cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Demonstration of Quantum Entanglement between a Single Electron Spin Confined to an InAs Quantum Dot and a Photon

The electron spin state of a singly charged semiconductor quantum dot has been shown to form a suitable single qubit for quantum computing architectures with fast gate times. A key challenge in realizing a useful quantum dot quantum computing architecture lies in demonstrating the ability to scale the system to many qubits. In this Letter, we report an all optical experimental demonstration of quantum entanglement between a single electron spin confined to a single charged semiconductor quantum dot and the polarization state of a photon spontaneously emitted from the quantum dot's excited state. We obtain a lower bound on the fidelity of entanglement of $0.59\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04$, which is 84% of the maximum achievable given the timing resolution of available single photon detectors. In future applications, such as measurement-based spin-spin entanglement which does not require sub-nanosecond timing resolution, we estimate that this system would enable near ideal performance. The inferred (usable) entanglement generation rate is $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{3}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. This spin-photon entanglement is the first step to a scalable quantum dot quantum computing architecture relying on photon (flying) qubits to mediate entanglement between distant nodes of a quantum dot network.
Algorithms for tracking with an array of magnetic sensors

We consider the problem of tracking a magnetic target as it travels in a straight-line path in the vicinity of N magnetic sensors. The target is modeled as a magnetic dipole, and we study tracking algorithms when the sensors are total-field (scalar) magnetometers and vector magnetometers. A novel, computationally-efficient vector-field algorithm is presented that jointly processes the data from N sensors, yielding estimates of the track and the target dipole moment vector. Simulation examples are included to illustrate the performance of the total-field and vector algorithms.
Fuel-cell simulator interface

A 3D drawing methodology based on voxel-graphics was applied to the design of multi-component engineering systems, such as fuel-cells. Using this methodology and Java-technology a graphics user interface (GUI) for a fuel-cell simulator program was developed and used in simulations of large fuel-cell stacks. The GUI is capable to setup, run and monitor simulations remotely from a web-browser. The geometric design module was implemented using 3D voxel sculpting methodology and data visualization, which is prototyped after 2D pixel graphics systems. The developed approach was primarily aimed at the design of complex multi-component engineering systems. However, the flexibility of voxel-based geometry representation enables one to use this technique for both 3D geometric design and visualization of unstructured volume data. Examples of both applications are presented, with the focus on fuel-cell stack simulations.
526 DELAYED GASTRIC EMPTYING IN CHILDREN WITH GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX (GER)

The contribution of abnormal gastric motility to GER has not been established to date. 14 children (ages: 2 mo to 3 yr) with GER diagnosed by standard criteria (2 or more (+) studies: UGI, esophageal manometry, acid reflux studies, radionuclide reflux study or endoscopy) were evaluated for delayed gastric emptying using an isotope-labeled formula technique. Emptying curves and T½ values were computed using Tc-99mSC in cow's milk or soy formula (0.67 cal/cc) administered as a single bolus of 300 cc/1.73m2 in the supine position. Normal T½ values were established in patients without GER. 9/14 patients with GER demonstrated significantly delayed gastric emptying: The patients with delayed emptying had “flat” curves compared to biphasic curves in normals. Therapy with urecholine in selected patients had variable effects on emptying studies. 6/9 GER patiients with delayed emptying required surgery due to failure of medical management; 1/5 GER patients with normal emptying required surgery. Conclusion: Delayed gastric emptying appears to be a contributing factor to GER in children and may be associated with a poor response to medical therapy.
The effect of prolactin on the Dunning R3327H rat prostatic adenocarcinoma.

The Dunning R3327 rat prostatic adenocarcinoma contains specific binding sties for iodo-oPRL (ovine prolactin) in the membrane fraction (100,000 × g pellet). These are normally present at a low level, but immunization with oPRL produces a dramatic increase in. tumor binding in either sex (females bear an implant of testosterone propionate pellet). Under these experimental conditions, the ventral prostate of rats bearing the tumors have no detectable PRL receptors. 5 α-Reductase activity, on the other hand, is lower in the tumors than in the normal prostates. Immunization also decreased somewhat the rate of growth of the tumors.
On Inverse Adsorption Chromatography. 1. Solution for Nonlinear, Nonideal Model of Chromatography and Adsorption Isotherm

A mathematical model of nonlinear, nonideal adsorption chromatography of one component solute (adsorbate) which takes into account kinetics of adsorption, longitudinal diffusion in the mobile phase...
“Frozen Shoulder”—A Difficult Clinical Problem

Frozen shoulder is a clinical condition characterized by a relatively sudden onset, variable degrees of pain, restricted range of motion, and normal radiographic imaging techniques. Although the disease occurs in a small segment of the population, its management presents the clinician with an opportunity to use all of his or her skills to alleviate the pain and restore function of the shoulder. This review article discusses contemporary ideas on etiology, diagnosis, and noninvasive treatment including manual medicine techniques, surgical options, and prognosis.
On the resolution of the low-energy electron reflection microscope

Abstract A wave-electron-optical treatment of the low-energy electron reflection microscope is used to calculate the resolution in the presence of spherical and chromatic aberrations. An estimate based on a simple system shows that the limiting resolution coul be as small as 3 nm.
HfO2 on UV–O3 exposed transition metal dichalcogenides: interfacial reactions study

The surface chemistry of MoS2, WSe2 and MoSe2 upon ultraviolet (UV)?O3 exposure was studied in situ by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Differences in reactivity of these transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) towards oxidation during UV?O3 were observed and correlated with density functional theory calculations. Also, sequential HfO2 depositions were performed by atomic layer deposition (ALD) while the interfacial reactions were monitored by XPS. It is found that the surface oxides generated on MoSe2 and WSe2 during UV?O3 exposure were reduced by the ALD process (?self-cleaning effect?). The effectiveness of the oxide reduction on these TMDs is discussed and correlated with the HfO2 film uniformity.
Comparison of Hadamard Transform and Signal-Averaged Detection for Microchannel Electrophoresis

A Hadamard transform (HT) detection method for microchip capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence and a charge-coupled device (CCD) is described and compared to signal-averaged detection. A low-noise CCD camera is used to image a section of a separation channel where each camera pixel can be thought of as a unique detector. For signal averaging, electropherograms corresponding to individual pixels can be averaged for improved S/N. HT detection is performed on each pixel electropherogram to generate a contour plot electropherogram. The multiple injections required for HT provides an enhancement at the cost of longer times for the pseudorandom injection sequences. A short sample injection length of 0.25 s is used to reduce the overall analysis time and improve sensitivity compared to previously published results. An injection sequence is performed on the microchip that is based on a cyclic S-matrix of 513 elements that generates an 8-fold improvement in S/N compared to a single injection. This spatially resolved HT detection method is also capable of performing a multicomponent separation. Signal-averaged HT and single-injection data are compared to experimental HT and single-injection results. The unique capabilities of each method are described.
Non-linear dynamics in futures prices: evidence from the coffee, sugar and cocoa exchange

This article tests for the presence of low-dimensional chaos in the coffee, cocoa and sugar futures markets. While it finds strong evidence of non-linear dependence in the returns, the evidence is not consistent with chaos. The test results indicate that well known ARCH-type processes, with control for seasonal and contract-maturity effects, generally explain the non-linearities in the data. It also shows that employing seasonally adjusted price series and controlling for contract maturity may be important in obtaining robust results via some of the existing tests for chaotic structure. Finally, maximum likelihood methodologies that are robust to the non-linear dynamics lend strong support to the Samuelson hypothesis of maturity-effects in futures price-changes.
Colorectal Cancer Screening Among Korean Americans: A Systematic Review

The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) among Korean Americans (KAs) has increased in recent years, even as the rate in nearly ever other population group in the United States has decreased. Reversing this trend will require improving screening rates, but a variety of sociocultural factors may inhibit this goal. We conducted a systematic review of the published literature on cancer screening among KAs, and identified thirteen eligible studies that examined CRC screening. KAs have CRC screening rates that are significantly lower than the national average. Only about one in four KAs ages 50 and older reports having ever had a fecal ocult blood test (FOBT) and only about 40 % have ever had a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy. KA adults are also significantly less likely than the general US population to say they have heard of FOBT, sigmoidoscopy, or colonoscopy. In the KA population, screening rates are higher among adults with higher socioeconomic status, greater acculturation to the United States, more cancer knowledge, more social support, and better access to healthcare services. Improving cultural and financial access to health education and healthcare services may increase CRC screening among KAs and reduce the incidence of the disease.
Raman scattering from dense helium and argon

Abstract Light scattering spectra from helium and argon, under pressures up to 10 kbar and temperatures as low as 10 K, are presented for both solid and fluid phases. Raman spectra from high-density hcp helium-4 help to determine the applicability of conventional lattice dynamics to solid helium at high pressure. Specific phonon interactions are deduced from the observed temperature dependence of these spectra.
Off-shell effects in quasielastic electron nucleus scattering

Using the Ward-Takahashi identity, on-shell condition, bound Dirac equation and off-shell expansion, a reduced version of half off-shell virtual photon nucleon vertex has been suggested. The vertex are decomposed into several different order terms: the on-shell terms, first and second off-shell terms. The off-shell behaviour of the form factors is discussed in the one meson loop model. Using the reduced vertex and parametrized off-shell form factors the quasielastic response functions are calculated for several nuclei at ¦q¦–kf and for56Fe at large ¦q¦ up to 1.14 GeV/c and at −q2=0.9 (GeV/c)2. The Coulomb sums are evaluated and a comparison of the theoretical prediction with data is given. The off-shell electron nucleon cross section is calculated and compared with the “cc1” off-shell extrapolation.
Modification of Expansin Transcript Levels in the Maize Primary Root at Low Water Potentials

We previously demonstrated that maintenance of cell elongation in the apical region of maize primary roots at low water potentials (ψ w ) was associated with an increase in expansin activity and extractable expansin protein. Here, we characterized the spatial pattern of expansin gene expression along the growing maize root and studied the effect of low ψ w on expansin gene expression. Roots were divided into three segments: apical 0 to 5 mm, subapical 5 to 10 mm, and non-growing 10 to 20 mm. Of the five expansin genes expressed in control roots, two α-expansins ( Exp1 and Exp5 ) and two β-expansins ( ExpB2 and ExpB8 ) are expressed specifically in the growing region, whereas expression of β-expansin ExpB6 is shifted basipetally. After seedlings were transplanted to vermiculite with a ψ w of −1.6 MPa, transcripts for Exp1 , Exp5 , and ExpB8 rapidly accumulated in the apical region of the root. These mRNA changes correlated with the maintenance of root elongation and increases in wall extensibility found previously. The β-expansins ExpB2 and ExpB6 showed distinctive patterns of expression and responses to low ψ w, indicative of distinctive functions. Inhibition of abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation at low ψ w (by fluridone treatment) had no effect on expansin expression, except that ExpB2 transcript level showed a minor dependence on ABA. Gene-specific regulation of α- and β-expansin mRNA pools likely contributes to growth alterations of the maize ( Zea mays ) root as it adapts to a low ψ w , but these changes do not appear to be mediated by changes in ABA content.
Evaluation of operational policies in the design phase of material handling networks

We compare quality of solution and solution times of alternative operational dispatching policies that are integrated into the design phase of a material handling network for automated guided vehicle systems. Exact formulations describe the problem of optimal concurrent design of the unidirectional loop track layout along with the locations of the pickup and drop-off stations. The objective is to minimize the total loaded and empty vehicle trip distances, which is the main driver of the fleet size of the vehicles. A primary interest of our work is to illustrate the superiority of the shortest-trip-distance-first (STDF) over the first-come-first-served (FCFS) when integrated into the design phase. We also show that optimization under STDF in the design phase produces the best solution for first-encountered-first-served (FEFS) in the operation phase. The findings of the optimization models in the design phase are well supported by the outcomes of the simulation model in the operation phase.
α7-Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors on Cerebral Perivascular Sympathetic Nerves Mediate Choline-Induced Nitrergic Neurogenic Vasodilation

It has been suggested in isolated porcine cerebral arteries that stimulation by nicotine of alpha7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (alpha7-nAChRs) on sympathetic nerves, but not direct stimulation of parasympathetic nitrergic nerves, caused nitrergic neurogenic dilation. Direct evidence supporting this hypothesis has not been presented. The present study, which used in vitro tissue bath and confocal microscopy techniques, was designed to determine whether choline, a selective agonist for alpha7-nAChRs, induced sympathetic-dependent nitrergic dilation of porcine basilar arterial rings. Choline and several nAChR agonists induced exclusive relaxation of basilar arterial rings without endothelium. The relaxation was blocked by tetrodotoxin, nitro-L-arginine, guanethidine, and beta2-adrenoceptor antagonists. Furthermore, the relaxation was blocked by methyllycaconitine and alpha-bungarotoxin (preferential alpha7-nAChR antagonists) and mecamylamine but was not affected by dihydro-beta-erythroidine (a preferential alpha4-nAChR antagonist). Confocal microscopic study demonstrated that choline and nicotine induced significant calcium influx in cultured porcine superior cervical ganglionic cells but failed to affect calcium influx in cultured sphenopalatine ganglionic cells, providing direct evidence that choline and nicotine did not act directly on the parasympathetic nitrergic neurons. The increased calcium influx in superior cervical ganglionic cells was attenuated by alpha-bungarotoxin and methyllycaconitine but not by dihydro-beta-erythroidine. These results support our hypothesis that activation of alpha7-nAChRs on cerebral perivascular sympathetic nerves causes calcium influx and the release of norepinephrine, which then act on presynaptic beta2-adrenoceptors located on the neighboring nitrergic nerve terminals, resulting in NO release and vasodilation. Endogenous choline may play an important role in regulating cerebral sympathetic activity and vascular tone.
Evaluation of Four Commercial Anaerobic Systems for Identification of Eubacterium Suis

Four commercial anaerobic systems (CASs) were evaluated for usefulness in identificatio n of Eubacterium suis. Twelve strains were evaluated in each system in triplicate, and results were interpreted independently by 5 individuals. Statistically significant differences (P < 0.01) due to strain variation and reader interpretation accounted for discrepancies encountered. The reactivity, repeatability, and unique profiles gen- erated made both CAS-1 and CAS-2 suitable adjuncts for identification of E. suis when colony morphology and Gram reaction were considered. Limited reactivity in CAS-3 limited its use as an aid in identificatio n. Variability in test observations and the large number of numerical profiles generated precluded use of CAS-4. Eubacterium suis is an anaerobic Gram-positive diphtheroid rod. It was initially placed in the genus Corynebacterium on the basis of its diphtheroid mor- phology, 13 but more detailed taxonomic studies have placed it in the genus Eubacterium. 15 Infections in swine, particularly in sows, manifest as cystitis or py- elonephritis. 12 Progressive weight loss is a more chron- ic manifestation . 12 Acute deaths without premonitory signs have also been attributed to E. suis infections. 9
A simple motif for protein recognition in DNA secondary structures.

DNA in a single-stranded form (ssDNA) exists transiently within the cell and comprises the telomeres of linear chromosomes and the genomes of some DNA viruses. As with RNA, in the single-stranded state, some DNA sequences are able to fold into complex secondary and tertiary structures that may be recognized by proteins and participate in gene regulation. To better understand how such DNA elements might fold and interact with proteins, and to compare recognition features to those of a structured RNA, we used in vitro selection to identify ssDNAs that bind an RNA-binding peptide from the HIV Rev protein with high affinity and specificity. The large majority of selected binders contain a non-Watson–Crick G·T base-pair and an adjacent C:G base-pair and both are essential for binding. This GT motif can be presented in different DNA contexts, including a nearly perfect duplex and a branched three-helix structure, and appears to be recognized in large part by arginine residues separated by one turn of an α-helix. Interestingly, a very similar GT motif is necessary also for protein binding and function of a well-characterized model ssDNA regulatory element from the proenkephalin promoter.
Utility of autopsy in uncovering unexpected neuropathology.

Abstract Autopsy rates have declined in the last several decades for a variety of reasons. The purpose of this study is to compare autopsy neuropathologic findings from 2 periods to assess the prevalence of unexpected neuropathologic findings and unexpected neuropathologic diagnoses determined to be the major cause of death. Retrospective review of autopsies with examination of the central nervous system was performed in 2007 to 2008 (n = 289) and 1984 to 1985 (n = 328). Unexpected neuropathologic diagnoses were found at autopsy in 42.4% of cases from 1984 to 1985 vs 38.8% of cases from 2007 to 2008. The neuropathology was felt to contribute to the cause of death in 22% of cases from 1984 to 1985 vs 19.7% of cases from 2007 to 2008. Unexpected neuropathologic findings were the cause of death in 5.2% of cases from 1984 to 1985 vs 3.1% of cases from 2007 to 2008. These findings underscore the continued use of brain and spinal cord examination at autopsy despite advances in “modern” medicine.
Blind adaptive filtering of unknown speech from unknown noise in a single receiver situation

Describes a blind adaptive filtering approach to filtering speech from noise when no access is available to speech or to noise alone and no parameter or spectral information is available on either. The approach is concerned with a single source. The solution to this problem involves a priori assumptions on features such as relative degree or stationarity or model order rather than on a parameter or spectrum. The feature information is incorporated in the received signal identification scheme. The resultant thus separated parameters are then employed to tune a filter which is based on a modified Kalman or Wiener filter whose output is passed through a network that biases that output according to the distribution of information in speech over the speech spectrum. It has been found that without the latter nonlinear feature speech intelligibility is hardly enhanced even when the SNR is improved. Real time results involving intelligibility tests on single syllable word lists show dramatic improvement in intelligibility. >
Affective Robot Influence on Driver Adherence to Safety, Cognitive Load Reduction and Sociability

Humans can be deeply influenced by affective behaviors during social interaction. Specifically, emotional cues from others can be a powerful way to persuade people to modify their behaviors. With this motivation in mind, we explore how a social robot called AIDA (Affective Intelligent Driving Agent) can better persuade drivers to adhere to road safety guidelines as compared to existing technologies, and AIDA's persuasiveness as compared to a human passenger. An Android smartphone, which mounts in the robot's head, serves as AIDA's main computational unit. Because the smartphone contains personal information about the driver (e.g. contacts, calendar and music preferences), leveraging this device can create a more deeply personalized experience. We conducted a user study in which participants completed tasks in a driving simulator with the help of: 1) a smartphone alone, 2) AIDA as a static-mounted agent, 3) AIDA as an expressive robot, or 4) a smartphone plus a human passenger. AIDA was able to promote safe driving behaviors and reduce cognitive load better than a smartphone alone. Overall, the AIDA robot paralleled in performance as compared to the human passenger. The AIDA robot also facilitated more sociability with the driver than the smartphone or static agent. Further, AIDA's proactive launching of the driver's favorite music better promoted overall enjoyment.
Body fluid determinations using multiple impedance measurements

It is shown that a significant potential for error exists when a single measurement from wrist to ankle is used to determine body water volume and percentage of body fat, and that by making measurements of multiple regions of the body (arms, legs, and trunk) a more accurate determination can be obtained. This concept is suggested by the results of multiple impedance measurements made on a group of 11 patients undergoing haemodialysis. >
Fenestration devices for energy conservation-IV. Field study☆

Abstract We present the results of field studies concerning the performance of sunscreens for reducing air-conditioning loads in single-family residences. We used data on houses (725) in the San Diego transition climatic region which had sunscreens installed during 1978 or 1979. The sample size was reduced by the following factors: failure by homeowners to respond to the questionnaire, houses which were not air-conditioned, failure to satisfy characteristics important for matching of houses, and criteria related to changes in occupancy. As the result, our control and test groups were reduced to 34 and 32 for the 1978 study and to 36 and 31 households for the 1979 study, respectively. For these small remaining sample sizes, the predicted small effects of sunscreens on total electricity consumption were obscured by variances in the field results. The observed large variances in the field results were produced, in large measure, by deliberate changes in thermostat settings as a response by homeowners to rapidly escalating electricity costs.
Social Impact of Stimulant Treatment for Hyperactive Children

Most children diagnosed with ADHD have extensive and enduring problems in the social arena. Despite its limitations, the standard stimulant treatment regimen for children with ADHD is a useful therapeutic modality as well as an heuristic tool for increasing our understanding of both optimal and problematic interpersonal functioning. This article explores the social impact of stimulant treatment, delineating documented improvements, identifying elusive domains and puzzling patterns, and highlighting unintended and potentially undesirable outcomes. Medication-related changes in the behaviors and perceptions of the diagnosed child's adult caretakers are distinguished from those observed in peers, and the need to enhance our understanding of peer cultures is underscored. We present new findings on the effects of stimulant treatment on social cognition and affect, and then discuss the critical need to map the attributional sequelae of any treatment approach. The final sections explore contemporary controversies and improved strategies for balancing the costs, risks, and benefits of stimulant treatment in the service of enhancing interpersonal competence, satisfaction, and harmony.
Implicatures and Nested Beliefs in Approximate Decentralized-POMDPs

Conversational implicatures involve reasoning about multiply nested belief structures. This complexity poses significant challenges for computational models of conversation and cognition. We show that agents in the multi-agent DecentralizedPOMDP reach implicature-rich interpretations simply as a by-product of the way they reason about each other to maximize joint utility. Our simulations involve a reference game of the sort studied in psychology and linguistics as well as a dynamic, interactional scenario involving implemented artificial agents.
Turbulent eddies in a compressible jet in crossflow measured using pulse-burst particle image velocimetry

Pulse-burst Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) has been employed to acquire time-resolved data at 25 kHz of a supersonic jet exhausting into a subsonic compressible crossflow. Data were acquired along the windward boundary of the jet shear layer and used to identify turbulent eddies as they convect downstream in the far-field of the interaction. Eddies were found to have a tendency to occur in closely spaced counter-rotating pairs and are routinely observed in the PIV movies, but the variable orientation of these pairs makes them difficult to detect statistically. Correlated counter-rotating vortices are more strongly observed to pass by at a larger spacing, both leading and trailing the reference eddy. This indicates the paired nature of the turbulent eddies and the tendency for these pairs to recur at repeatable spacing. Velocity spectra reveal a peak at a frequency consistent with this larger spacing between shear-layer vortices rotating with identical sign. The spatial scale of these vortices appears si...
Flow cytometric assay for the simultaneous analysis of cell-mediated cytotoxicity and effector cell phenotype.

A growing number of clinical vaccine trials involve monitoring of the patient immune response (7,8). One of the main obstacles for comprehensive monitoring is usually a limited amount of patient blood available. It would be beneficial to use methods that allow measurement of different parameters in one test tube. A number of flow cytometric methods to measure cell-mediated cytotoxicity, particularly based on the uptake of propidium iodide (PI), have been offered recently (2–6). Excellent correlation has been found between 7-aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD) inclusion in flow cytometric cytotoxicity assay and the results of the 51Cr release assay, with both fresh and cryopreserved effector cells used. The correlation coefficient R2 was higher than 0.9 in all experiments performed (1). We developed a method based on flow cytometry that would allow us to simultaneously analyze effector cell phenotype and target cell death using the same sample under conditions that ensure reliable discrimination of the target and effector cells. K562 (human myelogenous leukemia cell line; ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) and C1R.A2 (human plasma leukemia cell line that expresses a transfected genomic clone of HLA-A2.1) were cultured in complete medium (CM) consisting of RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% FCS, 2 mM glutamine, 1 mM pyruvate, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin and 50 μg/mL gentamycin (BioWhittaker, Walkersville, MD, USA). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from venous blood of normal human volunteers by buoyant density centrifugation over FicollPaque (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, NJ, USA). Aliquots of effector cells were cryopreserved in the vapor phase of liquid nitrogen for future use in functional testing and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. For cytolytic T lymphocyte DRUG DISCOVERY AND GENOMIC TECHNOLOGIES
Ground Penetrating Radar: Utility/Rebar/Cable Detection and Concrete/Subgrade Debonding

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) profiles acquired during seven separate field investigations are presented. The intent is simply to illustrate that GPR can be used to detect rebar, pre-tensioned tendons, deteriorated and/or detached concrete/fill, buried utilities, underground storage tanks, and buried foundations. The objective of each investigation is summarized, accompanied by brief descriptions of the nature of the target of interest. The application of GPR to the investigations described in this paper is not new. However, the presentation and illustration of multiple applications of this imaging technology in a single manuscript is somewhat unique.
Automated Design of Low-Thrust Gravity-Assist Trajectories

The promise of low-thrust gravity-assist (LTGA) trajectories is considerable because they can grant access to scientific targets for low propellant costs and with short flight times. Low-thrust propulsion systems have already been demonstrated. Coupling this technology with the proven gravity-assist technique promises to open doors for future missions to distant targets. We introduce a new software tool which automatically searches for LTGA trajectories over a wide range of launch energies, launch dates, and thruster characteristics. The algorithm relies on the theory of shape-based trajectory design, developed earlier. We use the tool to study missions to Mercury (via gravity assist from Venus), to Ceres (via gravity assist from Mars), and to Tempel 1. Our broad design searches confirm the likelihood of low-cost trajectories for launch dates corresponding to optimal trajectories in the literature.
X-ray Investigation of Strained Metal-Hydrogen Superlattices

The properties of strained superlattices can be studied in a tunable fashion by dissolving hydrogen interstitially in strain free Nb/Ta metal superlattices. We report on a first investigation of a Nb/Ta 20 A superlattice loaded with hydrogen in-situ in a high temperature x-ray furnace. After hydrogen uptake the ± 1 satellite reflections show pronounced asymmetries, indicating a hydrogen density distribution which is modulated by the superlattice periodicity.
Runway Independent STOL Regional Airliner Configuration Studies as Teaching Tools

Over the pas t three years Cal Poly students have created conceptual designs of a family of regional airliners to provide perspective on the effect of basic mission requirements on aircraft size, shape, complexity, and cost. All aircraft carried 60 passengers and comm uter baggage over a 1,000 statute mile stage length, but runway length requirements varied from 1000 feet to 5000 feet. Each quarter, students in Cal Poly's introductory aerospace vehicle design course divided into teams of from five to seven, depending u pon class size, and created conceptual designs of airliners to meet one of the runway length requirements. Over several quarters the runway length requirement varied to create a matrix of configurations, all designed to a consistent set of parameters and to a consistent level of detail using the same methods. This paper discusses the background of these studies, the overall research philosophy, and results to date. Companion papers discuss details of Cal Poly's sophomore aerospace vehicle design course a nd one design project for a 3,000 foot field length STOL regional airliner.
Effects of wetland plants on denitrification rates: a meta‐analysis

Human activity is accelerating changes in biotic communities worldwide. Predicting impacts of these changes on ecosystem services such as denitrification, a process that mitigates the consequences of nitrogen pollution, remains one of the most important challenges facing ecologists. Wetlands especially are valued as important sites of denitrification, and wetland plants are expected to have differing effects on denitrification. We present the results of a meta-analysis, conducted on 419 published estimates of denitrification in wetlands dominated by different plant species. Plants increased denitrification rates by 55% on average. This effect varied significantly among communities as defined by the dominant plant species, but surprisingly did not differ substantially among methods for measuring denitrification or among types of wetlands. We conclude that mechanistically linking functional plant traits to denitrification will be key to predicting the role of wetlands in nitrogen mitigation in a changing world.
Research on the nucleic acid vaccine and immunity of combine CDV,CPV and CAV

The canine distemper virus,canine parvovirus,canine adenovirus are three kinds of diseases of canine.The CDV H gene,CPV VP1 gene,CAV F gene were clonded by PCR or RT-PCR.Recombinant plasmid pIRCDV-H,pIRESVP1,pcCAVF were constructed and sequenced to confirm its rightness.Fifteen dogs were injected at 9 weeks of age with three kinds plasmid of pIRCDV-H,pIRESVP1,pcCAV-F.All dogs were challenged with virulent CDV,CPV,CAV after the third injection.NAV vaccinated dogs showed a high IgG titer after the second injection and were protected against infection,while the control dogs were fully susceptible.That vaccines can protect some dogs against virulent was demonstrated.
Hypertension alters rapid cooling contractures in single rat cardiocytes.

Previous work has demonstrated that, in single, paced left ventricular (LV) myocytes isolated from rats with hypertension, the extent of myocyte shortening and the amplitude of the cytosolic Ca2+ c...
Keep an “Ion” the Twitches

This case discusses the antagonistic pharmacodynamics interaction between magnesium and calcium at the neuromuscular junction, causing neuromuscular weakness.
Linking Higher Order Logic to a VLSI CAD system

We show how hardware implementation descriptions written in Higher Order Logic (HOL) are transformed into VLSI layouts. The intent is to link formally verified designs to physical implementations. Once HOL structural descriptions are transformed to structural descriptions and parameterized cell generators in a VLSI CAD system, the tools associated with the VLSI CAD system can be used such as standard cell libraries, automatic placement and routing, and simulation. The cell generator programs derived from verified HOL descriptions provide a means by which verified and parameterized HOL designs can augment a cell library within a CAD system. The particular VLSI CAD system used here is the GDT system from Mentor Graphics. The GDT system includes a CMOS standard cell library, a macrocell synthesis tool which includes automatic placement and routing, and the Lsim multilevel simulator. GDT uses a structural language called L. HOL structural descriptions are first mapped to L, then layouts corresponding to the L descriptions are created using the standard cell library and the layout generation tools. We illustrate this design process by creating the layout for an 8-bit serial/parallel multiplier which has been verified in HOL.
Unsupervised Transfer Learning via Multi-Scale Convolutional Sparse Coding for Biomedical Applications

The capabilities of (I) learning transferable knowledge across domains; and (II) fine-tuning the pre-learned base knowledge towards tasks with considerably smaller data scale are extremely important. Many of the existing transfer learning techniques are supervised approaches, among which deep learning has the demonstrated power of learning domain transferrable knowledge with large scale network trained on massive amounts of labeled data. However, in many biomedical tasks, both the data and the corresponding label can be very limited, where the unsupervised transfer learning capability is urgently needed. In this paper, we proposed a novel multi-scale convolutional sparse coding (MSCSC) method, that (I) automatically learns filter banks at different scales in a joint fashion with enforced scale-specificity of learned patterns; and (II) provides an unsupervised solution for learning transferable base knowledge and fine-tuning it towards target tasks. Extensive experimental evaluation of MSCSC demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed MSCSC in both regular and transfer learning tasks in various biomedical domains.
Dose escalation with an IMRT technique in 15 to 28 fractions is better tolerated than standard doses of 3DCRT for LAPC.

Abstract Purpose To review acute and late toxicities after chemoradiation for locally advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in patients who were treated with escalated dose radiation (EDR). Methods and materials Maximum Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 4.0 acute toxicities (AT) during radiation and within 60 days after radiation were recorded for both acute gastrointestinal toxicity and overall toxicity (OT). Late toxicities were also recorded. EDR was generally delivered with daily image guidance and breath-hold techniques using intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) planning. These were compared with patients who received standard dose radiation (SDR) delivered as 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions using 3-dimensional chemoradiation therapy planning. Results A total of 59 of 154 patients (39%) received EDR with biologically equivalent doses >70 Gy. The most frequent schedules were 63 Gy in 28 fractions (19 of 154 patients), 67.5 Gy in 15 fractions (10 of 154 patients), and 70 Gy in 28 fractions (15 of 154 patients). No grade 4 or grade 5 OT or late toxicities were reported. Rates of grade 3 acute gastrointestinal toxicity were significantly lower in patients who received EDR compared with SDR (1% vs 14%; P P = .004). The proportion of patients who experienced no AT was higher in the EDR group than the SDR group (36% vs 15%; P = .001). For EDR patients treated with IMRT, a lower risk of AT was associated with a later treatment year ( P = .007), nonpancreatic head tumor location ( P = .01), breath-hold ( P = .002), 4-dimensional computed tomography ( P = .003), computed tomography on rails ( P = .002), and lower stomach V40 ( P = .03). With a median time of 12 months (range, 1-79 months) from the start of radiation therapy to the last known follow-up in the EDR group, 51 of 59 patients (86%) had no late toxicity. Six of 59 EDR patients (10%) had either strictures or gastrointestinal bleeding that required intervention. No significant predictors of late toxicity were identified. Conclusion Overall acute and late toxicity rates were low with EDR using an IMRT technique with image guidance and respiratory gating.
Limited proteolysis in porous membrane reactors containing immobilized trypsin

Proteolysis is often a critical step in protein characterization via mass spectrometry. Compared to complete digestion, limited proteolysis gives larger peptides, and the dominant cleavage sites may identify highly accessible, flexible protein regions. This paper explores controlled proteolysis in porous nylon membranes containing immobilized trypsin. Passage of protein solutions through ∼100 μm thick membranes provides reaction residence times as short as milliseconds to limit digestion. Additionally, variation of the membrane pore size and the protease-immobilization method (electrostatic adsorption or covalent anchoring to adsorbed polymer in membrane pores) affords control over the proteolysis rate. When digesting the highly labile protein β-casein, large membrane pores (5.0 μm) and covalent enzyme anchoring to adsorbed polymer lead to particularly long tryptic peptides. With the more trypsin-resistant proteins cytochrome c and apomyoglobin, in-membrane proteolysis with short residence times, 1.2 μm membrane pores, and trypsin electrostatically immobilized to an adsorbed polyanion cleaves the proteins after lysine residues in flexible regions. For both cytochrome c and apomyoglobin, cleavages in an interhelix region yield two particularly large peptides that cover the entire protein sequence.
Effects of stratification on thermal energy storage in aquifers

A study was conducted to evaluate the impacts of aquifer stratification on the thermal energy recovery efficiency of aquifers being used as thermal energy storage reservoirs. A geohydrothermal model was applied parametrically for idealized aquifers having perfect hydraulic stratification (i.e., no fluid transfer between layers). The recovery efficiency is displayed as a function of Fourier number for idealized aquifers having alternating permeable and impermeable layers. Three ratios of impermeable to permeable layer thicknesses were evaluated. Results are presented for the first and fifth operation cycles. A clearly defined minimum recovery efficiency is observed as a function of Fourier number with the minimum occurring for Fourier numbers between 0.1 and 1. Significant improvement in energy recovery is evident between the first and fifth cycles. Simple methods of utilizing the results are presented. Stratification degrades the performance of the system. Stratification can be expected to be a significant factor for many aquifer thermal energy storage systems because aquifer layering will frequently have thicknesses for which stratification effects are most severe (between 0.3 and 5 m).
Strengths-Based Advising Approaches: Benefits for First-Year Undergraduates

We explored the benefits of strengths-based academic advising approaches for first-year students (N = 1,228). We used propensity score matching techniques to create matched pairs of students who did and did not engage in strengths-based advising conversations with an advisor. First-year students who experienced strengths-based conversations had significantly higher rates of first-year retention and graduation in 4 years, levels of engagement, and academic self-efficacy than students who did not participate in these conversations. Focus groups of 21 advisors provided insights into strengths-based advising in 3 findings: strengths approaches facilitated advising relationships (thereby supporting students' engagement, retention, and graduation), enhanced students' self-awareness and confidence, and advanced advisors' own personal and professional development (thereby positively influencing student success).
Physician orders to supplement advance directives: rescuing patient autonomy

To adapt Churchill's comment on democracy, "No one pretends that [POLSTs are] perfect..." but physicians' orders about life-sustaining treatments are a very important supplement to advance directives, especially for patients who are extremely or terminally ill, and most particularly for patients who require emergency treatment by first responders or by physicians who do not know them as persons. The standardized orders of limited options, however, are no substitute for a detailed treatment directive of a patient with a known illness, with predictable trajectories and complications. And, in this latter circumstance, a thoroughly informed proxy may also assist physicians in selecting appropriate treatment for patients who have lost decisional capacity and/or the ability to express it. I believe all patients should have an advance directive, preferably a combined proxy-treatment directive, and preferably one that has been thoroughly discussed with the attending physician and with the proxy, successor proxies, and preferably relatives and friends. Nurses, social workers, and chaplains may be very helpful to the patient in thinking through his or her preferences, especially if the severity of illness and the limited efficacy of interventions are such that the patient would wish to omit life-sustaining treatment or to discontinue it after a time-limited trial. Finally, because POLST is new or yet to be initiated in many areas of the country, it behooves all physicians to become knowledgeable of POLST and to initiate discussion of it with colleagues, patients, patients' proxies, and with relatives of patients. Even more recent is the combined advance directive/physician's orders to permit natural dying, actionable immediately for patients suffering severely and irremediably, but actionable at a future time if the patient progresses to advanced stages of dementia or other devastating brain disorders. In order to encourage physicians to initiate advance care planning with their patients, this quote from a patient shortly before his death from prostatic cancer might prove helpful: "Not every patient can be saved, but his illness can be eased by the way that the doctor responds to him. In learning to talk to his patients, the doctor may talk himself back into loving his work. He has little to lose and everything to gain by letting the sick man into his heart. If he does, they can share--as few others can--the wonder, terror, and exultation of being on the edge of being"
Undergraduate education and attitudes towards swine welfare

How does training in animal science impact college student attitudes toward swine welfare? I devised an on-line survey of first year and senior students in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences to determine if year in school, major, and farm background was related to concerns about swine well-being. An index of concern was created and used to analyze the categorical swine welfare questions. Comparing animal science students entering and finishing at Iowa State University to the general population of College of Agriculture and Life Sciences students in the same years, I found that animal science majors were less concerned than all other College of Agriculture and Life Sciences majors about animal welfare (P <0.01). Gender and farm background were not related to concern for animal welfare.
Syntheses of Cyclopropyl Analogues of Disorazoles A1 and B1 and Their Thiazole Counterparts.

Modular syntheses of disorazoles A1 and B1 analogues in which the epoxide moieties of the natural products were replaced with cyclopropyl units have been achieved. Targeted as part of a structure–activity relationships study, these syntheses were successfully extended to the thiazole counterparts of these analogues. The retrosynthetically defined fragments were assembled through Yamaguchi esterification, Cu/Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling, Yamaguchi macrolactonization, and Cu-catalyzed cross-coupling as the key reactions. Further synthetic and biological investigations of such analogues are expected to lead to the discovery and development of potential payloads for antibody–drug conjugates as targeted cancer therapies.