cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficiency improvement in screen printed large area polycrystalline silicon solar cell with surface oxide passivation

The effectiveness of the surface-oxide passivation method for improving the performance of lower quality cast polycrystalline silicon substrates is evaluated. The relation between the quality of surface oxide films and solar cell performance is studied and indicates that the surface oxide passivation is effective for increasing the conversion efficiency even in low-quality polycrystalline silicon. A conversion efficiency of 15.3% was obtained in 10-cm*10-cm polycrystalline substrate after refinements in cell processing based on an investigation of the characteristics of the silicon-silicon-oxide interface. >
Potential for Development of Tolerance by Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum after Repeated Exposure to Potassium Sorbate

Two strains of Penicillium digitatum and one strain of Penicillium italicum were exposed to various levels of sorbic acid and potassium sorbate, and the MICs were determined. Selected strains of the molds were then repeatedly exposed to subinhibitory levels of the compounds to determine whether increased tolerance might develop. The MIC of sorbic acid (pH 4.75) to P. digitatum was between 0.02 and 0.025%. The MIC of sorbate (pH 5.5) to two strains of P. digitatum and P. italicum was found to be between 0.06 and 0.08%. Increasing levels of sorbate resulted in increasing growth suppression of the molds. Populations of P. digitatum were tested for increased tolerance to sorbic acid, and none was found. Individual molds that started from the same parent colony were examined for increased tolerance to potassium sorbate. Two P. digitatum strains developed no observable increased tolerance, but P. italicum developed a slight increase in tolerance to sorbate. When spores of P. italicum and P. digitatum were exposed to higher levels of sorbate for prolonged times, the fungicidal or fungistatic activity of the inhibitor was dependent upon pH, length of exposure time, level of sorbate, and the mold strain.
Testing the diffusion hypothesis as a mechanism of self-healing in Disperse Orange 11 doped in poly(methyl methacrylate)

In this work, we show that reversible photodegradation of Disperse Orange 11 doped in poly(methyl methacrylate) is not due to dye diffusion—a common phenomenon observed in many dye-doped polymers. The change in linear absorbance due to photodegradation of the material shows an isobestic point, which is consistent with the formation of a quasi-stable damaged species. Spatially resolved amplified spontaneous emission and fluorescence, both related to the population density, are measured by scanning the pump beam over a burn mark. A numerical model of the time evolution of the population density due to diffusion is inconsistent with the experimental data, suggesting that diffusion is not responsible.
Digging through the past: the evolutionary history of burrowing and underground feeding in rhinophrynid anurans

The Rhinophrynidae, endemic to North America, are a highly specialised group of fossorial anurans that, despite a long geologic history, has low diversity. Today, rhinophrynids are represented by one taxon, Rhinophrynus dorsalis, which occurs in extreme southern Texas, USA, and southwards through Mexico and into Central America, in dry tropical to subtropical forests along coastal lowlands. The skeleton of R. dorsalis is highly specialised for burrowing and subterranean feeding, with individuals spending most of their time underground feeding on ants and termites and emerging only after periods of heavy rain to breed. In the fossil record, rhinophrynids with skeletons specialised for burrowing first appear in the late Paleocene (Tiffanian) of Wyoming, USA, and are subsequently known from the Western Interior of North America until the late Eocene (Chadronian), with the exception of one late Pleistocene occurrence in Mexico. From the late Paleocene (Tiffanian) until the present, rhinophrynids became more specialised for burrowing. The tibiale and fibulare became relatively shorter and stouter, the distal condyle of the femur became expanded and divided into two condyles, and the distal prehallux bone and distal phalanx of the first metatarsal were modified as spades by at least the middle Eocene (Uintan). Adaptations for feeding underground might have occurred as early as the middle Eocene (Bridgerian), as suggested by the elongate neural arch of Eorhinophrynus septentrionalis. The middle Eocene (Uintan) Chelomophrynus bayi shares several specialisations with Rhinophrynus dorsalis for feeding underground, so it is presumed that it too was a subterranean feeder. These specialisations include a somewhat protracted snout, lack of teeth on the jaws and vomers, forward shift of the jaw suspensorium and most likely the shoulder girdle, and possibly the structure of the hyoid apparatus. As the climate became more seasonal and subfreezing temperatures developed after the Eocene–Oligocene transition, rhinophrynids apparently never developed the ability to hibernate to avoid freezing and instead shifted their range south.
Effect of higher order solvation and temperature on SN2 and E2 reactivity

Abstract The reactivity of microsolvated fluoride ions, F−(CH3OH)0–2, with methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and t-butyl bromide is evaluated over a broad range of temperatures. Significant decreases in reactivity are observed as either solvation or temperature increases. Increasing solvation increases sensitivity to the reaction barrier as revealed by a larger temperature dependence. These reactions are dominated by an SN2 mechanism for the methyl bromide reaction, while the SN2 and E2 mechanisms compete for the reactions with ethyl and n-propyl bromide reactions. The elimination mechanism, with some association, dominates the t-butyl bromide reactions. In all cases the unsolvated bromide ion is the primary ionic product. Branching ratios are discussed in both qualitative and quantitative terms for all reactions at 300 K.
Thoughts on Open Access: An Interview with Diane Graves

Megan Dazey speaks with Diane Graves, University Librarian, about her work with open access and scholarly communication at Trinity University. Graves discusses Trinity University's recent adoption of an open access policy, the issues that led to this decision, and what it means for faculty at Trinity. Issues taken under consideration include the significant journal price increase of the last decade, authors who wish to retain copyright of their works, and the interaction of the open access policy with Trinity's institutional repository.
An Uncommon System for Manual Control of Olfactometer Air Relative Humidity

Work done in this laboratory on mosquito attractants and repellents often involves the use of 8 dual-port olfactometers (Schreck, Gouck & Smith, 1967, J. Econ. Entomol. 60 : 1188–90). The olfactometers are supplied with a 661 liters/sec (1400 cfm) flow of conditioned, outside air, the humidity of which has been generated by a water spray and controlled by a mechanical, hair-type humidistat. Because of the original systemʼs excessive set point drift and control band width (± 10% RH), a new humidity generation, monitoring, and control system was developed.
Polarization of molecular ions in Penning collisions

Abstract A Penning ionization collision between optically oriented helium ( 3 S 1 metastable atoms and molecular nitrogen is shown to yield polarized N 2 + ions in the electronically excited B 2 Σ u levels as a result of the spin conservation rule. These polarized ions are then available for the purposes of radio frequency spectroscopy.
Issue Information and Connotation in Candidate Imagery Evidence from a Laboratory Experiment

Due to a simplistic conception of candidate imagery and overreliance on survey methods in voting research, relatively little is known about the dynamics of candidate imagery. This experiment exposed subjects to typewritten transcripts of candidate issue positions from an actual campaign, and measures of subjects' candidate images were taken. Results indi cate that subjects are prone to conceptualize candidates in personal terms, even though only issue-position information was made available. This tendency appears to be affected by the volume and content of issue-position information to which subjects are exposed. If these findings apply to the general population, researchers may have to reformulate the "issue voting" controversy in voting research.
Changes in Soil Properties Following 55 Years of Secondary Forest Succession at Fort Benning, Georgia, U.S.A.

We present results on changes in soil properties following land use change over an approximately 55-year period at Fort Benning, Georgia, U.S.A. Soil cores were taken at 129 locations that were categorized as reforested (field/ bare ground in 1944 and forest in 1999), disturbed (field/ bare ground in 1944 and 1999), or reference forests (forest in 1944 and 1999). Soil disturbance included historic agriculture (pre-1944) and military training (post-1944). Density in mineral soils exhibited a historic land use legacy effect (reference reforested > disturbed). Soil C stock in all other increments and in particulate organic matter was affected by disturbance; however, no legacy was apparent (reference = reforested > disturbed). For the entire soil profile (O-horizon to 40 cm), rate of C accrual was 28 g m 22 yr 21 (1.5%/yr). Nitrogen stocks were affected by disturbance in the O-horizon and 0- to 10-cm increment; however, no legacy effect was detected (reference = reforested > disturbed). Nitrogen accumulated at 0.56 g m 22 yr 21 (0.6%/yr) for the entire soil profile. At Fort Benning, soil C and N stocks of reforested stands were similar to those of reference forested stands after approximately 55 years. However, soil bulk density was greater on reforested stands than reference forest stands at 55 years and may require an additional century to reach reference levels.
Evolutionary Genetics: Choosing to Evolve

The evolution of mate choice is believed to be important in speciation. A recent experiment involving mating preference evolution in laboratory yeast populations supports theoretical predictions that this can occur without complete genetic isolation between populations, strengthening the case that ecological specialization as well as physical separation can lead to speciation.
A novel method for assessing effects of hydrostatic fluid pressure on intracellular calcium: a study with bovine articular chondrocytes

Chondrocytes in articular cartilage are exposed to hydrostatic pressure and distortional stress during weight bearing and joint loading. Because these stresses occur simultaneously in articular cartilage, the mechanism of mechanosignal transduction due to hydrostatic pressure alone in chondrocytes is not clear. In this study, we attempted to characterize the change in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in response to the application of hydrostatic fluid pressure (HFP) to cultured bovine articular chondrocytes isolated from defined surface (SZ) and middle zones (MZ) by using a fluorescent indicator (X-rhod-1 AM), a novel custom-made pressure-proof optical chamber, and laser confocal microscopy. Critical methodology implemented in this experiment involved application of high levels of HFP to the cells and the use of a novel imaging apparatus to measure the peak [Ca2+]i in individual cells. The peak [Ca2+]i in MZ cells cultured for 5 days showed a significant twofold increase after the application of HFP at constant 0.5 MPa for 5 min. The peak [Ca2+]i in SZ cells was lower (43%) than that of MZ cells. The peak was suppressed with an inhibitor of dantrolene, gadolinium, or a calcium ion-free buffer, but not with verapamil. This study indicated that the increase in [Ca2+]i in chondrocytes to HFP is dependent on the zonal origin. HFP stimulates calcium mobilization and stretch-activated channels.
Hormonal regulation of pp60c-src expression during osteoclast formation in vitro.

Recent studies have shown that the protooncogene c-src is required for normal osteoclastic bone resorption. In this study we examined the expression and regulation of pp60c-src in murine bone marrow cultures in which bone-resorbing multinucleated osteoclasts form over 6 days of culture. We found that both pp60c-src protein expression and pp60c-src tyrosine kinase activity correlated closely with the numbers of active osteoclasts in the cultures. PTH increased the numbers of osteoclasts, pp60c-src tyrosine kinase activity, and src protein, whereas calcitonin decreased the numbers of osteoclasts, src protein, and tyrosine kinase activity. However, when calcitonin was incubated for short periods (< 2 h) with the active osteoclasts present after 6 days of culture, there was a decrease in pp60c-src tyrosine kinase activity and the phosphorylation state, but not in total pp60c-src protein. These data suggest that pp60c-src is expressed in cultures of osteoclasts in parallel with the number of active bone-resorb...
Professional ethics and esthetic dentistry

Esthetic dentistry has assumed an integral position in the provision of oral health care for society. Esthetics is a branch of philosophy dealing with beauty. Beauty is both enjoyable (subjective and cosmetic), and admirable (objective and definable). Ethics is a branch of philosophy dealing with morality. Morality relates humans to one another in a responsible way using rationality. Dentists assume unique moral duties in presenting themselves to society as being uniquely qualified to care for their oral health. Three principles of ethics relate directly to professional duties in esthetic dentistry: beneficence, autonomy, and justice. These principles have moral force in committing dentists to gain informed consent and to execute therapy in keeping with professional standards of care. Practical application of issues deriving from esthetics and ethics suggests that dentists must be sensitive to esthetics in their diagnosis and treatment planning and that a structured, formal consultation with a patient must be conducted to educate the patient regarding the goals of treatment, alternative therapies, prognosis, and costs. Only through such an effort can dentists gain informed consent. The goal of esthetic dentistry is the achievement of admirable (objective) and enjoyable (subjective) beauty, which is possible only through patient participation in decision making and excellence in technical performance.
Solvent effects on interfacial electron transfer from Ru(4,4'-dicarboxylic acid-2,2'-bipyridine)2(NCS)2 to nanoparticulate TiO2: spectroscopy and solar photoconversion.

Resonance Raman spectra are reported for Ru(4,4‘-dicarboxylic acid-2,2‘-bipyridine)2(NCS)2 (commonly called “N3”) in ethanol solution and adsorbed on nanoparticulate colloidal TiO2 in ethanol (EtOH) and in acetonitrile (ACN), at wavelengths within the visible absorption band of the dye. Raman cross sections of free N3 in EtOH are found to be similar to those of N3 adsorbed on colloidal TiO2 in EtOH, and are generally lower than those of N3 on TiO2 in ACN. Strong electronic coupling mediated by surface states results in red-shifted absorption spectra and enhanced Raman signals for N3 adsorbed on nanocolloidal TiO2 in ACN compared to EtOH. In contrast, the absorption spectrum of N3 on nanocrystalline TiO2 in contact with solvent is similar for ACN and EtOH. Wavelength-dependent depolarization ratios for N3 Raman bands of both free and adsorbed N3 reveal resonance enhancement via two or more excited electronic states. Luminescence spectra of N3 adsorbed on nanocrystalline films of TiO2 and ZrO2 in contact wi...
Correlates of daily smoking among female arrestees in New York City and Los Angeles, 1997.

Objectives. I sought to determine correlates of daily smoking among recently arrested women involved in the Drug Use Forecasting Program (DUF), many of whom are illicit drug users. Also, I compared smoking rates among DUF women, who were illicit drug users, with rates among women taking part in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey, who do not have high levels of drug use, to determine if drug use accounts for heavy smoking.Methods. I compared daily smoking, illicit drug use, and selected demographic characteristics in 2 DUF cities: New York, with the highest rate of smoking among DUF cities in 1997, and Los Angeles, with the lowest. I also compared DUF and BRFSS daily smoking rates.Results: Although rates of illicit drug use were similar in New York and Los Angeles (69.7% and 61.8%, respectively), the daily smoking rate was higher in New York (90.9% vs 41.7%). DUF smoking rates were higher than BRFSS rates; both rates were higher than the general population (23%).Conclusions. Illi...
Chronic strain, daily work stress and pain among workers with rheumatoid arthritis: Does job stress make a bad day worse?

The structure of the job and the daily experience of work are challenges for workers with rheumatoid arthritis. Yet little is known about how these two factors interact to put workers with chronic pain at risk for worse pain on a given day. This exploratory 20 workday diary study of 27 workers with rheumatoid arthritis used hierarchical linear modelling to examine how the structure of the job and neuroticism moderate the relationship between daily undesirable work events (daily stressors), and pain reports within a day. On days with more undesirable work events compared to days with fewer events, individuals with jobs associated with job ‘strain’ (high demand/low control) reported greater midday pain, irrespective of neuroticism and negative mood, than workers with other combinations of demand and control. These findings demonstrate the utility of analysing fluctuating within-person relationships among pain, mood and daily work stressors within the context of the structure of the job, and helps to explain...
Spatial aversion conditioning with ethanol

To determine whether dose level affected ethanol's ability to establish a preference or aversion for an associated spatial location, two groups of male albino rats each received five pairings of an IP injection of ethanol (1 or 2 g/kg) with exposure to a distinctive compartment for 15 min. On alternate days, each rat was exposed to a different compartment after a saline injection. A choice test indicated that aversions were established at both dose levels, and thus failed to confirm a previous report of conditioned location preference at the lower dose level.
Gene Structure and cDNA Sequence Identify the Beaded Filament Protein CP49 as a Highly Divergent Type I Intermediate Filament Protein (

The fiber cell of the vertebrate ocular lens assembles a cytoskeletal structure, the beaded filament, which contains two proteins unique to the fiber cell: CP49 (phakinin) and CP115/CP95 (filensin). We report here the complete primary sequence and gene structure for human CP49. These data show that CP49 is a member of the intermediate filament family, but highly unusual in several regards. 1) CP49 primary sequence does not permit unambiguous assignment to any existing class of intermediate filament protein, but exhibits a gene structure that is identical to the Type I cytokeratins. 2) CP49 essentially lacks one of the three major domains that characterize all intermediate filament proteins, the carboxyl-terminal tail domain. 3) CP49 shows substitutions at 3 of 4 residues in the otherwise highly conserved intermediate filament protein motif LNDR. Notably, this divergence includes an Arg to Cys substitution that has only been observed in the mutant human cytokeratin K14, a mutation shown to cause the skin blistering seen in the genetic disorder Dowling-Meara epidermolysis bullosa simplex.
Role of neurotrophic factors in the etiology and treatment of mood disorders

Basic research in rodents has demonstrated that exposure to stress decreases levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in brain regions associated with depression. In contrast, antidepressant treatment produces the opposite effect and blocks the effects of stress on BDNF. BDNF upregulation and possibly other neurotrophic/growth factors could reverse or block the atrophy and cell loss that has been observed in rodent stress models and in depressed patients. The morphological alterations observed in depressed patients could result from decreased size or number of glia and/or neurons and may include regulation of adult neurogenesis. This article reviews the primary work leading to a neurotrophic hypothesis of depression and antidepressant action and the cellular mechanisms and signal transduction pathways that underlie these effects.
Ultrastructure of the ejaculatory duct region of the lovebug, plecia nearctica hardy (Diptera: Bibionidae)

Abstract The ultrastructure of the ejaculatory duct of the lovebug, Plecia nearctica shows specialization for protein production. The cells have an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, numerous free ribosomes, and Golgi complexes. The basal surfaces of the cells contain numerous invaginations, and the apical surfaces possess thin microvilli processes. Secretion is believed to be of a merocrine type, via vesicles from the Golgi apparatus.
A note on Das's approximation to Mills's ratio☆

Abstract This paper gives a sharp bound on the maximum relative error in Das's approximation to Mills's ratio.
The Impact of Obesity on the 30-Day Morbidity and Mortality After Surgery for Endometrial Cancer

Abstract Study Objectives To examine the effect of body mass index (BMI) on postoperative 30-day morbidity and mortality after surgery to treat endometrial cancer. Design Retrospective cohort study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). Setting National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Patients Patients with endometrial cancer who underwent surgery from 2005 to 2011. Interventions Women were grouped according to weight, as follows: normal weight (BMI 18 to Measurements and Main Results Of 3947 patients, 38% were of normal weight, 38% were obese, and 24% were morbidly obese. Of these, 48% underwent laparoscopy and 52% underwent laparotomy. Overall 30-day morbidity and mortality were 13% and 0.7%, respectively. Obesity and morbid obesity were associated with a higher American Society of Anesthesiologists class, diabetes, and hypertension. Preoperatively, elevated serum creatinine concentration, hypoalbuminemia, and leukocytosis were more common in morbidly obese women than those of normal weight. Laparoscopic surgery was performed less frequently in morbidly obese women than in those of normal weight (42.5% vs 50%; p = .001). Morbidly obese patients were more likely to develop postoperative complications (morbidly obese 16% vs normal weight 13% vs obese 11%; p = .001), in particular surgical (morbidly obese 14% vs normal weight 11% vs obese 9%; p Conclusions Morbidly obese patients with endometrial cancer have more preoperative morbidities and postoperative complications, in particular surgical and infectious complications, and are less likely to undergo minimally invasive surgery. However, obesity was not an independent predictor of perioperative outcomes after controlling for other confounders.
Color decomposition of one-loop amplitudes in gauge theories

Abstract We present a decomposition of one-loop amplitudes in pure SU( N ) gauge theories into a sum of products of traces of charge matrices and color-independent kinematic factors. The decomposition is the one-loop extension of the cyclic color decomposition that has come into widespread use in tree-level amplitudes.
Gender Concerns: Monks, Nuns, and Patronage of the Cistercian Order in Thirteenth-Century Flanders and Hainaut

The Cistercian order, which had its origins in the late eleventh century, transformed the spiritual landscape of western Europe. The order's insistence on a return to the austerity and simplicity that had originally informed Benedictine life reenergized monasticism, spawning hundreds of new abbeys within decades. By the beginning of the thirteenth century, the Cistercians dominated monastic life, surpassing their black-robed predecessors in terms of popularity and replacing them among patrons as favored recipients of donations. Yet, while a sizable body of historiography exists concerning the ability of men's houses to translate this appeal into spiritual and material success, questions remain regarding the order's female members. In particular, some scholars have constructed a narrative of financial difficulties and eventual decline for Cistercian nunneries, one that began in the thirteenth century and accelerated throughout the late Middle Ages. According to this narrative, such difficulties, by-product...
The Relationship between Drinking Water and the Hydrogen and Oxygen Stable Isotope Values of Tissues in Japanese Quail (Cortunix japonica)

ABSTRACT. Developing an understanding of how differences in the dietary ecology and physiology of different species can influence the incorporation of hydrogen and oxygen from resources into consumer tissues is an important factor to consider when designing, or interpreting data from, ecological studies using stable isotope analyses of these elements. Here, we present the results of an experiment designed to examine the relationship between the δ2H and δ18O of drinking water and the δ2H and δ18O values of body water, blood plasma, red blood cells, intestine, liver, muscle, and feathers of Japanese Quail (Cortunix japonica). Because Japanese Quail have high drinking-water requirements compared with many other bird species, we hypothesized that the relative contribution of drinking water to tissue δ2H and δ18O values would be higher than that of bird species with lower drinking-water requirements. Our results demonstrate that the contribution of drinking water to the δ2H and δ18O values of tissues is genera...
Radioactive Fallout from Bomb Clouds.

The mechanisms involved in the production of fallout particles and factors affecting the distribution of fallout following the explosion of nuclear weapons are reviewed. The biological hazards associated with fallout are discussed.
Broadening Our Perspectives

I'm flattered. First, that "Tunnel Vision and Blind Spots" [ 1 ] was read; second, that it was taken seriously and responded to by such bright library and information science (LIS) scholars as Marie Radford, Gary Radford, John Budd, and Doug Raber.2 In this special issue's introduction, however, I choose not to critique authors individually. Rather, I would like to use this introduction to argue that we need more than just theory, more than just improved research methodologies to augment understanding of the world in which LIS operates. To move beyond our tunnel vision and blind spots, we need to expand our perspectives beyond current professional discourse and shift them from the user in the life of the library to the library in the life of the user. In his article "The Library, Praxis, and Symbolic Power" [2], John Budd quotes Pierce Butler: "The librarian stands alone in the simplicity of his pragmatism; a rationalization of each immediate technical process by itself seems to satisfy his intellectual interest" [3, p. xi]. Except for changing the pronoun to more accurately reflect the gender profile of the library profession, I think Butler's statement still stands. Pragmatism continues to mark librarianship's discourse, which traces its roots to the late nineteenth century. When Melvil Dewey crafted the curriculum for the world's first library school at Columbia University in 1887, he based it on four components that I label character, institution, expertise, and authority. Like other pioneering middle-class professionals eager to facilitate social order in the late nineteenth century, Dewey believed only people of "character" ought to populate the pro-
The Effects of Crumb Rubber Topdressing on Hybrid Kentucky Bluegrass and Bermudagrass Athletic Fields in the Transition Zone

New turfgrass varieties and management practices have introduced new options for transition zone athletic field managers. Our objectives were to determine the wear tolerance of four turfgrasses in the transition zone with and without crumb rubber under simulated athletic field conditions, and to determine if improved cool and warm-season turfgrass species can be used for transition zone athletic fields. Field trials evaluated the use of four turfgrass species with and without crumb rubber topdressing in Knoxville, TN, and Fayetteville, AR. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with a split-strip plot treatment arrangement. Plots containing 'Thermal Blue' hybrid Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L. x P. arachnifera Torr.) or 'Riviera' [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], 'Quickstand' (C. dactylon), or 'Tifway' (C. dactylon x C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy) bermudagrass were evaluated. Crumb rubber treatments were topdressed to achieve a 2-cm depth. Traffic was applied to each plot using a Cady Traffic Simulator to simulate athletic field wear. Traffic applications coincided with actual fall athletic seasons ranging from October to December 2005. Hybrid Kentucky bluegrass proved to be acceptable for use in transition zone athletic fields, Riviera and Tifway showed comparable wear tolerance, and Quickstand showed the lowest wear tolerance of the varieties tested. Crumb rubber topdressing resulted in a significant increase in turfgrass wear tolerance, and a decrease in surface hardness, soil bulk density, and shear resistance.
Application of polyelectrolyte limiting laws to virial and asymptotic expansions for the Donnan equilibrium.

Abstract We have applied a general polyelectrolyte theory to an analysis of the Donnan equilibrium. The polyelectrolyte concentration is measured by a dimensionless parameter x , equal to the ratio of the equivalent polyelectrolyte concentration to the concentration of salt in the external compartment. For small x , virial series - expansions in powers of x - are developed for the Donnan salt-exclusion, osmotic pressure, and electromotive force. For large x , asymptotic expansions for these effects are presented. Polyion-polyion interactions are explicitly neglected, so that the physical significance of the virial series differs from its meaning in neutral polymer chemistry. Numerical results illustrate large deviations from ideal Donnan behavior as well as satisfactory agreement with published data on the salt-exclusion and emf effects. However, results for the Donnan osmotic pressure disagree with the data, except in the case of zero salt concentration in the external compartment, for which agreement is almost exact.
Removal of solids, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the Cache River wetland

Mass flux measurements collected between April 1987 and September 1990 at the upstream and downstream boundaries of the Cache River Wetland (CRW), a bottomland hardwoof forest in eastern Arkansas, were used to estimate long-term, average removal efficiencies (RE, %) for inorganic suspended solids (ISS), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP). The observed removal efficiencies were used with a steady-state, first-order removal model to compute removal rate constant. Detention time of the CRW was determined with a time-varying, two-dimensional, depth-averaged, numerical flow and transport model. The computed average detention time of 5.02 da was close to the average hydraulic retention time of 5.15 da, justifying the plug flow assumption of the model. The removal rate constants estimated from the CRW data for ISS, TN, and TP were 0.066 m/da, 0.048 da−1, and 0.0058 m/da (2.1 m/yr), respectively. The denitrification rate constant estimated for the CRW was 0.24 da−1. These rate constants are in general agreement with values obtained from the literature.
How do low horizontal forces produce disproportionately high torques in human locomotion

Although horizontal ground forces are only approximately 15% of vertical forces, they account for 47% and 33% of the metabolic cost in walking and running. To explain these disproportionately high metabolic costs, we hypothesized that low horizontal ground forces generate relatively high torques on body segments during locomotion and this is mediated by long moment arms. We compared external force moment arms and discreet torques applied to the body segments by horizontal and vertical forces during walking and running. Sixteen subjects (21.9+/-1.9 years) walked at 1.5m/s and ten subjects (23.2+/-2.0 years) ran at 3.83 m/s. Segmental torques in the sagittal plane were partitioned into components due to horizontal and vertical forces and quantified by their angular impulses. The mean (+/-S.E.) ratios of horizontal to vertical ground forces (GF ratio) and angular impulses (AI ratio) in walking were 0.131 (+/-0.003, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.124-0.137) and 0.530 (+/-0.018, CI 0.497-0.569). Results were similar in running. In both gaits the AI ratios were significantly greater than the GF ratios because the respective CI's did not overlap. The horizontal forces produced 53% and 41% as much angular impulse on the body segments, as did the vertical forces in walking and running despite being only 13% as large. In the two movements the moment arms for the horizontal forces averaged across foot, leg, thigh, and trunk body segments were 3.8 fold larger than those for the vertical forces. The data supported the hypothesis and suggest that the relatively low horizontal vs. vertical forces accounted for a disproportionately higher percentage of the angular impulses placed on the body segments and this effect was due to relatively long moment arms for horizontal forces. These results partially explain the relatively large metabolic cost of generating relatively low horizontal forces.
Is 1 noun worth 2 adjectives?: measuring relative feature utility

Are two adjectives worth the same as a single noun when documents are ordered based on decreasing topicality? We propose an easy to interpret single number Relative Feature Utility (RFU) measure of the relative worth of using specific linguistic or non-linguistic features or sets of features in computational systems that order or filter media, such as information retrieval and classification systems. This measure allows one to make easily interpreted claims about the relative utility of features such as parts-of-speech, term suffixes, phrases vs. single terms, annotations, hyperlinks, citations, index terms, and metadata when ordering natural language text or other media. Data is provided for the RFU for stemming characteristics, part-of-speech tags, and phrase lengths, as well as retrieval characteristics and procedures. Using this linear measure of the relative utility of features makes available a wide range of cost-benefit analyses and decision theoretic techniques, allowing the study of whether or not to use many different kinds of representational information or tagging systems, and for the design of indexing and metadata systems. Some characteristics of natural languages used in the spectrum from softer to harder sciences, as well as medical terminology, are studied.
Control of prothoracic gland activity by juvenile hormone in fourth instar Manduca sexta larvae

Abstract In Manduca sexta , larval-larval molting of the IVth instar ensues in response to a large pulse of ecdysteroid. Ecdysone release by the prothoracic glands (PG), in turn, is stimulated by prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) from the brain. We show that juvenile hormone (JH) is necessary and its titer need not fall for PTTH release to occur. Application of the JH analog methoprene to larvae did not shift the hemolymph ecdysteroid titer profile nor did it affect PG activity in vitro . On the other hand, allatectomy abolished the ecdysteroid pulse which could be restored by application of methoprene. Neck-ligation and debraining experiments show that this effect of methoprene is mediated by the brain. In neck-ligated larvae, i.e. when PTTH is eliminated, the ecdysteroid hemolymph titer rises gradually and leads to a larval-pupal molt. In this situation, methoprene suppressed the ecdysteroid titer completely, presumably by direct inhibition of the PG. Possible mechanisms of ecdysteroid regulation in intact and neck-ligated IVth instar larvae are discussed.
MELUS, MELUS , and the Crossroads of Cultures

When I was in graduate school at Columbia a few decades ago, the American literature curriculum, with a few exceptions, hovered around the shrines of mostly dead white male writers. There were no courses in African American literature; one, maybe two, black graduate students; and no black faculty. I was excited, therefore, when one of my friends ran up to me, face glowing, saying, “John, I have some good news and some bad news.” “What’s the good news?” I asked. He replied, “You won’t believe it, but they’ve actually scheduled a seminar on African American literature next term.” “Great!” I exclaimed, “but what’s the bad news?” “They’ve hired a German hippie to teach it.” The “German hippie” turned out to be a visiting assistant professor named Werner Sollors, who at this period in his long career favored leather and had long hair. However, his seminar was a revelation and started me off on my decadeslong exploration of a great literature and culture, one that spoke powerfully to my Southern roots. Werner was master of almost all US ethnic literary traditions, and he soon introduced me to classics, such as Jewish American Henry Roth’s Call It Sleep (1934). One of the best things he did for me, however, was encourage me to join something called MELUS, which I learned stood for The Society for the Study of the Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States. Werner loaned me a few copies of the outfit’s journal, and I was hooked for life, literally, as I hold a lifetime membership in the Society. My first job at Saint Mary’s College, Notre Dame, plugged me into the church’s splendid new movement for social justice, and I devised a course using that rubric, “Literature of Social Justice.” I taught four courses a term at Saint Mary’s, two of them always composition, so I did not always have time to prepare my literature classes carefully. Many times MELUS articles came to my rescue with their exciting new insights into the books I was teaching. Furthermore, I learned about books I ought to be teaching by reading various articles. In the early 1980s, my circle of friends who wrote on ethnic literature expanded exponentially. I was chosen to participate in a groundbreaking conference at Yale University, “Reconstructing American Literature,” which convened to plan a new anthology of American literature, one that would include many
Effects of monosodium glutamate on lines of chickens having different juvenile exponential growth rates

MSG (4 mg/g BW) or the equivalent molar ratio of NaCl were injected subcutaneously into chicks from four populations of chickens derived from a double selection experiment [(1) low exponential growth rate (EGR) to 14 days of age (14L), (2) high EGR to 14 days of age (14H), (3) low EGR to 42 days of age (42L) and high EGR to 42 days of age (42H)]. MSG significantly influenced growth in chickens, but the absolute effect was genotype and sex dependent. Weights of abdominal fat pads were ranked among lines according to the sequence 42H, 14H, 42L and 14L. MSG significantly increased fat pad size by 51%, independent of genotype or sex. MSG significantly decreased breast weight in females and males by 7%. The higher percent fat pads and lower breast weights associated with MSG are indicative of growth due to fat accretion rather than protein deposition.
Temperature affects insulin-like growth factor I and growth of juvenile southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma.

Abstract Temperature profoundly influences growth of heterothermic vertebrates. However, few studies have investigated the effects of temperature on growth and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in fishes. The aim of this study was to examine effects of temperature on growth and establish whether IGF-I may mediate growth at different temperatures in southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma . In two experiments, juvenile flounder were reared at 23 and 28 °C and growth was monitored for either 117 or 197 days. Growth was similar across treatments in both experiments until fish reached approximately 100 mm total length. Body size then diverged with fish at 23 °C ultimately growing 65–83% larger than those at 28 °C. Muscle IGF-I mRNA, plasma IGF-I, and hepatosomatic index (HSI) were significantly higher in flounder at 23 °C, whereas hepatic IGF-I mRNA abundance did not differ with treatment. Muscle IGF-I mRNA was correlated with HSI, while plasma IGF-I was correlated with body size, hepatic IGF-I mRNA, and HSI. These results demonstrate a strong effect of temperature on flounder growth and show that temperature-induced variation in growth is associated with differences in systemic IGF-I and local (i.e., muscle) IGF-I mRNA levels. The results also support the use of plasma IGF-I and HSI as indicators of flounder growth status.
Rethinking the Regular Education Initiative Focus on the Classroom Teacher

The first section of this essay reviews the forces that led to the Regular Education Inititative. Next, relevant findings from the research on school reform, innovation and change, and staff development are synthesized. Based on this research, a conceptual framework is developed that enables the reader to understand the factors necessary to create the type of meaningful, sustained change in classroom practice required by the Regular Education Initiative.
Using an approximation of the three-point Gauss–Hermite quadrature formula for model prediction and quantification of uncertainty

Computer models are commonly used by regulators and managers to make predictions regarding groundwater flow and contaminant concentrations at various locations and times. However, the uncertainty associated with those predictions is often overlooked, despite the fact that an assessment of such uncertainty is critical in the formulation of policy decisions. One method of quantifying the uncertainty of model predictions, based on the collective uncertainties of the model parameter input values, is to use an approximation of the three-point Gauss–Hermite quadrature formula. The Gauss–Hermite approximation is a convenient substitute for simple Monte Carlo sampling, because it requires fewer model runs and provides an immediate sensitivity analysis of parameter main effects and two-way interactions. For example, a model with four parameters, each with its own associated uncertainty, needs to be run only 33 times to complete the Gauss–Hermite analysis. For an application to a contaminant-transport model, the Gauss–Hermite approximation compares well to the full method, with considerable savings in computing effort. By comparison, Latin hypercube sampling can be more flexible, but it is more complex to use in some circumstances and cannot as easily generate the detailed sensitivity analysis that the Gauss–Hermite approach offers.
Multiple temperature regimes of radiative decay in CdSe nanocrystal quantum dots: Intrinsic limits to the dark-exciton lifetime

We investigate the strongly temperature-dependent radiative lifetime of electron–hole excitations in colloidal CdSe nanocrystal quantum dots over nearly three orders of magnitude in temperature (300 K to 380 mK). These studies reveal an intrinsic, radiative upper limit of ∼1 μs for the storage of excitons below 2 K. At higher temperatures, exciton lifetimes are consistent with thermal activation from the dark-exciton ground state, but with two different activation thresholds.
Counting cells in 3D confocal images based on discriminative models

Cell counting is an important problem in many microscopy related applications of cellular functional analysis or disease diagnosis. While automatic 2D image processing and pattern recognition approaches for cell counting have been studied, their 3D counterparts are less visited, especially when the cells are crowded. Here we propose a discriminative model to count cells automatically and apply it to for 3D confocal images of the Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly)'s larval nervous system. We design and implement the process of cell counting based on the detection of nuclear centers; we formulate a binary classification task that incorporates both 3D morphological and texture features. Compared with unsupervised cell counting based on template matching, our model produces more reliable results. This supervised model also requires a smaller number of parameters than the unsupervised approach, and at the mean time improves the robustness. Our cell counting method is also computationally efficient, which is important for high-throughput quantification of 3D cellular images.
Pharmacotherapy of panic disorder.

Several pharmacological agents have proven effective in the treatment of patients with panic disorder, although psychological therapies, including behavioral and cognitive-behavioral treatments, have a place in the comprehensive approach to treatment of panic disorder (12). Nonpharmacological therapies may be tried first, particularly for patients with mild symptoms. Most patients, however, require pharmacological management for optimal functioning. Alprazolam 2 to 6 mg per day or clonazepam 1 to 4 mg per day may be used first for patients with mild to moderately severe panic disorder that is not complicated by depression. The benzodiazepines should not be routinely prescribed for patients with a personal or strong family history of substance abuse. Antidepressants should be used for patients with crippling symptoms, those with a history of substance abuse, those who do not tolerate benzodiazepines, or those with prominent depression. Tricyclic antidepressants such as imipramine or nortriptyline are effec...
Nonempirical construction of current-density functionals from conventional density-functional approximations.

Density-functional approximations for the exchange-correlation energy ${E}_{\mathrm{xc}}[n]$ of a many-electron ground state are highly developed and widely useful. When a paramagnetic current ${\mathbf{j}}_{p}(\mathbf{r})$ is present, Vignale and Rasolt have extended the Kohn-Sham theorems and presented an additive correction valid to second order in the gauge-invariant vorticity $\mathbf{\ensuremath{\nu}}=\ensuremath{\nabla}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}({\mathbf{j}}_{p}/n)$: ${E}_{\mathrm{xc}}[n,{\mathbf{j}}_{p}]={E}_{\mathrm{xc}}[n,{\mathbf{j}}_{p}=0]+\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}_{\mathrm{xc}}^{\mathrm{VR}}[n,\mathbf{\ensuremath{\nu}}]$. Apart from spin-polarization effects, their correction is unambiguous for a generalized gradient approximation (GGA). But for a meta-GGA (MGGA), one needs to know how to go back from the orbital kinetic energy density $\ensuremath{\tau}([n,{\mathbf{j}}_{p}];\mathbf{r})$ to $\ensuremath{\tau}([n,0];\mathbf{r})$; we show how to do this here. Numerical tests on the degeneracies for open-shell atoms show that current-density corrections reduce the error of GGA from 2 to $1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{kcal}/\mathrm{mol}$, and of MGGA from 5 to $2\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{kcal}/\mathrm{mol}$.
The effect of uniaxial compression on the thermal properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Abstract PET films were compressed uniaxially, below Tg, allowing slip at the surfaces, a treatment similar to cold rolling. The dimensional changes produced were fully recoverable on heating above Tg. The compressed polymer showed anomalous thermal behavior near Tg and exhibited a lower cold crystallization temperature and a greater low-temperature expansion coefficient perpendicular to the plane of the film.
Enhancing food access in Africa: The Botswana experience

A combination of drought and misguided economic policies have resulted in decreased food security and frequent famines in many African countries in recent years. Botswana is a rare exception that has survived its worst drought without a single death from hunger. It has adopted a National Food Strategy that has both long term and short term policy dimensions. The long term goal is to increase food security through improved agricultural production and diversified rural economy. In the short term the goal is to provide food security to the most vulnerable segment of its population. The two components of the food access program are human supplementary feeding and cash for work. The article examines Botswanas experience in enhancing food security based on an exploratory case study of the public employment program (cash for work) in the South East District of the Republic of Botswana. (authors)