cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of aluminum borate (Al18B4O33, Al4B2O9) nanowires and nanotubes

Abstract Single crystal aluminum borate, including Al 18 B 4 O 33 and Al 4 B 2 O 9 , nanowires and nanotubes have been synthesized on sapphire substrates covered by NiB powder, Pt powder and Al films. For NiB powder covered sapphire substrates, Al 18 B 4 O 33 nanowires and nanotubes are formed by heating the substrates at 1100 °C under Ar gas flow. For Pt powder covered sapphire substrates, Al 18 B 4 O 33 nanowires and nanotubes are produced by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method using boron triiodide and boric acid (BI 3 /H 3 BO 3 ) vapor with Ar gas as precursor at 1000 °C. The nanowires are several micrometers long with diameters ranging from 50 to 200 nm, while the diameters of the nanotubes are usually larger than 200 nm. For Al film covered sapphire substrates, Al 4 B 2 O 9 nanowires and nanotubes are synthesized by the CVD method using boron triiodide (BI 3 ) vapor with Ar gas as precursor at 750–850 °C. The size of the nanostructures can be manipulated by the growth time, the growth temperature, the BI 3 vapor concentration, and the Al film thickness. The nanostructure diameter and length can be varied in the range of 10–500 nm and 300 nm–2 μm, respectively. All the nanostructures have been characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAD), electron energy-loss spectrometry (EELS) and X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometry (XEDS). The growth mechanism of the aluminum borate nanowires and nanotubes is discussed.
Unsettling Developments: Terrorism and the New Case for Enhancing Protection and Humanitarian Assistance for Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons, Including Victims of Natural Disasters

Terrorism significantly threatens the United States and other countries. The threat is new. We should not be surprised that a new threat of terrorism would arise at this time. Driven by the phenomenon of globalization, the dominant constitutional order of the society of states is currently undergoing a major change, as it has done about every century for the past 500 years. In every prior case, such a change was always accompanied by corresponding changes in the nature of terrorism. This time is no different, except that the threat is greater now, due to the growing accessibility of weapons of mass destruction. The greater peril that we now face can effectively be addressed only by policies rooted in a deep understanding of the newness of our age, and the terrible novelty of its terror threat. Al Qaeda is the first example of the new type of terror group that will prove endemic to the coming age, but those groups will not be limited to the adherents of any particular religion or ideology. These ideas, which are controversial, have been developed at length over the last decade by Columbia University law professor Philip Bobbitt. Bobbitt’s theories about the changing nature of the state and the concomitant change in the nature of terrorism have profound implications for U.S. policy toward refugees and other displaced people. These implications are not yet appreciably understood. This Article provides the first extended application of Bobbitt’s ideas to displaced people, a group of almost 80 million that we call “the global homeless.” A large part of the battle to establish the legitimacy of the new constitutional order will be waged among this group. If we proceed as if the status quo were an acceptable way forward, we will heighten the risk that we will suffer grave consequences. We accordingly propose the adoption of a number of new principles, programs and laws aimed at drawing the global homeless and their communities into the new constitutional order of states. Absent the rationale provided by Bobbitt’s theories, the policies we prescribe would have little hope of advancement; once grasped, however, that rationale makes action along the lines we advise imperative and urgent.
Cell surface sulfhydryls are required for the cytotoxicity of diphtheria toxin but not of ricin in Chinese hamster ovary cells.

A previous study on cleavage of disulfide bonds in endocytosed model compounds had shown that an initial phase of cleavage was totally inhibited by membrane-impermeant sulfhydryl inhibitors and thus was mediated by cell surface sulfhydryls (Feener, E. P., Shen, W.-C., and Ryser, H. J.-P. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 18780-18785). This paper uses the same inhibitors (5,5‘-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) and p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid) to examine the role of surface sulfhydryls in the cytotoxicity of diphtheria toxin (DT). Since the interchain disulfide of endocytosed DT must be cleaved prior to translocation of chain A from endosomes to cytoplasm, it was postulated that surface sulfhydryls might mediate the cleavage of that disulfide bond as well. Both sulfhydryl blockers did indeed markedly inhibit DT cytotoxicity. This effect was not due to inactivation of unbound DT, inhibition of receptor-mediated endocytosis, or impairment of acidification of endosomes. We conclude that cell surface sulfhydryls susceptible to blockage by 5,5‘-dithiobis(2-nitro-benzoic acid) and p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid are required for the cytotoxicity of DT and, most likely, for the reductive cleavage of DT's interchain disulfides. Ricin cytotoxicity was not decreased; this is consistent with the view that ricin reaches the cytoplasm from a late endocytic structure and with the finding that endocytosed disulfides are also cleaved in a cell fraction containing elements of the Golgi apparatus (Feener, E. P., Shen, W.-C., and Ryser, H. J.-P. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 18780-18785).
Applying chaos theory for runtime Hardware Trojan detection

Hardware Trojans (HTs) are posing a serious threat to the security of Integrated Circuits (ICs). Detecting HT in an IC is an important but hard problem due to the wide spectrum of HTs and their stealthy nature. In this paper, we propose a runtime Trojan detection approach by applying chaos theory to analyze the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of power consumption of an IC. The observed power dissipation series is embedded into a higher dimensional phase space. Such an embedding transforms the observed data to a new processing space, which provides precise information about the dynamics involved. The feature model is then built in this newly reconstructed phase space. The overhead, which is the main challenge for runtime approaches, is reduced by taking advantage of available thermal sensors in most modern ICs. The proposed model has been tested for publicly-available Trojan benchmarks and simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the state-of-the-art method using temperature tracking in terms of detection rate and computational complexity. More importantly, the proposed model does not make any assumptions about the statistical distribution of power trace and no Trojan-active data is needed, which makes it appropriate for runtime use.
Mutual Fund Outperformance: Is It Skill, Risk, or Luck?

This paper examines managerial skill of U.S. equity mutual funds in the context of both abnormal return and risk. We recognize the role of fund life cycle and use different evaluation horizons to control for fund age and the overall state of the market. We find that a small percentage of equity funds can beat the market, and the percentage is overall higher than what the control group would predict. We find no evidence of persistence. We also document that the chance of underperformance is much higher than what we’d expect from our control group. Taking the risk return tradeoff into account, any performance advantage of actual funds over bootstrapped funds is correlated with tail risk, and a robustness check confirms this finding. Thus, the complete story of mutual fund alpha, should it exist, would not be complete without incorporating both risk and luck.
On-target inhibition of tumor fermentative glycolysis as visualized by hyperpolarized pyruvate.

Many cancer cells display the Warburg effect, that is, enhanced glycolysis followed by fermentation (conversion of pyruvate to lactate). Recently, the molecular basis for these effects has started to be elucidated, and the upregulation of the lactate dehydrogenase A (LDH-A) isoform of lactate dehydrogenase is felt to be a major molecular mediator of this phenomenon. Moreover, LDH-A expression in tumor tissue and LDH-A levels in blood portend a bad prognosis, and LDH-A blockade can lead to tumor growth inhibition in tumor transplant models. We have extended existing data (some of which were published during the time when we were carrying out our studies) in two important ways: 1) inhibition of LDH-A in a glycolytic lung cancer cell line results in reactive oxygen species– mediated apoptosis and increased sensitivity to the chemotherapeutic drug paclitaxel and 2) inhibition of fermentative glycolysis can also be accomplished by activation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by the drug dichloroacetate, now undergoing clinical trials, and that this phenomenon can be monitored in vivo in a noninvasive real-time manner through magnetic resonance spectroscopy using hyperpolarized pyruvate. Collectively, these data suggest that in vivo effects of drugs that redirect the fate of pyruvate, and hence are aimed at reversing the Warburg effect, could be monitored through the use of hyperpolarized magnetic resonance spectroscopy, a method that is scalable to human use.
A physical study by electron microscopy of the terminally reptitious, circularly permuted DNA from the coliphage particles of Escherichia coli 15.

Abstract Several strains of Escherichia coli 15 harbor a prophage. Viral growth can be induced by exposing the host to mitomycin C or to ultraviolet irradiation. The coliphage 15 particles from E. coli 15 and E. coli 15 T − appear as normal phage with head and tail structure; the particles from E. coli 15 TAU are tailless. The complete particles exert a colicinogenic activity on E. coli 15 and 15 T − ; the tailless particles do not. No host for a productive viral infection has been found and the phage may be defective. The properties of the DNA of the virus have been studied, mainly by electron microscopy. After induction but before lysis, a closed circular DNA with a contour length of about 11.9 μ is found in the bacterium; the mature phage DNA is a linear duplex and 7.5% longer than the intracellular circular form. This suggests the hypothesis that the mature phage DNA is terminally repetitious and circularly permuted. The hypothesis was confirmed by observing that denaturation and renaturation of the mature phage DNA produce circular duplexes with two single-stranded branches corresponding to the terminal repetition. The contour length of the mature phage DNA was measured relative to φX RF † II DNA and λ DNA; the calculated molecular weight is 27 × 10 6 . The length of the single-stranded terminal repetition was compared to the length of φX174 DNA under conditions where single-stranded DNA is seen in an extended form in electron micrographs. The length of the terminal repetition is found to be 7.4% of the length of the non-repetitious part of the coliphage 15 DNA. The number of base pairs in the terminal repetition is variable in different molecules, with a fractional standard deviation of 0.18 of the average number in the terminal repetition. A new phenomenon termed “branch migration” has been discovered in renatured circular molecules; it results in forked branches, with two emerging single strands, at the position of the terminal repetition. The distribution of branch separations between the two terminal repetitions in the population of renatured circular molecules was studied. The observed distribution suggests that there is an excluded volume effect in the renaturation of a population of circularly permuted molecules such that strands with close beginning points preferentially renature with each other. This selective renaturation and the phenomenon of branch migration both affect the distribution of branch separations; the observed distribution does not contradict the hypothesis of a random distribution of beginning points around the chromosome.
Practical Application of a Subscale Transport Aircraft for Flight Research in Control Upset and Failure Conditions

Over the past decade, the goal of reducing the fatal accident rate of large transport aircraft has resulted in research aimed at the problem of aircraft loss-of-control. Starting in 1999, the NASA Aviation Safety Program initiated research that included vehicle dynamics modeling, system health monitoring, and reconfigurable control systems focused on flight regimes beyond the normal flight envelope. In recent years, there has been an increased emphasis on adaptive control technologies for recovery from control upsets or failures including damage scenarios. As part of these efforts, NASA has developed the Airborne Subscale Transport Aircraft Research (AirSTAR) flight facility to allow flight research and validation, and system testing for flight regimes that are considered too risky for full-scale manned transport airplane testing. The AirSTAR facility utilizes dynamically-scaled vehicles that enable the application of subscale flight test results to full scale vehicles. This paper describes the modeling and simulation approach used for AirSTAR vehicles that supports the goals of efficient, low-cost and safe flight research in abnormal flight conditions. Modeling of aerodynamics, controls, and propulsion will be discussed as well as the application of simulation to flight control system development, test planning, risk mitigation, and flight research.
Coupled galactic density‐wave modes in a composite system of thin stellar and gaseous discs

A rotating disc galaxy is modelled as a composite system consisting of thin stellar and gaseous discs, which are described by a two-fluid modal formalism. The composite disc system is assumed to retain axisymmetry in the background equilibrium. General density-wave perturbations in the two discs are coupled through the mutual gravitational interaction. We study the basic properties of open and tight spiral density-wave modes in such a composite disc system. Within the Lindblad resonances, perturbation enhancements of surface mass density in stellar and gaseous discs are in phase; this is also true during the initial growth phase of density-wave perturbations. Outside the Lindblad resonances, there exists a possible spiral density-wave branch for which perturbation enhancements of surface mass density in stellar and gaseous discs are out of phase. We discuss implications of these results on the critical parameters for global star formation in barred and normal spiral galaxies and on magnetohydrodynamic density waves within the Lindblad resonances.
Is the gas-particle partitioning in alpha-pinene secondary organic aerosol reversible?

[1] This paper discusses the reversibility of gas-particle partitioning in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed from α-pinene ozonolysis in a smog chamber. Previously, phase partitioning has been studied quantitatively via SOA production experiments and qualitatively by perturbing temperature and observing particle evaporation. In this work, two methods were used to isothermally dilute the SOA: an external dilution sampler and an in-chamber technique. Dilution caused some evaporation of SOA, but repartitioning took place on a time scale of tens of minutes to hours–consistent with an uptake coefficient on the order of 0.001–0.01. However, given sufficient time, α-pinene SOA repartitions reversibly based on comparisons with data from conventional SOA yield experiments. Further, aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) data indicate that the composition of SOA varies with partitioning. These results suggest that oligomerization observed in high-concentration laboratory experiments may be a reversible process and underscore the complexity of the kinetics of formation and evaporation of SOA.
Performance assessment of analog circuits with carbon nanotube FET (CNFET)

Carbon Nanotube FET technology is a new promising technology for high speed digital applications. This paper investigates optimizing analog circuits architecture to take advantage of this technology in mixed mode ICs. It was found through simulations that the optimum topology for high-bandwidth analog circuits is obtained by using an architecture which avoids loading by the high CNFET gate capacitance in the main signal path at high impedance points. Low junction capacitances of CNFET and high transconductance (gm) compared to silicon MOSFET indicates that high gain-bandwidth can be obtained by using CNFET. Simulations indicate low voltage operation (0.5 V) is possible using CNFET technology and also high temperature operation (> 200 C) is possible. Monte-Carlo simulations indicate that device matching of important CNFET parameters such as nanotube diameter, channel length, source/drain doping are important to get consistent results.
Mast cell sarcoma of the larynx in a dog: a case report.

An 8-year-old, spayed, female miniature poodle was presented to the University of Pennsylvania Veterinary Hospital (UPVH) with signs of mild respiratory distress related to increasing laryngeal obstruction. The dog was found to have a unicentric mast cell sarcoma involving the larynx, with tumour infiltration of the tissues between the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages as well as subglottic narrowing. Treatment and differential diagnosis are described.
Radionuclide imaging for hyperparathyroidism (HPT): Which is the best technetium-99m sestamibi modality?

Background To determine the utility of available radionuclide imaging modalities for preoperative parathyroid localization, we compared the accuracy of 4 types of technetium-99m ( 99 Tc) sestamibi–based scans. Methods Over 5 years, 833 patients with sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism underwent either 99 Tc-sestamibi with planar views (Planar; n = 138); sestamibi single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT; n = 165); SPECT with thyroid 123 I-subtraction phase (SPECT/ 123 I; n = 350); or SPECT combined with conventional CT (SPECT/CT; n = 180). The accuracy of each modality was determined on the basis of intraoperative parathyroid pathology, defined as single adenoma or multigland disease. Results Planar scans had significantly more false negatives (no tumor visualized) than SPECT-based scans ( P 123 I, and 17% SPECT/CT, with single adenoma found at operation in 77%, 64%, 53%, and 74%, respectively. When a scan had a single focus of uptake, SA was found at that location in 77%, 85%, 68%, and 87%, respectively. SPECT, SPECT/ 123 I, and SPECT/CT did not significantly reduce the false-positive rate. Conclusions We recommend obtaining multiplanar SPECT-based imaging, which offers 3-dimensional localization and improved detection of parathyroid tumors when compared with Planar scans. A negative scan did not predict multigland disease.
The Role of Lethal Control in Managing the Effects of Apparent Competition on Endangered Prey Species

Apparent competition is the process by which one prey species may indirectly cause the decline in another species by sustaining a common predator. I argue apparent competition caused Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis californiana) and Channel Island fox (Urocyon littoralis) population declines in the mid-1990s. In the Sierra Nevada, mountain lions (Puma concolor) are believed to have caused bighorns to abandon their winter ranges, thus indirectly contributing to population declines. In the Channel Islands, golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) predation is thought to have reduced 3 resident fox populations by over 95%. I argue, in both cases, native predators are the primary cause of the declines. Additionally, I argue these predators are primarily sustained by hyperabundant alternative prey species. In such cases direct management, to include lethal control of predators and hyperabundant alternative prey, may be necessary to restore these endangered bighorn and fox populations.
Global anthropogenic tellurium cycles for 1940–2010

Abstract Tellurium is increasingly used in solar photovoltaics in the form of cadmium–telluride (CdTe) thin films. There are concerns regarding whether tellurium availability could be a constraint on large-scale deployment of CdTe photovoltaics. The present work brings a new perspective to the discussion of tellurium availability by providing the first extant global tellurium cycles constructed with material flow analysis principles. The tellurium cycles, for 1940–2010, present information on the production, fabrication and manufacturing, use, and resource management stages during this period. The results of the analysis show that during 1940–2010 approximately 11 Gg of refined tellurium was produced. This represents about 4.5% of the tellurium that was extracted from the ground during copper mining. Almost 80% of the refined tellurium, 8.5 Gg, was dissipated into end-uses such as metallurgical additives to iron, steel, and nonferrous metals, and thereby lost to potential reuse. As of 2010, the in-use tellurium stock is estimated at 1.1 Gg, which mainly accumulated after 1990s with the increasing tellurium use in electronics, specifically photovoltaic and thermoelectric devices. Because tellurium is a byproduct of copper ores, its supply can be enhanced by more attention to recovery during processing of the copper parent. Tellurium can also, in principle, be recovered from end-of-life electronics; the increasing in-use stock indicates the potential for significant end-of-life recycling in the coming decades.
Attitudes Toward a Multiple Intelligences Curriculum.

Abstract In this study, the impact of a multiple intelligences (MI) curriculum in a large suburban elementary school was examined. Classes were observed and parents were surveyed. Students, teachers, parents, and administrators were interviewed. Qualitative techniques were used in analyzing the data derived from the study. Three themes emerged from the data: (a) students, teachers, and parents were very positive about the concept of multiple intelligences; (b) they were positive about schoolwide implementation, including flow time, activity room, and enrichment clusters; and (c) classroom implementation of MI concepts was uneven across classrooms. Further implementation of the MI curriculum during a follow-up year is described, data from standardized testing are presented, and the importance of the multiple intelligences concept in changing teacher and student attitudes is highlighted.
Learned helplessness and depression in acutely distressed community residents

Depressed, heterogeneously psychiatrically disturbed, and normal adults were recruited for a test of the learned helplessness model of depression in noncollegiate community residents. Distressed groups were recruited for a verbal learning study in exchange for free consultation and referral services, and these groups proved to be quite deviant on multiple psychometric measures of psychopathology (Beck Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Faschingbauer Abbreviated MMPI). None of the distressed subjects was in treatment at the time, so results were not confounded by influences such as institutionalization, drugs, or psychotherapy. A cognitive-cognitive sequence of helplessness training and test tasks was not impactful for this population of adults. Depressives performed more like normals on the anagrams, and the two nondepressed groups were not equivalent. The learned helplessness model of depression was not supported, but methodological suggestions were made for a more viable test of the model
Liquid crystallinity of a biological polysaccharide : the levan/water phase diagram

Boundaries on the phase diagram for aqueous solutions of levan (a branched polymer of fructose) were located quantitatively by transmitted light measurements performed with a UV-vible spectrophotometer. Data were collected in the range 10-70°C; the minimum concentrations required for separation of a liquid crystalline phase and the minimum concentration required for a fully liquid crystalline solution were identified within this range. The liquid crystalline nature of the anisotropic phase was confirmed by transmitted polarized light microscopy
Equilibrium emissivity calculations for a hydrogen plasma at temperatures up to 10,000°K☆☆☆

Abstract The important equilibrium emission processes in a hydrogen plasma have been investigated in the temperature range between 300°K and 10,000°K for pressures up to several hundred atmospheres. Representative emissivity calculations have been carried out for a transparent gas. For a nontransparent gas, the particular case of a total pressure of 100 atmos and a mean beam length of 30 cm has been considered. Important emissivity contributions are made by the pressure-induced fundamental vibration-rotation band and rotational lines of H 2 at the lower temperatures, i.e., below approximately 4500°K. Above this temperature, the bound-free and free-free transitions of the H - ion and the continuum and line radiation of the H atom are the most important contributors to the emissivity. The following emission processes also have been investigated: the bound-free transitions of the H + 2 ion, free-free transitions of colliding H atoms and H + ions, electronic transitions of the H 2 molecule, quadrupole vibration-rotation transitions of the H 2 molecule, and vibration-rotation transitions of the HD molecule. In addition, the effects of the lowering of the ionization potentials by the fields of plasma ions and of the very broad wings of the Lyman α-line have been considered.
Zinc Binding in HDAC Inhibitors: A DFT Study

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are attractive targets for the treatment of cancers and a variety of other diseases. Most currently studied HDAC inhibitors contain hydroxamic acids, which are potentially problematic in the development of practical drugs. DFT calculations of the binding modes and free energies of binding for a variety of other functionalities in a model active site of HDAC are described. The protonation state of hydroxamic acids in the active site and the origin of the high affinity are discussed. These results emphasize the importance of a carefully chosen pKa for zinc binding and provide guidance for the design of novel, non-hydroxamic acid HDAC inhibitors.
Is There a Catholic Sharing Ethic?: A Research Note

Tropman (1995) and others have hypothesized the existence of a distinctively Catholic ethic centered on the values of community and sharing with others, in contrast to a Weberian Protestant ethic emphasizing individual achievement and self-reliance. This study evaluates the hypothesis empirically by examining Gallup and General Social Survey data reflecting self-reported volunteer service by religious affiliation. While these limited data on volunteerism in the United States do not corroborate the existence of a distinctively Catholic sharing ethic, they do point toward the need for further research on cultures of sharing in general, both religious and secular
From "Our Gang" to "Society For": Reminiscences of an Organization in Transition

It is easy to take an organization for granted. Today, the SSSI is a mature, vigorous, and inclusive association-one that is blessed with rich traditions, democratic mechanisms, and clear procedures for handling both routine business and unexpected challenges. As I said, however, it is easy to view these characteristics with complacency, to take them as givens, to see them as merely the unproblematic backdrop for our day-to-day activities on the Society’s front stage. Yet certainly, as sociologists-especially as interactionists-we know better. Once we put on our analysts’ caps, we immediately become aware of the facts that no social arrangement is ever “unproblematic” and that voluntary organizations may be especially iffy. There is no way of knowing for certain, of course, but I would guess that most voluntary organizations-like the “clubs” many of us created as children4ie before they ever reach maturity. And even among those that survive beyond their first few years, many remain the private demesnes of their founders, unwelcoming to newcomers and unresponsive to demands for more open and more accountable governance. The point is, then, that the SSSI need not have survived much beyond its founding and it need not have developed the characteristics it now possesses; there was nothing inevitable about either its survival or its development. But it did survive and it did develop in a certain way, and my goal here is to make a small contribution to the story of how that came about.’ I am going to tell my part of the story by casting it as a series of six lessons about voluntary organizations and how they work. I learned these lessons-very much retrospectively-from my first-hand experiences with the leadership of the SSSI in the late 1970s and 1980s. To students of social movements and other voluntary associations, these lessons will probably seem mere commonplaces, iterations of the obvious. But at the time, the lessons were certainly not obvious to me. During the period I will discuss, I responded to what was happening in the organization with emotional as well as cognitive distress and puzzlement. My after-the-fact attempts, reflected here, to make sense analytically of both the distress and the puzzlement should be understood, then, as yet another instance of transforming private troubles into public issues.
Some atypical algal chromoproteins.

Abstract 1. 1. The biliproteins of two varieties of Smithora (Porphyra) naiadum were compared under identical conditions of extraction and chromatographic isolation. Fresh extracts of var. australis contain B-phycoerythrin, allophycocyanin and a purple complex having absorption maxima at 565 and 610 mμ. Upon standing, C-phycocyanin was released from this purple pigment fraction. Fresh extracts of var. naiadum contain B-phycoerythrin, allophycocyanin and C-phycocyanin of the fresh var. naiadum extracts apparently becomes incorporated in a purple fraction resembling that in fresh extracts of var. australis . 2. 2. The in vivo phycoerythrin of the three examined Phormidium species appeared to be C-phycoerythrin, absorption maximum approx. 565 mμ. This phycoerythrin was also obtained in vitro when extracted rapidly. On standing, extracts of these three algae yielded phycoerythrins having two absorption maxima (approx. 542 and 566 mμ). The formation of these artifact phycoerythrins appeared to be enzymically accelerated.
Phytadienes in Zooplankton

Four isomeric phytadienes have been isolated from mixed zooplankton of the Gulf of Maine. The chemical structures suggest that the mixture is derived by dehydration of phytol (presumably by acid catlysis), which is present in the diet of the zooplankton.
Ischemia and reperfusion injury

Abstract Organ allografts, particularly from less than optimal donors, may not be biologically inert at the time of transplantation but may trigger or amplify subsequent host responses against the foreign tissues. These potentially activated organs may provoke a continuum between the inflammatory changes evoked in the recipient by initial nonspecific, antigen-independent insults and the later onset of antigen-dependent, immunologic alloresponsiveness. Older donors, hypertension and other donor factors, the peripheral events surrounding brain death, the use of non-heart-beating donors, and ischemia-reperfusion injury may all contribute to initial graft injuries. These in turn may provoke the eventual onset of progressive chronic graft dysfunction. The effects of these insults, with special reference to cardiac transplants, are reviewed.
A parametric study on flexible electro-active composites: Importance of geometry and matrix properties

Active fiber composites comprised of long circular fibers embedded in an epoxy polymer, where the fibers are made of the piezoelectric ceramic lead zirconate titanate. The active fiber composites use interdigitated electrodes, which produce electric field lines parallel to the fiber direction instead of through-the-thickness. It is noted, however, that the d33 of the active fiber composite is almost a third that of the lead zirconate titanate, mainly because of the significant mismatch in dielectric properties between the epoxy matrix and the ceramic fibers. The objective of the current work is to investigate the effects of active fiber composite geometry and polymer properties on the overall performance of active fiber composite in terms of mechanical displacement and electric potential. An active fiber composite model that considers several fibers, epoxy matrix, and electrode fingers (interdigitated electrodes) as part of the representative volume element is developed and implemented using finite elemen...
Dimensionality of Brief Family Interaction and Satisfaction Scales among Couples from Eight Western and Midwestern States

The Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale, the Kansas Parental Satisfaction Scale, a version for couples of the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales (FACES III), and three subscales from the Marital Communication Inventory were subjected to common factor analysis using data from 1222 rural, heterosexual couples, husbands and wives from eight western and midwestern states in the United States. The analysis supported the expected dimensionality of the Marital Communication Inventory and the two satisfaction scales but suggested that the adaptability scale may have more than one dimension. All scales showed adequate to high internal consistency reliability; however, the two FACES III scales were correlated .59 for both husbands and wives, casting doubt on the presumed orthogonality of those scales, at least for these samples. The results further support the potential validity of brief measures of relationship quality and satisfaction.
N-Acetylglucosaminyl Transferase Regulates the Expression of the Sulfoglucuronyl Glycolipids in Specific Cell Types in Cerebellum during Development

In the adult cerebellum, sulfoglucuronyl glycolipids (SGGLs) are specifically localized in Purkinje cells and their dendrites in the molecular layer. Other major cell types such as granule neurons and glial cells lack SGGLs. To explain the cell specific localization and the known biphasic expression of SGGLs, enzymic activities of four glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of SGGLs were studied in murine cerebellar mutants, in distinct cellular layers of rat cerebellum, and in isolated granule neurons during development. The enzymes studied were lactosylceramide: N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase (GlcNAc-Tr), lactotriaosylceramide:galactosyltransferase, neolactotetraosylceramide:glucuronyltransferase, and glucuronylglycolipid:sulfotransferase. In the cerebellum of Purkinje cell-deficient mutants, such as (pcd/pcd) and lurcher (Lc/+) where Purkinje cells are lost, GlcNAc-Tr was absent, but the other three glycosyltransferase were not severely affected. This indicated that the latter three enzymes were localized in other cell types, such as in mature granule neurons and glial cells, in addition to that in Purkinje cells, and the lack of SGGLs in these mutants was due to absence of GlcNAc-Tr. Analyses of the enzymes in the specific micro-dissected cellular layers also showed that Purkinje cell layer and molecular layer (where Purkinje cell dendrites are localized) contained all four enzymes. However, granule neurons and glial cells in the white matter lacked GlcNAc-Tr, but expressed the other three enzymes. It was concluded that the absence of SGGLs in adult granule neurons and glial cells was due to specific deficiency of the GlcNAc-Tr. Although adult granule neurons lacked GlcNAc-Tr and therefore SGGLs, isolated granule neurons from the neonatal cerebellum contained all four enzymes necessary for the synthesis of SGGLs. With development, the activity of GlcNAc-Tr in the isolated granule neurons declined but the other enzymes were not as affected, indicating that immature granule neurons were capable of synthesizing SGGLs and with maturation the synthesis was down-regulated. This also explains the biphasic expression of SGGLs in the developing cerebellum.
Anatomy of trapeziometacarpal ligaments

The stabilizing ligaments of the thumb trapeziometacarpal joint were identified and studied during anatomic dissections of 30 hand specimens. Five main ligamentous structures were identified: (1) the anterior oblique ligament, (2) the ulnar collateral ligament, (3) the first intermetacarpal ligament, (4) the posterior oblique ligament, and (5) the dorsoradial ligament. It was observed that the anterior oblique ligament is the primary stabilizer of the trapeziometacarpal joint and is taut in abduction, extension, and pronation. The first intermetacarpal, ulnar collateral, and posterior oblique ligaments appear to be secondary stabilizers. In every specimen, the first intermetacarpal, ulnar collateral, and posterior oblique ligaments merged to form a force nucleus at the base of the first metacarpal. The dorsoradial ligament did not play a primary or secondary role in thumb stability. The clinical correlation of this anatomic study suggests that, at the minimum, the reconstruction of a primary thumb trapeziometacarpal ligament (anterior oblique ligament) is essential in the treatment of degenerative arthritis to maintain thumb stability.
Proximal Adsorption of Dodecyltrimethylammonium Bromide to the Silica−Electrolyte Solution Interface

The forces between a glass sphere and a flat fused silica plate in aqueous surfactant solution were obtained by atomic force microscopy. The effect of interparticle separation on the adsorption of the cationic surfactant dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide to silica was determined in the presence of 20 mM KBr by application of a Maxwell relation. In comparison to results in the absence of added salt, the changes in adsorption all occur at smaller separations. This is consistent with electrostatic forces being the only significant long-range force. When the interacting surfaces are negatively charged, the surfactant adsorbs as the surfaces approach each other. When the interacting surfaces are positively charged, the surfactant usually desorbs as the surfaces approach each other. These patterns are entirely consistent with charge regulation of the interacting surfaces. The extent of adsorption, however, exceeds the amount required to obtain constant surface electrical potential. This shows that calculations o...
A Single Pass Algorithm for Discovering Significant Intervals in Time-Series Data

Sensor-based applications, such as smart homes, require prediction of event occurrences for automating the environment using time-series data collected over a period of time. In these applications, it is important to predict events in tight and accurate intervals to effectively automate the application. This article deals with the discovery of significant intervals from time-series data. Although there is a considerable body of work on sequential mining of transactional data, most of them deal with time-point data and make several passes over the entire data set in order to discover frequently occurring patterns/events. We propose an approach in which significant intervals representing intrinsic nature of data are discovered in a single pass. In our approach, time-series data is folded over a periodicity (day, week, etc.) in which the intervals are formed. Significant intervals are discovered from this interval data that satisfy the criteria of minimum confidence and maximum interval length specified by the user. Both compression and working with intervals contribute towards improving the efficiency of the algorithm. In this article, we present a new single-pass algorithm for detecting significant intervals; discuss its characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages; and analyze it. Finally, we compare the performance of our algorithm with previously developed level-wise and SQL-based algorithms for significant interval discovery (SID).
Consequence of use of lower dose flat plate fluoroscopy in pediatric patients undergoing ablation for supraventricular tachycardia.

Traditional imaging for ablation of supraventricular tachycardia has been fluoroscopy, although 3-dimensional electroanatomic mapping (3D) has been demonstrated to reduce radiation exposure. This study compares a technique for the reduction of radiation, low-dose fluoroscopy (LD), with standard-dose fluoroscopy (SD) and 3D with SD (3D-SD). This was a single institutional retrospective cohort study. All patients undergoing initial ablation for atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT) or atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) from 2009 to 2012 were reviewed and divided into 3 groups: (1) SD, (2) 3D (CARTO or NavX) with SD, or (3) LD. LD uses the same equipment as SD but includes customized changes to the manufacturer's lowest settings by decreasing the requested dose to the detector. Primary outcomes were fluoroscopy time and dose area product exposure. One hundred eighty-one patients were included. The median age was 15.0 years (3.3–20.8); 59% had AVRT, 35% had AVNRT, and 6% had both AVRT and AVNRT. LD decreased the dose area product (DAP) compared with SD (637.0 vs 960.1 cGy*cm 2 , p = 0.01) with no difference in fluoroscopy time. 3D-SD decreased fluoroscopy time compared with SD (9.9 vs 18.3 minutes, p 2 (p = 0.16). LD and 3D-SD had comparable DAP (637.0 vs 570.1 cGy*cm 2 , p = 0.67), even though LD had significantly longer fluoroscopy time (19.9 vs 9.9 minutes, p
CHICKS KNOW NOT TO BEG

![Figure][1] Many avian studies have documented how birds respond – both behaviorally and physiologically – to stress. Researchers most commonly describe predator–prey interactions from the adult birds' perspective. Birds exhibit a range of aggressive and defensive behaviors in response
Understanding oxygen depletion on the Oregon coastal shelf

Each spring the winds off Oregon shift, changing ocean currents and spurring the onset of the upwelling season, an approximately 4-month period when cold, nutrient-rich, oxygen-depleted deep water is driven into the coastal region. However, in recent decades, measurements have shown that the concentration of oxygen in the waters off Oregon has been decreasing. In the past few years, summer hypoxia—in which oxygen is depleted enough to harm aquatic organisms—has been getting more and more severe.
Structure and mechanism in salivary proteins from blood-feeding arthropods

The saliva of blood-feeding arthropods contains rich mixtures of ligand binding proteins targeted at inhibiting hemostasis and inflammation in the host. Since blood feeding has evolved many times, different taxonomic groups utilize completely different families of proteins to perform similar tasks. Structural studies performed on a number of these proteins have revealed biologically novel and sophisticated mechanisms used to perform their functions. Here, the results of these structural and mechanistic studies are reviewed.
Suckling behavior in rat pups with lesions which destroy the modified glomerular complex

Seven-day-old sham operated rats and those with lesions of the rostral medial, lateral, or posterior medial olfactory bulbs were tested postoperatively for nipple attachment behavior and weighed daily. The posterior medial lesions included the area of the modified glomerular complex (MGC), a region of the bulb that has been implicated in suckling behavior. There were no significant differences among groups in nipple attachment latency or weight gain. These results do not support the notion that the MGC is essential for suckling in neonatal rats.
Statistical analysis of binary relational data: Parameter estimation

Abstract Binary interaction data, measuring the presence or absence of a relation between pairs of actors in a “dyadic interaction situation,” are commonly gathered to study the social structure of the group of actors. Recent developments have made the statistical analysis of such data statistically easier and more substantively sophisticated. These developments allow researchers to simultaneously study several sociometric structural properties, such as reciprocity, differential popularity, and equivalence of actors. Building on this research, we review the stochastic models responsible for this breakthrough, and discuss methods for estimating expected values and model parameters. Throughout, we also highlight recent advances designed to incorporate nodal or actor attribute data into the relational data analysis. We conclude with an example illustrating these ideas based on conversational activities among actors in a group of eight people.
Characteristics of adolescent intermittent and daily smokers

Abstract Introduction Intermittent smoking is common among adolescent smokers, but little is known about adolescent intermittent smokers (ITS). This study describes a cohort of adolescent ITS and compares them to adolescent daily smokers (DS) for the purpose of providing a more detailed characterization of adolescent ITS, specifically patterns of smoking, level of self-reported addiction, and experience with cessation Methods Participants were 124 ITS and 55 DS. ITS were defined as smoking at least monthly but Results ITS started smoking at an older age, smoked fewer cigarettes per day and scored significantly lower on addiction scales, but had similar difficulty to DS in quitting smoking with similar numbers of reported quit attempts. These differences remained after adjusting for years of smoking. ITS were more likely to smoke in social situations, while DS were more likely to smoke when angry. Both groups were equally likely to report smoking when drinking alcohol. Conclusions We documented significant differences in smoking related behaviors between adolescent ITS and DS. Importantly, we also found that, despite low level infrequent smoking, ITS reported difficulty in quitting smoking. Given the risks from light and intermittent smoking, it is essential that we develop a greater understanding of adolescent ITS, including their difficulty in quitting and the contextual factors influencing their smoking, so that we may develop new targeted interventions.
High-dose therapy with stem cell rescue for pediatric solid tumors: Rationale and results

Metastatic and recurrent pediatric solid tumors usually respond to chemotherapy but are likely to recur. Because of steep dose-response relationships, HDT requiring hematopoietic rescue may improve outcome. This strategy has recently been shown to be effective for metastatic neuroblastoma. Metastatic Ewing's sarcoma appears to be a closely analogous situation, and promising phase II studies suggest that a definitive trial of efficacy would be appropriate. Phase I or II trials remain appropriate and are needed to define further the efficacy of HDT for most other poor prognosis pediatric solid tumors.
Mapping backbone dynamics in solution with site-directed spin labeling: GCN4-58 bZip free and bound to DNA.

In site-directed spin labeling, a nitroxide-containing side chain is introduced at selected sites in a protein. The EPR spectrum of the labeled protein encodes information about the motion of the nitroxide on the nanosecond time scale, which has contributions from the rotary diffusion of the protein, from internal motions in the side chain, and from backbone fluctuations. In the simplest model for the motion of noninteracting (surface) side chains, the contribution from the internal motion is sequence independent, as is that from protein rotary diffusion. Hence, differences in backbone motions should be revealed by comparing the sequence-dependent motions of nitroxides at structurally homologous sites. To examine this model, nitroxide side chains were introduced, one at a time, along the GCN4−58 bZip sequence, for which NMR 15N relaxation experiments have identified a striking gradient of backbone mobility along the DNA-binding region [Bracken et al. (1999) J. Mol. Biol. 285, 2133]. Spectral simulation te...