cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spanish instructors’ operationalisation of task complexity and task sequencing in foreign language lessons

A main goal of research on task-based/supported language teaching is to inform foreign/second language classroom practices. However, while literature abounds detailing how tasks can be sequenced to maximise learners’ cognitive engagement and language development in experimental contexts, little is known about how instructors interpret and incorporate this research into their classroom practices. The current study contributes to this research need by examining how university-level Spanish FL instructors operationalise task complexity and determine task sequencing in a lesson following training on the Triadic Componential Framework and SSARC model, and how instructors interpret the outcomes of their task sequence. Eight graduate student instructors of FL Spanish in a task-supported language department participated in the study, which took place over a year. In the fall semester, instructors took a FL teaching methods class, which included a unit in which they designed a two-task sequence of increasing compl...
Transitioning From Pediatric to Adult Health Care: Dropping Off the Face of the Earth

The challenges faced by the young adults transitioning from pediatric to adult health care services are numerous and often daunting. They include characteristics of the patient and their family, pediatric and adult treatment teams, and institutional and health care systems policies. Although recognition of the issues and problems of transition has increased during the past decade, meaningful systematic changes have not occurred. Herein, the authors provide the background and general information necessary to better understand the difficulties associated with transition that affect many young adults. The challenges of transition are systematically presented and organized by patient, family, pediatric treatment team, adult treatment team, and institutional and system issues. Recommendations are provided for each of these areas, beginning with an emphasis on institutional and health care systems policy revisions that are a foundational and necessary element to build meaningful change. In addition, recommendat...
Proto-Kanyara and proto-Mantharta historical phonology

Comparison of two groups of Western Australian languages and reconstruction of their ancestors shows that one language from each group has undergone a number of striking phonological changes which have resulted in their having typologically unusual phonologies. The changes include loss and stopping of nasals, together with voicing, lenition and loss of stops conditioned by a hierarchy of consotant strength. These result in the existence of a voicing contrast for intervocalic stops (where the VOICELESS stops derive from original homorganic nasal-stop clusters and the VOICED stops from original plain stops), a lack of all nasal-stop clusters and the introduction of intervocalic stop-stop clusters; all highly unusual features for Australian languages. Changes similar but not identical to these are shown to have occurred in two languages of another group in Western Australia, apparently quite independently.
Reading and the righting of writing ethnographies

Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography. JAMES CLIFFORD and GEORGE E. MARCUS Anthropology as Cultural Critique: An Experimental Moment in the Human Sciences. GEORGE E. MARCUS and MICHAEL M. J. FISCHER.
Two-couple orthodontic appliance systems: transpalatal arches

The transpalatal arch (TPA) can be activated to deliver a clinically usefularray of forces and couples to move and/or rotate maxillary molars in all three planes of space. Changing the palatal arch form can produce expansion or constriction of intermolar width and activation of the inserts of the TPA will produce couples at the molar sheaths. Activations of the inserts to generate couples is possible in all three planes of space in the form of symmetrical V-bends, asymmetrical V-bends, and step bends. Although the associated equilibrium forces of a couple can be the source of clinical surprises, they can also be harnessed to produce favorable tooth movements.
Two- and Three-Dimensional Cadmium Coordination Polymers Based on N,N-(2-Pyridyl)-(4-pyridylmethyl)amine

The synthesis of a bipyridine ligand with a flexible spacer and a noncoordinating amine group N,N-(2-pyridyl)-(4-pyridylmethyl)amine, L2, and its coordination chemistry with cadmium have been investigated. Two-dimensional (2D) coordination polymers of L2 with empirical formulas [Cd(L2)2(ClO4)2]∞, 1, or [Cd(L2)2(NO3)2]∞, 2, were prepared by hydro(solvo)thermal reactions of L2 and Cd(ClO4)2·6H2O or Cd(NO3)2·4H2O in mixtures of water and ethanol, respectively. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies reveal that 1 and 2 have similar structures in which each L2 ligand bridges two cadmium centers with both the 4-pyridyl and 2-pyridyl nitrogen atoms to result in 2D rhombohedral polymeric grids. The two rings of L2 are essentially perpendicular to each other, likely to accommodate the coordination of both pyridyl nitrogen atoms to the Cd centers as well as the “intramolecular” hydrogen bonds between the amine group in the flexible spacer and the coordinated anion group. When the hydro(solvo)thermal reaction was ...
Urinary Arsenic, Chromium, and Copper Levels in Workers Exposed to Arsenic-Based Wood Preservatives

ABSTRACT Urinary excretion of arsenic, chromium, and copper in workers exposed to arsenic-based wood preservatives was examined to evaluate occupational exposure to these chemicals. Spot urine samples were collected from 89 wood treaters and a comparison group of 232 individuals with no known exposure to arsenicals. The results of urinalysis revealed that the wood treaters averaged 103 μg arsenic/L while the comparison group averaged 74 μg arsenic/L. The mean urinary chromium and copper levels of the wood treaters were 41 μg chromium/L and 191 μg copper/L compared with 63 fig chromium/L and 221 μg copper/L for the comparison group. Covariance analysis of urinary arsenic level between the exposed and comparison groups revealed that the adjusted mean arsenic levels of the exposed population (78 to 122 μg arsenic/L) were significantly higher than that of the comparison group (72 μg arsenic/L). The adjusted mean urinary arsenic levels of these wood treaters, however, were within published normal limits. Analy...
Constant term identities and hypergeometric functions on spaces of Hermitian matrices

Abstract We announce the generalization, to the setting of hypergeometric functions of matrix argument, of classical constant term identities. As special cases, we obtain some constant term identities which play a prominent role in the proof of Dyson's conjecture.
Ulcerated Below-the-Knee Stump

Ulcerative lesions appearing on a below-the-knee (BK) stump often delay permanent prosthesis fitting and rehabilitation or prevent the user of a perma nent prosthesis from resuming the ambulatory state. Seventeen patients (11 men, 6 women), with an average age of 61.4 (range 52 to 71) years, had under gone BK amputation for vascular disease (rest pain or gangrene, or both, with ankle:brachial index ratios < 0.15); 5 patients (3 men, 2 women) had diabetes controlled with insulin. All patients had a history of smoking with associated cardiovascular disease determined by physical examination or electrocardio gram, or both. Fourteen patients did not have initial healing after their BK amputation; the other 3 had a BK amputation in the distant past (twelve, eight een, and twenty months previously) and a nonhealing ulcer. All patients were referred for revision to an above-the-knee (AK) amputation; none came to AK amputation. All patients were treated with intravenous cephalosporins, de bridement, whirlpool, fi...
Peer influence: Use of alcohol, tobacco, and prescription medications

Abstract Objective: Risk-taking behavior (eg, alcohol abuse, tobacco usage, misuse of prescription medications) among college students is a widespread problem. This study focused not only on the frequency of risky health behaviors in college students, but also the companions with whom they engaged in such behaviors. Methods: Three hundred and twelve college students completed a survey examining the frequency with which they engaged in alcohol, tobacco, and improper prescription medication use, as well as with whom they were most likely to engage in these behaviors. Results: Results indicated that participants were most likely to take health risks when accompanied by someone they consider a friend. Results also indicated gender differences in risk-taking behaviors, as well as an interaction effect between companion and gender. Conclusions: This information would be useful when developing preventive interventions for college students. Implementing interventions that are specific to certain populations might...
Spectral localization with optimal pointspread function

Abstract The SLIM experiment ( X. Hu, D. N. Levin, P. C. Lauterbur, and T. Spraggins, spectral localization by imaging, Magn. Reson. Med. 8, 314, 1988 ) promises to be an efficient technique for localized spectroscopy in vivo, allowing simultaneous acquisition of regional spectra from several, arbitrarily shaped compartments. In the present contribution, we evaluate how sensitivity is affected in this experiment, and we identify a source of localization errors stemming from inhomogeneities within the compartments. We present SLOOP (“spectral localization with optimal pointspread function”) as an extension of the SLIM technique. SLOOP optimizes sensitivity and minimizes localization errors by choosing an optimal set of phase-encoding gradients that matches the pointspread function to the shape of the volumes of interest. Experimental results obtained in vitro on a rabbit kidney are shown. SLOOP is also compared to Fourier series localization techniques and to spectroscopic imaging and is presented as a generalization of both of these that samples k space in a nonuniform fashion.
2012 Young Investigator Award winner: The distribution of body mass as a significant risk factor for lumbar spinal fusion postoperative infections.

Study design A retrospective review. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the role in body habitus and weight distribution on developing a surgical site infection (SSI). Summary of background data SSI after lumbar spine surgery remains a significant cause of morbidity. The literature demonstrates an increased risk of postoperative infections associated with obesity, diabetes, and multilevel surgeries. Methods A retrospective review was performed on a consecutive cohort of 298 adult patients who underwent lumbar spine fusion surgeries between 2006 and 2008 at the Duke University Medical Center. Previously identified risk factors (i.e., number of levels, diabetes, body mass index [BMI]) were collected, as well as the horizontal distance from the lamina to the skin surface (measured at L4) and thickness of subcutaneous fat at the surgical site. Results Among the 298 patients, 24 (8%) had postoperative infections. Of the previously identified risk factors, number of levels (P = 0.0078) was found to be significantly associated with infections, whereas BMI (P = 0.16) and diabetes (P = 0.13) were found not to be statistically significant. Obesity (BMI ≥30) (P = 0.025), skin to lamina distance (P = 0.046), and thickness of the subcutaneous fat (P = 0.035) were found to be significant risk factors for SSI. Conclusion Our findings suggest that in obese patients, the distribution of body mass is more predictive of SSI than the absolute BMI and deserves attention in preoperative evaluation.
Evaluation of a training program for persons with SCI paraplegia using the Parastep 1 ambulation system: part 3. Lack of effect on bone mineral density.

Abstract Objective: To determine if the bone mineral density loss seen after spinal cord injury (SCI) is reversed by a walking program using the Parastep® 1 system. Design: Before-after trial. Setting: Human SCI applied research laboratory. Participants: Thirteen men and 3 women with thoracic motor- and sensory-complete SCI, mean age 28.8yrs, mean duration postinjury 3.8yrs. Intervention: Thirty-two functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) ambulation training sessions using a commercially available system (Parastep® 1). This system consists of a microprocessor-controlled stimulator and a modified walking frame with finger-operated switches that permit the user to control the stimulation parameters and activate the stepping. Outcome Measure: Bone mineral density at the femoral head, neck, and Ward's triangle measured using a Lunar®DP3 dual-photon densitometer. Results: No significant change in bone mineral density was found using repeated measures analyses of variance. Conclusions: Axial loading combined with muscle stimulation and resistive exercise does not result in significant changes in bone mineral density in persons with complete paraplegia.
Test construction and administration strategies for large introductory courses

Large introductory courses in computer science make test construction and administration a particularly difficult problem for the instructor. Multiple-choice computer-graded tests can be used to alleviate this problem by testing not only in the knowledge areas of history, hardware, software and applications but in the area of programming skills as well. Several illustrations of the type of multiple-choice question that can be used to test the skills of 1) Reading a Flowchart 2) Reading a Program 3) Converting a Flowchart to a Program and 4) Writing a Program are given and are discussed in terms of their effectiveness. Practical issues of test administration such as the pre-plan, open vs closed-book, cheating and grading are also discussed. The paper attempts to mildly formalize a shadowy area of computer science that has heretofore existed primarily as folklore and hearsay.
Polyphyly of the Pikeminnows (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) Inferred Using Mitochondrial DNA Sequences

Abstract The phylogenetic relationships of the Colorado pikeminnow Ptychocheilus lucius, northern pikeminnow P. oregonensis, Sacramento pikeminnow P. grandis, Umpqua pikeminnow P. umpquae, and hardhead Mylopharodon conocephalus were examined by using molecular data to investigate monophyly of the genus Ptychocheilus. Phylogenies generated using DNA sequence data from the cytochrome b and 16S ribosomal DNA genes of the mitochondrial genome reveal that Ptychocheilus is a polyphyletic genus and suggest that the taxonomy of the group is in need of further revision. These data yield insights into the evolution of the pikeminnows and help place the significant evolutionary events in context with the geological history of parts of western North America (e.g., ancient drainage connections that may have allowed for dispersal, followed by speciation once those connections were broken).
Gender Differences and Similarities in Self-Concept Within Everyday Life Contexts:

A stereotypic pattern of gender differences has been found in previous self-concept research. Men have tended to rate themselves higher on self-concept measures of giftedness, power, and invulnerab...
Digestibility of and Growth on Rations Containing Processed and Unprocessed Soybeans

Abstract Forty-eight Holstein heifers, averaging 157 kg were divided randomly into four groups and fed rations containing (I) ground raw soybeans, (II) expanded-extruded soybeans, (III) roasted soybeans, and (IV) soybean meal ad libitum for 112 days. Heifers on I and III ate more feed than those on II and IV. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, protein, and energy were determined by a 7-day trial of total fecal collection involving 12 Holstein steers of approximately the same size and age as the heifers. The ration containing raw soybeans was lower in apparent digestible dry matter, protein, and energy than were those containing either cooked soybeans or soybean meal. Animals on IV had a more desirable feed to gain ratio than the others, but there were no differences among the heifers in rate of gain. It appears that the trypsin inhibitor in raw soybeans was not destroyed completely in the rumen of young cattle.
Low-temperature thermal conductivity of an amorphous palladium silicon alloy

Abstract The thermal conductivity of a glassy PdSi alloy has been measured in the temperature range 0.1–30 K. The thermal conductivity contributed by the phonons has the same anomalous behavior as found for all non-metallic amorphous materials. Heat treatment increases the phonon thermal conductance by ∼50%, a change which does not appear to be related to partial crystallization.
Effect of influenza virus vaccine on the expression of human immunodeficiency virus co-receptor CCR5.

Background Administration of influenza vaccine to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children can lead to increased viral load. CCR5 and CXCR4 are known to play an important role in HIV cell entry and viral replication. Objective To determine the effects of influenza vaccine on chemokine receptors and on viral load in HIV-infected children. Methods Eight HIV-infected children receiving stable therapy and 11 healthy adults were enrolled. Chemokine expression and immune activation were determined before and 48 hours after influenza vaccination. CCR5 and β-chemokine gene expression were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Viral load was measured at baseline, 48 hours, and 6 to 12 weeks. Results Forty-eight hours after influenza vaccination, mean CCR5 expression was significantly decreased on the CD3 (21.1% vs 11.3% in HIV-infected children; P = .02; and 18.3% vs 10.7% in controls; P = .008) and CD4 (13.0% vs 3.6% in the HIV group; P = .04; and 13.6% vs 6.5% in controls; P = .02) lymphocytes. This was observed in conjunction with an increase in HLA-DR expression on T lymphocytes in HIV-infected children ( P = .046). No significant changes were observed in HIV viral load, CD3 and CD8 lymphocyte counts, expression of interleukin 2 receptor and CXCR4, or gene expression of CCR5 and β-chemokines 48 hours after vaccination. Conclusions Influenza virus vaccine markedly decreased chemokine receptor CCR5 expression on CD4 T lymphocytes. However, this immunomodulatory effect does not seem to affect overall viral replication in HIV-infected children who received highly active antiretroviral therapy.
Quantum mechanical reactive scattering for three-dimensional atom plus diatom systems. I. Theory

A method is presented for accurately solving the Schrodinger equation for the reactive collision of an atom with a diatomic molecule in three dimensions on a single Born–Oppenheimer potential energy surface. The Schrodinger equation is first expressed in body‐fixed coordinates. The wavefunction is then expanded in a set of vibration–rotation functions, and the resulting coupled equations are integrated in each of the three arrangement channel regions to generate primitive solutions. Next, these are smoothly matched to each other on three matching surfaces which appropriately separate the arrangement channel regions. The resulting matched solutions are linearly combined to generate wavefunctions which satisfy the reactance and scattering matrix boundary conditions, from which the corresponding R and S matrices are obtained. The scattering amplitudes in the helicity representation are easily calculated from the body fixed S matrices, and from these scattering amplitudes several types of differential and int...
Openness as problematic in ongoing friendships: Two conversational dilemmas 1

This research investigated the management of interactions sustaining close friendships. Ten pairs of close friends were interviewed individually on two occasions and together on a third occasion. An interpretive analysis of subjects’ remarks identified a dialectical principle organizing the communicative practices of these relationships. The dialectic of expressiveness and protectiveness regards the decisions of self to reveal and conceal personal information. Because an individual must continually face the contradictory impulses to be open and expressive and be protective of self and/or of another, two generic conversational dilemmas result. These two empirically grounded dilemmas, termed tolerance of vulnerability and likelihood of candor, are discussed in this paper.
Analysis of rapid Cn2 fluctuations observed during a 5-km communication link experiment

The path-integrated turbulence strength is usually thought of as a parameter that varies slowly with time. In a recent free-space communications experiment the Cn2 n value over a 5-km horizontal path was monitored almost continuously for a period of nearly a month. In addition to well defined and repeatable diurnal fluctuations, strong short-term fluctuations were observed in which the turbulence strength changed by an order of magnitude within a period of minutes. These rapid changes were independently measured by a commercial scintillometer and the high-rate output from the communications transceiver. The characteristics and probable causes for these dynamic atmospheric events and their impact on the design of free-space communication systems are discussed in this article.
Organoapatites: Materials for artificial bone. II. Hardening reactions and properties

This article reports on chemical reactions and the properties they generated in artificial bone materials termed “organoapatites.” These materials are synthesized using methodology we reported in the previous article of this series1. Two different processes were studied here for the transition from organoapatite particles to implants suitable for the restoration of the skeletal system. One process involved the hardening of powder compacts by beams of blue light derived from a lamp or a laser and the other involved pressure-induced interdiffusion of polymers. In both cases, the hardening reaction involved the formation of a polyion complex between two polyelectrolytes. In the photo-induced reaction an anionic electrolyte polymerizes to from the coulombic network and in the pressure-induced one, pressure forms the complex by interdiffusion of two polyions. Model reactions were studied using various polycations. Based on these results the organoapatite selected for the study was that containing dispersed poly(L-lysine) and sodium acrylate as the anionic monomer. The organomineral particles can be pressed at room temperature into objects of great physical integrity and hydrolytic stability relative to anorganic controls. The remarkable fact about these objects is that intimate molecular dispersion of only 2–3% by weight organic material provides integrity to the mineral network in an aqueous medium and also doubles its tensile strength. This integrity is essentially nonexistent in “anorganic” samples prepared by the same methodology used in organoapatite synthesis. The improvement in properties was most effectively produced by molecular bridges formed by photopolymerization. The photopolymerization leads to the “hardening” of pellets prepared by pressing of organoapatite powders. The reaction was found to be more facile in the microstructure of the organomineral, and it is potentially useful in the surgical application of organoapatites as artificial bone. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Breast Cancer Mortality’s Association with Sexual Orientation

Our objective is to test disparities in breast cancer mortality by sexual orientation. Using an ecological approach that links SEER breast cancer mortality data with Census 2000 data, we test the hypothesis of higher breast cancer mortality in areas with more presumed lesbians. From the Census 2000 data on female same-sex partnered households, we derive a measure of sexual minority women density (SMWD) for each of the 215 counties covered by SEER 12. We test the association of SMWD with breast cancer mortality using multivariable Poisson regression models that control for age, race, and socioeconomic status. We confirm our hypothesis as we find a significant positive association between SMWD and breast cancer mortality. This relationship remains significant even after controlling for other factors, known to have an association with mortality, such as poverty or race. This ecological approach compensates for the absence of cancer surveillance by sexual orientation. The results suggest a disparity in breast cancer mortality due to sexual orientation. The causes for this disparity need to be identified by future studies.
Reflection properties and applications of resonant optical cavities

Reflection properties of resonant optical cavities are examined under steady-state and transient conditions. For suitably selected cavity mirrors, the effective cavity reflectivity exhibits a transient zero-crossing behavior. Several practical applications are described, including an optical ac/dc filter-intracavity laser smoother, a sensitive AM/FM/PM detector, optical pulse shaping, and an interferometrically modulated laser.
Determination of tributylphosphine in air.

(1959). Determination of Tributylphosphine in Air. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 32-35.
Adaptation of Total Quality Methods to the Administration of an Academic Engineering Department

The Department of Mechanical Engineering at The University of Texas at Austin has pursued a rational and considered course of action for adapting the methods of Total Quality Management (TQM) for improving a broad range of our administrative processes. To initiate this effort, the academic, shop and research staff along with members of the faculty holding administrative responsibility participated in an in-house six day series of training meetings on the tools of TQM. Topics of the training included team functioning principles, data acquisition and statistical analysis tools, process identification and evaluation, self assessment, and strategic planning techniques. Members of the staff and faculty took part in the training on an equal basis. Quality teams have been established to address processes selected from an extensive list of candidates. Most teams have members from both faculty and staff, plus a trained quality advisor. In addition, quality groups have formed spontaneously from functional working groups of staff following equipping with TQM tools. Initial results have been encouraging, with improved service to customers, reduction of cycle times, and improved interpersonal relations.
Origins and formation of microvasculature in the developing kidney

Origins and formation of microvasculature in the developing kidney. Regulation of microvessel assembly in the developing kidney is not known and may occur through vasculogenic, angiogenic, or both processes. To examine this question, we grafted rat and mice embryonic (E) day 12 (E12) kidneys, which have only a rudimentary vasculature, into anterior eye chambers of mouse and rat hosts. Species-specific, monoclonal anti-basement membrane antibodies showed that glomerular basement membranes, mesangial matrices, and microvessel basement membranes were always derived from the graft. When wild-type E12 mouse kidneys were grafted into anterior chambers of ROSA26 mice, in which the β-galactosidase transgene is expressed ubiquitously, glomerular and microvascular endothelial cells stemmed from the graft, even after maintenance of kidneys in organ culture for 6days before grafting. Immunolabeling with antibodies against the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor, Flk1, the EphB1 receptor, and its ligand, ephrin-B1, labeled discrete mesenchymal cells in embryonic and newborn kidney cortex, as well as developing microvessel and glomerular endothelium. In adult kidneys, Flk1 labeled glomeruli weakly, other vascular structures were unlabeled. When wild-type E12 kidneys were grafted under renal capsules of adult ROSA26 hosts, endothelium developing within the graft again came from the implanted kidney. In contrast, when E12 kidneys were grafted into renal cortices of newborns, glomeruli within grafts now contained host-derived endothelium. Similarly, when ROSA26 E12 kidneys were implanted into newborn wild-type hosts, chimeric vessels containing graft- and host-derived endothelium were seen in nearby host tissue. Our results indicate that cells capable of forming the entire microvascular tree of grafted metanephroi are already present in the E12 kidney. We hypothesize that Flk1/VEGF and EphB1/ephrin-B1 mediate renal endothelial mitosis-motility and cell guidance-aggregation behavior, respectively.
Synthesis of methacrylic acid-styrene block copolymers by living radical polymerization in the presence of chitosan

Abstract The existence of living growing end radicals in the radical polymerization of sodium methacrylate (MAA·Na) in the presence of chitosan acetate salt has been ascertained by preparing block copolymers with styrene as secondary comonomer. When polymerization of MAA·Na eventually reached 93.4% conversion after 144 h at 30°C, secondary comonomer styrene added to the system undergoes further polymerization. Solvent extraction was performed to separate the homopolymers and block copolymers in order to determine the properties of the product. The results of the solubilities, of gel permeation chromatography and of 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance showed the characteristics of the block copolymers.
Olfactory neurons are interdependent in maintaining axonal projections.

Abstract In mice, individual olfactory neurons express one of the thousand distinct olfactory receptor genes [1–3]. Neurons that express a given receptor converge on distinct loci in the olfactory bulb to form structures called glomeruli [4–6]. The olfactory receptor is involved in an instructive manner in this axonal convergence [6,7] but little is known about the mechanisms involved in maintaining convergence. We have previously created a transgenic olfactory receptor locus that functions independently of the endogenous loci [8]. Here, we show that, although the projections of neurons expressing this ectopic transgenic olfactory receptor always converge in newborn mice, surprisingly, in adult mice, convergence is not always maintained. Moreover, in adult mice there is a positive correlation between the number of neurons expressing the transgenic receptor and the probability of maintaining convergence. These observations, taken together with the variability observed in wild-type [4,6] and genetically manipulated mice ([6] and our unpublished observations), suggest that olfactory neurons require the presence of other similar axons to maintain a glomerulus. We call this phenomenon interdependence.
Crowding by trisaccharides and the 2:1 cytochrome c-cytochrome c peroxidase complex.

Proteins are designed to function under crowded conditions where the solute concentration can reach 400 g/L, but they are almost always studied in dilute solutions. To address this discrepancy, we have undertaken a series of studies to determine the effects of high solute concentrations on the thermodynamics of protein equilibria. Recently, we used isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) to show that high concentrations of mono-, di-, and tetrasaccharides have a small stabilizing effect on the crystallographically defined cytochrome c binding site on yeast ferricytochrome c peroxidase [Morar, A. S., Wang, X., and Pielak, G. J. (2001) Biochemistry 40, 281−285]. Here, we use this technique to show that trisaccharides increase the apparent thermodynamic binding constants for both cytochrome c binding sites on the peroxidase. Mutagenesis studies confirm that the second site includes Asp 148 on the peroxidase. Binding of both cytochrome c molecules is exothermic. The data are interpreted by assuming either the ...
Direct observation of a bent carbonyl ligand in a 19-electron transition metal complex.

The photochemistry of [CpRu(CO)2]2 in P(OMe)3/CH2Cl2 solution has been studied using picosecond time-resolved infrared (TRIR) spectroscopy. Photolysis at 400 nm leads to the formation of 17-electron CpRu(CO)2• radicals, which react on the picosecond time scale to form 19-electron CpRu(CO)2P(OMe)3• adducts. The TRIR spectra of this adduct display an unusually low CO stretching frequency for the antisymmetric CO stretching mode, suggesting that one carbonyl ligand adopts a bent configuration to avoid a 19-electron count at the metal center. This spectral assignment is supported by analogous experiments on [CpFe(CO)2]2 in the same solvent, combined with DFT studies on the structures of the 19-electron adducts. The DFT results predict a bent CO ligand in CpRu(CO)2P(OMe)3•, whereas approximately linear Fe–C–O bond angles are predicted for CpFe(CO)2P(OMe)3•. The observation of a bent CO ligand in the 19-electron ruthenium adduct is a surprising result, and it provides new insight into the solution-phase behavio...
Raman spectral changes induced by side-chain interactions in racemic poly-gamma-benzyl glutamate.

Laser Raman spectra are reported for solid films cast from a series of solutions containing mixtures of right- and left-handed α-helices of poly-γ-benzyl-L- and D-glutamate. Procedures were established for producing spectra that were reproducible in position to ±0.3 cm−1 and in relative intensity to a few percent for features of interest. Spectra for the pure L and pure D polymers were identical, as expected. Several small but definite spectral changes appear in the mixtures, reaching a maximum for the racemic 50:50 mixture. The changes are a shift of −1.4 cm−1 in the amide I peak at 1650.5 cm−1; a shift of about −5 cm−1 in the partially resolved amide III peak at 1291 cm−1; a shift of +2.5 cm−1 in the benzyl peak at 3062.5 cm−1; changes in relative intensity of as much as 50% in several regions; and the marked enhancement of several peaks, particularly that at 254 cm−1. These changes are discussed in terms of side-chain interactions in the packing of right- and left-handed helices.
Pink Bollworm; Field, Laboratory, and Electroantennogram Data on Hexalure and Inhibitors of Its Attraction of the Moth1

Field, laboratory, and electroantennogram (BAG) data were obtained on 1-tetradecanol acetate, an inhibitor of attraction of Pectinophora gossyprella (Saunders) moths to hexalure and related compounds. Of the 16 compounds tested, those giving the greatest EAG responses also were the most effective inhibitors of attraction of moths to hexalure-containing traps in field tests. Hexalure alone produced an intense EAG response which was depressed by addition of most of the test compounds. In field and laboratory tests, the addition of inhibitor, on the same or on separate wicks, to traps containing hexalure depressed captures compared to those of traps containing only hexalure. However, in laboratory and field experiments in which 1-tetradecanol acetate on paper squares was distributed over cotton plants, mating inhibition did not occur, indicating that the inhibitor did not interfere with the moth’s ability to orient to the female’s sex pheromone.
Spectral shift and degradation in photoemissive thin films

Photocathode degradation in camera tubes may result from high current density operation of the photoemissive thin film. Some aspects of the various mechanisms causing loss in sensitivity and shift in spectral response are discussed. Among these are positive ion bombardment of the film, localized heating of the photosensitive film, and solid-state ion transfer from the supporting substrate into the photosensitive film. The types of photoemissive films studied are tin oxide undercoated S-11, S-20, modified S-1, and high temperature bi-alkali photocathodes.
Low-dose Gamma-rays and Simulated Solar Particle Event Protons Modify Splenocyte Gene and Cytokine Expression Patterns

The goal was to investigate the T helper (Th) response in splenocytes of mice exposed to low-dose/low-dose-rate (LDR) γ-rays, simulated solar particle event protons (sSPE), or combination of both. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to LDR γ-radiation ((57)Co) to a total dose of 0.05 Gray (Gy) at 0.024 cGy/h, either with or without subsequent exposure to 2 Gy sSPE protons. Expression of genes related to Th cells was evaluated immediately after exposure (day 0). On day 21, intra- and extracellular cytokine production was assessed after activation with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate/ionophore (PMA/I). Five genes were significantly modulated on day 0 in one or more of the irradiated groups compared to controls (p < 0.05): Ccl11, Ccr5, Cd80, Inha, and Il9. On day 21, numbers of cells positive for interferon-γ were high in the LDR + sSPE group versus 0 Gy and LDR γ-rays (p < 0.05), but there was no difference in IL-2 and TNF-α. Levels of secreted cytokines after anti-CD3 mAb activation were high for 5 (MIP-1α, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-13) and low for 2 (IL-7, IL-9) in all irradiated groups. Priming with LDR photons had a significant effect on IFN-γ and IL-17 compared to sSPE protons alone; IL-2 was low only in the LDR + sSPE group. The cytokine patterns after anti-PMA/I activation were different compared to anti-CD3 mAb and with fewer differences among groups. The data show that total-body exposure to space-relevant radiation has profound effects on Th cell status and that priming with LDR γ-rays can in some cases modulate the response to sSPE.
Mapping and analysis of quantitative trait loci in experimental populations

Simple statistical methods for the study of quantitative trait loci (QTL), such as analysis of variance, have given way to methods that involve several markers and high-resolution genetic maps. As a result, the mapping community has been provided with statistical and computational tools that have much greater power than ever before for studying and locating multiple and interacting QTL. Apart from their immediate practical applications, the lessons learnt from this evolution of QTL methodology might also be generally relevant to other types of functional genomics approach that are aimed at the dissection of complex phenotypes, such as microarray assessment of gene expression.
Array Heads For Estimating Track Mis Registration

The authors examine the use of array heads for estimating the data and for providing servo information. A mathematical representation for array heads is developed, and a formula for the maximum likelihood estimate of the track misregistration is found. The case where the offtrack perturbation operator is dependent on the offtrack error is considered. This case requires a joint minimization of two branches of quadratic forms. Simulation results for a specific head configuration are given which validate the estimate and agree with the theoretical convergence rates. The estimate converges quickly enough for practical purposes in a real storage system. >
A Humanbecoming Program of Research

The author of this column describes the evolution of program of research underpinned by the humanbecoming school of thought.
Comprehensive data warehouse exploration with qualified association-rule mining

Data warehouses store data that explicitly and implicitly reflect customer patterns and trends, financial and business practices, strategies, know-how, and other valuable managerial information. In this paper, we suggest a novel way of acquiring more knowledge from corporate data warehouses. Association-rule mining, which captures co-occurrence patterns within data, has attracted considerable efforts from data warehousing researchers and practitioners alike. In this paper, we present a new data-mining method called qualified association rules. Qualified association rules capture correlations across the entire data warehouse, not just over an extracted and transformed portion of the data that is required when a standard data-mining tool is used.
Session 1 ‐ Reflecting our roles, skills and ethics Hiroshi Tamura (Hakuhoda, Japan), Curator: Taking the Driver's Seat: Sustaining Critical Enquiry While Becoming a Legitimate Corporate Decision‐Maker

Staying relevant (to the business) is at the heart of career-advancement and (increasingly) job-security, particularly, in a business unit. It embodies a number of different meanings to the different players in corporate–from supporting product definition to creating strategic plans to making the appropriate business decisions. Rather surprisingly, though, we find EPIC talking about it with a certain discomfort, particularly when it comes to affect our identities as social researchers. On the other hand, we, in the industry, have little choice but to “play the game” and find ways whereby we can best utilize our knowledge, experiences, skills, our unique perspective to endow us an edge–creating interesting possibilities to stay relevant. This paper investigates our own trajectories in the past few years in a product group at Intel where we suddenly found ourselves increasingly more involved with decision-making, taking actions that would ultimately affect the course of the business and our own careers. Unwittingly or not, this shift has become part of a strategy for negotiating relevance in ever changing business environments.
Exploring Some Determinants of ES Quality

In this study some important determinants for expert systems (ES) quality are field-tested. To reduce possible confounding results that may occur because of interorganizational differences, a case ...
Processing of electroplated Bi-2212/Ag tapes using a melt-quench and annealing method

Bi-2212 precursor films were deposited on both sides of polycrystalline Ag tapes by electrodeposition. After a melt-quench and annealing process, highly c-axis textured Bi-2212 films were obtained on Ag tapes. The full-width at half-maximum of the (008) rocking curve was around 5.8u, and scanning electron microscopy measurements indicated that the Bi-2212 films had a dense and melted plate-like structure. The superconducting transition temperature, Tc (zero resistance), was about 82.4 K, and a critical current density, Jc (75 K, 0 T), of 29 kA cm −2 was observed in transport measurements. A Jc (4.2 K, 0 T) value of about 0.3 MA cm −2 was calculated from magnetization measurements. The mechanism of formation of the Bi-2212 superconductor in the melt-quench and annealing process is discussed.
Calcification of thoracic aorta – solar eclipse sign

Calcification of thoracic aorta is very common in old people, especially ones with hypertension. This can sometime be visible on plain chest radiograph. We present a case of a male patient who had extensive deposition of calcium in the thoracic aorta. The relationship between aortic calcification and coronary atherosclerosis remains contentious. Computed tomography of the thorax can display this calcification which appears like 'solar eclipse'.
Are university-based residency training programs lacking in resident education of proper diagnosis and treatment for common skin and breast lesions?

Abstract Background Skin and breast cancers are the 2 most common malignancies in US women. Early detection with appropriate therapy is essential in improving survival rates. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare general surgery (GS) and family medicine (FM) residents in their ability to identify and appropriately treat common skin and breast lesions. Methods Thirty-three-question, institutional review board–approved, Web-based surveys (1 breast and 1 skin survey) were each sent to 244 GS and 452 FM training programs (both university-based and community-based programs) uniformly distributed across the United States. Each survey included demographics and 20 multiple-choice questions (10 lesion identification questions and 10 corresponding treatment questions). Results A total of 374 completed resident surveys were collected (242 FM, 132 GS). Respondents were uniformly distributed geographically (55.9% women, 44.1% men; 54.2% community based, 45.8% university based). GS residents correctly identified 82.7% of lesions compared with 83.3% for FM residents ( P = .89) and correctly treated 76.8% of lesions compared with 75.4% for FM residents ( P = .81). No significant identification or treatment differences were noted by postgraduate year (PGY), but both GS and FM residents had lower accuracy of correct treatment identification compared with lesion identification, which was significant for GS PGY 2 residents ( P = .02), FM PGY 2 residents ( P = .03), and FM PGY 2 residents ( P = .03). University-based GS residents had a more significant disparity between correct identification and correct treatment (83.6% vs 74.6%, P = .03) compared with community-based GS residents (80.4% vs 74.6%, P = .11). Both university-based and community-based FM residents had significant disparities in this comparison (university-based FM residents with 82.4% vs 69.8%, P = .02, vs community-based FM residents with 86.7% vs 74.5%, P = .04). Conclusions Both GS and FM residents incorrectly treated more lesions than they diagnosed. This diagnosis-treatment disparity was more pronounced among university-based residents. Validation of this observation may better identify potential training deficiencies in breast and skin oncology to enhance GS resident education.
The promise and realities of comparative effectiveness research

Comparative Effectiveness Research (CER) has been given a broad and ambitious mandate. Will it be able to deliver the multifaceted and granular comparative information that it has been tasked with developing? After a discussion of the general conditions for the feasibility of CER, we focus our attention on one of the most challenging areas: the evaluation of diagnostic tests and biomarkers.
Robust megavoltage x-ray spectra estimation from transmission measurements.

Megavoltage X-ray sources are commonly used for therapy planning, and knowledge of their spectral distribution is important for accurate dose calculations. There are many methods that could provide reasonable estimations of Megavoltage X-ray spectra, when very accurate attenuation data or at least very good set of initial guesses of the spectra are available. We present here a novel method, which can be used for accurate Megavoltage spectral reconstruction without any prior knowledge of spectral distribution; the method performs well even when the available transmission data are affected by noise. The method is based on a search for a smooth function that minimizes the differences between measured and calculated attenuation data. The algorithm is compared with well-known existing algorithms, using computer simulated data, both error-free and containing added random Gaussian noise. The reconstructed spectra are subsequently used to calculate the transmission through 50 cm of bone, muscle or fat tissue. It is shown that the relative errors in dose calculations, using the spectra reconstructed via this method, are significantly smaller than those obtained via well-established reconstruction algorithms - Truncated Singular Value Decomposition (TSVD) and Expectation Maximization (EM). These results suggest that the novel algorithm might be practical for routine Megavoltage therapy X-ray source calibration.
The Effects of Mandatory Mediation: Empirical Research on the Experience of Small Claims and Common Pleas Courts

This article reports the findings of empirical studies that examined the effects of mandatory mediation in small claims and general civil cases. The article begins with a discussion of the factors that led to the adoption of mandatory mediation and concerns that have been raised about its use. The studies compared cases that were required to use mediation and cases that voluntarily chose mediation in terms of the outcomes of mediation and party and attorney perceptions of the process, the mediator, and the outcome. Settlement rates were somewhat lower when mediation was mandatory than when both parties chose to mediate, with intermediate settlement rates when only one party requested mediation. Among cases that settled, there were no differences in the outcome or in parties' assessments of the agreement or compliance with it. There were few differences between mandatory and voluntary mediation in parties' perceptions of the mediation process and the mediator.