cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Right and Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstructive Lesions

Obstructive cardiac lesions are a common type of congenital heart disease ranging in severity from asymptomatic, mild valvular stenosis to valvar atresia with congestive heart failure and cyanosis. Understanding the pathophysiology and initial management of right and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction is imperative to minimize morbidity and mortality in term and preterm infants.
Parallel Mapping Circuitry in a Phonological Model

Abstract M3P is a computational model of phonology based on parallel mapping matrices. Rules govern the mappings between successive levels of representation of an utterance, from morphphonemic, to phonemic, to phonetic. The mapping matrix architecture performs several types of sequence manipulation. M3P shows that human phonological processing can take place in a highly constrained architecture, using purely feed-forward circuitry and tight limits on depth of derivations.
Failure times in metal lines

The increase of density of transistors on integrated circuits increases the concern about the reliability of the chips and, in particular, of the metal wires that connect the circuits. Metal lines sometime fail due to migration of metal atoms under the influence of electric current and elevated temperatures. Experiments show that under very high stress, failure times are almost always approximately lognormally distributed. This usually forms the basis for extrapolating failure times from high stress conditions to normal operating conditions, but it is not really known whether the extrapolation is accurate.
The Design of a Radiolabeled Monoclonal Antibody for Radioimmunodiagnosis and Radioimmunotherapy

Monoclonal antibodies have become recognized as promising carrier molecules for the development of target specific radiopharmaceuticals. Since the hybridoma technology can be used to discriminate small epitopes on products of either normal or abnormal cells and to produce antibodies which react uniquely with those epitopes, a new generation of biologic targets are being sought on hormones, hormone precursors, myosin, fibrin, blood cells, infectious agents, tumor cells, tumor associated antigen products and so forth. Although critical for ultimate imaging and therapeutic success, epitope recognition and appropriate target selection is only the first step toward immunologically derived radiopharmaceuticals.
Optimal Node Scheduling for Effective Energy Usage in Sensor Networks

Up until now, low power system approaches have been restricted to single physical systems. The recent emergence of distributed embedded systems has created a need for power optimization across individual system boundaries. In particular, a great deal of excitement has been generated by wireless ad-hoc sensor networks, which integrate communication, computation, and sensing elements into self-organizing, adaptive, and multi-functional systems. We address power management in these types of systems. We focus our attention on the problem of node scheduling for a minimum degree of coverage. We have developed provably optimal polynomial time algorithms. Furthermore, we analyze the scaling properties of the problem as the number of sensors in the network increase. Extensive simulations provide a number of interesting and important insights into power consumption trade-offs in sensor networks.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE VISUAL METHOD OF DETECTING ANTIBIOTICS IN MILK1

A green turquoise dye mixed with several antibiotics and used in intramammary infusions seems to provide a satisfactory marker for the visual detection of antibiotics in milk. The dye appeared in milk, coloring it green or turquoise, for approximately the same length of time as did penicillin, aureomycin, terramycin, or polymyxin, but slightly longer than did streptomycin. There was an inverse relationship between the milk yield of the animal and the number of milkings for which antibiotic and the dye appeared in milk. The age and the breed of the animal did not seem to affect the number of milkings for which antibiotic and the dye appeared in milk. During the storage of a mixture of the dye with antibiotics for 14 weeks, the dye exerted no appreciable detrimental effect upon the stability of the antibiotics. The dye does not seem to cause any apparent ill-effect upon the milk yield or the udder tissues of the animal. When the dye mixed with antibiotics was injected, the milk secreted following the inject...
Over-moded Bent Circular Waveguide Mode Converter for Gaussian Radiation Pattern from Relativistic BWOs

In this paper, a novel over-moded bent circular waveguide mode converter is proposed to extract a hybrid HE 11 mode from a relativistic backward wave oscillator (BWO) to feed an antenna. It uses a smooth wall dual bent circular waveguide to convert a TM01 mode directly to HE 11 . It has higher power capacity than a corrugated TEll-HEll mode converter and is more compact than a TM 01 -TE 11 mode converter together with a smooth wall TE11-HE11 mode converter. The geometric parameters of the converter are analyzed by using coupled mode theory for curved waveguides and optimized by using the Taguchi method to ouput 85% TE11 and 15% TM 01 modes. The optimized mode converter was analyzed using CST. The conversion efficiency is greater than 98%, with a power capacity as high as 12.8 GW.
Semi-doubly optimal concentric circles fitting with presence of heteroscedasticity

Previous studies focus on homogeneous and isotropic assumptions about the noisy data. Many methods have been developed recently for fitting concentric circles to data. In this paper, these statisti...
TRANSCATHETER VERSUS SURGICAL AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT IN ELDERLY PATIENTS: A PROPENSITY SCORE MATCHED ANALYSIS FROM THE NATIONAL READMISSION DATABASE 2011-2015

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has increased in numbers in the past decade and older patients tend to have a higher risk when undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR). Using the National Readmission Database we included patients 80 years and older who underwent either TAVR
An integrated data-driven framework for urban energy use modeling (UEUM)

Abstract Many urban energy use modeling tools and methods have been developed to understand energy use in cities, but often have limitations in aggregating across multiple scales and end-uses, which adversely affects accuracy and utility. Increased data availability and developments in machine learning (ML) provide new possibilities for improving the accuracy and complexity of urban energy use models. This paper presents an integrated framework for urban energy use modeling (UEUM) that localizes energy performance data, considers urban socio-spatial context, and captures both urban building operational and transportation energy use through a bottom-up data-driven approach. The framework employs ML techniques for building operational energy use modeling at the urban scale with a travel demand model for transport energy use prediction. The framework is demonstrated using Chicago as a case study because it has significant variations in urban spatial patterns across its neighborhoods and it provides publicly available data that are essential for the framework. Results for Chicago suggest that, among the tested algorithms, k-nearest neighbor shows the best overall performance in terms of accuracy for a single-output model (i.e., for building or transportation energy use separately) and artificial neural network algorithm is the most accurate for the integrated model (i.e., building and transportation energy use combined). Exploratory analysis demonstrates that the urban attributes examined herein explain 41% and 96% of the variance in building and transportation energy use intensity, respectively. The UEUM framework has the potential to aid designers, planners, and policymakers in predicting urban energy use and evaluating robust theories and alternative scenarios for energy-driven planning and design.
Adult attachment anxiety moderates the relation between self-reported childhood maltreatment and borderline personality disorder features

Childhood maltreatment is one of many risk factors for borderline personality disorder (BPD). However, not all individuals with BPD report histories of childhood maltreatment. Therefore, it is necessary to identify factors that contextualize the relation between childhood maltreatment and BPD features. With its emphasis on the developmental origins of emotion regulation, attachment theory provides a useful framework to understand how people are differentially affected by early life stress. The present study examined self-reported adult attachment as a moderator in the relation between childhood maltreatment and BPD features in a large undergraduate sample (n = 1 033). Attachment anxiety, but not attachment avoidance, moderated the relation between childhood maltreatment and BPD features, and this relation was non-significant among participants low (-1 standard deviation) in attachment anxiety. These results support the hypothesis that secure attachment in adulthood may buffer against the otherwise deleterious effects of distal risk factors on personality pathology. Future research should continue to examine this question across risk factors and across disorders. Furthermore, we suggest that researchers who have historically examined attachment as a mediator cross-sectionally should re-examine their data for evidence of a moderation effect. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Did consequential accountability policies decrease the share of visual and performing arts education in U.S. public secondary schools during the No Child Left Behind era

It has been asserted that the test-based accountability of No Child Left Behind (NCLB) increased instruction in tested subject areas reading and math, leading to reductions in arts education. We te...
Human Rights and Wrongs: 50 Years of Struggle and Change for Women

This keynote was delivered at the 78th annual conference of the International Council of Psychologists Annual Meeting on December 4, 2020 via Zoom and presents a personal and professional analysis ...
Hybrid multi-zonal compartment modeling for continuous powder blending processes.

Abstract To modernize drug manufacturing, the pharmaceutical industry has been moving towards implementing emerging technologies to enhance manufacturing robustness and process reliability for production of regulation compliant drug products. Although different science and risk based technologies, like Quality-by-Design, have been used to illustrate their potential, there still exist some underlying obstacles. Specifically, for the production of oral solid drug products, an in-depth process understanding, and predictive modeling of powder mixing in continuous powder blenders is one such major obstacle and originates from the current limitations of the experimental and modeling approaches. Though first principle based discrete element modeling (DEM) approach can address the above issues, it can get very computationally intensive which limits its applications for predictive modeling. In the proposed work, we aim to address this limitation using a multi-zonal compartment modeling approach, which is constructed from DEM. The approach provides a computationally efficient and mechanistically informed hybrid model. The application of the proposed approach is first demonstrated for a periodic section of the blender, followed by its extension for the entire continuous powder blender and the obtained model predictions are validated. The proposed approach provides an overall assessment of powder mixing along axial and radial directions, which is an important requirement for the quantification of blend uniformity. Given the low computational cost, the developed model can further be integrated within the predictive flowsheet model of the manufacturing line.
Evaluation of Melanocyte Loss in Mycosis Fungoides Using SOX10 Immunohistochemistry

Mycosis fungoides (MF) is a subtype of primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) with an indolent course that rarely progresses. Histologically, the lesions display a superficial lymphocytic infiltrate with epidermotropism of neoplastic T-cells. Hypopigmented MF is a rare variant that presents with hypopigmented lesions and is more likely to affect young patients. The etiology of the hypopigmentation is unclear. The aim of this study was to assess melanocyte loss in MF through immunohistochemistry (IHC) with SOX10. Twenty cases were evaluated, including seven of the hypopigmented subtype. The neoplastic epidermotropic infiltrate consisted predominantly of CD4+ T-cells in 65% of cases; CD8+ T-cells were present in moderate to abundant numbers in most cases. SOX10 IHC showed a decrease or focal complete loss of melanocytes in 50% of the cases. The predominant neoplastic cell type (CD4+/CD8+), age, race, gender, histologic features, and reported clinical pigmentation of the lesions were not predictive of melanocyte loss. A significant loss of melanocytes was observed in 43% of hypopigmented cases and 54% of conventional cases. Additional studies will increase our understanding of the relationship between observed pigmentation and the loss of melanocytes in MF.
Program Sketching by Automatically Generating Mocks from Tests

Sketch is a popular program synthesis tool that solves for unknowns in a sketch or partial program. However, while Sketch is powerful, it does not directly support modular synthesis of dependencies, potentially limiting scalability. In this paper, we introduce Sketcham, a new technique that modularizes a regular sketch by automatically generating mocks—functions that approximate the behavior of complete implementations—from the sketch’s test suite. For example, if the function f originally calls g, Sketcham creates a mock \(g_m\) from g’s tests and augments the sketch with a version of f that calls \(g_m\). This change allows the unknowns in f and g to be solved separately, enabling modular synthesis with no extra work from the Sketch user. We evaluated Sketcham on ten benchmarks, performing enough runs to show at a 95% confidence level that Sketcham improves median synthesis performance on six of our ten benchmarks by a factor of up to 5\(\times \) compared to plain Sketch, including one benchmark that times out on Sketch, while exhibiting similar performance on the remaining four. Our results show that Sketcham can achieve modular synthesis by automatically generating mocks from tests.
Excess mortality in solid organ transplant recipients hospitalized with COVID-19: A large-scale comparison of SOT recipients hospitalized with or without COVID-19.

Background Solid-organ transplant (SOT) recipients with COVID-19 have higher risk of adverse outcomes compared to the general population. Whether hospitalized SOT recipients with COVID-19 are at higher risk of mortality than SOT recipients hospitalized for other causes, including non-COVID-19 pneumonia, remains unclear. Methods We used logistic regression to compare outcomes of SOT recipients hospitalized with COVID-19 to non-COVID-19 related admissions and with non-COVID-19 pneumonia. Results Of 17,012 hospitalized SOT recipients, 1,682 had COVID-19. Those with COVID-19 had higher odds of ICU admission (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.12 [95%CI: 1.88-2.39]) and mechanical ventilation (aOR 3.75 [95%CI: 3.24-4.33]). COVID-19 was associated with higher odds of in-hospital death, which was more pronounced earlier in the pandemic (aOR 9.74 [95%CI: 7.08-13.39] for April/May versus aOR 7.08 [95%CI: 5.62-8.93] for June through November 2020; p-interaction = 0.03). Compared to SOT recipients hospitalized with non-COVID-19 pneumonia, odds of in-hospital death were higher in SOT recipients with COVID-19 (aOR 2.44 [95% CI: 1.90-3.13]), regardless of time of hospitalization (p-interaction >0.40). Conclusions In this large cohort of SOT recipients, hospitalization with COVID-19 was associated with higher odds of complications and in-hospital mortality than non-COVID-19 related admissions, and 2.5-fold higher odds of in-hospital mortality, compared to SOT recipients with non-COVID-19 pneumonia. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Swimming Away from the Zone of Reasonableness: UpperBlackstone and the Need for Numeric Water Quality Criteria

In Upper Blackstone Water Pollution Abatement District v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit upheld NPDES permit pollution limits for Massachusetts’s Blackstone River. The court deferred to the EPA’s permit limits under the Administrative Procedure Act’s arbitrary and capricious standard. Courts usually defer to an agency’s permit limits unless a court finds that the limits are outside a zone of reasonableness. States have an option of creating specific numeric water quality criteria for bodies of water within the state, vague narrative criteria, or both. This Comment argues that states should create numeric water quality criteria. Numeric criteria will communicate the state’s water quality goals more clearly to EPA permit writers. With the relevant information, permit writers will be able to create appropriate effluent limits in the first instance, which is important because courts rarely overturn the EPA’s permit limits.
Channel-eigenvector invariant space time constellations

A channel-eigenvector invariant space-time constellation (CEI-STC) is a set of matrices such that the product of any pairwise difference matrix and its complex conjugate transpose is a scalar matrix. The pairwise error probability of a multi-antenna system equipped with the CEI-STC does not depend on the eigenvectors of the channel matrix. It may, however, depend on the eigenvalues of the channel. The maximum cardinality of a CEI-STC whose entries are restricted to a finite set is studied. A lower bound and an upper bound on the maximum cardinality are obtained.
The effects of ambient temperature, humidity and season of year on urine composition in patients with nephrolithiasis.

Study Type – Prognosis (cohort series) Level of Evidence 2b What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Epidemiologic studies have shown that warmer climates are associated with increased incidence of nephrolithiasis. Many hypothesize that this is due to dehydration and lower urine volumes. The current study of stone formers reports that greater temperatures are associated with significant increases in urine calcium which may shed light on the mechanism underlying the increased stone incidence associated with increased ambient temperature. OBJECTIVE • To understand the effects of temperature, humidity and season of year on 24-h urine composition in patients with nephrolithiasis. PATIENTS AND METHOD • A retrospective review was performed of patients evaluated at four metabolic stone clinics. • Multivariate linear regression models examined the relationship between mean temperature, average humidity, season of year and 24-h urine composition. • Multivariate models adjusted for known risk factors for stone disease. • Mean temperature and average humidity data were obtained from http://www.weatherunderground.com based on patient-provided addresses. RESULTS • A total of 599 patients were included in the study, comprising 239 women and 360 men with a mean age of 53.6 years (sd 15.0). • Mean temperature was 16.9 °C (sd 4.8, range −21.1 to 38.3 °C) and average humidity was 58.1% (sd 23.5, range 11–100%). • On multivariate linear regression, increasing temperature was associated with increasing urine calcium (β= 11.3, 95% CI 2.2–20.0), super-saturation of calcium oxalate (β= 0.6, 95% CI 0.2–0.9), super-saturation of calcium phosphate (β= 0.14, 95% CI 0.03–0.2), and decreasing urine sodium (β=−5.2, 95% CI −10.3 to −0.1). • As seasons become warmer (i.e. from winter to autumn to spring to summer), changes were increased urine volume (β= 0.09, 95% CI 0.01–0.2) and decreased super-saturation of calcium phosphate (β=−0.2, 95% CI −0.3 to −0.03). • There were no associations between quintile of humidity and any 24-h urine constituents. CONCLUSIONS • Increasing temperature may increase stone risk by increasing urine excretion of calcium, and the super-saturation of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. • These findings were independent of humidity and of season of year. • This appears to be related to a physiological impact of temperature itself, rather than to geographic location.
Preliminary Polarization Results at Fermilab Energies

This paper describes the jet target, the superconducting spectrometer and the polarimeter used to measure the recoil proton polarization in an Indiana University experiment at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. Analysis procedures and data checks are explained and preliminary results are presented and compared with model predictions. The future plans for the experiment are also discussed.
Design and fabrication of a color multiplexing LiNbO 3 device

In an effort to create a full-color holovideo display, a wavelength-multiplexing LiNbO 3 crystal is designed. Fabrication parameters are presented. Results of tests and measurements are presented, as well as the procedures used to obtain them. By matching the bandwidth of the LiNbO 3 to that of current GPUs, the display is able to efficiently process large amounts of data.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone for Steroid-Resistant and Oral Steroid-Intolerant Children With Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome

Background: The most frequent cause of nephrotic syndrome (NS) in childhood, minimal change disease, is generally steroid-responsive. Children who are intolerant of oral steroids or steroid-resistant still present a significant therapeutic challenge. Additionally, adverse effects of long-term corticosteroid administration warrant the search for an alternative safe and effective treatment. Here we report the use of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH; H.P. Acthar® Gel), an agent originally introduced in the 1950s, for the treatment of these patients. Methods: We report 3 children with NS who were not able to attain remission with standard steroid therapy due to oral steroid intolerance or steroid resistance. Results: Two of the patients attained remission with a long-acting formulation of ACTH. Conclusions: ACTH is an option for the treatment of pediatric patients with NS who are oral steroid-intolerant. This approach may also be useful for the treatment of other steroid-responsive conditions in patients with limiting gastrointestinal toxicity to oral preparations. The use of ACTH for the treatment of steroid-resistant NS requires further investigation.
Patterns and Perceptions of Dextromethorphan Use in Adult Members of an Online Dextromethorphan Community

AbstractDextromethorphan (DXM) is a widely available antitussive that has, at elevated dose levels, euphoric and dissociative effects. This article presents the reported patterns and preferences of DXM use, and perceptions of DXM use among adult members of an online DXM community. Analyses were conducted of quantitative and qualitative responses from nine female and 43 male individuals, aged 18–63 years old. All respondents reported illegal and DXM drug use, beginning, on average, at 15.7 and 17.1 years of age, respectively. The majority of respondents first heard about DXM online or from a friend, preferred to use DXM alone, ingested substances concurrently with DXM to modify its effects, had not been to an emergency room or arrested because of their DXM use, and used DXM for its dissociative and mind-altering effects. DXM was perceived as safe and in no need of further regulation with only 14% of respondents mentioning DXM’s addictive qualities. Findings from this sample of adult DXM users reveal a soph...
A single-pass syntax-directed front end for Ada

This paper describes the front-end processor of an Ada compiler that is under development at Florida State University. The compiler is coded in Pascal, to execute on a CDC Cyber system, and is presently targeted to the Z8000 microprocessor architecture. Owing at least in part to the peculiar origins and changing goals of this project, the front end processor is rather unlike those of the other Ada compilers of which we know. Perhaps its most distinctive feature is that it operates in one pass.
Variation in polyphenol oxidase activity and quality characteristics among hard white wheat and hard red winter wheat samples

ABSTRACT Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) has been related to an undesirable brown discoloration of wheat-based end products. Consumer acceptance and product quality are generally decreased by the darkening phenomena. Two sets of wheat samples (Triticum aestivum L.) were investigated for variation in grain and flour PPO levels. Samples included 40 advanced experimental hard white winter wheat lines grown at two Kansas locations and 10 hard red winter wheat genotypes grown at three Nebraska locations. The variability in grain and flour PPO activities was influenced by growing location and population for the hard white wheat samples. There also was a significant influence of population by growing location interactions on PPO activity in both grain and flour. Genotype and growing location both contributed to variability in flour PPO activity among the hard red wheat samples. The variation in flour PPO activities among growing locations appeared larger than variation produced by genotypes tested for the hard red whea...
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF CARDIAC DESMOSOMES IN THE TOAD AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO THE INTERCALATED DISC

The fine structure of desmosomes and intercalated discs in the toad heart is discussed. A definite relationship between the dense components of these structures and the dense region of the Z band is demonstrated. The dense region of the Z band characteristically widens at its approach to the plasma membrane, and often terminates beneath it in a distinct discoidal plaque. Cardiac desmosomes appear to be structures which result from the intimate apposition of plaques of Z band material. These desmosomes retain the Z band function as sites of attachment for myofilaments. The suggestion is made that rotation of a desmosome through 90° and splitting of filaments from the adjacent sarcomere could result in the formation of a simple step-like intercalated disc. Intermediate stages in this process are illustrated. Complex discs present in the toad probably represent the alignment of groups of simple discs produced by contractile forces. Possible physiologic functions of the disc and desmosome are discussed. Other morphologic features of toad cardiac cells include a distinct amorphous outer coat to the sarcolemma, a prominent N band, and a granular sarcoplasm with poorly developed reticulum.
The “forgotten children” revisited: Neglected areas of COA research☆

Abstract During recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in awareness of the problems of children of alcoholics (COAs) — a population once described as “forgotten children” — and a corresponding movement to offer a variety of psychosocial services to reduce current levels of distress and dysfunction and to prevent future negative outcomes. This article focuses on four relatively neglected areas concerning research and treatment with COAs: (a) variety of positive and negative outcomes among COAs, (b) possible outcome moderators among COAs, (c) possible negative effects of labeling COAs, and (d) negative outcomes in providing psychosocial interventions. The major goal of the paper is not to indict current research and intervention efforts on COAs, but to sensitize researchers and intervention workers to several dimensions of the COA problem that have not been systematically addressed in earlier literature.
Theory of thermal relaxation of electrons in metals.

If electrons in a metal are heated to a temperature ${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{e}}$ greater than the lattice temperature ${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{L}}$, the electron-phonon interaction causes temperature relaxation ${\mathrm{dT}}_{\mathrm{e}}$/dt=${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathrm{T}}$(${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{L}}$-${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{e}}$) which is rapid for ${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{L}}$g${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}_{\mathrm{D}}$. A formula ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathrm{T}}$=3\ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\lambda}〈${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}^{2}$〉/\ensuremath{\pi}${\mathrm{k}}_{\mathrm{B}{\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{e}}}$ is derived, where \ensuremath{\lambda}〈${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}^{2}$〉=\ensuremath{\eta}/M is an important parameter in the theory of superconductivity. Quantitative agreement with recent experiments is good.
Interrelation between External Oscillatory Muscle Coupling Amplitude and In Vivo Intramedullary Pressure Related Bone Adaptation

Abstract Interstitial bone fluid flow (IBFF) is suggested as a communication medium that bridges external physical signals and internal cellular activities in the bone, which thus regulates bone remodeling. Intramedullary pressure (ImP) is one main regulatory factor of IBFF and bone adaptation related mechanotransduction. Our group has recently observed that dynamic hydraulic stimulation (DHS), as an external oscillatory muscle coupling, was able to induce local ImP with minimal bone strain as well as to mitigate disuse bone loss. The current study aimed to evaluate the dose dependent relationship between DHS's amplitude, i.e. , 15 and 30 mmHg, and in vivo ImP induction, as well as this correlation on bone's phenotypic change. Simultaneous measurements of ImP and DHS cuff pressures were obtained from rats under DHS with various magnitudes and a constant frequency of 2 Hz. ImP inductions and cuff pressures upon DHS loading showed a positively proportional response over the amplitude sweep. The relationship between ImP and DHS cuff pressure was evaluated and shown to be proportional, in which ImP was raised with increases of DHS cuff pressure amplitudes (R 2 = 0.98). A 4-week in vivo experiment using a rat hindlimb suspension model demonstrated that the mitigation effect of DHS on disuse trabecular bone was highly dose dependent and related to DHS's amplitude, where a higher ImP led to a higher bone volume. This study suggested that sufficient physiological DHS is needed to generate ImP. Oscillatory DHS, potentially induces local fluid flow, has shown dose dependence in attenuation of disuse osteopenia.
On Mandalas, Monarchs, and Mortuary Magic: Siting the Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Tantra in Tibet

Recent scholarship on Indian Buddhist esotericism identifies the individual practitioner's pursuit of kingship and dominion as the central defining metaphor of Tantric literature. From this perspective the mandala is not simply a gnostic symbol of enlightenment but a model used for the realization of a Buddhist feudal polity. This article extends this line of argument by explaining why one Indian Buddhist text, the Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Tantra (SDPS), would play an important role in the conversion of Tibet to Buddhism. Drawing upon the theories of J. Z. Smith on locative religion and ritual, I argue that the ubiquitous mandalas featured in this text serve as "maps" and modes of emplacement that have political ramifications for an emerging Buddhist polity in Tibet. The mandalas, sovereignty symbolism, and mortuary rites of this text also undermine the indigenous model of divine kingship that was present in Tibet prior to the arrival of Buddhism. The realm of our experience is similar to a tapestry. Time is the warp and space is the woof; the myriad patterns appearing out of warp and woof are the metamorphoses of all things.
Hyperbolicity of Velocity-Stress Equations for Waves in Anisotropic Elastic Solids

This paper reports mathematical properties of the three-dimensional, first-order, velocity-stress equations for propagating waves in anisotropic, linear elastic solids. The velocity-stress equations are useful for numerical solution. The original equations include the equation of motion and the elasticity relation differentiated by time. The result is a set of nine, first-order partial differential equations (PDEs) of which the velocity and stress components are the unknowns. Cast into a vector-matrix form, the equations can be characterized by three Jacobian matrices. Hyperbolicity of the equations is formally proved by analyzing (i) the spectrum of a linear combination of the three Jacobian matrices, and (ii) the eigenvector matrix for diagonalizing the linearly combined Jacobian matrices. In the three-dimensional space, linearly combined Jacobian matrices are shown to be connected to the classic Christoffel matrix, leading to a simpler derivation for the eigenvalues and eigenvectors. The results in the present paper provide critical information for applying modern numerical methods, originally developed for solving conservation laws, to elastodynamics.
The Social and Environmental Context of Cross-Border Drug Use in Mexico: Findings from a Mixed Methods Study of Young Injection Drug Users Living in San Diego, CA

The authors report the results of qualitative (n = 19) and quantitative (n = 545) interviews with young injection drug users (IDUs) in San Diego, California about their experiences using drugs in Tijuana, Mexico, and associated risks for HIV infection. Young IDUs who have ever traveled to Mexico (n = 365) used a variety of injection (54%) and noninjection (30%) drugs there and appear to be heavier users than those who have never traveled to Mexico. Sociocultural themes influencing drug use in Mexico included interactions among the purpose of travel, drug preference, and route of administration; familiarity with the border region; evolving relationships with the United States and Mexican drug markets; and the experience of crossing the U.S.-Mexico border. Interventions for IDUs in border regions need to be sensitive to the ethnicity, familiarity with the border region, and life history of participants, as well as differences in national policies that could influence drug use and risk for HIV on both sides of the border.
Does knee alignment influence gait in patients with severe knee osteoarthritis

Abstract Background Patients with knee osteoarthritis present an altered gait pattern. Amongst many factors, the lower limb alignment (varus, valgus) has been identified as an important risk factor for the progression of knee osteoarthritis. Among the large number of studies on knee osteoarthritis gait, only a few have included patients with a valgus deformity. The aims of this study were to determine how knee alignment influences full-body gait in patients with knee osteoarthritis and if knee malalignment is associated with pain and functional capacity. Methods Sixty patients with severe knee osteoarthritis scheduled for a total knee arthroplasty were included in this study. Twenty-six subjects were recruited as the control group. The spatio-temporal parameters, three-dimensional full-body kinematics, and lower body kinetics were evaluated during a comfortable gait and compared between the groups. Pain and function were assessed with the WOMAC questionnaire. Findings The full-body gait analysis demonstrated substantially different gait patterns and compensation mechanisms between the three groups. Patients with varus knee alignment significantly augmented their trunk movements in sagittal and frontal planes compared to patients with a valgus knee. In addition, patients with a valgus knee reported lower pain and lower functional deficits compared to patients with a varus knee. Interpretation We found that gait compensations were significantly influenced by lower limb alignment. These new insights related to different knee osteoarthritis gait patterns might help in the understanding of gait compensation behaviours prior to total knee arthroplasty and better manage the strategies of rehabilitation following surgery.
Interaction between lattice and grain boundary dislocations and their role in mechanical properties of interfaces

This paper is a brief review of the relationship between the structure and the mechanical properties of grain interfaces. Early work had inferred that such a correlation exists from experiments with bicrystals of different orientations. More recently, the advances in the understanding of grain boundary structure have allowed specifying the structure and then studying how it relates to mechanical behavior. The rudiments of grain boundary structure characterization are discussed. The mechanical properties of interfaces are described in terms of slip induced intergranular cavitation, continuity of slip bands across interfaces and the "yield strength" of interfaces. The need for much more work in this important area is emphasized.
Electrode kinetics for the reduction of europium(III) in thiocyanate solutions

Summary Kinetic data have been obtained chronocoulometrically for the Eu(III)/Eu(II) couple in mixed thiocyanate-perchlorate electrolytes. The data have been analyzed in an effort to obtain estimates for the relative rates of reduction of Eu 3+ and EuNCS 2+ . The results and interpretation are contrasted with those recently reported by Sluyters et al. 3 . The data are compatible with significant reduction rates for both Eu 3+ and EuNCS 2+ although the large Frumkin double-layer corrections involved with these highly charged reactants produce very large uncertainties in the values of the two rate constants. The desirability of commencing the analysis of electrode kinetic data on the basis of chemically realistic models is stressed, as is the need for more precise and accurate data in order to distinguish among proposed mechanisms. It is suggested that the proposal by Sluyters et al. 3 that specific adsorption of anions will have no influence on the electrode reaction rates (after double-layer corrections) of redox couples in which both halves are soluble in the solution phase should be qualified to exclude cases in which inner sphere electrontransfer pathways are possible.
Secondary Emission from Films of Platinum on Aluminum

Experimental results for secondary emission from films of platinum on aluminum indicate a direct proportionality between the primary energy (up to 800 electron volts) and the maximum depth from which the secondaries come. The depths of origin of secondaries as indicated by these studies are not out of line with those which would be expected on the basis of existing theories. The maximum depth within the target influencing the secondary emission increases more rapidly for primary energies above 800 electron volts than for those below.
Ultrastructure of ependymal cells of the shark median eminence.

The ultrastructure of ependymal cells of the median eminence in young Pacific blacktip reef sharks is described. Three major cell types have been observed. The first type is an irregularly-shaped, electron dense cell with many long microvilli and occasional cilia projecting into the ventricle. A second type contains dense cytoplasmic granules in sizes ranging from 1000–2000 A, and may be morphologically equivalent to “liquor-contacting neurons” observed in ependymal linings elsewhere. The third type appears very similar to crown cells of saccus vasculosus of this and other species. Cells of the third type possess large, lipid-like inclusions, bulbous projections originating from basal bodies, and prominent smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The crown-like cells are compared to cells of saccus vasculosus of young and adult sharks, and their possible significance is discussed.
Labeling proteins with fluorophore/thioamide Förster resonant energy transfer pairs by combining unnatural amino acid mutagenesis and native chemical ligation.

We have recently shown that p-cyanophenylalanine (Cnf) and a thioamide can be used as a minimally perturbing Forster resonant energy transfer (FRET) pair to monitor protein conformation. We have also shown that thioamide analogues of natural amino acids can be incorporated into full-sized proteins through native chemical ligation. For intermolecular studies with Cnf/thioamide FRET pairs, Cnf can be incorporated into proteins expressed in Escherichia coli through unnatural amino acid mutagenesis using a Cnf-specific tRNA synthetase. For intramolecular studies, a Cnf-labeled protein fragment can be expressed in E. coli and then ligated to a thioamide-labeled peptide synthesized on solid phase. This combination of methods allows for rapid access to double-labeled proteins with a minimum of unnecessary chemical synthesis. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by studying the binding of peptides to the protein calmodulin and by determining the orientation of the N- and C-termini in the amyloidogenic prot...
Does the Presence of Extranodal Extension in Pathological Stage B1 Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumor Necessitate Adjuvant Chemotherapy

Purpose: The presence of extranodal extension identified at primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection has been associated with an increased risk of disease recurrence, and as such these patients are sometimes treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. We decided to evaluate the significance of extranodal extension on disease-free survival in patients with pathological stage B nonseminomatous germ cell tumor who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy.Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of our testicular cancer database was performed to identify all patients with clinical stage A nonseminomatous germ cell tumor who underwent primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection and were found to have retroperitoneal metastasis with 5 or fewer involved nodes and no metastatic node larger than 2 cm. No patient received adjuvant chemotherapy, and all had a minimum followup of 24 months. A single pathologist (LC), who was blinded to clinical outcome, reviewed the retroperitoneal nodal package to identify the pres...
A case study of the Kennedy administration's decision‐making concerning the diem coup of November, 1963

The Diem Coup was a critical turning point in the Vietnam War. Here I suggest that the decision‐making surrounding the coup was characterized by conflict, confusion, and vacillation. Ultimately, the decision‐making process took on a momentum of its own in which President Kennedy and his advisers, within the loose configuration of an adhocracy, were rooted rhetorically to a combat position and propelled toward one course of action‐the coup.
Transport layer approaches for improving idle energy in challenged sensor networks

Today, the study of energy efficient networking solutions in sensor networks has been focusing on networks with always-on connectivity between communication end-points and short link delays. However, these assumptions are not true for networks with very long propagation delays such as Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs) or networks with intermittent connectivity. In such networks, idle energy expenditure, which includes energy spent on node rendezvous and idle waiting, becomes significant, and renders conventional data transport inefficient.In this work, we leverage characteristics that are unique to such networks, i.e., long-delay tolerability and low duty-cycles, to improve idle energy efficiency. To this end, we propose a staged transport protocol, aDapTN, that adopts a store-and-forward transport paradigm with an asynchronous wakeup scheme. We evaluate the idle energy efficiency of our approach through both analysis and simulation. Our results show that aDapTN achieves much better idle energy efficiency than conventional approaches. The increased latency is a function of parameters for node rendezvous, which can be adjusted depending on the application.
Abstract C66: Establishing clinically relevant in vitro models of prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men. PTEN and/or TP53 deletions in prostate cancer are associated with aggressiveness, castration-resistance, and poor prognosis. One origin of progressive, treatment-resistant prostate cancer has been hypothesized to be androgen-independent, prostate cancer stem cells. In order to investigate molecular mechanisms linking specific gene mutations to tumorigenic properties, we have established and characterized two prostate luminal epithelial cell lines with Pten/TP53 deletions, derived from a prostate epithelial stem/progenitor-enriched cell population and maintained in a serum-free media. Normal mouse prostate epithelium containing floxed Pten and TP53 alleles was subjected to CRE-mediated deletion in vitro followed by serial propagation as protospheres. A polyclonal cell line was established from dissociated protospheres and subsequently a clonal daughter line was derived. Both lines demonstrate a mature luminal phenotype in vitro. The established lines contain a stable minor population of progenitor cells with protosphere-forming ability and multi-lineage differentiation capacity. Both lines formed orthotopic adenocarcinoma tumors with metastatic potential to lung. Intracardiac inoculation resulted in brain and lung metastasis, while intra-tibial injection induced osteoblastic bone formation, recapitulating the bone metastatic phenotype of human prostate cancer. The cells showed androgen receptor dependent growth in vitro. Importantly, in vivo, the deprivation of androgens from established orthotopic tumors resulted in tumor regression and eventually castration-resistant growth. Cells derived from orthotopic tumors have been isolated to develop androgen-dependent versus androgen-independent model. These data suggest that transformed prostate progenitor cells preferentially differentiate toward luminal cells and recapitulate many characteristics of the human disease. Citation Format: Wassim Abou-Kheir, Paul Hynes, Philip Martin, JuanJuan Yin, Yen-Nien Liu, Victoria Seng, Ross Lake, Joshua Spurrier, Kathleen Kelly. Establishing clinically relevant in vitro models of prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2012 Feb 6-9; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(4 Suppl):Abstract nr C66.
Cloning of mouse β-casein gene sequences

Abstract Casein messenger RNAs (mRNAcsn) were purified from lactating mammary glands of BALB/c mice and used as a starting material for cloning of casein gene sequences. Double-stranded casein cDNA (ds-cDNAscn) was prepared and blunt-end ligated to HindIII-specific DNA linker molecules. After digestion with HindIII, the dsDNAcsn was inserted into the HindIII site of plasmid pBR322, using T4 DNA ligase. Escherchia coli strain RH202 was transformed with the hybrid plasmids, and transformants were selected for resistance to ampicillin. Electrophoresis of HindIII-digested hybrid plasmid DNAs, followed by Souther transfer and hybridization to 9[32P]cDNAcsn, revealed that one of the hybrid-plasmid-containing colonies, designated pCas51, contained a 400-bp insert which hybridized to the [32P]cDNAcsn. Purification of the individual casein mRNAs (mRNAcsn α, β and γ) and solution hybridization of nick-translated insert DNA to each of these revealed that pCas51 contained sequences complementary primarily to mRNAcsn β.
Modulation of the opioid growth factor ([Met5]‐enkephalin)–opioid growth factor receptor axis: Novel therapies for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

Background The opioid growth factor (OGF)–OGF receptor (OGFr) axis is a constitutively expressed biologic pathway regulating cell proliferation of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). This study investigated modulation of the OGF–OGFr system by (1) exogenous OGF, (2) upregulation of OGFr using imiquimod, or (3) intermittent opioid receptor blockade with a low dose of naltrexone on progression of established SCCHN. Methods Nude mice with visible human SCCHN SCC-1 tumors received (1) OGF or low-dose naltrexone either 1, 3, or 7 times/week or (2) imiquimod 1 or 3 times/week. Tumor growth and DNA synthesis were monitored. Results OGF and low-dose naltrexone increased the latency from visible to measurable tumors up to 1.6-fold. OGF, low-dose naltrexone, and imiquimod treatment markedly reduced tumor volume and weight, and decreased DNA synthesis in tumors. Conclusions Modulation of the native OGF–OGFr regulatory network in SCCHN represents a novel nontoxic and highly efficacious approach for treatment of SCCHN. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012