cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NASA Space Launch System Operations Outlook

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Space Launch System (SLS) Program, managed at the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), is working with the Ground Systems Development and Operations (GSDO) Program, based at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC), to deliver a new safe, affordable, and sustainable capability for human and scientific exploration beyond Earth's orbit (BEO). Larger than the Saturn V Moon rocket, SLS will provide 10 percent more thrust at liftoff in its initial 70 metric ton (t) configuration and 20 percent more in its evolved 130-t configuration. The primary mission of the SLS rocket will be to launch astronauts to deep space destinations in the Orion Multi- Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV), also in development and managed by the Johnson Space Center. Several high-priority science missions also may benefit from the increased payload volume and reduced trip times offered by this powerful, versatile rocket. Reducing the lifecycle costs for NASA's space transportation flagship will maximize the exploration and scientific discovery returned from the taxpayer's investment. To that end, decisions made during development of SLS and associated systems will impact the nation's space exploration capabilities for decades. This paper will provide an update to the operations strategy presented at SpaceOps 2012. It will focus on: 1) Preparations to streamline the processing flow and infrastructure needed to produce and launch the world's largest rocket (i.e., through incorporation and modification of proven, heritage systems into the vehicle and ground systems); 2) Implementation of a lean approach to reach-back support of hardware manufacturing, green-run testing, and launch site processing and activities; and 3) Partnering between the vehicle design and operations communities on state-of-the-art predictive operations analysis techniques. An example of innovation is testing the integrated vehicle at the processing facility in parallel, rather than sequentially, saving both time and money. These themes are accomplished under the context of a new cross-program integration model that emphasizes peer-to-peer accountability and collaboration towards a common, shared goal. Utilizing the lessons learned through 50 years of human space flight experience, SLS is assigning the right number of people from appropriate backgrounds, providing them the right tools, and exercising the right processes for the job. The result will be a powerful, versatile, and capable heavy-lift, human-rated asset for the future human and scientific exploration of space.
Inlet starting predictions for sidewall-compression scramjet inlets

While inlet capture, total pressure recovery, and compression are important performance parameters in the design of scramjet inlets, the inlet must be capable of starting. An analytical, inviscid method has been developed that provides first order starting information for sidewall-compression scramjet inlets and trends have been established for some of the parameters that affect inlet starting. These parameters include sidewall contraction ratio, cowl position, Mach number, sweep angle, fuel injection struts, and sidewall and strut compression angles. Results from the parametric study are compared with data from both no-strut and two-strut inlet models.
Self-Esteem in Women: The Influence of Employment and Perception of Husband's Appraisals

This study examined the influence of five variables on self-esteem—perceived reflected appraisals of the husband, employment, occupational prestige, husband's preference for his wife's work role and woman's preference for her work role. A random sample of 192 women, aged 25 to 45, married and with children living in the home, was drawn from a suburban resident list. Questionnaires containing Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale and Barrett-Lennard's Relationship Inventory were mailed to the subjects; 163 (85%) were returned. The results show that the perceived reflected appraisals of the husband was a remarkably strong predictor of self-esteem for all women but was three times more influential for homemakers than for employed women. Although homemakers and employed women were alike in their self-esteem, full-time employed women had significantly higher self-esteem than did part-time employed women. Strength of religious beliefs was a positive contributor to the self-esteem of employed women. The work environment appeared to influence self-esteem. Nursing interventions to increase self-esteem in clients are suggested.
A Hormone-Activated Central Pattern Generator for Courtship

Background: Medicinal leeches (Hirudo spp.) are simultaneous hermaphrodites. Mating occurs after a stereotyped twisting and oral exploration that result in the alignment of the male and/or female gonopores of one leech with the complementary gonopores of a partner. The neural basis of this behavior is presently unknown and currently impossible to study directly because electrophysiological recording techniques disrupt the behavior. Results: Here we report that (Arg^8)-conopressin G and two other members of the oxytocin/vasopressin family of peptide hormones induce in Hirudo verbana a sequence of behaviors that closely mimic elements of spontaneous reproductive behavior. Through a series of progressively more reduced preparations, we show that one of these behaviors, a stereotyped twisting that is instrumental in aligning gonopores in preparation for copulation, is the product of a central pattern generator that consists of oscillators in ganglia M5 and M6 (the ganglia in the reproductive segments of the leech), and also in ganglion M4, which was not previously known to play a role in reproductive behavior. We find that the behavior is periodic, with a remarkably long cycle period of around five minutes, placing it among the slowest behavioral rhythms (other than diurnal and annual rhythms) yet described. Conclusion: These results establish the leech as a new model system for studying aspects of the neuronal basis of reproductive behavior. Highlights: Oxytocin/vasopressin homologs induce precopulatory movements in a leech. These movements are generated by a central pattern generator. Segmental ganglia M4, M5, and M6 can each generate fictive behavior in isolation
Simplified methods and efficiency: Stalin's terror managers

This paper examines the institutional methods a brutal dictatorship uses to deal with perceived increases in the number of political enemies despite the fact that its political police and citizen loyalty are fixed in the short run. It explains how “simplified methods” of troika justice, substitution of confession for evidence, and lack of concern about convictions of innocents can produce exceptional increases in convictions by raising the productivity of the political police. Journal of Comparative Economics 37 (2) (2009) 207–216.
Maturation of the developing rabbit kidney: variations in cellular size and contents.

Summary: Because the rabbit kidney is being used as an experimental model with increasing frequency, this study was designed to measure the relationships between cell number, size, and contents in the developing rabbit. Kidney slice extracellular and intracellular fluid spaces, high in the fetus and neonate, declined as the rabbits matured, being paralleled by changes in body fluid spaces. Although the cellular contents of both sodium and potassium were increased in the young kidney, intracellular sodium concentration was slightly lower in the fetal (43.6 mEq/liter) and 2-wk kidneys (44.5 mEq/liter) than in the mature kidney (51.7 mEq/liter). Intracellular potassium concentrations were similar in all age groups (163 to 167 mEq/liter). Tissue protein content was similar during development. In contrast, DNA content and the number of nuclei in kidney tissue were high in the fetus (DNA, 59.9 mg/g solids; nuclei, 3.9 x 109/g solids), decreasing in postnatal life (DNA in adult, 18.2 mg/g solids; nuclei in adult, 1.0 x 109/g solids). In association with this, the diameter of proximal tubular cells increased with maturation. These data should be valuable to those interested in kidney development.
Water Vapor and Mechanical Work: A Comparison of Carnot and Steam Cycles

Abstract The impact of water vapor on the production of kinetic energy in the atmosphere is discussed here by comparing two idealized heat engines: the Carnot cycle and the steam cycle. A steam cycle transports water from a warm moist source to a colder dryer sink. It acts as a heat engine in which the energy source is the latent heat of evaporation. It is shown here that the amount of work produced by a steam cycle depends on relative humidity and is always less than that produced by the corresponding Carnot cycle. The Carnot and steam cycles can be combined into a mixed cycle that is forced by both sensible and latent heating at the warm source. The work performed depends on four parameters: the total energy transport; the temperature difference between the energy source and sink; the Bowen ratio, which measures the partitioning between the sensible and latent heat transports; and the relative humidity of the atmosphere. The role of relative humidity on the work produced by a steam cycle is discussed in...
The benefits of stimulus-driven attention for working memory encoding

Abstract The present study investigates how stimulus-driven attention to relevant information affects working memory performance. In three experiments, we examine whether stimulus-driven attention to items can improve retention of these items in working memory. Lists of phonologically-similar and dissimilar items were presented at expected or unexpected locations in Experiment 1. When stimulus-driven attention was captured by items presented at unexpected locations, similar items were better remembered than similar items that appeared at expected locations. These results were replicated in Experiment 2 using contingent capture to boost stimulus-driven attention to similar items. Experiment 3 demonstrated that stimulus-driven attention was beneficial for both similar and dissimilar items when the latter condition was made more difficult. Together, these experiments demonstrate that stimulus-driven attention to relevant information is one mechanism by which encoding can be facilitated.
The Use of Kidneys from Living Donors With Renal Vascular Disease: Expanding the Donor Pool

AbstractPurpose: The disparity between the number of patients awaiting organ transplantation and the number of available donor organs continues to increase. We report the outcomes of transplantation using kidneys from living donors who had unilateral renovascular disease.Materials and Methods: We identified 5 living donors who had unilateral renovascular disease, including saccular renal artery aneurysms, an arteriovenous malformation, localized atherosclerosis and fibromuscular renal artery stenosis. Each donor was normotensive and asymptomatic, and had otherwise normal renal function.Results: In each case the abnormal kidney was removed, the lesion was repaired ex vivo and the kidney was successfully transplanted without complication in the donor or recipient. Each recipient had a serum creatinine of less than 2 mg./dl. and each donor remained normotensive with stable renal function at up to 3 years of followup.Conclusions: Kidneys from living donors with renovascular disease can be transplanted safely ...
Effect of side chain architecture on dielectric relaxation in polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane/polypropylene oxide nanocomposites

Abstract Segmental and normal mode dynamics in polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)/poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) non-reactive and reactive nanocomposites were investigated using a broadband dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS) over wide ranges of frequency and temperature. Three POSS reagents with varying side chain architecture were selected for the study: OctaGlycidyldimethylsilyl (OG), TrisGlycidylEthyl (TG) and MonoGlycidylEthyl (MG). Spectra of OG and TG show a segmental (α) process at lower frequency and a local (β) relaxation at higher frequency, while MG displays only a local relaxation. Neat PPO has both segmental and normal mode (αN) process. In POSS/PPO non-reactive nanocomposites, the presence of OG and TG causes a decrease in the time scale of αN and α relaxation, while MG has no impact on the dynamics of PPO. Chemical reactions in POSS/PPO reactive nanocomposites lead to the formation of nanonetworks. Prior to the onset of reaction, POSS nanoparticles promote the motions of PPO chains, decrease the time scale of relaxation and give rise to thermodielectrically simple spectra. During the reaction, however, the network formation leads to spectral broadening and a gradual increase in the time scale of both segmental (α) and normal mode (αN) relaxation. A detailed account of the effects of structure, concentration and dispersion of POSS in the matrix, molecular weight of PPO, extent of reaction and temperature on the molecular origin, temperature dependence and spectral characteristics of relaxation processes in POSS/PPO nanocomposites is provided.
Propagating plasma patch and associated neutral stream flows

Abstract Plasma patches are regions of enhanced ionization that are created in the dayside cusp or equatorward of the cusp in the sunlit hemisphere during northward interplanetary magnetic field. After formation, and a change to a southward interplanetary magnetic field, they drift across the polar cap with the prevailing convection speed. As a plasma patch propagates, charge exchange reactions occur, which lead to the production of both ion and neutral particles throughout the patch. In the region directly above the patch, an upward jet of H + and O + forms. This ion jet, in turn, acts to produce an upward flux of neutral H and O stream particles because of charge exchange reactions between the ion jet and the background neutral atmosphere. A three-dimensional, time-dependent model of the ion and neutral polar winds was used in order to study the evolution of the neutral stream particles that are produced in a ‘representative’ propagating plasma patch, with the anticipation that the neutral stream particles produced by the ion jet would display a distinct signature. However, the outflow of neutral H atoms above a patch is only slightly visible in the simulation due to a continuous outflow flux of H (∼10 9 cm −2 s −1 ) across the entire polar cap. On the other hand, the upward flux of neutral O from the patch is more dependent on both the state of the ionosphere and the amount of heating, with increased upward fluxes over areas where the heating is high. Typically, the upward neutral O streams are predominantly located in the pre-midnight auroral oval.
An experimental model of chronic myocardial hibernation.

Abstract Background . Hibernating myocardium describes persistently impaired ventricular function at rest caused by reduced coronary blood flow. However, a realistic animal model reproducing this chronic ischemic state does not exist. The purpose of this study was to explore whether chronic low-flow hibernation could be produced in swine. Methods . Miniswine underwent 90% stenosis of the left circumflex coronary artery. Positron emission tomography and dobutamine stress echocardiography were performed 3 and 30 days (n = 6) or 14 days (n = 4) after occlusion to evaluate myocardial blood flow and viability. Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride assessed percent infarction. Electron microscopy was used to identify cellular changes characteristic of hibernating myocardium. Results . Positron emission tomography ( 13 N-labeled-ammonia) 3 days after occlusion demonstrated a significant reduction in myocardial blood flow in the left circumflex distribution. This reduced flow was accompanied by increased glucose use ( 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose), which is consistent with hibernating myocardium. Thirty days after occlusion, positron emission tomography demonstrated persistent low flow with increased glucose use in the left circumflex distribution. Dobutamine stress echocardiography 3 days after occlusion demonstrated severe hypocontractility at rest in the left circumflex region. Regional wall motion improved with low-dose dobutamine followed by deterioration at higher doses (biphasic response), findings consistent with hibernating myocardium. The results of dobutamine stress echocardiography were unchanged 30 days after occlusion. Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining (n = 6) revealed a mean of 8% ± 2% infarction of the area-at-risk localized to the endocardial surface. Electron microscopy (n = 4) 14 days after occlusion demonstrated loss of contractile elements and large areas of glycogen accumulation within viable cardiomyocytes, also characteristic of hibernating myocardium. Conclusions . Chronic low-flow myocardial hibernation can be reproduced in an animal model after partial coronary occlusion. This model may prove useful in the study of the mechanisms underlying hibernating myocardium and the use of therapies designed to improve blood flow to the heart.
Mn n clusters: Size-induced transition to half metallicity

Results of a theoretical and experimental photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) study of the size evolution of electronic properties of small ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{n}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ clusters are presented. The agreement between the computed and measured data verifies the validity of the theoretical treatment. The theoretical analysis leads to the first prediction of nanoscale half metallicity and the size-induced transition to it. It also points to the type of experiments (spin-polarized PES) that will be able to directly verify the predicted phenomenon.
Estimation of Ground Reaction Force and Zero Moment Point on a Powered Ankle-Foot Prosthesis

The ground reaction force (GRF) and the zero moment point (ZMP) are important parameters for the advancement of biomimetic control of robotic lower-limb prosthetic devices. In this document a method to estimate GRF and ZMP on a motorized ankle-foot prosthesis (MIT Powered Ankle-Foot Prosthesis) is presented. The method proposed is based on the analysis of data collected from a sensory system embedded in the prosthetic device using a custom designed wearable computing unit. In order to evaluate the performance of the estimation methods described, standing and walking clinical studies were conducted on a transtibial amputee. The results were statistically compared to standard analysis methodologies employed in a gait laboratory. The average RMS error and correlation factor were calculated for all experimental sessions. By using a static analysis procedure, the estimation of the vertical component of GRF had an averaged correlation coefficient higher than 0.94. The estimated ZMP location had a distance error of less than 1 cm, equal to 4% of the anterior-posterior foot length or 12% of the medio-lateral foot width.
Opportunity Costs and the Decision to Fish for Northern Anchovy

Abstract Since 1982, declines in the U.S. reduction fishery for northern anchovy Engraulis mordax were due to ex-vessel prices too low to meet opportunity costs of traditional crew members in the southern California wetfish fleet, rather than to inability to meet variable (short-run) costs for items such as fuel. The decline of the fishery appeared to be driven largely by opportunity costs, which, in turn, depended on the ethnic background of crew members. Our analysis indicated that opportunity costs and sociological factors, which are often ignored by fishery managers who traditionally focus on biological analyses, can affect a fishery and its performance. Estimates of opportunity and variable costs from our study should be useful in the development of management plans for the wetfish fishery.
Involving patients in decisions regarding preventive health interventions using the analytic hierarchy process.

Practice guidelines that recommend active patient involvement in decisions about preventive health interventions are becoming increasingly common. These decisions frequently involve diAcult trade-oAs between competing risks and benefits that require easily accessible information about the expected outcomes, superb doctor‐patient communication, and eAective integration of objective outcome data with individual values and preferences. Successful implementation of recommendations for shared decision-making in preventive health care will require the development of eAcient methods for making these complex decisions in busy practice settings. This article describes how the analytic hierarchy process, a multiple criteria decision-making method, could facilitate successful implementation of shared decision-making regarding preventive health care in clinical practice. The method is illustrated using recent guidelines for colorectal cancer screening for average risk patients issued by the American Gastroenterological Association.
Static Fields in Magnetoelectroelastic Laminates

The through-thickness elastic, electric, and magnetic fields of laminates composed of elastic, piezoelectric, and magnetostrictive layers are considered under static conditions to determine their fundamental behavior and to investigate the limits of simplified plate theories in which the fields are assumed to possess a specific type of behavior. The weak form of the equations of motion/equilibrium, Gauss’s law and Gauss’s law for magnetism, are formulated for a rectangular laminate with arbitrary edge boundary conditions under the application of applied surface displacement/traction, electric potential/electric flux, or magnetic potential/magnetic flux. The layers within the laminate are allowed to possess any linear constitutive law consistent with a magnetoelectroelastic solid, and the number of layers is arbitrary. The Ritz method is used in combination with a discrete-layer theory, and approximate solutions for the displacements, electric potential, and magnetic potential are sought to the weak form of the governing equations. The use of linear combinations of through-thickness approximations, along with separate approximations for the in-plane behavior, allows an accurate representation of the break in variable slope across an interface with dissimilar material properties. The model is applied to problems with either known exact solutions or a finite element approximation to the governing equations. Excellent agreement is obtained for all cases.
Doppler diversity and turbo coded CDMA

In this paper, we track the performance of the turbo decoder as a function of the diversity order achieved by the 2D RAKE receiver and the number of MAP iterations performed by the turbo decoder. In particular, we show the benefits of utilizing Doppler diversity in addition to multipath diversity in CDMA systems. Simulations around the waterfall region of the turbo code show gains ranging from 1 dB to about 3.5 dB under different realistic channel conditions when Doppler diversity is exploited. Similarly, for a given BER, utilizing Doppler diversity is shown to reduce the number of MAP iterations required by a factor of approximately 2.
Readiness to Change, Social Norms, and Alcohol Involvement Among College Students

The author explored the impact that readiness to change variables have on dimensions of alcohol involvement and how the explanatory power of the variables compares with social norms among college students. Canonical analysis suggested that alcohol intensity and drinking consequences were best explained by the norms for closest friends and contemplation about one's drinking.
Object-Oriented Techniques

Object-oriented analysis has become a key issue in today’s analysis paradigm. It is without question the most important element of creating what may be called the “complete” requirements of a system. Unfortunately, the industry is in a state of controversy about the approaches and tools that should be used to create object systems. This chapter will focus on developing the requirements for object systems and the challenges of converting legacy systems. Therefore, many of the terms will be defined based on their fundamental capabilities and how they can be used by a practicing analyst (as opposed to a theorist!).
Differentiating symptoms of depression from diabetes-specific distress: relationships with self-care in type 2 diabetes

Aims/hypothesis The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between depressive symptoms and diabetes-specific distress and the independent relationships of each of these factors with diabetes self-care. We expected that symptoms of depression would be associated with poorer diabetes self-care, independent of diabetes-specific distress.
Impact of Indinavir on the Quality of Life in Patients with Advanced HIV Infection Treated with Zidovudine and Lamivudine

OBJECTIVE In AIDS Clinical Trial Group (ACTG) study 320, triple-combination antiretroviral therapy including indinavir significantly slowed progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or death, compared with treatment with dual nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) alone, in zidovudine-experienced patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We examined the impact of indinavir on quality of life in participants from this study. METHODS A total of 1156 protease inhibitor- and lamivudine-naive patients stratified by CD4 cell count (<or=50 and 51-200 cells/mm(3)) were randomized to receive zidovudine (or stavudine) and lamivudine, with or without indinavir. Health-related quality of life was measured using the ACTG QoL601-602 questionnaire, which assesses general health status measured on a visual analogue scale and 8 specific health-related domains. Quality-adjusted survival time was estimated using the visual analogue scale for general health. RESULTS Mean changes in general health scores after 24 weeks were +2.9 in the triple-therapy group versus -0.2 in the dual-therapy group (P=.018). By week 24, scores in all specific domains were higher with triple-drug therapy than dual-drug therapy, with statistically significant differences in role function, energy, and pain scores. Benefits of triple-drug therapy were largely confined to patients with CD4 cell counts of <or=50 cells/mm(3). Quality-adjusted survival time did not differ significantly between the 2 treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS Triple-drug therapy with indinavir and 2 NRTIs resulted in a significant improvement in general health status after 24 weeks, especially in patients with low CD4 cell counts. Patients receiving triple-drug therapy also had significantly better role function, energy, and pain scores than did patients treated with dual-drug therapy.
Generalized multi-point inverse airfoil design

In a rather general sense, inverse airfoil design can be taken to mean the problem of specifying a desired set of airfoil characteristics, such as the airfoil maximum thickness ratio, pitching moment, part of the velocity distribution or boundary-layer development, etc., then from this information determine the corresponding airfoil shape. This paper presents a method which approaches the design problem from this perspective. In particular, the airfoil is divided into segments along which, together with the design conditions, either the velocity distribution or boundary-layer development may be prescribed. In addition to these local desired distributions, single parameters like the airfoil thickness can be specified. The problem of finding the airfoil shape is determined by coupling an incompressible, inviscid, inverse airfoil design method with a direct integral boundary-layer analysis method and solving the resulting nonlinear equations via a multidimensional Newton iteration technique. The approach is fast and easily allows for interactive design. It is also flexible and could be adapted to solving compressible, inverse airfoil design problems.
Minimizing the length of non-mixed initiative dialogs

Dialog participants in a non-mixed initiative dialogs, in which one participant asks questions exclusively and the other participant responds to those questions exclusively, can select actions that minimize the expected length of the dialog. The choice of question that minimizes the expected number of questions to be asked can be computed in polynomial time in some cases.The polynomial-time solutions to special cases of the problem suggest a number of strategies for selecting dialog actions in the intractable general case. In a simulation involving 1000 dialog scenarios, an approximate solution using the most probable rule set/least probable question resulted in expected dialog length of 3.60 questions per dialog, as compared to 2.80 for the optimal case, and 5.05 for a randomly chosen strategy.
Brushing up on bristles: complex genes and morphogenesis in molds

BRUCE L. MILLER DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY, MOtECULAR BIotOGV AND BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIVERSlTt' OF IDAHO, MOSCOW, 1D 83843, USA. Formation of multicellular structures in eukaryotes requires the temporal and spatial control of cell differen- tiation, a process ultimately mediated by changes in gene expression. Studies using microorganisms have revealed many valuable insights into fundamental mechanisms that control developmental gene expression, progression through the cell cycle and polarity of cell division
Is renal function the only determinant in the elimination of ceftazidime

Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin that is eliminated primarily via the kidneys. Several studies have indicated that dosage adjustment is necessary in patients with renal disease. The correlation between the glomerular filtration rate and half-life (t /2) developed by Norrby and co-workers was used to evaluate, in three patients, the hypothesis that renal function is the principal determinant in excretion of the ceftazidime. Results obtained indicate that although the correlation appeared valid for a patient with chronic renal failure it did not predict patterns of ceftazidime elimination in two granulocytopenic patients with lymphoma. Therefore, caution should be exercised when employing Norrby's correlation for adjusting ceftazidime dosage for patients with certain disease states. Ceftazidime is a newly developed, third-generation, p-lactamase-resistant cephalosporin for parenteral administration. It has a broad spectrum of activity that includes Pseudomonas species and Enterobacteriaceae. It is widely used in a variety of patients, ranging from those with uncomplicated urinary tract infections to those with cystic fibrosis or with cancer and associated granulocytopenia, whose susceptibility to life-threatening infections
Prenatal diagnosis of aorto-left ventricular tunnel: introducing the ‘cockade sign’

A foetal echocardiography was solicited in the 35th week of gestation for left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and dilatation. It demonstrated a significant backflow from ascending aorta to the LV. Regurgitant flow was not generated through the aortic valve, but through a tunnel surrounding the aortic annulus ( Panel A ). This ‘cockade sign’—seen as a double …
Ensemble classification by critic-driven combining

We develop new rules for combining estimates obtained from each classifier in an ensemble. A variety of combination techniques have been previously suggested, including averaging probability estimates, as well as hard voting schemes. We introduce a critic associated with each classifier, whose objective is to predict the classifier's errors. Since the critic only tackles a two-class problem, its predictions are generally more reliable than those of the classifier, and thus can be used as the basis for our suggested improved combination rules. While previous techniques are only effective when the individual classifier error rate is p<0.5, the new approach is successful, as proved under an independence assumption, even when this condition is violated-in particular, so long as p+q<1, with q the critic's error rate. More generally, critic-driven combining achieves consistent, substantial performance improvement over alternative methods, on a number of benchmark data sets.
Layer 1-informed Internet Topology Measurement

Understanding the Internet's topological structure continues to be fraught with challenges. In this paper, we investigate the hypothesis that physical maps of service provider infrastructure can be used to effectively guide topology discovery based on network layer TTL-limited measurement. The goal of our work is to focus layer 3-based probing on broadly identifying Internet infrastructure that has a fixed geographic location such as POPs, IXPs and other kinds of hosting facilities. We begin by comparing more than 1.5 years of TTL-limited probe data from the Ark project with maps of service provider infrastructure from the Internet Atlas project. We find that there are substantially more nodes and links identified in the service provider map data versus the probe data. Next, we describe a new method for probe-based measurement of physical infrastructure called POPsicle that is based on careful selection of probe source-destination pairs. We demonstrate the capability of our method through an extensive measurement study using existing "looking glass" vantage points distributed throughout the Internet and show that it reveals 2.4 times more physical node locations versus standard probing methods. To demonstrate the deployability of POPsicle we also conduct tests at an IXP. Our results again show that POPsicle can identify more physical node locations compared with standard layer 3 probes, and through this deployment approach it can be used to measure thousands of networks world wide.
Roasting Donald Duck: Alternative Comics and Photonovels in Latin America

A corollary of dependency theory, which has enjoyed considerable popularity among social scientists in the last fifteen years, is the notion of cultural imperialism. Simply stated, the theory holds that countries with global economic dominance reinforce their hegemonic relationship with lesser developed countries through the manipulation of mass media such as television, radio, film and comic books. A number of radical critiques of Latin America mass media have appeared in response to this perceived relationship. In her article, Cornelia Butler Flora examines several Latin American comic books and photonovels which were created as alternatives to commercial controlled media forms. For example, in Chile during the short-lived presidency of Salvador Allende (1970–1973), the government publishing house Quimanto brought together artists and communications specialists to produce comic books which would serve as the socialist answer to Donald Duck andbther publications that were seen as purveyors of caplitalist values. Flora also draws on other examplles of comic books and photonovels from Mexico, Ecuador and Peru.
Family processes, identity development, and behavioral outcomes for adopted adolescents

Relationship processes of connection, regulation, and autonomy within families are considered with respect to the development of identity in adopted adolescents. Following discussion of the changing nature ofadoptive family relationships in North America and conceptual and methodological issues in the study of identity, it is argued that coherence of identity narratives can serve as a useful window on adolescent development. A research agenda linking family processes with identity development in adopted adolecsents that involves both descriptive and hypothesis-testing phases is outlined. It is specifically hypothesized that variations in openness in adoption (forms of connection) moderate the relation between family process and adolescent outcomes and that identity (a form of autonomy) mediates this link.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with episodic migraine versus chronic daily headache

We compared data from 243 patients with episodic migraine (EM) and 132 patients with chronic daily headache (CDH). We divided the matter group into those with tension-type headache only (CDH Type 1) and those with headaches having migrainous features (CDH Types 2+3) and compared each with the EM group and all three groups with one another. CDH Type l patients differed from those in the other groups by virtue of gender (more often male) and mean age at headache onset (older). The CDH Types 2+3 and EM groups differed only in that the former were more likely to have undergone a brain-imaging study. These data suggest that CDH Type 1 may represent a distinct headache syndrome, while CDH Types 2+3 closely resemble episodic migraine.
Case 1: Infant With Intrauterine Growth Restriction, Dehydration, and Weight Loss.

An infant girl is born by vaginal delivery at 40 weeks’ gestation to a gravida 4, para 2012 mother after maternal induction of labor for intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Family history is notable for a father and first child born small for gestational age. Prenatal ultrasonography results at 28 weeks’ gestation are normal; fetal weight at that time was in the 43rd percentile for gestational age. Prenatal laboratory findings include negative group B Streptococcus , Gonorrhea , Chlamydia , rubella immune, hepatitis B surface antigen nonreactive, and human immunodeficiency virus nonreactive. Her mother has no prior medical conditions; denies substance use, including tobacco smoke and cocaine; and reports not taking any medications other than prenatal vitamins. The infant’s Apgar scores are 9 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes after birth, respectively, requiring only routine care at delivery. Her initial examination findings are remarkable for depressed fontanelles, and she has no dysmorphic features. Her birth weight is 1,875 g (<3 percentile), length is less than 3 percentile, head circumference is less than 3 percentile, and her Ballard score is 38 (equivalent to 39 weeks’ gestation) on admission. Cord gas analysis results are within the normal range. Glucose levels at ages 5 and 6 hours are 41 and 46 mg/dL (2.3 and 2.6 mmol/L), respectively. After breastfeeding, her glucose level improves to 77 mg/dL (4.3 mmol/L) at 8 hours. Her total bilirubin level at 29 hours is …
Fast and precise voltage sag detection method for dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) application

Abstract Voltage sag detection method has a significant impact on the performance of dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). This paper proposes a fundamental voltage amplitude detection method which is applicable in both single/three-phase systems for DVR applications. Advantages of the proposed method include application in distorted power grid without any low-pass filter, precise and reliable detection, simple computation and implementation without using a phased locked loop and lookup table. The proposed method has been simulated and implemented experimentally and tested under various conditions considering all possible cases such as different amounts of voltage sag depth (VSD), different amounts of point-on-wave (POW) at which voltage sag occurs, harmonic distortion, line frequency variation, and phase jump (PJ). A detailed procedure to design the threshold band for comparator is presented. According to the achieved results and detailed analysis, maximum ripple of the calculated fundamental voltage amplitude is ±0.3% in normal condition of line frequency and ±1% in the case of ±1 Hz variation of 60 Hz line frequency. In addition, the error between the actual fundamental voltage amplitude and the calculated one is almost zero in normal condition of line frequency and maximum of ±0.25% in the case of line frequency variation with excessive-harmonic distortion. Furthermore, detection time (DT) of the proposed method is analyzed in detail for different amounts of VSD, POW and PJ. The best and worst detection time of the proposed method were measured 1 and 8.8 ms, respectively. Finally, the proposed method has been compared with other methods available in the literature.
Memes in Digital Culture, by Shifman, L.

Internet memes are either dismissed or embraced, with viewers divided between academic disinterest and pop culture attraction. Disputes over Richard Dawkins’s 1976 introduction of the term meme to ...
Molecular Mimicry as a Mechanism for the Cause and as a Probe Uncovering Etiologic Agent(s) of Autoimmune Disease

For the purposes of our investigation, molecular mimicry is defined as similar structures shared by molecules from dissimilar genes or by their protein products. Either the molecules’ linear amino acid sequences or their conformational fit may be shared, even though their origins are as separate as, for example, a virus and a normal host self determinant (Fig. 1). Because guanine cytosine (GC) sequences and introns designed to be spliced away may provide, respectively, false hybridization signals and nonsense homologies, focus on molecular mimicry is necessary at the protein level. Such homologies between proteins have been detected either by use of immunologic reagents, humoral or cellular, that cross-react with two presumably unrelated protein structures, or by computer searches to match proteins described in storage banks. Regardless of the methods used for identification, it is now abundantly clear that molecular mimicry between proteins encoded by numerous microbes and host “self” proteins is a common event. Such data is not only of interest in autoimmunity but also as a likely mechanism by which viral proteins are processed inside cells (Fig. 2; Dales et al. 1983). The cartoon of Fig. 2 attempts to bring together a number of observations including (a) the high incidence of cytoskeletal autoantibodies found in most microbial (viral) infections and (b) increasing observations that viruses may use the cytoskeletal apparatus for their own purposes of trafficking and assembly.
The Performance of Firms that Issue Convertible Debt

This paper examines post-issue operating performance, risk characteristics, and analyst forecasts to more fully understand issuer motivations for, and investor reactions to, the issuance of convertible debt. The main finding is that announcements of convertible debt offerings convey information about a firm's future operating performance and future risk changes. Issuer systematic risk declines, while unsystematic risk increases significantly in the post-offer period. Short-term and long-term measures of operating performance deteriorate. The former effect is caused by industry conditions, while the latter is issuer-specific. Finally, we find that analysts consistently overestimate issuer near-term earnings and long-term earnings growth rates. The results provide support for risk-shifting and adverse selection motives for the use of convertible debt.
Turn Your Cameras Off in the Bedroom: 'Revenge Porn' Is Now a Felony in Louisiana

A law newly enacted by the Louisiana Legislature, Louisiana Revised Statutes 14:2832, that made it illegal to distribute revenge porn is already leading to arrests in Louisiana. Brandon Wade Davis, a man who shared a lewd photo on social media that his girlfriend sent him privately, was arrested and booked into the Vernon Parish Correction Center in late September 2015. This arrest is one of the first in Louisiana since the revenge porn law took effect on August 15, 2015. Before the enactment of this law, men and women across Louisiana could expose their ex’s private photographs without any or little criminal liability. Although Louisiana has many laws that law enforcement and prosecutors could have used, the majority of the time prosecutors failed to secure a conviction. This Article discusses the statutes that failed to achieve justice for victims of revenge porn: obscenity, cyberstalking, sexting, and video voyeurism. Before the enactment of nondisclosure of a private image, victims were left more embarrassed and victimized. Louisiana made a bold move when it enacted Louisiana Revised Statutes 14:283.2. The legislature made the penalty for this statute a felony. Only four other states have done so: Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, and Nevada. When comparing Louisiana’s new law to other states with similar laws, Louisiana’s lacks the elements that revenge-porn victims and watch groups desire. Louisiana’s new law applies only to photographs in which the victim is nude, does not have seizure consequences for equipment the defendant uses, and has elements to the crime that are impossible to prove. This Article recommends that the law be amended to make it easier for prosecutors to prove the crime by taking out impossible elements, removing language that the victim must be nude, and adding seizure penalties.
Stimulation of host resistance against tumors by glycyrrhizin, an active component of licorice roots.

The effect of glycyrrhizin (GR), a Chinese herbal drug extracted from licorice roots, on the host resistance to tumors was investigated in a murine system. Administration of GR to BALB/c mice, which were inoculated s.c. with 1 x 10(6) cells/mouse of Meth A tumors, resulted in either no antitumor effect (8/20, 40%), a delay in tumor growth (9/20, 45%), or elimination of tumor growth (3/20, 15%) in these mice. In addition, the incidence of Meth A solid tumors was inhibited by GR when mice were inoculated with 1.5 x 10(4) cells/mouse or less of Meth A tumor cells, but not 7.5 x 10(4) cells/mouse or more. These results indicate that in this murine tumor system GR has a very weak antitumor effect. When GR at a dose of 20 mg/kg was administered to mice immunized with allogeneic lymphocytes 1 to 9 days after the immunization, the generation of suppressor macrophages (S-M phi) was clearly reduced as compared with that of S-M phi generated in immunized controls. In addition, when allospecific CTL (allo-CTL), which were generated in alloimmunized mice treated with GR followed by in vitro stimulation with allogeneic lymphocytes in a mixed lymphocyte reaction, were adoptively transferred to tumor-bearing mice treated with GR, the antitumor activity of allo-CTL derived from immunized mice treated with GR was markedly enhanced as compared with that of allo-CTL from immunized mice. Furthermore, established solid tumors were completely eliminated when interleukin-2 immunotherapy was performed in these mice in combination with GR treatments, but not interleukin-2 or GR alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Managing Adaptive Challenges: Learning With Principals in Bermuda and Florida

We interviewed eight principals from Bermuda and Florida about how they identify and manage their most pressing challenges. Their challenges are composed of both adaptive and technical work, requir...
Uniqueness of the Decomposition of Finite Abelian Groups: A Simple Proof

(1998). Uniqueness of the Decomposition of Finite Abelian Groups: A Simple Proof. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 50-52.
THE PANGOLIN: A multivalent memento in Indonesian art

Many thousands of intricately ornamented, volcanic stone monuments, candi, dot the landscape of Central Java. These spiritual ‘cosmic mountains’, commissioned by Hindu and Buddhist patrons between the 8th and 9th centuries, are mostly forgotten ‘memoryscapes’, built environments that represent the past glories of early Java. The 9th-century Candi Loro Jonggrang (of Prambanan village) is a powerful testament to its period and patrons yet present-day visitors know very little about the meaning of this site. Investigation and interpretation of specific details of this intricately ornamented complex, however, reveal cultural memories – some that still have cogent meaning despite forgotten connections. This article considers one specific cultural memento: the presence of the pangolin, a scaly anteater, at the Candi Loro Jonggrang. Animals are particularly effective receptacles of communal memories and this article aims to tease out why the pangolin was given prominence in the temple site and how it encoded spi...