cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interpersonal Trust Behavior as Related to Subjective Certainty and Outcome Value

Summary.-Two experiments investigated the relationship between outcome value, subjective certainty, and tmt behavior, using a nonzero-sum game and a Communication Questionnaire which investigated factors related to self-disclosure. The results showed strong support for the relationship between subjective certainty and trust behavior and weak support for the relationship between outcome value and trust. Several theories of trust emphasize the importance of subjective certainty of receiving a positive outcome and outcome value, and considerable support has been found for the imporrance of the former (Loomis, 1959; Deutsch, 1960; Lillibridge & Lundstedt, 1967). However, most of this research has involved the Prisoner's Dilemma and the use of only one method does not allow for generalization to other trust simations. Moreover a study by Arnstein and Feigenbaum (1967) suggests that cooperation and tmst are confounded in the Prisoner's Dilemma and that trust is an artifact of cooperative play. Thus the purpose of the present two studies was to (1) test the generality of the previous findings in a non-game situation, (2) test the generality of the previous findings in a game which eliminates the motive of cooperation, and (3) investigate the relationship between outcome value and trust behavior. In the first experiment 63 married couples, recruited in either married or ad hoc pairs, played three trials of a nonzero-sum game and completed a communication questionnaire. The game- consisted of a three-cell matrix of points in which the temptation cell of the Prisoner's Dilemma was omitted. This attempted to minimize, if not eliminate, the motives of cooperation and competition. On each trial the subject made a choice which would either prevent the "other player" from making any choice and would give both players the same low ~ayoff or which allowed the "other player" to decide between a mutually positive payoff and a payoff which benefitted the other player at the expense of the subject. After he made his choice, the subject rated the subjective certainty he felt that the other player would choose the mutually positive payoff. In the Communication Questionnaire each subject indicated the value of the possible positive and negative outcomes of revealing personal information about 10 intimate topics to either his spouse, or, in ud hoc condition to a stranger of the opposite sex; rated the probability of receiving the positive outcome; and rated his degree of willingness to disclose information about each item.
Planning, Execution, and Results of the Precision Airdrop Technology Conference and Demonstration (2003)

Abstract : During the week of 3-7 November 2003, the second Precision Airdrop Technology Conference and Demonstration (PATCAD) was executed at the US Army Yuma Proving Ground in Yuma Arizona. The PATCAD 2003 was facilitated by the US Army Natick Soldier Center (NSC) and partially sponsored by numerous other organizations to include: US Army PM-Force Sustainment Systems, US Air Force Air Mobility Command, US Special Operations Command (SOCOM), US Army Tactical UAV Office, Deputy Under Secretary for Defense for Advanced Systems and Concepts (DUSD-AS&C), Foreign Comparative Test Office, US Army Yuma Proving Ground (YPG), and ECIII. This paper will describe in detail the rationale, timing, and planning required to execute a PATCAD, provide an overview of the program and systems demonstrated and displayed, and describe the results of the event. In addition, related future events that are being planned at the time of this paper submission, specifically PATCAD 2005 and NATO related efforts, will be presented. It will also describe the safety aspects and technical considerations for executing a PATCAD and the airdrop logistics and lessons learned from this and related events.
Variable Resistance to Palivizumab in Cotton Rats by Respiratory Syncytial Virus Mutants

Background Palivizumab (PZ) is the only monoclonal antibody in use against a human infectious disease. PZ is given as prophylaxis against infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). An RSV escape mutant, MP4, has been shown to resist PZ prophylaxis in cotton rats. Methods To further define the potential of RSV to resist prophylaxis, additional PZ-resistant viruses were selected in cell culture and were tested for susceptibility to PZ in cotton rats. Results Mutant MS412 had an A-->C mutation at nucleotide position 827 in the F gene, resulting in an amino acid change from Lys to Gln at position 272. Mutant F212 had an A-->T mutation at position 816, leading to an amino acid change from Asn to Ile at position 268. In vitro, F212 had impaired growth kinetics. In cell culture, F212 was partially and MS412 was completely resistant to PZ neutralization. A single prophylactic dose of 15 mg/kg PZ protected cotton rats from infection with F212 but not with MS412. Conclusion Both in vitro and in vivo, individual RSV PZ escape mutants varied in their susceptibility to PZ. Mutations associated with resistance to PZ did not always result in failure of PZ prophylaxis.
Formation of Hollow Silica Colloids through a Spontaneous Dissolution–Regrowth Process†

tence of a large number of silicate species and their rich chemical interactions makes the dissolution and growth of silica challenging to study. However, this complexity also provides enormous opportunities for the development of materials with new structures and functionalities. For example, systematic investigation of the dissolution and formation of silica nanoparticles has made it possible to control the nucleation and growth, and subsequently the crystal size and shape, of zeolite materials. [4–6] Herein, we report that amorphous silica colloids, when dispersed in an aqueous solution of NaBH4, undergo a spontaneous morphology change from solid to hollow spheres. Concurrent but separate coredissolution and shell-growth processes appear to be responsible to the formation of the hollow structures. Besides the interesting fundamental aspects of this spontaneous process, this work also provides an effective self-templated route for the preparation of hollow silica nanostructures, which may find immediate applications in fields such as catalysis and drug delivery. [7–12] Since silica can coat many nanostructures through simple sol–gel processes, our discovery also allows convenient transformation of core–shell particles into yolk– shell structures, which are promising for use as nanoscale reactors and controlled-release vehicles. Compared to widely adopted methods using polymer beads and micelle and
Explaining Girls' and Women's Crime and Desistance in the Context of Their Victimization Experiences

Recent work illustrates that early childhood victimization and oppressive neighborhood dynamics predict female offending. Revised strain theory is used to illuminate how such early experiences lead White and minority women to initial involvement in crime. Moreover, another developmental perspective, the life course theory, explains how similar adult experiences may lead women toward ongoing persistence or desistance. Using Waves 1 and 7 of the National Longitudinal Study of Youth, findings reveal that early childhood victimization, adult racial discrimination, sexual discrimination, and having been a victim of domestic violence explain women's involvement in crime and deviance, whereas desistance processes remain largely unidentified.
Origins of Epilepsy in Fragile X Syndrome

Fragile X syndrome is the leading heritable form of cognitive impairment and the leading known monogenic disorder associated with autism. Roughly one-quarter of children with this disorder have seizures, most of which are relatively benign and are resolved beyond childhood. Because of the prevalence of fragile X syndrome, numerous animal models have been developed and electrophysiological studies have taken place to investigate its pathogenesis. The investigations have yielded a wealth of information regarding the synaptic dysfunction that underlies the hyperexcitability and epileptiform features associated with this disorder.
Genomic insights into the evolution of hybrid isoprenoid biosynthetic gene clusters in the MAR4 marine streptomycete clade.

Considerable advances have been made in our understanding of the molecular genetics of secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Coupled with increased access to genome sequence data, new insight can be gained into the diversity and distributions of secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters and the evolutionary processes that generate them. Here we examine the distribution of gene clusters predicted to encode the biosynthesis of a structurally diverse class of molecules called hybrid isoprenoids (HIs) in the genus Streptomyces. These compounds are derived from a mixed biosynthetic origin that is characterized by the incorporation of a terpene moiety onto a variety of chemical scaffolds and include many potent antibiotic and cytotoxic agents. One hundred and twenty Streptomyces genomes were searched for HI biosynthetic gene clusters using ABBA prenyltransferases (PTases) as queries. These enzymes are responsible for a key step in HI biosynthesis. The strains included 12 that belong to the ‘MAR4’ clade, a largely marine-derived lineage linked to the production of diverse HI secondary metabolites. We found ABBA PTase homologs in all of the MAR4 genomes, which averaged five copies per strain, compared with 21 % of the non-MAR4 genomes, which averaged one copy per strain. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that MAR4 PTase diversity has arisen by a combination of horizontal gene transfer and gene duplication. Furthermore, there is evidence that HI gene cluster diversity is generated by the horizontal exchange of orthologous PTases among clusters. Many putative HI gene clusters have not been linked to their secondary metabolic products, suggesting that MAR4 strains will yield additional new compounds in this structure class. Finally, we confirm that the mevalonate pathway is not always present in genomes that contain HI gene clusters and thus is not a reliable query for identifying strains with the potential to produce HI secondary metabolites. We found that marine-derived MAR4 streptomycetes possess a relatively high genetic potential for HI biosynthesis. The combination of horizontal gene transfer, duplication, and rearrangement indicate that complex evolutionary processes account for the high level of HI gene cluster diversity in these bacteria, the products of which may provide a yet to be defined adaptation to the marine environment.
The MAClinical Workstation Project at Georgetown University.

The intent of the MAClinical Workstation Project is to develop computer workstations for medical students of the sort they will use in future medical practice. The idea is to instill information query habits in the daily clinical activities of these young physicians-in-training. The Georgetown University Medical Center Library spearheads the project in conjunction with the School of Medicine. The library handles technical support, including software development, user training, equipment maintenance, and network installations. The project began in 1988 with nine Macintosh computers; today thirty machines are distributed throughout the Georgetown University Hospital conference rooms, faculty and resident offices, and at four affliated hospitals. The Macintosh computers are connected to the medical center's local area network (LAN) with access to the Integrated Academic Information Management System (IAIMS) and Library Information System (LIS) databases. The MAClinical workstations serve multiple educational purposes in the clinical setting. Primarily, students gain experience in medical informatics by using a variety of software systems installed at the stations: the HP also, students can keep patient records, check findings against a diagnostic system, look up drugs and treatment protocols, develop medical sketches, and find additional information when needed in the medical literature.
Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Other Neuromodulation Methods for Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury

The objective of this paper is to review the current literature regarding the use of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) in preclinical models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) as well as discuss the potential role of VNS along with alternative neuromodulation approaches in the treatment of human TBI. Data from previous studies have demonstrated VNS-mediated improvement following TBI in animal models. In these cases, VNS was observed to enhance motor and cognitive recovery, attenuate cerebral edema and inflammation, reduce blood brain barrier breakdown, and confer neuroprotective effects. Yet, the underlying mechanisms by which VNS enhances recovery following TBI remain to be fully elucidated. Several hypotheses have been offered including: a noradrenergic mechanism, reduction in post-TBI seizures and hyper-excitability, anti-inflammatory effects, attenuation of blood-brain barrier breakdown, and cerebral edema. We present other potential mechanisms by which VNS acts including enhancement of synaptic plasticity and recruitment of endogenous neural stem cells, stabilization of intracranial pressure, and interaction with the ghrelin system. In addition, alternative methods for the treatment of TBI including deep brain stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, and focused ultrasound stimulation are discussed. Although the primary source data show that VNS improves TBI outcomes, it remains to be determined if these findings can be translated to clinical settings.
The effects of prolonged retention of diaphragms on colonization by Staphylococcus aureus of the lower genital tract

To determine whether prolonged retention of diaphragms alters Staphylococcus aureus colonization of the lower genital tract, 183 nonpregnant, asymptomatic women were screened for the presence of this pathogen in the cervix and upper vagina. Nineteen (10.4%) had positive cultures: 5 from the vagina, 8 from the cervix, and 6 from both sites. A second examination with quantitation revealed the presence of S. aureus in 7 of the 19 patients. In five of the six available patients, the number of staphylococci increased significantly after prolonged (24 hour) retention of diaphragms and decreased in one subject only. In two additional patients S. aureus was recovered after, but not before, the use of diaphragms. An increase in the number of other microorganisms also was noted after prolonged retention of diaphragms. In vitro study of the spermicide nonoxynol-9 revealed that it had no inhibitory activity on staphylococci or group B streptococci but was highly effective against Streptococcus pneumoniae .
Towards Autonomous Lakeshore Monitoring

This paper works towards autonomous lakeshore monitoring, which involves long-term operation over a large-scale, natural environment. Natural environments widely vary in appearance over time, which reduces the effectiveness of many appearance-based data association techniques. Rather than perform monitoring using appearance-based features, we are investigating whether the lakeshore geometry can provide a stable feature for this task. We have deployed an autonomous surface vessel 30 times over a duration of 8 months. This paper describes our initial analyses of this data, including our work towards a full simultaneous localization and mapping system and the shortcomings of using appearance-based features.
Mechanisms and sequelae of increased alveolar fluid clearance in hyperoxic rats

We instilled 4 ml isotonic fluid containing trace amounts of fluorescently labeled dextran (molecular mass 150 kDa) in the lungs of rats exposed to either 85% O(2) for 7 days or to 85% O(2) for 7 d...
Stimulation of rat mesangial cell thromboxane A2 receptors inhibits particulate but not soluble guanylyl cyclase

Thromboxane A2 (TxA2) participates in the pathogenesis of clinical and experimental glomerular disease. We performed radioligand binding and functional studies of TxA2 receptors in rat mesangial ce...
Procedure manuals in office surgery.

Procedure manuals for an office surgery facility will vary according to the type of operations performed but should meet the standards of the American Association for Accreditation of Ambulatory Plastic Surgery Facilities. In addition to the primary focus on operating room procedures, details such as the recovery room, anesthesia, equipment and service, fire, and cardiopulmonary emergencies must also be included.
Lidocaine Toxicity During Attempted Epistaxis Cautery

Abstract Background Epistaxis is a common problem that occurs in up to 60% of the general population, and is a common emergency department (ED) complaint. The use of lidocaine for analgesia is common when cauterization is required for bleeds that are refractory to manual compression. Although the use of lidocaine is generally thought of as a benign intervention, it is not completely without risk. Case Report We present the case of a 19-year-old man who presented to the ED with persistent anterior epistaxis. He developed severe lidocaine toxicity resulting from topical anesthesia applied prior to intranasal cautery for the epistaxis. This toxicity, which manifested as seizures, bradycardia, hypotension, nausea, and emesis, was rapidly recognized and appropriately treated, with a good clinical outcome for the patient. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? We present this case to increase awareness among emergency physicians of the potential complications of the intranasal use of topical lidocaine, something that is generally considered a benign intervention. We also discuss the pathophysiology and management of lidocaine toxicity.
On-Line Formative Assessment: Teaching Python in French CPGE

This paper describes the design and implementation of a website devoted to automatic assessment of programming in Python. This server uses many technologies (Linux, Nginx, PostgreSQL, Django, PySandBox). We report a 3-month experimentation of this site within the learning process of computing as set in France in the syllabus for the first and second years of studies after the “Baccalaureat”. This kind of formative assessment enables the students to be active and to create emulation among them.
Abstract MP064: Dietary Contributors to Glycemic load in the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study

Glycemic load (GL) is a measure that incorporates both the quality (i.e., glycemic index) and quantity of dietary carbohydrate and is a measure of the overall glycemic impact of the diet. In observational studies, high-GL diets have been associated with a greater prevalence of multiple coronary heart disease risk factors, including type 2 diabetes, overweight/obesity, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and abnormal blood clotting. To begin to develop interventions to reduce dietary GL, it is necessary to identify the major contributors to GL at the population level. We studied contributors to GL in 21,636 participants in the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study (7074 white men, 2472 black men, 7287 white women, and 4803 black women) whose mean (SD) age was 64.9 (9.3) years at baseline (2003-2007). Mean daily GL, as well as individual carbohydrate food and food group contributors to GL, were determined for each participant using intake data from the Block 1998 semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire administered at baseline. Mean (SD) daily GL was 107.1 (44.1), 115.0 (53.8), 89.9 (40.6), and 100.0 (49.6) g/d in white men, black men, white women, and black women, respectively. Sugar-sweetened beverages was the main carbohydrate food group contributing to GL in both black men and women and were important contributors to GL in white men and women (Figure). Regular soft drinks in particular were the leading individual carbohydrate contributor to GL in black men (4.0 median % of daily GL). The main carbohydrate food group contributing to GL in both white men and women was breads. Dark breads were the leading individual carbohydrate contributors to GL in white men, white women, and black women (2.7, 3.2, and 2.4 median % of daily GL, respectively). Sugar-sweetened beverages were a major contributor to dietary GL in this sample of US adults, especially in blacks. Decreasing the consumption of these beverages should be considered in future interventions to reduce dietary GL. ![Graphic][1] [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
The transcriptional repressor ICER binds to multiple loci throughout the genome.

The events culminating in ovulation are controlled by the cyclical actions of hormones such as Follical Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The secondary messenger, cyclic AMP (cAMP) conveys the intracellular activity of these hormones. It is well established that a family of transcription factors facilitate cAMP mediated gene expression, yet it remains unknown how these factors directly affect ovulation. One of these factors, Inducible cAMP Early Repressor (ICER) has been implicated in the transcriptional regulation of cAMP inducible genes during folliculogenesis and ovulation. In order to better determine the role of ICER in ovarian function we have identified novel targets using a genome-wide approach. Using a modification of the chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay we directly cloned and sequenced the immunoprecipitated ICER-associated DNAs from an immortalized mouse granulose cell line (GRMO2). The analysis of the immunoprecipitated DNA fragments has revealed that ICER's binding to DNA has the following distribution; 16% within the promoter region, 31% within an intron, 14% were not within a gene, 6% were within 20 kb of a promoter and 3% were within the 3' end of genes.
Congenital Callosal Defects

A lethal and previously undescribed syndrome in 3 siblings with hypoplasia of the corpus callosum is described from the Istituto Materno-Infantil de Pernambuco, and Laboratorio de Genetica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
Asymmetrically committed relationships

This study compared romantic relationships in which there was a substantial difference (>1 SD) in the commitment levels of the two partners to those with more equal levels. These asymmetrically com...
Standardization of software reliability estimation and prediction: application to space systems

The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, through its Software Reliability Working Group, and the American National Standards institute have produced a Recommended Practice for Software Reliability, (ANSI/AIAA R-013-1992) for software reliability estimation and prediction. By ballot this document was approved by AIAA and ANSI as a recommended practice on February 23, 1993. The paper presents 'Appendix F Software Reliability Measurement Case Studies: Using Software Reliability Models for Developing Test Strategies' from the Recommended Practice. >
File Access Optimization with the Lustre Filesystem at Florida CMS T2

The Florida CMS Tier2 center, one of the CMS Tier2 centers, has been using the Lustre filesystem for its data storage backend system since 2004. Recently, the data access pattern at our site has changed greatly due to various new access methods that include file transfers through the GridFTP servers, read access from the worker nodes, and the remote read access through the xrootd servers. In order to optimize the file access performance, we have to consider all the possible access patterns and each pattern needs to be studied separately. In this presentation, we report on our work to optimize file access with the Lustre filesystem at the Florida CMS T2 using an approach based on analyzing these access patterns.
Dynamics of a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid in Supported Ionic Liquid Membranes vs the Bulk Liquid: 2D IR and Polarized IR Pump–Probe Experiments

Supported ionic liquid membranes (SILMs) are membranes that have ionic liquids impregnated in their pores. SILMs have been proposed for advanced carbon capture materials. Two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) and polarization selective IR pump–probe (PSPP) techniques were used to investigate the dynamics of reorientation and spectral diffusion of the linear triatomic anion, SeCN–, in poly(ether sulfone) (PES) membranes and room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EmimNTf2). The dynamics in the bulk EmimNTf2 were compared to its dynamics in the SILM samples. Two PES membranes, PES200 and PES30, have pores with average sizes, ∼300 nm and ∼100 nm, respectively. Despite the relatively large pore sizes, the measurements reveal that the reorientation of SeCN– and the RTIL structural fluctuations are substantially slower in the SILMs than in the bulk liquid. The complete orientational randomization, slows from 136 ps in the bulk to 513 ps in the PES30. 2D IR...
A Modified Stochastic Volatility Model for Levy Process Based on Gamma Ornstein-Uhlenbeck Process and Option Pricing.

Stochastic volatility model of the Gamma Ornstein-Uhlenbeck possess authentic capability of both capturing some stylized features of financial time series and pricing European options. In this work we modify the Gamma OU model from the viewpoint of Monte Carlo simulation, which is crucial in both model inference and exotic option pricing. We discuss topics related to the measure transformation between objective and risk-neutral measures, arbitrage-free and market incompleteness of the new model. Furthermore, we investigate the performance of this model in European options pricing and an empirical application is presented.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is the clinical practice of measuring drug concentrations to attain a targeted serum concentration and thus optimize individual dosage regimens. TDM has emerged as a necessary mechanism to enhance drug efficacy to achieve optimal outcomes. Examples include the well-established relationship of the genetic variability of thiopurine metabolism driven by the thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) pathway and recent emerging data supporting the pharmacokinetic variability and immunogenicity with antitumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapies. In this chapter, we review the data describing the relationship between drug concentrations and outcomes. The effect of antidrug antibodies on drug efficacy and toxicity has been established. Furthermore, we describe different assays which are used in measuring these drug and antibody concentrations. An algorithm is proposed for clinical practitioners to utilize TDM in patients losing clinical response to anti-TNF therapy. A proactive, rather than reactive, approach to TDM of anti-TNF agents is supported by emerging data and will provide practitioners with the tools needed to optimally treat young IBD patients.
Bland-Altman comparison of two methods for assessing severity of Verticillium wilt of potato

The agreement between two disease assessment approaches is important to know prior to replacing or interchanging the use of an established method with a recently developed method of measurement. Frequently used statistical methods to compare two different disease rating methods is the Pearson correlation coefficient or the ordinary least square regression (OLS), but they have their shortcomings. Bland-Altman proposed an alternative method for studying agreement between methods using simple graphs and basic statistics. Traditionally, when disease management strategies are being evaluated in the field, the severity of the disease is estimated using a visual assessment. Canopeo, designed by the Oklahoma State University app center, is a smart phone app designed for measuring green canopy cover. Thus, the aim of this study was to explain the Bland-Altman method with examples of visual and Canopeo methods of wilt measurement. Symptoms of Verticillium wilt in potato were estimated (repeated measures) in two trials using Canopeo and a traditional visual assessment method. Complete wilt data (repeated measures) were considered for studying the agreement between visual and Canopeo assessments. A preset cutoff limit of ≤5% bias (total allowable) between rating methods was considered acceptable prior to using the Bland-Altman comparison. The Bland-Altman method for determining the agreement in wilt severity methods in trial 1 and trial 2 estimated that the mean difference between rating methods were 5.10 and 5.91%, respectively. A mean difference greater than five indicates that the methods of measuring wilt are not in agreement. The study reported here demonstrates that Pearson correlation and OLS regression are inappropriate for assessing the agreement between two methods of measurement.
Repository-Heat-Driven Hydrothermal Flow at Yucca Mountain, Part II: Large-Scale In Situ Heater Tests

In situ heater tests are needed to provide an understanding of coupled geomechanical-hydrothermal-geochemical behavior in the engineered and natural barriers under repository thermal loadings and t...
Familial clustering of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in the Utah population

Background The main purpose of the current study was to define the familial aggregation of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and risk to relatives of patients with oropharyngeal SCC. Methods We conducted a retrospective study utilizing linked population-based genealogy and state cancer registry databases between 1966 and 2012. Relative risks for oropharyngeal SCC and other malignancies among patients with oropharyngeal SCC and their relatives were estimated. Results Significant excess pairwise relatedness was observed for oropharyngeal SCC diagnosed before age 65 years. Significant excess risk for oropharyngeal SCC was observed for first-degree relatives of patients. Relatives of oropharyngeal SCC patients also demonstrated elevated rates of multiple other malignancies, including both lung and cervical cancers. Conclusion Relatives of patients with oropharyngeal SCC display elevated risks of oropharyngeal, lung, and cervical cancers among others, suggesting a possible shared genetic etiology involving tobacco-related and human papillomavirus (HPV)-related malignancies.
Using syntax in large-scale audio document translation.

Recently, the use of syntax has very effectively improved machine translation (MT) quality in many text translation tasks. However, using syntax in speech translation poses additional challenges because of disfluencies and other spoken language phenomena, and of errors introduced by automatic speech recognition (ASR). In this paper, we investigate the effect of using syntax in a large-scale audio document translation task targeting broadcast news and broadcast conversations. We do so by comparing the performance of three synchronous context-free grammar based translation approaches: 1) hierarchical phrase-based translation, 2) syntax-augmented MT, and 3) string-to-dependency MT. The results show a positive effect of explicitly using syntax when translating broadcast news, but no benefit when translating broadcast conversations. The results indicate that improving the robustness of syntactic systems against conversational language style is important to their success and requires future effort.
Management of Residual Disease After Therapy for Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumor and Normal Serum Markers

Five to 10% of germ cell tumors originate in the anterior mediastinum. Fewer than 10–20% of anterior mediastinal masses are found to be primary mediastinal germ cell tumors, the majority consisting of thymic or thyroid pathologies or lymphomas. Germ cell tumors have three histologic categories: pure teratoma or pure seminoma with no other germ cell elements and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. Sixty to 70% of all mediastinal germ cell tumors are teratomas, which are typically mature but occasionally demonstrate immature elements. Mature teratomas are almost always cured with surgical resection alone. Immature teratomas can grow more rapidly and also can degenerate into non-germ cell histologies, such as sarcomas and epithelial cancers, that are resistant to chemotherapy. Mediastinal seminomas have a high rate of cure with cisplatin-based chemotherapy alone. Unlike primary mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (PMNSGCT), mediastinal seminomas have a prognosis similar to seminomas that originate in the testes or retroperitoneum.1 The vast majority of residual masses following chemotherapy for mediastinal seminoma represent complete tumor necrosis without viable neoplasm. Seminomas are therefore classified as favorable prognosis germ cell tumors.
ICNN: An iterative implementation of convolutional neural networks to enable energy and computational complexity aware dynamic approximation

With Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) becoming more of a commodity in the computer vision field, many have attempted to improve CNN in a bid to achieve better accuracy to a point that CNN accuracies have surpassed that of human's capabilities. However, with deeper networks, the number of computations and consequently the power needed per classification has grown considerably. In this paper, we propose Iterative CNN (ICNN) by reformulating the CNN from a single feed-forward network to a series of sequentially executed smaller networks. Each smaller network processes a sub-sample of input image, and features extracted from previous network, and enhances the classification accuracy. Upon reaching an acceptable classification confidence, ICNN immediately terminates. The proposed network architecture allows the CNN function to be dynamically approximated by creating the possibility of early termination and performing the classification with far fewer operations compared to a conventional CNN. Our results show that this iterative approach competes with the original larger networks in terms of accuracy while incurring far less computational complexity by detecting many images in early iterations.
Epidemiology of Swallowing Disorders in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Quality of Life Burden.

Objective This investigation examined the prevalence, symptoms, risk factors, and quality-of-life burden of swallowing disorders in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic, progressive autoimmune inflammatory disease. Methods One hundred individuals with RA (84 women, 16 men; mean age = 61.1 years, SD = 13.1) were interviewed regarding the presence, nature, and impact of swallowing symptoms and disorders. Associations between swallowing disorders, medical factors, RA disease severity, and quality of life were examined. Results Forty-one percent of participants reported a current swallowing disorder that began gradually and was longstanding (most experiencing symptoms on a daily basis for at least 4 years). Symptoms compatible with solid food dysphagia contributed disproportionately to reporting a current swallowing disorder. Risk factors for dysphagia included a self-reported voice disorder, thyroid problems, esophageal reflux, and being physically inactive. Swallowing disorders increased with self-reported RA disease severity and contributed to a significantly greater burden on overall quality of life. Conclusion Chronic, longstanding swallowing disorders are common in individuals with RA and appear to increase with disease severity. Those individuals with dysphagia reported greater reductions in quality of life as compared to those without, highlighting the need for improved awareness, exploration, and management of swallowing disorders in this population.
Noncontraceptive health benefits of oral steroidal contraceptives.

Prospective and retrospective epidemiologic studies involving oral contraceptives have been reviewed to determine the existence and extent of their benefits other than prevention of pregnancy. There is less menstrual blood loss, which reduces the risk of iron deficiency anemia by about 50%. The incidence of menorrhagia, irregular menses, and intermenstrual bleeding is also significantly reduced in users of oral contraceptives. Studies have shown an approximate 50% reduction in risk of endometrial cancer in oral contraceptive users, as well as a significant reduction in various types of benign breast disease. Because oral contraceptives inhibit ovulation, functional ovarian cysts are nearly eliminated, and the incidence of dysmenorrhea and premenstrual tension is significantly reduced. Oral contraceptives also protect women from developing ovarian carcinoma, rheumatoid arthritis, and salpingitis. From this review we conclude that the benefits of oral contraceptives in young healthy women far outweigh their more widely publicized, infrequent risks.
Regulation of photosynthesis in developing leaves of soybean chlorophyll-deficient mutants

In this report we examine the factors that regulate photosynthesis during leaf ontogeny in y3y3 and Y11y11, two chlorophyll-deficient mutants of soybean. Photosynthetic rates were similar during wild type and Y11y11 leaf development, but the senescence decline in photosynthesis was accelerated in y3y3. Photosynthetic rates fell more rapidly than chlorophyll concentrations during senescence in wild type leaves, indicating that light harvesting is not strongly limiting for photosynthesis during this phase of leaf development. Chlorophyll concentrations in Y11y11, though significantly lower than normal, were able to support normal photosynthetic rates throughout leaf ontogeny. Chlorophyll a/b ratios were constant during leaf development in the wild type, but in the mutants they progressively increased (y3y3) or decreased (Y11y11). In all three sets of plants, photosynthetic rates were directly proportional to Rubisco contents and activities, suggesting that Rubisco plays a dominant role in regulating photosynthesis throughout leaf ontogeny in these plants. The expression of some photosynthetic proteins, such as Rubisco activase, was coordinately regulated with that of Rubisco in all three genotypes, i.e. an early increase, coincident with leaf expansion, followed by a senescence decline in the fully-expanded leaf. On the other hand, the light harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins of PS II (the CAB proteins), while they showed a profile similar to that of Rubisco in the wild type and y3y3, progressively increased in amount during Y11y11 leaf development. We conclude that Y11y11 may be defective in the accumulation of a component required for LHC II assembly or function, while y3y3 has more global effects and may be a regulatory factor that controls the duration of senescence.
A COMPARISON OF α-QUARTZ SHOCK COMPRESSION DATA WITH RECENT DETERMINATIONS OF THE BULK MODULUS OF STISHOVITE

Abstract Three trial bulk moduli (3.5, 3.0, and 2.5 Mbar) and two pressure derivatives of the moduli (6 and 3) for stishovite are transposed to the shock-velocity, particle-velocity plane. The phase transformation from α-quartz to stishovite is taken into account. Best agreement is found between shock compression measurements on α-quartz and calculated Hugoniots based on the trial modulus and derivatives K O = 3 Mbar and K′ = 3 to 6 for stishovite. This trial modulus agrees well witn the moduli determined by Bassett and Barnett [1970], Chung [1974], Olinger [1976], and Sato [1976].
pFOS-LA: a modified vector for production of random shear fosmid libraries

AATCC-3′. When double-stranded, these oligonucleotides have termini that are cohesive with the ends of HindIII-linearized pFOS-1. However, the HindIII site is not regenerated upon insertion of the oligonucleotide duplex into the vector. The central region of the duplex contains recognition sites for two restriction enzymes that leave blunt ends, SwaI and PmlI. The modified vector pFOS-LA was
Predictors of becoming overweight among pediatric patients at risk for urinary tract infections.

Summary Background The association between obesity and urinary dysfunction in childhood has been described, albeit through retrospective analysis, making temporal relationships difficult to establish. Objective The objective of this study was to determine risk factors for significant weight gain in children at risk for recurrent urinary tract infections. Study design A secondary analysis of the Randomized Intervention for Children with Vesicoureteral Reflux and Careful Urinary Tract Infection Evaluation trials was conducted. The outcome of interest in these children was significant increase in body mass index (BMI) percentile (>85th BMI percentile for sex and age) in previously normal-weight children. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the independent effects of predetermined risk factors. Results In total, 446 patients were included in the study. Most patients aged less than 1 year at study entry (229, 51%), and 399 (89%) of patients were female. Eighty-four patients (17%) became clinically overweight. Patients assigned to prophylactic antibiotics were not more likely to gain significant BMI percentiles (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.6–1.8). Significant BMI percentiles were gained in Hispanic/Latino patients compared with whites (aOR = 3.3, 95% CI = 1.7–6.4), in children who were infants at study enrollment compared with non-infants (aOR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.2–3.8), and in those with persistent reflux during the study period (aOR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.0–4.3). Neither patients assigned to prophylactic antibiotics (aOR = 1.1, 95% CI = 0.6–1.8) nor patients with bladder and bowel dysfunction (BBD) (aOR = 1.2, 95% CI = 0.6–2.3) were more likely to gain significant BMI percentiles. Discussion Significant BMI percentile gain is common in patients at risk for UTIs. Hispanic/Latino ethnicity, persistent reflux, and younger age, specifically infants than non-infants, were identified as independent risk factors for becoming overweight in this population. Exposure to prophylactic antibiotics and BBD were not associated with becoming overweight. Conclusion Risk for becoming overweight should be discussed when managing patients at risk for UTIs, especially in the subpopulations identified. Summary Table . Multivariable analysis of associations with significant BMI percentile gain in the RIVUR/CUTIE studies. Clinical variables Study estimate persistent reflux n = 446 Study arm No antibiotic prophylaxis 1.0 (reference) Antibiotic prophylaxis 1.1 (0.6–1.8) Age Non-infant 1.0 (reference) Infant 2.1 (1.2–3.8) a Sex Female 1.0 (reference) Male 1.5 (0.7–3.2) Race/ethnicity White 1.0 (reference) Black 1.3 (0.4–3.7) Asian 0.5 (0.1–4.2) Hispanic/Latino 3.3 (1.7–6.4) a Mixed/other 1.2 (0.5–2.9) BBD ever 1.2 (0.6–2.3) Persistent reflux None/resolved 1.0 (reference) Persistent 2.1 (1.0–4.2) a BMI, body mass index; BBD, bladder and bowel dysfunction; CUTIE, Careful Urinary Tract Infection Evaluation; RIVUR, Randomized Intervention for Children with Vesicoureteral Reflux. a P-value
Simultaneous Optimization of Assignments and Goal Formations for Multiple Robots

This paper presents algorithms to simultaneously compute the optimal assignments and formation parameters for a team of robots from a given initial formation to a variable goal formation (where the shape of the goal formation is given, and its scale and location parameters must be optimized). We assume the $n$ robots are identical spheres. We use the sum of squared travel distances as the objective function to be minimized, which also ensures that the trajectories are collision free. We show that this assignment with variable goal formation problem can be transformed to a linear sum assignment problem (LSAP) with pseudo costs that we establish are independent of the formation parameters. The transformed problem can then be solved using the Hungarian algorithm in O (n3) time. Thus the assignment problem with variable goal formations using this new approach has the same O (n3) time complexity as the standard assignment problem with fixed goal formations. Results from simulations on 200 and 600 robots are presented to show the algorithm is sufficiently fast for practical applications.
Spinal cord ganglioglioma in a child with neurofibromatosis type 2. Case report and literature review.

✓ Gangliogliomas of the spinal cord are rare disease entities that occur in early childhood. Their occurrence in association with neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2) has not been described. The authors describe the unique case of a 2-year-old child with stigmata of NF2 who harbored a spinal cord ganglioglioma that presented as a rapidly growing, exophytic intramedullary mass lesion at the cervicomedullary junction. Treatment consisted of complete surgical resection. Histopathological analysis of the lesion demonstrated a mixed population of neoplastic cells, of both neuronal and glial lineage, that supported the diagnosis of ganglioglioma.
Motion compensation in extremity cone-beam computed tomography

To evaluate the improvement in extremity cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) image quality in datasets with motion artifact using a motion compensation method based on maximizing image sharpness. Following IRB approval, retrospective analysis of 308 CBCT scans of lower extremities was performed by a fellowship-trained musculoskeletal radiologist to identify images with moderate to severe motion artifact. Twenty-four scans of 22 patients (18 male, four female; mean, 32 years old, range, 21–74 years old) were chosen for inclusion. Sharp (bone) and smooth (soft tissue) reconstructions were processed using the motion compensation algorithm. Two experts rated visualization of trabecular bone, cortical bone, joint spaces, and tendon on a nine-level Likert scale with and without motion compensation (a total of 96 datasets). Visual grading characteristics (VGC) was used to quantitatively determine the difference in image quality following motion compensation. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was obtained to assess inter-observer agreement. Motion-compensated images exhibited appreciable reduction in artifacts. The observer study demonstrated the associated improvement in diagnostic quality. The fraction of cases receiving scores better than “Fair” increased from less than 10% without compensation to 40–70% following compensation, depending on the task. The area under the VGC curve was 0.75 (tendon) to 0.85 (cortical bone), confirming preference for motion compensated images. ICC values showed excellent agreement between readers before (ICC range, 0.8–0.91) and after motion compensation (ICC range, 0.92–0.97). The motion compensation algorithm significantly improved the visualization of bone and soft tissue structures in extremity CBCT for cases exhibiting patient motion.
A Comparison of Rural and Urban Hospice Family Caregivers' Cancer Pain Knowledge and Experience.

Abstract Context Family caregivers play a vital role in managing the pain of hospice patients with cancer; however, caregivers' knowledge of pain management principles and experiences as pain managers vary widely. Differences in cultural values and access to resources suggest that rural and urban hospice family caregivers may differ with regard to their pain knowledge and experience, but this has not been empirically investigated. Objectives We sought to determine if rural and urban hospice family caregivers differed in terms of their knowledge of cancer pain management principles and their experiences managing cancer pain. Methods Our study consisted of a secondary analysis of baseline, cross-sectional data from hospice family caregivers (N = 196) participating in an ongoing cluster randomized crossover pragmatic trial. We performed multivariable regression to model associations between caregivers' demographic characteristics and their scores on the Family Pain Questionnaire (FPQ), which included subscales measuring pain knowledge and experience. Results When controlling for other demographic variables, rural caregivers' scores on the FPQ knowledge subscale were worse (P = 0.01) than their urban counterparts. FPQ experience subscale scores and FPQ total scores were not statistically significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion Rural hospice family caregivers report greater pain knowledge deficits than urban hospice family caregivers, although the two groups report comparable pain management experiences. Additional research is needed to better explain observed differences.