cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-Selected Diets of Lactating Women Often Fail to Meet Dietary Recommendations

Abstract Objective To assess longitudinally nutrient intakes of lactating women during the postpartum period. Design Dietary data from lactating women were collected by means of 2-day food records at 3 and 6 months postpartum. Intake of energy and selected nutrients was tabulated and compared with dietary standards. Subjects The 52 lactating women enrolled in the study lived in a university community, were apparently healthy, had a body mass index within normal range, were successfully nursing a term infant, and planned to nurse for at least 6 months. Statistical analyses performed Paired t tests and Stuart-Maxwell χ 2 analyses Results Mean energy intakes were below the Recommended Dietary Allowance. Mean intakes of most nutrients met or exceeded recommended standards except for zinc and vitamins D and E at both 3 and 6 months postpartum. Calcium and folate intakes were also below standards at 6 months. Although mean iron intake exceeded the standard at both measurement times, there was a significant decline from 3 to 6 months. Relative frequencies of mothers meeting various percentages of standards differed significantly from 3 to 6 months for calcium; iron; folate; and vitamins E, D, and B-6. At 6 months, significant increases were noted in the number of women reporting calcium, folate, and vitamin B-6 intakes at less than one half of the recommended amounts. Applications/conclusions Guidance for lactating women should stress food sources of nutrients likely to be limited in their diets: calcium; zinc; folate; and vitamins E, D, and B-6. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998;98:297–302.
NFAT4 movement in native smooth muscle. A role for differential Ca(2+) signaling

The transcription factor NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T-cells) plays a central role in mediating Ca(2+)-dependent gene transcription in a variety of cell types. Sustained increases in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) are presumed to be required for NFAT dephosphorylation by the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein calcineurin and its subsequent nuclear translocation. Here, we provide the first identification and characterization of NFAT in native smooth muscle, showing that NFAT4 is the predominant isoform detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. PDGF induces NFAT4 translocation in smooth muscle, leading to an increase in NFAT transcriptional activity. NFAT4 activation by PDGF depends on Ca(2+) entry through voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels, because its nuclear accumulation is prevented by the Ca(2+) channel blocker nisoldipine and the K(+) channel opener pinacidil. Interestingly, elevation of [Ca(2+)]i by membrane depolarization or ionomycin treatment are not effective stimuli for NFAT4 nuclear accumulation, indicating that Ca(2+) influx is necessary but not sufficient for NFAT4 activation. In contrast, membrane depolarization readily activates the Ca(2+)-dependent transcription factor CREB (cAMP-responsive element-binding protein). The calcineurin blockers CsA and FK506 also prevented the PDGF-induced NFAT4 nuclear localization. These results indicate that both the nature of the calcium signal and PDGF-induced modulation of nuclear import-export of NFAT are critical for NFAT4 activation in this tissue.
Multi band sensing with arsenides and nitrides

Infrared sensing covering the spectral ranges from ultraviolet (UV) to infrared (IR) are demonstrated with arsenide and nitride semiconductor structures. The use of a heterojunction structure allows the utilization of both the inter-band and inter-valence band transitions in one detector architecture for detecting UV and IR. Simultaneous detection or selection in different spectral bands using applied bias is also demonstrated. Various quantum structures using Quantum Rings, dots, and wells will also be discussed.
The 129-iodine content of subtropical Pacific waters: impact of Fukushima and other anthropogenic 129-iodine sources

Abstract. Results obtained from a dedicated radiochemistry cruise approximately 100 days after the 11 March 2011 Tohoku earthquake and subsequent disaster at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant show that Fukushima derived radionuclides in the nearby ocean environment had penetrated, on average, to ≤250 m depth (1026.5 kg m3 potential density surface). The excess inventory of Fukushima-derived 129I in the region (∼150 000 km2) sampled during the cruise is estimated to have been between 0.89 and 1.173 billion Bq (∼136 to ∼179 grams) of 129I. Based on a tight tracer–tracer relation with 134Cs (or 137Cs) and estimates that most of the excess cesium is due to direct discharge, we infer that much of the excess 129I is from direct (non-atmospheric deposition) discharge. After taking into account oceanic transport, we estimate the direct discharge, i.e., that directly released into the ocean, off Fukushima to have been ∼1 kg 129I. Although this small pulse is dwarfed by the ~90 kg of weapons-testing-derived 129I that was released into the environment in the late 1950s and early 1960s, it should be possible to use Fukushima-derived 129I and other radionuclides (e.g., 134, 137Cs) to study transport and entrainment processes along and across the Kuroshio Current.
Opportunistic Relay Selection with a Direct Link

The performance of relay selection in the presence of a direct source-destination link has been an open problem, essentially because a direct link introduces cross-dependencies in the relay selection that significantly complicate its analysis. Thus, the previous studies of relay selection by and large have been forced to assume that the network geometry is such that the direct link is weak enough to be ignored.This paper addresses and solves this open problem. Several relaying protocols are analyzed with relay selection in the high-SNR regime using the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff, including AF, DF, NAF, DDF, and CF. In several cases, simplified selection criteria are developed.
Is the lifetime of light-stimulated cGMP phosphodiesterase regulated by recoverin through its regulation of rhodopsin phosphorylation?

In the current model of visual transduction, the lifetime of active cGMP phosphodiesterase depends upon the period of its interaction with GTP-bound transducin. If recoverin regulates the lifetime of light-activated cGMP phosphodiesterase through inhibition of rhodopsin phosphorylation, rhodopsin should directly interact with cGMP phosphodiesterase and/or GTP-bound transducin complexed with cGMP phosphodiesterase. Is this true?
Large switched reluctance machines: a 1 MW case study

The inherent simplicity, low cost, fault tolerance and safety of the switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive have made it an attractive candidate for replacing many adjustable speed AC and DC drives in aerospace, manufacturing and home appliances. Despite these advantages, the suitability of SRM drive for large power applications such as ship propulsion or other heavy duty traction applications has not yet been properly explored. This paper reports the design philosophy for a large power SRM drive. Salient prospects for design and performance prediction of a high voltage/high power SRM have been addressed. These include magnetic design of the machine, performance prediction, calculation of losses, vibration and acoustic noise, temperature distribution and converter related issues. Design of a 1 MW/2 kV SRM drive has been presented in this paper. Results of this study show that SRM drive is a reasonably good candidate for high power applications while offering much simpler manufacturing and control.
Compressed Sensing System Considerations for ECG and EMG Wireless Biosensors

Compressed sensing (CS) is an emerging signal processing paradigm that enables sub-Nyquist processing of sparse signals such as electrocardiogram (ECG) and electromyogram (EMG) biosignals. Consequently, it can be applied to biosignal acquisition systems to reduce the data rate to realize ultra-low-power performance. CS is compared to conventional and adaptive sampling techniques and several system-level design considerations are presented for CS acquisition systems including sparsity and compression limits, thresholding techniques, encoder bit-precision requirements, and signal recovery algorithms. Simulation studies show that compression factors greater than 16X are achievable for ECG and EMG signals with signal-to-quantization noise ratios greater than 60 dB.
Role of alpha(v)beta(3) integrin in osteoclast migration and formation of the sealing zone

The alpha(v)beta(3) integrin is abundantly expressed in osteoclasts and has been implicated in the regulation of osteoclast function, especially in cell attachment. However, in vivo studies have shown that echistatin, an RGD-containing disintegrin which binds to alpha(v)beta(3), inhibits bone resorption without changing the number of osteoclasts on the bone surface, suggesting inhibition of osteoclast activity. The objective of this study was to examine how occupancy of alpha(v)beta(3) integrins inhibits osteoclast function, using primary rat osteoclasts and murine pre-fusion osteoclast-like cells formed in a co-culture system. We show that: (1) echistatin inhibits bone resorption in vitro at lower concentrations (IC(50)= 0.1 nM) than those required to detach osteoclasts from bone (IC(50) approximately 1 microM); (2) echistatin (IC(50)= 0.1 nM) inhibits M-CSF-induced migration and cell spreading of osteoclasts; (3) alpha(v)beta(3) integrins are localized in podosomes at the leading edge of migrating osteoclasts, whereas, with echistatin treatment (0.1 nM), alpha(v)beta(3) disperses randomly throughout the adhesion surface; and (4) when bone resorption is fully inhibited with echistatin, there is visible disruption of the sealing zone (IC(50)= 13 nM), and alpha(v)beta(3) visualized with confocal microscopy re-distributes from the basolateral membranes to intracellular vesicular structures. Taken together, these findings suggest that alpha(v)beta(3) integrin plays a role in the regulation of two processes required for effective osteoclastic bone resorption: cell migration (IC(50)= 0.1 nM) and maintenance of the sealing zone (IC(50) approximately 10 nM).
The performance of PET motor insulation in CFC-free refrigerant systems

Summary form only given, as follows. The rapid conversion to CFC (chlorofluorocarbon)-free refrigerants has prompted the reexamination of the performance of PET insulating materials in the presence of the new refrigerant systems. Several PET motor films were subjected to sealed-tube aging tests in the presence of CFC-free refrigerants and lubricants. The effects of the type of lubricant, level of moisture, temperature, and time on the physical properties of the motor films were examined. The factors which dominate the motor films' performance were considered. The performance of the films in sealed-tube tests was compared to their performance in other aging tests, such as hydrolytic stability, 160 degrees C aging, and oligomer extraction to obtain the later test's relative predictive value. >
Calculus as a tool.

I read the short article by Barry Cipra about calculus teaching reforms (News, [16 Feb., p. 901][1]) with interest. I studied calculus for an entire year in college, but without really understanding it. Proving all the theorems constituted a considerable portion of the course, but I memorized the proofs. I felt then and feel now that proofs are irrelevant to the great majority of us who use calculus as a tool. In using it in physical chemistry class, I suddenly experienced an epiphany. The entire topic of calculus became clear in the course of understanding partial derivatives of thermodynamic functions; and in that one second, I learned more than I had ever learned in an entire year of calculus. If calculus were taught as a useful tool rather than as a theoretical discipline, I believe more students would learn it, understand it, and enjoy it. I have taken this same approach to my own teaching, particularly of enzyme kinetics. I find that the traditional way of teaching theory first reaches maybe 10% of students, while teaching the methodology first and then teaching the theory reaches 80 to 90% of students. I encourage the reformers to continue, particularly in eliminating irrelevant proofs. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.271.5251.901b
Will Google destroy western democracy? Bias in policy problem solving

Democracy requires students to choose policy positions based on evidence, yet confirmation bias prevents them from doing so. As a preliminary step in building a policy reasoning tutor, this study identifies where bias occurs during the search and analysis of evidence in a policy reasoning task. 60 university students played an on-line game in which they chose which of four policies would increase school performance. The between-subjects design compared a free search group who searched for evidence in google-like environment, to a sequential presentation group who read all available evidence, and manipulated whether the evidence confirmed or disconfirmed students' prior beliefs. The study measured the impact on students' evidence-based recommendations, their change in beliefs, and their recall of the evidence. Results showed that students did not cherry-pick evidence nor discount disconfirming evidence. However, students' extreme confidence in their initial beliefs usually prevented them from changing position, and they mistakenly recalled the evidence as confirming their beliefs. The results suggest that a policy tutor should focus on evidence synthesis and making recommendations based on explicit evidence.
Simple SCR and TRIAC PSPICE computer models

An ideal voltage-controlled switch provided in PSPICE is used to develop simple computer models for silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs) and TRIACs. With additional parameters, most of the thyristor properties are modeled. Detailed modeling of the C149M10 SCR and ZN6346A TRIAC and related applications are described. >
Synthesis of Xanthoxime and Pyridine-3-Aldoxime Esters and Ethers as Potential Anticholinergics

The synthesis of a series of oxime esters and ethers was accomplished by acylation and O-alkylations of 3-pyridinealdoxime and xanthoxime. The esterifications were effected by treating the oximes with benzoyl chloride whereas the O-alkylations were effected by treating the oximes with β-dimethylaminoethyl and γ-dimethylaminopropyl chlorides. In the course of this investigation, five compounds were synthesized and evaluated for their anticholinergic activity. This study reveals that the oxime esters and ethers possessing the bulkier xanthene moiety are, in general, more anticholinergic than those derived from 3-pyridinealdoxime. 9-(γ-Dimethylaminopropyloximino)-xanthene methyl bromide was found to be the most potent anticholinergic agent among the new compounds evaluated.
Challenges of open innovation: the paradox of firm investment in open‐source software

Open innovation is a powerful framework encompassing the generation, capture, and employment of intellectual property at the firm level. We identify three fundamental challenges for firms in applying the concept of open innovation: finding creative ways to exploit internal innovation, incorporating external innovation into internal development, and motivating outsiders to supply an ongoing stream of external innovations. This latter challenge involves a paradox, why would firms spend money on R&D efforts if the results of these efforts are available to rival firms? To explore these challenges, we examine the activity of firms in open source software to support their innovation strategies. Firms involved in open source software often make investments that will be shared with real and potential rivals. We identify four strategies firms employ — pooled R&D/product development, spinouts, selling complements and attracting donated complements — and discuss how they address the three key challenges of open innovation. We conclude with suggestions for how similar strategies may apply in other industries and offer some possible avenues for future research on open innovation.
An architecture-driven approach for the fitting problem in an application-specific EPLD

An architecture-driven fitting algorithm for an application-specific erasable programmable logic device (EPLD) is described. The specific architecture-dependent constraints imposed on the connectivity of the chip are used to develop a hierarchical partitioning structure of the algorithm. This approach limits very effectively the solution search-space in the early stage of the search process. The program which implements the proposed algorithm has been tested, and the experimental results are very promising. The approach which is based on partitioning can be also applied to other field programmable gate array (FPGA) architectures. >
Experimental study of the thermoforming of a blend of styrene‐butadiene copolymer with polystyrene

Material characterization and thermoforming studies were completed using a blend of a styrene-butadiene copolymer with polystyrene used commercially for the production of cups and dishes. This composition was thermoformed between 135 and 152°C. Studies consisted of forming 30-mil and 46-mil sheets at 130, 140, and 150°C at three evacuation rates in an aluminum cylindrical mold. The mold was instrumented with a pressure transducer to follow the change in pressure during forming and two Linear Voltage Displacement Transducers, which served as mold wall contact sensors. The results indicated that the process is extremely rapid (0.25-0.60 sec) for the high and medium evacuation rates. The process was found to require a low pressure differential for forming (typically <4 psi). The final part thickness distribution and extension ratio data indicated that the material stretches into the approximate shape of a spherical segment, contacts the bottom/ center of the mold, contacts the sides, and finally stretches into the corners. The tensile strength and modulus of elasticity measurements of the final part were slightly less than the original sheet properties for samples measured in the machine direction but slightly greater for samples taken in the transverse direction. However, the percent elongation at break increased significantly in both the machine and transverse directions.
Oleic acid reduces oxidant stress in cultured pulmonary artery endothelial cells

Altering the fatty acid composition of cultured porcine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAEC) modulates their susceptibility to oxidant stress. This study demonstrates that supplementing PAEC with oleic acid (18:1 omega 9), but not gamma-linolenic acid (18:3 omega 6), provided dose-dependent protection from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cytotoxicity. It was hypothesized that 18:1 reduced PAEC susceptibility to oxidant stress by altering H2O2 metabolism. To test this hypothesis, confluent PAEC monolayers were treated with 100-200 microM H2O2 or control conditions 24 h after supplementation with 0.1 mM 18:1, 18:3, or vehicle for 3 h. Intracellular [H2O2] in control cells (14.4-29.0 pM), estimated from the rate of aminotriazole-mediated inactivation of endogenous catalase activity, increased following treatment with 200 microM H2O2 (19.0-37.3 pM). Supplementation with 18:1 attenuated increases in intracellular [H2O2] only in oxidant-exposed cells, whereas supplementation with 18:3 attenuated intracellular [H2O2] only in control cells. Supplementation with 18:1 or 18:3 tended to reduce or enhance PAEC lipid hydroperoxide content following H2O2 exposure, respectively, but did not alter PAEC reduced glutathione content, the activities of glutathione peroxidase or catalase, or H2O2 uptake and release. Alteration of H2O2 metabolism in cultured PAEC may contribute to the ability of fatty acids to modulate cellular oxidant susceptibility.
Resale Price Maintenance After Leegin: The Curious Case of Contact Lenses

Resale price maintenance (RPM) is a controversial pricing practice for managing retail distribution channels. In Leegin Creative Leather Products, Inc. v. PSKS, Inc. (2007), the Supreme Court abolished a nearly century-old per se rule against RPM established in Dr. Miles Medicine Co. v. John D. Park & Sons (1911). Henceforth, RPM will be judged under federal antitrust law by the rule of reason – a less restrictive standard that requires courts to weigh all the relevant circumstances of a case to assess whether a practice unreasonably restrains trade. Despite that the decision in Leegin leaves many unanswered questions, the decision has prompted an increasing number of consumer goods manufacturers to adopt RPM in the management of their retailer relationships. Recently, the widespread use of restrictive pricing practices in the retail distribution of contact lenses have drawn attention and elevated debate over the practice. Pending lawsuits in the industry have been identified as an important “test case” for antitrust’s new vertical pricing regime following Leegin. Drawing upon relevant literatures from law, economics, and business, together with publically available information, important questions in the debate and related cases that share significance for scholarship and practice are elaborated upon and examined. This examination reveals insights helpful to understanding the antitrust implications of contact lens manufacturers’ pricing practices and for advancing academic knowledge, marketing practice, and competition policy involving RPM.AAI Working Papers are typically works in progress that will eventually be revised and published elsewhere. They do not necessarily represent the position of the American Antitrust Institute. This Working Paper represents the work of the authors and does not necessarily represent the views of the American Antitrust Institute or their affiliated institutions.
Nearly optimal monotone drawing of trees

Abstract A monotone drawing of a graph G is a straight-line drawing of G such that, for every pair of vertices u , w in G , there exists a path P u w in G that is monotone in some direction l . (Namely, the order of the orthogonal projections of the vertices of P u w on l is the same as the order they appear in P u w .) The problem of finding monotone drawings for trees has been studied in several recent papers. The main focus is to reduce the size of the drawing. Currently, the smallest drawing size is O ( n 1.205 ) × O ( n 1.205 ) . In this paper, we present an algorithm for constructing monotone drawing of trees on a grid of size at most O ( n log ⁡ n ) × O ( n log ⁡ n ) .
‘On n’est pas condamné à l’échec’: Hip-hop and the banlieue narrative

A number of contemporary French rappers such as Kery James, Medine and Youssoupha have reconfigured the artistic and societal image of the banlieue space and racial and religious otherness as ‘also French’ by undertaking a deconstruction of French identity and historical narratives. These musical artists, also predominantly Muslim, posit that the French model of cultural and religious assimilation actually precludes full societal integration: ‘Mon respect s’fait violer au pays dit des droits de l’Homme / Difficile de se sentir francais / Sans le syndrome de Stockholm’ (Kery James, ‘Lettre a la Republique’). Through lyrics that acknowledge marginalisation while also staking a claim to French identity, these artists displace concepts of centre and periphery by speaking to and about the nation from a space that is both within and outside the French national project. By challenging la laicite as the only legitimate avenue to ‘Frenchness’ and insisting upon the quotidian urban banlieue narrative as that which ...
Morbid Obesity as Early Manifestation of Occult Hypothalamic-Pituitary LCH with Delay in Treatment.

Morbid obesity presents unique challenges in managing additional disease processes. A 16-year-old male with a history of central diabetes insipidus (DI) and hypothyroidism developed destructive lesions in both his right mandible and brain, which were not discovered until the patient presented for tinnitus, 8 years after his initial diagnosis with DI. Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) was diagnosed on pathologic biopsy. The patient’s initial body mass index (BMI) was 54.5 kg/m2 so a unique treatment approach with single agent cladribine (2-CdA) was offered as traditional steroid therapy could worsen his endocrine dysfunction. The patient presented with neurodegenerative sequelae from the central LCH, possibly due to a delay in diagnosis and therapy. This case highlights difficulties in managing obese patients in an oncology setting and provides an illustrative case of how obesity may mask other comorbid conditions. Close supervision of complex obese patients with coordinated endocrinology and oncology care is vital. For the primary care practitioner, monitoring abrupt changes in BMI with serial cranial imaging may lead to a prompt diagnosis and prevention of further neurodegenerative effects. The use of 2-CdA was found to successfully bring the patient’s LCH into remission without the additional risks of steroid therapy in a morbidly obese patient.
A modest proposal for a new beginning: a Hippocratic Oath for S&T workers

过去大约30年里，中国的科学研究实现了巨大的发展，经济和社会均取得了奇迹般的进步。作为一名身在海外的华人科学家，我为这些成就深感骄傲。但快速发展向来会带来一些需要解决的次要问题，中国学者学术不端的问题众所周知，造成这个问题的制度性原因也引起了广泛的讨论，此处无需赘述。习近平主席领导的反腐运动取得了成功，减少学术不端行为正是这场运动的一部分。我想提的建议，是朝解决这个问题的方向迈出的一小步。这个建议的优点在于成本低，可能会带来实效甚至开创先河，并在世界范围内产生影响。同时，也有一些实验证据表明，这个办法兴许管用。 在美国和我熟悉的一些中国高校，所有的博士论文作者都被要求签署声明，承诺论文属于“原创，不包含其他个人或集体已发表或撰写过的成果……”，并将声明和论文放在一起，作为论文的一个组成部分。否则，论文就无法通过。尽管有人可能没有如实签署，但一旦被发现，这种行为造成的后果即刻显现。对这样的规定有所了解也有助于从一开始制止不端行为。 因此，我建议中国科学院和中国工程院率先行动，发起一个公开的全国学者签名系统，从学术带头人开始，敦促所有学者签署声明，承诺“从今往后”不会在工作中参与学术不端行为。这一签名系统可以按学科或机构划分，并由相关机构在网上公示，接受广大群众监督。 这种签名系统的好处数不胜数。我只列出其中一些，以解释我为什么认为值得去做。 1. 因为是公开的，这个签名系统会对签署人从事不端行为的念头起到威慑作用。 2. 有了这个系统，任何不端行为都完全由签署人负责。这将使相关机构免受指责和丑闻的影响，并避开“家丑不可外扬”的传统。这一传统往往导致不端行为被掩盖，而非受到惩罚。 3. 一旦知名学者带头签名，其他没签名的学者就会感到有压力。（毕竟，谁能反对这种承诺呢？你为什么没签呢？） 4. 对中国科学院和中国工程院来说，实施这个方案的成本相对较低，同时益处又很多。 5. 此举将向世界表明中国制止学术不端行为的决心，并为其他国家和地区树立榜样。 当然，我知道实施这样一个方案存在障碍，可能会遭到反对。首先，根据我的经验和我对中国的了解，任何事情要想成功，必须自上而下来执行。因此我呼吁，中国科学院和中国工程院如果觉得这么做值得，就带头制定这样的制度。只需要获得他们的批准，其他几乎不需要做什么。我相信，学术界会热情支持。 其次，包括院士在内的知名科学家可能会认为，签署这样的承诺书有损他们的尊严，甚至是对他们的侮辱。的确如此，但我只想指出，医学界要求所有医生（不管知名与否，包括诺贝尔奖得主在内）在约束道德行为的希波克拉底誓词【译注：希波克拉底誓词（Hippocratic Oath），俗称医师誓词，是西方医生按照传统在行医前的誓言】上签名。如果医学界都这么做了，为什么其他科技界不能？如果像中国科学院和中国工程院这样的领头羊机构带头组织这一签名系统，谁都不应该觉得是一种侮辱。事实上，因为带头为中国做出了贡献，人们应该感到这是一种荣誉。签名可以被视为一种爱国主义行为，你签名不是因为个人利益，而是为了鼓励其他人。即便有院士真的感觉签名牺牲了个人的尊严，那就把它看作是政府给予你作为知名科学家或院士的一切待遇后，需要你做出的一个小小牺牲吧。 第三，一些人可能会觉得这是政府耍的花招，对他们过去为不端行为撒谎进行定罪，不管那些失检行为有多么不起眼。因此，这个建议不涉及过去，只针对“从今往后”的情况。 当然，对于这一方案的执行，还需制定具体的细节。但我把它留给中国的研究人员去完成，他们更加熟悉传统和习惯。对于同意这一提议的读者，希望你们致信中国科学院、中国工程院或者《国家科学评论》，表示支持。
Texting during class: Audience response systems

Librarians teach in many different environments. It is often difficult to gauge whether students are benefiting from training. Students often feel self-conscious or uncomfortable asking and answering questions in class. Audience response systems (ARS) make it easy for presenters to get immediate feedback from students who have the ability respond anonymously. Web-based ARS allow participants to engage with presenters using their smartphones, tablets, or computers. This column explores four web-based ARS that are available for free or have free options.
Assessment Tools for Evaluation of Oral Feeding in Infants Younger Than 6 Months.

Background Feeding difficulty is common in infants younger than 6 months. Identification of infants in need of specialized treatment is critical to ensure appropriate nutrition and feeding skill development. Valid and reliable assessment tools help clinicians objectively evaluate feeding. Purpose To identify and evaluate assessment tools available for clinical assessment of bottle- and breastfeeding in infants younger than 6 months. Methods/search strategy CINAHL, HaPI, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched for "infant feeding" and "assessment tool." The literature (n = 237) was reviewed for relevant assessment tools. A secondary search was conducted in CINAHL and PubMed for additional literature on identified tools. Findings/results Eighteen assessment tools met inclusion criteria. Of these, 7 were excluded because of limited available literature or because they were intended for use with a specific diagnosis or in research only. There are 11 assessment tools available for clinical practice. Only 2 of these were intended for bottle-feeding. All 11 indicated that they were appropriate for use with breastfeeding. None of the available tools have adequate psychometric development and testing. Implications for practice All of the tools should be used with caution. The Early Feeding Skills Assessment and Bristol Breastfeeding Assessment Tool had the most supportive psychometric development and testing. Implications for research Feeding assessment tools need to be developed and tested to guide optimal clinical care of infants from birth through 6 months. A tool that assesses both bottle- and breastfeeding would allow for consistent assessment across feeding methods.
Adaptive Admittance Control for Human-Robot Interaction Using Model Reference Design and Adaptive Inverse Filtering

Corobotics involves humans and robots working collaboratively as a team. This requires physical human-robot interaction (pHRI) systems that can adapt to the preferences of different humans and have good robustness and stability properties. In this brief, a new inner-loop/outer-loop robot controller formulation is developed that makes pHRI robust to changes in both corobot and human user. First, an inner-loop controller with guaranteed robustness and stability causes a robot to behave like a prescribed admittance model. Second, an outer-loop controller tunes the admittance model so that the robot system assists humans with varying levels of skill to achieve task-specific objectives. This design technique cleanly separates robot-specific control from task performance objectives and allows formal inclusion in an outer design of both an ideal task model and unknown human operator dynamics. Experimental results with the controllers running on a PR2 robot demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach.
The Coping Modes and Its Influencing Factors for Family Members of Children with Asthma

Objective To investigate the coping model of family members of children with asthma and its influencing factors so as to provide evidence for health care workers to take effective interventions. Methods Medical Coping Modes Questionnaire(MCMQ) was used to investigate family members of 257 children with asthma and statistical analysis was conducted. Results The scores in confrontation and acceptance-resignation were higher than the norm; the difference in scores of avoidance was not statistically significant compared with the norm. Parents' age and the disease duration have no significant influence on coping modes and no difference in scores of each group was statistically significant. The scores in acceptance-resignation were different for parents of children with different genders as the parents of boy patients got lower score and the difference was significant, but no significant difference was observed in confrontation and avoidance between the two groups. The score in confrontation differed for different family members and the score for other family members was significantly higher than grand-parents and parent while no significant difference was observed for scores in other two factors. Score in confrontation for family members with different educational background was significantly different while scores in other two factors were not significantly different. Conclusion With proper intervention in the nursing process, family members will take more efficient coping modes which will be helpful for the recovery.
Analysis of HIV/AIDS sentinel surveillance data among four high- risk population in Hetian district in 2012

Objective To know AIDS related knowledge,behavior and infection status of HIV among high- risk population in Hetian District,and to draw up strategies for prevention and control of AIDS. Methods Cross- sectional sentinel surveys were conducted repeatedly with questionnaire survey and serological surveillance among CSW( commercial sex workers),DUS( drug users),STD( sexually transmitted disease clinic attendees) and PRG( pregnant woman). Results The condom use rate in the last commercial sex was 92. 0% and the awareness rate of AIDS / HIV knowledge was 48. 1% and HIV positive rate was 1. 6% among CSW. The rate of using condom every time in the last year was 12. 8% and HIV positive rate was 12. 6% among DUS. The awareness rate of AIDS / HIV knowledge was 59. 4% and HIV positive rate was 2.9% among STD. The awareness rate of AIDS / HIV knowledge was 68. 2% among CSW. Conclusion It is necessary to strengthen the propaganda educational work about HIV / AIDS knowledge and to expand high- risk behavior intervention and testing coverage in future. Particularly,DUS should be the key point population.
An investigation into students' interpretations of submicroscopic representations

Applying a particulate model of matter requires learners to translate among several levels of representations-macroscopic, microscopic and symbolic. Successful instruction and assessment require that students properly interpret representations. As part of the development of validated assessments to place students along a learning progression, this study explores how students' interpretations of representations change and affect their responses to items as they progress through the science curriculum. We find that different representations may enhance different alternative conceptions.
Abstract P3-11-02: Weight maintenance initiated at midlife reduces mammary tumor incidence but metformin treatment does not mimic the effect

Weight gain and/or obesity are now considered to be risk factors for the development of postmenopausal breast cancer. Thus, weight loss and/or maintenance resulting from calorie restriction (CR) is recommended however success rates are infrequent. Metformin (MET) is a safe and effective treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus and its use has been linked to reduced breast cancer incidence and mortality in comparison to other forms of diabetes treatments. Interestingly, MET9s mechanism of action is considered to be similar to CR. The goal of the present investigation was to directly compare the effect of CR implemented at midlife with the administration of metformin on the development of mammary tumors (MT) in a relevant mouse model. Further, since these interventions would likely be used by obese women we studied both lean and obese mice. Female MMTV-TGF-α mice which develop MTs in the second year of life were fed ad libitum (AL) either a low fat (LF) (10.2% by calories) diet or a moderately high fat (HF) (33.5% by calories) diet from 10 until 30 weeks of age. At 30 weeks the mice on each diet were divided into AL, MET (250 mg/kg/bw/day) or CR (25% reduction in calories) subgroups and then followed until 90 weeks of age. HF-AL and HF-Met mice were significantly heavier that the other 4 groups whose weights were similar. The survival curves had an overall P value of P Supported by NIH-NCI CA157012, The Hormel Foundation and Paint the Town Pink. Citation Format: Cleary MP, Mizuno NK, Yang D-Q, Liao J, Grossmann ME. Weight maintenance initiated at midlife reduces mammary tumor incidence but metformin treatment does not mimic the effect. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-11-02.
Morality and Mathematics

If we presume mathematics is universal while morality is cultural, these practices demand distinct pedagogies: Mathematics becomes a uniform requirement while ethics becomes a variable elective. However, the idea that mathematics is an essential part of the core curriculum is relatively new. Why must everyone be taught mathematics given that mathematicians are so rare? Studying mathematics and ethics expands the scope and unity of our world through abstract and analogical reasoning. From an evolutionary perspective, these disciplines are co-adaptations, mutually sustaining cognitive capacities with shared origins in our distant past. Concepts such as equality and fairness depend upon mathematics for their meaning, if not their merit. No formal instruction is ever value-free and the most efficacious teachers can answer the perennial question, “what is this course good for?” Humans vary with respect to abstract reasoning skills and a variety of mathematical languages are spoken around the world. Even so, we should promote mathematical literacy by cultivating those cognitive capacities that make mathematical reasoning and moral deliberation possible. Integrated approaches to mathematical and moral instruction may be more efficacious than teaching each in isolation. We need to value math education if we want to make moral progress just as we need to value human intellectual variation if we want to make mathematical progress.
Bifunctional Platinum-Cobal Oxide Catalysts for the Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Reactions

A bifunctional catalyst for both oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) could be employed in a unitized regenerative fuel cell, an energy storage device that can be coupled to intermittent renewable energy such as wind or solar to peak-shift electricity to the grid. Though significant work has been done over the past few decades, no catalyst for both ORR and OER with high activity for both reactions have been discovered. It is well know that platinum or platinum based alloys exhibit the highest activities for ORR among all other catalyst, however they display poor activity for OER. In contrary, transition metal (hydro)oxides, such as iron, nickel, or cobalt (hydro)oxides, always possess highly activities for OER but poor activity for ORR. Due to "migration-effect" of transition metal in ORR, in which the free transition metal (hydro)oxides will move to the surfaces of platinum during electrochemical process and results in the dramatically decrease of the ORR activity of Pt eventually, it is impossible to achieve high activity for both ORR and OER by simply mix platinum or platinum based alloy with transition metal (hydro)oxides together. Inspired by this, we developed a novel method to prepare 7nm platinum nanoparticles doped with atomic sized cobalt oxides for the applications of ORR and OER. Our primary results showed that these hetero-structured materials exhibited higher activity than state-of-the-art commercial platinum for ORR, but also 10 times higher activity for OER than Co3O4. Most importantly, our catalysts also demonstrated excellent stability. Apparently, the interfaces must play a dominated role in both ORR and OER. Investigation of the interfaces between platinum and Co3O4 of our catalyst in atomic scale is crucial to understand how the interfaces worked and what kinds of interfaces are better for both ORR and OER. Our work will advanced the fundamental understanding of the metal-oxide interface in enhancing the ORR and OER, which is envisioned to shed light on the design of advanced catalysts for catalyzing complex chemical processes.
Divisor Methods of Apportionment: Divide and Round

Apportionment methods are procedures for allocating a total number of seats proportionally to vote counts, census figures, or similar quantities. Apportionment methods must be anonymous, balanced, concordant, decent, and exact. Beyond these organizing principles the central issue is proportionality. This chapter focuses on the family of divisor methods; they follow the motto “Divide and round”. The properties of general divisor methods are elaborated in detail. Five divisor methods are of particular traditional interest: the divisor methods with downward rounding, with standard rounding, with geometric rounding, with harmonic rounding, and with upward rounding.
Administration of electroconvulsive therapy for depression associated with deep brain stimulation in a patient with post-traumatic Parkinson’s Disease: a case study

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been shown to be effective for parkinsonian symptoms poorly responsive to medications. DBS is typically well-tolerated, as are the maintenance battery changes. Here we describe an adverse event during a battery replacement procedure that caused rapid onset of severe depression. The patient is a 58-year-old woman who was in a serious motor vehicle accident and sustained a concussion with loss of consciousness. Within weeks of the accident she began developing parkinsonian symptoms that progressively worsened over the subsequent 10 years. Responding poorly to medications, she received DBS, which controlled her movement symptoms. Five years after initiating DBS, during a routine battery change, an apparent electrical event occurred that triggered the rapid onset of severe depression. Anti-seizure and antidepressant medications were ineffective, and the patient was offered a course of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), which resulted in complete reversal of her depressive episode. Parkinson’s syndrome can be seen after a single closed head injury event. Post-traumatic parkinsonism is responsive to DBS; however, DBS has been associated with an infrequent occurrence of dramatic disruption in mood. ECT is a therapeutic option for patients who develop intractable depressive illness associated with DBS.
A Principled Approach to Secure Multi-core Processor Design with ReWire

There is no such thing as high assurance without high assurance hardware. High assurance hardware is essential because any and all high assurance systems ultimately depend on hardware that conforms to, and does not undermine, critical system properties and invariants. And yet, high assurance hardware development is stymied by the conceptual gap between formal methods and hardware description languages used by engineers. This article advocates a semantics-directed approach to bridge this conceptual gap. We present a case study in the design of secure processors, which are formally derived via principled techniques grounded in functional programming and equational reasoning. The case study comprises the development of secure single- and dual-core variants of a single processor, both based on a common semantic specification of the ISA. We demonstrate via formal equational reasoning that the dual-core processor respects a “no-write-down” information flow policy. The semantics-directed approach enables a modular and extensible style of system design and verification. The secure processors require only a very small amount of additional code to specify and implement, and their security verification arguments are concise and readable. Our approach rests critically on ReWire, a functional programming language providing a suitable foundation for formal verification of hardware designs. This case study demonstrates both ReWire’s expressiveness as a programming language and its power as a framework for formal, high-level reasoning about hardware systems.
Structure-Activity Relationship Studies on a Macrocyclic Agouti-Related Protein (AGRP) Scaffold Reveal Agouti Signaling Protein (ASP) Residue Substitutions Maintain Melanocortin-4 Receptor Antagonist Potency and Result in Inverse Agonist Pharmacology at the Melanocortin-5 Receptor.

The melanocortin system consists of five reported receptors, agonists from the proopiomelanocortin gene transcript, and two antagonists, agouti-signaling protein (ASP) and agouti-related protein (AGRP). For both ASP and AGRP, the hypothesized Arg-Phe-Phe pharmacophores are on exposed β-hairpin loops. In this study, the Asn and Ala positions of a reported AGRP macrocyclic scaffold (c[Pro-Arg-Phe-Phe-Asn-Ala-Phe-DPro]) were explored with 14-compound and 8-compound libraries, respectively, to generate more potent, selective melanocortin receptor antagonists. Substituting diaminopropionic acid (Dap), DDap, and His at the Asn position yielded potent MC4R ligands, while replacing Ala with Ser maintained MC4R potency. Since these substitutions correlate to ASP loop residues, an additional Phe to Ala substitution was synthesized and observed to maintain MC4R potency. Seventeen compounds also possessed inverse agonist activity at the MC5R, the first report of this pharmacology. These findings are useful in develop...
Best proximity point theorems for generalized α-β-proximal quasi-contractive mappings

Herein, we search for some best proximity point results for a novel class of non-self-mappings $T:A \longrightarrow B$ called generalized proximal α-β-quasi-contractive. We illustrate our work by an example. Our results generalize and extend many recent results appearing in the literature. Several consequences are derived. As applications, we explore the existence of best proximity points for a metric space endowed with symmetric binary relation.
Diagnostic evaluation of patients presenting with hematuria: An electronic health record-based study

Abstract Background To gain new insights into the origin and prevention of diagnostic delays in the evaluation of hematuria in an electronic health record (EHR)–based integrated care setting. Methods We performed a retrospective review of 298 consecutive patients with new-onset hematuria at a Veterans Affairs facility from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2013 excluding those where diagnostic evaluation was unnecessary (i.e., cystoscopy within 3 years prior). We collected data on presentation, such as red flags of painless gross hematuria (PGH) or asymptomatic microhematuria (AMH) and subsequent evaluation (imaging, urologic referral, and cystoscopy). Delay was defined when evaluation was not completed within 60 days. Logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of delay. Results Of 201 patients, 149 had delays. PGH was present in 99 patients. These patients had a higher rate of urology referral within 1 year than patients with AMH (86.7% vs. 64.7%; P Conclusion Delays in evaluation for hematuria occur commonly, regardless of strength of the red-flag. Many delays were preventable and could be targeted with interventions including EHR-based tracking systems or reformed scheduling practices.
School nurses are able to support adolescents experiencing pain secondary to stress and unhealthy lifestyle choices

Commentary on: Hoie M, Haraldstad K, Rohde G, et al . How school nurses experience and understand everyday pain among adolescents. BMC Nurs 2017;16:53. Pain in school children is a topic receiving increased attention from researchers, clinicians and parents. The impact of pain in school children stems beyond discomfort: children in pain may miss school, are unable to focus on curricular activities, forego social opportunities, and may rely on or misuse analgesic medications.1–3 Pain is a biopsychosocial experience for all, but psychosocial influences are particularly prevalent among adolescents. As …
Editorial Commentary: "Virtual Reality" Simulation in Orthopaedic Surgery: Realistically Helpful, or Virtually Useless?

Abstract Although we have come a long way, the rapidly expanding field of virtual reality simulation for arthroscopic surgical skills acquisition is supported by only a limited amount of evidence. That said, the good news is that the evidence suggests that simulator experience translates into improved performance in the operating room. If proving this relation is our ultimate goal, more work is certainly needed. In this commentary, a "Task List" is proposed for surgeons and educators interested in using simulators and better defining their role in resident education.