cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conformational analysis of cocaine, the potent analog 2b-carbomethoxy-3b-(4-flourophenyl)tropane (CFT), and other dopamine reuptake blockers

Using the MM2-87 program and parameter set, conformational analyses have been performed on cocaine (1), the potent analog 2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane (CFT, 2), and a group of dopamine reuptake blockers that contain two phenyl rings. The latter includes LU 19-005 (3), a 1-amino-4-phenyltetralin (4), a hexahydropyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline (5), diclofensine (6), and a hexahydro[1,2-b]pyridine (7). Using different values for the dielectric constant, the global minimum of 1 and 2 is a conformer in which there is a favorable electrostatic interaction between the ammonium hydrogen and the carbonyl of the carbomethoxy group. The N-methyl groups in 1 and 2 are found to strongly prefer the equatorial position of the piperidine ring. These results were also related to four crystal structures of 1 and its close derivatives. Compounds 3–7 are found to have a common conformation that was used to define the pharmacophore for dopamine reuptake blockers including the required orientation of the ammonium hydrogen. The pharmacophore provides an explanation for why the tertiary amine analogs of 3 and 4 are less potent than the secondary amines because the added N-methyl group occupies the position required for the ammonium hydrogen. This explanation, however, does not work for 7, in which the tertiary amine is again less active than the secondary amine. However, this last series appears to have a number of anomalous features. Superposition of 2 with the pharmacophore suggests that its carbomethoxy may occupy the same region of the receptor as the second phenyl ring in compounds 3–7. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Application of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Framework to Eating Disorders: Emerging Concepts and Research

The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project was initiated by the National Institute of Mental Health as a heuristic for addressing the limitations of categorical, symptom-based psychiatric diagnoses. RDoC is conceptualized as a matrix, with the rows representing dimensional constructs or domains implicated in the expression of psychiatric symptoms and the columns representing units of analysis that can be used to assess dimensional constructs (i.e., genes, molecules, cells, circuits, physiology, behavior, and self-reports). Few studies in eating disorders have adopted an RDoC framework, but accumulating data provide support for the relevance of RDoC dimensions to eating disorder symptoms. Herein, we review findings from RDoC-informed studies across the five domains of functioning included in the RDoC matrix—negative valence systems, positive valence systems, cognitive systems, systems for social processes, and arousal and regulatory systems—and describe directions for future research utilizing RDoC to enhance study design and treatment development in eating disorders.
The Discovery of America The first Americans may have swept the Western Hemisphere and decimated its fauna within 1000 years

I propose a new scenario for the discovery of America. By analogy with other successful animal invasions, one may assume that the discovery of the New World triggered a human population explosion. The invading hunters attained their highest population density along a front that swept from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico in 350 years, and on to the tip of South America in roughly 1000 years. A sharp drop in human population soon followed as major prey animals declined to extinction. Possible values for the model include an average frontal depth of 160 kilometers, an average population density of 0.4 person per square kilometer on the front and of 0.04 person per square kilometer behind the front, and an average rate of frontal advance of 16 kilometers per year. For the first two centuries the maximum rate of growth may have equaled the historic maximum of 3.4 percent annually. During the episode of faunal extinctions, the population of North America need not have exceeded 600,000 people at any one time. The model generates a population sufficiently large to overkill a biomass of Pleistocene large animals averaging 9 metric tons per square kilometer (50 animal units per section) or 2.3 x 108 metric tons in the hemisphere. It requires that on the front one person in four destroy one animal unit (450 kilograms) per week, or 26 percent of the biomass of an average section in 1 year in any one region. Extinction would occur within a decade. There was insufficient time for the fauna to learn defensive behaviors, or for more than a few kill sites to be buried and preserved for the archeologist. Should the model survive future findings, it will mean that the extinction chronology of the Pleistocene megafauna can be used to map the spread of Homo sapiens throughout the New World.
Homeostatic regulation of MeCP2 expression by a CREB-induced microRNA.

Both increases and decreases in methyl CpG–binding protein 2 (MeCP2) levels cause neurodevelopmental defects. We found that MeCP2 translation is regulated by microRNA 132 (miR132). Block of miR132-mediated repression increased MeCP2 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in cultured rat neurons and the loss of MeCP2 reduced BDNF and miR132 levels in vivo. This feedback loop may provide a mechanism for homeostatic control of MeCP2 expression.
INFLUENCE OF PROLONGED ETHERIZATION,TRAUMA AND HEMORRHAGE UPON THE SURVIVAL PERIOD OF ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS

IN mental temperature and salts upon the survival period of adrenalectc raided rats, we mentioned a number of additional factors which may influence the survival period of such animals. In the present paper we have invests gated the factors of etherization, trauma and hemorrhage. In studies on adrenal function in which adrenalectomized animals are employed it is obvious that factors which complicate or influence postoperative behavior and survival should be thoroughly understood in order to ascertain the true function of the adrenals. The importance of such an understanding has been stressed by various investigators including Stewart (2) whose discussions deserve attention. In his ex' cellent review he emphasizes the importance of careful operative procedures. It is his belief that “ … the shortening of the operation including the anesthesia, and the diminution of the effects of trauma …” are factors which tend to prolong the survival period of adrenalectomized animals.
Rodent cell transformation and immediate early gene expression following 60-Hz magnetic field exposure.

Abstract Some epidemiological studies suggest that exposure to power frequency magnetic fields (MFs) may be associated with an elevated risk of human cancer, but the experimental database remains limited and controversial. We investigated the hypothesis that 60-Hz MF action at the cellular level produces changes in gene expression that can result in neoplastic transformation. Twenty-four hour 200 microT continuous MF exposure produced negative results in two standard transformation systems (Syrian hamster embryo cells and C3H/10T1/2 murine fibroblasts) with or without postexposure to a chemical promoter. This prompted a reexamination of previously reported MF-induced changes in gene expression in human HL60 cells. Extensive testing using both coded and uncoded analyses was negative for an MF effect. Using the same exposure conditions as in the transformation studies, no MF-induced changes in ornithine decarboxylase expression were observed in C3H/10T1/2 cells, casting doubt on a promotional role of MF for the tested cells and experimental conditions.
Embedding in R-closed spaces

Abstract Some problems in the theory of R-closed spaces are solved by showing that every regular space can be embedded in a minimal regular space and there is an R-closed space with no coarser minimal regular topology. A class of spaces is found so that when fed into the Jone's machinery for producing non-Tychonoff, regular spaces, the output is non-tychonoff R-closed and minimal regular spaces. Also, an example of a strongly minimal regular space that is not locally R-closed is given.
Particulate Air Pollution In the United States

A study was conducted to identify, characterize, and quantify the national particulate air pollution problem from stationary sources. Particulate emissions from stationary sources were determined from data on emission factors, grain loadings, and material balances. The principal method used for establishing the tonnage emitted by an industry utilized uncontrolled emission factors. Total tonnage emitted by a given industry was calculated from four quantities: (1) an emission factor for the uncontrolled source; (2) the total tonnage processed per year by the industry; (3) the efficiency of control equipment used; and (4) the percentage of production capacity equipped with control devices. Particulate emissions from stationary sources in the United States currently total approximately 18 X 106 ton/yr. The major stationary sources of particulates include electric power generation plants, the crushed stone industry, the forest products industry, agriculture and related operations, the cement industry, and the ...
Logarithmic strain and its material derivative for a QR decomposition of the deformation gradient

The well-known polar decomposition of the deformation gradient decomposes it into an orthogonal rotation and a symmetric stretch. We consider a Gram–Schmidt factorization of the deformation gradient, which decomposes it into a different orthogonal rotation with a right-triangular field that we call distortion. Properties of this distortion tensor are discussed, and a work-conjugate stress tensor is derived for this Lagrangian frame. The logarithm of distortion and its material derivative are then introduced, and their components are quantified, resulting in a new logarithmic measure for strain and its rate, distinct from Hencky strain (the logarithm of stretch) and its rate. An eigenprojection analysis and a first-order, differential, matrix equation solved using the technique of back substitution both produce the same matrix components describing the logarithm of distortion. Three homogeneous deformations illustrate similarities and differences between the logarithms of distortion and stretch. They are distinct measures of strain. The new logarithmic strain measure shows monotonic behavior under simple shear as opposed to the non-monotonic behavior of Hencky strain (see Fig. 2).
Effect of heparin on whole blood activated partial thromboplastin time using a portable, whole blood coagulation monitor.

Objectives : To evaluate the responsiveness of whole blood activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) to varying heparin doses in vitro and to examine the ex vivo relationship of whole blood aPTT to plasma heparin concentration. Design : Prospective, controlled laboratory study. Setting : Surgical suites and laboratory at a tertiary center. Patients : Surgical patients and volunteers at a tertiary center were eligible for inclusion in this study. In vitro evaluation was performed using specimens obtained from each of five, healthy volunteers. Ex vivo evaluation was performed using specimens obtained from 30 cardiac surgical patients before and after systemic administration of heparin for extracorporeal circulation. Interventions : Blood specimens were obtained from volunteers and added to syringes containing varying amounts of unfractionated porcine heparin for in vitro evaluation. For ex vivo evaluation, blood specimens were obtained from patients before and after systemic administration of 20 U/kg of heparin. Measurements and Main Results : For the in vitro evaluation, specimens were divided into two aliquots after mixing with varying amounts of unfractionated porcine heparin. One aliquot was used to measure whole blood aPTT using a whole blood coagulation monitor immediately after blood collection and 3 mins later, and a second aliquot was used to determine plasma aPTT with a conventional, laboratory-based assay. Linear regression analysis demonstrated a high correlation (r = .94 ; r2 =.88) between aPTT assay systems and bias analysis demonstrated a mean aPTT measurement difference of 1.6 secs with ± 2 sD limits of -15 to + 18.2 secs. As indicated by comparable regression slopes, the in vitro aPTT responsiveness to increasing heparin concentration was similar with the two assay systems among individual subjects. Whole blood aPTT measurements after 3 mins of blood specimen storage were similar to immediate measurements. For ex vivo evaluation, blood specimens obtained from patients before and after systemic administration of heparin were divided into two aliquots. One aliquot was used to measure whole blood aPTT in duplicate and a second aliquot was used to measure plasma heparin concentration with an anti-factor X active chromogenic assay. A high correlation (r =.89 ; r 2 =.79) between whole blood aPTT and plasma heparin concentration was observed. Conclusions : Heparin responsiveness of whole blood aPTT, measured with a portable whole blood coagulation monitor, is similar to that of conventional laboratory aPTT over a clinically relevant range of heparin concentrations in vitro and ex vivo. On-site whole blood aPTT measurements should be useful in clinical situations requiring rapid aPTT results.
An efficient and practical radiosynthesis of [11C]temozolomide

Temozolomide (TMZ) is a prodrug for an alkylating agent used for the treatment of malignant brain tumors. A positron emitting version, [(11)C]TMZ, has been utilized to help elucidate the mechanism and biodistribution of TMZ. Challenges in [(11)C]TMZ synthesis and reformulation make it difficult for routine production. A highly reproducible one-pot radiosynthesis of [(11)C]TMZ with a radiochemical yield of 17 ± 5% and ≥97% radiochemical purity is reported.
Mass Spectra of Organometallic Compounds. IV. Some Mononuclear Fluorocarbon Derivatives of Transition Metals

The mass spectra of the following fluorocarbon derivatives of transition metals have been investigated: (a) the perfluoroalkyl derivatives Rf Mo(CO)3C5H5 (Rf=CF3 and C3F7); (b) the perfluoroacyl derivatives CF3COM (CO)3C5H5 (M = Mo and W), C3F7COM (CO)3C5H5 (M = Mo and W), and C3F7COFe(CO)2C5H5; (c) the perfluoraryl derivatives RfFe(CO)2C5H5 (Rf =C6F5, p-HC6F4, 3, 4-H2C6F3, and p-CF3F4); (d) the hexafluorobutyne derivatives [(CF3)2C2]3 MNCCH3 (M = Mo and W); and (e) the bis (trifluoromethyl)tetramethylbicyclo-[2.2,2] octatriene complexes C14H14F5Fe (CO)3 and C5H5CoC14H14F6. Unusual features observed in these mass spectra include the following: (a) Evidence for elimination of the neutral metal fluoride fragments FeF2 and C5H5CoF; (b) evidence for the elimination of neutral HF and CF2 fragments; (c) evidence for the elimination of a bridge in the bicyclo [2,2,2] octatriene derivatives; (d) decarbonylation of RfCOMo(CO)3C5H5 compounds, but not their tungsten analogs, in the mass spectrometer; and (e) evidence for the eliminations of C4F4 and CH3CN fragments in the mass spectra of the [(CF3)2C2]3MNCCH2 complexes.
The Next Big Problem in Developmental Biology

The "next big problem" I want to describe here is deceptively simple. We all recognize that in the fertilized egg there is a set of genes (along with some cyto? plasm, a matter which we shall consider later) and that these genes give instructions that ultimately produce a complex adult. Genes are known to produce messenger RNAs which are then translated into spe? cific proteins in the cell cytoplasm. How is it possible that this very limited process can construct, for instance, a complex animal with different parts and different cell types all of which exist in harmony, and not only produces a consistent form from genera? tion to generation, but also permits that form to move, to function in an organized way, and on top of all that, to behave? The phenotype, both in its structure and in its activities, seems remarkably far removed from those first gene products, yet they are its origin. So not only do genes make pro? teins, but the proteins can in turn do things that, through a chain of events, lead to the ultimate result. This is the problem: how do those genes and their proteins control such distant, remote events. One way to study the matter is to look more closely at the properties and the activities of the genes, especially of ones that seem to play a crucial role in devel? opment. This has been and is being very actively pursued in many laboratories with enormous success. It is the exciting frontier that is moving forward with dazzling speed. However, the steps that follow are equally important and exciting and they are the ones that have been more recalci-
Behavior of dilute lamellar liquid-crystalline phases

Abstract Lamellar liquid-crystalline phases containing only about 5–10% surfactant by weight and having relatively low viscosities have been found to exist in Under suitable conditions, dilute liquid crystals can coexist with pure hydrocarbons. The tension at the interface between anisotropic and isotropic ph The surfactant “slugs” to be injected during enhanced oil recovery processes currently under development often contain dilute lamellar phases or th
Effect of Sb pre-deposition on the compositional profiles in MOVPE-grown InAsSb/InAs(1 1 1) multi-quantum wells

Abstract This paper describes the effect of Sb pre-deposition on the composition modulation in InAsSb/InAs strained-layer multi-quantum wells. The multi-quantum-well structures, grown by metal–organic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE) on InAs (1 1 1) substrates, had periods of ≈20 nm and nominal InAs 0.8 Sb 0.2 layer thicknesses of ≈4.5 nm. Sb surface coverages from 0 to 1.4 monolayers (ML) were deposited on the InAs surfaces during growth interruptions prior to alloy layer growth. With no pre-deposition, kinematical simulations of measured θ –2 θ X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns yielded best fits for exponential composition profiles as expected for Sb segregation. The 1/ e Sb segregation lengths were 1.2–1.6 nm. When ≈0.8 ML of Sb was pre-deposited, XRD simulations indicated sharper InAsSb-on-InAs interfaces. Sb coverages of ⩾1 ML broadened the XRD superlattice reflections, indicating that interface roughness increased.
RACE AND THE RISK OF PERITONITIS : AN ANALYSIS OF FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE INITIAL EPISODE

To study how clinical characteristics influence the risk of peritonitis in African American patients with end-stage renal disease treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), we examined the risk of developing a first episode of peritonitis among 1,595 new dialysis patients initially treated by CAPD over a two year period in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia (Network 6). Characteristics examined were demographic and socioeconomic factors, functional status, serum albumin and comorbid conditions. There were 538 initial episodes of peritonitis during an average of 8.8 patient months of follow-up; the time to peritonitis for the entire cohort was 26 months. Factors found to be independently associated with a risk for peritonitis were student status (Odds Ratio and 95% Confidence Interval = 2.4; 1.4 to 4.3), rental housing (1.2; 1.0 to 1.5), and substance abuse (1.9; 1.1 to 3.2). African Americans were 60% more likely to have an initial episode of peritonitis during follow-up than whites (1.6; 1.3 to 1.8). The time to the initial episode was 21 months for African Americans versus 32 months for whites (P < 0.001). Even after adjusting for other factors, African Americans were significantly more likely to develop peritonitis (1.5; 1.2 to 1.8). Thus, the increased risk of peritonitis of African American patients treated by CAPD is independent of other demographic, socioeconomic and comorbid characteristics.
Oxidative DNA damage induced by activation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): implications for PCB-induced oxidative stress in breast cancer.

We have previously reported that mono- and dichlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can be metabolized to dihydroxy compounds and further oxidized to reactive metabolites which form adducts with nitrogen and sulfur nucleophiles including DNA [Amaro et al. (1996) Chem. Res. Toxicol. 9, 623−629; Oakley et al. (1996) Carcinogenesis 17, 109−114]. The former studies also demonstrated that during the metabolism of PCBs superoxide may be produced. We have therefore examined the abilities of PCB metabolites to induce free radical-mediated oxidative DNA damage using a newly developed, highly sensitive, 32P-postlabeling assay for 8-oxodeoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) [Devanaboyina, U., and Gupta, R. (1996) Carcinogenesis 17, 917−924]. The incubation of 3,4-dichloro-2‘,5‘-dihydroxybiphenyl (100 μM) with calf thymus DNA (300 μg/mL) in the presence of the breast tissue and milk-associated enzyme, lactoperoxidase (10 mU/mL), and H2O2 (0.5 mM) resulted in a significant increase in free radical-induced DNA damage (253 8-oxodG/106 nucleoti...
Shallow source/drain extension formation using antimony and indium pre-amorphization schemes for 0.18- to 0.13-μm CMOS technologies

Pre-amorphization scheme has been widely used to form shallow source/drain (S/D) extension for deep sub-micron CMOS technology [1-3]. In this paper, different Sb and In implantation conditions (various implant energies and doses) were used before BF 2 and As HDD implant to study their effects on pMOS and nMOS characteristics, respectively, such as L gmin (the gate length at I off =lnA/μm at V g =0, |V d |=1.5V), I drive (drive current when |V g |=|V d |=1.5V), and diode leakage. These characteristics will also be compared with those obtained from devices without the pre-amorphization. TEOS 1 st spacer in different thickness and various final RTA temperatures were also used to study their effect on the drive current. The key results are as follows. (1) A 4% improvement in I drive (strong) (from 185μA/μm to 193μA/μm; the drive current at I off =lnA/μm at supplying voltage of 1.5V and t ox ≃39A) and ∼0.02μm reduction in L gmin (from ∼0.16μm to ∼0.14μm) were observed for the pMOS devices with Sb pre-amorphization when the same thickness of the 1 st spacer was used. These improvements are due to the formation of a more shallow and abrupt HDI) when pre-amorphization is used. (2) With the requirement of L gmin = ∼0.16 μm, a p-channel I drive (strong)=211 μA/μm at L gmin = ∼0.16 μm were obtained with a thin 1 st spacer and with Sb pre-amorphization in this study. For the same Lgmin requirement, a thick 1 st spacer (150A thicker than the thin one) had to be used for a device without the pre-amorphization, which resulted in a higher R sd and thus degraded the drive current to I drive (strong)=185μA/μm. (3) The Sb implant conditions do not form an effective pocket implant doping for either case studied. A similar improvement in L gmin is observed for different annealing temperatures studied. (4) In contrast to the L gmin of a pMOS, the junction diode leakage is sensitive to the Sb implant condition. The diode leakage increases with Sb implant energy and dose. (5) Contrary to the Sb pre-amorphization cases, no significant improvement in either I drive and L gmin is observed in the nMOS devices with In pre-amorphization.
Patterns of Ethanol Consumption in a Continuous Access Situation: The Effect of Adding a Sweetener to the Ethanol Solution

The effect of the addition of sucrose to an ethanol solution upon daily intake patterns was examined in a continuous-access operant situation with Wistar rats. Rats were first initiated to self-administer orally a 10% ethanol (v/v) solution using the sucrose-substitution procedure in 30-min limited-access conditions. When then studied in a continuous-access operant situation (23 hr ethanol access), substantial increases in ethanol consumption were found when varying concentrations of sucrose were added to the ethanol solutions presented. This increased consumption was found to be a complex function of both an increase in the number of drinking occurrences each day and in the size of each drinking occurrence. When 2% sucrose was compared with 2% sucrose/10% ethanol, the consumption of the sweetened ethanol was greater than consumption of the sweetener alone, suggesting that the ethanol added to the ability of the solution to maintain behavior beyond that of the sucrose alone. This study supports the use of sweetened ethanol solutions for the study of ethanol drinking patterns, and as a model system for examining factors involved in the regulation of ethanol consumption.
Differential Regulation of Na-H Exchanger-3 by D1 Receptors and G-|[alpha]|S in Normotensive and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Differential Regulation of Na-H Exchanger-3 by D 1 Receptors and G-αS in Normotensive and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
A historical review of selectivity approaches and retrospective patterns in the Pacific halibut stock assessment

Abstract The Pacific halibut stock assessment has proven to be a particularly challenging application for the estimation of selectivity. Contributing factors include: extremely pronounced temporal changes in length-at-age, a steep vulnerability curve for commonly used hook sizes, a minimum length limit, relatively late (∼age 6–10) appearance of fish in survey and fishery data, and geographic heterogeneity in demographic parameters coupled with pronounced spatial trends in population abundance over time and significant ontogenetic migration over the stock range. Historical stock assessments have variously modeled selectivity as a function of length or age, employing nonparametric forms in attempting to account for these various factors. Despite these efforts, a strong retrospective bias in model results occurred during three separate time periods; each of which ultimately required modification of the selectivity parameterization to ameliorate that bias. This paper provides a summary of historical approaches, and the methods employed to address the most recent retrospective pattern.
Effect of ovine FSH and LH on serum steroids and ovulation in hypophysectomized immature female rats.

Experiments were designed to determine the effect of highly purified ovine FSH and LH on serum steroid levels and ovulation. Immature female rats were hypophysectomized at 28 days of age. Beginning 7 days after hypophysectomy the rats were injected subcutaneously twice daily over a period of 4 days with either 1.0 µg ovine FSH in 0.5 ml saline or 0.5 ml saline per injection (priming dose). On the morning of day 39, 8 µg FSH or 1.28 fig LH (ovulating dose) were administered intravenously via the tail vein. The maximum number of LH units administered in the FSH ovulatory dose (equivalent to 0.0004 U NIH LHSl) was well below the minimal effective dose of the LH preparation (0.005 U NIH LH-S1) required for ovulation. Serum levels of progesterone, 20±-dihydroprogesterone, estrone and estradiol were determined by radioimmunoassay after 1 and 4 days of priming and after ovulation. Serum levels of progesterone were maintained during the 4 days of FSH priming. After a single day of FSH priming 20a-dihydroprogester...
Area between Peaks Feature in the Derivative Reflectance Curve as a Sensitive Indicator of Change in Chlorophyll Concentration

Vegetation spectral features can detect chlorophyll concentrations. Two key spectral features evident in the first derivative (FD) of reflectance constitute the two main peaks: one located around 685-705 nm and the other near 710-725 nm. We propose that the area between peaks (ABP) can be used as a sensitive indicator of changes in the photosynthetic pigments at leaf level and demonstrate it using a high-spectral-resolution dataset of maize leaves collected by Gitelson and coworkers (2005). We find significant high positive correlations (r 2 > 0.90) between chlorophyll concentrations and both the ABP and its continuum length feature.
Rapidly rotating turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection

Turbulent Boussinesq convection under the influence of rapid rotation (i.e. with comparable characteristic rotation and convection timescales) is studied. The transition to turbulence proceeds through a relatively simple bifurcation sequence, starting with unstable convection rolls at moderate Rayleigh (Ra) and Taylor numbers (Ta) and culminating in a state dominated by coherent plume structures at high Ra and Ta. Like non-rotating turbulent convection, the rapidly rotating state exhibits a simple power-law dependence on Ra for all statistical properties of the flow. When the fluid layer is bounded by no-slip surfaces, the convective heat transport (Nu − 1, where Nu is the Nusselt number) exhibits scaling with Ra2/7 similar to non-rotating laboratory experiments. When the boundaries are stress free, the heat transport obeys ‘classical’ scaling (Ra1/3) for a limited range in Ra, then appears to undergo a transition to a different law at Ra ≈ 4 × 107. Important dynamical differences between rotating and non-rotating convection are observed: aside from the (expected) differences in the boundary layers due to Ekman pumping effects, angular momentum conservation forces all plume structures created at flow-convergent sites of the heated and cooled boundaries to spin-up cyclonically; the resulting plume/cyclones undergo strong vortex-vortex interactions which dramatically alter the mean state of the flow and result in a finite background temperature gradient as Ra → ∞, holding Ra/Ta fixed.
Ratiometric optical PEBBLE nanosensors for real-time magnesium ion concentrations inside viable cells

This paper presents the development and characterization of a highly selective magnesium fluorescent optical nanosensor, made possible by PEBBLE (probe encapsulated by biologically localized embedding) technology. A ratiometric sensor has been developed by co-immobilizing a dye that is sensitive to and highly selective for magnesium, with a reference dye in a matrix. The sensors are prepared via a microemulsion polymerization process, which entraps the sensing components inside a polymer matrix. The resultant spherical sensors are ∼40 nm in diameter. The Coumarin 343 (C343) dye, which by itself does not enter the cell, when immobilized in a PEBBLE is used as the magnesium-selective agent that provides the high and necessary selectivity over other intracellular ions, such as Ca2+, Na+, and K+. The dynamic range of these sensors was 1−30 mM, with a linear range from 1 to 10 mM, with a response time of <4 s. In contrast to free dye, these nano-optodes are not perturbed by proteins. They are fully reversible ...
Rat circulatory pressures.

SummaryDirect pressure measurements were obtained simultaneously in the aorta, right atrium, pulmonary artery and left atrium on anesthetized, open-chest rats on a respirator. Mean pressures in the aorta were 105, right atrium 3.3, pulmonary artery 16, and left atrium 5.8 mmHg. The aortic pressure is comparable to previously published values. These vascular pressures should provide helpful guidelines to those investigators utilizing the rat in experimental physiological studies.
A broadband photon drag detector for pulsed, high-power radiation detection

A broadband detector based on the photon drag effect in semiconductors has been used for radiation detection from 600 μm to 1 cm wavelengths. The measured responsivity of the detector at the longer wavelengths is ∼3 μV/W.
Towards accurate ab initio predictions of the vibrational spectrum of methane

We have carried out extensive ab initio calculations of the electronic structure of methane, and these results are used to compute vibrational energy levels. We include basis set extrapolations, core-valence correlation, relativistic effects, and Born-Oppenheimer breakdown terms in our calculations. Our ab initio predictions of the lowest lying levels are superb.
Exclusion of the MSX1 homeobox gene as the gene for the Ellis van Creveld syndrome in the Amish

Ellis van Creveld syndrome (EVC) is an autosomal recessive disorder which has previously been mapped to human chromosome 4p16.1. This disorder is characterized by disproportionate dwarfism, polydactyly, cleft palate, natal teeth, and congenital heart disease. The MSX1 homeobox gene also maps to the 4p16.1 region. Msx gene transcripts in the mouse embryo are known to be involved in pattern formation of the developing limb bud and craniofacial bones. Thus, on the basis of both map location and known gene function, MSX1 was an excellent candidate as the causative gene for EVC. Nonetheless, direct DNA sequencing of both exons of the MSX1 gene in five affected individuals segregating with the EVC phenotype, as well as those of two obligate carriers, revealed no mutations in the coding region of the gene.
Inflammatory chemokines in cancer growth and progression

Leukocyte infiltration is a cardinal feature of almost all cancers. Chemokines are generally responsible for eliciting local accumulation of inflammatory cells and they appear to play the same role in the formation of peri- and intra-tumoural infiltrates. Chronic inflammation predisposes to cancer formation and progression, and it is likely that the chemokine system contributes to this process. In part, this may be a consequence of its ability to attract mononuclear cells to cancer sites, where they provide growth or angiogenic factors that enhance cancer development. However, accumulating evidence also points to a direct effect of chemokines on cancer cells that express chemokine receptors. In particular, some chemokines can activate anti-apoptotic pathways in these cells. By either mechanism, tumour cells that secrete and/or respond to chemokines would have a selective advantage. This provides another example of cancer's ability to co-opt host systems in order to promote tumour progression.
Wave Propagation in Layered-Inhomogeneous Planar Anisotropic Media: Geometrical-Optics Approximation and Its Application

Abstract The geometrical-optics approximation for describing the propagation of extraordinary waves in layered-inhomogeneous planar anisotropic media can be expressed as a series of laws. The results are applied to study the optical properties of spatially, inhomogeneous nematic liquid crystal structures.
Uncompensated consequences of workplace injuries and illness: Long-term disability and early termination

Abstract Problem Costs related to early retirement, termination, or long-term disability could fall outside workers’ compensation (WC). Method Statistical models examined early retirement, long-term disability status, or early termination related to WC claims. Results The WC-associated early-termination rate ratio was 1.20 (95% CI = 1.14–1.28) for hourly nonunion employees, 1.05 (95% C I= 0.97–1.13) for hourly union employees, and 3.43 (95% CI = 3.11–3.79) for salaried nonunion employees. In the manufacturing-durable sector the WC-associated rate ratio was 1.58 (95% CI = 1.42–1.76) for hourly nonunion employees and 1.23 (95% CI = 1.10–1.38) for union hourly employees. In contrast, in transportation–utilities–communications, the rate ratio was 0.52 (95% CI = 0.46–0.59) for hourly nonunion and 1.22 (95% CI = 1.08–1.38) for union hourly employees. Discussion Uncompensated costs of workplace injuries and illnesses may result from adverse events previously compensated by WC. In some workplaces reduced termination rates with prior WC suggests added costs to employers. Summary Conditions leading to WC claims have cost implications related to early — or delayed — removal from the workforce. Impact on industry Additional costs from work-related injury or illness that are not covered by workers compensation may result from the effect of continuing impairment on the subsequent early termination (or prolonging) of employment. These costs would accrue to both employers and employees and are not generally included in global estimates of the burden of workplace injuries and illnesses.
Extension of sugar chains by enolate addition to methyl 2,3-di-O-acetyl-4-deoxy-β-l-threo-hex-4-enodialdo-1,5-pyranoside☆☆☆

Abstract Methyl 2,3-di- O -acetyl-4-deoxy-β- L - threo -hex-4-enodialdo-1,5-pyranoside ( 2 ) reacts readily with enolate anions by attack at the aldehyde carbonyl group. Nitromethane gives initially the adduct 1 , which readily undergoes elimination to afford the conjugated, unsaturated derivative 5 ; reduction of the latter with borohydride effects selective reduction of the exocyclic double bond to give the nitro sugar derivative 6 . The aldehyde 2 undergoes condensation with acetone to give a conjugated, 9-carbon sugar derivative 7 , having a carbonyl group at C-8 that can be reduced selectively by borohydride to a secondary alcohol derivative, isolated as its acetate 8 . The readily available, unsaturated aldehyde 2 , which can be condensed with 1,2-bis(anilino)-ethane to give a stable, crystalline imidazolidine derivative 3 , thus provides a useful starting point for synthesis of higher-carbon sugars by chain extension at the ϖ-carbon atom. Addition of dimethylamine at C-4 of 2 was not observed under a variety of experimental conditions.
Detection of Fungemia by Polymerase Chain Reaction in Critically Ill Neonates and Children

OBJECTIVE: To compare polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with blood culture for the detection of fungemia in neonatal and pediatric intensive care unit patients. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 0.2 to 0.5 ml of blood was collected simultaneously with blood culture in patients with suspected sepsis. Following DNA extraction, the gene for fungal 18S rRNA was amplified and PCR products analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. RESULTS: Of 70 patient samples, nine of nine with a positive blood culture for Candida were PCR positive, and one of four with a positive blood culture for Malassezia was PCR positive. In total, 13 of 57 samples with negative blood culture for fungus were PCR positive. Seven of these 13 patients had other evidence of invasive fungal disease. In contrast, none of the 44 blood culture-negative/PCR-negative patients had other evidence of fungal infection. CONCLUSIONS: PCR may be a useful adjunct to blood culture for the rapid detection of fungemia in high-risk patients.
Scientific data management at the Johns Hopkins institute for data intensive engineering and science

Scientific computing has long been one of the deep and challenging applications of computer science and data management, from early endeavors in numerical simulation, to recent undertakings in the life sciences, such as genome assembly. Complex computational problems abound and their solutions transform our understanding of the physical world. The data management community’s interest in scientific applications has grown over the last decade due to the commoditization of parallelism, diminishing system administration costs, and a search for relevance beyond enterprise applications. Research in scientific computing raises non-technical challenges, such as overcoming the paucity of resources needed for experimentation, and establishing a collaborative research agenda that fosters a mutual appreciation of problems, results in a concerted effort to develop software tools, and makes all researchers successful in their respective fields. In light of this, we report on a recently formed institute at the Johns Hopkins University to further the interaction between computer science, and science and engineering. We describe ongoing projects at the institute and our collaboration experiences.
The 19F(γ, 2n)17F cross section

Abstract The cross section for the 19 F(γ, 2n) 17 F reaction was measured from 19 to 60 MeV using bremsstrahlung activation methods to produce a yield curve. The cross section shows peaks at energies of 24.7 ± 0.5, 27.9 ± 0.6, 33.6 ± 0.7, 40.5 ± 0.8 and 56.6 ± 1.6 MeV. The cross section integrated to 60 MeV is 9.1 ± 0.9 MeV · mb. A discussion of the reaction sequence is given.
Effect of steroid milieu on gonadotropin-releasing hormone-1 neuron firing pattern and luteinizing hormone levels in male mice.

GnRH neuronal function is regulated by gonadal hormone feedback. In males, testosterone can act directly or be converted to either dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or estradiol (E 2 ). We examined central steroid feedback by recording firing of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-identified GnRH neurons in brain slices from male mice that were intact, castrated, or castrated and treated with implants containing DHT, E 2 ,o r E 2 þDHT. Castration increased LH levels. DHT or E 2 alone partially suppressed LH, whereas E 2 þDHT reduced LH to intact levels. Despite the inhibitory actions on LH, the combination of E 2 þDHT increased GnRH neuron activity relative to other treatments, reflected in mean firing rate, amplitude of peaks in firing rate, and area under the curve of firing rate vs. time. Cluster8 was used to identify peaks in firing activity that may be correlated with hormone release. Castration increased the frequency of peaks in firing rate. Treatment with DHT failed to reduce frequency of these peaks. In contrast, treatment with E 2 reduced peak frequency to intact levels. The frequency of peaks in firing rate was intermediate in animals treated with E 2 þDHT, perhaps suggesting the activating effects of this combination partially counteracts the inhibitory actions of E 2 . These data indicate that E 2 mediates central negative feedback in males primarily by affecting the pattern of GnRH neuron activity, and that androgens combined with estrogens have a central activating effect on GnRH neurons. The negative feedback induced by E 2 þDHT to restore LH to intact levels may mask an excitatory central effect of this combination. estradiol, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone, steroid hormones
When Inequality Fails: Power, Group Dominance, and Societal Change

Social dominance theory was developed to account for why societies producing surplus take and maintain the form of group-based dominance hierarchies, in which at least one socially-constructed group has more power than another, and in which men are more powerful than women and adults more powerful than children. Although the theory has always allowed for societies to differ in their severity of group-based dominance and how it is implemented, it has predicted that alternative forms of societal organization will occur rarely and not last. This paper revisits aspects of the theory that allow for the possibility of societal alternatives and change. We also consider boundary conditions for the theory, and whether its current theoretical apparatus can account for societal change. By expanding the typical three-level dynamic system to describe societies (micro-meso-macro) into four levels (including meta) to consider how societies relate to one another, we identify political tensions that are unstable power structures rather than stable hierarchies. In research on institutions, we identify smaller-scale alternative forms of social organization. We identify logical, empirical, and theoretical shortcomings in social dominance theory’s account of stability and change, consider alternative forms of social organization, and suggest fruitful avenues for theoretical extension.
An Electronic Heartbeat Simulator and a Cardiac Tachometer

The procedure for obtaining an artificial heartbeat with the use of multivibrator techniques is described. The chief feature of this design is the use of well-known circuitry to produce, 1) three pulses of variable amplitude and relatively long periods, and 2) variable time delays between the pulses of up to 0.5 second. Also described is the circuit for a cardiac tachometer with two linear scales, the ranges of which are 0 to 75 and 0 to 180 beats per minute, a response time from zero to full scale (10 seconds), and an accuracy of better than 2 per cent.
The Nature of Physiocratic Society

CONFLICTING INTERPRETATIONS of Physiocracy exist. Especially important in the literature on Physiocracy is the disagreement between the interpretations by Max Beer and Norman J. Ware (1). These two interpretations are presented and evaluated below. To the knowledge of the present writer, the conflict between these two views has not been resolved in the literature (2). A significant effort has been made by Raymond S. Franklin (3) to provide insights into the conflict of interpretations. Franklin's primary purpose, however, was to refute Beer and to sustain Ware. Ronald L. Meek (4) also tended to agree with Ware, as does the present writer; but this approach by itself does not necessarily constitute a resolution of the conflicting interpretations. The insights provided by Franklin and Meek are instrumental in laying the basis for a resolution of the conflict. A suggested resolution is presented as the conclusion to this article.
A Reappraisal of Diversification in the Federal Courts: Gender Effects in the Courts of Appeals

Prior scholarship on the effect of the increasing number of female judges leads to three contrasting sets of expectations. Early writings and views of affirmative-action activists suggested that female judges would be more liberal than male judges. On the other hand, a series of empirical studies suggest that we should expect no gender differences. In contrast to both of these perspectives, several feminist scholars suggest that women will be more liberal only when that position expresses support for full participation in the community. These contrasting expectations were tested by analyzing the votes of appeals court decisions in three issue areas. No differences were discovered between male and female judges in obscenity or criminal search and seizure cases. However, in employment discrimination cases, female judges were significantly more liberal than their male colleagues.
Phylogeography of marine mutualists: parallel patterns of genetic structure between obligate goby and shrimp partners

The survival of many organisms depends on interspecific, mutualistic interactions. Hence, it is important to assess the phylogeography of multiple mutualistic species simultaneously to gain insight into how their metapopulations persist, spread and recover from disturbance. Consequently, we sequenced mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome b ) from a gobiid fish ( Ctenogobiops feroculus ) and its mutualistic partner, an alpheid snapping shrimp ( Alpheus djeddensis ). These obligate mutualists are common in shallow coral reef lagoons, and we collected individuals from 11 Indo-Pacific islands that were likely exposed to different disturbance histories due to sea level fluctuations associated with glaciation events [geological studies indicate that eastern oceanic islands (Cook Islands, French Polynesia) were more disturbed than western continental plate islands that have deeper, more extensive lagoons (Okinawa, Fiji)]. Both phylogenetic and population genetic analyses indicated that gobies from Okinawa and Fiji were genetically distinct both from each other and those in the Cook Islands and French Polynesia. Shrimp, by contrast, grouped into two distinct genetic groups that showed no geographic structure. Restricting the analysis to one clade of shrimp, which contained two-thirds of the individuals, showed that these shrimp had very similar phylogeographical structure to the gobies. Mismatch distributions demonstrated that both gobies and shrimp experienced a recent, rapid population expansion into French Polynesia. Finally, nucleotide and haplotype diversities per sample location were significantly correlated between mutualists and tended to be higher on western continental than eastern oceanic islands. Our results suggest that these mutualists recovered from a major disturbance by colonizing South Pacific islands in synchrony.
McGINN ON EXISTENCE

I compare the theory of existence and being (and of non-existence and non-being) presented in Colin McGinn's Logical Properties with those of well known predecessors such as Quine, Frege and Meinong. More recently, neo-Meinongians have held that being and existence are different concepts, and that although nothing lacks being, there are things which do not exist; possibilists have held that there are mere possibilia, things which possibly exist but do not actually exist. I examine a thesis advanced by McGinn which these two positions have also endorsed, namely, that there are things which do not exist. I survey the function of 'existential quantification', and finally contend that the predicate 'does not exist' has at least three meanings, meanings which are determined by the context in which the predicate occurs and which are importantly different from one another.