cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MISSED OPPORTUNITIES OF CHLAMYDIA AND GONORRHEA DETECTION WHEN NOT USING EXTRA GENITAL SCREENING AMONG MALES

Background: Through extra genital screening methods, Health Departments and clinics can increase detection of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) when used with urethral testing. Methods: Retrospective medical review of 1,571 patient health records, who received CT/GC testing, based on at least 1-visit to the Long Beach Department of Health & Human Services, STD Clinic, between 2012 to 2015. All male patients ages 18 years or older with positive CT/GC results (242 cases) for any of the three sites (e.g. urethral, rectal, and pharyngeal); regardless of their sexual behaviors, were included in the study. Females, those under the age of 18, and patients who tested negative for all three anatomical sites were excluded (1,412 controls). Results: At time of collection, study participants had a mean age of 37 years. Reported ethnicity indicated 56% Caucasian, 21% Hispanic or Latino, 9% Asian or Pacific Islander, 7% Other, 5% Black, and 2% More than one race. The use of extra genital screening detected 15% (242) of the 1,571 patients tested positive for at least 1-type of CT/GC infection. Our findings demonstrated that if urine was the only specimen collected, then over 29.7% of CT and 46.8% of GC cases would have been missed. Conclusions: Cases of CT/GC are underreported if performing urethral screening alone. These results highlight the need for clinicians to perform extra genital screening among male patients to avoid missing a diagnosis, mitigate transmission, and report the number of cases that would have gone undiagnosed.
CHAPTER 3 – INSTRUMENTAL ASPECTS OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY

This chapter provides an overview on the instrumental aspects of gas chromatography. The principal function of a gas chromatograph is to provide the conditions required by the column for achieving a separation without adversely affecting its performance in any way. Operation of the column requires a regulated flow of carrier gas; an inlet system to vaporize and mix the sample with the carrier gas; a thermostat oven to optimize the temperature for the separation; an online detector to monitor the separation; and associated electronic components to control and monitor instrument conditions, and record, manipulate, and format the chromatographic data. Individual instruments differ mainly in terms of their control functions, ease of portability, level of automation, and flexibility. Since the early 1990s, most instruments have been designed to accommodate the more demanding requirements for open tubular columns with optional modules available to adapt the basic instrument for packed column applications. The primary functions of a typical gas chromatograph can be broken down into pneumatic, thermal, and electronic system components.
MODERN FOOD RETAIL AND UNFAIR TRADING PRACTICES

The abuse of bargaining power by retailers is reﬂected in unfair trading practices (UTPs) and there has been a growing interest among EU MSs to address them using regulatory approach and self-regulatory initiatives among market participants. The experiences of ex-YU and neighboring EU MSs are of interest for Serbia. Serbian food suppliers are not protected from UTPs apart from general competition and contract rules and payment terms regulation. Therefore, after a brief review of the global food retail trends and the role of power in the supply chain management in the introduction, the discussion focuses on UTPs and regulatory mechanisms to address them at the EU level, in selected EU MSs and in Serbia. Regarding existing EU and MS practices, it is recommended that Serbia introduce specific UTP regulation in the food supply chain and authorize the Commission for Protection of Competition for the enforcement.
Broadband Switches Using Photonic Aharonov-Bohm Interferometers and Dynamic Modulation

We introduce an optical switch using an Aharonov-Bohm interferometer constructed from gauge potentials in dynamically modulated waveguides. Our results show that such a switch can have a far broader bandwidth than the conventional Mach-Zehnder interferometer. © 2019 The Author(s)
Simple Linear Regression

Chapter 1 introduced you to a variety of matrix properties and operations. Among other things, you learned how to use the determinant and inverse of a matrix to solve equations with unknown quantities. In the remainder of this book, you will use these operations to perform a wide variety of statistical analyses.
Introducing a novel therapy for type 2 diabetes to primary care.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic, complex condition that covers a broad spectrum of patients. Uncontrolled blood glucose levels can result in macro- and microvascular complications such as cardio...
Population Genetics of a Common Freshwater Mussel, Amblema plicata, in a Southern U.S. River

Myriad anthropogenic factors have led to substantial declines in North America's freshwater mussel populations over the last century. A greater understanding of mussel dispersal abilities, genetic structure, and effective population sizes is imperative to improve conservation strategies. This study used microsatellites to investigate genetic structure among mussel beds and estimate effective population sizes of a common North American mussel species, Amblema plicata, in the Little River, Oklahoma. We used five microsatellite loci to genotype 270 individuals from nine mussel beds distributed throughout the river and one of its tributaries, the Glover River. Our results indicate that subpopulations of A. plicata in the Little River are genetically similar. Upstream subpopulations had less genetic diversity than sites located downstream of the confluence of the Glover and Little rivers. Downstream subpopulations were primarily assigned to the same genetic group as upstream subpopulations, but they were admixed with a second genetic group. Low flows during droughts likely influenced the observed genetic structuring in A. plicata populations in the Little River. Additionally, downstream subpopulations may be admixed with a genetically distinct population of A. plicata, which may account for the increased genetic diversity. Estimates of effective population sizes (Ne) of large mussel beds were low compared to the total abundance (N) of A. plicata. While our data have limitations, they provide important information on the spatial scale at which conservation plans should focus and the population sizes that should be sustained through relocation and restocking programs.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Stability of Dealkylated Salen-Supported Aluminum Phosphates.

Three salen aluminum bromide compounds salen(tBu)AlBr (1) (salen = N,N'-ethylenebis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylideneimine)), salpen(tBu)AlBr (2) (salpen = N,N'-propylenebis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylideneimine)), and salophen(tBu)AlBr (3) (salophen = N,N'-o-phenylenenebis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylideneimine) were evaluated for their potential use as dealkylation agents with a series of organophosphates. These reactions led to the aluminum phosphate compounds containing six-coordinate aluminum centers and hydrolytically stable P-O-C bonds: 4 = [salen(tBu)AlOP(O)(OMe)2]n, 5 = [salen(tBu)AlOP(O)(OEt)2]n, 6 = [salen(tBu)AlOP(O)(OPh)2]n, 7 = [salophen(tBu)AlOP(O)(OMe)2]n, 8 = [salpen(tBu)AlOP(O)(OiPr)2]2, 9 = (salen(tBu)AlO)3PO, 10 = (salpen(tBu)AlO)3PO, 11 = (salophen(tBu)AlO)3PO. All the compounds were characterized by 1H, 13C, 27Al, and 31P NMR, IR, and mass spectrometry. Furthermore, compounds 4-8 were structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The potential hydrolysis of these compounds was modeled with 4 and demonstrated the unique stability of the final product and ease of isolation.
RECENT RESEARCH TOPICS AND A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF JOCEC

This paper investigates research from the Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce over the time frame 2016–2020 and captures the primary topics of those most cited papers in ord...
Full 3-D Simulation and Optimization of Gigawatt Class C -Band 20% Efficient Coaxial Vircator

An investigation of several configurations of a gigawatt class coaxial triode vircator is presented. To maximize averaged power output efficiency, several device dimensions are optimized. Simulations of the source were carried out using a full 3-D simulation code called improved concurrent electromagnetic particle in cell (ICEPIC). The optimization method used was a gradient-free method called asynchronous parallel pattern search. The optimization was run until convergence; until efficiency would no longer increase. The converged optimization resulted in a device that has 2.08 GW of output power with a steady-state efficiency of 20%. The device’s output power is almost pure in the $\text {TM}_{{01}}$ mode. The operating frequency is approximately 4.43 GHz, a frequency band previously unexplored for gigawatt class vircators. Additionally presented is a configuration designed to mitigate explosive emission on undesirable surfaces along the cathode. The configuration successfully keeps nonemission surface ${E}$ -fields below 300 kV/cm. It maintains multigigawatt output power at 1.86 GW and has an operating frequency of 4.43 GHz.
Investigation of resolution limiting traps in single-crystalline CVD diamond radiation detector using DFT calculations

Radiation detectors in planar configuration has been fabricated using CVD grown single crystalline diamond detectors. The detectors exhibited high energy-resolution for both electrons and holes transport. The performance of the diamond detectors was found to be asymmetric with respect to the bias polarity. The optimized charge collection efficiency values and the electronic noise analysis suggested the performance of the detectors is limited by the presence of electrically active defects such as nitrogen impurity. Density functional theory-based defect calculations has been performed to determine the location within the bandgap of the plausible defects that might interfere with the charge transport.
Clinical predictors of postoperative hemoglobin drift

Background The decision to transfuse red blood cells in surgical patients should be based on multiple clinical variables, rather than on isolated hemoglobin (Hb) measurements alone. An important but often unrecognized clinical variable is the postoperative downward drift in Hb concentration (Hb drift), but the etiology, predictors, and time course of Hb drift are not well understood. Study Design and Methods Data were retrospectively collected for patients who did not receive postoperative transfusion. Initially, 11 common surgical procedures from one institution (n = 3179) were compared to assess clinical predictors of Hb drift. Data were analyzed in detail for two procedures associated with a large Hb drift (Whipple [n = 82] and lumbar spinal fusion [n = 74]), to determine the clinical predictors and temporal pattern of postoperative Hb drift. Results Surgical procedures with greater intraoperative intravenous (IV) fluid and blood requirements had greater postoperative Hb drift. The maximum Hb drifts after the Whipple and spinal fusion procedures were −2.5 ± 1.1 g/dL (occurring on Day 4, p < 0.0001) and −1.8 ± 1.2 g/dL (on Day 3, p < 0.0001), respectively. After the nadir, a 0.6 g/dL upward Hb drift (p < 0.0001) occurred after both procedures, resulting in a total drift after Whipple and spinal fusion of −1.9 ± 1.2 g/dL (p < 0.0001) and −1.3 ± 1.2 g/dL (p < 0.0001), respectively. Type of surgery (p = 0.03), intraoperative blood loss (p = 0.003), and a positive perioperative fluid balance (p = 0.0008) were independent predictors of Hb drift. Conclusions Postoperative Hb drift was greater after surgical procedures with greater intraoperative IV fluid and blood requirements. Recognition of Hb drift may be an important facet of perioperative patient blood management.
Culture, Peers, and Delinquency

SUMMARY A community-peer model of delinquency shows how family, school, and neighborhood variables affect adolescent peers groups, which then affect the likelihood of juvenile delinquency. The findings on culture and gender presented in the studies in this volume are discussed in relation to this model. Overall, the findings support the communitypeer model for males across the various cultural groups. Incarcerated females, however, attributed their delinquency more to family than to peers. Additional research is needed to clarify this difference. Implications for assessment, prevention, and intervention are discussed.
High Resolution Parallel Coastal Ocean Modeling: a Large Eddy Simulation Tool

Abstract : Our goal is to create a robust and highly efficient nonhydrostatic code that can be applied in a predictive manner to littoral zones and bays on a spatial scale of the order of 100 km and time scales of the order of days to weeks. The product will be a user-oriented production code for the coastal environment.
CarboMedics Prosthetic Heart Valve.

INTRODUCTION The CarboMedics Prosthetic Heart Valve has been in use since 1986, with more than 220,000 valves implanted through August of 1997 in more than 1550 centers in more than 100 countries. This paper presents the results of a multicenter, international clinical trial that has spanned 10 years. METHODS There were 1128 valves implanted in patients at 10 sites. The mean follow-up for patients was 4.5 years, with a total of 5110.1 patient-years. Approximately one-third of the patients came from the United States, one-third from Canada, and one-third from Scandinavia. The mean age was 57.2 years; 54.8% were men and 45.2% were women. The primary disease was calcification/atherosclerosis in 37% of the patients and rheumatic disease in 32.7%, and reoperation accounted for 17.5%. There were 556 aortic valve replacements, 428 mitral valve replacements, 139 double valve replacements, and five tricuspid replacements. RESULTS The survival rate of all implanted patients was 79% at 5 years postoperatively. The survival rate in redo valve patients was as good as the primary survival rate; the survival rate in double valve patients was not as good as the survival rate in single valve patients. There was no structural failure of the valve. Patient outcome as described by New York Heart Association class was significantly improved throughout the postoperative period. Rates of freedom from thrombosis, thromboembolism, and hemorrhage at 5 years were 98.9%, 90%, and 91%, respectively. SUMMARY Clinical results of the CarboMedics Prosthetic Heart Valve in a midterm, multicenter study were excellent, with low rates of morbidity and mortality and no structural failure.
INTENTIONALITY AND NORMATIVITY

One of the most enduring elements of Davidson’s legacy is the idea that intentionality is inherently normative. The normativity of intentionality means different things to different people and in different contexts, however. A subsidiary goal of this paper is to get clear on the sense in which Davidson means the thesis that intentionality is inherently normative. The central goal of the paper is to consider whether the thesis is true, in light of recent work on intentionality that insists on an intimate connection between intentionality and phenomenal consciousness. According to several recent authors, there is a kind of intentionality—“phenomenal intentionality”—that is fully constituted by the phenomenal character of conscious experiences. I will argue that although Davidson’s thesis, when correctly understood, is compelling for most intentionality, it is false of phenomenal intentionality. I start, in §1, with an explication of the notion of phenomenal intentionality; in §2, I elucidate Davidson’s thesis and his case for it; in §3, I argue that the case does not extend to phenomenal intentionality; I close, in §4, with some objections and replies.
Column-Chromatographic Analysis of Naturally Fluorescing Compounds: II. Rapid Analysis of Indoleacetic Acid and 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid in Biological Samples

A previously described [Clin. Chem. 18, 778( 1972)] chromatographic separation and fluorometric system has been adapted to determination of 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid and indole-3-acetic acid in body fluids and biological extracts. A strong anion-exchange resin, "Aminex A-27," is used. The indoleacetic acids are eluted at 60°C with a single ammonium acetate-acetic acid buffer. No gradient programming or post-column reaction designed to enhance the fluorescence of the desired compounds is necessary. The sensitivity of the detector allows analysis of 100 ng of each acid in the sample loaded onto the column.
Digital Mammogram Spiculated Mass Detection and Spicule Segmentation using Level Sets

This letter presents an automated mammographic computer aided diagnosis (CAD) system to detect and segment spicules in digital mammograms, termed spiculation segmentation with level sets (SSLS). SSLS begins with a segmentation of the suspicious mass periphery, which is created using a previously developed adaptive level set segmentation algorithm (ALSSM) by the authors. The mammogram is then analyzed using features derived from the Dixon and Taylor line operator (DTLO), which is a method of linear structure enhancement. Features are extracted, optimized, and then the suspicious mass is classified as benign or malignant. To assess the system efficacy, 60 difficult mammographic images from the digital database of screening mammography (DDSM), containing 30 benign non-spiculated cases, 17 malignant spiculated cases, and 13 malignant non-spiculated cases, are analyzed. The initial spiculation detection method found 100% of the spiculated lesions with no false positive detections, and has area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve Az=1.0. The values using ALSSM (periphery segmentation only) are Az=0.9687 and 0.9708 for two investigated feature sets, and increases to Az=0.9862 using SSLS (spiculation segmentation). The best classification results are 93% overall accuracy (OA), with three false positives (FP) and one false negative (FN) using a 1-NN (nearest neighbor) or 2-NN classifier, and 92% OA with three FP and two FN using a maximum likelihood classifier.
Implicit beliefs about self and nature: Evidence from an IAT game

Recent psychological research has examined the beliefs that individuals hold about their relationship with the natural world. This article builds on the previous literature on connectedness with nature and we introduce a new game version of the Implicit Association Test (IAT), known as FlexiTwins. The game is intended to facilitate research using the IAT and provides a flexible platform for measuring implicit associations. In this paper, we report three studies in which we use the game to measure self-nature associations. Study 1 reports the development and validation of FlexiTwins with a college sample. Study 2 further validates the game using a known-groups sample of environmental activists. Finally, Study 3 examines the implicit connectedness of a sample of 30 grade school children. Across all three studies, we find good evidence for reliability, as well as theoretically meaningful results.
Matter dependence of the three-loop soft-anomalous-dimension matrix

The resummation of soft gluon exchange for QCD hard scattering requires a matrix of anomalous dimensions, which has been computed through two loops. The two-loop matrix is proportional to the one-loop matrix. Recently there have been proposals that this proportionality extends to higher loops. One can test such proposals by computing the dependence of this matrix on the matter content in a generic gauge theory. It is shown that for the matter-dependent part the proportionality extends to three loops for arbitrary massless processes.
Plasma Aldosterone and Corticosterone Responses to Adrenocorticotropin, Angiotensin, Potassium, and Stress in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

The responses of plasma aldosterone and corticosterone to ACTH, angiotensin II (AII), and potassium chloride (KCl) infusion and the aldosterone, corticosterone and PRA responses to immobilization stress were studied in 2-month-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and age-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) normotensive controls. Basal levels of plasma aldosterone and corticosterone were greater and PRA was less in the SHR than in the WKY. Aldosterone and corticosterone responses to graded AII were similar in both groups. Aldosterone and corticosterone responses to graded doses of KCl and ACTH, however, were significantly greater in SHR than in WKY normotensive rats. Plasma corticosterone, PRA, and aldosterone responses to immobilization stress were reduced in SHR compared to WKY. At 2 months of age, blood pressure was definitely elevated in SHR and was associated with low PRA and relatively high basal levels of aldosterone and corticosterone. Discordance between the renin-angiotensin system and mineralocortic...
Molecular dynamics simulations of the effects of vacancies on nickel self-diffusion, oxygen diffusion and oxidation initiation in nickel, using the ReaxFF reactive force field

Abstract A ReaxFF reactive force field was developed for the nickel–oxygen system. The quantum mechanical (QM) data used to derive the force field parameters included the equations of state of various phases of nickel and that of nickel oxide (NiO), the vacancy formation energy and the vacancy-mediated self-diffusion barrier in the face-centered cubic nickel. Furthermore, in order to study the interstitial diffusion of oxygen atoms in the nickel matrix, the oxygen insertion energies and the diffusion barriers were included in the training set. The force field was validated by performing molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of self-diffusion of nickel and the interstitial diffusion of oxygen. The predicted diffusivity and the activation energy achieved quantitative agreement with their respective published values. Furthermore, this force field enables study of the effects of vacancies on the diffusion of dissolved oxygen and the successive initiation of internal oxidation. A new oxygen diffusion mechanism is proposed in which the oxygen atom diffuses via the movement of the oxygen–vacancy pair. In addition, the MD simulation results suggest that the voids at the grain boundaries can induce local oxygen segregation due to the strong oxygen–vacancy binding effect, which is responsible for the formation of a nickel oxide particle in the void. These results demonstrate that the ReaxFF MD study can contribute to bridging the gap between the QM calculations and the experimental observations in the study of metal oxidation.
Addition of isolated wrist extensor eccentric exercise to standard treatment for chronic lateral epicondylosis: a prospective randomized trial

Backround Isokinetic eccentric training of the wrist extensors has recently been shown to be effective in treating chronic lateral epicondylosis. However, isokinetic dynamometry is not widely available or practical for daily exercise prescription. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of a novel eccentric wrist extensor exercise added to standard treatment for chronic lateral epicondylosis. Materials and methods Twenty-one patients with chronic unilateral lateral epicondylosis were randomized into an eccentric training group (n = 11, 6 men, 5 women; age 47 ± 2 yr) and a Standard Treatment Group (n = 10, 4 men, 6 women; age 51 ± 4 yr). DASH questionnaire, VAS, tenderness measurement, and wrist and middle finger extension were recorded at baseline and after the treatment period. Results Groups did not differ in terms of duration of symptoms (Eccentric 6 ± 2 mo vs Standard 8 ± 3 mos., P = .7), number of physical therapy visits (9 ± 2 vs 10 ± 2, P = .81) or duration of treatment (7.2 ± 0.8 wk vs 7.0 ± 0.6 wk, P = .69). Improvements in all dependent variables were greater for the Eccentric Group versus the Standard Treatment Group (percent improvement reported): DASH 76% vs 13%, P = .01; VAS 81% vs 22%, P = .002, tenderness 71% vs 5%, P = .003; strength (wrist and middle finger extension combined) 79% vs 15%, P = .011. Discussion All outcome measures for chronic lateral epicondylosis were markedly improved with the addition of an eccentric wrist extensor exercise to standard physical therapy. This novel exercise, using an inexpensive rubber bar, provides a practical means of adding isolated eccentric training to the treatment of chronic lateral epicondylosis.
Carrier-envelope phase slip of ultrashort dispersion-managed solitons

The carrier-envelope phase slip of an ultrashort pulse circulating in a mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser is analyzed. The laser cavity is modeled by a dispersion- and nonlinearity-managed nonlinear Schrodinger equation. The combined contributions to the phase slip induced by nonlinear phase and nonlinear dispersion are found to approach zero for strong dispersion maps. The dependence of the slip on third-order dispersion is found as well. The analytical results are verified using numerical simulations.
On “O1-Class” computer programs

Abstract A definition is given of a class of computer programs, called the “O1-Class”, in which the correctness of any program in the class relative to any other program in the class, over the countable infinity of all inputs, can be established by testing. The class is larger than that of finite-state machines. It is shown that a version of Occam's Razor is valid for O1-Class; i.e. if two programs in the class are being tested against a third program in the class, then, over a range of inputs related to the length of the three programs, the maximum number of tests required to detect an error in the program having fewer instructions is always less than or equal to the maximum number of tests required to detect an error in the program having the greater number of instructions.
Collidal study of magnetic nanoparticles using electromagnetic separation device

Magnetic separation device is designed to study the colloidal properties of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in solution. This device will be utilized in our current research work to separate complex conjugates of MNPs with actinide chelators from spent nuclear fuel. The preliminary measurements were conducted on static colloidal solution of MNPs using permanent magnets. It shows that the separation time of particles decay exponentially with magnetic field gradient which is consistent with the exponential growth of velocity. The drop in magnetization and change in size of particles by immobilization of functionalized group on the surface of particles increases the separation time. The physical characterization of MNPs is carried by Transmission electron microscopy, Dynamic light scattering, Zeta potential measurements, and magnetic study is performed using Vibrating sample magnetometer. The future study consists of separation of particles by passing the colloidal solution through the column held under the magnetic field gradient generated by an electromagnet. The parameters such as flow rate, field gradient, concentration, pH value of solution, and type of MNPs have been used to study the possible effect on separation time and removal efficiency of particles from solution. The removal percentage of particles from solution will be estimated by Ultraviolet visible spectroscopy.
Separation coefficient for analysis of large environmental data sets: Ion concentrations of lake superior and lake huron

When statistical hypotheses are tested with large environmental data sets, such as those available for ionic constituents of the Great Lakes, even small differences between means are detectable, and the usual result is that all or nearly all differences tested are statistically significant. In this situation, hypothesis testing is not useful. Differences between means also are not useful for comparisons because of differences in units of measurement and variances. The t-statistic is used to determine if two populations are significantly different, but the value of t is not useful for evaluating the degree of separation of two populations because the value of t is influenced by sample size, t has no lower or upper bound, and the value of t has no meaningful interpretation. A separation coefficient is developed that measures the proportion overlap of two normally distributed populations; it is not influenced by sample size, is easily calculated, and takes values between 0 and 1. The separation coefficient was applied to examine differences in ion concentrations between Lake Superior and Lake Huron. The sample sizes were large and all differences were statistically significant, but the coefficients of separation varied from 0.07 to 1, which indicates that concentrations of some ions in the lakes were more similar than others. The pattern in the coefficients of separation indicate meaningful differences between the lakes.
Collagen and elastin synthesis in human stroma and breast carcinoma cell lines: modulation by the extracellular matrix.

The desmoplastic response to breast carcinoma is being studied. The stimulation of stromal cell proliferation by a preformed breast tumor matrix was shown. An additional mechanism for stimulating scleroprotein deposition is described here. On a per-cell basis, the synthesis of collagen and elastin was increased by 50% and 70%, respectively, in fibroblasts grown on the preformed breast tumor matrix compared to the same cells grown on plastic or on their own preformed matrix. Breast tumor cells themselves synthesized small amounts of collagen and elastin compared to fibroblasts. These levels were unchanged when breast tumor cells were grown on the preformed matrix of fibroblasts. Addition of steroid hormones to cultured cells grown on plastic or on preformed matrices in various combinations, did not change the levels of either collagen or elastin synthesis. The matrix of human breast tumor cells exerts a dual effect; it is mitogenic for fibroblasts, and also stimulates the level of collagen and elastin synt...
Fluorination of 1,2,3-, 1,2,4-, and 1,3,5-trihalobenzenes with potassium fluoride in dimethyl sulfone

Abstract Three trifluorobenzenes were prepared by reaction of the corresponding trichlorobenzenes with potassium fluoride or pottassium fluoride-cesium fluoride mixtures in dimethyl sulfone. Molar yields were 12.8% for 1,2,3-, 8.3% for 1,2,4-, and 56.2% for 1,3,5-. Improved yields of the 1,2,3- (23.9%) and the 1,2,4- (34.0%) trifluorobenzenes were obtained from certain partially fluorinated intermediates. Several chlorofluorobenzene intermediates were obtained in goods yields by careful control of the reaction variables. The instability of the polyfluorobenzenes in the halogen-exchange reaction medium explains, in part, why only limited yields of the polyfluorobenzenes are obtained by using this method.
High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of diazepam, oxazepam and n-desmethyldiazepam in human blood

Abstract We describe a rapid method for precisely measuring concentrations of diazepam, oxazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam in blood by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The drugs, together with an internal standard, prazepam, are exitracted from 2 ml of blood and analyzed isocratically on a reversed-phase column with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-0.01 M sodium acetate buffer (35:65 v/v). The eluted drugs are detected by their absorption at 240 nm. The sensitivity of this method is 30 μg/1 for oxazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam, 40 μg/1 for diazapam, for 2-ml blood samples. Relative recovery of added drugs to blood varies from 91 to 110%. The day-to-day precision (coefficient of variation) established by 10 replicate analyses was 2.8 to 9.6%.
A Tale of Two Perspectives

Applications of behavioural economics to public policy are immediate and enlightening. In health policy, where we are exposed to a new fad every other month, it is not indifferent that we deal with a research program that is solidly grounded in decades of scholarship and that is supported by economic theory. Moreover, the experimental and realist bias of behavioural economics is attuned to our need for tested solutions and pragmatic improvements. Adam Oliver's paper is centred on methods that could incite people to make better, healthier lifestyle choices. But his approach can also help us formulate better regulations and smarter legislation. It can help us review the design of health organizations and care pathways. It encourages our efforts to properly use evidence and information. And finally, it forces us to examine the system of incentives and may even give someone the idea of looking at the underlying structure of power.
August Weismann Embraces the Protozoa

This paper examines the contents and institutional context of August Weismann’s long essay on Amphimixis (1891). Therein he presented detailed discussions of his on-going studies of reduction division and parthenogenesis, but more to the point, he included an elaborate examination of Emile Maupas’s two major publications in protozoology. To understand the relevance of this part to the other two, the author briefly reviews highpoints in earlier nineteenth century protozoology and concludes that only in the mid-1870s and 1880s did protozoa add an important dimension to heredity theory. Otto Butschli and then Maupas provided Weismann with a deeper understanding of how conjugation and fertilization were related but not identical processes. This allowed him to integrate the two into a fuller understanding of evolution by natural selection.
Glycoproteomics of plasma based on narrow selectivity lectin affinity chromatography.

Lectin affinity chromatography using concanavalin A (Con A), Helix pomatia agglutinin (HPA), Lycopersicon esculentum lectin (LEL), Aleuria aurantia lectin (AAL) and Lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA) was used to investigate the utility of narrow selectivity lectins in the characterization of plasma glycoproteome diversity and to recognize cancer associated aberrations in glycosylation. Following affinity chromatographic selection, proteins were tryptically digested, the peptide fragments separated by reversed phase chromatography (RPC), and fractions from RPC identified by tandem mass spectrometry. The diversity of glycosylation found with narrow selectivity lectins was generally 2/3 that of Con A and not related to protein abundance. Small groups of proteins were found with each of the affinity columns, HPA, LEL, AAL, and LCA, that changed 3-fold or more in concentration between normal and breast cancer patient plasma. Although the number of cancer patients examined was too small to validate cancer marker c...
Methylation and amination of folic acid

The methylation of folic acid (2) with excess methyl iodide resulted in the formation of dimethyl 1,3-dimethylfolate (4), whereas, methylation of dimethyl folate (3) with an equimolar amount of methyl iodide gave mainly dimethyl 3-methylfolate (6). Both 4 and 6 underwent the Dimroth rearrangement in base to give the corresponding 2-deamino-2-methyiamino folic acids 5 and 7, respectively. Amination of 2 with hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid in dilute base gave a low yield of 3-amino folic acid (8), which underwent Dimroth rearrangement to give 2-deamino-2-hydrazino folic acid (9) in an acidic, but not a basic, medium.
Multilevel effects on the balance of dipole-allowed to dipole-forbidden transitions in Rydberg atoms induced by a dipole interaction with slow charged projectiles.

In collisions of Rydberg atoms with charged projectiles at velocities approximately matching the speed of the Rydberg electron {ital v}{sub {ital n}} (matching velocity), {ital n} being the principal quantum number of the Rydberg level, the dipole-forbidden transitions with large angular-momentum transfer {Delta}{ital l}{gt}1 substantially dominate over dipole-allowed transitions {Delta}{ital l}=1, although both are induced by the dipole interaction. Here it is shown that as the projectile velocity decreases the adiabatic character of the depopulation depends on the energy distribution of states in the vicinity of the initial level. If the spectrum is close to degeneracy (as for high-{ital l} levels) the dipole-forbidden depopulation prevails practically over the entire low-velocity region, down to velocities {approximately}{ital n}{sup 3}[{Delta}{ital E}/Ry]{ital v}{sub {ital n}}, where {Delta}{ital E} is the energy spacing adjoining to the level due to either a quantum defect or the relevant level width or splitting, whichever is greater. If the energy gaps are substantial (as for strongly nonhydrogenic {ital s} and {ital p} levels in alkali-metal atoms), then the fraction of dipole transitions in the total depopulation reaches a flat minimum just below the matching velocity and then grows again, making the progressively increasing contribution to the low-velocity depopulation. Themore » analytic models based on the first-order Born amplitudes (rather than the two-level adiabatic approximation) furnish reasonable estimates of the fractional dipole-allowed and dipole-forbidden depopulations. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}« less
Short Tandem Target Mimic: A Long Journey to the Engineered Molecular Landmine for Selective Destruction/Blockage of MicroRNAs in Plants and Animals

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a population of highly conserved specific small ribo-regulators that negatively regulate gene expressions in both plants and animals. They play a key role in post-transcriptional gene regulation by destabilizing the target gene transcripts or blocking protein translation from them. Interestingly, these negative regulators are largely compromised by an upstream layer of negative regulators "target mimics" found in plants or "endogenous competing RNAs" revealed recently in animals. These endogenous regulatory mechanisms of "double negatives making a positive" have now been developed into a key strategy in the study of small RNA functions. This review presents some reflections on the long journey to the short tandem target mimic (STTM) for selective destruction/blockage of specific miRNAs in plants and animals, and the potential applications of STTM are discussed.
Time estimation by young children with and without informational feedback

Abstract Accuracy of time estimation by 112 preschool and elementary-school children was investigated, using a reproduction method in which Ss attempted to reproduce the time required for a hidden toy to travel along a path to a designated point. In Experiment I, half the Ss were given feedback information after each reproduction trial, providing both the direction and magnitude of error, whereas a second group simply made reproductions of the time interval after each presentation of the standard interval. All age groups in both feedback and no-feedback conditions showed initial tendencies to underestimate the standard, but all groups except the preschool Ss in the no-feedback condition showed increasingly accurate estimations over trials. Average relative estimation errors on the last trial block (trials 13–15) were 5 and 1% of the standard for the preschool and elementary-school children in the feedback conditions, and were 34 and 1% for these age groups in the no-feedback condition. Results of Experiment II, carried out with preschool Ss only, indicated that these Ss were unable to learn accurate time estimations without informational feedback between test trials: motivating praise in the absence of error-correcting information resulted in decreasing accuracy over trials.
SUPERALGEBRAS WITH FERMIONIC GENERATORS OTHER THAN SPIN-1/2

The possibility of constructing graded Lie algebras of higher spin fermionic generators is entertained. The super Poincare algebra of the generators belonging to the (1, 1/2)+(1/2, 1) representation of the Lorentz group is constructed. The closure of the algebra is demonstrated.
Effects of plot type on detection of quantitative‐trait‐locus effects in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Hill plots offer advantages in testing large germplasm arrays with limited area and seed. However, the relationship of trait expression between hill vs. row plots remains in question. The development of quantitative-trait-locus (QTL) analysis offers alternative methods of testing hypotheses regarding levels of coincident gene effects in divergent plots. The objective of this study was to compare hill and row plots in terms of QTL detection, number of common QTLs and plot-type-specific QTLs for various characters in barley. Assessments were based on sets of 100 F 1 -derived doubled haploid progeny from two environments of hill-plot data and two sets of multiple-environment row-plot data. Common large-effect QTLs for height, heading date, and 1000-kernel weight were detected in both plot types. Fewer QTLs were detected in the hill-plot data, with only one QTL detected for grain yield. There were no hill-plot-specific QTL effects. Hill plots appear to be best suited to highly heritable characters such as height, heading date, and 1000-kernel weight. Evaluation of grain yield is best deferred until larger experimental units can be employed.
Comparison of risk-adjustment methodologies for cesarean delivery rates.

Abstract Objective To compare the two published methods of cesarean delivery rate risk adjustment to determine which should be recommended as a national standard. Methods We used 2 years of Washington State Birth Events Record Data (1997 and 1998) to estimate hospitals’ risk-adjusted cesarean delivery rates using two different methods: 1) logistic regression modeling and 2) direct standardization. After exclusions, there were 123,850 births and 67 hospitals. Ranked lists of hospitals were produced by each methodology and compared using the Spearman correlation. We used κ statistics to compare the top 25% and the bottom 25% of the rankings. Results The Spearman correlation for the ranked lists was strong (.84, P Conclusion Both methods ranked hospitals similarly. If cesarean delivery rate risk adjustment for all hospitals is desirable, the logistic regression method has the advantage of being able to determine if different rates are significantly above or below expected. However, if comparing only two large hospitals is the goal, direct standardization may be simpler to implement, provided all risk strata have at least one delivery.
Decoupling surface- and bulk-limited lifetimes in 100-μm thin silicon using transient absorption pump-probe spectroscopy

The transient decay of excess photo-generated carriers in a 100-μm thin unpassivated crystalline Si (c-Si) wafer is measured using transient absorption pump-probe spectroscopy with two excitation wavelengths (750 nm and 1050 nm), based on the principle of free-carrier absorption. To decouple the bulk-and surface-limited lifetimes, we use state-of-the-art simulation software Sentaurus TCAD [1] to model the experimentally obtained decay characteristics of minority carrier densities. We show that by combining transient absorption pump-probe spectroscopy technique with TCAD simulations, reasonable bounds for both bulk and surface recombination parameters can be determined. The value obtained for the surface recombination velocity is consistent with literature and a lower limit for bulk lifetime can be obtained.
A knowledge-based system for scheduling setup changes: An implementation and validation

Abstract The design, implementation, and validation of a knowledge-based system that schedules resources on the shop-floor is described. The system specifically schedules machine setup changes and is based on heuristics obtained from an expert scheduler. It is a reactive scheduling system and operates in real-time to provide support to the scheduler. The approach for the implementation is procedural, as opposed to declarative. A detailed example of scheduling for setup changes is provided that elucidates the logic of the program. The system is currently implemented at a manufacturing facility and is being used daily by a scheduler. Two methods of validation of the system are discussed, wherein the first method is to compare the schedules produced by the system with a historical record of setup changes executed on the shop floor, and in the second method the schedules are judged by the scheduler. The results of the validation show the system to be successful.
K-induced alkalinization in all cell types of rabbit gastric glands: a novel K/H exchange mechanism.

Digital image processing of the pH-sensitive dye BCECF was used to examine the effects of high [K] media on cytoplasmic pH (pH i ) of individual cells within isolated rabbit gastric glands. When cells were acidified to pH i 6.5 from the resting pH i of 7.2–7.3 and then exposed to solution containing 77 mm K plus amiloride (to block Na/H exchange), recovery to pH i 7.0 was observed. This K-induced alkalinization occurred in all cell types of the gland, including cells within antral glands that were devoid of parietal cells (PC). This process was independent of extracellular Na and Cl and was unaffected by: 5 mm Ba or 200 μm bumetanide, or acute treatment with either 500 μm ouabain or 100 μm cimetidine, histamine or carbachol. SCH28080, which inhibits the PC H/K-ATPase when used in the low μm range of concentrations, blocked the K effect on pH i , at 100 μm but was ineffective at 1 μm. A similar pH i recovery was also stimulated by Li, Cs (both 72 mm), and Tl (10 mm), in the order Li>K> Cs>Tl (all in the presence of amiloride), and these alkalinizations were also blocked by 100 μm SCH28080. Parallel experiments were performed to test the effect of these ions on 14[C]-aminopyrine accumulation, an index of acid secretion by the H/K-ATPase at the lumenal membrane of the PC. There was no correlation between the rates of cation-induced pH i recovery from an acid load and H secretion as measured by the accumulation of aminopyrine. We conclude that the K (and Cs-and Li-) dependent pH i recovery is mediated by a novel cation/H exchange mechanism that is distinct from the PC H/K-ATPase.
Between the ‘Home’ and ‘Institutional’ Worlds: Tensions and Contradictions in the Practice of House Arrest

In this paper we argue that the theoretical work of Goffman (1961) on “total institutions,” Foucault’s (1977) insights into the workings of disciplinary power, and an account of contemporary forms of punishment and social control in postmodern society (Staples 2000) help us better understand the experiences of those individuals sentenced to house arrest. Based on face-to-face interviews with twenty-three people being electronically monitored in a Midwestern metropolitan area, our analysis identifies three themes that illustrate the ways in which electronic monitoring is experienced as a complex amalgam of what Goffman (1961, p. 13) saw as the distinct “home world” and the “institutional world”. These themes include (1) “Home is Where the Machine Is,” (2) “Producing Docile Bodies,” and (3) “Threat of Sanctions”. We reassert our claim (Staples 1994, 2000) that contemporary forms of social control such as electronic monitoring reflect an ongoing struggle to deal with problems and issues set in motion with the birth of modernity.