cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Economics of Regional Poverty-Environment Programs: An Application for Lao People's Democratic Republic

Program administrators are often faced with the difficult problem of allocating scarce resources among regions in a country when interventions are aimed at addressing multiple objectives. One main concern is the tradeoff between poverty reduction and improvement of environmental quality. To provide a framework for analysis, the authors develop a model of optimal budget allocation that allows for variations in three factors: administrators' valuation of objectives; their willingness to accept tradeoffs among objectives and regional allotments; and regional administrative costs. The results from an application of this model using information for Lao People's Democratic Republic show that simple poverty indicators alone do not provide consistent guidelines for policy. However, when different poverty indicators are embedded in an optimizing model that incorporates preferences and costs, the resulting provincial allocations are very similar. This suggests that adoption of a formal analytical approach to resource allocation can help promote the harmonization of regional policy guidelines.
Seeding, Evolutionary Growth and Reseeding: Constructing, Capturing and Evolving Knowledge in Domain-Oriented Design Environments

We live in a world characterized by evolution—that is, by ongoing processes of development, formation, and growth in both natural and human-created systems. Biology tells us that complex, natural systems are not created all at once but must instead evolve over time. We are becoming increasingly aware that evolutionary processes are ubiquitous and critical for technological innovations as well. This is particularly true for complex software systems because these systems do not necessarily exist in a technological context alone but instead are embedded within dynamic human organizations. The Center for LifeLong Learning and Design (L3D) at the University of Colorado has been involved in research on software design and other design domains for more than a decade. We understand software design as an evolutionary process in which system requirements and functionality are determined through an iterative process of collaboration among multiple stakeholders, rather than being completely specified before system development occurs. Our research focuses on the following claims about software systems embedded within dynamic human organizations: (1) they must evolve because they cannot be completely designed prior to use, (2) they must evolve to some extent at the hands of the users, and (3) they must be designed for evolution. Our theoretical work builds upon our existing knowledge of design processes and focuses on a software process model and architecture specifically for systems that must evolve. Our theories are instantiated and assessed through the development and evolution of domain-oriented design environments (DODEs)—software systems that support design activities within particular domains and that are built specifically to evolve.
The Hidden Cost of Regulation: Emotional Responses to Command and Control

In economic models of behavior, consumers are assumed to value the goods and services they purchase based on stable preferences over externally identifiable attributes such as quality. These models predict that consumers will respond to changes in price in a way that is independent of the source of the price change. Yet research in the behavioral sciences indicates that consumers that are emotionally attached to a consumption good or other behavior might respond with resistance when policies threaten their consumption or behavior. Moreover, policies that in fact validate some emotional attachments can stir a stronger preference for the good or behavior. Reviewing both survey and experimental data from the literature, we demonstrate how such emotional responses can create hidden costs to policy implementation that could not be detected using standard welfare economic techniques. Building upon Rabin's work on fairness in games, we propose a partial equilibrium model of emotional response to policy whereby preferences are endogenous to policy choices. In accordance with evidence both from our own analysis and the field, we propose that confrontational policies (such as a sin tax) increase the marginal utility for a good, and that validating policies (such as a subsidy) also increases the marginal utility for a good. A social planner that ignores potential emotional responses to policy changes may unwittingly induce significant dead weight loss. Using our model, we propose a feasible method to determine if emotional deadweight costs exist, and to place a lower bound on the size of these costs.
Tensor product surfaces and linear syzygies

Let U be a basepoint free four-dimensional subpace of the space of sections of bidegree (a,b) on X = P^1 x P^1, with a and b at least 2. The sections corresponding to U determine a regular map from X to P^3. We show that there can be at most one linear syzygy on the associated bigraded ideal I_U in the bigraded ring k[s,t;u,v]. Existence of a linear syzygy, coupled with the assumption that U is basepoint free, implies the existence of an additional "special pair" of minimal first syzygies. Using results of Botbol, we show that these three syzygies are sufficient to determine the implicit equation of the image of X in P^3; we also show that the singular locus must contain a line.
Quasar radio-loudness and the elliptical core problem

The dichotomy between radio-loud and radio-quiet quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) is not simply one of host morphology. While spiral galaxies almost exclusively host radio-quiet QSOs, ellipticals can host either radio-louds or radio-quiets. We find that a combination of accretion rate and host scale determines which type of QSO a given elliptical galaxy will host. QSOs with high X-ray luminosities (above 10 44.5 erg s -1 at 0.5 keV) are mostly radio-loud. But those with low luminosities divide fairly neatly in size (measured by the half-light radius, r e ). Those larger than about 10 kpc are radio-loud, while smaller ones are radio-quiet. It has recently been found that core and coreless ellipticals are also divided near this limit. This implies that for low-luminosity QSOs, radio-louds are found in core ellipticals, while radio-quiets are in coreless ellipticals and spirals. This segregation also shows up strongly for low-redshift objects and, in general, there is a loss over time of coreless, radio-loud QSOs. Since the presence or absence of a core may be tied to the galactic merger history, we have an evolutionary explanation for the differences between radio-loud and radio-quiet QSOs.
Flexible high-dimensional classification machines and their asymptotic properties

Classification is an important topic in statistics and machine learning with great potential in many real applications. In this paper, we investigate two popular large-margin classification methods, Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Distance Weighted Discrimination (DWD), under two contexts: the high-dimensional, low-sample size data and the imbalanced data. A unified family of classification machines, the FLexible Assortment MachinE (FLAME) is proposed, within which DWD and SVM are special cases. The FLAME family helps to identify the similarities and differences between SVM and DWD. It is well known that many classifiers overfit the data in the high-dimensional setting; and others are sensitive to the imbalanced data, that is, the class with a larger sample size overly influences the classifier and pushes the decision boundary towards the minority class. SVM is resistant to the imbalanced data issue, but it overfits high-dimensional data sets by showing the undesired data-piling phenomenon. The DWD method was proposed to improve SVM in the high-dimensional setting, but its decision boundary is sensitive to the imbalanced ratio of sample sizes. Our FLAME family helps to understand an intrinsic connection between SVM and DWD, and provides a trade-off between sensitivity to the imbalanced data and overfitting the high-dimensional data. Several asymptotic properties of the FLAME classifiers are studied. Simulations and real data applications are investigated to illustrate theoretical findings.
Mutual or unrequited love: identifying stable clusters in social networks with uni- and bi-directional links

Many social networks, e.g., Slashdot and Twitter, can be represented as directed graphs (digraphs) with two types of links between entities: mutual (bi-directional) and one-way (uni-directional) connections. Social science theories reveal that mutual connections are more stable than one-way connections, and one-way connections exhibit various tendencies to become mutual connections. It is therefore important to take such tendencies into account when performing clustering of social networks with both mutual and one-way connections. In this paper, we utilize the dyadic methods to analyze social networks, and develop a generalized mutuality tendency theory to capture the tendencies of those node pairs which tend to establish mutual connections more frequently than those occur by chance. Using these results, we develop a mutuality-tendency-aware spectral clustering algorithm to identify more stable clusters by maximizing the within-cluster mutuality tendency and minimizing the cross-cluster mutuality tendency. Extensive simulation results on synthetic datasets as well as real online social network datasets such as Slashdot, demonstrate that our proposed mutuality-tendency-aware spectral clustering algorithm extracts more stable social community structures than traditional spectral clustering methods.
Group cohomology and gauge equivalence of some twisted quantum doubles

The purpose of the present paper is to investigate relationships that exist between certain quasi-Hopf algebras (namely, twisted quantum doubles of a finite abelian group) and their module categories. This is closely related to aspects of group cohomology concerning the relationship of the bar complex to some other complexes defined and studied by Eilenberg and MacLane [Mac52], [EM50a] and [EM50b]. Although our results are purely homological and algebraic in nature, the motivation for studying these questions derives mainly from connections with conformal field theory (CFT) and vertex operator algebras [DW90], [DPR92], [MS89], [DL93]. We will thus review background motivation (although it is hardly necessary for an understanding of our main results) and then give a more detailed overview of the paper. It is not necessary for the reader to appreciate what a vertex operator algebra (VOA) is (cf. [Bor86], [FLM88], [FHL93]), but only to understand this: VOAs have a representation theory, hence a (linear) module category, and it is important to understand the nature of this category. It is expected that the module category V -Mod for a VOA V has the structure of a braided monoidal category [JS93]. Roughly, this means that there is a notion of tensor product of V -modules, and that the tensor product of three modules is associative by an isomorphism that depends on the particular modules. Moreover, tensor product of modules is commutative, again via an isomorphism that depends on the particular modules. Particularly nice VOAs called rational have the additional property that V -Mod is a semisimple category, so that V has only a finite number of isomorphism classes of simple modules, and every object in V -Mod is a direct sum of simple objects. The simplest VOAs of all from this perspective are called holomorphic: they are rational and have but one simple module, namely the adjoint module V itself. Thus if V is a holomorphic VOA, then V -Mod is equivalent (as a semi-simple braided monoidal category) to the category of vector spaces
Cosmic shears should not be measured in conventional ways

A long-standing problem in weak lensing is about how to construct cosmic shear estimators from galaxy images. Conventional methods average over a single quantity per galaxy to estimate each shear component. We show that any such shear estimators must reduce to a highly non-linear form when the galaxy image is described by three parameters (pure ellipse), even in the absence of the point spread function (PSF). In the presence of the PSF, we argue that this class of shear estimators are not likely to exist. Alternatively, we propose a new way of measuring the cosmic shear: instead of averaging over a single value from each galaxy, we average over two numbers, and then take the ratio to estimate the shear component. In particular, the two numbers correspond to the numerator and denominator that generate the quadrupole moments of the galaxy image in Fourier space, as proposed by Zhang. This yields a statistically unbiased estimate of the shear component. Consequently, measurements of the n-point spatial correlations of the shear fields should also be modified: one needs to derive the ratio of the two correlation functions to get the desired unbiased shear correlation.
Tracking employment shocks using mobile phone data

Can data from mobile phones be used to observe economic shocks and their consequences at multiple scales? Here we present novel methods to detect mass layoffs, identify individuals affected by them and predict changes in aggregate unemployment rates using call detail records (CDRs) from mobile phones. Using the closure of a large manufacturing plant as a case study, we first describe a structural break model to correctly detect the date of a mass layoff and estimate its size. We then use a Bayesian classification model to identify affected individuals by observing changes in calling behaviour following the plant's closure. For these affected individuals, we observe significant declines in social behaviour and mobility following job loss. Using the features identified at the micro level, we show that the same changes in these calling behaviours, aggregated at the regional level, can improve forecasts of macro unemployment rates. These methods and results highlight promise of new data resources to measure microeconomic behaviour and improve estimates of critical economic indicators.
Intramolecular phosphine-directed hydroformylation: application to the total synthesis of (+)-phyllanthocin

Abstract The temporary incorporation of a coordinating phosphine residue [ m -(Ph 2 P)C 6 H 4 CO] into the tetracyclic phyllanthocin precursor 1a directed the [(COD)RhOAc] 2 -catalyzed hydroformylation of 1d largely to the desired C(3) position. This “intramolecular hydroformylation” strategy substantially improves a key transformation in the total synthesis of (+)-phyllanthocin.
Using modern tools to probe the structure-function relationship of fatty acid synthases

Fatty acid biosynthesis is essential to life and represents one of the most conserved pathways in nature, preserving the same handful of chemical reactions across all species. Recent interest in the molecular details of the de novo fatty acid synthase (FAS) has been heightened by demand for renewable fuels and the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. Central to FAS is the acyl carrier protein (ACP), a protein chaperone that shuttles the growing acyl chain between catalytic enzymes within the FAS. Human efforts to alter fatty acid biosynthesis for oil production, chemical feedstock, or antimicrobial purposes has been met with limited success, due in part to a lack of detailed molecular information behind the ACP-partner protein interactions inherent to the pathway. This review will focus on recently developed tools for the modification of ACP and analysis of protein-protein interactions, such as mechanism-based crosslinking, and the studies exploiting them. Discussion specific to each enzymatic domain will focus first on mechanism and known inhibitors, followed by available structures and known interactions with ACP. Although significant unknowns remain, new understandings of the intricacies of FAS point to future advances in manipulating this complex molecular factory.
Theoretical Analysis of the Triplet Excited State of the [Pt2(H2P2O5)4]4- Ion and Comparison with Time-Resolved X-ray and Spectroscopic Results

A full understanding of the nature of excited states of transition metal complexes is important for understanding their chemical reactivity and role as intermediates in photochemically induced reactions. The ground and excited states of the [Pt(2)(pop)(4)](4-) ion are investigated using density functional theory (DFT). Calculations with different functionals employing quasi-relativistic Pauli and ZORA formalisms all predict a Pt-Pt bond shortening and a slight Pt-P lengthening upon excitation to the lowest triplet state, the latter in apparent contradiction to experimental EXAFS results. The PW86LYP functional with the ZORA relativistic treatment is found to produce good agreement with time-resolved crystallographic and spectroscopic results. A topological bond path between the Pt atoms is found in both the ground and the excited states, though the electron localization function (ELF) indicates weak Pt-Pt covalent bonding for the excited state only. The spin density is mainly localized on the Pt atoms, giving insight into the ability of the triplet excited state to abstract hydrogen and halogen atoms from organic substrates.
Determinants for stop-transfer and post-import pathways for protein targeting to the chloroplast inner envelope membrane

The inner envelope membrane (IEM) of the chloroplast plays key roles in controlling metabolite transport between the organelle and cytoplasm and is a major site of lipid and membrane synthesis within the organelle. IEM biogenesis requires the import and integration of nucleus-encoded membrane proteins. Previous reports have led to the conclusion that membrane proteins are inserted into the IEM during protein import from the cytoplasm via a stop-transfer mechanism or are completely imported into the stroma and then inserted into the IEM in a post-import mechanism. In this study, we examined the determinants for each pathway by comparing the targeting of APG1 (albino or pale green mutant 1), an example of a stop-transfer substrate, and atTic40, an example of a post-import substrate. We show that the APG1 transmembrane domain is sufficient to direct stop-transfer insertion. The APG1 transmembrane domain also functions as a topology determinant. We also show that the ability of the post-import signals within atTic40 to target proteins to the IEM is dependent upon their context within the full protein sequence. In the incorrect context, the atTic40 signals can behave as stop-transfer signals or fail to target fusion proteins to the IEM. These data suggest that the post-import pathway signals are complex and have evolved to avoid stop-transfer insertion.
D-brane Bremsstrahlung

We study the dynamics of ultrarelativistic D-branes. The dominant phe- nomenon is bremsstrahlung: mild acceleration induced by closed string interactions triggers extremely rapid energy loss through radiation of massless closed strings. After character- izing bremsstrahlung from a general k-dimensional extended object in a D-dimensional spacetime, we incorporate effects specific to D-branes, including velocity-dependent forces and open string pair creation. We then show that dissipation due to bremsstrahlung can substantially alter the dynamics in DBI inflation.
The complexity of planar compliant motion planning under uncertainty

We consider the computational complexity of planning compliant motions in the plane, given geometric bounds on the uncertainty in sensing and control. We can give efficient algorithms for generating and verifying compliant motion strategies that are guaranteed to succeed as long as the sensing and control uncertainties lie within the specified bounds. We also consider the case where a compliant motion plan is required to succeed over some parametric family of geometries. While these problems are known to be intractable in three dimensions, we identify tractable subclasses in the plane.
Utilization of 1,2-Thioalkyl Shifts for Alkaloid Synthesis

Abstract Many structurally diverse alkaloids can be easily accessed via the domino Pummerer/cycloaddition/N-acyliminium ion cyclization cascade.
Belief Propagation for Linear Programming

Belief Propagation (BP) is a popular, distributed heuristic for performing MAP computations in Graphical Models. BP can be interpreted, from a variational perspective, as minimizing the Bethe Free Energy (BFE). BP can also be used to solve a special class of Linear Programming (LP) problems. For this class of problems, MAP inference can be stated as an integer LP with an LP relaxation that coincides with minimization of the BFE at “zero temperature”. We generalize these prior results and establish a tight characterization of the LP problems that can be formulated as an equivalent LP relaxation of MAP inference. Moreover, we suggest an efficient, iterative annealing BP algorithm for solving this broader class of LP problems. We demonstrate the algorithm's performance on a set of weighted matching problems by using it as a cutting plane method to solve a sequence of LPs tightened by adding “blossom” inequalities.
Hubble Space Telescope Spectroscopy of V471 Tauri: Oversized K Star, Paradoxical White Dwarf*

We have used the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph on board the Hubble Space Telescope to obtain Ly? spectra of the hot white dwarf (WD) component of the short-period eclipsing DA+dK2 precataclysmic binary V471 Tauri, a member of the Hyades star cluster. Radial velocities of the WD were determined from eight post-COSTAR spectra obtained near the two quadratures of the orbit. When combined with ground-based measurements of the dK velocities, eclipse timings, and a determination of the dK star's rotational velocity, the data constrain the orbital inclination to be i = 77? and yield dynamical masses for the components of MWD = 0.84 and MdK = 0.93 M?. Model atmosphere fitting of the Ly? profile provides the effective temperature (34,500 K) and surface gravity (log g = 8.3) of the WD. The radius of the dK component is about 18% larger than that of a normal Hyades dwarf of the same mass. This expansion is attributed to the large degree of coverage of the stellar surface by starspots, which is indicated by both radiometric measurements and ground-based Doppler imaging; in response, the star has expanded in order to maintain the luminosity of a 0.93 M? dwarf. The radius of the WD, determined from a radiometric analysis and from eclipse ingress timings, is 0.0107 R?. The position of the star in the mass-radius plane is in full accord with theoretical predictions for a degenerate carbon-oxygen WD with a surface temperature equal to that observed. The position of the WD in the H-R diagram is also fully consistent with that expected for a WD with our dynamically measured mass. Both comparisons with theory are probably the most stringent yet made for any WD. The theoretical cooling age of the WD is 107 yr. The high effective temperature and high mass of the WD present an evolutionary paradox. The WD is the most massive one known in the Hyades but also the hottest and youngest, in direct conflict with expectation. We examine possible resolutions of the paradox, including the possibility of a nova outburst in the recent past, but conclude that the most likely explanation is that the WD is indeed very young and is descended from a blue straggler. A plausible scenario is that the progenitor system was a triple, with a close inner pair of main-sequence stars whose masses were both similar to that of the present cluster turnoff. These stars became an Algol-type binary, which merged after several hundred million years to produce a single blue straggler of about twice the turnoff mass. When this star evolved to the asymptotic giant branch phase, it underwent a common envelope interaction with a distant dK companion, which spiraled down to its present separation, and ejected the envelope. We estimate that the common envelope efficiency parameter ?CE was on the order of 0.3-1.0, in good agreement with recent hydrodynamical simulations.
FOUR-PARTICLE ANYON EXCITON: BOSON APPROXIMATION

A theory of anyon excitons consisting of a valence hole and three quasielectrons with electric charges –e/3 is presented. A full symmetry classification of the k = 0 states is given, where k is the exciton momentum. The energy levels of these states are expressed by quadratures of confluent hypergeometric functions. It is shown that the angular momentum L of the exciton ground state depends on the distance between the electron and hole confinement planes and takes the values L = 3n, where n is an integer. With increasing k the electron density shows a spectacular splitting on bundles. At first a single anyon splits off of the two-anyon core, and finally all anyons become separated.
Vitreous stimulates proliferation of fibroblasts and retinal pigment epithelial cells.

Abstract In proliferative vitreoretinopathy, retinal pigment epithelial cells and glial cells migrate into the vitreous, proliferate, and assume characteristics of myofibroblasts. The addition of vitreous to the culture media stimulates the proliferation of porcine retinal pigment epithelial cells, bovine and lapine dermal fibroblasts but not the proliferation of bovine aortic endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. The mitogenic activity is not species-specific, since vitreous from various species stimulates the proliferation of these cells. The mitogenic activity is destroyed by heating at 100°C for 10 min or by trypsin treatment. Since the vitreous, under our assay conditions, was not mitogenic for endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells, the mitogenic activity is probably not derived from leakage into the vitreous of circulating fibroblast, epidermal or platelet-derived growth factor.
Features and applications of [Rh(CO)2Cl]2-catalyzed alkylations of unsymmetrical allylic substrates

A novel regio- and stereoselective [Rh(CO)2Cl]2-catalyzed allylic alkylation of unsymmetrical allylic carbonates was discovered. The regioselectivity of the reaction favors product ratios in which substitution occurs at the carbon bearing the leaving group. When an enantiomerically enriched carbonate (≥99% ee) was examined, the Rh(I)-catalyzed allylic alkylation proceeded stereoselectively to provide the alkylation product with retention of absolute stereochemistry (98% ee). To establish the scope of the [Rh(CO)2Cl]2-catalyzed allylic alkylation, a variety of carbon and heteroatom nucleophiles were examined and the results described. As an application of the Rh(I)-catalyzed allylic alkylation, a series of novel domino reactions have been developed that couple the unique regio- and stereoselective [Rh(CO)2Cl]2-catalyzed alkylation of allylic trifluoroacetates with an intramolecular Pauson−Khand annulation, a cycloisomerization, or a [5+2] cycloaddition. A unique aspect of the method described is the use of...
Wideband Optical Filters With Small Gap Coupled Subwavelength Metal Structures

In this letter, we show that the bandwidth of optical band-stop filters made of subwavelength metal structures can be significantly increased by the strong plasmonic near-field coupling through the corners of the periodic metal squares. The effect of small gap coupling on the spectral bandwidth is investigated by varying the gap size between the metal squares. An equivalent transmission line model is used to fit the transmission and reflection spectra of the metal filters. The transmission line model can characterize well the metal structures with the gap size larger than the near-field decay length. However, it fails to model the transmission and reflection spectra when the gap size reaches the decay range of the near-field in the small gaps.
Gold-catalyzed intramolecular allylation of silyl alkynes induced by silane alcoholysis.

The activation of alkynyl allyl silanes with a cationic gold catalyst in the presence of alcohols provides vinyl silanes that contain the allyl group at the β-position and the alkoxysilyl group in cis-orientation. The bond reorganization process is most consistent with the involvement of a carbocationic intermediate, which undergoes a nucleophilic attack by an alcohol selectively at the silicon center. The cis-vinyl silyl ether products can be further elaborated by ring-closing and cross metathesis to form more substituted 1,4-dienyl silanes.
NONLINEAR PARAMETRIC INSTABILITY OF ANTISYMMETRICALLY LAMINATED ANGLE-PLY PLATES

Parametric instability of antisymmetrically laminated angle-ply rectangular plates is considered in this paper. The boundaries of instability domains are determined using linear theory. Then the frequency-amplitude relationship of the nonlinear parametric vibration within the instability domains is obtained using an asymptotic method.
Noninvasive Detection of Alzheimer’s Disease Lens Pathology in Down Syndrome by Quasi-Elastic Light Scattering

In Down syndrome there is increased deposition of Alzheimer’s disease-related Amyloid-β protein in the brain and lens. Here we use quasi-elastic light scattering to noninvasively detect Alzheimer’s disease lens pathology in subjects with Down syndrome.
Total Synthesis of (−)-Cylindrocyclophanes A and F Exploiting the Reversible Nature of the Olefin Cross Metathesis Reaction

Efficient total syntheses of the C2-symmetric (−)-cylindrocyclophanes A and F (1a and 1f) have been achieved. The initial strategy featured the use of a common advanced intermediate to assemble in stepwise fashion the required macrocycle of 1f, exploiting in turn a Myers reductive coupling followed by ring-closing metathesis. In a second-generation strategy, a remarkable cross olefin metathesis dimerization cascade was discovered and exploited to assemble the requisite [7,7]-paracyclophane macrocycles of both 1a and 1f from dienyl monomers. The successful syntheses also featured the effective use of the Danheiser annulation to construct substrates for both the Myers reductive coupling and the metathesis dimerizations strategies. Finally, the Kowalski two-step chain homologation of esters to siloxyalkynes proved superior over the original one-step protocol.
An unconventional synthetic approach to fluoro heteroaromatic compounds by a novel transformation of an anionically activated trifluoromethyl group

Abstract Lithium reagents derived from acetophenone, phenylacetylene, and substituted acetonitriles undergo a reaction with 2-(trifluoromethyl)aniline ( 1 ) to give the corresponding 4-fluoroquinolines 8 , 10a–d . A related reaction of 2-benzo[b]thienyllithium with 2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl chloride ( 12 ) yields 6-fluorobenzo[b]naphtho[2,3-d]thiophene ( 17 ).
Track placement: orchestrating routing structures to maximize routability

The design of a routing channel for an FPGA is a complex process, requiring the careful balance of flexibility with silicon efficiency. With the growing move towards embedding FPGAs into SoC designs, and the opportunity to automatically generate FPGA architectures, this problem becomes even more critical. The design of a routing channel requires determining the number of routing tracks, the length of the wires in those tracks, and the positioning of the breaks on the tracks. This paper focuses on the last of these problems, the placement of breaks in tracks to maximize overall flexibility. We have developed both an optimal algorithm and a number of heuristics to solve the track placement problem. The optimal algorithm finds a best solution provided the problem meets a number of restrictions. Most of the heuristics are without restrictions, and the most promising of these find solutions on average within 1.13% of optimal. Full text available as UWEE Technical Report #UWEETR-2002-0013 at http://www.ee.washington.edu/.
Rearrangements and radial graphs of constant mean curvature in hyperbolic space

We investigate the problem of finding smooth hypersurfaces of constant mean curvature in hyperbolic space, which can be represented as radial graphs over a subdomain of the upper hemisphere. Our approach is variational and our main results are proved via rearrangement techniques.
Vortex Precession in Bose-Einstein Condensates: Observations with Filled and Empty Cores

We have observed and characterized the dynamics of singly quantized vortices in dilute-gas Bose-Einstein condensates. Our condensates are produced in a superposition of two internal states of ${}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$, with one state supporting a vortex and the other filling the vortex core. Subsequently, the state filling the core can be partially or completely removed, reducing the radius of the core by as much as a factor of 13, all the way down to its bare value of the healing length. The corresponding superfluid rotation rates, evaluated at the core radius, vary by a factor of 150, but the precession frequency of the vortex core about the condensate axis changes by only a factor of 2.
Narrative Processing: Building Consumer Connections to Brands

This article proposes that narrative processing creates or enhances self-brand connections (SBC) because people generally interpret the meaning of their experiences by fitting them into a story. Similarly, in response to an ad that tells a story, narrative processing may create a link between a brand and the self when consumers attempt to map incoming narrative information onto stories in memory. Our approach rests on the notion that a brand becomes more meaningful the more closely it is linked to the self. We conceptualize this linkage at an aggregate level in terms of SBCs, that is, the extent to which consumers have incorporated the brand into their self-concepts. The results of an experiment show that narrative processing in response to a narratively structured ad is positively related to SBCs, which in turn have a positive relation with brand attitudes and behavioral intentions.
Chandra Sample of Galaxy Clusters at z=0.4-0.55: Evolution in the Mass-Temperature Relation

We present a spatially resolved analysis of the temperature and gas density profiles in six relaxed galaxy clusters at z = 0.4-0.54 using long-exposure Chandra observations. We derive the total cluster masses within the radius r500, assuming hydrostatic equilibrium but without assuming isothermality of the intracluster gas. Together with a similar study based on the XMM-Newton observations (Kotov & Vikhlinin), we obtained the mass and temperature measurements for 13 galaxy clusters at 0.4 < z < 0.7 spanning a temperature interval of 3 keV < T < 14 keV. The observed evolution of the M-T relation, relative to the low-redshift references from the Chandra sample of Vikhlinin et al., follows M500/T3/2 ∝ E(z)-α, where we measure α = 1.02 ± 0.20 and 1.33 ± 0.20 for the spectroscopic and gas mass-weighted temperatures, respectively. Both values are in agreement with the expected self-similar evolution, α = 1. Assuming that the cluster mass for a given temperature indeed evolves self-similarly, the derived slopes, γ, of the high-redshift M-T relation, E(z)M500 ∝ Tγ, are γ = 1.55 ± 0.14 for Tspec and γ = 1.65 ± 0.15 for Tmg. Our results show that both the shape and evolution of the cluster M-T relation at z 0.5 are close to predictions of the self-similar theory.
Separable covariance arrays via the Tucker product, with applications to multivariate relational data

Modern datasets are often in the form of matrices or arrays, potentially having correlations along each set of data indices. For example, data involving repeated measurements of several variables over time may exhibit temporal correlation as well as correlation among the variables. A possible model for matrix-valued data is the class of matrix normal distributions, which is parametrized by two covariance matrices, one for each index set of the data. In this article we discuss an extension of the matrix normal model to accommodate multidimensional data arrays, or tensors. We show how a particular array-matrix product can be used to generate the class of array normal distributions having separable covariance structure. We derive some properties of these covariance structures and the corresponding array normal distributions, and show how the array-matrix product can be used to define a semi-conjugate prior distribution and calculate the corresponding posterior distribution. We illustrate the methodology in an analysis of multivariate longitudinal network data which take the form of a four-way array.
Stream Sampling for Frequency Cap Statistics

Unaggregated data, in a streamed or distributed form, is prevalent and comes from diverse sources such as interactions of users with web services and IP traffic. Data elements have keys (cookies, users, queries) and elements with different keys interleave.Analytics on such data typically utilizes statistics expressed as a sum over keys in a specified segment of a function f applied to the frequency (the total number of occurrences) of the key. In particular, Distinct is the number of active keys in the segment, Sum is the sum of their frequencies, and both are special cases of frequency cap statistics, which cap the frequency by a parameter T. One important application of cap statistics is staging advertisement campaigns, where the cap parameter is the limit of the maximum number of impressions per user and we estimate the total number of qualifying impressions.The number of distinct active keys in the data can be very large, making exact computation of queries costly. Instead, we can estimate these statistics from a sample. An optimal sample for a given function f would include a key with frequency w with probability roughly proportional to f(w). But while such a "gold-standard" sample can be easily computed over the aggregated data (the set of key-frequency pairs), exact aggregation itself is costly and slow. Ideally, we would like to compute and maintain a sample without aggregation.We present a sampling framework for unaggregated data that uses a single pass (for streams) or two passes (for distributed data) and state proportional to the desired sample size. Our design unifies classic solutions for Distinct and Sum. Specifically, our l-capped samples provide nonnegative unbiased estimates of any monotone non-decreasing frequency statistics, and close to gold-standard estimates for frequency cap statistics with T=Θ(l). Furthermore, our design facilitates multi-objective samples, which provide tight estimates for a specified set of statistics using a single smaller sample.
Determination of Principal Curvatures and Contact Ellipse for Profile Crowned Helical Gears

Helical gears with localized bearing contact of tooth surfaces achieved by profile crowning of tooth surfaces are considered. Profile crowning is provided by application of two imaginary rack-cutters with mismatched surfaces. The goal is to determine the dimensions and orientation of the instantaneous contact ellipse that requires the determination of principle curvatures of pinion-gear tooth surfaces. A simplified solution to this problem is proposed based on the approach development for correlation of principal curvatures and directions of generating and generated tooth surfaces. The obtained equations are applied for profile crowning where the normal profiles of the rack-cutters are either a circular arc or a straight line.
The Diaspora as a Change Agent in Entrepreneurship-Related Institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa

Diaspora networks' role in supporting and stimulating entrepreneurial activities in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) economies need hardly be elaborated. For instance, some SSA countries have established government agencies to encourage diasporas to help local communities and provide policy advice. At the 2003 Extra-Ordinary Summit of the Assembly of Heads of State and Governments, the African Union (AU) amended Article Three of its Constitutive Act to invite and encourage African diaspora's active participation. However, institutional changes associated with diaspora networks are a phenomenon that has been noted but poorly understood. This paper addresses a little examined intersection between the diaspora literature and the institutions literature. We examine the contexts, mechanisms and processes associated with diaspora networks' roles as institutional change agents in the context of entrepreneurial behaviors in SSA economies. Our dependent variables are measures of changes in institutions associated with diaspora network. We have related our analysis mainly to the nature of the diaspora networks compared to other networks, characteristics of the environments in which diaspora networks are embedded in and operate, and some activities, mechanisms and modes that serve to transmit institutions from the host country to the homeland.
Generation, cycloadditions, and tautomerism of n-acyl munchnones

Abstract N-acyl munchnones were generated for the first time by a novel acylation/desilylation reaction of 5-siloxyoxazoles. These munchnones partially equilibrated through ring-chain valence tautomerism and afforded two cycloadducts with DMAD.
Rate bounds for MIMO relay channels

This paper considers the multi-input multi-output (MIMO) relay channel where multiple antennas are employed by each terminal. Compared to single-input single-output (SISO) relay channels, MIMO relay channels introduce additional degrees of freedom, making the design and analysis of optimal cooperative strategies more complex. In this paper, a partial cooperation strategy that combines transmit-side message splitting and block-Markov encoding is presented. Lower bounds on capacity that improve on a previously proposed non-cooperative lower bound are derived for Gaussian MIMO relay channels.1
The influence of economics on political science: by what pathway?

The influence of economics, the most imperialistic of the social science disciplines, is widely thought to have been felt more decisively in political science than in any other discipline. After briefly reviewing some evidence that this alleged influence is not transmitted through the use of specific economics concepts, this paper explores the possibility that the influence instead stems from the importation of formal rational choice modeling techniques from economics into political science. This is carried out using a case study of an important political science literature on voting behavior and the voter turnout puzzle. The analysis produces what seems compelling evidence for the importation of economics-oriented analytical methods into the political science literature on voting.
Diagrams with selection and method for constructing boundedly generated and boundedly simple groups

ABSTRACT The existence of an infinite simple boundedly generated 2-generated group and the existence of a boundedly simple 2-generated group containing a free noncyclic subgroup are proved.
SYNTHESIS OF A PENTASACCHARIDE FRAGMENT OF POLYSACCHARIDE II OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS

Abstract Stereocontrolled, stepwise synthesis of decyl glycosides of α-(1 → 2)-linked di- to pentaglucosides (1–5) is described; these constitute fragments of Polysaccharide II of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Phenyl 3,4,6- tri -O- acetyl -2-O- benzyl-1-thio-α- d -glucopyranoside (7) was used as the single key intermediate, obtained from 1,3,4,6- tetra -O- acetyl -2-O- benzyl-β- d -glucopyranose (6) and PhSSiMe3. Halogenolysis of 7 afforded the isolated β bromide (10) and β chloride (13). Solvolysis of 10 with decanol without heavy metal salts gave decyl 3,4,6- tri -O- acetyl -2-O- benzyl-α- d -glucopyranoside (14) in a highly stereoselective reaction, in high yield. Subsequent, iterative hydrogenolytic removal of the O-benzyl group and glycosylation with the β-chloride 13 under catalysis by silver salts afforded the protected di- to penta-saccharide glycosides 16, 19, 21, and 23, which were conventionally deblocked.
Momentum-resolved tunneling between Luttinger liquids

We study tunneling between two nearby cleaved edge quantum wires in a perpendicular magnetic field. Due to Coulomb forces between electrons, the wires form a strongly interacting pair of Luttinger liquids. We calculate the low-temperature differential tunneling conductance, in which singular features map out the dispersion relations of the fractionalized quasiparticles of the system. The velocities of several such spin-charge separated excitations can be explicitly observed. Moreover, the proposed measurement directly demonstrates the splintering of the tunneling electrons into a multiparticle continuum of these quasiparticles, carrying separately charge from spin. A variety of corrections to the simple Luttinger model are also discussed. Our results are in agreement with recent experiments by Auslaender et al. [Science 295, 825 (2002)].
Central Cross-Sections Make Surfaces of Revolution Quadric

(2009). Central Cross-Sections Make Surfaces of Revolution Quadric. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 116, No. 4, pp. 351-355.
Reduced order adaptive pole placement for multivariable systems

A method is suggested for adaptively assigning the closed-loop poles of a continuous time linear multivariable system. The resulting design significantly reduces the complexity in comparison to any other known multivariable scheme. For implementation one needs to know the order of the system and an upper bound on the observability index.
Tectonic implications of radiogenic noble gases in planetary atmospheres

Abstract Studies of the radiogenic isotopes 4 He and 40 Ar in planetary atmospheres provide important constraints on tectonic processes within planetary interiors. For mantle K/U and Th/U mass ratios R K/U = 12,700 and R Th/U = 3.8 and a Urey number Ur = 0.7, the 40 Ar in the Earth's atmosphere can be obtained by complete outgassing of the crust and upper mantle and a 7% outgassing of the lower mantle or by a 23 to 33% outgassing of the whole mantle and crust. The flux of 4 He from the mantle can be derived by complete, steady-state outgassing of the upper mantle or by partial outgassing (9%) of the entire mantle. The 40 Ar in the Venus atmosphere can originate from the outgassing of only the upper 6 km of an enriched crust, 8.5% of the entire mantle, or 28% of the upper mantle. The low concentration of 36 Ar in the Earth's atmosphere relative to Venus strongly supports the collision hypothesis for the origin of the Moon; such a major collision would have eroded a large fraction of the Earth's atmosphere. The 40 Ar on Mars requires that only the upper 640 m of the crust be outgassed. However, the presence of large volcanoes on Mars indicates greater degassing, thus supporting the hypothesis of past erosion of the Martian atmosphere by collisions with planetesimals and large meteorites. The 40 Ar flux through the lunar atmosphere requires the outgassing of the upper 9 km of the lunar crust.
Transconjunctival Oxygen Monitoring as a Predictor of Hypoxemia During Helicopter Transport

As the use of helicopters for air transport of critically ill patients increases, the availability of monitoring devices for physiological parameters during flight becomes important. It has long been known that arterial P O 2 (Pa O 2 ) decreases during unsupplemented, non-pressurized flight. In this study, the authors examined the use of the transconjunctival oxygen (cjO 2 ) monitor for assessing the adequacy of arterial oxygenation during helicopter flight in four healthy volunteers. Arterial Pa O 2 as measured by conventional blood gas analysis was compared with cjO 2 at ground level, 5,000 feet, and 10,000 feet altitude. Mean Pa O 2 dropped significantly from 93.5 to 81.5 to 58.5 mm Hg, respectively (P 2 also decreased significantly from 63.8 to 52.0 to 34.8 mm Hg, respectively (P 2 was an accurate predictor of Pa O 2 (P 2 and Pa O 2 was linear with a regression coefficient of 1.147. The authors conclude that the transconjunctival O 2 monitor may be useful for monitoring the adequacy of arterial oxygenation during helicopter flight in hemodynamically stable patients. The results of study also support the use of supplemental oxygen in all patients subjected to helicopter transport.