cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interpreting Behavioral Genetic Results: Suggestions for Counselors and Clients

Treatment strategies often are premised on modifying either environmental factors or clients' interpretations of the interpersonal environment, which are assumed to be causing problem behaviors or emotional distress. A more complete analysis would take into account the role played by genetic transmission in an individual's personality, for example, intraversion- extraversion and sense of personal control, and in the occurrence of psychopathological disorders, such as depression. When developing interventions, both counselors and clients may be helped by behavioral genetic information (a) indicating the heritability of propensities or disorders as well as (b) confirming the importance of environmental influences that hold out the possibility of change.
Nanoscale investigation of indentation, adhesion and fracture of diamond (111) surfaces

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations have been used to model the dynamics of indentation and the resulting damage for a (111) surface of a (1 × 1) hydrogen terminated diamond tip interacting with the (111) surface of both a (1 × 1) hydrogen terminated diamond crystal and a non-hydrogen terminated diamond crystal. In both cases, indentation can result in a non-adhesive (i.e., elastic) or an adhesive (i.e., plastic) interaction depending on the maximum value of the applied load. Further, adhesion is usually accompanied by fracture and is independent of where the tip contacts the surface. In the case of the hydrogen terminated crystal, the diamond crystal structure is significantly disrupted as a result of the indentation. When the hydrogen is removed from the crystal's surface, adhesion occurs at lower loads than previously observed. However, the crystal structure is not significantly altered as a result of the indentation. The state of the surface dictates the type of indentation mechanism.
From MIF-1 to endomorphin: The Tyr-MIF-1 family of peptides

The Tyr-MIF-1 family of small peptides has served a prototypic role in the introduction of several novel concepts into the peptide field of research. MIF-1 (Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2) was the first hypothalamic peptide shown to act “up” on the brain, not just “down” on the pituitary. In several situations, including clinical depression, MIF-1 exhibits an inverted U-shaped dose–response relationship in which increasing doses can result in decreasing effects. This tripeptide also can antagonize opiate actions, and the first report of such activity also correctly predicted the discovery of other endogenous antiopiate peptides. The tetrapeptide Tyr-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2) not only shows antiopiate activity, but also considerable selectivity for the mu-opiate binding site. Tyr-W-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Trp-Gly-NH2) is an even more selective ligand for the mu receptor, leading to the discovery of two more Tyr-Pro tetrapeptides that have the highest specificity and affinity for this site. These are the endomorphins: endomorphin-1 is Tyr-Pro-Trp-Phe-NH2 and endomorphin-2 is Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH2. Tyr-MIF-1 proved, contrary to the then prevailing dogma, that peptides can be saturably transported across the blood–brain barrier by a quantifiable transport system. Unexpectedly, the Tyr-MIF-1 transporter is shared with Met-enkephalin. In the era in which it was doubtful whether a peripheral peptide could exert CNS effects, the Tyr-MIF-1 family of peptides also explicitly showed that they can exert more than one central action that persists longer than their half-lives in blood. These peptides clearly illustrate that the name of a peptide restricts neither its actions nor its conceptual implications.
The Quality of Internal Control over Financial Reporting in Family Firms

SYNOPSIS: Family firms represent a majority of businesses worldwide, and play a crucial role in the socio-economic development of both developed countries and emerging economies. We study the relationship between family firm characteristics and the quality of internal control over financial reporting, relative to non-family firms. Using a relatively large sample of S&P 500 firms, we report that family firms exhibit more material weaknesses in their internal control over financial reporting than non-family firms. Further investigation suggests that the greater likelihood of material weaknesses is driven by family firms with dual-class shares. Our results are consistent with the entrenchment argument that family owners are motivated to maintain weaker internal controls in order to extract private benefits. Our study contributes to the extant literature on family firms by providing further insight into the mechanisms through which family firms can exert undue influence on internal control over financial repo...
An interference law for electromagnetic beams of any state of coherence and polarization

A general interference law is derived for the superposition of random electromagnetic beams of any state of coherence and polarization. It includes, as special cases, the results of the classic interference experiments of Fresnel and Arago which have played a basic role in elucidating the concept of polarization of light.
Continuously distributed attributes and measures of multivariate inequality

Abstract Taking certain aggregates of several continuously distributed welfare attributes as either the actual utility or the ‘observer's’ evaluation of individual welfare, Theil's information measures of inequality in the aggregates are derived and analyzed. The important special case where the joint distibution is the multivariate log-normal is developed as a point of departure. When this joint distribution is not the log-normal, simple approximate formulae for Theil'sindices are derived which are readily estimable. An attribute's incremental contribution to multidimensional inequality is derived and analysed.
Low-temperature oxidation of guaiacol to maleic acid over TS-1 catalyst in alkaline aqueous H2O2 solutions

Abstract To mitigate the negative environmental impact of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission originated from the use of fossil fuels, the chemical world is switching to utilize renewable biomass resources. Co-producing value-added chemicals is important for an integrated biorefinery to improve economics of biofuels. Lignin derived compounds, e.g. guaiacol, are common by-products of fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. In this paper, the feasibility of low-temperature selective oxidation of guaiacol to value-added dicarboxylic acids, e.g. maleic acid, was investigated using titanium silicalite/hydrogen peroxide (TS-1/H2O2) reaction system. Under the reaction conditions (80 °C and the initial pH = 13.3), the molar yields of maleic acid from guaiacol were approximately 20%–30%. The effects of catalyst amount, initial pH values, reaction time, and temperature on the yields of maleic acid were investigated. A possible reaction mechanism of TS-1 catalyzed aromatic ring opening was proposed.
The siege at Peking

In June 1900 the foreign legations at Peking were attacked by troops of the Boxer rebellion and Imperial Chinese troops. The ensuing siege lasted 55 days and shook the world. In this work, Peter Fleming traces its history and impact.
When human subjects become cybersubjects: A call for collaborative consent

Abstract This essay treats the proliferation of online collaboration as a rationale for rethinking human subjects ethics in composition. Specifically, I argue that the Conference on College Composition and Communication's research guidelines for the ethical treatment of students and student writing are grounded in an individualist ethos that is an inadequate frame for researching contemporary writing pedagogy. As a result, teacher-researchers who seek students’ informed consent for participation in a research study may inadvertently encourage students to view their writing as individual property, a vision of authorship not representative of the field's discursive values. As a corrective, I propose that composition scholars develop a guideline for soliciting students’ collaborative consent. In addition to addressing a practical concern regarding the study of collaborative production in virtual and print contexts, collaborative consent has the potential to do important ideological work by sanctioning collaboration and validating students’ extracurricular digital literacies.
Bioluminescence tomography with CT/MRI co-registration

We present a three-dimensional (3D) bioluminescence image reconstruction method with MRI and CT co-registration for small animal molecular imaging. The multi-spectral light intensity distribution of an optical luciferase-luciferin reporter system is measured at the tissue surface of a small animal for the purpose of 3D image reconstruction. The reporter probe distribution inside tissue is calculated with a linear matrix inversion method and a light propagation model based on the simplified spherical harmonics equations. The animal’s surface geometry and anatomy is determined from co-registered CT and MR images in order to locate the reconstructed source distribution relative to the animal’s anatomy. We present in vivo bioluminescence reconstruction results that demonstrate the performance of our co-registration method.
An experiment on the flow past a finite circular cylinder at high subcritical and supercritical Reynolds numbers

The complicated flow in the tip region of a finite circular cylinder in uniform cross flow has been examined at the Reynolds numbers 85,000, 180,000, and 770,000. Simultaneous measurements of the surface-pressure and wake-velocity fluctuations have revealed the existence of a shedding regime in the tip region that is distinct from the one prevailing on the main body of the cylinder. In particular, this regime can be unstable and intermittent, can have a cellular structure in the wake, or can be subcritical when the main flow is supercritical.
3D Structural Information of Soft Tissues Using Small Angle Light Scattering

Small angle light scattering (SALS) is a extensively utilized technique for the rapid quantification of the organization and structure of native fibrous soft tissues. In the present work, we developed a method to extend serial histological sections to obtain 3D distribution architectural information. This technique allows for rapid quantification and study of general trends of architectural information over large volume or areas of tissue and is beneficial to study highly heterogeneous tissue where changes in architecture, due to pathologies or stress may induce complex regional changes. An important clinical example is learning the degree of organization of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) tissue. When studying the organization trend in histological sections of AAA tissue, conclusions from the SALS 2D images cannot be drawn due to the high variability of organization from section to section. This is common to diseased tissues due to the altered structure that is otherwise organized in healthy tissue.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Properties of multiple quantum wells and their use in high-speed detectors and modulators

Quantum well systems lattice matched to GaAs and InP have emerged as important materials for use in long wavelength optoelectronic devices. Intrinsic problems associated with the growth of these quantum wells by molecular beam epitaxy are discussed and the luminescence properties of state-of-art quantum wells, using novel growth techniques are described. Finally, the properties of detectors, modulators and integrated devices made with these heterojunction materials are described and discussed.
Sensor planning with hierarchically distributed perception net

A new sensor planning paradigm composed of parametric and structural sensor planning is presented. A hierarchically distributed perception net (HDPN) is introduced to represent a sensing architecture. The parametric planning achieves the desired accuracy of HDPN outputs by iteratively modifying the sensing parameters, whereas the structural planning configures an optimal HDPN by self-organizing redundant sensing. This paper provides a general, yet formal and efficient, method of representing and solving a sensor planning problem for an integrated sensor system.
Evidence for post-zygotic lag inChlamydomonas moewusii (Chlorophyta; Volvocales)

A wild-type characteristic may be transmitted through heterozygotes and manifest itself initially in haploid mutant progeny. Evidence for this is adduced from experiments with a paralyzedpf− mutant ofChlamydomonas.
Corruption and allocation efficiency

Abstract In this paper, we investigate the possibility of allocation inefficiencies associated with corrupt practices. Specifically, we consider the case in which two firms compete via bribery of a corrupt government official for a to-be-awarded project. The economy may suffer allocation inefficiencies whenever there is some degree of discrimination. Given additional assumptions, it is shown that the possibility of inefficient allocations increases as the degree of discrimination increases. Although empirical verification of discrimination is difficult (due to the observational equivalence of an alternative imperfect knowledge model), two possible explanations for the determination of discrimination coefficients indicate that it is a general phenomenon in competitive bribery games.
Protein Binding of Estriol Conjugates.

SummaryEstriol sulfate and estriol glucosiduronate present in aqueous solutions, urine or in deproteinized cord blood plasma dialyze through a cellulose membrane. Reverse dialysis of estriol sulfate or glucosiduronate from urine, protein free plasma, or aqueous solutions against human serum albumin Fraction V was accomplished readily.
Emotion and Sartre's Two Worlds

On Sartre's own admission, his account of the emotions discloses them as functional. As such, the emotions aim to serve a particular purpose for which he provides the phenomenology. Sartre's phenomenology discloses consciousness as being-in-the-world in two ways, actually as having two worlds. One is a deterministic world, the other magical. Emotion is the drop from the deterministic world to the magical. In order for emotion to perform the function Sartre has in mind it performs, it is crucial there be a certain tension between the deterministic world and the magical world. I argue that given what Sartre himself says about the magical world, the necessary tension can never arise; hence, no functional thesis of emotion is possible if it is formed along Sartre's lines.
pUC12-Wl: a plastnid vector for the study of cloned DNA conformation

Abstract pUC12-Wl is a new cloning vector for the study of torsion-induced structural transitions of insert DNA. It was derived from pUC12 by deleting three A + T-rich sequences which can undergo structural transitions when torsionally stressed. Transitions at these sites have low energy of activation and undefined structures. They complicate studies on transitions of DNA inserts by diverting torsional force and causing the vector to be undefined in helical and energetic terms. The new vector pUC12-Wl, from which these segments have been deleted, will facilitate studies of torsion-induced structural transitions of insert DNA.
Near-infrared signals associated with electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves

We report our studies on the optical signals measured non-invasively on electrically stimulated peripheral nerves. The stimulation consists of the delivery of 0.1 ms current pulses, below the threshold for triggering any visible motion, to a peripheral nerve in human subjects (we have studied the sural nerve and the median nerve). In response to electrical stimulation, we observe an optical signal that peaks at about 100 ms post-stimulus, on a much longer time scale than the few milliseconds duration of the electrical response, or sensory nerve action potential (SNAP). While the 100 ms optical signal we measured is not a direct optical signature of neural activation, it is nevertheless indicative of a mediated response to neural activation. We argue that this may provide information useful for understanding the origin of the fast optical signal (also on a 100 ms time scale) that has been measured non-invasively in the brain in response to cerebral activation. Furthermore, the optical response to peripheral nerve activation may be developed into a diagnostic tool for peripheral neuropathies, as suggested by the delayed optical signals (average peak time: 230 ms) measured in patients with diabetic neuropathy with respect to normal subjects (average peak time: 160 ms).
Determining the Magnetic Field Near X-Pinch Plasma Discharges using Magnetic (COPT) Thin Films

Summary form only given. An important question in improving our understanding of wire-array Z-pinch physics lies in studying magnetic field topologies and strengths in high energy density plasma regimes. We present a novel technique to determine a lower limit of the maximum magnetic field at a particular point near an X-pinch plasma discharge using CoPt thin films with a high coercivity. The X-pinch configuration involves two or more wires that cross and touch at a single point, in the form of an X. They are then exploded by a large current pulse, which produces a hot, dense plasma at the original cross-point of the wires. This plasma is then compressed by a magnetic field that is generated by the current. For the experiments presented herein, the ~450 kA, 100 ns XP pulser at Cornell University was used to power four-wire X pinches. The CoPt film's magnetic hysteresis was examined using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) and a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The structure and ordering of the atomic planes in the thin films were determined using an X-ray diffractometer and a general area detector diffraction system (GADDS) instrument. The magnetic domain alignments of the films were examined using magnetic force microscopy (MFM). Using the SQUID, two thin films were initialized with remnant magnetization along a specified direction. The two were then placed about 2 cm from the X-pinch plasma column with magnetizations in opposite directions. As a result of the current driven through the X pinch, the films were exposed to a magnetic field of at least 4 T parallel and anti-parallel to the initial magnetization directions. The induced change in the magnetization of the films was then determined using the SQUID. This change implied a lower bound on the order of 2 T for the magnitude of the maximum magnetic field to which the film was exposed. Films with higher coercivity will be used in further tests possibly enabling us to probe closer to the X-pinch plasma column as well as inside a wire-array Z-pinch
Tidal calibration of Plate Boundary Observatory borehole strainmeters: Roles of vertical and shear coupling

[1] A multicomponent borehole strainmeter directly measures changes in the diameter of its cylindrical housing at several azimuths. To transform these measurements to formation strains requires a calibration matrix, which must be estimated by analyzing the installed strainmeter's response to known strains. Typically, theoretical calculations of Earth tidal strains serve as the known strains. This paper carries out such an analysis for 12 Plate Boundary Observatory (PBO) borehole strainmeters, postulating that each of the strainmeters' four gauges responds (“couples”) to all three horizontal components of the formation strain tensor, as well as to vertical strain. Orientation corrections are also estimated. The fourth extensometer in each PBO strainmeter provides redundant information used to reduce the chance that coupling coefficients could be misleadingly fit to inappropriate theoretical tides. Satisfactory fits between observed and theoretically calculated tides were obtained for three PBO strainmeters in California, where the calculated tides are corroborated by other instrumentation, as well as for six strainmeters in Oregon and Washington, where no other instruments have ever recorded Earth tidal strain. Several strainmeters have unexpectedly large coupling coefficients for vertical strain, which increases the strainmeter's response to atmospheric pressure. Vertical coupling diminishes, or even changes the sign of, the apparent response to areal strain caused by Earth tides or deep Earth processes because near the free surface, vertical strains are opposite in sign to areal strain. Vertical coupling does not impair the shear strain response, however. PBO borehole strainmeters can provide calibrated shear strain time series of transient strain associated with tectonic or magmatic processes.
The hemolytic crisis of sickle cell disease: the role of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.

Four patients with sickle cell anemia who experienced a hemolytic crisis were foundto be glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficient. Stimulated by this observation, a chart review was performed and 4 additional subjects with sickle cell anemia who had experienced a hemolytic crisis were discovered and tested for the presence of G-6-PD deficiency. Three of these four were also deficient. Drugs and/or infections known to initiate hemolysis in association with this enzyme defect could be implicated as precipitating factors in the deficient subjects. A diagnosis of G-6-PD deficiency should be considered in subjects with sickle cell anemia who experience a hemolytic crisis.
IN VITRO REJUVENATION OF BETULA (BETULACEAE): BIOCHEMICAL EVALUATION

The pattem of protein production during rejuvenation of in vitro cultured Betula was determined. Comparisons were made between half-sib seedlings and micropropagated, grafted, and cutting-propagated mature-phase birch grown under similar conditions. Three clornes were examined at 1, 4, and 8 mo postpropagation, for differences in total denatured protein and peroxidase and esterase isozymes. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was employed to produce protein banding patterns representative of each type of plant at each time postpropagation. Evaluation of total denatured protein banding patterns indicated that micropropagated plants are initially more like seedlings than mature plants. Peroxidase and esterase isozyme analyses detected differences in isozyme activity and composition between the variously propagated plants and supported evidence provided from the denatured protein patterns. The type of plant part that is evaluated is critical in determining if isozyme banding patterns can be seen. Specific proteins or enzymes that mediate phase change in birch could not be detected consistently between clones or tissue types.
Structural studies on the capsid of Caulobacter crescentus bacteriophage φCbK

Electron microscopy, combined with optical diffraction, has been used to investigate the topological structure of the head or capsid of Caulobacter crescentus bacteriophage φCbK. Analysis of optical diffraction patterns from micrographs of negatively stained and metal-shadowed phage heads has enabled a model to be constructed for the non-isometric capsid. The model consists of a prolate cylindrical surface lattice with 5-fold rotational symmetry closed at each end by a pentagonal pyramidal cap. Optical filtering and image reconstruction gave additional information on the distribution of protein in the surface of the φCbK capsid. The protein composition of the phage has been determined by gel electro-phoresis, the results indicating that three major proteins make up the capsid. The relation between the numerical distribution of these proteins and the proposed model for the capsid is discussed.
Surface Modification of Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) Dendrimer as Antimicrobial Agents.

Abstract Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) (G3) dendrimer was modified into quaternary ammonium salts using tertiary amines with different chain lengths: dimethyldodecyl amine, dimethylhexyl amine, and dimethylbutyl amine using an efficient synthetic route. The antimicrobial activity of these dendrimer ammonium salts against Staphylococcus and Escherichia coli bacteria was examined using the disc diffusion method. It was found that quaternary ammonium salt prepared with the dimethyldodecyl amine exhibits antimicrobial efficacy against Staphylococcus and E. coli bacteria.
Towards a highly-scalable and effective metasearch engine

A metasearch engine is a system that supports uni ed access to multiple local search engines. Database selection is one of the main challenges in building a large-scale metasearch engine. The problem is to eAEciently and accurately determine a small number of potentially useful local search engines to invoke for each user query. In order to enable accurate selection, metadata that re ect the contents of each search engine need to be collected and used. In this paper, we propose a highly scalable and accurate database selection method. This method has several novel features. First, the metadata for representing the contents of all search engines are organized into a single integrated representative. Such a representative yields both computation eAEciency and storage eAEciency. Second, our selection method is based on a theory for ranking search engines optimally. Experimental results indicate that this new method is very e ective. An operational prototype system has been built based on the proposed approach.
Evaluating the roles of anxiety and dimensions of perfectionism in dieting and binge eating using weekly diary methodology.

Abstract This study examined the relations between weekly reports of anxiety, dimensions of trait perfectionism, and dieting and binge eating over the course of 11 weeks. Participants were 406 college women who completed a battery of questionnaires at Time 1 that assessed trait-like characteristics (e.g., self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism). For 11 weeks following that, participants filled out a short questionnaire packet that assessed their weekly anxiety, dieting, and binge eating. Using multilevel modeling, results indicated that on average, both within- and between-person levels of anxiety predicted increased binge eating, while only between-person levels of anxiety predicted increased dieting. Higher levels of self-oriented perfectionism also predicted increased dieting and binge eating, while higher levels of socially prescribed perfectionism predicted increased binge eating only (not increased dieting). The relation between weekly anxiety and disordered eating was not moderated by either dimension of perfectionism. Results provide support for the notion that dieting is generally affected by trait-like characteristics, while binge eating is generally affected by both trait- and state-like characteristics; these findings have significant clinical implications.
Experimental and spectroscopic constraints on the solubility of hydroxyl in quartz

Treatment of natural quartz under hydrogen fugacities (ƒH2) buffered by iron-wustite-fluid (OH) or nickel-nickel oxide-fluid(OH) at 1.5 GPa and 900–1050°C introduces two types of hydroxyl defects into the mineral lattice: (1) interstitial protons screening Al in Si sites, giving rise to sharp IR peaks near 3400 cm−1, and (2) hydroxyl defects characteristic of synthetic quartz and amethyst, giving rise to sharp IR peaks near 3600 cm−1 and broad-band absorbance. The latter type of IR absorbance has been assigned to SiOH and H2O defects believed to be responsible for the hydrolytic weakening of quartz single crystals. Quartz treated in H2-buffered experiments at 900°C, 1.5 GPa, and ƒH2 ≈ 15 MPa incorporated 102–103 OH per 106 Si in uncracked regions of the sample after 20 h of treatment. Unbuffered experiments performed by other investigators at 900°C, 1.5 GPa, and ƒH2 < 0.05 MPa incorporated < 100 per OH 106 Si after treatment for 43 days and showed no spectroscopic evidence for the presence of SiOH or H2O defects. A thermodynamic model is proposed for the formation of hydroxyl defects in quartz that can account for ƒH2 dependence. Hydroxyl defects form by the diffusion of hydrogen into the quartz lattice and the subsequent reaction of hydrogen interstitials with lattice oxygen. No diffusion of oxygen is required; therefore, this mechanism can produce hydroxyl defects in quartz crystals without the additional assumption of H2O transport through microfractures. Equilibrium concentrations of three model hydroxyl defects in quartz, [Si OOH]t, [(Al)′SiOOH]t, and [HOH]O, are calculated as functions of ƒH2 and temperature at a total pressure of 1.5 GPa. Calculated XOH = ƒ(T, ƒH2) surfaces fit experimental data from three laboratories and it is possible to attribute much interlaboratory variation to differences in experimental ƒH2. Comparing the model with an empirical Al-quartz geothermometer shows that quartz from hydrothermal veins, contact metamorphic zones, and high-grade gneisses equilibrated under hydrogen fugacities near nickel-nickel oxide-fluid (OH). Therefore, mineral properties strongly influenced by the concentration of hydroxyl defects, such as plasticity and self-diffusion, need to be examined in experiments buffered to relatively high ƒH2 in order to reproduce crustal conditions.
How functional are atypical motor patterns

Latash & Anson are commended for pointing out that investigators of atypical motor performance have too often failed to recognize the adaptive nature of many atypical movement characteristics. However, the authors' assumption that atypical motor patterns can be considered “normal” and, by implication, that it is futile to attempt to teach different patterns to patients that may be more functional, is criticized.
Oocyte spontaneous activation in different rat strains.

Oocyte spontaneous activation (OSA) has been reported to occur during in vitro culture of ovulated rat oocytes. The objective of this study was to compare the rate of oocyte spontaneous activation ...
Leishmania major:Targeting IL-4 in Successful Immunomodulation of Murine Infection

Protection against Leishmania major infection among inbred strains of mice is dependent upon successful expansion and activation of type 1 CD4+ effector (Th1) cells, a process that is aberrant in highly susceptible BALB strains. We sought to establish whether vaccination strategies using whole parasite lysates or a characterized immunodominant antigen, the Leishmania homolog of mammalian receptor for activated protein kinase C (LACK), would be capable of protecting subsequently infected BALB mice if given within a cytokine milieu capable of biasing the immune response toward Th1 cells. When given with neutralizing antibody to IL-4, but not when given alone, subcutaneously administered soluble Leishmania antigens mediated substantial protection to BALB/c mice against subsequent infection with parasites as assessed by size of the local lesion, enhanced Th1-type immune responses, and decreased parasite burdens. Similarly, when given with recombinant IL-12, LACK conferred substantial protection to cohorts of BALB.B, BALB/c, and BALB.K mice that was associated with reduction in serum IgE levels, consistent with effects on IL-4 production. Thus altering the cytokine milieu during administration of vaccine antigens by neutralizing IL-4 induced powerful Th1 recall responses during infection that were capable of mediating substantial levels of protection.
Effect of alkyl ketene dimer reacted starch on the properties of starch microcellular foam using a solvent exchange technique

The production of a hydrophobic starch microcellular foam (SMCF) through the addition of an alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) would be a bio-based material with valuable properties for many applications in which high specific surface area, low density and water resistance is important. Pigments for paper and coatings are a potential application. An emulsion of AKD and cooked corn starch was made by mixing AKD with cooked starch at 50 °C under a high rate of shear. The effects of reaction temperature, starch concentration and pH on the reaction of AKD with starch and the resulting microcellular foam structure were studied. The starch/AKD foam particles were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), elemental analysis to determine extent of reaction, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), brightness, particle size and water swellability. The apparent viscosity of the starch solution was shown to have a linear relationship with the particle size and the brightness of the particles. The particles under all conditions had a very high brightness. The AKD was able to impart a significant hydrophobicity to the particles relative to starch alone but the water resistance was not great enough to preserve the porous structure when wetted.
The sociological practitioner: An adjunctive role model

Sociological practice differs from both social work and applied sociology in that the practitioner combines research with the subsequent implementation of its conclusions. Sociologists who wish to pursue such a role in conjunction with their activities as teachers can anticipate much opportunity for practice, provided they are cognizant of the four preconditions essential to success. First is the use of sociology in its reflexive mode, by which social life is viewed as definitional, and social participants as amenable to enlightenment instead of prescriptive “engineering.” Second, sociological practice requires strategic reasoning rather than conventional scientific thought. Third, the sociological practitioner also needs to adopt a style compatible with his/her personality and background. And, finally, the practitioner must not only be sensitive to the ethical issues that arise in the course of practice but be able to resolve them within the scope of professional standards.
Neurological mechanisms of green tea polyphenols in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases

Tea consumption is varying its status from a mere ancient beverage and a lifestyle habit, to a nutrient endowed with possible prospective neurobiological-pharmacological actions beneficial to human health. Accumulating evidence suggest that oxidative stress resulting in reactive oxygen species generation and inflammation play a pivotal role in neurodegenerative diseases, supporting the implementation of radical scavengers, transition metal (e.g., iron and copper) chelators, and nonvitamin natural antioxidant polyphenols in the clinic. These observations are in line with the current view that polyphenolic dietary supplementation may have an impact on cognitive deficits in individuals of advanced age. As a consequence, green tea polyphenols are now being considered as therapeutic agents in well controlled epidemiological studies, aimed to alter brain aging processes and to serve as possible neuroprotective agents in progressive neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. In particular, literature on the putative novel neuroprotective mechanism of the major green tea polyphenol, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, are examined and discussed in this review.
THE ECOLOGY OF CLADOPHORA

Cladophora is found in a variety of marine and fresh-waters and provides habitat and food for numerous organisms. It may be the most ubiquitous macroalga in fresh-waters worldwide. This filamentous green alga can reach nuisance levels as a result of cultural eutrophication. Taxonomic identification of Cladophora species is difficult. Taxonomy may be clarified by the simultaneous culture of known taxa and material derived from field collections under the same sets of culture conditions. This should eliminate ecotypic variations in morphology. Cladophora is predominantly benthic and is often found in regions of unidirectional flow or periodic wave action. Its metabolism, and morphology are related to hydrodynamic conditions. Nitrogen and phosphorus are the most commonly reported limiting nutrients. Cladophora is a mid- to late successional species in freshwaters where it is grazer resistant. In marine communities, however, it is considered an early opportunist and relatively palatable to invertebrates. Cladophora is colonized by a wide variety of epiphytes and motile animals because it can offer protection from predation, food (in the form of epiphytes or Cladophora itself), or a substrate that is anchored against flow disturbance. Species interactions that occur within Cladophora communities include 1) competition with other primary producers, 2) top-down control of biomass, 3) association with nitrogen-fixing epiphytes, 4) grazing on epiphytes by invertebrates, and 5) complicated foodwebs in marine intertidal and freshwater communities. Because Cladophora is found in many different habitats, its ecology varies significantly with locale.
Water-stress effects on the carbon exchange rates of three upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cultivars in the field

Net carbon exchange rates (net photosynthetic rate, Pn) of the upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cvs Acala GC510, Jaen, and Paymaster 792 were studied in the field at the leaf and canopy levels under three different irrigation regimes. No significant differences were found among cultivars in net leaf Pn per unit area as related to leaf conductance and photosynthetic photon flux density (Qp∗). Maximum leaf Pn of about 50 μmol CO2 m−2s−1 were measured at 2.0 mmol photons m−1 s−1 without full light saturation. Maximum canopy Pn per unit ground area was similar to maximum leaf Pn, and could be estimated from profiles of the latter. Canopy Pn appeared to be related to canopy size, and increased with leaf area index of 3.5 to 4. The three cultivars exhibited similar patterns of midday canopy Pn for most of the season. Water stress cause canpy Pn to level off earlier in the season and to decline more markedly near the end. Canopy Pn showed an hysteretic morning vs. afternoon response to Qp∗ that seemed to become more obvious with increasing water stress and canopy age. There were marked differences in leaf nitrogen content among water treatments as canopies aged, partially accounting for the observed differences in Pn late in the season.
RELATIONSHIP OF THE PARATHYROIDS TO BONE PHOSPHORUS

In an attempt to determine if parathyroid action on bone was directly related to the dissolution of bone crystals, rats were injected with radiostrontium and radiophosphorus at 18 hours and at 3 weeks prior to nephrectomy or nephrectomy-parathjToidectomy and peritoneal lavage. In the parathyroidectomized animals there was a decrease in both calcium and phosphorus removal during the lavage, the decrease in phosphorus being about half that of calcium. The amounts of radioactive isotopes removed by lavage were not affected by parathyroidectomy in the animals injected 18 hours prior to lavage. In the animals injected 3 weeks prior to lavage the amounts removed from the parathyroidectomized animals were less in all cases. Parathyroidectomy caused a 25% drop in radiostrontium removal and an 18% drop in radiophosphorus removal. The 2:1 decrease in weight of calcium over phosphorus removed and the 3:2 decrease in radiostrontium over radiophosphorus previously formed bone crystal. It is suggested that the parathyr...
Adsorption of CO2 on pristine Zn-ZnO(0001) and defected Zn-ZnO(0001): A thermal desorption spectroscopy study

Abstract Adsorption of CO 2 at 90 K on the Zn-terminated surface of ZnO leads to the detection of two peaks in thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) curves with desorption temperatures of 125 K and 170 K that shift to lower temperatures with coverage. These structures can be assigned to adsorption on pristine and intrinsic defect sites, respectively, of the surface with binding energies of 34.4 kJ/mol and 43.6 kJ/mol ( ν = 1 × 10 13 1/s). Data obtained from ion sputtered surfaces support further the assignment of these TDS peaks. The surfaces have been characterized by low energy electron diffraction and Auger electron spectroscopy. Additionally, TDS curves of n -butane have been collected, mainly as a test of the experiment setup. Multilayer and monolayer desorption peaks can be detected in agreement with studies on metal surfaces.
Karhunen-Loeve mode control of chaos in a reaction-diffusion process

We introduce a chaos control method that stabilizes unstable states of a spatiotemporal process based on analyzing the dynamics of the main coherent structure in the data represented by the highest energy Karhunen-Loeve mode. The problem is then reduced to the application of embedding techniques to the control of a time series given by the amplitude of a dominant spatial mode. The algorithm is applied to a reaction-diffusion process where we stabilize an unstable orbit inside a chaotic regime. One advantage of the control procedure is that it is independent of sensor placement. Furthermore, we find the desired control state is achieved exponentially, and the procedure can be applied directly to experimental data.
Formation and photosensitivity of defects in Se implanted silica

Abstract Silica was implanted with Se ions at 4 MeV with nominal doses of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0 and 3.0 × 1016 ions/cm2. The optical absorption was measured from 1.8 to 6.2 eV. Bands at 5.9 and 5 eV are observed in the absorption spectra. The magnitude of the absorption increases with increasing dose but the increase is variant with dose. Bands at 2.6, 3.7 and 4.8 eV are attributed to the presence of the Se. The 0.3 and 1.0 × 1016 samples were exposed to 5 eV KrF excimer irradiation with a fluence of 150 mJ/cm2 per pulse for pulse totals of 1.5 J/cm2. Bleaching of the 5 and 5.9 eV bands is observed and is attributed to the bleaching of defects at 5, 5.5 and 5.9 eV.
Cold dark matter. 1: The Formation of dark halos

We use numerical simulations of critically closed cold dark matter (CDM) models to study the effects of numerical resolution on observable quantities. We study simulations with up to 256(exp 3) particles using the particle-mesh (PM) method and with up to 144(exp 3) particles using the adaptive particle-particle-mesh (P3M) method. Comparisons of galaxy halo distributions are made among the various simulations. We also compare distributions with observations, and we explore methods for identifying halos, including a new algorithm that finds all particles within closed contours of the smoothed density field surrounding a peak. The simulated halos show more substructure than predicted by the Press-Schechter theory. We are able to rule out all omega = 1 CDM models for linear amplitude sigma(sub 8) greater than or approximately = 0.5 because the simulations produce too many massive halos compared with the observations. The simulations also produce too many low-mass halos. The distribution of halos characterized by their circular velocities for the P3M simulations is in reasonable agreement with the observations for 150 km/s less than or = V(sub circ) less than or = 350 km/s.
Interactive Goal Programming

The use of goal programming for the solution of the multiple criteria problem is discussed. An extension of this use is presented in the form of an algorithm which requires interaction with the relevant decision-maker in order to obtain certain information regarding his utility function defined over the permissible values of the criteria. This algorithm provides a bridge between goal programming and recently suggested interactive strategies for the optimization of the multiple criteria problem.
Interstitial hydrogen and neutralization of shallow-donor impurities in single-crystal silicon.

Mise en evidence de la passivation des dormeurs peu profonds par l'hydrogene au moyen de mesures de la conductivite electrique, de l'effet Hall et des profils de diffusion du deuterium, sur des monocristaux dopes par le phosphore; diminution de la concentration des electrons et augmentation de la mobilite sous l'effet de l'hydrogenation. Determination de l'energie et de la structure alectronique de l'hydrogene dans le silicium pur et dope
Behaviour of adult and immature male baboons during inter-group encounters

SOCIAL interaction between groups of Old World monkeys varies from peaceful mingling to marked aggression1–3. One constant feature, however, concerns the differing behaviour of immature and adult males; and these differences have been related to differences in male reproductive success at different stages of the life cycle. Immature and young adult males in multi-male groups of baboons and macaques frequently approach and interact with individuals outside their natal group, sometimes transferring from one group to another4–7. Two suggested causes of such group transfer are inability to gain access to oestrous females in the natal group and attraction to oestrous females in other groups8. In contrast, adult males—both in species with one-male social units and in species with multi-male groups—are frequently aggressive during intergroup encounters, often chasing or ‘herding’ members of their own group away from other groups7,9,10. Herding usually involves high-ranking adult males who are also the individuals who copulate most often10,11. Males are most likely to herd adult females, but rarely herd females who are lactating10–12. (Although occasional herding in gelada baboon one-male units has been reported13). Herding has been suggested both to mobilise individuals before group movement7 and to maintain a male's access to oestrous females over time10. To investigate the function of herding we observed the intergroup encounters of one multi-male group of baboons for 15 months. Our observations suggest not only that herding is correlated with differences in male reproductive success but also that it is related to changes in the female reproductive cycle and to long-term bonds between particular males and females.
Operative and long-term survival of elderly is significantly improved by mitral valve repair

Background We review our 10-year experience of mitral valve (MV) repair in comparison with MV replacement in the elderly for floppy mitral valves/mitral valve prolapse (FMV/MVP). The use of MV repair for this entity has not been fully utilized by surgeons. Methods Two hundred ninety-two consecutive patients aged ≥70 years receiving mitral surgery for regurgitation due to FMV/MVP were reviewed from our prospective database between January 1, 1992, and December 31, 2002. Patients receiving concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) were included. Two hundred eighteen patients underwent repairs and 74 replacements. Postoperative and long-term follow-up data were obtained. Mean follow-up time for survivors was 6.2 ± 2.5 years for MV repair and 6.8 ± 2.7 years for MV replacement. Results Patients with isolated MV repair showed lower inhospital mortality compared with MV replacement (0.7% vs 13.9%, P = .002) with reduced length of stay (8.7 ± 7.6 vs 9.6 ± 5.2 days, P = .049). There was improvement in 5-year mortality favoring repair versus replacement (81% ± 3% vs 63% ± 3%, P = .001). With concomitant CABG, there was minimal difference in survival up to 5 years. Freedom from valve replacement was 93.9% ± 1.3% for MV repair and 98.2% ± 0.4% for MV repair with CABG at 10 years. Mitral valve repair was an independent protector of long-term mortality within multivariate correlates (hazard ratio 0.43, 95% CI 0.19-0.97, P = .041). Conclusions In elderly patients, MV repair reduced inhospital mortality and length of stay and increased long-term survival. With concomitant CABG, survival was similar to replacement. The preferred option for elderly patients with FMV/MVP is MV repair, especially in those without coronary artery disease.
Surface mesh sizing control

A method is presented for controlling element sizes on the interior of areas during surface meshing. A Delaunay background mesh is defined over which natural neighbour interpolation, a neighbourhood-based interpolation scheme, is used to generate a sizing function. The sizing function may be used to interpolate element sizes, anisotropic stretching parameters or other surface characteristics required during meshing. A brief description of natural neighbour interpolation is included and the sizing results obtained from this interpolation method are compared to those obtained using linear interpolation. Three specific applications are presented that utilize the sizing function, namely boundary layer meshing, surface curvature refinement and anisotropic mesh generation. For these applications, criteria used for augmenting the sizing function based on insertion of additional interior vertices into the background mesh are discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.