cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transmembrane transport and intracellular kinetics of amino acids in human skeletal muscle

We have used stable isotopic tracers of amino acids to measure in vivo transmembrane transport of phenylalanine, leucine, lysine, alanine, and glutamine as well as the rates of intracellular amino acid appearance from proteolysis, de novo synthesis, and disappearance to protein synthesis in human skeletal muscle. Calculations were based on data obtained by the arteriovenous catheterization of the femoral vessels and muscle biopsy. We found that the fractional contribution of transport from the bloodstream to the total intracellular amino acid appearance depends on the individual amino acid, varying between 0.63 +/- 0.02 for phenylalanine and 0.22 +/- 0.02 for alanine. Rates of alanine and glutamine de novo synthesis were approximately eight and five times their rate of appearance from protein breakdown, respectively. The model-derived rate of protein synthesis was highly correlated with the same value calculated by means of the tracer incorporation technique. Furthermore, amino acid transport rates were in the range expected from literature values. Consequently, we conclude that our new model provides a valid means of quantifying the important aspects of protein synthesis, breakdown, and amino acid transport in human subjects.
Pursuit of food versus pursuit of information in a Markovian perception-action loop model of foraging

Abstract Efficient coding, redundancy reduction, and other information theoretic optimization principles have successfully explained the organization of many biological phenomena, from the physiology of sensory receptive fields to the variability of certain DNA sequence ensembles. Here we examine the hypothesis that behavioral strategies that are optimal for survival must necessarily involve efficient information processing, and ask whether there can be circumstances in which deliberately sacrificing some information can lead to higher utility? To this end, we present an analytically tractable model for a particular instance of a perception–action loop: a creature searching for a randomly moving food source confined to a 1D ring world. The model incorporates the statistical structure of the creature's world, the effects of the creature's actions on that structure, and the creature's strategic decision process. The underlying model takes the form of a Markov process on an infinite dimensional state space. To analyze it we construct an exact coarse graining that reduces the model to a Markov process on a finite number of “information states”. This mathematical technique allows us to make quantitative comparisons between the performance of an information-theoretically optimal strategy with other candidate search strategies on a food gathering task. We find that 1. Information optimal search does not necessarily optimize utility (expected food gain). 2. The rank ordering of search strategies by information performance does not predict their ordering by expected food obtained. 3. The relative advantage of different strategies depends on the statistical structure of the environment, in particular the variability of motion of the source. We conclude that there is no simple relationship between information and utility . Even in the absence of information processing costs or bandwidth constraints, behavioral optimality does not imply information efficiency, nor is there a simple tradeoff between the two objectives of gaining information about a food source versus obtaining the food itself. For a wide range of values of the food source's movement parameter, the strategy of collecting the most information possible about the unknown source location carries an ineliminable structural cost, leading to a situation in which a foraging creature could actually choose to be less well-informed while simultaneously being, on average, better fed.
The Risk of Carotid Endarterectomy for the Asymptomatic Patient: An Argument for Prophylactic Operation

We reviewed the records of 291 asymptomatic patients who underwent 377 carotid endarterectomy operations. The study excludes endarterectomies performed simultaneously with other operations that influence morbidity as well as endarterectomies on patients with symptoms caused by contralateral carotid stenosis. Postoperatively, nine patients had a stroke but two of the nine recovered completely after reoperation. Seven patients (2% of operations) were discharged with a neurologic deficit. One patient died of a myocardial infarction. Combined strokes with residual deficit and deaths totaled eight patients (2.2% of operations). During the time of the study the indication for operation changed from > 60% stenosis of the carotid artery to > 80% stenosis. This paper argues that, based on information currently available, a surgical morbidity rate of < 3% justifies prophylactic endarterectomy. Surgeons must audit their results to demonstrate they can perform the operation with low risk to the patient.
Efficiency and Competitiveness of the Small New York Dairy Farm.

Many believe that small dairy farms cannot survive because costs of production per cwt of milk are thought to be higher than the cost of production per cwt of milk on larger farms. Raw summaries of dairy farm business records in New York are consistent in that smaller dairy farms do have higher average costs of production. However, 1999 data from a group of 314 New York dairy farms were used to model costs of production as frontier or best practice costs with a separate efficiency component accounting for use of projected best practices. That modeling procedure showed that most of the empirical high cost observed on many small dairy farms is due to inefficiency. Therefore, efficient small dairy farms can be competitive with larger dairy farms in New York in producing milk at comparable costs per unit. The frontier cost of production for a 50-cow farm was $13.61 per hundred pounds (45.5 kg) or $0.299 per kg, only slightly over 4% more than costs for a 500-cow farm ($13.03 per hundred pounds or $0.287 per kg). The implication is that the efficient small dairy farm can compete with the efficient large dairy farm.
Determination of Hydrocarbon Solubility in Sea Water and the Analysis of Hydrocarbons in Water-Extracts

ABSTRACT An apparatus is described for measuring the solubility of hydrocarbons in sea water and for analyzing hydrocarbons in water-extracts. The relative concentrations of the hydrocarbons in the gas phase in equilibrium with the water extract were determined by gas chromatography. A known volume of the gas phase was purged out from the apparatus and replaced with helium. The concentration of the hydrocarbons were measured after the second equilibration. The solubility of the hydrocarbon solutes in the sea water extract were determined from the peak area ratios of the solute peaks and the volume of the apparatus. Complex mixtures of hydrocarbons in aqueous solutions may be analyzed using this apparatus by examining the chromatograms obtained after each flush out. The peaks are identified as to hydrocarbon group (olefinic, aromatic, paraffinic) from the rate that the solute peak area decreases after each flush out. Overlapping peaks may be resolved using this technique. By extrapolating peak areas to zer...
Policy Makers Should Prepare For Major Uncertainties In Medicaid Enrollment, Costs, And Needs For Physicians Under Health Reform

The Affordable Care Act of 2010 will expand Medicaid to millions of Americans by 2014. How many enroll will greatly affect health care access, demand for clinicians, and the federal budget, yet the precision and validity of enrollment estimates made to date is unknown. We created a simulation model using two nationally representative data sets to determine the range of reasonable projections, estimating eligibility, participation, and population growth using prior research and our data. Our model predicted that the number of additional people enrolling in Medicaid under health reform may vary by more than 10 million, with a base-case estimate of 13.4 million and a possible range of 8.5 million to 22.4 million. Estimated federal spending for new Medicaid enrollees ranged from $34 billion to $98 billion annually, and we projected that 4,500–12,100 new physicians will be needed to care for new enrollees. In the end, Medicaid enrollment will be determined largely by the extent to which federal and state effor...
An Introductory Pharmacy Practice Experience to Improve Pertussis Immunization Rates in Mothers of Newborns

Objective. To implement an introductory pharmacy practice experience (IPPE) involving discharge counseling on postpartum pertussis immunization recommendations and evaluate its impact on student learning and patient immunization rates. Design. Seventeen pharmacy students provided verbal and written information based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations regarding pertussis immunization for mothers and caregivers of newborns. Assessment. Educational and clinical outcomes were evaluated using student documentation and pharmacy records. Students completed 615 IPPE hours and provided 1,263 consultations. Students reported that 52% of mothers requested immunization, 27% were undecided, 11% had previously been immunized, and 10% declined. Following counseling, immunization rates, as a percentage of total births, significantly increased by 18.5%. Learning objectives of enhanced counseling and documentation skills were achieved. Conclusions. IPPE students provided patient counseling in an institutional setting that contributed to healthcare team efforts to increase pertussis immunization rates in mothers of newborns. This IPPE may serve as a potential model for additional student involvement in discharge counseling.
Acrylamide: Dermal exposure produces genetic damage in male mouse germ cells☆

Acrylamide is used extensively in sewage and wastewater treatment plants, in the paper and pulp industry, in treatment of potable water, and in research laboratories for chromatography, electrophoresis, and electron microscopy. Dermal contact is a major route of human exposure. It has been shown that acrylamide is highly effective in breaking chromosomes of germ cells of male mice and rats when administered intraperitoneally or orally, resulting both in the early death of conceptuses and in the transmission of reciprocal translocations to live-born progeny. It is now reported that acrylamide is absorbed through the skin of male mice, reaches the germ cells, and induces chromosomal damage. The magnitude of genetic damage appears to be proportional to the dose administered topically.
Drag reduction of an elastic fish model

Investigations into unsteady fish-like locomotion have shown that it is a highly efficient method of marine propulsion. Recent experimental work argued that the power needed to propel a swimming fish-like body is significantly less that the power needed to tow an identical, but non-swimming body. This experimental work to prove drag reduction has involved complex robotic systems with many moving parts and actuation devices. Often, the complexity of these systems overshadows their purpose, which is to understand the interaction between the fluid and the body. The purpose of this project is to experimentally obtain drag reduction using the simplest experimental setup possible; a solid urethane rubber fish with a single actuator. This simple model does not allow for precise control of the body movement. However, in nature, there are broad ranges of species that are all able to swim efficiently; and inside each species, each individual has a different size, shape, and swimming style. Therefore to fulfill the goal of the project, it should only be necessary to make a model that looks and moves like an "average" fish. A slight change in the model's form or motion should not drastically change the efficiency results. We chose to base the physical and kinematic characteristics of the model off of a rainbow trout. Trout are a common laboratory fish, and extensive data on their swimming behavior is available. The model was tested at a range of different actuation amplitudes and frequencies, with a range of Strouhal numbers between 0.1 and 0.5. The highest efficiencies of 30% for a self-propelled fish were measured at a Strouhal number of 0.2. Drag reduction was not shown, because the hydrodynamic efficiency of the fish was not high enough. However, the results show that by adjusting the swimming parameters of the fish, a wide range of efficiencies can be achieved. These results suggest that efficient, evolving fish models will have to be used to maximize efficiency and show drag reduction. Fish was more efficient and maneuverable than any existing manmade underwater vehicle. A better understanding of the fluid dynamics of fish swimming combined with the development of new technologies such as artificial muscles will allow for the application of unsteady fish-like propulsion to underwater vehicles.
Optimal parallel randomized algorithms for sparse addition and identification

Abstract Although many sophisticated parallel algorithms now exist, most of them are not sensitive to properties of the input which can be determined only at run-time. For example, in the case of parallel addition in shared memory models, we intuitively understand that we should not add those inputs whose value is zero. A technique which exploits this idea may beat the general lower bound for addition if the count of nonzero operants is much smaller than the numbers to be added. In this paper, we device such algorithms for two fundamental problems of parallel computation. Our model of computation is the CRCW PRAM. We first provide a randomized algorithm for parallel addition which never errs and computes the result in O (log m ) expected parallel time, where m is the count of nonzero entries among the n numbers to be added. This algorithm uses O ( m ) shared space. We then use this result to solve an interesting problem of processor identification. All our techniques enjoy the following properties: 1. (1) They never produce an erroneous answer. 2. (2) If T is the actual parallel time and E ( T ) its expected value, then Prob { T > k · E ( T )} ≤ n − c , where k is arbitrary and c > 1 is linear on k and can be specified by the implementor of the algorithm. 3. (3) Our algorithms do not know m initially, but they produce an accurate estimate for it.
Weak* Hypercyclicity and Supercyclicity of Shifts on ℓ∞

We study hypercyclicity and supercyclicity of weighted shifts on l∞, with respect to the weak * topology. We show that there exist bilateral shifts that are weak * hypercyclic but fail to be weak * sequentially hypercyclic. In the unilateral case, a shift T is weak * hypercyclic if and only if it is weak * sequentially hypercyclic, and this is equivalent to T being either norm, weak, or weak-sequentially hypercyclic on c0 or lp (1 ≤ p < ∞). We also show that the set of weak * hypercyclic vectors of any unilateral or bilateral shift on l∞ is norm nowhere dense. Finally, we show that l∞ supports an isometry that is weak * sequentially supercyclic.
The trickster figure in African-American teaching: Pre- and postdesegregation

This paper explores African-American cultural performance as it exists in education. It focuses on the trickster performance and reveals this community tradition in action through research conducted with African-American educators at two urban schools in the South. The goal of the research is to increase the recognition and use of cultural performance in schools and to create an enhanced learning environment.
Determination of firmness and sugar content of apples using near-infrared diffuse reflectance

The objective of this research was to study the potential of near-infrared (NIR) diffuse reflectance between 800 nm and 1700 nm for determining the firmness and sugar content of apples and to ascertain the effects of apple peel and variety on the NIR prediction of these two quality attributes. The spectral reflectance data were acquired from both peeled and unpeeled ‘Empire', ‘Golden Delicious', and ‘Red Delicious’ apples. Statistical models were developed using principal component analysis/regression. Lower correlations of prediction were obtained (r=0.38 to 0.58) between NIR measurement and Magness-Taylor firmness for both unpeeled and peeled fruit, with the standard errors of prediction (SEP) between 6.6 N and 10.1 N. Improved predictions were obtained when NIR reflectance was correlated with the slope of the Magness-Taylor force-deformation curves. Excellent predictions of the sugar content in peeled apples were obtained (r=0.93 to 0.97; SEP=0.37 to 0.42 °Brix). The SEP, on average, increased by about 0.17 °Brix for the unpeeled apples. Variety did not have a large effect on the model performance on sugar content predictions.
The challenge of cancer research

The challenge of cancer research can be summarized by simple statistics. In 1992, more than 1.1 million Americans are expected to develop cancer, and roughly 520,000 are expected to die from cancer. The National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) mission is to eradicate the death and suffering from cancer, to cure cancer once it starts and ultimately to prevent cancer. To this end, initiatives that promote continued development of sophisticated molecular technologies and clinical application of those technologies to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer are of surpassingly high priority. Epidemiological studies tell us that at least 30-50% of cancer is directly related to smoking, diet and environmental factors. Treatment studies indicate that significant gains in survival are possible and have already been achieved in some cancers, with promise from new drugs and other modalities (including genetic engineering) for still other cancers. Prevention strategies such as smoking reduction, diet, environmental measures, chemoprevention and vaccine development have the potential to achieve a substantial reduction in cancer mortality. This reduction, realized over two decades, would result in at least 100,000 lives saved per year in this country, and a large number can be saved just by applying what we already know.
Optical and electrochemical properties of optically transparent, boron-doped diamond thin films deposited on quartz.

The optical and electrochemical properties of transparent, boron-doped diamond thin film, deposited on quartz, are discussed. The films were deposited by microwave-assisted chemical vapor deposition, for 1-2 h, using a 0.5% CH4/H2 source gas mixture at 45 Torr and 600 W of power. A high rate of diamond nucleation was achieved by mechanically scratching the quartz. This pretreatment leads to the formation of a continuous film, in a short period of time, which consists of nanometer-sized grains of diamond. The thin-film electrode was characterized by cyclic voltammetry, atomic force microscopy, and UV-visible absorption spectrophotometry. The film's electrochemical response was evaluated using Ru(NH3)6(3+/2+) in 1 M KCl, Fe(CN)6(3-/4-) in 1 M KCl, and chlorpromazine (CPZ) in 10 mM HClO4. The film exhibited a low voltammetric background current and a stable and active voltammetric response for all three redox systems. The optical transparency of the polycrystalline film in the visible region was near 50% and fairly constant between 300 and 800 nm. The optical and electrical properties were extremely stable during 48-h exposure tests in various aqueous (HNO3, NaOH) solutions and nonaqueous (e.g., chlorinated) solvents. The properties were also extremely stable during anodic and cathodic potential cycling in harsh aqueous environments. This stability is in stark contrast to what was observed for an indium-doped tin oxide thin film coated on quartz. The spectroelectrochemical response (transmission mode) for CPZ was studied in detail, using a thin-layer spectroelectrochemical cell. Thin-layer voltammetry, potential step/ absorption measurements, and detection analytical figures of merit are presented. The results demonstrate that durable, stable, and optically transparent diamond thin films, with low electrical resistivity (approximately 0.026 omega x cm) laterally through the film, can be deposited on quartz.
Sufficiency and duality for multiobjective control problems under generalized (B, ρ)-type I functions

In this paper, we introduce the classes of (B, ρ)-type I and generalized (B, ρ)-type I, and derive various sufficient optimality conditions and mixed type duality results for multiobjective control problems under (B, ρ)-type I and generalized (B, ρ)-type I assumptions.
The differential effects of timeout and shock on DRL responding in the CER paradigm

A within-Ss design with hooded rats and a DRL 10-sec reinforcement schedule was used to study the effects of timeout (TO) and shock on baseline responding in the CER paradigm. Results indicated that all Ss accelerated responding during the preTO stimulus and suppressed responding during the preshock stimulus. Although the findings with shock were consistent with those of previous investigations, the results with TO were exactly the opposite of those obtained in earlier studies with rats.
In-Process Detection of Faying Surface Sealant Application Flaws in Friction Stir Welding

In this study, a process for detecting faying surface sealant application flaws in friction stir welded (FSW) lap joints is developed. The process uses a technique shown previously to enable the detection of machined gaps in the same joint type. This technique involves computing the frequency spectra of the process forces and reducing the dimensions of the data using well-known methods for discrimination purposes. Aluminum alloys 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 in 0.063-in.- (1.6-mm-) thick sheets were welded with a variety of PR-1432-GP sealant configurations, including in both the cured and uncured state, and applied in the tool path and adjacent to the tool path. It is shown that sealant flaws such as gaps or thin spots can indeed be discriminated from control welds with proper sealant application, and the success of this technique depends directly on the input force signal, the sealant configuration, and the dimensional reduction method. Factors affecting the real-time implementation of this technology in aerospa...
5HT1A-mediated stimulation of cortisol release in major depression: use of non-invasive cortisol measurements to predict clinical response.

The purpose of the present study was to explore 5HT1A-mediated cortisol release in major depressive disorder (MDD) patients in order to determine whether the degree of 5HT1A-receptor sensitivity can predict response to treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). We examined whether the sensitivity of the 5HT1A receptor, as measured by the difference in salivary cortisol levels immediately before and 90 min following the administration of a single dose of the 5HT1A-selective agonist buspirone, predicted treatment outcome following an 8-week, fixed-dose, open trial of the SSRI escitalopram in 17 outpatients with MDD. Change in cortisol levels before and 90 min after the administration of buspirone were not found to predict treatment outcome, whether defined as clinical response (50% or greater reduction in symptom severity), or remission of symptoms. In conclusion, in the present study, we did not find that the change in salivary cortisol levels following the administration of a 5HT1A-selective agonist predicted treatment outcome following an 8-week, fixed-dose, open-label trial of the SSRI escitalopram among outpatients with MDD. Although the 5HT1A-desensetization hypothesis is still a valid one, the results of the present study could not provide any evidence in support.
Unusual conduction disturbances in congenital cardiac disease

Abstract The electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic findings in 5 cases of congenital cardiac disease with an unusual conduction disturbance involving the initial cardiac vectors have been reported. This electric phenomenon was represented vectorcardiographically by reversal of the initial cardiac vectors, and was projected on the electrocardiogram as deeper Q waves in V 4 or V 5 than in V 6 . In normal subjects the initial cardiac vectors are represented in the left precordial leads as Q waves of deeper magnitude in V 6 than in V 4 or V 5 . The 5 cases comprising this report were divided into two categories. Two cases were characterized by focal pathologic processes in addition to hypertrophy of this chamber: (1) a case with an anomalous left coronary artery resulting in an anterolateral infarction and (2) a case with a peculiar enlargement of the left ventricle and concentric, horizontally placed ridges in the lower third of the ventricle. The remaining 3 cases were characterized by sole hypertrophy of the left ventricle. These were cases of tricuspid atresia. Considerations as to the significance of determining the direction inscribed by the QRSsE loop in the horizontal plane were discussed. Among cases of congenital cardiac disease with reversal of the initial cardiac vectors, a clockwise QRSsE loop in the horizontal plane was observed in the 2 cases with additional pathologic lesions of the left ventricle; whereas a counterclockwise QRSsE loop (horizontal plane) was observed in the 3 cases with sole hypertrophy of this chamber.
Initial and Ongoing Teacher Preparation and Support: Current Problems and Possible Solutions.

The effective initial preparation and ongoing support of teachers of students who are deaf and hard of hearing has always been a difficult and controversial task. Changes in student demographic characteristics and educational settings, combined with the rapidly diminishing number and diversity of deaf education teacher preparation (DETP) programs, indicate that the field of deaf education may be at a tipping point. In the present article, the author establishes the dimensions of the current problems and proposes specific solutions to increase the accessibility and effectiveness of DETP programs that would simultaneously enhance the supply, retention, and instructional effectiveness of teachers of students who are deaf and hard of hearing.
Comparison of human and pigeon erythrocyte membrane proteins by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.

Abstract 1. 1. Pigeon and human bands 1 and 2 (spectrin) and 5 (actin) are conserved. 2. 2. Band 3 anion porters have similar SDS positions, but the pigeon porter has a higher isoelectric point. 3. 3. Both anion porters are inhibited by similar doses of pyridoxal phosphate. 4. 4. Many differences are apparent in minor bands.
Performance Analysis of Alternative Methods for LAAS Multiple Reference Consistency Check1

: As one method of ensuring the integrity of reference receivers, the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) ground segment will perform a multiple reference consistency check (MRCC). This paper presents a quantitative comparison of the performance of various methods under consideration for the MRCC function. These methods are intended to first detect anomalies in differential corrections for each satellite from individual reference receivers, and possibly exclude measurements from a specific reference receiver channel or entire receiver identified as the erroneous source. A standardized approach is proposed for evaluating MRCC methods. Detection thresholds are set to provide an acceptable fault-free alarm rate. Then, faulted performance is analyzed in terms of integrity risk (probability of missed detection or wrong exclusion) and continuity risk (probability of excluding all references) as a function of the size of the error in the faulty measurement. A particular method is recommended on the basis of providing acceptable performance for both integrity and continuity risk.
Analysis of fracture in thin shells by overlapping paired elements

Abstract A finite element methodology for evolution of cracks in thin shells using mid-surface displacement and director field discontinuities is presented. We enrich the mid-surface displacement and director fields of a discrete Kirchhoff–Love quadrilateral element using a piecewise decomposition of element kinematics, which leads to a basis that is a variant of the one used in the extended finite element method. This allows considerable simplifications in the inclusion of the shell director field. A cohesive law is employed to represent the progressive release of the fracture energy. In contrast with previous works, we retain the original quadrature points after the formation of a crack, which, in combination with an elasto-plastic multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient, avoids the previously required internal variable mapping during crack evolution. Results are presented for large strain elastic and elasto-plastic crack propagation.
Adsorption of sulfur dioxide on silica gel-rate and equilibrium parameters

Abstract A pulse-response (Chromatographic) method was used to measure adsorption and intraparticle mass transfer properties of sulfur dioxide in silica gel particles at 175 to 270 °C and 1 atm pressure. Adsorption was reversible in the 175–270 °C range but nearly irreversible, in the time period of the chromatographic experiments, below 150 °C. The heat of adsorption (−6.5 kcal/mole) and adsorption rate constants indicated that at 175 to 270 °C the SO2 molecules were held on the silica gel sites with bonds of intermediate strength. Intraparticle mass transfer significantly affected the overall rate of adsorption for all particles with radii larger than 0.1 mm. Hence, this resistance should be considered in designing equipment for removal of SO2 from gases, unless the particle size is very small. Surface and pore-volume diffusion appear to contribute about equally to the intraparticle diffusivity.
Serum bilirubin levels in the newborn infant and their relation to clinical icterus and liver function studies.

Summary Hemoglobin, hematocrit, and blood liver function studies were performed on twenty-five normal newborn infants during the first two days of life and repeated forty-eight to seventy-two hours later. Attempts were made to correlate total serum bilirubin with liver function studies, changes in the hemoglobin and hematocrit level and the degree of clinical icterus. No correlation could be established between the total serum bilirubin levels and the blood liver function studies. Even after a period of forty-eight to seventy-two hours had elapsed in cases where the blood bilirubin level was elevated, there were no signs of hepatic dysfunction as evidenced by abnormal liver function studies. Not all cases showed a significant drop in hemoglobin and hematocrit associated with a rise in serum bilirubin. Conversely, some cases showed an appreciable rise in bilirubin with little or no change in hemoglobin or hematocrit. In not all instances could the total serum bilirubin be directly correlated with the extent of clinical jaundice. In some cases jaundice was noted where the bilirubin level was only moderately elevated, whereas in other cases there was no jaundice with appreciably elevated serum bilirubin. When total serum cholesterol studies were performed on infants during the first or second day of life, the results tended to be significantly lower than the level obtained on the same infant on the third to fifth day of life.
Performance-Prediction Procedure for Transient Flow of Fluids Through Pressure-Sensitive Formations

The concept of ''a continuous succession of steady states'' is applied to obtain a solution to the nonlinear partial differential equation describing the transient flow of a pressure dependent fluid through a stress sensitive formation. This equation was also solved numerically to check the validity of the succession of steady states solution. Radial and linear systems are considered. The results of simulated drawdown tests are correlated as effective drainage radii versus dimensionless time. It is seen that during the transient flow period, the effective drainage radius equations and the van Everdigen and Hurst constant property solutions correlate the solutions equally well; but for times after occurrence of boundary effects, the effective drainage radius equations are far superior to the van Everdingen and Hurst solutions. For linear systems, an effective drainage distance is defined. The constant rate cases, when correlated as effective drainage distance, show excellent agreement with the constant property solution of Nabor and Barham. A performance prediction procedure is presented which is based on a drainage radius or drainage distance concept combined with a material balance equation. Sandface pressures and average reservoir pressure histories obtained from this procedure agree closely with the computer model results.
PLACE REPRESENTATION IN TOURIST GUIDEBOOKS: AN EXAMPLE FROM SINGAPORE

Tourist guidebooks provide an important source of information on places. Different guidebooks are written for different types of visitors to better meet their individual travel needs. This is demonstrated through a content analysis of four guidebooks written for Singapore in the early 1980s. Two of the guidebooks represent variations on mainstream, mass travel interests. The third source presents the long-term expatriates perception, while the fourth source presents the alternative or youth tourist view of Singapore. Urban tourism is shown to be multifaceted, allowing for a diversity of travel motivations, experiences, and behavior.
Impaired alveolar macrophage accessory cell function and reduced incidence of lymphocytic alveolitis in HIV-infected patients who smoke.

ObjectiveTo determine the effects of smoking on alveolar macrophage (AM) accessory cell (AC) function and the incidence of lymphocytic alveolitis in asymptomatic HIV-infected individuals.MethodsAM AC function in smoking and nonsmoking HIV-positive volunteers was measured in concanavalin A and pokewe
Theophylline potentiates glucagon-induced hepatic glucose production in man but does not prevent hepatic downregulation to glucagon.

Abstract Prolonged hyperglucagonemia causes only a transient increase in hepatic glucose production. To determine whether activation of hepatic phosphodiesterase by glucagon is responsible for the transient nature of this response, the effect of infusion of the phosphodiestrase inhibitor theophylline alone, glucagon alone, and glucagon plus theophylline on isotopically determined glucose production was examined in normal human subjects. Infusion of theophylline alone did not alter rates of glucose production or utilization. Infusion of glucagon alone increased glucose production transiently from a basal rate of 1.9 ± 0.1 mg/kg/min to a maximum at min 30 of 2.8 ± 0.3 mg/kg/min followed by a return to rates no different from basal by min 60; plasma glucose increased from 89 ± 3 mg/dl to a maximum of 114 ± 5 mg/dl. Infusion of glucagon in the presence of theophylline resulted in greater increases in both plasma glucose (maximum at min 60 of 134 ± 9 mg/dl) and glucose production (maximum at min 30 of 3.5 ± 0.3 mg/kg/min) than had occurred during infusion of glucagon alone; the increase in glucose production, however, was not sustained. Thus theophylline potentiated glucagon-induced stimulation of hepatic glucose production, but it did not prevent the evanescent hepatic response to sustained hyperglucagonemia. Therefore, the present studies indicate that glucagon activation of hepatic phosphodiesterase does not appear to be responsible for the transient nature of the increase in hepatic glucose production observed during prolonged hyperglucagonemia.
204: mTOR knockdown inhibits anti-HLA antibody induced MHC class I signaling

mediated rejection continues to be a significant source of morbidity and mortality in heart transplant patients past the first year. T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling is the essential element in these alloresponses against donor MHC and non-MHC antigens. Yet there is no therapy to specifically target this process. Dasatinib, an oral kinase inhibitor used for chronic myeloid leukemia, is exquisitely specific for Abl and Src family kinases (SFK), which are critical for the first step of T cell activation. The immunosuppressive effects of Dasatinib have not yet been examined, thus we conducted the following studies to determine the effects of this drug on in vitro T cell responses. Methods and Materials: PBMC were isolated from healthy donors and stimulated with PHA or anti-CD3 (1-100 ng/ml) plus/minus Dasatinib (0.25-1000 nM). IL-2 expanded T cells were analyzed in the same fashion. Flow cytometric analysis for CD69, CD38, CD25, and HLA-DR was performed on total CD3 and CD4 or CD8 gated T cells. Proliferation was analyzed via CSFE staining. Immunoblotting was performed for total phosphotyrosine, phospho (p)-SFK, p-ZAP-70, p-ERK, p-AKT, p-STAT3, and p-STAT5. Results: Dasatinib inhibits T cell proliferation without inducing apoptosis. T cells remain viable and capable of activation upon drug withdrawal. Low nanomolar concentrations of Dasatinib markedly inhibit TCR induced expression of activation markers CD69, CD25, CD38, and HLA-DR. IFN-gamma production is inhibited by Dasatinib Immunoblot and intracellular flow cytometric analysis reveals specific targeted inhibition of the TCR signaling complex Alternative activation via phorbol ester, bypassing the TCR, is not affected even by micromolar concentrations of Dasatinib, demonstrating specificity for SFK Conclusions: We demonstrate that targeted inhibition of the kinases acting at the earliest stage of lymphocyte activation is a novel immunosuppressive approach that may offer a distinct advantage for combating rejection.
Current trends in the practice of home health care of occupational therapists treating patients who have had a stroke

The present study was designed to examine current practices in home health care among occupational therapists in the United States of America treating patients who have had a stroke. On any given day an estimated 1 237 100 patients receive home health care in the USA. This makes home health care a rapidly expanding industry of the 1990s. One of the most significant populations with whom occupational therapists work are patients who have had a stroke. General guidelines for occupational therapists working in home health care include: environmental safety, motor coordination, sensory deficits, perception, cognition, ADL/IADL, and leisure activities. Two hundred surveys were sent to registered occupational therapists working in home health care in the Midwestern region of the USA. Forty-three of the returned surveys were used in the data analysis. The results indicated that therapists are utilising an adaptive approach to treatment techniques within an eclectic frame of reference. Remedial techniques, such as Neurodevelopmental Therapy (NDT), were used often by therapists. The results also indicated that the most frequently used evaluations were standardised tests. Non-reimbursement of services was found to be a result of the patients' insurance not covering occupational therapy services. Further research regarding psychosocial issues with this population in home health care was indicated. Copyright © 1997 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Methods for assessing the effects of biota on soil structure

Abstract Soil biota participate in the genesis of the habitat wherein they live. Together with climate, topography, parent material, and time, vegetation and soil organisms comprise one of Jenny's five interactive soil-forming factors. Only recently has a conceptual framework for investigating the interrelationships of soil biota with soil structure been outlined. This view of soil emphasizes the hierarchical nature of soil structure, which transceds at least four orders of magnitude. Because of the feedback relationship between biota and the development of soil structure, methods of quantifying soil structure will differ with the question being asked. This review briefly considers various methods that have been used to assess the effects of biota, their by-products, and their activities on soil structure. Included are methods tied to the mechanical separation of aggregates, the quantification of pore space, and the evaluation of soil microenvironments using soil micromorphology techniques. Also discussed are important considerations for the sampling, preparation, and application of generally accepted basic methods for quantifying aggregate size distributions and stability. Lastly, a demonstration is presented of how a conceptual framework can be coupled with the use of path-analysis techniques to provide a means for determining the relative importance of various biotic factors in the development of soil structure.
ASSOCIATION VALUES OF CVC TRIGRAMS IN A PRISON POPULATION

Summary.-The association values of 300 CVC trigrams were determined for a prison inmate population. Test-retest reliabilities were satisfactory. Association values obtained in the present study were correlated with those previously obtained by Archer, Glaze, and Krueger. Over-all correlations were high, but those over three resuicred ranges were rather low. It ws concluded that the present association values for this prison population are not interchangeable with those available for other populations. The first author has recently undertaken a series of studies on the learning of nonsense syllables by a prison inmate population in order to relate certain personality characteristics (psychopathy, neurocicism, introversion-extraversion) of prison inmates to characteristics of nonsense syllables known to affect learning in non-inmate populations. Since the association values of available nonsense syllables were decermined for other populations, there was some doubt that these values were appropriate for a prison population. Consequently, new association values were decermined. While this standardization was aimed at obtaining materials for use in specific studies, it may prove useful to other investigators studying verbal learning by prison inmates. PROCEDURE
Effective wavelength calibration for moiré fringe projection

The fringe patterns seen when using moire instruments are similar to the patterns seen in traditional interferometry but differ in the spacing between consecutive fringes. In traditional interferometry, the spacing is constant and related to the wavelength of the source. In moire fringe projection, the spacing (the effective wavelength) may not be constant over the field of view and the spacing depends on the system geometry. In these cases, using a constant effective wavelength over the field of view causes inaccurate surface height measurements. We examine the calibration process of the moire fringe projection measurement, which takes this varying wavelength into account to produce a pixel-by-pixel wavelength map. The wavelength calibration procedure is to move the object in the out-of-plane direction a known distance until every pixel intensity value goes through at least one cycle. A sinusoidal function is then fit to the data to extract the effective wavelength pixel by pixel, yielding an effective wavelength map. A calibrated step height was used to validate the effective wavelength map with results within 1% of the nominal value of the step height. The error sources that contributed to the uncertainty in determining the height of the artifact are also investigated.
Age Preferences: How Old is “Too Old” for Selected Service Providers Among Young, Middle-Aged, and Older Adults?

ABSTRACT This study investigated age preferences for 11 different service providers and the age at which workers in these occupational roles were considered to be “too old” by three age groups: young (18–24), middle-aged (35–55), and older adults (65 +). Results indicate that in comparison to middle-aged and older adults, young adults continue to have unrealistic age preferences and, at a time when the workforce is becoming increasingly older, feel that many workers are too old. The hypothesis of a positive relationship between age group and age preference was not supported; there were few significant differences between the middle-age and older adults.
Organelle DNA Diversity among Buffalograsses from the Great Plains of North America Determined by cpDNA and mtDNA RFLPs

Buffalograss [Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.] is a perennial, warm-season turfgrass that is native to the shortgrass prairie of North America. It offers potential benefits as a turfgrass because of its drought resistance, low incidence of pest problems, and relatively low nutrient requirements. This study was initiated to evaluate the level of organelle DNA diversity among buffalograss genotypes and to determine the mode of inheritance of the chloroplast organelle by cpDNA and mtDNA PCR-RFLPs. The 56 genotypes studied included diploids, triploid, tetraploids, pentaploids, and hexaploids. These genotypes represented 273 buffalograsses collected during 1994 and 1995 from diverse locations in the North American Great Plains. Six cpDNA and three mtDNA noncoding regions were amplified by polymerase chain reaction, using universal chloroplast and mitochondrial primer pairs. Each amplified fragment was digested with two to six different restriction enzymes. On the basis of the use of cpDNA primers, psbC-trnS, and restriction enzyme HaeIII, cpDNA was determined to be maternally inherited in buffalograss. Of the 225 scored fragments, 189 were polymorphic (84%), which included the outgroups, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and blue grama [Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag. Ex Steud.]. Similarities among all genotypes ranged from 0.41 to 1.0, with a mean of 0.70. The UPGMA-generated dendrogram clustered all buffalograsses together with the similarity value of 0.95. Out of the 56 genotypes studied, nine (16%) were discriminated from the other buffalograsses. The remaining 47 genotypes did not differ for cpDNA and mtDNA PCR-RFLPs even though they represented diverse geographic origins and five ploidy levels. These results suggest that low levels of organelle DNA PCR-RFLP are present in naturally occurring buffalograss populations.
Conserved quantities for the Yang-Mills equations

Abstract There are infinitely many gauge-invariant conserved quantities for sufficiently regular solutions of the Yang-Mills equations on 4-dimensional Minkowski space, for example, those that extend to C2 classical solutions on the universal cover of the conformal compactification, which may be identified with the Einstein universe, R × S3. These conserved quantities are expressed in terms of the “in” or “out” fields constructed via the formulation of scattering as a global Goursat problem on the Einstein universe.