cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PAN/SAN/SWNT ternary composite: Pore size control and electrochemical supercapacitor behavior

Abstract Single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) act as a compatabilizer for polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/styrene–acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymer blends. Carbonization of PAN/SAN/SWNT blend films results in pore widths in the range of 1–200 nm, while carbonized PAN/SAN blend films resulted in pores with typical width of 1–10 μm. Electrochemical supercapacitor behavior of the carbonized PAN/SAN/SWNT films was characterized using 6 M KOH electrolyte. Surface area and pore size distribution were analyzed using nitrogen gas adsorption and the BET and DFT theories. Double layer capacity of the carbonized PAN/SAN/SWNT films was as high as 205 μF/cm2 based on the BET surface area.
The lost testis: Failure of physical examination and diagnostic laparoscopy to identify inguinal undescended testis

Children presenting with nonpalpable undescended testes are evaluated with diagnostic laparoscopy. The laparoscopic findings of blind-ending vessels and vas deferens are felt to be diagnostic for 'vanished' testes. We present a case of an overweight male in whom the testis was not palpable in the office or under anesthesia and in whom blind-ending vessels were identified on laparoscopy. Inguinal exploration revealed a normal appearing inguinal testis. Although not advocated as a tool in the evaluation of the child presenting with an undescended testis, inguinal ultrasound may have a role in overweight children in whom the examination may be difficult. Furthermore, we would advocate inguinal exploration in overweight children, given the limitations of laparoscopy in this overweight child.
Soviet Legal Innovation and the Law of the Western World

Part I. The Soviet Challenge: 1. The industrial revolution and the law 2. Economic needs as legal rights 3. Equality in the family 4. Children and the law 5. Crime without punishment 6. A call to 'struggling people' 7. The withering away of law Part II. Accommodation in the West: 8. Panic in the palace 9. Enter the working class 10. Social welfare rights 11. The state and the economy 12. Equality comes to the family 13. Child-bearing and rights of children 14. Racial equality 15. Crime and punishment Part III. The Bourgeois International Order: 16. Equality of nations 17. The end of colonies 18. The criminality of war 19. Protecting sovereignty 20. Military intervention Part IV. Law Beyond the Cold War: 21. Triumph of capitalist law? 22. The moorings of Western law 23. The impact of change.
Synaptic transmission in the ampullary electroreceptor of the transparent catfish,Kryptopterus

1. Ampullary electroreceptors of the transparent catfishKryptopterus bicirrhus were studied in situ and in an isolated fin preparation. A microelectrode in the ampulla or beneath the receptor epithelium recorded discharges of the afferent fiber. The receptors are sensitive tonic receptors and the tonic discharge was markedly modified by stimuli as low as 0.1 mV applied at the ampullary opening, anodal (outside positive) stimuli being excitatory and cathodal stimuli being inhibitory (Fig. 1). 2. Strong anodal stimuli excited the fiber with a minimum delay of about 1.3 ms (Fig. 2). Further increase in stimulus strength led to a jump in latency to less than 0.3 ms, ascribable to direct stimulation of the afferent fiber. Thus, there is a minimum synaptic delay of about 1 ms. A brief strong excitatory stimulus was followed by an after-discharge that could not be blocked by strong inhibitory stimuli (Fig. 3). These data are difficult to explain by electrical transmission from receptor celt to afferent fiber, but are consistent with chemical transmission. 3. Provided the skin barrier to penetration of solutes was disrupted, high Mg+2 solutions (15–30 mM) produced a rapid and reversible depression of spontaneous and evoked discharges (Figs. 4–5). High Ca+2 solutions (15 mM) had little effect. 4. L-glutamate at a concentration of 1 μM strongly excited the afferent fiber. The excitation also occurred when spontaneous and stimulus evoked activity was blocked by high Mg+2 solution. L-glutamate at 1 mM transiently excited, then blocked the afferent fiber, probably by excessive depolarization of the terminals (Figs. 6, 7). 5. GABA, L-aspartate, D-glutamate (Fig. 8) and cholinergic drugs had little effect. 6. We conclude that transmission from receptor cell to afferent fiber is chemically mediated by a Ca dependent process, and that L-glutamate is a candidate transmitter for this synapse.
Polarization electric fields sustained by closed‐current dynamo structures in midlatitude sporadic E

The existence of anomalously large midlatitude E region electric fields, occurring at night when sporadic-E ( Es) is present, has now been verified experimentally. The only known source mechanism requires that the Hall current driven by the polarization electric field be sustained in some way. While current closure in the F layer is possible, we show that closure through nearby dynamo structures that involve Es patches may be more likely. To illustrate the concept, we have considered an analytically tractable problem in which two dynamo regions have formed, one above and one below an ion-convergent wind-shear node. We show that the polarization Hall current generated in each region can close through the other region via field-aligned currents. With this kind of closure, we further show that the polarization electric field can approach the idealized Cowling-conductivity-enhanced field strength, which would be large enough to account for the observations that have been made by rocket and radar.
The effect of mating on female sexual behavior of Teleogryllus commodus Walker

Virgin Teleogryllus commodus females show rhythmic locomotor activity in light-dark (LD) and constant light (LL) conditions. A taped 3-h calling song stimulates them into further walking, and they lay few eggs. Successful mating suppresses or reduces circadian-controlled walking, but in LL-conditions the free-run still persists. Mated females no longer respond to the 3-h calling song. The number of eggs laid within 24–72 h after insemination increases, and the three effects of mating occur independently of one another. The possible physiological basis of these changes and their ecological and behavioral significance under field conditions are discussed.
CO 2 -laser polishing for reductoin of 351-nm surface damage initiation in fused silica

We have applied a carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) raster scanning laser polishing technique on two types of fused silica flat optics to determine the efficacy of CO 2 -laser polishing as a method to increase the 351-nm laser damage resistance of optic surfaces. R-on-1 damage test results show that the fluence for any given 355-nm damage probability is 10-15 J/cm 2 higher (at 3 ns pulse length, scaled) for the CO 2 -laser polished samples. Poor quality and good quality surfaces respond to the treatment such that their surface damage resistance is brought to approximately the same level. Surface stress and the resultant effect on wavefront quality remain key technology issues that would need to be addressed for a robust deployment.
Understanding and Controlling Response Bias in Needs Assessment Studies

This study demonstrated that estimates of agency awareness in the typical needs assessment study are probably inflated by a response bias labeled "agency awareness overclaming." Overclaimers (respondents who reported being aware of fictitious agencies) reported being aware of more real agencies than other respondents. Estimates of agency awareness may also be biased, because certain segments of the population were more likely to exhibit agency awareness overclaiming. Age was positively correlated with overclaiming, and African Americans were more likely to exhibit agency awareness overclaiming than Caucasians. General overclaiming was correlated with agency awareness overclaiming, but social desirability and acquiescence were not.
The incidence of Kawasaki disease in the United States did not increase between 1988 and 1997.

To the Editor .— In my study1 using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database to calculate the incidence of Kawasaki disease (KD) in the United States between 1988 and 1997, I did not use the recommended weighting technique to account for the differences in stratified sampling across different years. As a result, miscalculated KD incidences were presented in Fig 2 of the article,1 and an erroneous conclusion was made …
A defense of peace as a human right

Recent years have seen increased debate about the contributions that human rights make to the creation of conditions of peace. However, less attention has been paid to the claim that peace itself is a genuine human right. Whereas some critics argue that a focus on rights results in an overly formal juridical account of peace at the expense of a more robust notion of positive peace, others contend that a legal framework of rights is all that is needed to eliminate violent conflict. In this paper I strike a position between these two arguments and articulate a normative defense of the human right to peace embedded within a broader discourse of social justice. I do so by demonstrating that a right to peace is a genuine human right because it satisfies appropriate justificatory tests, including those concerning its scope, the duties it generates, and its economic feasibility.
Pig liver fatty acid synthetase: purification and physicochemical properties.

Abstract This paper reports the first detailed study of the physicochemical properties of a fatty acid synthetase multienzyme complex from a mammalian liver. Fatty acid synthetase from pig liver was purified by a procedure including the following main steps: (i) preparation of a clarified supernatant solution (50,000 g), (ii) ammonium sulfate fractionation, (iii) DEAE-cellulose chromatography to separate 11 S catalase from the 13 S fatty acid synthetase, (iv) a preparative sucrose density gradient step to remove a 7 S impurity, and (v) a calcium phosphate gel step to remove an unusual yellow 16 S heme protein to yield a colorless preparation. The purified fatty acid synthetase was colorless and showed a single symmetrical peak in sucrose density gradient and conventional sedimentation velocity experiments. Fatty acid synthetase was very stable at 4 °C in the presence of 1 m m dithiothreitol and 25% sucrose. Extrapolation to zero protein concentration yielded values of So20,w = 13.3 S and Do20,w = 2.60 × 10−7cm2/s for the sedimentation and diffusion coefficients of the enzyme. Frictional coefficient values of 1.55 and 1.56 × 10−7 cm, respectively, were calculated from the values for the sedimentation and diffusion coefficients. Based on these frictional coefficient values, the Stokes radius of the enzyme was calculated to be 82.4 A. Sedimentation and diffusion coefficient data yielded a molecular weight value of M w ( s D ) = 478,000 and sedimentation equilibrium data yielded a value of Mw = 476,000. Preliminary intrinsic viscosity measurements at 20 °C gave a value of 7.3 ml/g, indicating that the enzyme is somewhat asymmetric. This is supported by the value of 1.58 calculated for the frictional ratio and by the fact that the values for the sedimentation and diffusion coefficients are both slightly lower than expected for a globular protein of molecular weight 478,000. The enzyme possesses about 90 SH groups per molecule, assuming a molecular weight of 478,000. The ultraviolet absorption spectrum of the enzyme shows a maximum at 280 nm and an unusual shoulder at 290 nm. The fluorescence spectrum of the enzyme is dominated by tryptophan fluorescence and, over the excitation range of 260–300 nm, there is a single emission maximum at 344 nm.
Avarice, Altruism, and Second Party Preferences

The shape of a preference function when one individual's utility depends not only upon his own rate of consumption, but also upon his neighbor's rate of consumption — second party preferences, 2. — Definitions of avaricious, altruistic, and egalitarian sentiment, 4. — Division of a fixed supply of commodities between two individuals, 6. — The maximum mazimorum of satisfaction when any move from an equilibrium position leaves all parties worse off, 12. — Some implications for welfare policies and programs, 15.
Visual–vestibular stimulation interferes with information processing in young and older humans

Attention has been implicated in postural control and other tasks requiring sensory integration. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of attention in sensory-motor processing of vestibular and combined visual–vestibular information during seated rotations using a dual-task interference approach. We hypothesized that auditory information processing would be influenced by concurrent visual-ocular, vestibulo-ocular, or combined visual-vestibulo-ocular processing. We further hypothesized that the effect would be greater in older subjects. Twenty older subjects (10 women, 10 men, 69.3±3.2 years) and 20 young subjects (10 women, 10 men, 23.5±2.9 years) were asked to perform information-processing tasks while they underwent several types of vestibular, visual–vestibular, and ocular motor paradigms. The information-processing tasks were: (1) an auditory simple reaction-time task (SRT), (2) an auditory go–no-go (disjunctive) reaction-time task (DRT), and (3) an auditory forced-choice task (CRT). The visual–vestibular-ocular motor conditions included: (1) no movement/darkness (NO), (2) no movement/fixation (FIX), (3) no movement/pursuit (P), (4) earth-vertical axis rotation (EVAR) in darkness, (5) EVAR with fixation (E-FIX), (6) off-vertical axis rotation (OVAR) in darkness, and (7) OVAR with fixation (O-FIX). Results showed that older subjects had longer reaction times for all combinations of stimulus condition and reaction-time task compared with young subjects. Compared with the NO baseline, reaction times during EVAR were longer for young and older subjects and during OVAR were longer for the young subjects. For FIX and P, the reaction times during P exceeded those during FIX and during NO for both groups. For E-FIX and O-FIX, reaction times did not differ from those during EVAR and OVAR. The interference with information processing by concurrent vestibular stimulation in the dark may be based upon cortical inhibition of auditory processes by vestibular stimulation. Eye movements induced by EVAR showed an increased phase lead during reaction-time tasks, suggesting altered vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) dynamics, possibly based on cerebellar-mediated changes in velocity storage. Since fixation of a head-fixed visual target did not add to the effect of rotation in the dark, a further implication of our results is that VOR-fixation while performing a concurrent information-processing task may be accomplished primarily by VOR suppression rather than by VOR cancellation.
MRI of uncommon and unusual lesions of the duodenum, small bowel, and mesentery

As MRI assessment of bowel increases, unusual and uncommon lesions of small bowel and mesentery are more frequently encountered. MRI is often useful for characterizing these lesions, and sometimes a specific diagnosis can be made. This manuscript illustrates and discusses the MRI appearance of a variety of unusual lesions involving or related to the small bowel and mesentery.
The Availability of Objectives and Performance in a Computer-Managed Graduate Course.

The effects of presenting objectives to students in a graduate computer-managed course were investigated. The 32 Ss who registered for the course “Techniques of Programmed Instruction” were randomly assigned to an objective group and a non-objective group. The hypotheses, based on previous laboratory studies, that objectives would decrease test-item-latency, increase study time, and facilitate performance on unit tests were not supported. Objectives did significantly reduce state anxiety; however, even that effect diminished as the course progressed. Apparently graduate students are able to “psych out” a course very rapidly, and objectives have little effect.
Expanded thermodynamic true yield prediction model : adjustments and limitations

Bacterial yield prediction is critical for bioprocess optimization and modeling of natural biological systems. In previous work, an expanded thermodynamic true yield prediction model was developed through incorporating carbon balance and nitrogen balance along with electron balance and energy balance. In the present work, the application of the expanded model is demonstrated in multiple growth situations (aerobic heterotrophs, anoxic, anaerobic heterotrophs, and autolithotrophs). Two adjustments are presented that enable improved prediction when additional information regarding the environmental conditions (pH) or degradation pathway (requirement for oxygenase- or oxidase-catalyzed reactions) is known. A large data set of reported yields is presented and considered for suitability in model validation. Significant uncertainties of literature-reported yield values are described. Evaluation of the model with experimental yield values shows good predictive ability. However, the wide range in reported yields and the variability introduced into the prediction by uncertainty in model parameters, limits comprehensive validation. Our results suggest that the uncertainty of the experimental data used for validation limits further improvement of thermodynamic prediction models.
External Ophthalmomyiasis Caused by Estrus Ovis

External ophthalmomyiasis occurred in a 16-year-old white girl who was infected on Catalina Island, an endemic area for the sheep bot fly. With the patient under topical anesthesia, we isolated the larva, Estrus ovis, removed it with jewelers' forceps, and examined it with light and scanning electron microscopy. The patient responded well to a treatment regimen of corticosteroids and antibiotics.
Crystalline cerium(IV) phosphates—I Preparation and characterization of crystalline compounds☆

Abstract The preparation of seven cerium(IV) phosphates, six of which new compounds, is described. The compounds were characterized by means of analytical, thermal, i.r., and X-ray methods. Five of the compounds belong to a series whose general formula is Ce(OH)x(PO4)x(HPO4)2−2x. yH2O. Two of these can be characterized as being end members of the series, i.e. Ce(HPO4)2 and Ce(OH)0·7(PO4)1·1 although the latter compound does not quite conform to the required stoichiometry. The remaining two compounds contain dihydrogen phosphate groups as well as orthophosphate and may be members of additional series.
Prenatal Drug Exposure Implications for Personnel Preparation

In this descriptive study, a group of 34 school-age children who had been prenatally and environmentally exposed to drugs or alcohol were identified. Qualitative information from interviews and observations was organized and analyzed in matrices to determine the predominant characteristics of this population and educators' beliefs and attitudes about working with these students. Interviews and anecdotal records written in the children's files suggested that teachers perceived these students as distractible, lazy, stubborn, and impulsive. Some educators knew the children were drug exposed, and others did not. Educators' attitudes and selected interventions were related to their knowledge regarding the possible basis for the children's difficulties. Those who were aware that the children had been prenatally exposed to drugs or alcohol seemed to be willing to adjust their expectations and to modify the learning environment to attend to their students' needs. These educators did not punish their students for ...
Characterization and modeling of strain localization in aluminum foam using multiple face analysis

Abstract Increased understanding of the strain localization process in aluminum foam is achieved via a dual camera data acquisition system, used to observe adjacent specimen faces. Details of compacting shear band formation are discussed, in relation to the specimen stress–strain response. Theoretical localization predictions, using a bifurcation approach, are in accordance with experimental observations.
A computer model of the cerebellar cortex of the frog.

Abstract A computer simulation of the neuronal circuits in the cerebellar cortex of frog is developed as a means of testing the functional properties of this cortex. The model is based on present day information regarding morphology and function of the different cortical neurons. In order to allow the model to resemble as closely as possible the actual cerebellum, the model was grown by the computer to simulate data obtained from anatomical studies of the different elements. The model comprises a Purkinje cell layer consisting of 8285 Purkinje cells, 1.68 million granule cells, and 16,820 mossy fibers. Their connectivity was specified on the basis of probability density functions based on the spatial organization of these different elements. Once the cerebellar model was assembled, computer results indicated that the mossy fiber/granule cell system displayed functional specificities which were not expected a priori . (1) A spatially localized mossy fiber input in the peduncle generated localized activation in the cells of the granular layer despite the stochastic nature of the connectivity. This activation of the granular layer occurred in a spindle-like manner which tended to be localized in particular depths in the granular layer. (2) Simultaneous activation of several discrete points in the peduncle, rather than producing a diffuse activity in the granular layer, generated distinct activation of sets of neurons in this layer. In conclusion the model gives evidence for functional specificity in the absence of morphological specificity. This finding suggests that only a limited amount of genetic specificity may be necessary to generate functional specificity in certain neuronal circuits.
“The Mutual Flame of Love”: Spiritual Marriage in Shakespeare’s The Phoenix and Turtle

The main thesis of this essay is that The Phoenix and Turtle is a poetic definition of the “truth of love,” or perfect love, incorporating various medieval traditions. Starting from an examination of the context of the overall collection containing poems by Jonson, Marston, and Shakespeare, my argument is that the roots of this conception of perfect love lie not only in scholastic sources regarding the union of persons in the Trinity, but also in the confluence of three other lines of medieval Catholic tradition: the literary traditions of mystical union, spiritual friendship, and spiritual marriage.
Editor's puzzle: product adoption in a social network

Solutions should be sent to the editor at conitzer@cs.duke.edu with subject header SIGecom Exchanges Puzzle. The author(s) of the most elegant solution (as judged by the editor) will be allowed to publish his or her or their proof in the next issue of the Exchanges (ties broken towards earlier submissions). To make the solution accessible to a wide audience, try to minimize technical jargon in the proof. The editor will not give any feedback on submitted solutions and ignore any requests for hints, etc. We have n agents who, in sequence, have to decide whether to adopt technology A or technology B. The decision is irreversible. Each agent has a single other agent that she admires, drawn uniformly at random from the other agents. (Note that if x admires y, it is not necessarily the case that y admires x.) With probability p0, an agent is a “B fanatic” who will certainly adopt B. With probability p1, an agent is a “B copycat” who will adopt B if the agent that she admires has already adopted B, and A otherwise. With probability 1− p0 − p1, an agent is an “A fanatic” who will certainly adopt A. All random draws are independent. Assuming that n is large, give a simple formula for the final fraction of agents who adopt B. Hint: In a simulation with n = 1000000, p0 = .5, and p1 = .5, repeated 1000 times, the average final fraction of adopters was 0.6487, approximately √ e− 1. In a simulation with n = 1000000, p0 = .1, and p1 = .1, repeated 1000 times, the average final fraction of adopters was 0.1052. In a simulation with n = 1000000, p0 = .1, and p1 = .2, repeated 1000 times, the average final fraction of adopters was 0.1107.
The Normal Mode Analysis Shape Detection Method for Automated Shape Determination of Lung Nodules

Surface morphology and shape in general are important predictors for the behavior of solid-type lung nodules detected on CT. More broadly, shape analysis is useful in many areas of computer-aided diagnosis and essentially all scientific and engineering disciplines. Automated methods for shape detection have all previously, to the author’s knowledge, relied on some sort of geometric measure. I introduce Normal Mode Analysis Shape Detection (NMA-SD), an approach that measures shape indirectly via the motion it would undergo if one imagined the shape to be a pseudomolecule. NMA-SD allows users to visualize internal movements in the imaging object and thereby develop an intuition for which motions are important, and which geometric features give rise to them. This can guide the identification of appropriate classification features to distinguish among classes of interest. I employ normal mode analysis (NMA) to animate pseudomolecules representing simulated lung nodules. Doing so, I am able to assign a testing set of nodules into the classes circular, elliptical, and irregular with roughly 97 % accuracy. This represents a proof-of-principle that one can obtain shape information by treating voxels as pseudoatoms in a pseudomolecule, and analyzing the pseudomolecule’s predicted motion.
Electron-hole drops in Ge at high magnetic fields

Abstract Light scattering near the focal point of excitation reveals a distribution of electron-hole drop radii, r ≈ 7–60 μm, independent of B up to 15 T. Small radii r ≈ 0.15 μm are determined from magneto-photoconductivity measurements. Electron-hole drop luminescence from valleys of light cyclotron mass are found for B ∥ [111], [110] with B ⪆ 12 T.
Calling the Shots With New Communications Networks

Corporate planners will soon need answers to the questions of whether their communications strategies should include the use of the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), and, if so, what they can do to prepare for it.
Noncovalent dimerization of paclitaxel in solution: Evidence from electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Abstract Paclitaxel, a unique antimitotic chemotherapy agent that inhibits cell division by binding to microtubules and prevents them from “depolymerizing,” has received widespread interest because of its efficacy in fighting certain types of cancer, including breast and ovarian cancer. Paclitaxel undergoes aggregation at millimolar concentrations in both aqueous media and solvents of low polarity (mimicking hydrophobic environments). Its aggregation may have impact on its aqueous stability and its ability to stabilize microtubules. Here, we investigated the dimerization phenomenon of paclitaxel by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS). Paclitaxel dimers were stable in solutions of acetonitrile/aqueous ammonium acetate (80/20) and aqueous sodium acetate/acetonitrile (92/8 or 95/5) at various pH values. Additional experiments using solution‐phase hydrogen/deuterium exchange were employed to ascertain whether or not the observed dimers were formed in solution or as an artifact of the ESI process by ion–molecule reaction. The evidence supports formation of the dimer in solution, and the approach used can be extended to investigation of other types of drug–drug interactions. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss Inc. and the American Pharmaceutical Association J Pharm Sci 91:2057–2066, 2002
Cholesterol Pleural Effusion: A Report of Three Cases with a Cure by Decortication

1)Three new cases of cholesterol pleural effusion are reported. 2)Complete decortication of the pleura in a patient with cholesterol thorax was done for the first time and resulted in a clinical cure. 3)Cholesterol deposits in the pleura in one case and caseocalcific pleural deposits in a second case were responsible for the high cholesterol content of the fluid and the precipitation of cholesterol crystals. 4)The first case of cholesterol pleural effusion associated with adenocarcinoma of the pleura is described. The tumor was a mucinproducing tumor and brings up the possibility of a connection between mucin production and cholesterol precipitation.
Spaces and manifolds of shapes in computer vision: An overview

We provide an overview of several shape space models that have been proposed in the past few years, focusing, in particular on models involving Riemannian manifolds of shapes. The discussion is organized in three stages, starting with a review of some shape representation methods, followed by shape space structures, from metric spaces to manifolds, and concluding with a short description of some of the applications that resulted from such models.
Tin monosulfide thin films grown by atomic layer deposition using tin 2,4 pentandionate and hydrogen sulfide

Tin monosulfide (SnS) was grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) using sequential exposures of tin(II) 2,4-pentanedionate (Sn(acac)2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). In situ quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) studies showed that the SnS ALD mass gain per cycle was 11−12 ng/cm2 at 175 °C on a gold-covered QCM sensor. Using a film density of 5.07 g/cm3 determined by X-ray reflectivity measurements, these mass gains are equivalent to SnS ALD growth rates of 0.22−0.24 A/cycle. The ratio of the mass loss and mass gain (|Δm2/Δm1|) from the H2S and Sn(acac)2 reactions was |Δm2/Δm1| ∼ 0.32 at 175 °C. This measured ratio is close to the predicted ratio from the proposed surface chemistry for SnS ALD. The SnS ALD was self-limiting versus the Sn(acac)2 and H2S exposures. The SnS ALD growth rate was also independent of substrate temperature from 125 to 225 °C. The SnS ALD growth on Al2O3 ALD substrates displayed nucleation problems and smaller growth rates. These differences may be caused by site blocking by the Al(acac)*...
A numerical study of thermal interaction of solidification fronts with spherical particles during solidification of metal-matrix composite materials

Abstract The potential influence of the presence of copper, iron, mica, TiB2, graphite and alumina particles dispersed in melts of several matrix metals including aluminum, copper and lead was studied. Specifically the influence of the particles on the solidification fronts during freezing of various matrix melts was numerically studied in order to understand the experimentally observed solidification microsctructures in metal-matrix composites. Irregular geometries of the composite material were mapped into simple rectangles through numerical conformal mapping techniques to analyse the influence of a single particle or a row of particles on a unidirectionally advancing planar solidification front. The particles were assumed to be spherical and located in the center of the cylindrical mold. The study showed that for particles with lower thermal conductivity than the melt, the interface first goes through acceleration as it approaches and encapsulates the front half of the particle, and then it decelerates as it encapsulates the remaining half of the particle. The acceleration and deceleration phenomenon of the interface increases as the thermal conductivity ratio of particle to melt decreases. With low thermal conductivity ratios ( K p K l ⪡ 1 ), the interface is orthogonal to the particle. When the conductivity of the particle is lower than that of the melt, the interface becomes convex facing the particle; this mode would lead to pushing of the particle ahead if it was free to move as has been experimentally observed during solidification of several metal-matrix composites when K p K l ⪢ 1 , the phenomenon is the opposite to that mentioned above and the interface would become concave facing the particle tending to entrap the particle. The temperature vs solidification time plots of two points, one in the particle and the other in melt, show that the particle with a conductivity lower than the matrix is at a temperature higher than the melt; the temperature difference between the two points decreases with increasing solidification rate for all the positions of the interface before it touches the particle. The influences of these temperature differences between the melt and the particles on solidification of composites are discussed.
Correlation of selective modifications to a 2',5'-oligoadenylate-3',5'- deoxyribonucleotide antisense chimera with affinity for the target nucleic acid and with ability to activate RNase L

The use of an antisense oligonucleotide to address a specific targeted RNA sequence and subsequent localized activation of the 2-5A-dependent RNase (RNase L) to effect selective RNA degradation is a new approach to the control of gene expression called 2-5A-antisense. The previously reported biological activity of the 2-5A:AS chimeric oligonucleotide [p5'(A2'p)3A-antiPKR1], directed against nucleotides 55-73 of the coding sequence of the PKR mRNA, has been used as a point of reference to examine the effect of introducing mismatches into the chimeric oligonucleotide, altering the chain length of the antisense domain of the chimeras, removal of the 5'-monophosphate moiety, shortening the 2',5'-oligoadenylate domain, and substitution of 3',5'-linked 2'-deoxyadenosine nucleotides for the 2-5A domain. The general formula for the novel chimeric oligonucleotides is p5'(A2'p)3A2'p(CH2)4p(CH 2 ) 4 p(5'N3'p) m N, where N is any nucleoside and m is any integer. When the biological activity of these new chimeric oligonucleotides was compared to that of the parent chimera, 2-5A-aPKR, for their ability to effect target PKR RNA cleavage in a cell-free and in an intact cell assay, it was determined that there was a close correlation between the activity of 2-5A-antisense chimeras and their affinity (T m ) for a targeted nucleic acid. In addition, there was also a close correlation between activity of the 2-5A-antisense chimeras and their ability to activate the 2-5A-dependent RNase L.
Aerosolized pentamidine as pneumocystis prophylaxis after bone marrow transplantation is inferior to other regimens and is associated with decreased survival and an increased risk of other infections.

Abstract Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is a life-threatening but preventable infection that may occur after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Although various prophylactic regimens have been used in this setting to prevent active infection, their efficacy, toxicity profile, and impact on outcomes are poorly described in this patient group. We undertook a retrospective cohort study in which we reviewed the records of 451 adult patients who underwent BMT for hematologic malignancies, aplastic anemia, or myelodysplasia over a 7-year period at the Brigham and Women's Hospital. Post-BMT PCP prophylaxis consisted of aerosolized pentamidine (AP) 150 mg every 2 weeks or 300 mg per month, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) 160/800 mg orally b.i.d. 3 times per week, or dapsone 100 mg orally each day. Prophylaxis was continued for 1 year post-BMT in all patients when clinically feasible. One hundred twenty-one patients were unevaluable because of death or relapse 1 year post-BMT in a patient who was off PCP prophylaxis. Although the patients receiving only AP had a significantly lower probability of treatment-related toxicity than those receiving TMP/SMX (OR 0.19 [95% CI 0.04, 0.851), the probability of their acquiring other serious non-PCP infections was increased (OR 2.2 [95% CI 1.0, 4.6]), and the probability of their dying by 1 year post-BMT was significantly higher (OR 5.2 [95% CI 2.4, 26.6]), even when adjusted for variables such as type of BMT (autologous versus allogeneic; high versus low risk) and sex. Although AP is associated with fewer toxicities, the data show that it is inferior to TMP/SMX in preventing PCP in the post-BMT setting and is associated with an increased risk of other infections and a higher mortality at 1 year after BMT. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2000;6(1):35-43.
Synthesis of mer-[RuCl3(DMSO)(bpy)], reactivity and electrochemistry of mer-[RuCl3(DMSO)(bpy)] and mer-[RuCl3(TMSO)(bpy)] complexes

Abstract [H(DMSO)2][trans-RuCl4(DMSO)2] (1) reacts with 2,2′-bipyridine in ethanol at room temperature resulting in the formation of a major compound, mer-[RuCl3(DMSO)(bpy)] (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) 3 and a known minor compound, cis-[RuCl2(DMSO)4] (4). The compounds 3 and 4 are formed via an anticipated intermediate mer-[RuCl3(DMSO)3] (2). The reaction of 3 and mer-[RuCl3(TMSO)(bpy)] (5) with small molecules like imidazole, carbon monoxide and KSCN yield, mer-[RuCl3(bpy)(im)] · 2DMSO (im = imidazole) (6) and cis-[RuCl2(TMSO)(CO)(bpy)] (7), cis-[RuCl2(DMSO)(CO)(bpy)] (8) and K[RuCl3(bpy)(SCN)] (9), respectively. The formations of 3, 6 and 7 have been authenticated by single crystal structure determinations. Compound 6 is formed by the substitution of DMSO or TMSO from 3 and 5, respectively, whereas 7 and 8 are formed by unprecedented one-electron reductions of 5 and 3. The reactions of 3 and 5 with KSCN resulted in the same compound, K[RuCl3(NCS)(bpy)] (9). DFT calculations were performed to distinguish whether the thiocyanate ligand is bound to ruthenium through S or N. In the ruthenium bipyridine systems, the HOMO contains ruthenium d-orbitals and the LUMO is typically π∗-orbitals of the bipyridine ring. Complexes 3, 6 and 7 are redox active in acetone and DMSO solvent showing prominent a reduction peak and corresponding oxidation peak.
Analogues acycliques des nucléosides. Analogues des nucléosides de l'uracile partant de précurseurs acycliques dérivés des D-arabinose, D-xylose, D-galactose et D-glucose

Abstract Fusion of 2,3,4,5,6-penta- O -acetyl-1-bromo-1-deoxy-1- S -ethyl-1-thio- aldehydo - D -galactose aldehydrol ( 1 ) with 2,4-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)pyrimidine ( 2 ) gave a protected, acyclic-sugar nucleoside derivative 3 that gave on saponification a crystalline 1-deoxy-1- S -ethyl-1-thio-1-(uracil-1-yl)- aldehydo - D -galactose aldehydrol ( 4 ) in good yield. Similarly, from the analogs ( 5 , 9 , and 13 ) of the bromide 1 , derived from D -glucose, D -arabinose, and D -xylose, respectively, were prepared the corresponding acyclic-sugar analogs 6 , 10 , and 14 ; these were converted into their O -deacetylated counterparts 7 , 11 , and 15 . The bromide 13 in the D -xylose series was condensed with 6-acetamido-9-chloromercuripurine to give the acyclic-sugar adenine derivative 18 by way of its tetraacetate 17 .
Exurban Living Using Improved Water and Wastewater Technology

Millions of American households are choosing to live in the exurban countryside that lies beyond the suburban fringe. This trend will transform the politics, government, and economic structure of the nation. The trend is driven in part because millions of households prefer the lifestyle opportunities of the country far from urbanized areas. But those households also do not wish to live a rustic lifestyle. Modern technology allows them to have a rural lifestyle with many urban conveniences such as electricity, telephone, and television with satellite reception. Modern technology also enables them to sever the urban umbilical cord by substituting on-site wastewater and water treatment in the most problematic terrain. This paper describes the exurbanizing trend and how improved on-site water and wastewater technology contributes to the trend. It also discusses some problems of such technology for urban planning. It concludes with a call for more conscientious research into the causes and consequences of exurbanization.
Personality Traits and Sales Performance: Exploring Differential Effects of Need For Cognition and Self-Monitoring

Identification of personality traits effective in predicting sales success has become increasingly critical. Two theoretically grounded traits—need for cognition and self-monitoring—were investigated as possible predictors of sales performance. Analysis of data collected from 956 salespeople revealed that both need for cognition and self-monitoring were related to differences in self-rated sales performance. Managerial implications and directions for future research are proposed.
Use of intravenous immune globulin in patients receiving bone marrow transplants

Patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation for acute leukemia or aplastic anemia are a great risk for the development of interstitial pneumonia associated with the cytomegalovirus (CMV). Passive immunization with a CMV immune plasma has been found to be effective for the prevention of interstitial pneumonia after marrow transplantation. Because of the limited availability of high-titered CMV plasma, we studied the kinetics of CMV antibody in bone marrow transplant patients receiving immune globulin intravenous, 5%, in 10% maltose (IGIV). Several lots of IGIV had CMV radioimmunoassay (RIA) antibody titers (1:30,000) comparable to the CMV antibody titers in the CMV immune plasma. A single infusion of 20 cc/kg of IGIV produced a mean peak CMV RIA antibody titer of 1:9,500. This titer fell to 1:1,000 after seven days. These antibody titers were approximately two- to three-fold lower than the CMV RIA antibody titers achieved after a 10 cc/kg dose of the CMV immune plasma. Administration of IGIV at doses lower than 20 cc/kg produced correspondingly lesser increases in the CMV antibody titers of the recipients. At all doses, IGIV was well tolerated and caused no significant biochemical abnormalities. Some patients experienced mild elevation of their serum glucose levels and asymptomatic glycosuria. We are presently evaluating the efficacy of IGIV (20 cc/kg given once every week) for the modification of CMV infection and prevention of interstitial pneumonia after bone marrow transplantation in a randomized, controlled study. The effects of IGIV on the incidence and outcome of bacterial, fungal, and other viral infections are also being analyzed.
Design and preliminary tests of a prototype CZT imaging array

We report on the design and construction of a tiled Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) detector array, suitable for use as an astronomical coded aperture imager. Four detector modules, each with 4 x 4 x 0.5 cm of CZT, readout by two 128 channel XA type ASICs, have been built and incorporated into a detector focal plane array. A passive shield/collimator surrounded by plastic scintillator encloses the detector on five sides and provides a 40 degree field of view. In this paper, we present our performance goals and some preliminary calibration results.
Factors associated with risk for subsequent injuries after traumatic spinal cord injury.

Abstract Krause JS. Factors associated with risk for subsequent injuries after traumatic spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85:1503–8. Objectives To identify the annual incidence and risk factors for subsequent injury among subjects with preexisting spinal cord injury (SCI) Design Cross-sectional, mailed survey. Setting A specialty hospital in the southeastern United States. Participants Subjects (N=1328) with SCI participated in this study (response rate, 72%), each of whom met the following inclusion criteria: (1) traumatic SCI with residual impairment American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) grades A through D, (2) nonsurgical onset, (3) age 18 years or older at the time of the study, and (4) a minimum of 12 months post-SCI. Interventions Not applicable. Main outcome measures A general health assessment survey was used that required participants to report the number of injuries that were severe enough to require treatment in a clinic, emergency department, or hospital in the past year, as well as whether any injury resulted in hospitalization. Risk measures included the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CAGE, Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire, Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scale, and prescription medication usage. Results Nineteen percent of participants reported at least 1 injury within the past year, with an annual incidence of .33 when considering those with multiple injuries. Twenty-seven percent of those with at least 1 injury reported 1 or more injury-related hospitalizations in the past year. Being younger; having an ASIA grade D injury; higher sensation-seeking scores; heavy drinking; and prescription medication use for pain, spasticity, depression, and sleep were associated with a greater likelihood of subsequent injuries. Conclusions Subsequent injuries impact nearly 20% of people with SCI annually; yet, this problem has received little attention in the literature. Further study is needed to identify the costs, severity, and circumstances surrounding injury to design prevention programs that target risk behaviors.
From Research to Practice: An Integrative Framework for the Development of Interventions for Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Since fetal alcohol syndrome was first described over 35 years ago, considerable progress has been made in the delineation of the neurocognitive profile in children with prenatal alcohol exposure. Preclinical investigators have made impressive strides in elucidating the mechanisms of alcohol teratogenesis and in testing the effectiveness of pharmacological agents and dietary supplementation in the amelioration of alcohol-induced deficits. Despite these advances, only limited progress has been made in the development of evidence-based comprehensive interventions for functional impairment in alcohol-exposed children. Having performed a search in PubMed and PsycINFO using key words, interventions, treatment, fetal alcohol syndrome, prenatal alcohol exposure, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, we found only 12 papers on empirically-based interventions. Only two of these interventions had been replicated and none met the criteria of “well-established,” as defined by Chambless and Hollon (Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66(1):7–18, 1998). There has been only limited cross-fertilization of ideas between preclinical and clinical research with regard to the development of interventions. Therefore, we propose a framework that allows integrating data from preclinical and clinical investigations to develop comprehensive intervention programs for children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. This framework underscores the importance of multi-level evaluations and interventions.
Persistent-current paramagnetism and spin-orbit interaction in mesoscopic rings.

The persistent currents in arrays of isolated mesoscopic metallic rings are shown by conventional diagrammatic analysis (within a noninteracting model) to retain their paramagnetic character even in the presence of strong spin-orbit interaction. It is shown that this result is consistent with the nonperturbative one-dimensional results of Meir et al., if these results are correctly applied to the canonical ensemble.
Imparting magnetic dipole heterogeneity to internalized iron oxide nanoparticles for microorganism swarm control

Tetrahymena pyriformis is a single cell eukaryote that can be modified to respond to magnetic fields, a response called magnetotaxis. Naturally, this microorganism cannot respond to magnetic fields, but after modification using iron oxide nanoparticles, cells are magnetized and exhibit a constant magnetic dipole strength. In experiments, a rotating field is applied to cells using a two-dimensional approximate Helmholtz coil system. Using rotating magnetic fields, we characterize discrete cells’ swarm swimming which is affected by several factors. The behavior of the cells under these fields is explained in detail. After the field is removed, relatively straight swimming is observed. We also generate increased heterogeneity within a population of cells to improve controllability of a swarm, which is explored in a cell model. By exploiting this straight swimming behavior, we propose a method to control discrete cells utilizing a single global magnetic input. Successful implementation of this swarm control method would enable teams of microrobots to perform a variety of in vitro microscale tasks impossible for single microrobots, such as pushing objects or simultaneous micromanipulation of discrete entities.