cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonadditive genetic structuring of morphometric variation in relation to a population bottleneck

The genetic architectures of four morphometric traits in the housefly, Musca domestica L., were analysed using a paternal half-sib design on a large outbred base population and on two populations each established with two pairs of flies from the base population. By including parents with the offspring in the analysis, phenotypic variance was subdivided into components for additive, dominance, additive-by-additive epistasis and environmental variation. In relation to the nonbottlenecked base population, narrow sense hertitability was lower in the bottle-necked populations, largely because of an increase in the level of the environmental component of variance. Averaged over the four traits in the nonbottlenecked base population, nonadditive components contributed nearly 60 per cent of the phenotypic variance, with more than half of this being attributable to epistasis. Two of the four traits showed reduced additive genetic variance in the bottlenecked lines, whereas two of the traits showed increased additive genetic variance. A major difference in the genetic architecture between traits showing these two disparate bottleneck effects was the presence of epistasis in the nonbottlenecked base population for the traits which showed an increase in the additive component. Overall, there was a significant positive relationship between the initial percentage contribution of epistasis in the base population and the gain in the additive component in the bottleneck lines, as predicted by models incorporating additive-by-additive epistasis.
Symbiotic Algæ of Corals

IN a recent contribution1 Dr. C. M. Yonge, summarising his physiological work on corals published by the Trustees of the British Museum, took the opportunity to express his disagreement with Prof. Gardiner on the question of the significance of the symbiosis between corals and zooxanthellae.
Influence of Different Levels of Lipoic Acid Synthase Gene Expression on Diabetic Nephropathy

Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN) but outcomes of many clinical trials are controversial. To define the role of antioxidants in kidney protection during the development of diabetic nephropathy, we have generated a novel genetic antioxidant mouse model with over- or under-expression of lipoic acid synthase gene (Lias). These models have been mated with Ins2Akita/+ mice, a type I diabetic mouse model. We compare the major pathologic changes and oxidative stress status in two new strains of the mice with controls. Our results show that Ins2Akita/+ mice with under-expressed Lias gene, exhibit higher oxidative stress and more severe DN features (albuminuria, glomerular basement membrane thickening and mesangial matrix expansion). In contrast, Ins2Akita/+ mice with highly-expressed Lias gene display lower oxidative stress and less DN pathologic changes. Our study demonstrates that strengthening endogenous antioxidant capacity could be an effective strategy for prevention and treatment of DN.
Burn patients' return to daily activities and participation as defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: A systematic review.

Abstract The World Health Organization’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) is a universal classification system of health and health-related domains. The ICF has been successfully applied to a wide range of health conditions and diseases; however, its application in the field of burn recovery has been minimal. This systematic review uses the domains of the ICF component ‘activities and participation’ to explore: (1) the extent to which return to daily activities and community participation after burn has been examined in the pediatric population, (2) the most common assessments used to determine activity and participation outcomes, and (3) what activity and participation areas are most affected in the pediatric burn population after discharge from acute care. Results determined that it is difficult to draw overarching conclusions in the area of return to ‘activities and participation’ for children with burn based on the paucity of current evidence. Of the studies conducted, few examined the same subtopics or used similar measurements. This suggests a need for more robust studies in this area in order to inform and improve burn rehabilitation practices to meet the potential needs of burn patients beyond an acute care setting.
Simultaneous evolution of gyre and Atlantic meridional overturning circulation anomalies as an eigenmode of the North Atlantic system.

AbstractThe authors identify an interdecadal oscillatory mode of the North Atlantic atmosphere–ocean system in a general circulation model (GFDL CM2.1) via a linear inverse model (LIM). The oscillation mechanism is mostly embedded in the subpolar gyre: anomalous advection generates density anomalies in the eastern subpolar gyre, which propagate along the mean gyre circulation and reach the subpolar gyre center around 10 years later, when associated anomalous advection of the opposite sign starts the other half cycle. As density anomalies reach the Labrador Sea deep convection region, Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) anomalies are also induced. Both the gyre and AMOC anomalies then propagate equatorward slowly, following the advection of density anomalies. The oscillation is further demonstrated to be more likely an ocean-only mode while excited by the atmospheric forcing; in particular, it can be approximated as a linearly driven damped oscillator that is partly excited by the North Atla...
Predictors of Nursing Staff Voluntary Termination in Nursing Homes: A Case-Control Study.

Workforce instability in the long-term care sector has raised wide attention about nursing staff turnover. Most attention has been devoted to understanding the relationship between facility’s chara...
The Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal: Law, History, and Jurisprudence

Like its Nuremberg counterpart, the Tokyo Trial was foundational in the field of international law. However, until now, the persistent notion of 'victor's justice' in the existing historical literature has made it difficult to treat it as such. David Cohen and Yuma Totani seek to redress this by cutting through persistent orthodoxies and ideologies that have plagued the trial. Instead they present it simply as a judicial process, and in so doing reveal its enduring importance for international jurisprudence. A wide range of primary sources are considered, including court transcripts, court exhibits, the majority judgment, and five separate concurring and dissenting opinions. The authors also provide comparative analysis of the Allied trials at Nuremberg, resulting in a comprehensive and empirically grounded study of the trial. The Tokyo Tribunal was a watershed moment in the history of the Asia-Pacific region. This groundbreaking study reveals it is of continuing relevance today.
Mapping the Hidden Hazards: Community-Led Spatial Data Collection of Street-Level Environmental Stressors in a Degraded, Urban Watershed.

We utilized a participatory mapping approach to collect point locations, photographs, and descriptive data about select built environment stressors identified and prioritized by community residents living in the Proctor Creek Watershed, a degraded, urban watershed in Northwest Atlanta, Georgia. Residents (watershed researchers) used an indicator identification framework to select three watershed stressors that influence urban livability: standing water, illegal dumping on land and in surface water, and faulty stormwater infrastructure. Through a community–university partnership and using Geographic Information Systems and digital mapping tools, watershed researchers and university students designed a mobile application (app) that enabled them to collect data associated with these stressors to create a spatial narrative, informed by local community knowledge, that offers visual documentation and representation of community conditions that negatively influence the environment, health, and quality of life in urban areas. By elevating the local knowledge and lived experience of community residents and codeveloping a relevant data collection tool, community residents generated fine-grained, street-level, actionable data. This process helped to fill gaps in publicly available datasets about environmental hazards in their watershed and helped residents initiate solution-oriented dialogue with government officials to address problem areas. We demonstrate that community-based knowledge can contribute to and extend scientific inquiry, as well as help communities to advance environmental justice and leverage opportunities for remediation and policy change.
Final-state pi pi interactions in Upsilon (3S)--> Upsilon (1S) pi pi.

The ${\mathit{m}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}$ spectrum and various angular distributions in \ensuremath{\Upsilon}(3S)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\Upsilon}(1S)\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi} are studied including the effects of the \ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi} phase shift in the I=L=0 channel using the lowest order amplitude in the pion momentum expansion. Our results are compared with the recent CLEO data, and we find good agreement except for the cos${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ distributions. We argue that the cos${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ distribution, contrary to other distributions, is sensitive to the higher order corrections in the pion momentum expansion. This argument is supported by using an ansatz for the amplitude which is of higher order in the pion momentum expansion and still satisfies the soft pion theorem.
Positional Voting and the BC

As we learned in Chap. 3, problems and paradoxes must be anticipated with procedures based on pairwise rankings. The subtle reason is that these methods manage to drop the central assumption of transitivity. This suggests using methods, such as the plurality vote and the BC, which admit only rational voters. Do they have problems? Rest assured; there are plenty of them! But, with a further decomposition of profiles, it becomes easy to analyze the problems and create profile examples.
P3a from visual stimuli: Typicality, task, and topography

A visual three-stimulus (target, nontarget, standard) paradigm was employed in which subjects responded only to the target. Nontarget stimulus properties were varied systematically to evaluate how stimulus typicality (non-novel vs. novel) across task discrimination (easy vs. difficult) conditions affects P3a scalp topography. Nontarget stimuli consisted of letters, small squares, large squares, and novel patterns; discrimination difficulty between the target and standard was varied across conditions. When the discrimination was easy, P300 amplitude was larger for the target than the nontarget with parietal maximums for both. In contrast, when the discrimination was difficult, nontarget amplitude (P3a) was larger and earlier than the target P300 over the frontal/central electrode sites, whereas target amplitude (P3b) was larger parietally and occurred later. P3a was largest when elicited by either the large square or novel pattern stimuli. The findings suggest that stimulus context as defined by the target/standard discrimination difficulty rather than stimulus novelty determines P3a generation.
Temperature prediction of molten iron transporting process based on extended Kalman filter

Molten iron transportation is implemented by torpedo cars controlled by computer-based algorithms, and the process is accompanied by high energy loss, thus it forms a molten iron transportation cyber physical energy system (MIT-CPES). This paper interests in temperature prediction of molten iron transporting process (MITP) derived from MIT-CPES, where the temperature measuring devices locates at the physical layer, historical data of temperature of molten iron, information of torpedo car and weather information are abstracted from information layer. To solve the problem, a nonlinear system model is constructed based on heat transfer mechanism, to describe torpedo car transportation from reladling station (RS) to blast furnace (BF) with residual molten iron. The proposed model is more consistent with the actual production. Moreover, a filter model is also formulated based on extended Kalman filter, in order to predict temperature during the molten iron transporting process. The process data used in the filter model are produced by a multiple linear regression model based actual production data. Numerical results show that the proposed method is superior to traditional mechanism model and beneficial to energy-saving measures in molten iron transporting process.
Integrated process design, scheduling, and control using multiparametric programming

Abstract A unified theory and framework for the integration of process design, control, and scheduling based on a single high fidelity model is presented. The framework features (i) a mixed-integer dynamic optimization (MIDO) formulation with design, scheduling, and control considerations, and (ii) a multiparametric optimization strategy for the derivation of offline/explicit maps of optimal receding horizon policies. Explicit model predictive control schemes are developed as a function of design and scheduling decisions, and similarly design dependent scheduling policies are derived accounting for the closed-loop dynamics. Inherent multi-scale gap issues are addressed by an offline design dependent surrogate model. The proposed framwork is illustrated by two example problems, a system of two continuous stirred tank reactor, and a small residential combined heat and power (CHP) network.
Community reorganization revealed by exploring shifts in the diet of an apex predator, the Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos, with stable isotopes and prey remains

Golden Eagles Aquila chrysaetos colonized the northern California Channel Islands, an archipelago located off the coast of southern California, USA, in the early 1990s, owing in part to the presence of Feral Pigs Sus scrofa. Eagles preyed on piglets and on the endemic Island Fox Urocyon littoralis, driving three endemic subspecies of the Island Fox (U. l. santacruzae, U. l. santarosae and U. l. littoralis) toward extirpation. Using stable isotopes (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) measured from feathers and blood of Golden Eagles and from meat and bone of their prey, along with the proportion of prey consumed estimated from nest excavations as informative priors, we show that shifts in Eagle isotopic signatures tracked community reorganization: when pigs and foxes were abundant, Eagles consumed them in higher proportions than other prey; when foxes became scarce owing to Eagle predation, Eagle diet shifted toward pigs, but also diversified to include Common Ravens Corvus corax and seabirds (Larus spp. and Phalacrocorax spp.); and finally, after pigs were eradicated and 35 Golden Eagles had been captured and removed from Santa Cruz Island, a lone remaining pair of Eagles reversed their diet to include more foxes. Our findings reveal that shifts in stable isotope signatures from tissues of an apex predator can be used as a general proxy to monitor changes in the prey community; however, if sample sizes are small, informative priors are both essential and overwhelmingly influential, and changes in abundance of preferred prey may mask or fail to reveal changes in less preferred prey. Given that apex predators are at the top of trophic hierarchies, that they are often important drivers of community structure and that they sample prey continuously from their community, isotopic signatures of their tissues may be useful for monitoring community change.
Cadmium-induced reactive oxygen species activates MAPK and mTOR pathways and induces apoptosis of PC12 and SH-SY5Y cells

3556 Cadmium (Cd), a highly toxic environmental pollutant, induces neuronal apoptosis. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be defined. Here we show that Cd induced apoptosis of PC12 and SH-SY5Y cells, and concurrently induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cells. Exposure to hydrogen peroxide mimicked the effect of Cd, inducing the cell death in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Pretreatment of the cells with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), an antioxidant and ROS scavenger, suppressed Cd-induced ROS elevation, and prevented Cd-induced cell death, suggesting that Cd induced apoptosis is associated with its induction of ROS production. Recently we have demonstrated that activation of MAPK and mTOR network is related to Cd-induced apoptosis of the neuronal cells. Here, we further show that activation of Erk1/2, JNK and p38 MAPK, and mTOR-mediated S6K1 and 4E-BP1 pathways are triggered by Cd-induced ROS. This is supported by the findings that NAC completely blocked the activation. In addition, we also noticed that Z-VAD-FMK, a pan caspase inhibitor, only partially protected against Cd-induced cell death, implying a caspase-dependent and -independent apoptotic mechanisms involved. Taken together, the results reveal that Cd may induce ROS generation and activate MAPK and mTOR pathways, leading to neuronal apoptosis. Our data suggest that antioxidants may be exploited for prevention of Cd-induced Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.
Development and preliminary results of an Electronic Medical Record (EMR)-integrated smartphone telemedicine program to deliver asthma care remotely

IntroductionTechnology-based interventions that can function within real-world practice and improve outcomes without increasing provider burden are needed, yet few successfully cross the research-t...
β-Amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the human diseases

Several pathophysiological functions of the human β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) have been recently proposed in different human diseases such as neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders including rare diseases such as autism, fragile X syndrome, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Lesch-Nyhan disease; common and complex disorders such as Alzheimer's disease; metabolic disorders such as diabetes; and also cancer. APP as well as all of its proteolytic fragments including the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, are part of normal physiology. The targeting of the components of APP proteolytic processing as a pharmacologic strategy will not be without consequences. Recent research results highlight the impact of alternative splicing (AS) process on human disease, and may provide new directions for the research on the impact of the human APP on human diseases. The identification of molecules capable of correcting and/or inhibiting pathological splicing events is therefore an important issue for future therapeutic approaches. To this end, the defective APP-mRNA isoform responsible for the disease in cells and tissues appears as an ideal target for epigenetic therapeutic intervention and antisense drugs are potential treatment.
Adaptive weighted least-squares polynomial chaos expansion with basis adaptivity and sequential adaptive sampling

Abstract An efficient framework to obtain stochastic models of responses with polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) using an adaptive least-squares approach is presented in this paper. PCE is a high accuracy spectral expansion technique for uncertainty quantification; however, it is hugely affected by the curse of dimensionality with the increase in stochastic dimensions. To alleviate this effect, the basis polynomials are added in an adaptive manner, unlike selecting basis polynomials from a large predefined set in the traditional approach. Also, a refinement strategy is proposed to cull the unnecessary PCE terms based on their contribution to the variance of the response. Furthermore, a sequential optimal sampling is utilized that is capable of adding new samples based on the most recent basis polynomials and also reutilizes the old set of samples. The additional highlights of the algorithm include the implementation of weighted least-squares to reduce the effect of outliers and Kullback–Leibler Divergence to check the convergence of PCE. The algorithm has been implemented to analytical benchmark problems and a composite laminate problem. The substantial computational savings of the proposed framework compared to traditional PCE approaches and a large number of random simulations to achieve similar accuracy were demonstrated by the results.
Streamlined Prevention and Early Intervention for Pediatric Anxiety Disorders: A Randomized Controlled Trial

There is a need to optimize the fit between psychosocial interventions with known efficacy and the demands of real-word service delivery settings. However, adaptation of evidence-based interventions (EBI) raises questions about whether effectiveness can be retained. This randomized controlled trial (RCT) evaluated a streamlined package of cognitive, behavior, and social skills training strategies known to prevent and reduce anxiety symptom and disorder escalation in youth. A total of 109 youth (Mage = 9.72; 68% girls; 54% Latinx) at risk based on high anxiety were randomized to the streamlined prevention and early intervention (SPEI) (n = 59) or control (n = 50) and were assessed at pretest, posttest, and 12-month follow-up. A main objective was to determine whether our redesign could be delivered by community providers, with acceptable levels of fidelity, quality, and impact. In terms of process evaluation results, there was high protocol fidelity, excellent clinical process skills, few protocol adaptations, and high satisfaction with the SPEI. In terms of outcomes, there were no significant main or moderated effects of the SPEI at the immediate posttest. However, at the follow-up, youth in the SPEI reported greater self-efficacy for managing anxiety-provoking situations, greater social skills, and fewer negative cognitive errors relative to controls. Collectively, findings suggest that the redesigned SPEI might be an attractive and efficient solution for service delivery settings.
On energy sufficiency and the need for new policies to combat growing inequities in the residential energy sector

The decreasing cost and increasing availability of new technologies capable of improving household energy efficiency, generating and storing renewable energy, and decarbonizing major end use appliances have begun to significantly transform many residential communities across the U.S. Despite these positive developments however, the degree to which disadvantaged communities (DACs) have been able to participate in and benefit from these transformations remains far from equal. Using historical time series data at the zipcode level within Los Angeles County, we document the scale and extent to which DACs continue to be left behind. These data show per-capita levels of electricity and natural gas consumption within DACs that are, on average, about half of those seen within their more affluent counterparts. We argue that the magnitude of these differences reflect a fundamental departure in the use of energy from purposes of sufficiency to those of excess. We introduce a set of forecasts that show the extent to which current inequities in per-capita energy consumption, rates of vehicle electrification, and adoption of rooftop solar PV are likely to persist under the status quo. In conclusion, we suggest that the redistributive investment of public funds for the purpose of accelerating DAC participation in energy system transformations constitutes a socially optimal investment strategy – one which reflects the dramatically higher marginal utility of units of energy consumed at levels of sufficiency rather than excess.
Evaluating the dietary taurine requirement of hybrid striped bass, (Morone chrysops x M. saxatilis)

Abstract A dietary requirement for the sulfonic acid taurine has been documented in many marine species. However, it has not been well studied in hybrid fish with freshwater and marine genes, such as the hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops x M. saxatilis). Therefore, an 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of various levels of dietary taurine on growth performance, health, and body composition of juvenile hybrid striped bass. Four diets were formulated from practical ingredients and supplemented with DL-methionine at 0.54% of dry weight to meet the hybrid striped bass' established total sulfur amino acid requirement of 1.0% of dry diet, and taurine was supplemented incrementally at 0, 0.5, 1, and 2% of dry weight. Two additional diets were prepared without DL-methionine supplementation to be marginally deficient in methionine (0.49% by weight) and either supplemented with or without taurine at 1% dry weight to evaluate the potential interactions between methionine and taurine. Diets containing increment levels of taurine were determined to show no significant (P > .05) differences in terms of weight gain, feed efficiency (FE), whole-body composition, hepatosomatic index (HSI), intraperitoneal fat ratio (IPF ratio), or muscle yield. However, hybrid striped bass fed the methionine-deficient diets had significantly (P
Portrayal of Engineers and Engineering in US Broadcast Network Television Evening News Media

AbstractEngineering and engineers are considered central to maintaining global competitiveness and the workforce needs of any nation. Media shapes public opinion, and the image of a profession can ...
Structures of Stability: A Blackian Analysis of a Wiccan Coven’s Longevity

Drawing upon ethnographic work with a Wiccan coven, I propose an extension of Donald Black’s theoretical work to the study of conflict within small religious groups. The incidence and resolution of conflict is taken as a key predictor of longevity for small religious groups due to their heavy reliance on a committed membership. Through the micro-structural lens provided by Blackian theory, I advance a partial explanation for the marked longevity of the coven studied, which has functioned continuously for nearly twenty years. Black explains conflicts occurring due to changes in social structure, with more sudden or dramatic changes engendering greater conflict; the likely resolution to conflicts are in terms predicted by the theory on the basis of the local structural pattern of the parties to the conflict, including third parties. Both the oral history of the group and observations of the researcher over a six-month period of field study are considered in the application of Blackian theory, though the nature of an ethnographic case necessitates further testing of Black’s theoretical work, which is tentatively discussed.
Polarization Parameter in p-p Scattering from 1.7 to 6.1 BeV

The polarization parameter in proton-proton scattering has been measured at incident proton kinetic energies of 1.7, 2.85, 3.5, 4.0, 5.05, and 6.15 BeV and for four-momentum transfer squared between 0.1 and 1.0 ${(\mathrm{B}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$. The experiment was done with an unpolarized proton beam from the Bevatron striking a polarized proton target. Both final-state protons were detected in coincidence and the asymmetry in counting rate for target protons polarized parallel and antiparallel to the scattering normal was measured. The maximum polarization was observed to decrease from 0.4 at 1.7 BeV to 0.2 at 6.1 BeV. The maximum of the polarization at all energies studied occurs at a four-momentum transfer squared of 0.3 to 0.4 ${(\mathrm{B}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$.
The role of ThyroSeq V3 testing in the management of patients with indeterminate thyroid nodules on fine needle aspiration

BACKGROUND The multigene genomic classifier ThyroSeq V3 has proven to be an effective triage modality in the management of indeterminate thyroid nodules. This study reports on the clinical management of patients with indeterminate thyroid nodules. METHODS ThyroSeq V3 testing at our institution was implemented April 1, 2019. Over a 17-month period (1 April 2019 through 31 August 2020). Thirty five indeterminate thyroid nodules were sent for testing; diagnoses included FLUS, suspicious for a follicular/Hurthle cell neoplasm (SFN/SHCN) and suspicious for papillary thyroid carcinoma (SPTC). There were 26 females, nine males; mean age 56 years. Aspirated nodules, mean size of 2 cm, were evaluated by rapid on site evaluation with adequacy assessed by the cytopathologist via telecytology. RESULTS Of the 35 nodules, 17 (49%) were positive and 18 (51%) were negative on ThyroSeq Testing. All of the 17 positive nodules (four FLUS, 10 SFN/SHCN, three SPTC) showed neoplastic lesions; five adenomas, one NIFTP and 11 carcinomas on surgical resection. Only 4 (22%) of the 18 nodules that were negative were resected and showed two colloid/adenomatous nodules, one NIFTP and one follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. As FLUS FNAs were the majority of the indeterminate nodules, a comparison was made pre-and post ThyroSeq testing. Prior to ThyroSeq testing the majority (69%) of the nodules were resected as compared to 36% post implementation; a statistically significant value (P < .005). Surgical resection yielded a majority of benign nodules pre-ThyroSeq testing, 68%, as compared to post-ThyroSeq testing, 25%. CONCLUSION Implementation of ThyroSeq V3 testing has led to improvements in clinical management of patients with indeterminate thyroid nodules.
After the Phone Call: Culture, Disability and the Construction of a “Bad” Mother

The narratives of immigrant Latinx mothers are often excluded from discourses on motherhood. This study centers on a shared experience with Child Protective Services (CPS) for two such mothers. One...
Social Functioning Mediates the Relation Between Symptoms of Depression, Anxiety, and Suicidal Ideation Among Youth

In order to accurately identify youth at risk for suicide, it remains crucial to explore the interplay of risk factors that predict suicidal behavior. Thus, the purpose of this study was to explore whether social functioning, a putative risk factor, would be positively associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety in youth with a history of suicide attempts. Additionally, it was postulated that poor social functioning would mediate the relation between depression, anxiety symptoms, and a higher frequency of suicidal ideation among this population. A sample of youth (ages 10–17) with a history of suicide attempts was recruited for this study (N = 507) from three behavioral health clinics in Georgia. Data from this study consisted of questionnaires and clinician-based ratings collected on electronic medical records. Results supported the hypothesis that there is a positive correlation between poor social functioning, depressive, and anxiety symptoms. Furthermore, social functioning mediated the relation between these symptoms and a higher frequency of suicidal ideation. Given the findings of this study, it bears importance to explore how social functioning may impact the onset of suicidal ideation and behavior broadly in youth at risk for suicide. Perhaps designing interventions that improve social functioning among youth with symptoms and anxiety and depression will mitigate future suicide risk.
cosinoRmixedeffects: an R package for mixed-effects cosinor models.

Background Wearable devices enable monitoring and measurement of physiological parameters over a 24-h period, and some of which exhibit circadian rhythm characteristics. However, the currently available R package cosinor could only analyze daily cross-sectional data and compare the parameters between groups with two levels. To evaluate longitudinal changes in the circadian patterns, we need to extend the model to a mixed-effect model framework, allowing for random effects and interaction between COSINOR parameters and time-varying covariates. Results We developed the cosinoRmixedeffects R package for modelling longitudinal periodic data using mixed-effects cosinor models. The model allows for covariates and interactions with the non-linear parameters MESOR, amplitude, and acrophase. To facilitate ease of use, the package utilizes the syntax and functions of the widely used emmeans package to obtain estimated marginal means and contrasts. Estimation and hypothesis testing involving the non-linear circadian parameters are carried out using bootstrapping. We illustrate the package functionality by modelling daily measurements of heart rate variability (HRV) collected among health care workers over several months. Differences in circadian patterns of HRV between genders, BMI, and during infection with SARS-CoV2 are evaluated to illustrate how to perform hypothesis testing. Conclusion cosinoRmixedeffects package provides the model fitting, estimation and hypothesis testing for the mixed-effects COSINOR model, for the linear and non-linear circadian parameters MESOR, amplitude and acrophase. The model accommodates factors with any number of categories, as well as complex interactions with circadian parameters and categorical factors.
Neurite Loss Caused by Ganglioside Undersialylation

An emerging thought in sialobiology holds that lessened sialylation of gangliosides by whatever means leads in the growing neuron to a quick breakdown of neurital processes followed by neuronal loss of function. This chapter will take a brief look at findings stemming from work around that idea now in full swing in the author’s laboratory.
The Heterogeneous Bulk Synchronous Parallel Model

Trends in parallel computing indicate that heterogeneous parallel computing will be one of the most widespread platforms for computation-intensive applications. A heterogeneous computing environment offers considerably more computational power at a lower cost than a parallel computer. We propose the Heterogeneous Bulk Synchronous Parallel (HBSP) model, which is based on the BSP model of parallel computation, as a framework for developing applications for heterogeneous parallel environments. HBSP enhances the applicability of the BSP model by incorporating parameters that reflect the relative speeds of the heterogeneous computing components. Moreover, we demonstrate the utility of the model by developing parallel algorithms for heterogeneous systems.
Zusammenfassung und Diskussion der Ergebnisse

Das Schlusskapitel fasst die empirischen Ergebnisse zusammen und diskutiert ihre Implikationen fur kunftige Studien zum lokalen Demographischen Wandel.
Stressful Life Events and Depression Symptoms: The Effect of Childhood Emotional Abuse on Stress Reactivity

Objective Stressful life events are associated with an increase in depressive symptoms and the onset of major depression. Importantly, research has shown that the role of stress changes over the course of depression. The present study extends the current literature by examining the effects of early life stress on emotional reactivity to current stressors. Method In a multiwave study (N = 281, mean age = 18.76; 68% female), we investigated the proximal changes that occur in depressive symptoms when individuals are faced with life stress and whether a history of childhood emotional abuse moderates this relationship. Results Results support the stress sensitivity hypothesis for early emotional abuse history. Individuals with greater childhood emotional abuse severity experienced greater increases in depressive symptoms when confronted with current dependent stressors, controlling for childhood physical and sexual abuse. Conclusions This study highlights the importance of emotional abuse as an indicator for reactivity to stressful life events.
How the Republic of Korea's financial structure affects the volatility of four asset prices

The authors explore how Korea's financial structure affects the volatility of asset prices. Documented empirical evidence of the relationship between financial structure and financial crisis, sheds light on the relationship between asset price volatility - extreme variations in price - and financial structure. And the volatility of financial and non-financial asset prices provides an indirect link between an economy's financial structure and the likelihood of financial crisis. Using time-series data on a se of indicators measuring financial structure, the authors examine how Korea's financial structure affects the volatility of the real effective exchange rate, the money market rate, government bond yields, and stock prices. They find: 1) There is a stable long-term relationship between financial structure and volatility in the real effective exchange rate, the money market rate, stock prices, and the yield on government housing bonds. 2) Financial structure affects asset price variables asymmetrically. Some variables' volatility increases, and others' diminish, suggesting that monetary policies should target different asset markets to achieve different goals. If the goal of the monetary authority is to stabilize the money market rate, for example, intervening in the banking sector is more efficient than intervening in other financial sub-sectors. 3) The higher volatility of stock prices reflects the thin stock market in Korea. 4) The stability of the yield on government housing bonds reflects the Korean government's policy of stabilizing the nation's housing supply by isolating the housing market from the impact of Korea's financial structure. 5) Restrictions on foreigners' ownership of domestic stock in Korea during the period analyzed, and the fact that most capital flows through commercial banks, affect the exchange rate, which is determined (at least in the short run) by capital flows in the foreign exchange market.
Oxidative electropolymerization of pyrrole from neat monomer solution

Abstract Oxidative electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole at gold, indium doped tin oxide on glass, and stainless steel type 304 was accomplished from neat monomer solution containing only supporting electrolyte (0.05–0.3 M n-tetrabutyl ammonium perchlorate, n-tetrabutyl ammonium hexafluorophosphate, or n-tetrabutyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate) by multiple scan cyclic voltammetry. The results presented demonstrate that thick (>1–14 μm), stable, highly conductive (up to 0.6 S/cm) polypyrrole films can be readily prepared on a wide range of electrode substrates using this simple electrochemical method.
Photoactive yellow protein, bacteriophytochrome, and sensory rhodopsin in purple phototrophic bacteria.

The purple photosynthetic bacteria contain a large variety of sensory and regulatory proteins, and those responding to light are among the most interesting. These currently include bacteriophytochrome (Bph), sensory rhodopsin (SR), and photoactive yellow protein (PYP), which all appear to function as light sensors. We herein interpret new findings within the context of current knowledge. For greater detail, the reader is referred to comprehensive reviews on these topics. Of the three proteins, only PYP has been well-characterized in terms of structure and physical-chemical properties in the purple bacteria, although none have well-defined functions. New findings include a cluster of six genes in the Thermochromatium tepidum genome that encodes presumed sensory rhodopsin and phototaxis proteins. T. tepidum also has a gene for PYP fused to bacteriophytochrome and diguanylate cyclase domains. The genes for PYP and its biosynthetic enzymes are associated with those for gas vesicle formation in Rhodobacter species, suggesting that one function of PYP is to regulate cell buoyancy. The association of bacteriophytochrome genes with those for reaction centers and light-harvesting proteins in Rhodopseudomonas palustris suggests that the photosynthetic antenna as well as the reaction center are regulated by Bphs. Furthermore, Rc. centenum PPR is reversibly photobleached at 702 nm rather than red-shifted as in other phytochromes, suggesting that PPR senses the intensity of white light rather than light quality. PYP from Halorhodospira (aka Ectothiorhodospira) halophila is of special interest because it has become the structural prototype for the PAS domain, a motif that is found throughout the phylogenetic tree and which plays important roles in many signaling pathways. Thus, the structural and photochemical characterization of PYP, utilizing site-directed mutagenesis, provides insights into the mechanism of signal transduction.
Electrohydrocyclization of alkoxy tether substituted mixed enone/enoate and bisenone systems: retention versus elimination

The electrohydrocyclization of tethered enone/enoate or bisenone systems which contain an alkoxyl substituent in the tether was studied. Rather surprisingly, the cyclization of these compounds afforded very different products depending upon the alkoxy substituent. This behavior and its potential applications will be discussed.
Evolutionary theorizing in economics

Modern economic analysis, oriented toward understanding the workings of economies that make extensive use of markets, came into existence with three guiding questions, all central in Adam Smith’s (1776 [1937]) The Wealth of Nations. One question concerned order. Without any central authority guiding and commanding action, how is economic activity coordinated? The second question was the challenge of explaining the prevailing constellation of prices, inputs and outputs. What explains the price of labor and the rent of land? The third question addressed the processes of economic progress, or development. Smith and other early economists clearly were impressed by the inventiveness, the energy and the growing productivity generated by the evolving market economy. How to understand its dynamics? The first two questions have defined continuing central concerns of the discipline of economics since they first were posed over two centuries ago. When not posed in the context of an economy that is understood as in the process of developing, they seem to pull the focus of theorizing toward equilibrium conditions. The third question, concerned with the processes driving economic progress, pulls the theorizing toward an evolutionary orientation. The question of economic development has waxed and waned in centrality to the discipline, as has the importance of evolutionary theorizing. During the first several decades of the twentieth century, evolutionary thinking and language was widespread in economics. But as one contrasts the economic
Isolation and structure elucidation of plasmalopentaene-12, the biological precursor of fecapentaene-12

Abstract The biological precursor of the potent fecal mutagen fecapentaene-12 has been purified and its structure elucidated as the polyunsaturated plasmalogen 2 . The occurrence of 2 in germ-free animals indicates that it is a new mammalian product.
Pathologic changes in a rabbit model of Reye's syndrome.

Summary: Continuous infusion of the short-chain fatty acid sodium octanoate into rabbits produces pathologic changes after 4 h. Principal abnormalities include microvesicular fatty accumulation in liver, and to a lesser extent in kidney, heart, and lungs. Ultrastructural changes include swelling and pleiomorphism of mitochondria in liver, and less consistently swelling of astrocytic food processes in brain, suggesting early cerebral edema. These changes are similar to the pathologic abnormalities observed in patients with Reye's syndrome. Speculation: Infusion of the short-chain fatty acid anion, octanoate, into rabbits reproduces the major clinical, biochemical, and pathologic changes observed in Reye's syndrome, and thus serves as a suitable experimental model for the human disease.
Ciliary claws: their existence in various epithelial cysts of the central nervous system.

We describe claw-like projections and their issociated structures as encountered at the tips of cilia in a cerebellar epithelial cyst, an intraspinal bronchogenic cyst and two colloid cysts of the third ventricle. Ciliary claws appear either as a single structure or as a cluster of two to five projections measuring 22–28 nm in length and 8–10 nm in diameter, extending from the plasma membrane of the ciliary tip. The transmembranous fibrils of the ciliary claws are bound to a multilayered electron-dense disc which is attached by the distal ends of axonemal microtubules. These observations suggest that ciliary claws are common in several types of epithelial cysts of the central nervous system; the presence of these structures supports the premise that the corresponding epithelium is of endodermal origin.
Rotating stall in axial compressors

The phenomenon known as ‘rotating stall’ is described. Basically, it involves a nonuniform pattern of flow, steadily rotating relative to both the fixed and the rotating blades of axial-flow compressors. Attempts to analyze the phenomenon by means of small-perturbation theories are reviewed. It is shown that the work of several investigators can be included in a single formulation and that they differ only in the type of blade-characteristic relations assumed. The present author's analyses based on linearized ‘airfoil’ and ‘channel’ relations are presented in detail. The various theories coincide in the qualitative conclusion that self-induced rotating-stall patterns can occur in stalled, rigid blade rows. A comparison with available experimental results is inconclusive, so far as a choice between the several theories is concerned.
Inhibition of aldose reductase in human erythrocytes by vitamin C.

Abstract Ascorbic acid, or vitamin C, has been reported to lower erythrocyte sorbitol concentrations, and present studies were performed to determine the mechanism of this effect. Incubation of erythrocytes with increasing concentrations of glucose (5–40 mM) progressively increased erythrocyte sorbitol contents, reflecting increased flux through aldose reductase. At extracellular concentrations of 90 μM, both ascorbic acid and its oxidized form, dehydroascorbate, decreased intracellular sorbitol by 25 and 45%, respectively. This inhibition was not dependent on the extracellular glucose concentration, or on erythrocyte contents of free NADPH or GSH. To test for a direct effect of ascorbate on aldose reductase, erythrocyte hemolysates were prepared and supplemented with 100 μM NADPH. Hemolysates reduced glucose to sorbitol in a dose-dependent manner that was inhibited with a K i of 120 μM by the aldose reductase inhibitor tetramethylene glutaric acid. Above 100 μM, ascorbic acid also lowered hemolysate sorbitol generation by about 30%. Studies with ascorbic acid derivatives showed that the reducing capacity of ascorbic acid was not required for inhibition of sorbitol production from glucose in erythrocyte hemolysates. These results show that high, but physiologic, concentrations of ascorbic acid can directly inhibit erythrocyte aldose reductase, and provide a rationale for the use of oral vitamin C supplements in diabetes.