cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Targeted Fluorogenic Cyanine Carbamates Enable In Vivo Analysis of Antibody-Drug Conjugate Linker Chemistry

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a rapidly emerging therapeutic platform. The chemical linker between the antibody and the drug payload plays an essential role in the efficacy and tolerability of these agents. New methods that quantitively assess cleavage efficiency in complex tissue settings could provide valuable insights into the ADC design process. Here we report the development of a near-infrared (NIR) optical imaging approach that measures the site and extent of linker cleavage in mouse models. This approach is enabled by a superior variant of our recently devised cyanine carbamate (CyBam) platform. We identify a novel tertiary amine-containing norcyanine, the product of CyBam cleavage, that exhibits dramatically in-creased cellular signal due to improved cellular permeability and lysosomal accumulation. The resulting cyanine lysosome-targeting carbamates (CyLBams) are ~50X brighter in cells, and we find this strategy is essential for high-contrast in vivo targeted imaging. Finally, we compare a panel of several common ADC linkers across two antibodies and tumor models. These studies indicate that cathepsin-cleavable linkers provide dramatically higher tumor activation relative to hindered or non-hindered disulfides – an observation that is only apparent with in vivo imaging. This strategy enables quantitative com-parisons of cleavable linker chemistries in complex tissue settings with implications across the drug delivery landscape.
Disaster Victims and the Response to Trauma

In late August of 2005, Hurricane Katrina roared ashore on the Gulf Coast of the southern United States, leaving in its wake large swaths of physical destruction and human tragedy. The storm resulted in the deaths of nearly 2,000 people, most of them residents of New Orleans, where the storm’s water surge breached nearby levees and flooded nearly 80% of the city. Coastal communities in Mississippi and Alabama were also ravaged by the hurricane. During and immediately following the storm, many residents experienced extreme adversity—life threats, physical injury, lack of appropriate food, water, sanitation, or shelter. Some had to walk long distances through flood waters, while others were rescued from the rooftops of their homes by boat or helicopter. Many locals, including a disproportionate number of poor residents, were left homeless and unemployed, coping with the deaths of loved ones, the separation from family members, and the loss of important social institutions such as churches, medical clinics and hospitals, and community centers. The storm created a large diaspora, with thousands of Gulf Coast residents relocating to cities such as Houston and Chicago. Property damage due to the storm was estimated at over $80 billion, with the total economic cost estimated at up to $150 billion (Tate 2010).
A Fine Balance of Dietary Lipids Improves Pathology of a Murine Model of VCP-Associated Multisystem Proteinopathy.

The discovery of effective therapies and of disease mechanisms underlying valosin containing protein (VCP)-associated myopathies and neurodegenerative disorders remains elusive. VCP disease, caused by mutations in the VCP gene, are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders with manifestations varying from hereditary inclusion body myopathy, Paget’s disease of bone, frontotemporal dementia (IBMPFD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In the present study, we examined the effects of higher dietary lipid percentages on VCPR155H/R155H, VCPR155H/+ and Wild Type (WT) mice from birth until 15 months of age by immunohistochemical and biochemical assays. Findings illustrated improvement in the muscle strength, histology, and autophagy signaling pathway in the heterozygote mice when fed 9% lipid-enriched diets (LED). However, increasing the LED by 12%, 30%, and 48% showed no improvement in homozygote and heterozygote survival, muscle pathology, lipid accumulation or the autophagy cascade. These findings suggest that a balanced lipid supplementation may have a therapeutic strategy for patients with VCP-associated multisystem proteinopathies.
Minimum cost upgrade of phasor measurement unit networks for synchrophasor availability

SUMMARY This paper considers the problem of placing additional phasor measurement units (PMUs) and communication links into a PMU network in a power system. The objective is for the synchrophasors (PMU outputs) across the power system to meet a prescribed availability profile with fewest new PMUs and links among them. Achieving a required synchrophasor availability profile is critical in supporting wide area monitoring, protection, and control in a power system. In our recently reported work, synchrophasor availability is solved from a controlled Markov chain where binary variables indicating placement decisions are embedded as stationary control variables. In this paper, the assumption that communication links are always available wherever needed is removed. Random interruptions in PMU communications are modeled in such a way that the reformulated placement problem remains Boolean-convex, and the computational complexity with respect to the number of buses remains O(n2). The solution to placement of PMUs and communication links into the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 118-bus test system is presented. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nuts and bolts for the social sciences

This 1989 book is intended as an introductory survey of the philosophy of the social sciences. It is essentially a work of exposition which offers a toolbox of mechanisms - nuts and bolts, cogs and wheels - that can be used to explain complex social phenomena. Within a brief compass, Jon Elster covers a vast range of topics. His point of departure is the conflict we all face between our desires and our opportunities. How can rational choice theory help us understand our motivation and behaviour? More significantly, what happens when the theory breaks down but we still cleave to a belief in the power of the rational? Elster describes the fascinating range of forms of irrationality - wishful thinking, the phenomenon of sour grapes, discounting the future in noncooperative behaviour. This is a remarkably lucid and comprehensive introduction to the social sciences for students of political science, philosophy, sociology and economics.
Long-Term Outcome of Congenital Intestinal Pseudoobstruction

We evaluated 85 children with congenital chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction (CIP) over the past 10 years. Twelve (14%) were born prematurely. One had a family history of CIP. Six had systemic diseases. Thirty-five (41%) had urinary bladder involvement. Manometric features were consistent with myopathy in 32, neuropathy in 48, and mixed disease in 5. Of 48 patients with neuropathy, 6 had urinary bladder involvement (12.5%) (P < 0.0001 vs myopathy), and 10 had malrotation (21%) (P = NS vs myopathy). Upon referral, 53 (62%) were dependent on partial or total parenteral nutrition (PN). At the time of chart review (median 25 months after evaluation), 22 patients had died, 14 of whom were on total PN, 13 of them died because of PN-related complications and 1 died of sepsis. Three others died of sepsis while on partial PN (P = 0.007 vs mortality in patients fed enterally) and five died after small bowel transplantation. In conclusion, in children with congenital CIP, the risk for prematurity is increased twofold, the majority of cases are sporadic, abnormal bladder function is more common in myopathic CIP, and complications related to parenteral nutrition are the main cause of death in children with CIP.
Identification of Major High-Boiling Volatile Compounds Produced During Refrigerated Storage of Haddock Fillets

The two major high-boiling volatile compounds produced during refrigerated storage of haddock fillets were found by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy to be phenethyl alcohol and phenol.
The “hidden cystic duct” syndrome and the infundibular technique of laparoscopic cholecystectomy—the danger of the false infundibulum

Abstract Background: The "classical" biliary injury usually involves misidentification of the common bile duct as the cystic duct. The purpose of this study was to determine if the method of cholecystectomy, specifically the "infundibular technique," might be a contributing factor in this injury. Study Design: Twenty-one operative notes of patients who were referred with injury to the common bile duct were examined. Notes were classified as to informativeness. Patient and operative variables potentially related to injury were searched for. Results: Inflammation was the main patient variable associated with injury. The main operative variable was that in most of the injuries the cystic duct was isolated and divided as the first step in the procedure. Often the operative note contained a statement indicating that the surgeon believed that the "cystic" duct (actually the common bile duct) was emanating from the infundibulum of the gallbladder and that this was the anatomic rationale for identification of the cystic duct. In no case was the triangle of Calot completely dissected before injury. Conclusions: The cystic duct may be hidden in some patients having laparoscopic cholecystectomy, especially in the presence of inflammation. This may lead to the deceptive appearance of a false infundibulum that misleads the surgeon into identifying the common duct as the cystic duct. Biliary injury is more likely when cystic duct identification is made by relying solely on the appearance of the junction of the cystic duct with the infundibulum of the gallbladder, and this technique should be abandoned.
PENETRATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEMS OF SUCKLING MICE BY MAMMALIAN REOVIRUSES

Penetration of the nervous systems of suckling mice by prototype strains of the three mammalian reovirus serotypes was studied after footpad inoculation of a dose (10(7) PFU) representing 3.5 x 10(3) 50% lethal doses (LD50) for reovirus type 3 Dearing and less than 1 LD50 for reoviruses type 1 Lang and type 2 Jones. Type 3 Dearing entered both motor and sensory neurons; infected neurons were clearly detectable by immunohistochemical staining 19 h after inoculation. By day 2, a second cycle of infection had occurred, and by day 4, several hundred motor and sensory neurons and interneurons were infected. By this time, infection also involved large areas of the brain stem and brain. There was evidence of both retrograde and anterograde movement of viral antigen within axons and dendrites. Unexpectedly, reovirus type 1 Lang followed neuronal pathways as well as being disseminated in the bloodstream. Reovirus type 2 Jones also entered neurons. While the number of motor neurons and interneurons infected with type 1 Lang or type 2 Jones remained limited within the first 4 days after inoculation, infection of sensory neurons increased with time and reached a level by day 4 comparable to that observed after infection with type 3 Dearing. Viral antigen was also found in the brain stem and brain, but this infection was limited. These three strains multiplied in nonneuronal tissues. Connective tissue in the footpad was massively infected by all three strains 19 h after inoculation. By this time, foci of infection were also present in muscle and skin. Viral antigen was repeatedly observed in the endothelium of blood vessels and in the meninges after infection with type 1 Lang. The titer of type 1 Lang increased in the blood with time, which was not observed after infection with strains of the other two serotypes. In this study, we found that prototype strains of the three reovirus serotypes exhibited different degrees of neurotropism, all being capable of entering neurons. Transmission of the infection occurred through synapses rather than from cell body to cell body. Thus reovirus, like herpesvirus and rabies virus, is a good marker for the identification of neuronal pathways, although its capacity to grow in neurons, unlike that of herpesvirus and rabies virus, is restricted to newborn animals.
Intravaginal gene silencing using biodegradable polymer nanoparticles densely loaded with small-interfering RNA.

Vaginal instillation of small-interfering RNA (siRNA) using liposomes has led to silencing of endogenous genes in the genital tract and protected against challenge from infectious disease. Although siRNA lipoplexes are easily formulated, several of the most effective transfection agents available commercially may be toxic to the mucosal epithelia and none are able to provide controlled or sustained release. Here, we demonstrate an alternate approach, using nanoparticles composed entirely of FDA-approved materials. To render these materials effective for gene silencing we developed novel approaches to load them with high amounts of siRNA. A single dose of siRNA-loaded nanoparticles to the mouse female reproductive tract caused efficient and sustained gene silencing. Knockdown of gene expression was observed proximal (in the vaginal lumen) and distal (in the uterine horns) to the site of topical delivery. In addition, nanoparticles penetrated deep into the epithelial tissue. This is the first report demonstrating that biodegradable polymer nanoparticles are effective delivery vehicles for siRNA in the vaginal mucosa.
Cognitive load results in motor overflow in essential tremor.

SK is an 84-year-old woman diagnosed with essential tremor (ET) but no cognitive deficits. In this experiment, we tested the effects of mental rotation (a form of additional cognitive load) during reaching behavior (with the right hand) on the tremor profile of the non-moving left hand. We observed a marked increase in tremor and its variability, as well as the “freezing” of the movement pattern as effects of the cognitive load. These findings imply cognitive–motor overlaps in patients with ET, raising the possibility that the deficits reflect the loss of a common pool of neural resources, despite the heterogeneity of the symptoms of the disorder.
Managing Conflict in Educational Settings

Outlined here is a management process designed for use by educators in resolving conflict situations. The process has been utilized successfully in a wide range of problem situations.
Dynamic Stage Element Matching (DSEM) in Pipeline Analog to Digital Converters (ADC)

In this paper, a novel compensation method, Dynamic Stage Element Matching (DSEM), is introduced. This paper provides a comparison of existing error compensation methods and DSEM. DSEM extends Dynamic Element Matching (DEM) of Digital to Analog Converters (DAC) to entire stages of a pipeline ADC. Results show that the use of DSEM, when used in conjunction with Capacitor Swapping (CS) and DEM, increases the Spur Free Dynamic Range (SFDR) of a pipelined ADC by at least 3dB, then using CS or DEM alone.
Septal- and caudate-induced behavioral inhibition in relation to hippocampal EEG of rabbits

These experiments examined behavioral inhibition in rabbits by comparing low and high frequency electrical stimulation of the septum and the caudate nucleus on 3 measures of unlearned activity, a discriminative active avoidance task, and a lever-press operant task. Four and 8/sec stimulation of either site evoked a sustained rhythmic discharge in the hippocampus morphologically similar to naturally occurring theta rhythm. At 100/sec, the EEG was persistently desynchronized by septal stimulation and generally unaffected by caudate stimulation. Septal stimulation at all frequencies caused massive increases in exploratory activity in some rabbits but had no clear effect on jiggle stand activity or on duration of immobility reflex (animal hypnosis). Both septal and caudate stimulation inhibited previously learned avoidance and operant behavior, and these effects were frequency specific occurring at low, but not high, stimulus frequencies. Caudate stimulation also inhibited jiggle stand activity and exploration, and enhanced the immobility reflex.
Comparison of parallel- and counter-flow circuiting in an industrial evaporator under frosting conditions

This paper describes a theoretical model of a large-scale, ammonia-fed evaporator coil used in an industrial refrigeration system and operating under low temperature air and refrigerant conditions that are typically encountered in refrigerated storage spaces. The model is used to simulate the performance of counter-flow and parallel-flow circuited evaporator coil designs under frosting conditions. The counter-flow frost model is validated using in situ data obtained from a field-installed evaporator coil. The performance of an evaporator in a parallel-flow circuit arrangement is simulated and compared to counter-flow circuiting. The effects of coil circuiting are evaluated in terms of the frost distribution across the evaporator coil and the associated reduction in cooling capacity during operation.
Characteristics of a predemonstration fusion device

ABSTRACT Low beta reactor system studies have shown that criteria necessitated by the physics lead to difficult engineering problems. The low power density produced in these systems also results in large reactors and makes the question of economic viability a serious one. It is clear that if higher pressure plasmas could be confined and operated, then many of these problems could be alleviated. The incentives for high plasma density as a means of achieving higher pressures are discussed. The possible methods of achieving high density are outlined with particular attention to the high beta approaches. The requirements which are imposed on the reactor by using the flux-conserving tokamak concept are described. The characteristics of a predemonstration fusion device which can test the necessary aspects of such a system are developed. The plasma size required to attain ignition is found to be relatively small provided other criteria can be satisfied. These criteria are described and the technology developments and operating procedures required by them are given. The dynamic behavior and parameters of the reference system during the operating cycle are also outlined.
Magnetoresistance in cubic metals

The Boltzmann equation is solved for independent Bloch electrons elastically scattered in a cubic metal in a magnetic field. Group-theoretical considerations permit a simplification of the problem to a point where some general conclusions may be drawn. Specific numerical computations are made for models having spherical Fermi surfaces and various types of scattering. No prediction of the observed linear magnetoresistance of potassium emerges from this calculation.
An explanation for the 0+ excited pairing state in actinide nuclei☆

Abstract The existence of more than one collective 0 + state in deformed nuclei due to the separation of ‘oblate’ and ‘prolate’ matrix elements is demonstrated by means of a model calculation and calculations using 240 Pu single particle wave functions.
THE INFLUENCE OF COGNITIVE STYLE UPON WORK ENVIRONMENT PREFERENCES

Previous research has shown that those who differ in cognitive style differ in job satisfaction, leadership, and perceptions of task characteristics. The present study investigated how those who differ in cognitive style differ in their preferences for various work environments. The Group Embedded Figures Test and the Work Environment Scale-Form I were administered to 376 undergraduates. Analyses indicated that cognitive style was significantly associated with over-all climate perceptions as well as perceptions of autonomy, involvement, and innovation. The results suggest that those who are field-independent prefer autonomous, involving, and innovative work settings.
Susan Myers-Shirk’s Helping the Good Shepherd: A Review Essay

In this essay, I review a recent book that deals with the history of pastoral counseling. I offer an overview of the book, some criticism of the book, and a discussion of how this book relates to my own work. I argue that what Susan Myers-Shirk has identified as a “liberal moral sensibility” among pastoral counselors seems to have certain affinities with Peter Homans’s “mourning religion” thesis. I suggest that this thesis can shed light on the divide between liberal and conservative pastoral counselors, a divide that Myers-Shirk identifies, and that this thesis can build on Myers-Shirk’s historical work by providing a rubric for understanding the relationship between private experience and public theory among liberal pastoral counselors. I also suggest that Myers-Shirk should write a sequel to this book.
Accurate representation of B-DNA double helical structure with implicit solvent and counterions

High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and crystallographic data have been taken to refine the force field used in the torsion angle space nucleic acids molecular mechanics program DUPLEX. The population balance deduced from NMR studies of two carcinogen-modified DNA conformers in equilibrium was used to fine tune a sigmoidal, distance-dependent dielectric function so that reasonable relative energies could be obtained. In addition, the base-pair and backbone geometry from high-resolution crystal structures of the Dickerson-Drew dodecamer was used to re-evaluate the deoxyribose pseudorotation profile and the Lennard-Jones nonbonded energy terms. With a modified dielectric function that assumes a very steep distance-dependent form, a deoxyribose pseudorotation profile with reduced energy barriers between C2'- and C3'-endo minima, and a shift of the Lennard-Jones potential energy minimum to a distance approximately 0.4 A greater than the sum of the van der Waals' radii, the sequence-dependent conformational features of the Dickerson-Drew dodecamer in both the solid state and the aqueous liquid crystalline phase are well reproduced. The robust performance of the revised force field, in conjunction with its efficiency through implicit treatment of solvent and counterions, provides a valuable tool for elucidating conformations and structure-function relationships of DNA, including those of molecules modified by carcinogens and other ligands.
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome myocytes are differentiated but possess a unique phenotype.

Introduction: Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is the term used to describe a group of congenital malformations characterized by marked underdevelopment of the left side of the heart. HLHS accounts for nearly 25% of cardiac deaths in the first year of life. Although much has been reported regarding diagnosis, gross morphology and surgical treatment, no information on gene expression in HLHS myocytes is available. Methods: We examined heart tissue from patients with HLHS using routine histology, immunohistochemistry, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis and protein identification by mass spectrometry. Results: Histologic examination of right and left ventricles from HLHS patients revealed characteristic features of myocyte differentiation, including striations and intercalated disc formation. Immunohistochemical staining using antibody to N-cadherin demonstrated clear development of intercalated discs between myocytes. However, many of the myocytes contained scant cytoplasm and were grouped in small, disorganized bundles separated by abundant connective tissue and dilated, thin-walled vessels. Quantitative PCR analysis demonstrated that both left and right ventricular tissue from HLHS hearts expressed the fetal or “heart failure” gene expression pattern. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and protein identification by mass spectrometry also confirmed that myocytes from HLHS ventricles were differentiated but expressed the fetal isoform of some cardiac specific proteins. However, HLHS myocytes in all of the heart samples (n=21) were inappropriately expressing platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1, CD31), a member of the cell adhesion molecule (CAM) family that has a primary role in the regulation of tissue morphogenesis. These findings indicate that myocytes from HLHS syndrome patients, while differentiated, have a unique gene expression pattern.
Margaret Mead and Samoa: Coming of Age in Fact and Fiction

Derek Freeman's 1983 critique of Margaret Mead's Coming of Age in Samoa has prompted one of the most heated debates in recent anthropological memory. Yet even Mead's defenders have generally accepted the view that she saw Samoa as a romantic paradise. Here I argue that a careful reading of Coming of Age shows quite a different picture. In my reanalysis, Mead's work emerges as complex and somewhat enigmatic, with facile conclusions standing in contrast to much rich and sensitive ethnography. My goal in this article is to highlight what Mead actually said, pointing up the notable discrepancy between the popular perception and her actual account.
Object and texture classification using higher order statistics

The problem of the detection and classification of deterministic objects and random textures in a noisy scene is discussed. An energy detector is developed in the cumulant domain by exploiting the noise insensitivity of higher order statistics. An efficient implementation of this detector is described, using matched filtering. Its performance is analyzed using asymptotic distributions in a binary hypothesis-testing framework. The object and texture discriminant functions are minimum distance classifiers in the cumulant domain and can be efficiently implemented using a bank of matched filters. They are immune to additive Gaussian noise and insensitive to object shifts. Important extensions, which can handle object rotation and scaling, are also discussed. An alternative texture classifier is derived from a ML viewpoint and is statistically efficient at the expense of complexity. The application of these algorithms to the texture-modeling problem is indicated, and consistent parameter estimates are obtained. >
Effect of Thyroxine on Fertility of Bovine Semen

Summary Ten micrograms per cent of D,L-thyroxine was added to diluted bovine semen. This semen was used in artificial breeding. All treated services (2,289) averaged 5.7 to 6.7 percentage units higher in percentage of non-returns to service after 5 months than untreated semen from the same bulls collected during the same months that the treated semen was used. In a comparison of either individual bulls or individual breeding associations, an increase in non-return rate is also apparent with thyroxine-treated semen. The increase in fertility with the addition of thyroxine appears to be maintained for a 4-day storage period with semen of average or above average fertility.
Slow parallel flows of a water-granule mixture under gravity, part I: Continuum modeling

Slow parallel flows of a water-granule mixture under gravity are investigated. Continuum equations of mass and momentum of the fluid and granular phases are adopted under the assumptions of low shear rates and constant granular temperature. The granular stressstrain relationship is proposed to consist of two parts: one part accounting for granular friction and the other for granular collision. Two independent criteria for the onset of the shearing flow are introduced: kinematic and dynamic. The former requires a loose solid configuration, and the latter a high shear stress. The interaction between the fluid and granular phases are also included. Differences from existing works on the subject are pointed out.
(p,n) Cross Sections and the Strength Functions for 3- to 5.5-MeV Protons on In and on Sn Isotopes

The ($p,n$) reaction cross sections were measured to \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4% for 3- to 5.5-MeV protons on $^{117,\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}119,\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}120,\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}122,\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}124}\mathrm{Sn}$ and on natural Sn and In. Analyses with a conventional optical-model potential were made in the energy regions where the ($p,n$) cross sections are nearly equal to the total absorption cross sections. These analyses show that the energv dependence in the real well is about three times greater for 5- to 10-MeV protons than it is for 10- to 61-MeV protons. The best-fit potential for 3- to 5.5-MeV protons on the Sn isotopes has a surface absorptive layer about half as thick as at 10 MeV. The In strength functions are fitted by increasing both the width and depth of the imaginary part of this potential by about 25%. The $Q$ value for $^{120}\mathrm{Sn}(p,n)^{120}\mathrm{Sb}$ was found to be -3465 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 7 keV.
Symptoms of major depression and tricyclic side effects in primary care patients

OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence and course of symptoms resembling side effects of tricyclic antidepressants among primary care patients experiencing major depression and receiving nortriptyline pharmacotherapy. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. PATIENTS: Seventy-five patients meeting DSM-III-R criteria for a current major depression. SETTING: Four Pittsburgh (Pa.) ambulatory health centers affiliated with residency programs. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Symptoms resembling tricyclic side effects were assessed at baseline and at monthly intervals using the Somatic Symptoms Checklist. The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and Diagnostic Interview Schedule were used to assess depressive severity and history of generalized anxiety or panic disorder, respectively. Symptoms resembling tricyclic side effects, including thirst (54%), palpitations (51%), and dry mouth (48%), were commonly experienced before commencing pharmacotherapy. Patients with severe depressive episodes and those with a history of an anxiety or panic disorder had significantly more physical symptoms than those with milder episodes of depression and were more likely to drop out of care (n = 25) before completing the acute phase of pharmacotherapy. Patients who completed the acute phase of pharmacotherapy and those who entered its continuation phase (n = 43) experienced significant reductions in many depressive and physical symptoms (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Symptoms resembling tricyclic side effects are common among depressed primary care patients before beginning pharmacotherapy and generally remit with the depressive episode. Better awareness of major depression's somatic effects and the consequences of therapy could result in better management of both physicians' and patents' expectations regarding antidepressant pharmacotherapy.
Meaning and Use

Part I argues that the use theory in Horwich's Meaning does not give sufficient attention to the relation between language and thought. A development of the theory is proposed that gives explanatory priority to the mental. The paper also urges that Horwich's identification of a word's meaning by its role in explaining the cause of sentences should be broadened to include its role in explaining the linguistic and nonlinguistic behavior that sentences cause. Part II argues that Horwich greatly overstates the case for his use theory; that the arguments from ignorance and error against description theories of reference can be adapted against the use theory; and that a tempting development of the use theory would risk both the collapse of the theory into truth referentialism and the difficulties that have plagued truth referentialism. Finally, a consideration of our ordinary thought ascriptions provides evidence against any use theory.
Methylene Blue Absorption as a Quantitative Measure of Wool Damage

The absorption of methylene blue from buffered solutions is proposed as an index to wool deterioration, since it can be measured quantitatively by a simple titrimetric procedure. Exyerimental results are given for material damaged progressively under controlled conditions of laundering, and for fabrics containing wools of different grades and different dyeings. A linear relationship was found to exist between absorption and tensile strength. The reworked wool that was tested absorbed nearly four times as much methylene blue as the new serge used in the experiments. Optimum test conditions were determined and are discussed critically.
Impact Analysis for Cellular Polymeric Materials

The response of polymeric foams to impact loading can be pre dicted from stress-strain data if their rate and strain dependent modulus can be factored into a function depending on strain alone and one depending on rate alone. With the help of a simple energy balance, equations can be derived relating impact velocity, decelera tion and hysteresis to these two functions. For foams with nearly rate independent stress-strain properties these equations reduce to very simple expressions. The validity of the simple theoretical treatment is demonstrated with the help of experimental data ob tained on two model foams.
Influence of selected pesticides on glomus species and their infection in citrus

Four sterol inhibiting fungicides, two general biocides, and three nonfumigant nematicides were tested for their activity against the mycorrhizal fungi,Glomus intraradicas orG. mosseae. Of the four fungicides, propiconazole was the most inhibitory and triforine the least. These fungicides act systemically, and directly on the fungus in soil. One of the biocides, methylenebis-thiocyanate was toxic toG. mosseae, the other Bis-bromoacetoxy-2-Butene was not. All nematicides, aldicarb, fenamiphos and fensulfothion, had little or no inhibitory effect on the fungi.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus: An Analysis of 515 Surgically Proved Cases

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS During the years 1938 to 1958, 435 patients with isolated patent ductus arteriosus and 80 patients with additional cardiac lesions have been operated on at the University of Minnesota Hospitals. The vast majority of patients over one year of age were described as having a machinery-like murmur and a thrill maximal in the second and third left intercostal spaces. During infancy, however, the clinical picture was frequently indistinguishable from that of a ventricular septal defect. Accordingly, special diagnostic procedures were more frequently employed during infancy. Cardiac catheterization and retrograde aortograms were equally successful as a means of obtaining correct diagnoses. Mean pulmonary artery pressures correlated reasonably well with the type of murmur and electrocardiographic patterns. Ligation of the ductus was employed in only 7 per cent of the cases. In the remainder of the cases the ductus was transected. There were ten deaths (2.3 per cent) mortality rate in isolated patent ductus. Nine patients had definite episodes of subacute bacterial endocarditis prior to surgery. One of them died as a result of the tearing of the fragile ductus during surgery. The remaining cases underwent uneventful surgical corrections. Pregnancy, a previous history of rheumatic fever, maternal rubella, or the presence of non-cardiac congenital anomalies did not significantly affect the surgical outcome. Even more surprising was the fact that the operation during infancy did not adversely affect the surgical mortality. Only three patients were thought to have excessive postoperative bleeding in spite of a high incidence of abnormal blood coagulation tests. None of the 61 patients with frequent epistaxis, menorrhagia, or hemoptysis had excessive postoperative bleeding. The operative mortality rate for males was double that for females. The trend at this center has been toward earlier surgery, usually as soon as a definite diagnosis has been established. Patients who are diagnosed in early infancy and who are otherwise normal may be watched for a few months.
An Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties and Criterion Validity of the Religious Social Support Scale

This study evaluates the psychometric properties and criterion validity of the Religious Social Support (RSS) Scale in a diverse, representative community sample of new mothers (N= 1,156). Results indicated that two factors best represented the RSS. Criterion validity was established by demonstrating that the RSS was associated with relational and health outcomes. However, these associations were reduced to statistical insignificance once a general measure of social support was included as a covariate. There were no indications that race moderated either the psychometric properties of the RSS or the relationships between social support and outcomes. Qualitative analyses indicated that religious social support is a salient construct in the lives of women that we studied and suggested ways to improve future developments of RSS scales.
Entrepreneurship and Fitness: An Examination of Rigorous Exercise and Goal Attainment among Small Business Owners*

In today's society, the benefits of exercise and fitness are given much publicity. However, the relationship between exercise and the attainment of personal and professional goals for entrepreneurs has not been examined. Our study addresses the issue by examining the exercise regimens of 366 small business owners and the relationship of exercise frequency with the company's sales and the entre- preneur's personal goals. Specifically, this study examines the relationship that two types of exercise—running and weightlifting—have with sales volume, extrinsic rewards, and intrinsic rewards. Results indicate that running is related positively to all three outcome variables while weightlifting is related positively to extrinsic and intrinsic rewards but not to sales. Suggestions then are provided for future research.
Acute and Subacute Toxicology and Safety Evaluation of Triphenyl Tin Hydroxide (Vancide KS)

The acute oral LD50 in Sprague-Dawley rats was determined to be 171 mg/kg (100-295) for males and 268 mg/kg (205-344) for females. 2. A 1 ppm dietary supplement of Vancide KS for 90 days did not induce any abnormalities in weanling Sprague-Dawley rats. The parameters evaluated were serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), hematocrit, differential white blood cell count, food consumption, and weight gain, along with histologic studies of the myocardium, spleen, liver, kidney, stomach, and small intestine. A 500 ppm diet was lethal. Weanling and older rats subjected to 1000 and 10,000 ppm diets died within 5 days. 3. Vancide KS induced no acute dermal toxicity, nor did it exhibit percutaneous absorption in New Zealand strain albino rabbits. 4. Vancide KS induced no chronic dermal toxicity in New Zealand strain albino rabbits. 5. Vancide KS was not shown to be teratogenic. It exhibited an antifertility action, especially in Sprague-Dawley rats dosed on day 1 through day 7 of timed-pregnancy. 6. Vancide KS was shown to be an eye irritant which induces corneal opacity. 7. Acute oral toxicity studies in Sprague-Dawley rats indicate that Vancide KS should be classified as a toxic substance as defined in the regulations under the Federal Hazardous Labeling Act. 8. The intravenous administration of 25 mg/kg of Vancide KS to New Zealand strain albino rabbits induced death preceded by topic convulsions. 9. Vancide KS did not induce skin sensitization in male adult guinea pigs.
Occurrence of cytomegalovirus hepatitis in liver transplant patients.

The differential diagnosis of liver dysfunction after orthotopic liver transplantation can be difficult. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) hepatitis is one possibility. This report reviews our experience with 17 cases of pathologically proven CMV hepatitis following liver transplantation and demonstrates the need for percutaneous liver biopsies to establish the diagnosis. There were seven pediatric patients (ages 2–11 years, five males, two females) and ten adult patients (ages 17–53 years, eight males, two females). The most common symptoms were prolonged fever (15 patients, with a mean duration of 22 ± 5.5 days), elevation in total bilirubin (14 patients), and elevation in liver enzymes (15 patients); all symptoms were also found in rejection. Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, reported to frequently occur with CMV infection, were found in only three and five patients, respectively. Twelve patients with the above symptoms underwent percutaneous biopsy on one or more occasions to differentiate CMV hepatitis from rejection. The diagnosis was made at retransplantation in five patients. CMV hepatitis followed treatment for acute rejection in 14 patients and occurred without additional immunosuppression in three patients. All patients were maintained on cyclosporine and prednisone. Acute rejection episodes were treated with a 5‐day tapering dose of steroids (17 courses in 12 patients), OKT3 monoclonal antibody [Ortho (4 patients)] antithymocyte globulin [Upjohn (2 patients)], and azathioprine (1 patient). CMV was isolated from urine (nine patients), blood (nine patients), throat (seven patients), lungs (two patients), and other organs (two patients). CMV was cultured from the liver biopsy specimens in five of the seven attempts in pediatric patients. When the diangosis was confirmed in the absence of rejection, immunosuppression was routinely lowered. When rejection occurred concomitantly with CMV hepatitis, therapy had to be individualized. Retrospectively, three patients treated for rejection were noted at retransplantation to have only CMV hepatitis, and all three paients died. A high index of suspicion and the judicioususe of liver bopsies is essential in order to differentiate CMV hepatitis from other causes of posttransplant liver dysfunction. Copyright © 1988 Wiley‐Liss, Inc., A Wiley Company
No more language games: Words, beliefs, and the political culture of early modern France

AMONG HISTORIANS OF FRENCH POLITICAL CULTURE in the early modern period, analysis of language has become a central preoccupation. Recent work on two traditionally distinct problems within the larger field-the nature of patron-client relations, on the one hand, and the relationship between the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, on the other hand-illustrates the tendency.' Specialists in both areas have recently examined words, discourses, vocabularies, and rhetorical strategies in an attempt to shed light on the dynamics of political action. Having accepted the axiom that politics is experienced culturally, historians of early modern France, like historians in other fields, seek increasingly to recover the experience of politics through analysis of contemporary language. The benefits of this shift in orientation are many. Especially in eighteenth-century studies, where the revisionist insistence on the political causes of the French
An International Comparison of Employee Welfare Plans

This article describes the typical benefits offered by private and governmental employee welfare plans for 14 countries (Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and the United States). These descriptions allow managers of multinational firms to consider local employee welfare norms when establishing benefit provisions for operations outside of the home country of the multinational. Employee benefits warrant management attention due to the significant portion that benefits represent in the overall compensation package for employees, and because of the need to offer benefits that are competitive in local labor markets. Because the difficulties in managing a multinational firm are perhaps manifested most dramatically in terms of personnel, it is important to understand factors that affect providing benefits to employees. Preliminary research indicates that the cultural orientation of managers indeed has an impact on the provision of employee benefits in multinational firms. Ultimately, upper management of multinationals may need to decide between a standardized benefit package available to all subsidiaries or customized benefit programs for subsidiaries in individual countries. Managers must consider cultural norms apparent in the benefits offered by government and private entities in a local market,as well as their own cultural predilections. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Two-loop superstrings V Gauge slice independence of the N-point function

Abstract A systematic construction of superstring scattering amplitudes for N massless NS bosons to two loop order is given, based on the projection of supermoduli space onto superperiod matrices used earlier for the superstring measure in the first four papers of this series. The one important new difficulty arising for the N-point amplitudes is the fact that the projection onto superperiod matrices introduces corrections to the chiral vertex operators for massless NS bosons which are not pure ( 1 , 0 ) differential forms. However, it is proved that the chiral amplitudes are closed differential forms, and transform by exact differentials on the worldsheet under changes of gauge slices. Holomorphic amplitudes and independence of left from right movers are recaptured after the extraction of terms which are Dolbeault exact in one insertion point, and de Rham closed in the remaining points. This allows a construction of GSO projected, integrated superstring scattering amplitudes which are independent of the choice of gauge slices and have only physical kinematical singularities.
Optothermally responsive nanocomposite generating mechanical forces for cells enabled by few-walled carbon nanotubes.

We have designed and fabricated a nanocomposite substrate that can deliver spatially and temporally defined mechanical forces onto cells. This nanocomposite substrate comprises a 1.5-mm-thick near-infrared (NIR) mechanoresponsive bottom layer of few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWCNTs) that are uniformly distributed and covalently connected to thermally responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and an approximately 0.15-mm-thick cell-seeding top layer of collagen-functionalized poly(acrylic acid)-co-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) that interpenetrates into the bottom layer. Covalent coupling of all the components and uniform distribution of FWCNTs lead to a large local mechanoresponse. As an example, 50% change in strain at the point of irradiation on the order of 0.05 Hz can be produced reversibly under NIR stimulation with 0.02 wt % FWCNTs. We have further demonstrated that the mechanical strain imposed by NIR stimulation can be transmitted onto cells. Human fetal hepatocytes change shape with no sign of detriment...
New esophageal function testing (impedance, Bravo pH monitoring, and high-resolution manometry): Clinical relevance

Esophageal testing aims to quantify gastroesophageal reflux or characterize esophageal motility. Reflux monitoring traditionally has been based on the detection of acidic reflux by a transnasal catheter that measures esophageal pH. Recently there have been two major developments in this field: the wireless Bravo pH capsule (Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, MN), which allows catheter-free monitoring, and impedance-pH measurement, a catheter-based technique that enables detection of acidic and nonacidic reflux. The assessment of esophageal motility has relied on conventional manometry for many years. Two new proedures also recently became available to assess esophageal motility: high-resolution manometry, which uses many closely spaced pressure sensors and provides spatiotemporal plots of esophageal pressure changes, and impedance manometry, a test that directly measures bolus transit and provides conventional manometric data. The advantages, disadvantages, and clinical importance of these new esophageal tests are discussed in this review.