cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward a synthesis of equatorial spread F onset and suppression during geomagnetic storms

[1] We present initial steps toward unifying our understanding of storm time equatorial spread F (ESF) by searching for the common elements in past case studies and statistical occurrence patterns. We show that the development (or inhibition) of equatorial irregularities during magnetically active periods can be understood using the AE-parameterized Fejer-Scherliess model for disturbance vertical drifts versus storm time and local time. This model takes into account the different sources of perturbation electric fields (magnetospheric and ionospheric dynamos) that ultimately drive the equatorial vertical drifts, showing prompt and delayed effects in the premidnight sector (where both generation and suppression can occur), as well as in the postmidnight period where generation dominates. The postsunset period exhibits the greatest variability for storm time ESF versus longitude, and thus we demonstrate the Fejer-Scherliess model's applicability in a test case (6 April 2000) that had an AE pattern compatible with their parameterization scheme. The model successfully accounts for the pronounced longitude confinement in the observed postsunset ESF patterns. Finally, we move beyond the empirically derived relationships between geomagnetic indices and the occurrence of ESF (Aarons, 1991) into a framework of true solar-terrestrial parameters that drive such effects. Additional case studies taken from the published literature are then used to show a consistent linkage between postsunset ESF onset and the interplanetary electric field (IEF) Esw. While AE, Dst, Kp and Dst/dt indices were used in earlier studies to determine the dusk-longitude sector of disturbance electric fields, here we attribute to the IEF the main role in the determination of this longitude sector.
CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION OF SEVERAL SILICON-BASED DIELECTRIC FILMS

Abstract Thin films of dielectric materials are used extensively in the semiconductor and microelectronics industries, and a number of techniques are used to prepare them. Both conventional chemical vapor deposition and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, and silicon oxynitride are discussed in this review. The effect of process parameters on the properties of these films is discussed.
Some foundational aspects of quantum computers and quantum robots.

This paper addresses foundational issues related to quantum computing. The need for a universally valid theory such as quantum mechanics to describe to some extent its own validation is noted. This includes quantum mechanical descriptions of systems that do theoretical calculations (i.e. quantum computers) and systems that perform experiments. Quantum robots interacting with an environment are a small first step in this direction. Quantum robots are described here as mobile quantum systems with on-board quantum computers that interact with environments. Included are discussions on the carrying out of tasks and the division of tasks into computation and action phases. Specific models based on quantum Turing machines are described. Differences and similarities between quantum robots plus environments and quantum computers are discussed.
Validity of pedometers for measuring exercise adherence in heart failure patients.

Abstract Background Measuring adherence to exercise is important to clinicians and researchers because inadequate adherence can adversely affect the effectiveness of an exercise program and cloud the relationship between exercise and clinical outcomes. Hence, assessment strategies for adherence to exercise, as with assessment strategies for other outcomes, must have demonstrated validity if they are to be employed with confidence. We conducted this study to determine the validity of pedometers as a measure of exercise adherence to a home-based walking program in heart failure patients. Methods and Results Exercise adherence was measured using pedometers in 38 patients (74% men) age 54.1 ± 11.7 years who participated in a 12-month home-based walking program. A comparison of functional status as measured by the 6-minute walk distance and peak oxygen uptake (VO 2 max) at 6 months into the exercise training program was made between 2 groups of participants who were thought to represent adherers and nonadherers: participants who demonstrated ≥10% change in pedometer scores (n = 20) and those who showed no change in pedometer scores (n = 18) from baseline to 6 months. Patients who showed improvements in their pedometer scores over 6 months had better functional status at 6 months (6-minute walk distance 1718 ± 46 versus 1012 ± 25 meters, F = 5.699, P = .022; VO 2 max 17 ± 0.7 versus 10 ± 0.5 units, F = 7.162, P = .011) when compared with patients whose pedometers reflected minimal change in distance walked (ie, ≤10%). Conclusion Pedometers are inexpensive and readily available to both clinicians and researchers. The results of this study suggest that they may be a valid indicator of exercise adherence in heart failure patients who participate in a home-based walking program.
A Seeded Cloud Approach to Health Cyberinfrastructure: Preliminary Architecture Design and Case Applications

Applications in public health and health services require access to a range of heterogeneous data, from environmental information in a region, to population-level data across regions, to more closely held personal health information, and, from reference scientific datasets to observational data and sensor streams. The cyber infrastructure support for such applications must include the ability to access a variety of contextual and background information, along with the tools for integration, analysis, and mining across such datasets. The expected volume of information and users -- including many with only basic skills in data handling and analysis of such systems -- also demands an elastic solution. This paper introduces the "seeded cloud" concept where the on-demand cloud environment includes defined, prepared, and tool-rich datasets, reducing the barrier to application development in this multidisciplinary domain of public health and health services. The seeded cloud architecture is presented and illustrated through two case applications. The implications for discovery-based research as well as practice are discussed.
Selective epitaxial growth silicon bipolar transistors for material characterization

In development of the epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELO) bipolar transistor, devices were fabricated in silicon selective epitaxial growth (SEG). These devices were used to electrically characterize the quality of the SEG material. Three silicon bipolar transistors, with almost identical doping profiles and geometries were simultaneously fabricated on the same wafer and their electrical characteristics compared. The three transistors were located in the substrate, a single SEG layer, and a double (interrupted growth) SEG layer. The SEG silicon was grown in a reduced-pressure RF-heated pancake-type epitaxial reactor at 950 degrees C and 150 torr. The transistors were tested for junction ideality factors, junction reverse-bias leakage currents, and forward DC current gain. Test results indicated the excellent device quality of the SEG material relative to the substrate. >
THE BONE HISTOLOGY IN THE SYNDROME OF MEDULLARY STENOSIS OF TUBULAR BONES, DWARFISM AND HYPOCALCEMIA

The pathogenesis of this syndrome has not been elucidated. The present case-a 12 years old boy-demonstrated dwarfism, stenosis of medullary spaces of bones, intracranial calcifications and permanent hypocalcemic hyperphosphatemic tetany. Thyroxine and growth hormone levels were normal. Plasma parathormone was elevated. The response to parathormone was normal: a significant rise in serum Ca, a fall in serum phosphate, an increase is renal phosphate clearance, and an increase in urinary proline and OH-proline. Microradiographs of cross sections from the fibula shaft showed normal bone structure and density. However there was remarkably little remodeling activity: only one or two forming osteones in the entire section and only one resorption cavity. This is the first child with this syndrome in whom the bone is examined.
MR imaging of pulmonary parenchyma and emboli by paramagnetic and superparamagnetic contrast agents

Using experimentally induced pulmonary emboli in an animal model, three intravenously administered contrast agents, Gd-DTPA-albumin microspheres (8-15 microns, 0.2 M particles/mg protein, 39-106 micrograms Gd/mg, 50 mg/ml), Gd-DTPA-liposomes (15-30 microns, 130 micrograms/mg lipid, 6 mg Gd/ml) and superparamagnetic ferrosome, (60 nm, 100 mM iron and 20 mg lipid/ml) were examined for MR imaging. Gd-DTPA entrapped in lung capillaries did not enhance the signal intensity of lung parenchyma, but liposomes (5 ml) served as better Gd-DTPA carriers and increased the parenchymal signal intensity by up to a factor of 2.3. However, neither agent improved delineation of pulmonary emboli. Ferrosome decreased the intensity of lung parenchyma, improving detectability of pulmonary emboli by several factors.
Biography: Russell J. Blattner, MD: A leader who welcomes challenges ☆

Abstract Dr Russell J. Blattner, first recognized for his research in which he identified the cause of St. Louis encephalitis, was the first Physician-in-Chief of Texas Children's Hospital (TCH) in Houston, Texas. He played a primary role in establishing TCH, which has since become a world-class children's hospital. He also was the first Chairman of the Department of Pediatrics at Baylor College of Medicine (BCM) and was instrumental in initiating the department, which started with only Blattner and his one research assistant and is today one of the largest in the country. Today the 2 institutions enjoy a strong bond, which Blattner also was responsible for initiating. In addition to the administrative challenges he faced in his 30-year tenure at BCM and TCH, Blattner also was called on to confront racial prejudices of the South and to deal with epidemics and the ensuing sensationalized media coverage. He also developed close relationships with community leaders, faculty and administrative personnel, and members of the Junior League and the TCH Women's Auxiliary, the last 2 of which played key roles in the early years of TCH, as they continue to do today. This article focuses particularly on his role in the establishment and initial development of the Department of Pediatrics at BCM and TCH. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company
Emergent spike patterns in neuronal populations

This numerical study documents and analyzes emergent spiking behavior in local neuronal populations. Emphasis is given to a phenomenon we call clustering, by which we refer to a tendency of random groups of neurons large and small to spontaneously coordinate their spiking activity in some fashion. Using a sparsely connected network of integrate-and-fire neurons, we demonstrate that spike clustering occurs ubiquitously in both high firing and low firing regimes. As a practical tool for quantifying such spike patterns, we propose a simple scheme with two parameters, one setting the temporal scale and the other the amount of deviation from the mean to be regarded as significant. Viewing population activity as a sequence of events, meaning relatively brief durations of elevated spiking, separated by inter-event times, we observe that background activity tends to give rise to extremely broad distributions of event sizes and inter-event times, while driving a system imposes a certain regularity on its inter-event times, producing a rhythm consistent with broad-band gamma oscillations. We note also that event sizes and inter-event times decorrelate very quickly. Dynamical analyses supported by numerical evidence are offered.
Plasma and peritoneal fluid levels of CA 125 in women with endometriosis.

Abstract Determined by a sandwich, solid-phase radioimmunoassay with mouse monoclonal antibody, OC 125, plasma CA 125 levels were significantly elevated in stage III (mean ± SEM=32.7 ± 5.2 U/ml, n = 17, p = n = 6, p = n = 12) and secretory phases (15.8 +- 1.3 U/ml, n = 15) of control women and users of oral contraceptives (15.5 ± 1.2 U/ml n = 10). However, CA 125 levels were not significantly elevated in women with stage I (16.6 ± 2.0 U/ml, n = 28) or stage II endometriosis (17.9 ± 2.1 U/ml, n = 13). Peritoneal fluid levels of CA 125 ( n = 14) were significantly higher (2 to 9.3 times) than the corresponding paired plasma levels in participants with stage I, II, or III endometriosis. In patients treated with danazol ( n = 10) or buserelin (n = 17), plasma CA 125 levels decreased significantly by midtherapy, remained suppressed at the end of therapy, but rebounded to near pretreatment levels 6 months after treatment was completed. With gestrinone therapy a similar decline was observed but became significant only at the end of therapy. Our findings indicate that elevated plasma CA 125 levels may prove useful in the management of endometriosis.
Oral health measurement in nursing research: State of the science

Oral health can impact general health and systemic disease. Changes in dental plaque, oral microbial flora, and local oral immunity may be important in the development or exacerbation of disease in critically ill patients, trauma patients, adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and frail elderly. Inasmuch as oral health potentially can be influenced by nursing interventions, nursing research in this area can contribute greatly to improved patient outcomes in these diverse populations. The authors’ research teams have conducted several federally funded projects focused on oral health and have developed synergy in research methods. A unifying theme for these research projects is the measurement of oral health. Standardized measures of components of oral health are available and applicable across populations, and their uses and relationship to nursing research and patient outcomes will be discussed.
Structural determination of the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 19A (57).

The structure of the Pneumococcus type 19A (57) capsular polysaccharide has been reinvestigated by using methylation analysis and n.m.r. spectroscopy. It is composed of residues of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-mannose, D-glucose, L-rhamnose, and phosphate in the molar ratios of 1:1:1:1. The polysaccharide is linear, and is composed of these components in a repeating unit of the following structure. ---- 4)-beta-D-ManpNAc-(1 ---- 4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1 ---- 3)-alpha-L- Rhap-(1-PO4-) ---- The type 19A polysaccharide (Na+ salt) was depolymerized by heating it in water at 100 degrees, conditions that also hydrolyzed the newly formed phosphoric monoesters.
Isolation of a calcium‐sensitive, 35,000‐dalton microfilament‐ and liposome‐binding protein from ascites tumor cell microvilli: Identification as monomeric calpactin

Microvilli isolated from the MAT-C1 ascites subline of the 13762 rat mammary adenocarcinoma contain a major calcium-sensitive microfilament-binding protein, AMV-p35 (ascites microvillar p35). Association of AMV-p35 with microfilament cores during Triton X-100 extraction of the microvilli is half-maximal at 0.1-0.2 mM calcium. The protein, which comprises 6% of the total microvillar protein, can be isolated from microfilament cores prepared in the presence of calcium by extraction with EGTA and purification by ion-exchange chromatography. Alternatively, the protein can be isolated from Triton extracts of microvilli prepared in the absence of calcium by precipitation with calcium, solubilization of the precipitate with EGTA, and chromatography on an ion-exchange column. AMV-p35 binds to phosphatidylserine liposomes and F-actin with half-maximal calcium concentrations of about 10 μM and 0.2 mM, respectively. Treatment of AMV-p35 with chymotrypsin yields a 33,000-dalton fragment, behavior similar to the tyrosine kinase substrates calpactins I and II and lipocortins I and II. Immunoblot analyses using antibodies directed against calpactin I, lipocortin I, and lipocortin II showed strong reactivity of AMV-p35 with anti-calpactin I and anti-lipocortin II, but little reactivity toward anti-lipocortin I. The close relationship between AMV-p35 and calpactin I was verified by amino acid sequence analyses of peptides isolated from cyanogen bromide digests of AMV-p35. By gel filtration and velocity sedimentation analyses purified AMV-p35 is a 35,000-dalton monomer. Moreover, AMV-p35 extracted directly from microvilli in Triton/EGTA also behaves as a 35,000-dalton menomer. These findings indicate that AMV-p35 is closely related to the pp60src kinase substrate calpactin I (p36). However, AMV-p35 occurs in the microvilli as a monomer rather than as the heterotetrameric calpactin found in several other cell types.
Comparison of three-dimensional relativistic scattering equations

Abstract A critical comparison of different three-dimensional approximations to the Bethe-Salpeter equation is made. The threshold value of the second Born term from different equations is calculated and compared with the relativistic results. Extensive numerical results are presented which indicate that for a purely attractive interaction the threshold value of the second Born term is a good indicator of how well a particular equation approximates the Bethe-Salpeter solution.
Non-Invasive Methods for Host Certification

Determining whether a user or system is exercising appropriate security practices is difficult in any context. Such difficulties are particularly pronounced when uncontrolled or unknown platforms join public networks. Commonly practiced techniques used to vet these hosts, such as system scans, have the potential to infringe upon the privacy of users. In this paper, we show that it is possible for clients to prove both the presence and proper functioning of security infrastructure without allowing unrestricted access to their system. We demonstrate this approach, specifically applied to anti-virus security, by requiring clients seeking admission to a network to positively identify the presence or absence of malcode in a series of puzzles. The implementation of this mechanism and its application to real networks are also explored. In so doing, we demonstrate that it is not necessary for an administrator to be invasive to determine whether a client implements good security practices.
Role of growth factors in mesangial cell ion channel regulation

Glomerular mesangial cells are located between and within glomerular capillary loops, phenotypically resemble vascular smooth muscle cells, and play an essential role in regulating glomerular filtration and growth [1–6]. In response to locally-produced and circulating growth factors [that is, insulin-like growth factors (IGF) including insulin, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and epidermal growth factor (EGF)], mesangial cells demonstrate both contractile and mitogenic responses. Stimulation of growth factor receptor-linked tyrosine kinase activity is required for tyrosine autophosphorylation of growth factor receptors, receptor internalization, inositol phospholipid turnover, changes in intracellular pH and [Ca 2+ ] i , and DNA synthesis and mitosis [1–3, 5]. Mesangial cells also show contractile and mitogenic responses to vasoactive peptides which are not traditionally considered growth factors [that is, angiotensin II (Ang II) and endothelin-1 (ET)][1, 2, 4, 6]. ET and Ang II increase tyrosine-specific, protein phosphorylation without these ligands having direct receptor-linked, tyrosine kinase activity. In addition, Ang II stimulates mesangial cell expression of both PDGF and ET [1, 2, 4]. Our recent patch clamp studies have characterized ion channels in the membranes of cultured rat glomerular mesangial cells which are stimulated by classic renal growth factors, including PDGF and insulin [7–10], and vasoactive peptides which possess mitogenic effects, including Ang II and ET [9, 11–13] (Fig. 1). These ion channels promote extracellular Ca 2+ entry via classic, voltage-activated Ca 2+ channels and/or receptor-operated, Ca 2+ -permeable channels.
Can educational expansion reduce income inequality in less-developed countries?

Abstract A selective review is conducted of several theoretical frameworks that link level and dispersion of schooling with income inequality. About a dozen empirical studies on the subject are briefly discussed, and some new evidence of a preliminary kind is presented. It is pointed out that none of the theoretical constructs seems to generate a clear prediction about the effect of education, especially of the mean level of schooling, on income inequality or absolute poverty. The empirical evidence also appears generally inconclusive. Caution is urged in interpreting the available theory and evidence and in using these for educational and distributional policy choices.
Did state bank branching deregulation produce large growth effects

Abstract Previous research claiming large growth effects of deregulation of state bank branching laws is biased by contemporaneous correlation between the regressors and the error term of the regression model. Robustness tests indicate that the growth effect of branching reform is much smaller than initially estimated.
Otolaryngology retirement profile in the southeastern United States.

Objective: To document retirement-related issues and trends among otolaryngologists. Study Design: Survey of 438 retired members in the Southern geographical region of the American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc. Methods: A questionnaire was mailed to retired members, completed anonymously, and returned to the author. Results: A total of 138 (31.5%) surveys were received. Respondents' average age at retirement was 63.2 years; approximately half had retired in the last 5 years. Since 1995, most had left either a group practice (45%) or a solo practice (41%). The majority of respondents (40%) retired for previously planned or personal reasons. Two thirds of respondents reported that they were more satisfied with retirement than expected. This greater satisfaction was seen in those with a higher average income after retirement. The most common advice for colleagues still practicing was to save more money and invest more money. Conclusions: Although these results are biased because of a self-selected group of respondents, they illustrate that for this group of retired otolaryngologists, although retirement is being planned for, it is not occurring earlier than in previous years. The experience of retirement was largely positive for these respondents.
Bronchoscopic Biopsy and Brushing with Fluoroscopic Guidance in Nodular Metastatic Lung Cancer

Forty-five patients with endoscopically invisible metastatic cancer of the lung underwent flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopic examination under fluoroscopic guidance, with biopsy specimens and brushings being obtained. In all patients, the lesions were single or multiple nodules. A diagnostic specimen was obtained by biopsy or brushing (or both) in 53 percent, by biopsy alone in 47 percent, and by brushing alone in 6 percent. Brushings were diagnostic in three patients when the biopsy specimen was normal. Washings did not add to the overall diagnostic value of the procedure. In 36 patients, the lesions were 2 cm or greater, yielding diagnostic specimens in 23 patients (64 percent).
Nilotinib in the Post-Imatinib Era for the Treatment of Philadelphia Chromosome–Positive Leukemias

Abstract The notion of targeting Abl kinase in patients with Philadelphia (Ph)– positive leukemias with imatinib has proven to be remarkably successful at a hematologic and cytogenetic level. At a molecular level, approximately 80% of patients with chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) achieve at least a 3-log reduction of the Bcr-Abl transcripts, but complete molecular responses are very rare. Furthermore, up to 20% of chronic phase CML and almost all patients with advanced phases of CML and Ph-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia ultimately develop resistance to imatinib. Resistance can be caused by diverse mechanisms, including the presence of Bcr-Abl mutations. Efforts to overcome such resistance have led to the development of the second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors nilotinib and dasatinib. Nilotinib, a drug that is similar to imatinib but with a 30-50–fold greater potency, has been found to be active in most patients who are imatinib resistant/refractory except those who have a T315I mutation. Nilotinib is also being assessed as a potential first-line therapy for Ph-positive leukemias. The current scenario with regard to the place of nilotinib in the management of Phpositive leukemias is discussed herein.
A multi-method approach to research on youth employment programs: A case study of the youth conservation corps

This paper examines the issue of \%that kinds of work programs are most desirable for !.outh. It has three parts. In the first part, 1t.e present some findings from our stud!of fi\.e I7outh Conser\.ation Corps programs (Hamilton k Stelvart, 1978). These findings w.er-e based primarih~ upon intervielvs and observations. The second part presents’iindings based on similar data from some other studies and identifies those program characteristics that are I\-idel)seen as desirable. In the third part. we attempt to relate these findings. based on OUI ON’II and other investigators’ qua1itatiL.e data. to some of the quantitari\.e data collected in our stud!. In doing so. we hope to demonstrate both the importance md the challenges of this kind of effort. The term “project” i\41 be used tit designate a particular r\-OI-k acri\it!z. such as maintenance of’s park, in \\,hich a group of ~ourig people are engaged. “Program” will refer to the adminisrrati\ e entitk, that is responsible for planning and superiising one or more projects in a particular communit\-. .A given program. therefore, might operate one or many ditfer-
Parental communication style and its influence on exceptional children's television viewing

This study examines the impact of parental communication style on gifted children's awareness of prosocial television portrayals, and compares those findings to that of nonlabeled, learning disabled, and emotionally disturbed children. Findings suggest that any parent regularly engaging in more inductive (e.g., the use of reasoning, explanation, and appeals to the child's pride and achievement) and less sensitizing (e.g., the use of physical punishment, deprivation of material objects or privileges, the direct application of force, or the threat of any of these) modes of communication interaction can indirectly impact on what their child observes when watching television. Gifted children were particularly responsive to parental communication style; the disparity between gifted children from sensitizing and inductive households was greater than that found among their nonlabeled and exceptional counterparts.
Chemical-mechanical polishing of copper with oxide and polymer interlevel dielectrics

Chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) of copper with oxide interlevel dielectrics has been demonstrated as a viable patterning approach for copper interconnect structures. This paper summarizes our understanding of the mechanisms involved in copper CMP and presents our results with both oxide interlevel dielectrics (ILDs) and low dielectric constant polymer ILDs. Our two-step model of copper CMP consists of mechanical abrasion of the copper surface followed by removal of the abraded material from the vicinity of the surface and has been developed after extensive electrochemical and CMP experiments with alternative slurries. Although the softer and less process tolerant polymers result in Damascene patterning difficulties compared with oxide ILDs, our results with both benzocyclobutene and parylene indicate that manufacturable processes for on-chip interconnect structures can be established with additional fundamental understanding and further development.
A Strategy to Evaluate Learning in Classroom Games

(1978). A Strategy to Evaluate Learning in Classroom Games. Teaching Political Science: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 131-153.
The effects of nursing and physician services: Some preliminary results

This paper examines the relationship between the future staff cost of nursing home patient care and the type and level of nursing and medical services these patients receive. Nursing times are grouped into eight categories based on a principal components analysis. We then investigate the effect of the level and type of nursing care and of physicians' services given in an earlier period on the staff cost of nursing home care in a later period. Psychosocial nursing care (emotional support, education) and number of physicians' visits given in the earlier period were found to be negatively associated with costs in a later period. The most powerful predictor of future costs were actual costs in the earlier period. These results suggest that more investment in psychosocial nursing effort and physicians' services may yield modest cost savings in future nursing home patient care.
Development of new pharmacological agents for epilepsy: lessons from the kindling model.

Summary: The greatest value of the kindling model for new therapy of epilepsy almost certainly lies in elucidating the molecular basis of its development and persistence. Such an understanding may provide a foundation for therapies aimed at prevention or perhaps even cure of some forms of human epilepsy.
Restraint-free care for acutely ill patients in the hospital

A growing body of empirical evidence documenting the negative effects and the limited effectiveness of physical restraints continues to shape policy and professional standards. In addition to occurrences of serious harm from restraint devices, ethical concerns about care with dignity have supported reevaluation of restraints in all settings for all patients. Lessons from considerable research conducted in nursing homes and clinical experience with restraint reduction in long-term care facilities are applicable to acute care settings, where restraint-free care can and should be embraced.
Young pumice deposits on Nisyros, Greece

The island of Nisyros (Aegean Sea) consists of a silicic volcanic sequence upon a base of mafic-andesitic hyaloclastites, lava flows, and breccias. We distinguish two young silicic eruptive cycles each consisting of an explosive phase followed by effusions, and an older silicic complex with major pyroclastic deposits. The caldera that formed after the last plinian eruption is partially filled with dacitic domes. Each of the two youngest plinian pumice falls has an approximate DRE volume of 2–3 km3 and calculated eruption column heights of about 15–20 km. The youngest pumice unit is a fall-surge-flow-surge sequence. Laterally transitional fall and surge facies, as well as distinct polymodal grainsize distributions in the basal fall layer, indicate coeval deposition from a maintained plume and surges. Planar-bedded pumice units on top of the fall layer were deposited from high-energy, dry-steam propelled surges and grade laterally into cross-bedded, finegrained surge deposits. The change from a fall-to a surge/flow-dominated depositional regime coincided with a trend from low-temperature argillitic lithics to high-temperature, epidote-and diopside-bearing lithic clasts, indicating the break-up of a high-temperature geothermal reservoir after the plinian phase. The transition from a maintained plume to a surge/ash flow depositional regime occurred most likely during break-up of the high-temperature geothermal reservoir during chaotic caldera collapse. The upper surge units were possibly erupted through the newly formed ringfracture.
Identification of Very Heavy Cosmic-Ray Tracks in Meteorites

Ions of Fe, Br, and I from the Oak Ridge tandem van de Graaff accelerator have been used to form charged-particle tracks in crystals of the minerals hypersthene and diopside, two of the most common minerals in meteorites. The results establish that the thresholds for track formation in these minerals, like those previously measured in more sensitive track-storing materials, are consistent with a primary specific ionization criterion. The direct calibration obtained for Fe ions confirms that the most abundant cosmic-ray tracks found in meteorites are due to nuclei of the Fe group ($Z=20 \mathrm{to} 30$). Together with the use of the primary ionization criterion. this calibration provides improved relations between observed track length and atomic number of slowing-down cosmic-ray ions in hypersthene and diopside. The minimum atomic numbers for track formation are $Z=25$ for hypersthene and $Z=24$ for diopside. Fe nuclei should leave tracks up to \ensuremath{\sim}8 \ensuremath{\mu} long in hypersthene and up to \ensuremath{\sim}15 \ensuremath{\mu} long in diopside. From the present work and a recent study of cosmic-ray tracks in meteorites, we calculate that the abundance of cosmic rays with $Zg30$, relative to the abundance of Fe-group nuclei, is $\frac{1}{4550}$.
Activity, FTIR studies and catalyst characterization during methane steam reforming on Ni/Y-zeolite catalysts

Abstract Activity, infrared and catalysts characterization studies of steam reforming of methane on Ni/Na-Y zeolite catalysts are presented in this paper. It was found that catalysts deactivation occurred depending on the steam-to-methane ratio and reaction temperature. XPS studies clearly showed that deactivation occurred via surface oxidation of Ni. Post reaction IR studies showed the appearance of structures similar to those found during decomposition of formic acid, which were attributed to the formate ion intermediate. A reaction pathway involving formation and decomposition of formate ions and water adsorption on the zeolitic support is proposed. A simplified rate expression based on the proposed pathway is consistent with the activity results.
Revolution at the library service desk.

ABSTRACT This article will describe how a revolution in customer service provision beginning in 2002 has led to an evolution of library services. When the reference and circulation desks were merged to create a single service point, responsibilities were broadened, core competencies were developed, and staff members were cross trained. In 2005, an analysis of staffing and work patterns demonstrated a need to build upon the original model to better utilize staff and ensure coverage of the desk. Reference librarians were moved to “on call” status, technical services staff were added to the schedule, and core competencies and procedures were refined.
A Simplified Diagnostic Approach to Dizziness in Children

The objective of the study was to validate the effectiveness of a questionnaire and computer-assisted algorithm in diagnosing children with dizziness or vertigo. Dizziness and vertigo are common complaints in children, causing an extensive, often unnecessary evaluation. A pediatric "dizziness questionnaire" was designed and a computer-assisted algorithm was developed to facilitate the diagnostic task. A retrospective medical record review was conducted on all children presenting to the clinic for dizziness or vertigo throughout a 2-year period. The information was used by one investigator to complete the questionnaire and by the other, the algorithm. The two diagnoses thus obtained were compared by the third investigator to the medical record diagnosis. Sixty-two records were reviewed. The final diagnoses were migraine (39%), benign paroxysmal vertigo (15%), vestibular neuronitis (14%), and anxiety (13%). In 57 patients (92%), the questionnaire-derived diagnosis was identical to the medical record diagnosis. In 52 patients (84%), the algorithm-derived diagnosis matched the medical record diagnosis. The questionnaire and computer-assisted algorithm are reliable diagnostic screening tools for children with dizziness or vertigo. When these tools combined provide a clear-cut diagnosis, no further evaluation is necessary.
The Assessment of Teacher Dispositions

(2006). The Assessment of Teacher Dispositions. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 79, No. 6, pp. 237-239.
A Small Heat Shock Protein Cooperates with Heat Shock Protein 70 Systems to Reactivate a Heat-Denatured Protein

Small heat shock proteins (sHsps) are a diverse group of heat-induced proteins that are conserved in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and are especially abundant in plants. Recent in vitro data indicate that sHsps act as molecular chaperones to prevent thermal aggregation of proteins by binding non-native intermediates, which can then be refolded in an ATP-dependent fashion by other chaperones. We used heat-denatured firefly luciferase (Luc) bound to pea (Pisum sativum) Hsp18.1 as a model to define the minimum chaperone system required for refolding of a sHsp-bound substrate. Heat-denatured Luc bound to Hsp18.1 was effectively refolded either with Hsc/Hsp70 from diverse eukaryotes plus the DnaJ homologs Hdj1 and Ydj1 (maximum = 97% Luc reactivation with k(ob) = 1.0 x 10(-2)/min), or with prokaryotic Escherichia coli DnaK plus DnaJ and GrpE (100% Luc reactivation, k(ob) = 11.3 x 10(-2)/min). Furthermore, we show that Hsp18.1 is more effective in preventing Luc thermal aggregation than the Hsc70 or DnaK systems, and that Hsp18.1 enhances the yields of refolded Luc even when other chaperones are present during heat inactivation. These findings integrate the aggregation-preventive activity of sHsps with the protein-folding activity of the Hsp70 system and define an in vitro system for further investigation of the mechanism of sHsp action.
Neural Attenuation of Responses to Emitted Sounds in Echolocating Bats

Bats of the family Vespertilionidae enmit strong ultrasonic pulses for echolocation. If such sounds directly stimulate their ears, the detection of echoes from short distances would be impaired. The responses of lateral lemniscal neurons to emitted sounds were found to be much smaller than those to playback sounds, even when the response of the auditory nerve was the same to both types of sounds. Thus, responses to self-vocalized sounds were attenuated between the cochlear nerve and the inferior colliculus. The mean attenuation was 25 decibels. This neural attenuating mechanism is probably a part of the mechanisms for effective echo detection.
Performance-Based Assessment: Implications of Task Specificity

How generalizable are the scores from performance-based assessments? How can we best increase the gener-alizability of results? What level of generalizability is needed for different testing purposes?
Fundamentals of Ultrasonic Phased Arrays

It is shown that the wave field of an ultrasonic linear array is closely related to that of an equivalent single element transducer. Using this relationship, it is demonstrated how one can construct a simple and efficient ultrasonic beam model for the wave field of a steered linear array.
Reframing Practice: Teacher Learning Through Interactions in a Collaborative Group

Using a case study design and ethnographic methods, this research investigated the interactions of a group of high school mathematics teachers who collaborated daily on issues related to curricular and pedagogical reforms. The members of the collaboration team implemented these reforms with the goal of supporting all students’ learning of 1st-year college preparatory mathematics. This study used conceptual tools from frame analysis (E. Goffman, 1974) alongside an analysis of teacher participation patterns to understand teacher learning within a community of practice (E. Wenger, 1998). This analysis documented development within the teacher community through teachers increasing orientation to classroom-based interventions for struggling students alongside more collegial participation patterns, contributing an empirical example of teacher learning within a community of practice.
Factors Influencing the Second Language Acquisition of Spanish Vibrants

This article examines the role of linguistic and sociolinguistic factors in the second language (L2) acquisition of Spanish vibrants. The data consist of 2 sets of recordings from 37 students enrolled in a Spanish pronunciation class. The statistical program VarbRul was used to analyze 7,597 samples. The vibration (simple or multiple) and the articulatory effort involved in the preceding consonant (velar and bilabial) as well as in the position of the vibrants within the word (cluster or intervocalic) were the most influential linguistic factors in the achievement of the Spanish articulation. Two other significant variables were found: Level of classes abroad and effect of instruction for those in the on-campus pronunciation course. The results point out the specific linguistic aspects and styles that should be emphasized in classroom practices. They also suggest that pronunciation instruction/acquisition on the vibrants is more effective after the intermediate level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Detection by intracardiac echocardiography of early formation of left atrial thrombus during pulmonary vein isolation.

A 50-year-old man with no history of thromboembolism was brought to the electrophysiology laboratory for a pulmonary vein isolation procedure for atrial fibrillation. After femoral sheath access was obtained, a bolus of 5000 I.U. heparin was given intravenously. Transseptal catheterization was then performed with separate punctures and sheaths for a circumferential pulmonary vein mapping catheter (Lasso—Biosense Webster) and a radiofrequency ablating catheter (4 mm Carto—Biosense Webster). Immediately following transseptal catheterization the two transseptal sheaths were continuously flushed at 60 ml/h of heparinized saline and an another 3000 I.U. of heparin was given as a bolus followed by a continuous infusion of 1500 I.U. of heparin per hour. Baseline anatomical pull-backs of the …
Transfer of CD8+ T Cell Memory Using Bcl-2 as a Marker

The processes that regulate T cell memory generation are important for therapeutic design and the immune response to disease. However, what allows a subset of effector T cells to survive the contraction period to become memory cells is incompletely understood. The Bcl-2 family is critical for T cell survival, and Bcl-2 has been proposed to be important for the survival of memory cells. However, previous studies have relied on double-knockout models, potentially skewing the role of Bcl-2, and the use of Bcl-2 as a marker in adoptive transfer experiments, a method required to confirm the memory potential of cell subsets, has not been possible because of the intracellular localization of the protein. In this study, we present a novel Bcl-2 reporter mouse model and, to our knowledge, show for the first time that a distinct subset of effector T cells, and also a subset within the CD127(hi)KLRG1(lo) memory precursor effector cell population, retains high Bcl-2 expression at the peak of the CD8(+) T cell response to Listeria monocytogenes. Furthermore, we show that Bcl-2 correlates with memory potential in adoptive transfer experiments using both total responding CD8(+) T cells and memory precursor effector cells. These results show that even within the memory precursor effector cell population, Bcl-2 confers a survival advantage in a subset of effector CD8(+) T cells that allows differentiation into memory cells and cement Bcl-2 as a critical factor for T cell memory.
Level Lifetimes in 94Zr from DSAM Measurements following Inelastic Neutron Scattering

The lifetime of the second 2 + state in 94 Zr was redetermined by the Doppler- shift attenuation method following inelastic neutron scattering (DSAM-INS) from metal- lic Zr and ZrO2 samples of natural isotopic abundance. The new value for the level lifetime differs significantly from the previously published value, with the new lifetime found to be roughly twice that value. A reanalysis of the original -ray data from the enriched 94 ZrO2 sample failed to expose the source of this discrepancy; however, powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy performed on each scattering sam- ple, including the enriched sample used previously, provide clues to an explanation and reveal the role of the chemical properties of the sample material in DSAM-INS lifetime determinations.
Have State Tax Interdependencies Changed Over Time

The literature investigating strategic tax competition among U.S. state has shown significant variation in terms of the magnitude, and even the sign, of tax competition effects. One dimension upon which variation in results may occur is the period of analysis. It is plausible that tax competiveness may change over time as the economic environment changes, and as such, an investigation into dynamic strategic tax responsiveness may be of value. We systematically examine whether, and to what extent, tax interdependencies have changed over time using a series of spatial regression models using a panel of state-level data covering U.S. states from 1978 through 2006. Results consistently provide evidence that the degree to which states change personal income tax (PIT) rates in response to changes in neighboring states diminished over much of the period of analysis. Results provide some evidence that responsiveness in setting sales tax rates also changed.
Improving Web site design

Using quantitative measures of the informational, navigational, and graphical aspects of a Web site, a quality checker aims to help nonprofessional designers improve their Web sites. As part of the WebTango project, we explore automated approaches for helping designers improve their sites. Our goal is to create an interactive tool that helps steer occasional Web site builders away from bad designs and toward better ones - a "quality checker" tool, analogous to a grammar checker in a word processor. What distinguishes our work from most others is that this tool is based on empirically derived measures computed over thousands of Web pages. We converted these measures, which characterize the informational, navigational, and graphical aspects of a Web site, into profiles for a variety of site types. Our rudimentary design-checking tool uses these profiles to assess Web site designs; future versions will also suggest design improvements.
GENETIC FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH MATING SYSTEM CAUSE A PARTIAL REPRODUCTIVE BARRIER BETWEEN TWO PARAPATRIC SPECIES OF LEAVENWORTHIA (BRASSICACEAE)

Reproductive barriers play a major role in the origin and maintenance of biodiversity by restricting gene flow between species. Although both pre- and postzygotic barriers often isolate species, prezygotic barriers are thought to contribute more to reproductive isolation. We investigated possible reproductive barriers between Leavenworthia alabamica and L. crassa, parapatric species with high morphological and ecological similarity and the ability to hybridize. Using greenhouse and field experiments, we tested for habitat isolation and genetic incompatibilities. From controlled crosses, we identified unilateral incompatibility (a partial prezygotic barrier associated with the self-incompatibility system), but no evidence of other genetic incompatibilities. We found a small reduction in pollen viability of F(1) hybrids and early germination of F(1), F(2), and BC hybrids relative to L. alabamica and L. crassa in a common garden experiment, but the effect on fitness was not tested. Field studies of hybrid pollen viability and germination are needed to determine if they contribute to reproductive isolation. In a reciprocal transplant, we found no evidence of habitat isolation or reduced hybrid survival (from seedling to adult stage) or reproduction. These data suggest unilateral incompatibility partially reproductively isolates L. alabamica and L. crassa, but no other reproductive barriers could be detected.