cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entangled Fock states for Robust Quantum Optical Metrology, Imaging, and Sensing

We propose a class of path-entangled photon Fock states for robust quantum optical metrology, imaging, and sensing in the presence of loss. We model propagation loss with beam splitters and derive a reduced density-matrix formalism from which we examine how photon loss affects coherence. It is shown that particular entangled number states, which contain a special superposition of photons in both arms of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, are resilient to environmental decoherence. We demonstrate an order of magnitude greater visibility with loss than possible with path-entangled $\ensuremath{\mid}N,0⟩+\ensuremath{\mid}0,N⟩$ states. We also show that the effectiveness of a detection scheme is related to super-resolution visibility.
Color of Enzyme-Retted Flax Fibers Affected by Processing, Cleaning, and Cottonizing:

Twenty-seven samples representing variations of retted flax fibers are analyzed using a color spectrophotometer and CIELAB models. Variables included enzyme or dew retting, fiber or seed flax, enzyme and chelator concentrations, and sequential cleaning steps. In addition to differences in color with enzyme or dew retting, the variables involved in enzyme retting also contribute to differences in the lightness, redness-greenness, and yellowness-blueness of the resulting fibers. Dew retted fiber flax, as well as seed flax that has weathered during storage prior to enzyme retting, is significantly darker than non-weathered, enzyme retted fiber flax. Pairwise comparisons show that lower enzyme concentrations (0.05% v/v as commercially supplied) produce redder and yellower fiber samples than those retted with higher (0.3% v/v) enzyme levels. Higher chelator levels, (i.e., 50 versus 25 mmol ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) produce redder fibers. Fiber lightness significantly increases with additional cleaning steps. Results indicate that objective color measurements and color standards can define important fiber properties in order to tailor raw materials for specific industrial applications.
1431 PULMONARY FUNCTION AFTER IV INDOMETHACIN IN PRETERM INFANTS

In order to test the hypothesis that treatment with IV indomethacin to close the ductus arteriosus has beneficial effects on lung function in preterm infants with HMD, 9 preterm infants requiring ventilator support on day 3(mean birthweight 1186±276 gm, gestational age 29±3 wk)were given 0.2mg/kg of indomethacin IV on day 3-4 of life. They were compared with 16 concurrent random controls with HMD on ventilators on day 3(birthweight 1063±282 g, gestational age 28±2 wk) who did not receive indomethacin. The observed differences between treatment and control groups on day 3, and within groups (day 3 vs. day 5) are not statistically significant (p >.05). These data suggest that although IV indomethacin may significantly alter the patency of the ductus arteriosus, administration of this drug on day 3-4 of life is not associated with a significant improvement in preterm infants with HMD.
Tracking Marital Adjustment, Hostility, and Physical Functioning Across Time in a Therapy Population: A Biopsychosocial Model

In this study we sought to explore the biopsychosocial connections between relational adjustment, hostility, and physical functioning of individuals who attended psychotherapy. Assessments were given at therapy intake, 6 months post intake, and 12 months after therapy intake. Path analyses between relational adjustment, hostility, and physical functioning revealed a good fit to the data. Results indicated that therapy may interrupt the relationship between hostility at intake and later marital satisfaction. Individuals’ ability to function physically day to day at 6 months post therapy intake contributed to increased marital adjustment 12 months after intake. Clinical implications are discussed.
Avoiding and Escaping Predators: Movement Tortuosity of Snowshoe Hares in Risky Habitats

Prey animals use different strategies to avoid detection by predators and to flee once detected. Key issues are what aspects of movement prey change in response to predation risk and how differences in habitat affect escape movements. We answer these questions for snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) in Montana, using an experimental manipulation and habitats for which annual mortality rates varied more than fourfold. We examine a) whether the mortality risk of a habitat affects movement tortuosity and speed of foraging snowshoe hares and b) whether tortuosity and speed of hares fleeing from a predator (a leashed dog, Canis familiaris) differ among these forest stands. Snowshoe hares did not differ in tortuosity or speed while foraging in these stands, suggesting that other anti-predator behaviours were used. Hares fleeing from the leashed dog showed much faster and straighter movements than foraging hares, but escape trajectories were similar in all forest stands, suggesting a relatively inflexible response while fleeing. Varying tortuosity and speed are clearly part of the snowshoe hare's behavioural repertoire for escaping predation, but these attributes of movement were insensitive to the annual mortality rates in each forest stand.
Food and nutrient intakes of pregnant and lactating women in the United States

Abstract Food and nutrient intakes of pregnant and lactating women in the U.S. were estimated using 24-hour dietary recall data from USDA's 1985 and 1986 Continuing Surveys of Food Intakes by Individuals. Comparisons were made with intakes of nonpregnant and nonlactating (other) women and with dietary recommendations. Pregnant and lactating women were more likely to use milk products and to consume larger amounts of these products than were other women; however, reported intakes were still below recommended levels. The results also suggest that many pregnant and lactating women consume less than the recommended amounts of vegetables, fruits, and meat, poultry, fish, and meat alternates. Absolute intakes of most nutrients were higher among pregnant and lactating women than among other women. However, except for some nutrients provided by milk products and fruit, nutrient intakes per 1000 kcal were similar between pregnant and lactating women and other women. Pregnant women consumed 66% of their RDA for folate and only 43% of their RDA for iron. Lactating women consumed 63% of their RDA for zinc.
Surfactant application system to prevent anthocyanin leakage of IQF blueberries

Design of an in-line system to apply carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) surfactant to individually quick frozen blueberries to prevent anthocyanin leakage is presented. Based on design specifications a prototype system was tested. Results of anthocyanin leakage tests performed on blueberries coated using a surfactant distribution unit indicate that a small percentage by weight (such as 1%) of surfactant is effective in reducing anthocyanin leakage. Economic evaluation of the system design revealed a cost range for blueberries from $0.04 to $0.09 per kg. Price of the CMC surfactant had the greatest effect on total operational cost of the system. The designed system represents the best overall system for applying surfactant to blueberries without slowing existing processing operations. Overall, the surfactant application system is not a great economic burden for processors, if customers are willing to absorb the slightly higher cost per kg of coated blueberries.
Memory and metamemory for songs: the relative effectiveness of titles, lyrics, and melodies as cues for each other:

We explored semantic memory and feeling of knowing (FOK) for titles, lyrics, and melodies of songs as well as the effectiveness of these three components as cues for each other. Melodies and titles were recalled equally well and better than lyrics, but lyrics were the better cue for both. Lyrics were also better cues for titles or melodies than vice versa. When recall failed, lyrics were given the higher FOK ratings, especially with the melody cues. In addition, titles elicited stronger FOKs for lyrics, melodies elicited stronger FOKs for lyrics, and titles elicited stronger FOKs for melodies than vice versa. Accuracy data also showed asymmetries between these three components. In addition, in recall, lyrics cued subsequent lyrics and melodies cued subsequent melodies, although melodies elicited stronger FOKs than did lyrics. Possible explanations for the findings are discussed.
THE PUBLIC ALTERNATIVE HIGH SCHOOL:1 SOLUTION TO OR REFLECTION OF SOCIETAL ILLS?

EDRS PRICE MF-'$0.76 HC-$1.58 Pips Postage DESCRIPTORS Administrative Problems; *Alternative Schools; Communication Problems;, Decision Makihg; *Educational Alternatives; Educational Anthropology.; *Educational Environment; *Educational Problems; Experimental Schools;. Freedom Schools; High Schools; *High School Students; Interpersonal Problems; Open Education; Public Schools; Social Problems IDENTIFIERS 'Missouri (Saint Louis)
Electrochemistry and dissolution kinetics of magnetite and ilmenite

Natural samples of magnetite and ilmenite were experimentally weathered in pH 1–7 anoxic solutions at temperatures of 2–65 °C. Reaction of magnetite is described as [Fe2+Fe23+]O4(magnetite) + 2H+ → γ[Fe23+]O3(maghemite) + Fe2+ + H2O. Dynamic polarization experiments using magnetite electrodes confirmed that this reaction is controlled by two electrochemical half cells, 3[Fe2+Fe23+]O4(magnetite) → 4γ[Fe23+]O3(maghemite) + Fe2+ + 2e− and [Fe2+Fe23+]O4(magnetite) + 8 H+ + 2e− → 3Fe2+ + 4H2O, which result in solid state Fe3+ reduction, formation of an oxidized layer and release of Fe(II) to solution. XPS data revealed that iron is present in the ferric state in the surfaces of reacted magnetite and ilmenite and that the TiFe ratio increased with reaction pH for ilmenite. Short-term (<36 h) release rates of Fe(II) were linear with time. Between pH 1 and 7, rates varied between 0.3 and 13 × 10−14 mol · cm−2 · s−1 for magnetite and 0.05 and 12.3 × 10−14 mol · cm−2 · s−1 for ilmenite. These rates are two orders of magnitude slower than electrochemical rates determined by Tafel and polarization resistance measurements. Discrepancies are due to both differences in geometric and BET surface area estimates and in the oxidation state of the mineral surface. In long-term closed-system experiments (<120 days), Fe(II) release slowed with time due to the passivation of the surfaces by increasing thicknesses of oxide surface layers. A shrinking core model, coupling surface reaction and diffusion transport, predicted that at neutral pH, the mean residence time for sand-size grains of magnetite and ilmenite will exceed 107 years. This agrees with long-term stability of these oxides in the geologic record.
Coordination of individual and ensemble cytoskeletal motors studied using tools from DNA nanotechnology

The microtubule-based motor cytoplasmic dynein powers the transport of a diverse array of cargo, allowing cells to organize their contents, move, divide and respond to signals. Dynein is a ∼1 MDa homodimer that can take many consecutive (processive) steps along its microtubule track by converting ATP hydrolysis into mechanical motion. It remains largely unknown how a dynein dimer coordinates the respective mechano-chemical cycles of its two motor domains to produce processive motion and how ensembles of motors work together to move cargo in concert inside cells. We have developed novel tools using DNA nanotechnology for dissecting the coordination of dynein both at the single molecule and ensemble levels.To determine how dynein coordinates its two motor domains to achieve processive motion, we have developed a novel method to create stable dynein heterodimers by utilizing the hybridization of complementary DNA oligonucleotides. Two-color, high-precision, single molecule experiments reveal that dynein, unlike kinesin and myosin, uses both a stochastic and a coordinated stepping mechanism dependent upon the distance between the motor domains within the dimer.To determine the mechanism of cargo motility by ensembles of motors, we have used DNA origami to build a synthetic cargo scaffold to which precise numbers and arrangements of motors can be attached. Our preliminary results in an unloaded system suggest that increasing the number of dynein motors enhances cargo processivity but does not affect velocity. Studies of opposite polarity motors are underway to determine whether cargos driven by both dynein and kinesin exhibit stochastic bidirectional movements.
Genes expressed during conidiation in Neurospora crassa: characterization of con-8

Abstract The filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa, by a series of defined changes, differentiates from a mycelium composed of branching hyphae to form dormant spores, called conidia. Several genes of unknown function (con genes) that are preferentially expressed during this period have been cloned. Transcription of these genes has been examined in conidiation-defective mutants, and the results obtained revealed that con-6, con-8, con-10, con-11 and con-13 are most likely to play a unique role during conidiation, con-8 is expressed early during conidial differentiation. Genomic and cDNA sequence analyses with con-8 clones identified one open reading frame, interrupted by two introns, which encodes a weakly acidic 18.4 kDa polypeptide containing 176 amino acid residues, con-8 is unusual in that it is transcribed as two mRNA species, 1.0 and 1.25 kb in length. S1 nuclease mapping and primer extension analyses identify one major initiation site, one major polyadenylation site, and demonstrated the existence of heterogeneity at the messenger's 5' and 3' ends.
Testing of isometric and isokinetic lifting strengths of untrained females in teamwork.

The additivity of strengths for teams of two and three untrained female subjects in eam-work was evaluated in static (isometric) and dynamic (isokinetic) terms. Eight healthy college students were tested under laboratory conditions. Four standard values were used to evaluate isometric strengths: arm, leg, stooped back, and composite measures. The isokinetic strength was tested by means of dynamic lift strength and dynamic back extension. Following individual measurement of the subjects, they were tested in two-member and three-member teams. Two-female teams w«re evaluated in terms of 28 combinations for each of the six measures; the three-female teams were tested in 56 combinations among the subjects. With the exception of isometric arm strength, the actual team strengths were significantly lower then the corresponding sums of the team-members' individual strengths. On average, the isometric back, leg and composite strengths were approximately 83·3% for the two-female teams, and 83·9% for the three-female...
Fluid Replacement and Performance During the Marathon

The primary purpose of this review is to relate a universal strategy for replacing fluids to optimise marathon performance. A secondary purpose is to examine common 'matters of debate' that may modify fluid needs to include the importance of realistic convective air flow, metabolic water production and waters of association with glycogen. The metabolic demands of marathon running can result in substantial sweat losses and levels of dehydration consistent with compromised endurance performance. Recommendations are provided to individualise fluid intakes with the goal of preventing excessive dehydration (>2% body mass) as well as weight gain. The minor importance of 'matters of debate' to fluid replacement is also discussed.
2003 Poets House Showcase: suggested titles

Describes Poetry in the Branches, a multi‐layered, replicable program model, devised by Poets House, New York, to foster the link between librarians, the public and the living tradition of poetry. Provides a comprehensive list of titles of contemporary poetry collections by single authors and anthologies.
Phenylpropenamide derivatives: Anti-hepatitis B virus activity of the Z isomer, SAR and the search for novel analogs

Abstract Phenylpropenamides have been reported to be a class of non-nucleoside inhibitors of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). This class of compounds was explored with the objective of developing potent anti-HBV agents, with a novel mechanism of action, that could be combined with nucleos(t)ide analogs currently used to treat HBV infection. To accomplish this objective a series of substituted arylpropenamide derivatives were prepared and the E and Z geometrical isomers were separated. The structural identity of each of the E and Z isomers was determined by single crystal X-ray crystallography. Contrary to previous reports, the activity of this class of molecules resides in the Z isomer. Further structure–activity relationship studies around the active Z isomer identified compounds that displayed potent antiviral activity against HBV with EC90 value of approximately 0.5 μM in vitro. Attempts to develop ring constrained analogs did not lead to active HBV inhibitors.
Mutations in clusters and showers

Several years ago, mutants arising spontaneously in a mutation-reporter sequence in a mouse were noted to contain more mutants bearing two or more mutations than was predicted by the mutation frequency and the assumption of a random distribution of mutations among mutants (1). Many of these overloaded mutants contained two mutations that were moderately close to each other. In this issue of PNAS, Wang et al. (2) describe the results of a robust sequencing effort to examine the same mutants over many kilobases outside of the original mutation reporter, and they find that some of the mutants contain even more mutations farther out in genetic space.
Endothelin-converting Enzyme-2 Is a Membrane-bound, Phosphoramidon-sensitive Metalloprotease with Acidic pH Optimum (∗)

Endothelins (ET) are a family of potent vasoactive peptides that are produced from biologically inactive intermediates, termed big endothelins, via a proteolytic processing at Trp21-Val/Ile22. We recently cloned and characterized a membrane-bound metalloprotease that catalyzes this proteolytic activation, endothelin-converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1) (Xu, D., Emoto, N., Giaid, A., Slaughter, C., Kaw, S., deWit, D., and Yanagisawa, M.(1994) Cell 78, 473-485). This enzyme was shown to function in the secretory pathway as well as on the cell surface. Here we report molecular cloning of another novel enzyme, ECE-2, that produces mature ET-1 from big ET-1 both in vitro and in transfected cells. The cDNA sequence predicts that bovine ECE-2 is a metalloprotease structurally related to ECE-1, neutral endopeptidase 24.11, and human Kell blood group protein. The deduced amino acid sequence of ECE-2 is most similar to ECE-1, with an overall identity of 59%. ECE-2 resembles ECE-1 in that it is inhibited in vitro by phosphoramidon and FR901533 but not by thiorphan or captopril, and it converts big ET-1 more efficiently than big ET-2 or big ET-3. However, ECE-2 also exhibits the following striking differences from ECE-1. (i) The sensitivity of ECE-2 to phosphoramidon is 250-fold higher as compared with ECE-1, while FR901533 inhibits both enzymes at similar concentrations. (ii) ECE-2 has an acidic pH optimum at pH 5.5, which is in sharp contrast to the neutral pH optimum of ECE-1. ECE-2 has a narrow pH profile and is virtually inactive at neutral pH. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, which lack detectable levels of endogenous ECE activity, secrete mature ET-1 into the medium when doubly transfected with ECE-2 and prepro-ET-1 cDNAs. However, ECE-2-transfected CHO cells do not efficiently produce mature ET-1 when present with an exogenous source of big ET-1 through coculture with prepro-ET-1-transfected CHO cells. These findings suggest that ECE-2 acts as an intracellular enzyme responsible for the conversion of endogenously synthesized big ET-1 at the trans-Golgi network, where the vesicular fluid is acidified.
Games of Manipulation in Marriage Problems

Abstract We analyze the “equilibrium” outcomes of thepreference revelation gamesinduced byPareto efficientandindividually rationalsolutions in the context ofmarriage problems. We employ a Nash equilibrium refinement which allows deviations by a set of permissible coalitions, and show that the set of equilibrium outcomes coincides with a variant of the core that allows blocking by only permissible coalitions,Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: C71, C78, D71, D78.
Pricing dynamic binary variables and their derivatives

Many important assets or business ventures have cash flows that are not derivatives of a market security but are nevertheless dependent on some variable that is correlated with market prices. This includes many real option projects. This paper presents a methodology using a binary framework for pricing such assets by projection onto the market space. Under certain conditions, the result has the property that, given this price process, no risk-averse investor would choose to invest in this asset either long or short.
Effect of Gibberellic Acid and Ethylene on Peroxidase in Pea Internodes

Ethylene at 5-80 iA 1_1 inhibited elongation and induced swelling in internodes of light-grown normal and dwarf pea plants; GA3 did not prevent swelling in response to ethylene. GA3 neither inhibited nor enhanced the activity of isoperoxidases in the internodes, regardless of its effect on their elongation. Ethylene at 80 iA l-1 enhanced peroxidase in GA3-untreated and treated normal and dwarf plants. At 5 fu l-1, ethylene had only a weak effect on peroxidase activity or none. The enzyme enhancement by ethylene was not related to its effect on cell expansion and seems do be due, at least in part, to chemical injury. Electron microscopy revealed peroxidase activity in the rough ER and cell walls, including intercellular spaces. Staining of walls in ethylene-treated tissues was more pronounced than in untreated ones. Golgi vesicles did not seem to be involved in the assembly of the enzyme carbohydrate moiety in ethylene-treated cells. The peroxidase fraction extracted with 20 mM phosphate buffer, pH 6, and that extracted from wall debris with 1 M NaCl accounted for 98% of total enzyme activity. Both fractions contained the same six cathodic isoforms which comprised 85-90% of their activity. Electrophoresis did not reveal differences in the qualitative isoenzyme patterns in relation to variety, age, GA3, or ethylene. The only observed quantitative differences were age-dependent. Procedural artefacts during separation of protoplast and wall ionically bound peroxidase fractions are discussed.
On some ascending chains of brouwerian modal logics

This paper specifies classes of framesmaximally omnitemporally characteristic for Thomas' normal modal logicT2+ and for each logic in the ascending chain of Segerberg logics investigated by Segerberg and Hughes and Cresswell. It is shown that distinct a,scending chains of “generalized” Segerberg logics can be constructed from eachTn+ logic (n ⩾ 2). The set containing allTn+ and Segerberg logics can be totally- (linearly-) ordered but not well-ordered by the inclusion relation. The order type of this ordered setΓ isω*(ω + 1). Throughout the paper my approach is fundamentally semantical.
The effect of correlation in false discovery rate estimation

The objective of this paper is to quantify the effect of correlation in false discovery rate analysis. Specifically, we derive approximations for the mean, variance, distribution and quantiles of the standard false discovery rate estimator for arbitrarily correlated data. This is achieved using a negative binomial model for the number of false discoveries, where the parameters are found empirically from the data. We show that correlation may increase the bias and variance of the estimator substantially with respect to the independent case, and that in some cases, such as an exchangeable correlation structure, the estimator fails to be consistent as the number of tests becomes large.
Virtual collaboration: face-to-face versus videoconference, audioconference, and computer-mediated communications

As we increase our reliance on mediated communication, it is important to be aware the media's influence on group processes and outcomes. A review of 40+ years of research shows that all media-videoconference, audioconference, and computer-mediated communication--change the context of the communication to some extent, reducing cues used to regulate and understand conversation, indicate participants' power and status, and move the group towards agreement. Text-based computer-mediated communication, the “leanest” medum, reduces status effects, domination, and consensus. This has been shown useful in broadening the range of inputs and ideas. However, it has also been shown to increase polarization, deindividuation, and disinhibition, and the time to reach a conclusion. For decision-making tasks, computer-mediated communication can increase choice shift and the likelihood of more risky or extreme decisions. In both videoconference and audioconference, participants cooperate less with linked collaborators, and shift their opinions toward extreme options, compared with face-to-face collaboration. In videoconference and audioconference, local coalitions can form where participants tend to agree more with those in the same room than those on the other end of the line. There is also a tendency in audioconference to disagree with those on the other end of the phone. This paper is a summary of a much more extensive forthcoming report; it reviews the research literature and proposes strategies to leverage the benefits of mediated communication while mitigating its adverse effects.
Performance analysis and optimization of web proxy servers and mirror sites

Abstract In this paper, web proxy servers and mirror sites that cache either partial or complete information of their parent web servers are considered. These proxy servers are usually located strategically, for example near high-user-demand locations. Using proxy servers would significantly reduce latency for the users in retrieving information as well as alleviate congestion in the network. The main problem addressed in this paper is determining the optimal number and locations of proxy servers in a network to minimize costs subject to delay, throughput and demand constraints. For a given set of proxy server locations, it is assumed that client or user requests at a location will always be sent to the nearest server. Thereby each client–server system can be modeled as an independent queueing network for which performance measures such as delay distribution and throughput are obtained. These performance measures are used in an optimization problem that is formulated to determine the optimal number and optimal location of proxy servers. A heuristic called the DEJAVU algorithm is developed to solve the optimization problem. Based on a comparison with a genetic algorithm, it can be concluded that the DEJAVU algorithm produces near-optimal to optimal results in a very short time.
The precise origin of the tectospinal pathway in three common laboratory animals : A study using the horseradish peroxidase method

The horseradish peroxidase tracing method has been used to study the cells of origin of the tectospinal projections in the opossum, the tree shrew, and the cat. The present data show that only those collicular neurons which occupy the deep (ventral to the stratum opticum) tectal laminae send axons to the cervical spinal cord. In particular, layer IV contains the greatest number of spinal projecting neurons. Our results also reveal that while only the large sized collicular neurons project upon the cervical spinal cord in the opossum and the tree shrew, neurons comprising several different size categories do so in the cat. We thus suggest that several different descending channels exist over which the superior colliculus can influence the neck musculature in the cat.
Newborn screening and renal disease: where we have been; where we are now; where we are going

Newborn screening (NBS) has rapidly changed since its origins in the 1960s. Beginning with a single condition, then a handful in the 1990s, NBS has expanded in the past decade to allow the detection of many disorders of amino-acid, organic-acid, and fatty-acid metabolism. These conditions often present with recurrent acute attacks of metabolic acidosis, hypoglycemia, liver failure, and hyperammonemia that may be prevented with initiation of early treatment. Renal disease is an important component of these disorders and is a frequent source of morbidity. Hemodialysis is often required for hyperammonemia in the organic acidemias and urea-cycle disorders. Rhabdomyolysis with renal failure is a frequent complication in fatty-acid oxidation disorders. Newer screening methods are under investigation to detect lysosomal storage diseases, primary immunodeficiencies, and primary renal disorders. These advances will present many challenges to nephrologists and pediatricians with respect to closely monitoring and caring for children with such disorders.
Early ontogenetic patterns in chemical defense in Plantago (Plantaginaceae): genetic variation and trade-offs

Predictions based on the plant age and growth-differentiation balance hypotheses of defense were tested in two congeneric species, Plantago lanceolata and P. major, by quantifying iridoid glycosides, defensive chemicals, in seeds and leaves during the first 6 wk of growth. Concentrations decreased from the seed to 2-wk-old seedling stage in P. lanceolata, but increased during this period in P. major. In both species, levels were similar for 2- and 4-wk-old plants, then significantly increased from 4 to 6 wk. Genetic variation in the ontogeny of iridoid glycoside production was significant in both species at the maternal family level and at the population level. To examine whether allocation costs could explain the low production of iridoid glycosides in seedlings, relationships between growth and defense (iridoid glycosides) were characterized. Growth and defense had a positive or null relationship in all age groups, indicating that there was no trade-off in these plants at any age. This study provides some support for the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis, but offers no support for the plant age hypothesis. Measuring how herbivory affects plant fitness at different ontogenetic stages may shed light on these patterns in Plantago and on the evolution of the ontogeny of defense.
Adaptation of Ceratium furca and Gonyaulax polyedra (Dinophyceace) to different temperatures and irradiances: growth rates and cell volumes.

Growth rates and cell volumes of Ceratium furca Ehrenberg and Gonyaulax polyedra Stein were determined during the log phase of growth in cultures which had been extensively adapted to one of three temperatures and five irradiances. At each temperature, curves for the growth rate vs. irradiance for both species had light-limited and light-saturated regions. Three properties of these curves characterized the response of each species to temperature: the light-saturated growth rate, the irradiance at which growth became light-saturated and the compensation irradiance for growth. For both species, the first two properties generally decreased with declining growth temperature, while the compensation irradiance declined for Ceratium but had a V-shaped response pattern for Gonyaulax. The light-saturated growth rates were generally higher for Ceratium than for Gonyaulax, while the irradiance at which growth became saturated and the compensation irradiance were lower for Ceratium. The changes in cell volume associated with the irradiance and temperature of growth were very different for Ceratium and Gonyaulax. The cell size of Gonyaulax increased as irradiance and temperature decreased, while cell volumes of Ceratium did not change with temperature but were smallest at the highest and lowest growth irradiances. In general, the growth rate patterns were similar for Ceratium and Gonyaulax, while those for cell size were different. The maximum growth rate, the irradiance at which growth became saturated, the compensation irradiance, and the cell volume all showed that Ceratium grew at the same rate or faster than Gonyaulax over the entire range of irradiances and temperatures examined.
Evaluation of ammonium and soluble salts on grass sod production in compost. II. Delaying seeding after compost application

In some composts, seed germination and plant growth have been inhibited by high concentrations of ammonium or soluble salts. Ammonium and salt concentrations in media decrease with time after appli...
Reflection and transmission operators for strips or disks embedded in homogenous and layered media

A notation is proposed to simplify the solution of scattering by strips and disks. Vector Fourier transforms are used and a double dot product for inner products in an uncountably infinite dimensional linear vector space is introduced. Scattering by a strip or a disk is characterized using a reflection operator and a transmission operator that relate the continuum of scattered waves to a continuum of incident waves. After the reflection operator for a single strip or disk is derived, it is shown how the reflection operator for a strip or disk in the presence of another reflecting medium, e.g. a layered medium, can be derived. The scattering by N strips or disks in a homogeneous medium is also discussed. The reflection operator for an embedded strip or disk in a layered medium is then derived. The method can be generalized to N strips or disks embedded in a layered medium and to a slot or aperture. >
Initiation of shear bands near a stress concentration in metallic glass

Abstract Instrumented contact experiments are performed on three metallic glasses to systematically study shear band formation near a stress concentration. The results suggest that high local stresses at a point in the glass are insufficient to initiate a shear band. Rather, the yield strength must be exceeded along the entire length of a viable shear path in order for a shear band to form. Because of this, conventional analyses to extract shear yield stresses from Hertzian contact experiments overestimate the glass strength by a factor of three or more. In contrast, the interpretation of shear band initiation as yield on a plane agrees with recent experimental observations on metallic glasses that pertain to the slip-line field, and can rationalize the experimental contact load measurements as well as the shear band path.
From the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean: Medieval History in Geographic Perspective

It is widely acknowledged that Orientalist notions of political economy were marred by geographic determinism. From Marx to Wittfogel, generic concepts such as the “Asiatic mode of production,” the “hydraulic state” or “Oriental despotism” involved simplistic observations relating to climate and, particularly, the presence of large rivers and alluvial plains which were invoked to explain essential and persistent differences with the West.See R. Inden, “Orientalist Constructions of India,” Modern Asian Studies 20,3 (1986):422–23. Considering its overwhelmingly important role in this earlier literature, it is remarkable that the historical geography of the rivers and riverplains of the Indian Ocean has not yet been explored in any depth. It is perhaps to avoid being stung by charges of determinism that historians of India and the Indian Ocean area in recent decades have, if anything, downplayed the importance of geography. And, as W. A. McDougall has recently argued, it appears as if current thinking in general has become “suspicious of a subject [geography] that emphasizes distinctions among regions, invites unflattering comparisons and hierarchy among nations and cultures, and has been used in the past as an intellectual tool of empire.”W. A. McDougall, “You Can't Argue with Geography,” essay excerpted from a paper commissioned by the Thomas B. Fordham Foundation as part of the History- Geography Project for publication in the Middle States Yearbook 2001. On the neglect of geography, see also E. W. Fox, History in Geographic Perspective: The Other France (New York 1971); E. G. Genovese and L. Hochberg, eds., Geographic Perspectives in History: Essays in Honor of Edward Whiting Fox (Oxford, and Cambridge, Mass. 1989). By and large, what K. N. Chaudhuri observed in 1978 still holds true: “There can be few aspects of Indian studies more neglected than that of historical geography.”K. N. Chaudhuri, “Some Reflections on the Town and the Country in Mughal India,” Modern Asian Studies 12,1 (1978):77. In two later works, Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750 (Cambridge 1985) and Asia before Europe: Economy and Civilisation of the Indian Ocean from the Rise of Islam to 1750 (Cambridge 1990), Chaudhuri made some attempts to remedy this situation, but they are faint. The aim of this essay is to re-introduce a geographic dimension in the history of the Indian Ocean area—one that is not overly deterministic and helps to account not only for continuities but also for changes in social and economic organization over an extended period of time.
Paleolimnology of three Jackman Sound Lakes, Southern Baffin Island, based on down-core diatom analyses

Three lakes, informally named Lakes Inqua, Instaar and Mercer, from the Jackman Sound area in Southern Baffin Island were cored. The elevation of the three lakes are 36 m above high tide (aht), 10 m aht and 1 m aht. The cores from Lakes Inqua and Mercer penetrated the marine/lacustrine boundary; the core from Lake Instaar is estimated to have come within ca. 5 cm of this boundary. In addition, grab samples and water samples were retrieved from the lakes. The cores have been 14C dated (AMS). Emergence of the three lake basins from the sea occurred approximately 8650 BP (Lake Inqua), 8630 BP (Lake Instaar) and 7900 BP (Lake Mercer, averaged date). This suggests a very rapid rate (>5 m/100 yrs) of glacio-isostatic rebound for this area. Down-core analyses of diatom assemblages indicate that the paleolimnology in the three lakes was similar. The diatom analyses suggest a change in climate between approximately 8000 and 6000 BP, which is also reflected in the marine record from the same area, and the onset of the neoglacial period around 4500 to 3800 BP. A decrease in diatom-inferred pH is evident in the lakes' development and can probably be related to the general change of the watershed vegetation with time.
Dustborne Fungal Diversity in Middle-Income Homes in New York City and Determinants for Domestic Exposure

FEBRUARY 2015 AB18 Abstracts S A T U R D A Y 55 Dustborne Fungal Diversity in Middle-Income Homes in New York City and Determinants for Domestic Exposure Luis M. Acosta, MD, Nitzan Soffer, PhD, Adnan Divjan, Merissa McGraw-Boitnotte, Edward Sobek, PhD, Angela R. Lemons, Matthew S. Perzanowski, PhD, Brett J. Green, PhD; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, Assured Bio Labs, Oak Ridge, TN, CDC/ NIOSH/ACIB, Morgantown, WV, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, NY. RATIONALE: Recent advances in quantitative polymerase chain reaction methodologies help overcome limitations associated with traditional methods of fungal exposure assessment and provide a sensitive and specific approach to evaluate and quantify fungal diversity.We hypothesize that abundance/types of domestic dustborne fungi vary across NYC middle-income housing by neighborhood, home habits and housing type. METHODS: In this study, 7-8 year-old children (n5347) living in higher (11-18%) and lower (3-9%) asthma prevalence neighborhoods (HAPN and LAPN, respectively) were recruited as part of the New York City (NYC) Neighborhood Asthma and Allergy Study, an asthma case-control study. Bedroom floor dust from homes in HAPN (n5139) and LAPN (n5142) were collected and analyzed by qPCR for 36 fungal species (Environmental Relative Moldiness Index panel). Differences in fungal abundances were tested across factors chosen a prioribased on their potential to influence mold growth. RESULTS: Due to low abundances of fungi in dust samples ( 10% per sample), 20 of 36 fungal species were included in statistical tests. The abundance of Mucor amphibiorum and Cladosporium sphaerospermumwere both reduced in homes where shoe removal was reported (p <0.01). Only Penicillium glabrum was elevated with participant reports of indoor mold (p<0.01). Aureobasidium pullulans, Penicillium glabrum, Wallemia sebi and Alternaria alternatavaried by housing type (single, multi-family or apartment) and neighborhood asthma prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these preliminary results indicate that multiple environmental factors including anthropogenic behavior modification, housing type, and neighborhood are important variables that influence fungal diversity within middle-income homes in New York City.
Incorporating time-corrected life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in vehicle regulations.

Beginning with model year 2012, light-duty vehicles sold in the U.S. are subject to new rules that regulate tailpipe greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions based on grams of CO2–equivalent per mile (gCO2e/mi). However, improvements in vehicle technology, lower-carbon fuels, and improvements in GHG accounting practices which account for distortions related to emissions timing all contribute to shifting a greater portion of life cycle emissions away from the vehicle use phase and toward the vehicle production phase. This article proposes methods for calculating time-corrected life cycle emissions intensity on a gCO2e/mi basis and explores whether regulating only tailpipe CO2 could lead to an undesirable regulatory outcome, where technologies and vehicle architectures with higher life cycle GHGs are favored over technologies with lower life cycle emissions but with higher tailpipe GHG emissions. Two life cycle GHG assessments for future vehicles are presented in addition to time correction factors for production and...
Prudence, Justice, Benevolence, and Sex: Evidence from Similar Bargaining Games

Abstract Most learning experiments involve repeated play of exactly the same situation and, hence, can not discriminate between learning to use a deductive principle and other forms of routine learning. In this paper, subjects confront a sequence of similar, but not identical, bargaining games all of which can be solved using the same deductive principles. Conventions based on these deductive principles emerge within 70 periods in 5 of 26 eight-person cohorts. We found no economically significant differences between all male and all female cohorts. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C72, C78, C92, D83.
Complementary variational principles and their application to rheo-linear and rheo-non-linear vibrations

Abstract A complementary (to Hamilton's) variational principle, and its subsequent energetic specialization to periodic systems are developed, and, subsequently, applied to the approximate determination of the stability/instability boundaries, first of the linear Mathieu equation, and then of two common types of non-linear Mathieu-like equations. Extensions of the methodology are also indicated.
Effects of Menstrual Cycle Phase and Oral Contraceptives on Alertness, Cognitive Performance, and Circadian Rhythms During Sleep Deprivation

The influence of menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive use on neurobehavioral function and circadian rhythms were studied in healthy young women (n = 25) using a modified constant routine procedure during 24 h of sleep deprivation. Alertness and performance worsened across sleep deprivation and also varied with circadian phase. Entrained circadian rhythms of melatonin and body temperature were evident in women regardless of menstrual phase or oral contraceptive use. No significant difference in melatonin levels, duration, or phase was observed between women in the luteal and follicular phases, whereas oral contraceptives appeared to increase melatonin levels. Temperature levels were higher in the luteal phase and in oral contraceptive users compared to women in the follicular phase. Alertness on the maintenance of wakefulness test and some tests of cognitive performance were poorest for women in the follicular phase especially near the circadian trough of body temperature. These observations suggest that hormonal changes associated with the menstrual cycle and the use of oral contraceptives contribute to changes in nighttime waking neurobehavioral function and temperature level whereas these factors do not appear to affect circadian phase.
US—Mexican maritime relations in the aftermath of UNCLOS III

Abstract Mexico and the United States have generally resolved their common problems relating to uses of the ocean through bilateral negotiation or small regional arrangements. Both new technologies and the changing Law of the Sea, however, have added stresses to and changed concepts of marine management. Now it is necessary to cooperate not only in resource management, but also in marine scientific research, delimitation of maritime boundaries, trans-boundary pollution and the peaceful settlement of maritime disagreements. But Mexico at UNCLOS in established herself as a leader among developing countries, while the United States is exemplary of the developed, industrialized maritime power. In addition, Mexico has signed the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea while the United States has not. Instead, the US has begun to develop an oceans policy outside of, but in many respects consistent with, the Convention regime. With respect to US-Mexican relations, however, the Law of the Sea Treaty provisions, except for those on seabed mining, can serve as the basis for negotiations on nearly all outstanding marine issues. Since there are no legal impediments to the resolution of the bilateral problems, it can be accomplished if there is the political will on both sides to do so.
The Mechanism Of Hologram Formation In DMP-128 Photopolymer

Scanning electron micrographs of volume phase, reflection holograms recorded in DMP-128 reveal microstructure that is responsible for holographic efficiency. Solid and porous payers alternate with a spacing commensurate with the recorded fringe pattern. The difference in material density between the solid and porous regions accounts for the refractive index modulation and therefore the holographic activity of DMP-128 holograms. The pores of the hologram are interconnected and are filled with many low and moderate viscosity liquids upon immersion. Important optical properties of the holograms are profoundly and predictably affected by filling of the hologram pores.
Development of a Kinetic Model to Describe the Reforming of Logistical Fuels

In this study, a chemical kinetic model has been assembled in an attempt to predict the products of endothermic reforming of JP-7, JP-8, JP-10, and S-8 fuel in a pyrolytic environment. Experimentally determined mole fractions from a previous study were used to optimize the chemical kinetic model, using the solution mapping method. The optimization process produced a model that could predict the gaseous reformate for S-8 fuel. The results for JP-7, JP-8, and JP-10 identified shortcomings in the model due to both the models and the optimization process.
Effect of a sublethal concentration of zinc on an aggregating pheromone system in the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio (Hamilton-Buchanan)

Abstract Adult female zebrafish maintained in water containing a sublethal level (5 ppm) of zinc for nine days showed no preference for pheromone-containing donor water at a concentration of pheromone shown to attract non-zinc treated females. The possible effect of interference with reaction to the pheromonal sex attractant system is hypothesised.