cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of contemporary software methods used to quantify polyethylene wear after total hip arthroplasty.

Background: Radiographic measurements of the wear of total hip arthroplasty implants are indirect measurements based on radiographic determinations of the location of the femoral head relative to the acetabular component. Using the simplest case of zero wear, we assessed the reproducibility and accuracy of two software applications designed to quantify wear from clinical radiographs. Methods: After a cobalt-chromium head was glued into the polyethylene liner of a titanium shell, one cross-table lateral radiograph and three anteroposterior pelvic radiographs were made for twelve permutations of acetabular component angulation. The three anteroposterior radiographs differed only with regard to the cephalocaudal positioning of the prosthesis relative to the x-ray tube. To assess method reproducibility, each anteroposterior radiograph was assumed to be both the initial and the latest follow-up radiograph of a wear analysis. To assess method accuracy, each anteroposterior radiograph was paired in a wear analysis with each of the two anteroposterior radiographs made when the component was in the same angulation but at a different cephalocaudal position relative to the tube (one radiograph was the initial follow-up radiograph while the second was the latest follow-up radiograph). The analyses of reproducibility and accuracy were performed both with and without inclusion of the lateral radiograph made with the component in the same angulation. Results: Both methods fared well in the reproducibility analyses, with mean linear and volumetric wear values of 0.00 to 0.07 mm and 0 to 24 mm 3 , respectively. In the accuracy analyses, the mean linear and volumetric wear values derived with the two methods were 0.26 to 0.40 mm and 78 to 126 mm 3 , respectively. Conclusions: Whereas the results of the reproducibility analyses showed that the methods were consistent in determining the relative positions of the head and shell from a given anteroposterior radiograph or pair of anteroposterior and lateral radiographs, the non-zero wear results obtained in the accuracy analyses proved that these positional determinations were often inaccurate. Thus, while contemporary software methods may yield reproducible results, their accuracy is limited by their inability to correctly determine the position of the head relative to the acetabular component. Clinical Relevance: Wear magnitudes obtained in this study often exceeded wear magnitudes that would be expected at five years after implantation of contemporary polyethylenes. Accuracy in determining the relative component positions must be improved to obtain meaningful measurements at early to intermediate follow-up intervals. The inability to strictly control tube and patient positioning magnifies the need for these improvements and largely restricts clinical applicability of the studied methods to later-term analyses.
Defendants with intellectual disabilities and mental health diagnoses: faring in a mental health court.

Background Begun in the late 1990s, mental health courts are specialty criminal courts developed to address the needs of persons with mental illness. Methods As many persons with intellectual dis- abilities (IDs) may overlap in the mental health court system, we used mental health court records to examine the phenomenology and outcomes of 224 defendants with and without co-occurring IDs in the mental health court. This study had two goals: (1) to examine the prevalence of defendants with IDs in the court and (2) to compare defen- dants with dual diagnoses with defendants with lone mental health disorders. Results Approximately 11% of defendants in the mental health court also had IDs. Compared with individuals with mental health disorders alone, indi- viduals with dual diagnoses were more likely to be younger, male, African-American and less well- educated; these defendants were also more likely to show externalising, 'turning-against-others' symp- toms, less likely to show internalising, 'turning- against-self' symptoms. Defendants with IDs (vs. those without) more often received behavioural, vocational rehabilitation and other services,
Zodiacal Dust Bands

One of the outstanding problems in solar system science is the source of the particles that constitute the zodiacal cloud. The zodiacal dust bands discovered by IRAS have a pivotal role in this debate because, without doubt, they are the small, tail end products of asteroidal collisions. Geometrical arguments are probably the strongest and the plane of symmetry of the dust bands places their source firmly in the asteroid belt. A cometary source, Comet Encke for example, could exist at the distance of the mainbelt, but the dynamics of cometary orbits makes the formation of cometary dust bands impossible, unless, of course, there is a significant (comparable in volume to the asteroidal families) source of comets interior to the orbit of Jupiter with low (asteroidal) orbital eccentricities. We have suggested that the dust bands are associated with the prominent asteroidal families. The link with the Themis and Koronis families is good but the link with Eos remains to be proved. We show here by detailed modeling that even though the filtered infrared flux in the 25µm waveband associated with the dust bands is only ~1% of the total signal, this is only the “tip of the iceberg” and that asteroidal dust associated with the bands constitutes ~10% of the zodiacal cloud. This result, plus the observed size-frequency distribution of mainbelt asteroids and the observed ratio of the number of family to non-family asteroids allows us to estimate that asteroidal dust accounts for about one third of the zodiacal cloud. The discovery of the “leading-trailing” asymmetry of the zodiacal cloud in the IRAS data and our interpretation of this asymmetry in terms of a ring of asteroidal particles in resonant lock with the Earth is important for two reasons. (1) The existence of the ring strongly suggests that large (diameter ≥ 12µm) asteroidal particles (or particles with low orbital eccentricities) are transported to the inner solar system by drag forces. (2) The observed ratio of the trailing-leading asymmetry allows an independent estimate of the contribution of asteroidal particles to the zodiacal cloud. These new results have important implications for the source of the interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) collected at the Earth. Because asteroidal particles constitute about one third of the zodiacal cloud and are transported to the inner solar system by drag forces, gravitational focussing by the Earth that results in the preferential capture of particles from orbits with low inclinations and low eccentricities and the possible “funneling” effect of the ring itself, imply that nearly all of the unmelted IDPs collected at the Earth are asteroidal.
MACH filter synthesizing for detecting targets in cluttered environment for grayscale optical correlator

We have recently demonstrated a compact, high speed, gray- scale optical correlator for target detection. The capability of the direct gray-scale scene input and the gray-scale (real- valued) filter modulation enables us to implement a near- theoretical optimal filter on the optical correlator. This paper describes filter synthesizing algorithm for detecting targets in cluttered background input scene and the projection from the complex filter version to the real version for implementation on the gray-scale optical correlator. It is based on optimal-tradeoff MACH filter. It was found that using an appropriate simulated noise image to substitute the commonly used white noise in the filter design procedure is a very effective way to suppress clutter noise while maintain high tolerance for distortion. Both simulation and experimental results are provided.
THE AFRICAN SPIDER GENUS SINGAFROTYPA (ARANEAE, ARANEIDAE)

Abstract The African spider genus Singafrotypa Benoit is redescribed and transferred from the tetragnathid subfamily Nephilinae to the araneid subfamily Araneinae. Cladistic analysis of the matrix of Scharff & Coddington (1997) with the addition of two Singafrotypa species supports this new placement. Singafrotypa acanthopus Simon, the type species of the genus, is described along with two new species: Singafrotypa okavango new species from Botswana, and Singafrotypa mandela new species from South Africa. Singafrotypa goliath Benoit is transferred to Neoscona Simon (Araneidae, Araneinae).
A hybrid expert system for faulted section identification, fault type classification and selection of fault location algorithms

This paper presents an expert system developed in turbo prolog to identify faulted sections and interpret protective apparatus operation in large interconnected power systems. The expert system presented here is capable of identifying bus faults, line fault sections, and fault sections in the common area of a specific bus and line. Also, the expert system identifies relays or breakers malfunctions. The expert system is then expanded to include real-time measurements of current and voltage phasors to classify the type of fault that the faulted section has experienced. Furthermore, when the faulted section is a transmission line, the expert system selects an appropriate fault location algorithm to compute the fault location in miles. This paper shows that the combination of numeric and data base algorithm is essential to many developments in expert system application in power systems. Evaluating the expert systems reported so far for fault diagnosis reveals that all of these schemes utilize only the data received from breaker and relay status. Consider the recent trend in digital protection, real-time phasor measurements would be available. To combine real-time phasor measurements with relay and breaker status, a hybrid expert system is required. A hybrid expert system combines numeric algorithms with data base algorithms in one scheme. This paper recognizes this feature in the expert system developed here. The expert system reported in this paper includes four stages. The first stage determines the faulted section of the power system and reports correct and incorrect breaker and relay operation.
Benzimidazole, benzothiazole, and benzoxazole polymers with anthracene recurring units

In an attempt to prepare polymers which might be oxidized to compounds soluble in alkali diphenyl 1,5-anthracenedicarboxylate was reacted with diaminobenzidine, dimercaptobenzidine, and diaminobiphenol in the melt and with dimercaptobenzidine dihydrochloride in polyphosphoric acid. Compounds of high molecular weight were obtained and their thermal and oxidative stability evaluated. Model compounds were prepared and their ultraviolet spectra compared with those of the polymers. Oxidation with nitric acid or chromium trioxide yielded some anthraquinone derivatives, but side reactions prevented the formation of useful products.
Liberal Economic Nationalism and Europeanization: The Rise of Spanish and Italian Banks

While Member States committed themselves some time ago to the attainment of an integrated and liberal financial market, the political and economic importance of finance for national economies led many to pursue some form of liberal economic nationalism. Thus domestic financial market reforms were often done in ways that conformed with European objectives but were intended to favor domestic economic actors. This paper explores such liberal economic nationalism in Spain and Italy. Through financial reforms both countries were successful in fostering ‘national champions’ that became major European banks, though the domestic benefits – economic and political – of economic nationalism have been mixed. From the perspective of Europe, however, the economic nationalism pursued by Spain and Italy may well have done more for European financial integration than the policies of other large Member States.
What is the role of the 11- to 14-week ultrasound in women with negative cell-free DNA screening for aneuploidy?

Objective This study aimed to examine the role of the 11- to 14-week ultrasound in women with negative cell-free DNA screening. Methods A retrospective cohort study of women at increased risk for aneuploidy based on age or medical history and negative cell-free DNA screening between March 2012 and March 2014 was conducted. Patients were included if they had an 11- to 14-week ultrasound and obstetrical care at our center(s). Primary outcome was an unexpected finding at ultrasound. Imaging findings were compared with obstetrical outcome by medical record review. Results Study group was composed of 1739 patients. An unexpected finding was identified in 60/1739 (3.5%). An abnormal fetal finding occurred in 37 living fetuses (2.1%); 33 had a nuchal translucency (NT) ≥ 3 mm, including four ‘isolated’ cystic hygroma and three with a structural abnormality. Four fetuses had a structural anomaly without a thick NT. Karyotype confirmed euploidy in 98.7% of available cases. Pregnancy termination was chosen by 63.6% of those with cystic hygroma or anomaly at the 11- to 14-week scan. Unexpected multiples were identified in 13 (0.7%) women and a fetal demise in 10 (0.6%). Conclusion Unexpected findings at the 11- to 14-week scan occur in 3.5% of patients with negative cell-free DNA. Recognition provides options for comprehensive testing, consultation, and management. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scattering of 50-MeV π + from C 12 .

We have measured the differential cross section for 50-MeV ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ scattering to the ground state, ${2}^{+}$ (4.44 MeV) and ${3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$(9.64 MeV) of $^{12}\mathrm{C}$. Both elastic and ${2}^{+}$ data show a minimum at \ensuremath{\sim}65\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Distorted-wave Born-approximation calculations yield excellent agreement with the inelastic data when the entrance and exit channels are distorted using a phenomenological optical potential which describes the elastic data.
The Rational Underenforcement of Vice Laws

Governments tend to enforce vice laws - i.e., criminal laws targeting consensual but morally disreputable conduct-sporadically. Existing scholarship generally attributes this underenforcement strategy to a variety of case-specific factors, such as budgetary constraints, fluctuating public support, and interest-group pressures. I argue that governments generally underenforce vice laws because, excluding draconian enforcement strategies unlikely to pass a social cost-benefit test, this enforcement strategy is likely to minimize participation in vice offenses. Specifically, I argue that "strong" (but less than draconian) enforcement strategies - i.e., regularly applying criminal sanctions to vice offenses-are likely to generate more vice offenses than "weak" enforcement strategies - i.e., infrequently applying criminal sanctions combined with public education campaigns. This result, which runs counter to the standard economic prediction that increasing the cost of an activity reduces its incidence, is likely to occur because regularly attaching a formal "price" to a vice offense reduces marginal offenders' expected informal penalties for relaxing a principled commitment to the underlying moral norm. If strong enforcement cannot compensate for the lost deterrent effect of these extralegal penalties, then it may perversely increase the offense rate. At the same time, symbolically maintaining (but usually neglecting to enforce) criminal penalties for a vice activity, coupled with intensive public education, reinforces marginal offenders' intrinsic commitment to the relevant moral norm, thereby lowering the offense rate as desired. Given the foregoing, governments that wish to minimize participation in a particular vice activity (without violating the cost-benefit test) will rationally select weak enforcement over the alternative strategies of draconian enforcement, strong enforcement, and zero enforcement. This argument relies in part on established findings in the social psychological literature and more recent findings in the experimental economics literature. It also is weighed against, and finds support in, empirical evidence concerning historical and contemporary enforcement policies and results in several vice industries.
Aptitude, Previous Achievement, and Cognitive Style: Relation to Academic Achievement in Nursing Courses of Differing Content

The questions studied were whether a) cognitive style might predict differential success in nursing courses having a different specialty content focus and b) whether after the inclusion of aptitude measures and previous achievement measures FDI cognitive style would significantly increase the prediction of academic achievement in nursing courses of differing specialty content. Senior baccalaureate nursing students completed the Group Embedded Figures Test as a measure of field-dependence-independence (FDI) cognitive style. Aptitude and achievement scores were obtained from students' files and instructors' grade sheets. The findings were that FDI cognitive style is not a predictor of differential academic success. The junior nursing grade point average was the best predictor of achievement in senior level nursing courses. The prediction of academic achievement of nursing students has received researchers' attention over the years in an attempt to identify data that might aid in the establishment of selection criteria, in program and curriculum planning, and in the establishment of remediation or supportive programs for enrolled students who have been identified as high risk. In most studies, affective factors alone, such as personality characteristics and vocational interests, have not been found to be predictors of academic achievement. Most researchers have found that previous achievement or aptitude measures are the best predictors of nursing course achievement (Schwirian, 1976; Grant, 1986). While previous achievement and aptitude measures may be used in the selection process, they are not helpful in giving direction for planning teaching-learning experiences. Cognitive style might serve this purpose if it was found to be predictive of academic achievement.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Structure, magnetism, and electron-transport properties of Mn2CrGa-based nanomaterials

Mn2CrGa in the disordered cubic structure has been synthesized using rapid quenching and subsequent annealing. The cubic phase transforms to a stable tetragonal phase when a fraction of Cr or Ga is replaced by Pt or Al, respectively. All samples are ferrimagnetic with high Curie temperatures (Tc); Mn2CrGa exhibits the highest Tc of about 813 K. The tetragonal samples have appreciable values of magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy, which leads to an increase in coercivity (Hc) that approaches about 10 kOe in the Pt-doped sample. The Hc linearly increases with a decrease of temperature, concomitant with the anisotropy change with temperature. All samples are metallic and show negative magnetoresistance with room-temperature resistivities on the order of 1 mΩcm. The magnetic properties including high Tc and low magnetic moment suggest that these tetragonal materials have potential for spin-transfer-torque-based devices.
Role of antiglucocorticoid RU 486 on dexamethasone-induced hypertension in rats

This study was conducted to investigate whether hypertension induced by long-term in vivo administration of dexamethasone in rats could be prevented by the newly synthesized potent antiglucocorticoid drug RU 486. Subcutaneous implantation of 5 mg of dexamethasone pellets in Sprague-Dawley rats resulted in a rapid increase in the blood pressure that remained elevated during the 3 wk of experimental observation. RU 486 (50 mg) administered alone surprisingly showed slight elevation of blood pressure over untreated control animals. However, the blood pressure leveled off to control levels over the next 2 wk. Interestingly, a 50-mg RU 486 pellet implanted along with 5 mg of dexamethasone effectively prevented the dexamethasone-induced increase in blood pressure. RU 486 administered together with dexamethasone prevented dexamethasone-induced diuresis and urinary Na+ excretion. However, RU 486 was unable to reverse the weight loss or involution of thymus observed by long-term treatment with dexamethasone alone. No abnormalities were found in either kidneys or hearts in any of the treated groups under microscopic examination. These results suggest that RU 486 successfully prevented the hypertension produced by the long-term administration of dexamethasone in male Sprague-Dawley rats.
Galactose-Poisoning in Chicks.

SummaryChicks fed a diet containing a high percentage of galactose develop violent spasms and die within few days. There is a high content of galactose in the blood during the spasms but about normal blood glucose. Muscle glycogen is about normal but liver glycogen nearly zero. The mechanism of the disorder is not yet clear.
Simulation of Separation Control on a Morphing Wing with Conformal Camber

Low Reynolds number flows, such as those encountered by Micro Aerial Vehicles and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, have a tendency towards separation. A possible means of reducing this separation is through the application of an oscillatory morphing wing shape, in which an actuator serves to change the airfoil profile. This paper presents a preliminary computation study of such a morphing airfoil, in this case an adaptive actuator incorporated into a modified NACA 4415 airfoil. Comparisons between static and actuated simulations indicate that the actuation does significantly reduce separation at low Reynolds numbers.
On the irradiation creep by climb-enabled glide of dislocations

Abstract In the climb-enabled glide model of irradiation creep, the plastic deformation is defined by the elastic deflections of pinned dislocations, which is an inconsistency. We argue that this relation is incorrect; instead, as in other pinning-unpinning-type models, the dislocations move from one set of obstacles to another, so that the inter-obstacle spacing determines creep rate, whereas the dependence on the applied stress is only implicit in the unpinning time.
Metabolic deterioration during global ischemia as a function of time in the intact normal dog heart.

High-energy phosphate content and mitochondrial function were analyzed at the initiation and completion of ischemic contracture in dog hearts exposed to normothermic ischemia while on cardiopulmonary bypass. Contracture initiation and completion were detected by a balloon catheter placed within the left ventricle. In seven dogs, inner and outer layers of the myocardium were assayed for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate (CP). ATP and CP content in these two layers were compared prior to ischemia and at contracture initiation and completion. Inner layer ATP levels were 23.88 ± 0.73 (mean ± SEM) μmoles/gm dry weight prior to ischemia, 5.14 ± 0.49 at initiation, and 0.73 ± 0.2 at completion. Inner layer CP content was 41.29 ± 0.87 prior to ischemia, 3.49 ± 0.34 at initiation, and 4.06 ± 0.48 at completion. Mitochondrial respiratory control indices (RCI) were assayed in a second group of seven dogs prior to ischemia, at contracture initiation, and at contracture completion and were, respectively, 11.5 ± 1.18, 3.1 ± 0.43 and 1.76 ± 0.29 (alpha ketoglutarate as substrate). Despite the specific degrees of metabolic deterioration associated with the events of contracture, ischemic time required to develop contracture initiation and completion was variable, ranging from 29.5 to 72 minutes for initiation and 60.25 to 101 minutes for completion. A third group of five dogs had biopsy specimens taken for ATP at fixed ischemic time intervals, and at 45 minutes of ischemia they were found to have greater ranges in ATP values than the ranges associated with contracture initiation. In contrast to ischemic time, the physiological events of ischemic contracture are reliable predictors of the degree of metabolic injury in the intact dog heart exposed to normothermic ischemic arrest during cardiopulmonary bypass.
Dynamic data mining on multi-dimensional data

The generation of multi-dimensional data has proceeded at an explosive rate in many disciplines with the advance of modern technology, which greatly increases the challenges of comprehending and interpreting the resulting mass of data. Existing data analysis techniques have difficulty in handling multi-dimensional data. Multi-dimensional data has been a challenge for data analysis because of the inherent sparsity of the points. A first step toward addressing this challenge is the use of clustering techniques, which is essential in the data mining process to reveal natural structures and identify interesting patterns in the underlying data. Cluster analysis is used to identify homogeneous and well-separated groups of objects in databases. The need to cluster large quantities of multi-dimensional data is widely recognized. It is a classical problem in the database, artificial intelligence, and theoretical literature, and plays an important role in many fields of business and science. There are also a lot of approaches designed for outlier detection. In many situations, clusters and outliers are concepts whose meanings are inseparable to each other, especially for those data sets with noise. Thus, it is necessary to treat clusters and outliers as concepts of the same importance in data analysis. It is well acknowledged that in the real world a large proportion of data has irrelevant features which may cause a reduction in the accuracy of some algorithms. High dimensional data sets continue to pose a challenge to clustering algorithms at a very fundamental level. One of the well known techniques for improving the data analysis performance is the method of dimension reduction which is often used in clustering, classification, and many other machine learning and data mining applications. Many approaches have been proposed to index high-dimensional data sets for efficient querying. Although most of them can efficiently support nearest neighbor search for low dimensional data sets, they degrade rapidly when dimensionality goes higher. Also the dynamic insertion of new data can cause original structures no longer handle the data sets efficiently since it may greatly increase the amount of data accessed for a query. In this dissertation, we study the problems mentioned above. We proposed a novel data pre-processing technique called shrinking which optimizes the inner structure of data inspired by Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation in the real world. We then proposed a shrinking-based clustering algorithm for multi-dimensional data and extended the algorithm to the dimension reduction field, resulting in a shrinking-based dimension reduction algorithm. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
Endolysosomal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: Recent developments and future challenges

Increasingly, genetic, cell biological, and in vivo work emphasizes the role of the endolysosomal system dysfunction in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Yet many questions remain about the mechanisms by which primary endolysosomal dysfunction causes PD as well as how the endolysosomal system interacts with α-synuclein-mediated neurotoxicity. We recently described a new mouse model of parkinsonism in which loss of the endolysosomal protein Atp13a2 causes behavioral, neuropathological, and biochemical changes similar to those present in human subjects with ATP13A2 mutations. In this Scientific Perspectives, we revisit the evidence implicating the endolysosomal system in PD, current hypotheses of disease pathogenesis, and how recent studies refine these hypotheses and raise new questions for future research. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
A Case Study on the Use of 3-D Printing Technologies in an Educational Institution

In the United States, universities are increasingly adopting 3-D printers. At these institutions where this technology is being adopted, students are using 3-D printing technologies to create physical 3-D objects as a part of their learning experience. The creation of physical objects is common in some disciplines like the arts, architecture, and engineering, where design and production play a vital role. We would like to examine the phenomena of 3-D printing, and we would like to answer the following research question: how do students use 3-D printing technologies implemented at universities? To answer this research question, we employ the case study methodology with face-to-face interviews at one implementation location at one university.
44 – Minimally Invasive Surgery

Technology has propelled surgery into an age of minimally invasive (or “minimal access”) operations. Surgeons in different specialties use this approach to operate on the abdominal cavity, chest, pelvis, and extremities by means of access ports placed through small incisions. For access to the abdomen, laparoscopy, a method of viewing the peritoneal cavity by means of an endoscope introduced through a small incision in the abdominal wall, has revolutionized the field of general surgery. The rapid evolution in surgery toward minimal invasion has been driven by the demand for more cosmetic and less painful incisions. Many procedures decrease length of hospital stay and time to full recovery. However, questions, concerning which approach is medically the best with respect to ultimate outcomes, and relative costs of each method, remain unanswered. Industry has responded to powerful market forces with new equipment and a substantial investment for research and development. Advances in minimally invasive surgery came forth from the private sector. Academic surgery was at first slow to embrace laparoscopy, even though it seemed intuitive that a small incision was preferable to a large incision. Today, academic surgeons are asked to prove the benefits of laparoscopy using bench-top and clinical outcome measures.
Effective work-function control technique applicable to p-type FinFET high-k/metal gate devices

Abstract In this work, we investigated the effect of so-called WF (Work Function) setting anneal (high temperature annealing on TiN/HfO 2 stack) on gate stack properties. It was found that intermixed layer created in-between TiN and HfO 2 during WF setting anneal has negative fixed charge and reduces pFET V t (positive V t shift). In addition, higher anneal temperature further reduces pFET V t while keeping nFET V t almost unchanged. This could be explained by passivation of oxygen vacancies in HfO 2 with diffused oxygen from TiN layer. By combining these effects, one can further push effective work function towards valence band edge which enables wider coverage of transistor V t option.
Urushiol-derived non-silane coupling agent

Abstract Sulfur was chemically incorporated into urushiol in one step to afford an oligomeric sulfurized urushiol (SU). About 53% of the linkages between urushiol monomer units are cleavable multi-sulfidic bonds. Surface modification of silica with SU can be achieved either in a suspension before rubber compounding or in situ during rubber compounding. SU performs better when added in situ into the rubber compound than when used to pre-modify silica. Mooney viscosity and Payne effect studies of the uncured rubber compounds show that SU is as effective as TESPT to promote filler dispersion during mixing. The increased bound rubber content and suppressed filler flocculation demonstrate that SU does indeed generate covalent filler-rubber interactions during mixing in contrast to our previously reported hydrogenated urushiol, which only act as a covering agent. However, SU is less effective than TESPT as a coupling agent. The dynamic mechanical properties of the SU-containing vulcanizate are intermediate between the TESPT-containing standard and the hydrogenated urushiol-containing standard. When SU is used to replace 50% TESPT, mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of the two vulcanizates are essentially identical. Noteworthy is that the reaction between SU and silica during rubber compounding produces water instead of ethanol, which the reaction of silica and TESPT produces, as a volatile organic compound.
Expected trends in the prevalence of cigarette smoking in the United States

The prevalence of smoking among adults in the United States fell steadily and substantially for a quarter of a century after publication of the first Surgeon General’s report on smoking and health in 1964 (Department of Health and Human Services, 1964). Recent data suggest that the decline may have stalled, however. Government surveys through 1994 show that the prevalence among adults remained at about 25% (Department of Health and Human Services, 1994). Thirty-day data on smoking prevalence among high-school and junior high-school students, the harbinger of future smoking patterns, show annual increases since the beginning of the decade (Kluger, 1996).
An Arithmetic Property of Moments of the $\beta$-Hermite Ensemble and Certain Map Enumerators

Moments of the $\beta$-Hermite ensemble are known to be related to the enumerative theory of topological maps. When $\beta \in \{ 1, 2 \}$, asymptotic information about these moments has been used to deduce asymptotics on the number of maps of given genus, and arithmetic information about these moments can sometimes be explained by underlying group actions on the set of maps. In this paper we establish a new arithmetic property about the $2q$-th moment of the $\beta$-Hermite ensemble, for any prime $q \ge 3$ and real number $\beta > 0$, that has a combinatorial interpretation in terms of maps but no known combinatorial explanation. In the process, we derive several additional results that might be of independent interest, including a general integrality statement and an efficient algorithm for evaluating expectations of multi-part elementary symmetric polynomials of bounded length.
The biophysics of digestion: lipids

There has been a considerable emphasis on improving our understanding of the biophysics of digestion by food, nutrition and pharmaceutical scientists in recent years. An improved understanding of the physicochemical basis for the breakdown of food matrices, the colloidal structures formed, and the bioaccessibility, transformation, and absorption of bioactive agents within the human gastrointestinal tract could lead to foods, supplements, and pharmaceutical products with enhanced efficacy. This article reviews recent advances in our understanding of the complex biophysics of lipid digestion.
When can a formality quasi-isomorphism over Q be constructed recursively?

Abstract Let O be a differential graded (possibly colored) operad defined over rationals. Let us assume that there exists a zig-zag of quasi-isomorphisms connecting O ⊗ K to its cohomology , where K is any field extension of Q . We show that for a large class of such dg operads, a formality quasi-isomorphism for O exists and can be constructed recursively. Every step of our recursive procedure involves a solution of a finite dimensional linear system and it requires no explicit knowledge about the zig-zag of quasi-isomorphisms connecting O ⊗ K to its cohomology.
Methotrexate in Crohn's disease: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Immunosuppression with methotrexate may be useful in the treatment of Crohn's disease. We tested the efficacy of methotrexate in refractory Crohn's disease in a randomized, controlled trial. METHODOLOGY: Randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of methotrexate in 33 patients with steroid-dependent Crohn's disease, 33% of whom had previously failed therapy with 6-mercaptopurine. Patients were given placebo or oral methotrexate 15mg/week, or adjusted up to 22.5mg/week, for up to 1 year or until treatment failure. Outcome was assessed by reduction in prednisone dosage, Crohn's Disease Activity Index, hospital admission, and laboratory parameters. RESULTS: Four patients were dropped from the study for non-compliance and one because of intercurrent illness, and 28 patients could be evaluated. Fewer methotrexate-treated patients (6/13 or 46%) had flares of Crohn's disease as compared to placebo-treated patients (12/15 or 80%), but this did not achieve statistical significance (p<0.1). There was a non-significant trend toward an increased number of significant side effects in the methotrexate-treated patients (3/13 or 23%) as compared to the placebo-treated patients (0/15 or 0%) (p<0.2). Laboratory indices of inflammation did not differ between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The methotrexate-treated group showed a trend toward fewer Crohn's disease flares, balanced by an increased number of significant side effects.
Wetland Mapping Provides Opportunity to Compare Landscape-Level Functional Assessments to Site-Level Wetland Condition Assessments in Delaware, United States

Abstract The Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control partnered with the National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to complete a statewide wetland mapping update using 2007 aerial imagery. This wetland mapping effort provided the opportunity to include NWIPlus interpretation with abiotic hydrogeomorphic characteristics to the baseline ecological classification—the Cowardin et al. system (1979) . The NWIPlus mapping proved valuable in highlighting 11 functions predicted at the landscape level. The functional data also provided the opportunity to “cross-walk” functional predictions at the landscape level with wetland condition assessments conducted at the site level by Delaware scientists. Comparing landscape-level wetland functional predictions to site-level wetland condition does not align well as wetland condition does not address differences in function among varied wetland types. However, this evaluation proved valuable in identifying improvements to the methods and steps forward, which will allow each method to help inform the other in future efforts.
Questions and Concerns Regarding Family Theories: Biracial and Multiracial Family Issues

In this chapter, we first identify the major theories of family used by family scientists to aid in our understanding about families. We also identify the specific theories that have been developed to examine the biracial/multiracial individuals. We then map these theories across the typology of biracial identity (Rockquemore, Race and Society, 1(2):197–212, 1999; Rockquemore, Brunsma, Beyond black: Biracial identity in America. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, Lanham, MD, 2008) to assess their utility in helping to explicate issues that we have identified as relevant for our discussion. Finally, we offer critiques of these theories and conclude with the idea as to how the theories can be improved to help us in our understanding of biracial/multiracial families in contemporary America.
Eco-driving at Signalized Intersections: What is Possible in the Real-World?

A significant amount of fuel is wasted at signalized intersections due to unnecessary braking and idling. Connected Vehicle technologies make future signal phasing and timing (SPaT) information available to drivers. Recent research which utilized SPaT on eco-driving has verified its potential to reduce fuel consumption in simulations and controlled lab tests. In this paper, we propose an eco-driving algorithm and use realworld driving data of 609 human-driven trips undertaken in Ann Arbor, MI. The proposed eco-driving method shows potential fuel savings of 40–50 % while matching human travel time. Results were formulated under the assumption that the vehicle is operating in free-flow traffic, utilizing SPaT of the two consecutive signalized intersections, and equipped with a continuously variable transmission and an internal combustion engine. For each human-driven trip recorded, the proposed method uses Dynamic Programming to determine globally optimal trajectories of three different eco-driving policies: fuel-optimal policy, time-optimal policy, and balanced eco-driving policy. Given the same initial and the final conditions as those of human-driven trips, comparisons are made to demonstrate the real-world benefits of the eco-driving policies. These results can serve as an upper bound of fuel and travel time saving potential of the eco-driving in the vicinity of signalized intersections.
Barrier Function Certificates for Forward Invariance in Hybrid Inclusions

This paper proposes barrier functions for the study of forward invariance in hybrid systems modeled by hybrid inclusions. After introducing an appropriate notion of a barrier function, we propose sufficient conditions to guarantee forward invariance properties of a set for hybrid systems with nonuniqueness of solutions, solutions terminating prematurely, and Zeno solutions. Our conditions involve infinitesimal conditions on the barrier certificate and Minkowski functionals. Examples illustrate the results.
Inpatient Diseases of Significance

In this chapter, the most common diseases encountered on inpatient dermatology consults will be covered.
Hinge Region in DNA Packaging Terminase pUL15 of Herpes Simplex Virus: A Potential Allosteric Target for Antiviral Drugs

Approximately 80% of adults are infected with a member of the herpesviridae family. Herpesviruses establish life-long latent infections within neurons, which may reactivate into lytic infections due to stress or immune suppression. There are nine human herpesviruses (HHV) posing health concerns from benign conditions to life threatening encephalitis, including cancers associated with viral infections. The current treatment options for most HHV conditions mainly include several nucleoside and nucleotide analogs targeting viral DNA polymerase. Although these drugs help manage infections, their common mechanism of action may lead to the development of drug resistance, which is particularly devastating in immunocompromised patients. Therefore, new classes of drugs directed against novel targets in HHVs are necessary to alleviate this issue. We analyzed the conservation rates of all proteins in herpes simplex virus 1 (HHV-1), a representative of the HHV family and one of the most common viruses infecting the human population. Furthermore, we generated a full-length structure model of the most conserved HHV-1 protein, the DNA packaging terminase pUL15. A series of computational analyses were performed on the model to identify ATP and DNA binding sites and characterize the dynamics of the protein. Our study indicates that proteins involved in HHV-1 DNA packaging and cleavage are amongst the most conserved gene products of HHVs. Since the packaging protein pUL15 is the most conserved among all HHV-1 gene products, the virus will have a lower chance of developing resistance to small molecules targeting pUL15. A subsequent analysis of the structure of pUL15 revealed distinct ATP and DNA binding domains and the elastic network model identifies a functionally important hinge region between the two domains of pUL15. The atomic information on the active and allosteric sites in the ATP- and DNA-bound model of pUL15 presented in this study can inform the structure-based drug discovery of a new class of drugs to treat a wide range of HHVs.
Tracking students' performance to assess correlations among computer science programming series courses

The objective of this paper is to investigate the relationships among a series of computer programming courses and the impact of a basic programming class upon the subsequent advanced programming courses. It describes a direct measure that kept track of the performance of 195 students over eight semesters within a series of computer science programming courses. Analysis of these correlations shows that, in a series programming courses, student performance in the basic programming class can predict their performance in a data structures course. However, the performance of the students in the advanced level programming course is not substantially predicted by basic programming.
Bruno Latour and the myth of autonomous academic discipline: Rethinking education in the light of various modes of existence

Background: Issues of identity, interdependence, relationality and violence are far larger than the human species alone, although humanity has often pretended as if it alone were the beneficiaries of studying such ideas. Aim: Pedagogically, the complexity of existence beyond human being must influence the traditional humanities curriculum or risk further isolation and alienation within humanity-dominant narratives. Setting: As climate change continues to alter our comprehension of what is truly at stake in the survival of life on this planet, however, humankind needs a complete rethinking of its relationship with the multiple forms of life that dwell alongside it, as well as the traditional division between the humanities and the sciences within academic settings. Methods: It is with this scenario before us that I turn to the work of Bruno Latour who re-conceives of humanity’s relationship with nature as an interdisciplinary and boundary-crossing project, one that has deep pedagogical implications. Results: I demonstrate how Latour’s collaborative and highly original work ranges across disciplines and provides new ways to contemplate research in academia. Conclusion: Latour’s thought moves beyond polarising anti-humanist language and towards a way to limit the sovereign claims of humanity, opening discourse towards other non-human participants.
Efficient and selective alkene hydrosilation promoted by weak, double Si-H activation at an iron center

Cationic iron complexes [Cp*(iPr2MeP)FeH2SiHR]+, generated and characterized in solution, are very efficient catalysts for the hydrosilation of terminal alkenes and internal alkynes by primary silanes at low catalyst loading (0.1 mol%) and ambient temperature. These reactions yield only the corresponding secondary silane product, even with SiH4 as the substrate. Mechanistic experiments and DFT calculations indicate that the high rate of hydrosilation is associated with an inherently low barrier for dissociative silane exchange (product release).
Animals in Agriculture

This chapter discusses the philosophical views underlying the animal welfare/animal rights distinction, and how these philosophies would apply to ­various forms of animal agriculture.
Anthropogenic influences on the African easterly jet–African easterly wave system

The African easterly jet (AEJ) and African easterly waves (AEWs) can have both local and far-reaching impacts on weather. It is therefore crucial to understand how the AEJ and AEWs will respond to future climate change. In this study, we examine anthropogenic influences on the AEJ–AEW system using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model configured as a tropical channel model (TCM). Hindcast simulations for the years 2001–2010 were performed using the WRF TCM, and ten additional years of simulations were performed using the pseudo-global warming method with the initial and boundary conditions of the model modified as if it were the late twenty-first century. A comparison of the simulations from the two climate scenarios indicates robust changes to both the AEJ and AEWs. For the AEJ, the jet is weaker and shifted northwards and upwards in the future climate, in association with an increase in precipitation over the Sahel and a strengthening of the meridional temperature gradient. For the AEWs, there is an increase in the number and strength of the waves in the future climate, in association with an increase in the baroclinic and barotropic energy conversions. The barotropic energy conversion in particular has a larger contribution in the future climate, which manifests in the southern AEW track experiencing greater future strengthening than the northern track.
Transformations Across Diets and Food Systems

This chapter explains how our changing world has shaped food systems and diets. Although healthy diets and nutritious foods are essential to health, current global dietary patterns are suboptimal. Over time, changes to global food systems have led to less healthy diets. The “nutrition transition” refers to the significant dietary, lifestyle, and epidemiological shifts that occur as global incomes rise. Changes to global food supplies, environments, and prices have expanded access to both healthy and unhealthy food options for consumers. The transformation of diets and food systems is driven by globalization, trade, urbanization, and consumer preference.