cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Creep Behavior of Geocell-Reinforced Recycled Asphalt Pavement Bases

AbstractThe use of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) materials for roadway construction is a sustainable approach and has received more attention in the recent years. However, permanent deformation, or rutting, is one of the concerns in the use of RAP as a base course due to traffic loading and creep deformation. To minimize the creep deformation, use of a novel polymeric alloy (NPA) geocell was proposed to confine the RAP. One tensile creep test was conducted at a room temperature of approximately 25°C to investigate the creep behavior of the geocell. Nineteen static plate-loading tests were conducted at a room temperature using a medium-sized loading system to evaluate the applied vertical stress-displacement response, the creep strain—time relationship, and the factors influencing the creep deformations of RAP bases. In order to verify the repeatability of the test method, two repeated creep tests were conducted. Well-graded aggregate cover was used in place of the RAP cover to investigate the cover effe...
PvALF and FUS3 activate expression from the phaseolin promoter by different mechanisms

Transcription from the phaseolin (phas) promoter requires two major events: chromatin remodeling, mediated by PvALF, a B3 domain factor, and activation by an ABA-induced signal transduction cascade. Expression from phas is normally seed-specific, but high levels of expression in leaves can be obtained by ectopic expression of PvALF. Here, the system was used to compare the ability of PvALF and Arabidopsis FUS3, another B3 domain transcription factor that lacks the N-terminal activation and B1 domain present in PvALF, to activate phas expression in vegetative tissues. When compared to PvALF-mediated phas activation in the presence of ABA, a delay in phas activation was observed in the presence of both FUS3 and ABA in vegetative tissue. Significant differences in histone modifications at the phas promoter were mediated by FUS3 and PvALF, suggesting that they function through different epigenetic mechanisms. The relationship between PvALF and ABI5, a bZIP transcription factor, in mediating phas expression was also evaluated. Interestingly, over-expression of ABI5 rendered phas expression ABA-independent in the presence of PvALF. Changes in phas activity in different regions within seed embryos were demonstrated using abi5 mutants. Our results show that (1) redundant factors, such as PvALF and FUS3, employ different mechanisms to regulate their common target gene (phas); (2) ABI5, and possibly other redundant bZIP factors, act downstream of ABA in modulating phas expression in the presence of PvALF.
Occurrence of hemophilia in the United States

An active surveillance system was used to identify all residents with hemophilia in six U.S. states (Colorado, Georgia, Louisiana, Massachusetts, New York, and Oklahoma). A hemophilia case was defined as a person with physician-diagnosed hemophilia A or B and/or a measured baseline factor VIII or IX activity (FA) of 30% or less. Case-finding methods included patient reports from physicians, clinical laboratories, hospitals, and hemophilia treatment centers. Once identified, trained data abstractors collected clinical and outcome data retrospectively from medical records. Among cases identified in 1993-1995, 2,743 were residents of the six states in 1994, of whom 2,156 (79%) had hemophilia A. Of those with available FA measurements, 1,140 (43%) had severe (FA < 1%), 684 (26%) had moderate (FA 1%-5%), and 848 (31%) had mild (FA 6%-30%) disease. The mean and median age was 25.4 and 23 years, respectively. The age-adjusted prevalence of hemophilia in all six states in 1994 was 13.4 cases/100,000 males (10.5 for hemophilia A and 2.9 for B). The prevalence by race/ethnicity was 13.2 cases/100,000 among white, 11.0 among African American, and 11.5 among Hispanic males. Application of age-specific prevalence rates from the six surveillance states to the U.S. population resulted in an estimated national population of 13,320 cases of hemophilia A and 3,640 cases of hemophilia B. For the 10-year period 1982-1991, the average incidence of hemophilia A and B in the hemophilia surveillance system (HSS) states was estimated to be 1 in 5,032 live male births.
Treatment Options in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: Focus on mTOR Inhibitors

The agents currently approved for use in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) can be divided broadly into two categories: (1) vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-directed therapies or (2) inhibitors of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). The latter category includes everolimus and temsirolimus, both approved for distinct indications in mRCC. Everolimus gained its approval on the basis of phase III data showing a benefit in progression-free survival relative to placebo in patients previously treated with sunitinib and/or sorafenib. In contrast, temsirolimus was approved on the basis of a phase III trial in treatment-naive patients with poor-risk mRCC, demonstrating an improvement in overall survival relative to interferon-alfa. While these pivotal trials have created unique positions for everolimus and temsirolimus in current clinical algorithms, the role of mTOR inhibitors in mRCC is being steadily revised and expanded through ongoing trials testing novel sequences and combinations. The clinical development of mTOR inhibitors is outlined herein.
Streamlining the conversion of biomass to polyesters: bicyclic monomers with continuous flow

A three-step transformation of 1,4-cyclohexadiene (1,4-CHD) using continuous flow produced an aliphatic bicyclic monomer for polyester synthesis. The monomer synthesis involved catalytic alkene isomerization of 1,4-CHD to 1,3-CHD using a heterogeneous Na2O/Na/Al2O3 catalyst, a Diels Alder reaction with maleic anhydride, and hydrogenation of the bicyclic monomer. A partially continuous strategy was compared with a fully continuous method. The continuous flow process streamlined the transformation of waste by-product biomass by minimizing workup procedures and reducing the synthesis time from ∼1 day for batch processes to ∼2.5 h. The monomer synthesis was easily scalable and allowed recycling of the catalysts for alkene isomerization and hydrogenation. The resulting bicyclic monomers were polymerized with glycerol and 1,4-butanediol (BDO) to obtain renewable polyesters with high thermal stability and tunable glass transition temperatures.
Peripheral benzodiazepine receptor imaging in CNS demyelination: functional implications of anatomical and cellular localization

The peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) has been used as a sensitive marker to visualize and measure glial cell activation associated with various forms of brain injury and inflammation. Previous studies have shown that increased PBR levels following brain injury are specific to areas expressing activated glial cells. However, the contribution of glial cell types responsible for the increases in PBR levels following brain injury is not well defined. In the present study, we used a murine model of cuprizone‐induced demyelination to broaden the application of PBR as a marker of brain injury and to validate the relationship between PBR levels and glial cell types. C57BL/6J mice were maintained on a cuprizone‐containing or control diet and sacrificed at specific time points after initiation of treatment. Quantitative autoradiography of the PBR‐selective ligand [3H]‐( R )‐PK11195 and [125I]‐( R )‐PK11195 showed that increased PBR levels were associated with the degree of demyelination assessed by Black–Gold histochemistry and activation of glial cells assessed by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunohistochemistry for astrocytes and CD11b (Mac‐1) for microglia. Our findings indicate that brain PBR levels increased as a function of dose and duration of cuprizone treatment and it was detectable prior to observable demyelination. Increased PBR levels were associated with the degree of demyelination and temporal activation of glial cell types in different anatomical regions. In the corpus striatum, we found a close anatomical correlation between microglial activation and increased PBR levels in demyelinating fibre tracts. In the deep cerebellar nuclei, the temporal increases in PBR paralleled demyelination and microglia and astrocyte activation. On the other hand, in the corpus callosum there was an apparent temporal shift in the increase in PBR levels by different glial cell types from an early and predominantly microglial contribution to a late microglial and astrocytic response. High‐resolution emulsion autoradiography of [3H]‐( R )‐PK11195 binding to PBR coupled with GFAP or Mac‐1 immunohistochemistry showed that demyelination‐induced increases in PBR levels were co‐localized to both microglia and astrocytes. These findings support the notion that PBR is a sensitive and specific marker for the in vitro and in vivo visualization and quantification of neuropathological changes in the brain.
Analyzing concurrency bugs using dual slicing

Recently, there has been much interest in developing analyzes to detect concurrency bugs that arise because of data races, atomicity violations, execution omission, etc. However, determining whether reported bugs are in fact real, and understanding how these bugs lead to incorrect behavior, remains a labor-intensive process. This paper proposes a novel dynamic analysis that automatically produces the causal path of a concurrent failure leading from the root cause to the failure. Given two schedules, one inducing the failure and the other not, our technique collects traces of the two executions, and compares them to identify salient differences. The causal relation between the differences is disclosed by leveraging a novel slicing algorithm called dual slicing that slices both executions alternatively and iteratively, producing a slice containing trace differences from both runs. Our experiments show that dual slices tend to be very small, often an order of magnitude or more smaller than the corresponding dynamic slices; more importantly, they enable precise analysis of real concurrency bugs for large programs, with reasonable overhead.
Study on siloxane‐modified polyurethane dispersions from various polydimethylsiloxanes

In this work, various polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) are incorporated with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid (DMPA), and poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO) by the prepolymer process to synthesize a series of siloxane-modified polyurethane dispersions (PUDs) with 35 wt % solid content, viscosities of 20–100 cps, and particle sizes of 40–130 nm. Hydrophobic PDMS was introduced into the PU chain either based on random distribution or through the block segment arrangement. We also establish the composition-property relationship of PDMS-PUD, which includes PDMS's type and molecular weight and PDMS-PUD film's contact angle and mechanical property. The tensile strength of PDMS-PUD film is decreased with increasing amount of PDMS. Scanning electron microscopy for chemical element analysis indicated that PDMS migrated to the surface much more easily in the block arrangement than in the random distribution. Also, some PDMS-PUD films show a peau-like surface, so their PUDs are considered promising to be used in processes for textiles. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3482–3490, 2005
Instantaneous Bandwidth of Counter-Phase Optical Interference Cancellation for RF Communications

We describe an important second-order effect in the counter-phase optical interference cancellation system [also referred to as the opto-cancellation system (OCS)]. The uniformity of signal cancellation provided by the OCS, across a nonzero instantaneous bandwidth, is limited due to Vπ mismatches in the electro-optic modulators comprising the system. The effect of these mismatches on the cancellation is examined quantitatively.
NSF advisory group pushes multidisciplinary environmental research and education

The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) should use some of its anticipated new funding to pursue multidisciplinary environmental projects over the coming decade, according to a report issued on 8 January by the group's Advisory Committee for Environmental Research and Education. The committee recommended that new grants be provided during the next 10 years for inter-disciplinary researchers working across the scientific and engineering disciplines who focus on integrated research themes, like biocomplexity cyber-infrastructure, and coupled physical systems.
Audience Duplication and Its Determinants:A Study in the Multi-channel and Multi-culture Television Market in Guangzhou

This study examines audience duplication, the extent to which the audience of one program also watches the other, and its determinants. Using peoplemeter data from Guangzhou, a multichannel and multicultural television market in China, the study tests the intertwining effects of media structural factors and audience preference factors on audience duplication levels of program pairs. The results show significant effects of the two types of factors. A regression model was established in which these two types of factors together explained 59% of the total variance in audience duplication.
Modification of the standard Trizol-based technique improves the integrity of RNA isolated from RNase-rich placental tissue.

Preservation of RNA integrity is important in microarray techniques for identifying differentially expressed genes so that results reflect true biological differences and not differences in RNA degradation (1). RNA degradation is usually low in RNA isolated from cultured cells (2). When samples isolated from RNase-rich tissues are used, however, RNA degradation may introduce bias (3)(4). RNA extraction using Trizol (Invitrogen Life Technologies) is a common procedure in microarray experiments. Tissue homogenization at room temperature (15–25 °C), as specified in the manufacturer’s protocol, generates heat that may increase RNase activity. When snap-frozen tissue pieces are processed, only the outer surfaces are initially in contact with Trizol, and RNase activity in the deeper regions could adversely affect RNA integrity. We modified the Trizol protocol by ( a ) performing homogenization of frozen placental specimens in cold Trizol on wet ice (0–4 °C), ( b ) limiting homogenization time to 30-s intervals for up to 1.5 min to minimize heat generation at the expense of complete tissue disruption, and ( c ) pelleting cellular debris at 12 000 g for 10 min at 4 °C rather than at room temperature (see the Supplemental Methods section in the Data Supplement that accompanies the online version of this Letter at http://www.clinchem.org/content/vol52/issue1/). Using capillary electrophoresis [RNA …
Wavelength and Metal Dependence in the Photofragmentation of a Gas-Phase Lanthanide β-Diketonate Complex

The time-of-flight mass spectra of tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato) lanthanide(III) [or Ln(thd)3 with Ln = Eu, Tb, Gd] produced by laser-induced multiphoton ionization in a supersonic expansion were studied as a function of laser excitation wavelength. Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI), monitoring the Eu(I) ion signal from gas-phase Eu(thd)3, was observed in three distinct visible-excitation regions, corresponding to electronic absorption transitions on neutral Eu(0) atoms. The confirmation of the presence of Eu(0) atoms in the beam supports the proposed mechanism for the production of Ln atoms through sequential dissociation of neutral thd ligands from the metal following photoexcitation into ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) states. Evidence is also presented that the LnO+ and LnOH+ fragments observed in the mass spectrum are produced via a separate, competing fragmentation pathway. The branching ratios between the two fragmentation pathways are compared for Ln(thd)3 (Ln...
Effects of a dielectric coating on leaky-wave long-slot waveguide antennas

A theoretical and experimental study is made of the effects of a dielectric of arbitrary thickness, permittivity, and loss tangent upon the aperture field distributions and the far-field radiation pattern characteristics of long-slot leaky-wave antennas cut on the broadwall of a rectangular waveguide and mounted in an infinite ground plane. The relevant integral equations for determining the aperture fields are developed and then solved using the moment method. Expressions for the far-field radiation patterns and isolation responses are developed. Calculated and experimental results for several antennas are presented and discussed.
Developing Countries Lag Behind the US and UK in Contributing to Institutional Repository Literature

A Review of: Bhardwaj, R. K. (2014). Institutional repository literature: A bibliometric analysis. Science &Technology Libraries, 33(2), 185-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0194262X.2014.906018 Abstract Objective – Quantify the IR literature across the world by identifying countries with relatively high concentration of articles, describing the distribution of the literature by language, author (institutional and individual), journal, and examining characteristics such as the transformative activity index, and authorship and citation patterns. Design – This exploratory study of the literature used several bibliometric research methods to describe patterns and identify highly represented articles, authors, institutions, and journals. Setting – The Library and Information Science Abstracts database. Subjects – 436 articles from 118 journals. Methods – Research articles and review papers published through December 31, 2012, were identified by searching Library and Information Science Abstracts (LISA). Citation data for the 436 articles selected was gathered from LISA and Scopus. Main Results – The 436 articles from 118 journals had publication dates from 2001 through 2012, originated from 68 countries in 19 languages, and had authors affiliated with 159 institutions. The greatest number of institutional repository articles were published in 2011 while year-to-year growth was greatest from 2005-2006. Most highly represented were the United States and the United Kingdom, followed by India, Australia, and Spain. Twenty publishers were responsible for nearly half of the selected articles. The top four journals included OCLC Systems & Services, D-Lib Magazine, Serials Review, and Library Hi Tech. D-Lib Magazine alone published seven of the top 20 most cited articles. While most articles were written by a single author, the majority of the multiple author articles came from developed countries. Citation analysis reveals that the 436 articles were cited 2,071 times, for an average of 4.8 citations per article. However, 147 articles received no citations. The five most prolific authors were Elizabeth Yakel, Kim Jihyun, Karen Markey, Jingfeng Xia, and Sarika Sawant. Conclusion – The author concludes that developing countries lag behind in establishing and publishing on institutional repositories and suggests that more authors will deposit in IR in the future. A proposed role for LIS professionals is to communicate the objectives, values, and principles behind institutional repositories.
Future directions and challenges for ETox flash memory scaling

The physical and electrical scaling challenges for ETox/spl trade/ Flash memory, including reliability considerations, will be reviewed with potential directions for solutions identified. As Flash scales into the sub-100-nm regime, challenges arise due to the high voltage/field requirement of the programming and erase mechanisms and the stringent charge storage requirement of the dielectrics. These challenges will be overcome with innovations in new materials, new cell structures, and memory error management. Using these techniques will extend the viability of Flash memory to at least the 45-nm generation.
Computer-aided design of window functions for FIR filters

Linear programming is utilized to determine optimum window coefficients which depend on not only the length of the filter but also the specifications of the desired filter. With an appropriate choice of the prototype filter used to derive the initial infinite impulse response, it is demonstrated experimentally that the method can achieve design specifications with shorter length than can be obtained using the Kaiser window method. It is also shown that the performance of the proposed method is the same as that of the Parks-McClellan algorithm. >
NKT Cell Ligand Recognition Logic: Molecular Basis for a Synaptic Duet and Transmission of Inflammatory Effectors

NKT cells that express the semi-invariant TCR are innate-like lymphocytes whose functions are regulated by self and foreign glycolipid ligands presented by the Ag-presenting, MHC class I-like molecule CD1d. Activation of NKT cells in vivo results in rapid release of copious amounts of effector cytokines and chemokines with which they regulate innate and adaptive immune responses to pathogens, certain types of cancers, and self-antigens. The nature of CD1d-restricted ligands, the manner in which they are recognized, and the unique effector functions of NKT cells suggest an immunoregulatory role for this T cell subset. Their ability to respond fast and our ability to steer NKT cell cytokine response to altered lipid ligands make them an important target for vaccine design and immunotherapies against autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes our current understanding of CD1d-restricted ligand recognition by NKT cells and how these innate-like lymphocytes regulate inflammation.
Shoulder arthroplasty in New York State, 1991 to 2010: changing patterns of utilization.

Background Shoulder arthroplasty is now used to treat an expanding variety of glenohumeral disorders. Methods This study assessed the demographic patterns and utilization rates of shoulder hemiarthroplasty (HA) and anatomic or reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) within New York State (NYS) from 1991 to 2010. Using the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System database, all shoulder arthroplasty procedures that occurred within NYS during the study period were retrospectively identified and analyzed. Results During the 20-year period, 24,040 shoulder arthroplasty procedures were performed. During the second decade (2001-2010), there was a 393% increase in utilization of TSA with a 98% increase in HA. This disproportionate increase is likely due to the introduction and expanding indications of reverse TSA as an effective procedure in place of HA for the treatment of proximal humerus fractures and rotator cuff arthropathy, as rotator cuff arthropathy as a primary indication for HA was significantly less prevalent in period 2. Also notable was an identifiable disparity in race; whites represented approximately 80% of the shoulder arthroplasty procedures in both decades, whereas African Americans made up Discussion It is clear that the volume of shoulder arthroplasty procedures performed in NYS is increasing, mirroring the national experience. This trend reflects the expanding indications, the general success of these procedures, the aging demographic of our population, and a greater desire and willingness of patients to consider operative management to maintain or to improve quality of life.
End-fire echo area of long, thin bodies

The echo area resulting from traveling waves excited on the surface of long, thin bodies is considered. A means of predicting this echo area on the basis of antenna theory is derived. Computed and measured values are compared for a long wire, an ogive, and a shorted polyrod.
Specificity and sensitivity of dynamic posturography. A retrospective analysis.

(1991). Specificity and Sensitivity of Dynamic Posturography: A Retrospective Analysis. Acta Oto-Laryngologica: Vol. 111, No. sup481, pp. 596-600.
Life goals of patients with Parkinson’s disease: a pilot study on correlations with mood and cognitive functions

Objective: To identify the life goals of people with Parkinson’s disease, to assess whether patients felt that these goals were ‘on track’, and to assess the relation of these life goals to neuropsychologic and mood function.Design: Cross-sectional descriptive study with an age-matched control group.Setting: Outpatient Movement Disorders Clinics Veterans Hospital.Subjects: Twenty-two patients with mid-stage Parkinson’s disease and 22 age-matched controls.Measures: Rivermead Life Goals Inventory, neuropsychological and mood scales.Results: People with Parkinson’s disease were less likely than age-matched controls to cite religion, social contacts, leisure activities and personal care as ‘extremely important life goals’. People with Parkinson’s disease assigned significantly lower ‘importance’ ratings to leisure activities and religion than did controls. In addition, people with Parkinson’s disease assigned significantly lower ‘on track’ ratings for leisure activities, work, social contacts, religion and fi...
Infants' discrimination of bimodal events on the basis of rhythm and tempo

A habituation procedure was used to examine 7-month-old infants' discrimination of changes in the rhythm (Expt 1) or the tempo (Expt 2) of an auditory-visual event. Events consisted of videos of a hammer striking a surface displaying a characteristic rhythm and tempo along with the synchronized impact sounds. In Expt 1, 32 infants were habituated to one rhythm presented at a constant tempo followed by test trials of a novel rhythm presented at the familiar tempo. Across subjects, four different stimulus rhythms were presented at each of four different constant tempos. Infants demonstrated significant visual recovery to a novel rhythm at all stimulus tempos. In Expt 2, 32 infants were habituated to events displaying one rhythm and tempo followed by test trials presenting a novel tempo and the familiar rhythm. Infants showed a significant visual recovery to a novel tempo, which was apparent across four different underlying rhythm contexts. More robust discrimination was observed for more extreme tempo contrasts. These data suggest that 7-month-old infants are sensitive to the invariant rhythm and tempo of bimodal events.
The Effects of Exogenous Administration of Human Coagulation Factors Following Pig‐to‐Baboon Liver Xenotransplantation

We sought to determine the effects of exogenous administration of human coagulation factors following pig-to-baboon liver xenotransplantation (LXT) using GalT-KO swine donors. After LXT, baboons received no coagulation factors (historical control, n = 1), bolus administration of a human prothrombin concentrate complex (hPCC; 2.5 mL/kg, n = 2), continuous infusion of hPCC (1.0 mL/h, n = 1) or continuous infusion of human recombinant factor VIIa (1 µg/kg per hour, n = 3). The historical control recipient demonstrated persistent thrombocytopenia despite platelet administration after transplant, along with widespread thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). In contrast, platelet levels were maintained in bolus hPCC recipients; however, these animals quickly developed large-vessel thrombosis and TMA, leading to graft failure with shortened survival. Recipients of continuous coagulation factor administration experienced either stabilization or an increase in their circulating platelets with escalating doses. Furthermore, transfusion requirements were decreased, and hepatic TMA was noticeably absent in recipients of continuous coagulation factor infusions compared with the historical control and bolus hPCC recipients. This effect was most profound with a continuous, escalating dose of factor VIIa. Further studies are warranted because this regimen may allow for prolonged survival following LXT.
Building public health goals into the purchasing process: managed care perspective.

Abstract Public health and managed care organizations are increasingly developing contracts for the care of Medicaid patients. Factors leading to this relationship include increasing managed care interest in returning to the concept of “health maintenance” and population medicine, and the decreasing funding available to public health. Each partner has strengths that can be utilized in such relationships. Obstacles exist in the development of this relationship, including the already considerable reporting burdens on managed care organizations and issues surrounding the contracts and delegation of services. Despite this there are many examples of public health managed care partnerships.
Vitamin D Receptor

The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a member of the nuclear receptor/steroid hormone receptor superfamily. These receptors function as ligand-activated, transcriptional regulatory proteins. Thus, the VDR selectively binds the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 [1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ] hormone and controls the expression of selected genes in target cells. The molecular details involved in vitamin D-regulated gene expression by the VDR in key mineral-regulating tissues such as the intestine, kidney, and bone are revealing important insights into the manner in which our bodies maintain the structural integrity of skeletal tissue. This article discusses molecular mechanisms through which 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 and VDR act to control gene expression.
Euclid, Gauss and Mercury’s Orbit

In the previous reading selection from Part II of his book Relativity, Einstein introduced his general principle of relativity as a reasonable extension of special relativity. Whereas the special principle of relativity claims that all inertial (i.e. uniformly moving) observers are equivalent—meaning that none of them have a privileged perspective—the general principle claims that non-inertial observers are all equivalent too. For Einstein recognized that an observer who is in a state of uniform acceleration will witness precisely the same motion of nearby objects as if he or she were at rest in the presence of a gravitational field.
Growth, Modeling and Remodeling of Bone

The preceding chapter provided a general description of the structure and biology of bone, cartilage, tendons and ligaments. In this chapter, we will learn how bones grow, are sculpted by modeling and continuously renewed by remodeling, and repair when fractured. We will also learn how these processes in bone can be quantified, and what assumptions we make when attempting to put numbers to dynamic processes.
Abstract 94: Protection Against Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in Focal Cerebral Ischemia by Docosahexaenoic Acid

INTRODUCTION: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) is an omega-3 essential fatty acid family member and the precursor of neuroprotectin D1, a lipid mediator which downregulates apoptosis and promotes cell survival. Recently, we have shown that DHA therapy improves functional and histological outcomes following experimental stroke. We examined the effect of DHA on blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) in rats. Damage to the BBB was judged by extravasation of Evans Blue (EB) dye. METHODS: Male SD rats were anesthetized with isoflurane and subjected to 2 h of MCAo by retrograde insertion of an intraluminal suture. DHA (5 mg/kg) or vehicle (saline) was administered IV at 3 h after the onset of MCAo and animals were sacrificed at 6, 24 or 72 h. Behavioral tests were performed at 5, 24, 48 or 72 h. EB (2% in saline, 4 ml/kg) was administered IV either at 5, 23 or 71 h after onset of MCAo. Fluorometric quantitation of EB was performed 1 h later in six brain regions. RESULTS: Physiological variables were stable and showed no significant differences between groups. In the 6 h series (n=9 per group), DHA decreased EB extravasation in the posterior ischemic hemisphere compared to saline (9.2±1.1 vs. 14.3± 1.5, respectively). In the 24 h series (n=8-9 per group), DHA improved behavioral scores on day 1 and decreased EB extravasation in the posterior ischemic hemisphere (4.9±0.41 vs. 8.5±1.0) and cortical area (3.0±0.4 vs. 8.6± 2.0, respectively) compared to saline. In the 72 h series (n=12 per group), DHA improved behavioral scores on days 1, 2 and 3, and decreased EB extravasation in the anterior (6.1±0.8 vs. 9.6±0.9), posterior (5.6±0.7 vs. 9.1±1.2, respectively) ischemic hemispheres compared to saline. In addition, EB extravasation was decreased by DHA in the cortical area (6.2±1.0 vs. 10.1±1.1) and total hemisphere (11.7±1.3 vs. 18.7±1.9, respectively) compared to vehicle. CONCLUSION: These data have demonstrated that DHA is an effective neuroprotective drug, diminishing BBB damage in a model of severe focal ischemia. Thus, it is reasonable to hypothesize that DHA may have potential use in treating focal ischemic stroke in the clinical setting. This study was supported by NIH, NINDS grant R01 NS065786 (LB) and R01 NS046741 (NGB).
PULSE DETECTION IN SYNCOPATED RHYTHMS USING NEURAL OSCILLATORS

Pulse and meter are remarkable in part because these perceived periodicities can arise from rhythmic stimuli that are not periodic. This phenomenon is most striking in syncopated rhythms, found in many genres of music, including music of non-Western cultures. In general, syncopated rhythms may have energy at frequencies that do not correspond to perceived pulse or meter, and perceived metrical frequencies that are weak or absent in the objective rhythmic stimulus. In this paper, we consider syncopated rhythms that contain little or no energy at the pulse frequency. We used 16 rhythms (3 simple, 13 syncopated) to test a model of pulse/meter perception based on nonlinear resonance, comparing the nonlinear resonance model with a linear analysis. Both models displayed the ability to differentiate between duple and triple meters, however, only the nonlinear model exhibited resonance at the pulse frequency for the most challenging syncopated rhythms. This result suggests that nonlinear resonance may provide a viable approach to pulse detection in syncopated rhythms.
Abdominal Bulge After Retroperitoneal Dissection: The Definitive Management Using Bone Anchored Mesh

Background Abdominal bulge after retroperitoneal dissection occurs at a rate of 1% to 56%. Injury to the T11 and T12 nerves is thought to result in abdominal musculature denervation, laxity, and symptomatic abdominal bulge. This complication has become more prevalent because the retroperitoneal approach for spinal surgery has become the preferred approach in specific lumbar and thoracic cases. Current repair techniques fail to address the etiology of abdominal wall laxity, and outcomes are poorly reported. Recurrence rates in lateral abdominal bulge repair are reported between 0% and 100%, and the complication rate is nearly 25%. We present a method of bone anchored fixation of mesh for abdominal wall reinforcement after the imbrication of the atrophied musculature, resulting in the definitive treatment of abdominal bulge after retroperitoneal dissection. Methods A retrospective review of 4 consecutive patients who underwent bony fixation of mesh using Mitek suture anchors (De Puy, Raynham, MA) for abdominal bulge after retroperitoneal dissection between February 2013 and September 2014 was performed. The preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative records of 4 patients were reviewed and compared. Results There were no reported early recurrences and no perioperative morbidity or mortality related to the operation. Average follow-up was 12.8 months (range, 6-26 months); operative time, 157 minutes; postoperative length of stay, 3.5 days; and estimated blood loss was 50 mL. Conclusions Reinforcement of the myofascial repair using bone anchored fixation of mesh represents a novel approach for the treatment of abdominal bulge after retroperitoneal dissection. Results demonstrate safety and no early recurrence.
Optimization of Active Manganese Oxide Electrodeposits Using Graphenated Carbon Nanotube Electrodes for Supercapacitors

Graphenated carbon nanotubes (g-CNTs) were investigated as the electrode support in MnO2 composite cathodes for aqueous asymmetric supercapacitors. The electrode performance could be tuned by optimizing the density of graphene foliates on the g-CNTs, which enabled geometric/morphologic control over the MnO2 electrodeposits. The synergy and optimization of the g-CNT hybrid structure led to a high specific capacitance (640 F/g) at high MnO2 specific loading (2.3 mg/cm2), thus creating a unique pathway toward improved practical performance.
Reading Instruction and Remediation Using Voice Synthesis in Computer Interaction

Synthesized speech was used in our Computer-Based Reading and Speech-Feedback system for training disabled readers. In this system, children touch unfamiliar words in stories presented on the computer display and receive speech feedback to help develop their word decoding skills. Results from a study of disabled readers' responses to the system are reported. The disabled readers could identify words spoken by the synthesizer nearly as well as the same words presented in natural speech. After reading stories and targeting unknown words with a mouse or light pen, the disabled readers were later able to read a high percentage of the targeted words for which they had received speech feedback. Extended use of the system may substantially improve the prognosis for disabled readers. The advantages of synthesized speech over other types of computer speech are discussed for this application.
Southernizing Travel in the Black Atlantic: Booker T. Washington’s The Man Farthest Down

F'arah J. Griffin, Cheryl J. Fish, and Alasdair Pettinger appraise scholarly approaches to black travel literature in the introductions to two anthologies: A Stranger in the Village: Two Centuries of African-American Travel Writing (1998), edited by Griffin and Fish, and Always Elsewhere: Travels of the Black Atlantic (1998), edited by Pettinger. Both collections excerpt Booker T. Washington's The Man Farthest Down (1912), the text of his 1910 European trip. They agree that black travel writing demands more critical attention, but Griffin and Fish encourage scholars to rethink the specific "significance of mobility and its relationship to subjectivity" for black travelers (xiv), while Pettinger is unwilling to make claims about the distinctiveness of black travel literature. Pettinger insists that black travel narratives often challenge conventional definitions of the genre, yet "a new general theory" (xi) about what Paul Gilroy terms the "black Atlantic" (Gilroy ix) merely reproduces the tendency toward "simple over-arching narratives" (Pettinger xi).1 Pettinger argues that his anthology counteracts the disproportionate attention to white travel texts and contributes to the "democratizing" of travel literature (xi). These critical disagreements remind us of the theoretical and political issues involved in recovering and interpreting ignored texts. As Pettinger suggests, we would not want to impose an essentialist paradigm on black travel literature, but, as Griffin and Fish note,
APPLY THE LAW OF MATERIALIST DIALECTICS TO UNEARTH THE UNDERGROUND TREASURE-HOUSE

Based on the practical works in several mineral deposits, this article gives a summing-up of the experiences of the geologists, who, under the guidance of the dialectical materialist theory of knowledge, proved the internal relations between mineral resources and geological structures through deep-going investigation and careful study of the formation and development of geological structures and consequently obtained first fruits in revealing the laws governing the occurrence and distribution of certain important useful minerals, thus providing effective guidance, for the exploration work. In a tungsten ore district the geologists made an intensive study of the characteristics and the geological setting of the thin mica lines on the surface of the earth and the processes of their formation and development. Penetrating phenomena to perceive the essence, they made great efforts to disclose the internal relations between the mica lines on the surface and the underground ungsten ores and granitic bodies, as well as the structural control of the distribution of veins, and, therefore, became aware that the mica lines are surface indications of the underlying tungsten ore bodies. This knowledge successfully led to the consequent discoveries of several quite large concealed and semi-concealed tungsten ore bodies. In a deposit of rare earths, analysis of the evolution of the nature's internal contradictions through deep-going and serious study of the processes of movements of matter, such as tectonic movements, magmatic activities, metamorphism, minerogenesis etc., brought about a relatively penetrative knowledge of the formation conditions of mineral deposits of this type. By applying the dialectical view-point on interrelations of things, the inner link between the structural features and ore bodies of various forms in a diamond deposit was brought to light and the application of an analytic method of tectonic system was proposed for revealing the laws governing the distribution of the diamond-bearing bodies.
Technical note: Examining ozone deposition over seawater

Abstract Surface layer resistance plays an important role in determining ozone deposition velocity over sea-water and can be influenced by chemical interactions at the air-water interface. Here, we examine the effect of chemical interactions of iodide, dimethylsulfide, dissolved organic carbon, and bromide in seawater on ozone deposition. We perform a series of simulations using the hemispheric Community Multiscale Air Quality model for summer months in the Northern Hemisphere. Our results suggest that each chemical interaction enhances the ozone deposition velocity and decreases the atmospheric ozone mixing ratio over seawater. Iodide enhances the median deposition velocity over seawater by 0.023 cm s−1, dissolved organic carbon by 0.021 cm s−1, dimethylsulfide by 0.002 cm s−1, and bromide by ∼0.0006 cm s−1. Consequently, iodide decreases the median atmospheric ozone mixing ratio over seawater by 0.7 ppb, dissolved organic carbon by 0.8 ppb, dimethylsulfide by 0.1 ppb, and bromide by 0.02 ppb. In a separate model simulation, we account for the effect of dissolved salts in seawater on the Henry’s law constant for ozone and find that it reduces the median deposition velocity by 0.007 cm s−1 and increases surface ozone mixing ratio by 0.2 ppb. The combined effect of these processes increases the median ozone deposition velocity over seawater by 0.040 cm s−1, lowers the atmospheric ozone mixing ratio by 5%, and slightly improves model performance relative to observations.
Formation of Procedural Justice Judgments in Legal Negotiation

Research has indicated that procedural justice—fairness of decisionmaking processes—plays an important role in bilateral legal negotiation, encouraging the acceptance of negotiated agreements. Additionally, research has suggested that procedural justice leads to opportunities for increased integrative bargaining. However, procedural justice judgments are typically measured as subjective assessments by disputants. If procedural justice plays an important role in legal dispute negotiation, it is critical to understand how individuals form judgments about fairness of process. The study presented explores antecedents of procedural justice judgments in legal negotiation. Results suggest that although all potential identified antecedent variables—voice, courtesy/respect, trust, and neutrality—play a role in judgments about procedural justice, the primary component is courtesy/respect behavior by the speaker and her partner. Parties share some agreement about the presence of courtesy/respect behavior and trust behavior, and third-party coders can identify behavior that reliably relates to the parties’ procedural justice antecedent assessments. Additionally, results indicate that appeals to potential “neutral” benchmarks such as legal authority lead to lower assessments of procedural justice. These findings suggest that courtesy and respect are the primary drivers of negotiators’ procedural justice assessments, and that such courtesy/respect behavior is not merely a subjective artifact of the participant but can be observed by a third-party coder.
Responding to sexual offending: perceptions, risk management and public protection

In 2014, Dr Kieran McCartan presented Responding to sexual offending, an edited volume that brought together a panel of international contributors to discuss current understandings of, legislative ...
Community evolution in multiplex layer aggregation

This research studies community detection in multiplex dark networks. Our method seeks to intelligently select appropriate layers for aggregation to approximate communities in the whole network, while reducing the impact of over-modeling the network. Community evolution is explored as layers of different types of information are added to the partial picture of the network. We determine the set of dominant layers needed to produce similar community partitions to the established ground truth aggregate network. The identification of dominant layers enhances the selection of which layers to choose for aggregation purposes. This reduces redundancy and noise, and increases the optimization of the available data to produce the desired network partitions. We use normalized mutual index (NMI), purity, density, and modularity for methodology evaluation and comparison metrics.
On the Problem of (Cyber) Attribution

Is the recent report from the three-letter agencies on the alleged Russian hack of the Democratic National Committee evidence-based attribution or attributibabble?
Comiqual: collaborative measurement of internet quality

With the continuous growth of both fixed and mobile Internet usage, measuring the Internet QoS (quality of service) becomes of vital interest for all involved Internet stakeholders, mainly consumers, operators, and regulators. In this paper, we describe in detail, Comiqual (collaborative measurement of Internet quality), a crowd-sourced large-scale Internet measurement platform that coordinates and collects measurements from measurement agents (MAs) installed on fixed and mobile end user devices. Although the initial and main target of Comiqual is Lebanon, the platform is generically designed to measure the Internet access quality from the user’s perspective anywhere on the globe. The MAs that execute mainly active measurements are jointly controlled by users and by a measurement center (MC); the latter sends measurement instructions to MAs and collects the measurement results. The communication protocol between MC and MAs uses JSON messages that are exchanged via HTTP through REST calls and secured by HTTPS. Measurement results could be openly accessed in a raw format or viewed as an aggregation via a Google map. Moreover, an online statistical tool allows user-defined statistics computation and visualization. All these features combined with the flexibility of the platform management are the main drivers that will allow Comiqual to reach its ultimate goal, which is to create a collaborative, neutral, and transparent observatory of the Internet.