cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Income Generation and Empowerment Pathways for Rural Women of Jagusi Parish, Uganda: A Double-Sided Sword

This paper contributes to the growing literature on women’s economic empowerment by exploring the effects of engagement in income-generating activities (IGAs) on capacity to realize self-defined goals, centered on well-being and decision-making. Women from Jagusi Parish, Uganda, participated in an innovative Card Sorting Game (CSG), choosing locally-framed empowerment scenarios that they ‘experienced’ or ‘aspired to experience’ in the future, ranking their choices. Statistical analysis compared groups of women with and without IGAs with respect to CSG choices and selected survey questions. Structural barriers of poverty and gender discrimination remain major challenges in Jagusi. Yet, many women prove to be resilient and creative in meeting their self-defined goals, while generally conforming to prevailing social and cultural norms. This study provides evidence that some women are incrementally using their IGA earnings to acquire assets, establish businesses, improve domestic relations, and participate in community affairs that ultimately may sidestep discriminatory laws and norms to allow women to exercise increased political and economic influence.
Li9.54Si1.74(P1-xSbx)1.44S11.7Cl0.3: A functionally stable sulfide solid electrolyte in air for solid-state batteries

Abstract The air stability of a new family of sulfide solid state electrolytes of Li9.54Si1.74(P1-xSbx)1.44S11.7Cl0.3 (LS(Sb)PS) is reported. The Sb doping further improves the ionic conductivity and cycling stability of the Li9.54Si1.74P1.44S11.7Cl0.3 (LSPS). The air stability of LS(Sb)PS is tested by both material characterization and electrochemical techniques. The structure and electrochemical property of LS(Sb)PS are maintained after 1-hour air exposure in an extreme humidity environment. The lithium metal anode solid-state battery with LiNi0.83Mn0.06Co0.11O2(NMC811) as the cathode and LS(Sb)PS as the electrolyte delivers a high specific capacity and shows a high capacity-retention after cycling.
Ontology and Arbitrariness

In many different ontological debates, anti-arbitrariness considerations push one towards two opposing extremes. For example, in debates about mereology, one may be pushed towards a maximal ontolog...
Induction experiences of novice teachers and their coaches

This mixed-methods study explores the experiences and influence of induction on novice teachers. The authors quantitatively analyze survey data from over two thousand novice teachers and a thousand...
Resurgence of phosphotyrosine binding domains: Structural and functional properties essential for understanding disease pathogenesis.

Abstract Background Phosphotyrosine Binding (PTB) Domains, usually found on scaffold proteins, are pervasive in many cellular signaling pathways. These domains are the second-largest family of phosphotyrosine recognition domains and since their initial discovery, dozens of PTB domains have been structurally determined. Scope of review Due to its signature sequence flexibility, PTB domains can bind to a large variety of ligands including phospholipids. PTB peptide binding is divided into classical binding (canonical NPXY motifs) and non-classical binding (all other motifs). The first atypical PTB domain was discovered in cerebral cavernous malformation 2 (CCM2) protein, while only one third in size of the typical PTB domain, it remains functionally equivalent. Major conclusions PTB domains are involved in numerous signaling processes including embryogenesis, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis, while dysfunction is linked to major disorders including diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, Alzheimer's disease, and strokes. PTB domains may also be essential in infectious processes, currently responsible for the global pandemic in which viral cellular entry is suspected to be mediated through PTB and NPXY interactions. General significance We summarize the structural and functional updates in the PTB domain over the last 20 years in hopes of resurging interest and further analyzing the importance of this versatile domain.
Claimless Claimants and the Preclusion Premium: Troubling Trends in Class Action Settlements

In class action practice, settlements play a central role. As in all litigation, the parties on both sides see settlement as a way to make peace and avoid the risk associated with going to trial. Class settlements, however, offer defendants something that they cannot obtain by any other means—namely, the ability to cause individuals not in front of the court to release all claims that relate to the events at issue in the class action. Given the preclusive effects a class settlement carries with it, defendants are likely willing to pay some “preclusion premium” to ensure that the settlement covers as many claimants and claims as possible. Though the class counsel should theoretically accept this preclusion premium and agree to settle only when it represents the best outcome for all class members, present and absent, recent developments indicate that the theory does not match practice. This Note explores the recent trend of class settlements that include “claimless claimants,” individuals who clearly do not possess any viable claim in the settling court. This Note argues that by agreeing to include claimless claimants in settlement classes, class counsel increase their award while shortchanging individuals with viable claims and also sometimes unduly fleecing individuals with no viable U.S. claim out of a possible more valuable foreign claim. In these class settlements, then, some absent claimants likely do not receive the adequate representation mandated by due process and the class action rule. Furthermore, even if courts take steps to remedy this deficiency in representation, these settlements arguably face other, insurmountable legal hurdles. They may violate the Rules Enabling Act, run afoul of the presumption against the extraterritorial application of U.S. law, and fall outside the settling court’s subject-matter and personal jurisdiction.
The Morality of Fractional Reserve Banking

Scholars who consider the morality of fractional reserve banking are often critical not only because of its inflationary impact but also the impossibility of meeting all legal requirements: When deposits are loaned out, they cannot at the same time be redeemed on demand. Given the promise to return demand deposits and the impossibility to do so for all, some Christians have condemned fractional reserve banking as inherently fraudulent. This article will review fractional reserve banking and other institutional arrangements that lead to bank runs and inflation (legal tender laws, central banking, et al.) to determine if fractional reserve banking by itself is necessarily immoral. It will survey existing scholarly thought and ask the question: “Are there any circumstances where fractional reserve banking could be morally justified?” We conclude that fractional reserve banking is not necessarily immoral, when not combined with central banking and legal tender laws. Jeffrey Haymond and Ryan Beach, "The Morality of Fractional Reserve Banking," Journal of Markets & Morality 23, no. 1 (2020): 27-44.
Adverse childhood experiences and sexual victimization in adulthood

Understanding the link between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and sexual victimization (SV) in adulthood may provide important information about the level of risk for adult SV and sexual re-victimization among childhood sexual abuse (CSA) survivors. In the present paper, we explore the relationship between ACEs, including CSA, and SV in adulthood. Data from the CDC-Kaiser ACE Study were used to examine the effect of experiences of early adversity on adult SV. Adult HMO members (n=7,272) undergoing a routine health exam provided detailed information about ACEs that occurred at age 18 or younger and their experiences of SV in adulthood. Analyses revealed that as ACE score increased, so did risk of experiencing SV in adulthood. Each of the ACE variables was significantly associated with adult SV, with CSA being the strongest predictor of adult SV. In addition, for those who reported CSA, there was a cumulative increase in adult SV risk with each additional ACE experienced. As such, early adversity is a risk factor for adult SV. In particular, CSA is a significant risk factor for sexual re-victimization in adulthood, and additional early adversities experienced by CSA survivors may heighten adult SV risk above and beyond the risk associated with CSA alone. Given the interconnectedness among various experiences of early adversity, adult SV prevention actions must consider how other violence-related and non-violence-related traumatic experiences may exacerbate the risk conferred by CSA on subsequent victimization.
Modulation of granulomatous hypersensitivity. I. Characterization of T lymphocytes involved in the adoptive suppression of granuloma formation in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice.

The cellular basis of the spontaneous modulation of the granulomatous response to schistosome eggs was analyzed in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni . Spleen cells of 20 or 32 week-infected mice undergoing modulation, when transferred to 6 week-infected recipients, suppressed the maximal granulomatous response at 8 weeks. Suppression of both naturally forming asynchronous liver and synchronously induced lung lesions was achieved. Specificity of this effect was demonstrated by the suppression of egg granulomas but not antigen-coated bead granulomas developing simultaneously in the lungs of cell recipients. Further characterization showed that suppression was abrogated by pretreating transferred cells with either anti-Thy 1.2 or anti-Ia k alloantisera and C. Transfer of macrophage-depleted or fractionated T and B spleen cells confirmed that T cells alone transferred suppression. Moreover, an Ia antigen-bearing (Ia + ) subpopulation of T cells was required in the transferred population. An examination of T cells obtained from isolated, dispersed lung granulomas from control and adoptively suppressed mice revealed an increased proportion of Ia + cells in the latter. It is suggested that Ia + T cells may be involved in the local modulation of the granulomatous response.
Fishes of Texas Project Database (Version 2)

The Fishes of Texas Project (www.fishesoftexas.org) compiled Texas fish species occurrence records from 42 museum collections and applied rigorous quality control and data normalization/standardization to result in 124,415 specimen-based records collected between 1851 and 2010 by 5,924 collectors. Though Gulf of Mexico and estuarine records are included, manual georeferencing of localities focused primarily on inland (freshwater) Texas records, resulting in 88,348 records from 7,868 unique Texas inland localities, all with estimates of placement error. Though not all georeferenced, 8,460 marine (Gulf of Mexico) and 18,923 inland records from neighboring Mexican and U.S. states have been partially processed. All georeferenced records were plotted and 4,107 geographic outliers flagged as potential identification or location errors. Most flagged specimens, and often related original documentation, were examined and identifications corrected or confirmed. Data curation methodology is thoroughly documented in the website, where the dataset can be queried in diverse ways, mapped, and data downloaded. Also online are a large set of high quality fish images, collectors' field notes, specimen photos, species distribution models derived from the data, accounts of species' biology and ecology, and digital identification keys. Users can comment on any record and upload images, field notes and other documentation.
Targeting of CD45 protein tyrosine phosphatase activity to lipid microdomains on the T cell surface inhibits TCR signaling.

CD45, a transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP), can either positively or negatively regulate Src-family protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) activity invivo. It is proposed that TCR-initiated signaling requires the segregation of PTP activities from the engaged TCR, based upon the differential membrane compartmentalization on the T cell surface. To test the importance of CD45 exclusion from lipid microdomains for proper TCR signaling, a chimeric molecule was generated by fusing the CD45 cytoplasmic region, which contains the PTP domains, to the amino-terminal 12 amino acids of Lck, which target Lck to lipid microdomains. Using 3A9 T lymphocyte hybridoma (3A9H) cells whose TCR recognizes hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL), Lck-CD45 expression resulted in its targeting to lipid microdomains. The 3A9H cells expressing Lck-CD45 were reduced in their responses to HEL or co-cross-linking of CD3 and CD4, as assessed by IL-2 production and Ca2+ mobilization. Src-family PTK activity associated with lipid microdomains was also decreased. These results suggest that the segregation of CD45 from proximal TCR signaling components is necessary for TCR signaling and that the targeting of CD45 PTP activity to lipid microdomains on the T cell surface results in decreased sensitivity of TCR-mediated signaling.
Static assignment of stochastic tasks using majorization

We consider the problem of statically assigning many tasks to a (smaller) system of homogeneous processors, where a task's structure is modeled as a branching process, all tasks are assumed to have identical behavior, and the tasks may synchronize frequently. We show how the theory of majorization can be used to obtain a partial order among possible task assignments. We show that if the vector of numbers of tasks assigned to each processor under one mapping is majorized by that of another mapping, then the former mapping is better than the latter with respect to a large number of objective functions. In particular, we show how the metrics of finishing time, the space-time product, and reliability are all captured. We also apply majorization to the problem of partitioning a pool of processors for distribution among parallelizable tasks. Limitations of the approach, which include the static nature of the assignment, are also discussed.
DEATHS FROM EXERTIONAL MYOPATHY AT THE NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK FROM 1975 TO 1985

A retrospective study was conducted to determine the incidence of deaths from exertional myopathy (EM) in the hoofstock collection at the National Zoological Park (NZP) from 1975 to 1985. The diagnosis of EM was based on history, clinical signs, clinicopathological findings, gross and microscopic lesions. Only bovids, cervids, and equids were included in the study. Data were derived from the medical and pathological records of the NZP. There were 10 cases of EM during this period, but only seven deaths were directly attributable to EM. Five deaths occurred after immobilization. Two deaths occurred after improper transport, but the anesthetic history was not known in these cases. Pathologic changes consistent with EM were incidental findings in an animal killed by dogs, and in two animals euthanized because of suspected infection with Parelaphostrongylus tenuis. Only cervids and bovids were affected. There was no age or sex predilection for developing EM and deaths occurred throughout the year. Deaths asso...
Arterial access for sickle stroke predictors

Milbauer and colleagues use blood outgrowth endothelial cells and microarrays to probe lists of genes assigned to biological systems that may correlate with risk of ischemic stroke in pediatric sickle cell anemia patients and identify genes associated with inflammation as the major factor. The
Effects of Feeding Dairy Cows Protein Supplements of Varying Ruminal Degradability

Abstract Twenty-five (10 ruminally cannulated) Holstein cows averaging 82±34 d in milk were assigned to 5×5 Latin squares (21-d periods) and fed diets supplemented with one of four different proteins to assess effects on production, ruminal metabolism, omasal flow of N fractions, and degradation rates of protein supplements. Total mixed diets contained (dry matter basis) 44% corn silage, 22% alfalfa silage, 2% urea, and 31% concentrate. Five concentrate mixes were fed: 31% high-moisture shelled corn (HMSC; basal); 9% solvent soybean meal (SSBM), 22% HMSC; 10% expeller soybean meal (ESBM), 21% HMSC; 5.5% blood meal (BM), 25.5% HMSC; and 7% corn gluten meal (CGM), 24% HMSC. Diets averaged, respectively, 15.8, 19.1, 19.7, 20.3, and 19.3% crude protein. Feeding the basal diet reduced intake and yield of milk, fat-corrected milk (FCM), and all milk components compared to the protein-supplemented diets. Milk yield was higher for cows fed ESBM and CGM, fat yield was higher for cows fed SSBM and CGM, but FCM and protein yields were not different among cows fed supplemental protein. Based on omasal sampling, mean in vivo estimates of ruminal degradation rate for the crude protein in SSBM, ESBM, BM, and CGM was, respectively, 0.417, 0.179, 0.098, and 0.051/h (computed using passage rates observed for the small particle phase; mean=0.14/h), and 0.179, 0.077, 0.042, and 0.026/h (computed using a passage rate of 0.06/h). The in vivo degradation rate computed for SSBM at a passage rate=0.06/h was similar to that estimated using the inhibitor in vitro method. However, in vivo degradation rates computed at passage rate=0.06/h for ESBM, BM, and CGM were about two, four, and three times more rapid than those estimated by inhibitor in vitro. Experimental proteins fed in this trial will be used as standards for developing in vitro methods for predicting rates of ruminal protein degradation.
Dynamic priority reallocation scheme for quality of service in IEEE 802.11e WLANs

Enhanced DCF (EDCF) is currently under review as the new standard for quality of service in IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs. In EDCF, per-flow differentiation is achieved by maintaining separate queues for different traffic categories (TCs). However, due to its static QoS parameter setting, EDCF does not perform adequately under high traffic load. We present an extended performance model of EDCF and possible conditions for network getting overloaded. With this extended model, we show that the overall throughput of a network can be improved by changing the distribution of the number of active stations over a set of TCs. Hence, we propose to dynamically re-allocate flow priorities evenly in order to maintain high system performance while providing QoS guarantee for individual real-time flows. Our scheme has several interesting features: (1) Performance of EDCF is improved; (2) Low priority flows are not starved under high traffic load; (3) Misuse of priority can be easily handled. Simulations are conducted for both infrastructure-based and Ad-hoc models. Results show that dynamic priority re-allocation does not decrease throughput of real-time flows under low to medium loads, while considerable improvement over EDCF is obtained even under high loads, making it easy to support multimedia applications.© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Far Bias On the Radial Line Bisection Task: Measuring Perceptual-Attentional and Motor-Intentional Bias in Normal Subjects

Normal subjects usually err distally when bisecting radial lines below eye level in midsagittal space (far bias). To learn if a radial line bisection bias may be characterized as primarily perceptual-attentional or primarily motor-intentional, we had subjects bisect lines while watching their hand and the line under two video monitoring conditions. In the DIRECT condition, proximal (near) and distal (far) on the video monitor corresponded with the workspace where subjects bisected lines. In the INDIRECT condition, we reversed proximal and distal as they appeared on the monitor. Thus, in the indirect condition, distal hand movement appeared proximal, and vice versa. In the DIRECT condition, subjects erred toward far space (mean 2.075 mm). In the INDIRECT condition, however, subjects erred proximally (mean 1.59 mm, near bias). Distal-proximal reversal of errors over the group of subjects is consistent with a primarily perceptual-attentional bias. In lower body space, normal visual-perceptual-attentional systems may be more biased toward far space than are kinesthetic-motor systems.
Absence of strong coupling in YBa2Cu3O7 inferred from infrared conductivity

THE mechanism of superconductivity in the recently discovered layered copper oxide compounds1 is still unknown. In the conventional theory, electron pairing mediated by the exchange of low-energy bosons leads to superconductivity. If the boson energies are not too large compared to the energy gapΔ (that is, ħωo≲ 10Δ), then the interaction of the electron-pair quasiparticles with these bosons leads to an enhancement of the ratio 2ΔKTc (where Tc is the superconducting transition temperature), as well as to modifications to the spectrum of excitations above the energy gap. The term 'strong coupling' is used to denote these phenomena2,3. Infrared spectroscopy can be used to probe these modifications, and thus to measure the spectrum of mediating excitations in strongly coupled superconductors. Here we report infrared conductivity data for YBa2Cu3O7, and show that even up to energies of ≳0.3 eV there is no evidence for a pair-mediating retarded interaction of significant strength. These results suggest that a conventional picture of superconductivity, involving mediation by the exchange of bosons of energy much less than the Fermi energy (EF≈0.5eV), is unlikely to be adequate for YBa2Cu3O7.
ON THE LONG-TERM MOTION OF PLUTO

A modified periodic orbit of the third kind is introduced that is closely related to periodic orbits of the third kind as defined by Poincare. It is shown that Pluto librates about the periodic orbit with apparent stability. This further explains the librational motion of the resonant argument of Pluto and the avoidance of a Pluto-Neptune close approach as found by Cohen and Hubbard and the long-term motion of Pluto and the librational motion of the perihelion as found by Williams and Benson. With libration about a periodic orbit, the numerical solution of Williams and Benson can be extrapolated to longer times in the past and future.
Economic Autonomy and Democracy: Hybrid Regimes in Russia and Kyrgyzstan

1. Capitalism, democracy, and economic autonomy 2. The concept of economic autonomy 3. Measurement of democracy 4. Activism under the state's thumb 5. Illustrations of economic autonomy 6. Hybrid regimes.
Spatiotemporal regulation of Src and its substrates at invadosomes

In the past decade, substantial progress has been made in understanding how Src family kinases regulate the formation and function of invadosomes. Invadosomes are organized actin-rich structures that contain an F-actin core surrounded by an adhesive ring and mediate invasive migration. Src kinases orchestrate, either directly or indirectly, each phase of the invadosome life cycle including invadosome assembly, maturation and matrix degradation and disassembly. Complex arrays of Src effector proteins are involved at different stages of invadosome maturation and their spatiotemporal activity must be tightly regulated to achieve effective invasive migration. In this review, we highlight some recent progress and the challenges of understanding how Src is regulated temporally and spatially to orchestrate the dynamics of invadosomes and mediate cell invasion.
Suppressed microglial E prostanoid receptor 1 signaling selectively reduces tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6 secretion from toll-like receptor 3 activation.

Activation of innate immunity via toll-like receptors (TLRs) is associated with neurodegenerative diseases, and some effectors, like tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), directly contribute to neurodegeneration. We tested the hypothesis that prostaglandin (PG) E2 receptor subtype 1 (EP1) was necessary for the induction of microglial cytokines following the activation of innate immunity. Primary murine microglia had cytokine secretion by activators of TLR3 > TLR9 > TLR4 > TLR2. TLR3 activation induced early expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) and delayed expression of membranous PGE synthase and secretion of PGE2. Nonselective and COX2-selective inhibitors blocked TLR3 induction of TNFα and IL-6. Moreover, of the nine of twenty cytokines and chemokines induced by TLR3 activation, only TNFα and IL-6 were significantly dependent on EP1 signaling as determined using microglia from mice homozygous deficient for EP1 gene or wild-type microglia coincubated with an EP1 antagonist. These results were confirmed by blocking intracellular Ca2+ release with 2-aminoethoxy-diphenyl borate or Xestospongin C, inhibitors of IP3 receptors. Our results show that suppression of microglial EP1 signaling achieves much of the desired effect of COX inhibitors by selectively blocking TLR3-induced microglial secretion of two major effectors of paracrine neuron damage. In combination with the ability of EP1 suppression to ameliorate excitotoxicity, these data point to blockade of EP1 as an attractive candidate therapeutic for neurodegenerative diseases. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Simulation-based executive cognitive assessment and rehabilitation after traumatic frontal lobe injury: a case report.

Purpose. To investigate whether identifying specific deficits after brain injury can lead to a more focused and potentially effective cognitive rehabilitation technology.Method. Cognitive simulation assessment was undertaken in a 47-year-old man with trauma-related prefrontal damage and persisting occupational and cognitive-behavioral difficulties at 15 months post brain injury.Results. Results revealed significant difficulties in measured levels of activity, initiative, information utilization, response flexibility, and effective decision-making strategies which accorded well with his real-life complaints despite normal neuropsychological test scores. This profile of findings was then used to design a two-stage intervention program. The first stage focused on participant education and awareness about his simulation-based problem solving difficulties. In the second stage specific goals were formulated to improve problem solving impairments that were then the target of weekly training sessions using pertin...
Bone mineral density and prevalent vertebral fractures in men and women.

To test the hypothesis that the association between bone mineral density (BMD) and estimated volumetric BMD and prevalent vertebral fractures differs in men and women, we studied 317 Caucasian men and 2,067 Caucasian women (average age 73 years). A total of 43 (14%) men and 386 (19%) women had a vertebral fracture identified on lateral spine radiographs using vertebral morphometry. Hip and spine areal BMD was about 1/3 standard deviation lower among men and women with a vertebral fracture. A 0.10 g/cm2 decrease in areal BMD was associated with 30–40% increased odds of having a fracture in men and 60–70% increased likelihood in women. Low bone mineral apparent density (BMAD) was also associated with 40–50% increased odds of a vertebral fracture in both genders. The probability of a man having a fracture was observed at higher absolute areal BMD values than observed for women (P=values for interaction of BMD × gender: trochanter, P=0.05; femoral neck, P=0.10; total hip, P=0.09). In contrast, the probability of fracture was similar in men and women across the range of estimated volumetric BMD (BMAD). In conclusion, low BMD and low BMAD are associated with increased odds of vertebral fracture in both men and women. Measures of bone mass that partially correct for gender differences in bone size may yield universal estimates of fracture risk. Prospective studies are needed to confirm this observation.
Buckling of imperfect stiffened cylindrical shells under axial compression

Abstract : Axial buckling tests on machined integrally stiffened cylindrical shells were carried out. Complete mappings of the shell imperfections and the prebuckling growth were obtained. The lightly ring-stiffened shells behaved in a manner similar to the isotropic shells that were previously tested. For these shells, the predominant prebuckling deformation consisted of a half-wave in the axial direction with several circumferential waves. The similarity of the lightly ring-stiffened shells and the isotropic ones suggests that the uniqueness of the buckling mode for stiffened shells may not greatly influence the prebuckling behavior. The heavily ring-stiffened shells showed a sizable amount of short wave length axisymmetric growth before buckling. Buckling in all cases resulted in an asymmetric pattern. The stringer-stiffened shells showed a prebuckling behavior also similar to the isotropic results. However, the buckling pattern consisted of longer axial wave lengths. Correlation of the experimentally obtained buckling loads with linear buckling theory showed good agreement in most cases. (Author)
Apparatus for measuring the force of gravity on freely falling electrons

An apparatus and data analysis technique for measuring the gravitational force on freely falling electrons are described. The measurement required that all forces acting on the electrons be uniform and measurable to about 10−11 eV/m. The electrical force along the axis of the 5‐cm‐diam, vertical copper tube used in the experiment was found to be about 6×10−11 eV/m±9% when the tube was cooled to 4.2 K. Forces on electrons due to magnetic field gradients were reduced well below the electrical ones by selecting only ground state electrons for measurement. Other forces were reduced sufficiently by careful attention to the vacuum and thermal environment. The absence, at 4.2 K, of much stronger electric fields, which were expected to arise from the patch effect and from differential lattice components, contrasts strongly with measurements of electric fields near metal surfaces made at room temperature.
A review of meta-analyses in organizational behavior and human resources management : an empirical assessment

The use of meta-analysis in Organizational Behavior and Human Resources Management is reviewed by coding 35 studies on 21 methodological variables. Results indicated tremendous variability in apply...
Seismic, acoustic, and EM characterization of underground facilities

A methodology and system is presented for phenomenological research for near and far-field data collection, processing, and analysis of seismic, acoustic, and electromagnetic signatures associated with facilities in operation or under construction. A discussion of sensor selection and positioning considers the signature sources, the background environment, the signal propagation media, and the signal levels of interest. To acquire data of sufficient quality for robust analysis, the Enhanced Field Data Acquisition Logging sensors (EFDALS) system is utilized, providing a rugged and portable, high-fidelity digital recording capability. This system, comprised of a variety of transducers, front-end signal conditioners, digitizers, and digital audio tape recorder, has been integrated with the data reduction, processing, and archiving capabilities developed during seven years of reliable data acquisition.
Staying Poor in the Clinton Boom: Welfare Reform and the Nearby Labor Force

Much poverty for employable Americans is caused not by welfare dependence or lack of schooling and skills, but by a labor glut that keeps many Americans unemployed or underemployed, and suppresses wage levels. In the 1980s and '90s employers slashed their workforces and the Federal Reserve Board often restrained economic growth to keep prices and wages from climbing too rapidly. Meanwhile, welfare reform cured little poverty and added millions to an already flooded labor pool. While it is well known that highly publicized monthly unemployment rates underestimate real joblessness, this article highlights previously ignored populations. It suggests that there is an iron law that American leaders resist growth that would eliminate unemployment and push official poverty rates below the 11 % levels reached in the 1970s and the year 2000. It follows that to solve poverty there must be institutional changes-high minimum wages, union organization, more income supports, and, perhaps, real government jobs. And that means a new politics
The relationship of excess cognitive impairment in MCI and early Alzheimer's disease to the subsequent emergence of psychosis.

Background Psychotic symptoms in Alzheimer disease (AD + P) identify a heritable phenotype associated with greater cognitive impairment. Knowing when the cognitive course of AD + P subjects diverges from that of subjects without psychosis would enhance understanding of how genetic variation results in AD + P and its associated cognitive burden. This study seeks to determine whether the degree of cognitive impairment and cognitive decline in early AD predicts subsequent AD + P onset. Methods 361 subjects with possible or probable AD or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) without psychosis were evaluated every 6 months until psychosis onset. Results Severity of cognitive dysfunction was a strong predictor of AD + P up to two years prior to psychosis onset. Cognition did not decline more rapidly prior to onset of AD + P. Conclusions Individuals who will develop AD + P already demonstrate excess cognitive impairment during the mild stages of disease. Genetic variation and brain pathophysiology may lead to a cognitive risk phenotype which is present prior to dementia onset.
Minimally Invasive Transhiatal Esophagectomy After Thoracotomy

Patients with end-stage achalasia may not be candidates for a transhiatal minimally invasive esophageal resection because of anatomic challenges and adhesions from previous interventions, namely, thoracotomy. Given the tactile feedback provided through a GelPort laparoscopic system (Applied Medical, Rancho Margarita, CA) we proposed that a minimally invasive transhiatal esophagectomy would be feasible in this patient cohort. The procedure was successful in 4 patients; seven complications occurred in 3 of the patients. At follow-up all patients demonstrated that they were meeting their nutritional needs with an oral diet.
In defense of fiduciary media—or, we arenot devo(lutionists), we are Misesians!

Fiduciary media are not fiat money. A monetary system with a commodity standard, competitive banking, and the freedom to use fiduciary media among consenting transactors is consistent with justice, efficiency, and economic stability. It is preferable on these scores both to a system (like today's) where the law has forced money-users to give up gold and gold-redeemable fiduciary media in favor of fiat money, and to a system (like those proposed by 100-percent-reserve advocates) where the law restricts money-users from holding any or some types of fiduciary media.
Cloning of a putative neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit.

: A cDNA clone was isolated from a rat superior cervical ganglion cDNA library with an oligonucleotide that hybridized to muscle-like nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit cDNA. The deduced amino acid sequence possesses characteristics expected of a nAChR subunit that does not bind acetylcholine, in addition to distinctive features such as unique cysteine residues and N-linked glycosylation sites.
QUANTUM TRAJECTORY CALCULATIONS FOR BIPOLAR WAVEPACKET DYNAMICS IN ONE DIMENSION: SYNTHETIC SINGLE-WAVEPACKET PROPAGATION

In a previous paper [Park K, Poirier B, Parlant G, J Chem Phys129:194112, 2008], a synthetic quantum trajectory method (QTM) was successfully implemented for wave-packet dynamics in a one-dimensional (1D) symmetric Eckart barrier system, utilizing a "double-wavepacket" version of the bipolar decomposition, ψ = ψ+ + ψ- = (ψ1+ + ψ2+) + (ψ1- + ψ2-), to avoid a technical difficulty involving negligible initial ψ- density. In this paper, we develop a new synthetic algorithm which overcomes this difficulty directly, utilizing the original "single-wavepacket" version of the bipolar decomposition, ψ =ψ+ + ψ-, and also show that the initial propagation of ψ- is mainly governed by probability transfer from ψ+, rather than by the given initial conditions for ψ-. The new algorithm makes it possible to apply the synthetic bipolar QTM to asymptotically asymmetric as well as symmetric potential systems. Successful application results for both symmetric and asymmetric Eckart barrier systems in 1D are presented.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for the study of food biopolymers

Abstract The technique of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, in conjunction with new methods of sample presentation, has been used to study biopolymer functionality in aqueous systems. Changes in the spectra of κ-carrageenan gels have been observed with both counter—ion and temperature. Most of these differences arise from conformational changes of the polysaccharide backbone, but there is also evidence of direct ion—sulphate interaction in certain ion forms, consistent with previous NMR results. An assignment of the region 1400–800 cm −1 has been made for the carrageenan gels. In waxy maize and wheat starch gels, changes in the IR spectra are observed during storage. Some of these can be related to the development of crystallinity in the material. The time course of the observed FTIR measurements during retrogradation of waxy maize starch is very similar to those produced from other techniques, such as shear modulus. This process can also be in wheat starch gels and the possibility that it can be measured in real foodstuffs is demonstrated by the fact that the same techniques could be used to acquire a high-quality spectrum of bread.
Improving productivity: the ongoing experience of an academic Department of Medicine.

Beginning in 1991-92, the Department of Medicine at The University of Alabama (UAB) changed its practices for allocating funds made available through the dean's office and for handling professional practice revenues. The specific goals of this new "plan for responsibility-center management" were--and remain--(1) to increase financial flexibility so the chair can reward productivity, strengthen existing programs, and better respond to departmental and institutional needs and opportunities; (2) to encourage the UAB tradition of responsible entrepreneurism at the levels of division directors and individual faculty; (3) to increase extramurally funded program-building at the division level; and (4) to relate the costs of practice directly to total patient care revenues. The plan's intent is to provide rewards, incentives, and recognition for the contributions of individual faculty. The author describes in detail the operation of the plan and the traditions and assumptions underlying it (e.g., the first requirement is to have good employees), and evaluates its effects, strengths, and weaknesses after three full fiscal years. He explains how the plan was introduced and implemented, documents the outstanding gains in the department's financial resources, both short- and long-term, and describes past and ongoing difficulties (for example, the effect of historic UAB decisions regarding the funding of graduate medical education, the extreme decentralization of clinic operations and patient care billing activities, and the question of how fast the shift to capitated managed care will be). He concludes that the plan appears to be a successful effort at broadly-based productivity enhancement, but that evaluation is ongoing.
Solvent−Solute Interactions Probed by Picosecond Transient Raman Spectroscopy: Vibrational Relaxation and Conformational Dynamics in S1 trans-4,4‘-Diphenylstilbene

We present the S1 picosecond transient Raman spectra of trans-4,4‘-diphenylstilbene (DPS) obtained at excitation wavelengths of 287 and 310 nm and probe wavelengths of 630 and 660 nm. We compare spectra at different pump and probe wavelengths in order to evaluate the role of conformational dynamics and vibrational relaxation in S1 DPS. In this study, we find that dioxane and methylene chloride accept excess vibrational energy from the photoexcited solute in a different manner. We attribute this variation either to a difference in the local solvent structure or to the difference in the density of states between methylene chloride and dioxane. We also find that the relative intensities of certain bands demonstrate a dependence upon the pump and probe wavelengths. From these data, we have established that the change in relative intensity with delay is a marker for the dynamical shift in the S1 potential energy surface. The dependence of this dynamical change on excitation wavelength demonstrates that we are ...
Medical and surgical inpatients who referred themselves for psychiatric consultation

Abstract Medical and surgical inpatients who referred themselves for psychiatric consultation are characterized. The 25 “self-referred” compared to 787 “others” referred to the Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry Division were more likely to state depression ( 52% 25% ) and anxiety ( 36% 11% ) as reasons for referral. “Self-referrals” were less likely to be referred by physicians for behavior management ( 8% 23% ), general diagnosis ( 4% 22% ) or suicide evaluation ( 4% 25% ). The “self-referral” represents a challenge to the current medical model referral mechanism in which the physician controls access to consultants. The data indicate that there should be a mechanism for the patient's contribution to the referral process and that increased sensitivity to psychologic difficulties in coping with medical illness would improve the use of psychiatric consultation in the medical setting.
Polymorph Formation and Nucleation Mechanism of Tolfenamic Acid in Solution: An Investigation of Pre-nucleation Solute Association

Crystallization from solution involves nucleation and growth; growth conditions greatly influence self-association behaviors of solute molecules in these steps, affecting crystal packing of organic molecules. We examined the role of pre-nucleation association to provide insights into the mutual influence between molecular conformation in solution and packing in the solid state. Crystallization experiments of tolfenamic acid were conducted in ethanol under different supersaturation conditions. UV spectroscopy was performed to study self-association of solute molecules in ethanol as a function of concentration. Intermolecular interaction energies of tolfenamic acid dimers were calculated with quantum mechanical methods. As supersaturation increased, growth of the most stable polymorph outpaced the metastable one, contradicting Ostwald’s Rule of Stages. UV spectroscopy measurement suggests solute molecules exist as hydrogen-bonded dimers and more dimers form as total concentration increases. Hydrogen bonding in the most stable form is significantly stronger than that in the metastable form. With the fact that molecular conformation is different in the two polymorphs, as concentration increases, solute molecules rearrange their conformations to form stronger hydrogen-bonded dimers in solution, resulting in nucleation of the most stable form.
Test of the localization scaling relation in two dimensions

Experimental data on localization in two-dimensional GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures are compared with the scaling theory of localization. All states are found to be localized at T=0 and B=0 in contrast to recent reports of a metalto-insulator transition in a Si MOSFET sample. Qualitative agreement with the predicted scaling of the localization length with the elastic scattering length is found at B=0.
Effects of junction resistance and counterelectrode material on point-contact tunneling into single- and polycrystalline YBa2Cu3O7−y

The effects of junction resistance and Counterelectrode material on the results of point-contact tunneling studies into single- and polycrystalline YBa2Cu3O7−y are illustrated. Although reasonably symmetric I(V) curves predominantly indicate energy gap values δ ~ 20 meV, large asymmetries are often found for high-resistance junctions. Very low-resistance junctions show the expected behavior of a pure metallic bridge and indicate Δ ~ 25Δ30 meV.
The efficacy of intracoelomic fospropofol in red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans).

Abstract: Intravenous anesthetic delivery in reptiles can be challenging. Current injectable techniques have varied induction/recovery times and anesthetic quality. This study hypothesized that intracoelomic administration of a new anesthetic, fospropofol, in turtles would result in dose-dependent anesthesia and respiratory depression. A two-part prospective trial using adult red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) weighing 764 ± 17 g was conducted to determine an effective anesthetic dose and to evaluate the anesthetic quality, duration, and respiratory effects of an efficacious dose. In part 1, six turtles were randomly administered 25-mg/kg (low-dose [LD]) and 50-mg/kg (high-dose [HD]) fospropofol in a crossover design. Respiratory rate, immobility, and muscle relaxation scores were evaluated for 180 min. In part 2, eight turtles were administered HD fospropofol. Immobility and muscle relaxation (front and hind limb) scores and time to endotracheal intubation/extubation were evaluated unt...
Local stimulation of new bone formation by prostaglandin E1: Quantitative histomorphometry and comparison of delivery by minipumps and controlled-release pellets

E-series prostaglandins (PGE) given systemically or locally in vivo can have powerful anabolic effects on bone. The comparative dose-response relationships from PGE1 given by osmotic minipump or controlled-release pellet on periosteal and intracortical bone envelopes were determined. Graded doses of PGE1 were delivered by osmotic minipump (0.0 to 16.7 mg PGE1/week) or controlled-release pellet (0.0 to 16.7 mg PGE1/week) to the lateral mandibular surface of adult dogs (2–5 years old). PGE1 was given for three weeks and tissues were collected for histology and histomorphometry one week later. At sites of maximal response, there were dose-related increases in the periosteal surface with new bone formation, average new bone thickness, maximum thickness, and new bone area. Subperiosteal bone formation was greater for comparable doses when PGE1 was delivered by minipumps. The proliferation of new bone at those sites treated with the pellets was greatest with the 8.3 mg PGE1/ week/three week treatment. Periosteal bone formation did not appear to be preceded by a resorption phase, indicating that PGE1 treatment stimulated bone modeling in the formation mode. The new bone consisted of woven bone, particularly at sites with high accretion rates, and primary lamellar bone. There were some dose-related changes in intracortical remodeling indices including increases in cortical porosity, single and double-labeled surface, numbers of formation, reversal and resorption osteons, radial closure rate, and surface- and volume-referent bone formation rates. Increases in the bone formation rates indicate that PGE1 increased the recruitment of osteoblasts. Increases in the mineral appositional rate, observed at a higher dose, indicates that PGE1 stimulated bone production at the cellular level. Increased intracortical remodeling space, due to the activation of bone remodeling, was associated with an increased vascularization. These results suggest that locally delivered PGE1 may be useful in generating new bone in clinical situations of local bone deficit such as the local bone defects of the periodontal diseases and in situations where increased osteogenesis may be desired, such as with bone implants or prosthetic devices.
Increased development of PHA-stimulated murine colonies in vitro subsequent to Adriamycin or daunorubicin treatment of spleen donor mice

Spleen cell populations from mice treated with Adriamycin or daunorubicin were found to develop a greater PHA-stimulated clonal response than spleen cells from untreated or cyclophosphamide-treated animals. Daunorubicin, in addition, stimulated an unusual monocytic macrophage-like colony. The results are consistent with the possibility that the concentration of nonspecific T-lymphocyte progenitor and/or accessory cells in the spleen are increased consequent to drug treatment.
Publication and Mediation in “The English Mail‐Coach”

This essay argues that in De Quincey's “The English Mail‐Coach,” the mail and “mail‐coach society” become vehicles for the analysis of everyday systems of social organization that shape modern life.