cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mixed‐integer dynamic optimization for oil‐spill response planning with integration of a dynamic oil weathering model

Introduction Catastrophic oil spills, such as the recent Deepwater BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, have demonstrated the importance of developing responsive and effective oil spill response planning strategies for the oil industry and the government. Although a few models have been developed for oilspill response planning, response operations and the oil weathering process are usually considered separately. Yet significant interactions between them exist throughout the response. Oil-spill cleanup activities change the volume and area of the oil slick and in turn affect the oil transport and weathering process, which also affects coastal protection activities and cleanup operations (e.g., performance degradation and operational window of cleanup facilities). Therefore, it is critical to integrate the response planning model with the oil transport and weathering model, although this integration has not been addressed in the existing literature to the best of our knowledge. The objective of this note is to develop an optimization approach for seamlessly integrating the planning of oil-spill response operations with the oil transport and weathering process. A mixed-integer dynamic optimization (MIDO) model is proposed that simultaneously predicts the time trajectories of the oil volume and slick area, the response cleanup schedule and coastal protection plan, by taking into account the time-dependent oil physiochemical properties, spilled amount, hydrodynamics, weather conditions, facility availability, performance degradation, cleanup operational window, and regulatory constraints. To solve the MIDO problem, we reformulated it as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem using orthogonal collocation on finite elements. We also developed a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model to obtain a good starting point for solving the nonconvex MINLP problem. The application of the proposed integrated optimization approach is illustrated through a case study for an oil spill in Gulf of Mexico. The tradeoff between response cost and the response time span has also been examined and illustrated through the case study. The rest of this note is organized as follows. The problem statement is presented in the next section. It is then followed by the detailed model formulation and the solution approach. Computational results for a case study and the conclusions are given at the end of this note.
Fine mapping of a major quantitative trait locus that regulates pod shattering in soybean

Legumes represent the second most important family of crop plants, accounting for ~27 % of the world’s crop production. While some legumes are grown as forages or vegetables, most crop legumes are grown for harvesting their nutritious seeds. The legume seeds are contained in the pod, which is composed of a single seed-bearing carpel that, when matures, splits open along two seams, a process called pod dehiscence or pod shattering. Pod shattering before or during harvest causes yield losses of grain legumes. Moreover, the dominant shattering trait of the wild progenitors is a limiting factor for efficient introgression of value-added traits into elite breeding lines. Knowledge of the genetic mechanisms underlying pod shattering will facilitate breeding of shattering-resistant varieties, expedite introgression of agronomically favorable traits from wild species to elite breeding lines, and enrich our understanding of the evolution of seed dispersal and crop domestication in diverse crop species. Here we report fine mapping of a major quantitative trait locus (designated as qPDH1) that regulates pod shattering in soybean (Glycine max). A combination of linkage and association mapping allowed us to delimit the qPDH1 locus within a 47-kb region on chromosome 16. The data reported here will facilitate positional cloning of the underlying gene and the development of breeder-friendly genetic markers for marker-assisted selection in soybean.
Motivation and instructional design: A theoretical perspective

We have not given adequate systematic attention to the problem of motivation in instructional theory and technology, to the understanding of motivation in individual learners, or to the development of a technology for influencing motivation (Cooley & Lohnes, 1976; Cronbach & Snow, 1976). We know, as a rule of thumb, that we should introduce novelty, uncertainty, or a sense of mystery at the beginning of a program to elicit attention and, it is hoped, enthusiasm, and we know that we should use reinforcement to help sustain desirable changes in behavior, but neither of these principles constitutes an adequate understanding of motivation. The purpose of this paper is to present a theoretical approach to understanding motivation in relation to other factors that influence learning and the design of instruction. In this context, several illustrative research studies are reviewed along with an introduction to a systematic process of influencing motivation. This presentation is not exhaustive, but serves as an introduction to the approach, and as a basis for subsequent elaborations of the issues and tech-
CYCLING TO WORK IN PHOENIX: ROUTE CHOICE, TRAVEL BEHAVIOR, AND COMMUTER CHARACTERISTICS

Through a survey of expert cyclists, the relationship between the actual routes cyclists traveled and existing street conditions was documented, and bicycle commuters of the Phoenix metropolitan area were profiled. Data were collected on individual commuting routes between home and work. Additional data collected include age and gender characteristics. Frequency analysis in a geographic information system compared the number of common street segments among actual and alternative routes to determine cyclists' use of existing street facilities. Findings are reported for actual routes compared with shortest distance, shortest time, and safest route alternatives on street facilities between the same origin and destination. Spatial analysis identified local gaps in arterial street bicycle facilities at municipal boundaries. These findings include evidence that cyclists adjust their routes to use current street bicycle facilities, and suggest that policy makers should concentrate on linking bicycle facilities across jurisdictions.
3.4 THz quantum cascade laser operating above liquid nitrogen temperature

Terahertz lasing in a quantum cascade structure in pulsed mode up to a temperature of 87K at a wavelength of λ=88 µm (3.4 THz) has been obtained. At 5K, a peak power of approximately 3.4 mW is observed, with still ∼1 mW at 78K.
Training older workers: Lessons learned, unlearned, and relearned from the field of instructional design

Changing workforce demographics have highlighted the need to provide training and development opportunities for older workers. This article critically examines the current state of research on the use of systematic instructional design procedures to develop work-related training that is inclusive of older workers. The review reveals a disconnect between what the literature recommends to achieve age-inclusive design and what is offered as evidence of age-inclusive design. Age-related generalizations about cognition and learning capacity often serve as the basis for design decisions, with little attention paid to the role of training context and content. The article recommends that this disconnect be resolved and offers some specific suggestions about how human resource managers can integrate sound instructional design principles into the training and development component of their talent management strategies. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Passing dynamic objects by reference in Fortran 90: application to time-dependent quantum chemistry

Abstract A new effective strategy of passing large variable size objects to subroutines and back in fortran 90 is described. The objects are passed by reference utilizing user-defined pointer type variables declared in a shared module. The efficiency of the developed approach is demonstrated by applying it to program the analytic solution for action of the powers of Hamiltonian on the Hermite polynomial type basis function.
Measuring Middle Class Economic Security

Economic security is the protection from hardship causing economic losses. Such losses can occur due to unemployment, medical emergencies, and other unforeseen events. To measure how well prepared families are for these events, we calculate a series of middle class security indicators, specifically the share of families who have enough financial wealth to weather an unemployment spell, those who can cover a medical emergency, those can handle both unemployment and a medical emergency and those who can sustain an emergency that requires three months of income. Based on data from the Federal Reserve, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, we find that economic security steadily improved in the 1990s, but sharply declined after 2000. Within 2-3 years, all gains of the 1990s were erased due to a debt boom fuelled by weak income growth and sharp price increases.
Where no mind has gone before: ontological design for virtual spaces

Hypermedia designers have tried to move beyond the directed graph concept, which defines hypermedia structures as aggregations of nodes and links. A substantial body of work attempts to describe hypertexts in terms of extended or global spaces. According to this approach, nodes and links acquire meaning in relation to the space in which they are deployed. Some theory of space thus becomes essential for any advance in hypermedia design; but the type of space implied by electronic information systems, from hyperdocuments to “consensual hallucinations,” requires careful analysis. Familiar metaphors drawn from physics, architecture, and everyday experience have only limited descriptive or explanatory value for this type of space. As theorists of virtual reality point out, new information systems demand an internal rather than an external perspective. This shift demands a more sophisticated approach to hypermedia space, one that accounts both for stable design properties (architectonic space) and for unforseen outcomes, or what Winograd and Flores call “breakdowns.” Following Wexelblat in cyberspace theory and Dillon, McKnight, and Richardson in hypermedia theory, we call the domain of these outcomes semantic space. In two thought experiments, or brief exercises in interface design, we attempt to reconcile these divergent notions of space within the conceptual system of hypermedia.
DNA sequence recognition in the minor groove by hairpin pyrrole polyamide-Hoechst 33258 analogue conjugate.

Abstract A hairpin pyrrole polyamide conjugated to a Hoechst 33258 (Ht) analogue, PyPyPy-γ-PyPyPy-γ-Ht, was synthesized on solid-phase by adaptation of an Fmoc technique using a series of PyBOP/HOBt mediated coupling reactions. Sequence selectivity and complex stabilities were characterized by spectrofluorometric titrations and thermal melting studies. The polyamide of the conjugate was observed to bind in a hairpin motif forming 1:1 conjugate:dsDNA complexes. The conjugate is able to recognize nine contiguous A/T bps, discriminating from the sequences containing fewer than nine contiguous A/T bps.
Image gathering, interpolation, and restoration: a fidelity analysis

Many modeling, simulation and performance analysis studies of sampled imaging systems are inherently incomplete because they are conditioned on a discrete-input, discrete-output model which only accounts for blurring during image gathering and additive noise. For those sampled imaging systems where the effects of image gathering, restoration and interpolation are significant the modeling, simulation and performance analysis should be based on a more comprehensive continuous-input, discrete-processing, continuous-output end-to-end model. This more comprehensive model should properly account for the low-pass filtering effects of image gathering prior to sampling, the potentially important noise-like effects of aliasing, additive noise, the high-pass filtering effects of restoration, and the low-pass filtering effects of image reconstruction. Yet this model should not be so complex as to preclude significant mathematical analysis, particularly the mean-square (fidelity) type of analysis so common in linear system theory. In this paper we demonstrate that, although the mathematics of this more comprehensive model is more complex, the increase in complexity is not so great as to prevent a complete fidelity-metric analysis at both the component level and at the end-to-end system level. That is, easily computed, mean-square-based fidelity metrics are developed by which both component-level and system-level performance can be predicted. In particular, it is demonstrated that these fidelity metrics can be used to quantify the combined effects of image gathering, restoration and reconstruction.
HOW JOURNALS ARE PRICED

Library managers are facing a problem. Not only won't it go away, but it's been increasing, seemingly at an exponential rate. What is this problem? The increase in the prices libraries are paying for journal subscriptions. In larger academic libraries, this rapid increase has kept pressure on the materials budget, thereby affecting the budget for books along with serials. But what determines journal prices? What forces drive them? And what actions might libraries or universities take to change the pattern of journal prices?
Two-dimensional wavelet mapping techniques for damage detection in structural systems

Application of the wavelet transforms on the measured vibration data provides a new tool for the damage detection analysis of the two-dimensional structural systems. In this paper, a novel two-dimensional wavelet mapping technique for damage detection based on the wavelet transforms and residual mode shapes are proposed. After vibration data was collected, wavelet de-noising shrinkage was performed in order to reduce measurement noise. By performing wavelet decomposition of the residuals of mode shapes and by taking only detail coefficients, wavelet energy maps are constructed for all decomposition levels. The orthogonal property of the wavelet transforms has bee utilized to correlate energy at decomposition levels with the measured vibrational energy. After wavelet maps of interest are determined, they are mapped on top of each other to figure out damaged areas of the two-dimensional structural systems. The energy segmentation procedure is performed by using minimum homogeneity and uncertainty based thresholding methods. It has been shown that the proposed method can clearly locate the multiple damage locations on the two- dimensional structures. This method requires few sampling points, robust and independent of the type of damage or the material damaged. The proposed method is applied to detect multiple damage locations on a two-dimensional plate. The results are very satisfactory.
Meta-analysis of Go/No-go tasks demonstrating that fMRI activation associated with response inhibition is task-dependent

FMRI studies of response inhibition consistently reveal frontal lobe activation. Localization within the frontal cortex, however, varies across studies and appears dependent on the nature of the task. Activation likelihood estimate (ALE) meta-analysis is a powerful quantitative method of establishing concurrence of activation across functional neuroimaging studies. For this study, ALE was used to investigate concurrent neural correlates of successfully inhibited No-go stimuli across studies of healthy adults performing a Go/No-go task, a paradigm frequently used to measure response inhibition. Due to the potential overlap of neural circuits for response selection and response inhibition, the analysis included only event-related studies contrasting No-go activation with baseline, which allowed for inclusion of all regions that may be critical to visually guided motor response inhibition, including those involved in response selection. These Go/No-go studies were then divided into two groups: "simple" Go/No-go tasks in which the No-go stimulus was always the same, and "complex" Go/No-go tasks, in which the No-go stimulus changed depending on context, requiring frequent updating of stimulus-response associations in working memory. The simple and complex tasks demonstrated distinct patterns of concurrence, with right dorsolateral prefrontal and inferior parietal circuits recruited under conditions of increased working memory demand. Common to both simple and complex Go/No-go tasks was concurrence in the pre-SMA and the left fusiform gyrus. As the pre-SMA has also been shown to be involved in response selection, the results support the notion that the pre-SMA is critical for selection of appropriate behavior, whether selecting to execute an appropriate response or selecting to inhibit an inappropriate response.
On dissipative processes in Lorentzian manifolds

Abstract Use of the conditions that the total momentum-energy tensor by symmetric and have vanishing 4-divergence is shown to provide a framework for the construction of a Lorentz covariant thermodynamics of irreversible processes. Relativistically correct generalizations of recent work in irreversible thermodynamics are obtained, together with generalized systems of Onsager reciprocity relations. An elementary modification of the geometry and the field equations of general relativity is shown to provide one possible manner in which the dissipative effects of irreversible processes can be given a direct geometric interpretation.
Regulation of ACV synthetase in penicillin- and cephalosporin-producing microorganisms

ACV synthetase is the first enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway for all natural penicillins and cephalosporins. Its activity catalyzes the possible rate-limiting step and is subject to various regulatory controls. In both the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium and the actinomycete Streptomyces clavuligerus, formation of the enzyme is repressed by ammonium and phosphate ions, but not by easily-utilized carbon sources; it is induced by methionine in C. acremonium. The action of the crude enzyme is indirectly inhibited in vitro by sugars such as glucose and by the carbon source metabolite glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). Sugars are not inhibitory to the purified enzyme activity but G3P is inhibitory. The sugar inhibition is reversed by ATP and the G3P inhibition by L-cysteine (L-cys). Addition of L-cys to fermentation media increases beta-lactam production by both microorganisms. Phosphate and ferrous ions inhibit enzyme activity. Dissolved oxygen levels do not affect enzyme formation. Regulation of ACVS formation most likely occurs at the transcriptional level.
Cyclostratigraphy and its revolutionizing applications in the earth and planetary sciences

Over the past 25 yr, the science of stratigraphy has evolved to include time-correlative data from vastly disparate components of the Earth system. Not least of these is the global signal afforded by cyclostratigraphy, which has recorded the evolution of Earth’s astronomical (“Milankovitch”) forcing of insolation and the paleoclimate system. Fossil astronomical signals are collected from cyclic sedimentary sequences by detailed sampling and study of facies, geochemistry, mineralogy, rock magnetism, color, etc. In step with the documentation of astronomically forced paleoclimate from ever-older older geologic times, innovations in computational science have provided ever-longer high-accuracy astronomical model “targets” that can be used for time scale calibration. The Earth’s orbit is affected by motions of other planets, notably the orbital perihelia of Venus and Jupiter, which impose a dominant 405 k.y. eccentricity cycle on Earth’s orbital evolution. The large mass of Jupiter stabilizes this cycle over hundreds of millions of years. The cyclostratigraphic record of 405 k.y. cycles is therefore often used to correct chronologies affected by variable sedimentation. Earth’s shape and rotation rate are influenced by tidal dissipation and climate friction; these effects affect Earth’s precession rate through time. Thus, a record of Earth-Moon evolution is also embedded in cyclostratigraphy. The geochronologic value of cyclostratigraphy has been affirmed through intercalibration with high-precision radioisotope dating, which today has the potential to define the ages of stratigraphic horizons with 2σ uncertainties at the scale of a precession cycle. Precession index phasing relative to that of the obliquity elucidates the seasonal nature of astronomical forcing of the paleoclimate system. Cyclostratigraphy contributes to our knowledge of planetary dynamics for times prior to the current ca. 50 Ma limit of accurate astronomical solutions, and it will guide our future understanding of solar system evolution and the evidence for chaotic diffusion. Astronomical modeling is undergoing its own revolution with development of new numerical integrators to extend accuracy further back in time. Finally, space exploration has revealed prominent sedimentary bedding and ice stratigraphy on the surface of Mars, with patterns suggestive of astronomical forcing analogous to Earth.
Enterprise demand for money and illiquidity crises in Yugoslavia

Abstract This paper examines the short-term demand for money by Yugoslav enterprises during the 1961–1971 period in an attempt to explain the recurrence of so-called ‘illiquidity crises’ in the Yugoslav economy. The empirical results indicate that a traditional transactions demand for money equation, modified to allow for the effects of inflationary expectations and lagged adjustment, can explain the cash-holding behavior of the Yugoslav enterprise sector in the post-1965 period. Further examination of the evidence indicates that the decline in enterprise liquidity which occured during this period was also the result of enterprise response to the growth of money substitutes and the result of involuntary increases in holdings of trade credit occasioned by payments' defaults.
Quantitative characterization of developing collagen gels using optical coherence tomography

Nondestructive optical imaging methods such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) have been proposed for characterizing engineered tissues such as collagen gels. In our study, OCT was used to image collagen gels with different seeding densities of smooth muscle cells (SMCs), including acellular gels, over a five-day period during which the gels contracted and became turbid with increased optical scattering. The gels were characterized quantitatively by their optical properties, specified by analysis of OCT data using a theoretical model. At 6 h, seeded cell density and scattering coefficient (µ s ) were correlated, with µ s equal to 10.8 cm -1 /(10 6 cells/mL). Seeded cell density and the scattering anisotropy (g) were uncorrelated. Over five days, the reflectivity in SMC gels gradually doubled with little change in optical attenuation, which indicated a decrease in g that increased backscatter, but only a small drop in µ s . At five days, a subpopulation of sites on the gel showed substantially higher reflectivity (approximately a tenfold increase from the first 24 h). In summary, the increased turbidity of SMC gels that develops over time is due to a change in the structure of collagen, which affects g, and not simply due to a change in number density of collagen fibers due to contraction.
Experimental study of PDMS bonding to various substrates for monolithic microfluidic applications

This paper presents a comprehensive experimental study and characterization of material and bonding of PDMS based structures to various substrates. A previously published method [1] of bonding is further improved with the inclusion of more substrate material and additional characteristics. Uncured PDMS is used as an adhesive to bond PDMS devices reversibly to various substrates including a number of commonly used substrate materials that are not supported by the widely used plasma treatment method. We have optimized parameters such as PDMS base to curing agent ratio, curing temperature, and PDMS device age to obtain better bond strengths and quality. Bond strengths are presented for semiconductor substrates (silicon, zinc oxide, and silicon dioxide), metals (gold, aluminum), photoresists (SU-8, AZxx) and glass. Silicon based substrates experienced minor amounts of surface residue, but the method is fully reversible for other tested substrates. Bond strengths were measured as maximum endurable pressure between PDMS and substrates. Maximum average bond strengths of more than 0.4 MPa were achieved for substrates with Si-O groups. Other substrates exhibited maximum average bond strengths in the range 0.2–0.3 MPa. Also presented is a method that avoids alignment step for PDMS microfluidic device bonding, named the non-aligned method. This method provides bond strengths of more than 0.1 MPa. Presented methods do not need special equipment or processes such as plasma generators or temperature increases. Biocompatibility tests are performed for materials used in fabrications to ensure applicability in bio-sensing related devices.
Neutrophil Adhesive Contact Dependence on Impingement Force

Neutrophil capture and recruitment from the circulation requires the formation of specific receptor/ligand bonds under hydrodynamic forces. In the present study we examine bond formation between β2-integrins on neutrophils and immobilized ICAM-1 while using micropipettes to control the force of contact between the cell and substrate. Magnesium was used to induce the high affinity conformation of the integrins, and bond formation was assessed by measuring the probability of adhesion during repeated contacts. Increasing the impingement force caused an increase in the contact area and led to a proportional increase in adhesion probability (from ∼20 to 50%) over the range of forces tested (50–350 pN). In addition, different-sized beads were used to change the force per unit area in the contact zone (contact stress). We conclude that for a given contact stress, the rate of bond formation increases linearly with contact area, but that increasing contact stress results in higher intrinsic rates of bond formation.
Steroid D-Ring Glucuronides: Characterization of a New Class of Cholestatic Agents

In summary, we have shown that steroid D-ring, but not steroid A-ring, glucuronide conjugates act at the level of the bile canaliculus to decrease bile-acid-dependent flow, initially; and subsequently, bile-acid-independent flow. These data indicate that glucuronide conjugates are not necessarily inactive; the present glucuronides clearly possess toxicological activity. The cholestatic glucuronides are all natural, endogenously formed products of metabolism. The critical questions which remain are whether metabolism of steroids to D-ring glucuronides is an obligatory step in the etiology of steroid-induced cholestasis and whether these glucuronides, at concentrations attained in humans, are capable of decreasing hepatic excretory function and inducing morphological and biochemical changes of clinical importance.
A NONLINEAR DYNAMICS PERSPECTIVE OF WOLFRAM'S NEW KIND OF SCIENCE PART IV: FROM BERNOULLI SHIFT TO 1/f SPECTRUM

By exploiting the new concepts of CA characteristic functions and their associated attractor time-τ maps, a complete characterization of the long-term time-asymptotic behaviors of all 256 one-dimensional CA rules are achieved via a single "probing" random input signal. In particular, the graphs of the time-1 maps of the 256 CA rules represent, in some sense, the generalized Green's functions for Cellular Automata. The asymptotic dynamical evolution on any CA attractor, or invariant orbit, of 206 (out of 256) CA rules can be predicted precisely, by inspection. In particular, a total of 112 CA rules are shown to obey a generalized Bernoulli στ-shift rule, which involves the shifting of any binary string on an attractor, or invariant orbit, either to the left, or to the right, by up to 3 pixels, and followed possibly by a complementation of the resulting bit string. The most intriguing result reported in this paper is the discovery that the four Turing-universal rules $\fbox{110}$, $\fbox{124}$, $\fbox{137}$...
The Significance of a Hidden Variable Proof and the Logical Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics

This paper examines the logical interpretation of quantum mechanics. Since this interpretation is based on a proof by Kochen and Specker that purports to demonstrate that hidden variable theories for quantum mechanics are excluded, the proof and its significance for the understanding of hidden variable theories and standard quantum mechanics are discussed.
Larvae of Enchelyurus ater (Günther, 1877) and E. kraussi (Klunzinger, 1871) (Pisces: Blenniidae: Omobranchini)

The omobranchinin blenniid, Enchelyurus ater, ranges across the islands of the south Pacific Ocean, and E. kraussi ranges from the Red Sea to the Mariana Islands and eastern Australia. The planktonic larvae of these blennies were identified by establishing developmental series up to large larvae identifiable to species using morphological and meristic characters and geographic location. Larvae of both species are similar in appearance, hatch at about 1.5-2.5 mm length, and undergo notochord flexion at about 4.5-5.5 mm. Enchelyurus ater probably is near 12 mm, and E. kraussi probably nearer 15 mm, at settlement from the plankton. Larvae of both species have a rounded head, a short, coiled gut, an elongate, compressed tail, and about 34 myomeres. Small spines are present on the posterior preopercular margin at, or soon after, hatching. The spine at the preopercular angle becomes largest, reaching about 25% of head length in the postflexion stage. First the pectoral-fin rays, then principal caudal-fin rays, dorsal- and anal-fin anlagen, and pelvic-fin buds begin to form during the preflexion stage. All principal caudal rays are present by the end of the flexion stage. Pelvic-fin rays and all segmented dorsal- and anal-fin rays are present by mid-postflexion stage. Dorsal-fin spines and procurrent caudal-fin rays form during the postflexion stage. Larvae of both species initially are pigmented dorsally on the head and gut, posteriorly on the ventral margin of the tail, and on the mesial surface of the pectoral-fin base. Pigmentation gradually increases on the head and gut in both and on the pectoral fin in E. kraussi, and decreases on the ventral margin of the tail in both. Enchelyurus ater, E. kraussi, and the Hawaiian endemic, E. brunneolus, are a monophyletic group with unknown sister-species relationships. Larval characters suggest the hypothesis that E. ater is the sister species to E. brunneolus, and E. kraussi is the sister species to the other two.
Salvage Radical Prostatectomy: Outcome Measured by Serum Prostate Specific Antigen Levels

ABSTRACTWe reviewed our experience with salvage radical prostatectomy for locally recurrent cancer in 40 patients to assess the current complication rate and the results using prostate specific antigen (PSA) as an indicator of treatment outcome and to identify better criteria for the selection of appropriate candidates for this operation. Most recurrent cancers were detected by digital rectal examination (26 patients) or increasing serum PSA levels (10). The operation was technically challenging, with 6 rectal injuries (15%), 2 requiring temporary colostomy. Serious technical complications were more common (31%) among the 29 patients who underwent pelvic lymphadenectomy at the time of initial radiotherapy than among the 11 treated with external irradiation alone (9%). Urinary incontinence persisted in 18 of 31 evaluable patients (58%) and was successfully corrected with an artificial urinary sphincter in 9.A total of 21 patients (54%) had pathologically advanced disease (seminal vesicle invasion and/or ly...
Mitre Without Sceptre: An Eighteenth Century Ecclesiastical Revilution

The American revolution caused the Anglican churches in America to separate from their parent body: the Church of England. This threw the Episcopalians upon their own resources to rebuild their church. In the process of reorganization, the former Anglicans accomplished an ecclesiastical revolution in respect to episcopacy. For the first time since the Norman Conquest in 1066, the Episcopalians in America made a bishop of a major religious body the elected official of a convention of clergy and laymen. In the second place, the office of bishop in a major denomination was completely separated from the state for the first time since Emperor Constantine officially recognized Christianity in 313 A.D.
Activation-Induced CD154 Expression Abrogates Tolerance Induced by Apoptotic Cells

The decision to generate a productive immune response or tolerance often depends on the context in which T cells first see Ag. Using a classical system of tolerance induction, we examined the immunological consequence of Ag encountered in the presence of naive or activated apoptotic cells. Naive apoptotic cells induced tolerance when injected i.v.; however, previously activated apoptotic cells induced immunity. Further analysis revealed a key role for CD154, as tolerance resulted after i.v. injection of either naive or activated apoptotic CD154 −/− T cells, while coinjection of an agonistic anti-CD40 mAb with naive apoptotic T cells induced robust immunity. Dendritic cells fed activated apoptotic T cells in vitro produced IL-12p40 in a CD154-dependent manner, and the use of IL-12p40 −/− mice or mAb-mediated neutralization of IL-12 revealed a link between CD154, IL-12, and the ability of activated apoptotic T cells to induce immunity rather than tolerance. Collectively, these results show that CD154 expression on apoptotic T cells can determine the outcome of an immune response to Ag recognized within the context of the apoptotic cells and suggest that the balance between naive and activated apoptotic T cells may dictate whether a productive immune response is encouraged.
Network fault detection: classifier training method for anomaly fault detection in a production network using test network information

We have prototyped a hierarchical, multi-tier, multi-window, soft fault detection system, namely the Generalized Anomaly and Fault Threshold (GAFT) system, which uses statistical models and neural network based classifiers to detect anomalous network conditions. In installing and operating GAFT, while both normal and fault data may be available in a test network, only normal data may be routinely available in a production network, thus GAFT may be ill-trained for the unfamiliar network environment. We present in detail two approaches for adequately training the neural network classifier in the target network environment, namely the re-use and the grafted classifer methods. The re-use classifier method is better suited when the target network environment is fairly similar to the test network environment, while the grafted method can also be applied when the target network may be significantly different from the test network.
Varying nanoparticle pseudostationary phase plug length during capillary electrophoresis.

Capillary electrophoresis based separations of the hypothesized Parkinson's disease biomarkers dopamine, epinephrine, pyrocatechol, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), glutathione, and uric acid are performed in the presence of a 1 nM 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid functionalized gold (Au@MUA) nanoparticle pseudostationary phase plug. Au@MUA nanoparticles are monitored in the capillary and remain stable in the presence of electrically-driven flow. Migration times, peak areas, and relative velocity changes (vs. no pseudostationary) are monitored upon varying (1) the Au@MUA nanoparticle pseudostationary phase plug length at a fixed separation voltage and (2) the separation voltage for a fixed Au@MUA nanoparticle pseudostationary phase plug length. For instance, the migration times of positively charged dopamine and epinephrine increase slightly as the nanoparticle pseudostationary phase plug length increases with concomitant decreases in peak areas and relative velocities as a result of attractive forces between the positively charged analytes and the negatively charged nanoparticles. Migration times for neutral pyrocatechol and slightly negative L-DOPA did not exhibit significant changes with increasing nanoparticle pseudostationary plug length; however, reduction in peak areas for these two molecules were evident and attributed to non-specific interactions (i.e.hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions) between the biomarkers and nanoparticles. Moreover, negatively charged uric acid and glutathione displayed progressively decreasing migration times and peak areas and as a result, increased relative velocities with increasing nanoparticle pseudostationary phase plug length. These trends are attributed to partitioning and exchanging with 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid on nanoparticle surfaces for uric acid and glutathione, respectively. Similar trends are observed when the separation voltage decreased thereby suggesting that nanoparticle-biomarker interaction time dictates these trends. Understanding these analyte migration time, peak area, and velocity trends will expand our insight for incorporating nanoparticles in separations.
The Fontan procedure for tricuspid atresia: early and late results of a 25-year experience with 216 patients.

OBJECTIVES We assessed the operative and late mortality and the present clinical status of 216 patients with tricuspid atresia who had a nonfenestrated Fontan procedure performed at the Mayo Clinic in the 25-year period 1973 to 1998. BACKGROUND The Fontan operation eliminates the systemic hypoxemia and ventricular volume overload characteristic of prior forms of palliation. However, it originally did so at the cost of systemic venous and right atrial hypertension, and the long-term effects of this “price” were unknown when the procedure was initially proposed. METHODS We reviewed the clinical records of the 216 patients retrospectively. These were arbitrarily grouped into early (1973 through 1980), middle (1981 through 1987) and late (1988 through 1997) surgical eras. Patient outcome was also analyzed according to age at surgery. Operative and late mortality rates were determined and present clinical status was ascertained in 167 of 171 surviving patients. RESULTS Overall survival was 79%. Operative mortality steadily declined and was 2% (one of 58 patients) during the most recent decade. Late survival also continues to improve. Age at operation had no effect on operative mortality, and late mortality was significantly increased only in patients who were operated on at age 18 years or older. Eighty-nine percent of surviving patients are currently in New York Heart Association class I or II. CONCLUSIONS The initial 25-year experience with the nonfenestrated Fontan procedure for tricuspid atresia has been gratifying, with most survivors now leading lives of good quality into adulthood. These results justify continued application of this procedure for children born with tricuspid atresia.
An Analysis of the Melt Casting of Metallic Fuel Pins

A model is developed and analyses are conducted to analyze the casting of metallic fuels pins. The important physics of the model includes the flow of the melt into the mold, the heat transfer into the mold, the amount of preheating in the mold, and the rate of heat transfer from the melt to the mold. This paper discusses and presents preliminary modeling results for the casting of long, slender fuel rods. Parametric modeling results are presented and discussed. NOMENCLATURE
Effects of some nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on proteoglycan metabolism and organization in canine articular cartilage.

The effects on proteoglycan metabolism and aggregation of several nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs commonly used in the treatment of arthritis were examined in cultures of normal canine articular cartilage. Fenoprofen and ibuprofen inhibited net proteoglycan synthesis in a concentration-dependent fashion. At concentrations in the culture medium comparable to plasma concentrations seen in patients after oral administration in humans, net protcoglycan synthesis in the presence of these drugs averaged 72% and 86% of the control values, respectively (P < 0.01). In contrast, indomethacin and sulindac sulfoxide had no effect on proteoglycan synthesis, while sulindac sulfide stimulated synthesis in a non-concentration dependent fashion (average, 13%). In the presence of ibuprofen or sulindac sulfide, catabolism of sulfated glycosaminoglycans was the same as that in control cartilage, while fenoprofen decreased the rate of degradation slightly. The proportion of newly synthesized proteoglycans existing as aggregates and the average hydrodynamic size of disaggregated proteoglycans were unaffected by ibuprofen, indomethacin, sulindac sulfide, or sulindac sulfoxide. Fenoprofen, on the other hand, interfered with the ability of the cartilage hyaluronic acid to interact with proteoglycans to form aggregates, whereas it has no effect on the in vitro association of proteoglycans with hyaluronic acid from umbilical cord.
Topics in stochastic growth models

Stochastic growth models are very common in real life owing to their ability to capture the underlying mechanisms. This thesis considers three of such models. Each model can be seen as describing the evolution in time of a complex population of interacting “particles”: competing types of individuals in the first model, nodes in a dynamic network in the second, and species in an ecosystem in the third. A common feature of these models is that the population size grows in time and is represented by a transient (generalized) birth and death Markov process. This dissertation studies asymptotic structure of the “particles landscape” which is represented in these three models by, respectively, type structure of the population, graph of interconnections, and the empirical distribution of species fitness.
Clinical Decision-Making, Gender Bias, Virtue Epistemology, and Quality Healthcare

Robust clinical decision-making depends on valid reasoning and sound judgment and is essential for delivering quality healthcare. It is often susceptible, however, to a clinician’s biases such as towards a patient’s age, gender, race, or socioeconomic status. Gender bias in particular has a deleterious impact, which frequently results in cognitive myopia so that a clinician is unable to make an accurate diagnosis because of a patient’s gender—especially for female patients. Virtue epistemology provides a means for confronting gender bias in clinical decision-making and for correcting or even preventing its impact. The medical literature on cardiovascular and coronary heart disease is used to illustrate the role intellectual virtues can play in redressing the deleterious impact of gender bias on clinical decision-making and practice. Finally, questions are considered surrounding the pedagogy of intellectual virtues for medical students and practicing clinicians in order to provide quality care for patients, regardless of gender.
Structural Design and Analysis of a Segmented Ultralight Morphing Rotor (SUMR) for Extreme-Scale Wind Turbines

To alleviate the mass-scaling issues associated with conventional upwind rotors of extreme-scale wind turbines (≥ 10MW), a segmented ultralight morphing rotor (SUMR) concept was proposed by Loth et al. (2010, 2012). The concept employs a downwind rotor with segmented blades whose elements are stiff and whose joints can be unlocked to allow for moment-free downstream alignment. Aligning the combination of gravitational, centrifugal and thrust forces along the blade path reduces downwind cantilever loads, reducing to a primarily tensile loading. Herein, the SUMR concept is developed further by fixing the blade curvature and limiting morphing to a downwind coming angle through a single near-hub joint. Between cut-in and rated conditions, this downwind angle varies linearly between 0 o (no alignment) to 24 o (full alignment). Between rated conditions and cut-out conditions, the blade is fully-aligned, and this results in a decrease in coning angle to a value of 11 o just before cut-out. To quantify mass savings, a 10 MW model (based on the NREL 5 MW reference turbine) was created for a conventional rotor blade and the SUMR blade. The morphing blade used an internal structure similar to the Sandia 100-m allglass blade. The structural stresses were then predicted with a finite element method over a range of operating wind speeds and azimuthal angles. This leads to a net mass savings of 50% through decreased shell, spar, and shear web thicknesses. Furthermore, the ability to stow the morphing blades under extreme wind conditions with a pivot near the hub is found to substantially reduce the high wind constraint, as compared to that for conventional blades.
Dynamic test compaction for bridging faults

We describe a dynamic test compaction procedure for four-way bridging faults. Under this fault model, a pair of lines g/sub i/, g/sub j/ is associated with four bridging faults corresponding to two possible combinations of opposite values on g/sub i/ and g/sub j/, and two options for the line whose value is faulty in the presence of the fault (either g/sub i/ or g/sub j/). Compaction is achieved by simultaneously considering faults that have a line g/sub i/ with a value /spl alpha//sub i/ in common, such that the value /spl alpha//sub i/ on g/sub i/ is affected by the presence of the fault. Faults with a common line g/sub i/ and value /spl alpha//sub i/ differ only in the second line g/sub j/ of each pair of bridged lines, and the second lines only need to be assigned the value /spl alpha/~/sub i/ in order to detect all the faults. This strong relationship between the faults allows us to derive tests that detect large numbers of these faults, resulting in compact test sets.
Correlation between γ-ray-induced DNA Double-strand Breakage and Cell Killing after Biologically Relevant Doses: Analysis by Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis

We examined the degree of correlation between γ-ray-induced lethality and DNA double-strand breaks (dsbs) after biologically relevant doses of radiation. Radiation lethality was modified by treating 14C-labelled Chinese hamster ovary cells with either of two aminothiols (WR-1065 or WR-255591) and the associated effect on dsb induction was determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The use of phosphorimaging to analyse the distribution of 14C-activity in the gel greatly improved the low-dose resolution of the PFGE assay. Both WR-1065 and WR-255591 protected against dsb induction and lethality to a similar extent after low doses of radiation, although this correlation broke down when supralethal doses were used to induce dsbs. Thus, the level of dsbs induced in these cells as measured by PFGE after survival-curve doses of γ-radiation is consistently predictive of the degree of lethality obtained, implying a cause–effect relationship between these two parameters and confirming previous results ob...
Effect of trace metals on the synthesis of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1.

The effect of 10 trace metals on the production of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) was studied in a metal-deficient chemically defined medium (CDM) with toxic shock syndrome (TSS) and non-TSS strains of Staphylococcus aureus. When individual metals were tested, only Mg+ stimulated cell growth and TSST-1 production. TSST-1 yield was responsive to the concentration of Mg+ in the medium, with a maximal yield occurring at 0.1 mM. When other metals were studied in the presence of Mg+ with and without 1 mMethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, it was found that Ca+, Co+, Cu++, Fe++, Mn, molybdate-, Ni++, vanadate-, and Zn++ produced some stimulation of either cell growth or TSST-1 synthesis or both. The stimulating effect of Mg++ on TSST-1 synthesis was significantly enhanced by adding 0.3 mM Zn+ and 0.003 mM Fe+. TSST-1 production by 11 strains of S. aureus in CDM with optimal concentrations of trace metals was two to seven times greater than that produced in brain-heart infusion broth.