cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of surfaces in flexoelectricity

We develop the relationship between the strain derivative of the mean-inner potential and surface contributions to flexoelectricity, identifying the true surface-specific component of the flexoelectric response of finite samples. Density functional theory calculations on a range of experimentally observed, low energy SrTiO3, MgO, and Si surfaces demonstrate that the mean-inner potential and its contributions to flexoelectricity are sensitive to small differences in surface structure, chemistry, and adsorbates. We also introduce a method to estimate mean-inner potential contributions to flexoelectricity using electron scattering factors and use this approximation to predict total flexoelectric responses for a variety of insulators. Strategies to experimentally disentangle bulk and surface flexoelectric terms are also discussed.
Knit sketching: from cut & sew patterns to machine-knit garments

We present a novel workflow to design and program knitted garments for industrial whole-garment knitting machines. Inspired by traditional garment making based on cutting and sewing, we propose a sketch representation with additional annotations necessary to model the knitting process. Our system bypasses complex editing operations in 3D space, which allows us to achieve interactive editing of both the garment shape and its underlying time process. We provide control of the local knitting direction, the location of important course interfaces, as well as the placement of stitch irregularities that form seams in the final garment. After solving for the constrained knitting time process, the garment sketches are automatically segmented into a minimal set of simple regions that can be knitted using simple knitting procedures. Finally, our system optimizes a stitch graph hierarchically while providing control over the tradeoff between accuracy and simplicity. We showcase different garments created with our web interface.
Using block-copolymer nanolithography as a tool to sensitively evaluate variation in chemical dry etching rates of semiconductor materials with sub-5 nm resolution

Ion implantation is a robust and established method to customize the electronic properties of Si. However, fabricating doped, ultrafine semiconductor nanostructures can be challenging. Ion implantation has well-established effects on the dry etch rates of Si, which becomes increasingly consequential as the target dimension shrinks below a few tens of nanometers. While dry etching arrays of block copolymer-templated nanoscale holes (pitch = 37.5 nm, diameter ∼25 nm) into p-type, n-type, and undoped Si, we observed that the lateral etch rate was notably larger for the n-type regions than p-type or undoped regions. By doing image analyses on high resolution electron micrographs of the nanostructured hole arrays, we were able to extract the porosity and average radii of the holes with subnanometer sensitivity and compare the relative etch rates between different doping conditions. We found that degenerately doped n-type silicon consistently etches between approximately 17% and 27% faster in the lateral direction than p-type Si, resulting in significantly larger porosity and, consequently, less mechanical stability. Here, we demonstrate that top-down dimensional analysis of a densely packed porous nanostructure is a robust method for assessing extremely small differences in the lateral, chemical etch rate of doped Si to a degree of sensitivity that was previously unachievable. The minute, dense-packed nature of block copolymer self-assembled nanostructures is shown to be ideal for this application. This proposed method could be useful for designing fabrication processes for heterogeneous nanostructures, as slight dry etch rate variations that may be within process tolerance at the micrometer-scale appear to have nontrivial consequences at the nanometer scale.
Gang Life in Two Cities: An Insider's Journey

AcknowledgmentsIntroduction1. Researching Gangs as an Insider2. The War on Gangs in the Post-Civil Rights Era3. Racialized Oppression and the Emergence of Gangs4. Demonizing Gangs Through Religious Righteousness and Suppressed Activism5. Negotiating Membership for an Adaptation to Colonization: The Gang6. The Only Locotes Standing: The Persistence of Gang Ideals7. Barrio Empowerment as a Strategy for Transcending GangsConclusionNotesReferencesIndex
On the Absence of Moderate-Velocity Persistent Currents in He II Films Adsorbed on Large Cylinders

Consider a glass cylinder approximately 1 in. in diameter as shown in Fig. 1, and suppose there is an adsorbed film of helium on the outer surface. Suppose this film is rotating about the axis of the cylinder. Then the superfluid velocity v s must obey the Onsager-Feynman relation $$\int {{\upsilon _s}} \cdot dl = nh/m$$ (1) where h is Planck’s constant, n is an integer, and m is the mass of the helium atom. Moreover, if the speed is not great, it is energetically unfavorable to have vortex lines (parallel to the axis of the cylinder), and the circulation given by Eq. (1) is the same along any path lying in the film and encircling the cylinder. The helium is in a unique quantum state and one which may be characterized by a very high quantum number (if v s ≃ 10 cm sec−1 then n ≃ 105). The velocity v s must vary as r −1, where r is the radius, if the circulation is to be a constant, but since the films we are concerned with are always significantly thinner than 102 A, the velocity should be sensibly constant throughout the film.
Replication of unconditional Quantile Regressions by Firpo, Fortin and Lemieux (2009)

Summary This paper is a narrow replication of Firpo, Fortin and Lemieux (Unconditional quantile regressions. Econometrica 2009; 77(3): 953–973), who propose a new estimation method, called ‘unconditional quantile regressions’. Using their empirical example, we confirm their results for the effects of unionization on US wage inequality during the period 1983–1985 for both conditional and unconditional quantile regressions. In addition, this paper applies the proposed estimation method to another paper by Autor, Katz and Kearney (Trends in US wage inequality: revising the revisionists. Review of Economics and Statistics 2008; 90(2): 300–323). The latter paper looks at measures of wage inequality in the US labor market data over the period 1963–2005. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Filling in the Gaps: The Scope of Administrative Agencies' Power to Enact Regulations

Agency regulation litigation presents a myriad of interesting and challenging cases for courts. The amount and type of deference to be afforded to the agency, the scope of the agency's power to regulate, and the boundaries within which an agency may "flesh out" a statute all present unique and situation-specific analyses for courts to navigate.This article delves into the current state of agency law, including the interplay between Chevron deference and its limitations under Mead, across all jurisdictions. Once a summary of current law has been established, this article then applies these standards to an upcoming regulatory challenge against a set of proposed California Labor Code regulations that seek to define meal period requirements for all California employees. This article then concludes that the California agency has the power to enact the proposed regulations.
Identification of Global Consumer Segments

This paper underscores the importance of segmentation as a global consumer marketing strategy. It outlines a historical perspective of global market segmentation, and presents an historical time line which shows the development of this concept. Major consumption trends and their effect on global markets are also identified. Two key consumer groups are isolated which may be particularly amenable to global segmentation, and their key behavioral aspects are discussed. The similarities and differences which may influence these segments are also presented. Specific corporate examples of successful efforts to reach these two segments on a worldwide basis are discussed. Implications for both researchers and managers conclude the article.
Moon-to-Earth: Eavesdropping on the GRAIL Inter-spacecraft Time-transfer Link Using a Large Antenna and a Software Receiver

NASA’s twin GRAIL [1] spacecraft (Ebb and Flow) arrived at Earth’s Moon on New Year’s Day, 2012. GRAIL’s primary mission is to create a high-resolution map of the Moon’s gravitational field by measuring very precisely the change in distance between the two spacecraft [2]. Each spacecraft transmits two signals to the other spacecraft, a PRN code modulated on a 2 GHz carrier (S-band), as well as an unmodulated carrier at roughly 33 GHz (Ka-band). Since it’s not feasible to synchronize the two GRAIL spacecraft’s clocks via GPS (as was done with GRACE), the S-band signals are used as a time-transfer link to synchronize either Ebb’s clock to Flow or vice versa. As an independent measure to determine the clock offset of the GRAIL ultra-stable oscillators to UTC(NIST), an experiment was conducted where our JPL team used a large antenna on Earth to eavesdrop on the inter-spacecraft time-transfer link.
What we will do versus what we can do: The relative effects of unit‐level NPD motivation and capability

Although a firm's innovation performance has been commonly attributed to its innovative capability, in a study of 102 Chinese automobile assemblers, we find that employees' collective motivation for new product development (NPD) is more important than NPD capability in determining firms' innovation performance. This finding suggests that researchers need to simultaneously consider both unit-level capability and unit-level motivation in studying the mechanisms that drive innovation. Furthermore, our results indicate that a firm's strategic orientation focusing on NPD affects its employees' collective NPD motivation and NPD capability through relevant, mediating HRM practices. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamical Assessment of Structural Damage Using the Continuity Statistic

Recent works by Nichols et al. (Nichols, J.M., Todd, M.D., Seaver, M. and Virgin, L.N. (2003). Use of chaotic excitation and attractor property analysis in structural health monitoring. Phys Rev E, 67(016209)) and Pecora et al. (Todd, M.D., Nichols, J.M., Pecora, L.M. and Virgin, L.N. (2001). Vibration-based damage assessment utilizing state-space geometry changes: Local attractor variance ratio. Smart Materials and Structures, 10, 1000-1008.) have shown that steady-state dynamic analysis of structural health exhibits advantages over transient vibrational analysis. A geometric representation of system dynamics can be used to extract information about a structure’s response to sustained excitation. Analysis of various features of the geometric representation can be used to describe the degree to which the dynamics have been altered by damage. Here, the feature we employ is the ‘‘continuity test,’’ a statistical test first described by Pecora et al. (Pecora, L.M., Carroll, T.L. and Heagy, J.F. (1997). Stati...
Effects of Immediate Feedback on Computer-Assisted Testing of ESP Performance:

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of varying degrees of feedback on the number of correct guesses (hits) subjects-make in response to a computerized ESP test. 24 subjects from ...
Effects of Site-Directed Mutations of Transmembrane Cysteines in Sindbis Virus E1 and E2 Glycoproteins on Palmitylation and Virus Replication

The two glycoproteins that form the external spikes of the alphaviruses are type 1 membrane proteins whose transmembrane domains of hydrophobic amino acids are close to the carboxyl termini of the polypeptides and anchor the proteins in the lipid bilayer. Most of the members of the alphavirus genus contain within this transmembrane sequence one or more highly conserved cysteines, which are positioned close to the cytoplasmic face of the lipid bilayer. Cysteines in the cytoplasmic domains of the alphavirus glycoproteins and other enveloped viruses have been shown to be modified by palmitylation. To determine whether the transmembranal cysteines in Sindbis virus also were palmitylated, we used site-directed mutation to change the single transmembranal cysteine in the E1 glycoprotein and two of the transmembranal cysteines in the E2 glycoprotein to alanines. Transfection of RNA transcribed from the differently mutated Sindbis virus cDNAs led to production of infectious virus. Cells infected with the mutant virions and labeled with [3H]-palmitic acid showed that the E1 mutant no longer contained fatty acid in the E1 glycoprotein and that the extent of palmitylation was reduced about twofold in the E2 glycoprotein of virions containing the E2 mutations. At early times postinfection, the mutants grew slightly slower than the wild type in cultures of chicken embryo fibroblasts and secreted about half the amount of virus particles as wild type, but little difference was found at later time points. A triple mutant containing both the E1 and E2 mutations formed virions deficient in palmitylation of both glycoproteins, and this mutant had growth properties that were similar to those of the independent E1 and E2 mutants. Virions with the mutated glycoproteins that were deficient in fatty acid were more susceptible than the wild-type virions to inactivation by the detergent Triton X-100.
Transition radiation detectors in particle astrophysics

Transition radiation detectors (TRDs) have been used for three decades to study highly relativistic cosmic rays. Their relatively low weight but large sensitive area makes them particularly suitable for measurements above the atmosphere, on balloons or in space. A review is given of the different requirements and experimental solutions for threshold detectors and energy-measuring devices, and the astrophysical significance of the measurements is briefly summarized. Finally, the importance of TRD devices for future works is discussed.
Effects of an external cue on psychophysiological reactions to a noxious event.

Subjects (Ss) who viewed a clock for 6 min while awaiting receipt of an electric shock showed significant changes in HR and SC; these indices did not change significantly for Ss who could not observe the clock. Analyses of responses to the delivery of shock revealed that Ss in the No Clock group demonstrated greater increases in HR and SC than did Ss in the Clock group. Differences in HR within I min following shock were observed between the Clock and No Clock groups. It was suggested that rather than mediating fear arousal per se the external cue facilitated coping with the impending event.
Helium diffusion and low-temperature thermochronometry of apatite

To investigate the potential of the (U-Th)/He system for low-temperature thermochronometry, we have studied helium diffusion and have measured helium ages on Durango fluorapatite and on apatites from a gabbro and two tonalites from the Peninsular Ranges Batholith. Diffusivity at moderate to very low temperatures (as low as 80°C) was measured to high analytical precision using long duration incremental outgassing experiments. All four apatites displayed remarkably similar helium diffusion behavior. Helium loss apparently occurs via volume diffusion from subgrain domains (<60 μm) which are nearly identical in size in all samples. At temperatures below 290°C, diffusivity obeys a highly linear Arrhenius relationship with an implied activation energy of about 36 kcal/mol. Above this temperature, diffusivity deviates from linearity toward lower activation energies. This transition does not arise from multiple diffusion domains, but rather from a reversible change in the physical mechanism of helium diffusion. For thermochronometric purposes the high-temperature diffusion behavior is largely irrelevant because essentially no helium is retained over geologic time at temperatures above 290°C. Using the results from the low-temperature regime, all samples yield helium closure temperatures in the range 75 ± 7°C. This value is independent of chemical composition and grain size of the apatites, suggesting that a single closure temperature may apply to a wide range of samples. The (U-Th)/He ages of these apatites (17–120 Ma) range from a small fraction to nearly 100% of the crystallization age of their host rocks, and are consistent with a low-temperature thermochronometric interpretation. These results strongly support previous suggestions that (U-Th)/He dating of apatite can provide high precision chronometry of very low temperature geological events.
Anthropocentrism and androcentrism in biology

Robert A. Hinde. Biological Bases of Human Social Behavior. McGraw‐Hill Book Co., 1974. xv + 462 pp. Tables, figures, epilogue, bibliography, name index, and subject index. $10.95.
The Segmented-Mirror Control System Prototype For The Ten Meter Telescope: A Status Report

The design of the University of California Ten Meter Tele-scope (TMT) calls for a primary mirror composed of 36 hexago-nal segments. An active control system maintains the optical figure of the array in the face of gravitational, thermal, and wind perturbations. Three degrees of freedom of each segment, piston, and tilts about two axes, are controlled. An engineering demonstration of the active control system and the development of segment fabrication techniques are in progress and will be completed this year. We report below the current program status. Major goals include the development of optical testing methods and the evaluation of segment support, control actuators, and sensors, as well as the overall performance of the control system. The engineering demonstration will use a full-sized segment, 1.8m across and 0.075m thick. The fabrication of this very thin and flexible segment presents unusual challenges. The polishing support system has been developed. We have also developed test apparatus and procedures that provide an extremely accurate measurement of the radius of curvature. A circular mirror has been polished to a specified radius of curvature. Any warping that results from cutting the segment from this mirror will be established soon. The passive support of a segment is to be provided by two systems, one to carry axial loads and one to carry radial loads. The design of these systems is described. The TMT active control system is designed to use capacitive sensors to measure the relative orientations of the segments, and torque-motor driven displacement actuators to adjust segment position. The demonstration system uses 4 sensors and 3 actuators to control the tilt and piston of a single segment with respect to a reference mirror. The design of the system prototype is described.
Author contacts for retrieval of data for a meta-analysis on exercise and diet restriction

OBJECTIVES The mode of contact and response levels of authors who had been asked to provide missing or incomplete data for a systematic review on diet and exercise interventions for weight loss was examined. METHODS We contacted authors by electronic mail, letter, or both. Survival analyses were performed with the Kaplan-Meier method to determine differences in the proportion of responders over time among the different modes of contact and to determine whether response rates differed between authors from the United States and those from other countries. Logistic regression was used to determine whether the number of items requested and publication date influenced the likelihood of response. RESULTS Two hundred forty-one (39.9 percent) studies had missing or incomplete data (e.g., sample size, age, caloric restriction, exercise amount, and so on). We were unable to locate ninety-five authors (39.4 percent). Of the remaining authors, forty-six authors (31.5 percent) responded to information requests. Time to respond differed by contact method (p < .05): e-mail (3 +/- 3 days), letter (27 +/- 30 days), and both (13 +/-12 days). Response rates from U.S. authors did not differ from those of other countries. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests poor success in the acquisition of essential information. Given considerable time and resources, weight loss studies require improved reporting standards to minimize the relatively unsuccessful attempt to contact authors for important and necessary information.
Utility of flow cytometric reticulocyte quantification as a predictor of engraftment in autologous bone marrow transplantation.

Flow cytometric reticulocyte quantification with thiazole orange (TO) was used to study erythropoiesis in 20 patients following autologous bone marrow transplantation for the treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia. Flow cytometric reticulocyte analysis provided not only the reticulocyte percentage and absolute reticulocyte count but a quantitative reticulocyte maturity index (RMI) proportional to the amount of RNA in the reticulocytes. The RMI values, but not the reticulocyte percentage or absolute counts, correlated temporally with the rise in the absolute neutrophil counts in the posttrans-plantation period. In the majority of patients (12/20), the RMI value was the earliest indicator of bone marrow engraftment. The findings of this study demonstrate an important clinical utility of TO reticulocyte analysis by flow cytometry and indicate the diagnostic importance of the RMI measurement in the evaluation of erythropoietic activity in bone marrow transplant patients.
Analysis of Allogeneic and Syngeneic Rat Heart Transplants Using23Na Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Abstract This study defines the total sodium-23 magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 23 Na MRS) signal from in vivo heterotopic rat heart transplants in the early post-transplant period and examines the utility of this noninvasive method for monitoring allograft rejection. Measurements were performed at 4.7 T. Syngeneic (n = 6) and allogeneic (n = 6) donor hearts were transplanted into the neck of recipient rats. There were 27 MRS observations between days 0 and 29 post-transplant. Heart grafts were excised at various intervals post-transplant for histologic examination. Allogeneic heart grafts rejected between days 4 and 5 post-transplant while syngeneic grafts continued to beat. All hearts showed ischemic damage. Allogeneic hearts showed cellular rejection by Day 1. 23 Na MRS showed a steady elevation in signal in the 3 days prior to rejection and a sharp rise after rejection. 23 Na MRS accurately identified full rejection and was also sensitive to the rejection process.
BMP-7 counteracts TGF-β1–induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and reverses chronic renal injury

Bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-7 is a 35-kDa homodimeric protein and a member of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta superfamily. BMP-7 expression is highest in the kidney, and its genetic deletion in mice leads to severe impairment of eye, skeletal and kidney development. Here we report that BMP-7 reverses TGF-beta1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by reinduction of E-cadherin, a key epithelial cell adhesion molecule. Additionally, we provide molecular evidence for Smad-dependent reversal of TGF-beta1-induced EMT by BMP-7 in renal tubular epithelial cells and mammary ductal epithelial cells. In the kidney, EMT-induced accumulation of myofibroblasts and subsequent tubular atrophy are considered key determinants of renal fibrosis during chronic renal injury. We therefore tested the potential of BMP-7 to reverse TGF-beta1-induced de novo EMT in a mouse model of chronic renal injury. Our results show that systemic administration of recombinant human BMP-7 leads to repair of severely damaged renal tubular epithelial cells, in association with reversal of chronic renal injury. Collectively, these results provide evidence of cross talk between BMP-7 and TGF-beta1 in the regulation of EMT in health and disease.
On mitigating sampling-induced accuracy loss in traffic anomaly detection systems

Real-time Anomaly Detection Systems (ADSs) use packet sampling to realize traffic analysis at wire speeds. While recent studies have shown that a considerable loss of anomaly detection accuracy is incurred due to sampling, solutions to mitigate this loss are largely unexplored. In this paper, we propose a Progressive Security-Aware Packet Sampling (PSAS) algorithm which enables a real-time inline anomaly detector to achieve higher accuracy by sampling larger volumes of malicious traffic than random sampling, while adhering to a given sampling budget. High malicious sampling rates are achieved by deploying inline ADSs progressively on a packet's path. Each ADS encodes a binary score (malicious or benign) of a sampled packet into the packet before forwarding it to the next hop node. The next hop node then samples packets marked as malicious with a higher probability. We analytically prove that under certain realistic conditions, irrespective of the intrusion detection algorithm used to formulate the packet score, PSAS always provides higher malicious packet sampling rates. To empirically evaluate the proposed PSAS algorithm, we simultaneously collect an Internet traffic dataset containing DoS and portscan attacks at three different deployment points in our university's network. Experimental results using four existing anomaly detectors show that PSAS, while having no extra communication overhead and extremely low complexity, allows these detectors to achieve significantly higher accuracies than those operating on random packet samples.
The Hematopoietic Isoform of Cas-Hef1-Associated Signal Transducer Regulates Chemokine-Induced Inside-Out Signaling and T Cell Trafficking

Summary Leukocyte migration and trafficking is dynamically regulated by various chemokine and adhesion molecules and is vital to the proper function of the immune system. We describe a role for the Cas and Hef-1-associated signal transducer in hematopoietic cells (Chat-H) as a critical regulator of T lymphocyte migration, by using lentivirus-mediated RNA interference (RNAi). Impaired migration of Chat-H-depleted cells coincided with defective inside-out signaling shown by diminished chemokine-induced activation of the Rap-1 GTPase and integrin-mediated adhesion. Localization of Chat-H to the plasma membrane, association with its binding partner Crk-associated substrate in lymphocytes (CasL), and Chat-H-mediated CasL serine-threonine phosphorylation were required for T cell migration. These results identify Chat-H as a critical signaling intermediate acting upstream of Rap1 to regulate chemokine-induced adhesion and migration.
Bisphosphonates significantly increase the activity of doxorubicin or vincristine against canine malignant histiocytosis cells

Canine malignant histiocytosis (MH) is an aggressive neoplasm of macrophages and dendritic cells. It carries a poor prognosis because of the development of widespread metastasis and poor sensitivity to chemotherapy. Thus, there is a large need for new treatments for MH. We hypothesized that bisphosphonates might be useful to increase the effectiveness of cytotoxic chemotherapy against MH. To address this question, we conducted in vitro screening studies using MH cell lines and a panel of 6 chemotherapy and 5 bisphosphonate drugs. The combination of clodronate with vincristine was found to elicit synergistic killing which was associated with a significant increase in cell cycle arrest. Second, zoledronate combined with doxorubicin also significantly increased cell killing. Zoledronate significantly increased the uptake of doxorubicin by MH cells. On the basis of these findings, we conclude that certain bisphosphonate drugs may increase the overall effectiveness of chemotherapy for MH in dogs.
Clustering Streaming Graphs

In this paper, we propose techniques for clustering large-scale "streaming" graphs where the updates to a graph are given in form of a stream of vertex or edge additions and deletions. Our algorithm handles such updates in an online and incremental manner and it can be easily parallel zed. Several previous graph clustering algorithms fall short of handling massive and streaming graphs because they are centralized, they need to know the entire graph beforehand and are not incremental, or they incur an excessive computational overhead. Our algorithm's fundamental building block is called graph reservoir sampling. We maintain a reservoir sample of the edges as the graph changes while satisfying certain desired properties like bounding number of clusters or cluster-sizes. We then declare connected components in the sampled sub graph as clusters of the original graph. Our experiments on real graphs show that our approach not only yields clusterings with very good quality, but also obtains orders of magnitude higher throughput, when compared to offline algorithms.
Magnetic density gap in the quantum Hall regime

Abstract In conventional AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures, there is a residual quantum Hall effect in the limit of quenched disorder. This residual effect is due to the existence of a magnetic density gap (MDG) which arises in the Fermi level transition between two Landau levels. Self-consistent calculation of the electronic properties of the two-dimensional system taking into account Zeeman splitting and the Ando-Uemura exchange energy shows that the MDG is strongly dependent on the filling factor as well as on temperature and barrier capacitance. It also reveals a strong enhancement of theg*-factor in agreement with the data of Usheret al. Phys. Rev. B,41, 1129 (1990).
Complications of contact lens wear after radial keratotomy in an animal model.

In 12 rabbits radial keratotomy was performed on one eye with no treatment to the contralateral eye. Cellulose acetate butyrate contact lenses were fitted bilaterally for extended wear. The eyes were monitored weekly for three weeks with a standardized slit-lamp grading method. Corneal neovascularization occurred earlier and progressed further in eyes that had radial keratotomy than in the control eyes (P
Inequalities in Child Health in Bolivia: Has Morales Made a Difference?

AbstractObjectives: This paper examines social inequality in children’s health following the election of Evo Morales. Bolivia is marked by dramatic socioeconomic, ethnic and geographic inequality in children’s health. The Morales government initiated several public health reforms designed to provide more equal access to public health services. Methods: Analysis was conducted using Bolivia Demographic and Health Survey data from 2003 to 2008. Results: The analysis shows some improvements in children’s health. However, inequality in access to doctors, child mortality and child nutritional status did not diminish. In contrast, inequalities in immunization declined dramatically. Conclusions: Results suggest that aspects of health that are easier to implement such as immunization are more accessible to public policy than are more complex health problems like malnutrition and high child mortality.
An improved line narrowing technique for a dye laser excited by a nitrogen laser

Abstract A prism positioned at a very high angle of incidence approaching 90 o in the optical cavity of a rhodamine 6-G dye laser excited by a pulsed nitrogen laser leads to improvement in linewidth reduction. The linewidth is narrowed from 100 A to 2 A when the prism is placed in a broad-band cavity consisting of two high reflectance mirrors. When it is put in a mirror grating cavity, the reduction is from 11 A to 0.9 A. The light reflected from one prism face becomes the laser output.
Ecological studies of the coral predator Acanthaster planci in the south pacific

Ecological surveys involving over 500 man-days between 1966 and 1969 indicate that the coral-eating sea star, Acanthaster planci, is a normal component of the coral reef community throughout the tropical Pacific, and that its abundance in the past has probably been underestimated. The sea star is not uncommon in certain environments, particularly back-reef and lagoon slopes. Sheltered, inner reefs are generally preferred over less protected reefs. Recently reported “population explosions” of A. planci at Guam and on the Great Barrier Reef of Australia appear to be isolated, widely-separated, local infestations of unknown cause. The infestation on the Great Barrier Reef has not spread beyond the area off Cairns and Innisfail. Approximately 40 of the more than 1000 reefs comprising the Great Barrier Reef complex have been infested heavily.
Stark effect spectroscopy of tryptophan

The change in permanent dipole moment (magnitude of delta mu) for the transition from the 1La state to the ground state of tryptophan is the key photophysical parameter for the interpretation of tryptophan fluorescence spectra in terms of static and dynamic dielectric properties of the surrounding medium. We report measurement of this parameter by means of electric field effect (Stark) spectroscopy for N-acetyl-L-tryptophanamide (NATA) in two solvents, the single tryptophan containing peptide melittin, and 5-methoxytryptophan. The values ranged from 5.9 to 6.2 +/- 0.4 Debye/f for NATA and melittin, where f represents the local field correction. The 1Lb magnitude of delta mu was much smaller. Application of Stark spectroscopy to these chromophores required decomposition of the near-UV absorption into the 1La and 1Lb bands by measurement of the fluorescence excitation anisotropy spectrum and represents an extension of the method to systems where band overlap would normally preclude quantitative analysis of the Stark spectrum. The results obtained for 5-methoxytryptophan point out limitations of this method of spectral decomposition. The relevance of these results to the interpretation of steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy of tryptophan is discussed.
List processing: sort again, naturally

This paper discusses a possible student project for use within the Data Structures and Algorithms treatment of linked lists. Students can explicitly compare the recursive list-oriented MergeSort algorithm with iterative list-oriented MergeSort algorithms (with O(n) space overhead) including the "Natural MergeSort." The author's experimental results are shown for implementations in C and in Java.
To Close the Gap

After weighing explanations for the high growth rates experienced in the developing world over the past half-century, Spence turns to consider the global economy over the next 50 years.
BaxSr1−xTiO3 thin films by a chemical process

Abstract Stoichiometric BaxSr1-xTiO3 samples with various of x were prepared by a solution method. The starting materials were titanium isopropoxide and hydroxides of barium and strontium. Powders were obtained by evaporation of the precursor solution, and thin films were deposited by spin coating. The annealing temperature required to obtain complete conversion to the crystalline material increases with increasing x and ranges from 150 to 600 °C. High quality polycrystalline films of Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 were achieved on a silicon substrate at 550 °C. Leakage current as a function of applied voltage (I–V) measurements on the metal-insulator-semiconductor structure (where the insulating layer is Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 film) on n-type silicon substrates showed diode-like behavior.
Abstract CT309: Influencing the tumor microenvironment: A phase II study of copper-depletion using tetrathiomolybdate (TM) in patients (pts) with breast cancer (BC) at high risk for recurrence

Background: Bone marrow derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and copper-dependent angiogenic pathways are critical to the metastatic process. Copper depletion (CD) therapy inhibits tumor metastases in preclinical models. We hypothesized that TM-associated CD would reduce EPCs in pts at high risk for BC recurrence, and we explored the relationship between CD and its effects on the tumor microenvironment in pre-clinical models. Methods: In this single arm, phase II study, BC pts at high risk for recurrence, defined as node positive triple negative (TN), stage 3 and 4 with no evidence of disease (NED) were enrolled on a trial of CD with TM. We CD’d to maintain ceruloplasmin (Cp) between 5-17 mg/dl for 2 years or until relapse. The primary endpoint was change in EPCs measured before and during treatment with TM. Secondary endpoints included tolerability, safety, and efficacy of CD. Laboratory studies: MDA-LM2-luciferase cells were implanted into CB17-SCID mice gavaged with water or TM. The tumors were quantified by bioluminescence images (BLI). We measured Cp oxidase to determine copper status. Western blots were used to assess LOX activity, and IHC was used to quantify collagen cross-linking and CD11b+ macrophage infiltration. Results: We enrolled 43 pts. Treatment duration was 24 cycles (each cycle is 28 days) for the primary study. A total of 752 cycles were completed in 2 years. The mean age was 49 (range 29-66). Mean Cp level decreased from 29 at baseline to 16 (p Citation Format: Nancy Chan, Naomi Kornhauser, Maureen Ward, Amy Willis, Tessa Cigler, Ellen Chuang, Anne Moore, Diana Donovan, Sarah E. Schneider, Christina Lam, David J. Warren, Anna Rubinchik, Sandra Hurtado Rua, Sharrell Lee, Maureen Lane, Vivek Mittal, Linda Vahdat. Influencing the tumor microenvironment: A phase II study of copper-depletion using tetrathiomolybdate (TM) in patients (pts) with breast cancer (BC) at high risk for recurrence. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr CT309. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-CT309
Association between proto-oncoprotein Rel and TATA-binding protein mediates transcriptional activation by NF-κB

The c-Rel protein is able to associate in vitro and in vivo with the TATA-binding protein (TBP) of the TFIID complex. Coexpression of TBP with c-Rel augments transactivation from the κB site in Drosophila Schneider cells. DNA-binding mutants of TBP not only fail to cooperate, but they repress transactivation by c-Rel. There may be a direct communication between κB enhancer binding proteins and basal transcription factors which leads to enhanced transcription.
The effect of syntactic encoding on sentence comprehension in aphasia.

Abstract This study compared two levels of syntactic encoding with respect to their effect on aphasics' auditory comprehension. The same informational content was presented either as an embedded sentence or as two contiguous simple propositions. A similar contrast was utilized to compare sentences containing relational terms of time, comparison, instrumentality, as well as sentences involving conjunction reduction, with parallel messages expressed in expanded, simplified form. A picture-verification paradigm was used. Comprehension was significantly enhanced only in the case of embedded sentences, with a tendency for Broca's aphasics to show the maximum effects.
„So, what's a hate crime anyway?” young adults' perceptions of hate crimes, victims, and perpetrators

Male and female young adults provided responses to open-ended questions about hate crimes. Results indicated considerable variability in their definitions, with perceptions of hate crimes differing with regard to demographic characteristics of both victims and perceivers. Victims may experience hate crimes differently because of who they are, why they are victimized, and with whom they share their experiences. In a separate study, males and females each evaluated a scenario of a hate crime perpetrated upon a male or female victim. Whether the crime was described as motivated by racial or religious bigotry, heterosexism, or was ambiguous was systematically varied. The demographic status of the participant appeared to determine how disruptive they regarded the crime scenario, and the likelihood that they would report personal knowledge of a victim of a similar type of assault. None of the participants was likely to report knowledge of a victim of a heterosexist assault. Policy implications of results from both studies are discussed.
Breakdown voltages in ceramic capacitors with cracks

Breakdown voltages in 27 types of virgin and fractured X7R multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCC) rated to voltages from 6.3 to 100 V have been measured and analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness of the dielectric withstanding voltage (DWV) testing to screen-out defective parts and get more insight into breakdown specifics of MLCCs with cracks. Fractures in the parts were introduced mechanically and by thermal shock stress. To simulate exposure of internal electrodes to environments in fractured parts, breakdown testing was carried out also on cross-sectioned and polished capacitors.
Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Transmission during Presymptomatic Phase, Japan

During an epidemiologic investigation of pandemic influenza (H1N1) 2009 virus infection in May 2009 in Osaka, Japan, we found 3 clusters in which virus transmission occurred during the presymptomatic phase. This finding has public health implications because it indicates that viral transmission in communities cannot be prevented solely by isolating symptomatic case-patients.
Anxiety Misdiagnosed as Dementia? A Complex Case Successfully Treated Using a Multimodal Biofeedback Approach

A sixty-three year old woman with a recent diagnosis of dementia sought biofeedback treatment for depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairment. Quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) revealed brainwave patterns that could be associated with anxiety as well as possible dementia. The context of her forgetfulness and disorientation was explored and discovered to coincide with anxiety-related hyperarousal. Following a combination of heart rate variability (HRV) and neurofeedback (EEG biofeedback), she reported significant reductions in depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairment.
Evaluation of Lg as a Discriminant among Different Continental Crustal Structures

Summary Lg is a useful discriminant among different continental structures. The group velocities and periods of the Lg stationary phases are diagnostics for crustal thickness and S-wave velocity, and for the velocity of Sn. Lg is insensitive to variation in the lid thickness and the S-wave velocity in the low-velocity zone; it is not a discriminant for the existence of a lid-low-velocity zone structure in the mantle. Examples of the discriminatory capabilities of Lg are given in both the frequency and time domain.
Sniffer channel selection for monitoring wireless LANs

Wireless sniffers are often used to monitor access points (APs) in wireless LANs (WLANs) for network management, fault detection, and traffic characterization. It is cost effective to deploy single-radio sniffers that can monitor multiple nearby APs. To achieve this, a sniffer needs to switch among multiple channels since these APs often operate on orthogonal channels. In this paper, we formulate and solve two optimization problems on sniffer channel selection. Both problems require that each AP be monitored by at least one sniffer. In addition, one optimization problem requires minimizing the maximum number of channels that a sniffer listens to, and the other requires minimizing the total number of channels that the sniffers listen to. We prove that both optimization problems are NP-hard. For each problem, we propose three algorithms to solve it, one based on integer programming (IP), one based on LP-relaxation, and the third based on a greedy heuristic. We evaluate the performance of the various algorithms using two real-world datasets. Our results show that, for each problem, all the three algorithms are effective in achieving their optimization goals, and overall, the LP-based algorithm outperforms the other two algorithms.
Reconciling Differences: Conflict Management Strategies of Catholic College and University Presidents.

Catholic college and university presidents leadat the confluence of academic authenticity andreligious faith. They attempt to frame anddefine changing realities in institutions thathave become increasingly secular, and subjectedto many of the same problems common to highereducation in the public sector. Externalpressures, including recent efforts tostrengthen the Catholic identities of theseinstitutions, have added a measure ofcomplexity to leadership roles and challengedthe conflict management skills of institutionalexecutives. The purpose of this study was todevelop a profile of conflict managementbehaviors of US Catholic college and universitypresidents. The profile revealed four factorsthat were common to managing conflict with bothfaculty and trustees: avoidance, smoothing overdifferences, compromise, and collaboration. Abureaucratic forcing factor was linked tofaculty conflict, and a defensive assertivenessfactor emerged for conflict with trustees. Presidents seldom employed a bureaucraticforcing strategy with faculty, but defensiveassertiveness was the second most frequentlyadopted strategy in conflict with trustees. Collaboration was the most frequently usedstrategy for dealing with both faculty andtrustee conflict. Some differences in conflictmanagement approaches were noted in terms ofgender, lay-clergy status, years of experience,and institutional size.
Fever as a Risk Factor for Increased Response to Vitamin K Antagonists: A Review of the Evidence and Potential Mechanisms

Numerous factors affect the response to vitamin K antagonists (VKA) including age, dietary vitamin K, other drugs, pharmacogenetics, and disease states. In antithrombotic guidelines, fever is mentioned as a factor that may increase response to VKA. The purpose of this article is to review the available evidence regarding the effect of fever on response to VKA, and to discuss possible mechanisms of this effect. We performed a search of the English literature from 1943 to June 2014, using the key words fever AND warfarin, acenocoumarol, phenprocoumon, coumarin anticoagulants and VKA; fever AND vitamin K dependent clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X. One animal investigation and 6 studies in humans suggest fever increases response to VKA, but one study did not find a significant effect. The magnitude of this effect is variable. Possible mechanisms for the increased effect of VKA associated with fever are increased catabolism of vitamin K dependent clotting factors, decreased vitamin K intake, and inhibition of VKA metabolism. More rigorous studies are needed to confirm that fever increases response to warfarin and other VKA.
Effect of germanic acid on developing cell walls of diatoms

The effects of 0.1 and 1.0 germanic acid/silicic acid concentrations on wall development inNitzschia alba, Navicula pelliculosa, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Cyclotella nana are described. Valve development and differentiation are interrupted, and sometimes completely blocked. Girdle band formation is also affected.N. alba produces multiple walls (at 0.1 [Ge]/[Si]) and dense cytoplasmic granules (at 1.0 [Ge]/[Si]).
The spatial resolution capacity of human foveal retina

An image on the retina of a human eye enters the visual system through an array of photoreceptors that sets the boundaries on the spatial detail available for neural representation. In order to investigate the extent to which the input spatial detail is preserved by the human neural system, we compare the anatomical spatial limits as determined by the Nyquist frequency, the highest spatial frequency reconstructable from the cone array, and measures of human acuity, the minimum angle resolvable. We find that the anatomical Nyquist limits determined along the temporal horizontal meridian of a well-studied human retina (Curcio, Sloan, Packer, Hendrickson & Kalina, 1987b) offer a reasonable prediction of human acuity within the retinal region extending from slightly off the exact foveal center to about 2.0 deg of retinal eccentricity. However, we find a narrow peak of anatomical resolution at the foveal center where the acuity appears to be overestimated by cone spacing.
An infrared color gradient in the inner coma of Comet Halley

A well-defined gradient is noted in the J-H and H-K colors of near-IR images obtained for Comet Halley in November, 1985, within about 8000 km of the nucleus; the bluest colors are at the photocenter, in conjunction with surface brightness profiles that are steeper than those expected. The color gradient and the brightness profiles are both explainable by the present analysis in terms of the presence of volatile, dirty-ice grains in the inner coma. An outburst of Rayleigh-scattering dust particles (unsupported by spacecraft measurements obtained to date) may also account for the observational data.