cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COMPETING DRYING AND REACTION MECHANISMS IN THE FORMATION OF SOL-TO-GEL FILMS, FIBERS, AND SPHERES

ABSTRACT Drying of films, fibers, and spheres undergoing sol-to-gel transformation is greatly affected by the strong dependence of the diffusion coefficients on composition, molecular weight, and temperature. This dependence is probed by solving the equations of mass and heat transfer by diffusion or conduction and associated convection, along with chemical reaction. A one-dimensional analysis is used that encompasses the planar, cylindrical, and spherical configurations. The solutions are obtained by Galerkin's method with finite element basis functions and entail large-scale computation. Skinning and solidification phenomena in silica sol-to-gel systems are greatly affected not only by falling diffusion coefficients, but also by the competition between drying and reaction. The kinetics of silica reactions are modeled with the statistical scheme of Kay and Assink (1988). Gelation is predicted by the recursive technique of Bailey et al. (1990). Results show that at intermediate reaction rates, high molecu...
Transforming Examples into Patterns for Information Extraction

Information Extraction (IE) systems today are commonly based on pattern matching. The patterns are regular expressions stored in a customizable knowledge base. Adapting an IE system to a new subject domain entails the construction of a new pattern base --- a time-consuming and expensive task. We describe a strategy for building patterns from examples. To adapt the IE system to a new domain quickly, the user chooses a set of examples in a training text, and for each example gives the logical form entries which the example induces. The system transforms these examples into patterns and then applies meta-rules to generalize these patterns.
Spectrophotometric assay of the flavin-containing monooxygenase and changes in its activity in female mouse liver with nutritional and diurnal conditions.

A highly sensitive spectrophotometric assay was developed for measuring flavin-containing monooxygenase activity using methimazole (N-methyl-2-mercaptoimidazole) as the substrate. With the procedure described, flavin-containing monooxygenase activity can be accurately measured in whole cell homogenates without interference due to NADPH oxidase activities. The effects of detergents and octylamine on female mouse liver flavin-containing monooxygenase activity were characterized for whole homogenates and microsomes prepared under conditions which tend to cause or minimize microsomal aggregation. A small activation was observed with 0.2% (v/v) Emulgen 913 with nonaggregated microsomes; higher levels of detergents gave maximal activity with aggregated microsomes. Variations in the activity of the female mouse liver enzyme with nutritional state and time of day were evaluated. Higher specific activities were observed in homogenates and microsomes of livers from fed animals than from livers of 24-h starved animals, and higher specific activities were present in samples from livers of animals sacrificed in late afternoon than in the early morning. In the period where activity increased in fed animals (i.e., the AM to PM transition), a portion of flavin-containing monooxygenase was more resistant to thermal inactivation. Other properties are described which suggest structural differences for at least a portion of the flavin-containing monooxygenase. The possibility that these differences may be related to turnover of the flavin-containing monooxygenase is discussed.
Policy-based resource allocation in a wireless public safety network for incident scene management

We propose an Incident-Aware Early Blocking (IAEB) Policy to dynamically allocate network resource to favor first responders in a public safety network during an incident. The proposed policy detects occurrence of an incident based on offered load from first responders. Once an incident is detected, system resources are reserved for such users. We demonstrate, via simulations, that the IAEB policy can significantly reduce unnecessary preemptions of non-mission-critical users with minor loss of overall system utilization compared with a benchmark strict priority policy.
A spatial analysis of climate-related child malnutrition in the Lake Victoria Basin

Despite growing research into the socio-economic aspects of vulnerability [1-3], relatively little work has linked population dynamics with climate change. Understanding the role of population dynamics remains critical. How a given number of people, in a given location and with varying population characteristics may exacerbate or mitigate the impacts of climate change or how, conversely, they may be vulnerable to climate change impacts are basic questions that remain largely unresolved [4]. This paper explores where and to what extent population dynamics intersect with high exposure to climate change. Specifically, in Eastern Africa's Lake Victoria Basin (LVB), a climate change/health vulnerability hotspot we have identified in prior research [5], we model child malnutrition vulnerability indices based on climate variables at a 5km spatial resolution.
Chorismate mutase-catalyzed reaction of (±)-chorismic acid

Abstract Chorismate mutase-prephenate dehydrogenase from E. coli and chorismate mutase from S. aureofaciens do not catalyze the conversion of (+)-chorismate (unnatural enantiomer) to prephenate. (+)-Chorismate does not inhibit the isomerization of (−)-chorismate to prephenate with chorismate mutaseprephenate dehydrogenase from E. coli .
Direct Force Measurements at Polymer Brush Surfaces by Atomic Force Microscopy

We present the results of two studies: (1) a comparison of force−distance (F−D) profiles obtained by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the surface forces apparatus (SFA) for a poly(2-vinylpyridine)−polystyrene (PVP−PS) brush in good solvent; (2) a series of F−D profiles for a poly(4-tert-butylstyrene)−sodium poly(styrene-4-sulfonate) (PtBS−NaPSS) brush as a function of aqueous NaCl concentration. The AFM force profiles of the neutral PVP−PS brush are less steep than the corresponding surface forces data in the regime of high brush compression, in agreement with a recent molecular simulation study that indicated the tip would splay polymer chains and penetrate the brush. We also observe a bimodal distribution of interaction distances for the AFM force profiles of the PVP−PS brush which we ascribe to the tip sampling regions of higher and lower chain density during consecutive force measurements. AFM F−D profiles of the PtBS−NaPSS brush show a strong dependence of interaction distance on NaCl concentration...
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: possible relationship to pulmonary edema.

The pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia is controversial. Oxygen toxicity, mechanical trauma to the lung secondary to respirator therapy, and congestive heart failure with a left to right shunt through a patent ductus arteriosus have all been implicated. Our data suggest that in addition to these three conditions, all of which are edemagenic, infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia have a significantly greater mean fluid intake in the first five days of life when compared with infants with respiratory distress syndrome or patnet ductus arteriosus alone. We suggest that the addition of a fluid load may potentiate the effects of other factors and increase the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in infants with respiratory distress syndrome who require respiratory support.
Squaring cortex with color

A long-standing puzzle has been the seeming inconsistency between neuronal responses in primary visual cortex to colored stimuli and the elementary perceptual attributes of color vision. Nonlinear analysis resolves this paradox.
Go big or go home: Reaching for a more integrated view of violence prevention

Objective: The purpose of this commentary is to present key questions and challenges for the development of a more comprehensive violence prevention agenda. Method: Partial answers to questions posed come from a review of examples of violence prevention and intervention that illustrate bridge building across topics and developmental moments. Results and Conclusions: Researchers and practitioners are encouraged to locate and use opportunities for bridging across areas of prevention (e.g., drawing innovations from other areas like substance abuse prevention) and across the life span (e.g., finding ways to connect skill building in childhood and adolescence with prevention education in early adulthood). We can leverage the good knowledge that already exists about preventing violence by making stronger connections between the disparate locations where this knowledge has been generated and by envisioning a more interconnected plan for violence prevention that moves beyond single programs, limited doses, and an all-too-exclusive focus on individual rather than community change.
“Milwaukee shoulder”—association of microspheroids containing hydroxyapatite crystals, active collagenase, and neutral protease with rotator cuff defects. iii. morphologic and biochemical studies of an excised synovium showing chondromatosis

Synovial tissue excised from the unstable right shoulder joint of a patient with an absent rotator cuff, severe glenohumeral joint degeneration, and hydroxyapatite-containing microspherules, collagen types I, II, and III, active collagenase, and neutral protease in the joint fluid showed extensive osteochondromatosis histologically. Electronmicroscopy revealed calcific foci in microvilli which could easily escape into the adjacent joint space through areas denuded of synovial cells. Fibrocytes demonstrated intensive pinocytotic activity of unknown significance. Energy dispersive analysis showed elemental ratios consistent with hydroxyapatite. A literature review suggested some relationships between the various pathologic lesions present in this joint. Whether similar synovial changes exist in the opposite shoulder joint of this patient and in 3 other subjects with nearly identical clinical, radiographic, and joint fluid findings is not known.
L'UGEMA: Union générale des étudiants algériens (1955–1962): Témoignages

Clement Henry has assembled a rather unusual volume devoted to the Algerian student movement during the period of the Algerian war for independence. This book, more than most works, is a labour of ...
Low temperature electrochemical cells with sodium β″-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE)

Abstract Cells of Daniell-type with copper–zinc electrochemical couples and sodium β″-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE) were constructed. The cathode consisted of copper in contact with its ions (Cu/Cu2+) while zinc in contact with its ions (Zn/Zn2+) constituted the anode. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) containing 1 M NaBF4 was used as the liquid electrolyte. The configuration of the cell constructed can be written as follows: Zn(s)/ZnCl2(DMSO)(0.1 M), NaBF4(1 M)/BASE/NaBF4(1 M), CuCl2(DMSO)(0.1 M)/Cu(s) The cell was subjected to charge–discharge cycles at 100 °C. The BASE discs were found to be stable even after the cell was subjected to several electrochemical charge–discharge cycles. Cells were also constructed using BASE discs with porous BASE surface layers introduced to lower the interfacial resistance. Cells with surface modified BASE exhibited a lower resistance in comparison to those using unmodified BASE. XRD and SEM analyses indicated that no detectable degradation of BASE discs occurred after cell testing. Preliminary cell tests were also conducted with NaCF3SO3 in place of NaBF4.
Terpenoid biosynthesis in trichomes--current status and future opportunities.

Summary Glandular trichomes are anatomical structures specialized for the synthesis of secreted natural products. In this review we focus on the description of glands that accumulate terpenoid essential oils and oleoresins. We also provide an in-depth account of the current knowledge about the biosynthesis of terpenoids and secretion mechanisms in the highly specialized secretory cells of glandular trichomes, and highlight the implications for metabolic engineering efforts. Phylogenetic distribution of glandular trichomes
Equivalent deflection angle of textured surfaces

The concept of optical path length enhancement is a useful tool for characterizing the effects of light trapping in thin films by providing a convenient geometrical interpetation of energy absorption. However, path length calculations cannot distinguish between absorption gains due to better antireflection versus absorption gains due to actual scattering of incident rays. We therefore introduce a similar metric of equivalent deflection angle to describe the effective scattering of light by a textured surface. This new concept provides useful information about light trapping that path length alone cannot. The paper begins with the geometrical interpretation of the metric and then demonstrates the insights derived from light scattering by a simple textured surface.
Digital reception of frequency shift keyed signals by autoregressive spectral analysis

Abstract This paper deals with the problem of the digital reception of frequency shift keyed signals. The general multiple frequency shift keyed problem is described first. The concept of the spectrum analyzer receiver is then developed and the idea of employing autoregressive spectral estimation is introduced. For the simple binary signaling scheme (FSK), the probability of error figures are obtained by computer simulation for different receiver configurations and modes of operation. The receiver is not restricted to the binary signaling problem alone but is applicable to the general class of code-selected frequency shift keyed signal problems.
Nocardia brasiliensis vertebral osteomyelitis and epidural abscess

Nocardia species exist in the environment as a saprophyte; it is found worldwide in soil and decaying plant matter. They often infect patients with underlying immune compromise, pulmonary disease or history of trauma or surgery. The diagnosis of nocardiosis can be easily missed as it mimics many other granulomatous and neoplastic disease. We report a 69-year-old man who presented with chronic back pain and paraparesis. He was found to have Nocardial brasiliensis vertebral osteomyelitis and epidural abscess. Laminectomy and epidural wash out was performed but with no neurological recovery. This is the second reported case of N brasiliensis vertebral osteomyelitis in the literature.
Investigations of iridium-mediated reversible C-H bond cleavage: characterization of a 16-electron iridium(III) methyl hydride complex.

New iridium complexes of a tridentate pincer ligand, 2,6-bis(di-tert-butylphosphinito)pyridine (PONOP), have been prepared and used in the study of hydrocarbon C−H bond activation. Intermolecular oxidative addition of a benzene C−H bond was directly observed with [(PONOP)IrI(cyclooctene)][PF6] at ambient temperature, resulting in a cationic five-coordinate iridium(III) phenyl hydride product. Protonation of the (PONOP)IrI methyl complex yielded the corresponding iridium(III) methyl hydride cation, a rare five-coordinate, 16-valence electron transition metal alkyl hydride species which was characterized by X-ray diffraction. Kinetic studies of C−H bond coupling and reductive elimination reactions from the five-coordinate complexes have been carried out. Exchange NMR spectroscopy measurements established a barrier of 17.8(4) kcal/mol (22 °C) for H−Caryl bond coupling in the iridium(III) phenyl hydride cation and of 9.3(4) kcal/mol (−105 °C) for the analogous H−Calkyl coupling in the iridium(III) methyl hydr...
The Problem of Patriotism: A Psychoanalytic and Theological Analysis

In this article, I examine patriotism from psychoanalytic and theological perspectives, arguing that it is a deeply problematic form of love and devotion. After providing a brief overview of the discourse vis-a-vis patriotism, I depict the characteristics of a dominant form of patriotism (self-state) in the U.S. Given this, I argue that, while patriotism has a variety of forms, the most prevalent form tends toward tragic consequences and it is this tragic tendency that I depict from psychoanalytic and theological perspectives. From a psychoanalytic perspective, the extant form of patriotism in the U.S. represents a self-state that signifies an idealized, omnipotent, and imaginary identification, which is accompanied by and contingent upon a devaluation of the Other. Moreover, the dominant form of patriotic self-states is secured by weak dissociation, omnipotent thinking and, in most cases, a collapse of the symbolic equation. From a Christian theological perspective, patriotism signifies absolutizing the relative and contingent. This form of idolatry manifests a distortion of reason and will, which contributes to corrupted and corrupting forms of love and devotion.
Isolation of a Sex Pheromone of the Codling Moth

Pure sex pheromone was isolated from virgin female Carpocapsa pomonella (L.) by a procedure consisting of extraction of whole female moths, refluxing in methanolic sodium hydroxide to release chemically bound attractant, solid-liquid chromatography on alumina, preparative scale gas chromatography on carbowax-20M, and finally gas chromatography on apiezon L. One-day-old females each contained 0.03 ng of free and 0.22 ng of bound pheromone, whereas 3-day-old females each contained 0.30 ng of free pheromone and 0.25 ng of bound pheromone. This is less pheromone per insect than has been previously reported for any other species. Chemical and chromatographic data indicate that the pheromone is an unsaturated alcohol, does not contain a carbonyl group, but docs contain at least 1 other functional group. Gas chromatography at 200°C showed that the Kovats' retention index, I, was 2235 on the carhowax-20M column and 1515 on the apiezon L column.
High-throughput screen using a single-cell tyrosine phosphatase assay reveals biologically active inhibitors of tyrosine phosphatase CD45.

Many cellular signaling events are regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation and mediated by the opposing actions of protein tyrosine kinases and phosphatases. Protein tyrosine phosphatases are emerging as drug targets, but poor cell permeability of inhibitors has limited the development of drugs targeting these enzymes [Tautz L, et al. (2006) Expert Opin Ther Targets 10:157–177]. Here we developed a method to monitor tyrosine phosphatase activity at the single-cell level and applied it to the identification of cell-permeable inhibitors. The method takes advantage of the fluorogenic properties of phosphorylated coumaryl amino propionic acid (pCAP), an analog of phosphotyrosine, which can be incorporated into peptides. Once delivered into cells, pCAP peptides were dephosphorylated by protein tyrosine phosphatases, and the resulting cell fluorescence could be monitored by flow cytometry and high-content imaging. The robustness and sensitivity of the assay was validated using peptides preferentially dephosphorylated by CD45 and T-cell tyrosine phosphatase and available inhibitors of these two enzymes. The assay was applied to high-throughput screening for inhibitors of CD45, an important target for autoimmunity and infectious diseases [Hermiston ML, et al. (2003) Annu Rev Immunol 21:107–137]. We identified four CD45 inhibitors that showed activity in T cells and macrophages. These results indicate that our assay can be applied to primary screening for inhibitors of CD45 and of other protein tyrosine phosphatases to increase the yield of biologically active inhibitors.
Energy minimization for reliability-guaranteed real-time applications using DVFS and checkpointing techniques

Abstract This paper addresses the energy minimization issue when executing real-time applications that have stringent reliability and deadline requirements. To guarantee the satisfaction of the application’s reliability and deadline requirements, checkpointing, Dynamic Voltage Frequency Scaling (DVFS) and backward fault recovery techniques are used. We formally prove that if using backward fault recovery, executing an application with a uniform frequency or neighboring frequencies if the desired frequency is not available, not only consumes the minimal energy but also results in the highest system reliability. Based on this theoretical conclusion, we develop a strategy that utilizes DVFS and checkpointing techniques to execute real-time applications so that not only the applications reliability and deadline requirements are guaranteed, but also the energy consumption for executing the applications is minimized. The developed strategy needs at most one execution frequency change during the execution of an application, hence, the execution overhead caused by frequency switching is small, which makes the strategy particularly useful for processors with a large frequency switching overhead. We empirically compare the developed real-time application execution strategy with recently published work. The experimental results show that, without sacrificing reliability and deadline satisfaction guarantees, the proposed approach can save up to 12% more energy when compared with other approaches.
Chronic fluoxetine or desmethylimipramine treatment alters 5-HT2 receptor mediated c-fos gene expression

These studies examined the effects of a 21-day treatment regime with either the tricyclic antidepressant, desmethylimipramine (DMI), or the selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor, fluoxetine, on 5-HT2 receptors in rat brain, as assessed by selective agonist-mediated c-fos gene expression. Chronic, but not acute, treatment with fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, i.p. for 21 days) resulted in supersensitization of the response to an acute challenge (4 mg/kg, i.p.) with the selective 5-HT2 agonist, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI), both in frontal cortex and in hippocampus. Chronic treatment with DMI (10 mg/kg, i.p. for 21 days) resulted in a significant desensitization of the response to DOI. These findings are discussed in relation to the possible modes of action of these two clinically useful agents.
Takhtajan's floristic regions and foliicolous lichen biogeography: a compatibility analysis

Abstract Abstract: Takhtajan's floristic regions of the world, based on vascular plant distribution, were used for a comparative analysis of foliicolous lichen biogeography. Of the 35 regions distinguished by that author, 23 feature foliicolous lichens. The South-East African, Fijian, Polynesian and Hawaiian regions lack sufficient information and were excluded from further analysis. Using multi-dimensional scaling and cluster and cladistic analyses, the remaining 19 regions were grouped into six lichenogeographical regions: (1) Neotropics, (2) African Paleotropics (including Madagascar, Reunion and Seychelles), (3) Eastern Paleotropics (including North-East Australia and New Caledonia), (4) Valdivian region (temperate rainforest in southern South America), (5) Tethyan region (subtropical areas of Macaronesia, Mediterranean, and Western Irano-Turanian) and (6) Neozealandic-Tasmanian region (temperate rainforests of New Zealand and Tasmania). Affinities between these six large scale regions, with 57–77% shared species, are still stronger than those between the 35 smaller scale regions defined by Takhtajan [(20–)40–60(–75)% shared species]. Based on presence/absence within each of the six regions, 22 potential distribution patterns were defined for foliicolous lichens. Many species are widely distributed; 21% are cosmopolitan or pantropical, while 19% are disjunct on at least two continents, and only 60% are restricted to one of the three major tropical areas (nearly 100% in vascular plants). Most of the latter are found in the Neotropics, while the African Paleotropics are poor in endemics. Most genera deviate significantly from overall distribution patterns; for example, Strigula and Calopadia have higher proportions of widely distributed species, while Porina displays a concentration of Eastern Paleotropical endemics. Species diversity and composition of the six regions indicate that the three extra-tropical foliicolous lichen biotas (Valdivian, Tethyan, Neozealandic-Tasmanian) are the result of partly separate evolutionary histories. On the other hand, there is a strong affinity between the Neotropics and the African Paleotropics, suggesting a shared Western Gondwanan element in the foliicolous lichen biotas of these two regions.
Recent Literature on Lichens–196*

ADAMO, P., S. GIORDANO, S. VINGIANI, R. C. COBIANCHI & P. VIOLANTE. 2003. Trace element accumulation by moss and lichen exposed in bags in the city of Naples (Italy). Environmental Pollution 122: 91–103. 5 fig. 3 tab. ADAMO, P., M. ARIENZO, M. PUGLIESE, V. ROCA & P. VIOLANTE. 2004. Accumulation history of radionuclides in the lichen Stereocaulon vesuvianum from Mt. Vesuvius (south Italy). Environmental Pollution 127: 455– 461. 2 fig. 4 tab. AMO, G. & A. R. BURGAZ. 2004. Sclerophora peronella new to the Iberian Peninsula. Lichenologist 36: 265– 267. 2 fig. [The species is reported from Madrid Province, Spain.] ANDERSOHN, C. 2004. Does tree height determine epiphyte diversity? Selbyana 25: 101–117. 3 fig. 6 tab. 5 append. [Study conducted in Guatemala.] APTROOT, A. & C. M. VAN HERK. 2004. Caloplaca britannica common in non-maritime environments. Lichenologist 36: 261–263. 1 fig. ARAGON, G. & M. A. G. OTALORA. 2004. Ecological and chorological novelties of the genus Leptogium in the Iberian Peninsula. Nova Hedwigia 78: 353–366. 8 fig. 1 tab. ARAGON, G. & F. J. SARRION. 2003. Epiphytic Verrucariaceae (lichens) in Mediterranean Spain. Nova Hedwigia 77: 169–187. 12 fig. [Notes on eleven species. New to Spain: Verrucaria phloeophila. New to Spain and the Iberian Peninsula: Agonimia globulifera, Verrucaria sorbinea.] ARAGON, G., F. J. SARRION & I. MARTINEZ. 2004. Epiphytic lichens on Juniperus oxycedrus L. in the Iberian Peninsula. Nova Hedwigia 78: 45–56. 1 fig. [Reports 111 species. New to Spain: Rimularia gyrizans. New to Spain and the Iberian Peninsula: Ramboldia insidiosa, Rhizocarpon schedomyces, Rinodina excrecens.] ARCHER, A. W. 2004. Additional new species in the lichen family Graphidaceae (lichenised Ascomycota) from the Solomon Islands. Mycotaxon 89: 321–329. 6 fig. [New: Graphina maritima sp. nov., Graphis alloafzelii sp. nov., G. cristobalensis sp. nov., G. discarpa sp. nov., G. luluensis sp. nov., Phaeographina celata sp. nov. (all reported from the Solomon Islands only).] ARCHER, A. W. 2004. Additional synonymy in the Australian Graphidaceae. Australasian Lichenology 55: 16– 17. ARINO VILA, X. & A. GOMEZ-BOLEA. 2002. Colonizacion de monumentos y construcciones petreas por los liquenes. Estudios realizados en la Peninsula Iberica, pp. 95–108. In C. Saiz Jimenez & H. A. Videla (eds.),
CORRELATION EFFECTS IN THE THEORY OF COMBINED DOPPLER AND PRESSURE BROADENING-I. CLASSICAL THEORY*

An investigation is conducted of the combined effects of radiator-perturber collisions and radiator translational motion in the context of foreign gas broadening of optical transitions in neutral radiators. Questions concerning the speed-dependent collision frequency are considered and aspects of general theory are explored, taking into account the correlation function, the ensemble average, and the kinetic equation formalism. An elementary solution is discussed along with a one-perturber approximation, inverse power law model calculations, and a comparison with the Voigt profile.
In situ combustion measurements of CO2 by use of a distributed-feedback diode-laser sensor near 2.0-μm

High-resolution absorption measurements of CO2 were made in a heated static cell and in the combustion region above a flat-flame burner for the development of an in situ CO2 combustion diagnostic based on a distributed-feedback diode laser operating near 2.0 mm. Calculated absorption spectra of hightemperature H2O and CO2 were used to find candidate transitions for CO2 detection, and the R~50! transition at 1.997 mm ~the n1 1 2n2 1n 3 band! was selected on the basis of its line strength and its isolation from interfering high-temperature water absorption. Measurements of spectroscopic parameters such as the line strength, the self-broadening coefficient, and the line position were made for the R~50! transition, and an improved value for the line strength is reported. The combustion-product populations of CO2 in the combustion region above a flat-flame burner were determined in situ to verify the measured spectroscopic parameters and to demonstrate the feasibility of the diode-laser sensor. © 2001 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 280.1740, 300.6260.
Impact of interruption style on end-user debugging

Although researchers have begun to explicitly support end-user programmers' debugging by providing information to help them find bugs, there is little research addressing the proper mechanism to alert the user to this information. The choice of alerting mechanism can be important, because as previous research has shown, different interruption styles have different potential advantages and disadvantages. To explore impacts of interruptions in the end-user debugging domain, this paper describes an empirical comparison of two interruption styles that have been used to alert end-user programmers to debugging information. Our results show that negotiated-style interruptions were superior to immediate-style interruptions in several issues of importance to end-user debugging, and further suggest that a reason for this superiority may be that immediate-style interruptions encourage different debugging strategies.
Capacitively coupled dc voltage switchable barium strontium titanate solidly mounted resonator filter

A dc voltage switchable barium strontium titanate solidly mounted bulk acoustic wave capacitively coupled resonators filter has been demonstrated for the first time. The filter consists of two switchable bulk acoustic wave solidly mounted resonators coupled with a high-Q barium strontium titanate capacitor. The resonators have a measured loaded series and parallel quality factors of 135 and 87 in the on-state (30V), respectively. The electromechanical coupling coefficient of the resonators is 6.34 % in the on-state (30V). The insertion loss and return loss of the filter is −3.66 dB and −13.74 dB, respectively.
Calculation of the Cost of Warranty Policies as a Function of Estimated Life Distributions.

Abstract : Two types of warranties are analyzed. These are the free-replacement warranty, under which failed items are replaced free of charge until a specified total operating time has been achieved, and the pro rata warranty, under which items that fail prior to a specified time are replaced at pro rata cost to the buyer. Both the buyer's and seller's points of view are considered. The basis of the analysis is a comparison of warrantied and unwarrantied (otherwise identical) items with regard to long-run cost to the buyer and long-run profit to the seller. Application of the results requires knowledge of certain characteristics of the life distribution of the items in question. Parametric and nonparametric methods of estimation of these characteristics from incomplete data are discussed. Single and multiple failure-mode situations are considered. Some solutions to the problem are illustrated using incomplete data on failure time of aircraft component.
Dynamics of global atmospheric CO 2 concentration from 1850 to 2010: a linear approximation

Abstract. The increase in anthropogenic CO2 emissions largely followed an exponential path between 1850 and 2010, and the corresponding increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration were almost constantly proportional to the emissions by the so-called "airborne fraction". These observations suggest that the dynamics of atmospheric CO2 concentration through this time period may be properly approximated as a linear system. We demonstrate this hypothesis by deriving a linear box-model to describe carbon exchanges between the atmosphere and the surface reservoirs under the influence of disturbances such as anthropogenic CO2 emissions and global temperature changes. We show that the box model accurately simulates the observed atmospheric CO2 concentrations and growth rates across interannual to multi-decadal time scales. The model also allows us to analytically examine the dynamics of such changes/variations, linking its characteristic disturbance-response functions to bio-geophysically meaningful parameters. In particular, our results suggest that the elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations have significantly promoted the gross carbon uptake by the terrestrial biosphere. However, such "fertilization" effects are partially offset by enhanced carbon release from surface reservoirs promoted by warmer temperatures. The result of these interactions appears to be a decline in net efficiency in sequestering atmospheric CO2 by ∼30% since 1960s. We believe that the linear modeling framework outlined in this paper provides a convenient tool to diagnose the observed atmospheric CO2 dynamics and monitor their future changes.
Length of stay and impact on readmission rates after laparoscopic gastric bypass.

Abstract Background A decreased length of stay (LOS) is one of the many advantages of laparoscopic over open Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for the treatment of morbid obesity. However, the mean LOS after laparoscopic gastric bypass (LGB) ranges from 1.8 to 4.5 days. In addition, the LOS has tended to improve as bariatric programs have matured. With the use of a standardized perioperative care plan, we studied the effects of LOS on readmission rates in patients undergoing LGB in a new minimally invasive bariatric surgery program. Methods All patients undergoing LGB between September 20, 2001 and April 5, 2004 were entered into a standardized perioperative care plan. All patient outcomes were entered into a prospective database. The discharge criteria included adequate oral intake and adequate pain control on oral medication. The reasons for patients staying >2 days were analyzed and documented. Results A total 250 patients underwent LGB. Of these, 212 patients (84.8%) were discharged on postoperative day 2. The most common reason for a LOS >2 days was bleeding (42.1%), followed by nausea (26.3%), inadequate pain control on oral medication (15.8%), and various other reasons (15.8%). The mean LOS did not change with time (P = .19). Readmission within 30 days was significantly less in patients discharged by day 2 (1.9% versus 13.1%, P = .005). Conclusions The LOS remained constant as our program matured. The vast majority of patients undergoing LGB who have an uncomplicated postoperative course were safely discharged home on postoperative day 2. Patients staying >2 days were more likely to be readmitted within 30 days of discharge.
FXTAS: a bad RNA and a hope for a cure

Background: Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a newly identified neurodegenerative disorder due to intermediate expansion of trinucleotide CGG repeats (55 – 200 repeats) in the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of the Fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. FXTAS is now considered to be one of the most common inherited neurodegenerative disorders in males. Objective: To examine the future of potential therapies for this late-onset disease. Methods: Examination of relevent literature. Results/conclusions: Accumulating evidence indicates that overproduced riboCGG repeats in the 5′ UTR of FMR1 mRNA are toxic. Recently, proteins that bind specifically to rCGG repeats were identified. Progress in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of FXTAS, plus the availability of different animal models are discussed.
Towards a GeoEd Research Agenda: Observations of a Concerned Professional

This Focus section concerns Geographic Education as a PhD specialty. As an introduction, and to establish a theme, the present paper advocates that GeoEd research should move towards a more central position in human geography and social science, and contribute broadly to geographic knowledge. This involves expanding the GeoEd focus well beyond K-12 classroom concerns. The argument involves setting out dimensions of a GeoEd research agenda, describing the observable GeoEd research agenda, and articulating a vision of what GeoEd research in the future might encapsulate. The central message is that, as a PhD specialty, Geographic Education must be solid social science, embody the most current concepts and ideas, and at its best, may not be distinguishable from research in other aspects of human geography.
“Then I do what I want”: Teachers, state, and empire in 2000

The continuities from U.S. colonialism through “embedded” liberalism to neoliberalism are visible in distinct forms of discipline, freedom, and choice in the lives of Puerto Rican public school teachers. Historically shifting, but momentarily singular, representations of the good teacher use gender and class ideologies to promote ideals of disciplined uniformity, democratic social service, and disciplined individuality. A sweep of Puerto Rican history across the American Century, coupled with the details of daily life in Puerto Rican public schools, offers a view about what choice means when the conditions for choosing emerge from the neoliberal prescriptions of the “new imperialism.”
Another look at Huber's estimator: A new minimax estimator in regression with stochastically bounded noise

Huber's estimator has had a long lasting impact, particularly on robust statistics. It is well known that under certain conditions, Huber's estimator is asymptotically minimax. A moderate generalization in rederiving Huber's estimator shows that Huber's estimator is not the only choice. We develop an alternative asymptotic minimax estimator and name it regression with stochastically bounded noise (RSBN). Simulations demonstrate that RSBN is slightly better in performance, although it is unclear how to justify such an improvement theoretically. We propose two numerical solutions: an iterative numerical solution, which is extremely easy to implement and is based on the proximal point method; and a solution by applying state-of-the-art nonlinear optimization software packages, e.g., SNOPT. Contribution: the generalization of the variational approach is interesting and should be useful in deriving other asymptotic minimax estimators in other problems.
A 60 GHz CMOS combined mm-wave VCO/divider with 10-GHz tuning range

This paper proposes the use of N-push operation for combining the functions of the VCO and dividers in the mm-wave frequency range. If employed in a PLL, the combined VCO/divider (C-VCO/D) would potentially provide wider tuning range than traditional mm-wave PLLs employing injection locked frequency dividers, thus exploiting the full range available in the 60GHz band (57GHz–64GHz). The C-VCO/D is fabricated in 130nm IBM CMOS technology and achieves a tuning range from 55GHz-65GHz using a VDD=1.5V, I core =20mA, and I buffer =15mA. The C-VCO/D has a phase noise of 97.1 dBc/Hz at 1MHz Offset.
"You don't have to keep everything on paper": African American women's use of family health history tools.

Little is known about African American women’s collection of family health history (FHH) information and use of FHH tools. Most FHH research has investigated tools that use a biomedical paradigm, but other kinds of tools, such as those that include information about family social context, have been developed for use in diverse populations. Using mixed methods, we interviewed 32 African American women about behavioral steps to collecting FHH, family communication about health, and reactions to a biomedical FHH tool. Participants chose one of two FHH tools to take home. A follow-up call three weeks later assessed tool use. Many participants expressed support for writing down FHH information, but at baseline few had done so; most participants who had collected FHH information had done so verbally. Participants reacted positively to the biomedical FHH tool used during the interview, with many saying it allowed them to see patterns in their FHH. At follow-up, 67 % reported using their FHH tool, primarily to promote discussion among family members; only 32 % used the tool to write down FHH information. Although participants thought collecting FHH information was important and had positive reactions to both tools, the majority did not use the tools to write down information and instead collected FHH informally. These findings underline the importance of separating the components of FHH collection behaviors to analyze the steps used in FHH creation. Practitioners should consider additional methods of encouraging patients to create written FHHs in order to share the information with health care providers.
Pulmonary hemorrhage with diffuse alveolar infiltrates in men with high-volume choriocarcinoma

Excerpt Choriocarcinoma in men, a rare tumor comprising less than 5% of germ cell tumors, is frequently associated with an elevated serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (B-HCG) level. Despite hi...
Into the Heart: One Man's Pursuit of Love and Knowledge Among the Yanomama

Into the Heart: One Man's Pursuit of Love and Knowledge Among the Yanomama. Kenneth Good with David Charnoff. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991. 349 pp., index, plates. $22.95 (cloth). ISBN 0–671–72874–1.
Flex: a new computerized system for mechanical ventilation.

Objective To describe and evaluate a new weaning and decision support system for mechanical ventilation.
Pharmacogenomics: marshalling the human genome to individualise drug therapy

Pharmacogenomics aims to identify the inherited basis for interindividual differences in drug response, and translate this to molecular diagnostics that can be used to individualise drug therapy. This review uses a number of published examples of inherited differences in drug metabolising enzymes, drug transporters, and drug targets (for example, receptors) to illustrate the potential importance of inheritance in determining the efficacy and toxicity of medications in humans. It seems that this field is at the early stages of developing a powerful set of molecular diagnostics that will have profound utility in optimising drug therapy for individual patients.
Early expression of interferon-gamma inducible protein 10 and monokine induced by interferon-gamma in cardiac allografts is mediated by CD8+ T cells.

BACKGROUND Our goal was to test the intragraft mRNA expression and production of two chemokines that are potent chemoattractants for antigen-primed T cells, interferon-gamma inducible protein 10 (IP-10) and monokine-induced by IFN-gamma, (Mig), in allogeneic heart grafts. METHODS Syngeneic or allogeneic A/J (H-2a) hearts were heterotopically transplanted to wild-type, CD4-/-, CD8alpha-/-, or IFN-gamma-/- C57BL/6 (H-2b) recipients. To test expression of IP-10 and Mig, grafts were removed 1-8 days posttransplant for RNA isolation and Northern blot analysis. To test the potential recipient leukocyte populations mediating intraallograft expression of IP-10 and Mig, recipients were treated with anti-NK 1.1, anti-CD4, and/or anti-CD8 monoclonal antibodies before transplantation. RESULTS Allogeneic heart grafts transplanted to wild-type, but not IFN-gamma-/-, recipients expressed IP-10 and Mig at day +2 posttransplant that increased thereafter until rejection was completed. Expression of IP-10 and Mig in isografts was low or undetectable. Cardiac allografts from CD8+ T cell depleted, but not NK cell or CD4+ T cell depleted, recipients had low to undetectable expression of IP-10 and Mig on day +2 posttransplant. Similarly, cardiac allografts from CD8-/-, but not CD4-/-, recipients had low to undetectable expression of IP-10 and Mig on day +2 posttransplant. CONCLUSIONS Early intraallograft expression of Mig and IP-10 during primary rejection of cardiac allografts is dependent on the activities of recipient CD8+ T cells.
Where’s the gate? Gating in the deep pore of the BKCa channel

Four α-helical segments at the intracellular entrance to the ion conduction pathway splaying open is the conventional imagery of a K+ channel opening to allow K+ ions and co-traversing water molecules to hop through the channel’s pore ([Fig. 1][1]) ([Armstrong, 2003][2]; [Swartz, 2004][3]). This
A cluster-aware graphical user interface for a virtual ligand screening tool

In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for Cassandra, a computer application for Virtual Ligand Screening (VLS). The GUI was designed using Trolltech QT4 and Perl, and serves the purpose of making the execution of Cassandra more user-friendly. Through this GUI, users can manage multiple concurrent, interactive data paths both on a single machine and on a High Performance Computing Cluster (HPCC). The GUI successfully decreased the complexity and steep learning curve of using Cassandra, and the average time to execute a VLS project. As result, we reduced the time necessary to train new users, increased the number of users, increased the overall efficiency of Cassandra, and optimized data handling and analysis.
Non-Potential Electric Field Model of Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling

A new model is proposed to describe the electrodynamic coupling between the magnetosphere and ionosphere. In contrast with existing models, the ionospheric electric field is not assumed to be a potentia l field. The equation coupling the electric currents flowing into the ionosphere t o the ionospheric electric fields is integrated analytically. This approach results in a simple, local and physi- cally reasonable boundary condition, coupling the local tangential plasma velocity values in the magnetosphere to the tangential magnetic field through a properly integrated ionospheric conductivity. For simplified test c ases the simulation results are in good agreement with those obtained with a traditional ionospheric electric potential model. The proposed approach improves computational efficiency and also allows prediction of the electromotive forces acting o n closed electric current loops at the surface of the Earth. Such electric current loop s can be induced by non-potential electric fields, generated by rapid changes i n the ionosphere and magnetosphere.
Plastic Surgery Review: A Study Guide for the In-Service, Written Board, and Maintenance of Certification Exams

Gregory E. Lakin, ed. Plastic Surgery Review: A Study Guide for the In-Service, Written Board, and Maintenance of Certification Exams . Paperback: 235 pages. Publisher: Thieme (December 30, 2014). Language: English; ISBN-10: 1604068361, ISBN-13: 978-1604068368; Price: $69.99. ![Graphic][1] As its title clearly states, this text is intended to be a succinct review of testable content for the plastic surgery In-Service, Written Board, and Maintenance of Certification examinations. It is intended for surgical residents, freshly trained plastic surgeons preparing for their written board examinations, and those approaching a 10-year maintenance of certification examination interval. The content is subdivided into 4 sections based on the In-Service examination: (1) Comprehensive Plastic Surgery, (2) Craniomaxillofacial, (3) Breast and Cosmetic Surgery, and (4) Hand and Lower Extremity Surgery. Altogether, there are 50 chapters to cover the breadth of plastic surgery in a “point form” manner. Each chapter is reviewed by an expert in the field to confirm that it is up-to-date and accurate. Pertinent references included at the end of each chapter permit further in-depth review as required. This text delivers on its goal of providing “high-yield” content in a simultaneously concise and comprehensive manner. The author list is impressive and diverse with “giants” in their respective … Corresponding Author: Dr Terence M. Myckatyn, Washington University School of Medicine, 1040 N. Mason, Suite 124, Saint Louis, MO 63141, USA. E-mail: myckatyn{at}wudosis.wustl.edu [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif