cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Recruitment, Admission, Training and Placement of French Judges: Reform of the Ecole Nationale De La Magistrature as an Engine for the Transformation of French Justice, 1968 to Date

During the period from 1968 through 1981 members of the Syndicat de la Magistrature (founded on June 8, 1968) developed a critique of French judicial education. They published two books and wrote extensive articles about the need to reform the training system created in 1958 by Michel Debri. This paper elaborates upon their vision of the interplay between professional education and the possibility for transforming justice. Topics developed include recruitment plans, admissions policies, assessment and evaluation, exit examinations and lifelong learning. Challenges to the status quo, from student participation in the governance of the Ecole Nationale de la Magistraturet, to creating fiscal autonomy from the centralized state and to the design of participatory pedagogical practices, e.g; simulations, role playing, and collaborative research are described and analyzed in terms of achieving union goals. Namely, the reform of education as the a priori requirement for other actions that would result in a justice of proximity and transparency which they regarded as crucial for insuring that justice would be an anchor for democratic principles and practices.
When Reasonable Minds Differ

This article examines legal indeterminacy in the contexts of Rule 11 and qualified immunity doctrine, two areas in which the law acknowledges its own indeterminacy. Drawing from both legal theory and legal practice, it finds that legal indeterminacy serves important purposes as a kind of legal practice, rather than as a description of legal practice. Indeterminacy preserves the legitimacy of the law, because law is a practice in time. In the Rule 11 context, legal indeterminacy protects lawyers who make losing arguments about real harms and important values in order to preserve those arguments for possible future law. In the qualified immunity context recognizing legal indeterminacy protects government officials who, because of gaps or ambiguities in the law, have not had fair notice that their past actions violate the law. The different temporal focuses explain why indeterminacy looks somewhat different in the two contexts. Because Rule 11 protects the future of the law -- the possibilities that have not yet been clarified -- the doctrine tends to take a "radical" approach to indeterminacy. Since qualified immunity doctrine is concerned with the past aspect of law, it tends to be more positivist: law is what judges have said it is, and law is indeterminate where there are "legal gaps" and no court has articulated a rule. In some cases, such a positivist approach causes courts to lose sight of the fact that some law is not written because it has never needed to be but is take for granted as an element of obvious, universal human norms.
Considering marijuana legalization carefully: insights for other jurisdictions from analysis for Vermont

Background and Aims In 2014 the legislature of Vermont, USA passed a law requiring the Secretary of Administration to report on the consequences of legalizing marijuana. The RAND Corporation was commissioned to write that report. This paper summarizes insights from that analysis that are germane to other jurisdictions. Method Translation of key findings from the RAND Corporation report to the broader policy debate. Results Marijuana legalization encompasses a wide range of possible regimes, distinguished along at least four dimensions: which organizations are allowed to produce and supply the drug, the regulations under which they operate, the nature of the products that can be distributed and taxes and prices. Vermont's decriminalization had already cut its costs of enforcing marijuana prohibition against adults to about $1 per resident per year. That is probably less than the cost of regulating a legal market. Revenues from taxing residents’ purchases after legalization could be many times that amount, so the main fiscal cost of prohibition after decriminalization relative to outright legalization may be foregone tax revenues, not enforcement costs. Approximately 40 times as many users live within 200 miles of Vermont's borders as live within the state; drug tourism and associated tax revenues will be important considerations, as will be the response of other states. Indeed, if another state legalized with lower taxes, that could undermine the ability to collect taxes on even Vermont residents’ purchases. Conclusions Analysis of possible outcomes if Vermont, USA, legalized marijuana reveal that choices about how, and not just whether, to legalize a drug can have profound consequences for the effects on health and social wellbeing, and the choices of one jurisdiction can affect the options and incentives available to other jurisdictions.
The hypocretin/orexin system in sleep disorders: preclinical insights and clinical progress

Much of the understanding of the hypocretin/orexin (HCRT/OX) system in sleep-wake regulation came from narcolepsy-cataplexy research. The neuropeptides hypocretin-1 and -2/orexin-A and -B (HCRT-1 and -2/OX-A and -B, respectively), as we know, are intimately involved in the regulation wakefulness. The HCRT/OX system regulates sleep-wake control through complex interactions between monoaminergic/cholinergic (wake-promoting) and gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic (sleep-promoting) neuronal systems. Deficiency of HCRT/OX results in loss of sleep-wake control or stability with consequent unstable transitions between wakefulness to nonrapid eye movement and rapid eye movement sleep. This manifests clinically as abnormal daytime sleepiness with sleep attacks and cataplexy. Research on the development of HCRT/OX agonists and antagonists for the treatment of sleep disorders has dramatically increased with the US Food and Drug Administration approval of the first-in-class dual HCRT/OX receptor antagonist for the treatment of insomnia. This review focuses on the origin, mechanisms of HCRT/OX receptors, clinical progress, and applications for the treatment of sleep disorders.
Facing Leviathan: Public Policy and Global Capitalism

The capitalist system is to be understood as global rather than national. Rapid mobility has diffused manufacturing around the globe, increasingly to nations formerly considered peripheral sources of primary extraction. The large global enterprise (the multinational corporation or MNC) is the main, though not the only, institutional form and channel of this mobility. At the local level of metropolis and region the engine driving development and prosperity is the investment localized there. Economic decline results from capital outflow which is the aggregate result of numerous location decisions by firms and investors. Chief among the considerations to stay, leave, or enter a locality are considerations of wages, the discipline of the labor force, and public policy perceived to be favorable to capital. In the course of the last decade we have learned that the consequences of a net outward flow of capital include many personal and community manifestations which have come to be called social problems. Much of the analysis of the above familiar trends is cast in tones of concern and indignation. It remains for social scientists to bring to bear on such questions conceptual tools based on a theoritical perspective. The proximate goal of such an enterprise is the portrayal of fundamental processes in a consistent and objective manner. That goal can be advanced by enlisting concepts of the balance of class forces and the strategic situation in which classes and their segments are embedded. Such work lies in the intermediate ground between an abstract discussion of the crisis tendencies inherent in capitalism and the empirical details of particular social events. This intermediate level is an appropriate ground upon which to interpret particular kinds of state or public policy. The task of such analysis is to apply a larger theoretical framework to particular phenomena. At the intermediate level policies constitute both products of larger processes, i.e., they register changes in the relative power of classes as evidenced in state activity, and also constitute defacto propositions about the dynamics of the political economy. The theoretical framework referred to in this interpretation of public policies responding to capital mobility is that of global capitalism. By global capitalism one refers to a form of capitalism now becoming dominant, characterized by the operations of the multinational corporation-or the global firm [20; 45; 46; 47; 49; 50]. This form of capitalist organiza-
Genetics of peripheral vestibular dysfunction: Lessons from mutant mouse strains

Background A considerable amount of research has been published about genetic hearing impairment. Fifty to sixty percent of hearing loss is thought to have a genetic cause. Genes may also play a significant role in acquired hearing loss due to aging, noise exposure, or ototoxic medications. Between 1995 and 2012, over 100 causative genes have been identified for syndromic and nonsyndromic forms of hereditary hearing loss. Mouse models have been extremely valuable in facilitating the discovery of hearing loss genes and in understanding inner ear pathology due to genetic mutations or elucidating fundamental mechanisms of inner ear development. Purpose Whereas much is being learned about hereditary hearing loss and the genetics of cochlear disorders, relatively little is known about the role genes may play in peripheral vestibular impairment. Here we review the literature with regard to genetics of vestibular dysfunction and discuss what we have learned from studies using mutant mouse models and direct measures of peripheral vestibular neural function. Results Several genes are considered that when mutated lead to varying degrees of inner ear vestibular dysfunction due to deficits in otoconia, stereocilia, hair cells, or neurons. Behavior often does not reveal the inner ear deficit. Many of the examples presented are also known to cause human disorders. Conclusions Knowledge regarding the roles of particular genes in the operation of the vestibular sensory apparatus is growing, and it is clear that gene products co-expressed in the cochlea and vestibule may play different roles in the respective end organs. The discovery of new genes mediating critical inner ear vestibular function carries the promise of new strategies in diagnosing, treating, and managing patients as well as predicting the course and level of morbidity in human vestibular disease.
Cytogenetic analysis on 1 750 children in genetic counseling

Objective To explore chromosome karyotyping and the relationship between chromosomal abnormalities and diseases in children.Methods Chromosome karyotyping analysis was performed on 1 750 children during genetic counseling.Patients were screened by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification to determine the source of small supernumerary marker chromosomes.Results The total of 242 cases of chromosome abnormal karyotypes was detected with detectable rate of 13.8%.Of them,it was found 181 patients with abnormal autosomal numbers(74.8%),28 cases with abnormal autosomal structure(11.6%),22 cases with sex chromosome abnormalities(9.1%),11 cases with chromosome polymorphism(4.5%)and one case with 45,XX,psu dic(11;9)(p15;p24),which was reported the first time in the world.Conclusions Abnormal chromosome is one of important causes that result in growth and development delay,mental retardation and disorders of sex differentiation in children.Routine chromosome examination can provide scientific basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment.
Traveling via Rome through the Stereoscope : Reality, Memory, and Virtual Travel

Underwood and Underwood’s Rome through the Stereoscope of 1902 was a landmark in stereoscopic photography publishing, both as an intense, visually immersive experience and as a cognitively demanding exercise. The set consisted of a guidebook, forty-six stereographs, and five maps whose notations enabled the reader/viewer to precisely replicate the location and orientation of the photographer at each site. Combined with the extensive narrative within the guidebook, the maps and images guided its users through the city via forty-six sites, whether as an example of armchair travel or an actual travel companion. The user’s experience is examined and analyzed within the following parameters: the medium of stereoscopic photography, narrative, geographical imagination, and memory, bringing forth issues of movement, survey and route frames of reference, orientation, visualization, immersion, and primary versus secondary memories. Rome through the Stereoscope was an example of virtual travel, and the process of fusing dual images into one — stereoscopic synthesis — further demarcated the experience as a virtual environment.
Whole Saliva Proteases: Development of Methods for Determination of Origins

Whole saliva contains several proteases not found in the major gland secretions (1–5). Although many oral microorganisms with protease activity have been reported (6–16), none has been shown to provide the origin for any oral protease. Our interest has been the origin (host/microbe) of proteases in the oral cavity of man. In order to begin such a study, we sought a protease assay which would yield information pertinent to the recognition and characterization of proteases without the requirement for extensive purification efforts. We chose to use protein substrate cleavage patterns as visualized by Polyacrylamide „gel electrophoresis (PAGE) as a method of protease assay, recognition, and characterization. Thus, determination of the cleavage patterns generated from a collection of substrate proteins by saliva, for example, will provide a basis for the recognition of similar proteolytic activities which might be produced by oral microorganisms. In addition, extremely limited proteolysis (one scission per substrate molecule), which would be undetected with most other assay techniques, may be detected by PAGE analyses. In this report our initial results using radio-acetylated bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a substrate protein are presented.
Abstract CN12-02: Dietary HDAC inhibitors: Prevention or therapy?

Lysine deacetylase inhibitors, which include inhibitors of histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes, are undergoing clinical trials as anticancer agents. Some exhibit resistance mechanisms linked to anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 functions, such as BH3-only protein silencing. HDAC inhibitors that reactivate BH3-only family members might offer an improved therapeutic approach. We show here that a novel seleno-α-keto metabolite of the dietary compound methylselenocysteine triggers global histone acetylation in human colon cancer cells and activates apoptosis in a p21-independent manner. Profiling of multiple survival factors identified a critical role for the BH3-only member Bcl-2 modifying factor (Bmf). On the corresponding BMF gene promoter, loss of HDAC8 was associated with STAT3/Sp3 transcription factor exchange and recruitment of p300. Treatment with a p300 inhibitor, or transient overexpression of exogenous HDAC8 interfered with BMF induction, whereas RNAi-mediated silencing of STAT3 activated the target gene. This is the first study to identify a direct target gene of HDAC8 repression, namely BMF. Interestingly, the repressive role of HDAC8 could be uncoupled from HDAC1 to trigger Bmf-mediated apoptosis. These findings have implications for the development of HDAC8-selective inhibitors and their roles as chemopreventive vs. therapeutic agents. Supported by NIH P01 grant CA090890. Citation Format: Roderick H. Dashwood. Dietary HDAC inhibitors: Prevention or therapy? [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2014 Sep 27-Oct 1; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2015;8(10 Suppl): Abstract nr CN12-02.
mm-Wave N-polar GaN MISHEMT with a self-aligned recessed gate exhibiting record 4.2 W/mm at 94 GHz on Sapphire

GaN based high electron mobility transistors have emerged as a leading technology for mm-wave solid state power amplification at W-band. To date, reports on W-band GaN HEMTs and MMICs have primarily featured devices grown in the Ga-polar orientation [1, 2]. In this work, the advantages of the N-polar orientation are exploited to produce a MISHEMT exhibiting record high 4.2 W/mm peak output power (Pout) at 94 GHz. The key enabling advantage of N-polar GaN devices are their inverted polarization fields. These fields create a natural, charge-inducing back-barrier that decouples the tradeoff between aspect ratio and channel electron density. Further, the reversed field in an AlGaN cap above the GaN channel opposes gate leakage and improves breakdown voltage [3]. Additionally, to mitigate surface-state induced dispersion and enhance the conductivity of the access regions, a GaN cap layer is added in the access regions through which the gate is recessed [4]. The fabrication process reported in this paper extends that of [4, 5] to have the foot gate metal deposited in a self-aligned fashion to the GaN cap recess etch.
Neurologic Exam and MRI Correlations in HIE

The correlation between scores on a standardized neurologic examination at age 9 to 14 months and early MRI findings (within 4 weeks of delivery) was determined in 53 term infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy evaluated at 2 and 4 year follow-up at Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
Concussion in Ice Hockey: Current Gaps and Future Directions in an Objective Diagnosis

Objective:This review provides an update on sport-related concussion (SRC) in ice hockey and makes a case for changes in clinical concussion evaluation. Standard practice should require that concussions be objectively diagnosed and provide quantitative measures of the concussion injury that will ser
Data-driven uncertainty quantification of structural systems via B-spline expansion

Abstract A data-driven uncertainty quantification scheme relying on B-spline functions is investigated in this study. Instead of predefining basis functions according to the statistics of the uncertain input, as in conventional polynomial chaos expansion (PCE)-based implementations, the method introduced herein takes advantage of the increased flexibility of B-splines materializing a basis function parametrization, which is adaptable to a given input–output data set. Parameter estimation is effectively dealt through a Separable Non-linear Least Squares (SNLS) procedure that allows for simultaneous estimation of both the B-splines’ free knots and the corresponding coefficients of projection. The induced constrained non-quadratic optimization problem is treated through the implementation of a hybrid optimization algorithm that interrelates the advantages of evolutionary and deterministic schemes, exhibiting accelerated convergence and robustness in the search for global optimum. The efficiency of the method is examined through both numerical and experimental case studies, while comparisons with the standard PCE, which relies on the Wiener–Askey scheme, as well as alternative data-driven methods, such as the arbitrary PC, indicate superior performance.
Feasibility, safety, and tolerance of subcutaneous synthetic canine B-type natriuretic peptide (syncBNP) in healthy dogs and dogs with stage B1 mitral valve disease.

Abstract Introduction An important aspect of heart failure is the progressive ineffectiveness of the salutary natriuretic peptide system and its secondary messenger, 3′,5′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). In humans with acute heart failure, administration of exogenous natriuretic peptide is associated with improvement in clinical signs and reduction of cardiac filling pressures. This study aimed to determine the feasibility, tolerance, and safety of subcutaneous (SC) synthetic canine B-type natriuretic peptide (syncBNP) administration in dogs. Animals Six privately owned dogs. Materials and methods Dogs were enrolled in a modified 3 + 3 phase I trial. Three dogs initially received doses of 2.5 and 5 μg/kg SC syncBNP followed by an additional three dogs dosed at 5 and 10 μg/kg. Hemodynamic monitoring was performed for 120 min after each injection. Blood and urine samples were collected at 45 and 120 min after injection of 5 μg/kg. Major adverse clinical events that would potentially halt testing were pre-defined. Results Four healthy dogs and two dogs with stage B1 mitral valve disease were recruited. Synthetic canine B-type natriuretic peptide was well tolerated at all doses. Synthetic canine B-type natriuretic peptide at 5 μg/kg significantly increased median plasma cGMP (baseline cGMP, 131.5 pmol/mL [range, 91.9–183.6 pmol/mL]; 45 min, 153.6 pmol/mL [140.3–214.3 pmol/mL]; 120 min, 192.7 pmol/mL [139.1–240.1 pmol/mL]; p=0.041). Discussion and conclusions We report for the first time administration of syncBNP in privately owned dogs. Administration of SC syncBNP was feasible, well tolerated, safe, and increased plasma cGMP concentration. Further studies using exogenous syncBNP for treatment of heart disease are warranted.
Speech Perception, Conduction Aphasia, and the Functional Neuroanatomy of Language

Publisher Summary This chapter explores speech perception, conduction aphasia, and the functional neuroanatomy of language. The classic functional-anatomic model of language illustrates that Broca's and Wernicke's aphasias are the only syndromes that arise from damage to an actual language processing “center.” All the rest result from the extrication of one computational system from another. Atleast one type of conduction aphasia is not a disconnection syndrome at all. A damage to the auditory word center leads to impaired comprehension because the sound pattern associated with the individual words cannot be activated; production is fluent because motor memories are preserved and they can be activated via the direct concept-to-motor pathway, but speech errors (paraphasias) are evident because the modulatory influence of auditory word representations on motor selection is lost. Word deafness is a primary aphasia resulting from damage to speech perception systems. Speech perception systems are organized bilaterally in the posterior supratemporal plane. Conduction aphasia can be viewed as a syndrome resulting from damage to these systems in the left hemisphere.
Avalanche Photoemission in Suspended Carbon Nanotubes: Light without Heat

We observe bright electroluminescence from suspended carbon nanotube (CNT) field effect transistors (FETs) under extremely low applied electrical powers (∼nW). Here, light emission occurs under positive applied gate voltages, with the FET in its “off” state. This enables us to apply high bias voltages (4 V) without heating the CNT. Under these conditions, we observe light emission at currents as small as 1 nA and corresponding electrical powers of 4nW, which is 3 orders of magnitude lower than previous studies. Thermal emission is ruled out by monitoring the G band Raman frequency, which shows no evidence of heating under these small electrical currents. The mechanism of light emission is understood on the basis of steep band bending that occurs in the conduction and valence band profiles at the contacts, which produces a peak electric field of 500 kV/cm, enabling the acceleration of carriers beyond the threshold of exciton emission. The exciton-generated electrons and holes are then accelerated in this f...
Selected Texts from Writings of Wilhelm Wundt

This chapter consists of three parts: (1) Wundt’s introductory statement on “The Task of Physiological Psychology,” as published in 1873; (2) a listing of variant texts that traces how this statement of objectives was subsequently revised in later editions; (3) the “Closing Remarks,” in which Wundt stated his position on the mind-body problem. There is a separate introductory note for each part, as well as some further discussion in the second part.
Azathioprine Hypersensitivity Syndrome.

Azathioprine hypersensitivity syndrome (AHS) is a rare yet life-threatening clinical phenomenon seen in about 2% of patients within weeks of initiating therapy. Clinical features include constitutional symptoms with or without a cutaneous reaction, and a high index of suspicion is required to avoid a delay in diagnosis1,2. Less commonly, liver and renal dysfunction, hypotension, and …
Factor VIIa administration in traumatic brain injury: an AAST-MITC propensity score analysis.

Background Recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) has been used off-label as an adjunct in the reversal of warfarin therapy and management of hemorrhage after trauma. Only a handful of these reports are rigorous studies, from which results regarding safety and effectiveness have been mixed. There remains no clear consensus as to the role of rFVIIa in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods Eleven level 1 trauma centers provided clinical data and head CT scans of patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of ≤13 and radiographic evidence of TBI. A propensity score (PS) to receive rFVIIa in those surviving ≥2 days was calculated for each patient based on patient demographics, comorbidities, physiology, Injury Severity Score, admission GCS score, and treatment center. Patients receiving rFVIIa within 24 hours of admission were matched to patients who did not receive rFVIIa for outcomes assessment. Subgroup analysis evaluated patients with primary head injury with PS matching. Results There were 4284 patient observations; 129 received rFVIIa. Groups were comparable after matching. No differences in mortality or morbidity were found. Improvement in GCS score from admission to discharge was less among those receiving rFVIIa (5.5 vs. 2.4; P value 0.001); however, there was no difference in average GCS score at discharge. No significant differences in outcomes were identified in patients with isolated TBI receiving rFVIIa. Discussion rFVIIa in early management of TBI is not associated with a decreased risk of mortality or morbidity, and may negatively impact recovery and functional status at discharge in the severely injured patient with polytrauma. Level of evidence Level III. Study type Therapeutic/care management.
Streaming Influence Maximization in Social Networks Based on Multi-Action Credit Distribution

In a social network, influence maximization is the problem of identifying a set of users that own the maximum influence ability across the network. In this paper, a novel credit distribution (CD) based model, termed as the multi-action CD (mCD) model, is introduced to quantify the influence ability of each user. Compared to existing models, the new model can work with practical datasets where one type of action is recorded for multiple times. Based on this model, influence maximization is formulated as a submodular maximization problem under a knapsack constraint, which is NP-hard. An efficient streaming algorithm is developed to achieve $(\frac{1}{3}-\epsilon)$ approximation of the optimality. Experiments conducted on real Twitter dataset demonstrate that the mCD model enjoys high accuracy compared to the conventional CD model in estimating the total number of people who get influenced in a social network. Furthermore, compared to the greedy algorithm, the proposed single-pass streaming algorithm achieves similar performance in terms of influence maximization, while running several orders of magnitude faster.
Between-session memory degradation accounts for within-session changes in fixed-interval performance.

Abstract A common assumption in the study of fixed-interval (FI) timing is that FI performance is largely stable within sessions, once it is stable between sessions. Within-session changes in FI performance were examined in published data (Daniels and Sanabria, 2017), wherein some rats were trained on a FI 30-s schedule of food reinforcement (FI30) and others on a FI 90-s schedule (FI90). Following stability, FI90 rats were pre-fed for five sessions. Response rates declined as a function of trial, due more to latency lengthening than to run-rate reduction. Latencies were best described by a dynamic gamma-exponential mixture distribution, in which latency lengthening was driven by the growth of the criterion pulse count for a response and not by a reduction in the speed of an endogenous clock. The speed of the clock was selectively sensitive to the length of the FI; the prevalence and length of exponentially-distributed latencies were selectively sensitive to pre-feeding. These findings reveal (a) that parameters governing FI latencies are selectively sensitive to a range of manipulations, (b) a potential degradation of the criterion pulse count between consecutive sessions, and (c) a subsequent recovery of the criterion pulse count within sessions.
Effects of Tobacco Nicotine-Derived Nitrosamine Ketone (NNK) Exposures on Brain Alcohol Metabolizing Enzyme Activities.

Background The high levels of blood alcohol achieved with chronic plus binge alcohol exposures are somewhat reduced by co-administration of tobacco-specific Nicotine-Derived Nitrosamine Ketone (NNK) suggesting that NNK may alter alcohol metabolism. Objective We examined ethanol and acetaldehyde-metabolizing enzyme activities and malondialdehyde adduct formation in rats exposed to ethanol (chronic + binge), NNK, or both. Methods 4-week old Long Evans rats were fed liquid diets containing 0% or 26% caloric ethanol for 8 weeks. Ethanol-fed rats were binge-administered ethanol (2 g/kg; on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays) by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, while control group administered saline in weeks 7 and 8 (n=12/group). Six rats from each group were administered i.p. injections of NNK (2 mg/kg) or saline on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays of weeks 3 through 8. Alcohol dehydrogenase, catalase, and aldehyde dehydrogenase activities were measured using commercial assays. Cytochrome P450 mRNA levels (17 isoforms) were measured by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Malondialdehyde immunoreactivity was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Dual exposures to ethanol and NNK significantly increased frontal lobe ADH activity relative to control (P=0.01) and ethanol only (P=0.04) treatments, and ALDH relative to control (P=0.02). In contrast, malondialdehyde-protein expression was not significantly altered by ethanol+NNK. Ethanol decreased CYP1A1 mRNA expression relative to control (P=0.02), and combined ethanol+NNK exposures decreased the expression of CYP1A1 (P=0.01) and CYP2C6 (P=0.03). Conclusion Dual exposures to ethanol and NNK increase brain ethanol metabolism and inhibit the expression of CYP450s that regulate xenobiotic metabolism.
An Alternative Monte Carlo Method for the K-Eigenfunction?

Major Monte Carlo codes such as MCNP [1] typically use variations on the power iteration [1,2] method to obtain the fundamental mode k-eigenvalue and eigenfunction. This paper describes an alternative to the power iteration method. The new method builds the eigenfunction, one source particle at a time, by starting each new source particle at a location chosen so that the source density tends to better approximate the fundamental eigenfunction. That is, the method adds new source points to regions where the empirical source density appears too low to satisfy the eigenfunction equation.
Application of Lamendin's Adult Dental Aging Technique to a Diverse Skeletal Sample

Lamendin et al. (1) proposed a technique to estimate age at death for adults by analyzing single-rooted teeth. They expressed age as a function of two factors: translucency of the tooth root and periodontosis (gingival regression). In their study, they analyzed 306 singled rooted teeth that were extracted at autopsy from 208 individuals of known age at death, all of whom were considered as having a French ancestry. Their sample consisted of 135 males, 73 females, 198 whites, and 10 blacks. The sample ranged in age from 22 to 90 years of age. By using a simple formulae (A = 0.18 x P + 0.42 x T + 25.53, where A = Age in years, P = Periodontosis height x 100/root height, and T = Transparency height x 100/root height), Lamendin et al. were able to estimate age at death with a mean error of +/- 10 years on their working sample and +/- 8.4 years on a forensic control sample. Lamendin found this technique to work well with a French population, but did not test it outside of that sample area. This study tests the accuracy of this adult aging technique on a more diverse skeletal population, the Terry Collection housed at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History. Our sample consists of 400 teeth from 94 black females, 72 white females, 98 black males, and 95 white males, ranging from 25 to 99 years. Lamendin's technique was applied to this sample to test its applicability to a population not of French origin. Providing results from a diverse skeletal population will aid in establishing the validity of this method to be used in forensic cases, its ideal purpose. Our results suggest that Lamendin's method estimates age fairly accurately outside of the French sample yielding a mean error of 8.2 years, standard deviation 6.9 years, and standard error of the mean 0.34 years. In addition, when ancestry and sex are accounted for, the mean errors are reduced for each group (black females, white females, black males, and white males). Lamendin et al. reported an inter-observer error of 9+/-1.8 and 10+/-2 sears from two independent observers. Forty teeth were randomly remeasured from the Terry Collection in order to assess an intra-observer error. From this retest, an intra-observer error of 6.5 years was detected.
Retaining Structure-Unsaturated Soil Interaction

Under increasing moisture conditions, retaining structures in expansive clays experience swelling stresses. The magnitude of theses stresses varies with the amount of moisture increase and the extent of soil confinement imposed by the retaining structures. This paper describes a systematic study of this problem for three types of retaining structures, namely drilled-shaft, tie back and soil nailed walls. Its approach involves laboratory testing to characterize the swelling properties of the high plasticity clays and finite element simulation of the structural interaction between the soil and the retaining structures due to the moisture changes observed at an instrumented wall site. The magnitude of swelling pressures was found to decrease with depth following the diminishing increase in moisture with depth. The amount of soil confinement effected by the wall significantly increased clay swelling pressures.
Properties Emulation on TD-LTE Electric Power Wireless Private

Aiming at the existing problems in the application of electric power wireless communication, a simulation platform for TD-LTE electric power wireless private network was established to better serve smart grids and conduct application research on time division long term evolution (TD-LTE) technology. The performance of power wireless network was simulated in aspects of link level and performance simulation, which also analyzed influences of wireless parameters on performance of wireless private network. Establishment of this simulation platform can provide technical support for unified construction of electric power terminal communication and further evaluate the network and application of LTE wireless private network, which effectively lay the theoretical foundation for late network planning.
Supravesical hematoma following suprapubic urine aspiration.

AbstractA newborn undergoing evaluation and treatment for neonatal sepsis was found to have a pelvic mass. Exploration revealed a large supravesical hematoma thought to be secondary to prior suprapubic bladder aspiration.
Topical Retinoids in Acne Vulgaris: A Systematic Review

Topical retinoids are a first-line treatment for acne vulgaris. This systematic review aims to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of topical retinoids approved in the United States for the treatment of acne vulgaris. A PubMed and Embase search was conducted using the search terms ‘adapalene,’ ‘tretinoin,’ ‘tazarotene,’ and ‘acne vulgaris.’ Selection of articles fit the following inclusion criteria: clinical trials evaluating both efficacy and safety/tolerability of topical retinoids approved in the United States for the treatment of acne vulgaris and published between January 1, 2008 and September 1, 2018. Exclusion criteria included clinical trials involving 20 subjects or fewer, subjects under 12 years of age, and topical retinoid combination therapies with moisturizers or aloe vera. Of 424 search results found, a total of 54 clinical trials were chosen based on selection criteria. Topical retinoids are superior to vehicle in improving Investigator Global Assessment and Investigator’s Static Global Assessment (24.1–28.8% and 13.3–17.3%, respectively; p < 0.001). A topical retinoid combined with benzoyl peroxide led to IGA improvement compared with vehicle (26.1–34.9% vs 7–11.8%; p < 0.001) at Week 12. Topical retinoid plus an oral antibiotic was superior to vehicle in reducing lesion counts (64–78.9% vs 41–56.8%, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in efficacy between tretinoin and tazarotene. Tretinoin 0.05% resulted in 62% of patients experiencing AEs compared with adapalene 0.1% (19%) and adapalene 0.3% (40%). More patients receiving adapalene were tolerant of the AEs compared with tazarotene (55.4% vs 24.4%; p < 0.0012). Topical retinoids are safe and efficacious for the treatment of acne vulgaris. They should be used in combination with benzoyl peroxide to optimize results in patients. The differences in efficacy of topical retinoids appears minor; therefore, the type of topical retinoid is not as important as choosing a particular strength of topical retinoid and combining it with an antimicrobial agent. Adapalene has a superior tolerability profile amongst topical retinoids.
Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI to predict intratumoral molecular heterogeneity in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

4580Background: Mutation/inactivation of VHL in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) leads to upregulation of hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) and angiogenesis. However, ccRCC is characterized b...
Have my smart lightbulbs been weaponized: introducing computer security issues related to IoT devices

Projects based on current, real-world computer security issues stimulate student curiosity in the field. Incorporating hands on exercises into these projects enables students to conceptualize computer security concepts that are often theoretical. A current issue plaguing the industry is poorly designed, misconfigured Internet of Things (IoT) devices found in the home. To address this issue students created their own IoT device and analyzed the security implications of their design. This paper describes all aspects of this project and the outcomes.
Magnetoelectric Toroidal Confinement

In toroidal magnetic fusion experiments, including the tokamak, gross confinement is provided by static magnetic fields, which cannot do work on the plasma. The addition of electric fields along the minor radius of a toroidal plasma, to provide magnetoelectric toroidal confinement, has been reported in an Electric Field Bumpy Torus (EFBT), and in recent papers at a meeting of the IAEA Technical Committee on Tokamak Plasma Biasing. Such radial electric fields introduce the possibility of doing work on a toroidal plasma. This work, which can be provided by relatively inexpensive DC power supplies, can manifest itself in charged-particle transport radially inward against the density gradient, with concurrent improvements in density or containment time; this work can also manifest itself in heating the ions and electrons to high energies by E/B drift.
Sacred Alters: The Effects of Ego Network Structure on Religious and Political Beliefs:

Does who we know impact how strongly we believe? The claim seems reasonable, but research linking social network composition to political beliefs has produced conflicting results. We argue that met...
An Overall Glance of Evidence Supportive of One-Hour and Two-Hour Postload Plasma Glucose Levels as Predictors of Long-Term Cardiovascular Events

This review summarizes the vast literature describing the long-term epidemiological studies with emphasis on postprandial glucose as a stronger predictor of cardiovascular complications as compared to fasting glucose and HbA1c. Many molecular studies also supported this fact by illustrating that postchallenge hyperglycemia is associated with elevated biomarkers of systemic inflammation in the plasma and thus increasing the chances of vascular damage. Large-scale studies have proved that vascular stiffness, brachial-ankle pulse-wave velocity, carotid intima thickness, and left ventricular hypertrophy have been associated with postprandial glucose as compared to fasting glucose or glycosylated hemoglobin.
Teachers on Reddit? Exploring contributions and interactions in four teaching-related subreddits

The website Reddit has received scant attention from educational researchers despite the presence of numerous teaching-related subreddits that host thousands of threaded conversations. The purpose ...
Inflow or Outflow Obstruction Requiring Surgical Corrections Late after HeartMate 3 Left Ventricular Assist Device Insertion

Purpose Inflow or outflow obstruction is a rare, but critical complication after HeartMate 3 (HM3) LVAD implantation. We report our single center experience of outflow or inflow obstruction requiring surgical intervention after HM3 implant. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 166 patients who underwent primary HM3 implantation at Columbia University Irving Medical Center between November, 2014 and July, 2019. Results Seven cases (4.2%) of inflow or outflow obstruction were identified (Table 1). Median age was 59 years (IQR 44-71), and all but one were men. There were 3 cases of inflow occlusion, 2 outflow graft twists, 1 outflow graft compression by thrombus, and 1 bend relief disconnect. The duration from device implantation to reintervention was 162-804 days. All patients underwent HM 3 implantation via median sternotomy and the pump was placed either in the intrapericardial (n=6) or intrathoracic (n=1) space. Of note, both patients who developed outflow graft twist, had the initial implant prior to introduction of the outflow graft clip. Presence of low flow alarm was the most common presenting sign. CT angiogram identified a problem in 6 out of 7 cases. Surgical approach used for correction is presented in Table 1. Clinical symptoms and/or alarms resolved after surgery in all cases and all patients remain alive on support with median follow-up of 528 days (IQR 49-834). Conclusion HM3 inflow or outflow obstruction is a rare but significant complication of device therapy. CT angiogram is a useful diagnostic modality that should be considered in all patients with persistent low flow alarms. Prompt diagnosis and surgical correction results in good outcomes.
Gait Adaptation Using a Cable-Driven Active Leg Exoskeleton (C-ALEX) With Post-Stroke Participants

Individuals with chronic hemiparesis post-stroke exhibit gait impairments that require functional rehabilitation through training. Exoskeletal robotic assistive devices can provide a user with continuous assistance but impose movement restrictions. There are currently devices that allow unrestricted movement but provide assistance only intermittently at specific points of the gait cycle. Our design, a cable-driven active leg exoskeleton (C-ALEX), allows the user both unrestricted movement and continuous force assistance throughout the gait cycle to assist the user in new walking patterns. In this study, we assessed the ability of C-ALEX to induce a change in the walking patterns of ten post-stroke participants using a single-session training protocol. The ability of C-ALEX to accurately provide forces and torques in the desired directions was also evaluated to compare its design performance to traditional rigid-link designs. Participants were able to reach 91% ± 12% of their target step length and 89% ± 13% of their target step height. The achieved step parameters differed significantly from participant baselines ( ${p} ). To quantify the performance, the forces in each cable’s out of the plane movements were evaluated relative to the in-plane desired cable tension magnitudes. This corresponded to an error of under 2Nm in the desired controlled joint torques. This error magnitude is low compared to the system command torques and typical adult biological torques during walking (2–4%). These results point to the utility of using non-restrictive cable-driven architectures in gait retraining, in which future focus can be on rehabilitating gait pathologies seen in stroke survivors.
Pathways to Becoming a Culturally Responsive Teacher: Narrative Inquiries into a Translanguaging Read Aloud

The increasing mismatch between the cultural backgrounds of teachers and students has caused teacher education programs (TEPs) to scramble to identify effective pedagogy that will prepare preservice teachers (PSTs) to work with diverse populations. One unexamined technique is the use of translanguaging books, which intertwine two languages for a myriad of social, emotional, and cognitive benefits. The present narrative inquiry follows two PSTs, Kathleen and Laura, who engaged in shared readings of translanguaging books within an after-school literacy program for struggling second grade English language learners (ELLs). Data include journal reflections and individual interviews. Results show that the translanguaging books shattered their perceptions of the linguistic boundaries between English and Spanish, and illustrated how language can be used to alienate students. However, Kathleen and Laura had contrasting views about the purpose of the translanguaging read alouds which illustrate implications for TEPs: a) authentic experience is essential to enable PSTs to challenge current monolingual ideologies; b) PSTs must be given the opportunity to engage in tasks that challenge their underlying assumptions; and c) TEPs should focus on the importance of cultural responsiveness, so that PSTs develop a prominent belief system that can be quickly recalled and enacted in the classroom.
Low blaze angle gratings for x-ray and EUV applications

Low groove density gratings with blaze angles as low as 0.1‡ are required for plane grating monochromators for x-ray synchrotron and Free Electron Laser applications. To achieve so small a blaze angles we developed a process of reduction of the blaze angle of a coarse Si grating fabricated by anisotropic wet etching. The coarse grating with a blaze angle of 4° is planarized by a polymer layer and then plasma etching is applied to remove the polymer and underlying silicon material. The appropriate ratio of etch rates of Si and the polymer material provides reduction of the groove depth and the blaze angle. We developed a set of reduction recipes which provide blaze angle reduction down to 0.04° with high accuracy and which preserves the perfect triangular shape of the grooves. The ultra-low blaze angle grating coated with a Mo/Si multilayer exhibits a record diffraction efficiency of 58% due to the perfect match of the groove depth with the multilayer d-spacing. This opens up wide possibilities for making highly accurate and efficient diffraction gratings for tender x-ray, free electron laser, and EUV lithography applications. The low blaze angle gratings have a perfect triangular groove profile and highly smooth surfaces of the blazed facets which ensures high diffraction efficiency of the x-ray gratings.