cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multilayer Beams: A Geometrically Exact Formulation

We review and extend our recent work on a new theory of multilayer structures, with particular emphasis on sandwich beams/1-D plates. Both the formulation of the equations of motion in the general dynamic case and the computational formulation of the resulting nonlinear equations of equilibrium in the static case based on a Galerkin projection are presented. Finite rotations of the layer cross sections are allowed, with shear deformation accounted for in each layer. There is no restriction on the layer thickness; the number of layers can vary between one and three. The deformed profile of a beam cross section is continuous, piecewise linear, with a motion in 2-D space identical to that of a planar multibody system that consists of three rigid links connected by hinges. With the dynamics of this multi (rigid/flexible) body being referred directly to an inertial frame, the equations of motion are derived via the balance of (1) the rate of kinetic energy and the power of resultant contact (internal) forces/couples, and (2) the power of assigned (external) forces/couples. The present formulation offers a general method for analyzing the dynamic response of flexible multilayer structures undergoing large deformation and large overall motion. With the layersnot required to have equal length, the formulation permits the analysis of an important class of multilayer structures with ply drop-off. For sandwich structures, an approximated theory with infinitesimal relative outer-layer rotations superimposed onto finite core-layer rotation is deduced from the general nonlinear equations in a consistent manner. The classical linear theory of sandwich beams/1-D plates is recovered upon a consistent linearization. Using finite element basis functions in the Galerkin projection, we provide extensive numerical examples to verify the theoretical formulation and to illustrate its versatility.
Ample divisors on moduli spaces of pointed rational curves

The second author was partially supported by a Clay Mathematics Institute Liftoff Fellowship during the preparation of this paper.
Aqueous-phase hydrodeoxygenation of highly oxygenated aromatics on platinum

Utilization of renewable sugars from biomass by a hybrid chemical process produces highly oxygenated aromatic compounds, such as phloroglucinol, which require catalytic reduction for desirable aromatic products. Aqueous phase hydrodeoxygenation of phloroglucinol on carbon-supported platinum produces resorcinol, phenol, cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone, and 1,3-cyclohexanediol by combinations of carbon–oxygen bond cleavage and carbon–carbon double bond hydrogenation. Carbon–carbon σ-bond cleavage was not observed. Hydrodeoxygenation was the primary reaction of phloroglucinol, leading to the production of resorcinol in the overall rate-limiting reaction, with an activation energy barrier of Ea = 117 kJ mol−1. Subsequent reactions of resorcinol produced 1,3-cyclohexanediol and phenol with similar energy barriers, Ea = 46 and Ea = 54 kJ mol−1, respectively. Further hydrogenation of phenol (Ea = 42 kJ mol−1) occurs through the intermediate, cyclohexanone, which is further reduced (Ea = 14 kJ mol−1) to the dominant product, cyclohexanol.
The effect of age, pairing, copulation, and 2‐Br‐α‐ergocryptine in the male Mongolian gerbil on the prolactin cells in the anterior pituitary identified by immunocytochemical and Herlant's tetrachrome methods

Near-adjacent, midsagittal sections of pituitaries of infantile and adult male Mongolian gerbils in several experimental groups (bachelor, paired, tartaric acid-injected, postcopulatory gerbil, and postcopulatory animal injected with 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine [CB-154]), were stained by a modification of Herlant's tetrachrome and by the peroxidase-labeled antibody method for prolactin. Cell counts of erythrosinophils and cells immunoreactive for prolactin were made. Sequential staining procedures and thin adjacent sections were used to correlate the staining results. Erythrosinophils were very rare in the infant pituitaries; they increased (P less than .01) in numbers in bachelor pituitaries, remained at the same level (P greater than .05) in paired animals, increased (P less than .01) in the postcopulatory gerbils that were injected with tartaric acid, and increased much less (P less than .05) in postcopulatory males that were injected with CB-154. Prolactin cells were present in modest numbers in infant pituitaries; they increased (P less than .01); in bachelors and reached their highest number in paired animals (P less than .001); they remained unchanged (P greater than .05) in tartaric acid-injected postcopulatory animals but declined (P less than .001) in CB-154-injected, postcopulatory animals. The number of prolactin cells was always significantly greater (P less than .001) than the number of erythrosinophils. Correlative studies revealed the erythrosinophils, some of the light blue cells, and some of the chromophobes gave positive immunocytochemical reactions for prolactin. Apparently, CB-154 inhibited the erythrosinophils and the immunoreactive prolactin cells in the postcopulatory male gerbil, as indicated by a reduction in the number, size, and staining intensity of the cells.
Flocculation of suspensions containing nonionic surfactants by sorbitol

Aqueous suspensions of sulfamerazine, salicylamide, and butamben, containing either polysorbate 20 or polysorbate 80 as a wetting agent, were deflocculated. The presence of relatively high concentrations of sorbitol in the suspensions resulted in flocculation due to dehydration of surfactant polyoxyethylene groups (reflected by the cloud point). The critical flocculation concentration of sorbitol was reduced by raising the storage temperature, lowering the surfactant concentration, switching from polysorbate 80 to polysorbate 20, or adding sodium sulfate to the suspension formulation. Both the cloud point and the sorbitol critical flocculation concentration depended on the particular drug that was suspended. Methylparaben lowered the cloud point, suggesting that the choice of preservative could influence the suspension characteristics in certain cases. The various dehydrating influences were additive. By assuming that interparticle repulsion becomes neglible at the cloud point, it was possible to use cloud point curves to estimate the critical flocculation concentration of sorbitol.
Necessity of radiographs in the emergency department management of shoulder dislocations.

Abstract Study Objective: To determine the necessity of radiographs in the emergency department management of patients with suspected shoulder dislocation. Methods: A prospective, observational study was conducted at a university-affiliated, Level I trauma center ED with an emergency medicine residency program. Physicians entered all patients with a suspected shoulder dislocation and reported whether they were certain that the patient's shoulder was dislocated or reduced, before obtaining radiographs. Outcome measures were the assessments of joint position and the radiology reports of prereduction and postreduction films. Results: One hundred four patients were enrolled in the study, including 98 with shoulder dislocations, and 191 physician assessments were performed (96 prereduction, 95 postreduction). Twenty-eight patients had recurrent dislocations with an atraumatic mechanism (group 1), and 76 had no prior dislocation or a blunt mechanism of injury (group 2). There were no fractures in group 1 patients; the accuracy of confident assessments was 100% (95% confidence interval 92% to 100%). In group 2, the accuracy of confident assessments was 98% (95% confidence interval 94% to 100%). Incorrect assessments occurred only in patients with fractures. A derived algorithm would have reduced radiographs by 51%. Conclusion: Physicians are highly accurate in the clinical determination of shoulder dislocation and relocation. Radiographs should be obtained when the physician is uncertain of dislocation or reduction. Prereduction films should be obtained for patients with a blunt traumatic mechanism of injury, and postreduction for those found to have a fracture-dislocation. However, postreduction films add little in patients without fractures, and neither prereduction nor postreduction films are likely to affect the ED management of patients with recurrent dislocation by an atraumatic mechanism. Prospective validation of the derived algorithm is suggested. [Hendey GW. Necessity of radiographs in the emergency department management of shoulder dislocations. Ann Emerg Med. August 2000;36:108-113.]
Evaluation of introduction procedures in captive chimpanzees

Chimpanzee introductions can be stressful and even dangerous for the individuals involved, and different facilities use different approaches to group formation. However, little empirical evidence has been available to evaluate the different factors related to successful or unsuccessful chimpanzee introductions. This study evaluated a variety of factors, such as age, sex, previous experience, and the behavior displayed during the initial introduction period, to determine any influence on the outcome of the introduction in 165 dyadic introduction events. The direct introduction of one chimpanzee to a group or to another individual resulted in an overall success rate of 86.7%. The first few social interactions were characterized by more aggressive and submissive behavior than afffiliative behavior, but this trend was quickly reversed. Unsuccessful outcomes were more common if wounding occurred, if either individual was male, and if the newcomer had high levels of submissive behavior. Among male chimpanzees, the behaviors during the first 10 min of the introductions were characterized by more submissive behavior of the newcomer and more aggressive behavior of the introduction partner. The frequency of aggression by the introduction partner was higher when the newcomer was introduced to one chimpanzee at a time rather than to the group as a whole. This information may have important consequences for how we view chimpanzee group formation, and factors such as previous experience and aggression may be less important than the method of introduction and the level of submissive behavior. Zoo Biol 16:335–342, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Seasonal variations in sulfate, nitrate and chloride in the greenland ice sheet: Relation to atmospheric concentrations

Samples from three snowpits near Dye 3 in South Greenland have been used to study seasonal variations in contaminant transport from the atmosphere to the Ice Sheet. The snowpits cover the years 1982–1987. The samples have been dated by comparing δ18O values with meteorological data from Dye 3. Airborne concentrations of SO2−4 over the Ice Sheet have been estimated for the dates corresponding to each snowpit sample by statistically analyzing data from several air monitoring stations throughout the Arctic, and computing average values from the appropriate stations. Seasonal variations in concentrations in air, concentrations in snow, and mass-basis scavenging ratios (concentration in snow divided by concentration in air) have been identified. Results indicate that concentrations of SO2−4in the air show a strong peak in late February, resulting from long-range transport of mid-latitude anthropogenic emissions, while those in the snow show a broad peak in January, February and March with smaller seasonal variation overall. The smaller variation in the snow is attributed in part to the effect of riming, which results in more efficient scavenging during warm weather when airborne concentrations are low. The importance of riming is also supported by the annual cycle in scavenging ratio which peaks in mid-summer coincident with maximum temperatures. In agreement with previous estimates, dry deposition appears to account for 10–30% of the total SO2−4 in the snow. Concentrations of NO−3 in the snow show a strong peak in summer; natural material from the stratosphere as well as anthropogenic emissions transported from the mid-latitudes may be responsible. Concentrations of Cl− in the snow are maximum in January, with relatively high concentrations during October through March and a smaller peak in July. The winter peak is believed to reflect long-range transport (LRT) of marine aerosol from north Atlantic storms, while the summer peak is attributed to seaspray from nearby coastal Greenland. Riming also may influence the seasonal variations in NO−3 and Cl− in the snow.
Hemispheric asymmetry in the processing of high and low spatial frequencies: A facial recognition task.

Abstract The research investigated the relationship between spatial frequency and visual field in a facial recognition task. Faces of neutral affect (Ekman, 1979) were tachistoscopically presented to the right or left visual field. The faces were presented alone, or masked with square wave gratings of 1, 24, or 48 cycles/degree, for a duration of 10 msec. Accuracy in recognizing each target face from a group of five served as the dependent measure. Subjects were 15 males and 15 females. ANOVA results included a frequency × visual field interaction effect ( p
The ISSN Network as an Example of International Cooperative Cataloging

The primary role of the ISSN Register, the ISSN Network's international database of ISSN records, is to serve as in international authority file of ISSN, key titles, and linking ISSN. This almost 1.5 million-record database also contains descriptive cataloging information contributed over the course of 35+ years by an increasing number of ISSN centers, currently numbering 87. This article examines the ISSN Network as a cooperative cataloging venture, highlighting its atypical features and pointing out where those features have anticipated some current trends. For example, ISSN centers are located mainly in national libraries but also in non-library centers such as scientific and technical organizations; centers may work directly in the ISSN database or in local or cooperative databases; ISSN centers use a variety of cataloging rules to create national or local records which are then exported to the international database in several possible formats. ISSN records are “language neutral,” relying on coding t...
A Framework for Nurse Staffing in Long-term Care Facilities

Nurse staffing is complex and requires the nurse administrator to consider multiple factors. The Framework for Nurse Staffing in Long-term Care (LTC) Facilities provides a comprehensive perspective of those factors and their interrelatedness. The purpose of the framework is to provide nurse administrators and managers with ways to analyze and evaluate nurse staffing in their own facilities and develop solutions and approaches that are specific to their needs and circumstances. The framework also can serve as the basis for developing and testing research questions that will guide nurse administrators in making informed decisions to determine, allocate, and deliver the resources necessary to provide quality care for residents.
Characterizing dietary intake and physical activity affecting weight gain in kidney transplant recipients.

Context—Weight gain after kidney transplantation affects 50% to 90% of kidney transplant recipients. Factors leading to weight gain in recipients are thought to include a change in lifestyle (eg, dietary intake and physical activity), age, race, sex, and immunosuppressant medications.Objective—To examine dietary intake and physical activity of kidney transplant recipients at baseline and 3 and 6 months after transplantation to identify contributing factors to weight gain.Design—Descriptive, correlational study using secondary data from a larger parent study examining genetic and environmental contributors to weight gain after kidney transplantation.Participants and Setting—Forty-four kidney transplant recipients at a mid-South university hospital-based transplant institute who had dietary intake, physical activity, and clinical data at baseline and 3 and 6 months were included.Main Outcome Measures—Dietary intake, physical activity, weight, and body mass index.Results—Mean weight gain increased by 6% from...
On numerical methods of solving the Cauchy singular integral equation

Abstract Several quadrature-collocation schemes to solve the singular integral equation with Cauchy principal value integral are analysed. In the case of 1-index the closed form of the minimum norm least squares solution of a singular system of algebraic equations is discussed, and the convergence of the least squares solution is proved. For 0-index the Gauss-Jacobi schemes are examined. The closed forms of the inverse matrices are found useful to establish the convergence.
The Soviet Counterinsurgency in the Western Borderlands

The Soviet counterinsurgency in the western borderlands, by Alexander Statiev, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2010, 384 pp., US$95.00 (hardcover), ISBN 978-0521768337 The post–World War II a...
The effectiveness of multigrade schools in Colombia

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of the Colombian New School ( Escuela Nueva) program in raising student achievement in Spanish and mathematics. Typical program strategies include multigrade instruction, flexible student promotion, and community involvement. The paper finds that New Schools are better endowed with inputs like textbooks and place greater emphasis on active learning than traditional rural schools. Nevertheless, many New Schools have not implemented all the reforms. New Schools are found to have positive and statistically significant effects on Spanish and mathematics achievement in third grade and Spanish in fifth grade. Findings replicate previous evaluations. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved
Abstract 1944:In vitroanalysis of suicide gene expression and function in human T lymphocytes transduced to express a tumor targeted chimeric antigen receptor

Adoptive infusion of T cells genetically modified to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) targeted to tumor associated antigens (TAAs) is a promising novel approach to cancer therapy. However, in light of the fact that most TAAs targeted by such modified T cells are expressed, at least to some degree, by normal tissues as well as the fact that clinical experience with this technology is limited, safeguards are needed in the form of additional expression of transduced suicide genes by these T cells to allow for the efficient in vivo abrogation of infused T cells in the setting of unanticipated adverse events which may develop in the context of planned clinical trials. Herein we report the in vitro function of 3 different suicide genes each initially inserted distal to a CAR gene and an IRES (internal ribosome entry site) element cloned into the SFG retroviral vector. Specifically, in this study we evaluated the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK SR39), E. coli derived nitroreductase (NTR), and inducible caspase-9 (iCasp-9). We initially found that all 3 suicide genes functioned sub-optimally in the second position of these IRES based bicistronic vectors. In order to enhance suicide gene expression we deleted the IRES elements replacing them with 2A linker peptides, which significantly improved gene expression and the cell growth inhibition upon the addition of respective substrate. In PG13 cells transduced with SFG 1928z. IRES. NTR we found 40% inhibition at 5mM of metronidazole (MTZ), but 90% in PG13 cells transduced with SFG 1928.2A.NTR. Similarly, PG13 (1928z.IRES.HSV-TK) fibroblasts exhibited 60% inhibition at 1µM of ganciclovir compared to 85% inhibition of PG13 (1928z.2A.HSV-TK) fibroblasts. Consistent with these findings, we found that human T cells transduced with either 1928z.2A.NTR or 1928z.2A.HSV-TK demonstrated 90% and 88% inhibition respectively at similar substrate concentrations. In light of this encouraging in vitro data, we are currently in the process of assessing respective suicide gene function in vivo using a syngeneic, immune-competent mouse model recently developed in our laboratory. Ultimately we anticipate that these studies will allow us to rationally select the optimal suicide gene-prodrug combination to be incorporated into future clinical trials utilizing gene modified tumor targeted T cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1944.
Multiparameter Entanglement in Femtosecond Parametric Down Conversion

A theory of spontaneous parametric down-conversion, which gives rise to a quantum state that is entangled in multiple parameters, such as three-dimensional wave vector and polarization, allows us to understand the unusual characteristics of fourth-order quantum interference in many experiments, including ultrafast type-II parametric down-conversion, the specific example illustrated in this paper. The comprehensive approach provided here permits the engineering of quantum states suitable for quantum-information schemes and quantum technologies.
Resonances in electromagnetic scattering by objects with negative absorption

This is a numerical study of electromagnetic scattering by particles exhibiting negative absorption, i.e., with refractive index m = n(1 + κi), where the time dependence is exp(+iωt). The particle is a homogeneous circular cylinder. The stimulating incident plane wave travels perpendicularly to the cylinder axis. The scattering, amplification, and extinction cross sections as well as the differential scattering cross sections were evaluated for n = 1.50 over the nκ = 0.001–1 range for the size parameter up to α = 50, where α = 2πa/λ (a is the radius and λ is the wavelength). In some cases results were obtained for much larger values of α. The most remarkable finding was the occurrence of sharp resonances. Not only does this provide for large amplification of the scattered radiation traveling outward as spherical waves (for 3-D objects) or as cylindrical waves (for 2-D objects), but, because of the occurrence of negative extinction cross sections, it may also result in amplification of the incident plane wave. The present formalism (Lorenz-Mie for spheres; Rayleigh for cylinders) implies a particular and highly contrived mechanism for pumping and stimulation. However, the formalism may be extended to other particular mechanisms.
Blockade of mu-opioid receptors in the medial thalamus inhibits acquisition, but not expression, of morphine-induced conditioned place preference

The medial thalamus contains abundant mu-opioid receptors and is activated by acute morphine administration. However, the role of the medial thalamus in the rewarding effects of morphine is unclear. The present study examined whether mu-opioid receptors of the medial thalamus influenced the acquisition and expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats. An unbiased apparatus and biased subject assignment were used. Administration of morphine in increasing doses (2 mg/kg, 4 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, s.c.) was paired with an initially non-preferred chamber and saline administration was paired with an initially preferred chamber. Conditioning trials were conducted twice daily for 4 days. Microinjection of the irreversible mu-opioid receptor antagonist, beta-funaltrexamine (5 microg/rat), into the medial thalamus 23 h prior to each morphine conditioning completely blocked the acquisition of CPP. However, microinjection of beta-funaltrexamine into the medial thalamus after morphine conditioning trials, but 23 h prior to a test session, had no effect on the expression of CPP. It is concluded that mu-opioid receptors in the rat medial thalamus are involved in the acquisition, but not expression, of morphine-induced CPP.
Issues in cDNA microarray analysis: quality filtering, channel normalization, models of variations and assessment of gene effects

We consider the problem of comparing the gene expression levels of cells grown under two different conditions using cDNA microarray data. We use a quality index, computed from duplicate spots on the same slide, to filter out outlying spots, poor quality genes and problematical slides. We also perform calibration experiments to show that normalization between fluorescent labels is needed and that the normalization is slide dependent and non-linear. A rank invariant method is suggested to select non-differentially expressed genes and to construct normalization curves in comparative experiments. After normalization the residuals from the calibration data are used to provide prior information on variance components in the analysis of comparative experiments. Based on a hierarchical model that incorporates several levels of variations, a method for assessing the significance of gene effects in comparative experiments is presented. The analysis is demonstrated via two groups of experiments with 125 and 4129 genes, respectively, in Escherichia coli grown in glucose and acetate.
Asthma and obesity: Common early-life influences in the inception of disease

The respective prevalences of both asthma and obesity have seen a significant rise in the past few decades. Although the association between these 2 conditions has been found in many studies from different areas around the world, the exact mechanisms for how this association arises remains unresolved. Because both asthma and obesity appear to have their beginnings in early childhood, common exposures that predispose individuals to both these conditions may explain how they are associated. These exposures include common genetic predictors, prenatal exposure to specific nutrients and overall maternal nutrition, patterns of colonization of the neonatal and infant gut, birth weight and infant weight gain, sedentary behaviors, and levels of adipokines in early life.
Molecular Theories of Segmental Dynamics and Mechanical Response in Deeply Supercooled Polymer Melts and Glasses

We review recent progress in developing statistical mechanical theories for the slow activated segmental dynamics and mechanical response of deeply supercooled polymer melts and glasses. The focus is polymer-based predictive approaches and uniquely macromolecular aspects. We summarize the central concepts that underlie two prominent polymer theories in the molten state and critically discuss their key predictions and confrontation with experiment. The influence of anisotropic conformation and interchain packing on the emergence of activated glassy dynamics in oriented polymer liquid crystals and deformed rubber networks is discussed. In quenched nonequilibrium glass, the temperature dependence of segmental relaxation qualitatively changes, and physical aging commences. A very recent theory for the dramatic effects of external stress on polymer glasses is summarized, including acceleration of relaxation, yielding, plastic flow, and strain hardening. The review concludes with a discussion of some outstandin...
Fear of anxiety as a partial mediator of the relation between trauma severity and PTSD symptoms

Fear of anxiety has previously been found to be a predictor of overall symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The current exploratory study examines the relationship between fear of anxiety and symptoms of PTSD in a sample of adults exposed to Hurricane Katrina. Fear of anxiety was found to partially mediate the relationship between the severity of trauma and the severity of PTSD. Further, this mediation was found to operate differently by gender, with the mediation holding true for men but not for women. For both men and women, fear of anxiety was positively correlated with PTSD symptoms.
The Legacy of Activity-Based Costing: Addressing the Need for a Hybrid Methodology for Costs Allocation

This paper introduces the historical development of concepts and techniques in managerial accounting that have shifted management paradigms toward alternative methods of costs allocation. In addition, the paper evaluates past, current, and future trends in managerial accounting techniques and their influence on companies throughout the United States. The objective of this analysis is to provide activity-based cost accounting users with a better, more focused perspective on how to transition their current accounting systems into the future based upon these paradigm shifts. Activity-Based Costing (ABC) has demonstrated positive results for the companies that made it through the implementation process. As will be demonstrated, newly developed paradigms in cost accounting methodologies are adding to the complexity as to which system provides the best information for decision-making purposes. Within the context of these new cost accounting paradigm shifts, a critical issue is arising for current users of ABC. The issue addressed in this paper is the need for a hybrid methodology of costs allocation that provides better information for all strategic planning time horizons.
Us and Them: U.S. Ambivalence Toward the World Cup and American Nationalism

Analyzing media coverage of the men’s World Cup of soccer, this article explores the characterization of the United States relationship to this event as a form of national myth making. American jou...
Fabrication of biodegradable poly(trimethylene carbonate) networks for potential tissue engineering scaffold applications

macromonomers and their corresponding networks were characterized by 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR spectroscopy. The human endothelial cell line, EA.hy926 was used to test the biocompatibility, cell adhesion, and proliferation behavior of both PTMC networks. The PTMC networks made from the S-shaped macromonomers exhibited superior cell adhesion and proliferation behavior than those made of the linear macromonomers. Copyright 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zinc regulates a switch between primary and alternative S18 ribosomal proteins in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Summary The Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome encodes five putative ‘alternative’ ribosomal proteins whose expression is repressed at high Zn2+ concentration. Each alternative protein has a primary homologue that is predicted to bind Zn2+. We hypothesized that zinc triggers a switch between these paired homologous proteins and therefore chose one of these pairs, S18-1/S18-2, to study mechanisms of the predicted competition for their incorporation into ribosomes. Our data show that Zn2+-depletion causes accumulation of both S18-2 mRNA and protein. In contrast, S18-1 mRNA levels are unchanged to slightly elevated under Zn2+-limited conditions. However, the amount of S18-1 protein is markedly decreased. We further demonstrate that both S18 proteins interact with ribosomal protein S6, a committed step in ribosome biogenesis. Zn2+ is absolutely required for the S18-1/S6 interaction while it is dispensable for S18-2/S6 dimer formation. These data suggest a model in which S18-1 is the dominant ribosome constituent in high zinc conditions, e.g. inside of phagosomes, but that it can be replaced by S18-2 when zinc is deficient, e.g. in the extracellular milieu. Consequently, Zn2+-depletion may serve as a signal for building alternative ribosomes when M. tuberculosis is released from macrophages, to allow survival in the extracellular environment.
The implications of long-lived asymmetry of remanent magnetization across the North Pacific fracture zones

article i nfo Large marine magnetic anomalies accompany the Pacific fracture zones (FZs) for thousands of kilometers. Although the origin of these anomalies is poorly understood, their underlying magnetization contrasts should reflect the temporal record of crustal accretion as well as geomagnetic field variations. Here we present an analysis of archival and newly collected magnetic anomaly profiles measured across three FZs from the North Pacific Cretaceous Quiet Zone (120.6 to 83 Ma) that are characterized by a remarkably uniform shape. Forward and inverse modeling indicate that these anomalies arise from remanent magnetization, with enhanced remanence located on one side of each FZ along the entire studied area. A comparison of geochemical and magnetic data from active ridge discontinuities and transform faults suggests that elevated iron content near segment ends is likely responsible for the observed anomalies in the Cretaceous Quiet Zone as well. A more complex magnetization setting is observed where the FZs contain multiple faults. There, the simple model of one-sided enhancements is only partly valid. Comparison between 3D forward modeling of the Quiet Zone magnetization and the calculated magnetization contrasts found across the Pioneer and Pau FZs suggests that the intensity of the geomagnetic field during the Cretaceous superchron had less than 50 percent variability about its average value. No major trends in the strength of the geomagnetic field during the superchron are observed. The presence of long-duration (>30 m.y.) zones of enhanced magnetization along the young/old sides of the Pioneer/Pau FZs (both left- stepping) requires some long-lived asymmetry in crustal construction processes near ridge-transform intersections. Although the underlying mechanism that controls this long-lived asymmetry remains unclear, absolute plate motions might explain this asymmetry. Shorter period (few m.y.) variations in the amplitudes of the enhancements probably result from oscillations in crustal construction.
A single brief burst induces glur1-dependent associative short-term potentiation: A potential mechanism for short-term memory

Recent work showed that short-term memory (STM) is selectively reduced in GluR1 knockout mice. This raises the possibility that a form of synaptic modification dependent on GluR1 might underlie STM. Studies of synaptic plasticity have shown that stimuli too weak to induce long-term potentiation induce short-term potentiation (STP), a phenomenon that has received little attention. Here we examined several properties of STP and tested the dependence of STP on GluR1. The minimal requirement for inducing STP was examined using a test pathway and a conditioning pathway. Several closely spaced stimuli in the test pathway, forming a single brief burst, were sufficient to induce STP. Thus, STP is likely to be induced by the similar bursts that occur in vivo. STP induction is associative in nature and dependent on the NMDAR. STP decays with two components, a fast component (1.6 i¾± 0.26 min) and a slower one (19 i¾± 6.6 min). To test the role of GluR1 in STP, experiments were conducted on GluR1 knockout mice. We found that STP was greatly reduced. These results, taken together with the behavioral work of D. Sanderson et al. [Sanderson, D., Good, M. A., Skelton, K., Sprengel, R., Seeburg, P. H., Nicholas, J., et al. Enhanced long-term and impaired short-term spatial memory in GluA1 AMPA receptor subunit knockout mice: Evidence for a dual-process memory model. Learning and Memory, 2009], provide genetic evidence that STP is a likely mechanism of STM.
Consumer costs for genetic services.

Since the mid-1970's, inflation and changing patterns of subsidies for genetic service centers in the United States have increased the costs of these services for patients and insurers. We have monitored this trend by periodically surveying the providers of these services to determine their current billing rates. We report here recent rates for cytogenetic laboratory services as well as for clinical in- and outpatient genetic consultations. Prices for the main laboratory and consultation services are approximately twice their 1976 level, but these increases parallel those of medical care. The inflationary trend is slowing. Geographic variations in pricing differences in charges between M.D.'s and Ph.D.'s, and certain personnel trends in genetic centers are apparent in our data.
Measurements of small-scale fading and path loss for long range RF tags

RF modulated backscatter (RFMB), also known as modulated radar cross section or sigma modulation, is a RF transmission technique useful for short-range, low-data-rate applications, such as nonstop toll collection, electronic shelf tags, freight container identification and chassis identification in automobile manufacturing, that are constrained to have extremely low power requirements. The small-scale fading observed on the backscattered signal has deeper fades than the signal from a traditional one-way link of the same range in the same environment because the fading on the backscattered signal is the product of the fading on the off-board-generated carrier times the fading on the reflected signal. This paper considers the continuous wave (CW) type of RFMB, in which the interrogator transmitter and receiver antennas are different. This two-way link also doubles the path loss exponent of the one-way link. This paper presents the cumulative distribution functions for the measured small-scale fading and the measured path loss for short ranges in an indoor environment at 2.4 GHz over this type of link.
Incidence and factors associated with cardiac arrest complicating emergency airway management

Abstract Objective Cardiac arrest (CA) is a rare but recognized complication of emergency airway management. Our aim was to measure the incidence of peri-intubation CA during emergency intubation and identify factors associated with this complication. Methods Retrospective cohort study of emergency endotracheal intubations performed in a large, urban emergency department over a one-year period. Patients were included if they were >18 years old and not in CA prior to intubation. Multiple logistic regression modeling was used to define factors independently associated with CA. Results A total 542 patients underwent emergency intubation during the study period and 410 met inclusion criteria for this study. CA occurred in 17/410 (4.2%) at a median of 6min post-intubation. Nearly two-thirds of CA events occurred within 10min of drug induction; early peri-intubation CA rate 2.4% (95% CI: 1.3–4.5%). Pulseless electrical activity was the initial rhythm in the majority of cases. More than half of CA events were successfully resuscitated but CA was associated with increased odds of hospital death (OR 14.8; 95% CI: 4.2–52). Pre-intubation hemodynamic and oximetry variables were associated with CA. CA was more common in patients experiencing pre intubation hypotension (12% vs 3%; p Conclusions In this series, 1 in 25 emergency intubations was associated with the complication of CA. Peri-intubation CA is associated with increased mortality. Pre-intubation patient characteristics are associated with this complication.
Characterizing web use on smartphones

The current paper establishes empirical patterns associated with mobile internet use on smartphones and explores user differences in these behaviors. We apply a naturalistic and longitudinal logs-based approach to collect real usage data from 24 iPhone users in the wild. These data are used to describe smartphone usage and analyze revisitation patterns of web browsers, native applications, and physical locations where phones are used. Among our findings are that web page revisitation through browsers occurred very infrequently (approximately 25% of URLs are revisited by each user), bookmarks were used sparingly, physical traversing patterns mirrored virtual (internet) traversing patterns and users systematically differed in their web use. We characterize these differences and suggest ways to support users with enhanced design of smartphone technologies and content.
Patch aortotomy for aortic valve replacement after previous coronary artery bypass grafting

Abstract Exposure for aortic valve operations after previous coronary artery bypass grafting may be technically difficult owing to the presence of patent vein grafts on the proximal aorta. A patch or "island" aortotomy technique that allows excellent exposure of the aortic valve is presented here. In select patients this approach may facilitate cardioplegia administration.
Is There a Future for Branch Campuses

Branch campuses seem to be the flavor of the month or, perhaps, the decade. Universities, mostly but not exclusively from the developed and mainly English-speaking countries, have established overseas branches worldwide—mainly in developing and emerging economies.
Communication with Two-Sided Asymmetric Information

Even though people routinely ask experts for advice, they often have private information as well. I study strategic communication when both the expert and the decision maker have private information. In one-way communication, non-monotone equilibria may arise (i.e., the expert conveys whether the state is extreme or moderate instead of low or high), even if preferences satisfy the single-crossing property. In two-way communication, the decision maker cannot credibly reveal her information when communicating first to the expert and hence benefits little from two-way sequential communication. This result provides another explanation for the "bottom up" arrangement of information flow in organizations.
Dynamic high-temperature Kolsky tension bar techniques

Kolsky tension bar techniques were modified for dynamic high-temperature tensile characterization of thin-sheet alloys. An induction coil heater was used to heat the specimen while a cooling system was applied to keep the bars at room temperature during heating. A preload system was developed to generate a small pretension load in the bar system during heating in order to compensate for the effect of thermal expansion generated in the high-temperature tensile specimen. A laser system was applied to directly measure the displacements at both ends of the tensile specimen in order to calculate the strain in the specimen. A pair of high-sensitivity semiconductor strain gages was used to measure the weak transmitted force due to the low flow stress in the thin specimen at elevated temperatures. As an example, the high-temperature Kolsky tension bar was used to characterize a DOP-26 iridium alloy in high-strain-rate tension at 860 s −1 /1030 ∘ C.
A Distributed Environment for Spaceports

This paper describes the development of a distributed environment for spaceport simulation modeling. This distributed environment is the result of the applications of the High-Level Architecture (HLA) and integration frameworks based on software agents and XML. This distributed environment is called the Virtual Test Bed (VTB). A distributed environment is needed due to the nature of the different models needed to represent a spaceport. This paper provides two case studies: one related to the translation of a model from its native environment and the other one related to the integration of real-time weather.
INTERNAL STRESS AND CRACKING IN STONE AND MASONRY

Internal stresses arise during weathering of stone and masonry as a result of crystallization of salts and ice, swelling of clay inclusions, and thermal expansion, among other causes. In this paper, we review the origin of the stresses and examine the unresolved questions regarding several of these mechanisms.
Fallibilism, closure, and pragmatic encroachment

I argue that fallibilism, single-premise epistemic closure, and one formulation of the “knowledge-action principle” are inconsistent. I will consider a possible way to avoid this incompatibility, by advocating a pragmatic constraint on belief in general, rather than just knowledge. But I will conclude that this is not a promising option for defusing the problem. I do not argue here for any one way of resolving the inconsistency.
DOING CULTURE WORK: NEGOTIATING TRADITION AND AUTHENTICITY IN FILIPINO FOLK DANCE

This article uses ethnographic interviews to examine the production of Filipino traditional dance in three separate settings in the Filipino American community: community associations , student ethnic identity organizations, and professional dance companies. Participants in each setting have used tradition making to pursue different cultural purposes: " nostalgia " in community associations; the celebration of ''cultural identity" in student ethnic organizations; and a technically distinct " cultural representation " among professional dance companies. At issue is the social construction of authenticity and the negotiation of appropriate cultural resources to reproduce the past in the present , that is, a " living tradition " in each cultural context. Anselm Strauss's (1963, 1978) concept of the negotiated order is used to analyze the static and dynamic qualities of tradition making and to better understand the social construction of " local authenticity" in each setting. The selection of what constitutes tradition is always made in the present: the content of the past is modified and redefined according to a modern significance. Linnekin, "Defining Tradition" If we recognize that all cultural traditions are constructed , then the goal of presenting authentic traditions can be understood as primarily a rhetorical strategy. Lu and Fine, "The Presentation of Ethnic Authenticity" This article looks at the social reproduction and reenactment of a cultural tradition. Conventionally, the reproduction of a cultural tradition relies on the presumed past existence of a symbolically significant set of cultural practices, for example, culturally meaningful activities, rituals, objects, values, and ideas, that constitute an important community focus and have been codified in such a way that they can be "passed on" or "handed down" from an earlier generation to a more contemporary one. How easily such an ostensibly straightforward social * Direct all correspondence to: Samuel Gilmore, School of Social Science, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697; e-mail : sgilmore@uci.edu. Sociological Perspectives, Volume 43, Number 4, pages S21-S41. Copyright © 2000 by Pacific Sociological Association. All rights reserved. Send requests for permission to reprint to: Rights and Permissions, University of California Press, Journals Division, 2000 Center St., Ste. 303, Berkeley, CA 94704-1223.
141 THE EFFECT OF POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS AND POST-TRAUMATIC GROWTH ON HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE IN ADULT CHILDHOOD CANCER SURVIVORS.

Introduction Two-thirds of childhood cancer survivors are experiencing at least one significant physical or psychosocial late effect, yet they rate their health-related quality of life (HRQOL) as very good. Purpose To explore factors indicative of post-traumatic stress and post-traumatic growth and their correlation as an explanatory model for reports of good HRQOL. Methods Cross-sectional design using a convenience sample of 57 childhood cancer survivors who were 18 years of age or older, ≥ 5 years from diagnosis, any malignancy diagnoses ≤ 21 years of age, English or Spanish speaking. Quantitative measures: Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and post-traumatic growth inventory (PTGI). Qualitative methods: focus group or individual semi-structured interview was completed. Descriptive statistics and regression models were completed. Semi-structured interviews were audiotaped from which exemplary quotes were abstracted. Results 18% of the survivors were found to have clinically significant post-traumatic stress symptoms as measured by the IES-R. 84% of the survivors had significant growth. The IES-R total score was positively correlated with new possibilities (;gr = 0.26, p = .05) and appreciation of life (;gr = .32, p Conclusions Although there may be negative psychological consequences of cancer during childhood, as manifested by post-traumatic symptoms, they can coexist with positive psychological effects in adulthood, which may explain, in part, the overall good quality of life of childhood cancer survivors even in the setting of having significant late effects.