cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptive Antenna Subset Selection and Constellation Breakdown for Spatial Modulation

The problem of antenna subset selection (ASS) and constellation breakdown (CBD) for spatial modulation (SM) is investigated. Assuming the availability of the channel state information, an ASS scheme is introduced such that the symbol error rate of SM is minimized. A graph-based heuristic search algorithm is then proposed to significantly reduce the search complexity of ASS compared to the exhaustive search, while maintaining the performance. As it is not always optimal to use all the transmit antennas, optimal CBD in conjunction with ASS is then considered to develop an adaptive low-complexity ASS-CBD scheme.
The effects of subdiaphragmatic vagotomy on circadian corticosterone rhythmicity in rats with continuous or restricted food access

Plasma corticosteroid circadian periodicity was determined in three groups of individual adult male rats. Categories were: post-subdiaphragmatic vagotomy, sham-operated, and controls. Blood was sampled every 4 hours over a 48-hour period with ad lib feeding and after a 13-day period on daytime (0930--1330) restriction of food and water availability. Plasma corticosterone circadian periodicity was normal under ad lib conditions in control, sham-operated, and vagotomized animals. Under food-restricted conditions, both the sham-operated and vagotomized animals exhibited the 12-hour shift in the circadian peak of plasma corticosterone levels that we have previously described in normal animals under such conditions. There were no differences between groups in the total amount of food and water consumed or the percentage of nocturnal food intake on an ad lib feeding schedule. Both vagotomized and sham-operated animals manifested reductions in food intake under conditions of food restriction, although vagotomized consumed less than sham-operated animals. The present data indicate that an intact vagus nerve is not necessary for the establishment of circadian periodicity of plasma corticosterone levels or the shift in the periodicity of corticosteroid secretion produced by a restricted feeding regimen.
Gabor dual spline windows

Abstract A method is presented for constructing dual Gabor window functions that are polynomial splines. The spline windows are supported in [ − 1 , 1 ] , with a knot at x = 0 , and can be taken C m smooth and symmetric. The translation and modulation parameters satisfy a = 1 and 0 b ⩽ 1 / 2 . The full range 0 a b 1 is handled by introducing an additional knot. Many explicit examples are found.
Time series vegetation aerodynamic roughness fields estimated from modis observations

Most land surface models used today require estimates of aerodynamic roughness length in order to characterize momentum transfer between the surface and atmosphere. The most common method of prescribing roughness is through the use of empirical look-up tables based solely on land cover class. Theoretical approaches that employ satellite-based estimates of canopy density present an attractive alternative to current look-up table approaches based on vegetation cover type that do not account for within-class variability and are oftentimes simplistic with respect to temporal variability. The current research applies Raupach s formulation of momentum aerodynamic roughness to MODIS data on a regional scale in order to estimate seasonally variable roughness and zero-plane displacement height fields using bulk land cover parameters estimated by [Jasinski, M.F., Borak, J., Crago, R., 2005. Bulk surface momentum parameters for satellite-derived vegetation fields. Agric. For. Meteorol. 133, 55-68]. Results indicate promising advances over look-up approaches with respect to characterization of vegetation roughness variability in land surface and atmospheric circulation models.
Development and evaluation of a diamond electron source for electron beam instruments

Abstract Since diamonds indicated low or negative electron affinity, they have been expected to be high performance electron emitters. New diamond electron sources have been developed, which are configured for electron beam instruments such as electron beam lithography systems and electron microscopes. As a result of thermionic emission evaluations, an electron emission current of practical level (116 µA at 600 °C) was obtained. The energy spread of an electron beam generated by thermionic emission was measured as 0.23 eV (FWHM), the value of which was lower than those of a lanthanum hexaborate (LaB6) cathode and a zirconium oxide/tungsten (ZrO/W) cathode measured together. The result of field emission evaluations, a practical beam current (459 pA) and stability (6% rms for 10 h) for scanning electron microscope (SEM) was achieved. The energy spread of a high-current electron beam of over 200 pA generated by field emission from a diamond emitter reached about the same as that of a cold field emission cathode made of tungsten. A scanning electron micrograph (SEM) with a diamond electron source having a tip of submicron order allowed measurement a resolution of 5 nm. It was found that unprecedentedly high-current and high-convergence electron sources could be generated by using diamonds.
Panic Disorder in Cardiac Outpatients

The prevalence of and nature of panic disorder were investigated in an ambulatory cardiology practice. Questionnaires about panic symptoms were mailed to 414 patients, and possible or definite panic disorder was found in 104 of the 310 respondents. Interviews with 52 of the 104 patients substantiated diagnoses of panic disorder, for a prevalence of 9.2% of the total sample population of 414. Comparison of patients grouped by duration of panic disorder revealed that long-duration panic disorder had its onset before age 30 and followed a chronic course. Short-duration panic disorder developed at an older age following the appearance of cardiac disease.
Correlation of magnetic resonance imaging with neuropsychological testing in multiple sclerosis

Previous research has suggested that cerebral lesions observed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of MS patients are clinically “silent.” We examined the validity of this assertion by correlating neuropsychological test performance with MRI findings in 53 MS patients. We used a semiautomated quantitation system to measure three MRI variables: total lesion area (TLA), ventricular-brain ratio (VBR), and size of the corpus callosum (SCC). Stepwise multiple regression analyses indicated that TLA was a robust predictor of cognitive dysfunction, particularly for measures of recent memory, abstract/conceptual reasoning, language, and visuospatial problem solving. SCC predicted test performance on measures of mental processing speed and rapid problem solving, while VBR did not independently predict cognitive test findings. These findings suggest that cerebral lesions in MS produce cognitive dysfunction and that MRI may be a useful predictor of cognitive dysfunction.
What is the source of different levels of time-series return volatility? the intraday U-shaped pattern or time-series persistence

We use the NYSE industrial index, the NYSE utility index, and the NASDAQ industrial index to examine the relationship between short-run and long-run volatility. We establish that the NASDAQ index has substantially more daily volatility than the NYSE indices. The initial examination shows that the individual U-shaped intraday patterns of the two NYSE indices are roughly similar in both position and shape, while we find that NASDAQ U-shaped pattern is distinctively different in both position and shape. However, after controlling for conditional volatility in a GARCH model, the U-shaped intraday volatility patterns of all three indices are similar.
Novel benzothiophene H1-antihistamines for the treatment of insomnia

Abstract SAR of lead benzothiophene H1-antihistamine 2 was explored to identify backup candidates with suitable pharmacokinetic profiles for an insomnia program. Several potent and selective H1-antihistamines with a range of projected half-lives in humans were identified. Compound 16d had a suitable human half-life as demonstrated in a human microdose study, but variability in pharmacokinetic profile, attributed to metabolic clearance, prevented further development of this compound. Compound 28b demonstrated lower predicted clearance in preclinical studies, and may represent a more suitable backup compound.
Solvent-induced electronic spectral shifts: Benzene·Arn revisited

Just what can be learned about cluster dynamics (and, more generally, about solvation dynamics) from spectral studies of small clusters that have been doped with a chromophore is still an open question. In the present work we suggest a novel procedure for calculating the shift in the electronic absorption spectrum of a chromophore deriving from the attachment to or the incorporation in a cluster. The particular system of interest here is benzene·Arn, for which experimental results are readily available although their interpretation has been a point of controversy. In addition, since the present formalism is equally applicable to a chromophore isolated in a bulk phase (either liquid or solid), we are able to venture an explanation for the apparent observation that the spectral shift of cluster-isolated benzene does not approach the asymptotic values characteristic of the bulk-isolated species.
Short day lengths decrease body mass of overweight female meadow voles

Groups of adult ovariectomized (ovx) voles and sham-ovx controls were placed in a short photoperiod or left in the original long photoperiod (10 or 14 hr light/day). In the next 12 weeks long-day ovx voles increased their body mass by 11.3%, whereas animals transferred to the short-day photoperiod manifested an 11.9% decline in body mass. Short photoperiods not only reversed pre-existing weight gains attributable to ovariectomy, but also prevented further increases in body mass associated with the withdrawal of ovarian hormones. Fat-free dry carcass mass was increased by ovariectomy and decreased by short photoperiods; lipoprotein lipase activity of white adipose tissue was unaffected by ovariectomy or photoperiod. We suggest that reductions in body mass in voles transferred to the short photoperiod are mediated by changes in pineal melatonin secretion.
Taking Phenomenology Seriously: The "Fringe" and Its Implications for Cognitive Research

Evidence and theory ranging from traditional philosophy to contemporary cognitive research support the hypothesis that consciousness has a two-part structure: a focused region of articulated experience surrounded by a field of relatively unarticulated, vague experience.William James developed an especially useful phenomenological analysis of this "fringe" of consciousness, but its relation to, and potential value for, the study of cognition has not been explored. I propose strengthening James′ work on the fringe with a functional analysis: fringe experiences (1) work to radically condense context information in consciousness; (2) are vague because a more explicit representation of context information would overwhelm consciousness′ limited articulation (processing) capacity; (3) help mediate retrieval functions in consciousness; and (4) contain a subset of monitoring and control experiences that cannot be elaborated in focal attention and are "ineffable." In general, the phenomenology of the fringe is a consequence of its cognitive functions, constrained by consciousness′ limited articulation capacity. Crucial to monitoring and control is the feeling of "rightness." Rightness functions as a summary index of cognitive integration, representing, in the fringe, the degree of positive fit between a given conscious content and its parallel, unconsciously encoded context. Rightness appears analogous to the connectionist metric of global network integration, known variously as goodness-of-fit, harmony, or minimum energy.
A basic study of agency-cost source and municipal use of internal versus external control

Abstract This study examines the association between agency-cost source and the use of internal control versus external control in municipal control systems. Specifically, I focus on the differences between internal and external control to determine whether characteristics of underlying organisations might lead to differential demand for internal and external control. Differential demand is argued to be linked to the manager's position as principle or agent (or alternatively the presence of internal or external agency costs, respectively). Internal control is posited to be used specifically to address internal agency costs; external control is posited to be used specifically to address external agency costs. Results are consistent with these hypotheses. Cities facing high levels of agency costs from voters and creditors tend to hire Big 5 auditors or auditors with municipal experience, but generally do not employ internal auditors or certified finance officers. Also, cities facing high levels of agency co...
On controlling generalized state-space (descriptor) systems

Linear time-invariant control systems of the form Edx/dt = Ax + Bu are considered where E and A are not necessarily square matrices. Any vector x(t0) that can be obtained as a solution of the system for some u(t) and some t = t0, will be termed an ‘admissible initial state’ and it will be assumed that the system has a unique solution for any input and for any admissible initial state. (An efficient numerical method for characterizing admissible inputs and establishing uniqueness of solutions has been developed by Wilkinson (1978).) The problem to be solved is this: find an input u(t) that drives the system from an admissible initial state to a prescribed final state in a given time tf > 0. If the basic assumption regarding uniqueness of solutions holds, the problem of controlling the given generalized state-space (descriptor) system can be reduced to a standard control problem involving an ‘ordinary’ state-space system of particularly simple form. Then, if the ‘ordinary’ system is completely controllable,...
Computerized orthogonal electrocardiogram: Relation of QRS forces to left ventricular ejection fraction

Several studies have suggested a relation between Q wave or R wave amplitude in the standard 12 lead electrocardiogram and the left ventricular ejection fraction. Accordingly, we analyzed the relation between Q wave and R wave amplitudes obtained with computerized orthogonal (Frank) electrocardiography and the angiographically determined left ventricular ejection fraction. A computerized orthogonal electrocardiogram was obtained before cardiac catheterization in 52 consecutive patients being evaluated for chest pain. The electrocardiographic diagnosis indicated 14 normal tracings, 20 inferior, 12 anterior and 6 lateral myocardial infarctions. Linear correlations were made between X, Y and Z axis lead voltages and ejection fraction. A significant correlation was obtained between the voltages of the R waves in the X, Y and Z leads (Rx, Ry, Rz) and of the Q waves in lead Z (Qz) as well as total amplitude Qx + Rx, Qy + Ry and ejection fraction (P <0.01). Arithmetic summation of Rx + Ry + Qz (∑R) significantly augmented the correlation with ejection fraction (r = 0.78, P <0.001); this was only slightly improved by multivariate analysis of Rx, Ry, Qz (r = 0.80, P <0.001) or Rx, Ry, Rz, Qx, Qy, Qz (r = 0.82, P <0.001). ∑R, utilized as a means of predicting whether an ejection fraction was more or less than 50 percent, had an accuracy rate of 92 percent. Thus, ∑R contains important information that can be used practically in the precatheterization evaluation of patients with chest pain and follow-up evaluation of patients with myocardial infarction.
Stochastic modeling of tar molecular weight distribution during coal pyrolysis

Abstract Pyrolysis occurs in the initial stage of coal combustion where the volatile tar is generated. An important property of this volatile tar is its molecular-weight distribution. Coal tar contains varying sizes of monomers which are connected by linkages of varying strengths, thereby necessitating a stochastic approach. The present work has adopted the stochastic population balance of the system to derive the master equation for predicting the statistics of this molecular weight distribution of tar as functions of time. The tar produced during pyrolysis is assumed to undergo decomposition to low molecular weight compounds. Moreover, the system containing all tar molecules is lumped into a limited number of states, each representing a particular molecular weight range. The equations for the means, variances, and covariances of the random variables, each representing the number of tar molecules in an individual state in the system, have been derived from the master equation. The model has been compared with the experimental data obtained with both a heated-grid reactor and an entrained-flow reactor to recover the major parameters of the model, i.e. the transition and exit intensity functions. The transition intensity functions exhibit the temperature dependence of the Arrhenius type.
Pathology slide review in gynecologic oncology.

Objective: To analyze the diagnostic accuracy and alteration in treatment planning from interinstitution (different institution) pathologic consultation. Methods: We reviewed pathologic reports from 720 referred patients. The diagnosis rendered from a gynecologic pathologist was compared with the original diagnosis. Discrepancies were coded as none, minor, or major. A discrepancy was major if it led to treatment alteration. A discrepancy was minor if it did not lead to treatment alteration. The judgment to declare a discrepancy was made by a gynecologic pathologist, a gynecologist, and three gynecologic oncologists. The review cost was $150 per case. The CochranMantel-Haenszel test evaluated any systematic pattern in discrepancies. Results: Seven hundred twenty specimens consisted of 113 vulvar, 170 uterine, 289 cervical, 105 ovarian, and 43 vaginal tissues. Six hundred one (84%) pathologic diagnoses showed no discrepancy. There were 104 (14%) minor and 15 (2%) major discrepancies. After reviewing 15 major discrepancies, six surgeries were canceled, two surgeries were modified, one adjuvant radiation treatment was added, one chemotherapy treatment was modified, and five adjuvant chemotherapy treatments were cancelled. No systematic error was identified with regard to the sources (tissue origin) or methods of obtaining the specimen (P 5 .675). The cost of reviewing 720 specimens was $108,000. The cost of identifying each major discrepancy was $7200. Conclusion: Reviewing pathology slides before definitive treatment reveals notable discrepancies in diagnoses. The cost of pathology review is globally expensive but has consequential impact on proper treatment planning for the individual patient. (Obstet Gynecol 1998;91:730 ‐ 4. © 1998 by The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.)
Bounds on colength and maximal multiplicity sequences

Let A be a characteristic zero p. i. algebra with cocharacters χn(A)=∑mλχλ. We obtain upper and lower bounds on maxλ⊢n{mλ} and ∑λ⊢n{mλ}, and compute the exact rates of growth when A is a prime product algebra.
Modeling for early stages of diamond growth

Abstract A simulation study is conducted to investigate very early stages of a nucleation and growth mechanism taking place on diamond surfaces. The energetically most favorable binding sites were calculated together with the binding energies for up to three carbon adatoms deposited on (100) and (111) planes of a diamond crystal. Bindings for carbon atoms deposited on the (100) plane were found to be much stronger than in the (111) case. Based on purely energetic considerations, results obtained in this investigation indicate that the nucleation of carbon atoms should take place more favorably on the (100) plane than on the (111) plane. Calculated high energy sites for adatoms on the (100) plane were found to be commensurate with atomic sites within the surface region of the crystal.
Evaluation and debug of microprocessor systems using a reconfigurable logic state analyzer

Data Domain Instrumentation such as Logic State Analyzers, Logic Timing Analyzers, and Logic Trigger Generators are now accepted as the primary tools for analysis of computers, microprocessors, and other digital equipment. The impact of microprocessors has not only hastened the evolution of specific instrumentation for microprocessor system analysis, but has allowed the instrumentation itself to reflect elegant, cost-effective techniques for state-flow and timing analysis. A considerable variety of analysis equipment is emerging, ranging in price from $95 to over $17 000. Consequently, users of Data Domain Instrumentation are now being forced to develop a “yardstick” to evaluate the relative merits of this equipment, specifically relative to: (1) the performance trade-offs of hybrid time-domain/data domain equipment, and (2) the cost effectiveness of dedicated system instruments versus general purpose re-configurable analyzers. This second area of concern will be briefly studied, limited in scope to understanding the rationale of an instrument's features, and followed by examples of their use. Fundamental instrumentation requirements will be reviewed relative to the analysis of general data architectures. Feature extensions are then considered for the dedicated analysis of specific systems. Finally, techniques are discussed for evaluating and debugging microprocessor systems using a new generation Logic State Analyzer.
Capturing hydrophobic moment using spectral coherence for protein secondary structure prediction

The endeavor to decipher the structure and function of a protein from its amino acid sequence has provided an enduringly interesting challenge. Due to the sheer quantity of existing protein data, this challenge naturally presents itself as a complex computational problem requiring the deployment of novel data mining techniques. We hypothesize that the hydrophobic moment (HM) is important in the folding and the formation of secondary structures, and is evolutionarily retained in structurally related proteins. We propose the use of magnitude-squared spectral coherence (MSC) to capture HM of a sequence using selected hydrophobicity scales for effective structural and fold classification of protein sequences. Extensive experimentation on PDBselect dataset demonstrates overall success rates of 77.4% and 63.4% for structural and fold classification. The comparative results show that spectral coherence between the hydrophobic and hydrophilic representations of a sequence effectively captures periodic hydrophobic variations over the length of the sequence that corresponds to HM.
Parameter Estimation and Control of Distributed Systems with Application to Large Deployable Antennae

This paper will examine the estimation and control of distributed parameter systems which have application to the shape control of a large deployable communications antenna (~100 meters in diameter). Such an antenna would be collapsed and carried into orbit by the NASA space shuttle. Once in orbit, the antenna would automatically deploy like a collapsable umbrella. The antenna surface would be quite flexible and its shape would be adjusted by several attached cords or stringers. After long periods of operation, the antenna surface would require refocusing due to changes in the elastic properties of structure and thermal loads. This fine-tuning would be accomplished by an on-line control system which would process sensor measurements at various locations on the structure to estimate the present antenna shape and then generate control commands to the stringers to bring the antenna back to the desired shape. This is an example of a quasi-static parameter estimation and control problem for a distributed parameter system. Procedures will be developed for synthesis of implementable (finite-dimensional) parameter estimation and control algorithms for this type of problem based on finite element structure analysis.
On the Problem of Emergence of Classical Space—Time: The Quantum-Mechanical Approach

The classical space-time structure is derived from the structure of an abstract infinite dimensional separable Hilbert space S. For this S is first realized as a Hilbert space H* of functions of abstract parameters. Such a realization is associated with the process of measuring position of macroscopic particles naturally occurring in the universe. The process of decoherence and collapse induced by the measurement is in return associated with the choice of a "decohered" submanifold M of realization H*. The submanifold M is then identified with the classical space-time. The mathematical formalism is developed which permits to recover the usual Riemannian geometry on space-time in terms of the Hilbert structure on S. The specific functional realizations of S are shown to produce space-times of different geometry and topology.
Factorization Methods in Linear Transport Theory

Time-independent linear transport problems in plane slab configurations are described abstractly by differential equations of mixed forward-backward type. The solution of boundary value problems requires the introduction of extension operators, whose existence reflects the factorization property of the symbol of the transport equation. In this article we use the simplest model transport equation to illustrate the structure of these problems. We also indicate various generalizations that have been investigated in the context of linear transport theory.
CARBOHYDRATE COMPOSITION OF WATER‐SOLUBLE PENTOSANS FROM DIFFERENT TYPES OF WHEAT FLOURS

Water-soluble pentosans from a hard red winter, a hard red spring and a soft red winter wheat flour contained 50–68% carbohydrate and 8–22% protein, after treatment with α-amylase. Carbohydrate compositions of those pentosans were: arabinose, 39–40%; xylose, 35–42%; and galactose, 18–24%. Fractionation of the pentosans on a column of DEAE-cellulose yielded five fractions, two of which were fractionated into two subfractions, indicated to be heterogeneous by polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis and by gel filtration. The carbohydrate composition of fractionated pentosans from the three types of wheat differed, particularly in the distribution of carbohydrate components in fractions II, III, and V. Gel filtration patterns were similar for pentosans from all three wheat flours, and indicated that the fractions probably contain glycoprotein components, but part of the protein is present as non-dialyzable protein that is not glycoprotein.
A model design of a 2560-channel neural spike detection platform

A model design of a 2560-channel neural signal processing platform is presented. The design carries out spike detection over a large reconfigurable number of channels on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), and integrates the application of high-speed serial transceivers to allow for the required massive input data transmissions.
Role of Molecular Surface Passivation in Electrical Transport Properties of InAs Nanowires

The existence of large densities of surface states on InAs pins the surface Fermi level above the conduction band and also degrades the electron mobility in thin films and nanowires. Field effect transistors have been fabricated and characterized in the “as fabricated” state and after surface passivation with 1-octadecanethiol (ODT). Electrical characterization of the transistors shows that the subthreshold slope and electron mobility in devices passivated with ODT are superior to the respective values in unpassivated devices. An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of ODT passivated undoped InAs nanowires indicates that sulfur from ODT is bonded to In on the InAs nanowires. Simulations using a two-dimensional device simulator (MEDICI) show that the improvements in device performance after ODT passivation can be quantified in terms of a decrease of interface trap electron donor states, shifts in fixed interfacial charge, and changes in body and surface mobilities.
Are VH framework antigenic determinants expressed on both rabbit B and T lymphocytes

The extent to which VH framework determinants are represented on T cell receptors is unresolved and controversial. We have studied this question in the rabbit using antia (VH framework) allotype antisera and a goat anti-rabbit VH antiserum. Flow micro- fluorometric analysis of spleen lymphocytes from hyperimmune animals (Freund's adjuvant plus picryl chloride) demonstrated closely similar frequencies of cells stained with the anti-VH framework antisera compared to anti-light chain antisera. To search for potentially hidden molecules, additional studies were performed with radioiodinated, detergent-solubilized plasma membranes derived from immune spleen and lymph node cells. The membranes were analyzed by standard immunoprecipitation techniques. Absorption with anti-Ig constant region immunoabsorbents removed all radioactivity precipitable by specific anti-VH framework antisera compared to controls, whereas after absorption with control (normal goat globulin) immunosorbents, VH-bearing surface IgM and putative surface IgD (presumably of B cell origin) were readily demonstrated by immunoprecipitation. Thus, no evidence for a population of cells or a class of molecule(s) bearing VH in the absence of light or heavy chain constant region determinants was obtained. Although these studies do not support the concept of similar VH framework determinants on T and B cell receptors, they do not exclude a much more limited sharing of determinants or a very minor T cell subpopulation which expresses VH framework that would not be detectable by the methods used in these studies.
Censorship and Sense-Making in Elena Soriano's Trilogy Mujer y hombre

The present paper re-examines the work of postwar Spanish novelist, Elena Soriano, in light of Francoist censorship understood, after Bakhtin and Gadamer, as a practice that immures the forward movement of the word in search of ‘responsive understanding’. It also looks at the effects of the prevailing double moral standard in the censors' rulings taking as a case in point Soriano's trilogy, Mujer y hombre (1955). Last but not least, it raises questions about the role of a censor as a pre-publication reader of narratives driven by the need for a sympathetic addressee.
Increasing returns, capital utilization, and the effects of government spending

Abstract We show that a one-sector real business cycle model with mild increasing returns-to-scale, variable capital utilization and saddle-path stability is able to produce qualitatively realistic business cycles driven solely by disturbances to government purchases. Due to an endogenous increase in labor productivity, a positive spending shock can lead to simultaneous increases in output, consumption, investment, employment and real wage. Our analysis illustrates a close relationship between this result and the recent literature that explores indeterminacy and sunspots in real business cycle models under laissez-faire. In particular, the condition which governs the required magnitude of increasing returns for government spending shocks to generate procyclical macroeconomic effects is identical to that necessary for a laissez-faire one-sector real business cycle model to exhibit local indeterminacy.
Type I Migration in a Nonisothermal Protoplanetary Disk

We calculate rates of type I migration of protoplanets in a nonisothermal three-dimensional protoplanetary disk, building on planet-disk models developed in previous work. We find that including the vertical thickness of the disk results in a decrease in the type I migration rate by a factor of ~2 from that of a two-dimensional disk. The vertical temperature variation has only a modest effect on migration rates, since the torques at the midplane are weighted heavily because both the density and the perturbing potential are maximized at the midplane. However, temperature perturbations resulting from shadowing and illumination at the disk's surface can decrease the migration rate by up to another factor of 2 for planets at the gap-opening threshold at distances for which viscous heating is minimal. This would help to resolve the timescale mismatch between the standard core-accretion scenario for planet formation and the survival of planets and could help explain some of the rich diversity of planetary systems already observed.
Mechanisms of bone fragility in a mouse model of glucocorticoid‐treated rheumatoid arthritis: Implications for insufficiency fracture risk

Objective Glucocorticoid (GC) therapy is associated with increased risk of fracture in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To elucidate the cause of this increased risk, we examined the effects of chronic erosive inflammatory arthritis and GC treatment on bone quality, structure, and biomechanical properties in a murine model. Methods Mice with established arthritis and expressing human tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) transgene (Tg) and their wild-type (WT) littermates were continually treated with GC (prednisolone 5 mg/kg/day via subcutaneous controlled-release pellet) or placebo for 14, 28, or 42 days. Microstructure, biomechanical properties, chemical composition, and morphology of the tibiae and lumbar vertebral bodies were assessed by micro–computed tomography, biomechanical testing, Raman spectroscopy, and histology, respectively. Serum markers of bone turnover were also determined. Results TNF-Tg and GC treatment additively decreased mechanical strength and stiffness in both the tibiae and the vertebral bodies. GC treatment in the TNF-Tg mice increased the ductility of tibiae under torsional loading. These changes were associated with significant alterations in the biochemical and structural composition of the mineral and organic components of the bone matrix, a decrease in osteoblast activity and bone formation, and an increase in osteoclast activity. Conclusion Our findings indicate that the concomitant decrease in bone strength and increase in bone ductility associated with chronic inflammation and GC therapy, coupled with the significant changes in the bone quality and structure, may increase the susceptibility of the bone to failure under low-energy loading. This may explain the mechanism of symptomatic insufficiency fractures in patients with RA receiving GC therapy who do not have radiographic manifestations of fracture.
Insight into intraretinal crystalline deposits in type 2 macular telangiectasia

Evaluation of: Sallo FB, Leung BA, Chung M et al. MacTel Study Group. Retinal crystals in type 2 idiopathic macular telangiectasia. Ophthalmology 118, 2461–2467 (2011).Idiopathic macular telangiectasia (MacTel) is a bilateral anomaly of retinal capillaries that involves the juxtafoveal region around the horizontal raphe. Clinical features include intraretinal crystalline deposits, subretinal pigment plaques, right-angle vessels, inner lamellar cysts and, in some cases, subretinal neovascularization. Currently, there is no effective treatment for this condition and the etiology is unknown. Funded by the Lowy Medical Research Institute Ltd., the MacTel Study Project is a worldwide multicenter endeavor dedicated to exploring the causes of MacTel and investigating possible treatments. In the featured article, the study group characterizes the intraretinal crystalline deposits associated with MacTel.
Early exposure to bisphenol A alters neuron and glia number in the rat prefrontal cortex of adult males, but not females

Previous work has shown that exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) during early development can alter sexual differentiation of the brain in rodents, although few studies have examined effects on areas of the brain associated with cognition. The current study examined if developmental BPA exposure alters the total number of neurons and glia in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in adulthood. Pregnant Long-Evans rats were orally exposed to 0, 4, 40, or 400-μg/kg BPA in corn oil throughout pregnancy. From postnatal days 1 to 9, pups were given daily oral doses of oil or BPA, at doses corresponding to those given during gestation. Brains were examined in adulthood, and the volume of layers 2/3 and layers 5/6 of the mPFC was parcellated. The density of neurons and glia in these layers was quantified stereologically with the optical disector, and density was multiplied by volume for each animal. Males exposed to 400-μg/kg BPA were found to have increased numbers of neurons and glia in layers 5/6. Although there were no significant effects of BPA in layers 2/3, the pattern of increased neuron number in males exposed to 400-μg/kg BPA was similar to that seen in layers 5/6. No effects of BPA were seen in females or in males exposed to the other doses of BPA. This study indicates that males are more susceptible to the long-lasting effects of BPA on anatomy of the mPFC, an area implicated in neurological disorders.
GEOMETRY OF THE ANTENNAS IN THE MANDELBROT SET

In the Mandelbrot set, the bulbs attached directly to the main cardioid are called the p/q-bulbs. The reason for this is that the largest component of the interior of these bulbs consists of c-values for which the quadratic function Qc(z) = z2 + c admits an attracting cycle with rotation number p/q. In this paper, we give a geometric method to read off p/q from the geometry of the antenna attached to the bulb.
Self-Reported Importance and Difficulty of Driving in a Low-Vision Clinic Population

PURPOSE: To validate estimates of self-perceived driving ability from difficulty ratings of driving tasks and to determine the association of the importance and difficulty of driving with the magnitude of visual impairments. METHODS: A consecutive series of 851 patients at a low-vision clinic rated the importance of driving on a four-point scale. Those who gave nonzero importance ratings then rated driving difficulty on a five-point scale. Those who gave nonzero difficulty ratings then rated the difficulty of each of 21 driving tasks on a five-point scale. Visual acuity was measured with the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart, and contrast sensitivity was measured with the Pelli-Robson chart. Rasch analysis was used to test the validity and reliability of self-perceived driving ability estimates from difficulty ratings of tasks. RESULTS: Patients who rated driving as not important (41%) had worse visual acuity (logMAR = 0.88) and worse contrast sensitivity (log CS = 0.83) than did those who rated driving as extremely important (55%; logMAR = 0.62; log CS =1.03; multivariate analysis of variance [MANOVA]; P = 0.003). Self-perceived driving ability correlated negatively with the overall rating of driving difficulty (r = -0.69; P Language: en
Relational exchanges versus arm’s-length transactions during institutional transitions

How do firms make strategic choices in response to institutional transitions? The literature suggests that with more market-oriented institutional transitions, firms may move from relational exchanges to arm’s-length transactions. However, it remains unclear under what circumstances such strategic transitions would occur. We develop a model to predict that such transitions are contingent upon the multiple facets of a country’s institutional profile, including informal institutions such as national culture and formal institutions that encourage market competition. Our model also specifies industry- and firm-level contingencies affecting these strategic transitions.
Binary phase-only filtering for turbulence compensation in fiber-coupled free-space laser communication systems

Binary wavefront control in the focal plane (i.e., binary phase-only filtering) for partial compensation of atmospheric turbulence in fiber-coupled free-space laser communication systems is investigated. Numerical results from wave-optics simulations show that in an air-to-air scenario, the combination of binary phase-only filtering and centroid tracking provides mean fiber coupling efficiency close to that resulting from ideal least-squares adaptive optics, but without the requirement for direct wavefront sensing. This result suggests a simpler and less computationally demanding turbulence mitigation system that is more readily applied to tactical applications.
Salmonella pelvic osteomyelitis in normal children : Report of two cases and a review of the literature

We report two cases of salmonella osteomyelitis isolated to the pelvis in white adolescents aged 12 and 16 years. No underlying medical condition predisposed these children to salmonella osteomyelitis, and the clinical course was prolonged before definitive diagnosis. The key to diagnosis and the localization of the site of the pathologic condition was made from radionuclide studies performed 2-3 weeks from the onset of symptoms. Clinicians should be aware of isolated salmonella osteomyelitis of the pelvis in normal children, especially when imaging studies are normal at initial presentation. Technetium-labeled bone scans may be normal <2 weeks from the onset of symptoms. Definitive diagnostic testing should include a gallium scan and computed tomography scan when technetium bone scans are negative. Treatment with antibiotics alone is successful.
Endoscopic palliation of obstructive esophagogastric malignancy

To investigate the efficacy of alternative endoscopic palliative therapies for obstructive esophagogastric malignancy, the experience of 53 patients treated between 1979 and 1986 was analyzed. Forty-seven patients had placement of intraesophageal prostheses. Ten patients had prostheses placed after neodymium:YAG laser therapy. In four of these patients, prosthesis placement was planned as part of the initial therapy. Twelve patients initially received laser therapy. In six, recurrent tumor was treated with intraesophageal prostheses 3 to 24 weeks after laser treatment. Comparing neodymium:YAG laser therapy to placement of the prosthesis, both techniques provided simitar improvement in dysphagia. Patients receiving prostheses required less additional treatment for dysphagia. Life table analysis comparing survival rates from diagnosis to death showed no difference. The palliation provided by prostheses and neodymium: YAG laser appears to be quite similar; however, the prosthesis seems to be more lasting and require fewer resources.
Specification Of The Scattering Characteristics Of Surfaces And Systems, For Use In The Analysis Of Stray Light

The measurement of the scattering characteristics of coatings and surfaces has not kept pace with the development of the software tools used to analyze stray light in an optical system. The use and importance of such measurements is emphasized by the use of a parametric analysis performed on the Spacelab Two telescope. The basic measurement of the BRDF need not be costly nor time consuming, but it is made clear that the data should be extensive enough to properly define the scattering function, not just a single profile of the function. The current forms of presentation used to define the stray light performance of optical systems are discussed. In most cases it is one of these definitions that is used to set the specification on the performance of a sensor. The definitions are all based on the point source transmittance of the system. When a broad source transmittance is used to define a specification many factors external to the system are involved and these mask the propagation characteristics of the sensor, and therefore make improvements more difficult.
Geotechnical Characterization and Random Field Modeling of Desiccated Clay

AbstractAn extensive set of in situ and laboratory test data is presented for a footing load test site east of Houston, Texas, in desiccated Beaumont clay. The in situ test program included standard and cone penetration tests (CPTs), the latter of which was selected for statistical analysis to produce vertical and horizontal random field model parameters for corrected cone tip resistance. Given the relatively high sampling frequency of the cone tip resistance in the vertical direction, the vertical random field model parameters were determined using the modified Bartlett’s test statistic with fitted autocorrelation models subject to a strict fitting criterion. Horizontal random field model parameters were generated by collapsing the two-dimensional distribution of the CPTs to a one-dimensional representation and by using less stringent evaluation of the autocorrelation. The results of this study indicate that Beaumont clay exhibits greater inherent spatial variability than previously reported at other cla...
High surface area mesoporous Co3O4 from a direct soft template route

Mesoporous Co3O4 with hexagonally ordered cylindrical channels has been synthesized by a single-step method using Pluronic soft micellar templates. The resulting material has been directly compared to isomorphous Co3O4 that was obtained via an established but laborious five-step nanocasting method. The soft template route employs only surfactant templates and a decane additive, which yields directly mesoporous Co3O4 by a gelling process in a carefully controlled basic (pH = 12.7) alcohol solution at 35 °C. The method is significantly faster and more economical than conventional nanocasting, and has similar overall reproducibility to the conventional multi-step route. The soft templated Co3O4 displays long-range ordered cylindrical microchannels with crystalline walls. Most importantly, it exhibits an unparalleled N2 BET surface area of 367 m2 g−1.
Importance of shear in the bcc-to-hcp transformation in iron.

Iron shows a pressure-induced martensitic phase transformation from the ground state ferromagnetic bcc phase to a nonmagnetic hcp phase at � 13 GPa. The exact transformation pressure (TP) and pathway are not known. Here we present a multiscale model containing a quantum-mechanics-based multiwell energy function accounting for the bcc and hcp phases of Fe and a construction of kinematically compatible and equilibrated mixed phases. This model suggests that shear stresses have a significant influence on the bcc $ hcp transformation. In particular, the presence of modest shear accounts for the scatter in measured TPs. The formation of mixed phases also provides an explanation for the observed hysteresis in TP.
Leishmania pifanoi Amastigotes Avoid Macrophage Production of Superoxide by Inducing Heme Degradation

Whereas infections of macrophages by promastigote forms of Leishmania mexicana pifanoi induce the production of superoxide, infections by amastigotes barely induce superoxide production. Several approaches were employed to gain insight into the mechanism by which amastigotes avoid eliciting superoxide production. First, in experiments with nitroblue tetrazolium, we found that 25% of parasitophorous vacuoles (PVs) that harbor promastigotes are positive for the NADPH oxidase complex, in contrast to only 2% of PVs that harbor amastigotes. Second, confocal microscope analyses of infected cells labeled with antibodies to gp91phox revealed that this enzyme subunit is found in PVs that harbor amastigotes. Third, in immunoblots of subcellular fractions enriched with PVs from amastigote-infected cells and probed with antibodies to gp91phox, only the 65-kDa premature form of gp91phox was found. In contrast, subcellular fractions from macrophages that ingested zymosan particles contained both the 91- and 65-kDa forms of gp91phox. This suggested that only the immature form of gp91phox is recruited to PVs that harbor amastigotes. Given that gp91phox maturation is dependent on the availability of heme, we found that infections by Leishmania parasites induce an increase in heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), the rate-limiting enzyme in heme degradation. Infections by amastigotes performed in the presence of metalloporphyrins, which are inhibitors of HO-1, resulted in superoxide production by infected macrophages. Taken together, we propose that Leishmania amastigotes avoid superoxide production by inducing an increase in heme degradation, which results in blockage of the maturation of gp91phox, which prevents assembly of the NADPH oxidase enzyme complex.