cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The End of the Undergraduate Music History Sequence

The Pedagogy Study Group of the American Musicological Society hosted a roundtable on "The End of the Undergraduate Music History Sequence?" at the 2014 annual meeting of the Soceity. The roundtable published here includes revised versions of the papers delivered at this meeting. This essay provides an introduction to the roundtable theme.
National Standards Threaten Local Vitality

Given the current overwhelming support for national standards, one wonders why it has taken so long to make the creation of standards a national priority. But, in fact, strong opposition to such standards persists and continues to come from both the right and the left. Above all, such opposition points to the weakness of a federal strategy for educational reform that deviates from our national com-
From the innocent to the intelligent eye: The early development of pictorial competence

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the two very influential theorist of Picture perception–the “innocent eye” and the “intelligent eye.” It argues that the process of developing an “intelligent eye” to interpret and understand pictures is a very complex and protracted process, a process infants begin with a relatively (but not a fully) “innocent eye.” Understanding and using pictures is not only a complex process, but it is also a very important one. Pictures are ubiquitous in most modem societies. It is illustrated that, aspects of picture-referent relations that seem transparent to adults are not obvious to young children, even when the picture depicts an array currently visible or even the child himself or herself. Young children do not even share the very strong, and natural-seeming, preference older individuals have for viewing pictures in an upright orientation. Thus, it is concluded that, an important part of the development of pictorial competence is figuring out how pictures and the reality they represent are related.
Cerebral protein synthesis. II. Instability of cerebral messenger ribonucleic acid-ribosome complexes.

Abstract Ribosomal preparations isolated from rat cerebral cortex exhibited basal amino acid-incorporating activities comparable to those observed with the analogous preparations from rat liver. In each instance, polyribosomes larger than the tetramer were most active in protein synthesis in vivo and in vitro. However, following the initial incorporation of radioactive amino acids into heavy polyribosomes, a substantial portion of the radioactivity incorporated became associated with the lighter ribosomal species in the cerebral but not in the hepatic systems. Cerebral ribosomal preparations contained a smaller proportion of heavy polyribosomes than the corresponding hepatic ribosomes. These cerebral polyribosomes dissociated more rapidly than hepatic polyribosomes during incubation in amino acid-incorporating systems. Under these conditions, disruption of cerebral polyribosomes was accompanied by greatly accentuated incorporation of phenylalanine in response to polyuridylic acid. Nevertheless, the cerebral systems uniformly contained significantly lower ribonuclease activities than the corresponding hepatic preparations. Moreover, cerebral polyribosomes exhibited greater sensitivity to disruption than hepatic polyribosomes in the presence of low concentrations of pancreatic ribonuclease or Mg2+. The data support the concept that certain cerebral messenger RNA-ribosome complexes are unusually labile. The possible relationship of these findings to the specialized biological functions of the central nervous system is discussed.
Angiotensin II-induced mesangial cell apoptosis: role of oxidative stress.

Angiotensin II (ANG II) has been shown to play a role in the induction of glomerular injury. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of ANG II on mesangial cell apoptosis and the involved molecular mechanism. The effect of ANG II on apoptosis of mouse mesangial cells (MC) was evaluated by morphologic, DNA fragmentation and TUNEL assays. To evaluate the role of oxidative stress and involved mechanisms, we studied the effect of antioxidants, anti-TGF-β antibody, inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase and modulators of cytosolic calcium/heme oxygenase (HO) activity. In addition, we studied the effect of ANG II on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by MCs. ANG II promoted apoptosis of MCs in a dose dependent manner. This effect of ANG II was not only associated with ROS production, but also inhibited by antioxidants. Both Anti-TGF-β antibody and propranolol inhibited ANG II-induced ROS generation and apoptosis. BAPTA inhibited both ANG II- and TGF-β-induced apoptosis. On the other hand, thapsigargin stimulated MC apoptosis under basal as well as ANG II/TGF-β stimulated states. ANG II receptor types 1 and 2 antagonists attenuated the proapoptotic effect of ANG II. Hemin inhibited but zinc protoporphyrin enhanced the proapoptotic effect of ANG II. Propranolol increased HO activity; whereas pre-treatment with propranolol prevented ANG II-induced apoptosis. ANG II promotes MC apoptosis. This effect of ANG II is mediated through downstream signaling involving TGF-β, phospholipase D, and Ca2+, contributing to the activation of NADPH oxidase and generation of ROS. HO activity plays a modulatory role in ANG II-induced MC apoptosis.
Vascular Malformations and Hemangiomas of the Canine Spinal Cord

An arteriovenous malformation and two hemangiomas in the canine spinal cord were found in three dogs. The malformation was ventral, extramedullary and largely subdural. Chronic hypoxia, consequent upon the shunt, had led to extensive local edema, necrosis and hemorrhage at T13-L1. Prominent intramedullary perivascular fibrosis, mineralization and obliteration were the presumed consequences of the hemodynamic insult. The hemangiomas, one of which was multiple, were deep lesions that produced compressive changes in the adjacent cord tissue. The masses were regarded as benign neoplasms with central sclerosis. These conditions appear not to have been reported previously in the dog.
Lead Optimization in Drug Discovery

Lead optimization in drug discovery has changed significantly over the past five years and no longer is fragmented into separate hit-to-lead and lead optimization phases. Chemical lead optimization from high-throughput screening (HTS) to clinical candidate identification is now one seamless process that draws on new technologies for accelerated synthesis, purification, and screening of directed, iterative compound libraries. Advances In high-throughput screening technologies allow detection of new allosteric modes of target modulation, which provides new chemotypes and target opportunities. With the incorporation of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) inputs early in the lead optimization work flow, molecules are not optimized solely for target potency and selectivity. Moreover, “closed-loop” work flows are in place such that synthesis and primary screening operate on a 1-week turnaround for up to 48 compounds/week with DMPK data cycling every other week to guide compound design, which provides expedited timelines for the development of proof-of-concept compounds and clinical candidates with limited human resources.
Fostering Strength and Resiliency in Same-Sex Couples

Abstract Same-sex couples are presented widiin tiieir cultural contexts to examine how those contexts might influence me strength and resilience of their relationships. We are particularly interested in the ability of the couple relationship to fulfill family functions that serve the social, psychological, and physical needs of each of the partners and society (Patterson, 2002a). Three family functions: family formation and membership, nurturance and socialization, and protection of vulnerable members, are particularly germane to same-sex couples. We examine several topic areas related to these three functions in order to assist clinicians in identifying factors that may prohibit same-sex couples from becoming and remaining strong and resilient.
The Role of Child-Care Subsidies in the Lives of Low-Income Children

In the United States, federally funded child-care subsidies offer a unique opportunity to influence low-income children's early education and, in so doing, affect their development. To understand the role of child-care subsidies in children's lives, we must answer the following questions about their impact: How does receiving subsidies affect (a) the type of care children receive, (b) the quality of care children receive, and (c) their developmental outcomes? Theoretically, the answers to these questions should cohere, yet they do not; though subsidies increase exposure to the type and quality of care known to predict more optimal outcomes for children, the direct effect of subsidies on outcomes has been null or negative. In this article, we review research on child-care subsidies to describe its inconsistencies and offer explanations, a timely endeavor in light of the 2014 reauthorization of legislation on child-care subsidies.
Technology policy in the 21st century: How will we adapt to complexity?

Technology is becoming ever more complex and this has important implications for national technology policies. A major US policy challenge is how to formulate and implement policies effectively when innovation cannot be understood. Using a review of the complexity-science and evolutionary-economics literature, and six case studies of evolving complex technologies, this paper concludes that there are five common patterns which policy must recognize: seamlessness, diversity continuous change, lack of understanding, and the predictability of incremental innovation steps. The self-conscious development of a US national innovation system as a policy priority is important, because technology policies must cover all elements of the innovation process holistically. Copyright , Beech Tree Publishing.
A Conserved Role for Syndecan Family Members in the Regulation of Whole-Body Energy Metabolism

Syndecans are a family of type-I transmembrane proteins that are involved in cell-matrix adhesion, migration, neuronal development, and inflammation. Previous quantitative genetic studies pinpointed Drosophila Syndecan (dSdc) as a positional candidate gene affecting variation in fat storage between two Drosophila melanogaster strains. Here, we first used quantitative complementation tests with dSdc mutants to confirm that natural variation in this gene affects variability in Drosophila fat storage. Next, we examined the effects of a viable dSdc mutant on Drosophila whole-body energy metabolism and associated traits. We observed that young flies homozygous for the dSdc mutation had reduced fat storage and slept longer than homozygous wild-type flies. They also displayed significantly reduced metabolic rate, lower expression of spargel (the Drosophila homologue of PGC-1), and reduced mitochondrial respiration. Compared to control flies, dSdc mutants had lower expression of brain insulin-like peptides, were less fecund, more sensitive to starvation, and had reduced life span. Finally, we tested for association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human SDC4 gene and variation in body composition, metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and sleep traits in a cohort of healthy early pubertal children. We found that SNP rs4599 was significantly associated with resting energy expenditure (P = 0.001 after Bonferroni correction) and nominally associated with fasting glucose levels (P = 0.01) and sleep duration (P = 0.044). On average, children homozygous for the minor allele had lower levels of glucose, higher resting energy expenditure, and slept shorter than children homozygous for the common allele. We also observed that SNP rs1981429 was nominally associated with lean tissue mass (P = 0.035) and intra-abdominal fat (P = 0.049), and SNP rs2267871 with insulin sensitivity (P = 0.037). Collectively, our results in Drosophila and humans argue that syndecan family members play a key role in the regulation of body metabolism.
Preoperative planning for ear surgery using store-and-forward telemedicine.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if store-and-forward telemedicine can be used to accurately plan ear surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Case series with chart review. SETTING: Tertiary care hospital. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Charts were reviewed for elective major ear surgeries resulting from telemedicine referrals during a 13-month period. The store-and-forward telemedicine referrals (electronic consultations) included clinical history, digital images, and audiology data. Consultants reviewed each telemedicine case and documented the recommended surgery and estimated operative time. These charts were matched with patients seen in person during a standard evaluation and had identical surgeries recommended. For the telemedicine evaluation and in-person evaluation groups, the recommended surgeries were compared with actual surgeries performed and the estimated time was compared with the actual operative time. RESULTS: Forty-five ear surgeries were recommended by the telemedicine evaluation and were matched with 45 surgeries from the standard evaluation and included tympanoplasty with or without canalplasty, mastoidectomy, stapes surgery, and myringoplasty. Telemedicine and in-person evaluation accurately predicted the surgery 89 percent and 84 percent of the time, respectively. The average difference of "actual time" and "estimated time" for the actual surgical procedures performed was not statistically different between the two groups: 32 minutes for the telemedicine evaluation group and 35 minutes for the in-person evaluation group. CONCLUSION: Store-and-forward telemedicine is as effective as in-person evaluation for planning elective major ear surgery.
Effects of bentonite fiber formation in iron ore pelletization

Abstract In the production of iron ore concentrate pellets, binders are required to improve pellet green strength. The most popular binder for this purpose is bentonite clay, which is added at a rate of approximately 0.5–1.0% by weight of moist concentrate. Bentonite is a significant cost item in iron ore pelletization, and also contributes undesirable amounts of silica to the finished pellets. If the binding effectiveness of bentonite is increased, it will be possible to reduce the bentonite dosage, resulting in significant cost savings while producing higher quality, lower silica pellets. The authors have recently identified a new and important bentonite binding mechanism, which is development of bentonite fibers under compressive shear mixing. During this study, procedures were developed that took advantage of the ability of bentonite to form fibers, and resulted in a dramatic decrease in the necessary bentonite dosage. When mixing procedures were used that promoted fiber formation, the bentonite dosage needed to produce acceptable strength pellets was cut in half, from 14 (0.66%) to 7 (0.33%) lb/lt. In addition, bentonites that are currently considered poor quality can have their performance enhanced by using this fiber development method, and be used successfully as iron ore pellet binders.
Intestinal sterols. IV. Δ7-coprostenol ☆

Abstract Δ 7 -Coprostenol has been isolated from the feces of rats fed a fat-free diet containing 0.2 % of 7-dehydrocholesterol. This compound is also a minor component of the “zone D” fraction of fecal sterols from rats fed a normal ration.
Prohibitin (PHB) inhibits apoptosis in rat granulosa cells (GCs) through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and the Bcl family of proteins

Mammalian ovarian follicular development is tightly regulated by crosstalk between cell death and survival signals, which include both endocrine and intra-ovarian regulators. Whether the follicle ultimately ovulates or undergoes atresia is dependent on the expression and actions of factors promoting follicular cell proliferation, differentiation or apoptosis. Prohibitin (PHB) is a highly conserved, ubiquitous protein that is abundantly expressed in granulosa cells (GCs) and associated with GC differentiation and apoptosis. The current study was designed to characterize the regulation of anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic factors in undifferentiated rat GCs (gonadotropin independent phase) governed by PHB. Microarray technology was initially employed to identify potential apoptosis-related genes, whose expression levels within GCs were altered by either staurosporine (STS) alone or STS in presence of ectopically over-expressed PHB. Next, immunoblot studies were performed to examine the expression patterns of selective Bcl-2 family members identified by the microarray analysis, which are commonly regulated in the intrinsic-apoptotic pathway. These studies were designed to measure protein levels of Bcl2 family in relation to expression of the acidic isoform (phosphorylated) PHB and the components of MEK-Erk1/2 pathway. These studies indicated that over-expression of PHB in undifferentiated GCs inhibit apoptosis which concomitantly results in an increased level of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl2 and Bclxl, reduced release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and inhibition of caspase-3 activity. In contrast, silencing of PHB expression resulted in change of mitochondrial morphology from the regular reticular network to a fragmented form, which enhanced sensitization of these GCs to the induction of apoptosis. Collectively, these studies have provided new insights on the PHB-mediated anti-apoptotic mechanism, which occurs in undifferentiated GCs through a PHB → Mek-Erk1/2 → Bcl/Bcl-xL pathway and may have important clinical implications.
Comparison of synthetic images generated from LiDAR intensity and passive hyperspectral imagery

Pulsed Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) intensity has commonly been used as a measure of relative reflectance of materials to aid in both point classification and object identification. However, as LiDAR systems use a single light wavelength, the intensity has had little value for advanced material classification. With the advent of multispectral LiDAR systems, it may be possible to use the LiDAR intensity in multiple spectral bands to assist in automated target recognition. Towards this end, we present a comparison between LiDAR intensity images and passive reflectance from a hyperspectral imaging system in the same spectral bands. Although qualitatively the LiDAR intensity and hyperspectral imagery show good agreement, a quantitative analysis shows there are significant deviations between their respective reflectance measurements, particularly for complex features such as trees.
Performance profiling of minimum quantity lubrication in machining.

This study develops the analytical understanding of mechanical and environmental effects of minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) in machining and profiles the MQL performance as functions of machining and fluid application parameters. Physics-based predictive models are formulated to quantitatively describe the resulting contact stress and temperature distributions under completely dry, MQL (under boundary lubrication), and flood cooling conditions in cylindrical turning. On that basis, the air quality effects in terms of cutting fluid aerosol emission rate and droplet size distribution have been derived through the modeling of evaporation, runaway aerosol atomization, and dissipation processes. Additionally, the abrasion, adhesion, and diffusion wear mechanisms under time-evolving cutter geometry have been quantitatively evaluated for the development of a tool wear and tool life relationship with the fluid application condition. Experimental measurements of force, temperature, aerosol concentration, and tool flank wear rate in dry, MQL, and fluid cooling cases has also been pursued to calibrate and validate the predictive models. The MQL performance profile is assessed through the sensitive analysis of tool utilization, power consumption, and air quality with respect to MQL application parameters; and it serves as a basis to support the overall optimization of machining process by incorporating both mechanical and environmental considerations.
Inputs to the Active Indole-3-Acetic Acid Pool: De Novo Synthesis, Conjugate Hydrolysis, and Indole-3-Butyric Acid b-Oxidation

The phytohormone auxin is important in virtually all aspects of plant growth and development, yet our understanding of auxin homeostasis is far from complete. Plants use several mechanisms to control levels of the active auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Plants can synthesize IAA both from tryptophan (Trp-dependent pathways) and from a Trp precursor but bypassing Trp (Trp-independent pathways). Despite progress in identifying enzymes in Trp-dependent IAA biosynthesis, no single IAA biosynthetic pathway is yet defined to the level that all of the relevant genes, enzymes, and intermediates are identified. In addition to de novo synthesis, vascular plants can obtain IAA from the hydrolysis of IAA conjugates. IAA can be conjugated to amino acids, sugars, and peptides; endogenous conjugates that are active in bioassays and hydrolyzed in plants are likely to be important free IAA sources. Conjugation is also used to permanently inactivate excess IAA, and these conjugates may be distinct from the hydrolyzable conjugates. The peroxisomal (3-oxidation of endogenous indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) also can supply plants with IAA, which may account for part of the auxin activity of exogenous IBA. Compartmentalization of enzymes and precursors may contribute to the regulation of auxin metabolism. IAA obtained through de novo synthesis, conjugate hydrolysis, or IBA β-oxidation may have different functions in plant development, and possible roles for the IAA derived from the various pathways are discussed.
Application of graph theory to the analysis of active and mutually coupled networks

Abstract This paper presents a unified graphical approach to the analysis of an electrical network which contains linear multi-terminal devices such as vacuum tubes, transistors, transformers, gyrators, circulators, etc. The concept of the mathematical equivalent circuit of an active device or a passive but mutually coupled device which was introduced by Percival, is related to the indefinite admittance matrix of a multipole defined by Zadeh and Shekel. Various graphical formulas for the evaluation of network functions of a multipole are shown, including the node-condensation techniques. A number of examples are presented.
Critical issues in distribution system surge protection

The past ten years have produced some dramatic advances in overvoltage protection for electricity distribution systems. Research into the nature of lightning-flash characteristics, especially the characteristics of distribution arrester discharge currents, now permit a greater understanding of the magnitudes of impulse voltages that impact the system and its connected equipment. Zinc oxide use has emerged during this same time period as a protective technology that is unequaled in its ability to minimize impulse voltage. Its improved characteristics make it a requirement for riser pole application, and its simple gapless structure makes it ideal for application within the transformer tank. On the other hand, a significant cable failure problem has surfaced with an alarming number of underground residential distribution (URD) cable failures occurring, which has led to premature replacement of a considerable amount of cable. It is concluded that while the causes of this cable failure problem are multiple, excessive impulse voltage is a contributor and requires evaluation of available methodology that can minimize the magnitude of impulse voltage on underground circuits. >
Novel oral anticoagulants in development: Dabigatran, Rivaroxaban, and Apixaban

Venous thromboembolic disease, including deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, is a cause of significant mortality and morbidity. For several decades, anticoagulant options for the treatment and prevention of thrombosis have been limited mainly to agents such as unfractionated heparin and oral vitamin K antagonists, such as warfarin. Although these therapies have proven benefits, they also have important limitations that result in their underuse in routine clinical practice. A variety of novel anticoagulants with improved pharmacologic and clinical profiles are in development, offering benefits over traditional therapies. Specifically, progress has been made in the development of small molecule factor Xa inhibitors and thrombin inhibitors. With their potentially consistent and predictable clinical profile, oral formulation, and decreased need for coagulation monitoring, these new agents will likely increase the use and duration of anticoagulation treatment in thromboembolic disorders and reduce the burden associated with long-term management.
Trouble — In, around, and between narratives

This essay defines narrating in terms of trouble — narrators’ interaction in the structure of narratives, with the (often troubling) contexts around narratives, and management of expectations and possibilities in the process between narratives. I frame this discussion about the narrating process as an urgent concern for designers of developmental research and practice in the rapidly changing, diverse human environments of this global era. Since narrating in a tool for individual and societal sense-making, developmental activities engage relational complexity and tension.
Different kinds of axon terminals forming symmetric synapses with the cell bodies and initial axon segments of layer II/III pyramidal cells. II. Synaptic junctions

Four different types of axon terminals form symmetric synapses with the cell bodies and initial axon segments of pyramidal cells in layer II/III of rat visual cortex. One type belongs to chandelier cells, and the other three kinds of terminals have origins that have not been established yet. These latter are referred to as large, medium-sized and dense terminals. The purpose of the present study was to examine the synaptic junctions formed by all four types of terminal. The synapses formed by the chandelier cell terminals are readily recognized in thin sections because of the characteristic features of both the terminals and the initial axon segments, which are the neuronal elements postsynaptic to them. In en face views of these axo-axonal synapses the junctions can be seen to have presynaptic dense projections that form a grid in which they are triagonally spaced, and have an average centre-to-centre spacing of 84 nm. As an ensemble the projections form the presynaptic grid, which usually has an oval or round outline, but may be notched on one side where projections are absent. The synaptic junctions of the large, medium-sized and dense terminals were examined by making reconstructions of the terminals from serial thin sections. It was found that at the interfaces between the axon terminals and the cell bodies of pyramidal cells, several separate synaptic junctions may be present, in addition to a number of puncta adhaerentia. Thus, there may be as many as five separate synaptic junctions and as few as one. It was also found that while the proportion of the area of the synaptic interface occupied by synaptic junctions was between 12% and 26% for dense terminals, for medium sized terminals it was 10–15%, and for the one large terminal reconstructed it was only 8%. Thus, there can be multiple synaptic junctions between each of these types of axon terminals and a pyramidal cell, and because many of the terminals forming symmetric junctions are boutons en passant, a number of vesicle release sites exist between the presynaptic axon and its postsynaptic partner. The axon terminals forming symmetric synapses in the cerebral cortex are assumed to be inhibitory, and consequently it is suggested that this arrangement of multiple release sites is designed to ensure that stimulation of the presynaptic axon results in an effective level of hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic neuron.
Multiple Kernel Learning Clustering with an Application to Malware

With the increasing prevalence of richer, more complex data sources, learning with multiple views is becoming more widespread. Multiple kernel learning (MKL) has been developed to address this problem, but in general, the solutions provided by traditional MKL are restricted to a classification objective function. In this work, we develop a novel multiple kernel learning algorithm that is based on a spectral clustering objective function which is able to find an optimal kernel weight vector for the clustering problem. We go on to show how this optimization problem can be cast as a semidefinite program and efficiently solved using off-the-shelf interior point methods.
Obese and Hungry in the Suburbs: The Hidden Faces of Food Insecurity

From the Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. Address correspondence to Jennifer A. O’Malley, MD, PhD, PGY-1 Pediatrics and Child Neurology Resident, Pediatric Residency Program, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, MLC 5018, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039 (e-mail: Jennifer.OMalley@cchmc. org).
Farmers' Preferences for Alternative Crop and Health Insurance Subsidy

In addition to production risks, farmers desire to balance personal risks of health care. A theoretical framework is developed for holistic health and crop insurance products that provide the opportunity to switch a portion of existing crop insurance subsidy for greater health coverage. A random utility discrete choice experiment is used to assess farmers' stated preferences for holistic insurance products. Farmers prefer higher levels of coverage and are price sensitive. A sample of farmers did not prefer the subsidy switch. However, the subsidy switch is preferred by older farmers, those with higher health care spending, and farmers who have experienced major health problems.
Rifampin-Induced Nephrotic Syndrome and Acute Interstitial Nephritis

The occurrence of renal insufficiency associated with heavy glomerular proteinuria during the course of continuous rifampin therapy in a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis is reported. Renal biopsy demonstrated acute interstitial nephritis, normal glomerular histology, effacement of glomerular epithelial cell foot processes, and electron-dense deposits in mesangial matrix and subendothelial and paramesangial sites. Discontinuation of rifampin was followed by improvement in renal function and abatement of proteinuria. We call attention to the broad clinical and morphologic spectrum of nephrotoxicity which may be induced by rifampin and a variety of other drugs.
Undergraduate Use of Four Library Collections: Format and Age of Materials

Anyone who has tried to review studies relating to use of academic libraries may argue that a great deal of research exists on college students and how they use their libraries. Studies of reading habits and library use among college students have been appearing for more than fifty years, and the diligent student can compile an impressive bibliography of these studies. In spite of all we have learned about student interaction with library resources, there is still much we do not know.
INTEGRATING TRADITIONAL CAPITAL BUDGETING CONCEPTS INTO AN INTERNATIONAL DECISION-MAKING ENVIRONMENT

Abstract The capital budgeting policies of 146 multinational companies are analyzed in light of current financial theory. Extensions of domestic practices into the international area are examined. There are a number of misapplications such as applying corporatewide weighted average cost of capital to foreign affiliate cash flows rather than to cash flows actually remitted to the corporation. Also, risk is frequently measured on a local project basis (in a foreign country) rather than considering the portfolio effect on the total corporation. Ultimately, it is shown that the survey respondents hedge against the uncertainty of the procedures by adding a premium to the weighted average cost of capital as computed by financial analysts.
Visualization and manipulation of neural activity in the developing vertebrate nervous system.

Neural activity during vertebrate development has been unambiguously shown to play a critical role in sculpting circuit formation and function. Patterned neural activity in various parts of the developing nervous system is thought to modulate neurite outgrowth, axon targeting and synapse refinement. The nature and role of patterned neural activity during development has been classically studied with in vitro preparations using pharmacological manipulations. In this review we discuss newly available and developing molecular genetic tools for the visualization and manipulation of neural activity patterns specifically during development.
The oxygen-isotope composition of tropical ocean surface water during the last deglaciation

Evidence of abrupt climate change in each of the tropical oceans can be found in high-deposition rate sediments from the continental margins. New AMS 14 C-dated sediments from the Arabian Sea reveal a two-step depletion of surface-ocean 18 O/ 16 O during the last deglaciation, with a return to more enriched values approximately 10.5 ka BP. The two-step depletion can be correlated among isotope records derived from foraminifer calcite in the Arabian Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, the Sulu Sea and Gulf of California, confirming the existence of the two-step depletion and δ 18 O-enriched event at 10.5 ka BP in at least three tropical sites outside the North Atlantic. To determine whether the isotopic enrichment at 10.5 ka BP was caused by local cooling of the surface ocean, we estimated sea surface temperatures over this interval using quantitative paleo-ecological techniques. There is no evidence for cooling in the Arabian Sea, Sulu Sea or Gulf of Mexico, consistent with the hypothesis that the enrichment at 10.5 ka BP is related to a change in the isotopic composition of the tropical surface ocean and not change in the temperature of calcification. We conclude that the cooling at higher latitudes that occurred at 10.5 ka BP did not extend southward to the tropical ocean. More cores from high-sedimentation rate sites in the tropics are needed to identify the cause and extent of the δ 18 O signal, however these preliminary results are consistent with two meltwater pulses during the deglaciation that distributed isotopically depleted water into each of the tropical oceans, with a slow-down in meltwater flux at 10.5 ka BP. The most likely transport route for the isotopically depleted water from the melting northern hemisphere ice sheets to these isolated tropical ocean basins is via the relatively fast circulation of the atmosphere, although other pathways are possible.
Contact Toxicity of Five Insecticides to California Oakworm Reared on an Artificial Diet

Five insecticides were tested by topical application to 3rd- and 4th-stage larvae of Phryganidia californica Packard. The decreasing order of toxicity at LD50was: pyrethrins, Zectran® (4-dimethylamino-3,5-xylyl methylcarbamate), p, p' DDT, carbaryl, and malathion. At LD90 the decreasing order became: pyrethrins, Zectran, p, p' -DDT, malathion. and carbaryl. A low slope of the regression curve for carbaryl suggests that small gains in mortality would be achieved at the expense of large increments of dosage. Pyrethrins, Zectran, and malathion seem to be likely candidates for field testing.
ACP Journal Club. Review: Evidence for the effectiveness of nonsurgical interventions for low back pain and radiculopathy is limited.

Source Citation Chou R, Atlas SJ, Stanos SP, Rosenquist RW. Nonsurgical interventional therapies for low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society clinical practice guideline...
Microtubule-associated protein 1B: a neuronal binding partner for gigaxonin

Giant axonal neuropathy (GAN), an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in GAN, is characterized cytopathologically by cytoskeletal abnormality. Based on its sequence, gigaxonin contains an NH2-terminal BTB domain followed by six kelch repeats, which are believed to be important for protein–protein interactions (Adams, J., R. Kelso, and L. Cooley. 2000. Trends Cell Biol. 10:17–24.). Here, we report the identification of a neuronal binding partner of gigaxonin. Results obtained from yeast two-hybrid screening, cotransfections, and coimmunoprecipitations demonstrate that gigaxonin binds directly to microtubule-associated protein (MAP)1B light chain (LC; MAP1B-LC), a protein involved in maintaining the integrity of cytoskeletal structures and promoting neuronal stability. Studies using double immunofluorescent microscopy and ultrastructural analysis revealed physiological colocalization of gigaxonin with MAP1B in neurons. Furthermore, in transfected cells the specific interaction of gigaxonin with MAP1B is shown to enhance the microtubule stability required for axonal transport over long distance. At least two different mutations identified in GAN patients (Bomont, P., L. Cavalier, F. Blondeau, C. Ben Hamida, S. Belal, M. Tazir, E. Demir, H. Topaloglu, R. Korinthenberg, B. Tuysuz, et al. 2000. Nat. Genet. 26:370–374.) lead to loss of gigaxonin–MAP1B-LC interaction. The devastating axonal degeneration and neuronal death found in GAN patients point to the importance of gigaxonin for neuronal survival. Our findings may provide important insights into the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders related to cytoskeletal abnormalities.
The Relationship between Organizational Value Sharing and Influence Over Strategic Decisions

This study examines the relationship between influence in the strategic decision-making process and the sharing of organizational values. Findings from a quick service restaurant chain indicate that perceptions of value sharing are associated with the ability to influence critical strategic issues. The assessed ability of various corporate departments to influence specific strategic decisions differs according to the type of value shared and the degree of value sharing. Few differences in results exist as a function of value sharing with the top management team (vice presidents) versus value sharing with the founder/CEO. Implications of the results and the need to continue empirical exploration of value-based explanations for strategic decision making are discussed.
Periplasmic location of Brucella abortus Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase

Two types of superoxide dismutase (SOD) have been found in Brucella abortus, a cytosolic Mn-SOD and a Cu/Zn-SOD of unknown location. We sought to determine the subcellular location of Cu/Zn-SOD in B. abortus ST 19. We report a modified spheroplasting procedure for the release of periplasmic contents from B. abortus cells using a dipolar ionic detergent, Zwittergent 316. This detergent, used in place of EDTA, destabilizes the outer membrane sufficiently to allow penetration of lysozyme and the subsequent selective release of periplasmic proteins by osmotic shock. Cytoplasmic cross-contamination of periplasmic fractions was assessed by assaying for malate dehydrogenase activity. Cyanide-sensitive and cyanide-insensitive SOD activity was measured by both the xanthine oxidase-cytochrome c method and a hematoxylin assay. Results suggest that B. abortus Cu/Zn-SOD activity is periplasmic. This zwittergent-lysozyme extraction procedure may be applicable to the separation, isolation and characterization of many other periplasmic proteins of B. abortus and other Gram-negative organisms especially when cytosolic contamination is undesirable.
The Use of Thermal Infra-Red Imaging to Detect Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), also known as exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD), is commonly experienced in individuals who have been physically inactive for prolonged periods of time, and begin with an unexpected bout of exercise, but can also occur in athletes who exercise beyond their normal limits of training. The symptoms associated with this painful phenomenon can range from slight muscle tenderness, to severe debilitating pain. The intensity of these symptoms and the related discomfort increases within the first 24 hours following the termination of the exercise, and peaks between 24 to 72 hours post exercise. For this reason, DOMS is one of the most common recurrent forms of sports injury that can affect an individual's performance, and become intimidating for many. For the last 3 decades, the DOMS phenomenon has gained a considerable amount of interest amongst researchers and specialists in exercise physiology, sports, and rehabilitation fields. There has been a variety of published studies investigating this painful occurrence in regards to its underlying mechanisms, treatment interventions, and preventive strategies. However, it is evident from the literature that DOMS is not an easy pathology to quantify, as there is a wide amount of variability between the measurement tools and methods used to quantify this condition. It is obvious that no agreement has been made on one best evaluation measure for DOMS, which makes it difficult to verify whether a specific intervention really helps in decreasing the symptoms associated with this type of soreness or not. Thus, DOMS can be seen as somewhat ambiguous, because many studies depend on measuring soreness using a visual analog scale (VAS), which is a subjective rather than an objective measure. Even though needle biopsies of the muscle, and blood levels of myofibre proteins might be considered a gold standard to some, large variations in some of these blood proteins have been documented, in addition to the high risks sometimes associated with invasive techniques. Therefore, in the current investigation, we tested a thermal infra-red (IR) imaging technique of the skin above the exercised muscle to detect the associated muscle soreness. Infra-red thermography has been used, and found to be successful in detecting different types of diseases and infections since the 1950's. But surprisingly, near to nothing has been done on DOMS and changes in skin temperature. The main purpose of this investigation was to examine changes in DOMS using this safe and non-invasive technique.
Syndromes of Lown-Ganong-Levine and enhanced atrioventricular nodal conduction

Intensive investigation has led to major advances in evaluation and therap:y of patients with Wolff-Parkinson-white syndrome .l The related syndromes of Lown-Ganong-Levine (LGL) and enhanced atrioventricular nodal conduction (EAVNC) have also been studied, but are less well understood. Moreover, LGL, a clinical and electrocardiographic syndrome, and EAVNC, an electropbysiologic syndrome, are often confused. This report examines the current understanding of these subjects. Definitions: A short PR interval is defined, in the adult population, as a IPR interval IO,12 second. LGL refers to the association of a short PR interval, a narrow QRS, and tachycardias, most frequently paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia or atria1 fibrillation/ flutter.2 EAVNC refers to functional criteria of atrioventricular (AV) conduction: AH interval in normal sinus rhythm 560 ms; 1:l conduction through the AV node at rates up to 200 beats/min; maximal prolongation of the AH interval I100 ms at the fastest rate associated with 1:l conduction.3 Patients with LGL frequently do not have EAVNC and many patients with EAVNC do not have LGL. Anatomic correlat.ions: There is a paucity of data correlating structure and function in LGL and EAVNC.4 Fibers that skirt the upper portion of the AV node and insert in the lower portion of the node have been described in normal hearts5 Whether these fibers assume functional significance as a partial AV node bypass in some patients is unknown. Fibers that run from atrium to His bundle, bypassing the entire AV node, were seen by Brechenmache+ in only 2 of 650 autopsied hearts. In 1 patient, a history of atria1 fibrillation with a very rapid ventricular response suggested that this pathway had functional significance. Other hypothesized bases for EAVNC are rapidly conducting intranodal fibers, an tunatomically normal but small AV node, or an anatomically normal node that exhibits enhanced functi0n.l Clinical Electrophysiology
Mass Sociogenic Illness Initially Reported as Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

Abstract Background Mass sociogenic illness (MSI) is a rare occurrence involving a constellation of physical signs and symptoms in a group of individuals that are exhibited subconsciously and have no corresponding organic etiology. Objectives To describe an outbreak of MSI initially attributed to carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. Case Reports While attending a church service, one child fainted, followed by another. This led to multiple individuals reporting a constellation of symptoms. A total of 22 individuals presented to emergency departments (EDs) with neurologic, gastrointestinal, and respiratory complaints. The onset of symptoms followed evacuation in most of these patients. Prehospital personnel obtained carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels with a portable oximeter device, identifying levels up to 19% in 6 patients; 17 were taken to a tertiary hospital with a hyperbaric oxygen chamber, and the other 5 to a local ED. All other attendees were asymptomatic. Within the 15-min transport time, all patients were asymptomatic and had normal physical examinations. The mean age of patients was 13 years; 7 were male and 10 were female. Venous blood gas identified normal COHb levels in all patients. Pulse oximetry in the ED was normal. Another handheld oximeter device in the ED found normal COHb and methemoglobin levels. Conclusion Varying complaints with onset after removal from the church suggest MSI. The hazardous materials team reproduced the scenario and no toxic gases were detected. Escalation of symptoms and an increased number of persons being affected along with increasing ambulance presence are common in MSI. We suspect that field oximeter readings were either aberrant from an inexperienced operator or were false-positive COHb readings. Clinicians should consider MSI after mass outbreaks of illness, particularly with rapid onset, rapid resolution of symptoms, and normal physical examinations and laboratory analyses. However, the diagnosis of MSI should be entertained only after potential toxicologic etiologies have been excluded.
Motion of a finite rigid strip in an elastic half-space subjected to blast wave loading

Abstract An elastic half-space in which a thin rigid-smooth strip of length l is embedded just below and perpendicular to the surface is considered. The strip is subjected to planar, incident, compressional and shear waves which are generated by a steadily moving pressure wave on the surface of the half-space. The ensuing rigid-body translation and rotation of the strip are determined exactly during the time interval for a compressional wave to traverse the length of the strip. However, the response of the strip, thereafter, appears to be predicted accurately by the solution, based on results for a specific numerical example.
Economics of electric power generation options and sulfur oxide emission control

Abstract By the use of spreadsheet techniques, a simple but versatile program has been developed for analyzing the economics of electric power generation for all types of plants. The incentives for various power-generation options are quantified. The impact of SO x , emission control using flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) on power cost is about $0.013/kWhr for plants with a load factor of 0.7 and represents 20% of the power cost. It is shown that use of an aged plant is more economical than of a new plant equipped with FGD to meet the SO x emission regulations, even though continued use of old plants defeats measures for environmental improvement. With the current price structures, continued use of an aged, oil-fired, steam-electric plant is economically attractive, and a natural gas combined-cycle electric plant may now be economically viable.