cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global plasmasphere evolution 22–23 April 2001

[1] The evolution of the plasmasphere during the moderate 22–23 April 2001 storm is studied by comparing observed plasmasphere behavior to the predictions of a simulation. The plasmasphere observations include global images from IMAGE EUV and density and flow measurements from LANL MPA. The subjective uncertainty in the EUV plasmapause was found to be 0.2L. Inward plasmapause motion was correlated with southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), with a 27 min delay. The electric (E) field at the plasmapause was approximately 13% of the solar wind E-field. The observations support the idea that plasmaspheric erosion begins with a partial plasmapause indentation which then gradually widens in magnetic local time (MLT) to encompass the entire nightside. In situ measurements confirm a dayside plume of sunward flowing plasma, and images show that the plume subsequently experienced phases of MLT narrowing and rotation/wrapping. To simulate the event, we employed a test particle representation of the plasmapause using a parametric E-field model that includes corotation and convection from two sources: dayside magnetopause reconnection (DMR) and the subauroral polarization stream (SAPS). The model captures the phases of plume evolution, and it reproduces the observed plasmapause with maximum (mean) error <0.7L (0.24L). The model fails to reproduce important subglobal features (e.g., a predawn plasmaspheric shoulder) and grossly misplaces the inner edge of the rotating and wrapping plume. SAPS contributes significantly to the duskside flows, but the simulated flows are about 50% smaller than those seen by LANL MPA. The simulated plasmapause E-field is about 70% of the EUV-inferred value.
Veterans' Party Identification, Candidate Affect, and Vote Choice in the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election:

The 2004 U.S. presidential election was a wartime contest that entailed a great deal of discussion about the role that previous military service plays in elections for both candidates and the electorate. Using polling data throughout 2004, this article examines party identification, candidate affect, and vote choice preferences among veterans and nonveterans in the electorate. Despite widespread assumptions depicting the veteran population as deeply Republican, those with military experience in 2004 largely mirrored their nonveteran peers in terms of partisan identification, warmth toward candidates, ballot intentions, and vote choice. One important exception manifested after the “Swift Boat” advertisement in September, which impelled significant numbers of veterans who identify with the Democratic Party to express the intention to vote for George W. Bush.
Comparison between the matrix method and the coupled-wave method in the analysis of Bragg reflector structures

We compare the reflectivity spectrum and phase-change spectrum of Bragg reflectors obtained by the matrix method and the coupled-wave method. We show that the results obtained by the two methods agree well generally and the discrepancy between the results obtained by the two methods increases as the fractional refractive-index difference between adjacent layers increases and (or) the average absorption loss increases because of the approximations inherent in the coupled-wave method for the analysis of multiple dielectric layers.
Energy Relations and Some Basic Properties of Primate Social Organization

Recently published field data on non-human primate ecology and social behavior has stimulated much discussion of the control exercised by different environments upon social behavior of populations living within those environments. Here the author attempts to contribute to that discussion by presenting a model of certain relations between food density and distribution patterns and characteristics of predator populations on the one hand, and some basic properties of primate social organization including space and resource allocation, socionomic sex ratios, mating strategies, and the structure of multi-male social groups on the other hand. Some of the better documented primate populations are examined from the vantage point provided by the model, and a new typology of primate societies emerges. Sexual dimorphism and individual mate selection within primate groups is briefly discussed. The article concludes with a statement of its implications for the anthropological study of human social behavior.
Evaluation and treatment of painful peripheral polyneuropathy

Pain is a common component of sensory peripheral polyneuropathy and occurs primarily as a consequence of injury to small, unmyelinated C-fiber nerve axons. This class of fibers is particularly vulnerable to metabolic injury, and the neuropathy manifests in a length-dependent pattern. Diabetes mellitus, prediabetes associated with insulin resistance, toxins, and drugs are common causes of painful neuropathy, but a substantial percentage are idiopathic. Pathogenesis of neuropathic pain involves loss of peripheral axons and inappropriate peripheral and central adaptation of neuronal signaling to this loss. Treatment of painful neuropathy should be directed at removing the offending metabolic injury, if possible. Antiepileptic drugs, tricyclic antidepressants, opiates, and other treatments have shown efficacy in clinical trials for symptomatic relief of neuropathic pain.
Structure–reactivity relationships in inorganic electrochemistry

Relationships between structure and electron transfer reactivity underlie many important electrochemical applications and provide fundamental insight to chemical and biological processes. The vast array of experimental techniques developed during the latter half of the twentieth century helped greatly to foster progress in this area, and the advent of powerful computational techniques such as density functional theory promises even more far-reaching developments. It is evident that molecular composition, geometric and electronic structure, and changes in these features influence the thermodynamics and kinetics of transition metal electron transfer reactions in predictable and understandable ways. Several examples drawn from the author’s research program to illustrate this premise include the influence of sulfur versus oxygen donation on molybdenum-centered electron transfer, reactions in which a change in metal atom spin state accompanies electron transfer, and concomitant multi-electron transfer and metal–metal bond cleavage in binuclear, ligand-bridged complexes.
Open loop synchronous rectifier driver for LLC resonant converter

Synchronous rectifier (SR) is widely used in LLC resonant converter to reduce the conduction loss. Due to different operation modes, the SR control is complicated and increases system cost. In this paper, based on the observation on LLC diode conduction time, an open-loop fixed-on-time SR driving method is proposed. The optimal on-time is used to control the SR to simplify the implementation in different operation mode and reduce the system cost while maintains large efficiency improvement. The total efficiency of LLC resonant converter with SR driven by the proposed scheme is proved to increase by 2% under different load conditions with minimum system cost.
Cation-Controlled Interfacial Charge Injection in Sensitized Nanocrystalline TiO2

The photophysical and photoelectrochemical properties of Ru(deeb)(bpy)2(PF6)2, where bpy is 2,2‘-bipyridine and deeb is 4,4‘-(COOEt)2-2,2‘-bipyridine, anchored to nanocrystalline TiO2 (anatase) or ZrO2 films are reported. In neat acetonitrile (or 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium perchlorate) long-lived metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited states are observed on both TiO2 and ZrO2. Addition of LiClO4 results in a red shift in the MLCT absorption and photoluminescence, PL, spectra on both TiO2 and ZrO2, and a concentration-dependent quenching of the PL intensity on TiO2. The Li+-induced spectroscopic changes were found to be reversible by varying the electrolyte composition. Time-resolved absorption measurements demonstrate that the presence of lithium cations increases the quantum yield for interfacial charge separation with no discernible influence on the rate of charge recombination. A second-order kinetic model quantified charge recombination transients. A model is proposed wherein Li+ ion adsorption ...
Highly-accelerated quantitative 2D and 3D localized spectroscopy with linear algebraic modeling (SLAM) and sensitivity encoding

Noninvasive magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) with chemical shift imaging (CSI) provides valuable metabolic information for research and clinical studies, but is often limited by long scan times. Recently, spectroscopy with linear algebraic modeling (SLAM) was shown to provide compartment-averaged spectra resolved in one spatial dimension with many-fold reductions in scan-time. This was achieved using a small subset of the CSI phase-encoding steps from central image k-space that maximized the signal-to-noise ratio. Here, SLAM is extended to two- and three-dimensions (2D, 3D). In addition, SLAM is combined with sensitivity-encoded (SENSE) parallel imaging techniques, enabling the replacement of even more CSI phase-encoding steps to further accelerate scan-speed. A modified SLAM reconstruction algorithm is introduced that significantly reduces the effects of signal nonuniformity within compartments. Finally, main-field inhomogeneity corrections are provided, analogous to CSI. These methods are all tested on brain proton MRS data from a total of 24 patients with brain tumors, and in a human cardiac phosphorus 3D SLAM study at 3T. Acceleration factors of up to 120-fold versus CSI are demonstrated, including speed-up factors of 5-fold relative to already-accelerated SENSE CSI. Brain metabolites are quantified in SLAM and SENSE SLAM spectra and found to be indistinguishable from CSI measures from the same compartments. The modified reconstruction algorithm demonstrated immunity to maladjusted segmentation and errors from signal heterogeneity in brain data. In conclusion, SLAM demonstrates the potential to supplant CSI in studies requiring compartment-average spectra or large volume coverage, by dramatically reducing scan-time while providing essentially the same quantitative results.
Tuber yield, soft rot resistance, bruising resistance and processing quality in a population of potato (cv. crystal) somaclones

Several important postharvest characteristics were evaluated in protoplast-derived somaclones after two consecutive growing seasons (1987, 1988). None of the somaclones had tuber yields significantly greater than the protoplast donor Crystal mother clone (MC), however, 8 of 37 clones had significantly lower yields. Of the 25 somaclones selected forErwinia soft rot resistance testing, 1 clone demonstrated significantly elevated resistance to soft rot while 12 clones were found to be significantly more susceptible relative to MC. Over half (20) of the 33 somaclones tested showed significant improvement in resistance to tuber bruising while only a single clone was more susceptible than MC. Based upon Agtron color analysis, 5 somaclones showed significantly enhanced chip color when processed directly out of cold storage (6 C). Six clones had significantly improved chip color after a reconditioning period (20 C). Four of the clones with significantly better cold processing characteristics were also among the 6 with significantly enhanced processing quality after reconditioning. Some clones showed improvement in two or more characteristics. Clone 72–93 had significantly elevated resistance to both bacterial soft rot and tuber bruising while the bruise resistant clones 74-14, 71-41, 71-18 and 71-2 demonstrated significant improvement in both cold and reconditioned processing characteristics.
Comparison of S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) and N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) Protective Effects on Hepatic Damage when Administered After Acetaminophen Overdose

In the clinical setting, antidotes are generally administered after the occurrence of a drug overdose. Therefore, the most pertinent evaluation of any new agent should model human exposure. This study tested whether acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity was reversed when S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) was administered after APAP exposure, similar to what occurs in clinical situations. Comparisons were made for potency between SAMe and N-acetylcysteine (NAC), the current treatment for APAP toxicity. Male C57BL/6 mice were fasted overnight and divided into groups: control (VEH), SAMe treated (SAMe), APAP treated (APAP), N-acetylcysteine treated (NAC), SAMe or NAC administered 1 h after APAP (SAMe+APAP) and (NAC+APAP), respectively. Mice were injected Intraperitoneal (ip) with water (VEH) or 250 mg/kg APAP (15 ml/kg). One 1h later, mice were injected (ip) with 1.25 mmol/kg SAMe (SAMe+APAP) or NAC (NAC+APAP). Hepatotoxicity was evaluated 4 h after APAP or VEH treatment. APAP induced centrilobular necrosis, increased liver weight and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels, depressed total hepatic glutathione (GSH), increased protein carbonyls and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) adducted proteins. Treatment with SAMe 1 hr after APAP overdose (SAMe+APAP) was hepatoprotective and was comparable to NAC+APAP. Treatment with SAMe or NAC 1 h after APAP was sufficient to return total hepatic glutathione (GSH) to levels comparable to the VEH group. Western blot showed reversal of APAP mediated effects in the SAMe+APAP and NAC+APAP groups. In summary, SAMe was protective when given 1 h after APAP and was comparable to NAC.
Chungking express: Walking with a map of desire in the mirage of the global city

(2001). Chungking express: Walking with a map of desire in the mirage of the global city. Quarterly Review of Film and Video: Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 129-142.
Cerebral Blood Flow Autoregulation Is Preserved After Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest

Background Patients undergoing aortic operations with hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA) may require prolonged rewarming, a maneuver associated with impaired cerebral blood flow (CBF) autoregulation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of HCA on CBF autoregulation with a validated method based on near-infrared spectroscopy. Methods Regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSco 2 ) was monitored in 25 patients undergoing aortic reconstructive operations. HCA was used in 13 patients. Autoregulation was measured continuously during the operation by calculating the linear correlation coefficient between low-frequency changes in rSco 2 and mean arterial pressure (MAP), generating the variable cerebral oximetry index (COx). When CBF autoregulation is functional, COx is near 0, because CBF and MAP are not correlated, but approaches 1 when autoregulation is impaired (ie, CBF is pressure passive). On the basis of prior studies, impaired autoregulation was defined as COx exceeding 0.3. Results COx did not differ between HCA and non-HCA groups before cardiopulmonary bypass or during the cooling phase of the operation, although the lower limit of autoregulation tended to be lower in patients before HCA ( p = 0.053). During patient rewarming, COx was lower in the HCA group ( p = 0.045), and abnormal COx was less frequent (31% vs 75%, p = 0.047) compared with the non-HCA group. Conclusions During aortic reconstructive operations, CBF autoregulation is preserved during the cooling phase of the procedure in patients undergoing HCA. Perfusion maneuvers associated with HCA may be protective against impaired autoregulation during rewarming compared with the non-HCA group.
Role of damping in state-switched absorber for vibration control

A state-switched device is conceptually capable of instantaneously changing its mass, stiffness, or damping. Such a device will exhibit different dynamical response properties (modes and resonance frequencies) depending on its current state. A state-switched vibration absorber exploits the state-switching concept for the purposes of enhanced vibration suppression. Between each state switch, it is fundamentally a passive vibration absorber, but one which exhibits a different tuning frequency for each possible state. A state-switched vibration absorber therefore has a greater effective bandwidth than a classical passive absorber. This paper considers the role of damping in the state-switching concept for a simple one-degree of freedom system and for a two-degree of freedom system. Certain values of damping in the system improve performance, while other values hinder the performance of the state-switched absorber, as compared to classical absorbers. The predicted performance of the system also depends upon the particular damping model used, such as proportional, viscous, or modal damping. Damping values also affect the frequency of switch events that occur during the response of the system. In general, a state-switched absorber with optimized damping is more effective at vibration suppression as compared to a classical vibration absorber with optimized damping.
Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome

The Papillon-Lefevre syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by diffuse palmoplantar keratoderma and premature loss of both the deciduous and the permanent teeth. We report two female patients with PapillonLefevre syndrome in whom treatment with oral isotretinoin produced remarkable improvement of the keratoderma within 2 weeks. (J Am Acad Dermatol 15:46-49, 1986.)
The kinetics of the removal of the N‐methyltrityl (Mtt) group during the synthesis of branched peptides

The purpose of this short communication is to describe the reaction rate for the removal of the N-methyltrityl (Mtt) protecting group that is used in solid-phase peptide synthesis for the production of branched and cyclic peptides. The reaction rate was observed to follow zero-order kinetics, and we suggest the optimal conditions for the removal of the Mtt group in batchwise synthesis.
An AAC Training Program for Special Education Teachers: A Case Study of Palestinian Arab Teachers in Israel

We present an augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) training program provided to 20 special education teachers in a Palestinian Arab community in Israel. The training program consisted of didactic workshops interleaved with on-site supervision. Instructional goals included creating awareness, imparting knowledge, and assisting teachers to develop and use AAC within their classrooms. Prior to training, we administered a questionnaire to assess teachers' knowledge, practices, and attitudes in relation to AAC. The questionnaire was re-administered and individual interviews were conducted post-training to determine the program's impact on knowledge, practices, and attitude barriers. Teachers' responses revealed that training helped them to address barriers to AAC intervention. The responses also provided insights into the linguistic and cultural challenges of AAC implementation within the Palestinian Arab community.
Assessing the Use of Diurnal Resting Shelters by Culiseta melanura (Diptera: Culicidae)

Twenty resting shelters were set on the edge of a known Culiseta breeding habitat in four groups of five to support a 4 x 4 Latin square field experiment. Collection times were 0900, 1100, 1300, and 1500 hours and systematically rotated for the order by which each group of five boxes was collected. Mosquitoes were collected from resting shelters by chloroform anesthetization. Collections were identified to species, sex, and physiological status of the females (nonblooded or blood-fed and gravid). More than 77% of the mosquitoes collected were Culiseta melanura (Coquillett). Analyses included means and SE for total collections and shelter-day (number collected per units) and means comparison by t-test and general linear model with Student-Newman-Keuls or least significant differences means tests for replicate, group, time, and interactions of time and group. There were few significant differences among or between shelter-day means but more blood-fed and gravid female Cs. melanura were collected at 1300 hours than any other time. Results confirm the effectiveness of resting shelters in a surveillance program for Cs. melanura, demonstrate the flexibility of resting shelters as a surveillance tool, and suggest that Cs. melanura will move to more acceptable resting sites during daylight.
Studying Firm Locations: Survey Responses vs. Econometric Models

Can economic development planners trust the information gleaned from surveys? What this paper does is to answer this question compare a set of survey answers to measured variables in order to explore the extent to which survey answers are valid and reliable. We have answers from 217 firms regarding reasons for choosing a particular city in the Chicago suburbs, and also information from a statistical database on the cities themselves, such as tax rates, highway access, distance to airport, etc. With these two sets of data, we can ask whether survey answers regarding the importance of various factors reflect firm behavior. For example, “did establishments which responded that highway access was important actually locate in a city with good highway access?“
The Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor Induces Physiological Heart Growth via the Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase(p110α) Pathway

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) was considered a potential candidate for the treatment of heart failure. However, some animal studies and clinical trials have questioned whether elevating IGF1 chronically is beneficial. Secondary effects of increased serum IGF1 levels on other tissues may explain these unfavorable results. The aim of the current study was to examine the role of IGF1 in cardiac myocytes in the absence of secondary effects, and to elucidate downstream signaling pathways and transcriptional regulatory effects of the IGF1 receptor (IGF1R). Transgenic mice overexpressing IGF1R in the heart displayed cardiac hypertrophy, which was the result of an increase in myocyte size, and there was no evidence of histopathology. IGF1R transgenics also displayed enhanced systolic function at 3 months of age, and this was maintained at 12-16 months of age. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt-p70S6K1 pathway was significantly activated in hearts from IGF1R transgenics. Cardiac hypertrophy induced by overexpression of IGF1R was completely blocked by a dominant negative PI3K(p110α) mutant, suggesting IGF1R promotes compensated cardiac hypertrophy in a PI3K(p110α)-dependent manner. This study suggests that targeting the cardiac IGF1R-PI3K(p110α) pathway could be a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of heart failure.
The relationship between creativity, social play, and children's language abilities

In this study, we explore the interconnectedness between children's creativity, social play, and language abilities. The participants were 225 (109 girls, 116 boys) preschool children, from diverse European American, African American, and Hispanic ethnic heritages. We assessed the children in three ways. First, each child completed the Goodenough Harris Draw a Person task as a measure of creativity. Second, we recorded observations of children's social play using time sampling techniques and Howes and Matheson's Peer Play Scale. Finally, performance on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT-IV) served as a measure of receptive vocabulary. Correlation analyses revealed a clear relationship between certain types of social play and creativity. For example, higher incidences of solitary, onlooker, and parallel aware play appeared to connect to lower creativity scores. In addition, children's receptive or hearing vocabulary related to specific types of social play, that is, higher instances of parallel play...
Optical surface measurements for very large flat mirrors

Flat mirrors as large as 4 meters in diameter can be manufactured to high accuracy, limited by the surface metrology. We present metrology systems that are specifically optimized for measuring very large flats to high accuracy. A large aperture vibration insensitive Fizeau interferometer combined with stitching software provides high resolution surface measurements. Low order shape errors can be measured using scanning slope measurements from precision inclinometers or an autocollimator with scanning pentaprism.
Core Sequences and a Cleavage Site Wobble Pair Required for HDV Antigenomic Ribozyme Self-Cleavage

The secondary structures proposed for the cis-acting hepatitis delta virus (HDV) ribozymes contain four duplex regions, three sequences joining the duplexes and two hairpin loops. The core and active site of the ribozyme could be formed by portions of the joining sequences, J1/4 and J4/2, together with one of the hairpin loops, L3. To establish the core region and define essential bases within this putative active site 28 single base changes at 15 positions were made and tested for effects on ribozyme cleavage. At 14 of the 15 positions all of the changes resulted in detectable decreased rates of cleavage. At seven of the positions one or more of the changes resulted in a 500-fold or greater decrease in the observed rate constant for cleavage. Mutations that resulted in 10(3)-fold effects were found in all three regions hypothesized to form the core. At the cleavage site substitutions of the cytosine 5' of the site of cleavage did not provide strong support for a sequence-specific interaction involving this nucleotide. In contrast, an A-C combination was the most effective substitution for a potential G-U pair 3' of the cleavage site, suggesting a requirement for a wobble pair at that position.
Trans-Subsystem Dynamics: Policy Topography, Mass Opinion, and Policy Change

We argue that the treatment of trans-subsystem change, and particularly the role of public opinion in fostering such change, within the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) has been underspecified. We propose a model of “policy topography” that combines the concepts of public opinion, clusters of linked subsystems, and policy issue venues. While the ACF has characterized subsystems as relatively self-contained, we argue that they are more usefully understood as operating in a relatively permeable fashion among evolving clusters of subsystems linked together by networked relations, strategically overlapping policy considerations, and public opinion disruptions. The “policy topography” model offers opportunities to assess the relationships across policy subsystems, and to better specify the critical relationship between public policy and mass opinions. We offer examples, and suggest hypotheses along with avenues for appropriate empirical analysis.
Adenoid basal lesions of the uterine cervix: evolving terminology and clinicopathological concepts.

The epithelial proliferations that are designated adenoid basal carcinoma (ABC) in the current classification from the World Health Organization represent 15%). The biologic course of ABCs that are associated with separate malignancies is largely dependent on the clinicopathologic parameters of the associated malignancies. Morphologically pure lesions, in contrast, have largely been associated with favorable patient outcomes, as none of the 66 reported patients have experienced tumor recurrence, metastases or tumor-associated death, irrespective of the modality of treatment. Although the finding of genome integrated high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types and p53 alterations in adenoid basal lesions (ABL) argue in support of their neoplastic nature, we identified no lines evidence that suggest an inherent malignancy for morphologically pure lesions. The finding of morphologic transitions between ABLs and conventional malignancies and shared HPV types in these areas, suggest that ABLs have some malignant potential. However, the precise magnitude of this potential is not readily quantifiable and should not dictate the management of morphologically pure lesions that are entirely evaluable. ABLs continue to occupy a unique position in human oncology in which the term carcinoma (without an in-situ suffix) is applied to a tumor that has not been shown to recur, metastasize or cause death. We concur with a previous proposal that the term ABC should be discarded and replaced with Adenoid Basal Epithelioma (ABE). In our opinion, there is insufficient evidence at present time to expose patients with morphologically pure lesions to the ominous implications – social, psychological, medical, financial – of a "carcinoma" diagnosis. Morphologically impure lesions should not be designated ABC or ABE. Furthermore, given the uncertainties regarding the frequency with which ABE are associated with separate malignancies, we suggest that the ABE designation only be applied when the tumor in question is entirely evaluable e.g in a hysterectomy specimen or in an excisional biopsy with negative margins. Otherwise, the generic designation Adenoid Basal Tumor is preferable. This approach strikes an appropriate balance between the need to prevent over-treatment of pure lesions on one hand, and the need to ensure that the lesions are indeed pure on the other.
High-Fidelity Simulations for Maneuvering Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle Configurations

In this paper a high-order computational method for the highly unsteady, complex vortical flows over unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV) like configurations is presented. A sixth-order compact difference scheme with an eighth-order low pass filter is used to solve the Navier-Stokes equations. An implicit large-eddy simulation (ILES) method which exploits the high-order accuracy of the compact difference scheme and uses the discriminating higher-order filter to regularize the flow is used to model the transition and turbulence in these highly separated flows. This computational approach is applied to the detailed characterization of the flowfield over a low sweep delta wing at moderate Reynolds numbers and both low and moderate freestream Mach numbers. Computations exploring the control of the vortical flows above a swept delta wing by use of a dialectric-barrier-discharge (DBD) actuator are also presented. With the actuator located near the apex, significant movement of the vortex breakdown location and a dramatic transformation of the shear-layer sub-structures are demonstrated.
Effects of lung inflation on longitudinal distribution of pulmonary vascular resistance

A low-viscosity bolus technique was employed to determine the influence of lung inflation on the distribution of pulmonary vascular resistance in isolated cat lungs. When the lungs were collapsed, the longitudinal distribution of resistance was concentrated near the proximal (arterial) part of the vascular bed. As the lungs were inflated, the resistance became more evenly distributed with the maximum located close to the midpoint of the total blood volume. The fraction of total pressure drop across the lung which occurred proximal to the midpoint of the total lung blood volume decreased from 0.69 in the collapsed lung to 0.43 at a transpulmonary pressure of 16 cmH2O.
P4D-4 Image Reconstruction of Moderate Contrast Targets Using the Distorted Born Iterative Method

Ultrasonic tomography using inverse scattering, i.e., the distorted Born iterative method (DBIM), allows for the quantitative image reconstruction of mechanical properties of materials. The use of multi-frequency information has been proposed to avoid convergence issues for targets with moderate speed of sound contrasts Deltac (i.e., targets for which the excess phase Deltaphi when propagating through the object is larger than pi) but not validated experimentally. Furthermore, DBIM has to be regularized due to its ill-conditioning. To experimentally validate DBIM for use in ultrasonic tomography, a systematic procedure to choose the regularization parameter based on the Rayleigh quotient iteration was developed and images of objects with moderate Deltac were reconstructed. The performance of DBIM using the developed regularization scheme was studied through: 1) Simulations of a two dimensional (2D) phantom (Deltaphi= 2.14pi) with inclusions smaller than a wavelength, 2) Experiments with a balloon phantom with high Deltac with scattered data collected at 0.64 MHz (Deltaphi=0.84pi) and 1.2 MHz (Deltaphi=1.6pi), and 3) Three dimensional (3D) reconstruction of a moderate contrast sphere (Deltaphi=1.32pi). The 2D and 3D multi-frequency DBIM simulations were successfully stabilized by the proposed regularization scheme as evidenced by the low reconstruction mean square errors (MSEs) (Deltac MSE=9% for 2D and 15% for 3D) and the detection of the sub-wavelength inclusions in the 2D reconstruction. In experiments, the measured scattered fields agreed well with the predicted scattered fields from the phantom model (MSE=4% for 0.64 MHz and MSE=7.8% for 1.2 MHz). The MSE of the reconstructed image using only the experimental data at 0.64 MHz was 19%. Using the experimental data at 1.2 MHz to refine the 0.64 MHz reconstruction allowed the MSE to be reduced to 12%, and improved the spatial resolution as evidenced by the reduced edge blurring.
A Finite Element Analysis of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Deformation

Chandraseker et al. (2009, "An Atomistic-Continuum Cosserat Rod Model of Carbon Nanotubes, " J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 57, pp. 932-958), in a 2009 JMPS paper, proposed an atomistic-continuum model, based on Cosserat rod theory, for deformation of a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT). This model allows extension and twist, as well as shear and bending (in two directions) of a SWNT. This present paper proposes a finite element method (FEM) implementation of the above mentioned Cosserat rod model for a SWNT, subjected, in general, to axial and transverse loads, as well as bending moments and torques. The resulting FEM implementation includes both geometric and material nonlinearities. Numerical results for several examples are presented in this paper. Finally, a recent experimental paper on SWNTs (Xu, Y-.Q., et al., 2009, "Bending and Twisting of Suspended Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Solution," ASAP Nano Lett., 9, pp. 1609-1614) is revisited herein. It is pointed out in the present paper that Xu et al. attempted to determine the bending stiffness of a SWNT from an experiment in which the dominant mode of deformation is stretching, not bending. (Their model, Euler-Bernoulli beam bending, should perhaps have been extended to include stretching.) As a result, their measured deflection is nearly insensitive to the bending modulus.
Optimization of /spl Lambda/-shaped molecules for second harmonic generation in media with nonpolar alignment

Summary form only given. Considerable effort has been directed towards creating organic nonlinear materials for second harmonic generation electro-optic control that would implement the non-vector irreducible components of the first hyperpolarizability tensor. In particular, the second-rank tensor component can give rise to macroscopic nonlinearity /spl chi//sup (2)/ in systems having chiral nonpolar symmetry of the bulk, such as D/sub /spl infin// or D/sub 2/. These types of alignment can be achieved in uniaxially or biaxially stretched chiral polymers, or in various uniaxial (N, SmA) and biaxial (SmC) liquid crystal phases. To make an efficient frequency conversion material, one has to optimize both the molecular response of the active chromophore and the macroscopic alignment scheme.
Behavior of oceanic crustal magnetization at high temperatures: Viscous magnetization and the marine magnetic anomaly source layer

Although the source layer for marine magnetic anomalies has been assumed to be the extrusive basalts of up- permost ocean crust, recent studies indicate that lower crustal rocks may also contribute. Because the temperature at which magnetization of crustal rocks achieves long-term stability is crucial to any source layer contribution, we undertook high- temperature VRM (viscous remanent magnetization) experi- ments on samples of basalt, dike and gabbroic sections. Sam- ples were heated at temperature intervals up to To, while a magnetic field was applied for periods between 6 hours and 28 days. Results show that the dike and gabbro samples achieve maximum VRM acquisition near 250oC, well below the Tc of 580oC. The basalt sample shows a peak at 68oC, also well below T. Results of this pilot study indicate that the critical isotherm for stable magnetization acquisition is de- fined by the VRM behavior of the specific crustal section.
Krox-20 controls SCIP expression, cell cycle exit and susceptibility to apoptosis in developing myelinating Schwann cells.

The transcription factors Krox-20 and SCIP each play important roles in the differentiation of Schwann cells. However, the genes encoding these two proteins exhibit distinct time courses of expression and yield distinct cellular phenotypes upon mutation. SCIP is expressed prior to the initial appearance of Krox-20, and is transient in both the myelinating and non-myelinating Schwann cell lineages; while in contrast, Krox-20 appears approximately 24 hours after SCIP and then only within the myelinating lineage, where its expression is stably maintained into adulthood. Similarly, differentiation of SCIP−/− Schwann cells appears to transiently stall at the promyelinating stage that precedes myelination, whereas Krox-20(−/−) cells are, by morphological criteria, arrested at this stage. These observations led us to examine SCIP regulation and Schwann cell phenotype in Krox-20 mouse mutants. We find that in Krox-20(−/−) Schwann cells, SCIP expression is converted from transient to sustained. We further observe that both Schwann cell proliferation and apoptosis, which are normal features of SCIP+ cells, are also markedly increased late in postnatal development in Krox-20 mutants relative to wild type, and that the levels of cell division and apoptosis are balanced to yield a stable number of Schwann cells within peripheral nerves. These data demonstrate that the loss of Krox-20 in myelinating Schwann cells arrests differentiation at the promyelinating stage, as assessed by SCIP expression, mitotic activity and susceptibility to apoptosis.
Fatty acid-binding protein activity in tissues from pigs fed diets containing 0 and 20% high oleate oil.

Eight pigs (four sets of littermates) were allotted to either a control sorghum-soybean meal diet or a test diet containing 20% caA±A³la oil. The pigs were slaugh tered at approximately 100 kg live weight. Subcutaneous adipose tissue, longissimus dorsi muscle and liversamples were collected immediately after slaughter. Fatty acid- binding protein (FABP) was measured in 104,000 x g supernatant fractions. Characterization of the FABP assay with liver supernatants indicated that FABP exhibited sig- moidal kinetics, with an apparent Kdof 0.75 (JIM. Doubling the protein amount in the assay did not affect the FABP activity. FABP was demonstrated in liver, with an activity of 3448 pmol bound/g liver, and in adipose tissue, with an activity of 276 pmol bound g adipose tissue. No activity was observed in the muscle tissue. FABP activity of liver and adipose tissue from swine fed 20% caA±A³la oil was higher on a per gram tissue basis than that in tissues from pigs fed the control diet J. Nutr. 117:2021 -2026,1987.
RNA interference–mediated simultaneous down-regulation of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor and cathepsin B induces caspase-8–mediated apoptosis in SNB19 human glioma cells

The invasive character of gliomas depends on proteolytic cleavage of the surrounding extracellular matrix. Cathepsin B and urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) together are known to be overexpressed in gliomas and, as such, are attractive targets for gene therapy. In the present study, we used plasmid constructs to induce the RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated down-regulation of uPAR and cathepsin B in SNB19 human glioma cells. We observed that the simultaneous down-regulation of uPAR and cathepsin B induces the up-regulation of proapoptotic genes and initiates a collapse in mitochondrial Deltapsi. Cathepsin B and uPAR down-regulated cells showed increases in the expression of activated caspase-8 and DFF40/caspase-activated DNase. Nuclear translocation of AIF and Fas ligand translocation to the cell membrane were also observed. Ki67 and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein levels decreased, thereby indicating apoptosis. These results suggest the involvement of uPAR-cathepsin B complex on the cell surface and its role in maintaining the viability of SNB19 glioma cells. In conclusion, RNAi-mediated down-regulation of uPAR and cathepsin B initiates a partial extrinsic apoptotic cascade accompanied by the nuclear translocation of AIF. Our study shows the potential of RNAi-mediated down-regulation of uPAR and cathepsin B in developing new therapeutics for gliomas.
Making Sense of Elegant Complexity in Design

abstract level. It also helps build function failure logic, facilitatingthe reasoning about potential faults and their propagation throughthe system. FFIP reveals mappings that are otherwise difﬁcult tosee in complex systems and provides an elegant simulationenvironment for early design stage analysis, and as such, makesreliability and risk analysis possible during the qualitative stagesof design. As we move into the more quantitative stages of design,additional complex research issues emerge as presented in the fol-lowing section.3.2 Modeling, Simulation, and Optimization of ComplexSystems in Later Design Stages. As noted by the editors of therecent special edition of the Journal of Mechanical Design onDesigning Complex Engineering System, multidisciplinary sys-tems are complex and multifaceted, they have emergent andunpredictable behavior, and their solutions must integrate knowl-edge from multiple disciplines while managing a wide range ofrisks and uncertainties [40]. Unfortunately, common approachesto solving these problems are ad hoc and reductionist, often result-ing in cost over-runs, schedule delays, and solutions that performpoorly. We have clearly reached the limits of what theseapproaches can do. To make progress, we need a more rigorousand deeper understanding of complex engineered systems andhow they should be designed; we need ﬁrmer foundations for ascience of design. The approaches presented in this section are allmotivated by providing rigorous approaches for complex systemsdesign from which elegant simplicity emerges in the accompany-ing formulation, solution, and/or insights.Not only have products and systems become more complex, butthe number and type of issues that must be accounted for in adesign process is staggering. For instance, while life-cycle productanalysis has been an active of research, intentionally designingproducts for rapid and easy recovery has become a rapidly grow-ing research ﬁeld. Considering product recovery requirementswhen the recovery is years, if not decades away, is in itself a verycomplex problem to model and solve. At the core of this issue arethe following questions:
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases Mediate Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Expression in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 has been linked to the progression of plaque rupture and intimal formation in arterial lesions. In this study, we determined which factors and signaling pathways are involved in regulating the MMP-9 gene. Rat carotid arterial smooth muscle cells treated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha showed a marked increase in MMP-9 activity and mRNA level, whereas platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) showed a slight induction of the MMP-9 mRNA level. TNF-alpha treatment caused an increase in c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activities, whereas PDGF treatment caused an increase in ERKs and p38 MAPK activities without any effect on JNK activity. Treatment with either SB203580 (inhibitor of p38 MAPK) or U0126 (inhibitor of the ERK pathway) downregulated the TNF-alpha-induced MMP-9 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment of cells with TNF-alpha and PDGF together stimulated the MMP-9 expression at a level higher than that observed with either factor alone, suggesting that TNF-alpha and PDGF have a synergistic effect on MMP-9 expression in arterial smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, suboptimal inhibitory concentrations of SB203580 and U0126 together almost completely inhibited the MMP-9 expression. These results suggest that p38 MAPK and ERK pathways contribute to the transcriptional regulation of MMP-9 in arterial smooth muscle cells.
Thrombospondin-1 regulation of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis is extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1/2 dependent.

Abstract Background: Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), an extracellular matrix protein, induces vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) chemotaxis. We hypothesized that extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), a pathway of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, is important in TSP-1–induced VSMC chemotaxis. Methods: A modified Boyden chamber was used to assess chemotaxis. First, a concentration curve was performed to determine the level for optimal TSP-1–induced chemotaxis. Then quiescent VSMCs were preincubated (30 minutes) in serum-free medium, dimethyl sulfoxide (the inhibitor vehicle), or PD98059 (10 μmol/L, an upstream inhibitor of ERK1/2). VSMCs (50,000 cells/well) with the appropriate preincubation were placed in the top chamber. The bottom chamber contained TSP-1 (20 μg/mL) or serum-free medium. Results were recorded as cells/5 fields (400×). Then quiescent VSMCs were exposed to TSP-1 (20 μg/mL) for 0, 1, 5, 10, 30, 120, or 300 minutes. Platelet-derived growth factor (10 ng/mL) was the positive control for ERK1/2 activation. Western blot analysis was performed for activated ERK1/2. All comparisons were made by a paired t test (n = 3). Results: TSP-1–induced chemotaxis peaks by a concentration of 20 μg/mL. PD98059 inhibited TSP-1–induced chemotaxis (P
ADHD With Comorbid Oppositional Defiant Disorder or Conduct Disorder Discrete or Nondistinct Disruptive Behavior Disorders

Objective: In children with ADHD who have comorbid disruptive behavior diagnoses distinctions between oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) remain unclear. The authors investigate differences between ODD and CD in a large clinical sample of children with ADHD. Method: Consecutively referred and systematically assessed male children and adolescents with either ADHD (n = 65), ADHD with ODD (n = 85), or ADHD with CD (n = 50) were compared using structured diagnostic interviews and parent, teacher, and clinician rating scales. Results: In children with ADHD, significant differences emerged between ODD and CD in the domains of delinquency, overt aggression, and ADHD symptom severity; ADHD with CD was most severe, followed by ADHD with ODD, and ADHD had the least severe symptoms. Distinctions between ADHD with CD and the other two groups were found for parenting, treatment history, and school variables. Conclusion: Within the limits of a cross-sectional methodology, results support clini...
Socioeconomic performance in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas during the 1980s

The socioeconomic gap between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas increased during the 1980s. The authors test three competing explanations for this trend during the 1980s : overdependence on manufacturing, especially in nonmetro labor markets, the emergence of producer services as a catalyst of socioeconomic growth, and federal spending. Using a model that is informed by a variety of perspectives in sociology and economic geography, and commuter zones (CZs) as spatial units of analysis, they estimate the effects of manufacturing concentration, producer service concentration, and federal spending on per capita income, per capita earnings, and private nonfarm employment growth during the 1983-1988 business cycle recovery. The OLS and interaction models show that all three factors help explain why metro areas outperformed nonmetro areas during this time period. The effects of producer service concentration, however, best fit with their expectations. Implications of their findings are discussed