cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Anemia in Medical Practice: Community Versus Referral Patients

Objective To compare the prevalence of anemia among community and referral patients. Design A Mayo Clinic laboratory database was searched for hemoglobin determinations between Jan. 1, 1985, and Dec. 31, 1989, in residents and nonresidents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, who were 20 years of age or older (a more restricted period within this interval was used for those 70 years of age or older). Material and Methods Using the World Health Organization criteria for anemia, we estimated the prevalence of anemia as of July 1, 1987, among Olmsted County residents 20 years of age or older (community patients) and compared this finding with the prevalence among non-Olmsted County patients of the same age registered at the Mayo Clinic during the same year (referral patients). Results The crude prevalence of anemia among Olmsted County men was less than that among male referral patients, but this difference was decreased by adjusting for the older mean age of referral patients (6.6% versus 7.0%; P = 0.01). Even after age-adjustment, the prevalence of anemia was greater among community women than among female referral patients (12.4% versus 8.2%; P Conclusion Clinicians should be aware of the high prevalence of anemia, especially among elderly community patients. This precaution should help minimize the overlooked diagnosis of anemia and the failure to identify and treat its underlying cause.
NWChem: Exploiting parallelism in molecular simulations

NWChem is the software package for computational chemistry on massively parallel computing systems developed by the High Performance Computational Chemistry group for the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory. The software provides a variety of modules for quantum mechanical and classical mechanical simulation. This article describes the design of the molecular dynamics simulation module, which is based on a domain decomposition, and provides implementation details on the data and communication structure and how the code deals with the complexity of atom redistribution and load balancing.
Sulfated mucopolysaccharide synthesis and secretion in endothelial cell cultures.

Abstract The cells that line the lumen of rabbit aorta have been obtained in a quantity sufficient for mass culture. Autoradiography of the cells incubated with 35S-sulfuric acid and electrophoretic analysis of 35S mucopolysaccharides extracted from the cells and from the medium indicate that these cells synthesize and secrete various species of sulfated mucopolysaccharides. In the steady state, only one major and one minor component are found inside the cell. The major intracellular component is resistant to degradation by chondroitinase ABC. Two major fractions and one minor fraction are found in the culture medium at the end of a 24 h labelling period. Both of the major components extracted from the medium are not present in the cell in an appreciable amount.
Monte Carlo Simulations of Absorption and Fluorescence Spectra in Ellipsoidal Nanocavities

The absorption and fluorescence spectra of a model solute molecule dissolved in a CH3I solvent confined in nanoscale ellipsoidal cavities have been simulated for solutions with densities equal to 1.4, 2.0, and 2.2 g/cm3. The model solute is a diatomic molecule with an electronic charge-transfer transition. Monte Carlo simulations have been performed for solutions confined in hydrophobic prolate and oblate ellipsoidal cavities of varying size. The results of the absorption and fluorescence spectra are compared with previous simulations of confined solvents in spherical cavities. The solute and solvent molecule probability density distributions have been calculated and are used to interpret the spectra. An umbrella sampling approach is used to obtain accurate results for the solute probability distributions.
Autonomic Modification of the Atrioventricular Node During Atrial Fibrillation Role in the Slowing of Ventricular Rate

Background—Postganglionic vagal stimulation (PGVS) by short bursts of subthreshold current evokes release of acetylcholine from myocardial nerve terminals. PGVS applied to the atrioventricular node (AVN) slows nodal conduction. However, little is known about the ability of PGVS to control ventricular rate (VR) during atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods and Results—To quantify the effects and establish the mechanism of PGVS on the AVN, AF was simulated by random high right atrial pacing in 11 atrial-AVN rabbit heart preparations. Microelectrode recordings of cellular action potentials (APs) were obtained from different AVN regions. Five intensities and 5 modes of PGVS delivery were evaluated. PGVS resulted in cellular hyperpolarization, along with depressed and highly heterogeneous intranodal conduction. Compact nodal AP exhibited decremental amplitude and dV/dt and multiple-hump components, and at high PGVS intensities, a high degree of concealed conduction resulted in a dramatic slowing of the VR. Progress...
Cohesive zone model to predict fracture in bituminous materials and asphaltic pavements: State-of-the-art review

Cohesive zone (CZ) modelling has been receiving increasing attention from the asphaltic materials and pavement mechanics community as a mechanistic approach to model crack initiation and propagation in materials and structures. The CZ model provides a powerful and efficient tool that can be easily implemented in existing computational methods for brittle, quasi-brittle and ductile failure as well as interfacial fracture, all of which are frequently observed in asphaltic materials. Accordingly, this paper introduces the CZ modelling approach in the form of a state-of-the-art review addressing the concept of CZ modelling, CZ constitutive relations, their implementation into computational methods and up-to-date applications of CZ modelling to bituminous mixtures and pavement structures. This paper also includes a brief discussion on the current challenges that researchers face and the future directions to the modelling of fracture in bituminous materials and pavements. CZ modelling is not a topic that can be...
Inotropic reserve and histological appearance of hibernating myocardium in conscious pigs with ameroid-induced coronary stenosis.

Inotropic reserve, demonstrated with administration of sympathomimetic amines, is characteristic of hibernating myocardium. The goal of this study was to determine whether inotropic reserve was present following chronic coronary artery constriction in the pig, which is one potential model of hibernating myocardium. The effects of isoproterenol were examined in five conscious pigs 21±2.1 days after ameroid implantation on the left circumflex coronary artery on measurements of left ventricular (LV) pressure, LV dP/dt, and regional wall thickening in the ameroid-dependent zone (posterior wall) and contralateral non-ischemic zone (anterior wall). Isoproterenol, 0.1 μg/kg/min, increased LV dP/dt by 96±11%, heart rate by 43±13 beats/min, and normalized systolic wall thickening, slightly, but not significantly more in the ameroid-dependent zone (+1.57±0.31 mm) than in the contralateral non-ischemic zone (+1.04±031 mm), although the baseline wall thickening was reduced significantly in the ameroid-dependent zone. This occurred at a time when baseline myocardial blood flow was preserved and myocardial perfusion in the ameroid-dependent zone was derived in part from the native coronary circulation and also through collateral channels. Two weeks later histological evidence of lesions characteristics of hibernating myocardium, i.e., myofibrolysis and increased glycogen deposition, were observed. Thus, these histological changes and the confluence of chronically depressed regional function and residual inotropic reserve in the conscious pig with chronic ameroid-induced coronary constriction support this model for further study of hibernating myocardium.
Blood Flow Modeling in Carotid Arteries with Computational Fluid Dynamics and MR Imaging

Abstract Rationale and Objectives The authors' goal was to develop a noninvasive method for detailed assessment of blood flow patterns from direct in vivo measurements of vessel anatomy and flow rates. Materials and Methods The authors developed a method to construct realistic patientspecific finite element models of blood flow in carotid arteries. Anatomic models are reconstructed from contrast material–enhanced magnetic resonance (MR)angiographic images with a tubular deformable model along each arterial branch. A surfacemerging algorithm is used to create a watertight model of the carotid bifurcation for subsequent finite element grid generation, and a fully implicit scheme is used to solve the incompressible NavierStokes equations on unstructured grids. Physiologic boundary conditions are derived from cine phasecontrast MR flow velocity measurements at two locations below and above the bifurcation. Vessel wall compliance is incorporated by means of fluid-solid interaction algorithms. Results The method was tested on imaging data from a healthy subject and a patient with mild stenosis. Finite element grids were successfully generated, and pulsatile blood flow calculations were performed. Computed and measured velocity profiles show good agreement. Flow patterns and wall shear stress distributions were visualized. Conclusions Patientspecific computational fluid dynamics modeling based on MR images can be performed robustly and efficiently. Preliminary validation studies in a physical flowthrough model suggest that the model is accurate. This method can be used to characterize blood flow patterns in healthy and diseased arteries and may eventually help physicians to supplement imaging-based diagnosis and predictand evaluate the outcome of interventional procedures.
Using food as a tool to teach science to 3rd grade students in Appalachian Ohio

Abstract The Food, Math, and Science Teaching Enhancement Resource (FoodMASTER) Initiative is a compilation of programs aimed at using food as a tool to teach mathematics and science. In 2007-2008, a foods curriculum developed by professionals in nutrition and education was implemented in 10 3(rd)-grade classrooms in Appalachian Ohio; teachers in these classrooms implemented 45 hands-on foods activities that covered 10 food topics. Subjects included measurement; food safety; vegetables; fruits; milk and cheese; meat, poultry, and fish; eggs; fats; grains; and meal management. Students in four other classrooms served as the control group. Mainstream 3(rd)-grade students were targeted because of their receptiveness to the subject matter, science standards for upper elementary grades, and testing that the students would undergo in 4(th) grade. Teachers and students alike reported that the hands-on FoodMASTER curriculum experience was worthwhile and enjoyable. Our initial classroom observation indicated that the majority of students, girls and boys included, were very excited about the activities, became increasingly interested in the subject matter of food, and were able to conduct scientific observations.
An ICT research agenda, HPC and innovation, and why only the developed world lacks women in computing

The Communications Web site, http://cacm.acm.org, features 13 bloggers in the BLOG@CACM community. In each issue of Communications, we'll publish excerpts from selected posts, plus readers' comments.
A fluorometric method for the clinical determination of estrone and estradiol.

INTRODUCTION THE biological assay for estrogens based on the vaginal response in ovariectomized rats was first standardized by Kahnt and Doisy (1). This method has been used by many investigators for the estimation of estrogenic activity in various biological fluids. However, biological assay has the disadvantage of being long, expensive and subject to variations inherent in animals. It also necessitates the maintenance of a large animal colony. Several investigators have proposed colorimetric chemical methods for estimating the estrogen content of urine in order to avoid biological assay (Kober (2), David (3), Talbot et al. (4), Szego and Samuels (5)). The urine of normal males and females contains such small concentrations of estrogens that the methods proposed usually lack sufficient sensitivity. This necessitates the use of large quantities of urine, so that nonspecific urinary chromogens interfere with accurate determination. During the past several years, fluorometric methods have been perfected to ...
Say-Meyer syndrome: A new case with magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, cardiac abnormality and X-linked dominant inheritance pattern

We report a new case of Say-Meyer syndrome, a rare X-linked disorder characterized by metopic suture synostosis, a high-arched palate, short stature and delayed development. Proband was a nine-month-old boy admitted to our hospital for evaluation of failure to thrive and global developmental delay. Genetics evaluation revealed: marked growth failure; microcephaly; a closed anterior fontanelle; hypotelorism; esotropia; long eyelashes; a high, narrow palate; distal hypospadias. Neurologic examination demonstrated diffuse hypotonia, diminished deep tendon reflexes, and excessive head lag. A search of the London Dysmorphology and POSSUM databases suggested Say-Meyer syndrome as the unifying diagnosis. This infant's medical history was complicated by prematurity at 32 weeks gestation, postnatal supplemental oxygen requirement and abnormal heart sounds. Cardiac evaluation identified Ebstein anomaly of the tricuspid valve as the etiology of his cardiac problems requiring ongoing medical surveillance. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed a decreased volume of white matter with associated atrophy. The brain stem was small. The corpus callosum was thin and the genu and rostrum were not visualized. Increased signal intensity in the periventricular regions suggested periventricular leukomalacia. The ventricles were enlarged. Skull radiographs showed a decreased interorbital distance and a sclerotic metopic suture. X-linked recessive inheritance has been described. The infant's mother attended special education classes. She had marked hypotelorism, a long face, a high-arched palate, and a thin body habitus. This case of Say-Meyer syndrome includes the first report of brain MRI findings and a previously unreported cardiac defect. Clinical features noted in the mother of this infant that suggest that Say-Meyer syndrome may be an X-linked dominant disorder with variable penetrance rather than an X-linked recessive disorder.
Temperature and annual cycle of nitrification in waters of Narragansett Bay.

Pelagic nitrification, measured over an annual cycle at two sites in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, was strongly correlated with temperature. At a nutrient-poor site, rates ranged from near zero in winter to almost 1 µmol N liter−1 d−1 in summer, with an apparent Q10 of 6.8. Rates were always higher at a nutrient-rich Providence River estuary site, with a summer maximum >11 µmol N liter−1 d−1 and an apparent Q10 of 17.6. Laboratory experiments that examined the response of nitrification to temperature alone resulted in a Q10 of 7.5. The high summer rate of nitrification was balanced by NO3− uptake by phytoplankton. Elevated levels of NO3− in fall resulted from a marked decline in phytoplankton uptake and a continuing slow rate of nitrification and were not dependent on river inputs. Other N transformations do not respond to temperature as strongly as nitrification did, thus temperature increases may effect the distribution of N.
Nonequilibrium resonant-phonon-induced excess photon-echo dephasing.

We demonstrate that the excitation-induced excess dephasing of photon echoes in ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}$:${\mathrm{YA}1\mathrm{O}}_{3}$${(}^{3}$${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}^{1}$${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$) is predominantly induced by the 51-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ resonant phonons associated with nonradiative relaxations of the excited ions. Instantaneous diffusion via direct ion-ion coupling is found to be much less important. The dephasing mechanism discussed should be applicable to all other systems where the relaxation of excited states involves nonradiative processes.
Affective and neuroendocrine effects of withdrawal from chronic, long-acting opiate administration.

Abstract Although the long-acting opiate methadone is commonly used to treat drug addiction, relatively little is known about the effects of withdrawal from this drug in preclinical models. The current study examined affective, neuroendocrine, and somatic signs of withdrawal from the longer-acting methadone derivative l-alpha-acetylmethydol (LAAM) in rats. Anxiety-like behavior during both spontaneous and antagonist-precipitated withdrawal was measured by potentiation of the startle reflex. Withdrawal elevated corticosterone and somatic signs and blunted circadian variations in baseline startle responding. In addition, fear to an explicit, Pavlovian conditioned stimulus (fear-potentiated startle) was enhanced. These data suggest that anxiety-like behavior as measured using potentiated startle responding does not emerge spontaneously during withdrawal from chronic opiate exposure – in contrast to withdrawal from acute drug exposure – but rather is manifested as exaggerated fear in response to explicit threat cues.
Effects of size and light on respiration and activity of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) larvae

The respiration rate and swimming activity of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) larvae were measured in the laboratory to determine how these were affected by body size (measured as dry weight), and amount of light. Size influenced respiration rates, but not activity. Activity increased with increased light, and as walleye pollock larvae developed, light had an increasingly important effect on respiration rate. For older larvae, light is an important factor affecting respiration rate and this may be due to an increased sensitivity to light. Thus, in addition to size, light plays an important role in the energetics of walleye pollock larvae.
Metabolic Syndrome X: A Postmenopausal Woman's Hidden Nemesis

ABSTRACT Metabolic syndrome X is a combination of modifiable (physiological, morphological, lifestyle) and non-modifiable (genotype, sex, age, race) risk factors that are likely precursors to non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), two of the top ten killers of postmenopausal women. This article describes the components of syndrome X, explains why women should be concerned about it, and delineates risk factors. Also discussed are sociological elements related to syndrome X, psychosocial implications of the condition, and suggested treatments. If postmenopausal women can be educated about the dangers of this condition, successful prevention and treatment are more likely.
Effects of Ebrotidine on Aspirin-Induced Gastric Mucosal Damage and Blood Flow in Humans

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) such as aspirin (ASA) damage the gastric mucosa both in normal subjects and in arthritic patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective action of a new H2-receptor antagonist, ebrotidine, in the prevention of ASA-induced acute mucosal injury in the stomach of healthy volunteers. In a double-blind randomized crossover study 10 male volunteers received treatment with either placebo plus ASA (500 mg) or ebrotidine (800 mg) plus ASA twice daily for 3 days with 10 days' washout period between treatments. The mean number of gastric erosions seen at endoscopy after treatment with ebrotidine plus ASA (2.0 ± 0.3) was significantly lower than that after placebo plus ASA (3.7 ± 0.2). This reduction in lesion core by ebrotidine was accompanied by a significant increase in gastric blood flow (by 15% in corpus and 26% in antrum), by a rise in transmucosal potential difference (by 12%), and by a decrease of mucosal microbleeding. Ebrotidine afforded subst...
Mesospheric chemistry of vibrationally excited O3 from diurnal microwave measurements of O3(ν1), O3(ν2), O3(ν3), and O3(ground state)

[1] The first simultaneous and independent measurements of lower mesospheric ozone in its ground vibrational and three excited vibrational states [(100), (010), and (001)] are described. Daytime and nighttime data are analyzed separately and compared with photochemical model predicted results. Ratios of measured to model molecular abundances of the vibrationally excited states are temperature dependent. With modest perturbations to the climatological temperatures, measured abundances of the ground and three vibrationally excited states are found to be self-consistent. They exhibit agreement both among themselves and with a photochemical model. IR ozone sounding (e.g., Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere, Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry) infers total ozone abundance from measurement of one vibrationally excited state. In contrast, this paper presents the first direct measurements of these ozone vibrational populations, upon which IR O3 sounding has rested.
The mechanism of addition of aldehydes to germene in different solvents: A DFT study

Abstract Density functional theory (DFT) with the polarizable continuum model (PCM) for solvation has been used to study the mechanism of the addition of trans-(2-phenylcyclopropyl)carboxaldehyde to dimesitylfluorenylidenegermane. Two different pathways have been observed in the experiment, including [2 + 2] addition and [4 + 2] addition. The reaction is strongly influenced by the choice of solvent: [4 + 2] addition product, 1,2-oxagermin ( P1 ) was the major product in benzene, while [2 + 2] addition product, tetramesityl-1,3-dioxadigermetane and fluorenylidene-(trans-2-phenylcyclopropyl)methane ( P2 ) were the major products in THF. The computations reveal that the different mechanisms are favored in the polar vs. non-polar solvent: [2 + 2] pathway in THF vs. [4 + 2] pathway in benzene.
Erythrocyte Membrane Proteins of Premature and Full-term Newborn Infants

Summary: Erythrocyte membrane proteins of premature and full-term infants were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. There were no qualitative or gross quantitative differences in the pattern of membrane proteins from premature infants, full-term infants, and adults. Speculation: Erythrocyte membrane proteins are constant in character from 30 weeks of fetal gestation through adulthood.
Comparative Assessment of AHP and MAV in Highway Planning: Case Study

A comparative analysis is made between the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the multiattribute value (MAV) functions, using the MAV theory as the basis of reference, in the evaluation of transportation projects. The analysis considers three different perspectives: theoretical support, practicality, and ability to capture the decision maker's (DM) preferences. From the theoretic-behavioral standpoint, it appears that the validity of some of the assumptions of the AHP remain to be formally established, as concluded by several researchers. Secondly, the practicality of AHP was analyzed, in terms of the quantity and type of information demanded from the DM. For an even mix of ratio scale variables and nonratio scale variables the AHP requires less information than the MAV, provided the number of alternatives is less than five. Beyond this limit, the AHP requires more information than MAV. The ability to capture the decision maker's preference structure is analyzed through a case study, to which both metho...
Enhancing cellular infrastructures: a reflective approach

In this paper, we make a case of a reflective architecture for cellular systems as means to support flexibility and evolvability of the existing cellular network infrastructure to deal with a new generation of adaptive environments and applications. Existing systems are event/request driven and mechanisms to enable seamless adaptivity are limited. We show how the various proposed (but largely unimplemented) dynamic adaptation techniques for existing networks (GSM/CDMA) can be incorporated into a Reflective Cellular Architecture (RCA). Self representation in the RCA enables a new class of proactive and prediction-based information driven algorithms. We illustrate how the RCA enables novel techniques for observation and management of information in cellular networks, use the observed information in the design of effective coarse and fine grained location prediction meta-level services. We further illustrate how such meta-level services can be used to enhance the capabilities of today's cellular networks ranging from better radio resource management of the cellular infrastructure and customized alerting in disasters to effective utilization of other coexisting networks.
Comparison of Motion Induced Dose Decrement between Prone and Supine Prostate Radiotherapy

Materials/Methods: Tracking data sampled every 0.1 seconds throughout treatment was analyzed for 10 patients treated prone, and 15 treated supine, with SMLC IMRT for localized prostate cancer utilizing the Calypso System between November 2007 and December 2009. Plans meeting institutional standards for prostate coverage and normal tissue sparing were generated using 0, 3, and 5 mm PTV expansions. To model the actual delivered prostate dose, a custom software application computed all prostate translations and rotations based on real-time tracking data from each fraction, and applied rigid body transformations to the prostate structure contoured at simulation within the planned dose cloud. The rigid transformation model was then used to compare actual minimum prostate dose as a percentage of planned minimum dose (Dmin%), and actual prostate volume covered by the prescription dose as a percentage of the planned volume at prescription (VRx%). This data was obtained for both prone and supine treatments for each PTV margin.
Signal classification and cognitive sensor network

Signal classification is an important subject for military radio communications. With the revolution of digitizing communications ever closer to the antenna, commercial cognitive radios with programmable modulation schemes and adaptive transmission rates have become a practical wireless communication platform. Signal classification techniques have attracted much attention recently by the cognitive network applications in developing the next generation radio receivers and sensor networks with built-in automatic signal detection and classification capabilities. However, the technical expectations and goals in commercial applications are quite different with that in military communication systems. A key research area is to develop new algorithms with the low-cost real-time adaptive demodulation capability. An overview of automatic signal classification techniques and the challenges in migrating current signal classification methods into the cognitive radios and sensor network will be discussed.
Determinants of Elderly Residential Mobility: How Well Do the Elderly Adjust to Housing Problems?:

Multiple regression analysis is applied to the longitudinal Annual Housing Survey data set for the 1974 to 1977 period to identify differences between the mobility decisions of elderly and younger families. In contrast to what has been suggested by the literature, the elderly were just as likely to move in response to severe housing and neighborhood problems as were younger families There were, however, differences in the determinants of mobility between the two age groups Whereas age, suburban location, and living in an older home led to mobility among the elderly, the same factors promoted staying among the younger The policy implications of these differences are discussed
Load balancing for massively-parallel soft real-time systems

An approach to decentralized load balancing based on statistical time-series analysis is proposed. Each site estimates the system-wide average load using information about past loads of individual sites and attempts to equal that average. This estimation process is practical because the soft-real-time systems of interest naturally exhibit loads that are periodic, in a statistical sense akin to seasonality in econometrics. It is shown how this load-characterization technique can be the foundation for a load-balancing system in an architecture using cut-through routing and an efficient multicast protocol. A simple stochastic model is presented along with heuristic approximations and a load-balancing scheme using a load-characterization methodology. >
Neither occlusion constraint nor binocular disparity accounts for the perceived depth in the 'sieve effect'.

Current notions of binocular depth perception include (1) neural computations that solve the correspondence problem and calculate retinal positional disparity, and (2) recovery of ecologically valid occlusion relationships. The former framework works well for stimuli with unambiguous interocular correspondence, but less so for stimuli without well-defined disparity cues. The latter framework has been proposed to account for the phenomenon of perceived depth in stimuli without interocular correspondence, but its mechanism remains unclear. In order to obtain more insight into the mechanism, we studied the depth percept elicited by a family of stereograms — ‘sieve’ stimuli, adapted from Howard (1995) [Perception, 24, 67‐74] — with interocular differences but no well-defined positional disparity cue. The perceived depth was measured by comparison to references at various depths established by standard retinal disparity and was consistently found to lie behind the fixation plane. Moreover, the magnitude of the depth percept depended on both the horizontal and vertical spatial characteristics of the stimulus in ways that were at odds with constraints of occlusion geometry. In comparison to the depth percept elicited by stimuli with well-defined disparity cues, the precision of the percept from the sieve stimuli was 10‐20 times worse, suggesting that a different underlying computation was involved. Thus, neither of the above frameworks accounts for the depth percept arising from these stimuli. We discuss implications of our results for physiologically based computations underlying binocular depth perception. © 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Uptake and release of phosphorus by phytoplankton in the Chesapeake Bay estuary, USA

The phytoplankton uptake and release rates for inorganic phosphate, dissolved organic phosphate and polyphosphate were estimated during 5 cruises on the Chesapeake Bay over a 9-month period. Phosphorus in all pools turned over in several minutes to 100 h, and each soluble pool appeared to contain fractions which were metabolically useful to the phytoplankton. Maximal uptake rates (V m ) for orthophosphate ranged from 0.02 to 2.95 μg-at P (1.h)-1 with half saturation constants (K s ) between 0.09 and 1.72 μg-at P l-1. At low soluble reactive phosphorus concentrations, the uptake rate of trace 32P orthophosphate was initially rapid, but declined after 15 to 60 min incubation. The data suggest that the initial uptake phase was dominated by exchange of 32PO4 ≡ for 31PO4 ≡ in the membrane transport systems whereas the subsequent phase represented the net incorporation of orthophosphate into phytoplankton cells.
RNA-Seq analysis of splicing in Plasmodium falciparum uncovers new splice junctions, alternative splicing and splicing of antisense transcripts

Over 50% of genes in Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest human malaria parasite, contain predicted introns, yet experimental characterization of splicing in this organism remains incomplete. We present here a transcriptome-wide characterization of intraerythrocytic splicing events, as captured by RNA-Seq data from four timepoints of a single highly synchronous culture. Gene model-independent analysis of these data in conjunction with publically available RNA-Seq data with HMMSplicer, an in-house developed splice site detection algorithm, revealed a total of 977 new 5' GU-AG 3' and 5 new 5' GC-AG 3' junctions absent from gene models and ESTs (11% increase to the current annotation). In addition, 310 alternative splicing events were detected in 254 (4.5%) genes, most of which truncate open reading frames. Splicing events antisense to gene models were also detected, revealing complex transcriptional arrangements within the parasite's transcriptome. Interestingly, antisense introns overlap sense introns more than would be expected by chance, perhaps indicating a functional relationship between overlapping transcripts or an inherent organizational property of the transcriptome. Independent experimental validation confirmed over 30 new antisense and alternative junctions. Thus, this largest assemblage of new and alternative splicing events to date in Plasmodium falciparum provides a more precise, dynamic view of the parasite's transcriptome.
The Effect of Alterations in External Environment on the Dentogingival Junction

The effectiveness of the dentogingival junction as a barrier between the oral environment and the periodontal connective tissues was studied in squirrel monkeys. Results indicated that altering the concentration of hyaluronidase and collagenase within the dental plaque can produce a detrimental effect on the integrity of this barrier.
Conformational stability as a design target to control protein aggregation

Non-native protein aggregation is a prevalent problem occurring in many biotechnological manufacturing processes and can compromise the biological activity of the target molecule or induce an undesired immune response. Additionally, some non-native aggregation mechanisms lead to amyloid fibril formation, which can be associated with debilitating diseases. For natively folded proteins, partial or complete unfolding is often required to populate aggregation-prone conformational states, and therefore one proposed strategy to mitigate aggregation is to increase the free energy for unfolding (ΔGunf) prior to aggregation. A computational design approach was tested using human γD crystallin (γD-crys) as a model multi-domain protein. Two mutational strategies were tested for their ability to reduce/increase aggregation rates by increasing/decreasing ΔGunf: stabilizing the less stable domain and stabilizing the domain-domain interface. The computational protein design algorithm, RosettaDesign, was implemented to identify point variants. The results showed that although the predicted free energies were only weakly correlated with the experimental ΔGunf values, increased/decreased aggregation rates for γD-crys correlated reasonably well with decreases/increases in experimental ΔGunf, illustrating improved conformational stability as a possible design target to mitigate aggregation. However, the results also illustrate that conformational stability is not the sole design factor controlling aggregation rates of natively folded proteins.
Angiotensin II-mediated vascular smooth muscle cell growth signaling

The mechanism by which Ang II stimulates the growth of vascular smooth muscle cells was investigated by measuring the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK 1 and ERK 2. Ca2+ ionophore was found to have effects practically analogous to Ang II. We found that the signaling pathway involves the activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase, activation of the adaptor proteins Shc and Grb2, and the small G-protein Ras. Although the mechanism of AT1- (or Ca2+)-induced activation of EGFR is not yet clear, we have found that calcium-dependent protein kinase CAKss/PYK2 and c-Src are involved in this process. These studies indicate a transactivation mechanism that utilizes EGFR as a bridge between a Gq-coupled receptor and activation of phosphotyrosine generation.
Motivations for pharmacy students to join professional organizations

Abstract Student membership and leadership within professional organizations are key components to advancing the profession of pharmacy. The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) Draft Standards 2016 state in Guideline 9c that colleges or schools of pharmacy should support, “…student, faculty, administrators, preceptors and staff participation in, as appropriate, local, state, and national pharmacy, scientific, and other professional organizations.” At the present, no data exist regarding what motivates students to join professional pharmacy organizations. In this article, we describe a survey that was distributed to PharmD candidates across the United States to identify what motivates them to join professional pharmacy organizations while in school. We learned that several factors had an effect on student motivation to join a professional organization. To encourage student involvement in organizations, pharmacy schools and professional pharmacy organizations should promote the types of pharmacists they serve, provide opportunities for networking, and offer valuable student programming at meetings. It is the school/college of pharmacy and the organization’s challenge to identify these interests and seek to accommodate them, while accomplishing their independent mission and goals.
Impairment in Children

For children with mental health problems, impairment results in a diminished ability to perform at developmentally expected levels. Impairment in daily life activities can include dysfunction or an absence of adaptation in social, emotional, psychological, or occupational/academic domains, and it is a core component of nearly all childhood and adolescent mental health disorders. Currently, the American Psychiatric Association's (APA's) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR, 2000) requires impairment in daily life functioning for the diagnosis of the externalizing (e.g., attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], oppositional defiant disorder [ODD], and conduct disorder [CD]) and internalizing (e.g., anxiety and mood-related) disorders, and impairment in social or academic functioning is a cardinal feature of other disorders of childhood and adolescence (e.g., autism, learning disabilities, substance abuse).
Gender, Developmental Cycles and Historical Process: a Critique of Recent Research on Women in Botswana*

The dominant focus in the present literature on women in Botswana is on femaleheaded households and their relative disadvantage in a migrant labour economy. Schapera in the 1930s had noted that the femme sole had 'emerged' but that there was 'as yet no place for her in the legal system, or in the political life of the community'. I Today, women can apply for residential and arable plots in their own names and can speak for themselves in the customary courts. Yet the 'place' for either the femme sole or any other woman remains more restricted than for men, and the former faces difficulties peculiar to that status. Schapera documented the deleterious effects that the migration of large numbers of adult men had on the family and on 'married life' and described women as being burdened by extra responsibilities and greater insecurity. Yet he also pointed to women's more independent attitude and their tendency to be less submissive to men.2 Current writing has concentrated more on the burdens and has not paid any systematic attention to the contradictory consequences for women's independence. In particular, the virtually exclusive focus on female-headed households has now reached a point of diminishing analytical returns, while the variation in household organization that is gradually being documented cannot be explained by the production of increasingly elaborate typologies. This article does not purport to be a comprehensive review of current literature on women in Botswana, but selectively raises a number of critical questions about present trends as they relate mainly to rural women.3 The particular challenge in analysis of the Southern Africa situation, as elsewhere, has been how to integrate 'macro' and 'micro' perspectives. The labour reserve theory of labour migration,
Gas Dynamics Aspects of Internal Targets

Based on our experience with the Indiana Cooler storage ring some aspects relevant to the design of internal polarized gas target experiments are discussed. In particular, it is pointed out that, perhaps contrary to general perception, increasing the target thickness does not necessarily lead to a proportional gain in luminosity: In our studies with cooled beams of 100 to 200 MeV, interacting with internal H2 targets, the luminosity as a function of target thickness shows a broad maximum in the range of 1014 to 1015 atoms/cm2.
Deficiency of Phagocyte Function and Related Disorders

Deficient phagocytic function is associated with increased susceptibility to infection. Cutaneous lesions are prominent clinical features (Quie and Cates, 1977; Quie et al., 1978; Dahl, 1978). Although cause-and-effect relationships are unclear, there is little doubt that phagocyte dysfunction contributes to the severity of the cutaneous infection (Miles et al., 1957).
Metastatic Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor to the Skull

Background Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) arising from the interstitial cells of Cajal along the gastrointestinal tract rarely metastasize to the central nervous system (CNS) but require aggressive multimodal therapies when they do. We present a case of recurrent GIST metastasis to the skull and review the literature on management, including the role of molecular profiling in determining adjuvant treatment. Case A 64-year-old woman presented with an enlarging palpable mass over her right eye. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an enhancing T1-hypointense, T2-hyperintense right frontal calvarial lesion with lytic features on computed tomography. Pathology confirmed metastatic GIST to the skull with dural involvement. Molecular profiling revealed a mutation in exon 11 of KIT in her primary tumor, while the skull metastasis harbored an additional mutation in exon 17 associated with acquired drug resistance. Conclusion We review the epidemiology of GIST metastases and discuss potential reasons for its rare presentation to the CNS. Additionally, we highlight the diagnostic and prognostic value of molecular profiling for metastatic GIST, as well as its influence in arbitrating targeted molecular inhibitor therapy. Evolving molecular signatures, associated with treatment resistance, may play a pivotal role in future integration with multimodality treatment strategies for CNS GIST.
Re-constructing high-level information for language-specific binary re-optimization

In this paper, we show a binary optimizer can achieve competitive performance relative to a state-of-the-art source code compiler by re-constructing high-level information (HLI) from binaries. Recent advances in compiler technologies have resulted in a large performance gap between binaries compiled with old compilers and those compiled with latest ones. This motivated us to develop a binary optimizer for old binaries using a compiler engine for a latest source code compiler. However, a traditional approach to naively convert machine instructions into an intermediate representation (IR) of the compiler engine, does not allow us to take full advantage of optimization techniques available in the compiler. This is because the HLI, such as information about variables and their data types, is not available in such an IR. To address this issue, we have devised a technique to re-construct the HLI from binaries by using contextual information. This contextual information is a set of knowledge about specific compilation technologies, such as the conventions of data structures, the patterns of instruction sequences, and the semantics of runtime routines. With this technique, our binary optimizer has improved the performance of binaries generated from an older compiler by 40.1% on average in the CPU time for a set of benchmarks, which is close to the one due to a source-code recompilation with the same compiler engine, 55.2% on average.
The Phaeacian Ship and the Simile of the Four-Horse Chariot

In a well-known passage from book 13 of the Odyssey (13.81–87), the ship with which the Phaeacians bring Odysseus back to Ithaca is compared by the poet to a four-horse chariot. Since the Phaeacians are the descendants of Poseidon, the simile of the four-horse chariot is likely to allude to the well-known vehicle with which Poseidon moves across the sea.
Evaluation of Ischemic Stroke and Recurrent Ischemic Attack

Stroke is the leading cause of adult disability in the United States, with an annual cost of $30 billion. Defining stroke etiology is essential for initial treatment and prevention of recurrent stroke. In this article, we discuss the laboratory evaluation of patients with cerebral ischemia. In most patients older than 50 years with clear risk factors, the analysis is straightforward and inexpensive. In younger patients or those without standard risk factors, however, further laboratory investigation often is necessary. We discuss specific laboratory tests investigating common etiologies, such as atherothrombosis, and uncommon causes including prothrombotic states, metabolic abnormalities, and hyperviscosity syndromes. Optimally, a focused investigation defines etiology and evaluates risk factors, thus reducing risk of recurrent stroke and improving long-term outcome. This is the final article in a three-part continuing education series on neurology. Other articles focused on multiple sclerosis and neuropathy syndromes. The exam follows this article
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation—What the Nephrologist Needs to Know

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) use in adults is rapidly increasing in its use for both cardiac and respiratory failure. ECMO exists in 2 primary configurations: veno-venous ECMO, used in the setting of isolated respiratory failure, and veno-arterial ECMO, which can be used in respiratory failure but is mandatory in the setting of cardiac failure. Acute kidney injury occurs frequently in patients on ECMO, and renal replacement therapy is often required. Continuous forms of renal replacement therapy predominate, but there is a high degree of variation in clinical practice among ECMO centers internationally. No consensus exists regarding the optimal technique, but the use of continuous renal replacement machines has been shown to be safe and effective in patients on ECMO. An understanding of the basic principles and functionality of ECMO is important for both acid-base and fluid management in the intensive care unit.
Case-Supported Principle-Based Behavior Paradigm

We assert that ethical decision-making is, to a degree, computable. Some claim that no actions can be said to be ethically correct because all value judgments are relative either to societies or individuals. We maintain, however, along with most ethicists, that there is agreement on the ethically relevant features in many particular cases of ethical dilemmas and on the right course of action in those cases. Just as stories of disasters often overshadow positive stories in the news, so difficult ethical issues are often the subject of discussion rather than those that have been resolved, making it seem as if there is no consensus in ethics. Although, admittedly, a consensus of ethicists may not exist for a number of domains and actions, such a consensus is likely to emerge in many areas in which intelligent autonomous systems are likely to be deployed and for the actions they are likely to undertake.
Erratum to: Prevalence and Religious Predictors of Healing Prayer Use in the USA: Findings from the Baylor Religion Survey

Using data from the 2010 Baylor Religion Survey (N = 1714), this study investigates the prevalence and religious predictors of healing prayer use among US adults. Indicators include prayed for self (lifetime prevalence = 78.8 %), prayed for others (87.4 %), asked for prayer (54.1 %), laying-on-of-hands (26.1 %), and participated in a prayer group (53.0 %). Each was regressed onto eight religious measures, and then again controlling for sociodemographic variables and health. While all religious measures had net effects on at least one healing prayer indicator, the one consistent predictor was a four-item scale assessing a loving relationship with God. Higher scores were associated with more frequent healing prayer use according to every measure, after controlling for all other religious variables and covariates.