cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An application of the Conley index to combustion

This paper is concerned with the existence of laminar flames with complex chemistry. Mathematically, the problem reduces to proving the existence of traveling wave solutions of a reaction-diffusion system. The reaction-diffusion system takes the form $$ U_t = DU_{xx} + F\left( U \right) $$ (1.1) where U = (T,Y1,...,Yn−1) ∈ ℝn and D is a positive, diagonal matrix. The components of U specify the dimensionless temperature and the concentration of the reactants. For a background of the physical motivation of these equations, see [2], [8].
Equation of state for QCD with a critical point from the 3D Ising Model

Abstract Current knowledge of the finite-density QCD equation of state from first principles is limited to a Taylor expansion in the baryonic chemical potential around μB = 0. By means of a scaling form for the equation of state of the 3D Ising model and a non-universal, parametrized map to QCD coordinates, we construct a family of equations of state matching state of the art first principle Lattice QCD calculations and including the correct critical behavior, which can be readily employed in hydrodynamical simulations of heavy ion collisions at finite density, covering most of the BES range at RHIC. This contribution reports on work done within the Fluctuations/Equation of State working group of the BEST Collaboration.
Treatments of Primary Basal Cell Carcinoma of the Skin: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis

Background Most interventions for basal cell carcinoma (BCC) have not been compared in head-to-head randomized trials. Purpose To evaluate the comparative effectiveness and safety of treatments of primary BCC in adults. Data sources English-language searches of MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Embase from inception to May 2018; reference lists of guidelines and systematic reviews; and a search of ClinicalTrials.gov in August 2016. Study selection Comparative studies of treatments currently used in adults with primary BCC. Data extraction One investigator extracted data on recurrence, histologic clearance, clinical clearance, cosmetic outcomes, quality of life, and mortality, and a second reviewer verified extractions. Several investigators evaluated risk of bias for each study. Data synthesis Forty randomized trials and 5 nonrandomized studies compared 18 interventions in 9 categories. Relative intervention effects and mean outcome frequencies were estimated using frequentist network meta-analyses. Estimated recurrence rates were similar for excision (3.8% [95% CI, 1.5% to 9.5%]), Mohs surgery (3.8% [CI, 0.7% to 18.2%]), curettage and diathermy (6.9% [CI, 0.9% to 36.6%]), and external-beam radiation (3.5% [CI, 0.7% to 16.8%]). Recurrence rates were higher for cryotherapy (22.3% [CI, 10.2% to 42.0%]), curettage and cryotherapy (19.9% [CI, 4.6% to 56.1%]), 5-fluorouracil (18.8% [CI, 10.1% to 32.5%]), imiquimod (14.1% [CI, 5.4% to 32.4%]), and photodynamic therapy using methyl-aminolevulinic acid (18.8% [CI, 10.1% to 32.5%]) or aminolevulinic acid (16.6% [CI, 7.5% to 32.8%]). The proportion of patients reporting good or better cosmetic outcomes was better for photodynamic therapy using methyl-aminolevulinic acid (93.8% [CI, 79.2% to 98.3%]) or aminolevulinic acid (95.8% [CI, 84.2% to 99.0%]) than for excision (77.8% [CI, 44.8% to 93.8%]) or cryotherapy (51.1% [CI, 15.8% to 85.4%]). Data on quality of life and mortality were too sparse for quantitative synthesis. Limitation Data are sparse, and effect estimates are imprecise and informed by indirect comparisons. Conclusion Surgical treatments and external-beam radiation have low recurrence rates for the treatment of low-risk BCC, but substantial uncertainty exists about their comparative effectiveness versus other treatments. Gaps remain regarding high-risk BCC subtypes and important outcomes, including costs. Primary funding source Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (PROSPERO: CRD42016043353).
Understanding user interactions with podcast recommendations delivered via voice

Voice interfaces introduced by smart speakers present new opportunities and challenges for podcast content recommendations. Understanding how users interact with voice-based recommendations has the potential to inform better design of vocal recommenders. However, existing knowledge about user behavior is mostly for visual interfaces, such as the web, and is not directly transferable to voice interfaces, which rely on user listening and do not support skimming and browsing. To fill in the gap, we conducted a controlled study to compare user interactions with recommendations delivered visually to those with recommendations delivered vocally. Through an online A/B testing with 100 participants, we found that when recommendations are vocally conveyed, users consume more slowly, explore less, and choose fewer long-tail items. The study also reveals the correlation between user choices and exploration via voice interfaces. Our findings pose challenges to the design of voice interfaces, such as adaptively recommending diverse content and designing better navigation mechanisms.
Outcome of children with rhinovirus detection prior to allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant

Rhinoviruses are commonly detected in symptomatic and asymptomatic children prior to HCT. Unlike pre-HCT detection of other respiratory viruses, it is not known whether RV detection, with or without clinical symptoms, is associated with worse outcomes in children post-HCT. In a retrospective study of children undergoing allogeneic HCT from January 2009 to February 2015, 91 children underwent allogeneic HCT, and 62 children had RPP testing within 30 days pre-HCT. Fifty-six (90%) children had either no pathogen (n = 34, 55%) or single RV detection (n = 22, 35%), which was the most common pathogen identified. Compared with virus negative children, children with pre-HCT RV detection were not more likely to require ventilated support and did not have longer length of stay, higher mortality, or less days alive and out of the hospital within the first 100 days post-HCT. In a secondary analysis of all 56 patients with RPP testing and no pathogen or RV alone detected, the seven children with LRTI had less days alive and out of the hospital within the first 100 days post-HCT compared with the 49 children who were either asymptomatic or had URTI (10 vs 60 days, P = 0.002). In a bootstrapped regression model, presence of LRTI, not RV detection, was significantly associated with decreased days alive and out of the hospital within the first 100 days post-HCT. Thus, pre-HCT detection of RV, without associated LRTI, does not always warrant HCT delay.
Exploring Family Member Influence on Change in Addiction Treatment, a Dyadic Analysis

ABSTRACTSubstance use disorders (SUDs) have been viewed traditionally as an acute individual illness. However, professionals are beginning to shift SUD treatment practices to match empirically driv...
U.S. dental school applicants and enrollees, 2008 entering class.

Over two decades, interest in dentistry in the United States has shown a steady period of growth. Nearly 12,200 individuals applied to the 2008 entering class of U.S. dental schools, while the number of first-time enrollees was 4,794, the highest figure since 1990. Men continue to comprise the majority of applicants; however, the percentage of women applicants continues to increase. Underrepresented minority applicants comprised 12 percent of both the applicant and first-time enrollee pools. The largest number of applicants came from states that are among those with the largest populations in the United States: California, New York, Florida, and Texas. Nearly four out of five enrollees earned a baccalaureate degree in biological science, chemistry/ physical sciences, or pre-dentistry. Regardless of major fields of study, the percent rates of enrollment generally exceeded 34 percent. The majority of applicants and enrollees placed in the upper GPA and Dental Admission Test (DAT) percentiles. The average age of 2008 enrollees was twenty-four years.
Cytopathologic characteristics of HPV-related small cell carcinoma of the oropharynx.

Background Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) of the oropharynx is an epidemiologically and clinically distinct form of SqCC that is associated with an improved prognosis. However, HPV-related small cell carcinoma of the oropharynx is a rare and newly described variant that is associated with aggressive clinical behavior and poor outcomes. To date, fewer than 2 dozen reports of this entity exist in the literature, and there is no discussion of cytopathologic features. This article reports 6 cases and discusses the salient cytomorphologic findings, ancillary studies, and challenges when this entity is encountered. Methods Anatomic pathology archives were searched to identify patients with a diagnosis of HPV-related small cell carcinoma of the oropharynx. Medical records were reviewed to document the following: age, sex, smoking status, other relevant clinical history, primary location, treatment, and clinical outcome. Both p16 and high-risk HPV in situ hybridization (ISH) studies were positive in at least 1 specimen from each patient. The pathologic diagnoses, cytomorphologic characteristics, immunocytochemical stains, and HPV ISH studies were reviewed and recorded for all available cases. Results Six patients with 11 cytopathology specimens of HPV-related small cell carcinoma of the oropharynx were identified. The mean age was 61.3 years, and all patients died with widely metastatic disease (mean, 23 months; range, 12-48 months). Mixed small cell carcinoma and SqCC components were present in half of the cases. Conclusions The identification of a small cell component can be reliably performed with cytology preparations and is crucial because this (and not the HPV status) determines the prognosis.
Bud'gotov razvedchik delu chestnomu 'Be Prepared, Scout, for Honorable Deeds': Russian Scouting as a School for Liberalism

The subject of this article is the relationship between liberalism, scouting and childhood in late Imperial Russia and among the Russian diaspora from 1920. It is a study of liberalism as an emotive tie rather than a political phenomenon – a community of sentiment metonymically tied to the emotional content of “the idyll of gentry childhood,” as this was first expressed in Leo Tolstoy’s Childhood. Through O.I. Pantukhoff (1882–1973), the founder of Russian scouting, it traces the development of Russian scouting within Russia before 1917 and among the Russian political diaspora after 1920 as an institutional vehicle for such liberal values as self-development, initiative and individuality (lichnost’). Today, Russian scouting continues to exist in the major centers of Russian emigration, and has reappeared in Russia itself, testifying to the liberal sentiment as a continuing aspect of Russian norms for childhood. The institution of Russian scouting, as reflected in the personal papers and memoirs of Pantukhoff, gives us an entry into the emotional culture of liberalism; helps us expand our historical perspectives beyond the parameters of its study as a failed political movement, and acknowledge its continuing presence in the Russian cultural semio-sphere.
Development of a closed-loop process for fusel alcohol production and nutrient recycling from microalgae biomass

Improving the economic feasibility is necessary for algae-based processes to achieve commercial scales for biofuels and bioproducts production. A closed-loop system for fusel alcohol production from microalgae biomass with integrated nutrient recycling was developed, which enables the reuse of nitrogen and phosphorus for downstream application and thus reduces the operational requirement for external major nutrients. Mixed fusel alcohols, primarily isobutanol and isopentanol were produced from Microchloropsis salina hydrolysates by an engineered E. coli co-culture. During the process, cellular nitrogen from microalgae biomass was converted into ammonium, whereas cellular phosphorus was liberated by an osmotic shock treatment. The formation of struvite from the liberated ammonium and phosphate, and the subsequent utilization of struvite to support M. salina cultivation was demonstrated. The closed loop system established here should help overcome one of the identified economic barriers to scale-up of microalgae production, and enhance the sustainability of microalgae-based chemical commodities production.
Differences in Turnover Intentions of Nurse Practitioners by Practice Area in the United States

The purpose of this research is to understand the determinants of Nurse Practitioner (NP) turnoverintentions. NPs are advanced Registered Nurses. Data on 7,944 NPs were analyzed in four differentpractice settings. Thirteen job dissatisfaction questions were factor analyzed to create four jobdissatisfaction variables, which were then included in a logistic regression of turnover intentions. Results showed that higher NP turnover intentions were associated with higher levels of dissatisfaction with organizational administration, professional treatment, patient workload, and pay and benefits. NP turnover can be reduced, and thereby control costs while improving care, by reducing the four sources of dissatisfaction.
Direct Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Flow Inside a Differentially Heated Composite Cavity

Turbulent flow inside a modified differentially heated cavity at high Rayleigh number (Ra ~ 109) has been studied through fully resolved direct numerical simulation (DNS) using the high-order spect...
Cingulum and abnormal psychological stress response in schizophrenia

Stress is implicated in many aspects of schizophrenia, including heightened distress intolerance. We examined how affect and microstructure of major brain tracts involved in regulating affect may contribute to distress intolerance in schizophrenia. Patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (n = 78) and community controls (n = 95) completed diffusion weighted imaging and performed psychological stress tasks. Subjective affect was collected pre and post stressors. Individuals who did not persist during one or both stress tasks were considered distress intolerant (DI), and otherwise distress tolerant (DT). Fractional anisotropy (FA) of the dorsal cingulum showed a significant diagnosis x DT/DI phenotype interaction (p = 0.003). Post-hoc tests showed dorsal cingulum FA was significantly lower in DI patients compared with DI controls (p < 0.001), but not different between DT groups (p = 0.27). Regarding affect responses to stress, irritability showed the largest stress-related change (p < 0.001), but irritability changes were significantly reduced in DI patients compared to DI controls (p = 0.006). The relationship between irritability change and performance errors also differed among patients (ρ = −0.29, p = 0.011) and controls (ρ = 0.21, p = 0.042). Further modeling highlighted the explanatory power of dorsal cingulum for predicting DI even after performance and irritability were taken into account. Distress intolerance during psychological stress exposure is related to microstructural properties of the dorsal cingulum, a key structure for cognitive control and emotion regulation. In schizophrenia, the affective response to psychological stressors is abnormal, and distress intolerant patients had significantly reduced dorsal cingulum FA compared to distress intolerant controls. The findings provide new insight regarding distress intolerance in schizophrenia.
Pain, functional disability, and their Association in Juvenile Fibromyalgia Compared to other pediatric rheumatic diseases

Severe pain and impairments in functioning are commonly reported for youth with juvenile fibromyalgia. The prevalence and impact of pain in other diseases commonly managed in pediatric rheumatology comparatively have been rarely systematically studied. The objective of the current study was to determine the extent to which high levels of pain and functional limitations, and the strength of their association, are unique to youth with juvenile primary fibromyalgia syndrome/JPFS) relative to other pediatric rheumatic diseases. Using data from 7753 patients enrolled in the multinational Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance (CARRA) Legacy Registry, we compared the levels and association of pain and functional limitations between youth with JPFS and those with other rheumatic diseases. Pain levels were rated highest among youth with JPFS (M = 6.4/10, SD = 2.4) and lowest for juvenile dermatomyositis (M = 1.7/10, SD = 2.2), with pain significantly higher in the JPFS group than any other pediatric rheumatic disease (effect sizes = .22 to 1.05). Ratings on measures of functioning and well-being also were significantly worse for patients with JPFS than patients with any other rheumatic disease (effect sizes = .62 to 1.06). The magnitude of association between pain intensity and functional disability, however, generally was higher in other rheumatic diseases than in JPFS. Pain was most strongly associated with functional limitations in juvenile dermatomyositis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and mixed connective tissue disease. JPFS is unique among conditions seen in pediatric rheumatology with regard to ratings of pain and disability. However, pain appears to be comparably or more highly associated with level of functional impairment in other pediatric rheumatic diseases. Pain in childhood rheumatic disease thus would benefit from increased prioritization for research and treatment.
Pilot Study of the Effect of a Protocol of 30 Minutes of Scene Care in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Rhode Island.

BACKGROUND Improved outcomes in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) have been demonstrated with increased focus on high-quality CPR. In 2017, the RI Department of Health mandated 30 minutes of on-scene CPR for atraumatic cardiac arrest victims. The effects of this intervention are unknown. METHODS An EMR query was performed to identify OHCA cases presenting to a Lifespan hospital during the months of March 2016 (pre-intervention) and March 2017 (post-intervention) with an estimated severity index of 1 or cardiac arrest. Primary Results: 63 cases of OHCA were identified. ROSC at ED presentation increased in the post-intervention period, though it was not statistically significant (12% vs 22%, CI = -0.01,0.25 vs. 0.09,0.35). Endotracheal intubation and ACLS medication use increased as well. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study of a protocol emphasizing on-scene CPR in urban Rhode Island resulted in changes in pre-hospital OHCA management and there was a trend toward increased ROSC in the post-intervention period.
Multi-constellation ARAIM exploiting satellite motion

In this work, a new time-sequential positioning and fault detection method is developed for dual-frequency, multi-constellation Advanced Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (ARAIM). Unlike conventional “snapshot” ARAIM, sequential ARAIM exploits changes in satellite geometry at the cost of slightly higher computation and memory loads. From the perspective of users on Earth, the motion of any given GNSS satellite is small over short time intervals. But the accumulated geometry variations of redundant satellites from multiple GNSS can be substantial. This paper quantifies performance benefits brought by satellite motion to ARAIM. It specifically addresses the following challenges: (a) defining raw GNSS code and carrier error models over time, (b) designing estimators and fault detectors exploiting geometric diversity for positioning, cycle ambiguity estimation, and integrity evaluation, and (c) formulating these algorithms in a computationally efficient implementation. Performance improvements provided by sequential ARAIM over snapshot ARAIM are evaluated by worldwide availability analysis for aircraft approach navigation.
Sex-specific growth, shape, and their impacts on the life history of a long-lived vertebrate.

Background Individual growth rates both comprise and determine life-history phenotypes. Despite decades of interest in understanding the relationship between individual growth and life history, chelonian longevity has limited our ability to robustly estimate individual growth curves that span the life of both sexes. Questions (1) Do patterns of growth in size and shape differ between the sexes of the painted turtle, Chrysemys picta? (2) Does individual variation in size and shape affect female reproductive effort? Methods Using 30 years of field data on shell morphology of a single population of painted turtles, we used principal components analysis to summarize multivariate size and shape. We assessed the ability of three non-linear growth models - the logistic, Gompertz, and von Bertalanffy - to predict size-at-age and used model comparison to justify sex-specific model fits. We correlated age-specific size and shape of females with their reproductive efforts. Results Model comparison supported separate fits of the von Bertalanffy growth function for each sex; non-overlapping confidence intervals imply differences in sex-specific asymptotic size, but not growth rate. Higher-order axes of variation in shell morphology described significant sexual dimorphism in shell shape related to the sphericity and curviness of the shell. Shell sphericity of females covaried with clutch size, mean egg mass, and total clutch mass. Irrespective of shell morphology, we found evidence of an egg number versus egg mass trade-off. Yet, females who matured at a larger size produced greater reproductive efforts.
The effects of dual-task cognitive interference on gait and turning in Huntington's disease.

Huntington’s disease (HD) is characterized by motor, cognitive, and psychiatric dysfunction. HD progression causes loss of automaticity, such that previously automatic tasks require greater attentional resources. Dual-task (DT) paradigms and fast-paced gait may stress the locomotor system, revealing deficits not seen under single-task (ST). However, the impact of gait “stress tests” on HD individuals needs further investigation. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate whether: 1) fast-paced and dual-task walking uncover deficits in gait and turning not seen under single-task, 2) cognitive and gait outcomes relate to fall incidence, and 3) gait deficits measured with wearable inertial sensors correlate with motor symptom severity in HD as measured by the Unified Huntington’s disease Rating Scale-total motor score (UHDRS-TMS). Seventeen HD (55 ± 9.7 years) and 17 age-matched controls (56.5 ± 9.3 years) underwent quantitative gait testing via a 25m, two-minute walk test with APDMTM inertial sensors. Gait was assessed under a 1) ST, self-selected pace, 2) fast-as-possible (FAP) pace, and 3) verbal fluency DT. The UHDRS-TMS and a cognitive test battery were administered, and a retrospective fall history was obtained. During ST, DT, and FAP conditions, HD participants demonstrated slower gait, shorter stride length, and greater lateral step and stride length variability compared to controls (p<0.00001 to 0.034). Significant dual-task costs (DTC) were observed for turns; HD participants took more time (p = 0.013) and steps (p = 0.028) to complete a turn under DT compared to controls. Higher UHDRS-TMS correlated with greater stride length variability, less double-support, and more swing-phase time under all conditions. Decreased processing speed was associated with increased gait variability under ST and FAP conditions. Unexpectedly, participant’s self-reported falls did not correlate with any gait or turn parameters. HD participants demonstrated significantly greater DTC for turning, which is less automatic than straight walking, requiring coordination of body segments, anticipatory control, and cortical regulation. Turn complexity likely makes it more susceptible to cognitive interference in HD.
Chemical Analysis of Secondary Electron Emission from a Water Cathode at the Interface with a Nonthermal Plasma

When a nonthermal plasma and a liquid form part of the same circuit, the liquid may function as a cathode, in which case electrons are emitted from the liquid into the gas to sustain the plasma. As opposed to solid electrodes, the mechanism of this emission has not been established for a liquid, even though various theories have attempted to explain it via chemical processes in the liquid phase. In this work, we tested the effects of the interfacial chemistry on electron emission from water, including the role of pH as well as the hydroxyl radical, the hydrogen atom, the solvated electron, and the presolvated electron; it was found that none of these species are critical to sustain the plasma. We propose an emission mechanism where electrons, generated from ionized water molecules in the uppermost monolayers of solution, are emitted into the plasma directly from the conduction band of the water.
Archive Future: Trauma and the Child in Two Contemporary American Bestsellers

Pozorski focuses in this chapter upon bestselling historical fiction that draws upon archival research. She develops a reading of the Holocaust archive in relation to two recent American bestsellers about World War II: Anthony Doerr’s All the Light We Cannot See (2014) and Kristin Hannah’s The Nightingale (2015), novels grounded in historical research. What does it mean for authors from the Midwest and the West Coast, respectively, to pursue the Holocaust as the topic of their fiction? Through close readings of the novels’ achronological representations of time and the figure of a vulnerable child, Pozorski argues that these bestsellers reflect a cultural trauma we have yet to confront – trauma that grows out of both willful ignorance during the early parts of the Nazi genocide and a failure adequately to help refugees upon the war’s end.
Minimally Invasive 3D Printed Fixtures for Multi Gb/s Channel Characterization with a Logic Analyzer

This paper presents a cost-effective method using 3D printing technology to reduce the parasitic losses when probing a channel with a logic analyzer compared to traditional methods. The method is demonstrated on a 16 Gb/s PCIe Gen4 channel, taking advantage of the physically accessible SMT AC decoupling capacitors through a custom fixture to contact the signals of the high-speed serial (HSS) channel.Channel topology, length and transceiver compensation, and sophisticated equalization has increased link frequency dramatically at the cost of complexity. This renders traditional debug activities using an oscilloscope to be of very limited value in the characterization and verification of the link. The protocol-awareness of HSS links, including the use of retimers, makes the use of a logic analyzer necessary.While a logic analyzer fills the need for protocol analysis and timing data to debug link errors that would be undetected by traditional oscilloscope efforts, the fixturing to contact the signals introduces an electrical loading in the channel. As data rates continue to increase, the loading becomes increasingly severe. The commonly available probe connectors for logic analyzers are physically large, require substantial board real estate, and consume a notable percentage of channel margin due to its parasitic losses.With the proposed method, HSS channels can be analyzed during link operation and link training. Prototype parts can be analyzed and, with fore-thought and planning, even failure analysis of customer-failing parts can be investigated. The fixturing is affordable, compact, and configurable using 3D printing technology promising continued use as HSS data rates continue to increase.
3D-printed multifunctional materials enabled by artificial-intelligence-assisted fabrication technologies

The emerging capability to 3D print a diverse palette of functional inks will enable the mass democratization of patient-specific wearable devices and smart biomedical implants for applications such as health monitoring and regenerative biomedicines. These personalized wearables could be fabricated via ex situ printing, which involves first printing a design on a planar substrate and then deploying it to the target surface. However, this can result in a geometrically and dynamically mismatched interface between printed materials and target surfaces. In situ printing provides a potential remedy by directly printing 3D constructs on the target surfaces. This new manufacturing procedure requires the assistance of artificial intelligence (AI) to sense, adapt and predict the state of the printing environment, such as a dynamically morphing organ. In this Review, we discuss electronic and biological inks for in situ 3D printing, AI-empowered 3D-printing approaches with open-loop, closed-loop and predictive control, and recent developments in surgical robotics and AI that could be integrated in future 3D-printing approaches. We anticipate that this convergence of AI, 3D printing, functional materials and personalized biomedical devices will lead to a compelling future for smart manufacturing. Artificial intelligence can be used to facilitate the 3D printing of functional materials and devices directly on target surfaces, such as human bodies. This Review surveys ex situ and in situ artificial-intelligence-assisted 3D printing of multifunctional materials and its combination with surgical robots to enable autonomous medical care and smart biomanufacturing.
Analysis and Classification of Stormwater and Wastewater Runoff From the Tijuana River Using Remote Sensing Imagery

Urban runoff represents the primary cause of marine pollution in the Southern California coastal oceans. This study focuses on water quality issues originating from the Tijuana River watershed, which spans the southwest border of the U.S. and Mexico. Frequent discharge events into the coastal ocean at this boundary include stormwater and wastewater. This study focuses on differences in spectral features, as assessed by RapidEye, Sentinel-2 A/B, and Landsat-8 satellite data, along with physical and biological in situ data, to characterize and classify plumes into four key categories: stormwater, wastewater, open ocean/no plume, and mixed (when both types of plumes are present). Key spectral differences in the visible to NIR bands showed that stormwater had elevated reflectance (0.02 to 0.09), followed by mixed (0 to 0.08), wastewater (0 to 0.05), and open ocean/no plume (0 to 0.03) events. We also examined biophysical parameters and found that stormwater events had the highest values in remote sensing based estimates of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) (0.98 to 2.1 m-1) and turbidity (12.4 to 45.7 FNU) and also had a large range for in situ variables of enterococcus bacteria and flow rates. This study also finds that the use of spectral features in a hierarchical cluster analysis can correctly classify stormwater from wastewater plumes when there is a dominant type. These results of this study will enable improved determination of the transport of both types of plumes and transboundary monitoring of coastal water quality across the Southern California / Baja California region.
Material hardship and suicidal behavior: Associations among parents and non-parents.

Introduction Material hardship is unique facet of economic distress and may be a risk factor for suicidal behavior. Parents are more likely to experience both material hardship and suicidal behavior than non-parents. The aims of this study were to (a) examine the association of material hardship with suicidal behavior and (b) assess whether associations differed for parents and non-parents. Methods We used data from Waves IV and V of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 10,685). We conducted logistic regression to examine the association of one and two or more material hardships at Wave IV with suicidal behavior at Wave V. Results Overall, 38.8% of participants reported material hardship at Wave IV and 7.5% reported suicidal ideation or attempts at Wave V. In the total sample, one material hardship (OR = 1.57, 95% CI 1.20, 2.06) and two or more material hardships (OR = 1.52, 95% CI 1.04, 2.21) were associated with an increased likelihood of suicidal behavior. Among parents, two or more material hardships (OR = 1.86, 95% CI 1.17, 2.94) were associated with an increased likelihood of suicidal behavior. Among non-parents, one material hardship (OR = 1.81, 95% CI 1.26, 2.59) was associated with an increased likelihood of suicidal behavior. Conclusions Programs and policies aimed at addressing material hardship, particularly accumulating material hardships among parents, may be an effective suicide prevention strategy.
The impact of message appraisals of Dove’s Campaign for Real Beauty on information seeking and electronic word-of-mouth intentions of US female consumers

Abstract The current study examines how an empowered public engages in information seeking and electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) behavior due to emotions elicited from their message appraisals of an inspiring branding campaign. Using cognitive appraisal theory as a framework, the current research assumes that the women with higher problem recognition and involvement will be more likely to engage in information seeking and eWOM behavior through positive affect. Using a representative sample (N = 530) randomly drawn from Qualtrics’ panel data, it uses a structural equation modeling approach to test the proposed appraisal-based behavior model. The results indicate that participants’ information seeking and eWOM behavior are adaptive responses to the emotions elicited by message appraisals. The results also show that situational variables influence the message appraisals of intrinsic pleasantness and goal-conduciveness dimensions.
A second specificity-determining loop in Class A sortases: Biochemical characterization of natural sequence variation in chimeric SrtA enzymes

Gram-positive bacteria contain sortase enzymes on their cell surfaces that catalyze transpeptidation reactions critical for proper cellular function. In vitro, sortases are used in sortase-mediated ligation (SML) reactions for a variety of protein engineering applications. Historically, sortase A from Staphylococcus aureus (saSrtA) has been the enzyme of choice for SML reactions. However, the stringent specificity of saSrtA for the sequence motif LPXTG limits its uses. Here, we use principal component analysis to identify a structurally conserved loop with a high degree of variability in all classes of sortases. We investigate the contribution of this {beta}7-{beta}8 loop, located between the catalytic cysteine and arginine residues and immediately adjacent to the target binding cleft, by designing and testing chimeric sortase enzymes. Our chimeras utilize natural sequence variation of Class A sortases from 8 species engineered into the SrtA sequence from Streptococcus pneumoniae (spSrtA). While some of our chimeric enzymes mimic the activity and selectivity of the wild-type protein from which the loop sequence is derived (e.g., that of saSrtA), others result in chimeric spSrtA enzymes able to accommodate a range of residues in the final position of the substrate motif (LPXTX). Using mutagenesis, structural, and sequence analyses, we identify three interactions facilitated by {beta}7-{beta}8 loop residues that appear to be broadly characteristic of Class A sortase enzymes. These studies provide the foundation for a deeper understanding of sortase target selectivity and can expand the sortase toolbox for future SML applications.
Creativity from Constraint? How Political Correctness Influences Creativity in Mixed-Sex Work Groups

Most group creativity research is premised on the assumption that creativity is unleashed by removing normative constraints. As work organizations become increasingly diverse in terms of gender, however, this assumption needs to be reconsidered since mixed-sex interactions carry a high risk of offense. Departing from the assumption that normative constraints necessarily stifle creativity, we develop a theoretical perspective in which creativity in mixed-sex groups is enhanced by imposing a norm to be politically correct (PC) — a norm that sets clear expectations for how men and women should interact with one another. We present evidence from two group experiments showing that the PC norm promotes rather than suppresses members’ free expression of ideas by reducing the uncertainty they experience in mixed-sex work groups. These results highlight a paradoxical consequence of the PC norm: A term that has been used to undermine expectations to censor offensive language as a threat to free speech actually provides a normative foundation upon which demographically heterogeneous work groups can freely exchange creative ideas. We discuss the implications of our findings for managing creativity in diverse groups and under conditions of uncertainty, and the counterintuitive role that normative constraints play in that process.
The Heuristic of Form: Mitochondrial Morphology and the Explanation of Oxidative Phosphorylation.

In the 1950s and 1960s, the search for the mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation by biochemists paralleled the description of mitochondrial form by George Palade and Fritiof Sjostrand using electron microscopy. This paper explores the extent to which biochemists studying oxidative phosphorylation took mitochondrial form into account in the formulation of hypotheses, design of experiments, and interpretation of results. By examining experimental approaches employed by the biochemists studying oxidative phosphorylation, and their interactions with Palade, I suggest that use of mitochondrial form as a guide to experimentation and interpretation varied considerably among investigators. Most notably, Peter Mitchell, whose chemiosmotic hypothesis was ultimately the basis of the correct mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation, incorporated crucial aspects of mitochondrial form into his model that others failed to recognize. I discuss these historical observations in terms of the background and training of the biochemists, as well as a proposed heuristic of form, whose use may increase the possibility that biologically meaningful molecular mechanisms will be discovered.
3–D Visualization of Software Structure

Abstract A common and frustrating problem in software engineering is the introduction of new faults as a side-effect of software maintenance. An understanding of all of the relationships that exist between modified software and the rest of a system can limit the introduction of new faults. For large systems, these relationships can be numerous and subtle. The relationships can be especially complex in object-oriented systems that include inheritance and dynamic binding. Software visualization can potentially ease both impact analysis and general program understanding. Software visualization can facilitate program understanding by graphically displaying important software features. However, despite recent success in developing useful and intuitive graphical representations for certain aspects of software, current software visualization systems are limited by their lack of scalability—the ability to visualize both small- and large-scale software entities. This paper demonstrates that three-dimensional (3–D) graphics and a hierarchy of overlapping views can increase the scalability of software visualization. The hierarchy provides detailed information without sacrificing the “big picture.” Overlapping is used to provide context between high- and low-level views. A prototype system, Change Impact Viewer (CIV), tests these visualization mechanisms. CIV highlights areas of a system that can potentially be affected by a change to a selected function. The mechanisms, as implemented in CIV, show improvements in scalability over those provided by other systems, without decreasing usefulness or intuitiveness.
DataStaR: Bridging XML and OWL in Science Metadata Management

DataStaR is a science data “staging repository” developed by Albert R. Mann Library at Cornell University that produces semantic metadata while enabling the publication of data sets and accompanying metadata to discipline-specific data centers or to Cornell’s institutional repository. DataStaR, which employs OWL and RDF in its metadata store, serves as a Web-based platform for production and management of metadata and aims to reduce redundant manual input by reusing named ontology individuals. A key requirement of DataStaR is the ability to produce metadata records conforming to existing XML schemas that have been adopted by scientific communities. To facilitate this, DataStaR integrates ontologies that directly reflect XML schemas, generates HTML editing forms, and “lowers” ontology axioms into XML documents compliant with existing schemas. This paper describes our approach and implementation, and discusses the challenges involved.
Mourning 2.0—Continuing Bonds Between the Living and the Dead on Facebook

This study examines the burgeoning phenomenon of Facebook memorial pages and how this research about online social networking environments can contribute to the existing literature related to Klass...
A conversation with Annemarie Roeper: A view from the self

(2003). A conversation with Annemarie Roeper: A view from the self. Roeper Review: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 5-11.
Epidemiologic Classics of Carter, Maxcy, Trudeau, and Smith

Four great epidemiologists whose work so concisely linked clinical observations, epidemiologic clues, and logical preventive measures are discussed. Henry Rose Carter set the stage for the Walter Reed successes in Cuba by showing that 9-16 days must elapse after contact before yellow fever develops. This provided the link for the Reed group to allow the "virus" to incubate in the mosquito before becoming infectious. Kenneth Maxcy clarified the controversy between endemic typhus fever and Brill's disease in the southeastern United States. His clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory findings led him to propose that the causative organism (Rickettsia typhi) was in rodents and the probable vector, fleas. When confirmed, effective control measures were applied. Two other American investigators, Edward L. Trudeau and Theobald Smith, helped prove Robert Koch wrong on three counts: (1) Tuberculin is not an effective therapeutic agent for tuberculosis; (2) there are two distinct types of tubercle bacillus, human and bovine; and (3) the bovine form of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is remarkably pathogenic for humans. The significance of these findings is unlimited.
Hybrid single mode lasers fabricated using Si/SiO2/SiON micromachined platforms

We have devised a hybridization scheme that, given suitable Fabri-Perot (F-P) ain medium, allows us to fabricate small, mechanically robust single frequency lasers in a wide spectral range, limited only by the transparency of the SiON material.
A Numerical Study of Sea Ice and Ocean Circulation in the Arctic

Abstract A sea-ice model based bulk-viscous plastic dynamics and 3-layer thermodynamics is coupled to a multilevel primitive equation model of the Arctic Ocean and Greenland Sea. The combined model is forced by inflow through the Faeroe-Shetland Channel and Bering Strait and by observed monthly atmospheric forcing and river runoff. A long-term integration produces a realistic cycle of ice cover, whose extent is strongly influenced by ocean heat transport. The wintertime maximum is controlled by northward heat transport of 0.4 petawatts in the Greenland Sea and by southward transport of ice and water through the Fram Strait. The summertime minimum extent of sea ice is influenced by subsurface flow through the Fram Strait of warm Atlantic water, which rises in winter and thins the ice lying over the Eurasian continental shelf and along the Alaskan and Siberian coasts. The oceanic circulation in the Canadian Basin is anticyclonic at all depths, but changes to cyclonic in the Eurasian Basin below 200 meters. ...
Effects of Cold Exposure on Estrous Behavior and Neural Estrogen Receptor in Syrian Hamsters

Two experiments examined the effects of 72-h exposure to reduced environmental temperature (5 degrees C) on steroid-induced estrous behavior and neural estrogen-receptor immunoreactivity (ERIR) in ovariectomized Syrian hamsters. Cold exposure significantly inhibited sexual receptivity induced by sequential injections of estradiol benzoate (2.5 microg) and progesterone (500 microg), but only if the animals were not permitted to overeat (limited to 110% of ad lib intake at 22 degrees C). The suppression of sexual receptivity was accompanied by decreases in the number of detectable ERIR cells in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and by increases in the number of ERIR cells in the medial preoptic area (mPOA). The cold-induced decreases in estrous behavior and in VMH ERIR cells were prevented by lesions of the area postrema (AP), but AP lesions did not prevent the increases in mPOA ERIR cells. Thus, cold exposure mimics the effects of treatment with metabolic inhibitors, experimental diabetes, food deprivation, and insulin-induced fattening on these endpoints. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that dwelling in the cold affects reproduction indirectly via its actions on metabolic fuel availability, rather than by acting directly on neuroendocrine processes.
Chromatographic differentiation of nicotinamide riboside and 1-methylnicotinamidel

Abstract A method is described for distinguishing nicotinamide riboside from 1-methylnicotinamidebased on the relative ease of hydrolysis of the riboside.
Evacuation Modelling in the United States: Does the Demand Model Choice Matter?

Abstract This paper reviews the literature on the evacuation demand problem, with an emphasis on the impact of various modelling approaches on network‐wide evacuation performance measures. First, a number of important factors that affect evacuee behaviour are summarized. Evacuation software packages and tools are also investigated in terms of the demand generation model they use. The most widely used models are then selected for performing sensitivity analysis. Next, a cell‐transmission‐based system optimal dynamic traffic assignment (SO‐DTA) model is employed to assess the effects of the demand model choice on the clearance time and average travel time. It is concluded that evacuation demand models should be selected with care, and policy makers should make sure the selected demand curve can replicate real‐life conditions with relatively high fidelity for the study region to be able to develop reliable and realistic evacuation plans.
Optimal sensor allocation by integrating causal models and set-covering algorithms

Massive amounts of data are generated in Distributed Sensor Networks (DSNs), posing challenges to effective and efficient detection of system abnormality through data analysis. This article proposes a new method for optimal sensor allocation in a DSN with the objective of timely detection of the abnormalities in a underlying physical system. This method involves two steps: first, a Bayesian Network (BN) is built to represent the causal relationships among the physical variables in the system; second, an integrated algorithm by combining the BN and a set-covering algorithm is developed to determine which physical variables should be sensed, in order to minimize the total sensing cost as well as satisfy a prescribed detectability requirement. Case studies are performed on a hot forming process and a large-scale cap alignment process, showing that the developed algorithm satisfies both the cost and detectability requirements.
The Relationship between Restaurant Service Quality and Consumer Loyalty among the Elderly

In the United States, the number of elderly is increasing much faster than the overall population of the country. Although this growth presents the restaurant industry with new opportunities, there...