cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Health insurance coverage of immigrants living in the United States: differences by citizenship status and country of origin.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined health insurance coverage among immigrants who are not US citizens and among individuals from the 16 countries with the largest number of immigrants living in the United States. METHODS: We analyzed data from the 1998 Current Population Survey, using logistic regression to standardize rates of employer-sponsored coverage by country of origin. RESULTS: In 1997, 16.7 million immigrants were not US citizens. Among non-citizens, 43% of children and 12% of elders lacked health insurance, compared with 14% of non-immigrant children and 1% of non-immigrant elders. Approximately 50% of non-citizen full-time workers had employer-sponsored coverage, compared with 81% of non-immigrant full-time workers. Immigrants from Guatemala, Mexico, El Salvador, Haiti, Korea, and Vietnam were the most likely to be uninsured. Among immigrants who worked full-time, sociodemographic and employment characteristics accounted for most of the variation in employer health insurance. For Central American immigrants, legal status may play a role in high un-insurance rates. CONCLUSIONS: Immigrants who are not US citizens are much less likely to receive employer-sponsored health insurance or government coverage; 44% are uninsured. Ongoing debates on health insurance reform and efforts to improve coverage will need to focus attention on this group.
Technology skills of incoming freshman: are first-year students prepared?

The use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is pervasive throughout the university curriculum. First-year students who arrive deficient in these skills are ill-prepared to succeed in today's academic environment. Given that the modern workplace requires ICT-literate knowledge workers, it is imperative that students attain the skills required to succeed
The effect of subsoil Mn on growth of turnips and soybeans in the greenhouse

Abstract Greenhouse studies were conducted to measure the effect of pH and extractable Mn on plant growth when lime was applied to topsoil and/or subsoil. Plants growing in an acid topsoil with limed or unlimed subsoil contained high foliar concentrations of Mn and exhibited toxicity symptoms. When the topsoil was limed and the subsoil unlimed, foliar Mn was reduced to non‐toxic concentrations, and plant height, plant weight, and root weight were significantly increased. Applying lime to the subsoil when the topsoil was unlimed reduced the NH4OAC‐extractable Mn hut had very little effect on foliar Mn concentration, plant height, plant veight, and root weight. When topsoil was placed in the lower half of the container instead of subsoil, lime applied to either layer reduced foliar Mn concentration and increased plant height, plant weight, and root weight. It appears that when the topsoil is adequately limed, the Mn present in acid subsoils may not affect plant growth provided the plants obtain sufficient w...
STARK BROADENING USING CROSSED GAUSSIAN BEAMS IN STIMULATED RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF N2

Abstract We have studied the effect of crossing two Gaussian laser beams on Stark-broadened line shapes in stimulated Raman gain spectroscopy of N2 Q-branch transitions. At about 350 GW/cm2 of pump laser peak intensity in a 0.11 atm, 298 K gas sample, the Stark-broadened crossed-beam linewidth is about twice the linewidth of collinear beams. For the crossed condition, the two focussed (f/93) beams are crossed at 0.9 deg. The line shape measurements are in qualitative agreement with a numerical model for Stark-broadened line shapes that spatially resolves the laser intensity variations over the sample volume.
Online Thermal Properties Database for Structure-Property Correlated Materials

New data for thermophysical properties of materials are being discovered and measured routinely throughout the world, but sometimes conflicts exist in the published data from various sources. We introduce an online thermal properties database intended for use as a repository for experimentally obtained thermophysical properties of materials by researchers across the globe. This online database is a part of www.thermalhub.org, which is a NSF-funded cyber infrastructure initiative aimed at serving the global heat transfer community. The relevant details associated with an experiment, such as the material type and composition, the thermophysical property measured, the test methods employed, the test conditions of the experiment, the results of the experiments, the uncertainty associated with the experimental results, and the literature where the results are published, are included as fields in the online database. It is known that one thermophysical property can be tested by various methods whose results may differ. Similarly, one thermophysical property can be experimentally measured under varying test conditions to produce different results.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
What do unions do? —A management perspective

Over the past 30 years, progressive human resource policies and government regulation of the workplace have improved working conditions. Today unions are no longer exercising union power to“protect the underdog” or “level the playing field” (Kaufman, 2005). Unions are using their power to pass legislation to benefit their narrow special interests. There are two groups in the workforce that may provide unions with organizing opportunities. One segment of the workforce is the growing number of nonpermanent employees or contingent workers. Another is the growing low-wage part of the service sector. The Service Employees International Union has been one of the few unions to expand membership among these employees. The aging of the baby boomers will raise the demand for service workers in health care facilities and in hotel and office maintenance which will increase organizing opportunities for unions in this industry (Kosters, 2004).
The microwave spectrum of cyclopent-3-en-1-one and the molecular zeeman effect of cyclopent-3-en-1-one and cyclopent-2-en-1-one

Abstract The microwave spectrum of cyclopent-3-en-1-one has been assigned in the ground and first two excited vibrational states. The inertial defect indicates the ring structure to be planar in the ground state. The molecular Zeeman effect has been observed in cyclopent-3-en-1-one and cyclopent-2-en-1-one. The molecular g-values, magnetic susceptibility anisotropies, and molecular quadrupole moments have been obtained for both molecules.
Play behavior and exercise in young ponies (Equus caballus L.)

Play behavior of young ponies accounted for two-thirds of total running exercise and over 95% of all high-speed turns in ten animals from birth to age six weeks. The classical supposition, never previously demonstrated, that most exercise of young mammals occurs in play, is confirmed in these subjects.
Self-phase-modulation in submicron silicon-on-insulator photonic wires

We measure the transmission of ps-pulses through silicon-on-insulator submicron waveguides for excitation wavelengths between 1400 and 1650 nm and peak powers covering four orders of magnitude. Self-phase-modulation induced spectral broadening is found to be significant at coupled peak powers of even a few tens of mW. The nonlinear-index coefficient, extracted from the experimental data, is estimated as n(2) ~ 5*10(-18) m(2)/W at 1500 nm. The experimental results show good agreement with model calculations that take into account nonlinear phase shift, first- and second order dispersion, mode confinement, frequency dispersion of n(2), and dynamics of two-photon-absorption-generated free carriers. Comparison with theory indicates that an observed twofold increase of spectral broadening between 1400 and 1650 nm can be assigned to the dispersion of n(2) as well as first order- rather than second-order dispersion effects. The analysis of pulse broadening, spectral shift and transmission saturation allows estimating a power threshold for nonlinearity-induced signal impairment in nanophotonic devices.
Dynamics of extraclassical surround modulation in three types of V1 neurons

Visual stimuli outside of the classical receptive field (CRF) can influence the response of neurons in primary visual cortex (V1). While recording single units in cat, we presented drifting sinusoi...
1145 A GROUP B STREPTOCOCCAL (GBS) EXTRACT INDUCES NEUTROPHIL AGGREGATION AND NEUTROPENIA

Neutropenia has been commonly associated with neonatal GBS infections. The cause of the neutropenia, however, is poorly understood. The intravenous infusion of a trichloroacetic acid extract of GBS (GBS-TCA) into 1-6 day old lambs (dose 1 mg/kg), induced a rapid decrease in peripheral blood PMNs (0 time-3.1 × 103/mm3 ± 0.5 vs 2.2 × 103/mm3 ± 0.7, 5 min after infusion; p < 0.01, n=6). Neutropenia persisted throughout the 20 min post infusion period. Pulmonary histology demonstrated extensive accumulations of PMNs in the interstitial space after GBS-TCA administration. To determine if GBS-TCA could induce aggregation in vitro, PMNs were isolated from adult and cord blood specimens. Aggregation was measured using a Sienco aggregometer. The maximal change in light transmission (ΔT) over 1 min was obtained from aggregation curves. Serum alone did not aggregate PMNs. However, GBS-TCA incubated in serum (1 hr) induced prompt PMN aggregation. A typical dose response occurred and was maximal at 10 mg/ml (GBS-TCA in serum-mean ΔT 12.3% ± 2.8 vs GBS-TCA in PBS-mean ΔT 2.5% ± 2.1; p < 0.001, n=8). These data demonstrate that cell free GBS products may induce PMN aggregation in serum. PMN aggregates may be nonspecifically removed from the peripheral circulation by entrapment in the pulmonary vasculature. GBS induced PMN aggregation may play an important role in the neutropenia and pulmonary manifestations commonly associated with neonatal GBS infections.
Experience with microcomputer management of a personal medical literature collection.

Microcomputers may be conveniently and effectively used to manage personal medical literature collections. A bibliographic data base consisting of the author, title, and source for each reference is entered and stored on magnetic tapes or disks. Document categorization and keyword assignment prior to entry is optional, thus allowing clerical personnel to maintain both the literature collection and the bibliographic data base. Subject searches using an array of search terms formulated by the medical user permit retrieval of relevant bibliographic citations. Current alphabetical and keyword-in-context listings of the documents in the collection may also be produced. The programming approach uses string processing and is within the capability of programmers with limited experience.
Data linkage using probabilistic decision rules: a primer.

Electronic data linkage is increasingly being used by researchers and health professionals in the birth defects field as a tool for enhancing both research and service/care. However, in many cases, a common pre-existing ID number does not exist across different datasets, and common identifiers, such as names or dates of birth, which could be used to match records, may be known to contain errors or even legitimate differences over time. In such situations, probabilistic matching, which does not require that all identifying fields exactly agree in order for one to conclude that two records belong to the same individual, can be a valuable tool for improving data linkage. However, probabilistic matching is computationally complex and demanding, and not well understood by many who may wish to apply it in their work. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to provide an overview of one approach to probabilistic matching, including the step-by-step procedures involved in the calculation of indices corresponding to the likelihood that two records are a correct match. In addition, the use of multiple iterative protocols, in which several different matching strategies are used in order to maximize the number of linked records, is discussed. Finally, issues related to deduplication and verification of internal-consistency in the linked data set are also reviewed. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Phase-Feeding Supports Maximum Growth Performance of Broiler Chicks from Forty-three to Seventy-one Days of Age

Phase-feeding (PF) was tested to evaluate its efficacy compared with NRC recommendations for broilers. Two modified PF regimens were also tested that involved lowering amino acid requirements predicted by PF linear regression equations by 10% (PF10) and increasing the slope of the linear regression equations by 15% (PF15). Experimental diets were fed from 43 to 71 d. Broilers fed the NRC regimen were given a single diet throughout the experiment, whereas PF, PF10, and PF15 were tested with a series of four diets (43 to 50 d, 50 to 57 d, 57 to 64 d, and 64 to 71 d). At 71 d, no differences (P 0.05) were observed in carcass, breast, wing, or leg yield, but abdominal fat was increased (P < 0.05) by the PF10 regimen relative to that of broilers fed the NRC diet. Economic analysis indicated that PF and PF10 may lower the cost of feed consumed and the cost per unit weight gain or breast yield relative to broilers fed the NRC diet.
Friction and wear of metal particle, barium ferrite and metal evaporated tapes in rotary head recorders

The friction and wear mechanisms of particulate (metal particle and barium ferrite) and metal evaporated (ME) magnetic tapes were investigated. We conducted tests on these tapes in contact with metal-in-gap (MIG) video heads, using a rotary head recorder in the still (pause) mode. We measured signal degradation and friction during the tests. We conducted chemical and surface analyses of the interface components after the tests. We found discernible differences between the tribological behavior ofparticulate tapes, and that of the ME tape. The particulate tapes exhibited a more stable friction and head output than the ME tape. We attributed this to a cleaner contact region, due to effective action of the head cleaning agents (HCAs) found in the particulate tapes. The particulate tapes exhibited wear lifetime longer by an order of magnitude, than that of the ME tape. Mild continuous adhesive wear occurred on particulate tapes followed by catastrophic failure. Tape fatigue possibly led to the catastrophic failure. On the ME tape surface, damage initiated at high points or bumps, which resulted in localized delaminations of the tape coating. This led to a catastrophic removal of the entire magnetic coating over the rubbing track. The major difference between the particulate and ME tapes was that signal dropouts concurrent with increases in friction, which resulted from debris accumulation on the video head, preceded the catastrophic failure in the case of ME tapes. We investigated the running-in process of the video head. We found that the durability of a tape and the initial head output increased, and the initial friction force on a tape decreased, as the head ran-in with the tape. We attributed this result to the tape forming a favorable contour on the head rubbing surface. Deposits on the head surface consisted of binder for the particulate tapes, and lubricant and the magnetic coating for ME tape. Tape materials transferred preferentially to the recessed metal core and the recessed glass of the MIG head.
Ovarian hemorrhages induced in immature mice with human placental gonadotropin.

Gonadotropin, durch Fallung mit Aceton und Ammoniumsulfat aus menschlicher Placenta (HPG) isoliert und durch Chromatographie an CM- und FEA-Cellulose sowie durch Gelfiltration an Sephadex G-100 gereinigt, ergab Fraktionen, die in hoher Dosis bei jungen Mausen Blutungen im Ovar hervorriefen, was zeigt, dass GPH eine FSH-ahnliche Wirkung bewirkt.
Price and Volume Effects of Changes in MSCI indices – Nature and Causes

Abstract Using changes in the MSCI Standard Country Indices for 29 countries between 1998 and 2001, we document that stock returns and volumes exhibit “index effects” in international markets similar to those detected by the studies of US stocks. The stocks added to the indices experience a sharp rise in prices after the announcement and a further rise during the period preceding the actual change, though part of the gain is lost after the actual change date. The stocks that are deleted from the indices, on the other hand, witness a steady and marked decline in their prices. Trading volumes increase significantly and remain at high levels after the change date for the added stocks. There are also considerable cross-country variations in these effects. Tests using data on various measures reflecting the different hypotheses fail to turn up any evidence in support of information effects. Our evidence appears to be more supportive of the downward sloping demand curve hypothesis. There is some evidence of price-pressure and mild evidence of liquidity effect, particularly in Japan and UK.
An efficient two-dimensional frequency estimator

The problem of two-dimensional frequency estimation of a sinusoid embedded in complex white Gaussian noise is addressed. A frequency estimator and its statistical performance are derived. The estimator is demonstrated to be an efficient estimator (it achieves the Cramer-Rao bound) for high signal-to-noise ratios. The results of a computer simulator which compares the variance with that of the maximum likelihood estimator and the theoretical two-dimensional Cramer-Rao bound are presented. >
Briefly Bound to Activate: Transient Binding of a Second Catalytic Magnesium Activates the Structure and Dynamics of CDK2 Kinase for Catalysis.

Summary We have determined high-resolution crystal structures of a CDK2/Cyclin A transition state complex bound to ADP, substrate peptide, and MgF 3 − . Compared to previous structures of active CDK2, the catalytic subunit of the kinase adopts a more closed conformation around the active site and now allows observation of a second Mg 2+ ion in the active site. Coupled with a strong [Mg 2+ ] effect on in vitro kinase activity, the structures suggest that the transient binding of the second Mg 2+ ion is necessary to achieve maximum rate enhancement of the chemical reaction, and Mg 2+ concentration could represent an important regulator of CDK2 activity in vivo. Molecular dynamics simulations illustrate how the simultaneous binding of substrate peptide, ATP, and two Mg 2+ ions is able to induce a more rigid and closed organization of the active site that functions to orient the phosphates, stabilize the buildup of negative charge, and shield the subsequently activated γ-phosphate from solvent.
Cost of epilepsy in the United States : a model based on incidence and prognosis

Summary: A model of the clinical course of epilepsy from onset until remission or death has been developed for six prognostic groups, including survival, use and cost of medical care, and time lost from work and housekeeping. The model has been used to generate preliminary estimates of the lifetime cost of epilepsy for a cohort of persons diagnosed in 1990 in the United States. The distribution of incident cases among prognostic groups is derived from epidemiologic studies of prognosis in epilepsy. Direct cost is estimated by multiplying nationally representative unit costs by the expected type and frequency of medical care use. The latter were derived by an expert panel, based on inferences from existing literature and on their own clinical experiences. Indirect cost is estimated based on lost earnings associated with projections of restricted activity days, excess unemployment, and excess mortality. Total lifetime cost in 1990 dollars of all persons with epilepsy onset in 1990 was estimated at $3.0 billion, with indirect cost accounting for 62% of the total. Cost per patient ranged from $4,272 for persons with remission after initial diagnosis and treatment to $138,602 for persons with intractable and frequent seizures. Antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment is the most costly category of service. Different assumptions about the amount and type of drug administration cause major changes in overall cost estimates.
THE ACTIN-RELATED PROTEINS

A family of proteins has been discovered over the past three years whose members have clear sequence homology to actin but are distinguished from actin by their structural and functional diversity. The ranks of this family, whose members are known as the actin-related proteins (arps), are expanding rapidly. Arps are but one branch of a larger superfamily which includes the actins, hsp/hsc70s, sugar kinases and several cell cycle proteins from bacteria. The existence of the superfamily has been inferred from tertiary structural data. In the case of the arps, their identification and classification has been based upon primary structural data. Placing the arps in a functional context is proving a slower process, although genetic and biochemical analyses are converging in several cases. In the past year, different arps have been linked to functions mediated by actin filaments (arp2 and arp3), microtubules (arp1) and the structural elements of chromatin (arp4 and arp6).
Superfluidity of 3He films

We have developed a new technique to study superfluidity in saturated liquid-$^{3}\mathrm{He}$ films. Using the enhanced sensitivity of this new method, we directly observe the suppression of the film's transition temperature ${T}_{c}^{F}$ as the film thickness decreases. We also measure a well-defined maximum critical film current which scales with temperature as ${(1\ensuremath{-}\frac{T}{{T}_{c}^{F}})}^{a}$, where $a=1.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.17$.
60 MHz 6 Bit Digital to Analog Converters for the Super Beam Damper of the Fermilab Main Accelerator

These high speed digital to analog converters were designed and built for use in the super beam damper of the Fermilab main accelerator. They are replacements for an earlier less stable version. With complementary digital inputs, the converters provide complementary outputs of a digitally delayed beam position analog signal. Both D/A's are capable of converting a six bit digital word to /plus or minus/2.5 volts into a 50 /OMEGA/ load with dc response, typical rise and fall times of 5 nanoseconds, and long term stability. Conversion speeds of 60 MHz are easily obtained. 4 refs.
Projections of adrenocortical cells into sinusoidal lumina. Influence of prostaglandin E1

Cytoplasmic projections of adrenocortical cells have been observed within sinusoidal lumina of various species. The projections contain organelles and inclusions which are morphologically identical to those in subjacent functional cortical cells, and appear to be capable of hormone biosynthesis. The frequency with which the projections are observed is markedly enhanced by the administration of prostaglandin E1. Continuity has been observed between the projections and the parenchymal cells. Whether or not these morphological entities reflect a mechanism for an enhanced response to corticotropin stimulation remains uncertain. Their association with cellular autolysis or degradation appears doubtful.
Malaria during pregnancy in endemic areas: a lens for examining maternal-fetal conflict.

Most of our knowledge about maternal–fetal conflict derives from the battle over scarce nutritional resources. How do other stressors like infectious diseases alter the maternal–fetal relationship? In this article, we use the example of malaria infection during pregnancy to explore the altered maternal–fetal relationship in the presence of an infectious disease. While adults living in regions endemic to Plasmodium falciparum malaria are generally immune, pregnant women experience significantly more frequent and severe infections. These infections generally resolve within a few days of birth and rarely cross the placenta, but the infants often experience poor birth outcomes, particularly low birth weight. This article summarizes what is known about the proximate, or physiological, mechanisms by which malaria causes more severe or frequent infections for pregnant versus nonpregnant women in endemic regions and then utilizes an evolutionary approach to focus on the altered maternal–fetal relationship during malaria-infected pregnancy. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Rapidly rotating black holes in dynamical Chern-Simons gravity: Decoupling limit solutions and breakdown

Rapidly rotating black holes are a prime arena for understanding corrections to Einstein's theory of general relativity (GR). We construct solutions for rapidly rotating black holes in dynamical Chern-Simons (dCS) gravity, a useful and motivated example of a post-GR correction. We treat dCS as an effective theory and thus work in the decoupling limit, where we apply a perturbation scheme using the Kerr metric as the background solution. Using the solutions to the scalar field and the trace of the metric perturbation, we determine the regime of validity of our perturbative approach. We find that the maximal spin limit may be divergent, and the decoupling limit is strongly restricted for rapid rotation. Rapidly rotating stellar-mass black holes can potentially be used to place strong bounds on the coupling parameter $\ensuremath{\ell}$ of dCS. In order for the black hole observed in GRO J1655-40 to be within the decoupling limit, we need $\ensuremath{\ell}\ensuremath{\lesssim}22\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{km}$, a value 7 orders of magnitude smaller than present Solar System bounds on dynamical Chern-Simons gravity.
The discovery of indole-derived long acting β2-adrenoceptor agonists for the treatment of asthma and COPD

The design and profile of a series of indole containing long acting β 2 -adrenoceptor agonists is described. Evaluation of these analogues using an in vitro guinea pig trachea tissue model demonstrates that analogues within this series have salmeterol-like duration of action with potential for long duration of action in humans.
Juice Clarification by Thermostable Fractions of Marsh Grapefruit Pectinmethylesterase

ABSTRACT: Orange juice clarification by thermostable pectinmethylesterase (TS-PME), isolated from grapefruit pulp by ammonium sulfate precipitation, and ion-exchange and affinity chromatography was investigated. TSPME, having different specific activities, induced different clarification behavior of reconstituted orange juice at 2 units/ml. Based on percent transmittance, TS-PME fraction with the lower specific activity clarified juices earlier than TS-PME at higher specific activity. Particle size distribution of the cloud-soluble fraction showed that TS-PME increased the average particle size from 0.7 μm to 1 mm and maintained a monomodal distribution. After 27 d of storage at 4 °C, samples of clarified juice still showed a large population of small cloud particles when measured by diffraction light scattering.
Is U.S. Multinational Dividend Repatriation Policy Influenced by Reporting Incentives

ABSTRACT: This study finds evidence that public-company reporting by U.S. multinational corporations (MNCs) creates disincentives to repatriate foreign earnings to the U.S. and contributes to the accumulation of cash abroad. MNCs operate under U.S. international tax laws and financial reporting rules and face two potential consequences when they repatriate foreign earnings: a cash payment for repatriation taxes and a reduction in reported accounting earnings. Using a confidential dataset of financial and operating characteristics of foreign affiliates of MNCs combined with public-company data, we examine how repatriation amounts vary across firms that face relatively strong reporting incentives to defer an accounting expense. Our results suggest that reporting incentives reduce repatriations by about 17 to 21 percent annually. Data Availability: Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) data were made available to the authors under a legal confidentiality arrangement; all non-BEA data are available from public so...
Studies of Supported Nickel Catalysts Using Electron Spectroscopy (ESCA) and Ion Scattering Spectroscopy (ISS)

Abstract Supported nickel catalysts were studied by two surface sensitive techniques, ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA). The relationship between the signal intensity ratio of Ni/Al and the bulk nickel content was examined and compared by the two techniques, which have different sampling depths. The nature of the nickel species on the surface was analyzed by ESCA as the support was changed. The results show that comparative studies of ESCA and ISS can provide valuable information about the character of surface species on supported catalysts.
Rational design of antimicrobial agents: antifungal activity of alk(en)yl dihydroxybenzoates and dihydroxyphenyl alkanoates.

Abstract A homologous series (C 3 –C 14 ) of each alkyl 3,4- and 3,5-dihydroxybenzoates, and 3,4- and 3,5-dihydroxyphenyl alkanoates exhibit similar antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Their nonyl derivatives exhibit the most potent antifungal activity against this yeast with the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) in the range between 12.5 and 50 μg/mL. In addition, various 3,4-dihydroxybenzoates, possessing different side chains, namely unsaturated, branched and alicyclic were synthesized and their activity was compared.
Products of arbitrary inteals in thes-d-ring over the integers

In this paper the multiplicative theory—started in [5]—is brought to a satisfactory conclusion. A product for arbitrary inteals is defined which agrees with the idealproduct on the semigroup of inteals with norm not zero. A complete decomposition theory is then developed. The introduction gives a short account of the present state of the theory of s-d-rings.
Neural pathways and innervation of cnidocytes in tentacles of sea anemones

Our previously published studies are here reviewed detailing neuro-cnidocyte synapses, demonstrating putative neurotransmitter substances, and identifying complex neural pathways in sea anemones. Synapses were traced to their contacts on nematocytes and spirocytes by transmission electron microscopy of serial thin sections of tentacles. In five animals, cells containing microbasic p-mastigophores had synapses with clear vesicles, whereas cells containing basitrichous isorhizas had synapses with dense-cored vesicles, providing preliminary evidence for a selectivity of neurotransmitter types for different nematocysts. Either clear or dense-cored synaptic vesicles were also present at neuro-spirocyte contacts. Antho-RFamide immunoreactivity occurred in some anthozoan synaptic vesicles and immunogold labeling of serotonin was found at a neuro-spirocyte synapse. Neural pathways included direct innervation of spirocytes by sensory cells, sequential neuro-neuro-spirocyte and neuro-neuro-nematocyte synapses and reciprocal synapses involving axons of both sensory cells and ganglion cells. Such synaptic patterns resemble neuro-effector pathways found in higher animals and lay to rest the independent effector hypothesis for cnidocyte discharge in tentacles of sea anemones.
Sleep fears, sleep disturbance, and PTSD symptoms in minority youth exposed to Hurricane Katrina

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is common following the experience of a natural disaster and sleep disturbance is an important influence on its course in adults, but little research is available examining sleep and PTSD in youths. This study's objective was to evaluate the role of sleep disturbance and the developmentally influenced factor of fear of sleeping alone in the maintenance of posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms in youths. Deidentified data of 191 Hurricane Katrina survivors ages 8 to 15 were used in this study. We found cross-sectional relationships of sleep disturbance and fear of sleeping alone with PTS symptom severity. Longitudinal analysis also indicated that general sleep disturbance at 24 months (T1) was predictive of PTS symptoms severity at 30 months (T2) even after adjusting for PTS symptom severity at T1, age, sex, and continued disrepair to the home. These results have implications for intervention strategies among youth exposed to traumatic events.
Rapid-Extraction High-Speed GC Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in Aqueous Samples

An extraction system to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from an aqueous matrix in a time frame that is compatible with high-speed gas chromatography (HSGC) has been developed and interfaced to a cryofocusing instrument. Using this system, VOCs are quantitatively extracted in ∼20 s, with no residual signal present during subsequent analysis. This allows successive injections, as demonstrated by sequential extraction and separation of four aqueous samples in less than 31/2 min. Analysis time was minimized by designing the system to allow concurrent extraction and separation. The entire sample extract is introduced to the cryofocusing injector of the HSGC, resulting in excellent sensitivity. Injection of only 100 μL of an aqueous mixture of VOCs in the low parts per billion range resulted in chromatographic peaks with signal-to-noise ratios ranging from 6.5 to 41 depending on analyte. Reproducibility of sequential analyses at this concentration resulted in less than 5% relative standard deviation.
Hypothalamic Responses to Fasting Indicate Metabolic Reprogramming Away from Glycolysis Toward Lipid Oxidation

Nutrient-sensitive hypothalamic neurons regulate energy balance and glucose homeostasis, but the molecular mechanisms mediating hypothalamic responses to nutritional state remain incompletely characterized. To address these mechanisms, the present studies used quantitative PCR to characterize the expression of a panel of genes the hypothalamic expression by nutritional status of which had been suggested by DNA microarray studies. Although these genes regulate a variety of function, the most prominent set regulate intermediary metabolism, and the overall pattern clearly indicated that a 48-h fast produced a metabolic reprogramming away from glucose metabolism and toward the utilization of alternative fuels, particularly lipid metabolism. This general reprogramming of intermediary metabolism by fasting was observed both in cortex and hypothalamus but most prominently in hypothalamus. The effect of fasting on the expression of these genes may be mediated by reduction in plasma glucose or glucose metabolism, ...
Biorecognition of sugar containing N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymers by immobilized lectin

The interactions of sugar containing N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers with Tetragonolobus purpureas (Lotus tetragonolobus) lectin immobilized on 4% beaded agarose have been studied. HPMA copolymers containing side-chains terminating in N-acylated amino sugars, namely, fucosylamine, galactosamine, glucosamine and mannosamine were synthesized and their biorecognition evaluated. As expected, only fucosylamine containing HPMA copolymers showed specific binding to the lectin. The dissociation constants (K d ) for HPMA copolymers were determined by frontal affinity chromatography. The binding constant was dependent on the amount of fucosylamine residues per macromolecule. An increase in fucosylamine content from 9,9 to 33,2 mol-% resulted in a decrease of K d by one order of magnitude. Incorporation of hydrophobic side-chains such as glycylglycyl-5-[4-(2-aminoethylcarbamoyl)phenylazo]salicylic acid, 1'-(β-hydroxyethyl)-3',3'-dimethyl-6-nitrospiro(2H-1-benzopyran-2,2'-indoline) (SP), or 1'-(β-glycylglycyloxyethyl)-3',3'-dimethyl-6-nitrospiro(2H-1-benzopyran-2,2'-indoline) (GG-SP) into the copolymers increased the non-specific binding to the lectin. Photoinduced isomerization of bound spiropyrans to merocyanines was accompanied by changes in the conformation and biorecognition of HPMA copolymers. The results obtained demonstrated the impact of the structure and solution conformation of sugar containing HPMA copolymers on their biorecognition.
Role of poly(ADP–ribose) polymerase (PARP) in DNA repair in sulfur mustard‐exposed normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK)†‡

We previously reported that, in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) cultures exposed to the alkylating compound sulfur mustard (bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, HD, 0.3-1 mM), there is a rapid ( or =85%) by the use of induced expression of antisense RNA. In these cells, there was no stimulation of DNA ligase up to 3 h, and a small stimulation (ca. 30% above unexposed control at 5-6 h after HD exposure. A time-course (0.5-6 h) study of DNA repair in HD-exposed PARP-deficient keratinocytes revealed a much slower rate of repair compared with HD-exposed NHEK. The results suggest an active role of PARP in DNA ligase activation and DNA repair in mammalian cells, and also indicate that modulation of PARP-mediated mechanisms may provide a useful approach in preventing HD toxicity.
Test-Retest Reliability of the DePaul Symptom Questionnaire.

Background: The DePaul Symptom Questionnaire (DSQ) was developed to provide a structured approach for collecting standardized symptomatology and health history information to allow researchers and clinicians to determine whether a patient meets the diagnostic criteria for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), and/or chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the test–retest reliability of the DSQ. Methods: Test–retest reliability of the measure was examined with a sample of 26 adults self-identifying as having either ME/CFS, ME, and/or CFS and 25 adults who did not self-identify as having these illnesses and were otherwise healthy controls. Results: Overall, the majority of items on the DSQ exhibited good to excellent test–retest reliability, with Pearson's or kappa correlation coefficients that were 0.70 or higher. Conclusions: Thus, the present study suggests that the DSQ is a reliable diagnostic measure that c...
1034 SPECIFIC CELL MEDIATED CYTOTOXIC IMMUNE RESPONSE TO HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS (HSV) IN PATIENTS WITH RECURRENT HERPES LABIALIS (RHL)

1034 SPECIFIC CELL MEDIATED CYTOTOXIC IMMUNE RESPONSE TO HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS (HSV) IN PATIENTS WITH RECURRENT HERPES LABIALIS (RHL)
Midwest growers' mail survey of contributors to migrant health and nutrition.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to solicit information from farm owners (growers), as representatives of their farm businesses, regarding descriptive information on migrant camp housing that may contribute to the health and nutritional status of employed workers and their families. This cross-sectional descriptive mail survey was sent to 802 growers in Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Pennsylvania via the US Postal Service. The growers were identified by an Internet search for licensed agricultural work camps in Midwest departments of agriculture. Response rate was 34%. Overall, growers reported a median of one migrant camp with 23 residents, employing workers seasonally for either 10 weeks or 6 months, with seven accompanying children on site. Individual kitchen appliances varied across the states, potentially influencing the preparation of healthy meals. Three themes were identified from the results. First, over one third of owners lacked or had limited knowledge about the health services available t...
Pyrosequencing reveals a highly diverse and cultivar-specific bacterial endophyte community in potato roots.

In this study, we examined the bacterial endophyte community of potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivar/clones using two different molecular-based techniques (bacterial automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (B-ARISA) and pyrosequencing). B-ARISA profiles revealed a significant difference in the endophytic community between cultivars (perMANOVA, p 0.600) or negative (r < −0.600) correlation with plant biomass, suggesting a possible link between plant production and endophyte abundance. This study represents one of the most comprehensive assessments of the bacterial endophytic communities to date, and similar analyses in other plant species, cultivars, or tissues could be utilized to further elucidate the potential contribution(s) of endophytic communities to plant physiology and production.
Measurements related to the flow of granular material in a torsional rheometer

Some properties of a granular material (frac sand) is measured using an orthogonal rheometer in the torsional mode. The description and the operation of the torsional rheometer and the procedure of measurement are presented. A simple test provides some insight into the slip between the granular material and the disk. The raw data, namely torque and normal force, are documented for different compaction ratios, rotation rates, and sizes of the particles. Results show remarkably small variations and show that the measured normal force and torque decrease with increasing rotation rate. Results also show the residual forces after the disk stops. It is hard to find such data for granular materials in the literature, and it could be used to determine the material moduli for specific models.
Particle-resolved simulation of aerosol size, composition, mixing state, and the associated optical and cloud condensation nuclei activation properties in an evolving urban plume

[1] The recently developed particle-resolved aerosol box model PartMC-MOSAIC (Particle Monte Carlo model–Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry) was used to rigorously simulate the evolution of aerosol mixing state and the associated optical and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activation properties in an idealized urban plume. The model explicitly resolved the size and composition of individual particles from a number of sources and tracked their evolution due to condensation, evaporation, coagulation, emission, and dilution. The ensemble black carbon (BC)–specific absorption cross section increased by 40% over the course of 2 days due to BC aging by condensation and coagulation. Threefold and fourfold enhancements in CCN/CN ratios were predicted to occur within 6 h for 0.2% and 0.5% supersaturations (S), respectively. The particle-resolved results were used to evaluate the errors in the optical and CCN activation properties that would be predicted by a conventional sectional framework that assumes monodisperse, internally mixed particles within each bin. This assumption artificially increased the ensemble BC-specific absorption by 14–30% and decreased the single scattering albedo (SSA) by 0.03–0.07, while the bin resolution had a negligible effect. In contrast, the errors in CCN/CN ratios were sensitive to the bin resolution for a chosen supersaturation. For S = 0.2%, the CCN/CN ratio predicted using 100 internally mixed bins was up to 25% higher than the particle-resolved results, while it was up to 125% higher using 10 internally mixed bins. Neglecting coagulation overpredicted aerosol water content and number concentrations (<0.2 μm), causing errors in SSA from −0.02 to 0.035 and overprediction of CCN concentrations by 25–80% at S = 0.5%.
We the People of Europe? Reflections on Transnational Citizenship

We the People of Europe? Reflections on Transnational Citizenship. Etienne Balibar. Princeton University Press: Princeton, New Jersey, 2004. ISBN: 0691089906 (paper) and 0691089892 (cloth)
Boundary functions in the control of gene expression

Recent experiments using stably transformed genes in mouse and Drosophila have demonstrated that elimination of euchromatic position effects can be used as a functional assay for domain boundaries. These studies will lead to an analysis of boundary structure, and in addition will provide clues to the mechanism(s) of gene regulation by higher order chromatin packaging.
Story grammars and sentence grammars: Some considerations

Abstract Beaugrande's concept of the relationship between limitations of human memory and notions of story structure is questioned. Then story grammar is briefly examined along several dimensions that have proven useful in the analysis of sentences. It is not argued that sentence grammars necessarily provide desirable models for the creation of story grammars, but that our understanding of the function and structure of stories can be enhanced by noting how stories and sentences are different, using terms and concepts devised primarily for the description of sentences.
ASCENT, TRANSITION, ENTRY, AND ABORT GUIDANCE ALGORITHM DESIGN FOR THE X-33 VEHICLE

One of the primary requirements for X-33 is that it be capable of flying autonomously. That is, onboard computers must be capable of commanding the entire flight from launch to landing, including cases where a single engine failure abort occurs. Guidance algorithms meeting these requirements have been tested in simulation and have been coded into prototype flight software. These algorithms must be sufficiently robust to account for vehicle and environmental dispersions, and must issue commands that result in the vehicle operating, within all constraints. Continual tests of these algorithms (and modifications as necessary) will occur over the next year as the X-33 nears its first flight. This paper describes the algorithms in use for X-33 ascent, transition, and entry flight, as well as for the powered phase of PowerPack-out (PPO) aborts (equivalent in thrust impact to losing an engine). All following discussion refers to these phases of flight when discussing guidance. The paper includes some trajectory results and results of dispersion analysis.
EXPER SIM: Review and update

EXPER SIM (experimental simulation) is a pedagogical approach that facilitates learning the methods and principles of scientific research via simulation of experiments. A review of the EXPER SIM literature examines its educational potential and advantages, some presently available supervisor systems required for computer use, and evaluation of the method. Several updated sources of EXPER SIM material and programs are identified.
Nitric oxide reverses prednisolone-induced inactivation of muscle satellite cells.

Long-term corticosteroid therapy causes myopathy and can inhibit regeneration of skeletal muscle. Therefore, we hypothesized that corticosteroid exposure reduces satellite cell activity in skeletal myofibers. Male Swiss-Webster mice were injected daily for 8 weeks with prednisolone (GC) or vehicle (control). Single myofibers were isolated from the gastrocnemius, centrifuged to mechanically activate satellite cells, and maintained in culture for 48 h. Both constitutive nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms were reduced in muscle by GC treatment (nNOS: -30%, eNOS: -34%). Fewer myogenic (myoD+) cells emanated from GC myofibers compared to control (-61%, P 0.05). Therefore, supplementation of GC myofibers with DETA-NO restores satellite cell activity to control levels. Nitric oxide production could be an important therapeutic target for the prevention of corticosteroid myopathy.
Spatial econometrics, land values and sustainability: Trends in real estate valuation research

Abstract In the aftermath of the recent boom and bust of US real estate, both a refinement and a deeper understanding of real estate valuation methods have become critical concerns across a number of broad urban-related academic fields. Out of this we see three major trends in the field of real estate valuation research: (1) the expansion of spatial econometrics; (2) the recognition of the differences between land values and improvement values; and (3) acknowledgment of value premiums stemming from more sustainable forms of development. This paper offers a brief summary of the latest work in these emerging areas of academic valuation research.