cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modern sequential analysis and its applications to computerized adaptive testing

After a brief review of recent advances in sequential analysis involving sequential generalized likelihood ratio tests, we discuss their use in psychometric testing and extend the asymptotic optimality theory of these sequential tests to the case of sequentially generated experiments, of particular interest in computerized adaptive testing. We then show how these methods can be used to design adaptive mastery tests, which are asymptotically optimal and are also shown to provide substantial improvements over currently used sequential and fixed length tests.
Guaranteed Detection of a Minimal Supersymmetric Model Higgs Boson at Hadron Supercolliders

Abstract We demonstrate that expected efficiencies and purities for b-tagging at SSC/LHC detectors should allow detection of at least one of the Higgs bosons of the Minimal Supersymmetric Model in t t Higgs production, with Higgs →b b decay, over a substantial range of supersymmetric parameter space. In particular, with the addition of this mode to those previously considered, there is no region of supersymmetric parameter space for which none of the Higgs bosons of the model can be seen at the SSC/LHC.
Anderson localization in the time domain: Numerical studies of waves in two-dimensional disordered media.

A numerical model for the dynamics of a classical wave equation in a two-dimensional Anderson disordered medium is integrated over times of the order of 27 000 inverse bandwidths. Excitations by narrow band sources lead to wave energy densities whose ensemble averages behave diffusively at early times. The behavior at more general times and distances is, however, not diffusive. The observed transport profiles are shown to be inconsistent with predictions from a simple hydrodynamical continuum model of Anderson localization, and to the hypothesis of exponentially slow diffusion. The evolution of the energy density distribution in systems with varying disorders and microstructures, and over a range of length scales, is found to collapse to a single function of rescaled space and time well approximated by e(x,t)\ensuremath{\approxeq}exp{-x/\ensuremath{\xi}-(${\mathit{x}}^{2+\mathit{n}}$/4\ensuremath{\beta}${\ensuremath{\xi}}^{\mathit{n}}$t${)}^{\mathit{p}}$} with n\ensuremath{\approxeq}0.46, p\ensuremath{\approxeq}0.76, where x is the distance from the source, \ensuremath{\xi} is the localization length, and the \ensuremath{\beta} is a ``residual diffusivity'' not equal to the bare diffusivity. Dissipation is shown to have no delocalizing effect.
Evaluation of EM absorption loss for continuous monitoring of breast cancer

Continuous monitoring of breast cancer is a vital step in the treatment plan of a breast cancer survivor who has an 11-20% risk of recurrence and a 3×-4× chance of developing breast cancer in a different location within the breast. This study proposes electromagnetic (EM) absorption loss measurements as a cost-effective method which has the potential to replace the rudimentary and inaccurate breast self-examination and complement the traditional X-ray mammography exams, which are cost-prohibitive and carry radiation exposure risk. A breast cancer survivor can continuously monitor the health of her breast by periodically comparing absorption loss measurements to a reference absorption loss measurement taken after a lumpectomy. Results show successful detection of tumors at different locations within the breast with just a 3-element phased array.
Tutorial On Advances In Morphological Image Processing And Analysis

This paper reviews some recent advances in the theory and applications of morphological image analysis. Regarding applications, we show how the morphological filters can be used to provide simple and systematic algorithms for image processing and analysis tasks as diverse as nonlinear image filtering, noise suppression, edge detection, region filling, skeletonization, coding, shape representation, smoothing, and recognition. Regarding theory, we summarize the representation of a large class of translation-invariant nonlinear filters (including morphological, median, order-statistic, and shape recognition filters) as a minimal combination of morphological erosions or dilations; these results provide new realizations of these filters and lead to a unified image algebra.
Debtor-in-possession financing and bankruptcy resolution: Empirical evidence ☆

Abstract Debtor-in-possession (DIP) financing is unique secured financing available to firms filing for Chapter 11. Opponents of DIP financing argue that it leads to overinvestment. Alternatively, DIP financing can allow funding for positive net present value projects that increase the likelihood of reorganization and reduce time in bankruptcy. Using a large sample of bankruptcy filings, we find little evidence of systematic overinvestment. DIP financed firms are more likely to emerge from Chapter 11 than non-DIP financed firms. DIP financed firms have a shorter reorganization period; they are quicker to emerge and also quicker to liquidate. The reorganization period is even shorter when prior lenders provide the DIP financing.
Conference summary — Hadron 90

Abstract I made a survey of what people thought was important for highlighting in the summary. No-one said that I should ignore their work; there was also a general feeling that the status of the scalar mesons was a question that kept coming up throughout the meeting and so I shall devote much of my summary to that, in particular their production in γγ collisions. Other major questions deal with the 0 − and 1 − mesons.
Capital budgeting using residual income maximization

This analysis provides theoretical support for the use of residual income. Economic theory states that capital investment should maximize the present value of incremental cash flow. When a firm is decentralized, coordinating the necessary information to determine optimal investment in the short run may be impossible. But the residual income maximizing choice can be coordinated using a simple transfer-pricing system. Under appropriate capitalization and depreciation policies, the residual-income maximization policy leads the firm to make suboptimal short-run investment decisions, yet these decisions still lead the firm to its long-run, presentvalue-maximizing capacity level.
The ex ante credibility of disinflation policy and the cost of reducing inflation

This paper contains an empirical study of the effects of credibility on the cost of disinflation. The analysis is based on a dataset composed of seventy-two disinflation episodes from 19 OECD countries. We measure the “ex ante credibility” of a disinflation episode as the probability of a successful disinflation conditional on economic and political factors known to private agents on the eve of the disinflation. Under a variety of empirical specifications we find that more credible disinflations are associated with smaller losses in aggregate output.
Ionization of Rydberg atoms by half-cycle pulses: effect of pulse shape and rise time

The ionization of potassium Rydberg atoms with by pulsed unidirectional electric fields, termed half-cycle pulses (HCPs), with various well characterized shapes (rectangular, triangular and sawtooth) and durations comparable to the classical electron orbital period is investigated. The experimental results are compared with classical trajectory Monte Carlo (CTMC) simulations and the classically scaled results of quantum calculations undertaken at n = 5. The data show that in the intermediate regime, , the threshold field for ionization becomes sensitive to the shape and rise time of the HCP, increasing with increasing rise time. For each pulse shape, the agreement between the experimental measurements and both the CTMC and quantum calculations is very good.
A conjunctive approach to the synthesis of functionalized piperidines from imines

A two-step method for the construction of 2,6 disubstituted piperidines from an imine, 3-tri-n-butylstannyl-2-[(tri-n-butylstannyl)methyl] propene, and an aldehyde is described.
Maternal depressive symptoms and weight-related parenting behaviors.

This study examined associations between mothers’ depressive symptoms and parenting behaviors related to children’s nutrition and physical activity. Data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort, a nationally representative study of children from infancy through kindergarten entry. Contemporaneous and lagged associations between maternal depressive symptoms and mothers’ parenting behaviors were tested, controlling for background characteristics. The mediating effect of use of a physician’s office or clinic as a source for routine care was tested. At each wave, between 18 and 20 % of mothers were considered as having moderate or severe depressive symptoms. These mothers were 1.3 percentage points more likely to put their infants to bed with a bottle, 2.6 percentage points less likely to have rules about the foods their children eat, and their children were 3.0 percentage points less likely to be in bed by 9:00 p.m. than mothers lacking depressive symptoms. These mothers also reported that their families ate dinner together fewer nights per week, and their children watched more television per day, than non-depressed mothers. The use of a physician’s office or clinic partially mediated associations between maternal depressive symptoms and whether infants went to bed with a bottle. Interventions that identify maternal depression early may be useful in promoting healthy parenting behaviors and weight outcomes among young children.
Fun with photons, reactive intermediates, and friends. Skating on the edge of the paradigms of physical organic chemistry, organic supramolecular photochemistry, and spin chemistry.

This Perspective presents a review and survey of the science and philosophy of my research career over the past five decades at Columbia as a physical organic chemist and photochemist. I explore the role of paradigms, structure, and geometric thinking in my own cognitive and intellectual development. The Perspective describes my investigations of high energy content molecules in electronically excited states and the development of electronic spin and supramolecular photochemistry chemistry. Current research dealing with the nuclear spin chemistry of H2 incarcerated in buckyballs is illustrated. In the second part of this Perspective, I recount a personal role of the philosophy and history of science and the scientific communities’ use of paradigms in their every day research and intellectual activities. Examples are given of the crucial role of geometry and structure in the rapid development of organic chemistry and physical organic chemistry over the past century.
A matrix model dual of type 0B string theory in two dimensions

We propose that type 0B string theory in two dimensions admits a dual description in terms of a one dimensional bosonic matrix model of a hermitean matrix. The potential in the matrix model is symmetric with respect to the parity-like Z2 transformation of the matrix. The two sectors in the theory, namely the NSNS and RR scalar sectors correspond to two classes of operators in the matrix model, even and odd under the Z2 symmetry respectively. We provide evidence that the matrix model successfully reconstructs the perturbative S-matrix of the string theory, and reproduces the closed string emission amplitude from unstable D-branes. Following recent work in two dimensional bosonic string, we argue that the matrix model can be identified with the theory describing N unstable D0-branes in type 0B theory. We also argue that type 0A theory is described in terms of the quantum mechanics of brane-antibrane systems.
Kinetics and intermediates in the autoxidation of (cyclidene) iron(II) dioxygen carriers in a variety of solvent systems

Abstract The autoxidation of [FeII(Me,Me,m-xyl)Cl]+ was studied in a variety of solvent systems, with the two extremes being aprotic acetonitrile containing the powerful axial ligand N-methylimidazole ( MeCN MIM ) and protic methanol with the weak axial ligand chloride ( MeOH LiCl ), and the results are compared with those from a previous investigation for the solvent system 3:1:1 acetone : pyridine : water (APW). The differences in the solvent systems are mainly manifested in the product distribution, whereas the rate law maintains its algebraic form and the previously proposed general mechanism of autoxidation (electron transfer operating in parallel with the dioxygen adduct equilibrium) requires only slight modification in order to account for the behavior of the full range of systems. Systems in which chloride serves as the axial ligand, yield only the product of the electron transfer step, [FeIII(Me,Me,m-xyl)Cl]2+, and its hydrolysis products, [FeIII(Me,Me,m-xyl)OH]2+, and [{FeIII(Me,Me,m-xyl)}2O]4+. In contrast, systems in which the nitrogenous bases pyridine or 1-methylimidazole replace chloride as the axial ligand also produce a (peroxo)iron(III) species, in addition to [FeIII(Me,Me,m-xyl)B]3+, where the axial ligand depends on the medium. The formation of FeIII(Me,Me,m-xyl)OH]2+ and [{FeIII(Me,Me,m-xyl)}2O]4+ depends, as expected, on the water content of the system. The effects of substituents, at constant bridging group and cavity size, on the autoxidation of [FeII(R3,R2,m-xyl)Cl]+ with R3 = Me, Ph and R2 = Me, Bz in MeOH LiCI are dramatic. Remarkably, the combined steric and/or electron-withdrawing effect of replacing methyl groups at both the R2 and R3 positions appears to be multiplicative rather than additive.
Factors Influencing the Success of Computer-Assisted Software Engineering

The primary objective of this study is to identify the factors that facilitate the successful use of computer-assisted software engineering tools. Both internal integration strategies and external integration strategies are taken into account. Internal integration strategies are related to the compatibility of CASE with current skills, the maturity of software development processes, and support factors. External integration strategies are related to user involvement in systems development activities, user responsibility for project management and control, and alignment of project objectives and business plans. The findings of this study point to the importance of multiple strategies in making the transition to computer-assisted software engineering. Effective communications with users and disciplined software engineering practices are both important factors underlying the success of CASE.
Sparse effective membership problems via residue currents

We use residue currents on toric varieties to obtain bounds on the degrees of solutions to polynomial ideal membership problems. Our bounds depend on (the volume of) the Newton polytope of the polynomial system and are therefore well adjusted to sparse polynomial systems. We present sparse versions of Max Nother’s AF + BG Theorem, Macaulay’s Theorem, and Kollar’s Effective Nullstellensatz, as well as recent results by Hickel and Andersson–Gotmark.
Synthesis and reactivity of (tricarbonyl)-(η5-2-methylpentadienyl)iron(+1) cation

Abstract The (tricarbonyl)(η 5 -2-methylpentadienyl)iron(+1) cation was prepared by the protonation of (tricarbonyl)(4-methyl-2,4-pentadienol)iron. Reaction of the cation with H 2 O, allyl-TMS, NaBH 3 CN, PPh 3 , malonate and 3-furyl cuprate gave (η 4 -1,3-diene)Fe(CO) 3 complexes. The regioselectivity for the nucleophilic attack appears to be sterically controlled.
Epidemiology of benign breast lesions: lack of association with oral contraceptive use.

Abstract Women with benign breast lesions were compared with matched hospital controls to determine epidemiologic features and use of oral contraceptives and estrogens. There were 306 patients with cystic disease and related conditions, 71 with fibroadenoma and 39 with miscellaneous other lesions. In the cystic-disease group there was a deficit of postmenopausal women and women whose first pregnancy was under age 25. A history of use of oral contraceptives or estrogens was given no more frequently by patients with cystic disease and fibroadenoma than by their respective controls. Fewer patients with cystic disease (14) than controls (34) had used oral contraceptives for more than one year. These findings imply that use of oral contraceptives or estrogens has no role in the occurrence of benign breast neoplasms. The reproductive histories of patients with benign and malignant breast neoplasms appear similar in some respects.
Inflation and the scale dependent spectral index: prospects and strategies

We consider the running of the spectral index as a probe of both inflation itself, and of the overall evolution of the very early universe. Surveying a collection of simple single field inflationary models, we confirm that the magnitude of the running is relatively consistent, unlike the tensor amplitude, which varies by orders of magnitude. Given this target, we confirm that the running is potentially detectable by future large scale structure or 21 cm observations, but that only the most futuristic measurements can distinguish between these models on the basis of their running. For any specified inflationary scenario, the combination of the running index and unknown post-inflationary expansion history induces a theoretical uncertainty in the predicted value of the spectral index. This effect can easily dominate the statistical uncertainty with which Planck and its successors are expected to measure the spectral index. More positively, upcoming cosmological experiments thus provide an intriguing probe of physics between TeV and GUT scales by constraining the reheating history associated with any specified inflationary model, opening a window into the ``primordial dark age'' that follows the end of inflation.
Ni-Catalyzed Borylative Diene−Aldehyde Coupling: The Remarkable Effect of P(SiMe3)3

The nickel-catalyzed reaction of carbonyls and dienes was accomplished in a regio- and stereoselective fashion employing a stoichiometric amount of bis(pinacolato)diboron. In the presence of P(SiMe3)3, this reductive coupling furnishes allyl boronic esters which are regioisomeric to those obtained with PCy3 as the ligand. The coupling product may be subject to oxidation, which furnishes the derived 1,3-diol, or allylation with an additional aldehyde, which furnishes the derived 1,6-diol in a stereoselective fashion.
A SMALL X-RAY CORONA OF THE NARROW-ANGLE TAIL RADIO GALAXY NGC 1265 SOARING THROUGH THE PERSEUS CLUSTER

A deep Chandra observation of NGC 1265 (3C 83.1B), the prototype for the narrow-angle tail (NAT) radio galaxy, reveals a small cool X-ray thermal corona (~0.6 keV) embedded in the hot ICM of the Perseus cluster (~6.7 keV). The corona is asymmetric with a sharp edge (~22, or 0.8 kpc from the nucleus) to the south and an extension to the north (at least ~8'' from the nucleus), which are interpreted as the result of ram pressure, as it cannot be explained solely by the static ICM confinement. We estimate that the corona is moving with a velocity of ~2.4-4.2 times the local sound speed to the south. The presence of the sharp edge on this small corona indicates that the transport processes are largely suppressed by the magnetic field there. The magnetic field around the corona also suppresses heat conduction by at least a factor of ~60 across the corona boundary. We conclude that it is unrealistic to study the interaction between the small X-ray coronae and the hot ICM without considering the roles played by the magnetic field, a factor not included in current simulations. An absorbed (NH = 1.5-3 × 1022 cm-2) nucleus is also detected, which is not usual for FR I radio galaxies. Weak X-ray emission from three inner radio knots in the jets is also detected. Indentations at the east and west of the corona indicate interaction between the jets and the X-ray corona. Narrow jets carry great amounts of energy out of the central AGN and release the energy outside the corona, preserving the tiny and vulnerable corona. This case reveals that the inner kiloparsec core of the corona of massive galaxies can survive both high-speed stripping and powerful AGN feedback. Thus, the cooling of the X-ray coronae potentially provides fuel to the central SMBH in rich environments in which the amount of galactic cold gas is at a minimum.
Design and realization of ancillary control loops for the MMT adaptive optics system

The adaptive optics system of the Multiple Mirror Telescope is going to realize a high speed (1 kHz bandwidth) and high order (336 actuators) wavefront correction. However, to achieve the required 0.08 arcsec pointing stability the focal point of the Shack-Hartman wavefront sensor must be kept aligned to the Cassegrain focus better than 10 micrometers in spite of the non-common path tip/tilt error due to mechanical and thermal deformation of the telescope structure. The wave-front sensor must also be rotated with high precision to keep it aligned with the deformable secondary mirror in spite of the parallactic angle correction of the telescope. Our approach is to use a feed- forward loop to eliminate the adverse effect of deformation. A fast, deterministic field bus is applied to interconnect the actuators, sensors and computers. The bandwidth (500 kbs) and latency (less than 1 ms) of the DeviceNet serial bus is adequate to support our distributed control system. The field bus architecture simplifies and standardizes the control software as well as improves the reliability of the electronics by reducing the wiring.
Black branes in flux compactifications

We construct charged black branes in type IIA flux compactifications that are dual to (2 + 1)-dimensional field theories at finite density. The internal space is a general Calabi-Yau manifold with fluxes, with internal dimensions much smaller than the AdS radius. Gauge fields descend from the 3-form RR potential evaluated on harmonic forms of the Calabi-Yau, and Kaluza-Klein modes decouple. Black branes are described by a four-dimensional effective field theory that includes only a few light fields and is valid over a parametrically large range of scales. This effective theory determines the low energy dynamics, stability and thermodynamic properties. Tools from flux compactifications are also used to construct holographic CFTs with no relevant scalar operators, that can lead to symmetric phases of condensed matter systems stable to very low temperatures. The general formalism is illustrated with simple examples such as toroidal compactifications and manifolds with a single size modulus. We initiate the classification of holographic phases of matter described by flux compactifications, which include generalized Reissner-Nordstrom branes, nonsupersymmetric $ Ad{S_2}\times {{\mathbb{R}}^2} $ and hyperscaling violating solutions.
Time to learn? The organizational structure of schools and student achievement

Utilizing parametric and nonparametric techniques, we asses the impact of a heretofore relatively unexplored ‘input’ in the educational process, time allocation, on the distribution of academic achievement. Our results indicate that school year length and the number and average duration of classes affect student achievement. However, the effects are not homogeneous — in terms of both direction and magnitude — across the distribution. We find that test scores in the upper tail of the distribution benefit from a shorter school year, while a longer school year increases test scores in the lower tail. Furthermore, test scores in the lower quantiles increase when students have at least eight classes lasting 46–50 min on average, while test scores in the upper quantiles increase when students have seven classes lasting 45 min or less or 51 min or more.
Anesthesia for assisted reproductive technologies.

S INCE THE BIRTH of Louise Brown, the first "test tube'(actually, petri-dish in-vitro fertilized) baby in 1978,1 an ever-increasing number of procedures known as assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have been performed. With refinements in the science, live birth rates have increased; the most recent survey of North American clinics reported that 65,863 initiated ART cycles resulted in the delivery of 21,196 neonates from 14,702 pregnancies. 2 Although staggering, these numbers also suggest that the majority of cycles do not result in midnight trips for diapers and formula. Although the application of ARTs to increasingly diverse infertility etiologies may be responsible for these limited results, subtle differences in hormolaal manipulation, techniques, and laboratory methods may affect outcome as well. As such, anesthesiologists should be vigilant to the potential impact anesthetic agents have on the success of ARTs. This article will review the techniques that comprise ARTs and the anesthetic relationship to and management of these procedures.
Quasi-two-dimensional optomechanical crystals with a complete phononic bandgap

A fully planar two-dimensional optomechanical crystal formed in a silicon microchip is used to create a structure devoid of phonons in the GHz frequency range. A nanoscale photonic crystal cavity is placed inside the phononic bandgap crystal in order to probe the properties of the localized acoustic modes. By studying the trends in mechanical damping, mode density, and optomechanical coupling strength of the acoustic resonances over an array of structures with varying geometric properties, clear evidence of a complete phononic bandgap is shown.
Serverless Network File Systems

In this paper, we propose a new paradigm for network file system design, serverless network file systems. While traditional network file systems rely on a central server machine, a serverless system utilizes workstations cooperating as peers to provide all file system services. Any machine in the system can store, cache, or control any block of data. Our approach uses this location independence, in combination with fast local area networks, to provide better performance and scalability than traditional file systems. Further, because any machine in the system can assume the responsibilities of a failed component, our serverless design also provides high availability via redundant data storage. To demonstrate our approach, we have implemented a prototype serverless network file system called xFS. Preliminary performance measurements suggest that our architecture achieves its goal of scalability. For instance, in a 32-node xFS system with 32 active clients, each client receives nearly as much read or write throughput as it would see if it were the only active client.
Phase diagram of uranium at high pressures and temperatures

The phase diagram of uranium has been studied to 100 GPa by in situ diamond-anvil cell x-ray/laser-heating experiments. The \ensuremath{\gamma} (bcc) phase is discovered at high pressures, and the melting curve is presented to 100 GPa. The \ensuremath{\gamma} phase, $B=113.3\mathrm{GPa},$ is approximately 20% softer than the \ensuremath{\alpha}(orthorhombic), $B=135.5\mathrm{GPa}.$ The volume change in the $\ensuremath{\alpha}/\ensuremath{\gamma}$ transition shows a strong pressure dependence, ranging from 6% at ambient pressure to less than 1% at 80 GPa. Free-energy calculations, using Debye-Gr\"uneisen quasiharmonic theory, show that the softer bulk modulus of the \ensuremath{\gamma} phase, compared to the \ensuremath{\alpha} phase, stabilizes the \ensuremath{\gamma} phase at high temperatures.
Completely Regioselective, Highly Stereoselective Syntheses of cis-Bisfullerene[60] Adducts of 6,13-Disubstituted Pentacenes

cis-Bisfullerene[60] adducts of 6,13-disubstituted pentacenes (R = Ph, 4‘-hydroxymethylphenyl) are synthesized in 75% to 85% isolated yields under kinetically controlled Diels−Alder conditions. The...
The geometry of uniserial representations of finite dimensional algebras I

Abstract It is shown that, given any finite dimensional, split basic algebra λ = KΓ I (where Γ is a quiver and I an admissible ideal in the path algebra KΓ), there is a finite list of affine algebraic varieties, the points of which correspond in a natural fashion to the isomorphism types of uniserial left Λ-modules, and the geometry of which faithfully reflects the constraints met in constructing such modules. A constructive coordinatized access to these varieties is given, as well as to the accompanying natural surjections from the varieties onto families of uniserial modules with fixed composition series. The fibres of these maps are explored, one of the results being a simple algorithm to resolve the isomorphism problem for uniserial modules. Moreover, new invariants measuring the complexity of the uniserial representation theory are derived from the geometric viewpoint. Finally, it is proved that each affine algebraic variety arises as a variety of uniserial modules over a suitable finite dimensional algebra, in a setting where the points are in one-one correspondence with the isomorphism classes of uniserial modules.
Measurement of Excited Hyperons in Photoproduction at CLAS

Measurement results of photoproduced excited hyperon states using the CLAS detector at Jefferson Lab are shown. The invariant mass distribution of the {Lambda}(1405) has recently been shown to be different for each of the three Sigma pi channels that it decays to, showing that there is prominent interference between the isospin I=0 and I=1 isospin amplitudes. Measurements of the differential and total cross sections of the three hyperons {Lambda}(1405), {Sigma}{sup 0}(1385), and Lambda(1520) are presented and compared. Prospects of future studies using a 12 GeV beam with the GlueX detector are briefly given.
Concise Total Synthesis and Stereochemical Revision of (+)-Naseseazines A and B: Regioselective Arylative Dimerization of Diketopiperazine Alkaloids

Concise and enantioselective total syntheses of (+)-naseseazines A and B are described. Our regioselective and directed dimerization of diketopiperazines provides their critical C3–Csp2 linkages, an assembly with plausible biogenetic relevance. We revise the absolute stereochemistry of (+)-naseseazines A and B.
Oil flow separation patterns on an ogive forebody

Oil flow patterns on a symmetric tangent ogive forebody having a fineness ratio of 3.5 are presented for angles of attack up to 88 deg at a transitional Reynolds number of 8 million (based on base diameter) and a Mach number of 0.25. Results show typical surface flow separation patterns, the magnitude of surface flow angles, and the extent of laminar and turbulent flow for symmetric, asymmetric, and wakelike flow regimes.
Designing Multielectron Lithium-Ion Phosphate Cathodes by Mixing Transition Metals

Finding new polyanionic Li-ion battery cathodes with higher capacities than LiFePO4 is currently a major target of battery research. One approach toward this goal is to develop materials capable of exchanging more than one Li atom per transition metal. However, constraints on operating voltage due to organic electrolyte stability as well as cathode structural stability have made this target difficult to reach. More specifically, it is very challenging to develop a phosphate-based cathode in which a single element provides +2 to +4 redox activity in a reasonable voltage window: Either the voltage for the +2/+3 couple is too low (e.g., V) or the voltage for the +3/+4 couple is too high (e.g., Fe). This makes several appealing structural frameworks such as tavorites difficult to use as practical two-electron systems. Here, we propose a voltage design strategy based on the mixing of different transition metals in crystal structures known to be able to accommodate lithium in insertion and delithiation. By mixing a metal active on the +2/+3 couple (e.g., Fe) with an element active on the +3/+5 or +3/+6 couples (e.g., V or Mo), we show that high-capacity multielectron cathodes can be designed in an adequate voltage window. We illustrate our mixing strategy on LiMP2O7 pyrophosphates as well as LiMPO4(OH) and LiM(PO4)F tavorites, and we use density functional theory (DFT) computations to evaluate the theoretical capacity, voltage profile, and stability of the compounds proposed by our design rules. From this analysis, we identify several new compounds of potential interest as cathode materials.
Heat transfer and transition mechanism on a shock-tube wall

Etude dans un tube a choc du transfert de chaleur a la paroi du tube a choc et du mecanisme de transition dans l'ecoulement induit par le choc pour des nombres de Mach de 1,16 a 3
Total synthesis of a novel isoprostane IPF2α-I and its identification in biological fluids

Abstract The first total synthesis of IPF2α-I 25 is described using D-glucose as starting material. This novel isoprostane has been used to establish its presence in human urine.
Commercializing Africa's Roads : transforming the role of the public sector

There are over one and a half million km of roads in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), including 554,000 km of main roads. Almost without exception, these roads are managed by bureaucratic government roads departments. The roads carry 80 to 90 percent of the region's passenger and freight traffic, absorb 5 to 10 percent of central government recurrent budgets and 10 to 20 percent of their development budgets. Furthermore, a significant proportion of the central government's disbursed and outstanding debt is attributable to road loans and the sector also absorbs a great deal of grant finance, mainly for procurement of construction and maintenance equipment. In terms of assets, employment and turnover (particularly with maintenance fully funded) roads are truly big business. They are generally far larger than railways, or national airlines. In spite of their importance, roads in SSA are poorly managed and badly maintained. The replacement cost of main roads in SSA is nearly $80 billion and it requires annual expenditures on routine and periodic maintenance of over $800 million to keep these roads in a stable long-term condition. African countries have spent nothing like this amount during the past 20 years and, as a result, about $14 billion of the capital invested in roads has been eroded through lack of maintenance. SSA has been living off its assets.
155Eu3+ as a probe of metal ion and cationic drug binding sites on native and heat-denatured DNA

Abstract A flow-dialysis apparatus suitable for the study of high affinity metal ion binding sites in macromolecules has been utilized to study 155Eu3+ exchange processes, as a function of pH, in both ‘native’ and ‘heat-denatured’ DNA. ‘Free exchange’ of 155Eu3+ was found to occur at a significantly faster rate at pH = 7.0 than at pH = 6.0 for both forms of DNA; while non-radioactive Eu3+-induced ‘displacement’ of bound 155Eu3+ occurred at a significantly faster rate at pH = 6.0 than at pH = 7.0 for both species of DNA. These results are consistent with a greater ‘entropic’ driving force for metal ion:DNA complexation at the lower pH value. The effect of ethidium bromide on 155Eu3+ exchange was also examined as a function of pH. The intercalating agent was found to accelerate 155Eu3+ displacement at pH = 6.0 and decelerate displacement at pH = 7.0. All three sets of experiments (i.e., free- exchange of bound 155Eu3+, Eu3+-induced displacement of bound 155Eu3+ and ethidium ion-induced displacement of bound 155Eu3+) indicate that the 155Eu3+ ion can serve as a useful probe of metal ion and drug binding sites in nucleic acid polymers, and constitutes a particularly sensitive probe at pH = 6.0.
MASQUERADES OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

At least once every second, seventy times a minute, four thousand times or more an hour, one hundred thousand times a day, three or four million times a month, sleeping or waking, active or quiet, heedful or heedless, summer, winter, spring, and fall, our heart spins out its irrevocable time as it beats its muffled marches to the grave. Our living, throbbing pulse, a meter of life, tells out the seconds, minutes, and hours which will never return. Who has not marveled as his heart's regular beat measures out its small punctuation marks on the ineluctible abscissa of time?
The shape of non-Gaussianities

We study the dependence on the configuration in momentum space of the primordial three-point function of density perturbations in several different scenarios: standard slow-roll inflation, curvaton and variable decay models, ghost inflation, models with higher derivative operators and the DBI model of inflation. We define a cosine between the distributions using a measure based on the ability of experiments to distinguish between them. We find that models fall into two broad categories with fairly orthogonal distributions: models where non-Gaussianity is created on crossing the horizon during inflation and models in which the evolution beyond the horizon dominates. In the first case the three-point function is largest for equilateral triangles, while in the second the dominant contribution to the signal comes from the influence of long wavelength modes on small wavelength ones. We show that, because the distributions in these two cases are so different, translating constraints on parameters of one model to those of the other on the basis of the normalization of the three-point function for equilateral triangles can be very misleading.
Hadronic atoms and ticklish nuclei: The E2 nuclear resonance effect

Abstract The E2 nuclear resonance effect in hadronic atoms offers a way to increase the hadronic information that can be obtained from hadronic X-ray experiments. The effect occurs when an atomic deexcitation energy closely matches a nuclear excitation energy, so that some configuration mixing occurs. It shows up as an attenuation of some of the hadronic X-ray lines from a resonant versus a normal isotope target. A number of promising cases for ifπ − , K − , p, and Σ − atoms are discussed and a spectacular and potentially very informative experiment on p- 100 Mo is proposed.
Meromorphic extendibility and rigidity of interpolation

Abstract Let T be the unit circle, f be an α-Holder continuous function on T , α > 1 / 2 , and A be the algebra of continuous function in the closed unit disk D ¯ that are holomorphic in D . Then f extends to a meromorphic function in D with at most m poles if and only if the winding number of f + h on T is bigger or equal to −m for any h ∈ A such that f + h ≠ 0 on T .
Comparative biochemistry of Antarctic proteins.

Abstract o 1. The main results of an eleven year program studying proteins of Antarctic species are summarized. 2. The egg white or blood serum proteins of six species of Antarctic and New Zealand penguins ( Pygoscelis adeliae, Aptenodytes forsteri, Eudyptes schlegeli, Megadyptes antipodes, Eudyptes crestatus , and Eudyptula albosignata ) were studied. The homologous proteins of the egg whites were very similar to one another. 3. Tissue enzymes and blood proteins from Antarctic fishes ( Dissostichus mawsoni and Trematomus borchgrevinki )cold-adapted to -1.85°C were examined. Of six enzymes (fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glycogen phosphorylase, lactic dehydrogenase, heart mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase system, and brain tissue acetylcholinesterase) studied, all functioned efficiently at 0°C, but different effects of cold-adaptation were found among the enzymes. The physical and chemical properties of a blood protein, the antifreeze glycoprotein, were studied.
Polyketide Assembly by Alkene−Alkyne Reductive Cross-Coupling: Spiroketals through the Union of Homoallylic Alcohols

A reaction sequence composed of regioselective formal hydroalkynylation, reductive ene-yne cross-coupling, and oxidative cyclization has been developed to prepare stereochemically dense spiroketals. Overall, the chemistry defines a three-component coupling process for the union of two homoallylic alcohol-based substrates with trimethylsilylacetylene.
Undersea acoustic communication maps for collaborative navigation

The ability to accurately estimate signal strength can improve collaborative navigation algorithms by creating greater navigational flexibility and system robustness. This extended abstract describes initial results on the building of underwater acoustic communication maps for an entire 2-D surface area from a small number of signal samples collected at discrete points in the area.We formulate two types of maps - a local communication map (LCM) and global communication map (GCM). The LCM is defined with respect to a fixed destination point. It is built using kriging techniques to estimate the mean and variance of a random field. The GCM is a compendium of local maps and is built using bayesian inferencing to estimate of a lattice of random fields. The GCM permits a vehicle to estimate communication effectiveness to another location within the bounded region. We present an example LCM and GCM derived from acoustic modem SNR datasets recently collected in Monterey, CA.
The measured speed of an “ideal pump”

Abstract The definitions of “true speed” and the influence of the shape of the test dome on the “measured speed” of diffusion pumps are reviewed. Equations are given for the measured speed to be expected from an “ideal pump” (for which no molecules return to the test dome) and for the molecular conductance (as measured with a tubulated gauge) of a pipe directly connected to a pump of the same diameter. Approximate equations are also given for the influence on the reading of a nude ionization gauge of the average gas temperature due to molecules evaporating or scattered from the cold surface of a cryopump or from the hot surfaces of a diffusion pump.
Overcoming Challenges to Teamwork in Patient-Centered Medical Homes: A Qualitative Study

Background There is emerging consensus that enhanced inter-professional teamwork is necessary for the effective and efficient delivery of primary care, but there is less practical information specific to primary care available to guide practices on how to better work as teams.
Analysis and Algorithms for Partial Protection in Mesh Networks

This paper develops a novel mesh network protection scheme that guarantees a quantifiable minimum grade of service upon a failure within the network using multipath routing. Typically, networks fully guarantee service after a single-link failure, which is often an over-provisioning of resources to maintain essential traffic for the infrequent event of a failure. Our scheme guarantees that a fraction q of each demand remains after any single-link failure, at a fraction of the price of full protection. A linear program is developed to find the minimum-cost capacity allocation to meet both demand and protection requirements. For q≤12, an exact algorithmic solution for the minimum-cost routing and capacity allocation is developed using multiple shortest paths. For q>12, an algorithm is developed based on disjoint path routing that performs, on average, within 1.4% of optimal, and runs four orders of magnitude faster than the minimum-cost solution achieved via the linear program. Moreover, the partial protection strategies developed achieve reductions of up to 83% over traditional full protection schemes.
A Probable New Globular Cluster in the Galactic Disk

We report the discovery of a probable new globular cluster (GC) in the disk of the Milky Way. Visible in the Two Micron All Sky Survey and the GLIMPSE Survey, it has an estimated foreground extinction of AV ~ 24 mag. The absolute magnitude of the cluster and the luminosity function of the red giant branch are most consistent with that of an old GC with a mass of a few ×105 M ☉ at a distance of 4-8 kpc.
The effects of antagonistic gestures on temporal and amplitude parameters of anticipatory labial coarticulation.

Anticipatory lip rounding before neutral versus antagonistic vowel environments was studied in a test of the compatibility notion of a look-ahead scanning mechanism (Henke, 1967). Electromyograms w...
A Chandra Observation of the Diffuse Emission in the Face-on Spiral NGC 6946

This paper describes the Chandra observation of the diffuse emission in the face-on spiral NGC 6946. Overlaid on optical and Hα images, the diffuse emission follows the spiral structure of the galaxy. An overlay on a 6 cm polarized radio intensity map confirms the phase offset of the polarized emission. We then extract and fit the spectrum of the unresolved emission with several spectral models. All model fits show a consistent continuum thermal temperature with a mean value of 0.25 ± 0.03 keV. Additional degrees of freedom are required to obtain a good fit, and any of several models satisfy that need; one model uses a second continuum component with a temperature of 0.70 ± 0.10 keV. An abundance measure of 3 for Si differs from the solar value at the 90% confidence level; the net diffuse spectrum shows that the line lies above the instrumental Si feature. For Fe the abundance measure of 0.67 ± 0.13 is significant at 99%. Multiple Gaussians also provide a good fit. Two of the fitted Gaussians capture the O VII and O VIII emission; the fitted emission is consistent with an XMM-Newton RGS spectrum of diffuse gas in M81. The ratio of the two lines is less than 0.6-0.7 and suggests the possibility of nonequilibrium ionization conditions existing in the interstellar medium of NGC 6946. An extrapolation of the point-source luminosity distribution shows that the diffuse component is not the sum of unresolved point sources; their contribution is at most 25%.
Computing Severi degrees with long-edge graphs

We study a class of graphswith finitelymany edges in order to understand the nature of the formal logarithm of the generating series for Severi degrees in elementary combinatorial terms. These graphs are related to floor diagrams associated to plane tropical curves originally developed in [2] and used in [1] and [4] to calculate Severi degrees of ℙ2 and node polynomials of plane curves.
Potential of levitated drops to serve as microreactors for biophysical measurements

Microreactors are desirable for exploring chemical and biological processes, as reactant consumption is minimal and safety issues are easily managed. Levitated drops are a class of microreactors for which mixing is continuous and solid/liquid interfaces are absent or of lesser importance than in channeled microfabricated flow reactors. Thus, reactant adsorption or wall catalysis possibly of importance in ordinary microfluidic systems is absent in levitated drops. Transport of gaseous reactants or products is facile. Levitated drop microreactors are amenable to batch or continuous flow study of biochemical reactions. The possibility of studying oscillatory enzyme-catalyzed reactions in drops is apparent. This review explains the physics and chemistry of levitated drop microreactors and describes practical aspects of their design, fabrication, implementation, and optimization. Such considerations as drop evaporation, thermal control, protein behavior at the gas/liquid interface, and observation with spectroscopic and electrochemical probes are discussed.
Centrality dependence of freeze-out parameters from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt {s_{NN} } $ = 7.7, 11.5 and 39 GeV

The RHIC beam energy scan program in its first phase collected data for Au+Au collisions at beam energies of 7.7, 11.5 and 39 GeV. The event statistics collected at these lower energies allow us to study the centrality dependence of various observables in detail, and compare to fixed-target experiments at SPS for similar beam energies. The chemical and kinetic freeze-out parameters can be extracted from the experimentally measured yields of identified hadrons within the framework of thermodynamical models. These then provide information about the system at the stages of the expansion where inelastic and elastic collisions of the constituents cease. We present the centrality dependence of freeze-out parameters for Au+Au collisions at midrapidity for \(\sqrt {s_{NN} } \) = 7.7, 11.5, and 39 GeV from the STAR experiment. The chemical freeze-out conditions are obtained by comparing the measured particle ratios (involving π, K, p, and p) to those from the statistical thermal model calculations. The kinetic freeze-out conditions are extracted at these energies by simultaneously fitting the invariant yields of identified hadrons (π, K, and p) using Blast Wave model calculations.