cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
When "Doing With" Can Be Without: Employing Critical Service-Learning Strategies in Creating the "New Orleans Black Worker Organizing History" Digital Timeline.

Examining the production of the “New Orleans Black Worker Organizing History” digital humanities timeline, this case study links critical service-learning with feminist pedagogy to offer collaborative strategies that better leverage resources to bridge campus and community. Understanding that many service-learning projects are one-semester undertakings, this case study addresses the inevitability of transient partnerships between students and community members, while pushing back on the notion of “authentic relationships” in service-learning.
Extracting neural signals from semi-immobilized animals with deformable non-negative matrix factorization

Extracting calcium traces from populations of neurons is a critical step in the study of the large-scale neural dynamics that govern behavior. Accurate activity extraction requires the correction of motion and movement-induced deformations as well as demixing of signals that may overlap spatially due to limitations in optical resolution. Traditionally, non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) methods have been successful in demixing and denoising cellular calcium activity in relatively motionless or pre-registered videos. However, standard NMF methods fail in animals undergoing significant non-rigid motion; similarly, standard image registration methods based on template matching can fail when large changes in activity lead to mismatches with the image template. To address these issues simultaneously, we introduce a deformable non-negative matrix factorization (dNMF) framework that jointly optimizes registration with signal demixing. On simulated data and real semi-immobilized C. elegans microscopy videos, dNMF outperforms traditional demixing methods that account for motion and demixing separately. Finally, following the extraction of neural traces from multiple imaging experiments, we develop a quantile regression time-series normalization technique to account for varying neural signal intensity baselines across different animals or different imaging setups. Open source code implementing this pipeline is available at https://github.com/amin-nejat/dNMF.
Considerations for large-scale implementation of dormant budwood cryopreservation

Cryopreservation of clonal plant germplasm is a reliable way to preserve important agronomic traits and protect against loss of crop genetic diversity of many horticultural species. Dormant bud cryopreservation techniques present an efficient alternative to the labor-intensive shoot tip cryopreservation process and may allow a single technician to preserve large quantities of germplasm in a season. This method of cryopreservation takes advantage of the natural dormancy in cold hardy crops, making it a viable technique for only deciduous trees and shrubs. Many factors must be considered when attempting to perform dormant bud research methods to applied-level germplasm preservation efforts. This process is necessarily a seasonal endeavor, which puts strain on labor and facilities particularly in winter. Integration of methods and procedures using different crop species or new equipment provides additional challenges that must be tested in advance. By identifying variables of dormant bud processing in cryopreservation literature, options emerge that allow for the modification of reported methods to work within the confines of institutional resources. Infrastructure, pre-processing, and recovery stages are discussed in terms of necessity and available alternatives to allow informed decision making in establishing an applied dormant budwood genebank. This review aims to provide information about the DB cryopreservation method with a focus on its many variables and permutations reported in literature to allow genebanks and germplasm managers to make informed decisions regarding the designation of critical resources.
Regularity of the solution to fractional diffusion, advection, reaction equations in weighted Sobolev spaces

Abstract In this article we investigate the regularity of the solution to the fractional diffusion, advection, reaction equation on a bounded domain in R 1 . The analysis is performed in the weighted Sobolev spaces, H ( a , b ) s ( I ) . Three different characterizations of H ( a , b ) s ( I ) are presented, together with needed embedding theorems for these spaces. The analysis shows that the regularity of the solution is bounded by the endpoint behavior of the solution, which is determined by the parameters α and r defining the fractional diffusion operator. Additionally, the analysis shows that for a sufficiently smooth right hand side function, the regularity of the solution to fractional diffusion reaction equation is lower than that of the fractional diffusion equation. Also, the regularity of the solution to fractional diffusion advection reaction equation is two orders lower than that of the fractional diffusion reaction equation.
Characterization of Limited Duty Neuromusculoskeletal Injuries and Return to Duty Times in the U.S. Army During 2017-2018

Introduction Neuromusculoskeletal injuries (MSKI) are the leading cause of medical encounters, lost or limited duty days, medical evacuations, and disability in the U.S. Army. In the U.S. Army, objective MSKI incidence rate metrics can be determined through medical encounter data (M2SKIs) with International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 9 and ICD 10 codes or through documented limited duty profiles (LDPs) documenting time-loss MSKI (TLMSKI). The purpose of the current study was to characterize the population incidence of TLMSKIs among U.S. Army soldiers. Materials and methods This study was approved by the Medical Research and Development Command's Institutional Review Board. This was a retrospective population-level study. The U.S. Army's eProfile system was utilized to characterize all LDPs issued during 2017-2018 and to describe the body regions injured and activities associated with these TLMSKIs. Results The incidence rate of TLMSKIs was found to be 44 and 40 TLMSKI/100 soldier-years for 2017 and 2018, respectively, which is lower than previously published incidence rates using MSKI receiving medical care. Approximately one quarter of the total active duty Army population in 2017 and 2018 recorded limited duty injuries, where those to the ankle/foot region resulted in the most LDPs and those to the knee resulted in the most lost duty days. The majority of all TLMSKIs were associated with fitness training-related activities. Conclusion This descriptive study is the first to present the U.S. Army population rates for MSKIs that result in LDPs, representing key time losses when soldiers cannot participate in their military occupational and physical training tasks. This study utilizes the LDP system to calculate limited duty days instead of attempting to estimate this information from other means. The eProfile system is limited in that it combines body regions such as ankle/foot and does not allow isolation of ankle or foot independently. It is recommended that research and training programs target the identification, development, and validation of effective and scaleable strategies to maximize performance without severely reducing combat effectiveness because of training TLMSKIs.
Improvements in Clinician, Organization, and Patient Outcomes Make a Compelling Case for Evidence-Based Practice Mentor Development Programs: An Integrative Review.

BACKGROUND Many organizations struggle to systematically integrate EBP into practice. EBP mentors address organizational barriers and promote the translation of evidence into clinical practice at the bedside. AIM To evaluate research findings related to EBP mentor development programs, to identify effective practices, and to assess the outcomes associated with EBP mentor development programs. METHODS A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted to retrieve studies from CINAHL, PubMed, and Scopus, using keywords and subject headers related to EBP mentorship and quality and safety outcomes. Studies were appraised and reviewed to compare mentor program composition and examine clinician, organizational, and patient outcomes. RESULTS Fifteen studies met inclusion criteria: one randomized control trial (RCT), one literature review, eleven descriptive studies, and two case reviews. Most programs included didactic content, an EBP project with coaching, and resources to support learning. The studies found that these programs led to improvements in clinicians' EBP beliefs, practices, and abilities, the organization's readiness for EBP, and patient safety. LINKING EVIDENCE TO ACTION There is solid justification for healthcare organizations to invest in an EBP mentor development program.
A Coupled Inductor-Based Dual-Switch High Step-up DC-DC Converter with Common Ground

A non-isolated dual-switch high step-up DC-DC converter with a two-winding coupled inductor (CI) is proposed in this paper. The proposed topology is achieved by using a combination of the diode-capacitor voltage multiplier cells and a CI, resulting in the high voltage gain and low voltage stress on the power switches. The low voltage stress across power switches helps to reduce the power loss of the converter by employing low-voltage-rating power switches. The proposed topology has a continuous input current, and the common electrical ground between the input and output ports is preserved. The steady-state analysis is done for the proposed converter, and superiorities of the proposed converter over the existing topologies are demonstrated using a comparison study. To verify the steady-state analysis, simulation results of a 40 V to 400 V, 400 W converter are reported; the simulation is done in PLECS software.
Portable instruments for measuring tailpipe diesel particulate in underground mines

There is a need for direct tailpipe sampling of diesel vehicles in mines in order to determine the effects of an emissions-based maintenance program, evaluate control technologies such as diesel particulate filters and identify the worst diesel particulate matter (DPM) emitters in a fleet of vehicles. Therefore, this study examined the performance of three portable instruments: a personal dust monitor (PDM) manufactured by Thermo Scientific, a prototype elemental carbon monitor (Airtec) manufactured by FLIR and a prototype AE91 instrument from Magee Scientific. These instruments were evaluated on the basis of their ability to provide direct reading tailpipe analysis for DPM. It was determined that the average bias of the tailpipe results from the PDM and the Airtec were 3±12% and 4±20%, respectively, when compared to the standard method of determining tailpipe particulate concentrations from a diluted exhaust. It was also determined that the AE91 instrument correlated with the standard method.
Fullness of Dissonance: Modern Fiction and the Aesthetics of Music

This study analyzes the musical aesthetic that profoundly influenced modern novelists. Initial chapters trace its origins in romanticism and its culmination in Mallarme, Pater, and Nietzsche, while later chapters analyze the self-avowed efforts of Proust, Mann, and Joyce to "musicalize" fiction.
Crime as Stress

At the beginning of their book Constructing Social Problemsm, Spector and Kitsuse (1977) ask a question that they never answer: “What is it that makes crime a social problem?” Is it the absolute number of crimes? Is it the types of crimes committed? Is it the increase in the rate of some crimes or of crime in general? Does crime become a social problem when “the streets are no longer safe at night?”
Resistance of LDL against Oxidation is Related to Macular Pigment Density and Cognition in Healthy Older Adults

Lutein, a dietary carotenoid, is selectively taken up and accumulated in neural tissues. Macular pigment (MP) is considered a surrogate biomarker of lutein levels in the macula and brain. MP density and lutein brain concentrations have been related to better cognitive function, and lutein has also been associated with the reduction of atherosclerotic lesions. Lutein's antioxidant properties may be one of the mechanisms by which it is protective of neural tissue, vasculature, and cognition. Our objective was to evaluate the relationships among MP density, oxidative stress, and cognition in healthy older adults (50 - 84 y, n = 44). MP density was measured using heterochromatic flicker photometry. The resistance of LDL against oxidation (rLDLox), a biomarker of oxidative stress and vascular health, was assessed using lag time of Cu2+induced oxidation. A computerized assessment battery (CANTAB) was used for measures of cognition. Cognitive data were normalized to z-scores; subjects were designated as higher o...
Uterine tamponade for the control of acute uterine bleeding

In the field of obstetrics, uterine packing has been used for many years to control postpartum hemorrhage. The control of acute hemorrhage from the nonpuerperal uterus is more difficult. Historically, curettage has been used, but when this fails, hysterectomy has often been a last resort. We have used a Foley catheter inserted into the uterine cavity in 20 patients for the control of acute, profuse uterine hemorrhage. The procedure was completely successful in 17 patients and partially successful in two patients. Failure to control bleeding occurred in one patient. The procedure requires no special expertise or extraordinary equipment. Anesthesia is not required. The procedure involves filling the uterine cavity and the cervical canal with enough pressure to cause immediate tamponade between the Foley catheter balloon and the semirigid uterine wall. The catheter is left in place from several hours to 2 days, depending on the etiology of the hemorrhage. There were no complications attributable to this form of uterine tamponade.
Dynamic Photoelasticity as an Aid to Sizing Surface Cracks by Frequency Analysis

This paper describes a method for sizing surface cracks that have been modeled as machined slots.1 Several techniques have been used in the past to size surface cracks. Most use compressional (P) and shear (S) waves. Less attention has been given to using Rayleigh (R) waves or surface waves for sizing cracks. Since the energy of Rayleigh waves is confined to a layer of material near the surface, these waves have a great potential for sizing surface cracks. These are exactly the cracks that are hardest to characterize with traditional ultrasonic techniques because they lie in the “near-field” region of the transducers.
Degradation of Bacteriophage Lambda Deoxyribonucleic Acid After Restriction by Escherichia coli K-12

Wild-type bacteria which restrict the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of infecting phage when the phage do not carry the proper host modification rapidly degrade that restricted DNA to acid-soluble products. The purified restriction enzyme acts as an endonuclease in vitro to cleave restrictable DNA and does not further degrade the DNA fragments produced. We have examined mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 which lack various nucleases in order to determine which nucleases are involved in the rapid acid solubilization in vivo of unmodified λ DNA following restriction. Bacteria which are wild type, recA−, or polA1− degrade about 50% of the unmodified phage DNA within 10 min of infection, with little subsequent degradation. Mutants which are recB− or recC− degrade unmodified DNA very slowly, solubilizing about 15% of the DNA by 10 min after infection. Two classes of phenotypic revertants of recB−/C− mutants were also tested. Bacteria which are sbcA− restrict poorly and do not degrade much of the restricted DNA. Bacteria which are sbcB− restrict normally. This mutation does not appear to affect degradation of restricted phage DNA in recB−/C− mutants, but such degradation is decreased in recB+/C+ bacteria. The presence of a functional λ exonuclease gene is not required for degradation after restriction.
Approaches to increasing assertive behavior and communication skills in blind and visually impaired persons

Many visually impaired individuals are found to be too passive or too aggressive in their social interactions. Lack of assertive behavior is related to the concept of learned helplessness. Componen...
"Bet You Can't Eat Just one"-

A manufacture of package goods has two ultimate goal in developing a marketing mix for a product: encouraging consumers to "choose" and encouraging consumers to "use." Hence, it is critical for food marketers to know what causes dramatic swings in an individual's consumption of the brand (eating bouts). Two questions are examined here: (1) What stimulates eating bouts? and (2) What determines their frequency over a given time period? The results from a survey of 178 adults suggest that when an eating bout is stimulated by external cues (such as food salience), the brand's versatility, perishability, and nutritional value have a major impact on how frequently the consumer will eat it. These factors have no impact on eating bouts that are stimulated by internal cues (such as moods or emotions). This research has implications for advertising, media planning, sales promotion, packaging, and pricing.
Special Feature: Computing in China, 1978

Last September a Computer Society delegation visited the People's Republic of China. This report summarizes the trip and offers one member's assessment of Chinese computer technology.
Predisposition to hypertension: risk factor for nephropathy and hypertension in IDDM.

Predisposition to hypertension: Risk factor for nephropathy and hypertension in IDDM. Less than a quarter of the patients with juvenile-onset IDDM develop diabetic nephropathy during the first 20 years of diabetes. To study the determinants of this complication, we selected patients who had come with newly diagnosed IDDM to the Joslin Clinic between 1967 to 1972, and we examined them in 1986 to 1988, that is, 15 to 21 years after onset of diabetes. Using a case control design we compared three groups of cases, that is, advanced nephropathy (TV = 43), only microalbuminuria (TV = 41), and hypertension alone (N = 17), with a group of controls who remained normoalbuminuric and nor-motensive despite the long duration of IDDM (N = 61). In comparison with controls, patients with advanced nephropathy had more parents with hypertension (odds ratio 3.8), higher V max values of Na/Li countertransport in red blood cells (odds ratio 10.0 for the highest tertile), and higher mean arterial pressure during adolescence and early adulthood (odds ratio 3.1 for those above the median). They also had significantly poorer glycemie control during their first 12 years of diabetes. Patients with hypertension alone were similar to those with advanced nephropathy with regard to markers of predisposition to hypertension but differed from them with regard to glycemie control, having the best glycemie control of all the study groups. Patients who developed only microalbuminuria during 15 to 21 years of IDDM (some of whom will progress to overt proteinuria later) did not differ significantly from controls with regard to predisposition to hypertension. In conclusion, predisposition to hypertension is a major risk factor for the development of advanced diabetic nephropathy and essential hypertension during the first 20 years of IDDM.
Intra-curriculum software engineering education

We have been funded by the National Science Foundation to investigate the feasibility of distributing large software engineering projects across the academic curriculum (DUE 0127439). This paper reports on the pedagogical aspects of the intra-curriculum methodology we have developed including motivation, goals, instructor responsibilities, and variations of the approach. The paper also reports on three applications of the methodology including lessons learned.
The Crosstown Initiative: Art, Community, and Placemaking in Memphis

This case study examines an arts organization at the center of an urban neighborhood revitalization effort and its contributions to creative placemaking and inclusive community building. The study documents innovative arts practices and explores their meaning for a local context, an understudied city in the Mid-South region of the United States. It builds on the research team’s ongoing work as teachers, students, and scholars in partnership with the arts organization. It includes systematic participant observation, interviews with stakeholders, and a review of historical and contemporary media coverage. We found that the organization and its practices provided a rich context for exploring an expanded sense of community including bridging social capital and place-based frameworks. Analysis suggests that the organization’s intentional arts based practices bring multiple understandings of community and art into meaningful dialogue through the generation of creative and social friction. These practices illustrate one context-specific strategy addressing the tensions in a community–diversity dialectic (Townley et al. in Am J Commun Psychol 47:69–85, 2011).
Cellular encapsulation and melanization are enhanced by immulectins, pattern recognition receptors from the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta

An effective innate immune response against parasites in insects is encapsulation followed by melanization. In cellular encapsulation, formation of capsules requires plasmatocytes and granulocytes, the two most abundant hemocytes in lepidopteran insects. We have developed an in vitro encapsulation assay to elucidate functions of immulectins in encapsulation. Immulectins are members of the C-type (calcium-dependent) lectin superfamily, and they function as humoral pattern recognition receptors in innate immunity of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta. We demonstrate that coating of immulectins to agarose beads enhanced cellular encapsulation in vitro. Immulectin-1 enhanced encapsulation but not melanization. Encapsulation occurred with isolated hemocytes that lack plasmatocytes when agarose beads were coated with immulectins. However, plasmatocytes were required for aggregation of encapsulated beads. We also showed that inhibitors of serine proteinases such as para-aminophenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (p-APMSF) inhibited cellular encapsulation of immulectin-coated agarose beads. Our results suggest that humoral pattern recognition receptors may enhance cellular encapsulation and melanization.
The novel TEM sample preparations technique for long dimension trench

A novel ex-situ sample preparation technique is introduced in this paper. By thinning a deep trench or high aspect ratio structure perpendicular to the long dimension (i.e., from the side) to instead of thinning from perpendicular to the short dimension (either the top or the bottom), it is possible to obtain a more uniformly thin TEM specimen over the entire long dimension of the structure. This article will describe the sample preparation procedure and show some case studies to demonstrate the capability of this technique.
Social Security: Universal Versus Earnings‐dependent Benefits

I compare the welfare implications of Bismarckian (earnings-dependent benefits) and Beveridgean (universal benefits) social security systems. Agents are better off with a Beveridgean system than with a comparable Bismarckian system. In an environment with intragenerational homogeneity, the latter results in a larger decrease in net wages; with intragenerational skill heterogeneity, most agents benefit from the more redistributive Beveridgean system. When agents vote for the replacement rates, with intragenerational homogeneity, the resulting Bismarckian system is larger than the Beveridgean system. With intragenerational skill heterogeneity, the Beveridgean system is larger. Overall, agents are worse off with the larger system.
New anti-HSV therapeutics target the helicase-primase complex.

The only targets for clinical treatment of herpes simplex virus infections have been the viral enzymes thymidine kinase and DNA polymerase. Now, animal experiments show the healing benefits of new antiherpes drugs that act on the viral helicase–primase complex and appear superior to the standard treatment, acyclovir.
The meaning of alley housing in industrial towns: examples from late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century Pennsylvania

Abstract During the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century, alley houses were an important feature in the housing landscape of many industrial cities and towns. In general, social reformers and politicians viewed this landscape negatively, but alley houses carried a different meaning for their inhabitants, and those who made income from them. An alley survey made of almost six hundred Pennsylvania communities and a more detailed analysis of the social-spatial structure of Mount Carmel, Vandergrift Borough and Vandergrift Heights suggest that alley houses were a private and small-scale housing response to rapid industrial expansion and population growth. Most likely to appear in atomised property markets where space was at a premium and larger property interests were slow to open up new residential housing tracts for immigrants and young families, alley houses represented labour's response to the demand for shelter. Alley housing thus hints of organic, informal answers to everyday problems in the midst of controlled and hierarchical worlds.
Symmetry and Topology in Quantum Logic

A test space is a collection of non-empty sets, usually construed as the catalogue of (discrete) outcome sets associated with a family of experiments. Subject to a simple combinatorial condition called algebraicity, a test space gives rise to a “quantum logic”—that is, an orthoalgebra. Conversely, all orthoalgebras arise naturally from algebraic test spaces. In non-relativistic quantum mechanics, the relevant test space is the set ℱ F(H) of frames (unordered orthonormal bases) of a Hilbert space H. The corresponding logic is the usual one, i.e., the projection lattice L(H) of H. The test space ℱ F(H) has a strong symmetry property with respect to the unitary group of H, namely, that any bijection between two frames lifts to a unitary operator. In this paper, we consider test spaces enjoying the same symmetry property relative to an action by a compact topological group. We show that such a test space, if algebraic, gives rise to a compact, atomistic topological orthoalgebra. We also present a construction that generates such a test space from purely group-theoretic data, and obtain a simple criterion for this test space to be algebraic.
Horticultural Colour Chart Names with Munsell Key

A Munsell key is provided for the 800 samples in the two-volume edition of the Horticultural Colour Chart (HCC) published 1939/40 by the British Colour Council in cooperation with the Royal Horticultural Council. The charts are known also as the Wilson Colour Charts. References are included for keys published for other color charts.
Toxicokinetics of [14C]-saligenin cyclic-o-tolyl phosphate in anesthetized male F-344 rats

Abstract Saligenin cyclic-o-tolyl phosphate (SCOTP) has been proposed as the active metabolite of tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP), a neurotoxic organophosphate. TOCP is also toxic to the testis and SCOTP mimics some of this toxicity. The stability of SCOTP in vivo and its uptake by selected tissues has been measured. Total radioactivity and SCOTP-associated radioactivity were determined in male F-344 rats treated i.v. with 1 mg of [14C]-SCOTP/kg. The half-life of SCOTP in blood was 8.0±1.1 min. Testes, brain, and muscle had lower concentrations of [14C]-SCOTP-derived radioactivity than blood. Liver and kidney had higher concentrations of radioactivity than blood. HPLC analysis of liver, kidney, testes, and blood extracts showed that 2.8, 48, 11, and 18%, respectively, of the radioactivity present at 5 min was SCOTP. The amount of SCOTP declined rapidly, and at 30 min SCOTP could be detected only in kidney. It appears that SCOTP, although reactive, has sufficient stability to be transported from organ to organ. There is no evidence, however, of active uptake of SCOTP from blood by the testes. Evidence was obtained that SCOTP may act as an alkylating agent.
Constraints on element mobility associated with the conversion of granulite to eclogite along fractures in an anorthositic complex on Holsnøy, Norway

On Holsnoy, an island off the coast of Western Norway, an anorthositic complex metamorphosed to granulite facies was partially overprinted by a later eclogite facies metamorphism. Eclogite facies rocks (containing omphacite, garnet, kyanite and hydrous phases such as mica and zoisite) occur in shear zones of various scales and adjacent to veins. Previous studies of shear zones on Holsnoy reported evidence for substantial element mobility (Jamtveit et al., 1990; Mattey et al., 1994). In this work, we compare chemical compositions of granulite and its undeformed eclogitized equivalent adjacent to veins in locations where a single band of granulite can be traced and sampled as it approaches the vein. This tracing is crucial because the pre-granulite rocks cover a substantial compositional range, indicative of a petrologically variable protolith consisting of anorthosite, gabbro and jotunite. We analysed multiple core samples collected across nine separate granulite-eclogite transition zones located at veins in anorthositic, jotunitic and gabbroic protoliths for major and trace elements. For each transition, no compositional difference between the average granulite and average eclogite composition was found at the 90% confidence level except for LOI (loss on ignition), which was consistently significantly higher in the eclogite samples. Although not significant at the 90% confidence level for any single traverse, the average eclogite concentrations of SiO2 , Na2O, Cs, As and Br exceed the average granulite concentrations for eight or all nine of the traverses. For most traverses, statistical analysis of the data limits any gain of SiO2 in the eclogites to no more than a few relative per cent. Other than the introduction of volatile substances, presumably an H2O-rich fluid, eclogitization associated with vein formation was essentially isochemical.
The virtual campus of the future: stimulating and simulating civic actions in a virtual world

This paper presents a pre-orientation program for incoming college students, Active Citizenship through Technology (ACT), that engaged students in civic dialogue early in their academic experience while fostering a long-term peer support network. It leveraged youth’s interest in Internet technologies to engage them in civic discussions and activities. In this 3-day program, thirty-six participants used the Zora 3-D virtual environment to design and inhabit a Virtual Campus of the Future to express concerns and ideas about community issues that interested them. In addition, they participated in face-to-face activities to promote civic skills and learned about their college community. We describe the ACT pre-orientation program and provide results from two consecutive cohorts of participants. Participants reported experiencing new ideas about civic life and learning new skills during the program. At the end of their freshman year, program participants were more likely than control participants to report engagement in activities to express their political and social viewpoints.
Role of residual stress on crack penetration and deflection at a bimaterial interface in a 4-point bend test

The four-point bend (4PB) test has emerged as a method of choice in the semiconductor industry for obtaining bimaterial interface adhesion data. When measuring the interface adhesion using 4PB test, it is essential to obtain a crack through the interface of interest. In our previous work the effect of finite flaw size, boundary conditions and film thickness on the crack deflection or penetration at a bimaterial interface was studied, and it was determined that prior work on semi-infinite media cannot be directly used in the case of 4PB test. In this paper, we briefly discuss the origins and development of residual stress, and will expand our previous work to include the role these residual stresses play on the competition between deflection and penetration energy release rates of a bimaterial interface and the extent of which the previous assumption of two semi-infinite media can be accepted.
Dispersion engineering with leaky-mode resonant photonic lattices

We investigate the dispersion properties of leaky-mode resonance elements with emphasis on slow-light applications. Using particle swarm optimization, we design three exemplary bandpass leaky-mode devices. A single-layer silicon-on-insulator leaky-mode element shows a time-delay peak of ~8 ps at the resonance wavelength. A double membrane element exhibits an average delay of ~6 ps over ~0.75 nm spectral bandwidth with a relatively flat dispersion response. By cascading five double-membrane elements, we achieve an accumulative delay of ~30 ps with a very flat dispersion response over ~0.5 nm bandwidth. Thus, we show that delay elements based on leaky-mode resonance, by proper design, exhibit large amount of delay yet very flat dispersion over appreciable spectral bandwidths, making them potential candidates for optical buffers, delay lines, and switches.
Trypanosomiasis Control in African History: An Evaded Issue?

Social control of trypanosomiasis in African history deserves further study. The pioneering work in this field is John Ford's respected but neglected The Role of the Trypanosomiases in African Ecology (1971). While Ford's arguments have received support from recent findings in immunological, epidemiological and epizootiological research, they have rarely met with evaluation or engagement, either in historical or scientific literature. Historians have tended to describe trypanosomiasis control as a matter of avoiding contact with tsetse fly. In so doing they have implicitly rejected the position of Ford, who regarded infrequent contacts between tsetse and mammalian hosts as necessary for the maintenance of host resistance. Ford believed that host resistance, rather than avoidance of tsetse, was the basis of trypanosomiasis control. The historical nature of Ford's work requires that a satisfactory evaluation of The Role of the Trypanosomiases make use of historical, as well as scientific, data. The evidence of trypanosomiasis and cattle-keeping from one region of north-eastern Tanzania supports Ford and suggests that other explanations of trypanosomiasis control are inadequate. The Tanzanian evidence shows that precolonial societies coexisted with, but could not avoid, tsetse. They could not eradicate tsetse because scarcity of water prevented permanent occupation of large areas. Tsetse and trypanosomiasis did not prevent cattle-keeping, but helped to keep the region's cattle population low and confined it to relatively densely settled neighbourhoods. Social control of trypanosomiasis collapsed during the pre-Second World War period of colonial rule. Economic and political developments were primarily responsible for a series of famines between 1894 and 1934. Famine-induced depopulation allowed steady spread of tsetse and wildlife reservoirs of trypanosomes into formerly cultivated areas which had been free of tsetse before the colonial period.
Expanded utilization of nonoperative management for complicated appendicitis in children

The initial approach to complicated appendicitis in children has become increasingly nonoperative, particularly when there is presumed perforation and a localized abscess. We extended the indications for nonoperative management to include most cases other than simple appendicitis, including those with diffuse peritoneal involvement. We evaluated outcomes and sought to identify factors at the time of hospital admission that predicted an extended length of stay (LOS) with this strategy. The records of 223 consecutive children who were managed nonoperatively for complicated appendicitis were reviewed. A conservative approach was typically pursued in those with an abscess, phlegmon, or free fluid on initial imaging studies, and diffuse tenderness, diarrhea, or significant leukocytosis after 2 days of symptoms. Interval appendectomies were performed selectively. The average LOS was 5.6 days (1–38), but nine subjects had a LOS of greater than 14 days. Eleven (4.9 %) required appendectomy during the initial admission. Free fluid on admission imaging studies, present in 78 % of those with an extended LOS, [odds ratio (OR) 5.5], in addition to a requirement for early nasogastric drainage (OR 24.2) and a higher band count (19 vs 15 %), was significantly associated with an extended LOS. An expansion of the indications for nonoperative management of complicated appendicitis yielded an acceptable average LOS and a low incidence of early appendectomy. However, a small subset of subjects had an extended LOS, and most of those had free peritoneal fluid on admission.
Screening Mammography for Frail Older Women: Do Burdens Outweigh Benefits?

PURPOSE: The consequences of performing screening mammography in frail older women are unknown. Therefore, we studied the outcomes of a universal screening policy in a population of community-living nursing-home-eligible women. METHODS: We identified 216 consecutive women who underwent screening mammography after enrolling 1/1/95–12/31/97 in a program designed to provide comprehensive care to nursing-home-eligible patients who wished to stay at home. Mammograms were performed at 4 radiology centers. From computerized medical records we abstracted demographics and medical diagnoses on enrollment, and tracked each woman through 10/1/99 for performance and results of mammography, additional breast imaging and biopsies, documentation of psychological reactions to screening, as well as vital status. Mean follow-up was 2.2 years. RESULTS: The mean age of the 216 women was 81 yrs; (55% were Asian, 81% were dependent in> 1 activity of daily living, 46% had dementia, 13% 2-year mortality). 37 (17%) required further work-up (27 diagnostic mammograms, 9 ultrasounds, 7 biopsies). 13 women (35%) who required further work-up had documented anxiety, depression or complaints of pain following screening. 4 women (1.8%) were diagnosed with breast cancer. 2 of these patients were classified as not having benefited—one because she died of unrelated causes 15 months after mastectomy, and the other because she developed a chronic wound infection and suffered a disabling stroke 6 months after lumpectomy for ductal carcinoma in situ and is currently a hospice patient. The other two women had lumpectomies and were classified as having possibly benefited. CONCLUSION: In this cohort of frail older women, 0.9% (95% CI 0–2%) may have received benefit from screening mammography, whereas 16% (95% CI 11–20%) suffered burdens of additional work-up and treatment that would not have occurred if they had not been screened. We conclude that screening mammography in frail older women frequently necessitates work-up that does not result in benefit, raising questions about universal screening mammography in frail elders. Encouraging individualized decisions may be more appropriate.
Periodontal Problems Related to HIV-1 Infection

The prevalence of periodontal diseases in HIV-infected infected persons is unresolved. While numerous reports have been published, the data are conflicting in part due to different populations studied, lack of consensus criteria for disease, study location, and biased samples. This presentation will be a collation of information available for the diagnosis and treatment of HIV/AIDS-associated periodontal diseases. The use of "HIV" is no longer accepted as a diagnostic designation. Instead, the diagnostic categories of atypical gingivitis (erythematous gingival banding), necrotizing gingivitis, necrotizing periodontitis, and necrotizing stomatitis and distinguishing characteristics will be presented. It is essential that a distinction be made between those periodontal lesions that may occur in seropositive and seronegative individuals and those which appear to have more specific signs and symptoms associated with HIV infection and with immunosuppression in general. A simplified algorithm has been developed to help differentiate between periodontal diseases specific to the HIV-positive individual and those in the general population. Additionally, the grid may also be used to distinguish the different periodontal diseases known to be associated with HIV infection.
Multidimensional prospecting in North American Great Plains village sites

Geophysical survey results are described for four prehistoric and historic fortified earthlodge settlements located in the Middle Missouri River basin of North and South Dakota, USA. One impetus for this work is the upcoming bicentennial of the Lewis and Clark expedition of 1804–1806 that used the Missouri as its route of travel. Celebrated as an event that helped to open the American West to Euroamerican settlement, tourism at archaeological parks is expected to markedly increase. Multidimensional geophysical surveys were used to pin-point cultural anomalies for archaeological excavation and interpretation, but more importantly, the wide-area mapping of the subsurface at these villages allowed visualization of their structure and organization, yielding many new insights. At Menoken Village (AD 1240) previously unknown houses, oval in form, were revealed magnetically owing to their intense burning, as was an intravillage trail system seen in resistivity data. At Whistling Elk Village (AD 1300) the first glimpse of the nature of this deeply buried settlement was achieved by resistivity and conductivity surveys, with magnetic indications that half of the houses had been burned. The geophysical evidence also hints at a second village, much more compact, that may lie within the primary settlement, supporting an attack theory established by limited excavation evidence. At Huff Village (AD 1450) the magnetometry survey revealed the presence of vast numbers of previously unsuspected food storage pits outside of the numerous dwellings that lie within this settlement. At Mitu'tahakto's (1822–1861), an early historic Mandan/Arikara settlement, resistivity and GPR surveys discovered the presence of new and overlapping houses, and magnetometry indicated large differences in the number of iron artefacts between households, pointing to possible variations in access or status. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultraviolet laser-induced formation of thin silicon oxide film from the precursor β-chloroethyl silsesquioxane

Formation of silicon oxide thin films from spin-coated β-chloroethyl silsesquioxane (β-cesq) on silicon, NaCl, and quartz was induced by 193 nm laser pulses. The silicon oxide deposition is characterized by ir, uv, ellipsometry, and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. The silicon oxide films obtained by uv irradiation were found to have much less carbon and chlorine as impurities and have a higher refractive index as compared to those obtained by annealing. The photoinduced oxide films were found to be smooth, without laser-induced microrough or periodic structures.
State-Selected Photodissociation of Acetaldehyde Molecular Ion: Hydrogen Scrambling and the Product Branching Ratio

Acetaldehyde molecular ions were produced in an ICR cell using (2 + 1) resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization of a pulsed molecular beam of acetaldehyde via a two-photon resonant 3s ← n Rydberg transition in the wavelength range 364−354 nm. Mass-selected REMPI spectra of CH3CHO are presented. The power dependencies of ion intensities were examined to help establish the mechanisms of REMPI dissociation processes. The product branching ratios from REMPI dissociations of CH3CHO and CH3CDO were determined. A multireference configuration interaction method was employed to obtain structural and energetic information about the X 2A‘, A 2A‘‘, and B 2A‘ states of acetaldehyde molecular ion. Comparisons of theory with the experiments lead us to conclude that acetaldehyde molecular ions are excited to the B 2A‘ state and undergo both α and β cleavage processes. The α C−C cleavage yields the formyl ion without hydrogen scrambling. The product branching ratio of [HCO+]/[CH3CO+] remains constant at 2.1 ± 0.2 over...
Moral Life on the Cultural Frontier: Evidence from the Experience of Immigrants in Modern America

Abstract This paper reports findings from an ethnographic investigation into how immigrants to the contemporary United States manage grievances against people culturally different from themselves, including individuals from the majority population, other immigrants and members of American-born minority groups. Two principal patterns emerge: first, that a high degree of harmony can and does exist between immigrants and other people, but that it is a harmony based largely on mutual avoidance and self-segregation rather than intercultural solidarity and support, and second, that immigrants react differently to offenders from the majority population than to those who, like themselves come from culturally unconventional backgrounds. The reasons for these patterns are explored, and implications for the moral order of diverse communities are considered.
Lao Tzu's conception of Tao∗

This article attempts a new interpretation of Lao Tzu's metaphysics of Tao by employing a combined method of linguistic and philosophical analyses. This new methodological approach involves the following basic assumptions: (1) Lao Tzu's metaphysics of Tao can be characterized as a kind of non‐dualistic and non‐conceptual metaphysics sub specie aeternitatis; (2) Tao is not an entity, substance, God, Idee, or anything hypostatized or conceptualized, but is rather a metaphysical symbol unifying various dimensions of Nature as the totality of things‐as‐they‐are; (3) there is, generally speaking, no confusion or inconsistency of thought involved in the Lao‐Tzu; (4) there are two kinds of speech used by Lao Tzu, viz. philosophical (real) speech and figurative (metaphorical) speech; and (5) figurative expressions, which predominate, can be reduced to philosophical expressions for the sake of the clarification of Lao Tzu's thought. In the light of these basic assumptions, a philosophical explication of Lao Tzu's ...
Incidence and significance of free fluid on abdominal computed tomographic scan in blunt trauma.

Objective: To determine the incidence and significance of free fluid on abdominal CT in blunt trauma. Design: Retrospective chart review. Methods: All blunt trauma patients with an abdominal computed tomographic scan from August of 1993 to December of 1995 were identified from the trauma registry at a Level 1 trauma center. A total of 1,159 computed tomographic scans were performed; records of 18 patients were excluded for incomplete records. Official reports of computed tomographic scans were reviewed for free fluid, solid organ injury, bladder injury, and pelvic fracture. Results: Free fluid without solid organ injury was found in 3% (34 of 1141). Laparotomy was performed because of free fluid in 13 patients. There were six small bowel injuries and one diaphragm injury for a therapeutic laparotomy rate of 54%. Ten patients had trace free fluid and did not undergo laparotomy ; none had a missed small bowel injury. Conclusions: The presence of more than trace amounts of free fluid without solid organ injury in patients with blunt trauma is a strong indication for exploratory laparotomy. Patients with isolated trace amounts of free fluid can be safely observed.