cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing articulatory speed performance as a potential factor of slowed speech in older adults.

Purpose To improve our understanding about the underlying factors of aging-related speaking rate decline, the authors sought to determine if lip and jaw speeds are physiologically constrained in older adults. Method Thirty-six females—10 young adults (ages 22–27 years), 9 middle-aged adults (ages 45–55 years), 10 young-old adults (65–74 years), and 7 very old adults (ages 87–95 years)—completed metronome-paced syllable repetitions while moving the lower lip or jaw to a fixed target with each repetition. Metronome paces incrementally increased from 1.4 Hz to 6.7 Hz. Lip and jaw movements were tracked using a 3-dimensional motion capture system. Results Older adults' maximum percent increase in lip and jaw peak speed was comparable to or tended to be even greater than that of middle-aged and young adults. By contrast, lip and jaw stiffness, indexed by peak speed–displacement ratios, tended to decrease with age during fast and very fast repetition rates and were associated with mildly prolonged movement dura...
LOCALIZED MOMENTS ON RHODIUM IN Pd-Rh ALLOYS

The Knight shifts of $^{100}\mathrm{Rh}$ in very diluted Pd-Rh alloys were measured over a temperature range between 4.2 and 1053\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K by $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ perturbed angular-correlation techniques. The Knight shifts were negative, very large (up to -15%), and strongly temperature-dependent. The Curie-Weiss behavior of the Knight shift and the difference between its temperature dependence in a dilute Pd-Rh alloy and in pure palladium, establish the existence of a local moment on the rhodium atom. From existing susceptibility data, the impurity susceptibility ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{i}$ was calculated. Its temperature dependence is conspicuously different from that of the Knight shift. The partial derivative $\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}{K}_{i}(T)}{\ensuremath{\partial}{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{i}(T)}$ was used to obtain the apparent core-$d$ hyperfine field, $H_{\mathrm{hf}}^{}{}_{}{}^{(\mathrm{d})}$. The result is $H_{\mathrm{hf}}^{}{}_{}{}^{(\mathrm{d})}\ensuremath{\simeq}\ensuremath{-}700$ kG for $Tg400$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and $H_{\mathrm{hf}}^{}{}_{}{}^{(\mathrm{d})}\ensuremath{\approx}\ensuremath{-}43\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ kG for $Tl400$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The drastic change in the field at about 400\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K indicates that above this temperature the localized moment is concentrated on the Rh atom, while at lower temperatures the polarization of the lattice by the impurity atom seems to be rather long ranged, suggesting the formation of a quasibound state. Knight shifts for $^{100}\mathrm{Rh}$ in Ag and Pt hosts are also reported.
Automation Adoption and Adaptation: Case Study of User Request Evaluation Tool

The objective of this paper is to present the findings and a set of hypotheses that emerged in the initial steps of an assessment study of air traffic controllers' adoption and adaptation of new technologies, with the user request evaluation tool (URET) as a case study. The hypotheses are the basis for further study on this topic. The importance of this investigation is to provide a better understanding of changes brought about by the use of decision support tools by sector controller teams. The main purpose of URET is to support sector team strategic planning and allow controllers to concentrate on more user-beneficial control actions. Actual improvements depend on the way controllers use the automation tools in their work. Three aspects were noted about URET usage: (a) different sector teams use it in different ways, (b) in many instances URET usage differs from what was intended, and (c) usage varies across centers. Subject matter experts were interviewed to explore how controllers have adopted and ada...
Re-Os isotopic investigation of the Stillwater Complex, Montana

Abstract Samples from the J-M Reef and the G-chromitite horizons of the Stillwater Complex were analyzed for their Re and Os concentrations and Os isotopic compositions. There is large variability in the 187 Os/ 186 Os ratio both within the G-chromitite and between the horizons, that is unsupported by in-situ Re decay since the time at which the Stillwater Complex formed. The lowest initial 187 Os/ 186 Os of 0.895 ± 0.014, determined on a sample from the G-chromitite, indicates a normal mantle source region for the Ultramafic Series parent magma. Other samples from the G-chromitite are intermediate in 187 Os/ 186 Os between this value and the J-M Reef average initial 187 Os/ 186 Os of 1.32 ± 0.10. The Os concentration of the G-chromitite samples is also quite variable and is probably caused by heterogeneous distribution of early crystallizing platinum group element-bearing phases, predominantly laurite (Ru, Os, Ir)S 2 ). Oxygen isotopic analyses of the J-M Reef indicate that the variability of initial Os isotopic composition is the result of magmatic processes. A model is presented in which a normal mantle melt was contaminated with mafic to intermediate crust, at the time of the Ultramafic-Banded Series transition, to produce the J-M Reef Os isotopic enrichment. The G-chromitite horizon recorded two events with Os isotopes: first, the magmas that mixed to become saturated in chromite also precipitated laurite, which carried the mantle Os isotopic signature, and second, intercumulus liquid that migrated to the G-chromitite level by convection in the cumulus pile precipitated late-stage intercumulus sulfides, which carried radiogenic Os.
The Obesity Paradox in Diabetes

Overweight or obese adults have demonstrated a survival advantage compared with leaner adults in several population-based samples. This counterintuitive association has been termed the obesity paradox. Evidence for an obesity paradox among persons with diabetes has been less consistent. In the present review, we identified 18 longitudinal studies conducted in cohort studies, patient registries and clinical trial populations that tested the associations between obesity and survival in patients with diabetes. The majority of these studies reported that mortality was lowest in overweight and obese persons, and that leaner adults had the highest relative total and cardiovascular mortality. Some of these studies observed the patterns most strongly in older (age > 65 years) adults. To date, little research has been conducted to identify mechanisms that could explain elevated mortality in leaner adults with diabetes, or to identify strategies for diabetes management or mitigation of elevated mortality risk.
Citation accuracy in the oral and maxillofacial surgery literature.

Purpose Readers frequently assume that the references in an article published in a well-respected, peer-reviewed journal will be cited correctly. However, previous studies have shown that this is not always true. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the citation accuracy in 5 oral and maxillofacial surgery journals. Materials and Methods A search was done using PubMed ( http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=PubMed ) to locate the articles cited in 108 references in each journal. If the article could not be located, a search was done in the specific journal in the medical library. The references were then divided into those with major errors that prevented the article from being located and those with minor errors that still permitted the article to be found. Results There were a significant number of citations with major errors in each of the journals that made it impossible to find these articles. No correlation was found between the number of major or minor errors and the rank of the senior author or if the article was submitted from a non English-speaking country. Conclusions This study shows that there needs to be a greater effort on the part of authors to provide accurate citations in their articles.
Immunoreactive Coxiella burnetii Nine Mile proteins separated by 2D electrophoresis and identified by tandem mass spectrometry

Coxiella burnetii is a Gram-negative obligate intracellular pathogen and the causative agent of Q fever in humans. Q fever causes acute flu-like symptoms and may develop into a chronic disease leading to endocarditis. Its potential as a bioweapon has led to its classification as a category B select agent. An effective inactivated whole-cell vaccine (WCV) currently exists but causes severe granulomatous/necrotizing reactions in individuals with prior exposure, and is not licensed for use in most countries. Current efforts to reduce or eliminate the deleterious reactions associated with WCVs have focused on identifying potential subunit vaccine candidates. Both humoral and T cell-mediated responses are required for protection in animal models. In this study, nine novel immunogenic C. burnetii proteins were identified in extracted whole-cell lysates using 2D electrophoresis, immunoblotting with immune guinea pig sera, and tandem MS. The immunogenic C. burnetii proteins elicited antigen-specific IgG in guinea pigs vaccinated with whole-cell killed Nine Mile phase I vaccine, suggesting a T cell-dependent response. Eleven additional proteins previously shown to react with immune human sera were also antigenic in guinea pigs, showing the relevance of the guinea pig immunization model for antigen discovery. The antigens described here warrant further investigation to validate their potential use as subunit vaccine candidates.
Endothelial cells on Dacron vascular prostheses : adherence, growth, and susceptibility to neutrophils

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) on knitted and woven Dacron prostheses were compared with HUVEC on smooth surfaces (tissue culture polystyrene, PET film, and Natrix) with regard to adherence, growth, and susceptibility to injury by neutrophils (PMN). These are properties of importance for successful seeding or coating of prostheses. For prosthetic material of given macroscopic dimensions, more endothelial cells (EC) adhered than to smooth surfaces. However, the prostheses had a greater effective surface area as determined by the number of EC at confluency. When this parameter was taken into account, fewer EC were found adherent to prosthetic material per unit effective surface area than for the smooth surface substrates. Growth on prostheses was clearly inferior to that on smooth surfaces, and EC on prostheses were more susceptible to attack by activated PMN than on smooth surfaces. These differences may reflect the topographic differences in cells attached to fibers where they assume more distorted shapes by stretching to span fibers. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ELECTRIC IMPEDANCE OF NEUROGLIA IN VITRO.

Abstract Impedance measurements were carried out on neuroglia cells from tissue culture and newborn animals as studied in vitro . Approximately 240 cells were estimated to be present in the material studied. Membrane resistivity could be measured only at a-c frequencies below 200 cycle/sec. Both electric shocks and KCl applied to the tissue produced a rapid drop in impedance followed by a rise of long duration. The effects of various other chemical agents are described, and evidence is presented to show the validity of this method of studying the neuroglia.
Genetic studies of cation tests and hypertension.

Several tests of cation concentration and transport are being studied among members of large Utah pedigrees as part of a study of the genetic and environmental determinants of essential hypertension. Corrected urinary sodium excretion and plasma sodium concentration correlated well in spouses and siblings (r = 0.21-0.54, p less than 0.001), suggesting the effects of shared family environment (e.g., sodium intake). Intraerythrocytic sodium concentration and sodium-lithium countertransport showed no significant correlation in spouses and very significant correlations between siblings and between parents and offspring (r = 0.34-0.58, p less than 0.001), suggesting mostly genetic determination. Using maximum likelihood tests of different genetic models, both sodium-lithium countertransport and intraerythrocytic sodium showed predominantly polygenic determination (H2 = 70%) and some possible major gene determinants (H2 = 18-25%) for a total heritability of 89 to 95% for these characteristics. These data suggest both genes and shared family environment contribute to the familiality of cation tests. They also illustrate the need and utility of quantitative methods for objective analysis of pedigree data.
Application of Choice Experiments to Determine Stakeholder Preferences for Woody Biomass Harvesting Guidelines

Biomass harvesting guidelines (BHGs) have been developed to address concerns about the sustainability of harvesting woody biomass. Assessing preferences among BHG stakeholders is important for designing operationally feasible and socially acceptable standards in different contexts. We used choice modeling to determine how foresters, loggers, and landowners perceived the relative importance of stumpage price, wildlife habitat quality, percentage of coarse woody debris (CWD) remaining, and distribution of CWD in their choices of BHG scenarios. Responses (N = 718) indicated stumpage price was nearly double the importance of wildlife habitat quality, and three times more important than debris distribution and debris remaining.
TRANSPORTATION PROJECT SELECTION THROUGH ROBUSTNESS ANALYSIS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

The decision-making process within infrastructure projects in the public domain comes under severe scrutiny—from the public and the media—particularly in the initial planning stages. This process becomes progressively complicated as the degree of uncertainty embedded in the outcome of the project increases. Such complications can become more critical in developing countries, where funding and resources are scarce. One way to address this dilemma is to use robustness analysis, a comparatively new technique that has not been applied much in the past. Robustness analysis is a technique used in infrastructure planning that emphasizes the need, under condition of high uncertainty, to take early decisions in a time-phased sequence, so as to preserve many future options that currently appear attractive. The concepts of robustness analysis are outlined, and its use in public project selection is explained through two transportation-related examples. The results of this exercise indicate that robustness analysis i...
MEGA: An energy aware algorithm for self-powered wireless sensor networks in sustainable smart infrastructure

Smart infrastructure is attractive for many desirable features. Embedded sensors that collect information are critical for decision making. However, the lifetime of electronic sensors is a constraint to infrastructure lifetime if sensors are physically embedded in the infrastructure at construction time. In this paper, we studied a self-powered wireless sensor network that harvests energy from mechanical vibration in the environment. A dynamic, hierarchical algorithm called MEGA is proposed that constructs clusters and elects the cluster head based on residue energy and energy harvest rate. Taking a smart bridge as an application example, the simulation study has verified the effectiveness of the proposed protocol.
The pathobiology of splicing

Ninety-four percent of human genes are discontinuous, such that segments expressed as mRNA are contained within exons and separated by intervening segments, called introns. Following transcription, genes are expressed as precursor mRNAs (pre-mRNAs), which are spliced co-transcriptionally, and the flanking exons are joined together to form a continuous mRNA. One advantage of this architecture is that it allows alternative splicing by differential use of exons to generate multiple mRNAs from individual genes. Regulatory elements located within introns and exons guide the splicing complex, the spliceosome, and auxiliary RNA binding proteins to the correct sites for intron removal and exon joining. Misregulation of splicing and alternative splicing can result from mutations in cis-regulatory elements within the affected gene or from mutations that affect the activities of trans-acting factors that are components of the splicing machinery. Mutations that affect splicing can cause disease directly or contribute to the susceptibility or severity of disease. An understanding of the role of splicing in disease expands potential opportunities for therapeutic intervention by either directly addressing the cause or by providing novel approaches to circumvent disease processes.
Megavoltage CT on a tomotherapy system

A megavoltage computed tomography (MVCT) system was developed on the University of Wisconsin tomotherapy benchtop. This system can operate either axially or helically, and collect transmission data without any bounds on delivered dose. Scan times as low as 12 s per slice are possible, and scans were run with linac output rates of 100 MU min(-1), although the system can be tuned to deliver arbitrarily low dose rates. Images were reconstructed with clinically reasonable doses ranging from 8 to 12 cGy. These images delineate contrasts below 2% and resolutions of 3.0 mm. Thus, the MVCT image quality of this system should be sufficient for verifying the patient's position and anatomy prior to radiotherapy. Additionally, synthetic data were used to test the potential for improved MVCT contrast using maximum-likelihood (ML) reconstruction. Specifically, the maximum-likelihood expectation-maximization (ML-EM) algorithm and a transmission ML algorithm were compared with filtered backprojection (FBP). It was found that for expected clinical MVCT doses enough imaging photons are used such that little benefit is conferred by the improved noise model of ML algorithms. For significantly lower doses, some quantitative improvement is achieved through ML reconstruction. Nonetheless, the image quality at those lower doses is not satisfactory for radiotherapy verification.
Idiopathic hypocomplementemic immune-complex-mediated tubulointerstitial nephritis

Background A 42-year-old man presenting with flank pain was found to have renal failure with severe hypocomplementemia and eosinophilia. Investigations Physical examination, laboratory testing, renal ultrasonography, and renal biopsies. Diagnosis Acute immune-complex-mediated tubulointerstitial nephritis. Management Immunosuppressive therapy with 1 mg/kg/day prednisone.
Jesus the Israelite Was Neither a `Jew' Nor a `Christian': On Correcting Misleading Nomenclature

Distinguishing between insider and outsider groups and their differing nomenclatures is essential for accurate interpretation and translation. Jesus and his earliest followers, evidence demonstrates, were called `Israelites', `Galileans' or `Nazoreans' by their fellow Israelites. `Israel', `Israelites' were the preferred terms of self-designation among members of the house of Israel when addressing other members—not `'Ιουδαιος', `Jew' or `Judaism'. Modern interpreters and translators of the Bible, it is argued, should respect and follow this insider preference. 'Ιουδαιος , an outsider coinage, is best rendered `Judaean', not `Jew', to reflect the explicit or implied connection with Judaea. It was employed by Israelites when addressing outsiders as an accommodation to outsider usage. The concepts `Jew', `Jewish' and `Christian' as understood today are shaped more by fourth century rather than first-century CE realities and hence should be avoided as anachronistic designations for first-century persons or groups. Use of `Christian' is best restricted to its three NT appearances. The use of appropriate nomenclature is crucial for minimizing historical and social inaccuracies and misunderstandings.
Racial differences in the incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage: effects of blood pressure and education.

Objective: To determine the relative risk (RR) of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) among African Americans compared with that among whites. Methods: Data from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study were used to determine the incidence of ICH (n = 78) in 10,851 whites and 1,802 African Americans during a 20-year follow-up period. Cox proportional hazards analyses were used to determine the RR of ICH among African Americans compared with that among whites. Results: The estimated annual incidence of ICH was 50 per 100,000 among African Americans and 28 per 100,000 among whites. The age- and sex-adjusted RR for ICH among African Americans was 1.9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1 to 3.2). With the addition of systolic blood pressure and educational attainment to the Cox proportional hazards model, the RR decreased to 1.6 (95% CI, 0.9 to 2.7). The adjustment for additional cerebrovascular disease risk factors did not change this risk estimate appreciably. Conclusions: Compared with whites, African Americans have a twofold increased risk for ICH. Most of this risk may be explained by differences in educational attainment and systolic blood pressure. Unless additional efforts are undertaken to reduce racial differences in the prevalence of stroke risk factors, mainly systolic blood pressure and socioeconomic status, the African American–white disparities in the risk for ICH will likely continue.
Field validation of secondary data sources for enumerating retail tobacco outlets in a state without tobacco outlet licensing

Identifying tobacco retail outlets for U.S. FDA compliance checks or calculating tobacco outlet density is difficult in the 13 States without tobacco retail licensing or where licensing lists are unavailable for research. This study uses primary data collection to identify tobacco outlets in three counties in a non-licensing state and validate two commercial secondary data sources. We calculated sensitivity and positive predictive values (PPV) to examine the evidence of validity for two secondary data sources, and conducted a geospatial analysis to determine correct allocation to census tract. ReferenceUSA had almost perfect sensitivity (0.82) while Dun & Bradstreet (DB combined, sensitivity improved to 0.89. D&B identified fewer "false positives" with a PPV of 0.82 compared to 0.71 for ReferenceUSA. More than 90% of the outlets identified by ReferenceUSA were geocoded to the correct census tract. Combining two commercial data sources resulted in enumeration of nearly 90% of tobacco outlets in a three county area. Commercial databases appear to provide a reasonably accurate way to identify tobacco outlets for enforcement operations and density estimation.
For a ‘United’ Kingdom and a ‘Greater’ Britain: the British Olympic Association and the limitations and contestations of ‘Britishness’

During the first two decades of the twentieth century, the Home-Nations of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales joined forces in competing in the Olympic Games under the banner of ‘Great Britain’ (or deviations thereof). The Olympics served as an important symbolic site for fostering and promoting a broader ‘British’ national identity. In practice, however, the prevalence and persistence of competing national identities and allegiances roiled early attempts to create a unified British Olympic team. These counter-prevailing forces of nationalism further served to undermine the British Olympic Association's ambitious attempt to unite the British Empire in a ‘Greater Britain’ team for the 1916 Berlin Olympic Games. As this work will reveal, ‘Britishness’ was a layered, contested and racially homogenous term that was interpreted and applied differently across various parts of the British Isles and its Empire.
Renal response to metabolic alkalosis induced by isovolemic hemofiltration in the dog

Renal response to metabolic alkalosis induced by isovolemic hemofiltration in the dog. We describe a new model of chloride–depletion alkalosis (CDMA), in which the method of induction of alkalosis does not itself cause a direct alteration in sodium and fluid balance. We have used this model, which is based on hemofiltration techniques in the dog, to study the immediate response of the kidney to the induction of CDMA. Normal dogs maintained with a NaCl-free diet for several days underwent hemofiltration of 50 ml/kg over a 35 minute period. The hemofiltrate was replaced ml for ml with a solution containing sodium and potassium in the same concentrations as found in each animal's plasma water. In control animals, the replacement solution contained chloride and bicarbonate in the same ratio as in the plasma; in the experimental (CDMA) animals the replacement solution contained bicarbonate as the only anion. In the control group, the procedure of hemofiltration coupled with isovolemic replacement caused no appreciable changes in plasma composition, urinary excretion rates, GFR, or tubular handling of bicarbonate. In the CDMA group, 106 ± 8.4 mEq of chloride were removed in exchange for bicarbonate. A marked metabolic alkalosis resulted, plasma bicarbonate concentration increasing from 21.9 ± 0.6 to 33.3 ± 0.6 mEq/liter. The hemofiltration procedure itself, by design, did not alter sodium or fluid balance. Nevertheless, cumulative urinary sodium excretion increased over 2.5 hours by 23.0 ± 6.4 mEq. A natriuresis of this magnitude is equivalent to a loss qf ECF volume of approximately 200 ml. GFR did not change significantly. The rate of tubular reabsorption of bicarbonate increased significantly from 1209 ± 82 to 1559 ± 148 µEq/min in CD1VIA animals. We conclude that: 1) ECF volume contraction is an inherent feature of CDMA in this dog model; and 2) in the period immediately following the induction of CDMA, elevated plasma bicarbonate concentration is maintained not by a fall in GFR, but by an enhancement of tubular bicarbonate reabsorption.
A novel technique for the preparation of secondary fatty amides II: The preparation of ricinoleamide from castor oil

The butyl amide of ricinoleic acid (N-n-butyl-12-hydroxy-(9Z)-octadecenamide) was prepared from a neat mixture of castor oil andn-butylamine (fatty ester/amine molar ratio, 1:1.3). No catalyst was required. The identity and purity of the amide was assessed by thin-layer chromatography and confirmed by elemental analysis and by infrared and C13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. High product yields were achieved at 45 and 65°C in 48 and 20 h, respectively. The reaction was inhibited by the addition of trimethylpentane and dioxane, but not by water. An attempt was made to prepare the amide from methyl ricinoleate, rather than castor oil; even after 10 d only partial conversion was achieved. Attempts to prepare the amide from methyl-n-butylamine, rather thann-butylamine, were also unsuccessful. The ease with which secondary fatty amides can be produced from an oil that consists primarily of the glycerol esters of hydroxylated fatty acids indicates that the described procedure has industrial utility.
Hydrogen bonding in the crystal structure of α,β-panose

Abstract The crystal structure of panose, O -α- d -glucopyranosyl-(1→6)- O -α- d -glucopyranosyl-(1→4)- d -glucose, C 18 H 32 O 16 , has been refined using low-temperature, 123 K, Cu K α X-ray data. Difference syntheses and least-squares refinement showed a 16% substitution of α-panose by the β anomer. All the hydrogen atoms were located on difference synthesis with the exception of one attached to the low occupancy (β) O-1″. The final R -factor was 0.036 for 2135 observed structure amplitudes. The molecular conformation is stabilized by two interresidue intramolecular hydrogen bonds. All the hydroxyls and glycosidic oxygen atoms are involved in the hydrogen bonding, which is a two-dimensional network formed from finite and infinite chains.
The shape of the strongest column

The problem of determining that shape of column which has the largest critical buckling load is solved, assuming that the length and volume are given and that each cross section is convex. The strongest column has an equilateral triangle as cross section, and it is tapered along its length, being thickest in the middle and thinnest at its ends. Its buckling load is 61.2% larger than that of a circular cylinder. For columns all of whose cross sections are similar and of prescribed shape-not necessarily convex—the best tapering is found to increase the buckling load by one third over that of a uniform column. This result, which was independently obtained by H. F. Weinberger, is originally due to Clausen (1851). For a uniform column, triangularizing is shown to increase the buckling load by 20.9% over that of a circular cylinder. The results lead to isoperimetric inequalities for the buckling loads of arbitrary columns.
Response of an Assemblage of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) to a Diverse Agricultural Landscape

Changes in species assemblages of predatory coccinellids in response to landscape structure (habitat diversity and patchiness) was studied in a southern Michigan landscape during 1989–1990. Three sites with different mosaics of cultivated (alfalfa, corn, wheat) and uncultivated (deciduous, field succession) habitats were sampled for coccinellid species using yellow sticky traps. The landscape at each site was characterized using the Berger–Parker index for habitat diversity and a relative patchiness index for habitat fragmentation. Relative abundance, species richness, species dominance, and the Kendall coefficient were used to analyze and compare species assemblages among sites. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to extract factor components per species and site scores, which were compared with landscape indices using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Thirteen species of coccinellids were captured during the 2 yr of weekly sampling. Of these species, Coccinella septempunctata (L.) was the dominant species in the landscape and was equally abundant in the 3 sites. Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake was more abundant in the site that had a corn habitat, whereas Cycloneda munda (Say), Chilocorus stigma (Say), and Brachiacantha ursina (F.) were more abundant in the site that had a deciduous habitat. Overall, the site with a deciduous habitat had higher species richness. There were significant differences in species composition between the site with a deciduous habitat and the other 2 sites. Differences observed among sites were significantly correlated with the presence of uncultivated habitats in the landscape.
Utility learning model predictive control for personal electric loads

A personalized control framework that tightly combines online learning of the energy consumer's utility function and the control of the consumer's electric loads according to real-time updates of the utility is proposed. This framework is particularly useful to automatically customize the controller of electric loads that directly affect the consumer's comfort. Because the utility function is identified and predicted online using Gaussian process regression, the controller is capable of immediately setting its objective function to the learned utility function and of adjusting its control action to maximize the new objective. Furthermore, no separate training period to learn the consumer's utility is needed. The performance of the proposed method is demonstrated by the application to a personalized thermostat controlling indoor temperature.
Misconceptions, Misinterpretations, and Misrepresentations of Behavioral Approaches in Human Geography

This paper itemises and examines some of the myths that appear to be building up in geography around the topic of behavioral research. In particular it traces some of the reasons for the development of behavioral approaches in the discipline, defines some of their fundamental characteristics, and examines the epistemological bases of selected types of behavioral research. Comments are made about research on utility and choice, mobility and migration, and cognitive mapping in an attempt to dispell these myths—or at least to inhibit their further development and acceptance.
Medication Compliance and Asthma: Overlooking the Trees Because of the Forest

A number of reviews have described medication compliance and asthma. The consensus emerging from the analyses and discussion of the topic is that compliance to treatment regimens is generally poor. The current article describes several trees overlooked in the forest of data generated about compliance and asthma. The paper focuses on neglected issues concerning determinants of compliance, assessment, and changing noncompliant behavior. Based on available data, the conclusion is that it is time for health care personnel and patients to share the blame for the lack of medication compliance in asthma.
Radioimmunoassayable N-Tyr-MIF-1-like activity in rat brain is increased by pinealectomy.

Abstract Levels of N-Tyr-MIF-1-like immunoreactivity were measured in rat brain by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Although the highest levels were found in the pineal and hypothalamus. the striatum and thalamus also contained significantly more immunoreactivity than the other parts of the brain. Since oxytocin cross-reacts 5.4% with the antibody for N-Tyr-MIF-1, oxytocin-like immunoreactivity was also measured by RIA, but could not account for the levels of radioimmunoassay able N-Tyr-MIF-1 found in these experiments. There was a significant increase in N-Tyr-MIF-1-like immunoreactivity after pinealectomy, a tendency for a decrease after stress, but essentially no change after hypophysectomy. A diurnal rhythm was observed with the highest levels at night and lowest levels during the day. The results demonstrate the presence in brain tissue of a novel immunoreactive peptide, the levels of which can be altered by neuroendocrine manipulations.
A Quadratic Optimization Approach to Discriminative Training of CDHMMs

In this letter, we reformulate the discriminative training (DT) of continuous density hidden Markov models (CDHMMs) as an ellipsoid constrained quadratic programming (ECQP) problem, and we solve it by a line search algorithm. The ellipsoid constraint intrinsically arises from the step-size control in each iteration of DT optimization, which leads to an efficient solution without relaxing the objective function to be convex, as in a general quadratic programming problem. Moreover, the problem can be equivalently converted to a lower-dimensional one under some conditions, which helps further to simplify the solution. We show that under a Kullback-Leibler divergence(KLD) constraint, DT of CDHMM parameters such as Gaussian means and variances can be efficiently solved by the proposed algorithm, with only mild assumptions adopted. Experimental results on two tasks show that the ECQP approach considerably outperforms other popular algorithms in terms of both final recognition accuracy and convergence speed.
An Integrated Agency–Resource Dependence View of the Influence of Directors' Human and Relational Capital on Firms' R&D Spending

In this paper, we contribute to the agency and corporate entrepreneurship literatures by focusing on board antecedents of research and development (R&D). Some researchers in this stream find outside directors negatively influence R&D spending, yet popular opinion suggests boards should be composed of outsiders, and at the same time, firms should be innovative and entrepreneurial. We begin to address this conflict by extending agency theory and incorporating resource dependence views in order to explore the influence of a wider range of director characteristics on R&D spending, a precursor of innovation and entrepreneurial activity. Our empirical results demonstrate that aspects of directors' human and relational capital (e.g. education, entrepreneurial finance experience, technical experience, and interlocks) significantly influence R&D spending. Our findings illustrate that boards can be configured to improve efficiencies, thereby reducing R&D spending, and/or to augment R&D spending. They reveal the merits of considering inside and outside directors separately and show how the independence (i.e. inside/outside status) of directors shapes the effect of their human and relational capital on R&D spending.
Yesterday's Soldiers: European Military Professionalism in South America, 1890-1940

"A comparative study that demonstrates clearly the intellectual debt of the South American officers to their European mentors." - "American Historical Review". "A remarkably well written, fresh and exciting work." - "Choice".
Education in a Global Age: An Inter-California Strategy for the Tijuana-San Diego Region

This article lays out a blueprint for an Inter-California Strategy that would link the San Diego and Tijuana areas as one regional force. It attempts to conceptualize two distinct and often disharmonious areas as one, painting with broad strokes the uneven economic and educational conditions on the two sides of the border. It discusses past binational collaboration on education and sketches the possibilities for future collaboration, offering timely recommendations to bring it about and predictions for what it could achieve. In calling for an inter-California region, the article also argues for a global identity and, specifically, for an education that is relevant to the new economic, technical, and scientific advances that are increasingly illuminating a new global society.
Evolution of hydrothermal waters at Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA

Abstract Hydrothermal water samples at Mount St. Helens collected between 1985 and 1989 and in 1994 are used to identify water types and describe their evolution through time. Two types of low temperature hydrothermal systems are associated with the 1980 eruptions and were initiated soon after emplacement of shallow magma and pyroclastic flows. The Loowit hot spring system is located in the breach zone and is associated with the magma conduit and nearby avalanche deposits, whereas the Pumice Plain (PP) system is associated with pyroclastic flows and avalanche deposits ≈ 3 to 5 km north of the volcano. The PP waters first discharged at the surface in 1981, whereas the Loowit waters began to issue at the surface in 1983. δD, δ18O and 3H indicated all thermal waters are dominantly derived from post-1980 recharge. Fluids flow through, and are restricted to, the shallow 1980 avalanche and pyroclastic deposits. All water cooled with time (up to 43 °C on the PP and up to 20 °C in Loowit in 5 years), and chemical compositions have changed rapidly. All waters have highly variable, and unreliable geothermometer temperatures with maximum indicated temperatures
Global health training in US obstetrics and gynaecology residency programmes: perspectives of students, residents and programme directors.

Background Benefits of exposure to global health training during medical education are well documented and residents’ demand for this training is increasing. Despite this, it is offered by few US obstetrics and gynaecology (OBGYN) residency training programmes. Objectives To evaluate interest, perceived importance, predictors of global health interest and barriers to offering global health training among prospective OBGYN residents, current OBGYN residents and US OGBYN residency directors. Methods We designed two questionnaires using Likert scale questions to assess perceived importance of global health training. The first was distributed to current and prospective OBGYN residents interviewing at a US residency programme during 2012–2013. The second questionnaire distributed to US OBGYN programme directors assessed for existing global health programmes and global health training barriers. A composite Global Health Interest/Importance score was tabulated from the Likert scores. Multivariable linear regression was performed to assess for predictors of Global Health Interest/Importance. Results A total of 159 trainees (77%; 129 prospective OBGYN residents and 30 residents) and 69 (28%) programme directors completed the questionnaires. Median Global Health Interest/Importance score was 7 (IQR 4–9). Prior volunteer experience was predictive of a 5-point increase in Global Health Interest/Importance score (95% CI −0.19 to 9.85; p=0.02). The most commonly cited barriers were cost and time. Conclusion Interest and perceived importance of global health training in US OBGYN residency programmes is evident among trainees and programme directors; however, significant financial and time barriers prevent many programmes from offering opportunities to their trainees. Prior volunteer experience predicts global health interest.
Electronic Versus Paper Diaries: A Pilot Study of Concordance and Adherence in Head and Neck Cancer Patients Receiving Radiation Therapy

Interactive Voice Response Systems (IVRS) and other electronic data collection methods have begun to replace conventional paper diaries as a way to capture daily patient reports. However, these methods have not been compared in head and neck (H&N) cancer patients receiving radiation therapy. 15 subjects with H&N cancer were asked to complete daily IVRS calls and daily paper diaries during radiation therapy. We compared response consistency and comparative adherence across the two methods. 86.1% (1920/2231) of participants' responses were consistent between IVRS and paper diaries. 79.5% of the expected number of paper diaries were completed, compared to 66.2% of IVRS phone calls. In this pilot study of H&N cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy, concordance was high between responses recorded by paper diaries and IVRS. Although adherence appeared to be higher for the paper diaries, it is possible that they may not have been completed at the proper time.
Instrumental measurement of slippage on the Hayward fault

A differential transformer has been used as a displacementmeter across a crack in a culvert under the Memorial Stadium, UC Berkeley. The crack is believed to be the result of progressive right-lateral slippage in recent years along the Hayward fault which traverses the stadium. The displacementmeter recorded continuous right-lateral slippage from October 7, 1965 to January 9, 1966. The average rate of movement would amount to about 0.21 inches per year. Variations in the measured displacement show no significant correlation with the present occurrence of small local earthquakes. A physical model of the observed fault slippage is outlined, based on the strain-release-by-rupture theory for the origin of shallow earthquakes. The model predicts that strain in the crystalline basement along the fault zone may be accumulating.
Consciousness, Permanent Self-Awareness, and Higher-Order Monitoring

Les discussions philosophiques actuelles sur le probleme de la conscience [consciousness] se concentrent sur la question des qualia, ou qualites sensorielles. Mais les auteurs traditionnels au sujet de la conscience — tels que Kant et William James — s'interessaient davantage a un autre aspect de l'experience consciente, a savoir le fait que lorsqu' on est conscient [conscious], on est en meme temps, et de facon permanente, conscient de soi-meme [aware of oneself] comme sujet de l'experience. Cet article explore trois modeles representationnels du phenomene de la conscience permanente de soi [permanent self-awareness]. Chacun d'eux se revele inadequat pour une raison ou pour une autre. Ce que la discussion fait ainsi ressortir, c'est le genre d'exigences auxquels devrait satisfaire une bonne theorie de la conscience permanente de soi.
CRITICAL PERIODS AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIRST 2 YEARS

There is no evidence at present to support the assertion that biologically fixed critical periods control the sequence of cognitive development, no evidence that scientifically designed toys are in any way superior to the usual household items available to most infants, no evidence that the systematic application of such toys accelerates intellectual development, and no persuasive evidence that acceleration of specific skills during the sensory motor phase of development, even if possible, has any lasting effects on intellectual competence. Until more persuasive evidence is presented, it seems unethical for toy companies to invoke the concept of critical periods to sell their products; for academic consultants in the behavioral sciences to lend their authority to the promotion of such toys; and for private industry and the federal government to join forces in creating an infant development market which will assure industry a large profit and which may become the means for "shaping" the development of infants in keeping with the misguided national interest, if such programs should ever become effective. While there is also no established experimental evidence which demonstrates that early enrichment will harm the infant, clinical experience suggests that, when such programs are used by parents for focused mental training, the effort can interfere with the mutually nuturing relation of mother and infant. The spontaneous social interchange of parent and child is at least as important for the child long-term intellectual development as early academic achievement. Therefore, there is little reason for pediatricians to encourage, and ample reason for them to discourage, the use of specialized toys when these are used for maximizing the rate of mental development in the first 2 years. The principles of child-rearing advocated by Dr. Benjamin Spock are not as popular today as they were a decade ago. In an age when technological gadgetry and the authority of "scientism" are progressively displacing reason and moral responsibility, it is useful to remember that Dr. Spock stressed an approach to child rearing which would permit parents and children a broad latitude of alternatives in finding their optimal fit. He also cautioned that these alternatives should not be rigorously codified by experts. Dr. Spock advice pertained to emotional development and social training. With appropriate transformations it is just as relevant for the intellectual development of infants. The attitudes which encourage parents to accelerate the cognitive development of non-deprived infants seem to us to be diametrically opposed to such a view of child rearing.
African American Female Adult Learners Motivations, Challenges, and Coping Strategies

This qualitative study used a series of focus groups to examine the experiences of African American female adult learners in higher education (N = 10). This article highlights three categories that...
What do you think?: the structuring of an online community as a collective-sensemaking process

I observe conversations that take place as Wikipedia members negotiate, construct, and interpret its policies. Logs of these conversations offer a rare perhaps unparalleled opportunity to track how individuals, as they try to make sense, engage others in social interacts that become a collective processes of sensemaking. I draw upon Weick's model of sensemaking as committed-interpretation, which I ground in a qualitative inquiry into policy discussion pages, in attempt to explain how structuration emerges as interpretations are negotiated, and then committed through conversation, and as they are reified in the policy. I argue that the wiki environment provides conditions that help commitments form, strengthen and diffuse, and that this, in turn, helps explain trends of stabilization observed in previous research. The proposed model may prove useful for understanding structurational processes in other large wiki communities, and potentially in other radically open organizations.