cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physical and psychosocial functioning and adjustment to breast cancer: long-term follow-up of a screening population

The effects of age, recency of breast cancer (BC) diagnosis, and severity of the disease on adjustment outcomes were investigated in a sample of 349 women from the 10,056 women screened for BC by the University of Michigan Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project between 1974 and 1981. In the 1985 follow-up, data were collected from the 173 surviving BC patients who had invasive BC, and from a matched control group of 176 women who were asymptomatic of BC. Fifty-five percent of the BC patients were 5 years past diagnosis and treatment at the time of data collection. The BC patients group as a whole did not differ from the asymptomatic control group on indicators of mental health, social and psychological well-being, or physical functioning. However, the BC group reported a greater number of diagnosed medical conditions that limited their activities, and taking more medications, than the asymptomatic group. Within the BC group, severity and recency of the cancer had strong independent adverse effects on several of the indicators of mental health and physical functioning. Advanced age had the same main effects in both groups: greater number of medications and diagnosed medical conditions that cause limitations in activities, but, in contrast, better mental health and well-being. Age had interactive effects with the recency and with severity of BC: more recent and severe cases of BC appeared to produce particularly serious difficulties in psychological adjustment for younger patients, and particularly serious medical problems and physical difficulties in adjustment for older patients.
Predictors of attrition with buprenorphine/naloxone treatment in opioid dependent youth

Abstract Background In opioid dependent youth there is substantial attrition from medication-assisted treatment. If youth at risk for attrition can be identified at treatment entry or early in treatment, they can be targeted for interventions to help retain them in treatment. Methods Opioid dependent adolescents and young adults (n = 152), aged 15–21, were randomized to 12 weeks (BUP, n = 74) or 2 weeks of detoxification (DETOX, n = 78) with buprenorphine/naloxone (Bup/Nal), both in combination with 12 weeks of psychosocial treatment. Baseline and early treatment related predictors of treatment attrition were identified in each group using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression. Results In the DETOX group 36% left between weeks 2 and 4, at the end of the dose taper, while in the BUP group only 8% left by week 4. In the BUP group, early adherence to Bup/Nal, early opioid negative urines, use of any medications in the month prior to treatment entry, and lifetime non-heroin opioid use were associated with retention while prior 30-day hallucinogen use was associated with attrition. In the DETOX group, only use of sleep medications was associated with retention although not an independent predictor. A broad range of other pre-treatment characteristics was unrelated to attrition. Conclusions Prompt attention to those with early non-adherence to medication or an early opioid positive urine, markers available in the first 2 weeks of treatment, may improve treatment retention. Extended Bup/Nal treatment appeared effective in improving treatment retention for youth with opioid dependence across a wide range of demographics, and pre-treatment clinical characteristics.
What Have I Done to Deserve This? Effects of Employee Personality and Emotion on Abusive Supervision

Drawing on victim precipitation theory, we propose that certain employees are more likely to perceive abusive supervision because of their personality traits. Specifically, we hypothesize that subordinates’ emotional stability, conscientiousness, and agreeableness will be negatively related to perceived abuse from their supervisor and that negative emotions at work will mediate these relationships. We surveyed 222 employees and found that emotional stability and conscientiousness negatively predicted employees’ self-reports of abusive supervision and that this relationship was mediated by negative emotions. Thus, employees lower in emotional stability or conscientiousness are more likely to experience negative emotions, which in turn is related to higher levels of abuse.
Work in progress: Leadership emergence among groups in an online environment

Virtual learning is a growing means of expansion for both courses and programs for numerous colleges. As the popularity of online courses and programs increases, the question of ensuring “excellence” often follows particularly when discussing curriculum concerns. Certifying online instruction presents challenges especially with regard to traditional methods such as that of group work. One factor that assists groups or teams with their work is that of leadership. Often, in more traditional classroom settings, group leaders are selected by the team after several meetings. How then is the selection and the determination of a leader established in online groups? Is the process similar or different? Does an online group share the same experiences in regard to leadership as a face-to-face group? These questions assisted in directing a two year study at the School of Engineering and Technology at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) that sought to determine how leader emergence is realized in one online course, International Management, in which a group project has been assigned in place of the final exam. The goal of our project is to not only better understand the process of leader selection in group work, but to help guide faculty in developing an online learning that will enhance and promote student engagement. There are several steps to be performed in our project and this work-in-progress paper will outline those steps and our progress to date.
The effect of a biologically produced structure on the benthic copepods of a deep-sea site

In deep-sea soft bottoms, a variety of organisms produce structures that persist for long periods, even after the structures are vacated. It has been hypothesized that these structures are a major source of patchiness in these communities and are important in maintaining the high diversities that characterize the deep sea. Although several studies have shown species' abundances to be correlated with structures, the mechanisms underlying the associations are not known. We attempted to discover these mechanisms, focusing on the responses of benthic copepods to mudballs made by the polychaete Tharyx luticastellus at a site at 1050 m depth in San Diego Trough (32° 52.4′N, 117°45.5′W). It was found that seven out of 40 species responded. Four were more abundant around the structure only when the worm was in residence. These species apparently benefit from some consequences of the worm's presence. Given that bacterial abundance is higher about occupied Tharyx mudballs than nearby controls, it may be that the attractiveness occupied Tharyx mudballs arises from the provision of food. Three species responded to unoccupied mudballs. We measured responses to various types of mudball mimics to determine whether responses were to a habitat provided by the mudball, to a refuge from predation in its vicinity, or to hydrodynamically mediated increases in local food availability. Two of the species appeared to use the mudball as a habitat, the third as a refuge from infaunal predators. The results indicate that biologically produced structures can persist long enough to be viewed as habitat heterogeneity by other species in the community and that this source of patchiness is important to deep-sea species.
Differences That Make a Difference: Explaining Japan's Success.

Japan's success is defined as a high level of average achievement with a low degree of variation over the entire population of students accomplished at relatively low cost. The various contextual explanations for this outcome—including motivational, cultural, societal, administrative, and behavioral—are discussed, and their fit with one another is emphasized. The overall stability and simplicity of focus are basic aspects of the system underscored. The meaning of the Japanese case for American education is considered, beginning with a distinction made between understanding another system, drawing lessons from its experience, and borrowing actual practices or organizational ideas from it. Emphasis is given to the initial task of grasping the whole context and the interplay between the elements before drawing lessons or selecting something for emulation.
Predicting hepatic disposition properties of cationic drugs using a physiologically based, agent-oriented In Silico Liver

The In Silico Liver (ISL) plugs together autonomous software objects that represent hepatic components at different scales and levels of details. ISL parameters sensitive to drug-specific physicochemical properties (PCPs) were tuned so that ISL outflow profiles from a single ISL matched in situ perfused rat liver outflow profiles of sucrose and six cationic drugs. Antipyrine and diltiazem have the greatest degree of separation in PCP space of all pairs of the six compounds. Data for the other four, more closely spaced compounds comprised a training set for a simple artificial neural network (ANN) that was used to predict the PCP-sensitive, ISL parameter values for antipyrine and diltiazem given their PCPs. Those predicted parameter values were combined with the already-validated, drug-insensitive ISL parameter values. Simulation of the resulting ISLs gave expected liver perfusion outflow profiles for antipyrine and diltiazem that were within two-fold of the observed profiles.
What Does a Historian Do? Middle School Students Present Their Views.

(1994). What Does a Historian Do?—Middle School Students Present Their Views. The Social Studies: Vol. 85, No. 3, pp. 114-116.
Selective manipulation of ZnO nanowires by controlled dielectrophoretic force

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowire has wide applications in optoelectronics, chemical sensing, and photovoltaics because of its unique mechanical and electrical properties. In order to manipulate ZnO nanowires, some researchers have tried to align them by dielectrophoretic (DEP) force. The traditional analysis of DEP force on nanowires is only limited to a special case when the electrical field is uniform with the nanowires. In this paper, we propose a more comprehensive method that could be applied to general cases. Simulation studies are also performed to evaluate the influences of different parameters. We find that by controlling the frequency of the electric field, ZnO nanowires can be selectively aligned to the electrodes.
Mining protein networks for synthetic genetic interactions.

Background The local connectivity and global position of a protein in a protein interaction network are known to correlate with some of its functional properties, including its essentiality or dispensability. It is therefore of interest to extend this observation and examine whether network properties of two proteins considered simultaneously can determine their joint dispensability, i.e., their propensity for synthetic sick/lethal interaction. Accordingly, we examine the predictive power of protein interaction networks for synthetic genetic interaction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, an organism in which high confidence protein interaction networks are available and synthetic sick/lethal gene pairs have been extensively identified.
Form and Function in Cell Motility: From Fibroblasts to Keratocytes

It is plain enough that a horse is made for running, but similar statements about motile cells are not so obvious. Here the basis for structure-function relations in cell motility is explored by application of a new computational technique that allows realistic three-dimensional simulations of cells migrating on flat substrata. With this approach, some cyber cells spontaneously display the classic irregular protrusion cycles and handmirror morphology of a crawling fibroblast, and others the steady gliding motility and crescent morphology of a fish keratocyte. The keratocyte motif is caused by optimal recycling of the cytoskeleton from the back to the front so that more of the periphery can be devoted to protrusion. These calculations are a step toward bridging the gap between the integrated mechanics and biophysics of whole cells and the microscopic molecular biology of cytoskeletal components.
Optimization of chemical induction conditions for human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) reactivation with 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) from latently-infected BC-3 cells.

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) persists as episomal DNA in latently-infected cells and can establish two alternative life cycles, latent or lytic. 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) is a known inducer of HHV-8 in several human primary effusion lymphoma cell lines and has been widely used for HHV-8 reactivation; however, induction conditions have differed, resulting in varying levels of virus expression. We have used HHV-8 latently-infected BC-3 cells as a model to determine critical parameters for optimizing virus reactivation by TPA. We found that cell growth properties and drug treatment conditions were important for maximum reactivation of HHV-8. Addition of TPA to cells in the early log phase of a sigmoidal growth curve, which was tightly associated with high percentage of the cells in early S phase and with lower histone deacetylase activity in the cells, provided the optimum cell conditions for latent virus to switch to lytic replication. Furthermore, increasing TPA concentration (up to 320 ng per ml) at 48 h exposure time resulted in increased virus production. The results demonstrate the use of a step-wise strategy with chemical induction that may facilitate broad detection of latent DNA viruses and novel virus discovery.
Xenopus NEDD1 is required for microtubule organization in Xenopus egg extracts.

The centrosome serves as the major microtubule-nucleating and -organizing center in animal cells. It is composed of hundreds of proteins. The molecular details of how centrosomal proteins contribute to centrotome function are only beginning to emerge. Members of the neuron-precursor-cell-expressed developmentally downregulated protein 1 (NEDD1) family of conserved proteins have recently been implicated in recruiting γ-tubulin and its associated proteins, which together make up the γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC), to the centrosome. Human NEDD1 and its Drosophila ortholog Dgp71WD are WD-repeat proteins that interact with the γTuRC. Experimental knockdown of human NEDD1 was recently shown to result in loss of γ-tubulin from the centrosome. By contrast, however, Dgp71WD knockdown has no effect on targeting the γTuRC to the centrosome in flies. Using Xenopus egg extracts, we show that Xenopus NEDD1 is mostly dispensable for targeting γ-tubulin to centrosomes, but that microtubule organization is disrupted in NEDD1-depleted extracts. We show that NEDD1 exists in a complex that is distinct from the γTuRC, suggesting that NEDD1 may not be a bona fide subunit of the Xenopus γTuRC. We propose that the main function of NEDD1 in Xenopus is in microtubule organization.
Hopf bifurcation and the Hopf fibration

We present techniques for studying the local dynamics generated by an equivariant Hopf bifurcation. We show that under general hypotheses we can expect the formation of a branch of attracting invariant spheres which capture all the local dynamics. In addition, using the Hopf fibration, we show that the limit cycles generated by the Hopf bifurcation are determined by zeros of a vector field defined on complex projective space. We show how to compute these zeros and illustrate our methods with examples of Hopf bifurcations for the dihedral groups of order six and eight and the orthogonal groups.
Correlations Between Brain Tissue Oxygen Tension, Carbon Dioxide Tension, pH, and Cerebral Blood Flow—A Better Way of Monitoring The Severely Injured Brain?

Background The ideal method for monitoring the acutely injured brain would measure substrate delivery and brain function continuously, quantitatively, and sensitively. We have tested the hypothesis that brain pO2, pCO2, and pH, which can now be measured continuously using a single sensor, are valid indicators of regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) and oxidative metabolism, by measuring its product, brain pCO2. Methods Twenty-five patients (Glasgow Coma Score ≤ 8) were studied. A Clark electrode, combined with a fiber optic system (Paratrend 7, Biomedical Sensors, Malvern, PA) was used to measure intraparenchymal brain pO2, pCO2, and pH. Data were averaged over a 1-h period before and after CBF studies. Regional CBF was measured around the probe, using stable xenon computed tomography. Regression analyses and Spearman Rank tests were used for data analysis. Results Regional CBF and mean brain pO2 were strongly correlated (r = 0.74, p = 0.0001). CBF values < 18 mL/100 g/min were all accompanied by brain pO2 ≤ 26 mm Hg. The four patients with a brain pO2 < 18 mm Hg died. Brain pCO2 and pH, however, were not correlated with CBF (r = 0.36, p = 0.24 and r = 0.30, p = 0.43, respectively). Conclusions Until recently, substrate supply to the severely injured brain could only be intermittently estimated by measuring CBF. The excellent intra-regional correlation between CBF and brain pO2, suggests that this method does allow continuous monitoring of true substrate delivery, and offers the prospect that measures to increase O2 delivery (e.g., increasing CBF, CPP, perfluorocarbons etc.) can be reliably tested by brain pO2 monitoring.
Review of multi-layer graphene nanoribbons for on-chip interconnect applications

A review of the analytical models for signal transport in multi-layer graphene nanoribbon (GNR) interconnects, current distribution between GNR layers, and a comparison of GNR interconnects against copper is presented here. The multiconductor transmission line (MTL) models and the simplified equivalent distributed RC models presented here consider the realistic effect of having contacts that couple only to the top layer. The MTL models are used to show the distribution of current among different layers along the interconnect length. For digital circuits and interconnect dimensions of interest, it is shown that the equivalent RC models have an error of less than 15% in estimating the interconnect delay. However, for RF circuits where the accurate frequency response is important, it is shown that MTL models are essential. The optimal number of GNR layers to minimize the delay and energy-delay-product (EDP) are derived using the distributed RC models for futuristic technology nodes. Using the predictions made by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS), it is shown that for short interconnects, multi-layer GNR with smooth edges can outperform copper.
Pulmonary oxygen toxicity: demonstration of abnormal capillary permeability using contrast-enhanced MRI

An animal model of oxygen-induced pulmonary injury was used to assess the potential of contrastenhanced MRI to identify and quantify abnormal capillary permeability. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 100% oxygen for 48 h (n=5) or 60 h (n=9). Axial spinecho MR images were acquired in intubated, anesthetized rats with ECG-gating (TR 400; TE 6) immediately or 7 days after the cessation of oxygen exposure. Polylysine-Gd-DTPA, a macromolecular paramagnetic blood-pool marker, was then given intravenously and the lungs were serially imaged for 42 to 47 min to monitor changes in signal intensity. Pulmonary enhancement was stable in rats exposed to 48 h of oxygen, and in rats exposed to 60 h of oxygen and given 7 days to recover. However, animals exposed to 100% oxygen for 60 h without a period of recovery showed a progressive increase in lung signal intensity for 15 min after polylysine-Gd-DTPA. Pleural effusions also showed progressively increasing signal, reflecting a capillary endothelial leak. A two compartment model describing the kinetics of polylysine-Gd-DTPA in the plasma and interstitial water of the lung was consistent with the dynamic MRI data and allowed estimation of the fractional leak rate (0.235 min−1) of the contrast agent from plasma to interstitial water. Given the assumption of our kinetic model, MRI following intravenous administration of polylysine-Gd-DTPA can be used to quantitate changes in capillary integrity induced by hyperoxia, including acute capillary leakiness and return to normal endothelial integrity with recovery from hyperoxic injury.
Concussion and the Young Athlete: Critical Management Strategies.

(2010). Concussion and the Young Athlete. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 81, No. 1, pp. 19-26.
Upstream-downstream: CD28 cosignaling pathways and T cell function.

phosphoryla-tion and initiation of IL-2 transcription. The pathwaysthat bridge early and late events are unresolved, al-Whetherduetothechronologyof discovery,or thecom- though studies increasingly implicate PI 3-kinase. PIplexity of the system, an understanding of CD28 cosig- 3-kinase binding also implicates this receptor in a di-naling pathways is only beginning to catch up with our verse numberof functions that have notpreviously beenunderstanding of its biology. Functional studies by nu- attributed to CD28.merous laboratories have shown that binding of CD28byitsligandsCD80 (B7-1)orCD86 (B7-2/B70)decisively
How unions affect shareholder wealth in firms announcing layoffs

We investigate whether investor anticipation of future performance differs between union and nonunion firms following corporate layoff announcements. Using event-study methodology and multivariate regression analysis, we find that the stock market reaction to layoff announcements is negatively related to nonunion firms and positively related to union firms.
Computer simulation of a diatomic molecule dissolved in a monatomic fluid—Correlation functions, band shapes, and relaxation times

Four N2-Ar ‘solute-solvent’ systems representing different temperatures and densities were simulated on a computer by the molecular dynamics technique. From the data for each system, the dipole, angular velocity, force-on-the-bond, and P 2 correlation functions were calculated. These functions were used to determine rovibrational infra-red and Raman band-shapes, and N.M.R. relaxation times for quadrupolar, magnetic dipole-dipole and spin-rotation relaxation mechanisms. The P 2 and dipole correlation functions were compared with those calculated by Gordon from experimental data. The lack of agreement was examined to determine restrictions on the application of Gordon's method for obtaining these correlation functions. Also, the band shapes were compared with the experimental data to help determine these restrictions. The N.M.R. relaxation times were examined for temperature dependence and for dominant contributions to the total relaxation time. The force-on-the-bond correlation function was found to requir...
In vivo autoradiographic analysis of prolactin binding in brain and choroid plexus of the domestic ring dove

The binding of intravenously administered prolactin to choroid plexus and brain tissue was determined radioautographically in the ring dove, a species that exhibits prolactin-induced alterations in brain function. An intense autoradiographic reaction was detected over the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus 5 min after the intravenous injection of 125I-ovine prolactin. A significant reaction was also observed over the infundibulum but no significant uptake of prolactin occurred in other brain areas. The binding of radiolabelled prolactin to infundibulum appeared to be non-specific, since excess unlabelled hormone did not reduce silver grain density. In contrast, 125I-ovine prolactin binding in choroid plexus was significantly reduced by excess unlabelled ovine prolactin or human growth hormone, but not by ovine luteinizing hormone. Specific binding to choroid plexus was also detected in vitro. The lack of significant brain uptake of prolactin in vivo is discussed in relation to recent in vitro evidence for specific binding sites for prolactin in several dove brain regions. Similarities between the binding results obtained in this avian species and those reported previously in mammals suggest that the two vertebrate groups exhibit similar patterns of prolactin interaction with neural target tissues.
Balloon catheter dilatation in children with congenital and acquired esophageal anomalies.

Background/Purpose: Esophageal stricture requiring dilatation often is the sequelae in children with a history of congenital or acquired esophageal anomalies. Balloon catheter dilatation (BCD) for esophageal stricture is well established in adults, yet its role in children is less well described. The authors report their initial experience using BCD in children with esophageal stricture, assessing outcome. Methods: Between January 1994, and December 1998, 20 children (age range, 17 days to 12 years) underwent BCD for esophageal strictures and were divided into 2 etiology groups (A and B). (A, n = 10) included congenital anomalies (esophageal atresia, 10), and (B, n = 10) included acquired anomalies (caustic ingestion, 7; tight fundoplication, 2; peptic stricture, 1). BCD was performed in all cases under conscious sedation with a balloon catheter (6 to 25 mm) with fluoroscopy. Outcome parameters included number of dilatations; complications, ie, perforation; and success or failure of procedure. Success was defined as increasing intervals of age-appropriate food tolerance between dilatations, and failure was defined as abandonment of dilatation in favor of surgical intervention. Follow-up for A and B ranged from 6 to 42 months. Results: Seventeen of 20 (85.0%) underwent successful BCD. In A, 10 of 10 (100%) had complete resolution of symptoms with follow-up ranging from 6 to 42 months versus 7 of 10 (70.0%) in B with follow-up of 6.5 to 36 months. In A, number of dilatations ranged from 1 to 4 over an average period of 2 months. In B, number of dilatations ranged from 3 to 40 over periods ranging from 2 to 30 months. All 3 failures occurred in children with caustic ingestion, with 1 child suffering perforation requiring urgent surgical intervention. Conclusions: Balloon catheter dilatation can be applied safely and effectively to children in whom esophageal strictures develop after repair of esophageal atresia. However, its use in children with acquired esophageal anomalies, notably caustic injury, is associated with higher complication and failure rates, necessitating greater caution and lower expectations.
The effect of 4-methyl-histamine on temperature regulation in the rat

Abstract 1. 1. The histamine H2-antagonist, 4-methyl-histamine causes a fall in body temperature when injected into the third ventricle of the rat. 2. 2. The hypothermia is prevented by prior intraventricular injection of an H2-antagonist, metiamide, but not by an H1-antagonist, pyrilamine. 3. 3. The fall in temperature is accompanied by increased cutaneous heat loss. 4. 4. These data support the concept that there are H2-receptors in the central thermoregulatory pathways of the rat.
Design principles for extraterrestrial communities

Abstract The first extraterrestrial human settlement for IO OOO dwellers is being designed in a series of conferences and workshops sponsored by NASA, the National Science Foundation, and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Subsequent settlements will be much larger and self-supporting. This article discusses social and cultural considerations in the design of extraterrestrial settlements. The basic principle of biological and social processes is the increase of heterogeneity and symbiotisation. Diversity has survival value as well as contributing to a higher rate of cultural evolution. Designs must vary between settlements and within each settlement. Three different types of settlement designs are discussed: hierarchical; individualistic; and symbiotic.
T-shirts, moonshine, and autopsies: Using podcasts to engage undergraduate microeconomics students

Abstract This paper assesses the use of podcasts as the focus of required assignments in an introductory microeconomic course. Professionally-produced, economics-themed podcasts are introduced as a medium for supplementing traditional course material, rather than as a venue for replication of course lectures. A student self-assessment survey is used to assess the effectiveness of a variety of podcast-related assignments. The survey finds that a large majority of students find this use of podcasts helps them to understand economic concepts and how economics is relevant to the world.
Cyclin-dependent kinases: regulators of the cell cycle and more

Cyclin-dependent kinases determine the timing of key events in the cell cycle, and may also regulate other important cellular functions. Although some of the effects of activating these kinases are clear, the mechanisms by which the effects are produced are not; several types of chemical probes that might be enlightening can be imagined.
A preliminary study of intensity-weighted ROI imaging in cone-beam CT

Some of the recently developed image reconstruction algorithms for cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) involve the computation of the finite Hilbert transform. We have previously studied noise property of the finite Hilbert transform and observed that it can be used for potentially improving the image noise property within a region of interest (ROI) in IGRT. Imaging radiation dose is one of the critical issues in IGRT, and in addition to existing dose-reduction schemes by use of ROI imaging, it is possible to achieve further patient dose reduction through modulating beam intensity so that a sub-ROI in the ROI be exposed by high flux of x-ray photons and the rest of the ROI be exposed by low flux of them. In this work, we investigate the technique for obtaining sub-ROI images, which is supposed to include the target under treatment, with high contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and the images within the rest of the ROI with low CNR. Numerical studies have been conducted as a preliminary in this work.
Infant Color Perception

Human infants 4 to 6 months of age devoted more visual fixation to checkerboards composed of two Munsell hues equated for brightness and saturation than to unpatterned targets of either hue. Strength of pattern preference was positively related to degree of hue difference in the checkerboards.
Enhanced productivity of NS0 cells in fed-batch culture with cholesterol nanoparticle supplementation

NS0 cells are an important industrial cell line for the production of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Culturing these cells is challenging because they are cholesterol auxotrophs, and providing cholesterol to the cells is hampered by the low solubility of lipids in aqueous medium. Limited loading capacity, precipitation, instability, and toxicity are associated with traditional delivery methods that involve solvents or carrier molecules. In this work, nanoparticle cholesterol mixtures (NCM) were produced by electrohydrodynamic spraying and added directly to a cholesterol auxotroph NS0 cell line. Compared to a cholesterol-cyclodextrin solution and a commercial proprietary cholesterol solution, SyntheChol™ NS0 supplement, NCM is significantly less cytotoxic. In the fed batch cell culture process, product titer was increased by 32% when the NCM supplement replaced SyntheChol™ NS0 supplement. An even greater product titer improvement, 64%, was achieved when both NCM and SyntheChol™ NS0 supplements were used in the fed-batch process. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
Rotation of the ε Subunit during Catalysis by Escherichia coli FOF1-ATP Synthase

We report evidence for catalysis-dependent rotation of the single epsilon subunit relative to the three catalytic beta subunits of functionally coupled, membrane-bound FOF1-ATP synthase. Cysteines substituted at beta380 and epsilon108 allowed rapid formation of a specific beta-epsilon disulfide cross-link upon oxidation. Consistent with a need for epsilon to rotate during catalysis, tethering epsilon to one of the beta subunits resulted in the inhibition of both ATP synthesis and hydrolysis. These activities were fully restored upon reduction of the beta-epsilon cross-link. As a more critical test for rotation, a subunit dissociation/reassociation procedure was used to prepare a beta-epsilon cross-linked hybrid F1 having epitope-tagged betaD380C subunits (betaflag) exclusively in the two noncross-linked positions. This allowed the beta subunit originally aligned with epsilon to form the cross-link to be distinguished from the other two betas. The cross-linked hybrid was reconstituted with FO in F1-depleted membranes. After reduction of the beta-epsilon cross-link and a brief period of catalytic turnover, reoxidation resulted in a significant amount of betaflag in the beta-epsilon cross-linked product. In contrast, exposure to ligands that bind to the catalytic site but do not allow catalysis resulted in the subsequent cross-linking of epsilon to the original untagged beta. Furthermore, catalysis-dependent rotation of epsilon was prevented by prior treatment of membranes with N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide to block proton translocation through FO. From these results, we conclude that epsilon is part of the rotor that couples proton transport to ATP synthesis.
The integrability criterion in SU(2) Chern-Simons gauge theory

We prove that the multiplicity spaces appearing in Chern-Simons theory, as defioned by Segal, vanish unless they are associated to integrable representations. This and other links with conformal field theory are examined.
Analysis of singly and doubly periodic absorbers by frequency-domain finite-difference method

In this paper, the theory and numerical algorithms of a periodic finite-difference frequency domain (PFDFD) method are presented for the analysis of arbitrarily shaped inhomogeneously filled, singly and doubly periodic absorbers. The PFDFD method is based on a finite-difference solution of the Maxwell's curl equations plus an absorbing boundary condition, metallic backing, and Floquet's periodic condition to define the problem in a finite region. Compared to the integral equation (IE) and moment method techniques, the PFDFD algorithm is simpler to develop, more efficient to model electrically large geometries, and more flexible to analyze absorbers with both electric and magnetic loadings. The theory and algorithms proposed in the paper have been validated via numerous examples and agree very well with those of other techniques and measurements.
Anatomical Differences in the Mirror Neuron System and Social Cognition Network in Autism

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with impaired social and emotional skills, the anatomical substrate of which is still unknown. In this study, we compared a group of 14 high-functioning ASD adults with a group of controls matched for sex, age, intelligence quotient, and handedness. We used an automated technique of analysis that accurately measures the thickness of the cerebral cortex and generates cross-subject statistics in a coordinate system based on cortical anatomy. We found local decreases of gray matter in the ASD group in areas belonging to the mirror neuron system (MNS), argued to be the basis of empathic behavior. Cortical thinning of the MNS was correlated with ASD symptom severity. Cortical thinning was also observed in areas involved in emotion recognition and social cognition. These findings suggest that the social and emotional deficits characteristic of autism may reflect abnormal thinning of the MNS and the broader network of cortical areas subserving social cognition.
Agenda Setting in a Digital Age: Tracking Attention to California Proposition 8 in Social Media, Online News and Conventional News

This study compares the agenda-setting cues of traditional media alongside those of online media in general and social media in particular. The main line of inquiry concerns (a) whether people posting content to openly accessible social media outlets may be acting in response to mainstream news coverage, possibly as a “corrective” to perceived imbalances in that coverage, or (b) whether such posts seem to have influenced professional media coverage of the issue, possibly reflecting broader opinion dynamics. We do not view these as competing hypotheses, as this relationship may run in both directions and shift at different points in the evolution of an issue. Our goal is to establish important preliminary findings by addressing these questions in the context of a particular issue that is (a) prominently covered in professional media, and (b) contentious enough to inspire individuals to “take the media into their own hands” by producing and publishing their own “coverage.” Proposition 8 in California, which amended the state constitution to define marriage as the exclusive right of opposite-sex couples, provides this context. Our analysis focuses on the thousands of videos posted to YouTube and coverage of Proposition 8 in professional news media, tracing the relationships among them.
Vibrational Spectroscopy of Aqueous Sodium Halide Solutions and Air-Liquid Interfaces: Observation of Increased Interfacial Depth

Air−aqueous sodium halide solution interfaces are examined using vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy. Raman and ATR-FTIR (attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopies are also used to compare the effects of halide anions on the water structure of the bulk solution to that of the interface. The interfacial water structures for the sodium fluoride and chloride aqueous solutions are found to be similar to the air−water interface, whereas sodium bromide and iodide aqueous solutions cause significant distortion of the hydrogen-bonding network. Analysis of the spectra indicates higher concentrations of bromide and iodide anions in the interfacial region with an increase in interfacial depth.
The Plowman-Protector Complex

This chapter reviews the data from the project through the filter of a conventional view of culture: that is, the values and attitudes and habits passed from one generation to another via the socialization process. The data in question are the proxemic indexes that reflected variations in the size and gender composition of adult-child groups across the 18 culture sample. These indexes include: 1. The preferential association of men toward boys (rather than girls) 2. The proportion of children (associating with adults) who were with groups of men and women 3. The tendency of man-child dyads to associate with other men rather than with women 4. The tendency of woman-child dyads to associate with other women rather than with men 5. The preferential association of women toward girls (rather than with boys)
Effects of modeled ionospheric conductance and electron loss on self-consistent ring current simulations during the 5–7 April 2010 storm

We investigate the effects of different ionospheric conductance and electron loss models on ring current dynamics during the large magnetic storm of 5–7 April 2010 using the magnetically and electrically self-consistent Rice Convection Model–Equilibrium (RCM-E). The time-varying RCM-E proton distribution boundary conditions are specified using a combination of TWINS 1 and 2 ion temperature maps and in situ THEMIS and GOES spectral measurements in the plasma sheet. With strong electron pitch-angle diffusion, the simulated equatorial ring current electron pressure is weak with (1) uniform conductance or (2) conductance based on parameters from the International Reference Ionosphere 2007 and the feedback of simulated precipitating electrons. With the Chen and Schulz electron loss model that includes strong diffusion in the plasma sheet and weak diffusion in the plasmasphere, the stormtime equatorial RCM-E electron pressure is enhanced in the inner magnetosphere from midnight through dawn to the dayside. The enhancement extends to lower geocentric distance with uniform conductance than with the more realistic ionospheric conductance model due to electric field shielding effects. Electron losses affect not only the simulated electron pressures, but through magnetospheric-ionospheric coupling, the redistributed electric and magnetic fields affect the ring current proton transport. The simulations reproduced features observed by in situ magnetic field and proton flux data, and TWINS global ENA observations. The simulated stormtime ring current energization can vary significantly depending on the ionospheric conductance and electron loss model used. Thus, it is important to incorporate realistic descriptions of ionospheric conductance and electron losses in inner magnetospheric models.
Pragmatics in Analogical Mapping

Abstract Theories of analogical reasoning differ in the roles they ascribe to pragmatic factors as a source of constraints on analogical mappings. The multiconstraint theory as instantiated in the ACME model (Holyoak & Thagard, 1989a) claims that pragmatic constraints interact with structural and semantic constraints within the mapping stage itself, in addition to influencing pre-mapping and post-mapping stages. Participants in three experiments were asked to generate mappings between non-isomorphic analogs for which mappings for some elements were ambiguous on structural grounds. In all experiments, manipulations of participants’ processing goals influenced their preferred mappings. At the same time, goal-irrelevant information contributed to many-to-one mappings (Experiments 1 and 2) and to the resolution of mappings that were ambiguous on the basis of goal-relevant information alone (Experiment 3). The qualitative pattern of results was successfully simulated using the ACME model, implementing the impact of processing goals as an inhibitory process of selective attention.
Exploiting temporal and spatial correlation in wireless sensor networks

Motivated by applications of wireless sensor networks to seismic field monitoring, we propose a method that integrates in-situ lightweight temporal compression with random access communication and compressive sensing for recovery of spatially-sparse phenomena. This method of spatio-temporal compression offers savings in terms of energy consumption and bandwidth usage, does not require sensors to be synchronized, and requires minimal feedback from the fusion center. Furthermore, the method is robust to node failures and packet losses. Performance is quantified using both simulation and real data, showing significant improvements in energy and bandwidth efficiency over more conventional techniques.
Towards multidimensional radiotherapy (MD-CRT): biological imaging and biological conformality.

Purpose: The goals of this study were to survey and summarize the advances in imaging that have potential applications in radiation oncology, and to explore the concept of integrating physical and biological conformality in multidimensional conformal radiotherapy (MD-CRT). Methods and Materials: The advances in three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) have greatly improved the physical conformality of treatment planning and delivery. The development of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) has provided the “dose painting” or “dose sculpting” ability to further customize the delivered dose distribution. The improved capabilities of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy, and of positron emission tomography, are beginning to provide physiological and functional information about the tumor and its surroundings. In addition, molecular imaging promises to reveal tumor biology at the genotype and phenotype level. These developments converge to provide significant opportunities for enhancing the success of radiotherapy. Results: The ability of IMRT to deliver nonuniform dose patterns by design brings to fore the question of how to “dose paint” and “dose sculpt”, leading to the suggestion that “biological” images may be of assistance. In contrast to the conventional radiological images that primarily provide anatomical information, biological images reveal metabolic, functional, physiological, genotypic, and phenotypic data. Important for radiotherapy, the new and noninvasive imaging methods may yield three-dimensional radiobiological information. Studies are urgently needed to identify genotypes and phenotypes that affect radiosensitivity, and to devise methods to image them noninvasively. Incremental to the concept of gross, clinical, and planning target volumes (GTV, CTV, and PTV), we propose the concept of “biological target volume” (BTV) and hypothesize that BTV can be derived from biological images and that their use may incrementally improve target delineation and dose delivery. We emphasize, however, that much basic research and clinical studies are needed before this potential can be realized. Conclusions: Whereas IMRT may have initiated the beginning of the end relative to physical conformality in radiotherapy, biological imaging may launch the beginning of a new era of biological conformality. In combination, these approaches constitute MD-CRT that may further improve the efficacy of cancer radiotherapy in the new millennium. © 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. Biological imaging, Conformal radiotherapy.
Diastolic dysfunction in patients with ischemic symptoms without obstructive coronary artery disease.

People with ischemic symptoms who have no angiographically obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) are at increased risk for major adverse cardiovascular outcomes (death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure) as compared with the general population.1,2 Previous investigation, much of it originating from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute–funded Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study, has demonstrated objective vascular abnormalities in subsets of patients with ischemic symptoms and without obstructive CAD, that is, with microvascular coronary disease. For example, invasive measurement of coronary flow reserve was abnormal in 47% of such patients, and acetylcholine induced a ≥50% reduction in blood flow in 50% and vasospasm in 5%.3 Stress imaging using any available technique demonstrates inducible ischemia in a subset of patients with symptoms and without obstructive CAD, and these patients typically have worse outcomes than those without ischemia.3–5 Article see p 510 Increased risk of heart failure with microvascular coronary disease is of interest for several reasons. Peripheral endothelial dysfunction has been identified in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction6,7 and is a risk factor for adverse outcomes in patients with heart …
A Generative Statistical Algorithm for Automatic Detection of Complex Postures

This paper presents a method for automated detection of complex (non-self-avoiding) postures of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and its application to analyses of locomotion defects. Our approach is based on progressively detailed statistical models that enable detection of the head and the body even in cases of severe coilers, where data from traditional trackers is limited. We restrict the input available to the algorithm to a single digitized frame, such that manual initialization is not required and the detection problem becomes embarrassingly parallel. Consequently, the proposed algorithm does not propagate detection errors and naturally integrates in a "big data" workflow used for large-scale analyses. Using this framework, we analyzed the dynamics of postures and locomotion of wild-type animals and mutants that exhibit severe coiling phenotypes. Our approach can readily be extended to additional automated tracking tasks such as tracking pairs of animals (e.g., for mating assays) or different species.
Crumpled Playbills and Embroidery: The Use of the Arts in Henry James's THE TURN OF THE SCREW

For a young girl away from her rural home for the first time, the governess in Henry James's The Turn of the Screw is more like her creator in her use of allusions to the arts than we might reasona...
Opposing views on the alveolar surface, alveolar models, and the role of surfactant.

Emile M. Scarpelli: There is a body of work that relates directly and specifically to the review article of Dr. Hills, “An alternative view of the role(s) of surfactant and the alveolar model,” which appeared in the November 1999 issue of the Journal of Applied Physiology ([5][1]). In August