cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
P92 Improving Diagnosis And Management Of Patients With Copd In The Acute Medical Admission Unit: A “right Care” Approach

Introduction COPD is the second most common cause of emergency admission and 5th cause of readmission to hospital. Appropriate identification and treatment is crucial to make every bed day count and reduce the burden of COPD. Characterising COPD exacerbations (ECOPD) and excluding differential diagnoses in acutely unwell co-morbid patients can be challenging. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of diagnoses/management of patients on the acute medical unit (AMU) in an inner London teaching hospital with 300 ECOPD admissions/yr, and to develop an improvement plan. Methods Admission records for COPD patients admitted acutely with increased shortness of breath, cough and/or wheeze over 6 weeks (Jan/Feb 2014) were reviewed. Diagnostic criteria and treatment were compared to national standards. 21 AMU junior staff completed a COPD knowledge questionnaire. An ECOPD pathway was developed, highlighting diagnostic and treatment differences between infective (IECOPD), non-infective COPD exacerbations (NIECOPD) and community acquired pneumonia (CAP), supported by electronic prescribing order sets. An online learning module was developed to support junior doctors. Results 44 COPD patients (26M, 18F) were admitted to AMU. 20% had an incorrect diagnosis. Of NIECOPD patients (20%): 66% received antibiotics; 11% did not receive prednisolone. Of IECOPD patients (47%): 65% received iv or incorrect oral antibiotics; 14% did not receive prednisolone. Of CAP patients (32%): in CURB Conclusion COPD patients commonly present acutely with ECOPD, NIECOPD or CAP. This can cause diagnostic uncertainty in an AMU setting. A right care approach focusing on accurate diagnosis first time and guideline based therapy, supported by joint working, education and electronic prescribing can improve staff knowledge and patient management.
Goal Shifts Following Reminders of Mortality: Reconciling Posttraumatic Growth and Terror Management Theory

Research findings within posttraumatic growth (PTG) and terror management theory (TMT) currently appear contradictory. Following confrontations with mortality, PTG research demonstrates intrinsic goal shifts, whereas TMT suggests extrinsic shifts. The current studies examine factors contributing to these inconsistent results. Study 1 demonstrates that perceived death threat is associated with PTG effects. Study 2 illuminates the importance of duration of death processing. Study 3 demonstrates that existing goal values and duration and type of processing all interact in determining ultimate goal structure, with a match between level of goals and processing producing the most psychologically advantageous outcomes. Although previous research suggests that short-term confrontations with death may lead to defensiveness, the current studies suggest that encountering death over a longer period or in a manner consistent with goal structure may lead individuals to transcend defensiveness and maintain intrinsic goals or become more intrinsically oriented.
Occupational status scores: changes introduced by the inclusion of women.

This paper examines the impact of women’s labor force participation on occupational scores by comparing occupational status scores based on the characteristics of the 1970 male labor force with a set of occupational status scores based on the characteristics of the total 1970 labor force. Although the two sets of scores are highly correlated, important differences are found in the scores for specific occupations as well as for major occupational groups. Using the traditional list of 12 major occupational categories, we find that the positions of clerical workers and craftsmen are reversed when status scores are derived from data on all incumbents in the labor force rather than on male incumbents alone. The paper suggests that, with the increased participation of women in the labor force and the concomitant change in the sex composition of the work force, the traditional approaches to the measurement of occupational status based solely on male incumbents may no longer be valid for examining the occupational hierarchy of contemporary American society.
Betjeman's the Arrest of Oscar Wilde at the Cadogan Hotel

(1999). Betjeman's the Arrest of Oscar Wilde at the Cadogan Hotel. The Explicator: Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 165-166.
Bone-targeted therapy: phase II study of strontium-89 in combination with alternating weekly chemohormonal therapies for patients with advanced androgen-independent prostate cancer.

Objectives: Bone-targeted therapy that combines strontium-89 (Sr-89) with alternating weekly chemohormonal therapy may improve clinical outcomes in patients with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. This phase II study investigated the addition of Sr-89 to an alternating weekly regimen of doxorubicin and ketoconazole with paclitaxel and estramustine in patients with progressive prostate cancer and bone involvement. Methods: Twenty-nine patients with progressive adenocarcinoma of the prostate and osteoblastic bone metastases who failed conventional hormonal therapy were registered for the study. Of those, 27 were treated with Sr-89 on day 1 of week 1. On weeks 1, 3, and 5, patients received doxorubicin (20 mg/m 2 on day 1) and oral ketoconazole (400 mg 3 times a day for 7 days). On weeks 2, 4, and 6, patients received paclitaxel (100 mg/m 2 ) and oral estramustine (280 mg 3 times a day for 7 days). No treatment was given during weeks 7 and 8. Cycles were repeated every 8 weeks. Results: A ≥50% reduction in prostate-specific antigen level was maintained for at least 8 weeks in 77.7% of the patients (21 patients) at 16 weeks and in 66.6% (18 patients) at 32 weeks. The median progression-free survival was 11.27 months (range, 1.83-29.53), and the median overall survival was 22.67 months (1.83-57.73+). Two patients died during study because of disease progression. Overall, the chemotherapy combined with Sr-89 was well tolerated. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that the combination of alternating weekly chemohormonal therapies with Sr-89 demonstrates a prolonged progression-free and overall survival with acceptable toxicity. Further investigation of combination therapies with Sr-89 is warranted.
Convergence to stationary distributions in two-species stochastic competition models.

Two sets of sufficient conditions are given for convergence to stationary distributions, for some general models of two species competing in a randomly varying environment. The models are nonlinear stochastic difference equations which define Markov chains. One set of sufficient conditions involves strong continuity and φ-irreducibility of the transition probability for the chain. The second set has a much weaker irreducibility condition, but is only applicable to monotonic models. The results are applied to a stochastic two-species Ricker model, and to Chesson's “lottery model with vacant space”, to illustrate how the assumptions can be checked in specific models.
Complications and Risk Factors for Mortality During Congenital Heart Surgery Admissions

Background We have previously reported a high rate (32%) of complications among congenital heart surgery admissions. The association among reported complications and other risk factors for mortality during congenital heart surgery admissions has not been assessed. Methods We identified congenital heart surgery admissions, ages less than 18 years, within the Kids' Inpatient Database 2000, and applied a complication screening method using "International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification." Complication diagnoses were classified into four categories, complications due to the following: (1) drugs; (2) procedures; (3) devices, implants, and grafts; and (4) radiation. We examined the independent effect of a complication diagnosis code and complication subcategory on mortality using generalized estimating equations controlling for case-mix using the Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery (RACHS-1) method, as well as other previously reported predictors for mortality. Results Among the 10,032 congenital heart surgical admissions, 32% had at least one complication diagnosis. Seventy-eight percent of complication diagnoses were procedure related, 18% device, implant, or graft related, and 4% drug related. There were no radiation complications identified. After adjusting for case-mix, gender, race, insurance, and hospital surgical volume, admissions with a complication diagnosis had a substantially greater odds of death compared with admissions without a complication (odds ratio [OR] 2.4, p Conclusions Complication diagnoses occur frequently during congenital heart surgery admissions and are associated with an increased risk of death even after controlling for other known mortality risk factors. Identification of complication diagnoses is an important first step. Subsequent efforts must further examine these events to determine their degree of preventability and develop strategies to reduce them. Such an effort may reduce death in this vulnerable population. This study represents preliminary work in an effort to improve outcomes in this complex patient population.
Zum Reaktionsmechanismus der Äquilibrierung im System SiCl4/Sil4 in Gegenwart von Pyridin

Aquilibrierungsreaktionen zwischen SiCl4 und Sil4 in Gegenwart von Pyridin werden bei 343 K in Benzen uber einen heterogenen Halogenaustausch zwischen gelosten Siliciumtetrahalogenidmolekeln und dem festen Fallprodukt Siliciumtetrahalogenid-Pyridin-Komplex realisiert. Durch die Koordination von Pyridin am Siliciumtetrahalogenid wird das in gleicher Koordinationssphare befindliche kovalent gebundene Halogen gelockert und damit austauschbar, wahrend ionogen gebundenes Halogen nicht am Austausch teilnimmt. Bei Ausbildung kompakter Deckschichten des festen Austauschproduktes auf dem Edukt wird die Reaktionskinetik zunehmend diffusionskontrolliert. Ein Wechsel in der Koordination mit Pyridin zwischen Edukt und Produkt verhindert jedoch die Ausbildung derartiger Deckschichten. On the Reaction Mechanism of Rearrangement between SiCl4 and Sil4 in presence of Pyridine The rearrangement between SiCl4 and Sil4 in presence of pyridine at 343 K in benzene represents a heterogeneous halogen exchange reaction between dissolved silicon tetrahalide molecules and solid silicon tetrahalide pyridine complexes. Coordination of pyridine to silicon tetrahalide effects a weaker bonded covalent halogen which, therefore, becomes interchangeable whereas ionic bonded halogen does not take part in the exchange. If the solid exchange product formes a compact layer on educt phase the diffusion control of reaction increases. However, if coordination of pyridine changes from educt to product the formation of such compact product layers is hindered.
Relations of digit naming speed with three components of reading

The goal of the present investigation was to identify the reading processes that are impaired in children whose digit naming speeds are slow. Continuous digit naming speed was assumed to measure the automaticity with which character codes may be accessed in memory, and the automaticity of this process was assumed to be a prerequisite for the accurate performance of higher level reading processes. In Study I it was found, for children in grades 1 through 3, that digit naming speed was reliably correlated with reading of both irregularly spelled words and pronounceable nonsense words, and that most of the variance shared by irregular-word and nonsense-word reading was accounted for by digit naming speed. These results were interpreted as evidence that character-identification automaticity is equally important to the direct-access and speech-recoding routes of word recognition. Models of how character-identification automaticity might affect each of these routes are discussed. In Study 2 it was found, for children in grades 4 through 10, that the correlation of digit naming speed with reading comprehension was significantly smaller than its correlation with word recognition, and that the former correlation was completely accounted for when either WISC-R verbal IQ or word-recognition accuracy was controlled. These results are contrasted with comparable results reported by other investigators, and methodological differences are noted.
Flame Front Geometry and Stretch During Interactions of Premixed Flames with Vortices

Abstract Flame front geometry and flame stretch during interactions of premixed flames with vortices at various configurations are computationally investigated using a kinematical relationship between vortex-induced velocity and flame propagation velocity, in conjunction with Lagrangian coordinates to represent the flame front. The maximum flame stretch that can occur during an interaction with a single vortex is found to be very close to Uθ/rm + SL/2rm, while the mean flame stretch has a maximum that asymptotes to 18-23% of this value for vortex radii between 1.25 and 5.0 mm as UθSL is increased to 2. For flames interacting with a counter-rotating vortex pair, the flame stretch near the flow symmetry axis increases when the spacing between the vortices increase to align the velocity vectors with the flame front; while the flame stretch away from this region is relatively independent of the action of the opposite vortex and is determined primarily by the vortex velocity and length scale similar to the sin...
Using Reinforcement in the Classroom.

Behavioral interventions are a powerful classroom tool for working with special populations
Contemporary staging and prognosis for primary tracheal malignancies: A population-based analysis

Objective Determine staging characteristics and survival outcomes for primary malignancies of the trachea. Design Cross-sectional analysis of national cancer database. Methods Cases of primary tracheal malignancy were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database for the time period 1988-2000. T-stage, N-stage, and overall stage of presentation were determined. Mean, median, and 5-year survival statistics were computed using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis for each tumor histology and for the overall cohort according to stage. Results Ninety-two cases with adequate histologic information were identified. Mean age at presentation was 59.3 years with an equal sex distribution. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common tumor type (41 cases) followed by adenoid cystic carcinoma (19 cases). Forty-nine cases (53%) presented with stage 3 or stage 4 disease. Squamous cell carcinoma exhibited poorer survival (mean survival, 44.0 month, 5-year survival, 34%) than adenoid cystic carcinoma (mean survival, 115 month, 5-year survival, 78%). Five-year unadjusted survival rates according to overall stage were 52.8%, 70.0%, 75.0%, 15.1%, respectively. Conclusions Primary tracheal malignancies often present with advanced stage. Patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the trachea have poorer prognoses when compared with adenoid cystic carcinoma and other tumor types. Staging tracheal cancer with a TNM-based system helps predict survival. EBM rating: C.
Trends in quantification in histochemistry and cytochemistry.

In this limited review, every relevant technique and many personal credits could not be included, but it is apparent that there has been a steady increase in the armamentarium of applicable techniques for quantification, each with its special uses and limitations. As the trend continues, and beyond the more obvious future which will see consolidation and extension of existing experimental approaches with an increasing use of automation and computerization, we can only guess at what new departures and remarkable innovations will emerge to provide leaps forward toward the goal—the goal of combining localization with quantitation of biological substances and activitiesin situ to reveal the chemistry, and from it the function, of the cell, its substructures and products, in the normal and altered living state.
Gonadal hormones provide the biological basis for sex differences in behavioral responses to cocaine

Both clinical and rodent studies show sexually dimorphic patterns in the behavioral response to cocaine in all phases of the addiction process (induction, maintenance, and relapse). Clinical and rodent studies also indicate that hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual/estrous cycle modulate cocaine-induced subjective effects in women and locomotor activity in female rats. Evidence suggests that gonadal hormones underlie these observed differences and could be the biological basis of sex-specific differences in cocaine addiction. To study the effects of gonadal hormones on cocaine-induced activity, two approaches have been used. First, studies have examined the role of endogenous hormones through gonadectomy (GDX) and side-by-side comparisons with intact rats. Second, the individual contributions of testosterone, progesterone, and estrogen have been determined by hormone replacement in GDX rats. In this review, we discuss gonadal hormones as the biological basis for the behavioral responses to cocaine, and the clinical implications of these findings.
Turbulent correlation measurements in a two-stream mixing layer.

Two point space-time measurements of the axial component of fluctuating velocity were made using linearized hot-wire anemometry. Space scales, convected frame correlations and time scales, and convection velocities in the shear layer were evaluated. Both filtered narrow and broad band convected frame autocorrelations were determined. Differences between axial broad band convection velocities and both mean turbulence and mean entrained fluid velocities were observed. Scaled broad band convection velocities for the mixing layer and simple round jets were found to collapse to a common curve. Axial narrow band convection velocities showed strong frequency and transverse position dependence.
Design of a solar tracking system for renewable energy

In this paper, a solar tracking system for renewable energy is designed and built to collect free energy from the sun, store it in the battery, and convert this energy to alternating current (AC). This makes the energy usable in standard-sized homes as a supplemental source of power or as an independent power source. The system is designed to respond to its environment in the shortest amount of time. Any source of error at both the software and the hardware level is eliminated, or at least controlled. The system is tested for real-time responsiveness, reliability, stability, and safety. The system is designed to be stable while it is operating. It is also designed to be resistant to weather, temperature and minor mechanical stresses. Furthermore, the system is fail-safe; it can recover from failures or at least indicate that it is in that condition.
Trophic ecology of Arapaima in Guyana: giant omnivores in Neotropical floodplains

Using stable nitrogen and carbon isotope signatures, we investigated the trophic ecology and identified potential prey fish groups supporting the giant Arapaima within floodplain lakes of the Essequibo River basin in southwestern Guyana. Morphological descriptions of feeding structures and digestive tract are presented together with preliminary data on Arapaima diets. Stable isotope results suggest that algivorous/detritivorous and omnivorous fishes contributed most to Arapaima biomass, and generally, that was consistent with what is known about Arapaima diets. Stable nitrogen isotope ratios for piscivorous fishes in these lakes were higher than nitrogen isotope ratios for Arapaima, indicating that piscivorous fishes are unlikely to constitute a major source of energy for Arapaima. This population of Arapaima has an intestine averaging 1.45 times total body length, relatively small teeth, and numerous, closely-spaced gill rakers. These morphological features, together with isotope data, support our inference that Arapaima are secondary consumers and may be better characterized as omnivores and not top predators.
Spin-polarized spontaneous-force atom trap

We present observations of a spontaneous-force optical trap in which rubidium atoms are spin polarized by optical pumping. Stable trapping is achieved in two dimensions by the same force as in the Zeeman-shift optical trap, and in the third dimension by a macroscopic vortex force that is insensitive to light polarizations and magnetic fields. When the light along this third direction is circularly polarized and a parallel magnetic field is applied, the atoms become spin polarized.
Full scale explicit PIC simulation of fast ignition experiment

A relativistic binary collision model is implemented in the particle-in-cell simulation code PICLS. Its applicability ranges from the non-relativistic to the ultra-relativistic regime. Using this model we have simulated a recent experiment on cone-guided fast-ignition experiment [Kodama et al., Nature 418, 933 (2002)] and found that there are three important heating process by fast electrons, fast ions and heat conduction from the cone.
Estimating and comparing diagnostic tests' accuracy when the gold standard is not binary.

Rationale and Objectives Investigators often need to assess the accuracies of diagnostic tests when the gold standard is not binary-scale. The objective of this article is to describe nonparametric estimators of diagnostic test accuracy when the gold standard is continuous, ordinal, and nominal scale. Materials and Methods A nonparametric method of estimating and comparing the area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, proposed by DeLong et al, is extended to situations in which the gold standard is not binary. Two examples illustrate the methods. Results Measures of diagnostic test accuracy, their variance, and tests for comparing two diagnostic tests’ accuracies in paired designs are presented for situations in which the gold standard is continuous, ordinal, and nominal scale. These summary measures of diagnostic test accuracy are analogous in form and interpretation to the area under the ROC curve. Conclusion Dichotomizing the outcomes of a gold standard so that traditional ROC methods can be applied can lead to bias. The methods described here are useful for assessing and comparing summary test accuracy when the gold standard is not binary scale. They have limitations similar to other summary indices.
Phase Stability of Some Actinides with Brannerite Structure at High Pressures

Abstract Structure behavior of actinide brannerites ThTi2O6, Y0.5U0.5Ti1.5Nb0.5O6 and their analog oxide CeTi2O6 was studied at high pressure by using in situ x-ray diffraction, Raman scattering and infra-red absorption techniques, respectively. Brannerite structure was found to be not stable and started to become amorphous at pressures above 20 GPa. Some minor crystalline phase(s) due to phase decomposition was observed in all the three samples during pressurization. In addition, the observed bulk modulus indicated that the actinide-bearing brannerites are more compressible than their analog compound CeTi2O6, which may be related to the asymmetric 5f electron orbits of actinide elements.
Peritonitis Due to Exophiala jeanselmei in a Patient Undergoing Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

We describe the second reported case of peritonitis caused by the fungus Exophiala jeanselmei in a patient on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and the first such patient to survive. Management of the patient consisted of Tenckhoff catheter removal and intravenous amphotericin B.
Abstract 781: Plasticity of human tumor-infiltrating Th17 cells

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Although Th17 cells play critical roles in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, their function in human tumor immunity remains largely unknown. We have recently identified Th17 cells as an important component of human tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) obtained from melanoma, breast, colon and ovarian cancer patients, but their stability and plasticity in the tumor microenvironment is still unclear. In this study, we generated Th17 clones from TILs. We showed that Th17 clones can differentiate into IFN-gamma-producing and FoxP3+ cells after in vitro stimulation with OKT3 and allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We further demonstrated that T cell receptor (TCR) engagement was responsible for this conversion, and that this differentiation was due to the epigenetic modification and reprogramming of gene expression profiles, including lineage-specific transcriptional factor and cytokine genes. In addition to expressing IFN-gamma and FoxP3, we showed that these differentiated Th17 clones mediated potent suppressive function after repetitive stimulation with OKT3, suggesting that these Th17 clones had differentiated into functional Treg cells. We further demonstrated that the Th17-derived Treg cells, unlike naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ Treg cells, did not reconvert back into Th17 cells even under Th17-biasing cytokine conditions. These results provide the critical evidence that human Th17 cells can differentiate into Treg cells and indicate the substantial developmental plasticity of Th17 cells, which may have clinical implications for the development of novel cancer immunotherapeutic approaches. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 781. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-781
Mass-asymmetric fission of light nuclei

Barriers to the mass-asymmetric fission of $^{111}\mathrm{In}$ are calculated in the liquid-drop and in the Yukawa-plus-exponential finite-range models. The calculated barrier heights are compared to those previously inferred from fission excitation functions for $3l~Zl~11$. The liquid-drop-model barriers are about 12 MeV too high, while the finite-range model gives barriers an average of 1.6 MeV too high. This type of experimental data should make possible a more precise determination of the surface-energy and surface-asymmetry coefficients in semiempirical nuclear mass formulas.
Modifications to the Number Field Sieve

The Number Field Sieve, due to Lenstra et al. [LLMP] and Buhler et al. [BLP], is a new routine for factoring integers. We present here a modification of that sieve. We use the fact that certain smoothness computations can be reused, and thereby reduce the asymptotic running time of the Number Field Sieve. We also give a way to precompute tables which will be useful for factoring any integers in a large range.
Measuring stability of feature ranking techniques: a noise-based approach

One very common criterion used to evaluate feature selection methods is the performance of a chosen classifier trained with the selected features. Another important evaluation criterion that has, until recently, been neglected is the stability of these feature selection methods. While other studies have shown interest in measuring the degree of agreement between the outputs of a technique trained on randomly selected subsets from the same input data, this study presents the importance of evaluating stability in the presence of noise. Experiments are conducted with 17 filters (six standard filter-based ranking techniques and 11 threshold-based feature selection techniques) on nine different real-world datasets. This paper identifies the techniques that are inherently more sensitive to class noise and demonstrates how certain characteristics (sample size and class imbalance) of the data can affect the stability performance of some feature selection methods.
Two-Dimensional " Poor Man' s Navier -Stokes Equation" Model of Turbulent Flows

Aspartofacontinuing effortto construct“ syntheticvelocity” subgrid-scale (SGS)modelsforlarge-eddysimulation (LES)techniquesutilizing Kolmogorov scaling and discretedynamic systems (chaotic maps ), focusiscentered on constructing the chaotic maps from experimental data to demonstrate consistency of the modeling approach with basic physics. Although such efforts have been made previously, all of them used a linear combination of logistic maps to e t one-dimensional experimental data. A two-dimensional chaotic map derived directly from the Navier‐Stokes equations is employed, and the bifurcation parameters of this map are determined to best e t twodimensional experimental velocity data. A genetic algorithm is used as the optimization tool to obtain the required least-squares e t of the time series for a point in a two-dimensional e ow behind a turbulator. Results compare reasonably well with the experimental time series, implying that two-dimensional chaotic maps provide viable candidates for producing temporal e uctuations in synthetic-velocity SGS models for LES and additionally as part of real-time control mechanisms.
Dynamics of a drop at a fluid interface under shear

We analyze the dynamics of a two-dimensional drop lying on a fluid interface, sometimes called a liquid lens, subjected to simple shear flow. The three fluids, the drop and the two external fluids, meet at a triple point (or a triple line in three dimensions). A requirement for steady drop shapes is that the triple points are stationary. This leads to a flow topology different than that of a freely suspended drop. Results are substantiated with numerical results using a level set method for interface evolution and treatment of triple points. Possible implications for new drop instabilities are also discussed.
Analysis of mepivacaine, bupivacaine, etidocaine, lidocaine, and tetracaine

A GLC method, employing a nitrogen–phosphorus-sensitive detector, is described for the analysis of mepivacaine, bupivacaine, etidocaine, lidocaine, and tetracaine in biological fluids. The method is simple, reliable, and sensitive, with a practical limit of sensitivity of ∼2.5 ng/ml, well below therapeutic plasma levels. Extensive start-up procedures and sample preparation are not required.
Object, genre, and Buddhist sculpture

For sociologists, interpretations of cultural objects, whether grouped into genres or taken individually, are intermediate steps toward understanding more fully the contexts in which they are produced. This does not deny the satisfaction implicit in grasping the significance of aspects of objects themselves; I hope that the analysis I have presented lends viewing the Sangatsu-dō sculptures a degree of comprehension, and pleasure, not present before. The ultimate test, however, and the justification for undertaking any sociological examination of cultural objects, is the usefulness of the resulting account in confirming or rejecting ideas about the social conditions surrounding their production. The important question in judging the appropriateness of examining individual objects is therefore not whether sociologists (as opposed, for example, to art historians) ought to concern themselves with such analysis; it is whether such analyses increase the ability of objects to serve as evidence in investigations of interesting social phenomena.
Recolonization of Denuded Stream Bottom Areas by Drift

(1964). Recolonization of Denuded Stream Bottom Areas by Drift. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society: Vol. 93, No. 3, pp. 311-315.
Estimation of binding constants for the substrate and activator of Rhodobacter sphaeroides adenosine 5′-diphosphate-glucose pyrophosphorylase using affinity capillary electrophoresis

Binding constants were determined for the activator fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) and substrate adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) (in the presence and absence of F6P) to the recombinant wild-type (WT) Rhodobacter sphaeroides adenosine 5'-diphosphate-(ADP)-glucose pyrophosphorylase (ADPGlc PPase) using affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE). In these binding studies, the capillary is initially injected with a plug of sample containing ADPGlc PPase and noninteracting standards. The sample is then subjected to increasing concentrations of F6P or ATP in the running buffer and electrophoresed. Analysis of the change in the migration times of ADPGlc PPase, relative to those of the noninteracting standards, as a function of the varying concentration of F6P or ATP yields a binding constant. The values obtained were in good agreement with kinetic parameters obtained from steady state activity assays. The method was extended to examine the F6P binding constants for the R33A and R22A enzymes and the ATP binding constants for the R8A enzyme in the presence and absence of F6P. The R33A enzyme has been shown by activity assays to be insensitive to F6P activation, indicating a defect in binding or in downstream transmission of the allosteric signal required for full activation. ACE indicated no apparent binding of F6P, supporting the former hypothesis. The R22A enzyme was shown by activity assays to have a approximately 15-fold decrease in apparent affinity for F6P compared to that of WT while ACE indicated an affinity comparable to that of WT; potential reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. The R8A enzyme as measured by activity assays exhibits reduced fold-activation by F6P compared to that of WT but increased apparent affinity for ATP in the presence of F6P. The ACE results were in good agreement with the activity assay data, confirming the increased affinity for ATP in the presence of F6P. This method demonstrates the quantitative ability of ACE to study different binding sites/ligand interactions in allosteric enzymes.
Evoked response thresholds for long and short duration tones.

Evoked response thresholds for 45 and 200 msec tones were compared to behavioral thresholds obtained with Bekesy audiometry for signals of like duration is seven normal hearing listeners. The purpose of the study was to determine how closely the summed evoked response threshold approximates behavioral threshold at low and high frequencies, and determine if the temporal integration phenomenon can be demonstrated by the evoked response procedure. The results suggest that the behavioral threshold is the more sensitive of the two, but that, in normal listeners, evoked response thresholds approximate behavioral thresholds within 5 dB. This relationship was not frequency dependent being observed at both 500 and 4 000 Hz. Of the evoked response measurements threshold sensitivity was greatest with a stimulus duration of 200 msec. Mean differences of 3 to 6 dB were found when duration was increased from 45 to 200 msec suggesting the occurrence of temporal integration similar to that observed with psychophysical te...
Differential Effects of Juvenile Justice Reform on Incarceration Rates of the States

Since the 1960s, juvenile justice systems in the United States have faced divergent calls for reform. Included have been demands to deinstitutionalize as well as demands to “get tough” on juvenile crime. This article examines the wide variation across the states in the use of incarceration in public facilities from the mid-1970s to 1987. The findings suggest that the level of change in juvenile incarceration rates is determined by a range of political, social structural, and bureaucratic factors. These factors appear to have led to varying political choices within the states, either supporting or disfavoring incarceration in public facilities.
Physiologically induced changes in the property of phenylalanine tRNA in Escherichia coli

Abstract Escherichia coli grown in a medium with less than 10−7 M -iron contain one or two abnormal species of phenylalanine tRNA. The abnormal phenylalanine tRNA species lack some of the chemical modifications of the normal phenylalanine tRNA. This deficiency in modification arises because an enzymic activity involved in the normal modification of phenylalanine tRNA is not present in cells grown at low iron concentrations. The same deficiency in modification of phenylalanine tRNA is observed also in bacteria grown under limiting aeration in an aged medium, in which most of the iron is present as an insoluble hydroxide. The abnormal phenylalanine tRNA species have the same chromatographic properties as methyl-deficient phenylalanine tRNA, but the bulk of the tRNA containing the abnormal phenylalanine tRNA is not methyl-deficient.
Improving hydrology models for a changing climate

Changes over time in the relationship between rainfall and catchment runoff pose a significant challenge for hydrological models, which are often calibrated under the assumption that the future relationship will be consistent with that of the past. In a recent paper, Westra et al. outlined a method for diagnosing, interpreting, and improving the capacity of models to develop predictions under such conditions.
Thermodynamics and Performance Projections for Intercooled/Reheat/Recuperated Gas Turbine Systems

Intercooled/Recuperated gas turbine systems provide high-efficiency and power density for naval propulsion. Current aero-derivative systems are capable of about 43% thermal efficiency in this configuration. With continued progress in gas-turbine materials and cooling technology, the possibility of further improving system performance by incorporation of gas-turbine reheat arises. A preliminary scan of this class of cycles is presented and compared with non-reheat intercooled/recuperated cycles at two levels of component technology. For conservative component technology, the reheat is found to provide very modest performance advantages. With advanced components and ceramic thermal barrier coatings, the reheat is found to offer potential for specific power improvements of up to 33% and for modest efficiency gains, on the order of one percentage point, while enabling turbine inlet temperatures well below those for the most efficient non-reheat cycles. The high-performance reheat systems, however, require reheat-combustor inlet temperatures beyond current practice.The use of water-injection in the intercooler, together with an aftercooler and a water-injected evaporative-recuperator is found to produce very large gains in efficiency as well as specific power. This modification may be feasible for land-based systems, where it can compete favourably with combined cycles. Despite the difficulty of obtaining pure water for a shipboard propulsion system, those large gains may justify further studies of this system and of means to provide its water supply in marine applications.Copyright © 1987 by ASME
Applying computer technology in financial management: an example of the amortisation schedule

Technology advances in software have been considerable in recent years. An example of one significant advance is the integration of a structured programming language with the capabilities of traditional spreadsheet software. This paper illustrates how a basic amortisation schedule template can be made more functional by complementing the spreadsheet template with a structured programming language. Construction of an amortisation schedule in a spreadsheet that will change the number of payments is an important issue for many spreadsheet users. The enhanced template will present a field of view that is unencumbered by extraneous cell formulas which may confuse users of a traditionally constructed template. The paper provides an algorithm for use by professionals interested in enhancing their capabilities relating to structured finance issues.
Surface Roughness Effect On Laser Speckle Spectral Density

This work presents an attempt to develop a new procedure to evaluate surface roughness through the utilization of the spectral densities of laser speckles by image processing techniques. Preliminary results indicated a trend in which the peak of the spectral density would shift towards a lower frequency for higher surface roughness. This trend has not, however, been conclusive in another experimental setting which attempted to magnify that trend. This inconsistency may have been attributed to the possibility that the results were defining a finer pitch roughness rather than coarser pitch roughness which the specimens were considered at. Further studies are then required on the specific state of the specimens by using other conventional techniques. The work, however, indicates a possible potential for this spectral density technique by laser speckle image processing to evaluate surface roughness conditions.
Uric acid and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis

A 33-year-old man was examined because he formed recurrent renal calculi. At age 22, he had been hospitalized and had undergone ureterolithotomy for a right-sided calculus composed of calcium oxalate monohydrate and uric acid. During the ensuing Ii years, he passed 12 new stones, for which he was hospitalized eight more times, underwent five cystoscopic procedures for stone removal, and had two more ureterolithotomies, one on each side. His most recent x-ray films disclosed three renal stones, of which two were on the left. Of the nine that had been passed or removed, four were mixtures of calcium oxalate and uric acid, three were pure calcium oxalate, and two were pure uric acid. The remainder of his medical history was negative. His diet was unremarkable except for a daily one-pound total intake of meat, fish, and poultry. Physical examination was within normal limits; the patient weighed 82.3 kg. Blood concentrations of calcium, uric acid, and creatinine were normal. Three 24-hr urine samples were collected on an outpatient basis while he followed his regular diet (Table 1). Urine calcium excretion exceeded the normal upper limit of 300 mg/day for men, and uric acid excretion exceeded the normal upper limit of 800 mg/24 hr. Urine concentration of undissociated uric acid was uniformly above the
Variation of arsenic diffusion coefficients in HgCdTe alloys with temperature and Hg pressure: tuning of p on n double layer heterojunction diode properties

Arsenic diffusion coefficients were measured in HgCdTe alloy films at 375,400, and 425°C. The diffusion coefficients displayed a strong dependence on Hg pressures at all three temperatures, increasing by 1000 x with decreasing Hg pressure. The Hg pressures employed were selected to span a portion of the single phase field at each temperature. These investigations added to the diffusion measurements at 350°C reported earlier. The behavior reported at all three temperatures generally resembled the behavior observed at 350°C. For example, at 375°C, the diffusion coefficient increased from 1.6 x 10-14 cm2/s for a Hg overpressure of ~1.25 atm, corresponding to the Hg saturated end of the phase field, to 3.2 x 10-12 cm2/s, when the Hg overpressure was decreased to 0.2 atm, at a point within the phase field, but still considerably removed from the Tesaturated end. For mercury pressure ranges generally within an order of magnitude from the Hg saturated end point, the transport behavior remained simple classical and the diffusion coefficients varied approximately as ∝ P -He -3 at all three temperatures. With continued decrease in the mercury pressure, the transport behavior still remained simple classical, but the dependence of the diffusion coefficients on mercury pressure became more complex, progressing from a P -Hg -3 dependence to a P -He -1 dependence. This transition was most apparent at 425°C. With additional decrease in the Hg pressure, the transport behavior became more complex and could no longer be described by a simple classical or a monocomponent concentration independent Fickian model. This range was not studied during the present investigations. Additional progress in tuning the positioning of the p/n junction for double layer heterojunction films was possible from the results obtained. This was demonstrated by comparing diode performances obtained on heterojunctions films subjected to seleccted anneal sequences.
BMI and Waist Circumference as Indicators of Health Among Samoan Women

Objective: High rates of obesity and chronic disease make establishment of effective indicators of risk for chronic disease important. The objective was to examine adequacy of anthropometric cut-off points as indicators of risk for chronic disease among Samoan women in Hawaii. Research Methods and Procedures: A cross-sectional survey of 55 Samoan women 18 to 28 years of age that included blood lipids, cholesterol, and glucose (including after a 2-hour oral glucose test); anthropometry (weight, height, waist circumference); and DXA of body composition. Results: Using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/World Health Organization (WHO) cut-off points for BMI, 22% of women were overweight and 58% were obese. Cholesterol, lipid, and glucose values were all linearly related to DXA body fat, BMI, and waist circumference. BMI and waist circumference at WHO/NIH cut-off points predicted levels of blood lipids and glucose that indicate elevated risk for disease. Discussion: WHO/NIH cut-off points for BMI and waist circumference reflect risk indicators of chronic disease among young Samoan women in Hawaii.
Growth of fractally rough colloids.

We report the growth and structure of fractally rough silicate particles in solution. Using small-angle x-ray scattering, we find fractal surfaces both in solution and in a porous solid made from the solution precursor. Finally, we develop a simple model which both is consistent with silicate chemistry and generates fractally rough structures.
A Data-Gathering System for Studying Underwater Light and Bioluminescence

A data-gathering system has been developed for studying the properties of underwater light and bioluminescence. The photodetector output is used to generate a count-rate distribution that is characteristic of the light being observed. Proper analysis of this distribution reveals the presence of bioluminescence and greatly enhances the signal-detection capabilities of the system. Results of sea operations off Santa Barbara, California, are presented.
The Impact of Petition Signing on Voter Turnout

Generally speaking, campaign-related contact motivates voters. One form of such contact not much explored in the voter mobilization literature is the petitioning for ballot initiatives that occurs with considerable frequency in about half the states and even more localities. Using newly-available data that allow us to match individual petition signers with their subsequent election behavior, we explore the role of having had a hand in a ballot measure’s qualifying stage in propelling individual voters to the polls. Specifically, we perform multivariate analysis on a random sample of 1,000 registered Arkansas voters, 1,100 registered Florida voters, and all 71,119 registered voters in Gainesville, Florida to measure the influence of petition-signing in spurring voter turnout. We find marginal effects in the statewide samples, but substantial and significant turnout effects in the Gainesville municipal election—an off-cycle, low-profile election. Furthermore, the effect of petition-signing—across all of our samples—is strongest among irregular, as compared to habitual, voters. These findings are in keeping with recent campaign mobilization experimental research and comport with previous findings on the “educative effects” of ballot measures on voter turnout.