cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Asynchronous production systems

Intelligent computing systems for aerospace, robotics and process control applications require an integration of traditional expert system technologies with real-time response and control capabilities. To address such requirements, the Asynchronous Production System (APS) is presented, which is a rule-based inference engine capable of monitoring and processing asynchronous, real-time information. The primary motivation of the proposed APS is to provide a unique and convenient mechanism for designing rule-based expert systems capable of dynamic and rapid interaction with their environments. The paper elaborates on the architectural and operational characteristics of the APS and addresses issues pertinent to the the implementation of the APS in a multi-processor environment.
Hourglass-shaped visual fields as a sign of bilateral lateral geniculate myelinolysis.

Purpose/Methods Bilateral visual field defects resembling an hourglass could be produced by bilateral lateral geniculate lesions. We recently encountered such deficits in a 37-year-old woman after an episode of central pontine myelinolysis. Results/Conclusions Automated static perimetry demonstrated the congruous visual field defects to involve both halves of the visual field. They were confirmed with kinetic perimetry, and they remained stable for four years. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated enhancing lesions characteristic of myelinolysis in each lateral geniculate.
An Integrated 700–1200-MHz Class-F PA With Tunable Harmonic Terminations in 0.13- $\mu$ m CMOS

A fully integrated class-F power amplifier (PA) with reconfigurable harmonic termination over a wide range of frequencies is presented. Reconfigurability is achieved by utilizing on-chip transformers as part of the output matching network. In addition, a stacked transistor architecture was used to boost the output power. The PA was fabricated in a 0.13- $\mu$ m CMOS process and packaged in a 20-pin quad flat no-leads package. It was configured to operate at 700, 900, and 1200 MHz with a maximum measured saturated output power of ${+}{\hbox{24.6}}$ dBm with a power-added efficiency of 48.3%. The measured gain was 16.5 dB and was flat over the entire bandwidth. The total chip area, including pads, is 1.5 mm $\,\times\,$ 1.5 mm.
A Multiple-Instance Learning Based Approach to Multimodal Data Mining

This paper presents multiple-instance learning based approach to multimodal data mining in a multimedia database. This approach is a highly scalable and adaptable framework that the authors call co-learning. Theoretic analysis and empirical evaluations demonstrate the advantage of the strong scalability and adaptability. Although this framework is general for multimodal data mining in any specific domain, to evaluate this framework, the authors apply it to the Berkeley Drosophila ISH embryo image database for the evaluations of the mining performance in comparison with a state-of-the-art multimodal data mining method to showcase the promise of the co-learning framework.
Integrating Palliative Care Into Primary Care

Patients with serious illnesses are living longer and with greater disabilities. Palliative-care interventions have been shown to increase quality of life, lower costs, and improve survival. In order to meet the palliative-care needs of patients, it is crucial for primary-care clinicians to understand how they can provide primary palliative care and when they should refer to palliative-care specialists. By working together, many more patients and families will receive the comprehensive, individualized, coordinated care and support that both primary care and palliative care offers to patients. This article will review literature illustrating the benefits of palliative care; discuss why primary-care clinicians are ideally suited to incorporate palliative care into their practice; and provide guidance to primary-care clinicians regarding how and when to access palliative-care specialist services, how to gain more training in palliative care, and how to be reimbursed for palliative-care visits.
Geophysical Study of Annular Well Seals

Geophysical logging was conducted in 35 in-service water and monitoring wells installed in unconsolidated sediments using a downhole ultrasonic probe to assess how sealant type, construction method, and site geology affect annular seals. Collapsed sand and gravel was frequently detected in the annulus of wells constructed with mud-rotary methods, precluding the placement of sealant and, in some wells, potentially providing a preferential pathway for contamination. High-solids bentonite grout appeared to create high-quality seals when formation materials did not collapse into the annulus. Seals composed of bentonite chips and pellets remained intact when hydrated upon placement; those not hydrated during placement remained dry and porous, posing a risk of surface water infiltration. Seals made with cement-bentonite grout were generally unsaturated and possibly cracked. Analysis of the data suggests that well designers should specify a construction method that minimizes collapse of the formation to ensure that the sealant is placed where intended. When collapse is avoided, high-solids bentonite grout and hydrated bentonite chips and pellets appear to yield intact seals. However, bentonite chips and pellets may not hydrate adequately in the annulus unless hydration water is added during installation. When cement-bentonite grouts are used, the well designer should ensure that the grout will remain intact and plastic after installation.
Oligodendrocyte Lineage Cells Contribute Unique Features to Rett Syndrome Neuropathology

Mutations in the methyl-CpG binding protein 2 gene, Mecp2, affect primarily the brain and lead to a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders, most commonly Rett syndrome (RTT). Although the neuropathology of RTT is well understood, the cellular and molecular mechanism(s), which lead to the disease initiation and progression, has yet to be elucidated. RTT was initially attributed only to neuronal dysfunction, but our recent studies and those of others show that RTT is not exclusively neuronal but rather also involves interactions between neurons and glia. Importantly, studies have shown that MeCP2-restored astrocytes and microglia are able to attenuate the disease progression in otherwise MeCP2-null mice. Here we show that another type of glia, oligodendrocytes, and their progenitors are also involved in manifestation of specific RTT symptoms. Mice that lost MeCP2 specifically in the oligodendrocyte lineage cells, although overall normal, were more active and developed severe hindlimb clasping phenotypes. Inversely, restoration of MeCP2 in oligodendrocyte lineage cells, in otherwise MeCP2-null mice, although only mildly prolonging their lifespan, significantly improved the locomotor deficits and hindlimb clasping phenotype, both in male and female mice, and fully restored the body weight in male mice. Finally, we found that the level of some myelin-related proteins was impaired in the MeCP2-null mice. Expression of MeCP2 in oligodendrocytes of these mice only partially restored their expression, suggesting that there is a non–cell-autonomous effect by other cell types in the brains on the expression of myelin-related proteins in oligodendrocytes.
Neandertal dental asymmetry and the probable mutation effect.

The purpose of this paper is to show that if Brace's hypothesis concerning the role of random mutations in structural reduction (PME) is accepted for the sake of argument, then it cannot be used to explain hominid tooth size reduction since the Mousterian. Specifically it is shown that Brace's Hypothesis implies a smaller variance in dental asymmetry for Neandertal than modern man. Variance analysis reveals that, to the contrary, Neandertal dentitions are more variable than a large sample of modern man's. Finally it is shown that the sequence of dental asymmetry per tooth class is approximately the same in Neandertal as in modern man.
Public Perception of Environmental Issues in a Developing Setting: Environmental Concern in Coastal Ghana.

Objective. Balancing environmental quality with economic growth in less developed settings is clearly a challenge. Still, surprisingly little empirical evidence has been brought to bear on the relative priority given environmental and socioeconomic issues among the residents themselves of such settings. This research explores such perceptions. Methods. We undertake survey research with 2,500 residents of coastal Ghana on policy issues, focusing on environmental topics. Results. Our analyses reveal a significant amount of environmental awareness, with education and political engagement consistently predicting higher levels of concern. In addition, environmental issues are deemed important even when considered relative to other socioeconomic issues. Conclusion. In the end, we argue that our work sheds light on global environmentalism and the ways local populations in less developed settings prioritize social and environmental concerns. This work also has important policy implications since insight on local perceptions may help buttress policy responses designed to cope with global change.
Influence of the ion implantation of nitrogen and boron and TiN coatings on the corrosion of VT-6 titanium alloy

We study the corrosion-electrochemical properties of VT-6 titanium (α + β)-alloy in solutions of hydrochloric and sulfuric acids after high-energy ion implantation with nitrogen (E = 30 keV) for a dose of 2 · 1017 ion/cm2 with subsequent annealing in a vacuum, with boron (E = 100 keV) for a dose of 1 · 1015 ion/cm2, and with nitrogen and boron, as well as in the presence of ion-plasma titanium-nitride coating. It is shown that the modification of the surface increases the corrosion resistance of titanium in highly concentrated solutions of the acids. Note that the corrosion resistance of the titanium-nitride coating whose thickness does not exceed 10µm is somewhat lower than the corrosion resistance of the implanted alloy.
Electrical properties of GaSb Schottky diodes and p-n junctions

Abstract The electrical properties of Schottky diodes and p-n junctions on GaSb ((100), doped with 2 × 10 17 cm −3 tellurium) were examined. Capacitance-voltage measurements at 300 K show barrier heights of0.65 eV (Al), 0.6 eV (Au, In, Pd), 0.5 eV (Ga) and 0.42 eV (Sb). The barrier heights tend to track the band gap increase as the temperature is lowered. Forward I-V characteristics of the GaSb Schottky diodes at 300 K have ideality factors in the range 1.9–2.4, indicating that generation-recombination current from a near midgap center is dominating the behavior. At room temperature and below, the activation energy for J s in the expression J=J s exp (qV/nkT) is 0.24 eV. However, at higher temperatures the activation energy becomes more nearly equal to the barrier height as deduced from C-V measurements and the n value decreases below two. Deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) measurements reveal the presence of one electron trap with a concentration around 10 15 cm −3 at 0.25 eV below the conduction band edge. Electron beam induced current (EBIC) measurements give an electron diffusion length of 1.3 μm. In GaSb p-n + junctions grown by molecular beam epitaxy, DLTS measurements show the presence of a generation-recombination center at E v +0.33 eV with a concentration of 5×10 14 cm −3 . The effective lifetime inferred from the saturation current value is around 2×10 −9 s. For reverse bias, the mechanism of breakdown at large voltages in p-n + structures includes tunneling via local centers with an energy of around 0.3 eV. Forward and reverse characteristics can be improved by (NH 4 ) 2 S treatments for both Schottky barriers and pn + junctions.
Interactions between heparin and factor Xa inhibition of prothrombin activation

The effects of heparin on prothrombin activation have been examined. Heparin was found to inhibit the rate of prothrombin activation by Factor Xa, calcium and phospholipid. In the absence of phospholipid, heparin had no effect on the rate of prothrombin activation. In contrast, heparin was found to increase the rate of activation of prethrombin-1 and prethrombin-2. Initial velocity studies indicated that heparin blocks lipid stimulation of prothrombin activation. In accord with this, binding studies demonstrated that heparin could displace Factor Xa, and in separate experiments, prothrombin, from phospholipid vesicles.
IBM information network performance and availability measurement

A key requirement in the network service business is that specified service levels be managed to the end user's satisfaction. The capability to measure and report end user response time and availability is essential. This paper will describe measurement techniques that were developed to track these important service level attributes in the IBM Information Network (IBM/IN). These techniques apply to most complex SNA networks.
Silastic tracheal stent as an aid in decannulation.

Abstract Two cases are reported with upper airway obstruction successfully treated by temporary use of a silastic stent tube. One patient suffered from subglottic stenosis, the other from tracheomalacia secondary to repair of a laryngotracheoesophageal cleft. Both patients required tracheostomy, and in both repeated attempts at decannulation had been unsuccessful. The use of a silastic stent tube permitted subsequent decannulation without difficulty, and both patients have been asymptomatic since.
Multivariate Trajectory Clustering for False Positive Reduction in Online Event Detection

AbstractOnline monitoring of multivariate water quality data is becoming a practical means of improving distribution network management and meeting water security goals. Changes in water quality are often due to changes in the hydraulic operations of the network. These operational changes create patterns of water quality change that are similar, but not exactly the same, from one instance to the next. Classification of multivariate change patterns through trajectory clustering is introduced in this paper to create a pattern library from historical water quality data and as an online process with the goal of reducing false positive water quality event detections. Prior to event declaration, a short sequence of the preceding multivariate data is compared against the pattern library to assess its similarity to a previously observed pattern. A fuzzy clustering algorithm is utilized to assign multivariate pattern memberships for water quality patterns associated with water quality events in both the offline an...
Fatal Rattlesnake Envenomation in Arizona: 1969–1984

Case histories of the last nine fatalities (1969-1984), in which the cause of death on the State of Arizona Certificate of Death was snakebite, were reviewed. Six males and three females ranged in age from 2 to 77 years, and were bitten between 0800-2100 hours from April to September. Bites in three adult males were "illegitimate" and of these, two were by captive Mojave rattlesnakes, Crotalus s. scutulatus. The latter two victims had been bitten previously and remained at home, refusing treatment. In the other seven victims, the snakes involved were not identified. However, all localities where bites occurred were within the geographical and altitudinal range for Crotalus atrox and C. s. scutulatus. The apparent cause of death was prolonged hypotension with major organ system failure in five, intestinal hemorrhage in one, and was unknown in three. Major organs were involved as follows: cardiac failure (two); noncardiac pulmonary edema (two); renal failure (two); unconsciousness with airway obstruction and brain damage (two); and coagulopathy with multiple hemorrhage sites (one). Seven of the nine deaths appeared to be preventable. Four delayed going to a medical facility and six did not have hypotension corrected. Antivenin was not administered early (first four hours) or in adequate amounts (10 vials or more) because of delayed arrival in five or physician's decision in four. Pre-existing cardiac disease contributed to death of two victims. Rattlesnake bite victims should not delay travel to a medical facility and hypotension must be treated aggressively and appropriately.
Prioritizing Regulatory Policy in Pipeline Safety

This paper presents a regulatory priority model and its operationalization for pipeline safety. It begins with a brief discussion of pipeline systems and regulatory legislation associated with pipeline safety. The systems transport natural gas, liquid crude oil, gasoline and other liquid hazardous petroleum products. The regulations relate to technologies to be used, human factors, research requirements and environmental protection considerations. The legislative focus is on public safety, property damage and, most recently, environmental protection. Using a risk assessment approach to operationalize the model requires integration of concepts from engineering, economics and ecology. The specific measures applied include reliability, vulnerability and resiliency. Congressional, private industry and Department of Transportation (DOT) regulatory priorities are compared. The paper concludes with the risk assessment implementation strategy by the DOT Office of Pipeline Safety.
Minimal augmented square designs and their extensions

Minimal square designs are proposed and compared. All treatment contrasts in both designs are estimable under the existence of two-way heterogeneity. That is, all designs are treatment-connected. Extended treatment-connected designs are generated by adding one column to minimal treatment-connected square designs. The extended designs not only have lower variances in paired comparisons of unreplicated treatments but also provide necessary degrees of freedom to estimate the process error. (M,S)-optimal extended designs are constructed systematically. Both square designs and their extensions have large numbers of unreplicated treatments.
The initial vibrations of the first heart sound.

The major component of the normal first heart sound is that due to valvular closure. Preceding this there occur low frequency, low amplitude vibrations commonly attributed to auricular systole. It has been shown in this study that such vibrations appear invariably even though the auricles are fibrillating, and in heart block when auricular systole is widely seperated from ventricular systole. It is concluded that the onset of ventricular contraction itself causes these vibrations through mechanisms unrelated to auricular contraction, and prior to the valvular component.
Importance of relaxation instructions in the EMG biofeedback training package.

Abstract In phase one, 52 subjects participated in a 2 (instructions to decrease frontal EMG, no instructions to decrease frontal EMG) × 2 (EMG biofeedback, no EMG biofeedback) factorial experiment. Results indicated that instructions alone, biofeedback alone, and the combination of instructions plus biofeedback were equally effective in helping subjects reduce their frontal EMG during the initial phases of training, but that during the later phases of training the effectiveness of instructions alone began to decrease. In phase two, subjects were threatened with electric shock and were told to continue their phase one activities even though no additional instructions and/or biofeedback training would be provided. To assess the effectiveness of the shock manipulation, a no threat control group was included. Results indicated that the threat of shock was effective in increasing arousal (as measured by skin temperature and self-reports) and that previous instructions and biofeedback training were equally effective in helping subjects to reduce their frontal EMG, but that reductions in frontal EMG were not accompanied by reductions in general arousal. These findings provide information about the comparative effectiveness, durability, and generalizability of instructions to decrease EMG and EMG biofeedback training in reducing both frontal EMG and general arousal.
Trypsin Inhibitor Activity In Vitro Digestibility and Sensory Quality of Meat-Like Yuba Products as Affected by Processing

Soybeans (Glycine max) were soaked and ground to obtain soymilk. The soymilk was cooked in an open tank and held at 85 to 90 °C. Yuha films were picked up in 20 min intervals and dried for 20 min. Yuba films were soaked in chicken-flavor solutions (25% and 35%), and baking soda (BS) solutions (0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% BS), and cooked at 100 °C for 30 min, 60 min, and 90 min. TIA decreased (p Le yuba est un film qui se forme a la surface de lait de soja chauffe. Cette etude evalue l'effet du temps de chauffage et de la concentration de soude a la cuisson sur l'activite inhibitrice de la trypsine, la digestibilite des proteines et les attributs sensoriels de succedanes de viandes produits a partir de yuba. L'utilisation d'une concentration de 25% de composes de flaveur poulet et 0% de soude pour la cuisson et un temps de cuisson court permettent d'obtenir des succedanes de viandes de bonne qualite.
Insulin Secretion from Toadfish Islet Tissue Stimulated by Pyridine Nucleotides

The addition of glucose stimulated release of insulin from the isolated islet tissue of the toadfish incubated in vitro. Reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide also stimulated insulin release, whereas the oxidized form had no effect. Both oxidized and reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleatide phosphate stimulated insulin release, but the reduced form was significantly more effective.
The association between neighborhood economic hardship, the retail food environment, fast food intake, and obesity: findings from the Survey of the Health of Wisconsin

Neighborhood-level characteristics such as economic hardship and the retail food environment are assumed to be correlated and to influence consumers’ dietary behavior and health status, but few studies have investigated these different relationships comprehensively in a single study. This work aims to investigate the association between neighborhood-level economic hardship, the retail food environment, fast food consumption, and obesity prevalence.
Filopodia are required for cortical neurite initiation

Extension of neurites from a cell body is essential to form a functional nervous system; however, the mechanisms underlying neuritogenesis are poorly understood. Ena/VASP proteins regulate actin dynamics and modulate elaboration of cellular protrusions. We recently reported that cortical axon-tract formation is lost in Ena/VASP-null mice and Ena/VASP-null cortical neurons lack filopodia and fail to elaborate neurites. Here, we report that neuritogenesis in Ena/VASP-null neurons can be rescued by restoring filopodia formation through ectopic expression of the actin nucleating protein mDia2. Conversely, wild-type neurons in which filopodia formation is blocked fail to elaborate neurites. We also report that laminin, which promotes the formation of filopodia-like actin-rich protrusions, rescues neuritogenesis in Ena/VASP-deficient neurons. Therefore, filopodia formation is a key prerequisite for neuritogenesis in cortical neurons. Neurite initiation also requires microtubule extension into filopodia, suggesting that interactions between actin-filament bundles and dynamic microtubules within filopodia are crucial for neuritogenesis.
An algorithm for the treatment of noncondylar mandibular fractures

An algorithm for the treatment of noncondylar mandibular fractures is presented based on outcomes from studies that have been performed during the past 30 years. It is designed to assist clinicians in formulating a treatment plan that can be expected to provide the patient with a predictable outcome.
Enhancing Field Research Methods with Mobile Survey Technology

This paper assesses the experience of undergraduate students using mobile devices and a commercial application, iSurvey, to conduct a neighborhood survey. Mobile devices offer benefits for enhancing student learning and engagement. This field exercise created the opportunity for classroom discussions on the practicalities of urban research, the survey data was available for immediate analysis, and students felt they were conducting meaningful research. The module experience supports recent research finding that mobile devices offer significant benefits for instructors, but using mobile devices also creates potential risks (to the students, equipment, and data) that must be considered while planning modules and during instruction.
Impact of a medical journal club on house-staff reading habits, knowledge, and critical appraisal skills. A randomized control trial.

The journal club is an established teaching modality in many house-staff training programs. To determine if a journal club improves house-staff reading habits, knowledge of epidemiology and biostatistics, and critical appraisal skills, we randomized 44 medical interns to receive either a journal club or a control seminar series. A test instrument developed by the Delphi method was administered before and after the interventions (mean, five journal club sessions). By self-report, 86% of the house staff in the journal club group improved their reading habits vs 0% in the control group. Knowledge scores increased more in the journal club group than in the control group, and a trend was found toward more knowledge gained as more sessions were attended. Ability to appraise critically a test article increased slightly in each group, but there was no significant difference between the groups. We conclude that a journal club is a powerful motivator of critical house-staff reading behavior and can help teach epidemiology and biostatistics to physicians-in-training. (JAMA1988;260:2537-2541)
Temperature gradient zone melting: Approach to steady state

Abstract As a consequence of temperature gradient zone melting a stationary specimen in a temperature gradient should eventually adjust to a steady state concentration profile. Assuming that complications from density differences and thermal diffusion do not arise, the expected steady state concentration profiles have been calculated for a specimen lying across a simple liquids and solidus and for one situated across a peritectic reaction. The consequences of changing system variables and temperatures ranges are demonstrated and estimates made of times needed to approach steady state. It is concluded that TGZM offers a possible means of producing line compounds which are products of peritectic reactions.
PULSED DOPPLER ECHOCARDI OGRAPHIC (PDE) EVALUATION OF PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS(PDA) IN PREMATURE INFANTS

PULSED DOPPLER ECHOCARDI OGRAPHIC (PDE) EVALUATION OF PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS(PDA) IN PREMATURE INFANTS
Monitoring Movements of Juvenile Anadromous Fish by Radiotelemetry

Abstract We developed miniature radiotelemetry tags to monitor the movement of smolts of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and young-of-the-year rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and American shad (Alosa sapidissima). Transmitter modules (30-MHz, 1.5 x 0.9 cm) were inserted in the stomachs of the salmonids and attached externally to American shad. Signal range averaged 0.6 km in water depths to 45 m. Normal transmitting life was 1 week with a 0.5-g battery.
Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of Pharmaceuticals

Since the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released new guidelines on broadcast direct-to-consumer advertising in 1997, the prevalence of direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs has increased exponentially. The impact on providers, patients, and the health care system is varied and dynamic, and the rapid changes in the last several years have markedly altered the health care landscape. To continue providing optimal medical care, physicians and other health care providers must be able to manage this influence on their practice, and a more thorough understanding of this phenomenon is an integral step toward this goal. This review will summarize the history of direct-to-consumer drug advertisements and the current regulations governing them. It will summarize the evidence concerning the impact of direct-to-consumer advertising on the public, providers, and the health care system, and conclude with observations regarding the future of direct-to-consumer advertising.
Freezing behavior of fish blood glycoproteins with antifreeze properties.

Abstract The blood of some species of antarctic fishes has previously been shown to contain freezing point-depressing glycoproteins, ranging in MW from 3,000 to 34,000 daltons. In aqueous solutions undergoing freezing, the glycoproteins are incorporated into the ice in a concentration identical to that in the liquid. The freezing point depression (fpd) appears to be related to the size of the glycoprotein, and for the smaller sizes, is also dependent on the rate of freezing. Supercooling of the serum is the presence of an ice seed has also been observed. These data indicate that the fpd caused by the glycoproteins is a noncolligative property. A mechanism for the fpd involving surface effects on ice is suggested.
Intercellular adhesion in butyrate-treated HeLa S3 cultures: Flow cytometric analysis

Abstract The application of DNA flow cytometry (FCM) for analysis of sodium butyrate-induced intercellular adhesion in human carcinoma (HeLa S3) cell cultures is described. To prepare cell suspensions for FCM, the monolayers of cells were treated with medium containing 10% serum, 0.2% non-ionic detergent Triton X-100 and 1 μg/ml DNA fluorochrome 4,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Total numbers of single cells, and aggregates containing two, three, four or more cells, were determined from DNA histograms. In cultures treated with 5 mM butyrate for 16 h, more than 80% of the cells were aggregated. Intercellular adhesion began to appear 8 h after addition of butyrate, was maximal at 16–24 h and stable in the presence of butyrate, but disappeared 24 h after its removal. Treatment with EDTA (0.2%) dissociated only 50%, whereas trypsin (0.1%) separated all cell aggregates into single cells. Actinomycin D (actD) (0.5 μg/ml) prevented cell adhesion while blocking of cells in S phase with 250 μM 5-fluorouracil or 10 μM methotrexate did not interfere with aggregation. The number of cell aggregates estimated from DNA histograms of butyrate-treated HeLa S3 cultures was the same after staining with DAPI in the presence of Triton X-100 or after vital staining with Hoechst 33342. The DNA content was used as a marker to estimate the cellular composition of aggregates in mixed cultures of HeLa S3 cells and human fibroblasts (U cells). Intercellular adhesion in these cultures was seen only between HeLa S3 cells, indicating specificity of butyrate-induced cell aggregation. FCM provides fast automatic measurement of cell aggregate formation, estimates frequency of aggregates containing different cell numbers, shows participation of cells at different cycle phases in aggregates, and allows the detection of homotypic from heterotypic cell aggregates if the interacting cells have different DNA ploidy.
Evidence does not equal knowledge

Timothy Williamson has argued that a person S’s total evidence is constituted solely by propositions that S knows. This theory of evidence entails that a false belief can not be a part of S’s evidence base for a conclusion. I argue by counterexample that this thesis (E = K for now) forces an implausible separation between what it means for a belief to be justified and rational from one’s perspective and what it means to base one’s beliefs on the evidence. Furthermore, I argue that E = K entails the implausible result that there are cases in which a well-evidenced belief necessarily can not serve as evidence for a further proposition.
Preparation and properties of fluorescent insulin derivatives.

Abstract Fluorescent derivatives of insulin have been prepared by reacting the crystalline protein hormone with fluorescein isothiocyanate. Quantitative ninhydrin and electrophoretic data indicate that these derivatives contain from 1.2 to 1.8 bound fluorescein groups per mole of protein. The primary site of binding appears to involve the terminal amino group of the phenylalanyl (B) chain of insulin, with additional substitution occuring at the terminal glycyl residue. The molar extinction coefficient of the bound substituent at its wavelength of maximum absorption is considerably less than that of free fluorescein; the same is true with regard to the relative maximum fluorescence intensities. The biological activity of the derivatives, as estimated by the hypoglycemic response produced in fasted rabbits, is approx. 60–80% that of the native hormone.
Use of laboratory tests for immune biomarkers in environmental health studies concerned with exposure to indoor air pollutants.

The immune system is likely to be involved in some of the health effects caused by certain indoor air exposures, and immune biomarkers can help determine which exposures and health effects have imp...
Can urine clarity exclude the diagnosis of urinary tract infection

Objectives. To determine the association of clear urine by visual inspection with the absence of significant bacteruria, and to compare it with standard urinalysis. Methods. The study was performed in the emergency department of Children9s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio. It was a prospective, convenience sample of children 4 colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL of a urinary pathogen if obtained by catheterization and ≥10 5 CFU/mL if obtained by midstream. Results. Samples were obtained from 159 patients ranging in age from 4 weeks to 19 years. Females comprised 77% of the patients. One hundred ten of the samples (69%) were clear to visual inspection. There were a total of 29 positive cultures; however, 3 were in children with clear urine. The finding of clear urine on visual inspection had a negative predictive value of 97.3%. These results were similar to those obtained with standard urinalysis. Conclusion. Clear urine on visual inspection cannot completely eliminate the possibility that a child has a urinary tract infection. However, it is a reproducible test that offers the advantages of being simple, fast, and inexpensive. The finding of clear urine should be considered a reasonable and relatively effective bedside screen for the presence of a urinary tract infection.
Neurotoxic nitric oxide rapidly depolarizes and permeabilizes mitochondria by dynamically opening the mitochondrial transition pore

Exposure of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma or rat cortical neurons to diethylenetriamine-NO (DETA-NO) rapidly depolarized mitochondria. In SH-SY5Y DETA-NO activated caspase 3 and produced cell death. Mitochondrial depolarization in SH-SY5Y was visualized both with JC-1 accumulation and as dequenching of calcein fluorescence in mitochondria initially loaded with calcein-AM and tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRM). Calcein/TMRM-visualized mitochondrial depolarization was prevented by cyclosporin A (CsA) or approximately two-fold increased levels of BclXL protein. Dynamic imaging of mitochondrial potential (Deltapsi M) with TMRM showed that DETA-NO induced cycles of mitochondrial depolarization/repolarization ("flickering"). Fifteen-30 min of DETA-NO exposure caused high-frequency flickering with small peak size; 2 h of DETA-NO produced large peaks with prolonged depolarization. NO-induced flickering but not that from Bax was blocked by the calcium uniporter antagonist Ru360. Our findings show rapid-onset, dynamic regulation of Deltapsi M by NO, implying that neuroprotective therapies for brain ischemia target cell death processes downstream of effects of NO on mitochondria.
Clinical and health care cost consequences of infective endocarditis in mitral valve prolapse.

Abstract Although mitral valve prolapse (MVP) predisposes to infective endocarditis (IE), both the clinical consequences of IE and the increment in health care costs it imposes on patients with MVP remain uncertain. Accordingly, 21 MVP patients with IE and 41 age- and sex-matched control subjects with initially uncomplicated MVP were followed (95% complete) a mean of 8 years. Outcomes included death, complications, health care use and cumulative incremental costs. More MVP patients with IE died (25 vs 5%, p 2 times per year (88 vs 33%). The cumulative incremental cost of IE (1990 dollars) was $46,132 per case. Thus, IE in patients with MVP causes considerable cumulative morbidity and incremental health care costs.
Developing conceptual storylines with the Learning Cycle

Instructional planning in science can be problematic for elementary teachers. The Learning Cycle (LC) provides a format that can help teachers “package” many desirable instructional strategies into a cohesive instructional unit. The LC model presented in this article is an attempt to build an articulated sequence of instructional activities that foster in-depth understanding of a complex natural phenomenon through many direct experiences, that include student-generated inquiry, that involve student-generated explanation and interpretation, and that enrich the developed network of ideas by their application in a number of interdisciplinary contexts.
Scientific visualization to study Flux Transfer Events at the Community Coordinated Modeling Center

Abstract In this paper we present recent additions to the visualization toolset offered by the Community Coordinated Modeling Center (CCMC). Two suites of visualization tools are available that can address different needs during the analysis of model simulations of the magnetosphere that are provided by the CCMC. The online, server-side visualization allows the user to quickly browse through simulation runs and now can create maps of magnetic field line topology in the magnetosphere. The second tool, SWX, can be used on the client computer after data have been downloaded. With this second tool the user can interact directly with the three-dimensional objects that are being rendered. We present results from a simulation of a Flux Transfer Event that was performed at the CCMC using a magnetohydrodynamic model of the Earth’s magnetosphere with a high resolution grid focused on the dayside magnetosheath and dayside magnetopause. The simulation shows that the FTE that results from localized magnetic reconnection is a complicated three-dimensional structure that requires modern visualization techniques. Visualization techniques that are presented here allow the researcher to fully appreciate the complexity contained in magnetospheric simulation results.
The internal innervation and morphology of the human female levator ani muscle.

Objective The purpose of this study was to describe the microinnervation of the human the female levator ani muscle complex. Study Design Detailed microdissection of 10 fresh female levator ani muscles was performed. Specimens were processed by modified Sihler's staining technique. A composite drawing of the levator ani nerve (LAN) distribution was created. Results Six hemi-levator ani muscles were stained and digitally reconstructed. The LAN traveled perpendicular to major muscular bundles while progressively branching into finer nerves that eventually entered single muscle fascicles. The LAN continued its course through the iliococcygeous muscle to innervate the puborectalis, puboperinealis, and puboanalis muscles. There was no distinct separation between pubovisceralis and iliococcygeous fibers. There were muscle fibers that could be best described as coccygeoperinealis. Conclusion The utilized staining technique enabled us to visualize the LAN microinnervation of the levator ani muscle that extends to puboperinealis and puboanalis muscles. A blueprint for LAN and levator ani morphology was created.
Strategies: an inclusive authentication framework

This paper briefly describes a proposed interaction workflow that is currently being developed as part of a research effort towards providing better solutions for accessible authentication, strongly guided by contextual inquiry and evidence-based guidelines. The approach described herein is being developed and tested to be foundations for tests and findings of the research, consequently evolving along the research progress towards providing a scalable, deployable, secure, usable for everyone, and last, but not least, privacy preserving platform for web authentication.
Adsorption of lipid-soluble substances by human keratin.

The adsorption of various lipid-soluble alcohols, esters, acids, and mixtures from n -heptane solutions on columns composed of powdered, excised, human callous tissue was investigated. Experimental evidence indicates that unsaturated and 2-hydroxy fatty acids were adsorbed. Infrared analysis substantiated the selective adsorption of acids from mixtures composed of human skin lipids and wool fat acids.
Acute hypoxia increases the aggressive characteristics and survival properties of prostate cancer cells.

BACKGROUND Androgen withdrawal, the standard therapeutic strategy for advanced prostate cancer, induces a rapid reduction of blood flow to prostate and prostate cancer tissues and the concomitant onset of a hypoxic environment in these tissues. To establish whether hypoxia-responsiveness (by means of the action of hypoxia inducible factor [HIF] -1α protein) might affect the tumorigenic or survival properties of prostate cancer cells, we studied how acute exposure of cultured human prostate cancer cells (LNCaP cell line) to hypoxia might alter their pattern of gene expression and their in vitro behavior. METHODS LNCaP cultures were placed in a hypoxia chamber for up to 24 hr and were compared with control (normoxic) cells for the expression of gene products by Western blotting and semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction techniques. RESULTS Exposure of LNCaP cells to acute hypoxia activated a typical cellular hypoxia response characterized by up-regulation of HIF-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor protein expression. In contrast, expression of differentiation-specific proteins (prostate specific antigen and androgen receptor) or proliferative-regulatory proteins (c-myc, cyclin D1, p27) were down-regulated by hypoxia. Some of these latter changes (reduction of c-myc and cyclin D expression) were not accompanied by corresponding reduction of mRNAs and were abrogated by a proteosome inhibitor (MG132), suggesting that their loss was associated with their increased degradation rather than through transcriptional controls. The phosphorylation of Akt/protein kinase B and its downstream target, forkhead protein, was highly up-regulated by hypoxia, and cells exposed to transient periods of hypoxia became significantly less sensitive to an apoptotic stimulus (exposure to phorbol ester) when compared with normoxic cells. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that even acute hypoxia has the potential to drastically alter the growth, differentiation characteristics, and apoptotic sensitivity of a prostate cancer cell. Prostate 54: 58–67, 2003. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Bridging help-seeking options to Vietnamese Americans with parent–child conflict and depressive symptoms

Abstract To help practitioners bridge services to their clients who face family problems, this research aims to identify help-seeking behaviors among Vietnamese Americans who have experienced parent–child conflict and depression. The 2008 Asian Survey found that 46.3% of 572 Vietnamese Americans experienced parent–child conflict and 30.2% reported depressive symptoms. Having parent–child conflicts or depressive symptoms did not predict help-seeking from mental health professionals. Logistic regression results show that having parent–child conflict would increase the likelihood by 81.7% of a thinking that the problem will be naturally resolved; having depressive symptoms would increase the likelihood of seeking help from herbalists by 1.718 times and from medical doctors by 39.7%. Service strategies should include offering educational programs by multidisciplinary professionals with a focus on the natural aspect of building parent–child bonding.
Scalar imaging velocimetry measurements of the velocity gradient tensor field in turbulent flows. II. Experimental results

Scalar imaging velocimetry is here applied to experimental turbulent flow scalar field data to yield the first fully resolved, non‐intrusive laboratory measurements of the spatio‐temporal structure and dynamics of the full nine‐component velocity gradient tensor field ∇u(x,t), as well as the pressure gradient field ∇p(x,t), in a turbulent flow. Results are from turbulent flows at outer scale Reynolds numbers in the range 3,000≤Reδ≤4,200, with Taylor scale Reynolds numbers Reλ≊45. These give a previously inaccessible level of detailed experimental access to the spatial structure in the velocity gradient tensor field at the small scales of turbulent flows, and through the much longer temporal dimension of these four‐dimensional data spaces allow access to the inertial range of scales as well. Sample spatio‐temporal data planes and probability distributions spanning more than 75 advection time scales (λν/U) are presented for various dynamical fields of interest, including the three components of the velocity field u(x,t), the nine components of the velocity gradient tensor field ∇u(x,t) through the full vector vorticity field ωi(x,t) and tensor strain rate field eij(x,t), the kinetic energy dissipation rate field Φ(x,t)≡2νe:e(x,t), the enstrophy field 1/2ω⋅ω(x,t), the enstrophy production rate field ω⋅e⋅ω(x,t), and the pressure gradient field ∇p(x,t). Continuity tests show agreement with the zero divergence requirement that exceeds the highest values reported from single‐point, invasive, multi‐probe measurements. Distributions of strain rate eigenvalues as well as alignments of the strain rate eigenvectors with both the vorticity and scalar gradient vectors are in agreement with DNS results, as are distributions of the measured helicity density fields u⋅ω(x,t). Results obtained for the true kinetic energy dissipation rate field show good agreement, up to 14th‐order, with previous inertial range structure function exponents measured by Anselmet et al. [J. Fluid Mech. 140, 63 (1984)] at much higher Reynolds numbers. In addition, probability distributions scaled on inner variables show good agreement among buoyant and non‐buoyant turbulent flow cases, further suggesting that these results are largely indicative of the high Reynolds number state of the inner scales of fully developed turbulent flows.
Future Communications Concepts in Support of U.S. Army Command and Control

This paper will describe the proposed communications concepts for the United States Army tactical field forces in the time frame 1990 and beyond. First, there will be a review of previous communications architectures. The review of past architectures provides the contrasts associated with the evolutions of warfare. The paper, then, will highlight technological advances that can provide those capabilities long sought by the field communicators. Finally, the paper will portray a modern communications architecture that incorporates these technologies, permitting effective employment of automation into the battlefield functional systems and providing efficient command and control for future military engagements.
Effects of edd and pgi Disruptions on Inosine Accumulation in Escherichia coli

Using an inosine-producing mutant of Escherichia coli, the contributions of the central carbon metabolism for overproducing inosine were investigated. Sodium gluconate instead of glucose was tested as a carbon source to increase the supply of ribose-5-phosphate through the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. The edd (6-phosphogluconate dehydrase gene)-disrupted mutant accumulated 2.5 g/l of inosine from 48 g/l of sodium gluconate, compared with 1.4 g/l of inosine in the edd wild strain. The rpe (ribulose phosphate 3-epimerase gene)-disrupted mutant resulted in low cell growth and low inosine production on glucose and on gluconate. The disruption of pgi (glucose-6-phosphate isomerase gene) was effective for increasing the accumulation of inosine from glucose but resulted in low cell growth. The pgi-disrupted mutant accumulated 3.7 g/l of inosine from 40 g/l of glucose when 8 g/l of yeast extract was added to the medium. Furthermore, to improve effective utilization of adenine, the yicP (adenine deaminase gene)-disrupted mutant was evaluated. It showed higher inosine accumulation, of 3.7 g/l, than that of 2.8 g/l in the yicP wild strain when 4 g/l of yeast extract was added to the medium.