cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ontogenetic differences in response to d-amphetamine: two-way avoidance, intertrial responses, and locomotor activity.

Abstract In Experiment 1, 15-, 17-, 21-, 36-, and 90-day-old rats were injected with either physiological saline, 0.5-, 1.0-, 4.0-, 8.0-, or 16.0-mg/kg of d-amphetamine sulfate and 20-min later they were allowed to explore a two-way avoidance apparatus for 8 min. Immediately following adaptation, they were given a single session of 100 two-way avoidance trials. In general, in all ages, there was a dose related increase in avoidance on the first block of trials. However, across trials avoidance of the two youngest ages decreased, avoidance responding by 21-day-old animals remained relatively constant, and avoidance of the two oldest ages increased. In the three youngest ages, avoidance and intertrial responses had a similar pattern, but in older ages there was little relationship between avoidance and intertrial responses. Shuttle crossings during adaptation were increased more by higher doses in younger rats than adults. In Experiment 2, para-hydroxyamphetamine (1.0, 4.0, or 16.0 mg/kg) did not alter two-way avoidance, intertrial responses, or crossings during adaptation in 15-, 17-, 21-, 36-, or 90-day-old rats. The age-dependent behavioral effects of d-amphetamine may be due to maturation of central nervous system catecholaminergic neurons.
E-Type Delayed Fluorescence of a Phosphine-Supported Cu2(μ-NAr2)2 Diamond Core: Harvesting Singlet and Triplet Excitons in OLEDs∥

A highly emissive bis(phosphine)diarylamido dinuclear copper(I) complex (quantum yield = 57%) was shown to exhibit E-type delayed fluorescence by variable temperature emission spectroscopy and photoluminescence decay measurement of doped vapor-deposited films. The lowest energy singlet and triplet excited states were assigned as charge transfer states on the basis of theoretical calculations and the small observed S_1−T_1 energy gap. Vapor-deposited OLEDs doped with the complex in the emissive layer gave a maximum external quantum efficiency of 16.1%, demonstrating that triplet excitons can be harvested very efficiently through the delayed fluorescence channel. The function of the emissive dopant in OLEDs was further probed by several physical methods, including electrically detected EPR, cyclic voltammetry, and photoluminescence in the presence of applied current.
Long-term capsular bag survival without functional lens epithelial cells.

Purpose To evaluate the survival of the capsular bag without the support of functional lens epithelial cells (LECs). Setting David J. Apple, MD, Laboratories for Ophthalmic Devices Research, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Methods One hundred slides of cadaver pseudophakic eyes (from 1991 to 2000) stained with hematoxylin and eosin were analyzed to determine the presence of Soemmering's ring, integrity of the capsular bag, fixation configuration of the haptics, and presence and functionality of the LECs. Results A Soemmering's ring was present in 69% of cases. The capsular bags were intact in 100% of cases. In-the-bag fixation was seen in 44% of cases. In 89% of cases, either no cells or nonfunctional LECs were found. Conclusion Results suggest the capsular bag can survive anatomically without the support of functioning LECs.
Results of an experimental investigation of the flow field in the head-end star slot section of a Solid Rocket Motor

Cold flow tests of a one-tenth scale model based on the geometry of the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Motor, SRM, head-end section and its single-port igniter, along with two models of a four port igniter, have been conducted. The tests were done to establish quantitative as well as qualitative data on the behavior of the flow inside the star slot during the early part of the ignition transient. This paper presents the data obtained from these tests and discusses the implications of the data with respect to ignition transients of solid rocket motors which have head-end star grains.
Roll ‘em!: The effects of picture motion on emotional responses

An experiment investigated the effects of picture motion on individuals’ emotional reactions to images. Participants in the study viewed moving and still versions of 27 different images extracted from a variety of film and television programs. Subjective measures (self‐reports) and physiological data (skin conductance and heart rate) were obtained to provide convergent data on affective responses. Results indicate that picture motion significantly increased arousal, particularly when the image was already arousing. Both skin conductance and self‐report data supported this finding. Picture motion also tended to prompt more heart‐rate deceleration, most likely reflecting a greater allocation of attention to the more arousing images. In this study, the influence of picture motion on affective valence was evident only in the self‐report measures; positive images were experienced as more positive and negative images as more negative when the image contained motion.
Engaging Rural Parents in Family-Focused Programs to Prevent Youth Substance Abuse

We employed multilevel structural equation modeling with data collected during telephone interviews with 1,156 parents of sixth graders from 36 rural schools to examine the relationships of family sociodemographic factors, parents' perceptions of their child's susceptibility to future substance use involvement, parents' perceptions of their ability to prevent such problems, and the perceived benefits of family-skills programs designed to prevent adolescent problems. Family-level findings suggested that parent gender and marital status were particularly salient; each exhibited direct effects on each of the three parent perceptions examined. Findings supported the hypotheses that parental efficacy perceptions inversely affect perceptions of child susceptibility and that perceptions of child susceptibility positively affect perceived program benefits. At the community level, lower household incomes were associated with higher levels of perceived child susceptibility to substance use.
Long-pathlength DOAS (differential optical absorption spectrometer) system for the in situ measurement of xylene in indoor air

A compact differential optical absorption spectrometer with a 2.5 m base path has been constructed for indoor air measurements. The mirror system can achieve a total pathlength of up to 220 m. A cooled photodiode array is used as a detector with a detection limit equivalent to an absorbance of less than 0.0001 (3 α level with 2 mm averaging). This paper describes the setup of the instrument and explains the data acquisition and analysis procedures used.
Coronal upper abdominal anatomy: technique and gastrointestinal applications.

The coronal approach to the upper abdomen provides a valuable additional ultrasonographic view of the subphrenic and perirenal area bilaterally, and the hepatic and subhepatic region on the right. In patients with large amounts of overlying gas-filled bowel loops, it may provide the only ultrasonographic view into the high abdominal region. Reformatted coronal computed tomography may be used as a teaching aid and in demonstrating upper abdominal coronal anatomy. However, because of limited spatial resolution, this technique does not provide additional diagnostic information. In the future, primary high resolution coronal computed tomography may be available and may be helpful in the evaluation of the upper abdomen.
Wear applications offer further growth for PIM

Abstract PIM is having a significant impact on the production of wear resistant components from allowys, oxides, nitrides, and carbides. The good performance properties and availability of uniform feedstocks provide credibility to the technology. Potentially, the fabrication of wear materials by PIM will be one of the most profitable PM technologies. Unlike metallic systems (such as stainless steel), there is no raw material cost penalty associated with the hard materials, since they already start as powders. It is the shape complexity of new designs that is pushing traditional manufactures to examine injection moulding. If higher precision can be demonstrated, the conversion to PIM will proceed rapidly, since post-sintering finishing operations often constitute 40% of the manufacturing cost. Already the cemented carbide industry is acquainted with elements of debinding (dewaxing) and sintering, so they will succeed in directing new components to the process. This might be the next major growth wave for PIM following the spurt in stainless steels that started in the late 1980s.
IS A NEW AND GENERAL THEORY OF MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS EMERGING

The advent and maturation of algorithms for estimating species trees—phylogenetic trees that allow gene tree heterogeneity and whose tips represent lineages, populations and species, as opposed to genes—represent an exciting confluence of phylogenetics, phylogeography, and population genetics, and ushers in a new generation of concepts and challenges for the molecular systematist. In this essay I argue that to better deal with the large multilocus datasets brought on by phylogenomics, and to better align the fields of phylogeography and phylogenetics, we should embrace the primacy of species trees, not only as a new and useful practical tool for systematics, but also as a long-standing conceptual goal of systematics that, largely due to the lack of appropriate computational tools, has been eclipsed in the past few decades. I suggest that phylogenies as gene trees are a “local optimum” for systematics, and review recent advances that will bring us to the broader optimum inherent in species trees. In addition to adopting new methods of phylogenetic analysis (and ideally reserving the term “phylogeny” for species trees rather than gene trees), the new paradigm suggests shifts in a number of practices, such as sampling data to maximize not only the number of accumulated sites but also the number of independently segregating genes; routinely using coalescent or other models in computer simulations to allow gene tree heterogeneity; and understanding better the role of concatenation in influencing topologies and confidence in phylogenies. By building on the foundation laid by concepts of gene trees and coalescent theory, and by taking cues from recent trends in multilocus phylogeography, molecular systematics stands to be enriched. Many of the challenges and lessons learned for estimating gene trees will carry over to the challenge of estimating species trees, although adopting the species tree paradigm will clarify many issues (such as the nature of polytomies and the star tree paradox), raise conceptually new challenges, or provide new answers to old questions.
The Heterotrophic Activity for Amino Acids, Glucose and Acetate in Antarctic Waters*

The kinetic approach ofWright andHobbie (1966) was used to determine the heterotrophic potential of Antarctic waters. Variations with depth and geographical location are discussed. Temperature studies indicate the psychrophilic nature of the microbial population. In samples having environmental temperatures of approximately −1‡C, significant activities were recorded at the lowest incubation temperatures tested (−3‡C). Activities increased with increasing incubation temperatures up to +3‡C but were somewhat depressed at +10‡C and above. By testing a wide range of substrates, qualitative differences were noted in the microbial populations of different areas. Highest rates of uptake were found in the euphotic zone whereas Vmax values of samples from depths of 500 m and below were in most cases unmeasurable.
Differential regulation of folate receptor isoforms in normal and malignant tissues in vivo and in established cell lines: Physiologic and clinical implications

Background Despite significant differences in ligand binding between the two known isoforms of the human membrane folate receptor (FR), designated herein as FR-beta (placenta) and FR-alpha (placenta, KB cells), little is known about their tissue specificities, and there is no report on the relative expression of FR-beta in any tissue other than in placenta. Methods The mRNA for each FR isoform in a wide variety of normal fetal and adult tissue explants, primary normal cell cultures, malignant tumor explants, and established tumor cell lines was estimated by a polymerase chain reaction assay. Total receptor levels were estimated by a [3H] folic acid binding assay. Results Both the FR isoforms were expressed in fetal as well as adult tissues. Normal tissues generally expressed low to moderate amounts of FR-beta. FR-alpha alone was expressed in normal epithelial cells and was frequently strikingly elevated in a variety of carcinomas, with the exception of squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. In contrast, a variety of malignant tissues of nonepithelial origin generally expressed elevated levels of FR-beta alone. Established tumor cell lines expressed FR-alpha virtually alone and did not reflect FR expression patterns in vivo. KB cells and JEG-3 cells grown at low folate concentrations further up-regulated FR-alpha but not FR-beta. Conclusions Although FR-beta is the more common isoform, FR-alpha and FR-beta are differentially regulated in normal tissues, carcinomas, nonepithelial malignancies, and immortalized cells or in response to changes in extracellular folate concentrations. The tissue specificity of FR isoforms and their elevation in malignant tissues may be a significant factor in FR-mediated folate uptake, in tissue responsiveness to promising novel antifolates, and in FR-related immunodiagnosis/immunotherapy.
Ribosomal DNA sequence analysis of mucosa-associated bacteria in Crohn's disease

Background: Enteric bacteria are implicated in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD); however, no specific causative organisms have been identified. Aims: This study was undertaken to correlate disease activity with changes in intestinal biota in patients with CD. Subjects: Ribosomal DNA analysis was used to explore the composition of the intestinal biota in patients with (1) CD undergoing colonoscopy, (2) CD undergoing surgical resection, and (3) no inflammatory bowel disease. Methods: Primers targeting bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) were used to amplify bacterial DNA associated with active CD lesions, comparable normal tissue from patients with CD, and normal control tissue. Each amplicon was cloned. Seven hundred thirty-nine rDNA clones were sequenced from 16 biopsies from CD patients, 15 surgical samples, and 10 biopsies from normal control patients. Results: Known extracellular or intracellular pathogens were not found. No rDNA sequence, phylogenetic group, or subgroup was consistently associated with CD lesions compared with normal tissues from the same patients. Colonic biopsies from CD-afflicted patients compared with biopsies from normal control subjects had an increase in facultative bacteria; in small bowel, CD patients had an increase in the Ruminococcus gnavus subgroup with a decrease in the Clostridium leptum and Prevotella nigrescens subgroups. However, differences in small bowel may have reflected individual variation rather than disease association. Surgical samples showed differences when compared with biopsy-derived samples. Conclusions: These findings suggest that CD is not caused by invasive pathogens associated specifically with the sites of lesions but that dysbiosis exists in this condition.
Using documentation blueprints to produce mandated DoD data items

Experiences in other engineering and user documentation environments indicate that use of these blueprints can save up to five percent of the software acquisition cost. In addition, the blueprints enable the engineering documentation to evolve with the software product, thereby facilitating the review process and enabling product errors to be detected earlier. When used in conjunction with other support services, e.g., CASE tools, technical writers, these blueprints can provide further savings
Précis of Democratic Autonomy

Democratic Autonomy's central aim is to characterize how, within democratic institutions, we may reason with one another so as legitimately to settle the ends or aims of our joint, governmental activity. Standard conceptions of policy reasoning, such as cost-benefit and risk-benefit analysis, typically take the ends for granted, as revealed by individuals in market behavior or as settled by "the decision-makers." The book aims to describe how we, as the decision-makers, can reason about the ends of policy. To discharge this main task, the book had to extend beyond the topic of collective practical reasoning, in two directions. First, it is clear that our ability to reason together about policy matters is highly mediated by an institutional structure that parcels out authority and responsibility in complex and overlapping ways. Hence, any persuasive account of how we reason together, democratically, must be an institutionally rich account. One might take the institutional setting of much democratic reasoning to be simply incompatible with joint reasoning. DA does not take that tack. Rather, it accepts that while the institutional settings within which democratic reasoning goes on especially the constitutionally protected public sphere, the elected legislature employing majority rule, and the administrative agencies do indeed present distinctive challenges to whether we can reason together about the ends of policy, they also provide positive opportunities for an account of joint reasoning that accepts that this reasoning may be institutionally distributed. The second extension of the book's scope concerned the idea of legitimacy. Adequately to assess the conditions under which joint, public reasoning about ends is legitimate, it turned out, required developing a broad account of democratic legitimacy, one specifying the place that reasoning, of any kind, ought to have in democracies. Keeping this question central enabled DA, as I think, to shed new light on our multi-faceted ideal of democracy; and
The Endocrine Function of the Immune Cells in the Initiation of Humoral Immunity

The endocrine functions of different hormones are well documented. Recently, however, evidence of the immune function of several hormones has been accumulated. These findings raised the possibility that immune cells might secrete hormones and in turn self-regulate different immune functions. Indeed, immune cells have been found to secrete different peptide and protein hormones. Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) is the most studied and was found to be secreted by lymphocytes. In the present authors' laboratory, it was found that not only do lymphocytes secrete ACTH but also that circulating concentrations of corticosterone increased following antigen challenge. It was also observed that at the time of the increased corticosterone, there was a redistribution of different lymphocyte subpopulations from the blood to spleen, the site of antigen presentation and antibody production. It was concluded that the endocrine function of lymphocytes might be important in the initiation of antibody production in chickens.
Further comment on Titan's atmospheric scaling

Abstract In discussions of the circulation of planetary atmospheres, the atmospheric efficiency factor η is overestimated when the atmosphere is very thin, or when latent heat transfer is neglected.
Right-to-Left Interatrial Shunt Causing Platypnea After Pneumonectomy: A Recent Experience and Diagnostic Value of Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Shortness of breath after pneumonectomy is a common finding that has multiple causes. We report the cases of two patients with shortness of breath on assuming an upright posture (platypnea) that followed pneumonectomy; these individuals developed right-to-left shunt across a patent foramen ovale (PFO) with normal right-sided intracardiac pressures. Both contrast echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including a recently introduced dynamic ultrafast imaging technique, proved helpful in diagnosing this condition noninvasively.
Regulated deficit irrigation and density of Erythroneura spp. (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) on grape.

Abstract This study looked at regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) on leafhoppers in the genus Erythroneura (Erythroneura elegantula Osborn, or western grape leafhopper, and Erythroneura variabilis Beamer) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), which are serious pests of cultivated grape (Vitis vinifera L.) in California. RDI is an irrigation strategy that reduces irrigation during a critical point in the phenology of a cultivated perennial crop, to improve vegetative balance and crop quality. Erythroneura spp. are known to respond negatively to vine water stress, and the second generation of leafhoppers begins during a potential RDI initiation period, between berry set and veraison (beginning of fruit maturation). In experiments at commercial wine grape vineyards, I imposed deficits of between 25 and 50% of crop full evapotranspiration (ETc) between berry set and veraison, with control treatments based on the growers’ standard irrigations (typically between 0.8 and 1.0 ETc), and then we counted leafhopper nymphs weekl...
Ignition of a Binary-fuel (Solvent-Solute) Cluster of Drops

Evaporation and ignition of a binary-fuel cluster of drops is described by models under the assumptions that the volatile compound has infinite volatility with respect to the solvent and that the chemistries of the two compounds are independent. A Damkohler number criterion developed for use in sprays is utilized to determine the ignition time. Another criterion is used to determine the ignition location which can be either around individual drops, or around groups of drops inside the cluster, or around the entire cluster. Results show that except for very dilute situations where the initial liquid mass fraction of the volatile is very small, ignition always occurs around the entire cluster. Otherwise, ignition occurs around groups of drops inside the cluster but never around individual drops even though the ratio of the distance between the centers of two adjacent drops by the drop diameter is greater than thirty five. Studies performed by varying the air/fuel mass ratio for a variety of parametric combinations show that: (1) At typical gas temperatures for combustion devices, the ignition of very dense and very dilute clusters of drops is evaporation-controlled for identical chemistries; it is strongly-controlled by solvent ignition in the very dense cluster regime, it is strongly-controlled by ignition of the volatile in the very dilute regime. In the intermediary regime, ignition is controlled by the relative ignition chemistries of the compounds. These conclusions are independent of the amount of volatile initially present in the liquid. (2) The concept of volatile is more strongly associated with the latent heat of evaporation in the dense regime, and more strongly associated with the saturation pressure curve in the very dilute regime. (3) By increasing the surrounding gas temperature one gradually gains control of ignition in the dense and dilute regimes through the evaporation of solvent and volatile respectively. (4) The initial slip velocity between phases affects ignition only in the very dilute regime. (5) Changes in the cluster size affect the ignition time only in the very dense regime. Conclusions (3) and (4) are valid under the assumption of identical kinetics for the two compounds; when different kinetics are considered, it turns out that kinetic effects overwhelmingly dominate ignition.
Scientific Realism and Quantum Mechanical Realism

S'interrogeant sur la possibilite de donner une interpretation realiste a la mecanique quantique, l'A. examine les conclusions auxquelles sont parvenus les physiciens et les philosophes des sciences. Il montre ce qu'ils peuvent mutuellement s'apporter a partir de leurs questionnements divergents
The Road toward Fully Transparent Medical Records

Patients who were given access to their physicians' notes reported having better recall and understanding of their care plans, feeling more in control of their health care, and adhering better to medication regimens. Doctors reported little effect on their work lives.
Surface phonon-polariton enhanced optical forces in silicon carbide nanostructures

The enhanced optical forces induced by surface phonon-polariton (SPhP) modes are investigated in different silicon carbide (SiC) nanostructures. Specifically, we calculate optical forces using the Maxwell stress tensor for three different geometries: spherical particles, slab waveguides, and rectangular waveguides. We show that SPhP modes in SiC can produce very large forces, more than one order of magnitude larger than the surface plasmon-polariton (SPP) forces in analogous metal nanostructures. The material and geometric basis for these large optical forces are examined in terms of dispersive permittivity, separation distance, and operating wavelength.
Direct Patterning of Protein‐ and Cell‐Resistant Polymeric Monolayers and Microstructures

This research has been supported by NIH(NIH grant #HL60435) and NSF(through Bioprocess Engienering Research Center). AK is partially funded through a post graduate fellowship (PGS-B) from Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
Comparison of Regression Curves Using Quasi-Residuals

Abstract We consider testing the equality of two regression functions using two independent samples. Three tests are proposed that are free of the restriction of having the same covariate values or sample sizes for both samples. Asymptotic distributions are given and results from a simulation study are presented that show the superior power properties of these tests over a competing test in a variety of cases, including the testing of hypotheses involving high-frequency curves when the design points for the two samples differ. It is also observed that the tests have good level properties when proper smoothing parameters are selected.
Hydrogen Peroxide–Producing Lactobacilli Inhibit Gonococci In Vitro but Not during Experimental Genital Tract Infection

Commensal lactobacilli that produce hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) inhibit Neisseria gonorrhoeae in vitro, and clinical data suggest that they are associated with a reduced risk of gonorrhea. We precolonized mice with Lactobacillus crispatus and then challenged them with N. gonorrhoeae, to measure the effects of H(2)O(2)-producing lactobacilli on gonococcal infection. We found no difference in the duration of infection or the number of gonococci recovered from untreated mice and mice colonized with L. crispatus. A gonococcal catalase mutant and a catalase, cytochrome C peroxidase mutant exhibited greater susceptibility to L. crispatus in vitro than did wild-type bacteria; however, recovery of these mutants from mice was not affected by L. crispatus. We also found no evidence that utilization of lactobacillus-produced lactate by N. gonorrhoeae balances the detrimental effects of H(2)O(2) during infection. We conclude that the association between lactobacilli and gonococci is complex and may be subject to factors that have not been reproduced in vitro.
Manufacturing and performance assessment of stamped, laser welded, and nitrided FeCrV stainless steel bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Abstract A manufacturing and single-cell fuel cell performance study of stamped, laser welded, and gas nitrided ferritic stainless steel foils in an advanced automotive bipolar plate assembly design was performed. Two developmental foil compositions were studied: Fe–20Cr–4V and Fe–23Cr–4V wt.%. Foils 0.1 mm thick were stamped and then laser welded together to create single bipolar plate assemblies with cooling channels. The plates were then surface treated by pre-oxidation and nitridation in N2–4H2 based gas mixtures using either a conventional furnace or a short-cycle quartz lamp infrared heating system. Single-cell fuel cell testing was performed at 80 °C for 500 h at 0.3 A/cm2 using 100% humidification and a 100%/40% humidification cycle that stresses the membrane and enhances release of the fluoride ion and promotes a more corrosive environment for the bipolar plates. Periodic high frequency resistance potential-current scans during the 500 h fuel cell test and post-test analysis of the membrane indicated no resistance increase of the plates and only trace levels of metal ion contamination.
Conditional Capture Probability of Scaphirhynchus spp. in Drifting Trammel Nets

Abstract Pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus and shovelnose sturgeon S. platorynchus are commonly sampled using drifting trammel nets in the Missouri and Mississippi river basins. Despite the fact that drifting trammel nets have been used for decades to sample these species, little is known about the capture efficiency of this gear. We estimated conditional capture probability for drifting trammel nets over known locations of pallid sturgeon and shovelnose sturgeon. In addition, we examined several variables that were predicted to influence the success of capturing a pallid sturgeon or shovelnose sturgeon in a drifting trammel net. Conditional capture probability (the conditioning factor was known presence) varied from 0.37 on the first attempt to 0.51 on the second attempt. None of the variables measured were useful in explaining the success of sampling a fish in a drifting trammel net. Drifting trammel nets are relatively efficient, and we suggest that they continue to be used to sample pallid sturgeon...
The volume transport of the Somali Current during the 1995 southwest monsoon

Abstract During the summer monsoon of 1995, two hydrographic and direct velocity sections were occupied over the continental shelf and slope off the coast of Somalia, in order to capture the flux of the western boundary current. The first section was in early June, just after the onset of the monsoon winds, when no current was observed. Instead there was an anticyclonic eddy at the boundary with a small net northward transport of 3.5±1.5 Sv . The second section was occupied in mid-September when a strong Somali Current was evident. The resulting snapshot represents the only direct velocity section of the jet structure as it flows along the western boundary. The strength of the Somali Current was 37±5 Sv . This is in general agreement with previous observations, given the temporal variability of the Current, and represents a peak value according to contemporary model simulations. The Somali Current of September extended far into shallow coastal waters of less than 200 m depth, with speeds over 150 cm s −1 , resulting in a considerable transport of 14 Sv over the shelf. Northward flow of more than 10 cm s −1 penetrated to over 2000 m depth along the continental slope, so that the subthermocline flux contributes another 13 Sv to the total volume transport. Model simulations and satellite images of sea-surface height illustrate that the Somali Current System exhibits large spatial variability on short timescales and thus differences in measured transports owe as much (maybe more) to the changing path of the Current as to variability in its strength.
Multistrategy machine-learning vision system

Barry RobertsHoneywell Systems & Research Center3660 Technology Dr. Minneapolis, MN 55418(roberts@src.honeywell.com)ABSTRACTCurrently, most object recognition systems are unable to autonomously modify their own behavior in response to the ever changingconditions of the environment in which they operate. The typical model-based object recognition system is incapable of acquiringor subsequently refining the object models and the knowledge it requires to control its own operation and perform the recognition.All object models and knowledge encoded into an object detection system are usually encoded by a knowledge engineer and storedinto the system in advance of system operation. This engineer-in-the-loop operation is expensive in terms of time spent in systemdevelopment and testing, and in terms of the loss in system performance which will be experienced by these systems which are in-capable of self improvement.Fortunately, advances in the field of machine learning technology have yielded learning techniques with solid theoretical founda-dons that are applicable to the problems being encountered by object recognition systems. At Honeywell an object recognition sys-tem that works with high-level, symbolic, object features is under development. This system, named ORACLE: Object RecognitionAccomplished through Combined Learning Expertise, employs both an inductive learning technique (i.e., Conceptual Clustering,CC) and a deductive technique (i.e., Explanation-Based Learning, EBL) that are combined in a synergistic manner.This paper provides an overview of the ORACLE system, describes the machine learning mechanisms (EBL and CC) that it em-ploys, and provides example results of system operation. The paper emphasizes the beneficial effect of integrating machine learninginto object recognition systems.1. INTRODUCTIONMultiple deficiencies exist in the current state of model-based object recognition systems. These deficiencies fall into three majorcategories:
The murine allantois: emerging paradigms in development of the mammalian umbilical cord and its relation to the fetus.

The fertilized egg of the mammal gives rise to the embryo and its extraembryonic structures, all of which develop in intimate relation with each other. Yet, whilst the past several decades have witnessed a vast number of studies on the embryonic component of the conceptus, study of the extraembryonic tissues and their relation to the fetus have been largely ignored. The allantois, precursor tissue of the mature umbilical cord, is a universal feature of all placental mammals that establishes the vital vascular bridge between the fetus and its mother. The allantois differentiates into the umbilical blood vessels, which become secured onto the chorionic component of the placenta at one end and onto the fetus at the other. In this way, fetal blood is channeled through the umbilical cord for exchange with the mother. Despite the importance of this vascular bridge, little is known about how it is made. The aim of this review is to address current understanding of the biology of the allantois in the mouse and genetic control of its features and functions, and to highlight new paradigms concerning the developmental relationship between the fetus and its umbilical cord. genesis 45: 237–258, 2007. Published 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A simple nonchromatographic determination of glycerophosphatide in serum.

Glycerophosphatide phosphorus is determined in ether-methanol extracts of blood serum by a nondigestive procedure which utilizes a sulfuric-periodic acid reagent. Sphingomyelin phosphorus is not liberated. The method shows good agreement with the sum of lecithin, cephalin, and lysolecithin phosphorus when the lipids are separated by thin-layer chromatography. Lecithin in an artificial lipid mixture is determined readily. The ether-methanol extraction gives results comparable to that of a standard chloroform-methanol extract.
Needs and Issues of Latino and Native American Nonparental Relative Caregivers: Strengths and Challenges Within a Cultural Context

While custodial grandparenting historically has been more prevalent among African Americans, kinship care is increasing nationally among all culturally diverse groups. Custodial grandparenting and kinship care are becoming more common among Latino and Native American cultures. However, there are few studies examining needs and issues faced by these relative caregivers, particularly grandparents. In-depth interviews were conducted with Latino and Native American caregivers of one or more children. Interviews focused on the child's needs, caregiving issues, and the caregiver's impact on the children. Results indicate that both groups reported concerns involving finances and health of child; Native Americans noted legal custodial issues as critical. Latino caregivers reported having inadequate resources for the child's medical care; Native Americans reported legal aid as a significant need. Differential impact on children was reported: with Latinos, family and education, with Native Americans, cultural identity. The findings suggested differential needs, concerns, and impact among these diverse caregivers.
Polyomavirus tumor induction in mice: effects of polymorphisms of VP1 and large T antigen.

Abstract By testing recombinants between "high tumor" (inducing a high incidence of tumors) and "low tumor" (inducing a low incidence of tumors) strains of polyomavirus, we have previously shown that the key determinant(s) for induction of a high tumor profile resides in coding regions of the high tumor strain (R. Freund, G. Mandel, G. G. Carmichael, J. P. Barncastle, C. J. Dawe, and T. L. Benjamin, J. Virol. 61:2232-2239, 1987). Three single-amino-acid differences between the PTA (high tumor) and RA (low tumor) virus strains have now been identified by DNA sequencing, one each in the large T antigen, in the region common to the middle and small T antigens, and in the major capsid protein VP1. Further tests of appropriate recombinants and oligonucleotide-induced mutants show that VP1 of PTA is the major determinant for induction of a high tumor profile, including all tumors of epithelial origin. The differential effect of the VP1s of PTA and RA on the tumor profile is discussed in terms of a likely contribution of the polymorphic region of VP1 to binding of receptors and infection of different cell types in the animal. The polymorphism in the large T antigen has a more restricted action, which is seen only when tested in virus carrying the VP1 type of PTA; the PTA large T antigen then promotes more rapid growth of tumors of salivary gland and thymus than the RA large T antigen.
Overview of Part I

This first part of the book comprises three chapters ( 2– 4) that provide a basic theoretical discussion of the relationship between casino gambling and economic growth. The remaining chapters review the empirical literature and provide empirical analyses of various casino impacts. As a group, these chapters provide a fairly comprehensive examination of the potential economic benefits of casinos.
Aging and Survival: The Genetics of Life Span Extension by Dietary Restriction

Reducing food intake to induce undernutrition but not malnutrition extends the life spans of multiple species, ranging from single-celled organisms to mammals. This increase in longevity by dietary restriction (DR) is coupled to profound beneficial effects on age-related pathology. Historically, much of the work on DR has been undertaken using rodent models, and 70 years of research has revealed much about the physiological changes DR induces. However, little is known about the genetic pathways that regulate the DR response and whether or not they are conserved between species. Elucidating these pathways may facilitate the design of targeted pharmaceutical treatments for a range of age-related pathologies. Here, we discuss how recent work in nonmammalian model organisms has revealed new insight into the genetics of DR and how the discovery of DR-specific transcription factors will advance our understanding of this phenomenon.
Matching patterns of activity in primate prefrontal area 8a and parietal area 7ip neurons during a spatial working memory task

Chafee, Matthew V. and Patricia S. Goldman-Rakic. Matching patterns of activity in primate prefrontal area 8a and parietal area 7ip neurons during a spatial working memory task. J. Neurophysiol. 79...
THE INACTIVATION OF ESTRADIOL AND ESTRADIOL BENZOATE IN CASTRATE FEMALE RATS

THE IN VIVO TECHNIC of studying the inactivation of certain estrogens and androgens has disclosed that when estrone (1) and the semisynthetic compounds, testosterone propionate (1) and methyl testosterone (2,), are implanted as a pellet in the spleen, they are unable to exert their specific action on the castrate animal of the appropriate sex. The site of inactivation has been considered to be the liver. Additional evidence that the liver plays an important role in this process has been brought out by numerous observers (3, 4). Both Zondek (5) and Heller (6) found that estradiol is inactivated when incubated with liver slices or minced liver. The present experiment was designed to determine if estradiol and estradiol benzpate are inactivated by the liver in vivo. Compressed pellets of estradiol1 and estradiol benzoate1 were prepared in a spedaily designed mold, under a pressure of 6,500 lb. per sq. inch (7).
Acute abdomen due to splenic torsion

A 14-year-old girl presented to our department for having collapsed after an acute episode of epigastric pain and vomiting. Past medical history was uneventful; in particular no previous abdominal complaints were mentioned. Physical examination showed a palpable tenderness in the epigastric region. Initially, gastroenteritis was suspected. Abdominal ultrasound revealed massive splenomegaly and in Doppler ultrasound splenic vein thrombosis was suspected. CT with CT angiography showed an enlarged, non-enhancing spleen with characteristic signs of splenic torsion (whirl …
Autonomy’s Ghost and General Education

Arriving in the US a decade ago as a UK-trained architectural historian, I became more aware than I had been at home of what seemed like a disciplinary split between architectural historians trained as architects—thinking, perhaps, as architects—and architectural historians, thinking first and foremost as historians, for whom architecture was not an avocation. Jorge Otero-Pailos’s explanation of this cultural divide, which he describes in his Architecture’s Historical Turn: Phenomenology and the Rise of the Postmodern from 2010, was revelatory to me. The phenomenological turn in architecture led to nothing less than a redirection of architectural history as a profession, in which architects practicing as historians—’architect-historians’, as Otero-Pailos calls them—were found ‘staking out a new position … within the academy as the custodians of architecture’s peculiarly ambiguous mode of intellectuality’, which is the ‘unity of theory and practice’ (Otero-Pailos 2010: xiii). Two modes of architectural historical study now co-existed, particularly, it would seem, in the US, uneasily demarcating architect-historians, trained principally as architects, from architectural historians principally steeped in art historical methodology.
An analysis of Saturn's methane 3ν3 band profiles in terms of an inhomogeneous atmosphere

Observed profiles of the R branch of Saturn's CH4 3 nu (3) band are compared with synthetic profiles computed from inhomogeneous models which are consistent with Saturn's H2 quadrupole-line equivalent widths. A C/H ratio approximately three times the solar value and a CH4 abundance of about 100 m am are found. Scattering plays a significant role in the formation of manifold profiles below a depth where the H2 abundance is 20-30 km am.
Validity and limitations of the three plane Compton imaging techniques via simulations

Gamma imaging based on Compton scattering was first proposed approximately 25 years ago as a replacement for mechanically collimated imaging systems. The advantages of such instruments over mechanically collimated systems are a wider field of view, higher efficiency (more source photons are used in the image construction), source localization, use in high-background environments, and non-tomographic three-dimensional imaging of near-field sources. One can also image multi-energy photons by selecting events based on the summed energy deposited in multiple detectors. The traditional example of such imaging systems is a Compton camera. Until recently, limitations with associated hardware have resulted in Compton imaging seeing few applications. However, with advances in high spatial resolution detectors, and further developments in the physical principles there has been a renewed interest in gamma imaging based on Compton scattering in many areas including astronomy and nuclear medicine. In this paper we present an evaluation of a three plane Compton imaging concepts, the three plane Compton imaging technique. Such a technique, if valid, could lead to many useful applications.
Use of Mental Health Services Among Asian and Latino Victims of Intimate Partner Violence

Asian and Latino Americans are two of the fastest growing populations in the United States, but have been underrepresented in literature on intimate partner violence (IPV), especially in relation to mental health care. This study used the National Latino and Asian American Study to examine differences in use of mental health services between Asian and Latino victims of IPV. The results show that Asian victims used mental health services less than Latinos, controlling for education, English proficiency, family values, the type of IPV, and perceived mental health status, and that help seeking of those victims was affected by various individual and social factors.
Usefulness of the response to intravenous procainamide during electrophysiologic study in predicting the response to oral quinidine in patients with inducible sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia associated with coronary artery disease

The response to intravenous procainamide (15 to 20 mg/kg) and to oral quinidine 324 to 648 mg every 8 hours for 3 to 5 days was prospectively studied in 50 consecutive patients (43 men and 7 women, aged 38 to 83 years old [mean 64 +/- 11]) with coronary artery disease and baseline-inducible sustained monomorphic VT. Mean procainamide and trough quinidine serum levels were 10.5 +/- 2.6 and 2.6 +/- 0.8 micrograms/ml, respectively. Mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 37 +/- 12%. Sustained monomorphic VT was suppressed by intravenous procainamide in 18 patients (36%); 8 of these patients (44%) also had suppression with oral quinidine, but 10 (56%) did not. Of the 32 patients (64%) who continued to have inducibility with intravenous procainamide, 12 (38%) responded to oral quinidine and 22 (62%) did not. The overall concordant response rate to intravenous procainamide and oral quinidine was 56% (28 of 50 patients). It is concluded that the response (i.e., the presence or absence of inducible sustained monomorphic VT) to intravenous procainamide does not adequately predict the response to oral quinidine in patients with coronary artery disease and sustained monomorphic VT.
Towards a chip level reliability simulator for copper/low-k backend processes

A framework is proposed to analyze circuit layout geometries to predict chip lifetime due to low-k time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB). The methodology uses as inputs data from test structures, which have been designed and fabricated to detect the impact of area and metal linewidth on low-k TDDB.
Dynamic real-time reconfiguration on a multithreaded Java-microcontroller

This paper presents an approach for dynamic reconfiguration of an embedded Java system in real-time. A class loader executed as a separate thread on a multithreaded microcontroller loads an updated class concurrent to the real-time application. At an uncritical time the application thread switches from the old to the newly updated class. A switching time of 246 clock cycles is determined by a worst-case execution time analysis and checked by measurements on the system. Although this approach is based on a real-time Java system it can be adapted to other languages without extensive additional costs
Special Aspects of Diffusion in Metallic Thin Films

The diffusion processes in thin films are largely controlled by their microstructure and chemistry. In this publication, we discuss briefly how the recently devel-oped experimental techniques coupled with the available analytical treatments have been able to characterize these processes. Actually a hierarchy of diffusion rates along the atomic defects in thin films, namely the vacancies, grain-boundaries and dislocations, has been found. The interactions of solutes present in thin films with the atomic defects in altering the diffusion rates are discussed. It has also been possible to measure diffusion in amorphous metallic alloy films and its features are described. Finally, we outline the general principles for modifying diffusion in thin films to achieve the desired technological objectives.