cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Environmental segmentation alternatives: a look at green consumer behavior in the new millennium

Looking to the future of green marketing, examines the dynamic nature of ecologically conscious consumer behavior. The study also provides a method of profiling and segmenting college students based upon ecologically conscious consumer behavior. Findings indicate that, despite a significant amount of past research attention, demographic criteria are not as useful a profiling method as psychographic criteria. Consistent with past findings, the study indicates that perceived consumer effectiveness (PCE) provides the greatest insight into ecologically conscious consumer behavior. Further, the inclusion of altruism to the profile appears to add significantly to past efforts. Additional constructs examined suggest that environmental segmentation alternatives are more stable than past profiles that have relied primarily on demographic criteria.
Spatial and Temporal Variability of Transplanted Rice at the Field Scale

Measuring rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth in farmers' fields requires plant sampling techniques that take account of spatial and temporal variability. Our objective was to specify sampling recommendations for transplanted rice at the field scale. Rice was grown in two fields, fertilized and not, at 20- by 20-cm hill spacings. Plant height, tiller number per hill, dry matter yield, and foliage area index were measured during the growth period at 8 locations and harvest samples were taken at 56 locations per field. Variation was low for plant height at all growth stages (CV = 6.1-9.5%); tiller number varied more (CV = 21-33%), especially in the tillering stage. Variation at harvest was intermediate (CV = 12-21%) for most crop variables. Grain yield ranged from 2.41 to 5.88 t ha -1 for the unfertilized field and 4.54 to 8.82 t ha -1 for the fertilized field. Transplanting errors introduced variation among hills. Variation between quadrats within a field was due to varying growth rates between tillering and panicle initiation (PI) and was related to the spatial distribution of inherent soil nutrient availability and fertilizer nutrient supply. Nonhomogeneous topdressed application of N caused location-specific microvariation in crop stands. At all growth stages, two samples of three randomly selected hills were sufficient to measure plant height in a field. Increasing the number of samples had more effect on the precision of tiller number estimates than did increasing the size of the sampling unit. To measure tiller number between tillering and PI of rice, sampling units of five hills should be used and samples should be collected from 12 to 19 quadrats. At flowering, seven samples are enough. Harvest estimates of agronomic characters should be based on 8 to 12 quadrats when 10-hill sampling units are used. A stratified random sampling design should be used, and samples should be taken >3 m apart.
Constraints of determinism and of Bell's inequalities are not equivalent

Arguments are given against considering Bell's inequalities to be equivalent with determinism. Possible misinterpretations of the conflict between quantum mechanics and these inequalities are pointed out. With use of results obtained in previous papers on this subject, it is shown that locality rather than determinism is the issue.
Discriminative stimulus properties of phencyclidine.

Abstract Rats were trained to discriminate intraperitoneal injections of phencyclidine (4.0 mg/kg) from saline in a two-lever drug discrimination task. After reliable discrimination was established and a dose-response curve was obtained, two doses of each of a variety of agents were tested to determine whether they evoked responding on the phencyclidine-appropriate lever. All doses of the indirect dopamine agonist d -amphetamine (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg) and the direct dopamine agonist apomorphine (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg), the direct serotonin agonists LSD (0.08 and 0.16 mg/kg) and quipazine (1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg), and the anticholinergic drugs atropine (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg) and ditran (3.0 and 6.0 mg/kg) failed to produce phencyclidine-like discriminative effects, as did diazepam (8.0 and 16.0 mg/kg) and a 7.5 mg/kg dose of ketamine. A 15.0 mg/kg dose of ketamine, a compound structurally and pharmacologically similar to phencyclidine, did produce phencyclidine-like discriminative effects. The dopamine blocker haloperidol (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg), the serotonin blocker cyproheptadine (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg), the cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine (1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg), and the nicotinic blocking agent mecamylamine (1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg) when given prior to the 4.0 mg/kg dose of phencyclidine failed to affect discrimination significantly. These compounds also failed to produce phencyclidine-like discriminative effects when given alone. Overall, these results parallel previous findings with other procedures in suggesting that the effects of phencyclidine are unique, and may reflect the wide variety of neurochemical actions produced by the drug.
Assessment of a frugal, virtual and green computing lab infrastructure of the future

The impact of the computing field is becoming more profound everyday in all facets of modern society. Despite significant efforts from academia and relatively high demand for computing, technology producers are needed more than ever. This has been corroborated by a recent NSF Press Release [1], stating that computing is the only STEM discipline with more job openings than college graduates to fill them up. A major responsibility for such an outcome rests upon educators' ability to produce professionals capable of handling ever more complex technical challenges. In this challenging environment, the importance of practical work in science and engineering, supported by lab exercises, is widely known. While it is desirable to create physical laboratories for teaching these technologies, it is not always possible nor desirable. In this paper, we present an effective alternative approach, in the form of an affordable, virtualized laboratory environment that can be used in a variety of computing and engineering courses, as well as in other fields, in lieu of physical labs. Results of a survey supporting the validity of this approach are also presented. Students in four different classes were surveyed concerning the effectiveness and desirability of this virtual laboratory approach. The survey results indicate that student response to and interest in the virtual environment is very strong.
Morphological alterations of rat lung bronchiolar epithelium produced by various trialkyl phosphorothioates.

Abstract A single oral administration of O , O , S -trimethyl phosphorothioate ( OOS -Me), an impurity in widely used organophosphorus insecticides, causes delayed toxicity (delayed death) which is accompanied by morphological changes in the bronchiolar epithelium of rat lungs. A series of simple O , O -dimethyl and O , O -diethyl S -alkyl phosphorothioate esters, which induce delayed toxicity, were examined for their effect on rat bronchiolar epithelium. The structural analogues synthesized and tested include O , O -dimethyl S -ethyl phosphorothioate, O , O --dimethyl S -isopropyl phssphorothioate, O , O , S -triethyl phosphorothiote, and O , O -diethyl S -methyl phosphorothioate. The present investigation demonstrated that these analogues of OOS -Me which cause delayed toxicity produce body weight loss, accompanied by morphological alterations of terminal bronchiolar epithelium, i.e. loss of the apical bulge of non-ciliated Clara cells. Another impurity which produces delayed toxicity, O , S , S -trimethyl phosphorodithioate, was also capable of producing similar effects at near the LD 50 level.
Activation of alveolar macrophage collagenase by a neutral protease secreted by the same cell.

MAMMALIAN collagenase is a proteolytic enzyme which specifically cleaves native triple helical collagen at physiological pH and temperature. As with other extracellular proteases, there is increasing evidence that this enzyme can be found in an inactive, latent form which may represent a proenzyme or an enzyme–inhibitor complex1–8. It has been known for some time that, like the zymogen forms of the pancreatic proteases, latent collagenase could be activated with low concentrations of trypsin2–5. The existence of inactive mammalian collagenase has been perplexing because this is often the major state in which the enzyme is found: it has not been known whether trypsin activation of latent collagenase has any physiological significance. Drawing parallels to the physiological activation of pancreatic chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase and proelastase by pancreatic trypsin, several investigators have suggested the existence of protease(s) that can activate latent collagenase in the physiological conditions in which collagenase functions1–3. The study reported here validates this concept by demonstrating that a single cell type, the alveolar macrophage, secretes an inactive form of collagenase that can be activated in physiological conditions by a protease secreted at the same time by the same cell type.
Mediated Effects of Preschool Intervention

Consistent evidence that the effect of preschool intervention on cognitive achievement fades with the passage of time has resulted in a search for mediators of preschool. This study investigated factors that play a role in mediating the effects of a government funded Child–Parent Center preschool program. The school adjustment of 266 low-income, mostly Black preschool children and of 125 comparison group children were matched on neighborhood characteristics and were traced from kindergarten through the third year of school (1986–1989). Data were collected from children, parents, and teachers on entering kindergarten cognitive readiness, teacher ratings of socioemotional maturity, parental involvement at home and in school, grade retention, assignment to special education, school mobility and cognitive achievement in reading and mathematics. Results of a latent-factor structural model indicated that preschool influenced later achievement and retention indirectly rather than directly. Four major pathways th...
Role Call: Preprofessional Socialization into Police Culture.

This article examines the process by which individuals actively seek status elevation through selection into police academy training. In pursuit of departmental authorization, aspirant police recruits navigate through three stages of self: civilian, contestant and anticipatory recruit. That evolution, where civilians negotiate admission into the police academy, is the focus of analysis in this project. Data were collected through full participant observation within the recruit selection process in a large American city. This selection process maintains some structural similarities to Goffman's prepatient stage of the mental patient's moral career; his model of the betrayal funnel is retooled into a framework more appropriate for preprofessional socialization. Additionally, examples are presented that demonstrate how race functions in mitigating this process for minority recruit candidates.
Spondylosis deformans in the female beagle dog: A radiographic study

Spondylosis deformans is a generalised disease of ageing resulting in formation of bony osteophytes around degenerating intervertebral discs throughout the vertebral column. It is noninflammatory and needs to be differentiated from spondylitis, which is either an infectious or noninfectious inflammatory process. Lateral radiographs of 310 female beagle dogs from a closed colony showed development of spondylosis deformans that was age-dependent and located principally at discs numbers 5, 15, and 20 to 23. It was noteworthy that disc 26 was minimally involved whereas this location has been previously reported to have frequent involvement in larger breeds of dogs. None of the dogs studied had clinical signs causing their removal from the colony, further supporting the concept that spondylosis deformans as a bony response to disc degeneration is not a cause of severe pain or lameness.
Aktuelle Trends in der Forschung zu Hypertext- und Hypermediasystemen

Zusammenfassung: Drei Trends in der Forschung zur Lernwirksamkeit von Hypertext- und Hypermediasystemen werden diskutiert. (1) Es erfolgt zunehmend eine kapazitatsbezogene Betrachtung des Lernens mit diesen Systemen, was die Interpretation der gefundenen Ergebnisse basierend auf der kognitiven Belastung der Lernenden erlaubt, es jedoch wunschenswert macht, die Ursachen dieser Belastung besser zu differenzieren und sie mit direkteren Methoden zu messen. (2) Es erfolgt eine zunehmend differentialpsychologische Betrachtung der Lernwirksamkeit von Lehr-/Lernsystemen durch Einbeziehung von vielfaltigen Lernervariablen in das Design der Untersuchungen, was zu einem besseren Verstandnis der Anforderungen an das Design der verschiedenen Formen der Hilfestellung fur Lernende in diesen Medien fuhren kann. (3) Weiterhin kommen zunehmend richtungweisende Methoden zur Erhebung von Verhaltens- und Wissenserwerbsdaten zum Einsatz, was ein besseres Verstandnis der Lernwirksamkeit dieser Medien erlaubt.
Sex ratio and adult behaviour of the Antarctic midge Belgica antarctica (Diptera, Chironomklae)

. 1. The sex ratio in populations of the Antarctic chironomid Belgica antarctica approximates 1:1 at eclosion. 2. Male predominance in surface populations of the short-lived adult persists throughout the summer. The mean ratio, based on data from surface aggregations (austral summer 1977–78) and from sticky traps (1978–79) is about 6:1, with a steady seasonal decline from 10–20:1 to 2–5:1. 3. Males live slightly longer than females but the difference does not account for observed ratios. 4. Samples of adult populations taken from subsurface sites have sex ratios nearer to equality than surface populations. 5. It is concluded that the male-dominated surface populations are equivalent to the male swarms typical of winged Chironomidae. 6. Capture of airborne adults shows that aerial transport as well as water-surface rafting may play a role in dispersal of adults.
Evidence of secondary exothermic reactions in expanding detonation products from condensed explosives

Abstract An exploratory study of the behavior of the detonation products from condensed explosives was conducted wherein a small charge of explosive was detonated at the closed end of a cannon, and pressure-time traces were measured at several stations along the cannon wall behind the air shock and detonation wave. An assortment of pressure decreases, plateaus, and increases was observed with several explosives. A monotonic pressure decrease behind the detonation wave was observed with nitromethane, was expected from simple gasdynamics, and could be used to estimate the local value of the specific heat ratio in the expanding products. Secondary pressure increases were observed with a hydrazine mixture, tetryl, and nitroglycerine. Such increases are attributed to secondary exothermic reactions, such as condensation reactions, in the rarefaction fans at the head of the explosive and at the air-explosive juncture and not to simple gasdynamics.
On the sidedness of plasma membrane enzymes.

Abstract 1. 1. The objective of this investigation was to determine if certain marker enzymes were associated with either the exterior or interior aspect of the plasma membrane. 2. 2. Experimentally, the problem was approached by comparing enzymatic activity of intact cells with that of disrupted cells. Because isolated cells from dispersed guinea pig liver were found to be of limited value only, the investigation was pursued in varous cultured cell lines. Permeability of whole cells to substrate was excluded as a possible source of error. 3. 3. Most of the activities of non-specific Mg2+-ATPase and 5′-nucleotidase of several cell lines (i.e. HeLa; KB; human, mouse and guinea pig hepatocyte, mouse neuroblastoma) was the expression of ecto-enzymes. Phosphodiesterase I, p- nitrophenylphosphatase and leucyl-β-naphthylamidase also may occur preferentially as ecto-enzymes, though fewer cell lines were tested. 4. 4. Adenylate cyclase was clearly associated with the interior aspect of the plasma membrane. Nucleotidepyrophosphatase of isolated guinea pig hepatocytes had the characteristics of an ecto-enzyme but was associated with the inside of the plasma membrane in Chang hepatocytes and KB cells.
Muted Masculinity as an Outsider Strategy: Gender Sharing in Ethnographic Work with Wives of Professional Athletes

Using findings from a study of the world of the wives of professional athletes, this article explores the complex motivations for and displays of trust, rapport, and group acceptance during ethnographic research. Episodic exchanges between a male ethnographer and female collaborators revealed subtle issues of gender and perceived relative worth. This article proposes the outsider strategy of “muted masculinity” as a means of exploring ethnographic issues in which the boundaries between insiders and outsiders are uncertain.
Head and Neck High-Field Imaging: Oncology Applications

Head and neck imaging has benefited from 1.5 T magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, providing faster sequences, better soft tissue evaluation, and 3-axis imaging, with less radiation and iodine-based contrast injection. The US Food and Drug Administration has approved human MR imaging at high-field strength up to 4 T in clinical practice. 3 T MR imaging has become widely available, with the hope of significant advance in the evaluation of the head and neck region. This article reviews the benefits, disadvantages, and challenges of high-field imaging of the head and neck region, focusing on the imaging of head and neck cancer.
Age- and anesthesia-related changes in accessory pathway conduction in children with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

The anterograde effective refractory period of the accessory pathway is age-dependent in pediatric patients with the WPW syndrome. Thus, age should be considered when developing electrophysiologic criteria for the risk of hypotensive arrhythmias in these patients. In addition, general anesthesia must also be considered in interpreting age-related changes in the anterograde APERP, especially in children.
Intracoronary radiation therapy for multi-drug resistant in-stent restenosis: Initial clinical experience

While randomized clinical trials have demonstrated the excellent efficacy of sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) for de novo lesions, the optimal treatment for SES-restenosis is not known. Management may include stand-alone balloon angioplasty, repeat SES implantation, or placement of a drug-eluting stent (DES) with an alternative antiproliferative agent (i.e., a paclitaxel-eluting stent, PES). The appropriate management strategy for recurrent restenosis after PES implantation for SES restenosis is even less clear. We report the initial clinical experience with intracoronary radiation therapy (ICRT) for multi-DES resistant restenosis. We performed ICRT in five patients with recurrent restenosis after treatment with both SES and PES. Over a median follow-up of 256 days (range 75–489 days), one patient had a target lesion revascularization at 182 days and subsequently died at 483 days following the procedure. Our findings support the further study of this management approach. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Three-dimensional motion tracking by Kalman filtering

In this paper, a 3D semantic object motion tracking method based on Kalman filtering is proposed. First, we use a specially designed Color Image Segmentation Editor (CISE) to devise shapes that more accurately describe the object to be tracked. CISE is an integration of edge and region detection, which is based on edge-linking, split-and-merge and the energy minimization for active contour detection. An ROI is further segmented into single motion blobs by considering the constancy of the motion parameters in each blob. Over short time intervals, each blob can be tracked separately and, over longer times, the blobs can be allowed to fragment and coalesce into new blobs as motion evolves. The tracking of each blob is based on a Kalman filter derived from linearization of a constraint equation satisfied by the pinhole model of a camera. The Kalman filter allows the tracker to project the uncertainties associated with a blob center (or with the coordinates of any other features) into the next frame. This projected uncertainty region can then be searched rot eh pixels belonging to the blob. Future work includes investigation of the effects of illumination changes and simultaneous tracking of multiple targets.
Philosophy, Hellenicity, Law: Porphyry on Origen, Again

Porphyry's criticism of Origen (in c.Christ. fr. 39 Harnack) is usually interpreted as expressive of the ‘double apostasy’ accusation: Christians had not only abandoned their pagan religious traditions (‘Hellenism’) but also their new religious host, Judaism, whose texts they misappropriated for themselves. Reading key elements of the fragment within Porphyry's broader philosophical thought prompts suspicion of this cultural interpretation of the fragment, and instead points to a serious Platonic reaction to Christianity.
Corticolimbic interrelations revealed by evoked potential and degeneratin techniques

Abstract This study correlates electrophysiological data collected from hippocampus and septum with anatomical data observed in axonal degeneration studies associated with these structures. The hippocampus was stimulated with sufficient voltage to produce four negative peaks in a response wave recorded from the dorsal septum. The peaks had latencies of 5, 12, 25 and 50 msec, respectively. Transection of the fornix body with a scalpel eliminated the entire wave complex. Removal by suction of the postsplenial gyrus, gyrus cinguli and olfactory tubercle had little or no effect on the wave complex. Bilateral electrolytic coagulation of the anterior thalamic nuclei did not affect the wave complex. Suction removal of the suprasylvian and ectosylvian gyri eliminated the long latency responses. Following lesions in the septum and body of the fornix, degeneration was observed in the fornix longus, the ventral surface of the corpus callosum and the corona radiata. Terminals were observed in the suprasylvian and ectosylvian gyri. Small cautery lesions in these gyri resulted in degeneration in the contralateral ectosylvian gyrus, fornix longus, body and columns of the fornix, hippocampus, mamillary body and thalamus. Degeneration including terminals was also seen in other limbic structures. We conclude that the hippocampus, in addition to its direct connections to the septum, has indirect projection to the septum via the suprasylvian and ectosylvian gyri. The corticipetal connections are perhaps collaterals of other direct projection targets of the hippocampus to the septum, mamillary body, and anterior nuclei. Direct corticifugal connections to the septum, hippocampus and other structures are collaterals from direct contralateral corticocortical projections of the suprasylvian and ectosylvian gyri. Such connections perhaps influence overt behavior by mediating secondary cues; or exert an influence on drive mechanisms through the posterior hypothalmus.
Implications for the San Francisco model of care.

(1990). Implications for the San Francisco model of care. AIDS Care: Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 349-352.
Bloch-Nordsieck cancellation of infrared divergences at finite temperature.

Virtual-photon corrections to the scattering of a heavy charged fermion, {ital M}{much gt}{ital T}, in a plasma result in infrared divergences that are worse than at {ital T}=0. These divergences cancel in the observable cross section, which must include a summation over the absorption and emission of real photons that are too soft to escape the plasma. The calculation requires determining the exclusive amplitudes for photon absorption and emission at {ital T}{ne}0. In the semiclassical approximation of Bloch and Nordsieck the problem can be solved exactly and the finite residual effects retained.
Schedule-dependent synergism of taxol or taxotere with edatrexate against human breast cancer cells in vitro

A new dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, edatrexate (EDX), and the microtubule polymerization promotor, taxol (TXL) or taxotere (TXT), each have significant therapeutic activity against human breast cancer in clinical trials. Since they also have distinctly different mechanisms of actions and have mainly nonoverlapping toxicities, they may be effective in combination in the treatment of this disorder. Schedule-dependent interactions between these taxanes and EDX against human breast adenocarcinoma cells (SK-Br-3) were quantitatively assessed in vitro to determine whether these interactions are synergistic or antagonistic. SK-Br-3 cells were grown as a monolayer in 96-well microplates. The dose-effect relationships of the drugs, singly and in combination, in inhibiting the growth over a 7-day period were determined by the SRB protein staining assays. Cell cultures were exposed to drug as a 3-h pulse at either 0–3 h or 24–27 h. Synergism or antagonism at different concentrations and at different effect levels were assessed with the medianeffect principle and the combination index-isobologram method using computer software. These methods were selected because they take into account both the potencies and the shape of the dose-effect curves. Exposure of cells to an equimolar combination of EDX+TXL (0–3 h) resulted in synergism at high effect levels. Pretreatment of cells with EDX (0–3 h) followed by TXL (24–27 h) showed even greater synergism in inhibiting cell growth. Moderate antagonism was observed with the reverse schedule. EDX+TXT (0–3 h) was additive, but pretreatment with EDX (0–3 hr) followed by TXT (24–27 h) showed synergism. However, the reverse order showed antagonism. Studies on another breast tumor cell line, ZR-57-1, also showed the schedule of EDX (0–3 h) +TXT or TXL (24–27 h) to be more synergistic than, the other two schedules examined. These results show potent schedule-dependent synergism of the combinations of TXL or TXT with EDX, and should form a rationale for designing clinical protocols utilizing these agents particularly for the treatment of breast cancer patients.
Differential diagnosis of genitourinary tumors using monoclonal antibodies to intermediate filament proteins

Definitive diagnosis of poorly differentiated and metastatic neoplasms may be impossible using conventional histologic criteria. Recent developments in cell biology and immunology now enable us to answer such difficult diagnostic problems. Several varieties of structural proteins can be identified in malignant cells using monoclonal antibodies. The composition of these proteins can yield information regarding the origin of a neoplasm. Intermediate filaments are one such family of structural proteins. By characterization of these proteins, using a panel of monoclonal antibodies, poorly differentiated tumors may be definitively classified as carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphomas, or neural tumors. This approach to tumor diagnosis is now applicable to difficult problems in clinical urology.
Boundary layer development as a function of chamber pressure in the NASA Lewis 1030:1 area ratio rocket nozzle

Through the use of theoretical predictions of fluid properties and experimental heat transfer and thrust measurements, the zones of laminar, transitional, and turbulent boundary layer flow were defined for the NASA Lewis 1030:1 area ratio rocket nozzle. Tests were performed on the nozzle at chamber pressures from 350 to 100 psia. For these conditions, the throat diameter Reynolds numbers varied from 300,000 to 1 million. The propellants used were gaseous hydrogen and gaseous oxygen. Thrust measurements and nozzle outer wall temperature measurements were taken during the 3-sec test runs. Comparison of experimental heat transfer and thrust data with the corresponding predictions from the Two-Dimensional Kinetics (TDK) nozzle analysis program indicated laminar flow in the nozzle at a throat diameter Reynolds number of 320,000 or chamber pressure of 360 psia. Comparison of experimental and predicted heat transfer data indicated transitional flow up to and including a chamber pressure of 1000 psia. Predicted values of the axisymmetric acceleration parameter within the convergent and divergent nozzle were consistent with the above results. Based upon an extrapolation of the heat transfer data and predicted distributions of the axisymmetric acceleration parameter, transitional flow was predicted up to a throat diameter Reynolds number of 220,000 or 2600-psia chamber pressure. Above 2600-psia chamber pressure, fully developed turbulent flow was predicted.
Accumulation and utilization of polysaccharide by hot-spring phototrophs during a light-dark transition

A suspension of cells from the green top layer of the microbial mat in Mushroom Spring, Yellowstone National Park, was pulsed with NaH14CO3 in the light for 2 h and then incubated in the dark. More than 80% of CO2 fixed in the light was incorporated into polysaccharide. During 4.5 h in the dark, 50% of this polysaccharide was metabolized, and there was a substantial increase in the amount of radioactivity in the protein fraction. Carbon in the polysaccharide fraction was metabolized to protein carbon at an efficiency of 0.47.
Regions of RAG1 protein critical for V(D)J recombination.

The products of the recombination activating genes RAG1 and RAG2 are essential for activating V(D)J recombination, and thus are indispensable for the production of functional and diverse antigen receptors. To investigate the function of RAG1, we have tested a series of insertion and substitution mutations for their ability to induce V(D)J rearrangement on both deletional and inversional plasmid substrates. With these substrates we were also able to assess the effects of these mutations on both coding and signal joint formation, and to show that any one mutant affected all these reactions similarly. As defined previously, the core active regions of RAG1 and RAG2 permit the deletion of 40% and 25%, respectively, of well-conserved sequence. We show here that this “dispensable” region of RAG1 is not necessary for coding joint formation or for recombination of an integrated substrate, and that this portion is not functionally redundant with the “dispensable” region of RAG2. Recombination with these core regions is also still subject to the 12/23 joining rule. Further, the minimal essential core region of RAG1 can be located within an even smaller portion of the gene.
Shape and Size Constancy in Photographic Reproductions

The extent to which shape and size constancy are preserved in photographic reproductions was investigated by comparison of the constancy effect in both test objects and photographs of the test objects. For shape, the photograph reduces the amount of constancy by less than 50%. However, for size, there is very little constancy obtained with the photograph. For test objects, binocular observation gives higher constancy for both size and shape than does monocular viewing. For photographs, there is little or no difference between monocular and binocular observation. The implications of the data are discussed in relation to the theory of the corresponding perceptual processes.
Genetic and developmental characteristics of a new color variant, axanthic, in the Mexican axolotl,Ambystoma mexicanum shaw

Abstract A new genetic trait, axanthic, is described in the Mexican axolotl with a phenotype completely lacking visible xanthophores and iridophores. Animals received from the colony of Dr. L. E. DeLanney at Ithaca, New York, have been mated among themselves for a total of seven spawnings, in which the axanthic trait was inherited as a simple Mendelian recessive. The symbol for this newly found gene isax. Homozygous recessive animals appear normal except for their lack of visible xanthophores and iridophores. The results of the spawnings also indicate that the axanthic gene is not linked to the melanoid gene (m). Its linkage with other known mutants in the axolotl is being tested. Hanging-drop preparations in Niu-Twitty's solution of neural fold explants were made using axanthic and normal embryos. Xanthogenesis was never visible in cultures from axanthic animals, whereas all those made from yellow animals had fully differentiated xanthophores within 9 days after the explants were made. Counts of cells in cultures from axanthic animals showed a complement of axanthic xanthoblasts, that is, otherwise normal xanthophores without pigment. Epidermal vesicles were made by combining flank somatopleure from early tailbud embryos with neural fold from neurulae. Axanthic somatopleure was combined with axanthic and xanthic neural fold (in separate vesicles) and xanthic somatopleure combined with folds from axanthic embryos. Only the vesicles with neural fold from xanthic donors had visible xanthophores. Homotopic reciprocal neural crest transplants were made between axanthic and yellow larvae at midtailbud stages. The grafted regions were obvious after pigment synthesis had begun. Xanthophores were visible in these regions whenever the donor material was derived from a yellow larva. The graft region was devoid of visible xanthophores whenever the donor material was axanthic neural crest, even when the crest was transplanted onto xanthic animals. Chromatographic analyses of the pteridine contents in axanthic as compared to normal animals showed that the axanthic animals were lacking five fluorescent spots found in normal larvae. Two of these spots from normal animals had yellow fluorescence; three had blue fluorescence. The three blue fluorescent compounds were tentatively identified as Ranachrome-3, Hynobius-blue, and 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine-6-car☐ylic acid. One yellow spot appeared to be sepiapterin. The other could not be identified. The chromatographic results indicate that the axanthic mutant is deficient in these pteridine compounds, which are evidently necessary for the pigmentation of xanthophores. The results from the experimental work offer support to the hypothesis that the axanthic trait, inherited as a simple Mendelian recessive, acts at the level of the xanthoblasts to prevent the accumulation of yellow pigments in these cells. As there are no visible iridophores in these mutants either, it may also prevent the accumulation of pigmentary purines in iridoblasts.
Detection of adulteration of buttermilk powder by gel electrophoresis

Abstract Six commercial samples sold as buttermilk powder were compared with an authentic sample by SDS-PAGE, using either large gels (13.5 × 18 × .3 cm) with a manual system or precast miniature gels (4.3 × 5.0 × .045 cm) with an automated system. After being stained with Coomassie blue R, protein bands were quantitated by densitometry. Two unique fat globule membrane proteins, in addition to the caseins and whey proteins, were clearly visible in authentic buttermilk powders, but densities of fat globule membranes were reduced or absent in commercial nonfat dry milk and adulterated powders. The extent of adulteration was estimated by comparison of the relative percentage of fat globule membrane proteins in a suspect sample with their percentage in an authentic sample. The limit of detection for significant fat globule membrane protein bands was 12 μg of a 229-μg sample applied to a large gel and 420 ng of a 5-μg sample on a miniature gel. Although large gels facilitated visual observation of results, several days were required to cast a gel, separate the proteins, stain, and destain. In contrast, SDS-PAGE on miniature gels with the automated system required less than 3 h and offered a rapid screening procedure for detection of adulterated buttermilk powders.
Preliminary evaluation of soil moisture probe for use with Arcillite.

Abstract There is a need for reliable methods of measuring the level and distribution of water in the solid substrates that are used for growing plants in space. In a microgravity environment, water distribution is governed generally by capillary forces. Arcillite is the solid substrate used in the ASTROCULTURE ™ system which was developed for growing plants in space. The goal of this study is to evaluate the applicability of heat pulse moisture sensors for measuring moisture levels in Arcillite. The ASTROCULTURE system uses suction as a means of controlling the moisture level in Arcillite, but the spatial distribution of the moisture is left unknown. Studies of the moisture content in a cell experiment were conducted to calibrate a heat pulse moisture sensor and then the sensor was used in a suction experiment to verify moisture content and distribution. Results of the studies demonstrate that head pulse moisture sensors can be used to monitor moisture content and distribution within the root module of the ASTROCULTURE system.
THE VALUE OF EPISTEMOLOGY: A DEFENSE

Definissant la valeur intrinseque et la valeur instrumentale de la nature de la connaissance, l'A. etudie l'argumentation developpee par S. Stich contre la propriete de garantie de la croyance vraie, d'une part, et tente de determiner l'utilite de l'acquisition du savoir en termes de justification et de verite, d'autre part.
Epilepsy and the Consciousness System: Transient Vegetative State?

Consciousness is an essential core feature of human life, so it is not surprising that disorders of consciousness have a major impact. Recent work has demonstrated that epilepsy shares many features with other disorders of consciousness. When patients lose consciousness during epileptic seizures they exhibit no meaningful responses to external stimuli; however, the eyes are usually open. In addition, although there is insufficient time to determine whether sleep-wake cycles are present, patients may exhibit orienting responses or other simple behaviors. Therefore, impaired consciousness during seizures resembles other disorders of consciousness such as vegetative state or minimally conscious state and, less so, coma. The major difference from these other disorders of consciousness is that (with the exception of status epilepticus) seizures typically last for minutes rather than days, months, or years. The transient nature of epileptic seizures provides a unique opportunity for determining the anatomic and physiologic basis of impaired consciousness and its recovery. Seizures and other disorders of consciousness converge on a common set of cortical and subcortical structures. These structures constitute the “consciousness system,” defined in the next section as the bilateral medial and lateral fronto-parietal association cortex and subcortical arousal systems. Recent neuroimaging, intracranial EEG, and animal models demonstrate that the consciousness system forms a common anatomical substrate for all seizure types causing impaired consciousness. The main types of seizures causing transiently impaired consciousness include absence seizures, generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and temporal lobe complex partial seizures. This article will discuss the clinical and behavioral features, as well as recent neuroimaging and electrophysiology studies which have begun to shed light on the pathophysiology of impaired consciousness in these seizure types. The impact of impaired consciousness on quality of life in patients with epilepsy, and potential treatment strategies will also be discussed.
Etiology of osteoarthritis: genetics and synovial joint development

Osteoarthritis (OA) has a considerable hereditary component and is considered to be a polygenic disease. Data derived from genetic analyses and genome-wide screening of individuals with this disease have revealed a surprising trend: genes associated with OA tend to be related to the process of synovial joint development. Mutations in these genes might directly cause OA. In addition, they could also determine the age at which OA becomes apparent, the joint sites involved, the severity of the disease and how rapidly it progresses. In this Review, I propose that genetic mutations associated with OA can be placed on a continuum. Early-onset OA is caused by mutations in matrix molecules often associated with chondrodysplasias, whereas less destructive structural abnormalities or mutations confer increased susceptibility to injury or malalignment that can result in middle-age onset. Finally, mutations in molecules that regulate subtle aspects of joint development and structure lead to late-onset OA. In this Review, I discuss the genetics of OA in general, but focus on the potential effect of genetic mutations associated with OA on joint structure, the role of joint structure in the development of OA--using hip abnormalities as a model--and how understanding the etiology of the disease could influence treatment.
Delay in initiating adjuvant radiotherapy following breast conservation surgery and its impact on survival

Purpose: Delays in the diagnosis of breast cancer are associated with advanced stage and poor survival, but the importance of the time interval between lumpectomy and initiation of radiation therapy (RT) has not been well studied. We investigated factors that influence the time interval between lumpectomy and RT, and the association between that interval and survival. Patients and Methods: We used data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)–Medicare database on women aged 65 years and older, diagnosed with Stages I–II breast cancer, between 1991 and 1999. Among patients who did not receive chemotherapy, we studied factors associated with the time interval between lumpectomy and the initiation of RT, and the association of delay with survival, using linear regression and Cox proportional hazards modeling. Results: Among 24,833 women with who underwent lumpectomy, 13,907 (56%) underwent RT. Among those receiving RT, 97% started treatment within 3 months; older age, black race, advanced stage, more comorbidities, and being unmarried were associated with longer time intervals between surgery and RT. There was no benefit to earlier initiation of RT; however, delays >3 months were associated with higher overall mortality (hazard ratio, 1.92; 95% confidence interval, 1.64–2.24) and cancer-specific mortality (hazard ratio, 3.84; 95% confidence interval 3.01–4.91). Conclusions: Reassuringly, early initiation of RT was not associated with survival. Although delays of >3 months are uncommon, they are associated with poor survival. Whether this association is causal or due to confounding factors, such as poor health behaviors, is unknown; until it is better understood, efforts should be made to initiate RT in a timely fashion.
Coelomic helminths of five colubrid snake species (Serpentes, Colubridae) from Costa Rica

is known from the lowlands oftropical Mexico, south through central Americato northwestern Ecuador, the upper Amazonportion of Brazil, Peru and Bolivia where itoccurs in primary and secondary forests,agricultural areas, near creeks and ponds and inrural settlements (Savage 2002, Solorzano2004). The diets of these species (except for
“I Don't Understand. Can You Tell Me Again?”

Specific teaching strategies can help improve an LD child's ability to request clarification when he does not understand a speaker's message.
Electronic Spectra and Coordination Geometry of Nickel Centers in Liquid Mixtures of Magnesium Chloride and Potassium Chloride

The absorption spectra of nickel centers in MgCl2–KCl mixtures of various compositions were measured from about 5–28 kK at temperatures up to 1060°C. The observed behavior was qualitatively similar to that previously reported for nickel centers in liquid LiCl–KCl mixtures and, in a general way, fits the same model.
Algal Bioassays of two tropical Rhodesian Reservoirs

Possible nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of algal growth in two tropical impoundments was investigated using pure culture bioassays. The test organism was Selenastrum capricornutum. Phosphorus was indicated as a primary growth limiting nutrient in Mazoe Dam while in Lake McIlwaine nitrogen was generally indicated as limiting. These differences were probably related to the different major sources of nutrients in these two reservoirs.
Defensive behaviors in infant rhesus monkeys: environmental cues and neurochemical regulation

To survive, primates must detect danger in time to activate appropriate defensive behaviors. In this study, the defensive behaviors of infant rhesus monkeys exposed to humans were characterized. It was observed that the direction of the human's gaze is a potent cue for the infant. Infants separated from their mothers were active and emitted frequent distress vocalizations. When a human entered the room but did not look at the infant, it became silent and froze in one position. If the human stared at the infant, it responded with aggressive barking. Alterations of the opiate system affected the frequency of the infant's distress calls without affecting barking and freezing, whereas benzodiazepine administration selectively reduced barking and freezing. This suggests that opiate and benzodiazepine systems regulate specific defensive behaviors in primates and that these systems work together to mediate behavioral responses important for survival.
Breast Cancer Detection Rates by Screening Mammography in Elderly Women

: Breast-cancer risk factors, mammography history, and breast cancer detection rates were compared for women aged 50–64 years versus women 65 years and older. Mammographic screening examinations were performed on 936 women at least 65 years old and 1,926 women aged 50–64 years at a mobile van and an outpatient clinic of a tertiary referral university hospital. Breast-cancer risk factors and frequency and timing of previous mammograms were assessed on all women. Of the 2,862 women screened, 520 (18.2%) were black. Women aged 65 and older were significantly more likely to be nulliparous, and over 30 years old at first pregnancy than women aged 50–64 years. The proportion of women who reported ever having a mammogram did not differ by age. For women who reported a previous mammogram, the intervals of the previous screening did not differ significantly by age group. Cancer detection rates were higher among women aged 65 and over at both locations. Among age and race groupings, the highest cancer detection rate occurred in black women over 65 years (19.7/1,000). Cancer detection rates were high enough to suggest that screening elderly women is efficacious. Because elderly black women may be less aware of breast-cancer risk factors, relying on self-referral for screening this population may be inappropriate. Barriers to mammographic screening among elderly women warrant further study.
Further evidence against post-transcriptional control of inducible tyrosine aminotransferase synthesis in cultured hepatoma cells.

THE paradoxical increase in concentration of specific proteins following treatment with inhibitors of macromolecular synthesis, a phenomenon sometimes termed ‘superinduction’, is rather frequently observed in eukaryotic cells. Tomkins et al.1 listed some eighty reported observations of this kind that have been made in bacterial, plant and animal systems and, while acknowledging that the mechanism involved has been analysed in only a few of these, argued that the frequency of effects of this kind in mammalian cells suggests that control of gene expression by post-transcriptional mechanisms is quite common. This suggestion stems from their analyses of the effects of actinomycin D on the inducible tyrosine amino- transferase in cultured hepatoma cells. These analyses have led to elaboration of a model involving a labile cytoplasmic repressor, which reversibly inhibits the translation of amino-transferase mRNA (ref. 2) and/or promotes mRNA degradation3. In this view, steroid-mediated induction can be attributed to inhibition by the hormone of either the synthesis or the activity of repressor. If correct, this model quite properly focuses attention on post-transcriptional control mechanisms as of primary interest in steroid-mediated enzyme induction and, by extension, in other mammalian regulatory systems as well.