cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Life-cycle analysis of fuels from post-use non-recycled plastics

Abstract Plastic-to-fuel (PTF) technology uses pyrolysis to convert plastic waste—especially non-recycled plastics (NRP)—into ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel. To assess the potential energy and environmental benefits associated with PTF technology, we calculated the energy, water consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions of NRP-derived ULSD and compared the results to those metrics for conventional ULSD fuel. For these analyses, we used the Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions and Energy use in Transportation (GREET®) model. Five companies provided pyrolysis process product yields and material and energy consumption data. Co-products of the process included char and fuel gas. Char can be landfilled, which, per the company responses, is the most common practice for this co-product, or it may be sold as an energy product. Fuel gas can be combusted to internally generate process heat and electricity. Sensitivity analyses investigated the influence of co-product handling methodology, product yield, electric grid composition, and assumed efficiency of char combustion technology on life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions. The sensitivity analysis indicates that the GHG emissions would likely be reduced up to 14% when it is compared to conventional ULSD, depending on the co-product treatment method used. NRP-derived ULSD fuel could therefore be considered at a minimum carbon neutral with the potential to offer a modest GHG reduction. Furthermore, this waste-derived fuel had 58% lower water consumption and up to 96% lower fossil fuel consumption than conventional ULSD fuel in the base case. In addition to the comparison of PTF fuels with conventional transportation fuels, we also compare the results with alternative scenarios for managing NRP including power generation and landfilling in the United States.
Does college football impact the size of university applicant pools and the quality of entering students

ABSTRACTThe role played by collegiate athletics in furthering the mission of institutions of higher education has been one of the more active research streams in the economics literature. Two areas of emphasis in this particular genre concern the relationship between athletics success and the size of a university’s applicant pool, and the relationship between athletics success and the quality of a university’s incoming class. This study extends both lines of research above by employing a unique panel data set consisting of 10 institutions that either added or eliminated college football between 1997 and 2015 in order to examine the impact of the presence of college football programme on both the size of university applicant pools and the quality of the students chosen for admission. Results from a panel data estimator presented here suggest that the size of their applicant pool shrinks the year following discontinuation of a college football programme. In the case of ACT scores, the results are similar, i...
Reducing the sensitivity of Rydberg atoms to dc electric fields using two-frequency ac field dressing

We propose a method for reducing the sensitivity of atomic ground-to-Rydberg transitions to stray dc electric fields, using microwave-induced dressing of Rydberg states. Calculations are presented for the Cs $90{S}_{1/2}$ and $90{P}_{3/2}$ states. With zero dc bias electric field, a two-frequency ac field is used to simultaneously reduce the sensitivity of both states to dc field variations. The sensitivity reduction is a factor of 95 for the $90{S}_{1/2}$ state and a factor of 1600 for the $90{P}_{3/2},{m}_{J}=3/2$ state. We also show how the two-frequency ac field can be used to cancel both second- and fourth-order terms in the polarizability of a single Rydberg state. These results are relevant to improving the stability of experiments that seek to excite Rydberg atoms in the proximity of charged surfaces.
Explaining Irrational Actions

We sometimes want to understand irrational action, or actions a person under­takes given that their acting that way conflicts with their beliefs, their (other) desires, or their (other) goals. What is puzzling about all explanations of such irrational ac­tions is this: if we explain the action by offering the agent’s reasons for the action, the action no longer seems irrational, but only (at most) a bad decision. If we explain the action mechanistically, without offering the agent’s reasons for it, then the ex­planation fails to explain the behavior as an action at all. I focus on cases that result from compulsion or irresistible desire, especially addiction, and show that this problem of explaining irrational actions may be insurmountable because, given the constraints on action explanations, we cannot explain irrational actions both as irrational and as actions.
The International Paralympic Committee as a Governing Body

The governance structure of the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) and the Paralympic Movement includes international federations, National Paralympic Committees, a governing board, a general assembly, as well as a management team. Guided by its Strategic Plan, the IPC governs para-sport and also maintains relationships with the IOC and various sport governing bodies that work with sports for people with disabilities but are not competed in at the Paralympic Games.
The Existential Casework Relationship

The therapeutic encounter is not a special method of treatment but an attitudinal framework within which the caseworker functions
Distribution Matters: The Reverse Robin-Hood Macroeconomic Effects

This paper examines income distribution’s impact on aggregate demand. Income distribution is introduced by replacing consumption as a function of aggregate income with consumption as the sum of two consumptions: a high income group’s and low income group’s. Notably the high income group’s MPC is assumed to be less than the lower income group’s. Analysis reveals two key results. As the high income group’s proportion of income rises: (1) aggregate demand falls and (2) autonomous spending changes cause smaller aggregate demand shifts. A reduced multiplier is the key. Empirical work supports the assumption that the high income group’s MPC is less than the low income group’s.
Fading distributed scaffolds: the importance of complementarity between teacher and material scaffolds.

Designing learning environments with distributed scaffolding—support distributed across different instructional tools, activities, and the teacher—can help support students’ different needs, but a critical question is how the design incorporates the hallmark feature of responsive support. While most material scaffolds in instructional tools are inherently static, teachers can complement support provided in material scaffolds by providing responsive assistance and mediating students’ interactions within their environment to both support and challenge students. Our study explores the interplay between support embedded in instructional materials and scaffolding provided by teachers. We focused on how teachers’ scaffolding complemented the fading material scaffolds in a paper-and-pencil tool and how this combination of support impacted students’ learning of science practices and content. Differences in teachers’ responsive versus static scaffolding moves corresponded with differences in students’ performance as material scaffolds faded in support. One teacher complemented support provided by the material scaffolds by frequently monitoring students’ understanding and providing additional support as needed, even when material scaffolds faded; her students maintained a high level of performance throughout the unit. In contrast, the other teacher tended to extend the static kind of scaffolding found in the instructional materials rather than adapt support to his students’ needs as material scaffolds faded; his students showed a significant decrease in performance over time. Our findings show that the complementarity between responsive scaffolding moves from the teacher and scaffolding embedded in instructional materials is important for effectively supporting the wide range of students’ needs in the classroom.
IgG Fc Glycosylation in Human Immunity

Glycosylation of IgG Fc domains is a central mechanism in the diversification of antibody function. Modifications to the core Fc glycan impact antibody function by shifting the balance of Type I and Type II Fc gamma receptors (FcγR) that will be engaged by immune complexes. This, in turn, modulates the effector cells and functions that can be recruited during immune activation. Critically, humans have evolved to regulate Fc glycan modifications for immune homeostasis. Dysregulation in Fc glycan modifications can lead to loss of immune tolerance, symptomatic autoimmunity, and susceptibility to infectious diseases. Here, we discuss IgG Fc glycosylation and its role in human health and disease.
Physical Education Policies in US Schools: Differences by School Characteristics.

Background We assessed the extent to which schools in the United States implement physical education policies identified in SHAPE America's Essential Components of Physical Education document and how implementation of these policies varies by school characteristics. Methods School policy data were collected as part of the 2014 School Health Policies and Practices Study via computer-assisted personal interviews in a nationally representative sample of K-12 schools and were linked to extant data on school characteristics. Bivariate analyses and Poisson regression model were used to examine how physical education policies differed by school characteristics. Results Five physical education policies varied by region and 3 varied by school level. Requiring certified, licensed, or endorsed physical education teachers varied by all school characteristics except school level and percentage of students eligible for free or reduced-price lunch. The average number of physical education policies implemented by schools was 3.0. The number of policies varied by metropolitan status and school level. Conclusions The findings suggest many schools are only implementing a few of the physical education policies that can strengthen their physical education programs. These findings can be used to target professional development and technical assistance for physical education practitioners on policy and implementation.
Synaptic neurexin-1 assembles into dynamically regulated active zone nanoclusters

Neurexins are well-characterized presynaptic cell adhesion molecules that engage multifarious postsynaptic ligands and organize diverse synapse properties. However, the precise synaptic localization of neurexins remains enigmatic. Using super-resolution microscopy, we demonstrate that neurexin-1 forms discrete nanoclusters at excitatory synapses, revealing a novel organizational feature of synaptic architecture. Synapses generally contain a single nanocluster that comprises more than four neurexin-1 molecules and that also includes neurexin-2 and/or neurexin-3 isoforms. Moreover, we find that neurexin-1 is physiologically cleaved by ADAM10 similar to its ligand neuroligin-1, with ∼4-6% of neurexin-1 and ∼2-3% of neuroligin-1 present in the adult brain as soluble ectodomain proteins. Blocking ADAM10-mediated neurexin-1 cleavage dramatically increased the synaptic neurexin-1 content, thereby elevating the percentage of Homer1(+) excitatory synapses containing neurexin-1 nanoclusters from 40-50% to ∼80%, and doubling the number of neurexin-1 molecules per nanocluster. Taken together, our results reveal an unexpected nanodomain organization of synapses in which neurexin-1 is assembled into discrete presynaptic nanoclusters that are dynamically regulated via ectodomain cleavage.
Synergistic Lemna Duckweed and Microbial Transformation of Imidacloprid and Thiacloprid Neonicotinoids

Neonicotinoids are the most widely used insecticides in the world and are commonly measured in aquatic environments, including freshwater wetlands. We report for the first time the synergistic tran...
Review: Pursuing Information Literacy: Roles and Relationships

Lombard, Emmett. Pursuing Information Literacy: Roles and Relationships . Oxford: Chandos Publishing, 2010. 164 pp. ISBN 9781843345909. Soft cover, $75.00
Calcium and Oral Health

Calcium is vital for the proper development and maintenance of calcified oral tissues. These include tissues incorporated into the structure of the teeth themselves and the bone in which they are embedded. The mineralized tissues of the tooth, enamel, cementum and dentin, have characteristics that are distinct from bone. The enamel covering of the coronal portion of the tooth is composed of large, densely packed hydroxyapatite crystals (Fig. 1). Compared with bone, enamel has a higher ratio of mineral to water and organic material (96% mineral, 3% water, and <1% collagen). Enamel has no vascular or nerve supply after the tooth has been formed, and does not undergo remodeling. Demineralization and remineralization occur only in localized areas on the tooth surface.
Intentional action without knowledge

In order to be doing something intentionally, must one know that one is doing it? Some philosophers have answered yes. Our aim is to test a version of this knowledge thesis, what we call the Knowledge/Awareness Thesis, or KAT. KAT states that an agent is doing something intentionally only if he knows that he is doing it or is aware that he is doing it. Here, using vignettes featuring skilled action and vignettes featuring habitual action, we provide evidence that, in various scenarios, a majority of non-specialists regard agents as intentionally doing things that the agents do not know they are doing and are not aware of doing. This puts pressure on proponents of KAT and leaves it to them to find a way these results can coexist with KAT.
The effect of estrogen therapy on spermatogenesis in transgender women.

Objective To describe the histopathologic parameters of orchiectomy specimens obtained after gender-affirming surgery from transgender women who used gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT), which included estrogen and spironolactone. Our hypothesis was that an increasing duration of GAHT affects testicular health. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Tertiary referral center. Patient(s) All transgender women (individuals assigned male at birth who identified as female) who underwent orchiectomy with or without vaginoplasty between December 2015 and March 2020. Intervention(s) GAHT (estrogen and spironolactone) in the setting of patients with orchiectomy with or without vaginoplasty. Main Outcome Measure(s) Demographic and perioperative data and pathology records were reviewed. The following pathology parameters were recorded: testicular volume, testicular weight, presence of spermatogenesis (active vs. reduced), maturation arrest, testicular atrophy, hyalinization, scarring/fibrosis, and Sertoli cell and Leydig cell phenotypes. The patients were grouped into one of three categories describing the duration of GAHT use: 0–36 months, 37–60 months, and >60 months years. Descriptive statistics were performed and comparisons between outcomes (demographic data and pathology parameters) were made among the GAHT groups. Result(s) Eighty-five (N = 85) patients underwent orchiectomy during the study period with 85.9% (n = 73) undergoing concurrent vaginoplasty. The mean (SD) age and body mass index of the cohort were 39 ±16 years and 28.4 ± 5.4 kg/m2, respectively. In addition, although this was not statistically significant, patients in the 37–60 and >60-month groups were more likely to smoke marijuana than those in the 0–36-month group (26.3% and 21.2% vs. 4.2%, respectively). Mean testicular weight and volume across the cohort were 60.1 ± 24.9 grams and 65.5 ± 41.1 cm3, respectively. Spermatogenesis was present in 28.2% (n = 24) of specimens with active spermatogenesis noted in 8.2% (n = 7). Hyalinization, scarring/fibrosis, and atrophy were present in 28.2% (n = 24), 20.0% (n = 17), and 25.9% (n = 22) of specimens, respectively. There were no differences in pathology parameters across the GAHT groups. Testicular weight and volume were not associated with any differences in pathology parameters. Additionally, age was not associated with testicular weight, volume, or pathology parameters with the exception of the following: when patients were categorized as either ≤40 years of age (n = 48) vs. > 40 years of age (n = 37), patients who were older were more likely to have hyalinization (43.2% vs. 16.7%) as well as atrophy (40.5% vs. 14.6%). Conclusion(s) The duration of GAHT use was not associated with any differences in orchiectomy pathology parameters in patients undergoing gender-affirming surgery, and some patients may still have some spermatogenesis based on the parameters observed in this study.
Intra-Year Shifts in the Earnings Distribution and Implications for Earnings Management*

We extend the earnings distribution-based approach to explain the kink in the annual earnings distribution by examining its evolution. Our analyses fail to confirm prior research implications that the kink develops when firms facing smallest year-to-date losses abnormally shift into the smallest profit interval. We find the primary abnormal tendency by firms during the development of the kink is to remain in the smallest profit interval, rather than to move into a higher earnings interval. This suggests that firms avoiding smallest losses most likely prevent year-to-date profits from turning into annual losses rather than converting year-to-date losses into annual profits.
Grading for Equity: A Curriculum Development and Grading Process to Enhance Instruction

In Grading for EQUITY: What It Is, Why It Matters, and How It Can Transform Schools and Classrooms, Joe Feldman states 'The ways we grade disproportionately favor students with privilege and disproportionately harm students with less privilege.' (2019, pp. xxii-xxiii) This workshop provides a process to make grading practices more equitable. The process includes: 1) analyzing course goals to yield desired course outcomes; 2) developing assessments of the outcomes; 3) developing learning activities; 4) adopting a different approach to grading assessments; and 5) developing an appropriate overall grading scheme. With some practice and discussion with peers you can implement an equitable grading process that revolutionizes your instructional practice. Grading will: no longer address student behavior subject to bias; incorporate better mathematical practices becoming more accurate, lack bias; and be motivating. Grading For Equity alleviates: the homework grading burden with feedback ignored by students; worries about cheating on homework; and arguing with students about points while it allows instructors to focus on working with students in a professional and less stressful manner. Workshop activity will address all five process elements noted above. Participants need to view a background presentation prior to the workshop and will receive sample outcomes, assessments, and grading suggestions for various types of courses in addition to workshop products.
Review of Ian Hacking, _Why is There Philosophy of Mathematics at All?_

Ian Hacking is a gripping writer with an ear for wickedly good turns of phrase. The joyous playfulness of his language can arouse interest on any topic whatsoever. He is also a skilled philosophical conversationalist, who can put long-dead philosophers into dialog with those still living, because he has his finger deftly positioned on the pulse of our discipline. His most recent book is on a topic that has bedeviled a good many philosophers in history, Hacking no less than anyone else. It concerns the place of mathematical reasoning and other mathematical activity in the economy of human thought, and in the natural world generally. On display in this book, page after page, is that bedevilment.
Operative Versus Non-Operative Treatment of Severely Shortened or Comminuted Clavicle Fractures in Older Adolescent Athletes: Results from A Prospective, Multicenter, Level 2 Cohort Study

Objectives: Operative management of clavicle fractures is increasingly advocated for athletes and young adults. Surgical indications and optimal treatment for comminuted or severely shortened clavicle fractures in adolescent athletes remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of non-operatively and operatively treated comminuted and/or severely shortened (>25mm) clavicle fractures in older adolescent athletes.
Criteria for Appraising the Efficiency of Allocation of Foreign Capital

How to allocate capital efficiently is part of the larger problem of how to allocate all scarce resources. One should, therefore, bear in mind the effect of capital flows on the extent of employment of resources, a problem discussed previously. But even if the level of employment is taken as “given” (e.g., when economic policies are unconcerned with, or ineffective in assuring full employment), then one should still be concerned with the efficient allocation of resources among alternative uses. In the words of Professor Scitovsky, “... the efficiency or inefficiency of economic organization at any one time inevitably bequeaths a legacy of efficiency or inefficiency to the future.”1 Accordingly, although wastes were involved since the maintenance of full employment was not the main objective of economic policies of East European governments, we can nevertheless enquire about the effectiveness of investment activity attributable wholly or partly to foreign capital. It is important to do so because investment decisions were not easily retractable, but had a cumulative and lasting effect on the efficiency of the productive apparatus even after the flow of foreign capital became sharply reduced in the 1930’s.
Relay, an Experimental Satellite for TV and Multichannel Telephony Communications

The basic objective of Project Relay is to study the problems of long-haul communications systems using active, low-altitude, non-synchronous satellites. The first Relay satellite will be launched in late 1962 from the Atlantic Missile Range. Various private companies and government agencies in the United States, Brazil, Great Britain, France and West Germany will participate in the program.
Transition from school to work for students with severe disabilities: what advocates need to know about the 1992 rehabilitation act amendments

Transition services have been defined in both IDEA and the Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1992. While much has been written about IDEA, the present article briefly reviews a sample of recent transition literature which indicates little has been written about the role of the 1992 Rehabilitation Act Amendments on transition from school to work. Therefore, this article provides stakeholders/advocates with a description of key provisions of the 1992 Amendments which impact directly on the transition process. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.
Developmental expression of human epidermal keratins and filaggrin.

Publisher Summary This chapter considers the expression and localization of keratins and the keratin-associated protein— filaggrin—during human fetal skin development from approximately 7 weeks estimated gestational age (EGA) until birth to approximately 40 weeks EGA. It reviews biochemical and immunological evidence for the time of expression of different members of the family of keratin proteins and filaggrin and correlates these changes with morphological changes during development. This review is useful for both basic and applied aspects of epidermal biology. The keratins are a large and complex family of proteins that make up the intermediate filaments in all epithelial cells, but only a limited number of keratins are expressed in any one type of epithelium or in the cells at a particular stage of differentiation of an epithelium. The correlation of biochemistry and morphology in developing fetal epidermis may give insight into the role of the specific members of the keratin family in cell function. Filaggrin is an unusual protein that aggregates in a stoichiometric manner with keratin filaments and is thought to function as the keratin matrix protein in the fully differentiated and cornified cells of epidermis. The interaction of these proteins may account for the so-called keratin pattern of negatively outlined filaments embedded in an electron-dense matrix. However, the initial keratinized cells formed during the human fetal development do not appear to have a keratin pattern. Thus, fetal development offers a situation in which the proposed role of filaggrin in keratinization can be investigated.
Mechanics and interpretations of fault slip

Profiles of fault slip reflect the redistribution of strain energy associated with faulting. Real slip profiles typically are irregular and commonly are drawn as piece-wise linear, although the data permit other interpretations. In a linear elastic body, stress singularities would occur at the ends of profile segments along which slip varies linearly, and strain incompatibilities would occur where the third derivative of the slip is discontinuous: concentrated fracturing (energy sinks) along a fault should arise there. Elastic solutions for interacting faults with uniform strengths yield slip profiles consistent with the first-order shapes of many observed slip profiles, including those with near-linear tapers, which are difficult to explain by on-fault effects. Slip data collected and analyzed in conjunction with information on both along-fault fracturing and neighboring faults can lead to improved insight into how faults slip, propagate, and dissipate energy.
Comments on "Price Stability and Japanese Monetary Policy" (2)

Invoking the venerable quantity theory of money, Hetzel (2004) argues that central banks are not powerless to end deflation, even when shortterm interest rates are zero. While agreeing with his overall conclusion that central banks do possess tools to fight deflation, this commentary points out that the sixfold expansion in current account balances over the past three years has thus far failed to have any discernable impact on the volume of M2+CDs in Japan. This observation highlights an important obstacle to the direct implementation of the quantity theory’s policy prescription when the zero lower bound on the short-term nominal interest rate is binding. Hetzel’s proposal to link Japan’s current account balance target is nonetheless a useful one, however, as it would represent a step toward a price level target.
A partial order approach to discrete dynamic feedback in a class of hybrid systems

We consider the dynamic feedback problem in a class of hybrid systems modeled as (infinite) state deterministic transition systems, in which the continuous variables are available for measurement. The contribution of the present paper is twofold. First, a novel framework for performing dynamic feedback is proposed which relies on partial orders on the sets of inputs and of discrete states. Within this framework, a state estimator updates a lower and an upper bound of the set of current states. A controller then uses such upper and lower bounds to compute the upper and lower bounds of the set of inputs that maintain the current state in a desired set. Second, we show that under dynamic controllability assumptions, the conditions that allow to apply the developed algorithms can always be verified. Therefore, the partial order approach to dynamic feedback is general. A multi-robot system is presented to show the computational advantages in a system in which the size of the state set can be so large as to render enumeration and exhaustive techniques inapplicable.
A behavioral approach to the treatment of substance use disorders

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a behavioral approach to the treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs) based on the principles of behavior analysis and behavioral pharmacology. Such principles support a conceptual framework in which substance use is considered a form of operant responding that is maintained by the primary reinforcing effects of the pharmacological actions of abused drugs in combination with social reinforcement derived from the drug-abusing lifestyle. All healthy humans are assumed to possess the necessary neurobiological systems to experience drug-produced reinforcement and hence to develop patterns of repeated substance use, abuse, and dependence. Treatment based on this conceptual framework seeks to weaken the behavioral control exerted by drug-produced reinforcement and the drug abusing lifestyle, and to increase the control exerted by competing, healthier sources of no drug reinforcement. The chapter outlines the functional assessment and analysis of SUDs-related behavior, describes the community reinforcement plus vouchers (CRA + vouchers) treatment, and reviews the evidence supporting its efficacy.
A New Principle of Demarcation: A Modest Proposal for Science and Science Education.

In light of the complaints of some that study of the history or philosophy of science could be of no value to scientists themselves, some specific advantages are discussed. Likewise, possible sources of the complaint are identified as resulting from the history of the philosophy of science movement in its attempt to use science to attack idealism, as well as the introduction of various a priori views. A remedy for scientists and science teachers is proposed by way of a new principle which seeks to demarcate those elements of the history and philosophy of science of greatest use to them.
Postoperative urinary retention in men is common after carotid endarterectomy and is associated with advanced age and prior urinary tract infection

Objective This study was undertaken to analyze the occurrence of postoperative urinary retention (POUR) after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and determine whether there are any associated modifiable risk factors. CEA was chosen to minimize the confounding effects of known risk factors for POUR, including immobilization, regional and severe pain, and neuroaxial anesthesia. Methods This was a retrospective record review of 186 male patients undergoing CEA between 2007 and 2011. Demographic, comorbidities, and operative characteristics were compared. Continuous variables are reported as median and interquartile range (IQR) and categoric variables as frequencies and proportions. Pearson χ 2 or Mann-Whitney U tests compared categoric and continuous variables, respectively. Logistic regression was used to examine univariate and multivariate odds of POUR. Multivariate analysis controlled for known predictors of urinary retention. Association with other complications was examined with the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results POUR occurred in 34 patients (18.3%). Median age and history of urinary tract infection (UTI) were significantly associated with POUR: median age was 73.0 years (IQR, 67-80 years) for those with POUR vs 69.5 years (IQR, 63-76 years) for those without ( P = .047); 17.6% of patients with a history of UTI developed POUR vs 5.9% without ( P = .023). These findings persisted on multivariate analysis controlling for known predictors of POUR (body mass index, history of diabetes, benign prostate hyperplasia, and prior prostate surgery): median age (odds ratio, 1.05; 95% confidence interval, 1-1.1) and history of UTI (odds ratio, 4.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.23-14.05; P = .022). The occurrence of POUR was significantly correlated with postoperative UTI: 18.8% with POUR vs 0.7% without (Pearson r = 0.369; P Conclusions POUR requiring bladder catheterization after CEA predisposes patients to postoperative UTI and is more common in older patients and those with a history of UTI. CEA patients lack inherent risk factors for POUR and would be a useful population for prospective studies involving POUR.
Calculating the Annihilation Rate of Weakly Interacting Massive Particles

We develop a formalism that allows one to systematically calculate the weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) annihilation rate into gamma rays whose energy far exceeds the weak scale. A factorization theorem is presented which separates the radiative corrections stemming from initial-state potential interactions from loops involving the final state. This separation allows us to go beyond the fixed order calculation, which is polluted by large infrared logarithms. For the case of Majorana WIMPs transforming in the adjoint representation of SU(2), we present the result for the resummed rate at leading double-log accuracy in terms of two initial-state partial-wave matrix elements and one hard matching coefficient. For a given model, one may calculate the cross section by finding the tree level matching coefficient and determining the value of a local four-fermion operator. The effects of resummation can be as large as 100% for a 20 TeV WIMP. However, for lighter WIMP masses relevant for the thermal relic scenario, leading-log resummation modifies the Sudakov factors only at the 10% level. Furthermore, given comparably sized Sommerfeld factors, the total effect of radiative corrections on the semi-inclusive photon annihilation rate is found to be percent level. The generalization of the formalism to other types of WIMPs is discussed.
Sex-Specific Association of Sleep Apnea Severity with Subclinical Myocardial Injury, Ventricular Hypertrophy, and Heart Failure Risk in a Community Dwelling Cohort: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities-Sleep Heart Health Study

Background—Risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and the development of subsequent cardiovascular (CV) complications differ by sex. We hypothesize that the relationship between OSA and high-sensitivity troponin T (hs-TnT), cardiac structure, and CV outcomes differs by sex. Methods and Results—Seven hundred fifty-two men and 893 women free of CV disease participating in both the Atherosclerosis Risk in the Communities and the Sleep Heart Health Studies were included. All participants (mean age, 62.5±5.5 years) underwent polysomnography and measurement of hs-TnT. OSA severity was defined by using established clinical categories. Subjects were followed for 13.6±3.2 years for incident coronary disease, heart failure, and CV and all-cause mortality. Surviving subjects underwent echocardiography after 15.2±0.8 years. OSA was independently associated with hs-TnT among women (P=0.03) but not in men (P=0.94). Similarly, OSA was associated with incident heart failure or death in women (P=0.01) but not men ...
Morphology and cyclic AMP metabolism of normal and spontaneously transformed rabbit transitional epithelium in vitro.

Abstract In general, the culture of homogeneous strips of transitional epithelium derived from scrapings of inverted rabbit urinary bladders did not lead to the attachment and growth of cells. Instead, groups of cells rounded up to form self-enclosed masses separated from the media by tight junctions between the outermost layer of cells. With an extremely low incidence (≈1 per 50 bladders) cells from such preparations did attach to the culture vessels and grow. The morphology and growth characteristics of one strain of such epithelioid cells was characterized and found to be similar to previous descriptions of transformed urothelial cells. A comparison of the cyclic AMP metabolism of the normal tissue to the spontaneously transformed strain of cells revealed several major differences. In both intact cell studies and in cell-free measurements of adenylate cyclase of the transformed strain a loss of responsiveness to prostaglandin E1 was apparent, while the ability to respond to epinephrine remained unchanged. In addition, the transformed cells demonstrated about a ten-fold increase in cyclic 3':5' nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity.
(Invited) An Ultra-Low Insertion Loss T/R switch fully integrated with 802.11b/g/n transceiver in 90nm CMOS

An Ultra Low Insertion loss T/R switch fully integrated with 802.11 b/g/n direct conversion transceiver front end in 90 nm CMOS. The receiver achieves 3.6 dB NF at 2.4 GHz. The T/R switch has been designed and tested and has 0.3 dB insertion loss in the transmit mode and adds 0.1 dB of NF in the receive mode while occupying 0.02 mm2 of the die area.
Diagnostic Features of Clinical Neurologic Feline Infectious Peritonitis

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal Arthus-type immune response of cats to infection with FIP virus, a mutant of the ubiquitous feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). The disease may occur systemically or in any single organ system, and primary neurologic disease is a common subset of such manifestations. We examined 16 domestic cats with clinical neurologic FIP and 8 control cats with nonneurologic FIP, with the intention of identifying the ante- and postmortem diagnostic tests that most contribute to accurate diagnosis. Of the 16 cats with neurologic FIP, 15 were less than 2 years of age and all 16 originated from large multiple-cat households. The most useful antemortem indicators of disease were positive anti-coronavirus IgG titer in cerebrospinal fluid, high serum total protein concentration, and findings on magnetic resonance imaging suggesting periventricular contrast enhancement, ventricular dilatation, and hydrocephalus. Postmortem diagnosis was facilitated by FIP monoclonal antibody staining of affected tissue and coronavirus-specific polymerase chain reaction. Most cats with neurologic and ocular forms of FIP had patchy, focal lesions, suggesting that recently developed technologies described in this report may be useful for evaluation of cats with suspected FIP.
In vitro molybdenum ligation to molybdopterin using purified components.

We have previously shown that Escherichia coli MoeA and MogA are required in vivo for the final step of molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis, the addition of the molybdenum atom to the dithiolene of molybdopterin. MoeA was also shown to facilitate the addition of molybdenum in an assay using crude extracts from E. coli moeA– cells. The experiments detailed in this report utilized an in vitro assay for MoeA-mediated molybdenum ligation to de novo synthesized molybdopterin using only purified components and monitoring the reconstitution of human aposulfite oxidase. In this assay, maximum activation was achieved by delaying the addition of aposulfite oxidase to allow for adequate molybdenum coordination to occur. Tungsten, which substitutes for molybdenum in hyperthermophilic organisms, could also be ligated to molybdopterin using this system, though not as efficiently as molybdenum. Addition of thiol compounds to the assay inhibited activity. Addition of MogA also inhibited the reaction. However, in the presence of ATP and magnesium, addition of MogA to the assay increased the level of aposulfite oxidase reconstitution beyond that observed with MoeA alone. This effect was not observed in the absence of MoeA. The results presented here demonstrate that MoeA is responsible for mediating molybdenum ligation to molybdopterin, whereas MogA stimulates this activity in an ATP-dependent manner.
Burnout Among Special Education Teachers The Role of Experience, Training, and Age

Relationships between three personal characteristics of special education teachers-amount of teaching experience, amount of training, and age—and job-related burnout are examined in this article. Data drawn from a survey of 601 teachers of exceptional children indicate that more experienced, more highly trained, and older teachers tend to experience less emotional exhaustion, less depersonalization toward their students, and greater feelings of personal accomplishment in their jobs than their less experienced, less trained, younger colleagues.
College students' temporal-magnitude recognition ability associated with durations of scientific changes

The purpose of this study was to explore college students' recognition of temporal magnitudes associated with durations of scientific changes through construct validation of a 30-item instrument. We administered the instrument to 514 students from 10 higher education institutions in the United States. Among them, 419 students took the instrument at the end of science courses. The remaining 95 students took the instrument before and after a course on cosmic evolution, and additionally answered whether they knew, estimated, or randomly guessed at the temporal magnitude of each item in the instrument. We also collected exam scores for the cosmic evolution course students. Using descriptive statistics and a Rasch analysis, we investigated construct validity of the instrument in terms of psychological relevance, psychometric conformity, and instructional sensitivity. Results of this study indicate that (1) the temporal-magnitude recognition ability is a measurable construct, (2) extremely small duration items are significantly more difficult for students to recognize accurate temporal magnitudes than other duration range items, (3) direct knowledge of the magnitude contributes to the measurement of the construct, (4) the instrument is sensitive to instruction designed to improve the construct, and (5) the temporal-magnitude recognition ability is not significantly correlated with knowledge about the related scientific changes. 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 48: 317-335, 2011
A crocodyliform from the Early Cretaceous Dinosaur Beds, northern Malawi

ABSTRACT In 1989 a crocodyliform having a mammal-like dentition was reported from the Early Cretaceous of Malawi, Africa. It shares with Notosuchus of South America the following derived features: jaw articulation that permitted longitudinal movement and the occipital condyle on the ventral surface of the braincase. The Malawi crocodyliform is distinct from Notosuchus in possessing multicusped posterior teeth, narrow and elongate prefrontals, no maxillo-palatal fenestrae, deeply overhung squamosal, and a longer, flat jaw articulation surface. The long, flat jaw articulation and tooth morphology suggest proal processing of food. The Malawi crocodyliform has cervical vertebrae with well developed hypapophyses and tall neural spines indicating strong neck muscles. The femur has a well developed medially directed head and posteriorly directed distal condyles. The crus projects from the tarsals vertically. These features suggest an erect posture and cursorial ability. The supracondylar ridges of the humerus ar...
A Quantitative Study of Long-Term Courtship: I. Ethological Isolation Between Sympatric Populations of the Midas Cichlid, Cichlasoma Citrinellum, and the Arrow Cichlid, C. Zaliosum

I. Cichlasoma citrinellum is a cichlid fish found in the Great Lakes and crater lakes of Nicaragua. It is sympatric with C. zaliosum in Lake Apoyo, a Nicaraguan crater lake. C. zaliosum is confined to that lake and is closely related to C. citrinellum; it probably arose from C. citrinellum in Lake Apoyo. C. labiatum is endemic to the Great Lakes and is also closely related to C. citrinellum. All three species have complex reproductive behavior involving a prolonged courtship with pair bondings, followed by a period of joint parental defense and care of the offspring. 2. Fish from sympatric populations of C. citrinellum and C. zaliosum interbred and produced viable F1 offspring in the laboratory, when given no choice except a mate of the opposite species. 3. Given a choice, C. citrinellum and C. zaliosum from both allopatric and sympatric populations formed only homospecific pairs, but the allopatric test was not conclusive. 4. C. labiatum was tested in a mate choice situation with an allopatric population of C. citrinellum and showed incomplete behavioral isolation. 5. Ethological isolating mechanisms are sufficient to explain the maintenance of species isolation between C. citrinellurn and C. zaliosum in a sympatric situation in Lake Apoyo.
Effects of simplifying choice tasks on estimates of taste heterogeneity in stated-choice surveys ☆

Researchers usually employ orthogonal arrays or D-optimal designs with little or no attribute overlap in stated-choice surveys. The challenge is to balance statistical efficiency and respondent burden to minimize the overall error in the survey responses. This study examined whether simplifying the choice task, by using a design with more overlap, provides advantages over standard minimum-overlap methods. We administered two designs for eliciting HIV test preferences to split samples. Surveys were undertaken at four HIV testing locations in San Francisco, California. Personal characteristics had different effects on willingness to pay for the two treatments, and gains in statistical efficiency in the minimal-overlap version more than compensated for possible imprecision from increased measurement error.
Effects of Supply Variations on Costs and Profits of Slaughter Plants

Preferences of the firm for stable or varying flows of raw products are considered. A decision model involving rate and hours of plant operation is developed to measure the, impact of supply variations on plant costs and profits. Situations in which the firm can and cannot predict raw material receipts with certainty are simulated. Varying supplies were found to raise costs of slaughter, but plants with stable supplies lose profits as long as product and input prices vary. Therefore individual firms, especially those that can forecast with a high degree of success, are unlikely to prefer stable to varying supplies.
Nonlinear aeroelastic flutter phenomena of a flexible disk rotating in an unbounded fluid

Abstract Aeroelastic flutter in rotating disks is of interest in a number of applications including data storage systems, circular saws and microturbines. This paper presents new experimental results on the nonlinear aeroelastic flutter phenomena of a flexible disk rotating in an unbounded fluid. The experiments are performed on thin steel and paper disks over a wide range of rotation speeds in the post-flutter region with very fine, computer-controlled increments of the rotation speed. The existence of a primary instability of a reflected travelling wave of the disk, followed by a secondary instability, is confirmed. However, at speeds exceeding that at which the secondary bifurcation occurs, complicated, hitherto unrecorded nonlinear response is observed, including several solution branches and bifurcation points, frequency lock-ins over certain rotation speed ranges, presence of higher harmonics of the unstable wave and large frequency and amplitude hysterisis, as the disk speed is ramped up and down across these bifurcations. It is shown that a nonlinear von Karman plate model for the disk, coupled with a linear aerodynamic load having the form of a rotating damping pressure, is capable of capturing the primary instability branch. However, such a model is inadequate in capturing the secondary bifurcation and the complicated nonlinear response that follows.