cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proteasome activity is important for replication recovery, CHK1 phosphorylation and prevention of G2 arrest after low-dose formaldehyde

Formaldehyde (FA) is a human carcinogen with numerous sources of environmental and occupational exposures. This reactive aldehyde is also produced endogenously during metabolism of drugs and other processes. DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs) are considered to be the main genotoxic lesions for FA. Accumulating evidence suggests that DPC repair in high eukaryotes involves proteolysis of crosslinked proteins. Here, we examined a role of the main cellular proteolytic machinery proteasomes in toxic responses of human lung cells to low FA doses. We found that transient inhibition of proteasome activity increased cytotoxicity and diminished clonogenic viability of FA-treated cells. Proteasome inactivation exacerbated suppressive effects of FA on DNA replication and increased the levels of the genotoxic stress marker γ-H2AX in normal human cells. A transient loss of proteasome activity in FA-exposed cells also caused delayed perturbations of cell cycle, which included G2 arrest and a depletion of S-phase populations at FA doses that had no effects in control cells. Proteasome activity diminished p53-Ser15 phosphorylation but was important for FA-induced CHK1 phosphorylation, which is a biochemical marker of DPC proteolysis in replicating cells. Unlike FA, proteasome inhibition had no effect on cell survival and CHK1 phosphorylation by the non-DPC replication stressor hydroxyurea. Overall, we obtained evidence for the importance of proteasomes in protection of human cells against biologically relevant doses of FA. Biochemically, our findings indicate the involvement of proteasomes in proteolytic repair of DPC, which removes replication blockage by these highly bulky lesions.
Lack of Bone Neoplasms and Persistence of Bone Efficacy in Cynomolgus Macaques After Long‐Term Treatment With Teriparatide [rhPTH(1‐34)]

In rats, teriparatide [rhPTH(1-34)] causes marked increases in bone mass and osteosarcoma. In primates, teriparatide causes lesser increases in bone mass, and osteosarcomas have not been reported. Previous studies in primates were not designed to detect bone tumors and did not include a prolonged post-treatment observation period to determine whether tumors would arise after cessation of treatment. Ovariectomized (OVX), skeletally mature, cynomolgus monkeys (n = 30 per group) were given teriparatide for 18 mo at either 0 or 5 microg/kg/d subcutaneously. After 18 mo of treatment, subgroups of six monkeys from both groups were killed and evaluated, whereas all remaining monkeys entered a 3-yr observation period in which they did not receive teriparatide. Surveillance for bone tumors was accomplished with plain film radiographs, visual examination of the skeleton at necropsy, and histologic evaluation of multiple skeletal sites. Quantitative assessments of bone mass, architecture, and strength were also performed. After the 18-mo treatment period, vertebral BMD, BMC, and strength (ultimate load) were increased by 29%, 36%, and 52%, respectively, compared with OVX controls. Proximal femur BMD, BMC, and strength were also increased by 15%, 28% and 33%, respectively. After 3 yr without treatment, no differences in bone mass or strength at the vertebra were observed relative to OVX controls; however, the femoral neck showed significant persistence in stiffness (20%), BMC (14%), and trabecular BV/TV (53%), indicating a retention of teriparatide efficacy at the hip. Radiographs and histology did not identify any bone proliferative lesions or microscopic lesions of osteosarcoma at the end of the treatment or observation period. These data indicate that teriparatide did not induce bone proliferative lesions over a 4.5-yr interval of observation, including 18 mo of treatment and 3 yr of follow-up observation. Bone analyses confirmed that teriparatide caused increases in bone mass and strength, consistent with previous studies. During the withdrawal phase, beneficial effects of teriparatide treatment on the vertebra were lost; however, some of the beneficial effects on the proximal femur persisted for 3 yr after cessation of treatment. Although the lack of bone tumors in this study provides some additional reassurance regarding the safety of teriparatide for the primate skeleton, the small group size and other limitations of this, or any other animal study, limit the ability to draw definitive conclusions regarding the risk of bone tumor developments in patients.
On the correlation of height on stomatal frequency and size in two lines of Hordeum vulgare L.

Abstract Meiotically stable tall and dwarf cultivars of Hordeum vulgare L. (2n=14), were analyzed for stoma frequency and size along with the interveinal width, number of rows of epidermal cells and size of epidermal cells, to investigate the correlation of height on these characteristics. Stomatal frequency and size in the tall and dwarf plants were significantly correlated with interveinal width and number of epidermal cell rows between them which confirmed part of an earlier hypothesis. Plant height correlation with stomatal relationships should be considered a necessary parameter for inheritance studies.
Salivary Protein Polymorphisms in Caries-resistant Adults

Several salivary proteins exhibit genetic polymorphism, and this study examined the distributions of the proline-rich (Pr), parotid acidic (Pa), and double-band (Db) salivary protein phenotypes in caries-resistant and caries-susceptible adults, and in first-degree relatives of the caries-resistant patients. Although the familial nature of caries resistance was demonstrated, no differences in phenotype distributions were observed.
Effect of nitrate/ammonium ratio on biomass production, nitrogen accumulation, and use efficiency in sorghums of different origin

Abstract Plant nitrogen (N) uptake, growth, and N use efficiency may be affected by N form (NO3 ‐or NH4 +) available to the root. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of mixed N form on dry matter production and partitioning, N uptake, and biomass N use efficiency defined as total dry matter produced per unit plant N (NUE1) in U.S. and tropical grain sorghums [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. The U.S. derived genotype CK 60 and three tropical genotypes, Malisor‐7, M 35–1, and S 34, were evaluated in a greenhouse trial using three nutrient solutions differing in their NO3 ‐/NH4 + ratio (100/0, 75/25, 50/50). Shoot and root biomass, N accumulation, and NUE, were determined at 10‐leaf and boot stages. Averaged over all genotypes, shoot and root biomass decreased when NH4 + concentration was increased in the solution. Shoot biomass was reduced by 11% for 75/25 and 26% for 50/50 ratios, as compared to 100/0 NO3 ‐/NH4 +. Similarly, root biomass reduction was about 34% and 45% for the same rati...
Analysis of combined drug effects: a new look at a very old problem

Abstract A simple, general and novel method for the quantitative analysis of combined drug effects is presented. The procedure determines if the drug combinations are additive, synergistic or antagonistic, regardless of whether the dose-effect curves are hyperbolic (first order) or sigmoidal (higher order), or whether the effects of the drugs are totally independent or not. We believe that the proposed method (median-effect plot) suffers from fewer restrictions and is more widely applicable than the isobologram or the fractional product method. It provides insight into the nature of the dose-effect relationship with relatively few measurements. We illustrate the procedure by analysing the combined lethal effects of two insecticides on house-flies.
High-throughput antibody sequencing reveals genetic evidence of global regulation of the naïve and memory repertoires that extends across individuals

Vast diversity in the antibody repertoire is a key component of the adaptive immune response. This diversity is generated centrally through the assembly of variable, diversity and joining gene segments, and peripherally by somatic hypermutation and class-switch recombination. The peripheral diversification process is thought to only occur in response to antigenic stimulus, producing antigen-selected memory B cells. Surprisingly, analyses of the variable, diversity and joining gene segments have revealed that the naive and memory subsets are composed of similar proportions of these elements. Lacking, however, is a more detailed study, analyzing the repertoires of naive and memory subsets at the level of the complete V(D)J recombinant. This report presents a thorough examination of V(D)J recombinants in the human peripheral blood repertoire, revealing surprisingly large repertoire differences between circulating B-cell subsets and providing genetic evidence for global control of repertoire diversity in naive and memory circulating B-cell subsets.
TimeKeeper: a lightweight virtual time system for linux

We present TimeKeeper: a simple lightweight approach to embedding Linux containers (LXC) in virtual time. Each container can be directed to progress in virtual time either more rapidly or more slowly than the physical wall clock time. As a result, interactions between an LXC and physical devices can be artificially scaled, e.g., to make a network appear to be ten times faster with respect to the software within the LXC than it actually is. Our approach also supports synchronized (in virtual time) emulation, by grouping LXCs together into an experiment where the virtual times of containers are kept synchronized, even when they advance at different speeds. This has direct application to the integration of emulation and simulation within a common framework.
Production of 27-, 28-, and 56-chromosome apomictic hybrid derivatives between pearl millet (2n=14) and Pennisetum squamulatum (2n=54)

An interspecific hybridization program designed to transfer gene(s) controlling apomixis from Pennisetum squamulatum Fresen. (2n=6x=54) to induced tetraploid (2n=4x=28) cultivated pearl millet, Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke resulted in four offtype plants, two with 27 chromosomes and two with 28 chromosomes. These plants were found among 217 spaced plants established from open-pollinated seed of an apomictic 21-chromosome polyhaploid (2n=21) plant derived from an apomictic interspecific hybrid (2n=41) between tetraploid pearl millet and Pennisetum squamulatum. It appeared that a 21- (or 20-) chromosome unreduced egg from the apomictic polyhaploid united with a 7-chromosome pearl millet (2n=2x=14) gamete to produce a 28- (or 27-) chromosome offspring. Meiotic chromosome behavior was irregular averaging from 3.60 to 4.05 bivalents per microsporocyte in the 27- and 28-chromosome hybrids. The 27- or 28-chromosome hybrids, like the 21-chromosome female parent, shed no pollen, but set from 1.8 to 28 seed per panicle when allowed to outcross with pearl millet. Progeny of the 28-chromosome hybrids were uniform and identical to their respective female parents, indicating that apomixis had been effectively transferred through the egg. In addition, a 56-chromosome plant resulting from chromosome doubling of a 28-chromosome hybrid was identified. Pollen was 68 per cent stainable and the plant averaged 2.3 selfed seeds per panicle. Chromosomes of the 56-chromosome plant paired as bivalents (x=10.67) or associated in multivalents. Three to nine chromosomes remained unpaired at metaphase I. Multiple four-nucleate embryo sacs indicated the 56-chromosome hybrid was an obligate apomict. The production of 27-, 28-, and 56-chromosome hybrid derivatives were the results of interspecific hybridization, haploidization, fertilization of unreduced apomictic eggs, and spontaneous chromosome doubling. These mechanisms resulted in new unique genome combinations between x=7 and x=9 Pennisetum species.
PREDICTING THE GALVANOMAGNETIC COEFFICIENTS OF TUNGSTEN FROM FERMI-SURFACE DATA.

In the context of specific scattering processes, the galvanomagnetic coefficients of a metal crystal should be expressible in terms of features of the Fermi surface. For energy surfaces more complex than ellipsoids, however, analytical solutions of the transport equations with even the most tractable scattering assumptions have not been found, except in quadratures or in an asymptotic limit of the applied magnetic field. A procedure is introduced here for the purpose of predicting approximate values of arbitrary-field galvanomagnetic coefficients of a metal with nonellipsoidal Fermi-surface sheets. The procedure is based upon a semiempirical extension of the solution for ellipsoids. An application of the procedure to the Fermi surface of tungsten and measurements of the low-field galvanomagnetic coefficients of a tungsten crystal are described. The prediction is generally successful. No attempt is made to adjust parameters or obtain best fits to curves. The intent is to show how closely one can estimate by a simple, first-trial method.
Yurok speech registers and ontology

Aspects of the precontact ontology of the Yurok Indians of northwestern California may be explored through analysis of lexical and semantic shifts that occur between two speech registers in Yurok: “ordinary” speech and an auxiliary. “high,” or esoteric, speech style. In the “high” register, use of which was the prerogative of a social and spiritual elite, a variety of mechanisms are implemented in altering “ordinary” lexation and in attributing different meanings to parts of the “ordinary” lexicon. These include circumlocution, antonymy, attribution, and, most significantly, the shifting of referential focus. Semantic shifts are systematic within specifiable lexical sets and implicitly comprise subtle ontological exegeses. (Ritual languages, speech registers, translation, world view, Native North America)
Influence of Incubation at 37°C on stability of Thiamin and Riboflavin in Cow's Milk.∗

SummaryIncubating cow's milk for 22 hours at 37° C produces 46% destruction of thiamin but riboflavin is entirely stable under such treatment. The critical temperature for thiamin destruction appears to be between 31 and 37° C. The factors in cow's milk responsible for thiamin destruction are stable to 100° C for 10 minutes. The minerals of cow's milk are contributory to 25% of the thiamin destroyed.
Retinal vascular tortuosity in obstructive sleep apnea.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disorder characterized by repeated episodes of partial or complete closure of the upper airway during sleep. Airway closure results in respiratory effort-related arousals and fragmented sleep that cause daytime symptoms such as sleepiness, fatigue, and decreased concentration. During episodes of apnea, patients become hypoxemic and undergo arterial blood pressure surges and increased intracranial pressure.1 Current evidence suggests that inflammatory processes, oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction may play roles in the pathogenesis of vascular complications in OSA.2 By itself and irrespective of common comorbid conditions like hypertension, OSA has been shown to be an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and death.3,4 With the increasing prevalence of OSA and its implications for increased morbidity and mortality further research into ophthalmic associations is important. Several ophthalmic conditions have been thus far linked to OSA including glaucoma, floppy eyelid syndrome, nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), optic disc edema, and diabetic retinopathy severity.5–8 While no definitive mechanism for ophthalmic associations has been elucidated, the alterations in blood pressure and hypoxemia seen in patients with OSA have been proposed as possible etiologies for glaucoma, NAION, optic disc edema, and the degree of diabetic retinopathy. More recent work by Glacet-Bernard et al. examined the association between OSA and retinal vein occlusion.9 They found a higher than expected prevalence of OSA in patients with vein occlusion proposing the idea that OSA may be a risk factor for vein occlusion. Increased tortuosity of the retinal vasculature has been associated with diabetes, hypoxia, older age, hypertension, and elevated body mass index (BMI).10,11 As all of these aforementioned factors are also associated with OSA we hypothesized that patients with OSA will have alterations in their retinal vascular pattern. Our findings in this pilot study demonstrate increased retinal vascular tortuosity in OSA that appears to be independent of comorbid conditions like hypertension and diabetes.
Properties of amorphous SiAlON thin films grown by RF magnetron co-sputtering

Abstract SiAlON thin films were deposited by RF magnetron co-sputtering of Al and Si targets in Ar/O2/N2 mixtures to a thickness of ~ 200 nm onto both bare and Pt-coated r-cut sapphire substrates. Films deposited at 200 °C are amorphous as determined from X-ray diffraction (XRD) and have
Displacements from relief of In situ stress by a cylindrical hole

The holographic in situ stressmeter is an instrument which records the displacement field on a borehole wall induced by the drilling of a small, stress-relieving sidehole. The data is in the form of double-exposure holograms; the patterns of interference fringes on these holograms may be analyzed to yield the state of stress at a location on the borehole wall. A set of at least three of these holograms, properly spaced around the borehole at a given depth, can in turn be analyzed to reveal the far-field state of stress. Previous work with this instrument has modelled the borehole wall as a thin flat elastic plate through which a hole is drilled. This model, while adequate, was not capable of fitting the observed fringe data within two radii of the sidehole in every case. Several previous holograms were obtained, generally from locations in the borehole which had low levels of borehole wall stress, which could not be modelled satisfactorily. This work improves the model by using the analytic approach of Youngdahl and Sternberg for the displacements on the free surface of a half space with a through-going hole subjected to a plane state of stress at infinity. This model relaxes the assumption inherent in the thin plate model that the body is in a state of plane stress everywhere in its interior. To test the effectiveness of this model, we re-analyzed holograms obtained from field deployment of the holographic in situ stressmeter. The new analysis gives approximately the same result as the old model; however, the errors corresponding to this solution are significantly reduced. We believe that the Youngdahl and Sternberg model may also be applied in other situations. The in situ state of stress of a rock wall could be determined by drilling a stress-relieving hole, measuring the resulting displacements or strains, and analyzing the data with the technique described in this paper.
Gas exchange characteristics of Gulf of Mexico coastal marsh macrophytes

Abstract Gas exchange characteristics of three major Louisiana Mississippi River deltaic plain marsh species, Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl., Spartina altemiflora Lois., and Panicum hemitomon Shult., was studied under controlled environment conditions. The optimum temperature for maximum photosynthesis was ≈ 36 °C for S. patens, 27 °C for S. alterniflora, and 28 °C for rP. hemitomon. Net photosynthesis rates at optimum temperature averaged 20.1 μmol · mt-2 · st-1 in S. patens, 22.8 μmol · m−2 · s−1 in S. alterniflora, and 11.4 μmol · m−2 · s−1 in P. hemitomon. Photosynthetic light saturation occurred ≈720, 530, and 750 μmol · m−2 · s−1 in S. patens, S. alterniflora, and P. hemitomon, respectively. Only S. patens had a midday depression of stomatal conductance, but net photosynthesis was not reduced by the depression. Maximum stomatal conductances were 285 mmol · m−2 · s−1 in S. patens, 238 mmol · m−2 · s−1 in S. alterniflora, and 335 mmol · m−2 · s−1 in P. hemitomon. In contract, net photosynthesis values were lower in P. hemitomon compared with the Spartina species, indicating a greater degree of water use efficiency of photosynthesis for both Spartina species.
Protein Stabilization of Emulsions and Foams

Proteins play an important role as macromolecular surfactants in foam and emulsion-type food products. The functioning of proteins in these applications is determined by their structure and properties in the adsorbed layers at air-water and oil-water interfaces. In addition, because typical food proteins are mixtures of several protein components, interaction between these components in the adsorbed layer also impacts their ability as surfactants to stabilize dispersed systems. In this paper, recent progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the formation and stability of protein-stabilized foams and emulsions has been reviewed.
Performance of Near-Field Thermophotovoltaic Cells Enhanced With a Backside Reflector

Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) systems are very promising for waste heat recovery. This work analyzes the performance of a near-field TPV device with a gold reflecting layer on the backside of the cell. The radiative transfer from a tungsten radiator, at a temperature ranging from 1250 K to 2000 K, to an In0.18Ga0.82Sb TPV cell at 300 K is calculated using fluctuational electrodynamics. The current generation by the absorbed photon energy is modeled by the minority carrier diffusion equations considering recombination. The energy conversion efficiency of the cell is determined from the generated electrical power and the net absorbed radiant power per unit area. A parametric study of the cell efficiency considering the gap spacing and other parameters is conducted. For an emitter at temperature 1250 K, the efficiency enhancement by adding a mirror, which reduces the sub-bandgap radiation, is shown to be as much as 35% relative to a semi-infinite TPV cell. In addition, the potential for further improvement by reducing surface recombination velocity from that of a perfect ohmic contact is examined. The cell performance is shown to increase with decreasing gap spacing below a critical surface recombination velocity.
Fish again for dinner! The role of fish and other dietary oils in the therapy of skin disease.

Abstract Adequate levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids are necessary for the normal functioning of most mammalian cells, both to provide fluidity to the cell membrane lipid bilayer and to function as precursors for the synthesis of the regulatory eicosanoids, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes. The omega-6 class of polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic and arachidonic acids, are of special importance as precursors for eicosanoid synthesis. The skin is a particularly good organ in which to study the effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids metabolism, inasmuch as either deficiencies of specific PUFA or overproduction of polyunsaturated fatty acids—derived prostaglandin and leukotriene result in specific, clinically recognizable cutaneous diseases. To help understand the pathogenesis of these diseases, polyunsaturated fatty acids metabolism is reviewed here, with emphasis on clinical manifestations of both deficiency syndromes and overproduction of proinflammatory eicosanoids. A rationale is presented for a therapeutic approach to inflammatory disease by dietary manipulation and substitution of omega-6 fatty acids by the unique omega- 3 class of polyunsaturated fatty acids found in fish. Evidence for the efficacy of fish oil in the therapy of specific inflammatory diseases is reviewed, as are the caveats regarding its therapeutic use. Dietary manipulations, specifically fish oil additives, appear to hold promise as therapeutic tools for cutaneous diseases.
HOW TO MOTIVATE ENGLISH LEARNERS FACED WITH PSYCHOLOGICAL BURDEN

The misleading assumptions of Indonesian-speaking learners of English on the nature of English results in psychological burden inhibiting the process of teaching and learning. The assumptions should be eliminated at the beginning of English class. Besides, the instructor should extensively motivate and encourage the learners to maximize their potentials in learning process. Such approach will gradually lead the learners to self-confidence and self-discovery.
PASSIVE RADIOMETRY OF THE OCEAN FROM SPACE-AN OVERVIEW

A brief description of unmanned Earth-observation platforms in space, and their ocean-related radiometric instrumentation, is given. Both operational and research-type spacecraft, current and near-future, are discussed. Some recent oceanographic studies and applications are reviewed, including the following topics: sea surface temperature, sea ice, ocean surface roughness and near-surface wind, and ocean color.
Youth Programs of the ESA: New York State's Program in Entomology

My assignment on this symposium is to tell you about the successful youth programs that are in progress in New York State. I shall describe briefly the major programs and then give some detail on two of them.
Natural convection-radiation cooling of a vented channel

Abstract The effects of vent opening size, vent axial location, and number of vents on the combined natural convection-radiation cooling of a one-sided uniformly heated vertical channel in air are numerically investigated. For vented channels the heated wall temperature is shown to increase above the corresponding unvented channel temperatures throughout the region upstream of the farthest from the bottom vent location. For a single low positioned vent, the vented wall temperatures are lower than the corresponding unvented channel temperatures for only a portion of the wall downstream of the vent location. For a continuously heated channel, in general, vents are found to deteriorate the overall cooling process.
Bimolecular reaction dynamics of Co+(3F4) + acetone reaction in real time

Abstract A beam of Co + ( 3 F 4 ) is formed at a sharp zero of time by resonant two-photon ionization with a ns dye laser pulse and crossed with a beam of acetone gas under single collision conditions at collision energies E t = 0.01 eV and 0.23 eV. The ion-molecule reaction occurs in field-free space in the extraction region of a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. After a variable time delay t ext = 0.8 − 8 μs, a fast high voltage pulse extracts product ions and residual reactant ions into a field-free flight tube for mass analysis. Consistent with earlier work, we observe three product channels, formation of long-lived CoC 3 H 6 O + complexes and the two elimination products, CoCO + (+ C 2 H 6 ) and CoC 2 H 6 + (+ CO). The long-lived complexes decay to elimination products and back to Co + + acetone reactants on a wide range of time scales, as revealed by retarding field analysis of the metastable decay. Some complexes eliminate C 2 H 6 on a 500 ns timescale, as revealed by tailing of the CoCO + peak. Other complexes still have not decayed on a 25 μs time scale. Deuteration of the acetone substantially decreases the elimination rates. We discuss how angular momentum conservation can lead to nonexponential complex decay and time-dependent product branching.
Inhibitory effects of sodium valproate on oxidative phosphorylation

Sodium valproate (VP) inhibited oxidative phosphorylation in isolated rat liver mitochondria. State 3 rates of oxygen consumption with glutamate as substrate were 80% of control values at a low VP concentration (24 μM). At 240 μM, there was more than 50% inhibition of glutamate and α-ketoglutarate state 3 rates. Succinate state p rates were 80% of control values, and uncoupling was noted at 2400 μM VP. These VP effects were similar to those of propionate and isovalerate, suggesting a common mechanism of toxicity. Inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation may explain why VP intoxication causes a hepatocerebral disorder that resembles Reye syndrome.
Society of cardiac angiography and interventions: suggested management of the no-reflow phenomenon in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.

The interventional cardiologist makes a provisional diagnosis of the no-reflow phenomenon in the presence of an acute reduction in coronary flow despite a widely patent epicardial vessel during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Its occurrence is recognized as a column of contrast arising distal to the original target stenosis that does not rapidly clear [1–3]. The precise pathophysiologic mechanisms are uncertain, although flow-limiting spasm of the distal microvasculature, distal thromboembolism, and microembolization of atherosclerotic debris are believed to be operative, in some combination, in most cases [4,5]. No-reflow as a cardiac phenomenon was originally identified in experimental models of acute myocardial infarction and described as the failure to restore normal myocardial blood flow despite subsequent removal of the coronary arterial obstruction, attributable to microvascular damage related to irreversible ischemic changes and local edema. It has been recognized for over a decade clinically [6,7] as an uncommon (0.6–2.0%) complication of PCI [1,2,6]. It occurs frequently following thrombolytic or mechanical reperfusion for acute myocardial infarction and in the setting of unstable angina [3,7,8]. It is most common during use of rotational atherectomy [9,10] and during PCI in saphenous vein grafts [2]. The purpose of this review is to define the angiographic appearance and clinical outcomes of no-reflow and to summarize the various treatment and prevention options currently available to the interventional cardiologist.
The Role of Evaluator‐Victim Relationships in Children's Evaluations of Peer Provocation

Second-, third-, fifth-, and sixth- grade children evaluated two hypothetical target peers in three provocation scenarios which differed as to the intent of a provocative act (Ambiguous, Accidental, Hostile). In addition to age and gender, evaluator-victim relationship was manipulated with children portrayed as being in a best friend, an acquaintance, or an enemy relationship with the victim, while the agent of the provocation was an unfamiliar peer. Evaluations were assessed in terms of attributions of aggressor's intentions, behavior response of the victim, evaluator's liking for victim, and evaluator's affect. Results indicated that older children evaluated aggressor's intentions and victim's behavior response more negatively than did younger children. Further, attributions of aggressor's intent significantly predicted the victim's subsequent behavioral response. Evaluator's affect was reported to be more negative when evaluating hostile provocation compared to accidental or ambiguous provocation and evaluators in acquaintance and enemy relationships with the victim reported liking the victim more after the provocation than before it occurred. Results are discussed in terms of the social relational and social situational influences on children's evaluations of peer interactions and the need to integrate these contextual factors in children's person perception research.
Testing the suitability of FIBCs for use in flammable atmospheres

Flexible intermediate bulk containers are used in several industries, including the chemical, pharmaceutical, and food processing industries, for convenient handling of bulk solids and powders. While the electrostatic hazard posed by FIBCs is well known, little full-scale experimental work has been performed to quantify this hazard. In this paper, experimental work conducted to evaluate the suitability of a new type of FIBC for use in common industrial flammable atmospheres is described. As a part of this work, two other FIBC types were evaluated for comparative purposes. Testing included determination of electrostatic discharge incendivity and measurement of charge transfer, surface potential, and charge density. The primary outcome of this work has been to establish the viability of a new type of FIBC for use in flammable atmospheres without the need for electrical grounding. However, consequent outcomes include a move towards a quantification of the electrostatic hazard posed by FIBC use and a better understanding of the mechanism characteristic of discharges from charged FIBC surfaces.
Dimensionality reduction of hyperspectral imaging data using local principal components transforms

The spectral exploitation of hyperspectral imaging (HSI) data is based on their representation as vectors in a high dimensional space defined by a set of orthogonal coordinate axes, where each axis corresponds to one spectral band. The larger number of bands, which varies from 100-400 in existing sensors, makes the storage, transmission, and processing of HSI data a challenging task. A practical way to facilitate these tasks is to reduce the dimensionality of HSI data without significant loss of information. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, to provide a concise review of various approaches that have been used to reduce the dimensionality of HSI data, as a preprocessing step for compression, visualization, classification, and detection applications. Second, we show that the nonlinear and nonnormal structure of HSI data, can often be more effectively exploited by using a nonlinear dimensionality reduction technique known as local principal component analyzers. The performance of the various techniques is illustrated using HYDICE and AVIRIS HSI data.
Tax, Welfare, and Pension Reforms in Slovenia: Implications for Work Incentives and Labor Participation

The labor participation rate in Slovenia has been lower than in the EU-15 (the members states prior to May 2004), particularly for the low-income and older individuals. Using simulations of tax and social benefits and public pensions, the paper shows how the current tax, welfare, and pension systems create disincentives to work among these groups. The paper finds that incentives to retire early are strong for men, especially low-wage earners. The marginal effective tax rates also make it costly for low-income individuals to work and negatively affect the probability of participating. The paper proposes reform measures to enhance work incentives and labor participation, which will be crucial for dealing with population aging and for achieving higher potential growth in Slovenia.
Using nodal ratios to predict risk of regional recurrences in patients treated with breast conservation therapy with 4 or more positive lymph nodes.

Purpose. The value of nodal ratios (NRs) as a prognostic variable in breast cancer is continually being demonstrated. The purpose of this study was to use NR in patients with ≥4+ nodes to assess a correlation of NR with regional (lymph node) recurrence. Methods. Inclusion criteria was ≥8 nodes dissected with ≥4+ nodes after breast conservation therapy. Of 1060 patients treated from 1975 to 2003 who had a minimum of 8 nodes dissected, 273 were node+; 56 patients had ≥4+ involved nodes and were the focus of this study. Nodal ratios were calculated for each patient and grouped into 3 categories: high (≥70%), intermediate (40%–69%) and low ( 70%). Only 3 patients experienced nodal recurrences, all within previously radiated supraclavicular fields. All 3 in-field regional failures occurred in the N3 group of patients with NR >70%. All were treated with a single AP field prescribed to a dose of 46 Gy at a standard depth of 3 cm. Conclusions. In this group of N2/N3 patients treated with BCT, we were able to identify patients at high risk for regional failures as those with high NR of >70% and ≥10+ nodes. While these findings need to be reproduced in larger datasets, this group of patients with NR of >70% in 4 or more positive axillary lymph nodes may benefit from meticulous targeting of regional nodes, dose escalation, and/or more intensive systemic therapies.
Acute responses to opioidergic blockade as a biomarker of hedonic eating among obese women enrolled in a mindfulness-based weight loss intervention trial.

Abstract There are currently no commonly used or easily accessible ‘biomarkers’ of hedonic eating. Physiologic responses to acute opioidergic blockade, indexed by cortisol changes and nausea, may represent indirect functional measures of opioid-mediated hedonic eating drive and predict weight loss following a mindfulness-based intervention for stress eating. In the current study, we tested whether cortisol and nausea responses induced by oral ingestion of an opioidergic antagonist (naltrexone) correlated with weight and self-report measures of hedonic eating and predicted changes in these measures following a mindfulness-based weight loss intervention. Obese women (N = 88; age = 46.7 ± 13.2 years; BMI = 35.8 ± 3.8) elected to complete an optional sub-study prior to a 5.5-month weight loss intervention with or without mindfulness training. On two separate days, participants ingested naltrexone and placebo pills, collected saliva samples, and reported nausea levels. Supporting previous findings, naltrexone-induced cortisol increases were associated with greater hedonic eating (greater food addiction symptoms and reward-driven eating) and less mindful eating. Among participants with larger cortisol increases (+1 SD above mean), mindfulness participants (relative to control participants) reported greater reductions in food addiction symptoms, b = −0.95, SE(b) = 0.40, 95% CI [−1.74, −0.15], p = .021. Naltrexone-induced nausea was marginally associated with reward-based eating. Among participants who endorsed naltrexone-induced nausea (n = 38), mindfulness participants (relative to control participants) reported greater reductions in food addiction symptoms, b = −1.00, 95% CI [−1.85, −0.77], p = .024, and trended toward reduced reward-based eating, binge eating, and weight, post-intervention. Single assessments of naltrexone-induced cortisol increases and nausea responses may be useful time- and cost-effective biological markers to identify obese individuals with greater opioid-mediated hedonic eating drive who may benefit from weight loss interventions with adjuvant mindfulness training that targets hedonic eating.
Delayed gastric emptying in neurologically impaired children with gastroesophageal reflux: The role of pyloroplasty

Abstract The presence of delayed gastric emptying in neurologically impaired children with gastroesophageal reflux has led to controversy regarding appropriate surgical management. The authors reviewed the charts of neurologically impaired children requiring fundoplication to answer two questions: (1) is pyloroplasty needed in addition to fundoplication for delayed gastric emptying? and (2) Does delayed gastric emptying influence the morbidity associated with fundoplication? To answer the first question, 40 neurologically impaired children with delayed gastric emptying undergoing fundoplication were divided into two groups: Nissen and pyloroplasty (n = 21) and Nissen only (n = 19). The Nissen and pyloroplasty group had significantly more postoperative complications (23.8% v 5.0%) and took longer to reach full feeding (14.6 v 3.9) days. There were no differences in the incidence of recurrent symptoms, readmissions, or reoperations. To answer the second question, 58 neurologically impaired children undergoing fundoplication were grouped based on gastric emptying scan results: normal gastric emptying (>32% in 1 hour) (n = 29) and delayed gastric emptying (n = 29). There were no differences in postoperative feeding tolerance, postoperative complications, recurrent symptoms, readmissions, or reoperations between the two groups. Delayed gastric emptying in neurologically impaired children with gastroesophageal reflux did not increase postoperative morbidity after fundoplication, and the addition of a pyloroplasty to fundoplication provided no additional benefit. The authors conclude that the procedure of choice for neurologically impaired children with gastroesophageal reflux is a fundoplication without pyloroplasty, regardless of the degree of delay in gastric emptying.
Developing an understanding of graphic representations in children and adults: The case of GEO-graphics

Abstract Graphic representations are important for symbolic thought and communication. Here we provide a general definition of graphic representations and discuss some similarities and differences to more commonly studied linguistic representations. We then focus on characteristics of one particular type of graphic representation—those that represent the world or “geo” and hence, “GEO-graphics.” Through the use of models from cartography, we highlight qualities of representational and geometric correspondences between the referent space and the GEO-graphic representation, and suggest that an understanding of these graphics rests on the child's developing representational and spatial skills more generally. Empirical data on elementary-school children's interpretations of GEO-graphics illustrate the emergence of understanding in this domain. Finally, we suggest that the development of children's understanding of representation may be characterized as progressing from syncretism, to syncretic representation, to naive conventional representation, and finally to meta-representation.
Structure-Activity Relationships of Cyclic Lactam Analogues of α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (α-MSH) Targeting the Human Melanocortin-3 Receptor

A variety of dicarboxylic acid linkers introduced between the α-amino group of Pro6 and the e-amino group of Lys10 of the cyclic lactam α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-derived Pro6-D-Phe7/D-Nal(2′)7-Arg8-Trp9-Lys10-NH2 pentapeptide template lead to nanomolar range and selective hMC3R agonists and antagonists. Replacement of the Pro6 residue and the dicarboxylic acid linker with 2,3-pyrazine-dicarboxylic acid furnished a highly selective nanomolar range hMC3R partial agonist (analogue 12, c[CO-2,3-pyrazine-CO-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys]-NH2, EC50 = 27 nM, 70% max cAMP) and an hMC3R antagonist (analogue 13, c[CO-2,3-pyrazine-CO-D-Nal(2′)-Arg-Trp-Lys]-NH2, IC50 = 23 nM). Modeling experiments suggest that 2,3-pyrazinedicarboxylic acid stabilizes a β-turn-like structure with the D-Phe/D-Nal(2′) residues, which explains the high potency of the corresponding peptides. Placement of a Nle residue in position 6 produced a hMC3R/hMC5R antagonist (analogue 15, c[CO-(CH2)2-CO-Nle-D-Nal(2′)-Arg-Trp-Lys]-NH2, IC50 = 12 and 17 nM, respectively), similarly to the previously described cyclic γ-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (γ-MSH)-derived hMC3R/hMC5R antagonists. These newly developed melanotropins will serve as critical biochemical tools for elucidating the full spectrum of functions performed by the physiologically important melanocortin-3 receptor.
Studies on the immunochemical and functional similarities among iron-sulfur proteins involved in mitochondrial steroid hydroxylations.

Abstract The effects of a goat anti-adrenodoxin immunoglobulin fraction on the NADPH- and NADH-dependent electron transport sequences in the mitochondria of steroidogenic tissues have been examined. The NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activities of sonicated mitochondrial preparations derived from bovine adrenal cortex and rat adrenals and ovaries were inhibited in a similar manner in the presence of this antibody, while the inhibition of this activity in rat testicular mitochondrial preparations was less pronounced. The NADH-dependent reduction of cytochrome c catalyzed by these mitochondrial preparations was not affected by the antibody. These results indicate that, while they may not be identical, the iron-sulfur proteins involved in mammalian mitochondrial steroid hydroxylations exhibit immunochemical and functional similarities.
On the transfer of stratospheric ozone into the troposphere near the North Pole

A series of nearly daily ozone vertical profiles obtained at station T-3 on Fletcher's Ice Island (about 85 deg N, about 90 deg W) during the period January-March 1971 shows several significant ozone intrusions into the troposphere. These intrusions are not only associated with enhanced ozone amounts in the stratosphere but also require tropopause folding events to transport ozone into the troposphere. These folds in the arctic tropopause appear to be capable of contributing significantly to the ozone budget of the arctic troposphere during the late winter and spring seasons. The importance of tropopause folding for bringing ozone into the troposphere seen in the daily ozone profiles confirms the results found in the Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program aircraft flights.
A survey and critique of multiobjective power plant siting decision rules

Abstract This paper reviews the use of multiobjective decision rules for solving power plant siting problems. After a discussion of exclusionary site screening methods for bounding the decision space, classes of multiobjective and goal programming desicion rules are discussedin the context of final site selection. Advances and limitations of these methods are highlighted. Although multiobjective decision rules have seen numerous applications to power plant siting in the literature, few electric utility companies have used these methods in practice. A review of the use of multiobjective methods in actual power plant siting decisions is also presented, and reasons for the paucity of real-world applications are suggested.
Association of out-of-hospital criteria with need for hospital admission.

Objective: To validate high-risk historical and physiologic out-of-hospital criteria as predictors of the need for hospitalization following ED evaluation. Methods: Consecutive patients entered into the Suffolk County advanced life support system were enrolled. Previously proposed historical and physiologic “high-risk” criteria for hospitalization were prospectively collected. Criteria were associated with the need for hospital admission following ED evaluation. Results: 1,238 patients were enrolled; 391 were released from an ED after transport. Most patients (843/1,238; 68%) were admitted to a hospital; and four died in the ED. Factors associated with an increased likelihood of admission or death among the transported patients were: bradycardia (90% admitted, p 55 years (81%, p < 0.0001). Unresponsiveness and other abnormal vital signs were not associated with admission on univariate analysis. Logistic regression analysis identified two other factors associated with admission or death: tachycardia (72%, admitted, p < 0.01) and head injury (78% admitted. p < 0.001). Conclusions: Abnormal pulse or blood pressure, head injury, and age > 55 years are associated with patients' requiring hospital admission after accessing the emergency medical services system. These criteria may aid the design of out-of-hospital refusal-of-care policies.
The effectiveness of affirmative action: The case of women in policing

Although the legal bases of affirmative action plans have been debated widely, empirical examination of their effectiveness has been limited. This paper examines the impact of affirmative action on the hiring and promotion of women in policing. A survey of municipal departments serving populations of more than 50,000 found that women still constitute less than 10 percent of all police officers. Nevertheless, multivariate analyses show that both court-ordered and voluntary affirmative action policies have had a statistically significant impact on the hiring but not the promotion of female officers. In addition, case study data from five agencies show that affirmative action policies have widened women's opportunities to receive specialized assignments. These findings suggest the importance of continuing affirmative action policies despite recent legal setbacks.
Collozoum caudatum sp. nov.: A giant colonial radiolarian from equatorial and Gulf Stream waters

Collozoum caudatum is a cylindrical colonial radiolarian reaching lengths of up to 2 m and characterized by the production of a tail-like strand of waste material (prey shells, etc.) at each end of the colony. The fine structure is typical for the genus Collozoum with the exception of the consistent appearance of dense, fibrillar bodies in the endoplasmic reticulum and occasional osmiophilic pigment granules in vacuoles at the periphery of the intracapsular cytoplasm near the capsular membrane. Several different forms of the species suggest ontogeny analagous to that of Thalassophysa sanguinolenta.