cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High power Yb-Doped Fiber Laser-Based LIDAR For Space Weather

ABSTRACT Space weather, the study of the Earths upper atmosphere and forecasting its response due to solar events,depends on knowledge of the state parameters of the neutral and ionized upper atmosphere. In this work, wepresent a ground-based diode-seeded, high-power, narrow-linewidth Yb-ber amplier-based lidar operating at1083 nm for measuring temperature and density of the neutral atmosphere from 300-1000 km. The current stateof the lidar system will be addressed, as well as ongoing work to increase 1) signal to noise ratio through powerscaling and 2) spatial resolution and wind measurement capability via pulsed operation.Keywords: Narrow linewidth Yb-ber ampliers, SBS suppression, lidar, remote sensing 1. INTRODUCTION Light detection and ranging (lidar) systems make range resolved measurements of atmospheric properties suchas density, temperature, and winds daily around the globe. Due to the paucity of atoms above 100 km, therealization of ground based lidar measurements of the upper atmosphere has been dicult. However this regionof the atmosphere is important, both for the scientic study of upper/lower atmosphere coupling related to spaceweather and the practical study of the low earth orbit environment.Using a naturally occurring metastable state of helium (He), the upper neutral atmosphere from 300-1000km can be actively probed with a resonance uorescence Doppler wind/temperature lidar operating near 1083nm. This idea was rst put forth by Gerrard et. al. in 1997.
Politics, Ethics, and Therapy for Homosexuality

Imagine for a moment that you are an anxious person and that being anxious is against the law. You must try to hide your fears from others. Your own home may be a safe place to feel anxious, but a public display of apprehension can lead to arrest or at least to social ostracism. At work one day an associate looks at you suspiciously and says, "That's funny. For a crazy moment there I thought you were anxious." "Heck no," you exclaim a bit too loudly, "not me!" You begin to wonder if your fellow worker will report his suspicions to your boss. If he does, your boss may inform the police, or will at least change your job to one that requires less contact with customers, especially with those who have children. There are many parallels between the way an anxious person is treated in this seemingly improbable fantasy and the current plight of homosexuals. In the United States alone it is estimated that at least four million people are predominantly homosexual. If each such individual has an average of two contacts per week, nearly a quarter of a billion homosexual acts are engaged in each year in this country. Millions of other people who are bisexual are involved in homosexual activity from time to time (Gebhard, 1972). Sexual attraction among members of the same sex has been amply documented throughout recorded history in many different cultures. In many societies homosexual practices have been suppressed by harsh laws; indeed, in most states of contemporary America laws exist by which homosexuals can be arrested and imprisoned, although not all
Plane-Wave Impulse Response of a Debye Half Space

This report describes the computation of the time-domain reflection coefficient for a transient plane wave incident on a planar interface between free space and a Debye medium. Both the TE and TM polarization cases are considered. The reflection coefficients are written in a simple, compact form and involve a single convolution between exponential and Bessel functions. The use of the expressions in the characterization of Debye materials is explored.
Students' Communication Traits and Their Out-of-Class Communication with Their Instructors

Visits during office hours, conversations before or after class, and informal meetings on campus are regarded as out-of-class communication (OCC). This study looked at the relationship between students' communication traits and their OCC with their instructors. Students completed measures of their own communication apprehension, Talkaholicism, assertiveness, responsiveness, and flexibility, as well as their overall OCC with their instructors. Results showed that students' OCC was positively related to their cognitive flexibility and negatively related to their communication apprehension.
Zen and the brain: mutually illuminating topics.

Zen Buddhist meditative practices emphasize the long-term, mindful training of attention and awareness during one’s ordinary daily-life activities, the shedding of egocentric behaviors, and the skillful application of one’s innate compassionate resources of insight-wisdom toward others and oneself. This review focuses on how such a comprehensive approach to training the brain could relate to a distinctive flavor of Zen: its emphasis on direct experience, with special reference to those major acute states of awakening that create deep transformations of consciousness and behavior. In Japanese, these advanced states are called kensho and satori. Ten key concepts are reviewed. They begin by distinguishing between the concentrative and receptive forms of meditation, noticing the complementary ways that they each train our normal ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ modes of attentive processing. Additional concepts distinguish between our two major processing pathways. The self-centered, egocentric frame of reference processes information in relation to our body (our soma) or to our mental functions (our psyche). The other-centered frame of reference processes information anonymously. Its prefix, allo- simply means ‘other’ in Greek. Subsequent concepts consider how these useful Greek words --- ego/allo, soma/psyche --- correlate with the normal functional anatomy of important thalamo↔cortical connections. A plausible model then envisions how a triggering stimulus that captures attention could prompt the reticular nucleus to release GABA; how its selective inhibition of the dorsal thalamus could then block both our higher somatic and psychic cortical functions; so as to: a) delete the maladaptive aspects of selfhood, while also b) releasing the direct, all-inclusive, globally-unified experience of other. Two final concepts consider how the long-term meditative training of intuitive functions relates to certain kinds of word-free spatial tasks that involve insightf
Framework mineralogy and chemical composition of continental margin-type sandstone

Compositional data for modern deep-sea sand and ancient graywacke were used by Crook to postulate that Atlantic, Andean, and western Pacific continental margin types could be distinguished on the basis of unique composition—a progressive decrease in framework quartz, total SiO 2 , and K 2 O/Na 2 O ratio. A consideration of the major source areas generated by plate tectonics mechanisms suggests that the premise is valid and can be expanded to include sandstone varieties other than gray-wacke, but more data on modern sand are needed to refine the concept. The potential usefulness of such contrasts in sandstone mineralogy and chemistry is demonstrated by comparing the composition of several ancient sandstone units (mainly from the Appalachian-Caledonian belt) for which plate tectonics basin models have been proposed.
The chloroplast genome arrangement of Lobelia thuliniana ( Lobeliaceae ): Expansion of the inverted repeat in an ancestor of the Campanulales

A clone-bank ofSac I restriction fragments was constructed from the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) ofLobelia thuliniana E. B. Knox (Lobeliaceae). These cloned fragments and a set of 106 clones spanning the tobacco chloroplast genome were used as probes to determine the cpDNA restriction fragment arrangement forSac I and six other restriction enzymes (BamH I,EcoR V,Hind III,Nci I,Pst I, andXho I) and the chloroplast genome arrangement ofL. thuliniana relative to tobacco, which has been fully sequenced and is collinear with the hypothesized ancestral genome arrangement of angiosperms. The results confirm and refine our previous understanding of the chloroplast genome arrangement in the large single-copy region (LSC) and reveal (1) a roughly 11 kilobase (kb) expansion of the inverted repeat (IR) into the small single-copy region (SSC) and (2) apparent sequence divergence of the DNA segment inL. thuliniana that corresponds to ORF1901 in tobacco. The expansion of the IR into the SSC is present in all other examined members ofLobeliaceae, Cyphiaceae, andCampanulaceae, which indicates that the IR expansion was an early event in the cpDNA evolution of theCampanulales. The IR expansion into the SSC was not present inSphenoclea, which additionally supports exclusion of this genus from theCampanulaceae.
Isolation and characterization of Chinese hamster ribosomal DNA clones.

Abstract We have examined the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes of the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line. A partial EcoR1 library of genomic CHO DNA was prepared using λCharon-4A. We isolated two recombinants containing the region transcribed as 45S pre-rRNA and 13 kb of external spacer flanking 5' and 3' to the transcribed region. These sequences show restriction site homology with the vast majority of the genomic sequences complementary to rRNA. In addition to this form of rDNA, Southern blot analysis of EcoRI-cut CHO genomic DNA reveals numerous minor fragments ranging from 2 to 19 kb which are complementary to 18S rRNA. We isolated one clone which contains the 18S rRNA gene and sequences 5' which appear to contain length heterogeneity within the non-transcribed spacer region. We have nine additional cloned EcoRI fragments in which the homology with 18S rRNA is limited to a 0.9-kb EcoRI-HindIII fragment. This EcoRI-HindIII fragment is present in each of the cloned EcoRI fragments, and is flanked on both sides by apparently nonribosomal sequences which bear little restriction site homology with each other or the major cloned rDNA repeat.
Role of Upper Endoscopy in Evaluation of Upper Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients Undergoing Bone Marrow Transplantation

We reviewed our upper endoscopy (esophagogastroduodenoscopy, EGD) experience in a group of 65 consecutive patients receiving carmustine (BCNU) 600 mg/m2, cisplatin 200 mg/m2, VP-16 2400 mg/m2, and autologous bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or Hodgkin's disease. Forty-one patients (33 with chest irradiation) underwent 48 EGDs for the following symptoms: upper gastrointestinal bleeding (melena and/or hematemesis) (12/48); persistent nausea and vomiting (7/48); odynophagia (25/48); and dysphagia (14/48). All patients who had dysphagia or odynophagia had endoscopic evidence of severe esophagitis, with confluent erosions or ulcerations. Gastrointestinal bleeding, which presented as melena or hematemesis, was caused by severe esophagitis in 11 of 12 patients. Yeasts were detected in 11/42 histological, or cytological specimens and were isolated in 4/26 cultures. No bleeding or infectious complications occurred in any patient as a result of the EGD procedure. W...
A technology path to distributed remote sensing

Abstract The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) has been engaged for over 40 years in Earth science missions spanning geodesy to atmospheric science. In parallel, APL's Advanced Technology Program is supporting research in autonomy, scalable architectures, miniaturization, and instrument innovation. These are key technologies for the development of affordable observation programs that could benefit from distributed remote sensing. This paper brings these applications and technology themes together in the form of an innovative, three-satellite remote sensing scenario. This pathfinding mission fills an important scientific niche, and relies on state-of-the-art small-satellite technology.
Effect of aspirin, other NSAIDs, and statins on PSA and PSA velocity

BACKGROUND Aspirin, other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and statins have been associated with lower risk of prostate cancer and its progression, though results have been inconsistent.
Lack of cytomegalovirus infection after pancreatic islet transplantation

Abstract Background. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in the immunosuppressed transplant recipient is a cause of significant morbidity. With ganciclovir prophylaxis, the overall incidence of CMV after simultaneous kidney-whole pancreas transplantation remains as high as 40%, while CMV infection has never been reported following pancreatic islet transplantation (PIT) alone (i.e., without kidney transplantation). We designed the following study to objectively quantify the rate of transmission of CMV after clinical PIT. Methods. The 26 pancreatic islet grafts used at our institution since 1/2001 and the corresponding 11 PIT recipients were studied. The CMV serology of all organ donors was tested using a latex agglutination assay for anti-CMV antibody (CMV Scan™, Becton Dickinson®, Cockeysville, MD), a test capable of detecting one CMV-infected cell per 50,000 cells. Following PIT, recipients were closely monitored for clinical symptoms consistent with CMV infection. All patients were tested monthly for the presence of CMV antigenemia using immunofluorescent monoclonal antibodies for the CMV pp65 antigen (Light Diagnostics™, Chemicon®, Temecula, CA). All patients received valganciclovir 450 mg PO BID for 3 months following each PIT. Immunosuppression consisted of daclizumab, sirolimus, and tacrolimus. Results. Eight of the PIT recipients (72%) were CMV seronegative prior to PIT (R−). Eighteen of the 26 pancreatic islet grafts (69%) were from CMV+ donors (D+), and the remaining eight (31%) were from CMV− donors (D−). A single R− recipient received only D− pancreatic islets, while the remaining seven received at least one D+ pancreatic islets graft. In all there were 6 D+R+, 3 D−R+, 12 D+R−, and 5 D−R− PITs. No patient developed symptoms consistent with CMV infection at any time following PIT. Monthly routine blood testing of all recipients has revealed no detectable CMV antigenemia in any patient. Conclusion. In our series neither CMV transmission nor CMV infection was seen after PIT. The risk of CMV transmission is lower after PIT than the risk after simultaneous kidney--pancreas transplantation.
1823 CERULOPLASMIN (CER) LEVELS IN PREMATURES AT RISK FOR BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA (BPD)

Oxidant injury during ventilation therapy in prematures with RDS has been postulated as a possible cause of BPD. Antioxi-dants, such as ceruloplasmin (CER), may provide protection against the occurrence of BPD. CER serum levels have been correlated with the degree of severity of RDS and are capable of scavenging superoxide radicals in vitro. We have evaluated the potential role of serum ceruloplasmin levels in predicting the subsequent development of BPD in 30 prematures with RDS who required ventilator therapy. CER was not significantly lower in those patients who developed BPD when compared to those who did not. Although patients who developed BPD had lower birth weights (p<0.005), lower gestational age (p<0.03) and had more severe RDS (p<0.03), there were no significant differences in CER levels. In both groups CER levels ranged from 33–50% of pooled adult plasma. One way analysis of variance did not demonstrate that the CER levels were a significant predictor for the development of BPD.
Pattern Recognition With A Spiral Sampling Technique

This paper examines the pattern recognition potential of spiral sampling applied on gray - scale, noisy images. Image pixels are rearranged into a one dimensional sequence by selecting samples in a spiral manner starting from the edge of the image and proceeding toward the center. The properties of this sample sequence are examined by Fourier transform analysis, using images from a number of groups, with varying contrast, orientation and size. The classification ability of features extracted from spiral sequences and their accuracy are investigated.
Hyperpolarizabilities measured for interacting molecular pairs

Abstract Hyperpolarizability ratios for molecules have been measured with 0.1% accuracy, at λ = 514. 5 nm, in the gas phase as a function of density. These measurements yield γ(H 2 )/γ(he) = 19.55 ± 0.03, γ(Ar)/γ(H 2 ) = 1.668 ± 0.002 and γ(N 2 )/γ(H 2 ) = 1.283 ± 0.001 in the zero density limit. Pair interaction contributions, determined from the density dependence of γ, are larger than predicted assuming classical multipolar interactions, and the opposite sign. Extrapolated to liquid density, the pair interaction contributions to γ are about as large as the isolated molecule contributions to γ for Ar and N 2 .
Data flow frequency analysis

Conventional dataflow analysis computes information about what facts may or will not hold during the execution of a program. Sometimes it is useful, for program optimization, to know how often or with what probability a fact holds true during program execution. In this paper, we provide a precise formulation of this problem for a large class of dataflow problems --- the class of finite bi-distributive subset problems. We show how it can be reduced to a generalization of the standard dataflow analysis problem, one that requires a sum-over-all-paths quantity instead of the usual meet-overall-paths quantity. We show that Kildall's result expressing the meet-over-all-paths value as a maximal-fixed-point carries over to the generalized setting. We then outline ways to adapt the standard dataflow analysis algorithms to solve this generalized problem, both in the intraprocedural and the interprocedural case.
The Columbia Guide to Modern Japanese History

I: Historical Narrative1. Preserving Autonomy, 1850--18892. Integrating the Nation, 1890--19313. Fighting for Development, 1932--19734. Adapting to Affluence, 1974--PresentII: Topical Compendium1. Japan2. Emperors3. Political Leaders4. Military Leaders5. Business Leaders6. Business Associations, Enterprises, and Firms7. Bureaucracy8. State-Guided Organizations9. Political Parties10. Opposition Movements11. Education12. Male Writers13. Female WritersIII: Resource Guide1. Printed Resources2. Visual Resources3. Electronic Resources
An Upper Limit to the Age of the Galactic Bar

Using data from the Two Micron All Sky Survey, we identify a population of infrared carbon stars with J-KS ≥ 2 in the Milky Way. These stars are shown to trace the stellar bar previously identified in IR and optical surveys. The properties of C stars strongly suggest that they are of intermediate age. We conclude that the bar is likely to have formed more recently than 3 Gyr ago and must be younger than 6 Gyr. Implications and further tests of this conclusion are briefly discussed.
CLINICAL STUDIES WITH RECOMBINANT-DNA-DERIVED METHIONYL HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE IN GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENT CHILDREN

Thirty-six children with growth hormone deficiency were treated for up to 48 months with methionyl human growth hormone (hGH) synthesised by DNA recombinant methods. The growth rate for these children increased from 3.2 +/- 1.1 cm/yr to 10.5 +/- 2.2 cm/yr (mean +/- SD). This was similar to the effect of pituitary hGH in ten GH deficient children, 3.8 +/- 1.0 to 10.1 +/- 1.1 cm/yr. Serum somatomedin C rose from 0.26 +/- 0.23 U/ml to 0.79 +/- 0.53 U/ml after 6 months of methionyl-hGH therapy, similar to the effect of pituitary hGH. The incidence of antibody formation to methionyl-hGH was higher than that observed with pituitary hGH (Kabi) but poor growth was observed only in the one patient on methionyl-hGH who acquired high-titre high-binding-capacity antibodies to hGH. No consistent changes in levels of antibodies to Escherichia coli proteins were detected. No other allergic manifestations or systemic side-effects were demonstrable.
Characterization of a Family of Chlorophyll-Deficient Wheat (Triticum) and Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Mutants with Defects in the Magnesium-Insertion Step of Chlorophyll Biosynthesis

During thylakoid membrane biogenesis, chlorophyll (Chl) biosynthesis and the accumulation of Chl-binding proteins are tightly linked, light-regulated processes. We have investigated the consequences faced by mutant plants with defects in Chl biosynthesis by studying a series of five homeologous allelic chlorina mutants in wheat (Triticum) and one phenotypically related barley (Hordeum vulgare) mutant that express the same pleiotropic mutant phenotype but to different extents. These mutants accumulate Chl at different rates, with the most severely affected plants having the slowest rate of Chl accumulation. Analysis of precursor pools in the Chl synthesis pathway indicates they have a partial block in Chl synthesis and accumulate protoporphyrin IX (Proto), the last porphyrin compound common to both heme and Chl synthesis. The affected plants with the most severe phenotypes accumulate the most Proto. Chloroplasts isolated from these mutants exhibit a lower activity of the enzyme Mg-chelatase, which catalyzes the first committed step in Chl synthesis. The most severely affected plants exhibit the greatest reduction in Mg-chelatase activity. Heme levels and protoporphyrinogen oxidase activity were the same for mutant and wild-type plants. We suggest that a block in Mg-chelatase activity in these mutants could account for the other traits of their pleiotropic phenotype previously described in the literature.
The First Fifty Years in Research

It has been an honor for me to write the prefatory article for Volume 4 of the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease. I decided to describe the first 50 years of my career in research, which started with my entry into medical school. I have tried to outline the numerous scientific mentors who played such an important role in my development as an independent scientific investigator. In general, I have tried to avoid mention in the text of the many, many colleagues who carried out the scientific work, as I would inevitably fail to cite many of them. Rather, I have cited what I think are my most important publications, which identify many of these scientific colleagues. I am now engaged nearly full-time in research and look forward to the next period of research progress.
A 3-D model of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the Central and Western US by joint inversion of receiver functions and surface wave dispersion

[1] Rayleigh wave phase velocity maps from ambient noise and earthquake data are inverted jointly with receiver functions observed at 828 stations from the USArray Transportable Array west of 100°W longitude for data recorded in the years 2005 through 2010 to produce a 3-D model of shear wave speeds beneath the central and Western US to a depth of 150 km. Eikonal tomography is applied to ambient noise data to produce about 300,000 Rayleigh wave phase speed curves, and Helmholtz tomography is applied to data following 1550 (Ms > 5.0) earthquakes so that Rayleigh wave dispersion maps are constructed from 8 to 80 s period with associated uncertainties across the region. Harmonic stripping generates back-azimuth independent receiver functions with uncertainty estimates for each of the stations. A nonlinear Bayesian Monte Carlo method is used to estimate a distribution of shear wave speed (Vs) models beneath each station by jointly interpreting surface wave dispersion and receiver functions and their uncertainties. The assimilation of receiver functions improves the vertical resolution of the model by reducing the range of estimated Moho depths, improving the determination of the shear velocity jump across Moho, and improving the resolution of the depth of anomalies in the uppermost mantle. A great variety of geological and tectonic features are revealed in the 3-D model that form the basis for future detailed local to regional scale analysis and interpretation.
Timing of adenosine 2A receptor stimulation relative to reperfusion has differential effects on infarct size and cardiac function as assessed in mice by MRI.

The activation of adenosine 2A receptors before reperfusion following coronary artery occlusion reduces infarct size and improves ejection fraction (EF). In this study, we examined the effects of d...
Geologic Applications of Seismic Scattering

▪ Abstract Once disregarded as noise, scattered seismic waves are finding increasing application in subsurface imaging. This sea change is driven by the increasing density and quality of seismic recordings and advances in waveform modeling which, together, are allowing seismologists to exploit their unique properties. In addition to extensive application in the energy exploration industry, seismic scattering is now used to characterize heterogeneity in the lower continental crust and subcrustal lithosphere, to examine the relationship between crustal structure and seismogenesis, and to probe the plumbing of active volcanoes. In each application, the study of seismic scattering brings wavelength-scale structure into sharper focus and characterizes the short scale-length fabric of geology.
Depth of the ash flow deposit in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Katmai National Park, Alaska

In anticipation of a drill hole, seismic refraction and gravity profiles acquired more than 20 years ago have been reinterpreted in light of new density data to determine the thickness of the ash flow deposit in the Valley of the Thousand Smokes (VTTS). The data show the ash flow is at least 170m thick and most likely welded in its lower portion. Its average density is ∼1800 kg m−3. Seismic velocities range from 0.6 to 1 km/sec for the deposit's unwelded 30-to-50m-thick top section and 1.8 to 2.5 km/sec for the lower welded section. The data confirm the first realistic estimate of the volume of the ash flow of about 11 km³ by Curtis (1968), based on a geomorphic analysis of stream profiles.
Probability Delegation Forwarding in Delay Tolerant Networks

Delay tolerant networks are a type of wireless mobile networks that do not guarantee the existence of a path between a source and a destination at any time. In such a network, one of the critical issues is to reliably deliver data with a low latency. Naive forwarding approaches, such as flooding and its derivatives, make the routing cost (here defined as the number of copies duplicated for a message) very high. Many efforts have been made to reduce the cost while maintaining performance. Recently, an approach called delegation forwarding (DF) caught significant attention in the research community because of its simplicity and good performance. In a network with N nodes, it reduces the cost to O( √ N) which is better than O(N) in other methods. In this paper, we extend the DF algorithm by putting forward a new scheme called probability delegation forwarding (PDF) that can further reduce the cost to O(N 2+2p), p ∈ (0, 1). Simulation results show that PDF can achieve similar delivery ratio, which is the most important metric in DTNs, as the DF scheme at a lower cost if p is not too small. In addition, we propose the threshold probability delegation forwarding (TPDF) scheme to close the latency gap between the DF and PDF schemes.
Prandtl number dependence of Nusselt number in direct numerical simulations

The dependence of the Nusselt number Nu on the Rayleigh Ra and Prandtl Pr number is determined for 10 4 < Ra < 10 7 and 0.07 < Pr < 7 using DNS with no-slip upper and lower boundaries and free-slip sidewalls in a 8 x 8 x 2 box. Nusselt numbers, velocity scales and boundary layer thicknesses are calculated. For Nu there are good comparisons with experimental data and scaling laws for all the cases, including Ra 2/7 laws at Pr = 0.7 and Pr = 7 and at low Pr, a Ra 1/4 regime. Calculations at Pr = 0.3 predict a new Nu ∼ Ra 2/7 regime at slightly higher Ra than the Pr = 0.07 calculations reported here and the mercury Pr = 0.025 experiments
Inhibition of tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium current in dorsal root ganglia neurons mediated by D1/D5 dopamine receptors

Dopaminergic fibers originating from area A11 of the hypothalamus project to different levels of the spinal cord and represent the major source of dopamine. In addition, tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of catecholamines, is expressed in 8-10% of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons, suggesting that dopamine may be released in the dorsal root ganglia. Dopamine has been shown to modulate calcium current in DRG neurons, but the effects of dopamine on sodium current and on the firing properties of small DRG neurons are poorly understood. The effects of dopamine and dopamine receptor agonists were tested on the tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) sodium current recorded from acutely dissociated small (diameter ≤ 25 μm) DRG neurons. Dopamine (20 μM) and SKF 81297 (10 μM) caused inhibition of TTX-R sodium current in small DRG neurons by 23% and 37%, respectively. In contrast, quinpirole (20 μM) had no effects on the TTX-R sodium current. Inhibition by SKF 81297 of the TTX-R sodium current was not affected when the protein kinase A (PKA) activity was blocked with the PKA inhibitory peptide (6–22), but was greatly reduced when the protein kinase C (PKC) activity was blocked with the PKC inhibitory peptide (19–36), suggesting that activation of D1/D5 dopamine receptors is linked to PKC activity. Expression of D1and D5 dopamine receptors in small DRG neurons, but not D2 dopamine receptors, was confirmed by Western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis. In current clamp experiments, the number of action potentials elicited in small DRG neurons by current injection was reduced by ~ 30% by SKF 81297. We conclude that activation of D1/D5 dopamine receptors inhibits TTX-R sodium current in unmyelinated nociceptive neurons and dampens their intrinsic excitability by reducing the number of action potentials in response to stimulus. Increasing or decreasing levels of dopamine in the dorsal root ganglia may serve to adjust the sensitivity of nociceptors to noxious stimuli.
Relationships of personality traits and stress to gingival status or soft-tissue oral pathology: an exploratory study

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of personality traits and stress with gingival inflammation and with soft-tissue oral pathology. METHODS Personality traits of psychoticism (P), extroversion and introversion (E), and neuroticism (N) were measured with Eysenck's personality questionnaire (EPQ). Stress was measured with a modified organizational and individual assessment survey (OIAS) developed by Hendrix. Military recruits from Ft. Leonard Wood, Missouri, were examined for soft-tissue oral pathology and gingival status at weeks one (n = 241) and six (n = 61) of basic combat training (BCT). The EPQ and OIAS were administered to 217 recruits during week six of BCT. A discriminant analysis was used to determine correlations among study variables. RESULTS Significant correlations (P < .05) were found between personality traits and various measures of tolerance of stress. Little variance was found between groups originally presenting with or without disease. Only physical stress (P < .005) was shown to affect soft-tissue pathology, while gingival inflammation correlated significantly to E scores (P < .02), tolerance to change (P < .02), and anxiety (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Data support a possible relationship among certain personality traits, stress variables, and gingival inflammation or soft-tissue pathology in recruits with extreme personality characteristics or perception of high physical stress levels in basic combat training.
Side Effects of 58 Years of Copper Sulfate Treatment of the Fairmont Lakes, Minnesota

The shallow Fairmont Lakes in Southern Minnesota have been treated with copper sulfate for 58 years to reduce excessive algal growth. Copper sulfate was applied to five lakes at cumulative rates up to 1647 kg/ha (1470 lb/acre), totaling 1.5 million kilograms. Data collected since treatment of the Fairmont Lakes began in 1921 provide alarming insights into lake responses to sustained chemical treatment with copper sulfate. Short-term and long-term effects have occurred. Short-term effects include: a) the intended temporary killing of algae, b) dissolved oxygen depletion by decomposition of dead algae, c) accelerated phosphorus recycling from the lake bed and recovery of the agal population within 7 to 21 days, and d) occasional fish kills due to oxygen depletion or copper toxicity or both. Long-term effects are shown to include: a) copper accumulation in the sediments, b) tolerance adjustments of certain species of algae to higher copper sulfate dosages, c) shift of species from green to blue-green algae and from game fish to rough fish, d) disappearance of macrophytes, and e) reductions in benthic macroinvertebrates. The conclusion is that while copper sulfate treatments enjoy great popularity because they kill and remove algae almost instantaneously, other immediate or cumulative side effects canmore » be harmful to many other aquatic organisms.« less
Effective data conversion algorithm for real-time vision based human computer interface

Human computer interfaces (HCI) for assisting persons with disabilities may employ eye gazing as the primary computer input mechanism. These systems rely on the use of remote eye-gaze tracking (EGT) devices to compute the direction of gaze and employ it to control the mouse cursor. Regrettably, the performance of these interfaces is traditionally affected by inaccuracies inherited from the eye tracking devices and ineffective EGT to mouse-pointer data conversion mechanisms. This study addresses this problem and proposes a new optimized data conversion mechanism. It analyzes in more details the correlation between the two data types resulting in a considerable increment in the accuracy of the system. This improved data conversion interface integrates the following procedures: (a) map the correlation between the EGT data and the mouse cursor position, (b) apply a curve fitting method that best suits the behavior of the data, (c) interpret the direction of gaze in order to determine the appropriate mouse cursor response, and (d) use effective means to monitor and evaluate the system performance.
Experimental study of hydraulic fracturing in an impermeable material

A laboratory experiment was conducted to study hydraulic fracturing in an impermeable material. Quantitative experimental data were obtained to compare with numeric predictions for a simple hydraulic fracture treatment that is not complicated by the effects of fluid leak-off and proppant transport. The borehole pressure, the pressure in the fracture at 3 locations, the fracture width at one location, and the fracture length were measured as functions of time during propagation of a vertically contained hydraulic fracture. The experimental data are compared with the predictions of simple solutions and the results indicate that when the finite width of the laboratory model is included in the analysis, the comparison between theory and experiment is quite good. The results indicate that the assumption of a uniform pressure distribution in the fracture is adequate to accurately predict the critical parameters (fracture width and length) even when the fracturing fluid is very viscous. 16 references.
Effects of manufacturing errors on the magnetic performance of the SCC dipole magnets

The authors summarize the work performed to evaluate the effects of manufacturing errors on the field quality of the Superconducting Super Collider dipole magnets. The multiple sensitivities to the conductor displacements were computed. There are two types of magnetic field multipole specifications: systematic (average over the entire ring) and RMS (standard deviation of the multipole distribution). The RMS multipoles induced by random variations in the magnet cross section were predicted using VSA software and the current design tolerances. In addition, the effects of variations in the beam tube, yoke and cryostat dimensions were also analyzed. >
Landscape Analysis of Bobcat Habitat in the Northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan

Controversy over bobcat (Lynx rufus) management in the northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan (NLP), USA, stimulated a need for information on the distribution of Michigan bobcats. From March 2003 to October 2004, we conducted a radiotelemetry and scent-station survey study of bobcats in the NLP. We developed a spatial model to predict bobcat distribution throughout the NLP based on bobcat area requirements, habitat and landscape variables derived from remotely sensed land-cover data, and a multivariate distance statistic. Bobcat 50% minimum convex polygon core areas were comprised of more lowland forest (51%), nonforested wetlands (9%), and streams (3%) than the surrounding NLP. The NLP was comprised primarily of upland forest (44%) and field (32%). Habitat in the northeast and central regions of the NLP was most similar to the habitat composition of bobcat core areas. This model will be useful in aiding Michigan wildlife management agencies with assessing the status and distribution of the NLP bobcat population by identifying areas important to bobcats and supporting the development of regional strategies for carnivore conservation.
Effect of a Cleavage-Resistant Collagen Mutation on Left Ventricular Remodeling

Matrix metalloproteinase–mediated degradation of type I collagen may play a role in cardiac remodeling after strain or injury. To explore this hypothesis, we used mice homozygous (r/r) for a targeted mutation in Col1a1; these mice synthesize collagen I that resists collagenase cleavage at Gly975-Leu976. A total of 64 r/r and 84 littermate wild-type mice (WT) underwent experimental pressure overload by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) or myocardial infarction (MI). Echocardiographic, hemodynamic, and histological parameters were evaluated up to 12 weeks after TAC or 21 days after MI. At 4 weeks after TAC, collagen levels, wall thickness, and echocardiographic parameters were similar in the 2 groups. At 12 weeks after TAC, r/r mice had smaller LV dimensions (ESD: 2.7±0.2 mm WT versus 1.7±0.2 mm r/r, P<0.013; EDD: 3.8±0.2 mm WT versus 3.1±0.1 mm r/r, P<0.013); better fractional shortening (30±2% WT versus 46±4% r/r; P<0.013); and lower LV/body weight ratios (7.3±0.6 WT and 5.1±0.5 r/r; P<0.013). Surprisi...
Rimbaud's House in Aden, Yemen: Giving Voice(s) to the Silent Poet

Arthur Rimbaud, a symbol of modernity in poetry throughout the world, lived for intermittent periods, during the years 1880-91, in Aden, Yemen, where he worked for a coffee agent supervising Hindu women workers. By the time he arrived in Aden, he had stopped writing poetry, and during his stay he wrote only letters, mainly to his mother and sister.' Rimbaud's dream of the "mythical East" turned into continuous complaints about the sizzling weather and the "savages and imbeciles," whose company, he was afraid, would make a "complete idiot" of him (Rimbaud 1948:190, 203-204). In 1981, Sacdi Yusif, an Iraqi poet and political dissident living in Aden, published a poem expressing the desire of French and Arab poets and intellectuals to erect a statue of Rimbaud in Aden, to which poets worldwide could make an "annual pilgrimage, carrying their offerings of wines and roses to lay at Rimbaud's feet." 2 The desire became a reality in 1991 with the "discovery" of Rimbaud's House, known also as the House of Poetry, and the organization of international conferences to be held annually there.3 Rimbaud's House is a two-story building, the first floor housing the French Consulate, the Cultural Center, and a library. The second floor, when ready for use, will house a research center for French scholars working on southern Yemen. Only the Cultural Center tells of Rimbaud's presence through its annual conferences on issues related to poetry. Its walls are adorned with a drawing of Rimbaud, presenting him as an innocent French youth with a big turban, a bricolage of East and West (see Figure 1). Five decorative niches, with the word Cafe inscribed next to them, were added to one wall, indicating the place where five beans of coffee were found during the restoration work. The beans were documented, and a photograph of them was later displayed in "Aden: Rimbaud's House Exhibition"
A Rectal Maneuver for Placental Delivery

Summary 1. A rectal maneuver for aseptic delivery of the placenta incarcerated in the lower birth canal is presented. 2. The maneuver consists of hooking the examining finger around the placenta and milking out the placenta by a stripping action of the anterior rectal wall. 3. This procedure is advocated only when complete uteroplacental separation has previously taken place, and when delay in placental delivery is due to one of the following: (a) tight introitus, (b) placentovaginal disproportion, (c) atony of pelvic floor, or (d) spastic cervical segment due to previous administration of ergotrate, partially retaining the placenta. 4. This method of placental removal is not advocated for routine management of the third stage. 5. Diagnostic rectal palpation in the third stage is recommended in cases of delayed placental delivery, because it is as informative as a vaginal examination without the associated risk of bacterial contamination. 6. In cases of delayed placental delivery, a rectal examination should be done to confirm the location of the placenta before attempting manual removal.
Serum Haptoglobin Types in Rheumatoid Spondylitis.

SummaryIt was found that in 45 patients with rheumatoid spondylitis, 22% had a 1–1 haptoglobin type, 47% a 2–1 and 31% a 2–2 phenotype. These results were compared with published phenotypes of a normal population and a population with peripheral rheumatoid arthritis. Differences of borderline significance were observed.
Water Rights and Cabinet Shuffles: How Claus Spreckels' Hawaiian Career Began

Many Hawaiians viewed the great irrigation project and its vigorous promoter with enthusiasm and awe. Unfortunately, not all aspects of American entrepreneurship were palatable to the Islanders.
Islamic Nationalism through the Airwaves: Taqī al-Dīn al-Hilālī's Encounter with Shortwave Radio, 1937-39

This article examines the connection between shortwave radio technology and the rise of “Islamic nationalism” through the experiences of Taqī al-Dīn al-Hilālī (1894–1987). A Moroccan exile in Nazi Germany, al-Hilālī wrote extensively about shortwave broadcasting in the Egyptian press and became one of the first Arab speakers on Radio Berlin. He left behind a body of evidence that provides a rare window into the political and religious thought of an avid radio listener turned on-air commentator. A close study of this material reveals that radio technology paved the way for al-Hilālī’s articulation of Islamic nationalism, a concept that only came of age in the 1930s. Inspired by the new medium and its capacity to reach a mass audience in real time, al-Hilālī envisioned the umma as a modern “nation” that could be mobilized to defeat colonialism. The article thus argues that radio, like print, was an agent of ideological change.
Rodriguez Revisited: Constitutional Theory and School Finance

For the 25th anniversary of San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 1 (1973), this article defends the Court's much criticized decision. Invoking Rawls's idea of "the veil of ignorance," Foley argues that persons ignorant of their own identity would reject equality of educational opportunity in favor of a principle that would permit parents and local communities to spend their own wealth to improve their own children's education -- as long as all children were guaranteed at least a minimally adequate education. Foley then relies on Ely's theory of representation-reinforcing judicial review to justify the judiciary's insistence that state legislatures comply with this minimal standard. Next, Foley explains why this minimum standard should be defined as a civics education that enables students to understand the value choices that underlie issues of public policy such as taxation and welfare reform. Finally, Foley demonstrates that providing students with this kind of civics education would not be unduly expensive: given certain assumptions, which the article details, approximately $3600 per student per year (in current dollars) for an average school district.
Nrf2 signaling increases expression of ATP-binding cassette subfamily C mRNA transcripts at the blood-brain barrier following hypoxia-reoxygenation stress.

Strategies to maintain BBB integrity in diseases with a hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) component involve preventing glutathione (GSH) loss from endothelial cells. GSH efflux transporters include multidrug resistance proteins (Mrps). Therefore, characterization of Mrp regulation at the BBB during H/R is required to advance these transporters as therapeutic targets. Our goal was to investigate, in vivo, regulation of Abcc1, Abcc2, and Abcc4 mRNA expression (i.e., genes encoding Mrp isoforms that transport GSH) by nuclear factor E2-related factor (Nrf2) using a well-established H/R model. Female Sprague–Dawley rats (200–250 g) were subjected to normoxia (Nx, 21% O2, 60 min), hypoxia (Hx, 6% O2, 60 min) or H/R (6% O2, 60 min followed by 21% O2, 10 min, 30 min, or 1 h) or were treated with the Nrf2 activator sulforaphane (25 mg/kg, i.p.) for 3 h. Abcc mRNA expression in brain microvessels was determined using quantitative real-time PCR. Nrf2 signaling activation was examined using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) respectively. Data were expressed as mean ± SD and analyzed via ANOVA followed by the post hoc Bonferroni t test. We observed increased microvascular expression of Abcc1, Abcc2, and Abcc4 mRNA following H/R treatment with reoxygenation times of 10 min, 30 min, and 1 h and in animals treated with sulforaphane. Using a biotinylated Nrf2 probe, we observed an upward band shift in brain microvessels isolated from H/R animals or animals administered sulforaphane. ChIP studies showed increased Nrf2 binding to antioxidant response elements on Abcc1, Abcc2, and Abcc4 promoters following H/R or sulforaphane treatment, suggesting a role for Nrf2 signaling in Abcc gene regulation. Our data show increased Abcc1, Abcc2, and Abcc4 mRNA expression at the BBB in response to H/R stress and that Abcc gene expression is regulated by Nrf2 signaling. Since these Mrp isoforms transport GSH, these results may point to endogenous transporters that can be targeted for BBB protection during H/R stress. Experiments are ongoing to examine functional implications of Nrf2-mediated increases in Abcc transcript expression. Such studies will determine utility of targeting Mrp isoforms for BBB protection in diseases with an H/R component.
How Formerly Incarcerated Women Confront the Limits of Caring and the Burdens of Control Amid California’s Carceral Realignment:

The largest scale effort to reduce our reliance on incarceration is currently taking place in California. Drawing on in-depth interviews with formerly incarcerated women on two different forms of c...
Bulk iron pyrite as a catalyst for the selective hydrogenation of nitroarenes

Bulk iron pyrite (FeS2) functions as an inexpensive, Earth-abundant, off-the-shelf catalyst capable of selectively hydrogenating a broad scope of substituted nitroarenes to their corresponding aniline derivatives using molecular hydrogen.
Agent Behaviors for Joining and Leaving a Flock

Each individual bird in a flock of birds updates its behavior based on the behaviors of its neighbors. Previous work has considered how a small set of algorithmically controlled influencing agents, or robot birds, can influence the flock to behave in a particular way --- such as to avoid airports or wind farms. These robot birds are assumed to be seen by the flock as ordinary birds, and hence are able to influence their neighbors. However, we are aware of no previous work that has considered the issues related to robot birds joining and leaving flocks of natural birds. Due to the influence the robot birds have on the flock as soon as members of the flock become neighbors, joining and leaving are not straightforward. In this abstract, we discuss simple approaches for robot birds to use when joining and leaving flocks of natural birds.