cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elevated BMI is associated with intra-articular comminution, prolonged operative time, and postoperative complications in distal radius fractures

Abstract Introduction Obesity continues to be a problem in the United States with greater than 35% of the adult population affected. Obesity influences fracture care as it affects impact forces, alters cellular pathways of healing, and is often associated with higher complication rates. Distal radius fractures are among the most common fracture patterns in the adult population. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of BMI on the degree of intra-articular fracture comminution, operative time, and return to the OR in obese patients who underwent operation for distal radius fractures. Methods A retrospective analysis of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Improvement Program's (ACS-NSQIP) database was performed and logistic regressions were used to assess the relationship between BMI and open treatment of distal radius fractures. Three separate CPT codes were used to distinguish between extra-articular fractures, intra-articular split fracture, and intra-articular fracture with comminution. Percutaneous or closed treatment of distal radius fractures were excluded. Results A total of 11,228 patients (mean age 65.1 years) with open reduction and internal fixation of distal radius fractures were identified. For every increase in BMI point, there was an increased risk of intra-articular split fracture by 1.7% (OR 1.017, 95% CI 1.010–1.023, p Discussion This nationally representative, population-based study demonstrates that elevated BMI is associated with increased risk for intra-articular involvement and higher risk for post-operative complications. Our results can be useful to patients and orthopedic surgeons as prognostic information for counseling patients on expectations following open reduction and surgical fixation of distal radius fractures. Level of evidence Case-control study. Level III
Mixed-lens family visits: an examination of sharing power between school and home

The purpose of this study was to understand what teachers and families learn from participating in strength-based family visits. This study occurred in a home visit project with one White teacher a...
To Venture or Not to Venture? Gender Stereotyping and Women’s Entrepreneurial Aspirations

The objective of the present paper is to explore the relationship between perceived gender stereotyping and women’s entrepreneurial aspirations. Two studies were conducted. Study 1 was based on a sample of 64 U.S. undergraduate students and focused on the direct and indirect roles of perceived gender stereotyping on entrepreneurial aspirations. Study 2 was based on a sample of 100 mostly working U.S. graduate students and focused on venture preferences and their moderators. Findings establish that experiencing gender stereotypes is not only negatively associated with women’s entrepreneurial aspirations, but also interferes with the positive influence of self-efficacy and prior entrepreneurial exposure on women’s entrepreneurial aspirations. Results also show that perceived gender stereotyping affects the type of ventures women prefer to start, compelling women away from more agentic type growth-oriented ventures and toward more communal type ventures. The effects of moderators were explored showing that the presence of men as role models and in the workplace are both associated with lower likelihood that the potential woman entrepreneur will pursue growth ventures. Overall, the research supports the notion that stereotype threat constitutes a useful lens to view women’s participation in entrepreneurship.
Towards hyper-resolution land-surface modeling of surface and root zone soil moisture

Abstract The goal of this work is to estimate surface and root zone soil moisture at resolutions that are useful for decision making and water resources management. A 500-m atmospheric forcing dataset is developed from the 12.5-km NLDAS-2 (North America Land Data Assimilation System) products across Oklahoma, where high-quality observations are available for validation purposes. A land surface model is then forced with three combinations of input variables to simulate surface and root zone soil moisture: 1) NLDAS-2 atmospheric forcings at their original resolution; 2) downscaled NLDAS-2 atmospheric variables (i.e., near-surface air temperature and humidity, wind speed and direction, incident longwave and shortwave radiation, pressure) and original resolution NLDAS-2 precipitation; and 3) downscaled NLDAS-2 atmospheric variables and precipitation. Results show that the third simulation is able to bring modeled standard-normal deviates of both surface and root zone soil moisture closer to in-situ observations, whereas the second simulation only shows slight improvements with respect to one forced with original resolution NLDAS-2 data. This is particularly evident for negative values of standard-normal deviates, which correspond to drier than usual cases, due to the improved ability of the downscaled precipitation to detect missed events and no-rain cases. In summary, finer resolution forcings have the potential to improve simulations of soil moisture and the resolution of precipitation plays a critical role in improving time series of soil moisture standard-normal deviates.
An Archive of the Self: Or, What I Learned from Re-Reading Chats from the Field

This article considers how forms of technology and electronic communication—particularly email and online chats—both reflect and shape the selves of the field in relationship to the selves of home. It argues for recognizing and consciously cultivating the use of email and chat as a kind of “archive of the self” to draw on in the writing process in addition to, or sometimes in lieu of, fieldnotes. Attending to this archive helps to reflect more deeply on the complex selves that we inhabit during fieldwork and that we present in our academic work. The article concludes with reflections on how technologies, particularly WhatsApp, also bring the selves of the field into our lives “back home” and how the continued demand for presence in absence can be both uncomfortable and promising for continuing to compile the “archive of the self”.
Poincaré beams for optical communications

Abstract There is much interest in using complex-light modes for increasing the bandwidth of communications. Scalar modes have received much attention, but polarization modes may be more robust and effective. Superpositions of polarization and spatial modes of light create polarization patterns with topological disclination features. These patterns of polarization can be used in various ways to convey non-binary information. In this chapter we investigate the ways in which Poincare modes, a type of spatially-variable polarization modes, can be used in communications.
Influence of Betrayal Trauma on Psychopathy.

Psychopathy is a virulent form of personality pathology that exerts a costly burden on society. Although there is a strong hereditary component to psychopathy, the environment also has an impact. One of the most salient environmental influences is trauma, although not all forms of trauma may be equally predictive of psychopathy. Many studies suggest that trauma perpetrated by someone whom the victim trusts and relies upon (i.e., betrayal trauma) has an especially robust influence on personality pathology. However, there has not yet been research examining this with respect to psychopathy specifically. In this study we examined the influence of traumas with varying degrees of betrayal on psychopathy in a sample of men and women working for Amazon's Mechanical Turk (N = 444) using partial least square structural equation modeling. Results suggest that interpersonal trauma in general was associated with psychopathy for both men and women, and that trauma high in betrayal was uniquely associated with psychopathy among men. These results clarify previous research on the association between betrayal trauma and personality pathology and on the traumatic antecedents of psychopathy in particular.
THE DAMAGED INTESTINAL MUCOSA: STRATEGIES FOR SELECTING ORAL HYDRATION SOLUTIONS (OHS)

Optimal concentrations of glucose (Glc) and Na have previously been determined in OHS using an in vivo perfusion model (Pediatr. Res. 17:194A, 1983). A similar approach was used to investigate the effect of varying [Na] and [Glc] in W.H.O.-type OHS on the absorption of H2O and Na by a damaged mucosa. Mucosal injury, as evidenced by large numbers of damaged cells, was produced by a 1 hr perfusion of rat jejunal segments with 5 mM deoxycholate (DCh) added in one of the OHS. Controls (C) were perfused with DCh-free OHS. The segments were then equilibrated for 1 hr and sampled for 2 hr. Results (in ul or uEq/min. cm): Our data indicate that in the DCh-damaged mucosa, H2O absorption is better maintained with a hypotonic, low-Glc, low-Na OHS at an approximate 2:1 [Glc] : [Na] ratio. Isotonic, high Na OHS (90 mEq/1 is especially inappropriate for H2O uptake by the damaged mucosa. These results may be relevant Tor the design of OHS therapeutic approaches in patients with compromised mucosal integrity.
Polling The Health Care Cases

Historically, our understanding of how the public perceives the Supreme Court and its decisions has been somewhat generalized. Polling firms conduct surveys on a semi-regular basis about a few common questions: do people view the Supreme Court favorably, do they think the Court is too conservative or too liberal, what do they think about certain hot-button issues like abortion or affirmative action, and do they support or oppose a recent controversial decision (such as Bush v. Gore or Citizens United v. FEC). While these surveys allow researchers to discern broad trends in how the Supreme Court is perceived, the data are somewhat unhelpful to break down public perception of a particular case with specificity.However, the attention surrounding NFIB v. Sebelius, commonly known as The Health Care Cases, is quite unprecedented in this regard. The data analyzing popular opinion about this case is voluminous, and presents a treasure trove for a quantitative analysis. Our article aggregates all of the polls, surveys, and prediction market data about the case to compile a detailed empirical analysis of how key demographics of the American populace viewed the challenge to Affordable Care Act from early 2010, when the challenges began until June 2012, when the case was decided, and beyond.
Antecedents and Consequences of Cronyism in Organizations

In this paper we discuss cronyism that exists between superiors and subordinates. Cronyism is defined as favoritism shown by the superior to his or her subordinate based on their relationship, rather than the latter's capability or qualification, in exchange for the latter's personal loyalty. We argue that two cultural antecedents, namely particularism and paternalism, give rise to strong ingroup bias and unreserved personal loyalty, which in turn lead to cronyism. We examine the consequences of cronyism at the individual level with respect to job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and ingratiation. We also discuss how cronyism affects performance, morale, and inertia at the organizational level. Cronyism can be observed in all cultures; however, its manifestation is likely to vary from one culture to another.
Global observations of L band scintillation at solar minimum made by COSMIC

[1] We report observations of the L band scintillation climatology made during the minimum of solar cycle 23/24 using the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC, also known as FORMOSAT-3). The measurements of the S4 scintillation index were made using the GPS Occultation Experiment instrument, which is a dual-frequency GPS receiver used for routine ionospheric measurements via occultation of satellites in the GPS constellation. A method for geolocating the S4 measurements is presented and discussed. The geolocated COSMIC measurements are used to construct monthly climatologies of the S4 scintillation index, which are in good agreement with previous climatologies based on ground-based measurements. COSMIC measurements of the electron density and S4 index permit an assessment of the correlation of the S4 index with the electron density. The scintillation climatology for March and April 2007 is compared to the coincident monthly climatology of the electron density, and a correlation is observed, but this correlation does not appear to hold globally. The COSMIC measurements are shown to be a powerful data set for studying L band scintillation and its correlation with the underlying ionospheric morphology.
On the Metaphysical Distinction Between Processes and Events

In the Metaphysics, Aristotle pointed out that some activities are engaged in for their own sake, while others are directed at some end. The test for distinguishing between them is to ask “At any time during a period in which someone is Xing, is it also true that they have Xed?”. If both are true, the activity is being done for its own sake. If not, it is being done for the sake of some end other than itself. For example, if I am thinking, it is true that I have thought. But if I’m making a blouse, it is not true that I have made a blouse, at least not this particular blouse. That’s not true until I have completed the project.1
Regeneration of tetrahydrohomofolate in cells. Possible basis for antitumor activity of homofolates.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine if reduction of homofolates to tetrahydrohomofolate in mice and rat tumors in vivo could form the basis for the antitumor activity of reduced homofolates. A single dose (400 mg/kg) of dihydrohomofolate from the optimal therapeutic range was given to animals bearing advanced tumors, and their spleen or tumor tissues were analyzed for dihydro- and tetrahydrohomofolate content by DEAE cellulose column chromatography. Mice bearing leukemia L1210/FR-8, which is responsive to reduced homofolates, showed a measurable reduction of dihydrohomofolate in their spleen, whereas the mice bearing a less responsive tumor (L 1210) or no tumor showed extensive metabolism and no detectable amount of dihydro- or tetrahydrohomofolate in their spleens. The drug was also extensively metabolized in rats bearing Walker carcinosarcoma 256 tumor, which might also explain the minimal response of the tumor to reduced homofolates. The reduction of the parent compound, homofolate, which is a minimally effective antitumor agent, was not detectable in mouse liver. These studies suggested an apparent correlation between the ability of the tumors to reduce homofolates to the tetrahydro level and their response to treatment with these drugs. Since the tetrahydro form of homofolate appears to be the active moiety, the levels of dihydrofolate reductase and catabolizing enzymes, and determinants of the sustained levels of the tetrahydro derivative in tumors might be the important factors in determining the responsiveness of tumors to homofolates.
Research on international student flows from a macro perspective: A network analysis of 1985, 1989 and 1995

By analyzing the 64 countries that represent the largest number ofinternational student exchanges, this article describes internationalstudent flows from a macro perspective. The findings indicate that theinternational student exchange network remained relatively stable. TheUnited States and most Western industrialized countries maintained theirposition at the center of the network, while East European and Asiancountries have become more central and the African and Middle Eastcountries have stayed peripheral. The results suggest an academichegemony consistent with world economic and political performance. Alliedwith World System Theory, the higher a country's position in the worldsystem, the more central it is in the international student exchangenetwork.
Hybrid and conventional hydrogen engine vehicles that meet EZEV emissions

In this paper, a time-dependent engine model is used for predicting hydrogen engine efficiency and emissions. The model uses basic thermodynamic equations for the compression and expansion processes, along with an empirical correlation for heat transfer, to predict engine indicated efficiency. A friction correlation and a supercharger/turbocharger model are then used to calculate brake thermal efficiency. The model is validated with many experimental points obtained in a recent evaluation of a hydrogen research engine. A The validated engine model is then used to calculate fuel economy and emissions for three hydrogen-fueled vehicles: a conventional, a parallel hybrid, and a series hybrid. All vehicles use liquid hydrogen as a fuel. The hybrid vehicles use a flywheel for energy storage. Comparable ultra capacitor or battery energy storage performance would give similar results. This paper analyzes the engine and flywheel sizing requirements for obtaining a desired level of performance. The results indicate that hydrogen lean-burn spark-ignited engines can provide a high fuel economy and Equivalent Zero Emission Vehicle (EZEV) levels in the three vehicle configurations being analyzed.
Robust optical flow estimation using invariant feature

Traditional methods for computing optical flow are mainly based on image brightness constancy. In the real world the brightness constancy usually does not hold. Here we present the idea of using invariant feature based on the brightness change model to estimate the optical flow. Both the mathematical derivation and the experiments show that the new model is better than brightness based optical flow constraint.
Energy and structural properties of N -boson clusters attached to three-body Efimov states: Two-body zero-range interactions and the role of the three-body regulator

The low-energy spectrum of $N$-boson clusters with pairwise zero-range interactions is believed to be governed by a three-body parameter. We study the ground state of $N$-boson clusters with infinite two-body $s$-wave scattering length by performing ab initio Monte Carlo simulations. To prevent Thomas collapse, different finite-range three-body regulators are used. The energy and structural properties for the three-body Hamiltonian with two-body zero-range interactions and three-body regulator are in much better agreement with the ``ideal zero-range Efimov theory'' results than those for Hamiltonian with two-body finite-range interactions. For larger clusters we find that the ground-state energy and structural properties of the Hamiltonian with two-body zero-range interactions and finite-range three-body regulators are not universally determined by the three-body parameter, i.e., dependencies on the specific form of the three-body regulator are observed. For comparison, we consider Hamiltonian with two-body van der Waals interactions and no three-body regulator. For the interactions considered, the ground-state energy of the $N$-body clusters is---if scaled by the three-body ground-state energy---fairly universal, i.e., the dependence on the short-range details of the two-body van der Waals potentials is small. Our results are compared with those in the literature.
Global issues in digital libraries

Global access to information over the World-Wide-Web raises a number of issues that should be dealt with in a thoughtful manner so that participants, in particular the providers of information, will not feel overwhelmed or disenfranchised. These issues include language issues, copyright, and authenticity.
Heterologous Expression and Functional Analysis of Higher Plant Transport Proteins in Xenopus Oocytes

Abstract Many of the structural and biophysical mechanisms of transport and membrane signal transduction in higher plant cells have remained largely unknown until recently. Current research has led to the cloning of several cDNAs encoding plasma membrane transport proteins from higher plants, including ion pumps, proton-coupled carriers, and ion channels. Further studies have shown that several types of these plant membrane transporters can be functionally expressed in Xenopus oocytes. These studies allow structure-function studies of the gene products and in some cases have for the first time enabled voltage-clamp studies revealing the biophysical mechanism of transport of these various membrane proteins. This article focuses on methods for the use of Xenopus oocytes as a heterologous expression system for plant transporters. As other publications have described the use of Xenopus oocytes for heterologous expression of mammalian ion channels and receptors, the present article will concentrate mainly on special considerations applicable to the study of plant ion transporters.
On the Mechanism of Gel Chromatography of Inorganic Salts

Abstract Sorption isotherms, spectroscopic studies, and chromatographic retention data were used to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the separation of strong electrolytes on polyacrylamide gels. For the most part Bio-Gel P-2 was investigated but some results on the dextran gel Sephadex G-10 are also discussed. On P-2 the primary mechanism is not sieving or exclusion on the basis of size but rather a weak physical sorption of the cations to the gel and probably a hydrogen-bond interaction between the anions and the amide hydrogens. Molecules and ions which are not sorbed on the gel are partly excluded from a fraction of the internal solvent volume which is involved in hydration of the gel matrix and is firmly bound to it. When chromatographing solutions at low sample concentrations on some polyacrylamide gels, Kn falls off drastically. This effect is more pronounced in Sephadex than in Bio-Gel and it has been interpreted as resulting from a Donnan exclusion of anions which arises from a small number of...
γ-ray spectrum of Sb131

Abstract The γ-spectrum of 25·5 ± 2 min Sb 131 was investigated with a scintillation spectrometer. γ-rays with energies of 0·645 and 0·950 MeV were observed, and their absolute abundances determined.
Evaluation of the New Sensorless Approach in Energy Storage Charge Balancing

High-voltage energy storage systems, which employ large series strings of battery cells or ultracapacitors, can be found in many applications including the utility industry, power backup, and electric and hybrid vehicles. As the energy bank is charged and discharged as a single unit, differences in cell capacities, individual temperature, and resistances can cause capacity imbalances in the form of voltage variations. Imbalanced voltages can cause overcharging or over-discharging damage, decreasing the total storage capacity and lifetime of the energy storage devices. While balancing the voltages of the batteries will prevent any problems stemming from capacity mismatch, there are many ways to instantiate the solution. Most of the existing charge balancing techniques need the use of a voltage sensing system to determine which units are nearing the outer limits of their operating range. This paper introduces a new flyback-based converter to transfer energy between storage units. By placing a diode in series with the input of the converter, the need for a voltage sensing network is removed at the expense of a negligible drop in efficiency and a change in the operating characteristics near the equalized voltage state. Comprehensive analytical study is presented. Simulation results are used to verify expected operational characteristics.
Schedule-induced polydipsia in aged rats

Abstract The acquisition of schedule-induced polydipsia was examined in a group of 24-month old male rats. Five of the six rats did not develop polydipsia under a standard 80% body weight deprivation condition when tested on a fixed-time 1-min schedule of pellet delivery. As body weight was reduced from 80% to 70%, free-feeding weight, the remaining rats became polydipsic. These findings extend the generality of schedule-induced polydipsia to a population of aged rats, and also indicate that the motivational set point for generating adjunctive drinking changes as domestic rats age.
Dynamic shim updating: A new approach towards optimized whole brain shimming

The static magnetic field within two widely spaced axial slices of the human brain was mapped in five subjects following global shimming. This revealed a first order field shift in the anterior-posterior direction between the cerebellum and cerebrum, which has implications for functional and spectroscopic magnetic resonance imaging. A new method is described called dynamic shim updating (DSU) to compensate for these field differences whereby the shim correction fields are updated in real time during multislice data acquisition to match the current imaging or spectroscopy slice. A hardware unit is presented to demonstrate the method using the first order shim corrections, which can be updated virtually instantaneously between slice acquisitions to give optimal shimming of each slice. The efficiency of the approach is demonstrated using field mapping and high speed MR imaging (echo-planar imaging), which are sensitive to field inhomogeneity.
A 25-GHz emitter degenerated LC VCO

A 25-GHz emitter degenerated bipolar LC voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) designed in IBM's SiGe 6 HP BiCMOS process (f/sub T//spl sim/47 GHz) is presented. Including output buffers, the VCO occupies an area of 435 /spl mu/m/spl times/225 /spl mu/m and consumes 22 mW at a 1.9-V power supply. The phase noise at 1 MHz offset is -93 dBc/Hz and it achieves a high f/sub OSC//f/sub T/ ratio with a figure of merit of 174 dB.
Cocaine enhances memory storage in mice.

Mice were trained on a one-trial inhibitory avoidance task and given immediate post-training intraperitoneal injections of cocaine (0.03–1.00 mg/kg). On a retention test 24 h later, the retention latencies of mice given the 0.10 mg/kg dose were significantly higher than those of the controls. The effect of cocaine on retention was time-dependent: retention latencies were not altered in animals given cocaine 60 min after training. Administration of cocaine (0.1 mg/kg) prior to the retention test did not modify the retention performance of mice that received either saline or cocaine (0.1 mg/kg) immediately post-training. The findings suggest that cocaine affects retention by influencing post-training processes involved in memory storage.
Buckling in nanomechanical films

Wrinkling is a common everyday occurrence. Over the last decade wrinkling in thin films has become an interesting topic. Nearly all studies to date have focused on the underlying physics or how the wrinkles can be used for a specific application. With more and more devices being created from stacked materials, a need for ways to prevent buckling has arisen. In this article we highlight the prevention of wrinkling in nanoscale thin films.
1-Deamino-8 D-arginine vasopressin decreases the production of 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid by endothelial cells

Abstract 1-Deamino-8 D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) has been used effectively to normalize the bleeding time in various hemostatic disorders. In von Willebrand disease the reduction in bleeding time is due to the preferential release of large multimers of von Willebrand factor from endothelial cells. However, since the bleeding time correction in patients with uremia and liver disease is independent of the release of von Willebrand antigen and activity, other mechanisms of action of DDAVP need to be considered. Endothelial cells generate several thromborepellant factors including 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE), an inhibitor of platelet adhesion to subendothelium. Using cultured fetal bovine aortic endothelial cells (FBAECs), we have investigated whether DDAVP modulates the production of 13-HODE. We have demonstrated that 14 C-linoleic acid labeled FBAECs release several oxygenated derivatives of linoleic acid following a 120 min incubation in the presence of serum. One of these products was identified by chromatographic procedures as 13-HODE. The production of 13-HODE was decreased significantly by DDAVP (1–100 ng/ml) with maximal reduction (approx. 25%) seen at 1 ng/ml of DDAVP. While vehicle treated control FBAECs generated 6780 ± 690 cpm of 13-HODE per 10 6 cells (mean ± SE, n=8), DDAVP treated FBAECs produced 4950 ± 310 (P
Causes and Consequences of Ladybug Washups in the Finger Lakes Region of New York State (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

We searched for and collected data on a phenomenon known as ladybug washups, in which large numbers of coccinellids aggregate on the shores of major bodies of water. Our field season lasted from 5/23/2008 until 8/12/2008 in the Finger Lakes Region of New York, United States. Ladybug diversity and survival at washups, as well as washup size and frequency were studied to help understand why these events occur. Lab tests were conducted to determine how long ladybugs can survive afloat. This information was used to estimate the duration of floating in the washups we observed. The frequency, composition, and duration of washups in the Finger Lakes support the hypothesis that a weather condition known as a lake breeze forces coccinellids to fall into the water. These animals subsequently arrive on shore in large numbers. This study adds three new species to the growing list of coccinellids affected by this phenomenon.
Specificity and mechanism of fatty acid inhibition of aldosterone secretion

We have shown that unesterified, unsaturated long-chain fatty acids inhibit angiotensin II (AII) binding to receptors in adrenal glomerulosa cells. In this report, we show that oleic and arachidonic acids are specific inhibitors of the AT1 subtype of angiotensin receptor, and exert no effect on receptors of the AT2 subtype. By contrast, decanoic acid is a weak inhibitor of the AT2 subtype only. Our previous work on a post-receptor locus of inhibition by fatty acids of aldosterone biosynthesis showed that the 18-oxidase step is uniquely sensitive. In brief, the first and last steps involved in angiotensin-stimulated aldosterone secretion are particularly sensitive to inhibition by fatty acids. These results suggest a specific role for unesterified fatty acids in regulation of salt and water metabolism.
Solid state phase equilibria in the PtGaAs system

Abstract The PtGaAs solid state equilibrium phase diagram was determined at 600 °C with the use of X-ray powder diffraction, electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). No ternary PtGaAs phases were found and limited solid solubility was measured in the constituent binary PtGa and PtAs compounds. GaAs, PtGa and PtAs2 form a region of three-phase equilibrium which dominates the GaAs side of the phase diagram. The phase diagram is in agreement with previous observations that PtGa and PtAs2 are the stable phases when platinum thin films are reacted to completion on GaAs.
Development of instructional software for the calculation of form stress concentration factors

Mechanical engineering curricula include a number of required courses in solid mechanics and machine design that involve the determination of stresses in components with geometric irregularities. This article documents the development of a Windows-based computer program, ME-StressCon, that allows rapid calculation of form stress concentration factors and nominal stresses for a wide variety of geometry and load cases. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 10: 1–10, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com.); DOI 10.1002/cae.10009
Evaluation Of Serum Phosphorus Levels And Obesity

Higher dairy intake overall has been associated with lower risk for the metabolic syndrome while higher phosphorus (phos) intake has conversely shown greater risk for obesity and the metabolic syndrome. The higher phos content in food preservatives and food flavorings and the greater phos absorption from consumption of animal products overall contribute to the poor dietary habits linked with the rising rate of obesity in the USA. We sought to determine whether higher levels of serum phos are associated with obesity within a large ethnically diverse population of patients who are free of kidney disease. In the period 1/1/2007-12/31/2011, all subjects age>17yrs with measured serum phos, documented eGFR > 60ml/min, and documented body mass index (BMI) were identified from the Kaiser Permanente So Cal healthplan. Subjects were categorized into population based quartiles from phos values. Obesity was defined as BMI>25. Race/ethnicity, HTN, and DM were extracted from electronic medical records and the use of ICD codes. A total of 88,094 subjects were analyzed. In the univariate regressions, higher phos quartiles compared to the lowest quartile, had OR (95% CI) for obesity of 1.09(1.06-1.12), 1.06(1.03-1.08), and 1.05(1.02-1.07) respectively for phos quartiles 3.1-3.4(mg/dl), 3.5-3.9, 4.0-5.7 vs 1.9-3.0. Linear regressions showed every 0.5mg/dl phos increase demonstrated OR of 1.02 (1.01-1.02) for obesity. These differences were not sustained in the multivariable analyses. However, Blacks (1.29) and Hispanics (1.48) had higher risk for obesity while risk for Asians (0.38) were lower compared to whites (p
Adjuvant Radiation of Bilateral Postauricular Keloids: An Illustration of Technique

Treatment of keloids can be diverse and, frequently, in cases of recurrence, patients are referred for postoperative radiation therapy. Some sites known for keloid formation, such as the postauricular surface, can create a technical challenge. Because of the need for treatment so soon after surgery, physical manipulation of the freshly operated area to accommodate exposure for electron (or other) therapy is difficult. We were recently asked to evaluate a patient requiring treatment of both postauricular spaces. Literature describing techniques for such a case is scant, and we felt it would be helpful to describe and depict our setup and treatment course.
Ferroelectric-monolayer reconstruction of the SrTiO3 (100) surface.

Computer simulations of the two (100) surfaces of cubic SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ show that the top layer of the SrO-terminated surface reconstructs to a ferroelectric-monolayer phase while the Ti${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$-terminated surface remains bulklike. This behavior is shown to arise from a delicate crystal-environment sensitive competition between the long-range Coulomb and the short-range repulsive interactions.
Imaging patterns of hepatic steatosis on multidetector CT: Pearls and pitfalls

Fatty liver disease is an important cause of chronic liver disease in Western countries. The purpose of this article is to describe and illustrate the diagnostic criteria and various morphological patterns of fatty liver disease on multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) with an emphasis on potential limitations and diagnostic pitfalls.
CHOICE REACTION TIME AS A FUNCTION OF ANGULAR STIMULUS-RESPONSE CORRESPONDENCE AND AGE

This study was concerned with the effect of varying the angular orientation of a display on the choice reaction times of two age groups ; a younger group ranging in age from 20 to 30 and an older group aged from 65 to 86. Two stimulus lights mounted on a vertical circular panel were rotated counterclockwise so that the lights formed angles of 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 180° with the horizontal. Changing the spatial relationship of the stimulus lights relative to the fixed position of two response keys increased the complexity of the task and provided a means for testing the hypothesis that age differences in reaction time increase with increasing task difficulty. Results indicated significant differences in reaction time as a function of both display angle and age. With the least compatible display (180°), reaction time was slowed 30%. The role of spatial cues in the process of translating display information into control action was discussed. The predicted interaction of task difficulty and age was not sign...
Subcellular spatial regulation of canonical Wnt signalling at the primary cilium.

Through the action of intraflagella transport, primary cilia are found to sequester Jouberin, a positive regulator of Wnt signalling, to limit β-catenin nuclear entry and to modulate Wnt responsiveness. Consequently, Wnt is exacerbated in cells without cilia but inhibited in cells with more than one cilium.
Tuberculosis in long-term care facilities.

Persons age 65 and over constitute the largest reservoir of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the United States today. During 1987, 6,150 tuberculosis cases were reported among this high-risk group. These cases represent 27% of the total US tuberculosis morbidity, although this age group constitutes only 12% of the US population. Tuberculosis case rates in the United States are higher among the elderly (20.6 per 100,000) than among all other age groups (average 9.3 per 100,000).1 More Americans live in nursing homes than in any other type of residential institution; on any given day approximately 5% of all elderly persons are living in a nursing home.2 Elderly nursing home residents are at greater risk for tuberculosis than elderly persons living in the community. In a Centers for Disease Control (CDC)-sponsored survey of 15,379 routinely-reported tuberculosis cases from 29 states, 8% of the 4,919 cases that occurred among elderly persons occurred among residents of nursing homes. The incidence of tuberculosis among nursing home residents was 39.2 per 100,000 person years, whereas the incidence of tuberculosis among elderly persons living in the community was 21.5 per 100,000. The observed rate of tuberculosis among nursing home employees was three times the rate expected in employed adults of similar age, race and sex (CDC, unpublished data). In Arkansas, a state with one of the largest proportions of older persons, 50% of all cases of tuberculosis reported from 1981 to 1983 were over 65
Carbon nanotube modified air-cathodes for electricity production in microbial fuel cells

a b s t r a c t The use of air-cathodes in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) has been considered sustainable for large scale applications, but the performance of most current designs is limited by the low efficiency of the three- phase oxygen reduction on the cathode surface. In this study we developed carbon nanotube (CNT) modified air-cathodes to create a 3-D electrode network for increasing surface area, supporting more efficient catalytic reaction, and reducing the kinetic resistance. Compared with traditional carbon cloth cathodes, all nanotube modified cathodes showed higher performance in electrochemical response and power generation in MFCs. Reactors using carbon nanotube mat cathodes showed the maximum power density of 329 mW m −2 ; more than twice that of the peak power obtained with carbon cloth
Discerning the Causal Relationships Between Great Powers' Membership in Intergovernmental Organizations and Their Initiation of Militarized Disputes

Recent research suggests that intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) contribute to peace. The relevant evidence is based on shared IGO memberships by two states which manage to stay in peace. This article seeks to determine whether, in and of itself, the number of IGOs to which a state belongs is a predictor of its propensity to initiate militarized disputes (that is, whether the causal inference based on dyadic data is sustained when one turns to monadic evidence). Moreover, it seeks to discern any selection bias to the extent that peaceful states may be predisposed to join IGOs, so that both their membership in IGOs and their peaceful foreign relations are due to this same predisposition (implying that participation in IGOs does not make an independent and separate contribution to this state's peacefulness). This article also takes up the endogeneity question, which asks whether membership in IGOs may itself be encouraged by a prior history of peaceful relations. A number of hypotheses regarding the rel...
On the design of monitors with priority conditions

Hoare[1] introduced the monitor as a tool for structuring the design of concurrent systems such as operating systems. He roposed the use of "priority conditions" to facillitate certain types of scheduling. However in his proposal there are no provisions for allowing a "customer" of the monitor to inquire as to the status of a condition. Such inquiries as "What is the highest priority process waiting on condition X?" or "How many processes are waiting on condition X with highest priority?" are not supported in Hoare's design. This paper investigates the implementation of priority conditions for monitors under UCSD Pascal and proposes two such status queries which are both useful and efficient. It is shown that the implementation of Hoare's "alarmclock" monitor is made simpler and more efficient through the use of these queries.
Group IV nanomembranes and nanoepitaxy: new properties via local and global strain engineering

Semiconductor nanomembranes, single-crystal sheets as thin as ten nanometers, offer many opportunities for novel devices and new science. The most interesting involve epitaxy to introduce strain at both local and global levels. Coming into play are membrane thinness, access to both sides of a sheet, transferability, and enhanced compliancy. Advances in Group IV optoelectronics, thermoelectrics, and photonics may be achievable by combining epitaxy with Si and Ge nanomembranes. Nanoepitaxy allows formation of new strained materials, periodic strain lattices, and mix and match membranes with hybrid orientations or compositions.
Factors influencing the space-time lags of regional economic adjustment

Studies of the relationship between national and regional fluctuations have often found evidence of consistent space-time lags in regional economic adjustment. Some researchers have argued that depressed and peripheral regions take longer to adjust to national fluctuations than more central and prosperous regions. In this paper, a series of hypotheses are suggested to account for variations in space-time economic adjustments at the local level. The spatial and temporal transmission of market outcomes, uncertainty and the role of money are shown to be particularly important determinants of adjustment regardless of industrial location patterns. Emphasis is placed on inventory adjustments and unanticipated changes in sales by firms operating under conditions of imperfect competition. Following Hicks, the model is dependent upon fix-price quantity adjustment assumptions and is primarily short-run oriented.
Effects of Somatotropin on Milk Yield and Physiological Responses During Summer Farm and Hot Laboratory Conditions

Abstract The effects of bST on performance and physiological responses of lactating cows was studied under farm summer and laboratory heat conditions. Twelve cows, 90 to 50 d postpartum, were injected with either bST or vehicle solution for 30 d under farm summer and 10 d under either laboratory thermoneutral or heat conditions. Somatotropin increased milk yield by 6.1 (21%), 8.1 (32%), and 7.3 kg (35%) under the farm summer, laboratory thermoneutral, and heat conditions, respectively. Somatotropin also increased milk fat by 15 and 19% and dry matter intake by 16 and 18% under laboratory thermoneutral and heat conditions, respectively. Somatotropin increased the efficiency of feed conversion into milk without any significant changes in body weight and temperatures. Somatotropin reduced plasma concentrations of triiodothyronine and cortisol and had no effect on plasma prolactin and insulin concentrations. Somatotropin did not increase water intake; however, hematocrit was decreased. The results suggest that stimulatory effects of bST on milk production are still observed on heatstressed cows without any significant indications of additional heat stress.
Effects of increased elevation and macro- and micronutrient additions on Spartina alterniflora transplant success in salt-marsh dieback areas in Louisiana

Spartina alterniflora was transplanted into dieback areas of a salt marsh in southeast Louisiana at two elevations (ambient and +30 cm) with and without macro- (N, P, and K) and micronutrient (Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn) additions to determine if transplant success is dependent on increasing elevation or nutrients.Spartina alterniflora transplanted into elevated plots had more than twice the above- and belowground biomass as compared to nonelevated plots after three months of growth. Additionally, there was significantly more vegetative reproduction (greater culm density and number of newly produced culms) in elevated plots as compared to plots at ambient elevation. Macronutrient additions increased culm densities only in elevated plots.Spartina alterniflora transplanted into nonelevated plots had lower survival rates even when transplants received nutrient additions. These results suggest thatS. alterniflora may be transplanted successfully into degraded salt-marsh areas if elevation is increased. The addition of nutrients without a concomitant increase in elevation is not sufficient for transplant success.
A FAMILY SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF DSM‐111‐R

It is proposed that one reason family therapist do not find DSM-III-R more useful is that the implicit scientific paradigms of DSM-III-R and family therapy are incompatible. Family therapy is identified with the assumptions of general systems theory, while DSM-III-R is identified with the assumptions of the medical or objective/descriptive model. An essential difference between DSM-III-R and family therapy is that DSM-III-R views symptoms as arising from processes occurring within individuals, while family therapy views symptoms as arising from processes occurring within gamily systems. Alternative approaches to classification are suggested which would be more compatible with the approach of family therapy.
Phase inversion during compounding with a low melting major component: Polycaprolactone/polyethylene blends

Most of the morphology development in compounding of immiscible blends is known to occur at short mixing times. In this investigation, the effect of rheology of the minor component on its tendency to form a continuous phase at short mixing times is studied. it was shown that phase inversion during compounding can occur even with a low-melting major component. Four different blends with polyethylene as the high-melting-point minor component and polycaprolactone as the low-melting-point major component were chosen. Rheological measurements on the individual components were made both in the solid and melt states. Softening temperatures from these measurements were more representative of the observed processing behavior than the peak values as calculated from differential scanning calorimetry data. Compounding runs in a batch intensive mixer indicated that the minor component formed the continuous phase at short mixing times, in the blends with the low viscosity polyethylene. This was shown to correlate with its low modulus in the solid state and its low viscosity in the melt. A ramped temperature protocol during compounding delayed the melting of polyethylene thus preventing phase inversion from occurring. The blends with the higher viscosity polyethylene did not show phase inversion during compounding.
Virtual reality environment assisting recovery from stroke

Our virtual environment represents the pre-clinical phase of an ongoing research project using a pneumatically actuated glove, head/arm tracking, and a head mounted display to facilitate hand rehabilitation in stroke survivors. This is a collaborative, interdisciplinary project at the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago involving a team of engineers, researchers, occupational therapists, art therapists and virtual reality artists.