cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autoregulation of Epstein-Barr virus putative lytic switch gene BZLF1.

Expression of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) BZLF1 gene in latently infected lymphocytes is sufficient to trigger the viral lytic cycle. As shown in the accompanying report (E. Flemington and S.H. Speck, J. Virol. 64:1217-1226, 1990), the promoter for the BZLF1 gene (Zp) contains two distinct types of elements (ZI and ZII [an AP-1-like domain]) which are responsive to the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), an inducer of the viral lytic cycle. Although Zp can be activated with TPA in an EBV-negative Burkitt's lymphoma cell line (Ramos), its activity is considerably lower than in EBV-positive cell lines which can be induced with TPA. Here we show that the protein product of the BZLF1 gene (ZEBRA) can transactivate its own promoter by a mechanism which involves direct binding to a region distinct from the ZI and ZII element. Moreover, we show that this region is composed of two distinct ZEBRA-binding-transactivation domains. Interestingly, these two domains are not homologous, and while one domain (ZIIIA) is similar to previously described ZEBRA-binding domains, the second (ZIIIB) is a higher-affinity site which bears no detectable homology to the consensus ZEBRA recognition sequence. We also show that transactivation is independent of the otherwise essential ZII domain, suggesting that ZEBRA binding may functionally replace or supercede the need for a functional ZII domain. This observation supports a model for activation of the lytic cycle whereby synthesis of a critical level of ZEBRA signals commitment to BZLF1 transcription and initiation of the lytic cascade.
Risk factors for hospitalization among older, incident haemodialysis patients.

Aims The number of elderly persons with end-stage renal disease is increasing with many requiring hospitalizations. This study examines the causes and predictors of hospitalization in older haemodialysis patients. Methods We reviewed hospitalizations of older (≥65 years) incident chronic haemodialysis patients initiating therapy between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2009 under the care of a single Midwestern United States dialysis provider. Results Of 125 patients, the mean age was 76 ± 7 years and 72% were male. At first dialysis, 68% used a central venous catheter (CVC) and 51% were in the hospital. Mean follow-up was 1.8 ± 1.0 years. At least one hospitalization occurred in 89 (71%) patients and half of all patients were hospitalized once within the first 223 days. Total hospital admission rate was 1.48 per patient year with hospital days totalling 8.54 days per patient year. The three most common reasons for first admission were cardiac (33%), infection (18%) and gastrointestinal (12%). Predictors of future hospitalization included the first dialysis occurring in hospital (hazard ratios (HR) 2.1, 95% CI 1.4–3.3, P = 0.0005) and the use of a CVC at first haemodialysis (HR 2.6, CI 1.6–4.4, P < 0.0001). Conclusion Hospitalizations are common in older incident haemodialysis patients. Access preparation and overall burden of illness leading to the initial hospitalization appear to play a role. Identification of additional factors associated with hospitalization will allow for focused interventions to reduce hospitalization rates and increase the value of care.
Algal turf scrubbers: Periphyton production and nutrient recovery on a South Florida citrus farm

Abstract There is a strong need to develop strategies that reduce nutrient loading to Florida’s waters. The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutrient-removing ability and growth rate of periphyton, grown on an Algal Turf Scrubber (ATS™) that received runoff from a citrus orchard operated by the USDA in southern Florida. A pilot scale ATS (1.2 m wide × 234 m long; 0.5% declining grade) was constructed and received a continuous flow (227 L min−1) of water pumped from the orchard’s drainage canal. Over an 18-month period, PO4-P, NO3-N, NO2-N and NH4+ removal averaged 16%, 49%, 19% and 41%, respectively. On average, the entire flow-way yielded 5.5 g m−2 day−1 (range: 1–16 g m−2 day−1) of periphyton (dry weight). However, the upper 60 m yielded 11 g m−2 day−1 (range: 1–26 g m−2 day−1). Over 54% of total production occurred in the upper 26% of the flow-way and growth rate over the entire flow-way, increased 195% during the summer months (June–Aug.) when compared to winter months (Jan.–Mar.). Harvested periphyton contained an average of 24.1% C, 3.8% N, 0.38% P, and 0.003% Si. The harvesting of periphyton from the entire flow-way removed a mean of 0.02 g m−2 day−1 of total phosphorus, and 0.18 g m−2 day−1 of total nitrogen. However, the highly productive upstream (1–30 m) section of the flow-way removed a mean of 0.05 g m−2 day−1 of total phosphorus, and 0.49 g m−2 day−1 of total nitrogen. During colonization, diatom chains (Aulocoseira spp.) along with various pennate diatoms dominated. However, the community was dominated by filamentous Chlorophyta for most of the study. Although this is a preliminary study to provide foundational information necessary for future optimization experiments, nutrient removal observed suggests a potential for the use of ATSs as an effective means of treating agricultural runoff from citrus and other fruit tree orchards while yielding periphyton.
Application of photodegraded polythene films for the treatment of Drimarene Brilliant Red (DBR) dye

Abstract The aim of this research was to generate titania-embedded polythene (PE) material that is photo catalytically degradable and could also serve as a photocatalysis vehicle. Titania Nanoparticles (TNPs) prepared from General Purpose TiO 2 powder, by hydrothermal method and characterized by SEM, XRD and EDX, were used to prepare pure and titania embedded (0–20%) PE composite films. Photocatalytic degradation, separately under UV and visible light, of these films was monitored for a period of 90 days. PE film weight loss, due to degradation, under UV and visible light, was found to be 60% and 33% respectively. The film deterioration was confirmed by FTIR and SEM analysis. On the other hand, the potential of the degraded titania-PE material, to photo catalytically degrade a model pollutant, Drimarene Brilliant Red (DBR) dye, was examined. For this purpose, PE films having suffered around 50% weight loss were allowed to interact with DBR dye, in a batch mode, under UV and visible light. Compared to the fresh titania-embedded films, the degraded material showed a considerable activity as regards discoloration of the dye, following zero order kinetics. The novel photocatalyst (degraded titania embedded PE films) was recovered and reused for four cycles with minor loss of activity.
Effects of storage conditions and hemolysis on vitamin E concentrations in porcine serum and liver

Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) is an antioxidant vitamin important in protecting unsaturated fatty acids in lipid membranes from peroxidation. Variation in collection, storage, and shipping conditions of samples can potentially lead to breakdown of vitamin E prior to analysis. Therefore, the purposes of this project were 1) to determine the stability of vitamin E in refrigerated and frozen porcine liver and serum and 2) to evaluate the effects of red blood cell (RBC) hemolysis on porcine serum vitamin E concentrations. Porcine liver and nonhemolyzed serum were collected and stored refrigerated or frozen. Samples were analyzed for vitamin E immediately or on days 2, 3, 7, or 14. In addition, porcine RBCs were added to normal serum at concentrations from 1 x 10(6) to 1 X 10(9) RBC/ml and hemolyzed by freeze-thaw prior to analysis for vitamin E or products of lipid peroxidation.
Getting Past the “Government Sucks” Story How Government Really Matters

American business scholars have crippled their own work by ignoring the positive contributions of government spending and regulation. Because of the efforts made by corporate executives over the past generation to limit the power of government, business school academics have had little incentive to take a realistic view of the contributions governments make to business success. As a result, these scholars rarely acknowledge either the Keynesian or the Schumpeterian functions of government. This neglect has crippled scholarship, because these two functions have a significant effect on business strategies, organization, entrepreneurship, innovation, marketing, ethics, and business—government relations. Government's Keynesian function stimulates demand for goods and services through purchases and income redistribution. Government's Schumpeterian function lowers the cost of innovation through regulatory requirements, R&D subsidies, and the procurement of expensive new technology. Additional research is requir...
Facies Classification Using P-to-P And P-to-S AVO Attributes

Summary It is well known that S (shear wave) information can sometimes be decisive for successfully identifying different facies in a reservoir using seismic methods. With the use of multicomponent receivers, it is possible to record converted S waves, even when using conventional P wave source. In this paper we present a linear approximation of the Zoeppritz's equation for the reflectivity of converted P-S waves. Similar to Shuey's equation for the P-P case, the proposed P-S reflectivity approximation defines a gradient (E). In practice, E can be derived from the amplitudes of a particular seismic event in the traces of converted CDP gathers, with a least squares technique. Using real well logs and the Bayesian non-parametric classification methods we quantified the classification success rate. In cases where P-P AVO Shuey's parameters A and B are less reliable (more uncertainty in their estimation, because of noise) than E, the facies classification could be improved by including the P-S gradient. This situation could occur in reservoirs with gas chimneys, for example. We estimated the added value of the P-S gradient, for reducing uncertainty in seismic facies discrimination with AVO parameters.
Santa Maria Maggiore's Fifth-Century Mosaics: Triumphal Christianity and the Jews

The fifth-century mosaics of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome represent the oldest surviving program of mosaic decoration in a Christian church. Its political context includes the steady drain of political authority and power to the Eastern empire from the early fourth century forward, the proscription of paganism at the end of the fourth century, and the massively disruptive Sack of Rome by Alaric in 410 CE. In the vacuum of political power in the West, the papacy under Sixtus III made a strong claim for a new basis of Roman power—the religious primacy of the city of Peter and Paul under papal leadership. The building and decoration of Santa Maria Maggiore played an important role in the consolidation and public announcement of papal power.
Mapping cortical columnar structures using fMRI

Mapping cortical columnar structures is important to understand cortical information processing. To map submillimeter columnar structures noninvasively, we have evaluated various functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques using a well-established feline orientation column model. The conventional positive blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal is widespread and diffuse due to large venous vessel contributions, resulting in its poor specificity to columns. However, the early-negative BOLD signal is induced by the early oxygen consumption increase without significant change in blood flow. This negative signal has been successfully applied for columnar mapping. Tissue-specific cerebral blood flow (CBF) response is also specific to individual cortical columns, suggesting that parenchyma-specific fMRI techniques are capable to map individual single-condition functional cortical columns in animals as well as humans.
Light and ultrastructural characteristics of neuroblastoma glioma hybrid NG 108-15 cells.

"Undifferentiated" neuroblastoma glioma hybrid NG 108-15 cells have not previously been characterized at a light and ultrastructural level despite their use in opiate receptor studies and their possession of one or more opioids. Three cell types rather than one were found. Type A is the classic round hybridoma cell. Type B is a neuron like cell and Type C is a giant cell similar to Type A cells but larger and with dense cytoplasm. Dense core vesicles, 800-1200 Ao in diameter were found as were virus particles in most Type A cells. Multivesicular bodies with clear vesicles which are interpreted as glutaraldehyde artefacts were found but no clear neurosecretory vesicles were found in any A cells--Etorphine at 10(-6) M for 48 hours and naloxone 10(-4) M were employed to product dependence and precipitated abstinence but no clear cut morphologic differences were noted between control, opiate dependent and precipitated abstinent cells.
Further Examination of Covert Audio Coaching on Improving Employment Skills among Secondary Students with Autism

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have difficulty maintaining employment, and there are few evidenced-based practices to guide professionals when developing employment skills among this population. The purpose of this study was to extend the literature on covert audio coaching (CAC) by examining its effects on high school students with ASD performing a job task. We used a multiple baseline design across participants. With the introduction of CAC, the participants’ job task accuracy and fluency improved. Additionally, the participants’ skills maintained for several weeks and showed preliminary evidence of effectiveness for the same task completed in a community-based worksite.
Psychological Approach to Pain Modulation

depth of contributions by authors who are experts in the widely ranging and diverse areas within the growing field of pain medicine. As such, it provides the reader with a comprehensive review of the neurological basis of pain. Topics range from basic anatomy and the most recent advances in our understanding of painrelated pathophysiology, to practical, clinically-relevant pain management topics such as applied pharmacology and interventional and rehabilitation therapies. Neuropathic pain is detailed, as is pain in common neurological disorders. Welcome additions to this text are topics such as ethics, quality assurance, and outcome measures that complement the basic and clinical science sections. One weakness of this book is the uneven length of chapters and the even more uneven length of reference lists. Overall, this textbook should be a welcome addition both to neurological libraries and those of all practicing clinicians whose practice includes a substantial number of patients with painful disorders.
Ambiguity, synecdoche and affect in semai medicine

Semai descriptions of their beliefs about health and disease vary from person to person. Moreover, at different times the same person expresses mutually incongruent beliefs. This amorphousness and fluidity merit analysis rather than neatening. This paper details Semai beliefs, loose ends and all, and suggests that their formal peculiarities are due to the prevalence of synecdoche in conceptual organization. Their inconsistency and fluidity may stem from individualistic egalitarianism within Semai society and powerlessness in the face of nonSemai attack. Finally, it is suggested that construing indigenous medicine as a crude form of Western medicine leads to overtidiness and consequent error.
SFG-GP: An effective tutoring system for goal programming

Most educational software packages for management science/operations research (MS/OR) introduced in the 1980s were designed mainly to obtain model solutions efficiently. As an effective teaching (or learning) aid, MS/OR software should be designed as a drill and practice program to encourage the student's participation in solving a model. It should also provide clear explanations of the solution procedure. Consequently, educational MS/OR software should adopt a solution algorithm that can help students learn MS/OR models more effectively, rather than simply achieving computational efficiency. Thus, MS/OR software should ask questions, compare answers of the students and experts, and provide explanations to enhance students' understanding of MS/OR techniques. To demonstrate these features, we developed SFG-GP (Signal Flow Graph Method of Goal Programming) which not only encourages students to participate in solution procedures, but also provides necessary explanations using predetermined sentences.
Experiments on forced convection from a horizontal heated plate in a packed bed of glass spheres

This paper presents an experimental investigation of boundary-layer forced convective heat transfer from a flat isothermal plate in a packed bed of spheres. Extensive experimental results are reported for the thermal boundary-layer thickness, the temperature field, and the local wall heat flux (represented by the local Nusselt number). Theoretical findings of previous investigations using the Darcy flow model as well as a general model for themomentum equation accouting for flow inertia and macroscopic shear wtih and without variable porosity are used to evaluate the theoretical models. Several trends are revealed regarding the conditions of validity of these flow models. Overall the general flow model including variable porosity appears to perform better, even through the need for serious improvements in modeling becomes apparent.
Heparin and protamine titration do not improve haemostasis in cardiac surgical patients.

Purpose Weight-based heparin and protamine dosing strategies for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) do not take into account interpatient variability in drug sensitivity and may result in bleeding complications. We compared the Hemochron® RxDx heparin and protamine titration system with standard weight based management with regard to heparin dose, protamine dose, and perioperative bleeding.
Isolation and characterization of 9 polymorphic microsatellite markers for the endangered boring giant clam (Tridacna crocea) and cross-priming testing in three other Tridacnid species

We report the development and characterization of nine microsatellite markers from the Tridacna crocea genome. In a wild population of 20 individuals from Ulugan Bay in the Republic of the Philippines, we observed an average of 9 alleles per locus and expected heterozygosity ranging from 0.41 to 0.92. Cross-species priming was tested in three additional Tridacna species with moderate success. These markers will be used in studies of fine-scale population genetic structure and gene flow in T. crocea. The markers may also be useful in a forensic context by identifying source populations of giant clams collected illegally for the live aquarium trade, while protecting legal exports from aquaculture facilities.
Neuron numbers and dendritic extent in normal aging and alzheimer's disease

Evidence is reviewed regarding neuron numbers and dendritic extent in normal aging in rodent, monkey and human brain and in Alzheimer's disease (AD) in man. Neuron loss and change in dendritic extent appear to be regionally specific but not identical in rodents and primates. In AD there is excess neuron loss and dendritic regression in some but not all brain regions. Overlap between AD and control groups, however, is known to occur. Methods to assess dynamic morphology of the living brain may be superior to analysis of static, post-mortem brain structure in explaining functional deficits in AD and normal aging.
The Effect of Mother's Employment on the Achievement, Aspirations, and Expectations of the Child

This study of 3,014 high school seniors examined school achievement and educational aspirations and expectations of youth of working and nonworking mothers. The sample was stratified by socio-economic level and by the sex of the student. The fact that mothers were employed full-time appeared to have little, if any, detrimental effect on children in regard to educational aspirations, expectations, and achievement. There was even a trend for these children to have higher educational aspirations and expectations than children of nonworking mothers, with the exception of boys from the professional socio-economic level. Aspirations and expectations were less divergent at higher socio-economic levels than at lower levels. Girls with working mothers planned to combine a homemaking and working career in their own lives more often than did girls with nonworking mothers. Children of both sexes with working mothers, at lower socio-economic levels but not at professional levels, expected more financial help from their family for future schooling.
Rebar Detection with Cover Meter and Ultrasonic Pulse Echo Combined with Automated Scanning System

A sufficient concrete cover is essential to ensure the durability of reinforced concrete structures. Nondestructive testing methods that can measure the concrete cover are therefore promising tools. As a part of a research project funded by the Florida Department of Transportation, the capabilities and limitations of cover meter measurements in relation to this testing problem were investigated. Researchers designed a reinforced concrete test block on which properties such as rebar depth, size, and spacing and number of reinforcement layers were varied; the effects these variations had on the measurements were studied. The use of an automated testing frame consisting of two scanners that examined the test block from both sides ensured high positioning accuracy and constant quality in data acquisition and made possible the collection of the data along an extremely dense grid. In addition to the cover meter measurements, which referred only to the cover of the layer closest to the surface, ultrasonic pulse echo measurements were conducted, and a synthetic aperture focusing technique was applied to the data to make the rebars become apparent in refined B-scan images.
Analysis of geological soil effects on EMI responses relevant to UXO discrimination

Electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensing of a highly conducting and permeable metallic object buried inside a permeable medium is studied. The numerical technique is based on the method of auxiliary sources (MAS) and combined MAS/ thin skin depth approximation (MAS/TSA). The effect of the air/soil interface is accounted for via image theory, tailored for the quasi-magnetostatic case. First, the electromagnetic field inside a permeable medium originating from a state of the art EMI sensor is modeled using image theory. Image theory is then expanded to treat multi-layered cases. An analytical expression is derived for determining a half space magnetic permeability from EMI data, and is applied to measured data. The MAS/TSA is used for solving the full EMI scattering problem for a heterogeneous, highly conducting and permeable metallic object in a permeable medium. Several numerical examples are designed to show how the geological soil"s magnetic permeability can affect the signal from a buried metallic object.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
High-resolution heat-capacity study of 4 He adsorbed on bare copper

Detailed heat-capacity measurements have been made over the rangex=0.03–1.15 monolayers and the temperature rangeT=1–10 K. A small, on-line computer acquired and reduced the data in a very reproducible manner. Vapor-pressure measurements indicate that the substrate is strongly heterogeneous. The heat capacity, while qualitatively similar to previous data on Ar-plated copper, is best explained by a model based on extreme surface heterogeneity.
A Study of the Causes of Feelings of Inferiority

(1938). A Study of the Causes of Feelings of Inferiority. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 315-332.
DIGITAL COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF HUMAN ISOTOPIC DRUG KINETICS.

Abstract The availability of digital computer techniques for the analysis of radioactive and stable drug data in obtaining kinetic factors permits us to learn more about the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of various drugs which are now being used. This information permits us to draw conclusions regarding dose schedules, to correlate duration of action with plasma levels and to predict drug accumulation with repeated dosage. The results of studies carried out to date have often revealed unexpected deviations which have been shown to be clinically important in considering drug action and dosage.
The Rape of Persephone: A Greek Scenario of Women's Initiation

Within the last fifteen years, scholars have shown considerable interest in the ritual life of women in antiquity, and have been particularly successful in recognizing the traces of women's initiatory rituals in various Greek and Roman ceremonies and myths. With regard to the Greek materials, the Arrephoria and Brauronia festivals have been treated in this light, as have two ceremonies in which details of the Demeter-Persephone mythos were reenacted: the Thesmophoria and the Haloa.
Analysis on Lightning Withstand Level of Back Striking Flashover for Double-Circuit Transmission Line

The double-circuit transmission lines have already been the significant component of power system. Because of the symmetric insulation of the two circuits, the case that both circuits trip out often happens when the tower suffer lightning strike. And it harms the stability of power system and causes serious impacts to power equipments. In this paper, an electric-magnetic transient simulation model was established. Using this model, combining the analysis of physical mechanism of back striking trip-out, the influences of earth resistance, height of tower and length of insulator on the lightning withstand level of back striking (LWLBS) were clarified. The LWLBS of high tower is much low, therefore the relative high tower should be paid more attention to defense the back striking. Reducing the earth resistance and increasing the length of insulator can both upgrade the LWLBS observably. Especially, reducing the earth resistance can enhance the effect of upgrading the LWLBS by increasing the length of insulator.
Indirect wrist MR arthrography: the effects of passive motion versus active exercise

Purpose.In the wrist, to determine whether passive motion or active exercise yields a better indirect MR arthrographic effect following intravenous gadolinium administration.
Grain Dust and Endotoxin Inhalation Challenges Produce Similar Inflammatory Responses in Normal Subjects

Study objective To compare the physiologic and inflammatory response following inhalation of corn dust extract (CDE) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) solutions in normal subjects. Design Randomized, double-blind crossover design. Participants Fourteen healthy, nonatopic, nonasthmatic, never-smoking volunteers. Interventions On separate visits, subjects underwent a series of four inhalation challenges to LPS or CDE, each containing either a high (6 pg/mL) or low (0.9 pg/mL) endotoxin concentration, and administered at equal volumes. Results Chest tightness, cough, dyspnea, and sputum production were experienced following both LPS and CDE exposures and with similar frequency at both high and low endotoxin concentrations. LPS and CDE inhalations caused acute declines in FEV 1 , and the changes in FEV 1 from baseline following exposure to both inhalants were not significantly different at both high and low endotoxin concentrations. Following exposure to the high-endotoxin LPS and CDE, no consistent differences in total cell and cytokine (tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], interleukin-1β [IL-1β], IL-6, IL-8) concentrations were seen between exposures, although the neutrophil concentration was greater following the LPS exposure (p=0.01). BAL cellularity and cytokine concentrations following the low-endotoxin LPS and CDE exposure revealed no differences, except for IL-1β, which was greater following LPS exposure (p=0.05). The high-endotoxin LPS and CDE exposures resulted in greater increases in BAL neutrophils and cytokines in comparison to its respective low-endotoxin exposure. Conclusions At equivalent exposure levels of endotoxin, LPS and CDE result in similar symptoms, changes in airflow, and increases in BAL inflammatory cells and mediators. Moreover, the physiologic and inflammatory response to LPS and CDE appears to be related to the exposure level of endotoxin.
Of Tent Shows and Liturgies: One breath left: Dies Iræ

The Workcenter of Jerzy Grotowski and Thomas Richards claims that their Project The Bridge: Developing Theatre Arts, open to the paying public, hosts the emergence of “performance/non-performance” structures. Performed solely in Istanbul in 2003, One breath left: Dies Irae was a pivotal moment in the Project's development.
The sincerest form of flattery: Innovation, repetition, and status in an art movement

Abstract How does art influence the status of the artists that make it? Sociologists argue that the shared use of artistic conventions produces status arrays, but we have not subjected this claim to empirical investigation. Some common metrics of status are popularity with the public and esteem from peers or critics, but these measurements have not been connected with artistic conventions. We expect that convention-derived artistic status achieves independence from other status orders (e.g., that built from sales) only after the field establishes its autonomy, or becomes “artistically legitimate.” Using rap music as a case study, and a novel operationalization of artistic status (the innovation and repetition of artistic content), we explore the association between artistic status and public popularity before and after rap music acquires the attributes of an “art” genre. We find support for our expectations of status order decoupling and find suggestive evidence that organizational and aesthetic category-spanning pays dividends in artistic status. Our study provides an empirical demonstration of the micro-processes that produce the status orders that theorists have argued characterize art worlds.
Three-Photon Absorption in Semiconductors

The three-photon-transition absorption process is theoretically considered for different types of the energy-band model. It is shown that the present result reduces to the previous existing result for the case of the two-band model. It is also shown that if the effective mass of the electrons and the holes is anisotropic, the absorption process is dependent, in a very complicated way, on the polarization of the incident light.
Arthroscopic Management of Scapholunate Instability

Wrist arthroscopy plays a valuable role in the management of scapholunate instability. A spectrum of injuries can occur to the scapholunate interosseous ligament, which may be difficult to detect with imaging studies. Wrist arthroscopy enables detection and management of injury to the scapholunate ligament under bright light and magnified conditions, in both acute and chronic situations.
Infrared behavior at negative curvature

Abstract It is argued that constant negative curvature provides a very convenient infrared regulator for interacting euclidean quantum field theories. The two-dimensional XY model on a space with such curvature is disordered at arbitrarily small non-zero temperatures by topologically non-trivial fluctuations (vortices), even though the effect of perturbative fluctuations (spin-waves) is negligible at large distances. Similarly, constant negative curvature brings the infrared behavior of QCD (as well as the ultraviolet behavior, of course) under analytic control without any conflict with gauge invariance. In particular, for weak coupling there is a unique single instanton solution and the instanton gas is truly dilute.
Native bare zone assemblage nucleates myosin filament assembly.

Abstract Native myosin filaments from rabbit psoas muscle are always 1·5 μm long. The regulated assembly of these filaments is generally considered to occur by an initial antiparallel and subsequent parallel aggregation of identical myosin subunits. In this schema myosin filament length is controlled by either a self-assembly or a Vernier process. We present evidence which refines these ideas. Namely, that the intact myosin bare zone assemblage nucleates myosin filament assembly. This suggestion is based on the following experimental evidence. (1) A native bare zone assemblage about 0·3 μm long can be formed by dialysis of native myosin filaments to either a pH 8 or a 0·2 m -KCl solution. (2) Upon dialysis back to 0·1 m -KCl, bare zone assemblages and distal myosin molecules recombine to form 1·5 μm long bipolar filaments. (3) The bare zone assemblage can be separated from the distal myosin molecules by column chromatography in 0·2 m -KCl. Upon dialysis of the fractionated subsets back to 0.1 m -KCl, the bare zone assemblage retains its length of about 0·3 μm. However, the distal molecules reassemble to form filaments about 5 μm long. (4) Filaments are formed from mixes of the isolated subsets. The lengths of these filaments vary with the amount of distal myosin present. (5) When native filaments, isolated bare zone assemblages or distal myosin molecules are moved sequentially to 0·6 m -KCl and then to 0·1 m -KCl. the final filament lengths are all about 5 μm. The capacity of the bare zone assemblage to nucleate filament assembly may be due to the bare zone myosin molecules, the associated M band components or both.
Practical issues with 3D noise measurements and application to modern infrared sensors

The two most important characteristics of every infrared imaging system are its resolution and its sensitivity. The resolution is limited by the system's Modulation Transfer Function (MTF), which is typically measurable. System sensitivity is limited by noise, which for infrared systems is usually thought of as a Noise Equivalent Temperature Difference (NETD). However, complete characterization of system noise in modern systems requires the 3D-Noise methodology (developed at NVESD), which separates the system noise into 7 orthogonal components including both temporal-varying and fixed-pattern noises. This separation of noise components is particularly relevant and important in characterizing Focal Plane Arrays (FPA), where fixed-pattern noise can dominate. Since fixed-pattern noise cannot be integrated out by post-processing or by the eye, it is more damaging to range performance than temporally-varying noise. While the 3D-Noise methodology is straightforward, there are several important practical considerations that must be accounted for in accurately measuring 3D Noise in the laboratory. This paper describes these practical considerations, the measurement procedures used in the Advanced Sensor Evaluation Facility (ASEF) at NVESD, and their application to characterizing modern and future infrared imaging systems.
Brain evolution and lifespan regulation: conservation of signal transduction pathways that regulate energy metabolism

Mechanisms for sensing, acquiring, storing and using energy are fundamental to the survival of organisms at all levels of the phylogenetic scale. Single-cell organisms evolved surface receptors that sense an energy source and, via signal transduction pathways that couple the receptors to the cell cytoskeleton move towards the energy source. Mutlicellular organisms evolved under conditions that favored species that developed complex mechanisms for obtaining food, with nervous systems being critical mediators of energy acquisition and regulators of energy metabolism. A conserved signaling system involved in regulating cellular and organismal energy metabolism, and in sensing and responding to energy/food-related environmental signals, involves receptors coupled to the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-Akt signaling pathway. Prominent activators of this pathway are insulin, insulin-like growth factors and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Recent studies in diverse organisms including nematodes, flies and rodents have provided evidence that insulin-like signaling in the nervous system can control lifespan, perhaps by modulating stress responses and energy metabolism. Interestingly, the lifespan-extending effect of dietary restriction in rodents is associated with increased BDNF signaling in the brain, and a related increase of peripheral insulin sensitivity, suggesting a mechanism whereby the brain can control lifespan. Thus a prominent evolutionarily conserved function of the nervous system is to regulate food acquisition and energy metabolism, thereby controlling lifespan.
Target Enormoz: Soviet Nuclear Espionage on the West Coast of the United States, 1942–1950

Alexander Vassiliev's notebooks fill in long-standing gaps in historians' understanding of Soviet nuclear espionage in the western United States during the Second World War and Cold War. Scholars are, in effect, finally able to see some of the most notorious spy cases in modern history from the Soviet side. The notebooks exonerate some individuals who were accused of spying—and whose careers were ruined as a result—while confirming the guilt of others. These revelations include an arguably definitive answer to a question that has been the centerpiece of Cold War controversy for more than half a century: whether the renowned American physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer was, as alleged at the time, “an agent of the Soviet Union.” The new evidence indicates that he was not a spy.
Atom binding at overlayers: Re on W(211)

Abstract Observations with the field-ion microscope have been made of the formation and structure of rhenium overlayers on W(211), as well as of the behavior of Re adatoms bound on top of the layer and at the layer edge. A well-ordered pseudomorphic rhenium film is formed by deposition and annealing at T > 500 K, and its structure has been established using a migrating Re adatom as a probe. Relative binding energies at a close-packed edge of the layer have been deduced from the frequency with which different sites are occupied by a rhenium adatom. The relative strength of binding varies markedly with the number of sites available at the edge. For a layer with 5 sites, binding is found to deviate dramatically from the predictions of the usual pairwise bonding schemes, in that interactions at the central site, where the coordination is highest, are weaker than at adjacent sites.
The Effects of Reward Structure on Student Evaluation in a CAI Lesson.

THIS STUDY examined the effects of reward structures on the ability of students to evaluate the correctness of their responses to open-ended questions in a Computer-Based Instruction (CBI) lesson. Students’ ability to evaluate responses was influenced, to some extent, by their incentive to achieve. In most instances, the evaluations of expert evaluators and students were found to correspond. However, differences between evaluations occurred when students perceive their responses as correct and evaluators evaluate them as incorrect. It was also found that the order in which the assessment items were presented affected evaluation performance.
Low temperature synthesis and dielectric properties of ceramics derived from amorphous barium titanate gels and crystalline powders

Water-soluble titanyl acylate precursor, prepared by molecular modification of titanium(IV) isopropoxide, was used with inexpensive water-soluble barium acetate for the synthesis of high purity BaTiO3. The amorphous gels obtained under acidic conditions were calcined at 1000°C to obtain high purity, crystalline BaTiO3 pwders (sol-gel process). The same precursors were used under alkaline conditions (pH 13) to precipitate crystalline, ultrafine (less than 100 nm) BaTiO3 powders diretly at temperatures below 100°C (sol-precipitation process). On sintering at 1350°C, relatively dense (85%–90%) ceramic bodies with good dielectric properties were obtained from gels calcined at temperatures above 1000°C. Sol-precipitated powders were calcined (950–1000°C), compacted and sintered (1350°C) to obtain dense (92%–96%) ceramic bodies without using any sintering additives. The room temperature dielectric constant (at 1 KHz) of these ceramics was about 1000 with a dielectric loss (tan δ) of 0.01. Mechanisms for the evolution of crystalline BaTiO3 in the sol-gel and the sol-precipitation processes are proposed and discussed in the context of microstructure and dielectric properties.
Facial skin care products and cosmetics

Facial skin care products and cosmetics can both aid or incite facial dermatoses. Properly selected skin care can create an environment for barrier repair aiding in the re-establishment of a healing biofilm and diminution of facial redness; however, skin care products that aggressively remove intercellular lipids or cause irritation must be eliminated before the red face will resolve. Cosmetics are an additive variable either aiding or challenging facial skin health.
Facial Flushing with Food: The Auriculotemporal Syndrome

A 25-year-old woman complained of a bilateral facial rash that developed while consuming a variety of foods, including citrus fruits and sweets. The rash had occurred throughout her life without an inciting event and was not associated with other symptoms. In clinic, the rash was reproduced within 1 min after chewing a tart candy. Auriculotemporal syndrome (AS), also known as gustatory flushing or Frey’s syndrome, is an under-recognized cause of facial erythema that is commonly mistaken for a food allergy. It is likely caused by aberrant regeneration of parasympathetic nerves that innervate sympathetic cutaneous vasculature and sweat glands, resulting in facial flushing and sweating following gustatory stimuli1. AS is typically unilateral and occurs in approximately 23 % of individuals following parotid surgery2. Trauma, inflammation, and local tumors are among reported causes in non-postoperative cases, but are not always identified by patient history. Bilateral involvement may be explained by congenital malformation, although is usually seen in infants3. The persisting symptoms described by our patient are unusual. No testing is needed to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment is usually not required, since spontaneous remission typically occurs within 2–5 years among non-postoperative cases4. For severe cases, anticholinergics, topical antiperspirants, botulinum toxin injection, or surgery provide variable success.
Specificity of hemorrhagic proteinase from Crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake) venom

Hemorrhagic proteinase, HTb, isolated from Crotalus utrox (western diamondback rattlesnake) venom was studied for its specificity. HTb showed dibrinogenase activity, hydrolyzing the Aα chain of fibrinogen first. followed by the cleavage of the Bβ chain. HTb is different from thrombin and did not produce a fibrin clot. The degradation products of fibrinogen were found to be different, indicating that the cleavage sites in the Aα and Bβ chains are different from those of thrombin, N-Benzoyl-Phe-Val-Arg-p-nitroanilide was not hydrolyzed by HTb, although this substrate was hydrolyzed by thrombin and reptilase.
Geothermal energy and the environment: The global experience

Abstract The conflict between energy supply and the environment is one of the critical issues of our time, and geothermal energy, often touted as plentiful and environmentally benign, has received a measure of attention as one possible answer to the problem. Some environmental issues, however, have been encountered during the development of the world's geothermal resources and these have had an impact on the speed of development. The environmental problems at each of the world's geothermal generating stations are discussed in this paper. The significant environmental impacts include conflicts in land use, air pollution, subsidence, water pollution, induced seismicity, blowouts, and noise, and every country has encountered some difficulty with one or more of these problems. Development plans have been slowed by environmental concerns in some countries. In the U.S.A., this problem has been the emission of hydrogen sulfide; in Japan, land use in national parks plus waste-water disposal; in El Salvador, waste-water disposal. Other environmental impacts which have not had an appreciable effect on development plans include: waste-water disposal and subsidence in New Zealand, land use and air pollution in Mexico. Italy has encountered no particular environmental barriers yet, but this may be a function of minimal monitoring. Collectively, the environmental difficulties at the operating power stations around the world have been minor compared to the actual disasters that have befallen other processes of generating electricity. Even the potential environmental hazard of geothermal energy development is much less. It cannot be compared to a massive oil spill, a strip mine, or a radiation leak. Nevertheless, geothermal development faces an array of rules and regulations which, in view of world-wide environmental experience, need not be so strict. Regulation is particularly tight in the United States, a country which would, with appropriately relaxed controls, stimulate a global acceleration in development. Instead, the U.S. lies smothered in rules, and electrical geothermal development everywhere remains mired in a role of insignificant contribution.
Developing a Framework for Monitoring Child Poverty: Results from a Study in Uganda.

In 2002 Save the Children UK carried out a study of child poverty in Uganda, as part of the on-going Uganda Participatory Poverty Assessment Programme. Using participants from all regions of the country, the researchers asked children about their perceptions of poverty and anti-poverty strategies, as well as questioning adult key informants about trends in child poverty, vulnerable groups and the effectiveness of government policies in tackling child poverty. This article reports on one aspect of the study, looking at the different indicators that children use to assess poverty, and comparing these with official poverty monitoring indicators. It finds that while some areas—notably, health, education and water and sanitation—are well documented, others, which may be as, or more significant to children's welfare, such as child abuse or quality of parental care, are almost totally neglected. A more holistic framework for assessing child poverty is proposed.
Determination of ortho-phthalaldehyde in air and on surfaces

Three sampling and analytical methods have been developed and evaluated for ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA): (1) an HPLC-UV method for OPA in air, (2) a fluorimetric method for OPA on surfaces, and (3) a colorimetric method for OPA on surfaces. (1) The air sampler contains 350 mg of silica gel coated with 1 mg of acidified 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). Air sampling may be conducted at 0.03 to 1.0 L min−1 for periods up to 8 h. Samples were eluted with ethyl acetate, and the eluents were allowed to stand for 72 h. Analysis was by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a UV detector set at 369 nm. An unusual phenomenon was the observation that the stability of the sample on a sampler at 3 °C tends to decrease as the total quantity of OPA collected on the sampler decreases. Elution of the samples within 24 h of air sampling is required. The detection limit (LOD) is approximately 0.02 µg of OPA per sample. OPA on surfaces may be collected with strips cut from a sheet of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA wipe). (2) In the surface wipe method with analysis by fluorescence measurement, the strips of PVA wipe were placed into dimethyl sulfoxide. An aliquot was treated with aqueous N-acetyl-L-cysteine and ethylenediamine. Analysis was performed with a portable fluorometer (excitation and emission wavelengths = 365 nm and 438 nm, respectively). The LOD is 0.2 µg per sample. (3) In the surface wipe method with visual colorimetric detection, the strips of PVA wipe were placed into 30 : 70 acetonitrile : water. An aliquot was treated with N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine in 0.1 M sulfuric acid. After color development, the LOD is approximately 48 µg per sample. These methods have been field tested in a hospital.