cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurological entanglements: The case of paediatric depressions, SSRIs and suicidal ideation

This article explores the neurological entanglements that are the stuff of depressive states in treatment. My particular concern is the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in depressed paediatric populations. The use of antidepressants to treat childhood and adolescent depressions has become more frequent in recent years, and more controversial. My ambition is not to intervene into these debates directly, but to push some of our thinking about the substrata of depression in new directions. I am interested in what philosophies of the body and what theories of mind the psychological literatures about paediatric depression lean on, and silently promote. Drawing on neurological and clinical trial data, the article argues that depressive states are neither caused nor cured by singular events (a gene; a pharmaceutical); rather they are complex, non-deterministic sedimentations of pharmaco-affective, ideo-chemical and neuro-social affiliations.
Forensic linguistics in Australia: an overview

This article provides an overview of expert evidence given by linguists in Australian courts. This linguistic evidence has been primarily in two areas: analysis of police records of interview, and speaker identification on taperecordings. While linguistic evidence in the latter area tends to be uncontested, most courts have ruled that linguistic evidence concerning police records of interview is not legally admissible. Increased attention from the media, the legal profession and linguists themselves appears to be pointing the way to acceptability.
Right-Wing Authoritarianism and role as predictors of attributions about obedience to authority

Abstract Subjects saw a short 12-min version of the documentary, Obedience, showing a participant continuing to 180 V. The more authoritarian the viewer, the less the amount of responsibility he or she attributed to the teacher-subject for punishing the learner. Overall, viewers allocated the greatest amount of responsibility to the experimenter, less to the teacher-subject, and least to the learner.
Spectral and pressure observations of explosion phenomena.

A Perkin-Elmer Model 83 Monochromator covering a spectral range from the ultraviolet to 5.5μ is used for determining the light intensity as a function of time of an explosion in a bomb. [ Bullock Hornbeck Silverman , J. Chem. Phys.18, 1114 ( 1950)]. The radiation entering the spectrometer is chopped to allow ac amplification of the detector output with provision to allow transmission as well as emission measurements. A frequency modulated pressure gauge is used to determine the pressure change in the bomb. Time resolution of the order of magnitude of 10−3 sec may be obtained for both spectral and pressure observations. Results for typical carbon monoxide-oxygen explosions are shown. These preliminary results seem to indicate that there is equilibrium for approximately 0.02 sec after the flame front reaches the vessel wall.
Infrared vibrational spectrum of crystalline As 2 S 3

The lattice vibrational spectrum of the layered crystal ${\mathrm{As}}_{2}$${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ has been measured with the ir electric field polarized along the three principal axes ($\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{E}}\ensuremath{\parallel}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{a}},\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{b}},\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{c}}$). The out-of-plane absorption ($\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{E}}\ensuremath{\parallel}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{b}}$) is substantially weaker than that observed in-plane ($\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{E}}\ensuremath{\parallel}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{a}},\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{c}}$). The TO- and LO-phonon frequencies are derived from an oscillator fit to the data. Values of the low- and high-frequency dielectric constants are in substantial agreement with independent measurements.
Epigenetic Mechanisms Underlying Developmental Plasticity in Horned Beetles

All developmental plasticity arises through epigenetic mechanisms. In this paper we focus on the nature, origins, and consequences of these mechanisms with a focus on horned beetles, an emerging model system in evolutionary developmental genetics. Specifically, we introduce the biological significance of developmental plasticity and summarize the most important facets of horned beetle biology. We then compare and contrast the epigenetic regulation of plasticity in horned beetles to that of other organisms and discuss how epigenetic mechanisms have facilitated innovation and diversification within and among taxa. We close by highlighting opportunities for future studies on the epigenetic regulation of plastic development in these and other organisms.
The Site Program – Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation – New Approaches to Cleaning up Hazardous Waste Sites

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the Superfund innovative technology evaluation. It discusses the novel approaches for cleaning hazardous waste sites. The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Office of Research and Development (ORD), joining with the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER), have initiated the superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) program. The Superfund Act was enacted in part by the recognition that the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) or Solid Waste Act, provided a regulatory program for active hazardous waste facilities. Superfund provided a federal response to uncontrolled releases of hazardous substances from a vessel or from any onshore or offshore facility. A key feature of the act was the establishment of a trust fund to support the cleanup activities. The four phases of the Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) are conducted simultaneously. These phases are integrated so that information from one phase can be used in another: (1) identifying and removing impediments (phase I), (2) conducting a demonstration program (phase II), (3) applications analyses (phase III), and (4) development of emerging technologies (phase IV). Phase II, the demonstration phase is the most publicly visible of the four phases.
Chronic endometritis in DMPA users and Chlamydia trachomatis endometritis

Abstract Objective This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) in the endometrium of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) users with and without breakthrough bleeding (BTB) (unscheduled bleeding) and/or chronic endometritis (CE). Methods Cross-sectional study. Endometrial biopsies were performed on 20 DMPA users who were having BTB and 20 DMPA users who were amenorrheic. The paraffin-embedded tissue sections were washed with xylene and ethanol to remove the paraffin. CT was identified in the endometrial samples using the COBAS AMPLICOR��� (Roche Diagnostics, Branchburg, NJ, USA) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identification system. Results Chronic endometritis was the most common histologic finding (10/40, 25%) and occurred more often in women experiencing BTB (35% vs. 15%) (RR 1.62, CI 0.91���2.87). No patient with CE had CT infection of the endometrium or cervix. Conclusions CT was not a cause of CE in this population of at-risk patients using DMPA. It is possible that CE in DMPA users reflects an inflammatory state, a function of an atrophic endometrium. This points to the possibility of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as therapy for CE in this population rather than antimicrobials or hormonal medication.
TELEINFO-an application of text-to-speech technology for remote database query

TELEINFO (telephonic access to information) is a subsystem that connects an incoming telephone line to the application system on the Unisys A-Series mainframes. Database access is not direct but through an existing application software such as the Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRPII) System, Global Financial System, etc. The authors demonstrate how text-to-speech technology coupled with current telephone operation can be used to increase productivity, make information retrieval easy and improve the customer services. A description is also given of the application of TELEINFO software to manufacturing resource planning. >
The Ethics of Embryonic Stem Cell Research

In this article I rebut conservative objections to five phases of embryonic stem cell research. I argue that researchers using existing embryonic stem cell lines are not complicit in the past destruction of embryos because beneficiaries of immoral acts are not necessary morally tainted. Second, such researchers do not encourage the destruction of additional embryos because fertility clinics presently destroy more spare embryos than researchers need. Third, actually harvesting stem cells from slated-to-be-discarded embryos is not wrong. The embryos are not sacrificed for the good of others because they would have been destroyed anyway. Fourth, harvesting stem cells from embryos that are not doomed is morally acceptable, because preserving frozen embryos is futile therapy. Finally, creating embryos solely for the sake of harvesting stem cells from them is morally acceptable because the assumption that embryos have the right to life has very counterintuitive implications.
Efficient algorithms for Index Coding

The index coding problem has attracted a considerable amount of attention in recent years. The problem is motivated by several applications in wireless networking and distributed computing, including wireless architectures that utilize network coding and opportunistic listening. In this paper, we propose efficient exact and heuristic solutions for this problem. Our numerical study shows that exact solutions can be efficiently obtained for small instances of the problem, while heuristic solutions with low computation time can achieve near-optimal performance for large instances.
Epithermal gold mineralization in a fossil hot spring system, Red Butte, Oregon

The Red Butte gold prospect is a well-preserved, sediment-hosted, fossil hot spring system located within the Lake Owyhee volcanic field of eastern Oregon, 10 km west of the Owyhee Reservoir. Its features include siliceous hot spring sinter, a blanket of intense argillic alteration produced by surficial steam-heated waters, and a 50-m-wide hydrothermal eruption crater filled with bedded breccia deposits. Mineralization is hosted by north- and northwest-striking faults in volcaniclastic sediments of the Miocene Deer Butte Formation. Red Butte is capped by 10 m of syngenetic fluvial sedimentary rocks consisting of a basal silicified mudstone overlain by arkosic sandstones and conglomerates interbedded with siliceous hot spring sinter. The sediments at this paleosurface horizon have been cemented by hydrothermal quartz and adularia and form the resistant cap of the butte. A blanketlike zone of pervasive argillic alteration occurs at the base of the fluvial sediments. Numerous hydrothermal veins and breccias located within the lacustrine sedimentary rocks beneath the argillic blanket contain a telescoped mineral assemblage related spatially to the paleosurface. Quartz and adularia are the most abundant hydrothermal minerals in this zone along with minor pyrite, marcasite, electrum, bladed calcite, stellerite (Ca 4 (Al 8 Si 28 O 72 )28H 2 O), illite-smectite, and smectite clays. The veins and argillic blanket are cut by a 50-m-wide hydrothermal eruption crater filled with bedded breccia deposits. The delta 18 O SMOW values for hydrothermal quartz and adularia range from 5.3 to 8.3 and 0.1 to 2.4 per mil, respectively. The delta 18 O SMOW and delta 13 C PDB values for calcite range from -3.6 to 8.9 and -8.9 to -5.2 per mil, respectively. These values are consistent with those of minerals from meteoric hydrothermal systems. A plot of delta 18 O versus delta 13 C values for calcite shows that HCO (super -) 3 was the dominant aqueous carbon species. INAA analyses of altered sedimentary rocks and hydrothermal vein and breccia samples reveal the presence of anomalous concentrations of Au, Ag, As, Sb, Hg, and Mo. Q-mode factor analysis indicates that much of the variation in the geochemical data set can be explained in terms of five end-member components (factors) which reflect the composition and evolution of the hydrothermal fluid and the initial composition of the host rock. Elemental associations for these factors are (1) Au, K 2 O, Ag, FeO, Hg; (2) CaO, Mo, Hg, As; (3) FeO, Na 2 O, Hg, Sb; (4) K 2 O, Zn, Na 2 O, As; and (5) As, Mo, Sb, Ag. The abundance of adularia and stability of stellerite at Red Butte suggests that fluids reaching the surface had experienced a high degree of vapor separation due to boiling. Au mineralization occurred at the peak of hydrothermal activity in response both to boiling and mixing of the boiling hydrothermal fluid with surficial steam-heated waters.
Panel: Extensible database systems

New implementation techniques and new capabilities for database systems are being developed and proposed at a rapid rate. Novel file structures and improved algorithms for query optimization, buffer and recovery management, and transaction management have the potential of realizing significant gains in DBMS performance. The proposed integration of design objects, voice, text, rules, vector graphics, and images into databases promises exciting new capabilities for DBMSs. To accommodate advances in database technology and to support new classes of database applications, DBMSs must be extensible (i.e., customizable).To achieve extensibility forces a fundamental rethinking about how DBMSs are built, and how special-purpose features can be integrated into a DBMS with little effort and expense. Customizing DBMSs implies the availability of extensible data models, to allow for the introduction of new object types and operations, and extensible storage structures, to take advantage of special properties of stored data or operations to enhance performance.Although research on extensible DBMSs is still in its infancy, a fundamental concept underlying their construction is now evident. This is the standardization of interfaces and the plug-compatibility of modules. An extensible DBMS will be a 'software bus' whereby new modules (and hence new DBMS capabilities) can be added, exchanged, or removed by plugging or unplugging modules. Extensible DBMSs will thus rely on extensive software libraries, where new modules can be added as needed. Furthermore, changes to DBMSs can be made in months rather than years, and the reinvention of established technology is kept to a minimum because of the reusability of modules.The perception of DBMSs as monolithic entities that are difficult to modify will change as extensible DBMS technology becomes better understood. The use of database systems will not change, the ANSI/SPARC roles of database users, who write and execute transactions, and the database administrator (DBA), who designs and writes database schemas, will remain. Extensible DBMSs will require the introduction of an additional party, the database architecture administrator (DDA), who is responsible for the construction and customization of a DBMS.A growing number of researchers are developing extensible DBMSs. The purpose of this panel is to explain and discuss some of the approaches that are now being taken (and those that can be taken), and to survey the problems that confront extensible database technology. Descriptions of the systems and research represented at this panel are given in the following sections.
Family history of premature coronary heart disease and coronary artery calcification: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).

Background— A family history of premature coronary heart disease (CHD) is a known risk factor for CHD events. The purpose of this study was to assess the strength of the association between a family history of premature CHD and coronary artery calcification (CAC) in a multiethnic cohort of asymptomatic individuals. We also sought to determine whether individuals with a reported family history of premature CHD have an increased atherosclerotic burden among those classified as being at low to intermediate risk on the basis of the conventional Framingham risk score. Methods and Results— The association of family history of premature CHD with CAC was assessed in 5347 asymptomatic individuals (47% men; mean age 62±10 years) in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). The demographics (age, gender, and race)–adjusted OR for CAC >0 with versus without a family history of premature CHD was 1.94 (95% CI, 1.64 to 2.29). On adjustment for CHD risk factors, the association was slightly attenuated to an OR of...
Epicardial flow and myocardial reperfusion following abciximab and low-dose thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction

Recent evidence from the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 14 trial suggests that combining reduceddose fibrinolytic therapy with the potent platelet inhibition aorded by a glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist can help overcome the limitations of fibrinolytic therapy alone. The TIMI 14 investigators found that lowdose alteplase in combination with abciximab significantly increased the incidence of TIMI 3 flow at 60 and 90 min compared with full-dose alteplase. The use of abciximab emerged as one of the three principal determinants of TIMI 3 flow, along with time to treatment and location of the occlusive thrombus. Complete ST-segment resolution, reflecting perfusion at the myocardial tissue level, was a significant predictor of 30-day survival in the TIMI 14 study. Patients treated with abciximab plus reduced-dose fibrinolytic therapy had significantly greater median STsegment resolution and a significantly higher rate of complete ST-segment resolution than patients given fibrinolytic therapy alone. Similar benefits were observed in TIMI 14 patients who underwent early adjunctive percutaneous coronary intervention following combined therapy with abciximab and reduced-dose fibrinolysis. These findings indicate that a strategy coupling abciximab with reduceddose fibrinolytic therapy not only enhances epicardial flow but also improves myocardial reperfusion following acute myocardial infarction. (Eur Heart J Supplements 2001; 3 (Suppl A): A8‐A13)
Experimental Assessment of Coral Reef Rehabilitation Following Blast Fishing

Illegal fishing with explosives has damaged coral reefs throughout Southeast Asia. In addition to killing fish and other organisms, the blasts shatter coral skeletons, leaving fields of broken rubble that shift in the current, abrading or burying new coral recruits, and thereby slowing or preventing reef recovery. Successful restoration and rehabilitation efforts can contribute to coral reef conservation. We used field experiments to assess the effectiveness of different low-cost methods for coral reef rehabilitation in Komodo National Park (KNP), Indonesia. Our experiments were conducted at three different spatial scales. At a scale of 1 × 1m plots, we tested three different rehabilitation methods: rock piles, cement slabs, and netting pinned to the rubble. Significantly more corals per square meter grew on rocks, followed by cement, netting, and untreated rubble, although many plots were scattered by strong water current or buried by rubble after 2.5 years. To test the benefits of the most successful treatment, rocks, at more realistic scales, we established 10 × 10 m plots of rock piles at each of our nine sites in 2000. Three years after installation, coverage by hard corals on the rocks continued to increase, although rehabilitation in high current areas remained the most difficult. In 2002 rehabilitation efforts in KNP were increased over 6000 m 2 to test four rock pile designs at each of four rubble field sites. Assuming that there is an adequate larval supply, using rocks for simple, low-budget, large-scale rehabilitation appears to be a viable option for restoring the structural foundation of damaged reefs.
Modification of Myocardial Reperfusion by Exogenous Prostacyclin

The multiple pharmacologic consequences of the antiplatelet, antithrombotic, and vasoactive effects of exogenous myocardial prostacyclin PGI2 on postischemic reperfusion were studied. In an isolated canine model, 20 hearts underwent one hour of cardioplegia arrest under moderate hypothermia (27-28 ° C) and one hour of no perfusion. Left ventricular function (peak systolic pressure [PSP], rate of rise of left ventricular pressure [dp/dt], compliance), myocardial edema, coronary blood flow, and oxygen content were measured and compared for control and PGI2 groups. While there were no differences in compliance or edema, there was an increase in both myocardial blood flow and oxygen delivery (p=0.025). This modification increased nutritive resuscitation of the ischemic heart during one hour of reperfusion and increased left ventricular function after ischemic arrest (PSP and dp/dt; p=0.04).Myocardial recovery after global ischemia is time-dependent with maximal resuscitation after one hour of supported reperf...
A Developmental Perspective on the Role of Motor Skill Competence in Physical Activity: An Emergent Relationship

Although significant attention has been paid to promoting the importance of physical activity in children, adolescents, and adults, we do not currently understand how to promote sustained physical activity levels throughout the lifespan. We contend that previous research has failed to consider the dynamic and synergistic role that motor skill competence plays in the initiation, maintenance, or decline of physical activity and how this role might change across developmental time. In this article, we present a conceptual model hypothesizing the relationships among physical activity, motor skill competence, perceived motor skill competence, health-related physical fitness, and obesity. We contend that the development of motor skill competence is a primary underlying mechanism that promotes engagement in physical activity.
Increasing physical activity in children 8 to 12 years old: experiences with VERB Summer Scorecard.

Interventions which facilitate physical activity of youth are vital for promoting community health and reducing obesity. This study assessed the results of a community-driven program, VERB™ Summer Scorecard, as knowledge of exposure to and awareness of community-based interventions for physical activity among youth could inform design and implementation of such interventions. A total of 2,215 youth ages 8 to 12 years responded to a survey about physical activity. Ordinal logistic regression suggested that youth who participated in this program were 1.73 times (95%CI = 1.41, 2.11) more likely to report high physical activity than nonparticipating youth 9 mo. after the intervention's first full-scale application. The program appeared to appeal more to girls than boys. Such results are encouraging for use in communities.
MRI-Based Selection for Intra-Arterial Stroke Therapy. Value of Pretreatment Diffusion-Weighted Imaging Lesion Volume in Selecting Patients With Acute Stroke Who Will Benefit From Early Recanalization

Background and Purpose— Recent studies demonstrate that an acute diffusion-weighted imaging lesion volume >70 cm3 predicts poor outcome in patients with stroke. We sought to determine if this threshold could identify patients treated with intra-arterial therapy who would do poorly despite reperfusion. In patients with initial infarcts <70 cm3, we sought to determine what effect recanalization and time to recanalization had on infarct growth and functional outcome. Methods— We retrospectively studied 34 consecutive patients with anterior circulation stroke who underwent pretreatment diffusion-weighted imaging and perfusion-weighted imaging and subsequent intra-arterial therapy. Recanalization success and time to recanalization were recorded. Initial diffusion-weighted imaging and mean transit time lesion and final infarct volumes were determined. Patients were stratified based on initial infarct volume, recanalization status, and time to recanalization. Statistical tests were performed to assess difference...
Proteomic analysis of saliva for cancer diagnosis

Saliva is fluid that is essential to the function and protection of the oral cavity and contiguous gastrointestinal epithelium. Common functions include cleansing and lubricating of soft and hard t...
Elevated glutathione as a therapeutic strategy in Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive loss of memory and cognition. Our laboratory and many others have shown that the AD brain is under extensive oxidative stress. Numerous therapeutic approaches to AD therapy have been hypothesized. Among these are exogenous antioxidants. We suggest that the body's own endogenous antioxidant systems should be mobilized against the oxidative stress inherent in AD brain. One of the most versatile antioxidants in the brain is glutathione. Glutathione is capable of protecting the cell against reactive oxygen species, redox metal ions, and reactive lipid peroxidation products and other electrophiles associated with AD. There are many ways to increase glutathione levels, and one or more of these ways to increase glutathione in the brain may be a promising therapeutic strategy for AD. Drug Dev. Res. 56:428-437, 2002. c 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Symbolic computation of robot manipulator kinematics

A software package has been developed to solve, symbolically, the direct and inverse kinematics of an n-degree-of-freedom manipulator. As an input, SRAST (symbolic robot arm solution tool) expects the corresponding parameters described by Denavit and Hartenberg (1955). As an output it generates (in closed form) the direct- and inverse-kinematics solutions. When solving the inverse kinematics it is capable of excluding solutions with the n, o, and a vectors, dealing with redundant manipulators, and documenting how the solutions were found. SRAST implements its own symbolic processor and makes use of artificial intelligence techniques. To solve the inverse kinematics, eleven trigonometric rules are heuristically applied to identify a mathematical set of solutions. SRAST has successfully solved a number of industrial manipulators. At present it is the only software package capable of generating the inverse kinematics in symbolic form. >
Oklahoma Thunderstorms on 29–30 April 1970. Part III: Tornado Characteristics Inferred from Damage Tracks

Abstract Newspaper accounts and damage tracks surveyed by National Severe Storms Laboratory staff reveal characteristics of three tornadoes that struck the Oklahoma City area shortly after midnight on 30 April 1970. Few details emerge from surveying the first tornado (Storm F) except that its path crossed mostly open country and passed several kilometers northwest of Oklahoma City. Twin tornado cyclones (Mustang and Camelot), observed an hour later in Storm G, apparently produced multiple tornadoes that moved rapidly (80 m s−1) around the southern half of larger cyclonic circulations (hook echoes). Sporadic damage mostly at roof level suggests that the tornadoes often did not extend to the ground. Typically, debris was strewn in straight paths at an angle to the path of the tornado cyclone, suggesting tornado spin velocity less than speed of forward movement. Geometric relationship between a portion of one damage path and the path and forward speed of the tornado cyclone are the basis for estimating maxim...
Meta‐Analysis of Rare Variant Association Tests in Multiethnic Populations

Several methods have been proposed to increase power in rare variant association testing by aggregating information from individual rare variants (MAF < 0.005). However, how to best combine rare variants across multiple ethnicities and the relative performance of designs using different ethnic sampling fractions remains unknown. In this study, we compare the performance of several statistical approaches for assessing rare variant associations across multiple ethnicities. We also explore how different ethnic sampling fractions perform, including single-ethnicity studies and studies that sample up to four ethnicities. We conducted simulations based on targeted sequencing data from 4,611 women in four ethnicities (African, European, Japanese American, and Latina). As with single-ethnicity studies, burden tests had greater power when all causal rare variants were deleterious, and variance component-based tests had greater power when some causal rare variants were deleterious and some were protective. Multiethnic studies had greater power than single-ethnicity studies at many loci, with inclusion of African Americans providing the largest impact. On average, studies including African Americans had as much as 20% greater power than equivalently sized studies without African Americans. This suggests that association studies between rare variants and complex disease should consider including subjects from multiple ethnicities, with preference given to genetically diverse groups.
Abstract T P303: Recent Rise in Stroke-Related Emergency Department Visits by Young and Middle-aged Adults in the United States

Background: Population-based studies suggest increasing rates of stroke among young/middle-aged adults. However, the qualitative and quantitative aspects of this surge in young/middle-aged adults on utilization of emergency department (ED) services in the US have not been previously characterized. Methods: Data from the 2002-2010 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey were analyzed to identify ED visits among young/middle-aged adult patients (25-64 year old) with a diagnosis of stroke. Diagnosis of stroke was identified using ICD-9-CM codes and analyses were completed by combining 3 years of data (2002-2004, 2005-2007, and 2008-2010). All estimates were adjusted using weights provided by the National Center for Health Statistics to generate nationally representative estimates. Results: An estimated annual average of 581,000 adult patients were diagnosed with stroke in U.S. ED from 2002 to 2010, representing ~0.5% of all ED visits. Among stroke-related ED visits, 36% were by patients aged 25-64. ED visit rates per 100,000 population for young/middle-aged stroke patients during 2002-2004, 2005-2007 and 2008-2010 were 127 (95% CI 110-144), 125 (95% CI 103-147) and 148 (95% CI 112-185), respectively. Visit rates per 1,000 ED visits were 3.6 (95% CI 3.1-4.1) during 2002-2004, 3.4 (95% CI 2.7-4.1) during 2005-2007 and 3.7 (95% CI 2.6-4.7) during 2008-2010, respectively. The overall rate per 1,000 ED visits for young black patients was similar to whites (3.6 vs. 3.5), however Blacks had a higher rate of stroke-related ED visits per 100,000 population compared to Whites counterparts for each successive three year period; 2002-2004 (245 vs. 113); 2005-2007 (267 vs. 106) and 2008-2010 (299 vs. 132). Conclusion: Visits to the ED by young/middle-aged adults diagnosed with stroke has risen progressively over the last decade in the US, with a higher rate of these visits by Blacks. These findings may have implications for healthy policy makers and medical providers. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
The adventures of climate science in the sweet land of idle arguments

Abstract In a recent series of papers Roman Frigg, Leonard Smith, and several coauthors have developed a general epistemological argument designed to cast doubt on the capacity of a broad range of mathematical models to generate “decision relevant predictions.” The presumptive targets of their argument are at least some of the modeling projects undertaken in contemporary climate science. In this paper, we trace and contrast two very different readings of the scope of their argument. We do this by considering the very different implications for climate science that these interpretations would have. Then, we lay out the structure of their argument—an argument by analogy—with an eye to identifying points at which certain epistemically significant distinctions might limit the force of the analogy. Finally, some of these epistemically significant distinctions are introduced and defended as relevant to a great many of the predictive mathematical modeling projects employed in contemporary climate science.
Addition of a Medial Locking Plate to an In Situ Lateral Locking Plate Results in Healing of Distal Femoral Nonunions

Background Nonunion of the distal femur after lateral plating is associated with axial malalignment, chronic pain, loss of ambulatory function, and decreased knee ROM. The addition of a medial locking plate with autogenous bone grafting can provide greater stability to allow bone healing and may be used to achieve union in these challenging cases.
MINOANISATION IN THE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE: EVALUATING THE ROLE OF CYCLADIC PRODUCERS AND CONSUMERS

Minoanisation – the process by which Cretan ways of doing things spread throughout the Aegean – is a major focus of study in the Middle and Late Bronze Age Cycladic islands, but debate about the primary causes of the phenomenon has been concerned chiefly with its Late Bronze Age phases. In this article, the author considers the earliest phase of Minoanisation at Ayia Irini on Kea, Period V. The ceramic assemblage is considered holistically, including local and imported as well as Minoanising and non-Minoanising pottery. The Keian assemblage is compared with recently published discussions of Phase C at Akrotiri on Thera and City II-iii at Phylakopi on Melos. New, non-Minoanising features of the Keian assemblage in Period V, particularly in the form of new shapes and increased importation of Melian and/or Theran pottery, suggest that Melian and/or Theran communities engaged in new production and exchange strategies at this time. It is likely that these new intra-Cycladic relationships played an important role in changing local tastes and practices at Ayia Irini, spurring the adoption of new Minoanising as well as non-Minoanising forms of material culture and practice.
Mechanical Properties of Mullite-β-Silicon Nitride Whisker Composite Ceramics

Mullite composite ceramics reinforced with (0-50)vol% β-silicon nitride (β-Si3N4) whisker were prepared by hot pressing between 1500° and 1650°C under 30MPa for 30min, and the mechanical properties (bending strength, hardness, modulus of elasticity, fracture toughness) of these composites were investigated. Fully densed composites containing up to 40vol% whisker were obtained at 1600°C. X-sialon phase, which was thought to be produced by a reaction between mullite and β-Si3N4, was detected in the composite fired at 1650°C. Room temperature bending strength increased with increasing whisker content and showed a maximum value (about 630MPa) at 40vol%, which was 80% higher than that of monolithic mullite. These composites had more excellent high temperature strengths than monolithic mullite. The hardness and modulus of elasticity of dense sintered bodies also increased with increasing whisker content. The fracture toughness (about 4MPa·m1/2) of a composite with a β-Si3N4 whisker content of 40vol% was more than two times larger than that of monolithic mullite due to crack deflection and pull-out of whiskers in the fracture process. The β-Si3N4 whiskers in the composites were aligned preferentially in the direction normal to the hot pressing direction so that mechanical properties of the plane normal to the hot pressing direction were superior to those of the plane parallel to the hot pressing direction.
The LBNE near detector

The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) is a next generation neutrino oscillation experiment currently proposed for construction in the United States with the main goal of studying muon (anti)neutrinos oscillations into electron (anti)neutrinos over a distance greater than 1000 km and over a wide range of neutrino energies. Its main physics results will be the precision measurement of δCP and all three mixing angles. A value of δCP different from 0 or π will appear in the LBNE data as a small (0% to 40%) asymmetry on the oscillation probability of neutrinos versus antineutrinos. Such a small effect requires a very good control of the systematic uncertainties affecting the measurement and this can only been accomplished using a near detector. I will describe the LBNE near detector complex focusing primarily on its reference design, which includes a set of muon detectors to monitor the beam and a magnetized liquid argon TPC surrounded by a muon identifier detector to measure neutrino interactions at the near site.
Retrospective And Prospective Studies Of Hemorrhagic Fever With Renal Syndrome In Rural China

Residents of two villages in Zhejiang Province, China, were interviewed and serum samples were collected to assess prevalence of hantavirus infection. Antibody prevalence was 12% (219/1811), with a ratio of illness to infection of 1.0:5.4. Seroprevalence increased with age, but no association was found with sex. There was also no evidence of vertical transmission. One year later, 2.3% (30/1325) of seronegative subjects had seroconverted including 2 who had hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Peak incidence of infection occurred in those 15-39 years old. Hantaan was the dominant serotype; Seoul serotype was less common (5:1). Host reservoirs were Apodemus agrarius in agricultural fields and Rattus norvegicus in houses. Risk factors for infection were traces of rat-contaminated food, travel to other areas for farm work, direct rodent contact, camping in grain fields, living in a house on the periphery of a village, stacking straw stacks outside houses, and keeping cats. All may provide exposure to infectious rodent reservoirs.
Research on Application of Integrated Fire Danger Index Based on Ignition and Fire

In order to monitor and assess forest fire danger,parameters needed for calculating heat of preignition(Qig) were obtained by using data acquired with a moderate resolution imaging spectro-radiometer(MODIS) and the DEM.Qig was calculated.Considering the actual transmission heat loss in the process,an ignition probability index was obtained.Surface roughness index was calculated from DEM.By combining it with population density index,a fire probability index was obtained.The above two indexes were combined to form an IFDI.The integrated risk index was used to analyze annual fire in Heilongjiang province in 2004,and changes of fire danger during 12 days before the data of the big forest fire,October 12,2004,in the province.It was found that as close to the data,the IFDI value becomes higher-forest fire early waring can be issued according to the value.
The Analysis on Brushwork of Data Flow Diagram in Software Engineering

As the mainstay of Information Industry,software engineering is widely known and used by people gradually.Data Flow Diagram is an indispensable assistant tool which plays an important role in the subject of software engineering.Through Date Flow Diagram,the designer of the software can design the system and can catch the users' requirement much better,likewise Users can understand the system much better too.
RADIOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF OSTEOARTHRITIS: NEW TECHNIQUES

Of the newer imaging techniques, magnetic resonance imaging holds promise for earlier detection of features of osteoarthritis (OA). Computed tomography, bone scanning, and ultrasound play very limited roles in evaluation of OA. This article illustrates the uses of magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of OA.
Change to FIT increased CRC screening rates: evaluation of a US screening outreach program.

Objective—To compare completion rates of colorectal cancer screening tests within a Health Maintenance Organization before and after widespread adoption of a fecal immunochemical test (FIT). Study Design—Retrospective cohort study Methods—Using electronic medical records of 113,901 patients eligible for colorectal cancer screening, we examined screening test completion during two successive time periods among those who received an automated call for screening outreach. The time periods were: (1) The “gFOBT era,” a fifteen-month period during which only guaiac fecal occult blood testing was routinely offered through the automated call, and (2) A nine-month “FIT era,” when only a new fecal immunochemical test was routinely offered. In addition to analyzing completion rates, we analyzed the impact of practice-level variables and patient-level variables on overall screening completion during the two different observation periods. Results—The change from gFOBT to FIT in an integrated care delivery system increased the likelihood of screening completion by 9.5% overall, and the likelihood of screening with a fecal test by 8.9%. The greatest gains in screening completion with FIT were among women and elderly patients. Completion of FIT was not as strongly associated with medical office visits or with having a primary care provider as was screening with gFOBT. Conclusions—Adoption of a FIT within an integrated care system increased completion of colon cancer screening tests within a 9-month assessment period, compared to a previous 15month gFOBT era. Higher completion rates of the FIT may allow for more effective dissemination of programs to increase colorectal cancer screening through centralized outreach programs.
Climate and conspecific density trigger pre-spawning mortality in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

Abstract Pre-spawning mortality (PSM) has been occasionally observed in association with high densities of adult Pacific salmon ( Oncorhynchus spp.), but because large escapements are rare, the phenomenon remains poorly understood. A large spawning escapement (∼12 times the 54 year median, and 3X the previous maximum) to a small stream in Alaska provided a unique opportunity to explore the factors that contribute to density-driven spawning ground mortality. After comparing patterns of mortality in 2014 with over 20 years of prior abundance and environmental data, we identified low dissolved oxygen (DO) as likely contributing to PSM. We then utilized a fish habitat-DO model to explore the roles of density-dependent and -independent factors in reducing DO. Stream flow and spawning density were identified as primary drivers of oxygen availability. Despite suboptimal oxygen levels the salmon did not die abruptly. Rather, on average they lived as long as in previous years (mean = 9.99 d), but many (55%) failed to complete spawning prior to death. Our results suggest that this mortality was ultimately a density-dependent process, exacerbated by low-flow conditions. Given projected effects of climate change on river flows and temperatures, similar events may occur more frequently in parts of the range of salmon where abundances remain high.
Sleep dysfunction and its association to chronic rhinosinusitis: Updated review.

Background Poor sleep has significant effects on health contributing to increased morbidity and mortality. The direct and indirect costs of sleep dysfunction total well in to the billions of dollars annually in the United States. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) affects up to 16% of the US population and has been linked to poor sleep quality with up to three quarters of patients with CRS reporting poor sleep quality. There is a growing body of literature evaluating the relationship between sleep and CRS. In this review, we organize and present the current knowledge on the associations between sleep and CRS as well as identify areas for further investigation. Data sources A structured literature search from 1946 to 2016 was conducted in the English language using OVID MEDLINE database, PubMed, and EMBASE. Review methods Abstracts were reviewed for relevance and appropriate studies were included in the narrative review. Results Studies were analyzed and discussed as they pertained to the following categories of CRS and sleep: (1) subjective measures of sleep dysfunction, (2) objective measures of sleep dysfunction, and (3) outcomes on sleep quality following treatment of CRS. Articles on the pathophysiology of sleep dysfunction in CRS were separately reviewed. Conclusions An evolving body of research demonstrates that quality of sleep is compromised in the majority of patients with CRS. Following treatment of CRS, there is significant improvement in subjective sleep quality, but additional research investigating objective measures following treatment is still needed. Additionally, further investigation is required to better elucidate the underlying pathophysiology of the relationship between sleep dysfunction and CRS. Level of Evidence N/A.
Spelling, Reading, Language Variation

Linguists have something to say about reading education, but some of the things linguistic knowledge would suggest do not work when they are tried out. These failures generally happen for reasons that have very little to do with the direct relationship between language and writing: the main thing linguists are in a position to talk about.
Oldendorp, Christian Georg Andreas (1721–1787)

Christian Georg Andreas Oldendorp, a member of the Moravian Brethren, is best remembered for his 1777 description of the Danish West Indies and their inhabitants. His detailed account of Negerhollands, the local creole, establishes him as one of the founders of Creolistics.
Circadian and economic factors affect food acquisition in rats restricted to discrete feeding opportunities

The purpose of this study is to examine aspects of operant behavior-modeled economic choice for food in rats in closed economy protocols in which food is available for only a few discrete times per daily 23-h session, designed to emulate clustering of human food intake into meals. In the first experiment, rats performed lever press responses for food pellets in an ascending series of ratios or fixed unit prices (FUP) when food was available for four 40-min food opportunities (FO) per day. Daily intake at low FUP was comparable to ad libitum intakes. Intake declined as FUP increased and was not distributed equally among the four FOs. In particular, the last FO of a session (occurring at about lights on in a 12:12cycle) was the smallest, even when total intake was low due to the response requirement at high FUP. Within FOs, satiation was evident at low FUPs by a decrease in rate of intake across a 40min FO; at high FUPs responding was evenly distributed. In the second experiment, rats had a choice of responding on two levers for either intermittent inexpensive (II; low FUP according to a four FO schedule) or costly continuous (CC; 20-fold higher FUP but available throughout 23-h sessions) food. Most (73%) of the rats consistently chose almost all of their food from the II source. Further, as the timing of the four II FOs were changed relative to the light: dark Zeitgeber, the time of the smallest meal changed such that the smallest meal (s) were during the light period regardless of ordinal position within a session. These data are discussed in terms of economic and Zeitgeber effects on consumption when food is available intermittently, and are contrasted with results from comparable protocols in mice.
FACIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION MANAGED WITH ABLATIVE SURGERY AND DUAL ROTATIONAL FLAP RECONSTRUCTION

A 34-year-old man had previously had partial resection of a left facial hemangioma or arteriovenous malformation which included partial mandibulectomy and external carotid arterial ligation for treatment of recurrent bleeding. Because of recurrent intraoral bleeding with aspiration and profound anemia and angiographic analysis showing large tortuous abnormal vessels feeding the lesion from the cranial base, the patient had tracheostomy for airway control, radical left facial resection, completion hemimandibulectomy, and subtotal maxillectomy. He required 20 units of blood components intraoperatively. Oral reconstruction was done with a pedicled pectoralis major myocutaneous flap, and left facial reconstruction was done with a rotational transaxillary latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap supplemented with skin grafts as appropriate for coverage of the rotated muscles. Postoperatively, the patient has had no further oral bleeding. This case illustrates the multiple difficulties involved in the surgical management of a high-flow arteriovenous malformation.