cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular genetic evidence supporting the neoplastic nature of fibrous stroma in testicular teratoma

Testicular teratoma typically consists of heterogeneous mixtures of diverse epithelial and stromal components. The biological nature and genetic characteristics of the fibrous stroma of testicular teratomas have not been thoroughly investigated. Chromosome 12p abnormalities are the hallmark genetic alterations of germ cell tumors. We studied chromosome 12p abnormalities in the fibrous stroma and other components of pure testicular teratomas from 32 patients using interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization. Overall, 72% (23/32) of pure testicular teratomas had chromosome 12p abnormalities. Isochromosome 12p or 12p overrepresentation independent of isochromosome 12p was detected in the fibrous stroma in 53% (17/32) and 41% (13/32) of cases, respectively. Among the 17 cases positive for isochromosome 12p, 8 (47%) also had 12p overrepresentation. In 31% (10/32) cases, the fibrous stroma showed neither 12p overrepresentation nor isochromosome 12p. Isochromosome 12p and 12p overrepresentation were identified, respectively, in the gastrointestinal-type epithelium of 14/23 (61%) and 15/23 (65%) cases; in the respiratory-type epithelium of 41% (7/17) and 41% (7/17) cases; in the squamous epithelium of 62% (8/13) and 54% (7/13) cases; and in the cartilage of 63% (5/8) and 38% (3/8) cases. Concordant chromosomal 12p abnormalities were observed between the fibrous stroma and epithelial elements of testicular teratomas. Our results indicate that the fibrous stroma of testicular teratomas frequently has genetic abnormalities similar to those of the epithelial components. Concordant chromosome 12p alterations between the fibrous stroma and epithelial elements provide further evidence that both epithelial and fibrous components of teratoma are derived from a common progenitor.
Microwave spectrum of N2D4, 14N quadrupole coupling constants, and the barrier to inversion of the amino group

Abstract The microwave spectrum of N 2 D 4 has been observed and analyzed. Based on five low- J rotational transitions the effective rotational constants are: A = 74712.9 ± 1.9 MHz, B = 18500.42 ± 0.46 MHz, and C = 18439.91 ± 0.46 MHz. The quadrupole coupling constants of the 14 N nuclei are X aa = 4.23 ± 0.04 MHz, X bb = 1.98 ± 0.05 MHz, and X cc = −2.25 ± 0.05 MHz. Using the observed ground state inversion splittings for N 2 D 4 and N 2 H 4 the barrier to inversion of a single amino group is computed to be 5.00 kcal mol −1 .
Rapid Production of Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide via the Heterogeneous Oxidation of Zn(g)

The heterogeneous oxidation of Zn(g) is considered as an improved approach to the production of H2 and CO in the two-step Zn/ZnO solar thermochemical cycle. The rate of Zn(g) oxidation by H2O and CO2 is measured gravimetrically in a quartz tubular flow reactor for temperatures between 800 and 1150 K, Zn(g) concentrations up to 36 mol%, and H2O/CO2 concentrations up to 45 mol%. The rate of the heterogeneous oxidation of Zn(g) by both H2O and CO2 is on the order of 10−8–10−5 mol cm−2 s−1. For similar oxidizing conditions, H2O oxidizes Zn(g) three times as fast as CO2, indicative of a lower heterogeneous oxidation activation energy in the H2O system. Less than one second is required to convert more than 85% of Zn to ZnO for all temperatures in both the H2O and CO2 reacting systems.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Fuzzy nonlinear programming for mixed-discrete design optimization through hybrid genetic algorithm

Many practical engineering optimization problems involve discrete or integer design variables, and often the design decisions are to be made in a fuzzy environment in which the statements might be vague or imprecise. A mixed-discrete fuzzy nonlinear programming approach that combines the fuzzy λ-formulation with a hybrid genetic algorithm is proposed in this paper. This method can find a globally compromise solution for a mixed-discrete fuzzy optimization problem, even when the objective function is nonconvex and nondifferentiable. In the construction of the objective membership function, an error from the early research work is corrected and the right conclusion has been made. The illustrative examples demonstrate that more reliable and satisfactory results can be obtained through the present method.
Retrieval of elements of the columnar aerosol scattering phase matrix from polarized sky radiance over the ocean: simulations.

We have extended the Wang–Gordon [Appl. Opt.32, 4598–4609 (1993)] and Gordon–Zhang [Appl. Opt.34, 5552–5555 (1995)] algorithms for retrieval of ω0P(Θ, where ω0 is the aerosol single-scattering albedo and P(Θ) is the aerosol phase function for scattering through an angle Θ, from measurement of the radiances exiting the top and the bottom of the atmosphere over the ocean, to include polarization. This permits derivation of the P11(Θ) and P12(Θ) elements of the Mueller scattering phase matrix P(Θ) from measurement of the linear polarization portion of the Stokes vectors associated with the radiance exiting the top and the bottom of the atmosphere. Simulations show that good retrievals are possible for aerosol optical thicknesses as large as 2; however, the atmosphere is required to be horizontally homogeneous. We study the influence of the elements of P(Θ) that cannot be determined in this manner. It is shown that including surface measurements of the linear polarization of the sky radiance improves the estimation of the radiance simultaneously exiting the top of the atmosphere (TOA) and also allows reasonably accurate estimates of the TOA polarization. This is important for in-orbit calibration of ocean-color sensors.
Direct-coupled gyrator suitable for integrated circuits and time variation

A direct-coupled gyrator circuit which can be easily realised in integrated-circuit form is described. Since the gyrator action extends to d.c., it is practicable to realise d.c. transformers by cascading two such gyrators.
Maternal investment and sex ratio adjustment in American bison calves

Cow-calf behavior was observed in American bison (Bison bison) to determine if mothers invested differentially in sons and daughters. Cows nursed sons significantly longer than they did daughters in their first three months of life. The increased nursing time for sons was not compensated for by increased grazing time by their mothers. Grazing and activity patterns did not differ significantly between sons and daughters. Cows that had sons bred later in the breeding season than nulliparous cows, barren cows, or cows with daughters. Nine yearling sons compared to only two yearling daughters continued to suckle from their mothers for up to 15 months of age. Cows that had sons the previous year were more apt to be barren in the current year than cows that had daughters in the previous year.
Hypoxic Induction of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and HIF-1 Protein in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

Hypoxic Induction of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and HIF-1 Protein in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells
Evidence That MgATP Accelerates Primary Electron Transfer in aClostridium pasteurianum Fe Protein-Azotobacter vinelandii MoFe Protein Nitrogenase Tight Complex

The nitrogenase catalytic cycle involves binding of the iron (Fe) protein to the molybdenum-iron (MoFe) protein, transfer of a single electron from the Fe protein to the MoFe protein concomitant with the hydrolysis of at least two MgATP molecules, followed by dissociation of the two proteins. Earlier studies found that combining the Fe protein isolated from the bacterium Clostridium pasteurianum with the MoFe protein isolated from the bacterium Azotobacter vinelandii resulted in an inactive, nondissociating Fe protein-MoFe protein complex. In the present work, it is demonstrated that primary electron transfer occurs within this nitrogenase tight complex in the absence of MgATP (apparent first-order rate constant k = 0.007 s-1) and that MgATP accelerates this electron transfer reaction by more than 10,000-fold to rates comparable to those observed within homologous nitrogenase complexes (k = 100 s-1). Electron transfer reactions were confirmed by EPR spectroscopy. Finally, the midpoint potentials (Em) for the Fe protein [4Fe-4S]2+/+ cluster and the MoFe protein P2+/N cluster were determined for both the uncomplexed and complexed proteins and with or without MgADP. Calculations from electron transfer theory indicate that the measured changes in Em are not likely to be sufficient to account for the observed nucleotide-dependent rate accelerations for electron transfer.
Transverse-Momentum Distribution of Pions in High-Energy pp Collisions

The inclusive ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ transverse-momentum distribution at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in $\mathrm{pp}$ collisions of c.m. energy 53.4 GeV is shown to be described over 10 orders of magnitude by a Gaussian distribution in the transverse rapidity variable ${y}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}=invtan(\frac{{p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}}{E})$.
VARIATIONS IN NHL ATTENDANCE: THE IMPACT OF VIOLENCE, SCORING, AND REGIONAL RIVALRIES

In recent years the National Hockey League (NHL) has put policies in place to boost attendance. Specifically, these changes have been to curb violence, increase scoring, and move to an unbalanced schedule featuring more games against regional rivals. This research looks at variations in game-to-game attendance in the NHL, focusing on these policy changes. It is found that violence, specifically fighting, tends to attract fans in large numbers across the United States and Canada. Surprisingly, increases in scoring, ceteris paribus, tend to depress attendance. The change in scheduling by the NHL, however, has been a success, with divisional rivals increasing attendance in U.S. cities and additional contests against other Canadian teams increasing attendance in Canada.
Shape control of distributed parameter reflectors using sliding mode control

Sliding mode control has become one of the most powerful control methods for variable structure systems, a set of continuous systems with an appropriate switching logic. Its robustness properties and order reduction capability have made sliding mode control one of the most efficient tools for relatively higher order nonlinear plants operating under uncertain conditions. Piezo-electric materials possess the property of creating a charge when subjected to a mechanical strain, and of generating a strain when subjected to an electric field. Piezo-electric actuators are known to have a hysteresis due to the thermal motion and Coulomb interaction of Weiss domains. Because of the thermal effect the hysteresis of piezo-electric actuators is reproducible only with some uncertainty in experiments. The robustness of sliding mode control under uncertain conditions has an advantage in handling the hysteresis of piezo-electric actuators. In this research sliding mode control is used to control the shape of one- and two-dimensionally curved adaptive reflectors with piezo-electric actuators. Four discrete linear actuators for the one-dimensionally curved reflector and eight actuators for the two-dimensionally curved reflector are assumed.
Scientific contestations over “toxic trespass”: health and regulatory implications of chemical biomonitoring

Biomonitoring has chronicled hundreds of synthetic chemicals in human bodies. With the proliferation of biomonitoring studies from diverse stakeholders comes the need to better understand the public health consequences of synthetic chemical exposures. Fundamental disagreements among scientific experts as to the nature and purpose of biomonitoring data guide our investigation in this paper. We examine interpretations of biomonitoring evidence through interviews with 42 expert scientists from industry, environmental health and justice movement organizations (EHJM), academia, and regulatory agencies and through participant observation in scientific meetings where biomonitoring evidence is under debate. Both social movements and industry stakeholders frame the meaning of scientific data in ways that advance their own interests. EHJM scientists argue that biomonitoring data demonstrates involuntary “toxic trespass” and underscores a policy failure that allows for the pervasive use of untested chemicals. Industry scientists seek to subsume biomonitoring data under existing regulatory risk assessment paradigms. Our analysis reveals one area of convergence (validity of Centers for Disease Control surveillance data) and seven areas of contestation regarding the scientific, public health, and policy implications of biomonitoring evidence, among regulatory, industry, and EHJM scientists including: chemical presence in bodies, biological mechanisms of health impact, use of biomonitoring equivalents, limits of targeted biomonitoring, limits of detection, policy influence of advocacy biomonitoring, and relevance of biomonitoring to motivate policy change. These areas of scientific contestation provide insight into the persistent challenges of regulating chemicals even in the midst of mounting evidence of widespread exposure to multiple compounds with implications for human health.
KILOMETER-WAVE TYPE III BURST: HARMONIC EMISSION REVEALED BY DIRECTION AND TIME OF ARRIVAL

A type III solar burst was observed at seven frequencies between 3.5 MHz and 80 kHz by the Michigan experiment aboard the IMP-6 satellite. From the data burst direction of arrival as well as time of arrival can be determined. These quantities are predicted, using simple models whose parameters are varied to obtain a good fit to the observations. It is found that between 3.5 MHz and 230 kHz the observed radiation was emitted at the fundamental of the local plasma frequency, while below 230 kHz it was emitted at the second harmonic. The exciter particles that produced the burst onset and burst peak have velocities of 0.27 and 0.12, respectively, in units of the velocity of light.
Do evoked potentials measure depth of anaesthesia

Somatosensory evoked potentials have been suggested as apossible neurophysiological in of anaesthetic depth. In order to test the usefulness of this technique of monitoring, 8 patients were monitored during balanced anaesthesia. Following induction with a sleep dose of thiopentone, a neuromuscular blocking agent was used and the patients’ lungs ventilated with N2O/O2 (F1O2=0.3). This was supplemented with halothane or fentanyl. Somatosensory evoked potentials were recorded every 10 minutes during surgery, blood pressure and heart rate being recorded at the end of each evoked potential measurement. Induction of anaesthesia was associated with the reduction in SEP amplitude from 4.2±1.04 micro volts to 1.6±0.9 micro volts. There was an increase in latency from 19.2±1.3 msec to 20.0±1.3 msec to 20.0±1.5 msec. Recovery from anaesthesia was accompanied by an increase in SEP amplitude pre-induction values. There were no apparent correlations between the changes in evoked potential measures and changes in heart rate or blood pressure. Consistent change in somatosensory evoked potentials (prolonged latency, decreased amplitude) occurred with both narcotic and volatile anaesthetics. There was a recovery of evoked potentials at the end of anaesthesia. This is a promising technique, worthy of further evaluation.
Compositional differences between Arctic aerosol and snow

UNIQUE information on trace elements in polar atmospheres is available through records of deposition in snow and ice. Proper interpretation of these data requires a knowledge of the nontrivial chemical relationship between the deposition and its parent aerosol. Because several complex processes determine the trace-element content of precipitation, polar ice and snow cannot be considered a priori to have the same composition as polar aerosol1. In most of the current literature, such an assumption is usually made. Within the past year or so, the first tests of the long-term relationship between aerosol and deposition have been (inadvertently) produced for the Antarctic and the Arctic. The results are different for each region, and illustrate the great caution that must be exercised in this entire field. At the South Pole, snow from 1973–742 compares very well with aerosol from 1974–753—both media give the same impression of the environment2,4. In the Arctic, on the other hand, opposite conclusions about the atmosphere have been drawn from snow and aerosol, and this problem is discussed here.
Modeling thermal comfort holistically: Bayesian estimation of thermal sensation, acceptability, and preference distributions for office building occupants

Abstract The three concepts of thermal sensation, acceptability, and preference each contribute to a holistic understanding of a building occupant's thermal comfort and how it can be effectively predicted. Nevertheless, there is currently no integrated framework for evaluating sensation, acceptability, and preference together as part of thermal comfort assessment in the built environment. Indeed, the only relation given between these variables in existing comfort guidelines - the Predicted Mean Vote – Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PMV–PPD) curve – rests on the tenuous assumption that occupants only find sensations at or near “Neutral” to be acceptable. This paper uses occupant response data from both the laboratory and field settings to develop an integrated approach for assessing office occupant thermal comfort through the multiple lenses of thermal sensation, acceptability, and preference. Specifically, probability distributions are developed for each of these comfort variables using Bayesian probit analysis. Given these distributions, we present revised PMV–PPD curves for field offices, and construct a new set of curves that represent the relationship between PMV and direct thermal acceptability and preference ratings. The probit analysis reveals that PMV is a significant predictor of thermal sensation distribution in the field; suggests that thermal acceptability and preference responses are subject to seasonal influences; and shows differences in thermal sensation, acceptability, and preference distributions for occupants in Air-Conditioned and Naturally Ventilated buildings. The usefulness of the developed distributions to practical thermal comfort assessments is discussed, as is the potential for these distributions to be updated in the future as more data are collected.
Transanal ultrasound and anorectal physiology findings affecting continence after sphincteroplasty.

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to evaluate endosonographic and physiologic determinants of fecal continence after sphincteroplasty. METHODS: Sixteen female patients with severe fecal incontinence were treated with overlapping sphincteroplasty. Mean postoperative follow-up was 12 (range, 3–48) months. All patients underwent preoperative and postoperative transanal endosonography and anal manometry. Bilateral pudendal nerve terminal motor latency determinations were performed in each patient. A physiologic continence score was used to assess stool control. RESULTS: Postoperatively, continence was worse, unchanged, and improved in one, five, and ten patients, respectively. An inverse correlation was noted between endosonographic sphincter discontinuity postoperatively, in degrees, and the change in fecal continence after overlapping sphincteroplasty (r =−0.51;P =0.04). Postoperative increases in sphincter resting (r =0.6;P =0.02) and squeeze (r -0.54;P =0.03) pressures correlated with improved fecal continence. Mean pudendal nerve terminal motor latency (r = −0.34;P =0.20) and changes in anal sphincter length at rest (r =0.41;P =0.11) and squeeze (r =0.33;P =0.20) after sphincteroplasty did not significantly correlate with the change in continence. Patients with intact endosonographic anatomy postoperatively and bilateral, unilateral, or no evidence of pudendal neuropathy had a mean change in continence score of 0.5, 1.8, and 2.2, respectively (P =0.48). CONCLUSIONS: Endosonography after sphincteroplasty can identify residual sphincter defects that are significant in terms of fecal continence. Restoration of anal canal resting and squeeze pressures was related to improved fecal control after overlapping sphincteroplasty. Mean pudendal nerve terminal motor latency was not significantly related to poor postoperative continence. A trend toward less improvement in fecal continence was noted with bilateral pudendal neuropathy.
Free and conjugated amino acids in human CSF: influence of age and sex.

An extended baseline characterization of amino acids (AAs) and related amino compounds in CSF is reported. Thirty-one amino compounds were measured in deproteinized CSF before and after acid hydrolysis using a triple-column HPLC/fluorometric analyzer. CSF specimens were collected under strictly controlled conditions from neurologically normal myelogram patients and carefully pooled with regard to subject age and sex. Consideration was given to factors which may produce artifactual alterations in AA levels during CSF collection, storage and handling. Conjugated AAs were determined as the difference between levels of free AAs (measured in CSF prior to hydrolysis) and total AAs (measured in hydrolyzed CSF) and are taken as an index of total CSF peptide AAs. Results documented conjugated forms of all non-acid-labile CSF AAs except citrulline and ethanolamine. In general, ratios of conjugated to free AAs were relatively low, however for the neurotransmitter AAs aspartate, glutamate, glycine and GABA as well as for β-alanine hydrolysis produced marked increases indicating that these compounds are present predominantly in bound form in CSF. Results also revealed the significant influence of both age and sex on levels of a number of CSF free and conjugated AAs. Compared to younger individuals (those less than 40 years of age), older individuals exhibited significantly higher levels of free aspartate, glycine, α-aminobutyric acid, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine and 3-methylhistidine as well as significantly lower levels of free phosphoethanolamine, serine, GABA, homocarnosine, conjugated GABA and conjugated β-alanine. Additionally, significantly higher levels of free tyrosine, ethanolamine, arginine and conjugated aspartate were documented in males compared to females. Thus, the careful approach to data collection has facilitated a baseline characterization of CSF peptide AAs as well as an extended characterization of CSF free AAs documenting the significant influence of age and sex. Results further support the view that CSF neurochemical measurements can be useful for studying CNS function only when appropriate consideration is given to variables which may influence results.
Comparison of DNA Extraction Methods in Analysis of Salivary Bacterial Communities

Culture-independent high-throughput sequencing-based methods are widely used to study bacterial communities. Although these approaches are superior to traditional culture-based methods, they introduce bias at the experimental and bioinformatics levels. We assessed the diversity of the human salivary microbiome by pyrosequencing of the 16S rDNA V1-3 amplicons using metagenomic DNA extracted by two different protocols: a simple proteinase K digestion without a subsequent DNA clean-up step, and a bead-beating mechanical lysis protocol followed by column DNA purification. A high degree of congruence was found between the two extraction methods, most notably in regard to the microbial community composition. The results showed that for a given bioinformatics pipeline, all the taxa with an average proportion >0.12% in samples processed using one extraction method were also detected in samples extracted using the other method. The same taxa tended to be abundant and frequent for both extraction methods. The relative abundance of sequence reads assigned to the phyla Actinobacteria, Spirochaetes, TM7, Synergistetes, and Tenericutes was significantly higher in the mechanically-treated samples than in the enzymatically-treated samples, whereas the phylum Firmicutes showed the opposite pattern. No significant differences in diversity indices were found between the extraction methods, although the mechanical lysis method revealed higher operational taxonomic unit richness. Differences between the extraction procedures outweighed the variations due to the bioinformatics analysis pipelines used.
Complications of orthognathic surgery

Evidenced-based medicine criteria are becomingthe standards by which clinical studies are rated [1].Articles that evaluate clinical outcomes can be cate-gorized according to a hierarchy of evidence-basedmedicine. The strongest evidence is that derived fromrandomized, clinical trials or, even better, a meta-analysis of several randomized, controlled trials. Thenextstrongestevidenceisderivedfromcohortstudies.This is followed by evidence that is derived fromcase control series. Isolated case reports provide theweakest evidence in this hierarchy. Numerous chap-ters in various texts have reported a wide spectrum ofcomplications of orthognathic surgery based on allfour of these types of evidence. Little has been addedin the recent literature regarding the range or typesof complications. A few studies have tightened ourfocus on the already known complications of or-thognathic surgery with regard to prevalence andseverity. This article concentrates on studies thatreport complications with the weight of randomizedclinical trials or cohort studies. Where possible, ametaanalysis has been performed to provide the high-est level of evidence-based medicine. Means for allstatistics are weighted to account for the differentsample sizes. Where original publications providedadequate information, confidence intervals (error barson figures) were determined that allow the reader todetermine the range that is required to be 95% certainthat if the study were repeated the new mean wouldfall within that range. Where narrow confidenceintervals are shown, this suggests a high degree ofprecision and reproducibility. When the confidenceinterval crosses the null value (ie, 0%), the results arenot statistically significant, although they may stillbe clinically important.Neurosensory changesInferior alveolar nerve injuryAlthough inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) injury hasbeen reported as a result of several mandibularoperations, its association with the bilateral sagittalsplit osteotomy (BSSO) is well documented [2–8].Evaluation of these studies is confounded by thenumerous techniques that have been used to performthe operation and methods and timing of postsurgicalneurosensory changes. Variations in techniqueinclude the use of burs, saws, blunt or heavy chisels,sharp, thin chisels, and spreaders to complete theosteotomy. The method of fixation may includeinterosseous wiring plus intermaxillary fixation,bicortical lag screws, bicortical position screws,monocortical plates, or a combination of these. Thereis no ‘‘standard technique’’ to provide guidance, andoutcome study comparison is difficult.For BSSO with rigid internal fixation (RIF), thepostoperative incidence of IAN neurosensory lossvaries from 0% to 75% (Table 1), with a mean of35% for subjective reporting and 33% for objectivetesting at a mean follow-up of 21 months [2–8](Fig. 1). The methods of data collection for subjectiveand objective parameters vary considerably, whichwould be likely to influence the results. Whether the
BMO from dyadic BMO on the bidisc

We generalize to the bidisc a theorem of Garnett and Jones relating the space BMO of functions of bounded mean oscillation to its martingale counterpart, dyadic BMO. Namely, translation-averages of suitable families of dyadic BMO functions belong to BMO. As a corollary, we deduce a biparameter version of a theorem of Burgess Davis connecting the Hardy space H 1 to martingale H 1 . We also prove the analogues of the theorem of Garnett and Jones in the one-parameter and biparameter VMO spaces of functions of vanishing mean oscillation.
Aryl trifluoromethyl ketone hydrates as precursors of carboxylic acids and esters1

Abstract A simple method for the preparation of aryl carboxylic acids and esters from aryl trifluoromethyl ketone hydrates is described.
Walter Kempowski's Collection

The Origins of Walter Kempowski's extraordinary literary project began when, as a student in Gottingen in the early 1960s, Kempowski stumbled upon photographs and letters lying in the street: "Es war die letzte Hinterlassenschaft eines gefallenen Soldaten, Fotos aus Russland und Briefe an seine Braut." Kempowski spontaneously gathered up the foot-trampled debris, and since then he has never stopped collecting the photographs, letters, diaries, and other documentary texts that provide the sources for Das Echolot: Ein kollektives Tagebuch, a four-volume, 3,042?page collection that spans the period January-February 1943 and appeared in 1993 to great acclaim in Germany but little notice elsewhere. Similar materials comprise the second four-volume installment, Das Echolot: Fuga furiosa, which spans a similar period in 1945 and appeared in 1999. For Kempowski the task is to "bend down and pick up" the testimonies of the wartime generation. Only by listening to these bygone voices, and doing so in their own former present, he insists, is it possible to usettle accounts" with the past.1 This is strikingly similar to the words ofthe Brothers Grimm, who, one hundred-and-fifty years earlier, described the fairy tales they transcribed as fragments of a shattered whole, comparing the oral stories to small shafts of grass that had been protected by hedges and bushes after storms had flattened fields
Optimal Distributed Power Control and Routing in Wireless Networks

We present a unified analytical framework within which power control and routing for wireless networks can be optimized on a node-by-node basis. We consider a multi-commodity flow model for an interference-limited wireless network in which power control and routing variables are chosen to minimize convex link costs. Distributed scaled gradient projection algorithms are developed to iteratively adjust power control and routing schemes at individual nodes. We specify appropriate scaling matrices with which the algorithms quickly converge to the global optimum from any initial point. These scaling matrices can be computed locally at each node with limited control message overhead.
Geochemistry of oolitic iron ores, an electron microprobe study

Oolitic iron ores are made up of silicate, oxide, and carbonate minerals that are part of solid solution series. The compositions of the minerals can depart from pure end members and show variation among deposits. This variability can be quantified using electron microprobe techniques. Iron silicates are represented by chamositic clays, both berthierine and chamosite. Glauconite was not seen in any of these samples. Berthierine predominates in younger deposits, whereas the Paleozoic ores studied contained only chamosite. Compositions of the chamositic clays, however, were independent of age. Iron oxides are mostly goethite in younger deposits or hematite in older deposits. Both minerals lack appreciable Al in solid solution. Most analyses show small amounts of Al but usually balanced by Si in the same proportion as in chamosite, indicating a slight admixture of clay. Iron carbonates are siderite with appreciable substitution of Ca and Mg but not of Mn. Apatite is common, but no iron phosphates were found. The compositions of the silicates and carbonates are close to those reported for early diagenetic minerals from other types of sedimentary rocks, indicating that ironstone formation does not require unusual chemical conditions other than a large supply of iron.The analytical results can be used to argue against several hypotheses of ironstone genesis. The lack of Al in the goethitic and hematitic ooliths is inconsistent with an origin either by redeposition of soil ooliths or by oxidation and leaching of earlier chamositic ooliths. The presence of high Al contents in the chamositic ooliths shows that they cannot have formed from earlier aragonitic ooliths, and the presence of small amounts of chamositic clay and apatite as discrete laminae in goethitic and hematitic ooliths suggests that this type of oolith could also not have formed by replacement of aragonite.Times of ironstone deposition show a correlation with climate and sea-level stands that suggests a mechanism for generating locally high iron concentrations in seawater. A combination of a warm, humid climate and low average continental relief would intensify lateritic weathering and the formation of iron-enriched detritus. Coincidence of this increased detrital iron supply with intensification and shallowing of the oxygen minimum layer in the ocean could lead to mobilization of iron from offshore shelf clastics, to be redeposited near the shoreline in intertidal to shallow subtidal environments.
Efficient single mode operation of a CW ring dye laser with a Mach-Zehnder interferometer

Stable single mode operation of a ring dye laser is obtained with the combination of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI), three plate birefringent filter, a single thin etalon and a unidirectional diode. The MZI eliminates the fractional insertion loss due to beam walk-off and distortion which an intracavity etalon must introduce in order to select single frequency operation. We experimentally demonstrate the low insertion loss, single mode stability and frequency tuning of a ring dye laser using a specially designed, compact MZI. Finally, we propose MZIs with no coatings, which should permit extremely low loss broadband operation.
Memory and Aging: Four Hypotheses in Search of Data

FAILURES OF METAMEMORY ........ ......... 334 Deficient Know/edge about Memory . 334 Deficient Strategy Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 Memory Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Summary. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 SEMANTIC DEFICIT HyPOTHESIS 340 Richness, Extensiveness, and Depth of Encoding . . .... 341 Encoding and Memory . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 Encoding Inferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 General Encoding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 IMPAIRMENT OF DELIBERATE RECOLLECTION . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . ... . . . . . ... 347 Spared Activation and Impaired Processing of Contextual Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 Deficient Self-Initiated Constructive Operations . . . ......... 351 Multiple Memory Systems Approach . . . 352 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 353 REDUCED PROCESSING RESOURCES 353 Reduced Attentional Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 Reduced Working-Memory Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 Cognitive Slowing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Summa ry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 CONCLUSION 365
Autoimmunity versus allo- and xeno-reactivity in SCID mice.

The ability of SCID mice to accept xenografts has been exploited to study the survival, function and potential of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with autoimmune disorders to produce tissue injury in the mouse. Studies performed with PBMC obtained from patients with organ specific and multisystem autoimmune diseases indicate that human PBMC survive in SCID mice for several months, produce IgG and autoantibodies with the same specificities as are found in the donor. Tissue injury is not generally observed in the SCID mouse recipient. SCID mice have also been partially reconstituted with bone marrow from BB (diabetic) and MRL (lupus) mice. SCID mice injected with both spleen cells from mice with collagen induced arthritis together with native bovine collagen developed more severe arthritis than the donors. SCID mice have therefore proven to be a useful resource to study autoimmunity. In both xeno- and allografts of mature lymphocytes, graft versus host reactions occur. Further studie...
The maximum distribution of a Gaussian stochastic process indexed by a local field

We consider continuous Gaussian stochastic process indexed by a compact subset of a vector space over a local field. Under suitable conditions we obtain an asymptotic expression for the probability that such a process will exceed a high level. An important component in the proof of these results is a theorem of independent interest concerning the amount of ‘time’ which the process spends at high levels.
Consensus-Building in the American National Community: Some Hypotheses and Some Supporting Data

J\LARGE "IF," FOLLOWED by an even larger "of course," pervades discussion of the problems which confront the United States. Whatever the problem, whether it be one of expanding foreign assistance programs or of contracting tariff and trade barriers, the feasibility of various solutions invariably turns on the question of the readiness of the public to make the necessary sacrifices. If the American people are willing, and if their support can be mobilizedthese are the great qualifiers which dominate discussions of the American future. And, whenever they are introduced, it is standard procedure to assert that of course the people are willing and of course they can be mobilized. One can hardly deny the importance of the qualifiers. The public's potential for sacrifice is relevant in a number of ways, ranging from group actions supporting national policy to personal acts implementing it, from torganized pressure endorsing higher taxes to individual integrity in paying them. On the other hand, there is something plaintive and unreal about the confident assertion that the public is responsive. For the fact is that the foreign aid program has never enjoyed wide support, that tariff reduction efforts have foundered on the rocks of self-interested publics,t and that a similar fate has befallen most proposals designed to extend our cold war involvement. Only in military and defense matters have enlarged responsibilities been shouldered, and even here new commitments have not been accepted with alacrity or celerity. In short, ever since the early months of the Korean war a substantial gap has existed between the policies which have emerged from the policy-
Clinical translation of UV autofluorescence microscopy towards endomicroscopy for early detection of cancer

The non-invasiveness of autofluorescence technology may reduce sampling error and time delay for histopathology diagnosis. We establish biophotonic methods and guidelines to visualize and interpret early epithelial tissue changes that signify disease. Flexible and rigid fiber endomicroscopy instrumentation design parameters feasible for translation towards clinical use are in development.
The cyclical properties of consumption growth and the real term structure

Abstract Expected real yields on nominally risk-free bonds and expected consumption growth at horizons from one-quarter to two years are identified using time series models, and their basic properties are examined. The principal results are: (1) real yields and consumption growth are (weakly) negatively correlated over the full sample period of 1953–1991; (2) excluding the 1979–1985 sub-period, real yields and consumption growth are (strongly) positively correlated; (3) the cyclical properties of real yields and consumption growth are qualitatively similar in the pre-1979 data, and they are consistent with a simple real business cycle model.
Further characterization and comparison of inducible nitric oxide synthase in mouse, rat, and human hepatocytes

Marked differences in induced nitric oxide (NO) synthesis occur between species. We have previously shown that both human and rat hepatocytes express an inducible NO synthase in response to cytokines and lipopolysaccharide. In this study, we compare the expression and regulation of cytokine-induced NO synthase in hepatocytes isolated from three species, human, rat, and mouse. On stimulation with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), interferon gamma (IFN gamma), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), it was found that hepatocytes from all three species produce high levels of NO with levels of production exhibiting the following hierarchy: rat hepatocytes > mouse hepatocytes > human hepatocytes. Whereas rat and mouse hepatocytes express inducible NO synthase messenger RNA (mRNA) in response to TNF alpha, IL-1 beta, or IFN gamma as a single stimulus, human hepatocytes respond to LPS alone. Inhibition of NO generation through transforming growth factor (TGF-beta 1) was seen in mouse (77% +/- 5.9) and rat hepatocytes (17% +/- 2.6) whereas only about 10% was seen in human hepatocytes. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) was shown to inhibit NO synthesis in human and mouse hepatocytes but not rat. A marked NO-dependent inhibition of total protein synthesis was seen in rat and human hepatocytes, whereas mouse hepatocytes showed almost no inhibition in protein synthesis when stimulated. NO-dependent cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) release was found in all three species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adaptive governance and institutional strategies for climate-induced community relocations in Alaska

This article presents governance and institutional strategies for climate-induced community relocations. In Alaska, repeated extreme weather events coupled with climate change-induced coastal erosion impact the habitability of entire communities. Community residents and government agencies concur that relocation is the only adaptation strategy that can protect lives and infrastructure. Community relocation stretches the financial and institutional capacity of existing governance institutions. Based on a comparative analysis of three Alaskan communities, Kivalina, Newtok, and Shishmaref, which have chosen to relocate, we examine the institutional constraints to relocation in the United States. We identify policy changes and components of a toolkit that can facilitate community-based adaptation when environmental events threaten people’s lives and protection in place is not possible. Policy changes include amendment of the Stafford Act to include gradual geophysical processes, such as erosion, in the statutory definition of disaster and the creation of an adaptive governance framework to allow communities a continuum of responses from protection in place to community relocation. Key components of the toolkit are local leadership and integration of social and ecological well-being into adaptation planning.
Reflections on courage.

A s I have mentioned before, editorials are almost always difficult to write (the continual editor’s lament). But usually the challenges are finding an important and meaningful topic that very busy readers will spend their time perusing, being provocative enough to give readers pause for thought, and/or proposing actions for readers that could address important needs in the discipline. They rarely reflect on a commentary written about an issue that raises so many ethical issues.
Augmented cell-graphs for automated cancer diagnosis

Summary: This work reports a novel computational method based on augmented cell-graphs (ACG), which are constructed from low-magnification tissue images for the mathematical diagnosis of brain cancer (malignant glioma). An ACG is a simple, undirected, weighted and complete graph in which a node represents a cell cluster and an edge between a pair of nodes defines a binary relationship between them. Both the nodes and the edges of an ACG are assigned weights to capture more information about the topology of the tissue. In this work, the experiments are conducted on a dataset that is comprised of 646 human brain biopsy samples from 60 different patients. It is shown that the ACG approach yields sensitivity of 97.53% and specificities of 93.33 and 98.15% (for the inflamed and healthy, respectively) at the tissue level in glioma diagnosis. Contact: demir@cs.rpi.edu
Construction of integrals of skew-symmetric linear differential systems

For a linear stationary system with skew-symmetric coefficient matrix, we construct formulas for the computation of its linear integrals. They permit one to describe the motion of a mechanical object on a sphere.
Geostatistical Models for the Spatial Distribution of Uranium in the Continental United States

Although the United States Geological Survey (USGS) samples geochemical properties across the country, a complete understanding of the distribution of uranium remains elusive. Such an understanding would be useful to many government agencies because uranium can be both harmful to the environment and used to produce nuclear energy. I compare the performance of several nonparametric models for describing the geographic distribution of uranium deposits across the continental United States including the K nearest neighbors method, local regression models, generalized additive models, and Gaussian process models (kriging). I optimize model parameters using cross-validation with a training set and choose the final, most accurate model by comparison of predictions with a test set. I recommend using a kriging model, implemented with lattice krig, and utilizing an optional logarithmic transformation for uranium interpolation. Evidence for successfully avoiding overfitting through this cross-validation process is seen in the applicability of the optimal parameters for the prediction of substances other than uranium.
Study of Solid Moderators for the Thermal-Spectrum Supercritical Water-Cooled Reactor

The supercritical water-cooled nuclear reactor (SCWR) concept offers potential for superior economics due to its high thermal efficiency and plant simplification. However, design of a thermal-spect...