cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Practical coal mine ground control—operator’s perspective

Abstract This chapter summarizes recent advances in coal mine ground control technology and practice from the operator’s perspective. While many ground control research programs have been carried out over the past 60 years from the mine operator’s perspective, any new development in coal mine ground control technology can be segregated into two categories: output-oriented and outcome-oriented. An output-oriented research typically emphasizes fundamental theories and peer-reviewed journal publications, while an outcome-oriented research typically is conducted to solve real world problems, and places considerable emphasis on industry acceptance, adoption, and practical application. Although output-oriented research has its purpose and place, the outcome-oriented research is the most important research from the operator’s perspective, since results from the research can readily be accepted and applied to improve mining efficiency and miner safety and health. Prior to the 20th century, underground mining was practiced for centuries without much scientific guidance. The creation of the US Bureau of Mines in 1910 represented an effort by the federal government of the United States to provide much-needed scientific guidance to the mining industry. Ground control is a field of applied science that has become recognized as a coherent engineering discipline within the last four decades. It consists of detailed understanding of mechanical properties of rock, various stress analysis techniques, rock structures’ response to applied stresses, and ultimately, the application of engineering principles to real world problems. Although ground control research was conducted over the first 70 years of the 20th century, significant progress on the subjects of coal pillar design, surface subsidence, stress measurements, roof bolting technology, longwall face support design, standing support technology, and numerical modeling was not achieved until the late 1980s and early 1990s. This chapter discusses seven examples of such outcome-oriented research and their contribution to the significant progress on coal mine ground control.
Photorefractive devices for optical pattern recognition

Photorefraction is a nonlinear optical effect where large nonlinearities can be observed at relatively low optical power levels. This phenomenon has evolved from being just a laboratory curiosity to being a useful device technology for optical information processing applications. In particular, the abilities to form holograms in real time and also store them for extended periods of time have aided the implementation of several pattern recognition machines which are adaptive and possess a high degree of parallelism. This paper reviews the photorefractive effect as a device technology for the problem of pattern recognition and describes several photorefractive realizations of pattern classifiers.
Neuroendocrine stress reactivity of male C57BL/6N mice following chronic oral corticosterone exposure during adulthood or adolescence

Adolescence is associated with the maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the major neuroendocrine axis mediating the hormonal stress response. Adolescence is also a period in development marked by a variety of stress-related vulnerabilities, including psychological and physiological dysfunctions. Many of these vulnerabilities are accompanied by a disrupted HPA axis. In adult mice, a model of disrupted HPA function has been developed using oral chronic corticosterone administration via the drinking water, which results in various physiological and neurobehavioral abnormalities, including changes in stress reactivity and anxiety-like behaviors. In an effort to further complement and extend this model, we tested the impact of HPA disruption in adolescent mice. We also examined whether this disruption led to different outcomes depending on whether the treatment happened during adolescence or adulthood. In the current set of experiments, we exposed adult (70days of age) or adolescent (30days of age) male C57BL/6N mice to 4 weeks of either 0 or 25μg/ml oral corticosterone via their drinking water. We measured body weight during treatment and plasma corticosterone levels and activation of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), as indexed by FOS immunohistochemistry, before and after a 30min session of restraint stress. Our data indicate that adolescent animals exposed to chronic corticosterone showed weight loss during treatment, an effect not observed in adults. Further, we found stress failed to elevate plasma corticosterone levels in treated mice, regardless of whether exposure occurred in adulthood or adolescence. Despite this reduced hormonal responsiveness, we found significant neural activation in the PVN of both adult- and adolescent-treated mice, indicating a dissociation between stress-induced peripheral and central stress responses following chronic corticosterone exposure. Moreover, stress-induced neural activation in the PVN was unaffected by chronic corticosterone treatment in adult animals, but led to a hyper-responsive PVN in the corticosterone-treated adolescent animals, suggesting an age-specific effect of corticosterone treatment on later PVN stress reactivity. Together, these experiments highlight the influence of developmental stage on somatic and neuroendocrine outcomes following chronic HPA disruption by noninvasive, oral corticosterone treatment. Given the substantial vulnerabilities to HPA dysfunctions during adolescence this model may prove useful in better understanding these vulnerabilities.
Visualizing queer spaces: LGBTQ students and the traditionally heterogendered institution

ABSTRACTAs colleges and universities have increased campus programs, LGBTQ students continue to experience marginalization within the very spaces intended to support them. This study explored how LGBTQ college students experienced campus climate at a Midwest Urban Public (MUP) institution through a framework of the traditionally heterogendered institution (THI). Through traditional notions of sexuality and gender, college campuses systemically, structurally, and programmatically uphold discourses which reify heterogendered ideals. Institutional spaces continue to be organized along the gender binary, which perpetuate unwelcoming environments for LGBTQ communities. Relying on a critical photovisual narrative methodology and discourse analysis, participants' findings reveal how LGBTQ students engage with campus spaces historically exclusionary of their identities. As a data collection tool, photography allowed for sensory rich interview data enhancing the study's findings. Findings illuminate how a MUP univ...
Vertebral augmentation complicated by perioperative addisonian crisis.

BACKGROUND We describe a case of perioperative Addisonian crisis induced by vertebral augmentation. While several complications of vertebral augmentation have been reported previously, related to the technical procedure, to our knowledge, perioperative Addisonian crisis from vertebral augmentation has not been reported in the literature. OBJECTIVE To report an Addisonian crisis perioperative to vertebral augmentation. DESIGN Case report. METHOD Retrospective case review. RESULTS The patient had a history of adrenal insufficiency treated previously with steroids. He developed an L3 vertebral compression fracture, failed conservative therapy and was eventually referred for vertebral augmentation. Immediately after starting the procedure, the patient developed profound hypotension unresponsive to intravenous fluids and vasopressors, consistent with Addisonian crisis. After intravenous steroids had resolved the Addisonian crisis, he underwent vertebral augmentation without further complication. CONCLUSION Addisonian crisis may be triggered by vertebral augmentation. Practitioners need to recognize immediately this potentially lethal disorder in patients with known or suspected adrenal insufficiency and treat with intravenous hydrocortisone.
In vitro activity of a new triazole antifungal agent, Sch 56592, against clinical isolates of filamentous fungi

Sch 56592 is a new triazole derivative that possesses potent, broad-spectrum antifungal activity. We evaluated the in vitroactivity of Sch 56592 compared with that of itraconazole, amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine against 51 clinical isolates of filamentous fungi, including Aspergillus flavus(10), A. fumigatus(12), Fusariumspp. (13), Rhizopus spp. (6), Pseudallescheria boydii(5), and one isolate each of Acremoniumspp., A. niger, A. terreus, Paecilomycesspp., and Trichodermaspp. In vitrosusceptibility testing was performed using the microdilution broth method outlined in the NCCLS 27-A document. Sch 56592 was highly active against A. flavus(MIC90, 0.25 μg/ml), A. fumigatus(MIC90, 0.12 μg/ml), P. boydii(MIC50, 1 μ/ml) and Rhizopusspp (M1C50, 1 μg/ml). By comparison with itraconazole, Sch 56592 was four- to eight-fold more active against isolates of Aspergillusand both compounds showed equipotent in vitroactivity against P. boydiiand Rhizopusspp. Sch 56592 was four- to 16-fold more active than amphotericin B against Aspergillusspp. and P. boydiiand both antifungal drugs displayed similar activity against Rhizopusspp. Overall, Sch 56592 showed good in vitroactivity against all isolates tested (MIC, ≤ 2 μg/ml) except isolates of Fusarium(MIC range, 1–>4 μg/ml). On the basis of these data Sch 56592 has promising activity against Aspergillus spp. and other species of filamentous fungi that are likely to be encountered clinically. Additional in vitroand in vivostudies are warranted.
Impact of immunosuppression and acute rejection on recurrence of hepatitis C: Results of the national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases liver transplantation database

Whereas the impact of early (first 6 postoperative weeks) acute cellular rejection on patient survival among liver transplant recipients as a whole has been reported to be favorable, we hypothesized treatment for acute cellular rejection may have differing impacts on patient and graft survival in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected and HCV-negative transplant recipients. We studied the impact of immunosuppression and rejection on patient and graft survival among the 166 HCV-infected and 602 HCV-negative transplant recipients enrolled onto the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Liver Transplantation Database. All data were collected prospectively. The association of early acute cellular rejection with mortality was determined using a Cox proportional hazards model with a time-dependent covariate. Median follow-up was 5.0 years for HCV-infected and 5.2 years for HCV-negative transplant recipients. HCV-infected transplant recipients experienced similar frequencies of acute cellular and steroid-resistant rejection as patients undergoing liver transplantation for most other indications. The mortality risk was significantly increased (relative risk = 2.4; P =.03) for HCV-infected transplant recipients who developed early acute cellular rejection compared with HCV-negative transplant recipients. None of the HCV-infected transplant recipients developed allograft failure secondary to chronic rejection. The choice of calcineurin inhibitor did not affect posttransplantation outcomes. Early acute cellular rejection occurs at similar frequencies in HCV-infected and HCV-negative transplant recipients. Although an episode of early acute cellular rejection is associated with a lower cumulative mortality among HCV-negative transplant recipients, the opposite is true for HCV-infected transplant recipients, who experience an increased risk for mortality after an episode of early acute cellular rejection. The adverse impact of early acute cellular rejection on patient survival should be considered in developing primary immunosuppression and acute cellular rejection treatment protocols for HCV-infected transplant recipients.
Equilibrium radionuclide angiogram derived measures of dyssynchrony predict long-term clinical outcomes in patients receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy

13 Objectives: 30% of the patients with advanced heart failure (HF) who receive cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) do not show clinical improvement. Left ventricular (LV) dyssynchrony has been shown to be an important predictor of response to CRT. The equilibrium radionuclide angiogram (ERNA) is an objective and reproducible imaging method that can be used to assess LV ejection fraction (LVEF) and synchrony. ERNA derived standard deviation of phase (SD of O ) has been used to quantitate interventricular dyssynchrony. We have recently described 2 new ERNA derived parameters to assess LV dyssynchrony called synchrony (S) and entropy (E) that are highly reproducible and well differentiated among model ventricles with normal motion, aneurysm, diffuse dysfunction, and severe regional dysfunction. With complete synchrony, S=1 and E=0; with complete dyssynchrony, S=0 and E=1. We prospectively evaluated S and E in patients requiring CRT to determine if these measures can be correlated with a clinical benefit from CRT. Methods: We studied 27 patients (22 males, mean age 65 ± 15 years) with HF, LVEF ≤ 35% and QRS ≥ 120 ms. ERNA was performed and HF status was evaluated before and after CRT. Patients were followed for > 6 months and were graded 2(n=10), 1(n=10) or 0(n=7) if they improved 2, 1 or 0 NYHA classes, respectively. This was then correlated to changes in LVEF, SD O, S, and E using a Pearson Correlation (R). Results: SD of O did not show significant correlation with clinical outcomes. Changes in S, E and LVEF showed statistically significant correlation with change in clinical outcomes. S and E were best correlated with outcomes and were strongest when combined (multiple R=0.69). Conclusions: S and E are novel ERNA derived parameters that measure LV dyssynchrony and predict long-term clinical response to CRT.
A case study comparison of different ownership and finance models for off grid systems in southern india

Abstract Off grid alternatives to a centralized grid are considered essential for parts of the world in which grid access has currently not reached or is unlikely to reach. However, a “one size fits all” approach to system deployment by non-profits or governments will not work. Many different models of system ownership and finance are necessary for individual systems to match their cultural and demographic context. Our work attempts to investigate collective vs. individual ownership and subsidized vs. micro-lent finance in off grid electrification of villages in Southern India. We designed and built five subsidized microgrid systems across three rural villages with the help of a local non-profit, and analyzed the social response to their implementation through qualitative interviews. We also interviewed owners of subsidized single-family systems in a different village. Overall, satisfaction and ease of deployment seemed greater with the single family systems, and a subsidization model fit into the cultural ethos of the Indian non-profits.
The Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium: Establishing Foundational Knowledge and Technologies for Extracellular RNA Research

The Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC) was launched to accelerate progress in the new field of extracellular RNA (exRNA) biology and to establish whether exRNAs and their carriers, including extracellular vesicles (EVs), can mediate intercellular communication and be utilized for clinical applications. Phase 1 of the ERCC focused on exRNA/EV biogenesis and function, discovery of exRNA biomarkers, development of exRNA/EV-based therapeutics, and construction of a robust set of reference exRNA profiles for a variety of biofluids. Here, we present progress by ERCC investigators in these areas, and we discuss collaborative projects directed at development of robust methods for EV/exRNA isolation and analysis and tools for sharing and computational analysis of exRNA profiling data.
Chromosomal integration of aldo-keto-reductase and short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase genes in Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 enhanced tolerance to lignocellulose-derived microbial inhibitory compounds

In situ detoxification of lignocellulose-derived microbial inhibitory compounds is an economical strategy for the fermentation of lignocellulose-derived sugars to fuels and chemicals. In this study, we investigated homologous integration and constitutive expression of Cbei_3974 and Cbei_3904, which encode aldo-keto reductase and previously annotated short chain dehydrogenase/reductase, respectively, in Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 (Cb), resulting in two strains: Cb_3974 and Cb_3904. Expression of Cbei_3974 led to 2-fold increase in furfural detoxification relative to Cb_3904 and Cb_wild type. Correspondingly, butanol production was up to 1.2-fold greater in furfural-challenged cultures of Cb_3974 relative to Cb_3904 and Cb_wild type. With 4-hydroxybezaldehyde and syringaldehyde supplementation, Cb_3974 showed up to 2.4-fold increase in butanol concentration when compared to Cb_3904 and Cb_wild type. Syringic and vanillic acids were considerably less deleterious to all three strains of Cb tested. Overall, Cb_3974 showed greater tolerance to furfural, 4-hydroxybezaldehyde, and syringaldehyde with improved capacity for butanol production. Hence, development of Cb_3974 represents a significant progress towards engineering solventogenic Clostridium species that are tolerant to lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates as substrates for ABE fermentation.
Productive reorientation of a bound oxime reactivator revealed in room-temperature X-ray structures of native and VX-inhibited human acetylcholinesterase.

Exposure to organophosphorus compounds (OPs) may be fatal if untreated, and a clear and present danger posed by nerve agent OPs has become palpable in recent years. OPs inactivate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by covalently modifying its catalytic serine. Inhibited AChE cannot hydrolyze the neurotransmitter acetylcholine leading to its build-up at the cholinergic synapses and creating an acute cholinergic crisis. Current antidotes, including oxime reactivators that attack the OP-AChE conjugate to free the active enzyme, are inefficient. Better reactivators are sought, but their design is hampered by a conformationally rigid portrait of AChE extracted exclusively from 100K X-ray crystallography and scarcity of structural knowledge on human AChE (hAChE). Here, we present room temperature X-ray structures of native and VX-phosphonylated hAChE with an imidazole-based oxime reactivator, RS-170B. We discovered that inhibition with VX triggers substantial conformational changes in bound RS-170B from a "nonproductive" pose (the reactive aldoxime group points away from the VX-bound serine) in the reactivator-only complex to a "semi-productive" orientation in the VX-modified complex. This observation, supported by concurrent molecular simulations, suggested that the narrow active-site gorge of hAChE may be significantly more dynamic than previously thought, allowing RS-170B to reorient inside the gorge. Furthermore, we found that small molecules can bind in the choline-binding site hindering approach to the phosphorous of VX-bound serine. Our results provide structural and mechanistic perspectives on the reactivation of OP-inhibited hAChE and demonstrate that structural studies at physiologically relevant temperatures can deliver previously overlooked insights applicable for designing next-generation antidotes.
Functional Analysis of Cx-cellulase (Endo-β-1,4-Glucanase) Gene Expression in Transgenic Tomato Fruit

The degradation of cell wall polymers by specific cell wall hydrolases during fruit ripening is thought to be required for tomato fruit softening, with the products of cell wall dissolution possibly influencing additional aspects of fruit ripening behavior. Pectin degradation during ripening is not sufficient for tomato fruit softening, suggesting the involvement of cell wall hydrolases other than polygalacturonase. We are investigating the role of Cx-cellulase-mediated cell wall polymer degradation in tomato fruit ripening and softening. Oligonucleotide probes corresponding to two conserved domains of avocado fruit and bean abscission zone Cx-cellulases were used to screen a cDNA library from ripe tomato fruit. cDNAs encoding several related members of the tomato fruit Cx-cellulase gene family were isolated. Cell and Ce12 are distinct gene products with significant sequence differences and exhibit different mRNA expression patterns during ripening. Both Cell and Ce12 cDNAs show significant sequence identities to cellulases of plant, bacterial and fungal origin. We have transformed tomato plants with antisense constructs of both cellulases and have identified plants in which levels of endogenous Cell mRNA have been reduced by 90%. We are currently evaluating the physiological consequences of reduced Cell expression.
Boucan! Loud moves against invisibility in postcolonial France

In the late 2000s, young French black people, practicing different African popular dance genres, use the term boucan (loud noise) to describe forms of bodily expressivity that are mostly inaudible....
Reconstructing Post-Conflict Human Landscapes: The Land Administration Domain Model

On-going U.S. Reconstruction and Stability operations in Iraq and Afghanistan are 21st century megaengineering projects of incredible magnitudes. A new military doctrine, Stability Operations, will no doubt improve the transfer of nation-building responsibilities from military to civilian entities, but lacks an all-important land administration component. Participatory mapping efforts in Afghanistan and a new tool, the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), are examined as hopeful examples to move forward. The LADM, potentially the first international cadastral standard, possesses the needed flexibility to geo-locate, describe, and record the informal settlements and customary socio-tenure relationships typical of the developing world. In another example I suggest that the anxieties in a post-Castro Cuba, where radical changes might occur, might be allayed with a focus on transparent property rights. This chapter stems from my 2008 study, Registering the Human Terrain: a Valuation of Cadastre, downloadable from http://www.ndic.edu/press/10279.htm.
Feeding difficulty and gastrostomy tube placement in infants with Down syndrome

The objectives of this study were to determine if any specific clinical signs, symptoms, or comorbidities could reliably predict underlying feeding difficulty and need for further evaluation (i.e., video swallow study, VSS) in infants with Down syndrome, to establish the prevalence of gastrostomy tube placement (G-tube), and to determine if any clinical signs, symptoms, or comorbidities correlated with a higher risk for needing placement of a G-tube. An electronic medical record retrospective chart review of 73 children with Down syndrome born between January 2013 and March 2017 and seen in Nationwide Children's Hospital's multidisciplinary Down Syndrome Clinic included demographic information, medical history, and results of studies and specialist evaluations. Descriptive statistics were utilized to summarize the data. Comparisons were performed to identify factors which differed between feeding difficulty vs. no feeding difficulty and G-tube placement vs. no G-tube placement. "Feeding difficulty" was the only feeding term established by the AAP guidelines which was consistently noted in charts of children with feeding abnormalities. Infants with feeding difficulty had increased use of medical services and more abnormalities on specialist evaluations and studies. Congenital heart disease, cardiothoracic surgery, obstructive sleep apnea, and hypothyroidism did not differ significantly between the groups assessed. Our cohort had a prevalence of 13.7% for requiring G-tube placement in their first year of life.Conclusion: The currently established clinical tools for determining which patients may benefit from radiographic evaluation lack sufficient sensitivity to detect all individuals with feeding difficulty. Due to the high prevalence of abnormal VSS results and high rate of G-tube placement, universal radiographic screening for individuals with Down syndrome could be considered, even in the absence of obvious clinical signs or symptoms. However, determining how to balance this with cost, availability, and radiation exposure may be difficult.What is Known: • Feeding difficulty in children with Down syndrome can lead to significantly increased morbidity, such as poor weight gain, failure to thrive, aspiration, persistent respiratory symptoms, andrecurrent pneumonia. • The AAP has established a clinical tool regarding which objective signs and symptoms should lead to a radiographic swallowing assessment within their Health Supervision for Children with Down Syndrome Clinical Report.What is New: • A comprehensive assessment of clinical signs, symptoms, and common comorbidities in infants with Down syndrome has not previously been correlated with presence of feeding difficulty nor necessity for gastrostomy tube placement, including whether or not the terms used in the AAP guidelines encompass the sensitivity required to detect all infants with feeding difficulty. • The prevalence of gastrostomy tube placement in children with Down syndrome has not previously been established.
Ecological and health issues of plastic waste

Abstract Plastic waste poses a spectrum of risks to wildlife and human populations. In this chapter, we provide an overview of principal hazards created by discarded plastics. Discussed are entrapment of animals and habitat destruction, hazards related to the ingestion of plastics, as and impacts of plastic components on mammalian and human health, with notable outcomes including endocrine disruption, psychological and neurological effects, and impairment of liver and kidney function. Important sources of exposure to plastic components include ingestion of contaminated food products, leaching of plastic components from plastic packaging, and inhalation of microplastics in the form of airborne fibers and dust. Potential strategies for reducing exposure to plastics include the use of nonsynthetic food packaging materials, avoidance of high-risk plastic polymers, avoidance of foods known to be enriched in microplastics, and a reduction of plastic use to decrease production volume and to limit the chances of polymers to escape from recycling and solid waste management process streams.
Disparities in Purposeful Internet Use in U.S. States: Spatiotemporal Patterns and Socioeconomic Influences

As attention in digital divide research shifts from internet access to its use, and subsequently its impacts, this paper examines purposeful uses of the internet for the US states in 2017 using data from the Digital Nation Data Explorer of the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA). The conceptual model posits relationships of a group of demographic, societal, economic, and social capital variables to purposeful internet use (PIU) dependent variables that reference spatial clustering. The research questions are examine spatial patterns of PIU in US states and associations of demographic, socio-economic, affordability, innovation, social capital and societal openness factors with PIU dependent variables. Methods employed include k-means cluster analysis, mapping, and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression analysis. Findings reveal unique cluster-based spatial patterns of high and low PIU in regions of the nation. The regression associations indicate that leading factors influencing PIU are professional, managerial, science and arts occupation, age (an inverse effect), social capital (positive effect), selected racial/ethnicity factors, and societal openness, with differences between PIU indicators for e-communication, e-entertainment, e-education, e-commerce, e-health, and purposeful internet use for internet-of-things and location-based services. Policy implications of the findings are discussed. The study is novel due to its emphasis on purposeful uses representing a second-level digital divide, the spatial insights, and new empirical findings.
Providing Immediate Hope to Survivors of Natural Disasters: A Miracle Question Intervention

Natural disasters can greatly impact the physical and psychological well-being of individuals, families, and communities. Experiencing the event is only the beginning of negative outcomes endured b...
A Semi-Hemispherical High Q-Factor Resonators Fabricated using a Hybrid Rigid-Flex Process

In this paper, a 3D printed high-Q semihemispherical resonator fed by a coax-like transmission line is demonstrated. The semi hemispherical resonator was fabricated using polyjet printing followed by blanket metalization. It is coupled to a two-part coax-like transmission line using a slot in the 3D printed structure. The coax-like structure is fabricated using a hybrid process, combining 3D printing and fine line patterning using microlithography. Unloaded Q-factor of >8000 is measured near 44 GHz. This work shows that a 3D printed high-Q resonator can readily be coupled with microfabricated circuits on a printed circuit board or a flex substrate. Details of design, fabrication, and measurements are presented, and the measured and simulation results match closely.
A bioinspired piezocomposite propulsor: An electromechanical model

This article presents an experimentally validated electromechanical beam model for a representative cymbal-like piezocomposite active segment of a bioinspired piezocomposite aquatic propulsor/pump....
Photodegradation Protection in 2D In-Plane Heterostructures Revealed by Hyperspectral Nanoimaging: The Role of Nanointerface 2D Alloys.

Single-layer heterostructures exhibit striking quasiparticle properties and many-body interaction effects that hold promise for a range of applications. However, their properties can be altered by ...
A standardized non-visual behavioral event is broadcasted homogeneously across cortical visual areas without modulating visual responses

Multiple recent studies have shown that motor activity greatly impacts the activity of primary sensory areas like V1. Yet, the role of this motor related activity in sensory processing is still unclear. Here we dissect how these behavior signals are broadcast to different layers and areas of the visual cortex. To do so, we leveraged a standardized and spontaneous behavioral fidget event in passively viewing mice. Importantly, this behavior event had no relevance to any ongoing task allowing us to compare its neuronal correlate with visually relevant behavior like running. A large two-photon Ca2+ imaging database of neuronal responses uncovered four neural response types during fidgets that were surprisingly consistent in their proportion and response patterns across all visual areas and layers of the visual cortex. Indeed, the layer and area identity could not be decoded above chance level based only on neuronal recordings. In contrast to running behavior, fidget evoked neural responses were independent to visual processing. The broad availability of visually orthogonal standardized behavior signals could be a key component in how the cortex selects, learns and binds local sensory information with motor outputs. Contrary to relevant motor outputs, irrelevant motor signals would use a separate neural subspaces.
Assessment of Substance Use Disorders

A detailed assessment of the substance use disorder is vital to formulate a precise diagnosis and a comprehensive treatment plan. Assessment should gather information not only about the primary substance of use but also about all other substances currently in use or used in the past. A comprehensive assessment will also determine the complexities of comorbid medical and psychiatric issues and also psychosocial determinants that could influence the treatment and final outcome. The patient should be reassessed frequently and all the assessments should be dynamic to optimize care.
A Review of “A Clinician's Guide to 12-Step Recovery: Integrating 12-Step Programs into Psychotherapy”

Mark D. Schenker's A Clinician's Guide to 12-Step Recovery: Integrating 12-Step Programs into Psychotherapy attempts to explain 12-step recovery for clinicians, and he is successful. This is a well...
Inactivation of hepatitis A HM-175/18f, reovirus T1 Lang and MS2 during alkaline stabilization of human biosolids.

Aim: To compare the inactivation rates of male-specific bacteriophage-2 (MS2), hepatitis A HM-175/18f (HM-175) and reovirus T1 Lang (T1 L) during alkaline stabilization of wastewater residues. Methods and Results: A bench scale alkaline stabilization model was used to evaluate the inactivation of MS2 seeded into raw sludge simultaneously with HM-175 or T1 L. Stabilization was performed in triplicate at 28 and 4°C for both viral combinations. During stabilization at 28 and 4°C, MS2 and T1 L concentrations were similar at each time point (t = 0·1, 2, 12 and 24 h). MS2 and HM-175 concentrations were also similar at each time point during stabilization at 28°C. At 4°C, MS2 and HM-175 concentrations were not similar at the first two time points (t = 0·1 and 2 h), but were similar at later time points (t = 12 and 24 h). Conclusions: The inactivation rates of T1 L at 4°C and both T1 L and HM-175 at 28°C were similar to the inactivation rate of MS2 at all time points. At 4°C, MS2 was inactivated at a faster rate during the first two time points (t = 0·1 and 2 h) than HM-175, but was inactivated similarly at later time points (t = 12 and 24 h). Significance and Impact of the Study: Phages, such as MS2, would be ideal indicators for the presence of enteric viruses in wastewater residues because of their ubiquity, nonpathogenic nature, low cost and time associated with their detection. The findings of this study suggest that MS2 could serve as an indicator for monitoring the persistence of enteric viruses, such as HM-175 and T1 L, during alkaline stabilization performed at moderate temperatures (28°C), but may not serve as an indicator for HM-175 at reduced temperature (4°C). The utility of MS2 as an indicator of viral persistence during biosolids treatment should be further evaluated, as the increased efficiency and frequency of pathogen monitoring associated with their use may reduce the potential public health risk associated with biosolids, facilitating a greater acceptance for their land application.
Degradation of hazardous organic compounds by rhizosphere microbial communities

Publisher Summary The variety of plants and chemicals studied for the evidence of microbial degradation in the rhizosphere strongly suggests that a diverse and synergistic microbial community, rather than a single species, is responsible for biotransformation of toxicants in the rhizosphere. Participation of a microbial community is implicated by (i) the extreme diversity and complexity of toxicants degraded, and (ii) the knowledge that many of these compounds are completely degraded only in the presence of interacting microbial populations (consortia). Moreover, data presented, herein, from phospholipid fatty acid analysis, 14C acetate incorporation, and PHA analysis of micro-organisms from the rhizosphere are consistent with the participation of a microbial community in TCE degradation. Other mechanisms can also be invoked to explain how microbial transformations occur in the rhizosphere. Collectively, these factors have important implications for the successful use of vegetation to increase the participation of micro-organisms in biotransformation of toxicants at hazardous waste sites.
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING OF $sup 131$I AS A VERIFICATION OF METEOROLOGICAL CALCULATIONS OF DISPERSION FROM A 100 METER STACK

Abstract A number of similar methods for estimating long term ground-level concentrations of the effluent from a continuous elevated point source have been developed by meteorologists. Although these are generally accepted and applied, relatively few verifications of them have been conducted. This can be attributed to the difficulties of securing sufficiently accurate continuous measurements of the source, and of mean ground level concentrations to produce significant data. In 1964 a project was established at Brookhaven National Laboratory to utilize 131I emitted from a 100 m stack as an atmospheric tracer. Stack effluent samples indicate that during 1965 the routine emission by the Brookhaven Graphite Research Reactor (BGRR)-Hot Laboratory complex from this stack was about 10 mCi/day. On March 1, 1965 an overheated sample resulted in the additional release of 100 mCi of 131I and about 1.0 Ci of 133I over the next few days. This project is a joint effort of the Laboratory's Meteorology and Health Physics Environmental Monitoring Groups. The former employs a nearby tower to obtain continuous measurements of both ground-level and stack elevation temperatures and winds. Using meteorological parameters determined from these measurements, and the known emission from the stack, estimates of mean ground-level concentrations are made. The Environmental Monitoring Group has developed techniques for sampling and evaluating the minute concentrations of 131I encountered, in the order of 0.0001–0.0010 pCi/m3. During 1965, monitoring stations were added at 0.7 km and 1.3 km in prevailing downwind directions, supplementing the existing stations at about 2.5 km from the stack. The measurements obtained from these sets of stations provide a unique opportunity for the verification of the estimated concentrations for periods from days to years. An examination of the data obtained during the March 1 release indicated that the field measurements at several downwind sampling distances were generally consistent with regard to particulate to charcoal filter and 133I/131I ratios, but that those at the close-in stations were much lower in concentrations then initially estimated. As a result, assumptions about the rise of the plume above the stack were revised. The short term data from the March 1 release verify the adjusted meteorological estimates to within the error of measurement. The long term data show far more variation in comparison with the meteorological estimates, as would be expected with field dosages close to the threshold of measurement. The data reveal, however, important features of the behavior of the BGRR plume and of dispersion patterns at this site.
Stents for Esophageal Anastomotic Leak

The appropriate therapy for managing esophageal anastomotic leaks is not clearly established. For uncontained leaks, no trials exist demonstrating superiority of esophageal stenting over what is considered to be the gold standard of surgical intervention (surgical repair with a vascularized, pedicled muscle flap and drainage). Esophageal stenting should be reserved to clinical trials, as it remains investigative in nature. Patients who are offered this intervention should be warned of its off-label application and the potential complications associated with it.
Federalism and Metropolitan Governance in Cross-National Perspective: The Case of Urban Sprawl

In this paper, I employ a ‘bottom-up’ approach to analyze efforts to curb exurban sprawl in cross-national perspective. Based on local housing and environmental data in a total of eleven French, German, and US urban regions, the analysis demonstrates that policies and institutions addressed to urban governance made more of a difference for outcomes than did federalism and other aspects of vertical integration at the heights of national states. This result highlights the importance both of local policy determinations and of the supralocal institutional infrastructures in which they nest.
Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection for Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Testicular Cancer: Impact of Patient Selection Factors on Outcome

Purpose To investigate the impact of patient selection criteria on the outcome of patients with nonseminomatous germ cell testicular cancer (NSGCT) treated by primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND). Since 1999, our criteria have excluded patients with persistent postorchiectomy elevation of serum tumor markers (STM) or clinical stage (CS) IIB disease from RPLND. Patients and Methods Between 1989 and 2002, 453 patients underwent primary RPLND at our institution for CS I to IIB NSGCT. Patient information was obtained from a prospective database. Retroperitoneal pathology and relapse rates were compared for patients treated before and after application of the current selection criteria in 1999. Results By excluding patients with elevated STM or CS IIB disease after 1999, the proportion of pathologic stage II patients with low-volume (pN1) retroperitoneal disease increased significantly (40% before 1999 v 64% after 1999; P = .01), without significantly affecting the rate of retroperitoneal tera...
Correlation-energy functional and its high-density limit obtained from a coupling-constant perturbation expansion.

A perturbation theory is developed for the correlation energy ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{c}}$[n], of a finite-density system, with respect to the coupling constant \ensuremath{\alpha} which multiplies the electron-electron repulsion operator in ${\mathit{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}$=T^+\ensuremath{\alpha}V${\mathrm{^}}_{\mathit{e}\mathit{e}}$+${\mathit{tsum}}_{\mathit{i}}$${\mathit{v}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}$(${\mathbf{r}}_{\mathit{i}}$). The external potential ${\mathit{v}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}$ is constrained to keep the gound-state density n fixed for all \ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\ge}0. ${\mathit{v}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}$ is given completely in terms of functional derivatives at full charge (\ensuremath{\alpha}=1), from which ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{c}}$[${\mathit{n}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$]=${\mathit{e}}_{\mathit{c},2}$[n]+ ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$${\mathit{e}}_{\mathit{c},3}$[n]+${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$${\mathit{e}}_{\mathit{c},4}$[n]+..., where each ${\mathit{e}}_{\mathit{c},}$j[n] is expressed in terms of integrals involving Kohn-Sham determinants. Here, ${\mathit{n}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$(x,y,x)=${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{3}$n(\ensuremath{\lambda}x,\ensuremath{\lambda}y,\ensuremath{\lambda}z) and \ensuremath{\lambda}=${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. The identification of ${\mathrm{lim}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\infty}}}$${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{c}}$[${\mathit{n}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$], which is a high-density limit, as the second-order energy ${\mathit{e}}_{\mathit{c},2}$[n] allows one to compute bounds upon ${\mathrm{lim}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\infty}}}$${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{c}}$[${\mathit{n}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$]; the bounds imply that ${\mathrm{lim}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\infty}}}$${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{c}}$[${\mathit{n}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$]\ensuremath{\simeq}${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{c}}$[n] for a large class of small atoms and molecules, and suggest that ${\mathrm{lim}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\infty}}}$${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{c}}$[${\mathit{n}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$] should be of the same order of magnitude as ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{c}}$[n] in finite insulators and semiconductors.
Effects of deletions in the uncA-uncG intergenic regions on expression of uncG, the gene for the γ subunit of the Escherichia coli F1F0-ATPase

Abstract The γ subunit of E. coli F1F0-ATPase is coded for by uncG. This gene is poorly expressed compared to uncA (α subunit), which precedes uncG in the unc operon. The genes are separated by a 50-nucleotide intergenic region. We examined the effects of a set of deletions in this region on the relative expression of uncA′-′lacZ and uncG′-′lacZ translational fusion genes located either in the chromosomal unc operon or at the chromosomal λ att site. The gene for the α subunit was expressed 3–6-times better than the gene for the γ subunit, depending upon chromosomal location. Deletion analysis revealed that the uncA-uncG intergenic region significantly affects expression of uncG, but the Shine-Dalgarno region is not absolutely required for expression of uncG. Different deletions resulted in either increased or decreased expression of uncG.
The interactions of two mutually inductive-coupled dc SQUIDs

Abstract We have investigated the strong interaction phenomena of two mutually inductive-coupled dc SQUIDs. The coupling coefficient between the two SQUIDs loop inductances is experimentally measured to be about 0.74. In addition to the voltage locking effects shown on the I–V curves of the SQUIDs, we have also observed synchronization and pulling of V-IM (modulation current) curves of the two SQUIDs due to their mutual interactions.
Homoreactant: a naturally occurring autoantibody in rabbits.

Homoreactant, a factor found in the serum of every normal rabbit tested thus far, reacts specifically with buried antigenic determinants on the Fab-fragment of papain-digested autologous and homologous γG-globulin. It appears that rabbits normally produce naturally occurring autoantibodies.
Telling is not training: navigating the unpredictable waters of professional development

There is more to training then standing in front of a room and lecturing for extended periods. In a time of economic downturns when training budgets are routinely cut or abolished, it is imperative to demonstrate an improved return on investment (ROI) for training resources. There are different ways that learners learn, reasons why learners fail, and techniques to use to make learning stick. This can be done with the proper tools and knowledge to identify what makes training successful, why training fails, how to improve retention by using cognitive strategies and through mental engagement models. By identifying the what, why, and how's you will improve your training programs and finally break through learning barriers and dispel the myths.
Elastohydrodynamic theory for wet oblique collisions

Abstract This paper presents a model for oblique collisions of spherical particles with a plane surface covered with a thin liquid layer. Elastohydrodynamic theory developed previously for fully immersed collisions [Davis, Serayssol and Hinch 1986 JFM 63 479–497] is modified for the normal component of motion to account for the finite thickness of the liquid layer. The resulting time evolution of the film thickness profile is then used along with sliding lubrication to determine the tangential component of motion. The critical Stokes number (dimensionless ratio of particle inertia and viscous forces), below which no rebound is seen, is predicted in terms of the physical properties of the materials involved in the collision, as described by a compliance parameter representing a dimensionless measure of elastic deformation due to viscous forces. Beyond the critical Stokes number, the normal restitution coefficient is found to increase with the Stokes number and the compliance parameter, asymptoting to the dry restitution coefficient at high Stokes numbers. The lubrication suction resistance during rebound is limited by cavitation. The tangential restitution is independent of the impact angle and is linearly dependent on the ratio of the fluid layer thickness to the sphere radius, in addition to depending on the Stokes number and compliance parameter. The tangential restitution is found to be close to unity and is generally higher for a larger value of the compliance parameter. Moreover, the tangential restitution is seen to increase with the Stokes number at small compliance and decrease with the Stokes number at large compliance. The change in rotational velocity exhibits trends that are the reverse of the tangential restitution. Finally, closed-form expressions have been developed for describing the restitution coefficients and dimensionless change in rotational velocity.