cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Iron–cobalt mixed oxide nanocatalysts: Heterogeneous peroxymonosulfate activation, cobalt leaching, and ferromagnetic properties for environmental applications

Abstract Sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation technologies (SR-AOTs) are attracting considerable attention due to the high oxidizing ability of SRs to degrade organic pollutants in aqueous environments. This study was carried out to respond to current concerns and challenges in SR-AOTs, including (i) need of heterogeneous activation of sulfate salts using transition metal oxides, (ii) nanoscaling of the metal oxide catalysts for high catalytic activity and promising properties with respect to leaching, and (iii) easy removal and recovery of the catalytic materials after their applications for water and wastewater treatments. In this study, we report a novel approach of using Fe–Co mixed oxide nanocatalysts for the heterogeneous activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to generate SRs targeting the decomposition of 2,4-dichlorophenol, and especially focus on some synthesis parameters such as calcination temperature, Fe/Co contents, and TiO 2 support. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were investigated using porosimetry, XRD, HR-TEM, H 2 -TPR, and XPS. Ferromagnetic CoFe 2 O 4 composites formed by thermal oxidation of a mixed phase of Fe and Co exhibited significant implications for the efficient and environmentally friendly activation of PMS, including (i) the cobalt species in CoFe 2 O 4 are of Co(II), unlike Co 3 O 4 showing some detrimental effects of Co(III) on the PMS activation, (ii) CoFe 2 O 4 possesses suppressed Co leaching properties due to strong Fe–Co interactions (i.e. Fe–Co linkages), and (iii) Fe–Co catalysts in form of CoFe 2 O 4 are easier to recover due to the unique ferromagnetic nature of CoFe 2 O 4 . In addition, the presence of Fe was found to be beneficial for enriching hydroxyl group content on the Fe–Co catalyst surface, which is believed to facilitate the formation of Co(II)-OH complexes that are vital for heterogeneous PMS activation.
Genetic framework for GATA factor function in vascular biology

Vascular endothelial dysfunction underlies the genesis and progression of numerous diseases. Although the GATA transcription factor GATA-2 is expressed in endothelial cells and is implicated in coronary heart disease, it has been studied predominantly as a master regulator of hematopoiesis. Because many questions regarding GATA-2 function in the vascular biology realm remain unanswered, we used ChIP sequencing and loss-of-function strategies to define the GATA-2–instigated genetic network in human endothelial cells. In contrast to erythroid cells, GATA-2 occupied a unique target gene ensemble consisting of genes encoding key determinants of endothelial cell identity and inflammation. GATA-2–occupied sites characteristically contained motifs that bind activator protein-1 (AP-1), a pivotal regulator of inflammatory genes. GATA-2 frequently occupied the same chromatin sites as c-JUN and c-FOS, heterodimeric components of AP-1. Although all three components were required for maximal AP-1 target gene expression, GATA-2 was not required for AP-1 chromatin occupancy. GATA-2 conferred maximal phosphorylation of chromatin-bound c-JUN at Ser-73, which stimulates AP-1–dependent transactivation, in a chromosomal context-dependent manner. This work establishes a link between a GATA factor and inflammatory genes, mechanistic insights underlying GATA-2–AP-1 cooperativity and a rigorous genetic framework for understanding GATA-2 function in normal and pathophysiological vascular states.
Cell volume changes in relation to the cell cycle of differentiating erythroleukemic cells

Abstract Murine erythroleukemic cells (MELC) were synchronized by sequential exposure to thymidine and hydroxyurea. Upon removal from hydroxyurea, cells cultured with or without agents that induce erythroid differentiation, such as hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) or dimethylsulfoxide (Me 2 SO), proceed through S, G2 and mitosis with the same kinetics: S phase averages 5 h and G2 plus mitosis, 2 h. Cells cultured with HMBA and Me 2 SO remain in the subsequent G1 for 5–7 h, compared with an average of only 3 h for cells cultured without inducer. Modal cell volume doubles as the cells proceed from G1 to G2. During the inducer-mediated prolonged G1, MELC retain a small cell volume. In cultures of non-synchronous MELC, inducers also increase the G1 fraction, as well as the proportion of small cells. An Me 2 SO-resistant MELC variant (DR10), cultured with Me 2 SO, shows little prolongation of G1 and little difference in the modal cell volume compared with cells without inducer. However, HMBA, which induces differentiation of DR10 cells, prolongs G1 and increases the proportion of small cells. These studies indicate that early changes in cell volume associated with induction of MELC to differentiate, in large part reflect alterations in the cell cycle. Evidence is presented which suggests that only one round of DNA synthesis in the presence of inducer may be necessary to initiate differentiation.
Studies on cystic fibrosis using isoelectric focusing. I. An assay for detection of cystic fibrosis homozygotes and heterozygote carriers from serum.

Extract: We have developed a standardized biophysical assay for the rapid detection of individuals homozygous or heterozygous for cystic fibrosis (C/F). The assay employs isoelectric focusing in thin layer polyacrylamide gels to analyze microliter quantities of whole serum for the presence of a C/F factor protein and for deletions in a group of proteins called proteins B, C, and D (Fig. 1). A pH 5–10 gradient is used (Fig. 2) and each sample is screened using a serum volume which contains 300 μ g immunoglobulin G (IgG). Individuals homozygous or heterozygous for C/F are distinguished from normal unaffected individuals on the basis of the presence of a C/F factor protein band (Table 1). Heterozygous carriers for C/F are distinguished from C/F homozygotes 75% of the time, on the basis of a deletion in either band B, C, or D (Table 2). On the basis of screening 65 patients with cystic fibrosis. 61 heterozygous carriers for C/F, and 105 normal control subjects, it was concluded that no obvious correlation existed between either sex, age, or severity of the disease in the individual C/F patient, and the absolute presence or absence of the C/F factor. In addition, no correlation existed between sex or age and the presence of the C/F factor or deletions in proteins B, C, and D in the individual heterozygous carrier for C/F or normal control subjects. Analysis of serum samples from 68 patients with a variety of other diseases, many with clinical symptoms resembling those seen in the patient with cystic fibrosis (Table 3), indicated that the C/F factor protein described in this study appears to be diagnostic for C/F genotypes, with the possible exception of patients with certain types of leukemia. Speculation: The biophysical assay described in this report or a modification of it may prove to be a useful method for the routine detection of carriers of cystic fibrosis in the general population.
Single and sequential combination intravesical chemotherapy of murine bladder cancer

We investigated the effectiveness of intravesically administered drugs on the tumor incidence and tumor size in a FANFT-induced animal model for bladder cancer. In the first experiment 106 C3H/He mice were divided into a control and three treatment groups. Therapy consisted of either cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (DDP), mitomycin C, or thio-tepa. There was a reduction in the tumor incidence in all treated groups; this was statistically significant for those receiving mitomycin C (p < 0.04) and DDP (p < 0.001). No significant difference in the mean or median tumor weight (an index of tumor volume) between the treated and control groups was found. In a second experiment intravesical combination chemotherapy was compared to single-agent therapy. Animals received either doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), mitomycin C, thio-tepa, mitomycin C + doxorubicin, or mitomycin C + thio-tepa. Although there was no significant difference in tumor incidence among the groups with the exception of mice receiving thio-tepa, animals receiving sequential combination chemotherapy had lower mean and median bladder weights suggesting an improved therapeutic effect.
Polar codes are optimal for write-efficient memories

Write-efficient memories (WEM) [1] were introduced by Ahswede and Zhang as a model for storing and updating information on a rewritable medium with constraints. A coding scheme for WEM using recently proposed polar codes is presented. The coding scheme achieves rewriting capacity, and the rewriting and decoding operation can be done in time O(N logN), where N is the length of the codeword.
Completely hierarchical axisymmetric shell element based on p-version for heat conduction in laminated composites

A completely hierarchical p-version finite element formulation is presented for an axisymmetric shell element for heat conduction in laminated composites, where the element temperature field can be of arbitrary polynomial orders pξ and pη in the longitudinal (ξ) and the transverse (η) directions of the shell element. The approximation functions and the corresponding nodal variables for the axisymmetric shell element are derived by first constructing the one-dimensional hierarchical approximation functions of orders pξ and pη and the corresponding hierarchical nodal variable operators for each of the two directions ξ and η and then taking their product (sometimes called the tensor product). This procedure gives the approximation functions and the nodal variables for the axisymmetric shell element that correspond to the polynomial orders pξ and pη. The element approximation functions and the nodal variables are both hierarchical and therefore the element matrices and the vectors corresponding to orders pξ and pη are a subset of those corresponding to the polynomial orders (pξ + 1) and (pη + 1). The formulation ensures C0 continuity across the interelement boundaries. The geometry of the element is described in the usual way by the Cartesian coordinates of the nodes located at the middle surface (η = 0) of the element and the nodal vectors representing nodal values of the lamina thicknesses. Weak formulation of the Fourier heat conduction equation for globally orthotropic material is constructed in the cylindrical coordinate system rz. The element properties are derived using the weak formulation (or the associated quadratic functional) and the hierarchical element approximation. This formulation is extended for generally orthotropic material behavior where the material directions are not necessarily parallel to the global axes. Further extension of the formulation for laminated composites is accomplished by incorporating the material properties of each layer through numerical integration of the element matrix for each layer. The element matrices and the equivalent heat vectors (due to convection, distributed heat flux and internal heat generation) are all hierarchical. The formulation permits any desired order temperature distribution in the ξ and η directions without remodeling. There is no restriction on the number of layers and the lay up pattern of the layers. Each layer can be generally orthotropic. The material directions and the layer thicknesses may vary from point to point within each layer. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the accuracy, efficiency and overall superiority of the present formulation. For all examples, h-model results using isoparametric elements are also presented. Comparisons are made with analytical solutions wherever possible.
Quantum well p-channel AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs devices for complementary heterostructure FET applications

The low extrinsic transconductance of the p-channel self-aligned gate heterostructure insulated gate FETs (HIGFETs), resulting from low hole mobility and high source resistance, has limited the performance of these devices. Results are presented for such devices fabricated on an AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs strained quantum-well structure. Transconductance, transconductance parameter, and maximum drain current as high as 113 mS/mm, 305 mS/V/mm, and 94 mA/mm, respectively, were achieved in 0.8- mu m devices at room temperature. At 77 K 181 mS/mm, 800 mS/V/mm, and 180 mA/mm, respectively, were obtained in 1- mu m devices. The highest hole field effect mobilities deduced from the device data are 860 and 2815 cm/sup 2//V at room temperature and 77 K, respectively. These device parameters are believed to be the best reported to date, suggesting that a viable complementary heterostructure FET technology based on this structure can be realized. >
Evaluation of microwave interstitial antennas in the phantom with varying cross-section

Dipole-regular microwave interstitial antennas are characterized with a "dead" space located along the tip segment of the antenna. The length of the "dead" space is on the order of 2 cm or larger, depending on the antenna's insertion depth. If the insertion depth is smaller than 4 cm, then coupling of the antennas to tissue becomes a problem. Catheters that facilitate the placement of antennas into tumor frequently protrude beyond the tissue. This provides the opportunity of exposing part of the antenna tips (with low radiation output) beyond the tissue. Decoupling of this part of the antennas from the tissue reduced the dead space and improved microwave power transfer to the tissue. This concept was investigated using a muscle equivalent phantom consisting of five segments with thicknesses varying from 3 cm to 8 cm. The transfer of microwave power to the phantom and SAR distributions along the central axis of a rectangular array of four antennas were evaluated by measuring rates of temperature rise. The protrusion lengths that improved the array performance were found for each segment of the phantom.
The neural correlates of temporal judgments in the duration bisection task

Abstract Decision processes related to interval timing are commonly examined using the duration bisection procedure—a well-established timekeeping task in which participants make judgments about whether a series of “probes” are closer in duration to a “short” anchor duration or a “long” anchor duration. The specific information used during bisection categorization has been a subject of debate. Recent research involving the Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) suggests that the “short” anchor duration and a value near the geometric mean (GM) of the short and long anchors are among the critical pieces of information used during bisection categorization judgements. The present study examined a corollary of this claim, that memory comparison and decision-making processes related to the temporal judgments are completed prior to probe offset when probe durations are perceived to be “long;” testing the hypotheses that (1) response times would be significantly longer for “short” relative to “long” categorizations and that (2) there would be significant differences in ERPs time-locked to probe offset between probes judged to be “short” and “long.” Both of these predictions were realized in the results, providing strong support for the assertion that a value near the GM—likely the point of subjective equality (PSE)—is among the critical information used during bisection categorization judgments.
Non-Deterministic CFD Simulation of a Transonic Compressor Rotor

The compressor is one of the most sensitive components in a gas turbine. Small variations in geometry or operating conditions can have a detrimental effect on component performance, efficiency and life. During the past few years, significant effort has been invested in modelling the propagation of input uncertainties for CFD simulations using stochastic methods. Due to the large number of variables involved in typical industrial applications, problems often involve intensive computations, making the use of stochastic methods impractical. Therefore in addition to accuracy issues, the desire to reduce the computational overhead is also a key consideration in industrial applications. This work investigates the propagation of uncertainty within a transonic compressor rotor (NASA Rotor-37), using a Non Intrusive Polynomial Chaos methodology. Extensive computational research of this geometry has previously been undertaken and provides comparative data sets. The Non Intrusive Polynomial Chaos methodology is an inexpensive approach based on the spectral representation of the uncertainty parameters. The polynomial coefficients are evaluated using the Probabilistic Collocation method providing an exponential convergence for arbitrary probability distributions. Results will be shown for variations in inlet total pressure. The resulting performance parameters, including total pressure ratio and adiabatic efficiency, are presented along with their uncertainties. The paper serves as a description of the application of the Polynomial Chaos methodology, within a general purpose CFD software, to a gas turbine aerodynamics problem.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Angiotensin converting enzyme in renal ontogeny: hypothesis for multiple roles

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) has multiple effects both as the enzyme which cleaves angiotensin II from angiotensin I and as that which breaks down bradykinin. The present study examines ACE mRNA and protein expression in the rat kidney during development. Changes in distribution and expression during development are consistent with suggestions that the renin angiotensin system is important in growth modulation, vascular development and regulation, and protein reabsorption.
Perch or plankton: top-down control of Daphnia by yellow perch ( Perca flavescens ) or Bythotrephes cederstroemi in an inland lake?

SUMMARY 1. Seasonal termination of the vernal clear-water phase in Long Lake, Grand Traverse Co., Michigan coincided with severe size-selective predation on juvenile Daphnia pulicaria from 0.8 to 1.8 mm in length. This could be caused by predation by age-0 yellow perch (Perca flavescens) or by the exotic predatory zooplankter Bythotrephes cederstroemi. 2. During the initial decline of Daphnia, Ivlev’s electivity coefficient for yellow perch from 15.0 to 20.0 mm in length was 0.50 for copepods and )0.75 for D. pulicaria. 3. Bioenergetics modelling of both yellow perch and Bythotrephes demonstrates that, during the initial Daphnia decline, Bythotrephes consumed 1.5‐5 times greater total mass than yellow perch. Furthermore, models in which Bythotrephes consumed juvenile Daphnia were more consistent with the timing of the Daphnia decline than those in which yellow perch consumed juvenile Daphnia. 4. The invasion of Bythotrephes into Long Lake seems to be a significant perturbation, introducing effects that propagate throughout the food chain. Bythotrephes created a possible bottleneck for age-0 yellow perch in late June by suppressing Daphnia.
Building Reading Fluency in Developmental Readers

An increasing number of college students enrolling with poor reading fluency and comprehension skills pose a significant challenge to the college reading field in the absence of a strong understanding of the construct of reading fluency and its instruction. In order to contribute to this area of college reading, this article discusses instructional components that have been found to be effective in previous research in terms of their effectiveness and applicability for building fluent reading skills in struggling college readers.
Brownian motion in a critical mixture: K -dependent diffusion

A light-scattering investigation of Brownian motion in the critical mixture nitroethane-isooctane is reported, along with a theory to explain the results. The diffusion constant of $0.3\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\mu}$ Teflon particles was measured by autocorrelation spectroscopy, at various values of scattering wave vector $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{K}}$. The experimental results exhibit a $K$ dependence stronger than can be accounted for by a simple dynamic scaling approach to the shear viscosity. The theory presented takes into account the nonlocality of the shear viscosity and its effect on the diffusion of small material particles. In addition, we develop a theory to explain the effect of a specific interaction between the particles and the two fluid components. Defining an effective viscosity as ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\mathrm{eff}}\ensuremath{\equiv}\frac{{k}_{B}T}{6\ensuremath{\pi}\mathrm{RD}}$, where $D$ is the diffusion coefficient, the theoretical results may be expressed as ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\mathrm{eff}}=\ensuremath{\eta}({\ensuremath{\xi}}_{1})+G{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}{\ensuremath{\xi}}_{2}^{2}[\frac{1}{2}\ensuremath{-}(\frac{R}{{\ensuremath{\xi}}_{2}}){K}_{1}(\frac{2R}{{\ensuremath{\xi}}_{2}})]$, ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{1}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\ensuremath{\equiv}{(0.94R)}^{\ensuremath{-}2}+{\ensuremath{\xi}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}+{a}^{2}{K}^{2}$, ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\ensuremath{\equiv}B\ensuremath{\alpha}+{\ensuremath{\xi}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}+{a}^{2}{K}^{2}$, where $\ensuremath{\eta}(\ensuremath{\xi})$ is the viscosity expressed as a function of the correlation length $\ensuremath{\xi}$, $a$ is the dynamic scaling parameter ($a=1.12\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1$), and ${K}_{1}(x)$ is the Bessel function of imaginary argument. The parameters $G$ and $B$ are nonadjustable and depend on the particle size $R$, the intermolecular spacing, and the Ornstein-Zernike parameter. The parameter $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is a measure of the surface interaction between the particles and the fluids. The resulting expression fits the data within the experimental error of 1%.
The Characteristic Symphony in the Age of Haydn and Beethoven

Introduction 1. Paradise lost 2. Preaching the emotions 3. The boundaries of the art 4. Paradise regained 5. Making memories Appendixes: 1. Thematic index of characteristic symphonies 2. Pastoral symphonies and movements 3. Symphonies and movements by subject.
Vibrational spectra of M(CC-CH3)4 with M = Si, Ge or Pb and M(CC-CH3)3, with M= P, As or Sb

Abstract Infrared spectra of M (CC-CH 3 ) 4 ( M = Si, Ge, Pb) and M (CC-CH 3 ) 3 ( M = P, As, Sb) have been measured from 33 to 4000 cm −1 as solids dispersed in KBr and Nujol and as solutions in CCl 4 and CS 2 (and as a vapor for As(CC-CH 3 ) 3 only). Raman spectra were measured in the solid state and for solutions in several solvents. Polarizations were obtained in solution. T d symmetry was assumed for M (CC-CH 3 ) 4 and C 3 v for M (CC-CH 3 ) 3 and was completely satisfactory. Most of the spectroscopically active fundamentals could be assigned with little difficulty.
Fast-flow EPR spectroscopic observation of the isoniazid, iproniazid, and phenylhydrazine hydrazyl radicals

Hydrazyl radical intermediates have been suggested as important intermediates in the biochemistry of hydrazides and hydrazines. Although spin-trapping studies have intercepted those species previously, there has been no report of the direct observation of the unstable hydrazyl radicals of isoniazid and iproniazid. We have employed the fast-flow technique in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to measure spectra for the short-lived hydrazyl radicals of a family of hydrazides, including the pharmacologically important compounds isoniazid and iproniazid, as well as for a series of phenylhydrazines. Our investigations of the phenylhydrazine radical and the related chloro-substituted analogues have allowed definitive assignments of the hyperfine coupling constants of that toxicologically important free radical. Theoretical values of hyperfine coupling constants, calculated by density functional formalism, provided a guide to assignments for the hydrazyl species and confirmed the experimentally based assignments for phenylhydrazyl radical.
Corporate Governance and Business Strategies for Climate Change and Environmental Mitigation

Strategic corporate responses to climate change and environmental challenges do not seem to be the primary domain of corporate management. In the short-run, such decisions are generally not consistent with executive incentives and often not seen as profit maximizing. Nevertheless, as some climate change responses may indeed be firm value maximizing, such decisions can be expected to reflect the nature of a firm’s corporate governance. Based on an analysis of 500 of the largest U.S. firms, we show empirically that this is indeed the case. Specifically, this study documents that institutional ownership and board entrenchment seem to significantly influence climate change and environmental impact mitigation policies of large firms.
Controlled observations on the effect of low sodium dietotherapy in essential hypertension.

The effectiveness and practicality of low sodium diets are tested in groups of in- and outpatients. The data indicate that roughly one-fourth with severe essential hypertension can respond favorably to prolonged restriction of sodium intake to less than 0.5 Gm. daily. The rice diet is found to be in effect a simple low sodium diet. Under the conditions of outpatient practice, low sodium dietotherapy is usually impractical and must be controlled by frequent analyses of urinary sodium.
History of chronic alcohol abuse is associated with increased nighttime hypoxemia in older men

The all-night blood oxygen saturations (SaO2) of 19 older abstaining male alcoholics and 19 healthy age-matched controls were recorded. The alcohol group had significantly lower nighttime mean and minimum oxygen saturations, significantly greater absolute (mean-minimum) SaO2 desaturations, and significantly more desaturations below 90% compared with the control group. Additionally, the alcohol group had significantly more individuals with nighttime SaO2 means below 95% and nighttime SaO2 minimums below 90%. Finally, within the alcohol group, alcohol history was found to significantly correlate with nighttime mean and minimum SaO2 and absolute SaO2 desaturation. This preliminary study finds evidence that chronic alcohol abuse may predispose an individual to nighttime hypoxemia, and, inferentially, to sleep apnea. However, the effect is modest and it will need to be confirmed in larger, more carefully controlled studies.
Amino Acid Sequences Involving the Histidine Residues of Porcine Trypsin

Abstract Peptides containing the 4 histidine residues of porcine trypsin have been isolated and their sequences determined. Two of these peptides, isolated from the enzyme which had been oxidized with performic acid, were found to be connected by a disulfide bond in the unmodified enzyme. The sequence [see PDF for sequence] is identical with that found in the region of the active center of bovine trypsin, which includes histidine-29 and histidine-46, except that a serine residue (asterisk) replaces a tyrosine residue in the bovine enzyme. The sequence of one of the two other histidine-containing peptides bears some similarity to the sequence surrounding histidine-79 of bovine trypsin. The lack of structural homology in this region of the molecule between bovine trypsin and bovine chymotrypsin would suggest, however, that this histidine residue is of little functional importance. The 4th histidine residue of porcine trypsin (for which there is no equivalent in the bovine enzyme) appears to fill in a deletion which had been postulated as being necessary in order to demonstrate the structural homology between bovine trypsin and bovine chymotrypsin.
Electrical characterization of through-wafer interconnects

Through-wafer interconnects (TWI) allows 3-D chip stacking enabling integration of multiple chip functions (i.e. opto-electronic, analog or digital) with reduced power and space requirements. To date, non-destructive characterization techniques for determining interconnect integrity and reliability have not been developed. This work examines a specially modified electrical four-point probe for non-destructive characterization of TWI's. Technical challenges and measurement optimization methods are reported.
The Differentiation of International Societies: an Approach to Structural International Theory

Taking off from a recent article in this journal by Barry Buzan and Mathias Albert, I present a framework of structural differentiation as an alternative to IR’s standard tripartite conception of t...
LEAST-ORDER STABLE INVARIANT ISOPARAMETRIC HYBRID-MIXED ELEMENTS FOR LINEAR CONTINUA AND FINITELY-DEFORMED PLATES

The versatility of the hybrid-mixed variational formulation is illustrated in both infinitesimal and finite deformation problem. For small displacements of plane and three-dimensional linear elastic continua, an approach based upon hybrid-stress and Hellinger-Reissner functionals is used to formulate optimal least-order isoparametric serendipity finite elements. Application of symmetry group theory criteria ensures stability and coordinate-invariance in linear and quadratic elements, the performance of which is examined in distortions studies. For large deformation thin plate analysis with the restrictions of moderately large rotations and the Kirchhoff-Love hypotheses, a hybrid-mixed incremental variational formulation is developed and its results are compared with series solutions to typical plate problems. The method involves a polar decomposition of the deformation gradient into orthogonal rigid rotation and symmetrical stretch tensors. The semilinear elastic isotropic material properties are defined in terms of symmetrized ~iot-~urec (Jaumann) stress and new objective bending strain measures. A modified Newton-Raphson technique is employed in the linearized iterative solution procedure.
A Framework for Processing Partially Free Word Order

The partially free word order in German belongs to the class of phenomena in natural language that require a close interaction between syntax and pragmatics. Several competing principles, which are based on syntactic and on discourse information, determine the linear order of noun phrases. A solution to problems of this sort is a prerequisite for high-quality language generation. The linguistic framework of Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar offers tools for dealing with word order variation. Some slight modifications to the framework allow for an analysis of the German data that incorporates just the right degree of interaction between syntactic and pragmatic components and that can account for conflicting ordering statements.
An algorithm for exact bounds on the time separation of events in concurrent systems

Determining the time separation of events is a fundamental problem in the analysis, synthesis, and optimization of concurrent systems. Applications range from logic optimization of asynchronous digital circuits to evaluation of execution times of programs for real-time systems. We present an efficient algorithm to find exact (tight) bounds on the separation time of events in an arbitrary process graph without conditional behavior. This result is more general than the methods presented in several previously published papers as it handles cyclic graphs and yields the tightest possible bounds on event separations. The algorithm is based on a functional decomposition technique that permits the implicit evaluation of an infinitely unfolded process graph. Examples are presented that demonstrate the utility and efficiency of the solution. The algorithm will form a basis for exploration of timing-constrained synthesis techniques. >
Motivations for Social Computing

Organizations trying to leverage the social computing phenomenon in their enterprises must motivate knowledge workers to contribute and share knowledge. A new framework for designing interfaces helps determine which features will motivate users to contribute.
Intact Marriages in Which One Partner Experiences Same-Sex Attraction: A 5-Year Follow-Up Study

This study is a 5-year follow-up study of intact, heterosexually married couples in which one partner reports same-sex attraction and both partners report satisfaction with their marriage. Twenty-four participants provided information on their experiences in marriage. Participants in the original study were identified through purposeful sampling and completed questionnaires using mixed quantitative and qualitative methodologies to provide examination of mixed orientation marriages, a relatively unexplored research topic. The questionnaire at 5-year follow-up included questions about the participants’ experiences in marriage, motivations for remaining heterosexually married, and satisfaction in marriage.
THE TREATMENT OF SEVERE BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS IN SCHOOL SETTINGS USING A TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE MODEL

We evaluated the feasibility of local school personnel conducting functional analysis and reinforcement-based treatment procedures within actual classroom settings. Following an initial in-service workshop on functional assessment and differential reinforcement procedures, on-site technical assistance was provided two to four times per month to local school personnel working in transdisciplinary teams. Overall results suggest that local school personnel were able to implement all procedures adequately with periodic technical assistance. In addition, functional analysis was effective in identifying individual maintaining contingencies, the derived treatments were effective, and the results were maintained throughout the approximate 18 months of this investigation.
CAN ANYONE BEAT THE FLAT TAX

The inequalities of wealth and fortune form a central part of the human condition, and these over time have been a constant source of social unease. Whether they should be praised and preserved or endured or corrected is an issue that produces uniform discord. One source of this difficulty in analysis stems from the possible ways in which these persistent inequalities arise. It is easy to condemn any differences in wealth created by the victor's expropriation of the vanquished's honest toil. It is far more difficult to condemn those identical differences when they are attributable to the thrift and foresight of the successful relative to the laziness or self-destructiveness of the impoverished. Furthermore, most find it morally ambiguous how best to respond to differences between persons that are the result of luck or chance, such that they do not reflect positively or negatively on either the character of those who have done well or those who have done poorly.
Stages of future technological developments in haemodialysis

Understanding the needs of the patients, dialysis staff, and nephrologists is the first logical step in the technological development of better haemodialysis devices. This includes the understanding of large and small uraemic toxins and their removal by dialysis membranes, pathophysiology of intradialytic symptomatology, and problems associated with vascular access. Each of these areas can benefit from profiling techniques. Profiling of urea (urea kinetics), solute clearance profiles of dialysis membranes, and volume profiling are areas that are undergoing active investigations and incorporation into clinical practice. Volume profiling currently entails the monitoring of intravascular and total body fluids as well as the measurement of vascular access flow. Development of sophisticated software is necessary to integrate data from various profiling techniques into dialysis equipment in a meaningful manner in order to optimize the dialysis treatment. The ultimate benefits of these devices should take into account the medical, psychosocial, and financial aspects of various parties involved.
Review of Frisbee C. C. Sheffield's, 'Plato’s Symposium: The Ethics of Desire'

The purpose of Sheffield’s careful study is to increase scholarly appreciation of the Symposium as a “substantive work in Platonic ethics.” Among the book’s highlights are a persuasive response to Vlastos’ criticism of Plato on love for individuals, an eminently reasonable assessment of the evidence for and against the presence of tripartite psychology in the Symposium, and a delightful interpretation of Alcibiades’ speech at the dialogue’s end - one that reveals elements of satyr play and corroborates rather than undermines Diotima’s account of eros. My review focuses on Sheffield’s account of Socrates’ speech. She devotes four of seven chapters to it. After summarizing her main argument, I raise two concerns: one about her account of immortality, the other about her interpretation of Plato as a rational eudaimonist.
LITTORAL BYPASSING AND BEACH RESTORATION IN THE VICINITY OF FORT HUENEME CALIFORNIA

Port Hueneme Harbor, California, constructed in 19^0, resulted in the average annual erosion of 1,200,000 cubic yards from the shoreline downcoast of the harbor. The cause was diversion by the north jetty of the harbor of littoral sand movement into the Hueneme canyon, A sand bypass system was established in i960 - 6l by construction, one mile upcoast, of Channel Islands Harbor fronted by an offshore breakwater 2,300 feet in length and located on the 30-foot-depth contour. This breakwater serves a dual function of sheltering the harbor entrance and acting as a littoral sand trap. Three cycles of biennial littoral sand bypassing havebeen successfully completed resulting in supply of 11,000,000 cubic yards of sand to the eroding shoreline at an average annual cost of $0.40 per cubic yard, including annual maintenance and amortization of structures. Comparison of design of the structure to the impounding characteristics experienced during three bypass cycles indicates that the dimensions and capacity of a sand trap formed by an offshore breakwater can be based upon the diffraction patterns of prevailing wave trains at the two ends of the structure and is independent of the depth and dimensions of the entrapment area. Rate of impoundment is equal to the rate of littoral drift at Port Hueneme.
CORRELATION BETWEEN SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE MEASURES USED TO DETERMINE SEVERITY OF POSTOPERATIVE PAIN IN DOGS

Objective To determine the association between subjective and objective variables commonly used to evaluate severity of postoperative pain in dogs. Design Prospective double-blind study. Animals 36 dogs with unilateral rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament that underwent surgery to stabilize the stifle. Procedure Each dog was assessed to determine severity of pain before and after surgery, using various subjective and objective criteria. Results Subjective measures of pain (scores for visual analogue and numerical rating scales) correlated poorly or were not correlated with heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and results of a pain threshold test. Scores for visual analogue and numerical rating scales correlated with each other and with the amount of vocalization at most time periods. Clinical implications We detected a weak association between commonly employed subjective and objective measures of pain. This indicated that some of these measurement techniques do not predictably reflect severity of postoperative pain in dogs. Therefore, clinicians should not rely too heavily on these variables when assessing severity of postoperative pain in dogs.
Relative importance of Microcystis abundance and diversity in determining microcystin dynamics in Lake Erie coastal wetland and downstream beach water

Aims Microcystis population and microcystin (MC) dynamics were investigated in western Lake Erie coastal wetlands and downstream beach water. A three-dimensional (3-D) model was developed to quantify how Microcystis population size and structure affect MCs. Methods and Results Real-time PCR, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) were used. A moderate-low level of Microcystis abundance and MCs were detected with a significant increase along the wetland flow and the spatiotemporal homogeneity of Microcystis populations. The proportion of toxigenic and nontoxgenic genotypes appeared to be more affected by the variation in two major Microcystis PC-IGS genotypes. MC dynamics was associated with the changing Microcystis population size and structure. The 3-D model showed that Microcystis population with greater Microcystis PC-IGS abundance (and simultaneously higher diversity) had more MCs. Conclusion Microcystin variation was significantly affected by Microcystis population size and structure. The 3-D model also revealed the relative importance of Microcystis population size and structure in determining MCs in the Lake Erie costal wetland and downstream beach water. Significance and Impact of the Study This study enriches our understanding of Microcystis population and microcystin ecology in a western Lake Erie coastal wetland and downstream beach water. Our illustrative model brings a new perspective for understanding the ecological relationship between Microcystis population size and structure and MCs.
A FACTOR-ANALYTIC STUDY OF DAYDREAMING AND CONCEPTUALLY-RELATED COGNITIVE AND PERSONALITY VARIABLES.

This report summarizes a study of the factorial composition of a series of measures of the structure and content of daydreaming behavior. The relationships of fantasy to measures of divergent thought productivity, attention, curiosity, and personality measures are examined.
A New Pulse Pileup Rejection Method Based on Position Shift Identification

Pulse pileup events degrade the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of nuclear medicine data. When such events occur in multiplexed detectors, they cause spatial misposition, energy spectrum distortion and degraded timing resolution, which leads to image artifacts. Pulse pileup is pronounced in PETbox4, a bench top PET scanner dedicated to high sensitivity and high resolution imaging of mice. In that system, the combination of high absolute sensitivity, long scintillator decay time (BGO) and highly multiplexed electronics lead to a significant fraction of pulse pileup, reached at lower total activity than for comparable instruments. In this manuscript, a new pulse pileup rejection method named position shift rejection (PSR) is introduced. The performance of PSR is compared with a conventional leading edge rejection (LER) method and with no pileup rejection implemented (NoPR). A comprehensive digital pulse library was developed for objective evaluation and optimization of the PSR and LER, in which pulse waveforms were directly recorded from real measurements exactly representing the signals to be processed. Physical measurements including singles event acquisition, peak system sensitivity and NEMA NU-4 image quality phantom were also performed in the PETbox4 system to validate and compare the different pulse pile-up rejection methods. The evaluation of both physical measurements and model pulse trains demonstrated that the new PSR performs more accurate pileup event identification and avoids erroneous rejection of valid events. For the PETbox4 system, this improvement leads to a significant recovery of sensitivity at low count rates, amounting to about 1/4th of the expected true coincidence events, compared to the LER method. Furthermore, with the implementation of PSR, optimal image quality can be achieved near the peak noise equivalent count rate (NECR).
Efficient third harmonic generation with a broadband laser

Harmonic generation has seen many applications since its discovery in 1961.1 The simple theories of harmonic generation assume that the incident radiation is monochromatic,2 and in fact most schemes for producing high efficiency harmonic generation involve the use of single mode or at least narrowband lasers.3,4 When using broad-band input fields, the efficiency of the harmonic generation process has been shown to decrease when using the conventional configuration for harmonic generation,5 Many applications of harmonic generation, however, involve the use of a broadband input laser, generally requiring the use of thinner cyrstals at the expense of decreased conversion efficiency or increased input intensities.
Prolactin-induced morphological luteal regression unaffected by LH.

SummaryThe ovary of the mature rat undergoes some weight loss during the first 8 days after hypophysectomy due to follicle degeneration. Administration of 2.5 IU of NIH-P-S-7 prolactin twice daily from the second day after hypophysectomy causes a more rapid reduction in ovarian weight due to the regression of luteal bodies. The administration of 0.5, 2.5, or 7.5 μg NIH-LH-S-8 luteinizing hormone with prolactin did not influence this luteolysis.
Representation and Republicanism: Two Views

In recent years, the concept of representation in the American founding has received considerable scholarly attention. Two of the most important studies have been The Creation of the American Republic: 1776 to 1787 by Gordon Wood and Political Representation in England and the Origins of the American Republic by J.R. Pole.' Both Pole and Wood believe that the constitution of the American republic marks a watershed in the theory of representation, though they assess this development differently. Wood and Pole agree that the architects of the constitution, and especially James Madison, sought to replace the representation of virtue, traditional in republics, with the representation of interests. For Wood, this means "the decline of classical politics," that is, the disappearance social homogeneity and the disintegration of the organic connection between the representative and his constituents on matters affecting the common good. Wood argues that the Federalists twisted the rhetoric of republicanism to create a liberal representative government based upon an "elitist theory of democracy." Wood's central concern is with the meaning and requirements of republican government, and with the kind of representation appropriate to it. Pole is both more and less critical of the founding than Wood. Although Pole also believes that the framers substituted for virtue the representation of material interests, he goes even further than Wood when he argues that "the representatives of interest were not obliged even in theory to consult for the public good" (p. 531). Instead of disinterested representatives deliberating about the common good, the common good is now understood to be nothing more than the balancing of conflicting interests.
Polarization Controlled Surface Plasmon Polariton Propagation: Physics and Applications

Structuring metallic surfaces with suitable couplers allows one to control the surface plasmon propagation direction with changing polarization. We present experiments including the demonstration of unidirectional coupling in long range surface plasmon waveguides.
Instrumental Analysis of Sample Preparation Technology

Sample preparation in instrumental analysis process was a time-consuming and very easy to introduce error steps,sample preparation would directly influence the final resulit of chromatographic analysis.Therefore,in order to improve the test effciency of instrumental analysis,improve and optimize the sample preparation methods and technology was an important question.This article reviewed sample preparation technology in instrumental analysis of purpose,status,application and development tendency,and the membrane separation technology,several advanced preparation techonlogy was introduced.