cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-consistent Al (111) film calculations

We have performed self-consistent linear-combination-of-Gaussian-orbitals calculations for six-layer Al (111) films using the Kohn-Sham exchange and two different forms for the correlation potential. Using the Wigner correlation potential, we obtain a work function of 4.275 eV; this is the first Al calculation in agreement with the experimental value of 4.26 eV. Stretching the six-layer potential to 18 layers, we calculate the energy bands and find several surface states, two of which have not appeared in previous calculations.
Jeffrey S. Abrams, MD, on "Pathoanatomy of first-time, traumatic, anterior glenohumeral subluxation events" by Lieutenant Colonel Brett D. Owens, MD, et al.

Anterior shoulder subluxation is a transitory event that can be difficult to define. Descriptive phrases in sports, such as the so-called dead-arm syndrome, reflect on the associated neurological symptoms that may occur with excessive anterior humeral translation. The military is a unique setting in which to study this disorder, since it provides information on young active individuals who must perform at a high level and comply with medical advice. Short-term and midterm data collection and repetitive examinations are routinely available. Most studies have examined dislocation events, since the pathologic event was documented by radiographs and/or there was required assistance for reduction1,2. This unique study on subluxation suggests that articular injury may explain why certain patients have recurrences or progress from subluxation to dislocation. It is important to acknowledge that this is a study of disorders with a traumatic etiology. Shoulders with increased laxity that have a momentary subluxation due to position or strain are not included in this population. We may expect to find an absence of labral injury in patients with subluxation but with no history of trauma. The authors identified a paucity …
Early activation of quorum sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa reveals the architecture of a complex regulon

Quorum-sensing regulation of gene expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is complex. Two interconnected acyl-homoserine lactone (acyl-HSL) signal-receptor pairs, 3-oxo-dodecanoyl-HSL-LasR and butanoyl-HSL-RhlR, regulate more than 300 genes. The induction of most of the genes is delayed during growth of P. aeruginosa in complex medium, cannot be advanced by addition of exogenous signal, and requires additional regulatory components. Many of these late genes can be induced by addition of signals early by using specific media conditions. While several factors super-regulate the quorum receptors, others may co-regulate target promoters or may affect expression posttranscriptionally. To better understand the contributions of super-regulation and co-regulation to quorum-sensing gene expression, and to better understand the general structure of the quorum sensing network, we ectopically expressed the two receptors (in the presence of their cognate signals) and another component that affects quorum sensing, the stationary phase sigma factor RpoS, early in growth. We determined the effect on target gene expression by microarray and real-time PCR analysis. Our results show that many target genes (e.g. lasB and hcnABC) are directly responsive to receptor protein levels. Most genes (e.g. lasA, lecA, and phnAB), however, are not significantly affected, although at least some of these genes are directly regulated by quorum sensing. The majority of promoters advanced by RhlR appeared to be regulated directly, which allowed us to build a RhlR consensus sequence. The direct responsiveness of many quorum sensing target genes to receptor protein levels early in growth confirms the role of super-regulation in quorum sensing gene expression. The observation that the induction of most target genes is not affected by signal or receptor protein levels indicates that either target promoters are co-regulated by other transcription factors, or that expression is controlled posttranscriptionally. This architecture permits the integration of multiple signaling pathways resulting in quorum responses that require a "quorum" but are otherwise highly adaptable and receptive to environmental conditions.
Clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness of strategies for managing people at high risk for diabetes.

The authors used a novel decision model to estimate the long-term outcomes and costs of care when patients with impaired glucose tolerance use metformin or enroll in a lifestyle modification progra...
Horseshoe crab sperm contain a unique isoform of arginine kinase that is present in midpiece and flagellum

Spermatozoa of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, contained high activities of arginine kinase (AK), the bulk of which was completely solubilized in buffer lacking detergent. Sperm AK, along with the fast isoform of muscle AK, were purified to homogeneity. Sperm AK had similar electrophoretic mobility on cellulose acetate to that of muscle AK. In contrast, sperm AK ran somewhat slower than muscle AK on SDS-PAGE, indicating that this protein has a higher relative molecular mass (44 kD vs. 41 kD). These two forms also showed different chromatographic behavior on a reverse-phase HPLC column. Peptide maps of cyanogen bromide cleavage fragments of sperm and muscle AK showed distinct differences. Collectively, these data suggest that the sperm of L. polyphemus contain a unique AK isoform. Polyclonal anti-muscle AK antibodies, which showed strong reactivity against sperm AK, were used to localize AK in sperm. Both indirect immunofluorescence and immunogold transmission electron microscopy showed that AK was present in the midpiece in the vicinity of the mitochondria and also along the length of the flagellum. Given the polarized geometry of these cells, it appears that the AK reaction may play a role in high energy phosphate transport to dynein ATPases in the flagellum. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
EFFECTS OF D-AMPHETAMINE AND RESTRAINT ON THE CONTENT OF NOREPINEPHRINE AND DOPAMINE IN RAT BRAIN.

Abstract Injection of d -amphetamine into rats caused a rapid reduction of norepinephrine content in brain; repletion occurred within 72 hr. Dopamine content of the brain was not affected. Restraint did not enhance the d -amphetamine-induced release of norepinephrine.
Structural basis of polypharmacological effects of metformin

Metformin is the first-line drug of choice for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Recently, it was found that clinically achievable concentrations of metformin cause significant death of cancer cells in culture. Existing evidences connect its anti-cancer effects to the inhibition of the mTOR signaling pathway, but the actual molecular targets remain unknown. In this study, proteome-wide ligand binding site analysis, reverse protein-ligand docking, and quantum mechanics are used to search for the potential molecular targets of metformin. Our results suggest that metformin may bind to β-subunit of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK), and active AMPK through allosteric regulation. Several off-targets that are directly or indirectly involved in mTOR pathways are identified. These results generate a tractable set of anti-cancer protein targets for experimental validations.
The Evolution of First Amendment Protection for Commercial Speech

During the past 15 years, the U.S. Supreme Court has used Central Hudson Gas v. Public Service Commission (1980) to expand significantly the power of the government at all levels to regulate advert...
Political decision making with costly and imperfect information

In political decision making, a rational actor often faces a complex simultaneous choice problem of gathering costly information and choosing among several risky alternatives. This situation can be modelled as a repeated decision problem in which the decision maker purchases an item of costly information, uses it to update beliefs and then decides whether to purchase more information or to stop and choose the alternative having highest expected utility. The problem is shown to have a well-defined solution, and the effects of differing levels of information costs and risks upon this solution are derived. Applications to the bureaucrat's choice among policy alternatives and to the voter's candidate choice problem are sketched. The model represents a full-rationality foundation for bounded-rationality models of politcal (and other) decision making.
Modulation Domain Features for Discriminating Infrared Targets and Backgrounds

For the first time, we compute modulation domain features for infrared targets and backgrounds, including dominant modulations that characterize the local texture contrast, orientation, and granularity. We present a practical computational approach and introduce a new FM algorithm designed to reduce the approximation errors characteristic of many existing discrete techniques. By performing experiments against actual FLIR approach sequences, we verify that typical IR imagery does indeed possess sufficient texture structure for effective modulation domain characterization. We demonstrate qualitatively that the modulation domain features can significantly enhance target-background class separability relative to pixel domain features.
Role of extrinsic innervation in jejunal absorptive adaptation to subtotal small bowel resection: a model of segmental small bowel transplantation.

Segmental small bowel transplantation offers theoretic advantages over total jejunoileal transplantation, but the regional ability of the transplanted segment to adapt is unknown. Absorption was measured in an 80 cm jejunal segment via a triple-lumen perfusion technique. Separate experiments measuring absorption of four nutrients (glucose, glutamine, oleic acid, and taurocholic acid) were performed before and 2 and 12 weeks after operative intervention. Control dogs (CON, n = 6) underwent distal 50% enterectomy. Experimental dogs (EXT DEN, n = 6), in addition to resection, underwent complete extrinsic denervation of the remaining jejunum. All dogs developed diarrhea, which rhesolved in all CON dogs but persisted in all EXT DEN dogs. Maximal weight loss was greater in the EXT DEN group. Glucose and oleate absorption was decreased 2 weeks after ileal resection in both the CON and EXT DEN dogs; glutamine absorption was decreased at 2 weeks in EXT DEN dogs only. Taurocholate and water absorption remained unchanged in both groups. Absorption of all solutes returned to baseline at 12 weeks in both groups. Despite greater weight loss and persistent diarrhea in EXT DEN dogs, at 12 weeks there were no differences in net absorptive fluxes between the EXT DEN and the CON group after extrinsic denervation. The extrinsic denervation necessitated by small bowel transplantation does not appear to blunt the net jejunal adaptive response to total ileal resection, but may temporarily alter glutamine absorption.
Leiomyosarcoma of the colon with metastasis to the liver: right hepatic lobectomy in presence of variant hepatic artery.

A successful right hepatic lobectomy for a large solitary liver metastasis of a leiomyosarcoma was performed 8 years after removal of the primary lesion in the right colon. An anomalous arterial supply to the medial segment of the left hepatic lobe was encountered during the dissection. Clues to the presence of the anomalous blood supply and the rationale and results of hepatectomy for metastatic neoplasms are discussed briefly. An aggressive approach to surgical therapy is advocated in selected cases.
Direct-Write Deposition of PZT Thick Films Derived from Modified Sol-Gel Process

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thick films (6-70 mum) have been deposited on platinum coated alumina and silicon substrates using Micropentrade direct-write technique. Feedstock materials for Micropen deposition have been prepared by a modified sol-gel process in which different amounts of commercial PZT powder (15, 20, 25, 30 vol%) were dispersed in a stable PZT sol to achieve low temperature heat treatment conditions (700degC). The effects of the substrate, intermediate sol layer, film thickness, PZT content, and Micropen parameters on the resulting multi-layer PZT films have been investigated. The films using 15 vol% paste on Pt/Si substrate showed dielectric constant in the range 540-870, dielectric loss between 4.1 and 4.5 % at 1 kHz, remanent polarization (Pr) of 7-12 muC/cm2, and coercive field (Ec) of 24-30 kV/cm.
Psychogenic upper airway obstruction presenting as refractory wheezing

1. Brooks JG. Apnea of infancy and sudden death syndrome. Am J Dis Child 1982;136:1012-23. 2. Oren J, Kelly DH, Shannon DC. Identification of high-risk group for sudden infant death syndrome among infants who were resuscitated for sleep apnea. Pediatrics 1986;77:495-9. 3. Stein IM, Shannon DC. The pediatric pneumogram: a new method for quantitating apnea in infants. Pediatrics 1975;55:599-603. 4. Rosen CL, Frost JD Jr, Harrison GM. Infant apnea: polygraphic sleep studies and follow-up monitoring. Pediatrics 1983;71:731-6. 5. Rosen CL, Frost JD Jr, Bricker T, et al. Two siblings with recurrent cardiorespiratory arrest: Munchausen syndrome by proxy or child abuse? Pediatrics 1983;71:715-20. 6. Meadow R. Munchausen syndrome by proxy: the hinterland of child abuse. Lancet 1977;2:343-5. 7. Emery JL. Families in which two or more cot deaths have occurred. Lancet 1986;1:313-5.
Genotype by environment interaction and genetic correlations among parities for somatic cell count and milk yield.

Abstract Lactation measures of somatic cell concentration and total SCC production were developed. Data were separated into three parity groups. Within parity, five data sets were created: four subsets by herd-year average SCC, and one with all records. Records on lactation SCC, total SCC production, and 305-d milk were analyzed by a sire model separately in each subset within parity. Variance components estimates were by REML. For SCC and total SCC production, heritability estimates averaged .12 and were lowest in the highest level of herd-year average SCC. Estimates of genetic correlation between SCC and total SCC production were over .95; between SCC and 305-d milk were around .25 in first and –.15 in later parities; between total SCC and 305-d milk were around .50 in first and .15 in later parities. Product-moment correlations between sire effects in different levels of herd-year average SCC were obtained. Ratios of product-moment correlations to their expected value were above .80 for all traits in all parities. High ratios indicated little genotype by environment interaction. A sire by herd interaction was fitted in the model and accounted for less than 2% of total phenotypic variance for SCC and total SCC production, and 4% for 305-d milk. Estimates of genetic correlation of first with later parities were .71 to .86 for all traits. Between second and third parity genetic correlation estimates were around unity for all traits. Records from all parities should be used for sire evaluation.
In Vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Furin Activity in Breast Cancer Cells Using Bioluminogenic Substrates

Furin, a proprotein convertases family endoprotease, processes numerous physiological substrates and is overexpressed in cancer and inflammatory conditions. Noninvasive imaging of furin activity will offer a valuable tool to probe furin function over the course of tumor growth and migration in the same animals in real time and directly assess the inhibition efficacy of drugs in vivo. Here, we report successful bioluminescence imaging of furin activity in xenografted MBA-MB-468 breast cancer tumors in mice with bioluminogenic probes. The probes are conjugates of furin substrate, a consensus amino acid motif R-X-K/R-R (X, any amino acid), with the firefly luciferase substrate D-aminoluciferin. In the presence of the luciferase reporter, the probes are unable to produce bioluminescent emission without furin activation. Blocking experiments with a furin inhibitor and control experiments with a scrambled probe showed that the bioluminescence emission in the presence of firefly luciferase is furin-dependent and specific. After furin activation, a 30-fold increase in the bioluminescent emission was observed in vitro, and on average, a 7-8-fold contrast between the probe and control was seen in the same tumor xenografts in mice. Direct imaging of furin activity may facilitate the study of furin function in tumorigenicity and the discovery of new drugs for furin-targeted cancer therapy.
Androgyny on the TV screen? An analysis of sex-role portrayal

Characters in a random sample of dramatic television programs representative of “family time” and later viewing time in 1975 and equivalent time periods in 1976 were rated on sex-role portrayal, using traits from the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI). The family time concept, which eliminated violence and sex from programs shown between 7:00 and 9:00 p.m. during 1975, had a significant effect on sex-role portrayal. Male characters were portrayed in a more realistic, though still highly masculine, way than their counterparts in other time periods. Female characters were portrayed as somewhat more feminine during family time than during other viewing hours. A significant interaction effect among viewing time, type of program, and sex of character suggested that content considered acceptable for younger viewers emphasized the stereotypical female role.
Superconductivity at ambient pressure in di[bis (ethylenedithio) tetrathiafulvalene]triiodide, (BEDT-TTF)2I3

di[bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene]triiodide [${(\mathrm{B}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{T}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{F})}_{2}$${\mathrm{I}}_{3}$] crystals in the form of distorted hexagon-shaped plates or blocks grown from 1,1,2-trichloroethane and in the form of needles grown from benzonitrile were found to be superconducting at ambient pressure below 1.40 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 K. rf penetration depth measurements of the critical temperature and critical field are described. ${(\mathrm{B}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{T}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{F})}_{2}$${\mathrm{I}}_{3}$ is the first known sulfur-based, ambient pressure organic superconductor.
The Segmentary Lineage: An Organization of Predatory Expansion1

THERE has been a broad inclination in social anthropology in recent years to apply the designations "segmentary system" and "segmentary process" to a wide variety of societies. Only slightly narrower is the application of the concept to lineages or societies with lineages. While granting certain general similarities in all the organizations popularly called "segmentary lineage," it seems more useful to restrict the term to a very few societies, most notably the Nuer and the Tiv. The argument can be made on purely formal grounds: Tiv and Nuer are in critical respects organized differently from other societies that have been placed in the category "segmentary lineage system." Thus, in Tribes Without Rulers, Middleton and Tait were moved to classify Tiv and Nuer-along with Lugbara, which seems inaccurate-as a subtype of segmentary lineage systems, at one point as the "classical" variety of such systems (1958:29). But the type can also be considered in an evolutionary perspective: TivNuer, the segmentary lineage organization properly so-called, is a specific adaptive variety within the tribal level of society and culture. (The criteria of "tribal level" and the meaning of "specific adaptive variety" will be spelled out below.) This evolutionary perspective is adopted here because it furnishes a practical basis for distinguishing Tiv-Nuer from other "segmentary" societies and, at the same time, it has the power to suggest the circumstances which produce segmentary lineage organization, to "explain" it, at least partly. Conversely -and contrary to the vision of Radcliffe-Brown for a comparative-structural approach-formalism alone has only tended to obscure the salient characteristics of the segmentary lineage organization. Focusing on such general structural and functional resemblances as "segmentation" and "complementary opposition," the formal definition of "segmentary lineage" threatens to become as broad as the formal view of the "lineage" itself. For segmentation and complementary opposition are very widespread-nearly universal-features of human social organization. It is then no wonder that Tiv and Nuer have been lumped with societies that virtually run the evolutionary gamut from simple tribes to protostates, such as the Alur (Southall 1956). Our dissatisfaction with this procedure parallels Fried's discontent with the use of "lineage" in current social anthropology:
Revisiting the Impact of Information Technology Investments on Productivity: An Empirical Investigation Using Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines MARS

This article revisits the relationship between IT and productivity, and investigates the impact on information technology IT investments. Using the MARS techniques, we show that although IT Stock is the greatest predictor variable for productivity Ko, M.; Clark, J.G.; Ko, D.Value Added, it is only significant as an interaction variable, combined with Non-IT Capital, Non-IT Labor, Industry, or Size.
Somatostatin regulation by cytokines

Inflammatory states are associated with nervous and neuroendocrine responses, which appear to be mediated through the actions of cytokines. Since endotoxin treatment in the rat is associated with declines in thyrotropin (TSH) secretion and growth hormone (GH) secretion, changes that may be explained by stimulation of hypothalamic somatostatin (SRIF), the effects of cytokines on SRIF were examined. In an in vitro model system consisting of fetal rat diencephalic cells interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were found to stimulate the synthesis and release of SRIF. This effect developed slowly over 24 hours and was dose- and time-dependent. Acute release of SRIF over periods up to 1 hour was not found. The mechanism of cytokine stimulation of SRIF is not known. Since the depletion of glial cells in the cultures inhibits the effect, mediators that depend on the presence glia may be involved. The ability of cytokines to stimulate brain SRIF is likely to prove relevant to our understanding in many areas, including brain development, brain responses to injury, and neuroendocrine changes in chronic illness.
Effect of Polydispersity and Charge Heterogeneity on the Depletion Interaction in Colloidal Systems.

Abstract The effect of polydispersity in the macromolecule size and surface potential on the depletion attraction and structural repulsion between two charged spherical particles in a solution of nonadsorbing charged spherical macromolecules was investigated using a modified form of the force-balance model of J. Y. Walz and A. Sharma [J. Colloid Interface Sci.168, 495 (1994)]. The distribution of sizes and potentials was described by a log-normal distribution with values of the coefficient of variation (CV) as large as 60%. Comparisons with the case of purely monodisperse macromolecules were made under the condition of either constant macromolecule number density, ρ∞, or constant volume fraction, φ. For purely hard spheres, polydispersity increases the depletion attraction at constant ρ∞ but decreases the interaction at constant φ. A simple scaling analysis is used to show that these trends are true for any arbitrary distribution of macromolecule size. Surface charge is found to amplify the effect of polydispersity at constant φ but actually negates the effect at constant ρ∞. The repulsive structural contribution, arising from the interaction between the macromolecules themselves, is significantly decreased by polydispersity except for the case of charged macromolecules at constant ρ∞, where the effect is relatively small. Finally, polydispersity in the macromolecule surface potential (no polydispersity in size) has only a minor effect on both the depletion attraction and structural repulsion, even for CV values as large as 60%.
Design System for Composite Transmission Error Prediction for Automatic Transmissions

Noise in vehicular automatic transmissions is a complex phenomenon involving several interacting factors. One of the contributing factors to noise for a single pair of meshing gears has been shown to be the transmission error. The transmission error (TE) is defined in terms of deviation of the speed ratio from the ideal speed ratio. It has since been hypothesized that the composite transmission error in a planetary system would be the key contributor to noise in automatic transmissions. This composite error would have to include the contributions from individual meshes and account for the configuration of the transmission system. This paper describes a design system that enables engineers to predict and study effects of parameter variation on the composite transmission error. The designer first specifies the configuration of the transmission using canonical graphs. The graph contains the elements such as gears, clutches and brakes of the transmission system as its nodes and the relationship among them for the edges. The design system uses the graph to solve for the speeds and torques. The transmission errors for the individual meshes are computed and then combined into the composite transmission error using a simple average.© 2004 ASME
Conversions of resins and asphaltenes in porous catalysts

Abstract Resins and asphaltenes can be converted to alkenes and other products in gismondine-structured zeolites, pillared clays (PILCs) and large-pore zeotypes. Different product spectra: alkanes, alkenes, oxygenates, etc. are obtained with different catalysts. In particular, mesoporous zeotypes i.e. MCM(Fe)-41 containing framework iron gives a total bitumen conversion of >15%, opening routes to possibly useful products.
Electronic conduction in quenched ceramic samples of highly reduced lanthanum doped SrTiO3

Abstract Electrical conductivity is reported for the 10 – 500 K range in microcrystalline La-doped SrTiO 3 samples. These had been reduced by equilibration at 1325 K in a low oxygen partial pressure (P O 2 from 10 −16 to 10 −20 atm), and quenched. The data support a Sr vacancy defect model, whereby excess oxygen compensates La donors when equilibration is for P O 2 > 10 −18 atm prior to quenching. Stronger reduction prior to quenching leads to Ti site controlled valency conduction. The fall-off of conductivity upon cooling below 300 K does not fit an Arrhenius form for any of the quenched samples, indicating a combination of carrier density and carrier mobility considerations. The conductivity for 300 K, and also for much lower temperatures, shows a strong maximum near [ La ] ⋍ 0.2% atomic, or some 3 × 10 19 cm −3 . It is expected that low-mobility behavior for stronger doping results from merging of conduction and impurity bands. Thermpower data also suggests impurity banding.
Measuring fidelity to a culturally adapted HIV prevention intervention for men in substance abuse treatment

A fidelity measure was developed for use with Real Men Are Safe-Culturally Adapted (REMAS-CA), an HIV prevention intervention for ethnically diverse men in substance abuse treatment. The aims of this analysis were to: 1) assess the reliability of the Fidelity Rating and Skill Evaluation (FRASE); 2) measure improvement in therapist competence and adherence over time while delivering REMAS-CA; and 3) identify which modules of REMAS-CA were most difficult to deliver. Results showed that, 1) the FRASE was a reliable instrument; 2) therapists achieved adequate adherence and competence after training and demonstrated significant improvement over time in Global Empathy; and 3) Sessions 4 and 5 of REMAS-CA contained the most challenging modules for therapists to deliver. Recommendations for future REMAS-CA therapist trainings and fidelity monitoring are made.
Novel modeling techniques for tumor diagnostics using pulsed laser sources

In this paper, a two-dimensional transient radiation transport algorithm is developed to analyze short pulse laser transport through a tissue medium having tumors and inhomogeneities imbedded in it. Short pulse probing techniques have distinct advantages over conventional very large pulse width or cw lasers primarily due to the additional information conveyed about the tissue interior by the temporal variation of the observed signal. The distinct feature is the multiple scattering induced temporal signatures that persists for time periods greater than the duration of the source pulse and is a function of the source pulse width, the scattering/absorbing properties and nature of the medium, the location in the medium where the properties undergo changes. A wide range of parameters such as tissue and tumor size, scattering/absorbing properties and phase function of tissues and tumors, tumor location, laser beam diameter will affect the temporal and spatial distribution of the reflected and transmitted optical signals. The goal is to perform a parametric study in order to gain insight about laser-tissue interaction characteristics with the goal to detect tumors.
Regioselective Bromination of a Thymine–Acridine Conjugate by N-Bromosuccinimide

A thymine and acridine conjugate (1), containing a benzylic carbon of thymine and an electron-rich aromatic ring (acridine) within the same molecule, was synthesized. Treatment of 1 with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in anhydrous chloroform in the presence of azobisisobutylnitrile produced a dibromo-substituted thymine–acridine conjugate (7) as a major product, in which the bromination was only observed on the acridine ring. Nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) difference spectroscopy revealed that the actual bromination substitution was on C-2 and C-7 of acridine. Our results suggest that electrophilic aromatic substitution, not the expected benzylic radical reaction, takes place predominantly even when 1 is subjected to the NBS reaction condition, which favors radical processes. In addition, such selectivity is clearly solvent dependent.
Assessing Sediment Accumulation in a Eutrophic Lake in Northern New York

ABSTRACT We determined the pattern, rate, and extent of deposition of bulk sediments and sediment-bound phosphorus (P) in Black Lake. Vertical gradients in total phosphorus (TP) and 137Cs often were irregular within cores and variable among cores, reflecting sediment disturbances including bioturbation, resuspension, and lateral transport. Surface sediments exhibited a horizontal spatial gradient in TP content, with P levels that declined downstream from the lake inlet, which reflected a large input of settleable P from the primary tributary. Sediment 137Cs and TP data suggested an average lake-wide sediment accumulation rate of approximately 0.6 cm yr−1 since the early 1960s and greater accumulation of TP in 1975–90 than during 1960–75. The mean depth of sediment accumulation over bedrock was estimated to be at least 3.6 m. These data indicate the contemporary rate of water depth decrease due to sediment accumulation in Black Lake is much greater than the lake's postglacial average, and the rate of sedim...
Learning Random Log-Depth Decision Trees under Uniform Distribution

We consider three natural models of random logarithmic depth decision trees over Boolean variables. We give an efficient algorithm that for each of these models learns all but an inverse polynomial fraction of such trees using only uniformly distributed random examples from {0,1}n. The learning algorithm constructs a decision tree as its hypothesis.
Camera networks and microphone arrays for video conferencing

Robust and adaptive operation of a video conferencing system can be realized by proper utilization of a network of video cameras and microphone arrays. Such multimodal sensory modules can provide valuable information about the geometrical and acoustical properties of an environment as well as can allow for real-time monitoring for dynamic activity in the environment. In this paper, we present an overview of the research activities focused on utilization of omnidirectional camera networks for geometrical and environmental modeling and microphone arrays for speaker localization.
How Standardization Will Balance Sustainability Goals in the Transport Component of Energy Supply Chains: Efficiency versus Environmental Safety

Society will likely intensify demands on all supply chain participants to facilitate attainment of two seemingly conflicting sustainability goals: economic and environmental. Critics argue these goals are stubbornly irreconcilable tradeoffs. However, there is significant evidence of their complementarity. This article discusses how many opposing public-policy forces interact to impose the appearance of daunting contradiction. The policy analysis demonstrated here offers a logical path out of the apparent morass. It is argued that the advantages of standardization for key energy supply chain elements can harmonize these existing and other emerging interests, both foreseeable and unforeseeable. The crude-by-rail controversy illustrates how these standardization matters impact national energy policy.
Catheter-based myocardial gene transfer utilizing nonfluoroscopic electromechanical left ventricular mapping.

Abstract OBJECTIVES This study investigated the feasibility and safety of percutaneous, catheter-based myocardial gene transfer. BACKGROUND Direct myocardial gene transfer has, to date, required direct injection via an open thoracotomy. METHODS Electroanatomical mapping was performed to establish the site of left ventricular (LV) gene transfer. A steerable, deformable 7F catheter with a 27G needle, which can be advanced 3 to 5 mm beyond its distal tip, was then directed to previously acquired map sites, the needle was advanced, and injections were made into the LV myocardium. RESULTS In two pigs in which methylene blue dye was injected, discretely stained LV sites were observed at necropsy in each pig, corresponding to the injection sites indicated prospectively by the endocardial map. In six pigs in which the injection catheter was used to deliver plasmid using cytomegalovirus promoter/enhancer, encoding nuclear-specific LacZgene (pCMV-nlsLacZ) (50 μg/ml) to a single LV myocardial region, peak beta-galactosidase activity after five days (relative light units [RLU], mean 135,333 ± 28,239, range = 31,508 to 192,748) was documented in the target area of myocardial injection in each pig. Percutaneous gene transfer of pCMV-nlsLacZ(50 μg/ml) was also performed in two pigs with an ameroid constrictor applied to the left circumflex coronary artery; in each pig, peak beta-galactosidase activity after five days (214,851 and 23,140 RLU) was documented at the injection site. All pigs survived until sacrifice, and no complications were observed with either the mapping or the injection procedures. CONCLUSIONS Percutaneous myocardial gene transfer can be successfully achieved in normal and ischemic myocardium without significant morbidity or mortality. These findings establish the potential for minimally invasive cardiovascular gene transfer.
Membrane sectors of F- and V-type H+-transporting ATPases

H+ transporting, reversible F-type ATPases (ATP synthases) and V-type ATPases share major structural features and function by similar mechanisms. Recent structural and genetic experiments provide new insights into the organization of the transmembrane and coupling sectors of the enzymes and the molecular mechanics of coupling H+ transport to ATP.
Mastery Testing and Student Learning: A Meta-Analysis:

A meta-analysis of forty-nine comparative studies showed that mastery testing generally has positive effects on student learning, but the size of effect in any single study depends on both the stringency of the mastery criterion used with the mastery group and the degree of experimental control employed in the study. Mastery effects were also more pronounced on the less able students in a classroom and were less noticeable in more able students. Finally, the analysis showed that mastery testing increased the amount of time needed for instruction.
The impact of BSE on Japanese retail meat demand

The first case of BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) outside Europe was discovered in Japan in September 2001. To assess its impact on Japanese retail meat demand, a Japanese meat demand system was estimated as a gradual switching Rotterdam model. The system distinguished beef by type and origin: wagyu beef (from domestic beef cattle), domestic dairy beef, and imported beef from the United States and Australia. The results, based on data from April 1994 to December 2002, suggest the Japanese retail meat demand system underwent a two-month transition period following the initial BSE discovery and continued to adjust subsequently. The scare affected the demand for all types of beef. [EconLit citations: Q11.] © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 21: 313–327, 2005.
4,6-Dihydroxypyrimidine: a selective bridging ligand for controlled Group IV metal alkoxide structures

The generation of controlled metal alkoxide structures has been explored using 4,6-dihydroxypyrimidine (DHP-H2) as a selective bridging ligand. DHP-H2 was reacted with Ti(OPri)4 in pyridine (py). Crystallization from this solution led to the isolation of [(OPri)2(μ-OPri)Ti(μ-DHP)Ti(OPri)3(py)]2 (1). The two dinuclear subunits of 1 possess a bridging DHP ligand bound through both the O and N of the ring, forming an M–O–C–N ring on each metal center. The first Ti possesses three terminal OR ligands and one coordinated pyridine solvent molecule. The second Ti is connected to a μ-OPri group from the other subunit, forming a tetranuclear species. In contrast, recrystallization of 1 from toluene provided the solvent-free, cyclic adduct {[(OPri)2(μ-OPri)Ti]2(μ-DHP)}2 (2). An identical reaction using more sterically hindering alkoxy precursors yielded products of the general structure [(py)(RO)3M]2(μ4-DHP), where M = Ti, OR = OCH2CMe3 (3), OPri/OCMe3 (4); M = Zr, OR = OCMe3 (5). Each metal center adopts an octahedral geometry, with one py, three terminal alkoxide ligands, and one bridging DHP. Solid-state 13C MAS NMR studies indicate the bulk materials are consistent with the crystal structures and solution 1H NMR is consistent with retention of the structures in solution for 2–5.
A real time executive system for manned spaceflight

The Real Time Executive Control System discussed in this paper was the foundation for the applications programs developed in support of NASA's Gemini and early Apollo missions. Services provided by the Executive included dynamic storage management and allocation, two-level priority multiprogramming, real time data control and routing, real time error recovery, dynamic statistical monitoring, debugging facilities, and the program linkages and services that facilitated modular and independent applications system design. While a selection of these services may be available in other systems, the Executive design differs from other real time systems by these characteristics:• Modularity---The Executive design permitted the addition of new services and facilities based on equipment changes or applications requirements with no impact on the previously provided services and facilities.• Simplicity --- Only a minimal instruction in Executive services was necessary before applications programmers could construct programs that operated in a complicated real time environment.• Versatility --- Executive could be used in the simplest simulated real time environment for the debugging of one applications program or the support of the most demanding real time missions.• Generality --- Executive was non-applications oriented; i.e., it operated equally well in a real time Gemini mission, an astronaut training session, or in a non-real time environment using simulated input from tapes.• Invulnerable---The Executive was virtually unstoppable in real time; a feature vital for manned spaceflight.
Real-time Imaging of Stress-induced Cardiac Autonomic Adaptation During Realistic Force-on-force Police Scenarios

Operational stress is a complex matter. It requires a better understanding based on scientific knowledge of the psychophysiology of stress to improve training methods for officer’s survival and prevention of post-traumatic stress disorders. This study aimed to assess the reliability and sensitivity of heart rate and of heart rate variability (HRV) as possible objective methods to quantify police operational stress (OS) in the real world and to differentiate the contribution of overlapping physical stress (PhS) during realistic training scenarios. 12-lead ECG of 113 police officers (POs) were continuously monitored during rest, daily activity (control state), and during 172 realistic tactical training scenarios requiring the use of force and/or of shooting firearms (OS, with or without associated PhS). Baseline physiological and psychological measurements were collected on the days of the training session. POs behavior and tactical outcome were rated by police instructors and documented with multiple video cameras. Real-time imaging of tactical stress was tempted with time-varying (TV) spectral HRV analysis (HRVa). Quantitative estimates of time-domain (TD), frequency-domain (FD), and nonlinear HRV parameters were computed from standard (300 and 120 seconds) and very short-term (60 and 30 seconds) intervals. The study was approved by a local Institutional Review Board. TV spectral HRVa provided dynamic imaging of transient cardiac autonomic adaptation induced by OS and/or PhS. Quantitative estimation of the majority of TD and FD HRV parameters were not significantly affected by shortening the length of the explored time-segments from 300 to 30 seconds, as demonstrated by the intraclass correlation coefficient analysis (> 0.70). Discrimination analysis of HRV parameters allowed a differentiation between rest and stress conditions and between mental and physical stress. HRVa provides dynamic imaging and quantification of transient stress-induced autonomic adaptation in police officers during realistic tactical training scenarios.
The distribution of radioactive peptides synthesized by polysomes and ribosomal subunits combined in vitro with microsomal membranes

Abstract 1. Rat liver endoplasmic reticulum membranes were conditioned in various ways to bind exogenous polysomes in vitro. The puromycin-mediated release of nascent peptides from polysomes bound to such membranes was then studied, in efforts to determine whether the complexes functioned as secretory units, directing released peptides toward the inside of the membrane vesicle rather than outward toward the incubation medium. The distribution of released peptides between the incubation medium and a detergent-soluble fraction, which represents the vesicle membrane and contents, was examined. 2. The following combinations of ribosomes and microsomal membranes were tested: (a) The hormone-mediated binding of free polysomes to smooth endoplasmic reticulum membranes; (b) the binding of polysomes to membranes conditioned with citrate and pyrophosphate, with EDTA and ribonuclease, or with puromycin at high concentrations of KCl; and (c) the interaction of ribosomal subunits and polyuridylic acid with puromycin-KCl-conditioned membranes. 3. There is no evidence of vectorial transport of nascent peptides across membranes in in vitro recombination systems. It is concluded that these systems do not duplicate the type of binding observed in naturally occurring rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum.
Partitioning considerations for complex computer based weapon systems

The system engineering management task for complex computer based weapon systems must utilize system partitioning at the concept formulation and contract definition phases if advances in digital computer hardware and software are to be utilized for minimum or favorable life cycle costs. This paper addresses engineering criteria for synthesis of a complex system into a number of alternative data processing structures. Technical and managerial aspects of selecting the preferred system partition are the central focus of the paper. Important system factors are introduced and models for evaluation analysis are provided. Repartitioning of the SAFEGUARD and Site Defense were performed with the system partitioning rules. Conclusions relative to system development costs are drawn from these studies.
Characterization of peanut oil tricacyglycerols by HPLC, GLC and EIMS

Twenty-three peanut oil triacylglycerols have been characterized by liquid chromatography, gas chromatography and electron impact mass spectrometry. High resolution was achieved using two 8-cm × 6.2-mm reverse phase columns in series, and 20 of the triacylglycerols were separated in an analysis time of less than 45 min. Triacylglycerols were identified by analyzing each liquid chromatography fraction for carbon number, fatty acid composition and mass fragmentation pattern. The combined application of these methods permitted the identification of triacylglycerols representing combinations of all of the fatty acids present in peanut oil.
X-linked and autosomal inheritance patterns of homologous genes in two species of Tribolium

The tenebrionid beetles Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum are representative of two distinct species groups within their genus. It has been suggested [Smith, S.G. (1952). J. Morphol. 91:325] that the 8AA + neo-XY karyotype of T. confusum was derived from the ancestral 9AA + XY formula, still present in T. castaneum, via the fusion of one pair of autosomes with the X and Y chromosomes during the early divergence of the confusum and castaneum species groups. In the present paper, electrophoretic variation in malic enzyme and hexokinase-1, detected in laboratory strains in Tribolium, is described. Evidence is presented that the genes encoding variation in both enzymes are autosomal in T. castaneum but are X linked in T. confusum. These species-specific patterns of inheritance of homologous gene loci are consistent with the hypothesized karyotypic history of the genus.
Recommendations for visual evaluations of patients treated with vigabatrin.

Purpose of review Although vigabatrin has been used for many years in Europe, this antiepileptic medication was approved for use in the USA only 1 year ago because of concerns for irreversible peripheral visual field loss that can result in functional visual disability. Recent findings Visual function testing involves both subjective and objective techniques, some of which can be standardized across multiple centers. With these subjective and objectives issues as a reference, the current literature about the pathogenesis of vigabatrin visual toxicity is reviewed in order to develop a practical and reliable testing program for detecting peripheral visual field changes early in their course; thereby, hopefully limiting disabling visual field loss. Summary Based upon the existing literature as well as the currently available data about the evaluation of visual function, an algorithm has been developed to serve as a starting point for clinicians to evaluate patients treated with vigabatrin for refractory epilepsy.
An in situ approach for measuring root-associated respiration and nitrate uptake of forest trees

The ecophysiological characteristics of fine roots of mature forest plants are poorly understood because of difficulties of measurement. We explored a root in-growth approach to measure respiration and nitrate uptake of woody plant roots in situ. Roots of seven species were grown into sand-filled chambers. Root-associated respiration was measured as CO 2 emission on four dates and nitrate uptake was quantified using 15N. All the roots were younger than 3 months at the time of measurement. Fine root respiration measured over the temperature range of 14.5–15.5 °C averaged 18.9–36.5 nmol gDM −1 s −1 across species. Nitrate uptake rates by these fine roots (1.3–6.8 nmol gDM −1 s −1) were comparable to other studies of forest trees. The root respiration rates were several times higher than measurements on detached roots of mature trees, concurring with literature observations that young roots respire much more rapidly than older roots. The root in-growth approach appears promising for providing information on the metabolic activity of fine roots of mature forest trees growing in soil.