cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Length contrast in the Müller-Lyer figure: functional equivalence of temporal and spatial separation.

The distortion of perceived line length produced by the Muller-Lyer figures reverses fromassimilation to contrast under conditions of temporal separation of contextual fins from judged shaft (Experiment 1) and spatial separation of contextual and judged elements (Experiment 2). In both experiments, the outgoing fins produced underestimation of judged shaft length whereas ingoing fins produced overestimation. These findings were predicted by the “pool and store” model of perceptual distortions (Girgus & Coren, 1982) and point to the need for a unified model of assimilation and contrast of perceived size. Extensions and refinements of the “pool and store” model are proposed.
Plasma Study on Ionization of Flowing Gases by Direct Current Electric Discharge

A new design of a corona/thermionic-arc discharge ionization device was investigated experimentally. The device features a hollow (spiral filament) cathode-plane anode configuration and creates a negative point to plane corona discharge, which ionizes a flowing gas column. Multiple experimental runs have been performed in nitrogen, helium, and argon. The diagnostics of the plasma consisted of electron temperature, electron density, gas pressure, and cathode/gas temperature. The measurements show that the discharge plasma and the plume are in local thermal nonequilibrium, with typical electron temperatures being one order of magnitude higher than the gas temperature. The experimental plasma data and the analysis of the experimental results are presented. The analysis focuses on the comparison of the experimental data with the charge-drift theory of the corona discharge and on identifying the stabilizing factors of the discharge. Finally, an approximate predictive model for the electron density in the plume is proposed.
Influence of abomasal carbohydrates on subcutaneous, omental, and mesenteric adipose lipogenic and lipolytic rates in growing beef steers.

To determine the response to alteration in site and form of carbohydrate delivery to the digestive tract, in vitro rates of lipogenesis and lipolysis in mesenteric (MESA), omental (OMA), and subcutaneous (SQA) adipose depots were compared. Forty crossbred beef steers (243 +/- 2 kg of BW) were fed 161 (LI) or 214 (HI) kcal of ME/(kg of BW(0.75) x d) or they were fed LI and infused for 35 d into the rumen (R) or abomasum (A) with starch hydrolysate (SH) or into the abomasum with glucose (G). Jugular blood samples were collected, steers were slaughtered, and adipose depots were sampled and prepared for assessment of lipogenesis and lipolysis in vitro. Blood concentrations of glucagon were increased (P = 0.04) in HI-H2O compared with LI-H2O steers, whereas A-SH tended to increase (P = 0.08) circulating IGF-I relative to R-SH, and A-G tended to have elevated (P = 0.09) T3 compared with A-SH. Lipolysis, as assessed by NEFA release, was unaffected by treatment. Glycerol release by the MESA and SQA was increased or tended to be increased (P OMA > MESA, whereas, for glucose incorporation, rates across depots were equivalent. These data provide evidence that the postruminal supply of energy, specifically carbohydrate, stimulates lipogenesis from acetate and glucose and is more pronounced in abdominal depots relative to the subcutaneous depot.
Intracellular trafficking in Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes

The past few years have witnessed considerable progress in molecular and biochemical studies of intracellular trafficking in malaria-infected red cells. Highlights include the identification of solute channels in the vacuolar membrane and the red blood cell membrane, a tubovesicular membrane network that delivers exogenous nutrients and drugs to the parasite, and parasite gene families that mediate adherence to endothelial cells and red cells.
Integrated Mental and Behavioral Health Services to Improve Patient Outcomes and Clinical Care

ABSTRACT This presentation will focus on the importance of addressing mental health in the overall response to the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. Emphasis will be placed on evidence based, integrated...
Impacts of Mexico's Trade Openness on Mexican Rural Women

Many authors claim that the Mexican policy of prioritizing industrialization and providing economic incentives to entrepreneurs has only negative impacts on small-scale farmers or campesinos. Such policies have been referred to as the "trickle-down" effect, sectoral disarticulation (deJanvry), a "bimodal" development strategy encouraging the neglect of small-scale agriculture (Johnson and Kilby), and a "distorted development" path (Barkin). Claims like the following are not unusual.
Arginase-1 and HepPar-1 expression in fine-needle aspiration specimens of primary lung adenocarcinoma.

Introduction Arginase-1 is a novel immunohistochemical (IHC) marker for hepatocellular differentiation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of Arginase-1 and HepPar-1 in lung adenocarcinoma to assess the potential value of these markers for diagnosing metastatic lung tumors, especially to the liver in fine-needle aspiration specimens. Materials and methods Forty-four cytology specimens of lung adenocarcinoma, obtained by endobronchial ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration were retrospectively reviewed. IHC stains for Arginase-1 and HepPar-1 were performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded cell blocks. Tissue from confirmed hepatocellular carcinoma was used as the positive control. TTF-1 IHC stain was performed in all cases. Results All 44 lung adenocarcinoma cases (100%) were negative for Arginase-1, whereas HepPar-1 expression was detected in 3 (7%) of lung adenocarcinomas and negative in 41 (93%). The 3 HepPar-1–positive lung adenocarcinoma cases demonstrated positive TTF-1 IHC stain performed on the same cell block. Although both Arginase-1 and HepPar-1 are useful diagnostic IHC markers to differentiate metastatic lung adenocarcinoma from hepatocellular carcinoma, Arginase-1 IHC stain shows better specificity than HepPar-1 does (Arginase-1 specificity 100% and HepPar-1 specificity 93%). Conclusions Arginase-1 IHC can be used in combination with other markers in the workup of metastatic lung adenocarcinoma, especially to the liver.
Studies of rotational relaxation at low viscosity: Ethane

Abstract We have measured the 13 C NMR T 1 relaxation time for ethane in the temperature range from 172 to 323 K. From the T 1 data we have extracted the rotational correlation time, τ c , and the angular momentum correlation time, τ J τ c at the lowest viscosities is equal to the free-rotor correlation time for ethane within the experimental error and does not display an increase in the rotational time at extremely low viscosity. As the viscosity increases τ c shows an increase and approaches the Stokes-Einstein-Debye result. τ J decreases with increasing viscosity.
Real-time image processing for rapid contaminant detection on broiler carcasses

Recently, the imaging research group at Russell Research Center, ARS in Athens, Georgia has developed a real-time multispectral imaging system for fecal and ingesta contaminant detection on broiler carcasses. The prototype system includes a common aperture camera with three optical trim filters (515.4, 566.4 and 631-nm wavelength), which were selected by visible/NIR spectroscopy and validated by a hyperspectral imaging system. The preliminary results showed that the multispectral imaging technique can be used effectively for detecting feces (from duodenum, ceca, and colon) and ingesta on the surface of poultry carcasses with a processing speed of 140 birds per minute. The accuracy for the detection of fecal and ingesta contaminates was 96%. However, the system contains many false positives including scabs, feathers, and boundaries. This paper demonstrates calibration of common aperture multispectral imaging hardware and real-time multispectral image processing software. The software design, especially the Unified Modeling Language (UML) design approach was used to develop real-time image processing software for on-line application. The UML models including class, object, activity, sequence, and collaboration diagram were discussed. Both hardware and software for a real-time fecal and ingesta contaminant detection were tested at the pilot-scale poultry processing line.
A practical guide to intensive insulin therapy.

In a landmark study, the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial proved that intensive insulin therapy (IIT) reduced the incidence and severity of the microvascular complications of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy were all improved by IIT. The trial was conducted by endocrinologists experienced in the management of IIT. However, only a small minority of patients with diabetes are cared for by endocrinologists; the vast majority receive their care from primary care physicians. In this article, the authors describe the practical aspects of IIT for those physicians unfamiliar with IIT but who want to offer the benefits of this therapy to patients with diabetes. The authors define suitable candidates for IIT, describe the initiation and management of IIT, and emphasize the potential complications of this therapy. Severe hypoglycemia is the major risk of IIT, and caution must be used to reduce the incidence of this dangerous complication.
Program understanding behavior during debugging of large scale software

This paper reports on a software understanding experiment during corrective maintenance of largescale software. Participants were professional software maintenance engineers. The paper reports on the general understanding process, the types of actions programmers preferred during the debugging task, and the level of abstraction at which they were working. The results of the observation are also interpreted in terms of the information needs of these software engineers during the debugging task.
Expression and Characterization of Human Recombinant and α-N-Actylglucosaminidase

Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB (MPS-IIIB, Sanfilippo type B Syndrome) is a heterosomal, recessive lysosomal storage disorder resulting from a deficiency of [alpha]-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU). To characterize this enzyme further and evaluate its potential for enzyme replacement studies we expressed the NAGLU-encoding cDNA in Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-K1 cells) and purified the recombinant enzyme from the medium of stably transfected cells by a two-step affinity chromatography. Two isoforms of recombinant NAGLU with apparent molecular weights of 89 and 79 kDa were purified and shown to differ in their glycosylation pattern. The catalytic parameters of both forms of the recombinant enzyme were indistinguishable from each other and similar to those of NAGLU purified from various tissues. However, compared to other recombinant lysosomal enzymes expressed from CHO-K1 cells, the mannose-6-phosphate receptor mediated uptake of the secreted form of recombinant NAGLU into cultured skin fibroblasts was considerably reduced. A small amount of phosphorylated NAGLU present in purified enzyme preparations was shown to be endocytosed by MPS-IIIB fibroblasts via the mannose-6-phosphate receptor-mediated pathway and transported to the lysosomes, where they corrected the storage phenotype. Direct metabolic labeling experiments with Na(2) (32)PO(4) confirmed that the specific phosphorylation of recombinant NAGLU secreted from transfected CHO cells is significantly lower when compared with a control lysosomal enzyme. These results suggest that the use of secreted NAGLU in future enzyme and gene replacement therapy protocols will be severely limited due to its small degree of mannose-6-phosphorylation.
Filament histology and anther dehiscence

Several distinctive histological features of the stamen, especially of the filament, are described, some of these for the first time: for example, commonness of (a) mesarch xylem maturation, amphicribral bundles or else collateral strands with phloem considerably enveloping the xylem, and clustering of sieve elements of a bundle and their spatial separation from tracheary elements, (b) exclusively helical wall thickenings of tracheary elements and absence of sclerenchyma, (c) open stomata, a weakly developed cuticle, a prominent intercellular-space system, xylem lacunae, and (d) tannins and crystals. Some of the features in category (a) seem related to the nutritional needs of developing pollen grains in the anther. Features in category (b) are directly related to the usual expansion of the stamen, in particular the filament, before and at anthesis. Features in category (c) (and possibly (d)) probably promote a rapid loss of water or a disruption of the water supply to the anther, and therefore might facilitate anther dehiscence (these features could operate either in isolation or in unison). Tannins, crystals, and secretory structures have been implicated in the protection of pollen against predators.
The effects of salinity and pH on the activity and oxygen consumption of Brachionus plicatilis (rotatoria)

Abstract 1. 1. Activity and respiratory rates of the rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis , were determined following exposure to pH values of 6.5, 7.5 and 8.5 and to concentrations of 10, 50 and 100 mOsm. 2. 2. Changes in the hydrogen-ion concentration had no detectable effect on either activity or metabolism. 3. 3. Acute reduction in osmolarity of the medium resulted in a reduction in oxygen consumption and activity. 4. 4. Both activity and oxygen consumption increased upon acclimatization to osmolarities of 50 and 100 mOsm.
A new framework for studying the relationship of aurora and plasma sheet dynamics

Abstract Auroras have been extensively studied using images obtained by space-borne experiments. We use global UVI images obtained from Polar and simultaneous plasma data obtained by the 3D instrument on Wind from the near-earth plasma sheet to study the dynamics of auroras with different size and intensity. Unstable phase space ion distributions are detected in the plasma sheet under diverse geomagnetic and solar wind IMF conditions (positive and negative B z ) and at all phases of a substorm. These results indicate that plasma instability processes with different disturbance levels operate in the plasma sheet and produce a continuum of auroral size and intensity. The criteria for triggering an instability are dependent on the local properties of the plasma distributions. These observations suggest a new framework to integrate previous and current results and a new way to examine the causal relationships of auroral and plasma sheet dynamics.
Cooperative binding of the yeast Spt10p activator to the histone upstream activating sequences is mediated through an N-terminal dimerization domain

The yeast Spt10p activator is a putative histone acetyltransferase (HAT) possessing a sequence-specific DNA-binding domain (DBD) which binds to the upstream activation sequences (UAS elements) in the histone gene promoters. Spt10p binds to a pair of histone UAS elements with extreme positive cooperativity. The molecular basis of this cooperativity was addressed. Spt10p (640 residues) is an elongated dimer, but the isolated DBD (residues 283–396) is a monomer and binds non-cooperatively to DNA. A Spt10p fragment comprising the N-terminal domain (NTD), HAT domain and DBD (residues 1–396) binds cooperatively and is a dimer, whereas an overlapping Spt10p fragment comprising the DBD and C-terminal domains (residues 283–640) binds non-cooperatively and is a monomer. These observations imply that cooperative binding requires dimerization. The isolated NTD (residues 1–98) is a dimer and is responsible for dimerization. We propose that cooperativity involves a conformational change in the Spt10p dimer which facilitates the simultaneous recognition of two UAS elements. In vivo, deletion of the NTD results in poor growth, but does not prevent the binding at the HTA1 promoter, suggesting that dimerization is biologically important. Residues 1–396 are sufficient for normal growth, indicating that the critical functions of Spt10p reside in the N-terminal domains.
Covariant description of dynamical processes in relativistic nuclear matter.

We report results of covariant calculations of density-dependent polarization processes in relativistic nuclear matter. We consider the polarization induced by those mesons that play an important role in the boson-exchange model of nuclear forces (\ensuremath{\sigma},\ensuremath{\pi},\ensuremath{\rho},\ensuremath{\omega}). After obtaining the polarization operators, we construct the propagators for these mesons. The covariant nature of the calculation greatly clarifies the structure of the polarization operators and associated Green's functions. (In addition to the meson momentum, these quantities depend upon another four-vector, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\eta}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}$, that describes the uniform motion of the medium.) In the case of the pion, we show that the same results are obtained for pseudovector or pseudoscalar coupling to the nucleon, if the associated Lagrangians are related by chiral transformations. Of particular interest are the extremely large values found for the polarization operators of the omega and sigma mesons. It is also found that the coupling of the sigma and omega fields through the polarization process is also extremely large. (Because of these results one cannot usefully consider the sigma and omega fields as independent degrees of freedom in nuclear matter.) We describe methods for reorganizing the calculation of ring diagrams in which we group those diagrams that exhibit strong cancellations. We also comment on the implication of our results for nuclear structure studies.
Accelerating business analytics applications

Business text analytics applications have seen rapid growth, driven by the mining of data for various decision making processes. Regular expression processing is an important component of these applications, consuming as much as 50% of their total execution time. While prior work on accelerating regular expression processing has focused on Network Intrusion Detection Systems, business analytics applications impose different requirements on regular expression processing efficiency. We present an analytical model of accelerators for regular expression processing, which includes memory bus-, I/O bus-, and network-attached accelerators with a focus on business analytics applications. Based on this model, we advocate the use of vector-style processing for regular expressions in business analytics applications, leveraging the SIMD hardware available in many modern processors. In addition, we show how SIMD hardware can be enhanced to improve regular expression processing even further. We demonstrate a realized speedup better than 1.8 for the entire range of data sizes of interest. In comparison, the alternative strategies deliver only marginal improvement for large data sizes, while performing worse than the SIMD solution for small data sizes.
On the notion of effectiveness

This paper focuses on two notions of effectiveness which are not treated in detail elsewhere. Unlike the standard computability notion, which is a property of functions themselves, both notions of effectiveness are properties of interpreted linguistic presentations of functions. It is shown that effectiveness is epistemically at least as basic as computability in the sense that decisions about computability normally involve judgments concerning effectiveness. There are many occurrences of the present notions in the writings of logicians; moreover, consideration of these notions can contribute to the clarification and, perhaps, solution of various philosophical problems, confusions and disputes.
Novel polymeric materials from microemulsions

Polymerisation thermique du styrene a 60°C en presence de K 2 S 2 O 8 hydrosoluble ou d'AIBN soluble dans l'huile
Ethnography, epidemiology and infertility in Egypt

Infertility in the developing world has been relatively neglected as an international health problem and a topic of social scientific and epidemiological inquiry. In this study, we examine factors placing poor urban Egyptian men and women at risk of infertility, and we explore the sociocultural and political-economic contexts in which these health-demoting factors are perpetuated. Our approach to the problem of Egyptian infertility attempts an explicit merging of ethnographic and epidemiological research designs, methods of data collection and analysis, and interpretive insights to provide improved understanding of the factors underlying infertility in the urban Egyptian setting.
Topoisomerase II-mediated site-directed alkylation of DNA by psorospermin and its use in mapping other topoisomerase II poison binding sites.

Psorospermin is a plant natural product that shows significant in vivo activity against P388 mouse leukemia. The molecular basis for this selectivity is unknown, although psorospermin has been demonstrated to intercalate into DNA and alkylate N7 of guanine. Significantly, the alkylation reactivity of psorospermin at specific sites on DNA increased 25-fold in the presence of topoisomerase II. In addition, psorospermin trapped the topoisomerase II-cleaved complex formation at the same site. These results imply that the efficacy of psorospermin is related to its interaction with the topoisomerase II–DNA complex. Because thermal treatment of (N7 guanine)–DNA adducts leads to DNA strand breakage, we were able to determine the site of alkylation of psorospermin within the topoisomerase II gate site and infer that intercalation takes place at the gate site between base pairs at the +1 and +2 positions. These results provide not only additional mechanistic information on the mode of action of the anticancer agent psorospermin but also structural insights into the design of an additional class of topoisomerase II poisons. Because the alkylation site for psorospermin in the presence of topoisomerase II can be assigned unambiguously and the intercalation site inferred, this drug is a useful probe for other topoisomerase poisons where the sites for interaction are less well defined.
SU(N)-extended conformally invariant actions in superspace

Abstract Using the geometrical transformation laws of conformal supergravity, we classify all the available geometrical covariants according to their scale dimensions. We then use these to construct actions for SU(N)-extended conformal supergravity theories.
Bayesian shadows of molecular mechanisms cast in the light of evolution

A great many carefully designed experiments will be required to fully understand biological mechanisms in atomic detail. A complementary approach is to use powerful statistical procedures to rapidly test numerous scientific hypotheses using vast numbers of protein sequences – the cell's own blueprints for specifying biological mechanisms. Bayesian inference of the evolutionary constraints imposed on functionally divergent proteins can reveal key components of the molecular machinery and thereby suggest likely mechanisms to test experimentally. This approach is demonstrated by considering how DNA polymerase clamp-loader AAA + ATPases couple DNA recognition to ATP hydrolysis and clamp loading.
High-pressure phases of PbF 2 : A joint experimental and theoretical study

We report a joint experimental and theoretical study of the dynamical and structural properties of lead fluoride (PbF{sub 2}). Specifically, we have performed detailed measurements of the room-temperature Raman-active phonon modes to 310 kbar. We verify the transition at about 4 kbar from the cubic ({beta}) to the orthorhombic ({alpha}) phase and the recovery of the {alpha} phase at ambient conditions. At approximately 147 kbar, we observe a transformation from the {alpha} phase to a modification that we label {gamma}. The data indicate that the {gamma} phase is structurally similar to the orthorhombic {alpha} phase. Moreover, we have carried out first-principles calculations which support the existence of a transition in this pressure range, although the crystal structure of the new phase remains undetermined. We have also calculated the equations of state for the two low-pressure phases, {beta} and {alpha}. In the case of the {alpha} phase, we have made a complete structural determination by calculating the pressure-dependent values of all six internal structural parameters as well as the axial ratios, c/a and b/a, for pressures ranging from zero up to 2 Mbar. Using the calculated {alpha}-phase equation of state, we also extract Gr{umlt u}neisen parameters from the data for several more » optical phonon modes. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society} « less
The trouble with experts – and why democracies need them

Many democratic thinkers believe that the values of expertise and the values of democracy are incompatible. Since practical realities require democratic governments to depend on experts, theorists focus on how to keep experts on a short leash. In contrast, this essay argues that experts are of greatest value to democracy when they stand up to those in government who hire them or seek their counsel, not when they surrender professional judgment to political masters. Dangers of the “short leash” model are explained. The essay offers proposals on how to think more wisely about the role of expertise in democracy. The role of the politician as a special kind of expert is also discussed.
Clinical precision of myofascial trigger point location in the trapezius muscle.

Myofascial trigger points (TrPs) have been clinically described as discrete areas of muscle tenderness presenting in taut bands of skeletal muscle. Using well-defined clinical criteria, prior investigations have demonstrated interrater reliability in the diagnosis of TrPs within a given muscle. No reports exist, however, with respect to the precision with which experienced clinicians can determine the anatomic locations of TrPs within a muscle. This paper details a study wherein four trained clinicians achieved statistically significant reliability (see below) in estimating the precise locations of latent TrPs in the trapezius muscle of volunteer subjects (n=20). To do so, the clinicians trained extensively together prior to the study. The precise anatomic location of each subject's primary TrP was measured in a blinded fashion using a 3 dimensional (3-D) camera system. Use of this measurement system permitted the anatomic co-ordinates of each TrP to be located without providing feedback to subsequent clinicians. The clinicians each used a pressure algometer along with patient feedback to document the sensitivity of each suspected TrP site, however unlike routine clinical practice, the algometry was performed with a double-blinded approach hence the results were only examined post-hoc. At the time of data collection (algometry readings unknown), 16 of the 20 subjects were judged to present with a latent TrP. Subsequently, when subjected to a criterion pressure threshold value of <3.0 kg.cm(-2), 12 of these TrPs were classified as being clinically sensitive. To assess the 3-D measurement precision, and the reliability of the TrP estimates, statistical measures of the SEM and the Generalizability coefficient (G-coeff) were determined for all suspected TrP sites in the superior-inferior, medial-lateral and anterior-posterior directions. The best results were determined by pooling the measurements of all 4 clinicians, however, based upon exceeding a criterion reliability threshold of 80%, the use of just two testers was found to produce reliable results. The two-tester condition yielded a precision of 7.5, 7.6 and 6.5 mm (SEM) with reliability (G-coeff) of 0.92, 0.86 and 0.83, respectively. Given the double-blinded methodology, the use of pressure algometry was also found to demonstrate internal validity. The algometer responses associated with TrP estimates varied inversely with respect to the clinical group's reliability in identify the TrP locations. To summarize, for the trapezius muscle, this study demonstrates that two trained examiners can reliably localize latent TrPs with a precision that essentially approaches the physical dimensions of the clinician's own fingertips. Finally, it should be recognized that the ability to precisely document TrP location appears critical to the success of future studies that may be designed to investigate the etiology and pathogenesis of this commonly diagnosed clinical disorder.
Topography of protein kinase C substrates analyzed by membrane splitting.

Abstract We have used the methods of planar cell and membrane monolayer formation and monolayer splitting to study structural details of the transmembrane signaling process mediated by protein kinase C. We analyzed human red cell membrane proteins phosphorylated by phorbol ester activation of protein kinase C. Planar single membrane preparations, extraction procedures, and gel electrophoresis coupled with silver staining and autoradiography confirmed that two bands in the 100 kDa region, and bands 4.1, and 4.9, were peripheral and phosphorylated by treatment with 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA). TPA also stimulated minor incorporation of [ 32 P]P i into most integral membrane proteins, including band 3, glycophorin A, the band 4.5 region (glucose transporter) and band 7. Planar cell and membrane-splitting methods revealed that neither integral nor peripheral phosphorylated polypeptides were cleaved by freeze fracture, that all phosphorylated peripheral proteins partitioned intact with the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, and that the percentages of [ 32 P]P i -labeled peripheral proteins were the same in split membrane cytoplasmic leaflets as in intact membranes. As a unique approach to examining protein topographies membrane splitting provides strong evidence that the major phosphorylated products of the polyphosphatidylinositide pathway are topographically associated with the cytoplasmic leaflet of the human erythrocyte plasma membrane. We further conclude that TPA-induced phosphorylation of red cell peripheral proteins does not significantly alter their transbilayer partitioning patterns after membrane splitting.
TDP‐43 immunoreactivity in hippocampal sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease

Objective This study aimed to determine the frequency of frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitinated inclusions (FTLD-U) in the setting of hippocampal sclerosis (HpScl) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) using immunohistochemistry for TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43), a putative marker for FTLD-U. Methods Initially, 21 cases of HpScl associated with a variety of other pathological processes and 74 cases of AD were screened for FTLD-U with TDP-43 immunohistochemistry. A confirmation study was performed on 93 additional AD cases. Specificity of TDP-43 antibodies was assessed using double-immunolabeling confocal microscopy, immunoelectron microscopy, and biochemistry. Results TDP-43 immunoreactivity was detected in 71% of HpScl and 23% of AD cases. Double immunostaining of AD cases for TDP-43 and phospho-tau showed that the TDP-43–immunoreactive inclusions were usually distinct from neurofibrillary tangles. At the ultrastructural level, TDP-43 immunoreactivity in AD was associated with granular and filamentous cytosolic material and only occasionally associated with tau filaments. Western blots of AD cases showed a band that migrated at a higher molecular weight than normal TDP-43 that was not present in AD cases without TDP-43 immunoreactivity. Interpretation These results suggest that as many as 20% of AD cases and more than 70% of HpScl cases have pathology similar to that found in FTLD-U. Whether this represents concomitant FTLD-U or is analogous to colocalization of α-synuclein and tau in AD, reflecting a propensity for codeposition of abnormal protein conformers, remains to be determined. Ann Neurol 2007;61:435–445
Olfactory Learning in Drosophila

Studies of olfactory learning in Drosophila have provided key insights into the brain mechanisms underlying learning and memory. One type of olfactory learning, olfactory classical conditioning, consists of learning the contingency between an odor with an aversive or appetitive stimulus. This conditioning requires the activity of molecules that can integrate the two types of sensory information, the odorant as the conditioned stimulus and the aversive or appetitive stimulus as the unconditioned stimulus, in brain regions where the neural pathways for the two stimuli intersect. Compelling data indicate that a particular form of adenylyl cyclase functions as a molecular integrator of the sensory information in the mushroom body neurons. The neuronal pathway carrying the olfactory information from the antennal lobes to the mushroom body is well described. Accumulating data now show that some dopaminergic neurons provide information about aversive stimuli and octopaminergic neurons about appetitive stimuli to the mushroom body neurons. Inhibitory inputs from the GABAergic system appear to gate olfactory information to the mushroom bodies and thus control the ability to learn about odors. Emerging data obtained by functional imaging procedures indicate that distinct memory traces form in different brain regions and correlate with different phases of memory. The results from these and other experiments also indicate that cross talk between mushroom bodies and several other brain regions is critical for memory formation.
Dip-moveout error in transversely isotropic media with linear velocity variation in depth

Levin (1990) modeled the moveout, within Common-midpoint (CMP) gathers, of reflections from plane-dipping reflectors beneath homogeneous, transversely isotropic media. For some media, when the axis of symmetry for the anisotropy was vertical, he found departures in stacking velocity from predictions based upon the familiar cosine-of-dip correction for isotropic media. Here, I do similar tests, again with transversely isotropic models with vertical axis of symmetry, but now allowing the medium velocity to vary linearly with depth. Results for the same four anisotropic media studied by Levin show behavior of dip-corrected stacking velocity with reflector dip that, for all velocity gradients considered, differs little from that for the counterpart homogeneous media. As with isotropic media, traveltimes in an inhomogeneous, transversely isotropic medium can be modeled adequately with a homogeneous model with vertical velocity equal to the vertical rms velocity of the inhomogeneous medium. In practice, dip-moveout (DMO) is based on the assumption that either the medium is homogeneous or its velocity varies with depth, but in both cases isotropy is assumed. It turns out that for only one of the transversely isotropic media considered here --shale-limestone -- would v(z) DMO fail to give an adequate correction within CMP gathers. For the shale-limestone,more » fortuitously the constant-velocity DMO gives a better moveout correction than does the v(z) DMO.« less
Mathematical modeling of positron emission tomography (PET) data to assess radiofluoride transport in living plants following petiolar administration

Background Ion transport is a fundamental physiological process that can be studied non-invasively in living plants with radiotracer imaging methods. Fluoride is a known phytotoxic pollutant and understanding its transport in plants after leaf absorption is of interest to those in agricultural areas near industrial sources of airborne fluoride. Here we report the novel use of a commercial, high-resolution, animal positron emission tomography (PET) scanner to trace a bolus of [18F]fluoride administered via bisected petioles of Brassica oleracea, an established model species, to simulate whole plant uptake of atmospheric fluoride. This methodology allows for the first time mathematical compartmental modeling of fluoride transport in the living plant. Radiotracer kinetics in the stem were described with a single-parameter free- and trapped-compartment model and mean arrival times at different stem positions were calculated from the free-compartment time-activity curves.
Evaluation of everolimus in renal cell cancer

Introduction: The incidence of renal cell cancer (RCC) has been steadily increasing over the past decade. Advances in understanding the pathophysiology and carcinogenesis RCC have led to the development of novel therapies that target molecular pathways. Everolimus is a synthetic, orally available analogue of rapamycin that inhibits the activation of mTOR. Everolimus extended progression-free survival in RCC patients from 1.9 months (for patients receiving a placebo) to 4.9 months. Grades 3 and 4 adverse events include stomatitis, fatigue, pneumonitis, infections, asthenia, diarrhea, mucosal inflammation, dyspnea, rash, anorexia and dry skin. Grades 3 and 4 laboratory abnormalities include lymphopenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, hyperglycemia, hypophosphatemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglycemia, elevated creatinine, elevated alkaline phosphatase, elevated aspartate aminotransferase and elevated alanine aminotransferase. Studies have been conducted to evaluate any synergistic effect of combination thera...
Randomized trial of intensive early intervention for children with pervasive developmental disorder.

Abstract Young children with pervasive developmental disorder were randomly assigned to intensive treatment or parent training. The intensive treatment group (7 with autism, 8 with pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified—NOS) averaged 24.52 hours per week of individual treatment for one year, gradually reducing hours over the next 1 to 2 years. The parent training group (7 with autism, 6 with pervasive developmental disorder NOS) received 3 to 9 months of parent training. The groups appeared similar at intake on all measures; however, at follow-up the intensive treatment group outperformed the parent training group on measures of intelligence, visual-spatial skills, language, and academics, though not adaptive functioning or behavior problems. Children with pervasive developmental disorder NOS may have gained more than those with autism.
Problems and prospects of applied research: The development of an adolescent smoking prevention program

This paper argues that applied research has the potential for making important theoretical contributions if efforts are made to explore and overcome inadequacies in existing social scientific theories by integrating, refining, and expanding these theories to achieve the necessary scope to solve the problem at hand. Ways in which these ends might be achieved are suggested through discussion of the procedures employed and the problems encountered in the development and assessment of Iowa's Program Against Smoking (I‐PAS), a theoretically‐based program to reduce adolescents' tobacco use.
Two new species of Cardicola (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) in drums (Sciaenidae) from Mississippi and Louisiana.

Two new species of Cardicola (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) are described from the heart of drums (Perciformes: Sciaenidae) in and off Mississippi and Louisiana. Cardicola palmeri n. sp. infects the black drum, Pogonias cromis, and, in mature individuals, is distinguished from its congeners by the combination of a body 1.9-2.9 times longer than wide, an esophagus 44-52% of the body length, posterior ceca 1.0-1.8 times longer than the anterior ones, a gland encircling the seminal vesicle that is 30-37% of maximum body width in diameter, and a sinistral and nearly medial male pore. Cardicola curranin. sp. infects the red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, and is distinguished from its congeners by the combination of posterior ceca 1.8-4.2 times longer than anterior ones, a male pore located well posterior to the ootype, a female pore and transverse metraterm located just anterior to the level of the ootype, and a medial and posttesticular ovary located at the level of the terminal ends of the posterior ceca. No adult blood fluke had been described previously from the northern Gulf of Mexico west of Florida. Each of the 2 flukes infected only 1 host species despite the hosts being sympatric. Little information exists regarding the taxonomic diversity and host range of fish blood flukes (Sanguinicolidae) in the Gulf of Mexico. Only 5 nominal species of 4 genera are known from 7 fishes in the region (Smith, 1997b; Bullard and Overstreet, 2003). Paradeontacylix sanguinicoloides McIntosh, 1934, in- fects the gill, presumably branchial vessels, of the yellowtail, Seriola lalandi Valenciennes, 1833 (Carangidae), in the Atlantic Ocean off Miami, Florida (McIntosh, 1934), and probably rang- es into the Gulf of Mexico. The 10 nominal species of Cardi- cola Short, 1953, infect the heart and the blood vessels of the kidney, liver, gill, and coelom of tunas (Scombridae), mullets (Mugilidae), a chub (Sparidae), butterflyfishes (Chaetodonti- dae), an odacid (Odacidae), and drums (Sciaenidae) (see Smith, 1997a, 1997b). They range from the north Pacific Ocean off Hawaii (Yamaguti, 1970); the Tasman Sea off Wellington, New Zealand (Manter, 1954); the Indian Ocean off the southern coast of Australia (Cribb et al., 2000); the southeast Atlantic Ocean off Brazil (Knoff and Amato, 1992); the Gulf of Tonkin and the South China Sea (Lebedev and Mamaev, 1968); and the Gulf of Mexico off Florida (Manter, 1947; Short, 1952, 1953). In this study, we describe 2 new species of Cardicola from drums in and off Mississippi and Louisiana, one from the black drum and the other from the red drum.
Representations of the veterinary profession in nonfiction children's books.

Objective—To evaluate how the veterinary profession is represented in nonfiction children's books and determine whether representations reflect the current veterinary profession or the demographics of the United States. Design—Survey. Sample—Covers of 46 nonfiction children's books and contents of 45 nonfiction children's books. Procedures—Book covers and book contents (images and text) were evaluated for representations of veterinarians and to identify settings, clients, technology and equipment, and animals portrayed. Book contents were additionally evaluated to identify specialties and career opportunities specifically mentioned in the text. Results—Book covers predominantly portrayed veterinarians as Caucasian women who wore examination coats, worked alone in veterinary clinics, and cared for dogs without a client present. Book contents predominantly portrayed veterinarians as a Caucasian man or woman who wore an examination coat, worked as part of a team in a veterinary clinic, and helped clients car...
Shifting toward cooperative tendencies and forgiveness: How partner‐focused prayer transforms motivation

studies tested whether partner-focused prayer shifts individuals toward cooperative tendencies and forgiveness. In Studies 1 and 2, participants who prayed more frequently for their partner were rated by objective coders as less vengeful. Study 3 showed that, compared to partners of targets in the positive partner thought condition, the romantic partners of targets assigned to pray reported a positive change in their partner's forgiveness. In Study 4, participants who prayed following a partner's "hurtful behavior" were more cooperative with their partners in a mixed-motive game compared to participants who engaged in positive thoughts about their partner. In Study 5, participants who prayed for a close relationship partner reported higher levels of cooperative tendencies and forgiveness.
Theory of electrophoresis of polyelectrolytes through gels

We assume that the polyelectrolyte moves through a “tube” in a neutral gel under the influence of the electrical field. The tube is random except for possible bias due to the effects of the field. We also assume a frictional coefficient proportional to contour length for longitudinal motion in the tube. When the field is small, we easily recover the inverse-length dependence of the mobility found previously by de Gennes and by Doi and Edwards. At higher fields a new effect appears; the tube becomes oriented because the field biases the direction of the leading end of the chain as it moves to form an extension of the tube. This leads to an increase of the mobility with increasing field.
YdgG (TqsA) Controls Biofilm Formation in Escherichia coli K-12 through Autoinducer 2 Transport

YdgG is an uncharacterized protein that is induced in Escherichia coli biofilms. Here it is shown that deletion of ydgG decreased extracellular and increased intracellular concentrations of autoinducer 2 (AI-2); hence, YdgG enhances transport of AI-2. Consistent with this hypothesis, deletion of ydgG resulted in a 7,000-fold increase in biofilm thickness and 574-fold increase in biomass in flow cells. Also consistent with the hypothesis, deletion of ydgG increased cell motility by increasing transcription of flagellar genes (genes induced by AI-2). By expressing ydgG in trans, the wild-type phenotypes for extracellular AI-2 activity, motility, and biofilm formation were restored. YdgG is also predicted to be a membrane-spanning protein that is conserved in many bacteria, and it influences resistance to several antimicrobials, including crystal violet and streptomycin (this phenotype could also be complemented). Deletion of ydgG also caused 31% of the bacterial chromosome to be differentially expressed in biofilms, as expected, since AI-2 controls hundreds of genes. YdgG was found to negatively modulate expression of flagellum- and motility-related genes, as well as other known products essential for biofilm formation, including operons for type 1 fimbriae, autotransporter protein Ag43, curli production, colanic acid production, and production of polysaccharide adhesin. Eighty genes not previously related to biofilm formation were also identified, including those that encode transport proteins (yihN and yihP), polysialic acid production (gutM and gutQ), CP4-57 prophage functions (yfjR and alpA), methionine biosynthesis (metR), biotin and thiamine biosynthesis (bioF and thiDFH), anaerobic metabolism (focB, hyfACDR, ttdA, and fumB), and proteins with unknown function (ybfG, yceO, yjhQ, and yjbE); 10 of these genes were verified through mutation to decrease biofilm formation by 40% or more (yfjR, bioF, yccW, yjbE, yceO, ttdA, fumB, yjiP, gutQ, and yihR). Hence, it appears YdgG controls the transport of the quorum-sensing signal AI-2, and so we suggest the gene name tqsA.
Identification of distinct PRS1 mutations in two patients with X-linked phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase superactivity.

Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase (PRS) (EC 2.7.6.1) catalyzes the reaction: ribose-5-phosphate + ATPMg2+ → 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) + AMP (Fox et al., 1971). Superactivity of PRS is an X chromosome linked inherited disorder in which excessive enzyme activity is associated with uric acid overproduction and gout (Yen et al., 1978; Becker et al., 1979). Uric acid overproduction in individuals with PRS superactivity appears to result from increased production of PRPP and subsequent acceleration of de novo and salvage purine nucleotide synthesis (Zoref et al., 1975; Becker et al., 1973).
MACROPHAGE MEDIATED TUMOR CELL CYTOTOXICITY

The following evidence from our research has implicated the macrophage as an important effector cell in pyran and/or C. parvum induced host resistance to solid tumors: (1) Increased infiltration of tumors with histiocytes following systemic treatment with pyran;17 (2) activated peritoneal macrophages with tumoricidal activity have been recovered from the peritoneal cavity of normal or tumor bearing mice treated with pyran or C. parvum;17 (3) activated peritoneal macrophages mixed with tumor cells in vitro and transplanted into syngeneic recipients inhibited tumor growth; (4) trypan blue, an inhibitor of macrophage function, prevent C. parvum induced regression of methylcholanthrene tumors; and (5) direct intralesional injection of activated macrophages into the MCA 2182 tumor inhibited tumor growth and increased the MST.
Search-Evasion Game in a Fixed Region

A game where a Searcher attempts to trap an Evader who knows the location of all past traps is formulated and solved, using average time to capture as the payoff. The Evader can move around freely, except that he is constrained to remain within a certain region.