cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surveillance or Security?: The Risks Posed by New Wiretapping Technologies

Digital communications are the lifeblood of modern society. We "meet up" online, tweet our reactions millions of times a day, connect through social networking rather than in person. Large portions of business and commerce have moved to the Web, and much of our critical infrastructure, including the electric power grid, is controlled online. This reliance on information systems leaves us highly exposed and vulnerable to cyberattack. Despite this, U.S. law enforcement and national security policy remain firmly focused on wiretapping and surveillance. But, as cybersecurity expert Susan Landau argues in Surveillance or Security?, the old surveillance paradigms do not easily fit the new technologies. By embedding eavesdropping mechanisms into communication technology itself, we are building tools that could be turned against us and opting for short-term security and creating dangerous long-term risks.How can we get communications security right? Landau offers a set of principles to govern wiretapping policy that will allow us to protect our national security as well as our freedom.
Risk factors for pressure sores. A comparison of cross-sectional and cohort-derived data.

The purpose of this study was to identify prospectively risk factors for pressure sores and to compare these results with a cross-sectional analysis in the same population. Medical records on all admissions to a chronic care hospital over a 13-month period were reviewed. Data on potential risk factors were abstracted from the initial history, physical examination, nursing assessment, and laboratory studies. Pressure sore status on admission and at three weeks was determined from a standardized form completed on all patients with a sore. The cross-sectional analysis was performed by comparing patients with and without a pressure sore at the time of admission. The cohort analysis used patients initially without a pressure sore and monitored for a new sore at three weeks. Factors associated with pressure sores on univariate testing were entered into a stepwise logistic regression model. One hundred of the 301 admissions presented with a pressure sore. Factors significantly associated with the presence of a sore were altered level of consciousness (OR = 4.1), bed- or chair-bound (OR = 2.4), impaired nutritional intake (OR = 1.9), and hypoalbuminemia (OR = 1.8 for 10 mg/mL decrease). Of the 185 patients without a pressure sore, 20 (10.8%) developed a sore. Factors significantly associated with the development of a new pressure sore were a history of cerebrovascular accident (OR = 5.0), bed- or chair-bound (OR = 3.8), and impaired nutritional intake (OR = 2.8). Neither urinary nor fecal incontinence, nor the presence of hypoalbuminemia, was associated with sore development. We have prospectively identified risk factors for pressure sores. Although cross-sectional studies may identify several of these risk factors, important differences exist. Cohort studies should be used in future research.
Thyroidal iodide transport: IV. The role of ion size

Abstract 1. 1. The ability of various anions to react with the iodide-transport system of sheep-thyroid slices has been investigated. Km and KH values ranged from 3–5 · 10−7 M to 2 · 10−2 M to give a series of increasing K values: TcO 4 − ⩽ ClO 4 − ReO 4 − BF 4 − SeCN − ⋍ SO 5 F − SCN − I − NO 3 − ⪡ NO 2 − OCN − ⋍ Br − . 2. 2. These were compared with the partial molal ionic volumes at infinite dilution, Φ0, which shows that this series also follows a decreasing order of Φ0 (with the exceptions of ReO4−, SO3F− and SeCN−). A linear relation exists between the pK values and the partial molal ionic volumes over the range of 25–46 ml/mole. Although the pK's decline with larger volumes, a clear-cut maximum was not observed. No similar correlation exists between the pK and other size parameters. 3. 3. All of the anions (except TcO4−, which was not tested) were shown to be competitive inhibitors of iodide transport by double reciprocal plot analysis. 4. 4. The importance of size, univalency and stage for anion transport in thyroid tissue are briefly discussed in relation to certain physical properties of the ions.
Molecular Diagnosis of Ewing Family Tumors: Too Many Fusions… ?

In the field of sarcoma molecular diagnosis, the "test" most frequently requested is for the gene fusions generated by the chromosomal translocations in Ewing family tumors (EFTs). Of note, this test is perhaps the most complicated of all of the molecular assays in the sarcoma diagnostic toolbox. Starting with the frequent 11;22 translocation involving the EWS gene on chromosome 22 and the FLI1 gene on chromosome 11, the chromosome breakpoints are spread among four introns in the EWS gene and six introns in the FLI1 gene to give a large number of possible EWS-FLI1 fusion products.1 The size of the fusion transcripts can vary over a 700-bp range, thereby necessitating cautious investigation of a large range of product sizes in diagnostic reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. To increase the complexity further, a relatively frequent variant 21;22 chromosomal translocation generates a fusion of EWS to ERG, which encodes an ETS domain-containing transcription factor highly related to FLI1 with a comparable distribution of chromosomal breakpoints.1 Next, as described in the article by Wang and associates in this issue of The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics,2 the complexity continues to rise as there are three additional translocations [t(2;22), t(7;22), and t(17;22)] that juxtapose EWS to genes, encoding three additional members of the ETS transcription factor family (FEV, ETV1, and E1AF, respectively) in small numbers of EFT cases. In addition to these rare variant fusions, there is also a second set of rare variants involving the FUS gene, which encodes an RNA-binding protein highly related to EWS. This second set includes a 16;21 translocation in which FUS is juxtaposed to ERG,3 which was found in a small group of cases and, as described by Ng and colleagues4 also in this issue of the JMD, a FUS-FEV fusion resulting from a novel 2;16 translocation found in a single case. Based on these collective findings, a definitive investigation of the gene fusions associated with EFT is, to put it simply, a daunting task.
Applying conditional random fields to chinese shallow parsing

Chinese shallow parsing is a difficult, important and widely-studied sequence modeling problem. CRFs are new discriminative sequential models which may incorporate many rich features. This paper shows how conditional random fields (CRFs) can be efficiently applied to Chinese shallow parsing. We employ using CRFs and HMMs on a same data set. Our results confirm that CRFs improve the performance upon HMMs. Our approach yields the F1 score of 90.38% in Chinese shallow parsing with the UPenn Chinese Treebank. CRFs have shown to perform well for Chinese shallow parsing due to their ability to capture arbitrary, overlapping features of the input in a Markov model.
Representations of gossip schemes

Formalisms for representing gossip problems are surveyed. A new method “calling schemes” is presented which generalizes existing methods. This survey is intended to serve primarily as a basis for future work.
Incidence and clinical significance of CDKN2/MTS1/P16ink4A and MTS2/P15ink4B gene deletions in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

We have examined the incidence and clinical significance of deletions of two candidate tumor suppressor genes, CDKN2/MTS1/p16ink4A and MTS2/p15ink4B, in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Gene deletion was evaluated in leukemic bone marrow (BM) cells obtained at diagnosis from 105 pediatric ALL patients: 83 with B-cell precursor (BCP-ALL) ALL and 22 with T-ALL. CDKN2/p16 deletion was seen in 23 of the 83 (28%) BCP-ALL and 15 of the 22 (68%) T-ALL cases. A virtually identical pattern of MTS2/p15 deletion was detected in these patients: p15 was deleted in 37 of 38 cases with p16 deletion, and p15 was not deleted in any p16-positive specimens. P16/p15 deletions were significantly related to poor prognosis factors including age under 1 year (P < 0.001), initial white cell counts greater than 50 × 109per liter (P <. 001), and T cell phenotype P < 005). Analysis of all 105 patients revealed that the 5-year disease-free survival rate was 68 % for patients without p 16/p15 deletions and 35 % for those ...
Production and Implications of an Antiserum to Necrosin.

ConclusionsNecrosin, the factor liberated in inflammatory exudates, and per se capable of explaining reasonably the basic mechanism of cellular injury in acute inflammation, is antigenic. As such, it is capable of inducing in the skin of sensitized rabbits a typical local anaphylaxis (Arthus Phenomenon), and in the serum of these same animals a high precipitin antibody titer. The implications of these observations are discussed.
The Nature of Customary Law in the Manor Courts of Medieval England

The once well-defended border between legal history and social history has been overrun. The assault has been carried out on two fronts. In part, it occurred through internal subversion by legal historians actually interested in the nature of societies whose laws they studied. The attack has also been launched externally by researchers who persistently employed records generated by the operation of the legal system to shed light upon various aspects of contemporary social structure. This union of interest between disciplines with widely divergent research skills, a phenomenon somewhat similar to what French political commentators have termed cohabitation, has been soundly applauded. Conferences have been convened; journals have been founded; monograph series have been established. All of these have facilitated methodological and substantive dialogue between legal and social historians.
The Dissipation of Trapped Lee Waves. Part I: Leakage of Inviscid Waves into the Stratosphere

AbstractLeaky trapped mountain lee waves are investigated by examining the structure of individual linear modes in multilayer atmospheres. When the static stability and cross-mountain wind speed are constant in the topmost unbounded layer, modes that decay exponentially downstream also grow exponentially with height. This growth with height occurs because packets containing relatively large-amplitude waves follow ray paths through the stratosphere, placing them above packets entering the stratosphere farther downstream that contain relatively low-amplitude waves. Nevertheless, if the trapped wave train is generated by a compact source, all waves disappear above some line parallel to the group velocity that passes just above the source region.The rate of downstream decay due to leakage into the stratosphere is strongly dependent on the atmospheric structure. Downstream dissipation is often significant under realistic atmospheric conditions, which typically include elevated inversions and strong upper-tropo...
MPTP and DSP-4 susceptibility of substantia nigra and locus coeruleus catecholaminergic neurons in mice is independent of parkin activity

Mutations in the parkin gene cause autosomal recessive familial Parkinson's disease (PD). Parkin-deficient mouse models fail to recapitulate nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration as seen in PD, but produce deficits in dopaminergic neurotransmission and noradrenergic-dependent behavior. Since sporadic PD is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic susceptibilities and environmental factors, we hypothesized that neurotoxic insults from catecholaminergic toxins would render parkin knockout mice more vulnerable to neurodegeneration. Accordingly, we investigated the susceptibility of catecholaminergic neurons in parkin knockout mice to the potent dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurotoxins 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4) respectively. We report that nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in parkin knockout mice do not show increased susceptibility to the parkinsonian neurotoxin, MPTP, in acute, subacute and chronic dose regimens of the neurotoxin. Additionally, parkin knockout mice do not show increased vulnerability to the noradrenergic neurotoxin, DSP-4, regarding levels of norepinephrine in cortex, brain stem and spinal cord. These findings suggest that absence of parkin in mice does not increase susceptibility to the loss of catecholaminergic neurons upon exposure to both dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurotoxins.
Effects of a Simulated High-Energy Space Environment on the Ultraviolet Transmittance of Optical Materials between 1050 Å and 3000 Å

Effects of simulated high energy electron space environment on ultraviolet transmittance of optical materials
Inhibition of pink color development in cooked, uncured turkey breast through ingredient incorporation

Abstract Nonmeat ingredients were tested for their ability to inhibit pink color (which consumers associated with undercooking) in turkey breasts with and without added pink color generating agents (1.0% nicotinamide; 20, 100 ppm nitrite). Nonmeat ingredients included: trans 1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N',N' tetraacetic acid monohydrate (CDTA), diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA), ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA), and nonfat dried milk (NFDM). Ingredients were evaluated at two (1%, 2% NFDM) or three different levels (50 ppm, 100 ppm, 200 ppm; EDTA, DTPA, and EDTA), over three storage times (1, 4, 21 d), and after 2 min of exposure to light and air. Whole muscle turkey strips were injected with a 20% treatment solution. Product was tumbled and heat processed to an internal temperature of 80 C. Turkey muscle strips containing ingredients without pink color generating agents were less red and lighter than controls. In most cases, 50 ppm of added EDTA, CDTA, or DTPA was sufficient to reduce pinking. Ingredients were more effective against nicotinamide- than nitrite-generated pink. Overall, ingredients delayed onset of pink color associated with storage time. In general, DTPA was the most effective of the test ingredients. However, as NFDM is both effective at reducing the pink defect and approved as a nonmeat ingredient, processors can incorporate this ingredient for the benefit of reducing this defect. Future studies should determine how NFDM achieves this reduction.
Status of the advanced photon source project

Abstract An introduction to the Advanced Photon Source project is provided through a brief description of the project elements, conventional facilities and technical goals. The current status of the project is provided in the selected areas of RD construction will begin during 1990 with planned completion in 1995.
CFD Prediction of Particle Deposition in Large-Scale Human Lung Models

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has evolved as a useful tool for the prediction of airflow and particle transport within the human lung airway. A large number of published studies have demonstrated the use of CFD coupled with Lagrangian particle tracking methods to determine local and regional deposition rates in small subsections of the bronchopulmonary tree. However, simulation of particle transport and deposition in large-scale models encompassing more than a few generations is less common, due primarily to the sheer size and complexity of the human lung airway geometry. Fully coupled flowfield solution and particle tracking in the entire lung, for example, is currently an intractable problem and will remain so for the foreseeable future. This paper adopts a previously reported methodology for simulating large-scale regions of the lung airway [1], which was shown to produce results similar to fully resolved geometries using approximate, reduced geometry models. The methodology is here extended to particle transport and deposition simulations. Lagrangian particle-tracking simulations are performed in combination with Eulerian simulations of the air flow in an idealized representation of the human lung airway tree. Results using the reduced models are compared to fully resolved models for an eight-generation region of the conducting zone. Agreement between fully resolved and reduced geometry simulations indicates that the new method can provide an accurate alternative for large-scale CFD simulations while reducing the computational cost of these simulations by an order of magnitude or more.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Treatment of chronic hepatitis C in pediatric patients.

Since hepatitis C virus (HCV) was recognized as the major cause of non-A, non-B hepatitis in 1989, thousands of reports have described the physical, biochemical, and molecular properties of the virus, the pathophysiologic mechanisms of the disease, and the clinical characteristics of HCV infection. However, only a few of these reports have specifically examined HCV infection in children, and only a handful address treatment in this unique population. This lack of attention probably results from the small proportion of reported HCV-infected individuals who are children, the absence of clinical manifestations during childhood, and the subsequent underrecognition of this infection in the pediatric population. Nonetheless, HCV infection occurs in children and in many cases it causes chronic hepatitis. Cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease have also been associated with childhood HCV infection. There are important differences between childhood and adult HCV infection in modes of acquisition, natural history, manifestations, and complications, and these differences may affect treatment.
Effect of Heliothis subflexa herbivory on fruit abscission by Physalis species: the roles of mechanical damage and chemical factors

. 1. Insect oral secretions are important for the induction of a number of plant responses, but the relative role of mechanical damage in the induction of these responses is often not well understood. Damage from the frugivore Heliothis subflexa, a specialist on Physalis species, causes herbivore-induced fruit abscission. In this field study, we examined the separate and combined effects of mechanical damage and H. subflexa oral secretions on Physalis fruit abscission. 2. To determine the relative role of mechanical and chemical factors, the following treatments were administered to fruit: (1) three levels of mechanical damage, (2) natural herbivore damage by control larvae and by larvae surgically treated to inhibit saliva secretion, and (3) injection of H.subflexa oral secretions and a water control. Abscission of mechanically damaged fruit with and without the addition of oral secretions was also compared. 3. Mechanical damage was sufficient to cause fruit abscission, and the addition of oral secretions to mechanically damaged fruit did not cause an increase in fruit abscission. Normal caterpillars and those treated to inhibit saliva secretion caused similar abscission rates. 4. Though most studies examining the effects of insect oral secretions on induced plant responses find these chemical stimuli to be important or essential, the results of the present study showed that oral secretions are not necessary for fruit abscission. Future work is needed to determine the relative importance of mechanical damage in herbivore-induced plant responses in other systems.
Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urethra

We present a rare case of a primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urethra after radical cystectomy and orthotopic urinary reconstruction for transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder.
New theory of the Great Red Spot from solitary waves in the Jovian atmosphere

It is shown that many characteristics of the Great Red Spot (GRS) and numerous other features that have been observed on Jupiter can be explained by solitary waves on a horizontally sheared zonal flow in a rotating, stratified atmosphere. Streamline patterns for waves corresponding to combined depression-elevation solitary waves (D-E solitrons) show a strong resemblence to the flow around the GRS. The morphology and flow pattern of the South Tropical Disturbance indicate that it was a D solitron. Numerous spot-like features situated in regions between cloud bands where horizontal shear forces might be expected have the morphology of E solitrons. Restrictions placed on the atmospheric parameters by the model are consistent with available models and observations.
Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the ascending aorta: case history.

A patient is described with an anomolous right coronary artery arising high above the left sinus of Valsalva. This patient is unique because the other 2 cases with such an anomolous origin of a right coronary artery had bicuspid aortic valves; this patient had a normal tricuspid aortic valve.
Modeling and analysis of hydrodynamic instabilities in two-phase flow using two-fluid model

Abstract Because of the practical importance of two-phase flow instabilities, especially in boiling water nuclear reactor technology, substantial efforts have been made to date to understand the physical phenomena governing such instabilities and to develop computational tools to model the dynamics of marginally-stable/unstable boiling systems. The purpose of this paper is to present an integrated methodology for the analysis of flow-induced instabilities in boiling channels and systems. The major novel aspects of the proposed approach are: (a) it is based on the combined frequency-domain and time-domain methods, the former used to quantify stability margins and to determine the onset of instability conditions, the latter to study the nonlinear system response outside the stability boundaries identified using the nearly-exact results of the frequency-domain analysis; (b) the two-fluid model of two-phase flow has been used for the first time to analytically derive the boiling channel transfer functions for the parallel-channel and channel-to-channel instability modes. In this way, the major characteristics of a boiling system, including the onset-of-instability conditions, can be readily evaluated by using the qualitative frequency-domain approach, whereas the explicit time-domain integration is performed, if necessary, only for the operating conditions that have already been identified as unstable. Both methods use the same physical two-fluid model that, in one case, is linearized and used to derive a rigorous analytical solution in the complex domain, and, in the other case, is solved numerically using an algorithm developed especially for this purpose. The results using both methods have been compared against each other and extensively tested. The testing and validation of the new model included comparisons of the predicted steady-state distributions of major parameters and of the transient channel response against experimental data.
Spontaneous Unilateral Triplet Ectopic Pregnancy A Case Report

With fewer than 100 reported occurrences, spontaneous unilateral ectopic multiple gestation pregnancies are considered to be very rare. The following case review is only the sixth reported case in medical literature since 1891 of a spontaneous triplet ectopic pregnancy. The majority of reported cases have been twin ectopic pregnancies. Multigestation ectopic pregnancies are most often found in patients who have undergone some form of infertility treatment. The incidence of a multigestation ectopic pregnancy happening spontaneously without ovulation-inducing treatment is considered to be an infrequent occurrence.
DECIDING TO CHANGE: AN EVENT SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION BEHAVIOR IN CONSUMERS

Existing, staged models of consumer adoption behavior offer little in the way of theoretical justification, and their empirical validity is in doubt. A qualitative empirical study provides another view by exploring the behavioral decision process by which transportation consumers adopt alternatives to single occupancy vehicles. The study finds that adoption behavior consists of interplay between three conscious, cognitively distinct processes: selecting, evaluating and maintaining. All three processes are characterized in detail in this study. What emerges from the study's data is the first theory to explain the "how" of technology adoption in terms of endogenous mental processes. The study lays the foundation for a more comprehensive causal theory of the adoption process that will provide a step-by-step explanation of how events or life experiences cause a consumer's beliefs about a technology to change over time. It also identifies evaluating, selecting and maintaining as fundamental "microlaws" of innovation: regular rules that describe the generating processes of emergent innovations.
Evidence for preferential Ig gene usage and differential TdT and exonuclease activities in human naïve and memory B cells.

Memory B cells and the antibodies they encode are important for protective immunity against infectious pathogens. Characterization of naive and memory B cell antibody repertoires will elucidate the molecular basis for the generation of antibody diversity in human B cells and the optimization of antibody structures that bind microbial antigens. In this study we aimed to investigate the influence of antigenic selection on the antibody genes of the two CD27+ memory B cell subsets, comparing them with the naive repertoire in CD27- cells. We analyzed and compared the Ig heavy chain gene transcripts in three recently defined circulating naive and memory B cell subsets (CD19+IgD+CD27- [naive], CD19+IgD+CD27+ [un-class-switched memory] or CD19+IgD- CD27+ [class-switched memory]) at the single cell level. We found similar biased patterns of variable, diversity and joining heavy chain gene usages in all three groups of cells. CD19+IgD+CD27+ memory B cells harbored as diverse an antibody gene repertoire as CD19+IgD-CD27+ memory B cells. Interestingly, CD19+IgD+CD27+ memory B cells possessed a lower frequency of somatic mutations, a higher incidence of exonuclease activity at the 3' end of D regions, and a lower frequency of N and P nucleotide additions at both VH-D and D-JH junctions of CDR3 regions compared to CD19+IgD-CD27+ memory B cells. These data suggest distinct functional mechanisms underlying selection of this unique subset of un-class-switched memory B cells.
Identification of Histone Mutants That Are Defective for Transcription-Coupled Nucleosome Occupancy

Our previous studies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae described a gene repression mechanism where the transcription of intergenic noncoding DNA (ncDNA) (SRG1) assembles nucleosomes across the promoter of the adjacent SER3 gene that interfere with the binding of transcription factors. To investigate the role of histones in this mechanism, we screened a comprehensive library of histone H3 and H4 mutants for those that derepress SER3. We identified mutations altering eight histone residues (H3 residues V46, R49, V117, Q120, and K122 and H4 residues R36, I46, and S47) that strongly increase SER3 expression without reducing the transcription of the intergenic SRG1 ncDNA. We detected reduced nucleosome occupancy across SRG1 in these mutants to degrees that correlate well with the level of SER3 derepression. The histone chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments on several other genes suggest that the loss of nucleosomes in these mutants is specific to highly transcribed regions. Interestingly, two of these histone mutants, H3 R49A and H3 V46A, reduce Set2-dependent methylation of lysine 36 of histone H3 and allow transcription initiation from cryptic intragenic promoters. Taken together, our data identify a new class of histone mutants that is defective for transcription-dependent nucleosome occupancy.
Relativistic Thomas-Fermi calculations of finite nuclei including quantum corrections

Relativistic Thomas-Fermi calculations for finite nuclei including quantum corrections up to second order in \ensuremath{\Elzxh}, i.e., Wigner-Kirkwood and exchange corrections, have been performed. A linear \ensuremath{\sigma}-\ensuremath{\omega} model is used, in case of exchange-corrected calculations extended by \ensuremath{\pi}-nucleon and tensor \ensuremath{\rho}-nucleon contributions. A detailed discussion of the outcome shows that the inclusion of quantum corrections improves the description of the nuclear surface and the classical forbidden region in comparison to the standard relativistic Thomas-Fermi model. Furthermore, special attention is devoted to the investigation of the spin-orbit interaction and the influence of the \ensuremath{\sigma}-meson mass on nuclear properties.
Orientation of Oxide Films on Iron

SINCE the publication of a previous note on the orientation of FeO (wustite) films on -iron1, the complete series of oxide layers on iron has been studied. In the X-ray photograms of the FeO films on single crystals of iron, some reflections were identified as coming from Fe3O4, resulting from the partial decomposition of the wustite phase. The pattern showed that this Fe3O4 was identically oriented with the FeO, with all planes of the same indices in the two cubic lattices parallel. The same orientation relationship held when an FeO film was grown, by reduction on a large natural crystal of magnetite (Fe3O4).
Cyclic AMP-stimulated protein kinase prepared from bovine thyroid glands.

Abstract A protein kinase that was stimulated three- to fourfold by cyclic AMP (5 × 10 −6 M ) was partially purified from bovine thyroid glands. Histones and protamine were better substrates for the enzyme than casein or bovine serum albumin, and stimulation induced by cyclic AMP was greater using the former two substances. The concentration of cyclic AMP that gave half-maximal activation (K m ) was 9.1 × 10 −8 M , and 5 × 10 −6 M cyclic AMP produced maximal stimulation. The K m for ATP was 1.3 × 10 −5 M both in the presence and absence of cyclic AMP. However, cyclic AMP (5 × 10 −6 M ) increased the V max of the enzyme 3.5-fold. Other cyclic nucleotides (cyclic IMP, cyclic GMP, cyclic UMP, cyclic CMP, and dibutyryl-cyclic AMP) also activated the enzyme but only at concentrations considerably higher than that required for cyclic AMP. Substitution of 2.5 m M Co ++ for 2.5 m M Mg ++ increased basal protein kinase activity and the response induced by cyclic AMP. Replacement of Mg ++ by Mn ++ caused reduction in basal and cyclic AMP mediated activities. Basal enzyme activity was very low when Ca ++ was used instead of M g ++ , and cyclic AMP produced very little stimulation. Adenosine and ADP (5 × 10 −5 M ) markedly inhibited basal and cyclic nucleotide (cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, and cyclic IMP) activated protein kinase activity. Similar concentrations of FMN, FAD, GDP, adenine, and AMP were either inactive or much less effective. Although these data provide some properties of a cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in the thyroid, its role in thyroid gland function still remains to be elucidated.
ENERGETICS OF POLAR SIDE-CHAIN INTERACTIONS IN HELICAL PEPTIDES : SALT EFFECTS ON ION PAIRS AND HYDROGEN BONDS

The energetics of the interaction between the polar side chains of glutamate or aspartate with lysine and glutamate with histidine have been determined using a model alanine-based peptide helix. An evaluation of the effects of NaCl and pH on the interactions between these acidic and basic residues in several different orientations and spacings in an α-helical peptide has been made. For many of the peptides, we find a considerable interaction between the polar side chains. In general, the shorter side chains show stronger interactions, but there are more restrictions on the precise geometry of the interactions as dictated by the spacing and orientation of the polar residues in the α-helical peptide. The energetics of the interaction between the fully-charged ion pairs can be diminished by added salt, but the interaction is not completely screened even at 2.5 M NaCl. The strength of the interaction between a charged and neutral side chain is not as sensitive to the ionic strength of the solution, suggesting...
FT-IRAS of Adsorbed Alkoxides: Fluorinated Ethoxides on Cu(111)

Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectra (FT-IRAS) of a set of fluorinated ethoxides (CFnH3-nCH2OH, n = 0−3) on the Cu(111) surface have been obtained. The decomposition reactions of adsorbed mono-, di-, and trifluoroethoxide to gaseous fluoroaldehydes exhibit different reaction kinetics, as previously reported, and the reaction of trifluoroethoxide-d2 (CF3CD2O−Cu(111)) exhibits a primary isotope effect. Quantitative measurements of the absorption intensities of CF3CH2O(ad) and CF3CH2OH allowed determination of the orientation of the adsorbed trifluoroethoxide. FT-IRAS results indicate that the orientation of trifluoroethoxide is different than that of ethoxide. Ethoxide on the Cu(111) surface has the C−C bond tilted 70 ± 2° from the surface normal while in trifluoroethoxide the C−C bond is oriented 50 ± 5° from the surface normal. In both species the plane of the molecule defined by the C−C−O atoms is tilted toward the surface. This tilt between the plane of the molecule and the plane of ...
Effects of Feed Composition on Boiler Corrosion in Waste-to-Energy Plants

Municipal solid wastes (MSW) typically contain plastic materials, leather, textiles, batteries, food waste and alkalis. These materials are sources of chlorine, sulfur, potassium, zinc, lead and other heavy metals that can form corrosive media during combustion of the MSW in waste-to-energy (WTE) facilities. Chlorides and sulfates, along with fly ash particles, condense or deposit on the waterwall surfaces in the combustion chamber and on other heat exchanger surfaces in the convection path of the process gas, such as screens and superheater tubes. The resulting high corrosion spots necessitate shutdowns and tube replacements, which represent major operating costs. The aim of ongoing research at Columbia University is to gain a better understanding of the effects of fuel composition, products of combustion, and chemical reactions that lead to the corrosion of metal surfaces in WTE boilers. The potential chemical reactions and their chance of occurrence were determined by means of thermochemical calculations of the respective equilibrium constants as a function of temperature and gas phase composition.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
SOME INFLUENCES OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER EFFLUENT ON MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON DURING JANUARY 19611

The distribution of the phytoplankton standing crop along the coasts of Oregon and Washington during January 1961 is described and attempts to evaluate the influences of freshwater runoff on the marine phytoplankton are made. Marine diatoms and microflagellate concentrations are larger in the Columbia River plume than in the ambient water. Inshore, transition, and offshore species assemblages are present. Silicate, nitrate, and phosphate concentrations are adequate to support phytoplankton growth in the three areas. Surface stability and critical-to-mixed-depth ratios are much larger in the plume than in the oceanic water. There is a correlation between the critical-to-mixed-depth ratios and the size of the phytoplankton standing crop. It is concluded that the freshwater runoff increases the area in which a neritic diatom flora could exist in winter.
Perirenal and intrarenal lipoma

Abstract Intrarenal lipoma and perirenal lipoma present many features of interest. The total number of cases reported is small and of all benign renal neoplasms only myoma and angioma occur less frequently. They occur in a great variety of positions and types in and around the kidney. The occurrence of lipoma in the renal parenchyma is difficult to explain because there is normally no adipose tissue present in this situation. Although intrarenal lipoma and perirenal lipoma are usually not diagnosed clinically, cases are recorded in which the associated clinical symptoms have led to surgical removal of the growth. In cases of perirenal lipoma the outstanding symptom is pain and the presence of a tumor is evident. Urinary disturbances are absent unless there is an associated renal lesion such as calculus. In cases of intrarenal lipoma, symptoms usually depend on involvement of the renal pelvis which occurs when the tumor enlarges or when it is primarily situated in the pelvis. Roentgenographic data aid in the diagnosis only in so far as they furnish evidence of the presence of a tumor; lipoma cannot be distinguished from other renal neoplasms by such means.
HIF-1 and ventilatory acclimatization to chronic hypoxia.

Ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia (VAH) is a time-dependent increase in ventilation and ventilatory O2-sensitivity that involves plasticity in carotid body chemoreceptors and CNS respiratory centers. Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) controls the expression of several genes that increase physiological O2 supply. Studies using transgenic mice show HIF-1α expression in the carotid bodies and CNS with chronic sustained and intermittent hypoxia is important for VAH. Other O2-sensitive transcription factors such as HIF-2α may be important for VAH by reducing metabolic O2 demands also. Specific gene targets of HIF-1α shown to be involved in VAH include erythropoietin, endothelin-1, neuronal nitric oxide synthase and tyrosine hydroxylase. Other HIF-1α targets that may be involved in VAH include vascular endothelial growth factor, heme oxygenase 1 and cytoglobin. Interactions between these multiple pathways and feedback control of HIF-1α expression from some of the targets support a complex and powerful role for HIF-1α in neural plasticity of physiological control circuits with chronic hypoxia.
Dynamic gradient method for PEBS detection in power system transient stability assessment

In methods for assessing the critical clearing time based on the transient energy function, the dominant procedures in use for detecting the exit point across the potential energy boundary surface (PEBS) are the ray and the gradient methods. Because both methods rely on the geometrical characteristics of the post-fault potential energy surface, they may yield erroneous results. In this paper, a more reliable method for PEBS detection is proposed. It is called the dynamic gradient method to indicate that from a given system state, a small portion of the trajectory of the gradient system is approximated and tested for convergence toward the post-fault stable equilibrium point. It is shown that a trade-off between computing time and reliability can be found as the number of machines in the system becomes greater. The method is illustrated on 3-machine and 10-machine systems.
Size characteristics of the solubilized sodium channel saxitoxin binding site from mammalian sarcolemma

Abstract The sodium channel saxitoxin binding component from rat sarcolemma was solubilized with medium chain length non-ionic detergents including NP-40, Brij-96 and Lubrol-PX. Phospholipid was required for stability of the binding component. Specific saxitoxin binding was significantly temperature sensitive even with optimal levels of phospholipid present. The solubilized saxitoxin binding component chromatographed on Sepharose 6B at a position corresponding to that of a globular protein of 95–100 A Stokes radius, but had an apparent s 20,w typical of a smaller molecule ( s 20,w = 9.2–10 ). Column behavior and s 20,w were independent of the specific detergent used for solubilization. Anomalous column behavior may reflect molecular asymmetry, contribution from bound detergent or similar considerations.
Neonatal interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor: Cord blood levels and cellular production*

In a prospective study, levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), interleukin-6) (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were measured in a blind fashion in cord blood plasma from 92 neonates by specific immunoassays, and were correlated with the clinical courses of the infants, including type of delivery and perinatal complications. Plasma IL-1 beta concentration was undetectable in infants born by normal vaginal delivery or elective cesarean section but was significantly increased in infants born after induced vaginal deliveries (142 +/- 68 pg/ml) or urgent cesarean section (290 +/- 21 pg/ml; both p less than 0.05 compared with normal deliveries). The IL-1 beta levels were elevated in infants with severe perinatal complications (282 +/- 116 pg/ml; p less than 0.001), whereas TNF and IL-6 levels were not related to these complications. Infants with isolated perinatal infectious complications had elevated levels of plasma IL-6 compared with those of sick neonates without infection (p less than 0.001). In contrast, TNF plasma levels and IL-1 beta production by cord blood leukocytes were decreased in infants with infectious complications alone (both p less than 0.05). These studies suggest that the levels of IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TNF in the cord plasma relate differentially to clinical complications in the perinatal period.
A Mastication Device Designed for the Evaluation of Chewing Gums

A mechanical device designed to simulate the human mastication of chewing gum was used to evaluate the enamel polish, dentin abrasion, and reduction in enamel solubility produced by several commercial gums, as well as experimental gums incorporated with various additives. The results demonstrated that this mastication device was suitable for evaluating in vitro the physical and chemical effects of chewing gums on teeth.
The Role of Chemostats in the Evaluation of Antimicrobial Agents for Use in Dental Products

Dental plaque develops naturally on teeth and forms part of the natural defence systems of the mouth by acting as a barrier to colonisation by exogenous species. 10 Plaque preferentially forms at stagnant or retentive sites and, unless removed by diligent oral hygiene, it can predispose a site to either caries or periodontal diseases. In disease, the balance ofthe resident microflora shifts. In caries, there is an increase in acidogenic and aciduric species (e.g. mutans streptococci, lactobacilli) at the expense of many acid-sensitive species (e.g. Streptococcus sanguis, S. oralis ), while in periodontal diseases there is an increase both in plaque mass and in the proportions of several obligately anaerobic and capnophilic species. For many subjects, the customary oral hygiene of tooth brushing is usually insufficient by itself over long periods to provide a level of plaque control compatible with oral health. Consequently, the incorporation of antimicrobial agents into dental products as a means of controlling plaque and disease has been advocated for a number of years.'' There are several important differences in the way antimicrobial agents function in the mouth compared to the treatment of most medical infections. Agents for plaque control are applied topically, and are usually delivered by toothpaste or mouthwash. Inhibitors are present at concentrations greater than minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of target organisms for a relatively short time (perhaps minutes), and function thereafter for much longer periods (hours) at sub-MIC levels. Also, antimicrobial agents in dental products are required to produce clinical benefit without disrupting the natural ecology of the resident microflora. The longterm use of these agents is intended, therefore, to control rather than eliminate plaque, and to preserve the beneficial properties of plaque. 10,11 The conventional methods of evaluating antimicrobial agents for use in dental products still centre around those used in medical microbiology, such as determining the MIC. As discussed above (and elsewhere in this workshop), the MIC is not particularly relevant to the mode of action of antimicrobials in the mouth. It is also difficult to extrapolate from such simple tests to predict the likely behaviour of an inhibitor in vivo , so more stringent methods for the laboratory assessment of potential antimicrobial agents have been sought. Of particular value has been the use of continuous culture techniques to grow oral bacteria for prolonged periods, under defined and relevant conditions, in pure and mixed culture.
Building and Rebuilding a Statewide Support System for Literacy Coaches.

In this article the authors recount the history and challenges of implementing coaching in 153 Georgia elementary schools over the 6-year period of Reading First funding. After outlining the expectations of Reading First, they describe the particular demands of coaching in a reform setting and detail the formative lessons that allowed the program to evolve responsively. Each year progressed toward a more fine-grained focus for professional development. Beginning with broadly based knowledge building in Year 1, the project turned to building the capacity of coaches and state staff as data interpreters and professional developers in Year 2. Year 3 entailed a gradual release that enabled coaches and state staff to make more choices in order to tailor professional development to the needs of their schools. Based on longitudinal data, Year 4 narrowed the focus to interactive read-alouds (conducted to build comprehension and vocabulary) and small-group differentiated instruction. Because teacher response to imp...
Coadaptation ofDrosophila and yeasts in their natural habitat.

The mutualistic interactions of cactophilicDrosophila and their associated yeasts in the Sonoran Desert are studied as a system which has evolved within the framework of their host cactus stem chemistry. Because theDrosophila-yeast system is saphrophytic, their responses are not thought to directly influence the evolution of the host. Host cactus stem chemistry appears to play an important role in determining where cactophilicDrosophila breed and feed. Several chemicals have been identified as being important. These include sterols and alkaloids of senita as well as fatty acids and sterol diols of agria and organpipe cactus. Cactus chemistry appears to have a limited role in directly determining the distribution of cactus-specific yeasts. Those effects which are known are due to unusual lipids of organpipe cactus and triterpene glycosides of agria and organpipe cactus.Drosophilayeast interactions are viewed as mutualistic and can take the form of (1) benefits to theDrosophila by either direct nutritional gains or by detoxification of harmful chemicals produced during decay of the host stem tissue and (2) benefits to the yeast in the form of increased likelihood of transmission to new habitats. Experiments on yeast-yeast interactions in decaying agria cactus provide evidence that the yeast community is coadapted. This coadaptation among yeasts occurs in two manners: (1) mutualistic increases in growth rates (which are independent of the presence ofDrosophila larvae) and (2) stabilizing competitive interactions when growth reaches carrying capacity. This latter form is dependent on larval activity and results in benefits to the larvae present. In this sense, the coadapted yeast community is probably also coadapted with respect to itsDrosophila vector.
Strain Separation on a Nonplanar Object Using a Luminescent Photoelastic Coating

This paper presents the theoretical modeling and corresponding experimental results of the oblique incidence response of a luminescent photoelastic coating (LPC) applied to a cylinder under load. LPC is a measurement technique to acquire full-field maximum shear strain and its principal strain direction. The technique uses an absorption dye and a luminescent dye within a photoelastic coating, and the coating is applied on the surface of the specimen using conventional aerosol techniques. On 3D objects, the response of the emission field is dependent on the excitation orientation due to the surface inclination of the structural component and the out-of-plane strain component within the coating. Full-field strain separated results have been previously demonstrated on a 2D specimen. The extension of the strain separation technique to a 3D specimen—a cylinder in bending—is the focus of this investigation. Two different responses were obtained from normal and oblique excitation. As a result, the principal strain was separated over ±56° of circumference of the cylinder with RMS error relative to the theoretical result of 87 μɛ for maximum principal strain and 78 μɛ for minimum.