cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laser intensity vehicle classification system based on random neural network

This paper presents a Laser Intensity Vehicle Classification System (LIVCS) based upon imagery obtained from range sensors (called LIVCS). Current systems that utilize loop detectors, video cameras, and range sensors have deficiencies. The loop detectors have high failure rates due to pavement failures and poor maintenance. Video based systems and range sensors do not perform well in deteriorated atmospheric conditions (such as rain and fog). The developed generations of image based range sensors offer the promise of sensors that are less sensitive to deteriorated environmental conditions. LIVCS system extracts features of laser intensity images, produced by laser sensory units. These features are used to train a random neural network (RNN). The LIVCS system recalls its trained RNN for classification of vehicles. This technique outperforms loop detectors, video cameras, and range data techniques in deteriorated environmental conditions.
Reversal of global apoptosis and regional stress kinase activation by cardiac resynchronization.

Background— Cardiac dyssynchrony in the failing heart worsens global function and efficiency and generates regional loading disparities that may exacerbate stress-response molecular signaling and w...
Evaluating the source of streamwater nitrate using d15N and d18O in nitrate in two watersheds in New Hampshire, USA

The natural abundance of nitrogen and oxygen isotopes in nitrate can be a powerful tool for identifying the source of nitrate in streamwater in forested watersheds, because the two main sources of nitrate, atmospheric deposition and microbial nitrification, have distinct d18O values. Using a simple mixing model, we estimated the relative fractions in streamwater derived from these sources for two forested watersheds with markedly different streamwater nitrate outputs. In this study, we monitored a15N and dl80 of nitrate biweekly in atmospheric deposition and in streamwater for 20 months at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, USA (moderate nitrogen export), and monthly in streamwater at the Bowl Research Natural Area, New Hampshire, USA (high nitrogen export). For rain, a180 values ranged from +47 to +77% (mean: +58%) and d15N from -5 to +1% (mean: -3%); for snow, d180 values ranged from +52 to +75% (mean: +67%) and d18N from -3 to +2% (mean: -1%). Streamwater nitrate: in contrast to deposition, had d180 values between +12 and +33% (mean: +18%) and d15N between -3 and +6% (mean: 0%). Since nitrate produced by nitrification typically has a180 values ranging from -5 to +15%, our field data suggest that most of the nitrate lost from the watersheds in streamflow was nitrified within the catchment. Our results confirm the importance of microbial nitrogen transformations in regulating nitrogen losses from forested ecosystems and suggest that hydrologic storage may be a factor in controlling catchment nitrate losses.
A do-it-yourself membrane-activated auditory feedback device for weight bearing and gait training: A case report☆☆☆★★★♢

An augmented auditory feedback device comprised of a thin membrane switch mini-buzzer, and battery is described as a modification of a previously described feedback device. The membrane switch can be customized for the patient and is designed to fit inside a patient's shoe without altering the heel height. Its appeal lies in its simplicity of construction, low cost, and ease of implementation during a patient's training for weight bearing and gait. An ever-present source of information, it provides performance-relevant cues to both patient and clinician about the occurrence, duration, and location of a force component of motor performance. The report includes suggested applications of the device, instructions to construct it, and a case report in which the device was used to improve weight bearing and gait in a cognitively healthy person with spina bifida.
Increased withdrawal volume per deposit for pre-operative autologous blood donation in adolescents.

Objectives: This study was undertaken to assess the feasibility, tolerance, haemodynamic and haematologic effects of an aggressive phlebotomy schedule for autologous blood donation
Alcohol's contribution to fatal injuries: a report on public perceptions.

Abstract Study Objective: We determine whether members of the public understand that alcohol contributes to each of the leading causes of unintentional-injury death in the United States and not just to motor vehicle-related fatalities. Public opinions of selected alcohol control policies were also assessed. Methods: We used a national telephone survey of 943 adults, who were selected by random-digit dialing techniques. Respondents' mean estimates of alcohol's involvement in fatal injuries were compared with published data from a meta-analysis of medical examiner data. Results: The study population accurately estimated the proportion of fatal fall, drowning, and poisoning victims who were legally drunk when they died. Respondents overestimated the proportion of drivers killed in motor vehicle crashes who were intoxicated and underestimated the proportion of fire/burn victims. Fifty-seven percent of participants endorsed the myth that alcohol intoxication is protective against injury in the event of a motor vehicle crash. Participants were divided over whether increasing the legal drinking age to 21 had resulted in fewer injury deaths. Seventy-eight percent of participants did not believe that raising alcohol taxes would reduce fatal injuries. A majority (58%) of respondents supported taking blood alcohol levels on all "seriously injured" patients brought to the hospital. Conclusion: This report suggests that public awareness of alcohol's contribution to the breadth of the injury problem in the United States is high. Conversely, public understanding of whether prevention strategies have proven to be effective is poor. Emergency medicine practitioners can serve as credible sources of more accurate information for patients and the community at large. [Girasek DC, Gielen AC, Smith GS. Alcohol's contribution to fatal injuries: a report on public perceptions. Ann Emerg Med. June 2002;39:622-630.]
Instrumentation and Analysis of MPI Queue Times on the SeaStar High-Performance Network

Understanding the communication behavior and network resource usage of parallel applications is critical to achieving high performance and scalability on systems with tens of thousands of network endpoints. The need for better understanding is not only driven by the desire to identify potential performance optimization opportunities for current networks, but is also a necessity for designing next-generation networking hardware. In this paper, we describe our approach to instrumenting the SeaStar interconnect on the Cray XT series of massively parallel processing machines to gather low-level network timing data. This data provides a new perspective on performance evaluation, both in terms of evaluating the resource usage patterns of applications as well as evaluating different implementation strategies in the network protocol stack.
Studies on the role of increased arterial glycolysis in atherogenesis.

Aerobic glycolysis is a comparative rarity in normal tissues, whereas it is almost the hallmark of neoplastic tissue (1), and it also appears to be a characteristic of arterial metabolism. The question arises whether the high rate of arterial glycolysis is in any way related to atherogenesis. The conclusions from different lines of investigations appear to shed some light in this regard.
Characterization and Functionalization of Biogenic Gold Nanoparticles for Biosensing Enhancement

The unique tunable physicochemical properties of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). In addition to their excellent biological compatibility, conducting properties, and high surface-to-volume ratio make them ideal candidates for electronic signal transduction of biological recognition events in biosensing platforms. Commonly, AuNPs are synthesized by chemical reduction of HAuCl4 and the introduction of a protective agent (stabilizer). In recent years, alternative biosynthetic approaches have been explored using microorganisms as bionanofactories to produce metal nanoparticles. AuNP biosynthesis procedures include the use of fungi and bacteria strains. In this study, the alkalothermophilic actinomycetes Thermomonospora curvata, Thermomonospora fusca, and Thermomonospora chromogena were used for the extracellular biosynthesis of AuNP. Optimal growth and biosynthesis conditions were established for each microorganism. The average AuNP size obtained was in the range of 30-60 nm. The AuNP were characterized using UV-Vis spectra, transmission electron microscopy images, and particle-size distribution. The obtained particles were monodisperse and water soluble. In order to improve stability, glutaraldehyde was used to functionalize the AuNP after synthesis. The green-chemistry AuNP obtained in this study can potentially be used to enhance biosensing applications: as transducers or electroactive labels, especially in nanoparticle-based electrochemical DNA detection systems.
A result-data offloading service for HPC centers

Modern High-Performance Computing applications are consuming and producing an exponentially increasing amount of data. This increase has lead to a significant number of resources being dedicated to data staging in and out of Supercomputing Centers. The typical approach to staging is a direct transfer of application data between the center and the application submission site. Such a direct data transfer approach becomes problematic, especially for staging-out, as (i) the data transfer time increases with the size of data, and may exceed the time allowed by the center's purge policies; and (ii) the submission site may not be online to receive the data, thus further increasing the chances for output data to be purged. In this paper, we argue for a systematic data staging-out approach that utilizes intermediary data-holding nodes to quickly offload data from the center to the intermediaries, thus avoiding the peril of a purge and addressing the two issues mentioned above. The intermediary nodes provide temporary data storage for the staged-out data and maximize the offload bandwidth by providing multiple dataflow paths from the center to the submission site. Our initial investigation shows such a technique to be effective in addressing the above two issues and providing better QOS guarantees for data retrieval.
Growth and Change in U.S. Cities and Suburbs

Differential rates of growth and decentralization are processes that characterized U.S. urban areas over the past three decades. This paper examines the determinants of growth in cities and suburbs during the 1970s, the 1980s, and the 1990s. The modeling approach adopted in the study allows for simultaneity between population and employment, and between cities and suburbs, while also taking into account a range of other explanatory factors. Results indicate that population and employment growth in cities tend to be jointly determined, but that growth of employment in the suburbs tends to drive growth of suburban population. Results also suggest that suburban and city growth are interrelated, but that the nature of these interrelationships varies over time: suburban growth promoted city growth during the 1970s and 1980s, while city and suburban growth were jointly determined during the 1990s. Other factors that consistently explain variation in city growth include demographics, population density, crime rates, and income inequality. Factors consistently explaining suburban growth include regional location and climate.
Analysis of redundant-wavelet multihypothesis for motion compensation

An analysis is presented that examines multihypothesis motion-compensated video coding using a redundant wavelet transform to produce multiple predictions that are diverse in transform phase. In such redundant-wavelet multihypothesis, the corresponding multiple-phase inverse transform implicitly combines the phase-diverse predictions into a single spatial-domain prediction. The performance advantage of this approach is investigated analytically, invoking the fact that the multiple-phase inverse involves a projection that significantly reduces the power of the noise not captured by the motion model. The analysis predicts that, under the assumption of a simple translational motion model, redundant-wavelet multihypothesis is capable of up to a 7-dB reduction in prediction-error variance over an equivalent single-phase, single-hypothesis approach. Experimental results support the performance advantage for real motion-compensation residuals.
USEFUL PHOTOLUMINESCENCE PROBES OF MICELLAR SYSTEMS—CYCLIC AZOALKANES AS FLUORESCENCE ACCEPTORS AND 1,5‐DIMETHYLNAPHTHALENE AS A FLUORESCENCE DONOR

— Certain cyclic azoalkanes are shown to exhibit substantial fluorescence intensity and attractive absorption parameters in detergent solutions. Quenching of the fluorescence of detergent solutions of 1,5-dimethylnaphthalene by these bicyclic azoalkanes has been investigated and is found to provide a useful system to study properties of micellar systems.
Deep Read: A Reading Comprehension System

This paper describes initial work on Deep Read, an automated reading comprehension system that accepts arbitrary text input (a story) and answers questions about it. We have acquired a corpus of 60 development and 60 test stories of 3rd to 6th grade material; each story is followed by short-answer questions (an answer key was also provided). We used these to construct and evaluate a baseline system that uses pattern matching (bag-of-words) techniques augmented with additional automated linguistic processing (stemming, name identification, semantic class identification, and pronoun resolution). This simple system retrieves the sentence containing the answer 30--40% of the time.
Severe extra-articular disease manifestations are associated with an increased risk of first ever cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Objective: To assess the effect of severe extra-articular rheumatoid arthritis (ExRA) manifestations on the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: Patients with ExRA (n = 81) according to predefined criteria and controls (n = 184) without evidence of extra-articular disease were identified from a large research database of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In a structured review of the medical records, the occurrence and the date of onset of clinically diagnosed CVD events were noted. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the effect of ExRA on the risk of first ever CVD events after the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. ExRA manifestations were modelled as time-dependent covariates, with adjustment for age, sex and smoking at the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Onset of erosive disease and rheumatoid factor seropositivity were entered as time-dependent variables. Patients were followed until onset of CVD, death or loss to follow-up. Results: ExRA was associated with a significantly increased risk of first ever CVD events (p Conclusion: Severe ExRA manifestations are associated with an increased risk of CVD events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This association is not due to differences in age, sex, smoking, rheumatoid factor or erosive joint damage. It is suggested that systemic extra-articular disease is a major determinant of cardiovascular morbidity in rheumatoid arthritis.
Far-field approximation in the Inverse Discrete Dipole Method (IDDM)

In this paper, it was shown that the Inverse Discrete Dipole Method with far-field approximation yield results comparable to the ones obtained with complete-field solution. The application of the far-field approximation does have a significant impact on computation time, where a speedup of two-hundred percent was observed.
Learning Sparse Codes for Hyperspectral Imagery

The spectral features in hyperspectral imagery (HSI) contain significant structure that, if properly characterized, could enable more efficient data acquisition and improved data analysis. Because most pixels contain reflectances of just a few materials, we propose that a sparse coding model is well-matched to HSI data. Sparsity models consider each pixel as a combination of just a few elements from a larger dictionary, and this approach has proven effective in a wide range of applications. Furthermore, previous work has shown that optimal sparse coding dictionaries can be learned from a dataset with no other a priori information (in contrast to many HSI “endmember” discovery algorithms that assume the presence of pure spectra or side information). We modified an existing unsupervised learning approach and applied it to HSI data (with significant ground truth labeling) to learn an optimal sparse coding dictionary. Using this learned dictionary, we demonstrate three main findings: 1) the sparse coding model learns spectral signatures of materials in the scene and locally approximates nonlinear manifolds for individual materials; 2) this learned dictionary can be used to infer HSI-resolution data with very high accuracy from simulated imagery collected at multispectral-level resolution, and 3) this learned dictionary improves the performance of a supervised classification algorithm, both in terms of the classifier complexity and generalization from very small training sets.
Homeobox Protein, Hmx3, in Postnatally Developing Rat Submandibular Glands

Homeobox-containing (Hox) genes play important roles in development, particularly in the development of neurons and sensory organs, and in specification of body plan. The Hmx gene family is a new class of homeobox-containing genes defined by a conserved homeobox region and a characteristic pattern of expression in the central nervous system that is more rostral than that of the Hox genes. To date, three closely related members of the Hmx family, Hmx1, Hmx2, and Hmx3, have been described. All three Hmx genes are expressed in the craniofacial region of developing embryos. Here we show, for the first time, the expression of the transcription factor Hmx3 in postnatally developing salivary glands. Hmx3 protein is expressed in a cell type-specific manner in rat salivary glands. Hmx3 is present in both the nuclei and cytoplasm of specific groups of duct cells of the submandibular, parotid, and sublingual glands. Hmx3 expression increases during postnatal development of the submandibular gland. The duct cells show increasing concentrations of Hmx3 protein with progressive development of the submandibular gland. In contrast, the acinar cells of the three salivary glands do not exhibit detectable levels of Hmx3 protein.
Chronic infectious neuropathic agents: possible mechanisms of pathogenesis.

In discussing the pathogenesis of disease produced by chronic infectious neuropathic agents, three problems are immediately apparent: (1) explaining the long incubation period, (2) explaining the slow evolution of clinical disease and the unusual pathological findings often associated with these diseases, and (3) explaining the role of antibody in the prevention or causation of the disease. In the classic “slow virus infections” of sheep (Sigurdsson, 1954), visna and scrapie, the incubation period extends from months to years and is followed by a subacute neurological disease lasting for weeks to months. Visna, a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), occurs long after the appearance of neutralizing antibody (Gudnadottir and Palsson, 1966); while scrapie, a non-inflammatory degenerative disease of the CNS, occurs with no evidence of antibody formation (Gajdusek etal., 1965). Very little experimental data exist to explain these curious phenomena in visna and scrapie, and discussion of their mechanisms of pathogenesis must rely largely on speculation and by analogy to other diseases. Several viruses, such as rabies, mumps, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis, provide more facile laboratory models and cause diseases in experimental animals which display one or more characteristics of slow virus infections of the CNS. Therefore, studies of these agents may provide some insights into mechanisms of disease production by slow viruses.
Phase relations inferred from field data for mn pyroxenes and pyroxenoids

Electron microprobe analysis of manganese silicates from Balmat, N.Y., has helped elucidate phase relations for Mn-bearing pyroxenes and pyroxenoids. A compilation of these data along with published and unpublished analyses for phases plotting on the CaSiO3-MgSiO3-MnSiO3 and CaSiO3-FeSiO3-MnSiO3 faces of the RSiO3 tetrahedron has constrained the subsolidus phase relations. For the system CaSiO3-FeSiO3-MnSiO3, the compositional gaps between bustamite/hedenbergite, bustamite/ rhodonite and rhodonite/pyroxmangite are constrained for middle-upper amphibolite facies conditions and extensive solid solutions limit possible three phase fields. For the CaSiO3-MgSiO3-MnSiO3 system much less data are available but it is clear that the solid solutions are much more limited for the pyroxenoid structures and a continuum of compositions is inferred for clinopyroxenes from diopside to kanoite (MnMgSi2O6) for amphibolite facies conditions (T=650° C). At lower temperatures, Balmat kanoites are unstable and exsolve into C2/c calciumrich (Ca0.68Mn0.44Mg0.88Si2O6) and C2/c calciumpoor (Ca0.12Mn1.02Mg0.86Si2O6) phases. At temperatures of 300–400° C the calcium-poor phase subsequently has undergone a transformation to a P21/c structure; this exsolution-inversion relationship is analogous to that relating augites and pigeonites in the traditional pyroxene quadrilateral. Rhodonite coexisting with Mn-clinopyroxenes is compositionally restricted to Mn0.75–0.95Mg0.0–0.15Ca0.05–0.13SiO3. For the original pyroxene+rhodonite assemblage, the Mg and Ca contents of the rhodonite are fixed for a specific P (6kbars)-T (650° C)-X(H2O)-X(CO2) by the coexistence of talc+quartz and calcite+quartz respectively.
The challenges of transferring chronic illness patients to adult care: reflections from pediatric and adult rheumatology at a US academic center

Little is known about the transfer of care process from pediatric to adult rheumatology for patients with chronic rheumatic disease. The purpose of this study is to examine changes in disease status, treatment and health care utilization among adolescents transferring to adult care at the University of California San Francisco (UCSF). We identified 31 eligible subjects who transferred from pediatric to adult rheumatology care at UCSF between 1995–2005. Subject demographics, disease characteristics, disease activity and health care utilization were compared between the year prior to and the year following transfer of care. The mean age at the last pediatric rheumatology visit was 19.5 years (17.4–22.0). Subject diagnoses included systemic lupus erythematosus (52%), mixed connective tissue disease (16%), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (16%), antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (13%) and vasculitis (3%). Nearly 30% of subjects were hospitalized for disease treatment or management of flares in the year prior to transfer, and 58% had active disease at the time of transfer. In the post-transfer period, almost 30% of subjects had an increase in disease activity. One patient died in the post-transfer period. The median transfer time between the last pediatric and first adult rheumatology visit was 7.1 months (range 0.7–33.6 months). Missed appointments were common in the both the pre and post transfer period. A significant percentage of patients who transfer from pediatric to adult rheumatology care at our center are likely to have active disease at the time of transfer, and disease flares are common during the transfer period. These findings highlight the importance of a seamless transfer of care between rheumatology providers.
Identification of site requirements for reduction of 4-nitrophenol using gold nanoparticle catalysts

The homogeneous versus heterogeneous nature of the active site of gold catalysis of the 4-nitrophenol reduction to 4-aminophenol is investigated using poisoning experiments that employ various organic ligands and 4 nm gold nanoparticles as catalysts. DDT (dodecanethiol)-bound gold nanoparticles are unable to catalyze this reaction, whereas nanoparticles capped with calixarene ligands consisting of calix[6]arene phosphine C6P and calix[4]arene thiol MBC are active. Poisoning of residual terrace sites upon addition of 2-naphthalenethiol (2-NT) in these latter two catalysts results in a gold nanoparticle that consists solely of ostensibly similar pinhole defect sites. However, the reaction rate for the catalyst consisting of C6P + 2-NT is 6.5-fold higher relative to the rate for catalyst consisting of MBC + 2-NT. This observation along with lack of activity for the DDT-bound catalyst suggests that pinhole defect sites and the gold nanoparticle surface cannot be the active site for catalysis. Instead, the active site is suggested to be a leached gold species that is present in exceedingly small concentrations (cannot be detected by disappearance of gold nanoparticles from solution during catalysis). Such a supposition is supported by observations of induction time and the interplay between observed induction time and kinetics. It is observed that the composition of the organic ligands in the system controls the kinetics and the induction time. Additionally, there is an absence of an induction time in a solution containing used catalyst, to which reactants are added. In the initial catalysis, it is observed that as the thiol ligand concentration on the surface increases, the induction time increases and the reaction rate decreases. The leached species were unable to be detected via changes in the surface-plasmon resonance absorption of the gold nanoparticles in solution before and after catalysis, as well as electron microscopy studies of used nanoparticle catalysts. This suggests that the leached species concentration is low, and their catalytic activity in turn must be quite high.
Tales of the Tamiami Trail: Implementing Adaptive Management in Everglades Restoration

In Everglades Restoration, adaptive management (AM) is a science and performance-based approach to ecosystem management in situations where predicted outcomes have a high level of uncertainty. Under such conditions, 'management' anticipates actions to be taken as testable explanations, or propositions so the best course of action can be discerned through rigorous monitoring, integrative assessment, and synthesis. AM advances desired goals by reducing uncertainty, incorporating robustness into project design, and incorporating new information about ecosystem interactions and processes as our understanding of these relationships is augmented and refined. Overall system performance is enhanced as AM reconciles project-level actions within the context of ecosystem-level responses. Conflict resolution and collaboration can be critical components. This paper describes how AM is being applied in critical restoration projects along the Tamiami Trail, which bisects the Everglades along the border of Everglades National Park and the Big Cypress Preserve. Projects discussed include Modified Water Deliveries to Everglades National Park ("Mod Waters"), the Decompartmentalization Project (“Decomp”), the C-111 Spreader Canal, culvert construction and maintenance under Tamiami Trail, and the Picayune Strand wetlands restoration. Particular attention is devoted to the mechanism of intergovernmental collaboration and public participation, e.g. the South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Task Force and Working Group, its Advisory Committee on the Combined Structural and Operation Plan (“CSOP”), and the South Florida Water Management District’s Water Resources Advisory Commission (“WRAC”).
Ecology of Plant Resistance to the Tarnished Plant Bug, Lygus lineolaris

Laboratory and field experiments in plant resistance to Lyyus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) were carried out with bean, broccoli, and radish. The preferences among bean varieties shown by the adults for oviposition generally were different from the feeding and resting preferences of adults as well as the feeding and resting preferences of first-instar nymphs. The bean variety California Pink, on which the eggs had the highest viability, was also most preferred by first-instar nymphs. Varieties and sites preferred by the females for oviposition were not those where the eggs had the greatest chance of successful development. Thus, oviposition by the female and viability of eggs and nymphs were, at least partly, favored by a different set of conditions. The differences in preference and antibiosis within a botanical group (genus or family) appeared to be as great as or greater than the differences between such botanical groups. Laboratory experiments, supported by field observations, indicate that L. lineolaris was not able to breed with much success on any of the bean varieties used. Pronounced differences existed between the bean varieties, but Bountiful was most tolerant to attack by L. lineolaris. The bean varieties on which the greatest number of lygus nymphs were found were not the varieties on which the greatest number of leafhopper nymphs or aphid colonies were found. Thus the varieties most susceptible to L. lineolaris (e.g., California Pink) were not the most susceptible to other piercing insects. A population of L. lineolaris from alfalfa and one from a plant of the family Compositae exhibited oviposition and feeding and resting preferences for their respective plants. First-instar nymphs of these populations, reared on bean pods in the laboratory, showed the same preferences as did the parent populations; the differences were, therefore, due to genetic differences. The possibility of evolution of races of L. lineolaris according to the composition of the plant community where populations of the insect live may reduce the permanency of plant resistance to the insect.
Scanning Old Procedures the Case Method of Studying Law

(1931). Scanning Old Procedures the Case Method of Studying Law. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 52-53.
Zero-Lift Drag Prediction Including Aeroelastic Effects

One of the aerospace design engineer’s goals aims to reduce drag for increased aircraft performance, in terms of range, endurance, or speed in the various flight regimes. To accomplish this the designer must have rapid and accurate techniques for computing drag. At subsonic Mach numbers drag is primarily a sum of lift-induced drag and zero-lift drag. While lift-induced drag is easily and efficiently determined by a far field method, using the Trefftz plane analysis, the same cannot be said of zero-lift drag. Zero-lift drag (CD,0) usually requires consideration of the Navier-Stokes equations, the solution of which is as yet unknown except by using approximate numerical techniques with computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The approximate calculation of zero-lift drag from CFD is normally computed with so-called near-field techniques, which can be inaccurate and too time consuming for consideration in the design environment. This paper presents a technique to calculate zero-lift drag in the subsonic regime that includes aeroelastic effects and is suitable for the design environment. The technique loosely couples a two-dimensional airfoil boundary layer model with a 3-D aeroelastic solver to compute zero-lift drag. We show results for a rectangular wing (baseline), a swept wing, and a tapered wing. Then compare with a rectangular wing with variable thickness and camber, thinning out from the root to tip (spanwise direction), thus demonstrating the practicality of the technique and its utility for rapid conceptual design.
Seasonal variance of mosquito density in different micro-environments and circadian periods

Objective To explore seasonal variance of mosquito density in different micro-environments and circadian periods in Shanghai downtown.Methods Conducting 194-days' continuous human-landing catch in 5 mosquito-monitoring sites of the same region and 2 monitoring periods of one day.Results 1 666 adult mosquitoes were captured during the 194 days;ten-days' mosquito distribution were significantly different between the first period and the second period(χ2= 221.528,P 0.01),with the density peak in late July and early May 4.60 and 1.52 pcs /30(min·site) respectively.Mosquito density peaks of 5 monitoring sites all appeared in July with difference in early,middle and late of this month.Conclusion Seasonal mosquito density varies in different micro-environments and 2 specific circadian periods;it is suggest that mosquito surveillance should be intensified in Shanghai downtown,and more effective risk assessment should be carried out.
Role of calcium-activated chloride current in regulating pulmonary vasomotor tone

Many agonists induce vasoconstriction by releasing intracellularly stored Ca2+ and promoting Ca2+ influx. Activation of Ca(2+)-activated Cl- (ClCa) channels may be a critical mechanism by which a rise in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) causes membrane depolarization that serves to sustain the elevated [Ca2+]i and maintain vascular tone. In this study the biophysical and pharmacological properties of ClCa currents [ICKCa] were characterized in rat pulmonary artery (PA) smooth muscle cells, and their relationship to the regulation of pulmonary vascular tone was determined. When K+ currents were eliminated by using Cs(+)-containing internal solution, depolarization elicited an inward Ca2+ current followed by a time-dependent outward Cl- current that reversed near Cl- equilibrium potential. Repolarizing voltage steps produced a large inward tail Cl- current that also reversed at a potential close to Cl- equilibrium potential. Replacement of extracellular Ca2+ with Ba2+ significantly augmented the Ca2+ current but abolished the Cl- currents. The Cl- channel blocker niflumic acid (10-50 microM) diminished the time-dependent outward Cl- current and the inward tail Cl- current, decreased serotonin-induced membrane depolarization, and inhibited agonist-induced PA contraction. In the absence of extracellular Ca2+, cyclopiazonic acid, which releases Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum, elicited an inward Cl- current at a holding potential of -70 mV. These results indicate that rat PA myocytes possess ClCa channels that are activated by depolarization-induced Ca2+ influx and agonist-induced Ca2+ release. This Cl- current contributes to agonist-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction via membrane depolarization.
Effects of southeastern Pacific sea surface temperature on the double-ITCZ bias in NCAR CESM1

AbstractThe double intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is a long-standing bias in the climatology of coupled general circulation models (CGCMs). The warm biases in southeastern Pacific (SEP) sea surface temperature (SST) are also evident in many CGCMs. In this study, the role of SEP SST in the double ITCZ is investigated by prescribing the observed SEP SST in the Community Earth System Model, version 1 (CESM1). Both the double ITCZ and dry equator problems are significantly improved with SEP SST prescribed. Both atmospheric and oceanic processes are involved in the improvements. The colder SST over the SEP decreases the precipitation, which enhances the southeasterly winds outside the prescribed SST region, cooling the ocean via increased evaporation. The enhanced descending motion over the SEP strengthens the Walker circulation. The easterly winds over the equatorial Pacific enhance upwelling and shoal the thermocline over the eastern Pacific. The changes of surface wind and wind curl lead to a weaker ...
Private Schooling and the Tiebout Hypothesis

This article develops an alternative to both the capitalization and the “heterogeneity” tests of the Tiebout hypothesis. By examining the implication that the greater the degree of public school choice in a metro area the lesser should be the reliance on private schooling, additional and novel support is found for the hypothesis. Specifically, interjurisdictional choice linked to the number of school districts, and intrajurisdictional choice as reflected by the number of individual schools per district both were found to be important dimensions of school choice. That the Tiebout process is operational at the SMSA level of aggregation also suggests that the net fiscal gains from mobility are relevant to both central city and suburban dwellers.
Interactions in the development of skilled word learning in neural networks and toddlers

Development is about change over time. Computational models have provided insights into the developmental changes seen in different cognitive phenomena, including within the domain of word learning. The present paper uses a computational model in tandem with a behavioral study to make and test predictions about the interdependencies between the emergences of different word learning biases. The model is used to investigate how the shape bias influences novel noun generalization to other types of items, and to guide a behavioral study of this effect in children. The results provide a novel view of biased word learning over time, and suggest that emerging biases interact with each other and influence how networks and children attend to different kinds of information over time.
Polycrystalline Cu2O photovoltaic devices incorporating Zn(O,S) window layers

The tunability of the Zn(O,S) conduction band edge makes it an ideal, earth-abundant heterojunction partner for Cu_(2)O, whose low electron affinity has limited photovoltaic performance with most other heterojunction candidates. However, to date Cu_(2)O/Zn(O,S) solar cells have exhibited photocurrents well below the entitled short-circuit current in the detailed balance limit. In this work, we examine the sources of photocurrent loss in Cu_(2)O/Zn(O,S) solar cells fabricated by sputter deposition of Zn(O,S) on polycrystalline Cu_(2)O substrates grown by thermal oxidation of Cu foils. X-ray photoelectron spectra reveal that Zn(O,S) deposited at room temperature leads to a thin layer of ZnSO_4 at the Zn(O,S)/Cu_(2)O interface that impedes current collection and limits the short circuit current density to 2 mA/cm^2. Deposition of Zn(O,S) at elevated temperatures decreases the presence of interfacial ZnSO_4 and therefore the barrier to photocurrent collection. Optimal photovoltaic performance is achieved at a Zn(O,S) deposition temperature of 100°C, which enables an increase in the short circuit current density to 5 mA/cm^2, although a small ZnSO_4 layer is still present. Deposition at temperatures above 100°C leads to a reduction in photovoltaic performance. Spectral response measurements indicate the presence of a barrier to photocurrent and exhibit a strong dependence on voltage and light bias, likely due to the photodoping of Zn(O,S) layer.
Neuronal Adaptation: Tired Neurons or Wired Networks?

Neuronal adaptation – time-dependent modulation of sensory responses following sequential stimuli – is thought to be a consequence of synaptic plasticity. But recent, empirically-grounded, modeling by Quiroga and colleagues demonstrates that the adaptation of visual cortical responses can be described by recurrent network connections with fixed synaptic weights.
The discriminating therapist: Asking “how” questions, making distinctions, and finding direction in therapy by Yapko, Michael D.

In writing The Discriminating Therapist: Asking “How” Questions, Making Distinctions, and Finding Direction in Therapy, Michael Yapko has again written an original and ground-breaking book for clin...
The Morality of Administrative Law

As it has been developed over a period of many decades, administrative law has acquired its own morality, closely related to what Lon Fuller described as the internal morality of law. Reflected in a wide array of seemingly disparate doctrines, but not yet recognized as such, the morality of administrative law includes a set of identifiable principles, often said to reflect the central ingredients of the rule of law. An understanding of the morality of administrative law puts contemporary criticisms of the administrative state in their most plausible light. At the same time, the resulting doctrines do not deserve an unambiguous celebration, because many of them have an ambiguous legal source; because from the welfarist point of view, it is not clear if they are always good ideas; and because it is not clear that judges should enforce them.
Estradiol Therapy After Menopause Mitigates Effects of Stress on Cortisol and Working Memory

Context Postmenopausal estradiol therapy (ET) can reduce the stress response. However, it remains unclear whether such reductions can mitigate effects of stress on cognition. Objective Investigate effects of ET on cortisol response to a physical stressor, cold pressor test (CPT), and whether ET attenuates stress effects on working memory. Design Women completed the CPT or control condition across two sessions and subsequently completed a sentence span task. Setting General community: Participants were recruited from the Early vs Late Intervention Trial with Estradiol (ELITE). Participants ELITE participants (mean age = 66, standard deviation age = 6.8) in this study did not suffer from any major chronic illness or use medications known to affect the stress response or cognition. Interventions Participants had received a median of randomized 4.7 years of estradiol (n = 21) or placebo (n = 21) treatment at time of participation in this study. Main outcome measures Salivary cortisol and sentence span task performance. Results Women assigned to estradiol exhibited blunted cortisol responses to CPT compared with placebo (P = 0.017) and lesser negative effects of stress on working memory (P = 0.048). Conclusions We present evidence suggesting ET may protect certain types of cognition in the presence of stress. Such estrogenic protection against stress hormone exposure may prove beneficial to both cognition and the neural circuitry that maintains and propagates cognitive faculties.
Waveform enhancements using earth-penetrating radiators/receivers for deep ground penetrating radar

A new concept is proposed in this paper to use subsurface radiators, delivered as earth penetrating non-explosive, electronic “e-bombs”, as the source of strong radiated transmissions for GPR experiments using ground contact or airborne receivers. Alternately, by reciprocity, the receiver could be buried in close proximity to a suspected target using ground contact or airborne transmitters. The ultimate goal of this project is a stand-off capability using satellite communication links. The received signal could also be relayed to a surface repeater by deploying a fiber-optics cable during earth penetration.
Respiratory motion-resolved, self-gated 4D-MRI using Rotating Cartesian K-space (ROCK): Initial clinical experience on an MRI-guided radiotherapy system.

Abstract Purpose To optimize and evaluate the respiratory motion-resolved, self-gated 4D-MRI using Rotating Cartesian K-space (ROCK-4D-MRI) method in a 0.35 T MRI-guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) system. Methods and materials The study included seven patients with abdominal tumors treated on the MRgRT system. ROCK-4D-MRI and 2D-CINE, was performed immediately after one of the treatment fractions. Motion quantification based on 4D-MRI was compared with those based on 2D-CINE. The image quality of 4D-MRI was evaluated against 4D-CT. The gross tumor volumes (GTV) were defined based on individual respiratory phases of both 4D-MRI and 4D-CT and compared for their variability over the respiratory cycle. Result The motion measurements based on 4D-MRI matched well with 2D-CINE, with differences of 1.04 ± 0.52 mm in the superior–inferior and 0.54 ± 0.21 mm in the anterior–posterior directions. The image quality scores of 4D-MRI were significantly higher than 4D-CT, with better tumor contrast (3.29 ± 0.76 vs. 1.86 ± 0.90) and less motion artifacts (3.57 ± 0.53 vs. 2.29 ± 0.95). The GTVs were more consistent in 4D-MRI than in 4D-CT, with significantly smaller GTV variability (9.31 ± 4.58% vs. 34.27 ± 23.33%). Conclusion Our study demonstrated the clinical feasibility of using the ROCK-4D-MRI to acquire high quality, respiratory motion-resolved 4D-MRI in a low-field MRgRT system. The 4D-MRI image could provide accurate dynamic information for radiotherapy treatment planning.
Permeability mapping of gelatin methacryloyl hydrogels.

Abstract We report the development of an efficient, customized spherical indentation-based testing method to systematically estimate the hydraulic permeability of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels fabricated in a wide range of mass concentrations and photocrosslinking conditions. Numerical simulations and Biot’s theory of poroelasticity were implemented to calibrate our experimental data. We correlated elastic moduli and permeability coefficients with different GelMA concentrations and crosslinking densities. Our model could also predict drug release rates from the GelMA hydrogels and diffusion of biomolecules into the three-dimensional GelMA hydrogels. The results potentially provide a design map for choosing desired GelMA-based hydrogels for use in drug delivery, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine, which may be further expanded to predicting the permeability behaviors of various other hydrogel types. Statement of Significance GelMA hydrogels have attracted increasing attention in recent years as matrices for cell cultures and biomolecule delivery. This inexpensive polymer is derived from gelatin functionalized with methacryloyl groups that can be crosslinked by photochemical reactions. Here we report the development of an efficient, customized testing method to systematically estimate the hydraulic permeability of GelMA hydrogels. Hydraulic permeability indicates the resistance of GelMA hydrogels to the movement of saturated fluid. We used the model to measure the elastic moduli and permeability coefficients, providing a permeability map for various GelMA hydrogel formulations.
Neural Network Approaches to Eyeblink Classical Conditioning

We have described our efforts to further the understanding of the neural substrates of rabbit eyeblink conditioning (in particular the cerebellum and hippocampus) through the use of neural networks. Over the years, the initial theoretical assumptions of the computational models have been maintained while more anatomically and physiologically detailed instantiations of these models have been developed. These neural networks have increased our understanding of how classical conditioning occurs in the cerebellum and hippocampus while making novel predictions which are guiding ongoing and future empirical studies. Neural networks result in simulations of various lesion conditions which offer subtle distinctions which may not be evident in a purely qualitative theory.