cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Revenge Revolt: The Supreme Court Moves Towards National Parliamentary Supremacy, and the Remaking of the American Federal System

The recent federal Supreme Court opinions in Bush v. Gore cast in stark light the manner in which constitutional interpretation is preparing the way for constitutional transformation: a federalization based on devolution of authority from the central government to the states, a shift in interpretive authority from the state to federal courts, and a narrowing of what it means for a court to "say what the law is," with a resulting transfer of interpretive authority from the courts (and ultimately even the federal Supreme Court) to the political branches of the central government. These transformations are tinged with irony. The changes are being made possible by jurists who - though paragons of the strictest traditional interpretation of Constitutional norms - now embrace the philosophy of judging they have spent a lifetime fighting. Yet, in their hands, the activist and evolutive jurisprudential philosophy utilized by the Supreme Court since the mid-20th Century is used to unmake the substantive results for which it was crafted. It seems, then, that the authentic heirs of the activist mantle of the Warren Court are those jurists who, though professing a desire to destroy the Warren Court's legacy, have actually taken the work of the Warren Court to new heights, opening the way for another mutation of the Republic. Thus the ultimate irony: per curiam, concurrence and dissents have made it possible for others, at their leisure, to find, within the arcana and lacunae of the Constitution, other places from which it can be divined that states and their governments, that courts and their judging, can be limited or controlled.
Baenid turtles of the Kaiparowits Formation (Upper Cretaceous: Campanian) of southern Utah, USA

I describe the assemblage of baenid turtles found in the Campanian Kaiparowits Formation of southern Utah and compare it with baenids from other basins across Laramidia. Baenids were one of the most diverse and abundant freshwater turtle clades during the Late Cretaceous. They were restricted to North America, with all except the basal-most taxon (Arundelemys) restricted to Laramidia. During the Campanian, baenids were conspicuous parts of the turtle assemblages of Alberta, Montana and New Mexico. The baenids of the Kaiparowits Formation are critical in that they provide an assemblage from southern Laramidia that is correlative with those from northern Laramidia, allowing for more accurate testing of Campanian palaeobiogeographical hypotheses. In this paper, two new baenid species, Neurankylus hutchisoni sp. nov. and Neurankylus utahensis sp. nov., are described. Additionally, the first description of cranial material from Denazinemys nodosa is provided. A comprehensive survey of collected material indica...
Capabilities of an on-site inspection

The technical capabilities of a 10-person radionuclide team operating mobile labs and portable equipment against a nuclear anomaly that could be a contained underground nuclear explosion is described. Surveys, including flight, car-borne, and backpack, help locate an area for investigation, then in situ survey and sample collections can identify isotopic anomalies in concentration, location, and ratio. Where surface radionuclides are not evident, sub-surface noble gas (Xe and Ar) collection and mobile lab measurements can detect leakage from even well-contained nuclear tests. The authors will discuss the strategies for using these capabilities and the integration of information from other technical subteams in a 4-week exercise.
Laminar Damping of Oscillatory Waves

Shearing stresses exerted on smooth horizontal bottom by progressive, shallow-water waves are investigated in laminar regime; average surface resistance and amplitude attenuation coefficients are derived from linearized viscous equations of motion; comparison of former coefficients with results of experiments shows experimentul surface resistance to far exceed theoretical; application of results to conduct and interpretation of model studies involving shoaling shallow-water waves is described; results are presented in form convenient for this use.
Revamping the Sociology of Class: A Note on So and Hikam's Proposal

The discussion of class within sociology has certainly reached a crisis point. As wealth and power have continued to polarize on a national and global scale over the past decade, the gulf between the realities of class and sociologists' ability to rationally understand these realities has grown to truly gaping proportions. The most influential "debate" on class within the field, centered on the structuralist Marxist attempt to explain the dynamics of class by producing increasingly ornate yet static "class maps," finds itself unable to rise above quibbles over which individuals belong in the working class and which in the "middle" class. Moreover, this neo-Althusserian school of "class analysis" shows no signs of overcoming either its consistent neglect of the global dimension of class relations, or its moribund structuralist credo which reduces class consciousness and class struggle to simple effects of static "positions" in "class structures." In fact, even the leading figure in this class research paradigm now seems steadily less confident in tone, speaking openly of unfulfilled "aspirations" and "elusive goals" (Wright 1989:270). In this stagnant climate, the recent call by Alvin Y. So and Muhammad Hikam, in their Sociological Perspectives article "'Class' in the Writings of Wallerstein and Thompson: Toward a Class Struggle Analysis" (1989), for a shift toward a more dynamic, historical, and global approach to the sociological investigation of class phenomena comes as a much-needed breath of fresh theoretical air. The purpose of this comment is to endorse this effort in general, while suggesting that So and Hikam's formula for progress is in need of revision in one crucial area.
Observation of two distinct negative trions in tungsten disulfide monolayers

We report on the observation of two distinct photogenerated negative trion states TA and TB in two-dimensional tungsten disulfide (2D-WS2) monolayers. These trions are postulated to emerge from their parent excitons XA and XB, which originate from spin-orbit-split (SOS) levels in the conduction band (CB) and valence band (VB). Time-resolved spectroscopy measurements suggests that Pauli blocking controls a competition process between TA and TB photoformation, following dissociation of XA and XB through hole trapping at internal or substrate defect sites. While TA arises directly from its parent XA, TB emerges through a different transition accessible only after XB dissociates through a hole trapping channel. This discovery of additional optically-active band-edge transitions in atomically-thin metal dichalcogenides may revolutionize optoelectronic applications and fundamental research opportunities for many-body interaction physics. Ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy of two-dimensional tungsten disulfide monolayers (2D-WS2) grown on sapphire substrates revealed two transient absorption spectral peaks that are attributed to distinct negative trions at ~2.02 eV (T1) and ~1.98 eV (T2). The dynamics measurements indicate that trion formation by the probe is enabled by photodoped electrons that remain after trapping of holes from excitons or free electron-hole pairs at defect sites in the crystal or on the substrate. Dynamics ofmore » the excitons XA and XB’s characteristic absorption bands, at ~2.03 and ~2.40 eV, respectively, were separately monitored and compared with the photoinduced absorption features. Selective excitation of the lowest exciton level XA using λpump 2.4 eV, which is just sufficient to excite exciton XB. The dynamics of trion T2 formation are found to correlate with the disappearance of the bleach of XB exciton, which indicates the involvement of holes participating in the bleach dynamics of exciton XB. Static electrical-doping photoabsorption measurements confirm the presence of an induced absorption peak similar to that of T2. Since the proposed trion formation process here involves exciton dissociation through hole-trapping by defects in the 2D crystal or substrate, this discovery highlights the strong role that defects have in defining the optical and electrical properties of 2D metal chalcogenides, which is relevant to a broad spectrum of basic science and technology applications.« less
RESEARCH ON MOLDING, STRUCTURAL FEATURE AND FORMATION MECHANISM OF THE CENTRAL UPLIFT BELT IN DONGYING DEPRESSION,JIYANG

The central uplift belt is an oil/gas enrichment zone in the Dongying depression of jiyang geotectogene.It trends nearly E-W and is a dissymmetrical anticline belt with steep dip angle in the north limb and gentle in the south.A rift\|fault system of cabbage style develops on the uplift belt.Because of the characteristics of synsedimentary and reverse drag controlled by the north boundary fault.It was considered as a roll anticline belt in the early exploration time.Due to the accumulation of geological and geophysical data,most of the following investigators have argued the origin of salt\|mud diapir structure since 80s.Based on detailed studying of sesimic and geological data and comparing to previous research results,a sadbox experiment is designed and carried through in this work to search the cause of the central uplift belt.By all the results above,we conclude that the Dongying central uplift belt was formed by extention\|diapirism lead by regional tenso\|shear stress and gravity,and the shape of the local auticlines and the character of the fault system are controlled by the shape of the salt\|mud diapir and the intensity of extension and diapirism.
Determination results of thiocyanate in milk and powder milk by different eluents of ion chromatography

[Objective]To compare the parameters for determination of thiocyanate in milk and powder milk by carbonate system and hydroxyl system of ion chromatography.[Methods]The sample protein was precipitated with acetonitrile,after diluting the supernatant,the fat was removed by OnGuard RP columns( 2. 5cc),disassociating with ion chromatographic column,the thiocyanate was detected by conductivity detector. Qualitative analysis was conducted by retention time,and quantification was determined by external standard method.[Results] The detection limit in milk tested by carbonate system of ion chromatography was 0. 25 mg/Kg,in powder milk was 1. 0 mg/Kg,RSD% 3. 0%,the range of recovery rate were 80. 0%-110. 0%. The detection limit in milk tested by hydroxyl system of ion chromatography was 0. 1 mg/Kg,in powder milk was 0. 4 mg/Kg,RSD% 2. 0%,the range of recovery rate were 90. 0%-108. 8%.[Conclusion]Both the methods of carbonate system and hydroxyl system of ion chromatography can be taken to test the thiocyanate in milk and powder milk. However,the detection limit in milk and powder milk by hydroxyl system is lower than that by carbonate system
Outpatient IV Antibiotic Therapy: Practical and Ethical Considerations

Patients must rely on their caregivers for disinterested advice in making cost-related clinical decisions that are essentially equivalent in efficacy. It is in this context that the pros and cons of home IV regimens are discussed.
The influence of patient and therapist in determining the use of psychotherapy in a hospital setting.

(1965). The Influence of Patient and Therapist in Determining the Use of Psychotherapy in a Hospital Setting. Psychiatry: Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 297-310.
Direct Observation by Rapid-Scan FT-IR Spectroscopy of Two-Electron-Reduced Intermediate of Tetraaza Catalyst [CoIIN4H(MeCN)]2+ Converting CO2 to CO

In the search for the two-electron-reduced intermediate of the tetraaza catalyst [CoIIN4H(MeCN)]2+ (N4H = 2,12-dimethyl-3,7,11,17-tetraazabicyclo[11.3.1]heptadeca-1(17),2,11,13,15-pentaene) for CO2 reduction and elementary steps that result in the formation of CO product, rapid-scan FT-IR spectroscopy of the visible-light-sensitized catalysis, using Ir(ppy)3 in wet acetonitrile (CD3CN) solution, led to the observation of two sequential intermediates. The initially formed one-electron-reduced [CoIN4H]+–CO2 adduct was converted by the second electron to a transient [CoIN4H]+–CO2– complex that spontaneously converted CO2 to CO in a rate-limiting step on the second time scale in the dark under regeneration of the catalyst (room temperature). The macrocycle IR spectra of the [CoIN4H]+–CO2– complex and the preceding one-electron [CoIN4H]+–CO2 intermediate show close similarity but distinct differences in the carboxylate modes, indicating that the second electron resides mainly on the CO2 ligand. Vibrational ass...
Progesterone has rapid positive feedback actions on LH release but fails to reduce LH pulse frequency within 12 h in estradiol-pretreated women.

In women, progesterone suppresses luteinizing hormone (LH) (gonadotropin‐releasing hormone) pulse frequency, but how rapidly this occurs is unknown. In estradiol‐pretreated women in the late follicular phase, progesterone administration at 1800 did not slow sleep‐associated LH pulse frequency. However, mechanisms controlling LH pulse frequency may differ according to sleep status; and we thus hypothesized that progesterone acutely suppresses waking LH pulse frequency. This was a randomized, double‐blind, crossover study of LH secretory responses to progesterone versus placebo administered at 0600. We studied 12 normal women in the late follicular phase (cycle days 7–11), pretreated with 3 days of transdermal estradiol (0.2 mg/day). Subjects underwent a 24‐h blood sampling protocol (starting at 2000) and received either 100 mg oral micronized progesterone or placebo at 0600. In a subsequent menstrual cycle, subjects underwent an identical protocol except that oral progesterone was exchanged for placebo or vice versa. Changes in 10‐h LH pulse frequency were similar between progesterone and placebo. However, mean LH, LH pulse amplitude, and mean follicle‐stimulating hormone exhibited significantly greater increases with progesterone. Compared to our previous study (progesterone administered at 1800), progesterone administration at 0600 was associated with a similar increase in mean LH, but a less pronounced increase in LH pulse amplitude. We conclude that, in estradiol‐pretreated women in the late follicular phase, a single dose of progesterone does not suppress waking LH pulse frequency within 12 h, but it acutely amplifies mean LH and LH pulse amplitude – an effect that may be influenced by sleep status and/or time of day.
Determination of noise sources affecting wireless communications: A noise identification method using coherence

The performance of a wireless communication system can degrade due to noise from the equipment in which the system is installed. Noise must therefore be identified to allow the design of countermeasures to improve performance. We developed a measurement instrument that measures noise coherence, thereby identifying causes of degradation through correlation of coherence.
Clinicopathological features of peripheral nerve sheath tumors involving the eye and ocular adnexa

Peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs) are known to occur in the orbit and comprise 4% of all orbital tumors, but have not been well studied in contemporary literature. Ninety specimens involving the eye and ocular adnexa (1979-2015) from 67 patients were studied. The mean age was 32.5years. Locations included orbit (58.9%), eyelid (60.0%), and other ocular adnexa. Most specimens were neurofibromas (70.0%), followed by schwannomas (11.1%), neuromas (11.1%), granular cell tumors (n=4), nerve sheath myxomas (n=2), and malignant PNST (n=1). Fifty-six (88.9%) neurofibroma cases were neurofibromatosis 1 associated. Among neurofibromas, 31.7% were localized, 38.1% were plexiform, 25.4% were diffuse, and 4.8% were diffuse and plexiform. These tumors involved skin (31.7%), soft tissue (11.1%), skeletal muscle (22.2%), peripheral nerve (63.0%), lacrimal gland (20.6%), and choroid (n=1). Other histologic findings included pseudo-Meissner corpuscles (27%), Schwann cell nodules (4.8%), prominent myxoid component (7.9%), melanin-like pigment (3.2%), and inflammation (14.3%). Available immunostains included S100 (+ in 15/15 cases), EMA (+ in 2/4 cases), CD34 (+ in 4/4 cases), and Ki-67 (<1% in 4/4 cases). Among 10 schwannomas, 8 were conventional and 2 were plexiform. Observed features included capsule (n=5), hyalinized vessels (n=5), Verocay bodies (n=7), and Antoni B pattern (n=5). Immunostaining included S100+ in 4 of 4 cases, and collagen IV+ and Ki-67 <1% in 3 of 3 cases. Neurofibromas are the most common PNST involving the eye and ocular adnexa, and the majority are associated with neurofibromatosis 1. Plexiform and diffuse patterns and the presence of pseudo-Meissner corpuscles are relatively frequent in this area.
A Chip Off the Old Block or a New Direction for Payment Cards Security? The Chip & PIN Debate, Apple Pay, and the Law & Economics of Preventing Payment Card Fraud

The issue of consumer payments and data security has reached a high level of public and regulatory interest as a result of a number of recent high-profile data breaches that compromised consumer payment card numbers, such as at Target, Home Depot, and Michael’s. In addition, the ecosystem of consumer payments security has changed dramatically in recent years as a result of the introduction and rapid spread of contactless payment technologies, such as ApplePay. In response to growing concerns about payments fraud, payment card networks in the United States have moved toward the rapid replacement of traditional magnetic stripe payment card technology to new EMV computer chip-based technology, which creates a unique encrypted identifier for each transaction, thereby making it more difficult for thieves to steal card numbers and create counterfeit cards. Notably, however, American card issuers and networks have chosen not to adopt the PIN method of verification that has been standard in the United Kingdom and much of Europe for the past decade or so, but instead have adopted signature as the preferred method of customer verification. Many large retail chains and retail trade associations have nevertheless lobbied for regulatory or statutory action to impose a PIN-verification requirement in addition to the addition of EMV chips. This article conducts an economic analysis of the regulation of consumer payment cards and payment cards fraud. We examine the marginal benefits from heightened levels of payment cards security (such as requiring PIN verification for purchases) and marginal costs as well, such as the impact on speed, convenience, and functionality for consumers and merchants, especially uptake of electronic payments by smaller merchants. We examine the dynamic evolution of payment cards anti-fraud technology over time and suggest that there is little evidence of market failure in the provision of payments security by card networks and issuers and little reason to believe that mandating one exclusive, decades old, static verification technology (namely Chip & PIN) would be likely to improve overall consumer welfare and economic efficiency today. We conclude that rather than blindly adopting the particular verification technology Europe put into place many years ago, U.S. regulators should be alert to the evolving and contemporary nature of consumer payments and fluid nature of threats to data privacy and not freeze or hamper the adaptability of the payments system.
A NEW FIBER OPTIC INTERFEROMETRIC TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING MICROVIBRATIONS IN OTOLARYNGOLOGY

I. ABSTRACT The use of fiber optics in an interferometer which has been applied to making sub-nanometer diagnostic measurements in the ear is described.
Cannabis for Pain and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: More Consensus Than Controversy or Vice Versa?

Interest in scientific evidence for medical cannabis use is increasing. This issue includes systematic reviews evaluating the evidence for cannabis in the treatment of pain and posttraumatic stress...
Marital status and health: United States, 1999-2002.

Objective This report presents prevalence estimates by marital status for selected health status and limitations, health conditions, and health risk behaviors among U.S. adults, using data from the 1999-2002 National Health Interview Surveys (NHIS). Methods Data for the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population were collected using computer-assisted personal interviews (CAPI). The household response rate for the NHIS was 88.7%. This report is based on a total of 127,545 interviews with sample adults aged 18 years and over, representing an overall response rate of 72.4% for the 4 years combined. Statistics were age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population. Marital status categories shown in this report are: married, widowed, divorced or separated, never married, and living with a partner. Results Regardless of population subgroup (age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, education, income, or nativity) or health indictor (fair or poor health, limitations in activities, low back pain, headaches, serious psychological distress, smoking, or leisure-time physical inactivity), married adults were generally found to be healthier than adults in other marital status categories. Marital status differences in health were found in each of the three age groups studied (18-44 years, 45-64 years, and 65 years and over), but were most striking among adults aged 18-44 years. The one negative health indicator for which married adults had a higher prevalence was overweight or obesity. Married adults, particularly men, had high rates of overweight or obesity relative to adults in other marital status groups across most population subgroups studied. Never married adults were among the least likely to be overweight or obese.
Architecture of Pancreatic Islets

Pancreatic islets are highly vascularized mini-organs that include endocrine cells, endothelial cells, and extracellular matrix. The three-dimensional islet structure and relationship between endocrine cells are different in rodent islets and human islets. This chapter reviews recent studies on the morphology, cell composition, and cell arrangement in human islets and how this may affect islet function.
Operator Semigroups, Invariant Sets and Invariant Subspaces

Let B(H) be the algebra of bounded operators on a complex, separable Hilbert space H. Let (B(H))1 = {t ∈ B(H): ∥t∥ ≤ 1}. We will say Σ is an operator semigroup if Σ is a unital, absoultely convex subsemigroup of (B(H))1. In particular, if A is a unital subalgebra of B(H), then A 1 = {a ∈ B(H): ∥a∥ ≤ 1} is an operator semigroup. If Σ is an operator semigroup, then Σ has a natural action on H 1, the unit ball of H, namely σ(s, x) = sx, s ∈ Σ, x ∈ H. Consequently, (Σ, H 1, σ) is a flow when H 1 is endowed with the weak topology [1]. We apply ideas from the theory of dynamical systems to study operator semigroups, guided by a close analogy between the invariant sets of an operator semigroup Σ and the invariant subspaces of an operator algebra A In particular, we will exhibit invariant set versions of the transitive algebra problem and Lomonosov’s Theorem. There are also interesting connections between certain invariant sets of A 1 and the hyperinvariant subspaces of A Finally, we study norm precompact orbits for various operator algebras, including self-adjoint algebras, triangular algebras, CSL algebras, and the standard function algebras acting on an L 2space. We summarize some of our results below. Full details will appear in [3]
Comovement and Return Predictability

In this paper, we investigate whether comovement can generate predictability in returns. Barberis and Shleifer (2003) argue that style investing causes comovement of stocks within a style to be larger than that warranted by fundamentals. This naturally suggests that comovement may measure "investor sentiment", a construct that both academics and practitioners would like to measure with precision. The former are interested in measuring sentiment for scientific reasons and the latter for mercenary ones. Unfortunately, instruments to measure sentiment are either sparse or of poor quality (Baker and Wurgler (2007)). But since our interest is not in aggregate sentiment but comovement with respect to a particular style, we can use an extraordinarily simple and yet precise measure: the R2 of a regression of the stock on the returns of style it belongs to. We measure comovement with respect to size and book-to-market based portfolios because of their ubiquitous role in both retail and institutional portfolio management. We find that between 1970 and 2006, a long-short portfolio strategy based on low and high comovement stocks generates gross returns of 0.9% per month for up to 3 months and 0.7% per month up to 12 months. The excess returns (alpha) after controlling for size, book-to-market and momentum effects are up to 0.86% per month. Although comovement is correlated with trading volume, our results withstand the incorporation of volume in to the trading strategy (Lee and Swaminathan (2000)). As we complete our analysis over the next few months, we expect to (a) use an alternative measure of comovement, (b) examine measures of investment style beyond the traditional size and value-growth grid, (c) examine time variation in excess returns, and (d) determine if changes in comovement can explain the reversal in returns over long-horizons (DeBondt and Thaler (1985)).
Evaluation of Peer Instruction for Cybersecurity Education

Peer instruction pedagogy is a student-centric approach that encourages students to read lecture material before coming to class and engages them in class via group discussion and preplanned conceptual questions. Peer instruction has shown promising results in core computer science courses such as Theory of Computation and Computer Architecture, as well as reducing failure rates and improving student retention in computer science major. This paper presents the results of the first-ever attempt to replicate these results in a cybersecurity course, using an action research methodology to implement and evaluate peer instruction in a semester-long cybersecurity course, Introduction to Computer Security. The evaluation consists of quizzes, subjective exams, peer instruction questions, and attitudinal surveys gathered over two control semesters and one peer instruction condition semester. We find evidence of learning gains during group discussion and improvements in dropout and failure rates compared to traditional lecture classes. In attitudinal surveys, most students report that they would recommend that other instructors use peer instruction.
When weak sanctioning systems work: Evidence from auto insurance industry fraud investigations

Abstract To deter auto insurance fraud, insurance companies and law enforcement agencies investigate and prosecute suspicious claims. We describe this sanctioning system and perceptions of this system by integrating unique datasets: insurance company records, interviews with insurance fraud investigators, state law enforcement data (CA, NY), and surveys of automotive insurance customers. We identify organizational constraints, such as public relations concerns, that limit the effectiveness of the formal sanctioning system (fewer than 1% of claims that are flagged as suspicious are ever prosecuted for fraud). We also identify psychological factors that deter consumers from committing fraud; consumers over-estimate the probability of detection, over-estimate the consequences of prosecution, are sensitive to social sanctions (e.g., negative publicity), and anticipate high emotional costs, such as shame and embarrassment, that make the prospect of committing fraud highly aversive. That is, psychological factors substantially deter fraud even though the economic sanctions are weak. Our findings integrate scholarship on sanctioning systems (Tenbrunsel & Messick, 1991) and highlight the role of organizational constraints and psychological factors in deterring fraud.
Process Design Frameworks for Economic Utilization of Small-Scale and Unconventional Feedstocks

Abstract To meet the increasing demands for energy, chemicals and commodity products, there is a substantial push for utilizing unconventional feedstocks such as stranded natural gas, shale gas, biogas and landfill gas. These feedstocks pose significant challenges for centralized processing due to variabilities in scale, availability, compositions and geographical locations. Small-scale and modular plants are needed for utilizing these hard-to-access resources. However, the capital intensity (i.e., cost per unit production) of small-scale plants are much higher compared to their large-scale and centralized counterparts. To this end, we first propose a design approach that reduces the overall cost intensity of small modular chemical processes by creating new opportunities for economies of numbers (as opposed to economies of scale). The key idea is to depart from asynchronous design of single-processes and adopt a common-functionality based design of multiple processes. This involves exploring synergies between a multitude of chemical processes and synthesize them all concurrently. An optimization-based concurrent design framework is developed for standardization of modular units with common functionality. An augmented Lagrangean-based decomposition algorithm is used. Using the framework, we concurrently synthesize small-scale methanol and ammonia processes with considerable reduction in capital intensities compared to those obtained by asynchronous designs. To increase the operating profitability of small-scale modular processes, we then leverage the principles of flexible processing wherein a multipurpose/multiproduct master process produces several products in response to varying market conditions.
Finite element analysis and simulation study of CFRP/Ti stacks using ultrasonic additive manufacturing

The hybrid laminar composite stack of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and titanium (Ti) are widely used in several critical engineering applications, including aerospace and automobile sectors. The joining of CFRP and Ti through conventional methods has several limitations such as weight additional, material damage, and lower fatigue life. Ultrasonic additive manufacturing (UAM) is a solid-state manufacturing process capable of joining layers of dissimilar materials. Experimental studies have successfully demonstrated the welding of CFRP and Ti through UAM process. However, there is a lack of understanding of the exact bonding process and influence of process parameter on weld quality during UAM. The present study investigates the bonding process and the effects of critical parameters in the UAM process of CFRP and Ti layers using finite element analysis and simulation technique. The simulation study reveals that the CFRP/titanium stacks encounter interfacial cyclic shear stresses and shear strains. The study found that the vibrational amplitude and surface roughness of the substrates play a critical role in achieving a proper weld. The simulation results are validated using experimentation. The finding of this study can help advance the commercialization of UAM process for welding dissimilar materials and composites.
Characterizations of the weakly compact ideal on P κ λ .

Abstract Hellsten [15] gave a characterization of Π n 1 -indescribable subsets of a Π n 1 -indescribable cardinal in terms of a natural filter base: when κ is a Π n 1 -indescribable cardinal, a set S ⊆ κ is Π n 1 -indescribable if and only if S ∩ C ≠ ∅ for every n-club C ⊆ κ . We generalize Hellsten's characterization to Π n 1 -indescribable subsets of P κ λ , which were first defined by Baumgartner. First we show that under reasonable assumptions the Π 0 1 -indescribability ideal on P κ λ equals the minimal strongly normal ideal NSS κ , λ on P κ λ , which is different from NS κ , λ . We then formulate a notion of n-club subset of P κ λ and prove that a set S ⊆ P κ λ is Π n 1 -indescribable if and only if S ∩ C ≠ ∅ for every n-club C ⊆ P κ λ . We also prove that elementary embeddings considered by Schanker [26] witnessing near supercompactness lead to the definition of a normal ideal on P κ λ , and indeed, this ideal is equal to Baumgartner's ideal of non– Π 1 1 -indescribable subsets of P κ λ . Additionally, as applications of these results we answer a question of Cox-Lucke [10] about F -layered posets, provide a characterization of Π n m -indescribable subsets of P κ λ in terms of generic elementary embeddings and prove several results involving a two-cardinal weakly compact diamond principle.
A Network of Sputum MicroRNAs Is Associated with Neutrophilic Airway Inflammation in Asthma

Rationale: MicroRNAs are potent regulators of biologic systems that are critical to tissue homeostasis. Individual microRNAs have been identified in airway samples. However, a systems analysis of the microRNA-mRNA networks present in the sputum that contribute to airway inflammation in asthma has not been published.Objectives: Identify microRNA and mRNA networks in the sputum of patients with asthma.Methods: We conducted a genome-wide analysis of microRNA and mRNA in the sputum from patients with asthma and correlated expression with clinical phenotypes. Weighted gene correlation network analysis was implemented to identify microRNA networks (modules) that significantly correlate with clinical features of asthma and mRNA expression networks. MicroRNA expression in peripheral blood neutrophils and lymphocytes and in situ hybridization of the sputum were used to identify the cellular sources of microRNAs. MicroRNA expression obtained before and after ozone exposure was also used to identify changes associated with neutrophil counts in the airway.Measurements and Main Results: Six microRNA modules were associated with clinical features of asthma. A single module (nely) was associated with a history of hospitalizations, lung function impairment, and numbers of neutrophils and lymphocytes in the sputum. Of the 12 microRNAs in the nely module, hsa-miR-223-3p was the highest expressed microRNA in neutrophils and was associated with increased neutrophil counts in the sputum in response to ozone exposure. Multiple microRNAs in the nely module correlated with two mRNA modules enriched for TLR (Toll-like receptor) and T-helper cell type 17 (Th17) signaling and endoplasmic reticulum stress. hsa-miR-223-3p was a key regulator of the TLR and Th17 pathways in the sputum of subjects with asthma.Conclusions: This study of sputum microRNA and mRNA expression from patients with asthma demonstrates the existence of microRNA networks and genes that are associated with features of asthma severity. Among these, hsa-miR-223-3p, a neutrophil-derived microRNA, regulates TLR/Th17 signaling and endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Effects of Mass Enhancement on Cooper Pairing in Heavy-Fermion Superconductors

With m* ≈ 200 me (including in superconductors CeCu2Si2, UBe13, and UPt3) due mainly to many-body enhancement rather than a band structure effect, as confirmed recently by deHaas-van Alphen experiments on CeCu6 and UPt 3 1,2 , effects of the mass enhancement taken alone will be shown to be: (a) the coulomb pseudopotential μ* operating in a frequency range a few times the Debye frequency ωD is as usual much smaller than μ operating in a much larger range EF, where EF is of usual magnitude; (b) “Migdal’s theorem” holds for usual electron-phonon interactions and for any interaction operating within a frequency range comparable to ωD or smaller; and (c) the usual coulomb and phonon-mediated electron-electron interactions cannot be causing the superconductivity. Conditions (a) and (b) occur rather than intuitive results expected if m* were a band mass because enhancement of the quasiparticle density of states by many-body effects does not mean any enhancement at all of the electron density of states.
Eshelby instability pressure for nucleation of a phase change defect

Abstract The existence of a nucleation instability is demonstrated at the vanishing of the path-independent M integral in linear anisotropic elasticity so that a region that is arbitrarily small can grow at constant potential energy. It yields a quadratic equation for the critical pressure to balance the Eshelby dissipation and nucleate an inclusion undergoing both change in density and change in bulk modulus, and is independent of the radius of the defect. Regarding the shape of nucleation, the expression from Noether's theorem allows also a symmetry breaking mode as a penny-shape “pancake”, and by comparison of the M integrals for the pancake and the sphere, it would require a greater loss of potential energy of the system to nucleate a pancake, but less to grow it larger.
Building Systemic Capacity to Improve Identification and Services in Gifted Education: A Case Study of One District:

The problem of culturally, linguistically, and economically diverse (CLED) student underrepresentation in gifted programs demonstrates a need to examine systemic processes, including the building o...
Water availability drives signatures of local adaptation in whitebark pine ( Pinus albicaulis Englm.) across fine spatial scales of the Lake Tahoe Basin, USA

Patterns of local adaptation at fine spatial scales are central to understanding how evolution proceeds, and are essential to the effective management of economically and ecologically important forest tree species. Here, we employ single and multilocus analyses of genetic data (n = 116,231 SNPs) to describe signatures of fine-scale adaptation within eight whitebark pine ( Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) populations across the local extent of the environmentally heterogeneous Lake Tahoe Basin, USA. We show that despite highly shared genetic variation ( F ST = 0.0069) there is strong evidence for adaptation to the rain shadow experienced across the eastern Sierra Nevada. Specifically, we build upon evidence from a common garden study and find that allele frequencies of loci associated with four phenotypes (mean = 236 SNPs), 18 environmental variables (mean = 99 SNPs), and those detected through genetic differentiation (n = 110 SNPs) exhibit significantly higher signals of selection (covariance of allele frequencies) than could be expected to arise, given the data. We also provide evidence that this covariance tracks environmental measures related to soil water availability through subtle allele frequency shifts across populations. Our results replicate empirical support for theoretical expectations of local adaptation for populations exhibiting strong gene flow and high selective pressures, and suggest that ongoing adaptation of many P. albicaulis populations within the Lake Tahoe Basin will not be constrained by the lack of genetic variation. Even so, some populations exhibit low levels of heritability for the traits presumed to be related to fitness. These instances could be used to prioritize management to maintain adaptive potential. Overall, we suggest that established practices regarding whitebark pine conservation be maintained, with the additional context of fine-scale adaptation.
How a college solved the problem of large-scale multi-criteria team formation

This paper discusses a goal programming technique for creating equitable teams from large numbers of individuals with differing attributes and talents subject to multiple constraints. The solution is derived based on a utility function that applies a weighted penalty for deviation from the optimally equitable team. This technique is then tested by forming teams from a pool of over 200 students with a range of attributes for a high-quality business consulting experience. In addition to saving time and effort, benefits include procedural justice and elimination of bias, defensibility of team formation and expectation of trust, and equitable distribution of competence across teams. As demonstrated here, the technique was remarkably successful at creating teams with respect to the competing priorities from stakeholders. Results are discussed in detail and exemplify efficiency, scalability, and most importantly, equitably formed teams.
Trends in ovarian conservation and association with survival in premenopausal patients with stage I leiomyosarcoma

Abstract Objective To explore trends of ovarian conservation (OCN) over time in young women with early stage leiomyosarcoma (LMS) and examine the association between OCN and survival. Methods Patients under the age of 50 who were diagnosed with stage I LMS who underwent hysterectomy with and without oophorectomy between 2010 and 2016 were identified in the National Cancer Database (NCDB). Performance of oophorectomy vs. OCN was determined using surgery codes. Trends of OCN were reported. Multivariable regression models were fit to estimate predictors of OCN. An inverse probability of treatment weighted propensity score method was used to examine the association between all-cause mortality and OCN. Results Overall, 225 patients (28%) underwent OCN. Rates of OCN decreased from 41.2% (2010) to 14.3% (2016); this finding was consistent across age groups: Conclusions OCN for early stage LMS in premenopausal women has decreased over time. There was no association between OCN and mortality among women with stage I LMS. OCN should be considered in premenopausal women with stage I LMS given the health benefits.
RKIP predicts PSA recurrence in prostate cancer

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 45, 2004 1464 Prostate cancer (CaP) metastases are a leading cause of cancer-related death in American men. Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) encodes a protein that inhibits Raf-1-mediated phosphorylation and thereby inhibits activation of MEK. RKIP is a metastasis suppressor gene in CaP and we investigated the prognostic role of RKIP in CaP. Several tissue microarrays (TMAs) containing non-neoplastic prostate, primary prostate tumors or prostate metastases from a total of 155 patients were subjected to immunohistochemistry staining for RKIP expression. Staining was scored as negative, weak, moderate or strong. RKIP protein staining was moderately to strongly expressed in 100% of the non-cancerous prostate tissue, approximately 55% of the primary CaP tissue and 5% of the metastatic tissue; whereas, RKIP protein staining was negative or weakly expressed in 45% of the primary CaP tissue and 95% of the metastatic tissue. There was a linear decrease of RKIP expression from non-cancerous prostate through metastatic CaP (Kruskal-Wallis test, P <0.0001). RKIP expression was strongly associated with standard pathology predictors of clinical outcome, including Gleason score ( P = 0.004), pathologic stage ( P = 0.03), and preoperative level of PSA ( P =0.01). Weak or negative RKIP staining was associated with high (58% (22/38)) PSA recurrence; whereas high RKIP expression was associated with low (2% (1/46)) PSA failure (log rank P <0.0001; Kaplan-Meier analysis). Multivariate Cox Regression analysis for the occurrence PSA failure post-prostatectomy was performed using the following variables: RKIP staining, Gleason score, tumor size, pathologic stage, digital rectal exam findings, PSA level at time of diagnosis and resected prostate weight. RKIP staining was the most statistically significant predictor of PSA failure after radical prostectomy (hazard ratio=0.033 and P =0.001); followed by PSA levels (hazard ratio=1.97; P = 0.08). This analysis demonstrated that RKIP staining was a greater predictor for PSA recurrence than Gleason score and preoperative level of PSA. Taken together, these data demonstrate that RKIP expression in CaP correlates inversely with patient prognosis. These data suggest that RKIP is a useful marker for prostate cancer prognosis.
Benign nonodontogenic fibro-osseous lesions of the skull: Report of two cases

Abstract Fibrous dysplasia is defined as a disease of bone, characterized by localized areas, usually in a unilateral distribution, showing a maturation arrest of bone formation at the stage of woven bone. This definition is in agreement with the histologic findings in uncomplicated lesions of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia. The diagnosis has prognostic implications that are lacking in other fibro-osseous lesions with which it may be confused. Juvenile ossifying fibroma (benign osteoblastoma) is defined as a localized, actively growing, destructive lesion occurring predominantly in children and characterized microscopically by trabeculae of woven bone showing focal lamellar bone replacement in a cellular, usually basophilic, stroma. Osteoblastic hyperplasia is prominent in the stroma. Fibrous osteoma is defined as a localized, usually slow-growing lesion characterized by a predominance of trabeculae of lamellar bone, but also with trabeculae of woven bone, in a fibrous, acidophilic stroma. Some of these lesions that are growing rapidly show numerous trabeculae of woven bone and may thus resemble ossifying fibroma or fibrous dysplasia. Some examples of fibrous osteoma may mature into osteomas. On the other hand, all osteomas would probably be called fibrous osteomas if biopsied at an early stage. This is inherent in the pattern found in bone growth in which active growth is characterized by an abundance of woven bone and as the process subsides the woven bone is replaced by lamellar bone. Each of these lesions should be recognized as a distinct entity, and all of them should not be grouped under a general heading of fibrous dysplasia of bone.
Factors influencingin vitro micropropagation ofPinus strobus L.

Anin vitro procedure for micropropagation ofPinus strobus L., consisting of the following four steps has been established: shoot induction, shoot growth, root induction, and root growth. Influence of certain selected factors on each of these steps was determined. Shoot induction was found to be influenced by the age of the explant as well as the concentration of 6-benzyladenine in the medium. Best shoot growth was obtained on the medium of Litvayet al. without any growth regulators. Addition of activated charcoal to shoot growth medium resulted in fewer shoots. Root induction on several media was compared. Best root induction occurred when shoots were put on a half strength Gresshoff and Doy’s medium supplemented with 0.5 to 1.0 mg r1−1 α-naphthylacetic acid (NAA) for two weeks. Shorter exposure of shoots to higher concentrations of NAA or indol-3-ylbutyric acid (IBA) was not as effective. Low temperature seemed to be a requirement for root growth.
Deoxynucleoside Kinases of Bacillus megaterium KM

Dialyzed extracts of Bacillus megaterium KM contain thymidine, deoxyadenosine, and deoxyguanosine kinase activities. Thymidine kinase activity is best with deoxyadenosine triphosphate or deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP) as the phosphoryl donor, whereas the best deoxyadenosine kinase activity is obtained with dGTP or adenosine triphosphate. Deoxyguanosine kinase activity functions optimally with deoxycytidine triphosphate as the donor. Although the thymidine kinase activity of crude extracts does not have a demonstrable divalent cation requirement, the addition of Mg2+ or Mn2+ is necessary for the formation of thymidine di- and triphosphates. The synthesis of thymidine kinase appears to be partially derepressed by thymine starvation. Incubation of extracts with deoxyadenosine and dGTP results in the substantial accumulation of deoxyadenosine di- and triphosphates. Extracts deaminate deoxycytidine to deoxyuridine, presumably as a consequence of the action of deoxycytidine deaminase, and then convert deoxyuridine to deoxyuridylic acid. B. megaterium extracts do not contain any detectable deoxycytidine kinase activity.
Paget’s Disease of Bone

Paget’s disease is a chronic disorder of the adult skeleton characterized by increased resorption and deposition of bone resulting in replacement of the normal matrix with a softened and enlarged bone. Initially, there is active resorption by large and increased numbers of osteoclasts containing multiple nuclei, followed by deposition of bone by numerous osteoblasts which most often results in a weakened disorganized bony structure that is interspersed with areas of fibrosis. Although localized to isolated areas of the skeleton, there may be widespread bony distribution.