cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of the Ah receptor in mediating the down regulation of uterine and hepatic estrogen receptor levels in rats

Abstract Administration of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) to 21 day old female Long Evans rats resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in uterine and hepatic estrogen receptor (ER) levels. At a dose level of 80 ug/kg of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, uterine and hepatic ER levels were 54 and 41% of values observed in untreated animals. 2,3,7,8-TCDD also antagonized the estrogenicity of estradiol in the 21 day old rat. For example, administration of estradiol (15 ug/kg) resulted in a 194 and 155% increase in cytosolic and uterine ER levels and a 42% increase in uterine wet weight 48 hours after treatment. Pretreatment of the rats with 2,3,7,8-TCDD (80 ug/kg) prior to administration of estradiol (15 ug/kg) completely blocked the estrogenic effects of estradiol. In fact after cotreatment the uterine and hepatic ER levels were 51 and 54% lower than observed in the controls and the uterine wet weight was 20% lower than in the control animals. The comparative effects of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PeCDD), 1,3,7,8-TCDD and 1,2,4,7,8-PeCDD on the down regulation of uterine and hepatic ER levels were structure-dependent. There was an excellent correlation between the binding affinities of these congeners for the Ah receptor and their activity as antiestrogens and the results support a role for the Ah receptor in the down regulation of uterine and hepatic ER levels in the rat. (Supported by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station.)
A model for velocity and eddy diffusivity distributions in fully turbulent pipe flow

A model was developed for the eddy diffusivity and mean velocity distributions in fully developed turbulent isothermal smooth pipe flow (4 x lo3 < Re < 5 x 10'). Reichardt's tworegion eddy diffusivity models were modified so as to fulfill the requirements that the eddy diffusivity be represented by a smooth, continuous curve, and vanish with the third power of the distance from the wall; the continuity equation be satisfied; and the ratio of the bulk velocity to centerline velocity agree with experimental data. The descripition is in excellent agreement with Laufer's experimental mean velocity data and, in general, provides a method of accurately predicting the mean velocity distribution. n turbulent flow, the instantaneous flow properties I are normally expressed as the sum of a time-averaged component and a fluctuating component. In an effort to provide engineering solutions to problems involving turbulent processes, which are difficult to describe on a mechanistic basis, the eddy diffusivity concept has been widely used to provide models for the fluctuating motion'". Unfortunately, the eddy diffusivity of momentum, a major parameter in most models, has not been well described in a manner consistent with the boundary conditions and available experimental data'a'. An objective of this work is, therefore, to generate an expression for the eddy diffusivity which will be compatible with both the boundary conditions and experimental data. A second concurrent objective is the development of a consistent expression for the mean velocity distribution. The approach used involves the iterative solution of mutually dependent expressions for the velocity distribution and eddy diffusivity in response to experimental and analytical constraints, in order to develop the most consistent over-all picture. Although an incompressible constant property fluid in fully-developed pipe flow is assumed in the model, such assumptions are often made in initial, idealized analyses of practical systems.
Some results on the decoupling of multi-variable systems†

In this paper a new general form for the determination of all the feedback matrices that decouple a system is presented. This form depends directly on the system matrices and involves certain parameters. A simple procedure to derive the equations that constrain these parameters is given. The question of polo-assignment in a decoupled system is also discussed,
Tailored operative technique for Chiari type I malformation using intraoperative color Doppler ultrasonography.

OBJECTIVE We describe an operative technique for Chiari Type I malformation that uses color Doppler ultrasonography as a guide for performing patient-specific posterior fossa decompressions. The technique has been used since 1999 in more than 300 operations. METHODS On the basis of real-time anatomic and physiological measurements, the following goals of surgery were monitored: 1) adequate decompression of the cervicomedullary junction; 2) creation of a retrocerebellar space of 8 to 10 cm(3) volume; and 3) establishment of optimal cerebrospinal fluid flow between the cranial and spinal compartments. RESULTS The size of the craniectomy was tailored to conform to the area of cerebellar impaction as demarcated by compressed subarachnoid spaces. A laminectomy was not performed unless the cerebellar tonsils were herniated below C1. Before opening the dura, color Doppler ultrasonography imaging was invaluable in planning operative strategies. A simple duraplasty without additional steps was found to be appropriate treatment in occasional patients with minimal tonsillar herniation (5-8 mm). In all other cases, it was necessary to perform an internal decompression that included lysis of the arachnoid and shrinkage of the cerebellar tonsils to achieve the goals of surgery. Optimal cerebrospinal fluid flow through the foramen magnum in anesthetized, prone patients was found to have the following characteristics: a peak velocity of 3 to 5 cm/s, bidirectional movement, and a waveform exhibiting vascular and respiratory variations. The attainment of surgical goals was confirmed in most patients by postoperative neuroimaging. CONCLUSION Color Doppler ultrasonography imaging is an important technological advance that permits the neurosurgeon to tailor the steps of Chiari surgery according to patient-specific variables. The success of this technique depends on the mastery of a new and sophisticated monitoring modality.
New Directions for Organization Theory: Problems and Prospects

The article reviews the book “New Directions for Organization Theory: Problems and Prospects,” by Jeffrey Pfeffer.
Endothelial cell apoptotic genes associated with the pathogenesis of thrombotic microangiopathies: an application of oligonucleotide genechip technology.

Abstract Idiopathic thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a disease characterized by the apoptotic injury of all microvascular endothelial cells (MVEC) except those of pulmonary origin. It notably also spares EC of large vessel origin. It is fatal unless treated with plasma exchange. The EC lineage restriction of the apoptotic lesions in vivo is reproduced in vitro following exposure of primary human MVEC derived from various tissues to TTP plasma. Oligonucleotide genechip technology was used to identify genes that may contribute to the resistance of lung MVEC to apoptosis induced by TTP plasma and to explore the intrinsic genotypic heterogeneity between MVEC of TTP-sensitive (skin) versus resistant (lung) lineage. Exposure of cells to TTP or normal plasma yielded 157 genes that were differentially expressed in primary human lung MVEC. A global change in expression of pro- and anti-apoptotic genes was seen, including increases in caspase 1, Fas, and Bcl-xl, already shown by experimental means to be involved in TTP pathogenesis. Additional differences suggest the importance of pathways related to the death receptor ligand TRAIL, as well as a role for disruption of EC–extracellular matrix interactions in the initiation of apoptosis. Maintenance of specific prosurvival signals at baseline may be a feature of lung MVEC resistance in TTP as suggested by higher expression than skin EC of the TRAIL antagonist, osteoprotegerin, and the vascular endothelial growth factors, VEGF/VPF and VEGF-C, and their receptors, VEGFR-2 (KDR) and VEGFR-3 (Flt4).
Reduced GLUT1 expression in Igf1-/- null oocytes and follicles.

Granulosa cells provide nutritional and trophic support for growing oocytes in ovarian follicles. The granulosa cells closest to the oocyte produce abundant insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and the IGF1 receptor is highly expressed by oocytes, suggesting that granulosa-derived IGF1 may have trophic effects on oocyte growth and development. To investigate this possibility, in the present study we used in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry to examine glucose transporter (GLUTs 1, 3 & 4) expression in follicles from pre-pubertal Igf1-/- and littermate wildtype (wt) mice. Pre-pubertal mice were used for this study because the Igf1 null mice do not mature sexually. GLUT1 mRNA and immunoreactivity were most abundant in oocytes and in granulosa cells immediately surrounding the oocyte. Expression of this transporter was significantly reduced in Igf1 null oocytes and granulosa cells and was restored by exogenous IGF1 treatment to wt levels. These effects on GLUT expression were significant at both the mRNA and immunoreactive protein levels. Oestrogen treatment significantly increased GLUT1 levels in oocytes and granulosa from both wt and Igf1-/-, although the latter were still significantly lower than wt. Oocyte glycogen stores, determined by PAS staining, did not appear different in Igf1-/- and wt mice.GLUT3 was expressed in thecal cells surrounding growing follicles and was not appreciably different in Igf1 null compared with wt ovaries. GLUT4 expression was not detected in the prepubertal mouse ovary. Together with observations from previous studies showing that ovulation is blocked in Igf1 null mice, the present data suggest that IGF1's augmentation of granulosal and oocyte GLUT1 expression may be essential for oocyte maturation and successful ovulation.
Lesions of the rostral dorsolateral pons have no effect on afferent-evoked inhibition of inspiration.

Abstract This study investigated a possible role of the rostral dorsolateral pons (indiuding nucleus parabrachialis medialis and Kolliker-Fuse nucleus) in mediating several inspiratory inhibitions. These inhibitions included the transient inhibition of phrenic inspiratory motor output produced by stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), the intercostal nerve (ICN) or the phrenic nerve (PN), as well as the inspiratory termination produced by trains of stimuli delivered to the SLN or ICN. In decerebrate, decerebellate, paralyzed, and artificially ventilated cats, the inhibitions produced by stimulation of these nerves were observed before and after lesioning (either radiofrequency, ( n = 8, or electrolytic, n = 9) the dorsolateral pons. Delivery of stimulus trains to the SLN or the ICN continued to elicit inspiratory termination following pontine lesions with no significant change in the threshold. There were no significant effects of bilateral dorsolateral pontine lesions on the threshold, onset latency, or duration of the short-latency, transient inhibitions produced by SLN, ICN or PN stimulation. From these data, we conclude that the rostral dorselateral pons is not required in the production of any of these inhibitory reflexes.
L-dihydroxyphenylalanine-induced asymmetric changes in striatal uric acid peak: determination by in vivo electrochemical detection in rats with unilateral nigrostriatal lesions.

Abstract Rats were unilaterally lesioned with 6-hydroxydopamine to destroy the nigrostriatal pathway. Following injection with 25 mg/kg l -dopa, circling behavior away from the lesioned side was monitored. Concurrently, in vivo electrochemical detection was used to compare changes in striatal extracellular levels of ascorbic acid (Peak 1) and uric acid (Peak 2) on the lesioned and unlesioned sides. Peak 1 changes did not differ, but Peak 2 changed asymmetrically on the two sides. The difference in the changes in Peak 2 was highly correlated with the circling behavior, with the greater increase on the lesioned side.
Measurement of tissue purine, pyrimidine, and other nucleotides by radial compression high-performance liquid chromatography

A high-performance liquid-chromatographic (HPLC) method for the rapid separation of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, NAD+, NADP+, FAD, FMN, UDP-Glc, UDP-glucuronate, and ADP-ribose found in neutralized perchloric acid extracts of rat liver is described. Separation was achieved within 26 min on a radially compressed column of Partisil 10-SAX. The column was eluted with a gradient of sodium phosphate and sodium chloride. The sodium phosphate was purified by passage through tandem columns of anion- and cation-exchange resins to remove uv-absorbing impurities. The sensitivity of this procedure is such that an amount of ATP contained in 10 micrograms of liver can be measured. The recoveries of all nucleotides were between 87 and 107%. In extracts of rat liver interfering substances were found to elute with GDP, and UDP eluted with NADP. Consequently, the tissue contents of UDP and GDP were determined in a second run by measuring the increase in UTP and GTP, respectively, following sample pretreatment with pyruvate kinase (PK). The tissue level of NADP+ was calculated as the difference between the total UDP and NADP+ peak and the increase in UTP following PK treatment. In those nucleotides amenable to enzymatic analysis, namely NAD+, AMP, UDP-Glc, UTP, and ATP, the tissue contents measured enzymatically were not significantly different from those determined by HPLC. However, ADP as measured with PK was found to be 15% higher compared to the HPLC determination.
High-confidence measurement of solid/liquid surface energy in a pure material

Abstract A new method for measuring solid/liquid surface energies, with a total systematic and random error of well under 10%, is described. The surface energies are derived from measurements of grain-boundary grooves in solid/liquid interfaces which are maintained in shallow temperature gradients. The gradients are established by an axial heater wire in a cylindrical specimen chamber. Applying the method to highly-purified succinonitrile, a solid/liquid surface energy of 8·94±0·5 erg/cm2 was determined. This corresponds to 37% of the heat of fusion per surface molecule.
On the Nonlinear Dynamics of a Buckled Beam Subjected to a Primary-Resonance Excitation

We investigate the nonlinear response of a clamped-clamped buckled beamto a primary-resonance excitation of its first vibration mode. The beamis subjected to an axial force beyond the critical load of the firstbuckling mode and a transverse harmonic excitation. We solve thenonlinear buckling problem to determine the buckled configurations as afunction of the applied axial load. A Galerkin approximation is used todiscretize the nonlinear partial-differential equation governing themotion of the beam about its buckled configuration and obtain a set ofnonlinearly coupled ordinary-differential equations governing the timeevolution of the response. Single- and multi-mode Galerkinapproximations are used. We found out that using a single-modeapproximation leads to quantitative and qualitative errors in the staticand dynamic behaviors. To investigate the global dynamics, we use ashooting method to integrate the discretized equations and obtainperiodic orbits. The stability and bifurcations of the periodic orbitsare investigated using Floquet theory. The obtained theoretical resultsare in good qualitative agreement with the experimental results obtainedby Kreider and Nayfeh (Nonlinear Dynamics 15, 1998, 155–177.
High-Energy Electron-Diffraction and X-Ray Emission Analysis of Surfaces and Their Reaction Products

A technique which can provide both structural and chemical information from surface films at the monolayer level has been developed. For structure studies the grazing incidence, high-energy electron-diffraction method has been applied in ultra-high vaccum. The portion of the specimen surface irradiated during electron-diffraction observations acts as a line source of x-rays located at the focus of a low-atomic-number x-ray spectrometer. The ultra-high-vacuum environment in the diffraction chamber is separated from that of the conventional vacuum spectrometer by an x-ray-transparent window. Characteristic Ka radiation from monolayer quantities of both carbon and oxygen on a low-index surface of iron has been observed. Diffraction patterns and x-ray information may be obtained from such structures simultaneously. Attempts to calibrate the apparatus for carbon and oxygen layers on iron are discussed in some detail. The method appears well suited to the study of kinetic phenomena in surface films of mean thickness less than 100 A.
Single-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery of meningeal hemangiopericytomas

Meningeal hemangiopericytomas (M-HPC) are challenging tumors with a high rate of recurrence despite surgical resection and external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). To better understand the role of single-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for patients with M-HPC, we reviewed our experience with 22 patients (12 men, 10 women) from 1990 until 2010. Twelve patients (55 %) underwent a single SRS procedure, whereas 10 patients (45 %) had more than one SRS procedure (range 2–6). In total, 47 SRS procedures were performed to treat 64 tumors. Fourteen patients (64 %) had undergone prior EBRT (median dose, 56.0 Gy). Follow-up after the initial SRS (median, 66 months) was censored at the time of death (n = 15) or last clinical evaluation (n = 7). Eleven patients (50 %) died of intracranial tumor progression (n = 10) or treatment-related complications (n = 1). One patient (5 %) died of systemic disease progression. Disease-specific survival (DSS) at 1-, 3- and 5-years after SRS was 96, 82, and 61 %, respectively. Prior EBRT (HR 9.0, 95 % CI 1.1–78.1, p < 0.05) and larger initial tumor volume (HR 1.09, 95 % CI 1.02–1.2, p = 0.02) were associated with worse DSS. Local tumor control (LTC) after SRS at 1-, 3-, and 5-years was 89, 68, and 59 %, respectively. Improved LTC was noted in patients who had not undergone prior EBRT (HR 6.3, 95 % CI 2.1–19.5, p = 0.001). One patient (5 %) had symptomatic radiation-relation complications after SRS. Overall, single-fraction SRS was effective in providing LTC for more than half of recurrent or residual M-HPC at 5-years after the procedure. Repeat SRS is often required secondary to either distant or local tumor progression.
A synergistic effect between cerium nitrate and silver sulphadiazine

Abstract The antimicrobial activity of creams containing cerium nitrate (2-2 per cent), silver sulphadiazine (1 per cent) or a mixture of the two, was determined by the agar plate dilution procedure. Cerium nitrate alone was devoid of demonstrable activity while the mixture was either as good as or better than silver sulphadiazine alone (26 and 74 per cent of isolates, respectively). Although the mean synergistic effect was a 250 per cent improvement, a proportion (6 per cent) of the cultures exhibited an 800 per cent increase in sensitivity to silver sulphadiazine. The greatest synergistic effects were seen with staphylococci, which are generally more resistant to silver sulphadiazine alone than other microbial species. The findings indicate that a mixture of cerium nitrate and silver sulphadiazine might be effective in the prevention and treatment of wound infections.
Activation of p53 by Protein Inhibitor of Activated Stat1 (PIAS1)

The tumor suppressor protein p53 functions as a transcriptional factor that activates genes controlling cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Here, we report that protein inhibitor of activated Stat1 (PIAS1) interacts with the tetramerization and C-terminal regulatory domains of p53 in yeast two-hybrid analyses. Endogenous PIAS1 is also associated with endogenous p53 in mammalian cells. Ectopic expression of PIAS1 activates p53-mediated expression in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (p53(-/-)) as well as a variety of other cell lines. Furthermore, ectopic expression of PIAS1 induces p53-mediated expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 and G(1) arrest of the cell cycle in H1299 cells. In addition, a PIAS1 mutant without the RING-finger domain required for sumoylation could still activate p53-mediated gene expression, indicating that activation of p53 by PIAS1 does not require the RING-finger domain. Taken together, our results suggest that PIAS1 is a novel activator of p53.
Effects of a squeezed vacuum on probe absorption spectra

Abstract Using a Fourier series method, we derive the nondegenerate probe absorption coefficient in a squeezed vacuum characterized by unequal in-phase and in-quadrature dipole decay times. For a highly squeezed vacuum, we find sharp resonances in the probe absorption coefficient and suppression of population pulsation contributions. These resonances are very sensitive to changes in the pump/vacuum relative phase. Similarly the suppression of population pulsations can be avoided by pump phase change or detuning.
Albumin is the major plasma protein target of oxidant stress in uremia.

Albumin is the major plasma protein target of oxidant stress in uremia. Background Patients with uremia are exposed to increased oxidative stress. Examination of the oxidation of individual plasma proteins may be useful in establishing specific pathways of oxidative stress in vivo and in determining functional consequences of oxidant stress exposure. We therefore examined oxidative modification of plasma proteins by carbonyl formation using Western blot immunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) and on chronic hemodialysis therapy (HD). Methods Plasma was obtained from 25 HD, 20 CRF, and 20 healthy volunteers, derivatized with 2,4 dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNP) and electrophoresed on duplicate 4 to 12% gradient sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) gels, transferred to nitrocellulose, and stained for DNP for carbonyls and amido black for protein content. Data are recorded as DNP area/protein area and are reported in densitometry units. Total plasma carbonyls were determined by ELISA. Results Plasma albumin is substantially more oxidized in HD than in healthy volunteers (1.22 ± 0.14 densitometry units vs. 0.60 ± 0.08, P = 0.002). There were no significant differences in oxidation of plasma transferrin, immunoglobulin, and fibrinogen in HD versus healthy volunteers. In CRF patients, plasma albumin is more oxidized compared with normal volunteers (1.36 ± 0.20 densitometry units vs. 0.94 + 0.08, P = 0.09). There were no differences in oxidation of plasma transferrin, fibrinogen, and immunoglobulin in CRF patients versus healthy volunteers. An increased plasma protein carbonyl concentration in CRF patients compared with healthy volunteers was confirmed by ELISA (0.31 ± 0.07 vs. 0.04 ± 0.01 nmol/mg protein ( P = 0.001). Conclusion Albumin is the major plasma protein target of oxidant stress in CRF and HD patients.
Spectroscopic studies of the corrinoid/iron-sulfur protein from Moorella thermoacetica.

Methyl transfer reactions are important in a number of biochemical pathways. An important class of methyltransferases uses the cobalt cofactor cobalamin, which receives a methyl group from an appropriate methyl donor protein to form an intermediate organometallic methyl−Co bond that subsequently is cleaved by a methyl acceptor. Control of the axial ligation state of cobalamin influences both the mode (i.e., homolytic vs heterolytic) and the rate of Co−C bond cleavage. Here we have studied the axial ligation of a corrinoid iron−sulfur protein (CFeSP) that plays a key role in energy generation and cell carbon synthesis by anaerobic microbes, such as methanogenic archaea and acetogenic bacteria. This protein accepts a methyl group from methyltetrahydrofolate forming Me−Co3+CFeSP that then donates a methyl cation (Me) from Me−Co3+CFeSP to a nickel site on acetyl-CoA synthase. To unambiguously establish the binding scheme of the corrinoid cofactor in the CFeSP, we have combined resonance Raman, magnetic circul...
A gallium arsenide overlapping-gate charge-coupled device

We have developed a new CCD fabrication process for producing an overlapping gate structure which permits submicrometer control of the gap size while using conventional lithography. This process has been used to fabricate four-phase 16-stage Schottky barrier CCD's on GaAs with charge transfer inefficiencies of less than 2 × 10-4at a 1-MHz clock rate, indicating that charge loss due to potential troughs between the gates has been essentially eliminated. This control of the gap permits the CCD channel to be of submicrometer thickness, which simplifies the integration of CCD's with high-speed devices requiring submicrometer channel thicknesses.
Peroxidation of Lipid from Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria-like Erythrocytes

ERYTHROCYTES from patients with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) are lysed excessively by agents which peroxidize lipid, and their lipid forms more lipid peroxides than that of normal erythrocytes1,2. Recently we noted that incubation of normal red blood cells in reduced glutathione results in cells with all the usual in vitro lytic features of “natural” PNH cells. In the work reported here we have compared lipid extracts from red blood cells of normal subjects and patients with various haemolytic disorders with those of “natural” and “induced” PNH cells, with respect to peroxidation.
Dynamic Pull-In and Switching for Sub-Pull-In Voltage Electrostatic Actuation

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a new MEMS switching technique using elastic potential energy to drive switching with electrostatic force used for switch control. This approach allows switching into pulled-in states at voltages significantly less than the quasi-static pull-in voltage. We have demonstrated switching into a pulled-in position using voltages much less than the pull-in voltage with a large torsional MEMS mirror, a high-speed torsional MEMS mirror, and a high-speed rectilinear MEMS switch that operates horizontally. Both high-speed devices have demonstrated switching in less than 500 ns over relatively large gaps.
Vertebrate non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinase families.

Many non-receptor protein–tyrosine kinases (PTKs) function as subunits of receptors, either receptors with or without intrinsic PTK catalytic activity of their own. There are currently at least 33 known vertebrate genes that encode non-receptor PTKs. These can be divided into nine families: Abl, Fes/Fer, Syk/Zap70, Jak, Tec, Fak, Ack, Src, and Csk. Four additional non-receptor PTKs (Rlk/Txk, Srm, Rak/Frk, and Brk/Sik) do not appear to belong to any of the defined families. Here we review current knowledge of the general roles of non-receptor PTKs, as well as the characteristic features and functions of each family and its family members.
Regeneration and asexual reproduction share common molecular changes: upregulation of a neural glycoepitope during morphallaxis in Lumbriculus

Neural morphallaxis is a regenerative process characterized by wide-spread anatomical and physiological changes in an adult nervous system. During segmental regeneration of the annelid worm, Lumbriculus variegatus, neural morphallaxis involved a reorganization of sensory, interneuronal, and motor systems as posterior fragments gained a more anterior body position. A monoclonal antibody, Lan 3-2, which labels a neural glyco-domain in the leech, was reactive in Lumbriculus. In the worm, this antibody labeled neural structures, particularly axonal tracts and giant fiber pathways of the central nervous system. A 60kDa protein, possessing a lumbriculid mannose-rich glycoepitope, was upregulated during neural morphallaxis, peaking in its expression at 3 weeks post-amputation. Peak upregulation of the Lan 3-2 epitope, or the protein possessing it, corresponded to the time of major neurobehavioral plasticity during regeneration. Analyses of asexually reproducing animals also revealed induction of the Lan 3-2 epitope. In this developmental context, Lan 3-2 epitope upregulation was also confined to segments expressing both changes in positional identity and neurobehavioral plasticity, but these molecular and behavioral changes occurred prior to body fragmentation. These results suggest that the lumbriculid Lan 3-2 glycoepitope and proteins that bear them have been co-opted for neural morphallactic programs, induced both in anticipation of reproductive fragmentation and in compensation for injury-induced fragmentation.
Axl−/− mice have delayed recovery and prolonged axonal damage following cuprizone toxicity

Activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase Axl recruits signaling molecules that regulate cell growth and survival. To evaluate Axl's role in brain during cuprizone toxicity, mice were fed cuprizone and evaluated at 3-, 4-, and 6-week cuprizone treatment and 3- and 5-week post-cuprizone withdrawal. At 4-week cuprizone treatment, the corpora callosa of wildtype (WT) mice had robust Oil Red O+ staining indicative of ongoing phagocytosis. Axl-/- mice had minimal Oil Red O+ staining, fewer microglia, and significantly more TUNEL+/ASPA+ mature oligodendrocytes than the WT. At 6-week cuprizone treatment, there was significantly more Oil Red O+ staining in the Axl-/- corpora callosa than in the WT indicating a lag in the clearance of cellular and myelin debris. Relative to WT mice, there were fewer mature oligodendrocytes and significantly more SMI-32+ axons at 3-week post-cuprizone withdrawal, indicative of axonal damage in the Axl-/- corpora callosa. Electron microscopy determined that at 3-week post-cuprizone withdrawal the number of dystrophic axons and axons containing autophagosome-like vacuoles/mouse was increased in the Axl-/- mice relative to the WT mice. In Axl-/- corpora callosa, 5-week post-cuprizone withdrawal, the number of mature oligodendrocytes was comparable to the WT mice, but axons in the Axl-/- mice were SMI-32+, suggesting that Axl-/- mice have delayed clearance of apoptotic oligodendrocytes and myelin debris resulting in prolonged axonal damage and recovery from cuprizone toxicity.
Drinking Water Supplies: Protection Through Watershed Management

The practice of purchasing land to protect surface water supply sources is rarely practical today. This is particularly true near urban areas. Therefore, Drinking Water Supplies attempts to provide an action-oriented guidebook on how to develop and implement watershed management strategies to protect surface water supplies from contamination under the constraints of today's economic, legal, institutional, and political conditions. The book succeeds in providing a very clear and useful guide to the process of developing such a strategy. It should be helpful to small and moderate-sized water supply systems and local governments interested in taking action to protect their surface water supply sources.
Abstract B179: An improved method for array comparative genomic hybridization of formalin fixed paraffin embedded surgical pathology specimens

Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) has been widely used on high quality DNA obtained from fresh tissue samples to investigate chromosomal abnormalities associated with different cancers. Formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue samples are an ideal source for retrospective and prospective genomic profiling studies because they are abundant in the archives and are the most common derivative of clinical surgical pathology analyses. However, DNA degradation and cross linking due to tissue processing and storage conditions has limited their prior utility for molecular testing. Here, we report an improved and reliable method to isolate, purify, and label DNA from FFPE tissue samples for high resolution aCGH. Samples (n=67) were obtained from FFPE tissue blocks of >10yrs old and represented a variety of malignancies. Guided by hematoxylin and eosin stained sections, corresponding tissue block regions of maximal tumor cell density were targeted for extraction using a tissue microarray needle punch. Several changes to the Qiagen DNeasy kit, including buffers, temperatures, centrifugations, and elution conditions, were used to maximize DNA yield and produce a DNA derivative suitable for aCGH. Our method produced suitable DNA roughly 90% of the time, yet occasional impurities following Qiagen column purification persisted and manifested as a decreased 260/230 ratio, in which case we employed a simple additional column purification to render such samples usable. Non‐enzymatic Universal Linkage System chemical labeling was used to directly couple fluorescent dyes with the sample and reference DNAs (1 ug each), which were then applied to an Agilent microarray. Data was analyzed in Nexus Copy Number software. Average DNA yield was 1 ug per 0.6mm needle core. Our optional clean up step typically raised the 260/230 ratio from 1.5 to above 2. The majorities of samples (87%) were successfully labeled and produced good quality aCGH profiles with a median DLR score of 0.25 and signal‐to‐noise ratio of 17. We were also able to set up a threshold of the amount of label incorporation that reliably predicted the success of the aCGH. This will guide us in the future to test only samples expected to pass QC measures and thus not waste costly microarray components. Our extraction and labeling method demonstrates the feasibility of successfully using DNA derived from FFPE tissue samples for aCGH, and brings this technique to the level of routine testing. Thus, our methodology removes many prior technical obstacles from aCGH based sample classification for diagnosis and clinical decision making using archival, current, and prospective FFPE specimens. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):B179.
Laboratory studies of the mating habits of the face fly.

Laboratory studies were conducted with Musca autumnalis De Geer to determine the number of times a female usually mates and the competitiveness between untreated males and chemosterilized males. Two methods were used to study female mating habits: In one, untreated virgin females were mated to treated virgin males (fed 0.005% or 0.01 % tepa) and then caged with untreated virgin males. If the female successfully mated again, an in crease in pupal production should have occurred. In the other method, untreated females were mated with treated males and then caged with untreated males as in the first method. However, any female which appeared willing to mate with an untreated male was immediately checked to see whether she had received any sperm from the treated male. This method was feasible, because in all the tests the average time a pair remained in copulation was about 65 min. Results indicated that most females mated only once, and that females attempting to mate again were those that had not received any sperm during the first mating. A study of competitiveness involved using different ratios of untreated males, sterilized males, and untreated females. Results indicated that an 8: 1 ratio of sterilized males to untreated males reduced pupal production 94% and that lower ratios were proportionally less effective.
The effect of alcoholic mobile phase modifiers on retention and stereoselectivity on a commercially available cellulose-based HPLC chiral stationary phase: An unexpected reversal in enantiometric elution order

Three enantiomeric solutes, a sulphoxide, a piperidine derivative and a methyl ester have been chromatographed on an HPLC chiral stationary phase (CSP) based upon cellulose-tribenzoate (Chiralcel OB-CSP). The mobile phases used in the study were composed of hexane modified with homologous series of primary, secondary and cyclic alcohols. Interesting reversals in enantiomeric elution order have been observed for 2-phenoxypropanoic acid methyl ester associated with changes in chain length or ring size of the alcohol mobile phase modifier. The results of the study suggest that at least two chiral recognition mechanisms operate on the OB-CSP and point out the importance of acquiring elution order data in all studies involving chiral stationary phases.
The synthesis and identification of 4,6-diaminoquinoline derivatives as potent immunostimulants

Abstract The synthesis of a number of 4,6-diaminoquinoline derivatives is described as well as their evaluation in a mouse protection model designed to identify immunostimulant activity. These compounds represent a novel series of potent immunostimulants.
Person-entrepreneurship fit: why some people are more successful as entrepreneurs than others

Abstract Person–organization fit research suggests that the closer the match between individuals' attitudes, values, knowledge, skills, abilities, and personality, the better their job satisfaction and performance. We suggest that the closer the match between entrepreneurs' personal characteristics and the requirements of being an entrepreneur (e.g., creating new companies by transforming discoveries into marketable items), the more successful they will be. Specifically, we argue that to the extent entrepreneurs are high on a number of distinct individual-difference dimensions (e.g., self-efficacy, ability to recognize opportunities, personal perseverance, human and social capital, superior social skills) the closer will be the person–entrepreneurship fit and, consequently, the greater the likelihood or magnitude of their success. This framework offers potentially valuable new avenues for assisting entrepreneurs in their efforts to exploit opportunities through the founding of new ventures because the dimensions of individual differences we identify are readily open to modification (e.g., through appropriate, short-term training).
ONE-DIMENSIONALITY IN GLASSY CARBON

A negative ${T}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}}$ dependence of a component of the electrical conductivity, indicative of one-dimensional transport, was found in glassy carbon heat treated at temperatures less than 2200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The microstructure, as examined in lattice images in the transmission electron microscope, the Porod-law dependence obtained in small-angle scattering, and the decrease in the ${d}_{002}$-spacing interlayer as measured by x-ray diffraction (above this critical temperature) support this thesis.
A superior and inferior orbital rim-based orbitometer

In exophthalmometry, alterations in the lateral orbital rim cause inaccuracy in serial readings when this structure is used as a fixation base. The authors have found that, compared with the Hertel-type lateral-rim-based instrument, an exophthalmometer based on the superior and inferior orbital rim areas bilaterally appears to be more accurate and is more comfortable, making it especially useful with pediatric patients. That the new exophthalmometer can be aligned at the mid-pupil horizontally and vertically with a vertical fixation bar enhances accuracy. In addition, the device can measure hypo-ophthalmos and hyperophthalmos by virtue of a vertical bar gradient scale.
Postthymic maturation influences the CD8 T cell response to antigen

Complete T cell development requires postthymic maturation, and we investigated the influence of this ontological period on the CD8 T cell response to infection by comparing responses of mature CD8 T cells with those of recent thymic emigrants (RTEs). When activated with a noninflammatory stimulus or a bacterial or viral pathogen, CD8 RTEs generated a lower proportion of cytokine-producing effector cells and long-lived memory precursors compared with their mature counterparts. Although peripheral T cell maturation is complete within several weeks after thymic egress, RTE-derived memory cells continued to express inappropriate levels of memory cell markers and display an altered pattern of cytokine production, even 8 weeks after infection. When rechallenged, RTE-derived memory cells generated secondary effector cells that were phenotypically and functionally equivalent to those generated by their mature counterparts. The defects at the effector and memory stages were not associated with differences in the expression of T cell receptor-, costimulation-, or activation-associated cell surface markers yet were associated with lower Ly6C expression levels at the effector stage. This work demonstrates that the stage of postthymic maturation influences cell fate decisions and cytokine profiles of stimulated CD8 T cells, with repercussions that are apparent long after cells have progressed from the RTE compartment.
Retrieval of tropospheric water vapor scale height from horizontal turbulence structure

A scale height of the vertical water vapor distribution in the troposphere is shown to be related to the rate at which the total integrated water vapor (IWV) decorrelates with horizontal separation. This relationship is based on the departure from simple Kolmogorov behavior of the turbulence structure of the IWV as the horizontal separation becomes a significant fraction of the scale height of the three dimensional (3D) turbulence. The relationship is demonstrated by comparisons between direct measurements of the vertical water vapor distribution, by radiosondes, and coincident estimates of the horizontal turbulence structure, using the TOPEX Microwave Radiometer (TMR). This provides a new method by which to resolve some of the vertical structure of lower tropospheric water vapor from space. The turbulence structure estimator is applied to a larger body of TMR data to produce a sequence of images describing the dynamics of water vapor scale height across the tropical Pacific Ocean. The cyclical evolution of a basin scale east/west ridge of water vapor with high scale height near 5/spl deg/ north latitude is detected which is consistent with other observations of the Madden and Julian Oscillation. The general technique presented should be applicable to many other existing data sets which image the horizontal distribution of IWV, e.g., those of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program's special sensor microwave/imagers.
The integrated editor: involvement of an editor in the entire information development process

A more complete involvement of the technical editor in the development process for a computer product is proposed in connection with the concept of layers of editing, i.e. literary, semantic, perennial, and integrated. It is noted that a technical editor whose skills include the integrated layer can review the entire information interface-the key tops, the panels, the manuals, and the marketing materials. In addition it is noted that integrating the editor into the entire development process requires coordination. The editor should coordinate review activities with other groups in order to promote efficiency and to ensure usability beyond the scope of editorial review. >
Making Space for the “Nuances of Truth”: Communication and Uncertainty at an Environmental Journalists’ Workshop

In 2008, the Society of Environmental Journalists listed nearly 50 science or science immersion workshops for environmental journalists. Yet relatively little is known about the content of these workshops and their impact on participants. This ethnographic study, conducted at a science immersion workshop for environmental journalists, aims to fill this void in our knowledge. Relying on participant observation and depth interviews, the study suggests that such workshops are useful for participating journalists: Reporters feel they leave the workshop better understanding the scientific method and scientific uncertainty. But the findings also reveal that “metacommunication”—communication about communication—is equally as important as science immersion activities. Workshop scientists should be involved in metacommunication activities not just as scientific experts advising journalists on science but as fellow professionals seeking to improve communication between the two groups.
Replication of the Systematic Screening for Behavior Disorders (SSBD) Procedure for the Identification of At-Risk Children.

The Systematic Screening for Behavior Disorders (SSBD) procedure was implemented by 58 teachers within a series of elementary schools in the state of Utah; a total of 1,446 elementary-school children were screened in this process. The focus of this investigation was upon replication of the procedural integrity and outcomes of the SSBD screening-identification procedure for children with school-related behavior disorders. The study results indicated that the SSBD could accurately and efficiently identify children in need of special services, thus confirming results of prior research. In addition, it was shown that the SSBD was viewed as cost efficient by its school-based users primarily because it (a) required less professional time than traditional school referral and assessment processes, and (b) allowed for the systematic, proactive screening of all students. The SSBD procedure also was preferred as an initial screening device by the majority of participating teachers and related-services professionals ...
Athletic Participation and Seatbelt Omission Among U.S. High School Students

Although seat belts save lives, adolescents may be disproportionately likely to omit their use. Using data from the 1997 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, a national survey of over 16,000 U.S. public and private high school students, we employed a series of logical regression analyses to examine cross-sectional associations between past-year athletic participation and regular seat belt omission. Controlling for the effects of gender, age, race, parental education, and school urbanicity, student athletes were significantly less likely than nonathletes to report seat belt omission. Separate gender-specific analyses showed that this effect was significant for girls but only marginally significant for boys; in addition, the effect was strongest for adolescents who participated on three or more school or community sports teams. Possible explanations for the relationship between athletic participation and seat belt omission, including Jessor’s problem behavior syndrome, prosocial sport subcultures, and sensation seeking, are considered.
time course of photosynthetic temperature acclimation in Carex eleocharis Bailey

Abstract Photosynthetic temperature acclimation in Carex eleocharis has been demonstrated in a previous study in which warm grown (35/15°C) plants were shown to have photosynthetic temperature optima approximately 14°C higher than cool grown (20/15°C) plants (Monson, Littlejohn & Williams, 1983). The current study examined the time course of this acclimation by determining photo-synthetic temperature optima as a function of time, of cool grown plants moved to warm growing conditions. Leaves which had developed under cool conditions were capable of an upward adjustment of 6–8°C of their optimum photosynthetic temperature within a time span of 6–14 d. For greatest photosynthetic temperature acclimation it was necessary for leaves to form and develop entirely under warm conditions. These leaves exhibited a 14–15°C upward adjustment of their optimum temperature for photosynthesis within 20–31 d since moving plants from cool to warm growing conditions. Thus, the time course of this acclimation is of short enough duration to be significant during the growing season and presumably contributes toward the ability of this species to maintain active growth during the cool and warm portions of the growing season. It is also noted that the plant with its capacity to form new leaves, has a much wider acclimation capacity than any single leaf.
When the Subject Is Not the Self: Multiple Personality and Manic-Depression

(2001). When the Subject Is Not the Self: Multiple Personality and Manic-Depression. a/b: Auto/Biography Studies: Vol. 16, Remembered Lives, pp. 39-52.
BK Virus Replication In Vitro: Limited Effect of Drugs Interfering with Viral Uptake and Intracellular Transport

BK virus is an important pathogen in kidney transplant recipients. In vitro studies demonstrated slight antiviral activity for chloroquine and nystatin. A sialic acid derivative, BTB11968, was identified as a lead compound for further development.