cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential responses to aldehyde pheromone blends in two bed bug species (Heteroptera: Cimicidae)

The behavioral responses of two bed bug species, Cimex lectularius L. and C. hemipterus (F.), to conspecific or heterospecific nymphal aldehyde blends were examined using a two-choice olfactometer. Volatile cues from exuviae or a synthetic blend containing (E)-2-hexenal, 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal, and 4-oxo-(E)-2-octenal were tested. In both species, the adults settled preferentially on the olfactometer treatment side when conspecific volatile aldehyde cues were provided. When tested with heterospecific volatile aldehyde cues, only adult C. lectularius preferentially responded to C. hemipterus volatile cues. Adult C. hemipterus was indifferent to the aldehyde blend of C. lectularius. Potential implications of the finding on bed bug biology and practical pest management are discussed.
By Any Means: A Philosophical Frame for Rulemaking Reform in Criminal Law

Equitable crime policy and equity in the process of crime policymaking stand as the two goals most important to criminal-justice reform advocates. It would be a strategic mistake, however, to consider the two of equal importance. Crime-policy reform should be considered the first-order principle of the crime-policy reform movement. Fairness in the crime-policymaking process, while key to the pursuit of democratic ideals, is best understood as a secondary consideration. Put simply, the prioritization of fair process risks stifling the crime-policy reform movement by tethering the policy ends of the movement (namely, minimalism in criminal administration) to a pre-ordained means.
Epithelioid inflammatory myofibroblastic sarcomas are not exclusive to ventral cavity sites.

Epithelioid inflammatory myofibroblastic sarcoma (EIMS) is a clinically and histologically distinct variant of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor that is characterized by an aggressive clinical course and dismal prognosis (1). Histologically, EIMS is composed of sheets of rounded or epithelioid cells with vesicular nuclei, large nucleoli, and eosinophilic to amphophilic cytoplasm, that is often set in a myxoid stroma rich in inflammatory cells. A minor spindle cell component is usually present. Most EIMS harbor RANBP2-ALK or RRBP1-ALK gene fusions and only a single putative case harboring an alternate EML4-ALK fusion has been reported (2-3). Notably, the ALK immunostaining pattern varies depending on ALK fusion partner; RANBP2-ALK is associated with nuclear membranous pattern while RRBP1-ALK shows a perinuclear accentuated cytoplasmic pattern. EIMS typically affects male patients and shows a striking predilection for the abdominal cavity. Exceptionally rare cases have been reported in the thoracic cavity (3 in lung/pleura) and pelvic cavity (1 in ovary) (4-7). To our knowledge, EIMS has not been reported outside the ventral cavity.
Asymmetric Information in Wage Negotiations: Hockey's Natural Experiment

This research develops a model of wage negotiation and tests several implications for wages when information asymmetries that favor employers are reduced. The model predicts that given sufficient time to adjust: 1) wages, and labor’s share of the distribution of earnings, will increase; 2) labor’s job performance will become a more important determinant of wages; and 3) the personalities of wage negotiators will become less important. The empirical setting is professional hockey. Beginning in 1989 the National Hockey League Players’ Association began annually to reveal the salaries of all its members. Over the next five seasons as contracts were renegotiated wages rose precipitously. Over the same period the role of player performance in determining wages gained importance while the identity of the team with which they negotiated lost all significance.
Recent population characteristics and growth in the USSR.

Data from the preliminary results of the 1989 census and Naseleniye SSSR 1987 permit analyses of age-sex structures of the Soviet population and distributions by civil divisions of natural growth rates, total population growth, urban growth, rural growth, percent urbanization, and growths of cities. The paper complements the treatment of census results by macroregions appearing in the November 1989 issue of Soviet Geography (Rowland, 1989) by summarizing trends emerging at a finer scale of analysis and providing recent background information on demographic components of population change.
Structure-activity relationships for amino acid transmitter candidates acting at N-methyl-D-aspartate and quisqualate receptors

Dose-response curves for activation of excitatory amino acid receptors on mouse embryonic hippocampal neurons in culture were recorded for 15 excitatory amino acids, including the L-isomers of glutamate, aspartate, and a family of endogenous sulfur amino acids. In the presence of 3 microM glycine, with no extracellular Mg, micromolar concentrations of 11 of these amino acids produced selective activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. L-Glutamate was the most potent NMDA agonist (EC50 2.3 microM) and quinolinic acid the least potent (EC50 2.3 mM). Dose-response curves were well fit by the logistic equation, or by a model with 2 independent agonist binding sites. The mean limiting slope of log-log plots of NMDA receptor current versus agonist concentration (1.93) suggests that a 2-site model is appropriate. There was excellent correlation between agonist EC50S determined in voltage clamp experiments and KdS determined for NMDA receptor binding (Olverman et al., 1988). With no added glycine, and 1 mM extracellular Mg, responses to NMDA were completely blocked; responses to kainate and quisqualate were unchanged. Under these conditions, glutamate and the sulfur amino acids activated a rapidly desensitizing response, similar to that evoked by micromolar concentrations of quisqualate and AMPA, but mM concentrations of L- aspartate, homoquinolinic acid, and quinolinic acid failed to elicit a non-NMDA receptor-mediated response. Except for L-glutamate (EC50 480 microM), the low potency of the sulfur amino acids prevented the study of complete dose-response curves for the rapidly desensitizing response at quisqualate receptors. Small-amplitude nondesensitizing quisqualate receptor responses were activated by much lower concentrations of all quisqualate receptor agonists. Full dose-response curves for the nondesensitizing response were obtained for 9 amino acids; L-glutamate was the most potent endogenous agonist (EC50 19 microM). Domoate (EC50 13 microM) and kainate (EC50 143 microM) activated large-amplitude, nondesensitizing responses.
Integrated pest management against Varroa destructor reduces colony mite levels and delays treatment threshold

SUMMARYTwo independent, long-term (17 months and 87 weeks) studies were done to appraise the effects of published integrated pest management (IPM) practices on colony varroa mite levels, length of time before onset of treatment threshold, and other measures of colony productivity. Screen hive floors tended to reduce colony mite levels (24-h sticky sheet counts), sometimes significantly. Likewise, mite-resistant queens tended to cause a numeric and sometimes significant reduction in mite levels; number of mites on sticky sheets decreased as the percentage expression of hygienic behaviour in a colony increased, and on the majority of sampling episodes the number of mites retrieved on sticky sheets was numerically lower in colonies with queens expressing suppressed mite reproduction (SMR). In six of eight cases when IPM components were found to interact they did so in a manner favourable to mite control. Time until achieving treatment threshold was significantly delayed in colonies with SMR queens (c. 72 wee...
Modes of betel leaf consumption in early India

In this article, I analyse some food practices surrounding betel in early Indian history. Betel consumption was not prescribed for everyone in Brahmanical society. Hence I examine texts referring to betel from the late pre-modern to early modern era (roughly 300–1800 ce) in order to explain proscriptions of betel in the legal discourse that discusses religious practice. The literature I consider in my analysis of betel consumption ranges from the kāmaśāstra genre, influential works of tantra, texts detailing worship, and ascetic and renunciant guides. Material cultural studies aid my exploration of betel as a socio-religious identity marker and my development of three modes of betel consumption and one mode of non-consumption.
Evaluation of Moisture Problems in Exterior Wall Assemblies

Many buildings, especially those in hot and humid climates, have problems with moisture infiltration into the exterior wall assembly. This can lead to premature deterioration of the finish materials and/or lead to poor interior air quality. In addition to water leakage, these moisture problems can take the form of mold and mildew growth, and can contribute to high humidities inside of buildings. Absorptive cladding materials such as masonry can present additional challenges because of the high moisture content that can be created due to water stored within the exterior wall assembly. The source of the moisture infiltration is difficult to identify at times, since there is often no obvious signs of water entry during rainstorms. Both water infiltration and air infiltration can deposit moisture within walls. Moisture stored within the walls will redistribute as a result of evaporation and will condense behind vapor-impermeable wall coverings and other surfaces that are below the dew point temperature of the air. The moisture problems are sometimes attributed to air infiltration while potential water leakage problems are ignored. At other times, the problems are attributed to water leakage where, in fact, air infiltration may play a factor. What is required is an understanding ofmore » all potential contributors to moisture problems so that an appropriate and complete investigation can be conducted. Only after all the conditions that are contributing to the moisture intrusion problems are identified can effective repairs be made.« less
Efficient encoding and minimum distance bounds of Reed-Solomon-type array codes

Array codes that are based on Reed-Solomon codes have been recognized to give a simple deterministic construction of binary low-density parity-check codes, which for moderate lengths and high rates achieve similar performance as randomly constructed codes. New sparse generator matrices for these quasi-cyclic codes are presented that lead to fast encoding schemes with linear complexity in the code length. From the low-density properties of these generator matrices upper bounds on the minimum Hamming distance of the codes are derived.
Identifying barriers and benefits of patient safety event reporting toward user-centered design

To learn from errors, electronic patient safety event reporting systems (e-reporting systems) have been widely adopted to collect medical incidents from the frontline practitioners in US hospitals. However, two issues of underreporting and low-quality of reports pervade and thus the system effectiveness remains dubious. This study employing semi-structured interviews of health professionals in the Texas Medical Center investigated the perceived benefits and barriers from users who have used e-reporting systems. As a result, the perceived benefits include the enhanced convenience in data processing and the assistant functions leading to patient safety enhancement. The perceived barriers to the acceptance and quality use of the system include the lack of instructions, lack of reporter-friendly classifications, lack of time, and lack of feedback. The identified benefits and barriers help design a user-centered e-reporting system where learning and assistant features are discussed during the interviews. As a response, the learning and assistant features aiming at enhancing benefits and removing barriers of e-reporting systems should be included for facilitating the acceptance and effective use of the systems.
Semiclassical analysis of long-wavelength multiphoton processes: The Rydberg atom

We study the problem of multiphoton processes for intense, long-wavelength irradiation of atomic and molecular electrons. An exact, nonperturbative approach is applied to the standard vector potential coupling Hamiltonian for a three-dimensional hydrogenlike atom in a microwave field treated semiclassically. Multiphoton probability exchange is calculated in both the velocity and the length gauges, by applying the Goeppert-Mayer gauge transformation. The expansion of the time-dependent solution in terms of Floquet states delineates the mechanism of multiphoton transitions. A detailed analysis of the Floquet states and quasienergies as functions of the field parameters allows us to describe the relation between avoided quasienergy crossings and multiphoton probability exchange. We formulate analytical expressions for the variation of quasienergies and Floquet states with respect to the field parameters, and demonstrate that avoided quasienergy crossings are accompanied by dramatic changes in the Floquet states. Analysis of the Floquet states, for small values of the field strength, yields selection rules for the avoided quasienergy crossings. In the case of strong fields, the simultaneous choice of frequency and strength of the field producing an avoided crossing results in improved ionization probability.
The presence but not the sequence of the N‐terminal peptide in cardiac TnC is important for function

Abstract The most diverged region of the primary amino acid sequence between cardiac (cTnC) and fast skeletal troponin C is the N-terminal ten amino acids. We report here that major changes in the primary sequence of this region in cTnC had a minimal effect on the ability of the mutant proteins to recover maximal activity in TnC-extracted cardiac and fast skeletal muscle myofibrils. However, deletion of the N-terminal nine amino acids resulted in a 60% decrease in maximal Ca 2+ -dependent ATPase activity with only a small change in the pCa 50 of activation. Deletion of the N-terminal peptide did not appear to appreciably affect the Ca 2+ -binding properties of cTnC, but it did alter the interaction with hydrophobic fluorescent probes. Thus, the presence but not the sequence, of the N-terminal extension is important for the maximal activity of cTnC. The N-terminal helix may function in a relatively non-specific manner to prevent unfavorable interactions between domains in cTnC or between cTnC and other troponin subunits.
The Study of Diversity in Human Development: Culture, Urgencies, and Perils

The emphasis on the study of diversity, a growing area of research in develop-mental psychology, reflects an increasing awareness of the need to recognize the value of the differences among people. This changing climate has stimulated a de-bate about what many scholars perceive to be the shortcomings of epistemological and methodological perspectives that have dominated the field of child develop-ment throughout the second part of the twentieth century. As an example, in the preface to the influential volume on
Fluorescence spectroscopy of model humic acid-type polymers.

Abstract Model humic acid-type polymers have been shown to resemble naturally occurring humic acids (HA) insofar as chemical properties are concerned. Similarities also are found in the molecular configuration and functionalities of the polymers by spectroscopic approaches. In this paper, nine model HA-type polymers synthesized by enzymatic polymerization of eighteen hydroxyphenols, hydroxytoluenes, and hydroxybenzoic acids were investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy in excitation, emission, and synchronous-scan excitation modes. Fluorescence emission spectra of the model HA polymers exhibited broad, intense peaks around 440 to 465 nm, which indicated a less complicated molecular arrangement of the model HA than terrestrial HA. Excitation and synchronous-scan excitation spectra showed more complex lineshapes. They appeared reasonably similar to naturally occurring HA and revealed the prominent role of carboxyl groups as substituents on condensed aromatic systems in the fluorescence phenomena of humic substances.
Lipid utilization of human adults as affected by dietary bran supplementation

Abstract Twenty-one adult men and women participated in two studies to compare the effects of selected brans on the utilization of dietary fat. Fecal fat excretion was measured as well as total weight of feces. Blood serumcholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids were determined. Results indicated that fecal fat excretion tended to increase with bran supplementation of diets. Wheat bran had a greater effect than did either rice or corn bran. No statistically significant changes in blood lipids were associated with the various types of fiber. However, serum lipids of subjects were substantially lower when subjects received the experimental diets than when they were consuming their self-selected diets prior to the start of the study. The experimental diet was moderately low in fat and very low in cholesterol. The effectiveness of added bran in influencing lipid utilization may vary with the kinds of bran employed and also with the total amount of dietary fat or other dietary parameters.
GABA Vesicles at Synapses: Are There 2 Distinct Pools?

Fast synaptic inhibition in the neocortex is mediated by the neurotransmitter GABA, acting on GABA( A) receptors. Neurotransmitters, including GABA, are stored in synaptic vesicles at presynaptic nerve terminals. A long-held assumption has been that evoked and spontaneous neurotransmissions draw on the same pools of vesicles. We review the evidence from FM1-43 studies supporting the contention that at least 2 distinct pools of GABA vesicles are present at inhibitory synapses in the rat neocortex. FM1-43 uptake during spontaneous vesicle endocytosis labels a vesicle pool within neocortical inhibitory nerve terminals that is released much more slowly ("reluctant" pool) than those vesicles loaded by electrical stimulation of afferent fibers or hyperkalemic solutions. These multiple pools may play diverse roles in such processes as long-term depression and/or potentiating of inhibitory synaptic transmission, homeostatic plasticity of inhibitory activity, or developmental changes in inhibitory synaptic transmission.
7Be(n,p)7Li total cross section from 25 meV to 13.5 keV.

The total $^{7}\mathrm{Be}$(n,p${)}^{7}$Li cross section has been measured from 25 meV to 13.5 keV. These energies correspond to temperatures of T=2.9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}7}$ to 0.16 GK. For thermal neutrons the cross sections to the ground state (${p}_{0}$) and the first excited state (${\mathit{p}}_{1}$) of $^{7}\mathrm{BLi}$ are 38 400\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}800 b and 420\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}120 b, respectively. This result for the total $^{7}\mathrm{Be}$(n,p${)}^{7}$Li thermal cross section is about 25% lower, and is approximately a factor of 10 more precise than previous published measurements. For energies above 100 eV, a significant departure from a 1/v shape for the total cross section is observed. The data were analyzed using a single-level approximation, and were also analyzed together with other data using multilevel-multichannel R-matrix theory. Results are presented for the properties of the ${2}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ threshold state and for a possible nearby ${2}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ state. The astrophysical reaction rate, ${N}_{A}$〈\ensuremath{\sigma}v〉, was calculated from the measured cross sections for the combined ${p}_{0}$ and ${p}_{1}$ transitions. The resulting reaction rate is approximately 60--80 % of the rate currently in use. This reduction in the $^{7}\mathrm{Be}$(n,p${)}^{7}$Li reaction rate could result in a calculated increase in the production of $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ during the big bang by as much as 20%.
Caring for geriatric surgical patients.

From the time the Sumerian civilization began to form during the Uruk period, approximately four millennia BCE until fairly recently, the most medicine had to offer people to keep them alive and postpone death was not very much. Some people lived to become very old; some died very young, and most died earlier than they do in the present day. The probability curve for longevity of life was more centered. Fast forward six thousand years, give or take, and we have developed an understanding of human anatomy, general anesthesia, the germ theory, antibiotics, organized medical training programs, cardiopulmonary bypass, the ability to ventilate and oxygenate via endotracheal means outside of an operating room, hemodialysis, solid organ transplantation, implantable hardware for repair of fractures and joint replacement, artificial heart valves, central venous access, total parenteral nutrition, new antibiotics to deal with organisms resistant to the old antibiotics, vasoactive agents, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, and a whole host of other devices, drugs, procedures, and imaging devices. Yet, despite our profound advances in knowledge and technological sophistication, we did not necessarily develop the wisdom to know why we developed it or when not to use it. Until the 1950s or 1960s, when someone told a doctor, “Do whatever you can, Doc,” it was a pretty limited request, albeit not recognized as such. Today, the same request has very few limitations. There is certainly marked disparity between countries and cultures about how much health care is available, expected, or provided. There are clear differences in how people allocate and pay for health care. Nonetheless, one thing holds true across all types of health care systems: the better you get at dealing with problems that end life prematurely, the larger number of elderly people you get.
Flexion-extension cervical spine radiography in blunt trauma: A survey of emergency physicians

A survey investigating the use of flexion-extension cervical spine radiography (FE CSR) was distributed to emergency medicine physicians (EMPs). A 20-point survey was mailed to EMPs (N=250) randomly chosen from the membership of the American College of Emergency Physicians in the United States and Canada. One hundred forty-four surveys (58%) were returned. Sixty-six percent of the EMPs were emergency medicine residency-trained, and 38% of the respondents had less than 5 years of clinical experience. Practice settings included emergency departments with an annual volume of >40,000 patients (50%), community-based hospitals (66%), and level I trauma centers (41%). Eighty-seven percent of EMPs obtained FE CSR in 20% of blunt trauma patients with neck complaints. Indications for FE CSR were minimal disruption of cervical contour lines (68%), posterior element interval widening (53%), tenderness (49%), pain (45%), soft tissue swelling (38%), and mechanism of injury (34%). Contraindications to FE CSR were altered mentation (91%), focal neurologic issue (88%), distracting injury (71%), non-English speaker (50%), and young age (defined as <6 years) (29%). With normal FE CSR, 27% would use additional studies: computed tomography (CT) (56%), oblique view (19%); and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (7%). EMPs reported that they did not accompany the patient in 52% of cases. The consultant physician recommended FE CSR in 71% (radiology consultation) and 41% (orthopedic or neurosurgical consultation) of cases, respectively. EMPs used FE CSR in a significant minority of blunt trauma patients along with other radiographic imaging modalities. Reasons for ordering FE CSR more often included radiographic abnormalities rather than historical or examination findings. Consultants frequently recommended their use. FE CSRs were performed most often without physician supervision.
Report on the National Book Festival, September 8, 2001

Reports on the National Book Festival held on 8 September 2001, at the East Lawn of the US Capitol and in the Thomas Jefferson and James Madison Buildings of the Library of Congress, in the USA. States that as the first‐ever celebration in the capital it attracted between 25,000 and 30,000 people who came to have books signed, listen to music, stories, meet storybook characters and learn about organizations that promote reading.
Daughters' reactions to maternal depression.

Both new developments in the concept and treatment of depression and sociocultural changes in the role of women prompt a study of the emotional disorders in women whose mothers have been depressed. During the past 10 years, there have been impressive advances in our understanding of the biology of depression and its pharmacological treatment. There is strong evidence for a genetic etiology in some depressions? Most proponents of analytic psychotherapy, for example, Arieti and Kernberg, are not against using medication when physiological symptoms of depression are present. On the other hand, many psychopharmacologists give short shrift to psychological theories. The medical students that I teach have been given an almost totally biological orientation. As our scientific techniques become more refined and our nomenclature more specific, we must not lose sight of the basic principles of psychodynamics and the interactions between illness and environment. I have chosen to discuss depressive illness in mothers and its effect on their daughters, as this seems to me an ideal area in which to study the interactions among genetic/biological, psychological, and sociocu Itu ral variables. Depressions predominate in women over men by nearly a 3:1 ratio. In Myrna Weissman's excellent review, 2 she states that this prevalence has been validated in different cultures, at different economic levels, and throughout the life span, and she concludes that the prevalence is real rather than artifactual. She discusses sociocultural explanations for this difference, including socialization into the position of learned helplessness and barriers to economic achievement for women, and cites evidence such as the fact that marriage seems to protect men while it puts women at increased risk. When discussing sociocultural factors in women's depressions, it is important to be aware of the relationship between the sociocultural and the psychological. Esther Menaker, a New York psychologist and psychoanalyst,
Storytelling and Game Therapy for Children in Placement

Many children in placement desperately need a home and yet time and again appear to do everything in their power to get rejected. Storytelling and games can be therapeutic interventions to help children “in limbo” move on with the terribly difficult tasks of coping with their grief, returning to their biological families, or reattaching to new families.
Activity disc and cage for continuous measurement of running activity and core temperature in hamsters.

ACTIVITY discs are devices which freely turn in the nearly horizontal plane and are used to measure levels of spontaneous running in small rodents. They are less frequently used than the activity wheels or drums which freely turn in the vertical plane, and to our knowledge, no commercial source of activity discs is available. Since they offer some special advantages in the studies of the controls and of the biological effects of running activity, we here review these advantages and provide a design for their construction.
Two-particle rapidity correlations in 205 GeV/c pp interactions

Abstract Using data obtained from an exposure of the 30-inch bubble chamber at NAL, inclusive and semi-inclusive two-particle rapidity correlations are analyzed for charged-charged, −−, ++, and ± particles. For the inclusive sample, positive correlations are observed in the central region. In the semi-inclusive case, the four-and six-prong events exhibit strong positive correlations near 90° CM. Selection of four-prong events with a large rapidity gap shows that the strong correlation seems to be associated with diffractive-type events.
MS-275, a Class I histone deacetylase inhibitor, protects the p53-deficient mouse against ischemic injury

The administration of pan histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors reduces ischemic damage to the CNS, both in vitro and in animal models of stroke, via mechanisms which we are beginning to understand. The acetylation of p53 is regulated by Class I HDACs and, because p53 appears to play a role in ischemic pathology, the purpose of this study was to discover, using an in vitro white matter ischemia model and an in vivo cerebral ischemia model, if neuroprotection mediated by HDAC inhibition depended on p53 expression. Optic nerves were excised from wild-type and p53-deficient mice, and then subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation in the presence and absence of a specific inhibitor of Class I HDACs (MS-275, entinostat) while compound action potentials were recorded. Furthermore, transient focal ischemia was imposed on wild-type and p53-deficient mice, which were subsequently treated with MS-275. Interestingly, and in both scenarios, the beneficial effects of MS-275 were most pronounced when p53 was absent. These results suggest that modulation of p53 activity is not responsible for MS-275-mediated neuroprotection, and further illustrate how HDAC inhibitors variably influence p53 and associated apoptotic pathways. Optic nerves from wild-type and p53-deficient mice, engineered to express cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) in neuronal mitochondria, were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in the presence and absence of a specific inhibitor of Class I histone deacetylases. The protective effect of MS-275 was evidenced by mitochondrial preservation, and this was most pronounced in the absence of p53.
Kinetics and Thermochemistry for the Gas-Phase Keto−Enol Tautomerism of Phenol ↔ 2,4-Cyclohexadienone

Isomerization of phenol is considered an important step in the metabolism of aromatic compounds and it may be the first step of phenol decomposition in thermal reaction systems. Ideal gas thermochemical properties, , , and Cp°(T) (300 ≤ T/K ≤ 1500) for two keto forms of phenol (1), 2,4-cyclohexadienone (2), and 2,5-cyclohexadienone (3), are calculated in this study. (2) is computed as −4.4 ± 2.4 kcal/mol at CBS-QB3 level and isodesmic reactions are utilized to minimize the systematic calculation errors. (3) = −6.0 ± 2.4 kcal/mol is obtained from the total energy difference between 2 and 3. The two keto tautomers are less stable than their enol form, phenol, (1↔2) = −18.6 and (1↔3) = −17.0 kcal/mol, respectively. The rate constant through transition state 4 for the tautomerization of phenol to 2,4-cyclohexadienone is obtained as 8.06 × 1012 exp(−69.4 kcal mol-1/RT) s-1. The equilibrium constants are computed as 7.15 × 10-14 and 2.16 × 10-13 at 298 K for reactions 1 ↔ 2 and 1 ↔ 3, respectively. Kinetic para...
New approach to hyperfine structure: application to the Li ground state

Global identities for delta functions, given by Hiller, Sucher and Feinberg (HSF) are applied to the calculation of the hyperfine structure (HFS) of the ground state of Li. It is shown that use of the HSF identity together with configuration interaction type wavefunctions can yield values of the HFS constant f which are comparable in accuracy to that obtained by Larsson with a 100-term Hylleraas-type wavefunction. The implications of this result for HFS calculations for atoms with many electrons are discussed.
Race, heart disease worry and health protective behavior

This study links heart disease worry with self initiated changes in diet and exercise health protective behaviors (HPB), among blacks and whites. Utilizing the concept 'vulnerability', from the Health Belief Model, it is hypothesized that worry about heart disease will more readily translate into diet and exercise health behaviors for blacks than for whites. The data come from a national probability survey of families in the United States (N = 1167). The findings indicate substantial support for the hypothesis when both race and socioeconomic status (SES) are considered. Among whites, heart disease worry has no effect on health protective behavior. For blacks, worry about heart disease does have a pronounced effect on HPB, but only among lower SES blacks. A test for interaction indicates that the low SES black slope is significantly different than the slopes in the other race-SES categories. These findings contrast sharply with much of the traditional (system contact) prevention literature which depicts lower SES minority populations as less active in preventive behavior. A system barriers explanation is explored, which argues that lower SES minority persons turn to HPB as an alternative to impersonal public medicine. There was no support for this explanation; rather, lower SES blacks involved in health protective behavior express more confidence in the health care system.
Capillary Electrokinetic Chromatography (CEC): An Introduction to a High-Efficiency Microanalytical Technique

Capillary electrokinetic chromatography (CEC, also called “capillary electrochromatography”) is a relatively new separation technique based on a combination of liquid chromatographic and electrophoretic separation methods. CEC offers both the efficiency of capillary electrophoresis (CE) and the selectivity and sample capacity of packed capillary high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These advantages are provided in part because of the favorable flow characteristics of electroosmosis, a method of pumping a liquid by applying a high potential axially to a thin, fluid-filled tube. The speed at which analytes move through the separation conduit under the influence of electroosmosis is quite uniform, regardless of the position of the analyte with respect to adjacent surfaces (within certain limits). This results in very little spreading of zones of analyte; narrow, compact bands of analytes are therefore maintained, which results in high efficiency. Because the capillaries used in CEC are packed with HPLC packing materials, the wealth of selectivities available in HPLC are also available in CEC. The high surface area of these packing materials enables CEC capillaries to accommodate relatively large amounts of sample, making detection a simpler task than it is in capillary electrophoresis (CE). This paper will briefly visit the theory and practice of CEC, and will provide examples of how CEC can be applied in sample analysis.
Application of rapid prototyping to support treatment of lobule keloids

Rapid prototyping (RP) is an evolving technology that allows for the fast fabrication of parts or prototypes. Keloids are raised scars formed when tissues near a wound do not heal properly. They can grow anywhere on the body but several areas are more prone to keloids. Earlobes are particularly susceptible due to piercing. They are difficult to treat and high recurrences only compound the difficulty. Recurrence rates are estimated to range from 45% – 100% after corrective surgery. It has been suggested that pressure applied to the wound can decrease the probability of recurrence. This paper represents a study where RP techniques were utilized to produce customized pressure earrings for earlobe after surgery. The results revealed that the proposed procedure is more capable of achieving patient's comfort and physician's requirements as compared to commercially available designs.
Nef protein of HIV-1 has B-cell stimulatory activity.

Objective To examine the B-cell stimulatory properties of the regulatory Nef protein of HIV-1. Methods The effect of the HIV-1 regulatory proteins Nef, Tat and Vif, were analyzed for their ability to induce differentiation of normal B lymphocytes into immunoglobulin secreting cells (ISC). Results A recombinant Nef protein, but neither Tat or Vif, was able to induce ISC in peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) cultures of HIV-1-seronegative donors. Another recombinant Nef protein, d-Nef, with a truncated amino terminal (deletion of 34 amino acids) failed to induce B-cell differentiation. Pretreatment of the Nef protein with a polyclonal anti-Nef-antibody abrogated its B-cell stimulatory activity. The Nef-induced B-cell differentiation was dependent on cell-to-cell contact. Cell surface molecules leukocyte function-associated molecule (LFA)-1, intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, human lymphocyte antigen-DR and B7 were involved in the T-B-cell interaction because monoclonal antibodies to these molecules abrogated the Nef-induced B-cell differentiation response. The Nef protein was able to induce interleukin (IL)-6 messenger (m)RNA and IL-6 protein secretion in PBL, with monocytes as the primary source. Conclusions These findings indicate that regulatory (Nef) proteins of HIV-1 contribute to the intense B-cell activation that occurs in association with HIV-1 infection. T-B-cell contact-dependent interaction and induction of IL-6 by these proteins appear to play major roles in this process.
Chlorpyrifos (Dursban) -Associated Birth Defects: Report of Four Cases

Extensive and unusual patterns of birth defects noted in four children included defects of the brain, eyes, ears, palate, teeth, heart, feet, nipples, and genitalia. Brain defects were present in the ventricles, corpus callosum, choroid plexus, and septum pellucidum, and genital defects included the testes (undescended), microphallus, and labia (fused). All children had growth retardation, and three had hypotonia and profound mental retardation. The children were exposed in utero to chlorpyrifos (Dursban). Published literature and unpublished documents by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency contain reports that identify similarities in defects found in test animals and in children exposed to Dursban. A pattern of defects found in the four children in this study may represent a heretofore unrecognized syndrome that should be considered when Dursban-exposed women have children with birth defects.
Synthesis of a Benzene Metabolite Adduct, 3‘‘-Hydroxy-1,N2-benzetheno-2‘-deoxyguanosine, and Its Site-Specific Incorporation into DNA Oligonucleotides

p-Benzoquinone (p-BQ) is a stable metabolite of benzene and a number of other drugs and chemicals. 2‘-Deoxyguanosine was allowed to react with p-BQ in aqueous solution (pH 4.5, 7.4, and 9.3). At pH 7.4 and 9.3 one major product was found in low yield; at pH 4.5 no product was detected. In nonaqueous conditions (DMF or DMSO, in the presence of K2CO3), an unstable intermediate with two p-BQ moieties was found which slowly converted to the product formed in aqueous solution. These products were isolated by silica gel, column chromatography, or reverse-phase HPLC and characterized by UV, 1H NMR, FAB-MS, and electrospray MS. The major stable product of the reaction of dG with p-BQ is an exocyclic compound, 3‘‘-hydroxy-1,N2-benzetheno-2‘-deoxyguanosine (p-BQ-dG). Incorporation of the adduct into oligonucleotides requires the protection of three hydroxyl groups (C7, 5‘, 3‘) and the amino group at N5. The exocyclic hydroxyl and the amino group were protected by acylation after protecting the 5‘- and the 3‘-hydrox...
The conspiracy of autophagy, stress and inflammation in acute pancreatitis.

Purpose of review Acute pancreatitis (AP) is associated with alcohol abuse, gallstones and bacterial infection. Its basic etiology is tissue destruction accompanied by an innate inflammatory response, which induces epithelial stress pathways. Recent studies have focused on some of the integral cellular pathways shared between multiple pancreatitis models that also suggest new approaches to detection and treatment.
Seventy Years of the Society of Architectural Historians

During the summer of 1940, a group of architects, archaeologists, architectural historians, and graduate students (among them G. Holmes Perkins, Kenneth Conant, George M. A. Hanfman and Turpin C. Bannister) gathered regularly at the Harvard Faculty Club for dinners, lectures, and conversation and to plan "inspection trips" to New England architecture. On 31 July that year, twenty-five of them, after a particularly spirited meeting (the minutes note hecklers in the audience urging Professor Herbert Bloch, lecturing on Roman bricks, to demonstrate his "famous tasting method for dating" bricks——which he declined) founded the American Society of Architectural Historians. (The word "American" was dropped in 1947 when the Society was officially incorporated.) Their goal was "to foster the understanding and appreciation of architectural history among both professional scholars and laymen" and the publication of an "unpretentious journal."1 Perhaps they imagined something like the eighteenth-century Society of Dilettanti——young British enthusiasts who shared their knowledge and passion about the art and architecture of antiquity over dinner and wine in each other's company and made occasional excursions. Little could anyone in this assembly imagine that what was founded in Cambridge on the eve of World War II would grow into a global society with 3,500 members, the publisher of the …
The Force Field Toolkit: Software for the Parameterization of Small Molecules from First Principles

The maturation of molecular dynamics (MD) through much technological advancement to extend the system size and simulation timescale remains the primary driving force in enabling the method to probe biological systems. An often-overlooked, but serious and long-persisting limitation, however, is the complexity of developing parameters for novel chemical matter, such as modified amino acids or small molecule ligands. To directly address this unmet need, we have developed the Force Field Toolkit (ffTK) for the development of CHARMM-compatible parameters from first principles with a specific focus on small molecules.ffTK is designed around the general principles of the CHARMM General Force Field (CGenFF), thus yielding parameters that are directly compatible with the popular CHARMM force field for biopolymers. Written entirely in Tcl/Tk and distributed free of charge as a VMD plugin, users interact with the toolkit via graphical user interface that formalizes each step of the parameterization, and organizes them into a clear, modular workflow. These steps include the optimization of partial atomic charges and bond, angle, and dihedral parameters against QM-calculated target data. ffTK is designed to be used in conjunction with the Gaussian software package for calculating all necessary QM target data, and provides appropriate tools to create and visually inspect all required Gaussian input and output files. Optimizations are performed using downhill or simulated annealing algorithms, and allows access to an array of settings that guide the optimization. A unique aspect of ffTK is the inclusion of embedded analysis utilities to quantitatively assess the progress of the optimization, and the performance of the resulting parameters. We have applied these tools to benchmark several classes of molecules against parameters available in the current CGenFF release, and will discuss the results herein.
“We teach the girl repression, the boy expression”: Sexuality, sex equity and education in historical perspective

(1987). “We teach the girl repression, the boy expression”: Sexuality, sex equity and education in historical perspective. Peabody Journal of Education: Vol. 64, Sex Equity and Sexuality in Education, pp. 44-58.
MOS Transistors in beam-recrystallized polysilicon

The fabrication of transistors with their active channels in recrystallized polysilicon offers the long-desired possibility of readily achievable, total dielectric isolation. Devices with properties approaching those of single-crystal transistors can be obtained in large-grain polysilicon, and the properties can be further improved by using seeded recrystallization to remove the remaining grain boundaries. This paper addresses some of the remaining problem areas which must be controlled before the technique can become a practical process, as well as showing some novel structures, including a new dynamic RAM cell.
Platelet systems biology using integrated genetic and proteomic platforms

Platelets retain megakaryocyte-derived mRNA, an abundant and diverse array of miRNAs, and have evolved unique adaptive signals for maintenance of genetic and protein diversity. Quiescent platelets generally display minimal translational activity, although maximally-activated platelets retain the capacity for protein synthesis. Progressive data using multiple platelet activation models clearly demonstrate that platelet responses to the majority (if not all) agonists are highly variable within the population, demonstrating considerable heritability in siblings, twins, and families with premature coronary artery disease. Research from our laboratory has adapted global profiling strategies to close the knowledge gap currently existing between genetic variability and platelet phenotypic responsiveness. We have applied iterative algorithms for genetic biomarker discovery and class prediction models of platelet phenotypes, with the goal of systematically analyzing integrated mRNA/miRNA/proteomic datasets for identification of regulatory networks that define phenotypic variability in platelet responses. This approach has the potential to define platelet genetic biomarkers predictive of thrombohemorrhagic outcomes in both normal and widely disparate clinical conditions.
On bounds for the existence of a bistable controller

Abstract By S (r) we shall denote the set of polynomials nonzero on the closed disk {z : |z|⩽r} . The problem to be studied is given as follows. Avoidance Problem. Given polynomials A and B , nonnegative integers n , m , and positive numbers r 1 , r 2 , r 3 , determine if there exist P∈ S (r 1 ) , Q∈ S (r 2 ) with degrees n and m , respectively, such that AP + BQ is in S (r 3 ) . It is shown that the Avoidance Problem for r 1 = r 2 = r 3 =1 is equivalent to the well-known Bistable Stabilization Problem for a large class of control systems. Also, a general class of optimization problems for solving the Avoidance Problem is introduced. The class of optimization problems includes problems with sets more general than disks S (r) . In addition, an algorithm is proposed for solving these optimization problems, and numerical experience is reported. As an application, bistable controllers for the plant P β (z)=z/(z 2 +β) are shown to exist for values of β as low as 0.0246, thus improving on previously reported results by Blondel et al. for this difficult case. Furthermore, it is shown how in some cases it is possible to find optimal controllers by using a combination of numerical and algebraic techniques, and a variant of the algorithm already introduced. As an example, a low order controller is found for P β for the case when β=7−4 3 ≈0.0717 . This method could be applied to other problems where the plant depends on a parameter.
CMB spectral distortions from small-scale isocurvature fluctuations

The damping of primordial perturbations at small scales gives rise to distortions of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Here, the dependence of the distortion on the di erent types of cosmological initial conditions is explored, covering adiabatic, baryon/cold dark matter isocurvature, neutrino density/velocity isocurvature modes and some mixtures. The radiation transfer functions for each mode are determined and then used to compute the dissipative heating rates and spectral distortion signatures, utilizing both analytic estimates and numerical results from the thermalization code CosmoTherm. Along the way, the early-time superhorizon behavior for the resulting fluid modes is derived in conformal Newtonian gauge, and tight-coupling transfer function approximations are given. CMB spectral distortions caused by di erent perturbation modes can be estimated using simple k-space window functions which are provided here. Neutrinos carry away some fraction of the primordial perturbation power, introducing an overall e ciency factor that depends on the perturbation type. It is shown that future measurements of the CMB frequency spectrum have the potential to probe di erent perturbation modes at very small scales (corresponding to wavenumbers 1 Mpc 1 . k . few 10 4 Mpc 1 ). These constraints are complementary to those obtained at