cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Rights of Parents

Two vital aspects of parenthood often are overlooked. The first is that readiness for parenthood follows the adolescent stage of life. The ability to assume responsibility for one’s own life is a prerequisite for assuming responsibility for the life of another person. The second is that parenthood is a developmental stage in life that follows adolescence and is an essential complement to childhood. Struggling parents need access to collaborative systems of care.
Predation effects of two densities of fourth-instar Chaoborus trivittatus on a freshwater zooplankton assemblage

An enclosure study was conducted in Ranger Lake in south-central Ontario, Canada from 4 July to 5 August 1997 to determine predation effects of the larvae of the phantom midge fly Chaoboruson the zooplankton community. Zooplankton assemblages were established in 12 enclosures (2 m in diameter, 7.5 m deep). Three densities of fourth-instar Chaoborus trivittatus (0 l−1, 0.1 l−1 and 0.5 l−1) were introduced as predator treatments to the enclosures. Temperature, dissolved oxygen and zooplankton community composition were monitored for six weeks. To determine if the zooplankton community composition changed, a repeated measures multivariate analysis was performed on percent biomass of Bosmina and calanoid copepods. There were no significant differences in mean taxon percent biomass among predator treatments. There were significant differences in mean taxon percent biomass between water layers (epilimnion and metalimnion). There were also significant differences in lengths of Bosmina and calanoid copepods among predator treatments at the end of the experiment. Crop content analysis of C. trivittatusshowed that Bosmina constituted 88–98% of the prey items found in the crops. These results demonstrate that the use of deep enclosures, a Chaoborus species which vertically migrates, and lower natural densities of Chaoborus may provide prey with an important natural refuge from predation and so allow a more accurate determination of the predation impact of Chaoborus trivittatusin temperate lakes where fish control Chaoborus densities.
School to Work Transition of Non-college Bound Youth: An Integration of the Life Design Paradigm and the Psychology of Working Theory

Young people, particularly those without a post-secondary education and marketable skills, encounter significant obstacles in their transition to the workforce. In an unstable world of work, it is crucial to provide youth with adequate vocational skills and adaptive psychosocial attributes (such as critical consciousness) to help them obtain decent work and adapt to the ever-changing work conditions while confronting the social injustices that impact their lives. In this chapter, we present an integrated framework for development of school-to-work transition programs based upon promising scholarship from the life design paradigm and the Psychology of Working Theory. We hope that the interventions built on this theoretical integration will inform more effective and humane educational, vocational, and public policies designed to foster access to decent and fulfilling work.
A THz driven split-ring resonator based ultrafast relativistic electron streak camera

The use of sub-wavelength metal structures to locally enhance high frequency electromagnetic fields, generally known as plasmonics, enables breakthrough opportunities across diverse fields of research such as nonlinear optics, biosensing, photovoltaics and others. Here we study the application of sub-wavelength metallic resonators tuned in the THz frequency range for manipulation and diagnostics of relativistic electron beams. In this work, we report on the use of a double-sided split-ring structure driven by a near single cycle THz field generated by optical rectification to impart a time-dependent angular deviation (streak) on a 4.5 MeV electron beam. Electrons passing through the small gap reveal field enhancement factors larger than 10, in good agreement with finite difference time domain simulations. This work paves the way for further application of high frequency metallic structures in compact particle accelerators such as for THz-based relativistic electron streaking at fs and sub-fs temporal resolution.
Plasma Fibronectin Enhances Adhesion and Aggregation of Platelets by Both Its Incorporation into Adherent Platelets and Its Crosslinking to Fibrin Networks.

Abstract Plasma fibronectin has recently been demonstrated to stabilize growth of platelet-rich thrombi in injured mesenteric arterioles in vivo. We have determined the impact of two forms of insolubilized plasma fibronectin on adhesion and aggregation of platelets - fibronectin-crosslinked fibrin by activated factor XIII (fibronectin-fibrin) and fibronectin assembled by adherent platelets. In static adhesion assays, 2-fold more platelets adhered to fibronectin-fibrin than to fibrin. Antibody blocking studies demonstrated that a different mix of αIIbβ3, αvβ3, and α5β1 integrins mediate platelet adhesion to both substrates. At a shear rate of 300 or 1,250s-1 in a parallel plate flow chamber, more platelets adhered and aggregated on surfaces coated with fibronectin-fibrin than surfaces coated with fibrin. The number of adherent platelets and the volume of platelet thrombi increased by 3- to 4-fold when soluble fibronectin was co-perfused with platelets, which resulted in assembly of fibronectin by adherent platelets. Increased adhesion and aggregation of platelets were dependent on the amounts of fibronectin crosslinked to fibrin prior to perfusion or included in the perfusate. The effects of perfused fibronectin were blocked by two inhibitors of fibronectin assembly, the N-terminal 70-kD fragment of fibronectin or the functional upstream domain of protein F1 of Streptococcus pyogenes, indicating that assembly of soluble fibronectin by adherent platelets is mediated by the binding of the N-terminal region of fibronectin to the platelet surface. Thus, plasma fibronectin has the potential to enhance adhesion and aggregation of platelets in vivo as a result of being crosslinked to fibrin networks and its subsequent assembly by adherent platelets.
Platelet Glycoprotein VI Haplotypes and The Generation Of Microparticles In Health and Disease

Platelets are well known for their role in hemostasis, thrombosis, and wound repair. However, there is growing evidence for established platelet paradigms being relevant to other biological processes, such as inflammation and cancer. As one example, the platelet-specific collagen receptor, glycoprotein (GP) VI, has been shown to exacerbate rheumatoid arthritis in mouse models of the disease and also support experimental metastasis. GPVI exists as a membrane surface receptor that once engaged is capable of eliciting activation-dependent intraplatelet signals. An outcome of GPVI engagement is the release of platelet-derived microparticles (arbitrarily defined as less than 1 μm) and, in the case of rheumatoid arthritis, the microparticle further augments the inflammatory cascade. Beyond this example, platelet-derived microparticles are being recognized as relevant in a wide range of proinflammatory and prothrombotic pathophysiologic states. Characterization of the human GPVI gene has revealed genetic haplotypes corresponding to altered in vitro platelet response. A growing body of evidence has also linked these haplotypes to pathologic responses in the acute setting, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. The GPVI haplotypes, referred to as GP6a and GP6b , differ in 5 codons resulting in 3 polymorphic amino acids in the extracellular portion of the GPVI (S219P, K237E, and T249A) and 2 polymorphic amino acids in the cytoplasmic tail (Q317L and H322N). While GPVI haplotypes have been linked to cardiovascular disease outcome, a gap exists in determining whether the same polymorphisms influence platelet microparticle production and whether microparticle levels might vary in disease states. We have performed a detailed flow cytometry analysis of GPVI-dependent platelet-derived microparticles both in vivo and following agonist stimulation in vitro using blood from normal donors. A correlation exists between GPVI haplotypes and circulating levels of platelet-specific (αIIb) microparticles. Comparing homozygous GP6a (n=34) and heterozygous GP6a/b (n=17) individuals reveals an approximate 2-fold difference in the number of platelet microparticles that is statistically significant ( p= 0.005 ). The GPVI dependent in vitro release is also haplotype specific following addition of type I fibrillar collagen. However, in a human condition of chronic inflammation, such as rheumatoid arthritis, haplotype-dependent changes in platelet-derived microparticle are not observed and reveal a maximum level of microparticle release occurring in the chronic inflammatory state. The results demonstrate that common polymorphisms within the human GPVI gene impact the level of circulating platelet-specific microparticles in normal individuals and in a state of chronic inflammation. The physiologic contribution of GPVI in disease states must consider the representative haplotype and levels of GPVI-dependent microparticles. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Advance Long and Productive Lives

Individuals must define productive aging for themselves. Some older adults may choose to work or need to work to meet financial obligations. Others may leave the workforce to provide care for spouses, siblings, or grandchildren. Many older adults cherish their free time to pursue hobbies, while others choose to volunteer. This chapter addresses the Grand Challenge Advance Long and Productive Lives and closely examines formal volunteering as a means of staying actively engaged in older adulthood. Additionally, this chapter discusses the importance of volunteerism as one strategy for advancing long and productive lives.
Correction: Non-spherical micro- and nanoparticles in nanomedicine

Correction for ‘Non-spherical micro- and nanoparticles in nanomedicine’ by Xingjun Zhu et al., Mater. Horiz., 2019, 6, 1094–1121.
The evolution of maritime Chinese historiography in the United States: toward a transnational and interdisciplinary approach

Once considered a marginal side-story to the Fairbank-inspired narrative of an agrarian-centered, land-bound China, Chinese maritime history has received increasing attention in the United States a...
The Student with a Sensory Disability: Anna Howard, a Deaf Nursing Student

A sophomore nursing student, Anna Howard, is profoundly deaf and communicates solely via speaking and lipreading. Anna wears a cochlear implant and is enrolled as a pre-nursing major with no formal accommodations in a large state university. After being admitted to the nursing program, Anna, the faculty including the simulation laboratory coordinator (SLC), and the Disability Resource Professional (DRP) work together to develop an effective accommodation process. Implementation of accommodations for students who are deaf and hard of hearing, combined with teamwork from the involved parties, allowed Anna to be successful in graduating from the nursing program and passing the board examination.
Yixian International Photo Festival

The Yixian Photo Festival used to be an official event promoting local countryside tourism, with domestic landscape photographers participating in the last six editions. When the local government invited Ou Ning and Zuo Jing to curate the 7th edition in 2012, it became Yixian International Photo Festival with global participants. Ou Ning proposed the exhibition theme as “The Interactions”, which criticized over-urbanization, promoted rural construction and advocated urban-rural mutual reinforcement. The festival invited 40 exhibitors and was scheduled to held in November 2–8, 2012, which was just before the opening date (November 8) of the 18th National Congress of the People’s Republic of China, when Xi Jinping was elected as the new Party secretary. On the day before the festival’s opening, the local government canceled all exhibitions and events because of the pressure from Beijing. This chapter includes the full text of the curatorial essay from the publication of the 2012 Yixian International Photo Festival; the blog post which documented the situation when the festival was canceled and vaguely expressed the attitude to this accident; and the review on the photography series The Yellow River by Zhang Kechun, one of the participating projects in the festival.
Is Fake News the New Social Media Crisis? Examining the Public Evaluation of Crisis Management for Corporate Organizations Targeted in Fake News

This study conducted a mixed-design experiment to explore how the audience evaluates brands targeted in online disinformation. The effects of key characteristics of fake news, political motivation ...
Agentic ethnography: inclusive interviews of young adults with significant disabilities on the transition from school

This paper is a methodological reflection drawn from a study on the transition from school into young adulthood in Aotearoa New Zealand. During this process, the personal priorities of young adults...
Prevalence and influence of LPA gene variants and isoform size on the Lp(a)-lowering effect of pelacarsen

Abstract Background and aims Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) targeting LPA to lower lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a]] are in clinical trials. Patients have been recruited according to various Lp(a) thresholds, but the prevalence of LPA genetic variants and their effect on efficacy of these ASOs are not well described. Methods We analyzed data from 4 clinical trials of the ASO pelacarsen targeting apolipoprotein(a) that included 455 patients. Common LPA genetic variants rs10455872 and rs3798220, major and minor isoform size, and changes in Lp(a), LDL-C, apoB, OxPL-apoB and OxPL-apo(a) were analyzed according to categories of baseline Lp(a). Results The prevalence of carrier status for rs10455872 and rs3798220 combined ranged from 25.9% in patients with Lp(a) in the 75 - Conclusions In patients randomized to Lp(a) lowering trials, LPA genetic variants are common, but a sizable proportion do not carry common variants associated with elevated Lp(a). In contrast, the major isoform size was almost uniformly ≤20 KIV repeats in patients with Lp(a) ≥175 nmol/L. The Lp(a) and OxPL lowering effects of pelacarsen were independent of both LPA genetic variants and isoform size.
The role of PTEN in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

1101 Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDA) is the fourth most common cause of cancer related deaths annually and has a dismal five-year survival of only 5%. Presently little is known about PDA pathogenesis, though activated K-Ras is found in greater than 90% of cases. It is known that K-Ras can activate PI3K by binding to the p110 catalytic subunit and 32% of human pancreatic tumor samples have been shown to have increased Akt2 activity, a downstream signaling molecule of the PI3K pathway. More recently, Pten expression was shown to be absent or significantly decreased in 71% of human PDA samples. In order to further delineate the pathogenetic pathways involved in PDA, we are studying the involvement of the PI3K-Akt pathway utilizing pancreatic cancer cell lines and tissue specific mouse models. We demonstrated reduced PTEN levels in poorly differentiated pancreatic cancer cell lines by western blot analysis. Moreover, in vivo studies reveal that Pdx1-Cre, PtenLox/Lox mice develop Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplastic (PanIN) lesions as early as 8 weeks of age. We plan to further evaluate the differential PTEN levels in various cells lines and evaluate downstream effectors that are mediating increased Akt activity. Lastly, we are evaluating the role of PTEN in PDA development and the cellular origin of PanIN lesions using a pancreas specific PTEN knockout containing a LacZ reporter.
Cheer Up: The Effect of Mood and Performance-Dependent Incentives on Creativity

Companies invest considerable resources to improve employee mood under the assumption that positive mood leads to improved creativity. However, theory suggests such investments may be in vain when the company uses performance dependent incentives. In a rebus puzzle creation task, we examine the effect of mood on creativity with compensation that is either fixed or based on the quantity or creativity of output. Positive mood leads to more highly creative output (i.e., puzzles that receive top-quartile creativity ratings) for fixed compensation, but not for quantity-dependent or creativity-dependent compensation. These results are consistent with performance-dependent compensation crowding out the effect of positive mood on creativity. Supplemental analysis indicates that this crowding out occurs over time rather than instantaneously. Further, the combination of negative mood and quantity incentives leads to the production of a larger number of puzzles that are of lowest creative quality (i.e., puzzles that receive bottom-quartile creativity ratings).
Neuroscience-Informed Cognitive-Affective Training Interventions for Mood and Anxiety Disorders

Mood and anxiety disorders are characterized by abnormally persistent affective states. Neuroimaging studies have implicated the functioning of specific brain regions in the aberrant affective processing observed in mood and anxiety disorders: enhanced engagement of subcortical regions responsible for affect generation (amygdala, hippocampus) is coupled with reduced inhibitory cognitive control of affective processing from dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortices. Emerging but compelling evidence suggests that neuroplastic mechanisms can be harnessed to remediate these abnormalities, thus offering the prospect of new therapeutic interventions. Cognitive-affective training is a particularly promising strategy for enhancing cognitive control over affective processes via modulation of these abnormally functioning neural networks. This paper presents a review of the current literature and a justification for developing cognitive-affective training, and proposes initial evidence for the efficacy of cognitive-affective training interventions. Cognitive-affective training interventions could represent a novel method for targeting perseverative thinking and negative affective biases in mood and anxiety disorders.
Use of attribute grammars in compiler construction

Attribute grammars were initially proposed as a tool for describing language semantics. Despite many years of development, however, they have had little impact upon practical compiler construction. Clearly attribute grammars are not the panacea claimed by some of their devotees; this paper considers their actual role in compiler construction.
Merodiploid Ribosomal Loci Arising by Transformation and Mutation in Pneumococcus

Merodiploid states have been detected in the ery and str loci of the pneumococcal genome. They are associated with particular mutations ( ery-r10 and str-d2 ) which add to, rather than replace their homologous sites during deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-mediated transformation. Markers at linked sites do not become diploid at the same time. The heterozygous condition thus produced is maintained during cell reproduction. However, in the case of the ery merodiploid at least, segregation of haploid types does occasionally occur. The transforming properties of DNA isolated from the merodiploids, taken together with the segregation patterns of the merodiploids, reveal the heterozygous condition. The merodiploid condition can be transferred via a single molecule of DNA, which can be explained by assuming that both alleles at the diploid site are integrated into the linear continuity of the bacterial chromosome. In the case of the ery merodiploid, two distinct, relatively stable but interconvertible states are recognizable. Their interconvertibility, as well as the segregation of hapliod descendants, can be explained as the result of occasional pairing of the duplicated regions with loss of one of these duplicated regions by recombination. Images
Heterogeneity and Clonal Variation Related to Cell Surface Expression of a Mouse Lung Tumor-associated Antigen Quantified Using Flow Cytometry

Previous reports have established that line 1, a spontaneous BALB/c lung carcinoma, expresses a Mr 180,000 tumor-associated surface antigen (TSP-180). In this study, using a monoclonal antibody and flow cytometry to quantify cell surface TSP-180 expression, we found that essentially all cells in a tissue culture-adapted line 1 population express TSP-180, but that the amount of TSP-180 expressed by cells is quite heterogeneous. Variation in amount of TSP-180 was found to be in part related to cell size heterogeneity, and to the expression of TSP-180 being cell cycle-dependent. The amount of surface-expressed TSP-180 correlated somewhat with cell size, and was greater on the average for cells in the G2 cell cycle compartment. However, cells of a defined size and specific cell cycle stage still showed marked heterogeneity of expression. Even though the average amount of TSP-180 expressed per cell decreased during in vitro propagation, little change in heterogeneity was observed. To explore whether any TSP-180-related heterogeneity resulted from heritable variation of expression, 263 limiting dilution-derived line 1 clones were analyzed. The majority displayed, shortly after cloning, heterogeneous TSP-180 profiles and mean TSP-180 levels similar to those observed for the parent tumor. Occasionally, however, clones were isolated that again appeared as heterogeneous as the parent, but differed by as much as 3-fold in mean TSP-180 expression. Extensive passage did not substantially increase the low probability of isolating clones which differed in expression of TSP-180. Differences in TSP-180 expression among clones were found to be relatively stable upon passage, typically maintained after recloning, and large enough to influence clonal susceptibility to TSP-180-directed antibody and complement-mediated lysis. Heritable variation in TSP-180 expression among some clones was also shown to be independent of differences related to cell size, cell cycle, or expression of another line 1 surface antigen (P-100). We concluded that although clones demonstrating large heritable differences in TSP-180 expression can occasionally be isolated, line 1 TSP-180 heterogeneity is predominantly nonheritable, being similar to that present in recently cloned lines, quite stable during in vitro passage, and not totally accounted for by cell cycle or cell size variation.
Facility Age and Ownership in Major American Team Sports Leagues: The Effect on Team Franchise Values

This paper examines the franchise values of American professional sports teams in the NBA, the NFL, and the NHL. It is argued that team franchise values depend on the ownership status of the facility in which the team plays. If a team owns its playing facility, it capitalizes the value of the facility in the team franchise value, driving the latter higher. If a team plays in a facility owned by another entity, the franchise value should be lower. The empirical evidence suggests that the franchise values of NFL and NHL teams are higher for teams that own their playing facilities. No such effect is found for NBA teams.
Managerial coaching: a concept analysis.

batson v.d. & yoder l.h. (2012) Managerial coaching: a concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing68(7), 1658–1669. Abstract Aim. This article presents a report of a concept analysis of managerial coaching. Backgound. Managerial coaching has been identified as a means for managers to give support to staff nurses, however, no clear delineation of what behaviours and attributes constitute managerial coaching or differentiate it from other career development relationships is provided in the current nursing literature. Data sources. The CINAHL, ProQuest, Business Source Complete and PscyhIFNO databases were searched for articles published between 1980–2009 using the keywords coaching, managerial coaching, nurse manager support, nursing leadership, self-efficacy, work environment and empowerment. Review methods. A hybrid approach was used, incorporating both Walker and Avant’s method of concept analysis and King’s conceptual system and Theory of Goal Attainment to explore the meaning of managerial coaching. Inclusive years of search ranged from 1980–2009. Findings. Managerial coaching is a specific dyadic relationship between the nurse manager and staff nurse intended to improve skills and knowledge as they relate to expected job performance. Antecedents and consequences are categorized at the individual and organizational level. Defining attributes, empirical referents and a model case are presented. Conclusion. The theoretical definition for this concept helps to differentiate it from other types of career development relationships and will give a basis for nurse managers to understand what skills and attributes are necessary to establish an effective managerial coaching relationship with staff nurses. Conceptualization will also assist in developing empirical studies examining managerial coaching behaviours in the work environment.
Higher Rank Principal Kronecker Model for Triply Selective Fading Channels With Experimental Validation

This paper proposes a higher rank principal Kronecker model (PKM) for simulating triply selective fading channels. To construct the PKM, the channel correlation matrices are decomposed using the higher order singular value decomposition (HOSVD) method. The proposed PKM-HOSVD model improves upon the original Kronecker model by using higher rank approximation of the channel correlation matrices rather than the rank-1 approximation. The proposed PKM-HOSVD model was validated by extensive field experiments conducted for 4 $\times$ 4 multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) systems in both indoor and outdoor environments. The carrier frequencies used included 800 MHz, 2.2 GHz, and 5.2 GHz. The channel correlation matrices calculated from the measured channel coefficients were then decomposed via the proposed PKM-HOSVD method. The quality of the decomposition was evaluated by not only the mean square error but also the correlation matrix distance. These results indicate that many practical channels must use higher rank approximation rather than the commonly used rank-1 approximation (or the Kermoal method) to achieve satisfactory decomposition accuracy. In addition, the predicted channel capacity by the proposed channel simulation model achieves better accuracy than the original rank-1 channel simulation model.
The many faces of FcγRI: implications for therapeutic antibody function

Fcγ receptor I (FcγRI or CD64) is the sole human Fc receptor with high affinity for monovalent IgG. While it contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif in its cytoplasmic domain, binding of FcγRI can result in a complex array of activating and inhibitory outcomes. For instance, binding of monomeric IgG provides a low-intensity tonic signal through FcγRI that is necessary for full interferon γ receptor signaling in the same cell. Interaction of FcγRI with larger high-avidity complexes can result in phagocytosis, the generation of reactive oxygen species, as well as the synthesis and release of inflammatory cytokines. However, numerous reports also document potent anti-inflammatory effects brought about by FcγRI engagement with immune complexes such as the inhibition of IFNγ and TLR4 signaling, and secretion of interleukin-10. This has led to conflicting hypotheses regarding the function of FcγRI, especially with regard to its role in the efficacy of several therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. While many of these issues are still unclear, continued characterization of the regulation and context dependence of FcγRI function, as well as the molecular mechanisms responsible for these various outcomes, will improve our understanding of FcγRI biology as well as the therapeutic strategies designed to harness or constrain its actions.
Mitigating urban sprawl effects: a collaborative tree and shade intervention in Phoenix, Arizona, USA

Communities in Phoenix are confronted with numerous challenges that adversely affect human health and safety, with disproportionate impacts on low-income communities. While some challenges are being addressed at the city level, new alliances at the neighbourhood level are initiating community development programmes and projects. This article reports on an intervention study carried out in collaboration with community representatives, city staff, and non-profit organisations to mitigate adverse effects of urban sprawl in the Sky Harbour Neighbourhood in Phoenix. Participatory research was conducted to design and test a tree and shade intervention. Challenges associated with navigating community desires and broader principles of sustainable development are discussed. The study offers a replicable and adaptable intervention research design aimed at empowering communities to meet urban challenges.
Soil Restraint Against Lateral and Oblique Motion of Pipes Buried in Dense Sand

This paper investigates the soil restraint against lateral and oblique motion of pipes buried in dense sand. A series of two- and three-dimensional finite element analyses are performed for pure lateral and combined axial-lateral relative pipeline/soil displacement. The commercially available finite element software package ABAQUS/Standard is used in numerical analysis. The analyses are performed for two burial depths. The numerical model is verified by comparing with model test results available in the literature. The built-in Mohr-Coulomb model in ABAQUS is used for modeling the soil. It is shown that an advanced soil constitutive model might be required for better modeling of pipe/soil interaction behavior.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Optical Characterization Of GaAs1-xSbx And GaAs1-xSbx/GaAs Strained Layer Superlattices

Molecular beam epitaxy has been used to grow both GaAs, ,Sb films lattice-matched to InP and GaAsi_ Sb /GaAs strained layer superlattices oh.6aArgubstrates. Films grown on InP substrates are ofa composition inside the well-known solid-phase miscibility gap for this alloy. Because these films are metastable, they exhibit an unusual microstructure which includes both ordering and clustering effects. Nevertheless, we have obtained low-temperature photoluminescence linewidths of under 8 meV. This represents the best linewidth for this material reported to date. Correlations between film microstructure and the optical quality of these alloys have been observed. Strained layer GaAsi_xSb /GaAs superlattices grown on GaAs substrates have been characterized by x-ray di3i'fraction, photoluminescence, optical absorption, and photoreflectance. Structural parameters as determined by x-ray diffraction have been used in an envelope function superlattice band structure model to estimate the band offsets and indicate that the superlattices are Type II, with a large valence band discontinuity.
Agenda setting, enlightened self‐interest, and equity in mathematics education

Abstract In many recent documents and calls for reform in school mathematics, issues of educational equity have been transformed into concerns that are couched in terms of enlightened self‐interest. That self‐interest is predicated on the need for increased levels of mathematical, scientific, and technical knowledge for people to participate in the workforce, world economy, and our social institutions. Failure to educate women, minorities, and the poor adequately will result in the creation of a permanently unemployable underclass within our society, in exacerbated social problems, and in economic problems for our country. Equity, on the other hand, is defined in terms of social arrangements as judged against standards of justice. When these issues are scrutinized in terms of equity, it becomes clear that—though there are large areas of overlap between concerns for equity and for enlightened self‐interest— these are two distinct constructs that should be kept separate. This article ends with an indication...
Cfr and RlmN Contain a Single [4Fe-4S] Cluster, which Directs Two Distinct Reactivities for S-Adenosylmethionine: Methyl Transfer by SN2 Displacement and Radical Generation

The radical SAM (RS) proteins RlmN and Cfr catalyze methylation of carbons 2 and 8, respectively, of adenosine 2503 in 23S rRNA. Both reactions are similar in scope, entailing the synthesis of a methyl group partially derived from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) onto electrophilic sp2-hybridized carbon atoms via the intermediacy of a protein S-methylcysteinyl (mCys) residue. Both proteins contain five conserved Cys residues, each required for turnover. Three cysteines lie in a canonical RS CxxxCxxC motif and coordinate a [4Fe-4S]-cluster cofactor; the remaining two are at opposite ends of the polypeptide. Here we show that each protein contains only the one “radical SAM” [4Fe-4S] cluster and the two remaining conserved cysteines do not coordinate additional iron-containing species. In addition, we show that, while wild-type RlmN bears the C355 mCys residue in its as-isolated state, RlmN that is either engineered to lack the [4Fe-4S] cluster by substitution of the coordinating cysteines or isolated from Escheri...
NDRG4, the N-Myc downstream regulated gene, is important for cell survival, tumor invasion and angiogenesis in meningiomas

Meningiomas are the second most common brain tumor, and 20–30% of these tumors are aggressive. The aggressive subtypes are characterized by a capacity for invasion of normal brain with frequent and destructive recurrence patterns. Effective local therapies include surgery and radiation, but there is a need for novel molecular targets to improve survival and reduce morbidity for this group or cancer patients. We have recently identified the N-Myc downstream regulated gene 4, NDRG4, protein as being overexpressed in aggressive meningioma, and in this report, demonstrate its role in cell survival, invasion/migration and angiogenesis. Downregulation of NDRG4 mRNA and protein expression in two high-grade meningioma cancer cell lines, IOMM-Lee and CH-157 MN resulted in reduction in cell survival, DNA fragmentation and G2-M cell cycle arrest. NDRG4 downregulation also decreased cellular invasion and migration, as determined by spheroid migration, linear and radial wound healing, Boyden chamber matrigel invasion, and 3D invasion assays. To determine the effect of NDRG4 depletion on angiogenesis, we studied the immortalized brain endothelial cell line, bEnd.3. We treated bEnd.3 cells with conditioned media from NDRG4-depleted IOMM-Lee and CH-157 MN cells and abrogated their ability to elicit bEnd.3 capillary-like tubes, to proliferate, and to invade. NDRG4 is not overexpressed in bEnd.3 cells and direct NDRG4 depletion had no effect on the cells. This study is significant as it is the first to demonstrate the functional role of NDRG4 in various aspects of meningioma tumor biology. NDRG4 is involved in modulating cell proliferation, invasion, migration and angiogenesis in meningioma, and may play a valuable role as a molecular target in its treatment.
Microfibrous carriers for integrated expansion and neural differentiation of embryonic stem cells in suspension bioreactor

Abstract A scalable suspension culture process for integrated expansion and neural differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells (mESCs) was developed using polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microfibrous carriers, which can provide large surface areas and an in vivo-like three-dimensional (3-D) environment to facilitate high density ESC growth and lineage-specific differentiation. Cells inoculated within microfibrous carriers in a 125-mL bioreactor were studied at two different agitation speeds, 60 rpm and 90 rpm. Agitation at 60 rpm supported faster and more uniform cell seeding, and led to a higher cell expansion fold compared to agitation at 90 rpm. For integrated expansion and neural differentiation, cells in the microfibrous carriers were cultured in the expansion medium for 4 days and then in the astrocyte-conditioned medium to induce neural differentiation for 10 days. In this integrated process, mESCs were expanded 22-fold with 60–67% of cells exhibiting neural markers (i.e., nestin, neurofilament) as analyzed by flow cytometry. The neural differentiation was further verified with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), which showed up-regulation of neural genes nestin, Nurr1, and NF-68 (a light chain of neurofilament), and down-regulation of pluripotent genes Oct-4, Rex-1 and Nanog. The microfibrous carrier-based suspension culture system is simple and easy to scale up, and can be used to produce large amounts of ESC-derived cells for clinical applications.
Type-1 pericytes accumulate after tissue injury and produce collagen in an organ-dependent manner

Fibrosis, or scar formation, is a pathological condition characterized by excessive production and accumulation of collagen, loss of tissue architecture, and organ failure in response to uncontrolled wound healing. Several cellular populations have been implicated, including bone marrow-derived circulating fibrocytes, endothelial cells, resident fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and recently, perivascular cells called pericytes. We previously demonstrated pericyte functional heterogeneity in skeletal muscle. Whether pericyte subtypes are present in other tissues and whether a specific pericyte subset contributes to organ fibrosis are unknown. Here, we report the presence of two pericyte subtypes, type-1 (Nestin-GFP-/NG2-DsRed+) and type-2 (Nestin-GFP+/NG2-DsRed+), surrounding blood vessels in lungs, kidneys, heart, spinal cord, and brain. Using Nestin-GFP/NG2-DsRed transgenic mice, we induced pulmonary, renal, cardiac, spinal cord, and cortical injuries to investigate the contributions of pericyte subtypes to fibrous tissue formation in vivo. A fraction of the lung’s collagen-producing cells corresponds to type-1 pericytes and kidney and heart pericytes do not produce collagen in pathological fibrosis. Note that type-1, but not type-2, pericytes increase and accumulate near the fibrotic tissue in all organs analyzed. Surprisingly, after CNS injury, type-1 pericytes differ from scar-forming PDGFRβ + cells. Pericyte subpopulations respond differentially to tissue injury, and the production of collagen by type-1 pericytes is organ-dependent. Characterization of the mechanisms underlying scar formation generates cellular targets for future anti-fibrotic therapeutics.
A murine model of infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis-ultrastructural evaluation of storage in the central nervous system and viscera.

Abstract Infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (INCL), also known as Santavuori-Haltia disease, is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by a mutation in the gene encoding the lysosomal enzyme palmitoyl-protein-thioesterase-1 (PPT1). Fatty acid–modified proteins are not degraded and accumulate as granular osmiophilic deposits in cells in the central nervous system; patients have blindness, seizures, progressive psychomotor deterioration, and die in early childhood. Although the disease manifests clinically primarily with neurological symptoms, visceral storage also accumulates. A murine model of INCL due to PPT1 deficiency exhibits clinical findings and pathology similar to those seen in patients with INCL. Homozygous PPT1-deficient mice have a shortened life span and neurological abnormalities including seizures, blindness, and mental and motor deficits. Widespread granular osmiophilic deposits (GRODs) accumulate in lysosomes in neurons and glia in the brain, retinal cells, kidney glomerular ...
Cassini INMS observations of neutral molecules in Saturn's E‐ring

[1] In 2008, the Cassini ion neutral mass spectrometer (INMS) investigation made in situ measurements of neutral species near Saturn's equatorial plane within 0.5 Saturn radii (RS) of the orbit of Enceladus. After removing the large background and modeling to interpret instrumental effects, the data provide rough constraints on the neutral distribution and composition. These data show an azimuthal asymmetry in the neutral densities and provide measurements used to compare to simulations of neutral H2O emitted from Enceladus. Far from Enceladus, the neutral water densities, at a few times 103 molecules/cm3, are near the detection limit of INMS. Near Enceladus, but outside of the plumes and north of the equatorial plane, the INMS detects particles within 5000 km of Enceladus, with the density increasing to approximately 105 molecules/cm3 at the equatorial plane. The observations also show CO2 in the form of its dissociated product, CO. On the basis of the spatial distribution of CO2 counts, the scale height of the neutral cloud above and below the equatorial plane is less than 7000 km. Far from Enceladus, the concentration of CO2 with respect to H2O increases, a consequence of the predicted decline in H2O density. Relatively high counts at 2 amu are infrequently observed. These measurements indicate H2 released during ice-grain impacts and provide a constraint on the frequency and distribution of small ice grains.
A prospective randomized trial of 1 versus 2 injections during EUS-guided celiac plexus block for chronic pancreatitis pain.

Background The efficacy of 1-injection versus a 2-injections method of EUS-guided celiac plexus block (EUS-CPB) in patients with chronic pancreatitis is not known. Objective To compare the clinical effectiveness and safety of EUS-CPB by using 1 versus 2 injections in patients with chronic pancreatitis and pain. The secondary aim is to identify factors that predict responsiveness. Design A prospective randomized study. Interventions EUS-CPB was performed by using bupivacaine and triamcinolone injected into 1 or 2 sites at the level of the celiac trunk during a single EUS-CPB procedure. Main Outcome Measurements Duration of pain relief, onset of pain relief, and complications. Results Fifty-one subjects were enrolled (23 received 1 injection, 28 received 2 injections). Pain relief, which lasted a mean of 51.3 days (median 28 days, range 1-203 days) was observed in 28 subjects (55%). Thirteen of 23 subjects who received 1 injection (56.5%) had relief from pain compared with 15 of 28 subjects who received 2 injections (53.6%) ( P = .8). The median times to onset in the 1-injection and 2-injections groups were 21 and 14 days, respectively ( P = .99). No correlation existed between duration of pain relief and time to onset of pain relief or onset within 24 hours. Age, sex, race, prior EUS-CPB, and smoking or alcohol history did not predict duration of pain relief. Limitation Telephone interviewers were not blinded. Conclusions There was no difference in duration of pain relief or onset of pain relief in subjects with chronic pancreatitis and pain when the same total amount of medication was delivered in 1 or 2 injections during a single EUS-CPB procedure. Both methods were safe.
The essentiality of vitamin D metabolites for embryonic chick development

Laying hens maintained on 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 as their sole source of vitamin D produce eggs which appear normal but which produce embryos having a defective upper mandible and which die at 18 to 19 days of embryonic life. Hens maintained on 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, on the other hand, produce normal embryos. Hens fed a vitamin D deficient diet produce eggs which develop the same embryonic defect. Injection of the affected eggs from the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 fed hens with vitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 greatly increases the percentage of normal embryos. It therefore appears that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is not transferred from hen to egg in sufficient amounts to support embryonic development and that vitamin D or its metabolites, or both, are necessary for normal chick embryo development.
Modulation of multiple experimental arthritis models by collagen-induced arthritis quantitative trait loci isolated in congenic rat lines: different effects of non-major histocompatibility complex quantitative trait loci in males and females.

Objective Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is a model of inflammatory arthritis with many similarities to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We previously mapped in F2 offspring of CIA-susceptible DA and CIA-resistant F344 rats, 5 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for which F344 alleles were associated with reduced CIA severity. In the present study, we sought to characterize the independent arthritis-modulating effects of these 5 QTLs. Methods CIA-regulatory regions were transferred from the F344 genome to the DA background or vice versa by repeated backcrossing. The arthritis-modulating effects of the transferred alleles were determined by comparing the severity of experimentally induced arthritis in congenic rats with that in DA rats. Results Congenic lines with either the F344 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on the DA background or the DA MHC on the F344 background were resistant to CIA, confirming both MHC and non-MHC contributions to the genetic regulation of CIA. F344 alleles at the Cia3 and Cia5 regions of chromosomes 4 and 10 reduced CIA severity relative to that observed in DA rats. F344 Cia4 and Cia6 regions of chromosomes 7 and 8 failed to significantly alter CIA severity. Arthritis-modifying effects of Cia4 and Cia6 were, however, detected in pristane-induced and/or Freund's incomplete adjuvant oil–induced arthritis. The arthritis-modifying effects of the non-MHC CIA-regulatory loci differed in males and females. Conclusion These congenic lines confirmed the existence and location of genes that regulate the severity of experimental arthritis in rats. Mechanisms responsible for the sex-specificity of individual arthritis-regulatory loci may explain some of the sex differences observed in RA and other autoimmune diseases in humans.
Energy Saver Power Factor Controller for Synchronous Motors

A technique for maintaining a synchronous motor at unity power factor (or minimum line current) from no-load to full-load conditions, assuring peak efficiency, is described. This concept stems from an adaptation of the Energy Saver Power Factor Controller for induction motors recently developed and patented by NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. The method constantly and automatically adjusts the dc field current of a 3-phase synchronous machine such that the ac line current will always be operating at the minimal point of the well known "V" curves. This is accomplished as the load varies over its full operating range.
Views of Death from Sufferers of Early Loss

There exists a strong relationship between early parental loss and later depression and suicide. But what are the factors which mediate this relationship? An exploration of the death themes elicited by the T.A.T. from participants who had suffered the early loss of a parent suggests some possible answers. Results show that those who have sustained early losses are more easily reminded of the theme of death than those who have not. Further, they tend to structure the theme of death in a cognitively remote fashion. This tendency may indicate an unusual need for protection against the thought of death and may actually lessen the individual's ability to ward off death. It is recommended that attention be paid to the individual's affective and cognitive responses to death and that denial of death no longer be viewed as an inevitable aspect of the human condition.
The glass transition possible research directions

In these proceedings, I will outline what I think is the present state of our understanding of the glass transition in fragile glass-forming liquids, and the most important and promising directions for research. These considerations are based on numerous conversations with colleagues as well as the panel discussions held at the Kent Island Workshop.
The formation of amorphous Ni-B by solid state and ion-beam reaction

An amorphous Ni–B alloy was formed at the interfaces between layers of polycrystalline nickel and amorphous boron during electron-beam deposition of Ni/B/Ni trilayer structures. Formation of the amorphous alloy appears to be thermally-assisted and, in addition, the amorphous alloy regions can be extended by post-deposition ion-beam mixing. The existence of an upper limit to the thickness of the amorphous Ni–B alloy layer which forms (40 nm) indicates that the amorphous layer serves as a reaction or diffusion barrier. It has been shown for the first time that an amorphous metal-boron alloy is produced by thermal solid state amorphization reaction (SSAR).