cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parental Support for Age-based Indoor Tanning Restrictions

Introduction Regulatory agencies, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, are considering policies to ban indoor tanning for youth aged Methods Data came from an online survey completed by 1,244 parents of adolescents aged 11–17 years. Weighted multivariable logistic regression models assessed correlates of supporting an indoor tanning ban for youth aged Results Almost two thirds (65%) of parents agreed with indoor tanning bans for youth, with smaller proportions having no opinion (23%) or disagreeing (12%). Support for bans increased with greater perceived harm of indoor tanning for adolescents (OR=2.66, 95% CI=1.97, 3.59) and decreased with greater perceived benefits (OR=0.49, 95% CI=0.36, 0.67). Compared with support for bans, support for parental permission requirements was somewhat higher, with 79% of parents agreeing with the policy. Most parents (60%) agreed with both policies; only 4% disagreed with both. Conclusions Age-based indoor tanning restrictions, including bans, engender broad-based support among parents. Communicating the harm of indoor tanning may facilitate the implementation of these policies.
Characterizing the impact of malware infections and remediation attempts through support forum analysis

Detection and removal of malware infections have always been significant concerns for every computer user. Countless people are victims of malicious programs per day all around the world despite substantial improvements in malware defense. Developing techniques to characterize the harm caused by these programs enables new defenses to counteract these behaviors. One way to create these metrics is to explore online remediation forums because so many people refer to them for help in finding solutions for their systems' malware-related problems. Here we describe and implement a technique to characterize and quantify the harm that victims encounter when their systems are infected with a specific malware strain. We analyze various malware families harmfulness by exploiting the user-generated data collected from Bleeping Computer, one of the most popular online malware remediation forums. Moreover, we quantify how successful and effective this type of online community is when it comes to addressing victims malware-related issues.
Análisis de esfuerzos mecánicos generados en las articulaciones de rodilla y cadera durante la trayectoria total de la marcha humana

En este trabajo se realizo un analisis por elementos finitos en la fase de apoyo de la marcha humana en las articulaciones de cadera y rodilla. Se encontro una aproximacion de las magnitudes y distribucion de esfuerzos en las articulaciones. Inicialmente se obtuvieron los modelos geometricos en 3D de las articulaciones de rodilla y cadera, luego se determinaron las fuerzas ejercidas por los musculos que afectan directamente las articulaciones con el programa OpenSim y se calcularon las fuerzas totales y momentos generados por las fuerzas durante la fase de apoyo del ciclo de marcha. Se establecieron las condiciones de frontera, puntos de aplicacion de fuerzas, momentos y soportes fijos para el desarrollo de las simulaciones. Por ultimo, se realizaron las simulaciones durante la fase de apoyo de la marcha humana en las articulaciones de rodilla y cadera donde se identificaron los posibles puntos de esfuerzo maximo de acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos con la aplicacion del programa ANSYS.
Effects of Prostaglandin F2α, Estradiol and Luteinizing Hormone in Dispersed Cell Preparations of Bovine Corpora Lutea

A luteolytic site of action for estradiol at the cellular level was suggested by the observation that administration of estradiol benzoate to cattle diminished the in vitro steroidogenic effects of LH (1). Inhibition of LH-induced progesterone synthesis was also observed after the addition of high concentrations of estradiol-l7β(E2) directly to dispersed cell preparations of bovine corpora lutea of pregnancy (2) and monkey corpora lutea (3).
Organizational Alignment, Performance, and Change in Professional Service Firms

The note describes the relationship between organizational alignment and performance in professional service firms and how to use McKinsey 7S Alignment to diagnose a firm's or practice's alignment, identify misalignments and how to bring about the changes needed to re-align.
Treatment trends and outcomes in early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma in elderly: A National Cancer Data Base analysis.

7536Background: The outcomes for early stage (I-II) Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) have improved significantly over the past few decades. However, old age (≥60 years) continues to be associated with poor ou...
Effect of Age on Leukopenia Following Renal Transplantation at a Single Center.

Introduction:Leukopenia in renal transplant recipients occurs commonly within the first year following transplantation; however, literature on the effects of age on leukopenia is scarce.Design:A si...
The Relation between Improvement in the Therapeutic Alliance and Interpersonal Functioning for Individuals with Emotional Disorders

Background: Individuals with emotional disorders often have comorbid relationship problems, and improving interpersonal functioning is a common goal of treatment. Research indicates that the therapeutic alliance is associated with broad symptom improvement; however, no study has examined whether the alliance promotes improved interpersonal functioning for individuals with emotional disorders and varying levels of interpersonal difficulties. The present study tested whether improvement in the alliance is associated with enhanced interpersonal functioning and examined whether this association is stronger for individuals with higher, relative to lower, relationship difficulties. Methods: Adults (ages 18–70; N = 251) with primarily major depressive disorder (55.4%) or generalized anxiety disorder (34.2%) received combined cognitive behavioral therapy and pharmacological treatment at a psychiatric hospital day program. At both pre- and post-treatment, participants completed self-report assessments of the alliance, relationship problems, and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Results: Across the full sample, improvement in alliance (bond, tasks, and goals) was associated with improved interpersonal functioning. Additionally, agreement on treatment goals more strongly predicted enhanced interpersonal functioning for individuals presenting to treatment with higher, relative to lower, relationship difficulties—controlling for depression and anxiety symptom severity. Conclusions: These findings contribute to research identifying ways to improve interpersonal functioning (i.e., strengthening the alliance) for individuals entering treatment with emotional disorders and varying levels of relationship difficulties.
Do patients on biologic drugs for rheumatic disease need PCP prophylaxis

Pneumocystis jirovecii (previously carinii ) pneumonia (PCP) is rare in patients taking biologic response modifiers for rheumatic disease.[1][1]–[10][2] However, prophylaxis should be considered in patients who have granulomatosis with polyangiitis or underlying pulmonary disease, or who are
Chest wall reconstruction following iatrogenic Eloesser-type wounds: The rush algorithm.

ABSTRACT Background Iatrogenic Eloesser-type wounds are often debilitating, complex, chronically draining, and require a careful reconstructive approach to successfully close. There has not been described a standardized approach to chest wall reconstruction for these wounds. The Rush Algorithm for chest wall reconstruction provides a simple and systematic guide for cumulative soft tissue reconstruction in these cases, utilizing latissimus dorsi, serratus anterior, and pectoralis major flaps in sequence. Methods The Rush Algorithm was applied to a pilot case series of three patients with complex iatrogenic draining chest wall defects arising from various disease processes. Reconstructive methods were guided by this algorithm and intraoperative procedures tailored to each case. Sequential use of combined latissimus, serratus, and pectoralis flaps were utilized as deemed necessary by the investigators. Results All three cases achieved successful closure of complex chest wounds based on post-operative physical exam, imaging, and quality of life findings. Average time to subcutaneous drain removal was five days and average time to thoracostomy tube removal was seven days. No patients experienced major complications defined as infection, seroma, hematoma, prolonged hospital stay, readmission, or return to operating room. Conclusions The Rush Algorithm for chest wall reconstruction is a practical way to safely reconstruct Eloesser-type iatrogenic chest wounds. It will need to be further validated in order to develop and confirm the algorithm as the reconstructive approach of choice, but its utility as a framework for surgical planning at this time appears to be valid.
Commensal Strains of Neisseria Use DNA to Poison Their Pathogenic Rivals

Commensal bacteria can interfere with colonization of the host by infiltrating pathogens. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Kim et al. (2019) describe an intriguing mechanism of colonization resistance driven by the mismatching of methylation patterns following uptake of commensal-derived DNA by pathogenic strains of Neisseria.
A computationally efficient approach to decentralized routing of swarms via a family of pre-fractal curves

In this paper, we introduce a method to reduce the computations required to solve a combinatorial optimization problem for a swarm system. In particular, we focus on finding a solution to assignment problems where the agents are required to visit a number of targets periodically while minimizing a cost functional. Our methodology utilizes a family of pre-fractal curves as a mapping from a bounded two dimensional domain to a bounded real interval. Using this map, we obtain a one dimensional representation of the optimization problems that yields a near-optimal solution in a swarm with 500 agents in less than 0.2 seconds on a regular desktop computer. Moreover, we compute the least upper bound of the optimality, which is defined as the ratio of the cost of the obtained solution to the optimal cost. The effectiveness and efficiency of the method is evaluated through more than 100 simulations with different number of agents and targets.
The collaborative book review as an opportunity for undergraduate research skill development

In this article, the authors, based on a process developed in the context of US higher education, demonstrate a model for undergraduate student research skill development that involves academic sta...
Temperature effects on damage evolution in ion-irradiated NiCoCr concentrated solid-solution alloy

Abstract The damage evolution in equiatomic NiCoCr single crystals irradiated at 138 and 500 K with 1.5 MeV Ni+ ions has been investigated using ion channeling analysis and compared with previous results obtained at 300 K under identical irradiation conditions. As expected, irradiation temperature has a major influence on damage evolution and long-range effects in ion-irradiated NiCoCr. A change in relative irradiation resistance as a function of temperature is revealed when the ion channeling data are compared with previous ion channeling results from Ni-irradiated NiFe at 150, 300 and 500 K. NiCoCr has superior irradiation resistance than NiFe under ion irradiation at ≤ 300 K; surprisingly, the relative irradiation resistance is reversed under ion irradiation performed at > 300 K (i.e., 500 K), which may be attributed to local chemical ordering. These observations indicate that the NiFe alloy exhibits a more favorable chemical environment for suppressing deleterious microstructural degradation under high temperature irradiation than the NiCoCr alloy.
Exploring the shelf-life of travel cost methods of valuing recreation for benefits transfer

Abstract This study tests the stability of willingness to pay (WTP) for recreational fishing over two decades based on three rounds of a representative angler survey conducted in New York State in 1988, 1996, and 2007. We employ the travel cost method (TCM) by using the repeated conditional logit and mixed logit models to estimate demand for daily fishing trips. Our estimates suggest that anglers’ WTP for fishing in 1988 and 1996 were similar, with values per trip at $35.2 and $36.4, respectively. However, there was a noticeable decrease in WTP, to $30.6, in 2007. This decrease is consistent with two salient features of the 2007 survey: (1) long-distance trips, such as those to the Great Lakes were less frequent, and (2) anglers were, on average, older than in previous surveys.
Cyberinfrastructure for the democratization of Smart Manufacturing

Author(s): Davis, James | Editor(s): Soroush, Masoud; Baldea, Michael; Edgar, Thomas F | Abstract: The productivity, precision and performance benefits of Smart Manufacturing are unleashed when there is frictionless movement of information – data in context, at the right time, among systems, operations and people, that can create value within and across all manufacturers and all sizes of plants throughout enterprise supply chains. Line of sight to the full economic potential of Smart Manufacturing requires business, leadership, market and infrastructure realignments for the “democratization” of “smart” business, technology, operational and workforce data practices industry-wide. Access and the ability to effectively use operational data in cyber operations (Operational Technologies, OT) that are enabled by Information Technologies (IT) and the knowhow to deploy Smart Manufacturing solutions are therefore increasingly important to small, medium and large manufacturers, providers, integrators and innovators alike, but increasingly constrained with today’s manufacturing infrastructure practices. Addressing democratization, breaking through barriers and transforming manufacturing to a new data centric orientation are key objectives for CESMII, the Clean Energy Smart Manufacturing Innovation Institute, the third Institute sponsored by the Department of Energy and the ninth out of the fifteen Manufacturing USA national institutes (see https://www.cesmii.org).
Pathogenic Yield of Genetic Testing in Autism Spectrum Disorder.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Genetic testing is recommended for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Pathogenic yield varies by clinician and/or patient characteristics. Our objectives were to determine the pathogenic yield of genetic testing, the variability in rate of pathogenic results based on subject characteristics, and the percentage of pathogenic findings resulting in further medical recommendations in toddlers with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition diagnosis of ASD. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective chart review of 500 toddlers, 18 to 36 months, diagnosed with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition ASD (mean age: 25.8 months, 79% male). Subject demographics, medical and neuropsychological characteristics, and genetic test results were abstracted. Genetic results were divided into negative or normal, variants of unknown significance, and pathogenic. Subject characteristics were compared across results. Manual chart review determined if further recommendations were made after pathogenic results. RESULTS: Over half of subjects (59.8%, n = 299) completed genetic testing, and of those, 36 (12.0%) had pathogenic findings. There were no significant differences in Bayley Scales of Infant Development cognitive (P = .112), language (P = .898), or motor scores (P = .488) among children with negative or normal findings versus a variant of unknown significance versus pathogenic findings. Medical recommendations in response to the genetic finding were made for 72.2% of those with pathogenic results. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings reinforce the importance of genetic testing for toddlers diagnosed with ASD given the 12% yield and lack of phenotypic differences between subjects with and without pathogenic findings. The majority of pathogenic results lead to further medical recommendations.
Genetic transformation technologies for the common dandelion, Taraxacum officinale

Taraxacum officinale, or the common dandelion, is a widespread perennial species recognized worldwide as a common lawn and garden weed. Common dandelion is also cultivated for use in teas, as edible greens, and for use in traditional medicine. It produces latex and is closely related to the Russian dandelion, T. kok-saghyz, which is being developed as a rubber crop. Additionally, the vast majority of extant common dandelions reproduce asexually through apomictically derived seeds- an important goal for many major crops in modern agriculture. As such, there is increasing interest in the molecular control of important pathways as well as basic molecular biology and reproduction of common dandelion. Here we present an improved Agrobacterium-based genetic transformation and regeneration protocol, a protocol for generation and transformation of protoplasts using free DNA, and a protocol for leaf Agrobacterium infiltration for transient gene expression. These protocols use easily obtainable leaf explants from soil-grown plants and reagents common to most molecular plant laboratories. We show that common markers used in many plant transformation systems function as expected in common dandelion including fluorescent proteins, GUS, and anthocyanin regulation, as well as resistance to kanamycin, Basta, and hygromycin. Reproducible, stable and transient transformation methods are presented that will allow for needed molecular structure and function studies of genes and proteins in T. officinale.
Mining the Concise Patterns for Service Reliability Prediction

As more and more Web service become available, large-scale and open distributed systems enable participants to share resources and services with each other via the Web. However, they always run in a highly dynamic change environment where various uncertain factors often emerge, such as server unavailable, internet interrupt or temporarily interrupt and so on. In order to make the composite service run normally and minimize the interrupt time by the exceptional handling, it is necessary for the system to own the ability to predict the reliability of composite service in advance. This paper proposes an efficient prediction model by mining concise patterns to predict service reliability. Experiments show that the efficiency of proposed method.
Syringomyelia complicating pregnancy and labor with report of a case

Abstract A case of syringomyelia, with a cavity in the cervical and upper dorsal regions complicating pregnancy, and presenting no complications in labor that could be ascribed to the spinal disease, is reported. Experimental evidence leads us to believe that in lower animals, the uterine contractions of labor are purely myogenic, and that pregnancy and spontaneous rapid labor can occur when all nervous connections of the uterus are severed. Under normal conditions, the uterus is influenced by the central nervous system through its extrinsic nerves. The review of the clinical and pathologic literature shows that pregnancy and labor are largely independent of spinal cord disease. Spinal cord disease, in the absence of other complications, need not be a cause for termination of pregnancy. In tabes and in transverse lesions above the lumbosacral cord enlargement despite the lack of voluntary abdominal muscle action, the labor is apt to be not only spontaneous but precipitous; in disease of the anterior horn cells as in poliomyelitis in the lumbosacral region and in transverse lesions of the sacral area, obstetric assistance may be required although these lesions do not abolish the uterine contractions.
Visceral Sensitivity in Gastroesophageal Reflux

Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is characterized by a wide spectrum of symptoms. The variance of GERD symptoms may be due to a decreased threshold for symptom elicitation/perception described as "visceral sensitivity." In this study GERD symptoms were scored for presence/frequency. The symptom score was weighted for the presence/frequency of typical reflux symptoms: heartburn, retrosternal pain, and regurgitation. The weighted GERD symptom score was used to assess symptom expansion and the hypothesis of GERD visceral sensitivity. One hundred five subjects with heartburn/retrosternal pain underwent esophageal pH studies. Subjects with abnormal esophageal pH studies reported more GERD-related symptoms, occurring more frequently, compared to subjects with normal esophageal pH studies. Symptom scores correlated with the number of reflux episodes but not with the length of time of mucosal exposure to acid. Therefore, aggregation of symptoms in gastroesophageal reflux is associated with frequent alternation between low and normal pH values in the distal esophagus.
Outsourcing Law in Post-Soviet Russia

In the period 1992-2013 a significant portion of the Russian economy was placed in corporate or contractual structures that were governed by foreign law rather than Russian law. The largest Russian commercial disputes, including between Russian litigants, were heard in foreign courts or tribunals rather than in Russian courts. This phenomenon reflected the outsourcing of Russian demand for substantive law and dispute adjudication to foreign legal systems and infrastructure. Legal outsourcing is not specific to Russia, however it reached proportions in Russia that seem unprecedented. It was primarily driven by the Russian economic elite's avoidance of Russian jurisdiction, for political risk mitigation and asset protection. It was allowed by Russian political structures and enabled by a robust supply of foreign legal infrastructure. The article reviews the Russian institutional failure to address this situation of regulatory competition. It also addresses the Russian regulatory backlash that became visible in 2012/2013. It argues that by empowering foreign lawyers and foreign adjudication rather than Russian lawyers and Russian adjudication, legal outsourcing on such a scale was detrimental to the development of Russian legal institutions. The article also questions the current preference for party autonomy in European private international law and whether European (and English) jurisdictional rules should allow a more robust doctrine of forum non conveniens.
Similar Region in Electroosmotic Flow Rate for Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids Using Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD)

In this paper, analysis of electroosmotic flow in Newtonian and non Newtonian fluids in nanochannel with dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) method is presented and our results are validated with analytical solutions. Our aim is that which region or regions, based on the volumetric flow rates, in non-Newtonian fluids are similar with comparison to Newtonian ones in regards to various effective EOF parameters. For numerical simulation, the linearized Poisson Boltzmann for external force calculation is used and DPD method is applied for power law fluids to predict non-Newtonian fluids behavior in electroosmotic in various conditions such as different zeta potential, external electric fields, kh parameter (mainly Debye length and channel height), and flow behavior index. Based on the our results, for certain values of effective parameters, there are regions for volumetric flow rates which both Newtonian and non Newtonian electroosmotic flows have similar behavior while out of these regions, there are obviously significant differences and it is not possible to take Newtonian assumption for these regions. Based on our results validated with analytical solution, simplified assumption of taking non Newtonian fluid as Newtonians ones, in different EOF conditions in most cases, have a clearly inaccuracy and presented method can predict which EOF rates in both cases are correctly similar.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
The alveolar lining layer: a review of studies on its role in pulmonary mechanics and in the pathogenesis of atelectasis, by Mary Ellen Avery, MD, Pediatrics, 1962:30:324-330.

The alveoli of the normal lung are lined by a substance that exerts surface tension at the air–liquid interface. In the expanded lung, the tension is high and operates to increase the elastic recoil of the lung. In the lung at low volumes, the surface tension becomes extremely low. This confers stability on the air spaces and thus prevents atelectasis. This lining layer is a lipoprotein film, which is not found where alveoli still are lined by cuboidal epithelium. Its appearance coincides with the appearance of alveolar lining cells. Electron microscopic evidence of secretory activity in alveolar cells suggests that they may be the source of the surface-active film. The normal alveolar lining layer is not present in lungs of infants who die from profound atelectasis and hyaline membrane disease. Whether its absence is a failure of development or attributable to inactivation is not established.
Sea spray spume droplet production in high wind speeds

[1] Sea spray droplets are known to enhance the fluxes of momentum, heat, and mass at the air-sea interface. Evaluating these fluxes depends in part on the so-called “spray generation function”, the size distribution of droplets generated. At high wind speeds, spray is empirically observed to be plentiful near the ocean surface, however, the generation function has remained elusive both theoretically and experimentally. We report on a photographic laboratory experiment designed to directly quantify spume droplets observed at high wind speeds. The resulting sea spray concentration functions for spume droplets (diameter > 140μm) are reported for three high wind speed conditions (31.3, 41.2, and 47.1 ms−1). Our data suggest that large supra-millimeter droplets are more prevalent than previously thought. We also observed a previously unreported spray generation mechanism whereby liquid sheets form at the crests of breaking waves and generate, upon breakup, a significant number of small spume drops.
The Histidyl Residues of Insulin I. REACTIVITY TOWARD IODINE

Abstract Extensive iodination of bovine insulin at 0° and pH 8.5 leads to the formation of substituted tyrosyl and histidyl residues. The iodohistidines consistently appear later than the iodotyrosines. The maximum iodine incorporation approaches 12 g atoms of iodine per mole of insulin: 8 g atoms in the 4 tyrosyl residues and 4 g atoms in the 2 histidyl residues. The presence of zinc in insulin leads to (a) a reduction in the "initial" rate of iodine incorporation which can be ascribed to an effect on the reactivity of the tyrosyl residues, and (b) a diminution in the total iodine incorporation because 1 of the histidyl residues is unavailable in zinc insulin. The S-carboxymethylated B chain of insulin is much less sensitive to zinc, and both histidyl residues can be iodinated. Carboxymethylhistidine insulin can be iodinated only in its 4 tyrosyl residues. No iodohistidine is formed. It is postulated that both direct chemical and conformational factors are involved in the effect of zinc on the iodination of insulin.
The association between insurance status and emergency department disposition of injured California children.

Objectives: This study examined the relationship between insurance status and emergency department (ED) disposition of injured California children. Methods: Multivariate regression models were built using data obtained from the 2005 through 2009 California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD) data sets for all ED visits by injured children younger than 19 years of age. Results: Of 3,519,530 injury-related ED visits, 52% were insured by private, and 36% were insured by public insurance, while 11% of visits were not insured. After adjustment for injury characteristics and demographic variables, publicly insured children had a higher likelihood of admission for mild, moderate, and severe injuries compared to privately insured children (mild injury adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.34 to 1.39; moderate and severe injury AOR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.28 to 1.41). However, uninsured children were less likely to be admitted for mild, moderate, and severe injuries compared to privately insured children (mild injury AOR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.61 to 0.66; moderate and severe injury AOR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.46 to 0.55). While publicly insured children with moderate and severe injuries were as likely as privately insured children to experience an ED death (AOR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.70 to 1.18), uninsured children with moderate and severe injuries were more likely to die in the ED compared to privately insured children (AOR = 3.11, 95% CI = 2.38 to 4.06). Conclusions: Privately insured, publicly insured, and uninsured injured children have disparate patterns of ED disposition. Policy and clinical efforts are needed to ensure that all injured children receive equitable emergency care. Language: en
Non-Stoichiometric Defects in YBaCuO Thin Films

Defects in superconducting YBaCuO thin films deposited by laser ablation are investigated by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Micrographs reveal numerous defects in the YBaCuO film, falling into four basic classes. One of these is an interesting, non-stoichiometric helical defect structure which possibly corresponds to a growth-related screw dislocation. In general, defects in the YBaCuO film are associated both with growth geometry and with local deviations in stoichiometry. Substrate surface geometry is seen to have a profound effect on the number and type of defects produced. Simulation of annealing transformations using a static lattice, three dimensional, Monte Carlo technique is carried out to gain further insight into specific defect formation mechanisms. The results of these studies suggest preparation conditions that are expected to lead to films with improved critical current densities. 17 refs., 6 figs.
Estimates of Time-Dependent Fatigue Behavior of Type 316 Stainless Steel Subject to Irradiation Damage in Fast Breeder and Fusion Power Reactor Systems

Cyclic lives obtained from strain-controlled fatigue tests at 593°C of specimens irradiated in the experimental breeder reactor II (EBR-II) to a fluence of 1 to 2.63 X 10 2 6 neutrons (n)/m 2 (E > 0.1 MeV) were compared with predictions based on the method of strain-range partitioning. It was demonstrated that, when appropriate tensile and creep-rupture ductilities were employed, reasonably good estimates of the influence of hold periods and irradiation damage on the fully reversed fatigue life of Type 316 stainless steel could be made. After applicability of this method was demonstrated, ductility values for 20 percent cold-worked Type 316 stainless steel specimens irradiated in a mixed-spectrum fission reactor were used to estimate fusion reactor first-wall lifetime. The ductility values used were from irradiations that simulate the environment of the first wall of a fusion reactor. Neutron wall loadings ranging from 2 to 5 MW/m 2 were used. Results, although conjectural because of the many assumptions, tended to show that 20 percent cold-worked Type 316 stainless steel could be used as a first-wall material meeting a 7.5 to 8.5 MW-year/m 2 lifetime goal provided the neutron wall loading does not exceed more than about 2 MW/m 2 . These results were obtained for an air environment, and it is expected that the actual vacuum environment will extend lifetime beyond 10 MW-year/m 2 .
Determination of nanosilver dissolution kinetics and toxicity in an environmentally relevant aqueous medium.

Assessing the dissolution of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in laboratory test media and in the aquatic environment is critical for determining toxicity. In the present study, the ion-release kinetics for 20-nm, 50-nm, and 80-nm AgNPs in environmentally relevant freshwaters with different electrical conductivity values (30 µS/cm, 150 µS/cm) were examined and related to the associated impact on Daphnia magna. The acute toxicity of the AgNP suspensions to D. magna was assessed after 0 d and 7 d of interaction time between the particles and test media. When 48-h lethal median concentrations were expressed as total silver, D. magna was more sensitive to AgNPs suspended in low ionic strength media relative to higher ionic strength media, with the exception of 50-nm AgNPs suspended in the 150-µS/cm medium. A 3.3-fold increase in hydrodynamic diameter measured by dynamic light scattering and field flow fractionation was observed over time for 20-nm particles in the 150-µS/cm medium, but only a small increase in aggregation size for 50-nm and 80-nm particles (1.4-fold and 1.2-fold increase, respectively) was observed. At a lower conductivity of 30 µS/cm, a 1.7-fold, 1.0-fold, and 1.2-fold increase in aggregation size was observed in the 20-nm, 50-nm, and 80-nm particles, respectively. Thus, the impact of higher conductivity test media on increased aggregation and decreased toxicity (after 7 d) was relatively greater for the smaller (20-nm) AgNP higher compared to the 50–80 nm AgNPs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:1783–1791. Published 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
The magnitude of signal amplification by ligand-induced receptor clustering

Lateral mobility of plasma-membrane proteins is now documented for a variety of cell systems. Evidence is accumulating that the molecular clustering allowed by such mobility may be important in the transduction of information at the cell surface1–7. Moreover, in a wide variety of systems, only a very small fraction of receptors need to be bound to induce a response8,9, such as in the mast cell/basophil system where receptor clusters as small as dimers can induce a response10 and only three or four such dimers are necessary for local degranulation11. As receptors are mobile, some clustering is expected even in the absence of ligand. As an approximate indication of the numbers involved, a consideration of constraints on translational entropy by spontaneous pair formation predicts12 about 100 pairs on average for a cell with 500,000 receptors (typical of mast cells13), if a pair is defined as two receptors whose peripheries are within 5 A This estimate need not present a problem as it can be reduced by several orders of magnitude by postulating orientational requirements, repulsive potentials and/or more stringent constraints on tanslational entropy. Moreover, some cell preparations do show a slow Ca2+-dependent background release2 and this may, in fact, reflect spontaneous clustering and suggest that the control of activity is not stringent for those cells. An alternative view of the regulation of activity, however, which may have broad implications, is that receptors must be in proximity for some minimum amount of time for the transmission of biological information. This residency requirement may, for example, reflect the time required for the initiation of Ca2+ flow14 or for receptors to change conformation15 or for the pair to bind an integral membrane protein16. Whatever the origin, the quantitative predictions of the idea, which I develop here, suggest, for biologically relevant parameter values, an exceedingly sensitive control mechanism that can amplify the probability of an event by a factor of 1020 or more.
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition occurs after epidermal development in mouse skin.

In the present study, we studied epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) with fetal and postnatal serial skin sections. E-cadherin, occludin and zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1)-expressing cells appear in the dermal area from E18.5 to postnatal day 9 (P9), with highest expression from P2 to P5. The co-expression of mesenchymal marker α-smooth muscle (α-SMA), fibronectin and vimentin with E-cadherin in these dermal cells was further examined. Almost no dermal cells express α-SMA before P0. From P2 to P6, cells expressing both E-cadherin and α-SMA appear in the dermis. In contrast, fibronectin-releasing cells were detected in the dermis as early as on E15.5, although on P5, some dermal cells was found weakly expressing both fibronectin and E-cadherin, most cells strongly expressing fibronectin did not express E-cadherin. Vimentin was mainly expressed in both endothelial and blood-derived cells and did not show co-expression with E-cadherin. Confocal microscopy studies further found that during EMT, E-cadherin appears intracellularly, while the expression of α-SMA starts from the membrane area and moves to the cytosol of the cells. Our data are the first in vivo evidence that EMT occurs during mouse skin development. Dermal cells are derived from EMT and other origins, including blood, during skin development.
Ecological and economic principles in park planning: The Assateague national seashore model

Abstract The National Park Service is required by law to conserve nationally significant resources for public benefit. Susceptibility to local short‐term economic pressures and a lack of understanding of resource dynamics can jeopardize mandate compliance. Assateague National Seashore is an example of a dynamic barrier island where early understanding of ecologic factors should have preceded its establishment and must precede its management and development. Research conducted on a similar system has demonstrated the dramatic environmental impacts and high maintenance costs associated with an inappropriate recreation management scheme. Alternatives are available which minimize resource degradation and maintenance costs without restricting visitation. To better ensure incorporation of long‐run ecologic and economic criteria into the decision‐making process, a proposal is put forward which recognizes the need for an expanded research effort and close adherence to early planning steps.
We're Here, We're Queer, We're on TV: The Effects of Visual Media on Heterosexuals' Attitudes Toward Gay Men and Lesbians1

Effects of visual media on attitudes toward gay men and lesbians were investigated by exposing 3 groups of participants to a brief video. The first group viewed an anti-gay video. the second group viewed a pro-gay video, and a comparison group viewed a neutral video. Participants attitudes were measured immediately following the video after seeing the video, participants were contacted by telephone. and their attitudes were again assessed. Participants were not aware of the connection between the follow-up assessment and the initial video exposure. At follow-up. participants attitudes were significantly different. with attitudes with the pro-gay video group being most positive, and those in the anti-gay video group being most negative.
Treatment of acute lead intoxication--choice of chelating agents and supportive therapeutic measures.

(1970). Treatment of Acute Lead Intoxication — Choice of Chelating Agents and Supportive Therapeutic Measures. Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 527-540.
Immunologic and Clinical Effects of Targeting PD-1 in Lung Cancer

Therapeutic antibodies that block the programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint pathway prevent T-cell downregulation and promote immune responses against cancer. Several PD-1 pathway inhibitors have shown robust activity in initial trials. This article reviews the preclinical evidence, rationale, and clinical pharmacology of blockade of PD-1 or its ligands as therapy for lung cancer and provides an overview of agents in development, clinical evidence to date, and implications for clinical application. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2014); 96 2, 214–223. doi:10.1038/clpt.2014.74
Intensity scaling of stimulated Raman forward scattering in laser-produced plasmas

Measurement of the intensity scaling of stimulated Raman forward scattering (SRFS) at one observation angle is presented. A single, high-intensity 527-nm laser beam excited the instability in a preformed plasma whose properties are such that the predicted gain for SRFS spans the range anticipated for high-gain laser-fusion experiments. At low intensities, the gain of the instability was consistent with convective theory. At intensities greater than 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{15}$ W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, the instability saturated at a level of less than ${10}^{11}$ W/sr nm ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$.
Standard λ-lattices from quantum groups

A large family of standard λ-lattices in the sense of Sorin Popa is obtained from the representations of quantum groups. When the deformation parameter q of the quantum group is a positive real number, the standard λ-lattice so obtained is of infinite depth. When q is a certain root of unity and quantum group is of type A, B, C or D, our approach is different from that of H. Wenzl and should agree with his results. We also obtain finite depth standard λ-lattices from quantum groups of type G 2, E 6, E 7 and all the spinor representations of type B and D simple Lie algebras.
How the challenge of explaining learning influenced the origins and development of John B. Watson's behaviorism

Before he invented behaviorism, John B. Watson considered learning one of the most important topics in psychology. Watson conducted excellent empirical research on animal learning. He developed behaviorism in part to promote research and elevate the status of learning in psychology. Watson was much less successful in the adequacy and originality of the mechanisms he proposed to explain learning. By assimilating the method of classical conditioning and adopting Pavlov's theory of stimulus substitution, Watson linked behaviorism with a new method that could compete with both Titchener's method of introspection and Freud's methods of psychoanalysis. Watson's interest in explaining psychopathology led to the discovery of conditioned emotional responses and a behavioristic explanation for the learning of phobic behavior. Watson established learning as a central topic for basic research and application in American psychology.
Modeled detection time for surveillance for foot-and-mouth disease virus in bulk tank milk

Objective—To estimate when foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) would first be detected in bulk tank milk of dairies after exposure to FMDV. Sample Population—Hypothetical dairy herds milking 100, 500, or 1,000 cows. Procedures—For each day after herd exposure to FMDV, infection, milk yield, and virolactia were simulated for individual cows with low and high rates of intraherd transmission to estimate when a PCR assay would detect virus in bulk tank milk. Detection limits were based on assumptions for the number of virus genomes per milliliter of milk and for analytical sensitivity of a PCR assay. Results—A mean of 10% of the cows was predicted to have FMD lesions from 7 to 8 days and from 13.5 to 15 days after herd exposure for herds with high and low intraherd transmission rates, respectively. Herd bulk milk volume decreased by 10% by 8.5 to 9.5 days and by 15 to 16.5 days after herd exposure for herds with high and low transmission rates, respectively. Mean times by which FMDV would be first detected in...
367-nm photochemistry of chlorine dioxide in and on amorphous ice

The 367 nm photochemistry of chlorine dioxide, OClO, in and on thin films of amorphous ice at T equals 100 K has been investigated. Reflection Absorption Infrared Spectroscopy was used to probe the photoproducts formed in and on amorphous ice films upon 367 nm irradiation. Under dilute conditions, 367 nm irradiation of OClO in amorphous ice results in the formation of the isomer, chlorine superoxide, ClOO. Under more concentrated conditions, in which OClO clusters are presented, 367 nm irradiation OClO results in an additional photoproduct chloryl chloride, Cl-ClO2. Irradiation of OClO adsorbed on ice results in the formation of a single chlorine-containing photoproduct identified as Cl-ClO2. Similarities in the photoreactivity of concentrated amorphous ice films containing OClO clusters and OClO adsorbed on ice suggest that OClO clusters may play a role in ice surface photochemistry.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of thyrotropin releasing hormone on the accumulation of cAMP by parietal ganglia of a gastropod

1. We had previously shown that thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) can stimulate the in vitro accumulation of cAMP by the parietal ganglia of the pond snail Lymnaea emarginata (Grimm-Jorgensen, 1980). 2. The mechanism by which TRH affects cAMP metabolism in parietal ganglia was further studied. 3. The TRH-induced accumulation of cAMP is preceded by a lag period and is of long duration. 4. TRH does not stimulate basal or guanylylimidodiphosphate-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity and is unable to cause an increase in cAMP accumulation when the incubation is carried out in the presence of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. 5. This finding is compatible with the hypothesis that TRH may cause an increase in cAMP accumulation by means of decreasing phosphodiesterase activity. 6. When the ganglia were incubated with 3H-TRH and the localization of the labeled TRH examined by autoradiographic techniques, reduced silver grains were present only over glial and connective tissue elements. 7. The observed effect of TRH on the cAMP metabolism in parietal ganglia may be due to its action on non-neuronal cells.
Changes in circadian rhythms and sleep quality with aging: Mechanisms and interventions

Literature is reviewed indicating that aging is characterized by changes in circadian rhythms and sleep quality. The most marked change is an attenuation of amplitude. An advance of phase, a shortening of period, and a desynchronization of rhythms are also evident. The mechanisms underlying these changes are unknown. However, age-related changes in the retina, suprachiasmatic nucleus, and pineal gland seem relevant along with behavioral changes such as a reduction in physical activity and exposure to photic stimulation. Changes in circadian rhythms are frequently associated with a reduction in nighttime sleep quality, a decrease in daytime alertness, and an attenuation in cognitive performance; reversing such changes could enhance the quality of life for a large and rapidly increasing percentage of the population. Reversal appears possible by increasing melatonin levels with either appropriately timed exposure to photic stimulation and/or appropriately timed administration of exogenous melatonin. These interventions may increase aspects of genetic expression that have changed with aging. A hypothesis concerning the potential benefits of enhanced circadian amplitude is also offered.