cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A proposal for the future of scientific publishing in the life sciences.

Science advances through rich, scholarly discussion. More than ever before, digital tools allow us to take that dialogue online. To chart a new future for open publishing, we must consider alternatives to the core features of the legacy print publishing system, such as an access paywall and editorial selection before publication. Although journals have their strengths, the traditional approach of selecting articles before publication (“curate first, publish second”) forces a focus on “getting into the right journals,” which can delay dissemination of scientific work, create opportunity costs for pushing science forward, and promote undesirable behaviors among scientists and the institutions that evaluate them. We believe that a “publish first, curate second” approach with the following features would be a strong alternative: authors decide when and what to publish; peer review reports are published, either anonymously or with attribution; and curation occurs after publication, incorporating community feedback and expert judgment to select articles for target audiences and to evaluate whether scientific work has stood the test of time. These proposed changes could optimize publishing practices for the digital age, emphasizing transparency, peer-mediated improvement, and post-publication appraisal of scientific articles.
Clinical hypersensitivity to cigarette smoke.

Eight individuals were observed to have clinical hypersensitivity to cigarette smoke, as well as lymphocyte stimulation when their peripheral blood lymphocytes were incubated in vitro with cigarette smoke. All eight individuals were nonsmokers with strong allergic backgrounds and all developed immediate upper respiratory discomfort after being exposed to cigarette smoke. Cigarette smoke may be responsible for respiratory distress in nonsmoking sensitized individuals
Angiotropism in primary cutaneous melanoma is associated with disease progression and distant metastases: A retrospective study of 179 cases.

Background Angiotropism is the histopathological correlate of pericytic mimicry and extravascular migratory metastasis (EVMM), a mechanism of melanoma spread by migration along the external surface of blood and lymphatic vessels. The frequency of angiotropism in primary cutaneous melanoma and the clinical utility of its detection remain unclear. Methods We investigated angiotropism in 179 primary cutaneous melanomas by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), CD31, and S100/D240 stains. Results We detected angiotropism in 31 cases (17%) by H&E. CD31 immunohistochemistry increased detection to 59 cases (33%). When lymphatic vessels were included by using S100/D240 stains, 67 cases (37%) cases were positive. Angiotropism was associated with lymphatic invasion and mitotic rate with all detection methods. There was an association with increased tumor thickness when detected by H&E and CD31. No association with sentinel lymph node status was seen. By H&E and CD31 staining, angiotropism was associated with disease progression and distant metastases by univariate, but not multivariate analysis. Overall survival was not affected by the presence of angiotropism. Conclusions Angiotropism is relatively common in primary melanoma when immunohistochemical stains are used for detection and associated with mitotic rate and intravascular lymphatic invasion. The association with disease progression and distant metastasis suggests that it represents an alternative pathway of metastasis, that is, EVMM/pericytic mimicry vs intravascular spread.
USING ALTMETRICS AS A NEW MEASURE OF HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT FACULTY PRODUCTIVITY AND SCHOLARLY IMPACT

Quantifying faculty productivity has been of interest since the creation of the Journal Impact Factor. With the electronic age, copious documents can be analyzed to calculate the h-index , which assesses the productivity and impact of the citation. Changing generational characteristics have increased the use of third-party websites and their emerging role in disseminating research justify this pilot study examining the application of altmetrics along with h-index scores to assess Hospitality Management faculty productivity. Findings corroborated the positive correlation between h-index and program recognition and altmetric score. A range of penetration rates regarding altmetric events among hospitality management faculty was found.
A Gut Analysis Technique for Pinpointing Egg-Specific Predation Events.

A universal food immunomarking technique (UFIT) is described for postmortem gut analysis detection of predation on the egg stage of Lygus hesperus Knight (Hemiptera: Miridae). Collops vittatus Say (Coleoptera: Melyridae) and Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were fed a single L. hesperus egg that was marked with rabbit and chicken sera proteins. The protein-marked egg remnants were detectable in the guts of the majority of the predators by each sera-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for 3 to 6 h after a feeding event. A novel technique was then developed to expose protein-marked eggs to predators that simulated the L. hesperus endophytic oviposition behavior. The procedure entailed embedding L. hesperus eggs in an artificial substrate that mimicked the stem of a plant. A predator feeding choice study was then conducted in cages that contained a cotton plant and artificial stems containing endophytic (concealed) and exophytic (exposed) egg patches. The endophytic and exophytic egg treatments were marked with chicken and rabbit protein, respectively. The gut analyses revealed that higher proportions of both predator populations contained remnants of the exophytic egg treatment and L. hesperus eggs were more vulnerable to C. vittatus than H. convergens. This study shows how the UFIT can be used to pinpoint stage-specific feeding activity on two distinct egg exposure treatments (endophytic and exophytic) of the same species.
Abstract 5236: A qualitative change in transcriptome during MDCKII 3D epithelial morphogenesis is linked to intracellular trafficking

The majority of human cancers are derived from epithelial tissues. Understanding epithelial morphogenesis is hence important in cancer research. Madin-Darby canine kidney II (MDCKII) cells, cultured in 3D and 2D conditions, are used extensively as a model for studying cell polarity, epithelial morphogenesis and carcinogenesis. Like other cell differentiation systems, gene expression plays a key role in MDCKII epithelial morphogenesis. To better understand the change in the transcriptome, we performed a time course RNA-seq analysis of MDCKII 3D cytogenesis, along with fully polarized 2D cells for comparison. Surprisingly, our study reveals that the change is not linear, but rather clearly biphasic. Specifically, about 3,000 genes are significantly up- or down-regulated between 24 hour and day 3 after seeding, when the lumen is forming, compared to Our study supports the qualitative change (“switch on-off”) model, rather than the quantitative (gradual) change model, in transcriptome remodeling during epithelial cell differentiation. Moreover, our work supports that intracellular trafficking likely initiates this quantitative change in transcriptome. Citation Format: Tianfang Wang, Shaying Zhao, Shi-Yuan Cheng. A qualitative change in transcriptome during MDCKII 3D epithelial morphogenesis is linked to intracellular trafficking [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5236.
Association between personality and tau-PET binding in cognitively normal older adults.

Personality traits such as Neuroticism and Conscientiousness are associated with Alzheimer disease (AD) pathophysiology in cognitively normal (CN) and impaired individuals, and may represent potential risk or resilience factors, respectively. This study examined the cross-sectional relationship between personality traits and regional tau deposition using positron emission tomography (PET) in cognitively normal older adults. A cohort of CN (Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) 0, n = 128) older adults completed the NEO Five-Factor Inventory to assess traits of Neuroticism, Extroversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness and underwent tau-PET and β-amyloid (Aβ)-PET imaging. We utilized linear regression models, adjusting for age, sex, geriatric depression score, and Aβ to evaluate the association between each of the personality traits and regional tau-PET accumulation. Elevated Neuroticism scores were associated with higher tau-PET accumulation in the amygdala (p = .002), entorhinal cortex (p = .012), and inferior temporal cortex (p = .016), as well as with a composite tau-PET measure (p = .002). In contrast, Extroversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness were not associated with tau deposition in any of these regions (p’s > 0.160). Our results indicate that increased Neuroticism is associated with higher tau pathophysiology in regions known to be vulnerable to AD pathophysiology in CN participants. High Neuroticism scores may therefore serve as a potential risk factor for tau accumulation. Alternatively, personality can change with the onset of AD, thus increased tau levels may affect Neuroticism scores. While future longitudinal studies are needed to determine directionality, our findings suggest early associations between Neuroticism and tau accumulation in CN adults.
A phase I trial of nab-paclitaxel/bevacizumab (AB160) nano-immunoconjugate therapy for unresectable stage IV malignant melanoma (MM): MC1371 (NCT02020707).

e22020Background: The combination of nab-paclitaxel (NP) and bevacizumab (BEV) in patients with MM has shown promising clinical activity. AB160 is a 160 nm nano-immunoconjugate of NP nanoparticles ...
Analytical Model of Day-ahead and Real-time Price Correlation in Strategic Wind Power Offering

In this paper, the model of strategic wind power offering in the day-ahead (DA) market is proposed considering the uncertainties of wind power production, and price forecasting of DA and real-time (RT) market. The wind power deviation in the RT market is settled with the two-price mechanism based on the deviation direction and the relation between the locational marginal prices (LMPs) of DA and RT. Instead of using the point forecasting for the DA and RT LMPs, the uncertainties of LMP forecasting are modeled. In addition, the correlation between the forecasting errors of DA and RT LMP are directly modeled instead of generating the correlated scenarios. Finally, the optimal offered quantity of wind power in the DA market is derived using the probability theory based on the probabilistic wind power forecasting. The case study using the price data of actual DA and RT from Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO) validates the effectiveness of the proposed model. It shows that the correlation of the forecasting errors of DA and RT LMP has a significant impact on the wind power quantity offered by DA and revenue results.
The Immigrant Health Advantage: An Examination of African-Origin Black Immigrants in the United States

The immigrant health advantage suggests that, despite significant socioeconomic disadvantage, immigrant populations report better-than-expected health relative to U.S.-born counterparts. This phenomenon has been repeatedly shown in Hispanic-origin immigrant population with little focus on other racial/ethnic groups. In this study, the immigrant health advantage is examined as it pertains to overweight, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes in African-origin black immigrants (n = 2748) relative to U.S.-born non-Hispanic blacks (n = 71,320). Additionally, to investigate within-immigrant heterogeneity in health deterioration associated with duration in the United States, the health of African-origin black immigrants is compared to non-Hispanic white and Mexican–American immigrants. Analyses are conducted on adults aged 18–85 + (n = 570,675) from the 2000–2018 National Health Interview Survey using binomial logistic regressions. Findings support the notion of an immigrant health advantage and suggest that, relative to U.S.-born blacks, African-origin black immigrants are at lower odds for obesity, hypertension, and diabetes, regardless of duration in the United States. Further, when compared to non-Hispanic white and Mexican–American immigrants, African-origin black immigrants display similar probabilities of reporting overweight, obesity, and diabetes across four duration categories. These findings suggest that, despite potentially experiencing high rates of discriminatory and/or racist behaviors, African-origin black immigrants’ health does not deteriorate differently than this sample of non-black immigrant counterparts. The findings presented here provide further insight into the health of African-origin blacks immigrants, a rapidly growing proportion of both the U.S.-black and foreign-born population.
Comparison Between Three- and Four-Level Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion: Patient-Reported and Radiographic Outcomes.

Objective We compared the long-term clinical and radiographic outcomes after 3- and 4-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) in a retrospective cohort study. Methods Patients who had undergone primary 3- or 4-level ACDF were retrospectively identified. The demographic data and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) were collected through a review of the medical records. PROM surveys were administered preoperatively for baseline measurements and at 1 year postoperatively. The surveys included the Neck Disability Index, 12-item short-form physical component summary, 12-item short-form mental component summary, and visual analog scale (VAS) scores for neck and arm pain. The cervical sagittal alignment parameters included C2–C7 lordosis, segmental lordosis, the sagittal vertical axis (SVA), and the T1 slope. Multivariate regression models were used to compare the changes in the PROMs and radiographic measurements over time between 3- and 4-level ACDF. Correlation coefficients were calculated to compare the delta scores for the PROMs and radiographic measurements. Results The VAS scores for neck and arm pain had significantly improved from baseline in both cohorts. Only the 3-level group showed significant improvements perioperatively in the Neck Disability Index and 12-item short-form physical component summary. No significant differences were found in the improvement in clinical outcomes between the 2 groups. The pooled results demonstrated a significant negative correlation between the perioperative changes in segmental lordosis and VAS scores for arm pain. A significant negative correlation was also found between the perioperative changes in the SVA and 12-item short-form mental component summary and VAS scores for neck pain. C2–C7 lordosis significantly increased postoperatively only in the 3-level ACDF group. Conclusions Patients undergoing both 3- and 4-level ACDF experienced significant clinical improvement without significant differences between the 2 groups. The radiographic measures of segmental lordosis and SVA also correlated with the changes in clinical outcomes.
Afterword: A Roadmap for the Study of Paramilitaries: Explaining Variations of Violence, Gendered Militias, and Demobilization

Political scientists have long struggled to identify, quantify, or explain socio-economic and structural violence and to understand its relationship to physical violence. These four articles reflect both the deep and apparently constitutive ties paramilitary forces have to local, national, and international economies, providing a number of provocative hypotheses regarding the potential for demobilization in contexts of particular economic arrangements such as illicit economies or the widespread use of patronage systems to distribute limited welfare state goods.
Economistic and Humanistic Narratives of Leadership in the Age of Globality: Toward a Renewed Darwinian Theory of Leadership

Drawing on insights from evolutionary psychology and modern neuroscience, this paper highlights propositions about human nature that have far reaching consequences, when applied to leadership. We specifically examine the main factors of human survival and extend them to a model for leadership in the twenty-first century. The discussion concludes with an outlook on the organizational and structural conditions that would allow for better and more balanced leadership.
Physically-Secure Low-Power Human State Measurement using EQS-HBC and Edge-Analytics : Invited Paper

This paper discusses recent advancements in smart connected biophysical signal sensing technology focusing on the development of wearable biosensors and the use of Electro-Quasistatic Human Body Communication and Edge-Analytics in the human state measurement systems for lower power consumption and physical layer security.
How Big Do Wars Grow

How big do wars grow? The extant literature on war size typically focuses on the difference between systemic and dyadic wars. In this paper, I analyze the full range of variation between these two types of conflict. Testing arguments on systemic and state level factors of war growth, I find that only individual linkages between the warring parties and 3rd-party states significantly increase the size of war. From these results, I conclude that global wars are those contests that draw in a large number of Major Powers because of the Powers’ relationship to the combatants. Instead of fighting because world power is at stake, linkages draw these states into conflict with one another. The result, not the cause, of these conflicts is a battle over the international order.
Coarse-Grained Components as an Alternative to Component Frameworks

The topics of interest announced for the Fourth International Workshop on Component-Oriented Programming (WCOP’99) focused upon component frameworks, as effective mechanisms for componentbased software development (CBSD). In discussing component frameworks, Szyperski [18] notes that “examples of component software outside of graphical user interfaces and compound documents are still rare.” [p. 301]. Coarse-grained components (CGCs) offer the potential of building applications quickly from a few large modules rather than by composing hundreds or even thousands of fine-grained components (FGCs). Component frameworks, however, have concentrated upon plug-ins of small granularity. An examination of research projects and early commercial systems working with CGCs suggests that the demands for handling large components differ from those involved in managing fine-grained elements within component frameworks. This work with CGCs includes Carnegie-Mellon University Software Engineering Institute (SEI) reports of development with commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) systems [5], work at Harvard University’s Brigham & Women’s Hospital on large component imaging software [7], (3) Sun Microsystems’ Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) [19], (4) Enterprise resource planning (ERP) vendors, such as SAP AG, offering alternate versions of their monolithic applications, as a few coarse components [16], and Stanford University’s CHAIMS project on very large-grained heterogeneous, distributed components [1]. The objective of this paper is to develop a conceptual model for handling large components, based upon a synthesis of this related research. Nunamaker et al. [12] developed a multi-stage software development research methodology with the initial conceptualization phase comprised of the following steps: (1) state meaningful research questions, (2) investigate system functionalities and requirements, and (3) formulate a conceptual model. The first step, articulating the research question, is straightforward. What enhancements to the system architecture of these early systems are possible?
Solid‐state 31P NMR characterization of bifunctional ion‐exchange resins

NMR was used to provide evidence of site—site interactions in bifunctional polymers. A series of polymer-supported phosphonic acid and phosphonate ester ligands was examined by solid-state 31P NMR spectroscopy. Interaction between phosphonate monoethyl ester sites was demonstrated and disruption of this interaction by the addition of diethyl ester groups was shown. The effect of the synthesis conditions on the bifunctionality of resins containing both phosphonic acid and quaternary amine groups was examined. The spectra indicated that the phosphonic acid groups exists as phosphonate ions in the bifunctional amine/acid polymers and are capable of displacing chloride as the counterion on the amine sites.
Crosstalk analysis by fast computational algorithms

In this paper, we present the use of low frequency fast algorithms for crosstalk analysis. Some criss-cross line structures are studied and time domain signals are demonstrated to ascertain crosstalk effect.
Diffraction-limited, high average power phase-locking of four 30J beams from discrete Nd:glass zig-zag amplifiers

A single ND:YLF oscillator beam is amplified in four discrete Nd:glass, flashiamp-pumped, zig-zag amplifiers. The resulting four 30J beams are phase- locked using SBS phase conjugation, resulting in near diffraction-limited 120J pulses from a single aperture at up to a 1 OHz pulse repetition frequency.
The action of sodium deoxycholate on Escherichia coli

Sodium deoxycholate is used in a number of bacteriological media for the isolation and classification of gram-negative bacteria from food and the environment. Initial experiments to study the effect of deoxycholate on the growth parameters of Escherichia coli showed an increase in the lag time constant and generation time and a decrease in the growth rate constant and total cell yield of this microorganism. Cell fractionation studies indicated that sodium deoxycholate at levels used in bacteriological media interferes with the incorporation of [U-14C]glucose into the cold-trichloroacetic acid-soluble, ethanol-soluble, and trypsin-soluble cellular fractions of E. coli. Finally, sodium deoxycholate interfered with the flagellation and motility of Proteus mirabilis and E. coli. It would appear then that further improvement of the deoxycholate medium may be in order.
Vafa-Witten theorem on spontaneous breaking of parity

We revisit the proof provided by Vafa and Witten that there is no spontaneous parity breaking in theories with vector-like fermions. We argue that the various criticisms that have been leveled at the original proof do not invalidate it.
Murine tissues exposed to cytotoxic drugs display altered patterns of Candida albicans adhesion

An ex vivo adhesion assay was used to examine the binding of Candida albicans yeast cells to tissues from mice treated with cytotoxic drugs such as lipopolysaccharide and the clinically used anticancer drugs doxorubicin, cisplatin, and vincristine. No major differences were observed in binding of the fungal cells to liver and kidney tissues from treated or untreated animals. All drug-treated spleens displayed altered patterns of C. albicans adhesion compared with the control group, with yeast cells bound not only to the marginal zone but also to the white and red pulp. Immunostaining for macrophages, which are proposed as the site of normal adhesion, showed no apparent differences between the control and the experimental spleens that could account for the change in adhesion patterns. Scanning electron microscopy images suggested that yeast binding to the white pulp of treated tissue is mediated through fibers, perhaps extracellular matrix components exposed as result of the cytotoxic treatment. Exposure of new attachment sites for C. albicans in treated tissues may facilitate initiation of infection.
Reclaiming the Meaning of 'Direct Tax'

The history of the litigation in the carriage tax case, Hylton v. United States (1796), including the extraordinary steps taken to present a case to the Supreme Court in which the tax would be ratified, suggests that the case was far more important than the simple amount of revenue at stake. This article explores the motivation behind the imposition of the carriage tax, and its defense in Hylton, as a part of the effort s of Hamilton and his fellow Federalists to create a robust federal government. That federal government would include revenue officers whose loyalties were primarily to the federal government not the state governments, and a federal power to tax that was neither limited to excise and other transaction-based taxes nor constrained by the apportionment clause.
Perceived contrast in the fovea and periphery.

Subjects estimated the perceived contrast of 2°-diameter sine-wave grating patches for spatial frequencies of 2, 4, 8, and 16 cycles/deg, at eccentricities from 0° to 40° and contrasts up to 0.8. The data were well fitted in all cases by power functions of contrast minus threshold, with exponents of the order of 0.5 implying similar mechanisms in both fovea and periphery. The data also demonstrate that, at high physical contrast, the visual system is generally driven toward an operating state in which two stimuli of equal physical contrast have equal perceived contrast even if the thresholds are quite different. As a consequence, peripheral perceived contrasts produced by high physical contrasts show almost no change with eccentricity, whereas thresholds increase by at least an order of magnitude. This implies that mechanisms mediating threshold detection and suprathreshold perception may be different.
Primary and secondary contributions to ambient PM in the midwestern United States.

Ambient PM2.5 samples were collected in five midwestern United States cities throughout 2004: East St. Louis, Illinois; Detroit, Michigan; Cincinnati, Ohio; Bondville, Illinois; and Northbrook, Illinois. Monthly composites were analyzed using chemical derivatization coupled with GC-MS analysis to estimate the contributions of several sources to the total ambient organic carbon. A chemical mass balance (CMB) approach was used to estimate contributions from several primary sources. An additional, organic tracer-based technique was employed to estimate secondary contributions, including secondary organic carbon derived from isoprene, α-pinene, β-caryophyllene, and toluene. The sum of these contributions was compared with the total organic carbon measured at each sampling site, and reasonable carbon mass balances were observed for four of the five sites. In Bondville, Northbrook, Cincinnati, and Detroit a strong correlation was observed between the sum of the estimated primary and secondary contributions and ...
Pioglitazone increases gallbladder volume in insulin-resistant obese mice.

Background Both obesity and diabetes are associated with an increased incidence of gallstones. Recent animal and human data from our laboratory suggest that insulin resistance is associated with increased gallbladder volume and/or impaired gallbladder emptying. Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione that has been shown to improve insulin resistance. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that pioglitazone would improve insulin resistance, decrease resting gallbladder volume and improve gallbladder response to neurotransmitters in insulin-resistant obese mice fed a 25% carbohydrate diet. Materials and methods Twenty eight-week-old insulin-resistant obese (Lepob) mice fed a 25% carbohydrate diet for 4 weeks. Half of the animals had 0.3 g/kg pioglitazone added to their diet. At 12 weeks all animals were fasted and underwent cholecystectomy. Gallbladder volume and weight were measured, and fresh gallbladders were placed in a muscle bath to assess response to acetylcholine (ACh 10−5M), neuropeptide Y (NPY 10−8,−7,−6M) and cholecystokinin (CCK 10−10,−9,−8,−7M). Serum glucose and insulin were measured, and HOMA Index, a measure of insulin resistance, was calculated. Results Fasting serum insulin and HOMA Index were significantly decreased (P Conclusion These data suggest that in insulin-resistant obese mice pioglitazone 1) lowers insulin-resistance, 2) increases resting gallbladder volume, and 3) does not alter gallbladder response to neurotransmitters. Therefore, we conclude that pioglitazone, while improving insulin resistance, paradoxically increases gallbladder volume and, thereby, may increase the propensity for gallstone formation by enhancing gallbladder stasis.
EFFECT OF AN EXTERNAL STRESS ON COMMONALITY OF VERBAL ASSOCIATES

Summary.-In order to test the effect of an external stress upon the commonality of verbal association responses 135 srudents were tested under high test anxiety and 134 under low rest anxiety. More common associative responses were emitted by the highly stressed group. A number of experiments have tested the effect of anxiety or stress upon the production of verbal associates. The results have been somewhat inconsistent, however, as some investigators have reported an increase in the commonality of associative responses under stress while others noted a decrease. Scrutiny of these studies does give a clue as to what may be causing these apparent inconsistencies. Some investigators have tested the effect of stress by selecting Ss who score high on measures of anxiety such as the Taylor Manifest Anxiety scale or the MMPI Psychasthenia scale. These Ss are presumed to be in a continuous state of stress as opposed to Ss who score low on these tests. Buchwald (1959), Davids and Eriksen (1955), Kuethe (1961), Smock and Thompson (1954), Trapp and Kausler ( 1960), and Worell and Worell (1965 ) all report more uncommon or different responses from high-anxious than from low-anxious Ss on verbal association tasks. The only negative finding is that of Brody (1964). When one looks at situations in which stress was externally induced via instructional set, however, the picture is quite different. Sarason (1959, 1961), for example, used instructions indicating that the word-association task was a measure of intelligence or personality in order to induce stress. He reported an increased commonality of associates under such anxiety-inducing conditions. Wolff ( 1965) and Worell and Worell ( 1965 ) , using similar instructions, noted that response commonality was unaffected by stress instructions. One implication from the differences in the manipulations and results of these studies is that self-produced or maintained anxiery, such as that measured on personality inventories, produces more variable associative responses, while externally induced stress produces more common or unaltered responses. This latter statement pertaining to externally produced anxiety has not been adequately tested in a situation of natural stress. In order to effect such a test the following experiment was conducted.
The double fat fluid level: Lipohemarthrosis of the knee associated with suprapatellar plica synovialis

Lipohemarthrosis is a frequent occurrence following intrarticular fracture. The contour of the fat and blood interface in the knee joint is dependent upon suprapatellar anatomy. Anatomic variations of the suprapatellar joint space can significantly alter the radiographic appearance of lipohemarthrosis. Three cases are presented in which a double fat-fluid level was identified, due to presence of a well developed suprapatellar plica synovialis. Recognition of the variable appearance of lipohemarthrosis of the knee is important to avoid overlooking this finding in the traumatized patient.
Redox-Promoting Protein Motions in Rubredoxin

Proteins are dynamic objects, constantly undergoing conformational fluctuations, yet the linkage between internal protein motion and function is widely debated. This study reports on the characterization of temperature-activated collective and individual atomic motions of oxidized rubredoxin, a small 53 residue protein from thermophilic Pyrococcus furiosus (RdPf). Computational modeling allows detailed investigations of protein motions as a function of temperature, and neutron scattering experiments are used to compare to computational results. Just above the dynamical transition temperature which marks the onset of significant anharmonic motions of the protein, the computational simulations show both a significant reorientation of the average electrostatic force experienced by the coordinated Fe3+ ion and a dramatic rise in its strength. At higher temperatures, additional anharmonic modes become activated and dominate the electrostatic fluctuations experienced by the ion. At 360 K, close to the optimal g...
Man versus beast: Pharmacokinetic scaling in mammals

Land mammals range in size from the 3-g shrew to the 3000-kg elephant. Despite this 106 range in weight, most land mammals have similar anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, and cellular structure. This similarity has allowed interspecies scaling of physiologic properties such as heart rate, blood flow, blood volume, organ size, and longevity. The equation that is the basis for scaling physiologic properties among mammals is the power equation Y = aWb, where Y is the physiologic variable of interest, W is body weight, and log a is the y-intercept and b is the slope obtained from the plot of log Y versus log W. Animals commonly used in preclinical drug studies (i.e., mice, rats, rabbits, monkeys, and dogs) do not eliminate drugs at the same rate that humans eliminate drugs; small mammals usually eliminate drugs faster than large mammals. Since drug elimination is intimately associated with physiologic properties that are well described among species, it seems reasonable to surmise that drug elimination can be scaled among mammals. Analysis of drug pharmacokinetics in numerous species demonstrates that drug elimination among species is predictable and, in general, obeys the power equation Y = aWa. Early papers on interspecies pharmacokinetic scaling normalized the x- and y-axes to illustrate the superimposability of pharmacokinetic curves from different species. More recently, the x- and y-axes have been left in the common units of concentration and time, and individual pharmacokinetic variables have been adjusted to predict pharmacokinetic profiles in an untested species, usually humans.
Measuring interactions between tunnel-coupled quantum dots

We report low-temperature tunneling measurements through double and triple quantum dots with adjustable interdot tunnel conductance, fabricated in a GaAs/${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As heterostructure. As interdot tunnel conductance is increased, Coulomb blockade conductance peaks split into two peaks for double dots and three for triple dots. The splitting approaches zero for weak tunneling and saturates as the dots merge for strong tunneling. Coupled double and triple dots with different gate capacitance show quasiperiodic beating and peak suppression for weak interdot tunneling. Analysis of the data in terms of tunneling and classical charging theories shows that quantum charge fluctuations due to interdot tunneling dominate dot interactions when interdot tunnel conductance approaches 2${\mathit{e}}^{2}$/h. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Effect of pressure on the crystal field splitting in rare earth pnictides and chalcogenides

The experimental situation for the pressure dependence of the crystal field of praseodymium pnictides and chalcogenides is reviewed and compared with the predictions of the point charge model. The problem of separating exchange and crystal field contributions from the measured NMR frequency shift or susceptibility measurements is discussed as well as problems explaining these effects with conduction electron related models.
Chemical surface modification of poly(p-xylylene) thin films.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions were studied at poly(p-xylylene) (PPX) film surface−reaction medium interfaces. The extent of the reactions (depth of penetration and degree of substitution) was determined by the interaction of the polymer with the reaction solution. Reaction with chlorosulfonic acid to produce sulfonyl chloride and sulfone functionalities occurred readily in the bulk of PPX, and yields were sensitive to time and temperature. Confinement of this reaction to the PPX surface was achieved by controlling the concentration of the acid. Functionalization of PPX with N-methylol-2-chloroacetamide in sulfuric acid to produce the chloroamidomethylated derivative occurred in high yield and was confined to the surface region of PPX. Hydrolysis of the amide to generate aminomethylated PPX was assessed by XPS and a derivatization reaction. Friedel−Crafts type chemistry (acylation and alkylation reactions) also produced functionalized surfaces, but with lower degrees of substitution than th...
Fiber Optic Multiplexed Optical Transission Systems For Space Vehicle Launch Facilities

Low loss Fiber Optic Cable is being evaluated as a potential future replacement for Kennedy Space Center's 13,000 mile Wideband cable system. In order to make economical use of the wide bandwidth characteristic of glass fibers, a Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) scheme has been devised to stack many analog and digital data channels on a single fiber. The Multiplexed Optical Transmission System (MOTS) will offer a unique flexibility of plug-in modularity to meet changing data and bandwidth requirements in addition to the standard "goodies" of immunity to lightning and other RFI type interferences. and of smaller size and lighter weight.© (1975) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Photon Dose Calculations for Three-Dimensional Radiation Treatment Planning

I n the treatment of cancer with radiation, the radiation oncologist is faced with the problem of prescribing a treatment regime that either cures or controls the disease, but does not inflict serious complications to the patient. The difficulty of this task is illustrated by the dose-response relationships between tumor/normal tissues and the radiation dose delivered. In general, published clinical and experimental results show tumor control or normal tissue effect response as a very steep function of radiation dose. For example, a small change in the dose delivered (*5%) can result in a dramatic change in the local response of the tissue (+ZO%).‘~* Moreover, the prescribed curative doses are often close to the dose tolerated by the normal tissue. Thus, for optimum treatment, the radiation dose must be planned and delivered with a high degree of accuracy. While it is difficult to assess how accurate the overall process should be, the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) recommends that dose be delivered with an error less than ?5%.3 Thus, each step (eg, machine calibration, patient positioning, dose calculation) needs to be performed to an accuracy much better than +5%. For the dose-calculation step, the necessary accuracy is believed to be on the order of 2% to 3%.4 Today, most computerized planning of radiation therapy is still treated as a two-dimensional problem because of technical limitations of the planning computer, even though it is recognized that the relationship of the tumor and neighboring normal critical structures is an inherently three-dimensional problem.5 However, in recent years the availability of affordable higher performance computers and graphics devices has greatly spurred the development of
Why do men who have sex with men test for HIV infection? Results from a community-based testing program in Seattle

BackgroundThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends at least annual HIV testing for men who have sex with men (MSM), but motivations for testing are not well understood.MethodsWe evaluated data from MSM testing for HIV at a community-based program in King County, Washington. Correlat
Compositional Variations in Fabric-Element-Based Lithotype Classification for Devonian Shales: ABSTRACT

The use of fabric elements to classify specific shale lithotypes tentatively permits rapid qualitative evaluation of productive potential and interpretation of general depositional environments without recourse to detailed chemical and mineralogic characterization. To evaluate the usefulness of subjective lithotype classification, 169 samples from the Lincoln 1637 cored well, classified into the four shale lithotypes of E. B. Nuhfer and R. J. Vinopal, were examined through parametric and nonparametric statistical tests performed on petrophysical and compositional data derived from the same samples. The lithotypes consisted of: (1) sharply-banded shale, (2) thinly laminated shale, (3) lenticularly laminated shale, and (4) nonbanded shale. Analytic parameters considered were: bulk density, matrix density, porosity, log density, sonic travel time, resistivity, gamma-ray log response, silt (by thin-section point counts), quartz, illite, pyrite, and 14 angstrom clays quantified relatively by X-ray diffraction, total sulfur by rapid LECO method, organ c matter by loss-on-ignition between 100 and 550°C, and an additional loss-on-ignition between 550 and 1,000°C. The data were first tested for normality by means of Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilkes tests and then for significant differences between lithotypes by means of both the analysis of variance and the nonparametric analog, the Kruskal-Wallis test. The test results show that significant differences do exist between the specific lithotypes, and therefore, that classification by fabric elements does reflect real differences in rock properties. Fabric-element classification must precede more destructive physical and analytic tests so that this valuable information is not lost and so that later test results can be related back to specific rock types. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1581------------
Recent developments in cyanide detection: A review

The extreme toxicity of cyanide and environmental concerns from its continued industrial use continue to generate interest in facile and sensitive methods for cyanide detection. In recent years, there is also additional recognition of HCN toxicity from smoke inhalation and potential use of cyanide as a weapon of terrorism. This review summarizes the literature since 2005 on cyanide measurement in different matrices ranging from drinking water and wastewater, to cigarette smoke and exhaled breath to biological fluids like blood, urine and saliva. The dramatic increase in the number of publications on cyanide measurement is indicative of the great interest in this field not only from analytical chemists, but also researchers from diverse environmental, medical, forensic and clinical arena. The recent methods cover both established and emerging analytical disciplines and include naked eye visual detection, spectrophotometry/colorimetry, capillary electrophoresis with optical absorbance detection, fluorometry, chemiluminescence, near-infrared cavity ring down spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectrometry, electrochemical methods (potentiometry/amperometry/ion chromatography-pulsed amperometry), mass spectrometry (selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry), gas chromatography (nitrogen phosphorus detector, electron capture detector) and quartz crystal mass monitors.
Infrared Studies of Combined Resonance in n -Type InSb

The combined resonance absorption line involving a change in both Landau ($L$) and spin ($S$) quantum numbers ($\ensuremath{\Delta}L=1$; $\ensuremath{\Delta}S=\ensuremath{-}1$) has been studied in several samples of $n$-type InSb having carrier concentrations between ${10}^{14}$ and ${10}^{16}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. Experiments were performed at liquid-nitrogen and liquid-helium temperatures in magnetic fields between 10 and 100 kG. Measurements of the integrated absorption of this line as a function of magnetic field and carrier concentration are compared with calculations based on the non-parabolicity and inversion-asymmetry mechanisms. Results are in good agreement with the predictions of the nonparabolicity mechanism, indicating that this is the primary mechanism allowing such transitions in InSb. The observed combined resonance transition in conjunction with spin-up and spin-down cyclotron resonance measurements have yielded the $g$ values of the $L=0$ and $L=1$ Landau levels over a wide range of magnetic fields. None of the inversion-asymmetry-allowed transitions were observed. From this negative result, an upper bound is placed on the inversion-asymmetry parameter ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{0}$.
ANIMAL MODELS OF MUCOSAL INFLAMMATION AND THEIR RELATION TO HUMAN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE

Animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been useful in the identification of those immune responses uniquely involved in IBD pathogenesis and in defining the important roles of environmental influences, such as normal luminal bacterial flora and the genetic composition of the host, in modifying IBD-associated inflammation. Recent studies have focused particular attention on CD4+ T cells which produce excessive quantities either of Th1 cytokines (IFN-gamma and TNF) directed by IL-12 or of a Th2 cytokine (IL-4), relative to the production of suppressive cytokines such as IL-10 and transforming growth factor beta. Such insights will be extremely beneficial in the development of novel approaches to the control of IBD-type inflammation, such as the use of anticytokine therapies and gene therapy, and finally, in the identification of the genetic abnormalities and the antigens driving the inflammation that underlies the human disease.
Phenolic antioxidant mobilization in cranberry pomace by solid-state bioprocessing using food grade fungus Lentinus edodes and effect on antimicrobial activity against select food borne pathogens

Abstract Cranberry pomace is a byproduct of the cranberry processing industry. Solid-state bioprocessing of cranberry pomace using food grade fungus Lentinus edodes improved phenolic profile and antioxidant activity. We investigated whether these phenolic phytochemicals mobilized during bio-processing of the pomace would improve the antimicrobial functionality. Listeria monocytogenes , Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Escherichia coli-O157 : H7 are important food borne pathogens. Control of these pathogens using synthetic antimicrobials such as currently approved antibiotics have limitations due to potential development of resistance. We believe a profile of antimicrobials compared to a single compound could be potentially more effective. The objective of this research was to use food grade fungus Lentinus edodes to release phenolic aglycones and relate its antioxidant functionality and ellagic acid mobilization to antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes , Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Escherichia coli-O157: H7 . Bioprocessing of pomace was done for 20 days with Lentinus edodes . Total phenolics in water extracts were assayed using Folin-Ciocalteu method. The antioxidant potential was measured using a β-carotene oxidation system (APF) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl-radical (DPPH) system. Changes in phenolic profiles were analyzed using HPLC. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts during growth were tested using standard disk assays. Results showed that the antimicrobial activities of the extracts were enriched by bioprocessing. The bioprocessing-based antimicrobial activity depended on different phenolic functional properties of the extracts. Inhibition of L. monocytogenes by the extracts correlated well with the increase in soluble phenolics, antioxidant activity and enrichment of ellagic acid during solid-state bioprocessing. Inhibition of V. parahaemolyticus and E. coli O157 : H7 by the extracts correlated with highest ellagic acid and/or APF. Sensitivity towards soluble phenolics and the antioxidant activity measured by DPPH radical inhibition assay suggests inhibition by the disruption of the membrane by localized hyper-acidification and potentially disruption of H + -ATPase. Whereas, APF and ellagic acid dependent antimicrobial activity suggests potential inhibition by membrane-transport and/or electron transport disruption. The variation in sensitivity of pathogens has implications for designing new food-grade antimicrobials. This solid-state bioprocessing strategy is an innovative approach to produce broad-spectrum antimicrobials against important food borne pathogens.