cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subspecies differentiation in an enigmatic chaparral shrub species

PREMISE Delimiting biodiversity units is difficult in organisms in which differentiation is obscured by hybridization, plasticity, and other factors that blur phenotypic boundaries. Such work is more complicated when the focal units are subspecies, the definition of which has not been broadly explored in the era of modern genetic methods. Eastwood manzanita (Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.) is a widely distributed and morphologically complex chaparral shrub species with much subspecific variation, which has proven challenging to categorize. Currently 10 subspecies are recognized, however, many of them are not geographically segregated, and morphological intermediates are common. Subspecies delimitation is of particular importance in this species because two of the subspecies are rare. The goal of this study was to apply an evolutionary definition of "subspecies" to characterize structure within Eastwood manzanita. METHODS We used publicly available geospatial environmental data and reduced-representation genome sequencing to characterize environmental and genetic differentiation among subspecies. In addition, we tested whether subspecies could be differentiated by environmentally associated genetic variation. RESULTS Our analyses do not show genetic differentiation among subspecies of Eastwood manzanita, with the exception of one of the two rare subspecies. In addition, our environmental analyses did not show ecological differentiation, though limitations of the analysis prevent strong conclusions. CONCLUSIONS Genetic structure within Eastwood manzanita does not correspond to current subspecies circumscriptions, but rather reflects geographic distribution. Our study suggests that subspecies concepts need to be reconsidered in long-lived plant species, especially in the age of next-generation sequencing.
Spontaneous Isolated Celiac Artery Dissection: A Case Report.

Author(s): Freeman, Clifford L.; Lacy, Aaron J.; Miner, Aubrey; Rogers, Devin M.; Smith, Austin T.; Shah, Karan S. | Abstract: Introduction: Abdominal pain is a common chief complaint that can represent a wide breadth of diagnoses, ranging from benign to life-threatening. As our diagnostic tools become more sophisticated, we are able to better identify more causes of potentially life-threatening diseases. One such disease that is relatively unfamiliar to clinicians is spontaneous isolated celiac artery dissection (SICAD).Case Report: We describe a case of a 46-year-old man who presented to our emergency department with a chief complaint of abdominal pain and was found to have a SICAD and was successfully treated with anticoagulation, antihypertensives, and observation.Conclusion: It is important for emergency physicians to keep this potentially life-threatening condition in mind and to know the appropriate first steps once identified.
Abstract 399: Tertiary lymphoid structures features associate with outcome in non-small cell lung carcinoma

Introduction: Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are ectopic lymphoid structures organized in a nodular pattern secondary to chronic inflammation. The presence of TLS has been associated with efficacious response to immune checkpoint blockade in a wide array of tumor types, including Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (NSCLC). At early stages of NSCLC, TLS are observed in up to 70% of primary tumors where they are also associated with effective anti-tumor immune-responses and response to anti-PD-1 therapy. Despite complete surgical resection, however, up to 50% of patients with early stage NSCLC will eventually relapse. A systematic histomorphologic analysis of TLS and their association with relapse has not been well characterized. Design: Serial sections from Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) tissue specimens from 33 patients with stage I NSCLC were obtained (23 adenocarcinomas and 10 squamous cell carcinomas). Slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE p=0.02) and smaller area of mTLS (64541.7μm2 vs 149870.5 μm2; p=0.004) compared with patients who did not recurr.The cell density of IT antigen-experienced cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), regulatory T-cells, memory CTLs, and memory CTLs expressing FOXP3 were inversely correlated with the mTLS area (r=-0.6, p≤0.02). Antigen-experienced CTLs (r=-0.61; p≤0.05) and non-CTLs (r=-0.63; p≤0.05) were inversely correlated with the number of IT mTLS. Conclusion: Detailed morphometric analysis of mTLS offers relevant prognostic information for recurrence at stage I of NSCLC. mTLSs are associated with reduced IT infiltration by PD-1+ TILs. Taken together, germinal center development in mTLSs might convey a protective immune response due to immuno-dominant neoantigen presentation. Supported in part by CPRIT RP160668 grant and UT Lung SPORE. Citation Format: Rossana Natalia Lazcano Segura, Andre Catao, Luisa M. Solis, Mei Jiang, Auriole Tamegnon, Junya Fujimoto, Jaime Rodriguez-Canales, Chi-Wan B. Chow, Carmen Behrens, Neda Kalhor, Annika Weissferdt, John Heymach, Stephen Swisher, Boris Sepesi, Jack Lee, Cesar Moran, Andrew Futreal, Jianjun Zhang, Edwin R. Parra, Ignacio I. Wistuba, Michael T. Tetzlaff, Alejandro Francisco-Cruz. Tertiary lymphoid structures features associate with outcome in non-small cell lung carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 399.
Enhanced memory for context associated with corrective feedback: evidence for episodic processes in errorful learning.

Numerous studies have established that there are benefits of corrective feedback for learning, but the mechanisms of this benefit are not well understood. An important question is whether correctiv...
Study on Genome Sequencing Practices as Driving Force of Clinical Research Modernization in the Future

Genome sequencing is one of the latest technologies to be introduced into medical practices for disease diagnostic and clinical trials for drugs discovery. It is often used in the practices of genomic medicine, to process and analyze genes and markers information to diagnose and treat disease. Specifically, genomic medicine uses DNA and RNA platform sequencing technologies to analyze human genome to detect, mutation, molecular abnormalities with clear clinical significances that may be associated to rare genetic diseases. The Human Genome Sequencing Project, which found around 35,000 genes in sequences of more than 3 billion human DNA and RNA chemical bases, was completed in 2003 with the use of these genomic sequencing platforms (first- and second-generation sequencing technologies). This cleared the door for genomic medicine, allowing researchers to conduct translational genomic clinical trials, which have advanced the clinical trial process in a variety of ways.
Random Dynamical Systems: Theory and Applications

1. Dynamical systems 2. Markov processes 3. Random dynamical systems 4. Random dynamical systems: special structures 5. Invariant distributions: estimations and computation 6. Discounted dynamic programming under uncertainty 7. Appendix.
Do Local Individual Investors Learn from Foreign Fund Flows

We investigate imitative herding and its effects on asset prices by examining how individual investors respond to a noisy signal regarding the positions of traders who they believe may possess valuable private information. We exploit a natural experiment in the Thai equity market, where a regulatory change resulted in the public dissemination of information about foreign institutional investors' aggregate daily flows on a stock-by-stock basis. We find that local individual investors' order imbalances increase in the first hour of trading following the release of information indicating that foreign investors were net purchasers of a stock on the previous day. Stock prices also appear to adjust quickly, and we find no evidence of subsequent reversal. Consistent with such price adjustments, the profitability of trading by foreign investors declines significantly after the transparency change. The results are consistent with a rational model of imitative herding in which the cost of adoption increases as more individuals imitate, preventing herd behavior from having a destabilizing effect on prices.
Extraction of parallel hardware during C to VHDL translation

Translating C/C++ language into VHDL is an important step in synthesizing hardware from C/C++. However, there is no explicit facility in the general C/C++ language to declare concurrent parallel execution which is a critical characteristic of hardware systems. This paper presents the outline of a set of transformation algorithms. These algorithms are helpful in the process of extracting parallel hardware during C to VHDL translation. An example of extracting parallel hardware from an array addition routine written in C is also presented in this paper.
Distribution incipient faults and abnormal events: case studies from recorded field data

A typical distribution circuit consists of thousands of individual components, from transformers to switches to insulators. Failure of a single component can cause service quality and reliability problems for the entire circuit and even adjacent circuits. Under the sponsorship of the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), and with the cooperation of EPRI utility members, researchers at Texas A&M University have put in place an advanced, multi-site monitoring system. This system instruments dozens of circuits at multiple utility company substations across the United States and Canada. Extensive data from this multi-site monitoring system have documented numerous examples of incipient fault behavior preceding component failures.
A better channel coding for a Link-16 waveform in pulsed-noise interference

SUMMARY Link-16 is a tactical data link currently used by North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) countries, the United States and its allies. The Link-16 waveform features Reed–Solomon codes for channel coding, cyclic code-shift keying for 32-ary baseband symbol modulation, minimum-shift keying for waveform modulation, and frequency hopping for transmission security. In addition to the original errors-only decoding of Reed–Solomon codes, both an errors-and-erasures decoding (EED) and a special concatenated coding are proposed in this paper to determine a better channel coding scheme for a Link-16 waveform with noncoherent detection in the presence of pulsed-noise interference (PNI). The investigation is first carried out both analytically and by simulation for the original Link-16 waveform transmitted over AWGN. It is then accomplished analytically for the proposed waveforms in both AWGN and PNI. The results show that EED achieves the best error rate performance for a Link-16 waveform in both AWGN and PNI when the signal-to-noise ratio is relatively small. When both the signal-to-noise ratio is sufficiently large and the fraction active time of PNI is small, the proposed concatenated coding outperforms both EED and errors-only decoding. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biochemical Markers in the Management of Patients with Metastatic Bone Disease

Patients with cancer usually die not as a result of their primary malignancy but of the metastatic disease process that ultimately develops. One-third of cancer patients will have metastases of their primary tumor to bone (1). The metastatic spread of cancer to bone is common to many different malignancies, particularly breast (73%), prostate (68%), and lung (36%) cancers (2). Bone metastases, in fact, account for the highest proportion of first sites of relapse in breast cancer patients. Metastases to bone cause accelerated bone resorption both from direct effects of the tumor itself and through the activation of osteoclast cells in bone via humoral and growth factors such as cytokines, platelet-derived growth factor, and parathyroid hormone-related protein (3). For most cancer patients, treatment of advanced metastatic disease is usually palliative, with quality of life a primary goal of therapy. Although patients will develop visceral as well as bony metastases, in many cases metastasis is exclusively to bone. There are numerous clinical consequences of metastatic bone disease, including hypercalcemia, bone pain, pathological fractures, and spinal cord compression. In many of these patients, appropriate therapy can resolve the hypercalcemia, improve the bone pain, and ward off the development of pathological fractures that compromise the mobility and quality of life for these …
Test-Retest Reliability of the Bod Pod: The Effect of Multiple Assessments

The Bod Pod uses air-displacement plethysmography to estimate body fat percentage (BF%). This study was designed to assess the test-retest reliability of the Bod Pod. The study included 283 women (M age = 41.0 yr., SD = 3.0). Each participant was tested at least twice in the Bod Pod. Results showed no significant mean difference between the test and the retest. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was .991. However, the absolute value of the initial trial differences (absolute mean difference) was .96 (SD = .90). A third assessment of BF% was taken when the initial trial difference was greater than 1 percentage point, and the two closest values were compared. This strategy resulted in a significant decrease in the absolute mean difference, from .96 to .55 percentage point, and ICC increased to .998. The Bod Pod appears to measure body fat percentage reliably; however, findings suggest that multiple trials may be necessary to detect small treatment effects.
Estimation of the neutron chain-length distribution in subcritical systems using a point Monte Carlo code

Abstract A point Monte Carlo code has been developed that simulates the evolution of prompt fission chains in subcritical systems. From this simulation, a numerical estimate of the neutron chain-length distribution as a function of k eff has been obtained for subcritical systems. We also discuss the importance of the detector efficiency in performing a successful neutron noise measurement in highly subcritical systems.
Closed-form evaluation of area under the ROC of cooperative relay-based energy detection in cognitive radio networks

In this article, we develop a closed form evaluation of the area under receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve (AUC) when employed in the analysis of cooperative amplify-and-forward (CAF) relay-based energy detection. The developed analytical expression for AUC results into finite kth order derivative of the moment generating function of the end-to-end signal-to-noise ratio. The resulting closed-form expressions can be easily generalized across different fading channels and multi-relay system. We first consider a single amplify-and-forward (AF) relay based sensing and later extend the framework to multi-relay system. Both options of maximum ration combining (MRC) and square-law combining are analysed. We found out that direct sensing performs better than single relay sensing under certain scenario. However, the sensing performance is greatly enhanced when both direct and relay based sensing are combined to form a CAF relay detection system. Also, we show that MRC CAF relay sensing outperforms their corresponding SLC CAF relay sensing.
Does the dorsal hippocampus process navigational routes or behavioral context? A single-unit analysis.

In humans the hippocampus plays a role in both episodic memory and spatial navigation. Similar findings have been shown in other animals including monkeys and rats. The relationship between the processing of episodic and spatial related inputs within the hippocampus remains a puzzle. One approach to understanding how the hippocampus processes information is to examine how hippocampal cell activity corresponds to environmental experience. Hippocampal pyramidal cells can alter their spatial tuning (re-map) in response to changes in task demands. The degree to which this re-mapping is related to contextual/episodic information or to changes in spatial navigation/trajectories is unclear. The current study was designed to examine cell activity under two conditions that differed in contextual information without alterations in the goal-directed trajectories taken by the animals. Adult and aged rats were trained to do an alternation task on a fixed pathway [J. A. Oler et al. (2005) Neuroscience, 131,1-12]. The animals ran this pathway during either 'safe' or 'unsafe' (a tone indicating a shock region) trials, with hesitation during 'unsafe' trials providing a clear behavioral measure of discrimination between these two conditions. Relatively few place cells displayed re-mapping between the two conditions. We propose that the principle source of re-mapping in the dorsal hippocampus is changes in the animal's trajectories rather than behavioral context. Possible reasons why so few cells responded to the change in context are discussed.
Inhibition of GPR18 through Docking of known Antagonists using a Homology Model

The Class A G-protein coupled receptor, GPR18, is a newly de-orphanized cannabinoid receptor that binds the endogenous ligand, N-arachidonoyl glycine (NAGly). As part of a larger project to model the interaction of ligands with GPR18, we undertook the conformational analysis of NAGly. Because NAGLY is an arachidonic acid derivative and arachidonic acid has been shown to be highly flexible, we began by investigating the conformational flexibility of this endogenous ligand. To this end, the Conformational Memories (CM) method was employed. This method combines Monte Carlo exploration of the dihedral angle and bond angle space with simulated annealing (MC/SA) to determine the range of values that each dihedral angle and bond angle is capable of exploring in a broad temperature range (Whitnell J Comp Chem 2007). Similar to previously reported CM results for arachidonic acid (Barnett-Norris J Med Chem 1998), NAGly's conformers could be divided into four groups: linear, U-shape, J-shape, and helical. These results will be used to explore the binding site interactions of NAGly at GPR18.
Laparoscopic colectomy performed using a completely intracorporeal technique is associated with similar outcome in obese and thin patients.

BackgroundDespite the potential benefits of laparoscopic-assisted colectomy, it is often associated with high operative conversion rates and increased morbidity especially in patients with obesity.ObjectivesThe goal of this study was to evaluate the results of a completely intracorporeal laparoscopi
KDM4/JMJD2 Histone Demethylases: Epigenetic Regulators in Cancer Cells

Lysine methylation is one of the most prominent histone posttranslational modifications that regulate chromatin structure. Changes in histone lysine methylation status have been observed during cancer formation, which is thought to be a consequence of the dysregulation of histone lysine methyltransferases or the opposing demethylases. KDM4/JMJD2 proteins are demethylases that target histone H3 on lysines 9 and 36 and histone H1.4 on lysine 26. This protein family consists of three ~130-kDa proteins (KDM4A-C) and KDM4D/JMJD2D, which is half the size, lacks the double PHD and Tudor domains that are epigenome readers and present in the other KDM4 proteins, and has a different substrate specificity. Various studies have shown that KDM4A/JMJD2A, KDM4B/JMJD2B, and/or KDM4C/JMJD2C are overexpressed in breast, colorectal, lung, prostate, and other tumors and are required for efficient cancer cell growth. In part, this may be due to their ability to modulate transcription factors such as the androgen and estrogen receptor. Thus, KDM4 proteins present themselves as novel potential drug targets. Accordingly, multiple attempts are under way to develop KDM4 inhibitors, which could complement the existing arsenal of epigenetic drugs that are currently limited to DNA methyltransferases and histone deacetylases.
Evaluation of a Peer-Tutoring Program at a Community College

(1984). Evaluation of a Peer-Tutoring Program at a Community College. Journal of College Reading and Learning: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 179-184.
Electromigration in mesoscopic systems with current concentration

Abstract We show that in a ballistic point contact, electromigration generates an inhomogeneous impurity distribution associated with electron-current concentration. This distribution is determined only by the direct driving force on the impurity atom and does not depend on the electron-wind force. A nonlinear correction to the I–V characteristic arising from inhomogeneous electron scattering can be used for the measurement of the direct-force impurity valence.
Effects of relative humidity and electric charge on the coalescence of curved water surfaces

Abstract The coalescence of two colliding water curves surfaces was studied by determining the surface deformation before coalescence in a controlled atmosphere. The surface deformation and delay time before coalescence were determined at two impact velocities, at approximately zero, 50%, and 97% relative humidity, and at an ambient temperature of approximately 27°C. The experimental results indicate that the delay time before coalescence increases with higher humidities in both the slow and rapid collisions. At the same humidity and temperature the delay time is less in the slow collision than in the rapid collision. An electric potential difference between the curved surfaces decreases the delay time before coalescence and greatly affects the surface deformation.
The dose-response characteristics of rat oral dyskinesias with chronic haloperidol or clozapine administration.

Whether the pathophysiology and treatment of neurolepticinduced oral dyskinesias in rats parallel that for tardive dyskinesia in humans remains a question. To address the issue further, Sprague Dawley rats were treated for 6 months with multiple oral doses of haloperidol (1.5 and 3.0 mg/ kg/day) or clozapine (10, 20, and 30 mg/kg/day) and compared with water treated animals. The rate of oral dyskinesias was monitored at study start and monthly by trained raters who were blind to treatment group. All haloperidoltreated rats developed oral dyskinesias at a significantly higher rate than rats treated with water (p=0.0007) or those treated with clozapine (p=0.0017). Each dose of haloperidol produced significantly higher rates of oral dyskinesias than did any dose of clozapine and did so in an apparent dose-sensitive manner. Clozapine lacked a dose-sensitive relationship with the oral dyskinesias, and failed to show a significant difference in rate from control rats at any dose. Plasma levels of haloperidol with these doses were in the human therapeutic range; with clozapine only the highest dose produced plasma levels in the human therapeutic range. These data show little association between rat oral dyskinesias and clozapine treatment, whereas a strong association is present with haloperidol. The data are, thereby, consistent with the clinical association of tardive dyskinesia with typical neuroleptics like haloperidol but not with the atypical neuroleptic clozapine.
Some remarks on computing the square parts of integers

Abstract Let n be a positive integer, and suppose n = Π p i a i is its prime factorization. Let θ(n) = Π p i a i − 1 , so that n θ (n) is the largest squarefree factor of n. We show that π is deterministic polynomial time Turing reducible to ϕ, the Euler function. We also show that θ is reducible to λ, the Carmichael function. We survey other recent work on computing the square part of an integer and give upper and lower bounds on the complexity of solving the problem.
Functional brain reorganization in children

Developmental brain plasticity in association with focal brain injury is dependent on a number of factors, including age of the individual at the time of injury, size and topography of the brain lesion, maturational state of the brain system injured, integrity of brain areas surrounding and contralateral to the lesion, presence and duration of epilepsy, and medication effects. Recently developed functional neuroimaging tools now make it possible to study non-invasively several aspects of human brain functional reorganization in response to injury. Clinical models which are suitable for the study of developmental brain plasticity include patients who have undergone cortical resections for the alleviation of intractable epilepsy, patients who have sustained unilateral cerebrovascular insults at various periods of development, patients with chronic progressive unilateral brain injury such as in the Sturge-Weber syndrome, and patients with early sensory deprivation such as blind or deaf subjects. Although evidence of functional brain reorganization can be demonstrated in these models, it is emphasized that the neurobiological rules that govern intrahemispheric versus interhemispheric reorganization of function in the brain are, at present, poorly understood.
Recent advances in reverse osmosis and electrodialysis membrane desalting technology

Abstract The potential impact of recent developments in both reverse osmosis and electrodialysis membrane desalting technology are summarized. Particular emphasis is given to the status of advanced technology reverse osmosis membranes with chlorine resistance having single pass seawater desalination capability. Membranes capable of using low operating pressures for brackish water desalting are also reviewed. Results obtained with large prototype reverse osmosis modules and their potential effect on lowering plant capital costs are presented. Possible elimination of acid and use of ultrafiltration as the predominant pretreatment step in seawater desalination plants are also described. Recent developments in the high temperature electrodialysis program for seawater desalting and in the use of newly developed anion membranes for brackish water desalination are reviewed. Finally, the effect of recent budget cut-backs imposed on the office of Water Research and Technology (OWRT) and potential impacts on future membrane desalination R&D activity are discussed.
ONZIN deficiency attenuates contact hypersensitivity responses in mice.

ONZIN is abundantly expressed in immune cells of both the myeloid and lymphoid lineage. Expression by lymphoid cells has been reported to further increase after cutaneous exposure of mice to antigens and haptens capable of inducing contact hypersensitivity, suggesting that ONZIN plays a critical role in this response. Here, we report that indeed ONZIN-deficient mice develop attenuated CHS to a number of different haptens. Dampened CHS responses correlated with a significant reduction in pro-inflammatory IL-6 at the challenge site in ONZIN-deficient animals compared to wild type controls. Together the study of these animals indicates that loss of ONZIN impacts the effector phase of the CHS response through the regulation of pro-inflammatory factors.
Taboos and denial in government responses

The most striking fact about HIV/AIDS is that it continues to spread even when the means of prevention are well known and do not demand costly technology to implement. This article argues that the fundamental barriers to effective prevention are social and cultural, and that many authorities place more emphasis on preserving traditional norms and social arrangements than on saving lives. The case is argued with particular reference to the impact of globalization on sexual behaviours, and the attempts by conservatives to deny existing behaviours and vulnerabilities. Current debates around abstinence, homosexuality and harm minimization are discussed to demonstrate the deeply political nature of HIV prevention.
The Here and There of a Femme Cave An Autoethnographic Snapshot of a Contextualized Girl Gamer Space

In the seminal 1938 text, Homo Ludens, Johan Huizinga invokes the concept of the magic circle as a third space reserved solely for play. It is a space where play follows its own rules without regard to physical or imaginative constraints. With the advent of 21st-century digital technologies, the once clearly delineated contours of Huizinga’s circle have blurred and have come under increased scrutiny. This piece, through the use of autoethnographic narrative and the self-reflexive analysis of two girl gamers, argues that analysis of the 21st century magic circle should acknowledge the blurring of the circle’s contours, but analysis of that circle must also take into consideration the physical, social, and familial contexts in which digital play happens. In other words, contextualized physical space shapes how that still significant magic circle functions.
Cytoplasmic Domain of Rhodopsin Is Essential for Post-Golgi Vesicle Formation in a Retinal Cell-free System

In retinal photoreceptors, highly polarized organization of the light-sensitive organelle, the rod outer segment, is maintained by the sorting of rhodopsin and its associated proteins into distinct post-Golgi vesicles that bud from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and by their vectorial transport toward the rod outer segment. We have developed an assay that reconstitutes the formation of these vesicles in a retinal cell-free system. Vesicle formation in this cell-free assay is ATP-, GTP-, and cytosol-dependent. In frog retinas vesicle budding also proceeds at 0°C, both in vivo and in vitro. Vesicles formed in vitro are indistinguishable from the vesicles formed in vivo by their buoyant density, protein composition, topology, and morphology. In addition to the previously identified G-proteins, these vesicles also contain rab11. Concurrently with vesicle budding, resident proteins are retained in the TGN. Collectively these data suggest that rhodopsin and its associated proteins are sorted upon exit from the TGN in this cell-free system. Removal of membrane-bound GTP-binding proteins of the rab family by rab GDP dissociation inhibitor completely abolishes formation of these vesicles and results in the retention of rhodopsin in the Golgi. A monoclonal antibody to the cytoplasmic (carboxyl-terminal) domain of rhodopsin and its Fab fragments strongly inhibit vesicle formation and arrest newly synthesized rhodopsin in the TGN rather than the Golgi. Therefore rhodopsin sorting at the exit from the TGN is mediated by the interaction of its cytoplasmic domain with the intracellular sorting machinery.
The compound cylinder and the strength problem

Abstract A general discussion is given of the effects of various strength theories on the design of compound cylinders composed of as many as four tubes. Departing from the usual practice in problems of this type, the more modern theories of strength are included. The problem considered is limited to simultaneous, yielding in all component tubes of the cylinder under the action of bore pressure. In addition, new short design procedures employing graphical means are discussed which will considerably reduce the time ordinarily required in such calculations. The methods used are flexible since component tubes of different materials following different strength theories can be treated as easily as cylinders composed of tubes of one material.
The kinetics of the hydrolysis of procaine.

Procaine solutions are subject to hydrolytic deteriortion. In the present paper results of a chemical kinetical investigation of this reaction together with its theoretical analysis are given. It is shown that the over-all reaction is the sum of two reactions involving the free base and the singly charged ion. The activation energies have been found to be 13.8 and 12 kilocalories per mole, respectively, for the two hydrolytic reactions. From the data obtained general equations relating the half life of procaine solutions to their temperature and pH are derived.
Humanitarian relief standards as information policy

This paper addresses the information policy issue within humanitarian relief organizations of standards as they apply to setting guidelines and self-regulation among the actors in this field. The paper begins with an overview of the context of natural disasters, the nature of humanitarian relief organizations working in the field, and how standards might be applicable. Following, the questions and challenges to the field are then discussed, using spatial information and related technology as a lens to frame these challenges. A group of standards-forming bodies are then described. A section analyzing these standards and their functioning in the domain of humanitarian relief follows the descriptions of standards in the field. A set of operational recommendations and a set of next steps and possible future research suggestions close the paper.
Cross-species protection: Schistosoma mansoni Sm-p80 vaccine confers protection against Schistosoma haematobium in hamsters and baboons

The ability of the Schistosoma mansoni antigen, Sm-p80, to provide cross-species protection against Schistosoma haematobium challenge was evaluated in hamster and baboon models. Pronounced reduction in worm burden (48%) and in tissue egg load (64%) was observed in hamsters vaccinated with recombinant Sm-p80 admixed with glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant-stable emulsion (GLA-SE). Similarly, in baboons, the Sm-p80/GLA-SE vaccine produced a 25% reduction in S. haematobium adult worms and decreased the egg load in the urinary bladder by 64%. A 40% and 53% reduction in fecal and urine egg output, respectively, was observed in vaccinated baboons. A balanced pro-inflammatory (Th17 and Th1) and Th2 type of response was generated after vaccination and appears indicative of augmented prophylactic efficacy. These data on cross-species protection coupled with the prophylactic, therapeutic and antifecundity efficacy against the homologous parasite, S. mansoni, reinforces Sm-p80 as a promising vaccine candidate. It is currently being prepared for GMP-compliant manufacture and for further pre-clinical development leading to human clinical trials. These results solidify the expectation that the Sm-p80 vaccine will provide relief for both the intestinal and the urinary schistosomiasis and thus will be greatly beneficial in reducing the overall burden of schistosomiasis.
A Pulsed Septum Magnet for the Fermilab Antiproton Source

A 2 meter curved pulsed septum magnet for use in the Fermilab Antiproton Source is described. The magnet produces a peak field of 6 kGauss at a current of 20,000 Amperes within a 0.4 msec long pulse. The field uniformity obtained is AB/B<0.2% out to 3.8 cm from the copper septum. Power enters the magnet from the center resulting in very simple ends and the magnet incorporates a 0.5 cm steel guard which reduces the field to <1.4 Gauss in the zero-field region. The total septum thickness is 1.3 cm. The vacuum enclosure doubles as the stacking fixture for the magnet laminations allowing easy assembly of a magnet with a 50 m radius of curvature.
Managing loss of intrathecal baclofen efficacy Review of the literature and proposed troubleshooting algorithm

Summary Spasticity is a debilitating symptom associated with numerous neurologic conditions. While intrathecal baclofen therapy (ITB) is an established treatment for spasticity, complications can lead to loss of efficacy (LOE) and baclofen withdrawal. Untreated withdrawal syndrome can be fatal. Prompt diagnosis and management of LOE is essential. Numerous methods have been described in the literature for diagnosing the cause of LOE. Many of the methods require equipment not readily available in the outpatient setting. Furthermore, there is no established consensus on the sequencing of these diagnostic tests. Herein, we review ITB literature on troubleshooting LOE for applicability to the managing clinician. Using this information and our clinical experience, we propose an algorithm with management recommendations to simplify and expedite the troubleshooting process in the outpatient setting.
The effects of post-ischemic hypothermia on the neuronal injury and brain metabolism after forebrain ischemia in the rat.

We investigated the effect of moderate post-ischemic hypothermia on neuropathological outcome and cerebral high energy phosphate metabolism, intracellular pH and Mg2+ concentration in the rat. Three groups of animals were investigated: (1) Wistar rats subjected to 12 min of forebrain ischemia under normothermic conditions (n = 17), (2) rats subjected to the identical procedure of ischemia, except that 30°C hypothermia was induced post-ischemia and maintained for 2 h of reperfusion (n = 6), and (3) control hypothermic rats not subjected to ischemia (n = 4). In vivo 31P NMR spectroscopy was performed prior to ischemia, and at intervals up to 168 h after ischemia. Histological analysis of brain tissues was performed 7 days after ischemia. No significant differences in cortical and hippocampal neuronal damage was detected between the two experimental groups. Significantly lower pH values were detected in the hypothermic ischemic animals at 24 h (P = 0.0001) and 48 h (P = 0.018) post-ischemia compared to the normothermic ischemic animals. Normothermic ischemic animals exhibited significantly lower [Mg2+] at 72 h (P < 0.006) compared to the pre-ischemia level. Our data indicate that post-ischemic hypothermia modifies the profiles of post-ischemic brain tissue pH and Mg2+ concentration, and this modification is not associated with histopathological outcome 7 days after ischemia.
Genetic diversity of a dominant C4 grass is altered with increased precipitation variability.

Climate change has the potential to alter the genetic diversity of plant populations with consequences for community dynamics and ecosystem processes. Recent research focused on changes in climatic means has found evidence of decreased precipitation amounts reducing genetic diversity. However, increased variability in climatic regimes is also predicted with climate change, but the effects of this aspect of climate change on genetic diversity have yet to be investigated. After 10 years of experimentally increased intra-annual variability in growing season precipitation regimes, we report that the number of genotypes of the dominant C4 grass, Andropogon gerardii Vitman, has been significantly reduced in native tallgrass prairie compared with unmanipulated prairie. However, individuals showed a different pattern of genomic similarity with increased precipitation variability resulting in greater genome dissimilarity among individuals when compared to unmanipulated prairie. Further, we found that genomic dissimilarity was positively correlated with aboveground productivity in this system. The increased genomic dissimilarity among individuals in the altered treatment alongside evidence for a positive correlation of genomic dissimilarity with phenotypic variation suggests ecological sorting of genotypes may be occurring via niche differentiation. Overall, we found effects of more variable precipitation regimes on population-level genetic diversity were complex, emphasizing the need to look beyond genotype numbers for understanding the impacts of climate change on genetic diversity. Recognition that future climate change may alter aspects of genetic diversity in different ways suggests possible mechanisms by which plant populations may be able to retain a diversity of traits in the face of declining biodiversity.
Trees with very few eigenvalues

The number of distinct eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix of a graph is bounded below by the diameter of the graph plus one. Many graphs that achieve this lower bound exhibit much symmetry, for example, distance-transitive and distance-regular graphs. Here we provide a recursive construction that will create graphs having the fewest possible eigenvalues. This construction is best at creating trees, but will also create cyclic graphs meeting the lower bound. Unlike the graphs mentioned above, many of the graphs constructed do not exhibit large amounts of symmetry. A corollary allows us to determine the values and multiplicities of all the nonsimple eigenvalues of the constructed graph.
Determination of the bonding and growth of Ag on Si(100)-(2 x 1).

The bonding and growth of Ag on Si(100) were studied with high-resolution photoemission spectroscopy and high-energy electron diffraction. By monitoring the changes in the Si 2p core-level and Ag 4d valence-band line shapes, we have examined the chemical interaction between the Ag adatoms and Si surface dimer atoms. The Ag-to-Si bonding coordination number as a function of coverage was obtained. This number is 2 at low Ag coverages, which suggests that the bonding site for a Ag adatom is between two neighboring Si surface dimers along the direction of dimerization; the two dimer dangling bonds pointing at the Ag adatom join the two Ag sp hybrid orbitals to form two Ag-Si bonds. The growth mode was observed to be three dimensional at higher coverages. The Schottky-barrier height was measured.
Aire deficiency promotes TRP-1 specific immune rejection of melanoma

The thymic transcription factor AIRE prevents autoimmunity in part by promoting expression of tissue-specific self-antigens, which include many cancer antigens. For example, AIRE-deficient patients are predisposed to vitiligo, an autoimmune disease of melanocytes that is often triggered by efficacious immunotherapies against melanoma. Therefore, we hypothesized that Aire deficiency in mice may elevate immune responses to cancer and provide insights into how such responses might be triggered. In this study, we show that Aire deficiency decreases thymic expression of TRP-1 (TYRP1), which is a self-antigen in melanocytes and a cancer antigen in melanomas. Aire deficiency resulted in defective negative selection of TRP-1 specific T cells without affecting thymic numbers of regulatory T cells. Aire deficient mice displayed elevated T cell immune responses that were associated with suppression of melanoma outgrowth. Further, transplantation of Aire-deficient thymic stroma was sufficient to confer more effective immune rejection of melanoma in an otherwise Aire wildtype host. Together, our work showed how Aire deficiency can enhance immune responses against melanoma, and how manipulating TRP-1 specific T cell negative selection may offer a logical strategy to enhance immune rejection of melanoma.
Characterization of a potent non-cytotoxic shRNA directed to the HIV-1 co-receptor CCR5

Background The use of shRNAs to downregulate the expression of specific genes is now relatively routine in experimentation but still hypothetical for clinical application. A potential therapeutic approach for HIV-1 disease is shRNA mediated downregulation of the HIV-1 co-receptor, CCR5. It is increasingly recognized that siRNAs and shRNAs can have unintended consequences such as cytotoxicities in cells, particularly when used for long term therapeutic purposes. For the clinical use of shRNAs, it is crucial to identify a shRNA that can potently inhibit CCR5 expression without inducing unintended cytotoxicities.
Ballot Information and Voting Decisions in Judicial Elections

Ballots used in the American states differ in the information that they provide about candidates. This article examines the effects of ballot information on voters' decisions whether and how to vote in individual contests, effects on which scholars have not yet provided direct evidence. The study employs experimental manipulations within pre-election and post-election surveys on three contests for seats on a state supreme court. Ballot information on candidates' incumbency status and city of residence had little impact on voters' decisions. In contrast, information on candidates' party affiliations had substantial and interconnected effects on participation and choice. These findings illuminate voter decisionmaking in low-information contests, and they demonstrate that the choice between partisan and nonpartisan ballots in judicial elections is indeed consequential.
Ferromagnetism in Cu-doped ZnO films: Role of charge carriers

We report the observation of room temperature ferromagnetism in Cu-doped (5%) ZnO films grown on c-plane sapphire substrates. Films were prepared by pulsed laser deposition technique and were thoroughly characterized using several state-of-the-art characterization techniques. Hall measurements showed that the films are of n-type with a carrier concentration of 3×1017cm−3. Magnetization measurements showed that the films exhibit room temperature ferromagnetism with a saturation magnetization of ∼1.45μB∕Cu atom. When additional carriers were introduced in the films, ferromagnetism was completely vanished. Our results show that the p-type nature of the film is not essential for realizing ferromagnetic characteristics; however, the concentration of n-type carriers should not exceed a critical value.
Unidimensionality and item invariance in judicial scaling.

When a new judge is appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States, there is always much public speculation about what his attitudes are to major social problems and how he is likely to vote on issues during his term on the bench. Will he take a liberal or conservative stand, or be neutral, on such issues as civil liberties or economic liberalism? Current studies of judicial attitudes are employing social psychological models to analyze judicial decision making. Here the author argues the case for using a unidimensional model to study such behavior.
An imaging study of NGC 1275 and PKS 0745-191 - Vigorous star formation in cooling flow cluster dominant galaxies

Observations of NGC 1275 and PKS 0745-191, obtained at 8290 A (FWHM 1900 A) and 4506 A (FWHM 355 A) using a UV-flooded 800 x 800 CCD detector on the 2.3-m telescope at Steward Observatory on December 9, 1986, are reported along with additional observations of PKS 0745-191 at 7240 A (FWHM 78 A) and 6737 A (FWHM 86 A). The results are presented graphically and analyzed in detail. Both of these cluster-central galaxies are shown to have strong cooling flows, total H-alpha luminosities of 4.8 x 10 to the 42nd erg/s, large color gradients (bluer centers), and a blue excess relative to normal old elliptical galaxies (probably indicating star formation at a few times 10 solar mass/yr).
How Confined Lubricants Diffuse During Shear

The translational diffusion of a fluorescent dye embedded at a dilute concentration in a confined fluid was compared at rest and during shear. The fluid, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (OMCTS), was confined between step-free muscovite mica to thickness 3-4 layers. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy showed that the time scales of intensity-intensity autocorrelation functions were essentially the same during shear and at rest, except they were faster during shear by a factor of 2 to 5. This dynamical probe of how liquids order in molecularly thin films fails to support the hypothesis that shear produced a melting transition.
Budding pathway in the templated assembly of viruslike particles.

A new pathway for the assembly of viral capsid protein around inorganic nanoparticle cores was observed by time-course light scattering and cryo-electron tomography. Gold nanoparticles with an aver...
HIV/AIDS Prevention Strategies in the Armed Forces in Sub-Saharan Africa A Critical Review

The objective of this study is to highlight and review literature and current practices on HIV/AIDS prevention and education in African militaries. It examines the potential implications of HIV/AID...
The effect of penicillin on the mortality of splenectomized mice exposed to an aerosol of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3.

Summary: In experiment 1, splenectomized mice exposed to 1 × 109 colony-forming units (cfu) of type 3 Streptococcus pneumoniae experienced no mortality when given 40,000 or 4,000 units of procaine penicillin IM starting 2 days before exposure and continuing for 4 days. On day 5, Bicillin was given once in the same dosages. In experiment 2, splenectomized mice exposed to 2.2 × 109 cfu were significantly protected by 400 but not 40 units of penicillin when compared to controls (P < 0.005). In experiment 3, splenectomized mice exposed to 2.7 × 109 cfu were significantly protected when compared to controls if 4,000 units of procaine penicillin were given either 2 days postexposurc for 2 days followed by 1 day of Bicillin in the same dosage or 4 days postexposure with the same schedule and dosage (P < 0.005 and 0.01, respectively) but not 6 days postexposure.