cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prioritizing Police Investigations of Intimate Partner Violence Using Actuarial Risk Assessment

Intimate partner violence (IPV) accounts for a large proportion of police calls for service and criminal offenses in most jurisdictions and families often experience significant harm from these incidents. In an effort to rationally allocate investigative resources, police departments are turning to risk assessment scales to identify suspects and victims at greatest risk for further incidents. The existing measures suffer from a number of issues including limited predictive validity, lengthy scoring procedures, and the requirement of supplemental data collection. The current study uses a sample of IPV cases from a large US city to assess whether recidivism can be predicted using factors that are already available in most law enforcement records management systems (RMS). A series of multivariate regression analyses demonstrate that domestic recidivism was predicted (AUC = .72) using a combination of suspect, victim, and index offense characteristics obtained from the local RMS. Additional analyses found that victim-reported risk factors obtained via supplemental interviews did not further benefit predictive validity. The findings suggest that additional data collection for the purpose of IPV risk assessment may be unnecessary for most law enforcement agencies. Moreover, the use of currently available records supports the automation of risk triage tools, which could yield further improvements in predictive accuracy and decision-making efficiency.
Paediatric HIV: Progress on Prevention, Treatment and Cure.

This review provides an update on current developments with prevention, treatment, and cure strategies in the field of pediatric HIV. There has been tremendous progress in the prevention and treatment of pediatric HIV infection. With new strategies for prevention of mother-to-child transmission, we are growing ever closer toward elimination of pediatric HIV, though challenges with retention of pregnant woman and their HIV-exposed infants remain. Ongoing vigilance regarding the potential hazards of in utero ART exposure to infants continues with no significant alarms yet identified. Though cure has not been achieved, evidence of the impact of early treatment on reducing HIV-1 reservoir size with subsequent prolonged remission has enlivened efforts to rapidly identify and treat HIV-infected newborns. There is an increasing array of treatment options for pediatric patients and reassuring evidence regarding long-term complications of ART. Unfortunately, despite evidence suggesting the benefit of early treatment, timely identification and treatment of children remains a challenge. Better strategies for effective case finding and engagement in care are urgently needed in addition to an improved understanding of how to retain HIV-positive children and adolescents on treatment. However, further emboldened by recent international commitments and robust global support, the future is hopeful.
Bench-to-bedside review: Genetic influences on meningococcal disease

This review discusses the possible involvement of a variety of genetic polymorphisms on the course of meningococcal disease. It has been shown that several common genetic polymorphisms can either influence the susceptibility to meningococcal disease or can account for a higher mortality rate in patients. Gene polymorphisms concerning antibody receptors, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding receptors or proteins, innate complement proteins as well as cytokines and hemostatic proteins are described. The study of genetic polymorphisms might provide important insights in the pathogenesis of meningococcal disease and could make it possible to identify individuals who are at risk of either contrcting or dying from meningococcal disease.
Resolving Dysfunctional Pharmaceutical Arbitrage and Counterfeiting Through the Proposed Hubbard-Love R&D Treaty

One obstacle to the widespread rollout of compulsory licensure or greatly expanded access to essential pharmaceuticals is the fear that drugs intended for the poor will be diverted into high income markets, undermining pharmaceutical profits and ultimately, pharmaceutical R&D. In fact, this form of dysfunctional pharmaceutical arbitrage is rarely observed. A much greater threat to both pharmaceutical profits and public health is the production and sale of counterfeit drugs. The proposed Hubbard-Love R&D Treaty would eliminate the threat of dysfunctional arbitrage and dramatically reduce incentives to counterfeit.
Connectivity analysis of human functional MRI data: from linear to nonlinear and static to dynamic

In this paper, we describe approaches for analyzing functional MRI data to assess brain connectivity. Using phase-space embedding, bivariate embedding dimensions and delta-epsilon methods are introduced to characterize nonlinear connectivity in fMRI data. The nonlinear approaches were applied to resting state data and continuous task data and their results were compared with those obtained from the conventional approach of linear correlation. The nonlinear methods captured couplings not revealed by linear correlation and was found to be more selective in identifying true connectivity. In addition to the nonlinear methods, the concept of Granger causality was applied to infer directional information transfer among the connected brain regions. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of moving window connectivity analysis in understanding temporally evolving neural processes such as motor learning.
2-D directional of arrival angle estimation non-based on eigen structure approach

Recently, a virtual estimation of signal parameters rotational invariance technique (V-ESPRIT) has been proposed for 2D estimation, i.e., the azimuth and elevation angles from the sources. This paper is concerned with applying the propagator method (PM) to the V-ESPRIT, called "PMV-ESPRIT" to reduce the computational complexity further for 2D sources. In addition, this paper compares the performance of the PMV-ESPRIT with the V-ESPRIT and the PM of the doublet configurations (Y. Wu et al, Signal Proc., vol.83. p.1827-1831, 2003). The PMV-ESPRIT has several advantages over the PM such as: (1) a lower computational complexity which is close to 1D estimation; (2) no pair matching between azimuth and elevation angles from the 2D estimation for different sources, whereas the PM does; and (3) less information data from the antenna array to find the azimuth and elevation angles. Simulation results results show that the performance of the proposed method, with less complexity than the V-ESPRIT, is the same as that of the V-ESPRIT and slightly worse than the PM.
Constituents of Gaillardia species—II: Structures of pulchellin B and pulchellin C

Abstract A collection of Gaillardia pulchella Foug. from New Mexico furnished three new sesquiterpene lactones, pulchellin B, C and D, instead of pulchellin previously isolated from the Southeastern variety. Structures of pulchellin B and C were established. Helenalin was isolated from Gaillardia multiceps Greene and Gaillardia megapotamica (Spreng.) Baker.
DIRAC dynamic information retrieval of atomic codes. II. Implementation

The computer program DIRAC written in FORTRAN is described for the dynamic retrieval of information from a data bank upon a users request and the display of this information on an on-line 12'' x 12'' graphical display unit. The system can be used by any collection of theoretical codes for calculating cross sections; experimental points can also be fed into the data bank. (JFP)
Computational and biological evaluation of quinazolinone prodrug for targeting pancreatic cancer

Our concept of enzyme-mediated cancer imaging and therapy aims to use radiolabeled compounds to target hydrolases over-expressed on the extracellular surface of solid tumors. A data mining approach identified extracellular sulfatase 1 (SULF1) as an enzyme expressed on the surface of pancreatic cancer cells. We designed, synthesized, and characterized 2-(2'-sulfooxyphenyl)-6-iodo-4-(3H)-quinazolinone (IQ(2-S)) as well as its radioiodinated form ((125) IQ(2-S)) as a prodrug with potential for hydrolysis by SULF1. IQ(2-S) was successfully docked in silico into three enzymes - homolog of SULF1, alkaline phosphatase, and prostatic acid phosphatase. The incubation of (125) IQ(2-S) and (125) IQ(2-P) with the three enzymes in solution confirms the docking results and enzyme selectivity for the analogs. The hydrolysis of both radioactive compounds produces the water-insoluble, fluorescent product 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)-6-[(125) I]iodo-4-(3H)-quinazolinone ((125) IQ(2-OH)). The in vitro incubation of (127) IQ(2-S) and (127) IQ(2-P) with pancreatic, ovarian, and prostate cancer cells expressing studied hydrolases also results in their hydrolysis and the precipitation of (127) IQ(2-OH) fluorescent crystals on the cell surface. To our knowledge, these findings are the first to report the targeting of a radioactive substrate to SULF1 and that this prodrug may be potentially useful in the imaging ((123) I/(124) I/(131) I) and radiotherapy ((131) I) of pancreatic cancer.
Specular Reflection and Scatter for a Satellite Altimeter

The ratio of specularly reflected to scattered power received by a radar altimeter is shown to be related to a parameter q = (4K2/?0 s2), where K is the Fresnel reflection coefficient, ?0 is the differential scattering coefficient, and s is the effective beamwidth. The critical range of rms surface roughness is shown to be from 0.1 to 0.335 ? for examples from 100-ns-pulse aircraft radar to 10-ns-pulse spacecraft radar over water.
Friction stir spot welding of DP780 carbon steel

AbstractFriction stir spot welds were made in uncoated and galvannealed DP780 sheets using polycrystalline boron nitride stir tools. The tools were plunged at either a single continuous rate or in two segments consisting of a relatively high rate followed by a slower rate of shorter depth. Welding times ranged from 1 to 10 s. Increasing tool rotation speed from 800 to 1600 rev min–1 increased strength values. The 2-segment welding procedures also produced higher strength joints. Average lap shear strengths exceeding 10·3 kN were consistently obtained in 4 s on both the uncoated and the galvannealed DP780. The likelihood of diffusion and mechanical interlocking contributing to bond formation was supported by metallographic examinations. A cost analysis based on spot welding in automobile assembly showed that for friction stir spot welding to be economically competitive with resistance spot welding the cost of stir tools must approach that of resistance spot welding electrode tips.
Acetylene-cyclopentene copolymers

Cyclopentene (CP) and 7,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)tricyclo-[4,2,2,02,5]-deca-3,7,9-triene (p-A) were copolymerized. The copolymers were thermally converted to acetylene-cyclopentene copolymers ACP-13, ACP-11, and ACP-31 containing 60.3%, 48.3% and 39.4% of CP, respectively. Infrared spectroscopy showed the copolymers to have increasing sequence length of conjugated double bonds with increasing acetylene contents. The copolymers have only small amounts of unpaired spins which are only one-tenth to one-hundredth of that found in normal trans-poly(acetylene). The copolymers absorb large quantities of iodine, which on the basis of sp 2-carbon atoms are comparable to iodine doped poly(acetylene). Doped ACP-copolymers acquire some increase of conductivity up to 10−4 (Ω cm)−1 for ACP-31 copolymer and evacuation returned the materials to their insulating states even though the samples retained a few mole % of I3 −. The results are attributed to low carrier concentration and mobility.
Can they get along without us? Sustainability of donor-supported health projects in Central America and Africa.

This article presents a synthesis of five country studies of the sustainability of U.S. government-funded health projects in Central America and Africa. The studies reviewed health projects with a comparative framework to determine which project activities had continued after the donor funding ceased. This review found that health projects in Africa were less firmly sustained than those in Central America. The studies then evaluated context factors and project characteristics that were related to the sustainability of the projects. The weak economic and political context of the African cases was found to inhibit sustainability in those countries, suggesting that broader development issues be addressed before donors expect significant sustainability of health projects in Africa. Even in Central America it was found that the strength of the institution implementing the project was an important variable for sustainability, suggesting that donor attention also be shifted toward strengthening institutional development in order to assure sustainability. In addition to context factors, several project characteristics were related to sustainability in most cases and suggest sustainability guidelines for project design and implementation. The article concludes that projects should be designed and managed so as to: (1) demonstrate effectiveness in reaching clearly defined goals and objectives; (2) integrate their activities fully into established administrative structures; (3) gain significant levels of funding from national sources (budgetary and cost-recovery) during the life of the project; (4) negotiate project design with a mutually respectful process of give and take: and (5) include a strong training component.
Patient reported outcomes in benign multiple sclerosis

Background: Benign MS patients have a mild course of disease and show no or minimal accumulation of disability over time. Little is known about the patient reported outcomes (PROs) in benign MS.Objective: The objective of the study was to compare PROs in benign MS patients and patients with similar disease duration or disability status, and to investigate how the definition of benign MS affected this outcome.Methods: Two groups of Benign MS patients (disease duration ≥15 years, Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS] score ≤1.5 [Benign-1.5], or ≤3.0 [Benign-3]) were compared with four other MS groups: disease duration ≥15 years, EDSS score >3.0 (Late-MS); disease duration <15 years, and EDSS score ≤1.5 (Low-EDSS-1.5), or ≤3.0 (Low-EDSS-3); disease duration ≤5 years (Early-MS). PROs included measures of QOL, fatigue, depression, and social support. Cognitive function was also assessed.Results: Both benign groups had better PROs than Late MS patients on all measures (p < 0.05). QOL, depression, and fatigue ...
Characterization of the nucleation step and folding of a collagen triple-helix peptide.

Peptide T1-892 is a triple-helical peptide designed to include two distinct domains: a C-terminal (Gly-Pro-Hyp)4 sequence, together with an N-terminal 18-residue sequence from the α1(I) chain of type I collagen. Folding experiments of T1-892 using CD spectroscopy were carried out at varying concentrations and temperatures, and fitting of kinetic models to the data was used to obtain information about the folding mechanism and to derive rate constants. Proposed models include a heterogeneous population of monomers with respect to cis−trans isomerization and a third-order folding reaction from competent monomer to the triple helix. Fitting results support a nucleation domain composed of all or most of the (Gly-Pro-Hyp)4 sequence, which must be in trans form before the monomer is competent to initiate triple-helix formation. The folding of competent monomer to a triple helix is best described by an all-or-none third-order reaction. The temperature dependence of the third-order rate constant indicates a nega...
Kinetic Characterization of Bifunctional Thymidylate Synthase-Dihydrofolate Reductase (TS-DHFR) from Cryptosporidium hominis A PARADIGM SHIFT FOR TS ACTIVITY AND CHANNELING BEHAVIOR

This study presents a kinetic characterization of the recently crystallized bifunctional thymidylate synthasedihydrofolate reductase (TS-DHFR) enzyme from the apicomplexa parasite, Cryptosporidium hominis. Our study focuses on determination of the C. hominis TS-DHFR kinetic mechanism, substrate channeling behavior, and domain-domain communication. Unexpectedly, the unique mechanistic features of C. hominis TS-DHFR involve the highly conserved TS domain. At 45 s–1, C. hominis TS activity is 10–40-fold faster than other TS enzymes studied and a new kinetic mechanism was required to simulate C. hominis TS behavior. A large accumulation of dihydrofolate produced at TS and a lag in product formation at DHFR were observed. These observations make C. hominis TS-DHFR the first bifunctional TS-DHFR enzyme studied for which there is clear evidence against dihydrofolate substrate channeling. Furthermore, whereas with Leishmania major TS-DHFR there are multiple lines of evidence for domain-domain communication (ligand binding at one active site affecting activity of the other enzyme), no such effects were observed with C. hominis TS-DHFR.
Tactics of the Interview

The importance of technique in the interview is stressed by the author. He starts out by describing some of the classical kinds of interviews, then goes on to discuss qualities that characterize a ...
Oceanographic pursuit: Networked control of multiple vehicles tracking dynamic ocean features

Abstract We present an integrated framework for joint estimation and pursuit of dynamic features in the ocean, over large spatial scales and with multiple collaborating vehicles relying on limited communications. Our approach uses ocean model predictions to design closed-loop networked control at short time scales, and the primary innovation is to represent model uncertainty via a projection of ensemble forecasts into local linearized vehicle coordinates. Based on this projection, we identify a stochastic linear time-invariant model for estimation and control design. The methodology accurately decomposes spatial and temporal variations, exploits coupling between sites along the feature, and allows for advanced methods in communication-constrained control. Simulations with three example datasets successfully demonstrate the proof-of-concept.
A 20-Year-Old Man With Pulmonary Cavities Post Motor Vehicle Accident: Traumatic Pulmonary Pseudocyst

INTRODUCTION: Traumatic pulmonary pseudocyst (TPP) is a rare clinical event that may occur following chest trauma. This complication usually occurs as a result of blunt trauma and rarely, due to a penetrating injury.CASE PRESENTATION: A 20-year-old healthy male with no significant past medical history was brought to our institution after being involved in a high speed collision as a restrained driver. On arrival, he complained of only pain in the right side of the chest. Physical examination revealed no signs of respiratory distress, with oxygen saturations at 98% on room air, with tenderness over the anterior aspect of right side of chest. A chest X-ray was done, which was subsequently followed by CT scan of the chest. Chest X-ray revealed fractures of first to fourth ribs, with parenchymal opacity in the right mid lung zone and possible cavitation with an air-fluid level. Chest CT confirmed these findings and showed cavities with air fluid level in the right middle lobe, surrounded by areas of pulmonary contusion. With no evidence of underlying infection and given the clinical scenario the diagnosis of TPP was appropriately made. The patient remained asymptomatic during the hospital stay, and discharged the next day. 2 months into follow up, he is doing well.DISCUSSION: TPP is a rare manifestation of thoracic trauma with a reported incidence of 0.34% in all thoracic traumas. Originally described by Fallon in 1940, it refers to the development of an air-filled or a fluid filled cavity without a true epithelial lining within the pulmonary parenchyma, usually after a high speed motor vehicle accident or fall. It can occur at almost any age, but the majority is Language: en
Presenting information under conditions of uncertainty and availability: some recommendations

An appropriate method for presenting information to the decision maker should depend on the situation. Rather than discuss well-structured, semi-structured, and unstructured situations, this paper proposes a matrix combining levels of uncertainty and amounts of available information. Based on combinations of these two factors, various methods of presenting information are recommended. High information, low uncertainty lends itself to mathematical formulae, procedures, and management information systems (MIS). Low uncertainty and low information seems to benefit from decision support systems (DSS). High uncertainty and high information may benefit from expert systems and a devil's advocate element. Finally, high uncertainty and low information may be appropriate for a dialectical inquiry method of presenting information.
Renouvier and the method of hypothesis

Abstract Renouvier was among the first philosophers in France to break with the nineteenth-century inductivist tradition and defend the use of hypotheses in science. Earlier in the century, the humanistically-educated eclectic spiritualist philosophers who dominated French academic life had followed Reid in proscribing the use of hypotheses. Renouvier, who was educated in the sciences, took up the Comtean positivist alternative and developed it further. He began by defending hypotheses that anticipate laws governing the phenomena, but then eventually adopted a more liberal attitude towards hypotheses that postulate unobservable entities and processes as well. He also came to the realization that, from an epistemological point of view, all of empirical science is hypothetical. Renouvier used the tentative character of scientific knowledge as a premise from which to critique those who would claim scientific status for their social philosophies, and maintained a distinction between normative philosophical and empirical scientific inquiries.
Detection of uniparental isodisomy in autosomal recessive mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome by high-density SNP array analysis

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion syndrome encompasses a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by a reduction in the mtDNA copy number. We identified two patients with clinical presentations consistent with mtDNA depletion syndrome (MDS), who were subsequently found to have apparently homozygous point mutations in TYMP and DGUOK, two of the nine nuclear genes commonly associated with these disorders. Further sequence analyses of parents indicated that in each case only one parent; the mother of the first and the father of the second, was a heterozygous carrier of the mutation identified in the affected child. The presence of underlying deletions was ruled out by use of a custom target array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) platform. A high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array analysis revealed that the first patient had a region of copy-neutral absence of heterozygosity (AOH) consistent with segmental isodisomy for an 11.3 Mb region at the long-arm terminus of chromosome 22 (including the TYMP gene), and the second patient had results consistent with complete isodisomy of chromosome 2 (where the DGUOK gene is located). The combined sequencing, array CGH and SNP array approaches have demonstrated the first cases of MDS due to uniparental isodisomy. This diagnostic scenario also demonstrates the necessity of comprehensive examination of the underlying molecular defects of an apparently homozygous mutation in order to provide patients and their families with the most accurate molecular diagnosis and genetic counseling.
CROSS‐SITUATIONAL SPECIFICITY IN MANAGERs' PERCEPTIONS OF SUBORDINATE PERFORMANCE, ATTRIBUTIONS, AND LEADER BEHAVIORS

Abstract : Manager's perceptions of subordinates' performance, causes (attributions) of subordinates' performance, and leader behaviors employed toward subordinates were examined from the standpoint of cross-situational consistency versus cross-situational specificity in leader-subordinate dyads. Cross-situational consistency would be indicated if managers' perceptions of performance, attributions, and leader behaviors were stable over different stress situations, whereas cross-situational specificity would be indicated if these same perceptions indicated reliable variation, as a function of stress situations. Empirical results for 377 Navy managers provided strong support for cross-situational specificity. Results are discussed in relation to prior research, generated by interactional theory on consistency versus specificity of responses across situations, and in relation to research and developmental needs in leadership, attribution theory, and performance evaluation. (Author)
Utility of a dual immunostain cocktail comprising of p53 and CK20 to aid in the diagnosis of non-neoplastic and neoplastic bladder biopsies

Distinction between non-neoplastic and neoplastic bladder lesions is therapeutically and prognostically important. Our objective is to describe the use of double immunohistochemistry (DIHC) for p53+CK20 as a tool for diagnosing neoplasia in bladder biopsies. p53+CK20 DIHC were examined in 38 reactive atypia, 10 dysplasia, 9 carcinoma in situ (CIS) and 7 invasive carcinoma (IC) cases. CK20 was evaluated according to distribution extent and degree of intensity whereas percentage of positive cells together with staining intensity was taken into account in the evaluation of p53. 92% of reactive cases were either CK20(-) or (+) only in the upper 1/3 urothelium. In dysplastic cases CK20 staining distribution was as follows: 60% in 2/3 of the urothelium, 30% full thickness, 10% in the upper 1/3 urothelium. Among CIS cases, 89% had full thickness CK20 positivity, of which 62% were p53(+). 71% of IC cases exhibited strong and full thickness dual staining. This is the first study in the literature to use DIHC of p53+CK20 in distinction of non-neoplastic and neoplastic bladder lesions. Dual staining by p53+CK20 cocktail allows for histologic correlation and diminishes the risk of losing the area of interest in limited biopsy specimens.
SNAI2 Modulates Colorectal Cancer 5-Fluorouracil Sensitivity through miR145 Repression

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been associated with poor treatment outcomes in various malignancies and is inversely associated with miRNA-145 expression. Therefore, we hypothesized that SNAI2 (Slug) may mediate 5FU chemotherapy resistance through inhibition of miR-145 in colorectal cancer (CRC) and thus, represents a novel therapeutic target to enhance current CRC treatment strategies. Compared to parental DLD1 colon cancer cells, 5FU-resistant (5FUr) DLD1 cells demonstrated features of EMT, including >2-fold enhanced invasion (p<0.001) and migration, suppressed E-Cadherin expression, and 2-fold increased SNAI2 expression. DLD1 and HCT116 cells with stable expression of SNAI2 (DLD1/SNAI2; HCT116/SNAI2) also demonstrated EMT features such as the decreased E-Cadherin, as well as significantly decreased miR-145 expression, as compared to control empty vector cells. Based on a miR-145 luciferase promoter assay, we demonstrated that SNAI2 repressed activity of the miR-145 promoter in the DLD1 and HCT116 cells. In addition, the ectopic expressing SNAI2 cell lines demonstrated decreased 5FU sensitivity and conversely, miR-145 replacement significantly enhanced 5FU sensitivity. In the parental SW620 colon cancer cell line with high SNAI2 and low miR-145 levels, inhibition of SNAI2 directly with short hairpin sequence for SNAI2 and miR-145 replacement therapy both decreased Vimentin expression and increased in vitro 5FU sensitivity. In pre-treatment rectal cancer patient biopsy samples, low miR-145 expression levels correlated with poor response to neoadjuvant 5FU based chemoradiation. These results suggested that the SNAI2:miR-145 pathway may represent a novel clinical therapeutic target in CRC and may serve as a response predictor to chemoradiation therapy.
Papaverine prolongs patency of peripheral arterial catheters in neonates

Objective To test the hypothesis that the continuous infusion of papaverine-containing solutions in peripheral arterial catheters would decrease the catheter failure rate and increase the functional duration of the catheter in neonates. Study design In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, masked trial, 82 catheters were placed in 70 neonates in the papaverine group and 98 catheters were placed in 71 neonates in the placebo group. Results The catheters in the papaverine group remained functional for a significantly longer duration than those in the placebo group. The median (25th%, 75th%) time before catheter failure was 16.6 (9.5, 24.3) days in the papaverine group and 12 days (6.1, 18.2) in the placebo group ( P =.023; Cox proportional hazards model). There was no significant difference in the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) between groups, and there was no evidence of hepatic toxicity. Conclusions The continuous infusion of papaverine-containing fluids prolongs the patency of peripheral arterial catheters in neonates. In this small number of infants, we found no difference in the incidence of IVH or hepatic toxicity.
A multi-method examination of the effects of mindfulness on stress attribution, coping, and emotional well-being

Mindful individuals orient to ongoing events and experiences in a receptive, attentive manner. This experiential mode of processing suggests implications for the perception of and response to stress situations. Using laboratory-based, longitudinal, and daily diary designs, four studies examined the role of mindfulness on appraisals of and coping with stress experiences in college students, and the consequences of such stress processing for well-being. Across the four studies (n’s = 65 − 141), results demonstrated that mindful individuals made more benign stress appraisals, reported less frequent use of avoidant coping strategies, and in two studies, reported higher use of approach coping. In turn, more adaptive stress responses and coping partially or fully mediated the relation between mindfulness and well-being. Implications for the role of mindfulness in stress and well-being are discussed.
A water balance trickle irrigation scheduling model

In order to conserve water, some form of irrigation scheduling should be used by the farming community. Most irrigation scheduling computer models in the U.S. are 1 dimensional (1 D) water balance models which may not be appropriate for a two dimensional flow (2 D) regime under trickle irrigation. However, the 1 D water balance models have been applied to all forms of irrigation systems from flood, to sprinkler to trickle irrigation. The objective of the research was to develop an irrigation scheduling model that simulates two dimensional water infiltration, drainage, and uptake for a surface line source trickle irrigation system and to compare the results to the simpler 1 D model for a shallow rooted onion crop and a deep rooted chile crop. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the models. One experiment was conducted during 2006-2007 growing season for a shallow rooted onion crop and the other experiment was conducted for a deep rooted chile crop grown in 1995 and 1996. The 1 D model over estimates seasonal evapotranspiration (Et) compared to the measured values for onions by 20% and for chile by 12%. The 2 D model over estimates seasonal Et compared to the measured values for onion by 5% and for chile by 8%. Therefore, the 2 D model is recommended for scheduling irrigation for trickle irrigated shallow rooted crops. For deep rooted crops both the 1D and 2D models give reasonable results but the 2 D model simulates the seasonal water balance better than the 1 D model.
Electrochemical examination of surface films formed during chemical mechanical planarization of copper in acetic acid and dodecyl sulfate solutions

Abstract Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is employed to study the competitive reactions of surface corrosion and passivating film formation on a Cu-rotating disc electrode (RDE) in pH-adjusted solutions of H2O2, acetic acid (HAc) and ammonium dodecyl sulfate (ADS). The surface reactions that occur at the open circuit potential of this system are relevant for chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) of Cu-interconnect structures. The results show how the discontinuous film of Cu-oxides formed by H2O2 acts both to dissolve (via reactions with HAc) and to passivate the Cu surface. The relatively more continuous ADS film serves as a dissolution suppressor and regulates the removal of Cu/Cu-oxide surface layers. The results presented here also demonstrate the utility of EIS involving RDEs to design slurry chemistries for Cu-CMP.
Transmembrane helix-helix association: relative stabilities at low pH.

We have previously studied the unfolding equilibrium of bacterioopsin in a single phase solvent, using Forster mechanism fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) as a probe, from tryptophan donors to a dansyl acceptor. We observed an apparent unfolding transition in bacterioopsin perturbed by increasing ethanol concentrations [Nannepaga et al. (2004) Biochemistry 43, 50-59]. We have further investigated this transition and find that the unfolding is pH-dependent. We have now measured the apparent pK of acid-induced unfolding of bacterioopsin in 90% ethanol. When the acceptor is on helix B (Lys 41), the apparent pK for unfolding is 4.75; on the EF connecting loop (Cys 163), 5.15; and on helix G (Cys 222), 5.75. Five-helix proteolytic fragments are less stable. The apparent unfolding pKs are 5.46 for residues 72-248 (Cys 163) and 7.36 for residues 1-166 (Lys 41). When interpreted in terms of a simple equilibrium model for unfolding, the apparent pKs give relative free energies of unfolding in the range of -0.54 to -3.5 kcal/mol. The results suggest that the C-terminal helix of bacterioopsin is less stably folded than the N-terminal helices. We analyzed the pairwise helix-helix interaction surfaces of bacteriorhodopsin and three other seven-transmembrane-helix proteins on the basis of crystal structures. The results show that the interaction surfaces are smoother and the helix axis separations are closer in the amino-terminal two-thirds of the proteins compared with the carboxyl-terminal one-third. However, the F helix is important in stabilizing the folded structure, as shown by the instability of the 1-166 fragment. Considering the high-resolution crystal structure of bacteriorhodopsin, there are no obvious helix-helix interactions involving protein side chains which would be destabilized by protonation at the estimated pH of the unfolding transitions. However, a number of helix-bridging water molecules could become protonated, thereby weakening the helix-helix interactions.
Affecting the Embargo: Displacing Politics in the Buena Vista Social Club

In an increasingly globalized world, the idea that open markets cultivate cross-cultural dialogue and exchange is a persistent one. More often than not, the genre of world music is claimed to be at the forefront of such progressive goals. This essay takes Ry Cooder's award winning album the Buena Vista Social Club and Wim Wenders' documentary of the same name as a case study to examine the possibilities for popular music to play such a role. Utilizing theoretical perspectives from the fields of cultural studies, music studies, and postcolonial analysis, this essay describes how the discursive logic of world music rearticulates the meaning and significance of the Buena Vista phenomenon.
Conformity Versus Prejudice as Exemplified in White-Negro Relations in the South: Some Methodological Considerations

(1950). Conformity Versus Prejudice as Exemplified in White-Negro Relations in the South: Some Methodological Considerations. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 109-121.
Cooling characteristics of hot oil pool by water mist during fire suppression

Abstract Generally water is not favored for use in suppressing hot liquid fuel fires due to concerns of vapor explosion and boil-over, which could present potential danger to nearby personnel or firefighters. This paper reports on a series of full-scale fire experiments in which water mist was used in extinguishing large hot cooking oil fires. It was shown that water mist not only extinguished large fires effectively but also cooled hot oil from its ignition point (up to 360 °C) to below its flash point (200 °C) in a short period of time and prevented the fire from re-igniting. No vapor explosion was observed in the experiments when water droplets touched the hot oil whose temperature was higher than the superheat-limited temperature of water. A boiling layer of mixed bubbles, water droplets and oil was formed in the hot oil after all flames were extinguished, as water droplets boiled, bubbled and expanded in the hot oil. No boil-over or spillage of the oil over the container was observed in the experiments when water mist was discharged into the oil at high temperature (>300 °C) but boil-over did occur in experiments when the water mist was discharged into oil at a relatively moderate temperature (∼200 °C). In this paper, the mechanisms of cooling of hot oil by water mist are investigated, and the formation and development of the boiling layer during cooling are analyzed both experimentally and theoretically.
A comparative study of the phospholipid profiles of guinea pig cardiac muscle and bullfrog cardiac and thigh skeletal muscle, and their in-vitro differential deacylation by endogenous phospholipases. Thin layer chromatographic and densitometric analysis

The phospholipid profiles of guinea pig and bullfrog cardiac muscle and of bullfrog thigh skeletal muscle before and after in-vitro treatment with endogenous phospholipases at pH 7.4 and 38°C for 60 min have been analyzed by densitometric thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The results revealed: –a noticeably high level of cardiolipin (CL) in guinea pig heart which was greatly reduced by in-vitro incubation, with concurrent production of monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) –the amount of CL was much lower in bullfrog cardiac muscle than in guinea pig heart, and a small amount of MLCL was produced during in-vitro incubation –the amount of CL was lowest in bullfrog thigh muscle and no MLCL was produced by in-vitro incubation –guinea pig cardiac muscle contains both phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidyl choline (PC) plasmalogens –PE plasmalogen is the only alkenyl species present in bullfrog cardiac muscle and thigh skeletal muscle; and –no lyso plasmalogen was produced during in-vitro incubation of these thre...
Diagnostic usefulness and challenges in the diagnosis of mesothelioma by endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration.

Malignant mesothelioma is a rare neoplasm. It has been noted in the literature that fine needle aspiration (FNA) is a useful tool for the diagnosis of mesothelioma. However, the differential diagnosis may require use of a battery of immunohistochemical stains. Clinico-radiologic correlation is also crucial. Real time endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) combined with FNA has been shown to be a very sensitive technique to obtain samples from different organ sites, including mediastinal lesions. The use of EUS-FNA for the diagnosis of mesothelioma, reinforces the role of a cytopathologist as a cohesive team player along with a radiologist and a clinician during on-site assessment for the proper triage of additional specimens for ancillary studies leading to a better patient management. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:503–507. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Polarization fluctuations in ferroelectric models

We consider the relation between the finite-wave-vector susceptibility $\ensuremath{\chi}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}})$ of the six-vertex model family and the macroscopic susceptibility. This is nontrivial because $\ensuremath{\chi}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}})$ is singular at $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}}=0$. Using exact results for the macroscopic susceptibility, we infer the analytic form of the anisotropy parameter appearing in the pair-correlation function at large separation. Proceeding phenomenologically, we consider the effect of relaxing the ice rules, and the effect of short-ranged interactions other than the ice rules (e.g., polarization gradient energies).
105 EFFECT OF DC COUNTERSHOCK (CS) ON THE MYOCARDIUM OF THE NEWBORN PIGLET

DC countershock (CS) has produced myocardial necrosis in adult patients and experimental animals. No data exist concerning the vulnerability of the newborn myocardium to CS. Accordingly, the dose-response of the piglet (mean age 8.2 days) myocardium to CS was assessed using the radionuclide Technetium 99m Pyrophosphate (TP) which selectively accumulates in necrotic tissue. Injury was deemed present if samples of heart muscle 24 hours post CS had a TP uptake 3 times control values. Ten animals given 160 J/kg had gross necrotic lesions and averaged 18.2±8.4% free wall injury with an S:N of 15.6±7.5. These studies indicate the myocardial necrosis only occurs with very high levels of CS in the newborn piglet and suggest the relative safety of the recommended dosage level of 2 J/kg for single or multiple applications in the newborn infant.
Cataclasis and deformation-band formation in unconsolidated marine terrace sand, Humboldt County, California

Zones of deformation bands occur in unconsolidated late Pleistocene marine terrace sand in the footwall of the active McKinleyville thrust fault in Humboldt County, California. Individual deformation-band shear zones are as much as 8 cm wide and accommodate ∼50 cm of reverse-dip separation. Like deformation bands described in Mesozoic sandstone of the Colorado Plateau, these structures formed in fine-grained, well-sorted, porous sand. We assessed the relative importance of compaction, grain breakage, and grain rotation during shear-zone development by measuring grain size, grain shape, grain orientation, porosity, and bulk strain both within and outside deformation-band shear zones. Sand grains within shear zones are smaller, more compacted, and have stronger preferred orientations and more elongate shapes than grains outside of deformation-band shear zones. Bulk strain analyses of sand within shear zones give strain ellipses that are compatible with dextral shear strains of ∼0.1–0.5 and volume loss of 5%–15%. On the basis of these observations, we conclude that compaction, grain rotation, and extensive cataclasis all contribute to deformation-band shear-zone formation in these unconsolidated sands, despite very low confining pressures. In addition, the position of these deformation-band shear zones adjacent to an active fault with a history of episodic slip during large earthquakes suggests that they may form in conjunction with slip events.
Design and application of a mobile ground-based observatory for continuous measurements of atmospheric trace gas and criteria pollutant species

Abstract. Ground-based measurements of atmospheric trace gas species and criteria pollutants are essential for understanding emissions dynamics across space and time. Gas composition in the lower 50 m of the atmosphere has the greatest direct impacts on human health as well as ecosystem processes; hence data at this level are necessary for addressing carbon-cycle- and public-health-related questions. However, such surface data are generally associated with stationary measurement towers, where spatial representation is limited due to the high cost of establishing and maintaining an extensive network of measurement stations. We describe here a compact mobile laboratory equipped to provide high-precision, high-frequency, continuous, on-road synchronous measurements of CO2, CO, CH4, H2O, NOx, O3, aerosol, meteorological, and geospatial position data. The mobile laboratory has been deployed across the western USA. In addition to describing the vehicle and its capacity, we present data that illustrate the use of the laboratory as a powerful tool for investigating the spatial structure of urban trace gas emissions and criteria pollutants at spatial scales ranging from single streets to whole ecosystem and regional scales. We assess the magnitude of known point sources of CH4 and also identify fugitive urban CH4 emissions. We illustrate how such a mobile laboratory can be used to better understand emissions dynamics and quantify emissions ratios associated with trace gas emissions from wildfire incidents. Lastly, we discuss additional mobile laboratory applications in health and urban metabolism.
Reengineering Babson College: Towards I/T enabled student services

AS PART OF Babson College’s continuous quality improvement (CQI) efforts, the administration regularly surveys their primary customers (undergraduate and graduate students, their parents and employers) to assess the degree to which the institution meets or exceeds customer requirements. Surveys conducted during the period 1989 to 1992 indicated in unambiguous terms that the College’s educational programs were highly regarded, but that customers were generally dissatisfied with the quality of administrative support services, including: admission processing, registration, financial aid packaging, student billing and student loans processing. During this same period, Babson substantially redesigned its educational programs to prepare students for the management challenges of the twenty-first century. With an emphasis on interdisciplinary team teaching and enhanced field-based learning, this effort required additional resources at a time when the overall cost of College operations grew at a higher rate than inflation, and revenues remained static. Recognizing that radical change was required to improve administrative services and simultaneously reduce expenses, Babson committed itself to the reengineering of its student administrative support services. This study chronicles the effort through which the College transformed these business processes to achieve enhanced customer service performance and associated cost reductions. It also discusses in some detail the information resource management and information technology strategies deployed to enable these sweeping changes.
Spinophilin is phosphorylated by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II resulting in regulation of its binding to F-actin.

Spinophilin is a protein phosphatase-1- and actin-binding protein that modulates excitatory synaptic transmission and dendritic spine morphology. We have recently shown that the interaction of spinophilin with the actin cytoskeleton depends upon phosphorylation by protein kinase A. We have now found that spinophilin is phosphorylated by Ca^(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in neurons. Ca^(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, located within the post-synaptic density of dendritic spines, is known to play a role in synaptic plasticity and is ideally positioned to regulate spinophilin. Using tryptic phosphopeptide mapping, site-directed mutagenesis and microsequencing analysis, we identified two sites of CaMKII phosphorylation (Ser-100 and Ser-116) within the actin-binding domain of spinophilin. Phosphorylation by CaMKII reduced the affinity of spinophilin for F-actin. In neurons, phosphorylation at Ser-100 by CaMKII was Ca^(2+) dependent and was associated with an enrichment of spinophilin in the synaptic plasma membrane fraction. These results indicate that spinophilin is phosphorylated by multiple kinases in vivo and that differential phosphorylation may target spinophilin to specific locations within dendritic spines.