cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treatment Adherence in Children with Sickle Cell Disease: Disease-Related Risk and Psychosocial Resistance Factors

To identify disease-related risk factors and psychosocial resistance factors that impact adherence to prescribed treatment in the context of admission to a Hematology Acute Care Unit (HACU) designed to provide acute care for children with sickle cell disease (SCD) presenting with pain or fever. A total of 73 primary caregivers and 24 children (if age 8 or older) completed standardized forms during the HACU admission. Treatment adherence variables (medical staff rating, SCD-related care activities, percentage of agreement between treatment recommendations made and care activities, and attendance at hematology clinic) indicated moderate-to-high adherence. Based on regression analyses, the risk variable of disease-related stress and the resistance variables of family flexibility and less reliance on passive coping accounted for significant portions of the variance in treatment adherence. Empirical evaluation of interventions designed to improve communication regarding expectations for the care of children with SCD and to support active family problem solving during times of SCD-related stress must be ongoing.
Improving Provisioned Power Efficiency in HPC Systems with GPU-CAPP

In this paper we propose a microarchitectural technique called GPU Constant Average Power Processing (GPU-CAPP) that improves the power utilization of power provisioning-limited systems by using provisioned power as much as possible to accelerate computation on parallel work-loads. GPU-CAPP uses a flexible, decentralized control to ensure fast response times and the scalability required for increasingly parallel GPU designs. We use GPGPU-Sim and GPUWattch to simulate GPU-CAPP and evaluate its capabilities on a subset of the Rodinia benchmark suite. Overall, GPU-CAPP enables speedup by an average of 26% and 12% over equivalent fixed frequency systems at two power targets.
Endocrine Care of Transgender Children and Adolescents

The medical approach to transgender children and adolescents is outlined by the World Professional Association for Transgender Health and the Endocrine Society. All treatment considerations must be guided by careful assessment for the diagnosis of gender dysphoria by a mental health professional with experience in gender identity and working with youth. Prior to the start of puberty, no medical intervention is required. Medical interventions in pubertal youth are aimed at suppressing the development of the secondary sex characteristics of the natal sex and promoting the development of secondary sex characteristics of the affirmed sex. Suppression of puberty using gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists can be considered at Tanner stage 2. Initiation of gender-affirming hormones (testosterone or estrogen) has historically been considered at age 16, however, contemporary practice is trending to use patient and family readiness factors as opposed to an age restriction.
Opioids and Cancer Pain Management in the United States: Public Policy and Legal Challenges.

Abstract Objective To review current opioid guidelines, public policy, and legal challenges that can threaten optimal management of cancer pain. Data Sources National guidelines, professional web sites, journal articles, essays. Conclusion Recent opioid legislation and increasing scrutiny from regulatory agencies have created multiple barriers for providers and patients to achieve pain control. These challenges include prescription limitations and practitioner fear of litigation, which can result in the under-prescribing or refusal to prescribe opioids. Implications for Nursing Practice To provide excellent care, nurses must understand current policies affecting delivery of pain care to oncology patients and serve as patient advocates in the evolving policy debates.
Heart Rates of Selected Male College Freshmen during a Season of Basketball

Abstract Seven basketball athletes were studied to determine the effect of a season of competition on the heart. Pre- and postseason variables of resting and recovery heart rates plus the minutes of treadmill performance to produce a peak of 180 heart beats per minute were studied via an ECG telemetering transmitter. Variation of the resting heart rate between the preseason and postseason trials was not statistically significant; a significant reduction in the postseason treadmill performance task was obtained and a more rapid postseason recovery of the heart rate was observed.
Exit Presentation: Maintaining Balance

This slide presentation reviews the projects which the author engaged in during an internship at Johnson Space Center. Project 1 was involved with Stochastic Resonance (SR). Stochastic resonance is a phenomenon in which the response of a non-linear system to a weak input signal is optimized by the presence of a particular non-zero level of noise. The goal of this project was to develop a countermeasure for sensorimotor disturbances that are experienced after long duration space flight. The second project was a pilot study that was to examine how adaptation to a novel functional task was affected by postural disturbance.
From the Epistolae et Evangelia (c. 1540) to the Espejo divino (1607)

In 1536, fifteen years after the Spanish conquest of Mexico, the Imperial College of Santa Cruz was founded in Santiago Tlatelolco, an Indian enclave to the north of Mexico City. The students at the college, who were drawn from native elites, received an advanced education in Latin from Franciscan missionaries. The present discussion will explain why such a training was provided to those indigenous youths, and clarify the nature of their accomplishments (1). A discussion of the translations of biblical texts into Nahuatl made at the College of Santa Cruz (2) will be followed by a survey of original religious texts produced there in the Mexican language, many of which had identifiable Latin precedents (3). The concluding section then offers some tentative general reflections on the part played by Latin Christian humanism in shaping early Nahuatl literature, arguing that it bears some comparison to the way Latin had already underscored the development of vernacular literature in early modern Europe (4).
Examining initial treatment and survival among men with metastatic prostate cancer: An analysis from the CaPSURE registry.

Background New data is emerging to guide initial treatment of patients with metastatic prostate cancer (CaP). This study utilizes the Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor registry to evaluate variations in survival based on initial treatment received by men with metastatic disease at diagnosis or after progression. Materials and methods Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor is a national registry of men diagnosed with CaP and managed at 43 community, academic, and Veteran's centers. We examined socio-demographic factors, disease biology, initial and subsequent therapy received, and survival among patients who presented with de novo or recurrent metastatic disease stratified by receipt of initial local therapy vs. combined local and hormonal therapy. The outcome was prostate cancer specific mortality (PCSM). We performed Fine and Gray competing risks regression analysis to evaluate the association between timing of metastasis and PCSM, adjusted for age, initial treatment, and subsequent therapy. Results Of the 14,753 patients diagnosed with CaP from 1990 to 2016, 669 (5%) had metastatic disease. Among the examined patients, 303 (45%) had metastatic disease at diagnosis and 366 (55%) progressed to metastatic disease. Overall, 461 (69%) were ≥65 years old, 582 (87%) had Medicare, and 227 (34%) had an annual income 20 ng/ml for 342 (51%) patients and biopsy Gleason grade was ≥4 + 3 for 386 (58%) patients. Among patients with metastatic disease at diagnosis, 31 (10%) received initial local therapy and 272 (90%) received initial hormonal therapy. Among patients who progressed to metastatic disease, 239 (65%) received initial local therapy and 127 (35%) received initial systemic hormonal therapy. Among patients with metastatic disease, the multivariate competing risks model, after adjusting for sociodemographics, marital status, diagnosis year, and comorbidities, revealed a significantly lower risk of PCSM among patients with de novo vs. recurrent metastatic disease (Hazard Ratio 0.66 (95% Confidence Interval 0.51, 0.85) P = 0.002). In the stratified analysis, no difference was seen for patients treated with initial hormonal vs. combined local and hormonal therapy. Conclusions In this analysis of a nationwide cohort of men treated for CaP with all types of therapy over 25 years, we observed that among men with metastatic CaP, the risk of PCSM was lower for de novo vs. recurrent metastatic disease. Additionally, no difference was observed based on initial treatment with combined local and hormonal therapy vs. hormonal therapy alone.
Taking a (Modified) Jigsaw to It: An In-Class Method to Teach Students to Write a Literature Review

One of the hardest concepts for students to grasp is that of writing a literature review. Ask them to use, say, 15 sources and oftentimes their default position is to discuss them one after the oth...
Interfacial Electron-Phonon Coupling Constants Extracted from Intrinsic Replica Bands in Monolayer FeSe / SrTi O 3

The observation of replica bands by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy has ignited interest in the study of electron-phonon coupling at low carrier densities, particularly in monolayer FeSe/SrTiO_{3}, where the appearance of replica bands has motivated theoretical work suggesting that the interfacial coupling of electrons in the FeSe layer to optical phonons in the SrTiO_{3} substrate might contribute to the enhanced superconducting pairing temperature. Alternatively, it has also been recently proposed that such replica bands might instead originate from extrinsic final state losses associated with the photoemission process. Here, we perform a quantitative examination of replica bands in monolayer FeSe/SrTiO_{3}, where we are able to conclusively demonstrate that the replica bands are indeed signatures of intrinsic electron-boson coupling, and not associated with final state effects. A detailed analysis of the energy splittings and relative peak intensities between the higher-order replicas, as well as other self-energy effects, allows us to determine that the interfacial electron-phonon coupling in the system corresponds to a value of λ=0.19±0.02, providing valuable insights into the enhancement of superconductivity in monolayer FeSe/SrTiO_{3}. The methodology employed here can also serve as a new and general approach for making more rigorous and quantitative comparisons to theoretical calculations of electron-phonon interactions and coupling constants.
Multilevel Modeling in Classical Twin and Modern Molecular Behavior Genetics.

For more than a decade, it has been known that many common behavior genetics models for a single phenotype can be estimated as multilevel models (e.g., van den Oord 2001; Guo and Wang 2002; McArdle and Prescott 2005; Rabe-Hesketh et al. 2007). This paper extends the current knowledge to (1) multiple phenotypes such that the method is completely general to the variance structure hypothesized, and (2) both higher and lower levels of nesting. The multi-phenotype method also allows extended relationships to be considered (see also, Bard et al. 2012; Hadfield and Nakagawa 2010). The extended relationship model can then be continuously expanded to merge with the case typically seen in the molecular genetics analyses of unrelated individuals (e.g., Yang et al. 2011). We use the multilevel form of behavior genetics models to fit a multivariate three level model that allows for (1) child level variation from unique environments and additive genetics, (2) family level variation from additive genetics and common environments, and (3) neighborhood level variation from broader geographic contexts. Finally, we provide R (R Development Core Team 2020) functions and code for multilevel specification of several common behavior genetics models using OpenMx (Neale et al. 2016).
Effects of foilar applied K on California cotton

Potassium deficiency symptoms become prevalent on leaves of many cotton varieties during the boll filling stage of growth. Soil applications of even large amounts of K are often not adequate due to fixation by vermitulic soils. A multi-year study was conducted to evaluate the response of California cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) varieties to foliar K applications. Rates of 10 kg/ha of K2O were used employing potassium nitrate (KNO3), potassium sulfate (K2SO4), and potassium thiosulfate (K2S2O3). Potassium applied to the foliage about two weeks after the first bloom stage consistently gave positive yield responses. Yield responses ranged from 50 to 150 kg/ha over the untreated control, with no change in lint quality.
KLOTSKI: reprioritizing web content to improve user experience on mobile devices

Despite web access on mobile devices becoming commonplace, users continue to experience poor web performance on these devices. Traditional approaches for improving web performance (e.g., compression, SPDY, faster browsers) face an uphill battle due to the fundamentally conflicting trends in user expectations of lower load times and richer web content. Embracing the reality that page load times will continue to be higher than user tolerance limits for the foreseeable future, we ask: How can we deliver the best possible user experience? To this end, we present KLOTSKI, a system that prioritizes the content most relevant to a user's preferences. In designing KLOTSKI, we address several challenges in: (1) accounting for inter-resource dependencies on a page; (2) enabling fast selection and load time estimation for the subset of resources to be prioritized; and (3) developing a practical implementation that requires no changes to websites. Across a range of user preference criteria, KLOTSKI can significantly improve the user experience relative to native websites.
"If you love someone, you don't hurt them": a comprehensive process analysis of a weeping event in therapy.

Early theorists described physical diseases (e.g., asthma, ulcers) thought to be associated with the inhibition of weeping (e.g., Alexander 1950), and catharsis theories (Breuer and Freud 1895/1955; Koestler 1964) postulated that unexpressed emotion accumulated as in a tank, and then overflowed as tears when a threshold level was exceeded. From a more biological perspective, it has been suggested that stress produces toxic chemicals in the body that become concentrated in the lacrimal gland and are released through weeping, restoring homeostasis (Frey 1985). As a result of these theories, psychotherapists tend to believe weeping is healthy for clients and that it serves to decrease depression (Trezza et al. 1988). While laboratory studies have typically not supported these ideas (e.g., Labott and Martin 1987, 1988), no studies have been performed on weeping specifically in the context of psychotherapy.
Some Processes Influencing the Stellar Initial Mass Function

Current evidence suggests that the stellar initial mass function has the same basic form everywhere, and that its fundamental features are (1) the existence of a characteristic stellar mass of order one solar mass, and (2) the existence of an apparently universal power-law form for the mass spectrum of the more massive stars. The characteristic stellar mass may be determined in part by the typical mass scale for the fragmentation of star forming clouds, which is predicted to be of the order of one solar mass. The power-law extension of the mass spectrum toward higher masses may result from the continuing accretional growth of some stars to much larger masses; the fact that the most massive stars appear to form preferentially in cluster cores suggests that such continuing accretion may be particularly important at the centers of clusters. Numerical simulations suggest that forming systems of stars may tend to develop a hierarchical structure, possibly self-similar in nature. If most stars form in such hierarchically structured systems, and if the mass of the most massive star that forms in each subcluster increases as a power of the mass of the subcluster, then a mass spectrum of power-law form is predicted. Some possible physical effects that could lead to such a relation are briefly discussed, and some observational tests of the ideas discussed here are proposed
Chest radiography of prematures; a planned study of 104 patients including clinico-pathologic correlation of the respiratory distress syndrome.

The chests of 104 unselected, newborn prematures were studied by roentgenogram in the first 72 hours of life in a routine manner which yielded satisfactory roentgenograms and involved minimal disturbance of the patients. Nineteen of the infants showed clinical signs of dyspnea sufficient to suggest that they were suffering from some degree of the respiratory distress syndrome. Thirty-five of the total number presented roentgenographic pictures compatible with hyaline membrane syndrome. Twenty-five of the infants died within the first 8 days of life. Of the 23 in this fatal group who came to necropsy, 10 had hyaline membranes: Eight of these had shown during life both respiratory distress and pulmonary roentgenographic appearance of bilateral diffuse increased reticulogranularity. In statistical analyses, this association is found to be highly significant (p That several infants with both these abnormalities survived indicates that prematures may recover from the respiratory distress syndrome. Until the diagnosis can be established with greater certainty during life, the possibility of spontaneous recovery must be considered in the evaluation of therapeutic measures. In the individual case, a premature who has a high retraction score and pulmonary roentgenograms demonstrating increased reticulogranularity has a greater chance of dying with hyaline membrane formation than does the infant who fails to show these symptoms and signs during life.
A case study of subdaily simulated and observed continental convective precipitation: CMIP5 and multiscale global climate models comparison

[1] We analyze subdaily continental convective precipitation data relative to the Southeastern U.S. from gridded rain gauge measurements, conventional global climate models (GCMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) archive, and a multiscale GCM. GCMs react too quickly to local convective instability and, therefore, overestimate the incidence of middle rainfall events and underestimate the incidence of no, little, and heavy rainfall events. Moreover, GCMs overestimate the persistence of heavy precipitation and underestimate the persistence of no and light precipitation. In general, GCMs with suppression mechanisms in the treatments of convective precipitation compare best with rain gauge derived data and should be trusted more than the others when assessing the risk from extreme precipitation events. The multiscale GCM has the best estimate of the diurnal cycle and a good estimate of heavy rainfall persistence.
WLAN traffic graphing application using simple network management protocol

As today's world is making transition from being wired to becoming wireless, Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) are gaining importance. Like the wired networks, WLANs also need to be managed. One of the key things in managing a WLAN is to monitor the bandwidth usage. This is possible by monitoring the network traffic at the wired and wireless interfaces of an access point, a device that acts as a bridge between the wireless and wired networks. In this work, we present a Web-based graphing application that can be used to monitor, collect, maintain, and visualize traffic data of the access points deployed in a network. The application uses the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) to communicate with the access points in a network. This application can be used by network administrator to determine idle or underutilized access points as well as congested or overloaded access points in a network. This information can be used by the administrator for relocating the idle access points or deploying additional access points at the overloaded segments of a network for better load sharing. The application can also be used for educational purposes in a computer networking course.
A fossil hominid frontal from Velika Pećina (Croatia) and a consideration of Upper Pleistocene hominids from Yugoslavia

Fossil hominid remains dating to the Upper Pleistocene in Yugoslavia are reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on the assessment of a hominid frontal from the site of Velika Pecina in northwestern Croatia. This specimen represents the earliest absolutely-dated hominid associated with the Upper Paleolithic in Europe. Also the hominid material from the site of Veternica is discussed, and data are presented on the new remains from Sandalja. It is concluded that no Neandertal remains, except for Krapina, have been found in Yugoslavia.
A Mercury Valve for Obtaining Alveolar Air Samples

SummaryA mercury valve is described for obtaining samples of alveolar air over mercury at the end of expiration by a nasal catheter. The CO2values are lower than the Haldane-Priestley values, even when respiration is voluntarily slowed.
Assessing Causality in the Relationship Between Community Attachment and Local News Media Use

Numerous studies have demonstrated a relationship between community attachment and local news media use. Despite calls for panel studies to determine the direction of causality in this relationship, there is little evidence beyond cross-sectional surveys, which are often further limited to single communities. In order to contribute to the debate about causal direction, we conducted a four-wave national panel study with repeated measurement of community attachment and local news media use. Cross-sectional analyses confirmed the expected relationship between news use and community attachment. However, more conservative panel analyses controlling for a lagged measure of the dependent variable failed to produce evidence of causal relationships. The hypothesized role of population density and ethnic diversity as cross-level moderators of this relationship was examined using multilevel modeling. Methodological and theoretical reasons for the results are discussed and suggestions for alternative study designs ar...
Controlled tumbling of projectiles— II. Experimental results

Abstract This paper presents the techniques and results of the experimental investigation concerned with the production of controlled tumbling of blunt cylindrical projectiles and the effect of this feature on impact targets placed in the subsequent trajectory of the striker. This work complements the theoretical approach described in the previous paper [Controlled tumbling of projectiles—I. Theoretical model. Int. J. Impact Engng 7 , 101–115 (1988)]. The tumbling was achieved when the projectile, initially translating along its axis of symmetry, struck the free edge of a deflector plate clamped on the other three sides with varying degrees of overlap.
Accuracy of day 3 criteria for selecting the best embryos

Abstract Objective: To assess the accuracy of day 3 morphologic criteria in identifying the best embryos. Design: Prospective observational study. Setting: University IVF program. Patient(s): One hundred cycles in women desiring blastocyst transfer who had ≥3 eight-cell embryos on day 3. Intervention(s): On day 3, the embryologist chose the two embryos that would have been transferred that day. On day 5, embryos were examined to determine the best and second-best blastocysts. Main Outcome Measure(s): Accuracy of day 3 picks as measured in culture on day 5, outcome of nontransferred picks, and cryopreservation rate. Result(s): All cycles reached the blastocyst stage and 73% had cryopreservation. The mean number of blastocysts was 4.8 (3.2 on day 5 and 1.6 on day 6). Neither pick was chosen in 39% of cycles; one pick was transferred in 38%; and both picks were transferred in 23%. Of 116 nontransferred picks, 51 were frozen and 65 arrested, with both picks arresting in 9 cycles. The single best blastocyst was chosen from the picks in 39% of cycles. Conclusion(s): Morphologic criteria for cleavage-stage embryo selection may fall short when the transfer is limited to two embryos. Culture to blastocyst is warranted in this population to avoid high-order multiples and still be able to choose the two embryos with the highest implantation potential.
Reachability-based control for the active SLIP model

One of the key topics in robotics is legged locomotion, taking inspiration from walking and bouncing gaits of bipeds and quadrupeds. A fundamental tool for analyzing running and hopping is the spring loaded inverted pendulum SLIP, thanks to its simplicity but also effectiveness in modeling bouncing gaits. Being completely passive, the SLIP model does not have the ability to modify its net energy, which, for example, can be a prohibitive obstacle when traveling on a terrain with varying heights. The actuated version of the SLIP model, the active SLIP, considered in this paper, includes a series actuator that allows energy variations via compressing or extending the spring. In this work, we investigate how different actuator motions can affect the system's state, and we propose a control strategy, based on graphical and numerical studies of the reachability space, and updated throughout the stance phase, to drive the system to a desired state. We quantify its performance benefits, particularly in serving as an error-recovering method. The objective of our control strategy is not to replace any leg-placement approach proposed by other works, but rather to be paired with any other leg-placement or path planning method. Its main advantage is the ability to reduce the effects of sensing errors and disturbances happening at landing as well as during the stance phase.
Magnetostatic surface waves on a partially metallized YIG plate

A discussion is presented on magnetostatic surface waves propagating in an arbitrary direction on a YIG plate one of whose surfaces is metallized. It is found that a significantly larger range of propagation angle is allowed for surface waves that are localized at the metallized YIG surface than for those that are localized at the unmetallized surface.
Subsample instability and asymmetries in money-income causality

Abstract One puzzle in the money-income causality literature is the variability in results across sample periods, particularly with regard to the 1980's. This paper shows that the p -values of money-income causality tests across sample periods are highly correlated with the level of real activity. When real activity declines, money-income causalitybecomes stronger, and when real activity increases, the relationship becomes weaker. The investigation proceeds in three stages. First, rolling regressions are used to document the subsample instability and the correlation with real activity as well as the variability of the results across model specifications, trend specifications, and over the business cycle. The second stage uses bootstrap simulations to show that the variability across sample periods and the correlation with real activity is significant, and the third stage builds a combination dummy variable and varying coefficients VAR model that captures the asymmetries in the relationship between money and income.
Calcium concentration and movement in the diadic cleft space of the cardiac ventricular cell

We model the space between the junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (JSR) membrane and the inner leaflet of the transverse tubular ("T") sarcolemmal (SL) membrane, the diadic cleft, with respect to calcium (Ca) concentration and movement. The model predicts the following: 1) Ca influx via the "L" channel increases [Ca] to 1 microM within a distance of 50 nm from the channel mouth in
Synthesis of phenylethyne-linked porphyrin dyads

Abstract Four new porphyrin dyads have been prepared for studies in artificial photosynthesis. The two porphyrins are joined at the meso positions via a phenylethyne linker and are present in zinc/zinc or zinc/free base metalation states. The porphyrin bearing the ethynyl unit incorporates zero, one, or two pentafluorophenyl groups at non-linking meso positions for tuning the porphyrin redox potentials. The synthetic approach entailed Pd-mediated coupling of porphyrin building blocks that bear a single ethynylphenyl or bromo/iodo substituent.
The Impact of Extent and Location of Mediastinal Lymph Node Involvement on Survival in Stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Treated With Definitive Radiotherapy

Purpose Several surgical series have identified subcarinal, contralateral, and multilevel nodal involvement as predictors of poor overall survival in patients with Stage III non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with definitive resection. This retrospective study evaluates the impact of extent and location of mediastinal lymph node (LN) involvement on survival in patients with Stage III NSCLC treated with definitive radiotherapy. Methods and Materials We analyzed 106 consecutive patients with T1–4 N2–3 Stage III NSCLC treated with definitive radiotherapy at the University of Pennsylvania between January 2003 and February 2009. For this analysis, mediastinal LN stations were divided into four mutually exclusive groups: supraclavicular, ipsilateral mediastinum, contralateral mediastinum, and subcarinal. Patients’ conditions were then analyzed according to the extent of involvement and location of mediastinal LN stations. Results The majority (88%) of patients received sequential or concurrent chemotherapy. The median follow-up time for survivors was 32.6 months. By multivariable Cox modeling, chemotherapy use (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.21 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.07–0.63]) was associated with improved overall survival. Increasing primary tumor [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-glucose avidity (HR: 1.11 [CI: 1.06–1.19]), and subcarinal involvement (HR: 2.29 [CI: 1.11–4.73]) were significant negative predictors of overall survival. On univariate analysis, contralateral nodal involvement (HR: 0.70 [CI: 0.33–1.47]), supraclavicular nodal involvement (HR: 0.78 [CI: 0.38–1.67]), multilevel nodal involvement (HR: 0.97 [CI: 0.58–1.61]), and tumor size (HR: 1.04 [CI: 0.94–1.14]) did not predict for overall survival. Patients with subcarinal involvement also had lower rates of 2-year nodal control (51.2% vs. 74.9%, p = 0.047) and 2-year distant control (28.4% vs. 61.2%, p = 0.043). Conclusions These data suggest that the factors that determine oncologic outcome in Stage III NSCLC patients treated with definitive radiotherapy are distinct from those observed in patients who undergo surgical resection. The ultimate efficacy of radiation in locally advanced NSCLC is dependent on the intrinsic biology of the tumor.
Plasma dynamics in an arc formed by Low-voltage sparkover of a liquid dielectric

An algorithm is derived for the physical conditions in a low-current electrical discharge initiated by low-voltage sparkover between plane electrodes immersed in a liquid dielectric. Calculated results are concerned with column-pressure, temperature, voltage gradient, electron density and column radius for a discharge in a liquid nitrogen dielectric. Of these only column radius can be studied experimentally; experimental results are shown to compare reasonably well with predicted results.
Ecological Specialization in a Spatially Structured Population of the thermophilic Cyanobacterium Mastigocladus Laminosus

Laboratory evolution experiments suggest the potential for microbial populations to contribute significant ecological variation to ecosystems, yet the functional importance of genetic diversity within natural populations of microorganisms is largely unknown. Here, we investigated the distribution of genetic and phenotypic variation for a population of the cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus distributed along the temperature gradient of White Creek, Yellowstone NP. A total of 153 laboratory strains were directly isolated from five sites with mean annual temperatures ranging between 39 and 54°C. Genetic characterization at four nitrogen metabolism genes identified 15 closely related lineages in the population sample. These lineages were distributed nonrandomly along White Creek, but the observed geographic structure could not be explained by limited dispersal capabilities. Temperature performance experiments with six M. laminosus lineages that maximized their respective relative abundances at different positions along the gradient provided evidence for niche differentiation within the population. Niche differentiation included a tradeoff in performance at high and low temperatures, respectively. The physiological variation of these lineages in laboratory culture was generally well matched to the prevailing temperature conditions experienced by these organisms in situ. These results suggest that sympatric diversification along an ecological selection gradient can be a potent source of evolutionary innovation in microbial populations.
Relieving Parental Anxiety in the Care‐by‐Parent Unit

To determine if maternal anxiety could be reduced by allowing mothers to live in the hospital with their infant before discharge, a study was conducted using 14 mothers who spent 36 to 48 hours in a care-by-parent unit (CBPU) just before the infants' discharge home. The mothers gradually assumed total responsibility for infant care with the support of health-care professionals. Anxiety of mothers was measured before and after their care-by-parent experience. In one situation, which involved potential illness of the infant, maternal anxiety was significantly reduced. If further studies support these results, care-by-parent units for infants who require intensive care should be part of discharge planning in neonatal intensive care units.
Psychosocial Assessment of the Patient on Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis: An Overview

The psychosocial assessment of the patient with end-stage renal disease is critically important because (1) there is growing evidence that the psychosocial status of the patient impacts medical outcomes and (2) the objective of therapy is to maximize a patient's sense of well-being and quality of life. This is particularly true for patients receiving a home-based therapy such as chronic peritoneal dialysis. The present review outlines a possible structure and format for performing psychosocial evaluations for patients maintained on chronic peritoneal dialysis. But, each facility must design its own format, making sure that the critical domains discussed in this review are addressed.
The Possibility of Psychic Conflict in Seneca's De Ira

This paper explores the potential for psychic conflict within Seneca's moral psychology. Some scholars have taken Seneca's explicit claim in De Ira that the soul is unitary to preclude any kind of simultaneous psychic conflict, while other interpreters have suggested that Seneca views all cases of anger as instances of akrasia. I argue that Seneca's account of anger provides the resources for accommodating some types of simultaneous psychic conflict; however, he denies the possibility of psychic conflict between two action-generating impulses, thus rejecting the phenomena of genuine akrasia and enkrateia. Although superficially counterintuitive, Seneca's cognitivist account of anger, according to which anger is complex and requires assent to the propositions that ‘I have been wronged’ and ‘I ought to seek revenge’, renders his denial of akrasia and enkrateia more plausible.
Feasibility breadboard demonstration of an imaging Fourier transform spectrometer using solid state time delay

JPL has developed an innovative electro-optic time delay line and utilize it to build a prototype proof-of-principle completely non-mechanical Electro-optic Hyperspectral Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (EOHIFTS). Due to the use of the EO time delay line, the EOHIFTS is lightweight, broad spectral band, hyperspectral resolution that cannot be achieved simultaneously by any of the Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometers (IFTS) developed to date. We will report the recent progress in the development of a feasibility breadboard and its feasibility demonstration.
Positive and negative affect in rheumatoid arthritis: Increased specificity in the assessment of emotional adjustment

Because most patients with chronic medical illness do not suffer from diagnosable depressive conditions, models of normal emotional functioning might be useful in assessing the emotional consequences of physical illness. In this study of 72 male and female patients with rheumatoid arthritis, we examined the Watson and Tellegen (1985) two-dimensional model in this regard. Depression scores were associated, independently, with both positive and negative affect. Pain, daily hassles, and cognitive distortion were associated with depression and negative affect but not with positive affect. Positive daily events were associated with positive affect but not negative affect. This suggests that the routine use of measures of depression in studies of emotional adjustment in chronic medical illness can lead to a loss of more specific information, especially as it concerns positive emotionality.
Lightweight and Robust Shadow Removal for Foreground Detection

Background subtraction is a commonly used method to detect moving objects from videos captured by static cameras. However, shadows and reflections significantly affect the output of background subtraction algorithms, and distort the shape of the objects obtained as a result. Thus, shadow detection and removal is a crucial post-processing step to perform accurate object tracking required by different applications. We present a lightweight method to detect and remove shadows as well as reflection effects in indoor and outdoor environments by using spatial and spectral features. This method incorporates an adaptive way to set thresholds to avoid preset numbers. We present a comparison of the outputs we obtained with those of several other methods. The experimental results demonstrate the success of the proposed algorithm.
Strain engineering, self-assembly, and nanoarchitectures in thin SiGe films on Si

We review recent experimental results pertaining to the self-assembly and self-ordering of quantum dots (QDs) in semiconductor systems. In particular, we focus on attempts to control the density, size, and size distributions of strained islands, both within a single strained layer and in quantum dot multilayers. We also discuss the factors affecting vertical ordering in multilayers such as the nature of the strain field produced by buried islands and the thickness of the spacer layer.
Negative Allosteric Modulators That Target Human α4β2 Neuronal Nicotinic Receptors

Allosteric modulation of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) is considered to be one of the most promising approaches for therapeutics. We have previously reported on the pharmacological activity of several compounds that act as negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) of nAChRs. In the following studies, the effects of 30 NAMs from our small chemical library on both human α4β2 (Hα4β2) and human α3β4 (Hα3β4) nAChRs expressed in human embryonic kidney ts201 cells were investigated. During calcium accumulation assays, these NAMs inhibited nAChR activation with IC50 values ranging from 2.4 μM to more than 100 μM. Several NAMs showed relative selectivity for Hα4β2 nAChRs with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. A lead molecule, KAB-18, was identified that shows relative selectivity for Hα4β2 nAChRs. This molecule contains three phenyl rings, one piperidine ring, and one ester bond linkage. Structure–activity relationship (SAR) analyses of our data revealed three regions of KAB-18 that contribute to its relative selectivity. Predictive three-dimensional quantitative SAR (comparative molecular field analysis and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis) models were generated from these data, and a pharmacophore model was constructed to determine the chemical features that are important for biological activity. Using docking approaches and molecular dynamics on a Hα4β2 nAChR homology model, a binding mode for KAB-18 at the α/β subunit interface that corresponds to the predicted pharmacophore is described. This binding mode was supported by mutagenesis studies. In summary, these studies highlight the importance of SAR, computational, and molecular biology approaches for the design and synthesis of potent and selective antagonists targeting specific nAChR subtypes.
Crime and vandalism in university residence halls: A confirmation of defensible space theory

University residence halls with good defensible space were found to have substantially lower crime and vandalism than residence halls with poor defensible space characteristics.
Two-dimensional model for investigating body contact structures in PD SOI MOSFETs

A two-dimensional (2-D) model for investigating body tied to source (BTS) contacts in PD SOI MOSFETs is presented. The model simulates a 2-D cross-section parallel to the gate in a region close to back oxide of BTS PD SOI MOSFET. Optical generation was used in the simulation program to describe the hole generation via impact ionization and thermal generation. By using this method, holes in the depletion region at the body-drain junction was introduced into the neutral body region and accounts for the different hole generation rates in the active and inactive parts of the BTS PD SOI MOSFET. The model is used for simulating three different body contact structures. Simulations using the model confirms reduction in floating body voltage by using body contacts and shows that narrow body contacts are as effective as wide body contacts.
Norepinephrine stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation in rat limbic forebrain slices: Partial mediation by a subpopulation of receptors with neither α nor β characteristics

Abstract Both isoproterenol and norepinephrine (NE) increase cyclic AMP in slices of the rat limbic forebrain and the responses are enhanced in the presence of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor RO 20-1724. However, even in the presence of RO 20-1724, no accumulation of cyclic AMP was observed after the addition of dopamine, serotonin or the α-agonists methoxamine and phenylephrine. This suggests that these agents do not activate adenylate cyclase in this preparation or that their respective receptors — unlike the β-receptor — are not coupled to adenylate cyclase. Isoproterenol, which has a high affinity for this adenylate cyclase system but only 20–30% of the maximal activity of NE, does not interfere with the agonist activity of NE. Moreover, the effect of isoproterenol is not additive with that of NE thus suggesting that isoproterenol is acting on a subpopulationn of NE receptors. The results indicate that two populations of NE receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase are present in slices of rat limbic forebrain: one which has β-characteristics and the other with neither α- and β-characteristics based on agonist studies.
Iron oxide sink method for extracting soil phosphorus : Paper preparation and use

Since the FeO-sink method to estimate plant-available P in soils was first introduced in 1983, modifications have continued to improve the procedure. Recently FeO-coated paper circles (5.5-cm diam.) were used in place of the traditional 2 by 10 cm strips. The objective of this study was to more clearly describe the preparation and use of the FeO-coated circles. We used Whatman no. 50 hardened filter paper (2.7-μm pore openings). Standard methods for FeCl 3 treatment of the papers were used. After the papers had been air dried, one paper was secured between two 10 by 10 cm fiberglass screens. By simultaneously immersing stacks of 25 of these paper-screen units in 2.7 M NH 4 OH for a 30-s immersion time, 100 papers could be uniformly coated with FeO in about 10 min. Immersion times of 30, 60, and 180 s in NH40H solution showed that papers immersed for 30 s in NH 4 OH solution extracted P as effectively as those immersed for longer times. One 5.5-cm FeO circle was as effective as three circles in extracting P from most soils. A desorption model for soil P was used that can relate soil-test P to desorption kinetics. In soils with maximum reversible P ranging from 25.1 to 106.5 mg kg -1 , desorption constants ranged from 0.141 to 0.232 h -1 with a mean of 0.191 h -1 . Low-P soils released P slower than did high-P soils. Such information may be of interest in assessing P availability in soils.
Evaluation of MODIS Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) in tropical monsoon regions

Abstract Near real-time vegetation indices derived from MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) observations ( http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov ) provide a first opportunity to monitor ecohydrological systems globally at a spatial resolution consistent with biophysical processes at the field scale. Here, we present work toward the quantitative estimation of the uncertainty associated with MODIS Gross Primary Productivity (GPP), an end-product that depends on several MODIS derived vegetation indices. GPP products, available at 8-day and 1-km resolutions, were evaluated in two representative tropical ecosystems: a mixed forest site in the humid tropics (the Marsyandi river basin in the Nepalese Himalayas), and an open shrubland site in a semi-arid region (the Sonora river basin in northern Mexico). The MODIS-GPP products were compared against simulations made with a process-based biochemical-hydrology model driven by flux tower meteorological observations. Whereas the temporal march of vegetation indices and GPP products is consistent between the model and the algorithm, our study indicates that that there is a positive bias in the case of the mixed forest biome in the Marsyandi basin, and a negative bias in the case of open shrublands in the Sonora basin. We examined the error contribution from the DAO meteorological data used in the standard MODIS GPP products. The bias between the GPP estimates using DAO and tower meteorology is − 2.77 gC/m 2 /day (i.e., − 77% of the mean of the tower-based GPP) in the Marsyandi, and 0.33 gC/m 2 /day (i.e., 18% of the mean of the tower-based GPP) in Sonora. Analysis of the temporal evolution of the discrepancies between the model and the MODIS algorithm points to the need for examining the light use efficiency parameterization, especially with regard to the representation of nonlinear functional dependencies on vapor pressure deficit (VPD), photosynthetically available radiation (PAR), and seasonal evolution of the productive capacity of vegetation as influenced by water stress.
Effect of Interviewer Experience on Interview Pace and Interviewer Attitudes

Traditional statistical analyses of interviewer effects on survey data do not examine whether these effects change over a field period. However, the nature of the survey interview is dynamic. Interviewers' behaviors and perceptions may evolve as they gain experience, thus potentially affecting data quality. This paper looks at how interview length and interviewer evaluations of respondents change over interviewers' workloads. Multilevel models with random interviewer effects are used to account for the clustering of cases within interviewers and individual interviewer characteristics in the 1984, 1988, and 2000 National Election Studies. The 1984 and 1988 NES released sample in four replicates, minimizing the confound between order in an interviewers' workload and sample composition. We find that over the course of the studies, both measures change significantly. Interviewer prior survey experience also was significantly negatively related to the length of the interview. These findings have implications for interviewer training prior to and during studies, as well as suggesting future research to reveal why these behaviors and perceptions change.