cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systems identification for material properties of the intervertebral joint.

Abstract An identification of the elastic solid properties of the intervertebral disc was achieved by the finite element method utilizing experimental data from the axial loading of a lumbar intervertebral joint. By assuming orthotropic material properties for the vertebra and disc, a 3-D finite element model resembling the test specimens was constructed and exercised. The model deformations were then compared to the experimental measurements and an initial correlation found between them. Finally, using an efficient optimization scheme, the overall material constants of the disc were optimally determined by minimizing the error between the experimental data and the predicted deformations from the finite element analysis. The material constants thus identified show the orthotropic elastic moduli of the lumbar intervertebral disc to be independent of segment level but decrease directly as a function of the severity of degeneration.
Energy productivity of a production system: Analysis and measurement☆

Abstract Energy productivity has not attracted the attention it deserves in comparison to its importance to national economies. Multifactor productivity (MFP) and total factor productivity (TFP) are applicable to energy productivity measurement, but aggregation of inputs and segregation of outputs is a challenge. Concepts for aggregation (using seven different weights) of energy inputs and segregation of output have been developed so that ideas of total energy audits, capital and indices can be combined for measurement of energy productivity. A new method of segregating output based on marginal productivity from econometric estimates of production functions has been developed to calculate MFP. A case study of the US agricultural production system demonstrates the superiority of this new method of measurement of energy MFP over both TFP and the traditional method of measuring MFP. Energy productivity measured by using the new method of MFP is responsive to changes in technology and energy situations. Energy productivity of the United States' agricultural sector decreased with time until it reached its minimum level in 1979. After 1979 it again increased. However, capital MFP of US agriculture remained constant over the 36 year interval 1948–1983.
Dual neuroendocrine glands: Sensitivity of the pineal gland to hormonal feedback

Numerous studies have tried to determine whether alterations in the hormonal content of the plasma would modify pineal function. Recent evidence has indicated that the pineal is relatively insensitive to alterations in plasma hormone concentration, as contrasted with the neuroendocrine hypothalamus which is very responsive to hormonal feedback. Therefore, two types of neuroendocrine glands appear to exist based on their ability to respond to hormonal feedback. The first type of neuroendocrine gland, exemplified by the neuroendocrine portion of the hypothalamus, is extremely sensitive to hormonal modulation and is concerned with maintaining the endogenous balance of plasma hormones. The second type of neuroendocrine gland, exemplified by the pineal gland, is principally responsible for converting its neural input, usually a environmental stimulus, into a hormonal messenger, irrespective of plasma hormone levels. These two types of neuroendocrine glands would act in synchrony to maintain homeostasis throughout a variety of external conditions.
A new direction in political sociology

This essay reviews works in (political) sociology that offer alternatives to sociology-as-usual. Sociologists with even fleeting awareness of the recent history of political sociology are surely familiar with the cultural turn, the global turn, and the turn toward complexity; however, another turn seems to be afoot, one toward existential concerns that direct us to recover how people experience ‘the complex contradictions of the social and political world’ (Taylor, The New Political Sociology, p. 197). Complex experiences often leave behind residues or ‘traces,’ and contributors in a recently edited volume challenge sociologists to unlock the social significance of these traces and find new ways to capture what our methods capture so poorly, namely, popular forgettings, geographies of exclusion, and the slow erasure of deeds, memories, and other subjugated knowledges belonging to individuals who find themselves dismissed, dispelled, or disenfranchised by nation-states. Traces left behind by individuals na...
Effects of tannic acid on Drosophila larval salivary gland cells

Abstract Drosophila funebris larvae were grown on media of 1, 10, 100, and 1000 ppm tannic acid, a constituent of many fruits and vegetables upon which Drosophila breed and develop. All tannic acid treatments induced cytoplasmic alterations in the larval salivary gland cells. Concentrations of 10, 100, and 1000 ppm tannic acid induced nucleolar hypertrophy that resulted in a highly significant reduction in the nuclear to nucleolar diameter ratio. Apparently tannic acid binding did not allow normal ribosomal RNA metabolism.
The anatomic basis for lung cancer staging: the end of the beginning?

Background. A new TNM staging system was proposed, and the previous system was revised in 1997. Methods. To evaluate the new TNM staging system for lung cancer, records of 3,043 lung cancer patients who underwent pulmonary resection at the National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, were analyzed. Results. With regard to clinical stages, 3 patients had occult carcinoma; 786 patients had stage IA disease; 759 patients, stage IB; 54 patients, stage IIA; 469 patients, stage IIB; 582 patients, stage IIIA; 211 patients, stage IIIB; and 179 patients, stage IV. The 5-year survival rates for the respective stages were 70.8% for stage IA, 44.0% for stage IB, 41.1% for stage IIA, 36.9% for stage IIB, 22.7% for stage IIIA, 20.1% for stage IIIB, and 21.6% for stage IV. In terms of postoperative stages, 7 patients were classified in stage 0, 610 in stage IA, 506 in stage IB, 114 in stage IIA, 432 in stage IIB, 702 in stage IIIA, 448 in stage IIIB, and 224 in stage IV. The 5-year survival rates were as follows: stage IA, 79.0%; stage IB, 59.7%; stage IIA, 56.9%; stage IIB, 45.0%; stage IIIA, 23.6%; stage IIIB, 16.5%; and stage IV, 5.1%. Conclusions. In the clinical stage, there were significant prognostic differences between stage IA and stage IB, stage IIB and IIIA, and stage IIIA and stage IIIB, but there was no significant difference in 5-year survival rates between stage IB and stage IIA, stage IIA, and IIB, and stage IIIB and stage IV. In the postoperative stage, there were significant differences in 5-year survival rates between each stage except for stage IB and stage IIA.
Antecedents of Managers Moral Reasoning

This research investigates the degree to which there are differences in the moral reasoning ability of business top, middle, and first-line managers in selected industries.
In vivo response time of transcutaneous oxygen measurement to changes in inspired oxygen in normal adults

We examined the in vivo response time of transcutaneous oxygen measurement (PtcO2) to a step increase (100 per cent oxygen) or decrease (air) of inspired oxygen in five normal adults (age 27 +/- SD 4.5 years). The PtcO2 electrode was placed on the upper chest (sensor temperature 44 degrees C). The mean +/- SEM 63 and 95 per cent response times of PtcO2 to a step increase in inspired oxygen were 2.9 +/- 0.2 and 6.8 +/- 0.2 and to a step decrease were 2.4 +/- 0.2 and 5.1 +/- 0.3 minutes. The 63 and 95 per cent response times for the pulmonary washin of oxygen were 1.0 and 2.6 minutes and washout were 0.8 and 2.3 minutes. We conclude that the in vivo response time of the PtcO2 is reproducible but substantially longer than that of the pulmonary washin and washout times and inadequate to monitor rapid changes in arterial oxygenation during anaesthesia, perioperative period or sleep in adults.
Robust and high precision control using piezoelectric actuator circuit and integral continuous sliding mode control design

While piezoelectric actuators have been widely used in vibration suppression and high precision controls, their intrinsic nonlinearity such as hysteresis, if not considered in control design, may deteriorate the system performance. In this research, a new methodology is proposed for the high-precision and robust control using piezoelectric actuator with hysteresis compensation. This methodology is featured by the introduction of a resistance/inductance circuit connected to the piezoelectric actuator to form an actuator network and a new integral continuous sliding mode control (ICSMC) algorithm. In addition to the well-known increased passive damping and active control authority, the main advantage of the actuator network in this particular study is that the charge and/or current in the piezoelectric actuator now become independent state variables that can be directly measured and fed back. Not only can this actuator network configuration improve the hysteresis characterization, the control design can also be greatly simplified. With the introduction of the RL shunt circuit, two dynamic subsystems (the mechanical structure and the electrical circuit) are formed. With these two coupled dynamic subsystems as basis, we then develop an ICSMC scheme which combines the advantages of conventional continuous sliding mode control and integral variable structure control. Different from the inverse cancellation of hysteresis behavior which might not be reliable due to the measurement noise, a direct piezoelectric hysteresis compensation is achieved using this control strategy. Detailed analysis and case studies demonstrate that this new methodology can lead to improved precision for both tracking control and vibration attenuation, enhanced control robustness, and smoother control action.
A Yang–Mills Inequality for Compact Surfaces

We consider the Yang–Mills action functional SYM on the infinite-dimensional space of connections on a bundle over a compact surface. We find a lower bound for SYM(ω) in terms of holonomies of the connection ω, the topology of the surface, and the topology of the bundle. An intermediate 'energy inequality' becomes an equality if and only if the connection is a critical point of the Yang–Mills action. Yang–Mills minima can also be understood using these inequalities.
Within-subject analysis of the CS-US interval in rabbit eyelid conditioning

Abstract The present study investigated the effect of manipulating the CS-US interval (ISI) within each session in rabbit eyelid conditioning. Conditioning performance was best at the longer of the two ISIs. Rate of acquisition was not facilitated when a single subject was exposed to more than one ISI, and performance at the shorter of the two ISIs was inferior to that of rabbits having a single short ISI. Subjects having the same CS for both ISIs showed a greater decrement at the short ISI than animals which had a distinct CS for each ISI. These results were interpreted as evidence that when two ISIs are intermixed within each conditioning session, the subject attempts to learn a separate CR for each ISI. The possibility that a condition of stimulus uncertainty elicits response inhibition was discussed.
Short range order variations in amorphous silicon

Abstract Neutron diffraction measurements have been performed on two forms of amorphous Si prepared by low pressure rf sputtering and by subsequent annealing at 600C. Radial distribution studies on thick films indicate substantial changes in the second peak due to structural relaxation effects. Raman scattering measurements on these samples provide the first direct comparison between indirect and direct probes of bond angle disorder and its variation in the amorphous states of tetrahedral group IV systems.
Novel Neuroinflammatory Targets in the Chronically Injured Spinal Cord

Injury to the spinal cord is known to result in inflammation. To date, the preponderance of research has focused on the acute neuroinflammatory response, which begins immediately and is believed to terminate within hours to (at most) days after the injury. However, recent studies have demonstrated that postinjury inflammation is not restricted to the first few hours or days after injury, but can last for months to years after a spinal cord injury (SCI). These chronic studies have revealed that increased numbers of inflammatory cells, such as microglia and macrophages, and inflammatory factors, including cytokines, chemokines, and enzyme products are found at markedly delayed times after injury. Here we review experimental work on a selection of the novel inflammatory factors observed chronically after SCI, including the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase (NADPH) oxidase enzyme and galectin-3. We will discuss the role of these proteins in inflammation with regard to both detrimental and beneficial effects of neuroinflammation after injury. Finally, the potential of these proteins to serve as therapeutic targets will be considered, and a novel therapeutic approach (i.e., the agonist for metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 [mGluR5], [RS]-2-Chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine [CHPG]) will be discussed. This review will demonstrate the expression and activity profiles, roles in potentiation of injury, and therapy studies of these inflammatory factors suggest that not only are these chronically expressed factors viable targets for SCI treatment, but that the therapeutic window is broader than has previously been thought.
Decentralized Control of Cooperative Robotic Vehicles

This paper describes how decentralized control theory can be used to control multiple cooperative robotic vehicles. Models of cooperation are discussed and related to the input/output reachability and structural observability and controllability of the entire system. Whereas decentralized control research in the past has concentrated on using decentralized controllers to partition complex physically interconnected systems, this work uses decentralized methods to connect otherwise independent non-touching robotic vehicles so that they behave in a stable, coordinated fashion. A vector Liapunov method is used to prove stability of a single example: the controlled motion of multiple vehicles along a line. The results of this stability analysis have been implemented on two applications: a robotic perimeter surveillance system and self-healing minefield.
Hepatic ischemia, caused by celiac axis compression, complicating pancreaticoduodenectomy

Objective In the course of pancreaticoduodenectomy, profound hepatic ischemia developed in two patients (one with ampullary carcinoma, the other with chronic pancreatitis). This article addresses the diagnosis and correction of the celiac axis compression responsible in this complication. Summary background data Since hepatic ischemia appeared immediately after division of the gastroduodenal--pancreaticoduodenal arcade, which provides mesenteric to celiac collateral circulation, celiac axis narrowing or occlusion was suspected. Previous reports have indicated that celiac axis disease may be present in about 10% of such patients. Methods Doppler flow studies, and in the second patient, intraoperative angiography were performed. The celiac axis was exposed and mobilized in both. Results Initially, no flow could be detected in the celiac axis. Dense fibrous tissue was found encasing it. Division of the entrapping tissue restored flow to the upper abdominal viscera. Conclusions The anatomic deformation of the celiac axis predisposing to this complication is detectable on the lateral projection of a preoperative celiac angiogram. If, however, an angiogram has not been done, an initial test occlusion of the gastroduodenal artery before its division permits anticipation of the complication, correction of the celiac impingement, and hence, avoidance of hepatic ischemia.
Effects of antitranspirants on distribution and utilization of photosynthate in Pinus resinosa seedlings

When 3-year-old Pinus resinosa Ait. seedlings were exposed to C14O2 24 hours after application of Aqua Gro, CS 6432, or Wilt Pruf antitranspirants, more activity was recovered from treated seedlings than from control seedlings 1 day after exposure to C14O2. However, less activity was recovered when seedlings were exposed to C14O2 11 days after treatment with any antitranspirant except Clear Spray. Clear Spray, Folicote, and Keykote reduced accumulation of photosynthate, but their effects diminished with time. They also reduced the rate of loss of currently produced photosynthate, with the utilization effect most pronounced in Folicote-treated seedlings. All antitranspirants tested, except Aqua Gro and CS 6432, initially reduced the rate of conversion of labelled photosynthates into ethanol-insoluble components when treated seedlings were exposed to C14O2 24 hours after antitranspirant application. More labelled ethanol-insoluble components were recovered from antitranspirant-treated seedlings than from controls 14 days after exposure of seedlings to C14O2. The type of spray, time between antitranspirant application and exposure to C14O2, as well as the time between exposure and seedling harvest, had significant effects on C14 assimilation and redistribution of soluble and insoluble assimilates in various plant parts. Many of the observed effects may not have been directly due to the antitranspirants alone but may have been secondary effects caused by antitranspirant-induced changes in photosynthesis and plant water balance.
Perceptions of crime seriousness in eight African-American communities: The influence of individual, environmental, and crime-based factors

Using secondary data analysis, we examine the perceptions of crime seriousness among 621 African-Americans living in eight urban neighborhoods stratified by crime rate and income level. On the basis of the literature exploring perception formation and attitudes toward crime seriousness, we hypothesize that individual-level variables, community-level variables, experiential variables, and the motive for the crime will influence respondents' perceptions of crime seriousness. The results of six multiple regression models suggest that gender, age, community crime rate, city of residence, religiosity, and fear of crime significantly influence respondents' view of crime. We challenge the assumption that there is considerable consensus regarding perceptions of crime seriousness, and discuss the implications for the justice system.
The three faces of Nielsen: Coincidences, intersections and preimages

Abstract In addition to the many different Nielsen-type numbers that have been introduced to study fixed points, there are Nielsen-type numbers that have been created to study coincidences of maps; intersections of maps; and preimages of maps. These problems, while distinct, are all similar, and the Nielsen theories that have been created to study them display strong structural similarities as well. In this paper, we explore these similarities, and show that the relations between the three theories are closer and more formal than just similarity. There are transformations that allow any of the three Nielsen problems to be converted into either of the other two. Analysis of these transformations allows us to make precise the relationships between the three Nielsen theories.
Evidence That Basement Membrane Prevents Apoptosis of Sertoli Cells in Vitro in the Absence of Known Regulators of Sertoli Cell Function

Although the role of basement membrane in the morphological and functional differentiation of Sertoli cells has been well characterized, very little is known about its involvement in Sertoli cell survival and maintenance throughout life. When cultured on laminin or Matrigel, 80-90% of Sertoli cells retained their viability. Sertoli cells prevented from attachment and basement membrane deposition by plating on plastic surfaces coated with polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate (poly-HEMA) exhibited a loss of viability by approximately 50% within 24 h. Addition of soluble laminin did not prevent the loss of viability of Sertoli cells, whereas soluble Matrigel enhanced the survival significantly when added at a concentration of 100 micrograms/ml or more. The addition of FSH, epidermal growth factor, testosterone, retinoic acid, or a mixture of insulin, transferrin, and selenium had no significant effect on the viability of Sertoli cells cultured on polyHEMA for up to 72 h. When all of these hormones and factors were a...
Survey and evaluation of eucrite bulk compositions

— The purpose of this survey is to establish reference bulk elemental abundances for the eucrites and thereby provide the basis to test core formation models as well as partial melting, fractional crystallization and magma ocean theories for the eucrite parent body. In order to evaluate bulk elemental abundances for the eucrites, 296 peer-reviewed articles, monographs, theses or books and 143 abstracts dating from 1938 to 1997 were surveyed. Of the 101 eucrites having at least one set of elemental abundance analyses reported in the literature, 20 were selected for in-depth examination. The selection criteria of our sample were based on the total number of analyses available for a given eucrite and the total number of elements for which data exist. The mean bulk elemental abundance, 1σ standard deviation, and the percent deviation were calculated for each element in a given eucrite. In order to evaluate the quality of the mean abundances, the elements were then grouped according to availability of data and percent deviations. Possible reasons for the different deviations in the different groups are briefly discussed. From the major element abundances, the normative (CIPW) composition, the molar compositions of pyroxene, olivine and plagioclase, and the bulk densities were calculated and compared to petrographic observations. The calculated norms for the noncumulates agree well with the observations while the norms for the cumulates do not. Possible reasons for this are discussed. Unfortunately, analyses of many elements are poorly represented in the literature and many bulk analyses suffer from unacceptable levels of uncertainty. Therefore, future work requires bulk elemental analyses for some of the more poorly characterized elements in eucrites, especially those of key elements used for planetary modeling.
Evidence for the α-helicity of class II MHC molecular binding sites for the superantigen, staphylococcal enterotoxin A

Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of class II MHC peptides revealed the α-helical conformation of superantigen-binding peptides I-Aβb(60–90), I-Aβb(65–85), and I-Aαb(51–80), but not the nonbinding peptide I-Aβb(80–100). These CD spectra provide biophysical evidence for the α-helicity of class II MHC molecular binding sites for the superantigen, staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA). Alanine-substituted analogs of the SEA binding-site peptide, I-Aβb(65–85), were used to implicate β-chain residues 72 and 80 in class II MHC-SEA binding. The data support SEA binding away from the class II antigen binding cleft along the faces of the α-helices.
Trends in stroke rates, risk, and outcomes in the United States, 1988 to 2008.

Background Stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. We describe trends in the incidence, outcomes, and risk factors for stroke in the US Medicare population from 1988 to 2008.
Reduced insulin secretion: an independent predictor of body weight gain.

A causal role in the pathogenesis of obesity has been proposed for hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in populations with a high prevalence of a "thrifty genotype." An alternative hypothesis is that obesity-induced hyperinsulinemia is an adaptation which, by increasing central nervous system insulin signaling (which suppresses food intake), confers resistance to weight gain. To characterize the relationship between the level of insulin secretion and the risk of weight gain, we examined whether any of three different measures of the level of insulin secretion (the area under the plasma insulin curve during both a meal tolerance test and an oral glucose tolerance test, and the acute insulin secretory response to iv glucose) was predictive of weight gain in a prospective study of 97 Pima Indians (64 males and 33 females) with normal glucose tolerance. During a mean (+/- SD) follow-up period of more than 3 yr (males, 3.58 +/- 1.46 yr; females, 3.02 +/- 1.73 yr), average weight increased 2.1 +/- 3.0%/yr i...
Hydrodynamic Description of Transport in Strongly Correlated Electron Systems

We develop a hydrodynamic description of the resistivity and magnetoresistance of an electron liquid in a smooth disorder potential. This approach is valid when the electron-electron scattering length is sufficiently short. In a broad range of temperatures, the dissipation is dominated by heat fluxes in the electron fluid, and the resistivity is inversely proportional to the thermal conductivity, $\ensuremath{\kappa}$. This is in striking contrast to the Stokes flow, in which the resistance is independent of $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ and proportional to the fluid viscosity. We also identify a new hydrodynamic mechanism of spin magnetoresistance.
Processing and aging characteristics of eutectic Sn-3.5Ag solder reinforced with mechanically incorporated Ni particles

Composite solders offer improved properties compared to non-composite solders. Ni reinforced composite solder was prepared by mechanically dispersing 15 vol.% of Ni particles into eutectic Sn-3.5Ag solder paste. The average size of the Ni particle reinforcements was approximately 5 microns. The morphology, size and distribution of the reinforcing phase were characterized metallographically. Solid-state isothermal aging study was performed on small realistic size solder joints to study the formation and growth of the intermetallic (IM) layers at Ni reinforcement/solder and Cu substrate/solder interfaces. Effects of reflow on microstructure and solderability, were studied using Cu substrates. Regarding solderability, the wetting angle of multiple reflowed Ni reinforced composite solder was compared to the solder matrix alloy, eutectic Sn-3.5Ag. General findings of this study revealed that Ni particle reinforced composite solder has comparable wetting characteristics to eutectic Sn-3.5Ag solder. Significant IM layers growth was observed in the Ni composite solder joint under isothermal aging at 150 C. Microstructural evolution was insignificant when aging temperature was lower than 100 C. Multiple reflow did not significantly change the microstructure in Ni composite solder joint.
Single-Injection Femoral and Sciatic Nerve Blocks for Pain Control After Total Knee Arthroplasty

This study was designed to evaluate the addition of a single-injection sciatic nerve block to a femoral nerve block for analgesia after total knee arthroplasty. Fifty-seven patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty were randomized to receive femoral nerve blockade or a sham block. A subsequent 31 patients received both femoral and sciatic nerve blocks (FSNBs) before general anesthesia. Intravenous morphine use and visual analog pain scale scores were recorded at regular intervals. Femoral and sciatic nerve blocks were placed in less than five minutes, on average. Lower visual analog pain scale scores were noted in both femoral nerve blockade and FSNB groups compared to shams through 48 hours. Morphine use was significantly lower in the FSNB group. Femoral and sciatic nerve block can be placed quickly and consistently in the operating room with improved postoperative pain relief and reduced narcotic consumption.
Performance and Postreaction Characterization of γ-Mo2N Catalysts in Simultaneous Hydrodesulfurization and Hydrodenitrogenation Reactions

Abstract An unsupported γ-Mo 2 N catalyst was prepared to perform simultaneous HDS of benzothiophene and HDN of indole, as well as HDS in the presence/absence of NH 3 and HDN in the presence/absence of H 2 S. Pre- and postreaction catalysts were characterized using XPS, TPD, TPR, XRD, and BET techniques. While ethylbenzene was the only major hydrocarbon product from benzothiophene HDS throughout the temperature range tested (200–380°C), C 6 –C 8 alkylbenzenes and alkylcyclohexanes were observed from indole HDN. The presence of sulfur compounds changed the products of indole HDN from primarily aromatics to cyclohexanes. In the presence of sulfur compounds, the product distribution from indole reaction over the Mo nitride catalysts was similar to that over a sulfided Mo/γ-Al 2 O 3 catalyst. Postreaction XPS measurements showed a pronounced decrease in N content and the presence of MoS 2 over the Mo nitride surface. The findings of this study suggest that the bulk of the postreaction Mo nitride catalyst was still in the Mo 2 N structure and that it acted as a support for the MoS 2 phase, which in turn, controlled the catalytic performance.
Partial Cardiopulmonary Bypass for Pericardiectomy and Resection of Descending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms

xtracorporeal circulatory support during extracardiac operative procedures on the cardiovascular system may be used to augE ment cardiac output, supplement respiratory function, and protect organs distal to sites of temporary aortic occlusion from ischemic injury. Partial cardiopulmonary bypass employing peripheral venous and arterial cannulation and an oxygenator with a small priming volume may be used as an adjunctive perfusion technique in a variety of clinical situations. Preservation of functional integrity of the kidneys and spinal cord is mandatory for the successful conduct of operations for resection and graft replacement of aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta. Partial cardiopulmonary bypass provides an alternative technique with several advantages over pump bypass from the left atrium to the femoral artery for protection against renal and spinal cord ischemia and for reduction of circulatory load on the heart during temporary aortic occlusion. Partial cardiopulmonary bypass can also provide supplementary respiratory and circulatory function during operations on the heart or lungs which temporarily interfere with their function, such as during pericardiectomy for constrictive pericarditis. This report presents the results of the use of partial cardiopulmonary bypass in 19 patients during operative correction of descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aneurysms, repair of traumatic transection of the aorta, and pericardiectomy for constrictive pericarditis.
Time of Arrival at an Emergency and Likelihood of Helping

A field study was done to explore the effect of viewing an entire emergency event vs. seeing only the end point on helping behavior. Rapid, impulsive helping occurred in the "entire scenario" condi tion, but almost no help was given when only the "aftermath" was seen.
Preformed Metal Crowns may be the most Successful Restorative Treatment for Primary Molars

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Efficacy of preformed metal crowns vs. amalgam restorations in primary molars: a systematic review. Randall R, Vrijhoef M, Wilson N. J Am Dent Assoc 2000;131(3):337-43. Reviewer Tegwyn H. Brickhouse, DDS, PhD Purpose/Question To conduct a systematic review of clinical studies comparing the longevity and failure rates of amalgam restorations in primary molars versus primary molars restored with preformed metal crowns. Source of Funding Information not available in the article; 2 of the 3 authors were industry employed and 1 author was employed in academic dentistry. Type of Study/Design Systematic review Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Grade B: Inconsistent or limited-quality patient-oriented evidence
Who needs the bandwidth

Requirements for bandwidth vary greatly with uses of communications. Some uses involve significant amounts of bandwidth only in the trunks, and other uses require them down to the outermost nodes of the network. Teleconferencing and videophone, if they are in demand, create large requirements. Video programming and browsing also may create substantial requirements. I will not analyze the technical means of providing each of these—a topic which those at the meeting are more qualified to deal with than I—but I shall address the human needs which some of these represent and In particular what people want out of browsing
Research Note: Terrorist Groups as Business Firms: A New Typological Framework

Existing typological frameworks do not adequately categorize terrorist groups by their operational characteristics. We propose a new framework which compares terrorist groups to business firms. In our framework, terrorist groups are mapped on two axes: centralization of resources and centralization of operations. We separate terrorist groups into four typologies echoing familiar business arrangements: Hierarchy, Venture Capital, Franchise, and Brand. Responses to each typology are briefly sketched out. We conclude by analyzing the changes in Al Qaeda over the last two decades in the context of our framework. We close by proposing appropriate policy responses to combat Al Qaeda in light of its current Brand typology.
Optimizing Web Service messaging performance in mobile computing

The performance and efficiency of Web Services in conversational and streaming message exchanges can be greatly increased by streaming the message exchange paradigm. In this paper, we describe our design and implementation of a novel approach to message exchange optimization. This area is particularly important for applications in physically constrained mobile computing environments, but there is great potential for other applications. The verboseness of the XML-based SOAP representation imposes possible overheads in mobile Web Service applications. In order to help minimize such overheads, we separate data content from the syntax and use streaming message exchanges. The redundant or static message parts are stored in a shared metadata space-the Context-store. Therefore, the streamed messages themselves are not self descriptive, but the combination of the message and the negotiation captured in the Context-store is self descriptive. We describe our architecture and evaluate our approach by testing the performance of the resulting system. The empirical results show that our framework outperforms conventional Web Services in both conversational and streaming message exchanges with mobile clients. We demonstrate how to find the breakeven point at which our methods overtake conventional SOAP messaging for a particular application.
Does Adolescents' Disclosure to Their Parents Matter for Their Academic Adjustment?

The role of adolescents' disclosure to their parents in their academic adjustment was examined in a study of 825 American and Chinese adolescents (mean age = 12.73 years). Four times over the seventh and eighth grades, adolescents reported on their spontaneous disclosure of everyday activities to their parents, the quality of their relationships with their parents, and their parents' autonomy support and control. Information about multiple dimensions of adolescents' academic adjustment (e.g., learning strategies, autonomous vs. controlled motivation, and grades) was also obtained. Both American and Chinese adolescents' disclosure predicted their enhanced academic adjustment over time. However, when American adolescents disclosed in a negative context (e.g., a poor parent–child relationship or controlling parenting), their autonomous (vs. controlled) motivation was undermined.
WorldSID – Eine neue Dummygeneration im Seitenaufprallschutz

Insassenschutz-Systeme sollten mit einem moeglichst menschenaehnlichen (biofidelen) Messwerkzeug, dem Crashdummy, bewertet werden. Basiert dieser auf einem breiten Konsens, koennte die Einfuehrung eines harmonisierten Dummys die derzeitige Vielfalt der Seitenaufprallszenarien mit ihren unterschiedlichen Dummys reduzieren und damit Kosten im Versuchsbetrieb und in der Fahrzeugentwicklung senken. Der WorldSID ist der erste weltweit harmonisierte Seitenaufpralldummy und wird voraussichtlich global in gesetzlichen Vorschriften und Verbraucherschutzbewertungen eingesetzt werden. Verschiedene Gremien arbeiten derzeit an Integrationsmoeglichkeiten der neuen WorldSlD-Dummys in gesetzliche Vorschriften und Verbraucherschutzanforderungen. Takata-Petri hat die Besonderheiten der neuen Dummys untersucht und mit den aktuell verwendeten Seitenaufpralldummys verglichen. Daraus ergeben sich Konsequenzen fur die Entwicklung kuenftiger lnsassenrueckhaltesysteme. Der Einfluss der beiden neuen Dummys auf den Insassenrueckhalt in Crashversuchen wurde in zahlreichen Computersimulationen und Schlittenversuchen mit unterschiedlichen Rueckhaltesystemen betrachtet. Die numerischen Untersuchungen von WS50 und WS05 wurden im FEM-Modell eines in Serie befindlichen Fahrzeugs durchgefuehrt, dessen Anforderungsprofil alle weltweiten Crashszenarien enthaelt. Diese Analysen umfassen sowohl die heutigen Dummys als auch die beiden WorldSlDs. Die Versuche erfolgten mit WS50 und WS05-Dummys in Schlittenversuchsumgebungen dreier in Serie befindlicher Fahrzeuge. Es kamen zwei Fahrzeuge der oberen Mittelklasse mit Thorax-Seitenairbag und Kopfairbag sowie ein Cabriolet mit einem kombinierten Kopf-Thorax-Seitenairbag zum Einsatz.
A Neural Network Architecture For Form And Motion Perception

This work further develops a neural network model of motion segmentation by visual cortex that was outlined in Grossberg (1987). We illustrate the model's properties by simulating on the computer data concerning group and element apparent notion, including the tendency for group notion to occur at longer ISIS and under conditions of short visual persistence. These phenomena challenge recent vision models because the switch between group and element motion is determined by changing temporal but not spatial display properties. The model clarifies the dependence of short-range and long-range motion on spatial scale. Its design specifies how oriented (x cell) and unoriented (y cell) detectors cooperate and compete in successive processing stages to generate notion signals that are sensitive to direction-of-notion, yet insensitive to direction-of-contrast. Tereus displays and Burt and Sperling displays generate appropriate motion signals in the circuit. Apparent motion and real motion generate testably different model properties. The model also clarifies how notion after-effects may be generated and how preprocessing of motion signals is joined to long-range cooperative notion mechanisms to control phenomena such as induced motion and notion capture. The total model systems is a motion Boundary Contour Systems (BCS) that is computed in parallel with the static BCS of Grossberg and Mingolla before both systems cooperate to generate a boundary representation for 3-D visual form perception.
Human immunodeficiency virus‐related lymphoreticular malignancies and peripheral neurologic disease. A report of four cases

The most common human immunodeficiency virus-related (HIV) malignancies to date include Kaposi's sarcoma and the high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. There also appears to be an association between HIV and an aggressive form of Hodgkin's disease. In addition, there is a spectrum of HIV-related central and peripheral neurologic syndromes. This article documents four patients with HIV-associated lymphoma who presented with peripheral neurologic syndromes as part of their neoplastic process. Autopsy results obtained from two of these patients showed direct nerve infiltration by lymphoma. All patients had an elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). It is recommended that HIV-related lymphoma be considered in a high-risk patient who presents with a peripheral neurologic syndrome especially if there is an elevated serum LDH.
When do female-owned businesses out-survive male-owned businesses? A disaggregated approach by industry and geography

Abstract Studies have invoked several theoretical perspectives to explain differences between female-owned businesses and male-owned businesses. Yet, few have considered the possibility that differential outcomes between female-owned businesses and male-owned businesses vary from setting to setting, an insight that we derive by combining social constructionism with feminist theory. We articulate hypotheses regarding the outcome of business survival duration based on this insight. Then, using a dataset of one million Texan proprietorships, we test these hypotheses by estimating separate gender effects for many individual industries and geographic areas. We find that female-owned businesses consistently out-survive male-owned businesses in many industries and areas.
Vibrational predissociation spectroscopy of (C2H4)2 and Ar—C2H4

Abstract The vibrational predissociation spectra of (C 2 H 4 ) 2 and Ar—C 2 H 4 have been measured using a molecular beam apparatus and a tunable infrared laser (an optical parametric oscillator), near the ν 9 (≈3100 cm −1 ) and ν 11 (≈2990 cm −1 ) modes of ethylene. The spectra are not homogeneously broadened and show considerable rotational structure at 0.9 cm −1 resolution. Analysis of the Ar—C 2 H 4 spectra places the argon in the ethylene plane along the perpendicular bisector of the double bond at a distance of 3.6 A.
The stoichiometry and poisoning by sulfur of hydrogen, oxygen and carbon monoxide chemisorption on unsupported nickel

Hydrogen chemisorption and BET measurements (argon and nitrogen) have been used to determine the stoichiometry of hydrogen adsorption on nickel powder. The hydrogen adsorption isotherms were measured at room temperature and at 200 °C. The experimental results indicate that the H/Nis ratio on unsupported nickel is 1:1 at both temperatures. Nickel powder samples were also poisoned with H2S at a level of 5 ppm for 6 hr. The samples poisoned with H2S suffer no loss in overall surface area determined by BET measurements; however, hydrogen chemisorption is substantially reduced, although less at 200 °C than at 25 °C. Data for CO adsorption on a nickel powder at 25 °C show a CO/H value of 2.09 suggesting surface carbonyl formation. After evacuation at 25 °C, however, the ratio decreases to 1.16, showing that reversible adsorption-desorption occurs. At −83 °C, a value of CO/H of 0.54 is obtained both before and after evacuation indicating no reversible adsorption. The number of CO molecules irreversibly adsorbed per surface nickel atom is 0.54. Data for adsorption of oxygen at 25 °C show that three oxygen atoms adsorb for every nickel surface atom and that approximately one of three oxygen atoms can interact with but not be removed by titration with hydrogen at 25 °C.
Bilingual Special Education Personnel Preparation: An Integrated Model.

There are few teacher training programs in bilingual special education in the nation. This article describes the program at George Mason University, The Northern University of the State of Virginia. It is an integrated program in which bilingual special education teachers are trained alongside their regular and special education counterparts. This integration produces two kinds of professionals: (a) special education teachers who are conversant with the issues of bilingual special education and thus somewhat better able to adapt their teaching skills to the needs of their bilingual exceptional pupils, and (b) bilingual special education teachers with specific skills in working with culturally and linguistically different exceptional children. The skills of the second group include skills in dealing with first- and second-language difficulties and with the possible negative interactions between cultural differences and handicapping conditions.
Work in progress: Constructing a multidisciplinary design project for first-year engineering and Computing students: Traffic Simulation Engineering Design Challenge

Teaching first-year students is a balance between introducing technical content and providing perspective for students to forge connections to the context of what engineers do. Making the possible impact of engineers real and visible to introductory students in an authentic manner can be challenging. This paper describes the implementation and impact for a Traffic Simulation engineering design challenge in a freshman level “Introduction to Engineering Design” course comprised of both Engineering and Computing students at Arizona State University.
Nonurban Male Homosexuals: Epidemiologic, Immunologic and Virologic Characteristics

ABSTRACT Twenty asymptomatic male homosexuals living in North Carolina were evaluated looking at epidemiologic, immunologic and virologic characteristics. In ten subjects selected for inhalant nitrite use a significantly higher frequency of multiple drug abuse and a trend toward greater sexual promiscuity was found in comparison with ten nonnitrite users. None of the 20 subjects had chronic lymphadenopathy. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) was not found in urine, blood or throat washings, but was found in 29% of the subjects’ semen specimens—a finding that was significantly linked (P 1.3) and lymphocyte mitogen stimulations were not different from heterosexual controls in contrast to frequent abnormalities reported in male homosexuals in metropolitan areas. If these immunologic findings are reproducible, they may be important in understanding why the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome has clustered in large cities.
Development of a tamponade for vacuum assisted percutaneous core breast biopsy

Severe hemorrhage occurs in up to 7% of all vacuum assisted breast biopsy procedures. The current standard of practice to stop hemorrhage is the use of external pressure to the breast. While this can control minimal bleeding it is not localized enough to stop serious bleeding. If bleeding cannot be controlled through exterior pressure the only treatment is to perform surgery on the patient which is an unacceptable outcome. The proposed design will alleviate this problem through the use of a balloon mechanism with a biodegradable sheath covering. The system will apply internal pressure to the hemorrhaging area and will be removed without further injury to the biopsy site. The system will decrease the amount of time needed to stop the hemorrhage and prevent the need to perform surgery on a patient who has not been adequately prepared for surgery.
Mechanisms to Explain Surfactant Responses

Surfactant is now standard of care for infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Surfactant treatments are effective because of complex metabolic interactions between surfactant and the preterm lung. The large treatment dose functions as substrate; it is taken up by the preterm lung and is reprocessed and secreted with improved function. The components of the treatment surfactant remain in the preterm lung for days. If lung injury is avoided, then surfactant inhibition is minimized. Prenatal corticosteroids complement surfactant to further enhance lung function. The magic of surfactant therapy results from the multiple interactions between surfactant and the preterm lung.
Pseudomyxoma peritonei: Review of the controversy

Summary ‘Pseudomyxoma peritonei' (PMP) is the clinical term traditionally applied to the debilitating syndrome of grossly apparent gelatinous ascites associated with peritoneal deposits of mucinous tumours. For many years, PMP was mainly attributed to mucinous neoplasms arising in the ovary. However, in recent decades, it has become clear that most of this syndrome is related to discontinuous spread from the appendix. Despite the uniformly malignant clinical presentation noted among all histological grades of fully developed PMP, the pathological nomenclature advocated by some authors has continued to include non-malignant terms (reminiscent of the ovarian tumours classified as borderline) for those frequent cases with very-well-differentiated histology. This article will review the clinical and pathological features of PMP in the context of the literature, and maintain that, regardless of how well differentiated they are, all cases of PMP are examples of mucinous carcinoma. Grading as either low- or high-grade carcinoma is indicated for prognostication. This article will also discuss the terminology for mucinous appendiceal neoplasms removed from patients who have not yet developed PMP.