cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Off-line quality control for Bragg-Laue optics

On-stream performance of crystal diffraction components at synchrotron radiation facilities is certainly limited by the issues of heating and photochemistry discussed by other contributors to this conference. At the same time, the delivered performance is also limited by the quality of the starting material, strains and distortions introduced by the initial shaping and surface preparation, and by whatever re- forming operations (e.g. one and two dimensional stressing or bending) are needed to realize the desired x-ray optical function. Each of these issues, initial crystal quality, surface preparation, and final figure, can be assessed by rather simple arrangements using conventional x-ray diffraction tube sources in combination with appropriate beam conditioning elements and effective 2D imagers. These table-top arrangements represent a modest investment in comparison with realistic costs of beamline operation, but they are often neglected. An evident benefit of such off- line quality control is that on-line performance becomes predictable at least in the limit of low heating and radiation damage, so that the effects of these inevitable difficulties are more clearly isolated, thereby opening the way toward their effective management.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ethical Issues in the Conduct of Supervision

The American Psychological Association code of ethics is used to understand the ethical issues present in the conduct of supervision. Because supervision is characterized by goals of behavior change, has many qualities similar to therapy, and by definition requires multiple roles of its participants, it should be considered a psychological intervention particularly vulnerable to ethical misconduct. The ethical issues of responsibility, client and supervisee welfare, confidentiality, competency, moral and legal standards, public statements, and professional relationships are discussed in relation to supervision.
Creatine Kinase Activity Is Associated With Blood Pressure

Background— We previously hypothesized that high activity of creatine kinase, the central regulatory enzyme of energy metabolism, facilitates the development of high blood pressure. Creatine kinase rapidly provides adenosine triphosphate to highly energy-demanding processes, including cardiovascular contraction, and antagonizes nitric oxide–mediated functions. Relatively high activity of the enzyme, particularly in resistance arteries, is thought to enhance pressor responses and increase blood pressure. Tissue creatine kinase activity is reported to be high in black people, a population subgroup with greater hypertension risk; the proposed effects of high creatine kinase activity, however, are not “race dependent.” We therefore assessed whether creatine kinase is associated with blood pressure in a multiethnic population. Methods and Results— We analyzed a stratified random sample of the population of Amsterdam, the Netherlands, consisting of 1444 citizens (503 white European, 292 South Asian, 580 black, and 69 of other ethnicity) aged 34 to 60 years. We used linear regression analysis to investigate the association between blood pressure and normal serum creatine kinase after rest, as a substitute measure of tissue activity. Creatine kinase was independently associated with blood pressure, with an increase in systolic and diastolic pressure, respectively, of 8.0 (95% CI, 3.3 to 12.7) and 4.7 (95% CI, 1.9 to 7.5) mm Hg per log creatine kinase increase after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, and ethnicity. Conclusions— Creatine kinase is associated with blood pressure. Further studies are needed to explore the nature of this association, including how variation in cardiovascular creatine kinase activity may affect pressor responses. Received August 30, 2005; revision received August 30, 2006; accepted September 8, 2006.
11.4.3 The Tradespace Exploration Paradigm

Over the past five years, researchers working on a number of system design projects in the Space Systems, Policy, and Architecture Research Consortium (SSPARC) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have developed a process of value-focused, broad tradespace exploration for the development of space systems. The broad tradespace framework has provided insights into communicating and quantifying the impact of changing requirements, uncertainty, and system properties such as flexibility and robustness. Additionally, insights have been made in applications to more complex cases, such as analyzing policy effects on system cost and performance, as well as understanding the time-dependent effects of architecture and design choices for spiral development. The tradespace exploration paradigm both broadens the perspective of designers in conceptual design to better understand the “physics” of the proposed solutions relative to one another, and focuses the designer on delivering systems of value to key system stakeholders.
Understanding Mechanism of Film Attach Material Void Formation in Electronic Packages

This paper presents an understanding of void formation in film attach materials which results from the interaction with the different process parameters during package assembly through various laboratory and assembly experiments. This study also comprehends the mechanism of delaminating during reliability stress and data gathered from these experiments were useful in the assessment of new materials for new generation packages
Oxygen and seizure dynamics: II. Computational modeling

Electrophysiological recordings show intense neuronal firing during epileptic seizures leading to enhanced energy consumption. However, the relationship between oxygen metabolism and seizure patterns has not been well studied. Recent studies have developed fast and quantitative techniques to measure oxygen microdomain concentration during seizure events. In this article, we develop a biophysical model that accounts for these experimental observations. The model is an extension of the Hodgkin-Huxley formalism and includes the neuronal microenvironment dynamics of sodium, potassium, and oxygen concentrations. Our model accounts for metabolic energy consumption during and following seizure events. We can further account for the experimental observation that hypoxia can induce seizures, with seizures occurring only within a narrow range of tissue oxygen pressure. We also reproduce the interplay between excitatory and inhibitory neurons seen in experiments, accounting for the different oxygen levels observed during seizures in excitatory vs. inhibitory cell layers. Our findings offer a more comprehensive understanding of the complex interrelationship among seizures, ion dynamics, and energy metabolism.
Maturation of neuron types in nucleus of solitary tract associated with functional convergence during development of taste circuits.

Late fetal through postnatal development in sheep is a period of increasing convergence of afferent taste fibers onto second-order neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST). To learn whether neuron morphology alters in concert with convergence and neurophysiological development in NST, three-dimensional neuron reconstructions were made of cells in a functionally defined region of gustatory NST from Golgi preparations of the brainstem. Elongate, multipolar, and ovoid neurons were studied in fetuses from 85 days of gestation through the perinatal period (term = 147 days of gestation), to postnatal stages. Soma1 size and form, and dendritic complexity and extent, increased markedly from 85 to about 110 days of gestation in both of the proposed NST projection neurons, elongate and multipolar. From 130 days of gestation to postnatal ages, growth of dendrites of elongate neurons plateaued or declined, whereas dendrites of multipolar neurons apparently continued to increase in size and extent. In addition, spine density decreased on elongate neurons but remained stable on multipolar neurons. Morphological variables of ovoid cells, proposed interneurons in NST, did not alter over this later period. The data suggest that multipolar, not elongate or ovoid, neurons are logical candidates to receive the increasing afferent fiber input onto NST cells during late gestation. Also, neural activity from taste afferent fibers is more likely to have a role in altering NST neuron morphology at later, rather than earlier, developmental
Design of Farm Waste-Driven Supply Side Infrastructure for Data Centers

In this paper, we design a supply-side infrastructure for data centers that runs primarily on energy from digested farm waste. Although the information technology and livestock industries may seem completely disjoint, they have complementary characteristics that we exploit for mutual benefit. In particular, the farm waste fuels a combined heat and power system. The data center consumes the power, and its waste heat feeds back into the combined system. We propose a resource management system to manage the resource flows and effluents, and evaluate the direct and indirect economic benefits. As an example, we explain how a hypothetical farm of 10,000 dairy cows could fulfill the power requirements of a 1MW data center.
Library Screen for Inhibitors Targeting Norovirus Binding to Histo-Blood Group Antigen Receptors

Human noroviruses (NVs) are a common cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis. The disease is difficult to control due to its widespread nature and the lack of antivirals or vaccines against NVs. The recent identification of human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as NV receptors opens a new way for the discovery and design of antivirals against NVs. A saliva-based enzyme immune assay (EIA) was used to screen a synthetic-compound library for inhibition of the binding of norovirus-like particles to HBGA receptors. Among 5,000 compounds tested in the first round of screening, 153 compounds exhibited >50% inhibition of the binding of VA387 (an NV that binds to A, B, and H epitopes) to the A antigen in saliva at approximately 50 mug/ml, and 14 of the 153 compounds revealed strong inhibition, with a 50% effective concentration of <15 muM. Ten and 11 of the 14 compounds also revealed inhibition of the binding of VA387 to the B and H antigens, respectively. Seven and 6 of the 14 compounds also blocked the binding of the prototype Norwalk virus (A and H binder) to the A and H antigens, respectively. One compound significantly inhibited the binding of MOH (A and B binder) to the A and B antigens, but no compound revealed any inhibitory effect on the binding of a Lewis binding strain (VA207) to the Lewis antigens. The EIA is a high-throughput method for large-scale library screening for antivirals against NVs. Studies to further characterize the lead compounds and to screen additional compounds for other NVs are ongoing in our laboratory.
COSTS AND BENEFITS OF VARIABLE BREEDING PLUMAGE IN THE RED-BACKED FAIRY-WREN

The red-backed fairy-wren is a socially monogamous passerine bird which exhibits two distinct types of breeding male, bright males that breed in bright red and black plumage and dull males that breed in dull brown plumage. Most males spend their first potential breeding season in dull plumage and subsequent breeding seasons in bright plumage, but a relatively small proportion of males develop bright plumage in their first breeding season. This study quantifies morphology, behavior, and reproductive success of dull and bright males to assess the adaptive costs and benefits of bright plumage while controlling for age. Older bright males (two years of age or older) attempted to increase their reproductive success via copulations with extrapair females, whereas younger (one-year old) bright males and dull males did not. Thus, older bright males spent less time on their own territories, intruded on neighboring groups with fertile females more frequently, gave more courtship displays, and had larger sperm storage organs than did younger bright males and dull males. Microsatellite analyses of paternity indicate that the red-backed fairy-wren has extremely high levels of sexual promiscuity, and that older bright males had higher within-brood paternity than dull males or younger bright males. Regardless of age, bright males were more attractive to females in controlled mate choice trials than were dull males, and both age classes of bright males obtained higher quality mates earlier in the breeding season than did dull males, when nesting success was higher. In conclusion, although it appears that bright plumage increases access to higher quality mates, age also plays a central role in determining a male's overall reproductive success because of the high levels of sexual promiscuity exhibited by the red-backed fairy-wren.
The outcome of interprofessional education: Integrating communication studies into a standardized patient experience for advanced practice nursing students.

Abstract The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine the impact of standardized patient experiences (SPE) in the education of the Advanced Practice Nurse (APN). The education of the APN requires educators to make every attempt to promote competency in the areas of communication and clinical-decision making. SPE programs have been found to improve the interpersonal, problem solving, and critical thinking skills of nursing students. For this research twenty-nine APN students participated in SPEs over the course of two semesters. Fifteen student volunteers of those 29 participants were then interviewed three months after the experience. Results revealed that having an expert in the field of communication studies increased awareness of communication skills and how to improve nurse-patient encounters in the clinical setting. The interprofessional collaboration during the SPEs assisted in facilitating the application of learned communication skills into patient-centered care of the APN student.
Evaluating the use of assessment paradigms for preventive interventions: A review of the Triple P — Positive Parenting Program

Abstract Public interest and research literature on preventive interventions have grown exponentially in the last three decades (O'Connell, Boat, & Warner, 2009), and the accountability of preventive interventions has come to the forefront of research as stakeholders and consumers increasingly require evidence to support prevention practices (Biglan, Mrazek, Carnine, & Flay, 2003; Flay et al., 2005; Wandersman & Florin, 2003; Weissberg, Kumpfer, & Seligman, 2003). A major goal for preventive interventions is to provide evidence that observed individual and community-level outcomes are a result of the intervention (Glass et al., 2013; Gottfredson et al., 2015). However, preventive interventions require the use of unique assessment methodology to establish evidence supporting the intervention. The present paper seeks to: 1) identify measurement issues within preventive models, 2) examine the interface of theory and practice in evaluating outcomes, and 3) review the implementation of an assessment paradigm in establishing support for a leading preventive intervention. The scope of the paper is limited to preventive interventions for children at risk for psychosocial problems and child maltreatment. A selected parent training model, the Triple P — Positive Parenting Program (Triple P; Sanders, 1999) is highlighted because it has emerged as a leader in the use of a rigorous, multi-level, prevention-focused assessment methodology. This paper adds to the extant literature by providing a theoretical review of assessment within preventive interventions and reviewing the Triple P approach to implementing this methodology successfully. Future directions are discussed.
Accelerated decay of inspiratory pressure during hypercapnic endurance trials in humans

Seven normal human subjects inspired a CO2-O2 mixture from a constant-flow generator while performing maximal inspiratory maneuvers from functional residual capacity. End-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) was maintained at either 5.5 (normocapnia), 3.5 (hypocapnia), or 7% (hypercapnia) on separate testing days. Subjects attained maximal mouth pressure (Pm) while breathing at either 1.25 or 1 l/s, utilizing a fixed breathing pattern (duty cycle 0.43) with an inspiratory time of 1.5 s. Maximal Pm was measured at rest and then during a 10-min endurance trial in which subjects repeated maximal voluntary inspirations with constant flow and breathing pattern. The endurance Pm data were fit to nonlinear exponential regression. The results indicated that 1) maximal Pm at rest was unaffected by changing ETCO2; 2) the rate of Pm decay over time was accelerated by hypercapnia, whereas hypocapnia showed no consistent effects; and 3) "sustainable" Pm, attained toward the end of the endurance trial, was not decreased; therefore sustainable force output was preserved in response to changing ETCO2.
Status Offenders in the Juvenile Court: The Effects of Gender, Race, and Ethnicity on the Adjudication Decision

Prior research has suggested that female status offenders are often treated more harshly than male status offenders in juvenile court processing. This finding is often explained by the traditional role perspective which suggests that the juvenile court is attempting to protect the sexuality of girls. In addition, there is theoretical and empirical evidence that the effect of gender may vary by race/ethnicity. This study examines the joint effects of gender and race/ethnicity in the adjudication of status offenders. The findings suggests that Native American boys are the most likely to be adjudicated followed by Black girls and Hispanic girls. Examination of the treatment of girls separately found that White females were the least likely to be adjudicated and Hispanic girls were significantly more likely than White girls to be adjudicated. For males, Native Americans, followed by Hispanic males, were the most likely to be adjudicated. Implications of the results are further discussed.
Integration of Cryogenic Ion Vibrational Predissociation Spectroscopy with a Mass Spectrometric Interface to an Electrochemical Cell

Cryogenic ion vibrational predissociation (CIVP) spectroscopy is used to structurally characterize electrochemically (EC)-generated oxidation products of the benchmark compound reserpine. Ionic products were isolated using EC-electrospray ionization (ESI) coupled to a 25 K ion trap prior to injection into a double-focusing, tandem time-of-flight photofragmentation mass spectrometer. Vibrational predissociation spectroscopy was carried out by photoevaporation of weakly bound N2 adducts over the range 800-3800 cm(-1) in a linear (i.e., single photon) action regime, thus enabling direct comparison of the experimental vibrational pattern with harmonic calculations. The locations of the NH and OH stretching fundamentals are most consistent with formation of 9-hydroxyreserpine, which is a different isomer than considered previously. This approach thus provides a powerful structural dimension for the analysis of electrochemical processes detected with the sensitivity of mass spectrometry.
Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 38-2013. A 30-year-old man with fever and lymphadenopathy.

A 30-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of fever, chills, and lymphadenopathy that developed 6 months after he returned from a trip to India. Imaging revealed diffuse lymphadenopathy in the neck and chest and splenomegaly. Diagnostic tests were performed.
Attribution Theory in Channels of Distribution: Extensions and Applications

Attribution theory is modified beyond the normal level of personal attribution so as to be applicable to marketing channels of distribution. Specifically, the concepts of external vs. internal attributions are modified. In addition, a macro/micro dichotomy of attribution is introduced to account for the notion that attribution in a channel can be made at both the organizational and personal levels. Finally, this manuscript offers directions for future research concerning attribution theory in a marketing channel setting.
The Second Russian Constitutional Court, 1994–2010

Once the new Russian constitution took effect on 1 January 1994, the political role of the Russian Constitutional Court changed. There are several reasons for this difference. With a relatively unchangeable set of rules in place, after an election cycle or two has passed, elected politicians’ interests will begin to shift toward a new area—the fairness of the rules. Power seeking by politicians through the enhancement of the political status of a given office, institution, or political party must be considered a long-term interest as well as a short-term one. If more regular election cycles take place, politicians eventually face the reality that the future is uncertain. They may not be reelected to the office that they currently hold, or their party may not be in the majority in the future. If the constitution cannot be easily amended so as to guarantee one’s current status in office, then politicians, uncertain about the future, seek some reassurance that even if not reelected or in the minority, they will not lose all power in the system. Fair rules and enforcement of those rules assure some reasonable prospect of reelection in the future. Under these circumstances, the constitutional court then takes on a somewhat different role as guarantor of fair rules of the game. Constitutional courts in established democracies reinforce the long-term stability of the system by offering clear and fair interpretations of the rules governing the distribution of power and electoral procedures. Evidence of this pattern emerges during the first two years of the revived Russian Constitutional Court.
Residential Relocation in a Metropolitan Area: A Case Study of the Seoul Metropolitan Area, South Korea

Spatial interaction models have been utilized to model the movements of population. For instance, population migration, which generally refers to long distance movements such as interstate migration, has been widely investigated with this modeling framework. Recent research shows that a spatial interaction model can be significantly improved by incorporating network autocorrelation in its model specification. This new approach has been used in various types of population movement such as migration and commuting. However, network autocorrelation is rarely investigated for residential relocation, which refers to short distance movements within a small region such as a metropolitan area. This paper investigates the patterns of residential relocation with an empirical flow dataset in the Seoul metropolitan area, South Korea. Spatial interaction models are specified with an offset term and are estimated with Poisson and negative binomial regression. The eigenvector spatial filtering method is utilized to account for network autocorrelation in the models.
PREDICTING ABOVE-GROUND NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY OF TROPICAL RAINFORESTS FROM EVAPOTRANSPIRATION DATA

The relationship between above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP) and actual evapotranspiration (AE) has been previously shown by Rosenzweig (1968) to be significant for a variety of mainly temperate terrestrial ecosystems. Our study of ANPP and AE data from the humid tropics showed that AE remains a useful predictor of ANPP in tropical rainforest environments. However, we also noted that 80% of the tropical rainforest data points were depressed below Rosenzweig's original regression line. We attribute these lower-than-predicted ANPP values to transpiration losses and rainfall interception losses that do not result in a corresponding production of biomass.
Finding an Authentic Filipina Identity in the United States

This paper chronicles and examines the first person narrative of a foreign-born Filipina American's attempt to find an authentic identity in the United States. This essay contributes to the literature on transnational Filipino families by looking more deeply into identity issues faced by one of the authors (Hess) as she reflects back on her migration as a Filipina teenager to the United States. Hess's narrative is discussed in terms of class and racial dynamics and the emotional impact of transnationalism for Fi/ipina/o youth, with special emphasis on mother-daughter dynamics. Some fundamental adjustments that are featured from Hess's personal experience include psychological processes of self-differentiation; separation from key family members; accommodating social change from a collectivist to an individualist pattern; and managing cultural displacement and gender role expectations. By viewing the complexities of identity through one woman's eyes, a nuanced and more intimate view of identity issues during migration emerges and thereby this essay may enhance empathy and understanding for other women in similar circumstances.
Lower Lumbosacral Cutaneous Lesion in a Newborn

A term newborn has a cutaneous lesion in the lower lumbosacral region. ### Prenatal History ### Birth History ### Physical Examination ### Imaging ### Cutaneous lesion in lower lumbosacral region ### Occult Spinal Dysraphism On postnatal day 2, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spine was performed, but results were limited due to motion artifact. A tethered cord was suspected. Repeat MRI on postnatal day 4 confirmed a tethered cord that progressed into a terminal lipoma. An associated sacrococcygeal deformity also was noted. Know the indications …
Modeling and simulation of an electric warship integrated engineering plant for battle damage response

Novel continuity-of-service metrics are applied to perform proof-of-concept simulation-based design of a complex, dynamically interdependent electro-thermal-fluid-spatial-control system subjected to hostile disruptions. The power system models are based on experimentally validated reduced-scale and reduced-complexity testbed models which are representative of U. S. Navy Next Generation Integrated Power Systems. In collaboration with an industry partner, representative thermal and spatial models were incorporated into the layered simulation. This time-domain simulation was used to quantify performance to a specific disruption in terms of a weighted aggregate continuity of service to vital loads. By extension, system vulnerability was quantified using a population of likely threats. Optimization-based early design space exploration was shown to dramatically decrease the notional ship integrated engineering plant vulnerability by improving the performance of a worst-case casualty by a factor of 6. These achievements establish the metrics, methods, and tools to perform quantitative optimization-based early design space exploration for complex, dynamically interdependent systems such as an electric warship.
Modules for Integrating Cryptography in Introductory CS and Computer Security Courses (Abstract Only)

Cryptography is a major area of study that provides mechanisms to achieve confidentiality, integrity, authenticity, and non-repudiation in information and computer security. For many not in the area of cryptography, teaching cryptography may be a challenge due to the mathematically heavy background underlying the subject. For students it may be intimidating to read about cryptography with all the terminology new to them. This workshop provides an introduction to basic functions and terminology of cryptography without going into the details of the specific implementations and the mathematics involved in them. The workshop includes four modules focusing on four main mechanisms of cryptography; namely, symmetric key encryption, public key cryptography, hash functions, and digital signatures and certificates. Each module in the workshop starts with a presentation of the topic and proceeds with hands-on activities. The presentations include descriptions of mechanisms as well as the reasons for using such mechanisms. For example, it provides answers to questions such as what does asymmetric encryption provide us that symmetric key encryption does not? Why are hash functions necessary in digital signatures? Why do we need digital certificates in addition to digital signatures? The participants will receive access to presentations and hands-on exercises as well as supplementary material such as assignments for students and questions for assessment. Educators who want to introduce computer security and cryptography early in their curriculum and students and educators who want to learn the basics of cryptography would benefit from this workshop. A laptop is needed for the hands-on activities.
Techniques for the Quantum Hall Effect

The quantum Hall effect (QHE) has captivated the attention of theorists and experimentalists following its discovery. First came the astounding integer quantum Hall effect (IQHE) discovered by von Klitzing, Dorda, and Pepper in 1980 [1]. Then came the even more mysterious discovery of the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) by Tsui, Stormer, and Gossard in 1982 [2]. Obviously I cannot provide even an overview of this vast subject. Instead, I will select two techniques that come into play in the theoretical description of the FQHE. Along the way I will cover some aspects of IQHE. However, of necessity, I will be forced to leave out many related developments, too numerous to mention. The books in [3–7] and online notes in [8] may help you with further reading. The first technique is due to Bohm and Pines (BP) [9], and was used to describe an excitation of the electron gas called the plasmon . Since the introduction by BP of this technique in first quantization, it has been refined and reformulated in the diagrammatic framework. I will stick to the wavefunction-based approach because it is very beautiful, and because two of the great problems in recent times – the theory of superconductivity and the theory of the FQHE – were first cracked open by ingenious trial wavefunctions that captured all the essentials. I will introduce the BP approach in terms of the electron gas. The second technique is Chern–Simons field theory. Originally a product of the imaginations of the mathematicians S. S. Chern and J. Simons, it first entered particle physics in the work of Deser, Jackiw, and Templeton [10], and then condensed matter [11–14]. I will describe its role in the FQHE after introducing the problem to you. The Bohm–Pines Theory of Plasmons: The Goal Consider a system of N spinless fermions experiencing the Coulomb interaction Invoking the Fourier transformation (in unit spatial volume) we find that is the density operator (in first quantization), and the q =0 component is presumed to have been neutralized by some background charge.
#56 Tractor-related deaths among west virginia farmers

Abstract PURPOSE: The agriculture industry has a high number of occupational deaths and a significantly high death rate compared to other industrial sectors. From 1995 to 2000, the US Bureau of Labor Statistics' Census of Fatal Occupation Injuries has shown that about 8% (550) of all annual work-related deaths (WRDs) were in agricultural production (farming). About one-third of these deaths were attributed to tractor incidents. Approximately three-quarters of these incidents involved rollover, overturn, or run over events. The purpose of this study was to describe tractor-related deaths among West Virginia farmers. METHODS: Data from the West Virginia Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (FACE) Program was reviewed to identify specific cases from January 1997 through January 2002. RESULTS: During the 61-month period, West Virginia experienced 276 WRDs, of which 4% (11) were in farming occupations. Nine of the eleven deaths involved machine-related (tractor; E-code 919.0) incidents: rollover (7), overturn (1), and run over (1). Three of the victims were livestock farmers (SIC 0219), three were beef and cattle farmers (SIC 0212), two were dairy farmers (SIC 0241), and one was a crop farmer (SIC 0191). The average age at death was 56 with a range from 38 to 82. All victims were male. Of the 4 cases investigated, none of the tractors were equipped with roll over protective structures (ROPS) or seat belts. CONCLUSIONS: ROPS are the single best method of preventing tractor-related deaths, yet only about one-third of tractors on US farms are equipped with ROPS. The estimated cost (approximately $900) of retrofitting older tractors is a major factor impacting the increased use of ROPS.
Are Older Adults With Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis Less Active Than the General Population? Analysis From the Osteoarthritis Initiative and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Objective To compare objectively measured physical activity in older adults with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA) with similarly aged adults without osteoarthritis (OA) or knee symptoms from the general population. Methods We included people ages 50-85 years with symptomatic knee OA from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI, n = 491), and ages 50-85 years from the general population using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, n = 449) data. A uniaxial accelerometer was worn for ≥10 hours/day for ≥4 days in the NHANES group in 2003-2004 and in the OAI group in 2008-2010. We calculated time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA in minutes/day) and described differences in MVPA and demographic variables between the samples. We conducted matched-pairs sensitivity analyses to further evaluate the role of potential confounders. Results Both cohorts had similarly low levels of physical activity in age- and sex-specific strata. Time in MVPA ranged from a median of 1-22 minutes/day in people with symptomatic knee OA, and from 1-24 minutes/day in the general population without OA or knee pain. These results were similar in sensitivity analyses. Conclusion Time spent in MVPA was similarly low in those with symptomatic knee OA as in older adults without knee pain or OA.
E-Cadherin Downregulation by Cathepsin L Plays a Role in the Proliferation of Insulin-Producing Cells following Inhibition of Serpin B13

Experimental targeting of the exocrine pancreatic ductal tree stimulates beta-cell rejuvenation thereby underscoring the importance of functional crosstalk between the exocrine and endocrine pancreas. We recently found that antibody directed against serpin B13, a protease inhibitor expressed in the ductal epithelium of the exocrine pancreas, increased the catalytic activity of it’s protease target, cathepsin L (CatL) and subsequently upregulated Reg-mediated cellular proliferation in the islets. However, the exact molecular events that link catL activity to upregulated Reg and islet cell proliferation remain unclear. As increased E-cadherin levels during islet formation mediate a decline in beta-cell proliferation, and Reg upregulation has been linked to activation of beta-catenin, we hypothesized that the functional crosstalk between pancreatic ductal epithelium and the islets may involve CatL-mediated activation of the E-cadherin/β-catenin pathway. In support of this we found that E-cadherin was downregulated with a concomitant increase in Reg1 in mice treated with serpin B13 monoclonal antibody (mAb). Likewise, exposure to recombinant CatL or ductal epithelium extract treated with serpin B13 mAb caused decreased E-cadherin expression in the pancreatic islets during in vitro culture. On the other hand, this expression was recovered with CatL inhibitor. Moreover, treatment of MIN-6 insulinoma cells with ductal epithelium extract and serpin B13 mAb stimulated intranuclear accumulation of β-catenin, while Reg gene expression in the islets was markedly reduced in the presence of the β-catenin chemical inhibitor, FH535. These data establish E-cadherin as a potential target of CatL in the regulation of islet cell proliferation by an immunological response to serpin B13, and implicate the E-cadherin/β-catenin pathway as an islet sensing mechanism of the signals that are generated in the pancreatic exocrine milieu. Disclosure C. Lo: None. T. Sheu: None. J. Czyzyk: None.
Lateral and Transverse Asymmetry in Membranes

All biomembranes are asymmetric, and it is easy to rationalize why this should be so, since all membranes have two faces, exposed to different environments, e.g., cytoplasmic and extracytoplasmic. Therefore, transverse asymmetry, differentiating the two monolayer halves of the bilayer, is sensible. Membrane protein asymmetry is clearly a consequence of the way in which the proteins are originally inserted into the membrane. The rate of protein flip-flop across the bilayer is negligible. The term “flip-flop” is generally used to denote a rotation of 180 degrees about an axis in the plane of the membrane. Membrane lipids are also asymmetrically disposed, most convincingly demonstrated in the case of the red blood cell. How lipid transverse asymmetry originates and is maintained is not entirely clear at this time. Physical forces, such as those caused by extreme membrane curvature, may be important in some cases, but cytoskeletal interactions and possibly ATP-requiring enzyme “flipases” may be generally important.
Awareness and the Conditioned Eyeblink Response

Classical conditioning of the eyeblink response in both humans and experimental animals has provided an enormous amount of information about basic associative learning. There is no limit in sight to how far conditioning studies can advance understanding of associative learning and its neural substrates. We have demonstrated the utility of comparing delay and trace differential conditioning in combination with awareness measures in healthy volunteers and amnesic patients. Our findings suggest how brain memory systems may participate and interact in the formation of new memories. Though many technical and theoretical challenges remain to be addressed, it is clear that the human eyeblink classical conditioning paradigm is a powerful tool that can be used to advance understanding of brain memory systems and the cognitive factors that influence them.
Transcriptional response of honey bee ( Apis mellifera ) to differential nutritional status and Nosema infection

Bees are confronting several environmental challenges, including the intermingled effects of malnutrition and disease. Intuitively, pollen is the healthiest nutritional choice, however, commercial substitutes, such as Bee-Pro and MegaBee, are widely used. Herein we examined how feeding natural and artificial diets shapes transcription in the abdomen of the honey bee, and how transcription shifts in combination with Nosema parasitism. Gene ontology enrichment revealed that, compared with poor diet (carbohydrates [C]), bees fed pollen (P > C), Bee-Pro (B > C), and MegaBee (M > C) showed a broad upregulation of metabolic processes, especially lipids; however, pollen feeding promoted more functions, and superior proteolysis. The superiority of the pollen diet was also evident through the remarkable overexpression of vitellogenin in bees fed pollen instead of MegaBee or Bee-Pro. Upregulation of bioprocesses under carbohydrates feeding compared to pollen (C > P) provided a clear poor nutritional status, uncovering stark expression changes that were slight or absent relatively to Bee-Pro (C > B) or MegaBee (C > M). Poor diet feeding (C > P) induced starvation response genes and hippo signaling pathway, while it repressed growth through different mechanisms. Carbohydrate feeding (C > P) also elicited ‘adult behavior’, and developmental processes suggesting transition to foraging. Finally, it altered the ‘circadian rhythm’, reflecting the role of this mechanism in the adaptation to nutritional stress in mammals. Nosema-infected bees fed pollen compared to carbohydrates (PN > CN) upheld certain bioprocesses of uninfected bees (P > C). Poor nutritional status was more apparent against pollen (CN > PN) than Bee-Pro (CN > BN) or MegaBee (CN > MN). Nosema accentuated the effects of malnutrition since more starvation-response genes and stress response mechanisms were upregulated in CN > PN compared to C > P. The bioprocess ‘Macromolecular complex assembly’ was also enriched in CN > PN, and involved genes associated with human HIV and/or influenza, thus providing potential candidates for bee-Nosema interactions. Finally, the enzyme Duox emerged as essential for guts defense in bees, similarly to Drosophila. These results provide evidence of the superior nutritional status of bees fed pollen instead of artificial substitutes in terms of overall health, even in the presence of a pathogen.
Resisting and Rewriting English-Only Policies: Navigating Multilingual, Raciolinguistic, and Translingual Approaches to Language Advocacy

The field of writing studies has highlighted the limitations of a monolingual orientation towards language, particularly in the context of English-only language policies, but there have been fewer accounts of how people actively navigate and advocate for alternatives. Drawing on a recent ethnographic, discourse analytic study of how writers reshaped a local language policy, I argue that there are advantages to cultivating and combining multilingual, raciolinguistic, and translingual approaches to language advocacy, yet at the same time, arguments for multilingualism risk eclipsing, and ultimately undermining, these other approaches.
A Prospective Examination of Child Avoidance Coping and Parental Coping Assistance After Pediatric Injury: A Mixed-Methods Approach.

OBJECTIVE Millions of children experience injuries annually, and avoidance coping increases risk of negative emotional and physical outcomes after injury. Little is known about how children select avoidance coping strategies. Parents may help their children cope with an injury by encouraging or discouraging the use of specific strategies, such as avoidance coping. The present study examined parental influence of child use of avoidance coping post-injury. METHODS Children ages 8-13 (65% male; 50% White) hospitalized for pediatric injury and their parents (N = 96 child-parent dyads) participated in an interview and discussion task about coping at baseline, and then completed coping/coping assistance measures at three time points: T1 (within 2 weeks post-injury), T2 (6-weeks post-injury), and T3 (12-weeks post-injury). RESULTS When presented with an ambiguous situation in the observational interview and discussion task, the number of avoidance coping solutions offered by children independently as well as during a discussion with their parent predicted the child's ultimate avoidance versus non-avoidance coping choice. The number of avoidance coping solutions offered by parents did not predict children's final choice to use avoidance coping. Longitudinal data suggest that parent encouragement of avoidance coping predicted child avoidance coping within the first 6-weeks post-trauma. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that child avoidance coping is multifaceted and may result from both parent encouragement as well as independent decisions by children. Future research may explore additional factors that influence child avoidance coping, outside of parental suggestion, in response to trauma exposure.
Epidemiology and survival in patients with urethral clear cell carcinoma.

1550Background: Clear cell carcinoma (CCC) of the urethra is a very rare histologic variant of urethral adenocarcinoma. The majority of studies have been case reports and case series with no large ...
Self-Reported Prevalence of Hypertension and Antihypertensive Medication Use Among Asian Americans: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2013, 2015 and 2017

Asian Americans are one of the fastest growing races in the US. The objectives of this report were to assess self-reported hypertension prevalence and treatment among Asian Americans. Merging 2013, 2015, and 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data, we estimated self-reported hypertension and antihypertensive medication use among non-Hispanic Asian Americans (NHA) and compared estimates between NHA and non-Hispanic whites (NHW), and by NHA subgroup (Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese/other). The prevalence of hypertension was 20.8% and 33.5%, respectively, for NHAs and NHWs (p < 0.001). Among those with hypertension, the prevalence of antihypertensive medication use was 71.6% and 78.2%, respectively, for NHAs and NHWs (p < 0.001). Among NHA subgroups, a wide range of hypertension prevalence and medication use was found. Overall NHA had a lower reported prevalence of hypertension and use of antihypertensive medication than NHW. Certain NHA subgroups had a burden comparable to high-risk disparate populations.
Effects of drought on agronomic and fiber quality in an introgressed backcross inbred line population of Upland cotton under field conditions

Abstract Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is the most important fiber crop and an important oilseed crop in the world. Developing drought tolerant cultivars is important to sustainable cotton production in arid and semi-arid regions. However, there is a lack of information on genetic variation for drought tolerance in breeding populations. In this study, a backcross inbred line (BIL) Upland population with germplasm introgression from a more drought-tolerant American Pima cotton (G. barbadense) parent was evaluated in multiple field environments under well-watered (WW) and water-limited (WL) conditions at the flowering stage. Drought at the flowering stage reduced seedcotton yield (SCY), lint yield (LY), boll weight (BW), fiber length (FL), and fiber strength (STR) but increased lint percentage (LP), micronaire (MIC), neps per size, nep per gram, seedcoat nep size, and seed coat fragment count by gram. Significant genetic differences in the BIL population were detected for most agronomic and fiber quality traits and drought susceptibility index (DSI) for these traits. DSI of SCY and LY ranged from 0.01 to 1.5 and 0.1–1.45, respectively, reflecting the tolerance level of the BILs under WL conditions. The broad-sense heritability estimates were moderate for most agronomic traits and moderate to high for most fiber quality traits. Results indicated that highly positive correlation was detected for agronomic and fiber quality traits between WW and WL conditions, with the highest correlations for SCY, LY, UHM, SCY, and MIC. Promising BILs with drought tolerance were identified. This study has provided a line of evidence that field drought tolerance was transferred from the more drought tolerant Pima line to Upland cotton.
Public Perceptions of Advance Care Planning, Palliative Care, and Hospice: A Scoping Review.

Background: Although access to advance care planning (ACP), palliative care, and hospice has increased, public attitudes may still be barriers to their optimal use. Purpose: To synthesize empirical research from disparate sources that describes public perceptions of ACP, palliative care, and hospice in ways that could inform public messaging. Data Sources: Searches of PubMed and other databases were made from January 2011 to January 2020. Study Selection: Studies reporting survey or interview data with the public that asked specifically about awareness and attitudes toward ACP, palliative care, or hospice were included. Data Extraction and Synthesis: Two reviewers independently screened citations, read full texts, and performed data abstraction. Twelve studies met inclusion criteria and included >9800 participants. For ACP, 80% to 90% of participants reported awareness, and a similar proportion considered it important, but only 10% to 41% reported having named a proxy or completed a written document. For palliative care, 66% to 71% of participants reported no awareness of palliative care, and those who reported awareness often conflated it with end-of-life care. However, after being prompted with a tested definition, 95% rated palliative care favorably. For hospice, 86% of participants reported awareness and 70% to 91% rated it favorably, although 37% held significant misconceptions. Limitations: A limited number of studies met inclusion criteria, and some were published in nonpeer reviewed sources. The studies reflect public perceptions pre-COVID-19. Conclusion: Consumer perceptions of ACP, palliative care, and hospice each have a distinct profile of awareness, perceptions of importance, and reports of action taking, and these profiles represent three different challenges for public messaging.