cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reflecting Optics for Calibration of Spectroradiometers

The requirements are given for absolute calibration of a spectroradiometer by means of an extended standard source. In some cases the extended source may be used without auxiliary optics, but in many cases a concave mirror is necessary or desirable. For such a mirror, a relation between incident and reflected steradiancy is derived. Brandenberg’s focusing relations for a concave spherical mirror are extended and applied to four practical cases, and it is shown that no loss in accuracy of calibration will result from the use of such mirrors provided that the source and the mirror are large enough. Experimental verification is given.
Raman scattering of YVO4

Abstract It is shown that the observed breakdown of the polarizability tensor selection rules for the scattering by phonons in YVO4 is due to birefringent effects. By minimizing those effects some previously missing phonons were observed.
EFFECT OF PROCESSING, DISTRIBUTION AND STORAGE ON Vibro Parahaemolyticus AND BACTERIAL COUNTS OF OYSTERS (Crassostrea virginica)

Levels of V. parahaemolyticus did not increase greatly in most samples of shellstock held for 3 days at 25°C while total bacterial counts frequently increased l–2 logs. The data from nine market surveys indicated that V. parahaemolyticus counts of oysters usually decreased during processing and subsequent storage. On the other hand, Standard Plate Counts increased in the majority of samples after storage at refrigeration temperatures. V. parahaemolyticus counts of composite samples (12 oysters) usually were lower than the mean count of the individual oysters.
Governmentality, Temporality and Practice: From the individualization of risk to the `contradictory movements of the soul'

Recent scholarship on the governmentality of risk has revealed ways in which rationalities of government are directed at the transformation of mundane time consciousness in daily conduct. Reflexive temporalities are inscribed through what Ulrich Beck has termed the `individualization of risk'. Such an account, however, has been criticized for its overemphasis on the reflexive, cognitive dimensions of temporal practice, by theorists drawing on a Bourdieusian notion of the habitus, as a pre-reflexive basis for action. This article attempts to mediate these two positions by emphasizing the practical work by which individual temporalities are made reflexive. Drawing on the theory of ethical practice developed in Michel Foucault's later work, the governmentality of temporality is read as a multi-dimensional practice of ethical self-transformation. More precisely, drawing on Bourdieu, this article considers the pre-reflexive, unthought and embodied future orientations incorporated in the bodily habitus as the e...
Management and survival of female breast cancer: Results of a national survey by the American college of surgeons

This is a resume of a Breast Cancer Survey carried out by the American College of Surgeons in 1978. Four hundred and ninety-eight hospitals in 47 states, Washington, D. C., and Puerto Rico participated, contributing a total of 24,136 female patients with histologically confirmed breast cancer. In these patients, five-year cure rates were 60.5% for clinically localized disease and 33.9% for regional disease. Five-year survival rates were 72.8% for localized disease and 49.1% for regional disease. From the 1960's into the early 1970's, there was a gradual shift away from radical mastectomy towards so-called modified radical mastectomy. In a group of patients treated by either radical or modified mastectomies, the axillary nodal status, size of the tumor, and location of the tumor were examined in relation to the prognosis. In the study of number of metastatic nodes in the axilla, there were reduced cure and survival rates in patients with one or more positive nodes as compared to those with negative axillary nodes. With the increase in the number of positive nodes, there was a continuing associated decline in survival and cure. The clinical size of the tumor also correlated well to the prognosis. With the increase in the size of the tumor, there was a gradual increase in the probability of axillary nodal involvement. However, in the group of patients with tumor size smaller than 1 cm, axillary metastasis occurred in 25%. When the axillary nodes were involved, the cure rate in those patients was not significantly better than the rates for those with larger primary tumors in this study. Tumors located in the medial half of the breast were associated with a slightly lower cure rate than those in the lateral half. Young women under 35 years of age had poorer survival and cure rates, although in women 35–44 years of age, the five-year results were comparable to the older group of patients. In blacks, breast cancer was diagnosed in a relatively more advanced stage than in whites. Survival and cure rates were generally lower for blacks, and such lower rates seem to be associated with the relatively advanced stage of the disease.
Identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for heading date and plant height in cultivated rice ( Oryza sativa L.)

‘Lemont’ and ‘Teqing’ are both semidwarf rice varieties that differ in heading date by only 6 days. However, when ‘Lemont’ and ‘Teqing’ are crossed there is transgressive segregation for both heading date (HD) and plant height (PH). By testing 2418 F4 lines with 113 well-distributed RFLP markers, we identified and mapped chromosomal regions that were largely responsible for this transgressive segregation. QHd3a, a QTL from ‘Lemont’ that gives 8 days earlier heading, was identified on chromosome 3 approximately 3 cM from the marker RG348. Another QTL with a large effect, QHd8a, which gives 7 days earlier heading, was identified on chromosome 8 of ‘Teqing’ between RG20 and RG1034. Along with a QTL, QHd9a with a phenotypic effect of 3.5 days, these genomic regions collectively explain 76.5% of the observed phenotypic variance in heading date. Four QTLs which altered plant height from 4 to 7 cm were also mapped; these collectively explain 48.8% of the observed phenotypic variation in plant height. None of the QTLs for plant height mapped to chromosome 1, the location of the semidwarf gene sd-1. All three of the HD loci mapped to approximately the same genomic locations as PH QTLs, and in all cases, there was a reduction in height of approximately 1 cm for every day of earlier heading. The correspondence between the HD and some of the PH loci suggests that genes at these chromosome locations may have pleiotropic effects on both HD and PH. The observed heterosis in the F1 plants for HD can be largely explained by the dominance for earliness of the identified HD loci and distribution of earlier heading alleles in the parents. However, overdominance observed at one of the PH QTL may, at least in part, be responsible for the observed heterosis in PH.
Approximating nonstationary queueing systems

This paper describes approximations for nonstationary queueing models. Explicit consideration of the time-dependent vector of probabilities associated with complex queueing systems requires numerical integration of the Chapman-Kolmogorov differential difference equations. The number of differential equations increases nonlinearly as the complexity of the system increases, for example priority or network systems. The research methods described in this paper are approximation approaches to reduce the number of differential equations numerially integrated, or simulated, necessary to represent complex stochastic models to a small and possibly constant number.
Phosphorylated Galectin-3 Mediates Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand Signaling by Regulating Phosphatase and Tensin Homologue Deleted on Chromosome 10 in Human Breast Carcinoma Cells

Galectin-3 (GAL3), a β-galactoside-binding lectin, confers chemoresistance to a wide variety of cancer cell types. It may exhibit anti- or pro-apoptotic activity depending on the nature of the stimulus. We report here that introducing phosphorylated galectin-3 (P-GAL3) into GAL3-null, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-resistant human breast carcinoma cells promotes TRAIL-induced apoptotic cell death by stimulating the phosphorylation/inactivation of the pro-apoptotic molecule Bad resulting in the inhibition of mitochondrial depolarization and the release of cytochrome c. Exposure of the transfectant cells to TRAIL leads to the recruitment of the initiator capase-8 followed by activation of the effector caspase-9, independent of cytochrome c, and subsequently the processing of the executioner caspase-3. P-GAL3 and phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) were coordinately expressed, with concomitant dephosphorylation of Akt in TRAIL-sensitive cells. In contrast, overexpression of phospho-mutant GAL3 (incapable of phosphorylation) failed to elicit similar responses. Depletion of PTEN using small interference RNAs reinstated Akt phosphorylation and conferred TRAIL resistance. In addition phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors rendered the phospho-mutant GAL3-resistant cells sensitive to TRAIL. These findings suggest a pivotal role for P-GAL3 in promoting TRAIL sensitivity through activation of a nonclassic apoptotic pathway and identify P-GAL3 as a novel regulator of PTEN.
State-projective scheme for generating pair coherent states in traveling-wave optical fields

The pair coherent states of a two-mode quantized electromagnetic field introduced by Agarwal [Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 827 (1986)] have yet to be generated in the laboratory. The states can mathematically be obtained from a product of ordinary coherent states via projection onto a subspace wherein identical photon number states of each mode are paired. We propose a scheme by which this projection can be engineered. The scheme requires relatively weak cross-Kerr nonlinearities, the ability to perform a displacement operation on a beam mode, and photon detection ability able to distinguish between zero and any other number of photons. These requirements can be fulfilled with currently available technology or technology that is on the horizon.
Cardiac effects of stimulation and block of the stellate ganglion.

Stimulation of the right stellate ganglion in 21 of 27 cats resulted in a marked increase in positivity of the T wave. Stimulation of the left stellate ganglion in 19 of 26 cats resulted in marked negativity of the T wave. Right or left stellate-ganglion block in five animals was also shown to produce significant prolongation of the functional refractory period exclusively in the anterior right ventricle. Left stellateganglion block had almost no effect in this area, but did produce significant functional refractory period prolongation in the left ventricle. By heating and cooling the anterior right ventricle, ST and T wave changes were produced in a manner predicted from the functional refractory period studies. While significant overlapping of innervation exists, the right stellate ganglion functionally predominates over the anterior right ventricle and the left stellate ganglion predominates over the lateral and posterior left ventricle.
Recent and future upgrades to the DIII-D tokamak

Abstract Research on the DIII-D tokamak focuses on support for next-generation devices such as ITER by providing physics solutions to key issues and advancing the fundamental understanding of fusion plasmas. To support this goal, the DIII-D facility is planning a number of upgrades that will allow improved plasma heating, control, and diagnostic measurement capabilities. The neutral beam system has recently added an eighth ion source and one of the beamlines is currently being rebuilt to allow injection of 5 MW of off-axis power at an angle of up to 16.5° from the horizontal. The electron cyclotron heating (ECH) system is adding two additional gyrotrons and is using new launchers that can be aimed poloidally in real-time by an improved plasma control system. The fast wave heating system is being upgraded to allow two of the three launchers to inject up to 2 MW each in future experiments. Several diagnostics are being added or upgraded to more thoroughly study fluctuations, fast ions, heat flux to the walls, plasma flows, rotation, and details of the plasma density and temperature profiles.
Decreased dopamine brain reactivity in marijuana abusers is associated with negative emotionality and addiction severity

Moves to legalize marijuana highlight the urgency to investigate effects of chronic marijuana in the human brain. Here, we challenged 48 participants (24 controls and 24 marijuana abusers) with methylphenidate (MP), a drug that elevates extracellular dopamine (DA) as a surrogate for probing the reactivity of the brain to DA stimulation. We compared the subjective, cardiovascular, and brain DA responses (measured with PET and [11C]raclopride) to MP between controls and marijuana abusers. Although baseline (placebo) measures of striatal DA D2 receptor availability did not differ between groups, the marijuana abusers showed markedly blunted responses when challenged with MP. Specifically, compared with controls, marijuana abusers had significantly attenuated behavioral (“self-reports” for high, drug effects, anxiety, and restlessness), cardiovascular (pulse rate and diastolic blood pressure), and brain DA [reduced decreases in distribution volumes (DVs) of [11C]raclopride, although normal reductions in striatal nondisplaceable binding potential (BPND)] responses to MP. In ventral striatum (key brain reward region), MP-induced reductions in DVs and BPND (reflecting DA increases) were inversely correlated with scores of negative emotionality, which were significantly higher for marijuana abusers than controls. In marijuana abusers, DA responses in ventral striatum were also inversely correlated with addiction severity and craving. The attenuated responses to MP, including reduced decreases in striatal DVs, are consistent with decreased brain reactivity to the DA stimulation in marijuana abusers that might contribute to their negative emotionality (increased stress reactivity and irritability) and addictive behaviors.
Lingering prenatal effects of the 1918 influenza pandemic on cardiovascular disease

Prenatal exposure to the 1918 influenza pandemic (Influenza A, H1N1 subtype) is associated with ⩾20% excess cardiovascular disease at 60 to 82 years of age, relative to cohorts born without exposure to the influenza epidemic, either prenatally or postnatally (defined by the quarter of birth), in the 1982-1996 National Health Interview Surveys of the USA. Males showed stronger effects of influenza on increased later heart disease than females. Adult height at World War II enlistment was lower for the 1919 birth cohort than for those born in adjacent years, suggesting growth retardation. Calculations on the prevalence of maternal infections indicate that prenatal exposure to even uncomplicated maternal influenza may have lasting consequences later in life. These findings suggest novel roles for maternal infections in the fetal programming of cardiovascular risk factors that are independent of maternal malnutrition.
State of the world's freshwater ecosystems: physical, chemical, and biological changes.

Surface freshwaters—lakes, reservoirs, and rivers—are among the most extensively altered ecosystems on Earth. Transformations include changes in the morphology of rivers and lakes, hydrology, biogeochemistry of nutrients and toxic substances, ecosystem metabolism and the storage of carbon (C), loss of native species, expansion of invasive species, and disease emergence. Drivers are climate change, hydrologic flow modification, land-use change, chemical inputs, aquatic invasive species, and harvest. Drivers and responses interact, and their relationships must be disentangled to understand the causes and consequences of change as well as the correctives for adverse change in any given watershed. Beyond its importance in terms of drinking water, freshwater supports human well-being in many ways related to food and fiber production, hydration of other ecosystems used by humans, dilution and degradation of pollutants, and cultural values. A natural capital framework can be used to assess freshwater ecosystem s...
Optimal control of multiple robot systems with friction using mpcc

This paper studies optimal control of multiple robot systems with frictional contact. The task is to move the robots into goal regions with specified velocities using external control forces. The robots have nonlinear dynamics, which may arise from the robot body dynamics, friction between robot and environment, and friction between robot and robot. Nonpenetration constraints between robots are imposed, and the robots are assumed rigid. The problem is modeled as a mathematical program with complementarity constraints (MPCC). The MPCC model is solved by using its elastic mode, which is a well-behaved nonlinear programming problem. Preliminary results with this approach are illustrated on example problems. The main contributions of this paper are a novel optimal control model that can deal with friction in the multiple robot system, and application of a new mathematical programming algorithm to solve the MPCC formulation. This optimal control model has potential applications in robot systems with friction, such as multifinger manipulation, manipulation with ropes, and multirobot pushing coordination.
The metaDESK: models and prototypes for tangible user interfaces

The metaDESK is a user interface platform demonstrating new interaction techniques we call "tangible user inter- faces." We explore the physical instantiation of interface elements from the graphical user interface paradigm, giving physical form to windows, icons, handles, menus, and controls. The design and implementation of the metaDESK display, sensor, and software architectures is discussed. A prototype application driving an interaction with geographi- cal space, Tangible Geospace, is presented to demonstrate these concepts.
The Dynamics of Heat

Consider a book sent sliding across a tabletop. If the surface is rough, it will exert a fairly large frictional force on the book, and the book will soon come to a stop as its kinetic energy rapidly disappears. No corresponding increase in potential energy will occur, since there is no change in height. It appears that, in this example, mechanical energy is not conserved.
A correlative context-based framework for network intrusion detection system

Intrusion detection system (IDS) is one of the most important security protection mechanisms. Although many IDS commercial products and research projects exist, we still face a serious problem under current systems, a high false positive rate. We observe that current network IDSs don't make full use of the information available from different levels and points of the protected network, and we argue that the utilization of this information is essential. We introduce a new framework for network IDSs based on a network context awareness (NCA) layer as an additional data source to IDSs. We describe the architecture of NCA and methods of how to extract network information into NCA. A correlation engine is presented that works on alerts generated by a specific IDS system (Snort) and NCA information. Our experimental results using simulated attacks show that our proposed solution significantly reduces the false alarm rate and has the potential to greatly improve the efficacy of detecting novel attacks.
Stream bottom resistivity tomography to map ground water discharge.

This study investigates the effectiveness of direct current electrical resistivity as a tool for assessing ground water/surface water interactions within streams. This research has shown that patterns of ground water discharge can be mapped at the meter scale, which is important for understanding stream water quality and ecosystem function. Underwater electrical resistivity surveys along a 107-m stream section within the Burd Run Watershed in South Central Pennsylvania identified three resistivity layers: a resistive (100 to 400 Ωm) surface layer corresponding to the streambed sediments, a conductive (20 to 100 Ωm) middle layer corresponding to residual clay sediments, and a resistive (100 to 450 Ωm) bottom layer corresponding to the carbonate bedrock. Tile probing to determine the depth to the bedrock and resistivity test box analysis of augered sediment samples confirmed these interpretations of the resistivity data. Ground water seeps occurred where the resistivity data showed that the residual clays were thinnest and bedrock was closest to the streambed. Plotting the difference in resistivity between two surveys, one conducted during low-stage and the other during high-stage stream conditions, showed changes in the conductivity of the pore fluids saturating the sediments. Under high-stream stage conditions, the top layer showed increased resistivity values for sections with surface water infiltration but showed nearly constant resistivity in sections with ground water seeps. This was expressed as difference values less than 50 Ωm in the area of the seeps and greater than 50 Ωm change for the streambed sediments saturated by surface water. Thus, electrical resistivity aided in characterizing ground water discharge zones by detecting variations in subsurface resistivity under high- and low-stream stage conditions as well as mapping subsurface heterogeneities that promote these exchanges.
Wideband CMOS Amplifier Design: Time-Domain Considerations

Time-domain responses of wideband CMOS amplifiers using several inductive peaking techniques are presented. Transient performance considerations are described, including the effects of transistor parasitics on settling and edge rates. A combination of time-and frequency-domain performance is derived for a given bandwidth extension technique, and tradeoffs are discussed. Measured results for several high-speed high-gain single-stage amplifiers are presented in 0.18-mum CMOS, and a design strategy for multistage amplifiers is introduced. Finally, design and simulation results are presented for a multistage amplifier in 0.18-mum CMOS that attains a bandwidth of 22.7 GHz with 14.7-dB voltage gain, operates at 40 Gb/s, and consumes 93.6 mW.
Roots growing in rock fissures: Their morphological adaptation

On sites with shallow soil in semi-arid climate conditions, whiteleaf manzanita (Arctostaphyllos viscida) and Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii) utilize water from the bedrock. Roots of these plants occupy rock fissures as small as 100 μm. Although the root stele remains cylindrical in shape without visible mechanical stress, the cortex may become flat, creating “wing-like” structures on the sides of the stele. Fine particles of soil and rock that fill the space between root cortex and rock matrices create good contact for water flow.
The Obligation to bring about Good in Social Work Research: A New Perspective

Ethically, social work researchers should bring about good for research respondents. Referring to the work of other researchers who support beneficent research, this article describes an activity t...
A Numerical Combination of Extended Boundary Condition Method and Invariant Imbedding Method Applied to Light Scattering by Large Spheroids and Cylinders

The extended boundary condition method (EBCM) and invariant imbedding method (IIM) are two fundamentally different T-matrix methods for the solution of light scattering by nonspherical particles. The standard EBCM is very efficient but encounters a loss of precision when the particle size is large, the maximum size being sensitive to the particle aspect ratio. The IIM can be applied to particles in a relatively large size parameter range but requires extensive computational time due to the number of spherical layers in the particle volume discretization. A numerical combination of the EBCM and the IIM (hereafter, the EBCM+IIM) is proposed to overcome the aforementioned disadvantages of each method. Even though the EBCM can fail to obtain the T-matrix of a considered particle, it is valuable for decreasing the computational domain (i.e., the number of spherical layers) of the IIM by providing the initial T-matrix associated with an iterative procedure in the IIM. The EBCM+IIM is demonstrated to be more efficient than the IIM in obtaining the optical properties of large size parameter particles beyond the convergence limit of the EBCM. The numerical performance of the EBCM+IIM is illustrated through representative calculations in spheroidal and cylindrical particle cases.
Detection of Multiple Macrolide- and Lincosamide-Resistant Strains of Streptococcus pyogenes from Patients in the Boston Area

Macrolide (including erythromycin and azithromycin) and lincosamide (including clindamycin) antibiotics are recommended for treatment of penicillin-allergic patients with Streptococcus pyogenes pharyngitis. Resistance to erythromycin in S. pyogenes can be as high as 48% in specific populations in the United States. Macrolide and lincosamide resistance in S. pyogenes is mediated by several different genes. Expression of the erm(A) or erm(B) genes causes resistance to erythromycin and inducible or constitutive resistance to clindamycin, respectively, whereas expression of the mef(A) gene leads to resistance to erythromycin but not clindamycin. We studied the resistance of S. pyogenes to erythromycin and clindamycin at an urban tertiary-care hospital. Of 196 sequential isolates from throat cultures, 15 (7.7%) were resistant to erythromycin. Three of these were also constitutively resistant to clindamycin and had the erm(B) gene. Five of the erythromycin-resistant isolates were resistant to clindamycin upon induction with erythromycin and had the erm(A) gene. The remaining seven erythromycin-resistant isolates were susceptible to clindamycin even upon induction with erythromycin and had the mef(A) gene. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis and emm typing demonstrated that the erythromycin-resistant S. pyogenes comprised multiple strains. These results demonstrate that multiple mechanisms of resistance to macrolide and lincosamide antibiotics are present in S. pyogenes strains in the United States.
Application containers without virtual machines

This position paper introduces lightweight cryptographic jails (CryptoJails) that protect the privacy of application data by intercepting write accesses and redirecting them to encrypted application containers. CryptoJails ensure that application data (for example, cached emails or web pages) cannot be read or undetectably altered by other applications. Unlike existing approaches, CryptoJails do not require kernel modifications or even superuser (i.e., root) privileges, do not impose significant performance overhead, and may even be used with already installed applications.
VEGF-Directed Blood Vessel Patterning: From Cells to Organism

VEGF-A signaling is required for almost every aspect of vascular development, and it is a major regulator of vessel morphogenesis and patterning. VEGF-A perturbations are associated with severe vascular defects and lethality, and the pathway is coopted in pathological scenarios, including tumor angiogenesis. This review focuses on the roles of VEGF-A signaling during vessel development and patterning. I review the impact of VEGF-A signaling on endothelial cells in developing vessels, with emphasis on the importance of spatial regulation of several pathway components. I also discuss VEGF-A signaling patterns at the level of the vessel, with a focus on how polarity is set up and maintained in several vessel axes. The role of VEGF-A in patterning vessels relative to tissues and organs is also reviewed, with emphasis on neurovascular patterning and patterning at the embryonic midline.
A New Derivation of Robin Boundary Conditions through Homogenization of a Stochastically Switching Boundary

We give a new derivation of Robin boundary conditions and interface jump conditions for the diffusion equation in one dimension. To derive a Robin boundary condition, we consider the diffusion equation with a boundary condition that randomly switches between a Dirichlet and a Neumann condition. We prove that, in the limit of infinitely fast switching rate with the proportion of time spent in the Dirichlet state, denoted by $\rho$, approaching zero, the mean of the solution satisfies a Robin condition, with conductivity parameter determined by the rate at which $\rho$ approaches zero. We carry out a similar procedure to derive an interface jump condition by considering the diffusion equation with a no flux condition in the interior of the domain that is randomly imposed/removed. Our results also provide the effective deterministic boundary condition for a randomly switching boundary.
Capturing Motion in ISO-SpaceBank

This paper presents the first description of the motion subcorpus of ISO-SpaceBank (MotionBank) and discusses how motion-events are represented in ISO-Space 1.5, a specification language for the representation of spatial information in language. We present data from this subcorpus with examples from the pilot annotation, focusing specifically on the annotation of motion-events and their various participants. These data inform further discussion of outstanding issues concerning semantic annotation, such as quantification and measurement. We address these questions briefly as they impact the design of ISO-Space.
The Munchausen Syndrome in Civil Forensic Psychiatry

The diagnosis of Munchausen syndrome requires that a patient intentionally produce or feign physical symptoms with a psychological need to assume the sick role. To differentiate the disorder from malingering one must document the absence of an external incentive for the patient’s behavior. Although malingering is a major topic of interest in forensic psychiatry, there has been no literature that looks at the Munchausen syndrome presenting in the civil forensic setting. This paper reports on two cases of the Munchausen syndrome that occurred in the areas of medical malpractice and workers’ compensation. The cases highlight how fhe psychiatrist should approach these cases in the civil forensic setting. The malpractice case also illustrates how the disorder is viewed by an appellate court.
Assuring the quality of medications stored in patient care areas

A program designed to improve patient care by assuring the quality of medications stored in patient care areas is described. A questionnaire covering six major areas--medication room, controlled substances, refrigerator, emergency medication kit, other storage areas and miscellaneous--designed to assist in gathering information during medication quality assurance rounds was developed. Rounds are conducted every four months by a pharmacist and a nurse. To ensure that any deficiencies are corrected, copies of the findings are sent to the appropriate pharmacy and nursing personnel.
Compaction of Dry or Fluid-Filled Porous Materials

Constitutive relations are developed for mechanical response of dry or fluid-saturated porous materials beyond the linear range. The main emphasis is on hydrostatic loading and unloading response, although deviatoric effects are also treated. The technique focuses on the manner in which localized shear stresses in the solid material influence the compaction process by changing the porosity. Pore compaction relations are obtained from analysis of the compaction, either static or dynamic, of a hollow sphere. Elastic-perfectly plastic behavior and also strain-hardening and pressure-dependent yielding in the solid material are treated. The theoretical predictions show excellent agreement with experimental data for porous metals and rocks. A theoretical derivation of an initial yield surface for porous materials is also described.
Thomas Reid and the Expression Theory of Art

I shall mean by "the expression theory of art" the theory which holds (in its various forms) that the expression of emotion is the essential property of art: that something is a work of art if and only if it is an expression of emo tion. I shall mean by "a theory of artistic expression" any theory which gives an account of how?in what way?works of art express emotions. Every ex pression theory of art that I know about embodies a theory of artistic ex pression: that is, it offers an account of what it is claiming when it claims that art is expression. But not every theory of artistic expression is an instance of the expression theory of art; for it is entirely possible to maintain (as many people have done) that art expresses emotions, without maintaining further that this is what makes it art, or that it is either a necessary or suf ficient condition for being art. Among theories of artistic expression, it is useful to distinguish between those that are "self-expression" theories and those that are not. By a "self expression" theory I mean one making out that a work of art can truthfully be said to express a given emotion only if the artist experienced the emotion while (or perhaps shortly before) creating the work of art. The expression theory of art in its "classical" form?as held by Collingwood, Bosanquet, Ducasse, and others like them?is pre-eminently a self-expression theory: that is, the theory of artistic expression that it embodies is a self-expression theory. My argument here will be that Thomas Reid, in contrast to those of his contemporaries and immediate predecessors with whom I am acquainted, did not merely have a theory of artistic expression (which many Enlightenment writers had), but, rather, came very close indeed to maintaining the expres sion theory of art. My claim, then, is a double one: that Reid had something like the "classical" expression theory; and that no one else in the eighteenth century did. I shall try to establish the first claim in the obvious way: by try ing to dig out the expression theory in Reid. The second claim I can do nothing with here, as it would require a full account of the theory of artistic expression in Enlightenment thought. I simply leave it as an hypothesis that further investigation may either support or refute.
The effect of cigarette smoking on hindfoot fusions.

In a group of 160 patients who had hindfoot fusions (isolated subtalar, talonavicular, and calcaneocuboid fusions and double and triple arthrodeses), smokers had a significantly higher rate of nonunion than did nonsmokers (18.6% vs. 7.1%). The relative risk of developing a nonunion was 2.7 times higher for smokers than nonsmokers. With the numbers available, there was a trend for patients who had quit smoking prior to surgery to have a higher rate of nonunion (11.1%) than patients who had never smoked, but not as high as those who continued to smoke. There was no statistical difference in the rate of infection or delayed wound healing among the groups.
Parallel FETI-DP algorithm for defect detection in large-area nanopatterned wafers

An efficient parallelization of the dual-primal finite-element tearing and interconnecting algorithm (FETI-DP) is presented for detecting defects in large-area nanopatterned wafers. To reduce global communication, iterative solvers with an iterative classical Gram-Schmidt scheme and a communication-avoiding approach are implemented to solve the interface and the coarse corner problems, respectively. A preconditioner is developed to improve the iterative convergence of the coarse problem. Electromagnetic analysis of a wafer is presented to show the scalability and capability of the method for accurate defect detection.
Unraveling Growth Factor Signaling and Cell Cycle Progression in Individual Fibroblasts

Cultured cells require the actions of growth factors to enter the cell cycle, but how individual members of a population respond to the same stimulus remains unknown. Here we have employed continuous monitoring by live cell imaging in a dual-reporter cell model to investigate the regulation of short-term growth factor signaling (protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) activity) and longer-term progression through the cell cycle (cyclin-dependent kinase 2 activity). In the total population, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)-enhanced cell cycle entry by >5-fold compared with serum-free medium (from 13.5 to 78%), but at the single cell level we observed a broad distribution in the timing of G1 exit (4–24 h, mean ∼12 h) that did not vary with either the amount or duration of IGF-I treatment. Cells that failed to re-enter the cell cycle exhibited similar responses to IGF-I in terms of integrated Akt activity and migration distance compared with those that did. We made similar observations with EGF, PDGF-AA, and PDGF-BB. As potential thresholds of growth factor-mediated cell cycle progression appeared to be heterogeneous within the population, the longer-term proliferative outcomes of individual cells to growth factor stimulation could not be predicted based solely on acute Akt signaling responses, no matter how robust these might be. Thus, although we could define a relationship at the population level between growth factor-induced Akt signaling dynamics and cell cycle progression, we could not predict the fate of individual cells.
Measurement of jet activity in top quark events using the eμ final state with two b-tagged jets in pp collisions at √s = 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

Measurements of the jet activity in t (t) over bar events produced in proton-proton collisions at root s = 8 TeV are presented, using 20.3 fb(-1) of data collected by the ATLAS experiment at the La ...
Behind the scenes of reflective practice in professional development: A glance into the ethical predicaments of secondary school teachers

Abstract This case study examined 12 American secondary school teachers' ethical predicaments involving reflective practices in professional development programs (PDPs), and the impact of these predicaments on their school's work processes. Qualitative measures revealed ethical ramifications of professional development's (PD) reflective procedures, whereby teachers experienced deleterious effects regarding their students and their colleagues, to the extent that teachers may have experienced moral injury. Furthermore, findings showed that teachers who served as group facilitators struggled to set an ethical balance between formative evaluation and summative evaluation, to the extent of violating confidential PD codes. Implications for reflective practices in PD are discussed.
CHAPTER 31 – Preemptive and Therapeutic Uses of Suicide Genes for Cancer and Leukemia

This chapter discusses the preemptive and therapeutic uses of suicide genes for cancer and leukemia. The emergence of cancer gene therapy as a new discipline bears testimony to a need unmet by conventional therapies: selectivity. Cytokine gene therapy, suppressor genes, and antisense/ribozymes each aim at targeting cancer cells selectively. Implicit in these approaches is the presumption that there will be something about neoplastic cells that distinguishes them sufficiently from vital normal cells to permit therapeutic modalities to suppress or kill them without subjecting their normal counterparts to intolerable host toxicity. The presumption is probably true for some cancers but false for others, perhaps for a majority. Suicide genes constitute an alternative approach. Rather than manipulating, positively or negatively, existing cellular functions, they introduce new functions that sensitize cells to drugs at concentrations that would otherwise be innocuous. Most suicide genes encode enzymes that catalyze the conversion of prodrugs into cytotoxic antimetabolites.
Prevalence of Frailty and Factors Associated with Frailty in Individuals Aged 90 and Older: The 90+ Study.

Author(s): Lee, David R; Kawas, Claudia H; Gibbs, Lisa; Corrada, Maria M | Abstract: ObjectivesTo evaluate the prevalence of frailty and examine factors associated with frailty in the 90+ Study.DesignCross-sectional.SettingPopulation-based longitudinal study of people aged 90 and older.Participants90+ Study participants (N = 824).MeasurementsParticipants were assessed at baseline for five components of frailty (low weight, weakness, exhaustion, slowness, low physical activity). Frailty status was defined as meeting the criteria for at least three of the five components of frailty. The prevalence of frailty in people aged 90 and older was estimated according to sex and age (90-94, ≥95). Logistic regression models were constructed to assess the relationship between the prevalence of frailty and sex, age, education level, living situation, and marital status.ResultsThis study estimated the overall prevalence of frailty in people aged 90 and older to be 28.0%. The overall prevalence of frailty was 24% in those aged 90 to 94 and 39.5% in those aged 95 and older. The prevalence of frailty was significantly associated with age in women but not men and with living with relatives or caregiver or in a group setting. Sex, education, and marital status were not significantly associated with frailty.ConclusionThe prevalence of frailty was high in people aged 90 and older and continued to increase with age, particularly for women. As the number of people aged 90 and older continues to increase, it will be increasingly important to identify factors associated with frailty that may provide potential targets for the prevention of adverse health outcomes in this population.
RnB: rate and brightness adaptation for rate-distortion-energy tradeoff in HTTP adaptive streaming over mobile devices

Video streaming is a prevalent mobile service that drains a significant amount of battery power. While various efforts have been made toward saving both video transfer and display energy, they are independently designed in an ad-hoc way and thereby can cause some non-apparent yet critical performance issues. To fill in this gap, this paper presents a fundamentally new design by jointly considering the end-to-end pipeline from the initial video encoding to the final mobile display. In essence, we shift the classic R-D tradeoff that has governed streaming system designs for decades to a fresh rate-distortion-energy (R-D-E) tradeoff specifically tailored for mobile devices. We present RnB, a video bitrate and display brightness adaptation platform that is standard-compliant, backward compatible, and device-neutral in order to achieve the proposed R-D-E tradeoff. RnB is empowered by some new discovery about the inherent relationship among bitrate, display brightness, and video quality as well as by an control-theoretic formulation to dynamically adapt the bitrate and scale the display brightness. Experimental results based on real-time implementation show that RnB can achieve an average of 19% energy reduction with final video quality comparable to conventional R-D based schemes.
Remuneration of Village Extension Workers (VEWs): A Issue in SustainableAgricultural Extension Development in Borno State, Nigeria

The study, therefore, attempts to investigate the adequacy of the remunerations of the village extension workers(VEWs). Interviewschedules wereusedto collectprimarydata from the VEWs. Participant observation was also used. The study shows that 21%,77%, 31%, 49% o and 13% of the respondents indicated that they were not satisfied with their basic salaries, mobility, housing, promotion, special training and size of areas of operation respectively Allofthemindicatedthatinadequacyinremunerations adversely affected theirperformance. Critical analyses ofissues involvedin the provision of their remunerations, however, showed that some of them were greedy and lacked understanding of their roles andresponsibilities asprofessional extension staff. It was recommended that government should review their remunerations and also re-train themin theirchosenprofession.
Rotation–Vibration Spectra

Abstract The motions of a molecule are parsed into translation of the center of mass, rotation about symmetry axes, vibrations in the normal modes of the molecule, and motions of the electrons. Partly because the electrons move more quickly than the nuclei due to differences in mass, the electronic energy becomes the potential energy that determines the relative motions of the bound atoms. The present chapter focuses on the motion and energy of the nuclei within the molecule as it moves through the space. Examined in detail is the Hamiltonian operator of the diatomic molecule, with generalities of extension to molecules of arbitrary size and shape. There are two mechanisms for the interaction of a molecule with light. Light can be absorbed or emitted as the molecule rotates and vibrates. Absorption of light is related to the permanent induced dipole moment of the molecule. This is the basis of infrared and microwave spectroscopy. The frequency of light corresponds to the differences in energy states of the molecule. The second mechanism is the scattering of light, which is related to the polarizability of the electron cloud of the molecule. The scattered light is the Doppler shifted by an amount equal to the frequency of vibration of the molecule. This is the basis of Raman scattering. Because scattering of light does not depend upon internal structure of the molecule, light of any wavelength can be used in Raman scattering. Selection rules indicate that translation motions do not absorb light and, for the “perfect” molecule, the quantum numbers for rotation and vibration motions change only by ±1.
The Face of Battle without the Rules of War: Lessons from Red Horse & the Battle of the Little Bighorn

This essay analyzes the extraordinary drawings of Red Horse, a Minneconjou warrior who fought at the 1876 Battle of the Little Bighorn, to provide insights into what warfare was like without just war doctrine or the laws of armed conflict to place constraints on violence. The artist's candid vision of the battle and its aftermath portrays the indiscriminant brutality of the Great Sioux War, the disrespect given to a hated enemy, and the lingering desire for revenge. But the drawings also reveal the pride of victory and the trauma of defeat. In addition to providing a window into the past, the Red Horse drawings provide a lens to help us understand the atrocities committed by the Islamic State and Al Qaeda today and a mirror that can help us more clearly see ourselves.
Unconventional CD8+ T cells (CD4dimCD8bright cells) in anti-HIV immunity and neuropathogenesis

August 20-22, 2012 C paradigm of T cell biology tells us that expression of the CD4 and CD8 molecules on mature T cells is mutually exclusive. However, my group and others have identified a unique subset of CD8+ T cells that co-express CD4 dimly on their surface. This subset is termed CD4dimCD8bright T cells or double positive (DP) T cells. DP cells represent a genuine phenotype of CD8+ T cells. They express αβTCR and αβCD8 and are not prematurely released from the thymus. Post TCR or superantigen stimulation, 15-60% of purified CD8+ T cells induce stable CD4 expression on their surface. DP cells constitute 3-5% of peripheral CD8+ T cells in healthy donors and are expanded to up to 15% among HIV long-term nonprogressors. DP cells are highly enriched in anti-viral (CMV and HIV) responses. In comparison to their CD8 single-positive T cell counterparts, DP cells constitute greater than 55% of anti-HIV and -CMV responses, as evaluated by MHC-I tetramer analysis, polyfunctional cytokine and effector molecule expression, and antigen-specific proliferation. DP cells are also highly enriched in β-catenin expression, a pro-survival transcriptional co-activator that drives CD4 induction on CD8+ T cells and may protect them from activation-induced cell death. DP cells are found in the CNS of HIV-infected NOD/SCID/IL-2rcγ-/mice reconstituted with human peripheral blood lymphocytes and while they are susceptible to HIV infection, they are not depleted to the same extent as CD4+ T cells. Astrocyte-conditioned media also induces CD4 expression on CD8+ T cells. Our findings identify DP cells as a potent anti-viral T cell subset; however, their contributing role to HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment, whether protective or pathogenic, remains to be elucidated.