cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat shock proteins.

The enhanced synthesis of a few proteins immediately after subjecting cells to a stress such as heat shock was first reported for drosophila cells in 1974 (l), and the universality of the response from bacteria to human was recognized shortly thereafter (reviewed in Ref. 2). In the ensuing 16 years, a vast literature has accumulated that describes a wide variety of events in a cell’s response to a heat shock. The scope of the data ranges from x-ray crystallographic measurements and physical chemical studies on specific heat shock proteins to the effects of heat shock gene expression on an organism’s ecological niche. Recently, the emphasis in this field has focused on the unction of various heat shock proteins and their possible role as “molecular chaperones”’ (3). In the subject matter that follows, I review recent data and other aspects of the heat shock phenomenon. A more thorough and comprehensive discussion of this topic can be found in a number of recent reviews and monographs (4-10). Primary references to much of the material described here are in these reviews. Much of the initial molecular biology and biochemistry of heat shock consisted of cloning the genes, determining primary sequences of the proteins, and probing the regulatory factors responsible for their induction. From these latter studies, we learned that the DNA sequence responsible for regulating heat shock gene expression in the eukaryotic cell was invariant from yeast to human (reviewed in Ref. 11). The most recent analysis of this element suggests it is an inverted repeat of the 5-nucleotide base pair, nGAAn (12). The presence of this element located about 80-150 base pairs upstream of the start site of RNA transcription is the most definitive evidence that the gene encodes a heat shock protein. However, most of these genes have other regulatory signals that activate the gene when the appropriate protein factors are present. For example, there are at least four sequence motifs upstream of the human hsp702 gene that are responsive individually to serum factors, heavy metals, and the ElA protein of adenovirus (13). The obvious interpretation of these results is that the hsp70 protein is synthesized for reasons other than heat shock and, in fact, this gene is activated at a specific stage (early S) in the cell’s mitotic cycle, during mitogenesis and upon other stress conditions (see Table I). Most of the heat shock proteins are induced by other stress agents (a listing is in Ref. 14) and during normal development of an organism (reviewed in Ref. 15). The gene encoding the protein that binds to the heat shockresponsive DNA sequence has been cloned from yeast (16,17) and shown to be essential for viability of this organism. This
Zebra Chip Disease of Potato: Biology, Epidemiology, and Management

Zebra chip (ZC), a new and economically important disease of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), has been documented to occur in commercial potato fields in the United States, Mexico, Central America, and New Zealand. This disease has caused millions of dollars in losses to the potato industry. Whole crops might be rejected because of ZC, often leading to abandonment of entire fields. Plant growth and yield are severely affected by the disease. Additionally, chips or fries processed from ZC-infected tubers exhibit dark stripes that become markedly more visible with frying, and hence are commercially unacceptable. The disease causes serious losses to the fresh market, tablestock and export potato industry as well. ZC-infected tubers usually do not sprout and if they do, produce hair sprouts or weak plants. Finally, there are indications that ZC symptoms might develop in tubers during storage. ZC has been associated with a previously undescribed species of liberibacter, tentatively named “Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum”, also known as “Ca. L. psyllaurous”. The bacterium is transmitted to potato by the potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc). All commercial potato cultivars appear to be susceptible to ZC, and management tactics targeted against the potato psyllid are currently the only means to effectively manage the disease. Furthermore, there are concerns about quarantine and trade issues in psyllid-affected regions because some countries may require that shipments of potatoes from certain growing regions be tested for the disease before the shipments are allowed entry. ZC history, geographic distribution, biology, epidemiology, and management are discussed herein.
Measurement of Cytokine Secretion, Intracellular Protein Expression, and mRNA in Resting and Stimulated Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

Quantitation of cytokine production is a valuable adjunct to standard immunologic assays in defining several pathologic processes. Nevertheless, there is little agreement about which tissues should be assayed, which type of assay should be performed, and which stimulation protocol should be used. As these types of assays enter the clinical arena, there is need for standardization. There is also a need to maximize the amount of information which may be derived from a single sample. We compared secreted interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and gamma interferon proteins as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with intracellular cytokine production (IL-2 and gamma interferon) as detected by flow cytometry and quantitative competitive PCR for IL-2, IL-4, TNF-α, and gamma interferon mRNA and cDNA. Results from unstimulated cells and cells stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate, phytohemagglutinin, and phorbol myristate acetate plus phytohemagglutin were compared. All three methodologies detected significant stimulation of cytokine production. The combination of phytohemagglutinin and phorbol myristate acetate was overall the most-potent stimulus.
Cougar kill rates and prey selection in a multiple‐prey system in northeast Oregon

Cougars (Puma concolor) are a primary predator of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and elk (Cervus elaphus) throughout western North America. Effective management of predator-prey systems requires a solid understanding of kill rates, prey use, and selection. We implemented a 3-year study in northeast Oregon to investigate cougar diet, kill rates, and prey selection in a multiple-prey system to assess the degree to which patterns in cougar predation may be generalizable across systems and to identify selective predation patterns of cougars that may affect ungulate populations. We marked 25 adult cougars with global positioning system (GPS) collars and monitored predation sequences for 7,642 days to identify kill sites. In field investigation of kill sites, we identified remains of 1,213 prey items killed by cougars, of which 1,158 (95.4%) were native ungulates. On average, cougars killed 1.03 ungulates/week (95% CI = 0.92–1.14), but kill rates varied by season, sex, and reproductive status of cougars. Cougars killed ungulate prey 1.55 (95% CI = 1.47–1.66) times more frequently during summer (May–Oct) than winter (Nov–Apr). Kill rates were higher in summer because juvenile ungulates were the most frequently killed prey item and were smaller than prey killed in winter. Female cougars with kittens >6 months old killed prey more frequently than males, solitary females, and females with kittens 6 months old demonstrated little selection for any age class or species of prey, highlighting an opportunistic foraging strategy to maximize energy gains while feeding young. Across all cougars, we observed a pattern of selection for adult male deer during winter but not summer and did not observe patterns of selection for adult elk according to sex. Our results strongly supported the hypothesis proposed by [Knopff et al. (2010) Journal of Wildlife Management, 74: 1435–1447] that cougar predation is influenced by season and demographic classifications of cougars and our results provide strong evidence that this hypothesis should be generalizable to other areas. The patterns of selection for juvenile elk and deer suggested wildlife managers should consider the potential negative effects of cougars on ungulate populations in areas where juvenile recruitment has been chronically low. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Megakaryoblastic disorders in children.

Acute leukemia is the most common neoplasm in children, of which approximately one fourth of cases are acute myeloid leukemia. To a large extent, the clinicopathologic spectrum of acute myeloid leukemia seen in the pediatric age group is similar to that in adults. However, megakaryoblastic proliferations, including transient myeloproliferative disorder and acute megakaryoblastic leukemia, occur exclusively or predominantly in children. Although the clinical and pathologic features of these disorders have been well characterized, until recently their pathogenetic mechanisms have remained poorly understood. Recent advances have provided important insight into the pathogenesis of these disorders, and they provide a molecular basis for a clinically meaningful classification of primary megakaryoblastic disorders in the pediatric age group. Acute leukemia is the most frequent malignancy in the pediatric population. Of the approximate 3,250 cases of acute leukemia that occur annually in the United States, roughly 25% are acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Although there is significant overlap in the clinicopathologic spectrum of AML occurring in children and adults, pediatric AML has several features that differ to varying degrees from its counterpart in adults. AML in children is associated more frequently with the presence of one of several balanced reciprocal chromosomal translocations that result in the expression of a chimeric oncoprotein, including RUNX1 (runt-related transcription factor 1)ETO, CBFβ-MYH11, PML-RARα, myriad MLL (mixedlineage leukemia) fusion proteins, and the recently described RBM15-MKL1 (OTT-MAL). 1 By contrast, adult AML more commonly lacks any of these translocations and is more likely
Barriers beyond clinical control affecting timely hospital discharge for a patient requiring guardianship.

Received June 30, 2014; revised July 22, 2014; accepted July 22, 2014. From Behavioral Health Services, Cheyenne Regional Medical Center, Cheyenne, WY (JJC); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH (JJC, AK, CTF); Care Management, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH (YS). Send correspondence and reprint requests to Jasper J. Chen, M.D., M.P.H., Behavioral Health Services, Cheyenne Regional Medical Center, 2600 East 18th Street, Cheyenne, WY, 82001; e-mail: jjchencheyenne@gmail.com & 2015TheAcademy of PsychosomaticMedicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Authors’ contribution: J.J. Chen oversaw the case report in its entirety and is fully responsible for content. Y. Stevens Neirman provided substantial critical review of the article. A. Kwon provided substantial critical review of the article. C.T. Finn provided substantial critical review of the article. Introduction
Complex microcircuit simulation and test development using BEhavioral STimulus test (BEST TEST) software

Developing comprehensive test stimulus for complex microcircuits, particularly microprocessor boards, can be a tedious and time consuming task of hunt and peck; racking up thousands of work hours of labor. This paper describes a behavioral simulation method using software emulators for the creation and automatic timing generation of test stimulus. "BEST TEST(c)" software was used to develop tests for a 1750A based microprocessor module which also contains a MIL-STD-1553 data bus controller hybrid and other circuitry for which stimulus can be developed using behavioral methods. This paper shows how this technique saved many hours of tedious analysis and on tester debugging. >
The hybrid image processing/expert image analysis system

The main purpose of this work is to analyze and interpret the X-ray image by using some knowledge base that relates objects within a scene to one another and to the scene background. Knowledge-based Image Analysis System (KIAS) is a prototype environment for image analysis and interpretation, KIAS consists of an image processing system and an expert system. It oversees image preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction, knowledge representation, and object interpretation. An automatic segmentation algorithm is used to minimize human inspector's intervention in the image processing system, and a rule-based approach is used in the expert system. >
Knowledge of Lynch syndrome among obstetrician/gynecologists and general surgeons

article i nfo Objective: To determine comfort and knowledge among obstetrician/gynecologists and general surgeons re- garding recommendations for cancer screening for women with Lynch syndrome. Methods: A questionnaire on Lynch syndrome was administered to all obstetrician/gynecologists and general surgeons at a hospital in New York, USA. Results: Fifty obstetrician/gynecologists and 62 general surgeons completed the survey (67% re- sponse rate). Physicians were more comfortable counseling on colon cancer than endometrial cancer screening (51% vs 28%; P b 0.001). Obstetrician/gynecologists were more comfortable than general surgeons counseling patients on endometrial cancer screening (36% vs 21%; P= 0.090) but less comfortable counseling patients on colon cancer screening (36% vs 63%; P= 0.008). There was no significant difference between the specialties in the number of knowledge-based questions answered correctly. Furthermore, there was no correlation between a physician's perceived knowledge and number of correct answers. Conclusion: Most physicians did not report being comfortable counseling about recommendations for endometrial cancer screening. While obstetrician/ gynecologists reported greater comfort than general surgeons, we found no significant difference in disease knowledge between the groups. Because appropriate cancer screening can improve the outcomes of patients with Lynch syndrome, physicians must be knowledgeable and comfortable with screening recommendations
Third-harmonic generation and its applications in optical image processing

We review potential applications of third-harmonic generation (THG) in polymer composites to implement optical image processing applications at the eye-safe and technologically relevant telecommunication bands. We discuss two examples, time-gated imaging through scattering media, and image recognition using Fourier-based techniques, where THG in a polymer composite offers significant advantages over typical holographic media, in that it produces signals that are non-degenerate in optical frequency and space, and allows the development of applications that are compatible with low-cost Si-based electronic components.
The current status and possible sustainable paths to energy “generation” and Use

The energy predicament that the world faces, composed of rising energy and overall resources consumption alongside with associated rise in negative environmental, economical and social impacts, is described with recent data. A brief discussion of the status, sustainability (economic, environmental and social impact), and challenges and prospects of fossil, nuclear (including nuclear water desalination) and renewable energy use, and of power generation including the further-future concepts of superconductors, nuclear fusion, and power generation in space for terrestrial use, is presented. Comments about energy conservation and the rebound effect are brought up. Ways to resolve the problem of the availability, cost, and sustainability of energy resources alongside the rapidly rising demand, are discussed. The author's view of the promising sustainable energy paths to the future, and last year's trends in government funding, are presented.
TORA example: cascade- and passivity-based control designs

We consider the problem of feedback stabilization of translational oscillations by a rotational actuator (TORA) system. The main obstacle to controller design is nonlinear coupling from the rotational to the translational motion through a sinusoidal term. We present several controller designs based on the cascade and passivity paradigms.
Exploring the performance of massively multithreaded architectures

We present a new scheme for evaluating the performance of multithreaded computers and demonstrate its application to the Cray MTA-2 and XMT supercomputers. Our scheme is based on the concept of clock cycles per element, \documentclass{article}\footskip=0pc\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${\cal C}$\end{document}, plotted against both problem size and the number of processors. This scheme clearly shows if an implementation has achieved its asymptotic efficiency and is more general than (but includes) the commonly used speedup metric. It permits the discovery of any imperfections in both the software as well as the hardware, and is expected to permit a unified comparison of many different parallel architectures. Measurements on a number of well-known parallel algorithms, ranging from matrix multiply to quicksort, are presented for the MTA-2 and XMT and highlight some interesting differences between these machines. The performance of sequence alignment using dynamic programming is evaluated on the MTA-2, XMT, IBM x3755 and SGI Altix 350 and provides a useful comparison of the capabilities of the Cray machines with more conventional shared memory architectures. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
WARD-TAKAHASHI IDENTITIES AND SPIN-0 COMPONENTS OF W AND Z FIELDS

It is shown that three scalar fields are dynamically generated after spontaneous symmetry breaking. Their masses are dynamically determined at about 1014GeV. They are ghosts. Unitarity of the SM is broken at 1014GeV.
Change-point models in industrial applications

In many industrial applications of Statistics it is not reasonable to assume that the same model remains adequate as time progresses. Models in which the environment and related parameters undergo abrupt changes at unknown moments of time are found to be relevant in a much wider class of practical situations. These models spawned a number of fundamental problems in the field of the change-point theory, such as the problems of detection of changes (monitoring), estimation of the current process parameters (filtering), identifying points of change and regimes (segmentation) and tests for data homogeneity. These problems have been addressed, to various extent, in a large number of works, including several recent books and review papers (cf. [l-4]). Problems related to change-point models are typically relevant in either hxed sample or sequential settings. For example, in the problem of on-line detection of a change decisions to trigger an out of control signal are made sequentially, based on some stopping variable. Some problems, however, can be formulated in both sequential and fixed sample settings. For example, in process capability analysis the problem of segmentation involves identifying all the regimes and change-points present in a given data set. However, in speech analysis the problem of segmentation is typically relevant in a sequential setting, with emphasis placed on identification of the most recent regime. Similarly, the problem of estimating parameters at a given point in time can be formulated as a sequential (filtering) or a fixed sample (smoothing) settings. In this article we focus on sequential methods, with emphasis on the problems of detection and filtering.
Possible origin for insoluble organic (kerogen) debris in sediments from insoluble cell-wall materials of algae and bacteria

KEROGEN is an inert amorphous organic material insoluble in organic solvents, mineral acids, and bases1. In spite of its abundance, the precise molecular structure of this insoluble organic material has long remained an enigma. Structural determinations are complicated by the fact that the structure of any kerogen from different samples varies depending on the types of organic material originally responsible for its formation, and variations in the environmental conditions experienced during and after its formation. We have shown that kerogen-like material can be isolated from recently deposited algal mats. On oxidative degradation this material gives rise to products similar in nature to those obtained by degradation of ancient kerogens known to be of algal origin2,3. These results imply that kerogen-like precursors or proto-kerogens, are formed very rapidly on a geological time scale and are found in certain types of recent sediments rich in organic matter.
Physiologic effects of passive hyperventilation on oxygen delivery and consumption. 1.

SummaryNumerous recent studies have emphasized the potential adverse effects of increased oxyhemoglobin affinity on oxygen delivery. Respiratory alkalosis increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, and is also associated with increased oxygen consumption. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of increased hemoglobin affinity for oxygen on oxygen transport and consumption during a period of respiratory alkalosis in a group of animals whose oxygen delivery system was already stressed by a decrease in red cell mass. Nine rhesus monkeys were anesthetized and studied before, during and 40 min after being hyperventilated. With hyperventilation, the arterial pH increased to 7.56 while base excess decreased from 3.5 to 1.3 mequiv/liter. Oxygen consumption increased from 5.5 to 11.4 cm3/min/kg and the in vivo P50 (the PO2 at which hemoglobin is 50% saturated) fell from 34.8 to 27.8 mm Hg as the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shifted to the left. No change was observed in 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate or...
Theories Concerning the Skandhaka: An Appraisal

The Earliest Vinaya and the Beginnings of Buddhist Literature. By Erich Frauwallner. Volume VIII of Serie Orientate Roma. Edited by Giuseppe Tucci. Rome: Institute per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, 1956.
Methane seeps as ammonite habitats in the U.S. Western Interior Seaway revealed by isotopic analyses of well-preserved shell material

Methane seep deposits are common in the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale of the U.S. Western Interior. They contain a rich fauna including ammonites, bivalves, gastropods, sponges, corals, echinoids, crinoids, and fish. In an effort to understand the role of ammonites in these ecosystems, we examined a seep from the upper Campanian Didymoceras cheyennense Zone in Custer County, South Dakota, that contains molluscs with well-preserved shell material permitting isotopic analyses. Values of δ13C of the micritic limestone at the seep range from −46.94‰ to −11.49‰, confirming the influence of anaerobic oxidation of methane on the isotopic composition of the dissolved inorganic carbon reservoir. The ammonites also consistently display light values of δ13C ranging from −13.71‰ to 0.68‰. These values are generally lighter than those in nonseep specimens from age-equivalent rocks elsewhere in the basin (–1.75‰ to 3.42‰). In a single specimen of Baculites corrugatus from the seep, light δ13C values occur throughout ontogeny. These data suggest that ammonites incorporated isotopically light methane-derived carbon in their shells and lived near the vent fluids and methane-oxidizing bacteria. Both juvenile and adult specimens are present, implying that these ammonites spent their entire lives at the seep and formed an integral part of an interwoven community. The values of 87Sr/86Sr in the limestone and well-preserved fossils at the seep (0.707690–0.707728) are higher than that of the open ocean at this time (0.707659). These elevated values suggest that the seep fluids were imprinted with a radiogenic Sr signature, perhaps derived from equilibration with granitic deposits at depth during the initial uplift of the Black Hills.
Reprocessing semicritical items: Current issues and new technologies

Semicritical medical devices are defined as items that come into contact with mucous membranes or nonintact skin (eg, gastrointestinal endoscopes, endocavitary probes). Such medical devices minimally require high-level disinfection. Because many of these items are temperature sensitive, low-temperature chemical methods are usually used rather than steam sterilization. Strict adherence to current guidelines is required because more outbreaks have been linked to inadequately cleaned or disinfected endoscopes and other semicritical items undergoing high-level disinfection than any other reusable medical device.
Analysis of Warpage of Chip Based on Lamination Theory

Simplified the chip as laminated plate,solve the differential equation based on the theory of elastic mechanics of lamination theory;get the analytical expression of thermal warpage of chip in free boundary constraint conditions.The expression can reflect the change of the material parameter with temperature,provides an effective calculation method for the analysis of chip warpage with large changing temperature of soldering reflow.Through the comparison of the finite element analysis and measured results,it is showed that the theoretical calculation results are basically tally with the actual situation;the simplified model can meet the engineering prediction analysis requirements.
Acute and chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura: Disorders that differ in more than duration

PreviewImmune thrombocytopenic purpura occurs in two forms: as an acute illness that largely affects children and as a chronic disorder that predominates in adults. Both are diagnoses of exclusion, but they differ in clinical course and prognosis. Dr Kirchner describes the clinical features and laboratory findings characteristic of each and discusses treatment options.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the extensor mechanism.

SUMMARY Trauma involving the extensor mechanism of the knee is a fairly common clinical problem, and can be addressed easily with a basic understanding of the anatomy of the involved structures. Injury to the muscles and tendons of this group is categorized broadly into complete versus partial tears based on the respective absence or presence of intact fiber bundles. Acute injuries are associated with edema, hemorrhage, and fluid collections; chronic injuries often demonstrate redundancy, atrophy, and retraction. Fracture of the patella can be related to direct or indirect trauma, and is functionally equivalent to a complete tear of the musculotendinous elements. Tendinitis is a more chronic condition seen with repetitive trauma, and usually affects the proximal aspect of the patellar tendon. Swelling and abnormal intrasubstance signal are commonly associated with this entity.
bdvis: visualizing biodiversity data in R

UNLABELLED Biodiversity studies are relying increasingly on primary biodiversity records (PBRs) for modelling and analysis. Because biodiversity data are frequently 'harvested'-i.e. not collected by the researcher for that particular study, but obtained from data aggregators such as the Global Biodiversity Information Facility-researchers need to be aware of strengths and weaknesses of their data before they venture into further analysis. R is becoming a lingua franca of data exploration and analysis. Here, we describe an R package, bdvis, which facilitates efforts to understand the gaps and strengths of PBR data with quick and useful visualization functions. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The full code of the R package bdvis, along with instructions on how to install and use it, is available via CRAN - The Comprehensive R Archive Network (http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/bdvis/index.html) and in the corresponding author's main GitHub repository: http://www.github.com/vijaybarve/bdvis The source code is licensed under CC0 CONTACT: vijay.barve@gmail.com.
Longer thaw seasons increase nitrogen availability for leaching during fall in tundra soils

Climate change has resulted in warmer soil temperatures, earlier spring thaw and later fall freeze-up, resulting in warmer soil temperatures and thawing of permafrost in tundra regions. While these changes in temperature metrics tend to lengthen the growing season for plants, light levels, especially in the fall, will continue to limit plant growth and nutrient uptake. We conducted a laboratory experiment using intact soil cores with and without vegetation from a tundra peatland to measure the effects of late freeze and early spring thaw on carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange, methane (CH4) emissions, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (N) leaching from soils. We compared soil C exchange and N production with a 30 day longer seasonal thaw during a simulated annual cycle from spring thaw through freeze-up and thaw. Across all cores, fall N leaching accounted for ~33% of total annual N loss despite significant increases in microbial biomass during this period. Nitrate leaching was highest during the fall (5.33 ± 1.45 mg N m−2 d−1) following plant senescence and lowest during the summer (0.43 ± 0.22 mg N m−2 d−1). In the late freeze and early thaw treatment, we found 25% higher total annual ecosystem respiration but no significant change in CH4 emissions or DOC loss due to high variability among samples. The late freeze period magnified N leaching and likely was derived from root turnover and microbial mineralization of soil organic matter coupled with little demand from plants or microbes. Large N leaching during the fall will affect N cycling in low-lying areas and streams and may alter terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem nitrogen budgets in the arctic.
Future singularities if the universe underwent Starobinsky inflation in the past

The effects which quantum fields and an ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}{R}^{2}$ term in the gravitational Lagrangian have on future singularities are investigated. While all values of ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}$ are considered, an emphasis is placed on those values which are compatible with the universe having undergone Starobinsky inflation in the past. These are also values which lead to stable solutions to the semiclassical backreaction equations in the present universe. The dark energy is modeled as a perfect fluid, and the focus is on type I--IV singularities and little rips which result when the classical Einstein equations are solved with various types of dark energy as a source. First, evidence is provided that the energy densities of massive conformally coupled scalar fields approach that of the conformally invariant scalar field as a type III singularity is approached. Then, solutions to the semiclassical backreaction equations are investigated when conformally invariant fields and the ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}{R}^{2}$ term in the gravitational Lagrangian are present. General proofs regarding the behaviors of the solutions are given. The proofs are illustrated by analytic and numerical calculations in specific cases.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic sphincterotomy, and biliary drainage.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic sphincterotomy, and endoscopic biliary drainage have dramatically changed diagnosis and management of disorders of the pancreas and hepatobiliary tract. Retrograde radiographic study will provide a high-resolution picture that will define accurately the nature and location of a disease process. Endoscopic sphincterotomy has been invaluable in the management of common bile duct stones. The technique also has proved helpful in the palliative treatment of ampullary and distal common-duct carcinomas in patients who are poor operative candidates and has found a role in the treatment of choledochal cysts. Endoscopic biliary drainage is becoming increasingly popular for the palliation of malignant biliary obstruction.
Sensing Nitric Oxide Neuronal Messengers Using Screen-Printed Carbon Micro-Electrode Arrays

This paper presents the development of a microfabricated electrochemical sensor for measuring neurotransmitter activity in brain tissue. Electrochemical sensing is used to detect neuronal messengers such as nitric oxide (NO). Sensing is accomplished using the principle of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction at the carbon electrode surface that produces a current signal proportional to the NO concentration. The carbon microsensors are patterned onto an array using a carbon polymer ink that is screen-printed onto electrically conductive traces. Thick SU-8 photoresist serves a dual-role, acting both as an insulating layer and also as a mold for the carbon ink. Surface profiling showed that our process produces mesa-shaped electrode structures. The electrochemical activity of the sensors is tested potentiostatically and NO sensitivity is demonstrated. Sensitivity to various interferents is also tested to determine electrode selectivity. Microfabricated sensor arrays would provide a novel experimental means to study the spatial and temporal neurochemical activity across brain tissue.
Embodied (Dis)Placements: The Intersections of Gender, Sexuality, and Religion in Migration Studies

This chapter addresses the intersection of religion, migration, gender, and sexuality as an important way to visibilize their impact upon immigrants’ lives. It highlights two aspects: (a) how religious practices become a source of strength for immigrants; and (b) it also reveals the extent to which immigrants’ experiences vary according to their gender, sexual orientation, and displayed gender identity. Taking into account the experiences of heterosexual and queer immigrants, the analysis focuses on the way that dynamics of displacement impact both females and males. The chapter concludes that the intertwining of migration with religion, gender, and sexuality emphasizes spaces of resistance, (re)negotiation, and (re)construction in the experience of transnational immigrants that allows for furthering strategies of identity formation amidst host societies.
Zlock, a Broadly Applicable Optogenetic Method, Controls Cofilin in Living Cells

The spatial and temporal organization of protein activity controls the flow of information through signaling networks. Optogenetics, the regulation of protein activity with light, has proven very useful to dissect the role of spatio-temporal control by inducing specific protein activities with seconds and microns resolution in living cells. However, current methods are not applicable to many important proteins. Here we describe Zlock, a broadly applicable optogenetic method to control protein or small-peptide activity in living cells using modifications of Zdark (Zdk), a small protein that binds only to the dark state of the LOV2 domain from Phototropin. The LOV2 domain undergoes a reversible conformational change induced by 400-500 nm light. Zdk, derived by screening a library of Z domain variants of protein A, binds selectively to the dark state of LOV2 with dark Kd 10 micromolar. In the “Zlock” system, Zdk and LOV2 are fused to the N- and C- termini of a target protein or small-peptide. In the dark, they bind to one another and cover or distort the active site. Upon irradiation they release one another in less than a second, freeing the active site for target interaction. We have engineered Zdk for the reversible intramolecular binding needed in the Zlock design. We have successfully applied Zlock to generate photoactivatable analogs of important cytoskeletal regulators including cofilin and Alpha Tubulin Acetyltransferase 1 (ATAT). Photoactivation of cofilin and ATAT in live cells controls cell protrusion and microtubule acetylation, and has demonstrated a clear role for cofilin in regulating directionality during cancer cell migration. Current work is focused on ‘caging’ photoactivatable small-peptide inhibitors of Cdc42, PP1, JNK and Gqα, to control endogenous proteins with light.
Preaching and politics: disentangling religiosity and political choice

The relationship between political outcome and religiosity is often presented in overly simplistic terms with political parties labeled with a religious categorization or belief system, such as Catholics are Democrats and Baptists are Republicans. We develop a Lancaster-type model of religious and political activity where these choices grow out of underlying endowments, attributes, and production capabilities of consumers along with attributes of religious organizations. Such a model suggests that the relationships between religious and political activity are complex and driven by choice fundamentals. Using county-level data from the 2000 and 2012 presidential elections, we find empirical support for this more complex view of the relationship between religion and politics.
The Transformative Power of Action Research

I am a farmer. Growing up as a suburbanite just a short train ride from New York City, I never had any real aspirations to be a farmer; however, I now find myself planting peach trees, rattling off over 30 varieties of apples, and living my days glued to the weather channel. It is often the unexpected and unconventional paths we take that prove to be the most exciting and that lead to the most learning.
Professional Development and Professionalization in the Field of Adult Basic Education

This chapter offers an update on efforts to provide all adult basic education teachers with access to high-quality professional development.
Covalent attachment of the heme to Synechococcus hemoglobin alters its reactivity toward nitric oxide.

Abstract The cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 produces a monomeric hemoglobin (GlbN) implicated in the detoxification of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species. GlbN contains a b heme, which can be modified under certain reducing conditions. The modified protein (GlbN-A) has one heme–histidine C–N linkage similar to the C–S linkage of cytochrome c . No clear functional role has been assigned to this modification. Here, optical absorbance and NMR spectroscopies were used to compare the reactivity of GlbN and GlbN-A toward nitric oxide (NO). Both forms of the protein are capable of NO dioxygenase activity and both undergo heme bleaching after multiple NO challenges. GlbN and GlbN-A bind NO in the ferric state and form diamagnetic complexes (Fe III –NO) that resist reductive nitrosylation to the paramagnetic Fe II –NO forms. Dithionite reduction of Fe III –NO GlbN and GlbN-A, however, resulted in distinct outcomes. Whereas GlbN-A rapidly formed the expected Fe II –NO complex, NO binding to Fe II GlbN caused immediate heme loss and, remarkably, was followed by slow heme rebinding and HNO (nitrosyl hydride) production. Additionally, combining Fe III GlbN, 15 N-labeled nitrite, and excess dithionite resulted in the formation of Fe II –H 15 NO GlbN. Dithionite-mediated HNO production was also observed for the related GlbN from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Although ferrous GlbN-A appeared capable of trapping preformed HNO, the histidine–heme post-translational modification extinguished the NO reduction chemistry associated with GlbN. Overall, the results suggest a role for the covalent modification in Fe II GlbNs: protection from NO-mediated heme loss and prevention of HNO formation.
Beating Landauer’s bound by Memory Erasure using Time Multiplexed Potentials

Abstract The Landauer’s Principle, proposed by Rolf Landauer in 1961, states that the logically irreversible operation of erasing a single bit of information requires atleast kbT ln 2 amount of energy, kb and T being Boltzmann’s constant and temperature respectively. However, Landauer’s bound holds only for erasure mechanisms that are perfect. In this article we investigate the effect of imperfections in erasure mechanisms. If the proportion of successful erasures is quantified by p, we show that the minimum energy needed to erase a bit of information is given by kbT[ln 2 + p ln p + (1 - p) ln (1 - p)], also known as the Generalized Landauer bound. Furthermore, we provide a mechanism for realizing a memory bit by multiplexing an optical trap rapidly and propose a mechanism of erasure, for various success proportions p. Using our framework, we show using Monte Carlo simulations that heat dissipation lower than the Landauer’s bound is achievable by reducing p. Thus, we establish an independent method of beating Landauer’s bound by resorting to partially successful erasures.
Trends in the Contribution of Emergency Departments to the Provision of Hospital-Associated Health Care in the USA:

Traditional approaches to assessing the health of populations focus on the use of primary care and the delivery of care through patient-centered homes, managed care resources, and accountable care organizations. The use of emergency departments (EDs) has largely not been given consideration in these models. Our study aimed to determine the contribution of EDs to the health care received by Americans between 1996 and 2010 and to compare it with the contribution of outpatient and inpatient services using National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Discharge Survey databases. We found that EDs contributed an average of 47.7% of the hospital-associated medical care delivered in the United States, and this percentage increased steadily over the 14-year study period. EDs are a major source of medical care in the United States, especially for vulnerable populations, and this contribution increased throughout the study period. Including emergency care within health reform and population...
Analysis of Subcellular and Extracellular GAPDH

Expression levels of GAPDH have been extensively investigated during growth & development, in disease and in response to therapy. The subcellular localization is an important determinant of function hence emphasis has been put on the intracellular dynamics of GAPDH. In this chapter we will discuss some of the advanced methods which will enable us to determine the level of subcellular GAPDH by quantitative as well as qualitative approaches. Emphasis will be placed on the details of isolation and preparation of GAPDH from respective cellular compartments. Technical details of the procedures involved in the immunodetection by immunoblotting have been discussed in the Chap. 4.
Editorial Commentary: The All-Epiphyseal Anterior Cruciate Ligament Distal Femoral Approach: Sockets or Tunnels?

I believe that the distal femoral approach for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the skeletally immature athlete with 3 to 6 years of remaining growth is best performed with an all-inside, all-epiphyseal technique using sockets rather than an outside-in approach creating tunnels. A shorter socket rather than a longer tunnel exposes a smaller surface area of the lateral distal femoral physis to potential compromise and resultant valgus malalignment. In addition, exiting the lateral femoral aspect of the epiphysis with a full-diameter tunnel as compared with a smaller diameter drill hole used to prepare a socket places the posterior articular cartilage, the lateral collateral ligament and anterolateral ligament footprints, and the popliteus tendon insertion at risk. My preference for sockets is also related to my belief that they provide a superior biologic milieu for graft incorporation compared with a full-length tunnel with the attendant violation of the lateral femoral cortex of the epiphysis.
Predicting the Host Range of Entomopathogenic Fungi

For many years the development and use of natural enemies to control insect pests has primarily focused on entomophagous insects that are predators and parasitoids. As it has become easier to work with microbes and increasing numbers of scientists have cross-trained in studies of microorganisms as well as entomology, the number of programs evaluating use of pathogens to control insect pests has increased. Among the diverse groups of microbes pathogenic to invertebrates, there are >700 species of entomopathogenic fungi. Fungi are unique among invertebrate pathogens because the major site of infection is through the cuticle, while most other pathogens must be ingested and subsequently invade through the gut (Hajek and St. Leger 1994). Because fungi invade through the cuticle, fungal pathogens are especially important for control of insects that suck plant sap and therefore would not ingest other types of entomopathogens. However, entomopathogenic fungi are being investigated for control of virtually all groups of pestiferous arthropods
SEG - A Software Program for Finding Somatic Copy Number Alterations in Whole Genome Sequencing Data of Cancer.

Abstract As next-generation sequencing technology advances and the cost decreases, whole genome sequencing (WGS) has become the preferred platform for the identification of somatic copy number alteration (CNA) events in cancer genomes. To more effectively decipher these massive sequencing data, we developed a software program named SEG, shortened from the word “segment”. SEG utilizes mapped read or fragment density for CNA discovery. To reduce CNA artifacts arisen from sequencing and mapping biases, SEG first normalizes the data by taking the log2-ratio of each tumor density against its matching normal density. SEG then uses dynamic programming to find change-points among a contiguous log2-ratio data series along a chromosome, dividing the chromosome into different segments. SEG finally identifies those segments having CNA. Our analyses with both simulated and real sequencing data indicate that SEG finds more small CNAs than other published software tools.
Characterizing cancer cachexia in the geriatric oncology population.

ABSTRACT Objectives Cancer cachexia, characterized by weight loss and sarcopenia, leads to a decline in physical function and is associated with poorer survival. Cancer cachexia remains poorly described in older adults with cancer. This study aims to characterize cancer cachexia in older adults by assessing its prevalence utilizing standard definitions and evaluating associations with components of the geriatric assessment (GA) and survival. Materials and Methods Patients with cancer older than 65 years of age who underwent a GA and had baseline CT imaging were eligible in this cross-sectional study. Cancer cachexia was defined by the international consensus definition reported in 2011. Sarcopenia was measured using cross-sectional imaging and utilizing sex-specific cut-offs. Associations between cachexia, sarcopenia, and weight loss with survival and GA domains were explored. Results Mean age of 100 subjects was 79.9 years (66–95) and 65% met criteria for cancer cachexia. Cachexia was associated with impairment in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) ( p = .017); no significant association was found between sarcopenia or weight loss and IADL impairment. Cachexia was significantly associated with poorer survival (median 1.0 vs 2.1 years, p = .011). Conclusions Cancer cachexia as defined by the international consensus definition is prevalent in older adults with cancer and is associated with functional impairment and decreased survival. Larger prospective studies are needed to further describe cancer cachexia in this population.
A comparison of radiographic leg-length and offset discrepancies between 2 intraoperative measurement techniques in anterior total hip arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Anterior total hip arthroplasty (THA) allows the use of intraoperative fluoroscopy to assess leg-length and offset discrepancies. Two techniques to accomplish this are the transverse rod method and the radiographic overlay method. The aim of this study was to determine if they are equally effective options for minimizing postoperative radiologic discrepancies. Methods We completed a retrospective cohort study comparing 106 anterior THAs from 1 surgeon using the transverse rod technique to 94 anterior THAs from another surgeon using the radiograph overlay technique. Radiographic leg-length discrepancy (LLD) and offset discrepancy (OD) were measured independently on postoperative radiographs. Parametric, nonparametric, and categorical statistical tests were used to compare LLD and OD between groups. Results Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. The mean LLD of 4.8 mm in the radiograph overlay group was not significantly different from the 4.4 mm mean discrepancy in the transverse rod group (P = .424), and the rates of LLD Conclusions There was no difference between the measured LLD and OD by the 2 surgeons, suggesting that the techniques are equally effective options.