cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Turbulence Modeling of Internal Combustion Engines Using RNG κ-ε Models

Abstract The RNG κ-e turbulence model derived by Yakhot and Orszag (1986) based on the Renormalization Group theory has been modified and applied to variable-density engine flows in the present study. The original RNG-based turbulence transport approximations were developed formally for an incompressible flow. In order to account for flow compressibility the RNG e-equation is modified and closed through an isotropic rapid distortion analysis. Computations were made of engine compressing/expanding flows and the results were compared with available experimental observations in a production diesel engine geometry. The modified RNG κ-e model was also applied to diesel spray combustion computations. It is shown that the use of the RNG model is warranted for spray combustion modeling since the ratio of the turbulent to mean-strain time scales is appreciable due to spray-generated mean flow gradients, and the model introduces a term to account for these effects. Large scale flow structures are predicted which ar...
Effects of crude oil on the feeding behaviour of the lobster Homarus Americanus

Abstract Small quantities of crude oil (oil-seawater ratio of 1 : 100,000 ) interfered with specific, possibly chemosensory, behaviour of the lobster, Homarus americanus . In their feeding behaviour the period between noticing food and going after it doubled following the addition of oil. In contrast, the water-soluble fraction of this same amount of crude oil did not have noticeable effects on chemosensory and feeding behaviour. No morphological changes in odour receptors after oil exposure were detected by light and electron microscopy. Chemical analyses showed that when water was brought in contact with an oil slick, the original lipid concentration of the water dropped considerably. Over a five-day period the oil degraded in seawater, but this could not be correlated with behavioural changes. The results suggest that small quantities of whole oil mixed into seawater constitute a noxious smell to the lobster, depressing appetite and chemical excitability, and increasing the time taken to find food.
Translation Studies, Cultural Context, and Dante

In his article, "Translation Studies, Cultural Context, and Dante," Reuven Tsur explores limits of legitimacy in translation studies. Tsur's approach is a critique of the theoretical assumptions and their application in Edoardo Crisafulli's cultural interpretation of Seamus Heaney's decisions in translating the Ugolino episode in Dante's Inferno. Crisafulli claims that Heaney's choices show internal consistency, and can be accounted for by appealing to "the Irish situational context." Instead, Tsur argues that Crisafulli's cultural interpretations are arbitrary and that a more satisfactory account can be offered through an analysis of constraints within a conception of the aesthetic object as an elegant solution to a problem. Another disagreement concerns the intertextual processes between Dante's segment and Heaney's volume of original poetry in which it is printed. It is suggested here that by juxtaposing two texts, high-salient features of one text may reinforce similar features in the other and promote their salience. Reuven Tsur, "Translation Studies, Cultural Context, and Dante" page 2 of 10 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 3.1 (2001):
Gene expression signatures in tree shrew choroid in response to three myopiagenic conditions.

We examined gene expression in tree shrew choroid in response to three different myopiagenic conditions: minus lens (ML) wear, form deprivation (FD), and continuous darkness (DK). Four groups of tree shrews (n = 7 per group) were used. Starting 24 days after normal eye opening (days of visual experience [DVE]), the ML group wore a monocular −5 D lens for 2 days. The FD group wore a monocular translucent diffuser for 2 days. The DK group experienced continuous darkness binocularly for 11 days, starting at 17 DVE. An age-matched normal group was examined at 26 DVE. Quantitative PCR was used to measure the relative (treated eye vs. control eye) differences in mRNA levels in the choroid for 77 candidate genes. Small myopic changes were observed in the treated eyes (relative to the control eyes) of the ML group (−1.0 ± 0.2 D; mean ± SEM) and FD group (−1.9 ± 0.2 D). A larger myopia developed in the DK group (−4.4 ± 1.0 D) relative to Normal eyes (both groups, mean of right and left eyes). In the ML group, 28 genes showed significant differential mRNA expression; eighteen were down-regulated. A very similar pattern occurred in the FD group; twenty-seven of the same genes were similarly regulated, along with five additional genes. Fewer expression differences in the DK group were significant compared to normal or the control eyes of the ML and FD groups, but the pattern was similar to that of the ML and FD differential expression patterns. These data suggest that, at the level of the choroid, the gene expression signatures produced by “GO” emmetropization signals are highly similar despite the different visual conditions.
Paradigm for selecting the optimum classifier in semiconductor automatic defect classification applications

The automatic classification of defects found on semiconductor wafers using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a complex task that involves many steps. The process includes re- detecting the defect, measuring attributes of the defect, and automatically assigning a classification. In many cases, especially during product ramp-up, and when multiple products are manufactured in the same line, there are few training examples for an automatic defect classification (ADC) system. This condition presents a problem for traditional supervised parametric and nonparametric learning techniques. In this paper we investigate the attributes of several approaches to ADC and compare their performance under a variety of available training data scenarios. We have selected to characterize the attributes and performance of a traditional K-nearest neighbor classifier, probabilistic neural network (PNN), and rule-based classifier in the context of SEM ADC. The PNN classifier is a nonparametric supervised classifier that is built around a radial basis function (RBF) neural network architecture. A basic summary of the PNN will be presented along with the generic strengths and weakness described in the literature and observed with actual semiconductor defect data. The PNN classifier is able to manage conditions such as non-convex class distributions and single class multiple clusters in feature space. A rule-based classifier producing built-in core classes provided by the Applied Materials SEMVision tool will be characterized in the context of both few examples and no examples. An extensive set of fab generated data is used to characterize the performance of these ADC approaches. Typical data sets contain from 30 to greater than 200. The number of classes in the data set range from 4 to more than 12. The conclusions reached from this analysis indicate that the strengths of each method are evident under specific conditions that are related to different stages within the VLSI yield curve, and to the number of different products in the line.
Is perception reality? The comparison of citizens’ levels of fear of crime versus perception of crime problems in communities

This study was initiated at the request of city police department officials to determine if fear of crime is influenced by actual crime occurring within communities. Police officials were interested in understanding community members’ perceptions of crime in the locality in order to effectively focus police efforts and services. Findings suggest residents’ fear of drug crimes and burglary are in line with levels of actual crime in the city, while low levels of fear of auto-related crimes are not consistent with actual crime in this locality. The fear of crime/risk paradox does not appear to be strongly evident in this locality. Interestingly, men reported higher levels of fear than women. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Spg5 Protein Regulates the Proteasome in Quiescence

The ubiquitin-proteasome system is the major pathway for selective protein degradation in eukaryotes. Despite extensive study of this system, the mechanisms by which proteasome function and cell growth are coordinated remain unclear. Here, we identify Spg5 as a novel component of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Spg5 binds the regulatory particle of the proteasome and the base subassembly in particular, but it is excluded from mature proteasomes. The SPG5 gene is strongly induced in the stationary phase of budding yeast, and spg5Δ mutants show a progressive loss of viability under these conditions. Accordingly, during logarithmic growth, Spg5 appears largely dispensable for proteasome function, but during stationary phase the proteasomes of spg5Δ mutants show both structural and functional defects. This loss of proteasome function is reflected in the accumulation of oxidized proteins preferentially in stationary phase in spg5Δ mutants. Thus, Spg5 is a positive regulator of the proteasome that is critical for survival of cells that have ceased to proliferate due to nutrient limitation.
Determination of glucose in a synthetic biological matrix with decimated time-domain filtered near-infrared interferogram data

Abstract Fourier transform near-infrared interferogram data are used to determine the physiological levels of glucose in a synthetic biological matrix consisting of varying levels of bovine serum albumin and triacetin in a pH 7.4 phosphate buffer. Finite impulse response (FIR) digital filters are applied to short segments of the interferogram data, and the resulting filtered interferogram intensities are used as independent variables in constructing multivariate calibration models based on quadratic partial least-squares regression analysis. To increase the performance characteristics of the filters, the collected interferograms are decimated to reduce their frequency bandwidth. By use of a combination of optical and digital filtering, the spectral bands in the region of 4000 to 5000 cm−1 are aliased to the range of 0 to 1975 cm−1. This allows the attenuation in the stopbands of the filters to be increased from 7 to 50 dB, thereby increasing their selectivity. By use of FIR filters centered on the glucose C–H combination band at 4397 cm−1 and the triacetin C–H combination band at 4446 cm−1, a calibration model for glucose is constructed that achieves a standard error of calibration of 0.484 mM and a standard error of prediction of 0.618 mM over the 1–20 mM concentration range. This prediction performance represents a 20% improvement over the performance of a model built with the full-bandwidth data. The improved model is also observed to outperform a similar calibration model based on the conventional analysis of absorbance spectra.
A unifying concept for the amino acid code.

The structure of the genetic code is related to a Gray code, which is a plausible theoretical model for an amino acid code. The proposed model implies that the most important factor in shaping the code was the effects of mistakes in translation, not effects of mutations. Another possible implication is that the preservation of stiffness and flexibility at appropriate places in a protein chain is as important in protein structure as the appropriate placement of hydrophilic (external) and hydrophobic (internal) residues. Other results are a simple conceptualization of the relationships among the 20 amino acids and their relations to their codons. The detailed relationships are summarized in the following ‘similarity alphabet’: ala, thr, gly, pro, ser; asp, asn, glu, gln, lys; his, arg, trp, tyr, phe; leu, met, ile, val, cys; (ATGPS DNEQK HRWYF LMIVC in the one-letter code). This alphabet falls into four groups of amino acids: small, external, large, internal. The approximate relation of the groups to their codons is expressed as: the first base of a codon controls size—a purine means a small amino acid, a pyrimidine means large; the middle base controls cloisterednes—purine means external, pyrimidine means internal. These relationships express the minimum change principle upon which the code appears to be founded.
The electronic sketch book of Tibetan Thangka painting

The electronic sketch book of Thangka painting project is conceived as a way of using interactive video and computing technology to preserve and disseminate the craft of Tibetan Thangka painting — a 2000-year-old art form now threatened with deterioration. This paper first provides a description of the project and then examines the research questions about the relationship of electronic technology and design craft. Second, it illustrates the preliminary work towards the construction of a prototype electronic Thangka sketch book. The sketch book enables novice students of Thangka Painting to explore Thangka-related topics. Its multimedia database includes video records of finished Thangka paintings, compositional techniques, sample sketches, catalogues of painting elements, curatorial analyses, and scences of Tibetan cultural life. The sketch book's interface permits novice students to explore the database at their own pace, through direct interaction with diagrams and images of Thangka paintings.
Shock tube ignition measurements of iso-octane/air and toluene/air at high pressures

Abstract Ignition delay times were measured in a shock tube for iso -octane/air and toluene/air at conditions similar to those found in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines. Initial reflected shock conditions spanned the following ranges: temperature 855–1269 K, pressure 14–59 atm, and equivalence ratios ϕ of 0.5 and 1 in synthetic air. Ignition delay times were measured using sidewall pressure via piezo-electric transducers and confirmed with OH* and CH* emission measurements. The iso -octane ignition delay times are in excellent agreement with existing measurements by Fieweger et al. [Proc. Combust. Inst. 25 (1994) 1579; Combust. Flame 109 (1997) 599] and modeling by Ogink and Golovitchev [SAE Technical Paper Series, 2001, Paper No. 2001-01-3614]. No comparable high-pressure data exist for toluene/air, and modeling by Pitz et al. [U.S. Sections of the Combustion Institute 2nd Joint Spring Meeting, 2001, Paper 253] and Dagaut et al. [Fuel 81 (2002) 173] significantly over-predicts the toluene/air ignition delay times at ϕ = 1. The large pressure range of the current measurements permits determination of the pressure dependence of ignition delay time at the temperatures and pressures of direct interest in HCCI engine simulations. Detailed examination of the pressure–time profiles shows evidence of significant pre-ignition energy release in both the iso -octane/air and toluene/air systems. Using current detailed mechanisms, the rate of this energy release is not correctly predicted either in iso -octane/air or toluene/air at temperatures above 850 K.
Interspecies Comparisons of Lung Responses to Inhaled Particles and Gases

Two important challenges for inhalation toxicologists involve the elucidation of mechanisms of lung toxicity caused by inhalation of chemicals or particulate materials, as well as the extrapolation of animal data to humans. Because risk estimates of toxicity generally are dependent upon experimental data for which a variety of species are utilized, a fundamental knowledge of species similarities and differences in lung anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, cell biology, and corresponding disease processes is essential. In the present review, the known mechanisms of particle deposition and clearance among various species have been highlighted and related to structure/function relationships and pathogenetic responses to some selected inhaled toxicants. In the aggregate, there is remarkable homogeneity in form and function among the species. Morphologic aspects of the respiratory tract and lung defense mechanisms are qualitatively similar among species. On the other hand, quantitative differences between humans and experimental animals are known to exist with respect to deposition and mucociliary clearance of inhaled particulates, and these factors are likely to influence the dose that is delivered to specific target sites in the lung. It is interesting to consider that pathologic cellular events following asbestos, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide exposure are likely to occur at similar sites in humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents. In this respect, it has been demonstrated that the early lesions of asbestos-induced lung disease in both rats and humans are initiated at similar anatomical sites, i.e., the junctions of terminal airways and alveolar regions. PMs and complement-mediated mechanisms have been implicated in the development of asbestosis in rats; however, it remains to be determined whether complement activation plays an important role in human asbestosis, although pulmonary and interstitial macrophages clearly are associated with the fibrogenic process associated with this restrictive lung disease. The toxic pulmonary effects following ozone exposure have been well studied in rodents and nonhuman primates. It has been established that distal airway and alveolar epithelial cells are principal targets of oxidant pollutants, and this is well supported by dosimetry considerations, morphologic observations, and morphometric analyses. Chronic ozone exposure in rats and monkeys causes epithelial injury at the level of the terminal bronchiole and proximal alveolar regions of the lung.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Far-infrared generation by picosecond pulses in electro-optical materials

Abstract Theoretical calculation of far-infrared power spectra generated by picosecond pulses in a nonlinear optical crystal is presented. Results are illustrated by two practical examples with a LiNbO 3 slab oriented for different phase-matching conditions.
Non-line-of-sight identification in ultra-wideband systems based on received signal statistics

Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation can severely degrade the reliability of communication and localisation accuracy in indoor ultra-wideband (UWB) ‘location-aware’ networks. Link adaptation and NLOS bias mitigation techniques have respectively been proposed to alleviate these effects, but implicitly rely on the ability to accurately distinguish between LOS and NLOS propagation scenarios. A statistical NLOS identification technique based on the hypothesis-testing of received signal parameters in UWB propagation channels is discussed. In contrast to narrowband and wideband signals, UWB signals possess higher temporal resolution and robustness to multipath fading. We show that these characteristics result in differences in the statistics of (a) the time-of-arrival (TOA), (b) the received signal strength (RSS) and (c) the root-mean-squared delay spread (RDS) of the received signals, between LOS and NLOS propagation scenarios, which can be exploited for accurate channel identification. We statistically characterise the ability of TOA, RSS and RDS estimates to distinguish between LOS and NLOS propagation based on an extensive indoor measurement campaign. Our measurement results suggest that the RDS of UWB signals can, even in isolation and without complete statistical information, serve as a robust and computationally efficient indicator of the LOS/NLOS nature of propagation. Finally, we demonstrate the efficacy of the discussed NLOS identification method in a location-tracking application based on indoor UWB measurements.
GPR imaging approaches for buried plastic land mine detection

This paper explores new imaging approaches for detection of buried plastic mines using data from a ground penetrating radar array. The first approach is based on fine-resolution imaging of the perrnittivity contrast in the region of interest. We develop a model relating the collected data to the contrast generated by buried objects, using ray optics to represent the air/soil interface and Borrt weak scattering approximations. We use this model to develop inversion algorithms for image formation, using alternative regularization approaches to overcome modeling error and ill-posedness due to limited sensing geometries. The second approach is based on tomographic curve evolution techniques, which use object boundaries and a set of contrast coefficients to represent the underlying perrnittivity contrast field. The inversion method seeks to extract less information than a full image, concentrating on accurate estimation of object boundaries. The problem of determining the reduced parameters is formulated as a non-linear estimation problem, which is solved iteratively using level set techniques. The algorithms are tested on data generated by nonlinear finite difference time domain electromagnetic simulations, under conditions involving different ground roughness and object geometries.
Contact allergy in oral disease

Background The role of contact allergy in oral cavity disease processes is unknown. Objective We sought to determine the prevalence of contact allergy to flavorings, preservatives, dental acrylates, medications, and metals in patients with oral disease. Methods Patients were tested with an 85-item oral antigen screening series. Data were analyzed retrospectively. Results We evaluated 331 patients with burning mouth syndrome, lichenoid tissue reaction, cheilitis, stomatitis, gingivitis, orofacial granulomatosis, perioral dermatitis, and recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Positive patch test results were identified in 148 of the 331 patients; 90 patients had two or more positive reactions. Allergens with the highest positive reaction rates were potassium dicyanoaurate, nickel sulfate, and gold sodium thiosulfate. Of the 341 positive patch test reactions, 221 were clinically relevant. Limitations No follow-up data were available in this retrospective analysis. Conclusion The positive and relevant allergic reactions to metals, fragrances, and preservatives indicated that contact allergy may affect oral disease.
Organotypic Slice Cultures to Study Oligodendrocyte Dynamics and Myelination

NG2 expressing cells (polydendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells) are the fourth major glial cell population in the central nervous system. During embryonic and postnatal development they actively proliferate and generate myelinating oligodendrocytes. These cells have commonly been studied in primary dissociated cultures, neuron cocultures, and in fixed tissue. Using newly available transgenic mouse lines slice culture systems can be used to investigate proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells in both gray and white matter regions of the forebrain and cerebellum. Slice cultures are prepared from early postnatal mice and are kept in culture for up to 1 month. These slices can be imaged multiple times over the culture period to investigate cellular behavior and interactions. This method allows visualization of NG2 cell division and the steps leading to oligodendrocyte differentiation while enabling detailed analysis of region-dependent NG2 cell and oligodendrocyte functional heterogeneity. This is a powerful technique that can be used to investigate the intrinsic and extrinsic signals influencing these cells over time in a cellular environment that closely resembles that found in vivo.
Fetal Cell Microchimerism in the Maternal Heart: Baby Gives Back

See related article, pages 82–93 In this issue of Circulation Research , Kara et al1 present an elegant series of experiments demonstrating that after murine maternal myocardial infarction, fetal cells engraft and differentiate into endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and cardiomyocytes at the site of injury. These cells, when isolated and cocultured with neonatal cells, appear to be capable of differentiating into beating cardiomyocytes. These results, if validated by other investigators, have profound significance with regard to gender biology.2 Although it has been known for more than a century that as a result of pregnancy women naturally transiently acquire a population of cells from their fetuses,3 more recent studies have shown that the fetal cells actually persist in maternal blood and organs for decades after delivery.4,5 Although initially the focus was on the association between fetal cells and the increased incidence of autoimmune diseases in women,6 later investigators used animal models to explore the potential for the pregnancy-associated progenitor cells7 to differentiate and repair injured or diseased maternal organs. For example, Nguyen Huu et al8 showed that fetal cells preferentially migrated to the injured skin in a murine model of contact dermatitis induced during pregnancy. Pregnancy-associated progenitor cells also were shown to cross the murine blood–brain barrier and integrate within the maternal brain in a model of Parkinson disease.9 The fetal cells in maternal brain had morphologies similar to neurons and expressed neuron-specific genes such as NeuN and β3-tubulin . Together, these findings support the hypothesis that fetal cells cross the placenta as progenitor cells and differentiate within the maternal tissues. In the Kara et al study,1 female B6CBA mice were mated with C57Bl6 males that carried one copy of e gfp , allowing detection of cells that expressed …
UNDRESSING AS NORMAL: THE IMPACT OF COMING OUT IN CLASS

This auto-ethnographic narrative presents the experiences of a teacher educator who came out to his preservice teachers. The narrative documents a diversity workshop in which some teacher candidates were uncomfortable after the instructor's previously undisclosed sexuality was revealed. The implications of this narrative raise questions about the role coming out in class has for transformation of the self and for promoting classroom discourse that allows teacher candidates to explore and reconsider assumptions, attitudes, and values about sexual orientation.
Deciphering North Korea's Nuclear Rhetoric: An Automated Content Analysis of KCNA News

Abstract New works give us glimpses into North Korea, yet little of this translates to how the government frames issues or sees the outside world. In particular, we know little about Pyongyang's nuclear ambitions. This paper proposes data mining using automated content analysis—computer software to analyzes text—to track trends in North Korean rhetoric. Using daily news reports from the Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) for 2010 provides an empirical basis for making claims on how Pyongyang attempts to frame nuclear issues. This paper suggests that North Korea largely identifies nuclear issues with the United States in contrast to the other parties in the Six Party talks. Furthermore, references to nuclear issues, as well as to Kim Jong Un, are remarkably absent during the two major military actions of 2010 (the Cheonan sinking and the shelling of Yeonpyeong island).
Synchronizing Large VLSI Processor Arrays

Highly parallel VLSI computing structures consist of many processing elements operating simultaneously. In order for such processing elements to communicate among themselves, some provision must be made for synchronization of data transfer. The simplest means of synchronization is the use of a global clock. Unfortunately, large clocked systems can be difficult to implement because of the inevitable problem of clock skews and delays, which can be especially acute in VLSI systems as feature sizes shrink. For the near term, good engineering and technology improvements can be expected to maintain the feasibility of clocking in such systems; however, clock distribution problems crop up in any technology as systems grow. An alternative means of enforcing necessary synchronization is the use of self-timed asynchronous schemes, at the cost of increased design complexity and hardware cost. Realizing that different circumstances call for different synchronization methods, this paper provides a spectrum of synchronization models; based on the assumptions made for each model, theoretical lower bounds on clock skew are derived, and appropriate or best possible synchronization schemes for large processor arrays are proposed.
Viscosity Studies of System CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2: III, 35, 45, and 50% SiO2

In this continuation of previous papers on viscosity in the system CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2, data are presented for melts containing 35% SiO2, 45% SiO2, and 50% SiO2 with varying percentages of the other three oxides that make up the system.
Detection of cosmogeophysical periodicities by the statistical analysis of intervals between the dates of birth of genetic relatives

A statistical analysis of time intervals between the dates of birth of genetic relatives has been carried out on the basis of 33 family trees. Using the Monte Carlo method, a significant departure of the distribution of birthdays from random results is detected relative to two long-period solar harmonics known from the theory of the Earth tides, i.e., a solar elliptical wave (Sa) with a period of an anomalistic year (365.259640 days) and a solar declinational wave (Ssa) with a period of half of the tropical year (182.621095 days). Further research requires larger statistical samples and involves clarifying the effect of long-period lunar harmonics, i.e., an lunar elliptical wave (Mm) with a period of an anomalistic month (27.554551 days) and a lunar declinational wave (Mf) with a period of half of a tropical month (13.660791 day), as well as the impact of important lunar and solar tides of time intervals with periods of half (14.765294 days, the interval between syzygial tides at new and full moon) and a whole (29.530588 days) synodic month. It is known that the periodic compression and stretching of the Earth’s crust at the time of the tides by means of the piezoelectric effect lead to the generation of long-period electric oscillations with periods corresponding to the harmonics of the theory of the Earth tides. The detection of these harmonics in connection with biological processes will make it possible to determine the impact of regular cosmogeophysical fluctuations (tidal waves) on the processes in the biosphere.
A field water balance study of gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) and red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus)

Abstract 1. 1. Field samples of urine, blood plasma and kidneys were collected seasonally from gray squirrels ( Sciurus carolinensis ) and red squirrels ( Tamiasciurus hudsonicus ). 2. 2. Maximum field urine osmolalities were significantly below maximum urine osmolalities for both species under laboratory water deprivation. Potassium, sodium, urea and ammonia concentrations in urine and plasma are described. 3. 3. Survival time under water deprivation was higher for gray squirrels although kidney relative medullary thickness (RMT) was greater in red squirrels. Kidney RMT of red squirrels collected along river bottom habitats was significantly lower than in kidneys of red squirrels collected in upland forests. 4. 4. Red squirrels have demonstrated wide adaptability to water balance as indicated by kidney structure. This may be responsible, in part, for the occurrence of this species in a wide variety of arboreal habitats within its range.
The potential risks of groundwater and surface water contamination by agricultural chemicals used in vegetable production

Abstract This study identifies those agricultural chemicals used in vegetable production in Arizona, Florida, Michigan, and Texas that are potential contaminants of groundwater and surface water which, in turn, pose risks to human health. Arizona and Florida are more likely to have nitrate leaching problems than Michigan or Texas. The potential for pesticide leaching is relatively high in Arizona head lettuce production and Michigan asparagus production but only moderate in Florida tomato production and Texas watermelon production. The potential for soil‐adsorbed runoff and solution runoff in Arizona head lettuce, Florida tomatoes, and Michigan asparagus production is low to moderate. The potential for these sorts of losses in Texas watermelon production is relatively high. Vegetable production around Phoenix, Arizona, in southeast Texas, and in the entire state of Florida is located such that groundwater aquifers which supply drinking water are vulnerable to contamination.
Degenerate supersymmetric t−J model in one dimension

Abstract The ground-state Bethe ansatz equations of the 1D SU( N )-invariant supersymmetric t − J model, which consists of electrons with N spin components on a lattice with nearest-neighbor hopping t constrained by the excluded multiple occupancy of the sites and spin exchange J ( = t ) between neighboring sites are solved numerically for arbitrary band-filling and N = 4. The elemental excitations are calculated.
A finite-difference sieve to count paths and cycles by length

Abstract We present algorithms to count paths and cycles of a given length in a directed graph. The algorithms have time complexity O(2n poly n) and space complexity O(poly n).
Dysphoria and Social Comparison: Combining Information Regarding Others' Performances

This study examined the evaluations that people make about themselves when they are able to compare themselves to multiple versus single other individuals. Dysphoric and nondysphoric students performed a “spatial abilities” task. Prior to this task, they were given information about the performance of one or two other individuals. Dysphoric and nondysphoric subjects' self-evaluations did not differ when there was information about only one other subject. However, when one other person had performed better and one worse than the subject, dysphoric subjects made more negative self-evaluations than did nondysphoric subjects. The results suggest that dysphoric individuals, relative to nondysphoric individuals, tend to weigh upward social comparison information more than downward when combining information about others. This is contrasted to prior work on the exposure of self to information about others. Results are discussed in terms of cognitive theories of depression.
The business of learning to teach: A Critical Metaphor Analysis of one Teacher's journey

This article analyzes the learning to teach process of one novice teacher, Rachael, enrolled in an Urban Teacher Residency (UTR) in Harbor City, United States. Building on Loh and Hu's (2014) scholarship on neoliberalism and novice teachers, we employ Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA) to make visible the ways in which Rachael contends with conflicting frames of learning to teachdTEACHING IS A JOURNEY vs. TEACHING IS A BUSINESSdwithin her program. Rachael encounters three primary obstacles: programmatic incompatibility, pedagogical paralysis, and, ultimately, programmatic abandonment. The discussion explores the potential consequences of learning to teach in neoliberal contexts.
A Multiscale Model to Investigate Circadian Rhythmicity of Pacemaker Neurons in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus is a multicellular system that drives daily rhythms in mammalian behavior and physiology. Although the gene regulatory network that produces daily oscillations within individual neurons is well characterized, less is known about the electrophysiology of the SCN cells and how firing rate correlates with circadian gene expression. We developed a firing rate code model to incorporate known electrophysiological properties of SCN pacemaker cells, including circadian dependent changes in membrane voltage and ion conductances. Calcium dynamics were included in the model as the putative link between electrical firing and gene expression. Individual ion currents exhibited oscillatory patterns matching experimental data both in current levels and phase relationships. VIP and GABA neurotransmitters, which encode synaptic signals across the SCN, were found to play critical roles in daily oscillations of membrane excitability and gene expression. Blocking various mechanisms of intracellular calcium accumulation by simulated pharmacological agents (nimodipine, IP3- and ryanodine-blockers) reproduced experimentally observed trends in firing rate dynamics and core-clock gene transcription. The intracellular calcium concentration was shown to regulate diverse circadian processes such as firing frequency, gene expression and system periodicity. The model predicted a direct relationship between firing frequency and gene expression amplitudes, demonstrated the importance of intracellular pathways for single cell behavior and provided a novel multiscale framework which captured characteristics of the SCN at both the electrophysiological and gene regulatory levels.
Chance as Cause of Language Variation and Change

The vast literature on the reasons why human languages inevitably change through time focuses on two types of causation, “functional” and “social.” My purpose here is to explore a third category of explanation, one that has largely been ignored or dismissed as seemingly inconsequential: I argue that a chance/chaos model of linguistic change is a necessary and important supplement to functional and social explanations. Functional causes include such factors as ease of utterance and learning, constraints on intelligibility, and a putative psychological pressure for symmetry in phonological and morphological systems (Lehman 1973, 176; see also Lass 1980). Thus, it can scarcely be disputed that changes in English that have regularized all but a small portion of the plural-formation morphology have functional causes, for example, that it is easier for children to learn a regular system than an irregular one. Similarly, when English lost most of its inflectional noun morphology, the increase in importance of word order to signal the relationships between the noun phrases of the sentence became a functional necessity. That social forces contribute to linguistic change is also clear. Younger people alter their speech so as to differentiate themselves from their elders. Islanders want to sound different from mainlanders. Middle-class speakers attempt to sound different from the working class, and vice versa. Men and women tend to speak the way that their sex is “supposed to” speak. In the end, sometimes consciously and sometimes unconsciously, people speak like the people they want to think of themselves as being; linguistic differentiation is a matter of the presentation of self in everyday life. However, a fundamental question remains even after the social and functional explanations are exhausted: only rarely do we have some sense of what gets the whole thing rolling in the first place—what Labov (1972, 162-63) terms the “actuation problem.” When Labov noted (1963) that some residents of Martha’s Vineyard were centralizing the onsets of the /aw/ diphthong, he was able to explain this particular linguistic change: these same speakers already had a centralized-onset diph
Old lessons not learned: the clash of political and economic nationalism in Latvia

Latvia, a small country on the Baltic Sea, became independent in 1918, but was occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940. Like its neighbours, Estonia and Lithuania, Latvia has a skewed resource pattern, small domestic market, and an export concentration into commodities. Prior to the Soviet occupation, these three countries never managed to form an economic union to overcome the disadvantages of the small size of the domestic markets in the era of assembly line technology. They practiced “Alleingang” in economic and political matters. After gaining independence in 1991, the Baltic countries learned nothing from the past and have continued practicing “Alleingang” in the age of “high tech”.
Creating a Unified Business Elite: The Origins of the Chicago Central Area Committee

This study examines the origins of the Chicago Central Area Committee, a downtown business group that formed in 1956 to provide a unified voice for business leaders in redevelopment planning for Chicago’s downtown area. Similar groups were established in cities around the country during the post—World War II era, providing the cohesive business leadership necessary for the formation of urban growth coalitions. While some studies have emphasized the role of economic conditions in the creation of downtown business groups, this study argues that political factors played a key role in the formation of the Central Area Committee. In particular, conflicts between downtown and neighborhood actors over redevelopment planning for the central area encouraged business elites to overcome their differences and mobilize around a common agenda. Business leaders united in part to seize control of a redevelopment program in which neighborhood actors played a significant role.
A Crohn's Disease Patient Who Does Not Respond to Infliximab: What Is Next?

Clinical Scenario A nonsmoking woman with a history of Crohn’s disease (CD) for 22 years presents with abdominal pain nd diarrhea. Her course was characterized by chronic mild ymptoms interspersed with significant symptomatic flares ith bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss reuiring corticosteroids approximately 3 times yearly. She ould respond to prednisone, and when tapered, she was mainained on mesalamine with intermittent courses of metronidaole for milder symptoms. Eight years earlier, 6-mercaptopurine as added, but she developed pancreatitis. Endoscopically, she as had documented segmental inflammatory involvement of he rectum, ascending colon, and cecum. Eighteen months arlier she experienced a significant disease exacerbation. tool cultures and Clostridium difficile toxin A and B assays ere negative. Computed tomography enterography demontrated segmental involvement of the colon without involveent of the small bowel. Colonoscopy and biopsies demontrated segmental moderate to severely active colonic CD ith deep ulcerations. Infliximab was initiated at 5 mg/kg ntravenously with induction at weeks 0, 2 and 6, followed by very 8-week maintenance. She was in clinical remission for months. During the past 5 months, she became symptomtic increasingly earlier between infliximab infusions. Three onths ago when she was significantly symptomatic 4 weeks fter the previous infusion, the infliximab dose was increased o 10 mg/kg. However, when first presenting to our office, he had received infliximab 2 weeks prior and had not sympomatically improved. She is currently having 6 bowel moveents daily, 1 nocturnal bowel movement, most of which ontain blood. She has significant lower quadrant abdominal ain and has lost 10 pounds during the past 4 months. aboratory evaluation is remarkable for hemoglobin of 10.8 /dL, platelets 566,000 106/L, C-reactive protein (CRP) 32 g/dL, and albumin 3.4 g/dL.
Aortic Insufficiency due to Hemophilus Aphrophilus with Prosthetic Valve Replacement

Acute bacterial endocarditis due to Hemophilus aphrophilus is a rare entity. A patient is presented who had aortic valve involvement with this organism, requiring replacement with a prosthetic valve.
A reappraisal of the concept of suppressive versus remittive psoriasis treatments

Among the ways to characterize the many treatments for psoriasis is to distinguish suppressive from remittive therapies. Remittive therapies are thought to be treatments that result in a prolonged period of disease remission even after stopping the drug, while suppressive treatments are thought to work only during the treatment period. However, apparent differences in remittive and suppressive properties may be due to the remitting and relapsing nature of psoriasis and the order in which treatments are used in patients. Few clinical trials have compared the suppressive versus remittive properties of different treatments. Given the adverse events and expense associated with many psoriasis therapies, a major implication is that psoriasis patients who have cleared on therapy should probably be tested at intervals to see if they can be tapered off their medication without loss of control of their disease.
Apache-affiliated Twitter screen names: A dataset

This paper describes a new dataset containing Twitter screen names for members of the projects affiliated with the Apache Software Foundation (ASF). The dataset includes the confirmed Twitter screen names, as well as the real name as listed on Twitter, and the user identification as used within the Apache organization. The paper also describes the process used to collect and clean this data, and shows some sample queries for learning how to use the data. The dataset has been donated to the FLOSSmole project and is available for download (https://code.google.com/p/flossmole/downloads/detail?name=apacheTwitter20 13-Jan.zip) or direct querying via a database client.
A global H2O potential energy surface for the reaction O(1D)+H2→OH+H

A global, single‐valued ground‐state H2O potential surface for the reaction O(1D)+H2→OH+H has been constructed from a new set of accurate ab initio data using a general multidimensional interpolation method. The ab initio calculations are of the multireference, configuration interaction variety and were carried out using augmented polarized triple zeta basis sets. The multidimensional method is formulated within the framework of the reproducing kernel Hilbert space theory. The H2O potential is expressed as a many‐body sum of a single one‐body term, three two‐body terms, and a single three‐body term. The one‐body term is the dissociation energy to the three‐atom limit 2H(2S)+O(3P). The two‐body terms are two O–H and one H–H adiabatic diatomic potentials of lowest energy. Each diatomic term is obtained by interpolating a discrete set of ab initio data using a one‐dimensional, second‐order, distancelike reproducing kernel. The three‐body term is obtained by interpolating the difference of the H2O ab initio d...
Development of an ESRI ArcToolBox for semi-automated building modeling from multipatch features

This paper briefly describes the development of an ESRI ArcToolBox that leverages commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) software for the semi-automated generation of Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) CityGML standard level of detail one (LoD1) and two (LoD2) building models from high resolution imagery and digital elevation models (DEM) for use in blast analysis applications. The ArcToolBox consists of Overwatch Systems Feature Analyst (v4.2), ESRI ArcGIS (v9.2) ModelBuilder, and the Safe Software Feature Manipulation Engine (v2010). This work is part of an on-going project to improve the blast damage predictions and calculation of evacuation distances for explosions in urban environments through development of a fast-running, easy-to-use desktop tool that would combine updated correlation modeling for urban blast and fragmentation with improved semi-automated geometry modeling techniques.
Does μ<1 imply that the universe will expand forever?

The issue of whether the present observational evidence that the mean mass density of the universe is less than the critical density (i.e., μ<1) implies an infinite future expansion of the universe is discussed. Although in conventional cosmological scenarios μ<1 necessarily leads to a universe that will grow infinitely old, this conclusion can be avoided in ways which are reasonably natural. One of these is to assume the existence of a small negative cosmological constant. Another way is to postulate the existence of unstable fields with a long time scale for the onset of the instability. An example is a scalar field with a negative squared mass and ¦m¦≲10−32eV. Other examples include fields for which the instability is generated by quantum corrections in curved space-time. All of these are capable of halting the expansion of an open universe and forcing it to recollapse into a “big crunch.”