cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strategic social learning and the population dynamics of human behavior: the game of Go

Abstract Human culture is widely believed to undergo evolution, via mechanisms rooted in the nature of human cognition. A number of theories predict the kinds of human learning strategies, as well as the population dynamics that result from their action. There is little work, however, that quantitatively examines the evidence for these strategies and resulting cultural evolution within human populations. One of the obstacles is the lack of individual-level data with which to link transmission events to larger cultural dynamics. Here, we address this problem with a rich quantitative database from the East Asian board game known as Go. We draw from a large archive of Go games spanning the last six decades of professional play, and find evidence that the evolutionary dynamics of particular cultural variants are driven by a mix of individual and social learning processes. Particular players vary dramatically in their sensitivity to population knowledge, which also varies by age and nationality. The dynamic patterns of opening Go moves are consistent with an ancient, ongoing arms race within the game itself.
Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of Baylis-Hillman acetate adducts with organosilanes

A cross-coupling reaction between acetates of Baylis−Hillman adducts and organosilanes is described. A nonconventional solvent poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is used as the reaction medium.
Enantio- and diastereoselective additions to aldehydes using the bifunctional reagent 2-(chloromethyl)-3-(tributylstannyl)propene: application to a synthesis of the C16-C27 segment of bryostatin 1.

Reactions of the bifunctional allylstannane 2-(chloromethyl)-3-(tributylstannyl)propene with aldehydes have been examined. These generally occur in high yields using Lewis acid promoters and the products can be isolated and purified without incident. Good yields and high enantioselectivities are also realized in catalytic asymmetric allylations (CAA reactions) using the previously described BITIP catalyst system. Protection of the free hydroxyl can be accomplished without cyclization to the derived tetrahydrofuran, although this transformation is also facile. The utility of the incorporated allyl chloride functionality allows for the obvious use of such products in reactions with nucleophiles. Use of these products in a less obvious connective strategy is demonstrated in the synthesis of the C12−C27 segment of bryostatin 1 where a connective, or “lynchpin”, double-allylation process was employed. The β-hydroxy allyl chloride obtained from an initial chelation-controlled allylation of aldehyde 16 was conve...
Continuum-State Hidden Markov Models with Dirichlet State Distributions

Conventional hidden Markov models provide a discrete distribution over a finite number of states. In some modeling scenarios, particularly those representing data from a physical systems, such discrete states are, at best, an idealization, since the physical system may exhibit a continuous transition between states. In this paper, a hidden Markov model is presented that generalizes this by introduction of a state that may take any value in a simplex. The Dirichlet distribution is used to provide a representation of the probability distribution of the states. The transition probability density is assumed to be Dirichlet, and the output distribution is assumed to be a state-dependent mixture. An estimation of the state distribution using propagation and update steps is developed. Approximations of the state estimates remain in the set of Dirichlet distributions, so computationally efficient state propagation is possible. A forward/backward (smoothing) algorithm is also developed.
Synthesis of highly 1,3-proton shift transferable N-benzyl imines of trifluoroacetophenone under the “low-basicity” reaction conditions

Abstract The standard reaction conditions commonly used for the condensation of carbonyl compounds with amines were found to be synthetically inefficient for preparation of the imines derived from trifluoroacetophenone and benzylamines owing to the susceptibility of these imines to 1,3-proton shift. Application of a “low-basicity” method, using instead of free benzylamines their salts formed from acetic acid (AA), allowed synthesis of the target compounds in chemically pure form and excellent chemical yields.
Stability Analysis of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Method in Wind Power Systems

The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method is the key to notably improve efficiency and energy extraction in wind turbine systems. The MPPT method through the characteristic power curve is one of the popular MPPT methods. The reference current can be obtained using the relationship between power and current without requiring real-time wind speed information. This paper presents the steady-state and dynamic analyses of this MPPT method and proposes a single-pole transfer function to describe the effect of variation of wind speed on the generator speed. This is conducted by applying the small-signal analysis on a nonlinear turbine-rotor mechanical system. To verify the performance of the wind turbine system, both simulation and experimental systems are implemented based on MPPT power control. By the variation of wind speed, the behavior of the generator speed presents good consistency among the proposed theory, simulation, and experiments.
(−)6-n-Propylnicotine antagonizes the antinociceptive effects of (−)Nicotine

Abstract Several 6-alkyl analogues of nicotine were examined in radioligand binding and in vivo functional assays. Although (−)6-ethylnicotine ( 3 ) binds with high affinity at nACh receptors ( K i =5.6 nM) and produces nicotine-like actions, its n -propyl homologue (−) 4 ( K i =22 nM) failed to produce such effects. In fact, (−) 4 antagonized the antinociceptive effects of (−)nicotine in the tail-flick assay in mice, but not the spontaneous activity or discriminative stimulus effects of (−)nicotine. Compound (−) 4 appears to selectively antagonize only one of the three effects examined and is an interesting cholinergic agent for subsequent investigation.
Good Without God: Bioethics and the Sacred

Bioethics traffics in matters moral. As such, bioethics frequently bumps up against religion, offering an ideal arena to examine how the sacred and the secular encounter each other in modern medicine. In this essay I consider two places where bioethics and religion intersect: 1) the response of bioethics to the universal problem of suffering, and 2) the professional proselytizing or “missionizing work” that bioethics does in order to make a place for itself among the professions of the life sciences.
Syntheses of side-chain fluorinated biologically important imidazoles and indoles

Abstract We review in this report the preparation of several side-chain fluorinated analogues of biologically important imidazoles and indoles. The building blocks used should also have applications in other synthetic problems. The addition of “FBr” to vinyl imidazole derivatives was used to prepare β-fluoro- and β,β-difluorohistamine and histidinols, as well as β-fluorourocanic acid. Deoxyfluorination of intermediate acylindoles was used to prepare a series of β,β-difluorotryptamine derivative, including the fluorinated analogue of the important neurotransmitter, serotonin.
Genomic DNA transposition induced by human PGBD5

Transposons are mobile genetic elements that can be cut out of and inserted into DNA. They are present in most living things and make up almost half of the human genome. Transposons help to rearrange and increase the variety of DNA sequences, which can drive evolution and regulate the expression of genes. Enzymes called transposases help to move transposons, but very few genes that encode these enzymes have been studied in humans. PiggyBac transposase—which was first discovered in the cabbage looper moth—helps to move transposons of the piggyBac family. Humans and many other animals have genes that encode similar enzymes. In particular, the gene that encodes the human PGBD5 transposase is expressed in the developing embryo and particular areas of the brain and is highly similar to genes found in other vertebrate animals. These intriguing features prompted Henssen et al. to investigate PGBD5. The experiments reveal that PGBD5 is able to move piggyBac-like transposons in human cells and insert them into sites that contain similar DNA sequences that are preferred by other PiggyBac transposases. Henssen et al. compared human PGBD5 to the piggyBac transposases from other organisms, including insects, bats, and frogs. They found that PGBD5 is deeply conserved among vertebrate organisms, and is distinct from other piggyBac transposases. These findings suggest that PGBD5 is indeed a fully working piggyBac transposase. Further work is needed to understand what portions of the human genome may be rearranged by PGBD5, and how this may contribute to human brain development or disease.
Electric Field Effects on Graphene Materials

Understanding the effect of electric fields on the physical and chemical properties of two-dimensional (2D) nanostructures is instrumental in the design of novel electronic and optoelectronic devices. Several of those properties are characterized in terms of the dielectric constant which play an important role on capacitance, conductivity, screening, dielectric losses and refractive index. Here we review our recent theoretical studies using density functional calculations including van der Waals interactions on two types of layered materials of similar two-dimensional molecular geometry but remarkably different electronic structures, that is, graphene and molybdenum disulphide (MoS2). We focus on such two-dimensional crystals because of they complementary physical and chemical properties, and the appealing interest to incorporate them in the next generation of electronic and optoelectronic devices. We predict that the effective dielectric constant (e) of few-layer graphene and MoS2 is tunable by external electric fields (E ext). We show that at low fields (E ext < 0.01 V/A) e assumes a nearly constant value ∼4 for both materials, but increases at higher fields to values that depend on the layer thickness. The thicker the structure the stronger is the modulation of e with the electric field. Increasing of the external field perpendicular to the layer surface above a critical value can drive the systems to an unstable state where the layers are weakly coupled and can be easily separated. The observed dependence of e on the external field is due to charge polarization driven by the bias, which show several similar characteristics despite of the layer considered. All these results provide key information about control and understanding of the screening properties in two-dimensional crystals beyond graphene and MoS2.
Keynote lecture 1: optimizing the performance of scientific Java applications

As part of its type-safety regime, the Java semantics require precise exception at runtime when programs attempt out-of-bound array accesses. In general, this requires a dynamic bounds check each time an array element is accessed, which limits the performance of array intensive scientific applications implemented in Java. However, if it can be proven that the array index is within the bounds of the array, the check can be eliminated. We present a new algorithm based on extended Static Single Assignment (eSSA) form that builds a constraint system representing control flow qualified, linear constraints among program variables derived from program statements. Our system then derives relationships among variables, and provides a verifiable proof of its conclusions. This proof can be verified by a runtime system to minimize the analysis' performance impact. Our system simultaneously considers both control flow and data flow when analyzing the constraint system, handles general linear inequalities instead of simple difference constraints, and provides verifiable proofs for its claims. We present experimental results demonstrating that this method eliminates more bounds checks than prior approaches with minimal overhead during JIT compilation. Furthermore our algorithm increased the speed at which the Java benchmarks executed by up to 16%.
Direct Observation of Early-Stage Quantum Dot Growth Mechanisms with High-Temperature Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics

Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) exhibit highly desirable size- and shape-dependent properties for applications from electronic devices to imaging. Indium phosphide QDs have emerged as a primary candidate to more toxic CdSe QDs, but production of InP QDs with the desired properties lags behind other QD materials due to a poor understanding of how to tune the growth process. Using high-temperature ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations, we report the first direct observation of early-stage intermediates and subsequent formation of an InP cluster from indium and phosphorus precursors. In our simulations, indium agglomeration precedes formation of In–P bonds. We observe a predominantly intercomplex pathway in which In–P bonds form between one set of precursor copies, and the carboxylate ligand of a second indium precursor in the agglomerated indium abstracts a ligand from the phosphorus precursor. This process produces an indium-rich cluster with structural properties comparable to those in bulk zinc-bl...
The Human Capital (Schooling) of Immigrants in America

Abstract This chapter deals with several salient issues about immigrants to the US and their education. These issues include a comparison of the schooling accomplishments of immigrants and the native-born that emphasizes the considerable diversity in the schooling accomplishments among different immigrant subgroups and between legal and undocumented migrants. I also examine the role of the foreign-born who come to the United States for post-secondary schooling. Finally, I show that the educational generational progress among all groups of immigrants to the United States has been quite impressive during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Climate Model Biases in the Width of the Tropical Belt

AbstractEarth’s arid subtropics are situated at the edges of the tropical belt, which encircles the planet along the equator and covers half of its surface area. The climate of the tropical belt is strongly influenced by the Hadley cells, with their subsidence and easterly trade winds both sustaining the aridity at the belt’s edges. The understanding of Earth’s past, present, and future climates is contingent on understanding the dynamics influencing this region. An important but unanswered question is how realistically climate models reproduce the mean state of the tropical belt. This study augments the existing literature by examining the mean width and seasonality of the tropical belt in climate models from phase 5 of CMIP (CMIP5) and experiments from the second phase of the Chemistry–Climate Model Validation (CCMVal-2) activity of the Stratospheric Processes and Their Role in Climate (SPARC) project. While the models overall reproduce the structure of the tropical belt width’s seasonal cycle, they und...
Origins of United States Direct Investment in France

A paper written for the Colloquium of the French Association of Economic Historians on the International Financial Position of France, 19th and 20th Centuries, held in Paris in October 1973
The Visible Human Project.

The Visible Human Project data sets are designed to serve as a common reference point for the study of human anatomy, as a set of common public-domain data for testing medical imaging algorithms, and as a testbed and model for the construction of image libraries that can be accessed through networks. The data sets are being applied to a wide range of educational, diagnostic, treatment planning, virtual reality, artistic, mathematical, and industrial uses by more than 800 licensees in 27 countries. But key issues remain in the development of methods to link such image data to text-based data. Standards do not currently exist for such linkages. Basic research is needed in the description and representation of image-based structures and in the connection of image-based structural-anatomical data to text-based functional-physiological data. This is the larger, long-term goal of the Visible Human Project: to link the print library of functional-physiological knowledge with the image library of structural-anatomical knowledge transparently into one unified resource of health information.
Monofunctional and Higher-Valent Platinum Anticancer Agents

Platinum compounds represent one of the great success stories of metals in medicine. Following the serendipitous discovery of the anticancer activity of cisplatin by Rosenberg, a large number of cisplatin variants have been prepared and tested for their ability to kill cancer cells and inhibit tumor growth. These efforts continue today with increased realization that new strategies are needed to overcome issues of toxicity and resistance inherent to treatment by the approved platinum anticancer agents. One approach has been the use of so-called “non-traditional” platinum(II) and platinum(IV) compounds that violate the structure–activity relationships that governed platinum drug-development research for many years. Another is the use of specialized drug-delivery strategies. Here we describe recent developments from our laboratory involving monofunctional platinum(II) complexes together with a historical account of the manner by which we came to investigate these compounds and their relationship to previous...
Optical quantum memory for ultrafast photons using molecular alignment

The absorption of broadband photons in atomic ensembles requires either an effective broadening of the atomic transition linewidth, or an off-resonance Raman interaction. Here, we propose a scheme for a quantum memory capable of storing and retrieving ultrafast photons in an ensemble of two-level atoms using a propagation medium with a time–dependent refractive index generated from aligning an ensemble of gas-phase diatomic molecules. The refractive index dynamics generates an effective longitudinal inhomogeneous broadening of the two-level transition. We numerically demonstrate this scheme for storage and retrieval of a weak pulse as short as 50 fs, with a storage time of up to 20 ps. With additional optical control of the molecular alignment dynamics, the storage time can be extended about one nanosecond leading to time–bandwidth products of order 104. This scheme could in principle be achieved using either a hollow-core fibre or a high-pressure gas cell, in a gaseous host medium comprised of diatomic m...
Wholesale Banking and Bank Runs in Macroeconomic Modeling of Financial Crises

Abstract There has been considerable progress in developing macroeconomic models of banking crises. However, most of this literature focuses on the retail sector where banks obtain deposits from households. In fact, the recent financial crisis that triggered the Great Recession featured a disruption of wholesale funding markets, where banks lend to one another. Accordingly, to understand the financial crisis as well as to draw policy implications, it is essential to capture the role of wholesale banking. The objective of this chapter is to characterize a model that can be seen as a natural extension of the existing literature, but in which the analysis is focused on wholesale funding markets. The model accounts for both the buildup and collapse of wholesale banking and also sketches out the transmission of the crises to the real sector. We also draw out the implications of possible instability in the wholesale banking sector for lender-of-last resort policy as well as for macroprudential policy.
The political economy of local fracking bans

Concerns about harmful effects arising from the increased use of hydraulic fracturing (fracking) to extract underground fuel resources has led to efforts to ban the practice. Many townships in western New York, which lies above the gas-rich Marcellus shale formation, have enacted bans or moratoria using local zoning laws. Using spatial econometric techniques, we examine factors related to townships’ choice to adopt fracking bans and document the importance of spatial dependence when analyzing fracking bans. We find education levels, the poverty rate, and veterans groups are associated with an increased probability of a township banning or putting a moratorium on fracking. Our results inform the literature on NIMBYism as well as helping explain why local fracking bans were so pervasive despite the positive economic effect of fracking on local labor markets.
Geometry and spatial distribution of lenticulae on Europa

The surface of Europa contains several types of roughly elliptical features, collectively called lenticulae. Lenticulae may have positive relief (domes) or negative relief (pits), may disrupt the crust (chaos), or discolor the surface (spots); some lenticulae have attributes of both domes and chaos (dome/chaos). We map the location, dimensions and shapes of all lenticulae and their interactions with other lenticulae and lineaments. We find that (1) pits and domes have similar sizes; (2) chaos are larger than the other lenticulae; (3) pits are clustered within the trailing antijovian quadrant and the leading subjovian quadrant whereas domes, dome/chaos, and chaos terrains are more uniformly distributed; (4) the areal density for all lenticulae is not uniform; (5) lenticulae do not divert the path of younger lineaments such as ridges. Taken together, these observations are consistent with conceptual models in which lenticulae are created by intrusion of liquid water bodies, or convection within, the ice shell. Additionally, the observations are consistent with the notion that each type of lenticula is a surface expression of dynamics within the ice shell at a different stage of lenticulae evolution. The similar size and shape of pits and domes suggests that one may evolve into the other. Because domes are more numerous and more uniformly distributed than pits, they are more likely to represent the end stage of this evolution, assuming the end-stage leaves a longer-lasting surface expression. Models also predict that larger features are more likely to disrupt the crust, which is consistent with dome/chaos and chaos being larger than pits and domes. We find no examples of lineaments offsetting pits but lineaments do cross some chaos. Pits also have a preferred northwest-southeast elongation, whereas domes, dome/chaos, and chaos do not have a preferred orientation. If lenticulae orientation is influenced by crustal stress, then pits may have formed during a shorter time interval than the other features. As a result, pits may sample a shorter, more recent time period than domes, dome/chaos, and chaos, consistent with pits being the earliest stage in the evolution of lenticulae. We find no strong evidence that lineaments are deflected by lenticulae, implying either that the stresses created by lenticulae are too small to influence lineaments, or that the complete evolution of lenticulae occurs on a time scale that is short compared to the time between the formation of lineaments at a given location.
Understanding the Risk-Return Relation: The Aggregate Wealth Proxy Actually Matters

ABSTRACTThe ICAPM implies that the market’s conditional expected return is proportional to its conditional variance and that the reward-to-risk ratio equals the representative investor’s coefficien...
Learning quantitative sequence-function relationships from high-throughput biological data

Understanding the transcriptional regulatory code, as well as other types of information encoded within biomolecular sequences, will require learning biophysical models of sequence-function relationships from high-throughput data. Controlling and characterizing the noise in such experiments, however, is notoriously difficult. The unpredictability of such noise creates problems for standard likelihood-based methods in statistical learning, which require that the quantitative form of experimental noise be known precisely. However, when this unpredictability is properly accounted for, important theoretical aspects of statistical learning which remain hidden in standard treatments are revealed. Specifically, one finds a close relationship between the standard inference method, based on likelihood, and an alternative inference method based on mutual information. Here we review and extend this relationship. We also describe its implications for learning sequence-function relationships from real biological data. Finally, we detail an idealized experiment in which these results can be demonstrated analytically.
Was Adam Smith Right About Religious Competition

AbstractAdam Smith famously argued that increased competition in religion would result in more religious tolerance and that the benefits of competition in the marketplace would also be seen in religious instruction when many religious sects are tolerated. We use a cross-section of a maximum of 167 countries to explore whether increased religious competition results in less governmental regulation of religion and less governmental favoritism of religion. Our measure of religious regulation and favoritism comes from the Association of Religion Data Archives. Our empirical analysis also explores the influence of economic and political factors, including the size of the economy, openness of trade, legal origins, education, the amount of checks and balances on the government, and the role of democracy.
Selective memoization

We present a framework for applying memoization selectively. The framework provides programmer control over equality, space usage, and identification of precise dependences so that memoization can be applied according to the needs of an application. Two key properties of the framework are that it is efficient and yields programs whose performance can be analyzed using standard techniques.We describe the framework in the context of a functional language and an implementation as an SML library. The language is based on a modal type system and allows the programmer to express programs that reveal their true data dependences when executed. The SML implementation cannot support this modal type system statically, but instead employs run-time checks to ensure correct usage of primitives.
Differential identifiability

A key challenge in privacy-preserving data mining is ensuring that a data mining result does not inherently violate privacy. e-Differential Privacy appears to provide a solution to this problem. However, there are no clear guidelines on how to set e to satisfy a privacy policy. We give an alternate formulation, Differential Identifiability, parameterized by the probability of individual identification. This provides the strong privacy guarantees of differential privacy, while letting policy makers set parameters based on the established privacy concept of individual identifiability.
On language

William Safire's On Language is the most entertaining study of how Americans use the English language — inventing words, changing pronunciations, and fumbling with half-understood phrases-since Jacque Barzun edited Wilson Follett's Modern American Usage in 1974. (Safire admires Barzun's opinions on English usage.)
Narcissism and the art market performance

Using a unique auction dataset from artinfo.com, we find that narcissism measured by the signatures of artists is positively associated with the market performance of artworks. The artworks of more narcissistic artists have higher market prices, higher estimates from auction houses, and higher outperformance compared to the art market index. In support of this narcissistic view of the market performance of art works, we find that the higher recognition by art experts lead to more narcissistic artists having a greater number of solo and group exhibitions, more museum and gallery holdings, and higher art history rankings. More narcissistic artists also tend to make larger paintings and date their works more frequently.
Soil Methane and Carbon Dioxide Fluxes from Cropland and Riparian Buffers in Different Hydrogeomorphic Settings

Riparian buffers contribute to the mitigation of nutrient pollution in agricultural landscapes, but there is concern regarding their potential to be hot spots of greenhouse gas production. This study compared soil CO and CH fluxes in adjacent crop fields and riparian buffers (a flood-prone forest and a flood-protected grassland along an incised channel) and examined the impact of water table depth (WTD) and flood events on the variability of gas fluxes in riparian zones. Results showed significantly ( 22°C), but the effect of flooding was less pronounced in early spring (emission <1.06 mg CH-C m d), probably due to low soil temperature. Although CH flux direction alternated at all sites, overall the croplands and the flood-affected riparian forest were CH sources, with annual emission averaging +0.04 ± 0.17 and +0.92 ± 1.6 kg CH-C ha, respectively. In the riparian forest, a topographic depression (<8% of the total area) accounted for 78% of the annual CH emission, underscoring the significance of landscape heterogeneity on CH dynamics in riparian buffers. The nonflooded riparian grassland, however, was a net CH sink (-1.08 ± 0.22 kg CH-C ha yr), probably due to the presence of subsurface tile drains and a dredged/incised channel at that study site. Although these hydrological alterations may have contributed to improvement in the CH sink strength of the riparian grassland, this must be weighed against the water quality maintenance functions and other ecological services provided by riparian buffers.
Sensing Power MOSFET Junction Temperature Using Gate Drive Turn-On Current Transient Properties

Junction temperature sensing for high-bandwidth power MOSFET junction temperature protection is usually achieved on the power converter’s high power side, by directly monitoring the power switches with additional temperature detectors. This requires special considerations for high voltage, high current, high temperature, and EMI protection. This paper presents a new method applied on the power converter’s low power side (MOSFET gate drive) so that junction temperature sensing can be integrated into MOSFET gate drive. For the purpose of demonstrating MOSFET junction temperature sensing, a push–pull gate drive is applied to a switching current divider circuit. The gate drive turn-on current transient waveform is used for MOSFET junction temperature estimation. A “gate drive-MOSFET” switching dynamic model is implemented indicating the mechanisms of MOSFET gate drive output dynamics. Modeling includes gate-drive push–pull output, gate drive output parasitics, power MOSFET intrinsic parameters, PCB parasitics, and load parasitics. LTSpice simulation of this model is studied and compared with experimental results.
Redefining Individual Growth and Development Indicators: Oral Language

Language skills developed during preschool contribute strongly to later reading and academic achievement. Effective preschool assessment and intervention should focus on core components of language development, specifically oral language skills. The Early Language and Literacy Individual Growth and Development Indicators (IGDIs) are a set of measures that have demonstrated utility in language and early literacy assessment, evaluation, and intervention studies. The purpose of this article is to describe two studies conducted to build on the existing oral language IGDI, Picture Naming, to increase utility for instructional decision making, particularly within an early childhood Response to Intervention framework. Study 1 outlines the initial development and piloting of potential measures and Study 2 describes the revision and continued analysis of the most promising measures. Results of Study 1 and Study 2 indicate that Picture Naming has continued utility as a measure of oral language skill development and...
Gold-Catalyzed Enantioselective Ring-Expanding Cycloisomerization of Cyclopropylidene Bearing 1,5-Enynes

An enantioselective ring-expanding cycloisomerization of 1,5-enynes bearing a cyclopropylidene moiety has been developed. This methodology provides a new approach to bicyclo[4.2.0]octanes, a structural motif present in many biologically active natural products.
Enantioselective Propargylation and Allenylation Reactions of Ketones and Imines

Enantioselective propargylation and allenylation reactions pose an interesting challenge because they require control of regioselectivity as well as enantioselectivity. This review presents recent advances in enantioselective propargylation and allenylation reactions of ketones and imines. In this context, a brief discussion of the possible mechanisms of these transformations and consequences for regioselectivity is provided.
C7-Derivatization of C3-Alkylindoles Including Tryptophans and Tryptamines

A versatile strategy for C7-selective boronation of tryptophans, tryptamines, and 3-alkylindoles by way of a single-pot C2/C7-diboronation–C2-protodeboronation sequence is described. The combination of a mild iridium-catalyzed C2/C7-diboronation followed by an in situ palladium-catalyzed C2-protodeboronation allows efficient entry to valuable C7-boroindoles that enable further C7-derivatization. The versatility of the chemistry is highlighted by the gram-scale synthesis of C7-boronated N-Boc-L-tryptophan methyl ester and the rapid synthesis of C7-halo, C7-hydroxy, and C7-aryl tryptophan derivatives.
THE LICHEN GENUS CALOPLACA IN NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA WITH BROWN OR BLACK APOTHECIA

An artificial group of 17 species of Caloplaca is treated for North and Central America. The group includes those species of the genus with brown or black apothecia and with a KOH- thallus and KOH-...
Large-mode-area Fibers Enabled by Significant Differential Mode Losses

Differential mode losses can be used to scale mode areas of fibers while maintaining single-mode operation. Coiling, essential for high average power, is possible due to the possibility of strong waveguides. Recent progress is reviewed.
Synthesis of pyridines from ketoximes and terminal alkynes via C-H bond functionalization.

An expedient one-pot rhodium catalyzed C–H bond functionalization/electrocyclization/dehydration procedure has been developed for the synthesis of highly substituted pyridine derivatives from terminal alkynes and α,β-unsaturated ketoximes. The use of electron-deficient phosphite ligands is important to suppress dimerization of the terminal alkynes to enynes.
Intermolecular Hydroamination of 1,3-Dienes Catalyzed by Bis(phosphine)carbodicarbene–Rhodium Complexes

A carbodicarbene (CDC)-based pincer ligand scaffold is reported, along with its application to site-selective Rh(I)-catalyzed intermolecular hydroamination of 1,3-dienes with aryl and alkyl amines. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of the use of a well-defined CDC complex as an efficient catalyst. Transformations proceed in the presence of 1.0-5.0 mol % Rh complex at 35-120 °C; allylic amines are obtained in up to 97% yield and with >98:2 site selectivity.
Strategic obfuscation of production capacities

Recent supply-chain models that study competition among capacity-constrained producers omit the possibility of producers strategically setting wholesale prices to create uncertainty with regards to (i.e., to obfuscate) their production capacities. To shed some light on this possibility, we study strategic obfuscation in a supply-chain model comprised of two competing producers and a retailer, where one of the producers faces a privately-known capacity constraint. We show that capacity obfuscation can strictly increase the obfuscating producer's profit, therefore, presenting a clear incentive for such practices. Moreover, we identify conditions under which both producers' profits increase. In effect, obfuscation enables producers to tacitly collude and charge higher wholesale prices by moderating competition between producers. The retailer, in contrast, suffers a loss in profit, raises retail prices, while overall channel profits decrease. We show that the extent of capacity obfuscation is limited by its cost and by a strategic retailer's incentive to facilitate a deterrence. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 61: 244–267, 2014
Real Effects of Accounting Rules: Evidence from Multinational Firms’ Investment Location and Profit Repatriation Decisions

We analyze survey responses from nearly 600 tax executives to better understand corporate decisions about real investment location and profit repatriation. Our evidence indicates that avoiding financial accounting income tax expense is as important as avoiding cash income taxes when corporations decide where to locate operations and whether to repatriate foreign earnings. This result is important in light of the recent research about whether financial accounting affects investment and in light of the decades of research on foreign investment that examines the role of cash income taxes but heretofore has not investigated the importance of financial reporting effects. Our analysis suggests that financial reporting is an important factor to be considered in the policy debates focused on bringing investment to the United States.
Municipal Incorporation: Socioeconomic and Policy Factors of Influence

Using recent census data, this research examines municipal incorporations. The research is guided by the Tiebout model and a reorganization framework: it posits that wider income heterogeneity amon...
Can Admissions Percent Plans Lead to Better Collegiate Fit for Minority Students

Abstract Why do so many students mismatch when choosing a college? A plausible hypothesis is a lack of information about the likelihood of admission. This study contributes to the literature on mismatch by testing whether public university automatic admissions policies mitigate academic undermatch and promote academic overmatch by providing some students with admissions certainty. Focusing on the interaction of admissions certainty and race/ethnicity, our results support the hypothesis that a priori admissions information can vastly improve minority access to college quality by encouraging eligible students to apply to, and more importantly, enroll in more challenging institutions.
The cancer epigenome.

PL03-03 Epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes and non-coding RNAs plays a major role in human carcinogenesis. CpG islands, which are frequently located at the transcription start sites of human genes, can become abnormally methylated resulting in heritable silencing. This methylation of cytosine residues is associated with alterations in chromatin structure including the binding of methylated DNA binding proteins and changes in the state of covalent modification of histone residues in nucleosomes. Until now, most of the focus has been on the interplay between covalent histone modifications and DNA cytosine methylation. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that nucleosomal occupancy plays a substantial role in controlling the accessibility of the promoter to transcriptional factors. We have developed a new assay to examine CpG islands for nucleosomal occupancy and found that several human CpG islands are missing nucleosomes in the regions just upstream of the start sites. Cancer cells with epigenetically silenced promoters showed not only extensive DNA cytosine methylation and deacetylated histones but also have extra nucleosomes in the promoter. Strikingly activation of the silenced promoters by DNA demethylating drugs involves nucleosomal eviction in addition to changes in cytosine methylation and covalent histone modifications. These observations have important implications for epigenetic therapy in which at least three interacting biological processes have to be considered in the silencing and reactivation of promoters by chromatin modifying drugs.
A Deep Learning Approach for Network Intrusion Detection System

A Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) helps system administrators to detect network security breaches in their organizations. However, many challenges arise while developing a flexible and efficient NIDS for unforeseen and unpredictable attacks. We propose a deep learning based approach for developing such an efficient and flexible NIDS. We use Self-taught Learning (STL), a deep learning based technique, on NSL-KDD - a benchmark dataset for network intrusion. We present the performance of our approach and compare it with a few previous work. Compared metrics include accuracy, precision, recall, and f-measure values.
Dissection with the Fewest Pieces is Hard, Even to Approximate

We prove that it is NP-hard to dissect one simple orthogonal polygon into another using a given number of pieces, as is approximating the fewest pieces to within a factor of \(1+1/1080-\varepsilon \).
Application of Light Detection and Ranging Technology to Assess Safe Passage of Low-Ground-Clearance Vehicles at Highway–Rail Grade Crossings

The objectives of this research were to test and validate the feasibility of assessing humped highway–rail crossings for safe passage of vehicles with low ground clearance using lidar data. Collected using an airborne platform, lidar data provide georeferenced spatial information about the shape and surface characteristics of Earth. The suitability of humped highway–rail crossings for use by vehicles with low ground clearance and a long wheelbase is a concern because of the possibility of vehicles getting lodged on rail tracks. While such vehicles usually travel on designated routes, emergencies or highway closures may result in these vehicles traveling on undesignated highways with humped grade crossings. Lidar data and line-of-sight analysis in a geographic information system (GIS) were used to identify potentially problematic grade crossings for certain types of low-ground-clearance vehicles with a long wheelbase. Results of the GIS analysis were validated in the field at actual grade crossings with su...
Human SLC4A11 Is a Novel NH3/H+ Co-transporter

SLC4A11 has been proposed to be an electrogenic membrane transporter, permeable to Na(+), H(+) (OH(-)), bicarbonate, borate, and NH4 (+). Recent studies indicate, however, that neither bicarbonate or borate is a substrate. Here, we examined potential NH4 (+), Na(+), and H(+) contributions to electrogenic ion transport through SLC4A11 stably expressed in Na(+)/H(+) exchanger-deficient PS120 fibroblasts. Inward currents observed during exposure to NH4Cl were determined by the [NH3]o, not [NH4 (+)]o, and current amplitudes varied with the [H(+)] gradient. These currents were relatively unaffected by removal of Na(+), K(+), or Cl(-) from the bath but could be reduced by inclusion of NH4Cl in the pipette solution. Bath pH changes alone did not generate significant currents through SLC4A11, except immediately following exposure to NH4Cl. Reversal potential shifts in response to changing [NH3]o and pHo suggested an NH3/H(+)-coupled transport mode for SLC4A11. Proton flux through SLC4A11 in the absence of ammonia was relatively small, suggesting that ammonia transport is of more physiological relevance. Methylammonia produced currents similar to NH3 but with reduced amplitude. Estimated stoichiometry of SLC4A11 transport was 1:2 (NH3/H(+)). NH3-dependent currents were insensitive to 10 μM ethyl-isopropyl amiloride or 100 μM 4,4'- diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid. We propose that SLC4A11 is an NH3/2H(+) co-transporter exhibiting unique characteristics.
The effect of dust on the martian polar vortices

Abstract The influence of atmospheric dust on the dynamics and stability of the martian polar vortices is examined, through analysis of Mars Climate Sounder observations and MarsWRF general circulation model simulations. We show that regional and global dust storms produce “transient vortex warming” events that partially or fully disrupt the northern winter polar vortex for brief periods. Increased atmospheric dust heating alters the Hadley circulation and shifts the downwelling branch of the circulation poleward, leading to a disruption of the polar vortex for a period of days to weeks. Through our simulations, we find this effect is dependent on the atmospheric heating rate, which can be changed by increasing the amount of dust in the atmosphere or by altering the dust optical properties (e.g., single scattering albedo). Despite this, our simulations show that some level of atmospheric dust is necessary to produce a distinct northern hemisphere winter polar vortex.
Warm-Up, Strength, and Power

Modern athletes follow rigorous conditioning programs that include complete warm-up routines and strength and power training. The components of a warm-up routine are discussed, and strength and power training are described in detail. Specific training programs for basketball, football, gymnastics, swimming, running, field events, weightlifting, and wrestling are outlined.
Staff Empowerment Practices and CNA Retention: Findings From a Nationally Representative Nursing Home Culture Change Survey

This article examines whether staff empowerment practices common to nursing home culture change are associated with certified nursing assistant (CNA) retention. Data from 2,034 nursing home administrators from a 2009/2010 national nursing home survey and ordered logistic regression were used. After adjustment for covariates, a greater staff empowerment practice score was positively associated with greater retention. Compared with the low empowerment category, nursing homes with scores in the medium category had a 44% greater likelihood of having higher CNA retention (odds ratio [OR] = 1.44; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.15, 1.81], p = .001) and those with high empowerment scores had a 64% greater likelihood of having higher CNA retention (OR = 1.64; 95% CI = [1.34, 2.00], p < 001). Greater opportunities for CNA empowerment are associated with longer CNA retention. This research suggests that staffing empowerment practices on the whole are worthwhile from the CNA staffing stability perspective.
Career duration in the NHL: pushing and pulling on Europeans?

ABSTRACTUsing a panel of National Hockey League players from 2000 through 2013, we analyse the determinants of career length in the league. In our analysis, we include both performance variables and nationality of origin to determine their importance in determining career length. We find that European-born players have shorter careers than North American-born players holding performance constant and Russian-born players have even shorter careers than other Europeans. We further find that Russian-born players have even shorter careers than other players after the 2005 lockout. These shorter careers are consistent with both exit discrimination against European and Russian players who are pushed out of the league as well as voluntary exit by European and Russian players who are pulled out of the league due to opportunities in their home countries.
CEMENTLESS FIXATION: IT'S TIME FOR THE WINE – OPPOSES

Cementless femoral fixation in total knee replacement has proven to be successful in many studies. There is a recent report by Berger et al, on failure of cementless fixation in a high flexion TKR design. This was with a FiberWire material that had good ingrowth characteristics but was not ideal in terms of immediate fixation. Cementless patellar fixation to date has required a metal backed patella, which has proven to be problematic in most design. For this reason, most surgeons who resurface the patella do so with an all-polyethylene cemented design. The major controversy is cemented tibial fixation. This is problematic when performed with ancillary screw fixation due to screw osteolysis. There are newer designs that have shown promise but cemented tibial fixation remains the gold standard. It is true that early designs of cementless hips were associated with poor results, but newer designs have led to cementless fixation in total hip arthroplasty as the gold standard. It is clear that with newer materials, ancillary biologics and improved design that cementless total knee fixation will eventually prevail. At the present time, the wine needs to stay in the cellar for now.