cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ammonification and denitrification rates in coastal Louisiana bayou sediment and marsh soil: Implications for Mississippi river diversion management

Abstract The Caernarvon Diversion directs Mississippi River water into coastal marshes in the Breton Sound Estuary. Elevated nitrogen levels in the Mississippi River water result in nutrient loading to these coastal marsh systems and consequently to the coastal ocean. The goal of this study is to determine the potential nitrate removal rates for two different substrates. Bayou sediments represent the low flow conditions, when the water is constrained within the canals with high potential for transport to the coastal ocean. The marsh soil represents the high flow diversion events when flood water inundates up into the marshes. We sought to remove the plant effect by using cores containing bayou sediment and marsh soil, removing all roots and flooding with a water column containing 2 mg NO3-N L−1. Water column nitrate and ammonium concentration were monitored over 9 d. Net nitrate loss in bayou sediments was 9.5 ± 1.5 mg N m−2 d−1 while the nitrate loss was significantly less at 7.2 ± 0.9 mg N m−2 d−1 in the marsh soil. A comparison of nitrate reduction rates in vegetated and non-vegetated marsh soils indicated that the rate of denitrification increased tenfold in vegetated soils. This increase could be attributed to the “plant effect”. Our results suggest that operating diversions on the high flow end of the spectrum would promote nitrate delivery over the vegetated marsh rather than flowing only through canals. Flooding of the vegetated marsh maximizes the potential for removal of riverine nitrate and limits delivery of nitrate to the coastal ocean, thereby mitigating expressions of eutrophication including algal blooms and hypoxia.
A CRITIQUE AND REINTERPRETATION OF GORDON'S IQ — COMMENSURABILITY PROPERTY

In an earlier issue of this journal (Vol.7, 1987, pp. 30–96) Gordon presented a model based on IQ which, he claimed, explains black‐white differences in rates of juvenile delinquency. The explanations involved the demonstration that prevelance rates of juvenile delinquency satisfys a property which Gordon termed “commensurability” with IQ (IQ‐commensurability). Furthermore, he argued that similar models based on SES or education are unsatisfactory because these variables fail the test of commensurability with respect to delinquency rates. Largely on the basis of these analyses, he concluded that the black‐white difference in IQ is much more credible than the difference in either education or SES as an important cause of race differences in delinquency. The purpose here is to show that the property of IQ‐commensurability is largely irrelevant to any reasonable explanation of the race difference in delinquency rates. Furthermore, IQ‐commensurability can be partially explained by an existing model which is highly plausible, has demonstrated construct validity, and can be viewed as a logical extension of Gordon's own model.
COMPARISON OF PHOTOPERIODIC INFLUENCES ON THE SEASONAL CHANGES IN BODY WEIGHT AND ENERGY INTAKE IN THE EASTERN CHIPMUNK AND THE 13‐LINED GROUND SQUIRREL*

Eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) and the thirteen-lined ground squirrel (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) exhibit seasonal changes in body weight and energy intake. The magnitude and timing of these cycles are affected by photo-period. The amount of energy intake was greater in the Eastern chipmunk than it was in the ground squirrel; however, the converse occurred in the seasonal weight changes.
Crosslinking decreases the hemocompatibility of decellularized, porcine small intestinal submucosa

Decellularized tissues have been widely used as scaffolds for biomedical applications due to their presentation of adhesion peptide sequences and growth factors, which facilitate integration with surrounding tissue. One of the most commonly used decellularized tissues is derived from porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS). In some applications, SIS is crosslinked to modulate the mechanical properties or degradation rate of the scaffold. Despite the widespread use of SIS, there has been no mechanistic characterization of blood reactions with SIS, or how crosslinking affects these reactions. Therefore, we characterized the effect of SIS and carbodiimide-crosslinked SIS (cSIS) on plasma coagulation, including targeted assessments of the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways, and thrombus formation using flowing whole blood. SIS inhibited plasma coagulation initiated by recalcification, as well as low concentrations of thrombin or tissue factor. SIS prolonged the activated partial thromboplastin time by 14.3 ± 1.54s, indicating inhibition of the intrinsic coagulation pathway. Carbodiimide crosslinking abrogated all anticoagulant effects of SIS, as did heparinase I and III treatment, suggesting that heparin and heparan sulfate are predominantly responsible for SIS anticoagulant effects. Inhibiting contact activation of the intrinsic pathway prevented cSIS-mediated coagulation. When tubular SIS devices were connected to a nonhuman primate arteriovenous shunt loop, which enables whole blood to flow across devices without the use of anticoagulants, SIS demonstrated remarkably limited platelet accumulation and fibrinogen incorporation, while cSIS initiated significantly higher platelet and fibrinogen accumulation. These results demonstrate that SIS is a thromboresistant material and crosslinking markedly reduces the hemocompatibility of SIS.
Fatigue crack propagation in oil environments—I. Crack growth behavior in silicone and paraffin oils

Abstract The influence of dehumidified silicone and paraffin oils with kinematic viscosities varying from 5 to 60,000 cS has been examined on fatigue crack propagation in a lower strength bainitic steel. Crack growth data at both low and high load ratios are compared with previous results for environments of moist air, dry gaseous hydrogen and dry gaseous helium. It is found that at low load ratios, growth rates in oil exceed those in moist air below 10−6 mm/cycle, yet are lower than in moist air above 10−6 mm/cycle. Furthermore there is a small but definite trend of higher growth rates in the higher viscosity oils. Such observations are discussed and interpreted in terms of three mutually competitive mechanisms specific to dry viscous environments, namely suppression of moisture-induced hydrogen embrittlement and/or metal dissolution, minimization of oxide-induced crack closure, and the hydrodynamic wedging action of the oil inside the crack. A quantitative analysis for the effect of crack closure induced by a viscous medium is developed in Part II of this paper.
Reduction of CO2 during serpentinization of olivine at 300 °C and 500 bar

CO 2 reduction processes occurring during experimental serpentinization of olivine at 300 °C and 500 bar confirm that ultramafic rocks can play an important role in the generation of abiogenic hydrocarbon gas. Data reveal that conversion of Fe(II) in olivine to Fe(III) in magnetite during serpentinization leads to production of H 2 and conversion of dissolved CO 2 to reduced-C species including methane, ethane, propane, and an amorphous carbonaceous phase. Hydrocarbon gases generated in the process fit a Schulz-Flory distribution consistent with catalysis by mineral reactants or products. Magnetite is inferred to be the catalyst for methanization during serpentinization, because it has been previously shown to accelerate Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of methane in industrial applications involving mixtures of H 2 and CO 2 . The carbonaceous phase was predominantly aliphatic, but had a significant aromatic component. Although this phase should ultimately be converted to hydrocarbon gases and graphite, if full thermodynamic equilibrium were established, its formation in these experiments indicates that the pathway for reduction of CO 2 during serpentinization processes is complex and involves a series of metastable intermediates.
Fish and Wildlife Enhancement Through Water Resources Development

.Fish and wildlife enhancement through water resources development implies fish and wildlife will be enhanced or benefit directly from such development. As a matter of practicality, the opposite may be the case in that wildlife lands of prime value and stream fisheries are often lost or severely altered as a result of reservoir construction or stream channelization. Additionally, estuarine fish and wildlife can also suffer from water resources development due to reductions in volume of fresh waters reaching the estuaries and adjacent marshes. In some instances waterfowl habitat can be created by reservoir construction and with good planning waterfowl habitat and use may be enhanced. To offset losses of thousands of acres of wildlife habitat when a river system is to be totally harnessed, planners could set aside sufficiently large natural areas dedicated for use by wildlife. This, however, would be replacement rather than enhancement. Reservoir fisheries can be enhanced with good planning to include timber clearing, shoreline clearing, boat road clearing, variable level drawoff devices and tailrace escapement channels. To sum up, it is possible for some species offish and wildlife to be enhanced through water resources development but only at the expense of others, and then only through careful and integrated planning.
On practical setting of detection thresholds

In the practical setting of a threshold to implement the Neyman-Pearson criterion, the received noise power must be measured. The tradeoffs which take place between measurement accuracy, false-alarm probability, and detection probability are considered.
Carbon dioxide provocation of anxiety and respiratory response in bipolar disorder.

Background Frequent bipolar/panic comorbidity implies bipolar individuals may experience CO2-provoked anxiety and changes in respiratory patterns similar to those experienced by individuals with panic disorder.
The effects of LSD upon brain indoleamine maturation in the brain of the mouse

Abstract 1. 1. Mice either 1 or 7 days old were injected (i.p.) once with LSD in doses of 0·5 μg/kg, 5·0 μg/kg or 50·0 μg/kg, and were then killed for assay at 8 weeks of age. 2. 2. Brains were assayed in four fractions (cerebellum, cerebral hemispheres, mesencephalon-diencephalon, and medulla-pons) for tryptophan-5-hydroxylase (T5-H), 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase (5-HTPD), monoamine oxidase (MAO), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA). 3. 3. Seven day old mice receiving doses of 5·0 μg/kg and 50·0 μg/kg had a 10% elevation of 5-HT in the mesencephalon-diencephalon and a 10% elevation of MAO in the hemispheres. 4. 4. The disruptive action at 7 day exposure correlates with the period of rapid terminal formation by the brain's 5-HT neurons.
Looking for Waves of Terrorism 1

This article uses ITERATE data on international terrorism 1968–2004 to test Rapoport's wave-like behavior of modern terrorism. While the interpretation encompasses a much longer period of time than can be tested empirically with readily available data, it is possible to examine the past 3–4 decades of terrorist activity for traces of the coming and going of old and new groups. The article codes the type of group (anarchists, nationalists, leftists/Marxists, and religious fundamentalists) and then examines the type of tactics employed, deaths, and targets across time. The results confirm the presence of heterogeneous, wave-like behavior that conforms to the Rapoport interpretation as new and old groups/tactics/issues cycle in and out of activity.
Comparison of modelled and observed in vivo temperature elevations induced by focused ultrasound: implications for treatment planning

Two numerical models for predicting the temperature elevations resulting from focused ultrasound heating of muscle tissue were tested against experimental data. Both models use the Rayleigh-Sommerfeld integral to calculate the pressure field from a source distribution. The first method assumes a source distribution derived from a uniformly radiating transducer whereas the second uses a source distribution obtained by numerically projecting pressure field measurements from an area near the focus backward toward the transducer surface. Both of these calculated ultrasound fields were used as heat sources in the bioheat equation to calculate the temperature elevation in vivo. Experimental results were obtained from in vivo rabbit experiments using eight-element sector-vortex transducers at 1.61 and 1.7 MHz and noninvasive temperature mapping with MRI. Results showed that the uniformly radiating transducer model over-predicted the peak temperature by a factor ranging from 1.4 to 2.8, depending on the operating mode. Simulations run using the back-projected sources were much closer to experimental values, ranging from 1.0 to 1.7 times the experimental results, again varying with mode. Thus, a significant improvement in the treatment planning can be obtained by using actual measured ultrasound field distributions in combination with backward projection.
THE ESTRIN CONTENT OF THE FOLLICULAR FLUID AND URINE OF THE MARE AND ITS RELATION TO PHENOMENA OF THE ESTRUAL CYCLE

ALTHOUGH the literature is replete with studies of the concentrations and in terrelations of the hormones during the physiological state of pregnancy in A. JV the mare, investigationsinvolving similar studies during the various phases of the estrous cycle of the non′pregnant mare are rare. Zondek (I) reported comparative data upon the estrogenic hormones in the urine of the pregnant and non-pregnant mare, and more recently Cole and Goss (2) cited the presence of gonad tropic hormone in the blood of the latter. However, nowhere in the literature are studies available upon the estrogens of the urine or follicular fluid in relation to the various phenomena of the estrual cycle. For periods beginning in February or April and ending about the middle of July of the years 1937,1938, and 1939 detailed studies were made in the physiology of the non-pregnant mare at the United States Range Live-Stock Experiment Station, Miles City, Montana.
H135A controls the redox activity of the Sco copper center. Kinetic and spectroscopic studies of the His135Ala variant of Bacillus subtilis Sco.

Sco-like proteins contain copper bound by two cysteines and a histidine residue. Although their function is still incompletely understood, there is a clear involvement with the assembly of cytochrome oxidases that contain the CuA center in subunit 2, possibly mediating the transfer of copper into the CuA binuclear site. We are investigating the reaction chemistry of BSco, the homologue from Bacillus subtilis. Our studies have revealed that BSco behaves more like a redox protein than a metallochaperone. The essential H135 residue that coordinates copper plays a role in stabilizing the Cu(II) rather than the Cu(I) form. When H135 is mutated to alanine, the oxidation rate of both hydrogen peroxide and one-electron outer-sphere reductants increases by 3 orders of magnitude, suggestive of a redox switch mechanism between the His-on and His-off conformational states of the protein. Imidazole binds to the H135A protein, restoring the N superhyperfine coupling in the EPR, but is unable to rescue the redox propert...
Runaway Adolescents: Today's Huckleberry Finn Crisis

This article suggests that it is primarily the Huck Finns, not the thrill-seeking Tom Sawyers, who often find themselves in runaway shelters and in need of crisis intervention and other services. Accordingly, this article is intended to serve as an overview of the runaway crisis. A review of relevant literature on runaway youth is provided; this review includes a synthesis of the key characteristics of runaway youth that have been addressed in the literature to date. Additionally, the Life Model is presented as a suggested lens through which to view the runaway crisis. Runaway shelters, as one means of responding to the runaway crisis, are briefly discussed, along with recommendations for assessment and treatment with youth in these settings. Implications for practice, research, and policy related to runaways are provided. [Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention 1:131‐151 (2001)]
Corrosion Inhibition of AA2024-T3 By Sodium Silicate

Abstract The mechanism of inhibition of AA2024-T3 by sodium silicate at varying pH was investigated using electrochemical, microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. Polarization curves in naturally aerated solution showed that silicate provides strong anodic inhibition in high alkaline conditions at a threshold concentration of 0.01 M. The largest effect was a 1 V increase in the breakdown potential at a silicate concentration of 0.025 M. The corrosion inhibition mechanism involves the formation of a protective film over the alloy surface by absorption of aluminosilicate anions from solution, as has recently been suggested by others in the literature. At near-neutral pH, silicate partially blocked attack of the intermetallic particles by a precipitation mechanism that resulted in the formation of silica- and silicate- based derivatives. In acidic solution, activation of the aluminum surface promoted the formation of a mixed silica/aluminosilicate film over the surface that was porous in nature, providing very little corrosion protection.
Strain-Hardening and Strain-Rate Effects in Plastic Flow Through Conical Converging Dies

An upper-bound solution for energy expended to cause the flow of strain-hardening material through conical converging dies is presented. A linear strain-hardening coefficient is considered. The solution is adapted for determination of the required drawing force in wire drawing and the required ram force for extrusion. A simplified equation is then recommended, utilizing an expression for the average effective strain. The accuracy of the simplified equation was checked and found to agree within 1–2 percent with the upper-bound solution for all practical values of reduction, cone angle, and strain-hardening coefficients.
Betwixt Two Ages Cast: Milton, Johnson, and the English Renaissance

Etude de la place de Milton dans l'histoire de la litterature anglaise. Alors que ses contemporains s'inscrivent d'emblee dans le long XVIII e siecle (1660-1785), le poete semble encore appartenir a l'epoque de la Renaissance (1603-1660). Entre humanisme et modernite, l'A. met en evidence le statut d'auteur classique de Milton.
Epithelioid sarcoma and isolated necrobiotic granuloma: a comparative immunocytochemical study

Epithelioid sarcoma (ES) occasionally may be confused, both clinically and histologically, with isolated necrobiotic granulomas (ING), leading to misdiagnosis and potential mismanagement of these conditions. We studied 11 cases of ES and 11 of ING (6 examples of deep granuloma annulare and 5 of rheumatoid nodule) immunohistochemically, in an attempt to determine whether they could be diagnostically separated by such means. Monoclonal antibodies to cytokeratin polypeptides (CK), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), and leukocyte common antigen (LCA) were applied to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections in each case, using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex technique. All ES cases stained positively for CK, and 6 expressed EMA, while examples of ING were non-reactive for these antigens. Conversely, the large epithelioid histiocytic cells in cases of ING were immunoreactive with anti-LCA, whereas no case of ES displayed this determinant in tumor cells. In the latter lesions, reactive peritumoral inflammatory cells were LCA-positive, but were readily distinguished from neoplastic cells on morphological grounds, as well as by their negativity with anti-CK and anti-EMA. Based on these data, it is concluded that immunohistologic stains for epithelial and hematopoietic antigens are valuable in the conclusive diagnostic separation of epithelioid sarcoma and necrobiotic granulomas.
The pentafluorosulfanylimination of organic and inorganic compounds

Abstract Reactions of SF 5 NCO, SF 5 NH 2 , SF 5 NSF 2 , SF 5 NSCl 2 and SF 5 NCCI 2 , with appropriate substrates have produced SF 5 NS(CH 3 ) 2 , SF 5 NCHC 6 H 5 , SF 5 NCCl 2 , SF 5 N=SCl 2 , (SF 5 N=) 2 C, (SF 5 N) 2 S and SF 5 NPCI 3 , some of which are new compounds and some of which represent improved routes to compounds previously reported.The preparations and properties of these are described.
Russia's 'Dictatorship of Law' and the European Court of Human Rights

This article is an adaptation of a lecture given at St. Antony's College, Oxford on 5 July 2003 in honor of the fiftieth anniversary of the Centre for Russian and East European Studies at Oxford University. The author evaluates the effect of the European Convention on Human Rights on Russian law and politics. Russia has been a signatory to the Convention for five years. The author argues that the full power of the Convention as a force for reform in Russia was unanticipated at the time of Russia's accession. Nevertheless, the Convention has been the catalyst for substantial reforms, especially in the criminal justice system. The author examines these reforms as well as the increasing number of cases in which Russia is a respondent before the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg. Drawing on interviews, the Court's statistics and his own experience training Russian human rights lawyers, the author charts the rapid growth in Russia of interest in the Strasbourg process.
Lateral diffusion of rhodopsin in Necturus rods

Abstract Fast lateral motion of rhodopsin within the disc membrane has been observed with micro-spectrophotometry. The rate of translational diffusion indicates that the disc membrane is highly fluid, having a viscosity consistent with that determined from rotational diffusion.
Semiclassical Treatment of Strong Collisions in Pressure Broadening

The classical-path approximation reduces the problem of pressure broadening of spectral lines to the evaluation of matrix elements of the scattering operator. If the intermolecular potential is long range and the interaction volume is large, the broadening is caused by distant or weak collisions. In this case, the scattering operator can be approximated by a second-order expansion, and the perturber trajectories can be taken to be straight paths. For neutral atoms or molecules, the intermolecular potential is short range and broadening arises from close or "strong" collisions. In this paper it is shown how classical trajectories, determined by a "scalar interaction" (i.e., one that does not depend upon the state of the radiator), can be used to expand the scattering operator in the sum of operators characteristic of the radiator's internal states.
Imaging acute stroke is rapidly evolving.

With theadventof advancedMRandCT techniques and new endovascular procedures, diagnosis and management of acute stroke are a rapidly evolving field. It would be impossible to cover all the important aspects of acute stroke in a single edition of Neuroimaging Clinics of North America, and I have focused on selected topics. Since atheromatous disease is a major cause of acute ischemic stroke, one article includes a review of noninvasive imaging of the carotid artery with a focus on vulnerable plaque imaging. Five articles address advanced CT and MR techniques such as CTA, CT perfusion, diffusionweighted imaging,diffusion tensor imaging,dynamic susceptibility perfusion-weighted imaging, arterial spin labeling perfusion-weighted imaging, and permeability imaging for evaluating acute ischemic stroke. Three articles address intravenous and intraarterial therapies and the use of advanced imaging to guide patient selection. One reviews intraarterial recanalization strategies. One addresses the role of diffusion and perfusion MRI in selecting patients for IV therapy and reviews major trials to date. An additional article reviews ASPECTS and other neuroimaging scores that are used in the acute setting to guide patient selection for intravenous and intra-arterial therapies and to help predict outcome.
High-accuracy transition frequencies for the O2 A-band

Frequencies for 32 P-branch transitions of the O2 A-band (b1Σ+g ← Χ3Σ-u) were measured between 12975 and 13115 cm^−1 using the frequency-stabilized cavity ring-down spectrometer located at National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD. Absolute line positions were calibrated using the hyperfine components of 39K D1 and D2 atomic transitions yielding uncertainties <1 MHz (~3 × 10^−5 cm^−1). Spectroscopic parameters for the b1Σ+g(ν=0) state were calculated and compared with previously determined values. These new transition frequencies should serve as a convenient secondary calibration standard in the 760 nm region.
PERILS, PITFALLS, AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF GUIDELINES FOR TREATMENT OF BACK PROBLEMS

Science should be the basis for guidelines. As a result of the Flexner Report in 1911, we now live in an era where randomized trials are available. Statistical methods can truly be applied to evaluate the reliability of data published in the literature. The result is that we can now demand more from future publications and allow for a better evaluation of the mistakes or bias that can distort validity, applicability, and reliability. The importance of this methodology is to reduce misunderstandings by patients, clinicians, manufacturers, and government agencies about issues important to patient care.
Simple solution curves of non‐linear resistive networks

A generalized sufficient condition for the existence of a (unique) simple solution curve defined by fi(x1, x2,…, xn) = 0 for i = 1, 2. … n − 1 is developed. the condition is deduced based on a parametric representation of a solution curve. Modified networks having identical (n − 1) network equations are generated and topological criteria associated with the sufficient condition are obtained from the examination of modified networks.
Colorimetric interference and recovery of adsorbed ions from ion exchange resins

Abstract Analytical interference in the colorimetric determinations of ammonium and nitrate was examined in various KCl extracts of several ion exchange resins. No analytical interference was found in the colorimetric NO3 ‐‐N determination in any extract of any resin. However, a mixed‐bed (cation + anion) exchange resin extract substantially affected the colorimetric determination of NH4 ‐ ‐N. Recovery of adsorbed ammonium and nitrate from ion exchange resins was also studied as a function of KCl extractant strength and number of extractions. The recovery of adsorbed NO3 ‐‐N in the first extraction increased with increasing KCl concentration, with a 2 M solution recovering about 80%. However, a 1 M KCl solution gave the greatest recovery of ammonium‐N, recovering about 75–80% of the adsorbed ammonium. The second extraction with the same concentration of KCl solution was greater with the 0.5 and 2.0 M than with the 1 M solution so that total NH4 +‐N recovery after two extractions was about the same for all...
Quality of the voice literature: what is there and what is missing.

Summary Objective The purpose of this article is to describe both the strengths and weaknesses of the medical voice literature. Methods Retrospective review of the voice literature with comparisons to key articles in the general medical literature. Results There are strengths in the voice literature with increasing focus on levels of evidence. Areas of deficit are: publishing negative studies, publishing risk-benefit assessment, well-structured accurate abstracts, studies in children, voice function in laryngeal stenosis and in laryngeal cancer, clinical implications of basic science voice research, worldwide diversity, appropriate advertising, humor, and thoughtful letters to the editor. There are areas that appear to be excessive: self-citations and redundant case series. Conclusions There are great opportunities to publish in the medical voice literature. Careful consideration of the quality of the work and the value of the potential addition to the literature should be considered before publishing.
Enhancing the Emotional Wellbeing of Perinatally HIV Infected Youth across Global Contexts

Increased access to antiretroviral treatment worldwide makes it more possible for children diagnosed with HIV before their 15th birthday to age into adolescence and beyond. Many HIV+ youth navigate stressors including poverty and resource scarcity, which may converge to produce emotional distress. For over a decade, Collaborative HIV Prevention and Adolescent Mental Health Project (CHAMP) investigators partnered with youth, caregivers, providers, and community stakeholders to address the health, mental health, and risk-taking behaviors of perinatally HIV-infected youth. This paper explores the mental health needs of aging cohorts of HIV+ youth, across three global contexts, New York (USA), Buenos Aires (Argentina), and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), to inform the development and implementation of a combination of HIV care and prevention supports for HIV+ youth. Analysis of data pooled across three countries involving HIV+ early adolescents and their caregivers over time (baseline and 3-month follow-up) was conducted. Univariate and multivariate analyses were applied to data from standardized measures used across sites to identify mental health needs of youth participants. The impact of the site-specific versions of a family-strengthening intervention, CHAMP+ US, CHAMP+ Argentina, CHAMP+ SA, was also examined relative to a randomized standard of care (SOC) comparison condition. Analyses revealed mental health resilience in a large proportion of HIV+ youth, particularly behavioral functioning and overall mental health. Yet, significant numbers of caregivers across country contexts reported impaired child emotional and prosocial well-being. Significant site differences emerged at baseline. Involvement in the CHAMP+ Family Program was related to significant improvement in emotional well-being and a trend towards enhanced prosocial behavior relative to SOC across global sites. Ongoing partnerships with youth, family, and provider stakeholders across global sites helped to tailor programs like CHAMP+ to specific contextual needs. This has global intervention research and care implications as cohorts of HIV+ children age into adolescence.
Mathematical model for power output from a plate type energy harvester

Technological advancement in electronics has greatly reduced the power requirement Piezoelectric transduction mechanism has received great attention for being a possible candidate to harvest energy from ambient vibration. In many applications, piezoelectric transduction can be used to harvest energy from ambient vibration by applying them on a specially designed structure or innovatively coat them on the main structural components which are subjected to vibration during operation. A simple example of the host structure could be a vibrating plate. In this paper, a mathematical model is proposed for a vibrating unimorph and bimorph plate used as an energy harvester. Generally ambient vibration is random in nature and hence requires different mathematical technique to solve the problem. In this derivation Kelvin-Voigt type damping and viscous damping were considered separately in the dynamic equation. A solution mechanism is proposed for the system. Then modal analysis is performed in a short circuit condition and solution from the transcendental equation is used to calculate the modal parameters. The backward coupling term is then calculated using the modal coefficients and the explicit equation for the power output is presented.
Relaxational transitions and ergodicity breaking within the fluid state: the sugars fructose and galactose

Abstract We describe calorimetric and other studies of time-dependent proceses in some molecular liquids in which there is a higher level of complexity than normally encountered in viscous liquid studies. Best characterized is the sugar d -fructose, which melts to give a liquid which is not in an equilibrium state, and in which slow relaxation processes occur in the liquid far above T g . These have time scales up to 10 orders of magnitude longer than the shear relaxation time, yet are shown to have an important effect on the liquid viscosity and hence on the value of T g . Three different heat capacity anomalies are identified, and are assigned to three possible tautomerization equilibria, one of which provides a major contribution to C p and becomes slow not far below the melting point. The effects of this slow degree of freedom on liquid behaviour are discussed.
The influence of global discourse on lexical ambiguity resolution

The influence of global discourse on the resolution of lexical ambiguity was examined in a series of naming experiments. Two-sentence passages were constructed to bias either the dominant or the subordinate meaning of a homonym that was embedded in a locally ambiguous sentence. The results provided evidence for the immediate (0-msec interstimulus interval) resolution of lexical ambiguity and were subsequently replicated in Experiment 2, in which an 80-msec stimulus onset asynchrony exposure duration was employed for the homonyms. Strong dominant and subordinate biased discourse contexts activated only the contextually appropriate sense of a homonym. In Experiment 3, each sentence of the discourse was presented in isolation. The pattern of activation obtained in Experiments 1 and 2 was found to be contingent on the integration of the two sentences to construct an overall global discourse representation of the text. The results support a context-sensitive model of lexical ambiguity resolution.
Semantic awareness through computer vision

An important application of multi-user interfaces is distributed presentations. In such presentations, the presenters do not have the ability to assess the real-time level-of-interest of the audience through observation, as they would in real lecture rooms. Using vision techniques, we aim to introduce a path that, if followed, could potentially lead to a robust technique that provides this information in such a presentation in real time.
Dissimilar actions of 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine in Chinese hamster ovary cells

The actions of 6-thioguanine (TG) and 6-mercaptopurine (MP) were compared in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Several differences were noted between these two agents. TG caused a greater maximal loss of clonogenicity, leaving about one log fewer survivors than did MP, although the cells killed by MP appeared to succumb much more rapidly than those killed by TG. MP-treated populations experienced a G1 or G1/S arrest which was quickly reversed upon drug removal, while TG-treated cells were arrested in late S/G2, after some delay. Although TG induced a gross chromosome deformation [unilateral chromatid damage, as described earlier in Maybaum and Mandel, Cancer Res. 43, 3852 (1983)] MP caused little or no such deformation. Addition of 4-amino-5-imidazolecarboxamide (AIC) to MP treatments antagonized MP-induced loss of clonogenicity, while AIC caused a dose-dependent potentiation of TG-induced loss of clonogenicity. The interaction between TG and AIC does not seem to represent an increase in either purine starvation or incorporation of TG into DNA, suggesting that a third mechanism is involved. We suggest that this additional mechanism may possibly be related to the induction of differentiation by TG that has been reported in other systems.
Two-dimensional materials: Atomically thin p-n junctions

Van der Waals heterostructures consisting of a single MoS2 monolayer and a single WSe2 monolayer can be used to form p–n junctions.
Amplification of light in a plasma by stimulated ion acoustic waves driven by multiple crossing pump beams.

Experiments demonstrate the amplification of 351 nm laser light in a hot dense plasma similar to those in inertial confinement fusion ignition experiments. A seed beam interacts with one or two counter-propagating pump beams, each with an intensity of $1.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{15}$ W/cm${}^{2}$ at 351 nm, crossing the seed at 24.8\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} at the position where the flow is Mach 1, allowing resonant stimulation of ion acoustic waves. Results show that the energy and power transferred to the seed are increased with two pumps beyond the level that occurs with a single pump, demonstrating that, under conditions similar to ignition experiments where each beam has a low gain exponent, the total scatter produced by the multiple beams can be significantly larger than that of the individual beams. It is further demonstrated that the amplification is greatly reduced when the pump polarization is orthogonal to the seed, as expected from models of stimulated scatter.
An investigation of mercury hollow cathode phenomena

An experimental investigation is described in which measurements were made of plasma properties and other physical parameters upstream and downstream of the orifice plate of an operating mercury hollow cathode. These measurements included plasma property profiles, internal surface temperatures, internal pressure, and spectroscopic data of the external discharge. The results show the plume-to-spot mode transition to be characterized by significant changes in the plasma properties downstream of the cathode orifice, including the disappearance of an apparent electron free-fall region which is found to be present in the plume mode. The results also indicate the existence of a very dense plasma (10 to the 10th to 10 to the 14th electrons/cu cm) with steep electron density gradients in the region upstream of the orifice. The upstream data is found to correlate well with a modified form of the Saha equation. The related analysis indicates that the heavy particles approach thermal equilibrium with the electrons in the region of the orifice and that the ionization fraction in the orifice is very high - 80 to 100%.
Effect of Antagonistic Albumin on Insulin-stimulated Intracellular Metabolic Pathways

Previous data on incorporation of glucose C-14 into glycogen by the rat diaphragm had suggested that this synthetic pathway was unaffected by the albumin-associated insulin antagonist. To test the hypothesis that only the transport functions of insulin were blocked by this antagonist, studies on two insulin-stimulated intracellular pathways independent of transport were carried out. The increase in tissue levels of the I form of glycogen synthetase seen with insulin was not affected by antagonistic albumin (human fraction V). The D form of glycogen synthetase was also unaffected. However, insulin-stimulated adenine-8-C-14 incorporation into RNA was completely abolished by this albumin. A nonantagonistic albumin (bovine fraction V) by itself increased RNA synthesis indicating that the inhibition of insulin-stimulated RNA synthesis was not a general property of the albumin molecule. The physical-chemical and metabolic characteristics of the albumin-associated antagonist are summarized and are considered to be incompatible with the postulated physiological role for this insulin antagonist.
Envisioning Land Seizure Diachronic Representations of the Occupation of Alcatraz Island

Although land seizure is designed to be an evocative and provocative tactic for social movement organizations, how are groups’ members, goals, and claims portrayed in subsequent media coverage? Focusing on the Indians of All Tribes’ occupation of Alcatraz Island, this article qualitatively analyzes photographic representations of protest in three national newspapers. Images published during the occupation (1969 to 1971) represent Indian activists as lazing or inactive, politically ineffectual, and invisible. When foregrounding contention, photographs showed negatively affected non-Natives or Indians being arrested. By contrast, images published after the occupation (1972 to 2000) generally concentrate on the physical space of the island as a tourist destination rather than a site of conflict. Social scientists should critically assess the media’s role in shaping collective perceptions about social movements through visual images, particularly when tactics are designed to garner media attention.
Profiles of Community Violence Exposure Among African American Youth An Examination of Desensitization to Violence Using Latent Class Analysis

The current study employed latent class analysis (LCA) to identify distinct profiles of community violence exposure and their associations to desensitization outcomes in 241 African American early adolescents (M age = 12.86, SD = 1.28) in the sixth through eighth grade from under-resourced urban communities. Participants self-reported on their exposure to community violence, as well as on depressive and anxiety symptoms. The LCA revealed three distinct classes: a class exposed to low levels of violence (low exposure class), a class exposed to moderately high levels of victimization (victimization class), and a class exposed to high levels of all types of violence (high exposure class). Consistent with predictions, the high exposure class showed the lowest levels of depressive symptoms, suggesting a desensitization outcome. Gender and age were also examined in relation to the classes, and age was significantly associated with an increased risk of being a member of the high exposure class relative to the low exposure class. Using person-based analyses to examine desensitization outcomes provides useful information for prevention and intervention efforts, as it helps to identify a specific subgroup of youth that may be more likely to show desensitization outcomes in the context of community violence.
XPS analysis of 316 LVM corroded in serum and saline

Surface chemical analysis by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was undertaken on 316 LVM stainless steel in the attempt to better understand corrosion occurring in vivo. Samples were dipped in saline or in blood serum, corroded in serum or saline by the application of a 5 volt anodic potential, or corroded by fretting. The products produced by fretting corrosion were also examined. XPS analysis revealed rapid protein coating of the stainless steel surfaces exposed to serum, changes in the oxidation state of the surfaces, and changes in the chlorine on the surface. In addition it was demonstrated that the corrosion products generated by fretting in saline had an oxidation state similar to that of chronic chloride whereas the corrosion products generated in serum had an oxidation state similar to that of potassium dichromate. These findings may have important implications since the chromium in dichromate is more biologically active than that in chronic chloride.
Inheritance of seasonal cycles in Chrysoperla (Insecta: Neuroptera)

Two separate, but interacting, genetic systems underlie the variation in seasonal cycles among members of the Chrysoperla carnea species-complex. The two systems are expressed as all-or-none reproductive responses to photoperiod and prey (i.e. short-day/long-day requirement for reproduction versus long-day reproduction and prey requirement for reproduction versus reproduction without prey). In each case the alternative to reproduction is reproductive diapause. The photoperiodic responses are determined by alleles at two unlinked autosomal loci. The expression of dominance by the alleles at these loci varies among geographical populations. The genes that determine the photoperiodic responses also act as suppressors of the genes that govern responsiveness to prey. An autosomal, polygenic system, with a threshold for the expression of diapause, determines responsiveness to prey. The two genetic systems are important to seasonal diversification and speciation within the C. carnea species-complex.
Activation of caspase-1 by the NLRP3 inflammasome regulates the NADPH oxidase NOX2 to control phagosome function

Phagocytosis is a fundamental cellular process that is pivotal for immunity as it coordinates microbial killing, innate immune activation and antigen presentation. An essential step in this process is phagosome acidification, which regulates many functions of these organelles that allow phagosomes to participate in processes that are essential to both innate and adaptive immunity. Here we report that acidification of phagosomes containing Gram-positive bacteria is regulated by the NLRP3 inflammasome and caspase-1. Active caspase-1 accumulates on phagosomes and acts locally to control the pH by modulating buffering by the NADPH oxidase NOX2. These data provide insight into a mechanism by which innate immune signals can modify cellular defenses and establish a new function for the NLRP3 inflammasome and caspase-1 in host defense.
Migrating existing clinical content from ICD-9 to SNOMED

Objective: To identify challenges in mapping internal International Classification of Disease, 9th edition, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) encoded legacy data to Systematic Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED), using SNOMED-prescribed compositional approaches where appropriate, and to explore the mapping coverage provided by the US National Library of Medicine (NLM)'s SNOMED clinical core subset. Design: This study selected ICD-CM codes that occurred at least 100 times in the organization's problem list or diagnosis data in 2008. After eliminating codes whose exact mappings were already available in UMLS, the remainder were mapped manually with software assistance. Results: Of the 2194 codes, 784 (35.7%) required manual mapping. 435 of these represented concept types documented in SNOMED as deprecated: these included the qualifying phrases such as ‘not elsewhere classified’. A third of the codes were composite, requiring multiple SNOMED code to map. Representing 45 composite concepts required introducing disjunction (‘or’) or set-difference (‘without’) operators, which are not currently defined in SNOMED. Only 47% of the concepts required for composition were present in the clinical core subset. Search of SNOMED for the correct concepts often required extensive application of knowledge of both English and medical synonymy. Conclusion: Strategies to deal with legacy ICD data must address the issue of codes created by non-taxonomist users. The NLM core subset possibly needs augmentation with concepts from certain SNOMED hierarchies, notably qualifiers, body structures, substances/products and organisms. Concept-matching software needs to utilize query expansion strategies, but these may be effective in production settings only if a large but non-redundant SNOMED subset that minimizes the proportion of extensively pre-coordinated concepts is also available.
Study of error vector magnitude patterns (EVRP) for a transmit/receive pair of microstrip patch antennas

This work examines the (measured) relationship between the radiation pattern and error vector magnitude (EVM) for an identical transmit/receive pair of microstrip patch antennas operating at 3.5 GHz. The availability and understanding of this type of behavior is becoming increasingly important as the necessary performance of the antenna should be in terms of the fractional bandwidth needed to accommodate data instead of a pure CW representation. For this study, two identical linearly polarized rectangular patch antennas are characterized in a line of sight experiment and the behavior of the antenna pair is observed as a function of the modulated signal. Measured results of EVM vs. elevation angles for the transmit/receive pair of antennas and the experimental set-up are provided.