cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk factors for hepatitis E virus infection and disease

Hepatitis E, caused by hepatitis E virus, is a disease of global significance, causing 20 million infections each year. Genotypes 1 and 2 have vastly different epidemiological patterns from genotypes 3 and 4. In genotype 1 and 2 endemic areas, most infections and illness occur in persons 15-30 years of age, with pregnant women being the most likely to experience severe disease. In genotype 3 and 4 endemic areas, most infections and illness occur in those of age 40-60 years, with males representing a large portion of those with severe disease. However, the lack of an easily accessible serologic assay in many countries continues to be a barrier to the diagnosis and recognition of hepatitis E virus.
Similitude and the interpretation of turbulent diffusion flames

Abstract Literature data on turbulent diffusion flames, such as flame length, momentum flux and mass entrainment, is interpreted through the application of dimensional analysis and a simple integral method for solving the equations of a turbulent jet. The integral theory is adapted from that of Peters and Gottgens [1] by introducing Morton's [2] entrainment hypothesis, and nondimensionalizing the equations in accord with Blake and McDonald [3]. The data are shown to be functions of a density weighted Froude number, a flame to ambient density ratio, a Shvab-Zel'dovich variable defined by the stoichiometry of the flame, and the original orientation of the jet.
New experiments and validated master-equation modeling for OH production in propyl + O2 reactions

Abstract The propyl + O 2 reactions are important prototype reactions for general alkyl + O 2 systems, possessing the most important reactive channels of larger species while remaining small enough for accurate quantum chemistry calculations and theoretical kinetics. Previous experiments [8] that characterized the production of OH in the propyl + O 2 reactions could be only qualitatively modeled by rigorous master-equation calculations, leaving a deficient validation of, for instance, the critical RO 2 ↔ QOOH isomerization pathways. This article revisits the combined experimental and modeling study of DeSain et al., using an improved experimental method to obtain time-resolved OH concentrations for pulsed-photolytic Cl-initiated oxidation of propane. The results are modeled with master-equation-based rate coefficients incorporated into a kinetic mechanism. Quantitative agreement can be obtained, providing experimental validation for the OH-producing pathways that are crucial for autoignition. The importance of the rigorous treatment of the kinetics for these highly pressure and temperature dependent reactions is emphasized, as well as the significance of the formally direct pathways such as chemical activation.
Stereotactic radiosurgery for four or more intracranial metastases

Purpose: To evaluate the outcomes after a single stereotactic radiosurgery procedure for the care of patients with 4 or more intracranial metastases. Methods and Materials: Two hundred five patients with primary malignancies, including non–small-cell lung carcinoma (42%), breast carcinoma (23%), melanoma (17%), renal cell carcinoma (6%), colon cancer (3%), and others (10%) underwent gamma knife radiosurgery for 4 or more intracranial metastases at one time. The median number of brain metastases was 5 (range, 4–18) with a median total treatment volume of 6.8 cc (range, 0.6–51.0 cc). Radiosurgery was used as sole management (17% of patients), or in combination with whole brain radiotherapy (46%) or after failure of whole brain radiotherapy (38%). The median marginal radiosurgery dose was 16 Gy (range, 12–20 Gy). The mean follow-up was 8 months. Results: The median overall survival after radiosurgery for all patients was 8 months. The 1-year local control rate was 71%, and the median time to progressive/new brain metastases was 9 months. Using the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) classification system, the median overall survivals for RPA classes I, II, and III were 18, 9, and 3 months, respectively ( p p = 0.333). Conclusion: Radiosurgery seems to provide survival benefit for patients with 4 or more intracranial metastases. Because total treatment volume was the most significant predictor of survival, the total volume of brain metastases, rather than the number of metastases, should be considered in identifying appropriate radiosurgery candidates.
A shear deformable theory of laminated composite shallow shell-type panels and their response analysis. II - Static response

In the second part of this paper, by using the static counterparts of the governing equations derived in Librescu (1989), the static response of shallow composite shell-type panels subjected to a sinusoidal transverse load is investigated. The numerical applications, encompassing a large number of boundary conditions and various lamination schemes, allow one to obtain some conclusions which are formulated in the paper.
In situ electron microscopy studies of the interaction of iron, cobalt, and nickel with molybdenum disulfide single crystals in hydrogen

Abstract Controlled atmosphere electron microscopy coupled with in situ electron diffraction has been used to examine the behavior of cobalt, nickel, and iron particles deposited on molybdenum disulfide when reacted in the presence of hydrogen. In addition to edge recession, a mode of attack also observed in the uncatalyzed reaction, it was evident in these systems that the metal particles were capable of facilitating the removal of sulfur atoms from the basal plane by a pitting action. Continuous observations of specimens undergoing reaction showed that metal particles exhibited several different morphologies and were constantly undergoing transformations. This phenomenon is explained in terms of the unusual bifunctional chemical character of the sulfide support which has a direct impact on the nature of the metal-support interaction. Electron diffraction analysis of specimens undergoing reaction in hydrogen indicated that a variety of compounds are possible including metal sulfides and intermetallics.
Evolving Strategies for Insulin Delivery and Therapy

It has now been conclusively proven that adequate control of blood glucose delays or prevents the progression of diabetic complications. In order to achieve the suggested targets for glycaemic control necessary to reduce the incidence of diabetic complications, it has been established that a more intensive insulin regimen requiring multiple insulin injections is required for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. For patients with type 2 diabetes, oral antidiabetic therapy is generally used initially, but given the natural history of type 2 diabetes and the need to achieve improved glycaemic control, earlier use of insulin has been promoted. However, the use of insulin in more intensive regimens for the patient with type 1 diabetes or for earlier treatment of the patient with type 2 diabetes is not routine. Many factors are responsible for this observation. Nevertheless, available device options such as insulin pens or insulin pumps are routinely available for implementation of intensive insulin therapy. However, a major limitation for advancing to intensive insulin therapy is that the only viable way to administer insulin is through injection. Delivery options that use dermal, nasal and oral approaches have been explored. The oral approach may include gastrointestinal, buccal or pulmonary uptake. Recent evidence shows that delivery of insulin via the oral cavity with uptake occurring in the pulmonary alveoli may be the most viable clinical option in the future.
Tryptophan hydroxylase mRNA levels are regulated by the circadian clock, temperature, and cAMP in chick pineal cells

Chick pineal cells contain a circadian oscillator that derives rhythmic synthesis and secretion of melatonin even in dispersed cell culture. Here, we demonstrate that the mRNA encoding tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), the first enzyme in the melatonin synthetic pathway, is expressed rhythmically under the control of the circadian clock. TPH message levels doubled between early day and early night, under both cyclic lightning and constant lightning conditions. The amplitude of the TPH mRNA rhythm was increased to 4-fold by culturing the cells at 43.3 degrees C for 48 h instead of 36.7 degrees C. Addition of forskolin to the cultures in early day produced a modest increase (50%) in TPH message levels but had no effect at other times. Because TPH mRNA are regulated by the endogenous pineal circadian clock, this provides a valuable system in which the molecular mechanism of clock control of gene expression.
Changes in the distribution of body mass index of white US men, 1890-2000.

Objective: The study aimed to describe changes in the distribution of body mass index (BMI) among white non-Hispanic US men aged 40–69 years throughout the 20th century.Subjects: The subjects were ...
Adding data parallelism to streaming pipelines for throughput optimization

The streaming model is a popular model for writing high-throughput parallel applications. A streaming application is represented by a graph of computation stages that communicate with each other via FIFO channels. In this paper, we consider the problem of mapping streaming pipelines - streaming applications where the graph is a linear chain - onto a set of computing resources in order to maximize its throughput. In a parallel setting, subsets of stages, called components, can be mapped onto different computing resources. The throughput of an application is determined by the throughput of the slowest component. Therefore, if some stage is much slower than others, then it may be useful to replicate the stage's code and divide its workload among two or more replicas in order to increase throughput. However, pipelines may consist of some replicable and some non-replicable stages. In this paper, we address the problem of mapping these partially replicable streaming pipelines onto both homogeneous and heterogeneous platforms so as to maximize throughput. We consider two types of platforms, homogeneous platforms - where all resources are identical, and heterogeneous platforms - where resources may have different speeds. In both cases, we consider two network topologies-unidirectional chain and clique. We provide polynomial-time algorithms for mapping partially replicable pipelines onto unidirectional chains for both homogeneous and heterogeneous platforms. For homogeneous platforms, the algorithm for unidirectional chains generalizes to clique topologies. However, for heterogeneous platforms, mapping these pipelines onto clique topologies is NP-complete. We provide heuristics to generate solutions for cliques by applying our chain algorithms to a series of chains sampled from the clique. Our empirical results show that these heuristics rapidly converge to near-optimal solutions.
Would Triage Predictors Perform Better Than First-Come, First-Served in Pandemic Ventilator Allocation?

BACKGROUND In a pandemic, needs for ventilators might overwhelm the limited supply. Outcome predictors have been proposed to guide ventilator triage allocation decisions. However, pandemic triage predictors have not been validated. This quantitative simulation study evaluated outcomes resulting from allocation strategies varying in their performance for selecting short-stay survivors as favorable candidates for ventilators. METHODS A quantitative simulation modeled a pandemic surge. Postulated numbers of potential daily admissions presented randomly from a specified population, with a limited number of available ventilators. Patients were triaged to ventilator care vs palliation or turned away to palliation if no ventilator was available. Simulated triage was conducted according to a set of hypothetical triage tools varying in sensitivity and specificity to select favorable ventilator candidates vs first-come, first-served allocation. Death was assumed for palliation. Survival or death was counted for patients who were ventilated according to the specified characteristic of each randomly selected patient. RESULTS Triage predictors with intermediate-quality performance resulted in a median daily mortality of 80%, similar to first-come, first-served allocation. A poor-quality predictor resulted in a worse mortality of 90%. Only a high-quality predictor (sensitivity 90%, specificity 90%) resulted in a substantially lower 60% mortality. CONCLUSIONS Performance of unvalidated pandemic ventilator triage predictors is unknown and possibly inferior to first-come, first-served allocation. Poor performance of unvalidated predictors proposed for triage would represent an inadequate plan for stewarding scarce resources and would deprive some patients of fair access to a ventilator, thus falling short of sound ethical foundations.
AfterMath: Visualizing Consequences of Actions through Augmented Reality

Computing technology has advanced to a point where computers demonstrate better performance and precision in some analytical tasks than humans. As a result, we see a promising potential to significantly empower our decision-making process by providing relevant information just in time/space. In this paper, we present AfterMath, a user interface concept of predicting and visualizing consequences of a user's potential actions. We explore new possibilities through a prototypical system that harnesses physics simulation as a consequence-prediction method and uses augmented reality technology to visualize potential consequences. Finally, we suggest general guidelines for designing systems utilizing this concept.
Distribution and ecology of estuarine ectoprocts: A critical review

While most gymnolaemates are restricted to waters of normal salinity, at least 3–6% are able to penetrate some distance into mixohaline water. Of this group, which includes 9 species of cyclostomes, 35 species of ctenostomes, 55 species of anascan and 21 species of ascophoran cheilostomes, the cyclostomes and the ascophorans are least tolerant of diluted salinities, the ctenostomes and the anascans are most tolerant. Like many other groups of benthic organisms, ectoprocts show a decrease in numbers of species with decreasing salinity. Only 5 species can penetrate into waters of less than 3‰. About 20 species can be considered truly brackish-water organisms, being most abundant in mixohaline waters. Apparently these species possess some means of active osmoregulation, probably at the tissue level. The distribution of brackish water ectoprocts depends not on salinity alone, but also on factors of temperature, substrate availability and the general stability of the environment. Research most necessary before distribution patterns can be explained concerns the salinity tolerance of larvae and adults, larval behavior, and physiology. Also needed are faunal studies, particularly in tropical estuarine localities.
The ENIAC's 1949 Determination of π

In January 1950, George W. Reitwiesner published an article describing the first use of a computer, the ENIAC, to calculate the decimal expansion of π. Starting with Reitwiesner's description of the calculation, the ENIAC's architecture, how it was programmed, and the mathematics used, this article examines why the calculation was undertaken, how it was done, and what was subsequently learned.
Improved fits of the effective masses at Γ in the spin-orbit, second-nearest-neighbor sp 3 s * model: Results from analytic expressions

We derive and study exact analytic expressions for the effective masses of the conduction--and all three hole--bands at \ensuremath{\Gamma} in the spin-orbit, second-nearest-neighbor ${\mathrm{sp}}^{3}{s}^{*}$ model. Using these expressions we determine parameters for six common III-V materials (GaAs, AlAs, GaSb, AlSb, InAs, and InP), tailored for [001]-oriented heterostructure calculations. Beyond their use in fitting band structures, the effective-mass formulas show that the second-nearest-neighbor ${\mathrm{sp}}^{3}{s}^{*}$ model is not without limitations. We show that there is an upper bound on the reproducible electron--light-hole effective-mass mismatch, so that even this model may not be sufficient for certain materials.
Combined therapy with sodium thiosulfate and parathyroidectomy in a patient with calciphylaxis

Calciphylaxis is a serious form of vascular calcification that leads to skin necrosis with ulceration. It usually occurs in dialysis patients and carries very high morbidity and mortality rates. We present the case of a dialysis patient with biopsy-proven calciphylaxis of the lower extremity and severe secondary hyperparathyroidism, who had been receiving outpatient sodium thiosulfate, with no improvement. For management of the severe hyperparathyroidism, the patient underwent surgical excision of the parathyroid glands, leading to rapid correction of parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels and the concomitant calcium and phosphorus abnormalities. Subsequently, she was continued on outpatient sodium thiosulfate on dialysis days, and follow-up demonstrated progressive resolution of the skin lesion. We believe that in dialysis patients with significant secondary hyperparathyroidism and calciphylaxis, the combination of sodium thiosulfate with medical or surgical correction of the metabolic disorder should be considered as the first-line management approach along with pain control and optimal wound care.
The Presence of Sexually Dimorphic Submandibular Glands in Taricha granulosa, the Rough-Skinned Newt (Salamandridae)

We investigate whether Taricha granulosa, the rough-skinned newt, possesses pheromone-producing courtship glands in the submandibular dermis. The hypothesis that these newts have a pheromone-producing mental gland repeatedly appears in the literature based on a small histological study and on courtship behavior in which males press their chins on females' nares. We identify a sexually dimorphic granular gland in the submandibular region of male newts. Its secretion is granular and PAS (periodic acid-Schiff)-positive, in contrast to the PAS-negative secretion of typical granular glands. This gland type is found only in males and only in the anterior submandibular region. Compared to glands evaluated from non-breeding males, the glands from animals collected in the breeding season are hypertrophied. This sexually dimorphic granular gland is distinct from the mental gland found in plethodontid salamanders; the plethodontid mental gland is an aggregate of individual glands, whereas the granular glands in T. g...
Adaptive highly localized waveform design for multiple target tracking

When tracking multiple targets, radar measurements from weak targets are often masked by the ambiguity function (AF) sidelobes of the measurements from stronger targets. This results in deteriorated tracking performance and lost tracks. In this study, we consider the design of configurable waveforms whose AF sidelobes can be positioned to unmask weak targets. Specifically, we construct multicarrier phase-coded (MCPC) waveforms based on Bjorck constant amplitude zero-autocorrelation (CAZAC) sequences. The MCPC CAZAC waveforms exhibit wide regions in their AF surface without sidelobes and allow for selective positioning of sidelobes. We apply these waveforms in the context of a target tracker by selecting waveform parameters that minimize the expected tracking error. We show that this is accomplished by selecting the position of AF sidelobes to unmask weak targets. The target tracker is based on an independent partitions likelihood particle filter that is capable of processing the high-resolution measurements resulting from the Bjorck CAZAC sequences and tracks a fixed and known number of targets. Using simulations, we demonstrate the improvement in tracking performance when we adaptively select the MCPC CAZAC waveforms over tracking using non-adaptive waveform configurations or single-carrier phase-coded CAZAC waveforms.
ITAMs versus ITIMs: striking a balance during cell regulation

Functional immune responses evolve through an exquisitely controlled process integrating signals from activating and inhibitory receptors on the immune cell surface. These complex interactions, which regulate both the quality and magnitude of the ultimate response, depend crucially on two short, loosely conserved motifs found in the intracellular domain of various signaling proteins. These motifs, termed “ITAMs” and “ITIMs” for immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation (or inhibititory) motifs, provide the basis for two opposed signaling modules that duel for control of cellular activation within the immune system. Well over a decade ago it was observed that the subunits associated with the B cell and T cell antigen
Osteoblastoma: Clinicopathologic study of 306 cases

The clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features of 306 osteoblastomas were analyzed. Seventy-five were Mayo Clinic cases and 231 were from consultation files. Males outnumbered females two to one. The age range was 6 months to 75 years (mean age, 20.4 years). The vertebral column including the sacrum was the most frequent site (32%). Pain was the usual complaint and neurologic findings were associated with vertebral tumors. Although most tumors were well circumscribed, cortical expansion and destruction were common radiographic findings (39%), and 12% had features suggestive of malignancy. Large, epithelioid osteoblasts were seen in 24% and were the predominant cellular element in 10%. A distinctive epithelioid multifocal pattern was recognized. Recurrence rates were 16% (Mayo Clinic cases) and 21% (consultation cases). Tumors involving the central neuraxis were associated with greater morbidity and mortality. Aggressive behavior is within the biologic spectrum of osteoblastomas, and histopathology alone does not appear to be a reliable predictor of aggressiveness. The most important differential diagnosis is osteosarcoma.
Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization spectroscopy in an ion trap detector

Abstract The potential benefits of performing laser photoionization experiments in an ion trap detector (ITD) are investigated. The 2 + 2 resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) of nitric oxide NO through the A2Σ+ (ν = 1) ← X2Π 1 2 (ν = 0) transition is studied. Mass spectra which reveal various isotopic combinations of NO are recorded simultaneously as the laser is scanned. With 6 ppm of NO in the He buffer gas the P11 + O12 bandheads of the three most abundant NO isotopomers can be identified. The corresponding concentration of the 14N18 O isotopomer is 13 ± 3 ppb which is considered to be the limit of detection. The trap volume contains ≈ 106 molecules at the detection limit and ≈ 50 of these molecules are accessible to the laser at the bandhead. The concentration and molecular-number detection limits are factors of 30 and 150 better, respectively, than those obtained by other workers with a supersonic beam time-of-flight apparatus using a 2 + 1 REMPI scheme. This photoionization scheme is also at least 10 times more sensitive than electron impact ionization in the ITD.
Determination of radioactive cobalt in mixtures of radionuclides

Abstract A detailed procedure for the separation of radioeobalt from other active material is described. Precipitation as the mercurithiocyanate and as the anthranilate have been compared, and the latter has been shown to be somewhat preferable.
Stationary waves on an inclined sheet of viscous fluid at high Reynolds and moderate Weber numbers

A theory is described for the nonlinear waves on the surface of a thin film flowing down an inclined plane. Attention is focused on stationary waves of finite amplitude and long wavelength at high Reynolds numbers and moderate Weber numbers. Based on asymptotic equations accurate to the second order in the depth-to-wavelength ratio, a third-order dynamical system is obtained after changing to the frame of reference moving at the wave propagation speed. By examining the fixed-point stability of the dynamical system, parametric regimes of heteroclinc orbits and Hopf bifurcations are delineated. Extensive numerical experiments guided by the linear analyses reveal a variety of bifurcation scenarios as the phase speed deviates from the Hopf-bifurcation thresholds. These include homoclinic bifurcations which lead to homoclinic orbits corresponding to well separated solitary waves with one or several humps, some of which occur after passing through chaotic zones generated by period-doublings. There are also cases where chaos is the ultimate state following cascades of period-doublings, as well as cases where only limit cycles prevail. The dependence of bifurcation scenarios on the inclination angle, and Weber and Reynolds numbers is summarized.
Flavin mononucleotide as a probe for dopant encapsulation in sol-gel silicates

Flavin mononucleotide (FMN, 1) provides a dynamic conformational probe for studying the covalent cross-linking of dopants into silica. Excitation of FMN 1 leads to photodecomposition only when the ...
Migraine in Women

Abstract Estradiol is an important headache modulator. After menarche, cycling estradiol significantly influences headache activity, with risk of headache decreasing as estradiol levels rise and increasing when estradiol levels fall. This study follows the life a young woman, from the onset of migraine in adolescence through menopause. This case illustrates the difficulties of correctly diagnosing migraine during childhood and adolescence, variable changes that can occur with headache during pregnancies, and the frequent exacerbation of stable headaches during the perimenopausal period when estradiol levels fluctuate. The case presentation illustrates many of the common challenges faced in caring for migraine in women.
The structure of gephyrotoxin (GTX) 223AB.

The structure 3-butyl-5-propylindolizidine (2), tentatively assigned to a minor alkaloid in skin extracts from a number of poison frogs of the Neotropical genusDendrobates, has been confirmed and its stereochemistry determined as 5E, 9E (2d) by comparison on GC and GC-MS with the four synthetic diastereomers2a-2d.
SENSITIVITY OF PLANETARY GEAR NATURAL FREQUENCIES AND VIBRATION MODES TO MODEL PARAMETERS

The natural frequency and vibration mode sensitivities to system parameters are rigorously investigated for both tuned (cyclically symmetric) and mistuned planetary gears. Parameters under consideration include support and mesh stiffnesses, component masses, and moments of inertia. Using the well-defined vibration mode properties of tuned planetary gears, the eigensensitivities are calculated and expressed in simple, exact formulae. These formulae connect natural frequency sensitivity with the modal strain or kinetic energy and provide efficient means to determine the sensitivity to all stiffness and inertia parameters by inspection of the modal energy distribution. The natural frequency sensitivity to operating speed is calculated to estimate the impact of gyroscopic effects. While the terminology of planetary gears is used throughout, the results apply for general epicyclic gears.
Reference values for left atrial size by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in the Framingham Heart Study Offspring cohort

Background Increased left atrial (LA) size is a marker for both clinical and subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is associated with excess cardiovascular risk. We sought to determine reference values for LA volume by CMR in a longitudinally followed, community-based cohort strictly free of major risk factors for LA enlargement, including: left-sided valve disease, hypertension, obesity, diabetes and clinical CVD.
An Integrated Model to Simulate Laser Cladding Manufacturing Process for Engine Repair Applications

An integrated thermal, microstructure, and thermomechanical model was developed to predict temperature, thermomechanical strain, stress and distortion evolution during laser cladding of engine blade repair. The model was used to analyze a simplified geometry to evaluate the effect of process conditions on solidification cracking tendency. Two cases with and without cooling to room temperature between welded layers were studied. Simulation results suggested that laser cladding without cooling down between welded layers produces higher temperature, higher thermomechanical tensile strain during cooling after solidification than with cooling down between welded layers. This indicates that the solidification cracking tendency is higher without cooling down between welded layers than with cooling down between welded layers. Because of the preheating effect resulted from the continual laser cladding without cooling down between welded layers, the residual stress is lower, but the distortion is higher than the case with cooling down between welded layers.
Single molecule spectroscopic studies of organic rectifiers composed of pyrene and perylenebisimide

Abstract Single molecule spectroscopic characteristics of two organic molecular rectifiers are reported. Composed of pyrene as the donor and perylenebisimide (PBI) as the acceptor, these groups are separated by bridges of one or four carbon atoms. Whereas the solution phase absorption and fluorescence spectra are similar, spectra are much more diverse and exhibit different degrees of photostability at the single molecule level. It was found that the addition of pyrene affects the stability of PBI’s emission and analysis of dipole emission patterns reveal that pyrene functions as an orientational directing group for PBI in polymer thin films.
A new deal for the drug addict : The addiction research center, Lexington, Kentucky

This article describes the social organization of knowledge production in the formative moments of the substance abuse research enterprise. It describes the institutional arrangements and material conditions of a U.S. Public Health Service laboratory that was housed in a facility run jointly with the federal Bureau of Prisons. The Addiction Research Center (ARC) in Lexington, Kentucky, was dedicated to elucidating the basic underlying mechanisms of drug addiction. The ARC was housed on the rural campus of a prison-hospital called "Narco," one of two "narcotics farms" in Lexington, Kentucky, and Fort Worth, Texas. For its studies on drug effects, the ARC had access to a pool of drug-experienced human subjects drawn from the ranks of convicted felons. Given their unparalleled access to human subjects, the scientists who worked at the ARC made conceptual contributions still acknowledged today. Based on archival work as well as dozens of oral history interviews with individuals who began their research careers at Lexington, the article presents an analytic, intellectual history of the early work of Abraham Wikler, whose lifelong pursuit of the underlying mechanisms of opiate addiction led him to hypothesize the role of conditioning in relapse, as an exemplar of the kind of scientific research that depended on closely listening to and observing "post-addicts," as subject participants were called.
Nonlinear error-field penetration in low density ohmically heated tokamak plasmas

A theory is developed to predict the error-field penetration threshold in low density, ohmically heated, tokamak plasmas. The novel feature of the theory is that the response of the plasma in the vicinity of the resonant surface to the applied error-field is calculated from nonlinear drift-MHD (magnetohydrodynamical) magnetic island theory, rather than linear layer theory. Error-field penetration, and subsequent locked mode formation, is triggered once the destabilizing effect of the resonant harmonic of the error-field overcomes the stabilizing effect of the ion polarization current (caused by the propagation of the error-field-induced island chain in the local ion fluid frame). The predicted scaling of the error-field penetration threshold with engineering parameters is (br/BT)crit ∼ ne B −1.8
Consuming Individuality: Collective Identity Along the Color Line

In the wake of World War I a wave of racism and cultural xenophobia washed over Indianapolis, Indiana, fueled by an aspiration to create a host of new barriers to Black public rights. In some ways, this moment was the nadir of an undistinguished but otherwise commonplace record of local race tensions: By the early 1920s, elected representatives in city and state government frankly acknowledged their membership in the Ku Klux Klan, a newly elected School Board moved to segregate the schools across the color line, and racist neighborhood residency covenants were introduced into local law (Thornbrough, 2000). Paradoxically, though, African-American Indianapolis quietly thrived in the city’s near-Westside as a network of African-American churches, school, and social institutions expanded, a local business community emerged, and an increasing number of Southern refugees settled in the community. On Camp Street, a modest corner grocery store reflected many African-Americans’ ambitions even as the store owners’ and consumers’ experiences betrayed the contradictions of citizenship along the color line in Indianapolis. The archaeological assemblage from the store reveals the interesting potential insights of an archaeology of individuality, while it simultaneously provides a cautionary tale about how archaeologists might interpret such experiences.
Bone mineral density and mass in a cross-sectional study of white and asian women

The literature suggests that Asians have lower bone mineral density and mass than whites. It has been proposed that these differences may be due to differences in height, weight, and factors other than ethnicity, but no study has made the appropriate direct comparisons. We compared total-body bone mineral density and mass between Asian and white women while controlling for factors known to be associated with bone mineral density and mass. Measurements were made in 129 Asian (primarily of Chinese ancestry) and 274 white women. A subgroup was formed of women who did not have a history of alcoholism, premenopausal amenorrhea, kidney disease, estrogen use, birth control pill use, thyroid disease, steroid use, hysterectomy, or smoking. In both the main group and the subgroups, bone mineral mass was significantly lower in Asian than in white women, but after analysis of covariance with body weight, height, and age (or years since menopause) as covariates, the differences between ethnic groups disappeared, except in the large group of premenopausal women, in whom average bone mineral density in Asians actually exceeded (p < 0.04) that in whites. The data set was also searched for Asian-white pairs who matched on 17 characteristics related to bone mineral density and mass. In the resulting 16 matched pairs, bone mineral density and mass were not different between ethnic groups. Although Asian women have lower bone mineral mass than white women, when weight, height, and other factors are controlled, bone mineral density and mass do not differ between Asian and white women.
The Ordovician Radiation: A Follow-up to the Cambrian Explosion?

SYNOPSIS. There was a major diversification known as the Ordovician Radiation, in the period immediately following the Cambrian. This event is unique in taxonomic, ecologic and biogeographic aspects. While all of the phyla but one were established during the Cambrian explosion, taxonomic increases during the Ordovician were manifest at lower taxonomic levels although ordinal level diversity doubled. Marine family diversity tripled and within clade diversity increases occurred at the genus and species levels. The Ordovician radiation established the Paleozoic Evolutionary Fauna; those taxa which dominated the marine realm for the next 250 million years. Community structure dramatically increased in complexity. New communities were established and there were fundamental shifts in dominance and abundance. Over the past ten years, there has been an effort to examine this radiation at different scales. In comparison with the Cambrian explosion which appears to be more globally mediated, local and regional studies of Ordovician faunas reveal sharp transitions with timing and magnitudes that vary geographically. These transitions suggest a more episodic and complex history than that revealed through synoptic global studies alone. Despite its apparent uniqueness, we cannot exclude the possibility that the Ordovician radiation was an extension of Cambrian diversity dynamics. That is, the Ordovician radiation may have been an event independent of the Cambrian radiation and thus requiring a different set of explanations, or it may have been the inevitable follow-up to the Cambrian radiation. Future studies should focus on resolving this issue.
The ethnonarrative approach

While much research within narrative theory has focused on discourse in organizations, context should be a central focus because it is material in the production of meaning. In this article, I suggest an ethnonarrative approach that seeks to combine ethnographic methods and narrative methods in conducting hermeneutic analyses of narratives and stories, shifting not only between texts and contexts, but texts within a context of construction. Narrative research relies on analysis of various texts and often ignores context, while ethnographic methods are especially attuned to making observations and interpretations regarding the context in which texts are produced. The ethnonarrative approach highlights the multiple materials at play in narrative construction and attempts to demonstrate contextual influence on meaning making. The ethnonarrative approach is distinguished by a focus on the context of construction, the endosymbiotic relationship between text/context, and the social act as the level of analysis.
Bimodality in a Monostable Climate-Ecosystem: The Role of Climate Variability and Soil Moisture Memory*

The probabilistic modal response of vegetation to stochastic precipitation variability is studied in a conceptual climate‐ecosystem model. It is found that vegetation can exhibit bimodality in a monostable climate‐ ecosystem under strong rainfall variability and with soil moisture memory comparable with that of the vegetation. The bimodality of vegetation is generated by a convolution of a nonlinear vegetation response and a colored stochastic noise. The nonlinear vegetation response is such that vegetation becomes insensitive to precipitation variability near either end state (green or desert), providing the potential for two preferred modes. The long memory of soil moisture allows the vegetation to respond to a slow stochastic forcing such that the vegetation tends to grow toward its equilibrium states. The implication of the noise-induced bimodality to abrupt changes in the climate‐ecosystem is also discussed.
Statistical metadata needs during integration tasks

As part of an NSF-funded effort to work toward a national statistical knowledge network, we have been working to determine what elements of statistical metadata are most crucial for end users as they attempt to find and use data from US Federal statistical websites. We report here preliminary findings from a study conducted to compare how experts and end users interact with statistical data and discuss the implications of these findings on the construction of architectures and interfaces designed to integrate statistical data across agencies.
An Intranasally Delivered Toll-Like Receptor 7 Agonist Elicits Robust Systemic and Mucosal Responses to Norwalk Virus-Like Particles

Norwalk virus (NV) is an enteric pathogen from the genus Norovirus and a major cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans. NV virus-like particles (VLPs) are known to elicit systemic and mucosal immune responses when delivered nasally; however, the correlates of immune protection are unknown, and codelivery with a safe and immunogenic mucosal adjuvant may enhance protective anti-NV immune responses. Resiquimod (R848), an imidazoquinoline-based Toll-like receptor 7 and/or 8 (TLR7/8) agonist, is being evaluated as an adjuvant in FDA-approved clinical vaccine trials. As such, we evaluated the adjuvant activity of two imidazoquinoline-based TLR7 and TLR7/8 agonists when codelivered intranasally with plant-derived NV VLPs. We also compared the activity of these agonists to the gold standard mucosal adjuvant, cholera toxin (CT). Our results indicate that codelivery with the TLR7 agonist, gardiquimod (GARD), induces NV VLP-specific serum IgG and IgG isotype responses and mucosal IgA responses in the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts that are superior to those induced by R848 and comparable to those induced by the mucosal adjuvant CT. This study supports the continued investigation of GARD as a mucosal adjuvant for NV VLPs and possible use for other VLP-based vaccines for which immune responses at distal mucosal sites (e.g., respiratory and reproductive tracts) are desired.
Rise of China and the global overaccumulation crisis

ABSTRACT This paper assesses the sources of potential instability of China's political economy by expositing the limits of the post-Mao regime of capital accumulation in historical and comparative perspectives. It argues that the new spatial and socio-political orders under this regime, while propelling China's economic miracle, also contribute to the internalization of the global overaccumulation crisis, which has been haunting the world capitalist system since the late 1960s, into China's national economy. Whereas decentralization of regulatory authority of the state accelerates overinvestment among local economic agents, breakdown of the Maoist social compact and the subsequent class polarization foster underconsumption. The resulting structural imbalance of the economy leads to the risk of falling profit across key sectors and China's over-reliance on the export market, the expansion of which has hinged much on the debt-financed and unsustainable consumption spree in the US. A full-fledged overaccumul...
Influence of maternal-fetal medicine subspecialization on the frequency of trial of labor in term pregnancies with breech presentation.

Objective: To investigate the role of subspecialization in maternal-fetal medicine (MFM) on the frequency of a trial of labor in term pregnancies with breech presentation.Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of 332 singleton pregnancies ≥37 weeks with nonfootling breech presentation that delivered over a 6-year period (1994–1998) at a university-based, tertiary care hospital. Patients were divided into two groups based on whether the delivery was attended by an MFM or non-MFM obstetrician-gynecologist. Demographic and clinical data were compared between groups and outcome variables included whether the patient had an attempt at vaginal delivery, cesarean delivery after a labor attempt, or vaginal breech delivery.Results: The frequency of labor attempt (OR 1.4, 95% CI 0.9–2.3), vaginal breech success rate (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.3–1.5), and overall cesarean rates (OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.5–1.7) were similar between groups. Using discriminant function analysis, only nulliparity (R2 = 1.6%, F = 6.0, P = 0.005) and...
Single oral doses of (±) 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (‘ Ecstasy ’) produce lasting serotonergic deficits in non-human primates: relationship to plasma drug and metabolite concentrations

Repeated doses of the popular recreational drug methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'Ecstasy') are known to produce neurotoxic effects on brain serotonin (5-HT) neurons but it is widely believed that typical single oral doses of MDMA are free of neurotoxic risk. Experimental and therapeutic trials with MDMA in humans are underway. The mechanisms by which MDMA produces neurotoxic effects are not understood but drug metabolites have been implicated. The aim of the present study was to assess the neurotoxic potential of a range of clinically relevant single oral doses of MDMA in a non-human primate species that metabolizes MDMA in a manner similar to humans, the squirrel monkey. A secondary objective was to explore the relationship between plasma MDMA and metabolite concentrations and lasting serotonergic deficits. Single oral doses of MDMA produced lasting dose-related serotonergic neurochemical deficits in the brains of squirrel monkeys. Notably, even the lowest dose of MDMA tested (5.7 mg/kg, estimated to be equivalent to 1.6 mg/kg in humans) produced significant effects in some brain regions. Plasma levels of MDMA engendered by neurotoxic doses of MDMA were on the order of those found in humans. Serotonergic neurochemical markers were inversely correlated with plasma concentrations of MDMA, but not with those of its major metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxymethamphetamine and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine. These results suggest that single oral doses of MDMA in the range of those used by humans pose a neurotoxic risk and implicate the parent compound (MDMA), rather than one of its metabolites, in MDMA-induced 5-HT neural injury.
The evolution and impact of advanced analytical and computational electromagnetics during the last 60 years

Electromagnetic field theory, analytical and computational developments and advancements, and the integration of materials & and their impact on electromagnetic technology, especially during the last 60 years, is discussed in this contribution.
Use of the Suture Anchor in Open Bankart Reconstruction: A Follow-up Report*

We previously reported early results of a new technique using a suture anchor to perform a modified Bankart reconstruction. That study included patients from two medical centers and had an average followup of only 1 year. This report includes patients from a single center with followup extended to a mean of 42 months (range, 33 to 61). Between April 1988 and August 1991, 53 patients with recurrent anterior glenohumeral instability underwent modified Bankart reconstruction with the use of a suture anchor. Thirty-two patients met inclusion cri teria (identifiable Bankart lesion, open repair with suture anchors, and minimum followup of 2 years); 4 patients were lost to followup. There have been no complications as a result of this technique. Ninety-three percent of the patients in the study had objectively excellent or good results. There were 2 failures with recurrent anterior dislocation.The use of a suture anchor can simplify the Bankart reconstruction. At average followup of 3 years, 26 pa tients have re...
Hardware implementation of robust constrained hearing aid arrays

Issues concerning the implementation of a real-time adaptive spatial filter to be used as a hearing aid preprocessor are addressed. The goal of the ongoing study is the development of a robust processor that offers a user spatial selectivity and attenuation of undesired interfering sources. A real-time sum and difference generalized sidelobe canceller has been implemented and the results suggest a more general robust processor is needed. Fixed spatial filters are then designed that illustrate the advantages that can be realized using a general linearly constrained minimum variance spatial filter. >
Missing data in longitudinal studies

When observations are made repeatedly over time on the same experimental units, unbalanced patterns of observations are a common occurrence. This complication makes standard analyses more difficult or inappropriate to implement, means loss of efficiency, and may introduce bias into the results as well. Some possible approaches to dealing with missing data include complete case analyses, univariate analyses with adjustments for variance estimates, two-step analyses, and likelihood based approaches. Likelihood approaches can be further categorized as to whether or not an explicit model is introduced for the non-response mechanism. This paper will review the use of likelihood based analyses for longitudinal data with missing responses, both from the point of view of ease of implementation and appropriateness in view of the non-response mechanism. Models for both measured and dichotomous outcome data will be discussed. The appropriateness of some non-likelihood based analyses is briefly considered.