cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat Transfer Enhancement in Air-Heating Flat-Plate Solar Collectors

The efficiency of an air-heating flat-plate solar collector can be increased by reducing the absorber plate temperature by providing it with extended surfaces. An experimental study was conducted to determine the temperature depression and the increase in friction factor, by providing a uniformly heated plate with pin fins. Data were obtained with three spacings of the fins for five mass flow rates of air and two values of heat flux. Significant temperature depressions can be obtained leading to increase in efficiency but these are acompanied by increases in friction factor. Employing different length scales and the concept of pumping power factor, it is shown that the data can be correlated by j=1.018 Re /SUP -0.49/ and Nu=1.03 F /SUP 0.19/.
U-Pb geochronology of exposed basement rocks in Oklahoma

U-Pb measurements on zircons separated from Precambrian basement rocks from Oklahoma yield the following: (1) the Spavinaw Granite, which appears in outcrops in Mayes County, northeastern Oklahoma, is 1,370 ± 20 m.y. old; (2) the ages of rocks exposed in the eastern Arbuckle Mountains in southeastern Oklahoma are: Tishomingo Granite, 1,374 ± 15 m.y.; Troy Granite, 1,399 ± 95 m.y.; and Blue River Gneiss, 1,396 ± 40 m.y. The granophyric Spavinaw Granite is associated with rhyolitic volcanic rocks and was clearly emplaced in the shallow crust; rocks of similar age and petrography occur in the subsurface in southeastern Kansas. The rocks exposed in the eastern Arbuckles, although of similar age, have textures suggesting emplacement at deeper crustal levels.
Nanoparticle arrays formed by spatial compartmentalization in a complex fluid.

A mesoscopically ordered lamellar gel phase of a polymer-grafted, lipid-based complex fluid is used as a scaffolding to spatially organize inorganic nanoparticles. The complex fluid provides both a highly anisotropic environment and a segregated aqueous and organic domains in which inorganic nanoparticles can be selectively placed by tailoring their size and surface characteristics. Three types of silver nanoparticlesunderivatized, surfactant-stabilized, and dodecanthiol-derivatizedwere evaluated. Comparison of the surface plasmon resonance of the various silver particles dispersed in conventional solvents to those contained within the complex fluid was used to determine the region of spatial localization in the lamellar gel phase. Silver particles rendered hydrophobic by capping with an alkane thiol insert into the hydrocarbon bilayer region. Surfactant-stabilized and underivatized silver nanoparticles reside in the aqueous channels, with the latter particles preferentially interacting with the grafted P...
Bioluminescence in drug development for cancer: shedding light on therapeutic efficacy.

Commentary to:Validating the use of a luciferase labeled breast cancer cell line, MDA435LCC6, as a means to monitor tumor progression and to assess the therapeutic activity of an established anticancer drug, docetaxel (Dt) alone or in combination with the ILK inhibitor, QLT0267Jessica Kalra, Malathi Anantha, Corinna Warburton, Dawn Waterhouse, Hong Yang, Young-joo Yang, Dita Strut, Maryam Osooly, Dana Masin and Marcel B. Bally
The Dyscalculia Toolkit: Supporting Learning Difficulties in Maths – By Ronit Bird

The article reviews the book "The Dyscalculia Toolkit: Supporting Learning Difficulties in Maths," by Ronit Bird.
Arthroscopic management of an intraarticular osteochondroma of the hip

The role of hip arthroscopy in the management of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) has been advancing rapidly. In this case report, we describe the use of hip arthroscopy to successfully treat a femoral neck osteochondroma that caused a symptomatic labral tear in a 37 year old woman. Hip arthroscopy offers several advantages to surgical dislocation of the hip in the management of intraarticular pathology and FAI. Hip arthroscopy is minimally invasive without the significant trauma to hip musculature, is useful in treatment of labral tears generated by FAI, and can be used to resect small lesions on the femoral head.
Implementation of the open laboratory policy at the US Army Electronics Technology and Devices Laboratory

During the past few years, the US Army Electronics Technology and Devices Laboratory (ETDL) initiated implementation of the Technology Transfer Act of 1986 by establishing memoranda of understanding (MOUs) and cooperative research and development agreements (CRDAs) with industry, academia, and other government agencies. The author highlights the development of an MOU in the area of microelectronics and millimeter-wave research. The CRDA process and those agreements which have been or will soon be put into effect are also discussed. It is concluded that the MOUs and CRDAs present to all parties involved a new and innovative positive method of operation. Participants are able to leverage their work force, facilities, and financial resources by working together as a team in order to solve common technological problems which they heretofore could not hope to solve individually. >
Modern Foreign Languages in a Social Study Program with Special Reference to the Training of Modern Language Teachers

IN spite of the papers which you have just heard, education has been going through a period of increasing specialization in recent years-an educational or subject specialization which has imitated the prevailing tendency in nearly all fields of activity. In medicine, for example, the general practitioner has been supplanted to a considerable extent by the specialist until there is foundation for such anecdotes as the one according to which a medical student came to his adviser saying that at last he had decided in what field to specialize, that he would go in for nasal work. To this his adviser replied: "Fine! Fine! Which nostril?" Or, in another field, in interior decoration, the story is told of a specialist in the Louis Quinze period who was so profoundly versed in his subject that when he saw a room in which one small ornament of Louis Seize style had accidentally been placed he was unable to sleep all the following night from the shock of it. Other fields show an equally high degree of specialization, as a glance at a University catalogue will reveal. For example, one is not just a professor of engineering, electrical or civil, but may be Professor of Refrigeration; Engineering Materials; Highway Engineering; Structural Engineering; Metallurgical Engineering; Railway Electrical Engineering, etc. Or, in other departments, there are such specialized titles as Professor of Dairy Bacteriology; Livestock Marketing; Beef Cattle Husbandry, not just "animal" Husbandry, you see, but something much more specialized; Soil Fertility; Plant Genetics; Olericulture; Floral Physiology; Civic Design. In language work the tendency to specialization is shown not only by the dissatisfaction graduate advisers feel with the work of many M.A. candidates, but by the insistence of educational-practice critic-teachers that the student teachers are usually too poorly prepared in actual command of elementary grammar. Language departments feel that the hours in the undergraduate major should be increased, that students cannot be well prepared unless the whole field has been covered. And not only is a language student supposed to be well prepared in one language, but stress is placed on knowing other languages and their literatures and on the advantage of such a mastery as an aid to obtaining a position.
New Insights and Methodologies Are Needed to Solve the Many Epidemiologic Enigmas of Prostate Cancer

For years researchers have struggled to identify etiologic factors that might explain the almost 10-fold differences in the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer between various geographic and ethnic populations. However little specific insights have been gained into identifying these etiologic factors or the mechanisms involved. Thus there is certainly a need to understand the limitations and advantages of new epidemiologic approaches and more specific molecular probes and how they can be applied more meaningfully. This special issue of the Epidemiologic Reviews publication contains 28 papers on important areas of study related to prostate cancer written by experts whose experience makes these papers most valuable. A most critical aim is to determine how these approaches will be integrated or fused to answer the bigger question of how to prevent or impact upon prostate cancer. Six questions and insights that might provide some direction toward finding clues to this mystery are given. Overall the papers in this issue should help some scientists to synthesize the proper studies needed to answer these questions.
Control of Pollen Tube Tip Growth by a Rop GTPase–Dependent Pathway That Leads to Tip-Localized Calcium Influx

We have shown that Rop1At, a pollen-specific Rop GTPase that is a member of the Rho family of small GTP binding proteins, acts as a key molecular switch controlling tip growth in Arabidopsis pollen tubes. Pollen-specific expression of constitutively active rop1at mutants induced isotropic growth of pollen tubes. Overexpression of wild-type Arabidopsis Rop1At led to ectopic accumulation of Rop1At in the plasma membrane at the tip and caused depolarization of pollen tube growth, which was less severe than that induced by the constitutively active rop1at. These results indicate that both Rop1At signaling and polar localization are critical for controlling the site of tip growth. Dominant negative rop1at mutants or antisense rop1at RNA inhibited tube growth at 0.5 mM extracellular Ca(2+), but growth inhibition was reversed by higher extracellular Ca(2+). Injection of anti-Rop antibodies disrupted the tip-focused intracellular Ca(2+) gradient known to be crucial for tip growth. These studies provide strong evidence for a Rop GTPase-dependent tip growth pathway that couples the control of growth sites with the rate of tip growth through the regulation of tip-localized extracellular Ca(2+) influxes and formation of the tip-high intracellular Ca(2+) gradient in pollen tubes.
Geostatistical Mapping of Mountain Precipitation Incorporating Autosearched Effects of Terrain and Climatic Characteristics

Hydrologic and ecologic studies in mountainous terrain are sensitive to the temporal and spatial distribution of precipitation. In this study a geostatistical model, Auto-Searched Orographic and Atmospheric Effects Detrended Kriging (ASOADeK), is introduced to map mountain precipitation using only precipitation gauge data. The ASOADeK model considers both precipitation spatial covariance and orographic and atmospheric effects in estimating precipitation distribution. The model employs gauge data and a multivariate linear regression approach to autosearch regional and local climatic settings (i.e., infer the spatial gradient in atmospheric moisture distribution and the effective moisture flux direction), and local orographic effects (the effective terrain elevation and aspect). The observed gauge precipitation data are then spatially detrended by the autosearched regression surface. The spatially detrended gauge data are further interpolated by ordinary kriging to generate a residual precipitation surface. The precipitation map is then constructed by adding the regression surface to the kriged residual surface. The ASOADeK model was applied to map monthly precipitation for a mountainous area in semiarid northern New Mexico. The effective moisture flux directions and spatial moisture trends identified by the optimal multiple linear regressions, using only gauge data, agree with the regional climate setting. When compared to a common precipitation mapping product [Precipitation-elevation Regression on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM)], the ASOADeK summer precipitation maps of the study area agree well with the PRISM estimates, and with higher spatial resolution. The ASOADeK winter maps improve upon PRISM estimates. ASOADeK gives better estimates than precipitation kriging and precipitation-elevation cokriging because it considers orographic and atmospheric effects more completely.
Effect of Temperature on the Transmission of Western Equine Encephalomyelitis and St. Louis Encephalitis Viruses by Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae)

The extrinsic incubation rate (inverse of the time in days from infection to median transmission) of western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) and St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) viruses by laboratory strains of Culex tarsalis Coquillett increased as a linear function of incubation temperatures from 10 to 30 degrees C. The estimated temperatures for zero transmission thresholds (intercept of the X axis) were 10.9 and 14.9 degrees C, and the number of degree days above these thresholds required for median transmission (inverse of the slope) was 67.6 and 115.2, respectively. Although the bodies of most Cx. tarsalis females remained infected and the WEE viral titer did not decrease significantly throughout the incubation periods at all temperatures, transmission rates by females incubated at 20 to 30 degrees C decreased markedly after peaking at 7-10 d after infection. In contrast, midgut escape and salivary gland infection barriers limited the transmission rates of SLE virus at all temperatures, but these rates did not decrease markedly as a function of incubation time, indicating that virus modulation did not occur. Degree-day models were used to calculate monthly changes in the duration of the extrinsic incubation period for WEE and SLE viruses in the San Joaquin and Coachella valleys based on mosquito temperatures estimated by combining nocturnal air and diurnal resting site temperatures. Temperatures in the San Joaquin Valley averaged 5 degrees C cooler than in the Coachella Valley, proportionately shortening the duration of the potential transmission season for WEE virus from 10 to 8 mo and for SLE virus from 8 to 5 mo, respectively.
Serial Measurements of Lung Function in a Cohort of Young Children With Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to prospectively and longitudinally measure lung function in a cohort of children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) during their first 3 years of life. METHODS: Forty-four children with BPD with a mean (±SD) gestational age of 25.6 (±1.7) weeks and birth weight of 0.767 (±0.2) kg underwent serial measurements of lung function (maximum flow at functional residual capacity [VmaxFRC] and functional residual capacity [FRC]) at 6, 12, and 24 months after initial discharge from the neonatal care unit. RESULTS: Compared with normative data, children with BPD had low partial expiratory airflow, measured by VmaxFRC, with mean z score (±SD) of −1.92 (±1.04), −1.79 (±1.5), and −1.67 (±1.5) at 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively. Over time there was no significant improvement in z scores (P = .66), and 45% of the patients had a z score value of less than −2 (2 SDs below the mean) at the end of the study. FRC measurements steadily and significantly increased over time. Partial expiratory flow showed no correlation with gestational age, birth weight, or length of mechanical ventilation. Mean FRC was significantly higher in children who were using bronchodilators and inhaled steroids but showed no correlation with clinical symptoms. Bronchodilator response was initially present in 30% of the patients and declined to 20% at the end of the study. CONCLUSIONS: During the first 3 years of life, children with mostly moderate-to-severe BPD continue to show significant abnormalities with airflow limitation according to lung-function testing.
A Multi-Agent Architecture for Distributed Domain-Specific Information Integration

On both the public Internet and private Intranets, there is a vast amount of data available that is owned and maintained by different organizations, distributed all around the world. These data resources are rich and recent; however, information gathering and knowledge discovery from them, in a particular knowledge domain, confronts major difficulties. The objective of this article is to introduce an autonomous methodology to provide for domain-specific information gathering and integration from multiple distributed sources.
Collective Information Literacy in Massively Multiplayer Online Games

This article explores the forms of information literacy that arise in commercial entertainment games like World of Warcraft. Using examples culled from eight months of online ethnographic data, the authors detail the forms of information literacy that arise as a regular part of in-game social interaction, emphasizing (ironically) the intellectual nature of such purportedly ‘barren’ forms of play and highlighting the ways in which such practices help redefine the current model of what constitutes information literacy by bringing the collective and collaborative nature of such practices to the fore. Implications for future research are also discussed.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF GEOGRAPHY IN PRE‐SOVIET RUSSIA

This is an attempt to portray some of the more important currents of thought and personalities associated with the progress of geography in pre-Soviet Russia, with the chief aims of 1) indicating some of the roots of present Soviet geographical thinking, and 2) placing the Russian contribution as an integral yet distinctive part of the developments in world geography before 1920. The main part of the paper is organized chronologically and appraises the life and work of the more significant geographers of each period, their impact on the character of the subject, and their relation to their historical and intellectual milieu. Finally, the nature and extent of the carry-over to the Soviet period is suggested. The recent intense methodological debate is seen as, in good measure, inspired by the work of the pre-Revolutionary scholars, and by the awareness of a broken heritage. In conclusion, some continuities of thought in Russian geography, then and now, are postulated.
Recovery-Oriented Systems of Care

As a result of the Institute of Medicine's Quality of Health Care in America project, performance and outcome measures have been established to evaluate current approaches to treatment. Although th...
On the Alleged Differences between Marx and Engels

The supposed differences between Marx and Engels hinge on Marx's failure to endorse Anti-Duhring, on his refusal to hypostatize dialectical categories independent of human reflection and on his refusal to formulate any cosmic super-laws of society or of nature. Engels, on the other hand, is supposed to have viewed man as a passive product of natural evolution governed by super-laws that belong to idealist philosophy. However, Marx strongly endorsed Anti-Duhring, took a strong interest in science and regarded a dialectics of nature as essential to his theory of a unified science, a science that was essential to non-alienated being. Neither Marx nor Engels was consistent on these questions, but their alleged differences really reflect an internal contradiction within their commonly held theory.
Petrophysical Alterations—Fluid Disposition, Distribution, and Entrapment, Flow Functions, and Petrophysical Parameters of Geologic Formations

A review of the petrophysical properties involving formation damage is presented. Variation of the end-point saturations with porosity and permeability, fluid disposition, distribution, and entrapment, flow functions, and petrophysical parameters of geologic formations, dependence of the flow functions, such as capillary pressure and relative permeability, on the end-point saturations, wettability, and clay morphology, and temperature and stress effects are discussed. The interrelations between the various factors affecting formation damage are described.
The Bidirectional Relationship of Meaning and Belonging

People who have warm and rewarding interpersonal relationships experience more meaning in life. Conversely, people who have experienced social rejection find life less meaningful than other people. Hence, social relationships are an important source of meaning in life. However, the central thesis of this chapter is that meaning in life not only follows from having rewarding interpersonal bonds, finding meaning in life actually aids in the formation of interpersonal bonds. In short, our assertion is that the presence of interpersonal relationships increases the belief that life is meaningful, and the belief that life is meaningful aids in formation of new relationships. Hence, the relationship between meaning and belonging is bidirectional.
Apologies, Regrets, and Reparations

The concept of reparations-payments made for damages inflicted by one individual upon another have long been regarded as appropriate social policy. It has only been in the 20th century that the concept has been broadened to deal with evils committed in earlier generations for which payments have been requested, the most discussed of these being the request for reparations for today’s blacks for suffering attributable to slavery that ended over one hundred years ago. Other examples include payments by Germany and other European nations for crimes committed in the Second World War. Starting about 1990, there have been frequent apologies for past and present crimes, which acknowledge wrongs committed but without any financial payment. Many nations, churches, and private groups have recently made such apologies, which have seemed to come politically acceptable.
Autonomous vehicle following by a fuzzy logic controller

This paper presents a fuzzy logic for performing autonomous vehicle following which is defined as a vehicle controlling its own steering and speed while following a lead vehicle. This controller functions by first converting the range and heading angle observation into fuzzy variables, by executing fuzzy rules generated by a self-organizing neural network, and then by defuzzifying the resultant fuzzy steering-wheel angle and speed variables. In contrast to model-based controller, the developed fuzzy controller constitutes model-free approach. A noise analysis has been carried out to evaluate the performance of such a controller in the presence of observation longitudinal vehicle. The performance of this controller is compared to that of a previously developed model-free neural network controller. >
High-cost Religion, Religious Switching, and Health

Previous research has devoted significant attention to understanding the link between health and personal religious beliefs and practices, typically finding that more religious people tend to have better health. However, almost no attention has been given to how switching religious groups or leaving religion altogether is related to self-reported health. Due to selection and causation mechanisms, switching from high-cost groups that are theologically and culturally exclusive could be associated with poor health more than switching from other religious groups. Using data from the 1972 through 2006 General Social Surveys, we examine the relationship between health and religious switching as moderated by the religious tradition of origin. We find that people who are raised and stay in high-cost sectarian groups, such as the Latter-day Saints and Jehovah’s Witnesses, have better self-reported health than those raised and staying in other religious traditions. However, people who leave such groups are more lik...
Sorting and Wage Inequality

We measure the roles of the permanent component of worker and rm productivities, complementarities between them, search frictions, and equilibrium sorting in driving German wage dispersion. We do this using a standard assortative matching model with time-consuming search on and o the job. The model is identied and estimated using matched employer-employee data on wages and labor market transitions without imposing parametric restrictions on the production technology. The model’s t to the wage data is comparable to prominent wage regressions with additive worker and rm xed eects that use many more degrees of freedom. Moreover, we propose a direct test that rejects the restrictions underlying the additive specication. We use
Stereotype (In)Accuracy in Perceptions of Groups and Individuals

Are stereotypes accurate or inaccurate? We summarize evidence that stereotype accuracy is one of the largest and most replicable findings in social psychology. We address controversies in this literature, including the long-standing and continuing but unjustified emphasis on stereotype inaccuracy, how to define and assess stereotype accuracy, and whether stereotypic (vs. individuating) information can be used rationally in person perception. We conclude with suggestions for building theory and for future directions of stereotype (in)accuracy research.
Teacher Behaviours and Student Outcomes

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by J. Brophy, volume 23, pp. 15450–15454, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Internationally-Tradable Permits Can Be Riskier for a Country than an Internally-Imposed Carbon Price

This paper compares internationally-tradeable permits with a uniform carbon price, as seen through the lens of an individual country. To ensure a level playing field, these two approaches are initially calibrated to be welfare-equivalent for the country in a deterministic setting. While both price and quantity instruments have identical consequences under perfect certainty, outcomes differ substantially when uncertainty is introduced. The uncertainty analyzed here takes the reduced form of idiosyncratic country-specific abatement-cost shocks. Then, because of cross-border revenue flows, internationally-tradable permits can expose a country to greater risk than the imposition of a uniform carbon price (whose revenue proceeds are domestically retained). This result is formalized in a very simple model that highlights the core essence of the argument. Some implications are discussed. I suggest that this relative-riskiness result may be a pertinent consideration in choosing between negotiated price-based approaches and negotiated quantity-based approaches for controlling worldwide carbon emissions.
The Pragmatics of Embedded Exclamatives

In this chapter, taking into consideration the evidence from Spanish, the pragmatic and semantic content of exclamative expressions in embedded contexts is analyzed. It is argued that embedding is not a straightforward and transparent process. Rather, several very specific pragmatic conditions have to be satisfied. They mostly relate to grounding. Grounding is a contextually dependent process involving de re reference and proper anchoring of a fact. The proposition associated with this fact is the one that would trigger the relevant emotive attitude if such an exclamative was unembedded. The landscape of possible exclamative embedders is charted and it is shown that predicates in other classes, such as directive miratives, are also able to subordinate or embed exclamatives.
The Cultural Health Attributions Questionnaire (CHAQ): reliability, validity, and refinement

This study describes the reliability and validity of scores on the Cultural Health Attributions Questionnaire (CHAQ), and proposes a refined short form. Murguia, Zea, Reisen, and Peterson (2000) developed the 24-item CHAQ to assess health beliefs among Latinos/Hispanics. The CHAQ incorporates two 12-item subscales: Equity Attributions (EA) and Behavioral-Environmental Attributions (BEA). Although the CHAQ has been published in Spanish and English, psychometric properties have only been evaluated for scores on the Spanish-language version. Participants in the present study were 436 Latinos/Hispanics, half of whom completed the CHAQ in Spanish, and half in English. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the proposed two-factor structure did not fit the data for either language. Subsequent exploratory factor analyses revealed different best-fitting models for the two languages. A common two-factor (EA/BEA) structure was derived from items that loaded univocally in both languages. Additional items were removed to produce a 10-item revised version (CHAQ-R). The two factors were negatively correlated and had good internal consistency reliability. Expected relationships of CHAQ-R scores to acculturation and health locus of control strongly supported convergent validity. The relationship of EA to ethnomedical services usage marginally supported criterion validity. Overall, the results support the reliability and validity of CHAQ-R scores to measure cultural health attributions in Latinos/Hispanics, but further psychometric evaluation is needed.
Calibration and Detection of Power Quality Analyzer for Measuring Voltage Sag

A method to calibrate and detect power quality analyzer for measuring voltage sag,which implements calibration and detection of the power quality analyzer by automatically calibrating detection system through the measurement of voltage sag,is proposed.Fifteen standard voltage sag waveforms are decided according to the standard sources from three sides,i.e.,the instrumental sensitivity curves specified in SEMI F47 and IEC 61000-4-11,typical voltage sag waveforms and the standard definition of voltage sag given by IEEE,and on this basis the experimental measured data of the detected power quality analyzer Fluke 1760 is obtained,then by these data the voltage sag measurement capability of Fluke 1760 is explored in the aspects of measurement accuracy,sag parameters and calculation duration of root mean square (RMS) value of voltage sag as well as recording function,thus the parameters of detected power quality analyzer can be calibrated according to analysis results.
Percutaneous Direct Jejunostomy

This section provides a comprehensive procedural report for percutaneous direct jejunostomy procedure with up-to-date explanatory notes, synopsis of the indications and contraindications, and potential complications in an organized and practical format.
Multifocal Independent Spike Syndrome

The relationship of the syndrome of multifocal independent spikes (MIS) to hypsarrhythmia and the slow spike-wave (Lennox-Gastaut) syndrome was studied in 64 children with MIS examined during a 3-year period at the Cleveland Clinic, Ohio.
Effect of one week of CPAP treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea on 24-hour profiles of glucose, insulin and counter-regulatory hormones in type 2 diabetes

Studies examining the impact of CPAP treatment on glycaemic control have yielded conflicting results, partly because of insufficient nightly CPAP use. We examined the 24-hour profiles of glucose, insulin and counter-regulatory hormones in 12 subjects with type 2 diabetes and OSA before and after 1 week of effective in-laboratory CPAP therapy over an entire 8-hour night thus ensuring optimal CPAP compliance. Blood samples were collected every 15 to 30 minutes for 24 hours under controlled conditions. The 24-hour mean glucose decreased from 153.2 ± 33.0 to 139.7 ± 24.2 mg/dL with CPAP (-13.5 ± 13.5 mg/dL; P = .005) without change in insulin levels. Morning fasting glucose levels decreased by 14.6 ± 3 mg/dL (P = .001) and the dawn phenomenon decreased by 7.8 ± 9.8 mg/dL (P = .019). CPAP treatment decreased norepinephrine levels while the 24-hour profiles of growth hormone and cortisol remained unchanged. In conclusion, 1 week of effective treatment of OSA over an entire 8-hour night results in a clinically significant improvement in glycaemic control via an amelioration of evening fasting glucose metabolism and a reduction in the dawn phenomenon, a late-night glucose increase that is not adequately treated by oral medications. Clinical Trials Information: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01136785.
Polyphosphate/poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate) ion channels in cell membranes.

Among the most intriguing structures formed by inorganic polyphosphates (polyP) are their complexes with poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyrates) (PHB) that form ion channels in lipid bilayers. All peptide and protein ion channels, as well as synthetic ion channels, are amphiphilic structures with an outer coat of non-polar residues and a lining of polar and charged residues (Urry 1985; Christensen et al. 1988; Nakano et al. 1990; Sansom 1991; Kobuke et al. 1992; Epand 1993; Fyles et al. 1993). These attributes are provided in a cooperative fashion by the two structurally distinct homopolymers, polyP and PHB. The polymeric anion, polyP, forms a ladder of cation binding sites that stretches across the bilayer, shielded from the hydrophobic environment by the amphiphilic solvating polyester, PHB. Complexes of polyP and PHB, located in the plasma membranes of diverse bacteria (Reusch and Sadoff 1983; Reusch et al. 1986, 1987), are the first nonproteinaceous, ion-selective channels discovered in biological cells. Their capacity to form voltage-activated, calcium-selective channels in planar lipid bilayers has been established (Reusch et al. 1995; Das et al. 1997). As yet, there is no direct evidence of their in vivo functions; however, a number of studies point to calcium involvement in important cellular functions in bacteria, such as chemotaxis (Matsushita et al. 1989; Tisa and Adler 1992) and cell division (Chang 1986; Smith 1995; Norris 1996). In addition, there is substantial evidence that polyP/PHB complexes may serve as calcium pumps and DNA channels. Here we will discuss the singular molecular characteristics of polyP and PHB that relate to their roles in ion transport, and consider how the two polymers act in synergy to form these interesting transmembrane ion channels.
Primary parotid adenocarcinoma metastasis to the spleen with PIK3CA mutation: cytological findings and review of the literature.

Background Primary solid tumor metastasis to the spleen is a rare event, and often presents as an incidental finding without clinical symptoms of the patient. The most common primary tumors that metastasize to the spleen are colorectal, ovarian, and lung carcinomas. Parotid tumor metastasis to the spleen is extremely rare. We report an unusual case of metastatic parotid adenocarcinoma NOS (not otherwise specified) to the spleen. Case report The patient presented with primary parotid carcinoma and underwent left parotidectomy. On pathological examination of the primary parotid tumor, no vascular or perineural invasion was found; all surgical resection margins and neck lymph nodes were also uninvolved by the tumor. No other therapy was given after the surgery. Four years later, the patient developed a solitary splenic lesion detected by a routine follow-up computed tomography (CT) scan. The subsequent fine needle aspiration (FNA) and splenectomy showed a metastatic adenocarcinoma consistent with the parotid primary. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of the metastatic tumor also showed a similar pattern as that of the primary tumor, including positivity for pancytokeratin, S-100 and SOX10, supporting the diagnosis. Furthermore, A PIK3CA (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit) mutation was also detected in the splenic metastasis. Conclusion Based on our review of the literature, we believe that this is the first report of such a case. Accurate diagnosis and molecular characterization of the splenic metastasis have a critical impact on the clinical management of the patient.
Substitution of sulfate in apatite

The substitution of sulfate in apatite is of potential importance in synthetic biomaterials used in bone repair and reconstruction. The counter ion (e.g., Na + , K + , Mg 2+ , Sr 2+ ) in the sulfate reagent may also be used as a source of medically beneficial ions. An understanding of the structural parameters controlling sulfate substitution is also important in expanding our knowledge beyond the substitution of carbonate in apatites. The incorporation of sulfate in calcium and strontium hydroxylapatites, prepared in aqueous solution at pH 9, was verified by combustion analysis of sulfate, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and by determination of unit-cell parameters. Sulfate could not be incorporated into barium hydroxylapatite because of the preferential formation of BaSO 4 . The amount of sulfate substituted in the apatite was affected by the mole ratio of sulfate to phosphate in the reaction mixture and by the nature of the counter ion in the sulfate reagent. When sodium is the counter ion in the sulfate reagent, the molar amounts of both sodium and sulfate in the product apatite can be explained by assuming charge compensation by sodium ions and sulfate displacement of phosphate and calcium. With lithium as the counter ion, a greater molar amount of lithium than sulfate is incorporated into the apatite, an observation that requires an additional charge-compensation mechanism. With potassium and rubidium as counter ions, less of the counter ion is incorporated than sulfate, probably a result of less favorable accommodation of the larger cation in the apatite structure. The maximum molar amount of sulfate incorporated in hydroxylapatite (prepared in the presence of Na + ) is more than three times lower than the maximum molar amount of carbonate that can be incorporated, a difference that can be explained by the relative solubilities of the substituted apatites. The unit-cell parameters determined for both sulfated calcium and strontium hydroxylapatites synthesized with the sodium counter ion show a slight increase in the a -axis length and a nearly constant c -axis length with increasing sulfate content. The difference in the variation of unit-cell parameters with anion content can be rationalized by the difference in size of the anion. The results indicate that sulfate can be incorporated into biomaterials such as apatite or in composites with calcium sulfate and that the design of new apatites and composites could include the use of medically desirable counter cations.
A software process that accelerates the comprehension of web-based technical articles

We propose a software process that involves with the additions of the description for each AWTBD (Acronym or Word to be described) at the beginning of web-based technical articles, which include software requirements. For each AWTBD, the approach requires the creations of hyperlinks, pointing to its location of its description, at each occurrence of the AWTBD later in the article. The result of the approach may accelerate the comprehension of the technical article by its readers. We also present a software tool that implements the software process. The software tool automates the creations of the hyperlinks for the AWTBDs. As an illustration of the usefulness of this process, we present two examples of applying the software tool.
Smoking Urges During Treatment and Long-Term Cessation among Low-Income African Americans.

Objective: The urge to smoke is a predictor of smoking relapse. Little research has focused on the impact of acute urges during treatment among African Americans. This study examined the relationship between smoking urges and long-term abstinence among treatment seekers. Design: Longitudinal prospective investigation. Urges to smoke were assessed at the initial (session 1) and final (session 8) sessions among adult smokers (N=308) enrolled in a 4-week group intervention trial. Nicotine patch use was assessed over 30 days. Main Outcome Measures: Biochemically verified 7-day point prevalence abstinence (7-day ppa) was assessed immediately postintervention, and at 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-ups. Hierarchical logistic regressions tested associations between session 1 and session 8 urges and 7-day ppa at each smoking status assessment. Results: There was a significant overall decrease in smoking urges (M=29, SD=15 at session 1; M=17, SD=11 at session 8). After controlling for covariates, urges to smoke at session 1 were unrelated to 7-day ppa at any of the assessment points. However, session 8 urges were inversely associated with 7-day ppa post-intervention (AOR=.94, CI:.92-.97), at 3-months (AOR=.93, CI: .89-.97), 6-months (AOR=.93, CI: .90-.97), and 12-months (AOR=.96, CI: .96-.99). Nicotine patch use was positively associated with 7-day ppa at each assessment. Conclusions: The most robust predictors of abstinence through 12-months postintervention were decreased urges over the 4-week, 8-session group intervention and the frequency of nicotine patch use. Interventions aimed at addressing the needs of African American smokers should address urges and encourage nicotine replacement adherence to increase abstinence rates. Ethn Dis. 2017;27(4):395-402; doi:10.18865/ed.27.4.395.
Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory

Within the last two decades, the field of cognitive neuroscience has begun to thrive, with technological advances that non-invasively measure human brain activity. This is the first book to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date treatment on the cognitive neuroscience of memory. Topics include cognitive neuroscience techniques and human brain mechanisms underlying long-term memory success, long-term memory failure, working memory, implicit memory, and memory and disease. Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory highlights both spatial and temporal aspects of the functioning human brain during memory. Each chapter is written in an accessible style and includes background information and many figures. In his analysis, Scott D. Slotnick questions popular views, rather than simply assuming they are correct. In this way, science is depicted as open to question, evolving, and exciting.
Verification and validation of a coupled elasto-acoustic-damage system

A novel time-domain method for simulating dynamic damage evolution in a coupled structural-acoustic system is presented. The system is derived via the theory of continuum damage mechanics, and incorporates standard damage evolution models, but is readily extendible to more complex formulations. The overall solution method is staggered, first solving for the dynamic damage evolution with an explicit step, and then using the new values of damage in the coupled computation of the structural-acoustic system. The spatial domain is discretized using a mixed finite element method, and the temporal domain is discretized with a higher-order implicit time discretization scheme. Code and solution verification of the fully coupled solution algorithm are presented, as are validation studies for cases with and without evolving damage. Applications with evolving damage are presented, and present a novel first principles study of changes in the structural acoustic response to dynamically evolving damage in the structure....
Wound Measurement, Score

Wound measurement is a helpful quantitative finding in wound assessment that can be used as a practical approach to track wound healing. The most common techniques for wound measurement include manual metric measurement, mathematical models, manual planimetry, digital planimetry, stereophotogrammetry, and digital imaging methods. An ideal wound measurement technique has high accuracy, reliability, and feasibility. Currently, no gold standard method exists for wound measurement, though digital methods are preferred since they are generally more accurate and precise than manual methods. With advancements in technology, newer wound measurement techniques are increasingly being developed and studied.
Synthesis of β-Peptide Standards for Use in Model Prebiotic Reactions

A one-pot method was developed for the preparation of a series of β-alanine standards of moderate size (2 to ≥12 residues) for studies concerning the prebiotic origins of peptides. The one-pot synthesis involved two sequential reactions: (1) dry-down self-condensation of β-alanine methyl ester, yielding β-alanine peptide methyl ester oligomers, and (2) subsequent hydrolysis of β-alanine peptide methyl ester oligomers, producing a series of β-alanine peptide standards. These standards were then spiked into a model prebiotic product mixture to confirm by HPLC the formation of β-alanine peptides under plausible reaction conditions. The simplicity of this approach suggests it can be used to prepare a variety of β-peptide standards for investigating differences between α- and β-peptides in the context of prebiotic chemistry.
Snarls, Quacks, and Quarrels: Culture and Structure in Political Process Theory

Political process theories of social movements have relied on a set of oppositions between culture and structure that has limited their capacity to capture the supraindividual, durable, and constraining dimensions of culture. The solution is not to abandon an emphasis on “objective” political structures in favor of potential insurgents' “subjective” perceptions of political opportunities, but rather to probe the (objective) resources and constraints generated by the cultural dimensions of political structures. Such a perspective would pay closer attention to the cultural traditions, ideological principles, institutional memories, and political taboos that create and limit political opportunities; and would link the “master frames” that animate protest to dominant political structures and processes.
Correction: Interview mit Doron Rabinovici

This article details a correction to the article: Herzog, T. & Herzog, H.H., (2017). Interview mit Doron Rabinovici. Modern Languages Open. DOI: http://doi.org/10.3828/mlo.v0i0.121
Effects of Localized Defects / Sources in a Periodic Lattice Using Green's Function of Periodic Scatterers

A novel method is developed to efficiently analyze the effects of localized defects and excitation sources in a periodic array of scatterers such as photonic crystals and metamaterials. The Green's function of the periodic scatterers and the free space Green's function are used to formulate a set of coupled surface integral equations (SIEs) over one or multiple enclosed surfaces surrounding the localized defects and / or excitation sources. The defects can be the removal, deformation, displacement, or distortion in material properties of a scatterer in localized cells. The Green's function of the periodic scatterers represent the field response due to a point source inside the array of the periodic scatterers. The periodic scatterer Green's function is only required to be calculated once to solve any form of defects and/or sources in the localized region of interest. The Green's function of the periodic scatterers can be also represented using few band solutions of the periodic lattice by using the newly developed BroadBand Green's Function with Low wavenumber extraction (BBGFL) technique. This renders the approach applicable to efficient broadband simulations of localized defects / sources analysis and designs.
Utility of effect size to define populations with durable clinical outcomes across trials of metastatic colorectal cancer.

e15104Background: ASCO defined clinically meaningful trial endpoints in colorectal cancer (CRC) as absolute overall survival (OS) of 3-5 months and OS hazard ratio (HR) ≤0.67. Few tools predict cli...
Vibrational Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy Measurement of the Rotational Barrier of Methyl Groups on Methyl-Terminated Silicon(111) Surfaces.

The methyl-terminated Si(111) surface possesses a 3-fold in-plane symmetry, with the methyl groups oriented perpendicular to the substrate. The propeller-like rotation of the methyl groups is hinde...