cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intensification, Tipping Points, and Social Change in a Coupled Forager-Resource System

This paper presents a stylized bioeconomic model of hunter-gatherer foraging effort designed to study the process of intensification on open-access resources. A critical insight derived from the model is that the very success of an adaptation at the level of an individual forager group can create system-level vulnerabilities that subsequently feed back to cause emergent social change. The model illustrates how the intensification of harvest time by individuals within a habitat creates a forager-resource system that becomes vulnerable to perturbations. When the system is vulnerable, it is characterized by two resource harvest equilibria: a sustainable, low-effort equilibrium and a degraded, high-effort equilibrium. In this situation, the forager-resource system can be shocked back and forth between these different equilibria by perturbations, generating considerable risk for foragers. We use the model to isolate the ecological conditions under which the instability of the system generates the risk that foragers will experience a shortfall of resources, and we suggest a mechanism that might lead foragers to adopt social institutions that regulate who can access a habitat as an adaptive response. As an illustration of the potential utility of the insights drawn from the model, comparisons are made with a substantial ethnographic data set.
Synthesis of the 11-membered cytochalasin ring system by modified reformatsky cyclization

Abstract Zn or SmI2 cause cyclization of 7 to 8 which can be taken on to the cytochalasan 13.
A games first approach to teaching introductory programming

In this paper we argue for using a "Game First" approach to teaching introductory programming. We believe that concerns over whether an OO approach or a procedural approach should be used first are secondary to the course assignment and example content. If examples are not compelling, student interest often lags thus making the OO versus procedural argument moot. We believe that game programming motivates most new programmers. Compelling assignments mean that students are far more likely to learn because they are interested, and the visual component allows students to see mistakes in their code as manifested in the resultant graphics. We describe our experiences after redesigning and offering a new introductory computer science sequence using 2D game development as a unifying theme. We teach fundamental programming concepts via two dimensional game development in Flash and ActionScript during the first quarter, transition to C++ to solidify concepts and add pointers during the second quarter, then teach a multi-phase project based game approach using C++ and openGL (2D graphics only) during the third quarter. Our surveys show that this approach improved student understanding of all seven basic topics examined.
Influence of Anisotropic Rock on Tunnel Stability with Consideration of Fluid-Solid Coupling

In general, rock mass is anisotropic because of presence of stratification, foliation or joints in it. In this paper we considered how the angle of anisotropy influences the stability of tunnel. By using COMSOL Multiphysics, fluid and 2D plane models are coupled to analyze stress-strain state, failure shape and water flow characteristic around tunnel for angle range from 0° to 90° with a interval of 15°. Results show that in condition of vertical force of initial stress field larger than horizontal one, failure district is maximum for θ=40° and minimum for θ=90° where the strength of horizontal direction in anisotropic rock is smaller than the vertical one. In this case failure is mainly developed in roof and bottom. When the horizontal strength of anisotropic rock is larger than the vertical, results reverse. In anisotropic rock, the more the direction of larger permeability is coincident with one of source underground water acted, the more water flows into tunnel.
PHILOSOPHY AND ITS ROLE IN MEDICINE: INAUGURATING A NEW SECTION

This section, then, has a wide potential. Searching for the sources of truth or fashioning the truth is, I have suggested, a social activity: one in which thinkers from various fields and from disparate points of view and cultures exchange and discuss various approaches in various points of view. Whether that potential is realized depends on you the writers and readers. I invite responses for all papers published in this section as, indeed, we do for any published in the Journal.
Amplitude modulation sensitivity as a mechanism for increment detection

Detectability of a tonal signal added to a tonal masker increases with increasing duration ("temporal integration"), up to some maximum duration. Initially assumed to be some form of energy integration over time, this phenomenon is now often described as the result of a statistical "multiple looks" process. For continuous maskers, listeners may also use a mechanism sensitive to changes in stimulus intensity, possibly a result of inherent sensitivity to amplitude modulation (AM). In order to examine this hypothesis, change detection was investigated in the presence of AM maskers presented at either the same carrier frequency as the target signal or at a distant frequency. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that listeners detect intensity increments by using change-detection mechanisms (modeled here as the outputs of a bank of modulation filters) sensitive to envelope modulation at both low (4-16 Hz) and high (around 100 Hz) rates. AM masking occurred even when the masker was at a carrier frequency more than two octaves above that of the signal to be detected. This finding is also compatible with the hypothesis that similar mechanisms underlie sensitivity to AM (where across-frequency masking is commonly shown) and detection of intensity increments.
Binding of TATA Binding Protein to a Naturally Positioned Nucleosome Is Facilitated by Histone Acetylation

The TATA sequence of the human, estrogen-responsive pS2 promoter is complexed in vivo with a rotationally and translationally positioned nucleosome (NUC T). Using a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, we demonstrate that TATA binding protein (TBP) does not detectably interact with this genomic binding site in MCF-7 cells in the absence of transcriptional stimuli. Estrogen stimulation of these cells results in hyperacetylation of both histones H3 and H4 within the pS2 chromatin encompassing NUC T and the TATA sequence. Concurrently, TBP becomes associated with the pS2 promoter region. The relationship between histone hyperacetylation and the binding of TBP was assayed in vitro using an in vivo-assembled nucleosomal array over the pS2 promoter. With chromatin in its basal state, the binding of TBP to the pS2 TATA sequence at the edge of NUC T was severely restricted, consistent with our in vivo data. Acetylation of the core histones facilitated the binding of TBP to this nucleosomal TATA sequence. Therefore, we demonstrate that one specific, functional consequence of induced histone acetylation at a native promoter is the alleviation of nucleosome-mediated repression of the binding of TBP. Our data support a fundamental role for histone acetylation at genomic promoters in transcriptional activation by nuclear receptors and provide a general mechanism for rapid and reversible transcriptional activation from a chromatin template.
A Mechanism of Susceptibility to Mucormycosis in Diabetic Ketoacidosis Transferrin and Iron Availability

The defect in host defense that makes the diabetic ketoacidotic (DKA) patient susceptible to mucormycosis has not been identified. Sera from 10 DKA patients and three normal volunteers were tested for their capacity to support the in vitro growth of a common etiologie agent of mucormycosis, Rhizopus oryzae . After equilibration with room air none of the normal or DKA sera, each of which was now extremely alkaline, supported growth of R. oryzae . When the sera were placed in a CO2 atmosphere that permitted simulation of the in vivo clinical pH (normal 7.40 and DKA 7.3–6.6), four of seven DKA sera supported profuse fungal growth. No growth occurred in normal serum. The three DKA sera that did not support fungal growth at pH ≤7.3 contained less iron (× = 13 μg/dl) than the four sera that supported profuse fungal growth (× = 69 μg/dl). Increasing the iron content of iron-poor DKA serum that did not support R. oryzae growth allowed profuse growth at acidotic conditions but not at pH ≥7.4. Simulated acidotic conditions (pH 7.3–6.6) also decreased the iron-binding capacity of normal serum stepwise from 266 μg/dl to 0. Our data indicate that acidosis temporarily disrupts the capacity of transferrin to bind iron and suggest that this alteration abolishes an important host defense mechanism that permits growth of R. oryzae .
Modeling flows and solute redistribution resulting from small transverse accelerations in Bridgman growth

Abstract An approximate analytical model has been developed to describe the two-dimensional flow field and its effect on solute redistribution during horizontal Bridgman growth at very small Grashof numbers. The purpose of the model is to examine the effects of small residual accelerations in attempts to grow crystals under diffusion limited conditions in a microgravity environment. Also, the model provides insight into the interplay of the various parameters involved and allows scaling laws to be formulated. The model is quite accurate provided the buoyancy-induced flows do not significantly alter the density field. For dilute systems this requires Gr Pr g in the transverse direction can produce significant solute redistribution, even in systems of modest size ( ∼ 1 cm in diameter). Some relief can be obtained by configuring the system to lessen the coupling between the flow and solute fields as discussed in this paper. Also, transverse accelerations can be minimized by orienting the furnace axis along the residual acceleration vector. If properly oriented, the residual acceleration might also help stabilize the system against the smaller transverse accelerations that can arise due to the small variations in the residual acceleration vector.
Gender Differences in Factors Contributing to Institutional Misconduct

Importation and deprivation theories are typically offered to explain the process by which inmates adjust to prison environments. Nearly all prior empirical tests of these theories have exclusively...
Formation of muscle spindles in the absence of motor innervation.

Abstract Whether muscle spindles can form in muscles innervated only by afferents was investigated by removing the lumbosacral segment of the spinal cord immediately after crushing the nerve to the medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle in newborn rats, and administering nerve growth factor for 10 days afterwards. The nerve-crushed MG muscles reinnervated by afferents in the absence of motor innervation were examined at postnatal (P) days 7, 9 and 30 for the presence of spindles by light and electron miscroscope. Reinnervated MG muscles contained spindle-like encapsulations of 1–4 fibers at 7, 9 and 30 days after the nerve crush. The number of spindles exceeded that of normal MG muscles, suggestive of de novo formation of spindles. All nerve-muscle contacts in the spindles had features of sensory endings, and intrafusal fibers expressed the spindle-specific slow-tonic myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform at P30. No motor endplates were visible on any muscle fibers and extrafusal fibers were atrophied, as would be predicted in the absence of motor innervation. Thus, efferents are not essential for the formation and differentiation of muscle spindles in reinnervated muscles of neonatal rats.
Results of a Joint NOAA/NASA Sounder Simulation Study

This paper presents the results of a joint NOAA and NASA sounder simulation study in which the accuracies of atmospheric temperature profiles and surface skin temperature measuremnents retrieved from two sounders were compared: (1) the currently used IR temperature sounder HIRS2 (High-resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder 2); and (2) the recently proposed high-spectral-resolution IR sounder AMTS (Advanced Moisture and Temperature Sounder). Simulations were conducted for both clear and partial cloud conditions. Data were analyzed at NASA using a physical inversion technique and at NOAA using a statistical technique. Results show significant improvement of AMTS compared to HIRS2 for both clear and cloudy conditions. The improvements are indicated by both methods of data analysis, but the physical retrievals outperform the statistical retrievals.
Rayleigh range and the M 2 factor for Bessel–Gauss beams

The M2 factor of Bessel–Gauss beams derived by Borghi and Santarsiero [ Opt. Lett.22, 262–264 (1997)] is shown to predict the e-2 axial position rather than the half-intensity position of the on-axis intensity as the Rayleigh range divided by M2 for large values of ktw0. For small values of ktw0, the half-intensity axial position of the J0 Bessel–Gauss beam is the Rayleigh range divided by M2. Also, the ratio of the half-intensity lengths of J0 Bessel–Gauss and comparable Gaussian beams having the same radial size of their central regions is shown to be M2/1.3. For equal input powers and large ktw0, the values of peak intensity times effective range for J0 Bessel–Gauss beams is a constant and is a factor of 1.3 larger than the corresponding product for the comparable simple Gaussian beam.
Steady flow through asymmetric membranes

Abstract For the two special cases that the permeability of the membrane is (1) an exponential and (2) a power function of location and pressure, the pressure dependence of the current, the average permeability, and the asymmetry of permeability Δ = / — 1 were calculated on the basis of irreversible thermodynamics. The asymmetry is small in both cases. It increases rather fast for small pressure but reaches soon a slightly inclined plateau in the former case and a maximum with a small subsequent drop in the latter case. The maximum value is close to 0.5 in case 1 and about 0.2 in case 2. It is also shown that Fick's law cannot be applied to inhomogeneous or nonideal membranes.
Arsenate and Arsenite Removal by Zerovalent Iron: Effects of Phosphate, Silicate, Carbonate, Borate, Sulfate, Chromate, Molybdate, and Nitrate, Relative to Chloride

Batch tests were performed to evaluate the effects of inorganic anion competition on the kinetics of arsenate (As(V)) and arsenite (As(III)) removal by zerovalent iron (Peerless Fe0) in aqueous solution. The oxyanions underwent either sorption-dominated reactions (phosphate, silicate, carbonate, borate, and sulfate) or reduction-dominated reactions (chromate, molybdate, and nitrate) with Peerless Fe0 in the presence of As(V) or As(III), relative to chloride. Pseudo-first-order rate equations were found to describe satisfactorily both As(V) and As(III) removal kinetics in the presence of each competing anion. Of the oxyanions tested for Peerless Fe0 in the pH range from 7 to 9, phosphate caused the greatest decrease in As removal rate (7.0 × 10-3 to 18.5 × 10-3 h-1) relative to chloride (34.9 × 10-3 to 36.2 × 10-3 h-1). Silicate, chromate, and molybdate also caused strong inhibition of As removal, followed by carbonate and nitrate, whereas borate and sulfate only caused slight inhibition to As(III) removal...
Time-Dependent Directional Correlation of 1.1-hr Pb 204

A study is made of an effect attributable to the interaction of the electric quadrupole moment of the 0.27 \ensuremath{\mu}sec level of ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{204}$ with the crystalline electric field in metallic, polycrystalline, thallium in which 68-min ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{204}$ is produced by ($p, 2n$) reaction. The directional anisotropy in the rate of delayed coincidences between the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ ray preceding the 0.27 \ensuremath{\mu}sec state and the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays following the state is observed as a function of the delay time. Although some discrepancy between the observed function and theory is found, the time dependence suggests a coupling frequency $\frac{eQ(\frac{{\ensuremath{\partial}}^{2}V}{\ensuremath{\partial}{z}^{2}})}{h}$ of 12 Mc/sec. Measurements of the directional correlation between the two gamma rays in prompt coincidence following the 0.27 \ensuremath{\mu}sec state supports the assignment, by Krohn and Raboy, of spin 4 to that state and of some mixing of $M3$ with the dominantly $E2$, 371-kev gamma ray. Evidence of prompt $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays of several energies, following $K$-capture in 12-hr ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{204}$, is also found.
Measurement and modeling of multiple substrate oxidation by methanotrophs at 20 °C

Earlier experiments have shown that when Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b was grown at 30 °C, greater growth and degradation of chlorinated ethenes was observed under particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO)-expressing conditions than sMMO-expressing conditions. The effect of temperature on the growth and ability of methanotrophs to degrade chlorinated ethenes, however, has not been examined, particularly temperatures more representative of groundwater systems. Thus, experiments were performed at 20 °C to examine the effect of mixtures of trichloroethylene, trans-dichloroethylene and vinyl chloride in the presence of methane on the growth and ability of Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b cells to degrade these pollutants. Although the maximal rates of chlorinated ethane degradation were greater by M. trichosporium OB3b expressing sMMO as compared with the same cell expressing pMMO, the growth and ability of sMMO-expressing cells to degrade these cosubstrates was substantially inhibited in their presence as compared with the same cell expressing pMMO. The Δ model developed earlier was found to be useful for predicting the effect of chlorinated ethenes on the growth and ability of M. trichosporium OB3b to degrade these compounds at a growth temperature of 20 °C. Finally, it was also discovered that at 20 °C, cells expressing pMMO exhibited faster turnover of methane than sMMO-expressing cells, unlike that found earlier at 30 °C, suggesting that temperature may exert selective pressure on methanotrophic communities to express sMMO or pMMO.
Wizards' dialogue strategies to handle noisy speech recognition

This paper reports on a novel approach to the design and implementation of a spoken dialogue system. A human subject, or wizard, is presented with input of the sort intended for the dialogue system, and selects from among a set of pre-defined actions. The wizard has access to hypotheses generated by noisy automated speech recognition and queries a database with them using partial matching. During the ambitious study reported here, different wizards exhibited different behaviors, elicited different degrees of caller affinity for the system, and achieved different degrees of accuracy on retrieval of the requested items. Our data illustrates that wizards did not trust automated speech recognition hypotheses when they could not lead to a correct database match, and instead asked informed questions. The wealth of data and the richness of the interactions are a valuable resource with which to model expert wizard behavior.
No role of the dopamine transporter in acute ethanol effects on striatal dopamine dynamics.

The acute effects of ethanol on dopamine (DA) release and clearance in the caudate–putamen were evaluated in wild-type and dopamine transporter (DAT) knockout (DAT-KO) mice, using microdialysis and voltammetry. Dialysate DA levels were elevated, ∼80% above baseline levels, after administration of 2 g/kg ethanol in both wild-type and DAT-KO mice. In brain slices containing the caudate–putamen, a low (20 mM) concentration of ethanol produced no change in electrically stimulated DA release in either wild-type or DAT-KO mice. A high concentration (200 mM) of ethanol caused a similar decrease in DA release in slices from both types of mice. DA clearance was unaltered across the genotypes at low and high concentrations of ethanol. The fact that ethanol had similar effects in wild-type and DAT-KO mice, measured by in vivo microdialysis or brain slice voltammetry, supports the idea that acute ethanol does not interact with the DAT to produce its effects on the DA system. Synapse 60:288–294, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Survival rate of mice after transient colonization with Escherichia coli clones carrying variant Shiga-like toxin type II operons.

Abstract We have previously employed a streptomycin-treated mouse model to demonstrate that Escherichia coli clones expressing particular variant Shiga-like toxin type II operons differ in oral virulence, as judged by median survival time. Differences in virulence were not seen between all toxin variants, including two which differed significantly in cytotoxicity for Vero cells. In the present study, we have modified the animal model by withdrawing antibiotic selection and reintroducing normal mouse intestinal flora at various times after oral challenge with three different variant SLT-II-producing clones. This resulted in a transient colonization more akin to that seen in natural human infections. This has enabled detection of significant differences in survival rate between mice challenged with E. coli clones producing different SLT-II variants, which were not observed when colonization was maintained at high levels.
Implementing a user interface as a system of attributes

In a syntax directed editor, or programming environment using a graphical user interface, how do you keep the display and other aspects of the user interface up to date with changes to the underlying abstract syntax tree? This paper addresses this question by showing how existing incremental attribute evaluation techniques can be combined with graphical techniques to allow a user interface to be managed automatically as a system of attributes. In a nutshell, presentations can be described and implemented by small pseudocode fragments for a special purpose graphics pseudomachine. The control and composition of these code fragments, and hence the presentations which they implement, is done as an attribute computation.
The Susceptibility to Surface Corrosion in Acidic Fluoride Media: A Comparison of Diamond, HOPG, and Glassy Carbon Electrodes

The chemical inertness and corrosion resistance of a boron‐doped diamond thin film electrode, grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), have been studied during potential cycling (PC) for 2 h in a solution of at 50°C. Similar experiments were performed on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and glassy carbon (GC), for comparison. The physicochemical properties of the electrode surface were characterized before and after PC by cyclic voltammetry, optical and scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and ac impedance spectroscopy. The results indicated that the diamond electrode possesses a superior degree of chemical inertness and corrosion resistance, has no microstructural damage nor was surface oxidation observed after PC. HOPG and GC surfaces, on the other hand, exhibited severe corrosion in the form of surface cavitation, pitting, and oxidation. The relative degree of microstructural damage and surface oxidation increased in the order of diamond . This work represents some of the initial efforts at systematically characterizing how the physical, chemical, and electronic properties of conductive diamond thin films are affected during exposure to electrochemical conditions (i.e., solvent, electrolyte, and applied potential).
Bhangra moves: from Ludhiana to London and beyond

Bhangra moves: from Ludhiana to London and beyond, by Anjali Gera Roy, Surrey, Ashgate, 2010, 304 pp., US$ 114.95 (hardback), ISBN 9780754658238 Bhangra Moves is a wide-ranging and erudite contribu...
Amylase production by mucor pusillus and humicola lanuginosa as related to mycelial growth

Mycelial dry weights of Mucor pusillus and Humicola lanuginosa reached maxima after two and eight days of incubation, respectively, in starch-yeast media. Maximum levels of extracellular amylase activities measured in the growth media were recorded after three to 11 days of incubation of M. pusillus, and after 9–25 days of incubation of H. lanuginosa, periods corresponding to observed reductions in mycelial dry weights. In both cases, abnormally high concentrations of reducing sugars were measured in the growth media prior to the attainment of maximum mycelial dry weight. It is suggested that a membrane-bound form of amylase might be principally responsible for providing reducing sugars necessary for growth, and extracellular amylase might be due principally to autolysis.
Computational Models for Texture Analysis and Synthesis

In this paper, binary and gray-level natural textures are synthesized using several methods. The quality of the natural texture simulations depends on the computation time for data collection, computation time for generation, and storage used in each process. Many textures are adequately simulated using simple models thus providing a potentially great information compression for many applications. Other textures with macrostructure and nonstationary characteristics require more extensive computation to synthesize visually pleasing results. Although the success of texture synthesis is highly dependent on the texture itself and the modeling method chosen, general conclusions regarding the performance of various techniques are given.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Speech, vocabulary, and the education of children using cochlear implants: oral or total communication?

This study examines the relationship between the teaching method, oral or total communication, used at children's schools and children's consonant-production accuracy and vocabulary development ove...
Electrostatic inchworm microsystem with long range translation

The general design, fabrication, and development of an electrostatic translational microstage based on the inchworm principal of actuation is presented. The microstage is incorporated in a complete microsystem package that allows long range translation of the microstage through consecutive clamping to either an oscillating driver arm or stationary substrate. Actuation step size is user adjustable from 0.05 to 2 μm through the addition of a supplementary electrostatic actuator that controls the oscillation amplitude of the driver arm. Voltage to the microstage is delivered through coupled series capacitors allowing all external electrical connections to reside on the stationary substrate and allowing the microstage to translate free from the mechanical disturbances caused by direct electrical wiring. The inchworm microsystem is capable of arbitrarily large translation distances with nanometer resolution.
Cation-Exchange resin-catalyzed addition of methanol to benzoylated 1,5-anhydro-2-deoxy-d-hex-1-enitols

Abstract 1,5-Anhydro-3,4,6-tri-O-benzoyl-2-deoxy- d -arabino-hex-1-enitol (1) was boiled under reflux with methanol and AG 50W-X8 cation-exchange resin. A two-product mixture of glycosides (2 and 3) was obtained in 38% yield, together with 19% of unreacted material. 1,5-Anhydro-3,6-di-O-benzoyl-2-deoxy- d -arabino-hex-1-enitol (7) was prepared from 1,5-anhydro-2-deoxy- d -arabino-hex-1-enitol by selective benzoylation, from which the corresponding 4-methanesulfonate 8 was obtained. Treatment of 8 with sodium benzoate in hexamethylphosphoric triamide for 72 h at 100° afforded 1,5-anhydro-3,4,6-tri-O-benzoyl-2-deoxy- d -lyxo-hex-1-enitol (9) in 52% yield. An unknown byproduct (B), tentatively shown to be a tri-O-benzoyl- d -hex-2-enopyranose analog, was also isolated in 14% yield. The 270-MHz n.m.r. spectrum of B was analyzed in terms of its J1,3, J2,4, and J4,5 coupling constants in relation to the various configurational and conformational possibilities for hex-2-enopyranoses, and was identified as 1,4,6-tri-O-benzoyl-2,3-dideoxy-α- d -threo-hex-2-enopyranose having the oH5 conformation. The analysis presented should also be applicable to pent-2-enopyranose systems. When 9 was treated with methanol in the presence of AG 50W-X8 cation-exchange resin, a mixture of glycosides 4 and 5 was obtained in 47% yield. The low yields were attributed to methanolysis of the benzoyl groups during the reaction.
Differential neuroendocrine responses to chronic variable stress in adult Long Evans rats exposed to handling-maternal separation as neonates

Summary Burgeoning evidence supports a preeminent role for early- and late-life stressors in the development of physio- and psychopathology. Handling-maternal separation (HMS) in neonatal Long Evans hooded rats leads to stable phenotypes ranging from resilient to vulnerable to later stressor exposure. Handling with 180 min of maternal separation yields a phenotype of stress hyper-responsiveness associated with facilitation of regional CRF neurocircuits and glucocorticoid resistance. This study assessed whether or not prolonged HMS (180 min/day, HMS180) on post-natal days 2–14 sensitizes the adult limbic hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (LHPA) axis to chronic variable stress (CS) compared to brief HMS (15 min/day, HMS15). We examined regional mRNA densities of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), its receptor CRF1, glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR); regional CRF1 and CRF2α binding, and pituitary–adrenal responses to an acute air-puff startle (APS) stressor in four groups: HMS15, nonstressed; HMS15, stressed; HMS180, nonstressed; HMS180, stressed. As expected we observed exaggerated pituitary–adrenal responses to APS, increased regional CRF mRNA density, decreased regional CRF1 binding, and decreased cortical GR mRNA density in nonstressed HMS180 vs. HMS15 animals. However, in contrast to our hypothesis, CS decreased pituitary–adrenal reactivity and central amygdala CRF mRNA density in HMS180 rats, while increasing cortical GR mRNA density and CRF1 binding. CS had no effect on the pituitary–adrenal response to APS in HMS15 rats, despite tripling hypothalamic paraventricular CRF mRNA density. The data suggest that many effects of prolonged HMS are reversible in adulthood by CS, while the neuroendocrine adaptations imbued by brief HMS are sufficiently stable to restrain pituitary–adrenal stress responses even following CS.
Measuring segmented primary mirror WFE in the presence of vibration and thermal drift on the light-weighted JWST

The light-weighted design of the Optical Telescope Element (OTE) of the James Webb Telescope (JWST) leads to additional sensitivity to vibration from the ground – an important consideration to the measurement uncertainty of the wavefront error (WFE) in the primary mirror. Furthermore, segmentation of the primary mirror leads to rigid-body movements of segment areas in the WFE. The ground vibrations are minimized with modifications to the test facility, and by the architecture of the equipment supporting the load. Additional special test equipment (including strategically placed isolators, tunable mass dampers, and cryogenic magnetic dampers) mitigates the vibration and the response sensitivity before reaching the telescope. A multi-wavelength interferometer is designed and operated to accommodate the predicted residual vibration. Thermal drift also adds to the measurement variation. Test results of test equipment components, measurement theory, and finite element analysis combine to predict the test uncertainty in the future measurement of the primary mirror. The vibration input to the finite element model comes from accelerometer measurements of the facility with the environmental control pumps operating. One of the isolators have been built and tested to validate the dynamic performance. A preliminary model of the load support equipment and the OTE with the Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM) is complete. The performance of the add-on dampers have been established in previous applications. And operation of the multi-wavelength interferometer was demonstrated on a scaled hardware version of the JWST in an environment with vibration and thermal drift.
IDENTITY, MORALITY AND FANTASY IN THE WORKS OF BRUNO BETTELHEIM: IMPLICATIONS FOR RELIGIOUS EDUCATION

This analysis of the works of Bettelheim finds three areas of intersection with religious education: identity formation, moral education, and the role of fantasy and ritual. Bettelheim's theory of identity formation came from reflection on his personal experience as a concentration camp survivor. He claimed that prisoners in the camps lost their identity. He sought to inversely foster identity formation in autistic children by creating an environment that built autonomy as opposed to the environment of the camps. His studies on the role of the environment in the formation of selfhood lead to conclusions on identity formation in religious education. Bettelheim critiqued moral education and advocated the teaching of morality by example. Morality should not be imposed as a system of rules, but should follow from love. This paper identifies how Bettelheim's explanation of the ways in which fantasy works to facilitate the formation of the self through meaning attainment is important for religious education.
The Importance of Body Stiffness in Undulatory Propulsion

During steady swimming in fish, the dynamic form taken by the axial undulatory wave may depend on the bending stiffness of the body. Previous studies have suggested the hypothesis that fish use their muscles to modulate body stiffness. In order to expand the theoretical and experimental tools available for testing this hypothesis, we explored the relationship between body stiffness, muscle activity, and undulatory waveform in the mechanical context of dynamically bending beams. We propose that fish minimize the mechanical cost of bending by increasing their body stiffness, which would allow them to tune their body's natural frequency to match the tailbeat frequency at a given swimming speed. A review of the literature reveals that the form of the undulatory wave, as measured by propulsive wavelength, is highly variable within species, a result which calls into question the use of propulsive wavelength as a species-specific indicator of swimming mode. At the same time, the smallest wavelength within a species is inversely proportional to the number of vertebrae across taxa ( r 2 = 0.21). In order to determine if intact fish bodies are capable of increasing bending stiffness, we introduce a method for stimulating muscle in the body of a dead fish while it is being cyclically bent at physiological frequencies. The bending moment (N m) and angular displacement (radians) are measured during dynamic bending with and without muscle stimulation. Initial results from these whole body work loops demonstrate that largemouth bass possess the capability to increase body stiffness by using their muscles to generate negative mechanical work.
Electron paramagnetic resonance nitroxide spin labeling of ceramic and metal oxide surface hydroxyls, and use in studying surface molecular dynamics vs. temperature, solvent, and polymer additive

Abstract A method of covalently attaching a number of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin probes to surface hydroxyl groups of eleven different types of ceramic and metal oxide substrates is presented. The attachment involves a simple dehydration reaction between the surface sites and spin label hydroxyl groups. The covalent attachment is stable in aprotic anhydrous solvents and holds great promise for the investigation of many phenomena at the liquid/solid interface. This method of probing local viscosity and mobility of surface bound species has important practical applications to the study of oligomers or polymers grafted to surfaces, reverse phase chromatography, surfactants, and many heterogeneous catalyst substrates. This paper will also demonstrate the application of the above technique to the study of (a) the dynamics of surfacebound species, and (b) the local viscosities of solvents and solvent—polymer systems at interfaces. EPR spectra of three common commercially available spin labels, TEMPOL, 5-DOXYL, and 12-DOXYL, attached to silica and alumina surfaces, clearly show temperature and solvent dependencies. The dynamics of these probes are investigated with diethyl ether, cyclohexane, and benzene, over temperatures from −140°C to near the solvent boiling point. The effect of 3 wt.% poly(octadecyl methacrylate) (PODM) on these systems is also examined.
Attributing Dispositions to Children: An Interactional Analysis of Attribution in Socialization

This article examines research on dispositional attributions about children and its contribution to knowledge of both socialization and attribution processes. Because dispositional attributions reflect the interdependent behaviors that characterize parent-child and other relationships, they may depend as much on processes that regulate behavior as on processes that regulate inference. Attributions about children (partners) depend on the goals, dispositions, and social skills of parents (perceivers) because these systematically influence children's (partners) behavior Once formulated, adults' dispositional attributions influence (a) their reactions to children, and thus children's socialization experiences, and (b) children's views of themselves and how they should act. These effects may help explain culture and gender-specific socialization, normal and dysfunctional parenting, child effects on parent behavior, and the child's internalization of parents' values and views of the child.
EDR 2 : A sink failure resilient approach for WSNs

Data collection, redistribution and retrieval are essential components of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In dense WSN deployments, the sensor data are usually sent to a sink that can be reached through one or multiple hops. In the case where communications with the sink are disrupted due to various reasons, the data must be stored in the network for later retrieval. When considering in-network storage, we must redistribute the data among an energy-constrained network with sensors that have a low storage capacity. In previous works, the data redistribution problem has been studied, but the focus was only on the redistribution costs while the data retrieval costs (which have been analyzed in other works as an independent problem) were ignored. We recognize that these two problems should be studied in concert and therefore, in this paper, we combine both data redistribution and retrieval into a single problem. We propose a graph transformation, formulate the problem as a minimum cost flow optimization problem and use linear programming to find the optimal solution. Moreover, we introduce an algorithm named EDR2: energy-efficient data redistribution and retrieval. EDR2 is a distributed energy-efficient algorithm for in-network storage and later retrieval in WSNs. To evaluate our solution on a large scale, we modeled different scenarios in a 400-node network, used the GNU Linear Programming Kit (GLPK) to obtain the optimal solutions, and ran simulations to find the solutions using our algorithm. Finally, we implemented EDR2 using real sensors to demonstrate the feasibility of our algorithm. We compared EDR2 with two heuristic algorithm and show that our approach is an energy-efficient solution for node selection when redistributing data in a WSN for eventual retrieval.
Social–Cognitive Alternatives to Dissociation Theories of Hypnotic Involuntariness:

Three social–cognitive models are presented as alternatives to dissociation theories of hypnotic involuntariness. In Model I, people are seen as intentionally enacting responses without being aware...
Adjusting N-Terminal Pro-Brain Type Natriuretic Peptide Levels for Ventricular Mass Improves Prediction of Right Atrial Pressure and Cardiac Index in Patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Purpose Elevated N-Terminal Pro-Brain Type Natriuretic Peptide (NT-ProBNP) levels correlate with filling pressures and prognosis in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Since NT-ProBNP is predominantly produced by the ventricular myocardium in response to wall stress, we hypothesized that adjusting NT-ProBNP for left and right ventricular mass index would improve prediction of right atrial pressure (RAP) and cardiac index in PAH patients. Methods and Materials We reviewed our cardiac MRI (CMRI) and clinical databases to identify PAH patients who had CMRI, catheterization and NT-ProBNP levels obtained. Left and right ventricular mass was measured by CMRI and indexed for body surface area. NT-ProBNP levels and NT-ProBNP levels adjusted for left and right ventricular mass index were correlated to invasive RAP, PAP, RVEF and end diastolic volume index (RVEDVI). Results 46 PAH patients (57±15yrs, 80% female) were included. Invasive hemodynamics revealed mean PAP 43±12 mmHg, mean RAP 9±6 mmHg, and cardiac index 2.83±0.69 L/min/m2. RVEF was 41±15% and NT-ProBNP levels were 1830±2455 pg/ml. Unadjusted NT-ProBNP correlated relatively poorly with RAP (r=0.25, P=0.103), mean PAP (r=0.148, P=0.336) and cardiac index (r=-0.18, P=0.239). However, NT-ProBNP adjusted for ventricular mass correlated better with both RAP (r=0.46, P=0.004) and cardiac index (r=-0.46, P=0.003) and was a marginally better predictor of PAP (r=0.22, P=0.18). Both NT-ProBNP levels and adjusted NT-ProBNP correlated significantly with RVEF (r=-0.55, P Conclusions Adjusting NT-ProBNP for left and right ventricular mass index improved prediction of invasive RAP and cardiac index in patients with PAH versus ‘raw’ NT-ProBNP levels alone. Future studies are warranted to determine whether adjusted NT-ProBNP may be a better predictor of outcomes in PAH patients.
Indole-3-carbinol and 3,3'-diindolylmethane induce expression of NAG-1 in a p53-independent manner.

Abstract Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), present in cruciferous vegetables, and its major in vivo product 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM), have been reported to suppress cancer development. However, the responsible molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene-1 (NAG-1) is a TGF-β superfamily gene associated with pro-apoptotic and anti-tumorigenic activities. The present study was performed to investigate whether I3C and DIM influence NAG-1 expression and to provide the potential molecular mechanism of their effects on anti-tumorigenesis. The I3C repressed cell proliferation and induced NAG-1 expression in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, DIM increased the expression of NAG-1 as well as activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), and the induction of ATF3 was earlier than that of NAG-1. The DIM treatment increased luciferase activity of NAG-1 in HCT-116 cells transfected with NAG-1 promoter construct. The results suggest that I3C represses cell proliferation through up-regulation of NAG-1 and that ATF3 may play a pivotal role in DIM-induced NAG-1 expression in human colorectal cancer cells. Furthermore, the mixture of I3C with resveratrol enhances NAG-1 expression, suggesting the synergistic effect of these two unrelated compounds on NAG-1 expression.
Mobile π Electrons From Donors and Acceptors

Abstract Concepts that evolved over the years for the design of organic metals and superconductors based on electron donor-acceptor charge transfer complexes are described. The preparation and complete characterization of three new acceptors; p-hexacyano divinylbenzene (HCDV), i-hexacyano divinylbenzene (i-HCDV) and 1,3,5-nonacyano trivinylbenzene (NCTV) are described. These were designed with different properties in mind. The latter for the preparation of organic ferromagnets based on the Breslow modification of the McConnell model.
Appendicitis in obese children

During the past two decades, the incidence of childhood obesity has increased at alarming rates throughout the world. Obesity is associated with a variety of physiological changes that may impair a patient’s response to surgery. With the rising rates of childhood obesity, pediatric surgeons must appreciate differences in the management and outcomes of these patients. Difficult physical examination, elevated inflammatory blood markers, and negative influence of obesity on the detection rate of the appendix on ultrasound have been reported causing diagnostic challenging of appendicitis in obese children. Moreover, obesity is associated with longer hospital stay and higher morbidity and minimal invasive techniques’ superior outcomes over open technique in children undergoing appendectomy.
Photophysics and Biological Applications of 7-Azaindole and Its Analogs

7-Azaindole is the chromophoric moiety of 7-azatryptophan, which is an alternative to tryptophan as an optical probe of protein structure and dynamics. The great power of the 7-azaindole chromophore is that it is red shifted both in absorption and emission from tryptophan, that its fluorescence decay is single exponential in water under appropriate conditions, and that its emission is sensitive to solvent. In addition, 7-azatryptophan can be incorporated into synthetic peptides and bacterial protein. In this article, the interactions of 7-azaindole with its environment are discussed. Special attention is directed to the difference in its fluorescence properties in water as opposed to nonaqueous solvents. The sensitivity of 7-azaindole to its environment is demonstrated and then exploited by studying it and its analogs in peptides and in complexes with larger proteins containing many tryptophan residues.
Development and test of a fractional sampling system for diesel engine particulate measurement

Diesel engine particulate certification, heretofore limited to on-highway truck engines, will be expanded in scope beginning in 1996. Mini-dilution tunnels have been the European and Japanese systems of choice for dilute particulate emissions certification for non-US truck diesel engines. However, repeatability, steady-state test correlation versus full dilution systems, portability, sampling time, size, and system cost have precluded universal industry and regulatory acceptance of existing mini-system designs. To address corporate particulate measurement needs, the author developed a device known internally as the Micro-Dilution Particulate Measurement System, which meets the following objectives: (1) correlation with full dilution systems within ISO 8178 equivalency standards, (2) short sampling time, (3) reduced setup effort, and (4) excellent portability. Since the system is a true fractional sampler, it is insensitive to engine size, requiring only a simple stack probe change to provide accurate, representative steady-state diesel stack sampling on any size diesel engine.
Conservation of the primary structure at the 3′ end of 18S rRNA from eucaryotic cells

Abstract DNA sequencing methods have been used to determine a sequence of about 20 nucleotides at the 3′ termini of various 18S (small ribosomal subunit) RNA molecules. Polyadenylated rRNA was first synthesized using the enzyme ATP:polynucleotidyl transferase from maize. Then in the presence of an oligonucleotide primer uniquely complementary to the end of each adenylated rRNA, a cDNA copy was produced using AMV reverse transcriptase. In every case, the cDNA transcript was of finite size, which we ascribe to the appearance of an oligonucleotide containing m 2 6 A near the 3′ end of the 18 S rRNAs. Sequences at the 3′ termini of 18S rRNA molecules from the four eucaryotic species examined here (mouse, silk worm, wheat embryo and slime mold) are highly conserved. They also exhibit strong homology to the 3′ end of E. coli 16S rRNA. Two important differences, however, are apparent. First, the 16S sequence CCUCC, implicated in mRNA binding by E. coli ribosomes, is absent from each eucaryotic rRNA sequence. Second, a purine-rich region which exhibits extensive complementarity to the 5′ noncoding regions of many eucaryotic mRNAs appears consistently.