BenR) or phleomycin resistance (PhleoR) enabled us to isolate crossed perithecia and analyze phenotypic and genotypic segregation of the selectable markers in ascospore progeny. One BenR transformant required nicotinic acid for growth and the relationship between the auxotrophy and BenR was examined. Normal distributions of both benomyl resistance and phleomycin resistance were observed in ascospore progeny from crosses between the auxotroph and a wild-type strain or between the auxotroph and a PhleoR transformant. Benomyl resistance always segregated with nicotinic acid auxotrophy in the progeny, indicating that the two genes encoding these traits were closely linked. A simple method for faster production ofG. graminis perithecia is also described.
Effect of loading rate on the superelastic behavior of SMAs under multi-axial loading conditions; analytical modeling and experiment

Multi-axial behavior of shape memory alloy (SMA) bars with circular cross section is studied by considering the effect of temperature gradient in the cross section as a result of latent heat generation and absorption during forward and reverse phase transformations. The local form of energy balance for SMAs by taking into account the heat flux effect is coupled to a closed-form solution of SMA bars subjected to multi-axial loading. Non-Mises definitions are employed for the effective stress and strain to enable the model to capture the coupling between tension and torsion. The resulting coupled thermo-mechanical equations are solved for SMA bars with circular cross sections. A number of experiments were conducted and the results were then successfully compared with the model. It is shown that the isothermal solution is valid only for specific combinations of ambient conditions and loading rates. The present approach is a beneficial platform in modeling and analysis of applications with high loading rates.
Proton sharing in hydronium–nitrogen clusters probed with infrared spectroscopy

Abstract Cluster ions containing hydronium and multiple nitrogen molecules, e.g., H 3 O + (N 2 ) n ( n = 1–4) are produced in a supersonic molecular beam using a pulsed discharge source. Ions are mass analyzed and size-selected using a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Selected ions are investigated with infrared laser photodissociation spectroscopy in the 2000–4000 cm −1 region. Photodissociation occurs by the loss of a single nitrogen molecule from each cluster. The infrared spectra contain free-OH vibrations, hydrogen bonding O–H vibrations, combination bands between the latter vibrations and the low-frequency intermolecular stretches, and an N–N stretch in the n = 4 clusters. The n = 1 cluster has partially resolved rotational structure, confirming that its structure is that of end-on addition of N 2 to one of the hydrogens of hydronium. The hydrogen bonding bands have broad linewidths and are significantly red-shifted from the free-OH vibrations. The red-shift decreases when more nitrogens are added, as the shared-proton interaction is distributed over the three hydrogen binding sites. Proton sharing in this system is highly biased toward the water moiety, but the nitrogen interaction is significant enough to induce significant vibrational shifts compared to other weakly bound complexes with hydronium (e.g., argon).
A Cross-Cultural Study of Modesty:

This cross-cultural survey of sex customs treats sexual modesty in clothing and speech, privacy for intercourse, ceremonial license, and joking and avoidance. Sexual modesty is found to be uncorrelated with a number of sex taboos, but positively correlated with the attempt to confine sexual intercourse within marriage. This combination of sex restrictions, termed modesty-chastity, is very much the property of peasant societies, as opposed to primitice societies. The most sexually free cases in the sample tend to have a narrowly genital orientation to sex and to be preoccupied with sexual jokes and obscenity. The conclusion lists the full range of sex restrictions and sexual fears and proposes a germinal sex problem, best accounted for in Freudian terms.
Hydraulic Fracturing and Brook Trout Habitat in the Marcellus Shale Region: Potential Impacts and Research Needs

Abstract Expansion of natural gas drilling into the Marcellus Shale formation is an emerging threat to the conservation and restoration of native brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations. Improved drilling and extraction technologies (horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing) have led to rapid and extensive natural gas development in areas overlying the Marcellus Shale. The expansion of hydraulic fracturing poses multiple threats to surface waters, which can be tied to key ecological attributes that limit brook trout populations. Here, we expand current conceptual models to identify three potential pathways of risk between surface water threats associated with increased natural gas development and life history attributes of brook trout: hydrological, physical, and chemical. Our goal is to highlight research needs for fisheries scientists and work in conjunction with resource managers to influence the development of strategies that will preserve brook trout habitat and address Marcellus Shale ga...
The Curious Feminist: Searching for Women in a New Age of Empire

The Curious Feminist: Searching for Women in. New Age of Empire. Cynthia Enloe. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004. 367 pp.
Baroclinic annulus waves

The thermally driven motion of water contained in a rotating annulus of square cross-section and having a free surface is investigated by numerical integration of the three-dimensional non-linear Navier–Stokes equations. The nature of steady wave flow is examined in detail and a comparison made with the corresponding axisymmetric solution in parameter space.The steady wave solution proves to be consistent kinematically, dynamically and energetically with Lorenz's hypothesis that the wave can be attributed to the baroclinic instability mechanism. The deviaboricThe deviation from the zonal mean. wave possesses some of the characteristics of the theoretical Eady wave and it is possible to define the complete deviaboric wave structure by means of two-dimensional quasi-phase, amplitude diagrams. These diagrams may also typify the nature of certain solutions to the non-separable baroclinic instability problem.The wave motion is almost completely independent of the side boundary layers which make little contribution to the characteristics and energetics of the deviakoric flow. These side layers are approximately axisymmetric and appear qualitatively indistinguishable from their counterparts in the axisymmetric solution. However, significant Ekman layer features appear in the deviatoric wave structure.Away from the boundaries the dynamical balance of terms is hydrostatic and quasi-geostrophic with changes of vertical vorticity influenced by stretching and viscous diffusion. Heat conduction is completely unimportant except in the side boundary layers.The angular momentum transport by the deviatoric motion is largest at the free surface and is mainly against the angular momentum gradient. A strong outward deviatoric flux of momentum is found in the Ekman layer.The dissipation of deviatoric kinetic energy occurs in the Ekman layer and jet whilst most of the dissipation of the mean kinetic energy occurs in the boundary layer of the inner wall.The large differences between the axisymmetric and zonal mean states indicate that linear baroclinic instability analysis of the axisymmetric state is not strictly relevant to an understanding of the wave formation. The character of the wave suggests that the mean environment with which the deviatoric wave interacts is the wave-present zonal mean state. Only a non-linear finite amplitude baroclinic instability analysis (as yet undeveloped) could possibly explain the wave formation.
Jet Quenching with ATLAS and CMS

An overview of the most recent results on jet quenching physics obtained using PbPb collision data collected with the ATLAS and the CMS experiments at p sNN =2.76 TeV will be presented. These measurements make use of many different observables, including momentum imbalance of dijet and photon-jet events, nuclear modification fac- tors RAA and RCP, as well as jet fragmentation functions, jet shapes, and the flavor depen- dence of jet quenching. The measurements in PbPb collisions will be compared to those obtained from pp collisions at the same center-of-mass energy. The effects of the parton energy loss in the hot and dense medium probed with the different observables will be discussed.
Molecular Botany A New Anti-Intellectualism?

Russian science, particularly in the field of genetics and plant breeding, suffered greatly because of a peculiar adherence to a preconceived notion of a kind of limitless plasticity in plant protoplasm. Tomatoes were supposedly grafted on plum trees, which thereafter bore tomatoes. The proven value of hybrid corn in the United States was somehow construed as a capitalistic trick, and all the Russian plant breeder had to do to achieve similar yields of corn from open pollinated stock was to make selections for the great Russian fatherland, which would, somehow, show the superiority of dialectic materialism.
Measurement and Control of Ultrashort Optical Pulse Propagation in Metal Nanoparticle-Covered Dielectric Surfaces

In this paper, we present a detailed study of localized two-photon photoluminescence from metal nanoparticles on a dielectric surface. An ultrafast (∼13 fs) near-infrared laser focused on a micrometer sized region is used to excite a silver nanoparticle covered quartz or mica substrate, and a pulse shaper is used to control and change the spectral phase of the excitation pulse, as well as allow for autocorrelation-type measurements. Spectra of the observed photoluminescence from individual localized regions remote from the focal spot are obtained. The spatial distribution of nonlinear photoluminescence is found to have characteristics very distinct from that of normal scatter. It is found that the excitation pulse propagates to the different remote regions by means of surface plasmon polariton (SPP) propagation. As the SPP propagates it accumulates different amounts of quadratic and cubic dispersion depending on the path taken. The quadratic and cubic dispersion for a number of such pathways is measured, and evidence of negative dispersion is observed. Photoluminescence is observed at locations where constructive interference and a localized resonance occurs, tens of micrometers from the incident laser pulse.
Analysis of the Effect of DNA Purification on Detection of Human Papillomavirus in Oral Rinse Samples by PCR

Human papillomavirus (HPV) has recently been associated with oral cancers. To prepare for a study of the natural history of oral HPV infection, the effect of the DNA purification method on HPV genomic DNA detection in Scope mouthwash oral rinse samples and the reproducibility of HPV detection in rinse samples collected 7 days apart were investigated. The study was conducted with a population at high risk for oral HPV infection: human immunodeficiency virus-infected men with CD4-cell counts <200. Five DNA purification methods were compared among equal aliquots of oral rinse samples collected from a subset of individuals. The purification methods included (i) proteinase K digestion (PKD) and heat inactivation; (ii) PKD and ethanol precipitation (EP); (iii) PKD, phenol-chloroform extraction, and EP; (iv) use of the Puregene DNA purification kit; and (v) use of the QIAamp DNA Blood Midi kit. HPV was detected by PCR amplification with PGMY09 and PGMY11 L1 primer pools and by use of a Roche linear array. Puregene-purified samples had higher human DNA yields and purities, and Puregene purification detected the greatest number of HPV-positive subjects and total HPV infections in comparison to the numbers detected by all other methods. The total number of HPV infections and HPV prevalence estimates were also higher for Puregene-processed oral rinse samples when a fixed volume (10 mul) rather than a fixed cell number ( approximately 50,000 cells) was used for PCR amplification. A good concordance was observed for oral HPV infection status (agreement, 80%; kappa value, = 0.60) and type-specific infection (agreement, 98%; kappa value, 0.57) in matched oral rinse samples. The method of DNA purification significantly affects the detection of HPV genomic DNA from oral rinse samples and may result in exposure misclassification that could contribute to the inconsistent associations reported in the literature.
Temporal Bone Fracture: Evaluation and Management in the Modern Era

Temporal bone fractures occur from high-energy mechanisms, typically but not limited to motor vehicle accidents. However, as the automotive industry continues to introduce improved safety measures, violence and falls account for a larger proportion of cases. Given the great forces involved, temporal bone fractures rarely occur in isolation and initial evaluation must focus on the fundamental ABCs of Advanced Trauma Life Support with special attention to Glasgow Coma Scale, intracranial injury, and cervical spine injury. Subsequent evaluation relies on physical examination, high-resolution CT, and electrodiagnostic testing to address the neurotologic consequences of temporal bone fracture, including cerebrospinal fluid leak, facial nerve injury, and injury to the peripheral hearing and balance organs. Management algorithms must address immediate (eg, ABCs, neurosurgical issues), short-term (eg, cerebrospinal fluid leak, facial nerve injury, hearing loss), long-term (eg, facial nerve injury, hearing loss, vestibular injury), and delayed (eg, encephalocele, cholesteatoma, late meningitis) issues. This article reviews the current state of temporal bone fracture evaluation and management with special attention to mechanisms of injury, clinical presentations and emergency evaluation, and diagnostic workup, including the evolution of radiographic fracture classification systems and electrodiagnostic testing. Discussion of treatment approaches address management of immediate, short-term, long-term, and delayed complications.
Eigenvalues and pseudo-eigenvalues of Toeplitz matrices

The eigenvalues of a nonhermitian Toeplitz matrix A are usually highly sensitive to perturbations, having condition numbers that increase exponentially with the dimension N. An equivalent statement is that the resolvent ( ZZ - A)- ’ of a Toeplitz matrix may be much larger in norm than the eigenvalues alone would suggest-exponentially large as a function of N, even when z is far from the spectrum. Because of these facts, the meaningfulness of the eigenvalues of nonhermitian Toeplitz matrices for any but the most theoretical purposes should be considered suspect. In many applications it is more meaningful to investigate the e-pseudo-eigenvalues: the complex numbers z with ll(zZ - A)-‘11 > &-l. This paper analyzes the pseudospectra of Toeplitz matrices, and in particular relates them to the symbols of the matrices and thereby to the spectra of the associated Toeplitz and Laurent operators. Our results are reasonably complete in the triangular case, and preliminary in the cases of nontriangular Toeplitz matrices, block Toeplitz matrices, and Toeplitz-like matrices with smoothly varying coefficients. Computed examples of pseudospectra are presented throughout, and applications in numerical analysis are mentioned.
The quasar jet 4C 32.69 at 1.4 GHz

One of the most luminous radio jet sources known is 4C 32.69, identfied with a z=0.67 QSO. It has previously been mapped at 5 GHz by Potash and Wardle (1980, PW hereafter). Here a 1.4 GHz VLA map of comparable resolution is presented and compared to the earlier map.
Intraplate Seismicity, Hydroseismicity, and Predictions in Hindsight

Intraplate earthquakes are characterized by spatially isolated regions of persistent, diffuse earthquake activity with no general correlation with mapped surface geology. Various models have been proposed for their origin, but there has been no widely accepted explanation. Here I show a spatial correlation between surface streamflow attributes (mean annual streamflow, standard deviation of streamflow) and the geographic distribution of epicenters in Virginia, West Virginia, and New Madrid, Missouri, supporting the hypothesis that rainfall plays a key role in the generation of intraplate earthquakes. Fluctuations in the elevation of the earth-atmosphere interface (water table, reservoir-surface, river stage) are associated with pore-fluid pressure transients that are transmitted to hypocentral depths where they trigger earthquakes. Such a meteorologically and topographically driven model has been referred to as “hydroseismicity.” The new results link flow in major rivers to the distribution of epicenters and reveal a clear correlation between the supply of water at the Earth’s surface and the areal distribution of earthquake epicenters. In addition, the timing of three large intraplate earthquakes in Virginia and West Virginia with respect to hurricanes Camille and Agnes, together with the known or inferred values of crustal hydraulic diffusivity, suggests a causal relationship between the meteorologic impulses and the earthquakes. CONCEPTUAL MODEL
FROSTY: A Fast Hierarchy Extractor for Industrial CMOS Circuits

This paper presents FROSTY, a computer program for automatically extracting the hierarchy of a large-scale digital CMOS circuit from its transistor-level netlist description and a library of subcircuits. To handle the complexity of industrial circuits, FROSTY combines traditional structural recognition and pattern matching methods into a two-step extraction process. First, gate structures based on channel-connected-components are recognized from a circuit netlist and library subcircuits. Then annotated graphs representing the connectivity and properties of gate structures are constructed. Comparing to transistor-level netlists, these graphs are much smaller in size, more distinguishable in structure, and are thus more suitable for labeling based pattern matching. An efficient pattern matching algorithm is applied to extract the circuit hierarchy from these condensed circuit graphs. FROSTY has been demonstrated to be orders of magnitude faster than the best known extraction program SubGemini, capable of extracting the entire hierarchy of industrial designs with several hundred thousand transistors in a few minutes on a Sun workstation. Further FROSTY is scale with the size of a circuit.
Characterization of the Filamentous Hemagglutinin-Like Protein FhaS in Bordetella bronchiseptica

Filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) is a large (>200 kDa), rod-shaped protein expressed by bordetellae that is both surface-associated and secreted. FHA mediates bacterial adherence to epithelial cells and macrophages in vitro and is absolutely required for tracheal colonization in vivo. The recently sequenced Bordetella bronchiseptica genome revealed the presence of a gene, fhaS, that is nearly identical to fhaB, the FHA structural gene. We show that although fhaS expression requires the BvgAS virulence control system, it is maximal only under a subset of conditions in which BvgAS is active, suggesting an additional level of regulation. We also show that, like FHA, FhaS undergoes a C-terminal proteolytic processing event and is both surface-associated and secreted and that export across the outer membrane requires the channel-forming protein FhaC. Unlike FHA, however, FhaS was unable to mediate adherence of B. bronchiseptica to epithelial cell lines in vitro and was not required for respiratory tract colonization in vivo. In a coinfection experiment, a ΔfhaS strain was out-competed by wild-type B. bronchiseptica, indicating that fhaS is expressed in vivo and that FhaS contributes to bacterial fitness in a manner revealed when the mutant must compete with wild-type bacteria. These data suggest that FHA and FhaS perform distinct functions during the Bordetella infectious cycle. A survey of various Bordetella strains revealed two distinct fhaS alleles that segregate according to pathogen host range and that B. parapertussishu most likely acquired its fhaS allele from B. pertussis horizontally, suggesting fhaS may contribute to host-species specificity.
Enhanced sympathoinhibitory response to volume expansion in conscious hindlimb-unloaded rats

Prolonged exposure to microgravity or bed rest produces cardiovascular deconditioning, which is characterized by reductions in plasma volume, alterations in autonomic function, and a predisposition toward orthostatic intolerance. Although the precise mechanisms have not been fully elucidated, it is possible that augmented cardiopulmonary reflexes contribute to some of these effects. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that sympathoinhibitory responses to volume expansion are enhanced in the hindlimb-unloaded (HU) rat, a model of cardiovascular deconditioning. Mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) responses to isotonic volume expansion (0.9% saline iv, 15% of plasma volume over 5 min) were examined in conscious HU (14 days) and control animals. Volume expansion produced decreases in RSNA in both groups; however, this effect was significantly greater in HU rats (-46 +/- 7 vs. -25 +/- 4% in controls). Animals instrumented for central venous pressure (CVP) did not exhibit differences in CVP responses to volume expansion. These data suggest that enhanced cardiopulmonary reflexes may be involved in the maintenance of reduced plasma volume and contribute to attenuated baroreflex-mediated sympathoexcitation after spaceflight or bed rest.
Hugh Heard 1931–1987

Hugh's talent for experimental research was precocious. He began work in David Griggs' laboratory as an undergraduate, and later, as a graduate student, earned on his M.S. thesis the comment “the best Ph.D. thesis by a master's student” from Griggs. His 1962 Ph.D. thesis on the transition from brittle to ductile deformation in crustal rocks is a textbook study in laboratory simulation of geological processes, still widely quoted and cited.
u-Synthesis Control with PI Augmentation

The mu-synthesis approach has been successfully applied to both single-stage and dual-stage disk drive servo control. There is a problem, however, in that it is not easy to get tight control over the low frequency properties of the controller (such as integral action). Moreover, this problem is exacerbated by the fact that the plant is essentially a double integrator at low frequencies, which can cause significant numerical problems for the associated algorithms. In this paper we show how to address this problem, and develop a decoupled design approach which allows tight a-priori specification of the low frequency controller, while allowing for the mu-synthesis approach to handle the mid/high frequency regions. Moreover, by pulling the low frequency control out of the associated Hinfin-synthesis problem, we alleviate the numerical issues described above
Unbiased survival estimates and evidence for skipped breeding opportunities in females

Summary 1. Estimates of demographic parameters for females, in many organisms, are sparse. This is particularly worrisome as more and more species are faced with high extinction probabilities and conservation increasingly depends on actions dictated by complex predictive models that require accurate estimates of demographic parameters for each sex and species. 2. This study assesses demographic parameters, specifically temporary emigration and survival, for females, a class that has been difficult to investigate historically because of lack of data. Amphibians provide a particularly good example because there is global concern about amphibian decline; yet most demographic parameter estimates are based on data from males, which we show can lead to erroneous conclusions. 3. We use 10 years of capture–recapture data from boreal toads (Bufo boreas) and the multi-state open robust design model to provide evidence for the occurrence of skipped breeding opportunities (i.e. temporary emigration) in females. This is the first time that the open robust design model has been applied to an analysis of an amphibian population that we are aware of. 4. We determined that the transition from breeder to non-breeder is obligate and the probability of a non-breeder remaining a non-breeder is 64%; thus, temporary emigration is first-order Markovian in nature, where breeding probability is dependent on the previous year’s activity, i.e. if a female did not breed in year one, there is a 36% chance that she will breed in year two. With temporary emigration accounted for, we estimated between-year female survival at 87%. 5. Establishing the occurrence of temporary emigration not only reduces bias in estimates of survival probabilities but also provides information about expected breeding attempts by females, a critical element in understanding the ecology of an organism and the impacts of outside stressors and conservation actions.
Scenario-based design: envisioning work and technology in system development

Partial table of contents: Work Processes: Scenarios as a Preliminary Vocabulary (K. Kuutti). Creating Contexts for Design (M. Kyng). Scenario Use in the Design of a Speech Recognition System (J. Karat). Usage Representations for Reuse of Design Insights: A Case Study of Access to On-Line Books (T. Carey & M. Rusli). Design Space Analysis and Use Representations (A. MacLean & D. McKerlie). Rapid Prototyping of User Interfaces Driven by Task Models (P. Johnson, et al.). Generating Object-Oriented Design Representations via Scenario Queries (S. Robertson). The Use-Case Construct in Object-Oriented Software Engineering (I. Jacobson). Discussion: Scenarios as Engines of Design (R. Mack). Some Reflections on Scenarios (B. Nardi). Index.
Combined beamspace and element space technique for partial adaptive concentric ring array

Partial adaptive concentric ring arrays (CRA) are very attractive for beamforming in 3-D, because they substantially reduce the computation time and improve tracking ability with respect to a fully adaptive CRA. In some practical situations the impinging signal contains some interferences whose characteristics such as directions of arrival (DOAs) could be estimated a priori. Previous partial adaptive CRA methods that utilize prior knowledge were not able to always maintain a low residual interference and noise level in the beam-former output. Even when they could, the performance degrades quickly if the estimated characteristics of the interferences contain errors. In this paper we propose a combined beamspace and element space (CBSES) partial adaptive CRA that is able to maintain a low residual interference and noise level after beamforming, and at the same time, is robust under uncertainties in the estimated characteristics (DOAs) of some of the interferences.
ASSIGNING A SEMANTIC SCOPE TO OPERATORS

I propose that the characteristics of the scope disambiguation process observed in the literature can be explained in terms of the way in which the model of the situation described by a sentence is built. The model construction procedure I present builds an event structure by identifying the situations associated with the operators in the sentence and their mutual dependency relations, as well as the relations between these situations and other situations in the context. The procedure takes into account lexical semantics and the result of various discourse interpretation procedures such as definite description interpretation, and does not require a complete disambiguation to take place.
Du Bois' Theory of Work and Striving

This essay considers WEB Du Bois’s views on work. Examining not only his major writings like Souls of Black Folk and Darkwater, but also his early sociological writings, it places him in the wider context of Progressive theorists of the work ethic. It argues that this overlooked aspect of DuBois’s writing actually formed an important conceptual foundation of his democratic thought. The essay analyzes three specific concepts: striving, self-respect, and freedom. For DuBois, striving was a particular attitude toward labor, a desire to realize one’s individual talents in service to black Americans. This type of work would rectify the larger problem of double-consciousness, creating instead self-consciousness and self-respect. At the same time, his theory of freedom ultimately was a tragic one, acknowledging that systematic political change was unlikely. In short, the essay contends that DuBois saw striving as the primary democratic practice of an excluded people. It concludes with a discussion of the role of ideas about work in the continued exclusion of black citizens from American democracy.