cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A multiple-source wind tunnel design for producing turbulent shear flows in a stably stratified fluid

The design and construction of a thermally stratified, multiple source wind tunnel for producing linear vertical temperature and velocity profiles is discussed. The tunnel utilizes 10 initially independent layers to produce continuous velocity and temperature profiles for which the turbulence in nominally homogeneous in the lateral direction. The tunnel is capable of producing uniform vertical velocity shears of up to 5 s-1 and vertical temperature gradients of up to 200 °C/m. This stably stratified, uniform mean shear grid turbulence was found by means of a flow mapping to depart from homogeneity by roughly ±15% in the test section.
Incident and Prevalent Sexually Transmitted Infections After Diagnosis and Engagement in Care in HIV Positive Youth in an Urban Care Setting

HLC dyads from -0.02 to 0.2 (ICC Difference 1⁄4 0.22). Physical QOL Congruence increased slightly for both FACE dyads from 0.4 to 0.43 (ICC Difference 1⁄4 0.03) and HLC dyads from 0.5 to 0.59 (ICC Difference 1⁄4 0.09). School QOL Congruence decreased for FACE dyads from 0.51 to 0.08 (-0.43 ICC Difference) and increased from 0.66 to 0.82 for HLC dyads (0.16 ICC Difference). At baseline perinatally infected adolescents vs. behaviorally infected adolescents reported significantly higher QOL in two domains: Emotional (1⁄4 84.4 vs. 1⁄4 73.3; p 1⁄4 0.041) and Physical (1⁄4 91.0 vs. 1⁄4 84.5, p 1⁄4 0.058), otherwise there were no significant differences between them. Conclusions: Understanding adolescents’ QOL may influence familydecision-makingwith respect to futurehealthcareutilizationand end-of-life care. The FACE intervention increased communication in all domains, but School QOL, where adolescents denied problems and families reported problems. Higher Physical and Emotional QOL among perinatally infected adolescentswas unexpected. Thismight represent a measure of their access to medical and mental health care from birth in comprehensive “one-stop” hospital-based clinics. Sources of Support: Research reported in this abstract was supported by the National Institute of Nursing Research of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R01NR012711 and the CTSI-CN UL1TR000075 from the NIH National Center for Advancing Translational Science.
Nonlinear transport current flow in superconductors with planar obstacles

We present a detailed description of a hodograph method, which enables us to calculate analytically the two-dimensional distributions of the electric field $\mathbf{E}(\mathbf{r})$ and transport current density $\mathbf{J}(\mathbf{r})$ in superconductors, taking into account their highly nonlinear $E\ensuremath{-}J$ characteristics. The method gives a unique solution $\mathbf{E}(\mathbf{r})$ of nonlinear steady-state Maxwell's equations for given boundary conditions, showing applicability limits of the critical state model and pointing out where it breaks down. The nonlinear problem of calculation of $\mathbf{J}(\mathbf{r})$ by the hodograph method reduces to solving a linear equation for the electric potential $\ensuremath{\varphi}(\mathbf{E}),$ or the current stream function $\ensuremath{\psi}(\mathbf{E})$ as a function of $\mathbf{E}.$ For the power-law characteristics ${E=E}_{c}{(J/J}_{c}{)}^{n},$ calculation of $\mathbf{E}(\mathbf{r})$ and $\mathbf{J}(\mathbf{r})$ can be mapped onto solutions of the London equation with the inverse screening length $\ensuremath{\beta}=(n\ensuremath{-}1)/2\sqrt{n}$ in the hodograph space ${(E}_{x}{E}_{y}).$ We give general methods of solving the hodograph equations and obtain closed-form analytical solutions for particular current flows. The method is applied to calculate distributions of $\mathbf{E}(\mathbf{r})$ and dissipation in superconductors with macroscopic planar defects, such as high-angle grain boundaries, microcracks, etc. Current patterns around planar obstacles are shown to break up into domains of different orientations of $\mathbf{J},$ separated by current domain walls. We calculate the structure of the current domain walls, whose width depends both on the geometry of current flow and the exponent n. These domain walls differ from the current discontinuity lines of the Bean model even in the limit $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{n}\ensuremath{\infty}.$ We obtained a solution for current flow past a planar defect of length $2a$ in an infinite superconductor and showed that the defect causes strong local electric-field enhancement and long-range disturbances of $\mathbf{E}(\mathbf{r})$ on length scales ${L}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}\ensuremath{\sim}\mathrm{an}\ensuremath{\gg}a$ and ${L}_{\ensuremath{\Vert}}\ensuremath{\sim}a\sqrt{n}\ensuremath{\gg}a$ perpendicular and parallel to the mean current flow, respectively. This solution also exhibits large stagnation regions of magnetic flux near planar defects, universal distributions of $\mathbf{J}(\mathbf{r})$ in the critical state limit, $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{n}\ensuremath{\infty},$ and local flux flow regions near the edges. We calculate Joule heating for nonlinear current flow and show that planar defects cause significant excess dissipation, which affects ac losses and local thermal instabilities in superconductors.
On the convexity of higher order Jensen differences based on entropy functions (Corresp.)

In an earlier work, the authors introduced a divergence measure, called the first-order Jensen difference, or in short \cal j -divergence, which is based on entropy functions of degree \alpha . This provided a generalization of the measure of mutual information based on Shannon's entropy (corresponding to \alpha = 1) . It was shown that the first-order \cal j -divergence is a convex function only when a is restricted to some range. We define higher order Jensen differences and show that they are convex functions only when the underlying entropy function is of degree two. A statistical application requiring the convexity of higher order Jensen differences is indicated.
Arthroscopic Management of Superior Labrum Anterior and Posterior (SLAP) Lesions

Shoulder injuries, including tears of the superior labrum, are common in the active-duty military population. When sufficiently symptomatic, repairs may be undertaken using arthroscopic techniques. Currently, repair of unstable tears generally involves the use of suture anchors and arthroscopic suture passage and tying. Surgical repair of unstable superior labrum anterior and posterior (SLAP) lesions is predictably successful in the majority of patients with most able to return to their preinjury level of function including active military duty.
Opportunity, Inequality and the Intergenerational Transmission of Child Labour

This paper presents a model in which opportunity differences within society result in child labour, where ‘opportunity’ is broadly defined but can include school quality, access to higher paying jobs, access to information about the returns to education and actual discrimination. If opportunity differences exist, child labour and poverty are shown to be symptomatic of this underlying socioeconomic condition. It is then shown that policies that ban child labour and/ or introduce compulsory education laws can actually reduce dynastic welfare, increase poverty and further exacerbate income inequality within society, because they treat the symptom rather than the disease: the lack of opportunity.
Discussing Bad News in the Outpatient Oncology Clinic: Rethinking Current Communication Guidelines

Aware that his pancreatic cancer had metastasized to his liver, Mr B and his adult son and daughter traveled several hundred miles to see an oncologist at a regional comprehensive cancer center. As the oncologist explained the treatment options, Mr B and his family occasionally interrupted with questions, statements, or expressions of emotion. During the interaction, Mr B and his family learned that surgery was not a treatment option, as they had hoped. They also learned that Mr B was not eligible for any clinical trials. The only available option was chemotherapy, but it carried the potential for severe adverse effects, had less than a 10% chance of shrinking the tumor, and had no chance of “melting the tumor away.” In response to one of the son’s questions, the oncologist said that complementary or alternative medicines were not available at this center. As part of his response to the daughter’s question about the urgency of a treatment decision, the oncologist mentioned that the cancer had been in Mr B’s body for a number of years. Mr B and both of his children asked several questions about this piece of information, indicating their surprise and dismay. Mr B shook his head and exclaimed, “And I go to the doctor all the time!” As the discussion concluded, the oncologist provided details about how chemotherapy might be delivered and repeated that there was no urgency to the decision.
Monitoring Sale Transactions for Illegal Activity

Discriminant analysis and neural network methodologies were applied to the problem of identifying illegal sales transactions. The researchers independently developed models using data provided by a credit card company. A series of measures were developed and used to construct the models. The final results were that the discriminant analysis model recognized 32.3% of the fraudulent activity, while the neural network approach found 28.9%. With only 11.6% of the transactions in common, the combination of the two models identified 49.6%. In order to provide a real time monitoring program, the models were simplified yielding a capture rate of approximately 42%.
Polymer films as acoustic matching layers

Polymer films such as polyimide and Parylene were investigated as acoustic matching layers at frequencies in the 100-200-MHz range. Polyimide films were spin coated and Parylene films were vapor deposited on silicon and glass substrates, respectively. The impedance, velocity of sound, and acoustic attenuation of these films were measured. The curing temperature of the polyimide films was also varied to determine the dependence of the material properties on processing conditions. The impedances of these films were measured to be in the 2.7 to 3.7 Mrayl range. The measurements indicate that these films promise good transmission efficiencies between most liquids and especially low impedance solids such as silicon, glass, and quartz. >
Prediction of Crack Paths in Particulate Composites Using Electrical Analog

An electrical analog technique was used to simulate crack paths in the vicinity of elastic inhomogeneities in ceramic composites. The technique makes use of the analogy that exists between electrical potential differences between clamped ends of a conducting foil with electrical inhomogeneities (second phases of different electrical conductivity) and the load-point displacements of a mechanically loaded plate with elastic inhomogeneities (second phases of different elastic modulus). In crack problems, this analogy is exact for mode III loading. The specific problems investigated were the interaction between a crack and a well-bonded second phase of higher elastic modulus (simulating a fiber or a second-phase particle) and the interaction between a crack and a pore. Crack paths were incrementally determined by maximizing the end-point potential differences (corresponding to the maximum energy release rate criterion in the mechanical system) with respect to the direction of crack growth. Comparable mechanical tests were carried out using precracked Plexiglas* plates with either circular holes or elastic inclusions. Good agreements were obtained between the electrically simulated crack paths and the crack paths observed in the mechanical tests despite the fact that the mechanical tests were carried out in mode I loading and the analogy is not exact.
Incorporating target heterogeneity in drug design

Traditionally, structure-based drug design has been predicated on the idea of the lock-and-key hypothesis, i.e., the ideal drug should have a structure that complements the target site structurally and energetically. The implementation of this idea has lead to the development of drug molecules that are conformationally constrained and pre-shaped to the geometry of the selected target. The main drawback of this strategy is that conformationally constrained molecules cannot accommodate to variability in the target and, therefore, lose significant binding affinity even in the presence of small changes in the target site. There are three common situations that lead to binding site heterogeneity: (1) genetic diversity; (2) drug resistant mutations; and (3) binding site dynamics. The development of drugs that effectively deal with target heterogeneity requires the introduction of certain degree of flexibility. However, flexibility cannot be introduced indiscriminately because it would lead to a loss of binding affinity and specificity. Recently, structure-based thermodynamic strategies aimed at developing adaptative ligands that target heterogeneous sites have been proposed. In this article, these strategies are discussed within the context of the development of second generation HIV-1 protease inhibitors.
Lower structural integrity of the uncinate fasciculus is associated with a history of child maltreatment and future psychological vulnerability to stress

The experience of child maltreatment is a significant risk factor for the development of later internalizing disorders such as depression and anxiety. This risk is particularly heightened after exposure to additional, more contemporaneous stress. While behavioral evidence exists for such "stress sensitization," little is known about the mechanisms mediating such relationships, particularly within the brain. Here we report that the experience of child maltreatment independent of recent life stress, gender, and age is associated with reduced structural integrity of the uncinate fasciculus, a major white matter pathway between the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, in young adults. We further demonstrate that individuals with lower uncinate fasciculus integrity at baseline who subsequently experience stressful life events report higher levels of internalizing symptomatology at follow-up. Our findings suggest a novel neurobiological mechanism linking child maltreatment with later internalizing symptoms, specifically altered structural connectivity within the brain's threat-detection and emotion-regulation circuitry.
Implications of discontinuous elevation gradients on fragmentation and restoration in patterned wetlands

Large wetlands around the world face the possibility of degradation, not only from complete conversion, but also from subtle changes in their structure and function. While fragmentation and isolation of wetlands within heterogeneous landscapes has received much attention, the disruption of spatial patterns/processes within large wetland systems and the resulting fragmentation of community components are less well documented. A greater understanding of pattern/process relationships and landscape gradients, and what occurs when they are altered, could help avoid undesirable consequences of restoration actions. The objective of this study is to determine the amount of fragmentation of sawgrass ridges due to artificial impoundment of water and how that may be differentially affected by spatial position relative to north and south levees. We also introduce groundbreaking evidence of landscape-level discontinuous elevation gradients within WCA3AS by comparing generalized linear and generalized additive models. These relatively abrupt breaks in elevation may have non-linear effects on hydrology and vegetation communities and would be crucial in restoration considerations. Modeling suggests there are abrupt breaks in elevation as a function of northing (Y-coordinate). Fragmentation indices indicate that fragmentation is a function of elevation and easting (X-coordinate), and that fragmentation has increased from 1988–2002. When landscapes change and the changes are compounded by non-linear landscape variables that are described herein, the maintenance processes change with them, creating a degraded feedback loop that alters the system's response to structuring variables and diminishes our ability to predict the effects of restoration projects or climate change. Only when these landscape variables and linkages are clearly defined can we predict the response to potential perturbations and apply the knowledge to other landscape-level wetland systems in need of future restoration.
Normal values for median frequency in upper extremity muscles during isometric contraction at 50% of maximal voluntary contraction

Spectral analysis of the electromyogram (EMG) signal is a useful tool for studying the complex phenomena of muscle fatigue. The power density spectrum of the myoelectric signal undergoes a compression towards low frequency as a function of time during a sustained contraction. This compression has been measured using the spectral parameter, median frequency. Normal median frequency values were established for the biceps, triceps and deltoid during a pilot study. The triceps has a lower median frequency slope with fatigue which suggests that this muscle may have more type I fibers (fatigue resistant) than the biceps and deltoids.
Political Individuals and Providential Nature in Locke and Pope

John Locke and Alexander Pope were political opposites; Locke was a Whig who made his career in the service of the archexclusionist first Earl of Shaftesbury, while Pope had strong Stuart and Tory commitments and famously reviled Robert Walpole’s Whig regime. 1 Scholars often extend this to suggest that the two are ideological opposites. Locke endorses an emergent modernity, but Pope “nostalgically” holds deeply traditional ideas. In fact, the two are said to propound diametrically opposed notions of the political individual. Isaac Kramnick has argued influentially that—though Locke featured a new “bourgeois, liberal, and individualist” political agent who “stood alone, creating and shaping his own world and his own destiny”—conservative thinkers such as Pope affirmed a more traditional idea of the individual embedded in a natural patriarchal order. 2 For Kramnick, the two positions feature two fundamentally different ideas about how the individual relates to nature: Pope and his friend Henry St. John, Lord Bolingbroke worry that Locke’s new, autonomous “liberal” individual plays “too great a role in manipulating his own world, interfering too much in a divinely ordained hierarchy and nature.” 3
Neuropsychological symptom dimensions in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia

Introduction: Patients with bipolar disorder report impairments of social functioning and the maintenance of relationships. This compromise is often accompanied by executive functioning deficits across mood states and periods of euthymia. An area of executive functioning that has salience in this context is that of Theory of Mind (ToM), which underpins an individual’s ability to comprehend and respond suitably by way of attributing mental states to others. Some preliminary studies of ToM in bipolar disorder euthymia suggest that this ability is constrained. We sought to explore this further using a novel functionalMRI (fMRI) compatible ToM paradigm. Methods: Ten adult right-handed bipolar patients (assessed using a structured interview when euthymic) and ten healthy age and gender-matched controls underwent clinical assessment and scanning using a ToM paradigm. The latter used two animated triangles that interacted in a ToM and non-ToM manner. Subjects completed a 10-min block design experiment using alternating ToM and non-ToM conditions – presented visually within the scanner for periods of approximately 40 s. Scanning was performed using a 3T Philips Inters MRI scanner, using echo planar imaging (EIPI). fMRI volumes were acquired using a gradient EPI sequence (TE = 37 ms; TR = 3000 ms; FOV = 240; matrix = 128 x 128; flip angle = 90) and each volume contained 28-interleaved-4-mm thick slices. T1-weighted high-resolution images (matrix 256 x 256, FOV 300 mm, slice-thickness 1.3 mm) were also acquired to aid localization of the activated voxels. Concurrent eye-movements using an MRI compatible system allowed psychophysiological measures such as pupil area as well as eye gaze direction and dwell times to be acquired. Results: Findings from preliminary analyses indicate the presence of a differential pattern of prefrontal activation between the control subjects and the bipolar patients. Both groups show activation in occipital regions consistent with recognition of shape, color and movement – however, only the control group had activation in the prefrontal cortex to the ToM condition. Conclusions: A lack of activation to ToM in bipolar patients suggests dysfunction of fronto-limbic regulation that forms the substrate of social cognition. This clearly has salience both clinically and with respect to better understanding the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder.
FUTURE OF WEAK INTERACTIONS

A review is given of the particles and processes involved in weak interactions in order to shed light on future possibilities of such research. The predicted spectrum of weak intermediaries, the possibilities of finding a large and perhaps simple gauge group G that includes both the isochromatic weak interactions and the metachromatic strong, the possibility of no fundamental weak interactions at all, and the properties of maons are noted as future prospects. (JFP)
Summary-invisible networking: techniques and defenses

Numerous network anomaly detection techniques utilize traffic summaries (e.g., NetFlow records) to detect and diagnose attacks. In this paper we investigate the limits of such approaches, by introducing a technique by which compromised hosts can communicate without altering the behavior of the network as evidenced in summary records of many common types. Our technique builds on two key observations. First, network anomaly detection based on payload-oblivious traffic summaries admits a new type of covert embedding in which compromised nodes embed content in the space vacated by compressing the payloads of packets already in transit between them. Second, point-to-point covert channels can serve as a "data link layer" over which routing protocols can be run, enabling more functional covert networking than previously explored. We investigate the combination of these ideas, which we term Summary-Invisible Networking (SIN), to determine both the covert networking capacities that an attacker can realize in various tasks and the possibilities for defenders to detect these activities.
Enrichment Mechanism of Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Surfactant Amines

Utilization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in high-end applications hinges on separating metallic (met-) from semiconducting (sem-) SWNTs. Surfactant amines, like octadecylamine (ODA) have proven instrumental for the selective extraction of sem-SWNTs from tetrahydrofuran (THF) nanotube suspensions. The chemical shift differences along the tail of an asymmetric, diacetylenic surfactant amine were used to probe the molecular dynamics in the presence and absence of nanotubes via NMR. The results suggest that the surfactant amine head is firmly immobilized onto the nanotube surface together with acidic water, while the aliphatic tail progressively gains larger mobility as it gets farther from the SWNT. X-ray and high-resolution TEM studies indicate that the sem-enriched sample is populated mainly by small nanotube bundles containing ca. three SWNTs. Molecular simulations in conjunction with previously determined HNO3/H2SO4 oxidation depths for met- and sem-SWNTs indicate that the strong pinning of ...
Simulation and control of distributed robot search teams

Abstract This article describes the simulation of distributed autonomous robots for search and rescue operations. The simulation system is utilized to perform experiments with various control strategies for the robot team and team organizations, evaluating the comparative performance of the strategies and organizations. The objective of the robot team is to, once deployed in an environment (floor-plan) with multiple rooms, cover as many rooms as possible. The simulated robots are capable of navigation through the environment, and can communicate using simple messages. The simulator maintains the world, provides each robot with sensory information, and carries out the actions of the robots. The simulator keeps track of the rooms visited by robots and the elapsed time, in order to evaluate the performance of the robot teams. The robot teams are composed of homogenous robots, i.e., identical control strategies are used to generate the behavior of each robot in the team. The ability to deploy autonomous robots, as opposed to humans, in hazardous search and rescue missions could provide immeasurable benefits.
Species- and cell type-specific interactions between CD47 and human SIRPα

CD47 on red blood cells (RBCs) reportedly signals “self” by binding SIRPα on phagocytes, at least in mice. Such interactions across and within species, from mouse to human, are not yet clear and neither is the relation to cell adhesion. Using human SIRPα1 as a probe, antibody-inhibitable binding to CD47 was found only with human and pig RBCs (not mouse, rat, or cow). In addition, CD47-mediated adhesion of human and pig RBCs to SIRPα1 surfaces resists sustained forces in centrifugation (as confirmed by atomic force microscopy) but only at SIRPα-coating densities far above those measurable on human neutrophils, monocytes, and THP-1 macrophages. While interactions strengthen with deglycosylation of SIRPα1, low copy numbers explain the absence of RBC adhesion to phagocytes under physiologic conditions and imply that the interaction being studied is not responsible for red cell clearance in humans. Evidence of clustering nonetheless suggests mechanisms of avidity enhancement. Finally, using the same CD47 antibodies and soluble SIRPα1, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells were assayed and found to display CD47 but not bind SIRPα1 significantly. The results thus demonstrate that SIRPα-CD47 interactions, which reportedly define self, exhibit cell type specificity and limited cross-species reactivity. (Blood. 2006;107:2548-2556)
Effects of Vertical Wind Shear on Tropical Cyclone Precipitation

Abstract The response of the precipitation field for tropical cyclones in relation to the surrounding environmental vertical wind shear has been investigated using ∼20 000 snapshots of passive-microwave satellite rain rates. Composites of mean rain rates, 95th percentile rain rates, and rain coverage were constructed to compare how the spatial distribution of the precipitation was organized under varying environmental shear. Results indicated that precipitation is displaced downshear and to the left (right for Southern Hemisphere) of the shear vector. The amplitude of this displacement increases with stronger shear. The majority of the asymmetry found in the mean rain rates is accounted for by the asymmetry in the occurrence of heavy rain. Although rain is common in all quadrants of the sheared tropical cyclones, heavy rain (≥8 mm h−1 at the ∼25-km scale) is comparatively rare in the upshear-right quadrant. It is shown that the effect that shear has on the rain field is nearly instantaneous. Strong wester...
Schizophrenia, aberrant utterance and delusions of control: The disconnection of speech and thought, and the connection of experience and belief

Uttered language does not necessarily reflect the planned communications of schizophrenia patients, nor do their delusions necessarily reflect basic failures of inferential reasoning. The role of inhibitory failure in the production of speech and the role of primary experiences of discrepancy between intention and action, and between experience–based expectations and perceived realities account for many of the clinical phenomena that have led to the conclusion that these patients have a ‘thought’ disorder, or a ‘disturbed’ mind. The alternatives and the evidence are summarized in this paper
Effect of ring methylation on the photophysical, photochemical and photobiological properties of cis-dichlorobis(1,10-phenanthroline)rhodium(III)Chloride.

Abstract Methylated analogues of cis-dichlorobis(1,10-phenanthroline)rhodium(III)chloride (BISPHEN) have been prepared in order to increase the hydrophobicity of the parent compound, and thus create octahedral rhodium (III) complexes suitable for use as anticancer and antiviral agents that can be photoactivated. The parent complex has been shown in earlier work to be unable to cross through cell membranes. Octamethylation, as in the case of cis-dichlorobis(3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)rhodium(III)chloride (OCTBP), provides enough hydrophobicity to be taken up by KB tumor cells. It also provides a higher level of ground-state association with double-stranded DNA and increases the quantum efficiency of photoaquation by greater than 10-fold, relative to BISPHEN. OCTBP forms covalent bonds to deoxyguanosine when irradiated with the nucleoside, as has been seen with the parent complex. Irradiation of OCTBP in the presence of the KB or M109 tumor cell lines using narrow-band UVB (λ = 311 nm) irradiat...
The source of inoculum drives bacterial community structure in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803-based photobioreactors

Abstract Cyanobacteria, which grow using solar energy and carbon dioxide, provide an attractive avenue for sustainable production of biomass and biofuel feedstock. Heterotrophic bacteria can colonize photobioreactor (PBR) cultures of cyanobacteria and may affect the productivity of the system. However, little is known about the types of heterotrophic bacteria associated with PBR cultures of cyanobacteria. The objective of this work was to evaluate the heterotrophic communities in PBR cultures of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 using terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and high-throughput sequencing. To improve the resolution of the heterotrophic bacterial genomic signatures in the PBR communities, we utilized a targeted T-RFLP strategy to remove the T-RFLP signal of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 from the analysis. For all experiments, the results of high-throughput sequencing were consistent with T-RFLP results. In particular, the inocula contained heterotrophic bacteria despite appearing to be pure cultures by light microscopy or non-targeted T-RFLP. Furthermore, the heterotrophic communities in the PBRs were strongly influenced by the microbial community in the inoculum used to start the PBR.
A Mixed-Valence Vanadate as Model for the Vanadium Mineral Melanovanadite: Hydrothermal Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of MgVV2VIV2O10·4H2O

A mixed-valence vanadate, MgVV2VIV2O10·4H2O (1), has been synthesized hydrothermally and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, spectroscopic and thermogravimetric analyses, and temperature dependent magnetic measurements. The compound shows magnetic properties with domination of intrasheet exchange interactions versus intersheet interactions due to large distance between vanadate sheets. It represents a synthetic analogue of the mineral melanovanadite: Ca2VV4VIV4O20·10H2O. The framework structure in 1 consists of vanadium oxide layers cross-linked by {Mg (H2O)4} groups. The vanadium oxide layers are composed of edge shared {VIVO5} square pyramids, forming {V2O8} dimers, which share corners with {VVO4} tetrahedral units. Crystal data for 1: triclinic space group P1 with a = 6.3232(14) A, b = 6.3917(14) A, c = 7.9388(17) A, α = 88.264(19)°, β = 67.428(16)°, γ = 79.433(20)°, V = 290.97(12) A3, Z = 1.
Propaganda, Empathy, and Support for Intergroup Violence: The Moral Psychology of International Speech Crimes

The current research identifies revenge propaganda as the most likely type to instigate atrocities, and identifies disgust as the operative psychological mechanism. We coded 242 speeches by a Serbian politician for references to revenge, nationalism, stereotyping, dehumanization, justice, victimization, past atrocities, political institutions and direct threats. After reading one speech or a control, participants answered questions about empathy, intentionality, and whether violence is morally justifiable. Only speeches focusing on revenge and past atrocities intensified justifications of violence. Only revenge speech increased overall negative attitudes towards the out-group. On the level of personality, those who are more politically conservative, feel the world is unjust, engage more in violent media and are male are more likely to justify violence. This behavioral data is supported by a physiological study using facial EMG in which only revenge speeches elicited disgust towards the out-group. These findings have implications for the elusive goal of preventing atrocities.
Mariya Lesiv, The return of ancestral gods: Modern Ukrainian Paganism as an alternative vision for a nation

One consequence of the demise of the USSR was the emergence in Eastern Europe of modern Paganism (also neo-, new, or contemporary Paganism; Native Faith). An alternative spirituality forbidden by b...
Dynamic resource allocation for military communications satellites with cognitive users

This paper presents a Dynamic Resource Allocation (DRA) algorithm for military satellite communication networks based upon a PI controller. The DRA is designed in such a way as to allow cognitive users to proactively fill unused resources or bandwidth without a large negative impact on the primary users. Simulations were conducted to find the good choices for PI gains as well as to identify the cognitive user's impact on the primary users. The simulations show that a cognitive user is able to use the network with little impact on the primary users. Also, via simulations, the DRA algorithm was shown to perform relatively well in the presence of selfish users and correlated traffic. Finally, a preliminary formal analysis of the DBA algorithm's performance was undertaken.
Asymmetric Volatility and Volatility Spillovers

Why indeed is volatility asymmetrical? Wholly apart from their epochal methodological contributions, providing an answer to this question may be the greatest theoretical advance traceable to time series models. This chapter will explore three distinct accounts of asymmetrical volatility. Moreover, time series modeling can now detect volatility spillovers between markets. Even more remarkably, new methods can identify which markets transmit information and which ones, in effect, receive that information in the form of increased volatility. After noting those developments, this chapter will conclude with a quick survey of findings regarding asymmetrical volatility and volatility spillovers in developed and emerging markets.
Performance evaluation of a high power DC-DC boost converter for PV applications using SiC power devices

The development of Wide band gap (WBG) power devices has been attracted by many commercial companies to be available in the market because of their enormous advantages over the traditional Si power devices. An example of WBG material is SiC, which offers a number of advantages over Si material. For example, SiC has the ability of blocking higher voltages, reducing switching and conduction losses and supports high switching frequency. Consequently, SiC power devices have become the affordable choice for high frequency and power application. The goal of this paper is to study the performance of 4.5 kW, 200 kHz, 600V DC-DC boost converter operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM) for PV applications. The switching behavior and turn on and turn off losses of different switching power devices such as SiC MOSFET, SiC normally ON JFET and Si MOSFET are investigated and analyzed. Moreover, a detailed comparison is provided to show the overall efficiency of the DC-DC boost converter with different switching power devices. It is found that the efficiency of SiC power switching devices are higher than the efficiency of Si-based switching devices due to low switching and conduction losses when operating at high frequencies. According to the result, the performance of SiC switching power devices dominate the conventional Si power devices in terms of low losses, high efficiency and high power density. Accordingly, SiC power switching devices are more appropriate for PV applications where a converter of smaller size with high efficiency, and cost effective is required.
Testing the Waters with Undergraduates (If you lead students to HPC, they will drink)

For the Blue Waters Undergraduate Petascale Education Program (NSF), we developed two computational science modules, "Biofilms: United They Stand, Divided They Colonize" and "Getting the 'Edge' on the Next Flu Pandemic: We Should'a 'Node' Better." This paper describes the modules and details our experiences using them in three courses during the 2009-2010 academic year at Wofford College. These courses, from three programs, included students from several majors: biology, chemistry, computer science, mathematics, physics, and undecided. Each course was evaluated by the students and instructors, and many of their suggestions have already been incorporated into the modules.
Multitaper Array Processing

Thomson's multitaper approach generates estimates of the power spectrum by averaging individual "eigenspectra" obtained using a set of orthogonal window functions. The multitaper method is designed to work with very low sample support, typically a single snapshot of data, making it very attractive for the analysis of nonstationary or transient signals. This paper explores the use of the multitaper approach for spatial spectrum estimation in passive sonar. Several examples are given, and the problem of processing non-planewave signals is briefly discussed using an example motivated by a deep water propagation experiment.
The Impact of Animation Deformity on Quality of Life in Post-Mastectomy Reconstruction Patients.

Background Animation deformity after subpectoral breast implant placement has been documented; however, the actual prevalence and effect on patient quality of life has not been studied much. Objectives The purpose of this study was to show that all patients with subpectoral implants experience some degree of animation deformity and that it can affect their quality of life, including causing embarrassment and discomfort in reconstructed patients. Methods Patients who underwent breast implant surgery were contacted for inclusion in the study. Patients were obtained from a single surgeon's practice but included patients operated on outside the practice, and those seen in the practice for a consultation. A six-item questionnaire was developed by the senior author (H.B.) and the medical student (N.F.) involved in the study, to assess quality of life related to animation deformity. Patients had their degree of animation deformity assessed by the senior author and a medical student. Results Of 25 patients who agreed to the questionnaire and assessment, 20% had grade I distortion, 44% grade II, 24% grade III, and 12% grade IV. Of the patients questioned, 80% were bothered by an animation deformity and 45% of those patients were bothered to a significant degree (≥6 out of 10). In addition, 48% of patients felt that the animation deformity interfered with their daily life, and 28% (7/25) of patients underwent, or were scheduled to undergo, revision of their reconstruction at the time of interview. The degree of the clinically observed animation deformity was correlated with patient dissatisfaction, with an R value of 0.47 (P value = 0.0145). Conclusions All patients with subpectoral implant positioning will experience some degree of animation deformity. Especially in the reconstructed breast population, animation deformity, and its severity, affects patients' quality of life. Other approaches to reconstruction should be considered to prevent animation deformity in this population. Level of evidence 4.
MTH1 as a Chemotherapeutic Target: The Elephant in the Room

Many tumors sustain elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which drive oncogenic signaling. However, ROS can also trigger anti-tumor responses, such as cell death or senescence, through induction of oxidative stress and concomitant DNA damage. To circumvent the adverse consequences of elevated ROS levels, many tumors develop adaptive responses, such as enhanced redox-protective or oxidatively-generated damage repair pathways. Targeting these enhanced oxidative stress-protective mechanisms is likely to be both therapeutically effective and highly specific to cancer, as normal cells are less reliant on such mechanisms. In this review, we discuss one such stress-protective protein human MutT Homolog1 (MTH1), an enzyme that eliminates 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2’-deoxyguanosine triphosphate (8-oxodGTP) through its pyrophosphatase activity, and is found to be elevated in many cancers. Our studies, and subsequently those of others, identified MTH1 inhibition as an effective tumor-suppressive strategy. However, recent studies with the first wave of MTH1 inhibitors have produced conflicting results regarding their cytotoxicity in cancer cells and have led to questions regarding the validity of MTH1 as a chemotherapeutic target. To address the proverbial "elephant in the room" as to whether MTH1 is a bona fide chemotherapeutic target, we provide an overview of MTH1 function in the context of tumor biology, summarize the current literature on MTH1 inhibitors, and discuss the molecular contexts likely required for its efficacy as a therapeutic target.
Novel mouse models of hepatic artery infusion

Abstract Background The liver has unique anatomy in that most blood flow to normal hepatocytes is derived from the portal venous system, whereas liver tumors obtain their nutrient blood supply exclusively from the hepatic artery. The focused arterial delivery of anticancer agents to liver tumors has been performed for decades; however, preclinical models to standardize drug regimens and examine novel agents have been lacking. The purpose of this study was to establish preclinical hepatic artery infusion (HAI) models in a mouse and to evaluate the safety and delivery capability of the models. Material and methods C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice were used to develop models of HAI via the hepatic artery (HA), superior pancreaticoduodenal artery (SPDA), or lienogastric artery (LGA). Success rates, distribution of perfusion, and associated morbidity and mortality were analyzed between groups. Results All three models were feasible and reproducible in mice, and there was no statistical difference on body weight change between models. The HA model had a 13.3% mortality from acute liver failure, and the SPDA model demonstrated duodenal and pancreatic toxicity. SPDA and LGA routes had the highest success rates (96.7% and 91.4%, respectively) with low mortality, better drug delivery, and preserved physiologic liver function compared with the HA model. Conclusions The optimal route of HAI was mouse breed specific; SPDA access in BALB/c mice, and the LGA access in C57BL/6 mice. The described techniques serve as a reproducible platform for the identification and characterization of therapeutics for diverse metastatic liver tumors.
SECM 2017 Workshop Summary

Summary form only given. The 1st International Workshop on Software Engineering Curricula for Millennials (SECM 2017) aims at bringing students, educators, and prospective employees together, to discuss the demands and challenges of software engineering education for Millennials, in both higher education and professional settings. Millennials are defined as the demographic cohort following Generation X, born between early 1980s and early 2000s. Millennials have been dominating the higher education programs for some time. This cohort has unique needs, learning styles, and skills. They are diverse, collaborative, creative, tech-savvy, and keenly interested in emerging technologies. They drive the growth of the software industry, which itself is in a constant state of flux, with new technologies, techniques, paradigms, and application domains popping up with increasing frequency. Companies quickly adjust to this shifting landscape while trying to cater to the needs of their new hires. What about educators? How should software engineering curricula and educators’ teaching styles adapt to these changes? Perspectives of students, educators, and prospective employees should be heard. Our goal is to bring them together to discuss these challenges in the context of a highly interactive workshop.
Characterization of a low expression haplotype in canine glutathione S‐transferase (GSTT1) and its prevalence in golden retrievers

Glutathione S-transferase-theta (GSTT1) is a carcinogen detoxification enzyme, and low activity variants are associated with lymphoma in humans. We recently found a variant in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of canine GSTT1, *101_102insT, which was predicted to change miRNA binding and was found in 5 of 17 golden retriever (GR) dogs with lymphoma but none of 14 healthy GRs. The aim of this study was to determine whether this variant led to decreased GSTT1 expression and was a discernible risk factor for lymphoma within the GR breed. On resequencing, *101_102insT appeared to be in complete linkage disequilibrium with 3 additional 3'UTR variants, leading to the inferred haplotype *3T>C; *101_102insT; *190C>A; *203T>C. In canine livers that were heterozygous for this variant haplotype, GSTT1 protein expression was significantly lower compared to the reference haplotype (densitometry .40 vs .64, P = .022), and GSTT1 transcript levels by qPCR were also significantly lower (fold difference .52, P = .012), without evidence of substantial allelic expression imbalance. The variant haplotype led to >50% decrease in expression in vitro (.31 ± .07 vs .64 ± .19; P = .019). We found no significant difference in minor allele frequencies between 71 GR dogs with lymphoma (MAF .162) and 33 healthy age-matched controls (MAF .136, P = .69). Our results indicate that the variant GSTT1 3'UTR haplotype containing *101_102insT reduces gene expression, which could lead to impaired carcinogen detoxification, but was not a detectable risk factor for lymphoma in GR dogs.
Lawyers and Embedded Legal Activity in the Southern Civil Rights Movement

We introduce the concept of embedded legal activity to capture the ways in which lawyers and legal organizations can become intertwined in the ongoing activities of social movements. Embedded legal activity is characterized by diverse issues and venues and comprises legal activities that help support movement infrastructure, close coordination between movement lawyers and other activists, and responsiveness to constituent needs. Investigating a comprehensive data set on legal activity during the southern civil rights movement, we identify forms of legal activity beyond the typical focus of legal mobilization, including defense for movement participants charged with misdemeanors and other crimes, movement assistance on organization‐level legal matters, and general legal aid to movement constituents. These were by far the more common types of legal activity and emerged from the embeddedness of lawyers in a mass movement. We argue that embedded legal activity is likely where movements prioritize grassroots leadership and community organizing and face significant countermobilization, hostile legal and political opportunity structures, and substantial social and economic inequality.