cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observation of Selected Molecular-Orbital X Rays in Coincidence with Separated-Atom K X Rays

A cascade relationship between molecular-orbital (MO) and separated-atom x rays has been utilized to study selected MO transitions. Depending on the mechanism of vacancy production, the observed MO spectra are interpreted as reflecting $2p\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1s\ensuremath{\sigma}$ transitions or a mixture of $2p\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1s\ensuremath{\sigma}$ and $2p\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1s\ensuremath{\sigma}$ transitions. The coincidence selection also directly corroborates a previous assignment of MO transitions to the $2p\ensuremath{\sigma}$ state.
Programmable Micropatterning of Polymer Nanofibers

This paper reports programmable micropatterning of electrospun nanofibrous materials using a collector chip that consists of an array of independently controllable microelectrodes. The microelectrodes on the collecting chip are prepared by standard photolithography. By programming the local electrical field using excited and floating electrodes, the collector chip allows patterning of microstructures with controllable characteristics. The difference of electrostatic force between the excited and the floating electrodes increases the patterning contrast of electrospun nanofibers. The arbitrary geometries are successfully patterned on the array of 6 × 6 electrodes by independently programmable control of the voltage of each electrode. The experimental result also shows that it is possible to control the porosity and alignment of fibers. This method provides a simple yet highly reliable approach for creating combined micro/nanostructures of polymer nanofibers in a cost effective manner, which has great potential in functional tissue engineering, filtration, and chemical sensing. The work is also expected to foster the use of nanofibers in microdevices for on-chip biochemical analysis, and controlled infiltration and proliferation. The resulting nanofibers with controllable porosity are especially useful for the construction of tissue engineering scaffolds with morphological and functional similarity with natural tissues.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
EVIDENCE OF LATE PLIOCENE–EARLY PLEISTOCENE MARINE ENVIRONMENTS IN THE DEEP SUBSURFACE OF THE LIHUE BASIN, KAUAI, HAWAII

Cuttings recovered from two deep exploratory wells in the Lihue Basin, Kauai, Hawaii, include fossiliferous marine deposits that offer an uncommon opportunity to study paleoenvironments from the deep subsurface in Hawaii and interpret the paleogeography and geologic history of Kauai. These deposits indicate that two marine incursions gave rise to protected shallow-water, low-energy embayments in the southern part of the Lihue Basin in the late Pliocene–early Pleistocene. During the first marine incursion, the embayment was initially zoned, with a variable-salinity environment nearshore and a normal-marine reef environment offshore. The offshore reef environment eventually evolved to a nearshore, variable-salinity environment as the outer part of the embayment shallowed. During the second marine incursion, the embayment had normal-marine to hypersaline conditions, which constitute a significant departure from the variable-salinity environment present during the first marine incursion. Large streams draining the southern Lihue Basin are a likely source of the freshwater that caused the salinity fluctuations evident in the fossils from the first marine incursion. Subsequent volcanic eruptions produced lava flows that buried the embayment and probably diverted much of the stream flow in the southern Lihue Basin northward, to its present point of discharge north of Kalepa Ridge. As a result, the embayment that formed during the second marine incursion received less freshwater, and a normal-marine to hypersaline environment developed. The shallow-water marine deposits, currently buried between 86 m and 185 m below present sea level, have implications for regional tectonics and global eustasy.
Increased activity of endogenous endothelin in patients with hypercholesterolemia.

Abstract OBJECTIVE We sought to assess the activity of endogenous endothelin-1 (ET-1) in hypercholesterolemic patients using antagonists of ET-1 receptors. BACKGROUND Endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic patients may contribute to their risk of premature atherosclerosis. Endothelin, a peptide released by endothelial cells, may be involved in this process by activating smooth muscle cell mitogenesis and leukocyte adhesion. METHODS Forearm blood flow (FBF) responses (strain-gauge plethysmography) to intra-arterial infusion of a selective blocker of ET a receptors (BQ-123) and, on a separate occasion, to ET-1 were measured in 12 hypercholesterolemic patients and 12 normal control subjects. In addition, on a different day, six hypercholesterolemic patients received co-infusion of BQ-123 and BQ-788 (a selective blocker of ET b receptors). RESULTS In normal subjects, BQ-123 did not significantly modify FBF from baseline (p = 0.78); however, in hypercholesterolemic patients, BQ-123 administration resulted in a significant vasodilator response (p a blockade was reversed by nonselective blockade of ET-1 receptors obtained by co-infusion of BQ-123 and BQ-788. CONCLUSIONS The vascular activity of endogenous ET-1 is enhanced in hypercholesterolemic patients, whereas their sensitivity to exogenous ET-1 is unchanged. These findings suggest increased production of ET-1, which may participate in the pathophysiology of vascular disease characteristic of hypercholesterolemia.
Analysis of Fabric Deformation in a Roll-Making Operation: Part II: A Dynamic Case

The analysis of stress and displacement fields within a fabric roll is presented as a continuation of Part I of this series of papers. A discrete continuum model is used again to describe fabric de...
Determination of metal cyanide and thiocyanate complexes by Kjeldahl-Gunning and Carius sealed tube digestion methods

Summary Small amounts of metal cyanide and thiocyanate complexes can be determined using either the Kjeldahl-Gunning or Carius sealed tube digestion method. The results obtained by the Kjeldahl-Gunning method are somewhat low and the values are scattered. The Carius sealed tube digestion enables analysis not only of metal cyanide and thiocyanate but also of mixed phenanthroline-cyanide complexes. The results are reproducible and more accurate than in the Kjeldahl-Gunning method.
Designing a new programming language for building securecloud computing-based applications

Abstract In 2009, Carnegie Mellon Qatar, Qatar University, Texas A&M Qatar and IBM launched a joint research project on cloud computing. Cloud computing is a computing paradigm in which the computing resources, the software and the data are made available to the users as a service through the internet. In this paradigm, the software is no longer a standalone application installed on the user's platform, but resides on one or several servers. For instance, Google Docs is an office suite (word processor, spreadsheet and presentation) that can be used through a web browser. This new kind of application is a radical shift in the way we design, implement and deploy software. In this context, ensuring security becomes critical since a vulnerability in a cloud-based application may exposed data of all users using the service. Yet, developing secure cloud applications is complex because programmers are required to reason about distributed computation and to write code using heterogeneous languages, often not originally designed with distributed computing in mind. Testing is the common way to catch bugs and vulnerabilities as current technologies provide limited support. There are doubts this can scale up to meet the expectations of more sophisticated cloud-based applications. In this project, we have designed a type-safe programming language called “Qwesst”. We used it to express interaction patterns commonly found in distributed applications that go beyond current technologies. This language prevents the programmer from writing unsafe code that can lead to a cross site scripting attack, also called XSS attacks. An XSS attack enables an attacker to inject JavaScript code into a webpage. This is a severe vulnerability that has become the most widespread security breach in web-based applications. In the future, we plan to extend the language with new security features that will allow the programmer to control data dissemination and information flow.
Subgroups of finite index in certain classes of finitely presented groups

In a previous paper (with J. S. Locke) [2], we obtained formulas for the torsion-free rank and the p-ranks of an abelianized subgroup of finite index in a finitely presented group. In Section 1 and Section 2 of the present paper we apply those results to obtain information about subgroups of finite index in certain classes of one-relator groups. In particular, we consider groups with presentations of the following forms:
The orientation of molecules in fibers

This paper reviews various methods for measuring molecular alignment and various interpretations of results. It is emphasized that exact knowledge of the molecular arrangement in fibers is non-existent; many interpretations and models exist but none of them are accurate representations of the true state. Deformation causes reorganization at all of these dimensional levels: the segments of the basic molecule, the aggregate called a crystallite, the crystalline-amorphous entity, the single crystal lamella, the larger aggregation called spherulite. Each of these levels may have its own deformation behavior and may be involved differently in the results from a particular experimental technique. No single technique describes the alignment of all molecules for their entire length. Most techniques represent an average orientation, whereas the distribution of orientation is ideally sought. These techniques were reviewed: x-ray diffraction, birefringence, infrared dichroism, magnetic anisotropy, softening, shrinkage tension, dichroic dyestuffs, stress optical coefficient, sonic velocity, differential thermal analysis, and light scattering. The most useful data have been those for the relationship of orientation to physical properties. The seldom recognized increase of Tg by orientation is emphasized. Speculation is made of the morphology associated with stress-crystallization and the role of dislocation motion in deformation.
On the nature of the mechanical resonance associated with the electrical resonance of a poled PZT65/35 disc

Abstract In this paper we present experimental results concerning the axial mechanical displacements of a partially and fully poled ferroelectric ceramic disc of PZT65/35 composition in the neighborhood of its lowest detectable electrical resonance. The measured displacements are resolved into their flexural and thickness components which are due, respectively, to a recently discovered new electric-to-mechanical coupling phenomenon and conventional piezoelectric coupling. Flexural resonances and a ‘thickness’ resonance are detected. The frequencies of the former increases with remanent polarization, and the frequency' of the latter decreases with remanent polarization. In particular, the nature of the ‘thickness’ resonance indicates that this resonance is not one-dimensional in character as postulated in many theoretical considerations.
Two New Mucronate-Tailed Spiral Nematodes (Helicotylenchus: Hoplolaiminae) 1)

Helicotylenchus spicaudatus n. sp. aus Puerto Rico ist durch eine stachelartige Spitze auf dem ventral gelegenen Vorsprung des Schwanzendes gekennzeichnet. Helicotylenchus egyptiensis n. sp. aus der Vereinigten Arabischen Republik besitzt charakteristische subcuticulare Tupfel oder Punkte, die unter den inneren Linien der Seitenfelder am deutlichsten sind. Bei beiden Arten betragt das Verhaltnis von Schwanzlange zur Analbreite 1,7-1,8. Auch wird ein Bestimmungsschlussel fur die Arten der Gattung Helicotylenchus mitgeteilt. H. pseudorobustus (Steiner, 1914) Golden, 1956 wird zu den Species Inquirendae gestellt.
Nuclear area changes in senescing human diploid fibroblasts

The pattern of mean nuclear area changes was determined in human fibroblast cell strains from male donors of three different ages (8,40 and 84 years) during their in vitro lifespan. There was a statistically significant increase in mean nuclear area of cells of all three strains during their aging in vitro. A gradual increase of the subpopulation of cells with larger nuclei was also observed. Evidence for a positive correlation between aging in vitro, as reflected by mean nuclear areas at the tenth doubling from the end of in vitro doubling activity, and donor age is presented.
Comprehensive Mechanism for Methanol Oxidation

Abstract A detailed chemical kinetic mechanism, involving 26 chemical species and 84 elementary reactions, is proposed for the oxidation of methanol. Within the scope of this mechanism, turbulent flow reactor and shock tube experimental data are used to determine rate expressions for several of the important reactions involving CH3OH and its intermediate product species, CH2OH. Calculations using the proposed mechanism and elementary reaction rates accurately reproduce experimental results over a combined temperature range of 1000-2180K, for fuel-air equivalence ratios between 0.05 and 3.0 and for pressures between 1 and 5 atmospheres. The resulting chemical kinetic model is then employed, together with an unsteady, one-dimensional numerical model for flame propagation, to predict the laminar flame speed of a stoichiometric methanol-air mixture. The calculated laminar flame speed is 44+ 2 cm/ sec and is in good agreement with experimentally observed values.
An Urban Energy Balance for the Phoenix, Arizona USA Metropolitan Area

The pressures of rapid urbanization, including the worsening of the urban heat island (UHI) effect, are causing city leaders and other policymakers to consider how to best allocate resources and develop policies to improve their urban environment. The focus of this paper is on UHI, that is, the long-term trend observed in the metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona region and other cities in which both daytime and nighttime temperatures are increasing. An analytical tool is developed to predict the relative effects of various policy measures, such as increasing the average albedo of a city through highly-reflective pavement coatings, or encouraging the adoption of "green" roofs to improve latent heat transfer. This tool is based on a fundamental "lumped" thermal model of the metropolitan area, where transient energy inputs and outputs are considered to generate a single temperature that is characteristic of the entire metropolitan area. Actual electricity, natural gas, vehicular traffic, and solar radiation data are utilized to predict how the temperature changes on an hourly basis. Of the measures evaluated, decreasing the quantity of paved surfaces to reduce daytime temperatures, and increasing the prevalence of green roofs to reduce nighttime temperatures, are the most effective means to alleviate UHI.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
An Adaptive Buddy Check for Observational Quality Control

An adaptive buddy check algorithm is presented that adjusts tolerances for outlier observations based on the variability of surrounding data. The algorithm derives from a statistical hypothesis test combined with maximum-likelihood covariance estimation. Its stability is shown to depend on the initial identification of outliers by a simple background check. The adaptive feature ensures that the final quality control decisions are not very sensitive to prescribed statistics of first-guess and observation errors, nor on other approximations introduced into the algorithm. The implementation of the algorithm in a global atmospheric data assimilation is described. Its performance is contrasted with that of a non-adaptive buddy check, for the surface analysis of an extreme storm that took place in Europe on 27 December 1999. The adaptive algorithm allowed the inclusion of many important observations that differed greatly from the first guess and that would have been excluded on the basis of prescribed statistics. The analysis of the storm development was much improved as a result of these additional observations.
The ground ring of N=2 minimal string theory

Abstract We study the N = 2 string theory or the N = 4 topological string on the deformed CHS background. That is, we consider the N = 2 minimal model coupled to the N = 2 Liouville theory. This model describes holographically the topological sector of little string theory. We use degenerate vectors of the respective N = 2 Verma modules to find the set of BRST cohomologies at ghost number zero—the ground ring, and exhibit its structure. Physical operators at ghost number one constitute a module of the ground ring, so the latter can be used to constrain the S-matrix of the theory. We also comment on the inequivalence of BRST cohomologies of the N = 2 string theory in different pictures.
Nutritionally Variant Streptococci

Excerpt To the editor: Carey, Brause, and Roberts (Ann Intern Med87:150-154, 1977, and Reference 1) have emphasized the importance of nutritionally variant streptococci as a cause of endocarditis. ...
Emergentism and supervenience physicalism

A purely metaphysical formulation of physicalism is surprisingly elusive. One popular slogan is, ‘There is nothing over and above the physical’. Problems with this arise on two fronts. First, it is difficult to explain what makes a property ‘physical’ without appealing to the methodology of physics or to particular ways in which properties are known. This obviously introduces epistemic features into the core of a metaphysical issue. Second, it is difficult to cash out ‘over-and-aboveness’ in a way that is rigorous, metaphysically pure and extensionally apt for the purposes of the debate. In this paper I will touch on the first problem, but I wish to focus on the second. In particular, I will focus on the claim that supervenience theses cannot define physicalism because they allow classical emergentist dualism through the physicalist door [Horgan 1993; Kim 1998; Wilson 2005]. I will argue that when the relevant supervenience thesis is metaphysical, emergentism is excluded. Against recent arguments to the c...
Do Body Image Investment and Evaluation Relate to Bulimic Symptoms in U.S. Collegiate Men and Women in the Same Way

Although research suggests that body image investment (i.e., drive for muscularity, orientation toward appearance, preoccupation with weight or weight gain) and body image evaluation factors (e.g., negative evaluations of appearance, overestimation of current weight) correlate with bulimic symptoms, the magnitude of these relationships may differ between men and women. The relationship between bulimic symptoms and the drive for muscularity, one form of body image investment theorized to be particularly relevant to men, is understudied in college students. This study examined bulimic symptoms, body image investment, and body image evaluation in American undergraduate students (84 men, 198 women). Bulimic symptoms were negatively associated with appearance evaluation and positively associated with appearance orientation, weight preoccupation, and weight overestimation in both men and women. Bulimic symptoms were positively associated with the drive for muscularity in men, but not in women. Awareness of the relationships between bulimic symptoms and body image investment and evaluation may help identify those at risk for bulimic symptoms.
Motivational aspects of moral learning and progress

This article addresses a puzzle about moral learning concerning its social context and the potential for moral progress: Won’t the social context of moral learning shape moral perceptions, beliefs, and motivation in ways that will inevitably limit moral cognition, motivation, and progress? It addresses the relationships between habituation and moral reasoning in Aristotelian moral education, and assesses Julia Annas’s attempt to defend the possibility of moral progress within a virtue ethical framework. Focusing on the motivational core of the puzzle, the article argues that Self-determination Theory (SDT) provides resources for better understanding how moral progress is possible and how moral education can facilitate such progress.
Three-dimensional vortex theory for axial compressor blade rows at subsonic and transonic speeds

The three-dimensional, inviscid, small-perturbation, compressible flow past a lifting axial compressor rotor is analyzed. Because of its three-dimensional nature the solution applies for transonic as well as subsonic relative speeds. A potential solution is constructed, representing B lifting blades each with bound vorticity of total strength F(r). If F(r) is nonuniform, vorticity is shed downstream, which in turn induces a modified flowfield at the rotor. In addition, for supersonic relative tip Mach numbers, acoustic radiation occurs. Both of these effects introduce drag at the blades. Given F(r), or the mean change in circumferential velocity, the first-order static and total pressure rise, axial velocity change, etc., are determined. A second-order calculation yields the power required, including the effects of induced and wave-drag. An ideal efficiency is defined which indicates the penalty associated with departure from constant work design, as well as with losses due to acoustic radiation. For a 20% variation of F across the blade span, the combination of both types of losses for a typical, but lightly-loaded, transonic rotor are of the order of 0.5%.
Soft-x-ray fluorescence studies of solids

Abstract Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) has been observed in many systems above and below their core threshold. Below threshold, inelastic-loss features are observed, which disperse linearly with excitation energy, but as the excitation increases above the core binding energy, nonlinear dispersive effects are observed. These two effects are described by the same physics of coherent fluorescence. Very good agreement between experiment and simulated RIXS is achieved using a simple one-electron framework. However, significant questions have arisen concerning core-hole effects and their influence on RIXS. In this work, the role core-excitons play in the RIXS process is examined in finer detail in graphite, by using narrow-band excitation, and through comparison between experiment and simulated spectra which include the core-hole effects explicitly in the modeling. Based on these findings, we conclude that core-hole effects play a minor but detectable role in the RIXS observed from graphite.
The Social Context of Woman-to-Woman Intimate Partner Abuse (WWIPA)

Forty women who had been in abusive adult, intimate relationships with other women were interviewed. Their life experiences leading up to these abusive relationships were qualitatively examined to determine how heterosexism created a social context in which women were left vulnerable to abuse and dependent on their abusers. Childhood abuse, negative coming out experiences, lack of a queer community, and substance/alcohol abuse contributed to survivors’ vulnerability to abuse by making them socially isolated from a support system and dependent on their partners to reconstruct a sense of family.
Effects of Trap Color, Height, and Placement Around Trees on Capture of Mexican Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Green and yellow were the most attractive colors to male and female Mexican fruit flies, Anastrepha ludens (Loew), followed by amber, orange, and fluorescent yellow, on colored rectangles in the laboratory and as colored solutions in McPhail traps in the field. The most attractive wavelengths were in the green and yellow spectral regions from 500–580 nm. Black, red, blue, and white were not more attractive than colorless control traps. Attractiveness of red, orange, and yellow doubled from spring to autumn in the field, whereas attractiveness of green and amber did not change. Yeast hydrolysate was significantly more attractive than any of the colors. Combinations of green or yellow with yeast hydrolysate in McPhail traps did not enhance the attractiveness of yeast hydrolysate. More flies were captured at 1 and 2 m above the ground than at 0.1 or 3 m (tree tops). More flies were captured on the north side of trees than on the south side, whereas east and west were not significantly different from each other.
An Extended Molecular Gas Distribution in Markarian 273 and Merger-Luminosity Evolution

We present the first interferometric measurement of CO emission (θ ~ 2'') from the ultraluminous infrared galaxy Mrk 273. A total H2 mass of 3.6 × 1010 M☉ is inferred from the CO observations, half of which belongs to an extended component with deconvolved size 5.1 × 2.5 kpc. In addition, an unresolved molecular gas complex is found to be coincident with the optical nucleus. The inferred H2 mass, size (R ~ 380 pc), and mean surface mass density (ΣH2 ≥ 4 × 104 M☉ pc-3) of this complex, as well as the IR luminosity, are very similar to those of Arp 220. The gas in the extended component shows a rotational velocity gradient with the kinematic major axis aligned with the position angle of the two nuclei seen in the near-infrared. The extended molecular gas distribution and separation of the two nuclei suggest that Mrk 273 is a young merger system. The CO emission appears confined to the edge-on system, and the second merger progenitor may have been gas-poor or may have had its gas transferred to the companion during the merger. The comparison of the physical properties of Mrk 273 with two other similarly gas-rich IR luminous systems, VV 114 and Arp 220, finds a monotonic increase in average gas surface density and IR luminosity efficiency (LIR/MH2) with decreasing projected separation of the stellar nuclei. We find that now all four nearest ultraluminous systems observed at high spatial resolution (Arp 220, Arp 299, Mrk 231, and Mrk 273) are associated with central mass surface density in excess of 104 M☉ pc-2.
Sun protective behaviors and vitamin D levels in the US population: NHANES 2003–2006

Background Sun protection is recommended for skin cancer prevention, yet little is known about the role of sun protection on vitamin D levels. Our aim was to investigate the relationship between different types of sun protective behaviors and serum 25(OH)D levels in the general US population.
A comparison of methods for quantitative analysis of feeding selection of fishes

Predator-prey data were obtained in a study of feeding ecology of land-locked alewife,Alosa pseudoharengus, in Claytor Lake, Virginia, and subjected to two indices of electivity as well as a nonparametric paired-comparisons statistical test. Values obtained from the two indices were often contradictory with each other and the statistical test. Attributes of the statistical procedure render it more appropriate than electivity indices to describe feeding selectivity in fish populations. Results of the study also demonstrated the importance of considering the size composition of zooplankton populations in prey preference studies; measures of selection were often positive for zooplankters ≥ 1.0 mm while negative for those of the same prey group < 1.0 mm length. Because numerous problems are inherent with in situ feeding selectivity studies of planktivorous fishes, selectivity determinations, regardless of methodology, should be construed in a relative rather than absolute context.
Intelligent biosynthetic nanobiomaterials for hyperthermic combination chemotherapy and thermal drug targeting of HSP90 inhibitor geldanamycin.

An intelligent biosynthetic nanobiomaterial (IBN) platform was explored for drug delivery applications for hyperthermic combination chemotherapy and thermal drug targeting. Geldanamycin (GA), a heat shock protein 90 inhibitor, was conjugated to novel thermosensitive poly(K)8-poly(VPGXG)60 block copolymers [K8-ELP(1-60)] with guest residues as valine, alanine and glycine in a 5:2:3 ratio at the ‘X’ position. The conjugates were completely soluble in PBS and showed a characteristic thermosensitive inverse phase transition. [K8-ELP(1-60)]-GA conjugate nanoparticles showed a size ranging from 50 to 200 nm depending upon temperature. Relevant to systemic drug delivery in vivo, these IBNs stably disperse in aqueous solution. Cytotoxicity assays have shown that the IBN from [K8-ELP(1-60)]-GA conjugates exhibits effective hyperthermic combination chemotherapy with facile heat modulation.
472 ESTROGEN AT LOW DOSES RAPIDLY AUGMENTS GROWTH HORMONE (GH) RELEASE INDEPENDENTLY OF SOMATOMEDIN-C (SM-C)

We tested whether low doses of ethinyl estradiol (EE) would stimulate GH independently of SM-C inhibition, after we found EE 50 mcg/m2/d × 2d to augment peak GH responses to L-dopa testing (LDT) while lowering SM (Rich et al, Pediatr.Res. 13:329A, 1979). We first examined the effect of one bedtime dose EE(29±2(SEM) mcg/m2) upon GH reserve in 8 prepubertal short-normal children. L-dopa(0.3 gm/m2) stimulated GH to ≥7 ng/ml inconsistently (6/8) before EE. EE resulted in a significant increase in peak GH response (29±5 ng/ml)(p<.05) to LDT. EE (10-30mcg/m2) was then given for 2 days prior to repeat LDT in 15 prepubertal children with the following results. GH responses to LDT were <7 ng/ml in 3/15 prior to EE but were consistently ≥7 ng/ml after EE. Augmentation of the GH response by EE at 27±1 mcg/m2/d was of similar magnitude to that noted with 50 mcg/m2/d EE, but this low-dose EE did not act via lowering SM-C levels (.54±.09 vs .47±.07, n=8). We conclude that a single bedtime dose of EE as low as 29±2 mcg/m2 augments the peak GH response to LDT and enhances the discrimination of L-dopa testing for GH reserve. Our results suggest low-dose estrogen rapidly and directly augments GH release, consistent with its enhancing effect on growth.
Isolation of DARP (Dopamine-Releasing Protein) from Fetal Rat Brain and Effects of DARP Immunoneutralization on Fetal Mesencephalic Dopamine Levels

Recent work from this laboratory suggests a role for a novel dopamine-releasing protein (DARP) during rat fetal development. We have previously shown that intrafetal administration of an anti-DARP monoclonal antibody (DARP mAb) at Embryonic Day 17 (E17) induces fetal resorption in a dose-dependent manner (Kuhananthan et al., Mol. Cell. Neurosci., 2, 410-417). In this study we present evidence that (1) DARP is present in the rat brain at E17 and (2) in vivo immunoneutralization of DARP at E17 alters dopamine (DA) levels selectively in the prenatal mesencephalon. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of supernatants of crude fetal (E17) brain homogenates using DARP mAb as a probe detects the presence of a DARP-like immunoreactive protein in the E17 rat brain. Purification of these homogenates with concanavalin A and immunoaffinity chromatography yielded a single 60-kDa protein that displayed dopamine-releasing activity in an in vitro superfusion assay. In addition, intrafetal administration of DARP mAb at E17 significantly elevated DA levels in the mesencephalon 24 and 48 h postinjection, while decreasing these levels 72 h postinjection. No changes in DA levels were detected in the diencephalon or in the telencephalon. These findings indicate that DARP is present in the rat brain at E17 and may play a role in the development of dopaminergic neurons of the mesencephalon.
Controlled low-temperature vacuum dehydration--a new approach for low-temperature and low-pressure food drying.

The processes of freeze-drying, vacuum drying and controlled low-temperature vacuum dehydration (CLTV) were used to dry clam paste and a gelatin-microcrystalline cellulose model food system. CLTV was carried out as cold as possible without freezing the product. Much less drying time was required for CLTV and vacuum drying than for freeze-drying. The mass transfer resistance for both freeze-drying and CLTV was less than that of vacuum drying. Functional properties were closer to those of freeze-drying than to vacuum drying. CLTV versus freeze-drying showed a 30% reduction in enthalpy change and 40% reduction in running cost. Microbiological analysis, used to monitor the safety of processing clam paste, showed that the process was satisfactory relative to common parameters.
A Consuming Fire: The Fall of the Confederacy in the Mind of the White Christian South

The fall of the Confederacy proved traumatic for a people who fought with the belief that God was on their side. Yet, as Eugene D. Genovese demonstrates in A Consuming Fire, Southern Christians continued to trust in the Lord's will. The churches had long defended "Southern rights" and insisted that slavery had divine sanction, but they also warned that God was testing His people, who must bring slavery up to biblical standards or face His wrath. For proslavery spokesmen, "Christian slavery" offered the South, indeed the world, the best hope for the vital work of preparation for the Kingdom, but they acknowledged that the slavery practiced in the South left much to be desired. The reform campaign of prominent ministers and church laymen featured demands to secure slave marriages and family life, to repeal the laws against slave literacy, and to punish cruel masters. A Consuming Fire analyzes the strengths, weaknesses, and ultimate failure of the struggle for reform and the nature and significance of Southern Christian orthodoxy and its vision of a proper social order, class structure, and race relations.
SHAPE TRANSITION IN GROWTH OF STRAINED ISLANDS

Strained islands formed in heteroepitaxy sometimes change shape during growth. Here we show that there is typically a first-order shape transition with island size, with the discontinuous introduction of steeper facets at the island edge. We present a phase diagram for island shape as a function of volume and surface energy, showing how surface energy controls the sequence of island shapes with increasing volume. The discontinuous chemical potential at the shape transition drastically affects island coarsening and size distributions. [S0031-9007(99)08789-X]
Strong-coupling effects in charge transfer and l change observed in intermediate-velocity collisions of ions on Rydberg-atom targets

Abstract Two strong-coupling effects are described in collisions of singly charged ions with laser-excited Na Rydberg atoms. For projectile velocities comparable with orbital velocities in the target a multitude of nearly degenerate Rydberg states become coupled during the encounter. Evidence is given for a breakdown of the classical n4 scaling rule in charge transfer, based on a factor-of-four difference between H(1s) and scaled Rydberg data for slow collisions. Dipole-forbidden l change in Na(28d) + Na+ collisions occurs below the matching velocity despite impact parameters large enough that the dipole approximation for the perturbing potential remains valid.
Strabismus regulates asymmetric cell divisions and cell fate determination in the mouse brain

The planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway organizes the cytoskeleton and polarizes cells within embryonic tissue. We investigate the relationship between PCP signaling and cell fate determination during asymmetric division of neural progenitors (NPs) in mouse embryos. The cortex of Lp/Lp (Loop-tail) mice deficient in the essential PCP mediator Vangl2, homologue of Drosophila melanogaster Strabismus (Stbm), revealed precocious differentiation of neural progenitors into early-born neurons at the expense of late-born neurons and glia. Although Lp/Lp NPs were easily maintained in vitro, they showed premature differentiation and loss of asymmetric distribution of Leu-Gly-Asn–enriched protein (LGN)/partner of inscuteable (Pins), a regulator of mitotic spindle orientation. Furthermore, we observed a decreased frequency in asymmetric distribution of the LGN target nuclear mitotic apparatus protein (NuMa) in Lp/Lp cortical progenitors in vivo. This was accompanied by an increase in the number of vertical cleavage planes typically associated with equal daughter cell identities. These findings suggest that Stbm/Vangl2 functions to maintain cortical progenitors and regulates mitotic spindle orientation during asymmetric divisions in the vertebrate brain.
Use of the SASB Dimensional Model to Develop Treatment Plans for Personality Disorders. I: Narcissism

Axis II of the DSM-III has been criticized for poor reliability, for confusing overlap in symptomatology among categories, and for failing to provide etiological or treatment implications. Nonetheless there is substantial clinical wisdom in the grouping of symptoms provided by Axis II. An application of Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) to one Axis II category, narcissistic personality, provides a rational hypothesis about its interpersonal etiology and that, in turn, suggests a treatment intervention plan. SASB analyses of borderline personality and histrionic personality, which share symptoms in common with the narcissistic personality (e.g., interpersonal demandingness), suggest different prior interpersonal learning experiences and different psychosocial treatment interventions. Dimensional analysis by SASB is a promising method for objectifying, teaching, and expanding upon the substantial clinical wisdom inherent in Axis II of the DSM-III.
Optical, receptoral, and retinal constraints on foveal and peripheral vision in the human neonate.

We examined the properties of the foveal, parafoveal, and near peripheral cone lattice in human neonates. To estimate the ability of these lattices to transmit the information used in contrast sensitivity and visual acuity tasks, we constructed ideal-observer models with the optics and photoreceptors of the neonatal eye at retinal eccentricities of 0, 5, and 10°. For ideal-observer models limited by photon noise, the eye’s optics, and cone properties, contrast sensitivity was higher in the parafovea and near periphery than in the fovea. However, receptor pooling probably occurs in the neonate’s parafovea and near periphery as it does in mature eyes. When we add a receptor-pooling stage to the models of the parafovea and near periphery, ideal acuity is similar in the fovea, parafovea, and near periphery. Comparisons of ideal and real sensitivity indicate that optical and receptoral immaturities impose a significant constraint on neonatal contrast sensitivity and acuity, but that immaturities in later processing stages must also limit visual performance. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Avoiding gender and minority barriers to NIH funding.

Purpose: To inform investigators of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) guidelines for the inclusion of women and minorities as subjects in clinical research and provide tips on avoiding barriers to federal funding. Methods: Information about gender and minority barriers to funding was obtained by reviewing NIH policies, information submitted by applicants, and comments provided by NIH reviewers. Organizing Framework: A brief history of the goals of U.S. federal legislation to increase opportunities for obtaining information to help enhance health and disease treatment for all Americans and to detect and account for ethnic and gender differences is described. Examples were derived from NIH Summary Statement comments of initial review groups. Conclusions: Applications submitted to NIH are being barred from initial funding, even with excellent priority scores, if the plan for inclusion of women and minorities is judged to be scientifically unacceptable by the initial review group. This situation is correctable and avoidable.
Erratum to: Health Care: A Brave New World

In the original version of this paper, unfortunately, there happened to be a mistake in the paragraph ‘‘Several studies have compared health...better results or lower costs [7].’’ under the section ‘‘Health Care is NOT a Right?’’ The incorrect sentence is: For example, hip and knee replacements are not performed on Canadian and UK citizens after 77 (no matter how healthy). The correct sentence is: For example, hip and knee replacements in Canada and the UK are prioritized by age such that older citizens are on a long waiting list.
Revision of the Zone 13 graptolite biostratigraphy in the Marathon, Texas, standard succession and its bearing on Upper Ordovician graptolite biogeography

One of the long-standing problems in North American graptolite biostratigraphy is the distinct differences in assemblages of post-Climacograptus bicornis age between the classical graptolite sequences in the New York - Quebec and Marathon, west Texas, regions. These have been attributed either to faunal provincialism or to the presence of a major hiatus between the Woods Hollow and Maravillas formations in Texas. New collections from the key Marathon Picnic Grounds section contain diagnostic Late Ordovician graptolites that confirm the existence of a major stratigraphic gap below the Maravillas Formation. The lower Maravillas Formation (Zone 13) has a Late Ordovician, low-diversity Pacific Province graptolite fauna that includes the biostratigraphically diagnostic species Climacograptus nevadensis, C. tubuliferus, Orthograptus fastigatus and Dicellograptus ornatus. Zone 13 graptolite assemblages from the Marathon region correlate with the C. tubuliferus to D. ornatus zones in the Trail Creek, Idaho, succession, the Ea4-Bo2 interval in Victoria, the O. fastigatus Zone in the Canadian Arctic Islands, the O. quadrimucronatus to D. ornatus zones of the Canadian Cordillera, and the D. complanatus to D. anceps zones in Scotland. The hiatus between the Woods Hollow and Maravillas formations spans an interval corresponding to at least the Eal Ea3 interval in Australia, the C. americanus to upper A. manitoulinensis zones in the New York - Quebec succession, and the D. clingani and P. linearis zones in Scotland. These results agree with the magnitude of the hiatus previously indicated by conodont biostratigraphy. Late Ordovician graptolite distribution patterns in North America can be explained by an extension of Cooper, Fortey & Lindholm's (1991; Lethaia 24) Lower Ordovician graptolite biofacies model into the Upper Ordovician, which incorporates both lateral water-mass specificity and depth stratification. Using this model, we recognize in Laurentia two separate biofacies among tropical-zone Late Ordovician Pacific Province graptolite faunas, a cosmopolitan Oceanic biofacies, and a cratonic Laurentian biofacies. The lower Maravillas Formation graptolite fauna is clearly part of the Oceanic biofacies, whereas the coeval Appalachian faunas represent the Laurentian biofacies. □Graptolites, Ordovician, biostratigraphy, Texas, biofacies, biogeography.
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. Structure and function of an epithelial chloride channel.

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) forms a Cl channel that is an essential component of epithelial Cl transport systems in many organs, including the intestines, pancreas, lungs, sweat glands, and kidneys. In the Cl secretory intestinal epithelium, Cl enters the cells through a Na-K-2Cl cotransporter in the basolateral membrane and exits through CFTR in the apical membrane; water follows osmotically (1). Absorptive epithelia use similar transporters and channels, but their polarized distribution between the apical and basolateral membranes is usually reversed. A major determinant of the transepithelial Cl transport rate is the level of activation of CFTR (2, 3), which depends on the extent to which it is phosphorylated. This is determined by the relative activities of kinases and phosphatases, the activities of which are often hormonally regulated (1). Defects in the gene encoding CFTR that reduce either its Cl transport capacity or its level of cell surface expression cause cystic fibrosis (CF) (4–6) as well as a form of male sterility due to congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (7). CF is the most common lethal genetic disease in Caucasians, with about 30,000 CF patients in the United States. In contrast, in intestinal epithelial cells overstimulation of CFTR because of the activation of protein kinases by bacterial enterotoxins causes secretory diarrhea (1, 8). Secretory diarrhea is the second largest cause of infant mortality in the developing world, causing 3 million deaths per year of children under the age of 5. Thus, although CFTR was named because of its association with CF, as a cause of disease, its relationship to secretory diarrhea is a more widespread public health problem. The cloning of CFTR in 1989 (9) has facilitated studies of its structure, function, regulation, biogenesis, and degradation, which will be reviewed in this article. Issues reviewed elsewhere and not discussed here include the mechanisms by which mutations in CFTR cause CF (5, 6) and the possible role of CFTR in regulating the pH within intracellular organelles (10).
On the contribution of the thermospheric neutral wind to high-latitude energetics

The significance of the neutral wind dynamo as a contributor to ionospheric energetics at high latitudes is addressed by determining separately the electrical energy flux from the magnetospheric dynamo and the maximum electrical energy flux available due to the neutral wind dynamo, neglecting the natural feedback processes between the two. The neutral wind dynamo is found to contribute significantly to the flux of energy exchanged between the magnetosphere and thermosphere, particularly in the central polar cap. In the region of the magnetospheric convection reversal, the amount of available energy flux from the neutral wind dynamo can exceed that provided by the magnetospheric dynamo making the neutrals a dominant contributor to local electrodynamics.
Music and Elementary Education Students' Evaluations of Music-Teaching Scripts

The manner in which a teacher uses particular instructional techniques has been referred to as the teacher's “style.” Teacher observation and evaluation is frequently structured to demonstrate styles and instructional techniques to future teachers. Previous research using videotaped teaching examples for subjects' evaluations indicates that a discrepancy exists between the actual effectiveness of teaching procedures that contribute to music learning and observers' perceptions of their effectiveness. We examined perceived differences among three teaching styles and identified subjects' perceptions of their own teaching styles. Two groups of subjects, 188 elementary education students and 99 music students, rated three teaching scripts that were developed to exemplify three different teaching styles: (a) lecture, (b) questions, and (c) positive feedback. Discriminant analyses used in the comparison of subjects' responses on 10 teaching variables for the three teaching conditions indicated that the differenc...
Emerging chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax (Benign Tertian) malaria: the need for alternative drug treatment.

Fifty years ago drug treatment of all forms of malaria was simple. Regardless of whether malaria was due to Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium vivax chloroquine was the drug of choice because it has the major advantages of being cheap safe and effective. Chloroquine was originally developed in a top secret US Army research project during World War II with the military imperative to keep it out of the hands of Germans occupying North Africa. In the 1950s in the context of a worldwide malaria eradication campaign and because chloroquine was inexpensive to provide in malaria-endemic regions chloroquine-resistant malaria began to emerge first in southeast Asia and independently in South America. Curiously for several decades all cases of chloroquine-resistant malaria were associated solely with P. falciparum. Chloroquine-resistant P. vivax was not reported until 1989 when it appeared in Papua New Guinea despite the long history of heavy global chloroquine use throughout the region where both P. falciparum and P. vivax were endemic. (excerpt)