cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elucidating the mechanism of carbocationic polymerization of α-methylstyrene

The polymerization of α-methylstyrene (αMeSt) using the “H2O”/SnCl4 initiating system and ethyl chloride solvent has been investigated over the temperature range from −40° to −122°C in the presence and absence of the proton trap 2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine (DtBP). Arrhenius (In ¯Mn versus 1/T) plots obtained with poly (αmethylstyrene) (PαMeSt) samples prepared in the absence of DtBP reveal the existence of two sharply defined temperature regimes (see Figure 1): at higher temperatures from −40 to ∼−86°C, the slope of the Arrhenius plot yields ΔHMn = −4.90±0.25 kcal/mole whereas at lower temperatures, from ∼−86° to −122°C,ΔHMn = −0.3 kcal/mole. With PαMeSt samples prepared in the presence of DtBP the ΔHMn obtained for the higher temperature regime increases to −1.67 ± 0.20 kcal/mole whereas the ΔHMn reflecting the lower temperatures remains the same as that obtained in the absence of DtBP. These observations are readily explained by postulating a change in mechanism at ∼−86°C: Evidently the ¯Mn of PαMeSt is determined over the higher temperature regime by chain transfer to monomer which is frozen out at lower temperatures where termination becomes ¯Mn determinant. In the absence of DtBP chain transfer to monomer is operative which leads to the higher Arrhenius slope over the higher temperature regime; however, over the lower temperature regime where chain transfer is absent and termination is ¯Mn controlling, the Arrhenius slope remains unchanged. Evidence obtained from a Mayo plot (negligible intercept in the 1/¯Mn versus 1/[αMeSt]o plot, Figure 2) with samples prepared at −92°C, corroborate this postulate. Molecular weight dispersities (¯MW/¯Mn) as a function of temperature have been determined in the presence and absence of DtBP (Figure 3). The proton trap affects ¯MW/¯Mn only over the higher temperature regime which also suggests that chain transfer to monomer is frozen out at ∼−86°C and that the polymerization becomes termination dominated at low temperatures.
Nonlinear aeroelasticity in rotorcraft

This paper is an overview of a research program for nonlinear aeroelasticity of rotorcraft in forward flight conducted at Duke University and supported by the Army Research Office. Theoretical and experimental investigations of rotor aeroelastic stability and nonlinear response are described. A flexible rotor blade model with geometrical and freeplay structural nonlinearities and the ONERA stall aerodynamic model are considered. Analytical and numerical solutions of nonlinear mathematical models and experimental methods for flutter and forced response in a wind tunnel environment are discussed. Correlations between theoretical and experimental results are presented and some significant conclusions are drawn. It is hoped that this paper will help provide improved fundamental understanding of the nonlinear aeroelastic behavior of rotorcraft.
Effect of Photoperiod on Early Growth and Feed Conversion in the Chukar Partridge

Abstract In three separate experiments in 1975 and 1976, growth rate, feed consumption, and mortality were studied in the chukar partridge (Alectoris gracea) kept under constant light, or under cycles of intermittent daily light of different intensities. In experiments 1 (1975) and 2 (1976), 471 and 480 chicks, respectively, were divided into four main groups and given either 12, 16, 20, or 24 hr of continuous incandescent light per day. Beginning at 2 weeks of age, half the chicks in each of the four light treatments were given a reduction of 2 hr light per day every 2 weeks. Those in the remaining half were continued on their original light schedule. In experiment 3 (1976), 400 chicks were divided into eight groups and given either continuous or intermittent light of high (40 lux) or low (4 lux) intensity. The light treatments were continuous, (1L:1D) 12 cycles per 24 hr, (2L:2D) six cycles per 24 hr, and (4L:4D) three cycles per 24 hr. Chicks kept under constant light regimens of continuous or (20L:4D) in experiments 1 and 2 were significantly (P
Business cycles and forecasts of industrial minerals use

The future markets for industrial minerals depend on the business cycles of the industries that use these minerals. In this study, I develop a method to establish the relationships between the cycles in major sectors of the economy and the markets for minerals. This method is demonstrated for the use of cement, gypsum, salt, and asbestos in the United States since World War II. Assuming that past relationships will continue, we can forecast consumption for these minerals based on predictions of future trends in the economy.
Influence of seasonal primary productivity on δ13C of North Atlantic deep-sea benthic foraminifera

Abstract The stable isotopic composition of benthic foraminifera has been widely used to reconstruct deep-ocean circulation, but questions have been raised about the influence of organic carbon flux on the carbon isotopic composition of deep-sea taxa. We show that annual and seasonality of primary productivity in the North Atlantic do not affect δ 13 C of Planulina wuellerstorfi , but that the intermittency or seasonality of primary production has a significant effect (0.9‰ change over 60° latitude) on δ 13 C of Epistominella exigua , reflecting the influence of pelagic-benthic coupling and microhabitat preferences on test geochemistry. These results support the use of δ 13 C of P. wuellerstorfi in paleocirculation studies and suggest that the δ 13 C of E. exigua can be used to reconstruct seasonality of productivity.
Low-Temperature Negative-Ion Mobility in Liquid 3 He

The negative-ion mobility in liquid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ has been determined in the range 17-300 mK. The pressure dependence of the mobility up to 2 atm was also studied.
MHD Shock Heating in Solar Corona Holes

Summary form only given. We report on a one dimensional simulation of plane polarized, large amplitude, Alfven waves traveling upwards through a gravitationally stratified solar corona hole. In the low plasma beta region the waves develop into fast magnetic shocks that reach great heights with little heat dissipation, where they excite large amplitude slow hydrodynamic shocks that deposit sufficient energy to be a possible important mechanism of heating the corona. We also report on progress in doing a three dimensional simulation of the same problem using the FCTMHD3D code.
A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for voriconazole disposition predicts intestinal first-pass metabolism in children.

The effect of ontogeny in drug-metabolizing enzymes on pediatric pharmacokinetics is poorly predicted. Voriconazole, a potent antifungal, is cleared predominantly via oxidative metabolism and exhibits vastly different pharmacokinetics between adults and children. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed integrating hepatic in vitro metabolism data with physiologic parameters to predict pharmacokinetic parameters of voriconazole in adult and pediatric populations. Adult and pediatric PBPK models integrated voriconazole physicochemical properties with hepatic in vitro data into the models. Simulated populations contained 100 patients (10 trials with 10 patients each). Trial design and dosing was based on published clinical trials. Simulations yielded pharmacokinetic parameters that were compared against published values and visual predictive checks were employed to validate models. All adult models and the pediatric intravenous model predicted pharmacokinetic parameters that corresponded with observed values within a 20 % prediction error, whereas the pediatric oral model predicted an oral bioavailability twofold higher than observed ranges. After incorporating intestinal first-pass metabolism into the model, the prediction of oral bioavailability improved substantially, suggesting that voriconazole is subject to intestinal first-pass metabolism in children, but not in adults. The PBPK approach used in this study suggests a mechanistic reason for differences in bioavailability between adults and children. If verified, this would be the first example of differential first-pass metabolism in children and adults.
EVALUATING CLASSIFICATIONS OF JOB BEHAVIOR: A CONSTRUCT VALIDATION OF THE ABILITY REQUIREMENT SCALES

This article discusses the major inferential issues arising in the development of behavioral classification systems. Subsequently, we discuss the implications of these inferential issues for evaluating the construct validity of systems designed to assess the requirements of human task performance. Fleishman's (1975b, 1982) ability requirement taxonomy and its associated job analysis system, the Manual for the Ability Requirement Scales (MARS), were then evaluated with respect to these criteria. In particular, a variety of criteria relevant to internal and external validity was reviewed. It was found that the ability requirement taxonomy and the associated measurement system provides a meaningful description of job activities with respect to these criteria. It was argued that application of these construct validity principles might contribute much to our understanding of human performance.
Multiple Pathways for Suppression of Mutants Affecting G1-Specific Transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, control of cell proliferation is exerted primarily during G1 phase. The G1-specific transcription of several hundred genes, many with roles in early cell cycle events, requires the transcription factors SBF and MBF, each composed of Swi6 and a DNA-binding protein, Swi4 or Mbp1, respectively. Binding of these factors to promoters is essential but insufficient for robust transcription. Timely transcriptional activation requires Cln3/CDK activity. To identify potential targets for Cln3/CDK, we identified multicopy suppressors of the temperature sensitivity of new conditional alleles of SWI6. A bck2Δ background was used to render SWI6 essential. Seven multicopy suppressors of bck2Δ swi6-ts mutants were identified. Three genes, SWI4, RME1, and CLN2, were identified previously in related screens and shown to activate G1-specific expression of genes independent of CLN3 and SWI6. The other four genes, FBA1, RPL40a/UBI1, GIN4, and PAB1, act via apparently unrelated pathways downstream of SBF and MBF. Each depends upon CLN2, but not CLN1, for its suppressing activity. Together with additional characterization these findings indicate that multiple independent pathways are sufficient for proliferation in the absence of G1-specific transcriptional activators.
Efficient algorithms for multiscale modeling in porous media

We describe multiscale mortar mixed finite element discretizations for second order elliptic and nonlinear parabolic equations modeling Darcy flow in porous media. The continuity of flux is imposed via a mortar finite element space on a coarse grid scale, while the equations in the coarse elements (or subdomains) are discretized on a fine grid scale. We discuss the construction of multiscale mortar basis and extend this concept to nonlinear interface operators. We present a multiscale preconditioning strategy to minimize the computational cost associated with contruction of the multiscale mortar basis. We also discuss the use of appropriate quadrature rules and approximation spaces to reduce the saddle point system to a cell-centered pressure scheme. In particular, we focus on multiscale mortar multipoint flux approximation method for general hexahedral grids and full tensor permeabilities. Numerical results are presented to verify the accuracy and efficiency of these approaches. keywords: multiscale, mortar finite element, domain decomposition, single phase flow, multipoint flux approximation.
Usages and Implied Terms in the United States

The Uniform Commercial Code (“UCC” or “Code”) incorporates commercial practices — course of performance, course of dealing, and usage of trade — into the parties’ agreement, with the aim of “reduc[ing] the gap between law and practice and ... insur[ing] that decisions are practical and responsive to the needs...of the parties and the relevant business community.” This “incorporation strategy” is the centerpiece of U.S. law on usages and implied terms, and reflects the view of legal realists like Karl Llewellyn (the Chief Reporter of the UCC) that “contract doctrine should respond to commercial reality and not, as the classical theorists imagined, the other way around.” In recent years, however, the Code’s incorporation strategy has come under increasing criticism from commentators, most notably Lisa Bernstein, who argue for a more formalist approach to contract interpretation and gap-filling.This paper provides an overview of usages and implied terms in the United States, focusing on the UCC’s incorporation strategy. It first discusses briefly the origins of the incorporation strategy in Karl Llewellyn’s legal realist views. It then describes how the UCC implements the incorporation strategy — through its definitions of agreement and course of performance, course of dealing, and usage of trade; through its provisions that set out the legal effects of those commercial practices; through the requirements of commercial reasonableness in the Code; and through the duty of good faith and fair dealing implied in every contract. Next, the paper examines the extent to which parties can contract out of the UCC’s incorporation strategy, and the influence of the incorporation strategy on the common law. Finally, although the focus of this paper is on the law governing usages in the U.S., it concludes with a brief overview of academic criticisms and defenses of the incorporation strategy, emphasizing the empirical evidence presented on both sides.
A factorization procedure for FIR paraunitary matrices

A constructive factorization procedure for a polynomial paraunitary matrix as a product of atomic paraunitary matrices, each of lowest degree, is given. The generic form of these paraunitary factors results from the use of projection matrices. In the univariate case, each factor is of degree 1. In the multivariate case, the generic factor is constructed based on the assumption of its existence.
Bone tissue engineering in a rotating bioreactor using a microcarrier matrix system.

A novel approach was utilized to grow in vitro mineralized bone tissue using lighter-than-water, polymeric scaffolds in a high aspect ratio rotating bioreactor. We have adapted polymer microencapsulation methods for the formation of hollow, lighter-than-water microcarriers of degradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid). Scaffolds were fabricated by sintering together lighter-than-water microcarriers from 500 to 860 μm in diameter to create a fully interconnected, three-dimensional network with an average pore size of 187 μm and aggregate density of 0.65 g/mL. Motion in the rotating bioreactor was characterized by numerical simulation and by direct measurement using an in situ particle tracking system. Scaffold constructs established a near circular trajectory in the fluid medium with a terminal velocity of 98 mm/s while avoiding collision with the bioreactor wall. Preliminary cell culture studies on these scaffolds show that osteoblast-like cells readily attached to microcarrier scaffolds using controlled seeding conditions with an average cell density of 6.5 × 104 cells/cm2. The maximum shear stress imparted to attached cells was estimated to be 3.9 dynes/cm2. In addition, cells cultured in vitro on these lighter-than-water scaffolds retained their osteoblastic phenotype and showed significant increases in alkaline phosphatase expression and alizarin red staining by day 7 as compared with statically cultured controls. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 55: 242–253, 2001
Directed evolution of Aspergillus niger glucoamylase to increase thermostability.

Summary Using directed evolution and site-directed mutagenesis, we have isolated a highly thermostable variant of Aspergillus niger glucoamylase (GA), designated CR2-1. CR2-1 includes the previously described mutations Asn20Cys and Ala27Cys (forming a new disulfide bond), Ser30Pro, Thr62Ala, Ser119Pro, Gly137Ala, Thr290Ala, His391Tyr and Ser436Pro. In addition, CR2-1 includes several new putative thermostable mutations, Val59Ala, Val88Ile, Ser211Pro, Asp293Ala, Thr390Ser, Tyr402Phe and Glu408Lys, identified by directed evolution. CR2-1 GA has a catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) at 35°C and a specific activity at 50°C similar to that of wild-type GA. Irreversible inactivation tests indicated that CR2-1 increases the free energy of thermoinactivation at 80°C by 10 kJ mol−1 compared with that of wild-type GA. Thus, CR2-1 is more thermostable (by 5 kJ mol−1 at 80°C) than the most thermostable A. niger GA variant previously described, THS8. In addition, Val59Ala and Glu408Lys were shown to individually increase the thermostability in GA variants by 1 and 2 kJ mol−1, respectively, at 80°C.
Solvent effects on the molecular recognition of anions

Anion recognition of two flexible diols in different solvents and binary mixtures were examined. Binding constants (K) in CD3CN and CDCl3 are surprisingly similar, and CD3CN–solvent mixtures led to reduced values of K that are smaller than in either pure solvent. A surprising U-shaped dependence is observed.
A Five-Nation Perspective On The Elderly

As the world faces the challenges of an increasingly aged population, this study examines the attitudes and experiences of those age sixty-five and older in five nations: the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, western Germany, and Japan. Commissioned by the Commonwealth Fund Commission on Elderly People Living Alone and conducted by Louis Harris and Associates in 1991, the survey was undertaken to illuminate issues critical to the well-being of older people, including satisfaction with life, opportunities for social interaction and community support, and expectations and use of medical care. This study provides new insights into the problems and attitudes of elderly U.S. residents by comparing their attitudes and experiences with those of elderly people in other highly industrialized and technologically advanced countries. Each of the five countries has a well-developed and relatively comprehensive social welfare system that provides retirement pensions and health care coverage for elderly citizens. With regard to health coverage, the population over age sixty-five is particularly interesting because almost all elderly Americans have government-sponsored health insurance coverage under Medicare–making the United States similar to the other nations in this regard. The same cannot be said for the nonelderly population. The study results reveal a great deal of commonality in the experiences of elderly people across the five nations but also show striking differences. Most notably, the fear of the cost of health care is astoundingly different for elderly people in the United States compared with their counterparts in the other four nations. Survey design and methods. A cross-section of approximately 900 people age sixty-five and older were interviewed in each of the five countries: the United States (910 interviews), Canada (930 interviews),
A Dynamic Approach to Statistical Debugging: Building Program Specific Models with Neural Networks

Computer software is constantly increasing in complexity; this requires more developer time, effort, and knowledge in order to correct bugs inevitably occurring in software production. Eventually, increases in complexity and size will make manually correcting programmatic errors impractical. Thus, there is a need for automated software-debugging tools that can reduce the time and effort required by the developer. The performance of previously developed debugging techniques can be greatly improved by combining them with machine-learning. Our research focuses on the application of neural networks within the domain of statistical debugging. Specifically, we develop methods to mine statistical debugging data that can then be used to train neural networks; these generated multi-layered neural networks can then be used to identify suspicious programmatic entities. Our developed networks are generated on a per program basis in order to leverage specific programmatic properties. In our empirical evaluation we compare our proposed approach with a state-of-the-art automated debugging technique. The results of the evaluation indicate that, for the cases considered, our approach is more effective than the considered technique.
Robust stabilization of nonlinear systems: The LMI approach

This paper presents a new approach to robust quadratic stabilization of nonlinear systems within the framework of Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMI). The systems are composed of a linear constant part perturbed by an additive nonlinearity which depends discontinuously on both time and state. The only information about the nonlinearity is that it satisfies a quadratic constraint. Our major objective is to show how linear constant feedback laws can be formulated to stabilize this type of systems and, at the same time, maximize the bounds on the nonlinearity which the system can tolerate without going unstable.
A preliminary study of corneal penetration of 125l‐labelled idoxuridine liposome

We compared corneal penetration of idoxuridine (IDU) to liposome-encapsulated IDU. Liposomes of phosphatidic acid, phosphatidyl choline, and alpha-tocopherol in a molar ratio 1:8:1 were prepared using the reverse phase evaporation method. New Zealand albino rabbits received either 0.1% solution of I125-labelled aqueous IDU or liposome-encapsulated IDU topically every 2 min for 6 min. Corneal, aqueous, and vitreous samples were assayed for I125 radioactivity at 15 min and at 1, 2, 3, and 6 h following drug application. Our results indicated that corneal penetration of liposomal IDU was significantly increased over the regular form of the drug for a time interval of 6 h.
The design space of probing algorithms for network-performance measurement

We present a framework for the design and analysis of probing methods to monitor network performance, an important technique for collecting measurements in tasks such as fault detection. We use this framework to study the interaction among numerous, possibly conflicting, optimization goals in the design of a probing algorithm. We present a rigorous definition of a probing-algorithm design problem that can apply broadly to network-measurement scenarios. We also present several metrics relevant to the analysis of probing algorithms, including probing frequency and network coverage, communication and computational overhead, and the amount of algorithm state required. We show inherent tradeoffs among optimization goals and give hardness results for achieving some combinations of optimization goals. We also consider the possibility of developing approximation algorithms for achieving some of the goals and describe a randomized approach as an alternative, evaluating it using our framework. Our work aids future development of low-overhead probing techniques and introduces principles from IP-based networking to theoretically grounded approaches for concurrent path-selection problems.
Language learning: moving performance from a context-dependent to -i ndependent state

Static and dynamic assessment procedures were used to determine actual and potential levels of functioning for two preschool language-impaired children at the single-word stage of development. The information obtained from both types of assessment was used to predict the children's onset and rate of correct performance in a context-dependent situation (i.e. treatment) and a context-independent situation (i. e. generalization). Results of this study provide preliminary direction to clinicians as they decide who should receive direct treatment and how best to monitor learning during the therapy process.
FEEDING PREFERENCE FOR DISEASED AND WILTED SUNFLOWER IN THE GRASSHOPPER, MELANOPLUS DIFFERENTIALIS

Field observations indicate that the polyphagous grasshopper Melanoplus differentialis (Thomas) prefers sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) leaf tissue that (1) has been damaged by previous feeding of other insects, (2) is infected with rust fungus, Puccinia helianthii, and (3) is wilted, to healthy tissue from the same plant. Laboratory and field tests on M. differentialis preference for diseased and wilted leaves over healthy leaves confirm the field observations. Evidence cited from this and other species suggests that this preference is due to favorable alterations in the nutritional and/or defensive chemistry of the plant. These results partially support theories which link changes in plant chemistry to outbreaks of some insects. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG FRASSPRAFERENZ DER HEUSCHRECKE, MELANOPLUS DIFFERENTIALIS FUR KRANKE UND WELKENDE SONNENBLUMEN Beobachtungen im Feld deuten darauf hin, dass die polyphage Heuschrecke Melanoplus differentialis (Thomas) gesundem Blattgewebe der Sonnenblume (Helianthus annuus L.) solches vorzieht, das (1) durch vorhergehenden Frass anderer Insekten beschadigt ist, das (2) durch den Rostpilz, Puccinia helianthii, befallen ist und (3) das verwelkt ist. Praferenzversuche im Feld und im Laboratorium mit kranken und verwelkten Blattern gegenuber gesunden Blattern bestatigen diese Beobachtungen. Hinweise von dieser und von andern Insektenarten lassen vermuten, dass diese Praferenz entweder durch eine Veranderung der Nahrungsbeschaffenheit und/oder durch Abwehrmechanismen der Pflanze verursacht ist. Diese Resultate unterstutzen teilweise die Theorien uber Zusammenhange zwischen Veranderungen in der chemischen Zusammensetzung der Pflanzen und dem Massenauftreten bestimmter Insekten.
Mark-Release-Recapture Reveals Extensive Movement of Bed Bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) within and between Apartments.

Understanding movement and dispersal of the common bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) under field conditions is important in the control of infestations and for managing the spread of bed bugs to new locations. We investigated bed bug movement within and between apartments using mark-release-recapture (m-r-r) technique combined with apartment-wide monitoring using pitfall-style interceptors. Bed bugs were collected, marked, and released in six apartments. The distribution of marked and unmarked bed bugs in these apartments and their 24 neighboring units were monitored over 32 days. Extensive movement of marked bed bugs within and between apartments occurred regardless of the number of bed bugs released or presence/absence of a host. Comparison of marked and unmarked bed bug distributions confirms that the extensive bed bug activity observed was not an artifact of the m-r-r technique used. Marked bed bugs were recovered in apartments neighboring five of six m-r-r apartments. Their dispersal rates at 14 or 15 d were 0.0–5.0%. The estimated number of bed bugs per apartment in the six m-r-r apartments was 2,433–14,291 at 4–7 d after release. Longevity of bed bugs in the absence of a host was recorded in a vacant apartment. Marked large nymphs (3rd– 5th instar), adult females, and adult males continued to be recovered up to 57, 113, and 134 d after host absence, respectively. Among the naturally existing unmarked bed bugs, unfed small nymphs (1st– 2nd instar) were recovered up to 134 d; large nymphs and adults were still found at 155 d when the study ended. Our findings provide important insight into the behavioral ecology of bed bugs in infested apartments and have significant implications in regards to eradication programs and managing the spread of bed bugs within multi-occupancy dwellings.
Constant-power waterfilling: performance bound and low-complexity implementation

In this letter, we investigate the performance of constant-power waterfilling algorithms for the intersymbol interference channel and for the independent identically distributed fading channel where a constant power level is used across a properly chosen subset of subchannels. A rigorous performance analysis that upper bounds the maximum difference between the achievable rate under constant-power waterfilling and that under true waterfilling is given. In particular, it is shown that for the Rayleigh fading channel, the spectral efficiency loss due to constant-power waterfilling is at most 0.266 b/s/Hz. Furthermore, the performance bound allows a very-low-complexity, logarithm-free, power-adaptation algorithm to be developed. Theoretical worst-case analysis and simulation show that the approximate waterfilling scheme is very close to the optimum.
Physiology of the aleurone layer and starchy endosperm during grain development and early seedling growth: new insights from cell and molecular biology

Cereal grain germination and early seedling growth involve the co-ordinated action of endosperm and embryo tissues to mobilize the storage reserves of the starchy endosperm. This mobilization is accomplished by hydrolases secreted from the aleurone and scutellar tissues. The breakdown products are then transported to the growing seedling by the scutellum. This resource-harvesting system is regulated at multiple levels. One well-defined aspect of control is brought about by the hormone gibberellin (GA). Gibberellin is released from the embryo upon imbibition and activates the aleurone cells. The secretory apparatus of the aleurone then proliferates, supporting increased hydrolase synthesis and secretion to degrade the starchy endosperm. The molecules that regulate this response to GA are now being increasingly characterized. Elements such as cGMP, calcium, calmodulin and protein kinases are well known as regulators in other eukaryotic cell types and are emerging as key control factors in the aleurone hormone response. However, superimposed upon this molecular regulatory system is another level of control, the structural pattern of tissues and stored macro- molecules that was laid down during grain development. It is the interaction of these structural motifs combined with the molecular regulatory mechanisms that ensure the appropriate timing and positioning of hydrolase production and endosperm reserve mobilization. This integrated control system ensures an extended release of nutrients to fuel early seedling growth.
VistaClara: an expression browser plug-in for Cytoscape

Summary: VistaClara is a plug-in for Cytoscape which provides a more flexible means to visualize gene and protein expression within a network context. An extended attribute browser is provided in the form of a graphical and interactive permutation matrix that resembles the heat map displays popular in gene-expression analysis. This extended browser permits a variety of display options and interactions not currently available in Cytoscape. Availability: http://chianti.ucsd.edu/cyto_web/plugins/index.php Contact: moc.tneliga@diacnik_trebor
The Oligopeptide Transporters: A Small Gene Family with a Diverse Group of Substrates and Functions?

Genes in the Oligopeptide Transport family encode integral membrane proteins that are believed to translocate their substrates from either the extracellular environment or an organelle into the cytosol. Phylogenetic analyses of plant transporters have revealed two distant clades: the Yellow Stripe-Like (YSL) proteins and the so-called Oligopeptide Transporters (OPTs), for which the family was named. Three categories of substrates have been identified for this family: small peptides, secondary amino acids bound to metals, and glutathione. Notably, the YSL transporters are involved in metal homeostasis through the translocation of metal-chelates, indicating a level of conservation both in biological function as well as substrates. In contrast, the functions of OPT proteins seem to be less defined and, in this review, I will examine the supporting and contradictory evidence for the proposed roles of OPTs in such diverse functions as long-distance sulfur distribution, nitrogen mobilization, metal homeostasis, and heavy metal sequestration through the transport of glutathione, metal-chelates, and peptides.
Beginning a discussion of nutrition and health disparities.

In 2005, the American Society for Nutrition (ASN) created a Minority Affairs Committee (MAC). The goal of the committee is to enhance the participation of scientists from minority groups in the activities of the ASN. Because of the marked disparities in health conditions between white Americans and ethnic minority groups, the MAC also aims to promote scholarly interaction in the area of nutrition in health disparities. To that end, in 2010, the MAC held its first symposium at Experimental Biology. The goal of the symposium was to begin a discussion within the ASN of the role of nutrition in disparities...
Present values and internal rates of return

Abstract This paper resolves the question of finding the complete set of conditions under which the present value of a return stream decreases as interest rates rise. Previous work has shown that if a return stream can be costlessly abandoned, or truncated, at any date prior to its natural termination, then its value is monotone. We show that truncation is the same as monotonicity. First, monotonicity is equivalent to the value function being identical to the truncation set value function. Second, monotonicity is equivalent to the truncation set being contained within the convex hull, augmented by free (value) disposal.
Diversity and correlation of specific aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation capabilities.

This work investigated the biodegradation capabilitiesof indigenous microorganisms exposed to differentcombinations of aromatic hydrocarbons. Considerablediversity was found in the catabolic specificity of 55strains. Toluene was the most commonly degradedcompound, followed by p-xylene, m-xyleneand ethylbenzene. Strains capable of degradingo-xylene and benzene, which were theleast-frequently-degraded compounds, exhibited broaderbiodegradation capabilities. Kappa statistics showeda significant correlation between the abilities todegrade toluene and ethylbenzene, p-xylene andm-xylene, and p-xylene and o-xylene. The ability to degrade naphthalene was correlated tothe ability to degrade other alkylbenzenes, but notbenzene. In addition, the inability to degradebenzene was correlated to the inability to degradeo-xylene. Factorial analysis of variance showedthat biodegradation capabilities were generallybroader when aromatic hydrocarbons were fed asmixtures than when fed separately. Beneficialsubstrate interactions included enhanced degradationof benzene, p-xylene, and naphthalene whentoluene was present, and enhanced degradation ofnaphthalene by ethylbenzene. Such heuristicrelationships may be useful to predict biodegradationpatterns when bacteria are exposed to differentaromatic hydrocarbon mixtures.
Fieldwork, Economic Theory, and Research on Institutions in Developing Countries

Development economics has been the beneÞciary of a rich tradition of Þeld research. Within this broad tradition there is a huge variety of methods, from short qualitative studies in which the primary interaction between the researcher and the participants is relatively unstructured conversation to large-scale surveys designed by and perhaps loosely supervised by economists. In this note, however, I focus on one point in this broad space of research methodologies iterative Þeld research in which the collection of data through surveys is combined with detailed observation and conversation to elicit knowledge about institutions. A highly artiÞcial, but I hope useful typology is provided in Figure 1. Typically, empirical work in economics relies on existing data. However, it is becoming more common in development economics to complement existing data with relatively short, often less structured visits to the Þeld site in order to clarify aspects of the data, to better deÞne the economic environment, or to collect limited amounts of complementary data. For example, ICRISAT hosted and provided institutional support for a series of visiting scholars during the collection of the Village Level Surveys. This proved to be a relatively inexpensive mechanism that generated an important sequence of insights regarding economic institutions India (Rosenzweig (1998 EJ), Pender (1996) are examples of papers emerging from this
Dark Energy and the New Cosmology

A successor to the standard hot big-bang cosmology is emerging. It greatly extends the highly successful hot big-bang model. A key element of the New Standard Cosmology is dark energy, the causative agent for accelerated expansion. Dark energy is just possibly the most important problem in all of physics. The only laboratory up to the task of studying dark energy is the Universe itself.
Performance Monitoring in Monkey Frontal Eye Field

The frontal eye fields (FEF) are thought to mediate response selection during oculomotor decision tasks. In addition, many FEF neurons have robust postsaccadic responses, but their role in postchoice evaluative processes (online performance monitoring) is only beginning to become apparent. Here we report error-related neural activity in FEF while monkeys performed a biased speed-categorization task that enticed the animals to make impulsive errors. Twenty-three percent of cells in macaque FEF coded an internally generated error-related signal, and many of the same cells also coded task difficulty. The observed responses are primarily consistent with three related concepts that have been associated with performance monitoring: (1) response conflict; (2) uncertainty; and (3) reward prediction. Overall, our findings suggest a novel role for the FEF as part of the neural network that evaluates the preceding choice to optimize behavior in the future.
Use of CC traps with different trap base colors for silverleaf whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), and leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae).

During 1996, 1997, and 1999, studies were conducted in cotton, sugar beets, alfalfa, yardlong bean, and peanut fields to compare insect catches in CC traps equipped with different trap base colors. The studies were conducted in southwestern United States, China, and India. The nine colors, white, rum, red, yellow, lime green, spring green, woodland green (dark green), true blue, and black, varied in spectral reflectance in the visible (400–700 nm) and near-infrared (700–1050 nm) portions of spectrum. Lime green, yellow, and spring green were the three most attractive trap base colors for silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring, and leafhopper, Empoasca spp. adults. The three trap base colors were moderately high in the green, yellow, and orange spectral regions (490–600 nm), resembling the spectral reflectance curve of the abaxial (underleaf) surfaces of green cotton leaves. True blue and white were the most attractive trap base colors for western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), adults. The true blue and white trap bases were moderately high in the blue spectral region (400–480 nm).
Performance and Process Comparison between Glass and Si Interposer for 3D-IC Integration

Nowadays, silicon is a mature material in semiconductor technology, but glass, a dielectric material, provides an attractive option due to its intrinsic characteristics for the advantages of electrical isolation, better RF performance, better feasibility with CTE and most importantly low cost solution. In this investigation, the glass interposer by using TSV industry equipment and tooling was evaluated and developed, and has been compared in complete processes and electrical/thermal characteristics with silicon interposer. In order to simulate and measure the electrical/thermal performance, patterned interposer wafer with 30μm diameter and 100μm depth Cu-filled TSVs are designed and prepared in advance. Key technologies include via fabrication, topside RDL formation, micro-bumping, temporary bonding, silicon and glass thinning and backside RDL formation were well developed and integrated to perform for comparison. 30μm via, 60μm pitch, RDL line/space 20μm/30um, 100μm thin wafer/glass and 15um micro-bumpin...
Fragestellung und Hypothesen

Fur diese Arbeit wurden zwei Studien durchgefuhrt, mit deren Hilfe verschiedene Forschungsfragen untersucht werden sollten. Basierend auf verschiedenen Arbeiten sowohl aus dem padagogisch-psychologischen als auch dem organisationspsychologischen Kontext (z.B. Oser & Spychiger, 2005; Rybowiak et al., 1999; van Dyck et al., 2005) waren die ersten Ziele dieser Arbeit, das Fehlerklima zu konzeptualisieren und ein reliables und valides Messinstrument zu entwickeln. Ferner sollten Zusammenhange und Abgrenzungen zu verwandten Konstrukten untersucht werden. Daruber hinaus sollten die Effekte des Fehlerklimas auf den individuellen Umgang mit Fehlern sowie Merkmale des Lernens untersucht werden. Diese Forschungsfragen sollten anhand von Studie 1 und den dazugehorigen Hypothesen 1 bis 6 beantwortet werden. In Studie 2 wurden Zusammenhange mit Merkmalen des instruktionalen Handelns, mit der Leistung sowie mit weiteren Strukturmerkmalen, wie Migrationshintergrund und soziookonomischer Status, herangezogen. Des Weiteren sollte anhand von Studie 2 die Perspektivenspezifitat des Fehlerklimas analysiert werden. Die Hypothesen 7 mit 9 beziehen sich auf Studie 2.
What Makes a Major Power

Research in international relations commonly finds that major powers behave differently than do other states. Indeed, the assumption that major powers are potentially active anywhere on the globe is the basis for treating dyads that include them as politically relevant in many studies. In spite of their importance, relatively little attention has been paid to what makes a major power. The possession of substantial material power is obviously an important part of the story, but becoming a major power also entails a policy choice. This paper considers three explanations for this choice, two drawn from the realist tradition, and one from the liberal tradition. Implications of these three explanations are tested against two policies characteristic of major powers: the development of military power and the construction of power projection capability. The results tend to support the liberal argument that economic stakes in the world beyond their borders drives these policy choices, but there is some evidence for the offensive realist claim that potential power also plays an important role in these choices.
An Improved Boundary Element Method for Plate Vibrations

The boundary element method is used to determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes of thin elastic plates of uniform thickness with arbitrary boundary conditions and arbitrarily shaped edges. The boundary element formulation leads to a pair of integral equations that contain the boundary condition variables of displacement, normal slope, bending moment, and effective shear, providing an effective means of solving plate problems with arbitrary boundary conditions. The boundary elements are taken as straight lines or as circular arcs, and unknown boundary functions are assumed to vary linearly along the elements.
207Pb and 119Sn solid-state NMR and relativistic density functional theory studies of the historic pigment lead-tin yellow type I and its reactivity in oil paintings.

Lead soaps (lead carboxylates) have been detected in traditional oil paintings in layers containing the pigment lead–tin yellow type I (LTY-I). LTY-I has been used by artists from at least the second quarter of the 15th century until the first half of the 18th century. Soap formation can lead to protrusions in paint layers and increased transparency, causing the paint support to become visible. We have characterized LTY-I by 119Sn and 207Pb solid-state NMR (ssNMR) spectroscopy. Using a combination of NMR techniques and DFT molecular cluster calculations, we identify the individual species in LTY-I and determine their 119Sn and 207Pb chemical-shift tensors. The presence of starting materials from the synthesis, minium, and tin(IV) oxide was also verified. Knowledge of the chemical-shift tensor components and the impurities in LTY-I is important for examining the chemistry of degradation processes and soap formation. We demonstrate that ssNMR can be used to detect reaction between Pb2SnO4 and added palmitic...
The action of the alkaloids from yew (Taxus baccata) on the action potential in the Xenopus medullated axon.

La tassina cruda, ottenuta del tassoTaxus baccata L. ha dimostrato di ridurre l'influsso Na+ del-l'azione potenziale di singole preparazioni axon dal nervo sciatico della rana. La tassina cruda contiene una miscela di composti chimici e noi suggeriamo che la tassicina e il composto chimico responsabile per questo effetto.
Mammalian Circadian Clocks and Metabolism: Navigating Nutritional Challenges in a Rhythmic World

The mammalian circadian clock is vital for generating and coordinating metabolic rhythms. Patterns in feeding behavior present organisms with an influx of nutrients at particular times of day which must be either used or stored. The circadian system helps guide a proper metabolic response to the cellular energy demands by regulating transcriptional and enzymatic activities. Coordination of clocks with metabolic processes is a complex interplay in which both molecular clock machinery and cellular metabolites can influence one another. Genetic disruptions of the circadian system and nutritional perturbations such as restricted feeding or high-fat diet (HFD) consumption have revealed the importance of molecular and metabolic rhythmicity to the health of an organism. In this review, we focus on the responses of the peripheral clocks in mammals to nutritional challenges such as diet and food restriction. Understanding this relationship will help guide the treatment of conditions such as obesity and diabetes.
Left ventricular mass as a predictor of development of hypertension.

The mass of left ventricular (LV) muscle plays a central role in hypertension. Echocardiographic LV mass has been shown to reflect the level of blood pressure over time, obesity, diet, and other factors, and to serve as the strongest predictor yet discovered, other than advancing age, of cardiac complications of hypertension. Recent research suggests, in addition, that individuals destined to become hypertensive have increased LV mass before hypertension becomes clinically apparent. Several published studies have compared LV mass in groups of normotensive children to young adults considered to be at high or low genetic risk of hypertension based on the presence or absence of hypertension in their parents. In each instance LV mass was higher in the offspring of hypertensive parents and this difference exceeded that expected for small differences in body habitus or arterial pressure. A longitudinal study in children also showed that LV mass predicted subsequent blood pressure level. We recently performed a study of 132 initially normotensive employed adults, 15 (11%) of whom developed borderline hypertension during a 5-year follow-up. The development of hypertension was not predicted by subject age, body habitus, blood pressure, or a variety of biochemical measurements. The only baseline measurement that predicted development of hypertension was that of LV mass (92 +/- 25 v 77 +/- 19 g/m2, P less than .005), and the likelihood of developing hypertension increased progressively from 3% in the lowest quartile of LV mass of 24% in the highest quartile.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)