cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How do individuals adapt their personal travel? A conceptual exploration of the consideration of travel-related strategies

Abstract Preparatory to an empirical analysis, this study conceptually discusses the influences of objective and subjective variables on the consideration of 16 travel-related strategies, reflecting a range of options individuals have to adapt to congestion. The variables considered here were measured by a 1998 survey conducted in the San Francisco Bay Area. The conceptual exploration shows that the consideration of travel-related strategies may be affected by the amounts of travel that individuals actually do, their subjective assessments, desires, affinities, and constraints with respect to travel. Individuals' travel attitudes, personality, lifestyle and prior experience are also likely to affect their current consideration. Socio-economic and demographic characteristics may exhibit distributional effects with respect to the options individuals consider. These potential influences indicate that the individual adaptation process may be influenced by a wide range of qualitative and experiential variables, which are often ignored or omitted by policy makers and planners. A companion paper develops binary logit models of the consideration of each strategy.
Corporate Managers' Reliance on Internal Auditor Recommendations

SUMMARY: We investigate whether corporate managers' reliance on internal auditors' recommendations in an operational setting is influenced by three recommendation attributes: (1) whether the recommendation was consistent with or inconsistent with management preferences, (2) whether the recommendation was given by an outsourced or in-house internal auditor, and (3) whether the recommendation was quantitative or qualitative in nature. We use a 2 × 2 × 2 fractional factorial design to test our predictions. We find that managers change their initial position more when presented with preference-inconsistent recommendations than when presented with preference-consistent recommendations. We do not find differences in managers' reliance on the preference-inconsistent, non-quantified recommendations of outsourced versus in-house internal auditors. However, we find that managers are more likely to rely on the preference-inconsistent recommendations of in-house internal auditors when their recommendations are quanti...
Observational purity and encapsulation

Practical specification languages for imperative and object-oriented programs, such as JML, Eiffel, and Spec#, allow the use of program expressions including method calls in specification formulas. For coherent semantics of specifications, and to avoid anomalies with runtime assertion checking, expressions in specifications and assertions are typically required to be weakly pure in the sense that their evaluation has no effect on the state of preexisting objects. For specification of large systems using standard libraries this restriction is impractical: it disallows many standard methods that mutate state for purposes such as caching or lazy initialization. Calls of such methods can sensibly be used for specifications and annotations in contexts where their effects cannot be observed. This paper formalizes a notion of observational purity, justifies the use of weakly and observationally pure methods in specifications, and shows that a method is observationally pure if it simulates a weakly pure method.
Accuracy in Judging the Nonlinear Effects of Cost and Profit Drivers

Managers often make judgments about cost-driver and profit-driver relations using subjective analysis rather than statistical analysis of accounting data. We provide theory-consistent experiment evidence that, even when the strength and temporal contiguity of the relation between financial performance and its driver are held constant, the prediction task is relatively simple, and individuals have relevant training and experience, individuals' differing mental representations of the cost-driver and profit-driver relations result in significantly different judgment accuracy. In the experimental setting in this study, judgment accuracy is higher when performance is measured as cost rather than profit. Judgment accuracy tends to be higher for more direct relations, and individuals mentally represent the cost-driver relation in the experimental task as a more direct causal chain than the profit-driver relation. We present supplementary evidence supporting the theory that accounting prompts individuals to adopt cause-and-effect mental representations of varying directness between performance measures, rather than attending only to the sign and strength of the relation. Thus, an important consideration in the choice of performance measures should be cognitive properties as well as statistical properties of the measures - in particular, the directness of the cause-and-effect mental representation that the performance measures prompt.
Solvent-Controlled Bifurcated Cascade Process for the Selective Preparation of Dihydrocarbazoles or Dihydropyridoindoles

A solvent-controlled cascade process has been identified for the dual purpose of the preparation of either dihydrocarbazoles or dihydropyridoindoles from identical N-aryl-α,β-unsaturated nitrones and electron-deficient allene starting materials. These reactions proceed smoothly under mild metal-free conditions affording a range of two types of skeletally distinct indole-based heterocycles in high yield and diastereoselectivity. These transformations demonstrate the use of a bifurcated cascade process that hinges on the ring-opening event of a benzazepine intermediate for the synthesis of skeletally diverse heterocyclic products and rapid access to biologically-significant, indole-based structures.
Deliberate Learning to Improve Performance in Dynamic Service Settings: Evidence from Hospital Intensive Care Units

Dynamic service settings---characterized by workers who interact with customers to deliver services in a rapidly changing, uncertain, and complex environment (e.g., hospitals)---play an important role in the economy. Organizational learning studies in these settings have largely investigated autonomous learning via cumulative experience as a strategy for performance improvement. Whether induced learning through the use of deliberate learning activities provides additional performance benefits has been neglected. We argue that the use of deliberate learning activities offers performance benefits beyond those of cumulative experience because these activities counter the learning challenges presented by rapid knowledge growth, uncertainty, and complexity in dynamic settings. We test whether there are additional performance benefits to using deliberate learning activities and whether the effectiveness of these activities depends on interdisciplinary collaboration in the workgroup. We test our hypotheses in a study of 23 hospital neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) involved in a quality improvement collaborative. We find that using deliberate learning activities is associated with better workgroup performance, as measured by NICUs' risk-adjusted mortality rates for 2159 infant patients, but only after two years. In the shorter term, using these activities is associated with worse performance. By the third year, the positive impact of using deliberate learning activities is similar to the benefit of cumulative experience (18% and 20% reduction in odds of mortality, respectively). Contrary to prediction, interdisciplinary collaboration mediates, rather than moderates, the relationship between using deliberate learning activities and workgroup performance. Thus, our data suggest that using deliberate learning activities fosters interdisciplinary collaboration.
Nonadiabatic dynamics of dark solitons

We show that under certain conditions the dark-soliton solutions of the defocusing nonlinear Schrodinger equation can be less stable than their bright counterparts. This is due to the tendency of a dark soliton under external perturbation to generate dispersive waves that organize themselves into a shelf around the pulse wings, as exemplified by the simple case of dark solitons under small linear damping or amplification. The shelf generation is a nonadiabatic process: The shelf area is of order unity after a propagation distance that scales as the inverse of the perturbation magnitude. This is in contrast with the bright-soliton dynamics under similar circumstances. We analyze the effect of this extra source of dispersive waves on possible dark-soliton-based long-distance communication systems. We find that the second-order (in the normalized amplifier spacing) perturbation that results from averaging does not lead to shelf formation, whereas a control device in general causes it, unless the controller parameters are chosen according to a simple criterion aimed at suppressing dispersive wave generation. We illustrate the effectiveness of this criterion with extensive numerical simulations.
Use of FTA gene guard filter paper for the storage and transportation of tumor cells for molecular testing.

Abstract Context.—Efficient methods of storing tumor specimens for molecular testing are needed in the modern surgical pathology laboratory. The FTA Gene Guard system is a novel method for the collection and room temperature storage of blood samples for DNA testing. The method uses index card–sized filter papers that provide an ideal medium on which to store tumor specimens for DNA testing. Objective.—To determine whether FTA filter paper can be used in the surgical pathology laboratory to store tumor cells for DNA testing. Design.—Cell suspensions were prepared from 60 surgical specimens, and DNA was extracted either immediately or after storage on FTA paper. The DNA extracted by each method was tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the β-globin and interferon gamma genes, and the results were compared. Fifteen lymph node specimens stored on FTA paper were then tested for immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene rearrangement by PCR, and these results were compared with those obtained for immediatel...
How we count counts: The empirical effects of using coalitional potential to measure the effective number of parties

Abstract Despite its conceptual centrality to research in comparative politics and the fact that a single measure—the Laakso–Taagepera index (Ns)—is widely employed in empirical research, the question of what is the best way to “count” parties is still an open one. Among other alleged shortcomings, Ns has been criticized for over-weighting small parties, especially in the case of a one-party majority. Using seat shares data from over 300 elections, I have—for the first time—calculated Ns as well as an alternative measure (NBz) which employs Banzhaf scores, rather than seat shares, as weights. The Banzhaf index is a voting power index which calculates a party's voting power as a function of its coalitional potential. Though the two measures are highly correlated, I identify three particular party constellations in which the differences between Ns and NBz are significant and systematic.
Global solutions for two-phase Hele-Shaw bubble for a near-circular initial shape

Using a vortex sheet method we prove global existence of a near-circular initial bubble in a Hele-Shaw cell with surface tension and a generally finite nonzero viscosity ratio between fluids inside and outside the bubble. The circular shape is shown to be asymptotically stable for all sufficiently smooth small perturbations. The initial condition in this case, while smooth, need not be analytic.
The Effects of Banking Mergers on Loan Contracts

This paper studies the effects of banking mergers on individual business borrowers. Using information on individual loan contracts between banks and companies, I analyze the effect of banking consolidation on banks' credit policies. I find that in-market mergers benefit borrowers if these mergers involve the acquisition of banks with small market shares. Interest rates charged by the consolidated banks decrease, but as the local market share of the acquired bank increases, the efficiency effect is offset by market power. Mergers have different distributional effects across borrowers. When banks become larger, they reduce the supply of loans to small borrowers. THERE HAS BEEN SIGNIFICANT worldwide banking consolidation in recent years. Berger et al. (1998) show that between 1979 and 1994 in the United States, there were about 3,600 mergers in which two or more banks combined into a single charter. Over the same period, the fraction of gross total assets held by small banks decreased dramatically. In 1996, the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) reported a similar trend in Japan and across Europe, especially during the 1990s. These changes raise many policy concerns. Since banks are an important source of capital, changes in the market structure of banking can seriously affect a wide range of nonbanking industries. Empirical studies emphasize two facts that are key to assessing the consequences of this consolidation process. First, there is a positive relationship between concentration and prices in banking. Berger and Hannan (1989) find that banks operating in more concentrated local markets pay lower interest rates on deposits. Hannan (1991) also finds that these banks charge higher rates on loans. Second, several studies of the U.S. banking industry note a "size effect" in lending: Large banks tend to lend to medium and large companies, and small banks often specialize in lending to small businesses
Losses in GaAs microstrip

Newly measured data for the loss of microstrip on 4 mil GaAs from DC to 40 GHz are presented. These data were taken from transmission measurements of lightly coupled, multiple-half-wave-length resonators. A comparison of the loss data with the predicted losses from three popular CAE (computer-aided engineering) tools is provided. The loss models provided by two out of three software vendors agree fairly well with measured data through 40 GHz. Since the measured loss roughly follows a square-law frequency relationship through 20 GHz, it should be possible to adjust the loss below this frequency and above 1 GHz by modifying the resistivity of the conductor in the simulator. >
A central limit theorem for projections of the cube

We prove a central limit theorem for the volume of projections of the cube $$[-1,1]^N$$ onto a random subspace of dimension $$n$$ , when $$n$$ is fixed and $$N\rightarrow \infty $$ . Randomness in this case is with respect to the Haar measure on the Grassmannian manifold.
Scaling Up Coordinate Descent Algorithms for Large $\ell_1$ Regularization Problems

We present a generic framework for parallel coordinate descent (CD) algorithms that includes, as special cases, the original sequential algorithms Cyclic CD and Stochastic CD, as well as the recent parallel Shotgun algorithm. We introduce two novel parallel algorithms that are also special cases--Thread-Greedy CD and Coloring-Based CD--and give performance measurements for an OpenMP implementation of these.
Elucidating the nature of enzyme catalysis utilizing a new twist on an old methodology: quantum mechanical-free energy calculations on chemical reactions in enzymes and in aqueous solution.

How do enzymes achieve very large rate enhancements compared to corresponding uncatalyzed reactions in solution? We present a computational approach which combines high-level ab initio quantum mechanical calculations with classical free energy calculations to address this question. Our calculations lead to accurate estimates of ΔG⧧ for both trypsin and catechol O-methyltransferase-catalyzed and reference uncatalyzed reactions and give new insights into the nature of enzyme catalysis. The same methodology applied to steps in the catalytic mechanism of citrate synthase further supports the conclusion that one need not invoke special concepts such as “low-barrier hydrogen bonds” or “pKa matching” to explain enzyme catalysis.
The Three-Point Correlation Function for Spin-2 Fields

The three-point correlation function (3PCF) of the spin-2 fields, cosmic shear and microwave background polarization, is a statistical measure of non-Gaussian signals. At each vertex of a triangle, the shear field has two independent components. The resulting eight possible 3PCFs were recently investigated by Schneider & Lombardi and Zaldarriaga & Scoccimarro. Using rotation and parity transformations, they posed the question: how many components of the shear 3PCF are nonzero and useful? We address this question using an analytical model and measurements from ray-tracing simulations. We show that all eight 3PCFs are generally nonzero and have comparable amplitude. These eight 3PCFs can be used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio from survey data, and their configuration dependence can be used to separate the contribution from E- and B-modes. This separation provides a new and precise probe of systematic errors. We estimate the signal-to-noise ratio for measuring the shear 3PCF from weak lensing surveys using simulated maps that include the noise due to intrinsic ellipticities. A deep lensing survey with area of the order of 10 deg2 would allow for the detection of the shear 3PCFs; a survey with area exceeding 100 deg2 is needed for accurate measurements.
Effects of Flexibility on the Aerodynamic Performance of Flapping Wings

Effects of chordwise, spanwise, and isotropic flexibility on the force generation and propulsive efficiency of flapping wings are elucidated. For a moving body immersed in viscous fluid, different types of forces, as a function of the Reynolds number, reduced frequency (k), and Strouhal number (St), acting on the moving body are identified based on a scaling argument. In particular, at the Reynolds number regime of O(10 3 - 10 4 ) and the reduced frequency of O(1), the added mass force, related to the acceleration of the wing, is important. Based on the order of magnitude and energy balance arguments, a relationship between the propulsive force and the maximum relative wing tip deformation parameter (γ) is established. The parameter depends on the density ratio, St, k, natural and flapping frequency ratio, and flapping amplitude. The lift generation, and the propulsive efficiency can be deduced by the same scaling procedures. It seems that the maximum propulsive force is obtained when flapping near the resonance, whereas the optimal propulsive efficiency is reached when flapping at about half of the natural frequency; both are supported by the reported studies. The established scaling relationships can offer direct guidance for MAV design and performance analysis.
RAPID FORMATION OF ICY SUPER-EARTHS AND THE CORES OF GAS GIANT PLANETS

We describe a coagulation model that leads to the rapid formation of super-Earths and the cores of gas giant planets. Interaction of collision fragments with the gaseous disk is the crucial element of this model. The gas entrains small collision fragments, which rapidly settle to the disk midplane. Protoplanets accrete the fragments and grow to masses 1 M ⊕ in ~ 1 Myr. Our model explains the mass distribution of planets in the solar system and predicts that super-Earths form more frequently than gas giants in low-mass disks.
Langevin vortex dynamics for a layered superconductor in the lowest-Landau-level approximation

We have numerically investigated the dynamics of vortices in a clean layered superconductor placed in a perpendicular magnetic field. We describe the energetics using a Ginzburg-Landau free-energy functional in the lowest-Landau-level approximation. The dynamics are determined using the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau approximation, and thermal fluctuations are incorporated via a Langevin term. The c-axis conductivity at nonzero frequencies, as calculated from the Kubo formalism, shows a strong but not divergent increase as the melting temperature TM is approached from above, followed by an apparently discontinuous drop at the vortex-lattice freezing temperature. The discontinuity is consistent with the occurrence of a first-order freezing. The calculated equilibrium properties agree with previous Monte Carlo studies using the same Hamiltonian. We briefly discuss the possibility of detecting this fluctuation conductivity experimentally.
Measuring independence of datasets

Approximating pairwise, or k-wise, independence with sublinear memory is of considerable importance in the data stream model. In the streaming model the joint distribution is given by a stream of k-tuples, with the goal of testing correlations among the components measured over the entire stream. Indyk and McGregor (SODA 08) recently gave exciting new results for measuring pairwise independence in this model.Statistical distance is one of the most fundamental metrics for measuring the similarity of two distributions, and it has been a metric of choice in many papers that discuss distribution closeness. For pairwise independence, the Indyk and McGregor methods provide log{n}-approximation under statistical distance between the joint and product distributions in the streaming model. Indyk and McGregor leave, as their main open question, the problem of improving their log n-approximation for the statistical distance metric.In this paper we solve the main open problem posed by Indyk and McGregor for the statistical distance for pairwise independence and extend this result to any constant k. In particular, we present an algorithm that computes an (e, δ)-approximation of the statistical distance between the joint and product distributions defined by a stream of k-tuples. Our algorithm requires O((1/e log(nm/δ))(30+k)k) memory and a single pass over the data stream.
Koka: Programming with Row Polymorphic Effect Types.

We propose a programming model where effects are treated in a disciplined way, and where the potential side-effects of a function are apparent in its type signature. The type and effect of expressions can also be inferred automatically, and we describe a polymorphic type inference system based on Hindley-Milner style inference. A novel feature is that we support polymorphic effects through row-polymorphism using duplicate labels. Moreover, we show that our effects are not just syntactic labels but have a deep semantic connection to the program. For example, if an expression can be typed without an exn effect, then it will never throw an unhandled exception. Similar to Haskell’s runST we show how we can safely encapsulate stateful operations. Through the state effect, we can also safely combine state with letpolymorphism without needing either imperative type variables or a syntactic value restriction. Finally,our system is implemented fully in a new language called Koka and has been used successfully on various small to mediumsized sample programs ranging from a Markdown processor to a tier-splitted chat application.
Propulsion Characteristics Affecting the Aerodynamic Performance of an Externally Blown Flap Transport Model

Two wind-tunnel investigations were conducted at Langley Research Center to determine the effect of dif- ferent wake characteristics on the performance of two separate externally blown flap transport configurations. In both cases, the thrust removed lift coefficient could be directly related to the proportion of momentum cap- tured by the flap system. In another investigation of an externally blown flap transport configuration, tufts were used to measure the upwash angles ahead of the wing. Using the thrust-removed lift coefficient, a simple vortex- lattice method provided a good approximation of these angles away from the nacelle inlets. Nomenclature = total area of jet wake which impinges flap m2 = incremental area of jet wake which impinges flap m2 = total area of jet wake at flap m2 = local wing chord m = lift coefficient, lift/^s1 = thrust removed lift coefficient = thrust coefficient, thrust/qs = engine-exhaust-flap impingement parameter = free-stream dynamic pressure N/m2 = incremental portion of jet which impinges flap, N/m2 = jet dynamic pressure at flap location, N/m2 = upper-half radius of nacelle, m = wing area, m2 = static thrust, N = vertical distance, m = angle of attack, degrees = nominal flap deflection angle, degrees =jet exhaust deflection (measured from body axis), tan;1 (normal force/axial force), degrees = inflow angle, with respect to model horizontal axis, degrees = static thrust recovery efficiency, ((normal force)2 + (axial force)2 ) 1/2/T = upflbw angle, with respect to freestream degrees = bypass ratio = externally blown flap The present paper describes the results of a relatively simple analysis based on an engine exhaust flap area impingement parameter, which is a function of the distribution of dynamic pressure impingement on the flap, the area of the flap im- pingement, the total area of the engine exhaust, and the thrust. Isolated engine wake surveys were conducted to define this parameter for one of the EBF models for which aerodynamic performance data were available.2 A uniform dynamic pressure profile was assumed to determine this parameter for the other EBF model correlation with aerodynamic performance data. n A high-lift system, such as an EBF, induces large upflow angles in front of the wing in the region of the nacelle inlets. These flowfields must be defined in order that the nacelles be properly designed to minimize flow distortion at the engine face. This paper also presents the results of an investigation to measure the flow angle near the engine inlets of a represen- tative EBF model. The vortex-lattice method14 was used to calculate these upflow angles, to determine if they could be predicted.
Chemical Analysis of Multiple Sclerosis Lesions by FT-IR Microspectroscopy

Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy can be used to collect infrared spectra from microscopic regions of tissue sections. If spectra are collected along a grid pattern, then maps of chemical functional groups can be produced and correlated to tissue histopathology. In the present study, white matter from multiple sclerosis and control brains were examined. Mapping experiments were designed such that 17 spectra were collected at 200 microm intervals along a line that was partially or wholly within a multiple sclerosis lesion site or within a representative white matter region of control tissue. Data analysis was based on earlier in vitro studies which found that the carbonyl at 1740 cm(-1) increases when lipids become oxidized (Free Rad. Biol. Med. 16:591-601, 1994), and the amide I peak at approximately 1660 cm(-1) broadens when proteins become oxidized (FEBS Let. 362:165-170, 1995). The results indicated that the C=O to CH2 ratio (1740 cm(-1):1468 cm(-1)) was elevated at several collection points in lesion sites from multiple sclerosis brains compared to values from white matter of control brains. Inspection of the amide I peak at 1657 cm(-1) revealed that it was broadened towards 1652 cm(-1) in multiple sclerosis tissues but not control tissues. These results suggest that lipids and proteins could be oxidized at active multiple sclerosis lesion sites. The localization of these products to lesion sites supports a role for free radicals in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.
Fuchsian Groups, Quasiconformal Groups, and Conical Limit Sets

We construct examples showing that the normalized Lebesgue measure of the conical limit set of a uniformly quasiconformal group acting discontinuously on the disc may take any value between zero and one. This is in contrast to the cases of Fuchsian groups acting on the disc, conformal groups acting discontinuously on the ball in dimension three or higher, uniformly quasiconformal groups acting discontinuously on the ball in dimension three or higher, and discrete groups of biholomorphic mappings acting on the ball in several complex dimensions. In these cases the normalized Lebesgue measure is either zero or one.
Near-optimal feedback stabilization of a class of nonlinear singularly perturbed systems

The problem considered is to optimally control the nonlinear system: x = a1(x) + A1(x)z + B1(x)u, x(0) = xo (1a) µz = a2(x) + A2(x)z + B2(x)u, z(0) = zo (1b) with respect to the performance index J=?0 ?[p(x) + s'(x)z + z'Q(x)z + u'R(x)u]dt (2) where µ > 0 is the small singular perturbation parameter, x, z are n-, m- dimensional states, respectively, and u is an r-dimensional control.
CRISES AND SUDDEN STOPS: EVIDENCE FROM INTERNATIONAL BOND AND SYNDICATED-LOAN MARKETS

The crises in Mexico, Thailand, and Russia in the 1990s spread quite rapidly to countries as far apart as South Africa and Pakistan. In the aftermath of these crises, many emerging economies lost access to international capital markets. Using data on international primary issuance, this paper studies the determinants of contagion and sudden stops following those crises. The results indicate that contagion and sudden stops tend to occur in economies with financial fragility and current account problems. They also show that high integration in international capital markets exposes countries to sudden stops even in the absence of domestic vulnerabilities.
New Boundary Conformal Field Theories Indexed by the Simply-Laced Lie Algebras

We consider the field theory of N massless bosons which are free except for an interaction localized on the boundary of their (1+1)-dimensional world. The boundary action is the sum of two pieces: a periodic potential and a coupling to a uniform abelian gauge field. Such models arise in open-string theory and dissipative quantum mechanics, and possibly in edge state tunneling in the fractional quantized Hall effect. We explicitly show that conformal invariance is unbroken for certain special choices of the gauge field and the periodic potential. These special cases are naturally indexed by semi-simple, simply laced Lie algebras. For each such algebra, we have a discrete series of conformally invariant theories where the potential and gauge field are conveniently given in terms of the weight lattice of the algebra. We compute the exact boundary state for these theories, which explicitly shows the group structure. The partition function and correlation functions are easily computed using the boundary state result.
Measurement of synchrotron radiation from the NBS SURF II using a silicon radiometer

Abstract A project is described in which the synchrotron radiation output from the NBS storage ring known as SURF II, is measured using a well characterized silicon based radiometer. This device consists of a silicon photodiode coupled with two interference filters to restrict the spectral response to a finite and convenient spectral region for the measurement. Considerations required for the characterization of the radiometer will be discussed. The absolute radiant flux from the storage ring is also calculable from various machine parameters. A measurement of the number of circulating electrons will be derived from electron counting techniques at low levels. This will yield an important intercomparison between the synchrotron flux measurements determined in two entirely different ways.
Sibling size and investment in children’s education: an asian instrument

This study estimates the trade-off between child quantity and quality by exploiting exogenous variation in fertility under son preferences. Under son preferences, both sibling size and fertility timing are determined depending on the first child’s gender, which is random as long as parents do not abort girls at their first childbearing. For the sample South Korean households, I find strong evidence of unobserved heterogeneity in preferences for child quantity and quality across households. The trade-off is not as strong as observed cross-sectional relationships would suggest. However, even after controlling for unobserved heterogeneity, a greater number of siblings have adverse effects on per-child investment in education, in particular, when fertility is high.
Transcriptome Analysis of the Planarian Eye Identifies ovo as a Specific Regulator of Eye Regeneration

Among the millions of invertebrate species with visual systems, the genetic basis of eye development and function is well understood only in Drosophila melanogaster. We describe an eye transcriptome for the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. Planarian photoreceptors expressed orthologs of genes required for phototransduction and microvillus structure in Drosophila and vertebrates, and optic pigment cells expressed solute transporters and melanin synthesis enzymes similar to those active in the vertebrate retinal pigment epithelium. Orthologs of several planarian eye genes, such as bestrophin-1 and Usher syndrome genes, cause eye defects in mammals when perturbed and were not previously described to have roles in invertebrate eyes. Five previously undescribed planarian eye transcription factors were required for normal eye formation during head regeneration. In particular, a conserved, transcription-factor-encoding ovo gene was expressed from the earliest stages of eye regeneration and was required for regeneration of all cell types of the eye.
Little Higgs models: New approaches to the hierarchy problem

Abstract In this note we present a review of the little Higgs models that stabilize the electroweak by realizing the Standard Model Higgs as a pseudo-Goldstone boson.
MAXIMAL CONVERGENCE GROUPS AND RANK ONE SYMMETRIC SPACES

We show that the group of conformal homeomorphisms of the boundary of a rank one symmetric space (except the hyperbolic plane) of noncompact type acts as a maximal convergence group. Moreover, we show that any family of uniformly quasiconformal homeomorphisms has the convergence property. Our theorems generalize results of Gehring and Martin in the real hyperbolic case for Mobius groups. As a consequence, this shows that the maximal convergence subgroups of the group of self homeomorphisms of the d-sphere are not unique up to conjugacy. Finally, we discuss some implications of maximality.
Measurements of the effect of rain-induced sea surface roughness on the satellite scatterometer radar cross section

Radar measurements of the sea surface, with satellite scatterometers that operate at Ku-band, will be affected by the presence of rain through modification of the sea surface roughness by rain impacts. This is in addition to wind driven roughness, atmospheric reflectivity and attenuation that affect the measured normalized radar cross section (NRCS). Numerous surface-based studies, using ocean platforms and wind-wave tanks, have shown the increase in the total NRCS can be significant and strongly dependent on radar frequency, incidence angle, polarization and wind speed [1],[2],[3]. Herein is the first study combining satellite based Ku-band data with high- resolution 3-D volumetric rain measurements, from simultaneous collocated NEXRAD data. The results to be presented were acquired during a significant rain event in the Gulf of Mexico just south of Houston, TX in May 2005. They are directly applicable to questions that are important to the interpretation of satellite derived wind vector estimates in the presence of rain of varying intensity and spatial distribution. This project is developing techniques to correct scatterometer derived wind- vector estimates. The acquisition of new knowledge on rain- splash effects is a necessary part of this effort.
Cost effective scaling to 22nm and below technology nodes

For decades, Moore's law transistor cost scaling created a vibrant ecosystem of foundries, fabless design houses, IDMs, and suppliers. Each of these parties shared in the abundant economic benefits of the transistor cost scaling enabled by Moore's law. This led to specialization within each layer and vertical segment of the supply chain wherein rigid technical interfaces allowed uni-dimensional technology trajectories to thrive.
An interactive system for global ship monitoring

The US Navy has more than 300 ships equipped with over 500 PHALANX weapon systems. Ordalts (ordnance alterations) and casreps (casualty reports) are received frequently by Naval Ordnance. Ordalts are done when parts need replacing or a design is exchanged for an old. Casreps are an urgent request for parts or service. Information pertaining to ordalts and casreps is put into several databases, which are continually updated and used in reports among the PHALANX community. Ship locations are used for sending parts and/or assistance to the ship. The ordalt and casrep requests have been combined with the ship locations report to produce a more efficient manner in which to monitor ordalt requests, casrep requests and ship locations, using a sample database containing ordalt and casrep data and ship locations. The database is interfaced to a computer graphics program that monitors ship movement throughout the world and supplies information from the database whenever requested. The hardware and software used to implement the project are described. >
Technology, growth and the business cycle

Using a partial equilibrium model that allows for factor hoarding, I construct series on input utilization rates for ten OECD countries. These series are used in growth accounting computations of total factor productivity which filter out cyclical variations in input utilization rates. The main findings are as follows: (i) adjusted Solow residuals grow consistently faster than standard measures; (ii) the variability of the adjusted Solow residual is in some cases smaller than the standard residual's; (iii) adjusted Solow residuals are less procyclical than standard residuals, and fare better at usual exogeneity tests; (iv) supply shocks are no more synchronized between European countries than elsewhere; and (v) observed increased output synchronization in Europe is due to demand factors.
An optimization approach for removing blocking effects in transform coding

One drawback of the discrete cosine transform (DCT) is visible block boundaries due to coarse quantization of the coefficients. Most restoration techniques for the removing blocking effect are variations of low-pass filtering, and as such, result in unnecessary blurring. The authors propose a new approach for reducing the blocking effect which can be applied to conventional transform coding without introducing additional information or significant blurring. The method exploits the correlation between the intensity values of boundary pixels of two neighboring blocks. It is based on the theoretical and empirical observation that under mild assumptions, quantization of the DCT coefficients of two neighboring blocks increases the expected value of the mean squared difference of slope (MSDS) between the slope across two adjacent blocks, and the average between the boundary slopes of each of the two blocks. The amount of this increase is dependent upon the width of quantization intervals of the transform coefficients. Therefore, among all permissible inverse quantized coefficients, the set which reduces the expected value of this MSDS by an appropriate amount is most likely to decrease the blocking effect. To estimate the set of unquantized coefficients, the authors solve a constrained quadratic programming problem. The approach is based on the gradient projection method. It is shown that from a subjective viewpoint, the blocking effect is less noticeable in the author' processed images than in the ones using existing filtering techniques. >
Representing Roles in Universal Scheme Interfaces

Users of a relational database must explicitly navigate between relations in order to establish a connection among a set of attributes spanning several relation schemes. While a universal scheme interface to a relational database provides users with automatic navigation, it usually imposes on the database a unique role assumption. This assumption requires every attribute name to represent a unique role in the database, so that connections among sets of attributes are unambiguous.
Asymmetric synthesis of α-hydroxyethyl β-lactam derivatives: an approach to thienamycin

Abstract The asymmetric synthesis of a β-lactam ring with three contiguous chiral centers, including a hydroxyethyl side chain, was accomplished by the preparation and oxidative cyclization of the appropriate β,γ-unsaturated hydroxamate.
Synthesis of carbacephem antibiotics: synthesis via dieckmann reaction using phenyl esters to direct the regioselectivity of the cyclization

Abstract β-Ketoesters useful for elaboration to carbacephems were synthesized from a variety of enantiomerically pure diesters. Use of phenyl esters to direct the regioselectivity was demonstrated.
Does Participation in 4-H Improve Schooling Outcomes? Evidence from Florida

We examine the effect that participation in 4‐H, the largest youth development program in the United States, has on standardized test scores. We do this by utilizing grade‐level longitudinal data on Florida's school districts from the Florida Department of Education, combined with 4‐H participation statistics from the Florida 4‐H. Specifically, we analyze the effect of the extent of 4‐H participation for third‐ through tenth grade on the mathematics and reading subtests of the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test (FCAT). We use a difference‐in‐difference‐in‐differences approach to control for potential confounders of the causal relationship at the level of school districts, grades, and years. Our results indicate that the extent of 4‐H participation at the district‐grade‐year level is positively and significantly related to several measures of performance on the FCAT test. Furthermore, we find suggestive evidence that these positive effects of 4‐H participation accumulate over time.
Effect of Iron on Waste‐Glass Leaching

The interactive effects between ductile iron and PNL 76-68 borosilicate glass were investigated as a function of time in 90/sup 0/C static deionized, tuff, and basalt groundwaters. A synergistic effect occurs between the two materials, i.e. iron enhances glass dissolution and glass enhances iron corrosion. An iron silicate precipitate forms, part of which is colloidal in nature. This precipitate effectively removes many of the elements from solution and therefore inhibits the saturation effects which normally cause decreases in elemental removal rates. Thus, the effects of initial solution composition on the glass leach rates are significantly reduced and the relatively high early leach rates normally observed in deionized water are maintained for longer times due to the suppression of saturation effects. This results in more total elemental removal from the glass in all of the groundwaters evaluated. The precipitate and its colloidal form require further characterization.
Advances in correlated electronic structure methods for solids, surfaces, and nanostructures.

Calculations of the electronic structure of solids began decades ago, but only recently have solid-state quantum techniques become sufficiently reliable that their application is nearly as routine as quantum chemistry is for molecules. We aim to introduce chemists to the pros and cons of first-principles methods that can provide atomic-scale insight into the properties and chemistry of bulk materials, interfaces, and nanostructures. The techniques we review include the ubiquitous density functional theory (DFT), which is often sufficient, especially for metals; extensions such as DFT + U and hybrid DFT, which incorporate exact exchange to rid DFT of its spurious self-interactions (critical for some semiconductors and strongly correlated materials); many-body Green’s function (GW and BetheSalpeter) methods for excited states; quantum Monte Carlo, in principle an exact theory but for which forces (hence structure optimization and dynamics) are problematic; and embedding theories that locally refine the quantum treatment to improve accuracy.
Multilateralism and Its Discontents

The contributions by Gerson and Anderson in the previous issue of EJIL suggest that multilateralism's critics are not merely hard-headed political realists but include both ends of the political spectrum and a wide number of scholars emerging within the international legal academy — including critical legal scholars, feminists, constructivists, liberal theorists, public choice theorists and those within law and economics. International lawyers, who have for too long defined themselves by our opposition to unilateralism, need to define the role and limits of multilateralism as well as of unilateralism. Both multilateral and unilateral processes for law-making and law enforcement may harm mankind and undermine the rule of law. Both Gerson and Anderson are, in radically different ways, warning us against multilateralism that fails to develop an organic relationship between the international and the domestic. Most of the contributors in this and the last issue of the EJIL have ably, even convincingly, denounced unilateralism. Repeatedly, we have put unilateral action, especially that undertaken by the United States, in the dock and convicted such action as an offence to the international legal order. Although we did not manage to define 'unilateralism' coherently or consistently, most of us have long defined ourselves as its opponents and we continue to do so. Allan Gerson and Kenneth Anderson did not follow this script. Discussing the United States' stance on financing the UN, Gerson had the temerity to suggest, albeit indirectly, that international legality - in terms of conformity with the UN Charter — was not the final arbiter of legitimacy. Anderson, discussing the Landmines Convention, attacked another sacred icon, the concept of 'international civil society'. Both seemed inclined to put multilateralism in the dock. The adverse, even emotional, reactions to Gerson's and Anderson's papers 1 tell us much about the internationalist project and about international lawyers' blind spots. Why do Gerson's and Anderson's views, reminiscent of those expounded by realists for decades, make us so defensive?
Measurements of the suitability of large rock salt formations for radio detection of high-energy neutrinos

We have investigated the possibility that large rock salt formations might be suitable as target masses for detection of neutrinos of energies about 10 PeV and above. In neutrino interactions at these energies, the secondary electromagnetic cascade produces a coherent radio pulse well above ambient thermal noise via the Askaryan effect. We describe measurements of radio-frequency attenuation lengths and ambient thermal noise in two salt formations. Measurements in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), located in an evaporite salt bed in Carlsbad, NM yielded short attenuation lengths, 3-7 m over 150-300 MHz. However, measurements at United Salt's Hockley mine, located in a salt dome near Houston, Texas yielded attenuation lengths in excess of 250 m at similar frequencies. We have also analyzed early ground-penetrating radar data at Hockley mine and have found additional evidence for attenuation lengths in excess of several hundred meters at 440 MHz. We conclude that salt domes, which may individually contain several hundred cubic kilometer water-equivalent mass, provide attractive sites for next-generation high-energy neutrino detectors.
Many-body calculations of low-energy eigenstates in magnetic and periodic systems with self-healing diffusion Monte Carlo: steps beyond the fixed phase.

The self-healing diffusion Monte Carlo algorithm (SHDMC) [F. A. Reboredo, R. Q. Hood, and P. R. C. Kent, Phys. Rev. B 79, 195117 (2009);10.1103/PhysRevB.79.195117 F. A. Reboredo, Phys. Rev. B 80, 125110 (2009)10.1103/PhysRevB.80.125110] is extended to study the ground and excited states of magnetic and periodic systems. The method converges to exact eigenstates as the statistical data collected increase if the wave function is sufficiently flexible. It is shown that the dimensionality of the nodal surface is dependent on whether phase is a scalar function or not. A recursive optimization algorithm is derived from the time evolution of the mixed probability density, which is given by an ensemble of electronic configurations (walkers) with complex weight. This complex weight allows the phase of the fixed-node wave function to move away from the trial wave function phase. This novel approach is both a generalization of SHDMC and the fixed-phase approximation [G. Ortiz, D. M. Ceperley, and R. M. Martin, Phys ...