cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physico-chemical aspects of the removal of protein-bound substances by charcoal and other adsorbents of potential value in systems of artificial liver support: Part I--equilibrium properties.

The equilibrium adsorption properties of a range of activated charcoals and polymeric resins have been measured with respect to their ability to adsorb protein-bound metabolites whose presence in the blood has been implicated in hepatic failure. Some possible reasons for the low clearances of bilirubin observed clinically are discussed. A homologous series of bile salts, differing only in their degree of protein binding, were used as marker compounds to quantify the importance of protein binding in the equilibrium properties.
Influence of chromosomal gene position on intragenic recombination in maize

Chromosome interchanges were used to relocate four alleles of the wx locus in order to analyze the distribution of recombination potential of the maize genome. There are two homotranslocation series: proximal, interchanges proximal to wx, thus moving the wx locus to varied positions away from a centromere; and distal, interchanges distal to wx, thereby lengthening the segment distal to wx. 1. Among the controls (homoalleles on standard chromosomes), derived from outcrosses (heterozygous sources), yield more recombination than these combinations in inbred lines. 2. All heteroallelic, homotranslocation combinations, irrespective of the extent of the locus-centromere distance, are equal or less in recombination frequency than the wx recombination in the standard chromosome. 3. Among all heteroalleles on homotranslocations, there is a positive linear correlation of inter-allelic recombination with increasing distance from a centromere but the value is always less than found in the standard chromosomes. This also is true for the same heteroallele at different positions; the longer distances show a higher recombination value than the shorter wx-centromere distance. 4. There is no effect of a lengthening distal segment on wx interallelic recombination. 5. The frequencies of Wx pollen grains arising from homoalleles on homotranslocations in most instances (except for 90/90) are not significantly different from the frequencies found with standard chromosomes. 6. The reversion frequency of the same homoallele at different positions has no relationship with the wx-centromere or wx-breakage-point distance. 7. Different homoalleles at the same position are not equally affected in wx reversion rate at the new position, although no trend is evident in wx-centromere or wx-breakage-point distance. 8. The most variation in percentage change of the Wx frequency from the controls among different heteroalleles with the same homotranslocation is found among interchanges with relatively short wx-breakage-point distances. 9. There is a significant environmental effect; the greatest change between years is among the heteroalleles with higher wx recombination. 10. Homoalleles differ from heteroalleles in response to various factors, such as wx-centromere and wx-breakage-point distances. This supports the expectation that Wx pollen grains arising from homoalleles have a different origin than do Wx pollen grains arising from heteroalleles.
A comparison of 50-J versus 100-J shocks for direct-current cardioversion of atrial flutter

Abstract Background Direct-current cardioversion remains the gold standard for restoration of sinus rhythm in patients with atrial flutter. Although an initial energy of 50 J is recommended, the optimal energy settings have not been evaluated in a large series of contemporary patients. Methods We compared the outcome of cardioversion with 50 J versus 100 J in 330 consecutive patients with atrial flutter. Initial energy was based on attending physician preference. One hundred sixty patients received 50 J and 170 patients received 100 J. Results Patients in both groups did not differ significantly in age, sex, weight, body mass index, duration of the arrhythmia, postoperative status, presence and type of structural heart disease, or use of antiarrhythmic drugs. Patients in the 100-J group had more first shock conversion (85% vs 70%; P = .001), fewer total shocks (1.2 ± 0.5 vs 1.4 ± 0.7; P = .001), and less induction of atrial fibrillation (2% vs 11%; P = .002). There were no significant differences in overall restoration of sinus rhythm, cumulative energy delivered, anesthetic dose, and procedure room time. On multivariate analysis, delivery of 100 J was the strongest predictor of first shock success (odds ratio 2.6, 95% confidence interval 2.13 to 3.16; P Conclusion An initial energy of 100 J is more efficient for restoration of sinus rhythm in patients with atrial flutter. (Am Heart J 1999;137:439-42.)
Authority over Forests: Empowerment and Subordination in Senegal's Democratic Decentralization

Senegal's 1998 forestry code transfers rights to control and allocate forest access to elected rural councils, ostensibly giving the elected authorities significant material powers with respect to which they can represent the rural population. But the Forest Service is unwilling to allow rural councils to exercise these powers. To retain control, foresters use pressure, bribes and threats while taking advantage of the inability of the rural representatives to influence actors higher up in government. They justify themselves with arguments of national good and local incompetence. The foresters ally with urban-based forest merchants and are supported by the sub-prefect. Despite the transfer of forest rights, the foresters continue to allocate access to lucrative forest opportunities — in this case charcoal production and exchange — to the merchants. Despite holding effective property rights over forest, such as the right to exclude others, rural councils remain marginal and rural populations remain destitute. The councils cannot represent their populations and therefore cannot gain legitimacy: they have no authority. Despite progressive new laws, the Forest Service helps to maintain Senegal's healthy urban charcoal oligopsonies, while beating back fledgling local democracy.
Selecting review periods for a coordinated multi‐item inventory model with staggered deliveries

Consider an N-item, periodic review, infinite-horizon, undiscounted, inventory model with stochastic demands, proportional holding and shortage costs, and full backlogging. For 1 ≤ j ≤ N, orders for item j can arrive in every period, and the cost of receiving them is negligible (as in a JIT setting). Every Tj periods, one reviews the current stock level of item j and decides on deliveries for each of the next Tj periods, thus incurring an item-by-item fixed cost kj. There is also a joint fixed cost whenever any item is reviewed. The problem is to find review periods T1, T2, …, TN and an ordering policy satisfying the average cost criterion. The current article builds on earlier results for the single-item case. We prove an optimal policy exists, give conditions where it has a simple form, and develop a branch and bound algorithm for its computation. We also provide two heuristic policies with O(N) computational requirements. Computational experiments indicate that the branch and bound algorithm can handle normal demand problems with N ≤ 10 and that both heuristics do well for a wide variety of problems with N ranging from 2 to 200; moreover, the performance of our heuristics seems insensitive to N. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 48:430–449, 2001
Shock tube and theoretical studies on the thermal decomposition of propane: evidence for a roaming radical channel.

The thermal decomposition of propane has been studied using both shock tube experiments and ab initio transition state theory-based master equation calculations. Dissociation rate constants for pro...
Emerging technologies to promote and evaluate physical activity: cutting-edge research and future directions.

Physical activity (PA) promotion and measurement efforts are achieving greater precision, ease of use, and scope by incorporating emerging technologies. This is significant for PA promotion because more precise measurement allows investigators to better understand where, when, and how PA occurs, thus enabling more effective targeting of particular behavior settings. Emerging technologies associated with measuring and evaluating PA are noteworthy because they can: (1) greatly increase external validity of measures and findings through ease of use and transferability; (2) significantly increase the ability to analyze patterns; (3) improve the ongoing, systematic collection and analysis of public health surveillance due to real-time capabilities; and (4) address the need for research about the cyber infrastructure required to cope with big data (multiple streams, aggregation, visualization, etc.). This special issue brings together a collection of the latest innovations and research on the application of technology to promote and measure PA, ranging from new video games aimed at children to measurement programs targeted at obese adults. The first eight articles present emerging methodologies used to increase measurement specificity with regard to PA, the built environment, and geolocation. Combining multiple methodolo
Customized large-for-gestational-age birthweight at term and the association with adverse perinatal outcomes

Objective Using a cohort of 110,447 singleton, term pregnancies, we aimed to validate the previously proposed customized standard of large-for-gestational-age (LGA) birthweight, derive an additional customized LGA model excluding maternal weight, and evaluate the association between differing definitions of customized LGA and perinatal morbidities. Study Design Three customized LGA classifications, in addition to a population-based 90th percentile, were made according to the principals described by Gardosi: (1) customized LGA using Gardosi's previously published coefficients (LGA-Gardosi), (2) customized LGA using coefficients derived by a similar method but from our larger cohort, and (3) derived without customization for maternal weight. Associations between the LGA classifications and various perinatal morbidity outcomes were evaluated. Results Coefficients derived here for physiologic and pathologic effects on birthweight were similar to those previously reported by Gardosi. Customized LGA (any method) generally identified more births to younger, nonwhite, nulliparous mothers with female neonates of lower birthweight compared with population-based LGA. Rates of maternal and neonatal morbidity were greatest in births classified by both population-based LGA and customized LGA (any method). However, the model that excluded customization for maternal weight, revealed a greater proportion of women previously unidentified by population-based LGA who were more frequently black (40% vs 25%) and obese (30% vs 5.1%), along with greater rates of shoulder dystocia, neonatal intensive care unit admission and neonatal respiratory complications, than with LGA-Gardosi. Conclusion The use of customized methods of defining LGA was not decisively superior compared with population-based LGA, but custom LGA may be improved by modification of the parameters included in customization.
Small Changes and Lasting Effects (SCALE) Trial: the formation of a weight loss behavioral intervention using EVOLVE.

Background Obesity is a major health problem that disproportionately affects Black and Hispanic adults. This paper presents the rationale and innovative design of a small change eating and physical activity intervention (SC) combined with a positive affect and self-affirmation (PA/SA) intervention versus the SC intervention alone for weight loss.
Online SystemC emulation acceleration

Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) have recently been used as platforms to emulate SystemC descriptions. Emulation supports in-system testing using real input and output. We previously showed emulation speed to be competitive with SystemC simulations on a PC when the emulator uses acceleration engines. A limit on the number of acceleration engines that can fit on an emulation platform creates new online problems involving runtime decisions as to when to load a SystemC process into an acceleration engine. We define the online SystemC emulation acceleration problem. In contrast to previous works that focus on statically improving SystemC (and the more general event-driven) simulations, we utilize online heuristics to manage the use of a limited number of SystemC acceleration engines in an emulation framework, where the kernel must adapt and react to dynamically changing process and event queues. We test several online heuristics and show 9x improvement over microprocessor-only emulation and 5x over statically preloaded acceleration engines. We further improve emulation performance by 10--20% by adding kernel bypass connections between acceleration engines and by adapting the online heuristics to make use of those connections.
Sub-band-gap photoconductivity in Co 2 + -doped ZnO

Variable-temperature and polarized scanning photoconductivity measurements on ${\text{Zn}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\text{Co}}_{x}\text{O}$ epitaxial films allow description of sub-band-gap ${\text{Co}}^{2+}$-derived photoionization excited states in this archetypal diluted magnetic oxide. Low-temperature (27 K) measurements demonstrate spontaneous ionization from the photogenerated ${^{4}\text{T}}_{1}(\text{P})$ $d\text{\ensuremath{-}}d$ excited state, despite the highly localized nature of this excitation. Ionization involves relaxation from this $d\text{\ensuremath{-}}d$ state to the lower ${\text{Co}}^{2+/3+}$ donor-type photoionization level. Variable-temperature photoconductivity measurements reveal an additional thermally assisted ionization process that enhances the $d\text{\ensuremath{-}}d$ photoconductivity at higher temperatures. The energy barrier to thermal ionization from the ${^{4}\text{T}}_{1}(\text{P})$ excited state at low temperatures is estimated to be ${E}_{\text{a}}\ensuremath{\approx}43\text{ }\text{meV}$.
Information technology in real-time for monitoring and managing natural disasters:

This paper considers the role of information technology in forecasting, monitoring and managing disasters in real-time (i.e., by analysis of data as soon as they are collected). First, the advantages and pitfalls of a technological approach to natural hazards are discussed, then the general nature of real-time technology is described. There follows a review of the appropriate techniques of monitoring the physical impacts of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, floods and landslides. Next the role of information technology in disaster management is assessed, with emphasis on telecommunications and simulation modelling. As a cautionary note, two notorious failures of prediction and warning are discussed (the storm of October 1987 in England and the volcanic eruption disaster of November 1985 in Colombia), both of which would have benefited from more careful use of real-time monitoring. It is concluded that microcomputers, earth resources satellites, communications satellites and Geographical Informati...
Aqueous humor from traumatized eyes triggers cell division in the epithelia of cultured lenses.

Abstract Experiments were designed to gain a better understanding of the relationship between ocular inflammation and cell proliferation in the lens epithelium. Aqueous humor (AH) was collected from rabbit eyes that had been subjected to a variety of traumata, including paracentesis, needle injury, X-irradiation and the intravitreal administration of an antigen. In all instances the protein content of the AH increased, reflecting a breakdown in the blood-aqueous barrier. Rabbit lenses from non-traumatized eyes were isolated and cultured in medium KEI-4 containing samples of the various aqueous humors noted above. Control lenses were cultured in medium KEI-4 alone or in KEI-4 containing rabbit serum albumin at a protein concentration equivalent to that used in the AH studies. In contrast to controls, the epithelial cells of lenses exposed to AH from injured or inflamed eyes exhibited mitosis throughout the normally amitotic regions of epithelium. Moreover, the specific activity of AH collected 15 min after initial paracentesis, relative to both DNA synthesis and mitosis, excecded that of rabbit serum. An identification of the mitogenic factor(s) in the AH may help in understanding the environmental conditions that regulate the mitotic response which normally precedes wound healing in the lens in situ, and may help in elucidating the mechanism which controls mitosis and differentiation in the lens in vivo.
Developmental regulation of sensory axon regeneration in the absence of growth cones

The actin filament (F-actin) cytoskeleton is thought to be required for normal axon extension during embryonic development. Whether this is true of axon regeneration in the mature nervous system is not known, but a progressive simplification of growth cones during development has been described and where specifically investigated, mature spinal cord axons appear to regenerate without growth cones. We have studied the cytoskeletal mechanisms of axon regeneration in developmentally early and late chicken sensory neurons, at embryonic day (E) 7 and 14 respectively. Depletion of F-actin blocked the regeneration of E7 but not E14 sensory axons in vitro. The differential sensitivity of axon regeneration to the loss of F-actin and growth cones correlated with endogenous levels of F-actin and growth cone morphology. The growth cones of E7 axons contained more F-actin and were more elaborate than those of E14 axons. The ability of E14 axons to regenerate in the absence of F-actin and growth cones was dependent on microtubule tip polymerization. Importantly, while the regeneration of E7 axons was strictly dependent on F-actin, regeneration of E14 axons was more dependent on microtubule tip polymerization. Furthermore, E14 axons exhibited altered microtubule polymerization relative to E7, as determined by imaging of microtubule tip polymerization in living neurons. These data indicate that the mechanism of axon regeneration undergoes a developmental switch between E7 and E14 from strict dependence on F-actin to a greater dependence on microtubule polymerization. Collectively, these experiments indicate that microtubule polymerization may be a therapeutic target for promoting regeneration of mature neurons.
Market discipline, bank subordinated debt, and interest rate uncertainty☆

Abstract In a recent critique of the ‘market discipline’ literature in banking, Gorton and Santomero [ Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 22 (1990) 119–128] emphasize the need for adopting a rigorous valuation model in order to test for the existence of market discipline. They employ a standard version of the contingent claims pricing model in which firm-value risk is the only source of uncertainty. In this paper we extend their model by also incorporating interest rate uncertainty. The results reported here demonstrate the complex interaction effects arising from the joint uncertainties of firm risk and interest rate risk. No simple monotonie relationship exists with respect to interest rate uncertainty. The analysis presented in this paper is also applicable to a much wider class of debt-valuation problems and is not restricted to a specific question of banking policy.
Molecular epidemiology of OHIO-1 beta-lactamase.

Abstract A total of 31 plasmids, all bearing a gene that encodes a novel, plasmid-mediated Richmond-Sykes class III beta-lactamase designated OHIO-1 and a gene that encodes aminoglycoside 2"-adenyltransferase, have been collected from hospitals in Ohio. By using restriction endonuclease digestion and Southern hybridization, we were able to demonstrate that all these plasmids have a common genetic origin.
125I-β-iodo-D-alanine-synthesis, biodistribution and antimicrobial activity

Methyl N-carbobenzoxy-β-iodo-D-alaninate (1) served as an intermediate to synthesize methyl β-iodo-D-alaninate (2) and β-iodo-D-alanine (3). The 125I-labeled compound 1 was synthesized by the melt method and used to synthesize 125I-labeled compounds 2 and 3. Compound 3 was shown to be substrate for D-amino acid oxidase. It was also shown that compounds 2 and 3 were rapidly eliminated from normal mammalian tissues and that compound 3 inhibited the Escherichia coli growth in a dose-dependent manner at 100–500 μg/ml while compound 2 showed no effect at 500 μg/ml level. Therefore, it was suggested that compound 3 may serve as an abscess localizing agent.
Adipose tissue insulin receptor knockdown via a new primate-derived hybrid recombinant AAV serotype

Adipose tissue plays an essential role in metabolic homeostasis and holds promise as an alternative depot organ in gene therapy. However, efficient methods of gene transfer into adipose tissue in vivo have yet to be established. Here, we assessed the transduction efficiency to fat depots by a family of novel engineered hybrid capsid serotypes (Rec1∼4) recombinant adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors in comparison with natural serotypes AAV1, AAV8, and AAV9. Rec2 serotype led to widespread transduction in both brown fat and white fat with the highest efficiency among the seven serotypes tested. As a proof-of-efficacy, Rec2 serotype was used to deliver Cre recombinase to adipose tissues of insulin receptor floxed animals. Insulin receptor knockdown led to decreased fat pad mass and morphological and molecular changes in the targeted depot. These novel hybrid AAV vectors can serve as powerful tools to genetically manipulate adipose tissue and provide valuable vehicles to gene therapy targeting adipose tissue.
LMA1 Binds to Vacuoles at Sec18p (NSF), Transfers upon ATP Hydrolysis to a t-SNARE (Vam3p) Complex, and Is Released during Fusion

Abstract Vacuole fusion requires Sec18p (NSF), Sec17p (α-SNAP), Ypt7p (GTP binding protein), Vam3p (t-SNARE), Nyv1p (v-SNARE), and LMA1 ( l ow M r a ctivity 1, a heterodimer of thioredoxin and I B 2 ). LMA1 requires Sec18p for saturable, high-affinity binding to vacuoles, and Sec18p "priming" ATPase requires both Sec17p and LMA1. Either the sec18-1 mutation and deletion of I B 2 , or deletion of both I B 2 and p13 (an I B 2 homolog) causes a striking synthetic vacuole fragmentation phenotype. Upon Sec18p ATP hydrolysis, LMA1 transfers to (and stabilizes) a Vam3p complex. LMA1 is released from vacuoles in a phosphatase-regulated reaction. This LMA1 cycle explains how priming by Sec18p is coupled to t-SNARE stabilization and to fusion.
Anatomy and cytology of microsporogenesis in cytoplasmic male sterile angiosperms

The studies reviewed date from 1925 to 1972 and contain extensive anatomical and cytological information all too often incomplete or vague. The terminology for microsporogenesis used is also often sketchy or inaccurate. An attempt therefore has been made to establish some consistency in microsporogenesis terminology via Fig. 1 and the tables. We have given, in convenient tabular form, CMS taxa, investigators, and the morphological and cytological events reported. By referring to a few keys, the reader can gain further insight into specific CMS taxa and can easily compare studies The work of Laser (1972) is only part of a more extensive investigation of the anatomy, cytology, and histochemistry of N and CMSSorghum bicolor (Laser, unpub.). To date, only a small part is published (Christensen, Horner & Lersten, 1972), but when completed it probably will be the most complete study to date of these aspects of CMS. Hoefert (1969a, 1969b, 1971) has investigated only normal microsporogenesis so far, but her intention also is to make a detailed descriptive comparison of N and CMS development. Such comparative electron microscope studies will be needed to help answer questions raised in the Introduction of this review. Concerning the events within microspores at the beginning of abortion, for example, there is complete ignorance of what organelle shows the first sign of disintegration or whether there is a definite sequence or simply a simultaneous collapse. The answer to this question could yield valuable clues to the direct cause of abortion Looking at the existing published studies and taking into account numerous examples of questionable technique and interpretation, we conclude that abortion has been shown to occur at almost every point in development, and that probably more than one mechanism is involved
The campaign against dracunculiasis.

Note de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Sante concernant la lutte contre cette filariose dans l'Inde et en Afrique. Etat de la recherche fondamentale. Programmes d'action
“Pearl Harbor in Reverse” Moral Analogies in the Cuban Missile Crisis

During the 1962 Cuban missile crisis, the argument that U.S. air strikes against Soviet missile sites in Cuba would be morally analogous to the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 had a major impact on policymaking. The invocation of this analogy contributed to President John F. Kennedy's decision to forgo an immediate attack on the missiles and to start instead with a naval blockade of the island. The “Pearl Harbor in reverse” argument is an example of an important phenomenon that has received little attention in foreign policy analysis—the moral analogy. Fusing together elements of moral and analogical thinking, the moral analogy can be a powerful force in shaping policy preferences, as it was in October 1962.
Nitric oxide in glutamate-induced compound action potential threshold shifts

Abstract Objective: Investigate the role of NO as a neurotransmitter in the gerbil cochlea and the effects of (7-NI) on compound action potential (CAP) threshold elevations induced by l -glutamate, an agonist at the NMDA glutamate receptor subtype, to further elucidate the role of NO in cochlear excitotoxicity. Method: In anesthetized gerbils, CAP thresholds were recorded before and after cochlear perfusions with a control solution of artificial perilymph (APS) and a test solution of l -glutamate (GA) in three experimental groups. Results: The control group showed no CAP threshold elevations ( p p p Conclusion: NO mediates excitotoxicity when the cochlea is perfused with l -glutamate.
Language and community: using service learning to reconfigure the multicultural classroom

Universities that lack significant racial or ethnic diversity present challenges to teaching multiculturalism, particularly in linguistics. This article presents ideas from a service-learning curriculum designed to teach university students about diversity through a community-based partnership to provide tutors in English as a second language (ESL). While much service-learning research in ESL addresses pre-service teachers, this article presents an interdisciplinary model for a service-learning curriculum for university students from all majors, focusing on language and diversity. The project's design (especially the pre-planning stages), reflective writing and tutoring experiences all help integrate the voice of people of color into the university, even when the tutors lack racial and ethnic diversity. Additionally, the ESL tutoring allows the leveraging of limited resources into tremendous community outreach, with about 30 tutors contributing 3400 hours of tutoring per year. This article offers a roadma...
Language Analysis and Tools for Ambiguous Input Streams

Automatically generated lexers and parsers for programming languages have a long history. Although they are well-suited for many languages, many widely-used generators, among them Flex and Bison, fail to handle input stream ambiguities that arise in embedded languages, in legacy languages, and in programming by voice. We have developed Blender, a combined lexer and parser generator that enables designers to describe many classes of embedded languages and to handle ambiguities in spoken input and in legacy languages. We have enhanced the incremental lexing and parsing algorithms in our Harmonia framework to analyze lexical, syntactic and semantic ambiguities. The combination of better language description and enhanced analysis provides a powerful platform on which to build the next generation of language analysis tools.
Effect of operating conditions and design parameters in a continuous powder mixer

An experimental investigation was carried out to study the mixing performance and flow behavior in a continuous powder mixer for a typical pharmaceutical mixture. Blender performance, characterized by the relative standard deviation (RSD) of composition of blend samples taken at the blender discharge and by the variance reduction ratio (VRR) of the blender, was measured as a function of impeller rotation rate, flow rate and blade configuration. The flow behavior in the continuous mixer was characterized using the residence time distribution (RTD) and powder hold-up measurements. To quantify the strain applied to the powder in the blender, the number of blade passes experienced by the powder in the blender was calculated using the residence time measurements. The relationship between different experimental parameters and mean residence time and mean centered variance was examined. The mixing performance was largely dominated by the material properties of the mixture, which had a larger effect than the ingredient flow rate variability contributed by the feeders. Holdup was strongly dependent on impeller rotation rate; as impeller rotation rate increased, holdup (and therefore, residence time) decreased sharply. As a result, intermediate rotation rates showed the best mixing performance. Blade configuration affected performance as well; blade patterns where some of the blades push the powder backwards improved the mixing performance.
Racial Differences in Acceptability and Availability of Drugs and Early Initiation of Substance Use

This paper examines differences among three racial groups in exposure to three risk factors for drug use (availability of drugs, acceptability of drug use, and peer alcohol use), and the relationship of these factors to drug use initiation in a sample of preadolescent urban youths. Tobacco and alcohol initiation rates were highest among Whites, lower among Blacks, and lowest among Asian-Americans. Paralleling these differences, White youths reported the greatest access to marijuana, greatest parental tolerance of substance use, and greatest intentions to use drugs as adults. Blacks somewhat less, and Asian-Americans the least. No racial differences appear in the proportion who reported that their peers used alcohol. Marijuana availability and peer use predicted substance initiation for all three racial groups. However, intentions to use substances as an adult and perceived parental tolerance of substance use predicted drug use only for White and Asian-American youths, while the expectation of punishment for drug use predicted lower drug use only among Black youths. Implications for prevention are discussed.
Performance Limitations in High-Energy Ion Colliders

High-energy ion colliders (hadron colliders operating with ions other than protons) are premier research tools for nuclear physics. The collision energy and high luminosity are important design and operations considerations. The experiments also expect flexibility with frequent changes in the collision energy, detector fields, and ion species, including asymmetric collisions. For the creation, acceleration, and storage of bright intense ion beams limits are set by space charge, charge exchange, and intrabeam scattering effects. The latter leads to luminosity lifetimes of only a few hours for intense heavy ions beams. Currently, the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at BNL is the only operating high-energy ion collider. Later this decade the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), under construction at CERN, will also run with heavy ions.
Biochemistry and Physiology of the β Class Carbonic Anhydrase (Cpb) from Clostridium perfringens Strain 13

The carbonic anhydrase (Cpb) from Clostridium perfringens strain 13, the only carbonic anhydrase encoded in the genome, was characterized both biochemically and physiologically. Heterologously produced and purified Cpb was shown to belong to the type I subclass of the β class, the first β class enzyme investigated from a strictly anaerobic species of the domain Bacteria. Kinetic analyses revealed a two-step, ping-pong, zinc-hydroxide mechanism of catalysis with Km and kcat/Km values of 3.1 mM CO2 and 4.8 × 106 s−1 M−1, respectively. Analyses of a cpb deletion mutant of C. perfringens strain HN13 showed that Cpb is strictly required for growth when cultured in semidefined medium and an atmosphere without CO2. The growth of the mutant was the same as that of the parent wild-type strain when cultured in nutrient-rich media with or without CO2 in the atmosphere, although elimination of glucose resulted in decreased production of acetate, propionate, and butyrate. The results suggest a role for Cpb in anaplerotic CO2 fixation reactions by supplying bicarbonate to carboxylases. Potential roles in competitive fitness are discussed.
An adaptive bottom up clustering approach for Web news extraction

An adaptive bottom up Web news extraction approach based on human perception is presented in this paper. The approach simulates how a human perceives and identifies Web news information by using an adaptive bottom up clustering strategy to detect possible news areas. It first detects news areas based on content function, space continuity, and formatting continuity of news information. It further identifies detailed news content based on the position, format, and semantic of detected news areas. Experiment results show that our approach achieves much better performance (in average more than 99% in terms of F1 Value) compared to previous approaches such as Tree Edit Distance and Visual Wrapper based approaches. Furthermore, our approach does not assume the existence of Web templates in the tested Web pages as required by Tree Edit Distance based approach, nor does it need training sets as required in Visual Wrapper based approach. The success of our approach demonstrates the strength of the perception based Web information extraction methodology and represents a promising approach for automatic information extraction from sources with presentation design for humans.
Immunogenicity of a 48-Kilodalton Recombinant T-Cell-Reactive Protein of Coccidioides immitis

The outcome of coccidioidomycosis depends to a large extent on the effectiveness of the T-cell-mediated immune (CMI) response to the fungal pathogen. For this reason, identification of Coccidioides immitis antigens which stimulate T cells is important for understanding the nature of host defense against the organism and essential for the development of an effective vaccine. Here we describe the immunogenicity of a 48-kDa T-cell-reactive protein (TCRP). The antigen is expressed by parasitic cells and localized in the cytoplasm. It stimulates the proliferative response and production of gamma interferon by T cells of mice immunized with C. immitis spherules. Specific antibody reactive with the recombinant TCRP (rTCRP) was detected in sera of patients with confirmed coccidioidal infection, and the highest titers of antibody to the recombinant protein correlated with elevated titers to the serodiagnostic complement fixation antigen of C. immitis. These results suggest that the TCRP is presented to the host during the course of infection. Immunization of BALB/c and C3H/HeN mice with the rTCRP affords a modest but significant level of protection against an intraperitoneal challenge with C. immitis. It is suggested that the rTCRP may be able to contribute to a multicomponent vaccine designed to stimulate CMI response against the parasitic cycle of C. immitis.
Punk rock and the construction of “pseudo‐political” movements

(1980). Punk rock and the construction of “pseudo‐political” movements. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 165-175.
T cells and HIV‐induced T cell syncytia exhibit the same motility cycle

Ameboid cells ranging in complexity from Dictyostelium amebas to human polymorphonuclear leu- kocytes (PMNs) translocate in a cyclical fashion. Using computer-assisted motion analysis, we have analyzed the motility of human lymphocytes of the immortal SupTb cell line and of a peripheral blood mononuclear cell popu- lation highly enriched for CD4-positive cells (CD4-enriched PBMCs) on four substrates - plastic, dehydrated rat tail collagen, hydrated rat tail collagen, and bovine aortic en- dothelium. In addition, we have analyzed the motility on these substrates of syncytia induced by human immuno- deficiency virus (HIV) in cultures of both cell types. It is demonstrated that both SupTi cells and CD4-enriched PBMCs exhibit a motility cycle with a period of 1.6 mm that is independent of substrate, independent of average cell velocity, and similar to the periods of transbocating Dictyostelium amebas and PMNs. More surprisingly, it is demonstrated that HIV-induced SupTl and PBMC syn- cytia with volumes 10 to 100 times those of single cells ex- hibit the same motility cycle as their single-cell progeni- tors. These observations support the generality of the motility cycle in animal cells and, for the first time, demonstrate that the cycle is independent of cell size. j Leukoc. Biol. 57: 643-650; 1995.
Relative bioavailability, metabolism and tolerability of rectally administered oxcarbazepine suspension.

Background and objective: Maintenance of effective drug concentrations is essential for adequate treatment of epilepsy. Some antiepileptic drugs can be successfully administered rectally when the oral route of administration is temporarily unavailable. Oxcarbazepine is a newer antiepileptic drug that is rapidly converted to a monohydroxy derivative, the active compound. This study aimed to characterise the bioavailability, metabolism and tolerability of rectally administered oxcarbazepine suspension using a randomised, crossover design in ten healthy volunteers. Methods: Two subjects received 300mg doses of oxcarbazepine suspension via rectal and oral routes and eight received 450mg doses. A washout period of at least 2 weeks elapsed between doses. The rectal dose was diluted 1: 1 with water. Blood samples and urine were collected for 72 hours post-dose. Adverse effects were assessed at each blood collection time-point using a self-administered questionnaire. Plasma was assayed for oxcarbazepine and monohydroxy derivative; urine was assayed for monohydroxy derivative and monohydroxy derivative-glucuronide. Maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and time to reach Cmax (tmax) were obtained directly from the plasma concentration-time curves. The areas under the concentration-time curve (AUCs) were determined via non-compartmental analysis. Relative bioavailability was calculated and the Cmax and AUCs were compared using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Results: Mean relative bioavailability calculated from plasma AUCs was 8.3% (SD 5.5%) for the monohydroxy derivative and 10.8% (SD 7.3%) for oxcarbazepine. Oxcarbazepine and monohydroxy derivative Cmax and AUC values were significantly lower following rectal administration (p < 0.01). The total amount of monohydroxy derivative excreted in the urine following rectal administration was 10 ± 5% of the amount excreted following oral administration. Oral absorption was consistent with previous studies. The most common adverse effects were headache and fatigue with no discernible differences between routes. Conclusions: Monohydroxy derivative bioavailability following rectal administration of oxcarbazepine suspension is significantly lower than following oral administration, most likely because of poor oxcarbazepine water solubility. It is unlikely that adequate monohydroxy derivative concentrations can be achieved with rectal administration of diluted oxcarbazepine suspension.
Permanent Pedagogy How Post-Fordist Firms Generate Effort but Not Consent

We lack a compelling account of the post-Fordist labor process. When firms can no longer provide secure jobs at good pay, how do they motivate workers? Rather than a return to despotism, this ethno...
A Computational Study of Wind Turbine Blade Configurations on Aerodynamics and Noise

An increasing need for energy coupled with depletion of non-renewable resources that we have depended on so far has opened the doors to exploring new alternatives to meet energy requirements. Wind energy is one such alternative. Two reasons for wind turbines not becoming popular are (a) Fluctuations in output with changes in wind speed and (b) acoustic pollution which has led to societal rejection. The present work addresses the second issue. The objective of this work is to carry out flow simulations coupled with the far-field noise prediction method, AIBM, for the turbine blades and airfoil section to evaluate the aerodynamic and aeroacoustic performance. The aerodynamic performance will be compared with data for NREL family of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines. A Finite-Volume based implicit type CFD code with second order accuracy in space and time is used for solving the unsteady, compressible Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations (RANS). The linearized governing equations are solved using a pressure-correction algorithm of the ‘SIMPLE’ type. The AIBM assumes that the sound propagation is governed by the Helmholz equation in the frequency domain on and outside a control surface that encloses all the non-linear effects and noise sources. With the acoustic pressure and the co-located acoustic pressure derivative normal to the control surface as inputs, the Helmholz equation is solved using the least squares method. AIBM is coupled with the near field CFD solution to predict the acoustic radiation from the airfoil section. Far-field acoustic signature of 2D airfoil sections have been obtained using AIBM. The results for the 3D model show good agreement with experimental data. The results from this study will help evaluate the aerodynamic and aeroacoustic performance of existing wind turbine blades and airfoil sections and predict the same for new optimized designs of the turbine blades.
Efficient registration for precision inspection of free-form surfaces

Precision inspection of free-form surface is difficult with current industry practices that rely on accurate fixtures. Alternatively, the measurements can be aligned to the part model using a geometry-based registra- tion method, such as the iterative closest point (ICP) method, to achieve a fast and automatic inspection process. This paper discusses various techniques that accelerate the registration process and improve the efficiency of the ICP method. First, the data structures of approximated nearest nodes and topological neighbor facets are combined to speed up the closest point calculation. The closest point calculation is further improved with the cached facets across iteration steps. The registration efficiency can also be enhanced by incorporating signal-to-noise ratio into the transformation of correspondence sets to reduce or remove the noise of outliers. Last, an acceleration method based on linear or quadratic extrapolation is fine-tuned to provide the fast yet robust iteration process. These techniques have been implemented on a four-axis blade inspection machine where no accurate fixture is required. The tests of measurement simulations and inspection case studies indicated that the presented registration method is accurate and efficient.
How Social Science Research Can Improve Teaching

We marshal discoveries about human behavior and learning from social science research and show how they can be used to improve teaching and learning. The discoveries are easily stated as three social science generalizations: (1) social connections motivate, (2) teaching teaches the teacher, and (3) instant feedback improves learning. We show how to apply these generalizations via innovations in modern information technology inside, outside, and across university classrooms. We also give concrete examples of these ideas from innovations we have experimented with in our own teaching.
PHYSIOLOGY OF DESICCATION RESISTANCE IN ANOPHELES GAMBIAE AND ANOPHELES ARABIENSIS

Desiccation resistance and water balance were studied in the adult female mosquitoes Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto. When the two species were reared from egg to adult under identical conditions, An. arabiensis had significantly higher desiccation resistance than did An. gambiae. Data are presented that indicate that this difference in desiccation resistance is associated with a higher body water content prior to desiccation in An. arabiensis. No differences in rate of water loss during desiccation or water content at death were observed. Measurements of metabolic rate and respiratory pattern also showed no statistically significant differences between the species. This study provides the first physiologic measurements of desiccation resistance in adults of these species and offers insights into the physiologic differences associated with differential resistance to desiccation stress.
Hydration layer structure at solid–water interfaces

The solid–water interface is ubiquitous in natural and synthetic systems as the primary site for chemical reactions under near-ambient conditions. Examples include the interactions of contaminants with mineral–water interfaces in natural environments, electrochemical reactions at the electrode-electrolyte interface relevant to energy storage (e.g., ion adsorption/electrical double layer formation, ion insertion), and oxidation of structural materials (e.g., rust). Yet many of these phenomena remain largely mysterious at a mechanistic level. The x-ray reflectivity technique, using highly penetrating hard x-rays, directly probes the solid–water interfaces through in situ studies. This approach has provided new insights into the molecular-scale structures and processes that occur at these “wet” interfaces. In this article, we review recent advances in the understanding of these systems, focusing specifically on the organization of interfacial “hydration layers” and the important role of adsorbed ions at charged solid–liquid interfaces.
Macular hole following rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair

In each of three phakic eyes, a full-thickness macular hole developed after scleral buckling surgery for repair of a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Presumed predisposing factors included retinal ischemia in the central fovea due to separation of the retina from the choroidal vascular supply and vitreomacular traction.