cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transparent Transistor Development

Transparent electronics is an embryonic technology whose objective is the realization of invisible electronic circuits. We have recently reported the fabrication of a novel n-channel transparent thin-film transistor (TTFT). [1] This ZnO-based TTFT is highly transparent and exhibits electrical characteristics that appear to be suitable for implementation as a transparent select-transistor in each pixel of an active-matrix liquid-crystal display. Moreover, the processing technology used to fabricate this device is relatively simple and appears to be compatible with inexpensive glass substrate technology. The objective of the work reported herein is to summarize some of our recent TTFT electrical performance results. Materials, processing, and device structure details related to these devices appear in future publications.
Effective equations for flow in random porous media with a large number of scales

We rederive Brinkman's equations for the flow of slow viscous fluid past a random distribution of identical obstacles using the Foldy's approximation. It is shown explicitly that such a derivation is valid for extremely dilute systems. We argue that Brinkman's equation can be used even in systems with lower porosity by proposing a model of porous media that has a very large number of scales.
Heat transfer augmentation in a foam-material filled duct with discrete heat sources

A heat treatment augmentation technique utilizing a foam-material system for potential application to electronics cooling is presented. The geometry under consideration is a foam-material filled duct with discrete heat sources on its walls. The volume-averaged momentum and energy equations are used to analyze the flow and heat transfer. The present analysis includes the boundary, inertial, and dispersion effects. Thermal dispersion caused by the presence of the solid matrix plays a key role in heat transfer augmentation. Numerical simulations are carried out to obtain the Nusselt number and wall temperature distributions. The results show that an increase of two to four times in heat transfer is achievable as compared to that of laminar slug-flow in a clear duct. >
Organometallic spintronics: dicobaltocene switch.

A single-molecule spintronic switch and spin valve using two cobaltocene moieties is proposed. Spin-dependent transport through a leadmolecule-lead junction has been calculated using first-principles density functional and nonequilibrium Green function methods. We find that the antiparallel (singlet) configuration of the cobaltocene spins blocks electron transport near the Fermi energy, while the spin parallel (triplet) configuration enables much higher current. The energy difierence between the antiparallel and parallel states depends on the insulating spacer separating the two cobaltocenes, allowing switching through the application of a moderate magnetic field. The interesting phenomena that have come to light in the two fields of spintronics and single-molecule transport suggest that spintronic behavior in single molecules may be particularly rewarding. In molecular electronics, after investigations of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), 1 various techniques for making single-molecule junctions, which avoid the problem of intermolecular interactions 2,3 and dramatically reduce the size of junctions, have recently emerged. 4-8 To improve these junctions, one would like to improve control over them and increase their response. Both of these point toward the dificult task of choosing molecules with intrinsic functionality. Here, we identify a class of molecules with strong intrinsic spintronic functionality. Spintronics refers to the control of electrical current through manipulation of the spin of the electrons; it has been extensively investigated 9-11 using layers of ferromagnetic material from both fundamental and device application points of view, as in, for example, the magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ). More recently, a spin-valve effect has been integrated into carbon nanotube and organic molecule/ferromagnetic lead structures, 12,13 in which the valve mechanism is based on local magnetization fluctuations of individual magnetic domains in the contacts. Theoretical calculations, which include spin information by varying the relative orientation of the magnetization in the leads, are able to describe the polarized injection. 14-17 This replacement of the insulating layer of a MTJ by molecules is a first step in combining single molecules and conventional spintronics. However, we pursue here a true molecular spintronics, emphasizing the functionality of the molecule and so leading to a completely
Considerations of Learning and Learning Research: Revisiting the "Media Effects" Debate

This article revisits the “Media Effects” debate—whether media, in and of itself, affects learning—and presents an analysis of the various arguments from a learning theory perspective. Whether one agrees with a particular position is of lesser importance than the knowledge gained from analyzing each position. One outcome of this analysis is that some of the strongest contestants, namely, Clark (the skeptic) and Kozma (the advocate), may actually be in agreement about instructional support and instructional design. However, there are substantive disagreements when we look at the positions contestants hold on learning and knowing. These differences point to fundamentally different epistemologies, and ultimately suggest different views of the role of instructional media and method, the learner, and the instructor within a learning environment. The stance one takes on learning leads to different responses to the media effects question, and has profound implications for the types of research, instructional design, and assessment questions that one is committed to. As an alternative, a dynamic process of instructional design where assessments are aimed at instructional practices as well as learning outcomes, and instructional media and method are mutually constitutive and modifiable in response to learner and instructional outcomes is proposed. Long before computers and multimedia technologies were introduced as instructional tools, other forms of technology such as film, radio, and
Multicultural Music Represented in Current Elementary Music Textbooks: A Comparative Study of Two Published Music Series.

Research investigating music textbook series is limited and has primarily focused on series no longer in publication, on two grade levels, and/or on limited cultures. The purpose of this study is to examine what countries are and have been represented in current music textbook series. Additional questions in the study pertain to frequency and distribution of songs across grade levels. Two different elementary music textbook publishers were used for kindergarten through fifth grade: Music Connection (1995) and Making Music (2002, 2005) by Silver Burdett Ginn and Share the Music (1995, 2003) and Spotlight on Music (2006) by Macmillan McGraw-Hill. The total number of songs appearing in the Macmillan McGraw-Hill series was 3,665, with 100 countries represented across the curriculum. The Silver Burdett Ginn textbook series contained a total of 4,000 songs from 107 countries. Further results and discussions are included.
Functional cardiac tissue engineering

Heart attack remains the leading cause of death in both men and women worldwide. Stem cell-based therapies, including the use of engineered cardiac tissues, have the potential to treat the massive cell loss and pathological remodeling resulting from heart attack. Specifically, embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells are a promising source for generation of therapeutically relevant numbers of functional cardiomyocytes and engineering of cardiac tissues in vitro. This review will describe methodologies for successful differentiation of pluripotent stem cells towards the cardiovascular cell lineages as they pertain to the field of cardiac tissue engineering. The emphasis will be placed on comparing the functional maturation in engineered cardiac tissues and developing heart and on methods to quantify cardiac electrical and mechanical function at different spatial scales.
Gradient of nanomechanical properties in the interphase of cellulose nanocrystal composites

The nanoscale transitional zone between a nanofiber and surrounding matrix (interphase) defines the ultimate mechanical characteristics in nanocomposite systems. In spite of this importance, one can hardly find quantitative data on the mechanical properties of this transitional zone in the cellulose–nanofiber composites. In addition, most of the theoretical models to predict the mechanical properties of interphase are developed with the assumption that this transitional zone is independent of the nanofiber size. In the current study, we show that the mechanical properties of interphase in cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) composites can be quantitatively characterized and the correlation with the size of CNCs can be mapped. The peak force tapping mode in atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to characterize deformation, adhesion, and modulus gradient of the interphase region in poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)–poly (acrylic acid) (PAA)–cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) composites. In comparison to the polymer matrix, the adhesion force of CNC was lower. The average elastic modulus in the interphase varied from 12.8 GPa at the interface of CNC to 9.9 GPa in PVA–PAA matrix. It was observed that the existence of PAA increased the gradient of mechanical and adhesion properties of the interphase zone. This occurs due to the variation in the ester linkage density from the CNC interface to the polymer matrix. Finally, it is shown that interphase thickness is higher for CNCs with larger diameter.
Population Momentum: Implications for Wildlife Management

Maintenance of sustainable wildlife populations is one of the primary purposes of wildlife management. Thus, it is important to monitor and manage population growth over time. Sensitivity analysis of the long-term (i.e., asymptotic) population growth rate to changes in the vital rates is commonly used in management to identify the vital rates that contribute most to population growth. Yet, dynamics associated with the long-term population growth rate only pertain to the special case when there is a stable age (or stage) distribution of individuals in the population. Frequently, this assumption is necessary because age structure is rarely estimated. However, management actions can greatly affect the age distribution of a population. For initially growing and declining populations, we instituted hypothetical management targeted at halting the growth or decline of the population, and measured the effects of a changing age structure on the population dynamics. When we changed vital rates, the age structure became unstable and population momentum caused populations to grow differently than that predicted by the long-term population growth rate. Interestingly, changes in fertility actually reversed the direction of short-term population growth, leading to long-term population sizes that were actually smaller or larger than that when fertility was changed. Population momentum can significantly affect population dynamics and will be an important factor in the use of population models for management.
Cancer Stage Prediction Based on Patient Online Discourse

Forums and mailing lists dedicated to particular diseases are increasingly popular online. Automatically inferring the health status of a patient can be useful for both forum users and health researchers who study patients' online behaviors. In this paper, we focus on breast cancer forums and present a method to predict the stage of patients' cancers from their online discourse. We show that what the patients talk about (content-based features) and whom they interact with (social network-based features) provide complementary cues to predicting cancer stage and can be leveraged for better prediction. Our methods are extendable and can be applied to other tasks of acquiring contextual information about online health forum participants.
A Globally Convergent Algorithm for Minimizing Over the Rotation Group of Quadratic Forms

The authors describe a numerical procedure for solving problems involving minimization over the rotation group of quadratic forms which arise in connection with problems of computer vision. The algorithm presented is a sequential quadratic programming method which takes advantage of the special structure of the problem constraints. It is demonstrate that the method is globally convergent. >
Fetus In Fetu: 11 Fetoid Forms in a Single Fetus Review of the Literature and Imaging

The term "fetus in fetu" was first coined by Johann Friedrich Meckel in the late 18th century to describe an encapsulated fetoid tumor within a fetus. Since then, fewer than 100 cases of fetus in fetu have been reported in the medical literature. The incidence of fetus in fetu is estimated to be approximately 1 per 500,000 births, 1 occurring relatively equally in male and female patients. 2 Debate exists as to whether fetus in fetu is a variant in the spectrum of monozygotic twinning or if it is simply a highly differentiated teratoma. The presence of a partial or whole vertebral column plus other appropriately situated axial or appendicular bones or organs constitutes the hallmark of fetus in fetu. 3 The conservative definition is the presence of a vertebral axis, which occurs in most cases. The more liberal definition was proposed by Gonzalez-Crussi, 4 who defined fetus in fetu as "high organotypic development and presence of a vertebral axis with arrangement of tissues around this axis." It has been suggested that fetus in fetu is part of a spectrum of anomalous embryogenesis, including conjoined symmetric twins, parasitic fetuses, embryonic vestigial fetal inclusions, organized teratoma, and the twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence (also referred to as "acardiac monster").
A new dual-band antenna controlled by reconfigurable notch filters

In this work, a new dual-band antenna, operating at two frequency-bands centered at 4.7 GHz and 7.5 GHz, is proposed which its operational frequency band is controlled by using reconfigurable notch filters. The idea is developed here for both case of ideal (MEMS) and non-ideal(Semiconductor diodes) switches. The simulations done by IE3D for each design, are verified with measurements.
Comparison of two component frameworks: the FIPA-compliant multi-agent system and the web-centric J2EE platform

This work compares and contrasts two component frameworks: (1) the web-centric Java 2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE) framework and (2) the FIPA-compliant multi-agent system (MAS). FIPA, the Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents, provides specifications for agents and agent platforms. Both frameworks are component frameworks; servlets and Enterprise Java Beans (EJBs) in the case of J2EE and software agents in the case of MAS. Both frameworks are specification based. Both frameworks mandate platform responsibilities towards their respective component(s).We develop a framework with which to structure the comparison of the component frameworks. We apply this comparison structure in the context of a 'Data Access' scenario to application development in the respective component frameworks. Furthermore, we have prototyped this scenario in each of the two component frameworks. We conclude with a discussion of the benefits, drawbacks, and issues of developing new applications in each of the component frameworks.
A subgroup of SGS3-like proteins act redundantly in RNA-directed DNA methylation

Plant specific SGS3-like proteins are composed of various combinations of an RNA-binding XS domain, a zinc-finger zf-XS domain, a coil–coil domain and a domain of unknown function called XH. In addition to being involved in de novo 2 (IDN2) and SGS3, the Arabidopsis genome encodes 12 uncharacterized SGS3-like proteins. Here, we show that a group of SGS3-like proteins act redundantly in RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway in Arabidopsis. Transcriptome co-expression analyses reveal significantly correlated expression of two SGS3-like proteins, factor of DNA methylation 1 (FDM1) and FDM2 with known genes required for RdDM. The fdm1 and fdm2 double mutations but not the fdm1 or fdm2 single mutations significantly impair DNA methylation at RdDM loci, release transcriptional gene silencing and dramatically reduce the abundance of siRNAs originated from high copy number repeats or transposons. Like IDN2 and SGS3, FDM1 binds dsRNAs with 5′ overhangs. Double mutant analyses also reveal that IDN2 and three uncharacterized SGS3-like proteins FDM3, FDM4 and FDM5 have overlapping function with FDM1 in RdDM. Five FDM proteins and IDN2 define a group of SGS3-like proteins that possess all four-signature motifs in Arabidopsis. Thus, our results demonstrate that this group of SGS3-like proteins is an important component of RdDM. This study further enhances our understanding of the SGS3 gene family and the RdDM pathway.
A snRNP's ordered path to maturity

The U5 snRNP (small ribonucleoprotein) contains several functionally crucial splicing factors that form an extensive interaction network both in the snRNP and within the spliceosome. In this issue of Genes & Development, Weber and colleagues (pp. 1601–1612) shed light on the dynamic assembly of this critical spliceosomal component and elucidate the molecular interactions underlying the ordered addition of Brr2, a pivotal spliceosomal helicase, to the U5 snRNP.
Intervention in countries with unsustainable energy policies: Is it ever justifiable?

This paper explores whether it is ever justifiable for the international community to forcibly intervene in countries that have unsustainable energy policies. The literature on obligations to future generations suggests, philosophically, that intervention might be justified under certain circumstances. Additionally, the world community has intervened in the affairs of other countries for humanitarian reasons, such as in Kosovo, Somalia, and Haiti. However, intervention to deal with serious energy problems is a qualitatively different and more difficult problem. A simple risk analysis framework is used to organize the discussion about possible conditions for justifiable intervention. If the probability of deaths resulting from unsustainable energy policies is very large, if the energy problem can be attributed to a relatively small number of countries, and if the risk of intervention is acceptable (i.e., the number of deaths due to intervention is relatively small), then intervention may be justifiable. Without further analysis and successful solution of several vexing theoretical questions, it cannot be stated whether unsustainable energy policies being pursued by countries at the beginning of the 21st century meet the criteria for forcible intervention by the international community.
Tourniquet-induced hypertension correlates with autonomic nervous system changes detected by power spectral heart rate analysis

Study Objective To determine the autonomic changes associated with pneumatic tourniquet-induced hypertension as measured by power spectral heart rate analysis (PSHR). Design Prospective study. Setting Tertiary teaching hospital. Patients 21 healthy patients scheduled for lower extremity surgery, during which pneumatic tourniquet inflation was expected to exceed 90 minutes. Interventions Hemodynamic and PSHR data collected at 5 minute intervals during inflation of the pneumatic tourniquet. Tourniquet-induced hypertension (T-HTN) defined at 30% increase above baseline. Measurements and Main Results Blood pressure, heart rate, maximum changes in low frequency variability (LFa), high frequency variability (HFa), and their ratio (LFa/HFa) were measured. Of the 21 patients, 11 had T-HTN. A significantly greater increase in LFa and LFa/HFa ratio was seen in the T-HTN group, where patients were greater in age. LFa, HFa, and ratio were not significantly different with T-HTN until 60 minutes or greater. Best correlation with T-HTN occurred luith maximum increase in LFa/HFa ratio compared with increase in LFa or decrease in HFa. Conclusion Tourniquet hypertension correlated with activation of the sympathetic nervous systems, as measured by PSHR variables.
Enhancing interaction with the driving ecology through haptic interfaces

Technology developments in the areas of sensors, controllers, wireless communication, and low-cost computers dramatically change driving. Concerns about distraction due to a wide array of in-vehicle information systems (e.g., voice-based email systems) coupled with an increasing degree of automatic vehicle control systems (e.g., adaptive cruise control) present important design challenges. This technology may distance drivers from the driving situation and may delay their responses to unanticipated, high-demand situations. One way to address this issue is to provide the driver with additional information and warnings; however, additional auditory information may be annoying and visual displays may be distracting. Haptic interfaces offer a promising alternative. This paper describes how techniques adapted from ecological interface design might help identify how different types of haptic interfaces might best convey driving-related information
Catastrophic Evolution, Culture and Diversity Management Policy

Two parallel debates, on cultural diversity and on diversity in animals and plants, are underway with insufficient meaningful contact, but a shared focus on declining diversity. Underlying the sharp decline in diversity in many human and non-human domains is cultural change, bringing about sudden contact between life forms with no previous experience of contact with one another. A common consequence of sudden contact is catastrophic evolution, involving a rapid and often fatal decline in the numbers of a particular life form; this is more likely for life forms low in both preadaptiveness and postcontact adaptation speed. Greater efforts are needed, particularly on the part of cultural researchers, to develop an integrative ‘bio-cultural’ policy to manage diversity, recognizing that cultural changes impact on diversity in all life forms, and that cultural diversity and diversity in animals and plants are inter-connected.
Insights from a first-year learning community to achieve gender balance

Engineering remains challenged with regard to underrepresentation by gender and ethnicity. Lack of gender parity in engineering has been a problem since the very start of engineering but conversations about and efforts to address the lack of women in engineering has grown in momentum over the past 30 years. The problem is not only that gender disparity exists, but also an inability to make significant progress in closing the gap over time on a national level. This lack of change suggests that new approaches to understanding the complex problem of underrepresentation of women are needed. Research has advanced our understanding of what can attract women to engineering and retain them within the field. This paper presents data from a service-learning program that aligns pedagogically with the literature on gender and diversity more broadly. Specifically a first-year learning community of 120 students that was 54% female is examined to provide the student perspective. 77% percent of the women cited gaining experience in engineering as a motivation for selecting the learning community. 55% of the women cited the opportunity to impact others with 42% combining the two. Sample comments and quotes from the male and female students are presented and discussed.
Nitric oxide-mediated arteriolar dilation after endothelial deformation.

Previously, we frequently observed dilation of arterioles after agonist-induced constrictions. We hypothesized that deformation of the endothelium during decreases in diameter of isolated arteriole...
Abstract 4304: Developing T-LGL leukemia model for targeted therapy

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL T cell type of large granular lymphocyte (T-LGL) leukemia is a hematological malignancy and the disease course is frequently associated with autoimmune diseases. Many patients with T-LGL leukemia have no response to the currently available immunosuppressive therapies. T-LGL leukemia cells display the CD3+/CD8+/CD57+ surface markers, representing activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes with the TCR rearrangement pattern that implicates their clonal expansion nature. The primary leukemic cells exhibit constitutive activities of STAT3 and NF-κB, and both factors are critical mediators of oncogenic signaling and survival pathways. Activated STAT3 contributes to chemotherapy resistance as the repression of STAT3 in LGL leukemic cells down-regulates a survival protein Mcl-1, resulting in an increased sensitivity to apoptosis. Thus, STAT3 activation plays an essential role in promoting aberrant proliferation of the leukemic cells. In addition, NF-κB is activated in LGL leukemia, which also plays a crucial role in survival and proliferation of the leukemia cells. It is of paramount significance to further verify therapeutic agents that target STAT3 and NF-κB for treatment of T-LGL leukemia in a well-defined leukemia model. Extensive efforts, however, failed to establish in vitro culture of primary T-LGL leukemia cells for extended time, because T-LGL leukemia cells are terminally differentiated cytotoxic T lymphocytes and undergo rapid replicative senescence. Lack of T-LGL leukemia model apparently prevents further understanding of the disease pathogenesis and development of targeted therapy. We have developed a strategy that can prolong in vitro culture of T-LGL leukemia cells. Primary CD8+ populations from T-LGL leukemia patients are stably transduced with the retroviral tax gene derived from human T cell leukemia virus type 2. Expression of Tax overrides replication senescence and promotes unlimited expansion of the CD8+ T cells. These cells exhibit features characteristic to T-LGL leukemia, such as resistance to FasL-mediated apoptosis, sensitivity to inhibitors for sphingolipid kinase, IκB kinases and Stat3 as well as expression of cytotoxic gene products including granzyme B, perforin and IFNγ. Collectively, these results indicate that the immortalized CD8+ species from T-LGL leukemia patients constitutes a significant portion of T-LGL leukemic cells, and this leukemia model can duplicate main phenotypes of clinical isolates of T-LGL leukemia. The establishment of the T-LGL leukemia model is tremendously useful for investigating molecular pathogenesis of the disease and for testing novel therapeutics. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4304. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4304
A Murine Model for Coxsackievirus B3-Induced Acute Myocardial Necrosis for Study of Cellular Receptors as Determinants of Viral Tropism

A number of studies have contributed to the working hypothesis that specific cellular receptors, if present in sufficient quantity, serve as major determinants of both the host range and tissue tropism in the pathogenesis of human and animal picornavirus infections [14, 21, 28, 36, 42]. Though picornaviruses contain relatively small genomes, they produce a bewildering array of diseases. It is likely that one of the several factors contributing to disease diversity is due to the specific requirement of individual viruses for host cell receptors, For example, we have postulated [12a] that genetic changes in the virion attachment site could occur during virus replication in infected individuals, These changes could influence the course of the disease [9, 23, 51] by altering the virus receptor specificity, This would be of special importance if different receptors occurred on different tissues.
Thiamine as a neuroprotective agent after cardiac arrest

Abstract Aims Reduction of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity in the brain is associated with neurological deficits in animals resuscitated from cardiac arrest. Thiamine is an essential co-factor of PDH. The objective of this study was to examine whether administration of thiamine improves outcomes after cardiac arrest in mice. Secondarily, we aimed to characterize the impact of cardiac arrest on PDH activity in mice and humans. Methods Animal study : Adult mice were subjected to cardiac arrest whereupon cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed. Thiamine or vehicle was administered 2min before resuscitation and daily thereafter. Mortality, neurological outcome, and metabolic markers were evaluated. Human study : In a convenience sample of post-cardiac arrest patients, we measured serial PDH activity from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and compared them to healthy controls. Results Animal study : Mice treated with thiamine had increased 10-day survival (48% versus 17%, P Human study : Post-cardiac arrest patients had lower PDH activity in mononuclear cells than did healthy volunteers (estimated difference: ⿿5.8O.D./min/mg protein, P Conclusions The provision of thiamine after cardiac arrest improved neurological outcome and 10-day survival in mice. PDH activity was markedly depressed in post-cardiac arrest patients suggesting that this pathway may represent a therapeutic target.
Patterns of Gesture Use in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine patterns of spontaneous gesture use in a sample of adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Method Thirty-five adolescents with ASD ages 11 to 16 years participated (mean age = 13.51 years; 29 boys, 6 girls). Participants' spontaneous speech and gestures produced during a narrative task were later coded from videotape. Parents were also asked to complete questionnaires to quantify adolescents' general communication ability and autism severity. Results No significant subgroup differences were apparent between adolescents who did not gesture versus those who produced at least 1 gesture in general communication ability and autism severity. Subanalyses including only adolescents who produced gesture indicated a statistically significant negative association between gesture rate and general communication ability, specifically speech and syntax subscale scores. Adolescents who gestured produced higher proportions of iconic gestures and used gesture mostly...
Fc Receptor-Like Proteins in Pathophysiology of B-cell Disorder.

Members of the family of Fc receptor-like (FcRL) proteins, homologous to FcγRI, have been identified by multiple research groups. Consequently, they have been described using multiple nomenclatures including Fc receptor homologs (FcRH), immunoglobulin superfamily receptor translocation-associated genes (IRTA), immunoglobulin-Fcgp42- related genes (IFGP), Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase anchor proteins (SPAP), and B cell cross-linked by anti-immunoglobulin M-activating sequences (BXMAS). They are now referred to under a unified nomenclature as FCRL. Eight different human FCRL genes have been identified, all of which appear to be related to the genes of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) of cellular adhesion molecules. These type 1 transmembrane glycoproteins are composed of different combinations of 5 types of immunoglobulin-like domains, with each protein consisting of 3 to 9 domains, and no individual domain type conserved throughout all of the FCRL proteins. Ligands for the majority of the FCRLs remain unknown. In general, FCRL expression is restricted to lymphocytes and is primarily expressed in B-lymphocytes, supporting FCRL’s involvement in a variety of immune disorders. Most FCRLs functionally repress B-cell activation; however, they might have dual roles in lymphocyte functions as these proteins often possess immunoreceptor tyrosine activation (ITAM) and inhibitory (ITIM) motif elements. The biological functions of these newly recognized FCRL proteins are just beginning to emerge, and might provide the insight necessary for understanding pathophysiology of lymphocyte disorders and treating different immune diseases.
Method of Linearized Transition Probabilities

Suppose we examine the transition probability for deaths, $$\Pr \left[ \Delta X\left( t \right)=-1|X\left( t \right)=n \right]={{f}_{-1}}\left( n \right)\Delta t+0\left( \Delta t \right)$$ (81) where $${{f}_{-1}}\left( n \right)=\mu n+k{{n}^{2}}$$ (82) .
Persons and Things

In Roman law the person was someone entitled to hold property: the person was the antithesis of a slave, who could own nothing. A residue of this distinction is found in the slave law of the American South, where slaves were neither personate nor propertied except when accused of a serious crime, whereupon they were invested in a temporary personhood that would last the length of their trial. A parallel metamorphosis was achieved by pain in ancient Rome, where slaves were required by law to be tortured before they gave evidence. In civil society the person—as opposed to the fool, madman, child, slave, bondservant, idol or thing—has a definite function as a representative of authority, one whose testimony may be relied on and whose goods are to be defended from misappropriation. Pufendorf divided this figure into the political person and the moral person:The political person, like the ‘Actor’ defined by Thomas Hobbes in Leviathan, is the individual who joins the vast web of representations that constitutes the commonwealth, becoming in effect one of the many persons of the person of the king. The moral person is constituted like the person defined by John Locke in the Essay Concerning Human Understanding as one fit to own a personal history and to take responsibility for it. Locke’s moral person arises from the union of self and consciousness, just as the political person arises from the union of the sovereign and the multitude; but each is endowed with property and has a claim on justice that ensures every person keeps their own.
Metaphysical search for a theory of everything

"I remember being told, when I was a small child, that in ancient times it was still possible for a very learned person to know everything that is known. I was also told that nowadays so much is known that no one could conceivably learn more than a tiny fraction of it, even in a long time. [That] surprised and disappointed me. In fact, I refused to believe it." So begins David Deutsch's new book, The Fabric of Reality. Undaunted, he argues that now, for the first time in human history, it is possible to outline a "theory of everything" – and he claims to do this. He believes that the attainment of a theory of everything will be the last great unification, and that such a unification "is now underway".
Child Mental Health Policy: The Time Is Now

Policy is essential for the rational and sustained development of child mental health services. Unfortunately, only approximately 7 % of all countries have an identifiable child mental health policy. The World Health Organization has developed a series of comprehensive policy guidelines including one for child and adolescent mental health. Policy has often developed as an outcome of the need to respond to crises impacting a country. The economic evidence is available to reinforce an argument for implementing child mental health policies globally. Rich and poor countries show a discrepancy between access to services in rural versus urban and wealthy versus poor populations. There are now several model policies often embracing a rights-based or inclusion approach. Asia has participated in the movement for the development of policy to support child mental health services particularly in schools. For policy to develop there is the need for “political will” which can be fostered through broad-based advocacy and the ability to make the economic and social arguments to demonstrate the importance of child mental health policy.
Human Herpesvirus (HHV) 8 K1 Suppresses Fas-Mediated Apoptosis and Binds to the Fas Complex.

HHV-8 is associated with the development of primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and Kaposi’s sarcoma. We have previously reported that PEL-derived cell lines constitutively express the HHV-8 K1 gene, which encodes for a transmembrane protein with an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM). ITAMs are present in receptors regulating cell activation and survival. K1 in transgenic mice, driven by a constitutive promoter, is associated with development of lymph node hyperplasia and lymphoma. Given its NF-kB activation inducing properties, we hypothesized that K1 contributes to transformation, in part, by suppression of apoptosis. To study the role of HHV8 K1 gene product, we generated K1 stably expressing cell line BJABK1 and vector alone cell line BJABXS, with retrovirus vector pLXSN, and packaging cell line PT67 NIH 3T3. We also expressed a truncated K1 lacking the ITAM (K1m). Transient transfections were used to expressed epitope tagged K1. Anti-Fas antibody (CH-11) was used to induce apoptosis and cells were monitored for membrane protein Annexin-V, DNA integrity, and morphological features of apoptosis. Caspase 8, cFLIP and Fas were monitored by immunoblot analysis and flow cytometry. K1 was expressed in mouse hepatocytes by intravenous inoculation of plasmids, expressing K1 and green fluorescent protein. K1-Fas complex interactions were analyzed in immunoprecipitation-immunobloting analysis. K1 is expressed in PEL cells and PEL primary cells. Anti-Fas antibody induced apoptosis was suppressed in BJABK1 cells compared with BJABK1m and BJABXS cells. K1 also suppressed apoptosis, which had been induced by Fas ligand but not apoptosis induced by TRAIL or radiation. K1 expressing cells showed consistent lower levels of procaspase 8 cleavage products. Immunoprecipitation-immunoblotting analysis indicated Fas and K1myc were bound to the same complex. Taken together, the data indicate that expression of HHV8 K1 can suppress Fas-mediated apoptosis. K1 and Fas bind to the same complex in several cell types and in vivo . We anticipate K1 regulates apoptosis through binding of the Fas complex and represents a novel form of apoptosis regulation mediated by cellular proteins designated to modulated Fas.
Aftermaths and recuperations in anthropology

The Frazer Lecture was launched in 1921, with the support of scholars from all over Europe, explicitly in the context of the “meeting on common ground” after World War I. In the spirit of anthropologists examining postdisaster processes of any kind, to meet with scholars from other disciplines for mutual illumination, and to revisit its own rich intellectual and empirical archive, my lecture explored processes of recuperation. Recuperation is selective of elements rather than rescuing whole systems, then followed by creative reconfiguration. Sources from classics, recent philosophically inspired anthropology, new ethnography of Africa, and postwar Vietnam are examined as examples that pick up the spirit of the Frazer Lecture itself.
Design, Construction, and Operation of the Compact Toroidal Hybrid

The Compact Toroidal Hybrid (CTH) is a low-aspect-ratio (), low-beta (%) torsatron with a major radius of . CTH is operable as a pure stellarator, but most research on this device is conducted with...
Uranium and Vanadium Concentrations as a Trace Element Method for Identifying Diagenetically Altered Bone in the Inorganic Phase

Archaeologists have generally avoided analyzing inorganic isotopes in bone because of its high porosity, large crystalline lattice spacing, and small crystallite size, making it particularly susceptible to diagenetic alteration. Because the inorganic isotopes are left unstudied, we lose a significant portion of information pertaining to an individual’s life history, such as migration, health, and ranging behavior. Tooth enamel, which does not have the same susceptibility to diagenesis as bone, can be used to extract this information but this means that taxa lacking teeth, such as birds, some species of fish, and some reptiles, are excluded. Here, we present a method that can be used to identify diagenetic alternation in bone. This is done by focusing on abnormal concentrations of vanadium and uranium. Neither element is readily bio-precipitated into hydroxyapatite due to ionic radius, vibrational frequency, atomic mass, and ionic charge. This makes them an ideal marker for diagenetically altered bone. Vanadium occurs in very low concentrations in modern bone, while archaeological bone shows clear evidence of normal, non-diagenetically altered values alongside high concentrations of vanadium in diagenetically altered bone. Uranium also is a measure of diagenetic alteration, as modern bone has concentrations below detectable limits (0.017 ppb), while some archaeological bone contains uranium above detectable limits. The biogeochemistry of these elements in soil and bone are discussed with implications for enamel studies.
Neuropsychological function is improved among opioid dependent adults who adhere to opiate agonist treatment with buprenorphine-naloxone: a preliminary study.

Among persons with opioid use disorder (OUD), neuropsychological dysfunction is associated with depression, and better neuropsychological function is associated with opioid abstinence. However, it is unknown whether depressive symptomatology or adherence to opiate agonist treatment are associated with neuropsychological change over time. We recruited 20 buprenorphine/naloxone-treated adults with OUD (M Age = 45.2 years [SD = 8.1]; 25% female) to complete baseline and 6 month visits containing a neuropsychological test battery and self-reported measures of depressive symptomatology and medication adherence. Depressive symptomatology was not significantly related to neuropsychological change (p’s > .05). Greater adherence to buprenorphine/naloxone was associated with improvements in learning, memory, and global functioning (r’s = .52–60; p’s < .05). Among OUD patients, greater adherence to buprenorphine/naloxone is associated with improved neuropsychological functioning over time. In contrast, depressive symptomatology is not associated with neuropsychological functioning over time. Supporting adherence to buprenorphine/naloxone may improve and/or preserve learning and memory functioning in individuals treated for OUD. NCT01108679 . Registered 21 April 2010.
Fiducial theory for free-knot splines

We construct the fiducial model for free-knot splines and derive sufficient conditions to show asymptotic consistency of a multivariate fiducial estimator. We show that splines of degree four and higher satisfy those conditions and conduct a simulation study to evaluate quality of the fiducial estimates compared to the competing Bayesian solution. The fiducial confidence intervals achieve the desired confidence level while tending to be shorter than the corresponding Bayesian credible interval using the reference prior. AMS 2000 subject classifications: Primary 62F99, 62G08; secondary 62P10.
Ratings and Report Writing

The purpose of this chapter is to provide the reader with alternative systems of developing reports of the videofluoroscopic studies ranging from a highly structured rating system for clinicians who are just beginning to perform videofluoroscopic studies or who wish to gather data for research purposes, to a brief report for the experienced interpreter that summarizes how various aspects of the velopharyngeal valving mechanism functionally relate to one another.
Nanoparticles based sensors for rapid detection of foodborne pathogens

Rapid detection of foodborne pathogens is a key step in the control of food related diseases. Conventional methods for the detection of food pathogens, although typically sensitive, often require multiple time-consuming steps such as extraction, isolation, enrichment, counting, etc., prior to measurement, resulting in testing times which can be days. There is a need to develop rapid and sensitive detection methods. This review is intended to provide food scientists and engineers an overview of current rapid detection methods, a close look at the nanoparticles especially magnetic nanoparticle-antibody conjugates based methods, and identification of knowledge gaps and future research needs.
Single Dispersion Cole Parameters of Malignant and Benign Prostate

Electrical properties of benign and malignant prostate tissues have been suggested for use in cancer detection. Estimation of spectral parameters that model the dispersive nature of these properties has the potential to provide significant contrast between different prostate tissues. Electrical conductivity and permittivity were gauged at 31 frequencies between 100 Hz and 100 kHz from 800 prostate tissue specimens. The spectral parameters (σ ∞ , σ0, f c , α) best fitting a Cole-based parameterization of the recorded electrical property spectrum were extracted for each specimen probed. The regions probed were histologically assessed in order to assign the quantity of different tissue types making up the region probed. The primary tissue types probed consisted of prostate cancer (CaP), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), nonhyperplastic glandular (Gl), and stroma (Str) tissues. Of the four spectral parameters, significant (p<0.05) positive linear correlations were observed between σ ∞ and f c and cancer content and between σ0 and α and stroma content. The mean σ ∞ and f c in cancer were significantly larger (p<0.0001) than in benign tissues. Of the spectral parameters, f c provided the maximum contrast, being 4.4 times larger in cancer than in benign tissues. Spectral electrical properties provide sufficient levels of cancer discrimination and may potentially enhance disease localization once prostate cancer is suspected. Development of novel technologies gauging these properties in vivo has the potential to provide new tissue characterizing tools for prostate cancer detection and identification.
The Competitiveness of Eximbank Programs

This chapter discusses the competitiveness of Eximbank programs. In conjunction with its mandate to provide financing competitive with that provided by other countries, the Export–Import Bank Act requires the Bank to report regularly to the Congress on the competitiveness of its programs relative to those of the other principal exporting countries. The Bank's assessment of its competitiveness is based on three factors: (1) the breadth of its programs relative to the programs offered by other countries, (2) the amount of support provided relative to that of the competing countries, and (3) the win–loss record for the preliminary commitments it issues. The analysis of the disposition of preliminary commitments issued by the Bank indicates that the Bank's long-term, direct credit program, however, has been quite competitive with that of the other countries and that few export sales are lost because of financing. Whereas the direct credit program appears to have met the congressional mandate to provide financing competitive with that provided by other countries, the program has a substantial cost to the United States.
A Fully 3D Printed Multi-Chip Module with an On-Package Enhanced Dielectric Lens for mm-Wave Applications Using Multimaterial Stereo-lithography

In the first demonstration of multimaterial stereo-lithography 3D printing for electromagnetic applications, two 2×2 mm dies of different thicknesses (150 and 200 urn) are interconnected with inkjet printing of silver nanoparticle inks (SNP) to form 3-D interconnects. The dies are encapsulated utilizing Stere-olithography (SLA) 3-D printing with an acrylate photopolymer resin. A 24.125 GHz right hand circular (RHC) patch antenna is inkjet printed with a novel beam forming ring (BFR) embedded into an integrated hollow dielectric lens of a secondary SLA printed ceramic photopolymer, enabling improved gain and reducing the size while avoiding dielectric loading and losses. The ability to 3-D print multiple materials of different dielectric constants at optical resolutions enables the formations of entirely new structures to be integrated into system-on-package solutions for mm-wave applications.