cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intellectual Property Systems

An IP system (IPS) — the system a country uses to protect IP — covers, in a narrow sense the administration of IP: the examinations and granting of IP applications, the dissemination of IP information, and the promotion of IPP in the domestic and international arenas (Thompson 1993). As I have previously argued (2003), an IPS should also be taken to include the relevant legislative guidance (the legislature and institutional mechanisms) and judicial force (the court and enforcement systems). A successful administrative system of IP needs institutional instructions and judicial execution, and these three are inseparable elements that must be integrated to contribute to a strong IPS.
Pathology of bladder carcinoma

Pathologists play an important role in the evaluation of bladder carcinomas. They are responsible for the diagnosis of the tumor and its catagorization, grading, and staging, all of which guides urologists and oncologists in subsequent management. There are considerable differences of opinion as to the catagorization and grading of papillary neoplasms, which represent the largest subset of bladder biopsy pathologic specimens.
The antiinflammatory effects of aprotinin in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass

Aprotinin has been shown to effectively attenuate cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) induced coagulopathies. Because aprotinin is a serine protease inhibitor, it may exert additional properties that reduce the risks associated with extracorporeal flow. The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the antiinflammatory effects of aprotinin with specific emphasis on pulmonary function. After Institutional Review Board approval, 20 patients undergoing first time coronary artery bypass grafting were randomly assigned to receive either a full dose regimen of aprotinin (APR, n=8), or volumetric equal control (CTR, n=12). Biological markers of inflammation and coagulation were measured at 3 time periods : immediately prior to drug administration, at chest closure, and at 24 hours post cardiotomy, and included total complement, polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) elastase. Factor XII, protein C, protein S, fibrin split products (FSP), D-dimers. Pulmonary function was assessed throughout intensive care unit (ICU) stay. There were no differences observed between groups in either preoperative, surgical, anesthesia or perfusion parameters. Twenty-four hour chest tube drainage in the APR group was significantly less than that observed in CTR patients (435.1±169.6 vs. 944.0±585.1, p<.02). Patients receiving aprotinin received significantly lower transfusions of red blood cells, platelets, and fresh frozen plasma. Upon entry into the ICU the CTR group had significantly higher mean airway pressures (8.3±1.5 vs. 10.8±2.9 cm H20, p<.03), higher PaCO 2 levels (37.1±4.8 vs. 43.3±7.1 mmHg, p<.04), and higher FIO 2 settings (0.63±0.18 vs. 0.75±0.20, p=.16). Postoperative FSP and D-dimers were significantly lower in the APR treated patients. In conclusion, the use of aprotinin resulted in significant improvements to postoperative patient outcomes as assessed by transfusion requirements, blood loss, coagulation markers and pulmonary function.
Investigating equality: The poverty and riches indices

Abstract As noise is omnipresent, real-world quantities measured by scientists and engineers are commonly obtained in the form of statistical distributions. In turn, perhaps the most compact representation of a given statistical distribution is via the mean-variance approach: the mean manifesting the distribution’s ‘typical’ value, and the variance manifesting the magnitude of the distribution’s fluctuations about its mean. The mean-variance approach is based on an underlying Euclidean-geometry perspective. So very often real-world quantities of interest are non-negative sizes, and their measurements yield statistical size distributions. In this paper, and in the context of size distributions, we present an alternative to the Euclidean-based mean-variance approach: a mean-equality approach that is based on an underlying socioeconomic perspective. We establish two equality indices that score, on a unit-interval scale, the intrinsic ‘egalitarianism’ of size distributions: (i) the poverty equality index which is particularly sensitive to the existence of very small “poor” sizes; (ii) the riches equality index which is particularly sensitive to the existence of very large “rich” sizes. These equality indices, their properties, their computation, their application, and their connections to the mean-variance approach – are explored and described comprehensively.
New Motilities and Motors in the Flagella of Chlamydomonas

Chlamydomonas is a haploid, unicellular green alga, about 10 µm in diameter. Synchronous cultures can be grown phototrophically in a simple defined medium. In addition to the two 10–12 µm-long flagella that emanate from one end of the cell, Chlamydomonas shares the cytology of typical higher plant and animal cells (e.g., basal bodies/centrioles, microtubules, actin filaments, chloroplasts, mitochondria, en-doplasmic reticulum, and Golgi). The genetics of Chlamydomonas is similar to that of yeast, with plus and minus cells mating to form zygotes, followed by meiosis and tetrad formation. Many mutants are available (Harris 1989) or can be generated by classical mutagenesis procedures. Because Chlamydomonas is easily transformed, with the introduced DNA inserting randomly into the genome (Diener et al. 1990; Kindle et al. 1989), mutants can also be generated by insertional mutagenesis, allowing for the isolation of mutant genes by plasmid rescue (Tam and Lefebvre 1993). In addition, progress is being made on gene cloning by complementation (Purton and Rochaix 1994) and on the selection of homologous recombinants (Sodeinde and Kindle 1993). We are using flagellar regeneration in this green alga as a model system for studying the biogenesis of cell organelles (Johnson and Rosenbaum 1993).
Inversion of Extender Unit Selectivity in the Erythromycin Polyketide Synthase by Acyltransferase Domain Engineering

Acyltransferase (AT) domains of polyketide synthases (PKSs) select extender units for incorporation into polyketides and dictate large portions of the structures of clinically relevant natural products. Accordingly, there is significant interest in engineering the substrate specificity of PKS ATs in order to site-selectively manipulate polyketide structure. However, previous attempts to engineer ATs have yielded mutant PKSs with relaxed extender unit specificity, rather than an inversion of selectivity from one substrate to another. Here, by directly screening the extender unit selectivity of mutants from active site saturation libraries of an AT from the prototypical PKS, 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase, a set of single amino acid substitutions was discovered that dramatically impact the selectivity of the PKS with only modest reductions of product yields. One particular substitution (Tyr189Arg) inverted the selectivity of the wild-type PKS from its natural substrate toward a non-natural alkynyl-modified...
The effect of alpha 2 agonists and antagonists on the lower urinary tract of the rat.

AbstractThe pharmacologic potential of selective alpha2 adrenergic agents in modulating vesicourethral function was evaluated in urethane-anesthetized and conscious rats. The bladder was exposed through a midline incision and intubated via a cystostomy to measure pressure. The bladder was filled with saline at 0.05ml./min. In six animals intravenous dexmedetomidine 0.6μg./kg. followed by 2μg./kg. was given. In another six rats the infusion was made with atipamezole at the same concentration. The parameters obtained were pressure/volume during cystometry, detrusor voiding pressures, and evidence of urine leakage.Conscious rats were placed in a restrainer outfitted with a voided volume sensor and a data recorder. The animals were divided in three groups. In controls, group I (n = 8), the animals were injected with a subcutaneous (SC) load of 5ml. saline in which furosemide 10.0mg./kg. was added. In group II (n = 6), dexmedetomidine was added, in group III (n = 6), atipamezole was added. Parameters obtained ...
Response assessment using dynamic MR imaging in non-metastatic osteosarcoma

10018 Background: Conventional static imaging methods are of limited utility in assessing osteosarcoma (OS) response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy primarily due to the lack of significant change in tumor size. Methods: We prospectively evaluated the utility of dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging (DEMRI) in assessing tumor response as part of a phase II trial of multiagent chemotherapy for treatment of OS from 1999 to 2006. Forty-two subjects (median age, 13.5 years) with non-metastatic OS of the extremity (27 femur, 10 tibia, 3 humerus, 1 fibula, and 1 ulna) underwent one or more DEMRI examinations and had histological assessment of tumor response. DEMRI was performed at baseline (before course 1 of chemotherapy [week 0]), at week 9 (after 3 courses of chemotherapy), and at week 12 (after 4 courses of chemotherapy before definitive surgery). Quantitative DEMRI measures reflecting rate and intensity of enhancement (dynamic vector magnitude [DVM]) and regional contrast transfer between the plasma and extrace...
Abstract 141: Anti-thrombin Perfluorocarbon Nanoparticles Decrease Clot Burden in a Murine Model of Venous Thrombosis

Objective: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) afflicts nearly an million Americans with significant mortality and long-term morbidity. Current medical treatment regimens pose significant bleeding risks a...
Future Directions: Public Policy and Advocacy

The last several decades have witnessed an increased awareness of the issue and magnitude of elder financial abuse in the United States. This has expanded efforts by governmental, professional, and advocacy agencies to legislate and create protective programs and interventions for the elderly. Many obstacles persist that prevent passage and funding of effective laws and building comprehensive programs that would help ensure the financial safety of older adults. These include the lack of a national standard definition of financial abuse and educational shortfalls for professionals and older adults on reporting procedures of financial abuse. The above deficits and suggested solutions, such as greater federal oversight and advocacy promotion are included in this chapter.
Exploring Chemistry in Microcompartments Using Guided Droplet Collisions in a Branched Quadrupole Trap Coupled to a Single Droplet, Paper Spray Mass Spectrometer

Recent studies suggest that reactions in aqueous microcompartments can occur at significantly different rates than those in the bulk. Most studies have used electrospray to generate a polydisperse source of highly charged microdroplets, leading to multiple confounding factors potentially influencing reaction rates (e.g., evaporation, charge, and size). Thus, the underlying mechanism for the observed enhancement remains unclear. We present a new type of electrodynamic balance-the branched quadrupole trap (BQT)-which can be used to study reactions in microdroplets in a controlled environment. The BQT allows for condensed phase chemical reactions to be initiated by colliding droplets with different reactants and levitating the merged droplet indefinitely. The performance of the BQT is characterized in several ways. Sub-millisecond mixing times as fast as ∼400 μs are measured for low velocity (∼0.1 m/s) collisions of droplets with <40 μm diameters. The reaction of o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) with alanine in the presence of dithiolthreitol is measured using both fluorescence spectroscopy and single droplet paper spray mass spectrometry. The bimolecular rate constant for reaction of alanine with OPA is found to be 84 ± 10 and 67 ± 6 M-1 s-1 in a 30 μm radius droplet and bulk solution, respectively, which demonstrates that bimolecular reaction rate coefficients can be quantified using merged microdroplets and that merged droplets can be used to study rate enhancements due to compartmentalization. Products of the reaction of OPA with alanine are detected in single droplets using paper spray mass spectrometry. We demonstrate that single droplets with <100 pg of analyte can easily be studied using single droplet mass spectrometry.
Stock Market Timing with Entropy

We examine the effectiveness of entropy analytics for stock market timing. The objective behind the study is to develop and facilitate market timing procedure by introducing a relatively untested investment methodology that could be pragmatically utilized in investment management. As an example, we implement sample entropy analysis on the Dubai index series. We find that sample entropy-based trading strategies deliver better risk-adjusted performance than the index buy and hold strategy during the back-testing period, which also included highly volatile market returns.
Online Super Learning

We consider the case that the data O n = (O(1), …, O(n)) ∼ P0 n is generated sequentially by a conditional probability distribution Pθ, t of O(t), given certain summary measures of the past \(\bar{O}(t - 1) = (O(1),\ldots,O(t - 1))\), and where this t-specific conditional probability distribution Pθ, t is identified by a common parameter θ ∈ Θ. For example, the experiment at time t generates a new observation O(t) from a probability distribution \(\bar{P}_{0}(\cdot \mid z)\) determined by a fixed dimensional summary measure Z of the past O(1), …, O(t − 1), and one would assume that this conditional distribution \(\bar{P}_{0}\) is an element of some semiparametric model. An important special case is that the sample can be viewed as independent and identically distributed observations from a fixed data generating distribution that is known to belong to some semiparametric statistical model, such as the nonparametric model: in this case \(\bar{P}_{0}(\cdot \mid z) =\bar{ P}_{0}(\cdot )\) does not depend on the past. Another important case is that the data is generated by a group sequential adaptive design in which the randomization and or censoring mechanism is a function of summary measures of the observed data on previously sampled groups (van der Laan 2008b; Chambaz and van der Laan 2011a,b,c). More generally, this covers a whole range of time series models.
Broad Coping Repertoire Mediates the Effect of the Combined Behavioral Intervention on Alcohol Outcomes in the COMBINE Study: An Application of Latent Class Mediation.

Objective:Few studies have found support for coping as a mechanism of behavior change (MOBC) following coping skills training interventions for alcohol use disorder (AUD). One potential reason for ...
Logic Synthesizers, The Transduction Method and Its Extension, Sylon

Logic synthesizer, the Transduction method, was developed in the early 1970s at the University of Illinois, but its usefulness has been only recently recognized in the industry. The original Transduction method handles only NOR gates, though it is still useful for the design of ECL networks. So, since then, SYLON has been developed as its extension, focusing on the design of CMOS circuits. Currently SYLON has three programs, i.e., XTRANS, DREAM, and REDUCE. Each has its own unique features. The basic concepts of the Transduction method and SYLON are discussed along with recent results.
Microfluidically Reconfigurable Reflection Phase Shifter

A microfluidic-based reconfiguration approach is presented for realizing a reflection phase shifter. The phase shifter consists of quadrature hybrid coupler with reflective microstrip line terminations. A selectively metallized plate (SMP) that can be repositioned inside a microfluidic channel is brought in close proximity ( $\mu \text{m}$ ) of the reflective microstrip line terminations to vary their electrical lengths through capacitive RF short mechanism. The concept is demonstrated through a 9.5 GHz $X$ -band phase-shifter design. Specifically, the design exhibits a footprint of $24\times15$ mm2, operates with <0.95 dB insertion loss, and attains the 360° phase shift with a total of 9.5 mm SMP motion resulting in 1.95 s total actuation time with the selected external micropumps. These phase shifters may be suitable for applications that prioritize low-loss and high power handling capability over reconfiguration speed.
Design of Ionic Liquids Using Property Clustering and Decomposition Techniques

Abstract Ionic liquids that have tailored structures with an array of unique functional properties can have important applications in areas such as C0 2 capture and sequestration, sulfur removal from fuels, energy storage, biomass pretreatment, and chemical separations. Within the computer-aided molecular design (CAMD) framework, a characterization based method was combined with chemometric and property clustering techniques in reverse problem formulation to the design of ionic liquid (IL) structures corresponding to particular physical properties. Infrared spectra generated from density functional theory simulation were used for capturing information on molecular architecture and calibration of latent variable property models to synthesize ILs in a logical and systematic methodology.
Assessment of Convolutional Neural Networks for Automated Classification of Chest Radiographs.

Purpose To assess the ability of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to enable high-performance automated binary classification of chest radiographs. Materials and Methods In a retrospective study, 216 431 frontal chest radiographs obtained between 1998 and 2012 were procured, along with associated text reports and a prospective label from the attending radiologist. This data set was used to train CNNs to classify chest radiographs as normal or abnormal before evaluation on a held-out set of 533 images hand-labeled by expert radiologists. The effects of development set size, training set size, initialization strategy, and network architecture on end performance were assessed by using standard binary classification metrics; detailed error analysis, including visualization of CNN activations, was also performed. Results Average area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.96 for a CNN trained with 200 000 images. This AUC value was greater than that observed when the same model was trained with 2000 images (AUC = 0.84, P .05). Averaging the CNN output score with the binary prospective label yielded the best-performing classifier, with an AUC of 0.98 (P < .005). Analysis of specific radiographs revealed that the model was heavily influenced by clinically relevant spatial regions but did not reliably generalize beyond thoracic disease. Conclusion CNNs trained with a modestly sized collection of prospectively labeled chest radiographs achieved high diagnostic performance in the classification of chest radiographs as normal or abnormal; this function may be useful for automated prioritization of abnormal chest radiographs. © RSNA, 2018 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by van Ginneken in this issue.
Sexually Dimorphic Control of Parenting Behavior by the Medial Amygdala.

Social behaviors, including behaviors directed toward young offspring, exhibit striking sex differences. Understanding how these sexually dimorphic behaviors are regulated at the level of circuits and transcriptomes will provide insights into neural mechanisms of sex-specific behaviors. Here, we uncover a sexually dimorphic role of the medial amygdala (MeA) in governing parental and infanticidal behaviors. Contrary to traditional views, activation of GABAergic neurons in the MeA promotes parental behavior in females, while activation of this population in males differentially promotes parental versus infanticidal behavior in an activity-level-dependent manner. Through single-cell transcriptomic analysis, we found that molecular sex differences in the MeA are specifically represented in GABAergic neurons. Collectively, these results establish crucial roles for the MeA as a key node in the neural circuitry underlying pup-directed behaviors and provide important insight into the connection between sex differences across transcriptomes, cells, and circuits in regulating sexually dimorphic behavior.
Fixed Restorations in Digital Dentistry

The area of digital fixed prosthodontics has seen many developments in software and hardware as well as Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) materials experience, and these has resulted in a wide range of improvements spanning from examinations to production of prostheses. This chapter will explain in-office systems, laboratory systems, and digital workflows related to fixed restorations.
Pro-Survival Lipid Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Metabolically Programs T Cells to Limit Anti-tumor Activity.

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), a bioactive lysophospholipid generated by sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1), regulates lymphocyte egress into circulation via S1P receptor 1 (S1PR1) signaling, and it controls the differentiation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T helper-17 cells. However, the mechanisms by which receptor-independent SphK1-mediated intracellular S1P levels modulate T cell functionality remains unknown. We show here that SphK1-deficient T cells maintain central memory phenotype and exhibit higher mitochondrial respiration and reduced differentiation to Tregs. Mechanistically, we discovered a direct correlation between SphK1-generated S1P and lipid transcription factor PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) activity, which in turn regulates lipolysis in T cells. Genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of SphK1 improved metabolic fitness and anti-tumor activity of T cells against murine melanoma. Further, inhibition of SphK1 and PD1 together led to improved control of melanoma. Overall, these data highlight the clinical potential of limiting SphK1/S1P signaling for enhancing anti-tumor-adoptive T cell therapy.
79 Pre-brachytherapy magnetic resonance-based 3D tumor volume evaluation for outcome prediction in cervical cancer patients treated with definitive chemoradiation

Objectives To report the impact on survival of residual tumor volume (RTV) prior to brachytherapy (BT) initiation determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients treated for locally advanced cervical cancer with definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Methods MRI examinations were prospectively performed in patients with advanced cervical cancer (Stages IB2-IVA) after CRT completion and prior to BT initiation. RTV was delineated on each T2-weighted slice and volumetry was derived on the treatment planning system. All patients received external beam radiation (EBRT) with concomitant Cisplatin followed by volume-based BT planning. Cumulative EBRT and BT doses were calculated as the total equivalent dose in 2 Gy fractions (EQD2). Potential prognostic factors were selected based on non-parametric tests and then analyzed for survival with a Cox regression model. Results Median post-therapy follow-up was 27.4 months (range, 3–57.8). Thirty-seven patients were included. According to the FIGO classification, 8% were stage IB, 75% stage II, 11% stage III, and 6% stage IV. Overall survival was 86.5%. Of the patients evaluated, 29.7% had complete remission on pre-BT MRI and 18.9% were considered having local failure or distant disease. At bivariate analysis, RTV >2 mL, D90 CTV-HR 2 mL respectively (p=0.005). Conclusions Our preliminary data suggest that pre-BT RTV >2 mL is a predictor of poor survival.
Is what I think I think really what I think? Implicit and explicit attitudes toward stuttering among practicing speech-language pathologists.

Abstract Purpose Two studies assessed implicit (Study 1) and explicit (Study 2) attitudes toward stuttering and those who stutter among speech-language pathologists (SLPs). Method In Study 1, 15 SLPs completed the Stuttering Implicit Association Test, a measure of implicit attitudes toward stuttered speech. In Study 2, 40 SLPs provided explicit attitudes about individuals who stutter, assessed via self-report ratings of an adult who stutters and one who does not. Participants also completed measures of experience with stuttering. Results As a group, clinicians displayed negative implicit attitudes toward stuttering. Explicit attitudes toward a person who stutters were positive, albeit less positive than attitudes toward a person who does not stutter. Amount of prior exposure to stuttering among these experienced SLPs was not significantly associated with either implicit or explicit attitudes. Conclusions These findings highlight the importance of evaluating both implicit and explicit attitudes toward stuttering. The finding of positive explicit attitudes but negative implicit attitudes among similar samples of SLPs underscores the need to study implicit attitudes toward stuttering. Considering only explicit attitudes could lead to incomplete conclusions about the complex nature of attitudes toward stuttering.
Reduction of Substrates by Nitrogenases

Nitrogenase is the enzyme that catalyzes biological N2 reduction to NH3. This enzyme achieves an impressive rate enhancement over the uncatalyzed reaction. Given the high demand for N2 fixation to support food and chemical production and the heavy reliance of the industrial Haber-Bosch nitrogen fixation reaction on fossil fuels, there is a strong need to elucidate how nitrogenase achieves this difficult reaction under benign conditions as a means of informing the design of next generation synthetic catalysts. This Review summarizes recent progress in addressing how nitrogenase catalyzes the reduction of an array of substrates. New insights into the mechanism of N2 and proton reduction are first considered. This is followed by a summary of recent gains in understanding the reduction of a number of other nitrogenous compounds not considered to be physiological substrates. Progress in understanding the reduction of a wide range of C-based substrates, including CO and CO2, is also discussed, and remaining challenges in understanding nitrogenase substrate reduction are considered.
The Dynamics of Growth in Worldwide Satellite Communications Capacity

Abstract : The Department of Defense (DoD) cannot afford to own all the satellite communications capacity it might possibly need in all areas of the world. As noted in a previous RAND report (Bonds et al., 2000), DoD planners estimate that they will need to provide about 16 Gigabits per second (Gbps) of bandwidth by 2010 to effectively support a joint-service operation. However, given current procurement plans, the DoD will only own only one-eighth of its projected desired capacity. Therefore, for the foreseeable future, the DoD will need to buy at least some of its communications capacity from commercial vendors. An ability to understand what drives growth in worldwide satellite capacity and to predict capacity would be useful to military communications planners in making decisions in advance to purchase and lease communications capacity in various parts of the world. In the empirical analysis in this report, we show that there is a strong relationship between growth in total satellite communications capacity and economic growth, as measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Adjustment to change is quite rapid; if there is an imbalance in the long-run equilibrium between supply and demand, we estimate that on average 25 percent of the adjustment is made within one year, although there is some regional variation. The analysis indicates that the market can adjust swiftly to a surge in demand, and thus there may be little need to buy satellite capacity in advance simply to ensure that capacity will be there if needed.
MRI-traceable theranostic nanoparticles for targeted cancer treatment

Current cancer therapies, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy, are imprecise, non-specific, and are often administered at high dosages - resulting in side effects that severely impact the patient's overall well-being. A variety of multifunctional, cancer-targeted nanotheranostic systems that integrate therapy, imaging, and tumor targeting functionalities in a single platform have been developed to overcome the shortcomings of traditional drugs. Among the imaging modalities used, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides high resolution imaging of structures deep within the body and, in combination with other imaging modalities, provides complementary diagnostic information for more accurate identification of tumor characteristics and precise guidance of anti-cancer therapy. This review article presents a comprehensive assessment of nanotheranostic systems that combine MRI-based imaging (T1 MRI, T2 MRI, and multimodal imaging) with therapy (chemo-, thermal-, gene- and combination therapy), connecting a range of topics including hybrid treatment options (e.g. combined chemo-gene therapy), unique MRI-based imaging (e.g. combined T1-T2 imaging, triple and quadruple multimodal imaging), novel targeting strategies (e.g. dual magnetic-active targeting and nanoparticles carrying multiple ligands), and tumor microenvironment-responsive drug release (e.g. redox and pH-responsive nanomaterials). With a special focus on systems that have been tested in vivo, this review is an essential summary of the most advanced developments in this rapidly evolving field.
Complications, Reoperations, and Long-Term Outcomes after Open Reduction Internal Fixation of Mason Classification Type II and Type III Radial Head Fractures

Introduction The objectives of this study were to assess long-term outcomes, complications, and reoperations after open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) of radial head fractures. Materials and Methods 35 adult patients, who underwent ORIF of an isolated, displaced radial head fracture without elbow instability (Mason classification type II or III) at two tertiary care referral centers from 2000 to 2017, were identified. Patient satisfaction, pain, and QuickDASH scores were assessed by telephone follow-up at median 12.9 years. Results The mean age of the 35 patients in our study was 39 years, and 54% were women. The median length of clinical follow-up was 175 days. Postoperative complications occurred in 54% of patients, and reoperations in 23% of patients. Multivariable logistic regression identified fixation with plate and screws versus screws alone as a risk factor for complications and reoperations. The long-term telephone follow-up response rate was 54%. At 13-year median follow-up, the average patient satisfaction was 9.6/10, the average patient-reported pain was 0.7/10, and the average QuickDASH score was 10.5. Conclusion The long-term outcomes of ORIF of Mason classification type II and III radial head fractures are favorable; however, rates of complication and reoperation are notable and may be higher with plate-and-screw fixation.
Yellow and oriental mustard seed lecithin content and composition

Abstract Much of the commercially available lecithin is produced as a byproduct of soybean oil extraction. However, there is a strong need for alternative lecithin feedstock due to the presence of allergens in soy lecithin. The objective of the present study was to determine if oilseeds from Brassicaceae family such as Brassica juncea, Sinapis alba, and Brassica napus represent viable source of lecithin. Total yields of lecithin from seed meals was quantified. Composition of extracted lecithin was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Total extractable lecithin from B. juncea, S. alba, B. napus averaged 4.27, 4.26, and 4.12 % by weight, respectively. B. napus seed contained more phosphatidylcholine (4.40 mg g−1) than both B. juncea (2.94 mg g−1) and S. alba seed (2.44 mg g−1). Total phosphatidylinositol concentrations in extracted lecithin were 1.51, 0.98, and 1.09 mg g−1 seed for B. napus, B. juncea, and S. alba, respectively. No significant difference in the ratios of specific phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol species was found among the three studied seed meals. Based on the data obtained, we have demonstrated that mustard seeds are a viable source of non-allergen phospholipids, including lecithin with potentially novel emulsifying characteristics.
Adaptable and Interpretable Neural MemoryOver Symbolic Knowledge

Past research has demonstrated that large neural language models (LMs) encode surprising amounts of factual information: however, augmenting or modifying this information requires modifying a corpus and retraining, which is computationally expensive. To address this problem, we develop a neural LM that includes an interpretable neuro-symbolic KB in the form of a “fact memory”. Each element of the fact memory is formed from a triple of vectors, where each vector corresponds to a KB entity or relation. Our LM improves performance on knowledge-intensive question-answering tasks, sometimes dramatically, including a 27 point increase in one setting of WebQuestionsSP over a state-of-the-art open-book model, despite using 5% of the parameters. Most interestingly, we demonstrate that the model can be modified, without any re-training, by updating the fact memory.
Second Primary Head and Neck Malignancies in Patients With Prior Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Associated Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OPSCC) Treated With Radiation.

Purpose/Objective(s) The outcomes of second primary head and neck malignancies in survivors of HPV associated OPSCC treated with radiation have not been well documented. The purpose of this study was to review the rate, management, and outcomes of non-metastatic second head and neck malignancies in patients with a history of HPV positive OPSCC treated with definitive or postoperative radiation (RT). Materials/Methods This is a single institution IRB approved retrospective study of patients with HPV positive OPSCC treated from 2001-2017 with definitive radiation and at least 3 years of follow up. Diagnoses were considered to be a second head and neck malignancy if they were distinct from index OPSCC with the exclusion of a primary or regional recurrence, primary site > 2 cm from the index OPSCC, and occurred at least 2 years from prior RT. Patients with second malignancies involving the thyroid were excluded. Actuarial analysis was used to calculate overall survival and disease control rates. Results There were a total of 418 patients who met inclusion criteria with a median follow up of 88.5 months (50.9-150.9 months). A total of 11 patients (2.6%) developed a second primary malignancy in the head and neck (2 larynx, 1 nasal cavity, 6 oral cavity and 2 oropharynx) and all were treated with definitive surgery. Median time between first and second cancers was 73 months (25-123 months). Median follow up for these patients was 25.4 months (7.7-69 months) and the median age at second malignancy was 65 years (range 54-73 years). 64% of patients were former smokers (quit > 3 months) and 36% were never smokers. Pathological tumor stage of the second cancer was T1 in 36%, T2 in 27%, T4a in 36%. The histology was squamous cell carcinoma in 9 patients, spindle cell squamous carcinoma in 1 patient, and adenosquamous carcinoma 1 patient. HPV status was negative in 45.5%, positive in 18.2% and unknown in 36.4%. Post-operative re-irradiation was given in 55%, of which 50% received concurrent chemotherapy. Locoregional control rates at 12 and 24 months were 100% and 62.5% (95% CI: 28.9-96.1%), respectively. Of the 2 patients with local failure, which occurred at 18 and 33 months after diagnosis, salvage therapy with surgery was successful. Regional failure was diagnosed in 2 patients at 13 and 16 months after diagnosis, and both of these patients ultimately died as a result of regional failure. There were no distant failures. One additional patient had died at last follow up which was unrelated to cancer. Estimated 2-year overall survival from the second head and neck malignancy was 78.9% (95% CI: 53.0-100%). Conclusion The risk of a second head and neck malignancy in survivors of HPV associated OPSCC is low, but as the incidence of HPV related OPSCC remains elevated and the likelihood of cure is excellent, secondary malignancy is an important long-term risk. Despite prior RT, consideration of post-operative re-irradiation is important as regional failure may carry a poor prognosis.
Modular Modeling and Distributed Control of Permanent-Magnet Modular Motor Drives (MMDs) for Electric Aircraft Propulsion

Permanent magnet (PM) modular motor drives (MMDs) have been recognized as promising candidate machine drive propulsion units in electrified aircraft due to their high power density, high efficiency, and high fault tolerance. Heterarchical, distributed, and modular control schemes are preferred to enhance the system reliability by eliminating single points of failure (SPOFs) from controllers. To facilitate modular machine control design and analysis, a generalized module-level machine analysis and modeling framework has been developed. Module-level machine analysis reveals intra-module unbalanced inductances and inter-module unbalanced cross-coupled fluxes that differ from conventional machines due to asymmetric mutual slot leakage flux couplings among the modules. An asymmetric module-level machine model has been developed by using complex vectors and conjugate complex vectors. Due to the asymmetry, balanced three-phase module voltage excitation induces both positive and negative sequence module current responses when the modules are not evenly loaded. This feature deteriorates the inter-module independence of MMDs, especially under fault conditions where maximum inter-module independence is desired. A modular control with a negative sequence regulator is proposed to eliminate the undesired negative sequence component under uneven loading and fault conditions in order to achieve the desired high level of inter-module independence.
Applications of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) in Tumor Management

Positron emission tomography (PET), also referred to as positron computed tomography (PCT) provides cross sectional images of the body as do other axial tomographic techniques including x-ray computed tomography (x-ray CT) and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMR) (also referred to as MRI, magnetic resonance imaging). Unlike x-ray CT images, which are anatomic representations of the attenuation characteristics of tissue, PET images reflect physiologic processes such as metabolism and blood flow (Phelps et al. 1982 and Phelps and Mazziotta 1985). While most of the initial clinical experience with MRI has also resulted in primarily anatomic representations of pathology, the full potential of this technique, like PET, remains to be explored. Nevertheless, studies to date have already demonstrated the potential of PET to provide quantitative and pictorial physiologic descriptions of neoplasms that complement anatomic images obtained with other modalities. This information is particularly relevant to radiation therapy where varying levels of tissue oxygenation and blood flow can have significant therapeutic implications and to oncology in general where metabolic parameters generated by PET studies can be significant both diagnostically and therapeutically.
Finite state machine partitioning for I/O-limited design

We proposed a Finite State Machine (FSM) partitioning procedure for minimizing the number of inputs/outputs of FSMs. The FSM partition is obtained by partitioning the set of transitions that describe the behavior of an FSM. An extended FM-based graph partitioning algorithm is applied for transition partitioning. We also devise a state information minimization technique to further reduce the number of interconnections between the FSMs required for communication. Experimental results for MCNC benchmarks show that our algorithm has favorable results over circuit partitioning algorithms on the netlist level.
Role of high-affinity dopamine uptake and impulse activity in the appearance of extracellular dopamine in striatum after administration of exogenous L-DOPA: studies in intact and 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats.

The differential behavioral and neurochemical effects of exogenous L-DOPA in animals with intact versus dopamine (DA)-denervated striata raise questions regarding the role of DA terminals in the regulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission after administration of exogenous L-DOPA. In vivo microdialysis was used to monitor the effect of exogenous L-DOPA on extracellular DA in intact and DA-denervated striata of awake rats. In intact striatum, a small increase in extracellular DA was observed after administration of L-DOPA (50 mg/kg i.p.) but in DA-denervated striatum a much larger increase in extracellular DA was elicited. Additional experiments assessed the role of high-affinity DA uptake and impulse-dependent neurotransmitter release in the effect of exogenous L-DOPA on extracellular DA in striatum. Pretreatment with GBR-12909 (20 mg/kg i.p.), a selective DA uptake inhibitor, enhanced the ability of L-DOPA to increase extracellular DA in intact striatum. However, in DA-denervated striatum, inhibition of DA uptake did not alter the extracellular DA response to L-DOPA. Impulse-dependent neurotransmitter release was blocked by the infusion of tetrodotoxin (TTX; 1 microM), an inhibitor of fast sodium channels, through the dialysis probe. Application of TTX significantly attenuated the L-DOPA-induced increase in extracellular DA observed in striatum of intact rats pretreated with GBR-12909. In a similar manner, TTX infusion significantly attenuated the increase in extracellular DA typically observed in striatum of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats after the administration of L-DOPA. The present results indicate that DA terminals, via high-affinity uptake, play a crucial role in the clearance of extracellular DA formed from exogenous L-DOPA in intact striatum. This regulatory mechanism is absent in the DA-denervated striatum. In addition, this study has shown that DA synthesized from exogenous L-DOPA primarily is released by an impulse-dependent mechanism in both intact and DA-denervated striatum. The latter result suggests an important role for a nondopaminergic neuronal element in striatum that serves as the primary source of extracellular DA formed from exogenous L-DOPA.
Teaching 'Diplomacy' by Other Means: Using the Game Diplomacy to Teach Offensive Realism

In this article, we introduce the online version of the board game Diplomacy to teach about various strands of realism. Beyond helping students learn, the game has two additional benefits over traditional role-playing simulations. First, it takes place outside of class, freeing up more class time and creating fewer opportunity costs for instructors who want to use simulations. Secondly, online Diplomacy offers a game that allows for a fairer method of assessment. It has clear rules that apply equally to all students. Plus, the online version provides a platform that gives instructors better insight into student participation. Using data collected from students, we show that online Diplomacy and outside of class simulations are useful tools to teach about realism and international relations, respectively.
Collective modes in the loop ordered phase of cuprate superconductors.

We show that the two branches of collective modes discovered recently in underdoped cuprates with a large spectral weight are a necessary consequence of the loop-current state. Such a state has been shown in earlier experiments to be consistent with the symmetry of the order parameter competing with superconductivity in four families of cuprates. We also predict a third branch of excitations which cannot be discovered by neutron scattering but may be discovered by other techniques. Using parameters to fit the observed modes, we show that quantum fluctuations change the direction of the effective moments in the ground state to lie at an angle to the $c$ axis as observed in experiments.
A Survey to Assess Perceived Differences in Referral Pathways to Board-Certified Pediatric Dermatologists

This study surveyed all U.S. board-certified pediatric dermatologists to determine referral pathways to the specialty; we obtained a 48% (108/226) response rate. Significantly higher self-referral rates were found in private practice than in academic settings, and higher referral rates from specialist and generalist physicians were observed in academic practice. The substantial differences found in this preliminary study indicate that triage inefficiency may be occurring, and further study to investigate the causes for referral differences and their effect on clinical outcomes is needed.
A Coupling, and the Darling-Erdos Conjectures

We derive a new coupling of the running maximum of an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process and the running maximum of an explicit i.i.d. sequence. We use this coupling to verify a conjecture of Darling and Erdos (1956).
Barriers to organizing information during cancer care: "I don't know how people do it.".

Patients need support to help them organize and manage the vast amount of health information they now receive, particularly in their increasingly active roles. Clinicians can be frustrated by the perceived failure of patients to use the information given to them, and patients express frustrations with the daunting organizational task of their health information. Yet, few studies have examined the barriers that patients face in organizing and thus effectively retrieving and using their health information. In this paper, we report on a qualitative, longitudinal field study of cancer patients’ in-situ organizing behavior where we uncovered four types of barriers to organizing: emotional, scalable, temporal, and functional. We provide detailed suggestions for how these barriers could be reduced by either technological or social changes. Our analysis of barriers provides empirical guidance for health-information providers, technology designers as well as patients and their caregivers.
Factorization of Tent Spaces and Hankel Operators

It is shown that the factorization Tpq=Tp∞·T∞q for tent spaces proved by R. R. Coifman et al. (1985, J. Funct. Anal.62, 304–335) for p>q, q=2, holds true for all 0<p, q<∞. From this certain strong factorization theorems are derived for spaces Hps of fractional derivatives of Hp functions, and more general Triebel spaces. In particular, it is proved that Hps=Hp·BMOAs . Applications considered include characterizations of symbols of bounded Hankel operators Hφ: Hp→Hqs, complex interpolation of tent spaces, and Carleson measure theorems for derivatives of Hp functions.
Existence of sunspot equilibrium and absence of non-sunspot equilibria in a financial economy

Abstract The paper shows that there are financial economies for which there are no equilibria if there is no extrinsic uncertainty, while there are sunspot equilibria. We present two examples: The first is an economy where non-existence of equilibria in the economy without extrinsic uncertainty is due to the collapse of rank of the return matrix. The second is a non-convex economy.
Higher-Order Equation-of-Motion Coupled-Cluster Methods for Ionization Processes

Compact algebraic equations defining the equation-of-motion coupled-cluster (EOM-CC) methods for ionization potentials (IP-EOM-CC) have been derived and computer implemented by virtue of a symbolic algebra system largely automating these processes. Models with connected cluster excitation operators truncated after double, triple, or quadruple level and with linear ionization operators truncated after two-hole-one-particle (2h1p), three-hole-two-particle (3h2p), or four-hole-three-particle (4h3p) level (abbreviated as IP-EOM-CCSD, CCSDT, and CCSDTQ, respectively) have been realized into parallel algorithms taking advantage of spin, spatial, and permutation symmetries with optimal size dependence of the computational costs. They are based on spin-orbital formalisms and can describe both α and β ionizations from open-shell (doublet, triplet, etc.) reference states into ionized states with various spin magnetic quantum numbers. The application of these methods to Koopmans and satellite ionizations of N2 and C...