cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Protection

This chapter surveys the measurement of protection. Protection is defined here to cover governmental action (or inaction) that effectively discriminates in favor of home producers against foreign producers. Protection consists of transparent formal barriers such as tariffs and quotas, less transparent formal barriers such as licensing requirements and product standards, and informal barriers such as effectively discriminatory access to law enforcement, contract enforcement and market information. The broad definition of protection is adopted because there is good evidence that informal barriers are considerably higher than formal barriers, but not uniformly so across goods or countries. A disadvantage of the broad definition is that at the informal end of the spectrum, the barriers are less obviously connected to governmental action or inaction.
Optimization of constitutive model parameters for simulation of polystyrene concrete subjected to impact

This article presents the results of a series of experimental testing and numerical modeling studies to optimize the parameters of a constitutive material model to accurately simulate the behavior ...
Identification of serum protein profiles of glioblastoma multiforme patients: Using image-guided microarray analysis of tumor samples to identify serum markers

1145 Resistance and tolerance to chemotherapy protocols remain a major concern in oncology. Therefore, novel strategies are required to predict response to treatment. Several biomarkers have been shown to be of prognostic value in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, their predictive value in assessing treatment response remains controversial. Controversy may be due to admixture of study population for age, race, gender, tumor location and stage. We evaluated archival tissue specimens for immunohistochemical expression of Bax, Bcl-2, Cox-2 and p53 in primary CRC of 56 patients who underwent surgery and received a complete regimen of 5-FU-based chemotherapy and a matched group (age, sex, ethnicity, tumor location and stage) of 56 patients who underwent surgery alone. These patients were treated at UAB-Hospital and had a minimum of 10 years follow-up. Specimens were probed with specific monoclonal antibodies for Bax, Bcl-2 and p53 and a polyclonal antibody for COX-2. The cut-off for each marker was calculated according to the median expression in normal tissues. Each marker was analyzed individually and response to treatment was measured by survival time. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to assess the differences between the positive and negative groups in relation to chemotherapy. Surprisingly, no difference was observed in survival, when the treated and untreated populations were compared. The most important finding was the impact of treatment in survival in Bax-negative patients; when untreated they had a median survival of 5 months compared to more than 10 years when treated (p=0.018). Bax positive patients did not benefit from treatment. When analyzed independently, Bcl-2 was not significant. However the ratio Bcl-2/Bax showed a trend towards significance suggesting that those patients with a low ratio will not benefit from treatment. The untreated group survived 58 months as compared to 22 months of survival for the treated patients (p=0.076). Patients with a high ratio value survived more than 5 years, independently of treatment. COX-2-negative patients survived for more than 10 years, irrespective of chemotherapy. However the COX-2 positive population behaved in a very different way according to the level of expression; low expressers had a survival of 5 months when not treated compared to 25 months when treated, whereas high expressers survived 10 years when not treated compared to 2 years when treated. No significance was observed with p53. These findings suggest that the phenotypic evaluation of primary CRC for expression of Bax and Bcl-2 and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax value may help in identifying the aggressiveness of the lesions, thus, aid in the selection of patients for 5-FU treatment.
From Communicable Matter to Incommunicable “Stuff”: Extreme Combinatorics and the Return of Ineffability

Since Kant, there has been an intense debate around the question of the location of the sublime: Is it in the object or in the subject? In this essay, I tackle what I see as a fast-growing, indeed ubiquitous, socio-cultural phenomenon, namely, the imagistic, linguistic, and ontological inability to configure the rising tide of confounding “objects,” leading to the vacuous usage of the non-descriptor “stuff.” Today, I argue, the viewer is deliberately presented with experiences, “entities,” that are not only without a concept but without the possibility of a concept, thus producing a failure of intuition—that is, not a soaring ascent into comprehension, but a bewildering descent, into ineffability. I will examine this cognitive and emotional impasse from the perspective of ineffability’s dark side. By this I mean its fall from Neoplatonic awe at radiant unity into the current shambling inexpressibility. Focusing on a handful of telling cases—both particular and exemplary—ranging from the invasion of the unexamined digital absolute, to terrifying transplant surgeries, to extreme scientific experimentation and its uptake by BioArt, I ask, What does it mean when we completely sever action from reflection and judgment? If the object world is now permeated by the IT and media world, does the “scientization of art” inherit not only science’s undoubted wonders but also its ethical ambiguities, the violence of its experimentation, the opacity of its aims, its indifference to social or cultural impact when personal promotionalism is at stake, and its inscrutable darkness or incommunicability?
The Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steel at Cryogenic Temperatures

The austenitic stainless steels are Fe-Cr alloys with sufficient nickel and manganese (and sometimes nitrogen) to stabilize austenite, a face-centered cubic (f.c.c.) phase. Chromium provides corrosion resistance. The most typical austenitic stainless steels are variations of the 18Cr-9Ni alloy. Although none of the commercial alloys were specifically developed for low-temperature service, several of them have been widely used in a variety of cryogenic applications. Their popularity stems from their retention of excellent mechanical properties, particularly toughness, at low temperatures coupled with ready availability, ease of fabrication, and good service experience. Their disadvantages are they are more expensive and have lower yield strength than ferritic Fe-Ni steels and aluminum alloys, and their machinability is poorer than that of aluminum alloys.
Testosterone production and social environment vary with breeding stage in a competitive female songbird.

Abstract In many vertebrates, males increase circulating testosterone (T) levels in response to seasonal and social changes in competition. Females are also capable of producing and responding to T, but the full extent to which they can elevate T across life history stages remains unclear. Here we investigated T production during various breeding stages in female tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor), which face intense competition for nesting sites. We performed GnRH and saline injections and compared changes in T levels 30 min before and after injection. We found that GnRH-injected females showed the greatest increases in T during territory establishment and pre-laying stages, whereas saline controls dramatically decreased T production during this time. We also observed elevated rates of conspecific aggression during these early stages of breeding. During incubation and provisioning, however, T levels and T production capabilities declined. Given that high T can disrupt maternal care, an inability to elevate T levels in later breeding stages may be adaptive. Our results highlight the importance of saline controls for contextualizing T production capabilities, and they also suggest that social modulation of T is a potential mechanism by which females may respond to competition, but only during the period of time when competition is most intense. These findings have broad implications for understanding how females can respond to their social environment and how selection may have shaped these hormone-behavior interactions.
Is Federal Reserve Responsiveness to Signaling Propelled by Congressional Threats or by Chairmen’s Allegiances?

The previous Chapter presented evidence that the Federal Reserve was responsive to monetary policy signaling from the executive branch at the. 05 level of statistical significance or better under the Chairmanships of: Arthur Burns when Richard Nixon was President and when Gerald Ford was President; Paul Volcker during the Jimmy Carter and first Ronald Reagan Administrations; and Alan Greenspan during the second Reagan Administration. One hypothesis to explain this pattern, introduced in the previous Chapter, is that the Federal Reserve is responsive to Administration desires in order to garner its support to resist Congressional threats to its prerogatives. On the whole, these periods were characterized by fairly highlevels of Congressional concern regarding the central bank’s budgetary authority, regulatory powers and monetary policy autonomy and secrecy.
Mind and Body

Emotions are integral components of human existence. Most people report that their everyday subjective experiences consist of a kaleidoscope of positive and negative feelings. Indeed, we often intentionally behave in specific ways in order to elicit specific emotions. We may consciously choose to read depressing news reports, pick fights, or cheer ourselves up. Intuitively, we realize that emotions are literally the subjective spices of life. Without tears of joy or sorrow, the laughter of amusement or sadism, the pounding heart of love or hate, life would be a barren experience.
Neuronal apoptosis pathways in Sindbis virus encephalitis.

In their daily battles against microbial pathogens, infected hosts need to strike a balance between fighting the invaders and minimizing the overall destruc­tion caused by their defensive campaign. Limited and localized responses are crucial to reduce the amount of “collateral damage” that may result in the elimination of vital components of the host essential for the survival of the infected organism. For instance, an excess in prophylactic programmed cell death or an exacerbated cytotoxic T-cell response beyond a certain threshold could cause irreparable harm to fundamental tissues, leading to irreversible sequelae or death. The regulation of the protective response is particularly important in cases like viral infections that cause encephalitis, as most of the target cells belong to non-renewable populations, some of which are essential for life. In the case of Sindbis virus (SV), neurons are the main site of viral replication, and virus-induced neuronal cell death correlates with Sindbis vir­ulence. Specifically, apoptotic mechanisms triggered in infected cells appear to be the main determining factors of the outcome of an infection. In this regard, Sindbis represents a model system to study viruses that induce enceph­alomyelitis affecting humans, in which decisions taken at the cellular level in infected neurons ultimately dictate the fate of the entire organism. To predict the outcome of infections and to devise strategies to treat encephalitis, it is crucial to identify both host- and virus-related factors that modulate cell death and disease. Ultimately, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing neuronal cell fate under conditions of stress will also help us gain insight into several neurological diseases that affect humans.
RBD: Historical Perspective

The historical perspective on RBD encompasses the formal discovery of RBD in 1986 and the early clinical milestones, the clinical historical background from 1966 to 1985, the first experimental animal model of RBD from 1965, and RBD described in classic literature and film.
The (Not so) New Law of the Child

This is a response to the recently published article by Anne Dailey and Laura Rosenbury in the Yale Law Journal entitled The New Law of the Child. My principal response is three-fold. As much as I appreciate the effort to search for a new law of the child, in several ways, I believe these authors have failed to provide a satisfactory one. First, in their criticism of what they call “the authorities framework,” by which they mean American law that relegates most of the prominent decisions regarding children’s upbringing to parents, Dailey and Rosenbury end up proposing a substitute or modification that I believe is worse: relying on courts and judges to substitute their views of what is best for children over the parents’. Second, their formal study of law ignores how often children in the real world, outside of doctrine, possess and use power to influence those in their lives to do what the children would rather through persuasion or other forces. Third, the article is, in my opinion, not nearly bold or visionary enough to justify being called a “new law of the child.” The United States is currently arranged to ensure inequality for children upon birth. American children, depending on the wealth of their families, will face very different futures. The fortunate ones will be entitled to state sponsored public education that provides them with well-paid teachers, excellent facilities, clean campuses, safe streets, after-school programs, a rich and diverse curriculum, opportunities for college-level courses, and the great likelihood of securing no less than a college education. The unlucky ones will be relegated to a very poorly financed system of public education that is inadequate on its own terms and grossly unequal compared with children born into wealthy homes. A call for a new vision of children’s rights in the United States should condemn the status quo and include proposed legislation that would help ensure a fairer and just society for children. Sadly, these are lacking in the new law of the child.
Solvent interaction within the Hartree-Fock SCF molecular orbital formalism

A theoretical model is presented by which the effects of a solvent on a molecular system are incorporated into the Hartree-Fock SCF molecular orbital formalism prior to the solution of the quantum mechanical problem. The proposed model assumes that the polar nature of the solvent can be characterized by a single parameter. The effects of aprotic solvents on certain molecular parameters of N,N-dimethylformamide and N-nitrosodimethylamine have been studied, using a semiempirical Mulliken type MO method incorporating the proposed solvent interaction model. These molecular parameters include the hindered rotation barrier, net charges at the atomic center, and the initial n→π* transition.
Between Kin Selection and Cultural Relativism: Cultural Evolution and the Origin of Inequality

Cultural anthropologists and sociobiologists developed initially incommensurable approaches to explaining cooperation and altruism in human societies. When understood as complex cultural adaptation...
A light-inactivated antibiotic.

Sodium 7β-[(R)-2-(Nb-o-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl)hydrazino-3-phenylpropanamido]cephalosporanate (1) is described as a new type of β-lactam antibiotic, which undergoes light-induced destruction of its ...
‘Good enough’ access: digital inclusion, social stratification, and the reinforcement of class in the Philippines

Digital inclusion should be understood in ways beyond access and must take into consideration class formation, the stratification of information, and structural systems of power. Although Philippin...
The Linear Stability of a Two-Phase Compound Jet

Axisymmetric circumferential capillary forces destabilize a liquid thread. Rayleigh (1879) considered the temporal linear stability of a static, doubly infinite, inviscid liquid thread of tension σ, radius a and density ρ by imposing an interfacial disturbance of wave numbers k (real) and n in the θ and z directions, respectively, at t = 0 and examining its time evolution using normal modes e i(k z+nθ)+s(k,n)t, s complex (s r = temporal growth rate, Si=fcwave speed). The balance between the destabilizing longitudinal curvature and the stabilizing axial curvature is such that axisymmetric (n=0) waves longer than the undisturbed jet circumference grow (sr>0) without traveling (si=0), those shorter and non-axisymmetric waves decay and there exists a wavelength of maximal instability. Since the instability is capillary-driven, consideration of fluid viscosity (Chandrasekhar, 1961) and of an infinite surrounding fluid (Tomitika, 1935) do not change the qualitative picture, with viscosity only lowering growth rates and elongating the fastest growing wave.
Starving the Devourer: Cutting Cancer Off from Its Favorite Foods.

Increased consumption of glucose and glutamine are metabolic hallmarks of tumorigenesis. In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Reckzeh et al. (2019) describe the discovery of Glutor, a potent inhibitor of cellular glucose uptake. Combining Glutor with the glutaminase inhibitor CB-839 creates a metabolic crisis in cancer cells, synergistically impeding proliferation.
Click politics and the ecosphere, 2020

The human-scape regarding earth, ecology, the environment, wilderness, or nature has changed substantially since the publication of Kevin DeLuca's Image Politics in 1999.1 The election to the Unite...
Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus With Stuttering: Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature.

Background Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a disorder of aging that is characterized by enlarged cerebral ventricles, gait apraxia, dementia, and urinary incontinence. iNPH is frequently misdiagnosed, in part because the symptoms resemble other neurological disorders, and because other associated symptoms have not been fully characterized. Importantly, iNPH has not previously been associated with stuttering, and shunting has not been shown to alleviate the symptom of stuttering. Case Descriptions Here, we report 2 cases of patients with iNPH presenting with stuttering that resolved after ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt placement. Each patient presented with gait difficulty, incontinence, cognitive impairment, and stuttering. Lasting improvements of the symptoms (including stuttering) were seen in both patients after cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage procedures that included lumbar puncture, extended lumbar CSF drainage, placement of a VP shunt, and VP shunt revision. Conclusions These findings suggest that iNPH can present with stuttering or dysarthria. The significant improvement in stuttering and dysarthria, along with the improvements in gait difficulty, incontinence, and cognitive impairment that occurred after CSF drainage, suggests that the motor apraxia observed in iNPH can affect speech production. Practitioners should be aware that iNPH can present with stuttering, and that CSF drainage can improve stuttering in select circumstances.
Overexpression of enhance of Zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) in endometrial carcinoma: An NRG Oncology/Gynecologic Oncology Group Study.

Abstract Objectives Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is a histone methyl transferase that mediates epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes. It is commonly over-expressed in several solid tumors and has been shown to be a prognostic biomarker. We investigated patterns of EZH2 expression in endometrial cancer. Methods Evaluation of EZH2 expression was completed on both early and advanced stage endometrioid adenocarcinoma tissues and a subset of matched normal mullerian tissue samples, from participants enrolled in Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) protocol 210, using real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot (WB) analysis. Non-parametric methods were used to assess differences in mRNA and protein expression respectively with known clinical/pathologic prognostic factors. Survival analysis was performed using techniques including Cox proportional hazards (PH) model to evaluate differences in progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) based on EZH2 expression. Results Eighty-seven patient samples were analyzed that included 60 tumors and 27 matched-normal tissue specimens. EZH2 mRNA (p Conclusions Our results confirm the differential expression of EZH2 in uterine cancers compared to normal tissues. However, there were no statistically significant differences in survival associated with EZH2 expression in patients with endometrial cancer. NCT #: NCT00340808
Pressure-induced high-temperature superconductivity in hypothetical H3X (X=As, Se, Br, Sb, Te and I) in the H3S structure with Im3¯m symmetry

Abstract The discovery of high critical temperature T c superconductivity in highly compressed H3S has opened up the question of searching for strong electron–phonon coupling in the hydrides outside the transition metal series. The specific objective of this work is to explore the possibility of discovering a material that exceeds the superconducting transition temperature of H3S. Our study includes the materials H3X (X=As, Se, Br, Sb, Te, and I), is limited to the I m 3 ¯ m crystal structure. The procedure we adopt involves performing linearized augmented plane wave (LAPW) calculations for many different volumes to compute the electronic densities of states and their pressure variation. This is combined with Quantum-ESPRESSO (QE) calculations from which we obtain the phonon frequencies and the electron–phonon coupling constant λ , and followed by applying the multiple scattering-based theory of Gaspari and Gyorffy (GG) to obtain the Hopfield parameters and the McMillan–Allen–Dynes theory. It should be stressed that the GG approach decouples the electronic contribution to λ from the corresponding phonon contribution, and provides additional insights for the understanding of superconductivity in these materials. Based on our analysis, the hydrogen is the main contributor to the T c in these materials as it makes up 75 ∼ 80 % of the total λ . Our calculations for H3Se and H3Br give a T c ∼ 100 K. For the other materials in our study we find that H3As is unstable and H3Sb, H3Te and H3I have small values of the McMillan–Hopfield parameters which makes it unlikely to give high T c . However, according to both of our rigid band model and virtual crystal calculations, we predict a T c ∼ 150 K for H3Br with a small amount of hydrogen doping. Our basic conclusion is that the materials studied here could not reach very high T c because the Hopfield parameters, which are the strongest contributor to high T c , are not large enough.
A Heuristic Approach to Assess Change in Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching Geometry after a Practice-Based Professional Learning Intervention.

We show how we used a national distribution of responses from 416 practicing teachers to items of a test of mathematical knowledge for teaching geometry to estimate changes in knowledge by a group ...
CHAPTER 5 – HARDWARE SECURITY

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses hardware security. The chief components of computer hardware are primary memory, central processing units (CPUs), peripheral devices, and secondary memory. Hardware security is concerned with the incorporation of protection mechanisms into the primary memory, in the CPUs, in the peripheral devices, and in the secondary memory. The variety is influenced by cost, information needs, the designer's understanding of the security requirements, and his ability to meet the requirements. The goal of hardware security is to protect information. Information is represented in the hardware as data and programs; thus, the protection of the data and programs must be facilitated. However, depending on the needs, the data aggregates may be large or small. Programs may be executed serially or concurrently. There are two important factors that underlie the cost-security ratio of the hardware protection mechanisms. The first factor is technology. The other factor is the designs that can be discovered for the implementation of hardware security. Conceptual breakthroughs are necessary to provide effective and efficient solutions to old and anticipated security problems in hardware. Effectiveness is necessary for the mechanism to work well.
Carbon impurity concentrations in BaSnO3 films grown by molecular beam epitaxy using a tin oxide source

Achieving high carrier mobilities and low carrier densities has been one of the major challenges in the growth of BaSnO3 thin films. In this study, unintentional carbon impurities are investigated as one possible cause for poor electrical transport. Carbon concentrations in La-doped BaSnO3 films grown by molecular beam epitaxy using solid SnO2 sources are quantified using secondary ion mass spectroscopy. High carbon concentrations of mid-to-low 1018 atoms/cm3 are detected in samples grown from SnO2 powder and pellet sources, respectively. The carbon contamination is attributed to adsorbents present on the surface of the air exposed source material. Use of an oxygen plasma during growth does not reduce the amount of carbon detected in the films. Possible steps to reduce carbon contamination are discussed.
Use of Vestibular Rehabilitation in the Treatment of Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

Purpose The purposes of this article are (a) to describe the different test procedures for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) and (b) to provide guidance for the treatment of the various f...
Carbapenem Resistant Aeromonas hydrophila Carrying blacphA7 Isolated From Two Solid Organ Transplant Patients

Aeromonas hydrophila resides in a variety of aquatic environments. Infections with A. hydrophila mainly occur after contact with fresh or brackish water. Nosocomial infections with A. hydrophila can also occur. A. hydrophila infections can be difficult to treat due to both intrinsic and acquired antimicrobial resistance (AMR) mechanisms. In 2018-19, we isolated multi-drug resistant (MDR) A. hyrodphila from two solid organ transplant patients with intra-abdominal infections. We aimed to characterize their AMR mechanisms and to determine their genetic relatedness to aid epidemiological investigation. We performed whole genome sequencing (WGS) using Illumina MiSeq and Nanopore MinIon on 3 A. hydrophila isolates, with one isolate from Patient A (blood) and two isolates from Patient B (abdominal and T-tube fluid, isolated 2 weeks apart). Phenotypic assays included: Broth Microdilution (BMD), Modified Hodge Test (MHT), Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method (mCIM), and EDTA Carbapenem Inactivation Method (eCIM). Data analyses were performed using CLCbio and Geneious. AMR genomic analysis revealed that all three isolates possess chromosomally encoded genes including bla OXA-12(oxacillinase), bla cepS (AmpC), and bla cphA7(metallo-beta-lactamase). All isolates tested strongly positive by MHT and mCIM, but only Patient B's second isolate (after 2 weeks of meropenem treatment) tested positive by eCIM. More intriguingly, Patient B's first isolate (before meropenem treatment) tested falsely susceptible to carbapenems by BMD, suggesting bla cphA7 gene was not expressed constitutively. Phylogenetic analysis showed the two isolates from Patient B were highly similar with only 1 SNP difference. The isolate from Patient A only differed from Patient B's isolates by 35 and 36 SNPs, respectively, suggesting close genetic relatedness. Further epidemiological investigation is undergoing. We report the first cases of CphA-mediated carbapenem resistant A. hydrophila in the U.S. It is concerning that 1 out of 3 isolates tested falsely susceptible to carbapenems by BMD despite clear carbapenemase production shown by strongly positive MHT and mCIM. In both cases, meropenem was initially used to treat the patients. Clinicians and microbiologists in the US should be aware of the emerging MDR Aeromonas nosocomial infections and the potential false carbapenem susceptible results due to CphA-type carbapenemase, which may be induced during treatment.
Investigating the Effects of a Fact Family Fluency Intervention on Math Facts Fluency and Quantitative Reasoning

The current study investigates the effects of a fact family fluency intervention on math facts fluency and quantitative reasoning. Sixty-three students in Grades 5–8 participated in the study, including 14 students receiving special education services and 15 students receiving additional support. The researchers employed a quasi-experimental, switching replications design that included three waves of assessment. The first group to receive intervention achieved statistically significant gains in performance on both math facts fluency and quantitative reasoning. The second group then received intervention and demonstrated a similar performance. Implications of the current findings and potential directions for future research are discussed.
Everything-as-a-Service (XaaS) in the World of Technology and Trade

This article is expected to extensively clarify what Everything As-A-Service means and how it is utilized to arrive at many customers across the globe. Curiously, it uses distributed computing in giving different types of administrations to its buyers. It was noted to help in the development and headway of organizations and smooth promoting of items. It was also noticed that the XaaS has various classes, which adds up to many of them, which a lot was painstakingly analyzed along with their different advantages and burdens in like-way. Some of them have models, which was adequately investigated considering how it may be put to use by the administrator to create wanted outcomes.
Emotional Intelligence: Changes Over the First Year of Physician Assistant Education.

PURPOSE To investigate emotional intelligence (EI) development in physician assistant (PA) students as they progress through their didactic education. METHODS Data were gathered through an online survey of EI distributed to a purposeful sample of 5 institutions with similar curriculum length and start dates. Program directors forwarded the survey to students at the start of their didactic education (pretest). Follow-up surveys were distributed via email to the students at the end of their didactic education (posttest). The survey consisted of 33 items related to 4 subscales of EI. Participants' age, gender, and previous healthcare experience were gathered. Five repeated measures ANOVAs were calculated for each EI summary score. Independent sample t-tests were conducted between pretest scores and a previously established EI mean. RESULTS A total of 192 first-year students were solicited. A sample of 68 (16 males; 52 females) served as participants. No results were attained for gender or age due to unbalanced sample sizes. Significant results were realized for total EI and the Managing Others' Emotions subscale. CONCLUSION Participants with more than one healthcare experience demonstrated significantly high emotional intelligence on the pretest. Participants with one healthcare experience demonstrated a significant increase in total EI and the Managing Others' Emotions subscale. The main limitation of the study was the attrition of participants between measures. Future research is needed to assess EI at the end of the clinical year, after a period of clinical experience, and to determine which educational activities are most likely to enhance EI.
GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID (GABA), VITAMIN B6, AND NEURONAL FUNCTION--A SPECULATIVE SYNTHESIS.

Publisher Summary Physiological and biochemical findings from a number of directions have suggested strongly that both γ-aminobutyric acid (γABA), a substance that has a unique occurrence in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS), and vitamin B 6 are involved importantly in some aspects of the control of neuronal excitability in the CNS. The activity in any portion of the CNS must be a result of multiple interactions between inhibitory and excitatory influences. One of the major obstacles has been the absence of a single model to which both the neurobiologist and biochemist could relate each from his own point of view. This chapter outlines a frankly speculative model that has shown some promise of meeting this need by creating a biological framework within which most of the valid observations can be placed. The chapter considers those aspects that are germane to some of the physiological relationships that may exist at synapses.
The Man Who Adores the Negro: Race and American Folklore

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Patrick B. Mullen Year: 2008 Pages: 224 Publisher: University of Illinois Press ISBN: 978-0-252-03265-3 (hard cover). Prices: $50.00 USD(hard cover).
Effect of Catheter Composition on Sperm Quality

Bladder catheterization for collection of retrograde ejaculates is commonly practiced, although previous studies have shown that materials used in the manufacture of the catheters may be toxic to sperm. Potential toxicity is particularly relevant to electroejaculation, as sperm from anejaculatory individuals undergoing this procedure characteristically exhibit poor motility and viability. To determine the effect of short-term exposure to various catheter materials on sperm quality, donor semen was diluted with BWW medium and aliquots incubated for 1 and 5 minutes with segments of four different catheters. The catheters were composed of latex, silicone rubber, polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon), and radio-opaque Teflon, respectively. Following incubation, eosin-nigrosin staining for viability was performed and sperm motility assessed using computer-assisted sperm analysis (Cellsoft, Cryo Resources, Ltd). In the second phase of the study, donor semen was incubated with catheter segments coated with 0.3 ml of a water-soluble, nontoxic lubricant (Cellulosagel, Lederle) to evaluate whether the combination adversely affects sperm. Percent motility and viability for the semen specimens incubated with the four catheters alone did not differ significantly from control values either at 1 or at 5 minutes (P = 0.3, motility; P = 0.6, viability). The addition of lubricant did not change the catheter data significantly, indicating the absence of independent or synergistic toxicity (P = 0.5, motility; P = 0.4, viability). This study provides substantial evidence that brief exposure to conventional catheters, with or without a nontoxic lubricant, does not adversely affect sperm motility or viability.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Winter-to-summer precipitation phasing in southwestern North America: A multicentury perspective from paleoclimatic model-data comparisons

The phasing of winter-to-summer precipitation anomalies in the North American monsoon (NAM) region 2 (113.25 deg W-107.75 deg W, 30 deg N-35.25 deg N-NAM2) of southwestern North America is analyzed in fully coupled simulations of the Last Millennium and compared to tree ring reconstructed winter and summer precipitation variability. The models simulate periods with in-phase seasonal precipitation anomalies, but the strength of this relationship is variable on multidecadal time scales, behavior that is also exhibited by the reconstructions. The models, however, are unable to simulate periods with consistently out-of-phase winter-to-summer precipitation anomalies as observed in the latter part of the instrumental interval. The periods with predominantly in-phase winter-to-summer precipitation anomalies in the models are significant against randomness, and while this result is suggestive of a potential for dual-season drought on interannual and longer time scales, models do not consistently exhibit the persistent dual-season drought seen in the dendroclimatic reconstructions. These collective findings indicate that model-derived drought risk assessments may underestimate the potential for dual-season drought in 21st century projections of hydroclimate in the American Southwest and parts of Mexico.
Abstract 131: Age dependent regenrative ability of ckit+ cells Derived from Neonatal and adult Hearts

Background: Human adult c-kit+ cardiac stem cells (CSCs) alleviates post-myocardial infarction left ventricle dysfunction in animal models and a Phase I clinical study. The regenerative capacity of CSCs in the very young patients with non-ischemic congenital heart defects has not been explored, even in the most surgically challenging Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS) patients. We hypothesized that isolated neonatal-derived ckit+ CSCs have higher regenerative abilities than adult-derived CSCs and might address the anatomical deficiency of HLHS myocardium. Methods and Results: Human specimens were obtained during routine cardiac surgical procedures from right atrial appendage tissue discarded from 2 age groups: neonates and adults patients. We developed a reproducible isolation method that generated c-kit+ cells using immune-activated magnetic bead selection, regardless of the initial weight or age. More than 85% ckit+ cells were isolated from both groups and these cells were negative for tryptase, collagen, CD45, CD34 and CD31. Single cell proliferation assay showed neonatal ckit+ cells are significantly more proliferative compare to adult ckit+ cells. Neonatal c-kit+ cells showed significantly higher telomere length (p=0.0286) compare to Adult. The neonatal-derived c-kit+ cells secreted higher levels of VEGF-A, ANG, and SDF-1α when compared to adult-derived c-kit+ cells. When transplanted into infarcted myocardium, neonatal-derived c-kit+ cells had a significantly higher ability to preserve myocardial function, prevent adverse remodeling, and enhance blood vessel preservation when compared to adult-derived c-kit+ CSCs. . Treatment with Neonatal-derived ckit+ cells also augmented the preservation/formation of neovessels (isolectin B4) and arterioles (α-SMA) compared to adult-derived ckit+ cells Conclusions: Neonatal-derived c-kit+ cells have a strong regenerative ability when compared with adult-derived c-kit+ cells that may depend on angiogenic cytokines. This has important implications in the potential use of CSCs in future HLHS clinical trials.
Biomimetic Complexes for Production of Dihydrogen and Reduction of CO2

The active sites of several bioenergetically important metalloenzymes that perform multielectron redox reactions feature heterobimetallic complexes. Herein, we review recent understanding of the structure and mechanisms of hydrogenases, formate dehydrogenases, and carbon monoxide dehydrogenases. Then we evaluate progress toward creating functional, small-molecule complexes that reproduce the activities of these active sites. Particular emphasis is placed on comparing catalytic properties including turnover number, turnover frequency, required overpotential, and catalyst stability. Opportunities and challenges for future work are also considered.
An internal clock for predictive saccades is established identically by auditory or visual information

Previously we have shown that repetitive predictive saccades to alternating visual targets are mediated by an internal clock. That is, when subjects track a periodic visual stimulus alternating at a high rate (a small inter-stimulus interval, ISI, of 500 or 833 ms), they use an internal estimate of stimulus timing to pre-program the eye movement timing. Auditory pacing tones at the same rate also generate predictive saccades. It is natural to ask if an identical internal clock is used to generate the predictive saccades in each case. We hypothesized that if subjects can use auditory information to establish an internal estimate of stimulus timing--as we demonstrated can be done with visual targets--then the distributions of predictive inter-saccade intervals should demonstrate the well-known "Scalar Property" for either Auditory Cued or Visual Cued stimuli: inter-saccade interval histograms should be almost identical when each is divided by its mean. However, when making reactive saccades to a pacing stimulus (at a low rate), there should be a difference in the timing statistics between Auditory and Visual pacing, due to differences in sensory processing. We report here that the variances of inter-saccade intervals at three predictive pacing rates (ISIs of 500, 833, and 1000 ms) are equivalent, whereas the variance for Auditory Cued Pacing was greater than that for Visual Cued Pacing during reactive saccades at two reactive pacing rates (ISIs of 1667 and 2500 ms). When the inter-saccade interval histograms at the predictive pacing rates were normalized, the distributions were nearly identical for both Visual and Auditory Cued Pacing, which means that the Scalar Property holds for predictive saccades from either pacing stimulus. These results suggest that (1) an internal timing reference (clock) can be established by either auditory or visual information and (2) during predictive tracking the variability in saccade timing is due to the variability in the internal timing representation, while during reactive tracking the variability in saccade timing depends on the sensory modality used to trigger the saccades.
A biomonitoring framework to support exposure and risk assessments

Abstract Background Biomonitoring is used in exposure and risk assessments to reduce uncertainties along the source-to-outcome continuum. Specifically, biomarkers can help identify exposure sources, routes, and distributions, and reflect kinetic and dynamic processes following exposure events. A variety of computational models now utilize biomarkers to better understand exposures at the population, individual, and sub-individual (target) levels. However, guidance is needed to clarify biomonitoring use given available measurements and models. Objective This article presents a biomonitoring research framework designed to improve biomarker use and interpretation in support of exposure and risk assessments. Discussion The biomonitoring research framework is based on a modified source-to-outcome continuum. Five tiers of biomonitoring analyses are included in the framework, beginning with simple cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, and ending with complex analyses using various empirical and mechanistic models. Measurements and model requirements of each tier are given, as well as considerations to enhance analyses. Simple theoretical examples are also given to demonstrate applications of the framework for observational exposure studies. Conclusion This biomonitoring framework can be used as a guide for interpreting existing biomarker data, designing new studies to answer specific exposure- and risk-based questions, and integrating knowledge across scientific disciplines to better address human health risks.
Episodes of Anti-Quintilianism in the Italian Renaissance: Quarrels on the Orator as a Vir Bonus and Rhetoric as the Scientia Bene Dicendi

talian Ranaissanca humanists were a contentions lot. They quarralad among themselves. They assailed politicians, philosophers, and clerics. They even turned on the ancients. Valla attacked Aristotle; George of Trebizond, Plato. Antonio da Rho did not spare a Church Father in his Dialogus in Lactantium. But one current of criticism has not received sufficient attention. I mean the strain of anti-Quintili anism which one can document from the early Quattrocento to tha close of the Renais­ sance in Italy. The history of Quintilian in the Renaissance waits to be written. It will bave to cover a large array of topics, ranging from broad issues in padagogy to arcane rhetorical precepts such as the status doctrine; and it will bave to take into account cul­ tural developments in ail of Europe and avan the Americas. My goal in this paper is much mora humble. I wish to call attention to reactions in Renaissance Italy to two specifie points of Quin­ tilian's teachings, namely, his definitions of rhatoric and of the orator.
TH‐C‐202‐02: Positron Emission Tomography Imaging for Radiation Treatment Planning

The goal of this presentation is to provide an overview of physical and biological issues relevant to the use of PET in Radiation Oncology. The role of partial volume effect and patient motion on the reliability of quantitative analysis of PET data using SUV‐based approaches will be considered. Biological issues such as non‐homogeneous uptake of PET tracers in both normal tissues and cancer lesions possible absence of a well‐defined lesion boundary and their effect on the reliability of automated FDG PETimage segmentation will be discussed. A review of the published data comparing results of automated PETimage segmentation to the underlying histopathological data will be provided. Different FDG PETimage segmentation techniques and their validation will be discussed. Ambiguity caused by the lack of in vivo validation data for some of the novel tracers currently investigated will be addressed. Necessity of dynamic PETdata acquisition and/or determination of optimal imaging time point will be discussed. Currently available data on automated segmentation of non‐FDG PETimages and its utilization in Radiation Oncologytreatment planning will be discussed. Learning Objectives: 1. To understand some of the causes of quantitative inaccuracy in PETimaging 2. To evaluate clinical applicability of PETimage autosegmentation theissues 3. To understand the issues specific to non‐FDG PET
Evaluation of cardiac conduction in the cardiac catheterization laboratory

The cardiac catheterization laboratory is well established as an area where hemodynamic functions and cardiac structure are evaluated with pressure recordings, cardiac output determinations and angiographic studies. The normal values for routine diagnostic determinations are well defined. Specific abnormalities of structure, function, or both, may suggest specific medical or surgical therapy. In contrast, the evaluation of cardiac conduction in the catheterization laboratory is in its infancy. Normal values are still being defined. Nomenclature varies from group to group, as do techniques and methods of measureme:nt. The therapeutic implications of these electro:physiologic studies are not clear-cut. This editorial briefly describes the techniques available for evaluation of conduction in the catheterization laboratory and defines several clinical situations where such evaluation may have theiapeutic implications. Scherlag and co-work.ersl stimulated the development of diagnostic electrophysiology by describing a simple, safe and reliable right-sided catheterization technique for recording His bundle (H) potentials in man. Recording of these potentials, invisible on the surface electrocardiogram, has provided useful and important information on conduction disease in man.2 Right bundle branch potentials may also be recorded from the same electrode catheter when it is passed into the right ventricle.3 Left bundle branch potentials may be reco.rded from another electrode catheter passed across the aortic valve into the left ventricle. 4 The recording of atrioventricular (A-V) nodal potentials has also been reported, although all workers do not agree upon their validity.3 Internodal tract potentials are not recordable under ordinary
Comparison of the binding characteristics to BHK-21 cells of viruses representing the two Theiler's virus neurovirulence groups.

Abstract The binding characteristics of the highly virulent GDVII and less virulent BeAn strains of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis viruses (TMEV) to whole BHK-21 cells were determined using a direct viral binding assay. The overall rates of association and dissociation of BeAn and GDVII viruses were similar. Using a saturation binding assay intended for multivalent ligands, such as picornaviruses, the number of binding sites per cell was calculated as 1.6 × 10 5 . Competitive binding assays with both viruses showed one-way blocking. In addition, treatment of cell monolayers with neuraminidase reduced binding of BeAn virus by 90% but did not affect GDVII binding. Wheat germ agglutinin, a lectin which blocks binding to sialic acid and N -acetylglucosamine residues, substantially reduced binding of radiolabeled GDVII and BeAn viruses. Treatment of asialylated cells with O -glycanase further reduced the binding of BeAn virus, suggesting that O-linked oligosaccharides are involved in viral binding. These results suggest members of the two TMEV virulence groups share a common receptor but bind it differently.