cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of predictions with measurements for radiative transfer in an algal suspension

Abstract The radiation field within a scattering—absorbing suspension of unicellular algae has been determined experimentally and theoretically. A submerged fiber optic probe was used to measure the angular variation of the radiation intensity at different depths in a diffusely irradiated culture of Chlorella pyrenoidosa . The measurements were also used to determine the variation of the radiative flux with depth in the culture. The measured directional distributions agree well with predictions of the radiation field based on the method of discrete ordinates. Good agreement with the data for the radiative flux is also obtained from predictions based on a six-flux model as well as on the method of discrete ordinates. However, predictions based on the simpler two-flux and Beer's law models deviate significantly from the measured results.
Spectral and directional radiation characteristics of thin-film coated isothermal semitransparent plates

An analysis is presented for prediction the effective spectral, directional radiation characteristics of an isothermal, semitransparent sheet surrounded on both sides by massive dielectrics. This sheet can be coated on one or both sides with one or more optically thin films. Such coated sheets are considered for their applicability as selective cover plates for solar collectors. Extensive computations have been performed to determine what thin film optical properties and film configurations yield the desired selectivity, i.e., high solar transmittance and at the same time high infrared reflectance. Sample results are presented to illustrate the effects of thin film real and imaginary indices of refraction on the spectral reflectance and transmittance of thin film coated glass sheets. Also, directional and polarization effects are considered for selected thin film-plate systems. Some potential candidate materials have been identified and spectral transmittances and reflectances of isothermal plates coated with thin films of these materials have been predicted.
Procedural justice? Implications of the Rawls-Habermas debate for discourse ethics

In this paper I focus on the discussion between Rawls and Habermas on procedural justice. I use Rawls’s distinction between pure, perfect, and imperfect procedural justice to distinguish three possible readings of discourse ethics. Then I argue, against Habermas’s own recent claims, that only an interpretation of discourse ethics as imperfect procedural justice can make compatible its professed cognitivism with its proceduralism. Thus discourse ethics cannot be understood as a purely procedural account of the notion of justice. Finally I draw the different consequences that follow from this reading.
Nutritional Intake and Therapies in Autism A Spectrum of What We Know: Part 1

Autism is one of the fastest growing developmental disabilities in the United States. With every 1 in 100 children diagnosed with autism, this condition is more common than pediatric cancer, diabetes, and AIDS combined. Core deficits of autism limit functioning in social interaction, communication, and daily activity participation. Individuals with autism typically require significant levels of supervised care, special education resources, and health service throughout life. The nutritional status of children with autism is receiving increasing attention in the field. Nutrient deficiencies have been proposed as a causative factor in the manifestation of the disorder. Further, characteristic autism behaviors and autism-specific interventions may increase the risk of suboptimal nutrition. Part 1 of this paper provides a review as to what is currently known regarding the nutrient intake and/or nutritional status of children with autism, and the myriad factors—both medical/nutritional and behavioral/ contextu...
Operating Performance of a Petersen Earth Coil

This paper is a report on the Alabama Power Company's operating experience with a Petersen Earth Coil installed between the neutral and ground of a 120-mile, 44,000-volt, 3-phase, star-connected, 60-cycle system. A Petersen coil is essentially an inductive reactance of such value as to maintain resonance with the capacitance of the system to ground at the fundamental system frequency. With a ground on one wire the current through the fault is reduced to such a low value as to prevent maintenance of an arc. Therefore, on the assumption that the majority of phase-to-ground short circuits start as insulator flashovers, the installation of such a device as a Petersen coil which would snuff out flashover arcs should considerably reduce the number of interruptions to the line. By means of proper relaying, cases of trouble outside of the operating sphere of the Petersen coil, such as phase-to-phase short circuits and solid grounds have also been successfully taken care of. Previous to the installation of this coil numerous interruptions to service were experienced on this system during lightning storms, which are unusually severe in the territory covered by these lines. This system, therefore, offers an ideal location for a trial installation of the coil. Since the installation of the coil the number and duration of interruptions due to lightning flashovers have been reduced by 88.5 per cent and 94 per cent respectively. Several doubtful actions, however, have occurred during switching operations, indicating the presence of unusual phenomena. By proper relaying it is hoped to prevent the recurrence of such action. Further tests are also contemplated to investigate the unusual phenomena accompanying certain operating conditions.
Before the Law: Women's Petitions in the Eighteenth-Century Spanish Empire

At first glance, there is nothing unusual about the fact that, in 1790, a woman went to a magistrate in Mexico City to request money from her husband while their divorce case was pending. Everything about the lawsuit seems ordinary, even down to the litigant's name, Dona Maria Garcia. Decades of historical scholarship on gender have familiarized us with women just like her, women who tactically employed the courts of the Spanish empire in the larger “contest” that made up gender relations in the era. Histories of women veritably brim with female litigants who used the justice system to win small victories in their battles for autonomy from marital obligations or to rein in philandering, shiftless, or abusive lovers.
Long-term hyperglucagonaemia induces early metabolic and renal phenotypes of Type 2 diabetes in mice

Clinical studies have shown that patients with early Type 2 diabetes often have elevated serum glucagon rather than insulin deficiency. Imbalance of insulin and glucagon in favouring the latter may contribute to impaired glucose tolerance, persistent hyperglycaemia, microalbuminuria and glomerular injury. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that long-term glucagon infusion induces early metabolic and renal phenotypes of Type 2 diabetes in mice by activating glucagon receptors. Five groups of adult male C57BL/6J mice were treated with vehicle, glucagon alone (1 microg/h via an osmotic minipump, intraperitoneally), glucagon plus the glucagon receptor antagonist [Des-His(1)-Glu(9)]glucagon (5 microg/h via an osmotic minipump), [Des-His(1)-Glu(9)]glucagon alone or a high glucose load alone (2% glucose in the drinking water) for 4 weeks. Glucagon infusion increased serum glucagon by 129% (P<0.05), raised systolic BP (blood pressure) by 21 mmHg (P<0.01), elevated fasting blood glucose by 42% (P<0.01), impaired glucose tolerance (P<0.01), increased the kidney weight/body weight ratio (P<0.05) and 24 h urinary albumin excretion by 108% (P<0.01) and induced glomerular mesangial expansion and extracellular matrix deposition. These responses were associated with marked increases in phosphorylated ERK1/2 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2) and Akt signalling proteins in the liver and kidney (P<0.01). Serum insulin did not increase proportionally. Concurrent administration of [Des-His(1)-Glu(9)]glucagon with glucagon significantly attenuated glucagon-increased BP, fasting blood glucose, kidney weight/body weight ratio and 24 h urinary albumin excretion. [Des-His(1)-Glu(9)]glucagon also improved glucagon-inpaired glucose tolerance, increased serum insulin by 56% (P<0.05) and attenuated glomerular injury. However, [Des-His(1)-Glu(9)]glucagon or high glucose administration alone did not elevate fasting blood glucose levels, impair glucose tolerance or induce renal injury. These results demonstrate for the first time that long-term hyperglucagonaemia in mice induces early metabolic and renal phenotypes of Type 2 diabetes by activating glucagon receptors. This supports the idea that glucagon receptor blockade may be beneficial in treating insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetic renal complications.
In utero exposure to benzo(a)pyrene predisposes offspring to cardiovascular dysfunction in later-life

In utero exposure of the fetus to benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P], a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, is thought to dysregulate cardiovascular development. To investigate the effects of in utero B(a)P exposure on cardiovascular development, timed-pregnant Long Evans Hooded (LEH) rats were exposed to diluent or B(a)P (150, 300, 600 and 1200 μg/kg/BW) by oral gavage on embryonic (E) days E14 (the metamorphosing embryo stage) through E17 (the 1st fetal stage). There were no significant effects of in utero exposure to B(a)P on the number of pups born per litter or in pre-weaning growth curves. Pre-weaning profiles for B(a)P metabolite generation from cardiovascular tissue were shown to be dose-dependent and elimination of these metabolites was shown to be time-dependent in exposed offspring. Systolic blood pressure on postnatal day P53 in the middle and high exposure groups of offspring were significantly elevated as compared to controls. Microarray and quantitative real-time PCR results were directly relevant to a biological process pathway in animal models for "regulation of blood pressure". Microarray and quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed upregulation of mRNA expression for angiotensin (AngII), angiotensinogen (AGT) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in exposed offspring. Biological network analysis and gene set enrichment analysis subsequently identified potential signaling mechanisms and molecular pathways that might explain the elevated systolic blood pressures observed in B(a)P-exposed offspring. Our findings suggest that in utero exposure to B(a)P predispose offspring to functional deficits in cardiovascular development that may contribute to cardiovascular dysfunction in later life.
Spontaneous and osmotically-stimulated activity in slices of rat hypothalamus.

HATTON, G. I., W. E. ARMSTRONG AND W. A. GREGORY. Spontaneous and osmotically stimulated activity in slicesof rat hypothalamus. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 497–508, 1978.—Single unit activity was recorded from 400–500 μm thick slices of rat hypothalamus, using either NaCl- or horseradish peroxidase-filled glass micropipettes. Spontaneous activity was present in the following hypothalamic loci: anterior hypothalamic-preoptic area, nucleus circularis, nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca, paraventricular accessory nucleus, paraventricular nucleus (all portions), periventricular regions of the anterior hypothalamus, and the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The supraoptic nucleus was the only major cell group studied to exhibit no spontaneous activity. Cells of the paraventricular and circularis nuclei were spontaneously active, displayed firing rates and patterns of activity similar to those recorded in vivo for magnocellular elements of the hypothalamus, and in some cases responded to increases in the osmolality of the bathing medium with altered firing rates and/or patterns of activity. Many cells in these preparations were characterized by phasic, bursting patterns of activity. Slow, irregular and regular, continuous activity was also frequently observed, as is typical in vivo. Median firing rates were in the range of 4–6 spikes/sec, somewhat faster than the rates usually reported for anesthetized in vivo preparations. These rates are more similar to those observed in unanesthetized monkeys or rats with diencephalic islands. Extracellular HRP marking provided a high degree of localization for many of the recorded cells. These results indicate that the hypothalamic slice preparation is useful for studies in which it is desirable to eliminate extrahypothalamic connections and in which it is necessary to exercise a fine degree of control over the extracellular environment of the cells.
Advances in PLC‐based irrigation canal automation

A short history of canal automation is given. PLC-based canal automation is relatively new. Advances in PLC-based canal automation are listed. Also listed are some of the remaining challenges. Recent advances have been made in understanding unsteady flow simulation procedures, the form of the control algorithms used, the tuning procedures for these control algorithms, and the field programming of the algorithms into PLCs. The experiences of the Cal Poly Irrigation Training and Research Center (ITRC) in automating a variety of canals with upstream and downstream control are given. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pressure behaviours and flow regimes of a horizontal well with multiple inclined hydraulic fractures

Hydraulic fractures have become a common stimulation application in the oil and gas industry, especially in tight formations. Published models assume the hydraulic fractures are vertical and symmetric. However, recent studies have shown that fractures are asymmetric and inclined with respect to the vertical direction and the axis of the wellbore. This paper introduces new analytical models that can be used to investigate the pressure behaviour and flow regimes of a horizontal well with multiple hydraulic fractures. The hydraulic fractures in this model could be longitudinal or transverse, vertical or inclined, symmetrical or asymmetrical. The fractures are propagated in isotropic or anisotropic formations and considered having different dimensions and different spacing. These models are solved using MATLAB codes to create several analytical solutions for the flow regimes that are expected to develop in the vicinity of the wellbore. These solutions can be used to calculate various reservoir parameters, including directional permeability, fracture length, skin factors, and angle of inclination.
A Typology of Community Violence Perpetration and Victimization Among Adults With Mental Illnesses

The primary objective of this article was to evaluate the overlap between community violence perpetration and victimization in a large, heterogeneous sample of adults with mental illnesses (N = 4,474). We also explored participant characteristics differentiating four categories of perpetration and victimization: non-victim/non-perpetrators, victims only, perpetrators only, and victim-perpetrators. Results indicated that adults with mental illnesses were unlikely to report violent outcomes but, when they did, were more likely to report perpetration and victimization, rather than perpetration alone. In addition, bivariate and multivariable analyses showed that sex, age, race/ethnicity, and primary diagnosis differed across categories. Victim-perpetrators, for example, were more likely to be young, Black, and have a primary diagnosis of bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, substance use disorder, or "other." Altogether, our findings provide evidence for a victim-perpetrator overlap in this population and suggest that preventive measures targeting violence and victimization may be more effective than those with separate strategies for each.
Fatal injection of ranitidine: a case report

Ranitidine hydrochloride (Zantac®), a histamine-2-receptor antagonist, is a widely used medication with an excellent safety record. Anaphylactic reaction to ranitidine is an extremely rare event and a related death has never been described in the literature. We present the clinical history, histological and toxicological data of a 51-year-old man with negative anamnesis for allergic events, who died suddenly after the intravenous administration of one phial of Zantac® 50 mg prescribed as a routine post-surgical prophylaxis for stress ulcer. Although the incidence of anaphylactic reactions related to ranitidine is low, caution needs to be exercised on administration of this drug. In addition, further study is needed to define strategies for the prevention of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients.
Kinase inhibitors: The next generation of therapies in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can be the source of significant pain and functional limitation. The past 20 years have seen a transition in treatment goals away from mere pain management toward disease modification through the suppression of autoimmunity. Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, such as methotrexate and biologic agents, impair disease progression and joint destruction. However, despite these achievements, a substantial subset of RA patients does not respond to or cannot tolerate current treatments for RA. Scientific insight into the cellular pathways of inflammation has revealed new therapeutic targets for the treatment of autoimmune diseases like RA. Attention has focused on pathways mediated by Janus kinase (JAK), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk). This review article summarizes the evidence supporting the use of various kinase inhibitors, including the newly approved JAK inhibitor tofacitinib, in the treatment of RA.
Targeted therapies: denosumab--a new option for solid tumors metastatic to bone.

Zoledronic acid is a potent bisphosphonate used as the standard therapy for the prevention of skeletal-related events in patients with solid tumors metastatic to bone. Three phase III studies have reported head-to-head comparisons of zoledronic acid with denosumab, an inhibitor of the RANK signaling pathway.
High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of hyaluronan and four proteoglycans produced by human bone cell cultures.

Abstract Four proteoglycans and hyaluronan synthesized by cultured human bone cells were isolated using a two-step high-performance liquid chromatography system involving desalting and buffer exchange with a TSK-GEL HW 40(S) column followed by ion-exchange separation on a Nucleogen 4000-10 DEAE column. The desalting of 4 m guanidinium HCl extracts by a TSK-GEL HW 40(S) column equilibrated in a formamide: KH2PO4 buffer produces >95% recoveries, enables quantitation of label incorporation and requires only 40 min to complete. The Nucleogen 4000-10 DEAE column utilizes the same buffer system and requires only 100 min for the resolution of four distinct types of proteoglycans. The formamide:KH2PO4 buffer system is compatible with a previously developed polyacrylamide gel system for the electrophoretic profiling of proteoglycans. After separation by charge density, proteoglycans were further resolved by size distribution using a calibrated TSK-GEL HW 75(F) column which also enabled the estimation of the apparent Mr of hyaluronan produced by the bone cells. The same TSK-GEL HW 40(S) resin is used to exchange pooled proteoglycans into buffers for analyzing enzyme digests of glycosaminoglycan chains and core proteins. The technique has been applied to the analysis of biosynthetically labeled proteoglycans produced in culture by fetal and adult human bone cells. A distinct pattern of proteoglycan size and secretion for both cell types could be shown using this method. The method of analysis is useful for high yield and rapid screening of various cell types for both biosynthetic rate studies and analysis of patterns of proteoglycan synthesis.
Statins, mood, sleep, and physical function: a systematic review

Purpose We aimed to evaluate the effects of statins on mood, sleep, and physical function.
Lidocaine in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) is an inhibitor of eosinophil-active cytokines

Eosinophils and eosinophil granule proteins may play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma. BALF from 40 patients with symptomatic asthma were analysed for cytokine activity by the eosinophil survival assay. BALF from 15 patients showed increased survival activity. Survival activities in BALF from four of these patients were almost completely blocked by anti-IL-5 MoAb, and the remaining activities were blocked by anti-granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), anti-IL-3 antibody, or both. Surprisingly, BALF samples from the other 25 patients decreased eosinophil viabilities below the levels of medium control. The inhibitory factor in these BALF was of low molecular weight, was heat-stable, was largely overcome by excess exogenously added cytokines, and was positively correlated with the concentrations of lidocaine in the BALF. Lidocaine itself inhibited eosinophil survival at concentrations less than those present in the BALF. These findings indicate that lidocaine is an inhibitor of cytokines in the eosinophil survival assay, and they suggest the need for caution in analyses of BALF containing lidocaine or other local anaesthetics.
The Effect of Nimodipine on Opioid Antagonist-Induced Upregulation and Supersensitivity

Abstract Regulation of calcium flux has been suggested to play a role in acute and chronic effects of opioids. Previous studies have shown calcium channel blockers can inhibit opioid agonist-induced downregulation of μ-opioid receptors and may reduce the magnitude of tolerance. In the present study, we determined if calcium channel blockade would affect increases in opioid receptor density and functional supersensitivity produced by chronic opioid antagonist treatment in the mouse. Mice were implanted subcutaneously with a 15-mg naltrexone (NTX) or placebo pellet. Mice also were implanted with an osmotic minipump that infused nimodipine (100 μg/kg/day) or a second placebo pellet. This protocol yielded four groups: nimodipine–NTX; nimodipine–placebo; placebo–NTX; placebo–placebo. On the seventh day, pumps and pellets were removed. Twenty-four hours later, a morphine dose–response study was conducted (tail flick); or mice were sacrificed and saturation binding studies ([ 3 H]DAMGO) were performed in whole brain. NTX treatment significantly increased the analgesic potency of morphine by ∼60%. Nimodipine increased the potency of morphine by ∼50%. For mice treated with both nimodipine and NTX, there was an additive effect on morphine potency (∼120% increase). In binding studies, NTX increased the density of μ-opioid receptors similarly (∼60–70%) in the presence and absence of nimodipine treatment, with no change in affinity. No effect of chronic nimodipine alone on μ-opioid receptor binding was observed. These data indicate that NTX-induced upregulation and supersensitivity are independent of calcium channel blockade by nimodipine. These results contrast with those from tolerance and downregulation studies, and confirm suggestions that different substrates mediate chronic opioid agonist and antagonist-induced effects in vivo. Finally, in a separate study, morphine potency was unaffected by acute nimodiopine (100 μg/kg; SC), suggesting that prolonged exposure to this calcium channel blocker is required to increase morphine potency.
Effect of Low Thyroid Function on Cardiac Structure and Function in Spontaneously Hypertensive Heart Failure Rats

Abstract Background Although low thyroid function is known to have detrimental effects on the cardiovascular system, including microvascular impairment, little is known about the pathophysiologic consequences of hypothyroidism in the background of hypertension. Methods and Results Hypothyroidism was induced in female spontaneously hypertensive heart failure (SHHF) rats by treatment with propylthiouracil (PTU) for 6 months. Untreated SHHF and normotensive Wistar Furth (WF) rats served as controls. In terminal experiments, heart weight, echocardiographic measurements, hemodynamics, and arteriolar morphometry were performed. Left ventricular internal diameter in systole and diastole were increased and wall thickness, ejection fraction, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and ±dP/dt were significantly decreased in the treatment group. Surprisingly, there were no observed differences in arteriolar density among the 3 groups. Conclusions As expected, PTU treatment of SHHF rats led to systolic dysfunction and chamber dilation. However, PTU treatment did not lead to arteriolar loss as previously observed in normotensive rats treated with PTU. These finding suggest that induced hypothyroidism leads to detrimental changes in SHHF rats, but the overall effects were no worse than those previously observed in normotensive rats treated with PTU.
HIV-1 tat trans-activation requires the loop sequence within tar

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) is the primary retroviral agent responsible for AIDS and related disorders worldwide. One of its identified gene products, tat protein, stimulates in trans the expression of all HIV-1 genes by several orders of magnitude1–7. Cells infected with HIV-1 require tat protein to produce virus, suggesting that trans-activation is crucial for viral replication8,9. The essential cis-acting site for trans-activation, termed tar, resides within the R region of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR), between −17 and +54 with respect to the initiation site of viral transcription10,11. It is striking that the RNA encoded between +1 and +59 has the potential to form an extensive stem-loop secondary structure which, as a portion of the untranslated leader RNA, would be common to all HIV-1 mRNAs 11,12. We now present the results of nucleotide substitution experiments which suggest that tat trans-activation requires presentation of the sequence +30CUGGG+34 in tar within the loop of a RNA hairpin structure.
Effects of cell density and cell growth alterations on cyclic nucleotide levels in cultured human diploid fibroblasts

Abstract cGMP and cAMP concentrations were studied in cultures of two strains of normal human diploid lung fibroblasts, WI38 and KL-2, under various conditions which alter growth rate. Higher levels of cAMP were found in fibroblasts grown in medium with low (0.1 – 1.0%) serum concentration and thus exhibiting a decreased rate of growth. A rise in cAMP also preceded the decreased growth rate when medium was not changed for 4 days or longer (starvation). The reinitiation of cell growth by addition of fresh medium containing the standard 10% serum to either starved or serum-restricted cells was preceded by a rapid drop in cAMP level. Cellular cAMP levels increased to a moderate extent as sparse cultures first increased in density, but did not continue to rise as the culture approached saturation density. cGMP levels were inversely related to cell density: much higher cellular cGMP levels were found at low density than at higher cell density, whether cells were rapidly proliferating under standard growth conditions or had their growth arrested by omission of medium change or restriction of serum. Thus, under these conditions the steady state levels of cGMP appear to be related to cell density rather than rate of cell proliferation. However, a transient but appreciable increase in cGMP did occur upon the addition of fresh medium containing 10% serum to starved or serum-restricted cells, a condition leading to reinitiation of cell proliferation. Smaller but significant increases in cGMP were also evident following routine addition of fresh medium with serum to growing cells fed every other day and following mild EDTA-trypsin treatment of confluent WI38 fibroblasts. Thus, at least dual control mechanisms appear to be involved in the regulation of cGMP levels. Comparison of mid- and late-passage WI38 cells revealed no significant differences either in the levels of cGMP at sparse densities or in the density-dependent change in levels. These results suggest that levels of both cAMP and cGMP are influenced by cell density and also by conditions which alter the rate of cell proliferation.
STAR proteins quaking-6 and GLD-1 regulate translation of the homologues GLI1 and tra-1 through a conserved RNA 3′UTR-based mechanism

The binding of the STAR protein GLD-1 to an element in the tra-2 3' untranslated region (3'UTR), called the TGE (tra GLI element), represses tra-2 translation, allowing for hermaphrodite spermatogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans. GLD-1 is a member of the STAR family that includes the mammalian quaking (Qk) proteins. Here, we show that the 3'UTR of the nematode homologue of GLI1, called tra-1, also contains a TGE, through which translation is regulated by GLD-1. We find that GLD-1 activity is required for proper TRA-1 protein expression in hermaphrodites. RNA gel shift assays show that GLD-1 binds the predicted sites. Using reporter transgenes, we show that the human GLI1 (hGLI1) 3'UTR controls translation in the mouse embryo. We demonstrate that the addition of the mouse QK isoform-6 (QKI-6) protein to a mammalian cell line that lacks QKI-6 can confer regulation on reporter and GLI1 mRNAs in a TGE-specific manner, and reduction of QKI-6 activity with siRNA disrupts translational control. Further, siRNA knockdown of QKI-6 increases the activity of a reporter transgene that monitors the transcriptional activity of mouse Gli1 (mGli1) and increases mouse Gli1 protein. We show by immunoprecipitation that QKI-6 antibody specifically co-purifies TGE-containing mRNAs in ribonucleoproteins. Thus, we find that the mouse QKI-6 protein acts through the mGli1 and hGLI1 RNAs to repress translation. Our results suggest that STAR family-dependent translational control of GLI mRNAs is ancient, and that it existed before the division of nematodes and mammals.
Effects of Being a Peer-Leader in an Eating Disorder Prevention Program: Can We Further Reduce Eating Disorder Risk Factors?

Studies regarding the effect of peer-leadership on peer-leaders in prevention programs remain extremely limited. In this study, 83 undergraduate sorority members, who previously participated in the program, served as peer-leaders for an eating disorder prevention program. Peer-leaders attended 9 hours of training and then led two 2-hour sessions. Leaders showed decreases (beyond participation in earlier studies) in dietary restraint, bulimic pathology, body dissatisfaction, and thin-ideal internalization from pre-training through 7-week follow up. Results from this exploratory study suggest that peer-leaders who participate in a program and subsequently lead it may experience additional benefits compared to participation in the program alone.
Design of a subnanometer resolution beam position monitor for dielectric laser accelerators.

We present a new concept for a beam position monitor with the unique ability to map particle beam position to a measurable wavelength. Coupled with an optical spectrograph, this beam position monitor is capable of subnanometer resolution. We describe one possible design, and through finite-element frequency-domain simulations, we show a resolution of 0.7 nm. Because of its high precision and ultracompact form factor, this device is ideal for future x-ray sources and laser-driven particle accelerators “on a chip.”
/scratch as a cache: rethinking HPC center scratch storage

To sustain emerging data-intensive scientific applications, High Performance Computing (HPC) centers invest a notable fraction of their operating budget on a specialized fast storage system, scratch space, which is designed for storing the data of currently running and soon-to-run HPC jobs. Instead, it is often used as a standard file system, wherein users arbitrarily store their data, without any consideration to the center's overall performance. To remedy this, centers periodically scan the scratch in an attempt to purge transient and stale data.This practice of supporting a cache workload using a file system and disjoint tools for staging and purging results in suboptimal use of the scratch space.In this paper, we address the above issues by proposing a new perspective, where the HPC scratch space is treated as a cache, and data population, retention, and eviction tools are integrated with scratch management. In our approach, data is moved to the scratch space only when it is needed, and unneeded data is removed as soon as possible. We also design a new job-workflow-aware caching policy that leverages user-supplied hints for managing the cache. Our evaluation using three-year job logs from the Jaguar supercomputer, shows that compared to the widely-used purge approach, workflow-aware caching optimizes scratch utilization by reducing the average amount of data read by 9.3%, and by reducing job scheduling delays associated with data staging, on average, by 282.0%.
Analysis of ultrasonic data and experimental equation of state for sodium

Abstract The ultrasonic velocity data for sodium measured under hydrostatic pressure by Martinson have been analyzed according to the self-consistent Cook's method. The adiabatic and isothermal elastic constants were obtained directly as a function of pressure and temperature. The first and second pressure derivatives of the elastic constants were calculated. The byproducts in this analysis are the therman expansion coefficient and the specific heat as a function of pressure and temperature. An experimental equation of state was obtained by integrating a series expansion of the bulk modulus in terms of pressure. There is good agreement between these results and the static measurements of Beecroft and Swenson and shock data of Rice. Some thermal properties such as the effective Debye temperature and the Gruneisen constant have been calculated from the pressure dependences of the elastic constants. A simple Born-von Karman model was employed to evaluate the phonon frequency distribution and the dispersion curves at 90°K. The results show good agreement with neutron scattering experiments.
Secondary payloads in 2014: Assessing the numbers

In previous conferences, we have provided a brief history of secondary payloads (i.e., space missions that ride “piggyback” on the same rocket as a primary payload), with an emphasis on the census data (mass, lifetime, contributing organizations). In those conferences, we have identified a significant shift in the secondary payload market towards CubeSat-class missions; that shift has become an avalanche with more than 100 spacecraft launched in 2013.
Near-far resistance of multicarrier CDMA communication systems

In this letter, the near-far resistance of the minimum mean square error (MMSE) detector is derived for multicarrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) communication systems both with cyclic prefix (CP) and without CP. It is shown that the near-far resistance of MC-CDMA without CP is the same as that of the direct sequence CDMA (DS-CDMA) while MC-CDMA with CP has better performance on near-far resistance at the expense of reduced bandwidth efficiency. Computer simulations confirm theoretical findings.
Induction of specific T cell immunity in patients with prostate cancer by vaccination with PSA146–154 peptide

T cell immunotherapy of prostate cancer (CaP) offers the potential for less toxic, more effective outcomes. A clinical trial was conducted in 28 patients with locally advanced or metastatic CaP to determine whether an HLA-A2 binding epitope of prostate-specific antigen, PSA146–154 (PSA-peptide), can induce specific T cell immunity. Patients were vaccinated either by intradermal injection of PSA-peptide and GM-CSF or by intravenous administration of autologous dendritic cells pulsed with PSA-peptide at weeks 1, 4 and 10. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin testing was performed at weeks 4, 14, 26 and 52. Fifty percent of the patients developed positive DTH responses to PSA-peptide. The size of the DTH induration progressively increased over time in the majority of responding patients. Skin biopsies from seven DTH-positive patients were available and T cells that developed in situ were also characterized. The phenotype of recovered T cells demonstrated variable proportions of CD4+CD8−, CD4−CD8+ and CD4+CD8+ T cell populations. Cytokine analysis of PSA-peptide stimulated T cells per bead array assay exhibited specific IFN-γ and TNF-α response in six of seven patients. Specific IL-4 response was observed in five patients, while IL-10 response was detected in one patient. Purified CD4−CD8+ T cells isolated from four patients demonstrated specific cytolytic activity per chromium release assay. In conclusion, immunization with PSA-peptide induced specific T cell immunity in one-half of the patients with locally advanced and hormone-sensitive, metastatic CaP. DTH-derived T cells exhibited PSA-peptide-specific cytolytic activity and predominantly expressed a type-1 cytokine profile.
A data model for trip planning in multimodal transportation systems

This paper introduces the problem of modeling urban transportation systems in a database where certain aspects of the data are probabilistic in nature. The transportation network is composed of multiple modes (e.g., automobile, bus, train, pedestrian) that the user can alternate between. A trip -- a path between an origin and destination subject to some constraints -- is the central concept. How these trips and the network can be represented as both a graph and relational model, as well as the requirements for querying are the main contributions of this paper. A set of operators are defined to work over these transportation concepts and they are integrated within a SQL-like syntax to express queries over the uncertain transportation network. Additionally, the paper shows how this model can be integrated within other moving objects and spatio-temporal data models, and how these graph-based queries can be processed.
An open source library system and public library users: Finding and using library collections

Abstract Large scale open-source library automation systems can increase efficiencies in bibliographic production. The implementation of such a system, Evergreen, was examined in order to ascertain whether it facilitated detection and use of library collections in Indiana public libraries. Three hundred forty-nine participants recruited from nine public libraries completed user surveys. Additionally, library server data about interlibrary loan (ILL) statistics were collected from participating libraries on a monthly basis. The self-reported user survey included questions about patron history at local public libraries, use of the previous Online Public Access Catalogs (OPACs), and use of the Evergreen OPAC for finding and accessing multiple library collections since library users could directly request interlibrary loans via the Evergreen OPAC. The findings indicate that the implementation of the Indiana Evergreen system received moderately positive ratings from the participants; the positive evaluation was primarily related to the use of the ILL function. The ILL service satisfied the participants' needs and motivated them to use the Evergreen OPAC. Benefits for Evergreen users were confirmed.
Hot-electron characterization from Kα measurements in high-contrast, p-polarized, picosecond laser-plasma interactions

Strong K\ensuremath{\alpha} emission is observed in picosecond laser-plasma interactions with high-intensity-contrast, p-polarized, picosecond laser pulses. K\ensuremath{\alpha} emission from Si substrates overlaid with various thicknesses of Al is compared with a Monte Carlo simulation. The results show that the hot electrons which deposit their energy in the solid material have a 3-keV temperature and carry 10% of the incident laser energy. The shifted K\ensuremath{\alpha} emission indicates that the solid is heated to a temperature of 35 eV up to 5000 \AA{} from the target surface, which is consistent with the preheat of the hot electrons.
Ferroelectric properties of sol-gel deposited Pb(Zr,Ti)O3/LaNiO3 thin films on single crystal and platinized-Si substrates

Abstract Electrically conductive LaNiO3 (LNO) and ferroelectric Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (PZT) thin films were deposited on single crystal (100)SrTiO3 (STO), (100)LaAlO3 (LAO), and Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si(100) substrates using solution deposition routes. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the crystallinity and microstructure of the films. The surface bonding states of the PZT and LNO films were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The average room-temperature dielectric constant of the PZT films, measured at 1 kHz, was in the range 905–1002 and the dissipation factor was below 0.03 for all films. The remnant polarization and coercive electric field of the PZT/LNO films deposited on (100)STO, (100)LAO, and Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates were 30, 32 and 19 μC/cm2, and 84, 87 and 57 kV/cm, at applied electric field of 450 kV/cm, respectively.
Research and Development of an Automatic Test System for Power Supplies

With rising attention to the quality of AC/DC, DC/DC power supply, in response to the verification of design and production of power supply, and to ensure the quality demand of power supply, power supply automatic testing system is thus developed. Power supply testing systems with features of higher accuracy, lower cost and shorter testing time should be designed to guarantee the quality of power supply to win high level of customer trust. This testing system uses Labview software to establish an open platform with built-in testing program editors of considerable freedom and convenience to allow engineers to rapidly edit testing programs for various projects and design various customized testing items. This study develops the unified instrument control interface for various testing demands of instruments and equipments made by different manufacturers. With software operating panel record functions, the system can record each testing step and furthermore edit. This study proposes the Test System Performance Index to facilitate customers to evaluate and compare the performance capabilities of various power supply testing systems. Higher Test System Performance Index indicates better performance of the testing systems. By comparison, the test system performance index of the testing system and Chroma 8000 are 3.36 and 0.164, respectively. This indicates that the testing system has definite advantages including more testing functional items, shorter testing time, low manufacturing cost, and supportability of various types of equipments, thus making it a system with great potentials.
Utility of residual AutoCyte cervical cytology samples for image analysis

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the utility of residual liquid-preserved cervical cytology samples for DNA profiling studies. STUDY DESIGN: Ninety-nine liquid-preserved cervical cytology samples from a high-risk population were received two months after the initial diagnosis at another laboratory. Each residual sample was processed to yield one Papanicolaou-stained and one Feulgen-thionin-stained slide. The former were examined manually without knowledge of the submitted findings and were also examined on the AutoCyte SCREEN interactive system. DNA profiling of > 185 cells per case was performed on an RPW image analyzer. Results were compared with submitted diagnoses. RESULTS: The 99 cases included 59 normals, 9 ASCUS/AGCUS, 16 HSIL, 12 carcinomas and 3 unsatisfactory. Interlaboratory agreement between residual and initial samples was good (unweighted kappa =.609). Abnormals were characterized by 2C deviation indices >2.0 and 5C exceeding rates >4.37%. AutoCyte SCREEN system examination of residual slides of high grade abnormalities was 100% sensitive and 40% specific. CONCLUSION: Residual AutoCyte cervical cytology samples are stable and yield reproducible results for routine and ancillary studies of cervical cytologic abnormalities. The AutoCyte SCREEN system was 100% sensitive for high grade abnormalities in this enriched sample, even when operating on residual material.
Histological characterization of "epinephrine" and "norepinephrine" cells in the adrenal medulla of the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus.

Abstract Differences between epinephrine and norepinephrine cells are investigated in the Peromyscus adrenal medulla by light and electron microscopy. Fixation and embedding for light microscopy extract proteins from the cytoplasmic matrix of norepinephrine cells, a phenomenon probably responsible for many of the light-microscopic staining differences between the two cell types. At the ultrastructural level, several differences exist between the two cell types in well-preserved tissue. Differences in epinephrine- and norepinephrine-cell secretory granules, ground cytoplasm, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and desmosomes are described. Epinephrine cells may be classified as “round-granule” and “oval-granule” cell types on the basis of characteristic differences in their secretory granules and rough endoplasmic reticulum. A population of 2400 cells is classified according to the distinctions developed here.
Understanding the Communication-Information Relationship Levels of Information and Contexts of Availabilities

This article explores the communication-information relationship from a system-theoretic perspective. Two basic systems principles and six propositions are presented to provide the foundation for a consideration of this relationship. The authors propose three distinct, yet mutually defining conceptions of information: Informatione, environmental information that has potential but has not yet achieved actualized significance for a living system; Information, internal appropriations and representations of environmental and cultural information transformed and configured for use by a living system; and Informations, socially and culturally created, negotiated, validated and sanctioned appropriations, representations, and artifacts. Within human systems Information, is of central concern for understanding the linkage between communication and information. However, an understanding of Information, may only be conceptualized in terms of a triadic and mutually defining relationship among the three levels of info...
An interview with Richard P. Nathan

Interviewees should be persons who are important stakeholders for evaluations and those with views of general interest to practicing evaluators. Interviewers and interviewees may be one person or several (i.e., one person may interview one individual or a panel of individuals, a panel of interviewers may interview one or more interviewees, and so on). Paul Johnson, of the U. S. Public Health Service, is coordinating this section. Suggestions for interviewees and interviewers should be sent to Paul at 740-G Humphrey Bldg., 200 Independence Ave., S. W., Washington, DC 20201.
The effect of object processing in content-dependent source memory

Background Previous studies have suggested that the study condition of an item influences how the item is encoded. However, it is still unclear whether subsequent source memory effects are dependent upon stimulus content when the item and context are unitized. The present fMRI study investigated the effect of encoding activity sensitive to stimulus content in source memory via unitization. In the scanner, participants were instructed to integrate a study item, an object in either a word or a picture form, with perceptual context into a single image.
Burnout Strategies for Librarians

ABSTRACT Recent research on job stress offers new insights into the burnout syndrome and its antithesis, job engagement. Common sources of stress and library-specific stress contribute to the incidence of burnout in libraries. The author offers personal experience and strategies for managing burnout on personal and organizational levels.
The Nonuse of Psychological Research at Two Federal Agencies

In 1994 the Government Accounting Office (GAO) issued a report critical of some features of the proposal review processes at the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health. I provide two examples of procedures the agencies could have adopted to address the GAO's criticisms. I also relate the history of the two agencies' reluctance to use the psychological research literature to guide them as their new review procedures were instituted. Finally, I enumerate possible reasons for the agencies' decision not to follow or even test suggestions based on the judgment and decision-making research literature.