cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Online Stable Task Assignment in Opportunistic Mobile Crowdsensing with Uncertain Trajectories

In opportunistic mobile crowdsensing, participants (workers) accept to carry out the requested sensing tasks only if they are already close to or within the regions of interest. Thus, the existence of an assignment opportunity between a workertask pair strictly depends on whether or not the worker will visit the task region. However, when worker trajectories are uncertain and hence not known in advance, existing solutions fail to produce an effective task assignment. Besides, a satisfactory task assignment should respect the preferences and capacity constraints of workers and task requesters, which are generally neglected in literature. In this study, we address all of these issues together and propose novel task assignment algorithms for different settings, which we prove to be optimal in terms of preference-awareness (or stability). Extensive simulations performed on both synthetic and real data sets validate our theoretical results, and demonstrate that the proposed algorithms significantly outperform the existing solutions in terms of preference-awareness and average quality of sensing attained in the final task assignment in almost all scenarios.
A Millennial Challenge: Extremism in Uncertain Times

This comment highlights the relevance and importance of the uncertainty-extremism topic, both scientifically and societally, identifies common themes, locates this work in a wider scientific and social context, describes what we now know and what we still do not, acknowledges some limitations, foreshadowing future directions, and discusses some potential policy relevance. Common themes emerge around the importance of social justice as sound anti-extremism policy.
Meta-analysis of design science research within the IS community: trends, patterns, and outcomes

The knowledge of design problem and solution is obtained in the building and application of an artifact, which is the end-goals of the design science research Our objective in this paper is to conduct meta-analysis of the research being published by DESRIST to date to better understand the paradigm of design science research, and to sense the direction that research undertakings are headed We present a meta-analysis model and detailed analysis of applications, IT artifact types, multi-disciplinary teams, and impact results Our findings show that the majority of the papers are negatively skewed, systematically clustering more IT artifacts for IS development problem domain The most cited papers clustered around those that featured better design theories We concur that researchers need to equally focus on areas with less research including organization and market domains, as well as causal theories of design through a rigorous formative or summative evaluation of artifacts.
User-Friendly and Secure Architecture (UFSA) for Authentication of Cloud Services

Clouds are becoming prevalent service providers because of their low upfront costs, rapid application deployment, and high scalability. Many users outsource their sensitive data and services to cloud providers. Users frequently access these sensitive services through devices and connections that are vulnerable to thieving and eavesdropping. Therefore, users are desperate of robust security measures to protect their data and services privacy in clouds. In particular, robust authentication techniques are demanded by users for safe access to cloud services. One technique is to utilize multiple authentication factors (a.k. A multi-factor authentication) to access cloud services. However, the challenge is that the multi-factor authentication technique is not effective as it causes user frustration and fatigue. To address this challenge, in this study, we propose a multi-factor authentication architecture that aims at minimizing the perceived authentication hardship for cloud users while improving the security of the authentication. To achieve the goal, our authentication architecture suggests a progressive manner to leverage access to different levels of cloud services. At each level, the architecture asks for authentication factors by considering the perceived hardship for users. To increase the security and user convenience, the architecture also considers implicit authentication factors in addition to the explicit factors. Our evaluation results indicate that authentication using the proposed architecture decreases the users' perceived hardship up to 29% in compare with other methods. The results also reveal that our proposed architecture adapts the authentication difficulty based on the user condition.
Low-Temperature Materials Research: A Historical Perspective

The many modern large-scale applications of cryogenics, from superconducting magnets for fusion research to LNG tankers, have been supported by materials that were usually adequate for the task and that appeared usually just in time. This is, of course, not accidental. It is probably fair to say that all significant progress in cryogenic applications has, in one way or another, come about because of an advance in materials or a clever new use of existing materials. As an example, consider the Collins helium liquefier, recently described as “the single most important technical advance of the past forty years in cryogenics.”1 The basic concept of the expansion engine liquefier had been developed quite a few years earlier by Kapitza.2 Collins’s technical improvements that led to production of a successful machine were in large part the clever use of materials, including:3 hard nitrided steel for pistons and cylinders that allowed smaller clearance and, thus, less leakage; a new design for an efficient heat exchanger using copper fins in copper nickel tubing; and keeping piston and valve rods always in tension, thus allowing use of thinner rods resulting in reduced thermal losses.
Testing homogeneity among judges of diving.

(1979). Testing Homogeneity among Judges of Diving. Research Quarterly. American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance: Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 278-281.
Current issues in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) health: introduction.

(2006). Current Issues in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Health. Journal of Homosexuality: Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 1-11.
Safety Standards: Implementing Fall Prevention Interventions and Sustaining Lower Fall Rates by Promoting the Culture of Safety on an Inpatient Rehabilitation Unit

Purpose The purpose of this article is to review a quality improvement project aimed to examine how nurse leaders in an inpatient rehabilitation (IPR) unit can reduce the number of patient falls by implementing multiple fall prevention interventions and sustain their results by promoting a strong culture of safety on the unit. Design and Methods A retrospective review of IPR fall rates was performed. Quarterly fall rates were then compared with implementation dates of fall prevention interventions (safety huddles, signage, and hourly rounding). Culture of safety scores were also examined to assess the effect of an enhanced culture of safety on the sustainability of lowered fall rates. Findings The largest decrease in fall rate was noted after initial revitalization efforts of the IPR unit's culture of safety concurrently with hourly rounding. Conclusions Fall rates rise and fall despite multiple fall prevention interventions and encouraging a positive shift in the culture of safety. Clinical Relevance Physical injuries following a fall can reduce mobility and increase morbidity. Costs associated with falls negatively impact costs and reimbursement. Employing evidence-based fall prevention strategies are then of critical importance to nurse leaders as falls remain an ongoing serious adverse event.
The Fracture Behavior of Carbon/Epoxy Laminates Containing Internal Cut Fibers

Fiber breakage in a composite laminate can be caused by impact loads. A study was conducted to investigate the effect of internal fiber breakage on the tensile strength of carbon/epoxy laminates. The specimens contained internal fiber cuts, which were considered “buried cracks” in this study. Four layups, [0, ± 45,90,02], [90, ± 45,0]s, [0, ± 68,0, ± 68]s, and [0]l2, were studied. The results showed a significant strength reduction due to the internal fiber cut. Delamination occurred under load adjacent to the internal crack prior to the final fracture, as shown by ultrasonic C-scan inspection and micro-sectioning inspection. The dimensions of the delamination zones were affected by laminate layups and the length of internal cracks. Prediction of the residual strength was attempted using a principal load carrying ply failure criterion in conjunction with a 3-dimensional anisotropic finite element analysis. Laminate failure prediction was based on the behavior of individual plies. The predicted residual st...
An extended finite element/level set method to study surface effects on the mechanical behavior and properties of nanomaterials

We present a new approach based on coupling the extended finite element method (XFEM) and level sets to study surface and interface effects on the mechanical behavior of nanostructures. The coupled XFEM-level set approach enables a continuum solution to nanomechanical boundary value problems in which discontinuities in both strain and displacement due to surfaces and interfaces are easily handled, while simultaneously accounting for critical nanoscale surface effects, including surface energy, stress, elasticity and interface decohesion. We validate the proposed approach by studying the surface-stress-driven relaxation of homogeneous and bi-layer nanoplates as well as the contribution from the surface elasticity to the effective stiffness of nanobeams. For each case, we compare the numerical results with new analytical solutions that we have derived for these simple problems; for the problem involving the surface-stress-driven relaxation of a homogeneous nanoplate, we further validate the proposed approach by comparing the results with those obtained from both fully atomistic simulations and previous multiscale calculations based upon the surface Cauchy-Born model. These numerical results show that the proposed method can be used to gain critical insights into how surface effects impact the mechanical behavior and properties of homogeneous and composite nanobeams under generalized mechanical deformation.
Intrauterine growth restriction may not suppress bone formation at term, as indicated by circulating concentrations of undercarboxylated osteocalcin and Dickkopf-1.

Abstract The objective was to investigate circulating concentrations of bone formation markers (undercarboxylated osteocalcin [Glu-OC], an established marker of bone formation during fetal and early postnatal life], and Dickkopf-1 [DKK-1], a natural inhibitor of osteoblastogenesis during fetal development]) in intrauterine-growth–restricted (IUGR; associated with impaired fetal skeletal development) and appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) pregnancies. Circulating concentrations of Glu-OC and DKK-1 were determined by enzyme immunoassay in 40 mothers and their 20 asymmetric IUGR and 20 AGA singleton full-term fetuses and neonates on postnatal day 1 (N1) and 4 (N4). Parametric tests were applied in the statistical analysis. No significant differences in Glu-OC concentrations were observed between IUGR and AGA groups, whereas fetal DKK-1 concentrations were lower in the IUGR group (P = .028). In both groups, maternal Glu-OC and DKK-1 concentrations were lower than fetal, N1, and N4 concentrations (P ≤ .012 in all cases), whereas fetal Glu-OC concentrations were higher than N1 and N4 ones (P ≤ .037 in all cases). In addition, N1 Glu-OC concentrations were higher than N4 concentrations (P = .047). Finally, maternal Glu-OC and DKK-1 concentrations positively correlated with fetal, N1, and N4 ones (r ≥ 0.404, P ≤ .01 in all cases). Fetal/neonatal bone formation may not be impaired in full-term asymmetric IUGR infants, as indicated by the similar Glu-OC concentrations in both groups. Fetal DDK-1 concentrations are lower in the IUGR group, representing probably a compensatory mechanism, favoring the formation of mineralized bone. Fetal/neonatal bone turnover is markedly enhanced compared with maternal one and seems to be associated with the latter in both late pregnancy and early postpartum.
Privacy, Preservation and Performance: The 3 P's of Distributed Data Management

Privacy, preservation and performance ("3 P's") are central design objectives for distributed data management systems. However, these objectives tend to compete with one another. This paper presents a model for describing distributed data management systems, along with a framework for measuring the privacy, preservation and performance offered by such systems. The framework enables a system designer to quantitatively explore and optimize the tradeoffs between the 3 P's.
The hypusine-containing translation factor eIF5A.

In addition to the small and large ribosomal subunits, aminoacyl-tRNAs, and an mRNA, cellular protein synthesis is dependent on translation factors. The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A ...
Radiation of pions from an expanding fireball

Abstract Using arguments from statistical mechanics we derive expressions for the pion multiplicities and spectra in high energy heavy ion reactions. We show that pions emerge during the early stage of the hydrodynamical expansion and that their energy distributions reflect mainly the temperature of the surface.
Supporting valid decision making: Uses and misuses of assessment data within the context of RTI

Within an RtI problem-solving context, assessment and decision making generally center around the tasks of problem identification, problem analysis, progress monitoring, and program evaluation. We use this framework to discuss the current state of the literature regarding curriculum based measurement, its technical properties, and its utility for making instructional decisions. Cursory examination of emerging alternatives (e.g., computer adaptive tests) is included, where appropriate. We then offer recommendations for local decision making, with an emphasis on high-quality assessment, responsible decision making, bridging the research–practice gap, and capitalizing on the expertise of school psychologists. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Abstract IA21: Transcriptional programs directed by the androgen receptor splice variants

Continued androgen receptor (AR) signaling is an established mechanism underlying castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), and suppression of AR signaling remains a therapeutic goal of CRPC therapy. Constitutively active androgen receptor splice variants (AR-Vs) lack the AR ligand-binding domain (AR-LBD), the intended target of androgen deprivation therapies (ADT) including new CRPC therapies such as abiraterone and MDV3100. Transcriptional programs directed by the canonical full-length AR (AR-FL) are well characterized, but those directed the AR-Vs are not well understood. In addition, AR-FL and AR-Vs are both increased in CRPC, underscoring the critical importance of dissecting the complex interplay between AR-FL and AR-Vs. In this study, we employed a set of detection and targeting tools that differentiate the AR-FL and AR-Vs to investigate the functional distinctions between AR-FL and AR-V. We show that suppression of endogenous AR-FL signaling by targeting AR-LBD leads to increased AR-V expression in two cell line models of CRPC. Importantly, treatment-induced AR-Vs activate a distinct expression signature enriched for cell cycle genes without requiring the presence of AR-FL. Conversely, activation of AR-FL signaling suppresses the AR-V-mediated transcriptional programs but activates genes mainly associated with macromolecular synthesis, metabolism, and differentiation. In prostate cancer cells and CRPC xenografts treated with MDV3100 and abiraterone, increased expression of two constitutively active AR-Vs, AR-V7 and ARV567ES, but not AR-FL, parallels increased expression of the AR-driven cell cycle gene UBE2C. In addition, protein expression of AR-V7, but not AR-FL, is positively correlated with UBE2C in clinical CRPC specimens. The cumulative in vitro and in vivo evidence support an adaptive shift toward AR-V-mediated signaling in at least a subset of CRPC tumors as the AR-LBD is rendered inactive, suggesting a functional dichotomy between AR-FL and AR-Vs in a therapeutic setting. The dynamic interplay between AR signaling mediated by AR-FL and AR-V should be further explored in rational development of novel CRPC therapies and multipurpose biomarkers for CRPC. Citation Format: Rong Hu, Changxue Lu, Elahe A. Mostaghel, Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian, Meltem Gurel, Clare Tannahill, Joanne Edwards, William Isaacs, Peter S. Nelson, Eric Bluemn, Stephen R. Plymate, Jun Luo. Transcriptional programs directed by the androgen receptor splice variants [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2012 Feb 6-9; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(4 Suppl):Abstract nr IA21.
A bus routing system for rural school districts

Abstract Low-cost microcomputer hardware is combined with a powerful low-cost mapping software to create a system capable of importing and updating digitized road maps. It generates routes aiming to reduce the number of buses required and the fleet traveling distance by an expert system approach. It also allows planner participation in the process. Application to a real-world rural school district is discussed.
String and five-brane solitons: Singular or non-singular?

We ask whether the recently discovered superstring and superfive-brane solutions of D = 10 supergravity admit the interpretation of non-singular solitons even though, in the absence of Yang-Mills fields, they exhibit curvature singularities at the origin. We answer the question using a test probe/source approach, and find that the nature of the singularity is probe dependent. If the test probe and source are both superstrings or both super five-branes, one falls into the other in a finite proper time and the singularity is real, whereas if one is a superstring and the other a super five-brane it takes an infinite proper time (the force is repulsive!) and the singularity is harmless. Black strings and five-branes, on the other hand, always display real singularities.
Bilorrhea Secondary to Bronchobiliary Fistula

Bronchobiliary fistula (BBF) is a rare condition which occurs most commonly as a complication of hydatid cyst liver disease. The following report describes a patient who presented with biliptysis 6 months following decortication of an empyema that had occurred following partial hepatectomy of a colon cancer metastasis. This is the only case to our knowledge that describes the presentation of a BBF in this context. The patient was diagnosed with BBF and successfully underwent open thoracotomy for fistulectomy and repair.
The impact of geocoronal density on ring current development

Abstract Long-term ring current decay following a magnetic storm is mainly due to charge exchange collisions of ring current ions with geocoronal neutral atoms forming energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) that leave the ring current system. Therefore, the density distribution of these cold and tenuous neutral hydrogen atoms plays a key role in the ring current recovery. TWINS ENA images provide a direct measurement of these ENA losses and therefore insight into the dynamics of the ring current decay through interactions with the geocorona. To assess the influence of geocoronal neutrals on ring current decay, we compare the predicted ENA emission using five different geocoronal models and the HEIDI ring current model to simulate the July 22, 2009 storm. We show that for high energy H + ( ≥ 100 keV ) , all geocoronal models predict similar decay rates of the ring current ions. However, for low energy ions ( ≤ 100 keV ), the decay rate varies significantly depending on the geocoronal density model. Comparison with TWINS ENA images shows that the location of the peak ENA enhancements is highly dependent on the distribution of geocoronal hydrogen density. The ring current topology depends greatly on the hydrogen model used, therefore knowing the H-distribution is very important in understanding how the ring current recovers following a magnetic storm.
Rh(0) Nanoclusters in Benzene Hydrogenation Catalysis: Kinetic and Mechanistic Evidence that a Putative [(C8H17)3NCH3]+[RhCl4]- Ion-Pair Catalyst Is Actually a Distribution of Cl- and [(C8H17)3NCH3]+ Stabilized Rh(0) Nanoclusters

A reinvestigation is reported of a prototype literature arene hydrogenation system, one previously believed to involve a [(C8H17)3NCH3]+[RhCl4]- ion-pair catalyst. The methodology employed to uncov...
Enhancing the effectiveness of the specific serotonin antagonists. Combination antiemetic therapy with dexamethasone

Combinations of drugs have become standard therapy for the prevention of vomiting caused by anticancer drugs like cisplatin. Recently, a new class of antiemetic agents, the potent and specific 5-HT3 receptor antagonists such as ondansetron, granisetron, and tropisetron, have been shown to be more effective and better tolerated than metoclopramide. This report describes the rationale for combination antiemetic therapy, details the testing of metoclopramide-based regimens as a model for combination therapy development, reviews completed trials of ondansetron plus dexamethasone, and offers strategies to further alleviate vomiting during anticancer chemotherapy. The reported trials testing metoclopramide-based combinations were reviewed and that experience was applied to the ongoing studies of ondansetron when used with dexamethasone and other agents. Combinations of metoclopramide, dexamethasone, and lorazepam prevented acute emesis caused by high-dose cisplatin in 63% of patients, lessened side effects, and were convenient enough to administer to outpatients. Completed trials of ondansetron and dexamethasone demonstrated improved vomiting control over ondansetron alone while using less cumbersome schedules. Attempts to improve ondansetron-based antiemetic regimens by developing optimal drug doses and schedules and adding adjuvant and different classes of antiemetic agents are now in clinical testing. Based on previous experience and current results, combinations of a specific serotonin agonist and dexamethasone are the best treatment for prevention of vomiting induced by chemotherapy. Future clinical research should aim to refine antiemetic regimens and improve emetic control through the use of new antiemetic and adjuvant agents.
RNAi screen in Drosophila larvae identifies histone deacetylase 3 as a positive regulator of the hsp70 heat shock gene expression during heat shock

The transcription regulation of the Drosophila hsp70 gene is a complex process that involves the regulation of multiple steps, including the establishment of paused Pol II and release of Pol II into elongation upon heat shock activation. While the major players involved in the regulation of gene expression have been studied in detail, additional factors involved in this process continue to be discovered. To identify factors involved in hsp70 expression, we developed a screen that capitalizes on a visual assessment of heat shock activation using a hsp70-beta galactosidase reporter and publicly available RNAi fly lines to deplete candidate proteins. We validated the screen by showing that the depletion of HSF, CycT, Cdk9, Nurf 301, or ELL prevented the full induction of hsp70 by heat shock. Our screen also identified the histone deacetylase HDAC3 and its associated protein SMRTER as positive regulators of hsp70 activation. Additionally, we show that HDAC3 and SMRTER contribute to hsp70 gene expression at a step subsequent to HSF-mediated activation and release of the paused Pol II that resides at the promoter prior to heat shock induction.
Imaging of individual polymers undergoing flow in a bed of small spheres

Flexible DNA molecules are imaged by fluorescence microscopy while undergoing convection through micron-sized pores of a packed sphere bed. To circumvent the high pressures of a closed channel design, an open channel microfluidic device is selected such that sphere wicking drives convection. Image analysis yields the average level of chain stretching and the average DNA migration rate as a function of Deborah number De for ratios of sphere diameter to coil radius of gyration of order 1 to 10. Visualizations also reveal the transient localized conformations and trajectories of individual molecules, which can migrate only by traversing coil-sized pore constrictions. Two De (flow) transitions are noted: the first, at De ∼ 0.3, leads to limited chain stretching, while the second, at De ∼ 1, leads to gross chain stretching via a mechanism of entanglement about sphere contact points. Entangled chains adopt elongated “U”- and “J”-shaped conformations, which are relaxed by “pulley-like” sliding over entanglement ...
Subaortic Stenosis Caused by Two Discrete Membranes

A case of subaortic stenosis caused by two discrete membranes is presented. Following demonstration of the two distinct sites of obstruction by intraventricular pressure gradients and angiocardiogram, the two membranes were excised through a transaortic approach. The importance of being aware of the occurrence of this rare anomaly is stressed, and its surgical implications are discussed.
Subtidal carbonate cycles: Implications for allocyclic vs. autocyclic controls

Thick successions of repetitive metre-scale subtidal carbonate cycles require that short-term sedimentation rates approximate long-term accumulation rates in order to maintain submergence below peritidal depths. Intrinsic processes such as storm and wave reworking and redistribution may act to inhibit aggradation into the zone of optimal carbonate production. The presence of subtidal vs. peritidal carbonate cycles may be a function of energy regime that in turn may relate to platform morphology. The ultimate control on stacked subtidal cycles appears to be eustasy acting in concert with intrinsic processes such as storm and wave reworking.
Left ventricular diastolic response to exercise in valvular aortic stenosis

Abstract Exercise produces profound alterations in symptoms and hemodynamics in patients with valvular aortic stenosis (AS). Prior studies have demonstrated marked increases in late left ventricular (LV) diastolic filling pressure with exercise. Little information is available on the exercise response of indexes of early LV diastolic performance. Catheter-tip manometer recordings in 11 patients with AS and 5 age-matched controls were obtained at rest and with supine bicycle exercise at the time of cardiac catheterization. Pressure-derived indexes of LV diastolic performance, isovolumic relaxation rate, and diastolic interval data were examined. At rest, early (patients 22 ± 6 mm Hg, controls 12 + 3 mm Hg; p dP dt ) (patients 395 ±41 ms, controls 326 ± 59 ms) were prolonged in AS. Furthermore, patients with AS failed to comparably increase the rate of LV pressure decay and isovolumic relaxation with exercise. The LV diastolic response to exercise in patients with AS is distinguished from the control response by suboptimal and prolonged relaxation and a diminished rate of LV pressure decay. These abnormal responses in early diastolic function coupled with the known abnormal chamber distensibility in AS contribute to significant elevations in early, mid-, and late diastolic pressures with exercise.
First-principles thermodynamics of defects in semiconductors

Abstract Today's first-principles theory of defects in semiconductors focuses on the calculation of the electronic contribution to the energy, for example using density-functional theory in periodic supercells. Although the total zero-point energy is ignored, these calculations lead to reliable total energy differences at T=0 K. However, the contributions of the vibrational energy become increasingly large as T increases. In this paper, we discuss the calculations from first-principles of the vibrational (Helmholtz) free energy. The calculations are done in supercells (with k=0) and are based on the normal-mode frequencies obtained from linear response theory. We first show that accurate specific heats and other thermodynamic quantities can be obtained in defect-free Si and GaN supercells. Then, light (H2 and H2*) and heavy (Cu pairs) impurities are considered, and their total energies computed as function of temperature. In these two cases, the vibrational entropy contributions dominate the changes in total energy differences.
Regioselectivity in deprotonation of ketone dimethylhydrazones with lithium amide bases

Abstract The regiochemistry of deprotonation of 3-pentanone dimethylhydrazone by lithium amide bases has been studied by 13 C-NMR spectroscopy of 13 C-enriched samples.
Identification of critical genes in microarray experiments by a Neuro-Fuzzy approach

Gene expression profiling by microarray technology is usually difficult to interpret into a simpler pattern. One approach to resolve the complexity of gene expression profiles is the application of artificial neural networks (ANNs). A potential difficulty in this strategy, however, is that the non-linear nature of ANN makes it essentially a 'black-box' computation process. Addition of a fuzzy logic approach is useful because it can complement ANN by explicitly specifying membership function during computation. We employed a hybrid approach of neural network and fuzzy logic to further analyze a published microarray study of gene responses to eight bacteria in human macrophages. The original analysis by hierarchical clustering found common gene responses to all bacteria but did not address individual responses. Our method allowed exploration of the gene response of the host to individual bacterium. We implemented a two-layer, feed-forward neural network containing the principle of 'competitive learning' (i.e. 'winner-take-all'). The weights of the trained neural network were fed into a fuzzy logic inference system. A new measurement, called the impact rating (IR) was also introduced to explore the degree of importance of each gene. To assess the reliability of the IR value, a bootstrap re-sampling method was applied to the dataset and a confidence level for each IR was obtained. Our approach has successfully uncovered the unique features of host response to individual bacterium. Further, application of gene ontology (GO) annotation to the genes of high IR values in each response has suggested new biological pathways for individual host-pathogen interactions.
Evaluation of a Laser Diode for DGV Application

This paper will present the evaluation of a 300 mw, continuous wave, laser diode system which appears to be suitable for DGV use. The laser frequency range is sufficiently narrow and the lasing frequency can be adjusted across the range of the iodine reference cell (absorption line filter). A spectrum analyzer is used to document the frequency content of the laser across the frequency range of the iodine reference cell. The response of the iodine reference cell to the laser across its spectrum is measured at several iodine reference cell temperatures. The beam profile is also measured. This set of data determined the applicability of this laser for DGV use.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Giant Shapiro resonances in a flux-driven necklace of Josephson junctions

We present a detailed study of the dynamic response of a ring of [ital N] equally spaced Josephson junctions to a time-periodic external flux, including screening current effects. The dynamics are described by the resistively shunted Josephson-junction model, appropriate for proximity effect junctions, and we include Faraday's law for the flux. We find that the time-averaged [ital I]-[ital V] characteristics show novel [ital subharmonic] [ital giant] [ital Shapiro] [ital voltage] [ital resonances], which strongly depend on having phase slips or not, on [ital N], on the inductance, and on the external drive frequency. We include an estimate of the possible experimental parameters needed to observe these quantized voltage spikes.
National Giving Campaigns in the United States Entertainment, Empathy, and the National Peer Group

This study presents a narrative history and quantitative analysis of national campaigns in the United States, and analyzes how successful campaigns provide entertainment, foster empathy, and develo...
Differential habitat utilization by sexes of Sarotherodon mossambicus in Lake Valencia, Venezuela: significance for fitness

Adult male and female Sarotherodon mossambicus in Lake Valencia, Venezuala select different littoral habitats. Males prefer areas with soft bottoms and high turbidity, while females favour areas with hard bottoms and low turbidity. Soft bottoms provide suitable sediment for male breeding site construction and high turbidity helps protect territorial males from visionally orientated predators, but the food available in this habitat is of poor quality and males feed relatively little. The hard bottom littoral provides food of superior quality and females feed in these areas. Condition factors are highest for subadult males, intermediate for adult females and lowest for adult males. Differential habitat utilization by sexes of S. mossambicus in Lake Valencia appears to contribute to individual fitness by providing males and females with specific requirements for reproduction.
A teachable pattern describing and recognizing program

Abstract The paper discusses an adaptive pattern recognition program that learns to recognize coded line drawings, and to describe the structure of the pattern by giving the hierarchical organization of its subparts, and the spatial relationships between them. Emphasis is on mechanisms that allow learning (directed by feedback from a human trainer), and on the methods of abstracting, storing, and retrieving chunks of graphic information for use in subsequent pattern recognition and description. Some similarities to the perceptual process in humans are noted.
Identifying Sparse Connectivity Patterns in the brain using resting-state fMRI

The human brain processes information via multiple distributed networks. An accurate model of the brain's functional connectome is critical for understanding both normal brain function as well as the dysfunction present in neuropsychiatric illnesses. Current methodologies that attempt to discover the organization of the functional connectome typically assume spatial or temporal separation of the underlying networks. This assumption deviates from an intuitive understanding of brain function, which is that of multiple, inter-dependent spatially overlapping brain networks that efficiently integrate information pertinent to diverse brain functions. It is now increasingly evident that neural systems use parsimonious formations and functional representations to efficiently process information while minimizing redundancy. Hence we exploit recent advances in the mathematics of sparse modeling to develop a methodological framework aiming to understand complex resting-state fMRI connectivity data. By favoring networks that explain the data via a relatively small number of participating brain regions, we obtain a parsimonious representation of brain function in terms of multiple “Sparse Connectivity Patterns” (SCPs), such that differential presence of these SCPs explains inter-subject variability. In this manner the sparsity-based framework can effectively capture the heterogeneity of functional activity patterns across individuals while potentially highlighting multiple sub-populations within the data that display similar patterns. Our results from simulated as well as real resting state fMRI data show that SCPs are accurate and reproducible between sub-samples as well as across datasets. These findings substantiate existing knowledge of intrinsic functional connectivity and provide novel insights into the functional organization of the human brain.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes transformed roots of the parasitic plant Triphysaria versicolor retain parasitic competence

Parasitic plants in the Orobanchaceae invade roots of neighboring plants to rob them of water and nutrients. Triphysaria is facultative parasite that parasitizes a broad range of plant species including maize and Arabidopsis. In this paper we describe transient and stable transformation systems for Triphysaria versicolor Fischer and C. Meyer. Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes were both able to transiently express a GUS reporter in Triphysaria seedlings following vacuum infiltration. There was a correlation between the length of time seedlings were conditioned in the dark prior to infiltration and the tissue type transformed. In optimized experiments, nearly all of the vacuum infiltrated seedlings transiently expressed GUS activity in some tissue. Calluses that developed from transformed tissues were selected using non-destructive GUS staining and after several rounds of in vivo GUS selection, we recovered uniformly staining GUS calluses from which roots were subsequently induced. The presence and expression of the transgene in Triphysaria was verified using genomic PCR, RT PCR and Southern hybridizations. Transgenic roots were also obtained by inoculating A. rhizogenes into wounded Triphysaria seedlings. Stable transformed roots were identified using GUS staining or fluorescent microscopy following transformation with vectors containing GFP, dsRED or EYFP. Transgenic roots derived from both A. tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes transformations were morphologically normal and developed haustoria that attached to and invaded lettuce roots. Transgenic roots also remained competent to form haustoria in response to purified inducing factors. These transformation systems will allow an in planta assessment of genes predicted to function in plant parasitism.
Modelling Oxygen Dynamics in an Intermittently Stratified Estuary: Estimation of Process Rates Using Field Data

The relationship between bottom water dissolved oxygen concentration, vertical stratification, and temperature was investigated for the Neuse River estuary, North Carolina, a shallow, intermittently-mixed estuary using approximately 10 years of weekly/biweekly, mid-channel data. A generalized additive model (GAM) was used to initially explore the major relationships among observed variables. The results of this statistical model guided the specification of a process-based model of oxygen dynamics that is consistent with theory yet simple enough to be parameterized using available field data. The nonlinear optimization procedure employed allows for the direct estimation of microbial oxygen consumption and physical reoxygenation rates, including the effects of temperature and vertical stratification. These estimated rates may better represent aggregate system behaviour than closed chamber measurements made in the laboratory and in situ .T he resulting model describes 79% of the variation in dissolved oxygen concentration and is robust when compared across separate locations and time periods. Model predictions suggest that the spatial extent and duration of hypoxia in the bottom waters of the Neuse are controlled by the balance between the net oxygen depletion rate and the frequency of vertical mixing events. During cool months, oxygen consumption rates remain low enough to keep oxygen concentration well above levels of concern even under extended periods of stratification. A concentration below 4 mg l 1 is only expected under extended periods without vertical mixing when bottom water temperature exceeds 15 C, while a concentration below 2 mg l 1 is only expected when water temperature exceeds 20 C. To incorporate the effects of parameter uncertainty, model error, and natural variability on model prediction, we used Monte Carlo simulation to generate distributions for the predicted number of days of hypoxia during the summer season. The expected number of days with a dissolved oxygen concentration less than 4 mg l 1 is 46·8 with a standard deviation of 4·7, while 23·8 days are expected to have an oxygen concentration below 2 mg l 1 with a standard deviation of 4·2 days. When joined with models relating nutrient loading and productivity to benthic and pelagic respiration rates, this model will be useful for probabilistically predicting the impact of nutrient management on the frequency of low oxygen events. 2001 Academic Press
Electronic structure and high Tc superconductivity in transition metal oxides

Electronic structure and properties of the new high Tc transition metal oxides (La2−xMxCuO4 and YBa2Cu3O7− δ) as determined from highly precise all-electron local density calculations are described and discussed. The important contributions of charge transfer excitations make excitons a likely candidate for their high Tc.
The comparative effects of frontal, parietal, occipitotemporal, and limbic forebrain lesions in weanling rats on learning

Young rats prepared with discrete bilateral lesions to the cerebral cortex, cingulate cortex, or dorsal hippocampus were required to learn a white-black discrimination, a 3-cul maze, and a nonvisual inclined plane discrimination. Only those rats with parietal lesions were impaired in acquiring all three habits. Those with occipitotemporal, frontocingulate, or posterior cingulate lesions were impaired on two habits, those with dorsal hippocampal lesions were impaired on one habit, and those with frontal (motor) cortical lesions failed to show any impairment. These results coupled with others suggest that the parietal cortex is unsurpassed in the wide range of learning and retention deficits which follows restricted neopallial lesions.
A linear accelerator beam profile scanner

The solid polystyrene phantom was designed to measure the profile of radiation fields. The device can be attached to a medical linear accelerator in order to measure beam characteristics as a function of the gantry and collimator angles. It also serves as an easily deployed, reproducible dosimetry instrument for special applications.
Role of the Autopsy in Congenital Cystic Hygroma

Sixteen cases of congenital cystic hygroma were identified through a retrospective review of surgical pathology and autopsy records. Tissue sections of the cystic hygromas were available in 10 cases and were examined histopathologically and for reactivity to factor VIII antiserum. of 13 cases with ultrasound examinations, cystic hygroma was diagnosed prenatally in 9. In 11 cases with successful karyotyping, six were 45,X. Histopathologic observations of lymphatic vascular architecture were apparent in 10 cases, and immunoreactivity of the endothelium to factor VIII antiserum was preserved regardless of the degree of autolysis.
Magnesium in continental runoff

Abstract A mass balance for Mg in continental runoff has been constructed. The sources of runoff Mg in this model are cyclic salts, carbonate rock and silicate rock weathering. The calculations indicate that the Mg concentration reported for average continental runoff is anomalously high. The anomaly may be due to recent disturbances in the weathering regimes of calcite, dolomite and silicates, or to unreliable Mg concentrations reported in older analyses.
An overview of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) science mission

The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) is the latest addition to the suite of missions on or orbiting Mars as part of the NASA Mars Exploration Program. Launched on 12 August 2005, the orbiter successfully entered Mars orbit on 10 March 2006 and finished aerobraking on 30 August 2006. Now in its near-polar, near-circular, low-altitude (approximately 300 km), 3 p.m. orbit, the spacecraft is operating its payload of six scientific instruments throughout a one-Mars-year Primary Science Phase (PSP) of global mapping, regional survey, and targeted observations. Eight scientific investigations were chosen for MRO, two of which use either the spacecraft accelerometers or tracking of the spacecraft telecom signal to acquire data needed for analysis. Six instruments, including three imaging systems, a visible-near infrared spectrometer, a shallow-probing subsurface radar, and a thermal-infrared profiler, were selected to complement and extend the capabilities of current working spacecraft at Mars. Whether observing the atmosphere, surface, or subsurface, the MRO instruments are designed to achieve significantly higher resolution while maintaining coverage comparable to the current best observations. The requirements to return higher-resolution data, to target routinely from a low-altitude orbit, and to operate a complex suite of instruments were major challenges successfully met in the design and build of the spacecraft, as well as by the mission design. Calibration activities during the seven-month cruise to Mars and limited payload operations during a three-day checkout prior to the start of aerobraking demonstrated, where possible, that the spacecraft and payload still had the functions critical to the science mission. Two critical events, the deployment of the SHARAD radar antenna and the opening of the CRISM telescope cover, were successfully accomplished in September 2006. Normal data collection began 7 November 2006 after solar conjunction. As part of its science mission, MRO will also aid identification and characterization of the most promising sites for future landed missions, both in terms of safety and in terms of the scientific potential for future discovery. Ultimately, MRO data will advance our understanding of how Mars has evolved and by which processes that change occurs, all within a framework of identifying the presence, extent, and role of water in shaping the planet s climate over time.
Transport of reef lizardfish larvae by an ocean eddy in Hawaiian waters

Abstract Competent (settlement-stage) larvae of the lizardfish, Trachinocephalus myops were collected from one ocean location (near a coral reef) at times before and during a mesoscale ocean eddy event. Mesoscale ocean eddies occur periodically at this location, offshore of the island of Hawaii. Larval age was younger ( t -test, P
Processing and mechanical behavior of Zn–Al–Cu porous alloys

Abstract Zn–Al–Cu porous alloys were produced by the replication method using NaCl crystals as place holders. The production method utilized does not require vacuum or complicated devices, making it an inexpensive and efficient method for producing such alloys. Materials were produced with varying porosity levels (52–64%) and final pore size (2–7 mm). Compression tests and hardness measurements revealed that the mechanical properties of the materials are highly dependent on the macroscopic pore size and porosity (pore fraction). In addition the materials’ properties were tailored using simple heat treatments producing microstructural changes. Energy absorption analysis show that the energy absorbed increases with an increase in yield stress and the range is approximately from 5.9 to 8.4 MJ m −3 .