cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transition on swept leading edges at Mach 3.5

Data and correlations for transition from laminar to turbulent flow on 45and 60-deg swept cylinders are presented. The data were obtained at Mach 3.5 in the Pilot Low-Disturbance Wind Tunnel at NASA Langley. Freestream noise levels were varied during the test program from extremely low values that were essentially in the instrument noise range to much higher values approaching those in conventional wind tunnels. The results show that end plates or large trips near the upstream end of the cylinders cause turbulent flow along the entire attachment line of the models over the freestream test Reynolds number range (based on cylinder diameter) of approximately 1.0 X10 </?00jZj < 1.6 x 10. When all end disturbance sources are removed, transition occurs on the attachment lines at R^D — 7-8 x 10 independent of freestream noise levels and in agreement with previous correlations. With the addition of small roughness elements on the cylinder attachment lines, transition occurs at lower values of the Reynolds number, depending on both the roughness height and the wind-tunnel noise level. Limited data obtained off the attachment line indicate that the effects on transition of end disturbances, roughness, and wind-tunnel noise are generally similar to those on the attachment lines.
A New Method for the Calculation of the Emergent Distributions for the Anisotropic Slab Albedo Problem

Abstract A method is presented for the calculation of the emergent particle distributions of the albedo problem in one-speed transport theory with arbitrary anisotropic scattering. From a singular eigenfunction expansion of the solution of the albedo problem and the orthogonality properties of these eigenfunctions, a pair of coupled Fredholm integral equations of the second kind are obtained for the reflected and transmitted distributions. These integral equations are readily decoupled, and can be approximated by a set of linear equations from which very accurate numerical solutions are obtained.
Determination of the Amount of Blood in the Central Nervous System Following Injections of Hypertonic Solutions.

The theory that the volume of blood and the volume of fluid within the cranium are inversely related to each other (Monro-Kellie-Burrows) has never been subjected to the test of the direct determination of the amount of blood in the central nervous system following dehydration after injections of hypertonic solutions. Wolff and Forbes1 noticed contraction of the pial blood-vessels under such experimental conditions, while contrary to their observation Kubie and Hetler2 described an increase in the color intensity of the brain cortex in color photographs taken before and after injections of 20-30% sodium chloride solutions.Based on the observations of Voigt3 that blood, brain and spinal cord do not retain colloidal silver but are free of silver 4 hours after the injection of collargol, the following method was applied for the determination of the amount of blood in the central nervous system: Collargol (Heyden) was dissolved in distilled water, cornsyrup added as a protective colloid and the solution added...
Is bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase involved in the repair of ultraviolet damage

Abstract Defects in bacteriophage T4 gene 43 (DNA polymerase) do not enhance the ultraviolet sensitivity of the virus, even when the host DNA polymerase I is also defective. Methods are described for markedly enlarging T4 plaque sizes.
Mutagenic activity of nitro-substituted cyclopenta-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons towards Salmonella typhimurium.

Abstract Cyclopenta-fused isomers of pyrene and benz[ a ]anthracene, nitrated on the etheno bridge, were synthesized and tested in the Ames plate-incorporation assay. Since enzymatic reduction, if it occurs in these compounds, would form arylhydroxylamines which in turn would form highly stabilized arylnitrenium ions, we hoped to test the hypothesis that the direct-acting mutagenic activity of nitroPAH is correlated with the degree of stabilization of the electrophilic intermediate. We found that these compounds are mutagenic (1–9 rev/nmole in Salmonella typhimurium TA98) and do not require S9 activation. However, this activity is substantially lower than that of other nitroPAH of comparable size such as 1-nitropyrene (250–300 rev/nmole). The reasons for this comparative lack of activity are discussed with reference to current theories regarding structure-activity relationships of nitroPAH.
Boundary layers in planes of symmetry. I - Experiments in turbulent flow

Etude experimentale dans les plans de symetrie au vent et sous le vent d'un corps axisymetrique avec une incidence de 15°. Mesures de la distribution de pression, de la vitesse moyenne et de la turbulence. Etude de l'influence d'une convergence ou d'une divergence de l'ecoulement externe sur la turbulence et le developpement de la couche limite
Injectable medications for osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is one of the most frequent and chronic conditions that affect the U.S. population. Use of intra-articular injections is one of the established treatment options available in the nonoperative care for the management of symptomatic osteoarthritis. Common injectable medications include corticosteroids, hyaluronic acid, and other less traditional compounds (for example, botulinum toxin). Corticosteroids work by anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive actions. Corticosteroids have been shown to decrease pain and symptoms associated with osteoarthritis for up to 3 weeks. Hyaluronic acid has an unclear mechanism of action, but it is thought to promote the restoration of hyaluronic acid within an osteoarthritic joint. The efficacy of hyaluronic acid is modest and is most beneficial between 5 and 13 weeks after treatment. Other injectable compounds have been studied and include botulinum toxin type A, which has been theorized to work as an antinociceptive agent. One must be aware of the potential adverse effects associated with these medications. For all of these injectable treatments, the placebo effect must not be overlooked, because it has be demonstrated in multiple studies that these medications provide similar relief of pain when compared with placebo. Image guidance with ultrasound or fluoroscopy may be considered when performing intra-articular injections to improve accurate placement of medication.
Phagocytic Superoxide Specifically Damages an Extracytoplasmic Target to Inhibit or Kill Salmonella

Background The phagocytic oxidative burst is a primary effector of innate immunity that protects against bacterial infection. However, the mechanism by which reactive oxygen species (ROS) kill or inhibit bacteria is not known. It is often assumed that DNA is a primary target of oxidative damage, consistent with known effects of endogenously produced ROS in the bacterial cytoplasm. But most studies fail to distinguish between effects of host derived ROS versus damage caused by endogenous bacterial sources. We took advantage of both the ability of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to survive in macrophages and the genetic tractability of the system to test the hypothesis that phagocytic superoxide damages cytoplasmic targets including DNA. Methodology/Principal Findings SodCI is a periplasmic Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) that contributes to the survival of Salmonella Typhimurium in macrophages. Through competitive virulence assays, we asked if sodCI has a genetic interaction with various cytoplasmic systems. We found that SodCI acts independently of cytoplasmic SODs, SodA and SodB. In addition, SodCI acts independently of the base excision repair system and RuvAB, involved in DNA repair. Although sodCI did show genetic interaction with recA, this was apparently independent of recombination and is presumably due to the pleiotropic effects of a recA mutation. Conclusions/Significance Taken together, these results suggest that bacterial inhibition by phagocytic superoxide is primarily the result of damage to an extracytoplasmic target.
Effects Of Reinforcer Probability, Delay, And Response Requirements On The Choices Of Rats And Pigeons: Possible Species Differences

In Experiment 1 with rats, a left lever press led to a 5-s delay and then a possible reinforcer. A right lever press led to an adjusting delay and then a certain reinforcer. This delay was adjusted over trials to estimate an indifference point, or a delay at which the two alternatives were chosen about equally often. Indifference points increased as the probability of reinforcement for the left lever decreased. In some conditions with a 20% chance of food, a light above the left lever was lit during the 5-s delay on all trials, but in other conditions, the light was only lit on those trials that ended with food. Unlike previous results with pigeons, the presence or absence of the delay light on no-food trials had no effect on the rats' indifference points. In other conditions, the rats showed less preference for the 20% alternative when the time between trials was longer. In Experiment 2 with rats, fixed-interval schedules were used instead of simple delays, and the presence or absence of the fixed-interval requirement on no-food trials had no effect on the indifference points. In Experiment 3 with rats and Experiment 4 with pigeons, the animals chose between a fixed-ratio 8 schedule that led to food on 33% of the trials and an adjusting-ratio schedule with food on 100% of the trials. Surprisingly, the rats showed less preference for the 33% alternative in conditions in which the ratio requirement was omitted on no-food trials. For the pigeons, the presence or absence of the ratio requirement on no-food trials had little effect. The results suggest that there may be differences between rats and pigeons in how they respond in choice situations involving delayed and probabilistic reinforcers.
Comparison of parenteral and oral protein feeding on radiation susceptibility in protein-depleted rat.

Conclusions1. Parenteral feeding of protein hydrolysate following radiation offers no advantage over oral feeding in the protein-depleted rat as measured by radiation susceptibility. 2. Parenteral hydrolysate administration may be advantageous in preventing early post-irradiation weight loss.
Quantum-Dot Size and Thin-Film Dielectric Constant: Precision Measurement and Disparity with Simple Models

We study the dielectric constant of lead sulfide quantum dot (QD) films as a function of the volume fraction of QDs by varying the QD size and keeping the ligand constant. We create a reliable QD sizing curve using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), thin-film SAXS to extract a pair-distribution function for QD spacing, and a stacked-capacitor geometry to measure the capacitance of the thin film. Our data support a reduced dielectric constant in nanoparticles.
Contribution of Functional Parameters to Patient-Rated Outcomes After Surgical Treatment of Distal Radius Fractures

Purpose Outcomes of distal radius fractures can be measured radiographically, functionally, or via patient-rated questionnaires, but previous studies report conflicting results regarding the relationship between these outcomes. Our specific aim was to explore the role that functional outcomes have in the score of the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire (MHQ), a patient-rated hand instrument. Methods We obtained data for 207 patients. Demographic information was collected as part of the MHQ. Function (wrist motion and grip and pinch strength) was assessed 3 and 6 months after fracture fixation. We applied linear regression analysis to determine each item's contribution to the total MHQ score. Results After we applied linear regression analysis, we determined that 3 months after fixation, all included factors contributed 37% of the MHQ score. Only the grip strength difference between the injured and uninjured hands was significantly associated, contributing 22% of the MHQ score. Six weeks and 6 months after fixation, all included factors contributed 43% and 34%, respectively, of the MHQ score. No individual factors were significant contributors. Conclusions Measured functional outcomes variables account for less than 40% of the total MHQ score. Identifying the unmeasured factors that make up the additional 60% of the total MHQ score would be beneficial in the continued examination of patient-rated outcomes. Furthermore, the use of multiple outcomes assessment modalities should be considered in any study measuring patient-rated outcomes. Type of study/level of evidence Prognostic II.
Three‐dimensional simulation study of ionospheric plasma clouds

The results of fully three-dimensional numerical simulations of ionospheric plasma cloud evolution are presented. The evolution of the plasma cloud considered by Drake and Huba (1987) in the limit of vanishingly small ion compressibility is discussed. Simulations support the results of the analytical theory: finite plasma temperature, combined with fully three-dimensional plasma dynamics, is a stabilizing influence on plasma cloud evolution. This stability is associated with sheared azimuthal ion flows in the vicinity of the cloud surface. Cloud evolution using realistic values of ion compressibility show that the cloud rapidly diffuses to a state in which the sheared azimuthal flow is substantially reduced; subsequently, the cloud becomes unstable and structures.
Application Of A Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) Detector For Coude Spectroscopy

A modified Fairchild CCD-221 detector has been installed in the coude spectrograph of the KPNO 2.1-m telescope for use in obtaining high dispersion stellar spectra. The system can be used to obtain spectra in the wavelength region from 4900 - 9900 A with resolutions ranging from 70 - 470 mA. The instrument system features a newly designed "universal" dewar, which may be used to mount the CCD in most any orientation, and an integrated observing and data reduction software system, which automates most of the routine data processing steps.
Cerebral Venous Thrombosis in Children

Cerebral venous thrombosis is an important cause of stroke in children. Understanding the natural history of the disease is essential for rational application of new interventions. We retrospectively identified 31 children with cerebral venous thrombosis confirmed by head computed tomography (4 patients) or by magnetic resonance imaging (27 patients). Risk factors, clinical and radiographic features, and neurologic outcomes were analyzed. There were 21 males and 10 females aged 1 day to 13 years (median 14 days). Nineteen (61%) were neonates. The most common risk factors included mastoiditis, persistent pulmonary hypertension, cardiac malformation, and dehydration. The chief clinical features were seizures, fever, respiratory distress, and lethargy. Fifteen patients had infarctions (8 hemorrhagic, 7 ischemic). Protein C and antithrombin III deficiency were the most common coagulopathies among 14 tested patients. On discharge, 11 patients were normal, 17 had residual deficits, and 2 patients died. Twenty-seven patients were followed from 1 month to 12 years (mean 22 months). At follow-up, 11 patients were normal, and 13 patients had development delay. One had residual hemiparesis and cortical visual impairment. Two had other deficits. Neonatal cerebral venous thrombosis is probably more common than previously thought, and outcomes are worse in this group. All children with cerebral venous thrombosis should be tested for coagulation disorders.
Market Power and Performance: A Cross-Industry Analysis of Manufacturers and Retailers

Abstract Two recent studies of manufacturer and retailer profitability in the food industry have raised questions about whether the widely cited, but empirically untested, shift of power from manufacturers to retailers has really occurred. Has the marketing community been operating under a misconception or are these studies flawed? This paper uses more complete measures of exercised and potential market power and a broader sample of industries and retail classes to address this critical question. Not only do our measures have strong theoretical grounding in the industrial organization, finance and accounting literature, they incorporate in them the impact of actions that have been commonly cited as illustrations of a power shift. Our analysis of 14 consumer good industries shows that only a few of them exhibit a shift in market power towards retailers. Further this apparent shift is highly influenced by a small number of retailers within a single retail class.
A catalyst for US competitiveness

Programs of the US Commerce Department's Technology Administration that are stressing cooperation with industry and academia are discussed. As a result, Commerce programs reflect different approaches. In some cases, the department acts as an advocate for industry within the Federal government. The Commerce Department also acts as an advocate for industry with foreign governments. Efforts are underway to share technological breakthroughs at US government laboratories with small businesses, universities, and state and local governments. In some areas, particularly manufacturing, the Commerce Department acts as an agent for change. >
Derivation of the linear-logistic model and Cox's proportional hazard model from a canonical system description

The linear-logistic regression model and Cox's proportional hazard model are widely used in epidemiology. Their successful application leaves no doubt that they are accurate reflections of observed disease processes and their associated risks or incidence rates. In spite of their prominence, it is not a priori evident why these models work. This article presents a derivation of the two models from the framework of canonical modeling. It begins with a general description of the dynamics between risk sources and disease development, formulates this description in the canonical representation of an S-system, and shows how the linear-logistic model and Cox's proportional hazard model follow naturally from this representation. The article interprets the model parameters in terms of epidemiological concepts as well as in terms of general systems theory and explains the assumptions and limitations generally accepted in the application of these epidemiological models.
Fracture parameter for thermoinelasticity

A path domain independent integral, S, that equals the energy release rate for an extending crack in a thermoinelastic field is presented. This paper develops the new parameter from its theoretical foundations in continuum mechanics, demonstrates that S can be calculated from finite element results and describes how S can be obtained from experiments. The S-integral is developed for simple uncoupled and linearized fully coupled quasi static thermoinelastic cases. Invoking thermoinelastic continuum mechanics linearized for small strain and small temperature changes, S emanates from a discrete Lagrangian describing the thermoinelastic system and Noether's theorem from classical field theory. S defines the force acting on an extending crack and represents a conservation law for a crack free body analogous to the Budiansky and Rice interpretation of the J-integral. The conservation law nature of S for a singularity free region is demonstrated by both computational and physical experiments. S can be calculated from finite element results via a two step postprocessing algorithm. Furthermore, S can be obtained from physical experiments. The S-integral offers a parameter to improve the understanding of the strength and reliability of materials subjected to thermomechanical loadings.
“Zerotrans” margarines: Preparation, structure, and properties of interesterified soybean oil-Soy trisaturate blends

The sodium methoxide-catalyzed random interesterification of liquid soybean oil-soy trisaturate blends was explored as a possible route to zerotrans margarine oils. Lipase hydrolysis of the rearranged fats showed that with 0.2% catalyst, interesterification is complete within 30 min at 75-80 C. The glyceride structures of natural and randomized soybean oil-soy trisaturate blends are presented, and relationships between their structure and physical properties are discussed. Organoleptic evaluations showed that randomization of the glyceride structure had no adverse effects on flavor and oxidative stability. Flavor evaluations made against a commercially hardened tub margarine oil showed that interesterified oil had comparable initial and aged flavor scores. X-ray diffraction studies demonstrated that randomized soybean oil-soy trisaturate blends possess the beta-prime crystal structure desirable for use in margarine production. Dilatometric data indicate that random interesterification of 20% by weight of soy trisaturate into the glyceride structure of soybean oil provides a product having a solid fat index suitable for use in a soft tub margarine.
Transcription of the tryptophan operon in Escherichia coli: rifampicin as an inhibitor of initiation.

Abstract Rifampicin blocks initiation of transcription of the trp operon in regulator-constitutive and derepressed cultures of Escherichia coli. RNA polymerase molecules which initiate transcription of the trp operon prior to the addition of the inhibitor are not prevented from completing transcription of the remainder of the operon. During repression RNA polymerase molecules do not appear to initiate transcription and remain on the operon in a rifampicin-resistant form.
Vibrational coherence in the solution phase photoisomerization reaction of cis-stilbene

Coherent low frequency (100–125 cm−1) nuclear motion was detected in the cis → trans condensed phase isomerization of stilbene. A mode, associated with phenyl torsional motion, has a vibrational dephasing time of 100 fs and exhibits solvent-dependent wavepacket dynamics. Selective probe wavelengths (600, 650 and 690 nm) exhibit phase shifts for the wavepacket dynamics that are also solvent sensitive.
Rotation Periods of Low-Mass Stars of the Upper Scorpius OB Association

We present results from a rotation period study of 21 pre–main-sequence stars in the Upper Scorpius OB association. Eleven stars have periodic variability consistent with stellar rotation. We discuss the period-searching methods and false-alarm probability calculations. Since the pre–main-sequence population of the Upper Sco region has not been examined as thoroughly as those of other star-forming regions, we compare our results with the Taurus-Auriga and Trapezium star-forming regions. We note a different distribution of Prot in Upper Sco. We use the Prot distribution to estimate the stellar spin-up times in this association.
Susan B. Anthony, reformer and speaker

(1944). Susan B. Anthony, reformer and speaker. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 173-180.
Ventilatory long-term facilitation in non-snoring subjects during NREM sleep.

We hypothesized that very brief episodes of hypoxia (<1 min) would evoke long-term facilitation (LTF) in individuals free of inspiratory flow limitation (IFL). We studied 12 healthy participants who were self-reported non-snorers and confirmed the absence of IFL. We induced 15 brief episodes of hypoxia during non-REM sleep, reducing arterial oxygen saturation to 84–85%, followed by 1 min of room air. Ventilatory variables and resistance were measured during the control period, hypoxic trials, room air controls, and for 20 min following the last hypoxic episode. There was a significant increase in minute ventilation (108 ± 1.3% of control, P < 0.05) and tidal volume (105 ± 1.7% of control, P < 0.05) and a significant decrease in upper airway resistance (88 ± 9.8% control, P < 0.05) during the recovery period. However, there were no significant changes in any variable during sham studies. We have shown for the first time that LTF can be elicited in sleeping humans free of IFL.
ASSESSMENT OF CHILDHOOD GENDER BEHAVIOR CHANGE

SUMMARY Behavioral assessment and diagnostic testing procedures were developed to evaluate the treatment of an 8-yr-old boy with a pronounced gender disturbance. When a combined response-cost and verbal prompt contingency was applied, the single target mannerism of limping-the-wrist markedly decreased and response generalization of the treatment effect occurred to other mannerisms. Behavior therapy procedures successfully suppressed feminine voice inflections, doll-play, and predominant play with girls, and increased masculine play. The treatment effects were replicated in a multiple-baseline intrasubject design. The 2-yr independent follow-up found a marked shift to normal gender-role adjustment.
2005 National Society of Genetic Counselors Presidential Address: Raising Our Voice

This Presidential Address was given at the annual education conference of the National Society of Genetic Counselors in Los Angeles, California, USA on November 14, 2005.
Brain injury and immunosuppression

Catecholamine-induced release of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 is associated with an increase in infection and sepsis among patients with acute brain injury (803–813).
BragFish: exploring physical and social interaction in co-located handheld augmented reality games

In this paper, we present our research on social interaction in co-located handheld augmented reality (AR) games. These games are characterized by shared physical spaces that promote physical awareness among players, and individual gaming devices that support both public and private information. One result of our exploration of the design and evaluation of such games is a prototype called BragFish. Through BragFish, we aim to investigate the connections between the observed game experience (focusing on social and physical interaction) and the designed affordances of our AR handheld game. Our evaluation of BragFish shows that most of our participants form strategies for social play by leveraging visual, aural and physical cues from the shared space. Moreover, we use this as an example to motivate discussions on how to improve social play experiences for co-located handheld games by designing for shared spaces.
Four-year recurrence rate and prognosis of the apical ballooning syndrome.

Objectives This study sought to assess the long-term prognosis of patients with apical ballooning syndrome (ABS). Background Apical ballooning syndrome is a recently described acute cardiac syndrome of uncertain etiology and prognosis. Methods We retrospectively identified 100 unselected patients with a confirmed diagnosis of ABS by angiography. Recurrences of ABS and mortality were recorded. Results Over a mean follow-up of 4.4 ± 4.6 years, 31 patients continued to have episodes of chest pain and 10 patients had recurrence of ABS, for a recurrence rate of 11.4% over the first 4 years. Seventeen patients died in 4.7 ± 4.8 years of follow-up. There was no difference in survival or in cardiovascular survival to an age- and gender-matched population. Conclusions The recurrence rate for ABS was 11.4% over 4 years after initial presentation. Recurrence of chest pain is common. Four-year survival was not different from that in an age-matched and gender-matched population.
Modern flow cytometry: a practical approach

The demonstration that CD T-cell counts can be used to monitor HIV disease progression opened the way to the first clinical application for fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) technology. Modern FACS methodologies such multicolor staining and sorting has opened the way to new and constructive therapeutic and clinical applications. This article outlines approaches in which current users can use to improve the quality of their FACS work without undue effort. FACS technology development and the emergence of new software support for this technology are cooperating in this effort.
Visualizations of 2-D hidden unit space

For the visualizations, the backpropagation learning procedure was applied to strictly layered feedforward networks with one hidden layer that contained just two units. Values on the input units were binary (0, 1). The squashing function on the output units was the standard sigmoid with upper and lower bounds at 0 and 1. An expanded range, (-1, 1) was used for the hidden units to enhance learning speed and enhance the separation of patterns in the HUAP visualization technique. The resulting images reveal several properties of the hidden unit representations achieved by backpropagation. These include (1) that the normal solution to XOR collapses the pattern space to a one-dimensional manifold and (2) the high symmetry of the hidden unit patterns achieved in the N-2-N encoder task. >
Measuring Service Quality in Restaurants: an Application of the Servqual Instrument:

Can SERVQUAL-traditionally an instrument for measuring service quality- be proven as an effective tool in assessing customer perceptions of service quality in restaurants? The research presented in...
Relaxation Processes in Coupled‐Spin Systems

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 Time-Dependent Perturbation Theory 3 Relaxation Mechanisms and Cross Correlation 4 Some Examples 5 Biographical Sketches
Serious Infections in Elderly Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

The elevated serum glucose levels associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) alter host immune responses, resulting in a well-documented increase in the predisposition to infectious processes. Furthermore, the cumulative effect of age-related immune senescence, superimposed on this enhanced risk of infections, can lead to serious and life-threatening infections in elderly patients with DM. Because infection associated with aging can frequently present in a subtle and atypical manner, prompt recognition of infection and treatment with appropriate empirical broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents, in conjunction with surgical intervention, is often necessary to eradicate such infections. Common sites of serious infection associated with DM include the head and neck, biliary tract, and urinary tract, as well as the skin, soft tissue, and bony structures of the feet in particular.
Physical activity alters the brain Hsp72 and IL-1β responses to peripheral E. coli challenge

Physically active rats have facilitated heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) responses after stressor exposure in both brain and peripheral tissues compared with sedentary rats (11). This study verifies t...
Hybrid Planning Methods

Organizations use planning methods to improve performance factors associated with their products, services, and operations, but practitioners have few guides for selecting a method that seems best for a particular project type. This paper constructs planning methods by using technique strings that span the creative stages of planning. Hybrid planning methods, made up of technique strings, are matched to eight project types, defined by the sponsor's expectations for quality, acceptance, and/or innovation in the plan.
THE TENSE-ASPECT SYSTEM IN PIDGINS AND NATURALISTICALLY LEARNED L2

The advantages and disadvantages of wider or narrower definitions of pidginization and pidgin are reviewed to determine the differences between pidgins and naturalistically learned second languages (L2s). It is argued that a wider definition is preferred because it avoids problematic counterexamples and captures generalizations that allow us to view the difference between naturalistic L2 varieties and pidgins as one of degree, not of type. In first language (L1) acquisition, Bates and Goodman (1999) showed the link between the development of vocabulary and grammar and argued that this may be explained by, among other things, logical and perceptual bootstrapping. It is suggested that these types of bootstrapping are also relevant for explaining the pace of grammar development in pidgins and naturalistic L2 varieties. The tense-aspect system of a Spanish variety spoken by a Chinese immigrant in Spain is examined in detail. The data, taken from a 90-minute interview that yielded 602 tokens, reveal several clear traits of the informant's verbal system: (a) All nonfinite, imperfective verb forms (gerunds) correspond exclusively to Vendlerian activities; (b) all but three of the perfective nonfinite forms (past participles) correspond to telic verbs or predicates; and (c) 81% of the stative verbs appear in the third-person-singular present form. The sensitivity to aspectual distinctions in the informant's variety of Spanish is not addressed by logical and perceptual bootstrapping. Furthermore, although this sensitivity can be partially explained by language-specific considerations (i.e., transfer from Mandarin), such an explanation does not speak to precise form–function mappings found, which are best accounted for by appealing to the Primacy of Aspect and Distributional Bias hypotheses (Andersen, 1993; Andersen & Shirai, 1996).
Microwave shielding measurement method

A simple system for measuring the attenuation of microwaves in the frequency range of 700 MHz to 13 GHz is described. It has been used to test a large number of commercially available microwave shielding materials. The standard system for such measurements would require IEEE STD 299 2006. This standard requires a number of different sources and receivers depending on the frequency range and, therefore, requires a number of different physical arrangements. The simple system described here uses two microwave horns and a network analyzer to compare the signal strength for an open path between the two horns with the same path with a microwave shielding material inserted. This ratio, expressed in db, can be obtained quickly and easily for any material that can be made into a flat rectangle larger than the receiving horn. The horns used here are A. H. Systems SAS-571 with a usable range of 700 MHz to 18 GHz. The network analyzer is an hp 1397C with a high frequency limit of 13 GHz. The materials tested include conducting paints on cloth such as denim, conducting woven fabrics, and metal meshes. The typical measurements presented here to illustrate the use of the method show that conducting paints and conducting fabrics mostly show large attenuation over the quoted frequency range although almost never as high as stated by the manufacturer. When the manufacturers quote the standard used for their measurements, it is sometimes an obsolete standard that has been withdrawn.
PubChem promiscuity

Summary: Promiscuity counts allow for a better understanding of a compound's assay activity profile and drug potential. Although PubChem contains a vast amount of compound and assay data, it currently does not have a convenient or efficient method to obtain in-depth promiscuity counts for compounds. PubChem promiscuity fills this gap. It is a Java servlet that uses NCBI Entrez (eUtils) web services to interact with PubChem and provide promiscuity counts in a variety of categories along with compound descriptors, including PAINS-based functional group detection. Availability: http://chemutils.florida.scripps.edu/pcpromiscuity Contact: southern@scripps.edu
Cytosolic Stress Reduces Degradation of Connexin43 Internalized from the Cell Surface and Enhances Gap Junction Formation and Function

The protein constituents of gap junctions, connexins, have a rapid basal rate of degradation even after transport to the cell surface. We have used cell surface biotinylation to label gap junction-unassembled plasma membrane pools of connexin43 (Cx43) and show that their degradation is inhibited by mild hyperthermia, oxidative stress, and proteasome inhibitors. Cytosolic stress does not perturb endocytosis of biotinylated Cx43, but instead it seems to interfere with its targeting and/or transport to the lysosome, possibly by increasing the level of unfolded protein in the cytosol. This allows more Cx43 molecules to recycle to the cell surface, where they are assembled into long-lived, functional gap junctions in otherwise gap junction assembly-inefficient cells. Cytosolic stress also slowed degradation of biotinylated Cx43 in gap junction assembly-efficient normal rat kidney fibroblasts, and reduced the rate at which gap junctions disappeared from cell interfaces under conditions that blocked transport of nascent connexin molecules to the plasma membrane. These data demonstrate that degradation from the cell surface can be down-regulated by physiologically relevant forms of stress. For connexins, this may serve to enhance or preserve gap junction-mediated intercellular communication even under conditions in which protein synthesis and/or intracellular transport are compromised.
Renal apical membrane sodium-hydrogen exchange in genetic salt-sensitive hypertension.

Inbred Dahl/Rapp salt-sensitive and salt-resistant rats differ in their blood pressure response to dietary salt. We studied sodium-hydrogen (Na-H) exchanger kinetics in renal brush border membrane vesicles prepared from both strains on either a 1% or 8% NaCl diet. Kinetics measurements were made with the acridine orange fluorescence quenching technique in vesicles prepared at pH 6.0. The initial Na-H exchange rate was measured using preparations with similar initial quench values. The maximal transport rate (Vmax, fluorescence units per second per milligram protein [+/- SEM]) in salt-sensitive rats on a 1% NaCl diet was significantly lower than that in salt-resistant rats (36.9 +/- 4.4 versus 51.8 +/- 5.5, respectively, P < .0005). With the 8% NaCl diet for 1 week, the Vmax of salt-resistant rats decreased and became similar to that of salt-sensitive rats. The affinity for sodium (Km, millimoles per liter [+/- SEM]) was also lower in salt-sensitive rats than in salt-resistant rats while on a 1% NaCl diet (11.8 +/- 1.0 versus 19.6 +/- 2.3, respectively, P < .002). These values converged when both strains were fed an 8% NaCl diet for 1 week. Inhibition by 25 mumol/L amiloride was less in salt-sensitive rats than in salt-resistant rats on the 1% NaCl diet. These results show that salt-sensitive rats have lower renal apical membrane Na-H exchange activity than salt-resistant rats on a 1% NaCl diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Female gender and mortality after percutaneous coronary intervention: results from a large registry.

Objectives: To investigate if previously reported gender-based outcome disparities following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are applicable in a large and racially-diverse cohort in the drug eluting stent (DES) era. Background: It is generally believed that women suffer inferior outcomes compared to men after PCI. However, various strategies have evolved that may have mitigated this imbalance, including improved medical therapy, attention to risk-factors, and procedural advances of PCI including DES. Methods: We identified 13,752 patients (4,761 female, 34.6%) with complete follow-up data who underwent de novo lesion PCI from 04/2003 to 04/2009. Relevant data were extracted from an IRB-approved registry. Results: Compared to males, females were significantly older (69.0 vs. 64.8 years) and more frequently from a minority or non-Caucasian background. Females smoked less, but more were hypertensive and/or diabetic. Women had higher HDL, but also higher LDL cholesterol levels. More women presented with an unstable coronary syndrome and required left anterior descending artery PCI. While unadjusted post-PCI mortality rates were higher in females versus males (30 days, 1.3 vs. 0.8%, P = 0.009; 1 year, 6.1 vs. 4.8%, P = 0.001; 3 year, 10.4 vs. 8.4%, P < 0.0001), multivariable regression analyses failed to identify female gender as an independent predictor of mortality. Propensity-adjusted modeling confirmed that females were not at intrinsically higher risk for mortality after PCI. Conclusions: Females undergoing PCI exhibit more comorbidities and adverse prognostic factors than males. However, risk-adjusted analyses identified that gender is not an independent predictor of mortality after PCI in the DES era. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Celebrity, Public Image, and American Political Life: Rereading Robert K. Merton's Mass Persuasion

Robert K. Merton's Mass Persuasion (1946) and related 1940s communications research represent a body of work that repays those who read it carefully today. Merton charted a world that became our own, one marked by the interplay of mass media, celebrity, and “public images” that traversed cultures of entertainment, moral life, and politics. In this essay, I read Mass Persuasion through a later Merton article discussing the role of reading and rereading classic texts in the human sciences. After extending Merton's arguments about the functions of predecessor texts, I amplify aspects of Mass Persuasion that remain instructive within political communication and related fields today.
Citrus pollen retention by adult Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) after exposure to citrus blooms.

In previous migration studies, the presence of citrus pollen on adult Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), in conjunction with synoptic weather systems and 72-h backtrack trajectories, were used to identify source zones of migrants. However, data are lacking regarding the retention of citrus pollen for 72-h by H. zea adults. We exposed laboratory-reared and feral H. zea adults to citrus blooms for a 12-h period in laboratory and field studies and examined insects for the external presence of citrus pollen (i.e., marking) at 12-h intervals through 72 h. Citrus pollen marking was higher for females than males at the time of removal from citrus blooms. Fifteen to 100% of H. zea adults were marked with citrus pollen at 72 h after removal from citrus blooms. Pollen loads ranged from rare (≤10 pollen grains) to moderate (101 to 500 grains) during 1995; only rare and light (11 to 100 grains) pollen loads were detected during 1996. Citrus pollen marking of H. zea adults through 72 h after removal from citrus blooms has not been previously confirmed. These data provide evidence of H. zea using available blooming citrus groves in the absence of a host crop and will impact current perspectives regarding H. zea and host plant interactions and timing of pest management tactics.
Reduction of the atomic wavefunction in the Stern-Gerlach magnetic field

Observation of two separated beam spots at a detection screen downstream of a Stern–Gerlach magnet does not, in fact, demonstrate that the wavefunction of a neutral spin one-half particle has remai...
Energy-Efficient and High-Performance Lock Speculation Hardware for Embedded Multicore Systems

Embedded systems are becoming increasingly common in everyday life and like their general-purpose counterparts, they have shifted towards shared memory multicore architectures. However, they are much more resource constrained, and as they often run on batteries, energy efficiency becomes critically important. In such systems, achieving high concurrency is a key demand for delivering satisfactory performance at low energy cost. In order to achieve this high concurrency, consistency across the shared memory hierarchy must be accomplished in a cost-effective manner in terms of performance, energy, and implementation complexity. In this article, we propose Embedded-Spec, a hardware solution for supporting transparent lock speculation, without the requirement for special supporting instructions. Using this approach, we evaluate the energy consumption and performance of a suite of benchmarks, exploring a range of contention management and retry policies. We conclude that for resource-constrained platforms, lock speculation can provide real benefits in terms of improved concurrency and energy efficiency, as long as the underlying hardware support is carefully configured.
General Conservation Equations

There are certain important physical properties that must be conserved. This chapter presents a generic recipe for deriving conservations equations of all kinds. It will demonstrate the physical basis of most of the frequently occurring terms. These terms are either presented in partial or ordinary differential equation (PDE, ODE) forms. When we are finished, we should be able to formulate any quantitative problem in continuum mechanics, with a little bit of thoughts.
Correction: Rational fluid management in today's ICU practice

*Correspondence: tong.gan@dm.duke.edu 1Department of Anesthesiology, Box 3094, Suite 5670B, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA Full list of author information is available at the end of the article doi:10.1186/cc12771 Cite this article as: Bartels K, et al.: Correction: Rational fl uid management in today’s ICU practice. Critical Care 2013, 17(Suppl 1):S10. Bartels et al. Critical Care 2013, 17(Suppl 1):S10 http://ccforum.com/content/17/S1/S9
In vivo effect of nalidixic acid (NegGram) on the DNA of human diploid cells in tissue culture

SummaryDNA isolated from human amnion cells after exposure to nalidixic acid (NegGram) for 48 hours was structurally modified. The altered DNA possessed properties resembling those of nucleic acids isolated from cells treated with alkylating agents.
Analysis of group counseling effect and psychological intervention measures in methadone maintenance treatment

Objective: To explore more effective methods of psychological intervention and psychosocial rehabilitation model on the basis of methadone maintenance treatment.,and to minimize or avoid treatment in relapse.Methods: 20 patients were selected randomly from drug maintenance treatment clinic of Qilihe district and were divided into two groups,experimental group and control group,psychological intervention and psychological rehabilitation were carried out,and pre-test,post-test data were collected for statistical analysis.Results: Before group counseling has been carried out,it was no significant difference that experimental group and control group,on facts of anxiety level and coping methods.But it was significant difference that between experimental group and control group,after group counseling has been carried out,And in experimental group,and than before the intervention has been carried out,anxiety levels were significantly lower and coping style was more positive.Conclusion: During methadone maintenance treatment,Group counseling has played a positive result.Future development of group counseling programs should be formulated,and the advantages and effects of Group psychological Counseling will be played.
Late Problems in Burns

In summary, the commonest late physical complications of the burn injury have been reviewed and an approach to their management described. An understanding of the pathophysiology of the conditions is invaluable in planning one's approach to these problems. The techniques to control and correct chronic wound and hypertrophic scar and contractural deformities have been described. We present only a brief summary of the techniques found most reliable in the management of a large group of burned children over many years.
Phonetic Variability in Flaccid Dysarthric Speech

The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence and nature of phonetic variability in the speech of persons with flaccid dysarthria. Seven adults with facial nerve paralysis and subsequent flaccid dysarthria produced one- and three-syllable words in isolation and embedded in sentences. Responses were perceptually analysed using narrow phonetic transcription supplemented by diacritics. Analysis of consistency of error location and variability of error type yielded a profile of flaccid dysarthria slightly different from the traditionally accepted view. Among the results was a relatively high incidence of inconsistency in error location, with significantly more errors of inconsistency in one-syllable words in isolation compared to one-syllable words embedded in sentences. Results are discussed with reference to a motor planning/programming adaptation to peripheral bio-mechanical limitations caused by the lower motor neuron lesion.