cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Significant alteration of liver metabolites by AAV8.Urocortin 2 gene transfer in mice with insulin resistance.

Introduction Urocortin 2 (Ucn2) is a 38-amino acid peptide of the corticotropin-releasing factor family. Intravenous (IV) delivery of an adeno-associated virus vector serotype 8 encoding Ucn2 (AAV8.Ucn2) increases insulin sensitivity and glucose disposal in mice with insulin resistance. Objective To determine the effects of Ucn2 on liver metabolome. Methods Six-week-old C57BL6 mice were divided into normal chow (CHOW)-fed and high fat diet (HFD)-fed groups. The animals received saline, AAV8 encoding no gene (AAV8.Empt) or AAV8.Ucn2 (2x1013 genome copy/kg, IV injection). Livers were isolated from CHOW-fed and HFD-fed mice and analyzed by untargeted metabolomics. Group differences were statistically analyzed. Results In CHOW-fed mice, AAV8.Ucn2 gene transfer (vs. saline) altered the metabolites in glycolysis, pentose phosphate, glycogen synthesis, glycogenolysis, and choline-folate-methionine signaling pathways. In addition, AAV8.Ucn2 gene transfer increased amino acids and peptides, which were associated with reduced protein synthesis. In insulin resistant (HFD-induced) mice, HFD (vs CHOW) altered 448 (112 increased and 336 decreased) metabolites and AAV8.Ucn2 altered 239 metabolites (124 increased and 115 reduced) in multiple pathways. There are 61 metabolites in 5 super pathways showed interactions between diet and AAV8.Ucn2 treatment. Among them, AAV8.Ucn2 gene transfer reversed HFD effects on 13 metabolites. Finally, plasma Ucn2 effects were determined using a 3-group comparison of HFD-fed mice that received AAV8.Ucn2, AAV.Empt or saline, where 18 metabolites that altered by HFD (15 increased and 3 decreased), but restored levels to that seen in CHOW-fed mice by increased plasma Ucn2. Conclusions Metabolomics study revealed that AAV8.Ucn2 gene transfer, through increased plasma Ucn2, provided counter-HFD effects in restoring hepatic metabolites to normal levels, which could be the underlying mechanisms for Ucn2 effects on increasing glucose disposal and reducing insulin assistance.
Rural Multilingual Family Engagement

Rural teachers and educators are increasingly called upon to build partnerships with families who use languages other than English in the home (US DOE, 2016). This is equally true for rural schools, where the number of multilingual families is small, and the language and cultural backgrounds of students differs from those of school. This article reviews the research on parental involvement and three common models of parental involvement. In this article, I propose a revised conceptual model for teachers and educators for rural multilingual family engagement. This article calls for increasingly refined research that addresses the sociohistorical backgrounds of families and the current sociopolitical context of multilingual family engagement. Ultimately, rural multilingual family engagement is predicated on differentiated practices, relational trust between educators and families, and attention to geospatial variation.
Lewis Acid Coordination Redirects S-Nitrosothiol Signaling Output

S-Nitrosothiols (RSNOs) serve as air-stable reservoirs for nitric oxide in biology. While copper enzymes promote NO release from RSNOs by serving as Lewis acids for intramolecular electron-transfer, redox-innocent Lewis acids separate these two functions to reveal the effect of coordination on structure and reactivity. The synthetic Lewis acid B(C6 F5 )3 coordinates to the RSNO oxygen atom, leading to profound changes in the RSNO electronic structure and reactivity. Although RSNOs possess relatively negative reduction potentials, B(C6 F5 )3 coordination increases their reduction potential by over 1 V into the physiologically accessible +0.1 V vs. NHE. Outer-sphere chemical reduction gives the Lewis acid stabilized hyponitrite dianion trans-[LA-O-N=N-O-LA]2- [LA=B(C6 F5 )3 ], which releases N2 O upon acidification. Mechanistic and computational studies support initial reduction to the [RSNO-B(C6 F5 )3 ] radical anion, which is susceptible to N-N coupling prior to loss of RSSR.
Here's Looking at You - Transgender Bias

In this paper I explore the literature around bias and transgender social identity, posing a new conceptual model for use in testing transgender-related bias in organizations and individuals based ...
When "enemies" become close: Relationship formation among Palestinians and Jewish Israelis at a youth camp.

Having close relationships with outgroup members is an especially powerful form of intergroup contact that can reduce prejudice. Rather than examine the consequences of forming close outgroup relationships, which has previously been studied as part of intergroup contact theory, we examine how outgroup relationships-relative to ingroup relationships-form in the first place. We collected 7 years of data from Jewish Israeli and Palestinian teenagers attending a 3-week summer camp at Seeds of Peace, one of the largest conflict transformation programs in the world. We tested how being assigned to share an activity group (e.g., bunk, table, dialogue group) influenced relationship formation among outgroup pairs (Jewish Israeli-Palestinian) compared with ingroup pairs (Israeli-Israeli, Palestinian-Palestinian). Existing research offers competing theories for whether propinquity is more impactful for the formation of ingroup or outgroup relationships; here, we found propinquity was significantly more impactful for outgroup relationships. Whereas 2 ingroup participants were 4.46 times more likely to become close if they were in the same versus different bunk, for example, 2 outgroup participants were 11.72 times more likely to become close. We propose that sharing an activity group is especially powerful for more dissimilar dyads because people are less likely to spontaneously engage with outgroup members in ways that promote relationships. Thus, structured, meaningful engagement can counteract homophily. Furthermore, in this setting, propinquity proved to be an even better predictor of outgroup (vs. ingroup) relationship formation than that pair's initial outgroup attitudes. We discuss theoretical and practical implications for intergroup processes and relationship formation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Measuring farmers' dynamic technical and udder health management inefficiencies: The case of Wisconsin dairy farms.

ABSTRACT This study measures the dynamic technical and udder health management inefficiencies of a sample of Wisconsin dairy farms. Udder health management inefficiency is defined as a farmer's failure to achieve lower levels of milk somatic cell counts compared with those of the best-practice farmers within the sample. The study proposes the treatment of somatic cell count as an undesirable output. We measured inefficiency using a dynamic directional distance function that accounts simultaneously for the expansion of desirable outputs and investments in capital assets, and contraction of undesirable output and variable inputs. In a second step, a bootstrap truncated regression was used to analyze factors that cause differences in dynamic technical and udder health management inefficiencies. Results showed that the sample farmers had considerably higher udder health management inefficiency scores than technical inefficiency scores. The results of the second-stage analysis indicated that technical inefficiency was influenced by summer precipitation and farmers' financial characteristics, and was regionally heterogeneous. Udder health management inefficiency was affected by summer temperature and nonfarm income. By ranking farms in this study in terms of technical and udder health management inefficiency, we allowed inefficient farms to compare their performance with that of their efficient peers, and thus identify targets for production and udder health management improvement efforts. Finally, although our study focused on farmers' performances with respect to udder health management, the proposed modeling framework can be applied to the management of other animal diseases and welfare conditions.
Recent Progress in the Theory of Highly Correlated Quantum Fluids

It is seldom that one is given the opportunity to address, in a general way, the present status of a field or subfield. That is my charge with regard to quantum fluids, or more specifically the theory of quantum fluids.
Short circuit analysis of switched reluctance machine

Understanding of faults and their impacts on the performance of Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) is essential for fault detection and post fault control strategy development. In this paper, an 8/6 SRM is modeled and analyzed under various short circuit faults and operational conditions. Simulation and experimental investigation of the effects of fault in both transient and steady state is presented with additional attention to potential signatures for development of fault detection mechanism.
Cold-sensitive Mutants of Salmonella typhimurium Defective in Uridine Monophosphate Kinase (pyrH)

Abstract Conditional mutants of Salmonella typhimurium carrying mutations in the structural gene encoding UMP kinase (pyrH) have been isolated. At 20° the mutants are unable to grow even in enriched medium, while they grow, although with somewhat reduced rates, in minimal medium at 37°. CMP kinase activity is not affected by the mutations indicating that the phosphorylation of CMP and UMP is carried out by different enzymes. When growing exponentially at 37° the mutants contain subnormal UTP pools and, as a consequence, derepressed levels of CMP kinase and aspartate carbamyltransferase. That the entire de novo biosynthetic pathway for UMP is derepressed is further indicated by the ability of the pyrH mutants to feed pyrimidine auxotrophs. Interrupted matings place pyrH at about 10 min on the S. typhimurium map. It cotransduces with the gene, pan, at a frequency of about 30% using the Escherichia coli phage Plkc. No cotransduction between pyrH and pan was found with the smaller Salmonella phage P22. The suggestion is made that the sole function of CMP kinase is to recycle products of turnover of mRNA.
The New Summary Judgment Motion: The Motion to Dismiss Under Iqbal and Twombly

This Symposium Article argues that the motion to dismiss is the new summary judgment motion. In Iqbal v. Ashcroft and Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, the Supreme Court created a new standard for granting motions to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6). Under the standard, a court decides whether a claim is plausible. This new plausibility standard is converging with the standard for summary judgment under Rule 56. Not coincidentally, the motion to dismiss appears to be having some of the same effects as summary judgment, including on the dismissal of employment discrimination claims. Moreover, as a result of the similarities between the motion to dismiss and the summary judgment standards, the Supreme Court case of Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., which concerned the standard by which courts dismiss employment discrimination claims under Rule 12(b)(6), effectively may be dead. This Article concludes that the differences between the motion to dismiss and summary judgment call into question the propriety of Iqbal and Twombly.
Design and Implementation of a Context-Sensitive, Flow-Sensitive Activity Analysis Algorithm for Automatic Differentiation

Automatic differentiation (AD) has been expanding its role in scientific computing. While several AD tools have been actively developed and used, a wide range of problems remain to be solved. Activity analysis allows AD tools to generate derivative code for fewer variables, leading to a faster run time of the output code. This paper describes a new contextsensitive, flow-sensitive (CSFS) activity analysis, which is developed by extending an existing context-sensitive, flow-insensitive (CSFI) activity analysis. Our experiments with eight benchmarks show that the new CSFS activity analysis is more than 27 times slower but reduces 8 overestimations for the MIT General Circulation Model (MITgcm) and 1 for an ODE solver (c2) compared with the existing CSFI activity analysis implementation. Although the number of reduced overestimations looks small, the additionally identified passive variables may significantly reduce tedious human effort in maintaining a large code base such as MITgcm.
Adding Value to Palliative Care Services: The Development of an Institutional Bereavement Program

Abstract Background: Although bereavement programs are a common element of palliative medicine and hospice programs, few health care institutions currently offer universal bereavement services to all their patients. The elevated risk of serious physical and mental health problems among the bereaved is a strong argument for the development of universal institution-based bereavement programs as an element of quality care for family members of all patients who die. Objective: We describe the development of the bereavement program at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI) where we conceptualized bereavement services as a preventive model of care. Design: We identified education, guidance and support as the primary constructs of the program. The essential components include a formal acknowledgement of the death of the patient by the cancer center, information about grief and what to expect, individual visits to assess coping, and staff support and education. Subjects: One hundred and forty bereaved families compl...
Ecohydrologic process networks: 2. Analysis and characterization

[1] Ecohydrological systems are complex, open dissipative systems characterized by couplings and feedback between subsystems at many scales of space and time. The information flow process network approach is developed to analyze such systems, using time series data to delineate the feedback, time scales, and subsystems that define the complex system's organization. Network statistics are used to measure the statistical feedback, entropy, and net and gross information production of subsystems on the network to study monthly process networks for a Midwestern corn-soybean ecosystem for the years 1998–2006. Several distinct system states are identified and characterized. Particularly interesting is the midsummer state that is dominated by regional-scale information feedback and by information flow originating from the ecosystem's photosynthetic activity. In this state, information flows both “top-down” from synoptic weather systems and “bottom-up” from the plant photosynthetic activity. A threshold in air temperature separates this summer state where increased organization appears from other system states. The relationship between Shannon entropy and information flow is investigated. It is found that information generally flows from high-entropy variables to low-entropy variables, and moderate-entropy variables participate in feedback.
Physical and chemical comparison of soot in hydrocarbon and biodiesel fuel diffusion flames: A study of model and commercial fuels

Abstract Data are presented to compare soot formation in both surrogate and practical fatty acid methyl ester biodiesel and petroleum fuel diffusion flames. The approach here uses differential mobility analysis to follow the size distributions and electrical charge of soot particles as they evolve in the flame, and laser ablation particle mass spectrometry to elucidate their composition. Qualitatively, these soot properties exhibit a remarkably similar development along the flames. The size distributions begin as a single mode of precursor nanoparticles, evolve through a bimodal phase marking the onset of aggregate formation, and end in a self preserving mode of fractal-like particles. Both biodiesel and hydrocarbon fuels yield a common soot composition dominated by C x H y + ions, stabilomer PAHs, and fullerenes in the positive ion mass spectrum, and C x - and C 2 x H − in the negative ion spectrum. These ion intensities initially grow with height in the diffusion flames, but then decline during later stages, consistent with soot carbonization. There are important quantitative differences between fuels. The surrogate biodiesel fuel methyl butanoate substantially reduces soot levels, but soot formation and evolution in this flame are delayed relative to both soy and petroleum fuels. In contrast, soots from soy and hexadecane flames exhibit nearly quantitative agreement in their size distribution and composition profiles with height, suggesting similar soot precursor chemistry.
China's Exchange Rate and Monetary Policies: Structural and Institutional Constraints and Reform Options

Abstract This paper argues that declining transaction costs in exporting on the one hand and the structural and institutional barriers to importing and consumption on the other hand are the main causes for China's rising current account surplus. Reforms in China's planning, financial, and regulatory systems are more important than adjustment in nominal exchange rate for balancing China's trade and for China's surplus capital to hire more of its surplus labor. Although structural inflation and currency appreciation are necessary for China's price level to catch up step-by-step with those in the advanced economies, the pace of inflation and appreciation need to be compatible with China's underlying productivity growth. An “inflation first and appreciation second” approach would help China avoid the risks of both deflation and runaway inflation. The United States and China can have win–win results if both focus on the real constraints behind their external imbalances.
Proteasome-caspase-cathepsin sequence leading to tau pathology induced by prostaglandin J2 in neuronal cells.

Neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) are a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. The major neurofibrillary tangle component is tau that is truncated at Asp421 (Δtau), hyperphosphorylated and aggregates into insoluble paired helical filaments. Alzheimer's disease brains also exhibit signs of inflammation manifested by activated astrocytes and microglia, which produce cytotoxic agents among them prostaglandins. We show that prostaglandin (PG) J2, an endogenous product of inflammation, induces caspase-mediated cleavage of tau, generating Δtau, an aggregation prone form known to seed tau aggregation prior to neurofibrillary tangle formation. The initial event observed upon PGJ2-treatment of human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells was the build-up of ubiquitinated (Ub) proteins indicating an early disruption of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Apoptosis kicked in later, manifested by caspase activation and caspase-mediated cleavage of tau at Asp421 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Furthermore, cathepsin inhibition stabilized Δtau suggesting its lysosomal clearance. Upon PGJ2-treatment tau accumulated in a large perinuclear aggregate. In rat E18 cortical neuronal cultures PGJ2-treatment also generated Δtau detected in dystrophic neurites. Levels of Δtau were diminished by caspase 3 knockdown using siRNA. PGD2, the precursor of PGJ2, produced some Δtau. PGE2 generated none. Our data suggest a potential sequence of events triggered by the neurotoxic product of inflammation PGJ2 leading to tau pathology. The accumulation of Ub proteins is an early response. If cells fail to overcome the toxic effects induced by PGJ2, including accumulation of Ub proteins, apoptosis kicks in triggering caspase activation and tau cleavage, the clearance of which by cathepsins could be compromised culminating in tau pathology. Our studies are the first to provide a mechanistic link between inflammation and tau pathology.
Bayesian Local Contamination Models for Multivariate Outliers

In studies where data are generated from multiple locations or sources it is common for there to exist observations that are quite unlike the majority. Motivated by the application of establishing a reference value in an inter-laboratory setting when outlying labs are present, we propose a local contamination model that is able to accommodate unusual multivariate realizations in a flexible way. The proposed method models the process level of a hierarchical model using a mixture with a parametric component and a possibly nonparametric contamination. Much of the flexibility in the methodology is achieved by allowing varying random subsets of the elements in the lab-specific mean vectors to be allocated to the contamination component. Computational methods are developed and the methodology is compared to three other possible approaches using a simulation study. We apply the proposed method to a NIST/NOAA sponsored inter-laboratory study which motivated the methodological development.
Risk Assessment Techniques

ABSTRACT This article is the third and final in a series of three related articles dealing with the concept of risk. In the previous two articles, ISO 31000-2009 (ANSI Z690.2-2011) on Risk Management Principles and Guidelines and ISO Guide 73 (ANSI X690.1-2011) on Risk Management Terminology were reviewed. This third article examines ISO 31010-2009 or the ANSI equivalent version, ANSI Z690.3-2011. These standards deal with risk assessment techniques and attempt to catalog a set of general techniques and methods useful in the assessment and analysis of risk.
Effects of Cloud Seeding, Latent Heat of Fusion, and Condensate Loading on Cloud Dynamics and Precipitation Evolution: A Numerical Study.

Abstract This study attempts to isolate the dynamic and microphysical effects of seeding. A two-dimensional, time-dependent cloud model has been used to simulate silver iodide (AgI) seeding of convective clouds. Two major dynamic effects (latent heat of fusion and condensate loading) are separated through a sequence of differential processes to examine their individual effect. A High Plains sounding is used for the tests. The effects of condensate loading and latent heat of fusion are due to natural processes as well as to cloud seeding. Separate discussions and comparisons are made of both processes. Condensate loading has the greater influence on cloud development. A method of differencing the results from different cases is used to illustrate the overall seeding effects and to isolate those portions of the latent heat of fusion and loading effects which are due solely to ice-phase cloud seeding. The results indicate significant fusion and loading effects due to seeding, but at 10 min or so after the se...
Residual thermal stresses in MoSi2–Mo5Si3 in-situ composites

Abstract Residual thermal stresses in MoSi 2 –Mo 5 Si 3 in-situ composites are calculated for a dilute concentration of particles of one phase embedded in a matrix of the other, using the fields of anisotropic ellipsoidal inclusions. Additionally, the eutectic interfaces are modeled as boundaries between two anisotropic half-spaces. The misorientation between MoSi 2 –Mo 5 Si 3 is obtained from the literature for Mo 5 Si 3 precipitates in MoSi 2 and by electron diffraction in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) for the opposite case. Tensile stresses of up to 3 GPa can develop after cooling from the eutectic temperature due to the thermal expansion mismatch between the phases. Electron microscopy of arc-melted Si-rich Mo 5 Si 3 shows that stresses are relieved by intergranular fracture in Mo 5 Si 3 and either dislocation plasticity or transgranular cracks in MoSi 2 , in a manner consistent with the calculations.
Quantifying the Community: Using Bayesian Learning Networks to find Structure and Conduct Inference in Invasions Biology

One of the key obstacles to better understanding, anticipating, and managing biological invasions is the difficulty researchers face when trying to quantify the many important aspects of the communities that affect and are affected by non-indigenous species (NIS). Bayesian Learning Networks (BLNs) combine graphical models with multivariate Bayesian statistics to provide an analytical tool for the quantification of communities. BLNs can determine which components of a natural system influence which others, quantify this influence, and provide inferential analysis of parameter changes when changes in network variables are hypothesized or observed. After a brief explanation of these three functions of BLNs, a simulated network is analyzed for structure, parameter estimation, and inference. Discussion of this approach to invasions biology is explored and expanded applications for BLNs are then offered.
Hydration evolution of C3S–EVA composites analyzed by soft X-ray microscopy

The effect of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) or EVA on the hydration of a pure C3S was investigated by transmission soft X-ray microscopy in highly diluted systems. EVA particles are readily recognizable by their spherical shape and semitransparency to soft X-rays. Polymeric particles adsorb on the surface of hydrating C3S grains, and act as nucleation agents in the development of the composite microstructure. The formation of a polymeric film was observed after a few hours of hydration. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy supported the conclusions that a highly soluble phase is formed as a result of EVA-hydrating C3S chemical interactions.
Urine drugs of abuse testing at the point-of-care: clinical interpretation and programmatic considerations with specific reference to the Syva Rapid Test (SRT).

Abstract We evaluated a new point-of-care (POC) device for urine drugs of abuse (DOA) screening including appropriate clinical interpretation and potential benefits in a large academic medical center. Two hundred consecutive urine samples were tested using Syva Rapid Test (SRT) and existing laboratory methods (Syva EMIT II). Agreement between methods was acceptable with some considerations. Threshold concentration differences, drug interferences, and cross-reactivity profiles of the class-specific assays resulted in performance differences between the POC and central laboratory methods. Clinical interpretation of POC results requires an understanding of these issues as well as the limitations of urine testing. While urine-based screening is used in workplace testing and in a variety of clinical applications, quantitative blood measurements of some drugs (e.g. ethanol, acetaminophen, salicylate, ±tricyclic antidepressants) will remain important in the emergent setting. Performance of the SRT method takes approximately 10 min. Consequently, the major advantage over laboratory methods is rapid turnaround time. At the Massachusetts General Hospital, the most important application is for samples from the emergency department (about 1700/year). Each institution should assess its own needs and capabilities with regard to POC versus laboratory-based testing for DOA.
Enrichment of purple photosynthetic bacteria from earthworms

Numerous bacteria present in soil during its passage through the alimentary canal of earthworms resist digestive action and the antimicrobial defenses of the worms. Thus, several kinds of non-sulfur purple photosynthetic bacteria (Rhodospirillaceae) can be enriched from ‘purees’ of washed earthworms (or from intestinal contents of the worms) using a procedure that exploits the capacity to fix N2 during anaerobic phototrophic growth with organic acid carbon sources. It appears that earthworm enrichments can be designed to provide highly selective methods for isolation of Rhodomicrobium vannielli and Rhodopseudomonas palustris, and perhaps of other purple bacteria. The extensive burrowing activities of earthworms undoubtedly contributes to the widespread dissemination of Rhodospirillaceae in soils.
Flame retardant exposure among collegiate United States gymnasts.

Gymnastics training facilities contain large volumes of polyurethane foam, a material that often contains additive flame retardants such as PentaBDE. While investigations of human exposure to flame retardants have focused on the general population, potentially higher than background exposures may occur in gymnasts and certain occupational groups. Our objectives were to compare PentaBDE body burden among gymnasts to the general United States population and characterize flame retardants levels in gym equipment, air, and dust. We recruited 11 collegiate female gymnasts (ages 18–22) from one gym in the eastern United States. The geometric mean (GM) concentration of BDE-153 in gymnast sera (32.5 ng/g lipid) was 4–6.5 times higher than in the general United States population groups. Median concentrations of PentaBDE, TBB, and TBPH in paired handwipe samples were 2–3 times higher after practice compared to before, indicating the gymnasts contacted these flame retardants during practice. GM concentrations of Pent...
The specific interaction of the Rous sarcoma virus transforming protein, pp60src, with two cellular proteins

Abstract Sera from rabbits bearing tumors induced by Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) were previously found to contain antibody to the RSV transforming protein, pp60 src . Two additional transformation-specific phosphoproteins from RSV-transformed avian cells are immunoprecipitated with these sera. These proteins, having molecular weights of 90,000 (pp90) and 50,000 (pp50), are not precipitated from uninfected or transformation-defective virus-infected cells and are not related to any RSV structural proteins. Neither pp50 nor pp90 shares any partial or complete proteolytic cleavage peptides with pp60 src , suggesting that pp90 and pp50 do not represent either a precursor or a cleavage product of pp60 src . Sedimentation analysis of RSV-transformed cell lysates on glycerol gradients revealed that the RSV pp60 src protein is present as two forms, one of which represents the majority (95%) of pp60 src and sediments as a monomer, 60,000 molecular weight protein and the other of which sediments with pp90 and pp50 as an apparent 200,000 molecular weight complex. Lysates from cells transformed by viruses containing a temperature-sensitive defect in the src gene contain a greater percentage of pp60 src associated with pp90 and pp50 under both permissive (35°C) and nonpermissive (41°C) conditions compared to wild-type virus-infected cell lysates. Phosphoserine and phosphotyrosine were found associated with pp60 src molecules that sedimented as a monomer, whereas pp60 src molecules that are complexed with pp90 and pp50 contain phosphoserine and greatly reduced amounts of phosphotyrosine. Only the monomer form of pp60 src is capable of phosphorylating IgG in the immune complex phosphotransferase reaction. Normal uninfected chicken cells contain a protein that shares identical partial proteolytic cleavage peptides with the pp90 protein immunoprecipitated from RSV-transformed cells. This pp90 protein is one of the major cytoplasmic proteins in uninfected cells. Antibody directed against pp90 also immunoprecipitates pp60 src and pp50 from lysates of RSV-transformed chicken cells.
Dissecting p53-dependent apoptosis

The complexity of the p53 protein, coupled with the vast cellular responses to p53, is simply astonishing. As new isoforms, functional domains and protein-protein interactions are described; each morsel of information forces us to think (and re-think) about how it 'fits' into the current p53 paradigm. One aspect of p53 signaling that is under refinement is the mechanism(s) leading to apoptosis. Here we discuss what is known about p53-induced apoptosis, what proteins and protein-protein interactions are responsible for regulating apoptosis, how can this cascade be genetically dissected, and what pharmacological tools are available to modulate p53-dependent apoptosis. While everything may not comfortably fit into our understanding of p53, all of these data will certainly broaden our viewpoint on the complexity and significance of the p53-induced apoptotic pathway. Here, our discussion is primarily focused on the works presented at the 12th International p53 Workshop, except where appropriate background is required.
Properties of Ext and quasi-splitting of Abelian groups

represents an element of finite order in Ext (G/Gt, Gt), where Gt denotes the torsion subgroup of G. This leads to an answer to the question, posed by L. FUCHS at the New Mexico State University Conference on Abelian Groups: I f a group G is quasi-isomorphic to a group which splits over its torsion subgroup, does G necessarily split over its torsion subgroup? z The following notations and conventions will be used. The word group will mean Abelian group. I f G is a group, G t will denote the torsion subgroup of G, G v the p-pr imary component of G t, and G [n] the subgroup of elements x of G such that nx = 0. The identity homomorphism of G will be denoted by i~. I f G t is a summand of G, then G is called a splitting group.
E. B. Baldwin and the American-Norwegian discovery and exploration of Graham Bell Island, 1899

This next paper in Polar Research’s series of not-formallyreviewed biographical/historical articles comes to us from anthropologist Pete Capelotti, who specializes in the history of exploration. In 1993, he conducted archaeological research on the base camps of the Andree and Wellman polar balloon expeditions at Virgohamna, Danskoya, Svalbard. In this account of Walter Wellman’s attempt to reach the North Pole from Franz Josef Land in 1898–99, he examines the lone success in that effort, when one American and four Norwegians discovered and explored the last large island in the archipelago.
Higher education costs and scale and scope economies

Higher education multi-product cost functions are estimated for the public and private sectors disaggregated by research, comprehensive, baccalaureate, and associate level institutions. The output mix incorporates professional school teaching output, in addition to undergraduate and graduate teaching and research outputs. Scale and scope economies are examined by sector and institutional level, also accounting for regional differences. Ray economies are found throughout the private sector, but confined to lower level public institutions. Research economies are widespread throughout all sector levels. Economies of scope prevail among private institutions across levels, but only among comprehensive and baccalaureate public colleges.
Open Letter to Daisy Sewid‐Smith

AEQ editor Kathryn Anderson-Levitt has forwarded comments prompted by your reading of the personal copy I sent of "Peripheral Participation and the Kwakiutl Potlatch" that appeared in the December 1996 issue. I appreciate the fact that you took time to respond, for your view is both informed and informative, filled with insight that only someone like yourself could have. In this "open letter" to you and to readers, I take the opportunity the editor has provided to add to the dialogue. Your great-uncle (and my great friend) Henry Bell told me that your father, James ("Jimmy") Sewid, was initially quite concerned with the "image" that people might get of the Kwakiutl from reading my monograph A Kwakiutl Village and School (Wolcott 1967). Henry saw it another way, and reassured his nephew, "But Jimmy, you know that Harry's book tells about the village just the way it is." That happened 30 years ago. If those fine men still watch over us, I would like to think that Henry would come to my defense again, satisfied that I had the potlatch account more or less correct, at least from one point of view. Your father always showed concern for the image of the Kwakiutl people, and he assumed responsibility for being their collective spokesperson. Henry held a somewhat more pragmatic view, and I think he would accept my account as a well-intended celebration both of his life and of this memorial
An analysis of the variance in meal patterning

Abstract The feeding and drinking patterns of 16 normal rats and 8 rats bearing medial septal lesions were analyzed in an attempt to identify the factors responsible for unexplained variance in meal sizes and intermeal intervals. A substantial proportion of the variance in meal patterning was found to result from the interaction of feeding and drinking and from food intake preceding the meal. Multiple linear regression analysis was found to be an excellent procedure to account for and mathematically control these factors and was found to be sensitive to brain damage induced changes in feeding behavior, uncovering deficits not detected by other techniques. Implications of these results for food intake regulatory mechanisms and the role of the medial septal nucleus in food intake regulation are discussed.
Early and medium-term results for repair of Ebstein anomaly.

Abstract Objectives We evaluated the early and medium-term single-center results for primary repair of Ebstein anomaly in both adults and children. Methods The records were reviewed of patients undergoing repair of Ebstein anomaly at the Children's Hospital of New York from September 1990 to September 2002. Functional, demographic, and echocardiographic parameters were studied both preoperatively and postoperatively, along with functional status and adverse events. The repair technique involved vertical plication of the atrialized ventricle and valve leaflet reimplantation after clockwise rotation. Results A total of 25 patients (19 children and 6 adults) underwent repair. The average age was 14.2 ± 15.9 years, and the average follow-up was 4.1 ± 3.4 years. Three patients required reoperation for right ventricular overload (1 child) and progressive, severe tricuspid regurgitation (2 adults); both adults received tricuspid valve replacements, one at 4 years and the other at 8 years post-repair. Three patients had radiofrequency ablation procedures performed intraoperatively. Ten patients (40%) had moderate-to-severe tricuspid regurgitation perioperatively. However, 18 children (95%) and 5 adults (83%) demonstrated significant improvement in exercise capacity late postoperatively. Two children died suddenly 11 months and 4 years after repair. Discussion Ebstein repair has good functional outcomes in children despite residual tricuspid regurgitation, likely because of reduction in right ventricular volume loading and relative annular and ventricular plasticity. Adult patients did not demonstrate the same durability of valve repair and frequently required tricuspid valve replacement. Intraoperative radiofrequency ablation represents an important adjunctive treatment for intractable arrhythmias, which may now represent relative indications for operative intervention.
Guest Editorial Recent Advances in Solid State Lighting

This Special Issue on Solid State Lighting, comprising the April/May/June 2013 issues of the IEEE/OSA Journal of Display Technology, focuses on the material physics and innovations, device physics and simulations, new device concepts and engineering, and system implementation of high efficiency solid state lighting technologies. The 45 papers of this Special Issue on Solid State Lighting covers both the innovations in inorganic and organic LEDs technologies, as well as the new concepts required for system implementation of the technology. We are very fortunate to have several excellent manuscripts in the key topics areas related to the progress for achieving high internal quantum efficiency and novel approaches for improving light extraction in III-Nitride LEDs, new concept for achieving phosphor-converted white LEDs, and key advances in the important field of organic LEDs. The progress in both organic and inorganic LEDs is very important, and the advances are complementary of one another attributed to the different key applications enabled by these two technologies. This Special Issue on Solid State Lighting covers three separate categories: 1) innovations for addressing the internal quantum efficiency and efficiency-droop in III-Nitride LEDs; 2) novel approaches for addressing light extraction efficiency in III-Nitride LEDs, and enabling circuits and systems for LEDs; and 3) novel approaches for white LEDs, and key advances and review on the material and device concepts in organic LEDs.
Dysregulation of Glucose Metabolism in HIV Patients: Epidemiology, Mechanisms and Management

HIV-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) have increased prevalence of a number of chronic metabolic disorders of multifactorial but unclear etiology. These include disorders of lipid metabolism with or without lipodystrophy, insulin resistance, and an increased prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes mellitus, and cardiometabolic syndrome. While much attention has been focused on the lipid and cardiovascular disorders, few investigations have attempted to characterize the prevalence, incidence, etiology, mechanisms, and management of glycemic disorders in HIV patients. In this review, we have focused specifically on a comprehensive assessment of dysglycemia in the context of HIV infection and HAART.
Influence of Stride Frequency and Length on Running Mechanics: A Systematic Review

Context:A high number of recreational runners sustain a running-related injury each year. To reduce injury risk, alterations in running form have been suggested. One simple strategy for running stride frequency or length has been commonly advocated.Objective:To characterize how running mechanics change when stride frequency and length are manipulated.Data Sources:In January 2012, a comprehensive search of PubMed, CINAHL Plus, SPORTDiscus, PEDro, and Cochrane was performed independently by 2 reviewers. A second search of the databases was repeated in June 2012 to ensure that no additional studies met the criteria after the initial search.Study Selection:Inclusion criteria for studies were an independent variable including manipulation of stride frequency or length at a constant speed with outcome measures of running kinematics or kinetics.Study Design:Systematic review.Level of Evidence:Level 3.Data Extraction:Two reviewers independently appraised each article using a modified version of the Quality Index,...
Anti-Semitism and apostasy in Nineteenth-Century France: A response to Jonathan Helfand

In "Passports and Piety: Apostasy in Nineteenth-Century France" (Jewish History, Fall 1988), Jonathan Helfand addresses one of the central issues in the study of the Jewish communities of the West in the modem period. In discussing the extent of conversion from Judaism to Christianity in France, he poses the question of whether Jews were able to participate in the mainstream of French society in the decades following emancipation without relinquishing their ties to the Jewish community. Recognizing the imperfect character of Jewish emancipation in France, that is, the failure of legislative action to eliminate social discrimination and religious prejudice, Helfand asks whether anti-Semitism remained so pervasive after the Revolution that it eroded Jewish loyalties and encouraged conversion to Christianity. In other words, was the situation in France similar to that in the German states before emancipation, when legal impediments to advancement led many ambitious and talented Jews to flee their Jewishness? Helfand answers in the affirmative. As the title of his article suggests, he believes that the much-quoted aphorism of Heinrich Heine that baptism was "the entrance ticket to European culture" describes conditions in France as much as in Germany. He also believes that modem Jewish historiography has ignored conversion in France and that some historians have created a false impression of the situation by maintaining that apostasy was infrequent and uncharacteristic. His intention then is to offer "a revision of the prevailing view and its underlying presumptions." In his view, Jews were victims of discrimination in professional and public life throughout the nineteenth century, and, as a result, "during the first half of the nineteenth century there was a significant conversionist movement in France. ''1 Helfand's article joins a growing body of literature on the phenomenon of conversion in the modem period 2 and is to be welcomed for casting the discussion
Microseismic Monitoring at a Limestone Mine

Improving microseismic monitoring efficiency and accuracy at a mine requires an integrated effort. This article discusses a case study which demonstrates that the monitoring efficiency and accuracy can be drastically improved through optimally using the existing array, efficient techniques for signal processing and noise separation, and the advanced location algorithm which not only offers a robust search scheme, but also features the techniques for efficient data utilization and further error detection and minimization. The study is a collaborated research between Penn State and NIOSH researchers for the better use of microseismic technique for mine safety, ground control and roof fall prediction.
Effect of sequential surface irrigations on field-scale emissions of 1,3-dichloropropene.

A field experiment was conducted to measure subsurface movement and volatilization of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) after shank injection to an agricultural soil. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of sprinkler irrigation on the emissions of 1,3-D to the atmosphere and is based on recent research that has shown that saturating the soil pore space reduces gas-phase diffusion and leads to reduced volatilization rates. Aerodynamic, integrated horizontal flux, and theoretical profile shape methods were used to estimate fumigant volatilization rates and total emission losses. These methods provide estimates of the volatilization rate based on measurements of wind speed, temperature, and 1,3-D concentration in the atmosphere. The volatilization rate was measured continuously for 16 days, and the daily peak volatilization rates for the three methods ranged from 18 to 60 μg m−2 s−1. The total 1,3-D mass entering the atmosphere was approximately 44−68 kg ha−1, or 10−15% of the applied active ingredien...
First phase acceleration mechanisms and implications for hard X-ray burst models in solar flares

Requirements for the number of nonthermal electrons which must be accelerated in the impulsive phase of a flare are reviewed. These are uncertain by two orders of magnitude depending on whether hard X-rays above 25 keV are produced primarily by hot thermal electrons which contain a small fraction of the flare energy or by nonthermal streaming electrons which contain > 50% of the flare energy. Possible acceleration mechanisms are considered to see to what extent either X-ray production scenario can be considered viable. Direct electric field acceleration is shown to involve significant heating. In addition, candidate primary energy release mechanisms to convert stored magnetic energy into flare energy, steady reconnection and the tearing mode instability, transfer at least half of the stored energy into heat and most of the remaining energy to ions. Acceleration by electron plasma waves requires that the waves be driven to large amplitude by electrons with large streaming velocities or by anisotropic ion-acoustic waves which also require streaming electrons for their production. These in turn can only come from direct electric field acceleration since it is shown that ion-acoustic waves excited by the primary current cannot amplify electron plasma waves. Thus, wave acceleration is subject to the same limitations as direct electric field acceleration. It is concluded that at most 0.1% of the flare energy can be deposited into nonthermal streaming electrons with the energy conversion mechanisms as they have been proposed and known acceleration mechanisms. Thus, hard X-ray production above 10 keV primarily by hot thermal electrons is the only choice compatible with models for the primary energy release as they presently exist.
An object-oriented framework for model management and DSS development

Abstract Through various studies, a number of model management (MM) issues have been addressed in the literature. There is a need to consolidate the various proposals and the different interpretations of the notion of a model. Towards this end, this paper proposes an object-oriented framework which provides a unifying context for MM research and DSS development. The framework coherently integrates Geoffrion's structured modeling together with Muhanna and Pick's systems approach, thereby offering a methodology for both modeling-in-the-small as well as modeling-in-the-large. Further, we argue that an overall object-oriented approach can significantly contribute towards the integration of model management, data management, software engineering, and artificial intelligence.