cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
System-level benefits of extracting and treating saline water from geologic formations during national-scale carbon capture and storage

a b s t r a c t Despite economic, political, legal, and technical challenges, carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage (CCS) holds promise as a means to substantially reduce anthropogenic atmospheric emissions of carbon dioxide. One of the technical challenges to CCS is an accurate quantification of the potential geologic storage resource. This analysis uses the publically available national-scale, systems-level Water Energy and Carbon Sequestration simulation model (WECSsim©), to show that, depending on assumed boundary conditions, the majority of storage associated with large-scale CCS in the U.S. (on the order of 90–100 GT of total reduced emissions) would occur at a small number of well-located sites with favorable geologic properties. WECSsim, through the use of marginal abatement cost curves, shows that under such a scenario, added costs associated with resident saline water extraction, transport, and treatment (SWETT) are justified by resulting increases in carbon dioxide storage efficiency in the geologic formation. This argument is strengthened when geologic uncertainty is taken into consideration. Like an insurance policy, the enhanced carbon dioxide storage efficiency that comes from SWETT adds well-defined costs to reduce potential economic risks associated with overestimates of the available geologic storage resource.
Highly repeated DNA of the baboon: organization of sequences homologous to highly repeated DNA of the African green monkey.

Abstract In the African green monkey genome, 20% of the total DNA consists of a highly reiterated DNA sequence that occurs largely in long tandem arrays of a repeat unit that is 172 base-pairs in length. The DNA of the baboon contains sequences homologous to this repeat unit. However, in the baboon genome, these sequences comprise roughly 6% of the total DNA and alternate in a regular fashion with a DNA segment that may be distantly related to the monkey repeat unit. The sequences in the baboon that are homologous to the monkey repeat unit are contained within a 340 base-pair repeat unit of the highly repeated DNA fraction of the baboon. The extent of nucleotide divergence of the homologous repeated sequences between the two species is estimated to be about 10%.
Selectivity in the amination of allylic alcohols via intramolecular amidomercuration

Abstract Intramolecular amidomercuration reactions of acylaminomethyl derivatives of γ-substituted allylic alcohols were examined. The effect of oxygen substitution on the δ carbon and of the geometry of the double bond on the regiochemistry and stereochemistry of the cyclization were established.
Measurement of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase--a technical comment.

Abstract The enzyme aromatic amino acid decarboxylase and the enzymatic decarboxylation of DOPA in tissue homogenates and physiological fluids is being extensively studied at present because of the possible involvement of this enzyme in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (1) and the therapeutic use of L -DOPA (2). Determination of the enzymatic decarboxylation of DOPA involves either measurement of dopamine (3–7) or CO 2 (8–10). Since the determination of CO 2 is relatively simple and rapid, this procedure is now frequently used to estimate enzyme activity, dopamine formation, and/or DOPA disappearance. Recent studies in our laboratory have shown, however, that the measurement of the decarboxylation of DOPA can easily lead to false results.
Nonlinear acoustic landmine detection: comparison of off-target soil background and on-target soil-mine nonlinear effects

When airborne sound at two primary tones, f1, f2 (closely spaced near a resonance) excites the soil surface over a buried landmine, soil wave motion interacts with the landmine generating a scattered surface profile which can be measured over the "target." Profiles at the primaries f1, f2, and nonlinearly generated combination frequencies f1-(f2-f1) and f2+(f2-f1) , 2f1-(f2-f1), f1+f2 and 2f2+(f2-f1) (among others) have been measured for a VS 2.2 plastic, inert, anti-tank landmine, buried at 3.6 cm in sifted loess soil and in a gravel road bed. [M.S. Korman and J.M. Sabatier, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 116, 3354-3369 (2004)]. It is observed that the "on target" to "off target" contrast ratio for the sum frequency component can be ~20 dB higher than for either primary. The vibration interaction between the top-plate interface of a buried plastic landmine and the soil above it appears to exhibit many characteristics of the mesoscopic/nanoscale nonlinear effects that are observed in geomaterials like sandstone. Near resonance, the bending (softening) of a family of increasing amplitude tuning curves, involving the vibration over the landmine, exhibits a linear relationship between the peak particle velocity and corresponding frequency. Tuning curve experiments are performed both on and off the mine in an effort to understand the nonlinearities in each case.© (2006) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Looking for Levites in the Book of Judges

AbstractThe social location of the village culture as portrayed in the Judges period provides no legitimate place or cultic role for Levites. Their occasional appearances, (aside from the artificial injection of Phinehas into the civil war narrative in Judg 20:27-28), simply reinforce that fact that they do not and cannot perform the tasks that are traditionally assigned to Levites in the monarchy period. Instead, they, like most other characters in Judges, are portrayed as flawed individuals, who have little stake in teaching about or ministering before Yahweh. It is more in character that they are willing to serve idols and to sacrifice others rather than speak the truth. This narrative is intentionally presented as a world-turned-upside-down and it would upset the balance of chaos for Levites to suddenly appear to rectify the situation.
Calculation of a scalar-isoscalar hadronic correlator

In an earlier work we calculated the continuum contribution to the hadronic current correlator for pseudoscalar and scalar-isovector currents. In this work we extend our considerations to the study of a scalar-isoscalar correlator of scalar operators. In this formalism we explore the distribution of $q\overline{q}$ strength as a function of energy. We perform a covariant random-phase approximation calculation of the scalar-isoscalar states using parameters that have been determined in earlier studies of pseudoscalar and vector mesons. The state of lowest energy that we find can be identified with the ${f}_{0}(980).$ We find very little $q\overline{q}$ strength for energies less than the energy of the ${f}_{0}(980).$ That suggests that the nonlinear sigma model is the model of choice, since there is no low-lying scalar state of $q\overline{q}$ character in our model. [The ${f}_{0}(400--1200),$ which now appears in the data tables, may be understood as a ``dynamically generated'' state that appears when one studies \ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi} scattering. In our analysis it is not a $q\overline{q}$ state. In the Nambu--Jona-Lasinio model, chiral symmetry requires the same interaction strength ${G}_{S}$ for scalar and pseudoscalar states. If we wished to obtain a scalar state at about 600 MeV, we would require a major violation of chiral symmetry, such that ${G}_{S}$ for scalar states would be about 50% larger than the value determined from our study of the pseudoscalar mesons.] We conclude that, except for certain limited applications that we have described in earlier work, the linear sigma model, which describes a low-energy $q\overline{q}$ state of mass of about 500--600 MeV, does not provide a correct description of the physical spectrum.
Thermal decomposition of energetic materials 53. Kinetics and mechanism of thermolysis of hexanitrohexazaisowurtzitane

The kinetics of thermal decomposition of hexanitrohexazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) were measured by the isothermal weight loss (TGA) and absorbance changes in the FTIR spectrum at 1 atm. Below 204°C, the initial 50% of decomposition follows the power rate expression k(T)(1 − α)n with n = 1, 2. The activation energy is 36.3 ± 0.6 kcal/mol and log A of 13.6 s−1 for n = 1. The data do not fit an autocatalytic decomposition model. Thermolysis in the 250°–400°C range was studied by the fast-heat-and-hold/FTIR technique. NNO2 homolysis dominates the decomposition rate in the lower temperature range and NO2 is the major gas product. Several later stage decomposition reactions of HNIW are proposed in light of the nature of the gas products, their concentration ratios as a function of temperature, and information on the residue. The NONO2 ratio shows that oxidation of the residue by NO2 becomes increasing important at higher temperatures.
Effects of convection electric field on the distribution of ring current type protons

The topology of the boundaries of penetration (or, inversely, the boundaries of the forbidden regions) of 90-deg pitch-angle equatorial protons with energies less than 100 keV are explored for an equatorial convection E-field which is directed in general from dawn to dusk. Due to the dependence of drift path on energy (or magnetic moment), complex structural features are expected in the proton energy spectra detected by satellites since the penetration distance of a proton is not a monotonically increasing or decreasing function of energy. During a storm when the convection E is enhanced, model calculations predict elongations of the forbidden regions analogous to tail extensions of the plasmasphere. Following a reduction in the convection field, spiral-structured forbidden regions can occur. Structural features inherent to large-scale convection field changes may be seen in the nose-like proton spectrograms observed near dusk by instrumentation on Explorer 45. These nose events are modelled by using an electric field model developed originally by Volland (1973). The strength of the field is related to the Kp index through night-time equatorial plasmapause measurements.
N-(2-Benzoylphenyl)-l-tyrosine PPARγ Agonists. 2. Structure−Activity Relationship and Optimization of the Phenyl Alkyl Ether Moiety

We previously reported the identification of (2S)-((2-benzoylphenyl)amino)-3-{4-[2-(5-methyl-2-phenyloxazol-4-yl)ethoxy]phenyl}propanoic acid (2) (PPARγ pKi = 8.94, PPARγ pEC50 = 9.47) as a potent and selective PPARγ agonist. We now report the expanded structure−activity relationship around the phenyl alkyl ether moiety by pursuing both a classical medicinal chemistry approach and a solid-phase chemistry approach for analogue synthesis. The solution-phase strategy focused on evaluating the effects of oxazole and phenyl ring replacements of the 2-(5-methyl-2-phenyloxazol-4-yl)ethyl side chain of 2 with several replacements providing potent and selective PPARγ agonists with improved aqueous solubility. Specifically, replacement of the phenyl ring of the phenyloxazole moiety with a 4-pyridyl group to give 2(S)-((2-benzoylphenyl)amino)-3-{4-[2-(5-methyl-2-pyridin-4-yloxazol-4-yl)ethoxy]phenyl}propionic acid (16) (PPARγ pKi = 8.85, PPARγ pEC50 = 8.74) or a 4-methylpiperazine to give 2(S)-((2-benzoylphenyl)amin...
Time-shift imaging condition for converted waves

A typical imaging condition for seismic reflection data involves source and receiver wavefield matching, e.g. by cross-correlation, at every image location. This statement is true no matter how the two wavefields are reconstructed, for example by one-way wavefield extrapolation, or two-way reverse-time extrapolation, or Kirchhoff integral methods. This statement is also true when the source and receiver wavefields are reconstructed using different velocity models, as is the case for imaging of converted waves. Angle-dependent reflectivity information can be extracted from the source and receiver wavefield by retaining multiple lags of the imaging cross-correlation, i.e. by analyzing the match of wavefields shifted relative to one-another. Wavefields can be shifted in space (3D) or in time (1D), and each shift method has an associated angle-decomposition method. This paper explores the various types of imaging condition using spaceand time-shifts and derives relations for angle decomposition for converted-wave imaging.
Human Rights at the United Nations 1955–85: The Question of Bias

Charges of bias and “double standards” at the United Nations, arising from the organization's “capture” by the Third World and the Soviets, are commonplace. I seek to investigate the empirical validity of such changes as applied to the organization's human rights work over the last thirty years. Bias in the selection of priority rights is examined through a quantitative study of the use of meeting time in both ECOSOC's Commission on Human Rights and the Third (Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural) Committee of the General Assembly. Bias in the selection of regimes to be scrutinized and condemned is explored by comparing the treatment given to South Africa, Israel, and Chile with that accorded regimes guilty of comparable or worse human rights violations. I find that there is considerable bias, and argue that it is one of the most important impediments to increasing the effectiveness of the United Nation's human rights work. There is, however, another, more appealing, side to the picture, and evidence of a modest but significant decline in bias in the eighties. The problem, therefore, would seem to be real, but neither fatal nor incurable.
Adverse influence of brand commitment on consideration of and preference for competing brands

This research investigates if commitment towards a target brand limits set size and preference towards competing brands in memory-based consideration sets across three situations: (1) situations in which the situational goal matches the benefit offered by the target brand; (2) situations in which the situational goal matches the benefit offered by a competitor brand; and (3) situations in which a new benefit is introduced in the category for the first time. Findings confirm the set size and preference biases of committed consumers against a competitor brand in the first two situations. However, in the third situation, committed consumers favorably or unfavorably view the competitor brand depending on whether it is the first brand to introduce the new benefit in the category. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Disk with the College Education.

(1982). The Disk with the College Education. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 89, No. 1, pp. 4-8.
The structure and performance of child abuse reporting systems

Abstract In recent years, serious questions have been raised about the performance of state child abuse reporting systems. These systems have come under increasing criticism as some say that too many unnecessary reports and investigations are being made, while others charge that many serious cases of abuse are never reported. This study provides a description of the different approaches to the design and operation of reporting systems throughout the country, examines the relation between variations in system design and performance measures, and analyzes the association among performance variables. The major findings indicate system design characteristics do not account for variance in reporting and substantiation rates; there is an inverse relationship between investigation and substantiation rates, and state poverty rates are a stronger predictor of child fatality rates than reporting system performance measures. The implications of these findings are discussed.
East‐West Joint Ventures in the USSR and China: A Comparative Study

The article discusses the commonalities and differences between the Soviet Union and China in the evolution of the philosophy and practical policy vis‐a‐vis joint ventures with the West. The comparative study is set against the background of the ongoing reform in both countries which seeks to integrate Soviet and Chinese economies into the world economic community. It is emphasised that the terms, impact on the overall economic situation, and prospects of joint ventures with the West in the USSR and China, are determined by the scale, scope and consistency of the implemented reforms which, in their turn, are dependent to a certain extent on the results of business co‐operation with Western firms.
Controlling the propagation of optical beams in photonic crystals

The anomalous dispersion of photonic crystals (PCs) has brought a range of possible applications in addition to their well-known photonic bandgap (PBG) applications. Unlike the PBG-based applications where the bandgap frequencies (and possibly defect modes in those regions) are involved, the primary physical mechanism of interest outside the PBG is propagation of waves inside the PC. To design novel optical devices using anomalous dispersion of PCs, we need to monitor the optical beam while it is propagating through the PC.
Sirolimus changes lipid concentrations and lipoprotein metabolism in kidney transplant recipients

Abstract Background Sirolimus (Rapammune, rapamycin, RAPA) is a strong immunosuppressive agent that reduces kidney transplant rejection. Hyperlipidemia is a significant side effect of sirolimus treatment and often leads to vascular disease. We have studied the repeatability, reversibility, and dose dependence of the plasma lipid and apoprotein changing effects of sirolimus and attempted to determine the mechanism by which sirolimus induces hypertriglyceridemia in some kidney transplant recipients. Methods Six patients with renal allografts maintained on cyclosporine A and prednisone were selected on the basis of their previous hyperlipidemic response to short-term (14 days) sirolimus administration. For longer-term treatment, each patient was started on 10 mg/d sirolimus and continued as tolerated for 42 days to reinduce hyperlipidemia. Timed blood samples were analyzed for lipid, apoprotein, and sirolimus levels. Results During sirolimus administration, mean total plasma cholesterol increased from 214 to 322 mg/dL (+50%); low density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels changed in a similar pattern. Mean triglyceride level rose from 227 to 432 mg/dL (+95%). ApoB-100 concentration rose from 124 to 160 mg/dL (+28%). ApoC-III level increased from 28.9 to 55.5 mg/dL (+92%). These lipid and apoprotein changes were found to be repeatable, reversible, and dose dependent. [13C4]-palmitate metabolic studies in four patients with hypertriglyceridemia indicated that the free fatty acid pool was expanded by sirolimus treatment (mean = 42.3%). Incorporation of [13C4]-palmitate into triglycerides of very low density lipoprotien, intermediate density lipoprotein, low density lipoproteins was decreased 38.3%, 42.1%, and 38.4%, respectively, by sirolimus treatment of these patients. Conclusions These results suggest that sirolimus alters the insulin signaling pathway so as to increase adipose tissue lipase activity, decrease lipoprotein lipase activity, or both, resulting in increased hepatic synthesis of triglyceride, increased secretion of VLDL, and increased hypertriglyceridemia.
Clinical Reasoning: A 23-year-old woman with paresthesias and weakness

A 23-year-old woman presented with a 6-month history of progressive left hand weakness associated with left ulnar distribution numbness and paresthesias. At the onset of these symptoms, she recalled shooting pain up and down the medial left forearm. She denied any neck pain. The patient had been diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) type 5a and appendicitis 9 months previously. At that time lumbar puncture and brain and spine MRI were negative for CNS involvement. A right Hickman catheter was placed. She was treated with cytarabine and idarubicin and was thought to be in complete remission after repeated bone marrow biopsies showed no blasts. No intrathecal chemotherapy was given. The appendicitis was treated for 1 month with moxifloxacin prior to an elective appendectomy. Bone marrow examination and peripheral blood smear were normal at the time of neurologic presentation. Questions for consideration: The evaluation of a patient with hand weakness, numbness, and paraesthesias would start with localizing the lesion. A lesion in the CNS, involving the contralateral precentral gyrus and anterior aspect of the postcentral gyrus,1 is highly unlikely, especially with the shooting pain up and down the medial left forearm. In the peripheral nervous system, radiculopathy, plexopathy, or a nerve lesion could be responsible for combined motor and sensory impairment in the hand. Minor repetitive trauma can cause nerve damage, resulting in carpal tunnel syndrome or ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. The radial, ulnar, or median nerve could have been damaged during the patient's recent surgery. Other causes of isolated neuropathy in this patient include a mononeuritis multiplex caused by blast cell infiltration of the left ulnar nerve. The brachial plexus may …
Mosaic tetraploidy in a two‐year‐old female

A 24-month-old female with severe physical and mental retardation is described. Peripheral lymphocytes demonstrated tetraploid/diploid mosaicism. That this does not represent an artifact in vitro was supported by the finding of buccal mucosal cells with two Barr bodies and tetraploid/diploid mosaicism in fibroblasts and bone marrow cells.
Quantitative techniques in isotope chronostratigraphy

Abstract Modern techniques of signal to noise identification are used with several Plio-Pleistocene δ 18 O records to quantify correlations between records and to reconstruct quantitative measures of paleo-oceanographic processes. A type δ 18 O record for the Plio-Pleistocene is constructed and used as a preliminary reference section against which other δ 18 O records are compared. Construction of the TYPE record and correlation methods involve: (1) interpolative filters, (2) semblance and coherence, (3) auto-correlation and cross-correlation in time, and (4) power spectra, cross spectra and spectral coherency in frequency. By using these quantitative techniques we minimize, and hopefully with ultimately remove, the subjectivity of visual correlation. We also demonstrate the need to interpret the records within the resolution constraints of each method of signal identification.
A receding horizon approach for dynamic UAV mission management

We consider a setting where multiple UAVs form a team cooperating to visit multiple targets to collect rewards associated with them. The team objective is to maximize the total reward accumulated over a given time interval. Complicating factors include uncertainties regarding the locations of targets and the effectiveness of collecting rewards, differences among vehicle capabilities, and the fact that rewards are time-varying. We describe a Receding Horizon (RH) control scheme which dynamically assigns vehicles to targets and simultaneously determines associated trajectories. This scheme is based on solving a sequence of optimization problems over a planning horizon and executing them over a shorter action horizon. We also describe a simulated battlespace environment designed to test UAV team missions and to illustrate how the RH scheme can achieve optimal performance with high probability.
An Investigation of MSW Practitioners' Use and Efficacy of Differential Practice Skills: Do They Follow Evidence-Based Practices?

Evidence-based practices (EBPs) are a major focus in social work and little is known about their use in practice settings. This article addresses a neglected aspect of empirical research regarding what social workers are doing in practice, with what types of clients, and whether these practices parallel the recommendations of EBPs. A cross-sectional survey (66% response rate) was sent to licensed social workers measuring client caseload composition, intervention skills, and perceived self-efficacy in use of practice skills. Preliminary results reveal that social workers are using EBPs for clients with mental health problems including anxiety, depression, and substance use disorders.
Ion acoustic turbulence in a 100-A LaB 6 hollow cathode

The temporal fluctuations in the near plume of a 100-A ${\mathrm{LaB}}_{6}$ hollow cathode are experimentally investigated. A probe array is employed to measure the amplitude and dispersion of axial modes in the plume, and these properties are examined parametrically as a function of cathode operating conditions. The onset of ion acoustic turbulence is observed at high current and is characterized by a power spectrum that exhibits a cutoff at low frequency and an inverse dependence on frequency at high values. The amplitude of the turbulence is found to decrease with flow rate but to depend nonmonotonically on discharge current. Estimates of the anomalous collision frequency based on experimental measurements indicate that the ion acoustic turbulence collision frequency can exceed the classical rate at high discharge current densities by nearly two orders of magnitude.
Psychiatric aspects of Behcet's syndrome.

Abstract Ten patients with Behcet's syndrome were studied to determine if emotional factors play a significant role in this condition. All patients were found to have severe character disorders. Major exacerbations of the somatic illness were associated in each case with situations which threatened the balance of role conflict inherent in patients' character style. Family history indicated a great deal of somatic concern and aggressiveness among the parents of our patients. Psychologic evaluation failed to reveal common psychodynamic issues, but suggested marked secondary depression, generalized distortion of body image, and in certain cases, cognitive impairement which was undetected on conventional mental status exam. Our evidence suggests that Behcet's disease has significant emotional concomitants both of an etiologic and secondary type. For some patients, there was a suggestion that both the emotional and somatic symptoms were manifestations of the same disease process.
Vasculitic neuropathy mimicking Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Vasculitic neuropathy classically manifests as a subacute mononeuritis multiplex or polyneuropathy. Patients with a Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS)-like presentation are usually not considered to have an underlying vasculitis. We describe 2 patients with rapidly progressive areflexic paralysis that was initially diagnosed as GBS, in whom vasculitic neuropathy was found histologically.
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy during pregnancy. Review of anesthetic management, surgical considerations.

Background: We present our experience with laparoscopic cholecystectomy in pregnant patients, with consideration of the physiological changes of pregnancy affecting anesthetic and surgical management.
Nutrition and disease resistance in fish

Abstract Disease resistance in fish encompasses a variety of mechanisms including maintenance of epithelial barriers and the mucus coat; nonspecific cellular factors such as phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils; nonspecific humoral factors such as lysozyme, complement, and transferrin; and specific humoral and cellular immunity. Numerous nutritional factors can significantly affect incidence and severity of a variety of infectious diseases. Individual micronutrients known to affect disease resistance include vitamins C, B 6 , E, and A and the minerals iron and fluoride. Macronutrient (protein, lipid, and carbohydrate) levels have not been critically evaluated. There are indications that certain fatty acids may be important factors in disease resistance. The potential for dietary enhancement of disease resistance in fish culture certainly exists. Before this can be achieved, more information is required on pathogenesis and specific resistance mechanisms involved in individual diseases, the specific effects of various nutrients, and how these effects are modulated by other dietary components and environmental factors.
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation. An overview and its application in the treatment of sports injuries.

In sports medicine, neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has been used for muscle strengthening, maintenance of muscle mass and strength during prolonged periods of immobilisation, selective muscle retraining, and the control of oedema. A wide variety of stimulators, including the burst-modulated alternating current (‘Russian stimulator’), twin-spiked monophasic pulsed current and biphasic pulsed current stimulators, have been used to produce these effects.
Atomic exchange processes in sputter deposition of Pt on Pt(111)

Abstract We have conducted a theoretical study of atomic exchange processes occurring as Pt atoms are deposited on a Pt(111) surface. Using an embedded atom method type interaction potential, we have systematically sampled sites atop a heptamer and at straight A and B type steps to correlate incident atom energy and regions of impact with the probability of ‘push-out’ events, where deposited atoms displace peripheral island atoms. Push-out events lead to incorporation of the incident atom in the growing layer and, thereby, can contribute to layer-by-layer growth if islands are small enough. We find the probability of push-out events to be large for incident energy typical for sputter deposition, 10 and 20 eV. To some extent the 20 eV incident energy also results in detrimental effects, such as displacement of surface atoms (interface mixing), vacancy formation, and displacement of island atoms to positions atop the growing layer, promoting multilayer growth. We have evaluated the minimum energy paths and activation energy barriers for several representative exchange processes observed in the simulations. The calculated activation energy is surprisingly low, typically in the range of 0.6–0.8 eV, even for processes involving displacements of multiple atoms.
Influence of parathyroid function upon the in vitro transport of calcium and phosphate by the rat intestine.

The effects of thyroparathyroidectomy (TX-PTX), parathyroid ectomy (PTX) and the administration of parathyroid extract (PTE) on the in vitro intestinal transport of calcium and phosphate were studied. The everted intestinal loop preparations were made at a time when the animals had recovered from surgical trauma and were gaining weight. Active transport of both calcium and phosphate by rat small intestine in vitro was reduced by TX-PTX and PTX and the transport of these ions was restored to normal by the administration of PTE to the TX-PTX rats. Injection of PTE did not increase calcium or phosphate transport by intestinal loops obtained from control thyroidectomized or sham operated rats with normal parathyroid function. These findings are consistent with the theory that parathyroid hormone augments the active transport of both calcium and phosphate by the epithelium of small intestine. The effect on phosphate transport may be secondary to increased uptake of calcium by intestinal epithelium under the in...
Experimental and Theoretical Studies on a High Pressure Monoclinic Phase of Ammonia Borane

The effect of pressure on the structure of ammonia borane NH3BH3 (AB) was investigated using a combination of high pressure X-ray diffraction (XRD) and density functional theory (DFT). In situ XRD was performed up to 15.0 GPa at room temperature in a diamond anvil cell, and two first-order phase transitions were observed at 1.6 and 12.9 GPa. The ambient pressure I4mm structure transformed into the high pressure Cmc21 phase at 1.6 GPa, and then experienced a second-order isostructural phase transition at 5 GPa, and further developed into a monoclinic P21 (Z = 4) phase at 12.9 GPa. The structure of the high pressure P21 phase was solved by powder diffraction data and further optimized using DFT calculations. The high pressure phase transitions were found to be reversible upon releasing pressure. The behavior of the N–H···H–B dihydrogen bonding framework, inter- and intramolecular interactions at high pressure was also investigated. The origin of the phase transition at 12.9 GPa is attributed to the reorgani...
Commentary on "Expansions for Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues of large- Toeplitz Matrices"

A Commentary on the paper by L. P. Kadanoff [Pap. Phys. 2, 020003 (2010)]. Received: 29 September 2010, Accepted: 4 October 2010; Edited by: A. G. Green; DOI: 10.4279/PIP.020004
Limonin 7-methoxime interferes with Escherichia coli biofilm formation and attachment in type 1 pili and antigen 43 dependent manner

Abstract Citrus limonoids were reported to inhibit autoinducer-mediated bacterial cell–cell signaling, Escherichia coli O157:H7 biofilms and the Type III secretion system. The goal of the present study was to understand the effect of specific modifications in limonin molecule on cell–cell signaling inhibitory activity. The limonin was modified into de-furan limonin, limonin 7-oxime, limonin 7-methoxime. The modified limonoids were examined for their cell–cell signaling and biofilm inhibitory properties. The results of the study suggest that the furan ring and C-7 substitutions were important structural features in the limonin molecule to inhibit cell–cell signaling and biofilm formation in Vibrio harveyi. The C-7 modifications of limonin showed increased potency to inhibit the E. coli biofilm. Furthermore, the data indicates that limonin 7-methoxime reduced the attachment of E. coli to plastic surface by interacting with type 1 pili and Ag43. In addition, limonin 7-methoxime seems to reduce the adhesion of E. coli to spinach leaves and colon epithelial cells.
Innovation and market strategy in Italian industrial cooperatives: Econometric evidence on organizational comparative advantage

Abstract This paper argues that more than one type of organizational form can be simultaneously efficient within an industry when differentiation in product qualities are significant. Firms with some exogenous or persistent component to their organizational structure will specialize in product qualities for which their organizational structure puts them at an advantage relative to other firms. This framework is used in an empirical study of innovation and market strategy of industrial cooperatives. Results of management surveys of Italian cooperatives on company strategy are combined with company financial data to test the hypothesis that industrial cooperatives will hold organizational comparative advantages in innovative activity which stresses the production knowledge of ordinary employees, in high quality products, and in the use of specialized corporate alliances. Strong evidence supporting the hypotheses are found when the performance of the firm is measured by its profitability and income per member.
Characteristics of persons with marked hypocholesterolemia. A population-based study.

Because of recent heightened epidemiologic interest in persons with very low cholesterol levels, we compared men and women at the lowest and middle deciles of plasma cholesterol in a large population study for multiple sociologic, biologic, and medical attributes. Two sex-specific age groups were studied, 30-54 years and 55-79 years. In general, comparisons between deciles for each of these four age-sex groups revealed only minor differences for demographic variables; systolic or diastolic blood pressure; fasting plasma glucose; weight; height; obesity; cigarette smoking; dietary eggs or milk; medications for hypertension, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, or hyperlipidemia; family history of myocardial infarction, diabetes, or stroke; and personal history of myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, hypertension, or stroke. Thus, the lowest and the middle deciles of plasma cholesterol in this population shared similar sociologic, biologic, and medical profiles. One unexpected finding was somewhat more diabetics in the lowest decile , and greater obesity and triglyceride levels in the lowest decile diabetics compared to either lowest decile non-diabetics or middle decile diabetics, perhaps suggesting a metabolically distinct subset.
Studies of small intestine during development. I. Distribution and activity of beta-galactosidase.

Abstract s-Galactosidase has been studied in the intestine of the developing rat and rabbit using both lactose and o -nitrophenyl- s -galactoside as substrates. In the small intestine of rat and human, enzymic activity was maximal in the jejunum, with activity moderate in the duodenum and ileum, minimal in the cecum and absent in the stomach. The intestinal mucosa of the rabbit has been shown to contain two s-galactosidases a particulate enzyme which hydrolyzes both substrates and a soluble enzyme which splits only o -nitrophenyl- s -galactoside. Also, in rat intestine two enzymes are present, but the soluble enzyme has a low pH optimum and approximately equal affinity for both substrates whereas the more active particulate enzyme has a pH optimum near 6 and hydrolyzes lactose much more rapidly than o -nitrophenyl- s -galactoside. The s-galactosidase of human intestine appears to be associated with the particulate fractions of the cell and has considerably more activity towards lactose than o -nitrophenyl- s -galactoside. The hypothesis that s-galactosidase in the fetal intestine is induced by circulating lactose is not supported by the evidence presented.
A highway and a crossroads: Island Southeast Asia and culture contact archaeology

Island Southeast Asia has several distinctive elements of its archaeological and documentary record that make it a particularly fertile region in which to further explore and develop theories of culture contact and cross-cultural interaction. In contrast to the traditional view of other regions, such as pre-European contact North America, archaeologists have always seen Island Southeast Asia as a zone of cross-cultural interaction, or as a passageway for migrations to other areas. Despite this potential, the region remains relatively under-explored archaeologically, and problems of cross-cultural interaction have not been the orientation for most of the archaeological research that has been done. There are several possible explanations for this relative lack of focus: this paper will review several case studies that demonstrate how additional research can contribute to general theory about the interaction of human social groups.
Alpha-protocadherins are presynaptic and axonal in nicotinic pathways.

Abstract The protocadherin families pcdh-α, β, and γ have been proposed to mediate synaptic specificity via homophilic interactions. Here we report isolation of two pcdh-α family members from chick. We find pcdh-α mRNA in multiple regions of chick CNS including cerebellum, tectum, olfactory bulb, and forebrain, and in the autonomic nervous system. Immunoblots identify major components of 120 and 140 kDa both in brain and ciliary ganglion extracts. Immunohistochemistry reveals pcdh-αs in axons and perisynaptically in preganglionic terminals, adjacent to transmitter release sites. Pcdh-αs appear to be absent from postsynaptic sites: They are nonoverlapping with postsynaptic receptor clusters in the ganglion and are rapidly lost after ganglionic denervation. Similar pcdh-α patterns are found in motor axons and at neuromuscular junctions of birds and mammals, and persist into adulthood. The results indicate that pcdh-αs are widely expressed in nicotinic cholinergic pathways and may engage in heterophilic interactions at synapses and on axons.
Smallmouth Bass Culture in Texas

(1983). Smallmouth Bass Culture in Texas. The Progressive Fish-Culturist: Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 169-171.
Implementation of the first worldwide quality assurance program for cystic fibrosis multiple mutation detection in population-based screening.

Background CDC's Newborn Screening Quality Assurance Program collaborated with several U.S. Cystic Fibrosis Care Centers to collect specimens for development of a molecular CFTR proficiency testing program using dried-blood spots for newborn screening laboratories.
Stone formation and management after bariatric surgery

Obesity is a significant health concern and is associated with an increased risk of nephrolithiasis, particularly in women. The underlying pathophysiology of stone formation in obese patients is thought to be related to insulin resistance, dietary factors, and a lithogenic urinary profile. Uric acid stones and calcium oxalate stones are common in these patients. Use of surgical procedures for obesity (bariatric surgery) has risen over the past two decades. Although such procedures effectively manage obesity-dependent comorbidities, several large, controlled studies have revealed that modern bariatric surgeries increase the risk of nephrolithiasis by approximately twofold. In patients who have undergone bariatric surgery, fat malabsorption leads to hyperabsorption of oxalate, which is exacerbated by an increased permeability of the gut to oxalate. Patients who have undergone bariatric surgery show characteristic 24 h urine parameters including low urine volume, low urinary pH, hypocitraturia, hyperoxaluria and hyperuricosuria. Prevention of stones with dietary limitation of oxalate and sodium and a high intake of fluids is critical, and calcium supplementation with calcium citrate is typically required. Potassium citrate is valuable for treating the common metabolic derangements as it raises urinary pH, enhances the activity of stone inhibitors, reduces the supersaturation of calcium oxalate, and corrects hypokalaemia. Both pyridoxine and probiotics have been shown in small studies to reduce hyperoxaluria, but further study is necessary to clarify their effects on stone morbidity in the bariatric surgery population.
The Reader's Repentance: Women Preachers, Women Writers, and Nineteenth-Century Social Discourse

"A woman preaching is like a dog walking on its hind legs," Dr. Johnson pronounced. "It is not done well; but you are surprised to find it done at all." The prejudice embodied in this remark has persisted over time, impeding any proper assessment of the female preaching tradition and its role in shaping social and literary discourse. "The Reader's Repentance" recovers this tradition, and in doing so revises the history of nineteenth-century women's writing. Christine L. Krueger persuasively argues that Evangelical Christianity, by assuming the spiritual equality of women and men and the moral superiority of middle-class women, opened a space for the linguistic empowerment of women and fostered the emergence of women orators and writers who, in complex and contradictory ways, became powerful public figures. In the light of unpublished or long out-of-print writing by eighteenth- and nineteenth-century women preachers, Krueger shows how these women drew on religious language to critique forms of male domination, promote female political power, establish communities of women, and, most significantly, feminize social discourse. She traces the legacy of these preachers through the work of writers as diverse as Hannah More, Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna, Elizabeth Gaskell, and George Eliot women who, despite political differences, shared an evangelical strategy for placing women's concerns on the social agenda of their time. Documenting and analyzing the tradition of women's preaching as a powerful and distinctly feminist force in the development of nineteenth-century social fiction, "The Reader's Repentance" reconstitutes a significant chapter in the history of women and culture. This original work will be of interest to students of women's history, literature, and eighteenth- and nineteenth-century society."
Pearling and Political Power in the Trucial States, 1850–1930: Debts, Taxes, and Politics

AbstractThe political ramifications of debt are often ignored in favor of looking at the economic problems or social ills that accompanied the accumulation of debts. This article examines how political power and debt are intertwined, pushing the discussion beyond a simple dichotomy of debt being good or bad. Subjects' accumulated debts could both harm and help a ruler cement his own power or destabilize a neighbor's. Pearling provides an excellent lens through which to understand the necessity of debt. Using the examples of tax collection and debt absconding, this article explores the ways that debts affected rulers' abilities to rule effectively and how debt became a pawn in the accumulation of authority in the Trucial States (now the United Arab Emirates) during 1850–1930.
Detecting independent and recurrent copy number aberrations using interval graphs

Motivation: Somatic copy number aberrations (SCNAs) are frequent in cancer genomes, but many of these are random, passenger events. A common strategy to distinguish functional aberrations from passengers is to identify those aberrations that are recurrent across multiple samples. However, the extensive variability in the length and position of SCNAs makes the problem of identifying recurrent aberrations notoriously difficult. Results: We introduce a combinatorial approach to the problem of identifying independent and recurrent SCNAs, focusing on the key challenging of separating the overlaps in aberrations across individuals into independent events. We derive independent and recurrent SCNAs as maximal cliques in an interval graph constructed from overlaps between aberrations. We efficiently enumerate all such cliques, and derive a dynamic programming algorithm to find an optimal selection of non-overlapping cliques, resulting in a very fast algorithm, which we call RAIG (Recurrent Aberrations from Interval Graphs). We show that RAIG outperforms other methods on simulated data and also performs well on data from three cancer types from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). In contrast to existing approaches that employ various heuristics to select independent aberrations, RAIG optimizes a well-defined objective function. We show that this allows RAIG to identify rare aberrations that are likely functional, but are obscured by overlaps with larger passenger aberrations. Availability: http://compbio.cs.brown.edu/software. Contact: braphael@brown.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Minimally invasive image-guided cochlear implantation for pediatric patients: clinical feasibility study.

ObjectiveMinimally invasive image-guided cochlear implantation (CI) involves accessing the cochlea via a linear path from the lateral skull to the cochlea avoiding vital structures including the facial nerve. Herein, we describe and demonstrate the feasibility of the technique for pediatric patients.Study DesignProspective.SettingChildren’s Hospital.Subjects and MethodsThirteen pediatric patients (1.5 to 8 years) undergoing traditional CI participated in this Institutional Review Board–approved study. Three fiducial markers were bone-implanted surrounding the ear, and a CT scan was acquired. The CT scan was processed to identify the marker locations and critical structures of the temporal bone. A safe linear path was determined to target the cochlea avoiding damage to vital structures. A custom microstereotactic frame was fabricated that would mount on the fiducial markers and constrain a tool to the desired trajectory. After traditional mastoidectomy and prior to cochleostomy, the custom microstereotacti...
Multiscale representations for manifold-valued data

We describe multiscale representations for data observed on equispaced grids and taking values in manifolds such as the sphere $S^2$, the special orthogonal group $SO(3)$, the positive definite matrices $SPD(n)$, and the Grassmann manifolds $G(n,k)$. The representations are based on the deployment of Deslauriers--Dubuc and average-interpolating pyramids "in the tangent plane" of such manifolds, using the $Exp$ and $Log$ maps of those manifolds. The representations provide "wavelet coefficients" which can be thresholded, quantized, and scaled in much the same way as traditional wavelet coefficients. Tasks such as compression, noise removal, contrast enhancement, and stochastic simulation are facilitated by this representation. The approach applies to general manifolds but is particularly suited to the manifolds we consider, i.e., Riemannian symmetric spaces, such as $S^{n-1}$, $SO(n)$, $G(n,k)$, where the $Exp$ and $Log$ maps are effectively computable. Applications to manifold-valued data sources of a geometric nature (motion, orientation, diffusion) seem particularly immediate. A software toolbox, SymmLab, can reproduce the results discussed in this paper.