cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Library Website Visits and Enrollment Trends

Abstract Objective – Measures of trends in Iowa State University library website visits per student/faculty/staff headcount show decreased use. Analysis was conducted to test for a relationship between this decrease and decreasing graduate/undergraduate enrollment ratios and decreasing visits to a popular digital collection. The purpose was to measure the influence of these factors and to produce an adjusted measure of trend which accounts for these factors. Methods – Website transaction log data and enrollment data were modelled with Box and Jenkins time series analysis methods (regression with ARMA errors). Results – A declining graduate to undergraduate enrollment ratio at Iowa State University explained 23% of the innovation variance of library website visits per headcount over the study period, while visits to a popular digital collection also declined, explaining 34% of the innovation variance. Rolling windows analysis showed that the effect of the graduate/undergraduate ratio increased over the study period, while the effect of digital collection visits decreased. In addition, estimates of website usage by graduate students and undergraduates, after accounting for other factors, matched estimates from a survey. Conclusion – A rolling windows metric of mean change adjusted for changes in demographics and other factors allows for a fairer comparison of year-to-year website usage, while also measuring the change in influence of these factors. Adjusting for these influences provides a baseline for studying the effect of interventions, such as website design changes. Box-Jenkins methods of analysis for time series data can provide a more accurate measure than ordinary regression, demonstrated by estimating undergraduate and graduate website usage to corroborate survey data. While overall website usage is decreasing, it is not clear it is decreasing for all groups. Inferences were made about demographic groups with data that is not tied to individuals, thus alleviating privacy concerns.
A QUANTITATIVE GENETIC ANALYSIS OF BRAIN AND BODY SIZE ASSOCIATIONS, THEIR ORIGIN AND ONTOGENY: DATA FROM MICE.

Numerous studies have been carried out on the origin and significance of evolutionary changes in overall brain size within and between species and higher categories (e.g., Jerison, 1973, 1979; Gould, 1975, 1977; Radinsky, 1977, 1978; Hahn et al., 1979; Lande, 1979; Szarski, 1980; Armstrong, 1983; Atchley, 1984a; Felsenstein, 1984; Riska and Atchley, unpubl.). Speculation abounds concerning the underlying cause of evolutionary variation in brain size (Jerison, 1973; Gould, 1975, 1977; Sacher and Staffeldt, 1974; Lande, 1979; Martin, 1981; Armstrong, 1983; Riska and Atchley, 1984); however, no unambigious explanation has been forthcoming. The most popular hypothesis is that variation in brain size arises as a consequence of a morphogenetic "scaling effect" with body size. While seldom stated in genetic terms, this morphogenetic scaling hypothesis nevertheless suggests variation in body size is accompanied by covariation in brain size since these two traits are genetically "coupled" or correlated as a result of shared genetic precursors. The evolutionary result is that selection for change in one trait produces a correlated change in the other (Roderick et al., 1976; Atchley, 1984a). The only general genetic model for brain and body size evolution is that of Lande (1979) who suggests that evolution of brain size within and between closely related species occurs as a correlated response to selection for body size. Based on data from a selection experiment for rate of weight gain, Atchley (1 984a) demonstrated that brain size changes as a result of evolutionary changes in body size and rate of development. Reciprocally, Roderick et al. (1976), Fuller and Geils (1972), and Fuller (1979) show that selection for adult brain weight produces a correlated response in body weight. While these experimental studies validate the major features of the morphogenetic scaling hypothesis, they provide little evidence for the developmental origin of the brain: body size correlation, how it might change
Clinically Anxious Individuals Show Disrupted Feedback between Inferior Frontal Gyrus and Prefrontal-Limbic Control Circuit

Clinical anxiety is associated with generalization of conditioned fear, in which innocuous stimuli elicit alarm. Using Pavlovian fear conditioning (electric shock), we quantify generalization as the degree to which subjects' neurobiological responses track perceptual similarity gradients to a conditioned stimulus. Previous studies show that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) inversely and ventral tegmental area directly track the gradient of perceptual similarity to the conditioned stimulus in healthy individuals, whereas clinically anxious individuals fail to discriminate. Here, we extend this work by identifying specific functional roles within the prefrontal-limbic circuit. We analyzed fMRI time-series acquired from 57 human subjects during a fear generalization task using entropic measures of circuit-wide regulation and feedback (power spectrum scale invariance/autocorrelation), in combination with structural (diffusion MRI-probabilistic tractography) and functional (stochastic dynamic causal modeling) measures of prefrontal-limbic connectivity within the circuit. Group comparison and correlations with anxiety severity across 57 subjects revealed dysregulatory dynamic signatures within the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), which our prior work has linked to impaired feedback within the circuit. Bayesian model selection then identified a fully connected prefrontal-limbic model comprising the IFG, vmPFC, and amygdala. Dysregulatory IFG dynamics were associated with weaker reciprocal excitatory connectivity between the IFG and the vmPFC. The vmPFC exhibited inhibitory influence on the amygdala. Our current results, combined with our previous work across a threat-perception spectrum of 137 subjects and a meta-analysis of 366 fMRI studies, dissociate distinct roles for three prefrontal-limbic regions, wherein the IFG provides evaluation of stimulus meaning, which then informs the vmPFC in inhibiting the amygdala. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Affective neuroscience has generally treated prefrontal regions (orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, ventromedial prefrontal cortex) equivalently as inhibitory components of the prefrontal-limbic system. Yet research across the anxiety spectrum suggests that the inferior frontal gyrus may have a more complex role in emotion regulation, as this region shows abnormal function in disorders of both hyperarousal and hypoarousal. Using entropic measures of circuit-wide regulation and feedback, in combination with measures of structural and functional connectivity, we dissociate distinct roles for three prefrontal-limbic regions, wherein the inferior frontal gyrus provides evaluation of stimulus meaning, which then informs the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in inhibiting the amygdala. This reconfiguration coheres with studies of conceptual disambiguation also implicating the inferior frontal gyrus.
Documentation and Fiction in Hameiri's Accounts of the Great War

In her article "Documentation and Fiction in Hameiri's Accounts of the Great War" Tamar S. Drukker discusses the only surviving Hebrew-language docu-novel of the Great War, written by Avigdor Hameiri (1890-1970), a Hungarian Jewish officer. His 1930 memoir The Great Madness is a wartime personal journal about his life at the Russian front. Many of the episodes described in The Great Madness receive a more styled treatment in Hameiri's wartime short stories which appeared in three collections during the 1920s. These stories are sometimes surreal, symbolic, and carefully crafted. Drukker's study of Hameiri's wartime life writing and his literary rendition of experience into stylized stories shed light on the purpose of his writing, the intended audience, and in particular Hameiri's choices -- linguistic, literary and ideological -- in choosing the medium for recounting and documenting in writing life experience in extreme conditions.
A filled function based variable neighborhood search method for the multidimensional knapsack problem

The multidimensional knapsack problem is one of classical NP-hard problems.Firstly,this paper presents two neighborhoods of a solution,and converts multidimensional knapsack problem equivalently into unconstrained integer programming.Next,a filled function with only one adjustable parameter is constructed.Then a filled function based variable neighborhood search method for multidimensional knapsack problem is proposed.Numerical results show that the proposed algorithm is efficient.
A private practice experience with adenocarcinoma of the prostate in men less than 50 years old.

AbstractWe have found a sharp increase in the number of men less than 50 years old with adenocarcinoma of the prostate. In the last 4 years we have found 9 new patients less than 50 years old, which far exceeds the expected number. Prompted by this increase we reviewed our experience with prostatic carcinoma in young men. Our findings of 11 of 256 patients (4 per cent) and good survival from 6 months to 15 years (90 per cent) are at variance with previously published reports. We attribute the increased number of patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate to our willingness to biopsy small “unimportant” nodules in the prostate. Whether these findings reflect an actual increase in the incidence of prostatic carcinoma in young men or simply an increase in the frequency of diagnosis of previously unrecognized lesions is not clear.
Intermediate filaments at a glance.

Eukaryotic cells feature two ubiquitous fibrous cytoskeletal polymers in their cytoplasm: F-actin and microtubules. A third fibrous polymer, intermediate filaments (IFs), appeared more recently in evolution ([Fuchs and Cleveland, 1998][1]; [Erber et al., 1998][2]). Two common traits define members
Designing and Assessing Expressive Open-Source Faces for the Baxter Robot

Facial expressions of both humans and robots are known to communicate important social cues to human observers. Nevertheless, faces for use on the flat panel display screens of physical multi-degree-of-freedom robots have not been exhaustively studied. While surveying owners of the Rethink Robotics Baxter Research Robot to establish their interest, we designed a set of 49 Baxter faces, including seven colors (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, and gray) and seven expressions (afraid, angry, disgusted, happy, neutral, sad, and surprised). Online study participants (N = 568) drawn equally from two countries (US and India) then rated photographs of a physical Baxter robot displaying randomized subsets of the faces. Face color, facial expression, and onlooker country of origin all significantly affected the perceived pleasantness and energeticness of the robot, as well as the onlooker’s feelings of safety and pleasedness, with facial expression causing the largest effects. The designed faces are available to researchers online.
Resistance to Xanthomonas perforans race T4 causing bacterial spot in tomato breeding lines

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is the second most important vegetable crop in the world. Bacterial spot (BS) of tomato, caused by four species of Xanthomonas: X. euvesicatoria, X. vesicatoria, X. perforans and X. gardneri, results in severe loss in yield and quality due to defoliation and formation of lesions on fruits, respectively. Currently management practices do not offer effective control under conditions of high disease pressure. Thus, developing BS resistance is a critical priority for tomato growers in order to minimize crop losses. Sixty-three advanced tomato breeding lines, heirlooms and wild tomato lines with diverse genetic backgrounds were screened under greenhouse and field conditions for BS resistance using X. perforans race T4, which was found to be a prevalent race in North Carolina. Race T4 isolate 9 was used to inoculate the plants by spraying, and disease severity was measured using the Horsfall–Barratt scale. Tomato lines 74L-1W(2008), NC2CELBR, 081-12-1X-gsms, NC22L-1 (2008) and 52LB-1 showed resistance to BS in the field and/or greenhouse trials. These lines were derived from S. pimpinellifolium L3707. Screening L3707 followed by development of a mapping population and mapping resistance genes might be useful for breeding resistance against BS in future breeding programmes.
Contributions of Neuroscience to a New Empathy Epistemology: Implications for Developmental Training

The difficulty in comprehending the epistemology of empathy lies in shifting paradigms which have resulted in empathy being viewed as vague and elusive. Such elusive understanding of empathy has confused research, practice, and advancement of therapeutic principles. Empathy is the core of all social and intellectual transformation. Humankind is biologically programmed to use empathy for survival, health, and well-being. Pursuing and understanding empathy frees human capacity for wisdom. Studying the epistemology of empathy is operationally and scientifically relevant in the synthesis of an empathic practice theory. Clear epistemic definition and neuroscience provide the foundation for an expanding discovery of rational frameworks for a clinician’s empathic training and teaching. A clinician’s empathic ability requires competency in reflective, global, affective, cognitive, and interpersonal perspective-taking. Once understood, renewed curriculum for teaching and training are recommended that would produce more finite outcomes. Epistemic review culminates in empathy skills training over the course of curricula at the undergraduate (BSW) and graduate (MSW) levels.
Hereditary myopathies with early respiratory insufficiency in adults.

Introduction: Hereditary myopathies with early respiratory insufficiency as a predominant feature of the clinical phenotype are uncommon and underestimated in adults. Methods: We reviewed the clinical and laboratory data of patients with hereditary myopathies who demonstrated early respiratory insufficiency before the need for ambulatory assistance. Only patients with disease-causing mutations or a specific histopathological diagnosis were included. Patients with cardiomyopathy were excluded. Results: We identified 22 patients; half had isolated respiratory symptoms at onset. The diagnosis of the myopathy was often delayed, resulting in delayed ventilatory support. The most common myopathies were adult-onset Pompe disease, myofibrillar myopathy, multi-minicore disease, and myotonic dystrophy type 1. Single cases of laminopathy, MELAS (mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and strokelike events), centronuclear myopathy, and cytoplasmic body myopathy were identified. Conclusion: We highlighted the most common hereditary myopathies associated with early respiratory insufficiency as the predominant clinical feature, and underscored the importance of a timely diagnosis for patient care. Muscle Nerve 56: 881–886, 2017
Nothing left to chance? The impact of locus of control on physical and mental quality of life in terminal cancer patients

The purpose of this study is to evaluate if locus of control (LOC) predicts various quality of life (QOL) and mental well-being measures among terminally ill cancer patients at the time of palliative care consult. Multi-site analysis of patients with advanced cancer being seen as new patients in a Palliative and Supportive Care outpatient clinic. Patients completed the following surveys: locus of control (LOC) scale, Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-General (FACT-G), Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy–Spiritual (FACIT-Sp), Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS), and Herth Hope Index (HHI). Regression models were created to examine the effect of LOC upon QOL, symptoms, and other measures of mental well-being. These models adjusted for the effect of age, gender, race, partnership status, education, and months since diagnosis as potential confounders. This study enrolled 100 patients. After adjusting for site, race, and partnership status, higher levels of LOC chance predicted decreased QOL (FACT-G) (p < 0.01). Higher levels of LOC chance also correlated with increased depression and anxiety (p ≤ 0.01) and decreased meaning/peace and faith (p ≤ 0.01). Additionally, higher levels of LOC chance predicted decreased hope (HHI) (p ≤ 0.001). Terminally ill cancer patients with a high LOC chance may be at risk for decreased physical and mental well-being at the end of life. Efforts should be made to identify these patients and design interventions to increase their feeling of control over the situation in order to improve physical and mental well-being at the end of life.
Chapter 8 – WDM Computer Networks: A Survey1

Publisher Summary Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is considered a promising transport mechanism for improving fiber bandwidth utilization in future optical networks. Demonstrations of current optical technology have shown a feasibility of up to 160 channels (wavelengths) per fiber, each operating at 10 Gb/s. WDM technology may be used in local, metropolitan, and wide area networks. WDM scores over optical time-division multiplexing (OTDM) and code-division multiplexing (CDM) in that it does not require complex hardware or synchronization. Although OTDM and CDM are considered long-term network solutions because they rely on immature and different technology, WDM can be realized using commercially available components. The inherent advantages of WDM have made it the current favorite multiplexing technology for communication networks and, in particular, for optical networks. Today's major carriers are devoting significant efforts to the development and application of WDM technologies.
Pain Control in Total Knee Arthroplasty

As surgical techniques and pharmacology advance, the management of postoperative pain in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) continues to evolve. The current standards of care are composed of multimodal pain management including opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and gabapentinoids, peripheral nerve blocks, and periarticular injections. Newer modalities are composed of delayed release local anesthetics and cryoneurolysis. To summarize the current evidence-based treatment modalities and forecast changes in the management of patients having TKAs, we reviewed available data on: (1) oral analgesics; (2) periarticular injections; (3) peripheral nerve blocks; (4) multimodal regimens; and (5) newer modalities in post-TKA pain management. Multimodal analgesic regimens that target numerous pain pathways may provide the best pain management, rehabilitation, patient satisfaction, and reduce opioid use and related side effects. Periarticular injections of delayed-release local anesthetics may further enhance pain management.
Classification, Natural History, and Evolution of the Orthopleurinae (Coleoptera: Cleridae). Part VI. The New Genera Coadnatus Opitz, Furcadia Opitz, and Latupusillus Opitz, One New Species of Funicula Opitz, and Four New Species of Romanaeclerus Winkler

Abstract This work involves establishing the genera Coadnatus Opitz, new genus, Furcadia Opitz, new genus, and Latupusillus Opitz, new genus, and describing new species in the previously established genera Funicula Opitz and Romanaeclerus Winkler. Eight species are described: Coadnatus sakaii Opitz, new species, Funicula albocapilla Opitz, new species, Furcadia sandala Opitz, new species, Latupusillus laculatus Opitz, new species, Romanaeclerus dimidius Opitz, new species, Romanaeclerus gerstmeieri Opitz, new species, Romanaeclerus quadratus Opitz, new species, and Romanaeclerus vitellinus Opitz, new species. The concepts underlying the establishment of the genus category are discussed. Neorthopleurinae Opitz is synonymized with Orthopleurinae Boving and Craighead.
Electronic Structure Models: Computations, Chemical Insights and Appropriateness

Electronic structure calculations lie at the very heart of modern theoretical chemistry. We discuss the nature of such calculations, stressing the importance of the central fact that these are model calculations: both ab-initio and semiempirical calculations use electronic structure models, in the form of a representation of the coulomb Hamiltonian over some finite basis set. Different basis sets, with different interaction integrals, correspond to different model Hamiltonians. In this sense, there is no fundamental difference between semiempirical and ab-initio calculations.
Primitivformen des Tuns und Strebens

Die Grundlage alles menschlichen Tuns wird durch jene Urzusammenhange hergestellt, die das Individuum mit seiner Vorwelt und seiner Umwelt verknupfen. So selbstverstandlich gehort jedes Einzelwesen in die Reihe der sich folgenden Generationen und in die Gegenwartigkeit seines Lebensbereichs, dass auch seine Aktivitat weitgehend darin eingebettet ist — mit einer Unbedingtheit und Treffsicherheit, die noch vor aller Bewusstheit liegt. Fur dieses primitive „Sich im Leben halten” bedarf es nicht einer Objektivierung der Handlungsziele, bedarf es keiner Erfahrung, aus der man lernen musste, und keiner Vorausschau, auf deren Inhalt man sich einstellen musste. Diese Urhandlungen sind es, in denen der Mensch den untermenschlichen Lebewesen am ahnlichsten ist; sie sind es, die in der Entwicklung jedes einzelnen Menschen schon ganz fruhe auftreten, noch ehe eine Spur von Willens- und Denk-Handlungen moglich ist; sie bleiben aber als Grundschicht auch bestehen, wenn sich allmahlich daruber die Handlungsmoglichkeiten in der Gegenstands-und der Wert-Sphare erheben — empfangen freilich von diesen spezifisch menschlichen Strebungen und Handlungen wesentliche Beeinflussung und Umformung.
Finite element procedure and simulations for a multiphase phase field approach to martensitic phase transformations at large strains and with interfacial stresses

Abstract A detailed finite element procedure for a new phase field approach (Basak and Levitas, 2018) to temperature- and stress induced multivariant martensitic transformations at large strains and with interfacial stresses is developed. A system with austenite and N martensitic variants is considered. N + 1 order parameters related to the transformation strains are used, one of which describes the austenite ↔ martensite transformation ; the other N order parameters describe N martensitic variants. Evolution of the order parameters is governed by coupled Ginzburg–Landau and mechanics equations. Assuming a non-monolithic strategy for solving the governing equations by using Newton’s iterative method, a weak formulation with emphasis on the derivation of the tangent modulus has been presented. Notably, the fourth order tangent modulus for the equilibrium equations has a contribution not only from the elastic stresses but also from the structural interfacial stresses, which appears here for the first time. A second order backward difference scheme is used to discretize the time derivative in the Ginzburg–Landau equations. An adaptive time stepping is considered. A finite element code has been developed within an open source package deal.II for a system with austenite and two martensitic variants and used to solve three problems: (i) simple shear deformation of a rectangular parallelepiped with evolution of austenite and single martensitic variant; (ii) twinning in martensite and the effect of sample size on the twinned microstructures ; (iii) a rectangular block under nanoindentation. The results for the first two problems describe the well-known analytical solutions. Two kinematic models (KMs) for the transformation deformation gradient tensor are used and the corresponding results are compared: KM-I represents a linear transformation rule in the Bain tensors and KM-II is an exponential-logarithmic type of transformation rule in the Bain tensors. The algorithm can naturally be extended for the study of phase transformations in multiphase solids, solidification, diffusive phase transitions, interaction between phase transformations and plasticity and/or fracture, etc.
Haematological problems in the intensive care unit

Abstract Patients admitted to the intensive care unit can be affected by a range of haematological problems, either as a consequence of primary haematological disease or, more commonly, with haematological problems arising as a consequence of other disease processes. The haematological malignancies are individually relatively rare conditions, but collectively account for a significant proportion of cancer diagnoses. This group of conditions may cause patients to become critically ill and require intensive care support for a number of reasons.
The Inquiry Based Science and Technology Education Program (IN-STEP): The Evaluation of the First Year.

This is the first report on the evaluation of the Inquiry Based Science and Technology Education Program (IN-STEP), an innovative and ambitious science education initiative being undertaken by a public-private partnership in Thailand. The IN-STEP project is being sponsored by MSD Thailand and supported by funding from its parent company, Merck & Co., Inc., and is being led and implemented by a public-private partnership of organizations committed to improving science education in Thailand. In response to the tsunami disaster in 2004, Merck and MSD Thailand donated US$500,000 to design and implement a science education program in the tsunami-affected province of Phang-nga. Managed by the Kenan Institute Asia, INSTEP draws heavily on the experience and resources of the Merck Institute for Science Education (MISE), founded by Merck in 1993 to improve student performance in science in the United States. MISE’s efforts have shown that the use of well-designed materials and inquiry methods not only raises children’s achievement in science, but also their engagement and enthusiasm. This report has three aims: first, to share the IN-STEP model with a broad audience of science educators and policymakers; second, to provide baseline information on the teachers and schools involved in the project; third, to provide the IN-STEP team with useful feedback from the first year of implementation. These multiple purposes result in a rather lengthy report. We hope that readers will be forgiving and seek out the parts of the report that most interest them. Most of all, we hope they will be enticed to follow the progress of IN-STEP over the next few years and learn from this effort to adapt strategies used successfully in the United States to improve teaching and learning for use in Thailand. Disciplines Curriculum and Instruction | Educational Methods | Education Policy | International and Comparative Education | Science and Mathematics Education Comments View on the CPRE website. This report is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/cpre_researchreports/49
States Can and Should Respond Strategically to Federal Tax Law

Everyone knows that states do not need to conform to federal tax law. That is why, in the aftermath of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), states face scores of questions about whether and how to conform to the changes made to federal tax law. The explosion of conformity questions has put some pressure on the perceived wisdom about whether states must conform to federal tax law. For instance, the TCJA makes certain changes that are meant as complements to other changes; can a state choose to conform to federal law a la carte, that is, only conform to some, but not all, of the changes made to a particular area? More fundamentally, how much can states respond to changes made by the federal tax law strategically? The federal government is showering taxpayers with very generous depreciation rules; can states make their depreciation schedules less generous in response? In this short symposium piece, I will confirm that what “everyone knows” is correct. States do not need to conform to federal tax law and can (and should) respond to federal tax law strategically.
Toxicity study of separase inhibitor–Sepin-1 in Sprague-Dawley rats

Abstract Sepin-1 is a small compound that inhibits enzymatic activity of Separase and growth of cancer cells. As part of the IND-enabling studies to develop Sepin-1 as a chemotherapeutic agent, herein we have profiled the toxicity of Sepin-1 in Sprague-Dawley rats in a good laboratory practice (GLP) setting. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of Sepin-1 in rats is 40 mg/kg in single dose study and 20 mg/kg in the study dosed for 7 consecutive days. The toxicity study consists of two parts–Main Study and Recovery Study. Sepin-1 with 0 (control), 5 (low dose), 10 (median dose), and 20 (high dose) mg/kg was administered by bolus intravenous injection to rats once daily for 28 consecutive days. The animals in the Main Study were euthanized on Day 29, whereas animals in the Recovery Study were allowed to recover for 28 days following the 28-day Sepin-1 dose before they were euthanized on Day 29 of the off-dose period. Although the effects of Sepin-1 at low and median doses are minimal, hematological analysis shows that high-dose Sepin-1 is associated with decrease of red blood cells and hemoglobin, and increase in the number of reticulocytes and platelets as well as mean corpuscular volume. Clinical chemistry indicates that Sepin-1 causes increase of total bilirubin and decrease of creatine kinase. Histopathology analysis indicates Sepin-1 results in minimal bone marrow erythroid hyperplasia, minimal to moderate splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis, minimal splenic lymphoid depletion, minimal to mild thymic lymphoid depletion, and minimal to mild mandibular lymph node lymphoid hyperplasia in male and female rats in the Main Study. Those abnormal changes are Sepin-1 dose-dependent and mostly reversible after a 28-day recovery period in animals from the Recovery Study. Based on our results, we conclude that Sepin-1 at pharmacologic doses (5−10 mg/kg) is well tolerable, with no significant rates of mortality or morbidity, and can further be developed as a potential new drug to treat Separase-overexpressed tumors.
Association of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundations’ Social Determinants of Health and Medicare Ocular Hospitalizations: A Cross Sectional Data Analysis

Social determinants of health (SDH) may influence inpatient utilization rates and outcomes but have yet to be associated with ocular diagnoses. The purpose of this paper was to determine whether the SDH are associated with ocular hospitalizations. Patients from the national Medicare 100% Inpatient Limited Dataset were examined and linked to SDH measures from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) County Health Rankings. Patients were included in the study group with either an admitting or primary diagnosis of an ophthalmic condition. All other hospitalized Medicare patients served in the comparison group. Nested logistic regression of these Medicare patients was conducted in their respective communities at the county level. SDH measures were benchmarked above or below the national median. Positively associated SDH factors included communities with air pollution exceeding 11.62 micro grams per cubic meter (OR 1.05; 95% CI 1.01–1.08), communities where severe housing problems exceeding 14.38% (OR 1.13; 95% CI 1.09–1.18), children in single parent households exceeding 32.13% (OR 1.06; 95% CI 1.02–1.11), violent crime rate exceeding 250.54 per 100,000 (OR 1.07; 95% CI 1.03–1.12), diabetes exceeding 10.95% (OR 1.09: 95% CI 1.04–1.14), and drug poisoning deaths including opioids exceeding 14.17 per 100,000 (OR 1.04; 95% CI 1.01–1.08). When compared to an all-condition, hospitalized population, ocular hospitalizations tended to have small, yet statistically significant associations with health behaviors, socioeconomic, and physical environment factors. Further research will be needed on how the physical environment, social, and community variables affect ocular health relative to all-cause hospitalizations.
Resolvable estuaries for satellite derived water quality within the continental United States

There are a wide range of satellite sensors used for water quality measures with various spatial resolutions. Here, we focus on spatial resolution because some estuaries are smaller than the satell...
Incentivized to Testify: Informant Witnesses

This chapter explores an emerging area of psychology and law: informant witnesses. Since the introduction of plea-bargained testimony, informant witnesses have come forward with information that has led to wrongful convictions. An informant witness can be an accomplice witness, who, through their own admission, has participated in a crime and is willing to testify regarding the role of a co-conspirator, or a jailhouse informant who provides testimony about a crime based on information obtained while incarcerated. The first 250 DNA exoneration cases were examined and found that 21% involved false informant testimony. Despite its pervasiveness and contribution to wrongful convictions, the use of informants is largely unregulated. Courts traditionally have assumed that jurors appreciate the inherent unreliability of informant testimony; however, psychological research has found that informant testimony is extremely persuasive when compared to other evidence and can even effect eyewitness decisions. Existing trial mechanisms—namely jury instructions and cross-examination—are meant to sensitize jurors to view informant testimony with skepticism, but thus far, neither jury instructions nor cross-examinations have been successful. In order to understand why jurors may be unable to accurately evaluate informant testimony, we discuss how the fundamental attribution error, prosecutorial vouching, and reliance on heuristic thinking may influence these evaluations. Lastly, we address other possible legal safeguards that may prevent wrongful convictions based on informant testimony.
Pd-Catalyzed Regio-, Diastereo-, and Enantioselective [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions: Access to Chiral Cyclopentyl Sulfones.

The palladium-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition using in situ generated sulfone-TMM species to construct various chiral cyclopentyl sulfones in a highly regio-, diastereo- (dr >15:1), and enantiosele...
Making It Work: Physicians' Perspectives on the Rapid Transition to Telemedicine

Background: Telemedicine is a major pillar in the health care system's response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, the rapid implementation of telemedicine is not without...
Pedagogy for Doctoral Seminars in Design Science Research

Doctoral instruction in design science research (DSR) must surpass the learning of fundamental concepts and processes. Doctoral students should be prepared to perform cutting edge research that extends prescriptive knowledge bases of design artifacts and design theories. This chapter proposes a two-dimensional pedagogy of research challenges and fields of information systems (IS) research with a robust focus on doctoral education. Experiences with a pilot course using this novel instructional approach are discussed.
Numerical Simulations and Analysis of Beam-Resolved In-Plane Bistatic Scattering in a Wavetank Setup

This study implements direct numerical simulations of in-plane bistatic scattering in 2-D space to mimic the setup of an actual wavetank experiment. The latter investigated feasibility of passive sensing of water surface conditions using commercial geostationary satellites as transmitters of opportunity. While range resolution afforded by the signal bandwidth and sensing geometry is very coarse (nearly a hundred meters at best), finer spatial sensitivity can still be obtained due to narrow pattern of the receiving antenna located close to surface. Variations of the signal power and short-term Doppler shifts with time – all observed in the field data – can be used as additional sources of remote sensing information. Therefore the numerical simulations took account of antenna patterns and locations, while using a representative measured wave spectrum. We demonstrate that undulations in power and spectrogram centroids are indeed present in the modelled data and can be related to the dominant wave period. Critically, the numerical experiment allows considering a broad range of scattering angles (receiver antenna orientations) to indicate when such wave period retrievals are feasible.
A mimetic algorithm for simultaneous multileaf collimator aperture shape and dosimetric optimization in CyberKnife robotic radiosurgery

A mimetic algorithm for the optimization of multileaf collimator aperture shape and beam weighting is proposed for the CyberKnife M6 delivery platform (Accuray Inc., Sunnyvale, CA). The problem of optimizing a patient-specific treatment plan necessarily requires the determination of the beam geometry, beam-defining aperture shape, and beam weighting. The robotic arm of the CyberKnife moves the linear accelerator through approximately half the solid angle, the multileaf collimator in the head of the accelerator provides for conformal aperture shaping of the radiation, and the linear accelerator generates megavoltage x-rays to irradiate the target. The multileaf collimator leaf positions are optimized, as well as beam weights, by an algorithm consisting of an EA combined with a CMA-ES intense local search. The generation of apertures uses a rule-based approach, based upon dosimetric feedback regarding the radiation dose distribution acquired during each iteration. The purpose of the optimization is to find a Pareto-optimal solution which takes into account the clinical decision-making calculus of the radiation oncologist. The algorithm was tested on CT data set for a patient with carcinoma of the prostate. Twenty algorithm runs were performed; the mean fitness value was 2.48 × 105, and the standard deviation was 9.40 × 104. In all instances, the algorithm produced clinically acceptable treatment plans, meeting the user-specified dose-volume objectives for the target and critical structures. Note that there is no commercial algorithm currently available for generating these types of treatment plans, so the present work demonstrates feasibility of a novel treatment planning approach.
A Method for Locating Regions Containing Neural Activation at a Given Confidence Level from MEG Data

The MEG inverse problem does not have a general, unique Solution. Unless restrictive model assumptions are made, there are generally many more free parameters than measurements and there exist “silent sources”iacurrent distributions which produce no external magnetic field. By weighting solutions according to how well each fits our prior notion about what properties good solutions should have, it may be possible to obtain a single current distribution that “best fits” the data and our expectations. However, in general there will still exist a number of different current distributions which fit both the data and our prior expectations sufficiently well. For example, a simulated data set based on a single or several dipoles can generally be fit equally well by a distributed current minimum-norm reconstruction. In experimental data it is often possible to find a relatively small number of dipoles which both fit the data and have a norm not much larger than that of the minimum-norm Solution. Moreover, the few-dipole solutions often have currents in different regions than the corresponding minimum-norm Solution. Because there exist well-fitting current distributions which may have current in significantly different locations, it can be misleading to infer locations of stimulus-correlated neural activity based on a single, best-fitting current distribution. We demonstrate here a method for inferring the location and number of regions containing neural activation by consideringall possible current distributions within a given model (not just the most likely one) weighted according to how well each fits both the data and our prior expectations.
Spatial relations among fuzzy subsets of an image

As the use of fuzzy set theory in computer vision continues to grow, there is an increased need for methodologies and formalisms to extract and manipulate this type of uncertainty from a digital image. The concepts involved in spatial relationships among image objects and regions have been investigated and acknowledged as being vague and ambiguous. Algorithms which produce fuzzy, rather than crisp, partitions of the plane place even greater demands on any approach to describe spatial relationships. The authors present an approach based on the concept of dominance in fuzzy set theory for modeling simple spatial relationships among crisp and fuzzy subsets of an image. >
A gamma memory neural network for system identification

A gamma neural network topology is investigated for a system identification application. A discrete gamma memory structure is used in the input layer, providing delayed values of both the control inputs and the network output to the input layer. The discrete gamma memory structure implements a tapped dispersive delay line, with the amount of dispersion regulated by a single, adaptable parameter. The network is trained using static backpropagation, but captures significant features of the system dynamics. The system dynamics identified with the network are the Mach number dynamics of the 16 Foot Transonic Tunnel at NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia. The training data spans an operating range of Mach numbers from 0.4 to 1.3. >
CHILD-REARING PRACTICES IN A LOW SOCIOECONOMIC GROUP The Mothers of Premature Infants

Our findings support the view that there are characteristics in child-rearing practices which are related to class status, and that these differences become more pronounced with the extremes of class. In this sample of low-class mothers interviewed when tile child was 2½ years of age, we found some maternal rejection of the child, coldness, and physical punishment. There was lack of restrictiveness in regard to toilet training and training for manners. At 5 years there was much restrictiveness in regard to aggression against parents, and against sex play. There was great concern for education for the child, and a strong feeling that the child should fight back if molested. Some of these attitudes, we believe, came out of the mother9s rejection of her own social situation and segregation into a lower caste. The maternal attitudes and child-rearing practices which we have described and which were related to class, undoubtedly helped mold the developing child. If we can speculate, we would say that certain things in his environment were helpful to the child. He was permitted to grow at his own speed. If he was unable to perform, he did not meet with criticism and pressure to do better. He learned how to work. He was encouraged to fight for his rights. On the other hand, there was confusion as to who had authority over him and what behavior was acceptable, since many persons with different expectations had a parental role. He was accustomed to extremes of adult authority, being very controlled at times, and not at all controlled in others. He early became used to corporal punishment. He was treated with relative coldness and he was not praised for achievement. The stimuli which are supplied by books, toys, and cultural experiences were often missing. There was little opportunity for a boy to identify with a male figure. There was lack of interest in the personality characteristics which differentiate one individual from the other and which contribute to a strong feeling of self-identification. Other elements in the environment were preparing the child to take over a lower class role. The inadequate incomes, crowded homes, lack of consistent familial ties, the mother9s depression and helplessness in her own situation, were as important as her child-rearing practices in influencing the child9s development and preparing him for an adult role. It was for us a sobering experience to watch a large group of newborn infants, plastic human beings of unknown potential, and to observe over a 5-year period their social preparation to enter the class of the least-skilled, least-educated, and most-rejected in our society.
Solvated electron in (H2O)20− and (H2O)21− clusters: A theoretical study

The dodecahedral (H2O)20− and (H2O)21− clusters are studied by applying the Becke-3-parameter density functional theory and Lee–Yang–Parr correlation functional. The geometry optimizations are carried out with 6-31G* basis set followed by single-point calculations for energy and charge distribution values with 6-311++G** basis set. While the structures of these clusters are very similar to their neutral counterparts, the charge distributions are significantly different. In the dodecahedral (H2O)20− cluster with an empty cavity, the −1 charge is distributed almost evenly among the half of the water molecules (10) on the cage surface. However, in a filled dodecahedral (H2O)21− cluster, the −1 charge is almost entirely localized unto the water molecule in the cavity. The calculated electron binding energies for the (H2O)20− and (H2O)21− clusters are 0.805 and 1.12 eV, respectively, and the stabilization energies relative to monomers and separated electron are 202 and 214 kcal/mol, respectively.
Linking Uncertainty in Physicians' Narratives to Diagnostic Correctness

In the medical domain, misdiagnoses and diagnostic uncertainty put lives at risk and incur substantial financial costs. Clearly, medical reasoning and decision-making need to be better understood. We explore a possible link between linguistic expression and diagnostic correctness. We report on an unusual data set of spoken diagnostic narratives used to computationally model and predict diagnostic correctness based on automatically extracted and linguistically motivated features that capture physicians' uncertainty. A multimodal data set was collected as dermatologists viewed images of skin conditions and explained their diagnostic process and observations aloud. We discuss experimentation and analysis in initial and secondary pilot studies. In both cases, we experimented with computational modeling using features from the acoustic-prosodic and lexical-structural linguistic modalities.
Update on emerging technologies in breast imaging

Despite mammography's proven efficacy, there continues to be interest in newer technologies in breast cancer detection and expanded use of established technologies, especially in women with dense breast tissue and those at high risk. This article reflects on the development in the last ten years of some of these modalities and their current use.
An investigation of abusive supervision as a predictor of performance and the meaning of work as a moderator of the relationship

Abstract This study examines the abusive supervision–job performance relationship with job performance measured using formal performance appraisal ratings, supervisor ratings, and self-ratings. Additionally, we predict that the meaning one gains from work moderates these relationships. We used a sample composed of supervisor–subordinate dyads from an automotive organization to investigate our hypotheses. Results show that abusive supervision is negatively related to two of the three performance ratings (i.e., formal and supervisor ratings) and that the meaning of work moderated all three of these relationships. Strengths, limitations, practical implications, and directions for future research are provided.
Rates of recombination of free radicals. V. The tert-butyl radical†

Analysis of the products from a vapor-phase mixture of EtI and t-BuI, in which free radicals were generated thermally, has yielded a rate constant for the recombination of 2t-Bu⋅ of 105.4 M−1 sec−1 at 100°C. The close agreement between this and other recent estimations from vapor-phase work is noted, as is the disparity between these values and those on the order of 109 M−1 sec−1 obtained in solution.