cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Bored Games to Board Games: Student-Driven Game Design in the Virtual Classroom

Classroom assessments needed to be rapidly modified at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, as instruction transitioned from an in-person to virtual format. Yet, a significant obstacle among instructors during this time was developing online assessments that were useful, engaging, and accessible for students. We implemented a game design project in our introductory ecology course in spring 2020, in which students were required to develop a novel game based on ecology topics discussed in class. The learning objectives of this assignment asked students to (i) design a game for their peers based on an important ecological topic or concept from a specific unit or lesson in a creative manner; (ii) encourage critical thinking and discussion of ecological topics and concepts in the game; and (iii) judge their peers on the quality and enjoyment of their games. We found that while students developed various game formats and focused on different unit learning objectives, including nutrient cycling, climate change, and community dynamics, instructor and peer review indicated that the games created for this assignment were both conducive to learning and highly accessible. We suggest that a student-developed instructional games project is an effective way to engage students in an assessment that is enjoyable, collaborative, and requires creative application of the course content, in many possible biology courses and in-person and online learning environments.
Mitochondrial Targeting of the Ammonia-Sensitive Uncoupler SLC4A11 by the Chaperone-Mediated Carrier Pathway in Corneal Endothelium

Purpose SLC4A11, an electrogenic H+ transporter, is found in the plasma membrane and mitochondria of corneal endothelium. However, the underlying mechanism of SLC4A11 targeting to mitochondria is unknown. Methods The presence of mitochondrial targeting sequences was examined using in silico mitochondrial proteomic analyses. Thiol crosslinked peptide binding to SLC4A11 was screened by untargeted liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Direct protein interactions between SLC4A11 and chaperones were examined using coimmunoprecipitation analysis and proximity ligation assay. Knockdown or pharmacologic inhibition of chaperones in human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) or mouse corneal endothelial cells (MCECs), ex vivo kidney, or HA-SLC4A11-transfected fibroblasts was performed to investigate the functional consequences of interfering with mitochondrial SLC4A11 trafficking. Results SLC4A11 does not contain canonical N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequences. LC-MS/MS analysis showed that HSC70 and/or HSP90 are bound to HA-SLC4A11-transfected PS120 fibroblast whole-cell lysates or isolated mitochondria, suggesting trafficking through the chaperone-mediated carrier pathway. SLC4A11 and either HSP90 or HSC70 complexes are directly bound to the mitochondrial surface receptor, TOM70. Interference with this trafficking leads to dysfunctional mitochondrial glutamine catabolism and increased reactive oxygen species production. In addition, glutamine (Gln) use upregulated SLC4A11, HSP70, and HSP90 expression in whole-cell lysates or purified mitochondria of HCECs and HA-SLC4A11-transfected fibroblasts. Conclusions HSP90 and HSC70 are critical in mediating mitochondrial SLC4A11 translocation in corneal endothelial cells and kidney. Gln promotes SLC4A11 import to the mitochondria, and the continuous oxidative stress derived from Gln catabolism induced HSP70 and HSP90, protecting cells against oxidative stress.
The 70-gene signature test as a prognostic and predictive biomarker in patients with invasive lobular breast cancer.

Genomic expression assays provide prognostic information and guide adjuvant chemotherapy decisions for patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. Few studies have evaluated the utility of such assays for invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). The objective of this study is to evaluate the 70-gene signature test (ST) as a prognostic and predictive tool for ILC using a national cancer database. We identified patients diagnosed with stage I–III ER-positive ILC from 2004 to 2016 using the National Cancer Database. All patients underwent 70-gene ST testing. We used the Kaplan–Meier method and Cox proportional hazard analyses to determine overall survival based on genomic risk classification. We also determined the benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with high-genomic risk ILC based on 70-gene ST testing. We identified 2610 patients with ILC who underwent 70-gene ST testing; 280 (11%) were classified as high genomic risk. Five-year overall survival rates were significantly worse for patients classified as high risk (83%) as compared with those classified as low risk (94%, p < 0.05). In Cox models, high genomic risk was independently associated with a significantly increased hazard of death. In our Cox models of patients who were high genomic risk, adjuvant chemotherapy was not significantly associated with improved overall survival. In this large database study, we found that the genomic risk category determined by the 70-gene ST was significantly associated with survival outcomes for patients with ILC. However, the 70-gene ST failed to predict the benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with high genomic risk.
A Comparison of AE Measurements from Aluminum Alloys and Glass/Epoxy Composites with Different AE Techniques

Two separate experiments, using different sample materials and sample geometries have been carried out using a number of different AE techniques and measurement systems. In both experiments the AE generated during tensile loading was measured and characterized. The types of AE measurements used simultaneously on each test included: (1) analog rms voltage measurements of the voltage induced at the piezoelectric transducer attached to the sample, (2) computer controlled standard resonant sensor (140 kHz) parameter measurements such as count, events, rise time, duration, etc., and (3) modal AE measurements providing actual wave forms of the AE events. Modal AE should provide distinct wave modes created by different AE sources. The outputs of both resonant piezoelectric and flat, high fidelity wide band transducers were captured with the waveform system. Each of the two experiments will be discussed separately below.
Newton’s Laws

In this chapter we will consider Newton’s three laws of motion. Although when first propounded they were postulates, they have since been verified by experiment in so many ways that they are now considered Laws of Nature. A careful observer will note that they are not quite independent laws-that is, one implies another, although they are usually listed separately as if they were independent. There is one consistent word in these three laws and that is “body.” We sometimes speak of this as the newtonian body. Notice that body is singular. In a given physical situation we must first define the newtonian body, which may often be a mathematical point. If the situation has two bodies, then Newton’s laws must be applied separately to each. Often we solve complicated systems of solids on a computer that can remember and vary 10,000 atoms in a solid. We require an equal number of applications of Newton’s laws, one for each, although the complexity of the solution of that number of simultaneous equations is often reducible by symmetry of behavior.
Universal service and Internet commercialization

Abstract This study examines whether universal service is a feasible value or project within a larger social and economic framework. In particular, the relationships between universal service and Internet commercialization are discussed in terms of promoting competition, technological development, and collecting a universal fund. As long as the commercialization of the Internet is the primary aim of telecommunications policy based on the belief that universal service cannot realized without sacrifice for the viability of Internet commercialization, universal service is likely to be an unobtained goal. In conclusion, the article suggests the government’s role in constructing a new electronic environment needs to be reevaluated.
Characterization of breeds of Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle for maternal and individual traits.

Angus, Boran and Red Poll sires were mated to Ankole, Boran and small East African Zebu (Zebu) females to produce the cows characterized in this study, which produced calves by Friesian, Brown Swiss, Simmental, Boran and Red Poll sires. Individual traits included cow parturition weight, cow weight at weaning, cow mean weight and cow weight change from parturition to weaning; maternal traits included calf crop born percentage, preweaning viability percentage, overall viability percentage, birth weight, weaning weight, weight at 12, 18 and 24 mo and calf weight weaned per cow exposed to breeding (productivity index). Cows by Angus and Red Poll sires significantly exceeded cows by Boran sires (all cows in this comparison had Ankole and Zebu dams) in weaning weight of progeny and in cow weight at parturition and at weaning. Cows by Red Poll sires significantly exceeded cows by Boran sires in birth weight of progeny. Progeny of cows by Boran sires significantly exceeded progeny of cows by Angus and Red Poll sires in 24-mo weight. Cows by Angus and Red Poll sires did not differ (P greater than .05) in any of the traits analyzed. Cows with Ankole and Boran dams significantly exceeded cows with Zebu dams (all cows in this comparison had Angus and Red Poll sires) in progeny weight at birth, 18 mo and 24 mo and in cow weight at parturition and at weaning. Cows with Boran dams significantly exceeded cows with Zebu dams in weaning and 12-mo weight of progeny and significantly exceeded cows with Ankole dams in weaning weight of progeny. The significantly heavier weaning weight and significantly lighter 24-mo weight of the 3/4 Bos taurus progeny of cows with Angus and Red Poll sires relative to the 1/2 Bos taurus progeny of cows with Boran sires suggest that cattle that are 1/2 Bos taurus breed composition have greater general adaptation than cattle with 3/4 Bos taurus breed composition in the postweaning nutritive and climatic environment under which this experiment was conducted. Significantly heavier weights of Angus and Red Poll crossbred cows relative to Boran crossbred cows (all breeds crossed on Ankole and Zebu cows) indicate that the two Bos taurus breeds exceed the Boran (Bos indicus) breed in additive direct genetic effects for size when they have general adaptation to the environment.
Search Theory: The 2010 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences

This paper surveys search theory with an emphasis on the contributions of the 2010 laureates for the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Peter Diamond, Dale Mortensen, and Christopher Pissarides.
A Review of “Presidential Leadership and the Creation of the American Era”

Eminent scholar Joseph Nye's latest book Presidential Leadership and the Creation of the American Era is at once simple and paradigm busting. In this taut and tidy volume, Nye endeavors to reconcil...
On the inner and outer poles and zeros of a linear time-varying system

The notion of inner and outer poles and zeros of a linear time-varying discrete-time system is developed in terms of noncommutative factorizations of operator polynomials with time-varying coefficients. Emphasis is placed on left and right poles and zeros, which are referred to as outer poles and zeros. The outer poles and zeros arise in the study of system reducibility, stability, and transmission blocking zeros. A frequency-domain characterization of right poles and zeros is given in terms of a generalized frequency function. >
Should the target hemoglobin for patients with chronic kidney disease treated with erythropoietic replacement therapy be changed

Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO, epoetin) revolutionized the treatment of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) when it was approved for use in the United States in 1989. Among dialysis patients, the mean hemoglobin (Hb) in patients undergoing dialysis rose from 7-8 g/dl prior to 1989 to 11-12 g/dl today. Among patients with CKD not on dialysis, epoetin use has not been as broadly applied as among dialysis patients, and although the mean Hb level in this patient population has increased, the impact has been less than in patients on dialysis. The optimal treatment target for epoetin remains controversial. Consistent with clinical practice guidelines, current practice in dialysis patients in the United States aims to maintain a target Hb of 11-12 g/dl, a level that is still well below the normal range. Debate centers on whether the current Hb target is too low and whether the target range is too narrow. Quality of life clearly improves in many individuals as Hb rises into the normal range from lower levels. In retrospective studies, higher Hb levels have been associated with lower risks of hospitalization and mortality. However, one large, prospective clinical trial has raised concern about normalizing Hb in hemodialysis patients with cardiac disease, and other prospective studies have not yet provided convincing evidence of significant benefits from normalizing Hb in dialysis-dependent and non-dialysis-dependent patients with CKD. A relative lack of information on non-dialysis-dependent patients with CKD and changes in fiscal policies regulating reimbursement for epoetin have contributed to uncertainty as to the best practices for anemia management in patients with CKD. There is increasing interest in the potential benefits of broadening the current target Hb range or eliminating an upper limit altogether and instead establishing a minimum Hb goal. While some extension of the upper limit of the currently recommended target Hb range might appear to be reasonable, the extent to which this should be extended, the benefits, risks, and costs of maintaining higher Hb levels in patients with CKD, and whether target Hb levels should be different in different CKD patient groups remains to be determined. Future efforts are likely to focus on selecting patient populations most likely to benefit from normalizing Hb, while adjusting the range of a subnormal Hb target for others.
Layout transformation support for the disk resident arrays framework

The Global Arrays (GA) toolkit provides a shared-memory programming model in which data locality is explicitly managed by the programmer. It inter-operates with MPI and supports a variety of language bindings. The Disk Resident Arrays (DRA) model extends the GA programming model to secondary storage. GA and DRA together provide a convenient programming model that encourages locality-aware programming by the user, while presenting a high-level abstraction. High performance depends on the appropriate distribution of the data in the disk-resident arrays. In this paper, we discuss the addition of layout transformation support to DRA. The implementation of an efficient parallel layout transformation algorithm is done on top of existing GA/DRA functions; thus GA/DRA is itself used in implementing the enhanced DRA functionality. Experimental performance data is provided that demonstrates the effectiveness of the new layout transformation functionality.
Supporting Efficient Record Linkage for Large Data Sets Using Mapping Techniques

This paper describes an efficient approach to record linkage. Given two lists of records, the record-linkage problem consists of determining all pairs that are similar to each other, where the overall similarity between two records is defined based on domain-specific similarities over individual attributes. The record-linkage problem arises naturally in the context of data cleansing that usually precedes data analysis and mining. Since the scalability issue of record linkage was addressed in [21], the repertoire of database techniques dealing with multidimensional data sets has significantly increased. Specifically, many effective and efficient approaches for distance-preserving transforms and similarity joins have been developed. Based on these advances, we explore a novel approach to record linkage. For each attribute of records, we first map values to a multidimensional Euclidean space that preserves domain-specific similarity. Many mapping algorithms can be applied, and we use the Fastmap approach [16] as an example. Given the merging rule that defines when two records are similar based on their attribute-level similarities, a set of attributes are chosen along which the merge will proceed. A multidimensional similarity join over the chosen attributes is used to find similar pairs of records. Our extensive experiments using real data sets show that our solution has very good efficiency and recall.
Bioengineering contributions in vascular biology at the cellular and molecular level.

Bioengineers and vascular biologists have enjoyed a successful symbiosis over the last two decades. In particular, bioengineers and life scientists have begun to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie normal physiological and pathophysiological vascular biology. One conclusion of importance is that fluid mechanics and mass transfer are closely integrated with and actively modulate blood and vascular cell function. Examples include flow regulation of receptor specificity in leukocyte/endothelial cell adhesion and wall shear stress and mechanical strain modulation of gene expression in endothelial and smooth muscle cells. The continued synthesis of cell and molecular biology with systems analysis, mass transport phenomena, and quantitative modeling will allow the development of patientspecific therapeutics with applications in inflammation, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, sickle cell disease, and cancer metastasis.
Nested species subsets of amphibians and reptiles on Neotropical forest islands

Nested species subsets are a common pattern of community assembly characteristic of many types of fragmented landscapes and insular systems. Here we describe nested subset patterns of amphibian and reptile occupancy on 23 forest islands in north-eastern Bolivia. We used observed occupancy patterns to differentiate five distributional guilds: widespread species, rare species, poor colonizers, area-sensitive species and supertramps. Amphibian occurrences were nested along a forest island isolation gradient, and when species from each of the distribution classes were removed from subsequent analyses of nestedness, we found that dispersal-limited poor colonizers were responsible for the association between nestedness and isolation. Amphibians associated with the grassland matrix at the study site showed a nested pattern linked with area, although this pattern did not scale up to all amphibians and could not be unequivocally attributed to any of the distributional guilds we recognized. There were no strong associations between two biological characteristics, body size and relative abundance in the matrix, and the likelihood of occupancy along either forest island area or isolation gradients. The relative importance of isolation in shaping nested patterns of amphibians on these forest islands may be a result of either (1) the greater range in isolation values included in this study compared with many others; (2) the long time since isolation in this landscape, manifesting a footprint of isolation not apparent in more recently fragmented patches; (3) the relatively homogeneous grassland matrix surrounding forest islands that likely provides little refuge for animals moving among forest islands.
Keck Mid-Infrared Imaging of QSO 2237+0305

Using the Long Wavelength Spectrometer on Keck, we have imaged the gravitationally lensed radio-quiet quasi-stellar object QSO 2237+0305 at 8.9 and 11.7 μm for the first time. The mid-IR flux ratios are inconsistent with the optical flux ratios but agree with the radio flux ratios and with some published gravitational lens models. These flux ratios indicate that the IR emission is not affected by microlensing, which rules out the synchrotron emission model. The IR emission is likely produced by hot dust extended on a length scale of more than 0.03 pc. The spectral energy distribution further implies a narrow range of dust temperatures, suggesting that the dust may be located in a shell extending between ~1 and 3 pc from the nucleus and intercepting about half of the QSO luminosity.
The importance of matching language to type of evidence: avoiding the pitfalls of reporting outcomes data

Results from different types of clinical research studies provide different types of evidence for evaluating the effects of a new drug or intervention. For this reason, it is important to recognize this phenomenon during reporting and to choose appropriate language to match the type of study that was done, because this can become critical to the interpretation and application of the results in clinical practice. In this article, we aim to highlight this issue through a series of examples and provide some guidance on what the appropriate language for different types of studies should be.
Refractive index of hexagonal II–VI compounds CdSe, CdS, and CdSeXS 1– X

The theoretical refractive index of the direct-gap II–VI compounds CdSe, CdS, and CdSexS1–x with the wurtzite lattice structure is calculated for frequencies below the fundamental absorption edge. Use is made of the band structure of the Kane theory, modified to include the dependence of the refractive index on the effective hole masses of the three valence bands, the lattice constants a(A) and C(A) of the hexagonal structure, and the direction of polarization of the incident wave. An extension of the previous result for the refractive index of a cubic zinc blende crystal, in which birefringence is absent, to the hexagonal wurtzite structure, where birefringence occurs, is given. Results are obtained for the refractive indices of the ordinary and extraordinary rays in terms of experimentally available quantities, which include the direct-band-gap energy G, the effective electron mass mn, the three effective hole masses mp1,mp2, and mp3 of the three valence bands at k = 0, and lattice constants a(A) and C(A). Numerical values of the refractive index for values of x in the range 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 are given and compared with experimental results.
La quimioterapia y el corazón

The improvements in cancer detection and therapy have created a new cohort of patients who will experience sufficient survival to develop the cardiac complications of the cancer therapy. Threedimensional echocardiography has been validated as the ultrasound modality with the best accuracy for the calculation of ejection fraction when compared to magnetic resonance imaging, the current gold standard, making it the tool of choice, when available, for the initial evaluation and follow up of the patient receiving chemotherapy. If three-dimensional echocardiography is not available, or if the quality of the images is inadequate, the use of ultrasound contrast can be useful for the definition of the endocardial border and identification of the true apex of the heart, enhancing the ability of the interpreter to accurately calculate volumes and ejection fraction. Two-dimensional strain appears promising as a tool to identify abnormalities in myocardial mechanics very early on during cardiotoxicity, allowing the prediction of later overt systolic dysfunction. This parameter may be useful in the detection of chemotherapy treated patients who could benefit from alternate therapies, thereby decreasing the incidence of cardiotoxicity and its associated morbidity and mortality.
Unionid Bivalve Influence on Benthic Algal Community Composition in a Michigan Lake

ABSTRACT Algae were sampled from unionid shells and unconsolidated sediments near (~ 0.05 m) and far (~ 1 m) from unionids, in two distinct habitats (~ 8 m deep silty areas and ~ 1 m deep sandy areas) in Douglas Lake, Michigan. Epizoic communities (dominated by Batrachospermum sp., Oscillatoria spp., and Lyngbya sp.) differed markedly from sediment algal communities. Algal communities in the deep, silty habitat differed from those in shallow sandy habitat; Oscillatoria spp. were more common in silt whereas several diatom genera were common in sand. Proximity to unionids did not greatly alter sediment algal community composition. Experimental comparison of algal communities grown on live unionids and non-living shells suggested that a live unionid host increased the relative abundance of Lyngbya sp. but not other common epizoic filaments (e.g., Batrachospermum sp., Oscillatoria spp.).
Sympathetically-mediated cardiovascular responses induced by neurochemical microinjection in the brainstem lateral tegmental field of cat

This study examines sympathetically-mediated cardiovascular responses arising from microinjections of AMPA and kynurenic acid in the medullary lateral tegmental field (LTF). The resulting behavior, which is predominately inhibitory, is nearly identical to that reported for the para-ambiguual area lying just lateral to the LTF, and suggests that the two regions may share other cardiovascular control functions.
WE-D-213A-01: Establishing a Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) Clinical Program, Part 1: Physics and Dosimetry

Stereotactic body radiation therapy(SBRT) is a technique in which dose is delivered using either in a single fraction or a hypo‐fractionated schedule. The technique is characterized by the use of high doses per fraction, increased spatial accuracy of the radiationdelivery, and a rapid fall‐off of dose outside the treatment volume. The overall goal is to minimize the direct effects of radiation on the surrounding normal tissue while delivering a dose biologically equivalent (or greater) to several weeks of conventionally fractionated radiation therapy to the treatment volume. The intent of SBRTtreatment has been to deliver noninvasive tumor‐ablative doses to sharply demarcated lesions so that clinical outcomes comparable to surgery could be achieved without surgical complications. The majority of published clinical data describes the treatment of lung,liver and spinal tumors. The radiobiology of short‐course, high‐dose‐per‐fraction regimens suggests that utilizing SBRT, with significant local dose escalation even to curative doses, is feasible. The number of fractions and total doses currently in clinical use varies widely in the literature, typically ranging from 60 Gy delivered in 10 fractions to 30 Gy delivered in a single fraction. The Physics and Dosimetry section of the session is to advise medical physicists establishing such a program. The presentation will include an overview of the AAPM Task Group No. 101 on recommendations for SBRT, which has been charged with (1) review the literature and identify the range of historical experiences, reported clinical findings and expected outcomes, (2) review the relevant commercial products and associated clinical findings for an assessment of system capabilities and technology limitations, (3) determine required criteria for setting‐up and establishing an SBRT facility, including protocols, equipment, resources, and QA procedures, and (4) to develop consistent documentation for prescribing, reporting, and recording SBRTtreatmentdelivery. Learning Objectives: 1. Present the recommended guidelines on establishing an SBRT clinic as presented in the current version of the AAPM Task Group No. 101. 2. Present the technical issues for clinical implementation of SBRT equipment, space considerations, time and personnel considerations. 3. Review the commercial products commonly employed for SBRT with regard to image guidance, localization devices, patient alignment and verification systems 4. Understand the limitation of some treatment planning systems and dose calculation alogorithms as they apply to the highly heterogenous doses within a small target volume typically planned for SBRT. 5. Review the overall quality assurance procedures for systems and patient specific parameters for SBRTdeliveries.
Atomic Resolution Imaging of Currents in Nanoscopic Quantum Networks via Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

We propose a new method for atomic-scale imaging of spatial current patterns in nanoscopic quantum networks by using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). By measuring the current flowing from the STM tip into one of the leads attached to the network as a function of tip position, one obtains an atomically resolved spatial image of "current riverbeds" whose spatial structure reflects the coherent flow of electrons out of equilibrium. We show that this method can be successfully applied in a variety of network topologies and is robust against dephasing effects.
Solar cosmic rays

Solar cosmic ray data, discussing multicharged nuclei relative abundances in photosphere and propagation models
Review article: effects of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist alosetron on neuromuscular transmission in canine and human intestinal muscle

Background: Currently, therapeutic treatments for irritable bowel syndrome fail to produce significant clinical results. We hypothesized that alosetron, a selective 5-HT3 antagonist, may provide symptomatic relief in irritable bowel syndrome patients through a decrease in the amplitude of gastrointestinal contractions. Aim: To determine the in vitro effect of alosetron on neuromuscular transmission in the canine and human jejunal and colonic muscularis externa. Results: Alosetron diminished electrical field-stimulated (EFS) contractions recorded from muscles of the canine and human small and large intestines. Mechanistically, the diminished EFS response could be explained by the ability of alosetron to decrease the fractional release of 14C-choline radiolabelled acetylcholine evoked by EFS from human jejunal muscle. The inhibition of EFS contractions was not limited to atropine-sensitive events, as non-cholinergic excitatory EFS evoked contractions were also inhibited. Additionally, alosetron at high concentrations (> 30 μm) directly altered bethanechol stimulated contractions. Conclusion: Caution must be used in the interpretation of these data because significant alterations in EFS-induced contractions were only observed with large pharmacological concentrations of alosetron, and the response was not selective for cholinergically-mediated excitatory neuromuscular transmission.
Life‐history syndromes: Integrating dispersal through space and time

Recent research has highlighted interdependencies between dispersal and other life-history traits, i.e. dispersal syndromes, thereby revealing constraints on the evolution of dispersal and opportunities for improved ability to predict dispersal by considering suites of dispersal-related traits. This review adds to the growing list of life-history traits linked to spatial dispersal by emphasising the interdependence between dispersal through space and time, i.e. life-history diversity that distributes individuals into separate reproductive events. We reviewed the literature that has simultaneously investigated spatial and temporal dispersal to examine the prediction that traits of these two dispersal strategies are negatively correlated. Our results suggest that negative covariation is widely anticipated from theory. Empirical studies often reported evidence of weak negative covariation, although more complicated patterns were also evident, including across levels of biological organisation. Existing literature has largely focused on plants with dormancy capability, one or two phases of the dispersal process (emigration and/or transfer) and a single level of biological organisation (theory: individual; empirical: species). We highlight patterns of covariation across levels of organisation and conclude with a discussion of the consequences of dispersal through space and time and future research areas that should improve our understanding of dispersalrelated life-history syndromes.
An ankryin-like protein in ascidian eggs and its role in the evolution of direct development.

An erythrochyte anti-ankryin antibody was used to investigate the presence and distribution of ankryin in eggs and embryos of ascidian species with different modes of development. In eggs of the indirect developer Ascidia ceratodes anti-ankryin reacted with a 210 kDa polypeptide which has an electrophoretic mobility similar to the vertebrate ankryins. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that the ankryin-like protein is co-distributed with the myoplasm throughout development. It is restricted to a thin layer under the plasma membrane in unfertilised eggs, undergoes ooplasmic segregation to the posterior pole of the zygote after fertilisation, and is distributed to the tail muscle cells during cleavage and embryogenesis. After gastrulation and neurulation, lower levels of the ankryin-like protein, presumably of zygotic origin, were observed in brain cells and in the apical margin of epidermal cells. The ankryin-like protein was also localised in the myoplasm in eggs and embryos of another indirect developing species, Halocynthia roretzi. The ankryin-like protein may link the cytoskeleton with the plasma membrane in ascidian eggs, as it does in vertebrate erythrocytes. In contrast to A. ceratodes and H. rorefzi, which are members of the families Ascidiidae and Pyuridae respectively, the pattern of ankryin-like protein expression was changed in five species in the family Molgulidae. These molgulid ascidians exhibit either indirect or direct development, and eggs of the direct developing species have lost or modified the myoplasm. The ankryir like protein was present in young oocytes but failed to persist during oogenesis and disappeared in mature eggs and embryos of these molgulid species. The change in ankryin-like protein expression may be a preadaptation for loss of the myoplasm and the evolution of direct development.
Pathophysiology of Perinatal Hypoxia-Ischemia and the Prospects for Repair from Endogenous and Exogenous Stem Cells

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Compare the pathophysiology of hypoxia-ischemia (H/I) in preterm and term infants. 2. Delineate the differing effects of H/I on cells involved in development in the subventricular zone of the brain. 3. Describe the prospects for neural repair of neurons, oligodendrocytes, and projection neurons. 4. List the infants who are most likely to benefit from stem cell therapy to repair the brain. Perinatal hypoxia-ischemia (H/I) refers to exposure to low oxygen (hypoxia) and decreased blood flow (ischemia) prior to, during, or after birth and is regarded as a dominant cause of neurologic deficits in term and preterm infants. Numerous reviews have summarized the pathophysiology and histopathology of such insults and reviewed neuroprotective strategies. However, with accumulating evidence that many of these insults occur in utero, prevention may prove difficult, demanding that regenerative strategies be pursued to reduce the morbidity associated with the events. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the potential roles of endogenous and exogenous neural stem cells and progenitors in repairing the infant brain. Perinatal H/I is an important clinical issue for both preterm and term infants. Approximately 55% of insults occur prior to or during birth as a result of underlying complications manifested prior to birth. (1) Despite major advances in obstetric care and management, the incidence of cerebral palsy, which has been associated with H/I, has remained at approximately 2 per 1,000 live births. (2)(3)(4) With advances in newborn intensive care, 80% of babies born extremely prematurely, during the second trimester, now survive, (5) but they often experience repeated hypoxic episodes. They have a 7% chance of developing cerebral palsy (5) and a 50% chance of developing motor, cognitive, and behavioral disorders. (6) A number of factors correlate highly with the occurrence of cerebral palsy, including proteinuria, …
Photochemical production of carbonyl sulphide in marine surface waters

Carbony1 sulphide (COS) has been proposed as the major source of the stratospheric sulphate layer in times of low volcanic activity1 because of its long tropospheric residence time2, its uniform distribution in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres3, and the lack of knowledge of any significant sinks except photodissociation in the stratosphere4. Known sources of COS include biomass burning5, volcanoes6,7, salt marshes2,8, fossil fuel combustion9, and oxidation of atmospheric CS2 (refs 10,11). Also, recent measurements12–14 have shown the surface oceans to be a source of COS. The total flux to the atmosphere from these known sources is substantially greater than the flux to the stratosphere needed to maintain the sulphate layer10. Thus questions remain about the sources and sinks of COS, and we have now performed a series of experiments in nearshore ocean and estuarine waters to investigate further the oceanic source of this gas. Dissolved COS in near-surface waters was found to be supersaturated with respect to atmospheric COS, and the dissolved concentrations varied diurnally with light intensity. Similar behaviour has been observed by other investigators for carbon monoxide, which is produced photochemically in surface seawater15. Furthermore, COS production appears to be independent of salinity, photosynthetic activity and microbial activity, and is probably the result of photooxidation of organic matter. COS was produced in the laboratory by UV-irradiation of seawater and solutions of several biochemically relevant organosulphur compounds.
Smart microplates: integrated photodiodes for detecting bead-based chemiluminescent reactions

A photodiode, integrated into a micromachined silicon pyramidal cavity for the purpose of detecting bead-based chemiluminescent reactions has been devised and fabricated. A large amount of previous work on the optical detection of chemical/biological reactions has concentrated on either improving the signal processing capabilities of planar, imager-like, detectors or developing a dedicated detector for sensing one specific phenomenon at a time. In our platform photodiodes are designed to be directly integrated into micromachined cavities in an array, reminiscent of a microplate, which potentially enables multi-analyte capabilities. Additionally, a concept of accessing a photodiode using inductive coupling, i.e. using a non-contact wireless reading, is introduced and demonstrated.
Displacement of the Curie Temperature of FeBO 3 Under Pressure

The spontaneous magnetization of FeBO3 crystallites was determined in the critical region as a function of hydrostatic pressure to 3 kbar. At each pressure this magnetization could be described by the scaling law using Tc and a pressure independent critical exponent β as parameters. The Curie temperature, obtained from the fit of the data to the scaling law, varied linearly with pressure and at a rate of 0.53 ± 0.03 K/kbar. No evidence for any change in the canting angle with pressure was found.
Ligand Binding to Anti-Fluorescyl Antibodies: Stability of the Antigen Binding Site

The problem of protein stability is addressed with spectroscopic studies of equilibrium and kinetic properties of the binding of fluorescein to high-affinity monoclonal anti-fluorescyl antibodies (Mab 4-4-20), Fab fragments, and single-chain antibodies (SCA). SCA molecules contain only the variable domains of the antibody and an amino acid linker. The influence of glycerol on the antigen binding reaction is studied by circular dichroism, fluorescence, and absorption spectroscopy. The presence of glycerol in the solvent lowers the affinity of SCA for the ligand drastically, and the affinity even decreases toward lower temperatures. This effect is not observed in Fab and Mab. Analysis of the temperature jump kinetics shows that the dissociation reaction can be modeled as a two-state transition. The CD spectra indicate that the domain structure of the SCA remains unaltered in the presence of glycerol. Therefore, it is concluded that glycerol promotes the dissociation of the two variable domains of SCA. In Fab and Mab, the constant domains provide additional stabilization of the molecular structure at the antigen binding site.
Valve wheel rim force capabilities of process operators

Abstract The force that an operator is able to apply to a valve wheel depends on the location of the wheel relative to the operator, the orientation of the valve stem, the diameter of the wheel, and the quality of the interface between the wheel and the hands. The objectives of this study were three-fold. The first objective was to provide information on human force capabilities to valve designers to assist them with the design of new valves. The second objective was to assist piping designers with the layout of valves in a new plant. The third objective was to help plant operations staff determine whether the turning force required to operate existing valves exceeds the capability of process operators. Participants were 66 volunteer process operators and managers from a refinery and a chemical plant located on the Gulf Coast of the United States. Turning strength was measured by recording the force applied to the rim of the valve wheel during an isometric contraction in which there was no movement of the body. The data collected in this study clearly demonstrate a relationship between the posture of the operator, as defined by the height and orientation of the valve wheel, and the maximum turning force that can be applied. For a horizontal stem, the most force could be applied when the valve was in the knee or waist area. For vertical stem valves, operators appear to be able to apply the maximum force when the valve is located between the waist and the shoulder.
Interval Scales, Ratio Scales, and Additive Scales for the Sizes of Differences Perceived between Members of a Geodesic Series of Colors

From larger–smaller judgments of color differences, compared visually two at a time, the perceived sizes may be evaluated on an interval scale. Given numbers B so evaluated, and such that B is linearly connected to some power p, of the physical measure D (such as distance on any chromaticity diagram) of the differences, the additive constant Kbr such that the numbers B+Kbr are expressed on a ratio scale may be found from judgments of the ratio of sizes of pairs of differences. To evaluate p, it is sufficient to observe the three differences, 12, 23, and 13 between the pairs of three colors, 1, 2, 3, forming a geodesic series, and chosen so that B12 is not much different from B23. The scale formed by the numbers (B+Kbr)1/p is additive if the D scale is additive. If the largest of the color differences judged exceeds the smallest by a factor not greater than 3, a close approximation to the (B+Kbr)1/p scale may be found without evaluating Kbr by ratio judgments. This approximation is based on the empirical discovery that scales based on the additivity condition: (B12+Kbd)1/p+(B13+Kbd)1/p=(B13+Kbd)1/p, though it implies that Kbd depends strongly on p, are essentially identical regardless of the choice of p between 1 and 13. It is sufficient therefore, to derive the additive scale by setting p=1, and computing Kbd as B13−B12−B23.
Mitochondrial functions of polymelanosomes.

Abstract 1. 1. Large cytoplasmic organelles containing melanin granules (polymelanosomes) were centrifugally isolated from the melanocytes of the Amphiuma tridactylum liver. 2. 2. These polymelanosomes have significant amounts of the following enzyme activities: succinic oxidase, cytochrome oxidase and monoamine oxidase. 3. 3. The polymelanosomes also accumulate 54Mn similarly to mitochondria. 4. 4. It is concluded that these polymelanosomes have certain functional similarities to mitochondria.
Spouses' Experiences During Pregnancy and the Postpartum: A Program of Research and Theory Development

A program of nursing research was established to test a theory proposing that wives and husbands have similar pregnancy-related experiences. The research was guided by a conceptual framework of the family as a living open system. Findings were conflicting from three studies that investigated the relationship between spouses' strength of identification and similarities in changes in various body image components during and after pregnancy; taken together the findings suggested that spouses do not have similar patterns of change in their body images during pregnancy and the postpartum. Two other studies investigated the relationship between spouses' strength of identification and similarities in their reports of physical and psychological symptoms during pregnancy and the postpartum. In these studies the spouses reported similar physical and psychological symptoms during pregnancy and the postpartum. There was no evidence, however, in any of the studies of a relationship between spouses' strength of identification and similarities in their pregnancy-related experiences. The validity of the theory of similar pregnancy-related experiences and the credibility of the conceptual framework of the family as an open system are questioned.
The Double Language Boundary in Cross-Cultural Surveys

Language is the most widely proposed criterion for operational culture- bearing units used in cross-cultural surveys. The double boundary method eliminates the need to define exact language boundaries. The solution pro poses : (1) choosing a particular local community, at a particular point in time, as the sampling unit; (2) checking its linguistic affiliation in Voegelin and Voegelin's "Languages of the World" (keeping in mind that if two units belong to the same language group, one must be discarded from the sample unless there is clear evidence that they are obviously mutually unintelligible); and (3) checking each focal unit for linguistic heterogeneity. When time focus follows colonial administration, Naroll proposes possible measures to control for colonial influence.
The Influence of Professional Reference Groups on Decisions of Preservice Secondary School Mathematics Teachers.

A lmost universally, teacher education programs for mathematics teachers include a course titled Methods of Teaching Secondary School Mathematics. Some professionals believe that methods courses have negligible impact on the behavior of the teacher when he finally arrives in his own classroom. Others argue a different point of view, strongly supporting the importance of such a course. There seems to be relatively little empirical evidence to support either position. Much of the "methods" instruction consists of exposing the future teacher to the opinions of professors and authors of books and journal articles, so an interesting question is, Will the opinions of these professionals influence the future classroom decisions of the teacher? Furthermore, since the opinionating professionals can be generally categorized as either mathematicians or educators, is one of these groups more influential than the other?