cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intravenous fat emulsion as treatment for ivermectin toxicosis in three dogs homozygous for the ABCB1-1Δ gene mutation.

Objective To describe the outcome of 3 cases of ivermectin toxicosis in dogs homozygous for the ABCB1–1Δ gene mutation treated with intravenous fat emulsion (IFE). Series Summary One Australian Shepherd and 2 Miniature Australian Shepherds were treated for naturally occurring ivermectin toxicosis with IFE. All 3 dogs were homozygous for the ABCB1–1Δ gene mutation. Serum ivermectin concentrations confirmed ivermectin exposure in each case. All 3 dogs exhibited tremors, ptyalism, and central nervous system depression, which progressed over several hours to stupor in 2 dogs, and to a comatose state requiring mechanical ventilation in the remaining dog. A 20% formulation of IFEa was administered as an IV bolus (1.5 mL/kg) followed by a slow IV infusion (7.5–15 mL/kg [0.25–0.5 mL/kg/m], over 30 minutes). No change was observed in the neurologic status of any patient. Lipemia visible upon blood sampling persisted for 36 hours in 1 dog however, no other adverse effects were noted. Flumazenil (0.01 mg/kg IV), followed by a constant rate infusion(CRI) of 0.01 mg/kg/h IV was administered in 1 case, without any apparent clinical benefit or adverse effect. New or Unique Information Provided IFE was ineffective in the treatment of ivermectin toxicosis in these ABCB1–1Δ homozygous mutant dogs. Further investigation is necessary to determine why IFE treatment was unsuccessful in these cases and whether its use can be optimized to yield better results.
Internationalization of doctoral education in geography: perspectives from the United States

In a globalized and high-technology world, geography, as a discipline studying space and place, faces a new era in the internationalization of geographical education. One key factor prompting changes in doctoral education is the increasing demand for highly-skilled international migrants. We will first briefly present some general trends in changing geographical education in the US, followed by more focused discussion on how trends in international migration of high-skilled knowledge workers can potentially affect doctoral education in American geography.
APPEARANCE OF hCG IN PREGNANCY PLASMA FOLLOWING THE INITIATION OF IMPLANTATION OF THE BLASTOCYST.

Plasma chorionic gonadotropin levels were measured by three different assay methods during early pregnancy in four patients following induction of ovulation with Pergonal and hCG. Radioligand-receptor assay of unextracted samples was subject to non-specific interference by plasma proteins, causing an apparent elevation of gonadotropin levels during the first few days after fertilization. By contrast, the gonadotropin values measured by a highly sensitive LH/hCG bioassay were consistent with those obtained with a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for hCG, and showed that the first significant rise in plasma hCG occurred 9 to 13 days after ovulation. These results indicate that hCG does not appear in the maternal circulation until after the initiation of implantation of the blastocyst.
A MODEL OF OXYGEN ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION IN BODY WATER OF LARGE MAMMALS

Abstract A model is proposed for oxygen isotope fractionation in body water of terrestrial, herbivorous mammals larger than 1 kg. The goal of this model is to estimate the oxygen isotopic composition (δ 18 O) of intake water in order to reconstruct paleoclimate from the δ 18 O of fossil biogenic phosphate. The principal oxygen inputs are liquid water, atmospheric O 2 , and oxygen in food. The principal outputs are water (liquid and vapor) and CO 2 . Body mass-dependent scaling equations are used to assign O 2 , H 2 O, and CO 2 fluxes. The model predicts that the δ 18 O of body water is higher than the δ 18 O of intake water and approaches the δ 18 O of intake water with increasing body size, as observed in empirical data. This reflects the increasing importance of liquid water flux relative to atmospheric O 2 , CO 2 , and water vapor flux at larger size (i.e., water flux increases relatively faster than metabolic rate and surface area with increasing body size). These results suggest that the largest fossil taxa should be used for paleoclimate reconstruction because (1) potential errors are smallest at large body sizes and (2) drinking water forms a larger proportion of the oxygen intake. Paleoclimate reconstruction based on the δ 18 O of biogenic phosphates can thus be corrected for body-mass fractionation effects, a significant cause of previously uncharacterized interspecific variation.
The Reliability and Validity of the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory-Form B.

The purpose of this study was to determine the test-retest reliability and concurrent validity of the short form (Form B) of Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory. The subjects were 140 children from s...
Oral tolerance, an active immunologic process mediated by multiple mechanisms

Oral tolerance, the specific suppression of cellular and/or humoral immune responses to an antigen by prior administration of the antigen by the oral route, probably evolved to prevent hypersensitivity reactions to food proteins and bacterial antigens present in the mucosal flora. As with other forms of immunologic tolerance, oral tolerance also provides mechanisms to suppress pathologic reactivity against self and, thus, to prevent or treat autoimmune diseases.
Evaluating the benefits of collaboration in simulation games: the case of health care.

Background: Organizations have used simulation games for health promotion and communication. To evaluate how simulation games can foster collaboration among stakeholders, this paper develops two social network measures. Objective: The paper aims to initiate two specific measures that facilitate organizations and researchers to evaluate the effectiveness of Web-based simulation games in fostering collaboration. Methods: The two measures are: (1) network density and (2) network diversity. They measure the level of connectedness and communication evenness within social networks. To illustrate how these measures may be used, a hypothetical game about health policy is outlined. Results: Web-based games can serve as an effective platform to engage stakeholders because interaction among them is quite convenient. Yet, systematic evaluation and planning are necessary to realize the benefits of these games. The paper suggests directions for testing how the social network dimension of Web-based games can augment individual-level benefits that stakeholders can obtain from playing simulation games. Conclusions: While this paper focuses on measuring the structural properties of social networks in Web-based games, further research should focus more attention on the appropriateness of game contents. In addition, empirical research should cover different geographical areas, such as East Asian countries where video games are very popular. [JMIR Serious Games 2014;2(1):e1]
Radiosensitization of HL-60 human leukaemia cells by bryostatin-1 in the absence of increased DNA fragmentation or apoptotic cell death

Ionizing radiation produced a dose-dependent reduction in the proliferative capacity of HL-60 human promyelocytic leukaemia cells. A small percentage of the cell population demonstrated morphological evidence of apoptosis at 24h following radiation doses of 5 Gy (i.e. 8% at 5 Gy and 16% at 10 Gy respectively), and produced a laddered oligonucleosomal pattern of DNA fragments by static-field gel electrophoresis. The antiproliferative effects of 1 and 2.5 Gy ionizing radiation were significantly enhanced by preincubating cells with bryostatin-1 at a concentration (10 n M) and time frame (24 h) associated with down-regulation of total cellular protein kinase C (PKC) activity. Potentiation by bryostatin-1 of the radiation effect on proliferation was not associated with a concomitant increase in internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, in the fraction of cells exhibiting apoptotic morphology, or in the extent of radiation-induced single- or double-strand breaks in bulk DNA. Staurosporine, a potent but non-specific ...
Urinary tract infections in kidney transplant recipients: role of gender, urologic abnormalities, and antimicrobial prophylaxis.

Background Urinary tract infections (UTI), the most common infectious complications after kidney transplantation, are associated with poor allograft survival. Identifying its predisposing factors is therefore remarkably important in order to optimize prevention strategies. Material and methods A retrospective study was performed in a cohort of patients who received kidney transplantation between June 2007 and June 2009. Factors associated with development of UTI were assessed. Results The population consisted of 301 patients, with majority receiving allograft from living donors (85%). A total of 101 patients (34%) developed at least one episode of UTI, and 25% of the episodes occurred during the first year after transplantation. Risk factors associated with increased risk of UTI were female gender, recurrent UTI prior to transplant, and presence of urological abnormalities. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) use was associated with a lower risk of UTI, including a lower risk of recurrent UTI. Conclusions In this cohort of predominantly living donor kidney transplant recipients, we report a high incidence of UTI, despite our practice of early ureteral and Foley catheter removal. Female gender and prior recurrent UTI or urological abnormalities were predisposing factors, while TMP-SMZ use had a protective role. These clinical relevant findings should guide clinicians in optimizing prevention strategies against UTI in kidney transplant recipients.
Reactivities of Chromophore-Containing Methyl Tri-n-butylammonium Organoborate Salts as Free Radical Photoinitiators: Dependence on the Chromophore and Borate Counterion1

Several UV absorbing chromophores have been incorporated in ammonium triphenylbutyl- and tetraphenylborates as light-harvesting groups, and the reactivity of the resulting salts as unimolecular free radical initiators has been studied. The results are compared with kinetic and thermodynamic data calculated for the primary photochemical step leading to generation of the initiating species. The dependence of the initiation reactivities on the structure of both the chromophore and the borate counteranion is discussed.
Zygomycetes Pulmonary Infection Following Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation

© Mucormycosis is an infection caused by a ubiquitous Zygomycete, normally found in decaying organic material.1 These organisms can lead to serious and life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients.2,3 The rapidly progressing infection is characterized by invasion of the adjacent vascular structures with accompanying thrombosis. It is theorized that the spores are present in the environment and when inhaled are able to establish disease in a susceptible host. This would include rhinocerebral disease in the diabetic patient and pulmonary disease in the immunocompromised cancer patient. There are also data3,4 to suggest that the presence of excess iron and/or aluminum overload may also predispose the development of the infection. Immunocompromised patients, whether by iatrogenic or natural causes, are predisposed to a variety of opportunistic infections. The fungi associated with these episodes include Candida species,5 Aspergillus,6 Cryptococcus, Coccidioides, Blastomycetes, Histoplasma species,7 and the Zygomycetes.8,9 The traditional collective term for infections with the Zygomycetes has been mucormycosis. This term will most likely remain the general diagnostic epithet for the constellation of mold infections not definitively identified by culture. Despite the term mucormycosis, the vast majority of these infections are not caused by Mucor species, but by Rhizopus species. Mucor actually represents a distant second or third most frequently isolated Zygomycete in most laboratories. The differentiation of the organisms to the genus level may be of little clinical value; however, it can be important from an epidemiologic perspective [T1]. The effective treatment of these infections depends on a variety of factors, including the rapid identification of a Zygomycete infection as well as the rapid implementation of adequate antifungal therapy. The only effective interventions for Zygomycete infections include (1) correction of the underlying risk factors (immunocompromised state, diabetes, etc); (2) surgical excision if the lesion is localized; and (3) systemic treatment with amphotericin-B. Other antifungal agents do not demonstrate significant in vivo activity against this pathogen.
Simulator assessment of innate endovascular aptitude versus empirically correct performance.

Objective Prior work has established that performance on an endovascular simulator incorporating tactile feedback (haptics) correlates with previous endovascular experience and can be improved by training. This study was designed to test the ability to define and measure innate endovascular aptitude and empirically correct performance and to determine whether these are two different things. Methods Subjects ranging in endovascular skill level from novice to expert were surveyed to determine video game experience and skill, endovascular level of training, and endovascular experience. They were then tested by using a standard protocol requiring timed advancement of a catheter and wire sequentially into each of three vessels arising from a simulated type I arch. Recorded trials were independently and blindly scored by two experienced endovascular faculty members by using a modification of a previously validated scale (Modified Reznick Scale; MRS). Summed scores were analyzed by frequency analysis and categorized as satisfactory and unsatisfactory on the basis of a clear bimodal distribution. Categorical outcome, time to task completion, and other variables were analyzed by means of linear regression, analysis of variance, and Welch modified two-sample t tests, as indicated. Results A total of 61 subjects were enrolled: 42% students, 8% technicians, 19% surgeons, 13% cardiologists, and 18% radiologists. Of these, 62% were considered novices and 30% experts on the basis of previous experience; 56% of subjects worked in an endovascular-related occupation. MRS scores were highly correlated between raters (P Conclusions Although inherently subjective, the MRS yields reproducible scores that correlate with endovascular experience and formal training. Experts and novices with extensive video game experience achieve short completion times, whereas high MRS scores are achieved only by formally trained subjects. Innate endovascular aptitude and empirically correct performance may be two separate things, and aptitude may be acquirable through (or identified by) extensive nonmedical video game experience.
Just so stories: how the program got that bug

Teachers see many more buggy programs than they do correct programs. We view this volume of buggy programs as riches to be mined: as windows into the thought processes of the students. In this paper we will describe one of the methods we employ in analyzing buggy programs: "just so bug stories", in which we generate hypotheses as to the misconceptions on the student's part that may have led to the observed program bugs. Our goal in presenting this discussion is to convince the reader of the potential for improved programming instruction that can come from paying attention to the bugs in a student's program: by truly understanding what the student was thinking about, we are in a much better position to offer counsel to the student.
Wavelet-Based Neural Network Adaptive Filter for sEMG Denoising

For the large computation workload of the adaptive filter algorithm and the low filtering speed of the adaptive filter model based on wavelet transform, a wavelet-based neural network adaptive filter model is constructed in this paper. As the neural network has the capacity of distributed storage and fast self-evolution, Hopfield neural network is used to implement adaptive filtering algorithm LMS, so as to increase the computing speed. The model applied to sEMG signal denoising can achieve a better filtering effect.
Adrenocortical carcinoma in the United States: Treatment utilization and prognostic factors

BACKGROUND. Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare tumor with a relatively poor prognosis. The authors' objectives were to examine treatment utilization and factors associated with long-term survival after resection of ACC in a large, national, patient population. METHODS. Patients diagnosed with ACC from 1985 to 2005 were identified from the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB). Patient, tumor, treatment, and hospital factors associated with survival after resection were examined. RESULTS. For the current study, 3982 patients with ACC were identified. Median age at diagnosis was 55 years. Median tumor size was 13 cm. Of the patients with nodes examined, 26.5% had nodal metastases. Distant metastases were found on presentation in 21.6% of patients. A total of 57.4% of patients underwent surgical resection alone, whereas 16.0% underwent resection with adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation. A total of 19.4% had margin-positive resections. Treatment utilization remained unchanged from 1985 to 2005 (P = .28). Median follow-up was 24 months. Overall 5-year survival for all patients who underwent resection was 38.6% (median survival, 31.9 months). Multivariable analysis demonstrated a higher risk of death with increasing age, poorly differentiated tumors, involved margins, and nodal or distant metastases. Overall survival remained unchanged from 1985 to 2000 (P = .08). CONCLUSIONS. ACC carries a poor prognosis for patients commonly presenting with large, locally invasive tumors, involved margins, and metastatic disease. Survival is not affected by size but is diminished with increasing age, poorly differentiated tumors, involved margins, and the presence of regional and distant disease. Identification of novel therapies may help to increase survival, which has remained unchanged over the last 20 years. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Molecular Glass Resists Developable in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide for 193 nm Lithography

In order to meet the growing demand for smaller and higher-performance microelectronic devices, attention has been focused on developing molecular glass photoresists which can be employed under next-generation 193-nm immersion lithography conditions. These amorphous organic compounds produce high-resolution patterns due to their smaller pixel size and lack of chain entanglement compared with polymer photoresists. Specially designed molecular resists have substantial solubilities in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) which can be altered through acid-catalyzed deprotection reactions. While molecular resists based on phenols have been demonstrated for high-resolution patternability, scCO 2 - developable molecular materials have not yet been reported for 193-nm lithography. In this paper, we introduce alicyclic materials based on naturally occurring backbones as chemically amplified molecular resists developable in scCO 2 . Methylated β-cyclodextrin and cholic acid derivatives with acid-labile protecting groups form good amorphous thin films with high glass transition temperatures (>100 °C). These molecules show the capability of being patterned and developed in scCO 2 with resolution below 200 nm.
The ability of glycerol-treated muscle fibers to do work during ATP-induced contractions and the free energy of ATP.

Abstract The free energy available from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was varied by adding adenosine diphosphate and phosphate. Such additions had no influence on the ability of glycerol-treated muscle fibers to do work until Δ F was decreased below −9000 cal./ mole ATP. At energies below −9000 cal., the ability to work decreased until it reached zero at −6900 cal. at 0.01 M ATP and −5210 and −5640 cal. at 0.005 M and 0.0025 M ATP. At energy levels of −7329, −8160, and −14,360 cal./mole of 0.01 M ATP, the energy derived from the ATP was about ten times excess over that required by the working fiber bundles during ATP-induced contraction.
A method for studying protistan diversity using massively parallel sequencing of V9 hypervariable regions of small-subunit ribosomal RNA genes.

Background Massively parallel pyrosequencing of amplicons from the V6 hypervariable regions of small-subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes is commonly used to assess diversity and richness in bacterial and archaeal populations. Recent advances in pyrosequencing technology provide read lengths of up to 240 nucleotides. Amplicon pyrosequencing can now be applied to longer variable regions of the SSU rRNA gene including the V9 region in eukaryotes. Methodology/Principal Findings We present a protocol for the amplicon pyrosequencing of V9 regions for eukaryotic environmental samples for biodiversity inventories and species richness estimation. The International Census of Marine Microbes (ICoMM) and the Microbial Inventory Research Across Diverse Aquatic Long Term Ecological Research Sites (MIRADA-LTERs) projects are already employing this protocol for tag sequencing of eukaryotic samples in a wide diversity of both marine and freshwater environments. Conclusions/Significance Massively parallel pyrosequencing of eukaryotic V9 hypervariable regions of SSU rRNA genes provides a means of estimating species richness from deeply-sampled populations and for discovering novel species from the environment.
The thermal conductivity of spherical metal powders including the effect of an oxide coating

Abstract The effective thermal conductivity of a number of spherical metal powder-gas systems has been measured using a transient line source method. Variation of effective thermal conductivity with changes in gas pressure, temperature, and particle size was determined and the results compared with previous experiments. Uranium and zirconium powders were oxidized, and it was found that the effective thermal conductivity at atmospheric pressure decreased with extent of oxidation. An expression for randomly stacked spherical powders (void fraction = 0.40) was developed using the orthorhombic stacking arrangement and assuming linear heat flow. It was tested over a four-fold range in bulk solid conductivity to bulk gas conductivity ratio and found to give reasonable agreement. The treatment was extended to the case of metal particles with oxide coatings. It was found to agree with the uranium oxidation experiments in which a sharp decrease in effective thermal conductivity was noted in the initial stages of oxidation.
Protein Synthesis as a Requirement for Wound Xylem Differentiation

An increasing rate of protein synthesis was observed during the first 2 days after the isolation of 2 mm thick internodal stem slices of Coleus on a sucrose-agar medium. This rise in the rate of protein synthesis preceeded the first visible signs of wound-vessel member differentiation in the cultured stem slices. Irradiation of tissue slices with 4000 R of x-rays at isolation reduced the numbers of wound-vessel members differentiated after 7 days in culture by 51 per cent, and this level of x-irradiation was observed to inhibit protein synthesis by the cultured stem slices. Treatment of the tissue slices with exogenous auxin (0.05 mg/1) after irradiation did not alter the degree of inhibition of xylem differentiation. Actinomycin D inhibited wound-vessel member differentiation, but it had no effect on the endogenous growth of the cultured stem slices. Similarly, auxin at 0.05 mg/1 was without effect on the endogenous growth rate of the stem slices. Actinomycin D treatment was highly effective in inhibiting xylem differentiation if it was supplied to the tissues within the first 48 hours after isolation; actinomycin D treatment had no significant effect on xylem differentiation when it was given after the first 2 days of culture. Chloramphenicol (10−3M) inhibited both xylem differentiation and the endogenous growth of the cultured stem slices.
A low-chloride calomel reference electrode of low polarizability in acetonitrile

Summary The characteristics of a mercury, mercury(I) chloride electrode in acetonitrile containing potassium chloride and potassium perchlorate and 0.10 F in Et 4 NClO 4 have been examined. The electrode has been found to be reproducible, stable, unaltered by small amounts of water, and suitable for conventional polarographic work when the current density at the mercury pool is less than 2.0 μA cm −2 .
Chemical composition of the cuticle, and the inner and outer shell membranes from eggs of Gallus gallus

Abstract 1. 1. The chemical composition of cuticle and the two shell membranes of hen's egg was studied. 2. 2. The membranes contain water soluble, salt soluble and salt insoluble proteins. 3. 3. The amino acid composition and other physical properties indicate that the membrane proteins are not true keratins. 4. 4. Microbial penetration of eggs does not change the composition of egg shell structures.
A critical assessment of edaravone acute ischemic stroke efficacy trials: is edaravone an effective neuroprotective therapy?

Importance of the field: Edaravone (Radicut®) is a free radical scavenger marketed in Japan by Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corp. to treat acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients presenting within 24 h of the attack. Injectable edaravone ampoules (30 mg b.i.d., i.v., 14 days) were first approved on 23 May 2001. On 19 January 2010, as a new innovation, the Radicut BAG (Intravenous BAG) was approved by the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare. Efficacy of edaravone ranges from large significant clinical improvements to only modest improvements in clinical function measured using standard stroke scales when administered 6 – 72 h following an ischemic stroke. With almost 17 years of edaravone clinical experience, a few adverse events – including acute renal failure – have been noted.What the reader will gain: This is the only article to date to critically review available clinical efficacy and toxicology data published in the literature to ascertain whether edaravone should be further pursued as a candidate for d...
The Mg II Index from SORCE

The Solar-Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment (SOLSTICE) and the Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SIM) on the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) both measure the solar ultraviolet irradiance surrounding the Mg II doublet at 280 nm on a daily basis. The SIM instrument’s resolution (1.1 nm) is similar to the Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet instruments used to compute the standard NOAA Mg II index, while SOLSTICE’s resolution is an order of magnitude higher (0.1 nm). This paper describes the technique used to calculate the index for both instruments and compares the resulting time series for the first 18 months of the SORCE mission. The spectral resolution and low noise of the SOLSTICE spectrum produces a Mg II index with a precision of 0.6%, roughly a factor of 2 better than the low-resolution index measurement. The full-resolution SOLSTICE index is able to measure short-timescale changes in the solar radiative output that are lost in the noise of the low-resolution index.
Mutation in Rice

THE incidence of mutation has not been infrequently reported in the common rice plant, Oryza sativa L. Most of the reported mutations in this crop plant are without any agronomic merit.
541 – Comparison of brain activities associated with self-report versus clinician-related attachment measures: relationship scale questionnaire versus adult attachment interview

Introduction The Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) is considered the gold standard of attachment assessment, but is expensive and time consuming. The Relationship Scale Questionaire (RSQ) is a self-report assessment of attachment, but measures different constructs. Objectives We investigated how each measure correlates with brain activity in attachment-related tasks: conscious valence and salience appraisal of mother's face. Methods 28 female subjects ages 18–30 were given the AAI and RSQ. Using fMRI subjects viewed pictures of their mother and were asked to rate how good the image made them feel (valence rating) and how related they felt (salience rating). Brain activity correlating with AAI and RSQ measures of attachment security and dismissingness was determined by linear regression. Results Salience processing and valence processing were associated with increased thalamo-striatal, posterior cingulate and visual cortex activity. Salience processing was associated with bilateral decrease in PFC activity. In salience processing AAI secure subjects had attenuated visual cortex response and increased lingual gyrus activity while RSQ secure subjects had decreased right temporal lobe activity and AAI dismissing subjects had enhanced left PFC deactiviation while RSQ dismissing subjects had increased left temporal pole and visual cortex activity. In valence processing RSQ secure subjects demonstrated increased left insula activity and AAI dismissing subjects demonstrated bilateral increase in thalamic and posterior cingulate activation. Conclusions AAI and RSQ measures of attachment measure different constructs with divergent patterns of associated brain activity. AAI measures of attachment tap midline structures (pre-reflective/unconscious attachment processing), while RSQ measures tap lateral structures (cognitive/conscious attachment processing).
Portfolios, Accountability, and an Interpretive Approach to Validity

How can the results of classroom-based portfolio assessment be communicated outside the classroom? How might a portfolio-based assessment system be designed and implemented? How can we evaluate the merits of portfolio-based assessments?
Protective effect of vitamin E on the response of the rabbit bladder to partial outlet obstruction.

Purpose: There is increasing evidence that ischemia/reperfusion is a major etiological factor in the progression of bladder dysfunction after partial outlet obstruction. If this evidence is correct, treatment with an antioxidant should be beneficial in rabbits subjected to partial outlet obstruction. We designed the current study to determine if diets high in α-tocopherol protected the rabbit bladder against dysfunction induced by partial outlet obstruction.Materials and Methods: A total of 32 rabbits were separated into 4 groups of 8. Groups 1 and 2 were placed on a diet enriched with 1,000 IU/kg. α-tocopherol, and groups 3 and 4 were fed a regular diet containing 44 IU/kg. α-tocopherol. After 4 weeks partial outlet obstruction was created in groups 1 and 3, while groups 2 and 4 underwent sham operation. After 4 weeks of obstruction the rabbits were anesthetized and the bladders were rapidly excised. Four longitudinal strips obtained from the bladder body were used for contractility studies. The balance ...
Reply to Leeds

My current view about perceptual experience has the following in common with the view in PC. It holds that we perceive colors by perceiving other properties, what I call "phenomenal properties," that are not colors, and that it is possible for the phenomenal properties that are associated with particular colors in the experience of one person to be different from those associated with those same colors in the experience of another person, without either person misperceiving. The perception of tastes, smells, and other "secondary qualities" is likewise held to involve the perception of phenomenal properties in a similar way. So the view is designed to allow the possibility of "spectrum inversion," and other sorts of "qualia inversion." But it is also intended to be a version of the view that the phenomenal character of experiences is an aspect of their representational content; the phenomenal character of an experience is a matter of what phenomenal properties it represents. Indeed, I claim that it is the view one must hold if one wants to combine a representationalist view of phenomenal character with the view that the experiences different subjects have when viewing the same colors (or other secondary qualities) in the same objective circumstances can differ in phenomenal character without any of the subjects misperceiving. A representationalist will hold that the phenomenal character of experiences is fixed by how things appear to the subject; and if the phenomenal character can vary independently of how things appear with respect to their objective properties (where colors count as objective), then on a representationalist view this can only be because the experience represents proper-
Aortocoronary Saphenous Vein Autograft Accidentally Attached to a Coronary Vein: Follow-up Angiography and Surgical Correction of the Resultant Arteriovenous Fistula

The fate of aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass graft to the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary vein is reported. The vein graft communicated with the coronary sinus through the proximal LAD vein, producing a functional coronary arteriovenous fistula. The LAD vein was totally occluded distally at follow-up four months after operation. The natural history of congenital fistulas between coronary arteries and the coronary sinus suggested that bacterial endocarditis, pulmonary hypertension, and cardiac failure were all possible future complications in this patient. Operation was performed to revascularize the LAD artery to relieve persistent angina, and to close the fistula. Postoperative angiography showed a patent graft to the LAD artery with complete obliteration of the fistula. The patient is asymptomatic ten months after operation.
Endovascular Management of Intracranial Aneurysms

Data from our clinical series and others supports the idea that endovascular coil embolization is a reliable form of treatment for both ruptured and unruptured cerebral aneurysms. This form of treatment appears from preliminary data to be protective against subarachnoid hemorrhage. Although not likely to replace open surgery, the continued advancements in technology and supportive clinical data will allow endovascular therapy to become a more durable mode of treatment.
Shubnikov-de Haas effect in a field-induced two-dimensional hole-gas

Abstract In the susceptibility of stage-two bromine-graphite intercalation compounds, sharp negative spikes of 4πχ signal the existence of a gap between Landau levels above a critical magnetic field. We report measurements of both ac and dc resistivity of these materials in fields up to 15 Tesla, which are consistent with this picture of a field-induced two-dimensional hole gas.
Cloning, characterization, and localization of mouse and human SPO11.

Abstract Spo11 is a meiosis-specific protein in yeast that has been found covalently bound to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) during the early stages of meiosis. These DSBs initiate homologous recombination, which is required for proper segregation of chromosomes and the generation of genetic diversity during meiosis. Here we report the cloning, characterization, tissue expression, and chromosomal localization of both mouse and human homologues of Spo11. The putative mouse and human proteins are 82% identical and share approximately 25% identity with other family members. Northern blot analysis revealed testis-specific expression for both genes, but RT-PCR results showed ubiquitous expression of at least a portion of Spo11 in mouse. Human SPO11 was also detected in several somatic tissues. Mouse Spo11 was localized to chromosome 2H4, and human SPO11 was localized to chromosome 20q13.2–q13.3, a region amplified in some breast and ovarian tumors.
Effects of Interspecific Competition on Early Life History of the Invasive Thistles Carduus nutans and C. acanthoides

Abstract Establishment of many invasive species, including the Eurasian thistles Carduus nutans and C. acanthoides, is believed to be promoted by disturbance. Prior research suggests that emergence and early survival of these two weeds is far higher on bare ground than in areas with interspecific competition, but this relationship has not been well quantified. We studied the effects of microsite size and watering regime on the emergence and early survival of these invasive thistles. Microsite competition was found to significantly negatively affect successful emergence and first-month survivorship of both species, while additional water was not found to significantly increase seedling emergence. These findings suggest that adequate bare ground is an important predictor of successful thistle establishment, and thus that conservation practices aimed at reducing available microsites should help to limit the invasion of these two species.
Avalanche-free tunnel-junction photodetectors with very high gain and responsivity

We present a prototype photodetector in which the built-in "tunneling structure" serves as an internal gain mechanism for photon detection. Initial feasibility studies demonstrated that the new photon detector offers an optical responsivity as high as 3000 A/W peaked at λ=1.3 μm at less than 1 V bias applied. The measurements were carried out using a photospectrometer setup in a continuous mode at room-temperature. Very strong (> 1000) responsivity is also measured from visible to SWIR even with a simple optical coupling scheme that utilizes very thin absorber layers in the prototype devices. The dark current density is ~ 5×10 -10 A/μm 2 at the operating bias. Room-temperature NEP was calculated based on a shot noise measurement, yielding NEP of 4~ 5×10 -15 W/Hz 1/2 and D* of 2~3×10 12 cmHz 1/2 /W, peaked at a bias of 0.3 V at a fixed wavelength of λ=1.3 μm.
EEG sleep in outpatients with generalized anxiety: A preliminary comparison with depressed outpatients

Abstract To develop further perspective on the psychophysiology of generalized anxiety disorder and primary depression, all-night electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep measures in outpatients with diagnoses of generalized anxiety disorder and primary (nondelusional) depression were compared. Both groups had difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep, and diminished amounts of slow-wave sleep. Compared to patients with generalized anxiety disorder, depressive had a shorter rapid eye movement (REM) latency, greater REM sleep percent and eye movement activity, and a different temporal distribution of REM sleep. Anxious patients showed few changes from first to second night, whereas depressives showed increases in several REM sleep indexes. The combination of REM sleep latency and REM percent correctly classified 86.7% of patients. These data may provide a more direct measure of central nervous system arousal and sleep / wake function than previous studies in the psychophysiology of anxiety. They also lend support to the clinical distinction between generalized anxiety disorder and primary depression and to the classification of anxiety states as disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep.
On applying an external-flow driven mass transfer boundary condition to simulate drying from a pore-network model

Abstract A novel method to simulate drying from a pore-network model is presented. Due to the evaporative mass-flux going out from the network as well as the outside airflow, a vapor mole-concentration boundary layer forms around the network. Concentration Boundary Layer Thickness (CBLT) and consequently the mass transfer coefficient are usually assumed constant in the literature. However, CBLT varies during drying owing to the changes in the outgoing mass flux from the network. To investigate the variation in CBLT and its dependence on convective effects due to the airflow, a numerical code based on the finite volume method has been developed to simulate drying characteristics of a pore-network. Laminar, steady state and two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations as well as the vapor mole-concentration equation with both the convective and diffusive terms are discretized and solved according to the SIMPLE algorithm. A 20 × 20 two-dimensional pore-network after including cylindrical throats with circular cross sections is considered to model slow (isothermal) evaporation. Due to the geometry of throats and the network size, the effects of liquid film, viscous and gravitational forces are not considered. Therefore the capillary effect remains the dominant force for liquid transport inside the pore network. The drying algorithm applied inside the pore-network is the same as the one proposed by Metzger et al. (2007) [14] , and it is verified that the convective effects are negligible within the gas phase inside the network. The effect of air flow over the exposed surface of the network causes a sudden decrease in evaporation rate from the pore-network after a short time period. This confirms the existence of the first drying period, as addressed in previous publications (e.g. Metzger et al. [14] ). Also, a unique CBLT that grows along the length of the pore-network has been obtained. It is shown that the thickness of the concentration boundary layer decreases with time everywhere along the top surface of the network; therefore the assumption of constant CBLT that is used in the literature is merely a rough estimate. The present model provides a more accurate analysis of the isothermal evaporation from the porous structures exposed to laminar external air flow.
Effects of different types of isocaloric parenteral nutrients on food intake and metabolic concomitants.

Abstract Whether spontaneous food intake (SFI) is controlled by infused nutrient type or its caloric content, irrespective of nutrient type, was investigated. Rats were infused for 4 days with isocaloric solutions of different nutrient type but sharing the same intermediary metabolic oxidative pathway, providing 25% of daily caloric needs. One parenteral solution was a glucose, fat and amino acid mix (TPN-25%); the other provided ketone bodies (TRO-3.5%). Effects of parenteral infusions on SFI and metabolic concomitants were compared and contrasted to that in a group of orally fed rats. Both infusions reduced SFI by 50%. Rats receiving TRI-3.5% had lower blood glucose and insulin concentrations, but increased hepatic glycogen content compared to TPN-25% or orally fed rats. No differences in hepatic triglycerides occurred between the three groups. However, serum free fatty acids were significantly lower in TRI-3.5% and in TPN-25% groups vs. fed rats. Data indicate food intake suppression is mediated by caloric content rather than nutrient type, suggesting that a mediator of SFI regulation could be at the citric acid cycle level.
The Rosse telescope

In 1845 the Third Earl of Rosse built a telescope with a 6-ft metal mirror on his estate in Birr in Ireland. What was the largest telescope in the world until 1918 has recently been restored to working condition.
Excess nerve growth factor in the periphery does not obscure development of whisker-related patterns in the rodent brain.

We have addressed the issue of whether or not peripherally expressed nerve growth factor (NGF) influences the formation of whisker-specific patterns in the brain by regulating the survival of sensory neurons. Transgenic mice that overexpress an NGF cDNA in the skin were examined. In these animals, excess NGF expression is controlled by promoter and enhancer sequences of a keratin gene, thus restricting the higher levels of NGF expression to basal keratinocytes of the epidermis. Twice the number of trigeminal sensory neurons survive in transgenic mice as in normal animals, and a corresponding hyperinnervation of the whisker pad is noted, both around the vibrissa follicles and along the intervibrissal epidermis. However, the increased survival of sensory neurons and the enhanced peripheral projections do not interfere with the development of whisker-specific patterns in the trigeminal brainstem, in the ventrobasal thalamic complex or in the face-representation region of the primary somatosensory (SI) cortex. These results demonstrate that vibrissa-related central patterns are able to form in the virtual absence of trigeminal ganglion cell death and suggest that mechanisms other than a selective elimination of sensory neurons control the development of whisker-specific neural patterns in the brain. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
HYPOXIA AND MECHANICAL STRAIN ENHANCE PROLIFERATION OF FIBROBLASTS IN DEVELOPING RAT LUNG. † 2092

In the immature lung, interstitial fibroblasts play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of chronic lung disease and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). However, the factors which lead to these fibroproliferative changes in infant lungs are poorly understood. The purpose of these experiments was to determine whether mechanical strain and/or oxygen deprivation alter the rate of fibroblast proliferation in vitro and whether the responses to these insults vary with increasing postnatal age. Fibroblasts were isolated from the lungs of 2-6, 10 and 18 day old rat pups and were cultured in DMEM:Hams F-12(1:1), 10% FBS, until they reached confluence. All experiments were conducted on first passage cells. To determine the effect of oxygen deprivation on cell proliferation, cells were maintained in 5% CO2 and humidified air or 7.5% O2 and harvested after one, 24 or 48 hours. The cells were then subjected to flow cytometry to determine from the DNA content, the fraction of the total population in the S and G2/M phases in control versus hypoxic tissue cultures. When cells were grown in 7.5% O2, 25% more fibroblasts from 2 day old rats and 15% more fibroblasts from 5 day old rats entered the cell cycle during the culture period than did 2 and 5 day controls grown in air. In contrast, cells obtained from 10 and 18 day old rats did not proliferate more rapidly in 7.5% O2 than in air. In a separate series of experiments, fibroblasts from 2,3,4,5,6,10 and 18 day old rats were grown on silastic membranes in 6-well plates and subjected to 7.5%, 15% or 25% stretch at 15 cycles/minute for 24 or 48 hrs. using a Flexercell unit. Cell counts were obtained and values were compared with controls not subjected to the stretch. The rate of proliferation was not increased when cells were subjected to 7.5% or 25% stretch. However, when subjected to 15% stretch, fibroblasts from 3,4,5 and 6 day old rats proliferated 108±21%, 110±1%, 125±13% and 118±9% faster, respectively, than controls. Cells from 10 and 18 day old rats did not proliferate faster than controls in response to 15% stretch. These results indicate that fibroblasts from younger rats (2-6 days old) proliferate faster than cells from older rats in response to mechancial strain and/or hypoxia thus suggesting that in human infants, mechanical ventilation, hypoxia and degree of prematurity may all be contributing factors in the fibrosis associated with BPD.
The ARF-B23 connection: implications for growth control and cancer treatment.

The tumor suppressor ARF induces a p53-dependent and -independent cell cycle arrest. Unlike nucleoplasmic localized MDM2 and p53, ARF localizes in the nucleolus. The role of ARF in the nucleolus and the molecular target and mechanism of ARF’s p53-independent function remain both controversial and a fertile field of research. Recent study has identified the nucleolar protein B23 as a target of ARF for implementing its growth inhibitory function. The ability of ARF to block cell cycle progression through the MDM2-p53 pathway and to suppress ribosomal biogenesis through B23 suggest a role for ARF in coordinating inhibitions of growth and proliferation.
Electrical remodeling and arrhythmias in long‐QT syndrome: lessons from genetic models in mice

Mutations in cardiac voltage-gated K+ channels cause long-QT syndrome (LQTS) and sudden death. We have created a mouse with a long-QT phenotype by overexpression of truncated K+ channels in the heart and have investigated the phenotype of these mice. These mice have long-QT phenotype, and spontaneous and inducible arrhythmias. Optical mapping of Kv1DN mice revealed spatial and temporal dispersion of repolarization that underlies the arrhythmias. Here I review our attempts to abolish arrhythmias in this model by crossbreeding with Kv4DN and Kv2DN mice or direct injection of adenoviral or adeno-associated viral vectors expressing wild-type Kv1.5 (AV-Kv1.5) into the myocardium. Our published work suggests that the viral vectors rescue the phenotype at the cellular level, while crossbreeding with Kv4DN mice attenuates the spontaneous and inducible arrhythmias.