cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Nested Hierarchical Median Facility Location Model

AbstractIn this paper we deal with the location of nested hierarchical facilities. In hierarchical facilify systems there are multiple levels of service facilities such that each facility level provides different but related services. The specific hierarchical locational system which we model is a nested facility hierarchy such that the location of a higher level facility at a site requires that services of all lower levels also be located at that site. In addition, it is assumed that all demand is serviced directly by the closest facility of the appropriate level and that there are no referrals. We formulate the nested hierarchical median problem as a binary linear program (BLP). The resulting BLPs can be solved with a Lagrangian dual bounding approach based on a novel extension of the corresponding p-median solution procedure and a special relaxation of the BLP formulation. Computational experience for 2-level and 3-level locational systems on moderately sized networks are reported.
Supporting intimates on faith

What is the role of faith in the familiar practice of supporting intimates in their personal projects? Is there anything distinctly valuable about such faith-based support? I argue that the virtue of being supportive, a characteristic of the good friend or lover, involves a distinctive kind of faith: faith in another persons’ chosen self-expressive pursuit(s). Support based on such faith enables the supported party to enjoy a more meaningful and autonomous exercise of agency in self-expressive arenas, and engenders a sense of relational unity or solidarity, deepening the normative and emotional bonds of the relationship.
From Earth Angel to Electric Lucifer: Castrati, Doo Wop and the Vocoder

The transformed, angelic voice is in a precarious position—between corpus and void, heaven and earth. As “sacred monsters” of the Baroque, the castrati had voices described as otherworldly and “strangely disembodied.” An amalgam of male, female and childlike qualities, the castrato voice is angelic in its liminality, a kind of tonal apotheosis. The 1950s, a time preoccupied with heaven, from winged cars to airwave Earth Angels, saw a curious renaissance of this Baroque ideal. With doo-wop, the seemingly sexless voice of the singer shares the trait of sounding angelic with the mythic androgyny of the castrati—both blur gender lines through vocal manipulation. Technology also allows the transformed voice to lose all traces of the body, as in Bruce Haack’s psychedelic song cycle The Electric Lucifer, “a battle between heaven and hell” which employs a voice put through a prototype vocoder to represent both angel and devil. Here, the voice is free to achieve multiple unearthly identities. This presentation will examine the imbrication of heavenly narrative and transformed voice in popular music, focusing on how this disjunct between voice and body can be understood as prism through which to explore shifting socio-political anxieties and desires.
The Effect of Wound Dressings on a Bio-Engineered Human Dermo-Epidermal Skin Substitute in a Rat Model.

Autologous bio-engineered dermo-epidermal skin substitutes are a promising treatment for large skin defects such as burns. For their successful clinical application, the graft dressing must protect and support the keratinocyte layer and, in many cases, possess antimicrobial properties. However, silver in many antimicrobial dressings may inhibit keratinocyte growth and differentiation. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the effect of various wound dressings on the healing of a human hydrogel-based dermo-epidermal skin substitute in preparation for the first-in-human clinical trials. Human dermo-epidermal skin substitutes approved for clinical trials were produced under good manufacturing practice conditions, transplanted onto immuno-incompetent rats, and dressed with either Vaseline Gauze™ (Kendall Medtronic, Minneapolis, USA), Suprathel (PolyMedics Innovations GmbH, Denkendorf, Germany), Urgotul SSD (Urgo Medical, Shepshed, United Kingdom), Mepilex AG (Molnlycke Health Care, Gothenburg, Sweden), or Acticoat™ (Smith&Nephew, Baar, Switzerland). Grafts were assessed clinically for take, epithelialization, and infection at 10 and 21 days post-transplantation, and histologically at 21 days. There were three subjects each in the Vaseline Gauze™ and Suprathel groups, and four subjects each in the Urgotul SSD, Mepilex AG, and Acticoat™ groups. For all samples, the take rate was 100% and the expected keratinocyte number, epithelialization and epidermal stratification were observed. All of the dressings in the current study were well tolerated by our human dermo-epidermal skin substitute. The tolerance of the silver-based dressings is particularly relevant given the high risk of bacterial contamination with large skin defects, and provides pivotal information as we embark on clinical trials for this novel skin substitute.
Executions and Massacres During the Spanish Civil War

DIRECT VIOLENCE IN INITIAL PERIODS OF THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR In this chapter, I dig into the determinants of direct violence against civilians (i.e., executions and massacres) during the Spanish Civil War, and I test the main hypotheses derived from the theoretical framework presented in Chapter 2. As in the case of any other armed conflict, we have very little first-hand information on the motives of the perpetrators of violence against civilians (Sole i Sabate and Villarroya 1989: 70), as well as the motives of those who were key collaborators in the perpetration of this violence. There is no first-hand knowledge of their motives because they rarely made them explicit; in addition, they tried to avoid showing responsibility for these events. As Termens writes, “Those who promoted the repression of political enemies knew that they could not make their claim public and they were worried about showing their responsibility for these events, in case the situation changed in the future” (1991: 76). Yet, guided by the theory, we can infer motives from regularities and patterns found in the data. There is plenty of qualitative evidence from the Spanish Civil War supporting the claim that direct violence was the result of armed organizations systematically targeting their political enemies. Even if it was not always the case that those executed were affiliated with political parties or trade unions, it is certainly true that people with those affiliations were much more often targeted than other citizens. For example, in the region of Teruel, 80.23 percent of the victims of direct violence were right-wing sympathizers or members of right-wing political parties (Casanova 2007); in the city of Teruel, a vast majority of the victims of leftist violence were members of right-wing parties (Martin Rubio 1987). According to a civil war testimony, Diaz-Plaja, people were targeted in rearguard territories for political ideas “that had been expressed in the years preceding the military coup. This is something that was sometimes hard to discern in big cities, but it was known to everyone in villages” (1994: 113).
Complex Case: Saphenous Vein Graft

A 61-year-old man with a history of five-vessel coronary artery bypass grafting was found to have symptomatic, severe, and critically obstructive calcific lesions of the vein graft to the RCA. The vein graft underwent rotational atherectomy followed by stenting, demonstrating rotational atherectomy of saphenous vein grafts is possible in appropriately selected patients.
Differences in the motor unit firing rates and amplitudes in relation to recruitment thresholds during submaximal contractions of the first dorsal interosseous between chronically resistance-trained and physically active men.

Previous investigations report no changes in motor unit (MU) firing rates during submaximal contractions following resistance training. These investigations did not account for MU recruitment or ex...
Impact of Medical Homes on Expenditures and Utilization for Beneficiaries With Behavioral Health Conditions.

Objective:Individuals with behavioral health conditions may benefit from enhanced care management provided by a patient-centered medical home (PCMH). In late 2011 and early 2012 Medicare began part...
Biomonitoring for Stored-Product Insects

Monitoring of storage insects by traps is an essential but hardly a new procedure. Food attractants, light traps and physical traps have been used for this purpose for years. However, food attractants have the disadvantage in that they usually do not attract over a very long distance, and food traps necessarily compete with the natural food and may provide nutriment for a new infestation; light traps are dependent on electricity, the light wavelength, space and other factors, and physical traps such as perforated-cylinder grain probes and pitfall traps do not have appreciable luring capability. Pheromones, however, have added a powerful new dimension to this important procedure.
A role of liver adenosine in the renewal of the adenine nucleotides of human and rabbit erythrocytes.

For many years the work of our laboratory has been concerned with the synthesis and metabolism of the purine nucleotides in the mature human and rabbit erythrocyte and in the rabbit reticulocyte. Our early studies (1–5) and those of Mager’s group (6,7) and others (8) have demonstrated the metabolic renewal of the purine nucleotides within the circulating erythrocyte during its lifespan. The observed turnover occurs in the absence of the capacity for the de novo biosynthetic pathway in the erythrocytes of both species, although the cells do contain purine nucleoside phosphorylase as well as adenine phosphoribosyltransferase and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. However, the human erythrocyte lacks adenylosuccinate synthetase (9) and thus is unable to convert IMP to AMP, an enzymatic capacity possessed by the rabbit red cell. The erythrocytes of both species do possess adenylosuccinase and can, therefore, convert adenylosuccinate to AMP, and succinylaminoimidazolecarboxamide ribotide to aminoimidazolecarboxamide ribotide (AICAR). Formylation of AICAR and ring closure, which can occur in the erythrocyte, then leads to IMP formation. We had reported some years ago that the loss of a portion of the de novo pathway accompanies the maturation of the rabbit reticulocyte (4). More recent studies have indicated that many of the enzymes required for the early steps of the pathway are lacking in the erythrocytes of both species (10).
Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation of Oxygenated Compounds in Aqueous Phase

Electrocatalytic hydrogenation is a strategy to hydrogenate biogenic compounds under ambient conditions by replacing the thermal and H2 inputs by cathodic potential. This work compares the performances of this approach (in aqueous phase at room temperature) for the conversion of a variety of model oxygenated compounds over a series of metals. The target functionalities were carbonyl groups, aromatic rings, and ether bonds. All of the metals explored (Pt, Rh, Pd, and Cu) are active for the reduction of carbonyl compounds to alcohols. The conversion rate of benzaldehyde increased as a function of the metal as Pt < Rh < Pd (Cu was tested under different conditions). In contrast, only Rh and Pt were active for hydrogenation of aromatic rings (Rh was more active than Pt). In a comparison of the target functionalities, carbonyl groups are more reactive than aromatic rings and ether bonds in phenolic compounds and diaryl ethers on all of the explored metals. This carbonyl reactivity, however, is enhanced by the ...
Progressive Decline in Estimated GFR in Patients With Sickle Cell Disease: An Observational Cohort Study

Rationale & Objective Progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in sickle cell disease (SCD) and its risk factors remain poorly defined. We identified characteristics associated with CKD as well as decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and presence of proteinuria over time in adults with SCD. Study Design Retrospective observational study. Setting & Participants Patients with SCD 18 years or older in a single center from 2004 to 2013. Predictors Baseline clinical and laboratory measures, comorbid conditions, SCD-related complications, relevant treatments, and severity of genotypes defined as severe (homozygous SCD [HbSS]/sickle-β0-thalassemia [HbSβ0]) or mild (hemoglobin SC disease [HbSC]/sickle-β+-thalassemia [HbSβ+]-thalassemia). Outcomes Presence at baseline of CKD, defined here as eGFR Analytical Approach Logistic regression for baseline CKD. Linear mixed-effects model for eGFR decline and generalized linear mixed-effects model for proteinuria during the study period evaluating for interaction with time. Stratified by genotype severity. Results Among 427 patients, 331 had 2 or more measurements of creatinine. During a median follow-up of 4.01 (interquartile range, 1.66-7.19) years, annual eGFR decline was 2.05mL/min/1.73m2 for severe genotypes (P Limitations Retrospective observational study, limited direct measures of albuminuria. Conclusions Patients with SCD exhibit rapid decline in eGFR over time. Decline in eGFR is associated with markers of disease severity and associated comorbid conditions.
Perceived Stigma in Health Care Settings and the Physical and Mental Health of People of Color in the United States

Abstract Purpose: Addressing perceived and enacted stigma in clinical settings is critical to ensuring delivery of high-quality patient-centered care, reducing health disparities, and improving pop...
Development of an innovative mobile phone-based newborn care training application

Mobile infrastructure in low - and middle-income countries (LMIC) has shown immense potential to reach the unreachable. Healthcare providers (HCP) are one such group who are at the frontline of the fight against infant mortality in LMICs. Mortality among newborn infants (birth to 28 days) now accounts for around 45% of all under 5-years child mortality. Birth asphyxia is one of the three leading causes of newborn death; neonatal resuscitation training, among health care providers, reduces mortality from birth asphyxia. We have developed a mobile phone-based training app, called mobile Helping Babies Survive (mHBS), to support the training of health care providers on neonatal resuscitation. mHBS is integrated with the District Health Information System (DHIS2) platform, which is used in over 60 countries around the world. The mHBS/DHIS2 training app is a part of an application suite which includes another DHIS2-linked data collection app, mHBS tracker. The mHBS training application has the potential to scale-up integration with other neonatal training apps. Ultimately, the mHBS training suite will provide new insights into healthcare worker education along with the necessary tools for effective care of newborn babies.
Caring for the patient with AIDS. An integrated approach

Caring for patients with AIDS poses new and serious challenges for the medical care system, particularly the hospital. Stresses associated with the care of AIDS patients are generated by the medical complexities of the disease, by the stigma attached to the disease and the patients affected, and by the often overwhelming psychosocial support requirements. These stresses and concerns about the cost of AIDS care have contributed to apprehension about AIDS involvement on the part of many in the health care system. This paper addresses these concerns from the perspective of San Francisco General Hospital, which has developed what many consider to be a model of care in which comprehensive medical management is combined with cost effectiveness in a setting where much of the care is conducted in an outpatient and community-based setting.
Mid- to Late-Life Systemic Inflammation and Late-Life Cardiac Structure and Function: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Introduction Systemic inflammation has been implicated in the development of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) through left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic dysfunction via impairments in nitric oxide generation, reduced cyclic GMP, and altered titan phosphorylation. However, few studies have examined the association of systemic inflammation with cardiac structure and function. Hypothesis Greater systemic inflammation from mid- to late-life is associated with worse LV systolic and diastolic function in late-life. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort analysis of 4,011 participants in the ARIC Study who underwent hs-CRP measurements at visits 2 (1990-92), 4 (1996-98), and 5 (2011-13). Echocardiography was conducted at Visit 5. We calculated the time-weighted mean hs-CRP concentration as the sum of the mean hs-CRP values at 3 consecutive visits multiplied by the time between visits. Participants were categorized as hs-CRP Results Mean age at Visit 2 was 54.6±5.0 and at Visit 5 was 75.3±5.1, 64% were female, and 21% were black. Covariates at visit 5 associated with higher hs-CRP were female sex, black race, presence of diabetes (DM), obesity, and CKD. Greater time averaged hs-CRP predicted higher LV mass index related to both greater LV dimension and wall thickness, worse longitudinal strain, and higher E/e’ ratio in models adjusted for demographics (Figure). After further adjustment for SBP, DM, smoking, BMI, heart rate, and eGFR, higher hs-CRP remained associated with worse longitudinal strain (p=0.009). Conclusions Higher time averaged hs-CRP exposure from mid- to late-life predicts greater LV mass, and worse LV systolic and diastolic function in late life. These associations were attenuated after accounting for clinical comorbidities associated with systemic inflammation.
Converting eggs to flexible, all-solid supercapacitors

Abstract The rapid expansion of electrochemical energy storage market has imposed an impending need for low-cost, sustainable materials for high-performance electrodes, separators, and electrolytes. A rational strategy is to derive the electrochemical materials from renewable biomass. However, how to comprehensively and effectively utilize biomass remains challenging. Here, we report flexible, all-solid supercapacitors constructed with the materials entirely from eggs. Eggshells and white/yolk were used to produce 2D graphene-like carbon for constructing electrodes while egg white/yolk, on the other hand, was found to be a gel-like solid-state electrolyte with competitive ionic conductivity. With eggshell membrane as a superb separator, flexible, all-solid supercapacitors were assembled which exhibited superlative electrochemical performance and mechanical flexibility. The prototypical study inspires a smart approach to comprehensively and effectively use biomass materials for constructing energy storage devices. The eggshell-enabled graphene-like carbon and protein-derived solid-state electrolyte should find extensive applications in various fields.
Arsenic Trioxide Targets the MDS1 and EVI1- Containing Oncoproteins for Degradation by Proteasome Dependent and Independent Mechanisms.

The EVI1 gene was first identified as a common site of retroviral integration in murine myeloid tumors and expresses a zinc finger-containing transcriptional regulator. It also encodes for MDS1/EVI1, a longer, alternatively spliced form of EVI1. In blood development EVI1 is normally expressed in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) but not in committed cells. However, aberrant expression of EVI1 or MDS1/EVI1 has been frequently found in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and in cases of chronic myeloid leukemia during blast phase (CML-BP) and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). In addition, the MDS1/EVI1 gene fuses to the AML1 (Runx1) gene as a consequence of the t(3;21)(q26;q22) translocation found in patients with CML-BP and therapy related MDS and AML, producing the AML1/MDS1/EVI1 (AME) or AML1/MDS1 fusion genes. We have previously shown that expression of the AME fusion protein in mouse bone marrow cells by retroviral transduction impaired hematopoiesis and eventually induced an AML. EVI1 was also reported to induce MDS in mice. These results indicate that the EVI1 and AME oncoproteins play causal roles in t(3;21)- and EVI1-positive hematological malignancies. Therapies targeting oncoproteins that play causal roles in tumorigenesis have been shown to be effective in treating cancers. Arsenic trioxide (ATO) has been found as an effective treatment for patients suffering from acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) that harbor the t(15;17) translocation. The success of ATO in treating APL patients has prompted many to consider expanding the drug’s use to target other translocations and/or mutations found in hematological malignancies. In this study we found that ATO could target the EVI1, MDS1/EVI1, AML1/MDS1 and AME oncoproteins for degradation. We further found that ATO targeted EVI1 for degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Interestingly, ATO induced degradation of MDS1-containing oncoproteins via a proteasome-independent mechanism. Consistent with the downregulation of AME, the ATO treatment induced differentiation and apoptosis in AME leukemic cells in vitro and reduced splenomegally in mice transplanted with AME leukemic cells. Our results suggest that ATO could be used as a part of targeted therapy for AME-, AML1/MDS1-, MDS1/EVI1- and EVI1-positive hematological malignancies. We are currently studying the mechanism of increased ubiquitination of EVI1 by ATO, as well as the proteasome-independent mechanism by which ATO downregulates MDS1-containing proteins. Such research will help further the identification of new therapeutic targets and the development of new therapeutic strategies for human cancer.
Human Fc Receptor-like 3 Inhibits Regulatory T Cell Function and Binds Secretory IgA.

Summary Human Fc receptor-like 3 (FCRL3) is an orphan receptor expressed by lymphocytes, including regulatory T cells. FCRL3 is implicated in several autoimmune diseases; however, its function on regulatory T cells is unknown. We discovered that FCRL3 stimulation of regulatory T cells inhibited their suppressive function. Moreover, FCRL3 stimulation induced IL-17, IL-26, and IFNγ production and promoted expression of the Th17-defining transcription factor RORγt without affecting FOXP3 expression. We suggest that FCRL3 engagement mediates a transition of regulatory T cells to a pro-inflammatory Th17-like phenotype. In addition, we identified secretory IgA as a specific FCRL3 ligand. Secretory IgA could serve as an environmental cue for mucosal breaches and locally drive regulatory T cell plasticity to help control infection. Our findings define a mechanism that explains the recognized association of FCRL3 with autoimmune diseases. Targeting FCRL3 to modulate regulatory T cell activity could be exploited to treat both malignancies and autoimmune diseases.
Improving the prognosis of health care in the USA

Summary Although health care expenditure per capita is higher in the USA than in any other country, more than 37 million Americans do not have health insurance, and 41 million more have inadequate access to care. Efforts are ongoing to repeal the Affordable Care Act which would exacerbate health-care inequities. By contrast, a universal system, such as that proposed in the Medicare for All Act, has the potential to transform the availability and efficiency of American health-care services. Taking into account both the costs of coverage expansion and the savings that would be achieved through the Medicare for All Act, we calculate that a single-payer, universal health-care system is likely to lead to a 13% savings in national health-care expenditure, equivalent to more than US$450 billion annually (based on the value of the US$ in 2017). The entire system could be funded with less financial outlay than is incurred by employers and households paying for health-care premiums combined with existing government allocations. This shift to single-payer health care would provide the greatest relief to lower-income households. Furthermore, we estimate that ensuring health-care access for all Americans would save more than 68 000 lives and 1·73 million life-years every year compared with the status quo.
Numerical implementation of variable friction sliding base isolators and preliminary experimental results

The development of variable friction base isolation systems (VFSs) is the object of an ongoing international research project that involves extensive numerical and experimental activities. This art...
Efficient Growth of Carbon Nanotube Carpets Enabled by In-Situ Generation of Water

Catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CVD) utilizing the gaseous product mixture of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS-GP) offers the potential for scale-up and controlled growth of carbon nanotube (CNT...
Total-Package-Prioritization Mitigation Strategy for Deferred Maintenance of a Campus-Sized Institution

AbstractDeferred maintenance (DeM) backlogs can accelerate facility deterioration, which can cause buildings to reach demolition conditions prematurely. Although higher-education institutions alloc...
0093 State driver licensing agency policy adaptation during COVID-19: a content analysis

Statement of purpose We analyzed adaptations of state driver licensing agencies (e.g., DMV, BMV, etc.) operation policies during the COVID-19 pandemic across 50 US states. Specifically, we analyzed the contents of policy adaptations related to road testing adaptation, licensure extension and renewals, and re-opening precautions. Methods/Approach We searched state driver licensing agencies websites across all 50 states, except the District of Columbia, and collected all pages and tabs on policies related to operation practices adapted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Three coders independently analyzed the policy content and identified subthemes for the three major adaptation areas. Two coders scored each subtheme ranging from 0 to 2, with a higher score indicating stricter COVID-19 precautions. Direct quotes were identified to support each subtheme. Results All 50 state driver licensing agency policies contained road testing adaptation, and licensure extension and renewals, but 45 (90.0%) contained re-opening precautions. Common re-opening precautions included requiring social distancing (n=30, 60%) and face coverings/PPE (n=29, 58%) inside office buildings. Very few states indicated safety precautions were not required. Nearly all states extended license renewal (n=49, 98%), but extensions varied by time, beginning date, and end date. Most also allowed for online or mail-in renewals (n=43, 86%). Lastly, changes related to road- testing were the least commonly described, with the most common change being the adoption of COVID-19 related precautions during the road test (e.g., sanitizing the vehicle, wearing face coverings/PPE during the test, etc.) (n=22, 44%). Conclusion While driver licensing agencies in all states made some operation policy adaptations due to COVID-19, these varied by strictness and type of precaution taken. Future studies should examine the influence of these adaptations on driving behaviors and road safety. Significance Our results contribute to understanding how state agencies adapted their policies to combat COVID-19 and maintain driver safety.
A two-photon FRAP protocol to measure the stereociliary membrane diffusivity in rat cochlear hair cells.

Summary Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) has been widely used to monitor membrane properties by measuring the lateral diffusion of fluorescent particles. This protocol describes how to perform two-photon FRAP on the stereocilia of live cochlear inner hair cells using a lipophilic dye, di-3-ANEPPDHQ, to assess the stereociliary membrane diffusivity. We also detail two-photon FRAP microscope setup and calibration, as well as FRAP parameter setting and data analysis. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to George et al. (2020) .
Single-Task or Dual-Task? Gait Assessment as a Potential Diagnostic Tool for Alzheimer's Dementia.

BACKGROUND A person's gait performance requires the integration of sensorimotor and cognitive systems. Therefore, a person's gait may be influenced by concurrent cognitive load such as simultaneous talking. Although it has been known that gait performance of people with Alzheimer's dementia (AD) is compromised when they attempt a dual-task walking task, it is unclear if using a dual-task gait performance during an AD assessment yields higher diagnostic accuracy. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to compare the predictive power for AD of dual-task gait performance in an AD assessment to that of single-task gait performance. METHODS Participants (14 with AD and 15 healthy controls) walked across the GAITRite© Portable Walkway mat under three different cognitive load conditions: no simultaneous cognitive load, walking while counting numbers by ones, and walking while completing category naming. RESULTS Multiple logistic regression revealed that the gait performance under a dual-task condition (i.e., concurrent counting or category naming) increased the proportion of variance explained by the FAP, SL, and DST, of the incidence of AD. CONCLUSION Dual-task walking and talking may be a more effective diagnostic feature than single-task walking in a comprehensive AD diagnostic assessment.
Merit Aid and Retention: Mediation and Moderation

When institutions introduce financial aid policies, researchers have an opportunity to study these policies within the framework of a natural experiment. For this methodological note, I use a natural experiment that occurred at the public university when institutional scholarship for all first-time freshmen meeting a minimum high school grade point average and test score requirements was introduced. Scholarship renewal was contingent on credit hour accumulation and grade point averages while in college. I compare students with the same high school grades and test scores before and after the new policy implementation to evaluate the mechanisms of the associations among policy, loss of merit aid eligibility or failure to maintain grades or to accumulate credit hours, and retention. I suggest that mediation describes the association between the new policy and retention of high achieving in-state students. After the policy was implemented, these students were more likely to maintain their grades and full-time enrollment to remain scholarship eligible and, therefore, had greater return rates. Moderation helps to explain the association between merit aid and retention of out-of-state students. The effect of failure to maintain grades or full-time enrollment on departure was stronger for out-of-state students once financial aid was at stake. Limitations of inferring causation from natural experiments are discussed.
Compressive Spectral Imaging using Smoothness on Graphs

Compressive spectral imaging reconstruction is performed using smoothness on graphs. In doing so, a highly effective and paralilizable graph-smoothness prior reconstruction algorithm is developed based on simple direct matrix inversion.
Motor Activity and Perceptual Development: Some Implications for Physical Educators

(1968). Motor Activity and Perceptual Development: Some Implications for Physical Educators. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 28-33.
Interference Competition Among Household Strains of Pseudomonas

Bacterial species exhibit biogeographical patterns like those observed in larger organisms. The distribution of bacterial species is driven by environmental selection through abiotic and biotic factors as well dispersal limitations. We asked whether interference competition, a biotic factor, could explain variability in habitat use by Pseudomonas species in the human home. To answer this question, we screened almost 8000 directional, pairwise interactions between 89 Pseudomonas strains including members of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 29), Pseudomonas fluorescens (n = 21), and Pseudomonas putida (n = 39) species groups for the presence of killing. This diverse set of Pseudomonas strains includes those isolated from several different habitats within the home environment and includes combinations of strains that were isolated from different spatial scales. The use of this strain set not only allowed us to analyze the commonality and phylogenetic scale of interference competition within the genus Pseudomonas but also allowed us to investigate the influence of spatial scale on this trait. Overall, the probability of killing was found to decrease with increasing phylogenetic distance, making it unlikely that interference competition accounts for previously observed differential habitat use among Pseudomonas species and species groups. Strikingly, conspecific P. aeruginosa killing accounted for the vast majority of the observed killing, and this killing was found to differ across the habitat type and spatial scale of the strains’ isolation. These data suggest that interference competition likely plays a large role in the within-species dynamics of P. aeruginosa but not other household Pseudomonas species.
Expression of the mitochondrial genome in HeLa cells. XVII. Heterogeneity of isolated HeLa cell mitochondria as assayed for their enzymatic and in vivo biosynthetic activities.

The distributions in dextran-sucrose or sucrose gradients of biosynthetic and enzymatic activities associated with HeLa cell mitochondria have been analyzed. Mitochondria assayed for their in vivo DNA, RNA, or protein synthetic activity exhibit in such gradients closely corresponding sedimentation profiles, which are all displaced to the heavy side with respect to that of the bulk of mitochondria tested by cytochrome c oxidase activity. The sedimentation profile of mitochondria assayed by DNA content follows fairly precisely that of mitochondria assayed by macromolecular synthetic activities. The distribution in a dextran-sucrose gradient of mitochondria assayed by malate dehydrogenase activity is intermediate between those of mitochondria identified by cytochrome oxidase or in vivo macromolecular biosynthetic activities. An electron microscope examination of the structures fractionated in a dextran-sucrose gradient has given results, which, when correlated with the biochemical data, indicate that HeLa cell mitochondria are active in macromolecular syntheses in proportion to their size, while cytochrome oxidase activity is concentrated in smaller mitochondria. The possibility that an in vivo heterogeneity of HeLa cell mitochondria in DNA content and enzyme activities is responsible for the observed differences in mitochondrial distributions in the dextran-sucrose or sucrose gradients is discussed.
Near‐Field Scanning Optical Microscopy, a Siren Call to Biology

Near-field illumination of a sample with visible light can resolve features well beyond the resolution of conventional, far-field microscopes. Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) then has the potential of extending the resolution of techniques such as fluorescent labeling, yielding images of cell structures and molecules on the nanoscale. However, major problems remain to be solved before NSOM can be easily used for wet biological samples. The most significant of these is control of the distance between near-field aperture and the sample surface. Hence, while NSOM promises much, its application to biology is about where electron microscopy was 40 or 50 years ago.
The chemical characterization of calf brain microtubule protein subunits

Abstract Calf brain microtubule protein (tubulin) was characterized chemically. Amino acid analysis and hydrogen ion titration in 5 m guanidine hydrochloride yielded a chemical composition similar to that of tubulin from other sources. The NH2-terminal residue was identified as methionine. When the protein was denatured and reduced in 8 m urea, two distinct protein bands were observed in gel electrophoresis in the presence of urea, suggesting the existence of two nonidentical subunits. The molecular weight of the tubulin subunits was determined by a variety of techniques, including sedimentation equilibrium and light scattering in 6 m guanidine hydrochloride, sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, chromatrography on an agarose column in the presence of 6 m guanidine hydrochloride, and viscometry of S-carboxymethylated, reduced protein in 6 m guanidine hydrochloride. All methods yielded an average molecular weight value of (54,000 ± 1,000), whether the measurements were done with or without reducing agents, indicating that all disulfide bonds present are intrachain.
Mutational analysis of upstream activation sequence 2 of the CYC1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a HAP2-HAP3-responsive site.

Abstract We analyzed upstream activation sequence 2 (UAS2), one of two independent UAS elements in the CYC1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Deletions and linker scanning mutations across the 87 base pairs previously defined as UAS2 showed two separate functional elements required for full activity. Region 1, from -230 to -200, contains the principal activation site and responds to the trans-acting regulatory loci HAP2 and HAP3. A portion of region 1 is homologous to two other HAP2-HAP3-responsive UASs and includes the G----A transition mutation UP1, which increases UAS2 activity. This consensus sequence TNATTGGT bears striking similarity to several CAAT box sequences of higher cells. Region 2, from -192 to -178, substantially enhances the activity of region 1, yet has little activity by itself. These regions bind distinct proteins found in crudely fractionated yeast extracts.
Estimating in actual time [extreme programming]

In an effort to improve our understanding of the way we work, my team grouped together ideas from various sources to come up with an estimation scheme that avoided the confusing notion of "ideal" time, used an appropriate level of granularity for the size of the story, and explicitly acknowledged the uncertainty inherent in estimation. In this experience report, I describe the forces that influenced our choices, explain how we estimated, and then present what we learned about estimating this way, both the good and the bad.
5,10,15,20‐Tetrakis(heptafluoropropyl)porphyrin

[159355-61-0] C32H10F28N4 (MW 982.40) InChI = 1S/C32H10F28N4/c33-21(34,25(41,42)29(49,50)51)17-9-1-2-10(61-9)18(22(35,36)26(43,44)30(52,53)54)12-5-6-14(63-12)20(24(39,40)28(47,48)32(58,59)60)16-8-7-15(64-16)19(13-4-3-11(17)62-13)23(37,38)27(45,46)31(55,56)57/h1-8,61,64H/b17-9+,17-11+,18-10+,18-12+,19-13+,19-15+,20-14+,20-16+ InChIKey = FCNLTAYBETUHOO-OTHQCIQNSA-N (photosensitizer with enhanced stability for singlet oxygenation of alkenes, and ligand for the preparation of an iron porphyrin complex for catalysis of alkane oxidation with molecular oxygen) Solubility: soluble in a variety of solvents including polar protic and aprotic solvents such as aqueous methanol and acetonitrile, and hydrocarbons such as pentane and hexane; soluble in carbon tetrachloride3 as well as chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) media;1, 2 also soluble in fluorous solvents such as perfluorohexanes.3 Form Supplied in: purple crystals. Preparative Method: 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(heptafluoropropyl) porphyrin (1, TPFPP) can be synthesized (eq 1)1, 2 in 37% yield from the monopyrrolic precursor 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-(2-pyrrolyl)-l-butanol 2. The latter is readily available through a two step synthesis from pyrrole and heptafluorobutyryl chloride.2 Monomer 2 is also available by direct condensation of pyrrole and heptafluorobutyraldehyde. 2 The synthesis of 1 simply requires a self-condensation of 2 in benzene in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid with azotropic water removal (Dean–Stark) followed by DDQ oxidation of the resulting porphyrinogen. (1) Purification: recrystallization from hexanes or chloroform. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: due to potential toxicity and the photosensitivity of the porphyrin chromophore, this reagent should be handled with caution and stored with minimum exposure to light.
SUPERNOVA COLLISIONS WITH THE HELIOSPHERE

Nearby supernova explosions—within a few tens of pc of the solar system—have become a subject of intense scrutiny, due to the discovery of live undersea 60 Fe from an event 2.8 Myr ago. A key open question concerns the delivery of supernova ejecta to the Earth, in particular penetration of the heliosphere bythe supernova remnant (SNR). We present the first systematic numerical hydrodynamical study of the interaction between a supernova blast and the solar wind. Our simulations explore dynamic pressure regimes that are factors � 10 above those in other studies of the heliosphere under exotic conditions, for supernovae exploding at a range of distances through different interstellar environments, and interacting with solar winds of varying strengths. Our results are qualitatively consistent with the structure of the contemporary heliosphere modeled byprevious work,but compressedto within the inner solar system. We demonstrate that key characteristics of the resulting heliospheric structure follow simple scaling laws that can be understoodinterms of pressure-balancearguments,and which are inagreement withprevious work.Our modelsshow that a 10 pc supernova event, incident on a solar-wind outflow with the mean observed properties, compresses the heliopause to just beyond 1 AU. We also demonstrate scenarios where the supernova remnant compresses the heliopause to within 1 AU, in which cases supernova material will be directly deposited on Earth. Since 8 pc marks the nominal ‘‘kill radius’’ for severe biosphere damage, any extinction-level events should have left terrestrial deposits of supernova debris. We conclude with a brief discussion of the effect of our approximations and the impact of additional physics. Subject headingg astrobiology — interplanetary medium — solar wind — supernovae: general Online material: color figures
Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 5 Catalyzes Substrate Dimethylation in a Distributive Fashion

Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is a histone-modifying enzyme whose activity is aberrantly upregulated in various cancers and thereby contributes to a progrowth phenotype. Indeed, knoc...
Occurrence and transport of Irgarol 1051 and its major metabolite in coastal waters from South Florida.

Abstract Irgarol 1051, a boosting antifouling agent often used to supplement copper based paints was found in surface waters from South Florida at stations collected from the Miami River, Biscayne Bay and selected areas of the Florida Keys. Concentrations of the herbicide ranged from below the method detection limit (1 ng/L) to as high as 182 ng/L in a canal system in Key Largo. The herbicide was present at 93% of the stations and often found in conjunction with its descyclopropyl metabolite (M1) previously reported to be the major degradation product of Irgarol under natural environmental conditions. The 90th percentile concentration calculated for all South Florida samples was 57.6 ng/L. Based on available data on the toxicity of Irgarol to algae and coral, only two stations (∼3%) ranked above the LC50 of 136 ng/L reported for the marine algae Naviculla pelliculosa and above the 100 ng/L level reported to reversibly inhibit photosynthesis of intact corals. However, a basic dissipation model for Irgarol using the Key Largo Harbor station as a point source indicated that concentrations of the herbicide decreased rapidly and concentrations below the MDL are observed within 2000 m of the source. No major coral based benthic habitats are documented for all the stations surveyed at distances that Irgarol may pose a substantial risk. However, other types of submerged vegetation like seagrasses are common around the marinas and the effects of Irgarol to such endpoints should be investigated further.
1552 COMPARISON OF TWO ANIMAL MODELS IN ARTIFICIAL SURFACTANT THERAPY FOR HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE (HMD)

Preterm baboon (B) and lambs (L) have been used as models for different surfactant studies. Varying responses have been recorded. We studied and compared the responses of these models to S-TA therapy. Animals delivered prematurely (B:76% and L:83% term) by C-section were used. All had HMD. S-TA 100 mg/kg was instilled into trachea at 2 hrs. of age. Controls received no S-TA. Sequential a/APO2 data are shown. Treated B had sustained improvement in a/APO2 up to 16 hrs. and mean airway pressure dropped from 14.5±1.1 to 10.2±0.5 cmH2O p<.001. In lambs improvement in a/APO2 was significant but transient lasting only 2-3 hrs, with deterioration by 4-5 hrs. Pressure vol. curves at autopsy showed significantly larger hysteresis in treated baboons than lambs. Two other treated baboons could be maintained alive for 36 hrs. We conclude: 1) Differences in response to S-TA therapy may be species related, 2) Baboon HMD model may be better for studies of long term effects of surfactant therapy than the lambs.
The Onset of Breathing at Birth Stimulates Pulmonary Vascular Prostacyclin Synthesis

Summary: The purpose of the present study was to determine if pulmonary prostacyclin synthesis was stimulated by spontaneous onset of breathing by unanesthetized fetuses at birth. Cannulae were implanted and flow cuffs placed in fetal lambs and goats (0.93 term). Fetuses were delivered by cesarean section at 0.95 term and began breathing spontaneously. Prostacyclin in blood was determined by radioimmunoassay of its hydrolysis product, 6-ketoprostaglandin F1α using methods that produced the same values in duplicate samples as did gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Fetal pulmonary prostacyclin production (left lung) [(left pulmonary venous concentration — pulmonary arterial concentration) × left pulmonary blood flow] was undetectable [−1.7 ± 1.0 (SEM) ng PGI2·kg−1·min−1] and fetal pulmonary vascular resistance (left lung) high (5.1 ± 0.9 mm Hg · kg·min · ml−1). Pulmonary prostacyclin production increased to 30.1 ± 12.3 ngPGI2 · kg−1 · min−1 and pulmonary vascular resistance declined to 0.5 ± 0.1 mm Hg · kg · min · ml−1 15 min after-birth. Pulmonary vascular resistance remained low even though pulmonary prostacyclin production fell 2-5 h after birth. These results, coupled with earlier studies using indomethacin to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, support the hypothesis that pulmonary prostacyclin synthesis participates in the decline of pulmonary vascular resistance that accompanies the onset of ventilation at birth, but may be less important in maintenance of low pulmonary vascular resistance once reduced pulmonary vascular tone has been established.
Density Profile of a Quantized Vortex Line in Superfluid Helium-4

The relative-density amplitude profile of a quantized vortex line in He II is calculated from a generalized Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equation. The ordinary GP equation is a Hartree nonlinear integrodifferential equation for the order parameter of an interacting system of bosons. The generalization is made by replacing the two-body potential in the average field by a local $T$ matrix, which is calculated from a realistic interatomic potential for helium. In configuration space the $T$ matrix is similar to the potential, except in the repulsive region where it is much softer. The only adjustable parameter in the generalized GP equation is the condensate fraction for which a theoretical value of 0.10 and an experimental value of 0.024 are used. In all cases the density profile is a monotonically increasing function with an effective core radius of from 3.7 to 4.7 \AA{}.
Carnitine deficiency associated with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency

Abstract An infant with X-linked recessive ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency is described who also had severe deficiency of plasma and liver carnitine during normoammonemic periods. Treatment with l-carnitine (100 mg/kg/day) for 12 months decreased the frequency of hospitalizations for hyperammonemia, although it did not alter his neurologic status. This report demonstrates that persistent carnitine deficiency may be present in patients with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency even when plasma ammonia is normal. Carnitine evaluation and supplementation may be important in the treatment of patients with this metabolic disorder.