cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aß Monomers Transiently Sample Oligomer and Fibril-Like Configurations: Ensemble Characterization using a Combined MD/NMR Approach

Amyloid s (As) peptides are a primary component of fibrils and oligomers implicated in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease. However, the intrinsic flexibility of these peptides has frustrated efforts to investigate the secondary and tertiary structure of As monomers, whose conformational landscapes directly contribute to the kinetics and thermodynamics of As aggregation. In this work, de novo replica exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) simulations on the µs/replica timescale are used to characterize the structural ensembles of As42, As40, and M35-oxidized As42, three physiologically prevalent isoforms with substantially different aggregation properties, the latter of which has hitherto not been investigated with computational techniques. Further, comparisons of J coupling data calculated from the REMD trajectories with their corresponding experimental values are used to validate these simulations and monitor equilibration. Our analysis indicates that all simulations converge on the 100 ns/replica timescale toward ensembles that yield good agreement with experimental J couplings. Here, we describe As monomers that are far more structured than other computational studies that rely on characterizations made on smaller timescales. Prominent in the C-terminus are antiparallel s-hairpin topologies between L17-A21, A30-L36, and V39-A41, reminiscent of oligomer and fibril models, that expose the composite hydrophobic side chains to solvent and may serve as hotspots for self-association. A persistent V24-K28 bend motif is observed in all three species that is stabilized by buried backbone to side chain hydrogen bonds with D23 and a cross-region salt bridge between E22 and K28, highlighting the role of the side chain identities of the FAD-linked E22 and D23 residues in As monomer structure. These characterizations help illustrate the conformational landscapes of As monomers at atomic resolution and provide insight into the early stages of As aggregation pathways.
Scenario-Free Optimal Design under Uncertainty of the PRICO® Natural Gas Liquefaction Process

Liquefaction accounts for a large portion of the cost of liquefied natural gas (LNG), motivating significant efforts in the simulation and optimization of liquefaction processes. While most optimization studies typically assume a fixed feed stream concentration, the properties of natural gas feeds can vary in time or between different sources. This constitutes a significant exogenous uncertainty, particularly for field or offshore liquefaction facilities with limited feed-blending capabilities. This paper examines the PRICO plant as a representative mixed-refrigerant liquefaction process and presents a design optimization formulation for natural gas liquefaction processes with varying feed composition. We introduce models for the multistream heat exchanger and for the compressor that allow for the size of key equipment to be optimized along with the process operating conditions. Using a recently developed scenario-free framework for optimization under parametric uncertainty, our study provides new insight...
Improving the accuracy and operational predictability of project cost forecasts: an adaptive combination approach

AbstractConducting an early warning forecast to detect potential cost overrun is essential for timely and effective decision-making in project control. This paper presents a forecast combination model that adaptively identifies the best forecast and optimises various combinations of commonly used project cost forecasting models. To do so, a forecast error simulator is formulated to visualise and quantify likely error profiles of forecast models and their combinations. The adaptive cost combination (ACC) model was applied to a pilot project for numerical illustration as well as to real world projects for practical implementation. The results provide three valuable insights into more effective project control and forecasting. First, the best forecasting model may change in individual projects according to the project progress and the management priority (i.e. accuracy, outperformance or large errors). Second, adaptive combination of simple, index-based forecasts tends to improve forecast accuracy, while mit...
The utility of scrotal ultrasonography in the emergent setting: beyond epididymitis versus torsion

Scrotal pain is a common acute presentation for medical care. Testicular torsion and epididymo-orchitis are two diagnoses for which early detection is critical and their sonographic imaging features have been thoroughly described in the radiologic literature. Other important conditions for which radiologists must be aware have received less attention. This article will highlight key traumatic and non-traumatic causes of acute scrotal pain other than testicular torsion and epididymo-orchitis that may present in the emergency department setting.
Choosing Ends and Choosing Means: Teleological Reasoning in Law

This essay investigates consequentialist reasoning in law. It begins with a brief exposition of the structure of consequentialist reasoning. It then turns to the role of consequentialist reasoning in two aspects of legal decision-making. Legal officials must reason both about ends and about the choice of means to achieve those ends. Legal instrumentalism, however, takes many forms, and different forms identify different officials to engage in the task of reasoning consequentially to choose means. The essay then considers the difficulties posed by the fact that legal decision-makers choose policies or institutions that structure the outcomes they hope to achieve. Finally, the essay considers the role that consequentialist reasoning may play in choosing ends.
Transaction Costs, Property Rights, and the Limits of Government

This chapter examines arguments used to contend government failure is a more serious problem than market failure. The review starts by examining transaction costs, the expenses of organizing and participating in a market or implementing a government policy. The principle of property rights is then sketched. The transaction-costs analyses of Coase, Stigler, and Williamson are reviewed in more detail. The goal is to show how transaction costs and property right economies imply drawbacks to reliance on government. Attention then shifts to two examples of direct attacks on intervention--the debate in the years between the two world wars on the possibility of an efficient planned economy and the newer economic theories of political behavior.
Developing High Performance Teams in the Public Management Classroom.

(1998). Developing High Performance Teams in the Public Management Classroom. Journal of Public Affairs Education: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 147-156.
Reestablishing the Role of the University Professor in the Laboratory School: Retooling in an Elementary Classroom

In order to more effectively prepare future science teachers and more adequately provide professional development for existing teachers, Kimberly Lott has always viewed research through a “teacher lens.” This lens was fine-tuned by her previous experiences as a middle and high school science teacher and the commitment to remain active in local schools. When her appointment changed from secondary to elementary science, Dr. Lott realized that her “teacher lens” was out of focus, and she needed experience in elementary classrooms. This chapter describes Kim’s experiences working with the teachers at the Edith Bowen Laboratory School on the campus of Utah State University. Dr. Lott describes how she revised her approach to reflect the original intent of the laboratory school as a place to apply research to practice and how experiences teaching children have focused her vision as a science teacher educator.
Response to "Tumor cells in search for glutamate: an alternative explanation for increased invasiveness of IDH1 mutant gliomas".

We thank the authors for a very thoughtful letter and agree that there are a number of different mechanisms through which isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation, the downstream 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG), can lead to a number of different state changes within tumor cells. The acidification of the tumor microenvironment was solely an interpretation of our mathematical model. It is much more likely that the effects are multifactorial, as mentioned by the authors, and the potential for a glutamate gradient resulting in diffusion behavior is an intriguing possibility that can easily be experimentally validated in vitro, though a more mechanistic explanation would be favored. It is possible that 2HG, and specifically the enantiomer R-2-hydroxyglutarate, which is formed by the conserved mutation at R132, may in fact inhibit 2-oxoglutarate–dependent dioxygenase activity, which in turn alters the stability of hypoxia-inducible factor alpha, leading to many larger downstream effects. We also agree that the authors' suggestion of a means of testing the hypothesis of glutamate depletion by using glutamate dehydrogenase inhibitors is a good one, and one that they are clearly well prepared to carry out. The scope of our manuscript was to focus on the very evident difference in measurable tumor behavior in vivo for patients with IDH1 mutation, though we believe that the discussions about the molecular mechanism underlying this gross behavior is incredibly important to gain further understanding of the tumorigenicity of both low- and high-grade gliomas. We look forward to further discussion and data regarding the underlying mechanisms related to IDH mutation.
Exploring the Effect of Rotenone-A Known Inducer of Parkinson's Disease-On Mitochondrial Dynamics in Dictyostelium discoideum.

Current treatments for Parkinson’s disease (PD) only alleviate symptoms doing little to inhibit the onset and progression of the disease, thus we must research the mechanism of Parkinson’s. Rotenone is a known inducer of parkinsonian conditions in rats; we use rotenone to induce parkinsonian cellular conditions in Dictyostelium discoideum. In our model we primarily focus on mitochondrial dynamics. We found that rotenone disrupts the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton but mitochondrial morphology remains intact. Rotenone stimulates mitochondrial velocity while inhibiting mitochondrial fusion, increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) but has no effect on ATP levels. Antioxidants have been shown to decrease some PD symptoms thus we added ascorbic acid to our rotenone treated cells. Ascorbic acid administration suggests that rotenone effects may be specific to the disruption of the cytoskeleton rather than the increase in ROS. Our results imply that D. discoideum may be a valid cellular PD model and that the rotenone induced velocity increase and loss of fusion could prevent mitochondria from effectively providing energy and other mitochondrial products in high demand areas. The combination of these defects in mitochondrial dynamics and increased ROS could result in degeneration of neurons in PD.
Influence of poly‐l‐lysine molecular weight on antibacterial efficacy in polymer multilayer films

Antibacterial coatings can prevent and treat medical device-associated infections. We examined the antibacterial properties of coatings assembled from poly-l-lysine (PLL) and hyaluronic acid (HA). PLL/HA films were fabricated using layer-by-layer assembly with three different PLL MWs, differentiated by number of repeat units, that is, 33, 91, and 407 (denoted by PLL30 , PLL90 , and PLL400 ). Films assembled with all three PLL MWs completely inhibited the growth of planktonic, gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus and gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli over a 24-h exposure. All three film architectures also inhibited S. aureus attachment by ~60-70% compared to non-film-coated surfaces, likely attributed to significant film hydration and electrostatic repulsion due to HA. The true differences in antibacterial efficacy between different PLL MWs were observed upon repeated exposure of PLL/HA to S. aureus every 24 h. We found that PLL400 films lost the ability to inhibit planktonic S. aureus growth after one use while PLL30 and PLL90 films were effective over 4-5 and 9-13 repeated exposures, respectively. Our experiments indicated that differences in efficacy were related to low in-film mobility of PLL400 and also agreed with dissolution timescales for PLL30 and PLL90 films. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 1324-1339, 2019.
Be Careful What You Wish For: Unintended Consequences of Increasing Reliance on Technology

The machine has become the Other against which we compare ourselves. Aided by artificial intelligence, computers and robots are starting to surpass humans in the physical, linguistic, and intellectual skills that we once thought defined us as the dominant species. One response by science and technology has been to attempt to enhance humans as cyborgs who are able to keep up with our machine Others. More extreme responses are envisioned by transhumanists who anticipate that we will become a near-immortal transhuman species, even if it means transferring our consciousness to a robot or computer. At the same time, some are working on Distributed Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) that are run by autonomous software, cryptocurrencies, and smart contracts. DAOs and increasingly autonomous robots raise additional questions of whether these entities can become legal non-human persons who might have rights and responsibilities similar to human beings and corporations. This prospect raises further issues about who or what controls the global economy and what will be the fate of humans in various occupations. The paper concludes with a consideration of the implications of these developments for consumer research.
By any other name: portrayals of autism across international film remakes

This study is the first to approach the social theory of disability through film remakes, a technique that permits a novel comparative examination of the construction of autism in different countri...
Transformed bone marrow cells generate neoplasms of distinct histogenesis. a murine model of cancer transplantation.

Abstract The last several years have witnessed renewed interest regarding the contribution of cancer stem cells in tumorigenesis and neoplastic heterogeneity. It has been reported that patients who undergo bone marrow transplantation are more prone to develop a malignancy during their life time; usually hematological tumors, but solid neoplasms may also develop, which in certain instances are donor-derived. It has also been well documented that multipotent bone marrow derived cells can migrate to diverse organs, differentiating into various histological lineages. The present study reports an experimental syngeneic transplantation model, using fluorescently tagged bone marrow cells from p53 null male mice into female wild-type counterparts. We found that transplanted non-neoplastic mutant bone marrow cells can generate tumors of distinct histogenesis, including thymic lymphomas, sarcomas, and carcinomas after carcinogen induction, providing evidence that multipotent cancer-prone stem cells can reside in the bone marrow and are transplantable.
Depression and Suicide

Schizophrenia is a disease that has a 5% mortality risk – from suicide that often occurs during the early phase of the illness. This chapter describes risk factors for suicide in schizophrenia spectrum disorders, including active psychosis itself, and how to assess suicide risk. The optimal pharmacotherapy for schizophrenia patients who are suicidal is reviewed, including the use of clozapine which has anti-suicide properties. An important distinction is made between depression and demoralization. Both can result in suicidality, but demoralization requires re-moralization (giving hope) more so than medications.
Nationalism, nationalized cultures, and English Language Teaching (ELT): what teacher interviews reveal about culture teaching as vehicle for ideological reproduction/transformation

ABSTRACTThis study explores the interplay of nationalism and English Language Teaching (ELT) classroom practices, as reported in 11 interviews with ELT educators in various locations (e.g., United ...
Renal Glomerular Mitochondria Function in Salt-Sensitive Hypertension

Salt-sensitive (SS) hypertension is accompanied with an early onset of proteinuria, which results from the loss of glomerular podocytes. Here, we hypothesized that glomerular damage in the SS hypertension occurs in part due to mitochondria dysfunction, and we used a unique model of freshly isolated glomeruli to test this hypothesis. In order to mimic SS hypertension, we used Dahl SS rats, an established animal model. Animals were fed a 0.4% NaCl (normal salt, NS) diet or challenged with a high salt (HS) 4% NaCl diet for 21 days to induce an increase in blood pressure (BP). Similar to previous studies, we found that HS diet caused renal hypertrophy, increased BP, glomerulosclerosis, and renal lesions such as fibrosis and protein casts. We did not observe changes in mitochondrial biogenesis in the renal cortex or isolated glomeruli fractions. However, Seahorse assay performed on freshly isolated glomeruli revealed that basal mitochondrial respiration, maximal respiration, and spare respiratory capacity were lower in the HS compared to the NS group. Using confocal imaging and staining for mitochondrial H2O2 using mitoPY1, we detected an intensified response to an acute H2O2 application in the podocytes of the glomeruli isolated from the HS diet fed group. TEM analysis showed that glomerular mitochondria from the HS diet fed group have structural abnormalities (swelling, enlargement, less defined cristae). Therefore, we report that glomerular mitochondria in SS hypertension are functionally and structurally defective, and this impairment could eventually lead to loss of podocytes and proteinuria. Thus, the glomerular-mitochondria axis can be targeted in novel treatment strategies for hypertensive glomerulosclerosis.
Chapter 1 – Statics

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with structural behavior and structural design. The study begins with a discussion on the concept of load. Finding out what are the loads that act on a structure and how these loads are supported is the prerequisite to all structural design. Tributary area, spandrel girders, and columns that form the skeleton for any structure are discussed. The concept of equilibrium is explained thus–“structure remain at rest.” The implication of this condition, derived from Newton's second law, is that the summation of all forces (or moments) acting on the structure along any given coordinate axis equals zero. No study of structural engineering is complete without understanding the concepts of internal forces and moments. Since beams make up a considerable part of the structure, internal shear forces and bending moments in beams are studied. The reader is made aware of a general strategy of finding internal shear forces by observing a set of rules. Similarly, internal axial forces on trusses, arches, and cables are also detailed. The chapter ends with a focus on indeterminate structures and strength of material.
The Chinese Worker after Socialism

While millions in China have been advantaged by three decades of reform, impressive gains have also produced social dislocation. Groups that had been winners under socialism find themselves losers in the new order. Based on field research in nine cities across China, this fascinating study considers the fate of one such group - 35 million workers laid off from the state-owned sector. The book explains why these lay-offs occurred, how workers are coping with unemployment, what actions the state is taking to provide them with livelihoods and re-employment, and what happens when workers mobilize collectively to pursue redress of their substantial grievances. What happens to these people, the remnants of the socialist working class, will be critical in shaping post-socialist politics and society in China and beyond.
Cardiovascular Disease and Coronavirus Disease 2019: Epidemiology, Management, and Prevention.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This review summarizes findings up to date on the relationship between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and COVID-19. Preexisting CVD is a common condition among patients with COVID-19 and is associated with increased disease severity and mortality. Conversely, COVID-19 has various clinical manifestations on cardiovascular system, including thrombotic events and cardiac dysfunction. The pandemic has impacted healthcare utilization among patients with CVD, which may have led to potential delay in access to the healthcare system during acute events not directly COVID-19-related. While COVID-19 vaccine is being developed and distributed, controlling CVD risk factors and adherence to recommendations of existing immunization (e.g., influenza vaccine) are key in protecting the health of individuals with CVD during the COVID-19 pandemic. Further research is needed to understand the epidemiological and pathophysiological basis for the interaction between CVD and COVID-19.
Effects of supplementation of dried distillers grains with solubles to beef steers grazing Coastal bermudagrass on performance on pasture and in feedlot, and carcass characteristics

ABSTRACT Objective The objective of this study was to determine the influence of varying levels of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) supplemented daily on the performance of beef stocker cattle grazing Coastal bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] pastures. Materials and Methods Steers (n = 127, 342 ± 5.6 kg of BW) were stratified by BW and breed type and randomly allocated to 9 pastures (1.3 ± 0.17 ha) during each summer of 2 yr (2014, 2015). Pastures were allocated randomly to 1 of 3 treatments, including 2 daily levels of a DDGS supplement (SUPP; 0.25 or 1% BW) and a nonsupplemented control (PAS) for 96 d in 2014 and 92 d in 2015. Steers were shipped approximately 700 km to a commercial feedlot for the finishing phase. Finally, animals were transported less than 100 km for slaughter at a commercial abattoir. Results and Discussion Steer ADG on pasture tended to increase quadratically (P = 0.06) from 0.67 kg/d from PAS to 1.01 kg/d from 1% BW SUPP. Gain per hectare increased linearly (P 0.36). Implications and Applications Supplementation of steers with 1% BW DDGS resulted in the most efficient management strategy.
Comprehensive Clinical and Molecular Characterization of KRASG12C-Mutant Colorectal Cancer.

PURPOSEKRAS p.G12C mutations occur in approximately 3% of metastatic colorectal cancers (mCRC). Recently, two allosteric inhibitors of KRAS p.G12C have demonstrated activity in early phase clinical...
Role of deceased donor kidney procurement biopsies in organ allocation.

Purpose of review There has been an increased emphasis by the transplant community and the federal government to increase the utilization of deceased donor kidneys. Procurement biopsies during allocation are the most common reason for kidney discards. This manuscript reviews the evidence of procurement biopsies practices and utility. Recent findings Procurement biopsies are performed in over half of all the kidneys recovered in the United States and account for more than one third of the kidney discards. However, there is a significant heterogeneity across the organ procurement organizations regarding the indications for biopsy, biopsy techniques and their reporting. Procurement biopsy findings are not reproducible and poorly correlate to postimplantation histology, although reasons for these limitations are not clear. Procurement biopsy findings are not associated with posttransplant outcomes after accounting for readily available donor clinical characteristics. Summary Procurement biopsies contribute to deceased donor kidney discards but do not predict posttransplant outcomes. Research to establish the best practices for procurement biopsies is needed to improve organ utilization.
Assessing the roles of demographic, social, economic, environmental, health-related, and political factors on risk of osteoporosis diagnosis among older adults.

Chronic stress from social/environmental pressures has been proposed to affect bone health through increased inflammation. We demonstrate that inflammation from prolonged stress does not cause changes to bone health through inflammation but instead impacts access to health care, social inequalities, and overall health, which in turn impact bone health. The study provides a comprehensive assessment of how determinants of health across demographic, psychological, mobility-related, health, environmental, and economic domains are associated with the diagnosis of osteoporosis and tests three hypotheses: (1) a diverse set of variables across domains will predict osteoporosis, (2) chronic inflammation as a result of stress (represented by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein) will not be associated with osteoporosis, and (3) the model developed will have high accuracy in predicting osteoporosis. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models of osteoporosis diagnosis were estimated using data from 14,792 and 13,169 participants (depending on model) in the 2012–2016 waves of the Health and Retirement Study, including the Biomarker Study, the Contextual Data Resource, and validated measures of childhood socioeconomic status. Predictive accuracy was assessed using k-Nearest Neighbors Discriminant Analysis. Demographic, environmental, and health-related factors were associated with osteoporosis diagnosis, and predictive accuracy of the models was good. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein was not associated with osteoporosis diagnosis. Social determinants identified indicate access to health care, inequalities in the greater social environment (e.g., access to resources), and overall health (i.e., underlying medical conditions) are key components for developing osteoporosis and indicate underlying health inequities in this sample. There is a need to further address the interplay between primary health care and social determinants of health.
Effects of confidentiality law on patient self-disclosure : Implications for the therapeutic relationship and therapy outcome

Summary Confidentiality represents an important obligation to patients of mental health professionals. It typically invokes an explicit promise to reveal nothing about a patient without that individual's expressed, informed consent (McQuire, Toal, & Blau, 1985). The advent of the Tarasoff case has changed the scope of confidentiality both ethically and legally since the birth of the psychology profession. Consideration for the welfare of the individual patient was weighed against consideration for the welfare of society as a whole. How confidentiality law affects patients' self-disclosures, the therapeutic relationship, and ultimate therapy outcome is not yet clear. This paper explores the effects of confidentiality law on these issues.
Imaging the Gas Distribution and Kinematics in the Early Universe with ALMA

A summary is presented of the status of the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) project. The scientific goals for the project, in particular the goals for imaging gas in early galaxies, are used to illustrate the specific needs for the development of ALMA technology making it, uniquely, a complete imaging system. The plans to achieve this development by means of common international effort and under a common Memorandum of Understanding are noted. Finally, estimates are given of the construction timescale and the principle issues that remain to be settled are highlighted.
Conservative motion estimation from multi-image sequences

Motion estimation in image sequences is a fundamental problem for digital video coding. In this paper, we present a new approach for conservative motion estimation from multi-image sequences. We deal with a system in which most of the motions in the scene are conservative or near-conservative in a certain temporal interval with multi-image sequences. Then a single conservative velocity field in this temporal range can across several successive frames. This system can be proved to be fully constrained or over-constrained when the number of frames is greater than two. A framework with displaced frame difference (DFD) equations, spatial velocity modeling, a nonlinear least-squares model, and Gauss-Newton and Levenberg-Marguardt algorithms for solving the nonlinear system is developed. The proposed algorithm is evaluated experimentally with two standard test image sequences. All successive frames except the last one (used for reference frame) in this conservative system can be synthesized by the motion-compensated prediction and interpolation based on the estimated motion field. This framework can estimate large scale motion field that across more than two successive frames if most of the motions in the scene in the temporal interval are conservative or near-conservative and has better performance than the block matching algorithm.
Phosphoinositides and engulfment

Cellular engulfment of particles, cells or solutes displaces large domains of plasma membrane into intracellular membranous vacuoles. This transfer of membrane is accompanied by major transitions of the phosphoinositide (PI) species that comprise the cytoplasmic face of membrane bilayers. Mapping of membrane PIs during engulfment reveals distinct patterns of protein and PI distributions associated with each stage of engulfment, which correspond with activities that regulate the actin cytoskeleton, membrane movements and vesicle secretion. Experimental manipulation of PI chemistry during engulfment indicates that PIs integrate organelle identity and orient signal transduction cascades within confined subdomains of membrane. These pathways are exploited by microbial pathogens to direct or redirect the engulfment process.
Strategyproof Profit Sharing in Partnerships: Improving upon Autarky

Several producers decide to form a partnership, to which they contribute both capital and labor. We propose a group-strategyproof mechanism under which no single agent is tempted to secede from the partnership: the inverse marginal product proportions (or IMPP) mechanism. The IMPP mechanism combines aspects of common ownership with the requirement that private property rights be respected: when an agent decides to stop exploiting her own capital, the latter is shared between the remaining agents in proportion to the productivity of their own capital. The IMPP is in fact the only fixed-path method (as introduced in Friedman, 2002) to satisfy autarkic individual rationality; its path is uniquely determined by the capital contributions of the agents. Thus, our results provide one of the first economic motivation for the asymmetry of fixed-path methods.
The structure of streptonigrin semiquinone in solution

Streptonigrin semiquinone (SQ.), a free radical intermediate implicated in the biological functioning of the antitumor antibiotic streptonigrin has been prepared and its structural properties in solution have been characterized. Through the use of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, the spin densities of the unpaired electron have been determined, indicating that the unpaired electron is largely confined to the quinolinesemiquinone moiety of the antibiotic. Unambiguous assignment of the hyperfine coupling constants was achieved employing isotopically labeled semiquinone radical, INDO molecular orbital calculations, and the study of unsubstituted 5,8-quinolinesemiquinone as a reference system. The assignments point to a negative spin density at the carbon para to the pyridine nitrogen in the radicals derived from both streptonigrin and the unsubstituted 5,8-quinolinequinone. Characterization of the properties of the streptonigrin semiquinone in solution indicate that the radical is stable in solution: it can be conveniently studied in 0.1 M methanolic lithium hydroxide or in aqueous organic solvent mixtures buffered with 0.06 M K3PO4 at pH 12.0. Under these conditions, the semiquinone shows completely reversible spectral changes between -10 to 60 degrees C. Lowering the pH from 12.0 to 7.0 in aqueous DMSO decreases the lifetime of the radical from two weeks to a few minutes. Changes in structural properties of streptonigrin semiquinone in solution have been found to occur mainly due to variation in solvation and freedom of rotation of the amino group. Decreasing the temperature of SQ. solution in methanol from 60 to -10 degrees C leads to an increase in the hyperfine coupling constant to the amino nitrogen from 1.28 to 1.40 G, and those of the two amino protons from 0.73 and 0.73 to 1.02 and 1.11 G respectively, while the other coupling constants change less than 3%. Greater electron spin delocalization onto the -NH2 group has been found throughout the solvent systems examined, yet the temperature at which
Numerical Solutions for Heat Flow in Adhesive Lap Joints

The detection of disbonds in riveted lap joints is of increasing interest to the aerospace community. Adhesively bonded and riveted lap joints are used to bond the thin overlapped sheets of aluminum which comprise the outer skin of an aircraft. Through time, the integrity of the bond can become compromised by disbanding, leading to corrosion and stress concentrations at the rivets and subsequent cracking leading to joint failure. A thermal technique for determining bond integrity in these structures has been investigated by Winfree, et al [1]. This technique involves active heating of the aircraft fuselage with a measurement of the temperature on the outer surface of the structure with an infrared imager. By even application of heat to the outer surface of the lap joint, details of the inner structure become thermographically detectable. A disbond will prevent heat from penetrating from the surface layer to the subsurface layers, resulting in an increase in surface temperature over the disbond. Thermographic detection of disbonds excels over other methods by being a noncontacting, quantitative method for inspecting large areas in a short period of time.
TESTING OF SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS TO ISONIAZID AND RIFAMPIN BY MYCOBACTERIUM GROWTH INDICATOR TUBE METHOD

We tested isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis recovered from 117 patients for their susceptibilities to isoniazid (INH) and rifampin (RIF) by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's disk modification of the indirect method of proportions (MOP) test and a three-tube mycobacteria growth indicator tube (MGIT; BBL) antimycobacterial susceptibility test (AST). Sixty-seven of the M. tuberculosis isolates were recovered from Lowenstein-Jensen (BBL) subcultures, and 50 of the isolates were recovered from MGIT cultures of samples from various body sites. For the MGIT AST method, 0.5 ml of test organism suspension was inoculated into an MGIT with 0.1 micrograms of INH per ml, an MGIT with 1.0 micrograms of RIF per ml, and growth control MGIT. The tubes were incubated at 37 degrees C and were examined daily. The MGIT AST results were interpreted as follows: susceptible if the tubes containing INH or RIF did not fluoresce within 2 days of the time that the positive growth control fluoresced and resistant if the tubes containing INH or RIF did fluoresce within 2 days of the time that the positive growth control fluoresced. The mean time fluorescence for the positive growth control was 5.5 days. The two methods were in agreement for 114 of the 117 isolates from patients, while for 3 isolates there were minor discordant results.
Effects of Parton kt in High-pt Particle Production

We report on recent work concerning the phenomenology of initial-state parton-kt effects in direct-photon production and related processes in hadron collisions. After a brief summary of a kt-smearing model, we present a study of recent results on fixed-target and collider direct-photon production, using complementary data on diphoton and pion production that provide empirical guidance on the required amount of kt broadening. This approach provides a consistent description of the observed deviations of next-to-leading order QCD calculations relative to the inclusive direct-photon and pizero data. We also comment on the implications of these results for the extraction of the gluon distribution of the nucleon.
Imperfect Asset Substitutability and Current Account Dynamics

In this paper, we present a model of the current account. The model has two variants, one in which assets are perfectly substitutable in investors' portfolios, and another in which they are not. We examine the responses of these two variants of the model to standard shocks, and show that under imperfect substitutability, a valuation effect comes into play. We focus on the external accounts, and examine the role and strength of these valuation effects. Additionally, the imperfect substitutability case allows us to examine the model's response to an exogenous change in investors's portfolio preferences. The model in this paper provides a framework for understanding the experience of the dollar's real value and of the US current account over the last decade.
Temperature after flower initiation affects morphology and flowering of cyclamen

Abstract Cyclamen persicum Mill. ‘Miracle Salmon’ (MS) and ‘Miracle White’ (MW) were grown at 8, 12, 16, 20 or 24°C for 8 weeks following visible bud (2 mm flower bud, 101 days from seeding). Prior to and following the 8 weeks, the temperature was 16°C. The light integral was 10 mol m−2 per day. Days (MS)=174.4+11.307(°C)−1.196(°C)2+0.0299(°C)3 and days (MW)=181.0+11.280(°C)−1.268(°C)2+0.0339(°C)3 best described time to flower from seeding. Fastest flowering is predicted after 161 days at 20.5°C for MS and after 170 days at 19.2°C for MW. The number of leaves at flowering increased from 48 at 8°C to 64 at 24°C in MS and averaged 42 at all temperatures in MW. Total plant leaf area was largest in the warmest conditions with markedly increased individual leaf size at 24°C. Estimated leaf canopy volume increased from 2264 cm3 at 8°C to 7371 cm3 at 24°C for MS and from 3586 to 8388 cm3 for MW. At first open flower, MS had 47 flower buds at 16, 20 or 24°C and MW had 44 at 20°C and 41 at 24°C. Flower petal length decreased with 0.2 cm in MS and 0.4 cm in MW at 24°C compared to other temperatures. Top dry weight increased between 8 and 24°C with 4 g in MS and 4.5 g in MW. The two cultivars had similar sized enlarged hypocotyls. Heavier enlarged hypocotyls (2.4 g) developed at 8 or 12°C and the smallest (0.8 g) at 16°C.
Reinforcement of variations and repetitions along three independent response dimensions

Reinforcement was presented contingent upon human subjects simultaneously varying three dimensions of an operant response. The response was drawing rectangles on a computer screen. The dimensions were area of the rectangle, its location on the screen, and its shape. In Experiment 1, an experimental group was reinforced for satisfying the three-part variability contingency. A control group was equally reinforced for drawing rectangles but independently of levels of variability. Results showed that the experimental group varied significantly more along each of the dimensions than did the control group. In Experiment 2, another group of subjects was reinforced for repeating instances along one of the dimensions, e.g. repeatedly draw a rectangle in approximately the same location, while simultaneously varying along the other two dimensions. The subjects learned to satisfy these contingencies as well. These results show reinforcement simultaneously and independently controls the variability of three orthogonal dimensions of a response.
Family Processes and Adolescent Religiosity and Religious Practice: View From the NLSY97

This article focuses on family processes and adolescent religious attendance and personal religiosity. We find that the closeness and quality of the marital relationship and relationship between adolescent and parents significantly contributes to the strength of adolescent religious conviction and practice. The study used data from the NLSY97 cohort. Predictors include parenting style, closeness, and parent–child closeness; family structure; income, employment, parental education, mother's age at first birth, and number of siblings; adolescent characteristics (e.g., age, gender, race/ethnicity, disability, lying or cheating); and environmental characteristics (e.g., region of country, urbanicity, and physical environment risk). Family religious attendance was dramatically influenced by race in adolescents aged 16 years. Adolescents living with married, biological parents in 1997 were 36% more likely to attend worship services than those living with stepfamilies. Adolescents living in more physically risky...
Suppression of Maltose-Negative Phenotype by a Specific Nuclear Gene (PMU1) in the Petite Cells of the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A small percentage of the primary petites isolated from strain 1403-7A-P1, constitutive for maltase synthesis, simultaneously lost the ability to utilize maltose and alpha-methylglucoside. Further studies showed that these primary petites were not stable with respect to maltose utilization. Approximately 30% of the secondary petites when isolated from the primary petites after vegetative growth were found to papillate on maltose plates. Tetrad analysis data revealed that a nuclear gene has reverted in these papillae, which is responsible for suppression of the maltose negative phenotype in primary petites. We have designated this nuclear gene as the PMU1 gene (petite maltose utilizer). The functional form of the PMU1 gene is required in addition to the MAL4 gene for both constitutive maltase synthesis and maltose utilization in cytoplasmic petite cells derived from strain 1403-7A-P1.
Class-Specific Antibodies to Gluten in Dermatitis Herpetiformis

An immune reaction to wheat protein has been previously proposed to explain the pathogenesis of dermatitis herpetiformis. In order to detect and characterize antibodies to gluten in human sera, we developed an enzyme immunoassay for class-specific antibodies. Results of this assay in 49 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis were compared with those of 38 normal control subjects, 11 patients with celiac disease, and 6 small-bowel bypass patients. IgA antibodies to gluten were significantly more frequent in dermatitis herpetiformis sera (28/49) than in normal control sera (4/38). IgG antibodies to gluten were significantly more frequent in both celiac disease (10/11) and dermatitis herpetiformis (16/49) sera than in control (5/38) sera. Dermatitis herpetiformis sera also had an increased prevalence of IgM antibodies to gluten (19/49). Small-bowel bypass patients demonstrated no antibody to gluten. Antibodies to gluten in dermatitis herpetiformis objectively mark a state of immune reactivity to wheat protein and may be involved in the genesis of the cutaneous IgA immune deposits and the skin disease.
Centrifugal instability of the jovian magnetosphere and its interaction with the solar wind

The outer regions (r greater than 2.3 Jupiter radii) of the magnetosphere of Jupiter will systematically accumulate plasma. If sufficient plasma accumulates, the field lines must open to allow the plasma to escape. Available energy sources appear able to supply plasma at a high enough rate to keep the field lines constantly open beyond about 60 Jupiter radii. It is suggested that the solar wind interaction with Jupiter may be essentially different from that with the earth, with the Jovian magnetosphere opening up to form a planetary wind.
Using graphic turing tests to counter automated DDoS attacks against web servers

We present WebSOS, a novel overlay-based architecture that provides guaranteed access to a web server that is targeted by a denial of service (DoS) attack. Our approach exploits two key characteristics of the web environment: its design around a human-centric interface, and the extensibility inherent in many browsers through downloadable "applets." We guarantee access to a web server for a large number of previously unknown users, without requiring pre-existing trust relationships between users and the system.Our prototype requires no modifications to either servers or browsers, and makes use of graphical Turing tests, web proxies, and client authentication using the SSL/TLS protocol, all readily supported by modern browsers. We use the WebSOS prototype to conduct a performance evaluation over the Internet using PlanetLab, a testbed for experimentation with network overlays. We determine the end-to-end latency using both a Chord-based approach and our shortcut extension. Our evaluation shows the latency increase by a factor of 7 and 2 respectively, confirming our simulation results.
On the nature of the granules of the genus spirillum

Chemical analyses of centrifugal fractions of cell-free extracts of three spirilla and Sacch. cerevisiae showed that the granular inclusions accumulated by these organisms do not contain significant amounts (if any) of polyphosphates. Further, no trichloroacetic acid extractable-barium precipitable polyphosphates could be isolated from the spirilla. Thus, the granules of spirilla, heretofore called volutin, are not identifiable with polyphosphates. The phase opaque bodies present in members of this genus are composed primarily of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate. It is recommended that the term volutin no longer be used to describe granules showing a metachromatic reaction.
Epidemiologic Studies of Caries-Free and Caries-Active Students: II. Diet, Dental Plaque, and Oral Hygiene

Diet, extent of dental plaque, and oral hygiene scores for caries-free and caries-active students were significantly different. Results of this study suggest that these three parameters are contributing supplementary factors to the development of dental caries in the caries-active group. An experimental dietary questionnaire method used in this study may be used by dentists to identify children with a caries-conducive diet and to prescribe treatment accordingly.
Small RNAs and the regulation of cis-natural antisense transcripts in Arabidopsis

In spite of large intergenic spaces in plant and animal genomes, 7% to 30% of genes in the genomes encode overlapping cis-natural antisense transcripts (cis-NATs). The widespread occurrence of cis-NATs suggests an evolutionary advantage for this type of genomic arrangement. Experimental evidence for the regulation of two cis-NAT gene pairs by natural antisense transcripts-generated small interfering RNAs (nat-siRNAs) via the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway has been reported in Arabidopsis. However, the extent of siRNA-mediated regulation of cis-NAT genes is still unclear in any genome.
Sleep-disordered breathing as a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of disease-related death in most developed countries. Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), including both obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and central sleep apnea (CSA), are increasing in overall prevalence and are often found in patients with established CVD. This review article will first discuss the most current medical literature regarding the clinical correlation between OSA and major CVDs, including systemic hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, coronary artery disease, pulmonary hypertension, and stoke, as well as the current evidence of the impact of treatment of OSA on these conditions. Second, a focus on the correlation between sleep-disordered breathing and heart failure (HF) will be addressed, including existing evidence regarding the potential benefits of treatment of SDB on HF outcomes. Finally, we will address practical approaches to help guide clinical decision-making, in terms of which patients with CVD should be considered for treatment of co-existing SDB.