cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Association Between Perceived Discrimination and Allostatic Load in the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study.

Objective Perceived discrimination is a risk factor for poor health among ethnic and racial minority groups. However, few studies have examined the association between major lifetime and everyday perceived discrimination and allostatic load (AL), a preclinical indicator of disease. We examine the association between two measures of discrimination and AL among Puerto Rican adults. Methods Using primarily wave 3 data from the longitudinal Boston Puerto Rican Health Study, we examined the association between major lifetime and everyday perceived discrimination and AL (multisystem dysregulation of 11 physiological components) among Puerto Rican adults residing in the Boston metro area (N = 882). Five models were tested using multivariable regression. The final model adjusted for demographic factors, migration factors, socioeconomic status and work history, health behaviors/risk factors, and depressive symptom. Results Respondents had a M (SD) AL score of 5.11 (1.76; range = 0-11). They had an average score of 0.21 (0.42) for major lifetime perceived discrimination (0-3) and 0.29 (0.49) for everyday perceived discrimination (0-3). In a fully adjusted model, major lifetime perceived discrimination was associated with greater AL (b = 0.56; 95% CI = 0.19 to 0.92), whereas greater everyday perceived discrimination was marginally, but not significantly, associated with lower AL (b = -0.42; 95% CI = -0.87 to 0.04). Conclusions Perceived discrimination remains a common stressor and may be a determinant of AL for Puerto Ricans, although the type of perceived discrimination may have differing effects. Further research is needed to better understand the ways in which major lifetime and everyday perceived discrimination operate to effect physiological systems among Puerto Ricans.
Using GitHub Classroom To Teach Statistics

Git and GitHub are common tools for keeping track of multiple versions of data analytic content, which allow for more than one person to simultaneously work on a project. GitHub Classroom aims to p...
Characterizing consumer emotional response to milk packaging guides packaging material selection

Abstract The decision-making process involved in food selection and consumption behaviors is confounded by mental integration of information, experiences, and emotions associated with the product (stimulus). The complex and fleeting but temporal nature of product-generated (PG) or product-associated (PA) emotions makes affectual experiences difficult to measure and interpret. This project aims to characterize the relationship between PA, and PG, emotions and consumer acceptability and purchase intent towards milk packaging. Participants (age: 18–65 years; n = 50; milk consumers) performed Single Target Implicit Association Tests (ST-IAT) to capture PA emotions for various types of milk packaging (n = 6; translucent high density polyethylene (HDPE), white HDPE, yellow HDPE, white polyethyleneteraphthalate (PET), paperboard, glass). Participants then interacted with individual packages for 30 s and their facial expressions were analyzed using automated facial expression analysis (AFEA) for implicit PG emotions. Explicit PG emotional response was assessed using a Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) questionnaire (43 emotional terms). ST-IAT did not identify significant PA emotions for packaged milk, but CATA data produced a reasonable description of approach/withdrawal motivation related to packaging pigmentation. Time series analysis of AFEA data provided evidence of significant differences in emotion intensity. The lack of difference between certain expressed emotions (e.g., happy and disgust) that maintain no related action units (AUs) indicate that AFEA software’s output may not be identifying AUs and determining emotion-based inferences in agreement with FACS. Ultimately, both PA and PG emotions are valuable for informing packaging, food, and dairy industries towards consumer products via their packaging.
LC-MS/MS method for quantitation of the CK2 inhibitor silmitasertib (CX-4945) in human plasma, CSF, and brain tissue, and application to a clinical pharmacokinetic study in children with brain tumors.

Abstract Silmitasertib (CX-4945) as a potent and selective inhibitor of CK2 exhibited promising in vitro and in vivo anti-cancer activity. An assay employing cation-exchange solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by LC-MS/MS analysis was successfully developed and validated for the quantitation of silmitasertib in human plasma, brain tissue, and human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Reverse phase chromatographic separation was achieved using Synergi™ hydro-RP column (4 μm, 75 × 2.0 mm) and gradient elution with 5 mM ammonium formate aqueous solution (pH 6.5) as mobile phase A and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile as mobile phase B. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transition of m/z 350.2 → 223.2 and m/z 316.2 → 223.2 were chosen for detection of silmitasertib and internal standard (CX-4786) respectively. Since silmitasertib concentration in patient plasma is expected to be in a wide range due to the study design, two calibration curves with range 0.2–125 ng/ml and 32–20,000 ng/ml were established. A different curve ranging from 2 to 40 ng/g was used for measurement of silmitasertib in brain tissue, while another calibration curve ranging from 0.2 to 20 ng/ml was established for CSF. All these calibration curves corresponding to different matrices showed good linearity (R2 > 0.99) over the concentration range. This assay demonstrated excellent precision below 15% and accuracies between 85% and 115% within–day and between–day for all the concentration levels in each matrix. This assay was also validated for each matrix for selectivity, sensitivity, matrix effects, recovery, and stability. We applied the validated method to the analysis of plasma silmitasertib for a clinical study.
Design a High Efficiency and Low Ripple BLDC Motor Based on Multi-Objective Optimization Methods

In this paper, we used an adaptive multi-objective optimization to increase the efficiency and decrease the torque ripple frequency of a BLDC motor by changing the dimensions of the stator sluts. Torque ripple usually happens when there is a variation in torque production and it causes unwanted vibrations and speed fluctuations. Simulations are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of each parameter in both efficiency and torque ripple as our objectives so we can have several design points and based on these points it is possible to reach to a mathematical formula in which describes the optimization problem. In order to get an explicit formula from true unknown responses, different meta-modelling methods were used and to solve the proposed optimization problem, Genetic Algorithm(GA) method was utilized in order to get pareto frontiers and compare the results. Also in this paper, the accuracy of each model was checked by measuring its statistical parameters. The numerical results for the proposed optimization result show the high accuracy for the proposed approach with CS(3,0) and CS(3,1) response function methods.
Focused laser differential interferometer response to shock waves

The focused laser differential interferometer (FLDI) can be used to measure rapid density fluctuations non-intrusively in high-speed flow applications. Being a non-imaging shearing interferometer, FLDI response can be accurately modeled using a paraxial ray-tracing scheme. We present the details of a new numerical implementation of this scheme, capable of accepting flow-field input from analytical models, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results, and experimental data. This implementation has previously been validated for static (laminar jet) and dynamic (ultrasound-generated) changes in index of refraction by Lawson et al. In this work, we examine the FLDI response to shock waves propagating at up to Mach 10, in Caltech's Hypervelocity Expansion Tube (HET). While the timescale and approximate form of the signal can be recovered using a simple inviscid, planar shock model, it is found that the inclusion of viscous shock effects allows an accurate simulation of both the magnitude and detailed shape of the experimental response. This is a further analytical validation of the FLDI model that extends beyond the results of the existing dynamic validation case. The model implementation is then coupled to a CFD code, and predictions reproduce experimental FLDI response to a complex shock-dominated flow-field.
Cultivated/ing Masculinities in William Shakespeare’s Cymbeline

William Shakespeare’s Cymbeline (first produced 1611) presents what I term a “cultivated” masculinity in the guise of the characters Guiderius and Arviragus. As cultivated men, these characters represent a type of masculinity that reflects ecomasculine values and that comes about as the purposeful re-combination of gender and spatial dynamics. As a result, these natural men (who are in reality the missing sons of King Cymbeline) are able to restore honour in/to England and balance to both space and gender, reinstating masculinity (but a new, cultivated masculinity) to the palace and stability to the gender and geopolitics of the realm.
Converting-Enzyme Inhibition in the Management of Patients with Severe Chronic Congestive Heart Failure

Although converting-enzyme inhibition has become an established approach to the treatment of patients with severe chronic heart failure [4], it is not clear how clinicians should identify patients who are likely to benefit from treatment with these drugs. Can pretreatment hemodynamic variables predict response? Can the initial effect of treatment predict long-term efficacy? Can hormonal variables predict clinical benefits? In this chapter we shall address these important issues.
Isopycnal Transport and Mixing of Tracers by Submesoscale Flows Formed at Wind-Driven Ocean Fronts

Abstract : This project is part of the DRI on Scalable Lateral Mixing and Coherent Turbulence that aims to characterize lateral mixing in the ocean on scales of 10m-10 km, the submesoscales. Lateral mixing at the submesoscales is not accounted for in present-day ocean models. This deficiency is a potential source of error in the numerical prediction of the distribution of temperature, salt, nutrients, phytoplankton, pollutants, etc. in the upper ocean. The goal of the DRI is to develop parameterizations for submesoscale processes to improve the simulation of lateral mixing in ocean models. Winds blowing along ocean fronts are highly effective at energizing flows on the submesoscale. The process involves three stages: a frontal mixing stage where small scale gravitational and symmetric instabilities homogenize properties in the mixed layer, a subduction phase where threedimensional baroclinic mixed layer instabilities exchange fluid along isopycnal between the mixed layer and pycnocline, and a phase in which the mixed layer instabilities evolve into coherent vortices that drive lateral stirring along surfaces of constant density. The objective of this research is to characterize and parameterize the submesoscale physics involved in each of these steps and evaluate the lateral mixing characteristic of the flows in each stage. Dynamical insights gained from the research will be used for planning, interpreting, and analyzing observations collected during the two field programs that will be conducted as part of the DRI.
Cyclic AMP-dependent amino acid uptake in intestine--the importance of beta-adrenergic agonists.

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent stimulation of neutral and dibasic amino acid uptake by intestinal mucosa was investigated by the use of everted intestinal rings, β-adrenergic receptor sites on the mucosal cell itself were implicated, since epinephrine and isoproterenol stimulated uptake in vitro, which was blocked by propranolol. Glucagon, vasopressin and norepinephrine had no effect on tissue cyclic AMP levels or on amino acid uptake but cholera toxin given in vivo increased both parameters tested in vitro. Theophylline and isoproterenol caused an increase in cyclic AMP levels in the villus tip cells, where these drugs also stimulated amino acid uptake. Neither drug increased cAMP in crypt cells. Thus, the cyclic AMP-stimulated uptake of amino acids in vitro is a function of the villus tip cells. Moreover, when metabolic products, such as cAMP, are measured in whole intestinal mucosa, it cannot be assumed that the change is uniform throughout the tissue, but may involve only one type of cell on the intestinal villus.
PRE-RIBOSOMAL PARTICLES FORMED IN POTASSIUM-DEPLETED CELLS. STUDIES ON DEGRADATION AND STABILIZATION.

Abstract 1. 1. When cells of mutant strain B207 of Escherichia coli were incubated in a sodium salts medium, they failed to grow, but they accumulated RNA (K + -depletion RNA) without any increase in protein content. About half of the K + -depletion RNA was contained in particles (K + -depletion particles) which appear to be similar to chloramphenicol particles. The conditions that promote degradation or stabilization of K + -depletion particles were studied. 2. 2. K + -depletion particles appeared in the analytical ultracentrifuge as twin peaks, with sedimentation coefficients of about 14 S and 18 S. When cells containing labeled K + -depletion particles were transferred to a medium supporting growth, the particles were rapidly converted to 30-S and 50-S ribosomes, without evidence of prior degradation. 3. 3. K + -depletion particles were more sensitive to degradation than were the other components of K + -depletion RNA. Degradation of K + -depletion RNA was rapid if intracellular K + was high, but when intracellular K + was largely replaced by Na + , the rate of degradation decreased to one-sixth. In contrast, pulse-labeled RNA was degraded rapidly in the presence of high intracellular levels of either K + or Na + . Hence the RNA portion of K + -depletion particles appears to be degraded by an enzyme that is strongly activated by K + .
A Cellular Automaton

What is in this chapter? Cellular automata are widely used models in mathematical physics and in theoretical biology. These systems start from a random state and then evolve using deterministic rules, with time being discrete. We concentrate on a specific model in this chapter. We define the initial configuration as follows. For each site in Z2 we put a 1 with probability p or a 0 with probability 1 — p. This is done independently for each site. The rules of evolution for the cellular automaton are the following. If there is 1 at a site it remains there forever. If there is a 0 at a given site and if at least one neighbor in each of the orthogonal directions is a 1 then we replace the 0 by a 1 at the next update.
Start-up scheme for solid state transformers connected to medium voltage grids

The development of the high voltage wideband gap semiconductor SiC power devices has enabled the solid state transformer (SST) technology in connecting a medium voltage grid to a low voltage grid. Though, these power devices have superior loss and switching characteristics compared to Si power devices, they have limited inrush current handling capability. The large inrush currents that flow into the SST from the grids when commissioning the SST system can be detrimental to the SiC devices. A proper start-up scheme is required to address this issue. Reported literatures on SST are focused on different topologies and their control aspects. This paper is focused in developing the safe start-up schemes for SST system connecting medium voltage grid to low voltage grid. The paper presents the simulation results and experimental verifications of the proposed SST start-up scheme.
True Competition: A Guide to Pursuing Excellence in Sport and Society

Chapter 1. The Case Against Competition: Was Kohn Right? Chapter 2. Naming the Imposter: Unmasking Decompetition Chapter 3. True Competition: A Field Guide Chapter 4. Motivation: Why We Compete Chapter 5. Goals: Ego and Excellence Chapter 6. Opponents: Allies and Adversaries Chapter 7. Regulation: Upholding the Spirit of the Game Chapter 8. Playing and Winning: The Pursuit of Victory Chapter 9. The Ideal Contest: Experiencing the Challenge.
The Proper Control of Athletics

(1913). The Proper Control of Athletics. American Physical Education Review: Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 209-216.
Combining CBR with Interactive Knowledge Acquisition, Manipulation and Reuse

Because of the complexity of aerospace design, intelligent systems to support and amplify the abilities of aerospace designers have the potential for profound impact on the speed and reliability of design generation. This article describes a framework for supporting the interactive capture of design cases and their application to new problems, illustrating the approach with a discussion of its use in a support system for aircraft design. The project integrates case-based reasoning with interactive tools for capturing expert design knowledge through "concept mapping." Concept mapping tools provide crucial functions for interactively generating and examining design cases and navigating their hierarchical structure, while CBR techniques provide capabilities to facilitate retrieval and to aid interactive adaptation of designs. The project aims simultaneously to develop a useful design aid and more generally to develop practical interactive approaches to fundamental issues of case acquisition and representation, context-sensitive retrieval, and case adaptation.
Restoring Equity in Right to Work

Under United States labor law, when a majority of employees in a bargaining unit chooses union representation, all employees in the unit are represented by the union. Federal law, moreover, requires the union to represent all workers in a bargaining unit equally with respect to both collective bargaining and disciplinary matters. As a general rule, federal law enables unions to require employees to pay for the services that unions are obligated to provide them. Twenty-four states, however, have enacted laws granting union-represented employees the right to refuse to pay the union for the services that federal law requires the union to offer. As such, the intersection of federal labor law and state right to work laws results in a mandate that unions provide services for free to any employee who declines to pay dues. This paper proposes three approaches to addressing this feature of U.S. labor law. First, the paper argues that under a proper reading of the NLRA states may not prohibit all mandatory payments from workers to unions. In particular, the paper shows that states must permit collective bargaining agreements requiring so-called objectors (or nonmembers) to pay dues and fees lower than those required of members. Second, the paper argues that in right to work states federal law ought to relax the requirement of exclusive representation and allow unions to organize, bargain on behalf of, and represent only those workers who affirmatively choose to become members. This proposal would implement a members-only bargaining regime in right to work states. Third, the paper contends that the NLRB ought to abandon its rule forbidding unions from charging objecting nonmembers a fee for representation services that the union provides directly and individually to them.
Analysis and Solution of a Yield-Limiting Patterned-Fail Mechanism in a 1 Mbit DRAM

During development phases of a 1 Mbit DRAM, two distinctive types of bit fail maps were frequently observed. ‘Top/Bottom Fails’ (TBF) were groups of bit-line fails located at the top and/or bottom of arrays. ‘Curtain Fails’ (CF) were U-shaped streaks occurring in the interior of the array (see Fig 1). The problem was highly variable in its occurrence but the overall yield limit from this mechanism was significant. The fails could not be correlated to any regularly monitored device or process parameter.
Imaging of the Larynx

Imaging of the larynx must be coordinated with the clinical examination [1, 2]. The information acquired at imaging usually emphasizes the deeper tissues, as superficial assessment is done by direct visualization. A description of the anatomy is key to the description of any lesion.
β-hydride elimination reaction of triethylgallium on GaAs(100) surfaces

Abstract We have used a pulsed molecular beam and time-resolved mass spectrometry to study the pyrolysis of triethylgallium (TEGa) on GaAs(100) surfaces from room temperature to 450°C. The β-hydride elimination pathway which produces ethylene and hydrogen competes with the direct desorption of the ethyl radicals. We have made a quantitative measure of the branching ratio and found that the β-hydride elimination reaction is promoted by increasing the Ga/As stoichiometric ratio of the GaAs(100) surface, but becomes less important and independent of Ga coverage at higher temperatures. The β-hydride elimination process is the rate limiting step in the desorption of ethylene and is first order in the ethyl group coverage.
Low-Ca contents and kink-banded textures are not unique to mantle olivine: evidence from the Duke Island Complex, Alaska

Low-Ca contents and kink-banded textures in olivine with high Fo contents (>90 mol%) are widely used as indicators of mantle origin. Here we report the occurrence of this type of olivine in the peridotites of the Annette and Duke Island Complexes in southeastern Alaska which are interpreted to have formed at crustal depths. Our findings confirm that neither low-Ca contents nor kink-banded textures are unique to mantle olivine. Caution is warranted in using this type of olivine or peridotite xenoliths containing this type of olivine in volcanic rocks to decipher the nature of the mantle.
Augmented macrophage PGE2 production following exposure to dimethylnitrosamine in vivo: relevance to suppressed T cell responses

Abstract Previous efforts from our laboratory have investigated the mechanisms responsible for dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced suppression of T cell responses. These studies suggested that such changes in T cell activity were most likely to be due to alterations in the down-regulatory signals controlling T cell activation. Accordingly, the production of PGE 2 , a potent inhibitor of T cell activation, was examined in macrophages obtained from animals exposed to either DMN or vehicle in vivo. The production of PGE 2 was determined in macrophages representing various stages of activation (responsive, primed and fully activated) and various stages of differentiation (CSF-1-derived or GM-CSF-derived macrophages). All peritoneal macrophages obtained from DMN-exposed animals demonstrated enhanced production of PGE 2 following stimulation with either endotoxin or IFN-γ as compared to macrophages obtained from vehicle-exposed macrophages. Moreover, the enhanced levels of PGE 2 were due to increased PGE 2 production rather than to shifts in the kinetics of PGE 2 production and utilization. CSF-1- and GM-CSF-induced bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) produced minimal levels of PGE 2 , regardless of the in vitro stimulation of cells obtained from either vehicle or DMN treatment groups. Spleen cells obtained from DMN-exposed animals produced significantly higher amounts of PGE 2 following endotoxin stimulation compared to control splenocytes. Splenocytes from DMN-exposed animals also demonstrated a suppresse proliferative response to the mitogen Con A. However, when splenocytes from DMN-exposed animals were co-cultured with indomethacin they demonstrated Con A-stimulated proliferative responses similar to the responses of vehicle control splenocytes. These results demonstrate that DMN exposure results in increased PGE 2 production by macrophages and that this increase in PGE 2 production may be responsible for suppressed T cell responses observed in DMN-exposed animals.
A novel stent for treatment of combined anterior glottic web-subglottic stenosis

Severe congenital glottic webs are often associated with subglottic stenosis. We treated two young children with combined anterior glottic web-subglottic stenosis with partial laryngofissure and anterior costal cartilage graft placement. We used a novel stent composed of silicone rubber, created from the external limb of a Hood (Pembroke, WA) tracheal T-tube. This stent served as both a subglottic stent and a glottic keel. These two children achieved decannulation with improved vocal quality.
Respiratory complications of smoke inhalation in victims of fires.

RESPIRATORY COMPLICATIONS of smoke inhalation are responsible for much of the morbidity and mortality associated with fires. An increase in morbidity and mortality rates out of proportion to what one would have predicted from the degree of surface burn can be directly related to smoke inhalation and respiratory tract injury. 1-8 Furthermore, severe injury to the respiratory tract can occur even in the absence of surface burns. Patients trapped in confined spaces are more likely to sustain serious injury to the lung from the inhalation of the products of incomplete combustion generated during fires. For this reason, small children and the aged are at increased risk. In addition to thermal injury and the toxic effects of noxious gases on the respiratory mucosa, severe asphyxia with brain injury may occur, especially if there is a significant amount of carbon monoxide poisoning.
Regional wall motion abnormalities and scarring in severe functional ischemic mitral regurgitation: A pilot cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging study

Objectives To relate cardiovascular magnetic resonance–derived segmental wall motion and myocardial scarring and determine whether they are associated with postoperative mitral regurgitation following coronary artery bypass grafting and annuloplasty for severe functional ischemic mitral regurgitation. Methods From January 2001 to October 2006, 29 patients with grade ≥3+ chronic functional ischemic mitral regurgitation were studied using cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Wall motion abnormality was graded for 17 standard left ventricular myocardial segments (0 = none, 1+ = hypokinesis, 2+ = severe hypokinesis, 3+ = akinesis, 4+ = dyskinesis), as was degree of hyperenhancement (scarring). Postoperative mitral regurgitation was assessed longitudinally by 71 transthoracic echocardiograms. Results Wall motion abnormalities grade ≥2+ were present in most myocardial segments (median 13). Scar >25% was present in a median of 3 segments, and 44% of those were in the territory of the posterior papillary muscle. Nearly all segments (95%) with >25% scar had ≥2+ wall motion abnormality. Although 90% of patients had no mitral regurgitation at hospital discharge, by 6 months, 34% had mitral regurgitation grade ≥2+. There was little association between wall motion abnormality and recurrence of mitral regurgitation ( P > .1). Seventy percent of patients with scar >25% in the posterior papillary muscle region exhibited postoperative mitral regurgitation of grade ≥2+ by 6 months, compared with 15% with score ≤25% ( P = .07). Conclusions In a pilot study of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in severe functional ischemic mitral regurgitation, severity of posterior papillary muscle region scarring correlated with decreased segmental wall motion and mitral regurgitation early after coronary revascularization and annuloplasty. Routinely assessing scar burden may identify patients for whom annuloplasty alone is insufficient to eliminate mitral regurgitation.
Obsolescing Analog Africa: A Re-reading of the “Digital” in Digital Art

A promotional film by General Motors made for the 1964 New York World's Fair, which celebrated its fiftieth anniversary in 2013, hails a (fictional) roadway built through the equatorial lands by a ...
Lexical and Semantic Pitfalls in the Use of Survey Interviews: An Example from the Texas-Mexico Border

Analysis of the responses to some apparently unremarkable nouns in a survey administered to impoverished Mexican-American residents of a Texas bordercity illuminates the complexity of such issues as the notion of "fate" and the extent of reliance on traditional healing. Careful linguistic interpretation of these responses, in light of more traditional ethnographic data, indicates practices and points of view at odds with the initial impression and with some reports of certain other Mexican-American populations.
NIR Raman spectrometer for monitoring protonation reactions in gaseous hydrogen

Abstract Spontaneous Raman spectroscopy was used to monitor molecular hydrogen isotope exchange reactions between H 2 , D 2 , and HD. A tunable 780 nm, multimode laser diode with power output between 300 and 500 mW served as the excitation source. Hydrogen isotopes could be detected at partial pressure of 13 Pa (number density 3.2 × 10 21 m −3 ) at total gas pressure of 5.3 × 10 4 Pa (number density 1.3 × 10 25 m −3 ) with signal-to-noise better than 2 during minutes long observations. The high sensitivity was achieved using multiple pass cell in conjunction with atomic vapor Rb absorption filter employed to eliminate Rayleigh scattered laser light. We have used the new spectrometer to measure the rapid isotope exchange reactions taking place in the palladium hydrogen purifier.
Modeling Temporal Variability of Plasma Conditions in the Io Torus during the Cassini Era

Observations of ultraviolet (UV) emissions from the major ion species (S(sup +), S(sup ++), S(sup +++), O(sup +), O(sup ++) of the Io Plasma torus made during the Cassini flyby (October 2000 to March 2001) have revealed significant time variability. Using a homogenoeus model for mass and energy flow in the torus parameterized by five input variables (transport timescale, neutral source strength, ratio of oxygen to sulfur atoms in the source, fraction of superthermal electrons, and temperature of the hot electrons), we have investigated the time variability of the torus properties (density, composition, and temperature) during the Cassini era. In order to match the changes in emissions, the model suggests that a significant change in the neutral source occurred near the beginning of the observing period, decreasing from more than 1.8 tons/s to 0.7 tons/s. The changes in the neutral source appear to coincide with the declining phase of a dramatic (i.e., 2-3 order of magnitude) peak in iogenic dust emissions observed by Galileo prior to the Cassini era.
The psychology of judgment and decision making

Originally published in Contemporary Psychology: APA Review of Books, 1997, Vol 42(7), 581-582. Memory in Oral Traditions: The Cognitive Psychology of Epic, Ballads, and Counting-Out Rhymes (see record 1995-97902-000) is an intensive study of oral memory traditions by a cognitive psychologist. This
Establishment of repression by bacteriophage λ: Lack of a direct regulatory effect of cyclic AMP

Abstract We have studied the effect of variations in the level of cAMP after λ infection on the synthesis of λ c I protein and endolysin, and on the frequency of lysogenization. The level of cAMP was varied by the use of a mutant unable to produce cAMP, or by transient glucose repression. We find no evidence for a substantial effect of cAMP on the parameters of λ development studied, indicating that the intracellular level of cAMP is probably not a major regulatory influence on the choice of lysis or lysogeny in a typical infection by λ.
Effect of oral neomycin treatment of hyperlipoproteinemia on antibiotic susceptibilities of stool enteric flora.

Abstract Oral neomycin sulfate at a dose of 2 g/day is effective in lowering the plasma concentration of low-density lipoproteins. 1–3 While this regimen is free of significant side effects, 1–3 a possible result of long-term neomycin administration is the development of resistance of the gastrointestinal bacterial flora to neomycin, and possibly to other antimicrobial agents as well. Valtonen et al 4 reported that in 11 of 14 patients treated with 1.5 g/day of oral neomycin for at least 3 months, most of the fecal coliforms were resistant to at least 4 antimicrobial drugs. 4 As part of a long-term study of the effects of neomycin on low-density lipoprotein levels, 1 we examined the occurrence of neomycin-resistant organisms and their spectrum of antimicrobial susceptibility in the stools of 19 patients.
Refinements of the crystal structures of 1,4-diphenylbutadiyne and its complex with two moles of Co2(CO)6

1,4-diphenylbutadiyne, C16H10, crystallizes in monoclinic space group P21/n witha=6.6152(6),b=6.0768(7),c=14.634(1) A, β=100.981(8)0,V=577.5(2) A3,Z=2. The structure was refined toR=0.077 andR w=0.069 for 1007 observed reflections with CuKα radiation. The molecule lies on an inversion center. Our determination represents and increase in precision of a factor of approximately three over the original determination. The 2∶1 cobalt complex, C16H10[Co2(CO)6]2, also crystallizes in monoclinic space group P21/n witha=8.9568(12),b=17.7057(10),c=18.5671(12) A, β=90.606(12)o,V=2944.3(5) A3,Z=4. The structure was refined toR=0.032 andR w=0.031 for 4312 observed reflections. The diphenylbutadiyne triple bonds elongate to 1.346(3) A and the angles at the diyne C atoms decrease to 134.1(3)–144.9(3)o upon complexation. The Co-Co distance is 2.4580(4)A. Our data represent an increase in precision by a factor of 2–3 over the original determination.
Inhibition of carcinogen-induced pulmonary and mammary carcinogenesis by chalcone administered subsequent to carcinogen exposure

A study of the capacity of chalcone to inhibit benzo[a]pyrene(BP)-induced carcinogenesis of the lungs and forestomach in female A/J mice and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced mammary carcinogenesis in female Sprague-Dawley rats has been carried out. Chalcone, 5 mg/g of diet, had a inhibitory effect on pulmonary adenoma formation (29%) and on mammary tumor formation (49%) when the compound was fed starting one week after final carcinogen administration. Chalcone did not inhibit forestomach tumor formation. In an additional study, chalcone started 4 weeks after MNU and fed for 3-week courses alternating with 3-week courses of control diet for the duration of the protocol also inhibited mammary tumor formation by 49%. The data showing that chalcone has inhibitory effects against both pulmonary and mammary carcinogenesis when given after carcinogen administration provides the basis for further investigations of this and possibly other chalcones as chemopreventive suppressing agents.
Survey on various control techniques in micro grinding processes

Due to the highly demanding geometric accuracy and surface finish for many modern products, grinding processes have been extensively used in manufacturing industry. However, it is also well accepted that grinding is one of the most complicated machining processes due to the high non-linearities, intrinsic uncertainties and time-varying characteristics. Multiple challenging problems exist in the process that limits its overall quality and production in practice. With the increasing demands for higher part geometry accuracy, better surface integrity, more productivity and other desired product parameters (e.g., minimisation of subsurface micro-damage) with less operator intervention, various control methods have been studied and implemented to control position, velocity, force, power, temperature and the material removal rate (MRR) during the grinding process, in order to achieve the desired system performance within certain cost/time. This paper reviews different control strategies in order to provide a guideline for academic researchers and industrial practitioners in improving the final product quality with increased possible process flexibility.
Hypothalamic-locus coeruleus mechanisms in the pathophysiology of on-off in L-dopa treated Parkinson's disease: a hypothesis

Fluctuations in motor performance remain a major problem in the longterm management of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Although alterations in striatal dopaminergic activity have been initially thought to induce these complications, recent studies failed to support a major role for impaired dopaminergic neuronal or receptor functions in the pathogenesis of the on-off phenomenon. In the following I discuss the possibility that alterations in the activity of norepinephrinergic neurons at the level of the locus coeruleus (LC) associated with dysregulation of descending endorphinergic projections from the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus may be intimately involved in the pathogenesis of motor fluctuations in L-dopa treated PD.
Migraine: A Comprehensive Review of New Treatment Options

Headaches are among the most common complaints reported to health care professionals and are classified by the International Headache Society as migraine, tension-type, or cluster, with additional subtypes. Classification and etiology of headache should be determined after thorough review of the patient's history. Once diagnosed, migraine can be treated by preventive or abortive measures. Recent developments add new options, including availability of drugs for intranasal administration (sumatriptan, dihydroergotamine) and 5-HT1B/1D agonists (rizatriptan, zolmitriptan, naratriptan, eletriptan). Although placebo-controlled trials are available, few comparative clinical trials of these agents have been conducted; however, important pharmacologic, pharmacokinetic, and clinical differences exist among the drugs.
Role of Insulin in the Regulation of Mammary Synthesis of Fat and Protein

Abstract Five lactating Holstein cows were subjected to a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp to examine the effects of insulin on milk yield and composition. Of special interest was the evaluation of the glucogenic-insulin theory of milk fat depression. Cows were fed every other hour to minimize postprandial effects, and blood samples were obtained via an indwelling jugular catheter every 4h for 2 d to establish baseline glucose concentrations. For the 4-d clamp, insulin was infused continuously (1 μ g/kg of BW per h) into the contralateral jugular vein, and circulating insulin was increased approximately fivefold. Blood was sampled frequently, and blood glucose was maintained within 10% of baseline concentrations by infusion of exogenous glucose at variable rates ( X ¯ = .15 g/kg 3 of BW per h). Dietary intake declined on the 4th d of the insulin clamp (23.0 vs. 16.3kg/d). Milk yield, however, did not change (32.4 vs. 33.6kg/d) in support of the lack of sensitivity of the mammary gland to insulin. Milk fat percentage (3.85 vs. 3.66) and yield (1.26 vs. 1.22kg/d) did not change during the insulin clamp. Milk protein yield increased (.98 vs. 1.05kg/d), and milk protein percentage tended to increase (3.04 vs. 3.14). during the insulin clamp. This modest increase in milk protein yield may have been constrained by a lack of available amino acids, as indicated by a decrease in circulating concentrations of essential amino acids, urea nitrogen, and plasma proteins. Overall, results offer no support for the glucogenic-insulin theory of milk fat depression but do indicate that the insulin infusion, either directly or indirectly, enhanced secretion of milk protein.
Renal structure and hypertension in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

Renal structure and hypertension in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Hypertension has been reported to occur in 50 to 75 percent of subjects with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) prior to the onset of marked renal insufficiency but concurrent with cystic deformation of the renal parenchyma. The present study was undertaken to examine whether the renal structural abnormalities are greater in hypertensive (HBP) versus normotensive (NBP) male and female patients with ADPKD who were matched within gender groups for age, body surface area, serum creatinine concentration (males HBP 1.2 ± 0.02 vs. NBP 1.1 ± 0.03 mg/dl, NS; females HBP 0.9 ± 0.03 vs. NBP 0.9 ± 0.02 mg/dl, NS) and creatinine clearance (males HBP 100 ± 3 vs. NBP 108 ± 3 ml/min/1.73 m 2 , NS; females HBP 97 ± 3 vs. NBP 96 ± 2 ml/min/1.73 m 2 , NS). Renal volume was significantly greater in the HBP compared to the NBP group (males HBP 624 ± 47 vs. NBP 390 ± 43 cm 3 , P 3 , P
The molecular mechanism of cardiac glycoside action

Abstract The sequence of events leading to cardiac muscle contraction is: (1) passive diffusion of sodium ions intracellularly and potassium ions extracellularly ( depolarization ), (2) release of bound calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, (3) formation of a calcium-troponin-tropomyosin complex which frees acceptor sites on actin for interaction with the cross-bridges on myosin, (4) myosin ATPase induces the interaction of actin and myosin thereby causing a contraction, (5) active pumping mechanism—“sodium pump”—for the cellular removal of sodium ions and the cellular reentry of potassium ions by cell membrane ATPase ( repolarization occurs during this process), and (6) active pumping of calcium ions from the actomyosin complex—followed by muscle relaxation. Cardiac glycosides interfere with the sequence of events leading to cardiac muscle contraction by inhibiting cell membrane ATPase (“sodium pump”). This results in: (1) a high intracellular sodium ion concentration, (2) the prevention of the intracellular influx of potassium ions, and (3) an apparent increase in the “free” intracellular calcium ion concentration thereby causing a net increase in myocardial contraction through the interaction of calcium ions and the contractile proteins.
A high density assay format for the detection of novel cytotoxic agents in large chemical libraries

In response to the need for inexpensive high throughput assays for anti-cancer drug screening, a 1536-well microtiter plate based assay utilizing the Alamar Blue fluorescent dye as a measure of cellular growth was validated in 10 μL assay volume. Its robustness was assessed in a screen against a library of 2000 known bioactives; with an overall Z′ value of 0.89 for assay robustness, several known cytotoxic agents were identified including and not limited to anthracyclines, cardiac glycosides, gamboges, and quinones. To further test the sensitivity of the assay, IC50 determinations were performed in both 384-well and 1536-well formats and the obtained results show a very good correlation between the two density formats. These findings demonstrate that this newly developed assay is simple to set up, robust, highly sensitive and inexpensive. It could potentially provide a rapid way to screen established and primary tumor cell lines against large chemical libraries.
Substrate–protein interaction energy in the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase: DFT and ab initio results

Abstract The enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase catalyzes the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine, which is in turn converted to a series of neurologically important compounds. These compounds can then inhibit the initial metabolism of phenylalanine by docking in the phenylalanine hydroxylase active site. We use second order Moller–Plesset theory (MP2) and several Density Functional Theory methods to estimate the contribution to the total substrate/protein interaction energy from the electrostatic and dispersion interactions between the substrate and Phe254 in the enzyme. We then study several mutations at the residue 254 site. Our results for one mutation, F254I, agree with an observed loss of function of phenylalanine hydroxylase. We predict several additional mutations that may also cause loss of function in the enzyme.
Has experience changed the scenario in laparoscopic adrenalectomy

Background Laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) is a relatively uncommon operation performed by surgeons with a specific interest in endocrine surgery as well as advanced laparoscopic surgery. LA is technically difficult and it is recommended to tackle small glands first till adequate experience is reached [1]. A minimum of 30 cases are required to master the technique [2]. The present study reviews data of 60 laparoscopic adrenalectomies comparing the later results with the first 30 cases.
The effects of light and dark backgrounds upon indoleamine enzymes in developing Xenopus laevis.

Abstract 1. 1. Embroyos of Xenopus laevis , the South African clawed toad, have been reared in light-background and dark-background aquaria. At premetamorphic stage (stage 48 of Nieuwkoop and Faber) the embryos were measured in vitro for the indoleamine enzymes 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase (5-HTPD), monoamine oxidase (MAO), an hydroxyindole- O -methyltransferase (HIOMT). Whole embroyo, brain, and lateral eyes were assayed. 2. 2. 5-HTPD activity was lower in whole embryo from light-background aquaria, but was unchanged in brain and eyes. 3. 3. MAO activity was unchanged in whole from light-background aquaria, but was lower in brain and eyes. 4. 4. HIOMT activity was higher in whole embryo from light-background aquaria, but this proved to be the result of HIOMT increase in the brain. Eyes were unchanged.
Fluorescent dendritic nanoprobes: a new class of fluorescent probes for biological applications.

The microscopist’s utopia is filled with small, bright, photostable fluorescent probes. The contemporary toolbox of fluorescent probes—organic dyes, fluorescent proteins, and quantum dots—provides a range of sizes and photophysical properties, but we still await the perfect fluorescent probe.
Studying Protein-Excited States by Nmr.

INTRODUCTION. Much of structural biology has focused on obtaining static three-dimensional representations of molecules and molecular complexes. However, a complete description of a protein requires not only a three-dimensional picture of the average structure but knowledge of how that structure changes with time. Proteins are inherently dynamic and the dynamics are critical for function. For example, it is often the case that static three-dimensional structures alone do not completely explain results from functional biological assays, nor do they necessarily illuminate the path for protein engineering or rational drug design. This is, of course, not surprising. A three-dimensional static structure provides a description of the ground state of a molecule. Macromolecular function is, in many cases, highly dependent on excursions to excited molecular states and hence intimately coupled to flexibility. For example, X-ray studies of a cavity mutant of T4 lysozyme, L99A, show that the cavity is sterically inaccessible to ligand, yet the protein is able to bind substituted benzenes rapidly. We have used novel relaxation dispersion NMR methods to characterize the transition between a ligand-inaccessible closed form of the protein and an excited state that binds ligands that is 2.0 kcal mol higher in free energy.
Link adaptation in MIMO-OFDM with non-uniform constellation selection over spatial streams through supervised learning

Supervised learning has been used to develop practical link adaptation algorithms for MIMO-OFDM under an equal rate per stream assumption. In this paper we develop supervised learning algorithms that select from non-uniform rates per stream. We show that the straightforward application of existing supervised learning link adaptation algorithms exhibits complexity that scales with the number of spatial streams. Therefore, we propose a decoupled stream link adaptation algorithm which reduces the complexity below the original supervised learning algorithm with uniform spatial streams. We further show that the performance loss of decoupled link adaptation is reduced in systems with non-uniform constellations per spatial stream. IEEE 802.11n and uncoded MIMO-OFDM simulations are used to validate the proposed algorithms.
The Theatre of War: The First World War in British and Irish Drama

HEINZ KOSOK Basingstoke, Palgrave, 2007 vii + 286 pp., ISBN: 978-0-2305-2558-0, £74.95 hb Besides the unprecedented carnage of World War One, its main legacies were an enduring cynicism, especially...