cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lower expression of CXCR4 in lymph node metastases than in primary breast cancers : Potential regulation by ligand-dependent degradation and HIF-1α

Stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) is a unique ligand of the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), which is critically involved in the metastasis of breast cancer. High levels of SDF-1 in the common destination organs of metastasis, such as the lymph nodes, lungs, liver, and bones, attract CXCR4-positive tumor cells. The interaction between SDF-1 and CXCR4 leads to the activation of specific signaling pathways, allowing for homing and metastatic progression. However, regulation of CXCR4 expression at the metastatic organ site is not well-documented. We detected the expression of CXCR4 and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha in breast tumor tissues by immunohistochemical staining and analyzed SDF-1 in primary tumors and lymph nodes using real-time RT-PCR. Compared to the corresponding metastasized tumors in the lymph nodes, primary invasive carcinomas showed more intense staining for CXCR4, particularly on the cellular membrane. Both primary tumors and lymph node metastases exhibited higher levels of CXCR4 expression compared to non-neoplastic breast tissues. Therefore, we hypothesized that the tumor environment in the lymph nodes may cause the reduction of CXCR4 levels in the metastatic tumor cells because of: (1) high SDF-1 levels and (2) lower levels of HIF-1alpha. Our in vitro data demonstrated that high levels of SDF-1 can induce the internalization and degradation of CXCR4 through the lysosome pathway. In addition, lower levels of HIF-1alpha in the lymph node metastases, probably induced by the less hypoxic environment, further lowered CXCR4 levels. These results indicate that ligand-dependent degradation and lower HIF-1alpha levels may be potential causes of lowered levels of CXCR4 in the lymph nodes compared to the primary tumors. Our study suggests that CXCR4 levels in tumor cells are regulated by its microenvironment. These findings may enhance our ability to understand the biological behavior of breast cancers.
Problem statements in research proposals and published research: A case study of researchers' viewpoints

This study examines and compares the purpose, content, and form of the problem statement by researchers in disciplines other than library and information science (LIS). Their assessments of the attributes of a problem statement were compared to the literature and an evaluation of problem statements evidenced by researchers within LIS. Differences of opinion will (and do) emerge within and among disciplines and fields of scholarly inquiry. Studies such as this one increase knowledge about (and awareness of) the role of problem statements and encourage research into a topical area that has cross-disciplinary implications and applications
Intergranular and transgranular crack growth at triple junction boundaries in ordered intermetallics

Abstract Coincident site-lattice (CSL) and random grain boundaries (GBs) effects on intergranular and transgranular crack propagation paths in ordered intermetallics that are subjected to high rates of strain are investigated. A three dimensional dislocation density based multiple slip crystalline formulation and computational scheme are used for a detailed understanding and accurate characterization of interrelated deformation and failure mechanisms that can occur due to the generation, trapping, interaction, and annihilation of mobile and immobile dislocation densities that are generally associated with finite strain high strain-rate plasticity in L1 2 ordered intermetallics. Results from this study indicate that intergranular crack growth is along the GBs, normal to the stress-axis, and is due to the dominance of normal stresses in the crack-tip region. Transgranular crack growth is along slip-planes, and is due to the dominance of shear stresses in the crack-tip region.
Focusing on buyers' needs: DOE's Emerging Technology Program

ABSTRACT This article describes DOE's Emerging Technologies Program, which seeks to increase the speed at which new energy efficient technologies receive widespread acceptance and adoption in the market place. The program focuses on technologies in the late stages of commercialization—either the technology exists but energy efficiency improvements are needed, or energy efficient models have already been produced but have limited market acceptance because of high cost or lack of consumer awareness. ETP uses demonstrations, evaluation and monitoring projects, promotional efforts, and technology procurements to increase market acceptance. The article describes several completed projects as well as ongoing and planned future projects.
Synthesis and biodistribution study of a new 211At-calix[4]arene complex

The preparation and characterization of a new tetramercaptocalix[4]arene and its 211At complex is described. The in vivo stability of the complex has been evaluated in nude mice for the purpose of α-radioimmunotherapy of cancer. The study shows that while this complex lacks adequate stability in vivo, 211At may behave as a heavy metal ion and may be successfully sequestered for biomedical applications. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Data mining diagnostics and bug MRIs for HW bug localization

This paper addresses the challenge of minimizing the time and resources required to localize bugs in HW dynamic functional verification. Our diagnostics solution eliminates the need to back trace from point of failure to its origin, decreasing the overall debugging time. The proposed solution dynamically analyses data extracted from sets of passing and failing tests to identify behavior discrepancies, which it expresses as source code lines, coverage events and timing during simulation. It also provides a visual diagnostic support, an image of the behavior discrepancies in time which we call a Machine Reasoning Image (MRI). This paper describes in detail our data mining solution based on coverage data, HDL hierarchies and time analysis of coverage events. Our approach brings a data mining solution to the problem of HW bug localization. It defines new concepts, provides in-depth analysis, presents supporting algorithms, and shows actual results on archetypical problems from PowerPC core verification as an industrial application.
Prospective Observational Study of United States (US) Air Force Critical Care Air Transport Team Operations in Iraq

Abstract Background: Current United States (US) military doctrine emphasizes rapid evacuation of casualties to fixed medical facilities remote from the theater of war. To support this strategy, the Air Force has formed Critical Care Air Transport (CCAT) teams consisting of a physician, nurse, and respiratory therapist. Study Objective: To describe the characteristics of US Air Force CCAT team operations at Balad Air Base, Iraq over a 1-year period. Methods: Balad Air Base was the primary collection point in Iraq for patients requiring evacuation outside of the country during the study period. The study authors deployed sequentially to Balad Air Base as CCAT team leaders. All patients transported by the authors were enrolled in the study. Injuries, illnesses, demographics, and in-flight data were collected prospectively. Results: There were 133 patients transported on 61 separate flights between Iraq and Germany. Trauma was present in 65% (87/133) of all patients transported. Lower-extremity injuries were the most prevalent among combat-related trauma patients. Cardiac conditions were the most common diagnoses among the medical patients. Fifty-seven percent of patients were mechanically ventilated. Hypotension was the most common in-flight complication, occurring in 17% (22/133) of patients. No flights were diverted or turned back due to an unstable patient. No patient died during flight or in the 24 h after the flight. Conclusions: US Air Force CCAT teams can safely transport multiple critical patients over long distances while providing intensive care interventions. Medical patients make up over one-third of patients requiring CCAT team transport.
A mechanical model of vocal-fold collision with high spatial and temporal resolution.

The tissue mechanics governing vocal-fold closure and collision during phonation are modeled in order to evaluate the role of elastic forces in glottal closure and in the development of stresses that may be a risk factor for pathology development. The model is a nonlinear dynamic contact problem that incorporates a three-dimensional, linear elastic, finite-element representation of a single vocal fold, a rigid midline surface, and quasistatic air pressure boundary conditions. Qualitative behavior of the model agrees with observations of glottal closure during normal voice production. The predicted relationship between subglottal pressure and peak collision force agrees with published experimental measurements. Accurate predictions of tissue dynamics during collision suggest that elastic forces play an important role during glottal closure and are an important determinant of aerodynamic variables that are associated with voice quality. Model predictions of contact force between the vocal folds are directly proportional to compressive stress (r 2 =0.79), vertical shear stress (r 2 =0.69), and Von Mises stress (r 2 =0.83) in the tissue. These results guide the interpretation of experimental measurements by relating them to a quantity that is important in tissue damage.
Relation of nimodipine dose and serum concentration to learning enhancement in aging rabbits.

Abstract Nimodipine, a 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, has been shown to enhance learning in aging rats, rabbits, and monkeys. Using an intravenous drug model, the relations among nimodipine dosage, nimodipine plasma concentration, and acquisition rate of the conditioned eyeblink response in aging rabbits were observed. Animals treated with nimodipine reached a behavioral criterion of 80% conditioned responses more quickly than did vehicle-treated control animals. Nimodipine doses produced marked behavioral effects, with statistically significant values starting at 0.5 μg/kg/min and reaching maximum efficacy at the minimal dose of 1 μg/kg/min. Nimodipine at this dose exhibited an effect from the first day of infusion and facilitated learning rate threefold in comparison to control animals. Increasing the nimodipine dose to 3 and 5 μg/kg/min did not further facilitate learning rate. As nimodipine doses were augmented, the concentration of the nimodipine in plasma increased in a dose-related fashion. The most effective serum concentration for enhancing learning seemed to be distributed between 10 and 50 ng/ml. Concentrations above 50 ng/ml did not exert a more pronounced effect on the hippocampally dependent trace eyeblink conditioning task. The results of this study suggest that nimodipine may be useful in enhancing learning abilities in aging brain and have established the minimal serum concentration of nimodipine which must be achieved for this effect.
Molecular orbital analysis of L X-ray cross sections measured for slow Ar-Cu collisions☆

Abstract X-ray production cross sections were determined from thick target analysis of the Ar and Cu L X-ray yields measured for 80–600 keV Ar ions impacting on solid Cu. The Cu cross sections are compared with calculated 3dδ + -3dπ + -3dσ rotational coupling cross sections in the ArCu quasimolecule, while the Ar cross sections are compared with 4fσ electron promotion along with 3dδ − -3dπ − and 3pπ + -3pσ rotational coupling cross sections.
Three-Dimensional Structure and Temporal Evolution of Submesoscale Thermohaline Intrusions in the North Pacific Subtropical Frontal Zone

Abstract Four instances of persistent intrusive deformation of the North Pacific Subtropical Front were tagged individually by a Lagrangian float and tracked for several days. Each feature was mapped in three dimensions using repeat towed observations referenced to the float. Isohaline surface deformations in the frontal zone included sheetlike folds elongated in the alongfront direction and narrow tongues extending across the front. All deformations appeared as protrusions of relatively cold, and fresh, water across the front. No corresponding features of the opposite sign or isolated lenslike structures were observed. The sheets were O(10 m) thick, protruded about 10 km into the warm saline side of the front, and were coherent for 10–30 km along the front. Having about the same thickness and cross-frontal extent as the sheets, tongues extended less than 5 km along the front. All of the intrusions persisted as long as they were followed, several days to one week. Their structures evolved on both inertial...
Two-photon ionization of xenon at 193 nm

A microwave bridge has been used in conjunction with an ArF excimer laser to measure the coefficient $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ for two-photon ionization of Xe at 193 nm. The bridge permits the measurement of ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{m}$, the collision frequency for momentum transfer, and the display of the temporal history of the absolute electron density. Although considerably larger than previous estimates, the value of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ reported here (4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}32}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{4}$ ${\mathrm{W}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$) is in agreement with the recent theoretical calculations of McGuire.
IgE+, Kit-, I-A/I-E- myeloid cells are the initial source of IL-4 after antigen challenge in a mouse model of allergic pulmonary inflammation

Abstract Background: IL-4 is generated within hours after antigen lung challenge and influences events that take place early in the induction of pulmonary inflammation. However, the cells responsible for this early IL-4 production in the lung are unknown. Objectives: We sought to characterize the initial inflammatory events in the lung after antigen challenge and to identify cells responsible for producing IL-4 at early time points. Methods: Mice were sensitized with ovalbumin or passive IgE and challenged intranasally. Histologic measures of inflammation were used, and lung tissue cytokine production was analyzed by means of RT-PCR. Cells producing IL-4 were characterized by means of in situ hybridization and flow cytometry. Results: IL-4 mRNA was detectable 100 minutes after challenge in sensitized animals. Blockade of this early IL-4 downregulated vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 mRNA expression and attenuated the early recruitment of eosinophils to the lung. CD4-depleted and mast cell-deficient mice both expressed early IL-4. Cellular analysis revealed the presence of IL-4 protein at 100 minutes exclusively in IgE + myeloid cells that did not express CD3, Kit, or I-A/I-E. Moreover, IL-4 production induced by means of passive IgE sensitization and abrogated in FcR γ-chain-deficient mice supports the conclusion that this IL-4 production is dependent on IgE/γ-chain interaction. Conclusion: IL-4 production by an IgE/γ-chain-dependent mechanism occurs rapidly after allergen challenge. At these early time points, IL-4 is produced by a myeloid cell with the characteristics of a mouse basophil (IgE + , Kit − , I-A/I-E − ). These data thus suggest that strategies targeting basophils should be considered in the treatment of early lung inflammation. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;110:117-24.)
Cost comparison of nephron-sparing treatments for cT1a renal masses.

Abstract Objectives Treatment options for small renal tumors have evolved from radical nephrectomy (RN) to partial nephrectomy (PN), thermal ablation, or active surveillance. With the advancement of techniques, costs differences are unclear. The objective of this study is to compare the 6-month costs associated with nephron-sparing procedures for cT1a renal tumors. Materials and methods We performed a review of patients diagnosed with a solitary cT1a renal mass who underwent surgical treatment from June 2008 to May 2011. Open partial nephrectomy (OPN), robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RLPN), laparoscopic radio-frequency ablation (LRFA), or computed tomography guided radio frequency ablation (CTRFA) was performed on 173 patients. Cost data were collected for surgical costs, associated hospital stay, and the 6-month postoperative period. Results Patients underwent surgery, including 52 OPN, 48 RLPN, 44 LRFA, and 29 CTRFA. Median total costs associated were $17,018, $20,314, $13,965, and $6,475, for OPN, RLPN, LRFA, and CTRFA, respectively. When stratified by approach differences were noted for total cost ( P P P P R 2 = 0.966) showed surgical approach ( P = 0.007), length of stay ( P P P = 0.175), and Charlson comorbidity index ( P = 0.078) were not statistically significant. Conclusions Six-month cost of nephron-sparing surgery is lowest with radio frequency ablation (RFA) by either laparoscopic or computed tomography (CT)-guided approach compared to RLPN and OPN. As oncologic and safety outcomes improve and become comparable in all nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) approaches, cost of each procedure will start to play a stronger role in the clinical and healthcare policy setting.
Introducing the ‘walk-up’ flap

Reconstructive oral and maxillofacial surgeons often find the need for additional soft tissue even when a myocutaneous flap has been previously placed. This article introduces the principles, technique, and results of 32 "walk-up" muscle flaps derived from existing myocutaneous flaps. The anastomotic vascular ingrowth at the original myocutaneous flap's distal end permits its proximal detachment and axial vessel ligation to rotate the proximal two thirds to a tissue-deficient site. In our experience at the University of Miami, these flaps have been predictable (97% viable transfer rate), have provided vascular soft tissue in deficient areas, and have been skin grafted at their surface to increase oral lining or skin cover, among several other uses.
The Effects of Turbulence and Unsteadiness on Vortex Shedding From Sharp-Edged Bluff Bodies

Motivated by a desire to evaluate vortex shedding flow meters for measuring velocity in unsteady turbulent flow applications, the objective of our work was to study the effects of flow disturbances on vortex shedding from sharp-edged bluff bodies. In particular, the combined effects of turbulence and unsteadiness were examined, as well as their separate effects using controlled wind tunnel tests. After causing an initial and sudden decrease in the Strouhal number, increasing turbulence intensity from 2.5 to 10 percent resulted in only a 2.4 percent increase in the Strouhal number, for turbulence with a length scale of 0.5 bluff body diameters. Turbulence integral length scale had a significant influence on the Strouhal number, with the greatest effect exhibited for length scales near 3 bluff body diameters. Turbulence of this length scale caused a 26 percent decrease in the Strouhal number, as compared to a low-turbulence base case. Fluctuating pressure amplitude and signal-to-noise ratio were also affected by turbulence, and decreased significantly when the integral length Kali was increased from 0.25 to 0.75 bluff body diameters for a turbulence intensity of 10 percent. Unsteadiness caused lock-on for forcing at the Strouhal frequency, twice and four times the Strouhal frequency, while no lock-on was observed for forcing at half the Strouhal frequency. The range of lock-on increased with increasing perturbation amplitude and was asymmetric about the resonant frequency. For the cases investigated, the effects of combined turbulence and unsteadiness were additive, with the turbulence shifting the Strouhal frequency, and the unsteadiness causing lock-on about the shifted Strouhal frequency. The results of this study suggest that vortex shedding flow meters should be calibrated in turbulent flows and turbulence length scale must be controlled at the bluff body. Lock-on can be avoided by sizing the bluff body so that the shedding frequency is always much greater than any disturbance frequency in the flow.
Molecular cloning and expression of NlaIII restriction-modification system in E. coli

Abstract The Nla III restriction enzyme isolated from Neisseria lactamica recognizes the sequence 5′-CATG-3′, cleaving after the G to generate a four base 3′ overhang. The Nla III methylase and a portion of the Nla III endonuclease gene were cloned into E. coli by the methylase selection method, and the remaining portion of the Nla III endonuclease gene was cloned by inverse PCR. The nucleotide sequence of the endonuclease gene and the methylase gene were determined. The Nla III endonuclease gene is 693 bp, encoding a protein with predicted molecular weight of 26 487. The Nla III methylase gene was identical with that previously reported [Labbe, D., Joltke, H.J. and Lau, P.C. (1990) Cloning and characterization of two tandemly arranged DNA methyltransferse genes of Neisseria lactamica : an adenine-specific M.NlaIII and a cytosine-type methylase. Mol. Gen. Genet. 224, 101–110]. The endonuclease and methylase genes overlap by four bases and are transcribed in the same orientation. The endonuclease gene was cloned into an improved T7 vector, and a high level of Nla III endonuclease expression was achieved in E. coli
Molecular imaging probes for diagnosis and therapy evaluation of breast cancer

Breast cancer is a major cause of cancer death in women where early detection and accurate assessment of therapy response can improve clinical outcomes. Molecular imaging, which includes PET, SPECT, MRI, and optical modalities, provides noninvasive means of detecting biological processes and molecular events in vivo. Molecular imaging has the potential to enhance our understanding of breast cancer biology and effects of drug action during both preclinical and clinical phases of drug development. This has led to the identification of many molecular imaging probes for key processes in breast cancer. Hormone receptors, growth factor receptor, and angiogenic factors, such as ER, PR, HER2, and VEGFR, have been adopted as imaging targets to detect and stage the breast cancer and to monitor the treatment efficacy. Receptor imaging probes are usually composed of targeting moiety attached to a signaling component such as a radionuclide that can be detected using dedicated instruments. Current molecular imaging probes involved in breast cancer diagnosis and therapy evaluation are reviewed, and future of molecular imaging for the preclinical and clinical is explained.
B(H) constitutive relations near Hc1 in disordered superconductors

Abstract We provide a self-contained account of the B vs. H constitutive relation near H c1 in Type II superconductors with various types of quenched random disorder. The traditional Abrikosov result, B ∼[ln( H − H c1 )] −2 , valid in the absence of disorder and thermal fluctuations, changes significantly in the presence of disorder. Moreover, the constitutive relations will depend strongly on the type of disorder. In the presence of point disorder, B ∼( H − H c1 ) 3/2 in three-dimensional (thick) superconductors as shown by Nattermann and Lipowsky. In two-dimensional (thin film) superconductors with point disorder, B ∼( H − H c1 ). In the presence of parallel columnar disorder, we find that B ∼exp[− C 3 /( H − H c1 )] in three dimensions, while B ∼exp[− C 2 /( H − H c1 ) 1/2 ] in two dimensions. In the presence of nearly isotropically splayed disorder, we find that B ∼( H − H c1 ) 3/2 in both two and three dimensions.
MTA3 and the Mi-2/NuRD Complex Regulate Cell Fate during B Lymphocyte Differentiation

The transcriptional repressor BCL-6 regulates B lymphocyte cell fate during the germinal center reaction by preventing terminal differentiation of B lymphocytes into plasma cells until appropriate signals are received. Here, we report a cofactor, MTA3, a cell type-specific subunit of the corepressor complex Mi-2/NuRD, for BCL-6-dependent cell fate determination. MTA3 is expressed in the same pattern in germinal centers as BCL-6. BCL-6 physically interacts with Mi-2/NuRD and this interaction is sensitive to BCL-6 acetylation status. Depletion of MTA3 by RNAi impairs BCL-6-dependent repression and alters the cell-specific transcriptional pattern characteristic of the B lymphocyte. Remarkably, exogenous expression of BCL-6 in a plasma cell line leads, in an MTA3-dependent manner, to repression of plasma cell-specific transcripts, reactivation of the B cell transcriptional program, expression of B lymphocyte cell surface markers, and reprogramming of cell fate.
Scattering of Radiation by Particle Layers

D/(e) Nomenclature particle diameter ratio of energy scattered between 0° and 0° to that incident on the projected area of a particle intensity parameter; so defined that, for an incident beam of unpolarized radiation of intensity I and divergence d&i, the energy rate 0(0) scattered per unit solid angle of divergence of the incident beam is given by Q(0) = •
Mössbauer studies of complexes of diorganotin diisothiocyanates with tridentate ligands

Abstract Mossbauer and infrared spectra have been obtained for terpyridylcomplexes of dimethyl-, di-n-butyl- and diphenyltindiisothiocyanates and the corresponding[R2Sn(NCS)·terpyridyl]+ [BPh4]- compounds, and for the8-(2-pyridylmethylene-amino)quinoline, PMAQ, complexes withdi-n-butyl- and diphenyltin diisothiocyanates. Infrared spectra ofthe neutral complexes indicate seven-coordination for tin and theMossbauer parameters indicate axial C Sn bondshaving a greater tin s-character than in trans octahedralcomplexes. The largest quadrupole splitting, 4.73 mm/sec, wasobtained for the terpyridyl complex with di-n-butyltindiisothiocyanate.
Use of the rotational path removable partial denture concept in a Kennedy Class II patient: a case report.

UNLABELLED This case report describes the treatment of a patient with Sjogren's syndrome who was missing all of the posterior teeth in the maxillary left arch. Implants were contraindicated for this patient because of a chronic sinus infection. Various removable prosthodontic options were considered, and the patient was ultimately treated very conservatively with a rotational path removable partial denture (RPD). This approach required no tooth preparation other than bonding a resin composite cingulum rest on the maxillary left canine. The use of the rotational path RPD eliminated any unsightly clasp assembly display and provided a satisfactory esthetic result. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The rotational path removable partial denture is an underutilized option for the esthetic replacement of missing teeth. It should be considered as an option in both tooth-borne and Kennedy Class II situations.
An undulator source beamline for soft X-ray imaging

Abstract We are building an undulator and beamline at the NSLS to be used primarily for soft X-ray imaging of biological specimens. The source and beamline are designed to produce high coherent power with enough temporal coherence to allow the practical use of those imaging techniques which require this coherence. A description of the undulator and beamline is given.
The Bomb, Bhadralok, Bhagavad Gita, and Dan Breen: Terrorism in Bengal and Its Relation to the European Experience

This article will analyze several issues relating to terrorism in colonial India, focusing on the province of Bengal from the early 1900s to the mid-1930s. First, I will analyze the composition of Bengali revolutionary organizations. Although Bengali revolutionary terrorism was not a mass movement, I argue that there was greater diversity in the movement's social and religious composition, and in the outlook of its members, than is often assumed. Second, I will examine the question of indigenous versus foreign influences on Indian terrorism. Terrorism in Bengal and elsewhere in colonial India was diverse in its inspirations, drawing upon indigenous resistance to colonial rule, and Hindu religious imagery, as well as European anarchist, nationalist, and socialist movements. Lastly, I will consider some of the ways in which the revolutionary movement changed over its thirty-year history and conclude with a brief discussion of the colonial response to Bengali terrorism. Bengali terrorists' adaptation and re-...
First Fredkin challenge match

On August 18 and 19, at Stanford University during the AAAI conference, the first of a projected pair of annual chess competitions pitting the World's best computer programs against rated human players of approximately the same strength was held. These matches are part of the Fredkin prize competition, wherein a sum of $100,000, established by the Fredkin Foundation of Cambridge, Massachusetts, is ultimately to be awarded to the creators of a program that will defeat the World Chess Champion in official competition.
MOLECULAR DYNAMICS STUDY OF SUBSTANCE P PEPTIDES PARTITIONED IN A SODIUM DODECYLSULFATE MICELLE

Two neuropeptides, substance P (SP) and SP-tyrosine-8 (SP-Y8), have been studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation in an explicit sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) micelle. Initially, distance restraints derived from NMR nuclear Overhauser enhancements (NOE) were incorporated in the restrained MD (RMD) during the equilibration stage of the simulation. It was shown that when SP-Y8 was initially placed in an insertion (perpendicular) configuration, the peptide equilibrated to a surface-bound (parallel) configuration in approximately 450 ps. After equilibration, the conformation and orientation of the peptides, the solvation of both the backbone and the side chain of the residues, hydrogen bonding, and the dynamics of the peptides were analyzed from trajectories obtained from the RMD or the subsequent free MD (where the NOE restraints were removed). These analyses showed that the peptide backbones of all residues are either solvated by water or are hydrogen-bonded. This is seen to be an important factor against the insertion mode of interaction. Most of the interactions come from the hydrophobic interaction between the side chains of Lys-3, Pro-4, Phe-7, Phe-8, Leu-10, and Met-11 for SP, from Lys-3, Phe-7, Leu-10, and Met-11 in SP-Y8, and the micellar interior. Significant interactions, electrostatic and hydrogen bonding, between the N-terminal residues, Arg-Pro-Lys, and the micellar headgroups were observed. These latter interactions served to affect both the structure and, especially, the flexibility, of the N-terminus. The results from simulation of the same peptides in a water/CCl4 biphasic cell were compared with the results of the present study, and the validity of using the biphasic system as an approximation for peptide-micelle or peptide-bilayer systems is discussed.
The Gell-Mann formula for representations of semisimple groups

A method for constructing representations of non-compact semisimple groups from representations of semidirect product groups is presented. Necessary and sufficient algebraic conditions for the method to work are given, and these are applied to cases of possible interest for the classification of elementary particles.
Integrating information on substance use disorders into electronic health record systems

For reasons of safety and effectiveness, many forces in health care, especially the Affordable Care Act of 2010, are pressing for improved identification and management of substance use disorders within mainstream health care. Thus, standard information about patient substance use will have to be collected and used by providers within electronic health record systems (EHRS). Although there are many important technical, legal, and patient confidentiality issues that must be dealt with to achieve integration, this article focuses upon efforts by the National Institute on Drug Abuse and other federal agencies to develop a common set of core questions to screen, diagnose, and initiate treatment for substance use disorders as part of national EHRS. This article discusses the background and rationale for these efforts and presents the work to date to identify the questions and to promote information sharing among health care providers.
New Hope or Old Power: Democracy, Pornography and the Internet

New communication technologies in general and the Internet in particular have led some scholars to speculate that we are ushering in a new era of pluralistic and democratic communication. This article takes a critical look at this optimistic view. Using textual analysis and a feminist theoretical framework, the authors examine pornography sites on the World Wide Web to illustrate how the Internet seems to be reifying existing power structures (i.e., male dominance and the exploitation of women). The authors determined that these sites reinforce traditional constructions of men's power over women, and this may cause us to pause as we consider how new communication technology will be used in the future.
Multiplicity distributions in the reaction p+p→p+ anything

Abstract It is shown that, for fixed mass of the system X, the charged particle multiplicity distribution in the reaction p+p→p+X is remarkably similar to the shape of the multiplicity distribution for the reaction p+p→ anything observed at an equivalent fixed center of mass energy.
Life-support interventions at the end of life: unintended consequences.

OVERVIEW Patients and family members often aren't aware that the use of life-support interventions at the end of life-when the body's systems and organs are failing-can have unintended consequences. Nurses need to be knowledgeable and able to communicate what they know about those consequences to patients, family members, and others on the health care team, leading to better decision making at this difficult time.
Regulation of Phosphodiesterase Synthesis: Requirement for Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate-Dependent Protein Kinase

Endogenous cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and its dibutyryl derivative increase cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity in cultured lymphoma cells. This effect is prevented by cycloheximide. A variant population of cells deficient in cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase contains lower basal phosphodiesterase activity, which cannot be induced by cyclic AMP.
Young children learning

Choosing my one favourite education book has proved to be an impossible task but I can settle for ‘a’ favourite professional book, although, even with this reservation, a tower of favourites now ba...
IMPLEMENTING THE CLEAN AIR ACT IN LOS ANGELES: THE DUTY TO ACHIEVE THE IMPOSSIBLE

Attempts to solve the air pollution problem by strict regulations impose burdens that are unpredictable in nature, magnitude, and distribution. Therefore, such regulations inevitably prove to be politically unacceptable and ultimately ineffective. This article examines implementation of the Clean Air Act in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. It is hoped this examination will facilitate appropriate amendment of the Act and, more importantly, that it may offer some understanding of the dynamics of legislative solution to an environmental problem that is fundamentally a part of the economic and social fabric of our society. Major early milestones in the attempt to implement the Act in California's South Coast Air Basin and outlined. The article then discusses selected problems encountered in the implementation process, as well as certain decisions made by public agencies, not in an attempt to reconstruct the actual decision-making process, but rather to shed light on some of the real problems facing such decision-makers in an attempt to explain in conceptual terms why greater progress was not achieved.
On the Modification and Characterization of Chemical Surface Properties of Activated Carbon: In the Search of Carbons with Stable Basic Properties

Differences between the surface chemical properties of hydrogen- and nitrogen-treated samples of an activated carbon were quantified using several complementary techniques. Calorimetric studies conducted at 303 K revealed that the sample treated in N2 at 1223 K adsorbs a great deal of oxygen with unusually high differential heats. In fact, both the quantity and the heat of adsorption increased when the treatment temperature was raised from 773 to 1223 K. In contrast, samples treated in H2 adsorbed less and less O2 as the temperature of treatment was raised; after treatment at 1223 K, virtually no O2 adsorption occurred. At the same time the H/C ratio in the H2-treated samples decreased with increasing treatment temperature. Point of zero charge measurements revealed that only H2 treatments at high temperature (>1073 K) create basic (hydrophobic) surfaces which are stable after prolonged air exposure. These findings are consistent with the notion that the removal of oxygen in the form of CO and CO2 during ...
Keeping Both Hands on the Wheel: Integrated Basic Education Skills Training (IBEST) for Commercial Truck Driving

IBEST is an innovative program that integrates English language skills with an intensive vocational training program and culminates in eligibility for a high wage commercial truck-driving career. P...
Robust tracking control of robots by a linear feedback law

For the trajectory following problem of a robot manipulator, a simple linear robust fedback control law with constant gain matrix is proposed that makes the resulting error system uniformly ultimately bounded. This control law is very easy to implement by simply choosing a feedback gain according to the coefficients of a polynomial function of the tracking errors which is a bounding function for the terms in the Lagrange-Euler formulation. In the limit as the gain approaches infinity the error system becomes globally asymptotically stable. >
Syntactic Priming without Lexical Overlap in Reading Comprehension

Syntactic priming without lexical overlap is well-documented in language production. In contrast, reading-time comprehension studies, which typically use locally ambiguous sentences, generally find syntactic priming only with lexical overlap. This asymmetry has led some researchers to propose that distinct mechanisms underlie the comprehension and production of syntactic structure. Instead, we propose that methodological differences in how priming is assessed are largely responsible for the asymmetry: in comprehension, lexical biases in a locally ambiguous target sentence may overwhelm the influence of syntactic priming effects on a reader's interpretation. We addressed these issues in a self-paced reading study by (1) using target sentences containing global attachment ambiguities, (2) examining a syntactic structure which does not involve an argument of the verb, and (3) factoring out the unavoidable lexical biases associated with the target sentences in a mixed-effects regression model. Under these conditions, syntactic priming affected how ambiguous sentences were parsed, and facilitated reading times when target sentences were parsed using the primed structure. This resolves discrepancies among previous findings, and suggests that the same mechanism underlies syntactic priming in comprehension and production.
DECOUPLING TREE-RING SIGNATURES OF CLIMATE VARIATION, FIRE, AND INSECT OUTBREAKS IN CENTRAL OREGON

Dendroecological methods play a critical role in developing our understanding of forest processes by contributing historical evidence of climate variability and the temporal characteristics of disturbance. We seek to contribute to these methods by developing a research protocol for decoupling radial-growth signatures related to climate, fire, and insect outbreaks in central Oregon. Our methods are based on three independent, crossdated tree-ring data sets: 1) a 545-year tree-ring climate reconstruction, 2) a 550-year fire history, and 3) a 250-year pandora moth outbreak history derived from host (Pinus ponderosa) and non-host (Abies grandis-Abies concolor) tree-ring chronologies. Based on these data, we use visual criteria (marker and signature rings), statistical comparisons, and Superposed Epoch Analysis (SEA) to identify the timing of growth anomalies and establish the temporal relationships between drought, climate variation (ENSO and PDO), fire events, and pandora moth (Coloradia pandora) outbreaks. Our results show pandora moth outbreaks generally coincide with periods of below-average moisture, whereas fire in central Oregon often follows a period of wetter than average conditions. Fire events in central Oregon appear to be related to shifts in hemispheric climate variability but the relationship between fire and pandora moth outbreaks remains unclear.
Network-based packet loss visibility model for SDTV and HDTV for H.264 videos

We conduct subjective experiments on visual quality following packet loss, and then construct models to predict these visual importance scores. The models are fully self-contained at the packet level, meaning that they use only information within one packet to predict the importance of that packet, requiring no frame-level reconstruction nor any information on the reference frame. Models are created for SDTV and HDTV resolutions, and the differences in the important factors between them are discussed.
What Drives the Brewer–Dobson Circulation?

AbstractRecent studies have revealed strong interactions between resolved Rossby wave and parameterized gravity wave driving in stratosphere-resolving atmospheric models. Perturbations to the parameterized wave driving are often compensated by opposite changes in the resolved wave driving, leading to ambiguity in the relative roles of these waves in driving the Brewer–Dobson circulation. Building on previous work, this study identifies three mechanisms for these interactions and explores them in an idealized atmospheric model. The three mechanisms are associated with a stability constraint, a potential vorticity mixing constraint, and a nonlocal interaction driven by modifications to the refractive index of planetary wave propagation. While the first mechanism is likely for strong-amplitude and meridionally narrow parameterized torques, the second is most likely for parameterized torques applied inside the winter-hemisphere surf-zone region, a key breaking region for planetary waves. The third mechanism, ...
The fin musculature of cuttlefish and squid (Mollusca, Cephalopoda): morphology and mechanics

The lateral fins of cuttlefish and squid consist of a tightly packed three-dimensional array of musculature that lacks bony skeletal support or fluid-filled cavities for hydrostatic skeletal support. During swimming and manoeuvring, the fins are bent upward and downward in undulatory waves. The fin musculature is arranged in three mutually perpendicular planes. Transverse muscle bundles extend parallel to the fin surface from the base of the fin to the fin margin. Dorso-ventral muscle bundles extend from dorsal and ventral connective tissue fasciae to a median connective tissue fascia. A layer of longitudinal muscle bundles is situated adjacent to both the dorsal and ventral surface of the median fascia. The muscle fibres are obliquely striated and include a core of mitochondria. A zone of muscle fibres with a more extensive core of mitochondria is present in both the dorsal and the ventral transverse muscle bundles. It is hypothesized that these muscle masses include two fibre types with different aerobic capacity. A network of connective tissue fibres is present in the transverse and dorso-ventral muscle masses. These fibres, probably collagen, are oriented at 45 to the long axes of the transverse and dorsoventral muscle fibres in transverse planes. A biomechanicayl analysis of the morphology suggests that support for fin movements is provided by simultaneous contractile activity of muscles of specific orientations in a manner similar to that proposed for other ‘muscular-hydrostats’. The musculature therefore provides both the force and support for movement. Connective tissue fibres may aid in providing support and may also serve for elastic energy storage.
Electrophysiological Properties of Cardiac Muscle in the Anterior Mitral Valve Leaflet and the Adjacent Atrium in the Dog POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS FOR THE GENESIS OF ATRIAL DYSRHYTHMIAS

Transmembrane action potentials were recorded from multiple sites in isolated canine anteromedial left atrial wall preparations with the anterior mitral valve leaflet attached. The preparations were superfused with Tyrode's solution. When the left atrial wall was electrically stimulated, activity propagated into the mitral valve leaflet. Typical atrial action potentials occurred in atrial wall fibers. However, maximum diastolic potential, total action potential amplitude, and rate of depolarization decreased markedly in the atrium overlying the fibrous annulus (junctional region), and repolarization characteristics were altered in this region. Mitral valve muscle fibers demonstrated still lower maximum diastolic potential, action potential amplitude, and rate of depolarization. Electrical excitation of single discrete regions in the mitral valve leaflet did not result in conduction to the atrium; conduction block occurred in the junctional region. However, simultaneous excitation of several mitral valve sites did cause an impulse to propagate to the atrium, but transmembrane action potentials of junctional fibers were characteristically different from those recorded from the same junctional fibers during activation from the atrium. Muscle fibers in the mitral valve leaflet were capable of developing spontaneous diastolic depolarization, which resulted in automatic impulse initiation, when they were exposed to epinephrine or norepinephrine (1 x 10-7 to 1 x 10-5M) or when they were stretched. Spontaneous diastolic depolarization and automaticity also occurred occasionally without pharmacological or other experimental interventions; moreover, spontaneous activity originating in the mitral valve leaflet could propagate into and activate the atrial wall. Acetylcholine abolished spontaneous activity. These data suggest that the mitral valve could act as a site of ectopic impulse initiation in the left atrium.
Formulating Two-Stage Stochastic Programs for Interior Point Methods

This paper describes an approach for modeling two-stage stochastic programs that yields a form suitable for interior point algorithms. A staircase constraint structure is created by replacing first stage variables with sparse "split variables" in conjunction with side-constraints. Dense columns are thereby eliminated. The resulting model is larger than traditional stochastic programs, but computational savings are substantial-over a tenfold improvement for the problems tested. A series of experiments with stochastic networks drawn from financial planning demonstrates the attained efficiencies. Comparisons with MINOS and the dual block angular stochastic programming model are provided as benchmarks. The split variable approach is applicable to general two-stage stochastic programs and other dual block angular models.
An Information Theoretic Approach to the Functional Classification of Neurons

A population of neurons typically exhibits a broad diversity of responses to sensory inputs. The intuitive notion of functional classification is that cells can be clustered so that most of the diversity is captured by the identity of the clusters rather than by individuals within clusters. We show how this intuition can be made precise using information theory, without any need to introduce a metric on the space of stimuli or responses. Applied to the retinal ganglion cells of the salamander, this approach recovers classical results, but also provides clear evidence for subclasses beyond those identified previously. Further, we find that each of the ganglion cells is functionally unique, and that even within the same subclass only a few spikes are needed to reliably distinguish between cells.