cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NEUTROPHILS: RELEASE OF MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS*

The encounter of neutrophils with immune complexes and complement components, in the bulk phase or on a surface, leads to their secretion of lysosomal hydrolases, especially neutral proteases, which provoke tissue injury. Secretion of lysosomal enzymes and generation of reactive oxygen species (e.g., O(2)) is part of a stimulus-secretion response to a variety of secretagogues, including immune complexes and complement components. However, the pathways of secretion and O(2) generation are stimulus-specific and can be dissected to establish cause and effect relationships by means of: a) kinetic analysis, b) variations in the stimulus, and c) use of impermeant reagents to block discrete responses. Neutrophils also generate products of 11-cyclooxygenase (e.g., PGE2, TxA2) and of the 5-and 15-lipoxygenases (mono-, di-, and tri-HETEs, LTB4, and their isomers). But the cyclooxygenase products (save TxA2) are not phlogistic by themselves: they inhibit the functions of neutrophils, platelets, macrophages, and mast cells. The most potent pro-inflammatory agent yet identified as a product of arachidonate is LTB4. LTB4 is a potent Ca ionophore, constricts airways, is a potent chemoattractant, and induces local inflammation.
An overview of lossless digital image compression techniques

Lossless compression is necessary for many high performance applications such as geophysics, telemetry, nondestructive evaluation, and medical imaging, which require exact recoveries of original images. Lossless image compression can be always modeled as a two-stage procedure: decorrelation and entropy coding. The first stage removes spatial redundancy or inter-pixel redundancy by means of run-length coding, SCAN language based methodology, predictive techniques, transform techniques, and other types of decorrelation techniques. The second stage, which includes Huffman coding, arithmetic coding, and LZW, removes coding redundancy. Nowadays, the performances of entropy coding techniques are very close to its theoretical bound, and thus more research activities concentrate on decorrelation stage. JPEG-LS and JPEG-2000 are the latest ISO/ITU standards for compressing continuous-tone images. JPEG-LS is based on LOCO-I algorithm, which was chosen to incorporate the standard due to its good balance between complexity and efficiency. Another technique proposed for JPEG-LS was CALIC. JPEG-2000 was designed with the main objective of providing efficient compression for a wide range of compression ratios.
Gynecomastia-like changes of the female breast.

Abstract Objectives.—Gynecomastia-like changes of the female breast are only sparsely reported and are not well defined in the literature to our knowledge. Our objectives were to determine the incidence, clinical presentation, mammographic findings, and the medical background of patients with these changes. Design.—Two thousand seven hundred nine female breast surgical cases from 1995 to 1999 were searched by SNOMED. Three observers further reviewed all cases with gynecomastia-like changes. Strict criteria were developed and cases that fulfilled the criteria were analyzed further. Results.—We found the incidence of female gynecomastia-like changes to be 0.15% (4/2709) of all female breast lesions, which represents an underestimation. Patients were usually young and had an average age of 32 years. The usual clinical presentation was a palpable mass with a size ranging from about 3.5 × 2 × 2 cm to 5 × 4 × 2.5 cm. Mammography showed either negative findings or a nonspecific density. Gross examination of thes...
Trends in the age adjusted mortality from acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction in the United States (1988-2004) based on race, gender, infarct location and comorbidities.

Treatment of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has dramatically changed over the past 2 decades. The goal of this study was to determine trends in the mortality of patients with acute STEMIs in the United States over a 16-year period (1988 to 2004) on the basis of gender, race, infarct location, and co-morbidities. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample database was used to analyze the age-adjusted mortality rates for STEMI from 1988 to 2004 for inpatients age >40. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes consistent with acute STEMI were used. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample database contained a total of 1,316,216 patients who had diagnoses of acute STEMIs from 1988 to 2004. The mean age of these patients was 66.92 ± 12.82 years. A total of 163,915 hospital deaths occurred during the study period. From 1988, the age-adjusted mortality rate decreased gradually for all acute STEMIs for the entire study period (in 1988, 406.86 per 100,000, 95% confidence interval 110.25 to 703.49; in 2004, 286.02 per 100,000, 95% confidence interval 45.21 to 526.84). Furthermore, unadjusted mortality decreased from 15% in 1988 to 10% in 2004 (p
A Possible Role of Nanostructured Ridges on Boiling Heat Transfer Enhancement

Evaporation of a nanoscale meniscus on a nanostructured heater surface is simulated using molecular dynamics. The nanostructures, evenly spaced on the surface, are ridges with a width and height of 0.55 nm and 0.96 nm, respectively. The simulation results show that the film breaks during the early stages of evaporation due to the presence of nanostructures and no nonevaporating film forms (unlike a previous simulation performed in the absence of nanostructures where nonevaporating film forms on the smooth surface). High heat transfer and evaporation rates are obtained. We conclude that heat transfer rates can be significantly increased during bubble nucleation and growth by the presence of nanostructure ridges on the surface as it can break the formation of nonevaporating film. This causes additional chaos and allows the surrounding cooler liquid to come in contact with the surface providing heat transfer enhancements.
Potential of Ozone as a Fumigant to Control Pests in Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Hives

Ozone is a powerful oxidant capable of killing insects and microorganisms, and eliminating odors, taste, and color. Thus, it could be useful as a fumigant to decontaminate honey comb between uses. The experiments here are intended to determine the exposure levels required to kill an insect pest and spore forming bee pathogens. Ozone was effective against greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), even on naturally infested comb. Neonates and adults were the easiest life stages to kill, requiring only a few hours of exposure, whereas eggs required a 48-h exposure (at 460-920 mg O3/m3). Two honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), pathogens, Ascosphaera apis (a fungus that causes chalkbrood) and Paenibacillus larvae (a bacterium that causes American foulbrood), also were killed with ozone. These pathogens required much higher concentrations (3200 and 8560 mg O3/m3, respectively) and longer exposure periods (3 d) than needed to control the insects. P. larvae was effectively sterilized only when these conditions were combined with high temperature (50 degrees C) and humidity (> or =75% RH). Thus, ozone shows potential as a fumigant for bee nesting materials, but further research is needed to evaluate its acceptability and efficacy in the field. The need for a reliable method to decontaminate honey bee nesting materials as part of an overall bee health management system is discussed.
Synthesis and structure–activity relationships of tyrosine-based inhibitors of autotaxin (ATX)

Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted soluble enzyme that generates lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) through its lysophospholipase D activity. Because of LPA’s role in neoplastic diseases, ATX is an attractive therapeutic target due to its involvement in LPA biosynthesis. Here we describe the SAR of ATX inhibitor, VPC8a202, and apply this SAR knowledge towards developing a high potency inhibitor. We found that electron density in the pyridine region greatly influences activity of our inhibitors at ATX.
Bridging the communication gap in the operating room with medical team training.

Background: In the operating room (OR), poor communication among the surgeons, anesthesiologists, and nurses may lead to adverse events that can compromise patient safety. A survey performed at our institution showed low communication ratings from surgeons, anesthesiologists, and OR nursing staff. Our objective was to determine if communication in the operating room could be improved through medical team training (MTT). Methods: A dedicated training session (didactic instruction, interactive participation, role-play, training films, and clinical vignettes) was offered to the entire surgical service using crew resource management principles. Attendees also were instructed in the principles of change management. A change team was formed to drive the implementation of the principles reviewed through a preoperative briefing conducted among the surgeon, anesthesiologist, and OR nurse. A validated Likert scale survey with questions specific to effective communication was administered to the nurses, anesthesiologists, and surgeons 2 months after the MTT to determine the impact on communication. Data are presented as mean SEM. Results: There was a significant increase in the anesthesiologist and surgeon communication composite score after medical team training (anesthesia pre-MTT 2.0 .3, anesthesia post-MTT 4.5 .6, P .0008; surgeons pre-MTT 5.2 .2, surgeons post-MTT 6.6 .3, P .0004; nurses pre-MTT 4.3 .3, nurses post-MTT 4.2 .4, P .7). Conclusions: Medical team training using crew resource management principles can improve communication in the OR, ensuring a safer environment that leads to decreased adverse events. © 2005 Excerpta Medica Inc. All rights reserved.
Rationalization of Toughness Requirements for Subsea Forgings

The oil and gas industry has historically relied on experience-based, toughness target values when qualifying various components, including subsea forgings. However, this experience has been mainly with lower strength grades of steel and modest thicknesses. The increasing demand for higher yield strength steels or thicker cross sections to meet design needs necessitates the development of adequate toughness requirements to ensure safe operation of these components. The approach presented here involves utilization of fracture mechanics assessment methods to develop a more rationalized basis for toughness requirements. The guidance developed in the paper is related to critical components, both static and those that are fatigue-sensitive. And the fatigue-sensitive requirements can be applied to weld procedure qualification.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Submission to Senate Committee on Finance International Corporate Tax Reform – Why a Worldwide Full-Inclusion System is Far Better for Our Country and Society than a Territorial System or a Hybrid System that Provides a Continuing Preference to Foreign Income

I am commenting on the form that International Tax Reform should take. In brief, the territorial system strongly lobbied for by the U.S.-based multinational corporations (MNCs) standing to benefit from such a system is not what is best for our country or our society. It is bad tax policy in today’s environment where it is so easy for MNCs with their extensive resources and advisors to shift profits from the U.S. and into low-tax countries. The Senate Committee on Finance international tax reform staff discussion draft (the Proposal), especially Option Y, is a major improvement over a territorial system and I definitely support it. Despite this, I am asking in this letter that the Committee review a number of policy issues that would be much better served by a new taxation system that would truly put the taxation of foreign income on par with the taxation of domestic income. In addition to achieving a number of important tax policy objectives, this system would eliminate the competitive disadvantages that pure domestic taxpayers now face in competing with MNCs. This is Submission 1 of 7 Comment Letters Provided to the Committee.
Syntheses, Properties, and X-ray Crystal Structures of Iron and Ruthenium Compounds with the η5-C5Me4CF3 Ligand. Compounds of the Type [(η5-C5Me4CF3)M(μ-CO)(CO)]2 (M = Fe, Ru)

(Trifluoromethyl)tetramethylcyclopentadiene, ΗC5Me4CF3 (Cp⧧H), reacts with Ru3(CO)12 in refluxing n-decane to produce [(η5-C5Me4CF3)Ru(μ-CO)(CO)]2 (1). In chlorinated hydrocarbon solutions, 1 reacts with the solvents in the presence of visible light to produce [(η5-C5Me4CF3)Ru(CO)2(Cl)] (3a). Compound 1 reacts with iodine in refluxing CH2Cl2 to produce [(η5-C5Me4CF3)Ru(CO)2(I)] (3b). The X-ray crystal structure of compound 3b is presented. Compound 3b reacts with triphenylphosphine in refluxing ethanol to produce [(η5-C5Me4CF3)Ru(CO)(PPh3)(I)] (4). The HC5Me4CF3 ligand reacts with Fe(CO)5 in refluxing heptane to produce [(η4-HC5Me4CF3)Fe(CO)3] (5). Compound 5 represents a new mode of coordination (η4) for HC5Me4CF3. The spectroscopic properties of compound 1 and its previously reported iron analog, [(η5-C5Me4CF3)Fe(μ-CO)(CO)]2 (2), are compared with those of their η5-C5H5 and η5-C5Me5 “parent” analogs of the type [(η5-C5R5)M(μ-CO)(CO)]2 (M = Fe, Ru). Compounds 1 and 2 were characterized by single-crystal ...
Will Fair Trade Coffee Stunt Your (Economic) Growth?: Response

Today fair trade follows two approaches. One approach, pioneered a half century ago by organizations such as Ten Thousand Villages, works with artisans to share their unique handiwork with potential buyers with whom they otherwise would not connect. Laura Raynolds and Douglas Murray refer to this as the alternative-trade-organization approach (ATO). The second approach — currently surging in popularity — does not involve uncommon goods. This newer approach focuses instead on a large and growing array of products and commodities that are relatively common in both quantity and quality, such as coffee, tea, rice, honey, bananas, and soccer balls — to name a mere few. Trade in these goods is controlled worldwide by an umbrella organization called the Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International (FLO).
Immunity to type II collagen in rheumatoid arthritis: a current appraisal.

ConclusionsStudies of the immunologic properties of native type II collagen in the past decade have delineated a new field in connective-tissue disease. The opinion that cartilage injury may not be merely the result of pannus but that the origin of synovial hyperplasia could, in some way, be related to cartilage is no longer iconoclastic. The recent advances in the field of collagen immunology have provided data which are clear cut, but the proper interpretation of the experimental results is, at present, only partially evident. In the near future, additional work may answer the questions posed in this review; out of controversy could come certainty.
Measurement of caspase activity in individual cells reveals differences in the kinetics of caspase activation between cells

Most forms of apoptosis involve activation of caspases and it is likely that differences between cells in their ability to activate caspases contributes to the responsiveness of any given cell within a population to apoptotic stimuli. To study the molecular mechanisms that underlie such differences, it is necessary to measure caspase activity in individual cells. Here, we describe a method that allows the continuous monitoring of caspase activity in individual, living mammalian cells. This approach allows studies of the kinetics of caspase activation to be performed in individual cells within a population. We demonstrate that in a group of cells where some cells die and some cells survive in response to the same stimulus, the cells that die can be differentiated from those that survive based on the amount of caspase activity in each cell several hours before death occurs.
The Key Points of Agricultural Science and Technology Park Construction and Development during the " 12th Five-Year Plan" Period

In combination with the current situation of economic development and industrialized development of agriculture in rural areas of our country,this paper put forward the key points of agricultural science and technology park construction and development during "12th Five-Year Plan" period,and pointed out that specific works of seven aspects must be well done by centering on "three transformations" and "four breakthroughs",so as to open up the fresh progress of agricultural science and technology park construction.
Nationwide Microbiological Baseline Data Collected by Sponge Sampling during 1997 and 1998 for Cattle, Swine, Turkeys, and Geese†

During 1997 and 1998, the U.S. Food Safety and Inspection Service completed nationwide microbiological baseline studies on four separate categories of livestock and poultry. Data were collected by sponge-sampling techniques. These studies were designed to provide nationwide estimates of the prevalence of Salmonella and prevalence and concentrations of Escherichia coli in cattle (n = 1,881), swine (n = 2,127), turkeys (n = 1,396), and geese (n = 102) in establishments under federal inspection. Salmonella prevalence ranged from 1.2% in cattle to 6.9% in swine, 13.7% in geese, and 19.6% in turkeys. The prevalence of E. coli was 16.6% in cattle (geometric mean = 0.26 CFU/cm2), 44.1% in swine (mean = 0.78 CFU/cm2), 92.7% in turkey (mean = 2.46 CFU/cm2), and 96.5% in geese (mean = 1.97 CFU/cm2). These values are similar to or somewhat lower than previous baseline values obtained for steers and heifers, cows and bulls, market hogs, and young turkeys. This study is the first in which nationwide microbiological baseline data have been compiled for geese. These data will be useful to individuals working with hazard analysis critical control point plans and risk assessment and to the research and academic communities.
Dethroning King: Why the Warrantless DNA Testing of Arrestees Should Be Prohibited Under State Constitutions

In Maryland v. King, the Supreme Court ruled that a state statute mandating the warrantless DNA testing of all people arrested for violent felonies did not violate the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution. The 5-4 majority held that the government had a legitimate interest in the identification of arrestees, which overrode the arrestees’ reduced expectations of privacy. Despite the Court’s contention, arrestees are presumed innocent and thus have an expectation of privacy much closer to an ordinary citizen than a convicted offender. Although the Court determined that governments have a legitimate government interest in “identifying” the arrestees, the “identification” is really ordinary, investigative police work, which cannot overcome the violation of the arrestees’ reasonable expectations of privacy.The majority also found the DNA testing to be essentially the same as fingerprinting, ignoring that DNA testing is intrusive and not used for identification and can reveal much more information about a person than fingerprinting. Furthermore, the suspicionless DNA testing for the purposes of investigation is not exempt from the Warrant Clause under any other common exception, including the special needs, incident to arrest, or exigent circumstances doctrines. If the Court’s identification justification is sufficient, there will be no stopping the warrantless DNA testing of individuals any time they are asked for identification by law enforcement, such as during traffic stops. Allowing carte blanche DNA testing places an individual’s most intimate information at risk of being disseminated, whether by accidental or intentional governmental abuse.This Comment argues that states should hold that the warrantless DNA testing of arrestees is unconstitutional under their state constitutional provisions analogous to the Fourth Amendment. The doctrine of federalism allows a state to grant more protections to its citizens under the state constitution than those provided by the United States Constitution. By simply requiring law enforcement agencies to obtain a warrant supported by probable cause before obtaining the DNA of arrestees, state courts will ensure that the privacy rights of innocent-until-proven-guilty arrestees are maintained.
An octave-bandwidth Kerr optical frequency comb on a silicon chip

We demonstrate an octave-span Kerr frequency comb with 1 THz mode spacing based on a silicon-nitride microring. The dispersion-engineered microring allows for low-pump-power operation and dispersive-wave emission at 1 μm and 2 μm wavelengths to facilitate self-referencing. We report measurements of the comb's frequency noise properties.
Beyond Thermal Limits in Computer Systems Cooling

This lecture will explore the thermal limits in Computer Systems Cooling with the aid of a “thermal design space.” First, future trends in computer technologies are stated and thermal implications are discussed. “Thermally friendly” approaches to some of the visionary computer-“wear” of the next century are suggested. Then, building on the material that will be lectured at the Institute, the practical thermal limits in convection, conduction and boiling schemes are examined. As an example, the extensions of conduction thermal limits are illustrated by a discussion of the evolution of the early IBM TCM, Thermal Conduction Module, to the present TCM. Suggestions are made in the use of heat pipes to circumvent some of the limits associated with boiling and immersion cooling. Finally, the origins of thermal limits are linked to the packing limits in computer packaging and the need for extending those limits are discussed.
V.1. – Computing the Intersection of a Line and a Cylinder

This chapter discusses computing the intersection of a line and a cone. Computing the intersection of a line and an object is a common operation in computer graphics, for example, when ray tracing. Computation of the intersection of a line and a cylinder has been discussed. This chapter extends the work by computing the intersection of a line and a cone through geometric means. Because a cylinder is a cone with its vertex at infinity, the algorithm presented in the chapter provides an alternate way of computing the intersection of a line and a cylinder. In this case, P is the plane that is parallel to the cylinder axis and contains the given line, and P ∩ C (where C is the cone) degenerates to a pair of parallel lines. Consequently, the computation is reduced to computing the intersection points of this pair of lines with the given one.
Sustainability trends in financial services sector: Evidence from Europe and North America

Sustainability is widely recognized as one of the most important challenges faced by the world. More and more companies have started publishing their sustainability reports. This paper applies a text mining approach to discover sustainability trends in the financial services sector using corporate sustainability reports. The findings of this paper demonstrate that client centricity, high governance, financial crime control, sustainable policies of mortgage and loan, and training and education are considered as important sustainability issues or concerns in financial services sector in Europe and North America. These insights can help financial institutions identify improvement opportunities by comparing its own sustainability efforts with the overall trends in the financial services sector.
Regulation of Protein Kinase C by Lipid Cofactors

Hormone-stimulated biological responses in a number of tissues and cell types are associated with turnover of inositol phospholipids. This phenomenon was first observed over 30 years ago by Hokin and Hokin (1953) and, since then, has been demonstrated in a wide variety of systems (reviewed by Michell, 1975; Berridge, 1984; Hirasawa and Nishizuka, 1985; Hokin, 1985). The significance of phosphatidylinositol turnover remained a mystery until two relatively recent discoveries helped clarify the role of inositol phosphatides in transmembrane signaling.
A Binaural Grouping Model for Predicting Speech Intelligibility in Multitalker Environments

Spatially separating speech maskers from target speech often leads to a large intelligibility improvement. Modeling this phenomenon has long been of interest to binaural-hearing researchers for unc...
The Impact of Judicial Elections in the Sentencing of Black Crime

This paper explores the possibility that criminal court judges engage in discriminatory sentencing in response to judicial elections. I use a research design that (1) distinguishes between the effects of judicial elections versus preferences and (2) separates the effects of judicial elections versus the elections of other public officials. I find that incarceration rates rise by 2.4 percentage points in the final six months of the election cycle, but only for black, not white felons. These effects are more pronounced in districts where the median voter is expected to have higher levels of racial prejudice toward blacks.
Immunofluorescent Staining of Rat Brain Glial Cells With Multiple Sclerosis Serum

Antibodies directed against glial cells may be involved in autoimmunity in multiple sclerosis (MS). Using a tissue culture system, the presence of glial cell antibodies in MS-patient serum was detected through immunofluorescent technique. Thirty one of 73 MS-sera were strongly positive for anti-glial cells, 13 were equivocal and 29 were negative. The antibody staining was either cytoplasmic or associated with cell surface membrane, and involved IgG type of antibody.
Detecting Potassium Ion Gradients at a Model Graphitic Interface

Abstract Potassium ion batteries (KIBs) are gaining attention as attractive, low-cost alternatives to lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Emerging KIB materials are not yet fully understood, so in situ characterization techniques are being developed to address the similarities and differences to the operation of LIB materials, including aspects of interfacial ion transfer and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation. Here, we introduce the use of Hg disc-well microelectrodes as probes in scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) for the detection of K+ gradients on an operating graphitic material. Electrochemically controlled amalgamation and stripping reactions on these probes permit their accurate positioning near a conductive surface, and the detection of local concentration changes once the substrate is biased to intercalate K+. K+ reduction into the Hg phase follows a behavior similar to that of Li+ and Na+ and yields an electrochemical response that is used to evaluate local substrate reactivity. Using these probes in situ, we demonstrate the reversible intercalation of K+ on a surface site of patterned highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), a model interface for carbonaceous KIB materials. Our method affords a direct measurement of localized K+ fluxes, which are not resolvable through bulk electroanalytical techniques, thus making our approach potentially informative about reaction mechanisms for nascent KIB-based energy storage technologies.
Multi-sourced data retrieval in groomed Elastic Optical Networks

Erasure coding has been widely adopted by data center networks, where the data is encoded and stored in multiple locations. Therefore, an efficient data retrieval service is needed to transfer encoded data from replicated stored nodes to a single destination. Elastic Optical Networks are a promising backbone technology for data center communication due to their capability to efficiently and flexibly allocate the huge optical bandwidth to heterogeneous traffic demands. Traffic grooming is a technique to increase the spectrum efficiency and transponder utilization of optical networks. In this paper, the traffic-grooming-enabled erasure-coded multi-sourced data retrieval routing and scheduling problem is studied for dynamic traffic in elastic optical networks. A novel heuristic is proposed. Numerical results indicate that traffic grooming decreases the blocking ratio by a factor of 3 and cost by 22% compared with a baseline algorithm.
Emergency information Synthesis and awareness using E-SOS

In an emergency, people need to be able to report and find relevant information quickly. Fulfilling these information needs is the design goal of E-SOS: Emergency Situation Overview and Synthesis, a research project in progress. ESOS will consist of (1) a website where users can report information, (2) web services that find and synthesize related information from multiple sources, and (3) interface tools that visualize and display links to this information. In this paper we describe three of these services and tools: the topic, geographic, and information space awareness tools. When a user writes a report, the topic awareness tool will execute a federated search and display links to related information. The information space awareness tool will highlight these links in a visualization of the information space. If the user refers to a location, the geographic awareness tool will focus a map on this location and display topic-related icons.
How classical gluon fields generate odd azimuthal harmonics for the two-gluon correlation function in high-energy collisions

Long range rapidity correlations observed in high energy collisions may be explained within the saturation/Color-Glass-Condensate formalism. However, previous work only accounts for even azimuthal harmonic correlations. In this paper the authors confirm that odd harmonics can arise from saturation corrections via explicit analytic calculations.
Fidelity of motivational interviewing in an American Indian oral health intervention

Objectives Assess fidelity of a motivational interviewing (MI) intervention focused on preventing early childhood caries in a cohort of American Indian mothers with newborns. Methods Four interventionists were trained to administer an oral health MI intervention. The MI sessions were audio recorded to enable scoring as part of fidelity studies to assess the interventionist's degree of competence in using MI principles. Evaluation of the interventionists was completed using the Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity (MITI) 3.1.1. which assesses global ratings and behaviour counts. Two reviewers evaluated and scored the MI sessions; a random sample of twenty per cent of the total interviews was scored by a trained reviewer and fifty per cent of the randomly selected files scored by an external expert. A total of 225 files were coded by the trained reviewer and 121 files by the external expert. Results Mean global scores for all interventionists combined were around 4.0 (expert competence). Scores for reflection to question ratios (around 0.6) were below beginner competence. Scores ranged from beginner to expert competence for open-ended questions (54%-56%), complex reflections (38%-43%) and MI-adherent statements (93%-95%). There was variation in competence for the four interventionists when analysed individually. Inter-rater reliability scores for the two reviewers ranged from fair (0.40-0.59) to good (0.60-0.74). The MI interventionist rated the best in the fidelity assessment had the worst study outcomes compared to other interventionists. Conclusions Individual interventionists' scores for the MITI global ratings and behaviour counts reflected variation in competence and ranged from below beginner to expert levels. A higher competence level of the interventionist as assessed by the fidelity study was not related to better study outcomes.
Liquid Water: Scattering of X-Rays

The long-range periodicity of a crystal lattice is not a necessary requirement for the production of diffraction effects. Even in a dilute polyatomic gas the interference between waves scattered from different atoms within a molecule is sufficient to produce a characteristic diffraction pattern from which the molecular structure can be deduced. The short-range positional and orientational correlation between molecules, negligible in the gas phase, is sufficient in a liquid to cause additional interference effects between waves scattered from atoms in different molecules. The diffraction pattern of a liquid contains information about these correlations.
Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid and other nonprotein amino acids in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders

Certain naturally occurring nonprotein amino acids that are present in the human diet elude the gate-keeping function of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and become misincorporated in nascent peptides and proteins, changing their structure, function, and antigenicity. Prominent among these is azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (Aze), the lower homolog of proline. Aze, present in small concentrations in all plants, reaches high levels in the bulbous roots of sugar beets and table beets. It is found in sugar beet byproducts that are fed to livestock, and thus it gains entry into milk and meat. Evidence is presented supporting the hypothesis that Aze misincorporation may result in disorders of neurodevelopment and autoimmunity.
Why the Bar Needs Academics - And Vice Versa

Members of the judiciary and practicing bar commonly bemoan the theoretical approach of academics. They suggest that law professors have no sense of reality and that academics write and teach in a way that bears little relationship to the actual practice and regulation of lawyers. They warn that unless academics reform, academics will render themselves irrelevant. This brief essay relates the author's suspicion that, in many cases, the bar has it precisely backwards. The essay reviews events that transpired at a recent symposium that brought together representatives of the bar and academia to discuss "The Future Structure and Regulation of the Practice of Law." In the author's view, these events illustrate that practitioners often rely upon wistful idealizations about the legal profession that can cause them to ignore the reality of practice. Academics, in contrast, may have more time to think about how well prevailing practice implements the theories underlying a particular field's legal doctrines. The essay ultimately comes to the counter-intuitive conclusion that the bar often needs law professors to bring its approaches back to earth.
Long-acting liposomal corneal anesthetics.

Abstract Eye drops producing long-acting ocular anesthesia would be desirable for corneal pain management. Here we present liposome-based formulations to achieve very long ocular anesthetic effect after a single eye drop instillation. The liposomes were functionalized with succinyl-Concanavalin A (sConA-Lip), which can bind corneal glycan moieties, to significantly prolong the dwell time of liposomes on the cornea. sConA-Lip were loaded with tetrodotoxin and dexmedetomidine (sConA-Lip/TD), and provided sustained release for both. A single topical instillation of sConA-Lip/TD on the cornea could achieve 105 min of complete analgesia and 608 min of partial analgesia, which was significantly longer than analgesia with proparacaine, tetrodotoxin/dexmedetomidine solution or unmodified liposomes containing tetrodotoxin and dexmedetomidine. sConA-Lip/TD were not cytotoxic in vitro to human corneal limbal epithelial cells or corneal keratocytes. Topical administration of sConA-Lip/TD provided prolonged corneal anesthesia without delaying corneal wound healing. Such a formulation may be useful for the management of acute surgical and nonsurgical corneal pain, or for treatment of other ocular surface diseases.
Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Highlights of the Recent Literature

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI), herbal-induced liver injury, and herbal and dietary supplement (HDS)-induced liver injury are an important aspect of drug safety. Knowledge regarding responsible drugs, mechanisms, risk factors, and the diagnostic tools to detect liver injury have continued to grow in the past year. This review highlights what we considered the most significant publications from among more than 1800 articles relating to liver injury from medications, herbal products, and dietary supplements in 2017 and 2018. The US Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN) prospective study highlighted several areas of ongoing study, including the potential utility of human leukocyte antigens and microRNAs as DILI risk factors and new data on racial differences, the role of alcohol consumption, factors associated with prognosis, and updates on the clinical signatures of autoimmune DILI, thiopurines, and HDS agents. Novel data were also generated from the Spanish and Latin American DILI registries as well as from Chinese and Korean case series. A few new agents causing DILI were added to the growing list in the past 2 years, including sodium–glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors, as were new aspects of chemotherapy-associated liver injury. A number of cases reported previously described hepatotoxins confirmed via the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM; e.g., norethisterone, methylprednisolone, glatiramer acetate) and/or the DILIN method (e.g., celecoxib, dimethyl fumarate). Additionally, much work centered on elucidating the pathophysiology of DILI, including the importance of bile salt export pumps and immune-mediated mechanisms. Finally, it must be noted that, while hundreds of new studies described DILI in 2017–2018, the quality of such reports must always be addressed. Bjornsson reminds us to remain very critical of the data when addressing the future utility of a study, which is why it is so important to adhere to a standardized method such as RUCAM when determining DILI causality. While drug-induced hepatotoxicity remains a diagnosis of exclusion, the diverse array of publications that appeared in 2017 and 2018 provided important advances in our understanding of DILI, paving the way for our improved ability to make a more definitive diagnosis and risk assessment.
‘We are not merging on an equal basis’: the desegregation of southern teacher associations and the right to work, 1945–1977

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the history of southern teacher association mergers during the Civil Rights Movement. Desegregated teacher associations promised opportunity for black educators during t...
From marvellous realism to world literature

This article re-examines Haitian author Jacques Stephen Alexis’s concept of marvellous realism in the context of Haitian literary history as well as Marxist and anti-colonial humanism in the twenti...
General assessments and attractive exceptions: temptation in Planning, Time, and Self-Governance

One of Bratman’s aims in Planning, Time, and Self-Governance is to develop his insights regarding planning to shed light on temptation. I focus on the main case of temptation Bratman appeals to in ...
Radiologic Contrast Reactions and Transfusion Reactions: Recognition, Differentiation, and Treatment

Abstract Acutely ill patients receive many treatments, some of which can cause serious reactions. It is not unusual for a critically ill patient to receive blood products and low osmolar nonionic iodine-based contrast material in close proximity to one another. If the patient appears to develop a reaction during the administration of either iodine-based contrast or transfusion, it may be difficult to determine whether the patient is experiencing a transfusion reaction or a contrast reaction. This article explores different types of acute reactions resulting from administration of blood products or iodine-based contrast and how to differentiate between these reactions. Only iodine-based contrast reactions and acute transfusion reactions are discussed, as these are by far the most common and most serious types of reactions that will occur. Bedside management of both types of reactions is also explored. In conclusion, timely recognition of acute transfusion and iodine-based reactions, along with an understanding of the differences and similarities between these reactions, enables the clinical team to appropriately evaluate and treat the patient for these potentially life-threatening events.
The Flipped Classroom in Nursing: The Nurse Educators' Experience

Abstract Background Nurse educators are being called to transform the classroom through engaging teaching methodologies, such as the flipped classroom. However, a gap in the scientific knowledge exists explaining the experience of faculty using the flipped classroom model and its efficacy. Method A qualitative study was conducted with associate degree faculty to answer what is the experience of nurse faculty who have incorporated the flipped classroom into their courses? Results Analysis of the data identified five generalized categories. Conclusion The study provided new insight into faculty transformation.
Interdependent Group Rewards: Rewarding On-Task Behavior Versus Academic Performance in an Eighth-Grade Classroom Serving Students With Emotional and Behavioral Disorders:

An alternating treatments design was used to evaluate and compare the effects of two interdependent group contingencies on the academic performance, on-task behavior, and disruptive behavior of eig...
Controlling Language and Irony: Reducing Threat and Increasing Positive Message Evaluations

High-controlling (HC) language is explicit, clear, and efficient; however, it can be perceived as threatening, thus risking rejection. The benefits and drawbacks of using HC language presents a dil...
EMS System Architectures, Cybersecurity, and ICCP Implementation

This chapter describes the Peak RC’s EMS system architectures and its best practice in implementing cybersecurity features in the EMS environment to meet the requirements of NERC’s Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) standards. The chapter also gives an overview on the Peak RC’s ICCP network settings and Open Access Gateway (OAG)/ICCP model build procedures.
High-Latitude Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering Can Be More Effective if Injection Is Limited to Spring

Stratospheric aerosol geoengineering focused on the Arctic could substantially reduce local and worldwide impacts of anthropogenic global warming. Because the Arctic receives little sunlight during...
Development of Triantennary N-Acetylgalactosamine Conjugates as Degraders for Extracellular Proteins

Targeted protein degradation (TPD) technology has drawn significant attention from researchers in both academia and industry. It is rapidly evolved as a new therapeutic modality and also a useful chemical tool in selectively depleting various protein targets. As most efforts focus on cytosolic proteins using PROteolysis TArgeting Chimera (PROTAC), LYsosome TArgeting Chimera (LYTAC) recently emerged as a promising technology to deliver extracellular protein targets to lysosome for degradation through the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CI-M6PR). In this study, we exploited the potential of the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), a lysosomal targeting receptor specifically expressed on liver cells, for the degradation of extracellular proteins including membrane proteins. The ligand of ASGPR, triantennary N-acetylgalactosamine (tri-GalNAc), was conjugated to biotin, antibodies, or fragments of antibodies to generate a new class of degraders. We demonstrated that the extracellular protein targets could be successfully internalized and delivered into lysosome for degradation in liver cell lines specifically by these degraders. This work will add a new dimension to TPD with cell type specificity.
Nongaussian Intravoxel Incoherent Motion Diffusion Weighted and Fast Exchange Regime Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced-MRI of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Preliminary Study for Predicting Locoregional Failure

The aim of the present study was to identify whether the quantitative metrics from pre-treatment (TX) non-Gaussian intravoxel incoherent motion (NGIVIM) diffusion weighted (DW-) and fast exchange regime (FXR) dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE)-MRI can predict patients with locoregional failure (LRF) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Twenty-nine NPC patients underwent pre-TX DW- and DCE-MRI on a 3T MR scanner. DW imaging data from primary tumors were fitted to monoexponential (ADC) and NGIVIM (D, D*, f, and K) models. The metrics Ktrans, ve, and τi were estimated using the FXR model. Cumulative incidence (CI) analysis and Fine-Gray (FG) modeling were performed considering death as a competing risk. Mean ve values were significantly different between patients with and without LRF (p = 0.03). Mean f values showed a trend towards the difference between the groups (p = 0.08). Histograms exhibited inter primary tumor heterogeneity. The CI curves showed significant differences for the dichotomized cutoff value of ADC ≤ 0.68 × 10-3 (mm2/s), D ≤ 0.74 × 10-3 (mm2/s), and f ≤ 0.18 (p < 0.05). τi ≤ 0.89 (s) cutoff value showed borderline significance (p = 0.098). FG's modeling showed a significant difference for the K cutoff value of ≤0.86 (p = 0.034). Results suggest that the role of pre-TX NGIVIM DW- and FXR DCE-MRI-derived metrics for predicting LRF in NPC than alone.
Wnt signaling and mammary stem cells

Wnt signaling is an important morphogenetic signaling pathway best known for its essential role in determining embryonic cell fates; it is often activated to re-specify fetal cells or to maintain the lineage flexibility of somatic stem cells. In this review, we consider the role of this pathway in the remarkable process of differentiation, growth and morphogenesis of the mammary gland during embryogenesis, ductal outgrowth and pregnancy. Specifically, mammary stem cells are compared with stem cells from other tissues, to identify commonalities and differences. Wnt signaling is known to be required to maintain the bipotent basal stem cell present in adult mammary ductal trees, however, the absence of this stem cell has little effect on growth or morphogenesis, and Wnt signaling is not induced during the ductal/alveolar expansion during pregnancy. The evidence for pre-determined hierarchies of mammary epithelial cells is reviewed, together with the role of signaling between mixtures of specified mammary epithelial cells in the maintenance of Wnt-dependent clonagenic stem cells. The dazzling variety of Wnt signaling components expressed by mammary epithelial cells is presented, along with some potential stromal sources of Wnt proteins that may be important starting points for the induction of plasticity in the epithelium.
Synthesis of [13C](C1–C6),[15N](N1,N2)-labeled 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) and [13C](C3,C5),[15N](N6)-labeled 5-nitro-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one (NTO)

Manufacture and use of explosives in the past have led to environmental contamination by energetic materials. Today, there is an emphasis to better understand the environmental fate and transport o...
Automated data abstraction for quality surveillance and outcome assessment in radiation oncology

Rigorous radiotherapy quality surveillance and comprehensive outcome assessment require electronic capture and automatic abstraction of clinical, radiation treatment planning, and delivery data. We present the design and implementation framework of an integrated data abstraction, aggregation, and storage, curation, and analytics software: the Health Information Gateway and Exchange (HINGE), which collates data for cancer patients receiving radiotherapy. The HINGE software abstracts structured DICOM-RT data from the treatment planning system (TPS), treatment data from the treatment management system (TMS), and clinical data from the electronic health records (EHRs). HINGE software has disease site-specific "Smart" templates that facilitate the entry of relevant clinical information by physicians and clinical staff in a discrete manner as part of the routine clinical documentation. Radiotherapy data abstracted from these disparate sources and the smart templates are processed for quality and outcome assessment. The predictive data analyses are done on using well-defined clinical and dosimetry quality measures defined by disease site experts in radiation oncology. HINGE application software connects seamlessly to the local IT/medical infrastructure via interfaces and cloud services and performs data extraction and aggregation functions without human intervention. It provides tools to assess variations in radiation oncology practices and outcomes and determines gaps in radiotherapy quality delivered by each provider.