cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heart transplant complicated by metformin induced lactic acidosis

Introduction Mild lactic acidosis following heart transplant is a known laboratory finding that generally does not require treatment. However, we encountered a case in which a diabetic patient on metformin underwent a heart transplant and developed a profound rise in lactate which caused a severe anion gap metabolic acidosis and refractory vasoplegia. Methods Case Report. Results A 52 year old man with a past medical history of type 2 diabetes mellitus managed with metformin, chronic kidney disease, and coronary artery disease underwent an LVAD explant and a heart transplant utilizing bicaval anastomosis technique. Twenty minutes after separating from bypass, an arterial blood gas was notable for a lactate of 7.8 mmol/L. Over the next two hours, the patient developed vasoplegia and a severe anion gap metabolic acidosis with a lactate that peaked at 18.0 mmol/L. TEE and surgical visualization agreed that cardiac function was excellent and without evidence of tamponade. The patient's hyperdynamic cardiac function was confirmed by the cardiac output values nearing 14 L/m via Swan-Ganz thermodilution. The patient's preoperative medication history was once more analyzed and metformin induced lactic acidosis was added to our working differential diagnosis. A dialysis line was placed, and continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) was initiated in the OR, followed by a downtrend of lactate and improvement in hemodynamics. CVVH was continued in the ICU resulting in resolution of lactemia. Discussion Metformin induced lactic acidosis is rare and a diagnosis of exclusion. We ruled out hypovolemia due to a CVP of 14-15 mmHg and ischemic bowel by benign abdominal exam and normal AST, ALT, amylase, and lipase. Sepsis was considered less likely due to lack of infectious source/fever and maintenance of scheduled antibiotic prophylaxis. We had established that the donor cardiac function was excellent. Due to the unpredictable nature of heart transplant, our patient received metformin within 48 hours of surgery. The patient's known chronic kidney disease, potentially exacerbated by cardiopulmonary bypass, likely contributed to metformin induced lactic acidosis.
A Crowd-Based Image Learning Framework using Edge Computing for Smart City Applications

Smart city applications covering a wide area such as traffic monitoring and pothole detection are gradually adopting more image machine learning algorithms utilizing ubiquitous camera sensors. To support such applications, an edge computing paradigm focuses on processing large amount of multimedia data at the edge to offload processing cost and reduce long-distance traffic and latency. However, existing edge computing approaches rely on pre-trained static models and are limited in supporting diverse classes of edge devices as well as learning models to support them. This research proposes a novel crowd-based learning framework which allows edge devices with diverse resource capabilities to perform machine learning towards the realization of image-based smart city applications. The intelligent retraining algorithm allows sharing key visual features to achieve a higher accuracy based on the temporal and geospatial uniqueness. Our evaluation shows the trade-off between accuracy and the resource constraints of the edge devices, while the model re-sizing option enables running machine learning models on edge devices with high flexibility.
Radioiodine Therapy-Induced Conversion of Toxic Adenoma to Graves’ Disease

We present a 50-year-old female who was evaluated for the symptoms of thyrotoxicosis. She had low thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 0.02 with normal free thyroxine (FT4) 1.00 (0.61-1.76 ng/dL) and normal total triiodothyronine (TT3) 1.0 (0.60-2.20 ng/mL) levels. Her thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAbs) and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) titers were negative. Thyroid ultrasound revealed an ill-defined, heterogeneous, 1.8 cm x 0.8 cm x 0.7 cm nodule in the left lower lobe. 123-radioiodine (RAI) thyroid scan revealed 38.5% uptake, which was concentrated in the lower left thyroid lobe, a finding consistent with a solitary toxic adenoma of the thyroid. The patient became clinically and biochemically euthyroid on methimazole (MMI). She then underwent 131-RAI therapy with 12 mCi, which cured her hyperthyroidism with normalization of TSH levels for four months. She then developed overt thyrotoxicosis with low TSH of 0.02, elevated TT3 of 3.2, and normal FT4 of 0.91. Repeat TRAbs and TPOAb were elevated along with diffusely increased uptake on the I-123 RAI thyroid uptake scan, consistent with Graves' disease (GD). The patient was then placed on MMI again to bridge to definitive treatment with total thyroidectomy. Our case is a rare case where the patient with solitary toxic adenoma with negative TPOAb serology developed GD following I-131 RAI treatment.
Application of a unified probabilistic framework to the dose-response assessment of acrolein.

Abstract Background In quantitative chemical risk assessment, a reference value is an estimate of an exposure to a chemical that is “likely to be without appreciable risk.” Because current “deterministic” approaches do not quantitatively characterize the likelihood or severity of harm, the National Academies has recommended using reference values derived from a risk-specific dose that are treated as random variables, with probability distributions characterizing uncertainty and variability. Objectives In order to build familiarity and address issues needed for routine and standardized derivation of probabilistic risk-specific dose distributions, a case example applying the unified probabilistic framework presented in Chiu and Slob (2015) is developed for acrolein. This case study is based on an updated systematic evidence map of literature (Keshava et al., 2020) identifying nasal lesions reported in Dorman et al. (2008) as the most appropriate endpoint and study for reference value derivation. Methods The probability distribution was calculated for the risk-specific dose, which in this implementation of the approach was calculated for the dose at which 1% of the human population is estimated to experience minimal lesions, and a probabilistic reference value was computed as the 5th percentile of this distribution. A deterministic reference value was also derived for comparison, and a sensitivity analysis of the probabilistic reference value was conducted investigating alternative assumptions for the point of departure type and exposure duration. Results The probabilistic reference value of 6 × 10−4 mg/m3 was slightly lower than the deterministic reference value of 8 × 10−4 mg/m3, and the risk-specific dose distribution had an uncertainty spanning a factor of 137 (95th-5th percentile ratio). Sensitivity analysis yielded slightly higher probabilistic reference values ranging between 9 × 10−4 mg/m3 and 2 × 10−3 mg/m3. Conclusions Using a probabilistic approach for deriving a reference value allows quantitative characterization of the severity, incidence, and uncertainty of effects at a given dose. The results can be used to inform risk management decisions and improve risk communication.
La nacionalización de los partidos mexicanos

This article evaluates the nationalization of Mexican parties during the 1994-2018 period. To do so, we use data from the last nine federal elections in the country and apply two alternative measurements of party nationalization. First, we estimate the levels of static and dynamic nationalization among Mexico’s major parties. Second, we analyze the importance of national, state, and district factors in order to explain the variance of the parties’ electoral support. The overall results show that PRI has been the most nationalized party since 1994, while PAN and PRD show regionalized patterns of support but with uniform ﬂuctuations over time. The fndings also portray Morena as ahighly nationalized party, and that both PRI and PAN continue to rely on their national strength during elections
Social science and infrastructure networks and the human–technology interface

Social science research (under the guise of SEI [societal and ethical implications]) in association with nanotechnology infrastructure networks (in this case, the Research Triangle Nanotechnology Network) is challenging due to the unique function of an infrastructure network. Infrastructure networks share laboratory resources and make available to the user in the early stages in the technological process. As such, characterization and fabrication activities demand fine-tuned social science tools appropriate to the subject instant. This article examines the application of a process of “deep assessment” akin to grounded theory that examines a subset of societal and ethical issues derived from assessing activities proximate to users as they interface with the network. It presents assessment data over the last 5 years that is being used to design the research questions and research hypotheses that answer some of the most important societal concerns of the infrastructure network. These highly valued SEI activities are contextually relevant to the operation and management of the facilities in the infrastructure.
Confidence Modeling and Tracking of Recycled Integrated Circuits, Enabled by Blockchain

The modern electronics supply chain is a globalized marketplace with the increasing threat of counterfeit integrated circuits (ICs) being installed into mission critical systems. A number of methods for detecting counterfeit ICs exist; however, effective test and evaluation (T&E) methods to assess the confidence of detecting recycled ICs are needed. Additionally, methods for the trustworthy tracking of recycled ICs in the supply chain are also needed. In this work, we propose a novel methodology to address the detection and tracking of recycled ICs at each stage of the electronics supply chain. We present a case study demonstrating our assessment model to calculate the confidence levels of authentic and recycled ICs, and to confidently track these types of ICs throughout the electronics supply chain.
Factors Associated with Pediatric Burn Clinic Follow-up after Emergency Department Discharge.

Attrition between emergency department discharge and outpatient follow-up is well documented across a variety of pediatric ailments. Given the importance of outpatient medical care and the lack of related research in pediatric burn populations, we examined sociodemographic factors and burn characteristics associated with outpatient follow-up adherence among pediatric burn patients. A retrospective review of medical records was conducted on patient data extracted from a burn registry database at an urban academic children's hospital over a 2-year period (January 2018-December 2019). All patients were treated in the emergency department and discharged with instructions to follow-up in an outpatient burn clinic within one week. A total of 196 patients (Mage=5.5 years; 54% male) were included in analyses. Average percent total body surface area was 1.9 (SD=1.5%). One-third of pediatric burn patients (33%) did not attend outpatient follow-up as instructed. Older patients (OR=1.00; 95% CI: [.99-1.00], p=.045), patients with superficial burns (OR=9.37; 95% CI: [2.50-35.16], p=.001), patients with smaller percent total body surface area (OR=1.37; 95% CI: [1.07-1.76], p=.014), and patients with Medicaid insurance (OR=.22; 95% CI: [.09-.57], p=.002) or uninsured/unknown insurance (OR=.07; 95% CI: [.02-.26], p=.000) were less likely to follow up, respectively. Patient gender, race, ethnicity, and distance to clinic were not associated with follow-up. Follow-up attrition in our sample suggests a need for additional research identifying factors associated with adherence to follow-up care. Identifying factors associated with follow-up adherence is an essential step in developing targeted interventions to improve health outcomes in this at-risk population.
Valuation of emotion underlies cultural variation in cardiovascular stress responses.

Cultural context shapes individuals' valuation of emotions. Although studies have documented cultural differences in beliefs about the utility of negative emotions, little is known about how such cultural valuation is associated with physiological stress responses. In the present work, we examined whether East Asians and European Americans differ in how they value nervousness in a demanding situation and whether such valuation predicts acute cardiovascular responses. We found that East Asians were more likely than European Americans to believe feeling nervous in a demanding situation was useful. Furthermore, greater valuation of negative emotion predicted attenuated cardiovascular responses to a laboratory mental stressor and partially mediated the relationship between culture and cardiovascular stress responses. The present results highlight the importance of valuation of emotions as a psychological mechanism underlying cultural as well as individual differences in stress-evoked cardiovascular responses. We discuss one implication for this line of research, unpacking how cross-cultural differences in valuation of negative emotions may lead to cultural variation in physiological patterns related to health outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Proteogenomic Assessment of Intraspecific Venom Variability: Molecular Adaptations in the Venom Arsenal of Conus purpurascens.

Cone snails produce venom that contains diverse groups of peptides (conopeptides/conotoxins) and display a wide mass range, high rate of posttranslational modifications, and many potential pharmacological targets. Here we employ a proteogenomic approach to maximize conopeptide identification from the injected venom of Conus purpurascens. mRNA sequences from C. purpurascens venom ducts were assembled into a search database and complemented with known sequences and de novo approaches. We used a top-down peptidomic approach and tandem mass spectrometry identification to compare injected venom samples of 27 specimens. This intraspecific analysis yielded 543 unique conopeptide identifications, which included 33 base conopeptides and their toxiforms, 21 of which are novel. The results reveal two distinct venom profiles with different synergistic interactions to effectively target neural pathways aimed to immobilize prey. These venom expression patterns will aid target prediction, a significant step toward developing conotoxins into valuable drugs or neural probes.
Gradient copolymer prepared from alternating ring-opening metathesis of three monomers

Bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-6-ene-7-carboxamide is a simple but highly strained olefin monomer which forms an alternating copolymer with cyclohexene in the presence of N-heterocyclic carbene-ruthenium catalyst. [4.2.0] moieties with a bulky substituent on C7 that chelate with the ruthenium center of the catalyst propagate more slowly than monomers that cannot chelate. Accordingly, the reactivity ratio of N-propylbicyclo[4.2.0]oct-6-ene-7-carboxamide with cyclohexene is significantly higher than that of N-(2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethan)-bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-6-ene-7-carboxamide with cyclohexene. A copolymerization involving the three monomers in a 1 : 1 : 2 (propyl : ethylene glycol : cyclohexene) molar ratio formed a gradient copolymer in a one-pot reaction. Surface hydrophobicity, topology, and thermal properties of the gradient copolymer were similar to those of a copolymer comprised of six microblocks prepared through multistep synthesis by alternately employing the same two bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-6-ene-7-carboxamides in each microblock. The properties of the gradient copolymer were distinct from a copolymer comprised of two larger blocks based on the same bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-6-ene-7-carboxamides.
The Limits of Judicial Independence

This book investigates the causes and consequences of congressional attacks on the US Supreme Court, arguing that the extent of public support for judicial independence constitutes the practical limit of judicial independence. First, the book presents a historical overview of Court-curbing proposals in Congress. Then, building on interviews with Supreme Court justices, members of Congress, and judicial and legislative staffers, the book theorizes that congressional attacks are driven by public discontent with the Court. From this theoretical model, predictions are derived about the decision to engage in Court-curbing and judicial responsiveness to Court-curbing activity in Congress. The Limits of Judicial Independence draws on illustrative archival evidence, systematic analysis of an original dataset of Court-curbing proposals introduced in Congress from 1877 onward and judicial decisions.
Blood selenium and glutathione peroxidase activity of populations in New Zealand, Oregon, and South Dakota.

The relationship of whole blood selenium (Se) to glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity was examined for individuals in New Zealand, Oregon, and South Dakota who represented, respectively, populations with exposure to low, medium, and high amounts of Se. The mean (respective) blood Se levels were 60, 200, and 400 ng/ml. Intergroup differences in blood Se levels were highly significant (P less than 0.001). GPX assays were performed using two variations of an enzyme-coupled procedure to assess the equivalence of the two methods. Despite a fourfold difference in absolute activities measured by these methods, the GPX activities were highly correlated (r = .86) between procedures. Average blood GPX activity was significantly lower (P less than 0.001) for the New Zealand group compared with the other two groups, but there was no difference in GPX activities between the Oregon and South Dakota groups. Linear regression of GPX vs. Se values within each group indicated a significant correlation of these parameters ...
Particle acceleration and current disruption from the cross-field current instability

An ongoing topic prominent in space plasma research is thin current sheet dynamics. In recent years, particle acceleration associated with a current-driven instability known as the cross-field current instability (CCI) has been studied from the approaches of observational data analysis, analytical theory, and computer simulation. The CCI is a potential candidate for substorm onset and for the current disruption phenomenon in the magnetotail of the Earth's magnetosphere. One form of CCI is ion Weibel mode with waves excited mainly along the magnetic field while another form is the modified two-stream mode with waves excited nearly perpendicular to the magnetic field. In this paper, we use particle-in-cell simulation to elaborate the mechanisms by which particles are accelerated by these two modes and to determine the amount of current reduction at the nonlinear saturation stage of these modes.
Is feminization in alcoholic men due in part to portal hypertension: A rat model

Abstract The effect of surgically created portal hypertension on the liver, spleen, testes, and seminal vesicles and upon biochemical liver function tests and plasma steroid concentrations was determined in alcohol-fed and isocalorically fed control rats. Partial-portal vein ligation doubled the portal venous pressure (P
Postlumpectomy focal brachytherapy for simultaneous treatment of surgical cavity and draining lymph nodes.

Purpose The primary objective was to investigate a novel focal brachytherapy technique using lipid nanoparticle (liposome)–carried β-emitting radionuclides (rhenium-186 [ 186 Re]/rhenium-188 [ 188 Re]) to simultaneously treat the postlumpectomy surgical cavity and draining lymph nodes. Methods and Materials Cumulative activity distributions in the lumpectomy cavity and lymph nodes were extrapolated from small animal imaging and human lymphoscintigraphy data. Absorbed dose calculations were performed for lumpectomy cavities with spherical and ellipsoidal shapes and lymph nodes within human subjects by use of the dose point kernel convolution method. Results Dose calculations showed that therapeutic dose levels within the lumpectomy cavity wall can cover 2- and 5-mm depths for 186 Re and 188 Re liposomes, respectively. The absorbed doses at 1 cm sharply decreased to only 1.3% to 3.7% of the doses at 2 mm for 186 Re liposomes and 5 mm for 188 Re liposomes. Concurrently, the draining sentinel lymph nodes would receive a high focal therapeutic absorbed dose, whereas the average dose to 1 cm of surrounding tissue received less than 1% of that within the nodes. Conclusions Focal brachytherapy by use of 186 Re/ 188 Re liposomes was theoretically shown to be capable of simultaneously treating the lumpectomy cavity wall and draining sentinel lymph nodes with high absorbed doses while significantly lowering dose to surrounding healthy tissue. In turn, this allows for dose escalation to regions of higher probability of containing residual tumor cells after lumpectomy while reducing normal tissue complications.
Statistically informed dynamics of void growth in rate dependent materials

An inherently rate dependent material model is used to model the nucleation and growth of voids in metals, leading to spall fracture. Intrinsic material rate dependence introduces a third time scale in addition to those introduced by rates of nucleation and growth. Material rate dependence does increase the spall strength of metals, but it is not nearly as important as local inertia in doing so.
Interaction of the Amino-Terminus of an Influenza Virus Protein with Mitochondria

Reye's Syndrome is characterized in part by liver mitochondrial damage. Previous studies in an animal model have demonstrated the presence of viral antigens in hepatocytes, but replication of the virus does not occur. Evidence is presented in this paper for the interaction of an influenza virus protein with mitochondria as a mechanism for mitochondrial damage in Reye's Syndrome. The amino-terminal 22 amino acids of the PB2 protein of influenza A interact with mitochondria alone (5 micrograms/mg mitochondrial protein) and, when conjugated to bovine serum albumin, mediate the binding of BSA to mitochondria (14 micrograms/mg mitochondrial protein).
The role of affective and cognitive decision‐making processes during questionnaire completion

The use of affective and cognitive decision-making processes during questionnaire completion is examined through protocol analysis. Characteristics of the questionnaire, such as length and extremity of the scale anchor cues, resulted in more affective processing. Respondent-related variables, such as product familiarity, attitude toward survey research, and sex, had little influence on decision making. Finally, affective decision making influenced the outcomes of the questionnaire response analysis by being associated with more within-item variance, less decision time, and lower ratings. The implications of the results to applied and theoretical research are discussed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pharmacokinetics of cis-dichloro-trans-dihydroxy-bis-isopropylamine platinum IV (CHIP) in patients with advanced cancer.

The pharmacokinetics of a second-generation platinum (Pt) analog cis-dichloro-trans-dihydroxy-bis-isopropylamine platinum IV (CHIP) have been studied in 12 patients at doses from 20 to 350 mg/m2. Three Pt species have been measured: total Pt and non-protein-bound Pt by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and unchanged CHIP by separation on high-performance liquid chromatography followed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Plasma decay of total Pt was biexponential at all doses with a β-phase half-life of 32.1–124 h. Plasma decay of filterable Pt was monoexponential at low doses but biexponential at high doses, with a terminal-phase half-life of 17.8–54.6 h. Plasma decay of unchanged CHIP was monoexponential at all doses, with a half-life of 0.64–1.27 h. Excretion of Pt after CHIP was rapid up to 10 h after the end of infusion and then slow. The total recovery of Pt was 15%–61% of the dose at 24 h in 19 patients. The data indicated that essentially all plasma Pt after 12 h is in the form of metabolites, most of which are protein-bound. The most striking difference between CHIP and reported data for cisplatin is the biexponential decay of non-protein-bound Pt.
GDP-bound Gαi2 regulates spinal motor neuron differentiation through interaction with GDE2

Gαi proteins play major roles in the developing and mature nervous system, ranging from the control of cellular proliferation to modulating synaptic plasticity. Although best known for transducing signals from activated seven transmembrane G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) when bound to GTP, key cellular functions for Gαi-GDP are beginning to emerge. Here, we show that Gαi2 is expressed in motor neuron progenitors that are differentiating to form postmitotic motor neurons in the developing spinal cord. Ablation of Gαi2 causes deficits in motor neuron generation but no changes in motor neuron progenitor patterning or specification, consistent with a function for Gαi2 in regulating motor neuron differentiation. We show that Gαi2 function is mediated in part by its interaction with GDE2, a known regulator of motor neuron differentiation, and that disruption of the GDE2/Gαi2 complex in vivo causes motor neuron deficits analogous to Gαi2 ablation. Gαi2 preferentially associates with GDE2 when bound to GDP, invoking GPCR-independent functions for Gαi2 in the control of spinal motor neuron differentiation.
Cartooning Democracy: The Images of R. K. Laxman

Flipping through the recently published collection of R. K. Laxman's cartoons chronicling Indian democracy (titled Brushing Up the Years: A Cartoonist's History of India 1947–2004, 2005), I was intrigued by the dynamic nature of the material collected together. It is indispensable as a teaching tool that displays the many vicissitudes of Indian democracy over the years. But also, the active nature of actual democratic life pulsated through each and every framed visual satiric political presentation. What is it about his visual melancholic humor that seems to question democratic functioning at its kernel? There is nothing funny/trivial about democratic governance, but by drawing in the comical aspect of a functioning democracy, Laxman's cartoons draw out a democracy alive to its inherent possibilities; a democracy laughing at itself for the aberrations from its idyllic potential.
MacDonald's theorem on Jordan algebras

Let J(r) and \( \mathfrak{F}_0^{(r)} \) be the free Jordan algebra and the free special Jordan algebra respectively generated (freely) by r elements and let ν be the canonical homomorphism of J (r) onto \( \mathfrak{F}_0^{(r)} \) (definitions in section 1). It is known that ν is an isomorphism if r ≦ 2 (Shirshov’s theorem, Shirshov [5] or Jacobson and Paige [3]) and ν is not an isomorphism if r > 2 (Albert and Paige [1]). It has been proved by I. G. Mac Donald ([4]) that the kernel of ν on J(3) contains no non-zero element which is linear in one of the generators. Shirshov’s theorem is an easy consequence of Mac Donald’s and both results are basic for the foundations of Jordan algebras since they imply that any identity for special Jordan algebras which does not involve more than three variables and is of degree less than or equal one in one of these is valid for all Jordan algebras.
The returns to R&D: Division of Policy Research and Analysis at the National Science Foundation

The US National Science Foundation’s (NSF’s) Division of Policy Research and Analysis (PRA) supported academic research related to, among many other things, measurement of the returns to private and public R&D, during the early 1980s. The findings from this body of research became a foundation for a number of technology and innovation policies promulgated in the aftermath of the US productivity slowdown in the 1970s, and, as we suggest in this paper, a foundation for many contemporary technology and innovation policy initiatives. We argue that there are lessons to be learned from PRA’s successes from its sponsorship of research in this area, and we suggest one possible area of future emphasis for NSF’s ongoing Science of Science and Innovation Policy program.
Surface science analysis of GaAs photocathodes following sustained electron beam delivery

Degradation of the photocathode materials employed in photoinjectors represents a challenge for sustained operation of nuclear physics accelerators and high power free electron lasers (FEL). Photocathode quantum efficiency degradation is due to residual gases in the electron source vacuum system being ionized and accelerated back to the photocathode. These investigations are a first attempt to characterize the nature of the photocathode degradation, and employ multiple surface and bulk analysis techniques to investigate damage mechanisms including sputtering of the Cs-oxidant surface monolayer, other surface chemistry effects, and ion implantation. Surface and bulk analysis studies were conducted on two GaAs photocathodes, which were removed from the JLab FEL DC photoemission gun after delivering electron beam, and two control samples. The analysis techniques include helium ion microscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), atomic force microscopy, and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). In addition, two high-polarization strained superlattice GaAs photocathode samples, one removed from the continuous electron beam accelerator facility (CEBAF) photoinjector and one unused, were also analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and SIMS. It was found that heat cleaning the FEL GaAs wafer introduces surface roughness, which seems to be reduced by prolonged use. The bulk GaAs samples retained a fairly well organized crystalline structure after delivering beam but show evidence of Cs depletion on the surface. Within the precision of the SIMS and RBS measurements, the data showed no indication of hydrogen implantation or lattice damage from ion back bombardment in the bulk GaAs wafers. In contrast, SIMS and TEM measurements of the strained superlattice photocathode show clear crystal damage in the wafer from ion back bombardment.
Progress in three-dimensional SAR from curvilinear apertures

Point spread functions produced by three families of curvilinear apertures are derived and their characteristics evaluated for three-dimensional imaging. Outputs have been obtained for previously proposed speedups in the PML algorithm and consideration for further refinement introduced. Preliminary autofocus results making use of the stability afforded by the PML algorithm are presented.
Isolation, chemical composition, and properties of the major mucin component of normal human tracheobronchial secretions

Abstract The major mucin-type glycoprotein component of normal human tracheobronchial secretions was isolated in electrophoretically homogeneous form, and subjected to physical and chemical characterization. The respiratory mucus, collected from healthy young male volunteers by fiberoptic bronchoscopy, was subjected to initial fractionation on a column of Sephadex G-200. The excluded fraction (mucins) was then chromatographed on a column of Bio-Gel A-15m. Gel electrophoretic examination of the material from the included peak of the latter column indicated the presence of a single mucin component, whereas the pattern of the excluded peak showed two bands, a minor component with the mobility of the included mucin and a major band of slower-migrating, large-molecular-weight mucin. Chemical analysis of the electrophoretically homogeneous mucin present in the included peak showed 73% carbohydrate (galactose, fucose, glucosamine, galactosamine, and sialic acid), 4% sulfate monoester, and 23% protein. The amino acid composition showed a high content (29%) of serine plus threonine, and the presence of carbohydrate chains linked to these hydroxyamino acids was demonstrated by reductive β-elimination. A molecular weight of 69,400 daltons was estimated by sedimentation equilibrium.
The effect of simultaneous and successive presentation of information processing training upon concept learning

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of associative memory (AM) to information processing training (IPT) under minimum and maximum memory requirements and to determine the effect of both AM and IPT upon subsequent performance in a concept learning task (CT). Superior performance in IPT was observed with a decrease in memory requirement. Successful performance in the IPT phase improved performance on the CT, regardless of the memory requirement during IPT or the level of AM.
The geometry of minimal replacement for the Poincaré group

Abstract The constructs of this paper rest on two elementary facts: (1) the Poincare group P 10 is the maximal group of isometries of Minkowski space-time M 4 ; (2) P 10 has a faithful matrix representation as a subgroup of GL(5, R ) that maps an affine set into itself. Local action of P 10 and Yang-Mills minimal replacement are shown to induce a well-defined minimal replacement operator that maps the tensor algebra over M 4 onto the tensor algebra over a new space-time U 4 . The natural frame and coframe fields of M 4 go over into a canonical system of frame and coframe fields of U 4 with both translation and Lorentz-rotation parts. The coframe fields define soldering 1-form fields for U 4 that give rise to the standard geometric quantities through the Cartan equations of structure. This leads to unique determinations of all relevant connection coefficients and the associated 2-forms of curvature and torsion that involve the compensating 1-forms for local action of both the translation and the Lorentz-rotation sectors. The metric tensor of U 4 , that is induced by the minimal replacement operator, is shown to satisfy the Ricci lemma; U 4 is necessarily a Riemann-Cartan space. This space admits gauge covariant constant basis fields for the Lie algebra of the Lorentz group and for the Dirac algebra. The induced basis for the Dirac algebra evaluates the images of Dirac operators under minimal replacement, while the induced basis for the Lie algebra of L (4, R ) serves to show that the holonomy group of U 4 is the Lorentz group. The minimal replacement operator is extended to include the case of a total gauge group that is the direct product of the Poincare group and a Lie group of internal symmetries of matter fields. This provides a precise method of lifting any action integral of the matter fields from M 4 up to U 4 so that invariance properties are retained when the total group acts locally. The natural representations afforded by minimal replacement result in curvature being evaluated in terms of first order derivatives of the compensating fields that share many properties in common with the Dirac derivation algebra for spin fields. Direct interpretations of the compensating fields are obtained from the geodesic equations.
Glass Transition Explanation for the Effect of Polyhydroxy Compounds on Protein Denaturation in Dehydrated Solids

Dehydrated proteins are frequently subjected to thermal stress in the presence of other components. The effect such substances may have upon protein structure, and therefore function, has not been fully investigated. Thus, the effect of added polyhydroxy components on the denaturation of lyophilized β-lactoglobulin, ovalbumin, and ribonuclease, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry, was evaluated. The denaturation temperature, T m , of the globular proteins decreased in the dry state after the addition of sucrose, sorbitol, or glycerol. The thermal stability (based on T m ) of the dehydrated proteins appeared to correlate with the glass transition temperature (T g ) of the polyhydroxy component, which was assumed to be related to the T g of the mixture. The lower the T g of the component, the greater was the degree of protein destabilization. Thus, glass transition data may be used to predict the effect that a component would have on denaturation of dehydrated proteins at elevated temperatures.
Regulation of circulating sclerostin levels by sex steroids in women and in men

Sex steroids are important regulators of bone turnover, but the mechanisms of their effects on bone remain unclear. Sclerostin is an inhibitor of Wnt signaling, and circulating estrogen (E) levels are inversely associated with sclerostin levels in postmenopausal women. To directly test for sex steroid regulation of sclerostin levels, we examined effects of E treatment of postmenopausal women or selective withdrawal of E versus testosterone (T) in elderly men on circulating sclerostin levels. E treatment of postmenopausal women (n = 17) for 4 weeks led to a 27% decrease in serum sclerostin levels [versus +1% in controls (n = 18), p < .001]. Similarly, in 59 elderly men, we eliminated endogenous E and T production and studied them under conditions of physiologic T and E replacement, and then following withdrawal of T or E, we found that E, but not T, prevented increases in sclerostin levels following induction of sex steroid deficiency. In both sexes, changes in sclerostin levels correlated with changes in bone-resorption, but not bone-formation, markers (r = 0.62, p < .001, and r = 0.33, p = .009, for correlations with changes in serum C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen in the women and men, respectively). Our studies thus establish that in humans, circulating sclerostin levels are reduced by E but not by T. Moreover, consistent with recent data indicating important effects of Wnts on osteoclastic cells, our findings suggest that in humans, changes in sclerostin production may contribute to effects of E on bone resorption. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Dynamic data acquisition, reduction, and analysis for the identification of high-speed compressor component post-stability characteristics

A compressor test was conducted in which transient data were obtained for the purpose of identifying the high-speed post-stability characteristics. The transient, surge-cycle nature of high-speed post-stability operation precludes the possibility of obtaining the characteristics in a steady-state manner, as is possible during low-speed poststability operation, which is characterized by quasi-steady rotating-stall behavior. Specialized compressor instrumentation was developed and was used to obtain the necessary surge-cycle performance data, which were then digitized, filtered, and analyzed. The high-speed post-stability characteristics were obtained through the use of a maximum likelihood-parameter estimation technique. The estimated characteristics were found to be insensitive to the presence of measurement noise and unmodelled system dynamics, but the compressor time-response constants, which were also estimated, were more sensitive to these same disturbances.
A flexible approach to (re)configure Flexible Manufacturing Cells

Abstract Although considerable research literature exists related to Flexible Manufacturing Systems, the issues pertaining to Flexible Manufacturing Cell (re)configuration have largely been ignored. In the design stage, group technology concepts have been used to select parts and machines. However, in the operational stage, if the group technology concept of routing (a priori fixed) based cell formation is employed, is there a guarantee that the part-machine combination (route) selected would result in the overall optimal utilization of the resources? Is the flexibility of the system (as FMC's contain versatile machines) utilized? In this paper, we develop and elicit a procedure that addresses the above issues while (re)configuring FMCs. It utilizes the flexibility of the system when selecting production routes. The procedure developed includes an optimization model and an algorithm to aid in selecting and grouping 1) parts into families and 2) machines into Flexible Manufacturing Cells. The overall benefit of the procedure is that the loading and subsequent scheduling decisions are made simpler, which will help in increasing productivity.
Acute myelogenous leukemia in two patients treated with azathioprine for nonmalignant diseases.

Abstract Two patients receiving long-term azathioprine therapy for immunosuppression of nonmalignant conditions (chronic active hepatitis and renal transplantation) were admitted to Stanford University Hospital with acute myelogenous leukemia. Possible mechanisms of leukemogenesis are discussed. A review of the literature reveals these to be the first reported instances of acute myelogenous leukemia occurring after azathioprine immunosuppression for nonmalignant illness.
Repeated Measurement Data Analysis in Pavement Deterioration Modeling

This paper considers the nature of repeated measurement data under the framework of the mixed-effects approach with an extension of an empirical nonlinear model of rutting progression on asphalt concrete pavements. The parameters estimates using the mixed-effects approach, which allow some parameters to vary randomly, are found to differ significantly from ordinary least-squares (OLS) and random-effects (RE) estimates. OLS ignores unobserved heterogeneity whereas RE attempts to capture it through the model’s constant term. However, unobserved pavement sections’ heterogeneity may manifest not only through model intercepts but through other model parameters as well, which makes the mixed-effects approach more appropriate for the analysis. The results obtained with the mixed-effects approach are more in accordance with a priori expectations. The paper also presents important modifications to the specification of an empirical rutting model that deals with different load magnitudes. The modified specification ...
Perceived Control and Behavioral Reactions to Crime

In a recent survey of New Yorkers, Miransky and Langer (1978) found that residents who believed that crime could be controlled made only minimal efforts to utilize door locks. Miransky and Langer argue that this failure to exert potential control represents a relinquishment of responsibility for crime prevention motivated by a fear of the psychological consequences of accepting responsibility for a potentially uncontrollable event. This article suggests the alternative interpretation that Miransky and Langer have confused perceptions of the controllability of crime and perceptions of the controllability of one's own probability of victimization. Results of this study suggest that perceptions of the controllability of one's own probability of victimization are strongly related to crime-prevention behavior. These results do not support the motivational theory of Miransky and Langer.
Second- and Fourth-order Statistics of Doubly Scattered Speckle

The statistics of doubly scattered laser speckle, in which the size of the diffracting aperture is arbitrary relative to the spatial scales of the incident random field and the random diffuser in the aperture, is studied. The diffracted amplitude of the combined speckle and diffuser fields (both of which are spatially stationary) is shown to be non-stationary. A further spatial averaging can be carried out to yield an intensity correlation function (termed the asymptotically stationary intensity correlation function) which depends upon a single spatial variable and thus possesses a power spectrum. Numerical calculations are carried out for representative situations, and their physical interpretations are discussed.
Fate of inhaled nitrogen dioxide in isolated perfused rat lung.

The fate of Inhaled NO2 was studied with isolated perfused rat lungs. The isolated lungs were exposed to 5 ppm NO2 for 90 min at a ventilation rate of 45 ml/min. The NO2 exposure had no adverse effects on the lungs as judged from their weights, glucose uptake, or lactate production compared to control lungs. Isolated lungs absorbed 36% of ventilated NO2, which was detected in perfusate and lung tissue as NO2 − but not NO3 −. The NO2 − concentration in perfusate increased linearly with time, and after 90 min of ventilation with NO2 and perfusion with erythrocyte‐free medium the NO2 − accumulation was 6.36 ±0.39 μg. If perfusate contained 10% erythrocytes, the ventilated NO2 product was mostly NO3 − in perfusate but NO2 − in lung tissue. Protein solutions absorbed N02 more effectively than simple salt solutions, but they all yielded mainly N02 − unless erythrocytes were present, when the product was mostly NO3 −. The results indicate that absorbed NO2 in the lung is converted predominantly to NO2 −, but aft...
Clinical Epiphanies in Marital and Family Therapy: A Practitioner's Casebook of Therapeutic Insights, Perceptions, and Breakthroughs

D. A. Baptiste, Jr. (Ed.). (2002). Clinical Epiphanies in Marital and Family Therapy: A Practitioner's Casebook of Therapeutic Insights, Perceptions, and Breakthroughs, Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press. 430 pp. Hardcover, $69.95; Paperback, $34.95. ISBN 0-7890-1565-X. In the preface, Baptiste states that Clinical Epiphanies is "targeted at marriage and family therapy (MFT) students and trainees, to promote and encourage in-class discussions and debates ..." (p. xxix). He reports that he modeled the book on Standal and Corsini's (1965) collection of clinical cases and commentaries. The book's focus is on turning points that can change the outcome of therapy that is not progressing. Baptiste has compiled 16 case reports, each followed by two commentaries, for a total of 48 chapters packed with detail and clinical description. The main thesis is that many orientations can be used to accomplish the same therapeutic goals-in a word, equifinality, or as Baptiste likes to describe it, "more than one way to skin a cat and do it well!" (p. xxvii). Although I am familiar with the absence of any demonstrably superior theory of family therapy, I am unaware of many texts in family therapy that attempt to illustrate so many theories with case studies. Only one book on my shelf has a similar format. Papp has (1977) edited a collection of 11 case studies in family therapy " ... to give the reader a step-by-step account of the thinking process that takes place in treating a family ..." (p. ix). Papp's text includes contributions by several icons in the field of family therapy. It is intended to provide a glimpse into the personal struggle connecting theory and intervention, and she makes the point that therapists should develop theories that are congruent with their own world views. In contrast, Baptiste's Clinical Epiphanies tries to encourage theory development and teaching by comparing multiple approaches to one case. Clinical Epiphanies has several strengths, and one is the vivid, detailed case descriptions. I was surprised to see quotations in descriptions of cases that were decades old, and I was curious about how the details were generated. Also notable was the long roster of scholarly and experienced contributors, although contributions from academics dwarfed the contributions from full-time practitioners (as mentioned in the informative and critical forward by William C. Nichols). Perhaps the diversity and quantity of experience behind the cases are one reason that this book is provocative on an intellectual level and a visceral level. …
The significance of irregular opacities on the chest roentgenogram.

Scanty irregular opacities are not uncommonly observed on the chest roentgenogram in the absence of interstitial fibrosis of the lungs. In such circumstances the irregular opacities, when present, tend to be relatively scanty and seldom, if ever, exceed an ILO category of 1/1. They are found in association with cigarette smoking, especially when emphysema is also present. The development of irregular opacities is also related to exposure to various mineral and other dusts, and although their prevalence increases with cumulative dust exposure, in general the type of dust, whether fibrogenic or relatively inert, seems to be of little moment. The presence of irregular opacities remains a troublesome confounding factor in epidemiologic studies of both dust-exposed and nonexposed populations. The morbid anatomic changes that occur in the lungs of nondust-exposed workers and which are responsible for the development of irregular opacities in the chest roentgenogram remain unknown. (Chest 1992; 102:251–60)