cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calibration system for power quality instrumentation

In the past few years the number of loads producing harmonics in the power system has grown. As a consequence new definitions for electrical quantities under nonsinusoidal conditions have been discussed particularly in view to apply a fairer distribution of the financial burden required to operate the system and to maintain the quality of the service. Considering the rapid deregulation of electrical utilities, it is important to know what impact any new definition will have on the overall rate structures and billing charges, especially those applied to the major industrial clients. This paper describes a calibration system which can be used to investigate the performance of revenue meters based on the existing definitions in comparison with new measuring methods being proposed, for test waveforms of field recorded data. For this study some of the definitions proposed in the new IEEE Standard 1459-2000 were considered.
The effects of youth training on risk behavior: the role of non-cognitive skills

This paper uses unique experimental data from a youth training program in the Favelas, Brazil, to examine whether youth training programs can prevent treatment recipients from engaging in risk behavior—i.e., cigarettes, alcohol, and hard drug utilization, as well as witnessing or being a victim of violent crime. Although the program was successful in increasing income, we find that it only improved risk behavior of the treated individuals with higher levels of socio-emotional skills. JEL Classification: O11, O22, O17
PIF4 and ELF3 Act Independently in Arabidopsis thaliana Thermoresponsive Flowering

Plants have evolved elaborate mechanisms controlling developmental responses to environmental stimuli. A particularly important stimulus is temperature. Previous work has identified the interplay of PIF4 and ELF3 as a central circuit underlying thermal responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, thermal responses vary widely among strains, possibly offering mechanistic insights into the wiring of this circuit. ELF3 contains a polyglutamine (polyQ) tract that is crucial for ELF3 function and varies in length across strains. Here, we use transgenic analysis to test the hypothesis that natural polyQ variation in ELF3 is associated with the observed natural variation in thermomorphogenesis. We found little evidence that the polyQ tract plays a specific role in thermal responses beyond modulating general ELF3 function. Instead, we made the serendipitous discovery that ELF3 plays a crucial, PIF4-independent role in thermoresponsive flowering under conditions more likely to reflect field conditions. We present evidence that ELF3 acts through the photoperiodic pathway, pointing to a previously unknown symmetry between low and high ambient temperature responses. Moreover, in analyzing two strain backgrounds with different thermal responses, we demonstrate that responses may be shifted rather than fundamentally rewired across strains. Our findings tie together disparate observations into a coherent framework in which multiple pathways converge in accelerating flowering in response to temperature, with some such pathways modulated by photoperiod.
Parity-time symmetry breaking in optically coupled semiconductor lasers

We experimentally demonstrate the realization of a parity-time (PT) symmetry breaking in optically coupled semiconductor lasers (SCLs). The two SCLs are identical except for a detuning between their optical emission frequencies. This detuning is analogous to the gain-loss parameter found in optical PT systems. To model the coupled SCLs, we employ the standard rate equations describing the electric field and carrier inversion of each SCL, and show that, under certain conditions, the rate equations reduce to the canonical, two-site PT- symmetric model. This model captures the global behavior of the laser intensity as the system parameters are varied. Overall, we find that this bulk system (coupled SCLs) provides an excellent test-bed to probe the characteristics of PT-breaking transitions, including the effects of time delay.
Concentration inequalities and moment bounds for sample covariance operators

Let $X,X_{1},\dots,X_{n},\dots$ be i.i.d. centered Gaussian random variables in a separable Banach space $E$ with covariance operator $\Sigma$: \[\Sigma:E^{\ast}\mapsto E,\qquad\Sigma u=\mathbb{E}\langle X,u\rangle X,\qquad u\in E^{\ast}.\] The sample covariance operator $\hat{\Sigma}:E^{\ast}\mapsto E$ is defined as \[\hat{\Sigma}u:=n^{-1}\sum_{j=1}^{n}\langle X_{j},u\rangle X_{j},\qquad u\in E^{\ast}.\] The goal of the paper is to obtain concentration inequalities and expectation bounds for the operator norm $\Vert \hat{\Sigma}-\Sigma\Vert $ of the deviation of the sample covariance operator from the true covariance operator. In particular, it is shown that \[\mathbb{E}\Vert \hat{\Sigma}-\Sigma\Vert \asymp\Vert \Sigma\Vert (\sqrt{\frac{{\mathbf{r}}(\Sigma)}{n}}\vee \frac{{\mathbf{r}}(\Sigma)}{n}),\] where \[{\mathbf{r}}(\Sigma):=\frac{(\mathbb{E}\Vert X\Vert )^{2}}{\Vert \Sigma\Vert }.\] Moreover, it is proved that, under the assumption that ${\mathbf{r}}(\Sigma)\leq n$, for all $t\geq1$, with probability at least $1-e^{-t}$ \[\vert \Vert \hat{\Sigma}-\Sigma\Vert -M\vert \lesssim\Vert \Sigma\Vert (\sqrt{\frac{t}{n}}\vee \frac{t}{n}),\] where $M$ is either the median, or the expectation of $\Vert \hat{\Sigma}-\Sigma\Vert $. On the other hand, under the assumption that ${\mathbf{r}}(\Sigma)\geq n$, for all $t\geq1$, with probability at least $1-e^{-t}$ \[\vert \Vert \hat{\Sigma}-\Sigma\Vert -M\vert \lesssim\Vert \Sigma\Vert (\sqrt{\frac{{\mathbf{r}}(\Sigma)}{n}}\sqrt{\frac{t}{n}}\vee \frac{t}{n}).\]
Testing mutual independence in high dimension via distance covariance

Summary We introduce an L2-type test for testing mutual independence and banded dependence structure for high dimensional data. The test is constructed on the basis of the pairwise distance covariance and it accounts for the non-linear and non-monotone dependences among the data, which cannot be fully captured by the existing tests based on either Pearson correlation or rank correlation. Our test can be conveniently implemented in practice as the limiting null distribution of the test statistic is shown to be standard normal. It exhibits excellent finite sample performance in our simulation studies even when the sample size is small albeit the dimension is high and is shown to identify non-linear dependence in empirical data analysis successfully. On the theory side, asymptotic normality of our test statistic is shown under quite mild moment assumptions and with little restriction on the growth rate of the dimension as a function of sample size. As a demonstration of good power properties for our distance-covariance-based test, we further show that an infeasible version of our test statistic has the rate optimality in the class of Gaussian distributions with equal correlation.
REVISION AFTER MODULAR NECK FX: KEEPING THE STEM

Fracture of the Ti-Ti modular neck is associated with heavy weight, heavy activity, long modular necks and corrosion of the junction of the neck to the stem. Instruments have been designed that can remove the distal fragment of the fractured modular neck in most cases. These instruments will be demonstrated in this video. After the neck is removed, the clinician is faced with the decision to remove the stem or to place another modular neck. At present MicroPort (formerly Wright Medical Technology) the company whose modular neck I used, suggests that the female part of the taper (that is the part at the top of the stem) should not be reused if a modular neck (fractured or intact) has been removed. There is no question that the female taper is changed by having had the modular neck implanted. In most cases of fracture there is severe corrosion at the junction of the neck to stem. Thus, reuse of the taper could have problems and it is understandable that the company does not sanction its reuse. On the other hand, removal of a well-fixed ingrown stem is not without morbidity. In several cases, with patient informed consent, I have left the stem and implanted a new modular neck (either CoCr and Ti alloy) in the damaged taper. We are following these patients closely and it is too soon to make recommendations as to the wisdom of this practice. My strong recommendation is to remove the stem and place a new one.
Prediction of superconducting iron–bismuth intermetallic compounds at high pressure

The synthesis of materials in high-pressure experiments has recently attracted increasing attention, especially since the discovery of record breaking superconducting temperatures in the sulfur-hydrogen and other hydrogen-rich systems. Commonly, the initial precursor in a high pressure experiment contains constituent elements that are known to form compounds at ambient conditions, however the discovery of high-pressure phases in systems immiscible under ambient conditions poses an additional materials design challenge. We performed an extensive multi component ab initio structural search in the immiscible Fe-Bi system at high pressure and report on the surprising discovery of two stable compounds at pressures above ≈36 GPa, FeBi2 and FeBi3. According to our predictions, FeBi2 is a metal at the border of magnetism with a conventional electron-phonon mediated superconducting transition temperature of Tc = 1.3 K at 40 GPa.
Laser manipulation of Mossbauer transitions as a novel method of gamma-ray spectroscopy

Summary form only given. Recently, it was predicted that laser radiation can be used to manipulate very efficiently nuclear transitions at gamma-ray energies in solids. It results in both drastic qualitative and strong qualitative modifications of the Mossbauer spectra under the action of coherent optical radiation. The solid sample represents a host matrix where high densities of the ions are embedded by doping. The ions should possess both Mossbauer gamma-ray and optical electronic transitions favorable for the desired effects to be observed. Basically one needs Mossbauer-active ions with strong and sharp optical lines. The latter condition is typically satisfied for rare-earth and transition-metal ions in crystalline hosts and, remarkably, the majority of them are also Mossbauer-active.
Bots as Virtual Confederates: Design and Ethics

The use of bots as virtual confederates in online field experiments holds extreme promise as a new methodological tool in computational social science. However, this potential tool comes with inherent ethical challenges. Informed consent can be difficult to obtain in many cases, and the use of confederates necessarily implies the use of deception. In this work we outline a design space for bots as virtual confederates, and we propose a set of guidelines for meeting the status quo for ethical experimentation. We draw upon examples from prior work in the CSCW community and the broader social science literature for illustration. While a handful of prior researchers have used bots in online experimentation, our work is meant to inspire future work in this area and raise awareness of the associated ethical issues.
Defensins, lectins, mucins, and secretory immunoglobulin A: microbe-binding biomolecules that contribute to mucosal immunity in the human gut

AbstractIn the intestine, the mucosal immune system plays essential roles in maintaining homeostasis between the host and microorganisms, and protecting the host from pathogenic invaders. Epithelial cells produce and release a variety of biomolecules into the mucosa and lumen that contribute to immunity. In this review, we focus on a subset of these remarkable host-defense factors – enteric α-defensins, select lectins, mucins, and secretory immunoglobulin A – that have the capacity to bind microbes and thereby contribute to barrier function in the human gut. We provide an overview of the intestinal epithelium, describe specialized secretory cells named Paneth cells, and summarize our current understanding of the biophysical and functional properties of these select microbe-binding biomolecules. We intend for this compilation to complement prior reviews on intestinal host-defense factors, highlight recent advances in the field, and motivate investigations that further illuminate molecular mechanisms as wel...
The Judicial Role in Constraining Presidential Nonenforcement Discretion: The Virtues of an APA Approach

Scholars, lawyers, and, indeed, the public at large increasingly worry about what purposive presidential inaction in enforcing statutory programs means for the rule of law and how such discretionary inaction can fit within a constitutional structure that compels Presidents to "take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed." Yet those who have recognized the problem have been hesitant to assign a role for the court in policing the constitutional limits they articulate, mostly because of the strain on judicial capacity that any formulation of Take Care Clause review would cause. In this Article, I argue that courts still can and do constrain presidential nonenforcement discretion, and that they are far better situated to do so when they operate under the rubric of conventional administrative law. Often caricatured as categorically deferential to questions of enforcement discretion, the law of agency inaction is in fact nimble enough to constrain the most egregious instances of executive overreach in nonenforcement, and unique doctrinal features, such as the doctrine of finality, give courts a safety valve to control strains on judicial capacity.
COC BEARINGS IN THE YOUNG PATIENT: A NEW STANDARD EMERGING – AFFIRMS

Ceramic-on-ceramic (COC) bearing surfaces have consistently demonstrated reliable clinical results with when coupled with appropriated designed femoral stems and acetabular shells. Ceramic bearing surfaces are highly wettable and display both boundary and hydrodynamic fluid-film lubrication modes, which lead to extremely low wear rates. Furthermore, COC bearing couples have been shown to exhibit virtually no risk of adverse biologic reaction and have not been associated with corrosion-induced adverse tissue reactions that occur with metal taper junctions, particularly head-neck taper junctions. The relative brittleness of ceramics initially was thought to be a major disadvantage; however, four decades of improvement in the manufacture of ceramics and rigorous proof testing has led an extremely low risk of fracture, perhaps lower than that for cross-linked polyethylene. More recently it has become increasing appreciated that nearly all revisions for squeaking have been restricted to specific designs and materials, including the use of a titanium elevated metal rim on the acetabular side, and more flexible femoral components made of a beta-titanium alloy (TMZF) which had thin necks and relative small tapers. Multiple clinical studies document excellent long-term survival of COC bearing couples in young patients with revision for any reason as the primary endpoint. Our own experience with 341 hips with 2 to 15 and average 9.1 year f/u demonstrates a 95% overall survivorship (revision for any reason) at 13 years in patients under 50 years of age at the time of surgery. By contrast, cross-linked polyethylene bearings have not been studied so carefully and have not been shown to be superior to ceramic-ceramic bearings in young patients. These bearing surfaces represent a very heterogeneous group of products, with varying degrees of cross-linking, post-irradiation processing methods, and additives. Cross-linked polyethylenes in general have a lower fatigue strength than conventional polyethylene and are prone to fracture, especially when thin material is subjected to high stress. Some types of cross-linked polyethylenes are prone to in vivo oxidation, leading to further mechanical compromise over time. Studies also demonstrate the absence of reduction in femoral head penetration or risk of osteolysis in heads 32mm and larger, which are commonly used today. The most recent cross-linked polyethylene products have the least clinical support for their use. The long-term biologic effects of the smaller HXLPE wear particles and newer additives, including the more recently added vitamin E compounds are unknown. Indeed, in vitro, the debris has been shown to be cytotoxic. There is a paucity of survivorship data for hips utilising HXLPE, especially in younger, more active individuals. For these reasons, we believe that the ceramic-ceramic bearings are the gold standard for THA in the young patient and that cross-linked polyethylene bearing are being continually changed and have little long term clinical outcomes data to support their use.
Nonstandard neutrino interactions at DUNE, T2HK and T2HKK

We study the matter effect caused by nonstandard neutrino interactions (NSI) in the next generation long-baseline neutrino experiments, DUNE, T2HK and T2HKK. If multiple NSI parameters are nonzero, the potential of these experiments to detect CP violation, determine the mass hierarchy and constrain NSI is severely impaired by degeneracies between the NSI parameters and by the generalized mass hierarchy degeneracy. In particular, a cancellation between leading order terms in the appearance channels when ϵ eτ = cot θ 23 ϵ eμ , strongly affects the sensitivities to these two NSI parameters at T2HK and T2HKK. We also study the dependence of the sensitivities on the true CP phase δ and the true mass hierarchy, and find that overall DUNE has the best sensitivity to the magnitude of the NSI parameters, while T2HKK has the best sensitivity to CP violation whether or not there are NSI. Furthermore, for T2HKK a smaller off-axis angle for the Korean detector is better overall. We find that due to the structure of the leading order terms in the appearance channel probabilities, the NSI sensitivities in a given experiment are similar for both mass hierarchies, modulo the phase change δ → δ + 180°.
Bilateral control of teleoperators with time delay

A control law for teleoperators is presented which overcomes the instability caused by time delay. By using passivity and scattering theory, a criterion is developed which shows why existing bilateral control systems are unstable for certain environments, and why the proposed bilateral control law is stable for any environment and any time delay. The control law has been implemented on a single-axis force-reflecting hand controller, and preliminary results are shown. To keep the presentation clear, a single-degree-of-freedom (DOF) linear time-invariant (LTI) teleoperator system is discussed. Nevertheless, results can be extended, without loss of generality, to an n-DOF nonlinear teleoperation system. >
The Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 2014: Structure and Effects

Many US municipalities confront serious challenges due to aging water and wastewater infrastructure. Many systems require immediate repairs, upgrades, and replacement, but available funding is scarce. Readily available low-interest financing is of great help to such municipalities. The Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act (WIFIA) approved by Congress in 2014 was a step in that direction. WIFIA is a five-year pilot program focused on supporting large-scale projects that may be under-served by existing state revolving funds (SRFs). The authors examine the structure and implementation of WIFIA and its impact on existing financing mechanisms. The cost of debt service in four representative communities in New York was compared under WIFIA, SRFs, and tax-exempt municipal bonds. Although WIFIA financing offered the lowest debt service cost, savings from WIFIA depended on the spread between US Treasury rates and borrowing rates of the SRF-administering agency.
Trion and Biexciton in Monolayer Transition Metal Dichalcogenides

We study the trion and biexciton in transition metal dichalcogenides monolayers within the framework of a nonrelativistic potential model using the method of hyperspherical harmonics (HH). We solve the three- and four-body Schrodinger equations with the Keldysh potential by expanding the wave functions of a trion and biexciton in terms of the antisymmetrized HH. Results of the calculations for the ground state energies are in good agreement with similar calculations for the Keldysh potential and in reasonable agreement with experimental measurements of trion and biexciton binding energies.
Non‐genetic diversity modulates population performance

Biological functions are typically performed by groups of cells that express predominantly the same genes, yet display a continuum of phenotypes. While it is known how one genotype can generate such non-genetic diversity, it remains unclear how different phenotypes contribute to the performance of biological function at the population level. We developed a microfluidic device to simultaneously measure the phenotype and chemotactic performance of tens of thousands of individual, freely swimming Escherichia coli as they climbed a gradient of attractant. We discovered that spatial structure spontaneously emerged from initially well-mixed wild-type populations due to non-genetic diversity. By manipulating the expression of key chemotaxis proteins, we established a causal relationship between protein expression, non-genetic diversity, and performance that was theoretically predicted. This approach generated a complete phenotype-to-performance map, in which we found a nonlinear regime. We used this map to demonstrate how changing the shape of a phenotypic distribution can have as large of an effect on collective performance as changing the mean phenotype, suggesting that selection could act on both during the process of adaptation.
Theory of Adiabatic Fountain Resonance

The theory of “Adiabatic Fountain Resonance” with superfluid $$^4\hbox {He}$$ is clarified. In this geometry a film region between two silicon wafers bonded at their outer edge opens up to a central region with a free surface. We find that the resonance in this system is not a Helmholtz resonance as claimed by Gasparini et al., but in fact is a fourth sound resonance. We postulate that it occurs at relatively low frequency because the thin silicon wafers flex appreciably from the pressure oscillations of the sound wave.
Variable speed limit control at fixed freeway bottlenecks using connected vehicles

Abstract The connected vehicle (CV) technology is applied to develop VSL strategies to improve bottleneck discharge rates and reduce system delays. Three VSL control strategies are developed with different levels of complexity and capabilities to enhance traffic stability using: (i) only one CV (per lane) (Strategy 1), (ii) one CV (per lane) coupled with variable message signs (Strategy 2), and (iii) multiple CVs (Strategy 3). We further develop adaptive schemes for the three strategies to remedy potential control failures in real time. These strategies are designed to accommodate different queue detection schemes (by CVs or different sensors) and CV penetration rates. Finally, probability of control failure is formulated for each strategy based on the stochastic features of traffic instability to develop a general framework to (i) estimate expected delay savings, (ii) assess the stability of different VSL control strategies, and (iii) determine optimal control speeds under uncertainty. Compared to VMS-only strategies, the CV-based strategies can effectively impose dynamic control over continuous time and space, enabling (i) faster queue clearance around a bottleneck, (ii) less restrictive control with higher control speed (thus smoother transition), and (iii) simpler control via only one or a small number of CVs.
Shareholder rights in mergers and acquisitions: Are appraisal rights being abused?

Abstract Appraisal rights grant dissenting shareholders in an acquisition the right to petition the court to determine the value of their shares. These rights can protect shareholders from acquisitions below fundamental value or can be abused by opportunistic investors. We examine the use of appraisal rights and find the evidence is most consistent with appraisal rights functioning as recourse when the target firm is sold below fundamental value.
A theory of multiclass boosting

Boosting combines weak classifiers to form highly accurate predictors. Although the case of binary classification is well understood, in the multiclass setting, the "correct" requirements on the weak classifier, or the notion of the most efficient boosting algorithms are missing. In this paper, we create a broad and general framework, within which we make precise and identify the optimal requirements on the weak-classifier, as well as design the most effective, in a certain sense, boosting algorithms that assume such requirements.
Diversity Networks

Abstract: We introduce Divnet, a flexible technique for learning networks with diverse neurons. Divnet models neuronal diversity by placing a Determinantal Point Process (DPP) over neurons in a given layer. It uses this DPP to select a subset of diverse neurons and subsequently fuses the redundant neurons into the selected ones. Compared with previous approaches, Divnet offers a more principled, flexible technique for capturing neuronal diversity and thus implicitly enforcing regularization. This enables effective auto-tuning of network architecture and leads to smaller network sizes without hurting performance. Moreover, through its focus on diversity and neuron fusing, Divnet remains compatible with other procedures that seek to reduce memory footprints of networks. We present experimental results to corroborate our claims: for pruning neural networks, Divnet is seen to be notably superior to competing approaches.
Attempts to Monopolize: An American Anomaly

Laws, like gardens, need occasional pruning to remove doctrinal clutter and costly weeds. The attempt to monopolize provision of Section 2 of the Sherman Act is a prime candidate for pruning and should be repealed. The decriminalization of Section 2 makes the attempt to monopolize provision no longer appropriate. The attempt provision fills no important gap in antitrust enforcement and generates unnecessary and significant costs and doctrinal complexities that burden litigation. So long as the attempt to monopolize provision remains in place, courts should discard specific intent as an element of the claim. “Specific intent” is incoherent, confusing, potentially prejudicial, and an unnecessary legal fiction. It erroneously suggests to the factfinder that an intention to gain monopoly power itself makes the challenged conduct an unlawful attempt to monopolize. Evidence of subjective intention (state of mind) should be admissible only as relevant to a specific material issue such as the legitimacy of assert...
Chronotype differences in timing of energy and macronutrient intakes: A population-based study in adults.

Objective To examine the association between chronotype and timing of energy and macronutrient intakes in adults. Methods The study sample included 1,854 participants from the National FINRISK 2007 and FINDIET 2007 studies, aged 25 to 74 years. Diet was assessed with 48-hour dietary recalls. Chronotype was assessed with a shortened version of Horne and Ostberg's Morningness–eveningness Questionnaire. Associations between chronotype and intakes of energy and macronutrients in the morning (by 10 am) and in the evening (after 8 pm) were analyzed with linear regression and ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test. Results In the morning, evening types had lower energy and macronutrient intakes (except for sucrose of which they had a higher intake) than morning types (P < 0.05), while in the evening, evening types had higher intakes of energy, sucrose, fat, and saturated fatty acids than morning types (P < 0.05). On the weekend, chronotype differences in evening intakes of energy, sucrose, and fat intake were more pronounced, and evening types had more eating occasions and more irregular meal times than morning types. Conclusions Postponed energy and macronutrient intake timing of evening types with unfavorable dietary patterns may put them at higher risk of obesity and metabolic disturbances in the future.
ORIF FOR DISPLACED FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES IN THE 50- TO 60-YEAR-OLD PATIENT – OPPOSES

Femoral neck fractures continue to be one of the most common orthopaedic injuries treated today. Owing to the increased longevity of patients, enduring activity of older patients, and widespread osteoporosis in the population, there are more femoral neck fractures treated nowadays than ever before. Over 1 million femoral neck fractures were treated in the >65-year-old population, in the United States, between the years 1991–2008. The treatment of femoral neck fractures is unique because some fractures are amenable to internal fixation, while others require endoprosthetic replacement, either with a hemiarthroplasty or total hip replacement. Traditionally, less displaced fractures are treated with internal fixation; however, in younger patients, an attempt to fix the displaced fractures may be performed, in order to avoid a joint replacement in this population. The age at which an attempt at internal fixation is performed is still controversial, and treatment must be individualised to each patient. In general, patients younger than 60 would likely have internal fixation of the femoral neck fracture, rather than joint replacement. The paradigm for the treatment of femoral neck fractures has been changing in the last 10 years, due to advances in implant technology, surgical technique, and scientific papers that have compared the results of all three treatment options. Larger diameter femoral heads in combination with highly crosslinked polyethylene, or dual mobility head options, provide greater joint stability today than was possible in the past, thus making THA a more appealing option. Furthermore, greater use of the direct anterior approach to THA may also reduce the postoperative dislocation rate, due to preservation of the posterior capsule and short external rotators. Therefore, the author will propose the use of arthroplasty for displaced femoral neck fractures in patients younger than 60 years of age, owing to the reliability and reproducibility of THA over ORIF. Furthermore, the advances in arthroplasty materials and surgical techniques can restore function in this group of younger patients, with greater longevity of the implant than in the past.
Two-moment inequalities for Rényi entropy and mutual information

This paper explores some applications of a two-moment inequality for the integral of the r-th power of a function, where 0 < r < 1. The first contribution is an upper bound on the Renyi entropy of a random vector in terms of the two different moments. When one of the moments is the zeroth moment, these bounds recover previous results based on maximum entropy distributions under a single moment constraint. More generally, evaluation of the bound with two carefully chosen nonzero moments can lead to significant improvements with a modest increase in complexity. The second contribution is a method for upper bounding mutual information in terms of certain integrals with respect to the variance of the conditional density. The bounds have a number of useful properties arising from the connection with variance decompositions.
Lipschitz algebras and derivations II: exterior differentiation

Abstract Basic aspects of differential geometry can be extended to various non-classical settings: Lipschitz manifolds, rectifiable sets, sub-Riemannian manifolds, Banach manifolds, Wiener space, etc. Although the constructions differ, in each of these cases one can define a module of measurable 1-forms and a first-order exterior derivative. We give a general construction which applies to any metric space equipped with a σ -finite measure and produces the desired result in all of the above cases. It agrees with Cheeger's construction when the latter is defined. It also applies to an important class of Dirichlet spaces, where, however, the known first-order differential calculus in general differs from ours (although the two are related).
Parabolic Equations and Markov Processes Over p-Adic Fields

In this paper we construct and study a fundamental solution of Cauchy’s problem for p-adic parabolic equations of the type $$\frac{\partial u\left( x,t\right) }{\partial t}+\left( f\left( D,\beta\right) u\right) \left( x,t\right) =0,x\in \mathbb{Q}_{p}^{n},n\geq 1,t\in\left( 0,T\right] ,$$ where \(f\left( D,\beta \right) , \beta >0\), is an elliptic pseudo-differential operator. We also show that the fundamental solution is the transition density of a Markov process with state space \(\mathbb{Q}_p^n \).
CERAMIC-ON-CERAMIC DELTA BEARINGS THA: A RELIABLE AND SAFE BEARING? CLINICAL AND REGISTRY EVIDENCE

Introduction The utilization of ceramic components in Total Hip Arthroplasty has experienced an expanded acceptance by the orthopedic community. This increased acceptance has been largely due to the lower risk of fracture due to the introduction of zirconia toughened alumina ceramics. This extra-high strength ceramic composite has been proven clinically over the past 13 years and found to be much more reliable than previous ceramic materials. The goal is to verify this finding by published registry data as well as clinical outcome. Methods Registry data on fractured ceramic components have been compared with the data received from the largest manufacturer of ceramic hip components. Additionally, the clinical outcome of ceramic on ceramic artificial hips has been evaluated. Results The fracture rate of ceramic BIOLOX® delta ball heads is reported to be 0.001% by the manufacturer. The comparison with published registry data exhibits fracture rates of the same order of magnitude: 0.002% (1/ 52,741) by the Australian Registry (2014), 0.001% (3/230,769) by the French Health Authorities (2014), and 0.005% (1/18,090) by the Italian Emilia Romagna Registry (2014). The fracture rate of ceramic BIOLOX® delta inserts is reported to be 0.021% by the manufacturer. The comparison with published registry data again exhibits fracture rates in the same order of magnitude: 0.06% (17/27,752 implanted inserts) by the Australian Registry (2014), 0.025% (28/112,000) by French Health Authorities (2014), and 0.06% (10/14,493) by the Italian Emilia Romagna Registry (2014). Discussion The comparison between the fracture data released by the world's largest manufacturer of ceramic hip components and the published registry data are in same order of magnitude. The fracture rate of BIOLOX® delta ball heads is very low and can be considered as negligible compared to the rate of revision due to other reasons. The comparison between the reported fracture rate of ceramic inserts of the manufacturer and registry data also yields similar results. Looking at the reasons for fracture, 82% of the liner fractures reported to the manufacturer can be most likely assigned to handling related reasons (malaligned positioning or insufficient fixation). The results clearly confirm the excellent reliability of this 4th generation ceramic even when used in the younger and more active patients. A proper handling according to the IFU is necessary to ensure its superior clinical behaviour.
Reconditioning in Discrete Quantum Field Theory

We consider a discrete scalar, quantum field theory based on a cubic 4-dimensional lattice. We mainly investigate a discrete scattering operator S(x 0,r) where x 0 and r are positive integers representing time and maximal total energy, respectively. The operator S(x 0,r) is used to define transition amplitudes which are then employed to compute transition probabilities. These probabilities are conditioned on the time-energy (x 0,r). In order to maintain total unit probability, the transition probabilities need to be reconditioned at each (x 0,r). This is roughly analogous to renormalization in standard quantum field theory, except no infinities or singularities are involved. We illustrate this theory with a simple scattering experiment involving a common interaction Hamiltonian. We briefly mention how discreteness of spacetime might be tested astronomically. Moreover, these tests may explain the existence of dark energy and dark matter.
The Capacity of Private Information Retrieval

In the private information retrieval (PIR) problem, a user wishes to retrieve, as efficiently as possible, one out of $K$ messages from $N$ non-communicating databases (each holds all $K$ messages) while revealing nothing about the identity of the desired message index to any individual database. The information theoretic capacity of PIR is the maximum number of bits of desired information that can be privately retrieved per bit of downloaded information. For $K$ messages and $N$ databases, we show that the PIR capacity is $(1+1/N+1/N^{2}+\cdots +1/N^{K-1})^{-1}$ . A remarkable feature of the capacity achieving scheme is that if we eliminate any subset of messages (by setting the message symbols to zero), the resulting scheme also achieves the PIR capacity for the remaining subset of messages.
Spatially Offset Active Galactic Nuclei. II. Triggering in Galaxy Mergers

Galaxy mergers are likely to play a role in triggering active galactic nuclei (AGN), but the conditions under which this process occurs are poorly understood. In Paper I, we constructed a sample of spatially offset X-ray AGN that represent galaxy mergers hosting a single AGN. In this paper, we use our offset AGN sample to constrain the parameters that affect AGN observability in galaxy mergers. We also construct dual AGN samples with similar selection properties for comparison. We find that the offset AGN fraction shows no evidence for a dependence on AGN luminosity, while the dual AGN fractions show stronger evidence for a positive dependence, suggesting that the merger events forming dual AGN are more efficient at instigating accretion onto supermassive black holes than those forming offset AGN. We also find that the offset and dual AGN fractions both have a negative dependence on nuclear separation and are similar in value at small physical scales. This dependence may become stronger when restricted to high AGN luminosities, though a larger sample is needed for confirmation. These results indicate that the probability of AGN triggering increases at later merger stages. This study is the first to systematically probe down to nuclear separations of <1 kpc (~0.8 kpc) and is consistent with predictions from simulations that AGN observability peaks in this regime. We also find that the offset AGN are not preferentially obscured compared to the parent AGN sample, suggesting that our selection may be targeting galaxy mergers with relatively dust-free nuclear regions.
Weathering of rock to regolith: The activity of deep roots in bedrock fractures

Abstract Many areas in the world are characterized by shallow soils underlain by weathered bedrock, but root-rock interactions and their implications for regolith weathering are poorly understood. To test the role of tree roots in weathering bedrock, we excavated four pits along a catena in a shale-dominated catchment at the Susquehanna Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory (SSHCZO) in central Pennsylvania. We measured a variety of biological, physical, and chemical properties including: 1) root density, distribution, and respiration, 2) soil gas, and 3) elemental compositions, mineralogy, and morphology of soil, rock, and rock fracture fill at ridge top, mid-slope, toe-slope, and valley floor sites. As expected, root density declined rapidly with depth; nevertheless, fine roots were present in rock fractures even in the deepest, least weathered shale sampled (~ 180 cm below the land surface). Root densities in shale fractures were comparable between the ridge top and mid-slope pits. However, they were significantly lower in the toe-slope, despite increasing rock fracture densities, which is likely due to a shallower water table depth at the downslope site. Average root respiration (per mass of dry root tissue) in rock fractures was comparable to rates in the soil. Thus, the total flux of CO2 from root respiration tracked root densities, decreasing with depth. Potential microbial respiration, estimated as the laboratory C mineralization potential, was about an order of magnitude lower than measured root respiration in both the soil and shale fractures. Roots were only observed in large aperture (> 50 μm) shale fractures that were filled with particulate material. The fill in these fractures was mineralogically and geochemically similar to the lowest soil horizons with respect to clay composition, element mobility, extractable dissolved organic C (DOC), inorganic N-species, and potentially mineralizable C and N, while total C and total N values for the fracture fill were similar to the shale bedrock. In the bulk soil, depletion profiles (Al, Fe, K, Mg, and Si) relative to unweathered shale reflected characteristic weathering of illite and vermiculized chlorite to kaolinite and are similar between soils and fracture fill. Such similarities indicate that the fracture coatings are likely the result of pedogenic processes that occur at depth in the fractures rather than translocation of soil particles downward into the fractures. Overall, our data suggest that roots and fill in shale fractures down to ~ 180 cm are qualitatively similar to those in surface soil horizons. Thus, the deepest manifestation of the chemical depletion profiles observed in the pits consists of the rock fracture fill, and this fill is present at low concentrations with similarly low concentrations of fine roots.
Environmental cystine drives glutamine anaplerosis and sensitizes cancer cells to glutaminase inhibition.

Cancer cells need to consume certain nutrients in order to grow, and some cancer drugs work by affecting the ability of the cells to use these nutrients. For decades researchers have grown cancer cells in petri dishes with standard nutrient formulations (also known as tissue culture), but the nutrients available to cancer cells in tissue culture are not the same as those found in the body. Cancer cells growing in tissue culture consume large amounts of a nutrient called glutamine. These cells die when exposed to a class of drugs called glutaminase inhibitors that prevent them from processing glutamine. However, when these same cancer cells grow as tumors in animals, they process less glutamine and are not affected by glutaminase inhibitors. So what differences are there between growing cancer cells in tumors and tissue culture that explain this different reliance on glutamine? Muir et al. reasoned that changing the levels of nutrients available to cancer cells might change what these cells consume, and so grew human cancer cells in cow serum (which has a similar nutrient content to blood in humans and other mammals). Indeed, these cells consumed less glutamine and responded to glutaminase inhibitors in a way that is similar to how tumors in the body respond to these drugs. Comparing the nutrient content of cow serum and typical tissue culture formulations revealed that high levels of the nutrient cystine cause the cells to rely more on glutamine. The results presented by Muir et al. suggest that cancer cells in tumors could be made to consume more glutamine and that this would make them sensitive to glutaminase inhibitors – a possibility that will be studied in future work. Exposing cultured cancer cells to nutrient levels closer to those found in the body may also better predict how tumor cells use nutrients and respond to some treatments.
True polar wander of Enceladus from topographic data

Many objects in the solar system are suspected to have experienced reorientation of their spin axes. As their rotation rates are slow and their shapes are nearly spherical, the formation of mass anomalies, by either endogenic or exogenic processes, can change objects’ moments of inertia. Therefore, the objects reorient to align their largest moment of inertia with their spin axis. Such a phenomenon is called True Polar Wander (TPW). Here we report the discovery of a global series of topographic lows on Saturn's satellite Enceladus that we interpret to show that this synchronously locked moon has undergone TPW by ∼55° about the tidal axis. We use improved topographic data from the spherical harmonic expansion of Cassini limb and stereogrammetric measurements to characterize regional topography over the surface of Enceladus. We identify a group of nearly antipodal basins orthogonal to a basin chain tracing a non-equatorial circumglobal belt across Enceladus' surface. We argue that the belt and the antipodal regions are fossil remnants of earlier equator and poles, respectively. We argue that these lows arise from isostasic compensation and that their pattern reflects spatial variations in internal dynamics of the ice shell. Our hypothesis is consistent with a variety of geological features visible in Cassini images.
The Chemical Evolution of Galaxies

The gas-phase oxygen abundance, i.e. metallicity, of a galaxy is set by the interplay between star formation and gas flows. Metals are dispersed into the interstellar medium by stellar winds and supernovae. Metals accumulate in the interstellar medium of star-forming galaxies and provide a record of star-formation. However, inflows of unenriched gas into galaxies and metal-rich outflows of gas from galaxies can both reduce the metallicity. Thus, measurements of the metallicity across cosmic time provide important constraints for understanding the cycling of gas through galaxies as they build their stellar mass and evolve. We have measured the chemical evolution of galaxies over the last 10 billion years of cosmic time. These measurements provide a coherent picture of how galaxies enrich as they build their stellar mass. We show that the chemical evolution of star-forming galaxies is very simple. The metallicity of star-forming galaxies at z < 1.5 only depends on the stellar-to-gas mass ratio. The relation between metallicity and stellar-to-gas mass ratio is an universal relation followed by all galaxies as they evolve.
A complete logic for behavioural equivalence in coalgebras of finitary set functors

Abstract This paper presents a sound and complete sequent-style deduction system for determining behavioural equivalence in coalgebras of finitary set functors preserving weak pullbacks. We also prove soundness without the weak pullback requirement. Finitary set functors are investigated because they are quotients of polynomial functors: the polynomial functor provides a ready-made signature and the quotient provides necessary additional axioms. We also show that certain operations on functors can be expressed with uniform changes to the presentations of the input functors, making this system compositional for a range of widely-studied classes of functors, including the Kripke polynomial functors. Our system has roots in the F L R 0 proof system of Moschovakis et al., particularly as used by Moss, Wennstrom, and Whitney for non-wellfounded sets. Similarities can also be drawn to expression calculi in the style of Bonsangue, Rutten, and Silva.
Measuring the value of accurate link prediction for network seeding.

The influence-maximization literature seeks small sets of individuals whose structural placement in the social network can drive large cascades of behavior. Optimization efforts to find the best seed set often assume perfect knowledge of the network topology. Unfortunately, social network links are rarely known in an exact way. When do seeding strategies based on less-than-accurate link prediction provide valuable insight? We introduce optimized-against-a-sample ( $$\text{OAS}$$ ) performance to measure the value of optimizing seeding based on a noisy observation of a network. Our computational study investigates $$\text{OAS}$$ under several threshold-spread models in synthetic and real-world networks. Our focus is on measuring the value of imprecise link information. The level of investment in link prediction that is strategic appears to depend closely on spread model: in some parameter ranges investments in improving link prediction can pay substantial premiums in cascade size. For other ranges, such investments would be wasted. Several trends were remarkably consistent across topologies.