cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study of CMOS Process Variation by Multiplexing Analog Characteristics

Aggressive technology scaling raises the need for efficient methods to characterize and model circuit variation at both the front and back end of line, where critical parameters such as threshold voltage and parasitic capacitance must be carefully modeled for accurate circuit performance. In this paper we address this need by contributing a test circuit methodology for the extraction of spatial, layout and size dependent variations at both device and interconnect levels. The test chip uses a scan chain approach combined with low-leakage and low-variation switches, and Kelvin sensing connections, providing access to detailed analog device characteristics in large arrays of test devices. Variation measurement using the designed test chip has proven successful for both device and interconnect test structures. The parameter extraction and variation analyses made possible by the variation test chip enable the identification of likely variation sources, quantification of circuit impact and sensitivity, and specification of layout practices for variation minimization.
Evaluation of Pore Structure Parameters of MCM-41 Catalyst Supports and Catalysts by Means of Nitrogen and Argon Adsorption

A new method has been used to obtain pore size characteristics of MCM-41 catalyst supports and vanadium-substituted MCM-41 catalysts. The approach is based on the nonlocal density functional theory (NLDFT) model for nitrogen and argon adsorption in MCM-41, proposed recently. Samples with pore sizes varying from ca. 25 to 37 A were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis. Two synthesis procedures employing different sources of V were used to prepare V/MCM-41 catalysts. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). N2 and Ar adsorption isotherms at 77 K were measured starting from the relative pressure P/P0 = 1 × 10-5. Analysis of adsorption isotherms was carried out in two stages. The first stage implies comparison of a given isotherm with a reference isotherm measured on a well-characterized sample of MCM-41 with uniform pores. From such a comparison, micropore volume, specific surface area of mesopores, and the point of the beginning of the capillary condensation are determined. In the second sta...
Synthesis, structure, and optical properties of BiCuOCh (Ch=S, Se, and Te)

Abstract Crystals of BiCuOSe were grown from a salt flux, and the crystal structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. BiCuOSe adopts the tetragonal layered structure of LnCuOCh (Ln=lanthanide; Ch=S, Se, and Te) with bond lengths and bond angles in good agreement with those published for powders. Powders comprising mixed chalcogenides across the series BiCuOCh (Ch=S, Se, and Te) were made by reacting Bi2O2Ch and Cu2Ch. Band gaps determined via infrared diffuse reflectance from powders are Eg=0.82 eV for BiCuOSe, 0.89 eV for BiCuOS0.5Se0.5, and 1.07 eV for BiCuOS. The band gap of BiCuOSe inferred from infrared transmission measurements on single crystals is in good agreement with the value obtained from diffuse reflectance from the powder.
Availability of Manganese and Iron to Plants and Animals

Mn and Fe are essential to both plants and animals and are transferred successfully from the soil in all situations in which life persists. The transfer of each is subject to numerous influences and these are likely to be more important than Fe and Mn content of parent materials. At the soil:plant interface pH and Eh are dominant factors and are frequently regulated by agronomic technology. Of the plant macronutrients used in fertilizer, P is most likely to reduce directly the availability of Fe and Mn. Because of the cost of P, however, excess applications are likely to be infrequent. Availability of Fe and Mn of plants to animals is characteristically described as low, in the order of 10 −1 . However, availability increases during deficiency and, in the case of Fe, following hemorrhage. The availability data reflect homeostatic mechanisms which minimize the chances of accumulation of excess Fe. Mn homeostasis appears to be largely achieved through excretory paths. Fe deficiency is considered one of the most common trace-element deficiencies of man. Intensive agronomic practices will have little effect, however, on the Fe or Mn status of grazing animals; and, to the extent that he is a tertiary consumer in the food chain, effects on man of regional geochemical differences and changes induced by intensive agricultural technology are likely to be damped.
A Prospective Study of Injuries in NCAA Intercollegiate Ice-Hockey Goaltenders

Background While relatively well protected and padded, ice-hockey goaltenders are at risk for impact injuries. Objective To study incidence and mechanism of intercollegiate ice-hockey goaltender injuries. Design Analyzed seasons prospectively starting in 2000–01 through 2006–07. Setting All National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) ice-hockey goaltender injuries through the Injury Surveillance System. Participants NCAA ice-hockey goaltenders. Assessment of risk factors Injury rates were calculated per 1000 player games. Main outcome measurements Injury rates. Results The overall rate of NCAA men9s ice-hockey goaltender injuries was 0.5/1000 player games. 56 men9s ice-hockey goaltender injuries resulted in further time loss from practices or games. 13 injuries resulted in time loss of 1–2 days, 18 resulted in time loss of 3–5 days, 10 injuries resulted in time loss of 6–9 days, and 10 injuries resulted in 10 or more days of time loss from competition. The overall rate of NCAA women9s ice-hockey goaltender injuries was 0.72/1000 player games. Overall, women sustained 23 time-loss game injuries. Five of these resulted in further loss of on-ice practice/game times of 1 day, eight resulted in 3–5 days of time loss, two resulted in 6–9 days of time loss, and seven injuries resulted in 10 or more days of time loss. Conclusions Further understanding of the aetiology of these on-ice goaltender-player contact injuries could assist in the development of possible interventions to reduce the incidence of NCAA ice-hockey goaltender injuries. The current Injury Surveillance System has shortcomings and does not provide us with enough information to evaluate the effectiveness of goalie equipment and the impact that possible rule changes would have on the game. This study is the first step in analyzing all participants in hockey with anticipation for future rule and equipment optimisation and subsequent injury reduction.
Tissue Exit: a Novel Control Point in the Accumulation of Antigen-Specific CD8 T Cells in the Influenza A Virus-Infected Lung

Memory/effector T cells efficiently migrate into extralymphoid tissues and sites of infection, providing immunosurveillance and a first line of defense against invading pathogens. Even though it is a potential means to regulate the size, quality, and duration of a tissue infiltrate, T cell egress from infected tissues is poorly understood. Using a mouse model of influenza A virus infection, we found that CD8 effector T cells egressed from the infected lung in a CCR7-dependent manner. In contrast, following antigen recognition, effector CD8 T cell egress decreased and CCR7 function was reduced in vivo and in vitro, indicating that the exit of CD8 T cells from infected tissues is tightly regulated. Our data suggest that the regulation of T cell egress is a mechanism to retain antigen-specific effectors at the site of infection to promote viral clearance, while decreasing the numbers of bystander T cells and preventing overt inflammation.
HBT transmitter and data regenerator arrays for WDM optical communications application

Current research on next generation Wavelength Division Multiplexed (WDM) all optical networks has identified the need for arrays of laser driver circuits and arrays of receivers, clock recovery, and decision circuits. This paper reports on the development of two AlGaAs-GaAs HBT-based circuits: an eight-channel laser driver array and four-channel signal regeneration array including the limiting amplifier, clock recovery, and decision functions one intended for operation at 155 Mb/s. Subcircuits of the clock recovery array have been verified as suitable for use up to 2.488 Gb/s. >
MANAGEMENT OF PAIN IN INTENSIVE CARE SETTINGS

An organized treatment plan for providing analgesia in ICU settings can make a significant difference in patient comfort and outcome. Advanced analgesic techniques are available for use at each level of the "pain pathway." These include agents and methods that act at the periphery, at the spinal cord level, and through a systemic approach. Consultation with specialists in pain management can help achieve optimum therapy for patients in the ICU setting.
Security and privacy: similarities and differences

For the purposes of this paper we will use the term "security" when speaking about computer systems which handle classified defense information, and "privacy" in regard to those computer systems which handle non-defense information which nonetheless must be protected because it is in some respect sensitive. It should be noted at the outset that the context in which security must be considered is quite different from that which can be applied to the privacy question. With respect to classified military information there are federal regulations which establish authority, and discipline to govern the conduct of people who work with such information. Moreover, there is an established set of categories into which information is classified. Once information is classified Confidential, Secret, or Top Secret, there are well-defined requirements for its protection, for controlling access to it, and for transmitting it from place to place. In the privacy situation, analogous/conditions may exist only in part or not at all.
I/O overhead and parallel VLSI architectures for lattice computations

The authors introduce input/output (I/O) overhead psi as a complexity measure for VLSI implementations of two-dimensional lattice computations of the type arising in the simulation of physical systems. It is shown by pebbling arguments that psi = Omega (n/sup -1/) when there are n/sup 2/ processing elements available. If the results must be observed at every generation and if no on-chip storage is allowed, the lower bound is the constant 2. The authors then examine four VLSI architectures and show that one of them, the multigeneration sweep architecture also has I/O overhead proportional to n/sup -1/. A closed-form for the discrete minimization equation giving the optimal number of generations to compute for the multigeneration sweep architecture is proved. >
ALL ARTHROSCOPIC ROTATOR CUFF REPAIRS

The arthroscopic operation for repair of full-thickness rotator cuff tears is successful and has the advantages of glenohumeral joint inspection, treatment of intra-articular lesions, smaller incisions, no deltoid detachment, less soft tissue dissection, less pain, and more rapid rehabilitation. However, these advantages must be balanced against the technical difficulty of this method, which limits its application to surgeons skilled in both open and arthroscopic shoulder operations. This article contains many technical pearls to, as much as possible, simplify and improve all arthroscopic cuff repair.
Software reliability and advanced avionics

This paper proposes that software is becoming the most safety critical element of the highly reliable avionics systems which will be needed in civil transport aircraft of the future.The paper first discusses the pressures leading to the use of digital technology, especially computers with software, in future civil transport aircraft. The level of required reliability pertaining to safety is then determined, both as mandated by regulations and as observed in actual practice.Finally, advanced fault tolerant computers are described. Their reliability is simply analyzed in order to determine the role software will play; it is critical. The level of software reliability required is then examined.
The Implications of Tolerance Optimization on Compressor Blade Design

Geometric variability increases performance variability and degrades the mean performance of turbomachinery compressor blades. These detrimental effects can be reduced by using robust optimization to design the blade geometry or by imposing stricter manufacturing tolerances. This paper presents a novel computational framework for optimizing compressor blade manufacturing tolerances and incorporates this framework into existing robust geometry design frameworks. Optimizations of an exit guide vane geometry are conducted. When the design is optimized to improve performance at a single operating point, the optimal geometry is found to depend on the manufacturing tolerances due to a switch in the dominant loss mechanism. Including multiple operating points in the optimization avoids this switch so that the geometry and tolerance optimization problems are decoupled.
Platinum-Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydroalkoxylation of γ- and δ-Hydroxy Olefins to Form Cyclic Ethers

Reaction of 2,2-diphenyl-4-penten-1-ol with a catalytic mixture of [PtCl2(H2CCH2)]2 (1 mol %) and P(4-C6H4CF3)3 (2 mol %) at 70 °C for 24 h led to the isolation of 2-methyl-4,4-diphenyltetrahydrofuran in 78% yield. The platinum-catalyzed hydroalkoxylation of γ-hydroxy olefins tolerated substitution at the α, β, and γ-carbon atoms and at the internal and cis and trans terminal olefinic positions. Platinum-catalyzed hydroalkoxylation tolerated a number of functional groups including pivaloate and acetate esters, amides, silyl and benzyl ethers, and pendant hydroxyl and olefinic groups. Pt-catalyzed olefin hydroalkylation was also applicable to the formation of fused- and spirobicyclic ethers and was effective for the hydroalkoxylation of δ-hydroxy olefins to form tetrahydropyran derivatives.
Experimental evaluation of a multiprogrammed computer system

This paper reports on the design and analysis of a statistical experiment conducted on a "live" job stream to determin the effect of segment size used for storage allocation on the system performance. Performance measures selected are turnaround time, total cost and CPU utilization. The experiment consists of one factor, the segment size, at five levels. Uncontrolled factors such as EXCP's (number of I/O starts) and core usage are included as covariates in the analysis of variance. This experiment is part of a continuing activity of Measurement, Evaluation and Simulation. It is designed to provide data for improving performance incrementally. The results of the experiment provided an optimal segment size for the given classing/scheduling algorithm and core-layout. Design objectives and details of the analysis are also presented.
The Pollution Haven Hypothesis: Significance and Insignificance

Theory and intuition tell us that the imposition of stringent environmental policies by a given country will reduce its net exports of commodities produced using pollution-intensive industries. It is therefore surprising that many empirical studies of international commodity trade have failed to find evidence of this effect. This study offers a new, highly focused test of the pollution haven hypothesis, by investigating the link between international factor trade in coal and urban air concentrations of SO2. I find statistically significant evidence that countries with poor air quality do have higher net factor exports of coal; however, the magnitude of the impact is small, casting doubt on the economic significance of the pollution haven effect as a guide to policy.
On Normalized Multiplicative Cascades under Strong Disorder

Multiplicative cascades, under weak or strong disorder, refer to sequences of positive random measures n; ;n = 1;2;::: , parameterized by a positive disorder parameter , and defined on the Borel -field B of @T = f0;1;:::b 1g 1 for the product topology. The normalized cascade is defined by the corresponding sequence of random probability measures prob n; := Z 1 n; n; ;n = 1;2:::; normalized to a probability by the partition function Zn; . In this note, a recent result of Madaule [27, 2011] is used to explicitly construct a family of tree indexed probability measures prob1; for strong disorder parameters > c, almost surely defined on a common probability space. Moreover, viewingfprobn; : > cg 1 n=1 as a sequence of probability measure valued stochastic process leads to finite dimensional weak convergence in distribution to a probability measure valued processfprob1; : > cg. The limit process is
Cellulose nanomaterials review: structure, properties and nanocomposites

This critical review provides a processing-structure-property perspective on recent advances in cellulose nanoparticles and composites produced from them. It summarizes cellulose nanoparticles in terms of particle morphology, crystal structure, and properties. Also described are the self-assembly and rheological properties of cellulose nanoparticle suspensions. The methodology of composite processing and resulting properties are fully covered, with an emphasis on neat and high fraction cellulose composites. Additionally, advances in predictive modeling from molecular dynamic simulations of crystalline cellulose to the continuum modeling of composites made with such particles are reviewed (392 references).
Two-electron reduction of ethylene carbonate: A quantum chemistry re-examination of mechanisms

Abstract Passivating solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) films arising from electrolyte decomposition on low-voltage lithium ion battery anode surfaces are critical for battery operations. We review the recent theoretical literature on electrolyte decomposition and emphasize the modeling work on two-electron reduction of ethylene carbonate (EC, a key battery organic solvent). One of the two-electron pathways, which releases CO gas, is re-examined using simple quantum chemistry calculations. Excess electrons are shown to preferentially attack EC in the order (broken EC−) > (intact EC−) > EC. This confirms the viability of two electron processes and emphasizes that they need to be considered when interpreting SEI experiments. A speculative estimate of the crossover between one- and two-electron regimes under a homogeneous reaction zone approximation is proposed.
Self-assembled plasmonic nanoparticle clusters

Polymer-coated gold nanoshells are assembled, using capillary forces, into packed clusters with tailored surface plasmon resonances. Separation between nanoshells is engineered to be ∼2nm. Strongly coupled resonances in nanoshell dimers and trimers are observed.
Radiometric observations of sea temperature at 2.65 GHz over the Chesapeake Bay

The present work describes the various corrections necessary in order to deduce ocean surface temperature from S -band microwave radiometer measurements and applies these results to a series of data obtained with a high absolute accuracy radiometer. Measurements made with a 2.65 GHz radiometer from an aircraft flown over the Chesapeake Bay area are presented and compared in detail with accurately obtained sea truth data. For the calm sea, it was found that the observed brightness temperature agreed well with that calculated from the known sea surface and atmospheric properties over a fairly wide range of surface salinity values (0.2 per mille to 25 per mille). For cases where the surface wind speeds are of the order of 7 to 15 knots, an excess brightness temperature was observed which is attributable to surface roughness and microscale surface disturbances. The excess brightness temperature dependence on wind speed was found to correlate to a certain extent with the rms wave slope dependence on wind speed.
Constructed Criteria Redefining Merit to Justify Discrimination

This article presents an account of job discrimination according to which people redefine merit in a manner congenial to the idiosyncratic credentials of individual applicants from desired groups. In three studies, participants assigned male and female applicants to gender-stereotypical jobs. However, they did not view male and female applicants as having different strengths and weaknesses. Instead, they redefined the criteria for success at the job as requiring the specific credentials that a candidate of the desired gender happened to have. Commitment to hiring criteria prior to disclosure of the applicant's gender eliminated discrimination, suggesting that bias in the construction of hiring criteria plays a causal role in discrimination.
A new parallel algorithm for the maximal independent set problem

A new parallel algorithm for the maximal independent set problem is constructed. It runs in $O(\log ^4 n)$ time when implemented on a linear number of EREW-processors. This is the first deterministic algorithm for the maximal independent set problem (MIS) whose running time is polylogarithmic and whose processor-time product is optimal up to a polylogarithmic factor.
Institutionalists at the limits of institutionalism: a constructivist critique of two edited volumes from Wolfgang Streeck and Kozo Yamamura

The two books under review are terrific and amount, essentially, to benchmarks for any future scholarship on adjustment in Germany and Japan (especially in Germany). In what follows, I will briefly praise and then, in a more extended manner, criticize the volumes and the perspective on change in Germany and Japan that they embody. But the praise is genuine and should not be lost in the disproportionate space devoted to critique in this contribution.
Risk management options elected by women after testing positive for a BRCA mutation.

Abstract Objective To assess the uptake of risk-reducing options for the management of ovarian and breast cancer risk in BRCA mutation carriers in a large community based integrated health system in Northern California. Methods A retrospective cohort of deleterious BRCA mutation carriers (1995–2012) was evaluated for consistency with NCCN guidelines for risk reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) by age of 35–40, risk reducing mastectomy (RRM), as well as surveillance practices, including pelvic ultrasound, CA 125, mammogram, and breast MRI. Secondary outcomes included the use of chemoprevention and hormone replacement. Results Of the 305 eligible women, 170 were BRCA 1 positive, and 135 were BRCA 2 positive. Seventy four percent underwent RRSO with only 17% under age 40, while 44% underwent RRM. The median time from the test to both RRSO and RRM was 6months. In the first year after BRCA diagnosis, 45% underwent a pelvic ultrasound, dropping to 2.3% by year 5. In year 1, 47% had a CA 125, dropping to 2% by year 5. The number of women undergoing annual MRI and mammogram fell similarly over time. Sixteen percent of BRCA carriers used oral contraceptives (OCPs) and only one patient used tamoxifen for chemoprevention. Conclusion Uptake of RRSO in BRCA carriers in a population based health system is high, however the majority of women do not have RRSO by the NCCN recommended age. Compliance with surveillance is low and rapidly declines even 1year out from testing. Attention needs to be focused on the earlier identification of BRCA mutation carriers with consolidated and standardized care to improve risk reduction.
The NASA Astrophysics Data System: The search engine and its user interface

The ADS Abstract and Article Services provide access to the astronomical literature through the World Wide Web (WWW). The forms based user interface provides access to sophisticated searching capabilities that allow our users to find references in the fields of Astronomy, Physics/Geophysics, and astronomical Instrumentation and Engineering. The returned information includes links to other on-line information sources, creating an extensive astronomical digital library. Other interfaces to the ADS databases provide direct access to the ADS data to allow developers of other data systems to integrate our data into their system. The search engine is a custom-built software system that is specifically tailored to search astronomical references. It includes an extensive synonym list that contains discipline specific knowledge about search term equivalences. Search request logs show the usage pattern of the various search system capabilities. Access logs show the world-wide distribution of ADS users. The ADS can be accessed at: http://adswww.harvard.edu
Thoracic epidural anesthesia for cardiac surgery

Clearly, there is increasing evidence that TEA is a preferred method of adjunctive anesthesia for cardiac surgery. We have previously published the use of this technique for off pump coronary artery bypass surgery either awake or under general anesthesia. What remains to be seen is if paravertebral blocks can provide similar results with no associated risk of neuraxial hematoma formation. Nonetheless, the risk of hematoma formation appears to be so small that it, alone, should never be the determining factor for not selecting TEA for cardiac surgery.
Near-Infrared Classification Spectroscopy: H-Band Spectra of Fundamental MK Standards

We present a catalog of H-band spectra for 85 stars of approximately solar abundance observed at a resolving power of 3000 with the KPNO Mayall 4 m Fourier Transform Spectrometer. The atlas covers spectral types O7-M5 and luminosity classes I-V as defined in the MK system. We identify both atomic and molecular indices and line ratios that are temperature and luminosity sensitive, allowing spectral classification to be carried out in the H-band. The line ratios permit spectral classification in the presence of continuum excess emission, which is commonly found in pre-main-sequence or evolved stars. We demonstrate that with spectra of R = 1000 obtained at signal-to-noise ratio >50, it is possible to derive spectral types within ±2 subclasses for late-type stars. These data are available electronically through the Astronomical Data Center in addition to being served on the World Wide Web.
Aleksandrov–Bakelman–Pucci Type Estimates for Integro-Differential Equations

In this work we provide an Aleksandrov–Bakelman–Pucci type estimate for a certain class of fully nonlinear elliptic integro-differential equations, the proof of which relies on an appropriate generalization of the convex envelope to a nonlocal, fractional-order setting and on the use of Riesz potentials to interpret second derivatives as fractional order operators. This result applies to a family of equations involving some nondegenerate kernels and, as a consequence, provides some new regularity results for previously untreated equations. Furthermore, this result also gives a new comparison theorem for viscosity solutions of such equations which depends only on the L∞ and Ln norms of the right-hand side, in contrast to previous comparison results which utilize the continuity of the right-hand side for their conclusions. These results appear to be new, even for the linear case of the relevant equations.
Convexity in the Theory of Choice under Risk

I. Summary, 278. — II. Introduction, 279. — III. Acceptance sets, 282. — IV. Some experimental evidence, 284. — V. Subjective probabilities, 288.
Studies directed toward the design of chiral acylating agents. The utility of chiral N-benzoylimides in enantioselective alcohol acylation

N-benxoyl-4(S)-tert-butyl-2-oxarolidinone (lb) is found to be an efficient enantioselective acylating agent for aryl n-alkyl carbinols. Selective benxoylation of racemic aryl n-alkyl carbinols with kinetic selectivities of 20-3&l for the (R) enantiomer is observed. The acylation process is promoted by formation of the derived magnesium alkoxides which may be accessed either from alcohol deprotonation with MeMgBr or through de- pmtonation with the Lewis acid-base combination of MgBr&N. Enzymatically mediated enantioselective acyl transfer processes are exceptionally effective in the kinetic resolution of racemic (eq 1) and meso secondary alcohols. 1 Such esterification processes are also of great value in the site-selective derivatization of polyhydroxylic compounds. At the present time, practical, nonenxymatic variants of these reactions do not exist. One of the long-term objectives of our laboratory is to develop such reactions. As an integral part of this program, we have also pursued the design of chiral acylating agents which might effect enantioselective delivery of conventional acyl residues (R = alkyl, atyl) to racemic 2O alcohols (eq 2).2 In this instance, the chii auxiliary must function as the leaving group while providing chii recognition during the acyl transfer event
What Have We Learned About the Causes of Corruption from Ten Years of Cross-National Empirical Research?

▪ Abstract I review recent efforts by political scientists and economists to explain cross-national variation in corruption using subjective ratings, and examine the robustness of reported findings. Quite strong evidence suggests that highly developed, long-established liberal democracies, with a free and widely read press, a high share of women in government, and a history of openness to trade, are perceived as less corrupt. Countries that depend on fuel exports or have intrusive business regulations and unpredictable inflation are judged more corrupt. Although the causal direction is usually unclear, instrumenting with income as of 1700 suggests higher development does cause lower perceived corruption. However, controlling for income, most factors that predict perceived corruption do not correlate with recently available measures of actual corruption experiences (based on surveys of business people and citizens that ask whether they have been expected to pay bribes recently). Reported corruption experie...
Optimization techniques for high-performance digital circuits

The relentless push for high performance in custom digital circuits has led to renewed emphasis on circuit optimization or tuning. The parameters of the optimization are typically transistor and interconnect sizes. The design metrics are not just delay, transition times, power and area, but also signal integrity and manufacturability. This tutorial paper discusses some of the recently proposed methods of circuit optimization, with an emphasis on practical application and methodology impact. Circuit optimization techniques fall into three broad categories. The first is dynamic tuning, based on time-domain simulation of the underlying circuit, typically combined with adjoint sensitivity computation. These methods are accurate but require the specification of input signals, and are best applied to small data-flow circuits and "cross-sections" of larger circuits. Efficient sensitivity computation renders feasible the tuning of circuits with a few thousand transistors. Second, static tuners employ static timing analysis to evaluate the performance of the circuit. All paths through the logic are simultaneously tuned, and no input vectors are required. Large control macros are best tuned by these methods. However, in the context of deep submicron custom design, the inaccuracy of the delay models employed by these methods often limits their utility. Aggressive dynamic or static tuning can push a circuit into a precipitous corner of the manufacturing process space, which is a problem addressed by the third class of circuit optimization tools, statistical tuners. Statistical techniques are used to enhance manufacturability or maximize yield. In addition to surveying the above techniques, topics such as the use of state-of-the-art nonlinear optimization methods and special considerations for interconnect sizing, clock tree optimization and noise-aware tuning will be briefly considered.
A Generalized Implementation Method for Relational Data Sublanguages

A set of primitive operations on tuples is derived; it is shown that these operations are necessary and sufficient for the implementation tion of any language equivalent in power to the relational algebra. The translation of queries from a variety of relational languages into these tuple operations is discussed and illustrated with several examples. A method is given for the conversion of such a translated query into a network of processes and files. An optimization algorithm which operates on this network is described and demonstrated. Using this method, many different relational languages can be implemented using the same data management software; furthermore, the underlying software can be changed without requiring any changes at the user interface. This approach should yield great benefits in reduced cost and increased flexibility of implementation.
Proofs of the martingale FCLT

This is an expository review paper elaborating on the proof of the martingale functional central limit theorem (FCLT). This paper also reviews tightness and stochastic boundedness, highlighting one-dimensional criteria for tightness used in the proof of the martingale FCLT. This paper supplements the expository review paper Pang, Talreja and Whitt (2007) illustrating the ``martingale method'' for proving many-server heavy-traffic stochastic-process limits for queueing models, supporting diffusion-process approximations.
Infrared Focal Planes in Intrinsic Semiconductors

In this paper, we review the state-of-the-art of intrinsic semiconductor detector arrays and project future areas of development. Infrared focal planes in intrinsic semiconductors offer advantages over extrinsic semiconductor structures in both operating temperature and quantum efficiency. Although the device function of spectral filtering and detection of the incident photon flux is now well understood in intrinsic semiconductors, the function of signal processing has only recently been investigated. As a result, research is directed toward implementation of both hybrid devices, in which the signal processing is accomplished in a silicon multiplexer which is physically and electrically interfaced with an intrinsic semiconductor detector array, and monolithic charge transfer devices in which detection and signal processing are accomplished in the same semiconductor. In the monolithic approach, charge transfer devices have been demonstrated in InSb, and it is likely that similar devices will be realized in InSb related alloys and HgCdTe in the near future. Demonstration of a non-MIS charge transfer design would open up the monolithic approach to the IV-VI alloys. Hybrid focal planes incorporating /spl lsim/1000 element photodiode arrays have been realized in the III-V and the IV-VI alloys; the detector-multiplexer interface circuit will remain one of the key technical issues in the achievement of a high-performance hybrid focal plane.
Unreasonable Women: Gender and the Law of Accidental Injury, 1870‐1920

At the wheels of railroads and streetcars, the law of accidental personal injury, known as negligence, became a discrete body of law between 1870 and 1920. The defining component of negligence was "fault"-the notion that the individuals (injured and injurer) must have failed to act according to some minimal standard of caution. Theorists of the history of negligence have explained that the conduct of all was measured against what a "reasonable man" would have done under the circumstances. The author here challenges this fundamental assertion. Through trial records, lawyer's written arguments, and appellate opinions, she reconstructs the critical role of gender in shaping the law of accidental injury. As she argues, in 19th- and 20th-century America, injury was a gendered event. The fact that courts in these years held men and women to different standards of care undermines theorists' arguments that economic considerations drove the law of accidental injury. Moreover, the reification of gender norms in private law, in turn, vitally affected the experience of gender in tur-of-the-century America. For over a century, the most prominent theorists of the history of negligence have referred to the basic standard of care for avoiding accidental
Do serum biomarkers really measure breast cancer

Because screening mammography for breast cancer is less effective for premenopausal women, we investigated the feasibility of a diagnostic blood test using serum proteins. This study used a set of 98 serum proteins and chose diagnostically relevant subsets via various feature-selection techniques. Because of significant noise in the data set, we applied iterated Bayesian model averaging to account for model selection uncertainty and to improve generalization performance. We assessed generalization performance using leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The classifiers were able to distinguish normal tissue from breast cancer with a classification performance of AUC = 0.82 ± 0.04 with the proteins MIF, MMP-9, and MPO. The classifiers distinguished normal tissue from benign lesions similarly at AUC = 0.80 ± 0.05. However, the serum proteins of benign and malignant lesions were indistinguishable (AUC = 0.55 ± 0.06). The classification tasks of normal vs. cancer and normal vs. benign selected the same top feature: MIF, which suggests that the biomarkers indicated inflammatory response rather than cancer. Overall, the selected serum proteins showed moderate ability for detecting lesions. However, they are probably more indicative of secondary effects such as inflammation rather than specific for malignancy.
Multiplexing the elementary streams of H.264 video and MPEG4 HE AAC v2 audio, de-multiplexing and achieving lip synchronization

Television broadcasting applications such as ATSC-M/H, DVB [4] require that the encoded audio and video streams to be transmitted across a network in a single transport stream containing fixed sized data packets that can be easily recognized and decoded at the receiver. MPEG2 part1 specifies two layers of packetization to achieve a transport stream suitable for digital transmission. This paper presents a scheme to multiplex the elementary streams of H.264 video and HE AAC v2 audio using the MPEG2 systems specifications [2], then de-multiplex the transport stream and playback the decoded elementary streams with lip synchronization or audio-video synchronization.
Three-dimensional marginal separation

The three dimensional marginal separation of a boundary layer along a line of symmetry is considered. The key equation governing the displacement function is derived, and found to be a nonlinear integral equation in two space variables. This is solved iteratively using a pseudo-spectral approach, based partly in double Fourier space, and partly in physical space. Qualitatively, the results are similar to previously reported two dimensional results (which are also computed to test the accuracy of the numerical scheme); however quantitatively the three dimensional results are much different.
Economic and Programmatic Considerations for Advanced Transportation Propulsion Technology

Requirements for space transportation will increase after the Space Shuttle becomes operational. Shuttle derivatives and new earth-to-orbit vehicles are compared economically. The addition of both one and two new vehicle types are considered. Programmatic considerations are included in deriving a scenario which appears reasonable and includes the Space Shuttle, a heavy-lift cargo derivative of the Shuttle, a unique dual-fuel orbit transfer vehicle, and a small new earth-to-orbit vehicle in the foreseeable future. Large new orbital transfer and earth-to-orbit vehicles would be added when needed.
Weight-related behavior among adolescents: the role of peer effects.

Purpose To investigate whether social interactions in friendship networks influence the following weight-related behaviors of adolescents: exercising regularly, playing an active sport, hours of TV/Video viewing, sleeping six or fewer hours, eating breakfast on weekdays, frequency of eating at fast food restaurants, eating five servings of fruits/vegetables daily, and consuming calorie-dense snacks.
DARK MATTER AXIONS

The hypothesis of an 'invisible' axion was made by Misha Shifman and others, approximately thirty years ago. It has turned out to be an unusually fruitful idea, crossing boundaries between particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology. An axion with mass of order 10-5 eV (with large uncertainties) is one of the leading candidates for the dark matter of the universe. It was found recently that dark matter axions thermalize and form a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). Because they form a BEC, axions differ from ordinary cold dark matter (CDM) in the non-linear regime of structure formation and upon entering the horizon. Axion BEC provides a mechanism for the production of net overall rotation in dark matter halos, and for the alignment of cosmic microwave anisotropy multipoles. Because there is evidence for these phenomena, unexplained with ordinary CDM, an argument can be made that the dark matter is axions.
Thermophysical and biological responses of gold nanoparticle laser heating

A compelling vision in nanomedicine is the use of self directed nanoparticles that can accumulate in areas of disease to perform designed functions, such as molecular delivery or destruction, endosomal release of genes or siRNA, and selective cell or tumor destruction with nano to macroscale spatiotemporal control and precision. These functions are increasingly achieved by gold nanoparticles (GNPs, such as sphere, shell or rod) that can be activated with a laser “switch”. A defining aspect of this “switch” is GNP absorption of laser light and the ensuing heat generation and temperature change that can be confined or propagated through multiple scales from the nanoparticle surface up through bulk biological cells and tissues. In this critical review, we discuss the fundamental mechanisms of laser GNP heat generation, the measurement and modelling of the ensuing thermal response, and a number of the evolving biological applications dependent on this new technology (181 references).
A complex image rejection circuit with sign detection only

The orthogonal property of I/Q channels is applied to adaptively correct path gain and phase errors using four sign detectors. A complex baseband S/H chip achieves an image rejection of 65dB while sampling at 40MS/s. The chip occupies 0.8times0.45mm2 in a 0.18mum CMOS process and consumes 23mW at 1.8V
My Search for Carbocations and Their Role in Chemistry (Nobel Lecture)

Every generation of scientific men (i.e., scientists) starts where the previous generation left off, and the most advanced discoveries of one age constitute elementary axioms of the next. Aldous Huxley
The Structure of Catalytically Active Gold on Titania

The high catalytic activity of gold clusters on oxides has been attributed to structural effects (including particle thickness and shape and metal oxidation state), as well as to support effects. We have created well-ordered gold mono-layers and bilayers that completely wet (cover) the oxide support, thus eliminating particle shape and direct support effects. High-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy and carbon monoxide adsorption confirm that the gold atoms are bonded to titanium atoms. Kinetic measurements for the catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide show that the gold bilayer structure is significantly more active (by more than an order of magnitude) than the monolayer.
Anomalous Cosmic Rays: Interstellar Interlopers in the Heliosphere and Magnetosphere

Since the beginning of the space age, it was known that two main sources of energetic particles pervade interplanetary space: galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), which originate in sources outside the solar system, and solar energetic particles (SEPs), associated with transient events on the Sun. But over 20 years ago, instruments on the Pioneer 1O, IMP 5, and IMP 7 spacecraft discovered a third component of energetic particles known as "anomalous cosmic rays," that represents a sample of nearby interstellar material. Over the past 2 decades, ACRs have been used to study the acceleration and transport of energetic particles within the solar system, deduce the global properties of the heliosphere- the bubble of solar wind that envelopes the solar system, and study the interstellar material itself. It has recently been shown that some of these ACRs have become trapped in Earth's magnetic field, where they form a radiation belt composed of interstellar material (Figure I). Also, ACRs are being used to address a question that has existed ever since the discovery of the solar wind: "How large is the heliosphere?"
Optical and Mechanical Properties of Hot‐Pressed Cesium Iodide

Polycrystalline CsI disks were fabricated by hot-pressing in a nitrogen-purged glove box. Densification during hotpressing occurred by plastic flow resulting from lattice dislocation glide. Primary recrystallization and extensive grain growth were observed. Both the optical and mechanical properties of this material were significantly affected by grain growth, but in opposite ways. Transmittance increased and strength decreased as grain size increased. The hot-pressed CsI had transmittance of about 85% in the extra-long-wavelength infrared range, a value equivalent to that of single-crystal CsI. The flexural strength of the CsI that was hot-pressed under conditions that minimized grain growth was about 8 times higher than that of single-crystal CsI.
Experience Transfer for the Configuration Tuning in Large-Scale Computing Systems

This paper proposes a new strategy, the experience transfer, to facilitate the management of large-scale computing systems. It deals with the utilization of management experiences in one system (or previous systems) to benefit the same management task in other systems (or current systems). We use the system configuration tuning as a case application to demonstrate all procedures involved in the experience transfer including the experience representation, experience extraction, and experience embedding. The dependencies between system configuration parameters are treated as transferable experiences in the configuration tuning for two reasons: 1) because such knowledge is helpful to the efficiency of the optimal configuration search, and 2) because the parameter dependencies are typically unchanged between two similar systems. We use the Bayesian network to model configuration dependencies and present a configuration tuning algorithm based on the Bayesian network construction and sampling. As a result, after the configuration tuning is completed in the original system, we can obtain a Bayesian network as the by-product which records the dependencies between system configuration parameters. Such a network is then embedded into the tuning process in other similar systems as transferred experiences to improve the configuration search efficiency. Experimental results in a web-based system show that with the help of transferred experiences, the configuration tuning process can be significantly accelerated.
The Isolated Elliptical NGC 1132: Evidence for a Merged Group of Galaxies?

Numerical simulations predict that some poor groups of galaxies have merged by the present epoch into giant ellipticals. To identify the possible remnants of such mergers, we have compiled a sample of nearby isolated ellipticals. ASCA observations of the first galaxy studied, NGC 1132, reveal an X-ray halo that extends out to at least ≈250 kpc h−1100. The temperature (~1 keV), metallicity (~0.25 solar), and luminosity (~2.5×1042 h−2100 ergs s-1) of NGC 1132's X-ray halo are comparable with those of poor group halos. The total mass inferred from the X-ray emission, ~1.9+0.8−0.6×1013 h−1100 M☉, is also like that of an X-ray detected group. Optical imaging uncovers a dwarf galaxy population clustered about NGC 1132 that is consistent in number density and projected radial distribution with that of an X-ray group. The similarities of NGC 1132 to poor groups in both the X-ray band and at the faint end of the galaxy luminosity function, combined with the deficit of luminous galaxies in the NGC 1132 field, are compatible with the merged group picture. Another possibility is that the NGC 1132 system is a "failed" group (i.e., a local overdensity in which other bright galaxies never formed).
Allylic C-H alkylation of unactivated α-olefins: serial ligand catalysis resumed.

A significantly improved method for the intermolecular allylic C—H alkylation of unactivated and activated olefins is presented.