cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron-emitting and electron-collecting probes as ion wave detectors

Abstract Electron-emitting and electron-collecting probes are experimentally shown to be very sensitive detectors of ion-acoustic waves. Fluctuations in ion density in the sheath surrounding a probe drastically change the rate of electron flow through the sheath.
MAMMALIAN DEGRADATION OF (-)-DEMETHYLCOTININE.

THE degradation of the pyrrolidine ring of (−)-nicotine in a number of mammalian species1–5 involves the formation of the intermediate, cotinine. This lactam of (+)-γ-(3-pyridyl)-γ-methylaminobutyric acid is in turn demethylated by the dog6 and the rat7, but possibly not by man8, to give the urinary metabolite (−)-demethyl-cotinine. In the metabolism of (−)-nornicotine, a companion alkaloid to nicotine in many situations, (−)-demethylcotinine, is also formed9. Demethylcotinine thus occupies a unique position in the early metabolic oxidation of the two alkaloids and we were led to explore some of the detail in its metabolic degradation. Natural (−)-demethy 1 l/m cotinine, which was obtained from the metabolism of (−)-cotinine in the dog6, was used in the investigations.
Inequivalence of the classes of classical and quantum harmonic potentials: proof by example

There are an infinite number of potentials whose classical angular velocity ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}$ is independent of energy. There are also an infinite number of potentials whose quantum eigenenergies are equally spaced, $\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{q}$. If ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}={\ensuremath{\omega}}_{q}$, then in the WKB approximation these classes are the same. (Certain specific potentials belong to both of these classes exactly.) However, we show by a different specific example that in general these classes are not equivalent.
Naming That Tune: Mobile Music Information Retrieval Systems

It is a typical but often dreaded music reference question—‘‘Can you help me figure out what this song is?’’—accompanied by the humming of a sometimes unrecognizable tune segment. Print resources like thematic catalogs and notation indexes can help identify a small group of classical music works, but successful use of these sources requires a combination of mathematics, transcription, and luck. However, technology has made it easier to answer this kind of question when one is faced with the plethora of popular music melodies, even when the patron cannot recall the lyrics to a particular song. Harnessing, organizing, and providing access to an unwieldy amount of recorded music has seemed nearly impossible. For years, research in music information retrieval (MIR) systems has been underway using experimental tools and creative programs that address such complicated issues as multiple recordings of the same work, differences in recording quality, tempo variances, and algorithm creation. MIR is the umbrella over a variety of more specific topics from metadata to programming, with a fascinating history and innovative projects on the horizon (see Resource List for further reading). The MIR systems discussed in this column—Midomi and Shazam—are only two of many, but I selected them because they are free and mobile. Both systems have applications for the iPhone, BlackBerry, and other cell phone brands so that music discovery, identification, and sharing can take place anywhere. These two systems can thus be used on the go, and they can also assist librarians trying to answer that [in]famous reference question.
Computational investigation and hydrogen/deuterium exchange of the fixed charge derivative tris(2,4,6-Trimethoxyphenyl) phosphonium: Implications for the aspartic acid cleavage mechanism

Aspartic acid (Asp)-containing peptides with the fixed charge derivative tris(2,4,6trimethoxyphenyl) phosphonium (tTMP-P+) were explored computationally and experimentally by hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange and by fragmentation studies to probe the phenomenon of selective cleavage C-terminal to Asp in the absence of a “mobile” proton. Ab initio modeling of the tTMP-P+ electrostatic potential shows that the positive charge is distributed on the phosphonium group and therefore is not initiating or directing fragmentation as would a “mobile” proton. Geometry optimizations and vibrational analyses of different Asp conformations show that the Asp structure with a hydrogen bond between the side-chain hydroxy and backbone carbonyl lies 2.8 kcal/mol above the lowest energy conformer. In reactions with D2O, the phosphonium-derived doubly charged peptide (H+)P+LDIFSDF rapidly exchanges all 12 of its exchangeable hydrogens for deuterium and also displays a nonexchanging population. With no added proton, P+LDIFSDF exchanges a maximum of 4 of 11 exchangeable hydrogens for deuterium. No exchange is observed when all acidic groups are converted to the corresponding methyl esters. Together, these H/D exchange results indicate that the acidic hydrogens are “mobile locally” because they are able to participate in exchange even in the absence of an added proton. Fragmentation of two distinct (H+)P+LDIFSDF ion populations shows that the nonexchanging population displays selective cleavage, whereas the exchanging population fragments more evenly across the peptide backbone. This result indicates that H/D exchange can sometimes distinguish between and provide a means of separation of different protonation motifs and that these protonation motifs can have an effect on the fragmentation.
Effect of tetraethyl lead and restricted food intake on locomotor activity in the rat

The effect of tetraethyl lead (TEL) and restricted food intake on spontaneous locomotor activity in male albino rats was investigated. Forty animals were injected intraperitoneally with 4, 7, 10 or 13 mg/kg body weight of TEL in peanut oil, or a peanut oil placebo. Forty additional animals were food yoked to lead treated animals as a control procedure to hold food intake constant between lead treated and lead free animals. A comparison of pre- and posttreatment measures revealed significant decreases in food intake and increases in activity levels at dosages of 7, 10 and 13 mg/kg of TEL. In addition, food intake and activity were significantly correlated in both lead treated and yoked groups. The issue of factors associated with reduced food intake playing a role in observed activity level increases was raised.
Effects of Crowding in a Student Environment1

Responses to crowding were examined in two student dormitories (Dorm A and Dorm B). Dorm B had more rooms per floor, smaller sized rooms, and a general layout which seemed conducive to a higher level of social stimulation. Students living in Dorm B reported being less involved with their roommates, being in a worse mmod, and experiencing more crowding. The role of crowding in mediating the relationship between type of dormitory as an independent variable and mood and interpersonal relationship as dependent variables was discussed.
Diversity of the Antibody Response to Tetanus Toxoid: Comparison of Hybridoma Library to Phage Display Library

Monoclonal antibodies are important tools in research and since the 1990s have been an important therapeutic class targeting a wide variety of diseases. Earlier methods of mAb production relied exclusively on the lengthy process of making hybridomas. The advent of phage display technology introduced an alternative approach for mAb production. A potential concern with this approach is its complete dependence on an in vitro selection process, which may result in selection of VH-VL pairs normally eliminated during the in vivo selection process. The diversity of VH-VL pairs selected from phage display libraries relative to an endogenous response is unknown. To address these questions, we constructed a panel of hybridomas and a phage display library using the spleen of a single tetanus toxoid-immunized mouse and compared the diversity of the immune response generated using each technique. Surprisingly, the tetanus toxoid-specific antibodies produced by the hybridoma library exhibited a higher degree of VH-VL genetic diversity than their phage display-derived counterparts. Furthermore, the overlap among the V-genes from each library was very limited. Consistent with the notion that accumulation of many small DNA changes lead to increased antigen specificity and affinity, the phage clones displayed substantial micro-heterogeneity. Contrary to previous reports, we found that antigen specificity against tetanus toxoid is encoded by both Vκ and VH genes. Finally, the phage-derived tetanus-specific clones had a lower binding affinity than the hybridomas, a phenomenon thought to be the result of random pairing of the V-genes.
A model-based approach to hyperspectral change detection

The majority of pixel-level hyperspectral change detection algorithms have risen out of probabilistic models developed for the data. These algorithms typically operate in two stages. In the first stage, the illumination differences and other changes due to atmospheric and environmental conditions between the two scenes are removed. In the second stage, a hypothesis test is performed on the difference between these normalized pixels. These particular change detection methods often suffer due to local variability within the data. As an alternative to these statistical-based change detection algorithms, this paper examines the use of a parametric physical model towards change detection. For a single hyperspectral data set, the number of unknown parameters in the model is greater than the number of measurements. However, if a second data set exists and the underlying material reflectance of each pixel is assumed to remain constant between the two, one can develop a problem for which the number of measurements is greater than the number of unknowns allowing for application of standard constrained optimization methods for parameter estimation. Assuming the validity of the physical model used, any residual error remaining after obtaining the optimal parameter estimates must result from noise or a violation of the reflectance assumption made, i.e., a change in material reflectance from time-1 to time-2. Accordingly, the fit error for each pixel is an indicator of reflectance change. Additionally, the proposed framework allows for incorporating spatial information at some later point. This paper provides a preliminary look at the proposed change detection method and associated challenges.
Volatiles from Strawberries. I. Mass Spectral Identification of the More Volatile Components

SUMMARY An oil with a characteristic strawberry aroma was obtained from the condensate from the jam-making process. Programmed-temperature capillary gasliquid chromatography (PTCGLC) showed the oil to be a very complex material of more than 150 components. A fast-scan mass spectrometer was used to analyze the material as it was eluted from the PTCGLC equipment, and some of the more volatile compounds identified are reported.
Stroke in HIV-Infected Patients: A Clinical Perspective

The occurrence of stroke in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been traditionally associated with opportunistic infections and tumors, and advanced stages of immunosuppression. However, this reality is undergoing major changes. Effective antiretroviral regimens are now able to forestall the progression of HIV infection and avoid early mortality. As HIV-infected patients are growing older, clinicians are facing new challenges, including an increasing incidence of vascular complications. The use of protease inhibitors is associated with a variety of metabolic derangements that could produce accelerated atherosclerosis. Cerebrovascular hemodynamic function is impaired in HIV-infected patients with evidence of abnormal vasoreactivity even in otherwise healthy individuals. The potential contribution from these novel mechanisms should be added to the high incidence of classic vascular risk factors in the HIV-infected population and the cardiac abnormalities frequently observed in these patients. Large-scale epidemiological studies should be carried out to define the true incidence of stroke in HIV-infected patients and the factors associated with its occurrence.
Systems Analysis of Ionic Liquids for Post-combustion CO2 Capture at Coal-fired Power Plants☆

Abstract The main objective of this study is to investigate the feasibility and costs of ionic liquid (IL)-based CO 2 capture systems at pulverized coal-fired (PC) power plants. The IL selected for this assessment is trihexyl- (tetradecyl)phosphonium 2-cyanopyrrolide ([P66614][2-CNpyr]), achieving a 1:1 and reversible chemical reaction between [2-CNpyr]− and CO 2 . A multi-stage equilibrium-based modeling framework is established to simulate the adiabatic absorption process, whereas a single-stage flash drum in equilibrium is employed for the stripping process. The performance model is linked to an engineering-economic model that estimates the capital cost, annual operating and maintenance (O&M) costs, and total levelized annual cost. The technical and cost models are applied to estimate the cost of CO 2 captured by an IL-based CCS system. The preliminary results show that for 90% CO 2 capture, the capture cost would be higher than the U.S. Department of Energy's target at $40 per metric ton of CO 2 captured for new generation technologies, mainly due to a large capital cost. However, current process designs are not yet optimized. Based on the cost of CO 2 captured, the most cost-effective capture cost is found to be at a removal efficiency of about 85% for CO 2 .
Cardiac-specific Nkx2.5 homeodomain : Conformational stability and specific DNA binding of Nkx2.5(C56S)

The cardiac-specific Nkx2.5 homeodomain has been expressed as a 79-residue protein with the oxidizable Cys56 replaced with Ser. The Nkx2.5 or Nkx2.5(C56S) homeodomain is 73% identical in sequence to and has the same NMR structure as the vnd (ventral nervous system defective)/NK-2 homeodomain of Drosophila when bound to the same specific DNA. The thermal unfolding of Nkx2.5(C56S) at pH 6.0 or 7.4 is a reversible, two-state process with unit cooperativity, as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and far-UV circular dichroism. Adding 100 mM NaCl to Nkx2.5(C56S) at pH 7.4 increases Tm from 44 to 54 ± 0.2 °C and ΔH from 34 to 45 ± 2 kcal/mol (giving a ΔCp of ∼1.2 kcal K-1 mol-1 for homeodomain unfolding). DSC profiles of Nkx2.5 indicate fluctuating nativelike structures at <37 °C. Titrations of specific 18 bp DNA with Nkx2.5(C56S) in buffer at pH 7.4 with 100 mM NaCl yield binding constants of 2−6 × 108 M-1 from 10 to 37 °C and a stoichiometry of 1:1 for homeodomain binding DNA, using isothermal...
Clonal analysis of nuclear differentiation in Tetrahymena

Abstract Nuclear differentiation is responsible for mating type determination in many ciliates. In Tetrahymena pyriformis, syngen 1, the focus of differentiation is the macronuclear subunit. We have analyzed mating type distribution within caryonides of these strains, in order to derive some insight into nuclear events. Cell lineages were established for the first two macronuclear divisions following conjugation. The resulting secondary subcaryonides were expanded 30-fold, and each subline was tested for mating type. Two kinds of caryonides were observed: monotypic caryonides yielded sublines all of the same mating type; polytypic caryonides produced sublines of different mating types. Most polytypic caryonides were ditypes, with one mating type (the majority type) in excess over the other (the minority type). No evidence was found for any systematic relationship between the mating types in a ditypic caryonide, except that mating type II appears primarily as a monotype. Thus, the mating type combinations and some aspects of the quantitative patterns involve indeterminate or random nuclear events. The nuclear events are not entirely random, however. Coordination among subunits being differentiated is indicated by the large numbers of monotypic caryonides, the rarity of high polytypes and the eccentricity of outputs in ditypes. The output ratios suggest that the most likely time for subunit differentiation is the 32-unit stage. The distribution of mating types among sublines indicates that subunit assortment is nonrandom for the first two macronuclear divisions. Finally, reexamination of an aberrant pair which might have indicated an exception to early macronuclear differentiation provides no unequivocal evidence for an exception to the rule of caryonidal inheritance in this syngen of T. pyriformis.
Tardive dyskinesia and other drug-induced movement disorders among handicapped children and youth.

Abstract Neuroleptic drugs are used in substantial numbers of mentally retarded children and youth. Many children are treated for very long periods of time, often with the sole purpose of suppressing undesirable behavior. Neuroleptic drugs can exert untoward effects upon many biological systems, and movement disorders or dyskinesias are among the most important consequences of neuroleptic use. The literature concerned with tardive dyskinesias, the most serious of these movement disorders, is examined. A brief discussion of neuroleptic-induced movement disorders, as well as of withdrawal emergent symptoms and acute extrapyramidal effects, is presented. Studying abnormal drug-induced movements in a population already prone to abnormal movements (e.g., stereotypies) even without drugs is extremely difficult but vital to establishing proper guidelines for neuroleptic use.
Simulation of photon paths through isotropically scattering media

A method is presented for simulating the paths traced by photons traveling through a homogenous isotropically scattering medium. An initial photon path is defined with a string of characters that represent the most direct path between a source pixel and a detection pixel. This string then is expanded systematically in unit increments using well-defined rules. In two dimensions using a hexagonal lattice, these rules assume that only six possible directions of scatter are allowed. In three dimensions using a Cartesian lattice, there also are only six directions. The method is tractable and lends itself to computational implementation. Because the method is deterministic, it is more efficient than Monte Carlo methods when investigating paths between specific source and detection pixels. When boundaries are imposed on an object, it is possible to investigate millions of photon paths of a given specified length and to determine probabilistically the pixels visited by the photons within the object.
A molecular imaging confocal workstation for in-vivo dermal microscopy of small animals

A system is designed and developed for simultaneous fluorescence and reflected contrast of in-vivo confocal imaging of murine skin. The reflected light image is overlaid on the fluorescence signal to provide a meaningful histological context. Design guidelines and preliminary results are presented.
Aerodynamic heating environment definition/thermal protection system selection for the HL-20

Definition of the aerothermal environment is critical to any vehicle such as the HL-20 Personnel Launch System that operates within the hypersonic flight regime. Selection of an appropriate thermal protection system design is highly dependent on the accuracy of the heating-environment prediction. It is demonstrated that the entry environment determines the thermal protection system design for this vehicle. The methods used to predict the thermal environment for the HL-20 Personnel Launch System vehicle are described. Comparisons of the engineering solutions with computational fluid dynamic predictions, as well as wind-tunnel test results, show good agreement. The aeroheating predictions over several critical regions of the vehicle, including the stagnation areas of the nose and leading edges, windward centerline and wing surfaces, and leeward surfaces, are discussed. Results of predictions based on the engineering methods found within the MINIVER aerodynamic heating code are used in conjunction with the results of the extensive wind-tunnel tests on this configuration to define a flight thermal environment. Finally, the selection of the thermal protection system based on these predictions and current technology is described.
Hand Gestures in CAD Systems

When designing products, networked computers are increasingly used to facilitate the collaboration among team members from remote locations. Design visualization plays a critical role in understanding the design concepts shared by the design team members. CAD systems have 3D visualization capabilities that are designed to help users to understand complex structures easily and to design better products. However, 3D visualization on a 2D screen has limitations in communicating complex structures. Furthermore, gestures play a significant role in face-to-face communication but are missing in remote collaboration. Object manipulation in 3D using gestures in the real physical space without a cumbersome hand-held peripheral device may ease the visualization and understanding of the concept model. Today, peripheral devices for human-computer interfaces are not only becoming more advanced but also less expensive. Some of the game controllers are now equipped with depth cameras (RGB-D cameras) and have a great potential for complementing or even replacing the traditional keyboard and mouse interface with hand or body gestures. In this paper, new low-cost mixed reality devices for 3D user inputs and visual outputs are investigated and their possible uses with CAD systems in the process of collaborative design are discussed.In this study, a hand tracking system built based on two Kinect sensors has been used to track the position and orientation of the user’s hands. In this system, CAD models can be manipulated and disassembled using hand gestures. The new user interface provides for a user-friendly interaction between designer and CAD system.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Photochemical [3 + 2] cycloaddition of α,β-acetylenic ketones with simple olefins

Abstract Irradiation of 3-pentyn-2-one (1) in the presence of tetramethylethylene, isobutylene, and cis- and trans -2-butene leads to vinyldihydrofurans 3,5,6, 8 and 9 (Table 1) in a novel [3 + 2] photochemical cycloaddition reaction. A related adduct 13 is formed between tetramethylethylene and 5,5-dimethyl-3-hexyn-2-one (2). A mechanism incorporating an initial biradical that closes to a carbene (eqn 3) is proposed to account for these reactions.
The Pendulum: A Paradigm for the Linear Oscillator

The simple pendulum is a model for the linear oscillator. The usual mathematical treatment of the problem begins with a differential equation that one solves with the techniques of the differential calculus, a formal process that tends to obscure the physics. In this paper we begin with a kinematic description of the motion obtained by experiment and a dynamic description obtained by the application of Newton’s laws. We then impose the constraint of compatibility on the two descriptions. This method leads to a fuller understanding of the physics of the oscillator. The paper demonstrates the ubiquity of the linear oscillator as an idealisation of real physical phenomena. It treats the general case of damping with forced motion, including the phenomenon of resonance.
CRISPR-Cas Systems: Prokaryotes Upgrade to Adaptive Immunity

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), and associated proteins (Cas) comprise the CRISPR-Cas system, which confers adaptive immunity against exogenic elements in many bacteria and most archaea. CRISPR-mediated immunization occurs through the uptake of DNA from invasive genetic elements such as plasmids and viruses, followed by its integration into CRISPR loci. These loci are subsequently transcribed and processed into small interfering RNAs that guide nucleases for specific cleavage of complementary sequences. Conceptually, CRISPR-Cas shares functional features with the mammalian adaptive immune system, while also exhibiting characteristics of Lamarckian evolution. Because immune markers spliced from exogenous agents are integrated iteratively in CRISPR loci, they constitute a genetic record of vaccination events and reflect environmental conditions and changes over time. Cas endonucleases, which can be reprogrammed by small guide RNAs have shown unprecedented potential and flexibility for genome editing and can be repurposed for numerous DNA targeting applications including transcriptional control.
On Product Moments From a Finite Universe

Exact formulae for the mathematical expectation of (i – i) (j – j) (k – k) and (i – i) (j – j) (k – k) (h – h) (i ≠ j ≠ k ≠ h) where i is the sample mean of the i-th “character” in a sample of n elements from a population of N elements and i is the corresponding population mean, are given. Formulas for estimating these product moments from the sample are also given.
Does postpartum length of stay affect breastfeeding duration? A population-based study.

: Background: Short postpartum hospital stays may leave inadequate time for women to receive assistance with breastfeeding. Women leaving the hospital early may also have household responsibilities that could interfere with breastfeeding. This study examined the relationship between postpartum length of stay and breastfeeding cessation. Methods: This study used data from 10,519 respondents to the California Maternal and Infant Health Assessment (MIHA) surveys from 1999 to 2001. MIHA is an annual statewide stratified random sample, population-based study of childbearing women in California. Survival analysis was used to examine the relationship between length of stay and length of time breastfeeding. Women were asked about the number of nights their infant stayed in the hospital at birth, whether they breastfed, and if so, the age of the child when they stopped. Hospital stay was defined in three categories: standard (2 nights for a vaginal delivery, 4 nights for a cesarean section), or shorter or longer than the standard stay. Results: Approximately 88 percent of women initiated breastfeeding. Unadjusted predictors of breastfeeding cessation included short or long postpartum stay; young maternal age; Hispanic, African American, or Asian/Pacific Islander race/ethnicity; being unmarried; low income or education level; primiparity; being born in the 50 United States or the District of Columbia; smoking during pregnancy; and low infant birthweight. After adjustment for potential confounders, women with a short stay remained slightly more likely to terminate breastfeeding than women with a standard stay (relative risk, 1.11, 95% confidence interval 1.01, 1.23). Conclusion: Women who leave the hospital earlier than the standard recommended stay are at somewhat increased risk of terminating breastfeeding early. (BIRTH 30:3 September 2003)
Predictors and outcomes of ocular hypertension after open-globe injury.

Purpose:Evaluate predictors and outcomes of ocular hypertension after open-globe injury.Patients and Methods:This is a retrospective, case-control study reviewing records of consecutive patients with open-globe injuries treated at Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary between February 1999 and January
Bronchiolitis-associated hospitalizations among US children, 1980-1996.

ContextRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes more lower respiratory tract infections, often manifested as bronchiolitis, among young children than any other pathogen. Few national estimates exist of the hospitalizations attributable to RSV, and recent advances in prophylaxis warrant an update of these estimates.ObjectivesTo describe rates of bronchiolitis-associated hospitalizations and to estimate current hospitalizations associated with RSV infection.Design and SettingDescriptive analysis of US National Hospital Discharge Survey data from 1980 through 1996.ParticipantsChildren younger than 5 years who were hospitalized in short-stay, nonfederal hospitals for bronchiolitis.Main Outcome MeasureBronchiolitis-associated hospitalization rates by age and year.ResultsDuring the 17-year study period, an estimated 1.65 million hospitalizations for bronchiolitis occurred among children younger than 5 years, accounting for 7.0 million inpatient days. Fifty-seven percent of these hospitalizations occurred among children younger than 6 months and 81% among those younger than 1 year. Among children younger than 1 year, annual bronchiolitis hospitalization rates increased 2.4-fold, from 12.9 per 1000 in 1980 to 31.2 per 1000 in 1996. During 1988-1996, infant hospitalization rates for bronchiolitis increased significantly (P for trend <.001), while hospitalization rates for lower respiratory tract diseases excluding bronchiolitis did not vary significantly (P for trend = .20). The proportion of hospitalizations for lower respiratory tract illnesses among children younger than 1 year associated with bronchiolitis increased from 22.2% in 1980 to 47.4% in 1996; among total hospitalizations, this proportion increased from 5.4% to 16.4%. Averaging bronchiolitis hospitalizations during 1994-1996 and assuming that RSV was the etiologic agent in 50% to 80% of November through April hospitalizations, an estimated 51,240 to 81,985 annual bronchiolitis hospitalizations among children younger than 1 year were related to RSV infection.ConclusionsDuring 1980-1996, rates of hospitalization of infants with bronchiolitis increased substantially, as did the proportion of total and lower respiratory tract hospitalizations associated with bronchiolitis. Annual bronchiolitis hospitalizations associated with RSV infection among infants may be greater than previous estimates for RSV bronchiolitis and pneumonia hospitalizations combined.
Cosmic censorship and the dilaton.

We investigate extremal electrically charged black holes in Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton theory with a cosmological constant inspired by string theory. These solutions are not static, and a timelike singularity eventually appears which is not surrounded by an event horizon. This suggests that cosmic censorship may be violated in this theory.
Organic matter turnover in a sagebrush steppe landscape

Laboratory incubations of15N-amended soils from a sagebrush steppe in south-central Wyoming indicate that nutrient turnover and availability have complex patterns across the landscape and between microsites. Total and available N and P and microbial C and N were highest in topographic depressions characterized by tall shrub communities. Net and gross N mineralization rates and respiration were also highest in these areas, but microbial efficiencies expressing growth relative to respiration cost were highest in soils of exposed ridgetop sites (prostrate shrub communities). Similar patterns occurred between shrub and intershrub soils, with greater nutrient availability under shrubs, but lower microbial efficiencies under shrubs than between. Surface soils had higher soil nutrient pools and N mineralization rates than subsurface soils, but N and C turnover and microbial efficiencies were lower in those surface soils. All soils decreased in respiration, mineralization, and immobilization rates during the 30-day incubation period, apparently approaching a steady-state substrate use. Soil microbial activity of the high organic matter accumulation areas was apparently more limited by labile substrate.
L'avenir des relations professionnelles aux Etats‐Unis: retour à la base et créativité

Resume Les Etats-Unis sont l'un des pays developpes ou le declin du syndicalisme et de la negociation collective est le plus marque. Leurs relations professionnelles, fondees sur la relation d'emploi «typique», ont vu leurs institutions affaiblies par une legislation restrictive et par l'hostilite des employeurs. Desormais, l'emploi precaire, les conditions de travail mediocres et la marginalisation caracterisent le marche du travail, avec pour effet l'apparition de nouveaux mouvements sociaux, spontanes et locaux, visant a proteger les travailleurs vulnerables avec des strategies tres novatrices. A cet egard, les «centres d'aide aux travailleurs» sont particulierement actifs, souvent en association avec les syndicats classiques.
Kinetics of plant growth and metabolism

Abstract Direct measurements of plant growth rates in terms of volume, length, net photosynthate, etc. provide little information concerning the mechanism of adaptation of metabolism to an environment. To derive the mechanism, metabolic properties must be measured as functions of environmental variables. Growth rates may be limited by the availability of nutrients including fixed carbon, by climate, by other environmental factors including toxins, or by the genetically determined properties of the plant. But in all cases, growth rate is equal to a function of respiration rate and efficiency. For a plant to thrive, its respiratory metabolism as well as its photosynthetic metabolism must be closely adapted to the seasonal and daily variations in the environment. Thus, measurement of respiratory properties is necessary for understanding plant adaptation. In terms of readily measurable respiratory variables, the rate law for growth driven by aerobic respiration is R SG =R CO 2 ϵ C 1−ϵ C =rR O 2 ϵ C 1−ϵ C =−R CO 2 Δ H CO 2 η H Δ H B = − Δ H CO 2 R CO 2 −R q Δ H B where RSG is the specific growth rate, RCO2 the specific rate of CO2 evolution, ϵC the fraction of substrate carbon converted into structural biomass or the substrate carbon conversion efficiency, r the respiratory quotient, RO2 the specific rate of O2 uptake, ΔHCO2 the enthalpy change for combustion of substrate per mole of CO2, ηH the fraction of enthalpy produced by oxidation of substrate that is conserved in the biomass synthesized through anabolism (i.e. the enthalpic efficiency), and ΔHB is the enthalpy change for conversion of substrate into structural biomass per C-mole. ΔHCO2 can be obtained from Thornton’s rule, and ΔHB from either heat of combustion or composition data or from growth measurements. Calorespirometric measurements can then be used to obtain values for ϵC and ηH. Measurements of RCO2(or of r and RO2) and the metabolic heat rate, Rq, as functions of environmental variables thus, can be used to rapidly ascertain the growth and metabolic responses of plants to environmental variables. This model and calorespirometric measurements are used to predict the responses of plant growth to differing climates, to predict the global gradient of plant species ranges and diversity, and to predict global treeline temperature conditions. Growth-season temperature and temperature variability are found to be major determinants of growth rates and distributions of plants. These findings may be useful in predicting the response of plants to climate changes.
Mothers and fathers and mothers and babies: Interrelationship among relationships

The relationship between perceived marital satisfaction and early mother-infant interaction was investigated. Seventeen mothers and their three-day-old infants served as subjects. Dyads were observed via a modified time-sampling technique during a hospital feeding session. Then mothers completed a questionnaire concerning their perceptions of the marital relationship. Correlational analyses revealed a significant covariance of positive perceptions of the expressive aspects of the marital relationship and heightened social interaction for mother and infant. An interrelationship was observed between mother-neonate social-visual communication and maternal reports of planned pregnancies, time spent talking with spouse, general ratings of “getting along with spouse,” and positive overall evaluations of the material relationship. Also observed was the interrelationship of mother holding infant away from close bodily contact with reports of decreased love felt toward spouse, less optimal perceptions of ease of emotional expression and spousal interest in maternal daily activities, and less optimal overall ratings of the relationship. Implications of the results and the need for further research are discussed.
Development of a Job Task Analysis Tool for Assessing the Work of Physicians in the Intensive Care Unit

This paper describes the development of a job task analysis tool for observing and recording physician tasks in the ICU. Real-time direct observations were conducted by outside observers using a co...
S -Wave Detector of Deuteron Polarization and 14-Mev Polarized-Neutron Source

It is pointed out that the fact that isotropy does not necessarily follow for a reaction induced by polarized s-wave deuterons may enable one to use, for example, the T(d,n)He/sup 4/ reaction as a sensitive detector of the polarization of a deuteron beam. This reaction will also serve as a source of polarized 14-Mev neutrons. (W.D.M.)
Induction of a Gradual, Reversible Morphogenesis of Its Host’s Epithelial Brush Border by Vibrio fischeri

Bacteria exert a variety of influences on the morphology and physiology of animal cells whether they are pathogens or cooperative partners. The association between the luminous bacterium Vibrio fischeri and the sepiolid squid Euprymna scolopes provides an experimental model for the study of the influence of extracellular bacteria on the development of host epithelia. In this study, we analyzed bacterium-induced changes in the brush borders of the light organ crypt epithelia during the initial hours following colonization of this tissue. Transmission electron microscopy of the brush border morphology in colonized and uncolonized hosts revealed that the bacteria effect a fourfold increase in microvillar density over the first 4 days of the association. Estimates of the proportions of bacterial cells in contact with host microvilli showed that the intimacy of the bacterial cells with animal cell surfaces increases significantly during this time. Antibiotic curing of the organ following colonization showed that sustained interaction with bacteria is essential for the retention of the induced morphological changes. Bacteria that are defective in either light production or colonization efficiency produced changes similar to those by the parent strain. Conventional fluorescence and confocal scanning laser microscopy revealed that the brush border is supported by abundant filamentous actin. However, in situ hybridization with β-actin probes did not show marked bacterium-induced increases in β-actin gene expression. These experiments demonstrate that the E. scolopes-V. fischeri system is a viable model for the experimental study of bacterium-induced changes in host brush border morphology.
Culture and Social Support Provision Who Gives What and Why

The present research examined cultural differences in the type and frequency of support provided as well as the motivations underlying these behaviors. Study 1, an open-ended survey, asked participants about their social interactions in the past 24 hours and found that European Americans reported providing emotion-focused support more frequently than problem-focused support, whereas Japanese exhibited the opposite pattern. Study 2, a closed-ended questionnaire study, found that, in response to the close other’s big stressor, European Americans provided more emotion-focused support whereas Japanese provided equivalent amounts of emotion-focused and problem-focused support. In addition, Study 2 examined motivational explanations for these differences. Social support provision was motivated by the goal of closeness and increasing recipient self-esteem among European Americans, but only associated with the motive for closeness among Japanese. These studies illustrate the importance of considering cultural con...
Lamin-binding Fragment of LAP2 Inhibits Increase in Nuclear Volume during the Cell Cycle and Progression into S Phase

Lamina-associated polypeptide 2 (LAP2) is an integral membrane protein of the inner nuclear membrane that binds to both lamin B and chromatin and has a putative role in nuclear envelope (NE) organization. We found that microinjection of a recombinant polypeptide comprising the nucleoplasmic domain of rat LAP2 (residues 1–398) into metaphase HeLa cells does not affect the reassembly of transport-competent nuclei containing NEs and lamina, but strongly inhibits nuclear volume increase. This effect appears to be specifically due to lamin binding, because it also is caused by microinjection of the minimal lamin-binding region of LAP2 (residues 298–373) but not by the chromatin-binding domain (residues 1–88). Injection of the lamin-binding region of rat LAP2 into early G1 phase HeLa cells also strongly affects nuclear growth; it almost completely prevents the threefold nuclear volume increase that normally occurs during the ensuing 10 h. Moreover, injection of the fragment during early G1 phase strongly inhibits entry of cells into S phase, whereas injection during S phase has no apparent effect on ongoing DNA replication. Since the lamin-binding fragment of LAP2 most likely acts by inhibiting dynamics of the nuclear lamina, our results suggest that a normal function of LAP2 involves regulation of nuclear lamina growth. These data also suggest that lamina dynamics are required for growth of the NE and for nuclear volume increase during the cell cycle, and that progression into S phase is dependent on the acquisition of a certain nuclear volume.
NVSS Observations of UGC Galaxies

The positions of UGC galaxies brighter than 14.5 magnitude have been searched in the NVSS source catalog. Over half of all galaxies were detected above the NVSS limit of 2.5 mJy. Of particular note is that 41% of E and SO galaxies were detected. Approximately 25% of these have radio/IR flux density ratios consistent with star formation. Luminosity and visibility functions are derived for starforming and AGN powered radio sources. The normal galaxy luminosity function closely follows the IR luminosity function scaled by the radio-IR relation. The AGN luminosity function is steadily rising towards lower luminosity at 1020 W/Hz.
Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus Effect of Defect Size and Plantarflexion Angle on Ankle Joint Stresses

Background: Osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLTs) are a common cause of ankle pain and disability. Current clinical guidelines favor autogenous or allogenic osteochondral grafting procedures for lesions larger than 10 mm in diameter because of increased failure rates in these larger lesions with arthroscopic debridement, curettage, and microfracture. There are currently no biomechanical data nor level I clinical data supporting this size threshold.Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of OLT defect size on stress concentration, rim stress, and location of peak stress and whether a threshold defect size exists.Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study.Methods: Progressively larger medial OLTs were created (6, 8, 10, and 12 mm) in 8 fresh-frozen cadaveric ankle joints. With a calibrated Tekscan pressure sensor in the tibiotalar joint, an axial load of 686 N was applied, and pressure was recorded in neutral and 15° of plantar flexion with each defect size. Peak stress, contact a...
Prevalence of mild fasting hyperhomocysteinemia in renal transplant versus coronary artery disease patients after fortification of cereal grain flour with folic acid

Cereal grain flour products fortified with 140 μg folic acid per 100 g flour became widely available in southeast New England by July 1997. We hypothesized that improved folate status secondary to this fortification policy would have a much more limited impact on the prevalence of mild fasting hyperhomocysteinemia in renal transplant versus coronary artery disease patients. Between October 1997 and October 1998, fasting plasma total homocysteine (tHcy), folate and vitamin B12 levels were determined in a total of 86 renal transplant patients with stable allograft function, and 175 coronary artery disease patients whose serum creatinine was (1.4 mg/dl). All subjects lived in the Providence, RI, metropolitan area, and were either non-users of any supplements containing folic acid, vitamins B6 or B12, or had refrained from using such supplements for ≥6 weeks. Geometric mean fasting tHcy levels were 88.0% higher (15.6 vs. 8.3 μmol/l; P<0.001), and the prevalence of fasting tHcy levels ≥12 μM (69.8% vs. 10.9%, P<0.001) was markedly increased in the renal transplant patients, despite a much younger mean age and a relative preponderance of women. In the era of folic acid fortified flour, hyperhomocysteinemia is much more common in stable renal transplant versus coronary artery disease patients. As a result, renal transplant patients are a preferable high risk target population for controlled trials evaluating the tenable hypothesis that lowering total homocysteine levels will reduce cardiovascular disease outcomes.
Efficacy with High-Dose Aripiprazole After Olanzapine-Related Metabolic Disturbances

Objective:To report a case in which a patient tolerated and responded to high-dose aripiprazole and lost weight after having been on olanzapine for several years; a secondary objective is to discuss the use of aripiprazole dosages at higher than those recommended in the product's labeling.Case Summary:A 57-year-old man with a 30 year history of schizophrenia had been taking olanzapine for 4 years, with the dosage titrated to 20 mg/day, to control the psychosis. After he had gained significant weight with olanzapine (the highest was 102.7 kg), his treatment was switched to aripiprazole. The patient required a high dose of aripiprazole (60 mg/day) to achieve full control of the psychiatric symptoms, and during aripiprazole therapy, he lost the weight he had gained while on olanzapine, weighing 85.9 kg within 7 months after the therapy switch.Discussion:Dosages of atypical antipsychotics higher than those recommended by the Food and Drug Administration are often used in clinical practice for refractory patie...
Estrogen receptor-α and -β coexist in a subpopulation of sensory neurons of female rat dorsal root ganglia

Immunoreactivities for estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-alpha) and ER-beta are expressed in sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). It has not been established, however, if the two receptor subtypes coexist in the same neuron. Double-staining immunohistochemical techniques were used to determine if subpopulations of neurons in the lumbosacral DRG exist based on their content of ERs. Results indicate that some neurons (approximately 17%) of the L6-S1 DRG contain ER-alpha -, some (approximately 23%) contain ER-beta - immunoreactivity and some (approximately 5%) express immunoreactivity for both subtypes of the ER. These results suggest that many sensory neurons can respond to estrogens, but estrogens may produce different morphofunctional effects in different neurons based on their expression of ER subtypes.
Provisional Selves: Experimenting with Image and Identity in Professional Adaptation

This article describes how people adapt to new roles by experimenting with provisional selves that serve as trials for possible but not yet fully elaborated professional identities. Qualitative dat...
Language, tools and brain: The ontogeny and phylogeny of hierarchically organized sequential behavior

During the first two years of human life a common neural substrate (roughly Broca's area) underlies the hierarchical organization of elements in the development of speech as well as the capacity to combine objects manually, including tool use. Subsequent ~rticd daerentiation, beginning at age two, creates distinct, relatively modularized capacities for linguistic grammar . . and more complex combination of objects. An evolutionary homologue of the neural substrate for language production and manual , . action is hypothesized to have provided afoundation for the evolution oflanguage before the divergence of the horninids and the great apes. Support comes from the discovery of a Broca's area homologue and related neural circuits in contemporary primates. In addition, chimpanzees have an identical constraint on hierarchical complexity in both tool use and symbol combination. Their . . performance matches that of the two-year-old child who has not yet developed the neural circuits for complex grammar and camplex manual combination of objects.