cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of level of feed intake and time of sampling after feeding on concentrations of dissolved sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in bovine rumen fluid.

Abstract Results from feeding trials with four rumen-fistulated cows fed an all-roughage ration at four levels of intake showed significant changes in the concentration of dissolved Na, K, Ca, Mg, and P in the rumen fluid due to level of intake and time of sampling after feeding. Increased intake lowered the proportion of Na and raised that of Ca and Mg. The average K concentrations rose when the intake changed from low to medium levels, but decreased at the high feed intake. Concentrations of P were affected significantly by rate of intake, but changes were irregular and unexplainable. Concentration changes as a function of time after feeding showed significant decreases for Na and increases for K and Mg during the first two to four hours after feeding. Concentrations returned to, or near to, prefeeding levels at the second daily feeding. The hourly concentration changes for Ca and P, even though significant, were irregular, so that no definite trend could be established. In no case was the shape of the mineral concentration curves over the nine-hour sampling period significantly affected by levels of feed intake.
P and Q polynomial schemes with q =-1

Abstract A theorem of D. Leonard, as it appears in Bannai and Ito (Benjamin-Cummings Lecture Note Series, No. 58, Menlo Park, Ca., 1984), says the intersection numbers of distance-regular graphs with the Q-polynomial property take seven possible forms, called 1, 1A, 2, 2A, 2B, 2C, and 3. In this paper we show the known list of examples of type 3 is complete.
Hyperfine field distributions in nickel alloys measured by time differential perturbed angular correlations

Abstract Hyperfine fields were observed for 1 ppm 111 Cd in dilute nickel based alloys, showing broad undifferentiated distributions for solutes Si and Cu, but a well defined statellite structure for Fe and Co, as expected for solutes producing large and small host moment disturbances, respectively. Both types of alloys exhibited short range ordering between probe and solute atoms.
Some functional measurement procedures for determining the psychophysical law.

Various statistical procedures are ieveloped for determining the psychophysical law within the context of a functional measurement approach to studying stimulus integration in perception. The specific results are limited to additive or multiplicative psychological laws, but the generalization to alternative cognitive algebras is evident. Estimation of parameters of the hypothesized psychophysical law and test of the hypothesis that the row psychophysical law is the same as the column psychophysical law in a two-factor stimulus design is considered for various possible psychophysicaldaws, including linear, polynomial, and power laws.
A performance-driven IC/MCM placement algorithm featuring explicit design space exploration

A genetic algorithm for building-block placement of ICs and MCMs is presented that simultaneously minimizes layout area and an Elmore-based estimate of the maximum path delay while trying to meet a target aspect ratio. Explicit design space exploration is performed by using a vector-valued, 3-dimensional cost function and searching for a set of distinct solutions representing the best trade-offs of the cost dimensions. From the output solutions, the designer can choose the solution with the preferred trade-off. In contrast to existing approaches, the required properties of the output solutions are specified without using weights or bounds. Consequently, the practical problems of specifying these quantities are eliminated. Promising experimental results are obtained for various placement problems, including a real-world design. Solution sets representing good, balanced cost trade-offs are found using a reasonable amount of runtime. Furthermore, the performance is shown to be comparable to that of simulated annealing in the special case of 1-dimensional optimization, in which direct comparison is possible.
Expression of Dmrt1 in the genital ridge of mouse and chicken embryos suggests a role in vertebrate sexual development.

Sex-determining mechanisms are highly variable between phyla. Only one example has been found in which structurally and functionally related genes control sex determination in different phyla: the sexual regulators mab-3 of Caenorhabditis elegans and doublesex of Drosophila both encode proteins containing the DM domain, a novel DNA-binding motif. These two genes control similar aspects of sexual development, and the male isoform of DSX can substitute for MAB-3 in vivo, suggesting that the two proteins are functionally related. DM domain proteins may also play a role in sexual development of vertebrates. A human gene encoding a DM domain protein, DMRT1, is expressed only in the testis in adults and maps to distal 9p24.3, a short interval that is required for testis development. Earlier in development we find that murine Dmrt1 mRNA is expressed exclusively in the genital ridge of early XX and XY embryos. Thus Dmrt1 and Sry are the only regulatory genes known to be expressed exclusively in the mammalian genital ridge prior to sexual differentiation. Expression becomes XY-specific and restricted to the seminiferous tubules of the testis as gonadogenesis proceeds, and both Sertoli cells and germ cells express Dmrt1. Dmrt1 may also play a role in avian sexual development. In birds the heterogametic sex is female (ZW), and the homogametic sex is male (ZZ). Dmrt1 is Z-linked in the chicken. We find that chicken Dmrt1 is expressed in the genital ridge and Wolffian duct prior to sexual differentiation and is expressed at higher levels in ZZ than in ZW embryos. Based on sequence, map position, and expression patterns, we suggest that Dmrt1 is likely to play a role in vertebrate sexual development and therefore that DM domain genes may play a role in sexual development in a wide range of phyla.
Enthalpy of formation of americium sesquioxide; systematics of actinide sesquioxide thermochemistry

The enthalpy of formation of hexagonal Am/sub 2/O/sub 3/ at 298.15 K has been determined to be -1690.4 +- 7.9 kj mol/sup -1/ by solution microcalorimetry. Systematic comparison of the measured enthalpies of formation of hexagonal Pu/sub 2/O/sub 3/ and Am/sub 2/O/sub 3/, monoclinic Cm/sub 2/O/sub 3/, and all lanthanide sesquioxides has been utilized to develop a predictive understanding of stability relationships among all actinide sesquioxides and other actinide species.
The Mississippian Pennsylvanian Unconformity in Southern Illinois

A systematic study of the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian unconformity in the southern part of the Illinois basin, using both surface and subsurface data, indicates that many factors were involved in the geologic history of the erosional surface. Criteria are presented for the recognition of the position of the unconformity in the subsurface and the rocks above and below the contact are compared and contrasted. An areal geologic map of the pre-Pennsylvanian formations shows three major features: beveling of younger formations at the edges of the Illinois basin; beveling of small structures in the basin; and long, deep, narrow channels as features of the erosional surface. Several isopach maps indicate the configuration of the channel systems and the upland surface between cha nels. The geologic history of the unconformity started with uplift and withdrawal of the sea in late Chester time followed by a long period of subaerial erosion. A peneplain was formed across beveled minor structures and older Chester and Lower Mississippian formations at the structurally higher basin borders. After peneplanation and a subsequent second uplift a new cycle of erosion began that resulted in the incision of deep channels in the peneplain surface. In early Pennsylvanian time the topography was buried by detritus laid down by aggrading streams which later merged with coarse sediment advancing westward from the Appalachian geosyncline. During and after Pennsylvanian time the unconformity was warped, folded, and faulted to its present attitude.
L-DWARF BINARIES IN THE 20-PARSEC SAMPLE ∗

We have used the NICMOS NIC1 camera on the Hubble Space Telescope to obtain high-resolution near-infrared images of 27 nearby ultracool dwarfs with formal distance estimates less than 20 parsecs. One target, 2MASS J22551861-5713056, is resolved as a binary system, with a 4:1 flux ratio in the F110W passband. The primary has spectral type L6, and the revised spectroscopic parallax places it at a distance of ~12 parsecs. The secondary is likely to have a spectral type between L8 and T1. The remaining 26 dwarfs are unresolved. Combining the present results with our earlier NICMOS (Near-Infrared Camera and Multi Object Spectrometer) observations and literature data, high-resolution imaging exists for 72 of the 85 L dwarfs in the current 20-parsec census. We derive a formal frequency of 15.3+5.1 −3.3% for resolved binaries in the local L-dwarf population. The frequency drops to 12.5+5.3 −3.0% if we take Malmquist bias into account. The NICMOS observations are capable of detecting systems with mass ratios q>0.2, but all known binaries are near equal-mass, suggesting that low-q systems either fail to form, or have short lifetimes.
Coming to the table: Early stakeholder engagement in marine spatial planning

From 2009 to 2011, marine spatial planning (MSP) rapidly gained visibility in the United States as a promising ocean management tool. A few small-scale planning efforts were completed in state waters, and the Obama Administration proposed a framework for large-scale regional MSP throughout the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone. During that same time period, the authors engaged a variety of U.S ocean stakeholders in a series of dialogs with several goals: to share information about what MSP is or could be, to hear stakeholder views and concerns about MSP, and to foster better understanding between those who depend on ocean resources for their livelihood and ocean conservation advocates. The stakeholder meetings were supplemented with several rounds of in-depth interviews and a survey. Despite some predictable areas of conflict, project participants agreed on a number of issues related to stakeholder engagement in MSP: all felt strongly that government planners need to engage outsiders earlier, more often, more meaningfully, and through an open and transparent process. Equally important, the project affirmed the value of bringing unlike parties together at the earliest opportunity to learn, talk, and listen to others with whom they rarely engage.
Identifying Predictive Metrics for Supervisory Control of Multiple Robots

In recent years, much research has focused on making possible single-operator control of multiple robots. In these high workload situations, many questions arise including how many robots should be in the team, which autonomy levels should they employ, and when should these autonomy levels change? To answer these questions, sets of metric classes should be identified that capture these aspects of the human-robot team. Such a set of metric classes should have three properties. First, it should contain the key performance parameters of the system. Second, it should identify the limitations of the agents in the system. Third, it should have predictive power. In this paper, we decompose a human-robot team consisting of a single human and multiple robots in an effort to identify such a set of metric classes. We assess the ability of this set of metric classes to: 1) predict the number of robots that should be in the team and 2) predict system effectiveness. We do so by comparing predictions with actual data from a user study, which is also described.
Antigen Competition: A Paradox

Immunization of mice with pig erythrocytes caused impairment of the antibody response to subsequent immunization with sheep erythrocytes, a phenomenon called "antigen competition." Paradoxically, spleen cells from mice previously injected with pig erythrocytes produced an increased response when immunized in vitro with sheep erythrocytes. Augmentation of the in vitro response is due to an increase in one of the interacting cell types. "Antigen competition" is not due to competition for cells. Cell transfer experiments provided evidence that "antigen competition" observed in animals is the result of a humoral factor, presumably antibody, present in the animal but eliminated during preparation of cells for culture.
A toolbox of Cre-dependent optogenetic transgenic mice for light-induced activation and silencing

Cell type-specific expression of optogenetic molecules allows temporally precise manipulation of targeted neuronal activity. Here we present a toolbox of four knock-in mouse lines engineered for strong, Cre-dependent expression of channelrhodopsins ChR2-tdTomato and ChR2-EYFP, halorhodopsin eNpHR3.0 and archaerhodopsin Arch-ER2. All four transgenes mediated Cre-dependent, robust activation or silencing of cortical pyramidal neurons in vitro and in vivo upon light stimulation, with ChR2-EYFP and Arch-ER2 demonstrating light sensitivity approaching that of in utero or virally transduced neurons. We further show specific photoactivation of parvalbumin-positive interneurons in behaving ChR2-EYFP reporter mice. The robust, consistent and inducible nature of our ChR2 mice represents a significant advance over previous lines, and the Arch-ER2 and eNpHR3.0 mice are to our knowledge the first demonstration of successful conditional transgenic optogenetic silencing. When combined with the hundreds of available Cre driver lines, this optimized toolbox of reporter mice will enable widespread investigations of neural circuit function with unprecedented reliability and accuracy.
HCC without cirrhosis metastasizing to the clivus

The initial presentation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as a cranial nerve palsy is exceedingly rare. A lack of cirrhosis and elevated AFP in metastatic HCC is also uncommon. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of HCC presenting with ageusia without prior evidence of liver pathology. A 65-year-old man was admitted to our hospital for dysphagia. Over months, he had noticed 36 kg weight loss, dysphagia, ageusia, and horizontal diplopia. He had a low AFP, no evidence of cirrhosis, and no symptoms of liver pathology. On brain magnetic resonance imaging, he was found to have a mass in the clivus. On biopsy, metastatic HCC was diagnosed. HCC can be fatal if not recognized early. It rarely causes neurologic complications through metastasis to the skull. It is important to understand the localization of lesions to the clivus and include internal malignancy in creating a differential for cases of neurologic complaint.
Molecular beam electric deflection of thallium fluoride dimer

Abstract A molecular beam electric deflection experiment has been performed on thallium fluoride dimer, indicating it to be a nonpolar molecule. This result is in agreement with previous qualitative structural arguments which had been questioned by the results of an electron scattering experiment.
Management and Outcome of Tuberculosis in Two St Louis Hospitals, 1988 to 1994

Objective To describe management and outcome of tuberculosis (TB) and current practices for isolation in two urban hospitals in the Midwest. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Barnes Hospital and Jewish Hospital, tertiary-care and community hospitals affiliated with Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, Missouri. Patients All adult patients with a positive culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis from 1988 to 1994. Results We identified 122 cases at Barnes and Jewish Hospitals (36.5/100,000 hospital discharges), median age was 59.0 years, 61.5% were non-Caucasian, and 54.9% resided within the city limits. Underlying risk conditions were common: substance abuse (25%), recent TB contact (24%), and foreign birth (13%). Coexistent human immunodeficiency virus infection (8%) was uncommon. Of skin-tested cases, 22% were anergic; of the rest, 22% tested negative. Almost 20% of cases had prior positive skin tests, and thus were preventable, but had not received adequate prophylaxis. Of hospitalized patients with pulmonary TB, 70% received respiratory isolation. Antibiotic resistance was recognized in 16%; only 19% of cases initially received four-drug therapy. TB-related death occurred in 16%. Conclusions In this area, TB cases primarily involve traditional risk groups without HIV coinfection. Current infection control practices, diagnostic strategies, and initial treatment regimens are suboptimal. Education about local disease epidemiology is needed to prevent nosocomial TB transmission.
Content-adaptive deblocking for high efficiency video coding

In this paper, a content-adaptive deblocking method is proposed to improve the visual quality of block-based DCT compressed videos. We find that the edge information obtained through the global orientation energy edge detection (OEED) on an initially deblocked image provides a robust partition of local directional features (LDFs). Based on this partition, for the directional featured region, we design corresponding filter orientation and thresholds to best preserve image details while reducing blocking artifacts; for the consecutive non-featured region, we impose extra smoothing to suppress the visually severe blocking artifacts. Experimental results demonstrate that our method effectively improves the visual quality while well maintaining the objective fidelity of block-based DCT compressed videos, compared with the H.264/AVC deblocking method and other existing directional deblocking methods.
Molybdenum catalyzed eliminations of allylic acetates. new diene synthesis

Abstract Allyl acetates smoothly eliminate the elements of acetic acid in the presence of O,N-bis (trimethylsilyl) acetamide and molybdenum hexacarbonyl; a simple sequence permits elaboration of saturated aldehydes into α,β,γ,δ-dienoateswhich resulted in a four step synthesis of trichonine.
Primary care - mental health collaboration: an example of assessing usual practice and potential barriers.

Practice guidelines include recommendations for collaboration between primary care (PC) and mental health (MH) to improve the quality of depression management within primary care. There is little research, however, assessing usual care relationships between PC and MH providers, or providers' perceptions regarding collaboration. Based on the literature, we conceptualize a continuum of collaborative activities and strategies. We describe the extent of collaboration and perceived barriers in selected outpatient clinics. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 22 PC and MH clinical leaders from 10 outpatient facilities. Topics included existing referral, consultation, and collaboration practices between PC and MH, beliefs and barriers related to collaboration. Informants generally described good relationships between providers, and PC providers reported satisfaction with referrals to MH. Informal consultation also occurred, although it was not universal. There was little evidence of collaboration beyond ...
Aesthetic Properties and Message Customization: Navigating the Dark Side of Web Recruitment

The authors examined recruitment message viewing time, information recall, and attraction in a Web-based context. In particular, they extended theory related to the cognitive processing of recruitment messages and found that the provision of customized information about likely fit related to increased viewing time and recall when good aesthetics were also present. A 3-way interaction among moderate-to low-fitting individuals further indicated that objective fit was most strongly related to attraction when messages included both good aesthetics and customized information. In particular, given this combination, the poorest fitting individuals exhibited lower attraction levels, whereas more moderately fitting individuals exhibited invariant attraction levels across combinations of aesthetics and customized information. The results suggest that, given good aesthetics, customized information exerts effects mostly by causing poorly fitting individuals to be less attracted, which further suggests a means of averting the "dark side" of Web recruitment that occurs when organizations receive too many applications from poorly fitting applicants.
ACUTE URINARY RETENTION AFTER TRANSPERINEAL TEMPLATE-GUIDED PROSTATE BIOPSY

Abstract Purpose Urinary retention occurs in 5%–36% of patients with prostate cancer after implantation of radioactive seeds for brachytherapy. We used transperineal biopsy as a model to determine the influence of needle trauma on urinary retention. Methods and material We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 157 men with high risk of prostate cancer who underwent systematic ultrasound-guided biopsy of the prostate with the transperineal template technique and an 18-gauge automated biopsy device. Results Eighteen of 157 patients (11.5%; 95% confidence interval, 6.9%–17.5%) had urinary retention within 48 hours after biopsy. Median age was 68.5 years in patients with retention vs. 67.0 years in patients without ( p = 0.319); median calculated prostate volume, 76.5 vs. 51.5 mL ( p = 0.015); and median number of biopsy cores, 22.0 vs. 20.0 ( p = 0.038). Age distribution differed between groups ( p = 0.047), with more younger men in the no-retention group. On multivariate analysis, only number of biopsy cores significantly predicted urinary retention ( p = 0.003). Four patients required transurethral resection; 1 had an indwelling catheter until radical prostatectomy; and 13 were catheter-free within 1–5 days. Conclusions Needle trauma alone may cause urinary retention in men undergoing transperineal procedures. The number of needle incursions and prostate size are predictors of postprocedure urinary retention.
Effect of compression on PFSA-ionomer morphology and predicted conductivity changes

Abstract Ion-conductive membranes used in energy devices are always under compression to minimize a device's contact resistance. In this paper, the conductivity and nanostructure of Nafion membrane, a commonly used ionomer in many electrochemical energy applications, are investigated under compression. Hydrophilic-domain spacing as a function pressure is determined both in the plane (face-on imaging) and thickness (edge-on imaging) directions using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). SAXS results suggest a similar nanostructure in all directions indicating lack of a strong anisotropy when not under compression. However, compressing the membrane induces structural anisotropy where domain spacing gets smaller in the compression (thickness) direction while it elongates in the plane of the membrane. From the domain spacing and water content under compression, the change in conductivity is calculated as a function of pressure and compared with measured data. The findings of this work provide insight into the effect of compression on the three-dimensional morphology of a PFSA membrane and its conductivity, issues that have not been previously explored and are critical to the understanding of ion-conductive membranes.
The JAK-STAT Pathway

A variety of important cellular functions are regulated by cytokines. The Jak-STAT pathway is one of the important signaling pathways downstream of cytokine receptors. Following binding of a ligand to its cognate receptor, receptor-associated Jaks are activated. STAT proteins are then in turn activated by tyrosine phosphorylation by Jak kinases, allowing their dimerization and subsequent translocation into the nucleus, where they modulate expression of target genes. Indispensable functions of Jaks and STATs in cytokine signaling in vivo have been revealed through knockout mouse studies. Moreover, the recent discovery of the CIS/SOCS/JAB/SSI family of inhibitors has contributed to understanding how this pathway is negatively regulated.
A Wideband Fast Multipole Method for the two-dimensional complex Helmholtz equation ✩

A Wideband Fast Multipole Method (FMM) for the 2D Helmholtz equation is presented. It can evaluate the interactions between N particles governed by the fundamental solution of 2D complex Helmholtz equation in a fast manner for a wide range of complex wave number k, which was not easy with the original FMM due to the instability of the diagonalized conversion operator. This paper includes the description of theoretical backgrounds, the FMM algorithm, software structures, and some test runs.
The formation of a complex containing ribosomes, transfer factor G and A guanosine nucleotide

Abstract Several guanosine nucleotides stimulate the binding of transfer factor G to E. coli ribosomes. A binding of these nucleotides to the ribosome-factor G complex has also been demonstrated.
Optical decoherence and persistent spectral hole burning in Er3+:LiNbO3

Abstract Developing new resonant optical materials for spatial-spectral holography and quantum information applications requires detailed knowledge of the decoherence and population relaxation dynamics for the quantum states involved in the optical transitions, motivating the need for fundamental material studies. We report recent progress in studying these properties in erbium-doped lithium niobate at liquid helium temperatures. The influence of temperature, applied magnetic fields, measurement timescale, and dopant concentration were probed using photon echo spectroscopy and time-resolved spectral hole burning on the 1532 nm transition of Er 3+ :LiNbO 3 . Effects of spectral diffusion due to interactions between Er 3+ ions and between the Er 3+ ion and 7 Li and 93 Nb nuclear spins in the host lattice were observed. In addition, long-lived persistent spectral storage of seconds to minutes was observed due to non-equilibrium population redistribution among superhyperfine states.
Oral manifestations of AIDS: a study of 84 patients

Early diagnosis of AIDS is vital in providing appropriate referral for medical care and counseling. Subtle intraoral signs and symptoms identified by the dental practitioner can aid in the diagnosis of the disease. Because the role of the practitioner in detection and treatment of AIDS patients is becoming greater, signs found in 84 patients are described.
Dimethyl sulfoxide: lack of suppression of the humoral immune response in mice.

Abstract Mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 100% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or sterile saline (controls) for 36 days. The mice received 0.05 ml daily for one week, 0.025 ml every other day for the second week (because the DMSO-treated mice appeared weak), and 0.05 ml daily for 3 more weeks. All mice were immunized twice with sheep red blood cells (days 13 and 24), and bled twice by caudal incision (days 20 and 29). Hematocrits were significantly decreased (P ⩽ 0.002) but still within the normal range. The primary and secondary antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), leukocyte counts, body weight, and the size of the heart, lungs, spleen, thymus, and kidneys were not affected. DMSO treatment resulted in significant liver enlargement (P = 0.02). It is concluded that this dose of DMSO is not deleterious to the humoral immune response in mice responding to a new antigen.
Methods for Evaluating Longitudinal Joint Quality in Asphalt Pavements

Longitudinal joint quality is essential to the successful performance of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavements. Longitudinal joints have received a considerable amount of attention recently, because many state agencies are moving toward implementation of longitudinal joint specifications. Most measures of joint quality are based on density determinations. However, distress at the joint is caused by the ability of air and water to enter the pavement structure, an action that is directly related to the permeability of the joint. In other words, density alone may not be sufficient to describe the quality of a longitudinal joint. The objective of this study was to identify the most appropriate test method or methods for describing HMA longitudinal joint quality. Three projects were selected for the study, and four testing stations were identified for each project. At each station, a number of test methods were performed at the longitudinal joint and to either side of the joint to assess the ability of each method to properly discriminate between levels of joint quality. Multiple measures of density, permeability, and gradation were obtained at each station. Overall, the methods providing the most accurate predictions of joint quality and the greatest level of discrimination were the vacuum sealing and saturated surface-dry (SSD) methods for determining the bulk specific gravity of field cores. Although measures of permeability and infiltration showed promise, it was recommended that the vacuum sealing and SSD methods for the determination of field core density be considered in the evaluation of longitudinal joint quality.
Using refracted shear waves for velocity estimation

The most difficult part of multicomponent processing is the estimation of the shear-wave velocity map for migration. We used refracted shear waves and a simple iterative method called wavefield continuation (WFC) to evaluate the shallow shear-wave velocity profile on a real data example. The WFC was developed in 1981 by Clayton and McMechan to determine compressional-wave velocity profiles from refracted compressional waves. The application to refracted shear waves is straightforward. The real data example shows that shear structure can be easily determined independently of the compressional structure.
The tensile and tensile-creep deformation behavior of Ti–8Al–1Mo–1V(wt%)

Abstract The deformation behavior of titanium (Ti) can be complex due to the lower crystal symmetry of the hexagonal α phase compared with metals based on cubic phases. The tensile and tensile-creep deformation behavior of a Ti–8Al–1Mo–1V(wt%) alloy with a weak crystallographic texture was investigated in-situ straining scanning electron microscopy. Tensile experiments were performed at room temperature (RT), 260 °C, 455 °C, and 650 °C, while tensile-creep experiments were performed at 370 °C and 455 °C. Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) was performed both before and after the deformation, and slip trace analysis was used to identify the activation of the slip modes as a function of temperature and the associated global-stress-state Schmid factors. While extensive slip was characterized during the tensile tests, no twinning was observed. During the RT tensile tests the majority of the slip observed was on prismatic planes, while the relative activity of basal slip increased with temperature, such that at 455 °C, basal slip and prismatic slip were equally active. Some grain boundary and triple point cracking occurred during the elevated-temperature tensile deformation, while less slip activity and more grain boundary ledge formation were observed during the tensile-creep deformation. During tensile-creep, basal slip was more prevalent than prismatic slip and some transgranular cracks formed.
Classification and Evolution of Ornithopod Dinosaurs

ALTHOUGH I agree with the main themes of Thulborn on the origin of ornithischian dinosaurs1–3, I disagree4–6 with the current classification of the family Hypsilophodontidae7–8, in respect to premaxillary teeth as a diagnostic feature, cheeks, cheek teeth and locomotor capabilities.
Bi-modal polymer networks: Composition-dependent trends in thermal, volumetric and structural properties from molecular dynamics simulation

Abstract Thermal and volumetric properties of mixed epoxy networks were characterized with molecular dynamics simulation. Atomistically detailed models of epoxy networks of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol (DGEBA) cured with stoichiometric binary mixtures of a flexible cross-linker poly(oxypropylene) diamine (POP) and a stiff cross-linker 4,4′-methylenebis(cyclohexylamine) (MCA), having molecular weights of 1987 and 210 g/mol respectively, were prepared. Epoxy networks formed by five different compositions of the cross-linkers ranging from pure POP to pure MCA were constructed, and a network topology analysis was carried out to verify that each network chain was connected to all other chains by a path of bonded molecules. The glass transition temperature ( T g ), coefficient of volume thermal expansion (CVTE), heat capacity and thermal conductivity of these network structures were determined as a function of the network composition. The simulated values of these properties are compared with predictions from theories, empirical correlations and experiments from the literature. In general, it is observed that an increase in the mass fraction of MCA leads to an increase in the T g and a decrease in the CVTE; furthermore, the breadth of the transition as exhibited by the change in the specific volume, CVTE, and heat capacity increases with an increase in the MCA content. The differences in the flexibility of the network components were analyzed using a number of quantitative measures. Using these results, a molecular mechanism is proposed for the observation of the network composition dependence of the breadth of the glass transition in these systems.
Nerve membrane as a target of pyrethroids

Nerve membrane is one of the most important target sites of pyrethroids. Changes in excitability of nerve fibres caused by allethrin can be satisfactorily accounted for in terms of ionic permeabilities of the membrane. Temperature has a profound effect on the allethrin-induced permeability changes.
Decline of contractility during ischemia-reperfusion injury: actin glutathionylation and its effect on allosteric interaction with tropomyosin.

The severity and duration of ischemia-reperfusion injury is hypothesized to play an important role in the ability of the heart subsequently to recover contractility. Permeabilized trabeculae were p...
Side-effects of planning in the aid control system

Abstract This paper argues that certain recurring problems in aid administration — long project lead times, high administrative costs, implementation delays, and managerial passivity and subterfuge — can be traced back to the ‘rational’ paradigm guiding the evolution of the aid control system. The unequal power relation over time among the partners coupled with an excessive emphasis on prior planning has led to a system for administering developmental assistance which is more costly and less effective than it need be, and which has an unintended anti-developmental bias.
Reply to R. J. Francey

The difference in interpretation can indeed be reduced to two different basic concepts. Our results suggest that assimilation of biospheric decomposition CO 2 is the most logical way to explain the observed large Δ 14 C differences between tree-stem cellulose and tropespheric CO 2 in 1963. It should be noted that Δ 14 C is corrected for isotopic fractionation using δ 13 C and thus is insensitive to the effects of light, humidity, etc., on isotopic fractionation of carbon during photosynthesis. One then h s to conclude that subcanopy air and photosynthate exported by different branches to the stem are incompletely mixed. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1989.tb00327.x
Instructional frameworks: toolkits and abstractions in introductory computer science

ion which demonstrate that an abstract approach to thinking and designing is vital. In this section, we will describe several abstractions we introduce at Northeastern and explain what principles each helps to elucidate. Loops, Decisions, and the Swimming Fish Lab The Swimming Fish laboratory exercise is designed to require students to program a loop with decisions in which the progress of the loop cannot be predicted prior to runtime. The situation of the exercise is a large underwater maze-like cave in which a large fish searches for food consisting of a school of small fish { see Figure 2 }. Figure 2: Typical Initial State of the Swimming Fish Laboratory The large fish is initially positioned at the left side of the cave and the school of small fish at the right. The cave is randomly generated but is designed so that the large fish can find the food using only moves up or down or to the right. The large fish never needs to backtrack to the left. The Swimming Fish laboratory is introduced to the students about seven weeks into the first course before array data structures have been discussed. The students are able to solve the exercise because the critical tools are presented as abstractions. The solution is based on a shell program which the students must complete, on four of the basic tools modules, and on a file which contains the picture resources for the large fish and the school of fish. The four key abstractions which the students use to program the search of the large fish for the food are: type directions = (up, down, right); function freetomove (d: directions):
Pronghorn females choose vigorous mates

Abstract Abstract. At the National Bison Range (western Montana, U.S.A.) mate choice by female pronghorn, Antilocapra americana , is clearly observable. Females move independently, and copulate once per oestrus. Males cannot force copulation, only temporarily block female movement, and do not monopolize resources critical to females. Females practice three distinct strategies of mate choice. 'Sampling' females visit several harem-holding males, remain with each male a short time, and switch between males at an increased rate as oestrus approaches. Switches often appear to be energetically expensive. The actual mating visit is brief, about 1·5 days. Sampling females always leave males that fail to defend an adequate zone of tranquillity around the harem, but also leave males when there is no apparent cause. The majority (71%) of exits from males are of the latter type. Most sampling females return to and mate with a male that they visited within the week before oestrus. 'Inciting' females behave as samplers until oestrus; then they move away from the harem male, inciting fights and other aggressive competitition. Inciting females watch the competition, and they always mate immediately with the winning male. Finally, a small proportion of females each year practise a 'quiet' strategy. More than a month before oestrus, they move to an isolated, peripheral location occupied by a single male, and remain with that male throughout oestrus. Some evidence suggests that the quiet strategy may be used when females have low energy reserves. Among samplers, there is no evidence that females copy mating decisions of others. Mating success of males was not correlated with body size, horn size, age, rate of display, or with activity budgets of females in harems they controlled. Male mating success was strongly correlated with haremdays, the sum of each day's harem size across the rut. Because harem defence demands sustained, often strenuous activity by males, the behaviour of females is a direct assay of male vigour, and therefore a likely case of mate selection by a good genes criterion.
The controversy surrounding "The man who would be queen": a case history of the politics of science, identity, and sex in the Internet age.

In 2003, psychology professor and sex researcher J. Michael Bailey published a book entitled The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism. The book’s portrayal of male-to-female (MTF) transsexualism, based on a theory developed by sexologist Ray Blanchard, outraged some transgender activists. They believed the book to be typical of much of the biomedical literature on transsexuality—oppressive in both tone and claims, insulting to their senses of self, and damaging to their public identities. Some saw the book as especially dangerous because it claimed to be based on rigorous science, was published by an imprint of the National Academy of Sciences, and argued that MTF sex changes are motivated primarily by erotic interests and not by the problem of having the gender identity common to one sex in the body of the other. Dissatisfied with the option of merely criticizing the book, a small number of transwomen (particularly Lynn Conway, Andrea James, and Deirdre McCloskey) worked to try to ruin Bailey. Using published and unpublished sources as well as original interviews, this essay traces the history of the backlash against Bailey and his book. It also provides a thorough exegesis of the book’s treatment of transsexuality and includes a comprehensive investigation of the merit of the charges made against Bailey that he had behaved unethically, immorally, and illegally in the production of his book. The essay closes with an epilogue that explores what has happened since 2003 to the central ideas and major players in the controversy.
Neutron fluences and doses behind shielded environments in space

Transport code calculations with the code PHITS have been performed to determine the nature of the secondary neutron field produced by galactic cosmic ray (GCR) interactions in aluminum and water shielding. The neutron production from each elemental component of the GCR spectrum was calculated separately, and the total neutron spectrum from the entire incident GCR field was determined from the weighted sum of the individual GCR components. Analysis was then performed on those results to determine the relative importance of specific ranges of neutrons energies in regards to the total neutron fluence and total neutron effective dose. Results indicate that high energy neutrons (above 20 MeV) contribute a significant fraction to both fluence and effective dose. Thus, any new detectors or methodologies being developed for the purpose of neutron detection or neutron dosimetry in space must develop a reliable means of accounting for neutrons above 20 MeV.
Molecular analysis of hprt mutations generated in Chinese hamster ovary EM9 cells by uranyl acetate, by hydrogen peroxide, and spontaneously.

Naturally occurring uranium and depleted uranium (DU) are believed to be health hazards by virtue of both their chemical and radiological properties. The mechanism(s) behind uranium's chemotoxic effects has yet to be elucidated. Previous work has shown that DU, as uranyl acetate (UA), was mutagenic at the hypoxanthine (guanine) phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) locus in XRCC1-deficient CHO EM9 cells. The purpose of the current study was to characterize the mutations induced by UA at the hprt locus of CHO EM9 cells and compare the mutation spectrum of UA with those of hydrogen peroxide and spontaneous mutations in the same line. The hypothesis being tested was that if DU as UA is chemically genotoxic then the mutation spectrum induced by the heavy metal should be distinct from that produced spontaneously or by H2O2. A total of 59 UA-induced, 38 spontaneous, and 45 H2O2-induced mutations were identified. Base substitutions comprised 29%, 42%, and 16% of UA, spontaneous, and H2O2 mutants, respectively. The frequency of G T or C A substitutions was not significantly different in spontaneous or H2O2-induced mutants than in UA-induced mutants, suggesting a possible role for 8-oxodG damage in UA mutagenesis. However, the observation that UA produced significantly more major genomic rearrangements (multiexon insertions and deletions) than occurred spontaneously suggests the possibility that DNA strand breaks or crosslinks could also be UA-induced mutagenic lesions. The unique mutation spectrum elicited by exposure to UA suggests that UA generates mutations in ways that are different from spontaneous and free radical as well as radiological mechanisms. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fast multipole representation of diffusion curves and points

We propose a new algorithm for random-access evaluation of diffusion curve images (DCIs) using the fast multipole method. Unlike all previous methods, our algorithm achieves real-time performance for rasterization and texture-mapping DCIs of up to millions of curves. After precomputation, computing the color at a single pixel takes nearly constant time. We also incorporate Gaussian radial basis functions into our fast multipole representation using the fast Gauss transform. The fast multipole representation is not only a data structure for fast color evaluation, but also a framework for vector graphics analogues of bitmap editing operations. We exhibit this capability by devising new tools for fast diffusion curve Poisson cloning and composition with masks.
Serum albumin concentration in dialysis patients: Why does it remain resistant to therapy?

Serum albumin concentration in dialysis patients: Why does it remain resistant to therapy? Serum albumin, transferrin, and prealbumin levels decrease as glomerular filtration rate (GFR) declines, even prior to the start of dialysis. The levels of these serum proteins are also associated with creatinine levels and lean body mass. Lean body mass also decreases with advancing renal failure. While all of these measures are regarded as reflections of nutritional status, each are strongly associated with any of several indicators of inflammation: positive acute-phase proteins or the cytokines that regulate their synthesis rate, in both longitudinal and cross-sectional studies. Inflammation in turn is associated with comorbid conditions, cardiovascular disease, chronic infections, age, and vascular access type. Additionally, dialysis patients are subjected to oxidative stress and exposure of blood to foreign antigens in the dialysis process that also potentially contribute to inflammation. In otherwise healthy individuals reduced protein and calorie intake does not cause hypoalbuminemia since albumin fractional catabolic rate (FCR) and resting energy expenditure (REE) normally decrease in response. The simultaneous occurrence of decreased protein intake and inflammation prevent these homeostatic compensations to reduced nitrogen and energy intake from occurring, resulting in decreasing albumin, transferrin, and prealbumin levels and loss of muscle mass. Nutritional intake may also be challenged as a result of renal failure associated with anorexia, gastroparesis, and socioeconomic factors, which may all cause nutritional intake to be sufficiently marginal so that the combined effects of inflammation and decrease protein intake are expressed as decreased visceral and somatic protein stores.
Criterion‐related diagnostic validity and test–retest reliability of the MMPI‐168(L) in mentally retarded adolescents and adults

Sixty-three persons residing in an institution and diagnosed with mild or moderate mental retardation were assessed with a modification of the MMPI-168. Fifty-one of the residents also had psychiatric disturbances. The residents were divided into three categories on the bases of pre-existing DSM III-R diagnoses. The categories were “psychotic,” “executive control dysfunction,” and “other-control.” Significant differences were observed between the psychotic group and the other-control group on scales F, K, 6, and 8. Reevaluations were conducted four to 22 months later (MDN = 12 months). Significant test–retest reliability was found with scales L, F, K, 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. The MMPI-168(L) can serve as an objective instrument in the assessment of thought disturbance and personality in mentally retarded persons. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 53: 485–489, 1997.
Proliferating Reactive Astrocytes Are Regulated by Notch-1 in the Peri-Infarct Area After Stroke

Background and Purpose—The formation of reactive astrocytes is common after central nervous system injuries such as stroke. However, the signaling pathway(s) that control astrocyte formation and functions are poorly defined. We assess the effects of Notch 1 signaling in peri-infarct-reactive astrocytes after stroke. Methods—We examined reactive astrocyte formation in the peri-infarct area 3 days after distal middle cerebral artery occlusion with or without γ-secretase inhibitor treatment. To directly study the effects of inhibiting a γ-secretase cleavage target in reactive astrocytes, we generated glial fibrillary acidic protein-CreERTM:Notch 1 conditional knockout mice. Results—Gamma-secretase inhibitor treatment after stroke decreased the number of proliferative glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive reactive astrocytes and RC2-positive reactive astrocytes directly adjacent to the infarct core. The decrease in reactive astrocytes correlated with an increased number of CD45-positive cells that invaded ...