cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plasma Zinc Concentration Responds Rapidly to the Initiation and Discontinuation of Short-Term Zinc Supplementation in Healthy Men

To assist with the evaluation of zinc (Zn) intervention programs, information is needed on the magnitude and velocity of response of plasma Zn concentration following changes in Zn intake. Our objective in this study was to measure plasma Zn concentration of healthy adult men before and after initiation and discontinuation of 1 of 2 dosages of Zn supplements or placebo. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 58 apparently healthy males aged 19-54 y. Participants received 1 of 3 liquid supplements daily for 21 d: 10 or 20 mg Zn/d, as Zn sulfate, or placebo. Fasting plasma Zn concentrations were measured on 14 occasions before, during, and after supplementation. Data were analyzed using mixed-model ANCOVA. The plasma Zn concentration was related to day of study (P < 0.0001) and study group (P < 0.0001). Controlling for baseline concentrations, plasma Zn concentrations were consistently elevated above baseline by d 5 among individuals in both of the Zn-supplemented groups compared with those receiving placebo supplements, regardless of their initial plasma Zn concentration. There were no significant group-wise differences between those who received either 10 or 20 mg/d Zn. Plasma Zn concentrations of supplemented individuals declined following withdrawal of supplementation and within 2 wk no longer differed from those of the placebo group. Change in the plasma Zn concentration is a useful indicator to monitor compliance with, and possibly effectiveness of, Zn supplementation programs. To ensure accurate interpretation of the results, samples should be collected while the intervention is still in progress.
Tree-bank Grammars

By a "tree-bank grammar" we mean a context-free grammar created by reading the production rules directly from hand-parsed sentences in a tree bank. Common wisdom has it that such grammars do not perform we & though we know of no published data on the issue. The primary purpose of this paper is to show that the common wisdom is wrong. In particular, we present results on a tree-bank grammar based on the Penn WaII Street Journal tree bank. To the best of our knowledge, this grammar outperforms ah other non-word-based statistical parsers/grammars on this corpus. That is, it outperforms parsers that consider the input as a string of tags and ignore the actual words of the corpus.
Quality Changes in Fresh-cut Pear Slices as Affected by Cultivar, Ripeness Stage, Fruit Size, and Storage Regime

Fresh-cut fruit slices prepared from partially ripened Bartlett pears had longer shelf life than those from Bosc, Anjou, and Red Anjou pears. Pear fruit ripeness, based on flesh firmness of 44 to 58 N, is optimal for fresh-cut pear slice processing. Pear slices derived from smaller size fruit (122 to 135 g) have greater cut surface discoloration and deteriorate more rapidly than slices derived from larger fruit (152 g). Recently harvested Bartlett pear fruit and whole pears held at -1 °C in a controlled atmosphere of 2%O 2 + 98%N 2 had a longer post-cutting shelf life than those held in air at -1 °C for the same duration. Cut surface browning, flesh softening, and surface dehydration of the slice cut surface were all contributors to loss of product quality.
Requirement of a Src family kinase for initiating calcium release at fertilization in starfish eggs.

Signal transduction leading to calcium release in echinoderm eggs at fertilization requires phospholipase Cγ-mediated production of inositol trisphosphate (IP3), indicating that a tyrosine kinase is a likely upstream regulator. Because previous work has shown a fertilization-dependent association between the Src homology 2 (SH2) domains of phospholipase Cγ and a Src family kinase, we examined whether a Src family kinase was required for Ca2+ release at fertilization. To inhibit the function of kinases in this family, we injected starfish eggs with the SH2 domains of Src and Fyn kinases. This inhibited Ca2+ release in response to fertilization but not in response to injection of IP3. We further established the specificity of the inhibition by showing that the SH2 domains of several other tyrosine kinases (Abl, Syk, and ZAP-70), and the SH3 domain of Src, were not inhibitory. Also, a point-mutated Src SH2 domain, which has reduced affinity for phosphotyrosine, was a correspondingly less effective inhibitor of fertilization-induced Ca2+ release. These results indicate that a Src family kinase, by way of its SH2 domain, links sperm-egg interaction to IP3-mediated Ca2+ release at fertilization in starfish eggs.
"Constitutional Promises" and Repressive Reality: A Cross-National Time- Series Investigation of Why Political and Civil Liberties are Suppressed

I investigate whether or not national constitutions provide any insight into when states use political repression. Specifically, three constitutional provisions are identified: (1) what political a...
A computational framework and solution algorithms for two-stage adaptive robust scheduling of batch manufacturing processes under uncertainty

A novel two-stage adaptive robust optimization (ARO) approach to production scheduling of batch processes under uncertainty is proposed. We first reformulate the deterministic mixed-integer linear programming model of batch scheduling into a two-stage optimization problem. Symmetric uncertainty sets are then introduced to confine the uncertain parameters, and budgets of uncertainty are used to adjust the degree of conservatism. We then apply both the Benders decomposition algorithm and the column-and-constraint generation (C&CG) algorithm to efficiently solve the resulting two-stage ARO problem, which cannot be tackled directly by any existing optimization solvers. Two case studies are considered to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed modeling framework and solution algorithms. The results show that the C&CG algorithm is more computationally efficient than the Benders decomposition algorithm, and the proposed two-stage ARO approach returns 9% higher profits than the conventional robust optimization approach for batch scheduling. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 687–703, 2016
Lead–radium dating of Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) – validation of the young-fish scenario

Age readers disagree on the age reading interpretation of otolith growth patterns for the Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus). One interpretation describes a young-fish scenario with a life span near 10–12 years, whereas another interpretation describes an old-fish scenario at more than 30 years. In this study, lead–radium dating was performed on Pacific cod otoliths to test the validity of the old-fish age reading scenario. Radiometric ages revealed that the young-fish scenario was valid because the actual age of the two oldest adult groups was more than 20 years younger than estimated by the old-fish scenario.
Should weaning protocols be used with all patients who receive mechanical ventilation

Ventilator weaning protocols have the potential to expedite the weaning process and have been shown to reduce weaning time and the duration of mechanical ventilation in several studies. However, other studies have found no benefits from weaning protocols, and they may be particularly superfluous in highly staffed and structured intensive care units. Furthermore, for a protocol to improve outcomes, the clinicians must have a high rate of adherence to the protocol. Weaning protocols might improve patient care and outcomes, but their implementation should be based on local clinical characteristics and needs, and accompanied by an intensive education effort and measurement of adherence and outcomes.
Studies on a mevaldic acid reductase of rat liver

A TPNH-specific mevaldic reductase of rat liver has been partially purified. This enzyme fraction catalyzes the reduction of both optical isomers of mevaldic acid to isomeric mevalonic acids. Although the evidence is not unequivocal, most data are in agreement with the conclusion that a single enzyme mediates the reduction of the two isomers of mevaldic acid. The enzyme is strongly inhibited by hydroxylamine, but it is unaffected by iodoacetamide and only weakly inhibited by p-chloromercurisulfonic acid and N-ethyl maleimide. The enzyme exhibits no metal ion requirement and has a rather broad pH optimum (6.5 to 7.7). The biologically active isomer of mevaldic acid is reduced much more rapidly than the other isomer, and, in the reductive process, one mole of mevaldic acid is reduced and one mole of TPNH is oxidized for each mole of mevalonic acid formed. Biological activity of the enzymatic reduction product is demonstrated by its conversion to terpenol pyrophosphates and by its utilization as substrate for mevalonic kinase. Possible metabolic roles for the enzyme and its substrate are discussed. A second aldehyde-reducing activity was detected, which is DPNH specific and has activities similar to alcohol dehydrogenase. This enzyme shows significant activity in the oxidation of geraniol and farnesol in the presence of DPN.
Korean Percussion Ensemble ("Samulnori") in the General Music Classroom.

This article introduces samulnori (Korean percussion ensemble), its cultural background, and instructional methods as parts of a classroom approach to teaching upper-level general music. We introdu...
Evaluation of the National Tips From Former Smokers Campaign: the 2014 Longitudinal Cohort

Since 2012, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has aired a national tobacco education campaign to encourage quitting, Tips From Former Smokers (Tips), which consists of graphic antismoking advertisements that feature former cigarette smokers. We evaluated phase 2 of the 2014 campaign by using a nationally representative longitudinal cohort.
Soviet Science: The Institutional Debate

(1960). Soviet Science: The Institutional Debate. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Vol. 16, Biological and Chemical Warfare, pp. 208-211.
Superlayer Residual Stress Effect on the Indentation Adhesion Measurements

The practical work of adhesion has been measured in thin aluminum films as a function of film thickness and residual stress. These films were sputter deposited onto thermally oxidized silicon wafers followed by sputter deposition of a one micron thick W superlayer. The superlayer deposition parameters were controlled to produce either a compressive residual stress of 1 GPa or a tensile residual stress of 100 MPa. Nanoindentation testing was then used to induce delamination and a mechanics based model for circular blister formation was used to determine practical works of adhesion. The resulting measured works of adhesion for all films between 100 nm and 1 μm thick was 30 J/m2 regardless of superlayer stress. However, films with the compressively stressed superlayers produced larger blisters than films with tensile stressed superlayers. In addition, these films were susceptible to radial cracking producing a high variability in average adhesion values.
A Mathematical Model for Pressure Compensating Emitters

This paper presents a mathematical model investigating the physics behind pressure-compensating (PC) drip irrigation emitters. A network of PC emitters, commonly known as drip irrigation, is an efficient way to deliver water to crops while increasing yield. Irrigation can provide a means for farmer to grow more sensitive, and profitable crops and help billions of small-holder farmers lift themselves out of poverty. Making drip irrigation accessible and economically viable is important for developing farmers as most face the challenges of water scarcity, declining water tables and lack of access to an electrical grid. One of the main reasons for the low adoption rate of drip irrigation in the developing world is the relatively high cost of the pumping power. It is possible to reduce this cost by reducing the required activation pressure of the emitters, while maintaining the PC behavior. The work presented here provides a guide of how design changes in the emitter could allow for a reduction in the activation pressure from 1 bar to approximately 0.1 bar. This decrease in the activation pressure of each emitter in turn decreases the system driving pressure. This reduction of driving pressure will decrease the energy need of pumping, making a solar-powered system affordable for small-acreage farmers.This paper develops a mathematical model to describe the PC behavior in a commercially available emitter. It is a 2D model that explains the relationship between the pressure, structural deformation and fluid flow within a PC emitter. A parametric study has been performed to understand the effects of geometric and material parameters with regards to the activation pressure and PC behavior. This knowledge will help guide the designs and prototypes of optimized emitters with a lower activation pressure, while also providing the PC behavior.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Control of a Base Load and Load-Following Regulating Organic Rankine Cycle for Waste Heat Recovery in Heavy-Duty Diesel Powertrain

This paper builds upon previous work on modeling and controlling an organic Rankine Cycles (ORC) used for heavy-duty diesel powertrain. The novel contribution of this paper is operating the ORC as a base load regulating waste heat recovery (WHR) system in addition to the pressure regulation examined in previous work. Specifically, the expander power is expected to follow a power demand while maintaining pressure regulation. The ORC’s heat exchangers are modeled as control-oriented, nonlinear Moving Boundary models. The pump and expander, which are coupled to the engine crankshaft, have relatively faster dynamics than the heat exchangers and are modeled as static components. The driving cycle produces transient heat source and engine conditions for the ORC to recover waste heat energy. The ORC operating point is chosen at a steady-state that meets operating constraints, which may be violated from the heat source transients. During operation, low and high constant demand loads are given to the ORC’s expander to follow while regulating to pressure setpoints. A varying square-wave demand is also examined for partload operation. The ORC is to maintain pressure and power setpoints through independent proportional-integrator controllers (PI). A pair of PI controllers are designed for regulating the evaporating and condensing pressures and a third PI controller to follow the power demand. The results demonstrate pressure and base load power regulation to setpoints when the base load is feasible for constant and varying loads. When the base load power demand is infeasibly too high, both pressure and power regulations exhibit steady-state error. In the considered scenarios, initial pressure transients violate constraints and show the need for advanced controllers. The ORC improves the engine power efficiency by 0.5–2.5%.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Effects of Freezing and Storage on Survival of Thyroid Autografts.

SummaryThyroid tissue from 8 adult dogs was autotransplanted successfully into the cerebral cortex. Histologic viability was demonstrated in all instances for as long as 2 months. Thyroid tissue from 6 adult dogs was frozen at −196°C after immersion in dimethyl sulfoxide and stored at this temperature for 2 weeks. After rapid thawing, the tissue was autotransplanted into the cerebral cortex. Histologic examination showed apparent viability of the transplanted tissue at 6 weeks (one animal) and 12 weeks (2 animals) after autotransplantation.
LEADERSHIP STYLE EMPHASIS AND RELATED PERSONALITY ATTRIBUTES

This study examined differences in personality attributes between supervisors who placed equal emphasis on the people and task dimensions of leadership and those who tended to be exclusively people- or task-oriented. Using the Leadership Opinion Questionnaire as a measure of preference for a particular leadership style and the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire to assess personality attributes, it was found that subjects evidencing a preference for a “balanced” style tended to be more tough-minded, practical, conservative, and group-dependent.
An Investigation of Perceptual Differences Between Private and Public Colleges and Universities

The primary objective of the study was to understand prospective, current, and former "non-traditional" students' value propositions related to receiving a degree from a four-year college or university. The findings suggest public colleges and universities provide the same or higher levels of beneficial outcomes related to receiving a degree. In addition, respondents perceived the investment required to receive the degree was significantly lower. Suggestions regarding ways colleges and universities may increase value perceptions are presented.
Pediatric sudden sensorineural hearing loss: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment in 20 children.

Abstract Objectives 1. To report our experience in children with sudden-onset sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL). 2. To describe the etiology and management of children with SSNHL. Methods Retrospective review of 20 children with SSNHL, from 2000 to 2013 at a tertiary pediatric facility. Patients had the following inclusion criteria: history of normal hearing, hearing loss occurring in less than 3 days, and audiogram documentation. Results The average age of patients presenting with SSNHL is 11 years 3 months (22months-18years). Only 6 (30%) children presented prior to 2 weeks. Tinnitus (55%) was the most common associated symptoms followed by otalgia (25%), and vertigo (20%). Eight patients had bilateral hearing loss, 6 only right and 6 only left. Hearing loss severity ranged from profound (45%) being most common to mild. Etiology was unknown (30%), viral (25%), anatomic abnormality (25%), Meniere's disease (5%), autoimmune (5%), perilymphatic fistula (5%), and suppurative labyrinthitis (5%). Eight patients had initial treatment with oral steroids of which 50% had improvement on audiograms. Two patients underwent intratympanic injections, both showed improvement. Of the 12 patients with no treatment, only 1 had improved hearing. Conclusions The true incidence of pediatric SSNHL is not well established in our literature. Unique aspects of pediatric SSNHL are delayed presentation and higher percent of anatomic findings. In our study 70% presented more than 2 weeks after experiencing symptoms. Anatomic abnormalities are in 40% of patients. Hearing improvement occurred in 50% of children treated with oral steroids. Intratympanic steroid treatment is another option but may have practical limitation in the pediatric population.
Managerial Incentive Horizon and Firm Information Quality

Theoretical models have linked short managerial incentive horizons with managerial strategies to boost stock prices artificially in the short run. The incentives to boost short-term stock prices may be unintended outcomes of managers’ incentive contracts, or may be deliberate and in the interests of current shareholders. Whether the incentives are deliberate or not, to be successful in artificially boosting short-run stock prices, a manager must fool at least some investors into overvaluing the firm. To fool investors, the manager must reduce the transparency, accuracy, and quality of information about the firm. Thus, if short incentive horizons induce managers to pursue strategies to attempt to fool some investors about true fundamental values, then the quality of the overall external information environment of firms should be worse for firms whose managers face short incentive horizons. This is the primary hypothesis we test in this paper. We examine empirically the relation between managerial incentive horizons and several measures of the quality of firms’ information environments. When a firm’s managerial incentive horizon is short, it is more likely to report income-increasing discretionary accruals and to experience “walk downs” of analysts’ earnings forecasts; analyst forecast dispersion and absolute forecast errors are greater; and share turnover is greater. These results are consistent with recent theoretical models in which short incentive horizons induce managers to adopt strategies that reduce the quality of their firms’ information environments and exacerbate information heterogeneity across investors. We also find evidence suggesting that investors at least partly understand these managerial incentives because they attach less credibility to the information in earnings surprises by short-horizon firms.
“Free from all vicious habits”: Archaeological perspectives on class conflict and the rhetoric of temperance

American temperance organizations of the mid-19th century stressed total abstinence from alcohol and tobacco, attributing to these substances an array of physically and morally damaging effects. These reformers deployed a rhetoric which was deeply rooted in middle-class American ideology, focusing their efforts on freeing impoverished, working-class, and immigrant groups from the bonds of addiction, demanding nothing less than total abstinence. Yet many middle-class partakers continued to smoke and drink in “moderate” amounts. The temperance movement became a locus for the exercise of class-based social control and opposition. Cultural, religious, and political agendas also animated the temperance debate and informed the philosophies of reformist institutions. The responses of diverse social groups to temperance reform are explored through an analysis of period documents and archaeological material from New York City and Lowell, Massachusetts, in order to explore the interplay of class formation, cultural and “racial” conflict, and religious ideology underlying reformist social movements.
In-Package Inactivation of Pathogenic and Spoilage Bacteria Associated with Poultry Using Dielectric Barrier Discharge-Cold Plasma Treatments

The goal of this study was to test the efficacy of in-package dielectric barrier discharge-cold plasma (DBD-CP) treatment to inactivate poultry-associated spoilage (Pseudomonas fluorescens) and pathogenic (Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni) bacteria. Liquid cultures of the bacterial isolates were sealed within packages containing ambient air (Trial 1) or modified air (65% O2:30% CO2:5% N2; Trial 2). The packages were subjected to treatment times ranging from 30 to 180 s, and after 24 h incubation at 4 °C, bacterial titers were determined. The DBD-CP system completely inactivated the four isolates tested, although the in-package gas composition and treatment times were isolate-specific. Both C. jejuni isolates were completely inactivated between 30 s (modified air) and 120 s (ambient air), while modified air was required for the complete inactivation of S. typhimurium (90 s) and P. fluorescens (180 s). This DBD-CP system is effective for inactivating major poultry-associated spoilage and pathogenic bacteria in liquid culture, and through this study, system parameters to optimize inactivation were determined. This study demonstrates the potential for DBD-CP treatment to inactivate major bacteria of economic interest to the poultry industry, thus potentially allowing for reduced spoilage (e.g., longer shelf life) and increased safety of poultry products.
Proteomic Analysis of the Bovine and Human Ciliary Zonule.

Purpose The zonule of Zinn (ciliary zonule) is a system of fibers that centers the crystalline lens on the optical axis of the eye. Mutations in zonule components underlie syndromic conditions associated with a broad range of ocular pathologies, including microspherophakia and ectopia lentis. Here, we used HPLC-mass spectrometry to determine the molecular composition of the zonule. Methods Tryptic digests of human and bovine zonular samples were analyzed by HPLC-mass spectrometry. The distribution of selected components was confirmed by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. In bovine samples, the composition of the equatorial zonule was compared to that of the hyaloid zonule and vitreous humor. Results The 52 proteins common to the zonules of both species accounted for >95% of the zonular protein. Glycoproteins constituted the main structural components, with two proteins, FBN1 and LTBP2, constituting 70%-80% of the protein. Other abundant components were MFAP2, EMILIN-1, and ADAMTSL-6. Lysyl oxidase-like 1, a crosslinking enzyme implicated in collagen and elastin biogenesis, was detected at significant levels. The equatorial and hyaloid zonular samples were compositionally similar to each other, although the hyaloid sample was relatively enriched in the proteoglycan opticin and the fibrillar collagens COL2A1, COL11A1, COL5A2, and COL5A3. Conclusions The zonular proteome was surprisingly complex. In addition to structural components, it contained signaling proteins, protease inhibitors, and crosslinking enzymes. The equatorial and hyaloid zonules were similar in composition, but the latter may form part of a composite structure, the hyaloid membrane, that stabilizes the vitreous face.
Surgical Lights: Making a Purchase Decision

Based on the preceding factors, a profile can be made for each light. The profile should include the following information: product literature with detailed information about the light, the average score from each of the six categories on the questionnaire, a summary of positive and negative comments from the questionnaire (recurring comments can identify significant factors), recommendations from other hospitals using the light, warranty and service information and any pertinent information about the vendor and manufacturer, information or comments from the clinical engineer, the purchasing agent, and the architect/engineer, and information about possible purchase agreements. Once the profiles of the lights are finished, present them to the OR committee or group charged with making the final decision. The information will enable the group to compare the lights and will serve as a basis for either the final purchase or a detailed bid specification. If cost is a major factor in the decision, the evaluation results can be used to justify purchasing lights that are more expensive but that the users believe are clearly superior. This constitutes the "professional justification" that some government institutions require to circumvent regulations that require buying the low-bid product. Although the result of this selection process is clearly a subjective decision, it is an informed subjective decision. Once the lights are installed, the staff members' satisfaction with the lights will not be based on objective criteria but on the same subjective opinions that were used to justify the selection.
Clearinghouse Default Waterfalls: Risk-Sharing, Incentives, and Systemic Risk

Central to the ongoing debate on default resource adequacy are the incentives provided by the clearinghouse waterfall structure. We show that clearinghouse equity and member default funds play a complementary role to initial margins: they incentivize safe members to participate rather than deterring risky ones from not participating. Our results explain the empirical differences in capitalization and profitability across clearinghouses, and show that temporary low funding cost environments create the illusion that clearinghouses are adequately capitalized. The model sheds normative insights: minimum equity requirements can impose additional costs on members because the clearinghouse's equilibrium response is to increase default funds.
Iatrogenic Dermatologic Conditions

A variety of skin disorders are caused by drugs and other iatrogenic agents. This chapter details various dermatoses incited by exposure to bromide, fluoride, iodide, and other small molecules.
Theoretical and Experimental Studies of the Acoustical Design of Vehicle Cabs-A Review of Truck Noise Sources and Cab Design Using Statistical Energy Analysis

In this paper the main noise sources on heavy truck vehicles are discussed. Methods of identifying these sources and their dependence on engine and vehicle speed are described. Some analytical studies and experimental results for the sound transmission into an idealized cab enclosure from a homogeneous sound field are presented. Statistical energy analysis (SEA) is utilized to obtain the time- and space-averaged information needed in the design stage. The sound transmission into an enclosure including the effects of apertures is analyzed using a theory for the diffraction of sound, which gives improved results in the mid-frequency range. The effects of system parameters on the frequency-averaged attenuation are considered. The constrained optimization method is used for this purpose. In addition, some design guidelines are given for minimizing the sound power transmitted into the cab enclosure.
Considerations For Advanced Charging Solutions Applied to ULSI Device Fabrication

The control of wafer surface charging during device fabrication becomes increasingly vital as the integration of devices increases. The production of an implantation system with precise charging control involves careful consideration of the configuration of the ion beam optics and process chamber as well as the electron flood system. An understanding of the beam plasma is also important. This paper discusses various requirements for high current ion implanters in terms of solutions to the wafer charging problem.
Applications of the theory of the top.

Corresponding to the dominant position of astronomical applications in the older mathematical literature, the problem of the rotation of the Earth has been of conspicuous influence on the development of the theory of the top, as is proven, for example, by our borrowed nomenclature: regular precession, nutation, and line of nodes.
1,2-Dichloroethane

The major use of 1,2-dichloroethane, also known as ethylene dichloride, EDC, and 1,2-EDC, is in the production of vinyl chloride (USEPA 1985a). In addition, it is used as a starting material for the production of other solvents and as a lead scavenging additive in gasolines. 1,2-Dichloroethane is widely exported by the US. Some of its minor uses are as a solvent in metal degreasing and textile and polyvinyl chloride cleaning; in paints, coatings, and adhesives; as a grain fumigant; as a varnish and finish remover; in soaps and scouring compounds; as a wetting and penetrating agent; in ore flotation; and as a chemical intermediate. Its structure and properties are shown in Table 1.
Wind Energy Conversion Systems

The chapter discusses wind characteristics: average wind speed (mean), wind speed duration curve, variations of wind speed with height, wind speed variations with time, wind rose, wind shear, wind gust and wind speed distribution and probability density functions. It also discusses: the aerodynamic theory of windmills, the wind power profile, basic elements of wind energy conversion systems (WECS), all types of wind turbines, wind generators, and WECS schemes for generating tlectricity, and siting and sizing of WECS, application of WECSs, and hybrid wind/photovoltaic energy conversion systems.
Software Engineering Practice, Research and Education

The task of education and educators is threefold: to teach basic principles that have a lasting value and can be applied in the analysis of events, phenomena and artifacts; to provide insight into the current state of the art and the historic development that led to this state; to teach a body of facts, procedures and mechanisms for the application of knowledge.
Optimal Design of a Dual-Purpose Communication-Radar System in the Presence of a Jammer

The paper considers a dual purpose communication-radar system in the presence of a jammer. The system transmits communication signals and uses their reflections off targets for target tracking. The system uses transmission power P to maintain high throughput for its communication component and high signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) for its radar component, via maximization of a weighted combination of throughput and SINR. The jammer transmits a jamming signal of power J, targeting at reducing a weighted combination of the system throughput and SINR, where the weights are known to the system in statistical terms, via an a priori distribution of possible weights. The problem of selecting P and J is formulated as Bayesian game between the system and the jammer. The waterfilling equation for finding the equilibrium strategy is derived, and the equilibrium uniqueness is proved. The impact of a priori probabilities about jam-mer's preferences on the system anti-jamming strategy is illustrated.
Diagnostic Management of the Atypical Hyperplasias: Core Biopsy Alone Versus Excisional Biopsy

Atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) and atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH) are two indeterminate lesions found on breast core needle biopsy (CNB). These lesions have the potential to upstage to carcinoma on excisional biopsy. A number of studies have attempted to identify factors that may be associated with a low rate of upgrading to malignancy, thereby allowing conservative management to avoid unnecessary surgery. Patients with ADH on CNB continue to have a substantial risk of upgrade. In contrast, some patients with ALH on CNB with concordant pathologic, radiologic, and clinical information have a relatively low risk of upstaging on excision. Therefore, patients with ADH on CNB must be excised while a discussion of the risks and benefits are recommended for patients diagnosed with ALH.
Black and Chestnut Oak Seedling Response to Glaciated Soil: Implications for Northward Expansion in Response to Climate Warming

Species ranges are expected to move northward with climate warming. However, species will likely encounter soil conditions that differ from their historic ranges. Black (Quercus velutina) and chestnut (Q. montana) oaks are expected to do well in climates that are hotter and drier, but it is unknown as to how they respond to soils of different geological histories. At a glaciated and nonglaciated site in northwestern Pennsylvania, we compared the growth, biomass allocation, and mycorrhizal association for black and chestnut oak seedlings at two different levels of light. On nutrient-poor, nonglaciated soils at high light levels, both species had greater growth and biomass accumulation than on nutrient-rich, glaciated soils. However, at low light levels, these responses were greatest on glaciated soils, especially for chestnut oak. Although mycorrhizal association was beneficial on nonglaciated soil at high light levels, low light levels were associated with reduced growth when compared to glaciated soils. In low light and nutrient-poor soils, mycorrhizal association may result in a carbon sink with lower net photosynthesis, as carbon for plant growth is, instead, allocated to the mycorrhizae symbiont. Variable species response to soil types indicates reduced performance for black and chestnut oak seedlings on high-quality glaciated soils especially in high light environments.
A Case of Sarcomatoid Renal Cell Carcinoma With Osseous Metaplasia and Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma Metastasis.

Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma is an uncommon and aggressive renal tumor with rapid disease progression. A median survival time is only 4-9 months after diagnosis. Osteogenic differentiation is a...
Failed ability to donate under donation after circulatory death protocol

Summary A shortage of donor organs exists in many countries around the world, including the United States. In the past two decades, there has been resurgencein the use of donation after circulatory death (DCD) donor organs in an attempt to try to help meet this need. The four bioethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and social justice are each fundamentally important when discussing the rationale for the use of DCD organ donors. We sought to explore the percentage of potential DCD organ donors at Mayo Clinic and our regional organ procurement organization (OPO) who were unable to donate because the patients did not expire within the allowed time frame. At Mayo Clinic, 30% of our potential DCD donor pool failed to donate compared to 14% of patients at other hospitals within our OPO due to this time restriction. Without a more certain means of predicting the death of patients over a relatively short time period, any concrete exploration of premortem procurement from patients failing to meet DCD criteria to increase the number of transplantable organs would further risk public trust in transplantation practices and may lead to more harm than good.
The probability of change versus dropout in veterans receiving Cognitive Processing Therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder

Abstract Objective We sought to elucidate the timing of symptom change and treatment dropout in a leading evidence-based psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder, Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT). Despite its efficacy across numerous populations, treatment nonresponse and premature dropout are common in CPT and other trauma-focused interventions, particularly among military veterans. Advancements are therefore needed to reduce dropout and increase retention. Method Survival analysis was used to identify the temporal probability of symptom amelioration at each session of CPT (with written trauma account; CPT-A) and compare this with the cumulative, session-by-session probability of dropout. Data were obtained from 194 veterans seeking outpatient treatment at a Veterans Affairs specialty clinic. Results Overall, 49–61% of veterans reported meaningful symptom reduction in the course of CPT-A and 40% dropped out prematurely. The cumulative probability of dropout exceeded the probability of symptom change beginning after session six of therapy. Secondary analyses indicated that this six session rule generalized well across subgroups. Conclusions When symptom amelioration is not observed by the midway point in CPT-A, a change in therapeutic approach appears warranted for preempting dropout among veterans and boosting treatment retention.
Sick but healthy: bariatric patients and the social construction of illness and disability

Bariatric (weight loss) surgery modifies the digestive system, which produces impairments and symptoms which might be considered illness or disability. Bariatric patients, however, do not view themselves as ill or disabled, but healthier than before surgery. For this study, 35 bariatric patients - from a clinic located in the Midwestern United States - were interviewed to investigate how moral and medical discourses surrounding obesity impact how patients experience their bodies after bariatric surgery. While previous literature on bariatric patients has explored discourses of medicine, stigma and discipline, fewer have analysed how patients interpret physiological symptoms. Patients often reduce or discontinue medications for chronic illness after bariatric surgery, then replace them with a strict regimen of dietary supplements. Even though these supplements are taken to manage an impaired digestive system, they do not carry the same moral weight as medications for chronic illness. Patients also experience painful and humiliating symptoms after bariatric surgery. Bariatric patients interpret symptoms not as illness, but as important disciplinary tools to lose weight. These findings have implications for the social construction and experience of illness and disability in the context of fat stigma, health morality and biomedicalisation.
Abstract P209: Androgen Receptor Antagonist, Bicalutamide, And Androgen Receptor Degradation Enhancer, Asc-j9, Decrease Blood Pressure Similarly In Male Spontaneously-hypertensive Rats.

Background: Men are at greater risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) than women until after menopause. For this reason, androgens have been implicated as playing a role in CVD in men. We have studi...
Such Anxious Hours: Wisconsin Women's Voices from the Civil War

Review of: Such Anxious Hours: Wisconsin Women’s Voices from the Civil War, edited by Jo Ann Daly Carr
Resumption of Pulmonary Rehabilitation after Pandemic Interruption: Patient Attitudes and Characteristics

Introduction: Onset of the Covid-19 pandemic necessitated the abrupt interruption of Thomas Jefferson University's outpatient Pulmonary Rehabilitation (PR) program in March 2020. This study examines clinical characteristics and attitudes distinguishing those PR patients who decided to resume PR (RES) versus those who elected not to resume (DIS) when the program re-opened 16 weeks later. We hypothesized that those patients who chose not to resume would have more severe disease and/or higher Covid-19 related anxiety.Methods: The following demographic and clinical data were collected from the medical record on all subjects from the time of their initial PR entry evaluation: age, sex, pulmonary diagnosis, cardiac and psychiatric co-morbidities, pulmonary function studies (FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC), six-minute walk test distance, COPD Assessment Test score, use of home oxygen (yes or no), University of California San Diego Shortness of Breath Questionnaire, Public Health Questioanaire-9. A 6 question survey was administered to the RES subjects at the time of their first return visit. A 6 question survey was administered to DIS patients by mail.Results: Thirteen patients had interrupted PR;8 in the RES group, 5 in the DIS group. Mean age of the entire group was 66.6 + 11.6 years. 6/13 were male. Ten had COPD, 2 interstitial lung disease, 1 asthma. There was no statistically significant difference in any demographic or clinical parameter between the RES and DIS groups. All 5 patients in the DIS group indicated that anxiety about Covid-19 was the main reason they did not wish to resume PR;this appeared unrelated to any preexisting psychiatric/anxiety diagnosis. In the RES group, 4/8 indicated no anxiety about returning to the program, 1 mildly anxious, 1 moderately anxious, and 2 extremely anxious. All 5 patients in the DIS group indicated that wearing a face mask (which would be required for resumption of PR) during the pandemic made their breathing worse, whereas 4/7 in the RES group indicated a mask had no effect on their breathing.Conclusions: Thirty-eight percent of patients chose not to resume PR during the Covid-19 pandemic. In this small sample, no demographic or clinical parameter distinguished the RES and DIS groups. Survey results indicate anxiety related to possible Covid-19 exposure and/or the new requirement for mask wearing during exercise may have contributed to patient's decision to discontinue PR.
Synthesis and fuel properties of high-energy density cyclopropanated monoterpenes

Abstract Seven different high-performance fuels were synthesized from bio-based monoterpenes (3-carene, sabinene, α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, 1,6-dimethyl-1,5-cyclooctadiene, and myrcene) by Simmons-Smith cyclopropanation. Key fuel properties of the resulting multicyclic fuel mixtures were measured including, density, net heat of combustion (NHOC), and low-temperature viscosity. The mixtures exhibited densities 10–16% higher and volumetric NHOCs 12–16% higher than conventional jet fuel, while maintaining low temperature (−20 °C) viscosities either below or close to the specification limit. To evaluate the fuels as potential rocket propellants, heats of formation were calculated using the G4 composite method. These values were then used to calculate specific impulse (Isp) and density-specific impulse (d-Isp) for each fuel mixture. The cyclopropanated monoterpenes exhibited sea level Isp values up to 1.2% higher than conventional rocket propellant (RP-1) and d-Isp values up to 4.1% higher than RP-1. The results of this study suggest that cyclopropanated monoterpenes may have utility as high-performance jet fuel blendstocks or specialized rocket propellants, offering the ability to increase the payload capacity and enhance the mission capability of space-delivery systems. This work further highlights the potential of biosynthetic fuels for high-performance applications.
Origin of the Modern Concept of Probability

Chapter 3, after considering why the modern concept of probability didn’t emerge before the middle of the seventeenth century, traces its origin to insurance contracts covering maritime commerce. When the familiar calculus of games of chance was developed, it wasn’t called a calculus of probability for another 50 years, until Bernoulli (Bernoulli J (1713) Ars conjectandi [The art of conjecturing]. Thurneysen, Basel). Bernoulli recognized that two different scales were involved, but his attempts at evaluation were unsuccessful. Bernoulli himself wasn’t satisfied with his work, which was published 8 years after his death. Shafer (Arch History Exact Sci 19:309–370, 1978) has determined that the reason his concept was successful was that eulogies made it sound as though he had succeeded in integrating the two concepts; de Moivre and Montmort, writing mathematical textbooks in 1711 and 1718, respectively, then used Bernoulli’s term probability, thus sealing the conceptual package. That dualistic concept then made possible the mathematical formalization of all knowledge, in the form of statistical inference.
Maximizing the Efficiency of χ (2) Processes in Microresonators

We perform a study of conversion efficiency in microresonator-based second-harmonic and difference-frequency generation. High conversion efficiencies can be achieved only at specified pump power and detunings and perfect phase matching is not a necessary condition.
Hierarchic Social Entropy: An Information Theoretic Measure of Robot Group Diversity

As research expands in multiagent intelligent systems, investigators need new tools for evaluating the artificial societies they study. It is impossible, for example, to correlate heterogeneity with performance in multiagent robotics without a quantitative metric of diversity. Currently diversity is evaluated on a bipolar scale with systems classified as either heterogeneous or homogeneous, depending on whether any of the agents differ. Unfortunately, this labeling doesn't tell us much about the extent of diversity in heterogeneous teams. How can it be determined if one system is more or less diverse than anotherq Heterogeneity must be evaluated on a continuous scale to enable substantive comparisons between systems. To enable these types of comparisons, we introduce: (1) a continuous measure of robot behavioral difference, and (2) hierarchic social entropy, an application of Shannon's information entropy metric to robotic groups that provides a continuous, quantitative measure of robot team diversity. The metric captures important components of the meaning of diversity, including the number and size of behavioral groups in a society and the extent to which agents differ. The utility of the metrics is demonstrated in the experimental evaluation of multirobot soccer and multirobot foraging teams.
Abstract W P195: Standardized Patient Simulation Can Be Incorporated Into Emergency Medicine Resident Training on Performance of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale

Introduction: The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) quantifies physical impairment caused by stroke. Emergency Medicine (EM) physicians must be competent to perform the NIHSS as scale cut points are utilized to identify patients with acute ischemic stroke who may be candidates for thrombolytic therapy. Simulation is a teaching method that integrates imitation of real life scenarios into educational exercises. This study discerned if standardized patient simulation can be adopted into an educational exercise aimed at training EM residents to adequately perform the NIHSS. Methods: This preliminary study was completed with EM residents, in various years of training, from a single academic center. All residents attended a lecture on performance of the NIHSS. Each resident then performed the NIHSS on 2 patients with chronic, fixed neurological deficits. Residents were observed by a NIHSS certified healthcare professional who gave immediate feedback on examination technique. Data was analyzed w...