cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vulnerability and Attitudes toward Intrusive Marketing

Str~nmary.-An exploratory study of 138 young adults examined the relationship between personal vulnerability and attitudes toward intrusive direct marketing practices. Analyses indicated that perceived inability to prevent direct marketers from obtaining and using personal information was related to negative attitudes toward such solicitations. Resentment about intrusive marketing was positively related to the perceived need to protect \ulnerable from such tactics. Direct marketing involves the use of telemarketing, direct mail, and the internet by companies to communicate with individuals who are targeted on the basis of their personal characteristics. Recent technologies that allow the compilation of personal information in marketing databases, often without the consumer's knowledge, have been instrumental in increasing the use of direct marketing. However, many consumers believe that the acquisition and use of this information is intrusive and a violation of personal privacy (4, 5, 6). When [he targeted group has cognitive limitations, e.g., children and mentally challenged adults, the problem is compounded because such persons are less able to understand the intent of the communication, evaluate he product being offered, and know procedures to terminate unwanted communications (8, 9). Therefore, they may purchase unwanted or inadequate products and spend more time in unsoLicited interactions with direct marketers or other sales personnel. Other persons can be vulnerable if especially susceptible to interpersonal influence. Susceptibility has been linked to situational factors, self-confidence, and interpersonal orientation (1) and may reduce abhty to resist marketing efforts. An inabiltty to "say no" can result in feehgs of personal helplessness and resentment toward the persons or organizations malung requests (2,3, 7). The formation of negative attitudes, also known as psychological reactance, would represent a "boomerang" or unintended effect of the interaction benveen the person making the request and the recipient of the request. Although the proposal seems plausible, little research has been done. This study addressed whether feelings of personal vulnerabhty are associated with greater resentment of intrusive marketing and resentment with desire to protect vulnerable populations Kc~jerally and children and handicapped specifically. We expected perceptions of personal helpIebbness would be related to greater psychological reactance and that personal vulnerability would be related to bel~eving that vulnerable people need protection from intrusive marketing. Mehod.-Respondents were 138 young adults enrolled in a basic marketing course (68 men and 68 women); two respondents did not give information on sex. The modal age of the sample was benveen 21 and 24 years, and the range was 19 to 40 years. The majority of the respondents were business majors Or= 114); the remainder were enrolled in a variety of other programs. Respondents received a small course credit for parricipation. Respondents were given a questionnaire concerning their feelings about telephone soljcita
Time Average Thermal Properties of a Computer Utilizing Thin-Film Superconducting Elements

It is necessary to understand the static thermal properties of cryotron gates before one can predict the limitations associated with dissipative heating of a complex cryotronic computer. An experimental program has been conducted to determine the thermal properties of isolated and of thermally coupled gates. All experiments reported in this paper were performed on tin gates evaporated onto glass substrates. The total thermal conductance K of a gate is defined, and experimental values of K are presented as a function of power and gate geometry. An analysis of the heat flow is given, based on a temperature-dependent coefficient of heat transfer. Theoretical values of K and temperature distribution are derived. The theory qualitatively predicts the temperature variation. Finally, the results are extrapolated to estimate the number of cryotrons that can be used safely in a thermally coupled system.
The ATG1/ATG13 Protein Kinase Complex Is Both a Regulator and a Target of Autophagic Recycling in Arabidopsis

Autophagy is an intracellular recycling route in eukaryotes whereby organelles and cytoplasm are sequestered in vesicles, which are subsequently delivered to the vacuole for breakdown. The process is induced by various nutrient-responsive signaling cascades converging on the Autophagy-Related1 (ATG1)/ATG13 kinase complex. Here, we describe the ATG1/13 complex in Arabidopsis thaliana and show that it is both a regulator and a target of autophagy. Plants missing ATG13 are hypersensitive to nutrient limitations and senesce prematurely similar to mutants lacking other components of the ATG system. Synthesis of the ATG12-ATG5 and ATG8-phosphatidylethanolamine adducts, which are essential for autophagy, still occurs in ATG13-deficient plants, but the biogenesis of ATG8-decorated autophagic bodies does not, indicating that the complex regulates downstream events required for autophagosome enclosure and/or vacuolar delivery. Surprisingly, levels of the ATG1a and ATG13a phosphoproteins drop dramatically during nutrient starvation and rise again upon nutrient addition. This turnover is abrogated by inhibition of the ATG system, indicating that the ATG1/13 complex becomes a target of autophagy. Consistent with this mechanism, ATG1a is delivered to the vacuole with ATG8-decorated autophagic bodies. Given its responsiveness to nutrient demands, the turnover of the ATG1/13 kinase likely provides a dynamic mechanism to tightly connect autophagy to a plant’s nutritional status.
Case 53: Bilateral Tourniquets. Beware

Today you are anesthetizing an 18-year-old male (60 kg, 175 cm) American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status II (ASA 2) for bilateral knee arthroscopies. He has been worked up for possible cardiomyopathy. The note from the cardiologist tells you it is mild and his ejection fraction (EF) is 50 %. On physical exam, he has no heart murmurs. His electrocardiogram (EKG) shows flattened T waves and some evidence of ventricular hypertrophy. He requests no premedication. A routine general anesthetic with propofol ensues and a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) #4 is inserted with a good seal. Spontaneous breathing resumes and he is maintained on N2O 70 % in oxygen and sevoflurane 1 % with meperidine up to 2 mg/kg. No antibiotic is given as per surgeon.
Accommodating polymorphic data decompositions in explicitly parallel programs

Explicitly parallel programs have the potential for greater performance than their implicitly parallel counterparts. However, this benefit can be accompanied by additional programming difficulties. We address one particular problem that has implications for both scalability and portability: the need for programs do accommodate diverse data decompositions. We explain why programs with explicit communication have difficulties in handling changes in data decomposition, and we present a solution to this problem which involves the notions of derivative functions and configuration parameters. We illustrate the technique by using three different data decompositions to solve the Modified Gram-Schmidt method on four parallel machines. >
Front-end-of-line quadrature-clocked voltage-dependent capacitance measurement

We report on Front-End-Of-Line Quadrature-clocked Voltage-dependent Capacitance Measurement (QVCM), a charge based capacitance measurement technique applicable to modern logic CMOS technologies with leaky gate oxides. QVCM test structures are designed using only first level of metal and support parallel test of multiple devices. Results for 45 nm SOI FETs illustrate the power of the developed technique.
Covance's global mentoring initiative develops people through exceptional partnerships

The global mentoring program at Covance plays a dual role as a diversity initiative and a resource-efficient developmental tool, providing a powerful developmental experience that enriches worklife for all participants. After studying successful programs in leading companies, the Covance team crafted a program that includes selection criteria and a careful matching process, training and tools for mentoring pairs, ongoing support, and close monitoring and evaluation. The company has also tackled the challenges of long-distance mentoring relationships to make the program more accessible to its global workforce. As the program continues to grow and receive rave reviews, the Covance team continues to refine it for even greater effectiveness. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Supreme Court Attitudes Toward Federal Administrative Agencies

T HIS PAPER REPORTS AN ATTEMPT to examine by quantitative methods the validity of certain hypotheses about the behavior of the Supreme Court, and of its individual members, in federal administrative-agency cases during the 1947-1956 terms. The presentation is divided into four parts: (1) a brief attempt to clarify the basic similarities and differences between those who engage in the quantitative analysis of appellate-court behavior and those who do not; (2) the conceptual framework with which I approach the study of the Supreme Court and some of the hypotheses which stem from that framework; (3) the methods employed in collecting and analyzing the data necessary for testing the hypotheses formulated; and (4) the evidence developed for the acceptance or rejection of each of these hypotheses.
Use of the Occupational Therapy Task-Oriented Approach to Optimize the Motor Performance of a Client With Cognitive Limitations

This case report describes the use of the Occupational Therapy Task-Oriented Approach with a client with occupational performance limitations after a cerebral vascular accident. The Occupational Therapy Task-Oriented Approach is often suggested as a preferred neurorehabilitation intervention to improve occupational performance by optimizing motor behavior. One common critique of this approach, however, is that it may seem inappropriate or have limited application for clients with cognitive deficits. This case report demonstrates how an occupational therapist working in an inpatient rehabilitation setting used the occupational therapy task-oriented evaluation framework and treatment principles described by Mathiowetz (2004) with a person with significant cognitive limitations. This approach was effective in assisting the client in meeting her long-term goals, maximizing her participation in meaningful occupations, and successfully transitioning to home with her daughter.
Phosphorylation of Animal Virus Proteins by a Virion Protein Kinase

Compared with several other enveloped viruses, purified virions of frog virus 3 contained a relatively high activity of a protein kinase which catalyzed the phosphorylation of endogenous polypeptides or added substrate proteins. Virions also contained a phosphoprotein phosphatase activity which released phosphate covalently linked to proteins. It was possible to select reaction conditions where turnover of protein phosphoesters was minimal, as the phosphatase required Mn 2+ ions for activity whereas the protein kinase was active in the presence of Mg 2+ ions. Electrophoretic studies in polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate indicated that at least 10 of the virion polypeptides were phosphorylated in the in vitro protein kinase reaction. Characterization of these phosphoproteins demonstrated that the phosphate was incorporated predominantly in a phosphoester linkage with serine residues. The protein kinase was solubilized by disrupting purified virions with a nonionic detergent in a high-ionic-strength buffer and was separated from many of the virion substrate proteins by zonal centrifugation in glycerol gradients. The partially purified protein kinase would phosphorylate polypeptides of many different animal viruses, and maximal activity was not dependent on added cyclic nucleotides. These properties distinguished the virion protein kinase from a well characterized cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase which phosphorylated viral proteins only to a small extent. Images
Innovativeness and the Public Radio Audience.

Using traditional research in the diffusion of innovation literature, a relationship between innovativeness and public radio listeners was posited. A mail survey failed to support this hypothesis. Public radio listening could be predicted by opinions of both commercial and public media with the information and entertainment functions the most important.
Generalized graphs and the Sinanoğlu graphical rules

A comparison of Sinanoglu's VIF (Ref. 1) and generalized graph is presented. Generalized graphs have vertex and edge weights. An abridged history of generalized graphs in theoretical chemistry is given. VIF's are generalized graphs and therefore have adjacency matrices. The “graphical” rules of Sinanoǧlu can be represented by congruent transformations on the adjacency matrix. Thus the method of Sinanoǧlu is incorporated into the broad scheme of graph spectral theory. If the signature of a graph is defined as the collection of the number of positive, zero, and negative eigenvalues of the graph's adjacency matrix, then it is identical to the all-important {n+, n0, n−}, the {number of positive, zero, and negative loops of a reduced graph} or the {number of bonding, nonbonding, and antibonding MOs}. A special case of the Sinanoglu rules is the “multiplication of a vertex” by (−1). In matrix language, this multiplication is an orthogonal transformation of the adjacency matrix. Thus, one can multiply any vertex of a generalized graph by −1 without changing its eigenvalues.
RETHINKING CLASSIC LOWLAND MAYA POTTERY CENSERS

Classic lowland Maya censers can be described in terms of two general categories, image (or effigy) and non-image. The function and meaning of these incensarios is approached through consideration of their embellishment, symbolism, and contexts of use and recovery. It is suggested that in Peten and some adjacent areas, Classic image censers were part of the paraphernalia of divine kingship, associated with termination rituals and a royal funerary cult. Non-image and particularly spiked censers were more associated with birth/renewal, earth, rain, and calendrical rituals involving fire drilling. Their use became widespread in the lowlands during the Terminal Classic period, with the “collapse” of divine kingship and elite power.
A review of Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) formation from isoprene

Abstract. Recent field and laboratory evidence indicates that the oxidation of isoprene, (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, C5H8) forms secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Global biogenic emissions of isoprene (600 Tg yr−1) are sufficiently large that the formation of SOA in even small yields results in substantial production of atmospheric particulate matter, likely having implications for air quality and climate. Here we present a review of field measurements, experimental work, and modeling studies aimed at understanding the mechanisms, yield, and atmospheric importance of isoprene-derived SOA. SOA yields depend on a number of factors, including organic aerosol loading (Mo), NOx level (RO2 chemistry), and, because of the importance of multigenerational chemistry, the degree of oxidation. These dependences are not always included in SOA modules used in atmospheric transport models, and instead most yield parameterizations rely on a single set of chamber experiments (carried out over a limited range of conditions); this may lead to very different estimates of the atmospheric importance of isoprene SOA. New yield parameterizations, based on all available laboratory data (Mo=0–50 μg m−3), are presented here, so that SOA formation may be computed as a function of Mo, NOx level, and temperature. Current research needs and future research directions are identified.
Structural study of biotic and abiotic poorly-crystalline manganese oxides using atomic pair distribution function analysis

Abstract Manganese (Mn) oxides are among the most reactive natural minerals and play an important role in elemental cycling in oceanic and terrestrial environments. A large portion of naturally-occurring Mn oxides tend to be poorly-crystalline and/or nanocrystalline, with not fully resolved crystal structures. In this study, the crystal structures of their synthetic analogs including acid birnessite (AcidBir), δ-MnO2, polymeric MnO2 (PolyMnO2) and a bacteriogenic Mn oxide (BioMnOx), have been revealed using atomic pair distribution function (PDF) analysis. Results unambiguously verify that these Mn oxides are layered materials. The best models that accurately allow simulation of pair distribution functions (PDFs) belong to the monoclinic C12/m1 space group with a disk-like shape. The single MnO6 layers in the average structures deviate significantly from hexagonal symmetry, in contrast to the results of previous studies based on X-ray diffraction analysis in reciprocal space. Manganese occupancies in MnO6 layers are estimated to be 0.936, 0.847, 0.930 and 0.935, for AcidBir, BioMnOx, δ-MnO2 and PolyMnO2, respectively; however, occupancies of interlayer cations and water molecules cannot be accurately determined using the models in this study. The coherent scattering domains (CSDs) of PolyMnO2, δ-MnO2 and BioMnOx are at the nanometer scale, comprising one to three MnO6 layers stacked with a high disorder in the crystallographic c-axis direction. Overall, the results of this study advance our understanding of the mineralogy of Mn oxide minerals in the environment.
Emerging transport behavior in manganites wires

The two hottest areas of research in condensed matter physics are complexity and nanoscale physics. Interestingly, these two areas have little overlap as most of the nanophysics research work is conducted using ?simple? materials of metals or semiconductors instead of complex materials such as transition metal oxides. However, due to the strong electronic correlation, it is exactly the transition metal oxides that will most likely lead to observations of striking new phenomena under spatial confinement. We will use perovskite manganites as model systems to demonstrate how spatial confinement can dramatically affect their transport and magnetic properties. The emerging magnetic and transport behavior is likely associated with the electronic phase separation under confined geometry in the manganites. Some of the new properties such as ultrasharp jumps of magnetoresistance and reentrant metal-insulator transition may have significant impact on fabricating oxides-based novel devices.
Wnt-Responsive Cancer Stem Cells Are Located Close to Distorted Blood Vessels and Not in Hypoxic Regions in a p53-Null Mouse Model of Human Breast Cancer

Cancer stem cells (CSCs, or tumor-initiating cells) may be responsible for tumor formation in many types of cancer, including breast cancer. Using high-resolution imaging techniques, we analyzed the relationship between a Wnt-responsive, CSC-enriched population and the tumor vasculature using p53-null mouse mammary tumors transduced with a lentiviral Wnt signaling reporter. Consistent with their localization in the normal mammary gland, Wnt-responsive cells in tumors were enriched in the basal/myoepithelial population and generally located in close proximity to blood vessels. The Wnt-responsive CSCs did not colocalize with the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α-positive cells in these p53-null basal-like tumors. Average vessel diameter and vessel tortuosity were increased in p53-null mouse tumors, as well as in a human tumor xenograft as compared with the normal mammary gland. The combined strategy of monitoring the fluorescently labeled CSCs and vasculature using high-resolution imaging techniques provides a unique opportunity to study the CSC and its surrounding vasculature.
Compressibility factors for the hydrogen‐methane system

To obtain data useful for coal gasification studies, William Marsh Rice University Houston, used a multidimensional, nonlinear least-squares regression analysis to improve the compressibility factors obtained by W.H. Mueller et al., for a hydrogen--methane system (see Gas Abstr. 17, p. 171). The parameters obtained may be used to interpolate with respect to density along the isotherms.
Deadly Behavioral Emergencies

“Altered mental status” is a common presentation to emergency departments. The differential diagnosis for this symptom is quite long and includes acute medical issues, worsening of chronic medical conditions, and various psychiatric conditions. Of the medical reasons for the change, some evolve rapidly and have high mortality, especially if improperly diagnosed. Physicians need to quickly differentiate between the medical and behavioral causes for altered mental status. This article delves into five medical emergencies, based on cases, that may initially present with a behavioral chief complaint. Delirium, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, serotonin syndrome, anticholinergic toxicity, and thyrotoxicosis are detailed and basic treatments are noted.
Grasp planning for multifingered robot hands

The grasping stiffness and the contacting stiffness for the grasping system of a multifingered robot hand are characterized. Using a Lagrangian formulation, the authors develop the small displacement vibration equation of the grasping system. Based on the features of a grasping state, they characterize object stability, contact stability, contact position, and uniaxial fingertip force constraints for grasp planning. From the asymptotical stability of the vibration system, a quality measure is defined that is used as an objective for grasp planning, and grasp planning is formulated as a nonlinear programming problem. An example for a three-fingered robot hand grasping a spherical object demonstrates the applicability and effectiveness of this approach. Numerical results using a constrained conjugate direction descent technique are described. >
Expanded Double Negative T Cells in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Produce IL-17 and Infiltrate the Kidneys

Double negative (DN) T cells are expanded in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and stimulate autoantibody production as efficiently as CD4(+) T cells. In this study, we demonstrate that DN T cells from patients with SLE produce significant amounts of IL-17 and IFN-gamma, and expand when stimulated in vitro with an anti-CD3 Ab in the presence of accessory cells. Furthermore, IL-17(+) and DN T cells are found in kidney biopsies of patients with lupus nephritis. Our findings establish that DN T cells produce the inflammatory cytokines IL-17 and IFN-gamma, and suggest that they contribute to the pathogenesis of kidney damage in patients with SLE.
The Design of a HSMM-Based Operator State Modeling Display

This paper presents the findings from the design, development, and evaluation of a hidden semi-Markov model based operator state monitoring display. This operator state monitoring display is designed to function as a decision support tool for the supervisor of a small team of operators (2-4) that are each monitoring and controlling multiple highly autonomous, heterogeneous unmanned vehicles. After a cognitive task analysis was conducted to determine the functional and information requirements of the decision support tool, a human subject experiment was conducted to validate the design. Preliminary results show that the decision support tool improves team supervisor performance in terms of increased decision accuracy and decreased non-necessary interventions in single alert scenarios. In scenarios where the supervisor faced multiple simultaneous alerts, the decision support tool was shown to decrease non-necessary interventions and have no affect on supervisor decision accuracy. Additionally, the decision support tool was not shown to effect mental workload as measured by a secondary task. These initial results suggest that hidden semi-Markov operator state modeling can be effectively utilized in a real-time decision support tool for team supervisors.
DNA AMPLIFICATION FINGERPRINTING IDENTIFIES CLOSELY RELATED CHRYSANTHEMUM CULTIVARS

DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF) was used to study genetic relationships between closely related chrysanthemum cultivars (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev.). Twenty-one cultivars were examined that belonged to the Anne, Blush, Boaldi, Charm, Davis, and Pomona series (families). The genetic variability of cultivars within and between series was evaluated using eleven arbitrary octamer primers. A few polymorphic characters uniquely identified closely related cultivars within each of the series. In contrast, many DNA polymorphisms were observed between members of the different series. Phenetic patterns were established by unweighted pair group cluster analysis using arithmetic means (UPGMA) and principal coordinate analysis (PCO). The average distance between series was 10-fold greater than between cultivars within a series. DNA from all cultivars belonging to a series were also bulked to generate profiles containing unique amplified products for each series. Cluster analysis and PCO of bulked DNA clearly grouped Charm and Pomona together. However, series grouping did not correspond to morphology of inflorescence types. The results demonstrate the utility of the DAF technique in distinguishing clonal materials and its potential use for patent protection, phylogenetic studies, and for identifying useful markers in breeding applications.
All-inside, All-epiphyseal ACL Reconstruction in Skeletally Immature Athletes: Incidence of Second Surgery and Two-year Clinical Outcomes

Objectives:Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in skeletally immature athletes are increasing secondary to multiple factors that include increased participation and level of competition withi...
Spatial Model of U.S. Presidential Election in 2012

Using a survey from a nationally representative sample in the U.S., this paper applies a spatial model of election to 2012 U.S. Presidential election. Studying 2012 Presidential election allows us to examine the role of activists in U.S. elections, since this election is the first presidential election after the historical Citizens United decision by the U.S. Supreme Court, which resulted in the removal of the limits on campaign contribution. By estimating a set of multinomial logit models, we find that ideological distance between candidate and voters still plays a significant role in determining vote choice in the U.S. elections. However, the valence of candidate in 2012 election turns out to be not a statically significant predictor of vote choice. These finding suggest that the exogenous increase in campaign contribution has emphasized the role of ideological distance in voting behavior, while reducing the effect of valence.
Cost of quality consideration following product launch in a present worth assessment

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of costs of quality on the present worth (PW) of a new product launch at a North American automobile manufacturer. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on the examination of various cash flows associated with a new product launch within an automobile manufacturer. Standard cash flows and a PW analysis were examined and compared to non-standard cash flows which take into consideration post-launch cost of quality (CoQ). A sensitivity analysis was used to determine if any CoQ factors affected the integrity of the product launch. Findings – The paper concludes that there is an impact on the PW of a program when CoQ is considered as a cash flow element. CoQ should be considered in a product launch PW analysis preceding any commitment to invest. Research limitations/implications – This study suggests that, given data on the costs that will accrue assuming standard quality concerns following product launch, and the occurrence of special...
Qualitative X-Ray Phase Analysis of Lignite Gasification Ash. Illustration of a Strategy for Analysis of Very Complex Solids

A strategy for qualitative X-ray phase analysis of complex multiphase solids is illustrated through the analysis of eight fixed-bed gasification ashes. Coal from the same lignite formation was gasified in three different reactors. Despite the differences in gasifiers and their operating conditions, all of the ash specimens had the same basic crystalline phase assemblage: silicates and aluminosilicates (merwinite, dicalcium silicates, melilite, nepheline, carnegieite and a sodalite structure phase), oxides (ferrite spinels, hematite and periclase), calcite and residual lignite minerals (quartz, plagioclase). The identification strategy relied on a bulk chemical analysis of each ash and used manual methods with the JCPDS-ICDD search manuals for the Powder Diffraction File. Grain picking, size separations, magnetic enrichment, separation by hardness, dissolution of water soluble phases, and further crystallization of the ash through heat treatment all figured in the identification strategy. Identification of more than a dozen minor and trace phases resulted from these additional methods. Several trials with an automated search/match system demonstrated the difficulties of analyses of such complex phase assemblages. The need for SEM characterization of the ashes to accompany the XRD analyses is discussed.
Thirty years after Roemer’s General Theory:

This symposium is an outgrowth of a session organized for the 2012 Allied Social Sciences Convention in recognition of the 30th anniversary of the publication of John Roemer’s landmark work, A General Theory of Exploitation and Class (Roemer, 1982, hereafter cited as GTEC). While the papers by Skillman, Veneziani and Yoshihara, and Fleurbaey explore issues raised by GTEC, Roemer’s own contribution looks beyond the questions motivating his earlier work. Those questions, as described by Roemer in the introductory chapter of GTEC, were prompted by the failure of Marxian theory to explain the political behavior and uneven economic progress of modern self-identified socialist economies, such as China, the Soviet Union, Cuba and Vietnam. He contended that this failure fundamentally compromised Marxism’s effort to provide a complete account of the ‘laws of motion’ governing modern societies and its intended role as a guiding doctrine for revolutionary practice. Roemer saw the need to construct a comprehensive theory of exploitation and class that addressed the emergent case of socialist exploitation. Although the primary motivation underlying GTEC was thus to provide grounds for a historical materialist explanation of contemporary socialist experience, most of the ‘general theory’ developed in the work has to do with defining and characterizing the phenomena of exploitation and class as manifested in abstractly defined pre-capitalist and capitalist economies. Part I of GTEC established the framework of analysis while studying these phenomena in the context of subsistence economies with simple linear (‘Leontief’) production technologies and homogeneous labor. Part II extended this analytical framework to the investigation of accumulating economies with more general production possibility sets and
The pursuit of power: a historian reflects

That the uses of force have undergone revolutionary changes since 1945 on both the national and international levels is a truism that few would question. Yet the nature of these changes and their implications are only imperfectly understood.William H. McNeill, distinguished world historian whose Rise of the West had a wide impact, turns his attention to this recent period and speaks from the broad perspective of a historian. In the concluding chapter of his forthcoming book, The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force, and Society Since A.D. 1000, he sheds light on the “mutation of the art of war.” We are pleased to publish an adaptation of his cogent analysis and summary.
Methods to reduce the risk of wooden pole ignition

Abstract A number of reported wooden pole ignition incidences show evidence that the source was located near the pole bolt/pin mounting hardware. This has been observed for environmentally stressed insulators, as well as for larger overhead equipment in situations where the wooden pole has become the dominant part of the leakage conduction path through loss/deterioration of a case ground conductor. In both of these cases, the bolt-to-wood interface is the focal point for the leakage current. A mechanism which can cause pole ignition in these situations is examined with comprehensive details. This paper suggests a novel method to reduce the risk of wooden pole ignition. The mathematical basis of the suggested method is also explained.
CRYPTIC SELF-INCOMPATIBILITY IN AMSINCKIA GRANDIFLORA

When seed production following selfand cross-pollination is similar, a species is usually regarded as self-compatible. On this basis, Ray and Chisaki (1957a) reported that the distylous species of Amsinckia (Boraginaceae) are either fully or partly self-fertile. The combination of floral heteromorphism and self-compatibility is unusual, since most heteromorphic species that have been studied are selfincompatible (Vuilleumier, 1967). Recent pollen flow studies of Amsinckia grandiflora Kleeb. indicate that pollinations of this species include a large proportion of intramorph pollination (Ornduff, 1976). However, in two out of three years, samples in a population revealed that the two morphs occurred in equal numbers, which in a selfcompatible distylous species would suggest a high rate of outcrossing. These observations led us to investigate the possibility that this species possesses a cryptic incompatibility system. This possibility was investigated by studies of progeny resulting from natural and artificial pollinations, pollen competition studies, and pollen tube growth studies.
Rb at the Interface Between Cell Cycle and Apoptotic Decisions

The retinoblastoma (RB) gene was the first tumor suppressor to be identified, and it continues to be the subject of intense scientific interest. Not only is the RB gene mutated in the rare eye tumor and some other cancers, the Rb protein is functionally inactivated in virtually all human cancers, suggesting that it plays a general role in cellular homeostasis. Rb initially was envisaged as a simple 'on-off' regulator of the cell cycle, and this function was thought to account for its role as a tumor suppressor. Subsequently, however, closer scrutiny revealed unexpected and complex properties of Rb that together contribute to the unique role of Rb in cell biology. For example, Rb appears to be dispensable for normal cell cycling, but it has a special role in triggering permanent cell cycle exit associated with differentiation and senescence. Further, although the role of Rb as tumor suppressor is firmly established, it also has the ability to block apoptosis, which is generally thought to be a property of oncogenes. Our lab has been interested in understanding the dual and seemingly incongruous roles of Rb in cell cycle control and apoptosis. For many of these studies, we have chosen the melanocyte lineage as a model cell system because of the established role for Rb in melanocyte differentiation and survival, and the frequent deregulation of the Rb pathway in melanoma.
Some modifications of Emil Fisher's micro-polarimeter

The quantitative determination of organic compounds by means of their optical activity is often convenient, and it is often necessary to employ small amounts of the solutions to be investigated.Emil Fischer's micro-polarimeter1 has been used but very little, and it became impossible to follow his technique because of the inability to obtain the Nernst light as a consequence of the war, but I have applied the principle with several modifications, while using the Schmidt & Haensch polariscope, which permits of readings of 0.01 degree, and specially prepared capillary tubes which are 50 millimeters, and 100 millimeters in length, respectively, and which have an inside diameter of about 1.5 millimeters. The walls of the tubes are 3 mm. in thickness.It is especially necessary that the tubes be perfectly straight. They hold 0.1 c.c. and 0.2 c.c. respectively, of the solution to be tested, the specific gravity of which is determined by means of a pycnometer holding 0.2 c.c.The following method was used for the s...
Effective Evaluation on Tuberculosis Control Project Supported With Global Fund at Qingyang District From 2003 to 2006

Objective The achievements of tuberculosis control project supported with global fund for four years were analyzed.Methods We strengthened the cooperation between the organization for tuberculosis prevention and hospital,effectively tracked and managed patients through the tuberculosis network-reporting system in all hospitals,strengthened the work's system and the measure of rewards and punishment.Results With project carried out,the comprehensive prevention and control measures were strengthened and the discovery and treatment of infectious resource were elevated year by year.The registration rate of newly-discovered smear-positive patients rise from 9.24/100,000 in 2003 to 51.14/100,000 in 2006.The cure rate of tuberculosis raised from 72% in 2003 to 95.6% in 2006.ConclusionWTB Tuberculosis control project supported with global fund at Qingyang District were quite effective.And the patient's discovering and referring rate was elevated effectively.
Congenital Infantile Fibrosarcoma of Ileum With Extensive Heterotopic Cartilage, Presenting As Acute Abdomen in a 6-Day-Old Neonate

Intestinal congenital infantile fibrosarcoma (CIFS) is an exceedingly rare entity with only 14 cases reported in the English literature. All cases occurred in the first week of life and presented with acute abdomen. Heterotopic cartilage is another rare entity, which to our knowledge has not been reported in neonatal gastrointestinal …
Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Campylobacter

Campylobacter is a commensal in poultry, and therefore, poultry and poultry products are major sources of Campylobacter infections in humans. Fluoroquinolones inhibit the growth of Campylobacter and other microorganisms by binding to bacterial DNA gyrase and DNA topoisomerase IV. These enzymes are associated with bacterial transcription, replication, and chromosome condensation and segregation. Selection pressure in the presence of fluoroquinolones rapidly leads to resistance in Campylobacter, due to the selection for mutations in DNA gyrase. Fluoroquinolone-resistant campylobacters have been found in poultry feces and carcasses, and in retail poultry meat products in most areas of the world. In addition, other food animals and the meat products from those animals have been shown contaminated with fluoroquinolone-resistant campylobacters. Even the removal of fluoroquinolones from use in treating animal diseases has not entirely eliminated the presence of resistant Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from animals and animal products. Human exposure to Campylobacter infection could be reduced by using strategies that decrease colonization of chickens by the pathogen.
20th Lenna Frances Cooper Memorial Lecture: Nutrition: an integral aspect of medical education.

As dietitians accept the challenges of the 1980s, they must realize the positive and dynamic role that is theirs to play in the movement for increased emphasis on nutrition education for physicians and other health care professionals.
Cost-Effectiveness of Thallium-201 versus Technetium-99m-Sestamibi in the Detection of Coronary Artery Disease

Objectives: The purposes of this study were to demonstrate the applicability of pharmacoeconomic principles in the nuclear medicine market and to compare the cost effectiveness of 201TI and 99mTc-sestamibi. Methods: Cost information was obtained from a South Carolina hospital. Effectiveness data were obtained from the literature. Results: This research showed that when 201TI was used either one day before or on the day of calibration it was more cost-effective than 99mTc-sestamibi for the detection of coronary artery disease; especially when cardiac scheduling was light. This conclusion held for several varying scenarios. Technetium-99m-sestamibi was more cost-effective than 201TI in the scenarios where patient scheduling was heavy and the 201TI was used three days post-calibration. Conclusion: Although the generalizability of these results is strictly limited, this research demonstrates the applicability of pharmacoeconomics to radiopharmaceuticals. These results provide some insight into the efficient use of cardiac imaging agents.
Building an industry from scratch: the quartz oscillator industry of World War II

Prior to World War II, the use of quartz crystal oscillators for frequency control took place primarily within the domains of the amateur (or ham) and the commercial radio broadcasters. The oscillator manufacturing industry, such as it was, was able to accommodate this small market through an artisan (i.e., making oscillators one at a time by hand) rather than a mass production approach. With the U.S. military's switch to crystal control just prior to the war, the reality of crystal oscillator production changed dramatically. With the coming of war, the military suddenly needed millions of oscillators, a task far beyond the current industry which had never produced more than 100,000 units in a single year. Within a year, a truly mass-production industry was up and running, producing almost 6 million units in 1942 alone (and over two million units per month by the end of the war). This paper gives an overview of the war-time development of this most important industry.
A dual-threshold knock controller:

The use of a knock intensity threshold set at a relatively high level is effective for identifying knocking cycles, but results in high Type II (false negative) classification errors. Many cycles, ...
Troponin Testing for Clinicians.

The analytical performance of troponin assays has improved markedly in the last 2 decades. The variety of assays, their evolution over time, and their critical importance in influencing care, mandates the need for skills in their use. There are 3 critical elements necessary for optimal use of troponin testing in clinical care, as follows: 1) the analytical performance of the assay; 2) the clinical sensitivity and specificity of the test result; and 3) the clinical reasoning for ordering and the proper clinical context for interpreting the test result. This paper provides further explanation that will assist clinicians in their clinical decision making and interpretation of troponin test results. Schematic visual explanations are provided to help clinicians develop a more intuitive understanding of troponin testing.
Experimental Tests of Recent Nuclear Models with the (n,γ) Reaction

The non-selectivity of the (n,γ) reaction provides a powerful tool for the study of those nuclear models of broad applicability whose characteristic excitations span a wide range of degrees of freedom. Several recent examples of this are discussed with particular emphasis on the recent discovery of the 0(6) limit of the Interacting Boson Model and of a new interpretation of the Pt-Os transition region which consequently emerges. Other topics considered include recent extensions of the Nilsson model to new regions of nucleus, excitation energy and complexity of states.
Performance Assessment of the CTBTO Noble Gas Network to Detect Nuclear Explosions

Atmospheric radioxenon levels are monitored worldwide by the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organisation (CTBTO) to detect emissions from nuclear explosions. This paper examines the global network that has been set up to take routine air samples and to determine the atmospheric radioxenon concentrations. It is hypothesised that the monitoring system aims at the detection and localisation of radioxenon releases. Both capabilities are dependent on background levels, explosive yields, leakage rates, transport time, choice of xenon isotope and number and locations of monitoring stations. For each parameter, the global capabilities to detect and localise emissions from nuclear explosions are analysed. Recommendations for the future of the background sources and the development of the monitoring system are derived.
CRISPR Editing Technology in Biological and Biomedical Investigation

The CRISPR or clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats system is currently the most advanced approach to genome editing and is notable for providing an unprecedented degree of specificity, effectiveness, and versatility in genetic manipulation. CRISPR evolved as a prokaryotic immune system to provide an acquired immunity and resistance to foreign genetic elements such as bacteriophages. It has recently been developed into a tool for the specific targeting of nucleotide sequences within complex eukaryotic genomes for the purpose of genetic manipulation. The power of CRISPR lies in its simplicity and ease of use, its flexibility to be targeted to any given nucleotide sequence by the choice of an easily synthesized guide RNA, and its ready ability to continue to undergo technical improvements. Applications for CRISPR are numerous including creation of novel transgenic cell animals for research, high-throughput screening of gene function, potential clinical gene therapy, and nongene-editing approaches such as modulating gene activity and fluorescent tagging. In this prospect article, we will describe the salient features of the CRISPR system with an emphasis on important drawbacks and considerations with respect to eliminating off-target events and obtaining efficient CRISPR delivery. We will discuss recent technical developments to the system and we will illustrate some of the most recent applications with an emphasis on approaches to eliminate human viruses including HIV-1, JCV and HSV-1 and prospects for the future. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3586-3594, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Abstract 344: Finding the Achilles’ heel of Muscle Giant---TALEN-mediated Gene-editing in Zebrafish Titin

Background: TITIN (TTN) has more than 300 exons and encodes a gigantic protein that is crucial for heart and muscle development. Mutations in TTN caused a variety of human diseases including cardiomyopathy and muscular dystrophy. Recently, dilated cardiomyopathy-associated mutations on TTN have been found more frequently in exons encoding A-band domains but less in exons encoding the N-terminal Z-disc domains, suggesting that mutations in different exons of TTN cause distinct consequences. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, we leveraged the Transcription Activator-Like Effects Nuclease (TALEN) technology in zebrafish to introduce truncating mutations in different exons of ttn, and then study their effects on heart and somites. Results: We generated truncational mutations in different exons of zebrafish titins encoding Z-disc, N2B, Novex-3, and A domains, respectively. Because zebrafish contains two titin homologues, ttna and ttnb, we introduced mutations in both genes at the corresponding loci. While both Z-disc and A band mutations on ttna disrupted sarcomere assembly in heart and somites, Z-disc or A band mutations on ttnb only affect somites without affecting the heart. Interestingly, a Z-disc mutation on ttna resulted in milder phenotypes than an A-band mutation, while a Z-disc mutation on ttnb generated severer phenotypes than an A-band mutation. No phenotype was observed in the homozygous fish in either ttna-novex-3 or ttnb-N2B mutant fish. Conclusions: A spectrum of truncational mutations in ttna and ttnb has been generated in zebrafish using the TALEN technology. Mutations in different exons result in different phenotypes. Detailed characterization of these mutants and double mutants will be presented, which shall elicit distinct contribution of alternative splicing and exon skipping as two candidate mechanisms during pathogenesis of Titinopathies.