cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Suppression of Frost Nucleation Achieved Using the Nanoengineered Integral Humidity Sink Effect

Inhibition of frost formation is important for increasing efficiency of refrigeration systems and heat exchangers, as well as for preventing the rapid icing over of water-repellant coatings that are designed to prevent accumulation of rime and glaze. From a thermodynamic point of view, this task can be achieved by either increasing hydrophobicity of the surface or decreasing the concentration of water vapor above it. The first approach has been studied in depth, but so far has not yielded a robust solution to the problem of frost formation. In this work, we systematically explore how frost growth can be inhibited by controlling water vapor concentration using bilayer coatings with a porous exterior covering a hygroscopic liquid-infused layer. We lay the theoretical foundation and provide experimental validation of the mass transport mechanism that governs the integral humidity sink effect based on this coating platform as well as reveal intriguing sizing effects about this system. We show that the concent...
Simultaneous confidence bands for the mean of functional data

The mean function is a central object of inquiry in the analysis of functional data. Typical questions related to the mean function include quantifying estimation uncertainty, testing parametric models, and making comparisons between populations. To make probabilistic statements about the mean function over its entire domain, rather than at a single location, it is necessary to infer all of its values simultaneously. Pointwise inference is not appropriate for this task and indeed produces anticonservative results, i.e., the coverage level of confidence regions is too low and the significance level of hypothesis tests too high. In contrast, simultaneous confidence bands (SCB) provide a flexible framework for conducting simultaneous inference on the mean function and other functional parameters. They also offer powerful visualization tools for communicating analytic results to interdisciplinary audiences. The construction of SCB in the context of functional data requires specific theory and methods. In particular, it is not addressed by the nonparametric regression literature. Although software is available to perform individual steps of an SCB procedure, resources that provide end-to-end computations are scarce. Applications of SCB to one- and two-sample inferences are illustrated here with the R package SCBmeanfd. WIREs Comput Stat 2017, 9:e1397. doi: 10.1002/wics.1397 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Alcohol Use and Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Adolescents With Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Adolescents with psychiatric disorders appear to be at increased risk for acquiring HIV and other sexually transmitted infections; however, little is known about the prevalence of behavioral risk factors in this population. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the prevalence of alcohol use and sexual risk behaviors among adolescents with psychiatric disorders. Electronic database searches identified studies sampling adolescents diagnosed with psychiatric disorders and assessing both alcohol and sexual risk behaviors. Fourteen studies sampling 3,029 adolescents with psychiatric disorders were included. The majority of adolescents with psychiatric disorders report alcohol use and sexual risk behaviors. Risk reduction interventions targeting these two behaviors are needed.
Wave Theory of Information

Understand the relationship between information theory and the physics of wave propagation with this expert guide. Balancing fundamental theory with engineering applications, it describes the mechanism and limits for the representation and communication of information using electromagnetic waves. Information-theoretic laws relating functional approximation and quantum uncertainty principles to entropy, capacity, mutual information, rate distortion, and degrees of freedom of band-limited radiation are derived and explained. Both stochastic and deterministic approaches are explored, and applications for sensing and signal reconstruction, wireless communication, and networks of multiple transmitters and receivers are reviewed. With end-of-chapter exercises and suggestions for further reading enabling in-depth understanding of key concepts, it is the ideal resource for researchers and graduate students in electrical engineering, physics and applied mathematics looking for a fresh perspective on classical information theory.
Trajectories of Racial Discrimination That Predict Problematic Alcohol Use Among African American Emerging Adults

The association between racial discrimination (discrimination) and problematic alcohol use in African American (AA) emerging adults is well-documented. Few researchers, however, have studied the lo...
Inspiring and implementing bottom-up change: the omnivore’s advantage

In this commentary, first I join with numerous educators who have argued for or produced evidence supporting bottom-up, professionally driven educational change. However, I then argue that, to full...
Abstract WP202: A Simple Score That Predicts Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation on Outpatient Cardiac Monitoring After Embolic Stroke of Unknown Source

Background: Occult paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) is detected in up to 30% of patients with Embolic Stroke of Unknown Source (ESUS). We aim to identify predictors of AF on outpatient cardiac m...
Problematic alcohol use and sexting as risk factors for sexual assault among college women

Sexual assault is a major public health concern and college women are four times more likely to experience sexual assault than any other group. We investigated whether sexting is a mechanism by whi...
An Introduction to Circadian Endocrine Physiology: Implications for Exercise and Sports Performance

Biological rhythms that recur approximately every 24 h (circadian) are driven by the internal biological clock located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus. These circadian rhythms are intrinsically generated but also synchronized by external time cues—the daily light/dark cycle being the most important. Preferably under controlled conditions (constant routine or forced desynchrony), appropriately timed measurement of the 24-h variation in certain hormones (e.g., melatonin) or other relevant physiological variable (e.g., core body temperature) can be used to evaluate circadian phase. Interactions between circadian rhythms and sleep have a significant effect on multiple physiological processes. Human performance (cognitive and athletic) exhibits a circadian variation with minimal levels around time points close to the core body temperature minimum (shortly after the maximum melatonin secretion) while peak performance is observed around time points close to the core body temperature maximum (shortly before melatonin onset). Furthermore, misalignment of the internal clock with the external environment as seen in jet lag and shift work can negatively affect athletic performance and appropriately timed exposure to and avoidance of bright light can be used to mitigate the effects of jet lag. The circadian variation in performance can affect outcome of competitions and could be also important for choosing the optimal time to exercise.
Beam position monitor gate functionality implementation and applications

Abstract We introduce a novel technique to implement gate functionality for the beam position monitors (BPM) at the National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II). The functionality, now implemented in FPGA, allows us to acquire two separated bunch-trains’ synchronized turn-by-turn (TBT) data simultaneously with the NSLS-II in-house developed BPM system. The gated position resolution is improved about 3 times by narrowing the sampling width. Experimentally we demonstrated that the machine lattice could be transparently characterized with the gated TBT data of a short diagnostic bunch-train Cheng et al., 2017; Li et al., 2017. Other applications, for example, precisely characterizing storage ring impedance/wake-field through recording the beam positions of two separated bunch trains has been experimentally demonstrated. • Gated BPM signal processing improves the position resolution. • Transparent lattice measurement using the gate function with diagnostic bunches. • Collective effect study with simultaneous position measurement from two gates.
Information and Its Relationship to Decision Making: The Information Profile and Other Quantitative Measures; A Brief Summary

In previous work the basic concepts of a fundamental theory of information flow and analysis were developed. Some important measures were defined explicitly and quantitatively. The basis of the previous work rested upon the use of a Generalized Information System, the relating of information to the certainty in making a decision, and the consideration of average decision makers, thus permitting the development of unique relationships. This paper is a brief summary of some of our more important research results. We have recently extended earlier theoretical results to a much wider set of situations for which external documentation plays the dominant information role. This involves the consideration of the way external documentation changes an average decision maker’s effectiveness for a particular problem. This in turn leads to the concept of an information profile which is the relationship giving the change in decision maker effectiveness as a function of the decision maker effectiveness for a specific document. A number of additional quantities are also defined explicitly and quantitatively. The definition of information developed in earlier work is extended and generalized quantitatively. Information is decision maker dependent and is related to the certainty in choosing various courses of action to solve a particular problem. Information is shown to be proportional to the sum of the squares of the probabilities of choice and is defined in terms of binary choice units or BCU’s. The previous work also has been extended to include the situation where the decision maker does not initially know the viable courses of action and must learn them.
Molecular Hydrogen in IRAS03282+3035

We detected shock excited 2.122 µm molecular hydrogen emission from the blueshifted lobe of the highly collimated CO flow associated with the young stellar object IRAS03282 in the Perseus molecular cloud. The emission has a knotty structure with faint tails lying parallel to the mean outflow axis. The knots coincide with clumps of high velocity ( 50 km/s) CO and may be bow shocks where a fast jet interacts with the surrounding medium. IRAS03282+3035 has the highest ratio ( 10 % ) of molecular hydrogen luminosity to total bolometric luminosity of any presently known young stellar object.
Improving Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea : What are the Available Options?

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome is a common and often life-altering sleep-related breathing disorder. It not only adversely affects cardiovascular health, but the quality of life of these patients is also often significantly compromised. They experience excessive daytime sleepiness and poor cognitive, social and exercise performance. Furthermore, they often have marital problems with increased divorce rates, depression, and poor job performance. Our purpose in writing this review is to highlight the various neuropsychiatric domains that are affected in OSA patients and to emphasize that identifying and treating this condition can significantly improve the quality of life of these individuals. In recent years there has been ample evidence supporting the role of treatment for OSA to improve cardiovascular outcomes. We provide similar evidence supporting the treatment of OSA to improve health-related quality of life outcomes for these patients. Surgical, non-surgical and pharmacologic modalities are currently available as effective options for the treatment of OSA, with continuous positive airway pressure therapy appearing to be the most promising.
Pessoa in an Intertextual Web: Influence and Innovation. Ed. David G. Frier. Oxford: Legenda, 2012.

This collection of essays by ten contributors based mainly in the United Kingdom and Portugal extends the fruitful direction in pessoano scholarship that consists in exploring the writer’s intertextual connections, engagements, and repercussions, and which appears to be currently booming, as also evidenced, for example, by the just-published volume Fernando Pessoa’s Modernity without Frontiers: Influences, Dialogues and Responses, edited by Mariana Gray de Castro (Tamesis, 2013).
Ocular and systemic melatonin and the influence of light exposure

Melatonin is a neurohormone known to modulate a wide range of circadian functions, including sleep. The synthesis and release of melatonin from the pineal gland is heavily influenced by light stimulation of the retina, particularly through the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. Melatonin is also synthesised within the eye, although to a much lesser extent than in the pineal gland. Melatonin acts directly on ocular structures to mediate a variety of diurnal rhythms and physiological processes within the eye. The interactions between melatonin, the eye, and visual function have been the subject of a considerable body of recent research. This review is intended to provide a broad introduction for eye-care practitioners and researchers to the topic of melatonin and the eye. The first half of the review describes the anatomy and physiology of melatonin production: how visual inputs affect the pineal production of melatonin; how melatonin is involved in a variety of diurnal rhythms within the eye, including photoreceptor disc shedding, neuronal sensitivity, and intraocular pressure control; and melatonin production and physiological roles in retina, ciliary body, lens and cornea. The second half of the review describes clinical implications of light/melatonin interactions. These include light exposure and photoreceptor contributions in melatonin suppression, leading to consideration of how blue blockers, cataract, and light therapy might affect sleep and mood in patients. Additionally, the interactions between melatonin, sleep and refractive error development are discussed. A better understanding of environmental factors that affect melatonin and subsequent effects on physiological processes will allow clinicians to develop treatments and recommend modifiable behaviours to improve sleep, increase daytime alertness, and regulate ocular and systemic processes related to melatonin.
The Development of Kraepelin's Mature Diagnostic Concepts of Paranoia (Die Verrücktheit) and Paranoid Dementia Praecox (Dementia Paranoides): A Close Reading of His Textbooks From 1887 to 1899

Over 12 years (1887-1899), in his second through sixth editions of his textbook Psychiatrie: Ein Lehrbuch fur Studierende und Arzte, Emil Kraepelin created, through an iterative, self-examining process, his mature concepts of Verrucktheit (paranoia) and Paranoide Formen Dementia Praecox. I seek in this essay to show this skilled nosologist at work. Four themes were prominent. First, Kraepelin used symptoms throughout, but he transitioned from superficial phenomenon (delusional themes) to those he considered more pathognomonic: disorganized fantastical delusions vs organized, nonbizarre delusions. Second, he increasingly emphasized the distinction between delusions arising from misinterpretations of real events vs delusions arising from hallucinations. Third, the putative causes of the disorder became more important as he came to understand Verrucktheit from a psychological and developmental perspective, whereas dementia paranoides (the precursor to paranoide formen dementia praecox) resulted from pathological brain changes. Fourth, Kraepelin appreciated the importance of disease course, but he initially lacked adequate data to elucidate it. As his research program developed, he used the well-recognized disease of general paralysis of the insane as a paradigm and correlated symptoms, modes of delusion formation, and presumed mechanisms of disease with course and outcome. Patients with slowly developing, referential, nonbizarre delusions without hallucinations were typically stable for years with minimal deterioration. Patients with rapidly developing, poorly organized, fantastical delusions emerging from prominent hallucinations tended to deteriorate quickly. Using conceptual tools first proposed by Kahlbaum and Hecker, Kraepelin developed his concepts of Verrucktheit and paranoide formen dementia praecox using an exploratory, conceptual, and data-gathering process in which each syndrome was defined in contrast to the other and, in addition to a core focus on disease course, multiple additional levels of clinical inquiry were included.
First North American species of the European genus Archaemegaptilus from the Upper Carboniferous Pottsville Formation of northern Alabama (Palaeodictyoptera: Archaemegaptilidae)

A new palaeodictyopteran (Palaeodictyopterida: Palaeodictyoptera) taxon is described based on a nearly complete hind wing found in the Pottsville Formation (Upper Carboniferous) of Bibb County, Alabama. Archaemegaptilus blakelyi Beckemeyer & Engel, new species, is the sixth insect genus and species described from the Pottsville of Alabama and the second palaeodictyopteran from those deposits. It is the third valid species assigned to the family Archaemegaptilidae. Previously known species are A. kiefferi Meunier, from the Commentry of France and A. schloesseri Brauckmann et al., from the Hagen-Vorhalle of Germany.
An adaptive fast multipole method in Cartesian basis, enabled by algorithmic differentiation

Abstract A novel form of the fast multipole method is realized by the combination of adaptive data structures with implementation of the multipole expansions and their translations in Cartesian basis, and enabled by algorithmic differentiation. It may be possible to generalize it to any kernel that allows its formulation as a function of small quantities with respect to which they can be expanded. There is no hard and fast rule recipe that works for all cases. However, it is shown how to do it for the softened Coulomb kernel, which is different from the Coulomb kernel. The characteristics and performance of the method are mapped and shown to provide an attractive option for a generic fast multipole algorithm in a wide region of the parameter space. The algorithm is illustrated with a beam dynamics application.
Design and Compact Modeling of Silicon-Photonic Coupling-Based Ring Modulators for Optical Interconnects

A compact time-domain Verilog-A modeling methodology is developed for PIC simulation in Cadence environment. With this methodology, basic building blocks for optical system are derived to form the model of coupling-based ring modulator. Parameters used in the developed models are extracted from IMEC PDK. One design example of the coupling-based ring modulator is discussed and both of its transmission and transient results are presented. The final Cadence simulation results show that the proposed coupling-based ring modulator can realize tunable coupling-coefficient and renders larger extinction ratio than regular ring modulator.
Magnetoenterography for the Detection of Partial Mesenteric Ischemia

Abstract Background Acute mesenteric ischemia represents a life-threatening gastrointestinal condition. A noninvasive diagnostic modality that identifies mesenteric ischemia patients early in the disease process will enable early surgical intervention. Previous studies have identified significant changes in the small-bowel electrical slow-wave parameters during intestinal ischemia caused by total occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. The purpose of this study was to use noninvasive biomagnetic techniques to assess functional physiological changes in intestinal slow waves in response to partial mesenteric ischemia. Methods We induced progressive intestinal ischemia in normal porcine subjects (n = 10) by slowly increasing the occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery at the following percentages of baseline flow: 50%, 75%, 90%, and 100% while simultaneous transabdominal magnetoenterogram (MENG) and serosal electromyogram (EMG) recordings were being obtained. Results A statistically significant serosal EMG amplitude decrease was observed at 100% occlusion compared with baseline, whereas no significant change was observed for MENG amplitude at any progressive occlusion levels. MENG recordings showed significant changes in the frequency and percentage of power distributed in bradyenteric and normoenteric frequency ranges at 50%, 75%, 90%, and 100% vessel occlusions. In serosal EMG recordings, a similar percent power distribution (PPD) effect was observed at 75%, 90%, and 100% occlusion levels. Serosal EMG showed a statistically significant increase in tachyenteric PPD at 90% and 100% occlusion. We observed significant increase in tachyenteric PPD only at the 100% occlusion level in MENG recordings. Conclusions Ischemic changes in the intestinal slow wave can be detected early and noninvasively even with partial vascular occlusion. Our results suggest that noninvasive MENG may be useful for clinical diagnosis of partial mesenteric ischemia.
Sleep in Hospitalized Patients

Abstract Sleep disturbance is a common complaint among patients admitted to the hospital. Both predisposing patient factors such as severity of illness, sleep history, and medical comorbidities as well as precipitating factors of noise, light, and in-room patient care activity contribute to sleep disturbance. Also, hospitalized patients are at risk for circadian misalignment which may have additional, discreet implications for recovery from illness. There is much research documenting sleep disturbance in hospitalized patients, especially in critical illness; however, there is little data about the short and long-term health impacts of sleep deprivation in this setting. There is also limited data regarding outcomes due to sleep disruption in hospitalized patients, and a lack of randomized controlled trials examining treatment for sleep disruption in hospitalized patients. This chapter reviews the available literature.
Effect of bisenoic prostaglandins and arachidonic acid on the uterine vasculature of pregnant sheep.

Abstract Prostaglandins have been implicated as regulators of uteroplacental blood flow during pregnancy. However, the investigation of the vascular effects of these humoral agents has been extremely limited. The present study has evaluated the effects of intra-arterial infusions of prostaglandins D 2 , E 2 , F 2α , I 2 , 6-keto-F 1α , thromboxane B 2 , and bolus injections of the prostaglandin precursor arachidonic acid into the uterine vasculature of late-term pregnant ewes. Prostaglandins E 2 , F 2α , 6-keto-F 1α , and thromboxane B 2 all reduced uterine blood flow, with prostaglandins E 2 and F 2α being much more active. Since prostaglandins E 2 and F 2α increase uterine tone, a portion of their vascular effects appears to be due to myometrial compression. In contrast, prostaglandins D 2 and I 2 produced dose-related increases in uterine blood flow in pregnant animals and did not alter uterine tone or contractile activity. Arachidonic acid produced dose-related increases in uterine vascular resistance in three out of five animals and had no effect in the other two animals. The differential vascular effects produced by the individual prostaglandins and their precursor suggest that the overall effect of these compounds on the uterine vasculature will depend on the summation of the individual actions.
Dr. Tebo, et al, reply.

To the Editor: We read with great interest the response by Drs. Jearn and Kim1 to our letter “Presence of Anti-topoisomerase I Antibody Alone May Not Be Sufficient for the Diagnosis of Systemic Sclerosis”2. We agree with Drs. Jearn and Kim that the antinuclear antibody (ANA)-negative accompanied by antitopoisomerase I antibody (anti-topo I) positivity is not sufficient to diagnose systemic sclerosis (SSc). Although we noted an apparent association between relatively lower anti-topo I antibody levels (median 76 AU/ml, range 42–118 AU/ml) and lung pathology in ANA-negative (6/11) or -positive (5/11) cases, we only suggested that our observation warrants further study. We did not state that the finding is clinically significant or that this pattern predicts pulmonary epithelial damage. Our article was written to inform clinicians on … Address correspondence to Dr. T.M. Frech, Department of Rheumatology, University of Utah, 4b200 SOM 30 N. 1900 E., Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA. E-mail: tracy.frech{at}hsc.utah.edu
Magnetic resonance imaging of tubal ectopic pregnancy: correlation with intraoperative findings.

Abstract Ectopic pregnancy is defined as a pregnancy that occurs outside of the uterine cavity (ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins, 2018 [ 1 ]). Ectopic pregnancy is occasionally diagnosed with MRI. Particularly, when ultrasound is nondiagnostic, it is essential that radiologists are able to recognize findings of ectopic pregnancy on MRI in the emergent setting. This novel case report demonstrates specific MR imaging signs recently proposed in the literature to help identify a tubal gestational sac, the most common type of ectopic pregnancy, and is the first reported case demonstrating intraoperative correlation with MRI findings of tubal ectopic pregnancy.
Estrogens III: Phytoestrogens and Mycoestrogens

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by James L. Wittliff, Sarah A. Andres, D. Alan Kerr II, volume 2, pp 251–254, © 2005, Elsevier Inc.
Density and Specific Gravity

The use of specific gravity and density from a pharmaceutical point of view is described in this chapter. You will learn how to measure, calculate, and apply the specific gravity to conveniently determine relative quantities of ingredients that are part of a liquid or a semisolid pharmaceutical dosage form. The importance of units as part of measurement was discussed in Chap. 1. In this chapter, I demonstrate the importance of units from a different perspective by showing how relative numbers of a pharmaceutical parameter change when the corresponding units are changed. I also describe density as a material property that defines the mass of a material in its own volume. Through this definition, you are better equipped to understand the concept of drug concentration discussed in Chap. 4.
ABCG2 transports anticancer drugs via a closed-to-open switch

ABCG2 is an ABC transporter that extrudes a variety of compounds from cells, and presents an obstacle in treating chemotherapy-resistant cancers. Despite recent structural insights, no anticancer drug bound to ABCG2 has been resolved, and the mechanisms of multidrug transport remain obscure. Such a gap of knowledge limits the development of novel compounds that block or evade this critical molecular pump. Here we present single-particle cryo-EM studies of ABCG2 in the apo state, and bound to the three structurally distinct chemotherapeutics. Without the binding of conformation-selective antibody fragments or inhibitors, the resting ABCG2 adopts a closed conformation. Our cryo-EM, biochemical, and functional analyses reveal the binding mode of three chemotherapeutic compounds, demonstrate how these molecules open the closed conformation of the transporter, and establish that imatinib is particularly effective in stabilizing the inward facing conformation of ABCG2. Together these studies reveal the previously unrecognized conformational cycle of ABCG2. ABCG2 is a human ABC transporter that actively extrudes a wide variety of compounds from cells but the mechanisms of multidrug transport remain obscure. Here authors present cryo-EM structures of ABCG2 in the apo state, and bound to the three structurally distinct chemotherapeutics and demonstrate how these molecules open the closed conformation of the transporter.
A two-stage stochastic mixed-integer program for reliable supply chain network design under uncertain disruptions and demand

Abstract Having a reliable supply chain network is one of the most effective ways to plan and deal with facility failures and demand uncertainty due to very limited options available in a facility location problem. This research addresses issues bordering on capacitated supply chain problems, specifically on how reliable supply chain networks can be designed in the face of random facility disruptions and uncertain demand with a combination of hardening selected facilities and product reassignment. The proposed multi-period capacitated facility location and allocation problem is modeled as a two-stage stochastic mixed-integer formulation that minimizes the total establishing and transportation cost. The L-shaped method of stochastic linear programming is applied by integrating with two types of optimality and feasibility cuts for solving the stochastic model. This research aims to improve the proposed algorithm in two different ways: replacing the single-cut approach with a multi-cut and showing relatively complete recourse in the stochastic model by reformulating the original model. Finally, to illustrate the applicability of the model and computational effectiveness of the improved algorithm, a case study with different scenarios is presented and the results are discussed. Our computational results show that the proposed solution algorithm is not only capable of solving large-scale problems, but also avoids long run times. It is also demonstrated that substantial improvements in reliability of the system can often be possible with minimal increases in facility cost.
Learning Nash Equilibria in Zero-Sum Stochastic Games via Entropy-Regularized Policy Approximation

We explore the use of policy approximations to reduce the computational cost of learning Nash equilibria in zero-sum stochastic games. We propose a new Q-learning type algorithm that uses a sequence of entropy-regularized soft policies to approximate the Nash policy during the Q-function updates. We prove that under certain conditions, by updating the regularized Q-function, the algorithm converges to a Nash equilibrium. We also demonstrate the proposed algorithm's ability to transfer previous training experiences, enabling the agents to adapt quickly to new environments. We provide a dynamic hyper-parameter scheduling scheme to further expedite convergence. Empirical results applied to a number of stochastic games verify that the proposed algorithm converges to the Nash equilibrium, while exhibiting a major speed-up over existing algorithms.
Assessment of clinical practice procedures among Registered Dietitian Nutritionists for identifying feeding dysfunction in the pediatric population.

Summary Background & aims Feeding dysfunction is common in children. Efficient processes to identify and treat feeding dysfunction are not commonly known or used among healthcare practitioners. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a survey tool to assess current practice procedures used by Registered Dietitian Nutritionists (RDN) in identifying, diagnosing, and treating feeding dysfunction in children 0–18 years of age. Methods A survey was developed and distributed to gather information on RDN practice procedures, prevalence of pediatric feeding dysfunction, identification of pediatric feeding dysfunction, and method of treatment used to address pediatric feeding dysfunction. Emails were sent to 4449 RDNs in United States. All participants were classified by the Commission on Dietetic Registration (CDR) as clinical dietitians. Distribution and frequency of survey responses were assessed, and in the case of qualitative questions, were categorized according to themes identified. Results Responses of RDNs from 41 states completed 341 total surveys, 179 surveys were included in data analysis. Eighty percent of participants do not use a specific screening tool to identify feeding dysfunction. Results concerning feeding therapy strategies and terms used by RDNs to describe feeding dysfunction were highly varied or lacking. Increased inclusion of RDNs on interdisciplinary teams was indicated by 80% of participants. The majority of participants indicated they refer patients with feeding dysfunction to other practitioners instead of providing feeding therapy themselves. Conclusions Standardized screening, diagnostic, and treatment protocols regarding feeding dysfunction are needed to provide consistent and comprehensive care for the pediatric population. Use of these protocols among RDNs would enable them to improve feeding abilities in more patients earlier in individual child development.
Data for molecular dynamics simulations of Escherichia coli cytochrome bd oxidase with the Amber force field.

Cytochrome bd-type quinol oxidase is an important metalloenzyme that allows many bacteria to survive in low oxygen conditions. Since bd oxidase is found in many prokaryotes but not in eukaryotes, it has emerged as a promising bacterial drug target. Examples of organisms containing bd oxidases include the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) bacterium that causes tuberculosis (TB) in humans, the Vibrio cholerae bacterium that causes cholera, the Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterium that contributes to antibiotic resistance and sepsis, and the Campylobacter jejuni bacterium that causes food poisoning. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is another organism exhibiting the cytochrome bd oxidase. Since it has the highest sequence identity to Mtb (36%) and we are ultimately interested in finding drug targets for TB, we have built parameters for the E. coli bd oxidase (Protein Data Bank ID number: 6RKO) that are compatible with the all-atom Amber ff14SB force field for molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Specifically, we built parameters for the three heme cofactors present in all species of bacterial cytochrome bd-type oxidases (heme b 558 , heme b 595 , and heme d) along with their axial ligands. This data report includes the parameter and library files that can be used with Amber's LEaP program to generate input files for MD simulations using the Amber software package. We also provide the PDB data files of the initial model both by itself and solvated with TIP3P water molecules and counterions.
RecTen: A Recursive Hierarchical Low Rank Tensor Factorization Method to Discover Hierarchical Patterns from Multi-modal Data

How can we expand the tensor decomposition to reveal a hierarchical structure of the multi-modal data in a self-adaptive way? Current tensor decomposition provides only a single layer of clusters. We argue that with the abundance of multimodal data and time-evolving networks nowadays, the ability to identify emerging hierarchies is important. To this effect, we propose RecTen, a multi-modal hierarchical clustering approach based on tensor decomposition. Our approach enables us to: (a) recursively decompose clusters identified in the previous step, and (b) identify the right conditions for terminating this process. In the absence of a well-established benchmark, we evaluate our approach with synthetic and five real datasets. First, we test the sensitivity of the performance to different scenarios and parameters. Second, we apply RecTen on four online forums and a dataset that represents user interaction on GitHub. This analysis identifies meaningful and interesting behaviors, which further increases our confidence in the usefulness of our approach. For example, we identify some real events like ransomware outbreaks (55 users, 86 threads, December 2015, February 2016), the emergence of a black-market of decryption tools (34 users, 12 threads, February 2016), and romance scamming (82 users, 172 threads, March 2018). To maximize the impact of our work, we intend to: (a) develop a usable tool, (b) make the tool and our datasets publicly available. However, RecTen is a hierarchical clustering approach that can be used to take the pulse of large multimodal data and let the data reveal its own hidden structures.
Utility of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality in Spine Surgery: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Background Augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and mixed reality (MR) are emerging technologies that are starting to be translated into clinical practice. Limited data are available regarding these tools in use during live surgery of the spine. Our objective was to systematically collect, analyze, and interpret the existing data regarding AR, VR, and MR use in spine surgery on living people. Methods A systematic review was conducted using the PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) guidelines. The PubMed, PubMed Central, Cochrane Reviews, and Embase databases were searched. Combinations and variations of the phrases “augmented reality,” “virtual reality,” and spine surgery using both “AND” and “OR” configurations were used to find relevant studies. The references of the included reports from the systematic review were also screened for possible inclusion as a part of a manual review. The included studies were full-text publications written in English that had included any spine surgery on live persons with the use of VR or AR. Results A total of 1566 unique reports were found, and 15 full-text publications met the criteria for the present study. The total number of patients from all studies was 241, with a weighted average age of 50.37 years. Surgical procedures using AR, VR, and/or MR were diverse and spanned from simple discectomy to intradural spinal tumor resection. All patients experienced improvement in their symptoms present at clinical presentation. The highest complication rate reported in the studies was 6.1% and was for suboptimal pedicle screw placement. No complications led to clinical sequelae. Conclusions The systematically collected, analyzed, and interpreted data of existing peer-reviewed full-text articles showed favorable metrics regarding surgical efficacy, pedicle screw target accuracy, radiation exposure, clinical outcomes, and disability and pain for patients with spinal pathology treated with the help of AR, VR, and/or MR.
Infectious Disease Aspects of the Brain-Dead Potential Organ Donor

Organ procurement organizations have the task of evaluating potential deceased organs donors for both active and latent infections in order to protect the potential recipients. We discuss deceased donor evaluation and infectious disease screening, as well as donor-derived infections in organ transplant recipients, both expected and unexpected.
The Process of Causal Attribution of Poverty: Preliminary Results of a Survey in Italy

This study analyses the attributions of causality for poverty and wealth in order to better understand people's viewpoint. According to literature, we can detect three main attributions, depending on the return of the condition of poverty (or wealth) to individual, structural and mixed factors. The data we analyzed refer to a 2008 research which has been carried out on 2000 participants in Italy. A Principal Component Analysis has allowed the identification of three components relating to external, internal and fatalistic attributions of the phenomena of poverty and wealth. Following analysis have showed significant relations between attributions and factors like economic status (real or perceived), sex, education level, political orientation and media use.
A cephalometric study of the clinical rest position of the mandible

Abstract 1. Balance between antagonistic muscles can occur at an infinite variety of muscle lengths and tones within certain physiologic limits because of the complex, dynamic character of the neuromuscular system. 2. Certain pathologic states of muscle are recognized clinically: stretch-weakness, shortness, contracture, spasm, hyper-tenseness, fatigue. 3. The ability of a patient to regain the lost vertical dimension with dentures will depend to a large degree on: (a) the amount of lengthening and stretch-weakness of the opening muscles, (b) the amount of shortness and tightness of the closing muscles, (c) the duration and permanence of these changes, (d) the amount of superimposed hyper-tenseness, (e) the degree of coordination and the ability to learn. 4. Of 32 patients studied cephalometrically after the insertion of dentures, 28 showed measurable bone resorption over intervals varying from 5 to 46 months, each patient varying to a different degree. 5. If these 32 patients are divided arbitrarily into those given an adequate interocclusal clearance and those not given an adequate interocclusal clearance, some with rapid rates of resorption and some with little or no resorption will be found in each group. The rate of bone loss appears to be more characteristic of the individual than of the group. 6. Analysis of the data suggests that there are many factors influencing the rate of resorption of edentulous ridge, including anatomic, functional, metabolic, and prosthetic factors, and that dependence on a single factor in the establishment of the occlusal vertical dimension is unsafe.
CD8 T Cell-Initiated Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression Promotes Central Nervous System Vascular Permeability under Neuroinflammatory Conditions

Dysregulation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a hallmark feature of numerous neurologic disorders as diverse as multiple sclerosis, stroke, epilepsy, viral hemorrhagic fevers, cerebral malaria, and acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis. CD8 T cells are one immune cell type that have been implicated in promoting vascular permeability in these conditions. Our laboratory has created a murine model of CD8 T cell-mediated CNS vascular permeability using a variation of the Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus system traditionally used to study multiple sclerosis. Previously, we demonstrated that CD8 T cells have the capacity to initiate astrocyte activation, cerebral endothelial cell tight junction protein alterations and CNS vascular permeability through a perforin-dependent process. To address the downstream mechanism by which CD8 T cells promote BBB dysregulation, in this study, we assess the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in this model. We demonstrate that neuronal expression of VEGF is significantly upregulated prior to, and coinciding with, CNS vascular permeability. Phosphorylation of fetal liver kinase-1 is significantly increased early in this process indicating activation of this receptor. Specific inhibition of neuropilin-1 significantly reduced CNS vascular permeability and fetal liver kinase-1 activation, and preserved levels of the cerebral endothelial cell tight junction protein occludin. Our data demonstrate that CD8 T cells initiate neuronal expression of VEGF in the CNS under neuroinflammatory conditions, and that VEGF may be a viable therapeutic target in neurologic disease characterized by inflammation-induced BBB disruption.
Differentiation of hepatocytes from pluripotent stem cells

Differentiation of human embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells into hepatocyte-like cells provides a platform to study the molecular basis of human hepatocyte differentiation, to develop cell culture models of liver disease, and to potentially provide hepatocytes for treatment of end-stage liver disease. Additionally, hepatocyte-like cells generated from human pluripotent stem cells could serve as platforms for drug discovery, determination of pharmaceutical-induced hepatotoxicity, and evaluation of idiosyncratic drug-drug interactions. Here, we describe a step-wise protocol previously developed in our laboratory that facilitates the highly efficient and reproducible differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into hepatocyte-like cells. Our protocol uses defined culture conditions and closely recapitulates key developmental events that are found to occur during hepatogenesis.
In-flight performance of the NSTAR ion propulsion system on the Deep Space One mission

Deep Space 1 is the first interplanetary spacecraft to use an ion propulsion system for the primary delta-v maneuvers. The purpose of the mission is to validate a number of technologies, including ion propulsion and a high degree of spacecraft autonomy, on a flyby of an asteroid and two comets. The ion propulsion system has operated for a total of 3500 hours at engine power levels ranging from 0.48 to 1.94 kW and has completed the encounter with the asteroid 1992KD and the first set of deterministic burns required for a 2001 encounter with comet Wilson-Harrington. The system has worked extremely well after an initial grid short was cleared after launch. Operation during this primary mission phase has demonstrated all ion propulsion system and autonomous navigation functions. All propulsion system operating parameters are very close to the expected values with the exception of the thrust at higher power levels, which is about 2 percent lower than that calculated from the electrical parameters. This paper provides an overview of the system and presents the first flight validation data on an ion propulsion system in interplanetary space.
Fighting Westway: environmental law, citizen activism, and the regulatory war that transformed New York City

In 1971, the New York State Urban Development Corporation introduced a 4.2-mile infrastructure project for New York City's west side. A combination of roadway, park space, and private development b...
Progressive disease following autologous transplantation in patients with chemosensitive relapsed or primary refractory Hodgkin's disease or aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

To determine the outcome of patients with chemosensitive relapsed or primary refractory Hodgkin's disease (HD) or aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) whose disease progresses after autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT), we reviewed the records of 82 patients with HD and 139 patients with NHL transplanted between 1993 and 2000. Disease progression occurred in 25 patients with HD and 66 patients with NHL, with median times to progression (TTP) of 3.8 and 5.1 months, respectively. Median survival times following ASCT failure were 26 and 7.7 months for patients with HD and NHL, respectively. The second-line international prognostic index (sIPI) and the TTP (before or after 3 months from ASCT) independently were predictive of survival for NHL patients. In addition, treatment with rituximab for patients with B cell NHL was associated with improved survival (median 28.6 vs 4.1 months, P=0.003), independent of the sIPI and TTP. Prognostic factors for patients with HD were not identified. Only two patients, one of whom was among six patients who received second autologous transplants, remain disease-free. The uniformly poor outcome associated with disease progression after ASCT should prompt efforts to assess the feasibility and utility of detecting and treating post transplant residual disease during a minimal disease state, before overt progression.