cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification and Modeling of States and Parameters of Nuclear Reactor Systems

This paper presents the development and application of a method for on-line estimation of states and parameters in noisy nonlinear systems. Requisite data for the method consists of a sequence of measurements on system output variables which are, in general, nonlinear functions for one or more of the system state variables. The output variables may contain random instrument errors and the system itself may be subject to random input fluctuations. There is no need to introduce special test inputs as the normal operating system inputs and outputs suffice for the sequential identification and modeling method proposed here. A discrete version of the startup dynamics of a thermal nuclear reactor system is considered. It is desired to estimate output states and parameters such that a "best" linear model as well as a best nonlinear model for the reactor states and parameters may be determined. A discrete version of Pontryagin's Maximum Principle is employed to obtain the canonic equations of the least-squares optimal estimator for the kinetics equations. A discretized invariant imbedding technique is then applied to solve the resulting two-point boundary value problem. Finally, a system of sequential equations is obtained by application of variational methods to the optimal startup trajectory. The result is a sequential estimation scheme which has the advantage of direct applicability to discrete as well as continuous systems and which provides for the inclusion of certain higher-order terms not usually considered by other methods.
Fabrication of Free-Standing Nanoscale Alumina Membranes with Controllable Pore Aspect Ratios

Porous alumina films with controllable pore sizes and having submicrometer film thicknesses were fabricated by the anodization of Al overlayers. The Al was deposited by sputtering onto either glass or onto silicon that had been coated with a layer of silicon nitride. Alumina membranes having thicknesses between 300 and 1000 nm were prepared analogously using a lithographic process to produce free-standing porous alumina films that were peripherally supported on a 500-μm-thick silicon substrate.
Some remarks on the mathematical aspects of automobile driving

Some aspects which involve the interaction of the human element and of the machine element in driving are discussed. As an example a simple equation is derived for the maximum safe speed of a car on an empty road. The parameters of the equation are partly of physiological nature, partly of mechanical nature. Another example treats in a similar manner the problem of a car passing another car moving in the same direction.
Comparison of theory and experiment for diffusion in dilute polymer solutions

Results from a number of theories for the concentration dependence of the mutual diffusion coefficient in dilute polymer solutions are examined, and clarifications are made as to what forms of the equations for these theories should be used in comparisons with experimental diffusivity data. An evaluation of the available theories for the concentration dependence of the diffusivity under theta conditions is carried out using experimental diffusivity data taken using sharp fractions of polystyrene. It is concluded that the Pyun—Fixman theory appears to provide the most promising method for estimating the concentration dependence of the mutual diffusion coefficient in dilute polymer solutions at the present time.
Silicon isotopes in the inner Solar System: Implications for core formation, solar nebular processes and partial melting

Abstract We report Si isotopic data on a suite of terrestrial mantle-derived samples, meteorites and a lunar sample. Our data on co-existing mantle minerals, peridotites and basalts demonstrate lack of any resolvable high temperature fractionation during igneous processes. We show that the δ 30 Si of the bulk silicate Earth (BSE) is identical, within analytical uncertainties, to carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites (CHUR). Based on our data the difference between δ 30 Si BSE and δ 30 Si CHUR is 0.035 ± 0.035. Whole-rock differentiated meteorites from different parent bodies (Mars, Vesta) and a lunar breccia sample also show similar δ 30 Si suggesting broad-scale Si isotope homogeneity in the inner Solar System with an average δ 29 Si = −0.20 ± 0.01 and δ 30 Si = −0.39 ± 0.02 relative to the NBS28 Si isotope standard. A difference between δ 30 Si BSE and δ 30 Si CHUR of 0.035, as observed in our study, translates to less than 1.67 wt.% Si in the core considering a continuous accretion model whereas estimates using a batch model are even lower. Within uncertainties (±0.035‰) in the δ 30 Si difference between the BSE and CHUR, a maximum of 3.84 wt.% Si could be present in the Earth’s core whereas at δ 30 Si BSE –δ 30 Si CHUR = 0, there is no requirement of Si in the Earth’s core. Such low Si in the core necessitates the presence of other light elements in the core to explain its density deficit. Our data also places constraints on the oxidation state of the Earth’s mantle during core segregation. The uncertainties in estimating the concentration of oxidized Fe in the mantle during the first 90% of accretion arise from uncertainties in the estimates of the equilibrium partition coefficient of silicon between metal and silicate at conditions relevant to core formation. For δ 30 Si BSE –δ 30 Si CHUR = 0.035 ± 0.035, the concentration of oxidized Fe in the mantle during the first 90% of accretion could be as low as ∼1%. However, at δ 30 Si BSE –δ 30 Si CHUR = 0, the Si isotope data do not require any change in the mantle concentration of oxidized Fe during accretion from the present day value of 6.26%.
Subglottic Cysts in the Premature Infant

• Supraglottic cysts in the newborn are a well-recognized entity, but subglottic cysts have been rarely reported. Over the past 6 years we have observed subglottic cysts in nine patients with relatively long intubations from the neonatal intensive care unit of two university hospitals. Most frequently the patients were extubated and did well for weeks or months, but then they had progressive biphasic stridor. On endoscopy the patients had a subglottic stenosis that was irregular but with a smooth mucosal lining. Usually the cysts were apparent, but in two patients the mucosa was thickened and the patients were treated as a subglottic stenosis with tracheostomy. These subglottic cysts were recognized at the time of laryngotracheoplasty. In six patients the cysts were managed either by marsupialization with cup forceps, endoscopic diathermy, or carbon dioxide laser without recurrence. It is our belief that this condition is most likely due to scarring and obstruction of mucus glands of the subglottic area from prolonged intubation. This entity should be recognized and looked for in the neonate who has an acquired subglottic stenosis and should first be treated conservatively with endoscopic marsupialization. (Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1990;116:479-482)
Apelin and Its Receptor Control Heart Field Formation during Zebrafish Gastrulation

The vertebrate heart arises during gastrulation as cardiac precursors converge from the lateral plate mesoderm territories toward the embryonic midline and extend rostrally to form bilateral heart fields. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate functions of the nervous and immune systems; however, their roles in gastrulation remain largely unexplored. Here, we show that the zebrafish homologs of the Agtrl1b receptor and its ligand, Apelin, implicated in physiology and angiogenesis, control heart field formation. Zebrafish gastrulae express agtrl1b in the lateral plate mesoderm, while apelin expression is confined to the midline. Reduced or excess Agtrl1b or Apelin function caused deficiency of cardiac precursors and, subsequently, the heart. In Apelin-deficient gastrulae, the cardiac precursors converged inefficiently to the heart fields and showed ectopic distribution, whereas cardiac precursors overexpressing Apelin exhibited abnormal morphology and rostral migration. Our results implicate GPCR signaling in movements of discrete cell populations that establish organ rudiments during vertebrate gastrulation.
Completely feasible and continuous implementation of the Lindahl correspondence with a message space of minimal dimension

Abstract This paper deals mainly with the problem of designing mechanisms whose Nash allocations coincide with the Lindahl allocations. It goes beyond the previously existing literature in that it uses outcome functions that are individually feasible, balanced, and continuous, and further, has a message space of minimal dimension and thus is informationally efficient.
"Where Do They Come From, and How Are They Trained?" Professional Education and Training of Access Services Librarians in Academic Libraries.

Since the late 1970s, the access services librarian or equivalent position has become commonplace in academic libraries, and degreed professionals have been sought for these positions since the beginning. In 2009, David McCaslin, California Institute of Technology, examined the place of access services in American Library Association-accredited library and information science graduate programs. He found no evidence that any accredited program offered a class in access services. In his article, he wondered, “Where do they come from, and how are they trained?” I developed a survey to answer this question. This article reports the results of that survey, which analyzed the career experiences of 151 access services librarians in academic libraries. The survey reveals the education, training, and experience required to perform the duties of the position. This study confirms the existence of a gap in library graduate education found by McCaslin, determines where access services librarians come from and how they...
Control of error in the homotopy analysis of solutions to the Zakharov system with dissipation

We apply the method of homotopy analysis to the Zakharov system with dissipation in order to obtain analytical solutions, treating the auxiliary linear operator as a time evolution operator. Evolving the approximate solutions in time, we construct approximate solutions which depend on the convergence control parameters. In the situation where solutions are strongly coupled, there will be multiple convergence control parameters. In such cases, we will pick the convergence control parameters to minimize a sum of squared residual errors. We explain the error minimization process in detail, and then demonstrate the method explicitly on several examples of the Zakharov system held subject to specific initial data. With this, we are able to efficiently obtain approximate analytical solutions to the Zakharov system of minimal residual error using approximations with relatively few terms.
Effects of collinearity on information about regression coefficients

Abstract This paper uses information theory to examine effects of nonorthogonality of a regression matrix on data and posterior information about the regression coefficients. In the absence of an informative prior, the entropy analysis results in collinearity measures that are akin to some well-known diagnostics available for the least squares regressions. Entropy difference and cross-entropy analyses are used to quantify collinearity effects on the sample information and posterior distribution. Information-theoretic diagnostics are developed for examining the incremental contribution of additional prior precision to reduction of collinearity effects on the sample and posterior information. The proposed collinearity measures are applied to an illustrative example.
Adhesion formation after ovarian wound repair in New Zealand white rabbits: A comparison of ovarian microsurgical closure with ovarian nonclosure

Abstract Thirty female New Zealand white rabbits underwent standard laparotomy. Each ovary was bivalved and hemostasis was achieved with bipolar electrocautery. One ovary was then randomized to the closure group, whereas the other ovary was placed in the nonclosure group. In the closure group, the ovarian capsule was closed with a continuous suture of 8-0 Vicryl absorbable surgical suture material with microsurgical technique. In the nonclosure group, the ovaries were left open. Three weeks later the animals were killed and the ovarian adhesions were graded with a standardized scale by an observer (A. A. T.) blinded to the closure status of the animals. Five control animals underwent sham operations with minimal adhesion formation. Statistical analysis of the study animals by the paired Student t test showed a significantly higher adhesion score on the ovaries that were microsurgically closed compared with the ovaries not closed (p = 0.02). (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;163:1674-8.)
Who's Doing What? Findability and Author-Supplied ETD Metadata in the Library Catalog

Kent State University Libraries’ electronic thesis and dissertation (ETD) cataloging process features contributions by authors, by the ETDcat application, and by catalogers. Who is doing what, and how much of it is findable in the library catalog? An empirical analysis is performed featuring simple frequencies within the KentLINK catalog, articulated by the use of a newly devised rubric. The researchers sought the degree to which the ETD authors, the applications, and the catalogers can supply accurate, findable metadata. Further development of combinatory cataloging processes is suggested. The method of examining the data and the rubric are provided as a framework for other metadata analysis.
Data exploration with reflective adaptive models

Adaptive models of systems seek to emulate the processes giving rise to the data observed in the system. The process is often termed learning from examples, or data-driven information processing. An important issue regarding such modeling is the active selection of data by the modeling process, or exploration. If exploration depends on the current state of the model it is termed reflective. In this paper we consider the issue of exploration in theory, and in practice in the form of a simple example, which enables us to identify general properties of the exploration types, and to comment about when exploration would be profitable.
Recursive geometric integrators for wave propagation in a functionally graded multilayered elastic medium

Abstract The differential equations governing transfer and stiffness matrices and acoustic impedance for a functionally graded generally anisotropic magneto-electro-elastic medium have been obtained. It is shown that the transfer matrix satisfies a linear 1st order matrix differential equation, while the stiffness matrix satisfies a nonlinear Riccati equation. For a thin nonhomogeneous layer, approximate solutions with different levels of accuracy have been formulated in the form of a transfer matrix using a geometrical integration in the form of a Magnus expansion. This integration method preserves qualitative features of the exact solution of the differential equation, in particular energy conservation. The wave propagation solution for a thick layer or a multilayered structure of inhomogeneous layers is obtained recursively from the thin layer solutions. Since the transfer matrix solution becomes computationally unstable with increase of frequency or layer thickness, we reformulate the solution in the form of a stable stiffness-matrix solution which is obtained from the relation of the stiffness matrices to the transfer matrices. Using an efficient recursive algorithm, the stiffness matrices of the thin nonhomogeneous layer are combined to obtain the total stiffness matrix for an arbitrary functionally graded multilayered system. It is shown that the round-off error for the stiffness-matrix recursive algorithm is higher than that for the transfer matrices. To optimize the recursive procedure, a computationally stable hybrid method is proposed which first starts the recursive computation with the transfer matrices and then, as the thickness increases, transits to the stiffness matrix recursive algorithm. Numerical results show this solution to be stable and efficient. As an application example, we calculate the surface wave velocity dispersion for a functionally graded coating on a semispace.
Treatment of recurrent carcinoma of the cervix.

Abstract From 1960 to 1970, 68 patients were referred to the Radiation Therapy Department of Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital with the diagnosis of recurrent or persistent carcinoma of the cervix. In 51 patients, tumor was limited to the pelvis. An aggressive retreatment program was pursued in all patients using either radiation or surgery. Among those patients with recurrent tumor limited to the pelvis, 5196 survived one year and 17.6% survived 5 years. The complication rate was acceptable. The choice of modality for retreatment depended on the original form of therapy employed, the site of recurrence, and the patient's general condition.
The Banting Memorial Lecture 1967: Angiopathy in Diabetes: An Unsolved Problem

Vascular disease, exceedingly common in persons with long-term diabetes and affecting both large and small blood vessels, presents the greatest problem and challenge in diabetes today. Large vessel involvement is responsible for a frequency of cerebrovascular, coronary and peripheralvascular disease which is significantly greater in diabetic than nondiabetic individuals. However, most characteristic of diabetes is microangiopathy which, although widespread in the body, is seen most forcibly in the eyes (diabetic retinopathy) and kidneys (intercapillary glomerulosclerosis). Since treatment of fully developed complications is unsatisfactory, exploration of ways of prevention offers the best hope for the future. This leads the investigator and clinician alike into the origins of diabetes itself and the relationship of the metabolic defect (insulin deficiency) to vascular disease. That the tendency to diabetes is inherited is commonly accepted but knowledge is lacking as to exactly what the diabetic inherits. Environmental factors such as overnutrition, pregnancy, infections, steroid administration, etc., favor the emergence of the tendency to a state clinically recognizable. Special studies and clinical experience suggest that in the early stages of the diabetic state (“prediabetes” and “chemical diabetes”) there exists a fluid, dynamic condition in which not only progression but also remission are possible, therein affording hope for the eventual discovery of means of halting progression of the metabolic defect. Microvascular disease may be demonstrable (in the form of thickening of the basement membrane of small blood vessels) even in the early stages of the diabetic state. However, present knowledge does not warrant the conclusion that the tendency to vascular disease is inherited as a separate trait which develops independently of the tendency to the metabolic defect. On the contrary, there is increasing evidence to suggest that even in prediabetes the pancreatic release of insulin in response to glucose given intravenously may be subnormal, delayed or inappropriate in relation to the level of blood glucose at the time. With information currently available it is unwarranted to assume that vascular disease in its origin and development is unrelated to the metabolic defect. These considerations lead naturally into the matter as to whether the degree of control of diabetes, i.e., to which insulin deficiency is met, has any influence on the frequency, degree and time of appearance of the vascular sequelae. Evidence is presented from studies in nonhereditary diabetes both in man and animals, from general clinical experience and from special clinical studies, to support the view that there is, indeed, such a relationship and that by careful and consistent control of diabetes, complications may be lessened or delayed.
A Longitudinal Study of Emotion Regulation and Anxiety in Middle Childhood: Associations with Frontal EEG Asymmetry in Early Childhood

We investigated whether brain electrical activity during early childhood was associated with anxiety symptoms and emotion regulation during a stressful situation during middle childhood. Frontal electroencephalogram (EEG) asymmetries were measured during baseline and during a cognitive control task at 41=2 years. Anxiety and emotion regulation were assessed during a stressful situation at age 9 (speech task), along with measures of heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV). Questionnaires were also used to assess anxiety and emotion regulation at age 9. Results from this longitudinal study indicated that children who exhibited right frontal asymmetry in early childhood experienced more physiological arousal (increased HR, decreased HRV) during the speech task at age 9 and less ability to regulate their emotions as reported by their parents. Findings are discussed in light of the associations between temperament and development of anxiety disorders. 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 52: 197-204, 2010.
Axisymmetric bubble or drop in a uniform flow

The deformation of an axisymmetric bubble or drop in a uniform flow of constant velocity U is computed numerically. The flow is assumed to be inviscid and incompressible. The problem is formulated as a nonlinear integrodifferential system of equations for the bubble surface and for the potential function on the surface. These equations are discretized and the resulting algebraic system is solved by Newton’s method. For U = 0 the bubble is a sphere. The results show that as U increases the bubble becomes oblate, spreading out in the direction normal to the flow and contracting in the direction of the flow. Then the poles get pushed in and ultimately they touch each other. The results also show that there is a maximum value of the Weber number above which there is no steady axially symmetric bubble. This value is somewhat smaller than the approximate value obtained by Moore (1965) but close to that found by El Sawi (1974). We also compute the added mass, the drag on the bubble, and its terminal velocity in a gravitational field, for large Reynolds numbers. © 1981, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
Predicting survival in patients requiring renal replacement therapy after cardiac surgery.

Background We sought to develop and internally validate a prediction score for all-cause in-hospital mortality in patients who have acute renal failure and require renal replacement therapy after cardiac surgery. Methods From January 1992 to July 2001, 136 of 14,000 patients (0.9%) had acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy after cardiac surgery. Multivariate logistic regression analysis, based on pre–renal replacement therapy variables, was used to construct a predictive score for all causes of in-hospital mortality. Subsequently, the score was validated in 27 patients who underwent surgery between August 2001 and March 2003. Results In-hospital mortality was 58% (79 of 136). From the logistic regression model, we assigned a score (range, 0 to 6) based on the presence of independent predictors of operative mortality (preoperative creatinine ≤ 1.5 mg/dL [odds ratio (OR) = 5.0], hypertension [OR = 4.4], predialysis coma [OR = 9.6], sepsis [OR = 6.4], and total bilirubin ≥ 2 mg/dL [OR = 5.6]). Higher scores strongly predicted mortality: patients who scored 3 or higher before the initiation dialysis (n = 54), had a mortality rate of 94% (51 of 54). In contrast, patients who scored 1 or less on this scale (n = 36), had a mortality of 16% (6 of 36). In the validation cohort, the sensitivity of the new score at the cutoff of 2 or fewer points versus 3 or more points was 0.71, the specificity was 0.90, the positive predictive value was 0.92, and the negative predictive value was 0.64. Conclusions The prediction score represents a simple and accurate tool for predicting in-hospital mortality associated with renal replacement therapy for cardiac surgery patients before the institution of this resource-intensive treatment.
Trait Ambiguity and Impression Formation: Sufficiency Tests of the Meaning Change Model

Two experiments tested the meaning change model's prediction for the effect of trait ambiguity on impression formation. Participants were all college students, 43 males and 29 females in Experiment 1 and 20 males and 28 females in Experiment 2. Standard impression formation tasks were used. The results revealed greater context effects for high as compared to low ambiguous traits and greater influence on description ratings for low as compared to high ambigous traits, supporting the meaning change model. When ratings of descriptions and of individual traits were clearly separated, context effects were observed only for low ambiguous traits. The implications of this finding for meaning change and information integration models of impression formation are discussed
OBSERVABILITY OF LAG SYNCHRONIZATION OF COUPLED CHAOTIC OSCILLATORS

Lag synchronization is a recently discovered theoretical phenomenon where the dynamical variables of two coupled, nonidentical chaotic oscillators are synchronized with a time delay relative to each other. We investigate experimentally and numerically to what extent lag synchronization can be observed in physical systems where noise is inevitable. Our measurements and numerical computation suggest that lag synchronization is typically destroyed when the noise level is comparable to the amount of average system mismatch. At small noise levels, lag synchronization occurs in an intermittent fashion.
A priority queuing model to reduce waiting times in emergency care.

Investigates the increased waiting time costs imposed on society due to inappropriate use of the emergency department by patients seeking non‐emergency or primary care. Proposes a simple economic model to illustrate the effect of this misuse at a public or not‐for‐profit hospital. Provides evidence that non‐emergency patients contribute to lengthy delays in the ER for all classes of patients. Proposes a priority queuing model to reduce average waiting times.
Toward a Theory of Reflection by a Rough Surface

A rough, perfectly reflecting surface is first specified by the statistics of noise theory. If illuminated by a plane electromagnetic wave, such a surface would reflect statistically predictable fields. An attempt is made to formulate the problem of predicting the fields in terms of the statistics of the surface. The result is a series of integral expressions in which averages of the currents induced in the surface appear as unknown functions. Owing to mathematical complexities, these expressions are not solved for the average currents; however, a qualitative discussion is given of a known formula for the specular reflection coefficient of a gently rolling surface.
Drug interactions with digitalis glycosides.

The 2 major factors affecting serum levels of the most commonly used cardiac glycoside digoxin, are patient compliance and the physical characteristics of the tablet; the latter is unimportant with the lipid soluble glycosides digitoxin and β-methyldigoxin. Several drugs interfere with the absorption of these cardiac glycosides from the gastrointestinal tract, either by adsorption, altering gut motility or other unknown mechanisms, but only mixtures containing kaolinpectin (and possibly some liquid antacids) are of potential clinical importance with tablets of a satisfactory dissolution profile.
Long-term effects of prescribed underburning on litter decomposition and nutrient release in ponderosa pine stands in central Oregon

The effects of low-intensity prescribed underburning on the rates of litter decomposition and N and P release in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex. Laws) stands were studied by a litter-bag technique for 18 months in sites burned 0.3, 5, or 12 years earlier. Litter decomposition rates (k) were low, between 0.15 and 0.28 year−1, and were significantly (P < 0.1) reduced by prescribed fire on the sites burned 0.3 and 12 years earlier. However, the reduction in decomposition rates was small, from 0.22 to 0.19 year−1 on the sites burned 12 years earlier, and from 0.172 to 0.167 year−1 on the sites burned 0.3 year earlier. Nitrogen tended to be immobilized in the decomposing litter, while P was rapidly released, suggesting that these ecosystems are limited by N but not by P. Nitrogen showed a distinctive seasonal pattern of net immobilization during winter and a net release during summer. Prescribed burning significantly increased the release of N and P from the litter on the sites burned 5 years earlier, a pattern that may indicate changes in microbial activity in the forest floor. However, there were no significant differences in nutrient dynamics on the remaining sites.
Adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase of bovine tracheal smooth muscle.

Abstract An adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase (ATP: protein phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.37) from bovine tracheal smooth muscle was purified partially and its properties studied. Histone was employed as phosphate acceptor; the apparent K m for histone was 50 μg/ml and was not affected by adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP). The apparent K m for ATP (1.4 · 10 −5 M at 10 mM Mg 2+ ) was also unaffected by cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP increased the V of the phosphorylation of histone with an apparent K m cyclic AMP of 2.5 · 10 −8 M and pH optimum of pH 6.5. Activation of the protein kinase by cyclic nucleotides other than cyclic. AMP occurred only at unphysiologically high concentrations and the enzyme appeared to be specific for ATP as phosphate donor. A divalent metal ion was required for the reaction; the apparent K m for Mg 2+ was 2.5 · 10 −3 M. Incubation of the partially purified protein kinase (mol. wt approx. 144 500) with cyclic AMP, followed by sedimentation through a sucrose gradient containing cyclic AMP, resulted in the formation of two subunits. A catalytic subunit, the activity of which was not stimulated by cyclic AMP, had a mol. wt of approximately 50 000; a cyclic AMP-binding subunit, devoid of catalytic activity, had a mol. wt of approx. 88 500.
Initial microbiological response in lakes to the Mt St Helens eruption

No published reports exist on the early stages in the establishment and succession of microbial communities and associated chemical and geochemical transformations in aquatic environments shortly after a volcanic event. Much of our understanding of volcanic lakes has come from studies carried out years to centuries after the eruption, when the lakes were already stabilized. Here we document the chemical and microbiological responses of lakes and hydrothermal environments in the blast zone near Mt St Helens 3–4 months after the eruption of 18 May 1980. Within weeks of the eruption, the impacted lakes became anaerobic, ultraeutrophic and developed extensive populations of bacteria, some of which were not common to those environments. By August 1980 both assimilative and dissimilative nitrogen cycle reactions were regulating the extent of chemosynthetic, photosynthetic and heterotrophic activities occurring in the lakes. Recovery of the lakes to their normal oligotrophic state will result in part from oxygen production by photosynthesis and anaerobic oxidation of reduced metals, gases and organic compounds coupled with denitrification.
The Case for Joint Trusteeship of Pension Plans

Cook traces the history of union pension funds and enactment of Section 302 of Taft-Hartley requiring joint employer-employee management of formerly union funds. He reviews theories of ownership of pension funds, finding the “deferred wage theory” to fit best. This article shows that the NRLB concurred, holding that pensions are part of wages; replies to objections to joint trusteeship; and concludes that all pension funds should be jointly trusteed.
Railcar Wheel Flat Impact Analysis

Wheel flats are common railcar wheel defects that cause bearing failures and train derailments. In an effort to better understand the impacts created by a wheel flat, a nonlinear finite element model using LS-DYNA was created of a single 914.4 mm (36 in) railcar wheel with a wheel flat and a 3.24 m (127.5 in) half track with one rail, six wood ties and tie plates. Discrete element springs and dampers simulated the ballast and subgrade. Goals of this model were to accurately simulate a wheel flat impact at varying speeds and to monitor the plastic deformation that occurs at the sharp edges of the wheel flat during rotation. Producing and validating this model then could be used to test modifications to the track and wheel to lower the severity of wheel impacts. Results indicated an accurate simulation; however, improvements with the material properties, suspension model and mesh sensitivity can be made.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Microarray analysis reveals distinct gene expression profiles among different tumor histology, stage and disease outcomes in endometrial adenocarcinoma.

Background Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy in developed countries and little is known about the underlying mechanism of stage and disease outcomes. The goal of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes (DEG) between late vs. early stage endometrioid adenocarcinoma (EAC) and uterine serous carcinoma (USC), as well as between disease outcomes in each of the two histological subtypes.
RIGIDITY OF MEASURES -- THE HIGH ENTROPY CASE AND NON-COMMUTING FOLIATIONS

We consider invariant measures for partially hyperbolic, semisimple, higher rank actions on homogeneous spaces defined by products of real andp-adic Lie groups. In this paper we generalize our earlier work to establish measure rigidity in the high entropy case in that setting. We avoid any additional ergodicity-type assumptions but rely on, and extend the theory of conditional measures.
Detection of the Yarkovsky effect for main-belt asteroids

Abstract The Yarkovsky effect, a non-gravitational acceleration produced by the anisotropic emission of thermal energy (Opik, 1951, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. 54, 165–199), plays an important role in the dynamical evolution of asteroids. Current theoretical models of the Yarkovsky effect, however, rely on a number of poorly known parameters that can only approximate how real asteroids respond to solar heating. To improve this situation, we investigated whether the orbital distribution of the Karin cluster, a 5.8±0.2 Myr old S-type asteroid family (Nesvorný et al., 2002a, Nature 417, 720–722), could be used to determine the rate at which multikilometer main-belt asteroids spread in semimajor axis due to the Yarkovsky effect. Our results indicate that the orbital histories of individual Karin cluster members bear clear signatures of having drifted in semimajor axis drift since their formation. Using numerical methods, we determined the drift speed of ≈70 Karin cluster members (asteroids 1–6 km in diameter). This is the first time the speed that main-belt asteroids evolve in the semimajor axis due to the non-gravitational effects have been measured. The magnitude of measured speeds is similar to those predicted by theoretical models of the Yarkovsky force. Taken together, our results represent the first direct detection of the Yarkovsky effect for main-belt asteroids, and they validate in significant ways the asteroid thermal models described in the recent literature (e.g., Vokrouhlický, 1999, Astron. Astrophys. 344, 362–366). By comparing the measured drift speeds to those calculated from theoretical models of the Yarkovsky effect, we determined that Karin cluster members do not have surface thermal conductivities K in excess of ∼0.1 W m −1 K −1 . Instead, their derived K values are consistent with the presence of regolith over most/all of their ∼5.8 Myr lifetimes. This low-conductive regolith layer may be thin because the penetration depth of the diurnal thermal wave is ≲5 cm. The regolith material may have been deposited in the immediate aftermath of the Karin cluster formation event or was produced over time by impacts. Our method also allows us to estimate spin obliquity values for Karin cluster members. We find that members with diameters ≳3.5-km are predominantly retrograde rotators, while those ≲2 g cm −3 .
Using aerial photographs for improved mobile AR annotation

We present a mobile augmented reality system for outdoor annotation of the real world. To reduce user burden, we use aerial photographs in addition to the wearable system's usual data sources (position, orientation, camera and user input). This allows the user to accurately annotate 3D features with only a few simple interactions from a single position by aligning features in both their first-person viewpoint and in the aerial view. We examine three types of aerial photograph features - corners, edges, and regions - that are suitable for a wide variety of useful mobile augmented reality applications, and are easily visible on aerial photographs. By using aerial photographs in combination with wearable augmented reality, we are able to achieve much higher accuracy 3D annotation positions than was previously possible from a single user location.
Phonological Translation in Bilingual and Monolingual Children

Bilingual children face a variety of challenges that their monolingual peers do not. For instance, switching between languages requires the phonological translation of proper names, a skill that requires mapping the phonemic units of one language onto the phonemic units of the other. Proficiency of phonological awareness has been linked to reading success, but little information is available about phonological awareness across multiple phonologies. Furthermore, the relationship between this kind of phonological awareness and reading has never been addressed. The current study investigated phonological translation using a task designed to measure children's ability to map one phonological system onto another. A total of 425 kindergarten and second grade monolingual and bilingual students were evaluated. The results suggest that monolinguals generally performed poorly. Bilinguals translated real names more accurately than fictitious names, in both directions. Correlations between phonological translation and measures of reading ability were moderate, but reliable. Phonological translation is proposed as a tool with which to evaluate phonological awareness through the perspective of children who live with two languages and two attendant phonemic systems.
Evidence for the importance of genetic structuring to the structural and functional specialization of the Plasmodium falciparum var gene family

The var gene family encodes Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane 1 (PfEMP1) proteins that act as virulence factors responsible for both antigenic variation and cytoadherence of infected erythrocytes. These proteins orchestrate infected erythrocyte sequestration from blood circulation and contribute to adhesion-based complications of P. falciparum malaria infections. For this study, we analysed the genetic organization and strain structure of var genes and present evidence for three separately evolving groups that have, in part, functionally diverged and differ between subtelomeric and central chromosomal locations. Our analyses suggest that a recombination hierarchy limits reassortment between groups and may explain why some var genes are unusually conserved between parasite strains. This recombination hierarchy, coupled with binding and immune selection, shapes the variant antigen repertoire and has structural, functional and evolutionary consequences for the PfEMP1 protein family that are directly relevant to malaria pathogenesis.
Mechanical Properties of Chemically Functionalized Clay Vinyl Ester Nanocomposites

This study focuses on the role of chemistry of onium salt(s) used in functionalizing clay and the processing conditions in achieving exfoliated clay vinyl ester nanocomposites. Two different clay treatments were added to vinyl ester resin and three different processing conditions were examined in the formulation of nanocomposite. Through this study, we demonstrate that the degree of exfoliation and dispersion of layered silicate nanocomposite is affected by both processing and the clay chemical treatment. At an organoclay loading of only 3.5wt%, the modulus improved by 20% in partially reactive organoclay system, while the modulus improved by 10% in nonreactive organoclay system compared to that of pristine vinyl ester resin.
Islam and Science

The beginning And these are the signs Making of the tradition Islam and science nexus Withering of the tradition Transmission and transformation Winds of change The colonial cut The colonized discourse The scientific exegesis The new nexus.
Reading Playboy for the Articles The Graying of Rape Myths in Black and White Text, 1953 to 2003

This longitudinal investigation analyzes the manner in which rape myths are conveyed through textual material published in Playboy. Results indicate that Playboy (a) portrays rape as a gender-neutral issue, ignoring patriarchal roots of sexual violence against women, and (b) promulgates ambiguous discourse, which is equally likely to endorse and refute rape myths. Interestingly, readers’ contributions are most often the source of refutations of rape myths. Overall, findings suggest that little progress has been made over time in deconstructing rape myths promulgated to men, as this particular men’s publication has consistently painted a gray picture in which refutations have remained unsuccessful in disempowering rape myths.
Field validation of 1930s aerial photography: What are we missing?

Aerial photography from the 1930s serves as the earliest synoptic depiction of vegetation cover. We generated a spatially explicit database of shrub (Prosopis velutina) stand structure within two 1.8 ha field plots established in 1932 to address two questions: (1) What are the detection limits of panchromatic 1936 aerial photography?, and (2) How do these influence P. velutina biomass estimates? Shrub polygons were manually digitized on 1936 imagery and linked to 1932 field measurements of P. velutina canopy area. Aboveground 1932 P. velutina biomass was estimated using a site-specific allometric relationship for field-measured canopy area. Shrub canopy detection limits on the 1936 imagery were comparable to those reported for contemporary imagery. Based on a conservative shrub size detection threshold of 3.8 m 2 , 5.8% of P. velutina biomass was missed. Spatial resolution (0.6 vs. 1.0 m) did not influence detection limits, but the overall accuracy of shrub cover estimates was greater on 1.0 m images. Presence of the sub-shrub Isocoma tenuisecta may also have significantly influenced estimates of P. velutina canopy area. These analyses illustrate the importance of standardizing aerial photo interpretation protocols, accounting for uncertainty estimating shrub biomass, and caution species-specific interpretations for historic aerial photography.
Discovering Partial Orders in Binary Data

We approach the problem of discovering interesting orders in data. In many applications, it is more important to find interesting partial orders since there is often no clear ordering between certain sets of elements. Furthermore, a partial order is more robust against partially erroneous data. We present the notion of fundamental partial orders (FPO), and argue that any partial order that satisfies this property is an interesting partial order. To mine such partial orders, we present a two-stage methodology that first finds an interesting total order, and then discovers a partial order satisfying FPO using this total order. To illustrate, we focus on {0, 1} data. This is an important problem with many applications, e.g., in paleontology, where we chronologically order fossil sites by minimizing Lazarus counts. We present the experimental results of our method on paleontological data, and show that it outperforms existing approaches. The techniques developed here are general and can be abstracted for mining partial orders in any setting.
Dynamic tuning of birefringence in silicon waveguides

This paper is the first report on dynamic control of birefringence in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguides by electronically tuning the stress in the waveguide. The dynamic stress is induced by a thin-film piezoelectric transducer integrated on top of the waveguide. Integrated piezoelectric transducers are used to electrically vary the dispersion in a silicon optical waveguide.
RECRUITMENT AND SUCCESSIONAL DYNAMICS DIVERSIFY THE SHIFTING HABITAT MOSAIC OF AN ALASKAN FLOODPLAIN

We measured plant recruitment patterns, successional dynamics, and biophysical processes on laterally expansive floodplains of the Kwethluk River, Alaska. The main channel of this gravel-bed river frequently avulses and possesses an anabranching plan form. Fluvial processes were interactive with life history processes of riparian plants in determining initial stages of primary succession. Reproductive strategies and herbivory became important factors later in succession. We conducted plant age and compositional surveys to assess patterns of propagule deposition. We found that dispersal strategies of species were an important factor influencing recruitment patterns. Flood-dispersed seeds resulted in even-aged cohorts of species persistently segregated in space, based on age data. Sediment characteristics and inundation potential had little influence on seedling distributions. Recruitment was also segregated on the basis of dispersal strategy. At the heads of bars, where vegetative propagules (live drift wood) were entombed during floods, the distributions of species were random. This size-selective nature of recruitment persisted through time. Vegetation age and distribution patterns were further diversified by the river’s legacy of gravel deposition that diversified the primary successional pathway: one associated with ridges and another with swales. Interactions between these pathways and beaver herbivory initiated secondary succession. We used satellite imagery to quantify the extent of floodplain influenced by herbivory and to assess the importance of this driver of secondary succession. We also used high-resolution aerial imagery and randomly selected sites to provide an unbiased analysis. We classified this imagery to quantify the spatial extent of herbivory and its influence on the initiation of secondary succession. The results showed, in addition to recruitment and successional dynamics, the flood-plain habitat mosaic was diversified by the initiation of secondary succession. Patch and species composition within the vegetation mosaics were significantly different than those portions of the floodplain engaged in primary succession. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Supporting information may be found in the online version of this article. Appendix: Matrix of plant species and traits key words: recruitment; primary succession; shifting habitat mosaic; flooding; herbivory; secondary succession; Kwethluk River; Alaska Received 26 July 2011; Revised 09 January 2012; Accepted 14 February 2012
A 91 GHz receiver front-end in silicon-germanium technology

A W-band receiver front-end, including a low-noise amplifier (LNA), a coupled-wire Marchand balun and a double-balanced mixer, has been designed and fabricated in IBMpsilas 8 HP 0.12 mum, 200 GHz-fT SiGe technology. The circuit operates in the 87-94 GHz frequency range with a peak conversion gain of 36.3 dB and a minimum single side-band (SSB) noise figure of 10 dB. At 91 GHz the measured 1 dB input compression point is -36 dBm. The entire circuit occupies 1.82 mm2 including bond pads and dissipates only 109.7 mW. To the authorspsila knowledge this front-end achieves the highest conversion gain among published receiver front-ends in silicon-based technology operating beyond 90 GHz.