cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Racial Differences in HLA Antigen Frequency and Hypertensive Renal Failure

Black patients with hypertension are six times more likely to develop end-stage renal disease than are their white counterparts. To determine if genetic differences associated with the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) system account for racial variation in hypertensive renal failure, we examined antigenic frequencies from a large renal transplant registry. Human Leukocyte Antigen phenotypes from cadaveric renal transplant recipients and donors in the South Eastern Organ Procurement Foundation database from 1982 to 1986 were analyzed. One thousand six hundred four renal transplant recipients with hypertensive renal failure as the cause of end stage renal disease (cases) were compared with 4506 race-matched cadaveric kidney donors (controls). Log-linear models were used to assess the relationship between hypertensive renal failure and prevalence of each HLA phenotype. Bonferroni adjustments of P values were used to correct for multiple comparisons. Comparison of HLA frequencies between blacks and whites with hypertensive renal failure demonstrated that blacks had an increased frequency of HLA-DR3 beyond that normally known to exist between black and white populations. Black cases compared to black controls had an 8.6% increase in HLA-DR3 frequency contrasted with a 1.6% decrease in the frequency of this antigen between white cases and white controls. This absolute 10.2% difference between the races was significant (P = .02) because the control black and white populations had nearly identical frequencies for this antigen. White cases compared to white controls had lower HLA-A1 and B8 frequencies (21.2% v 30.6%, P = .0005 and 13.7% v 22.3%, P = .001, respectively) and a greater HLA-B35 frequency (20.7% v 14.2%, P = .02).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Delay, state, and parameter estimation in chaotic and hyperchaotic delayed systems with uncertainty and time-varying delay

A novel approach is proposed for simultaneous estimation of states, delay and parameters of nonlinear chaotic and hyperchaotic delayed systems with constant delay as well as simultaneous estimation of states and parameters for such delayed systems with time-varying delay. The approach exploits continuous time approximation and stochastic optimal filtering. Also, an innovative technique is proposed to approximately compute the Lyapunov exponents of a nonlinear delayed system in order to determine the parameter values for which the system becomes chaotic or hyperchaotic. The model used in this approach contains two different source of considerable uncertainty. The approach is successfully implemented for state, parameter and delay estimation on various forms of time delayed Lorenz system and delayed Hopfield neural network including chaotic and hyperchaotic cases with constant and time-varying delays. In case of delayed Hopfield neural network, the performance of the approach is shown to be superior compared with two other existing approaches.
Expanding the Concept of Gender-based Violence in Peacebuilding and Development

This article analyses key documents and field reports in order to make explicit the kinds of conceptual perspectives that frame the work on sexual violence against women. It explores the ways in which the Beijing Declaration on Violence and Security Council Resolution 1325, which focus on women as victims of sexual violence, have framed the work on gender-based violence in the international arena. The article argues that the focus on women as the sole victims of violence hampers sustainable peacebuilding and development in post-conflict societies. Such a focus fails to address the ways in which boys and men experience different forms of sexual violence and limits the potential efficacy of interventions around gender-based violence.
Organizing for modern technology and innovation: A review and synthesis

Abstract Classical and modern organization designs are reviewed and evaluated in terms of their capabilities for handling radical or major innovations. The choice of an effective organization design is shown to be related to the nature of the technological and market environments. Only Type IV organization designs, the modern-integrative organization designs, are shown to have the necessary qualities for handling all the phases in the life cycle of a major innovation. Though difficult- to implement and maintain, Type IV organization designs are shown to be a potent tool for those modern managers who fully understand how to use them.
Oxidant preconditioning protects human proximal tubular cells against lethal oxidant injury via p38 MAPK and heme oxygenase-1

Ischemic preconditioning protects the kidney from subsequent ischemic injury but the signal transduction pathways involved are unknown. Human proximal tubular (HK-2) cells were protected from injury with 2.5 mM H(2)O(2) by preconditioning with a single 15-min exposure to 500 microM H(2)O(2) followed by 16 h of recovery (oxidant preconditioning). To identify the signaling pathways involved in oxidant preconditioning, we utilized inhibitors of several signaling intermediates (MAPK/ERK kinase I, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), protein kinase C and tyrosine kinase). A rapid but transient increase in p38 MAPK was observed following oxidant preconditioning and an inhibitor of p38 MAPK (SB203580) abolished the protection provided by oxidant preconditioning. Oxidant preconditioning was also associated with heat shock protein-27 phosphorylation (by p38 MAPK) and an increased synthesis of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Stimulation or inhibition of HO-1 with hemin or Zn(II) protoporphyrin IX, respectively, mimicked or abolished oxidant preconditioning-mediated cytoprotection. Inhibitors of new protein synthesis (cycloheximide) and gene transcription (actinomycin D) also blocked the cytoprotection by oxidant preconditioning. We conclude that oxidant preconditioning protects HK-2 cells against more severe oxidant injury via activation of signaling pathways that include p38 MAPK and increased synthesis of HO-1.
FLT3 inhibitors: A Story of the Old and the New

Purpose of reviewEver since the recognition that FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) mutations exert a profound negative prognostic impact on the clinical outcome of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), researchers have sought to find effective small-molecule inhibitors of this receptor tyrosin
Optical Interconnections In Microelectronics

As the complexity of microelectronic circuits increases, performance becomes more and more limited by interconnections. Continued scaling and packing lead to a dominance of interconnect delays over gate delays. This paper explores the potential of optical inter-connections as a mean for alleviating such limitations. Various optical approaches to the problem are discussed, including the use of guided waves (integrated optics and fiber optics) and free space propagation (simple broadcast and imaging interconnections). The utility of optics is influenced by the nature of the algorithms that are being carried out in computations. Certain algorithms make far greater demands on interconnections than do others. Clock distribution is a specific application where optics can make an immediate contribution. Data interconnections are more demanding, and require the development of hybrid Si/GaAs devices and/or heteroepitaxial structures containing both Si and GaAs layers. The possibilities for future developments in this area are discussed.
MEASUREMENT OF DNA-SYNTHESIS TIME IN MYELOID-ERYTHROID PRECURSORS.

Abstract A technique of double labeling with 3 H-thymidine in vivo followed by 14 C-thymidine in vitro was developed to measure the in vivo period of DNA-synthesis for myeloid-erythroid precursors in the marrow of dogs, one hematologically normal man and one case of acute myeloid leukemia. Results were in the approximate range of 5–6 hr. A completely in vitro measurement with 3 H-thymidine followed by 14 C-thymidine and vice versa showed a three-fold prolongation of the synthesis time in canine myelocytes and erythroid precursors.
Field performance of air-sparging system for removing TCE from groundwater

The removal of volatile organic compounds from groundwater by air sparging (AS) is well-established, although reliable methods for predicting the time required to reach site closure have not been established. To develop an improved understanding of mass transfer processes that limit AS performance, two extended controlled shutdowns of an operating AS system were performed. Monitoring of TCE concentrations in source zone groundwater indicated “tailing” and “rebound” behavior similar to that observed for pump-and-treat systems. A simple two-compartment model provided a reasonable description of the 3-year AS history, using parameters calibrated from data collected during the first shutdown period. Comparison of the calibrated rate constants with parameters estimated from laboratory soil columns suggests that, for the study site, aqueous diffusion to discrete air channels has a stronger influence on system performance than rate-limited desorption. Predictions based on the calibrated model indicated that rest...
"Sticky Ions": A Student-Centered Activity Using Magnetic Models to Explore the Dissolving of Ionic Compounds.

Understanding what happens at the particulate level when ionic compounds dissolve in water is difficult for many students, yet this understanding is critical in explaining many macroscopic observations. This article describes a student-centered activity designed to help strengthen students’ conceptual understanding of this process at the particulate level and translate this understanding to the symbolic level. In this activity, students use magnetic models to explore how mono- and polyatomic ions interact with water molecules and with each other. Manipulating the models addresses the common students’ misconceptions (1) that ionic compounds remain as ion pairs and (2) that polyatomic ions dissociate into individual monatomic ions. These models also help students see how water molecules orient around the individual ions. Writing dissociation reaction equations for the modeled dissolving processes helps students better understand the relationship between subscripts and coefficients in writing ionic equations...
The Effects of Nonverbal Immediacy and Verbal Person Centeredness in the Emotional Support Process

This study explores the combined influence of nonverbal immediacy and verbal person centeredness in the emotional support process. Three complementary models were tested in an experiment with 216 participants who disclosed an emotionally upsetting event to a confederate trained to display different levels of nonverbal immediacy and person centeredness. Participants subsequently completed a set of instruments measuring the perceived comforting quality of the confederate. Results suggested that nonverbal immediacy and person centeredness influence perceptions of what makes for good comforting. The data supported 2 of the advanced models but failed to provide support for a nonverbal primacy effect on perceived comforting quality.
Intrahepatic bile ducts transport water in response to absorbed glucose

The physiological relevance of the absorption of glucose from bile by cholangiocytes remains unclear. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that absorbed glucose drives aquaporin (AQP)-m...
Teaching embedded computer systems with a Windows-based simulator

The Systems Engineering Department at the US Naval Academy provides a set of courses that are designed to introduce modern practices in digital control to undergraduates majoring in systems engineering. A very important element of digital control to be taught is the use of microcontrollers as "embedded" elements in feedback control systems. A good simulation of a real microcontroller can be immensely helpful to demonstrate concepts and to give students some practical experience using embedded processors in a variety of applications. Finding no suitable embedded computer simulator for our undergraduate students, we proceeded to develop and use a Windows based simulation of the PIC16C54/57/71/84 RISC microprocessor family. The program contains a program editor, an assembler, debugging tools, graphical representation for all registers, tools to present signals on device pins, and many other features that are all integrated together in a Windows environment. The paper describes the simulation and discusses our experiences while using the simulation over a period of two semesters in an introductory microcontroller class.
Yield Study of Inline Package on Package (PoP) Assembly

This study is focused on the correlation between warpage of ball grid array (BGA) components and the yield of package-on-package (PoP) assembly on printed circuit board (PCB). Gap analysis and modeling have been employed to address the solder joint "open" defects. Warpage measurements for BGAs were performed under simulated reflow conditions. A yield prediction model is proposed based on modeling of the gap using Monte Carlo simulation. The root causes for yield loss have been identified from this study and recommendations are made to enhance the inline assembly yield for PoP.
Heed Our Advice: Exploring How Professionals Guide Small Business Owners in Start‐Up Entity Choice

There is little work on how attorneys and accountants evaluate new small businesses when giving advice. The focus of this paper is to gain a better understanding of those factors that are important in the practice of advising small business owners on entity choice. We utilize a policy-capturing methodology to study how attorneys and accountants evaluate the likelihood they would advise a particular entity. Our results suggest that these two categories of advisers appear to prefer different factors when determining the form—a sole proprietorship, partnership, limited liability companies, or S corporation—small business should take.
Persistent Propagation of Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Agent in Murine Spleen Stromal Cell Culture with Features of Mesenchymal Stem Cells

The transmission of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) through blood transfusions has created new concerns about the iatrogenic spread of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)/prion diseases through blood and plasma-derived products and has increased the need to develop efficient methods for detection of the agent in biologics. Here, we report the first successful generation of spleen-derived murine stromal cell cultures that persistently propagate two mouse-adapted isolates of human TSE agents, mouse-adapted vCJD, and Fukuoka 1. These new cell cultures can be used efficiently for studies of the pathogenesis of the disease, for development of diagnostics and therapeutics, and as a rapid ex vivo assay for TSE inactivation/removal procedures.
Relationship between Melting Quality and Hardness of Cheddar Cheese

Summary The relationship between melting quality, expressed as melting time, and cheese hardness was investigated. A relatively high correlation coefficient, +0.799, was found. Cheese hardness can be used as a means of predicting the melting quality of Cheddar cheese. The relationship of the fat content, the moisture content, and pH values to the melting quality and hardness of Cheddar cheese was investigated. These factors influenced hardness more than melting quality, but the effect, either separately or combined, was not strong enough to account for the wide variations found in melting quality or hardness.
Mechanisms of Cancer Prevention by Tea Constituents

Consumption of tea (Camellia sinensis) has been suggested to prevent cancer, heart disease and other diseases. Animal studies have shown that tea and tea constituents inhibit carcinogenesis of the skin, lung, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, liver, prostate and other organs. In some studies, the inhibition correlated with an increase in tumor cell apoptosis and a decrease in cell proliferation. Studies with human cancer cell lines have demonstrated that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major tea polyphenol, inhibits mitogen-activated protein kinases, cyclin-dependent kinases, growth factor-related cell signaling, activation of activator protein 1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB), topoisomerase I and matrix metalloproteinases as well as other potential targets. Although some studies report effects of EGCG at submicromolar levels, most experiments require concentrations of >10 or 20 micromol/L to demonstrate the effect. In humans, tea polyphenols undergo glucuronidation, sulfation, methylation, and ring fission. The peak plasma concentration of EGCG is approximately 1 micromol/L. The possible relevance of each of the proposed mechanisms to human cancer prevention is discussed in light of current bioavailability data for tea polyphenols and the potential limitations of animal models of carcinogenesis. Such discussion, it is hoped, will clarify some misunderstandings of cancer prevention by tea and stimulate new research efforts.
Influence of ozone on transgenic tobacco plants expressing reduced quantities of Rubisco

RbcS-antisense transformed tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Petit Havana) expressing reduced quantities of Rubisco protein were used to examine the role of Rubisco quantity in determining ozone (O 3 ) sensitivity. Transformed and wild-type plants were exposed to O 3 in the greenhouse and in the field. Stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis and Rubisco protein quantity were measured at various times. Antisense-transformed genotypes responded to O 3 by exhibiting rapid, severe foliar necrosis. The wild-type plants responded more slowly, exhibiting limited injury. Decreases in stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis or Rubisco quantity in plants exposed to O 3 were not observed in asymptomatic leaves. Total biomass was lower for the transformed genotypes and decreased in both genotypes after exposure to O 3 . Shoot-root ratio and specific leaf area were higher in the transformed genotypes and increased in both genotypes with exposure to O 3 . Measurements of intercellular airspace demonstrated the presence of larger intercellular spaces in the transformed plants. The indirect effects of the rbcS antisense transformation, including morphological changes in the leaf, probably rendered the transformed plants more sensitive to the oxidant. The decreased quantity of Rubisco is not thought to be directly related to increased O 3 sensitivity in the transformed plants.
Pillage and property

This paper introduces a class of coalitional games, called pillage games, as a model of Hobbesian anarchy. Any coalition can pillage, costlessly and with certainty, any less powerful coalition. Power is endogenous, so a pillage game does not have a characteristic function, but pillage provides a domination concept that defines a stable set, which represents an endogenous balance of power. Every stable set contains only finitely many allocations, and can be represented as a farsighted core. Additional results are obtained for particular games, including the game in which the power of each coalition is determined by its total wealth.
A possible role for glycoprotein gpV in the pathogenesis of varicella-zoster virus.

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is one of the six known human herpesviruses. It is the causative agent of chicken pox (varicella) as the result of primary infection and shingles (zoster) upon reactivation from the latent state. A number of considerations make it clear that our knowledge of the natural history of this virus must be expanded. First, the increasing age of the general population in the United States is likely to lead to an increase in cases of recrudescent zoster with attendant morbidity. Second, both varicella and zoster can lead to systemic and potentially life-threatening infections in the immunocompromised. Third, a live attenuated VZV vaccine has been used extensively in Japan and is completing clinical trials in the United States (1).
Experimental field tests of natural algal diets on gonad index and quality in the green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis: a case for rapid summer production in post-spawned animals

Abstract We tested whether the roe (gonads) of “post-spawned”, green sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, from barren grounds could be enhanced in the field during summer. Experiments were initiated using a low roe-yielding (barren ground) population, which also served as a field control. Specifically, we determined the ability of naturally occurring macroalgae to increase roe yield and enhance roe color relative to field controls. Sixty experimental cages with algae and five test animals per cage (mean test diameter=50.0 mm) were suspended along the seaward end of a commercial lobster impoundment on Beals Island, Maine, on 18 June 1996. Urchins were fed ad libitum all (mixed diet) or one of four species of macroalgae (Palmaria palmata, Alaria esculenta, Laminaria saccharina and Ulva lactuca). Four replicate cages of each algal treatment and 20 individuals from the control population were sampled (without replacement) every 3 weeks until 20 August. This design permitted the use of orthogonal contrasts in both one- and two-factor ANOVAs. These analyses revealed significant enhancement, relative to controls, of both color and roe yield (gonad index doubled or tripled within 2 months). Algal-fed animals attained a mean gonad index greater than 10%, the minimum commercial standard in Maine, while field populations ranged from 4% to 6%. These analyses revealed differential roe enhancement among palatable seaweeds. The red alga, P. palmata, induced the quickest and highest response, singly, among the four algae tested. Roe production on P. palmata was generally higher, but similar to that of the mixed diet. The two kelp species, A. esculenta and L. saccharina, consistently produced the lowest yields. Roe yields were correlated with protein levels in the algae. Our study also provides some insight into seasonal allocation of energy and nutrients into gonadal tissue. These data show that off-season allocation to gonadal tissue is biologically feasible in the absence of photoperiodic manipulation and that summer enhancement could be used to meet the off-season (August) market demand for roe in Asia.
INTEGRATED AQUACULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

Group farming is an approach to aquacultural development where a relatively small number of individuals or families elect to produce fish as a collectively adopted activity. Cooperatively managed farm enterprises depend on various coordination mechanisms to initiate and sustain the production process. The paper examines selected structural and situational factors that affect decision making and continued operation of community-managed fish ponds. Specific reference is made to a 22-community rural development project in central Panama where ponds were constructed, extension assistance imparted, and aquacuhure is integrated with garden and animal enterprises. Community factionalism, property rights, sums differences, and the role of leadership are examined in terms of the viability of group farming and the long-term sustainability of community-managed enterprises. Resume Ľarticle pone sur un essai de developpement de ľaquaculture par une formule cooperative dans laquelle un petit nombre ?individus ou de families s'associent pour la production. La gestion cooperative de ces fermes suppose des mecanismes de coordination: ľarticle analyse les facteurs structuraux etcontextuels qui affectent la prise de decision et le travail journalier. Ľarticle est base sur un projet de developpement au Panama central qui conceme 22 communautes rurales pour lesquelles des bassins ont ete construits, auxquelles on a fourni une assistance technique, et ouľaquaculture est integree a des productions horticoles et animates. Ľauteur envisage aussi ľimpact sur la viabilityea long terme de ces cooperatives de facteurs tels que les divisions sociales internes, les droits de propriete, et les differences de statut et ?autorite. Kurzfassung Gruppenlandwirtschaft ist ein Ansatz zur Entwicklung der Fischwirtschaft, indem eine relativ kleine Zahl von Individuen oder Familien sich dafur entscheidet, in gemeinsam verantworteter Tatigkeit Fische zu produzieren. Gemeinschaftlich gefuhrte landwirtschaftliche- Unternehmen sind auf verschiedene Abstimmungsmechanismen zur Einrichtung und Aufrechterhaltung des Produktionsprozesses angewiesen. In dem Beitrag werden ausgewahlte strukturelle und situative Faktoren untersucht, die auf die Entscheidungsfindung und die kontinuierliche Bewirtschaftung gemeinschaftlich unterhaltener Fischteiche einwirken. Es wird Bezug genommen auf ein 22 Gemeinden umfassendes landliches EntwickJungsprojekt in Zentralpanama, wo Teiche errichtet, Beratungshilfe gewahrt und die Fischwirtschaft in Gartenbau- und Viehzuchtbetriebe integriert wurden. Ortliche Parteienbildungen, Eigentumsrechte, Statusunterschiede und die Rolle von Fuhrern werden im Hinblick auf die Lebensfahigkeit von Gruppenlandwinschaft und die langfristige Aufrechterhaltung gemeinschaftlich gefuhner Unternehmungen untersucht.
FINDING SYNERGY BETWEEN DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS AND EXPERT SYSTEMS RESEARCH

This article examines the potential for synergy between decision support systems (DSS) and expert systems research. Three predominant research traditions in DSS (applications, design, and technology) are examined and used as a basis to identify ways in which expert systems and DSS research interrelate. A range of emerging trends in DSS research that focus on these commonalities is discussed.
Oxaliplatin, Fluorouracil, and Leucovorin for Patients With Unresectable Liver-Only Metastases From Colorectal Cancer: A North Central Cancer Treatment Group Phase II Study

Purpose Surgical resection of liver-only metastases from colorectal cancer has undergone extensive evaluation and review. The use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy to improve the likelihood of resection in disease that is not optimally resectable has not been as well studied. Patients and Methods Patients with liver-only metastases from colorectal cancer deemed not optimally resectable by a surgeon with expertise in liver surgery received fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX4). Patients were periodically reassessed for resectability. Surgical response was classified as completely resectable (S-CR), partially resectable (S-PR), or unresectable (S-UR). Study design specified the accrual of 39 patients, with two or more S-CRs considered evidence of promising activity with respect to increasing the S-CR rate. Results Forty-two of 44 patients were assessable for this analysis. Twenty-five patients (60%) had tumor reduction by serial imaging. Seventeen patients (40%) underwent surgery (S-CR, n = 14; S-PR...
“I’m Just a Woman. But I’ve Never Been a Victim”: Re-conceptualizing Prostitution Policy through Individual Narratives

Drawing on narrative theory in political science and policy studies, this article argues that narratives serve definitional purposes in the prostitution policy process, but not all narratives are equally influential here. To illustrate, it shares Gloria Lockett’s narrative. Lockett is a 65-year-old African American former sex worker, prostitutes’ rights activist, and the cofounder and the current executive director of the California Prostitutes Education Project, an HIV/AIDS prevention and education nonprofit in the San Francisco Bay Area. Although Lockett’s narrative does not represent all women in prostitution, it complicates dominant understandings of prostitution in the United States, contests the current criminalization regime, and alerts health authorities to sex workers’ occupational health and safety concerns. Yet even as others share and support her narrative, various legal and ideological factors limit its impact in the policy process.
Electrostatically driven dielectric anomaly in mesoscopic ferroelectric–paraelectric bilayers

Abstract We study the dielectric properties of 220 nm thick PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3/SrTiO3 (PZT/STO) ferroelectric (FE)–paraelectric (PE) bilayers with varying PZT/STO layer fractions grown onto Pt/Ti/TiO2/SiO2/Si substrates using metal–organic solution deposition. The films are characterized using a combination of X–ray diffraction and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). A λ–type anomaly in the dielectric response is observed near a critical PZT/STO ratio of 0.25 STO. At this layer fraction, the small–signal dielectric permittivity exceeds 1600, which is significantly larger that the dielectric response of monolithic PZT and STO films deposited at the same conditions (∼600 and ∼200, respectively). In order to explain this behavior, a thermodynamic model is employed taking into account the electrostatic and electromechanical interactions between PZT and STO layers. We conclude that the observed dielectric anomaly is due to internal fields that result from the polarization mismatch between FE PZT and PE STO layers. Our results indicate that such internal fields can be used as a design parameter to produce structures with enhanced dielectric, piezoelectric, and pyroelectric properties as compared to those achievable for monolithic monolayer ferroelectric materials.
Internal Proteins of the Procapsid and Mature Capsids of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Mapped by Bubblegram Imaging

ABSTRACT The herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) capsid is a huge assembly, ∼1,250 A in diameter, and is composed of thousands of protein subunits with a combined mass of ∼200 MDa, housing a 100-MDa genome. First, a procapsid is formed through coassembly of the surface shell with an inner scaffolding shell; then the procapsid matures via a major structural transformation, triggered by limited proteolysis of the scaffolding proteins. Three mature capsids are found in the nuclei of infected cells. A capsids are empty, B capsids retain a shrunken scaffolding shell, and C capsids—which develop into infectious virions—are filled with DNA and ostensibly have expelled the scaffolding shell. The possible presence of other internal proteins in C capsids has been moot as, in cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), they would be camouflaged by the surrounding DNA. We have used bubblegram imaging to map internal proteins in all four capsids, aided by the discovery that the scaffolding protein is exceptionally prone to radiation-induced bubbling. We confirmed that this protein forms thick-walled inner shells in the procapsid and the B capsid. C capsids generate two classes of bubbles: one occupies positions beneath the vertices of the icosahedral surface shell, and the other is distributed throughout its interior. A likely candidate is the viral protease. A subpopulation of C capsids bubbles particularly profusely and may represent particles in which expulsion of scaffold and DNA packaging are incomplete. Based on the procapsid structure, we propose that the axial channels of hexameric capsomers afford the pathway via which the scaffolding protein is expelled. IMPORTANCE In addition to DNA, capsids of tailed bacteriophages and their distant relatives, herpesviruses, contain internal proteins. These proteins are often essential for infectivity but are difficult to locate within the virion. A novel adaptation of cryo-EM based on detecting gas bubbles generated by radiation damage was used to localize internal proteins of HSV-1, yielding insights into how capsid maturation is regulated. The scaffolding protein, which forms inner shells in the procapsid and B capsid, is exceptionally bubbling-prone. In the mature DNA-filled C capsid, a previously undetected protein was found to underlie the icosahedral vertices: this is tentatively assigned as a storage form of the viral protease. We also observed a capsid species that appears to contain substantial amounts of scaffolding protein as well as DNA, suggesting that DNA packaging and expulsion of the scaffolding protein are coupled processes.
THE FAMILY POSITION OF MOULLAVA ADANSON

In 1904 DALLA TORRE and HARMS listed Moullava Adans. (1763) as genus 69 of the Gentianaceae subfamily Menyanthoideae and as genus 6547 of the total generic list. The genus Almeloveenia Dennst. (1818) was given in synonymy but was listed also as genus 6 (9635 of the total list) of the Genera Incertae Sedis on page 583. Although ADANSON assigned no species to Moullava, the publication was valid because he furnished a brief diagnosis. He also referred to the original author of the name, RHEDE (1686) and included the genus in his first section Cassiae of the Leguminosae. There is no doubt from both ADANSON's description and RHEDE'S excellent plate and description that the plant is a woody member of the Leguminosae. DENNSTEDT renamed RHEDE'S Moullava in his three Indices to the Horti Malabarici. The first index gives the Indian name followed by the scientific name with the volume number and plate reference, the second gives the scientific name with the reference, and the third is to individual volumes giving the Indian and botanical names and some remarks on the plates. He compiled the Indices in order to make the plates more readily available and because Linnaeus had given them only cursory inspection. DENNSTEDT reidentified RHEDE'S plates but when he came upon one which he considered new, he assigned a binomial name to it. Hence there are three page references (13, 18 and 32) to Almeloveenia spinosa, his new name for RHEDE'S Moullava, named in honor of THEODOR JANSON AB ALMELOVEEN, one of the co-authors of the Horti. This binomial is not validly published as pointed out to me by Dr. STAFLEU and Dr. RICKETT (in litt.)' because it constitutes publication of a new generic name and specific epithet not accompanied by a description as called for by Article 41 of the Code but by a simple reference to a previous description.
Affect and the sociology of race: A program for critical inquiry

Theorizing the centrality of race remains a key issue within the social sciences. However, an examination of four programs that dominate critical inquiry, particularly in the US context – Racial Fo...
Single-case experimental design yielded an effect estimate corresponding to a randomized controlled trial

Abstract Objectives We reanalyzed data from a previous randomized crossover design that administered high or low doses of intravenous immunoglobulin (IgG) to 12 patients with hypogammaglobulinaemia over 12 time points, with crossover after time 6. The objective was to see if results corresponded when analyzed as a set of single-case experimental designs vs. as a usual randomized controlled trial (RCT). Study Design and Settings Two blinded statisticians independently analyzed results. One analyzed the RCT comparing mean outcomes of group A (high dose IgG) to group B (low dose IgG) at the usual trial end point (time 6 in this case). The other analyzed all 12 time points for the group B patients as six single-case experimental designs analyzed together in a Bayesian nonlinear framework. Results In the randomized trial, group A [ M = 794.93; standard deviation (SD) = 90.48] had significantly higher serum IgG levels at time six than group B ( M = 283.89; SD = 71.10) ( t = 10.88; df = 10; P M D = 511.05 [standard error (SE) = 46.98]. For the single-case experimental designs, the effect from an intrinsically nonlinear regression was also significant and comparable in size with overlapping confidence intervals: M D = 495.00, SE = 54.41, and t = 495.00/54.41 = 9.10. Subsequent exploratory analyses indicated that how trend was modeled made a difference to these conclusions. Conclusions The results of single-case experimental designs accurately approximated results from an RCT, although more work is needed to understand the conditions under which this holds.
Personnel Supply and Demand in the Clinica Laboratory: A Midwestern Perspective

A survey of 583 midwestern laboratory managers was conducted to assess staffing trends for laboratory professionals over the past 5 years and to ascertain future demands. Four hundred eighteen of the surveys (72%) were returned. The 367 usable responses met three criteria. These facilities provided in-house testing, served 50 to 400 beds, and were located in areas considered underserved by medical technology educational programs. Results indicated 45% of managers reported an increase in approved positions, 25% reported no change, and 30%
An argument for aggressive resection in melanoma.

Any minimization of therapy in the name of reducing morbidity requires careful consideration. Reducing morbidity in melanoma is certainly a laudable goal, but locoregional disease control and cure must remain our primary objectives.
A direct adhesion of metal-polymer-metal sandwich composites by warm roll bonding

Abstract Metal-polymer sandwich composites have been rapidly replacing metallic materials in aerospace and automobile industries. Their desirable mechanical properties including excellent fatigue and impact strength, as well as damage tolerance, are accomplished without sacrificing the benefit of lightweight. In this study, a three-layer metal-polymer-metal sandwich composite was fabricated using a direct adhesion warm roll bonding (WRB) technique without the use of an adhesive agent. Samples were made at various thickness reductions (40%, 50%, 60%, and 75%), and their mechanical properties were compared with the monolithic metallic sheet by performing a small punch test. The results showed significant improvements in the specific strengths of the sandwich composites compared with the monolithic material by 26%, 20%, and 39% at the thickness reductions of 50%, 60%, and 75%, respectively. The specific fracture energy of the sandwich composites at thickness reductions of 60% and 75% was higher than the monolithic material by 7% and 20%, respectively. The results showed that the direct adhesion WRB is a promising technique to fabricate a lightweight, metal-polymer sandwich composite panel.
Healing invisible wounds and rebuilding livelihoods: Emerging lessons for combining livelihood and psychosocial support in fragile and conflict-affected settings

Populations living in fragile and conflict-affected settings (FCS) endure serious hardship, often including witnessing or having direct exposure to violence. These experiences adversely affect the mind, body, and spirit, and diminish the capacity of individuals and communities to take full advantage of economic empowerment opportunities. A small but growing number of programs have begun to combine psychosocial support with livelihood support in FCS, with some promising indication that this combination can enhance project outcomes. This paper assesses evidence to generate a ‘hypothesis of change’ that combining psychosocial with livelihood support can improve development outcomes in FCS. We reviewed evaluations of three categories of programs: (i) those that provide psychosocial support and assess impact on economic empowerment, (ii) those that provide livelihood support and assess impact on psychosocial well-being, and (iii) those that combine both types of support and assess impact on one or both outcomes.
Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease: Prevalence, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Considerations for the Future:

Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is a late onset condition characterized by the Samter triad (aspirin sensitivity [as well as sensitivity to any nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibitor], nasal polyps, asthma) and additional features, including eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis, hypereosinophilia, anosmia, frequent absence of atopy, and, intolerance to ingestion of red wine and other alcoholic beverages. The diagnosis is rare, and, because of this, it is also often missed by physicians. However, it is highly overexpressed in patients with severe asthma (and severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps), which makes its recognition essential. For this review, we considered mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of this disease and discussed the clinical symptoms of AERD. We also discussed the role of aspirin desensitization in the treatment of AERD. Also, we considered medications (e.g, leukotriene modifiers) and surgical interventions that have a role in the treatment of AERD.
Metasurface invisibility skin cloak

An ultrathin conformai skin cloak that can hide three-dimensional objects of arbitrary shape in the visible wavelength range is demonstrated experimentally. Using the concept of reflection phase manipulation with metasurface nanoantennas, we restored not only the wavefront, but also the phase of the reflected light.
Culture and Symbolism: The Myth of National Moral Patrimony

In the preceding chapter, we have discussed the manipulation of symbols of the national myth and of proletarian internationalism, as they have been exploited by cultural pluralists and assimilationists in the effort to shape ideology. We turn our attention in this chapter to specific concrete elements of the myth of Ukrainian national moral patrimony as they have been interpreted and exploited by Ukrainian writers and artists.
User experience of the CoSTAR system for instruction of collaborative robots

How can we enable novice users to create effective task plans for collaborative robots? Must there be a tradeoff between generalizability and ease of use? To answer these questions, we conducted a user study with the CoSTAR system, which integrates perception and reasoning into a Behavior Tree-based task plan editor. In our study, we ask novice users to perform simple pick-and-place assembly tasks under varying perception and planning capabilities. Our study shows that users found Behavior Trees to be an effective way of specifying task plans. Furthermore, users were also able to more quickly, effectively, and generally author task plans with the addition of CoSTAR's planning, perception, and reasoning capabilities. Despite these improvements, concepts associated with these capabilities were rated by users as less usable, and our results suggest a direction for further refinement.
Multifunctional Relations in Channel Partnerships

There are numerous and varied opportunities to create multifunctional linkages between manufacturers and distributors. Indeed, the very number and variety of links tends to obscure important conceptual and managerial issues. The research reported here proposes a framework for classifying types of linkages by focusing on channel flows. Categories of multifunctional relations are then assessed for a) cost/benefit ratios and b) difficulty of implementation.
Towards an Attack Signature Generation Framework for Intrusion Detection Systems

Attacks on web services are major concerns and can expose organizations valuable information resources. Despite there are increasing awareness in secure programming, we still find vulnerabilities in web services. To protect deployed web services, it is important to have defense techniques. Signaturebased Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) have gained popularity to protect applications against attacks. However, signature IDSs have limited number of attack signatures. In this paper, we propose a Genetic Algorithm (GA)-based attack signature generation approach and show its application for web services. GA algorithm has the capability of generating new member from a set of initial population. We leverage this by generating new attack signatures at SOAP message level to overcome the challenge of limited number of attack signatures. The key contributions include defining chromosomes and fitness functions. The initial results show that the GA-based IDS can generate new signatures and complement the limitation of existing web security testing tools. The approach can generate new attack signatures for injection, privilege escalation, denial of service and information leakage.
Habitat Preference and Forage Consumption by Reindeer and Caribou near Atkasook, Alaska

Habitat preference by caribou (Rangifer tarandusgrantii Allen.) and forage selection and consumption by tame reindeer (R. t. tarandus L.) were studied near Atkasook, Alaska, for 3 yr. Small groups ...
Metabolic Profiling by Fourier-Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) and Electrospray Ionization Quadrupole Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (ESI-Q-TOF-MS)

Metabolic profiling by FT-ICR-MS and ESI-Q-TOF-MS is an effective method to capture a rough image of metabolism. It should be performed after the accuracy is confirmed by using the authentic sample after an elaborate calibration is done, when an individual metabolite is identified from the accurate mass for FT-ICR-MS. Moreover, when ESI-Q-TOF-MS is used, the CID spectrum should also be measured, and compared with that of the authentic sample.
The Cerebellar Cognitive Affective Syndrome and the Neuropsychiatry of the Cerebellum

Cognitive and limbic functions are represented in the cerebellar posterior lobe and vermis. Lesions of these areas produce dysmetria of thought, manifesting as the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome (CCAS; Schmahmann’s syndrome). This is the counterpart to the cerebellar motor syndrome which results from lesions of the motor representation in the cerebellar anterior lobe and lobule VIII. The CCAS is characterized by impairments in executive function, visual spatial processing, linguistic deficits, and regulation of affect. The affective component of the CCAS, conceptualized as the neuropsychiatry of the cerebellum, is grouped according to five major domains: attentional control, emotional control, autism spectrum disorders, psychosis spectrum disorders, and social skill set. Within each of these domains, behaviors may reflect cognitive overshoot or undershoot, akin to the disorder of motor control seen in the cerebellar motor syndrome. This chapter focuses on the behavioral neurology and neuropsychiatry of the cerebellum and emphasizes the clinically relevant manifestations for adults and children with a wide range of cerebellar disorders. Recognition of the CCAS throughout the age spectrum is important for patient care, and it highlights the promise that new insights into cerebellar function hold for novel interventions in patients with neurobehavioral and psychiatric diseases linked to the cerebellum.
Energy Management of Applications With Varying Resource Usage on Smartphones

The split-screen mode in smartphones allows for the simultaneous side-by-side execution of multiple applications, which permits multitasking and improves users’ experience. However, such technology results in simultaneously running multiple foreground processes, which increases the power consumption of a smartphone and reduces its battery lifetime. We present an integrated system-level resource management framework that aims to minimize the total energy consumption of a smartphone with negligible impact on the quality of service (QoS) of applications whose resource usage characteristics are not precisely known offline or vary over time. Our proposed solution: 1) leverages applications’ offline profiles to detect instantaneous phase changes (i.e., dynamic changes in resource usage patterns) of the workload of a given application at runtime and 2) adaptively adjusts both voltage and frequency settings of the processor and memory bandwidth to achieve the most energy-efficient configuration subject to QoS constraints. Our approach is also able to progressively reduce the energy consumption of newly installed real-world applications for which there exists no prior resource usage data. Experiments on a Nexus 6 smartphone show that our approach achieves an average energy reduction of 23% (19%) and up to 31% (27%) compared to existing work (and default Android governor) for different combinations of real-world applications running side-by-side in split-screen mode. For applications with no prior resource usage data, the proposed framework saves up to 22% (18%) of energy within at most 14 s when compared to existing work (and default Android governor).