cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pre-Clinical Diastolic Dysfunction

Pre-clinical diastolic dysfunction (PDD) has been broadly defined as left ventricular diastolic dysfunction without the diagnosis of congestive heart failure (HF) and with normal systolic function. PDD is an entity that remains poorly understood, yet has definite clinical significance. Although few original studies have focused on PDD, it has been shown that PDD is prevalent, and that there is a clear progression from PDD to symptomatic HF including dyspnea, edema, and fatigue. In diabetic patients and in patients with coronary artery disease or hypertension, it has been shown that patients with PDD have a significantly higher risk of progression to heart failure and death compared with patients without PDD. Because of these findings and the increasing prevalence of the heart failure epidemic, it is clear that an understanding of PDD is essential to decreasing patients' morbidity and mortality. This review will focus on what is known concerning pre-clinical diastolic dysfunction, including definitions, staging, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and the natural history of the disease. In addition, given the paucity of trials focused on PDD treatment, studies targeting risk factors associated with the development of PDD and therapeutic trials for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction will be reviewed.
Cysteine—an effective matrix modifier for determination of gold in biological samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry

Abstract A method was developed for determination of gold in body fluids and tissues using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry with Zeeman effect background correction. There was excellent recovery of gold added to undiluted blood plasma. However, there was generally poor recovery of gold added to the intraocular fluids and tissue digests. Addition of plasma proteins and amino acids as matrix modifiers increased both the absorbance signal of the standard and the recovery of gold added to intraocular fluids and tissue digests. Cysteine (20 mg ml ) was found to be the most effective matrix modifier in all cases. This signal increasing effect may be limited to gold since neither protein nor amino acids were effective in increasing absorbance signals of other elements, including Fe, Pb and Cu.
Correlation of Perinatal Brain Growth with Age, Body Size, Sex, and Race

This study compares the weight of the human brain to gestational age and body dimensions. A new formula for calculating the rate of growth is proposed. It consists of a second order polynomial function: Y = A0 + A1X + A2X2, in which Y is brain weight, body weight, height, or body surface area; X is gestational age in weeks and A0, A1, and A2 are statistically estimated coefficients. In utero, the growth rate is most rapid for body weight, followed in decreasing order by brain weight, body surface area, and height. Brain growth is the same for both sexes in black and white races; it accelerates between the 20th and 45th weeks of gestation. The size of the newborn infant brain is directly related to gestational age and body size and is not determined by sex or race.
ARE TROPHODYNAMIC MODELS WORTH THEIR SALT? TOP‐DOWN AND BOTTOM‐UP EFFECTS ALONG A SALINITY GRADIENT

We examined the relative strengths of top-down and bottom-up factors on common herbivores along an experimentally produced environmental-stress gradient in a Florida (USA) salt marsh. We tested whether the effect of parasitoids decreased with increasing environmental stress, and whether the effect of bottom-up factors increased, as advocated by R. W. Preszler and W. J. Boecklen. Proportional increases of foliar nitrogen on fertilized plots were lower on salted plots and so were increases of galls. Such interactions were not significant for sap suckers. Thus, support for the Preszler-Boecklen stress hypothesis via the action of bottom-up effects was mixed. There were also significant changes in enemy-related mortality on salted plots as compared to controls, but again results were mixed. We conclude that P. W. Price's phylogenetic-constraints model, which considers how an organism feeds and oviposits, better predicts how herbivore densities will be changed by environmental stress than the Prezler-Boecklen environmental-stress hypotheses.
Use of the Si A (n, α) Mg A - 3 and Si A (n, p) Al A - 1 reactions in a semiconductor diode for measuring neutron spectra

A method of calculating neutron spectra in the energy range above 3 MeV is presented. Analysis of the pulse height due to the (n, p) and (n, α) interaction in a silicon charged particle detector permits computation of the neutron spectrum by inversion of a matrix whose elements are proportional to the charged particle cross section.
The role of glutathione and cytochrome P-450 in the metabolism of methyl chloride

Rat liver microsomes metabolized methyl chloride to formaldehyde at a rate 15-fold less than the rate of benzamphetamine demethylation. The reaction rate was stimulated approximately 2-fold in microsomes from phenobarbital-pretreated rats and was inhibited by addition of SKF-525A, carbon monoxide, metyrapone, and hexobarbital to the microsomal suspension, indicating dependence on cytochrome P-450. The in vivo incorporation of 14CH3Cl into liver macromolecules, previously shown to reflect metabolism to CH3Cl to formate, was not significantly altered by SKF-525A, Aroclor 1254, or 3-methylcholanthrene pretreatment of rats, although pretreatment with phenobarbital produced a 35 and 28% increase in 14CH3Cl uptake into liver lipid and acid-insoluble material, respectively. Pretreatment with phenobarbital increased the in vivo metabolism of 14CH3Cl to 14CO2 (also derived from a formate intermediate) by 19%, but had no effect on urinary metabolites derived from 14CH3Cl. SKF-525A inhibited 14CO2 production from 14CH3Cl by 30% and also had no effect on urinary excretion of 14C. In contrast, pretreatment with diethylmaleate inhibited 14CH3Cl incorporation into liver macromolecules by 70 to 85%, and lowered 14CO2 expiration and urinary 14C excretion by 52 and 60%, respectively. S-Methylcysteine pretreatment produced a similar inhibition of 14CH3Cl incorporation and metabolism to 14CO2; urinary excretion of 14C, however, was approximately doubled. 14CH3Cl uptake into liver was also stimulated by cysteine pretreatment. These results indicate a strong dependence of CH3Cl metabolism on tissue nonprotein sulfhydryl content and suggest a possible role for cytochrome P-450 in the in vivo metabolism of CH3Cl. A scheme for the metabolism of CH3Cl is postulated which involves initial reaction with glutathione, and sequential metabolism of the conjugate to S-methylcysteine, methanethiol, and formaldehyde.
Magnetosonic waves adjacent to the plasma sheet in the distant magnetotail - ISEE-3

The presence of large-amplitude magnetosonic waves in the distant plasma sheet boundary layers is demonstrated, and their properties are discussed. The waves for almost all the events examined are right-hand circularly polarized, with the degree of polarization varying from 1.04 to 1.87, i.e., from circular to slightly elliptical. The waves are all propagating nearly along the magnetic field. Their periods vary from 3.7 seconds to as long as 35 seconds, with a median value of about 10 seconds, and are slightly larger than the proton gyroperiod in all but two cases. Most waves have a relatively large compressional component varying from 30 to 90 percent of the wave amplitude. Several possible generation mechanisms are discussed, along with the role that the waves may play in the heating and expansion of the plasma sheet.
Abstract B28: Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B3 as a novel biomarker for hypoxia in prostate cancer.

The organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B3 (OATP1B3) is aberrantly expressed in prostate cancer. We showed that OATP1B3 expression correlated to Gleason score in primary prostate cancer samples. As a transporter, OATP1B3 functions to influx both endogenous small molecules and xenobiotics. We also demonstrated that decreased survival and decreased progression in patients with prostate cancer was associated with a polymorphism in SLCO1B3, the gene encoding OATP1B3. However, OATP1B3 has not been validated as a clinical biomarker and the cause of expression in cancer is unknown. The purpose of this study was to identify a molecular regulation that explains OATP1B3 expression in cancer. In this study, we show that hypoxia increases the transcriptional and translational expression of OATP1B3 in cancer, that hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1-alpha) binds putative hypoxia response elements in the SLCO1B3 promoter region by chromatin immunoprecipitation, and show co-localization of hypoxia and OATP1B3 by immunohistochemistry in clinical tissue samples. Additionally, cooperation between androgen- and hypoxia-signaling pathways explains the increased expression of OATP1B3 in prostate cancer xenografts under castration conditions. These data provide a foundation for the use of OATP1B3 as a biomarker of cancerous disease. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B28.
Prospective elementary teachers’ knowledge of fraction division

Prospective elementary teachers must understand fraction division deeply in order to meaningfully teach this topic to their future students. This paper explores the nature of the subject content knowledge of fraction division possessed by a group of Taiwanese prospective elementary teachers at the beginning of their mathematics methods course. The findings provide preliminary evidence that many prospective Taiwanese elementary teachers have developed the knowledge package of fraction division as described by Ma (Knowing and teaching elementary mathematics: Teachers’ understanding of fundamental mathematics in China and the United States. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, 1999). The nature of various strategies used by these teachers provides further illustration of a secure common content knowledge that can serve as a benchmark for the development of mathematics courses for prospective teachers. However, the findings also show that the tasks of representing fraction division, through either word problems or pictorial diagrams, are challenging even for those highly proficient in elementary and middle school mathematics. The broader implications of this research for the international community are discussed, and recommendations for elementary teacher education programs are presented.
Enhancing Collaboration Between Occupational Therapists and Early Childhood Educators Working with Children on the Autism Spectrum

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are on the rise. With this increase in prevalence and in related inclusive placements comes the need for research-based, collaborative, and high-quality early intervention strategies to promote the learning of children with ASD. Occupa- tional therapists (OTs) are uniquely positioned to address many of the difficulties children with ASD experience. It is essential that OTs and early childhood classroom teachers collaborate effectively to ensure maximum benefit for such students. However, educators and OTs are often faced with circumstances that may pose challenges to their successful collaboration. The purpose of this article is to offer feasible and effective collaboration strategies that OTs and early childhood teachers can apply as part of their naturally occurring instructional routines to assist their mutual stu- dents with ASD.
First Conventional Syntheses and Isolation of Bis(naphthalene)metal(0) Complexes. Structural Characterization of V(η6-C10H8)21

Reactions of alkali-metal naphthalenides with VCl3(THF)3, CrCl3(THF)3, MoCl3(THF)3, and MoCl4(THF)2 in THF provided up to 29%, 24%, 20%, and 17% yields of the respective bis(naphthalene)metal(0) complexes. These highly reactive “naked” early-transition-metal atom reagents were accessible previously as pure substances only from metal atom reactions carried out in specialized apparatus available to few chemists. The nature of bis(naphthalene)vanadium(0) has been confirmed by a single-crystal X-ray structural characterization. These results provide another indication that the arene radical anion route is an important general strategy for the synthesis of homoleptic transition-metal arene complexes.
The software architecture of a SAN storage control system

We describe an architecture of an enterprise-level storage control system that addresses the issues of storage management for storage area network (SAN) -attached block devices in a heterogeneous open systems environment. The storage control system, also referred to as the "storage virtualization engine," is built on a cluster of LinuxÂ®-based servers, which provides redundancy, modularity, and scalability. We discuss the software architecture of the storage control system and describe its major components: the cluster operating environment, the distributed I/O facilities, the buffer management component, and the hierarchical object pools for managing memory resources. We also describe some preliminary results that indicate the system will achieve its goals of improving the utilization of storage resources, providing a platform for advanced storage functions, using off-the-shelf hardware components and a standard operating system, and facilitating upgrades to new generations of hardware, different hardware platforms, and new storage functions.
The Next Restructuring: Environmental Regulation

From oil, to natural gas, and now electricity, the regulation of energy markets has been successively restructured to allow greater scope to market forces. The likely next domain for restructuring, environmental regulation, may seem far-fetched now, but it is no more so than the restructuring of electric utility regulation would have seemed to be twenty years ago. The grand experiment with emissions trading under the US acid rain program has set a propitious example by showing that markets in environmental goods can be constructed and that the explicit recognition of property rights in the use of the environment is compatible with effective and non-intrusive environmental regulation.
A new medium containing antibiotics for the xenic cultivation of Entamoeba gingivalis.

Diamond's trypticase-yeast extract-serum-gastric mucin (TYSGM-9) medium was studied for its suitability to support the xenic growth of the oral protozoanEntamoeba gingivalis. Amoebic growth was found to be best when the inoculum for transfer was 0.1 ml, the incubation temperature was 35°C, and the interval between transfers was 48 h. These parameters were also useful for controlling the growth in xenic stock cultures, In addition, bacterial growth in xenic stock cultures, which had a direct effect on the activity ofE. gingivalis trophozoites, was kept to a minimum by addition of the antibiotics piperacillin, erythromycin, neomycin, and penicillin. Varying substitutions and selected supplementations of TYSGM-9 medium led to the development of an improved medium forE. gingivalis. Supplements most beneficial for the growth ofE. gingivalis trophozoites were ascorbic acid, ferric ammonium citrate, and special NCTC 107 vitamin mixture. As compared with TYSGM-9 medium (6–10E. gingivalis trophozoites observed per field), the newE. gingivalis medium supported excellent growth (16–20E. gingivalis trophozoites observed per field during optimal growth) of the oral protozoan. The medium is suitable for clinical isolation ofE. gingivalis.
Physicians married or partnered to physicians: a comparative study in the American College of Surgeons.

Background Dual-physician relationships are increasingly common. In this study, the authors explore how surgeons in dual-physician relationships differ from other partnered surgeons in their demographics, practice characteristics, family lives, distress, and job satisfaction. Study Design In 2008, members of the American College of Surgeons were asked to complete a survey that included questions on burnout, work−home conflict, and career satisfaction. Results Among 7,905 responding surgeons (a 32% response rate), 7,120 (90%) had a domestic partner (DP). Half (3,471 of 7,120 [48.8%]) of DPs did not work outside the home, 16.4% (1,165) were physicians, and 34.9% (2,484) were working nonphysicians. Surgeons whose DP was a physician were younger, newer to practice, were more likely to delay having children and to believe childrearing had slowed their career advancement, and were less likely to believe that they had enough time for their personal and family life compared with their colleagues whose DP was a working nonphysician or stayed at home (all p Conclusions Surgeons whose DP is another physicians appear to experience greater challenges balancing personal and professional life than surgeons whose DP is a working nonphysicians or whose DP stays at home.
Adjoint-Weighted Tallies for k-Eigenvalue Calculations with Continuous-Energy Monte Carlo

A Monte Carlo method is developed that performs adjoint-weighted tallies in continuous-energy k-eigenvalue calculations. Each contribution to a tally score is weighted by an estimate of the relativ...
Review of evaluations of educational approaches to promote safe storage of firearms

Objective: To systematically review evaluation studies of educational interventions promoting safe firearm storage. Methods: Medline, ERIC, PsycINFO, Criminal Justice Periodicals Index, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Sociofile were searched. The references from each potentially eligible study were checked, and experts in the field were contacted for additional reports. In addition, an internet search was performed to identify programs not published in the conventional literature. Sources relevant to safe firearm storage promotion were selected and evaluated. Results: Seven studies met inclusion criteria: adult subjects, program description was included, and firearm storage outcomes were measured. One was a randomized controlled trial and the other six were one group pre-test and/or post-test. The studies were classified into the following categories based on the intervention strategies used: (1) counseling and firearm safety materials (n=3); (2) counseling/educational message (n=3); and (3) firearm safety materials distribution (n=1).The outcomes were safe firearms storage (firearms locked up and unloaded or removal from home) after intervention. Four studies, three using counseling and materials distribution, reported improved storage after the interventions. Conclusions: It is not yet clear what types of interventions, or which specific intervention components, prompt gun owners to securely store their weapons. Increased understanding of gun storage behaviors and stronger evaluation designs will aid further understanding of this important issue.
Velocity Selection for Propagating Fronts in Superconductors

Using the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equations we study the propagation of planar fronts in superconductors, which would appear after a quench to zero applied magnetic field. Our numerical solutions show that the fronts propagate at a unique speed which is controlled by the amount of magnetic flux trapped in the front. For small flux the speed can be determined from the linear marginal stability hypothesis, while for large flux the speed may be calculated using matched asymptotic expansions. At a special point the order parameter and vector potential are {ital dual}, leading to an {ital exact} solution which is used as the starting point for a perturbative analysis. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Using short soil moisture probes with high-bandwidth time domain reflectometry instruments

Time domain reflectometry (TDR) is used to measure moisture content and salinity of soils. Most TDR systems have a bandwidth of 2.5 GHz or less, limiting the precision of measurements using short probes. The primary objective of this research was to develop and test short probes for use with a high-bandwidth (20-GHz) TDR instrument. The secondary objective was to determine moisture content in highly conductive media by insulating the probes with Teflon heat-shrinkable tubing. Laboratory-packed test cells with probe lengths of 0.025, 0.05, and 0.075 m were used for the primary research objective, and 0.075-m probes for the secondary objective. Linear relationships between the apparent refractive index and volumetric moisture content were developed for each probe length and type. The accuracy of the probes was ±0.0125, ±0.05, ±0.025, and ±0.035 m 3 /m 3 for the probes of lengths 0.075, 0.075 (insulated), 0.05, and 0.025 m, respectively. Moisture measurements in highly conductive media were possible using insulated probes
Relation of Tryptophan and Lysine to Egg Production, Hatchability and Composition of the Protein of Hens’ Eggs

Abstract THIRTY-FIVE years ago Osborne and Mendel (1914) demonstrated the effect of tryptophan and lysine deficiencies on the growing rat and various workers have since shown that a deficiency of any one of the essential amino acids has a similar effect. Extensive studies have established, within rather narrow limits, the requirements of the rat (Rose, 1937, and Frazier et al., 1949), the chick (Almquist, 1947) and the human (Rose, 1949) for the essential amino acids. However, there has been very little work reported on the requirements of the laying hen. Cravens and Halpin (1946) and Cravens (1948) using nine percent casein and seven percent gelatin as sources of protein demonstrated the effect of a leucine deficiency and a multiple amino acid deficiency on the laying hen. Grau and Taylor (1948) reported that zein supplemented with arginine, histidine, methionine, cystine, threonine and valine plus lysine and tryptophan supported forty-one percent egg production . . .
Stochastic Modeling for the Expression of a Gene Regulated by Competing Transcription Factors

It is widely accepted that gene expression regulation is a stochastic event. The common approach for its computer simulation requires detailed information on the interactions of individual molecules, which is often not available for the analyses of biological experiments. As an alternative approach, we employed a more intuitive model to simulate the experimental result, the Markov-chain model, in which a gene is regulated by activators and repressors, which bind the same site in a mutually exclusive manner. Our stochastic simulation in the presence of both activators and repressors predicted a Hill-coefficient of the dose-response curve closer to the experimentally observed value than the calculated value based on the simple additive effects of activators alone and repressors alone. The simulation also reproduced the heterogeneity of gene expression levels among individual cells observed by Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting analysis. Therefore, our approach may help to apply stochastic simulations to broader experimental data.
Algorithm refinement for stochastic partial differential equations: II. Correlated systems

We analyze a hybrid particle/continuum algorithm for a hydrodynamic system with long ranged correlations. Specifically, we consider the so-called train model for viscous transport in gases, which is based on a generalization of the random walk process for the diffusion of momentum. This discrete model is coupled with its continuous counterpart, given by a pair of stochastic partial differential equations. At the interface between the particle and continuum computations the coupling is by flux matching, giving exact mass and momentum conservation. This methodology is an extension of our stochastic Algorithm Refinement (AR) hybrid for simple diffusion [F. Alexander, A. Garcia, D. Tartakovsky, Algorithm refinement for stochastic partial differential equations: I. Linear diffusion, J. Comput. Phys. 182 (2002) 47-66]. Results from a variety of numerical experiments are presented for steady-state scenarios. In all cases the mean and variance of density and velocity are captured correctly by the stochastic hybrid algorithm. For a non-stochastic version (i.e., using only deterministic continuum fluxes) the long-range correlations of velocity fluctuations are qualitatively preserved but at reduced magnitude.
Computation of the shock scaffold for unorganized point clouds in 3D

The shock scaffold is a hierarchical organization of the medial axis in 3D consisting of special medial points and curves connecting these points, thereby forming a geometric directed graph, which is key in applications such as object recognition. In this paper we describe a method for computing the shock scaffold of realistic datasets, which involve tens or hundreds of thousands of points, in a practical time frame. Our approach is based on propagation along the scaffold from initial sources of flow by considering pairs of input points. We present seven principles which avoid the consideration of those pairs of points which cannot possibly lead to a shock flow; they involve: (i) the "visibility" of a point from another, (ii) the clustering of points, (iii) the visibility of a cluster from another, (iv) the convex hull of a cluster, (v) the vertices of such convex hulls as "virtual" points, (vi) a multi-resolution framework, and, finally, (vii) a search strategy organized in layers.
Issues in the Theory and Measurement of Successful Intelligence: A Reply to Brody.

Abstract This article constitutes a reply to Brody's analysis of ability measurements based on the triarchic theory of successful intelligence. It discusses a number of issues raised in his critique, such as restriction of range, how much obtained variance can be attributed to g , and aptitude–treatment interactions.
Sketching the future: Assessing user needs for domestic robots

In this paper, we discuss a user-centered vision of future domestic robots based on 48 householders' depiction of their ideal home robots. Through users' creative responses, we aim to identify domestic tasks desired for robotic assistance, and hence guide the design effort to better reflect user needs. Our study results show that householders want domestic robots for tasks including Time-consuming Drudgeries, House-sitting, and Personal Attendance. Further, we present three design lessons we learned to increase householders' acceptance of these robots. The design of domestic robots needs to provide a certain amount of human control, be compatible with the user's domestic environment, and take gender into consideration.
Genetics of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a common debilitating condition affecting individuals from childhood through adult life. There is good evidence of genetic contribution to its etiology, but environmental risk factors also are likely to be involved. The condition probably has a complex pattern of inheritance. Molecular studies have identified several potentially relevant genes, but much additional research is needed to establish definitive causes of the condition.
Promoting High Standards for Test Use: Developments in the United States

Recent developments in the United States regarding the promotion of high standards for test use are described. Four areas are covered: the development of testing standards, qualifications to purchase and use tests, educating test users, and developments to watch (computer-based testing and performance testing). It is argued that at the same time as we are opening the way to improved testing through innovative applications of computer technology and performance assessments, there are economic forces that have the potential to undermine our basic standards. Each of the professionals in the field of testing must contribute their talent to upholding high standards to that test takers derive the benefits that come from the productive use of tests.
Fully-differential CMOS current-mode amplifiers and filters

A CMOS fully-differential current-mode analog signal processing technique has been developed. The basic building block, a 5-volt fully-differential current-mode operational amplifier (I-OPAMP), has been integrated using the MOSIS 2 mu m n-well CMOS technology. Measured total harmonic distortion (THD) is -70 dB with a peak signal (i) to bias current (I) ratio of 0.5. By simply adding MOS switches, the I-OPAMP topology is easily extended to implement fully-differential switched-current (SI) circuits with first-order cancellation of clock-feedthrough effects. A five-pole Chebyshev lowpass fully-differential SI ladder filter has also been integrated in a 2 mu m p-well CMOS technology. Measured results show that with a sampling frequency of 128 kHz, the desired ripple bandwidth of 5 kHz is accurately realized using the fully-differential SI structure. Dynamic range is greater than 80 dB with a power dissipation of 14 mW. >
Acute Lateral and Posterolateral Injury

As our knowledge of the complex knee anatomy continues to evolve, so does our appreciation of the importance of various lateral and posterolateral structures. Many of these appear to make a significant contribution to proper knee biomechanics. Injuries to this area of the knee were previously treated non-surgically or ignored altogether, thus leaving the knee vulnerable to continued instability and, as has been proven in the literature, resulting in increased failure of cruciate reconstruction. If addressed acutely, soft tissue repair techniques with augmentation as needed are viable options to restore function with reconstruction performed when the host tissue is not amenable to repair. These repair procedures become less practical outside of the acute window as scar tissue and loss of distinct soft tissue planes make surgery difficult and sometimes dangerous. Multiple studies have shown that acutely addressing these injuries results in better outcomes than does delayed surgical reconstruction. Initially, non-anatomic reconstruction methods were commonly performed; however, these failed to recreate the complex static constraints and were prone to residual instability, especially rotational. Several anatomic repair and reconstruction procedures have been developed to address specific restaints using combinations of allograft tissue, autograft tissue, various bone tunnels, and diverse fixation techniques to secure the grafts. There is currently no “gold standard” for recreating the posterolateral corner, but here we describe our preferred repair and reconstruction methods of acute injuries as well as discuss some surgical tricks and complications that can arise.
The p/sub i/-persistent protocol for unidirectional broadcast bus networks

A protocol for multiaccess communication over unidirectional bus networks is proposed, and its performance capabilities are determined. Under this protocol, time is slotted with a slot equaling a packet's transmission time. A station with a packet to send persists in transmitting its packet in an empty slot with probability p/sub i/ until it is successful. Three criteria for fairness in selection of the p/sub i/ are modeled using Markov chains, which are solved to obtain the proper p/sub i/ that satisfy each fairness criterion. Unlike previous studies of unidirectional bus networks, stations are allowed to buffer more than one packet. The average packet delay for this protocol is bounded, and the maximum achievable throughput approaches unity with increasing buffer size. Further, the protocol provides better delay versus throughput behavior for fixed packet lengths than previous round-robin schemes, its performance is insensitive to bus characteristics, and it appears to be particularly well suited for fiber-optic network applications requiring long distances and high bandwidths. Simulation results that confirm the predicted performance are included. >
Soil quality standards and guidelines for forest sustainability in northwestern North America

Soil quality standards and guidelines of the USDA Forest Service were some of the first in the world to be developed to evaluate changes in forest soil productivity and sustainability after harvesting and site preparation. International and national development of criteria and indicators for maintenance of soil productivity make it imperative to have adequate threshold variables within the USDA Forest Service. In the Pacific Northwest, soils range from fine-textured Andisols to coarse-textured skeletal Inceptisols. Forest types encompass the highly productive coastal rain forest to marginally productive, dry, cold sites in the interior mountains. Constant values to detect detrimental disturbances within the soil quality guidelines are routinely applied across diverse soils and timber types and include diagnostic criteria for evaluating management-caused changes to soil productivity. Research information from short- or long-term research studies supporting the applicability of disturbance criteria is often lacking, or is available from a limited number of sites which have relatively narrow climatic and soil ranges. In this paper we calculated changes in soil carbon, nitrogen, erosion, and cation exchange capacity using threshold variables from the Regional USDA Forest Service Soil Guidelines to assess their applicability across diverse landscapes. Soils were selected from a climatic and elevational gradient in the Pacific Northwest. Application of selected USDA Forest Service standards indicate that blanket threshold variables applied over disparate soils do not adequately account for nutrient distribution within the profile or forest floor depth. These types of guidelines should be continually refined to reflect pre-disturbance conditions and site-specific information.
Vascular complications of stereotactic radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformations

Abstract Objective Although vasculopathy and de novo aneurysm formation are known complications of traditional radiation therapy, their occurrence following AVM SRS is rare and thus infrequently addressed in the literature. We sought to evaluate these phenomena through a review of our institutional experience. Methods Our review afforded 32 patients treated with LINAC-based SRS over an eight year period. We noted obliteration rates, complication rates and long-term outcomes, with particular attention paid to follow-up angiographic studies. Results After a mean follow-up of 4.3 years, the overall obliteration rate was 50%, increasing to 87% for AVMs less than 3 cm. Eight patients had nine hemorrhages following SRS (25%). One occurred in the context of a de novo arterial pseudoaneurysm and another in the context of a new venous varix. Two patients with post-SRS hemorrhage had intranidal aneurysms that were not as apparent on initial angiography. Two patients that did not suffer from latency period hemorrhage developed dysplastic changes of feeding arteries, and one patient suffered from early venous thrombosis with resultant permanent hemiparesis from infarction. After a mean follow-up of 4.3 years, 8 patients were clinically improved (25%), 19 were the same (59%), and 5 were worse (16%), including 2 that died as a result of latency period hemorrhage. Conclusion While radiosurgery of AVMs is safe and successful in the vast majority of cases, vasculopathic complications including de novo aneurysm and varix development, early venous occlusion and stenotic vasculopathy, while infrequent, can occur. Closer long-term angiographic surveillance of these patients may thus be warranted.
On the velocity dependences of secondary ion emission from metallic surfaces

Abstract We have examined the various fundamental issues that are important for the accurate determination of the ionization probability as a function of the emission velocity. The different surface potentials encountered by the sputtered neutral atoms and the secondary ions respectively result in corrections to both the trajectories of the secondary ions and the phase space covered by the detector.
Enabling technologies for wafer-level bonding of 3D MEMS and integrated circuit structures

In this paper, we describe several critical aspects of wafer scale or die level bonding to demonstrate: (1) low temperature bonding for planar layer interconnections; (2) low temperature bonding for non-planar layer sealing; (3) alignment and transfer of process sub-assemblies such as BEOL wiring, MEMS cavity or active device structures; and (4) integration methodology for fabrication of these layer stacks into 3D circuits and MEMS. We also show examples of how layer stacking protocols using wafer bonding technology provides a capability to integrate mixed materials and technologies potentially adaptable to many other applications. In addition, we demonstrate that in order to evaluate the influence of bonding on the electrical integrity of the transferred ICs, state-of-the art circuits, such as short channel length MOSFETs or ring oscillators, should be tested as they are most sensitive to environmental/processing changes.
Thinking outside the box: extending 802.1x authentication to remote "splitter" ports by combining physical and data link layer techniques

We present a novel switched full-duplex LAN architecture which can greatly simplify the cabling requirements in areas that must support high port densities and/or are subject to frequent changes. Instead of providing a separate cable to connect each host to a dedicated port on a monolithic switch behind the wall, we emulate the shared bus topology from the early days of Ethernet by daisy-chaining a series of small network-powered "slave" bridge modules called Ethernet Splitters from a single port on the "master" switch. Our partitioned switch architecture enforces network privacy throughout the entire splitter chain, so no host can view any traffic belonging to another host. The splitters also authenticate the point of origin for every frame, independent of the value contained in its source address field thus providing the same level of security as a monolithic switch under the 802.1x port based access control protocol.
A Longitudinal Study of Apolipoprotein-E Genotype and Depressive Symptoms in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

The Apolipoprotein-E (APOE) ɛ4 allele is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cognitive decline in older adults. Depression may also be a risk factor for dementia, and depression is important in the differential diagnosis of dementia. The authors performed a 5-year longitudinal study of APOE genotype and change in Geriatric Depression Scale scores in 113 community-dwelling older adults. No association was observed between APOE genotype and change in depressive symptoms. These results do not support the hypothesis that the APOE ɛ4 allele is associated with depression. Important objections have been raised to APOE genotyping in the diagnosis of AD. However, the specificity of APOE genotyping in AD diagnosis would not appear to be compromised by an association with depression.
Double Balloon Enteroscopy

Endoscopic examination of the small bowel, until recently, has been elusive because of the bowel’s relative inaccessibility. Standard endoscopic examinations evaluate only short segments of the proximal and distal small bowel. Until recently, intraoperative enteroscopy was considered the gold standard, providing the highest diagnostic and therapeutic yield in patients with bleeding from the small bowel. This was, however, associated with a substantial risk for complications and mortality (Desa et al. 1991). The double-balloon enteroscope (DBE) is a instrument that was first described by Yamamoto in 2001 (Yamamoto et al. 2001), and its system was first developed by the Fujinon Corporation in 2003 (Yamamoto et al. 2003). It has a high success rate of intubation into the deep small intestine (Kaffes et al. 2006; Yamamoto et al. 2004) and allows endoscopic evaluation of the small bowel with interventional capabilities. Its use has subsequently grown worldwide. The first international workshop on DBE was held in Japan in August 2006 (Sugano and Marcon 2007). This chapter aims to describe the DBE procedure and its progress in recent years.
TNF-binding protein ameliorates inhibition of skeletal muscle protein synthesis during sepsis.

We examined the effects of TNF-binding protein (TNFBP) on regulatory mechanisms of muscle protein synthesis during sepsis in four groups of rats: Control; Control+TNFBP; Septic; and Septic+TNFBP. S...
Nuclear data sheets for A = 242*

Abstract The available nuclear structure information for all nuclei with mass number A = 242 is presented. Various decay and reaction data are evaluated. Adopted data, levels, spin and parity assignments are given.
Sensitivity Analysis for Postbuckling Response of Composite Panels on Distributed-Memory Computers

A computational strategy is presented for calculating the postbuckling response and sensitivity coefficients of laminated composite structures on distributed-memory parallel computers. The key elements of the strategy are: (a) a multiple-parameter reduced basis technique; (b) a parallel sparse equation solver based on a nested dissection node ordering scheme; (c) a multilevel parallel procedure for evaluating hierarchical sensitivity coefficients. The numerical studies presented demonstrate the advantages of the proposed strategy for evaluating the sensitivity coefficients on distributed-memory machines.
Binary phase modulated partitioned pupils for extended depth of field imaging

A new of extended depth of field phase mask based on incoherent pupil partitioning with binary phase modulation is proposed. The mask creates a maximally flat PSF with no zeros in the MTF so it's ideal in applications that require post-processing.
Tissue Distribution of 212Bi in Rats

SummaryThe 212Bi, relatively free of its parent 212Pb was injected intravenously into rats and the tissue distribution and was followed for a period of 2 hr postinjection. The kidney contained the highest concentration, equal to about 10 times that of the liver and spleen. A comparison was made of the 212Bi distribution pattern at 2 hr postinjection when 212Bi was introduced free of 212Pb and when injected in transient equilibrium with 212Pb. In the latter case the 212Bi concentration in the red blood cells increased and in the kidney and liver decreased.
Economic Inequality Matters: Reflections on Piketty’s Capital in the 21st Century

In Capital in the 21st Century , Piketty takes a central liberal claim about economic inequality seriously and asks: does capitalism reward merit? If true, we would expect salaries, presumably rooted in the reward of merit in the workplace, to be more important to personal wealth than inherited money and property, which is just luck. He concludes that capitalism does not reward merit more than inherited wealth. Piketty suggests that this is at once a political and moral problem. As such, it cannot be resolved through economics alone, especially in the profession’s current incarnation, characterized by mathematical fetishization. Instead, all of the social sciences and humanities will necessarily be mobilized to develop a full description and analysis of economic inequalities, which must then be made a central question for broad, public debate. This is an important epistemological and political argument, although Capital in the 21st Century has critical weaknesses, including an undertheorized empiricism, a tendency to treat economic inequality as a matter of money and not as a social relationship, and a failure to grasp how class, gender, race and age come together in social relationships of exploitation (and not merely statistical relationship of inequality).
Numerical investigation of subsonic flow over a typical missile forebody

The NASA-Ames developed Navier-Stokes solver OVERFLOW and the panel code PMARC are applied to the computation of the flow over a typical missile forebody. The flowfields at low angles of attack from 0° to 14° are investigated. The surface pressures along the missile forebody predicted by OVERFLOW and PMARC agree well up to 10°. This favorable agreement suggests that the panel codes may be a computationally efficient tool for aerodynamic missile design purposes at low angles of attack. Fig. 1 Missile forebody.
Long segment spinal cord involvement as the clinical manifestation of sarcoidosis

A 34-year-old man presented with ascending sensory changes in his legs. He reported a pins and needles sensation that started in his feet and ascended to his knees bilaterally. The patient presented to an outside hospital, where MRI scans revealed a T2 hyperintense lesion extending from C3 to C7 levels in the cervical spine. There was patchy gadolinium enhancement. MRI of the brain was unremarkable. His symptoms were thought to be secondary to transverse myelitis; he was treated with IV methylprednisolone, 1 g daily for 3 days, followed by a 5-day oral prednisone taper. The patient's symptoms resolved completely.
Heteroepitaxy of Gallium Arsenide on Germanium Coated Silicon Substrates

Single crystalline epitaxial GaAs layers have been grown on silicon substrates with a thin germanium interlayer. All semiconductor layers were deposited by the chemical vapor deposition technique. The surface condition of the silicon substrate is an important factor affecting the quality of GaAs/Ge films on silicon. P+/n homojunction solar cells of 0.25 cm2 area with an AM1 efficiency near 12% have been prepared.
Reliability Analysis on the Group Decision-making Results of Black-start Strategies in Smart Grids

High reliable decision-making results for black-start are required in smart grid. Based on the idea of entropy,a new method for the reliability analysis on the black-start decision-making results is proposed,and an index for quantifying the reliability level of black-start decision-making and measuring the decision-making level of the experts concerned is presented. The decision-making reliability level of each decision-maker such as dispatchers and/or other power system experts could be obtained by calculating the decision-making entropy,and then an integrated decision-making reliability level is attained. Based on the results of the reliability analysis,the decision-makers could reappraise their black-start strategies. As a result,the integrated reliability level could then be improved and the black-start decision-making results optimized. Furthermore,the reliability analysis could extend the theoretical framework of the black-start decision support system in smart grids,and its results would be helpful for dispatchers to understand the reliability of the obtained black-started restoration strategy and to ultimately make the optimal decision-making of the black-start strategy with the accepted reliability level. Numerical examples are served for demonstrating the developed method.
THE CONFLICT FOR THE NEWS EDITOR IN DESEGREGATION DISTURBANCES; A CASE STUDY IN AN AMERICAN SOCIAL PROCESS.

(1963). The Conflict for the News Editor in Desegregation Disturbances. Psychiatry: Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 352-367.
Laws in Archaeology

This chapter discusses archaeological laws. The central problem for archaeology is that of understanding the past through material remains, and any laws that are primarily concerned with this problem are at the center of archaeological theory. Any laws that relate archaeological objects to one another or state relations between material culture and human behavior deserve the name archaeological law. Laws shared with other sciences and employed by archaeologists in their attempts to understand the past are also archaeological laws. The chapter also discusses the importance of statistical laws and their fundamental status in contemporary physics. Statistical laws are stated to be perfectly respectable and are of crucial importance to the so-called hard sciences, and to the biological and behavioral sciences. The chapter further discusses the suitability of physics as a model for social sciences.