cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluative criteria for purchasing leisurewear: Taiwanese and U.S. students in a U.S. university

The purpose of this research was to provide exploratory information relating to the young consumer market in terms of purchase criteria for leisurewear. Data were obtained from 105 Taiwanese and 126 U.S. students at a major mid-western U.S. university. Direct hand-in questionnaires were employed to obtain a higher usable questionnaire rate. Purchase criteria used for this survey were price, style, brand, fabrication, size/fit, media exposure, colour, country of origin, and quality. Several factors under each criterion were provided. Students were asked to rank the importance of each criterion/factor. Results indicated that much similarity existed between these two groups of students in purchasing leisurewear. However, U.S. students rated highest (in descending order) price, size/fit, style and quality while Taiwanese students ranked highest (in descending order) price, style, quality and size/fit.
The cartography of the local in Arun Kolatkar's poetry

The post-independence bilingual Indian poet Arun Kolatkar (1932–2004) uses cartographic images and narratives of travel to interrogate the newly independent Indian nation. Focusing on the city of Bombay/Mumbai, the poet persistently maps the city and its environs in unconventional ways: on foot, through eating habits and clothing. Such walking documentation of city spaces provides a resistant alternative to privileged viewpoints of spaces and people, as de Certeau points out, and Kolatkar’s poetry targets the neoliberal world of post-independence India by juxtaposing the cartographic global with the intensely local. But he goes farther. This essay shows that the cartographic impulse in Kolatkar’s poetry is based on the poet’s contradictory desire to achieve two concurrent yet opposite goals: one, to document the periphery of the modern world of Bombay/Mumbai (and therefore to make this subprime indigent life visible within authoritative contexts); two, to simultaneously also shield this periphery from the...
The importance of adsorption in anodic surface-catalyzed oxygen-transfer reactions at gold electrodes

A large number of anodic oxygen-transfer reactions were studied at Au electrodes in both acidic and alkaline media. Results of competitive adsorption studies are interpreted and support the conclusion that adsorption is a prerequisite to subsequent oxygen- and electron-transfer steps. Many of these oxidation reactions gave the voltammetric appearance of reversible waves, even though the observed half-wave potential values were shifted hundreds of millivolts positive of the thermodynamic potentials. A catalytic mechanism is proposed in which adsorbed hydroxyl radicals (AuOH) participate in the oxygen-transfer step. The absence of pH effects on half-wave potentials for several inorganic compounds suggests that the electron transfer precedes the deprotonation step for these reactants.
Self-perceptions of depressed children on tasks of cognitive abilities

Abstract Self-perceptions of cognitive abilities were examined in 360 public school children in Grades 5, 6, and 9. On the basis of scores on the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and the Peer Nomination Inventory of Depression (PNID), 18% of the participants were classified as depressed and 25% were classified as nondepressed. After completing two subtests of the WISC-R, subjects' self-perceptions of their cognitive abilities were evaluated. Support was found for two models of depression: Beck's negative cognitive triad and Rehm's self-control model. Depressed children were more likely than nondepressed children to have negative expectations for the future and compare themselves unfavorably with others. Depressed children also made more depressogenic attributions, fewer nondepressogenic attributions, and more attributions for failure, and they gave more negative self-ratings. It was also found that differences in cognitive ability may be accounting for some of the perceived relationship between depression and self-perceptions.
Senescent cells spread the word: non-cell autonomous propagation of cellular senescence.

Senescence has long been considered a cell autonomous arrest programme restricting the propagation of damaged cells in tissues. Now there is accumulating evidence that senescent cells can communicate with their environment. In a recent report by Gil and colleagues (Acosta et al , 2013), it now seems senescence can be transmitted in a paracrine fashion in several in vitro and in vivo contexts. In addition to broadening our understanding of the biology of senescence, these new findings may have interesting implications for tissue homeostasis and future cancer therapies. Senescence is a form of stress‐induced cell cycle arrest that restricts the proliferative capacity of damaged and/or potentially harmful cells (Rodier and Campisi, 2011), thereby promoting tissue homeostasis and tumour suppression. While the senescence‐associated cell cycle arrest involves the well‐studied Rb and p53 pathways, senescent cells also possess the less understood ability to secrete growth factors, cytokines and chemokines into their environment. This process, collectively known as the senescence‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP; Rodier and Campisi, 2011), was originally used to mark senescent cells, but is now known to enforce cell cycle arrest, modify the microenvironment and trigger immune surveillance of senescent cells (Xue et al , 2007; Krizhanovsky et al , 2008; Rodier and Campisi, 2011). …
Experimental Unsaturated Soil Mechanics

T. Schanz, editor. Springer-Verlag GmbH, Tiergartenstrasse 17, 69121 Heidelberg, Germany. 2007. 505 pp. $295.00. ISBN 978-3-540-69872-2. Despite the ubiquitous occurrence of unsaturated soils in practice, unsaturated soil mechanics remains a relatively immature frontier within the more general and
Deterministic global optimization for nonlinear model predictive control of hybrid dynamic systems

This paper applies a deterministic non-convex optimization method for nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) of systems exhibiting nonlinear hybrid dynamics. The process is represented by a model that incorporates nonlinearity using both continuous state variables and binary variables that define the multiple regimes of operation. The resulting optimization problem is a mixed-integer nonlinear program (MINLP). A deterministic method is employed to provide rigorous bounds on the solution. In some cases, this method can guarantee global optimality of the non-convex MINLP. Novel algorithm modifications are presented to improve convergence rates for the deterministic algorithm. The control algorithm is demonstrated using a simulated system of pressure tanks in which the volumetric flow through the process valves switches between distinct flow regimes. Terminal constraints and regime boundary constraints are imposed to promote stability and improve robustness. Formulation limitations and alternatives are discussed to address instances in which the resulting MINLP cannot be solved rapidly enough for real-time implementation. This work shows that deterministic methods can be applied to NMPC applications while taking stability and uncertainty into account. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surgical Outcomes of Patients with Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors in the Era of Targeted Drug Therapy

The discovery of the c-KIT mutation and the advent of targeted drug therapy with imatinib mesylate have revolutionized the management of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). The outcome of patients with surgically treated GISTs treated in the era of targeted drug therapy was assessed and factors associated with adverse outcomes determined. Patients with GISTs requiring surgery at a tertiary care center from 2002 to 2007 were reviewed and prognostic factors determined. Forty patients were surgically treated for GISTs. The median age at presentation was 59 years. The stomach (55%) was the main site of primary disease. The median tumor size was 7 cm. Eleven (28%) patients had metastatic disease at presentation. Surgery was undertaken in all patients with curative intent. Multi-organ resection was required in 10 (25%) patients. Imatinib mesylate was administered postoperatively in 68% of cases. Median follow-up was 24 months. There was a 40% recurrence rate with 63% undergoing repeat surgical resection. The peritoneum and liver were the main sites of recurrent disease. The 5-year disease-specific survival and disease-free survival (DFS) were 65% and 35%, respectively. High mitotic rate (P = 0.017) and tumor size greater than 10 cm (P = 0.009) were the only prognostically significant adverse factors of DFS on multivariate analysis, independent of imatinib mesylate treatment. Aggressive surgical treatment and follow-up of GISTs, combined with targeted drug therapy, leads to long-term DFS survival. Tumor recurrence is independently associated with a high tumor mitotic rate and size greater than 10 cm, despite the use of adjuvant targeted drug therapy.
A Novel Phosphotyrosine Motif with a Critical Amino Acid at Position −2 for the SH2 Domain-mediated Activation of the Tyrosine Phosphatase SHP-1

SHP-1 is a protein-tyrosine phosphatase associated with inhibition of activation pathways in hematopoietic cells. The catalytic activity of SHP-1 is regulated by its two SH2 (Src homology 2) domains; phosphotyrosine peptides that bind to the SH2 domains activate SHP-1. The consensus sequence (I/V)XYXX(L/V) is present in the cytoplasmic tails of several lymphocyte receptors that interact with the second SH2 domain of SHP-1. In several of these receptors, there are two or three occurrences of the motif. Here we show that the conserved hydrophobic amino acid preceding the phosphotyrosine is critical for binding to and activation of SHP-1 by peptides corresponding to sequences from killer cell inhibitory receptors. The interaction of most SH2 domains with phosphopeptides requires only the phosphotyrosine and the three residues downstream of the tyrosine. In contrast, the shortest peptide able to bind or activate SHP-1 also included the two residues upstream of the phosphotyrosine. A biphosphopeptide corresponding to the cytoplasmic tail of a killer cell inhibitory receptor with the potential to interact simultaneously with both SH2 domains of SHP-1 was the most potent activator of SHP-1. The hydrophobic residue upstream of the tyrosine was also critical in the context of the biphosphopeptide. The contribution of a hydrophobic amino acid two residues upstream of the tyrosine in the SHP-1-binding motif may be an important feature that distinguishes inhibitory receptors from those that provide activation signals.
The ectoparasitic barnacle Anelasma(Cirripedia, Thoracica, Lepadomorpha) on the shark Centroscyllium nigrum (Chondrichthyes, Squalidae) from the Pacific sub-Antarctic

We report the occurrence of the ectoparasitic lepadomorph barnacle Anelasma sp. on the deep-sea squaloid shark Centroscyllium nigrum from the Pacific sub-Antarctic off southern Chile. Anelasma has previously been documented only from the northeast Atlantic on the squaloid shark Etmopterus spinax; this new record extends the known range of Anelasma into the Pacific Ocean and into the Southern Hemisphere, and documents a new host for this parasitic barnacle.
Jean Bernard Lasserre: Moments, Positive Polynomials and Their Applications: Imperial College Press, World Scientific, Singapore, 2010, ISBN: 978-1-84816-445-1. 384 pages. US $85

Reviews of the classical moment problem and the loose ends of its multivariate analog are linked to recent developments in global polynomial optimization.
Ipsilateral motor cortex activation on functional magnetic resonance imaging during unilateral hand movements is related to interhemispheric interactions

Distal, unilateral hand movements can be associated with activation of both sensorimotor cortices on functional MRI. The neurophysiological significance of the ipsilateral activation remains unclear. We examined 10 healthy right-handed subjects with and without activation of the ipsilateral sensorimotor area during unilateral index-finger movements, to examine ipsilateral, uncrossed-descending pathways and interhemispheric interaction between bilateral motor areas, using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). No subject showed ipsilateral activation during right hand movement. Five subjects showed ipsilateral sensorimotor cortical activation during left hand movement (IpsiLM1). In these subjects, paired-pulse TMS revealed a significant interhemispheric inhibition of the left motor cortex by the right hemisphere that was not present in the 5 subjects without IpsiLM1. Neither ipsilateral MEPs nor ipsilateral silent periods were evoked by TMS in any subjects. Our observation suggests that IpsiLM1 is not associated with the presence of ipsilateral uncrossed-descending projections. Instead, IpsiLM1 may reveal an enhanced interhemispheric inhibition from the right hemisphere upon the left to suppress superfluous, excessive activation.
Note on the Consistency of Some Distribution-Free Tests for Dispersion

Abstract In this paper the consistency of the two-sample tests of Sukhatme [6], Ansari and Bradley [1], Siegel and Tukey [5], and Mood [3] is investigated. Each of these tests is a distribution-free analogue of the F-test for testing the equality of the variances of two normal distributions. If the two samples are taken from continuous distributions with the same median (say 0) and distribution functions F(x) and F(x/a) respectively, the hypothesis tested states that a = 1 and the two-sided tests are consistent for a ≠ 1. If, however, the samples are from continuous distributions with the same median 0 and arbitrary distribution functions F and G, little is known about their asymptotic properties. In this paper the conditions for consistency for this case are given; further it is investigated if the corresponding estimates of differences in dispersion satisfy the usual properties of measures of dispersion, namely 1) that X and − X have the same dispersion and 2) that, if X has a larger (or equal or smalle...
Netschaevo: a new class of chondritic meteorite.

The ratios of refractory elements to silicon and of zinc to silicon indicate that the silicate portion of the Netschaevo meteorite is an ordinary chondrite. The scarcity of chondrules, the large dimensions (about 100 micrometers) of plagioclase grains, and the low indium content (0.09 nanogram per gram) indicate that Netschaevo belongs to petrologic type 6. On a diagram of reduced iron versus oxidized iron, Netschaevo lies along an extrapolation of the LL-L-H ordinary chondrite fractionation trend. The abundances of siderophile elements (nickel, germanium, iridium, and gold) are about 1.6 to 2.0 times greater than in H-group chondrites, and siderophile/nickel ratios are, with one exception, those expected from LL-L-H trends. This evidence indicates that Netschaevo is an extremely iron-rich member of the ordinary chondrite sequence, and that plausible models to account for the ordinary chondrite sequence must produce materials having iron/silicon ratios 25 percent greater than those in CI carbonaceous chondrites. The existence of Netschaevo emphasizes that the chondritic meteorites in terrestrial collections are a biased and incomplete selection of primitive solar system materials.
MAPK recruitment by β-amyloid in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures depends on physical state and exposure time

Elevated β-amyloid is thought to trigger the onset of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's disease is marked by progressive loss of cognitive function, an early symptom of which is episodic memory deficits. Impairment of episodic memory is linked to hippocampal pathology. We investigated the signal transduction consequences of exposure to nanomolar to low micromolar concentrations of aggregate forms of β-amyloid in the hippocampus. We found that, in addition to activation of ERK MAPK and its downstream target ribosomal S6 kinase in hippocampal slice cultures following acute exposure to oligomeric β-amyloid1−42, ERK activation also requires phosphoinositide-3 kinase activity. These effects were contingent on the α7 subtype of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Hippocampal slice cultures treated acutely with oligomeric β-amyloid1−42 did not exhibit JNK MAPK activation; however, chronic exposure to oligomers or high molecular weight aggregates of β-amyloid1−42 led to JNK MAPK activation coincident with ERK MAPK down-regulation. In contrast to the effects of acute application of oligomeric β-amyloid1−42, nicotine activated ERK MAPK via α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors utilizing protein kinase A as an intermediate. In conclusion, we found that both the physical state and duration of exposure to β-amyloid are determinants of MAPK recruitment in hippocampus. We also found that nicotine and β-amyloid activate ERK MAPK via α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors but use distinct intermediate kinases. These data indicate the existence of differential coupling of α7 to downstream targets depending on the type of ligand that leads to receptor activation.
Role of Rho/ROCK and p38 MAP Kinase Pathways in Transforming Growth Factor-β-mediated Smad-dependent Growth Inhibition of Human Breast Carcinoma Cells in Vivo

TGF-beta is a multifunctional cytokine known to exert its biological effects through a variety of signaling pathways of which Smad signaling is considered to be the main mediator. At present, the Smad-independent pathways, their interactions with each other, and their roles in TGF-beta-mediated growth inhibitory effects are not well understood. To address these questions, we have utilized a human breast cancer cell line MCF10CA1h and demonstrate that p38 MAP kinase and Rho/ROCK pathways together with Smad2 and Smad3 are necessary for TGF-beta-mediated growth inhibition of this cell line. We show that Smad2/3 are indispensable for TGF-beta-mediated growth inhibition, and that both p38 and Rho/ROCK pathways affect the linker region phosphorylation of Smad2/3. Further, by using Smad3 mutated at the putative phosphorylation sites in the linker region, we demonstrate that phosphorylation at Ser203 and Ser207 residues is required for the full transactivation potential of Smad3, and that these residues are targets of the p38 and Rho/ROCK pathways. We demonstrate that activation of the p38 MAP kinase pathway is necessary for the full transcriptional activation potential of Smad2/Smad3 by TGF-beta, whereas activity of Rho/ROCK is necessary for both down-regulation of c-Myc protein and up-regulation of p21waf1 protein, directly interfering with p21waf1 transcription. Our results not only implicate Rho/ROCK and p38 MAPK pathways as necessary for TGF-beta-mediated growth inhibition, but also demonstrate their individual contributions and the basis for their cooperation with each other.
Myocardial hypertrophy produced by chronic infusion of subhypertensive doses of norepinephrine in the dog.

Six dogs were continuously infused with subhypertensive doses of norepinephrine (NE) for periods of 6 to 63 weeks. In these dogs, mean left ventricular weight, 67.3 ± 2.5 gm/M 2 (mean ± SEM), was increased above normal, 59.2 ±1.4 gm/M 2 (p
Successful treatment of malignant melanoma in situ with topical 5% imiquimod cream.

Background Current treatment recommendations for malignant melanoma in situ include surgical excision with at least 0.5 cm margins. On the head or neck, obtaining adequate surgical margins for melanoma can be challenging and often disfiguring. In addition, some elderly patients may not be good surgical candidates and may request less aggressive interventions. Methods We report herein three cases of malignant melanoma in situ on the face treated with topical imiquimod cream. Results Complete regression of malignant melanoma in situ was observed on treatment with 5% topical imiquimod cream. The varied treatment regimens, rationale for using imiquimod rather than performing surgery, and the possible mechanisms of action are discussed. Conclusions Topical imiquimod can be used successfully for the treatment of malignant melanoma in situ on the face.
Organic compounds of environmental concern in the Gulf of Mexico: a review☆

Abstract An overview of the data available on the distribution of volatile organic compounds (VOC), high molecular weight hydrocarbons (HMWHC) and synthetic organochlorine compounds in sediments, water and organisms from the Gulf of Mexico is presented. VOC contain many environmentally important substances and are widespread contaminants in Gulf of Mexico coastal and nearshore waters. VOC, compounds with volatilities between those of ∼ n -C 5 and n -C 15 , are highest near chemical plants, oil platforms and other industrial or urban centers. VOC detected include aromatics, chlorinated and brominated compounds, and alkanes. VOC concentrations and distributions are controlled initially by the dynamics of local sources but are ultimately determined by exchange with the atmosphere. The major sources of HMWHC in the Gulf of Mexico are biological production, natural seepage, petroleum production, shipping activities, coastal and riverine runoff, and atmospheric exchange and fallout with the dominant sources being very location-dependent. The more pristine areas are offshore from Florida and Southern Texas, whereas the coasts of upper Texas, Louisiana, and Alabama show the highest levels of contamination. The organochlorine compounds most commonly found in organisms are DDT metabolites, PCB and occasionally dieldrin. There is some evidence that estuarine biota contain higher levels of certain residues than pelagic organisms. Organochlorine residues in sediments are believed to originate from contamination by industry or agricultural activities. The highest levels detected to date are associated with Mississippi Delta sediments.
Evaluation and selection of file organization—a model and system

This work first discusses the factors that affect file (data base) organization performance, an elusive subject, and then presents a methodology, a model and a programmed system to estimate primarily total storage costs and average access time of several file organizations, given a specific data base, query characterization and device-related specifications. Based on these estimates, an appropriate file structure may be selected for the specific situation. The system is a convenient tool to study file structures and to facilitate as much as possible the process of data base structure design and evaluation.
Different Stressors, Different Strategies, Different Outcomes: How Domain-Specific Stress Responses Differentially Predict Depressive Symptoms Among Adolescents

As a time of notably increased stress and a marked rise in depressive symptoms, adolescence is a key period in which to examine how stress is related to mental health outcomes. Many studies examine stress as a unitary construct; however, research suggests that how adolescents respond to stress within different domains may differentially predict depression. The current study used an 8-week weekly diary design to assess how adolescents’ cognitive appraisals, rumination, and co-rumination in response to dependent, independent, social, and nonsocial stressors differentially predicted depressive symptoms. Participants were 111 high school students (72 % female) ages 14–19 years (mean age 16.4). Results indicated that rumination and co-rumination about dependent and social events, rather than independent or nonsocial events, prospectively predicted depressive symptoms. Negative cognitive appraisals prospectively predicted depressive symptoms regardless of domain. This study provides support for the hypothesis that adolescents’ responses to stress in different domains differentially predict depressive symptoms.
Photoemission study of bonding at the CaF 2 -on-Si(111) interface

The bonding at the interface between calcium fluoride and the silicon (111) surface has been studied with surface-sensitive core-level photoemission spectroscopy. The interface is found to consist of predominately Si---Ca bonds, with a dissociation of the ${\mathrm{CaF}}_{2}$ molecule at the interface resulting in depletion of fluorine atoms. When the interface is grown at temperatures below the optimal epitaxial growth temperatures, there is both more fluorine and more disorder at the interface. This affects the valence-band offset between the two materials, which ranges between about 7.3 and 8.3 eV. When the interface is annealed at 700--800 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, the ${\mathrm{CaF}}_{2}$ film reevaporates until a 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 reconstruction is obtained on which there is calcium but no fluorine. The bonding at this surface is similar to that at the ${\mathrm{CaF}}_{2}$-on-Si(111) interface.
Mechanisms of amino acid supply to the rat conceptus in normal and abnormal development

Using in vitro and in vivo models, we have shown that protein is an important source of amino acids from 8.5 to 17.5 d postconception, a significant portion of postimplantation development in the rat. This satisfactorily explains why inhibition of protein pinocytosis and digestion by the visceral yolk sac may lead to congenital malformations, growth retardation, and intrauterine death during organogenesis and growth retardation and death during fetal stages. In humans, this process may be just as important and possibly just as vulnerable to inhibition, but other placental or paraplacental tissues may be involved in addition to the secondary yolk sac.
Roles of Binding Elements, FOXL2 Domains, and Interactions With cJUN and SMADs in Regulation of FSHβ

We previously identified FOXL2 as a critical component in FSHβ gene transcription. Here, we show that mice deficient in FOXL2 have lower levels of gonadotropin gene expression and fewer LH- and FSH-containing cells, but the same level of other pituitary hormones compared to wild-type littermates, highlighting a role of FOXL2 in the pituitary gonadotrope. Further, we investigate the function of FOXL2 in the gonadotrope cell and determine which domains of the FOXL2 protein are necessary for induction of FSHβ transcription. There is a stronger induction of FSHβ reporter transcription by truncated FOXL2 proteins, but no induction with the mutant lacking the forkhead domain. Specifically, FOXL2 plays a role in activin induction of FSHβ, functioning in concert with activin-induced SMAD proteins. Activin acts through multiple promoter elements to induce FSHβ expression, some of which bind FOXL2. Each of these FOXL2-binding sites is either juxtaposed or overlapping with a SMAD-binding element. We determined that FOXL2 and SMAD4 proteins form a higher order complex on the most proximal FOXL2 site. Surprisingly, two other sites important for activin induction bind neither SMADs nor FOXL2, suggesting additional factors at work. Furthermore, we show that FOXL2 plays a role in synergistic induction of FSHβ by GnRH and activin through interactions with the cJUN component of the AP1 complex that is necessary for GnRH responsiveness. Collectively, our results demonstrate the necessity of FOXL2 for proper FSH production in mice and implicate FOXL2 in integration of transcription factors at the level of the FSHβ promoter.
A monolithic X-band class-E power amplifier

This paper describes what is believed to be the first successful design and fabrication of a broadband monolithic high efficiency class-E driver amplifier that operates at X-band and employs a 0.3 /spl mu/m /spl times/600 /spl mu/m pHEMT device. The amplifier's measured performance shows a peak Power Added Efficiency (PAE) of 63% at 10.6 GHz and a constant output power of greater than 24 dBm together with a gain of 10 dB over 9-11 GHz.
BRITTON CHANCE IN MEMORIAM

Britton Chance was a truly inspiring scientist, among the greatest. His long and vigorous career in biochemistry, biophysics, and biological instrumentation began with his now-classic kinetic and spectroscopic studies of the mechanisms of action of individual enzymes: catalases, peroxidases, and dehydrogenases. His rigorous detection of kinetically functional enzyme substrate intermediates, in vitro and in vivo, disposed of vitalistic proposals of enzyme action, and established Chance as the founder of modern enzymology. His elucidation of the spectral properties of enzyme substrate intermediates set the stage for their ultimate structural elucidation byX-ray di®raction andNMR, elds to which Chance had also made profound contributions. Chance proceeded next to more complex multienzyme systems: the electron transport chains of respiration and photosynthesis. Mildred Cohn had shown that during mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, 18O-labeled inorganic phosphate lost more than one 18O atom, suggesting the reversibility of this process. Chance's spectroscopic studies of this process precisely located the chemical loci of energy conservation, and established the reversibility of such energy-coupled electron transport. In the controversial eld of energy coupling, crowded with leaders in biochemistry, the conventional wisdom was that this process occurred via an energy-rich chemical intermediate, analogous to 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid in the glyceraldehyde1,3-diphosphate dehydrogenase reaction. In 1961, Peter Mitchell proposed a very di®erent mechanism of energy coupling, via a proton and electrochemical gradient across the mitochondrial membrane. This was strongly, but fairly criticized by Chance and others, requesting additional experiments. After years of experiments and arguments by Mitchell, Ephriam Racker, Albert Lehninger, Slater, and others, Mitchell's views became accepted, and Albert Lehninger (personal communication, 1977) successfully nominated Mitchell for the 1978 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Subsequently, extending the 18O exchange studies of Cohn and the transient kinetic studies of Harvey Penefsky; Paul Boyer, together with John Walker, a crystallographer, shared the 1997 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for \elucidating the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of ATP". Chance's studies of bacterial photosynthesis established the existence of electron tunneling and provided deep insight into the Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences Vol. 4, No. 3 (2011) 221 222 #.c World Scienti c Publishing Company DOI: 10.1142/S1793545811001484
Quality Control Using Inferential Statistics in Weibull-based Reliability Analyses

Design codes and fitness-for-service protocols have recognized the need to characterize the tensile strength of graphite as a random variable through the use of probability density functions. Characterizing probability density functions require more tests than typically needed to simply define an average value for tensile strength. ASTM and the needs of nuclear design codes should dovetail on this issue. The two-parameter Weibull distribution (an extreme-value distribution) is adopted for the tensile strength of this material. The failure data from bend tests or tensile tests are used to determine the Weibull modulus (m) and Weibull characteristic strength (rh). To determine an estimate of the true Weibull distribution parameters, maximum likelihood estimators are used. The quality of the estimated parameters relative to the true distribution parameters depends fundamentally on the number of samples taken to failure. The statistical concepts of confidence intervals and hypothesis testing are presented pertaining to their use in assessing the goodness of the estimated distribution parameters. The inferential statistics tools enable the calculation of likelihood confidence rings. The concept of how the true distribution parameters lie within a likelihood ring with a specified confidence is presented. A material acceptance criterion is
A historical review of methods advocated for the treatment of jaw fractures, with ten commandments for modern fracture treatment

Abstract A review of the treatment of mandibular and middle third face fractures in periods of war and peace has been presented from the time of the ancient Egyptians, 3000 B.C., to the present. In the conclusion, ten commandments for the modern treatment of single, multiple, and comminuted fractures, as well as mixed fractures distributed over the entire facial skeleton has been given. The use of Kirschner wires or Steinmann pins has been indicated; application of the internal wiring methods has been described; and the use of mechanical skeletal fixation has been outlined. These newer methods should be looked upon as aids in solving the many difficult problems that constantly present themselves; however, they should be used only in cases in which simple, more conservative methods are likely to be inadequate. It should be understood that success with these methods depends not only on the experience, but also on the skill and judgment of the surgeon who uses them. All these newer methods are still in the stage of development, and improvements and new applications may be expected.
Towards interoperability of UML tools for exchanging high-fidelity diagrams

In today's global software engineering projects, where development activities are distributed geographically and temporally, it is increasingly important for CASE tools to maintain the information (both syntactic and semantic) captured in the design models. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is the de facto standard for modeling software applications and UML diagrams serve as graphical documentations of the software system. The interoperability of UML modeling tools is important in supporting the model exchange. Tool interoperability is often implemented using XML Metadata Interchange (XMI). Unfortunately, there is a loss of fidelity of the design documentation when transforming between UML and XMI due to the compatibility of different versions of UML, XMI and add-on proprietary information, which hinder reuse. This paper reports on an ongoing study evaluating the interoperability of UML modeling tools by assessing the quality of XMI documents representing the design. Case studies in the paper demonstrate a framework of preserving the fidelity of UML models data when importing and exporting different UML models in a distributed heterogeneous environment.
Loki, Io: New ground‐based observations and a model describing the change from periodic overturn

[1] Loki Patera is the most powerful volcano in the solar system. We have obtained measurements of Loki's 3.5 micron brightness from NASA's Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) and have witnessed a major change in eruptive behavior. While Loki brightened by a factor of several every 540 days prior to 2001, from 2001 through 2004 Loki remained at a constant, intermediate brightness. We have constructed a quantitative model of Loki as a basaltic lava lake whose solidified crust overturns when it becomes buoyantly unstable. By altering the speed at which the overturn propagates across the patera, we can match our ground-based brightness data. In addition, we can match other data taken at other times and wavelengths. By slowing the propagation speed dramatically, we can match the observations from 2001–2004. Such slowing could be due to a small change in volatile content in the lava.
The influence of personality on reported pain and self-efficacy for pain management in older cancer patients:

This study examines the relationship of personality traits and affect on cancer-related pain in 150 older adults receiving outpatient treatment at a comprehensive cancer center. Regression analyses revealed extraversion as a significant predictor of current pain, with openness to experience as a significant indicator of average pain. Similarly, positive affect and negative affect were significant predictors of self-efficacy for pain management. Moderation models showed that conscientiousness and extraversion were significant moderators in the relationship between self-efficacy for pain management and worst pain. These findings suggest that different personality types may influence perceptions of pain severity.
The experience of power: Examining the effects of power on approach and inhibition tendencies.

Two studies of task-focused dyads tested the approach/inhibition theory of power (D. Keltner, D. H. Gruenfeld, & C. Anderson, in press), which posits that having power increases the tendency to approach and decreases the tendency to inhibit. Results provided preliminary support for the theory: Participants higher in personality dominance or assigned control over resources expressed their true attitudes, experienced more positive and less negative emotion, were more likely to perceive rewards (i.e., that their partner liked them), and were less likely to perceive threats (e.g., that their partner felt anger toward them). Most of these effects were mediated by the sense of power, suggesting that subjective feelings of power are an important component in the effects of power.
Exact temperature tracking for hyperthermia: a model-based approach

In this paper, the inverse dynamics method for generating feedforward inputs and reference trajectories to achieve exact tracking for general linear time-invariant MIMO systems is explicitly derived. The method is applied to the task of generating input powers to achieve exact temperature tracking at multiple locations within a tumor during hyperthermia treatments. A number of important issues are considered: 1) robustness of the control schemes to parameter variation; 2) effect of additive sensor and actuator noise; 3) effect of using reduced order model estimators; and 4) effect of fast desired trajectories on the accuracy of output tracking. The inverse dynamics method is shown to be significantly more accurate when fast trajectories are desired. The results of this simulation study show that model-based inverse dynamics control is promising for clinical application. In addition, the inverse dynamics method derived can also be applied to other general linear MIMO systems.
Transnational Mobility and International Academic Employment: Gatekeeping in an Academic Competition Arena

This article draws upon concepts developed in recent empirical and theoretical work on high skilled and academic mobility and migration including accidental mobility, forced mobility and negotiated mobility. These concepts inform a situated, qualitative study of mobility among international postdoctoral researchers in life sciences and engineering fields who were employed at US and UK universities in 2008 and 2009. Informed by epistemological methods in the Foucauldian tradition of discourse and governmentality, the study explores how policy discourse and technologies empower and limit scientists and engineers in negotiating employment arrangements across national boundaries.
Schrödinger equation with imaginary potential

We numerically investigate the solution of the Schrodinger equation in a one-dimensional system with gain. The gain is introduced by adding a positive imaginary potential in the system. We find that the time-independent solution gives that the amplification suppresses wave transmission at large gain. Solutions from the time-dependent equation clearly demonstrate that when gain is above a threshold value, the amplitude of the transmitted wave increases exponentially with time.
Working memory for language is not special: evidence for an articulatory loop for novel stimuli.

The “articulatory loop” for rehearsal of verbal materials in working memory has been shown not to be a unique hard-wired structure associated with spoken language. Specifically, a parallel rehearsal process for sign language occurs in fluent signers. Here we show that the same rehearsal process can occur for unfamiliar, nonmeaningful body movements. We conclude that working memory maintenance does not rely on a dedicated architecture, but instead involves the strategic recruitment of resources as needed for the task demands.
Targeting Pulmonary Vascular Disease To Improve Global Health : Pulmonary Vascular Disease: The Global Perspective

Although there is widespread agreement on the need to address the glaring health-care disparities that exist in underserved countries in the world, there has not been an accepted approach to address these disparities that has proven to be successful. The international agenda has chosen to focus on maternal/fetal needs and infectious disease-based illnesses. However, cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing world. Since the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals in 2000, progress in raising the health-care standard in poorer countries has been slow. As an alternative approach, a global health-care strategy that targets cardiovascular disease may prove successful. The Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute has adopted a ground-up strategy by enlisting physicians from developing countries as partners in a virtual heart and lung institute. Realizing that pulmonary vascular disease is often a manifestation of advanced cardiovascular disease, we need to explore those illnesses that are prevalent in poorer countries where pulmonary hypertension is a resulting problem. Through education, capacity building, research, and clinical trials it should be possible to establish a successful paradigm that addresses the needs of patients and physicians while simultaneously expanding the knowledge and expertise about pulmonary vascular diseases worldwide. Eventually regional centers of excellence will be established worldwide that will serve the populace of both the developing and developed worlds combined.
Observations of CFCs and SF6 as Ocean Tracers

An advantage of using chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) as tracers of ocean circulation is that the time-dependent source functions permit calculation of rates for ocean processes. These compounds are also sensitive indicators highlighting interior ocean regions where surface-derived anomalies can be transported on timescales of decades. Significant applications for CFCs have been for the deep limb of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, upper ocean ventilation, and biogeochemical rates, including apparent oxygen utilization rates and anthropogenic CO2 inventories. Although CFCs have started to decrease in the atmosphere, SF6 continues to increase. There are benefits to measuring both CFCs and SF6: A large global CFC data set exists; CFCs are still increasing in older waters; SF6 expands estimates of age; and calculations of anthropogenic CO2 inventory are enhanced. Thus, the outlook for using CFCs as tracers for oceanic processes, and in particular in concert with SF6, ...
Time Encoding Machines With Multiplicative Coupling, Feedforward, and Feedback

We introduce a novel class of time encoding machines (TEMs) that exhibit multiplicative coupling, and, feedforward and feedback. We show that a machine with multiplicative coupling is I/O equivalent with an integrate-and-fire neuron with a variable threshold sequence. The same result holds for a TEM with feedforward while a machine with feedback is I/O equivalent with an asynchronous sigma/delta modulator with variable thresholds. For all TEMs, an input band-limited signal can be perfectly recovered from the zero crossings of the modulated signal and the threshold sequence. We present the optimal decoding algorithm and give conditions for perfect signal recovery
A complete loss of coolant accident (LOCA) analysis for the inboard component of ITER CDA

A two-dimensional thermal transient analysis, r-/spl theta/ model, has been performed to study three cases of total LOCA in the inboard components for the ITER CDA design using realistic assumptions. The study shows that the first wall can withstand the surface heat flux without active cooling for an extended period of time longer than the 10 seconds normally assumed for the plasma to continue operation after the onset of LOCA. No melting at the first wall or at the blanket is expected, but the lead at the back of the vacuum vessel reaches the melting point within about two days after the onset of LOCA without active cooling. At this time, the front of the vacuum vessel will reach about 600/spl deg/C. The temperature of the vacuum vessel will rise above 800/spl deg/C in a week.
Toxic chemicals: can what we don't know harm us?

Abstract The Chesapeake Bay Program began more than 20 years ago with assessments of a number of key areas, relying on measurements of habitats, plant and animal populations, and physical and chemical conditions. This approach used wildlife as indicators of Bay “health” and of potential threats to human health. The extent of toxic chemical contamination was one of the assessment endpoints in the original survey. When the initial assessment was completed in 1983, the results of Bay-wide surveys indicated that several specific waterways were contaminated. These waters, the Elizabeth River, Virginia, the James River, Virginia, and Baltimore Harbor, Maryland, were targeted for specific actions to address the problems of historical and ongoing pollution. Over the past 10 years or more, data on some toxic chemical releases into and levels in the environment have been collected, but these data are limited in scope. Furthermore, these data are not used to assess threats to human health or more generally to nonhuman endpoints. New and existing data on environmental levels of chemicals and effects at low concentrations provide evidence that toxic chemicals may threaten both human and nonhuman health in the wider Bay system.
Videographic tomography. I. Reconstruction with parallel-beam projection data

An approach to video-rate tomographic image reconstruction using standard filtered backpropagation is presented. Several methods of filtering are reported along with an optical system for backprojection. The focus is on reconstruction of data acquired in a parallel-beam geometry. The methods of implementing the filtering step are discussed, and the implementation of the backpropagation step is described. Results demonstrating the feasibility of the approach are presented. >
Skin resurfacing for the burned patient.

It has been estimated that 2 million people per year have burns requiring medical attention in the United States. The available and expert clinicians in dedicated burn centers around the country have cared successfully for these patients and given them a second chance at a functional life. It still behooves current-day plastic surgeons to be knowledgeable and adept in their care, not only because they may be called upon at times to manage some of the smaller acute burns, but also because many of the general principles of burn reconstruction and wound management are relevant to other areas of general plastic surgery. Acute burns should be dealt with like any other major trauma with the ABCs of aggressive resuscitation and airway management. Like any other wound, debridement and nutrition are important (i.e., early escharectomy of the burn wound and enteral nutrition during the hypermetabolic state). Early coverage of the open wound is essential to limit bacterial colonization and prevent infection and to reduce fluid and electrolyte and heat loss. If autografts are not available immediately, temporary coverage with one of the above-mentioned barrier materials should be used. Still, autografts, when available, should be the burn surgeon's first choice. Donor sites may be reharvested to provide more autograft than was anticipated with large-percentage TBSA burns. Physicians should keep in mind the advantages (and disadvantages) of using the scalp and back. As far as research and technological advances in the area of plastic surgery, burn surgery may be the most progressive, with the evolution of biologic tissue-engineered skin substitutes and the research of growth factors in healing. Further improvements in tissue engineering and technology should result in even more effective skin substitutes and hence better functional and aesthetic outcomes with economic efficiency in large burns.