cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advances and Future Research Directions in the Study of Leaf Water Repellency

Leaf water repellency is a phenomenon in which water repels from leaf surfaces. Several recent studies in ecohydrology examined the role of leaf water repellency in canopy interception processes. This chapter explored recent advances in leaf water repellency research with the intention of focusing future research to several broad questions. Ten questions were provided to direct future research in leaf water repellency research. The questions posed in the book chapter were not all-encompassing. The purpose of proposing these questions was to promote a dialogue within the ecohydrology discipline for future research in leaf water repellency. The questions explore the terminology and measurement of leaf water repellency, the variability of leaf water repellency between species with different leaf surface microstructures, the ecological function of leaf water repellency, the temporal and geographic variability in leaf water repellency, and the significance of leaf water repellency on rainfall interception processes and water resources. Several opportunities exist to formulate experiments and provide further insights to understand the role of canopy surface water repellency in ecohydrological processes.
Abstract B38: Virome assembly and annotation in brain tissue based on next-generation sequencing

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most lethal brain tumors, and the virosphere in brain and its correlation with GBM triggering is controversy. The previous research in brain virosphere was mainly limited to the presence of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV); a comprehensive assessment of the brain virome based on the recently sequenced data and the understanding of the novel sequences that cannot be mapped to the known reference sequences are lacking. Here, we characterized the virome from 111 GBM samples and 57 normal brain samples from 8 projects in SRA database by known and novel viruses in a tested and comprehensive assembly approach. The annotation of those contigs showed most of the viral sequences belongs to the Retroviridae. A novel picornavirus, which was recently discovered from the invertebrate, can be detected in some GBM samples in full genome length. Furthermore, our analysis showed that the herpes virus fragments that are annotated as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) only exist in the GBM with less than 1% of the EBV whole genome, supporting the absence of herpes virus in GBM. The further analysis showed that the contigs that have no annotations from the known databases may have the antibody properties and antibody epitopes to be the future drug targets. In this study, we characterized the virosphere in GBM and normal brain at a global level, to provide a basis for future GBM research and therapies. Citation Format: Zihao Yuan, Xiaohua Ye, Ningyan Zhang, Zhiqiang An, Wenjin Zheng. Virome assembly and annotation in brain tissue based on next-generation sequencing [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Microbiome, Viruses, and Cancer; 2020 Feb 21-24; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(8 Suppl):Abstract nr B38.
Chapter 1 – Superlattice

Publisher Summary Modern day electronic devices are made from metals for contacts, semiconductors for active components of a device, and high band-gap materials for insulation. Still, of all the elements in the periodic table, only a handful of elements are suitable for electronic devices. Some crystals, such as hexagonal SiC, have a number of different structural forms known as polytypes forming a natural superlattice structure with a period ranging from 1.5 to 5.3 nm; however, these polytype structures cannot be controlled and the resulting energy gaps are too small to provide any useful electronic novelty. These considerations were the leading reasons to contemplate man-made solids. If the superlattice structures are formed in such a manner that most scattering centers such as foreign atoms, imperfections, and so on, are concentrated in the potential hills, that the matrix element for scattering is favorably reduced. This prediction led to modulation doping, a widespread techniques for high mobility. This chapter focuses on superlattices, discussing a model for the creation of man-made energy bands, transport properties of a superlattice, response of a time-dependent electric field, and type II superlattice. In semiconductors, after the applied field reaches a certain maximum value, the drift velocity starts to decrease and the so-called negative differential conductance (NDC) appears. The chapter provides rigorous derivation of the negative differential conductance. The most important parameter for the formation of superlattices is the band edge alignment of the two adjacent materials. Because the band edge off-set is proportional to the energy band gap, this information is of primary importance for the design of a superlattice. Using this principle, the chapter describes physical realization and characterization of a superlattice.
Checking in on the State of Nonprofit Scholarship: A Review of Recent Research

The complexity and diversity of the nonprofit sector provides a rich landscape for academic scholarship; and, growing numbers of nonprofit scholars and their associated research publications have established the field of nonprofit research. Yet, it is unclear if this research has been applied appropriately to the evolving landscape of the sector. Although literature reviews have helped us to understand the status of academic scholarship in the field of nonprofit research, these reviews have primarily focused on particular topics without considering the field as a whole. Thus, in this study we review all contemporary nonprofit scholarship (n=972) from three prominent nonprofit journals. The review documents the development of nonprofit research as presented in these journals over the last five years and offers recommendations for future research consideration.
Structural Features and PF4 Functions that Occur in Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) Complicated by COVID-19

Platelet factor 4 (PF4, CXCL4) is a small chemokine protein released by activated platelets. Although a major physiological function of PF4 is to promote blood coagulation, this cytokine is involved in innate and adaptive immunity in events when platelets are activated in response to infections. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients have abnormal coagulation activities, and severe patients develop higher D-dimer levels. D-dimers are small protein products present in the blood after blood clots are degraded by fibrinolysis. To prevent clotting, heparin is often clinically used in COVID-19 patients. Some clinical procedures for the management of COVID-19 patients may include extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and renal replacement therapy (CRRT), which also require the use of heparin. Anti-PF4 antibodies are frequently detected in severe patients and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) can also be observed. PF4 and its role in HIT as well as in pathologies seen in COVID-19 patients define a potential therapeutic option of using blocking antibodies in the treatment of COVID-19.
Optimized Virtual Antenna Array of Wideband Narrow Beam MIMO System for Overlapped Virtual Elements

This paper presents a novel process of creating an optimized virtual array for a Multi-Input, Multi-Output (MIMO) antenna array. It has been shown that MIMO radars yield increased range and angular resolution as compared to non-MIMO phased array radars. This is due, in part, to the increased aperture size created from the MIMO virtual array. It is known that for certain linear phased array antenna geometries/layouts that antenna elements can become overrepresented in the resultant MIMO virtual array. Current literature pertaining to the generation of an optimized MIMO antenna virtual array has not been presented for overrepresented antenna configurations. This paper presents the general concept of MIMO radar, overrepresented MIMO array configurations and the processing problems that result. The proposed solution for this result is discussed.
Beliefs related to Pap smear intention among Jamaicans: A qualitative research study.

ABSTRACT Globally, most women who are diagnosed with cervical cancer do not obtain regular screening with the Pap smear/test. Women in developing countries have high cervical cancer incidence and mortality. Therefore, a qualitative research study was conducted to determine the referents, and salient and control beliefs related to Pap smear/test intention among Jamaicans.
30432 Novel insights from single-cell RNAseq analysis of the stromavascular fraction of human adipose tissue

ABSTRACT IMPACT: Characterizing the cellular composition of human adipose tissue may contribute to the prevention and/or treatment of obesity-associated metabolic diseases. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Our aims in this study were to use single-cell techniques 1. to characterize cell types within the stromavascular fraction of human adipose tissue, 2. to identify subsets of cells within each type (sub-clustering), 3. to identify gene sets and pathways that may provide information on the function and significance of each cell cluster. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue samples from n=6 healthy volunteers (1M, 5F, age 28-38 y, BMI 24.5-63.0 kg/m2) were collected by aspiration or during surgery. In 3 subjects, all females, paired femoral samples were also collected. After collagenase digestion approximately n=10,000 cells/sample were used for single-cell RNA sequencing using the 10X Genomics platform. After QC and downstream analysis, data were analyzed in Seurat v.3.1.5. We identified first different cell types and then subclusters in an unbiased fashion. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was used for pathway analysis. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Progenitor markers are related to extracellular matrix, eg DCN (logFC progenitors vs other cells types=3.17, expressed in 99.7% (pct.1) of progenitors, 26.1% (pct.2) of others). Endothelial and pericytes shared markers like RBP7 (logFC=1.67, pct.1 0.88, pct.2 0.39); pericytes also showed unique markers, eg RGS5 (logFC=2.29, pct.1 0.89, pct.2 0.17). Progenitors are further divided into 11 sub-clusters, one of which showed enrichment of CD36 (high proliferation potential), FABP4 (differentiation), and of the novel marker PALMD (logFC=7.13, pct.1 0.94, pct.2 0.48). All p<10E-5. GSEA analysis suggests that inflammatory pathways are downregulated in both adipose progenitors and endothelial/pericyte cells in the femoral compared to the abdominal depot. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Single cell RNA sequencing provides unique insights into the molecular profile of cell types and the identification of novel subsets of cells within the human adipose tissue. Such cellular heterogeneity may explain differences in adipose function between individuals and eventually in the risk of obesity-associated metabolic diseases.
Physician Perceptions on Quality of Life and Resuscitation Preferences for Extremely Early Newborns.

Objective The study aimed to explore physician views on whether extremely early newborns will have an acceptable quality of life (QOL), and if these views are associated with physician resuscitation preferences. Study Design We performed a cross-sectional survey of neonatologists and maternal fetal medicine (MFM) attendings, fellows, and residents at four U.S. medical centers exploring physician views on future QOL of extremely early newborns and physician resuscitation preferences. Mixed-effects logistic regression models examined association of perceived QOL and resuscitation preferences when adjusting for specialty, level of training, gender, and experience with ex-premature infants. Results A total of 254 of 544 (47%) physicians were responded. A minority of physicians had interacted with surviving extremely early newborns when they were ≥3 years old (23% of physicians in pediatrics/neonatology and 6% in obstetrics/MFM). The majority of physicians did not believe an extremely early newborn would have an acceptable QOL at the earliest gestational ages (11% at 22 and 23% at 23 weeks). The majority of physicians (73%) believed that having an extremely preterm infant would have negative effects on the family's QOL. Mixed-effects logistic regression models (odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence interval [CI]) revealed that physicians who believed infants would have an acceptable QOL were less likely to offer comfort care only at 22 (OR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.05–0.65, p Conclusion Physician views of extremely early newborns' future QOL correlated with self-reported resuscitation preferences. Residents and obstetric physicians reported more pessimistic views on QOL. Key Points
Chapter 7 The economics of fertility in developed countries

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the intellectual development and the empirical implications of the literature on the economics of fertility as it applies to fertility behavior in developed economies. The chapter reviews the literature on dynamic models of fertility behavior over the parents' life cycle, and outlines the ways in which these models extend the static models and the implications that they provide for dimensions of fertility behavior. The chapter also discusses various solutions to the fundamental identification problems that arise in assessing the impact of prices and income on both lifetime and lifecycle fertility behavior. The theory and econometric methods are better developed than the empirical literature. The challenge is to find plausibly exogenous variation in proxies for the price and income concepts appearing in the theories. The chapter provides a taxonomy of possible identifying information and gives hope that additional progress can be made in advancing the empirical understanding of fertility behavior.
Monkeypox Virus: Insights on Its Emergence in Human Populations

This chapter focuses on epidemiologic, ecologic, and biologic observations made since the publication of Emerging Infections 4 which enhance the understanding of Human monkeypox, zoonotic disease and the pathogen that causes it. Ecologic studies, usually using convenient samples of animals collected in areas surrounding human patients in West Africa and central Africa, demonstrated orthopoxvirus- and sometimes monkeypox virus-specific seroprevalence in various members of these species, but it was not reported for Cricetomys species. In 2003, two concurrent outbreaks of disease, one in the United States and one in the Republic of the Congo, permitted additional analyses and studies which have substantially amplified the understanding of monkeypox viruses and their pathogeneses in various animal species, which in turn will allow the design of public health control measures. Gambian rats (Cricetomys sp.) and rope squirrels (Funisciurus spp.) separated from the shipment immediately on arrival in the United States, discovered moribund and later dead in Texas and New Jersey, respectively, were found positive for monkeypox virus. As the animal distribution was traced across the United States, African dormice (Graphiurus spp.) were also found moribund, and on autopsy they were positive for the presence of monkeypox virus. Monkeypox virus continues to emerge in new populations; recent reports from Sudan indicate that the virus has the capacity to cause human illness in yet another ecologically distinct environment.
Black Feminist Anthropology: Theory, Politics, Praxis and Poetics

Black Feminist Anthropology: Theory, Politics, Praxis and Poetics. Irma McClaurin, ed. East Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2001. 277 pp.
Serum Beta-Lipoproteins of Normal,Atherosclerotic, and Lipemic Individuals Changes in Concentration, Stability, and Mobility upon Incubati at 6.5° and 37.5°, as Determined by Paper Electrophoresis

1. Serum lipids, cholesterol, and lipoproteins were determined on 8 normal 7 atherosclerotic, and 8 lipemic individuals in the fasting state. Serum lipids and cholesterol were determined chemically, the lipoprothins by paper electrophoresis. Serum lipoproteins were also performed after incubating at 6.5° and 37° for 24, 48, and 72 hours, and changes in the physical appearance of the serum, and in the concentration and mobility of the β-lipoproteins were observed. In 12 of the above cases, serum protein patterns were noted with the lipoprotein patterns. 2. In many cases a visible turbidity appeared upon incubating at 37°, never upon incubating at 6.5°. Inmost cases this turbidity appeared after incubating for 48 hours, and tended to occur more frequently in atherosclerotic sera than in normal sera. 3. The concentration of β-lipoproteins decreased upon incubating either at 6.5°orat 37°, the decrease being of the same order of magnitude for normal, atherosclerotic, or lipemic sera. 4. Incubating at 37°increased the mobility of the β-lipoproteins (except when a turbidity appeared), the peak shifting from between the β- and γ-globulins to between the β- and γ-globulins. Incubating at 6.5° had no effect on the mobility of the β-lipoprotein. 5. When a turbidity appeared upon incubating at 37°, the mobility of the β-lipoproteins decreased, the peak shifting toward the origin. As the turbidity became marked, a sixth protein fraction appeared, of slower mobility than the γ-globulin. This protein fraction first appeared to form at the expense of the β- and γ-globulins and then at the expense of the α-globulins, all of which decreased. It is considered that the turbidity is due to the formation of "denatured" proteins and lipoproteins which are characterized by a decrease in mobility. 6. No consistent changes were noted in the concentration, stability and mobility of the α-lipoproteins upon incubating at either 6.5° or 37°.
Procedural oceanic air traffic control via electronic displays

Since radar or other means of active position monitoring are not available over the large expanses of the ocean, oceanic air traffic control (ATC) operations are based on procedural separation techniques. Oceanic separation techniques are derived from the techniques developed for domestic separation prior to the advent of radar. They are heavily dependent upon the use of paper flight strips to monitor flight progress, determine separation, identify potential conflicts, and plan future clearances. The strips are initially printed by the oceanic display and planning system (ODAPS) which provides flight data processing, data communications, and a situation display for the controller. The controller, however, must manually maintain both the flight data on the paper flight strips and the information contained in ODAPS database. These manually intensive tasks consume much of the controller's available time during heavy traffic situations, and introduce the possibility of error due to entry mistakes and increase the potential for inconsistent data. To reduce or remove the requirements for paper flight strips, and the manual markings of these strips by the controller, a system must provide functionality that will replace or supplement the processes presently supported by the flight strips. This paper identifies graphical displays and controller tools that would reduce or eliminate the need for paper flight strips to monitor the progress of an aircraft with its filed flight plan in a procedural separation from the glass environment.
Studies directed toward the synthesis of the rutamycins. Assemblage of the polypropionate region of rutamycin B

Abstract the asymmetric synthesis of the polypropionate segment of rutamycin B is reported. In this convergent synthesis the construction of the C1-C8 and C9-C17 subunits and their union through a double stereodifferentiating aldol fragment coupling are described. The stereoselectivity of this coupling reaction critically depends on both the configuration and choice of protecting group for the C9 oxygen.
Studies of the glyceryl ethers of the stomach oil of Leach's petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa (Viellot)

Abstract 1. 1. Glyceryl ether diesters were found to be major components of four samples of stomach oils of Leach's petrels, Oceanodroma leucorhoa , and were determined by periodate oxidation and formaldehyde colorimetry to amount to 20–84 per cent by weight of the oils. 2. 2. Examination of the possible diet of these birds revealed phosphorylated glyceryl ethers in the anchovy, Engraulis mordax , the squid, Loligo sp., penaeid shrimp and zooplankton. 3. 3. The glyceryl ethers from the four samples of petrel stomach oils and from the anchovy, squid and shrimp were converted to their trimethylsilyl ether derivatives and were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography.
THE REDUCTION OF THYMINE BY HUMAN LEUKOCYTES.

Normal and leukemic leukocytes catabolize thymine to dihydrothymine in the presence of TPNH. There is presumptive evidence that dihydrothymine may be furthe converted to β-ureido-isobutyric acid by normal leukocytes and, to a lesser extent, by leukemic leukocytes. There was no evidence in these studies of β-aminoisobutyric acid formation by either type of cell.
Enhanced cell accumulation and collagen processing by keratocytes cultured under agarose and in media containing IGF-I, TGF-β or PDGF.

We previously showed an agarose overlay on keratocytes cultured in media containing pharmacological levels of insulin enhanced collagen processing and collagen fibril formation. In this study, we compared collagen processing by keratocytes cultured in media containing physiological levels of IGF-I, TGF-β, FGF-2, and PDGF in standard and in agarose overlay cultures. Pepsin digestion/SDS PAGE was used to determine the levels of procollagen secreted into the media and the collagen content of the ECM associated with the cell layer. Distribution of collagen type I and fibronectin in the ECM of the agarose cultures was determined by immunoflorescence. Collagen fibril and keratocyte morphology was evaluated by electron microscopy. The agarose overlay significantly enhanced the cell number in the IGF-I, TGF-β and PDGF treated cultures by 2–3 fold. The overlay also significantly enhanced the processing of procollagen to collagen fibrils from 29% in standard cultures to 63–68% in agarose cultures for the IGF-I and PDGF cultures, and from 66% in standard culture to 85% in agarose culture for the TGF-β cultures. Cell accumulation and collagen processing was not enhanced by agarose overlay of the FGF-2 treated cultures. Collagen type I and fibronectin were more uniformly distributed and the collagen fibrils smaller in the ECM of the TGF-β treated cultures. Keratocytes in the FGF-2 treated cultures were in close cell contact with few collagen fibrils while IGF-I, TGF-β, and PDGF cultures had an extensive ECM with abundant collagen fibrils. The results of this study indicate that the agarose overlay enhances collagen fibril assembly and cell accumulation by keratocytes when both collagen synthesis and cell proliferation are stimulated.
Laser-mediated reversal of cardiac expansion after myocardial infarction.

Background and Objectives A complication of transmural myocardial infarction is infarct expansion, which can lead to the development of heart failure. However, the necrotic muscle is replaced by collagen, a material known to shrink when heated. Thus, the hypothesis was that thermally-induced scar shrinkage could reverse infarct expansion. Study Design/Materials and Methods Four weeks after transmural infarcts were produced by coronary occlusion, rats were randomized to control or treatment with a neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser. The epicardial scar surface was irradiated until shrinkage was observed. Thirty minutes later, hearts were excised and fixed at a distending pressure of 15 mm Hg, left ventricular cavity volume was measured, and histologic analysis was performed. Results Cavity volume was reduced by laser treatment (0.72 ± 0.07 ml vs. 0.54 ± 0.05 ml; P= 0.044). In addition, treatment resulted in thicker scars, a leftward shift of the heart's electrical axis, and straightening of collagen fibers. Conclusion Laser treatment resulted in thermally-mediated scar shrinkage, which reversed infarct expansion and reduced cavity volume. Lasers Surg. Med. 25:198–206, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The convergence of three L1 spline methods for scattered data interpolation and fitting

The convergences of three L"1 spline methods for scattered data interpolation and fitting using bivariate spline spaces are studied in this paper. That is, L"1 interpolatory splines, splines of least absolute deviation, and L"1 smoothing splines are shown to converge to the given data function under some conditions and hence, the surfaces from these three methods will resemble the given data values.
Adsorption of Thermomonospora curvata cellulases on insoluble substrates

Cellulosic substrates were tested for their ability to bind the cellulases of Thermomonospora curvata. Protein-extracted lucerne fibres had the highest adsorptive capacity while native cotton fibres had the least. Analysis of binding as a Langmuir adsorption isotherm yielded maximal binding capacities of 0.012 filter paper units and 0.51 endoglucanase units/mg lucerne fibre at enzyme saturation. This capacity was increased about 12-fold by fibre pre-treatment in hot NaOH solution.
Metallographic preparation techniques for U–6 wt.%Nb

Abstract A new metallographic preparation technique has been developed for uranium–niobium (U–Nb) alloys. The technique uses a single methodology to optimally elucidate microstructural features without preparation artifacts and permits inclusion retention and identification. Specific examples of the applicability of this metallographic preparation technique are provided for U–6 wt.%Nb. This technique has been successfully applied to numerous specimens with various thermomechanical histories to clearly resolve solidification, metastable martensite, and equilibrium structures. These results demonstrate that prior knowledge of a sample’s thermal history is not required for an effective metallographic evaluation and highlight the versatility of this technique. The beneficial features to reduce environmental impact are also discussed.
Scent marking in a territorial African antelope: II. The economics of marking with faeces

Faeces may be ideal substances for scent marking because they have a minimal energetic cost to the signaller. However, marking with faeces is also constrained by the animal’s ability to produce faeces. This study examined whether limits on the volume of faeces produced by oribiOurebia ourebi, in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, caused territorial males to regulate their output and prioritize the placement of faecal marks. Territorial males marked with faeces more often, and with a smaller volume per defecation, than did juvenile males and females. Territorial males also defecated only on established dung middens along borders shared with other territorial males or on top of a female’s urine and faeces. In contrast, juvenile males and females defecated randomly with regard to their location in territories. Territorial males with larger harems marked with faeces at higher rates and less volume than males with few or no females. This difference suggests that when males overmark female excretions they reduce the amount of faeces available for marking other preferred sites, such as along territory borders shared with other males. Dominant males with adult subordinates marked with faeces less often, and with a greater volume per mark, than males that defended territories without the aid of subordinates. Dominant males also reduced the volume of marks less as the number of females on their territory increased than did males without subordinates. Territories occupied by more than one adult male also were marked with faeces at higher rates, and with marks of greater volume, than territories held by single males. These results suggest that the presence of subordinate males reduced the demand on dominant males to regulate the volume and placement of faecal marks. Overall, these results suggest that territorial male oribi regulate their faecal marking behaviour in response to a limited supply of faeces.
Bathymetry of the sills for the Venezuela and Virgin Islands basins

Abstract Recent bathymetric surveys using a precision radar ranging navigation system in the Anegada-Jungfern Passage reveal that the depth of the Jungfern Passage sill is 1815 m. As described by the 1800 m isobath it is 3 km wide and 10 km long and contains a central depression with depths exceeding 1970 m. In agreement with earlier data the Jungfern Passage (Virgin Passage) sill is shown to be the deepest or controlling one between the Venezuela and Virgin Islands basins. The Anegada Passage sill found during the recent surveys, is not that found by Frassetto and Northrup (1957). The one described here is located near Barracuda and, with a depth of 1915 m, is 300 m shallower than the one previously described.
LUNG VOLUME, TIDAL VOLUME, AND ALVEOLAR PRESSURE DURING JET VENTILATION

We have measured lung volume (FRC), tidal volume delivered (VT), and alveolar pressures (PA) during jet ventilation of rabbits. The rabbits were ventilated with room air using the Healthdyne jet ventilator at a driving pressure of 4 psi and frequencies from 2 to 15 Hz. The 0.98 mm ID jet cannula was inserted 2 cm into a 3.5 mm endotracheal tube. Pressure was measured in the trachea (Ptr) just distal to the endotracheal tube tip, and in the alveoli. Alveolar pressure was measured by gluing an adapter to the pleural surface which had been exposed through a thoracotomy. After closing the thoracotomy, pleural punctures were made through the adapter and a pressure transducer was inserted. Volume was measured with a pressure plethysmograph. The animals were ventilated at 2, 5, 10 and 15 Hz, with inspiratory times (TI) of 10, 30 and 50%. There was a marked increase in FRC during jet ventilation, to 80% or more of total lung capacity at 50% TI. The increase in FRC was related to mean expiratory flow rate. Mean PA and Ptr were equal and exceeded mean pressure at the airway opening. Tidal volume diminished with increasing frequency, and was greatest at 30% TI at any frequency. VT exceeded estimated dead space below 10 Hz. PA swings were equal to Ptr swings, fell with increasing frequency and were least at 10% TI. We conclude that dangerously large increases in FRC may occur during jet ventilation, and that measurement of pressure at the airway opening is an inadequate means of monitoring airway pressures during jet ventilation. (Supported in part by HL 27372.)
Effect of enalapril therapy on glomerular accumulation of immune complexes and mesangial matrix in experimental glomerulonephritis in the nonhuman primate

The present study is a prospective, controlled, blinded trial of enalapril therapy in experimental immune complex (IC)-mediated glomerulonephritis (GN) in the nonhuman primate (cynomolgus monkey [CYN]). Two groups of CYNs were studied: those with established GN (study A) and those in which GN was being induced (study B). In study A, 12 CYNs had GN established by 8 or 10 weeks of daily intravenous infusion of bovine gamma-globulin (BGG). These CYNs were then assigned to either 4 weeks of daily oral enalapril therapy (n = 6) or daily oral placebo therapy (n = 6). The daily BGG infusions were continued during the 4 weeks of enalapril or placebo therapy. At the start of the enalapril/placebo protocol, the two groups were similar with respect to proteinuria and level of precipitating antibody to BGG, which determined the daily BGG dose. Renal biopsy was performed in each CYN at the start and end of the 4-week period of enalapril/placebo protocol. In study B, 15 normal CYNs were immunized to BGG over a period of 4 weeks. The CYNs were then assigned to daily oral enalapril therapy (n = 8) or placebo therapy (n = 7) based on level of precipitating antibody to BGG. At this point, daily intravenous BGG was begun along with daily enalapril or placebo for 8 weeks. Renal biopsy was performed in each CYN before and at the end of this 8-week period. In study A, enalapril therapy was associated with a significant decrease in mesangial matrix volume (mean change, -27.7%; P = 0.031) and a trend toward decreased mesangial matrix deposits (mean change, -34.1%; P = 0.188). By contrast, in CYNs receiving placebo therapy, mesangial matrix volume increased compared with the enalapril group (P = 0.002) and mesangial deposits were unchanged. In study B, both the enalapril and placebo groups showed significant increases in mesangial matrix volume, mesangial deposits, mesangial cell volume, and capillary wall deposits during the 8 weeks of daily BGG infusion. However, none of the differences between the groups achieved statistical significance. Changes in mesangial cell volume and capillary wall deposits were also evaluated in study A and study B, but were not found to be different between the enalapril and placebo groups. In both study A and study B, blood pressure was lower in the enalapril groups. In conclusion, in the initial phase of IC-GN induction (0 to 8 weeks), enalapril therapy does not significantly influence the glomerular accumulation of mesangial matrix or immune deposits. However, in established IC-GN (after 8 weeks of GN induction), enalapril therapy significantly decreases the further accumulation of mesangial matrix and may decrease the further accumulation of mesangial deposits. Whether this benefit of enalapril therapy was related to lower blood pressure or to other effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition was not determined in this study.
The Role of Short-Term Mission Teams in the New Centers of Global Christianity

Drawing on ethnographic and interview data collected in El Salvador and South Africa over a four-year period, this article uses a social constructionist approach to describe two types of interaction between short-term mission teams and their hosts. First, hosts encounter the flow of teams as foreign social products. Once they internalize this new part of their social reality, hosts seek to recruit and control teams. They also mimic the practice of short-term missions, sending their own teams to remote locations. Second, hosts interact directly with visitors, engaging in world-building activities that create transnational religious ties. Short-term missions thus make residents of the new centers of Christianity more mobile in Christianity's global civil society and increase the number of ties between Christians across borders. These findings have implications for the scholarly debate about how to conceptualize Global Christianity; they also broaden the scope of the emerging discourse on short-term missions.
Alanine enantiomeric ratio in the combined amino acid fraction in seawater

In deep ocean waters the concentrations of free amino acids are very close to blank levels, while surface waters contain only very low quantities1,2. However, the concentration of ‘combined’ amino acids (whoch occur at all ocean depths in significant quantities) is roughly 10 times that of free amino acids1,2. These combined amino acids are bound in some sort of polymeric material and are released only on hydrolysis in strong acid. The combined amino acid material apparently has a substantial D-aspartic acid content; the D/L aspartic acid ratio in the combined amino acid fraction, isolated from water from the Sargasso Sea, is ∼0.4 at all depths2. It has been suggested that combined amino acids were not actually part of the dissolved organic material in the oceans but were components of bacteria that passed through the filter used in the initial seawater-processing step2,3. Although in most organisms only the L-enantiomers of the amino acids are present, becateria contain several D-amino acids in then cell-wall proteins4. To verify the bacterial explanation we have carried out investigations into the enantiomeric composition of amino acids, besides aspartic acid, in the combined fraction. We measured the alanine enan-tiomeric ratio in seawater samples from three stations in the Pacific Ocean. Alanine was chosen because it is one of the more abundant components of the combined amino acid fraction in the oceans1,2, and because D-alanine is a major component of bacterial cell-wall proteins4.
Antivirals for influenza: What is their role in the older patient?

Influenza infection is a cause of high morbidity and mortality in the elderly living in the community or in long-term care facilities. Yearly immunisation is the most important means for prevention of infection. However, protection by vaccination in the elderly is incomplete, and influenza infections and outbreaks in long-term care facilities still occur. Symptoms of influenza include fever, chills, headache, myalgia and respiratory symptoms. These clinical features overlap considerably with other co-circulating respiratory viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus. Elderly and debilitated patients with influenza may present with less prominent respiratory symptoms and may present only with fever, lassitude and confusion. Antiviral prophylaxis and treatment with amantadine and rimantadine have been given in the past but adverse effects and early development of drug resistance have limited their use. The newer antivirals zanamivir and oseltamivir are equally effective and have the advantage of being well tolerated and active against both influenza A and B without the development of resistance. However, they are costly. Early identification and diagnosis of influenza illnesses are crucial since treatment with antiviral agents should be started within 48 hours of the beginning of illness.
Instability of a biaxially stressed thin film on a substrate due to material diffusion over its free surface

Abstract The configuration of an elastically strained thin film bonded to a relatively thick elastic substrate over a plane interface is considered. The free energy of the system is taken to be the surface energy of the free surface, which is initially flat, and the elastic strain energy. It is assumed that the film material can change the shape of its free surface by means of mass diffusion along the surface, and that this mass transport occurs coherently. As a result of this diffusion process, the free energy of the system changes due to a change in surface shape and due to a change in the elastic energy. If the change in free energy as the surface shape departs from planar is positive, then this change will tend to occur spontaneously and the flat shape is unstable. The stability of a biaxially stressed thin film due to material diffusion over its surface is considered here under both two- and three-dimensional conditions. The stability condition is derived in the form of a difference between two positive definite quantities, one associated with surface energy and the other associated with strain energy, and the sign of this difference depends on the relative stiffnesses of the materials, the thickness of the film, the surface energy of the film material, and the initial elastic stress in the film. It is demonstrated that the configuration with a flat free surface is unstable under sinusoidal perturbations in the shape of the surface for any combination of parameters, provided that the wavelength of the perturbation is larger than some critical value. Numerical results are presented for the critical value as a function of film thickness for several values of the ratio of elastic stiffnesses of the materials.
Comparison of Two‐Phase Thermal Conductivity Models with Experiments on Dilute Ceramic Composites

Thermal shock resistance of cubic 8 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) can be increased by the addition of dilute second phases. This study addresses how these dilute second phases affect the thermal conductivity for two-phase ceramic composites of 8 mol% YSZ with 10–20 vol% alumina (Al2O3) or 10–20 vol% mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2). Thermal conductivity measurements from 310 K (37°C) to 475 K (202°C) were made using the 3ω method and compared with results from 3D analytical models and a 2D computational microstructure-based model (Object-Oriented Finite Element Analysis, OOF2). The linear Rule of Mixtures was the least accurate and significantly overestimated the measured thermal conductivity at low temperatures, with errors in some cases exceeding 100%. Calculations using the Bruggeman and OOF2 models were both much better, and the deviation of less than ±2.5% across all compositions and temperatures is within the range of experimental and modeling uncertainty. The Maxwell Garnett equation was a close third in accuracy (±8%). A sensitivity analysis for each model quantifies how small perturbations in the thermal conductivity of the dispersed second phase influence the effective thermal conductivity of the composite, and reveals that the linear Rule of Mixtures model is physically unrealistic and oversensitive to the thermal conductivity of the dispersed phase.
Modelling and equalization of rapidly fading channels

Basis expansion ideas are employed in order to equalize frequency-selective, rapidly fading channels. For certain multipath fading channels (e.g. the mobile radio channel), the time variations of the coefficients can be modelled as a combination of a small number of complex exponentials, under the assumption of linearly changing path delays. Based on this observation, novel adaptive and decision feedback algorithms are derived which exploit such an explicit modelling of the channel's variations. The problem of estimating the frequencies of the exponentials is also addressed using second- and higher-order cyclic statistics. By integrating ideas from cyclostationary signal analysis, both batch and recursive methods are developed. Finally, some illustrative simulations are presented.
Binding of AR-1-144, a tri-imidazole DNA minor groove binder, to CCGG sequence analyzed by NMR spectroscopy

The interactions of N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1-methyl-4-[1-methyl-4-[4-formamido-1-methylimidazole-2-carboxamido]imidazole-2-carboxamido]imidazole-2-carboxamide (AR-1-144), a tri-imidazole polyamide minor groove binder, with DNA have been investigated by NMR and CD spectroscopy. A series of DNA oligonucleotides with a C/G-containing four-bp core, i.e. CCGG, CGCG, GGCC, and GCGC, have been titrated with AR-1-144 at different ratios. AR-1-144 favors the CCGG sequence. The flanking sequence of the CCGG core also influences the binding preference, with a C or T being favored on the 3′-side of the CCGG core. The three-dimensional structure of the symmetric 2 : 1 side-by-side complex of AR-1-144 and GAACCGGTTC, determined by NOE-constrained NMR refinement, reveals that each AR-1-144 binds to four base pairs, i.e. at C5-G6-G7-T8, with every amide-imidazole unit forming two potential hydrogen bonds with DNA. The same DNA binding preference of AR-1-144 was also confirmed by circular dichroism spectroscopy, indicating that the DNA binding preference of AR-1-144 is independent of concentration. The cooperative binding of an AR-1-144 homodimer to the (purine)CCGG(pyrimidine) core sequence appears to be weaker than that of the distamycin A homodimer to A/T sequences, most likely due to the diminished hydrophobic interactions between AR-1-144 and DNA. Our results are consistent with previous footprinting data and explain the binding pattern found in the crystal structure of a di-imidazole drug bound to CATGGCCATG.
Inhibition of cdk9 during herpes simplex virus 1 infection impedes viral transcription.

During herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection there is a loss of the serine-2 phosphorylated form of RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) found in elongation complexes. This occurs in part because RNAP II undergoes ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation during times of highly active viral transcription, which may result from stalled elongating complexes. In addition, a viral protein, ICP22, was reported to trigger a loss of serine-2 RNAP II. These findings have led to some speculation that the serine-2 phosphorylated form of RNAP II may not be required for HSV-1 transcription, although this form is required for cellular transcription elongation and RNA processing. Cellular kinase cdk9 phosphorylates serine-2 in the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNAP II. To determine if serine-2 phosphorylated RNAP II is required for HSV-1 transcription, we inhibited cdk9 during HSV-1 infection and measured viral gene expression. Inhibition was achieved by adding cdk9 inhibitors 5,6-dichlorobenzimidazone-1-β-D-ribofuranoside (DRB) or flavopiridol (FVP) or by expression of a dominant–negative cdk9 or HEXIM1, which in conjunction with 7SK snRNA inhibits cdk9 in complex with cyclin 1. Here we report that inhibition of cdk9 resulted in decreased viral yields and levels of late proteins, poor formation of viral transcription-replication compartments, reduced levels of poly(A)+ mRNA and decreased RNA synthesis as measured by uptake of 5-bromouridine into nascent RNA. Importantly, a global reduction in viral mRNAs was seen as determined by microarray analysis. We conclude that serine-2 phosphorylation of the CTD of RNAP II is required for HSV-1 transcription.
Behavioral aspects of host recognition by the symbiotic water mite Unionicola formosa (Acarina, Unionicolidae).

The occurrence and specificity of host recognition behavior of adult and nymphal Unionicola formosa and the capability of adult mites to recolonize various mussel species were examined. Adult U. formosa aggregated on excised tissue from their host mussel, Anodonta imbecilis, in preference to that of two other species of mussels. Nymphs also exhibited an aggregation response to host tissue. A radioisotope (51Cr) technique was used to monitor the recolonization behavior of U. formosa. Adult female mites preferentially re-entered A. imbecilis rather than the sympatric mussel A. cataracta. The specificity of this behavior parallels the distribution of this water mite among potential bivalve hosts in the southeastern U.S. Host recognition by U. formosa may contribute to re-establishing contact with a host after accidental separation and probably helps to maintain mite-mussel symbioses. Whether or not larval U. formosa employ similar host recognition behavior while selecting a potential host has not as yet been determined.
Relationship between resolution and analysis time in chiral subcritical fluid chromatography

A model is presented that predicts a defined relationship between chiral SubFC resolution and analysis time. This model is based upon ideal chromatographic behavior and requires column efficiency and selectivity to be independent of mobile phase modifier level and flow rate. The validity of these assumptions was found to be imperfect but acceptable for two model compounds on two commonly used chiral columns. A major implication of the model is that the maximum resolution obtainable with a particular column and mobile phase modifier may be predicted from one injection. The retention time required to obtain a desired resolution is also calculable. This information enables the practitioner to discern quickly the futility of method development efforts. Insufficient maximum resolution predicted from the first injection would require an increase in selectivity to achieve a useful separation. Selectivity may then be altered by temperature, modifier, or stationary phase. The increased column efficiency of SubFC at typical flow rates rescues separations that fail by HPLC, thus shrinking the practitioner's required library of chiral columns. This work demonstrates that SubFC also allows the practitioner to skim through that library very quickly. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A note on the definition of peasantries

More important than an abstract definition of ‘the peasantry’ is the development of typologies of rural socio‐economic groupings. Such typologies should facilitate controlled comparisons between societies whose rural sociology reveals broadly similar structures. They might include the following features: the internal composition of the so‐called peasant sector; the relationships of different parts of that sector to other, non‐peasant rural groups; the social‐relational uses made of traditional cultural forms in rural community life, for handling linkages between different parts of the peasantry and between peasants and non‐peasants; and the historical development of the peasant sector.