cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Myosin light chains of slow twitch (red) muscle.

ALTHOUGH our results1–3 agree with those of Lowey and Risby4,5 concerning the number of light chain types and their differences in white (fast twitch), cardiac and avian tonic (lat. dorsi ant.) muscle6, there is a discrepancy with respect to rabbit red (slow twitch) muscles. But the difficulty can be resolved with reference to our previous work.
Memory Factors in Advertising: The Effect of Advertising Retrieval Cues on Brand Evaluations

Because consumers may not make brand decisions during ad exposure, consumer memory for advertising is important. Yet, the cues typically available for brand decisions, such as the brand name, may not effectively retrieve the information, thoughts, or feelings stored in memory from prior ad exposure. A laboratory experiment showed that advertising retrieval cues (i.e., other verbal or visual information from the ad) facilitated access of elements from the ad memory trace and affected brand evaluations. Two other factors, competitive ad interference (i.e., the number of competing brands advertising within a product category) and consumers' processing goals during ad exposure, also affected consumer ad memory and brand evaluations.
Right and left ventricular performance 10 years after mustard repair of transposition of the great arteries

Abstract Twenty-two late survivors of Mustard repair of transposition of the great arteries underwent treadmill exercise testing to assess exercise endurance, and radionuclide cineanguography to measure rest and exercise right ventricular (RV) and left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF). Mean age at Mustard repair was 1.8 ± 2.4 years and at initial exercise study 14.1 ± 4.5 years. All patients were asymptometic at study entry. Treadmill endurance time (9 to 12 minutes) was within the normal range for age in 18 of 20 patients. LVEF and RVEF at rest were within normal limits (55 ± 8% and 52 ± 9%, respectively). All LVEFs and RVEFs during exercise were also within the normal range (64 ± 80/6 and 57 ± 9%, respectively). However, the magnitude of increase in EF (rest to exercise) was subnormal for the right ventricle in 7 patients and for the left ventricle in 2 patients. Exercise RVEF was higher in patients with simple transposition who underwent repair at 1 year (62 ± 10% vs 52 ± 7%). Serial study in 6 patients revealed no change in average RVEF or LVEF after an average interval of 4.4 years. One patient with complex transposition subsequently developed refractory congestive heart failure requiring cardiac transplantation. It is concluded that exercise endurance and LVEF and RVEF at rest and exercise are generally well preserved up to 19 years after Mustard repair, particularly in cases of simple transposition of the great arteries repaired before 1 year of age.
Intracranial pressure waves and intracranial hypertension in rats with ischemic fulminant hepatic failure.

Brain edema and intracranial hypertension are a major cause of death in fulminant hepatic failure. We have shown that brain water measured in rats after hepatic devascularization (portacaval anastomosis followed in 24 to 48 hr by ligation of the hepatic artery) increases with the progression of encephalopathy. In this study, we examined whether intracranial hypertension develops in this model of fulminant hepatic failure. Using a fiberoptic pressure transducer, intracranial pressure rose from 3.3 +/- 1.1 mm Hg to 23.7 +/- 2.7 mm Hg (mean +/- S.E.M.) by the time the corneal reflex was lost; intracranial pressure was unchanged in control rats. Immediately after ligation of the hepatic artery, intracranial pressure was normal and remained stable until the last hours of the experiment, when it progressively rose, suggesting a loss of intracranial compliance. In addition, sudden and short episodes of marked increases in intracranial pressure (greater than 50 mm Hg) not related to seizure activity markedly decreased cerebral perfusion pressure. Internal carotid artery blood flow, an indirect measure of cerebral perfusion, decreased 29% +/- 12% by the end of the experiment. The time elapsed from ligation of the hepatic artery until loss of the corneal reflex (range 340 to 940 min) was related to the change in cerebral perfusion pressure, suggesting that an increase in systemic arterial pressure at the time of the initial rise in intracranial pressure may result in an increased length of survival. In this animal model, widely used to study the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy, intracranial hypertension invariably appears in the terminal phase of the course. The development of intracranial pressure waves may be an indication that brain herniation is imminent.
Spectral density estimation for stationary stable processes

Abstract Weakly and strongly consistent nonparametric estimates, along with rates of convergence, are established for the spectral density of certain stationary stable processes. This spectral density plays a role, in linear inference problems, analogous to that played by the usual power spectral density of second order stationary processes.
Physicians Who Treat the Elderly in Rural Florida: Trends Indicating Concerns Regarding Access to Care

: Context: Rural elderly patients are faced with numerous challenges in accessing care. Additional strains to access may be occurring given recent market pressures, which would have significant impact on this vulnerable population. Purpose: This study focused on the practice patterns and future plans of rural Florida physicians who routinely see elderly patients. Additionally, we examine those who provide services to a high volume of Medicare (HVM) patients. Methods: A self-administered mailed survey was sent to rural physicians who identified themselves as practicing family medicine, internal medicine, psychiatry, general surgery, a surgical specialty, or a medical specialty. Questions examined changes in services offered by all rural physicians and among them, the HVM physicians. Impact of the professional liability insurance situation, satisfaction with current practice, and future practice plans on changes in service availability was also examined. Results: Overall, 539 physicians responded for a participation rate of 42.7%. Two hundred eighty eight (54.9%) of all physicians in the study indicated a decrease or elimination of patient services in the last year. HVM physicians, compared to low volume of Medicare providers, were significantly more likely to decrease or eliminate services overall (66% vs 45%, P =.001). Mental health services (47% vs 18%, P =.001), vaccine administration (39% vs 16%, P =.008), and Pap smears (41% vs 13%, P =.008) were more likely to be eliminated among the HVM physicians. HVM physicians were also significantly more likely to be somewhat or very dissatisfied (40% vs 23%, P =.012) with their practice. Conclusions: Physicians in rural Florida report dissatisfaction with their practice and are decreasing or eliminating services that are important to the elderly. Given the aging population and increasing need for health care services, these trends raise concern about the ability for these patients to receive necessary care.
Properties of the mouse intestinal acyl-CoA:monoacylglycerol acyltransferase, MGAT2.

Acyl-CoA:monoacylglycerol acyltransferase (MGAT) plays an important role in dietary fat absorption by catalyzing a rate-limiting step in the re-synthesis of diacylglycerols in enterocytes. The present study reports further characterization of MGAT2, a newly identified intestinal MGAT (Cao, J., Lockwood, J., Burn, P., and Shi, Y. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 13860–13866) for its substrate specificity, requirement for lipid cofactors, optimum pH and Mg2+, and other intrinsic properties. MGAT2 enzyme expressed in COS-7 cells displayed a broad range of substrate specificity toward fatty acyl-CoA derivatives and monoacylglycerols, among which the highest activities were observed with oleoyl-CoA and rac-1-monolauroylglycerol, respectively. MGAT2 appeared to acylate monoacylglycerols containing unsaturated fatty acyls in preference to saturated ones. Lipid cofactors that play roles in signal transduction were shown to modulate MGAT2 activities. In contrast to oleic acid and sphingosine that exhibited inhibitory effects, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidic acid stimulated MGAT2 activities. Using recombinant murine MGAT2 expressed in Escherichia coli, we demonstrated conclusively that MGAT2 also possessed an intrinsic acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) activity, which could provide an alternative pathway for triacylglycerol synthesis in the absence of DGAT. In contrast to the inhibitory effect on MGAT2 activities, nonionic and zwitterionic detergents led to a striking activation of DGAT activity of the human DGAT1 expressed in mammalian cells, which further distinguished the behaviors of the two enzymes. The elucidation of properties of MGAT2 will facilitate future development of compounds that inhibit dietary fat absorption as a means to treat obesity.
One-Dimensional Ising Model and the Complete Devil's Staircase

It is shown rigorously that the one-dimensional Ising model with long-range antiferromagnetic interactions exhibits a complete devil's staircase.
New Ideas on the Division of Labor

Thinking about stratification reached a watershed with the realization of the limits of status attainment. For organizations, the watershed was the discovery of the myriad ways environments impinge on organizational realities. For deviance, it was the importance of others' reactions for defining, even determining, abnormality and criminality. For the study of politics, it was the recognition that voting behavior and electoral politics are bounded by larger political economies. With the publication of these two books, especially The System of Professions by Andrew Abbott, the watershed for thinking about the professions, and possibly the division of labor in general, is nigh. Both volumes are clearly written and wide ranging in their intellectual concerns; both explore in interesting ways what makes the organization of expert work stable and what makes it change, and who benefits from that organization. But it is difficult to speak of these books in the same breath. Eliot Freidson's Professional Powers is idiographic, mainly nonhistorical, centered on the United States, very focused on the relation of knowledge to power. Abbott's book is nomothetic, history laden, comparative, generally focused on the division of expert labor. They are animals of the same species but with very different stripes.
Emergence of overt diabetes in offspring of rats with induced latent diabetes.

Abstract A single subdiabetogenic dose of alloxan administered to the weanling rat induces a persistent state of latent diabetes which progresses to fasting hyperglycemia by the seventh generation. Initial descendants of alloxan-treated animals have hyperinsulinism which progresses to insulinopenia in later generations. Later generation animals develop ketoacidosis when challenged with a dose of allosan that has no effect on control animals. The significant sex difference in glucose tolerance rates disappears as the animals become more diabetic and decreased fertility and parity become apparent. One explanation for this data remains the hypothesis of paramutation, induced by alloxan, affecting regulator gene activity. Light microscopy of diabetic animals shows no pathology.
Toward a critical peace education for sustainability

This article proposes the need for peace education as a field to embrace critical power analysis of place in efforts toward social and environmental sustainability. Rather than status quo reproduction, a critical peace education for sustainability should both elucidate and transform the power dynamics inherent in structural violence and cultural violence. The inherent rights of people, plants, and ecosystems to live with dignity and to prosper are proposed. Practically speaking, the article offers perspectives from a critical pedagogy of place and an earth connections curriculum unit as vehicles for transformative education.
Hormonal responses and tolerance to cold of female quail following parathion ingestion

Abstract Thirty-week-old female bobwhite quail (Colinus virgininus), maintained at 26 ± 1°C, were provided diets containing 0,25, or 100 ppm parathion ad libitum. After 10 days, birds were exposed to mild cold (6 ± 1°C) for 4, 8, 12, 24, or 48 hr. Brain acetylcholinesterase activity was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner in birds receiving 25 and 100 ppm parathion. Body weight, egg production, and plasma luteinizing hormone and progesterone concentrations were reduced in birds receiving 100 ppm parathion compared with other groups. Cold exposure did not alter plasma corticosterone levels in the 0- and 25-ppm parathion groups, but a two- to fivefold elevation of plasma corticosterone was observed in birds fed 100 ppm parathion. These findings indicate that (i) short-term ingestion of parathion can impair reproduction possibly by altering gonadotropin or steroid secretion, and (ii) tolerance to cold may be reduced following ingestion of this organophosphate.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies of carbon fiber surfaces. 25. Interfacial interactions between PEKK polymer and carbon fibers electrochemically oxidized in nitric acid and degradation in a saline solution

The interfacial interaction between surface-treated pitch-based carbon fibers and poly(ether-ketone-ketone) (PEKK) was investigated using core and valence band X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) by using a thin film approach that allowed the buried interface to be investigated by XPS. The extent of interaction of the surface-treated fiber and the matrix material has a significant effect on the strength of the ultimate composite. This paper reports the interfacial reaction between fiber and matrix and the stability of the interface in simulated environmental conditions by exposing the PEKK-coated fibers to a saline solution. The surface chemistry of the carbon fibers was modified by electrochemical oxidation via galvanostatic treatment in nitric acid. Interfacial chemical reaction was observed mainly between the carbonyl group in PEKK and the hydrogen-bridged structure (HBS) on the fiber surface to form C−O−C bonding. When the interface was exposed to a saline solution, it was found that the PEKK polym...
Sequential Formation of Coalitions in Games with Externalities and Fixed Payoff Division

This paper analyzes a sequential game of coalition formation when the division of the coalitional surplus is fixed and the payoffs are defined relative to the whole coalition structure. Gains from cooperation are represented by a valuation which maps coalition structures into payoff vectors. I show that any core stable coalition structure can be attained as a stationary perfect equilibrium of the game. If stationary perfect equilibria may fail to exist in general games, a simple condition is provided under which they exist in symmetric games. Furthermore, symmetric stationary perfect equilibria of symmetric games generate a coalition structure which is generically unique up to a permutation of the players. A general method for the characterization of equilibria in symmetric games is proposed and applied to the formation of cartels in oligopolies and coalitions in symmetric majority games. Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers : C78, C71. © 1996 Academic Press, Inc.
Mass Customization of Wedding Gowns: Design Involvement on the Internet:

After an extensive search of bridal web sites was conducted and categorized in Fabruary and March 2001, a research web site was developed to study mass customization of wedding gowns. It offered choice of design features or components through interactive illustrations and was based on Duray’s conceptual framework of mass customization (Duray, 1997; Duray, Ward, Milligan & Berry, 2000). The site served as the experimental treatment for subjects. Following their visit to the site, the subjects completed a questionnaire that dealt with their experience and personal demographic information. A convenience sample of 100 young women between the ages of 18 and 32 was identified through e-mail recruitment. Results confirmed a high overall interest in involvement with the design of a wedding gown. Yet those subjects who were very interested in design involvement were significantly different than those who were less interested in spending more time or paying more money. Subjects who owned more personal technological...
Reduction of Friction Drag in Pipes by Polymers: A Review

Addition of small quantities of polymers to water results in a considerable reduction of drag in pipes. Polyox WSR-301, one of the most effective drag reducing polymers, appears to be quite effective at concentrations of only a few ppm. Studies with this polymer indicate that drag reduction depends on several factors among which pipe size is predominant. The onset of drag reduction for Polyox WSR-301 solutions appears to occur at a wall shear stress of 0.2 N/m². The present study with flow of Polyox WSR-301 solutions in capillary tubes indicates a complete elimination of the abrupt laminar to turbulent transition. Instead, a gradual deviation from the extension of laminar friction line is experienced until the polymer molecules are degraded under high rates of shear. Based on the onset parameter, explanations are offered for some aspects of the problem.
The Doppler Illusion: The Influence of Dynamic Intensity Change on Perceived Pitch

Four studies illustrate a new auditory illusion associated with the Doppler effect and demonstrate a new influence of dynamic intensity change on perceived pitch. Experiment 1 confirmed the existence of a popular belief that the pitch of a moving sound source rises as the source approaches. Because there is no corresponding rise in frequency, the authors refer to the perceived pitch rise as the Doppler illusion. Experiment 2 confirmed that the effect occurs perceptually, so the belief in a "naive principle" of physics has a perceptual basis. Experiment 3 confirmed the effect does not occur under matched static conditions. Experiment 4 showed that the influence of dynamic intensity change on perceived pitch occurs outside the realm of Doppler stimuli. The findings support a dynamic dimensional interaction of pitch and loudness, with marked differences in the perception of pitch and loudness under static and dynamic conditions.
The Red Cross Rural Nursing Service: an innovative model of public health nursing delivery.

Public Health nursing in the 1980s, together with the health care system in general, is facing complex social and professional issues, including professional autonomy, governmental relations, funding sources, cost containment, maintenance of standards, and aggregate versus individualiied foci of care. History can provide great insights into these recurrent issues, as exemplified by the Red Cross Rural Nursing Service. This historical review traces the origins and progress of the American Red Cross Rural Nursing Service through the first 10 years of its existence. Major emphasis is placed on the organizational development and evolution of the Service. The impact and early contributions of the Service to the development of public health nursing in the United States are still vital to contemporary and current social issues.
Experimental cutaneous sporotrichosis

Summary I. Nonfatal generalized sporotrichosis was produced in mice after subcutaneous inoculation with and without trauma. II. There was marked variation in the virulence of the 2 strains used in this study. III. The dosage of the inoculum proved to be an important factor in the subsequent course of the disease. IV. Subcutaneous lesions were characterized by necrotizing inflammation, abscess formation, and destruction of muscle fibers. Cigar bodies and yeast cells were present in the necrotic areas in the abscesses whereas ring forms and cigar bodies occupied the interstitium of the muscle. V. Neither hyphal forms nor asteroid bodies were observed during this short term of experimentation. VI. Severe dissemination of the infection in cortisonetreated mice led to their early demise. VII. Subcutaneous immunization with strain 223 produced protection as to life against i.v. challenge with the same strain. Immunization failed to modify the pathology in the liver and spleen, although in some cases dissemination to lungs was prevented. Zusammenfassung 1 Nach subkutaner Inokulation mit und ohne Trauma wurde bei Mausen eine nicht todliche generalisierte Sporotrichose erzeugt. 2 Bei den 2 in diesen Untersuchungen verwendeten Stammen lies die Virulenz einen bemerkenswerten Unterschied zutage treten. 3 Im Hinblick auf den Verlauf der Erkrankung scheint die bei der experimentellen Inokulation verwendete Menge von Pilzmaterial eine betrachtliche Rolle zu spielen. 4 Die subkutanen Lasionen waren charakterisiert durch eine nekrotisierende Entzundung, Abszesbildung und Zerstorung von Muskelgewebe. Zigarren-korperchen und Hefezellen fanden sich in den nekrotischen Bezirken der Abszesse, wogegen Ringformen und Zigarrenkorperchen im Interstitium des Muskelgewebes in Erscheinung traten. 5 Weder Hyphenformationen noch Asteroidkorperchen wurden wahrend der kurzen Zeit des Experimentes beobachtet. 6 Die unter Cortisoneinwirkung auftretende massive Ausbreitung der Infektion fuhrte zu fruhem Tod der Tiere. 7 Die subkutane Immunisierung mit Stamm 223 fuhrte zu einem Schutz hinsichtlich des Uberlebens bei intravenoser Applikation mit demselben Stamm. Die Immunisierung fuhrte nicht zu einer Modification der geweblichen Veranderungen in Leber und Milz, obgleich in denselben Fallen die Ausbreitung in den Lungen unterbunden werden konnte.
Interaction of platinum complexes of thiazin and xanthene dyes with hyperthermia.

In an attempt to develop platinum-containing drugs for use with hyperthermia that would be relatively nontoxic at 37° C but would become very cytotoxic at 42° or 43° C, several nuclear dyes were complexed to the tetrachloroplatinum(II) dianion (PtCl4) at a ratio of 2:1. The cytotoxicity of PtCl4 complexes of three thiazin dyes (thionin, azure B, and methylene blue), the xanthene dye pyronin Y, and the thiazole dye thioflavin was examined in exponentially growing euoxic and hypoxic EMT6 cells in vitro at 37°, 42°, and 43° C and at pH 7.40 and 6.45. Of the thiazin dye complexes, the cytotoxicity of Pt(methylene blue)2 was most enhanced at hyperthermic temperatures. Both Pt(pyronin Y)2 and Pt(thioflavin)2 also became markedly more cytotoxic at 42° and 43° C at pH 6.45 vs pH 7.40. In vivo tumor excision assays in the FSaIIC fibrosarcoma showed that with each of the thiazin dye-platinum complexes, hyperthermia enhanced cell kill [most effectively on Pt(methylene blue)2] but was not dose-modifying. For both Pt(pyronin Y)2 and Pt(thioflavin)2, however, administration of 43° C, 30-min hyperthermia to the tumor immediately after i.p. drug injection was dose-modifying. Tumor growth delay studies in the FSaIIC tumor system demonstrated that, as with the in vitro studies, Pt(pyronin Y)2 and Pt(methylene blue)2 were most enhanced by hyperthermia [tumor growth delay increased by 4.8- and 3.0-fold, respectively, vs only 1.3-fold for cisplatin (CDDP)]. Examination of intracellular platinum levels after exposure of EMT6 cells to 25 µM of drug for 1 h at 37° and 42° C and at pH 7.40 and 6.45 showed that each platinum-dye complex achieved platinum levels that were 100–600 times higher at 37° C and pH 7.40 than those obtained using CDDP. The platinum levels for each drug dropped markedly when exposure took place at pH 6.45. Exposure at 42°C only moderately increased platinum levels in cells exposed to these drugs. Thus, for several of these drugs the level of cytotoxicity observed was in great part independent of the intracellular platinum levels achieved. Pt(pyronin Y)2 is an effective drug for use with hyperthermia, and further studies using this combination with and without radiation are under way.
A genome-wide scan of serum lipid levels in the Old Order Amish

Abstract Elevated serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are established risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). To identify quantitative trait loci influencing lipid levels, we conducted genome-wide linkage analyses of total serum cholesterol (TSC), HDL-C, ln-transformed TG (LNTG) and LDL-C levels in 612 individuals from 28 families of the Amish Family Diabetes Study (AFDS). Subjects were genotyped for 373 microsatellite markers covering all 22 autosomes and the X chromosome at an average density of 9.7 centimorgans. All lipid traits exhibited moderate estimated heritability ( h 2 ±S.E.): TSC, 0.63±0.11; HDL-C, 0.54±0.08; LNTG, 0.37±0.08; LDL-C, 0.62±0.10. The highest logarithm of the odds (LOD) score observed was 2.47 ( P =0.0003), at 3p25 for LDL-C. LOD scores exceeding 2.0 ( P P -value of
Cloning and expression of rat homeo-box-containing sequences

Abstract Six rat homeo-box-containing DNA sequences have been isolated by screening a genomic library with a probe derived from an Antennapedia (Antp) cDNA clone of Drosophila melanogaster. Sequence determination of two of the clones containing the homeo-box regions reveals a 180-nucleotide(nt) domain sharing more than 80 % homology at the nucleotide level and more than 90 % homology at the amino acid level with the homeo-box from the Antp gene and from homeo-boxes of other metazoan species. Genomic blotting experiments suggest that the two homeo-box-containing DNA regions are present in one or two copies per haploid rat genome. Northern blot analysis of RNA has shown that the rat homeo-box sequences are expressed in a tissue-specific manner; transcripts were detected in the spinal cord and kidney, but not in brain, testis, liver, and spleen. The rat nucleotide sequences lying outside the 180-nt homeo-box domain share virtually no sequence homology with the Antp flanking regions. However, one clone does show an equally high degree of amino acid homology within the homeo-box and its immediate flanking region with a putative homologous gene in mouse. The result suggests that some of the mammalian homeo-box-containing genes are conserved in evolution and may serve important cellular or developmental functions.
Measuring peripheral vascular reactivity with diffusive optical imaging

Diffuse optical imaging of the peripheral vascular reactivity is implemented at the major arteries of the foot. Transmitted light intensities are recorded in response to vascular occlusions induced by pressure cuffs. These dynamic measurements promise to help identify various peripheral vascular diseases.
Carbidopa effect on rat brain monoamine oxidase and pineal melatonin.

A number of investigators have observed a diurnal rhythm in brain monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities (Chevillard et al. 198 l; Bhaskaran and Radha 1984), and it has been suggested that the pineal gland may influence pituitary MAO-A activity (Oxenkrug et al. 1984a). The substrates of MAO-A (serotonin and noradrenaline) are involved in the regulation of melatonin synthesis, whereas MAO-B apparently does not participate in melatonin metabolism (Lewy 1983). In accordance with this suggestion, selective inhibition of MAO-A but not MAO-B has been found to stimulate melatonin synthesis (Oxenkrug et al. 1984a). However, the negative correlation between age-associated changes in rat pineal melatonin and brain MAOB suggests the possibility of melatonin influence on MAO-B activity (Filipowicz et al. submitted). This report represents the attempt to explore such a possibility. In these experiments, rats were treated with a dose of the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, carbidopa, that was sufficient to inhibit the synthesis of pineal serotonin and melatonin but not brain serotonin (Oxenkrug et al. 1984b). This differential effect can be obtained because carbidopa does not readily penetrate the blood-brain barrier. MAO activities were then measured in the
Effects of simulated helicopter cabin noise on intelligibility and annoyance

Helicopter cabin noise was simulated by combining a broadband signal (pink noise, or PN) with a triad of pure tones (PT) at 650,1900, and 5000 Hz. Each component was presented at four loudness levels (0,60,70, and 80 dB[A]), with all 16 combinations arranged in two unsystematic orders. Intelligibility was measured by means of sentences to be judged as true or false. A male speaker presented 10 sentences at each noise condition. One group of subjects heard the sentences at 50 dB(A) and another group at 55 dB(A). The annoyance of each noise combination was rated by the same subjects on a 5-point scale. Both sources and their interaction were significantly related to reduced intelligibility and increased annoyance at both speech levels. In general, the PN component was more responsible for loss of intelligibility, and the PT component more responsible for annoyance.
Photoemission study of the thermal and photochemical decomposition of a urethane-substituted polythiophene

Abstract X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopies have been used to study the thermal and photochemical decomposition of films of poly[2-(3-thienyl)ethanol n -butoxycarbonylmethylurethane], a polythiophene with a hydrogen-bond forming urethane side-chain. The films were heated in vacuum and in a partial pressure of oxygen. In both cases, decomposition of the side-chain, as evidenced by a loss of N 1s intensity, is observed to occur in the range 200–300 °C, consistent with thermogravimetric analyses. A modest irreversible thermochromism is also observed for spin-coated films, with the maximum optical absorption shifting from 444 to 412 nm upon heating from room temperature to 460 °C. Films heated to 480 °C show core level signals consistent with complete side-chain decomposition to volatile species, leaving the thiophene backbone on the surface. He I and X-ray valence spectroscopic measurements indicate that the presence of the urethane side-chains broadens the π-conjugation features to such an extent that they cannot be resolved until the side-chains decompose. Photochemical stability studies of the polymer films exposed in air to 585, 532 and 397 nm light demonstrate that only the latter induces decomposition, as detected by the emergence of an additional S 2p peak.
Activity-dependent changes in MAPK activation in the Angelman Syndrome mouse model

Angelman Syndrome (AS) is a devastating neurological disorder caused by disruption of the maternal UBE3A gene. Ube3a protein is identified as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that shows neuron-specific imprinting. Despite extensive research evaluating the localization and basal expression profiles of Ube3a in mouse models, the molecular mechanisms whereby Ube3a deficiency results in AS are enigmatic. Using in vitro and in vivo systems we show dramatic changes in the expression of Ube3a following synaptic activation. In primary neuronal culture, neuronal depolarization was found to increase both nuclear and cytoplasmic Ube3a levels. Analogous up-regulation in maternal and paternal Ube3a expression was observed in Ube3a-YFP reporter mice following fear conditioning. Absence of Ube3a led to deficits in the activity-dependent increases in ERK1/2 phosphorylation, which may contribute to reported deficits in synaptic plasticity and cognitive function in AS mice. Taken together, our findings provide novel insight into the regulation of Ube3a by synaptic activity and its potential role in kinase regulation.
Identification of inhibitors that block vaccinia virus infection by targeting the DNA synthesis processivity factor D4.

Smallpox was globally eradicated 30 years ago by vaccination. The recent threat of bioterrorism demands the development of improved vaccines and novel therapeutics to effectively preclude a reemergence of smallpox. One new therapeutic target is the vaccinia poxvirus processivity complex, comprising D4 and A20 proteins that enable the viral E9 DNA polymerase to synthesize extended strands. Five compounds identified from an AlphaScreen assay designed to disrupt A20:D4 binding were shown to be effective in: (i) blocking vaccinia processive DNA synthesis in vitro, (ii) preventing cellular infection with minimal cytotoxicity, and (iii) binding to D4, as evidenced by ThermoFluor. The EC50 values for inhibition of viral infectivity ranged from 9.6 to 23 μM with corresponding selectivity indices (cytotoxicity CC50/viral infectivity EC50) of 3.9 to 17.8. The five compounds are thus potential therapeutics capable for halting smallpox DNA synthesis and infectivity through disruptive action against a component of the vaccinia processivity complex.
Mitochondrial membrane potential in single living adult rat cardiac myocytes exposed to anoxia or metabolic inhibition

1. The relation between mitochondrial membrane potential (delta psi m) and cell function was investigated in single adult rat cardiac myocytes during anoxia and reoxygenation. delta psi m was studied by loading myocytes with JC-1 (5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'- tetra-ethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide), a fluorescent probe characterized by two emission peaks (539 and 597 nm with excitation at 490 nm) corresponding to monomer and aggregate forms of the dye. 2. De-energizing conditions applied to mitochondria, cell suspensions or single cells decreased the aggregate emission and increased the monomer emission. This latter result cannot be explained by changes of JC-1 concentration in the aqueous mitochondrial matrix phase indicating that hydrophobic interaction of the probe with membranes has to be taken into account to explain JC-1 fluorescence properties in isolated mitochondria or intact cells. 3. A different sensitivity of the two JC-1 forms to delta psi m changes was shown in isolated mitochondria by the effects of ADP and FCCP and the calibration with K+ diffusion potentials. The monomer emission was responsive to values of delta psi m below 140 mV, which hardly modified the aggregate emission. Thus JC-1 represents a unique double sensor which can provide semi-quantitative information in both low and high potential ranges. 4. At the onset of glucose-free anoxia the epifluorescence of individual myocytes studied in the single excitation (490 nm)-double emission (530 and 590 nm) mode showed a gradual decline of the aggregate emission, which reached a plateau while electrically stimulated (0.2 Hz) contraction was still retained. The subsequent failure of contraction was followed by the rise of the emission at 530 nm, corresponding to the monomer form of the dye, concomitantly with the development of rigor contracture. 5. The onset of the rigor was preceded by the increase in intracellular Mg2+ concentration ([Mg2+]i) monitored by mag-indo-1 epifluorescence. Since under these experimental conditions intracellular [Ca2+] and pH are fairly stable, the increase in [Mg2+]i was likely to be produced by a decrease in ATP content. 6. The inhibition of mitochondrial ATPase induced by oligomycin during anoxia was associated with a rapid and simultaneous change of both the components of JC-1 fluorescence, suggesting that delta psi m, instead of producing ATP, is generated by glycolytic ATP during anoxia. 7. The readmission of oxygen induced a rapid decrease of the monomer emission and a slower increase of the aggregate emission. These fluorescence changes were not necessarily associated with the recovery of mechanical function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Correlations of lone pair ionization energies with proton affinities of amino acids and related compounds. Site specificity of protonation

Abstract The gas phase proton affinities of amino acids are compared with their adiabatic ionization energies obtained from photoelectron spectra. Using primary aliphatic amines as reference species, a linear correlation is found between the proton affinities and the adiabatic nitrogen lone pair ionization energies for those amino acids which protonate on the amine group, even in cases where the nitrogen lone pair is not the highest occupied molecular orbital. Many of the amino acids fit the correlation well, which confirms the prediction of amine protonation from earlier studies and also corroborates the assignment of the bands in the complex photoelectron spectra of these species. Proline and safcosine, amino acids with a secondary nitrogen, deviate from this correlation and instead fit a correlation using secondary aliphatic amines as reference species. Deviations from the correlation exist for molecules, such as lysine, methionine and tryptophan, which contain an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the basic side-chain and the amine site. The gas phase proton affinities of these species are larger than predicted by the correlation. Deviations from the correlation are also predicted for very basic amino acids, such as histidine and arginine, which protonate preferentially on the side-chain instead of the amine group.
Detection of [1,6-13C2]-Glucose metabolism in rat brain by in vivo 1H-[13C]-NMR spectroscopy

Localized, water-suppressed (1)H-[(13)C]-NMR spectroscopy was used to detect (13)C-label accumulation in cerebral metabolites following the intravenous infusion of [1,6-(13)C(2)]-glucose (Glc). The (1)H-[(13)C]-NMR method, based on adiabatic RF pulses, 3D image-selected in vivo spectroscopy (ISIS) localization, and optimal shimming, yielded high-quality (1)H-[(13)C]-NMR spectra with optimal NMR sensitivity. As a result, the (13)C labeling of [4-(13)C]-glutamate (Glu) and [4-(13)C]-glutamine (Gln) could be detected from relatively small volumes (100 microL) with a high temporal resolution. The formation of [n-(13)C]-Glu, [n-(13)C]-Gln (n = 2 or 3), [2-(13)C]-aspartate (Asp), [3-(13)C]-Asp, [3-(13)C]-alanine (Ala), and [3-(13)C]-lactate (Lac) was also observed to be reproducible. The (13)C-label incorporation curves of [4-(13)C]-Glu and [4-(13)C]-Gln provided direct information on metabolic pathways. Using a two-compartment metabolic model, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle flux was determined as 0.52 +/- 0.04 micromol/min/g, while the glutamatergic neurotransmitter flux equaled 0.25 +/- 0.05 micromol/min/g, in good correspondence with previously determined values.
Reproduction study of dimethylacetamide following inhalation in the rat

Groups of 10 male and 20 female Crl:CD(SD)BR rats were exposed to vapors of dimethylacetamide (DMAC) at concentrations of 0 (control), 30, 100, or 300 ppm. Exposures were conducted for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 10 weeks (prebreeding), then 7 days/week for 7 to 8 weeks (through breeding, gestation, and lactation). The exposure period was interrupted for female rats between gestation Day 21 and postpartum Day 4. No compound-related effects on body weight, survival, or clinical signs were detected in parental rats. Liver weight to body weight ratios were increased in groups where both males and females were exposed to 300 ppm but not in groups where only males or only females were exposed to 300 ppm. No significant differences were observed between control and test rats with respect to mating performance, fertility, length of gestation, progeny numbers, structure, and viability. At 21 days postpartum, pups derived from matings involving exposure of both sexes to 300 ppm or exposure of parental females to 300 ppm had lower body weights than did the controls. Gross pathologic examination of representative pups and evaluation of liver and gonad weight data did not reveal any DMAC-related changes. It is concluded that reproduction in rats was not altered by repeated inhalation exposure to up to 300 ppm DMAC.
Review of methods for the detection and estimation of trends with emphasis on water quality applications

Methods for the detection and estimation of trends which are suitable for the type of data sets available from water quality and atmospheric deposition monitoring programmes are considered. Parametric and non-parametric methods which are based on the assumption of monotonic trend and which account for seasonality through blocking on season are described. The topics included are heterogeneity of trend, missing data, covariates, censored data, serial dependence and multivariate extensions. The basis for the non-parametric methods being the method of choice for current large data sets of short to moderate length is reviewed. A more general definition of trend as the component of gradual change over time is consistent with another group of methods and some examples are given. Spatial temporal data sets and longer temporal records are also briefly considered. A broad overview of the topic of trend analysis is given, with technicalities left to the references cited. The necessity of defining what is meant by trend in the context of the design and objectives of the programme is emphasized, as is the need to model the variability in the data more generally.
Minimum Grain Size in Nanocrystalline Metal Powders

Nanocrystalline metal powders can be synthesized by mechanical attrition in a highenergy ball mill. A general relation determining the grain size of these materials is inferred. The ultimate grain size of nanocrystalline metals (typically 6–22 nm) is governed by the competition between the severe plastic deformation introduced during ball milling and the recovery behavior of the material. The lower bound grain size achievable by mechanical attrition is given by the minimum distance between two dislocations in a pile-up within a grain for all pure metals. For binary alloys the ultimate grain size depends on the composition of the material. Varying the composition changes the grain size reversibly. This can be explained by introducing solid solution hardening effects in the general relation for the lower bound grain size in pure metals. Thus, the proposed model for the ultimate grain size achievable by ball milling seems to be applicable to all metals and alloys subjected to heavy mechanical deformation. However, reversible grain size changes are not restricted to mechanical attrition, but have also been observed for nanocrystalline Pd-H solid solutions produced by hydriding at constant pressure. Solid solutions prepared at different compositions, i.e. samples with different compositions, exhibit different grain sizes. Cycling between different temperatures/compositions changes the grain size reversibly. This cannot be explained by a model based on plastic deformation as in the case of ball-milled metal powders. The results are compared with data for ball-milled powders and samples prepared by inert gas condensation. The grain size changes are discussed with respect to the compositional changes and the grain boundary energy of the material.
Baseline mean deviation and rates of visual field change in treated glaucoma patients

To evaluate the relationships between baseline visual field (VF) mean deviation (MD) and subsequent progression in treated glaucoma. Records of patients seen in a glaucoma practice between 1999 and 2009 were reviewed. Patients with glaucomatous optic neuropathy, baseline VF damage, and ≥8 SITA-standard 24-2 VF were included. Patients were divided into tertiles based upon baseline MD. Automated pointwise linear regression determined global and localized rates (decibels (dB) per year) of change. Progression was defined when two or more adjacent test locations in the same hemifield showed a sensitivity decline at a rate of >1.0 dB per year, P<0.01. For mild, moderate, and severe groups, progression was noted in 29.5, 31.2, and 26.0% of eyes (P=0.50) and global rates of VF change of progressing eyes were −1.3±1.2, −1.01±0.7, and −0.9±0.5 dB/year (P=0.09, analysis of variance). Within these groups, intraocular pressure (IOP) in stable vs progressing eyes were 15.5±3.3 vs 17.0±3.1 (P<0.01), 15.4±3.3 vs 15.9±2.5 (P=0.28), and 14.0±2.8 vs 14.8±2.3 mm Hg (P=0.07). More glaucoma filtering surgeries were performed in eyes with worse MD. There was no significant difference between groups regarding their risk of progression in both univariate (P=0.50) and multivariate (P=0.26) analyses adjusting for differences in follow-up IOP. After correcting for differences in IOP in treated glaucoma patients, we did not find a relationship between the rate of VF change (dB per year) and the severity of the baseline VF MD. This finding may have been due to more aggressive IOP lowering in eyes with more severe disease. Eyes with lower IOP progressed less frequently across the spectrum of VF loss.
Some effects of X-rays on root primordia in the poplar

Abstract A series of experiments were conducted utilizing various doses of X-rays and a variety of indoleacetic acid (IAA) treatments in an attempt to determine the effect of these factors on the growth and emergence of roots from stem cuttings of the Lombardy poplar. The following facts emerged from these experiments: (1) When cuttings were exposed to X-ray treatments ranging from 0–10,000 r, and placed in darkness, it was found that the average number of roots produced per cutting varied inversely with the dose. (2) Doses of 4000 r were found to give approximately 50 per cent inhibition, and doses ranging between 8000 r and 10,000 r produced almost complete inhibition in most experiments. (3) Exogenous application of IAA was found to modify the response of this biological system to ionizing radiation. (4) Treatment of cuttings with 4000 r alone resulted in more inhibition (84%) than if 4000 r was given before or after IAA treatment (33%).
Photonic analog-to-digital converter via asynchronous oversampling

This paper presents a hybrid opto-electronic asynchronous delta-sigma modulator, implemented in the form of a fiber-optic Analog-to-Digital converter (ADC). This architecture was chosen for its independence of an external clock and ease of demodulation through a single low-pass filter stage. The fiber-optic prototype consists of an input laser (wavelength λ 1 ) which is modulated with an input RF signal, a high-speed comparator circuit working as bi-stable quantizer, and a fiber-optic loop that includes a SOA and a band-pass filter that act as a leaky integrator. The fiber-optic loop acts as a fiber-ring resonator (FRR), and defines the resonance wavelength λ 2 of the system. The gain within this loop is modified through cross-gain modulation (XGM) by the input wavelength λ 1 , and thus achieves the desired modulation effect. The proposed architecture has been constructed and characterized at a sampling rate of 15.4 MS/s processing input analog signals in the range of dc-3 MHz with a signal-to-noise ratio of 36 dB and an effective number of bits of 5.7.
Reproductive success in male savanna baboons

Different techniques have been utilized to ascertain male savanna baboon reproductive success based upon behavioral data. A 19 month field study of the reproductive behavior of savanna baboons in Kenya revealed a high degree of concordance among five different measures of male baboon reproductive success. The number of ejaculations showed the highest correlation with time spent in consort. Male reproductive success was not correlated with the number of females mated with because most males mated with most females. Female baboons regularly undergo multiple cycles prior to conception and the penultimate cycle showed no behavioral or physiological differences from the conception cycle. In nearly one-third of conception cycles a single consort partner was responsible for almost two-thirds of ejaculations during the four day optimal conception period. One may be able to reasonably infer paternity in these cases, but the available data are insufficient to support the idea that the variance in male baboon reproductive success is greater than the variance in female baboon reproductive success. The variance in male savanna baboon reproductive success will remain uncertain until genetic paternity studies are undertaken. It is suggested that mate selectivity, longevity, and stochastic factors are important components influencing male baboon reproductive success.
From Th1 to Th2: diabetes immunotherapy shifts gears.

Autoantigen administration in an animal model of diabetes prevents development of the disease even after insulitis is established (pages 1348−1353).
White light sampling and cross-correlation via multi-heterodyne detection with an optical frequency comb

Multi-heterodyne mixing of an optical frequency comb with white light filtered by a Fabry-Perot etalon is used to measure white light cross-correlations at a distance of 13 meters with a resolution of 10 ps.