cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the horizontal-well pumping tests in anisotropic confined aquifers

A method that directly solves the boundary problem of flow to a horizontal-well in an anisotropic confined aquifer is provided. This method solves the point source problem first, and then integrates the point source solution along the horizontal well axis to obtain the horizontal well solution. The short and long time approximations of drawdowns are discussed and are utilized in the semilog analysis of the drawdown. A closed-form analytical solution of geometrical skin effect at the wellbore is derived. Type curves and derivative type curves of horizontal pumping wells are generated using the chow program. This program also calculates the drawdown at any given observation well at any given time. The horizontal-well type curves are different from the vertical-well type curves at early time, reflecting the different nature of flow to a horizontal-well and to a vertical-well. The horizontal-well type curves converge to the vertical-well type curves at late time, showing the similar nature of flow to a horizontal-well and to a vertical-well at late time. The sensitivity of the type curves and derivative type curves on monitoring well location, aquifer anisotropy, horizontal well depth, and horizontal well length is tested. These type curves and derivative type curves can be used in the matching point method for interpreting the pumping test data.
Stabilization of TMB reaction product for electron microscopic retrograde and anterograde fiber tracing.

Abstract Use of the highly sensitive tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) method of horseradish peroxidase histochemistry for electron microscopy has been limited by the solubility of the reaction product in aqueous and alcoholic solutions. We have found that following the TMB reaction with a diaminobenzidine-cobalt (DAB-Co) step causes the TMB crystals to become coated with DAB-Co. The resultant reaction complex is insoluble, and easily localized using electron microscopy. By systematically varying the pH at which the TMB reaction is run, the size and shape of the reaction complex can be controlled. The pH 4.0 reaction complex was the most suitable for electron microscopic identification of labeled structures less than 1.0 μm in diameter (e.g., axon terminals).
Metrics for class cohesion and similarity between methods

Class cohesion is one of the desirable properties in object oriented designs. But, designers and managers need a good metric for this property to help them evaluate, compare and choose among various possible solutions to a given problem. In this paper, we will present a new metric for class cohesion based on similarity between the methods of a class. Cohesion metrics developed in previous researches have made vital contributions in the area; however, they are subject to some criticisms. This research is based on the same theoretical foundations and addresses some of the drawbacks in previous works. The theory behind similarity of methods is discussed, and then the notion is used to develop a metric for the degree of similarity between a pair of methods in a class. This metric will be extended further to develop a new metric for class cohesion. Next, the developed cohesion metric is evaluated with Weyuker's set of properties for measurement followed by use of the metrics with some empirical data from a small application developed for student class project along with data collection tool for computing the metrics. Our empirical validation deals with specific examples of classes to show that the new metric is more powerful than LCOM, one of the basic metrics for lack of cohesion in class, and CAMC, another metric for class cohesion. Moreover, it shows how the new metric reflects the intuition of class cohesion and discriminates against classes for which these metrics consider equally cohesive or non-cohesive.
Effects of 2-mercaptoethylguanidine and other compounds on norepinephrine synthesis by adrenal medullary granules.

Abstract The effects of 2-mercaptoethylguanidine and other compounds on dopamine uptake and norepinephrine synthesis by adrenal medullary granules were studied. The effects of these materials on crude dopamine-β-hydroxylase were also tested. A microanalytical technique was developed which allows the use of the natural precursor, dopamine, in studies of uptake and synthesis by adrenal medullary granules. The conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine by dopamine-β-hydroxylase was also studied with this technique. Catecholamines were assayed as their dansyl (5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl) derivatives, thereby increasing greatly the resolution and sensitivity of detection. The effects of 2-mercaptoethylguanidine and reserpine on dopamine uptake and norepinephrine synthesis by medullary granules were compared. Reserpine inhibited norepinephrine synthesis indirectly through inhibition of dopamine uptake. 2-Mercaptoethylguanidine, on the other hand, depressed norepinephrine synthesis in intact granules by a direct inhibitory effect on dopamine-β-hydroxylase rather than on the uptake mechanism. 2-Mercaptoethylguanidine increased the rate of norepinephrine synthesis by crude dopamine-β-hydroxylase in the presence of added Cu2+ and inhibited norepinephrine synthesis in the absence of added Cu2+. The nature of the latter effect was resolved by demonstrating the formation of a Cu-2-mercaptoethyl-guanidine complex in pure solutions. Since dopamine-β-hydroxylase is a Cu-containing enzyme, the mechanism of the 2-mercaptoethylguanidine inhibition of dopamine-β-hydroxylase appears to be through the binding of enzymic Cu.
Ni-rich olivine in minettes from Two Buttes, Colorado: A connection between potassic melts from the mantle and low Ni partition coefficients

Abstract Olivine minettes from Two Buttes, Colorado, contain diverse populations of olivine, some of which is unusually rich in Ni. Olivine compositions range from Fo83 to Fo94 with 0.13 to 0.64 wt% NiO. Host minettes have 15.5 to 17.9 wt% MgO and Ni (ppm)/MgO (wt%) of 25 to 32. Ni-rich olivine grains have large homogeneous cores ( 1300–2900 μm diameter, 0.55-0.64 wt% NiO) with thin rims (50–150 μm) that are dramatically poorer in Ni and Mg and richer in Ca, Mn, and Fe. The olivine cores are too rich in Ni to be xenocrysts from normal peridotite. K D olivine-bulk rock Fe Mg values are 0.35 and 0.29, consistent with crystallization of Ni-rich olivine from the host minettes. The association confirms a genetic relationship between Ni-rich olivine and potassic, mafic magmas. High potassium and volatiles may have inhibited polymerization of the melts and caused KDolivine-melt (Ni) to be low during partial melting, resulting in high Ni contents of the magma as suggested for Spanish lamproites by Venturelli et al. (1984). Low oxygen fugacities may also have been important. Following crystallization of phlogopite and loss of volatiles, the Ni-rich olivine may have crystallized. Numerical simulations of Ni diffusion in olivine constrain times for magma evolution and for formation of intricate oscillatory zoning in diopside phenocrysts that coexist with the Ni-rich olivine. The steep gradients at olivine rims can be simulated in less than 1 year at 1250°C, and so the homogeneous high-Ni cores could have existed in the more evolved melt for only a short time. The Ni-rich olivines are evidence that the K- and Mg-rich bulk rock compositions at Two Buttes represent near-primary magmas.
Tritium separation from light and heavy water by bipolar electrolysis

Using multiple bipolar electrolytic separation of hydrogen isotopes with Pd-25%Ag electrodes, the mathematical feasibility of this method for tritium separation was shown and experimentally verified. Separation factors were measured on single bipolar electrodes and were found to be approximately equivalent to those associated with individual ordinary electrolytic systems. Multibipolar separations were experimentally achieved in single cascaded cells in which each bipolar electrode was of equal area to others in a series arrangement. Factors measured for multibipolar H-D separation were close to the values measured in single-stage cell measurements; for H-T separation, interstage leakage reduced the measured separation factor. However, in both cases separation of sufficient magnitude was achieved to show feasibility for real application to the extraction of tritium from large-volume systems at high current density.
A Gunk-Friendly Maxcon

Hud Hudson has argued that if MaxCon, Ned Markosian's favoured answer to the Simple Question, is true, then there couldn't be gunky objects. If Hudson's argument succeeds, then those who believe that gunky objects are possible have a good reason to reject MaxCon. However, I show that Hudson's argument relies on substantive metaphysical claims that a proponent of MaxCon need not accept. Thus, one who endorses MaxCon need not reject the possibility of gunky objects and those who believe that gunky objects are possible need not reject MaxCon.
On the Functional Interchangeability, Oxidant versus Reductant, of Members of the Thioredoxin Superfamily

Escherichia coli thioredoxin 1 has been characterized in vivo and in vitro as one of the most efficient reductants of disulfide bonds. Nevertheless, under some conditions, thioredoxin 1 can also act in vivo as an oxidant, promoting formation of disulfide bonds in the cytoplasm (E. J. Stewart, F. Åslund, and J. Beckwith, EMBO J. 17:5543–5550, 1998). We recently showed that when a signal sequence is attached to thioredoxin 1 it is exported to the periplasm, where it can also act as an oxidant, replacing the normal periplasmic catalyst of disulfide bond formation, DsbA, in oxidizing cell envelope proteins (L. Debarbieux and J. Beckwith, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:10751–10756, 1998). Here we report pulse-chase studies of the efficiency of disulfide bond formation in strains exporting thioredoxin 1 and more-oxidizing variants of it. While the exported thioredoxin 1 itself substantially speeds up the kinetics of disulfide bond formation, a version of this protein containing the DsbA active site exhibits kinetics that are indistinguishable from those of the DsbA protein itself. Further, we confirm the findings of Jonda et al. (S. Jonda, M. Huber-Wunderlich, R. Glockshuber, and E. Mossner, EMBO J. 18:3271–3281, 1999), who found that DsbB is responsible for the oxidation of exported thioredoxin 1, and we report the detection of a disulfide-bonded DsbB-thioredoxin 1 complex. Finally, we have found that under conditions of high-level expression of exported thioredoxin 1, the protein can act as both an oxidant and a reductant.
Fine-needle aspiration of an adenoid cystic carcinoma of the larynx mimicking a thyroid mass.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is most often primary in the major and minor salivary glands but can also arise from the submucosal seromucinous glands of the larynx and trachea. We report a case of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the larynx that presented as a diffuse swelling in the thyroid area. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) was consistent with a neoplastic process, which was difficult to classify further but was felt to be of thyroid origin. Subsequent gross and histopathologic examination showed the lesion to represent an ACC arising from the larynx. This case highlights the need to be aware of unusual lesions that may arise in the region of the thyroid. Knowledge of these non-thyroidal lesions that can clinically mimic a thyroid mass will help in making the correct cytologic diagnosis when these lesions are sampled by FNA. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:115–118. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Deodorisation process variables for croaker (M. furnieri) oil

Abstract Fish oil is the major food source of the long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Deodorisation represents a critical step of the refining process since it involves high temperature that could induce degradation reactions which affect oil integrity and quality. The present study evaluated the effect of the deodorisation variables (temperature, time and steam) on the croaker ( Micropogonias furnieri ) oil refining process. The evaluated parameters were Lovibond color (LC), free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide (PV), Iodine (IV) and Saponification (SV) values. The best deodorisation conditions were at 220 °C, 60 min and 5% of steam (based in oil mass), resulting in oil with LC of 0.4 red and 30 yellow, FFA of 0.09%, PV of 0.53 meq/kg. IV and SV were not significantly affected. The obtained fish oil presented high quality and oxidative stability, as well as EPA and DHA contents of approximately 12% of total fatty acids.
Response of the NBS “P2” standard ionization chamber in intense pulsed beams

Abstract We have investigated possible saturation effects in a National Bureau of Standards “P2” ionization chamber used in intense pulsed bremsstrahlung beams. At peak incident power levels up to 10 W/cm 2 , no saturation was found within our 0.5% sensitivity. At 75 W/cm 2 , a 4% effect is indicated. This is presumed to be the result of ion recombination in the air-filled chamber. Substitution of dry nitrogen in a sealed chamber is recommended.
Genic and global functions for Paf1C in chromatin modification and gene expression in Arabidopsis.

In budding yeast, intragenic histone modification is linked with transcriptional elongation through the conserved regulator Paf1C. To investigate Paf1C-related function in higher eukaryotes, we analyzed the effects of loss of Paf1C on histone H3 density and patterns of H3 methylated at K4, K27, and K36 in Arabidopsis genes, and integrated this with existing gene expression data. Loss of Paf1C did not change global abundance of H3K4me3 or H3K36me2 within chromatin, but instead led to a 3′ shift in the distribution of H3K4me3 and a 5′ shift in the distribution of H3K36me2 within genes. We found that genes regulated by plant Paf1C showed strong enrichment for both H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 and also showed a high degree of tissue-specific expression. At the Paf1C- and PcG-regulated gene FLC, transcriptional silencing and loss of H3K4me3 and H3K36me2 were accompanied by expansion of H3K27me3 into the promoter and transcriptional start regions and further enrichment of H3K27me3 within the transcribed region. These results highlight both genic and global functions for plant Paf1C in histone modification and gene expression, and link transcriptional activity with cellular memory.
ZONE ELECTROMIGRATION OF SOME GALLIUM AND INDIUM COMPLEXES.

Abstract The zone electromigration of gallium and indium ions was carried out as a function of pH in 11 organic acid solutions. Results show the variation of complex formation with pH, and permit a comparison to be made of the complexing properties of the various acids.
Dose‐dependent cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of antineoplastic alkylating agents on human lymphoblastoid cells

The alkylating agents in clinical use as antineoplastics are strongly implicated as human carcinogens on the basis of animal studies and human epidemiologic studies. However, there is little quantitative information on the extent to which exposure to these drugs is mutagenic for normal (non-malignant) cells and the extent to which such mutagenicity correlates with cytotoxicity of these agents. Human lymphoblastoid cells (WIL2-NS) were exposed to graded doses of eight antineoplastic alkylating agents. Dose-dependent decreases in survival were used to calculate IC{sub 50}s for each of the drugs tested. The mutagenicity of these agents is correlated strongly with cytotoxicity. These results quantitate the dose-dependent cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of these bifunctional alkylating agents on human cells. All are cytotoxic and mutagenic, although their mutagenic efficiency varies.
Global Completeness of the Bat Fossil Record

Bats are unique among mammals in their use of powered flight and their widespread capacity for laryngeal echolocation. Understanding how and when these and other abilities evolved could be improved by examining the bat fossil record. However, the fossil record of bats is commonly believed to be very poor. Quantitative analyses of this record have rarely been attempted, so it has been difficult to gauge just how depauperate the bat fossil record really is. A crucial step in analyzing the quality of the fossil record is to be able to accurately estimate completeness. Measures of completeness of the fossil record have important consequences for our understanding of evolutionary rates and patterns among bats. In this study, we applied previously developed statistical methods of analyzing completeness to the bat fossil record. The main utility of these methods over others used to study completeness is their independence from phylogeny. This phylogenetic-independence is desirable, given the recent state of flux in the higher-level phylogenetic relationships of bats. All known fossil bat genera were tabulated at the geologic stage or sub-epoch level. This binning strategy allowed an estimate of the extinction rate for each bat genus per bin. Extinction rate—together with per-genus estimates of preservation probability and original temporal distributions—was used to calculate completeness. At the genus level, the bat fossil record is estimated to be 12% complete. Within the order, Pteropodidae is missing most of its fossil history, while Rhinolophoidea and Vespertilionoidea are missing the least. These results suggest that 88% of bats that existed never left a fossil record, and that the fossil record of bats is indeed poor. Much of the taxonomic and evolutionary history of bats has yet to be uncovered.
Organizational impact on medicine: The HMO concept

This paper examines the role of physicians within the HMO (health maintenance organization) context. The development of HMOs in the United States is traced from their origins to the present time. The literature reveals the emergence of four factors within the practice of medicine; a shift of control away from physicians, the reduction of their prestige, the redefinition of medical quality and increased patient control over the treatment regimen. The paper concludes that (a) while physicians remain relatively powerful, some of their control and prestige are eroded by the organizational setting, (b) HMO physicians must pay greater attention to colleagues, personnel and patients than their fee-for-service counterparts and (c) definitions of medical quality are becoming increasingly rationalized.
Diversity and modulation of ionic conductances in leech neurons

A complete understanding of animal behavior at the cellular level requires detailed information on the intrinsic biophysical properties of neurons, muscles, and the synaptic connections they make. In the past 10 to 15 years, electrophysiological studies of leech neurons have revealed a diverse array of voltage-gated ionic conductances distinguished by their pharmacological sensitivity to classic ion channel blockers. Voltage-clamp studies have provided new information about the kinetics and voltage-dependence of Na+ conductances, several K+ currents, including IA, IK and IK(Ca.), and high- and low-voltage-gated Ca2+ conductances. These studies showed that the action potentials of most leech neurons result from the usual sequence of permeability changes to Na+, K+, and Ca2+ ions. They also added insight as to the role played by particular combinations of conductances in providing individual neurons with electrical properties appropriate for the particular information they encode. Evidence is accumulating on the modulatory actions fo endogenous neurotransmitters such as FMRFamide, serotonin, and octopamine on motor behaviors in the animal. Parallel studies suggest that changes in behavior can be explained, at least in part, by the alteration of firing patterns of selected neurons and muscles resulting from modulation of multiple ion conductances. This makes the leech exceptionally attractive for neuroethological studies because it is one of the simplest organisms in which the methods of psychology and neurobiology can be combined. Information gathered from this animal will therefore increase our understanding regarding general principles underlying the cellular basis of behavior.
Determination of temperature in glass with a fluorescence method

Abstract We have developed a method for measurement of temperature in glass products with the following features: (1) non-contacting, (2) real time, and (3) through-thickness. The method is based on fluorescence emission. Many glass products include Fe2O3 as an additive in various amounts. Ferric (Fe3+) and ferrous (Fe2+) ions absorb light in the ultraviolet and infrared parts of the spectrum. Absorption of light by iron ions in glass results in a predictable fluorescence emission. The emission in turn depends on the glass temperature, and this dependence is the basis for our method of measuring temperature. We have measured the fluorescence emission lifetimes in several commercial automotive glass samples over a temperature range from 25°C to 550°C (about 300–825 K). Imaging the fluorescence emission from glass samples onto a segmented photomultiplier tube provided spatially resolved measurements. A simple model that relates the temperature to the fluorescence lifetime has been developed.
Characteristics of Speaking Rate in the Dysarthria Associated with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

The ability to alter speaking rate was studied in a group of 9 subjects with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and 9 age- and gender-matched, neurologically intact controls. Subjects were instruc...
Behavior management training for the treatment of reactive attachment disorder

Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) is a childhood disorder characterized by extremely inappropriate social relating across a variety of interactions that must be present by age 5. Although children diagnosed with RAD appear to demonstrate significantly more behavioral problems and psychosocial difficulties than children without RAD, there have been few examinations of empirically informed treatments for this disorder. One avenue that may be particularly promising is the use of treatments that have been successfully used to decrease similar problematic behaviors in children. The present case study outlines the use of behavior management training (BMT) in the treatment of a 7-year-old female child with RAD. Given the marked reduction in problematic behaviors exhibited by this child as a result of a typical course of BMT, it is recommended that randomized clinical trials be conducted to test the efficacy of BMT for RAD.
Progression of Nonischemic Central Retinal Vein Obstruction to the Ischemic Variant

The cases of 310 patients with central retinal vein obstruction (CRVO) were reviewed. Included among these were 16 who presented with a nonischemic CRVO on fluorescein angiography that progressed to an ischemic CRVO. This subgroup was compared to a control group of 34 patients with a nonischemic CRVO that did not progress to the ischemic state with at least a one year follow-up. Among the eyes in the group that progressed, there was noted to be a higher incidence of initial visual acuity less than or equal to 6/30 (P = 0.005), severe macular edema (P = 0.021), and progressive intraretinal bleeding (P less than 0.0001) than in the control group. There was no significant difference between the groups in regard to age, sex, increased intraocular pressure, or systemic disease.
Optimizing protocols for imaging neural cells and tissues using functionalized quantum dots

Chemically functionalized semiconductor quantum dot protocols were optimized for the specific labeling and imaging of neural cells, both neurons and macroglial cells. Beta-tubulin III was used to image primary cortical neurons and PC12 cells while glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was used to image primary spinal cord and cortical astrocytes and the rMC-1 retinal glial Muller cell line. Both proteins are the main components of intermediate filaments and are specific to the two classes of neural cells. We also specifically labeled and imaged at high resolutions using anti-GFAP conjugated quantum dots glial scars in situ in intact neural sensory retina in a rodent model of macular degeneration.
Acidic Ionic Liquid Catalyzed One-Pot Conversion of Cellulose to Ethyl Levulinate and Levulinic Acid in Ethanol-Water Solvent System

Cellulose can be converted to a mixture of ethyl levulinate and levulinic acid by heating with a Bronsted acidic ionic liquid catalyst in aqueous ethanol medium in a one-pot operation under mild conditions. The highest ethyl levulinate yield of 19.0 % was obtained for a reaction carried out at 170 °C for 12 h in water-ethanol medium containing 38.5 % water and using 1-(1-propylsulfonic)-3-methylimidazolium chloride as the catalyst. The levulinic acid yields continue to increase with increasing water content up to about 54 % water in aqueous ethanol for reactions carried out at 150 °C for 48 h, and the highest levulinic acid yield was 23.7 %. The acidic, ionic liquid catalyst used can be efficiently recovered (96 %) from the water phase with negligible contamination, and the stability of the catalyst was confirmed by comparison of the 1H NMR spectrum of the recovered catalyst with fresh catalyst.
Limit pricing, conjectural variation and entry

Abstract The paper investigates the relationship of the degree of tacit collusion among existing sellers on industry price when a threat of entry exists. A general model is developed which allows comparison of two seemingly unrelated strands of the limit pricing literature.
Linear operators preserving t-congruence on matrices

Abstract Two complex or real square matrices A and B are said to be t -congruent if there exists a nonsingular matrix S such that A = SBS t . If A and B are complex (respectively, real) and S is unitary (respectively, real orthogonal), we say that they are unitarily t -congruent (respectively, real orthogonally congruent). In this note we obtain characterizations of linear operators on various matrix spaces that preserve t -congruence. Results and problems concerning unitary t -congruence or orthogonal t -congruence are discussed.
Autoimmunity against human tropomyosin isoforms in ulcerative colitis: localization of specific human tropomyosin isoforms in the intestine and extraintestinal organs.

Background: Tropomyosins (TMs) are microfilament cytoskeletal proteins, and 5 major human TM isoforms (hTMl-5) are described. hTMs, particularly isoform 5 (hTM5), is capable of inducing autoantibodies and T-cell response in ulcerative colitis (UC). However, cellular localization of hTM isoforms in the colon and in extraintestinal organs commonly involved in UC is unknown. Methods: Using isoform-specific monoclonal antibodies, we localized hTMs through immunoperoxidase assay in normal colon (n = 12), small intestine (n = 14), esophagus (n = 10), skin (n = 19), eye (n = 12), gallbladder (n = 16), liver, including bile duct at the porta hepatis (n = 4), lungs (n = 4), and pancreas (n = 4). Results: There is intense expression of hTM5, but not other isoforms, in the epithelium of the colon, gallbladder, and skin. In the eye, hTM5 is expressed only in the nonpigmented ciliary epithelium. Although extrahepatic and interlobar large ductal biliary epithelium was positive, bile canaliculi at the portal tract were negative. The immunoreactivity in epithelial cells from these organs is diffuse cytoplasmic and along the periphery. In colon epithelium, there is intense expression along basolateral areas and luminal (apical) surface. In the small intestinal epithelium, however, hTM5 expression is weak and distinctly different than in the colon. hTM5 was not detected in the squamous epithelium of the esophagus, although it was strongly positive in the skin. hTMl, hTM2, and hTM3 are localized predominantly in smooth muscle of the intestine and blood vessel wall but not in the epithelium. HTM4 is localized in the endothelial cells and basement membrane of the colonic epithelium. Conclusions: hTM5 is the predominant isoform in the epithelium of colon and extraintestinal organs commonly involved in UC. The unique expression of hTM5 may allow its interaction with effector immune cells involved in the immunopathogenesis of UC and its extraintestinal manifestations.
Variation of Consumer Preferences Between Domestic and Imported Food: The Case of Artisan Cheese

Increasing concerns about a healthy diet, food safety and support for the local economy provide new opportunities for farmers to increase their farm income by selling their farm products locally. The major challenge for the farmers is to predict consumer preferences correctly and provide goods to the market accordingly. By analyzing a consumer survey conducted in the Midwest region of the US, the current study analyzes the consumer preferences for domestic and imported artisan cheese. The results of the econometric analysis show that consumer preferences vary between domestic and imported artisan cheese. The results also show that consumer preferences vary with location. Hence, producers of local artisan cheese might need to adopt different marketing and production strategies to match the local consumer demand.
The Electromagnetically Sustained Rhodes Piano

The Electromagnetically Sustained Rhodes Piano is an aug- mentation of the original instrument with additional con- trol over the amplitude envelope of individual notes. This includes slow attacks and innite sustain while preserving the familiar spectral qualities of this classic electromechan- ical piano. These additional parameters are controlled with aftertouch on the existing keyboard, extending standard piano technique. Two sustain methods were investigated, driving the actuator rst with a pure sine wave, and second with the output signal of the sensor. A special isolation method eectively decouples the sensors from the actuators and tames unruly feedback in the high-gain signal path.
The Historical Development of the Principle of Surveillance

The article discusses the evolution of surveillance from the rules-based Bretton Woods regime to the multilateral surveillance of the IMF, the G-5 and G-7 Finance Ministers, and the G-7 summit. The creation of a mechanism for collecting and analyzing data and providing forecasts through the World Economic Outlook exercise allowed a formulation of a policy response to the economic shocks of the 1970s and 1980s. James argues that the supply of information came to play a central role in guiding choices on economic policy; and that publicly available information is critical if market panics and crises are to be avoided.
Is there left-handed DNA at the ends of yeast chromosomes?

Tracts of the alternating copolymer poly(dGdT · dCdA) have been observed in a variety of eukaryotes1. Such tracts are of particular interest since homopolymers of this sequence can exist in vitro as left-handed Z form DNA2. We have found that the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains at least 30 poly(GT) tracts at dispersed genomic locations. We show here that one subset of these tracts is located at the ends (telomeres) of the yeast chromosome. In addition, we show that poly(dGdT·dCdA) tracts are added to the ends of the extra-chromosomal ribosomal DNA molecules of Tetrahymena when cloned in yeast. These data represent the first reported association between a homopolymeric sequence and a chromosome structure.
Viscoelastic response of unidirectionally reinforced thermoplastic composites to off axis deformation

Measurements of dynamic viscoelastic in-plane shear modulus have been made for unidirectional carbon fiber composites with amorphous engineering thermoplastics as the binder resins. The viscoelastic response is modeled by a three-phase, finite-element model in which fiber placement in the plane perpendicular to the fiber axes is largely disordered. In the model, fibers tend to chain with the distance of closest approach dictated by several factors, including the tendency for the resin to wet the entire fiber surface. Polished section microscopy supports the assumed microstructure. The model includes an adsorbed primer layer at the fiber interface with perturbed viscoelastic response. The model is useful throughout the temperature range up to and including the glass transition of the binder resin.
Continuity and change in personality in old age--evidence from five longitudinal studies: introduction to a special issue.

This short essay introduces some of the current problems in developmental personality theory and comments on the five articles that follow, all of which arise from longitudinal studies of aging in Israel, Sweden, and the United States. Although the study of personality has always been of central interest in psychology, personality development in advanced old age is a very new topic. We hope that this Special Issue will stimulate a lively discussion and will provoke further studies of personality in old age, which is indeed a "special issue."
A new family of continuous-time parameter estimators with applications to adaptive control

The author presents a new family of high-performance parameter estimators that are inherently continuous time in nature and are defined by ordinary differential equations. These continuous-time parameter estimators can converge to and track dynamically changing 'constant' parameter values more effectively than conventional discrete-time least-squares estimators. Application of these continuous-time parameter estimators in the field of high-performance adaptive control is discussed. >
A necessary and sufficient condition for high-frequency robustness of non-strictly-proper feedback systems

The author considers stability and robustness of feedback systems, where plant and compensator need not be strictly proper. In his earlier paper (2001) he described a functional R/sub /spl infin// which, when negative, guarantees closed-loop instability as a result of parasitic interactions in the feedback loop. In his main result, Theorem 5, he proves that, when R/sub /spl infin//>0. there exist perturbations of plant and compensator from a narrow class which result in closed-loop stability and convergence. Hence, one may view R/sub /spl infin//>0 as a necessary and sufficient condition for closed-loop robustness in non-strictly-proper feedback loops.
Language Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Insights from Neuroscience

Language is an area of difficulty even for verbal, high-functioning individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Behavioral measures have provided limited understanding of the bases for these ...
Populating the Internet: supporting multiple users and shared applications with VRML

Abstract VRML —the Virtual Reality Modeling Language— has estab-lished as the standard description language for 3D worlds on theInternet. Although it recently has been extended by features inorder to support behaviors and user interactions, enablingauthors to realize interactive virtual worlds, there is still a lack ofsupport to share such worlds with other users.In this paper we will present our approach on supportinglarge-scaled shared virtual worlds based on VRML by an appro-priate network infrastructure as well as mechanisms to partitionthese worlds. We will show how virtual worlds can be populatedby world-wide distributed users and applications, and the re-quirements to share behaviors and interactions between those.CR Categories and Subject Descriptors: C.2.2 [ComputerCommunication Networks]: Network Protocols; C.2.4 [Com-puter Communication Networks]: Distributed Systems -Dis-tributed applications; H.5.1 [Information Interfaces and Pre-sentation] Multimedia Information Systems - ArtificialRealities; I.3.2 [Computer Graphics]: Graphics Systems -Dis-tributed/network graphics;I.3.6 [Computer Graphics]: Meth-odology and Techniques - Interaction Techniques; I.3.7. [Com-puter Graphics]: Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism -Virtual Reality;Additional Keywords Virtual reality modeling language(VRML), multiuser environments, subdivision of shared virtualworlds, multicasting.
Novel Human Radiation Exposure Biomarker Panel Applicable for Population Triage

Purpose To identify a panel of radiation-responsive plasma proteins that could be used in a point-of-care biologic dosimeter to detect clinically significant levels of ionizing radiation exposure. Methods and Materials Patients undergoing preparation for hematopoietic cell transplantation using radiation therapy (RT) with either total lymphoid irradiation or fractionated total body irradiation were eligible. Plasma was examined from patients with potentially confounding conditions and from normal individuals. Each plasma sample was analyzed for a panel of 17 proteins before RT was begun and at several time points after RT exposure. Paired and unpaired t tests between the dose and control groups were performed. Conditional inference trees were constructed based on panels of proteins to compare the non-RT group with the RT group. Results A total of 151 patients (62 RT, 41 infection, 48 trauma) were enrolled on the study, and the plasma from an additional 24 healthy control individuals was analyzed. In comparison with to control individuals, tenascin-C was upregulated and clusterin was downregulated in patients receiving RT. Salivary amylase was strongly radiation responsive, with upregulation in total body irradiation patients and slight downregulation in total lymphoid irradiation patients compared with control individuals. A panel consisting of these 3 proteins accurately distinguished between irradiated patients and healthy control individuals within 3 days after exposure: 97% accuracy, 0.5% false negative rate, 2% false positive rate. The accuracy was diminished when patients with trauma, infection, or both were included (accuracy, 74%-84%; false positive rate, 14%-33%, false negative rate: 8%-40%). Conclusions A panel of 3 proteins accurately distinguishes unirradiated healthy donors from those exposed to RT (0.8-9.6 Gy) within 3 days of exposure. These findings have significant implications in terms of triaging individuals in the case of nuclear or other radiologic events.
Security-Constrained Adequacy Evaluation of Bulk Power System Reliability

A framework of security-constrained adequacy evaluation (SCAE) based on analytical techniques is proposed to assess the ability of a bulk power system to supply electric load while satisfying security constraints. It encompasses three main steps: (a) critical contingency selection, (b) effects analysis, and (c) reliability index computation. Effects analysis is the most essential but computationally demanding procedure. It is important that effects analysis simulate contingencies in a realistic manner efficiently. However, effects analysis based on the traditional power flow technology often lacks the realistic system model and diverges when the system is severely stressed. In this paper, a non-divergent optimal quadratized power flow (NDOQPF) algorithm is proposed for effects analysis. It is implemented based on a single phase quadratized power flow (SPQPF) model that can improve solution efficiency, and a constrained optimization problem, which incorporates operational practices, security constraints, and remedial actions, is formulated to simulate contingencies realistically. The non-divergence of power flow is achieved by introducing fictitious bus injections that are driven to zero as the solution progresses. It guarantees convergence if a solution exists; if a solution does not exist, it provides a suboptimal solution that may include load shedding. The NDOQPF algorithm is capable of efficiently solving the RTO/ISO operational model as well. Such operational procedure is formulated as an optimization problem with the objective function being the bid cost function and congestion constraints. The proposed SCAE framework also includes an improved contingency selection/enumeration scheme based on SPQPF and reliability index computations. The methodology is demonstrated with the IEEE reliability test system
Progress in the Analysis of Intracranial Pressure Dynamics

This brief report has been prepared in response to the Organizing Committee’s request to comment on the direction that ICP measurement, pressure volume measurement, and computer processing of ICP is heading. In addition, I was asked to clarify some of the concepts and terms that are used and the methods employed. In doing so, I have attempted to incorporate the gist of the papers presented during the symposium pertaining to these areas and where possible, to include the general sense of the discussion of these topics. It will not be possible in this brief summary to cite all scientific papers, and I apologize for excluding many important contributions.
A New Generation of Women? How Female ROTC Cadets Negotiate the Tension between Masculine Military Culture and Traditional Femininity

The inclusion of women in the U.S. military is generally understood as radically transforming traditional gender relations. Drawing from 38 interviews with women and men in the Reserve Officers' Training Corps, I ask: how do women negotiate gender identities within the "masculine" military institution, and what types of transformations in their gender ideology and practices does this negotiation entail? I find that ROTC women's transformative agency is limited by the cultural imperative of performing gender. That is, because their very identities as women are called into question in the military sphere, ROTC women must privilege traditionally feminine aspects of themselves in order to maintain a coherent sense of self. Through this process, these women ultimately reproduce traditional femininity and male privilege.
Dancing With or Without You

Sometimes togetherness can feel like distance. Sometimes togetherness can feel like distance all of the time. Akram Khan and Juliette Binoche’s characters in In-I share an anxious relationship. They run up against each other, collide, grind in frustration, fall apart, and then run up at each other again. The piece starts with an empty stage, set designer Anish Kapoor’s red wall as backdrop. Khan and Binoche walk in from two sides of the proscenium and sit themselves down on chairs placed quietly at opposite ends of the stage. Binoche relates the story of falling in love with a man, running after him as he attempts to flee, capturing him, and beginning a very troubled relationship. The two protagonists fall together, then apart, push each other away, pull together in an apparent mime of intimacy and distance that is at the same time both too literal and too simplistically vague.
Nurses' Advocacy Behaviors in End-of-Life Nursing Care

Nursing professionals are in key positions to support end-of-life decisions and to advocate for patients and families across all health care settings. Advocacy has been identified as the common thread of quality end-of-life nursing care. The purpose of this comparative descriptive study was to reveal acute care nurses' perceptions of advocacy behaviors in end-of-life nursing practice. The 317 participating nurses reported frequent contact with dying patients despite modest exposure to end-of-life education. This study did not confirm an overall difference in advocacy behaviors among novice, experienced and expert nurses; however, it offered insight into the supports and barriers nurses at different skill levels experienced in their practice of advocacy.
An introduction to IC testing

IC testing has evolved from the patterns established some years ago in the production of semiconductors. Since manual testing cannot meet the complex needs indigenous to IC manufacture, highly sophisticated instruments and test systems have developed that are automatically programmed by computer, tape, or printed-circuit card. This article focuses on many of the problems encountered and techniques employed, and also the requirements imposed on automatic IC testing systems.
CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide-resistant variant of WEHI 231 cells.

Bacterial DNA and synthetic single- stranded oligonucleotides having unmethylated CpG motifs (CpG-ODN) powerfully stimulate cellular immune responses by an unknown mechanism. There is evidence that internalization of the nucleo- tide is required for activity. Both CpG-ODN and engagement of CD40 protects WEHI-231 murine B lymphoma cells from apoptosis induced by anti- body to surface IgM, and both agents induce inter- leukin-6 (IL-6) production by these cells. We now report the isolation of CpG-ODN-resistant sub- clones (designated CR) from WEHI 231 cells, as well as subclones that are sensitive to CpG-ODN (designated CS). CR clones completely fail to re- spond to CpG-ODN but they retain the capacity to respond normally to engagement of CD40. CR cells incorporate CpG-ODN into small, acidified peri- nuclear vesicles in the same way as do the parent WEHI 231 cells. The CR, CS, and WEHI 231 cells all had identical cytogenetics. The described CR clones have a stable and specific defect in the mechanism responsible for the intracellular recog- nition and response to CpG-ODN, suggesting that they harbor a mutation that disables the CpG-ODN detection mechanism. These clones may be useful to determine at a molecular level which proteins and cell components are required for immune cells to detect and respond to CpG-ODN. J. Leukoc. Biol. 66: 817-821; 1999.
Constraints on Alleghanian vertical displacements in the southern Appalachian Piedmont, based on aluminum-in-hornblende barometry

Aluminum-in-hornblende barometry of Alleghanian granitoid plutons in the southern Appalachian Piedmont provides new constraints on synorogenic, vertical crustal displacements. Systematic differences in depths of emplacement between plutons in the Carolina slate belt and the Charlotte and Kings Mountain belts appear to confirm previously proposed Alleghanian folding of earlier isothermal surfaces. The Kiokee and Raleigh belts represent ductile horsts that have undergone as much as 18.5 and 15.1 km, respectively, or normal displacement along boundary faults prior to late Allegbanian dextral shearing. Plutons in or near the Eastern slate and Belair belts were emplaced at depths similar to those in the Carolina slate belt. Plutons partly or completely covered by Atlantic Coastal Plain sediments, however, appear to have been emplaced deeper and earlier, perhaps reflecting uplift prior to Alleghanian time. Geothermal gradients for the various lithotectonic belts estimated from these data are consistent with the previously recognized decrease in Alleghanian metamorphic overprinting away from the Kiokee-Raleigh belt thermal axis.
Expanding developmental and behavioral services for newborns in primary care: implications of the findings.

Abstract Background In two other papers in this issue, the rationale, development, implementation, experimental design, approach to evaluation, and early results of a program to deliver developmental and behavioral services to all infants in primary care practice were described. Positive effects were seen for parental satisfaction, including decreased disenrollment, provider satisfaction, parenting practices, and health outcomes. Methods In the present article, the results are reviewed and implications of our findings for the delivery of care, families, healthcare systems, and further research are discussed. Results Findings that have broad implications are as follows: (1) developmental and behavioral services can be delivered successfully in practice using dedicated professionals to deliver and integrate services; (2) the “planned care model” was useful in program implementation for making “the right thing to do, the easy thing to do”; (3) the added focus on satisfaction and cost helps to develop the “business case” for broad scale implementation; (4) bonding of parents to organizations has marketing implications; (5) the program provides positive effects for all parents, not just high-risk parents; and (6) several research questions emerge, including persistence of effects on health outcomes, costs, and utilization. Conclusions The authors conclude that study results have implications for preventive services, families, child healthcare in office practice, healthcare systems, and healthcare policy. In this ongoing study, examination of intervention effects at 30 months of age shoud be informative. Further research is warranted as it remains to be seen whether or not these interventions can become viable ongoing programs.