cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Volatile Profiles of Raw and Cooked Turkey Thigh as Affected by Purge Temperature and Holding Time Before Purge

Effects of purge temperature and sample holding time on volatile profiles were determined using a purge-and-trap/gas chromatography unit with autosampler. Purge temperature and sample holding time before purge influenced the profile of volatiles in raw and cooked meat. The most notable changes were observed when the purge temperature was increased from 60 degrees C to 80 degrees C. Many of the changes in volatiles were related to oxidation of lipids. We recommend that meat should be purged at 40 degrees C or 50 degrees C (temperature at sensory analysis) to minimize heat-induced production of volatiles and sample purge should be done within 3h after sampling to reduce oxidative changes during sample holding time.
Survival outcomes of patients treated with hypofractionated stereotactic body radiation therapy for parotid gland tumors: a retrospective analysis.

Background: To review a single-institution experience with the management of parotid malignancies treated by fractionated stereotactic body radiosurgery (SBRT) Findings: Between 2003 and 2011, 13 patients diagnosed with parotid malignancies were treated with adjuvant or definitive SBRT to a median dose of 33 Gy (range 25–40 Gy). There were 11 male and 2 female patients with a median age of 80. Ten (10) patients declined conventional radiation treatment and 3 patients had received prior unrelated radiation therapy to neighboring structures with unavailable radiation records. Six (6) patients were treated with definitive intent while 7 patients were treated adjuvantly for adverse surgical or pathologic features. Five (5) patients had clinical or pathologic evidence of lymph node disease. Conclusions: At a median follow-up of 14 months only 1 patient failed locally, and 4 failed distantly. The actuarial 2-year overall survival, progression free survival, and local-regional control rates were 46%, 84%, and 47%, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed surgery as a positive predictor of overall survival while presence of gross disease was a negatively correlated factor (p<0.05).
A study of the higher-order small-slope approximation for scattering from a Gaussian rough surface

Abstract Results from the first three terms of the small-slope approximation (SSA) for incoherent electromagnetic scattering from a penetrable randomly rough interface are discussed. Surface roughness is characterized as a Gaussian random process with an isotropic Gaussian correlation function. Sample results illustrate parameter spaces for which each correction term is appreciable. Reduction of the SSA to the physical optics theory is also discussed for both perfectly conducting and dielectric surfaces.
Rethinking the use of voriconazole therapeutic drug monitoring in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.

Rethinking the use of voriconazole therapeutic drug monitoring in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients
Enhanced expression of cytokine genes in spleen macrophages during acute infection with infectious bursal disease virus in chickens.

Abstract We examined the effects of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) on splenic T cells and macrophages. In acute IBDV infection, splenocytes responded poorly to Con A stimulation. However, when T cells were isolated from whole spleen cells, purified T cells responded normally to Con A. This result indicated that functional T cells were present in the spleen but mitogen-induced proliferation of T cells was being suppressed by other cells. Previous studies indicated that soluble factors from suppressor cells may mediate this inhibition of T cell mitogenesis. We thus examined the effects of IBDV on spleen adherent cells. Reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) was used to quantitate the expression of several cytokine genes in splenic macrophages. In acute IBDV infection, splenic macrophages exhibited enhanced gene expression of type I interferon (IFN), chicken myelomonocytic growth factor (cMGF), an avian homolog of mammalian IL-6, and 9E3/CEF4, an avian homolog of mammalian IL-8. Mitogen-stimulated spleen cell cultures also produced elevated levels of nitric oxide. The elevation of cytokine gene expression by macrophages occurred transiently during the acute phase of viral infection and coincided with in vitro inhibition of T cell mitogenic response of spleen cells.
Evidence Against the Induction of Immunological Tolerance by Feeding Antigens to Chickens

Abstract A series of studies was conducted to determine whether oral tolerance shown to be inducible in rodents can be induced in chickens. A preliminary study was performed with male juvenile Sprague-Dawley rats to ascertain the ability of ELISA to detect oral tolerance induction. Two groups of six rats were provided water with or without 2 mg/mL BSA for 14 consecutive d to induce tolerance. Eight days following water treatment, the rats were challenged i.m. with 1 mg BSA. Serum collected from the rats 20 d later showed decreased (P
Collagen fiber orientation and geometry effects on the mechanical properties of secondary osteons

The effects of collagen fiber orientation and osteon geometry on the mechanical properties of secondary osteons under axial compression/tension and combined loadings (compression, bending and torsion) were investigated using a composite-beam finite-element model. Three cross-sectional shapes of secondary osteons were studied to show the effect of geometry. The results of stiffness are presented using the tension and compression properties for each lamella. The model shows that the mechanical properties of osteons are enhanced in bending and torsion when collagen fibers are oriented within 30 degrees of the loading axis. Osteons with alternating lamellar orientation are not well adapted to resist torsional moments, but alternate collagen fiber orientation has virtually no effect on the bending stiffness of osteons. Fiber orientation affects the mechanical properties less significantly when osteons are non-circular. Collagen fiber orientation and osteon geometry interact to determine the mechanical behavior of the osteon, and may act in a compensatory manner in the adaptive process.
US emergency physicians order too many computed tomography scans--or do they?

At this point, nearly everyone seems to be saying that US emergency physicians order too many computed tomography (CT) scans, exposing patients to substantial and unnecessary ionizing radiation and driving up the cost of medical care. In this issue of Annals, a study by Berdahl et al appears to provide further supporting evidence by showing that US emergency physicians order twice as many CTs as their Canadian counterparts (11.4% versus 5.9%) and that the rate of CT ordering is increasing faster in the United States (13% each year) compared with Ontario, Canada (10% each year). The assumption is that differences between health care systems result in lower, but still appropriate, CT ordering in Canada. If our Canadian colleagues are able to limit their use of CT, why can’t we? Is our frequent use of CT really excessive? Or does it represent the widespread and appropriate adoption of a powerful diagnostic tool for emergency medicine? There are limitations to the study by Berdahl et al, which restrict the conclusions we can draw from it. It does not determine whether US emergency physicians order too many CTs or Canadians order too few, or even whether the CT ordering rates are really that different. The shortcomings stem from (1) lack of data on patient outcomes necessary to assess the appropriateness of CT ordering; (2) differences between the US and Canadian emergency department (ED) populations (eg, US ED patients appear to be sicker); and (3) differences between heath care systems (eg, availability of CT). The data sets used in this article cannot be used to assess the appropriateness of CT ordering. Although they provide information on various aspects of care for a given ED visit, including test ordering, reason for visit, and basic demographics, they lack patient-level data about the diagnoses being considered by the treating physicians and patient outcomes during and particularly after the ED visit—information needed to assess the appropriateness of test ordering. Furthermore, by looking only at CT rates, the use of alternative imaging modalities (radiography for cervical spine trauma, lung scan for pulmonary embolism, and ultrasonography for appendicitis, especially in children) or management strategies (hospitalization for M
Blind Multiuser Localization in Cognitive Radio Networks

Source localization enables a network of homogeneous receivers monitoring the radio frequency spectrum to assign unique labels to track heterogeneous emitters. When multiple emitters transmit simultaneously on the same frequency, it is desirable for network-based geolocation to take place without prior knowledge of the emitters' waveform, bandwidth and/or timing information. In this letter we describe a simple technique to associate multiple detections on the same frequency to geolocate emitters by probabilistically combining angle-of-arrival and signal strength information, and demonstrate its performance under varying channel conditions.
Organic matter pathways to zooplankton and benthos under pack ice in late winter and open water in late summer in the north-central Bering Sea

On continental shelves in arctic and subarctic seas, much of the production from spring blooms at the retreating ice edge may sink to the bottom with little grazing by zooplankton, thereby supporting abundant benthic communities. The importance of this settled phytoplankton to mac- robenthos throughout the year may partly determine effects of long-term changes in ice cover. We studied organic matter (OM) pathways to macrobenthos and macrozooplankton under ice cover in late winter (March-April) and open water in late summer (September) in the north-central Bering Sea. In late winter 2001, only a very small fraction of OM in the water column was particulate. C:N ratios, δ 13 C, and δ 15 N in suspended particulate organic matter (SPOM), and sediments indicated very little recent input of fresh ice algae or phytoplankton in ice-covered areas. For the 3 main deposit- feeding bivalves, δ 13 C and δ 15 N indicated similar diets among species, with minimal change in food quality between late summer and late winter, and between late winters with very different ice cover (1999 vs. 2001). In winter 2001, there were large increases in δ 13 C from SPOM to bulk sediments (+3.2‰) and from sediments to near-surface deposit-feeders (+1.6 to +3.0‰), but small differences in δ 15 N from SPOM to sediments (+1.2‰) and from sediments to deposit-feeders (-0.3 to +1.6‰). These values suggest that the diet of near-surface deposit-feeders during these non-bloom periods included substantial amounts of the cells or products of bacteria that had assimilated well-reworked carbon and isotopically light dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN). By late summer and through winter, 4 to 11 mo after the spring bloom, products of bacterial activity appeared to be an important route of OM into the benthic food web. Due to bacterial dependence on annual carbon inputs, and unique nutrient content of fresh phytoplankton for breeding invertebrates, ice-edge blooms might be an important determinant of annual variations in macrobenthic abundance.
The inhibition of proline racemase by a transition state analogue: Δ-1-Pyrroline-2-carboxylate

Abstract Δ-1-Pyrroline-2-carboxylate is a potent inhibitor of proline racemase from Clostridium sticklandii . It is proposed that Δ-1-pyrroline-2-carboxylate acts as an analogue of the transition state of the catalyzed reaction. 4,5-Imidazoledicarboxylate, 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylate, and 2-benzimidazolecarboxylate, when present at concentrations equal to that of the substrate, L -proline, failed to inhibit proline racemase.
Middle Managers as Internal Corporate Entrepreneurs: An Unfolding Agenda

Recent trends in organizations and the findings of the entrepreneurship literature suggest that middle managers, including MS/OR practitioners, need to function as internal corporate entrepreneurs. To survive and to succeed in changing organizations, middle managers need to think and to act as intrapreneurs. I hypothesize that as the structure of organizations becomes more amorphous, middle managers who exhibit intrapreneurial behavior perform more successfully than those who exhibit traditional behavior. Implications for middle managers and MS/OR practitioners are 1 to be more creative and innovative; 2 to constantly improve and extend their range of skills, and 3 to link their effort to the strategic objectives of customers.
Approaches for the Study of T-Cell Influences on B1-Cell Function

Abstract B1 cells are a subset of B lymphocytes, found in many species, that differ from conventional B cells (B2) in phenotype and function. B1 cells produce large amounts of low-affinity IgM, appear to be self-renewing, respond primarily to T-independent antigens, and, in the peritoneal cavity, do not generate lymphoid follicles. While B2 lymphocyte-T lymphocyte interactions result in proliferation, differentiation, and production of high-affinity antibodies of various isotypes, the precise role of T cells in regulating B1-cell activity remains largely unresolved. In this review, we focus on describing in detail two approaches that we have used for studying B1-cell-T-cell interactions-reconstitution of allotype-congenic, severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice and treatment with regulatory cytokines.
A random differential transform method: Theory and applications

Abstract In this article, a Differential Transform Method (DTM) based on the mean fourth calculus is developed to solve random differential equations. An analytical mean fourth convergent series solution is found for a nonlinear random Riccati differential equation by using the random DTM. Besides obtaining the series solution of the Riccati equation, we provide approximations of the main statistical functions of the stochastic solution process such as the mean and variance. These approximations are compared to those obtained by the Euler and Monte Carlo methods. It is shown that this method applied to the random Riccati differential equation is more efficient than the two above mentioned methods.
A clustering-based semi-automated technique to build cultural ontologies

This article presents and validates a clustering-based method for creating cultural ontologies for community-oriented information systems. The introduced semiautomated approach merges distributed annotation techniques, or subjective assessments of similarities between cultural categories, with established clustering methods to produce “cognate” ontologies. This approach is validated against a locally authentic ethnographic method, involving direct work with communities for the design of “fluid” ontologies. The evaluation is conducted with of a set of Native American communities located in San Diego County (CA, US). The principal aim of this research is to discover whether distributing the annotation process among isolated respondents would enable ontology hierarchies to be created that are similar to those that are crafted according to collaborative ethnographic processes, found to be effective in generating continuous usage across several studies. Our findings suggest that the proposed semiautomated solution best optimizes among issues of interoperability and scalability, deemphasized in the fluid ontology approach, and sustainable usage. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The interrelationship of memory functions in a nursing home population

Memory functioning was assessed in a group of thirty nursing home residents to determine the level of functioning and the interrelationship of memory processes and age in this population. Nine different types of memory processes were measured. Results indicated that memory functions in this population were interrelated to a greater extent than in community based elderly populations, yet not to as great an extent as suggested in other more impaired groups. On the other hand, while 21 of the 36 correlations of scores on the tests of memory were statistically significant, the greatest amount of variance accounted for between these test scores was only 55%. This result was interpreted to indicate that the memory functions assessed in this nursing home population were non-unitary in nature. The implications of these findings for memory theory and for the practitioner are discussed.
Integrating protein-protein interaction networks with phenotypes reveals signs of interactions

A major objective of systems biology is to organize molecular interactions as networks and to characterize information flow within networks. We describe a computational framework to integrate protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and genetic screens to predict the 'signs' of interactions (i.e., activation-inhibition relationships). We constructed a Drosophila melanogaster signed PPI network consisting of 6,125 signed PPIs connecting 3,352 proteins that can be used to identify positive and negative regulators of signaling pathways and protein complexes. We identified an unexpected role for the metabolic enzymes enolase and aldo-keto reductase as positive and negative regulators of proteolysis, respectively. Characterization of the activation-inhibition relationships between physically interacting proteins within signaling pathways will affect our understanding of many biological functions, including signal transduction and mechanisms of disease.
Is competition the answer

Abstract : Proposals for more price competition in medical services delivery have arisen on both sides of the Atlantic. Perhaps the most visible pro-competition spokesman in the United States is Alain Enthoven (1978, 1980), but other names are also prominently associated with the concept (McClure 1978, Havighurst 1980, President's Commission 1980, Greenberg 1981). Recently legislation to promote competition has been introduced in the United States Congress. Periodically, individuals in other parts of the world also unfurl the banner of competition (Lees 1961, Stahl, in press). The remarks that follow are limited to the American context for brevity; some of them would have to be altered in other institutional contexts.
New engineering polymers for blow-moulding

The combination of using high performance flexible engineering polymers and their processing by blow moulding technology allows traditional rubber and rubber-metal composite parts to be replaced to obtain improved performance, lower cost and greater design freedom. Two examples of automobile applications are detailed to support this concept - constant velocity joint boots and engine air ducting.
No Really, (Crowd) Work Is the Silver Bullet

Abstract Humanitarian assistance has been on the global conscience for approximately 70 years (since WWII), and yet in 2010 2.4 billion people still lived on less than $2 per day. As Easterly has pointed out: to see where we went wrong, just look at the incentives. To create true sustainable economic change requires realignment of incentives, particularly the incentive to work and invest. Employment is fundamentally required, and crowd work is the current best hope for providing that employment quickly, with global reach, and at scale. This approach is grassroots, bottom-up, and puts the income directly in the hands of people who need it. Further, it leverages the natural, inherent incentives embodied in capitalism (workers work to create value and get paid, employers want to minimize costs of labor) to shift as much work as possible to the places where it will have the most beneficial impact. We present an analysis of global trends supporting crowdsourcing as a solution, and the results of a pilot project in a rural Kenyan village which demonstrates that this approach is an extremely promising way to meet basic needs to promote economic growth.
Density-functional theory of bosons in a trap

A time-dependent Kohn-Sham-(KS-)like theory is presented for N bosons in three- and lower-dimensional traps. We derive coupled equations, which allow us to calculate the energies of elementary excitations. A rigorous proof is given to show that the KS-like equation correctly describes the properties of one-dimensional impenetrable bosons in a general time-dependent harmonic trap in the large-N limit.
Timing and duration of myocardial ischemia on Holter monitoring following percutaneous coronary intervention and their association with clinical outcomes (a PROTECT-TIMI 30 Substudy Analysis).

In patients with unstable angina, evidence of myocardial ischemia on Holter monitoring is associated with an adverse prognosis. However, the association of duration and timing of ischemia on Holter monitoring with outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTEACSs) has not been systematically evaluated. PROTECT-TIMI 30 randomized 857 patients with NSTEACSs undergoing PCI to eptifibatide plus a heparin product or bivalirudin monotherapy. Patients underwent continuous Holter monitoring following PCI, and the association between ischemia and clinical outcomes was evaluated retrospectively. Forty-three patients (5.0%) had ischemia on Holter after PCI. Any ischemia was associated with a significant increase in the incidence of death or myocardial infarction (MI) within 48 hours (32.6% vs 6.1%, odds ratio 7.5, 95% confidence interval 3.70 to 15.10, p
A comparison of measured and predicted second- and third-order elastic constants of a textured aggregate

Abstract The elastic nonlinearity which leads to the acoustoelastic effect involves the introduction of a strain energy function which is cubic in the strain and thus requires both second- and thirdorder elastic constants. The complete set of nine second-order and 20 third-order elastic constants for a rolled plate of 7039-T64 aluminum exhibiting orthotropic texture has been experimentally determined from ultrasonic measurements and is compared to the constants predicted on the basis of x-ray determination of the texture. The predictions are in reasonable agreement with the measurements, but demonstrate the sensitivity of the x-ray technique to the single crystal constants used in the evaluation. It is also shown that the use of cubical samples for ultrasonic evaluation of the third-order constants can lead to erroneous results.
Contextualizing a grammar

The grammar of a language is not only un systeme ou tout se tient; it also lies within a nexus involving time, space, and social relationships. On the dimension of time, descriptive and historical linguistics are not totally separate: native speakers’ knowledge of their language may include recognition of archaic forms and foreign borrowings. As for space, native speakers’ knowledge also includes awareness of geographical dialect variation. On the social dimension, the relevance of sociolinguistic variation is now widely recognized. Linguists who undertake to write grammars should consider all these factors, particularly as regards the interrelatedness between the grammar, the lexicon, and text collections.
The electrogenic sodium pump of the frog retinal pigment epithelium.

It was previously shown that ouabain decreases the potential difference across anin vitro preparation of bullfrog retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) when applied to the apical, but not the basal, membrane and that the net basal-to-apical Na+ transport is also inhibited by apical ouabain. This suggested the presence of a Na+−K+ pump on the apical membrane of the RPE. In the present experiments, intracellular recordings from RPE cells show that this pump is electrogenic and contributes approximately −10 mV to the apical membrane potential (V AP). Apical ouabain depolarizedV AP in two phases. The initial, fast phase was due to the removal of the direct, electrogenic component. In the first one minute of the response to ouabain,V AP depolarized at an average rate of 4.4±0.42 mV/min (n=10, mean ±sem), andV AP depolarized an average of 9.6±0.5 mV during the entire fast phase. A slow phase of membrane depolarization, due to ionic gradients running down across both membranes, continued for hours at a much slower rate, 0.4 mV/min. Using a simple diffusion model and K+-specific microelectrodes, it was possible to infer that the onset of the ouabain-induced depolarization coincided with the arrival of ouabain molecules at the apical membrane. This result must occur if ouabain affects an electrogenic pump. Other metabolic inhibitors, such as DNP and cold, also produced a fast depolarization of the apical membrane. For a decrease in temperature of ≃10°C, the average depolarization of the apical membrane was 7.1±3.4 mV (n=5) and the average decrease in transepithelial potential was 3.9±0.3 mV (n=10). These changes in potential were much larger than could be explained by the effect of temperature on anRT/F electrodiffusion factor. Cooling the tissue inhibited the same mechanism as ouabain, since prior exposure to ouabain greatly reduced the magnitude of the cold effect. Bathing the tissue in 0mm [K+] solution for 2 hr inhibited the electrogenic pump, and subsequent re-introduction of 2mm [K+] solution produced a rapid membrane hyperpolarization. We conclude that the electrogenic nature of this pump is important to retinal function, since its contribution to the apical membrane potential is likely to affect the transport of ions, metabolites, and fluid across the RPE.
Expression of human β–hexosaminidase α–subunit gene (the gene defect of Tay–Sachs disease) in mouse brains upon engraftment of transduced progenitor cells

Expression of human β–hexosaminidase α–subunit gene (the gene defect of Tay–Sachs disease) in mouse brains upon engraftment of transduced progenitor cells
Investigation of the use of a novel meshless technique in the determination of electromagnetic fields in two-dimensional regions

Summary form only given. In recent years there has been a significant amount of research on the use of radial basis functions (RBF's). These functions have very good interpolation qualities, and their use has been primarily in inverse methods. For example, in electromagnetics research, the focus has been primarily on the use of RBF's in the solution of inverse scattering problems. On the other hand, RBF's have not been widely used in partial differential equation (PDE) techniques except in the context of meshless algorithms employing RBF's. While a number of the resulting algorithms have been highly accurate in determining the fields in homogeneous regions, many have also required the use of fully populated matrices that are quite ill-conditioned. In this paper, the use of a novel meshless method inspired by F.A. Fernandez and L. Kulas (Proceedings MIKON-2004, pp. 585-588, 2004) is investigated. Unlike the meshless methods employing RBF's, this method results in a sparsely populated matrix. In general, this matrix has a much lower condition number than does the corresponding matrix resulting from the use of a meshless method employing RBF's. Another advantage of this technique is that when it is used, the field components themselves are the unknowns in the matrix equation under consideration. Thus, the field components are determined directly in the process of solving the matrix equation. On the other hand, in the meshless methods employing RBF's, the unknowns are the coefficients of the RBF's. After these are determined, the additional step of computing the field components from the RBF's and their coefficients is required. In this paper, the formulation of this new method will be discussed in detail and numerical results for several cases will be presented. Comparisons with results obtained using RBF's will be presented and discussed. The condition numbers of the matrices resulting from the two different approaches will also be presented and discussed.
On the Ohmic Heating of Particulates

Summary form only given. In high power microwave systems, heating of the contaminants on metallic surfaces and dielectric surfaces is known to cause localized damage. Recently, there has been experimental evidence which shows that the heating via the RF magnetic field in a microwave resonant cavity may be dominant, even when the particulates or the medium appear to be non-magnetic in nature. This paper provides the most general theory, to date, on the degree of absorption of the RF electric field energy and of the RF magnetic field energy in particulates. The particulate may possess an arbitrary electrical conductivity, and both the medium and the particulate may assume general values of permittivity and permeability. Under the assumption that the wavelength of the electromagnetic field in the medium is large compared with the particulate size, we provide an accurate account of the degree of ohmic heating by the radio frequency (RF) electric field and by the RF magnetic field of the electromagnetic field. It is found that, in general, heating by the RF magnetic field is dominant whenever delta<a, where delta is the resistive skin depth and a is the radius of the particulate. Analytic scaling laws in the various regimes are derived, from the static case to very high frequency, and for ratios of delta/a ranging from zero to infinity. The calculation is extended to a transient electromagnetic pulse. Also constructed is the loss tangent of the medium, resulting from a distribution of particulates. The analysis may form a theoretical basis in the heating phenomenology of particulates.
Correlation for prediction of interfacial tensions of pure alkane, naphthenic and aromatic compounds between their freezing and critical points

Abstract A simple equation has been developed for predicting the interfacial tensions of pure alkanes, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons between their freezing and critical points. The equation has the form and represents the interfacial tension using a generalized correlation developed by Sivaraman et al. (1984) for predicting the latent heats of vaporization of normal fluids and coal-liquid model compounds. Here σ* is the reduced dimensionless interfacial tension, and L*(0) and L*(1) are the reduced dimensionless latent heats of vaporization; A and N are system-independent constants. Subsequent tests of this correlation in predicting interfacial tension over a broad domain of reduced temperatures for a large number of different types of compounds have confirmed the validity of our approach. The percentage deviations in interfacial tension are in the range− 3.87 to 5.99 in the range of reduced temperatures 0.03
Transvaginal tape lysis for urinary obstruction after tension-free vaginal tape placement.

ABSTRACTPurpose: We examine the outcome of tape lysis in subjects with obstructive urinary retention after initial tension-free vaginal tape placement.Materials and Methods: Charts from 109 consecutive subjects who underwent tension-free vaginal tape placement from 1998 to 2001 were retrospectively reviewed. Of the subjects 78 (72%) consented to participation and completion of a questionnaire. All subjects underwent a routine preoperative evaluation before surgery and followup was implemented through 2002. Tape lysis using a standard technique was performed in 5 patients with documented obstructive urinary retention. Subjective assessment by the validated Bristol Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms questionnaire and a postoperative survey characterized perceptions of incontinence, results of initial tension-free vaginal tape placement and outcome of subsequent tape lysis.Results: The objective incontinence cure rate was 89%. Of the 78 patients 17 (22%) and 21 (27%) experienced transience in either dysuria or inc...
African-American marriage in 1910: beneath the surface of census data.

This paper examines the quality of information about marital status, marital duration, and marriage order among African-American women in the U.S. Census of 1910. It compares the reported prevalence of widowhood to estimates of widowhood based on the mortality of black men and on the ages of women at first marriage. It also compares the reported distributions of duration of first marriage to estimates based on mortality and on age at first marriage. It concludes that census reports are subject to serious error. Widowhood is overreported, and marital turnover appears to have been faster than implied by census reports. The prevelance of “own children” is used to confirm these conclusions and to suggest motivations for misreporting.
Synthesis and properties of diarylsiloxane and (aryl/methyl)siloxane polymers: 2. Solution and rheological properties

Polydiarylsiloxanes and polydialkylsiloxanes, with alkyl groups larger than methyl, have liquid-crystalline states, presumably as the result of a chain-rigidifying effect from steric interactions of the bulky aryl or alkyl groups along the chain. In the first paper of this series, we reported on the thermal behaviour of a number of diarylsiloxane polymers with phenyl and/or p-tolyl substituents, all of which showed liquid-crystalline behaviour at high temperatures. The solution properties of several of the ‘mixed’ poly(phenylp-tolyl)siloxane polymers have now been investigated in order to characterize their chain stiffness properties and to relate these to the tendency to form a liquid-crystalline state in bulk. The ‘mixed’ poly(phenylp-tolyl)siloxanes were chosen for investigation since they have a major advantage in experimental convenience over the ‘unmixed parent’ polymers, polydiphenylsiloxane and polydi(p-tolyl)siloxane. The former are soluble at room temperature in common solvents, whereas the latter polymers are only soluble at temperatures above 150°C. The various diarylsiloxane polymers were prepared by anionic polymerization of the cyclic trimers, and the preservation of the triad sequences (absence of ‘scrambling’) was confirmed by 29Si n.m.r. Values of the Mark-Houwink-Sakurada exponent, a, for three different types of poly(phenylp-tolyl)siloxanes are essentially equal, at ∼0.83. This value of the exponent is below the value expected for a rigid chain (a>1.0) but is above the maximum value expected for a flexible random-coil polymer in a good solvent (a⩽0.8). The shear viscosity of solutions of the mixed poly(phenylp-tolyl)siloxane polymers increases monotonically with increasing polymer concentration up to 60 wt%, and does not show an abrupt drop in viscosity above a critical concentration, as is often observed with rigid-rod polymers. This observation, together with the value of the Mark-Houwink-Sakurada exponent, a<1, indicates that these polymers do not behave in solution as rigid-rod polymers, but most likely as worm-like chains with a relatively large persistence length.
Relationship of delayed depolarization to the QT interval after acute myocardial infarction

Abstract The relationship between conduction delay, as manifested by a prolonged QRS or late potentials (LP) detected by signal averaging, and QT prolongation was analyzed in six patients who had QTc ≥0.42 second within 48 hours of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Total QRS, LP, QT, and QTc durations were measured on days 2 to 3, 4 to 5, 6 to 7, and 8–9. In each recording perlod, the QT interval and QTc interval did not correlate with the QRS duration and LP duration (r ≤ 0.52 for each comparison). In 19 out of 27 instances, a sequential change in QT or QTc intervals was discordant with changes in QRS duration and/or LP, i.e., temporal changes in QT intervals were not determined by conduction. Thus, QT prolongation after AMI is not primarily due to regional slowing of conduction that results in regional delays in termination of some action potentials. Global prolongation of repolarization would seem to result from dispersion of action potential duration, not onset.
The Structure and Ferrimagnetic Behavior of meso‐Tetraphenyl‐ porphinatomanganese(III) Tetrachloro‐1,4‐Benzoquinonide, [MnIIITPP]+[QCl4].−⋅PhMe: Evidence of a Quinoidal Structure for [QCl4].−

A noncyanocarbon-based molecule-based magnet [MnIIITPP]+[QCl4].− has been prepared, comprising tetraphenylporphinatomanganese(III), MnIIITPP, and tetrachloro-1,4-benzosemiquinone, QCl4. As structural motif it has a coordination-polymer structure with uniform, one-dimensional linear chains of alternating, albeit disordered, [MnIIITPP]+ cations and [QCl4].− radical anions. Intrachain antiferromagnetic coupling J/kB, −89 K (−62 cm−1, 134 cal mol−1, 7.5 meV) is noted. Two magnetically ordered states at 13 and at 7 K are observed (right).
Comparing diagnostic tests: a simple graphic using likelihood ratios

The diagnostic abilities of two or more diagnostic tests are traditionally compared by their respective sensitivities and specificities, either separately or using a summary of them such as Youden's index. Several authors have argued that the likelihood ratios provide a more appropriate, if in practice a less intuitive, comparison. We present a simple graphic which incorporates all these measures and admits easily interpreted comparison of two or more diagnostic tests. We show, using likelihood ratios and this graphic, that a test can be superior to a competitor in terms of predictive values while having either sensitivity or specificity smaller. A decision theoretic basis for the interpretation of the graph is given by relating it to the tent graph of Hilden and Glasziou (Statistics in Medicine, 1996). Finally, a brief example comparing two serodiagnostic tests for Lyme disease is presented. Published in 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of Radical Scavenging Activity and Total Phenols of Wine and Spices: A Randomized Study

Thirty eight bottles of red wine (Carbanet Sauvignon) were randomly selected based on vintage, region, price, and age (number of months in a barrel). The total phenolic content of each wine was determined using Folin-Ciocalteau assay. The radical scavenging activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Apart from a few bottles that exhibited above average radical scavenging activity and phenolic content, there was no good correlation of those two quantities with region, price or vintage. The average phenolic amount was 2874 mg/L. The lowest phenolic content was found to be 1648 mg/L for an eight dollar wine. Wine with the highest amount of phenol of 4495 mg/L was a 2007, nine dollar bottle from South America. High amount of phenols did not translate into high radical scavenging activity. Barrel-aging did not increase the amount of phenols or the radical scavenging activity of wine. In order to discover new and potent sources of antioxidants from plants, the following spices were studied: ginger, cilantro, cumin, anise, linden, eucalyptus, marjoram, oregano, sage, thyme and rosemary. Whole spices were crushed and extracted for 96 h at room temperature using a combination of ethyl acetate, ethyl alcohol and water in the ratio of 4.5:4.5:1 (v/v/v). The radical scavenging activity of extracts was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The total phenolic content of each spice was also determined using the Folin-Ciocalteau assay. Eucalyptus was found to be the most potent antioxidant with an LC50 of 324.1 mg of phenol/L, followed by marjoram with an LC50 of 407.5 mg of phenol/L, and rosemary with an LC50 of 414.0 mg/L. The least potent antioxidants were ginger and cilantro with LC50 of 7604 mg/L of phenol and 7876 mg of phenol/L, respectively.
The effect of education and occupational complexity on rate of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's patients.

We explored the effect of education and occupational complexity on the rate of cognitive decline (as measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination) in 171 patients with a confirmed Alzheimer’s disease (AD) diagnosis. Complexity was measured as substantive complexity of work and complexity of work with data, people, and things. Average lifetime occupational complexity was calculated based on years at each occupation. Participants were followed for an average of 2.5 years and 3.7 visits. In multivariate mixed-effects models, high education, high substantive complexity, and high complexity of work with data and people predicted faster rates of cognitive decline, controlling for age, gender, native language, dementia severity, and entry into the analyses at initial versus follow-up testing. These results provide support for the concept of cognitive reserve according to which greater reserve may postpone clinical onset of AD but also accelerate cognitive decline after the onset. (JINS, 2006, 12, 147–152.)
An eye-opening approach to developing and communicating integrated environmental assessments

Communication among managers, the public, and scientists is the key to successful ecosystem management; however, the varied perspectives and interests of these groups can make such communication difficult. One way to achieve effective communication is to develop a common knowledge base by combining syntheses of key scientific results with information-rich visual elements. Within a management landscape, integrated environmental assessments provide a useful framework for evaluating resources and directing management efforts. The integrated assessment process involves (1) initial investigation, (2) development of a conceptual framework, (3) data navigation, (4) environmental report cards, and (5) science communication. Each step requires the synthesis and visualization of information on the status and trends connected with multiple natural resources. We provide a case study, using examples from selected National Park Service sites in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Visual elements (conceptual d...
SPR Detection of Dopamine Using Cathodically Electropolymerized, Molecularly Imprinted Poly-p-aminostyrene Thin Films

A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) film for dopamine (DP) sensing is fabricated from cathodically electrodeposited p-aminostyrene (PAS) on electrode surfaces in a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy setup. The monomer is more commonly used in monolithic MIP free-radical bulk polymerizations. The film growth and rebinding of DP are monitored by electrochemical-SPR (EC-SPR) spectroscopy. UV–Vis, IR spectroscopy, XPS, AFM, and electrochemistry methods are used to characterize the film. High selectivity against analogous analytes and up to picomolar detection of DP is demonstrated. The reusability of the sensor is also established. Theoretical modeling studies with AM1 calculations predict H-bonding in a stable prepolymerization complex in solution prior to MIP film formation.
Urease activity in soils subjected to flooding and its effect on nitrogen uptake by corn and wheat

Abstract The flooding during the summer of 1993 in the Midwestern United States, particularly in the floodplains of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, left many fields covered with sand and silt deposits of varying depths. Sand deposits, especially those greater than 10 cm deep, significantly decreased the productivity of soils in the floodplains. These soils are typically among the most productive soils in the Midwest. The development of management techniques for regaining the productivity of these soils following floods is of particular concern. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of flooding and drying on urease activity, and to obtain information useful in recommending sources and rates of nitrogen (N) for corn and wheat production on these soils. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with a Waldron silty clay (Aeric Fluvaquents) soil collected from three locations within the flooded area with deposits ranging from less than 10 cm to 40 cm deep. There was a significant decreas...
Distribution of total 14C residue in egg yolk, albumen, and tissues following oral [14C]sulfamethazine administration to hens.

The distribution of total 14C residues was studied in egg yolk and albumen after administration of either single or multiple oral dosages of [14C]sulfamethazine (SMZ). One day after a single dose of [14C]SMZ (121 mg of sulfamethazine, 2.42 × 107 dpm), the 14C residue concentration peaked in egg albumen and egg yolk with the concentration in the former >4-fold greater than in the latter. Three days postdose, the 14C residue concentration in the yolk was ∼7-fold higher than in the egg albumen. A multiple dose of [14C]SMZ containing sulfamethazine mass equivalent of an average therapeutic dose (282 mg, 2.9 × 107 dpm) for chickens was also administered orally for six consecutive days to hens. A significantly reduced level of egg production was observed during the medication, and most of the hens stopped laying eggs after the last dose. The 14C residue concentrations peaked on the last day (sixth) of medication in egg albumen and yolk. The 14C residue concentrations were also measured in liver, muscle, blood, ...
Use of a balloon-tipped flotation electrode catheter for cardiac monitoring

Abstract A new balloon-tipped flotation catheter equipped with two pairs of electrodes has been developed for simultaneous monitoring of cardiac rhythm and hemodynamics as well as for temporary emergency atrial, ventricular and atrioventricular sequential pacing. Experience in 43 patients demonstrates the following: (1) The catheter can be passed and positioned with the tip in the pulmonary artery or its branches at the bedside without the use of fluoroscopy as easily as the standard (Swan-Ganz) catheters. (2) With the catheter in the proper position and with the use of appropriate filters (proximal, 50 to 300 hertz; distal, 15 to 300 hertz), the intracavitary electrograms recorded from the proximal and distal pair of electrodes provide characteristic high right atrial and right ventricular signals, virtually free of noise artifact, baseline drift and respiratory variation, that are particularly suitable for automated on-line monitoring of cardiac rhythm. (3) When indicated, atrial, ventricular or atrioventricular sequential pacing can be initiated without delay. (4) Large artifact-free right ventricular intracavitary signals can be used for reliable and consistent operation of any device requiring QRS triggering mechanisms. (5) Monitoring of pulmonary arteri al or pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and withdrawal of blood samples from the central circulation is possible. This device can be particularly useful in patients with hemodynamic difficulties as well as arrhythmias.
Observations of the Centaur 1999 UG5: Evidence of a Unique Outer Solar System Surface

ABSTRACT The outer solar system body 1999 UG5 is a Centaur of medium brightness and slightly redder color when compared to other Centaurs. Similar to at least \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss} \renewcommand\encodingdefault{OT2} \normalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcyr}{\cyr} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} \landscape $\frac{1}{5}$ \end{document} of the known Centaurs, it is a Saturn‐crosser with a mean orbital distance between Saturn and Uranus. We present optical photometry data and near‐IR spectra obtained during 2000 September, November, and December. We find a rotation period of \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{am...