cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interhemispheric observations of impulsive nitrate enhancements associated with the four large ground-level solar cosmic ray events (1940–1950)

Abstract We present a compelling similarity of impulsive nitrate enhancements observed in polar ice from the northern and southern hemispheres. This analysis concentrates on the period 1940–1950, during which time the first four recorded solar cosmic ray ground-level enhancements (GLEs) occurred. GLEs are strong solar proton events. We show that large and sudden enhancements in the nitrate records from both hemispheres were observed within weeks following the recorded solar cosmic ray ground-level event. The observation of impulsive nitrate enhancements simultaneously in both hemispheres shortly after a large fluence solar proton event is strong evidence in support of a causal connection and argues strongly for rapid transport of atmospheric nitrates generated through the polar atmosphere by energetic solar proton events.
Bias Adjustments for the AQUA AMSU Instrument

Biases in the differences between measured and calculated radiances cause biases in retrievals. Radiance biases are shown for the AMSU flown on the Aqua satellite and the improved results after bias adjustments are made.
Oxidation-reduction behavior of undoped and Sr-doped LaMnO3 nonstoichiometry and defect structure

Undoped and Sr-doped LaMnO{sub 3} showed reversible oxidation-reduction behavior. These perovskites can be excess, stoichiometric or deficient in oxygen content depending on the specific conditions. Under very reducing conditions decomposition into new phases occurs. Phase stabilities for these oxides were determined. The results showed that Sr doping caused the LaMnO{sub 3} to dissociate at higher oxygen activities than those necessary for undoped LaMnO{sub 3}. Defects models are proposed to interpret the thermogravimetric results in which metal vacancies are assumed for the oxygen excess condition and oxygen vacancies are assumed for the oxygen deficient condition. Thermodynamic properties were calculated which support the model.
Social media, text messaging, and email-preferences of asthma patients between 12 and 40 years old.

Background. Electronic media such as social media (Facebook, Twitter, MySpace), email, and text messaging could be useful in the management of asthma. However, patient use and preferences for electronic media in asthma management is currently unknown. Methods. A survey was sent to asthma patients between 12–40 years of age. The survey collected demographic information, use of electronic media, interest in using electronic media to receive asthma information, and interest in using electronic media to communicate with a health care provider about asthma. Free text entries were encouraged. Results. 145 completed surveys were returned. Text messaging, email, and Facebook were used at least weekly by a majority of respondents (82%, 77%, and 65%, respectively). Email was clearly the most preferred method to receive asthma information and to communicate with a physician. There was some interest in using Facebook or text messaging, whereas Myspace and Twitter had minimal interest. On logistic regression analysis,...
The Language of Bad Love

We've learned a great deal about computer languages and language design in the past decades.
The influence of temperature and moisture stress on tuber malformation and respiration

Russet Burbank plants subjected to a short period of stress produced a greater per cent of malformed tubers than plants grown continuously under moisture stress. Various root medium stress levels up to 5 bars did not differentially affect tuber shape. The respiration rate of tuber tissue discs was affected by various environmental factors such as air temperature. Tuber tissue respiration rate could be correlated with tuber malformation. Treatments with high respiration rates produce the greater quantity by weight of malformation.
Heats of Formation of XeF3+, XeF3−, XeF5+, XeF7+, XeF7−, and XeF8 from High Level Electronic Structure Calculations

Atomization energies at 0 K and heats of formation at 0 and 298 K are predicted for XeF3+, XeF3−, XeF5+, XeF7+, XeF7−, and XeF8 from coupled cluster theory (CCSD(T)) calculations with effective core potential correlation-consistent basis sets for Xe and including correlation of the nearest core electrons. Additional corrections are included to achieve near chemical accuracy of ±1 kcal/mol. Vibrational zero point energies were computed at the MP2 level of theory. Unlike the other neutral xenon fluorides, XeF8 is predicted to be thermodynamically unstable with respect to loss of F2 with the reaction calculated to be exothermic by 22.3 kcal/mol at 0 K. XeF7+ is also predicted to be thermodynamically unstable with respect to the loss of F2 by 24.1 kcal/mol at 0 K. For XeF3+, XeF5+, XeF3−, XeF5−, and XeF7−, the reactions for loss of F2 are endothermic by 14.8, 37.8, 38.2, 59.6, and 31.9 kcal/mol at 0 K, respectively. The F+ affinities of Xe, XeF2, XeF4, and XeF6 are predicted to be 165.1, 155.3, 172.7, and 132...
Connexin43 as a determinant of myocardial infarct size following coronary occlusion in mice

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to define the role of cell–cell coupling as an independent determinant of infarct size following coronary occlusion. Background Electrical uncoupling induced by acute ischemia enhances arrhythmogenesis, but it may also protect the heart by limiting intercellular spread of chemical mediators of injury. Methods The left anterior descending coronary artery was ligated in wild-type (Cx43+/+) mice and Cx43-deficient (Cx43+/−) mice that are heterozygous for a null allele in the gene encoding the major gap junction channel protein, connexin43 (Cx43). Ventricular remodeling and infarct size were compared in both groups. Results Echocardiography at 1 and 10 weeks after infarction showed that left ventricular end-diastolic volume and mass increased and ejection fraction decreased in proportion to infarct size in both Cx43+/−and Cx43+/+hearts. However, infarct size measured histologically in healing infarcts (eight days after infarction) was 29% smaller in Cx43+/−hearts (17 ± 14% of total left ventricular area, n = 30) than in Cx43+/+hearts (24 ± 15%, n = 23; p = 0.037). Fully healed infarcts were smaller than healing infarcts, owing to resorption of necrotic tissue and maturation of scar, but infarct size at 10 weeks after coronary occlusion was still smaller (by 50%) in Cx43+/−hearts (6 ± 5%, n = 9) compared with Cx43+/+hearts (12 ± 7%, n = 17; p = 0.037). Conclusions Cx43-deficient mice develop smaller infarcts than wild-type mice following coronary ligation. New therapies designed to decrease the risk of arrhythmias by enhancing intercellular communication could lead to larger infarcts caused by persistent coronary occlusion.
Macrophage function in tumor-bearing mice: dissociation of phagocytic and chemotactic responsiveness.

Abstract Macrophage function in mice with tumors was examined by two in vitro assays: chemotaxis to lymphocyte- or serum-derived stimuli and phagocytosis of 51 Cr-labeled IgG coated sheep erythrocytes ( 51 Cr-EAIgG). Resident peritoneal macrophages from mice with intrafootpad syngeneic fibrosarcomas were less responsive to chemotactic stimuli than macrophages from control mice. Chemotactic responses were depressed to about half of normal within 3 days of tumor transplantation and remained depressed until death of the mouse by 6–8 weeks. In contrast to this persistent depression of macrophage chemotaxis, phagocytosis of 51 Cr-EAIgG was markedly increased in tumorbearing mice. Macrophage uptake of 51 Cr-EAIgG was 4–5 fold greater than normal within 1 week of tumor transplantation, progressively decreased to normal levels by 2 weeks and remained normal through 4 weeks. Increased phagocytic capacity of macrophages from mice with tumors reflected both increased numbers of phagocytic cells and increased numbers of erythrocytes phagocytized per cell. A similar increase in macrophage phagocytosis was observed with cells from mice bearing another tumor but not from mice treated with syngeneic spleen cells, medium or mineral oil. Thus, growing tumors induce significant alterations in mononuclear phagocyte function. Changes observed in vitro with macrophages from tumor-bearing mice may provide cellular mechanisms for the abnormal phagocytic and inflammatory responses of cancer patients.
Generation of high-pressure hydrogen for fuel cell electric vehicles using photovoltaic-powered water electrolysis

Abstract Increasing the utilization of electric drive systems including hybrid, battery, and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) will reduce the usage of petroleum and the emission of air pollution by vehicles. The eventual production of electricity and hydrogen in a renewable fashion, such as using solar energy, can achieve the long-term vision of having no tailpipe emissions, as well as eliminating the dependence of the transportation sector on dwindling supplies of petroleum for its energy. Before FCEVs can be introduced in large numbers, a hydrogen-fueling infrastructure is needed. This report describes an early proof-of-concept for a distributed hydrogen fueling option in which renewably generated, high-pressure hydrogen is dispensed at an FCEV owner’s home. In an earlier report we described the design and initial characterization of a solar photovoltaic (PV) powered electrolyzer/storage/dispensing (ESD) system that was a proof-of-concept for a single FCEV home fueling system. In the present report we determined the efficiency and other operational characteristics of that PV-ESD system during testing over a 109-day period at the GM Proving Ground in Milford, MI, at a hydrogen output pressure of approximately 2000 psi (13.8 MPa). The high pressure was achieved without any mechanical compression via electrolysis. Over the study period the photovoltaic solar to electrical efficiency averaged 13.7%, the electrolyzer efficiency averaged 59%, and the system solar to hydrogen efficiency averaged 8.2% based on the hydrogen lower heating value. A well-documented model used to evaluate solar photovoltaic power systems was used to calculate the maximum power point values of the voltage, current, and power of our PV system in order to derive the coupling factor between the PV and ESD systems and to determine its behavior over the range of environmental conditions experienced during the study. The average coupling factor was near unity, indicating that the two systems remained coupled in an optimal fashion. Also, the system operated well over a wide range of meteorological conditions, and in particular it responded quickly to instantaneous changes in the solar irradiance (caused by clouds) with negligible effect on the overall efficiency. During the study up to 0.67 kg of high-pressure hydrogen was generated on a sunny day for fueling FCEV. Future generations of high-pressure electrolyzers, properly combined with solar PV systems, can offer a compact, efficient, and environmentally acceptable system for FCEV home fueling.
Analysis of hybrid PMN/Terfenol broadband transducers in mechanical series configuration

This paper presents recent advances in the design and characterization of hybrid transducers incorporating magnetostrictive and electrostrictive elements. In order to analyze and validate the properties inherent to hybrid concepts, a transducer was designed and constructed through a mechanical series arrangement of a PMN-PT stack and a Terfenol-D rod. This configuration provides a double resonant frequency response that can be tuned for a variety of applications. The primary objective of this study lies in the determination of the design criteria for achieving maximum transducer bandwidth on the 1 - 6 kHz range. To this end, a linear system model was developed utilizing concepts from vibrations, electroacoustic theory, and linearized constitutive relationships for each class of smart material for low to moderate drive levels. This model provides a means of completely describing the system response and the interactions between electrical and mechanical domains for this hybrid transducer. Experimental data collected from the test device indicate that the measured modes of vibration and resonance peaks agree with the theoretical results, and that the desired bandwidth has been achieved.
Molecular theory of cholesteric liquid crystals and cholesteric mixtures

A molecular theory of cholesteric liquid crystals is presented. By means of symmetry considerations we obtain a general form of the intermolecular potential containing chiral contributions, which are then shown to be responsible for forming the cholesteric phase. The temperature dependence of the cholesteric pitch is calculated. It is found that the pitch depends on temperature through a ratio of orientational order parameters in the form ${[\frac{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{4}(T)}{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{2}(T)}]}^{2}$. A general mean-field theory for binary cholesteric mixtures is also presented, along with a formula showing how the pitch depends on temperature and concentration. Under certain conditions, the formula reduces at fixed $T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c}$ to a simple quadratic rational fraction in the concentration. This is consistent with experimental observation.
Maternal-fetal interactions and MHC polymorphism

Abstract Two models of maternal-fetal interactions are discussed. In the first, offspring are advantaged if they possess an allele absent in their mother. Polymorphism is maintained bacause rare alleles have an advantage when present in males. In the second, offspring are disadvantaged if they lack an allele present in their mother. Polymorphism is maintained because rare alleles have an advantage when present in females. Both classes of model are associated with a deficiency of homozygous genotypes. If the artificial assumption of symmetrical selection is relaxed, the second class of model (gestational drive) could account for the otherwise inexplicable absence of MHC polymorphism in some species.
Newspapers Coverage of Spain and the United States: A Comparative Analysis *

This article assesses the content of foreign news coverage in the United States and Spain. It draws on content analysis of two U.S. and two Spanish newspapers over a 28-month period, during 2005-2007 and in 2009. The results show that the content of these newspapers tends to be more negative when covering politics. However, there was a major change in the type of coverage in the Spanish newspapers from the period 2005-2007 to 2009. Coverage of U.S. politics in 2009 was much more positive than in the previous period studied. These findings suggest that newspapers contribute to an overall unfavorable representation of these countries for their respective populations. Also, when covering international news, newspapers are less independent from their government agendas than they claim; supporting critical research findings that mainstream media is vulnerable to “news management” by the government.
A Shadow Based Method for Image to Model Registration

This paper presents a novel method for 2D to 3D texture mapping using shadows as cues. This work is part of a larger set of methods that address the entire 3D modeling pipeline to create geometrically and photometrically accurate models using a variety of data sources. The focus is on building models of large outdoor, urban, historic and archaeological sites. We pose registration of 2D images with the 3D model as an optimization problem that uses knowledge of the Sun's position to estimate shadows in a scene, and use the shadows produced as a cue to refine the registration parameters. Results are presented for registration where ground truth is known and also for a large scale model consisting of 14 3D scans and 10 images on a large archaeological site in Sicily.
Friendship, cliquishness, and the emergence of cooperation

The evolution of cooperation is a central problem in biology and the social sciences. While theoretical work using the iterated prisoner's dilemma (IPD) has shown that cooperation among non-kin can be sustained among reciprocal strategies (i.e. tit-for-tat), these results are sensitive to errors in strategy execution, cyclical invasions by free riders, and the specific ecology of strategies. Moreover, the IPD assumes that a strategy's probability of playing the PD game with other individuals is independent of the decisions made by others. Here, we remove the assumption of independent pairing by studying a more plausible cooperative dilemma in which players can preferentially interact with a limited set of known partners and also deploy longer-term accounting strategies that can counteract the effects of random errors. We show that cooperative strategies readily emerge and persist in a range of noisy environments, with successful cooperative strategies (henceforth, cliquers) maintaining medium-term memories for partners and low thresholds for acceptable cooperation (i.e. forgiveness). The success of these strategies relies on their cliquishness-a propensity to defect with strangers if they already have an adequate number of partners. Notably, this combination of medium-term accounting, forgiveness, and cliquishness fits with empirical studies of friendship and other long-term relationships among humans.
A NEW METHOD FOR THE PREPARATION OF ALKYNES FROM VINYL TRIFLATES

Abstract Treatment of vinyl triflates with lithium diisopropylamide results in the selective formation of alkynes in moderate to high yields.
Discourse and Wolves: Science, Society, and Ethics

Wolves have a special resonance in many human cultures. To appreciate fully the wide variety of views on wolves, we must attend to the scientifi c, social, and ethical discourses that frame our understanding of wolves themselves, as well as their relationships with people and the natural world. Th ese discourses are a confi guration of ideas, language, actions, and institutions that enable or constrain our individual and collective agency with respect to wolves. Scientifi c discourse is frequently privileged when it comes to wolves, on the assumption that the primary knowledge requirements are matters of ecology, cognitive ethology, and allied disciplines. Social discourse about wolves implicitly challenges this privilege and provides a rich array of social perspectives on human-wolf relations. Ethical discourse has until recently lagged behind the other two. So too, ethicists are increasingly challenging the adequacy of scientifi c and social discourse. Th ey do so by calling attention to the value-laden character of all discourse, and the unavoidable ethical questions that confront us as we learn to share the landscape with large predators like wolves.
From the Fat of Our Souls: Social Change, Political Process and Medical Pluralism in Bolivia

From the Fat of Our Souls: Social Change, Political Process and Medical Pluralism in Bolivia. LIBBET CRANDON MALAMUD. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991. 308 pp. $45.00 (cloth), $16.00 (paper). ISBN 0-520-07011-9, ISBN 0-520-08430-6.
Ecological Predictions and Risk Assessment for Alien Fishes in North America

Methods of risk assessment for alien species, especially for nonagricultural systems, are largely qualitative. Using a generalizable risk assessment approach and statistical models of fish introductions into the Great Lakes, North America, we developed a quantitative approach to target prevention efforts on species most likely to cause damage. Models correctly categorized established, quickly spreading, and nuisance fishes with 87 to 94% accuracy. We then identified fishes that pose a high risk to the Great Lakes if introduced from unintentional (ballast water) or intentional pathways (sport, pet, bait, and aquaculture industries).
Comparison of the General Ability Measure for Adults and the Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test with college students

Ninety-four college students were administered the GAMA and KAIT. GAMA IQs were significantly and moderately correlated with KAIT Fluid, Crystallized and Composite IQs, supporting the convergent validity of this instrument. Although significant correlations between measures emerged and nonsignificant differences were found between mean scores across these instruments, GAMA IQ scores did not accurately predict KAIT Composite IQ scores when GAMA IQ scores were compared to KAIT Composite IQs. Similarly, when the sample was divided into two groups by ability level, GAMA IQs accurately estimated the intelligence for individuals of Average and Below Average intelligence, but underestimated the KAIT Composite IQ scores by 4 points for the Above Average group. Implications of the findings are discussed and suggestions for future research are provided. © 2002, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Parenting Self-Efficacy and Perception of Insufficient Breast Milk

Objective Insufficient breast milk is a major reason why mothers give up breastfeeding and may be related to low levels of maternal confidence. This study explored the relationship between parenting self-efficacy (PES) and perception of insufficient breast milk. Design Cross-sectional descriptive correlational study. Setting Four private primary care pediatric practices in the northern United States. Participants Sixty breastfeeding mothers of infants ages 1 to 11 weeks. Procedures Mothers were recruited during well-baby pediatric visits. They returned completed questionnaires by mail. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t tests, and multiple regression analysis. Main Outcome Measure The Perception of Insufficient Milk (PIM) questionnaire, an investigator-developed instrument. Results There was a significant correlation (r = .487, p Conclusions Although further research is needed to refine the measurement of perceived insufficient milk and differentiate breastfeeding self-efficacy from general parenting self-efficacy, nursing interventions to enhance self-efficacy may improve mothers' confidence in the adequacy of their milk supply.
What's after “What's That?”: Preservice Teachers Learning to Ask Literary Questions

This year-long study analyzed the effects of using carefully assisted case studies to prepare preservice teachers to be more knowledgeable and skilled in supporting children's response to literature. As part of an undergraduate course in children's literature, 43 preservice teachers read weekly to individually selected children. The purposes of the assignment were (a) to expand the preservice teachers' understandings of response to literature by analyzing an individual child's responses over time and (b) to enhance their instructional strategies and critical stances toward literature. Over time, preservice teachers' question types shifted in amount and content, moving from teacher dominance to child-teacher dialogue. Within the dialogue, the preservice teachers learned to create or at least reflect on a balance between comfort and challenge. As the preservice teachers changed, the children changed as well, moving from hesitancy to confidence, even to the point of contradicting the preservice teachers. Add...
GENETIC INFLUENCES ON BINAURAL SUMMATION AND RECOVERY RATE OF THE BRAINSTEM AUDITORY EVOKED RESPONSE

C57BL/6 and CBA/J inbred strains of mice, from 20 to 385 days of age, were exposed to 65 dB acoustic clicks at rates of 10, 20, 40 and 80 per second. For both genotypes, increasing the stimulus repetition rate increased latencies by 66, 141, 163, 188, and 356 musec for P1-v of the BSER, respectively. For the CBA/J mouse, there was a concurrent decline of all BSER amplitudes by approximately 45%. The C57BL/6 mouse showed this same 45% decline for PI PII and PIII, although its Pm and Pv amplitudes only declined by 25% as the repetition rate increased. Age had no observable influence on these variables. When binaural and monaural responses were compared, all ages and genotypes showed the same effect. For PI-M, binaural stimulation produced the same effect as did summing the responses obtained by monaurally stimulating the two ears. For PIV and Pv, however, binaural stimulation reduced the amplitudes by 25 and 71 %. respectively. These results were compared with data obtained from the cat and human. Although ...
Optimum detection performance of passive coherence estimators

Two-dimensional coherence processing is commonly used for passive detection in acoustic sensor systems. Modern coherence processors well suited for this purpose include the magnitude-squared coherence (MSC) estimator and the normalized correlation envelope (NCE) estimator. These are biased estimators whose performance characteristics are not well understood and are exceptionally difficult to analyze. However, by developing a rather unique bias-correcting function, the detection performance of biased estimators is derived as a function of both the input-signal and the processor parameters. Design parameters which optimize detection are determined for both the MSC and the NCE estimators. In applications where the number of degrees of freedom (or time-bandwidth product) of a target signal is severely limited, detection performance can be enhanced by signal overcontainment within the processor bandwidth. Performance data are presented in formats appropriate for selecting processor parameters which are optimum for a given application.
Transfer RNA Synthetase Editing of Amino Acids

Summary HighselectivityofAARSsisaprerequisitefortheirpivotalrole in the implementation and translation of the geneticcode. When differences in binding energies of amino acidsto an AARS are inadequate, editing is used as a majorcomponent of the enzyme selectivity. Editing is accom-plishedbydeacylatingincorrectAA-AMPorAA-tRNAattheactivesiteorataseparateeditingsite.MoleculardetailsofaminoacidselectivityofAARSsarebeingelucidatedbyX-ray crystallography and site-directed mutagenesis. Thediscovery that MetRS, IleRS and LeuRS metabolicallyconvert Hcy to Hcy-thiolactone shows that continuousediting is part of the process of tRNA aminoacylation inliving organisms, including humans. Disabling the editingfunction of an AARS offers a powerful approach for syn-thesis of novel proteins by utilizing nonprotein amino ac-ids. By channelling amino acids from biosyntheticpathways to protein biosynthesis, cells prevent access ofnoncognate amino acids to AARSs and limit editing. Be-cause of high energy cost and production of harmful met-abolites, such as Hcy-thiolactone, editing can bedetrimental to living cells. A role of Hcy editing in humancardiovascular disease is being investigated.
Prostate-specific membrane antigen retargeted measles virotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND Live attenuated vaccine strain of measles virus (MV) has promising antitumor activity and is undergoing clinical testing in three different phase I cancer trials. The virus uses one of two receptors, CD46 which is ubiquitously expressed on all nucleated cells or CD150 which is expressed on immune cells, to infect cells. To minimize potential toxicity due to indiscriminate infection of normal cells, we have generated a fully retargeted MV that infects cells exclusively through the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) receptor, which is overexpressed on prostate cancer cells and tumor neovasculature. METHODS A single-chain antibody (scFv) specific for the extracellular domain of PSMA (J591) was inserted as a C-terminal extension on the MV attachment protein. Specificity of infection by the PSMA targeted virus was evaluated in parallel with the parental MV and a control virus which binds to CD38, a myeloma antigen. Antitumor activity of the PSMA retargeted virus was tested in both LNCaP and PC3-PSMA tumor xenograft models, with and without low dose external beam radiation. RESULTS Replication of the PSMA targeted virus was comparable to the parental MV. The PSMA scFv efficiently redirected virus infection and cytopathic killing exclusively to PSMA positive prostate cancer cells and not PSMA negative cells. There was an additive effect on cell killing from radiation treatment and virotherapy. The PSMA virus induced tumor regression of LNCaP and PC3-PSMA tumor xenografts. Extensive areas of MV infection and apoptosis were seen in virus treated tumors. CONCLUSIONS The PSMA retargeted virus warrants further investigation as a virotherapy agent. Prostate 69:1128–1141, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sulfur effects on cotton cultivars grown in a greenhouse

Abstract Twenty cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars were grown for 60 days in a greenhouse on Keo silt loam soil (coarse‐silty, mixed, thermic Dystric Fluventic Eutrochrept) low in available sulfur (S). Sulfur (CaSO4.2H2O) was applied at rates equal to 0, 30 and 60 mg kg‐1 soil. Total dry matter of shoots, total S concentration in tissue, S uptake expressed in mg S plant‐1 and the N/S ratios were evaluated. The addition of S prevented S deficiency in the plants and significantly increased dry matter yields. Shoot weight increases of all cotton cultivars were associated with increased S concentration and S uptake, and a decrease in N/S ratios. Minimum S concentration and N/S ratio in cotton plants for maximum dry matter weights were 1.8 g S kg‐1 and 13.0, respectively.
Network management with consistently managed objects

A consistency constraint exists between two objects in a network management information base (MIB) if a change in value of one object will cause a change in another. Based on the definition of common knowledge, such constraints can be classified by the time needed to maintain them and the probability of correctly maintaining them. The practical issues of how to build an MIB with a set of objects and consistency constraints are discussed. Various kinds of consistency constraints and their relations with common knowledge are described. Also introduced is the concept of a consistency hierarchy, which presents a gateway between consistency constraints and the management protocols that would actually maintain the consistency between network entities. Building a network management information model using consistency constraints is considered. >
New Roles of HDL in Inflammation and Hematopoiesis

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels are inversely associated with coronary heart disease due to HDL's ability to transport excess cholesterol in arterial macrophages to the liver for excretion [i.e., reverse cholesterol transport (RCT)]. However, recent advances highlight additional atheroprotective roles for HDL beyond bulk cholesterol removal from cells through RCT. By promoting cellular free cholesterol (FC) efflux, HDL and its apolipoproteins (apoA-I and apoE) decrease plasma membrane FC and lipid raft content in immune and hematopoietic stem cells, decreasing inflammatory and cell proliferation signaling pathways. HDL and apoA-I also dampen inflammatory signaling pathways independent of cellular FC efflux. In addition, HDL lipid and protein cargo provide protection against parasitic and bacterial infection, endothelial damage, and oxidant toxicity. Here, current knowledge is reviewed regarding the role of HDL and its apolipoproteins in regulating cellular cholesterol homeostasis, highlighting recen...
Numerical Simulation of Mixing in Natural Rivers

A numerical model is developed for two-dimensional transient mixing in natural river channels. Through the use of an orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system based on the geometry and the flow distribution of the river channel, the physical domain is mapped into a rectangular strip by introducing the cumulative discharge as the new transverse coordinate. The concentration values at each point in the grid system are then determined at time levels by using a combined implicit/explicit finite difference successive scheme. A computer program is developed to solve these equations, and a case study is presented and verified with an existing steady-state analytical solution and field measurement.
Concept mapping: A viable alternative to objective and essay exams

Abstract America 2000, yet another attempt to reform education, calls for a voluntary set of national achievement tests. If we agree with Ernest Boyer's philosophy that the goal of education is to turn out people who can think, then we need tests that will help us reach that goal. This article examines and defines concept maps, describes how concept maps are constructed, and explains why concept mapping is a viable tool for meaningful learning and understanding. In addition, it also compares concept maps with objective and essay exams and offers evaluation/scoring suggestions.
My World, My Experiences with Occupy Wall Street and How We Can Go Further

This chapter is an autobiographical essay written by activist, writer and artist Nick Dupree. Dependent on mechanical ventilation for survival, Dupree worked to change Alabama Medicaid policy to allow him to live at home after he turned 21. Up until that time, ventilator-users in Alabama were routinely forced to move to out-of-state institutions once they reached adulthood. Dupree describes his experiences in higher education at Spring Hill College, and his decision to move to New York City in hopes of a more open, connected, loving existence. He moved into an institution in order to establish New York State residency and to qualify for community-based housing. Dupree concludes by recounting his experiences with the Occupy Wall Street Movement and how we can go further.
Optimal Trading with Terminal-Time Leverage Constraints

This study designs methodology for computation trading policy for a terminal-time borrowing-constrained investor, who operates in complete markets allowing delta-hedging. A specific example of a log-utility trader in geometric Brownian motion framework illustrates the general findings. Conditions are found under which trader's leverage always complies with the terminal-time borrowing constraint. In the case of a log-utility investor in g.B.m. setting, for instance, borrowing level never, including intermediate time, exceeds it. The problem is solved by applying the techniques of the calculus of variation.
Phylogenetic studies within the Pezizales. I. 18S rRNA sequence data and classification

The order Pezizales has been divided into two suborders. One suborder, the Sarcoscyphineae, was originally described to include members whose asci were characterized by an unusual apical structure,...
An Alumina Standard Reference Material for Resonance Frequency and Dynamic Elastic Moduli Measurement: II. Characteristic Values for Use from 25°C to 1000°C.

The temperature dependence of Young's modulus and the shear modulus of polycrystalline alumina is given over the range of 25 to 1000 °C. Results are expressed in terms of the dimensionless ratio: modulus value at temperature divided by modulus value at 25 °C. These results are intended for use with Standard Reference Material No. 718 which is intended for calibration of apparatus used to determin elastic moduli of solids by a resonance technique. The worst agreement is 9.5 × 10-4 for the flexure and 19.1 × 10-4 for the torsion, between any two individual measurements, and we recommend these as the minimum acceptable limits in using the standards.
Black shales are insignificant sources of residential radon in the Kansas City area

Results of 128 radon screening tests performed by homeowners living in Jackson County, Missouri, and Johnson County, Kansas, are compared to four geologic variables. Slightly higher radon levels are associated with gray shale bedrock and loess-derived soil, but no statistically-significant relationships are found between radon screening levels and bedrock types, soil parent or soil permeability. Previous emphasis on black shales as a principal source of radon precursors in the Kansas City area is unwarranted. The single significant relationship found in this study is that homes built on slopes do possess statistically-higher radon screening levels than those built in upland areas.
The Transition Experience of Waldorf Elementary Graduates Attending Non-Waldorf High Schools

This study concerned the transition experiences and subsequent adjustment of Waldorf elementary graduates attending non­Waldorf high schools. Utilizing a qualitative and phenomenological approach, the study examined how 13 Waldorf elementary graduates experienced the academic and social challenges inherent in the transition to non­Waldorf high schools. Participants reported their academic adjustment to high school pertained more to new instructional methods than any academic content itself. New learning styles included a de-emphasis on artistic and experiential modes of learning in favor of more visual approaches. Participants explained the most significant challenge socially across the transition involved breaking into what presented as pre­formed social groups or cliques. Results were interpreted through the lenses of Steiner’s (1996a) developmental profile of adolescence and theories of learning, as well as more mainstream motivational and learning theories including Maslow’s (1943) hierarchy of needs and Bloom’s (1956) cognitive stages of learning. The transition experience included three distinct phases: (1) establishing competence, (2) analyzing and assessing experience, and (3) achieving personal transformation and self-actualization. After learning the „nuts and bolts“ of high school teaching methods and establishing membership in social groups, students analyzed and assessed their initial academic and social experiences in light of their former Waldorf experiences. In the third phase, students developed new academic motivations and established new friendships based on their future college and career aspirations and their emerging senses of self. Strategies to address social and academic challenges during the transition experience included an expanded view of pedagogy and the importance of a classroom community.
Application of fiberoptic gastroscope in children with foreign bodies in digestive tract

Objective To study the value of fiberoptic gastroscope for emergency treatment of children with foreign bodies in digestive tract.Methods One hundred and seventy-nine children with foreign bodies in digestive tract were treated with fiberoptic gastroscope in emergency.Results The foreign bodys in 179 cases were took out successfully without haemorrhage,apnoea,obvious membrana mucosa injury and perforation.Among the 5 patients with lower grade enteron membrana mucosa injury,2 two cases were little fresh hemorrhage of local membrana mucosa,two cases were anabrosis,the gastric juice was light coffee colore in one case.Conclusion Using fiberoptic gastroscope to treat the children with foreign bodies in digestive tract was safe and effective.
The Air We Breathe: How Extreme Weather Conditions Harm Us

This chapter investigates the connection between extreme weather and respiratory health in and around Fresno California, home to over 1 million people. In this chapter, we use Fresno as an important example of a location in the U.S. where its residents are at high risk for short and long term health consequences of extreme conditions of weather. However, there are many other examples of short term extreme weather conditions (forest fires in Yarnell, Arizona) and long term extreme weather conditions (Mediterranean Region) (WHO 2015). Fresno serves as an excellent example since there are combinations of weather, topography, and geography that can be helpful to our understanding of how air pollution affects health. Poor air quality shortens life expectancy, lowers quality of life and, we assert, affects the health and wellbeing of generations to come. Today we see the consequences of air pollution in incidence and severity of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), asthma, cardio-vascular illness and even valley fever, the consequence of inhaling a fungal spore found in the local soils and carried with the wind and mineral dusts of neighboring deserts. Because extremes of temperature, aridity and wind are components of climate and determinants of air quality and respiratory health, strategic planning for public health should monitor and anticipate as best as possible climate variability and change. There is a need to continue to educate ourselves on how climate, extreme weather, and health are linked.
Effect of swine influenza virus and its gene reassortment on the circulation of human influenza

2009年4月13日自墨西哥出现第一例人感染猪流感(A/H1N1)的死亡病例以来,至5月5日全球确认猪流感病例已上升至1490例,死亡人数30例.除墨西哥与美国外,其他有19个国家也报告了A/H1N1的确认病例.为此WHO在4月27日将全球流感大流行的警告级别提升到4级,并在2天后又进一步提高到5级,并把该流感称为甲型(H1N1)流感,号召开展全球性防控工作,充分体现了WHO对这次新型流感流行的重视程度。
Let's start flipping (the classroom)

In the "flipped classroom" the instructor offloads passive lecture content to homework outside the classroom, creating additional time in the classroom for active and higher level learning. Students watch "lecture" videos for homework, at their own pace, while in class they learn by working out exercises with the help of the instructor. The role of the instructor changes from being "a sage on the stage" to "a guide on the side" [1]. The lower levels of learning, in the revised Bloom's taxonomy [2], that of remembering and understanding, take place outside the classroom, at the student's own pace. In the class, having the instructor as a guide, the learning can now involve the higher levels of Bloom's taxonomy, that of applying, analyzing, evaluating and creating.
The Role of External Banding Valvuloplasty in the Surgical Management of Chronic Deep Venous Disease

Objective:Correction of venous reflux by perivalvular banding in patients suffering from chronic venous stasis secondary to primary valvular incompetence.Design:Prospective study in a group of pati...
Process design for merged complementary BiCMOS

A process sequence was designed to fabricate a fully complementary BiCMOS technology. In this technology, a merged bipolar-FET device structure and common subcollector p-n-p are used to implement a complementary emitter follower circuit, yielding a strong density advantage over conventional BiCMOS logic. The problems associated with the p-n-p subcollector formation, gate oxide protection, base formation, emitter protection and source/drain formation have been addressed. The result is a technology with a process complexity that is well-managed and has high performance. >
Restructured Pork from Hot Processed Sow Meat: Effect of Encapsulated Food Acids.

Encapsulated food acids were used in the manufacture of cured, restructured pork from pre-rigor sow meat. The four treatments were: (a) control, (b) sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAP), (c) sodium acid pyrophosphate plus encapsulated lactic acid (LA), and (d) sodium acid pyrophosphate plus encapsulated glucono-delta-lactone (GDL). Sodium acid pyrophosphate was included in three of the treatments in this study because of its ability to catalyze the curing reaction. Products were manufactured from timmings ground through a 3.2-mm plate on a plate grinder and tenderized muscle chunks ground through a 10-mm plate which were blended together in a ratio of 50:50. No significant differences existed among treatments for percent fat (P>0.05). According to sensory panels, the SAP and GDL treatments were rated as having a more intense flavor than the control treatment (P<0.05). Objective analysis revealed no difference in shear value, tensile strength, water-holding capacity, cooked yield or chilled yield. Significantly...
Zika Virus Disease for the Neurointensivist.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne and sexually transmitted flavivirus currently spreading throughout the Pacific and Western Hemisphere. ZIKV infection is often either asymptomatic or causes a self-limiting illness with symptoms such as rash, fever, myalgia, arthralgia, headache, or conjunctivitis. Rarely, ZIKV infection has been associated with conditions such as severe thrombocytopenia, microcephaly and other developmental abnormalities, acute polyneuropathy/Guillain–Barre syndrome, myelitis, meningoencephalitis, transient encephalopathy, provoked seizures, and various ophthalmologic conditions. Optimal treatment of these ZIKV-associated conditions is currently unclear and is largely guided by expert opinion or case reports/series. Further studies are needed to establish best treatment practices. This review concentrates on caring by neurointensivists for the patient affected with Zika virus-expected to flare up again in the summer.
Sleep, Affect, and Social Competence from Preschool to Preadolescence: Distinct Pathways to Emotional and Social Adjustment for Boys and for Girls.

Using a normative sample of 1,057 children studied across 4 waves over 6 years with multiple informants, we investigated transactional relations for sleep problems, anxious-depressed symptoms, and social functioning from preschool to preadolescence, assessing cumulative effects on children’s emotional and social adjustment. To examine sex differences in the developmental processes, we conducted separate analyses for boys and girls. For both boys and girls, longitudinal cross-lagged panel analyses showed that preschool sleep problems directly predicted anxious-depressed symptoms 2 years later; indirect effects continued into preadolescence. For girls, early and later sleep problems directly or indirectly predicted a wide variety of preadolescent emotional and social adjustment domains (e.g., depressive symptoms, school competence, emotion regulation, risk-taking behaviors). For boys, social competence played a more important role than sleep problems in predicting preadolescent adjustment. Among the first set of findings that demonstrate longitudinal relations between sleep problems and social functioning in middle childhood and preadolescence, these results support Dahl’s and Walker’s neurological models of sleep and emotional functioning. We discuss these findings in light of relations between sleep and affect during pre-pubertal developmental and discuss differential findings for boys and girls.
A Matter of Life and Death

A woman brings her elderly father to the hospital. He has refused to eat for several days and is dehydrated. The doctors feed and rehydrate him intravenously, but as soon as he regains consciousness he pulls out the tubes and again refuses to eat. The man suffers from dementia. His daughter does not know what to do. Should she have him tied to the bed and force-fed, or should she watch him starve to death? His doctor sits her down and tells her that he will make the medical decisions for her father. I watch her relax at the thought of not having to make the decision.
Visualization of Higgs potentials and decays from sources beyond the standard model including dark matter and extra dimensions

Because the Higgs particle interacts with so many different particles, the potential associated with it takes contributions from many different sectors. This makes it very difficult to calculate, even when dealing with a restricted number of components. Another concern is creating useful visualizations of these potentials, as visual inspection is one of the main ways that physicists can gain new insights about them. Our main project involved plotting various Higgs potentials from new physics beyond the Standard Mod-el, in ways that would illustrate their dependence on various parameters such as temperature, energy scale and coupling strength. We also exported these potentials as 3D models with the aim of displaying them in virtual reality. We will calculate and plot new potentials including contributions from sources like dark matter and its interactions which could be visible through astrophysics or LHC experiments. We plotted new types of potentials associated with extra dimensions, dynamical symmetry breaking, and hidden gauge sectors involving undiscovered fermions. Another part of the project concerned the setup and con-figuration of the Visualization Center in the Computational Science Initiative at BNL. The room is equipped with a graphics computer with dual GPUs powering 6 wall mounted televisions and two virtual reality headsets. The televisions are configured to work as a single large unit intended to display large animations and data visualizations. This setup should make it easier for scientists to interact with and draw meaning from data, such as the high energy physics models that we studied.