cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The hemostatic effect of fibrin glue on graft donor sites.

One of the main uses of topical fibrin glue is hemostasis. Fibrin glue from pooled human plasma has been used in Europe for many years. It was used for fixation of skin grafts as early as 1944. Because of the risk of hepatitis and now of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, this compound has not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in the United States. It is now possible to make fibrin glue from a single unit of blood. Many blood banks have this capability, and burn centers in the United States are beginning to report its use in skin grafting procedures performed on patients with burns. In an effort to document a hemostatic effect, a prospective double-blind study was designed. Donor sites of patients with burns undergoing skin grafting were studied to provide a uniform wound; anatomic location varied, particularly with respect to gravity. Half of each donor site was sprayed with thrombin and fibrin glue, and the other half was sprayed with thrombin and placebo. A large absorbent pad was placed over the gauze dressing, and all dressings were collected and weighed by the investigators at 6 and 18 hours after the operation. Ten patients have been studied to date. In five patients slightly more bleeding occurred in the site treated with fibrin. One patient had no difference, and four had slightly less bleeding on the donor site treated with fibrin. No significant difference could be found in this initial study group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Molecular epidemiology of hormone-metabolic loci in prostate cancer.

In the United States, some 180,400 men were diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2000 alone, and 31,900 men died of the disease during that same year (1). In fact, prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy among men in the United States (1). Prostate cancer is rare before the age of 30 years, but the rate of increase thereafter is such that by the time a man is 90 years old, he has almost a 100 percent chance of having the disease (2). There is a large variation in prostate cancer incidence rates between racial/ethnic groups in the United States, highest among African-Americans, intermediate among Caucasian-Americans and Hispanic-Americans, and lowest among Asian-Americans (3). These epidemiologic data provide support for a major genetic component to prostate cancer risk, although environmental risk factors could also be partially involved. In addition, epidemiologic and biochemical evidence suggests that variations on androgen levels may play a role in the risk for prostate cancer. For example, a few studies (albeit using mostly small sample sizes) indicate that adult dihydrotestosterone metabolite level variation among distinct racial/ethnic groups parallels their prostate cancer risk (e.g., Ross et al. (4)).
A Dual Parameter Discriminator for Use with Gas Scintillation Proportional Counters

A new diagnostic tool has recently been developed at Los-Alamos for use in optimizing the performance of gas scintillation proportional counters. The instrument is a Dual Parameter Discriminator which allows for discrimination of nuclear pulses either by height, risetime, or both. This makes possible the generation of risetime spectra for different pulse height ranges, and pulse height spectra for different risetime ranges. The Dual Parameter Discriminator will easily measure risetimes up to about 45 microseconds. It has a lower risetime threshold of 100 nanoseconds, and will discriminate over the entire risetime range in 100 nanosecond increments, selected by front-panel thumbwheel switches. This wide dynamic range makes it useful in measuring the characteristics of large gas scintillation proportional counters which produce signals with risetimes too long to be measured using conventional techniques. The discriminator also has provision to store 0 to 5 volt pulse heights directly in an analog shift register, eliminating the need for capacitive holding circuits which are subject to droop and repeatability errors. The instrument contains both analog and digital outputs for connection either to a pulse height analyzer or computer.
Velocity and work-function dependence of secondary-ion emission.

The emission probability of ${\mathrm{Al}}^{+}$ secondary ions ejected vertically from clean and Cs-modified polycrystalline aluminum is found to depend on both the velocity of the ion and the work function of the sample. When the dependence found in this experiment and that found in the previous relevant experiments are compared with the tunneling model of secondary-ion production semiquantitatively, discrepancies occur at low velocities. These experimental results are compatible with the substrate excitation model, provided that the unknown parameters in the model are properly chosen.
A Novel Risk Scoring System Reliably Predicts Readmission after Pancreatectomy

Background Postoperative readmissions have been proposed by Medicare as a quality metric and can impact provider reimbursement. Because readmission after pancreatectomy is common, we sought to identify factors associated with readmission to establish a predictive risk scoring system. Study Design A retrospective analysis of 2,360 pancreatectomies performed at 9 high-volume pancreatic centers between 2005 and 2011 was performed. Forty-five factors strongly associated with readmission were identified. To derive and validate a risk scoring system, the population was randomly divided into 2 cohorts in a 4:1 fashion. A multivariable logistic regression model was constructed and scores were assigned based on the relative odds ratio (OR) of each independent predictor. A composite Readmission after Pancreatectomy (RAP) score was generated and then stratified to create risk groups. Results Overall, 464 (19.7%) patients were readmitted within 90 days. Eight pre- and postoperative factors, including earlier MI (OR = 2.03), American Society of Anesthesiologists class ≥3 (OR = 1.34), dementia (OR = 6.22), hemorrhage (OR = 1.81), delayed gastric emptying (OR = 1.78), surgical site infection (OR = 3.31), sepsis (OR = 3.10), and short length of stay (OR = 1.51) were independently predictive of readmission. The 32-point RAP score generated from the derivation cohort was highly predictive of readmission in the validation cohort (area under the receiver operating curve = 0.72). The low-risk (0 to 3), intermediate-risk (4 to 7), and high-risk (>7) groups correlated with 11.7%, 17.5%, and 45.4% observed readmission rates, respectively (p Conclusions The RAP score is a novel and clinically useful risk scoring system for readmission after pancreatectomy. Identification of patients with increased risk of readmission using the RAP score will allow efficient resource allocation aimed to attenuate readmission rates. It also has potential to serve as a new metric for comparative research and quality assessment.
EM algorithms for multivariate Gaussian mixture models with truncated and censored data

We present expectation-maximization (EM) algorithms for fitting multivariate Gaussian mixture models to data that are truncated, censored or truncated and censored. These two types of incomplete measurements are naturally handled together through their relation to the multivariate truncated Gaussian distribution. We illustrate our algorithms on synthetic and flow cytometry data.
The nature of the structure difference between light and heavy water and the origin of the solvent isotope effect—I

Abstract The observed differences in heat content, entropy and free energy of light and heavy liquid water can be calculated within experimental error from measured infrared frequencies, using a model for water with tetrahedral hydrogen bonding and treating the hindered rotations (librations) of the water molecules as three-dimensional isotropic harmonic oscillators. The origin of the solvent isotope effect for monatomic ions in light and heavy water is their effect on the structure difference between light and heavy water. The quantity Δθ = h Δν/k provides a measure of this structure difference, where Δν is ν−ν′, the difference in average values of the librational frequencies of H2O and D2O, and ν′=ν/1·3815. Differences in heat content, entropy and free energy for solution of monatomic ions in light and heavy water and individual ionic activity coefficients can be calculated from Δθ. Hydronium and hydroxide ions are also discussed.
Fifteen-S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-S-HETE) specifically antagonizes the chemotactic action and glomerular synthesis of leukotriene B4 in the rat.

Fifteen-S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-S-HETE) specifically antagonizes the chemotactic action and glomerular synthesis of leukotriene B4 in the rat. In models of experimental glomerulonephritis, there is temporal concordance between the shift in the glomerular cellular infiltrate from neutrophils (PMN) to macrophages/monocytes and the suppression of glomerular leukotriene B4 (LTB4) generation. Since macrophages are a rich source of 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) products, we investigated whether the principal product of arachidonate 15-lipoxy-genation, 15-S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-S-HETE), was capable of antagonizing the proinflammatory actions of LTB4 in the rat. PMN exhibited chemotaxis to LTB4 in a dose dependent manner with an LC 50 of 10 -8 M. When rat neutrophils were pre-treated with 15-S-HETE, chemotaxis to LTB4 was inhibited in a dose dependent manner (maximal at 30 µM 15-S-HETE) but, the same concentration did not inhibit chemotaxis to n-formyl-1-methionyl-1-phenylalanine (FMP). 12-S-HETE (30µM) did not inhibit chemotaxis to LTB4. Glomeruli from rats injected with nephrotoxic serum three hours earlier generated increased levels of LTB4; prior exposure of such glomeruli to 15-S-HETE totally normalized LTB4 production. The glomerular production of 15-S-HETE and LTB4 was also determined 3 hours, 72 hours and 2 weeks after administration of nephrotoxic serum. Whereas there was an early, short-lived, burst of LTB4 followed by a return to baseline levels, the production of 15-S-HETE increased steadily over the two week period and was present in amounts fivefold greater than LTB4. Thus, these studies assign a role for locally generated 15-LO derivatives in arresting LTB4-promoted PMN infiltration and suppressing LTB4 synthesis. Coupled with our previous demonstration of counterregula-tory interactions between lipoxins and cysteinyl leukotrienes, the current studies provide further support for a generalized anti-inflammatory role for 15-LO products through specific antagonism and/or inhibition of leukotriene synthesis and biologic activities.
Genomic organization of a new candidate tumor suppressor gene, LRP1B.

LRP1B is a novel candidate tumor suppressor gene that is inactivated by genetic and transcript alterations in nearly 50% of non-small-cell lung cancer cell lines. The gene-encoded protein is highly homologous to the gigantic lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) that belongs to the family of low-density lipoprotein receptors. Using a combination of PCR-based genome walking and long-distance interexon PCR, we have determined the genomic organization of LRP1B and built a contiguous array of BAC clones spanning this gene. A total of 91 exons, varying in size from 77 bases (exon 87) to 1899 bases (exon 91), were identified in the more than 500-kb-long gene sequence. Comparative analysis of the genomic structures of LRP1B and the homologous LRP1 gene revealed a striking similarity in the location and sizes of their exons.
Hypersensitivity reaction to omeprazole in a patient treated for Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori infection remains one of the most common bacterial infections in humans [Pounder and Ng, 1995; Cave, 1996]. These infections can cause gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric adenocarcinoma [Peterson et al. 2000]. Standard eradication regimens include combinations of antibiotics and antisecretory agents such as proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) [Chey and Wong, 2007]. PPIs have been used more commonly over H2RAs due to more effective acid suppression and antibacterial effects [Stoschus et al. 1996; McGowan et al. 1994; Gisbert et al. 2003]. We report the case of a H. pylori-positive patient who developed a hypersensitivity reaction to omeprazole therapy. The patient was subsequently treated with a triple therapy regimen that included pantoprazole without incident.
BIOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS OF A NUCLEIC ACID ANALOG-DEPENDENT HERPESVIRUS.

Abstract The conditions required for production and demonstration of dependency of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus for 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) were determined. Dependent virus can be produced when virus is replicated in the presence of BUdR and such virus can be demonstrated only on cell cultures pretreated with BUdR or closely related halogenated deoxyuridines. A possible mechanism of action at the level of deoxyribonucleic acid metabolism is discussed.
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and adenosine triphosphate

The observations by Abraham et al . ([1][1]), that P-glycoprotein and the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) are associated with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) movement across the plasma membrane, have been supported by other studies using patch clamp and bulk ATP measurements
Isolation of camp-independent histone kinase from pine cotyledons

A cyclic AMP-independent histone kinase was extracted and partially purified from growing cotyledons of Pinus pinea. The enzyme was purified 270-fo
Origen and the Election of Bishops

Origen's fullest statement on the selection of church officers occurs in his Homily in Numbers 13.4. The following is a fairly literal translation of the passage:At the end of his life he prayed to God that He would provide a leader for the people. What are you doing, O Moses? Are not Gersom and Eleazar your sons? Or if you distrust any one of these, are not the sons of your brother great and distinguished men? Why do you not pray to God for them so that He might appoint them leaders of the people? But the leaders in office of the churches should learn not to designate by testimony nor to deliver the leadership of the churches as an inheritance to those who are related to them by blood or are associated with them by fleshly closeness, but to submit to the choice of God and not to choose that one whom human affection commends but to grant entirely to the judgment of God the choice of a successor. Was not Moses able to choose a ruler for the people by a true judgment and to make choice by a correct and just sentence, to whom God had said, “Choose elders for the people, whom you know to be the elders,” and he chose such in whom immediately God's “spirit rested, and they all prophesied.” who therefore is able to choose a leader of the people unless Moses was able? But he did not do it, did not choose, did not dare it. Why did he not dare? That he would not leave to posterity an example of presumption. But listen to what he says, “Let the Lord, the God of spirits and all flesh, provide a man over this congregation, who shall go out and come in before them and who shall lead them forth and lead them back.” If therefore such a one as Moses gives not his judgment in choosing a leader of the people, in appointing a successor, what man would be he who dares to do so, whether of the people who are always accustomed to be moved by shouts for favor or perhaps excited for money, or of the priests themselves who will there be who would judge himself equal to this task, except only him to whom through prayers and petitions it is revealed by God? And just as God says to Moses, “Take to yourself Joshua the son of Nun, a man who has the spirit in him, and lay your hands upon him; and stand him before Eleazar the priest, and command him in the presence of the whole congregation and commission him from yourself before them; and give your honor to him that the children of Israel may hear him.” You hear obviously the ordination of a leader of the people clearly described, so that there is almost no need of exposition. Here there was held no acclamation of the people, no regard of kinship, no consideration of friendship.… The government of the people is delivered to him whom God chose.
Maturational Changes in Rabbit Renal Brush Border Membrane Vesicle Osmotic Water Permeability

We have recently shown that the osmotic water permeability (Pf) of proximal tubules from neonatal rabbits is higher than that of adults (AJP 271:F871-F876, 1996). The developmental change in Pf could be due to differences in one or more of the components in the path for transepithelial water transport. The present study examined developmental changes in water transport characteristics of the proximal tubule apical membrane by determining Pf and aquaporin 1 (AQP1) expression in neonatal (10–14 days old) and adult rabbit renal brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV). AQP1 abundance in the adult BBMV was higher than the neonatal BBMV. At 25°C the Pf of neonatal BBMV was found to be significantly lower than the adult BBMV at osmotic gradients from 50 to 250 mOsm/kg water. The activation energy for osmotic water movement was higher in the neonatal BBMV than the adult BBMV (9.19 ± 0.37 vs. 5.09 ± 0.57 kcal · deg−1· mol−1, P < 0.005). Osmotic water movement in neonatal BBMV was inhibited 17.9 ± 1.3% by 1 mm HgCl2 compared to 34.3 ± 3.8% in the adult BBMV (P < 0.005). These data are consistent with a significantly greater fraction of water traversing the apical membrane lipid bilayer in proximal tubules of neonates than adults. The lower Pf of the neonatal BBMV indicates that the apical membrane is not responsible for the higher transepithelial Pf in the neonatal proximal tubule.
A correlation for predicting diffusion coefficients in alkanes

A correlation was developed for predicting limiting mutual diffusion coefficients of gaseous and liquid solutes in normal alkane solvents with carbon numbers ranging from 7 to 28 at temperatures to 570 K. The functional form of the correlation is based on the rough hard sphere theory. The parameters needed in the correlation are the molecular weights and hard sphere diameters of the solute and solvent molecules and molar volume of the solvent. The data used in the development of the correlation included 143 measurements with solute/solvent molecular mass ratios ranging from 0.005 to 2.26 and size ratios ranging from 0.3 to 1.3. The average absolute error in predictions was only 6.3%. When the correlation was used to predict literature values for binary n-alkane systems, the average absolute error was 16.7%.
Control of virus-induced cell fusion by host cell lipid composition

Virus-induced cell fusion has been examined in a series of stable cell lines which were originally selected for resistance to the fusogenic effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG). For a wide variety of viruses, including murine hepatitis virus (a coronavirus), vesicular stomatitis virus (a rhabdovirus), and two paramyxoviruses (Sendai virus and SV5), susceptibility to virus-induced fusion was found to be inversely correlated with susceptibility to PEG-induced fusion. This phenomenon was observed both for cell fusion occurring in the course of viral infection and for fusion induced "from without" by the addition of high titers of noninfectious or inactivated virus. The fusion-altered cell lines (fusible by virus but not by PEG) are characterized by their unusual lipid composition, including marked elevation of saturated fatty acids and the presence of an unusual ether-linked neutral lipid. To test the association between lipid composition and fusion, acyl chain saturation was manipulated by supplementing the culture medium with exogenous fatty acids. In such experiments, it was possible to control the responses of these cells to both viral and chemical fusogens. Increasing the cellular content of saturated fatty acyl chains increased the susceptibility of cells to viral fusion and decreased susceptibility to PEG-induced fusion, whereas lowering fatty acid saturation had the opposite effect. Thus, parallel cultures of cells can be either driven toward the PEG-fusible/virus-fusion-resistant phenotype of the parental cells or rendered susceptible to viral fusion but resistant to PEG-induced fusion, solely by the alteration of cellular lipids. The ability of cellular lipid composition to regulate virus-induced membrane fusion suggests a possible role for lipids in viral infection and pathogenesis.
The effects of technology-mediated communication on industrial buyer behavior

Sellers are embracing technology-mediated sales communication tools such as videoconferencing systems, cellular phones, web sites, and electronic data interchange (EDI) systems in an attempt to control selling costs while maintaining the personal touch. What is unclear at this point, however, is if investment in communication technology actually pays dividends for industrial suppliers. This research explores the topic by examining the effects of buyer satisfaction with the adoption of technology-mediated communication (STMC) on channel partner relationships. STMC is found to have significant, positive, direct effects on future intentions (FI). Furthermore, these effects are found to be partially mediated by trust and commitment. D 2003 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
The spots and stains of plate tectonics

Abstract This paper describes a synthesis characterized by broad scope, substantial support, and some speculation. The framework for the synthesis is the speculative concept that the process of convergence and collision of large landmasses disrupts the fluid regime of the collision zone and adjoining areas. The disturbed fluids leave a record of their disruption and transport in great spots and stains. Some of these spots and stains persist in the modern geologic record where they are known as mineral deposits, mineral occurrences, oil fields, gas fields, tar sands, diagenesis, authigenesis, metamorphism, dolomitization, fluid inclusions, and paleoremagnetization. Various observed characteristics of these phenomena provide supporting evidence of such diversity and consistency that the concept seems firmly rooted in observation. Nevertheless, many opportunities for further testing remain. If the synthesis is more or less correct, then a major link between plate tectonics, or global-scale geodynamics, and a wide variety of terrestrial geological observations of lesser scale is in hand.
NbN hot-electron bolometer receivers and focal plane arrays for the terahertz range

The next generation of hot electron bolometric (HEB) mixer receivers for terahertz frequencies is under development. In order to improve sensitivity and integration time, terahertz focal plane arrays with HEB elements are required. We have designed, fabricated, and tested a three-element focal plane array with HEB devices. We implemented a quasi-optical power coupling scheme using three elliptical silicon lenses. Recently developed wideband (0.5 GHz to 12 GHz) MMIC low noise amplifiers were directly integrated with HEB devices in a single block. The array was tested using an FIR laser as the LO source and a side band generator as the signal source. This is the first heterodyne array for a frequency above 1 THz, and the suitability of HEB elements in a terahertz FPA has thus been demonstrated. This development is also geared toward investigating new architectures for much larger arrays utilizing HEB elements. Additional issues to be resolved include an improved antenna design for efficient LO injection, compact and low power IF amplifiers, and cryogenic optimization.
Are relative depletions altered inside diffuse clouds

The data of Jenkins, Savage, and Spitzer (1986) were used to analyze interstellar abundances and depletions of Fe, P, Mg, and Mn toward 37 stars, spanning nearly 1.0 (dex) in mean line-of-sight depletion. It was found that the depletions of these elements are linearly correlated and do not show evidence of differences in the rates of depletion or sputtering from one element to another. For a given level of overall depletion, the sightline-to-sightline rms variance in the depletion for each of these elements was less than 0.16 (dex), which is significantly smaller than is the element-to-element variance. The results suggest that, for most diffuse lines of sight, the relative abundances of these elements are set early in the lifetime of the grains and are not altered significantly thereafter.
The biochemical and ultrastructural effects of tunicamycin and D-glucosamine in L1210 leukemic cells

Tunicamycin was found to specifically inhibit the incorporation of a number of sugars into L1210 leukemia cell glycoproteins. This inhibition of glyco-protein biosynthesis led to a cessation of cell growth which was reversible in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. After removal of the antibiotic from L1210 cell cultures resumption of sugar incorporation preceded that of thymidine incorporation and the recovery of cell growth. The treatment of cells with tunicamycin resulted in a significant increase in the intracellular pool of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine which occurred concurrently with alterations in cell ultrastructure including distentions of the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear membranes. Similar ultrastructural changes and increases in the intracellular pools of UDP-sugars were observed in L1210 cells exposed to 5 mM D-glucosamine, which suggested that the antiproliferative effects of tunicamycin may be related to the accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum of one or more nucleotide sugar precursors of asparagine-linked glycoprotein biosynthesis. However, the biological effects of tunicamycin could be distinguished from those caused by D-glucosamine. Exposure of L1210 cells to tunicamycin resulted in specific alterations in the biochemical composition of the plasma membrane and in the inhibition of cellular agglutination by wheat germ agglutinin which were not apparent following exposure to equitoxic concentrations of the aminosugar. These studies, together with those which demonstrated that recovery of the cellular capacity to synthesize glycoproteins was obligatory for the recovery of cellular proliferation in tunicamycin-treated cells, suggested that inhibition of the synthesis of glycoproteins was the major factor limiting L1210 leukemic cell proliferation.
Physico-chemical variables determining the invasion risk of freshwater habitats by alien mollusks and crustaceans

The aim of this study was to assess the invasion risk of freshwater habitats and determine the environmental variables that are most favorable for the establishment of alien amphipods, isopods, gastropods, and bivalves. A total of 981 sites located in streams and rivers in Germany. Therefore we analyzed presence–absence data of alien and indigenous amphipods, isopods, gastropods, and bivalves from 981 sites located in small to large rivers in Germany with regard to eight environmental variables: chloride, ammonium, nitrate, oxygen, orthophosphate, distance to the next navigable waterway, and maximum and minimum temperature. Degraded sites close to navigable waters were exposed to an increased invasion risk by all major groups of alien species. Moreover, invaded sites by all four groups of alien species were similar, whereas the sites where indigenous members of the four groups occurred were more variable. Increased temperature and chloride concentration as well as decreased oxygen concentration were identified as major factors for the invasibility of a site. Species-specific analyses showed that chloride was among the three most predictive environmental variables determining species assemblage in all four taxonomic groups. Also distance to the next navigable waterways was similarly important. Additionally, the minimum temperature was among the most important variables for amphipods, isopods, and bivalves. The bias in the occurrence patterns of alien species toward similarly degraded habitats suggests that the members of all four major groups of freshwater alien species are a non-random, more tolerant set of species. Their common tolerance to salinity, high temperature, and oxygen depletion may reflect that most alien species were spread in ballast water tanks, where strong selective pressures, particularly temperature fluctuations, oxygen depletion, and increased salinity may create a bottleneck for successful invasion. Knowledge on the major factors that influence the invasion risk of a habitat is needed to develop strategies to limit the spread of invasive species.
Radiosensitivity of cells of Chinese hamster in vitro in relation to the cell cycle.

Abstract Analyses of radiation damage to chromosomes were made with Chinese hamster cells grown in vitro. The cells were pulse-labelled with tritiated thymidine immediately before irradiation. Samples were taken every two hours postirradiation for either metaphase or anaphase study. It was found that the cells originally in the G2 phase were about three to four times more radiosensitive than those in the S phase. It was also found that breakages of the chromosomal type induced by radiation only occurred among cells in the G1 phase, and were absent among cells in the S phase at the time of irradiation. This suggests that the subunits of each chromatid separate at the time the cell commences DNA synthesis.
Lake Trout Spawning Habitat in the Six Fathom Bank-Yankee Reef Lake Trout Sanctuary, Lake Huron

Abstract Attempts to reestablish self-sustaining stocks of lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush ) in the lower four Great Lakes, where the species was extinguished in the 1950s and 1960s, have been largely unsuccessful. To avoid many of the problems believed to be contributing to this failure, the fishery management community recently established several sanctuaries in the offshore waters of the Great Lakes where the development and protection of self-sustaining stocks of lake trout would be a primary management objective. One of these, the Six Fathom Bank-Yankee Reef sanctuary, was created in the south-central portion of Lake Huron. This sanctuary covers 168,000 ha and includes the shallower portions of the Six Fathom and Ipperwash scarps, which are major bathymetric features in the southern half of the lake. Historical accounts describe Six Fathom Bank as the most important lake trout spawning ground in the lake. Here we present the results of lake bed surveys conducted in the sanctuary with side-scan sonar, underwater videocamera systems, and a small research submarine. Our observations of the lake bed are consistent with what is known of the bedrock stratigraphy, glacial history, and karst geomorphology of the Lake Huron basin. Most of the loose rock we found seemed to be derived from local carbonate bedrock formations, although non-carbonate rock probably from Precambrian sources to the north was also present in some areas. Much of the bedrock and loose rock displayed karst solution features described for the Bruce Peninsula on the Ontario shoreline. Our surveys revealed substantial areas of lake bed at water depths of 20–36 m that resembled suitable spawning and fry production habitat for the shallow-water strains of lake trout that are the focus of the rehabilitation effort. Low mid-lake nutrient levels documented recently by others and the extremely high abundance of Mysis relicta (an important item in the diet of young lake trout) that we documented on Yankee Reef also contributed to our evaluation of the sanctuary as a site with high potential to support a self-sustaining population of lake trout.
Comparison of Stratified and Homogeneous Combustion in a Direct-Injected Two-Stroke Engine for Snowmobile Applications

Gasoline direct injection (GDI) two-stroke engine technology has been developed for use in snowmobile applications. Applying GDI to a two-stroke engine significantly reduces emissions of unburned hydrocarbons and improves fuel economy by reducing or eliminating the short circuiting of fuel that occurs in conventional carbureted two-stroke engines. The GDI design allows for two different modes of combustion, stratified and homogeneous. Stratified combustion is typically used during idle and light to moderate loads at low engine speeds while homogeneous combustion is used at moderate to high loads and medium to high engine speeds. This work presents the process and results of determining which mode of combustion provides better fuel economy during cruise point operation, and where the transition from stratified to homogeneous combustion should occur in snowmobile operation. Results show that homogeneous calibration is the superior mode of combustion for the cruise points of a snowmobile.
Social Hierarchies as Systems of Power

about women and Blacks in my courses (important for its own sake), but to do so as a vehicle for exploring political processes and institutions from a fresh perspective. Admittedly, there is not yet a great deal of material available (especially on the undergraduate level) that facilitates the inclusion of race and gender in these ways. Articles and books by historians and historically oriented political scientists have worked best because their
An extension of the array decomposition method for large finite-array analysis

In this paper, a method is presented for analyzing very large finite arrays of tapered-slot antenna elements. The Toeplitz matrix property of regularly spaced arrays, combined with a parametrically truncated coupling radius, generates fixed matrix storage based on the coupling radius rather than array size, thus allowing very large problem analysis. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 38: 323–328, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11050
A hypothesis evaluation model for human operators

A study of a model that portrays the response of a person given a situation-assessment task is presented. The model is expressed in terms of stochastic differential equations in order that it be compatible with the usual modeling paradigm for describing dynamically varying situations. The measured response of a test subject has been compared with a sample response of a model. The subject was presented with a time-varying scene and was asked to indicate the level of confidence that a target was within the field of view. This, along with the actual locations of targets and decoys, was recorded and compared with the model response to the same scenario. The model did not reproduce the observed behavior pattern just as two humans would not respond identically to the same stimuli. Nevertheless, the model does manifest the 'human' indecisiveness found in the experiment. >
Hematopoietic activity of hexahydrocoenzyme Q4 in the monkey

Abstract The vitamin-like activity of hexahydrocoenzyme Q 4 in monkeys, which have become anemic and/or dystrophic on a vitamin E-deficient diet, has been confirmed and extended. Positive therapeutic response in six animals included a reticulocytosis, elevation in hemoglobin levels, and/or reduction of the creatinuria. Both oral and intravenous administration of CoQ 4 were effective. The remission induced by CoQ 4 was short-lived unless therapy was continued. Vitamin E generally induced relatively long remissions; presumably CoQ 4 is not effectively retained in the tissues of the monkey. The activity of CoQ 4 could be due partially to its direct substitution for CoQ 10 if functional levels of the latter are low through peroxidative loss, and could also be due to a nonspecific antioxidant role which is extrinsic to the electron transfer process of respiration and coupled oxidative phosphorylation. The activity of vitamin E could be due to a nonspecific antioxidant role which may protect innumerable unsaturated lipids, including coenzyme Q 10 and its precursors, and allow restoration of tissue levels of CoQ 10 and its precursors through the biosynthetic sequence.
Beryllium-7 as a tracer of surface water subduction and mixed-layer history

Beryllium-7 is a cosmic-ray-produced radioactive nuclide (half-life 53.3 days) that is deposited upon the ocean surface by rainfall. Beryllium-7 profiles were collected and analyzed in May 1991 and March 1992 as part of the ONR SUBDUCTION program. The 7Be activities were homogeneous in the mixed layer and ranged approximately from 100 to 200 dpm/ 1000 1. The activities dropped off rapidly in the upper thermocline. The 7Be profiles were modeled using a simple seasonal progression of mixed-layer depth, indicating that seasonal changes in the mixed-layer depth control the main features of the profile. The observed temperature, salinity and 7Be profiles from the May 1991 cruise show warm salinity maxima associated with a layer of high 7Be penetrating into the upper seasonal thermocline. The high 7Be concentration suggests that these waters were in relatively thin mixed layers within, approximately, the past month. The model results indicate that in late spring both salinity and 7Be can respond to a shoaling mixed layer on a similar timescale leading to the observed anomalies in the subducted water layer.
Computed tomography (CT) imaging at high energy using plastic scintillating optical fibers

The design considerations for a megavoltage imager based on the distribution of pair production events in tissues are explored. Optical scintillating fibers utilizing electronic collimation are used to detect the 0.511 MeV annihilation radiation from the pair production events. The resolution, efficiency, and signal-to-noise ratio characteristics of this imaging modality are discussed and compared to conventional computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography (PET) imagers. A proof of principle small animal imager experiment is discussed.
Counting Asbestos Fibers by the Most Probable Number Method

A procedure for evaluating asbestos fiber counts is described which uses the most probable number method of bacteria counting. This technique is faster than conventional counting methods, with approximately comparable accuracies, although it suffers from a lack of rigor and requires the observer to estimate fiber concentrations to within an order of magnitude before counting. For the routine assessment of a large number of asbestos samples this procedure would seem to be more desirable than conventional counting because of the economy of time as well as being easier on the observer.
A microcomputer-based plotter system for the TRS-80 and HP 7225

A software package, MICROPLOT, was developed to run on a TRS-80 Model I microcomputer in conjunction with the Hewlett-Packard (HP) 7226 or similiar HP plotter. Capabilities include XY plotting of up to 10 data sets and curve plotting of an nth-degree polynomial. The package operates under the NEWDOS 80 Version 2.0 disk operating system but, with appropriate modification, can be run under any operating system that has dynamic program line merge and delete functions in BASIC. This report describes the structure of the system, hardware configuration, plotting capabilities, and applications in the behavioral laboratory.
Radiometric performance results of the Juno ultraviolet spectrograph (Juno-UVS)

We describe the radiometric performance and ground calibration results of the Juno mission's Ultraviolet Spectrograph (Juno-UVS) flight model. Juno-UVS is a modest power (9.0 W) ultraviolet spectrograph based on the Alice instruments now in flight aboard the European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft, NASA's New Horizons spacecraft, and the LAMP instrument aboard NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. Its primary job will be to characterize Jupiter's UV auroral emissions and relate them to in situ particle measurements.
Serial Examination of an Inducible and Reversible Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Individual Adult Drosophila

Recent work has demonstrated that Drosophila can be used as a model of dilated cardiomyopathy, defined as an enlarged cardiac chamber at end-diastole when the heart is fully relaxed and having an impaired systolic function when the heart is fully contracted. Gene mutations that cause cardiac dysfunction in adult Drosophila can result from abnormalities in cardiac development or alterations in post-developmental heart function. To clarify the contribution of transgene expression to post-developmental cardiac abnormalities, we applied strategies to examine the temporal and spacial effects of transgene expression on cardiac function. We engineered transgenic Drosophila based on the well-characterized temperature-sensitive Gal80 protein in the context of the bipartite Gal4/UAS transgenic expression system in Drosophila employing the cardiac specific driver, tinCΔ4-Gal4. Then, we developed a strategy using optical coherence tomography to serially measure cardiac function in the individual flies over time course of several days. As a proof of concept we examined the effects of the expression of a human mutant delta-sarcoglycan associated with familial heart failure and observed a reversible, post-developmental dilated cardiomyopathy in Drosophila. Our results show that the unique imaging strategy based on the non-destructive, non-invasive properties of optical coherence tomography can be applied to serially examine cardiac function in individual adult flies. Furthermore, the induction and reversal of cardiac transgene expression can be investigated in adult flies thereby providing insight into the post-developmental effects of transgene expression.
REPORT FORMAT AND TASK COMPLEXITY: INTERACTION IN RISK JUDGMENTS.

Abstract This study reports the results of an experiment to examine the effect of report format (graphic, tabular) and task complexity on the accuracy and bias of internal auditors' risk judgments. Accuracy is measured as the ability to discriminate between high and low risk reports, while bias is the propensity to report observing a high risk report, apart from the frequency of high risk reports in the population. Forty-seven experienced internal auditors judged the potential for error in each of 70 hypothetical reports. After controlling for individual differences, the results show a significant interaction between report format and task complexity, for both decision accuracy and bias. Implications are discussed.
Graduate student days at MIT.

doubts crept in. I realized that those days were 50 years ago and I had to ask myself how I could possibly know that my recollections were even moderately accurate. This is a valid question since—having heard old tales from others where I remembered the events quite differently—it is clear that memory is a faulty and selective device. Eventually, however, the comforting thought struck that anyone who might be in a position to argue with me was likely either to be dead or to have as faulty a memory as my own. So I have plowed ahead. Given that disclaimer, I do remember that I met Dave’s feet several weeks before I met his head. When I first came into the Waugh lab at MIT, Dave was already established as a beginning graduate student, and I certainly knew about him. However, he (or whoever it was) seemed to spend all his time lying underneath the Model E Analytical Ultracentrifuges—aligning the optics, replacing the drive, etc.—and as a consequence we were always tripping over his feet, but rarely saw the rest of him. I soon learned that our Ph.D. advisor, David
Enhanced Detection of On-Metal Retro-Reflective Tags in Cluttered Environments Using a Polarimetric Technique

The detection and tracking of targets in highly cluttered environments poses a challenge due to the strong clutter backscatter present in the scene. A design concept based on a planar retro-reflective array to aide in the standoff detection and tracking of large metallic objects in a warehouse setting is presented. While traditional methods to achieve enhanced detection involve an increase in gain of the target, this retro-reflector design seeks to minimize the footprint of the tag by utilizing contrasting polarization properties of the target compared to the surrounding clutter. This allows enhanced detection from a reduced size by maximizing the ratio of target signal to that of the clutter. To accomplish this, a unique series-fed dual polarized antenna is designed and implemented with minimal cross-coupling among elements. The isolation allows for the integration of amplifiers with switchable gains into the design architecture to further reduce size, enhance detection and provide the array with unique polarization properties further contrasting those of the clutter. These retro-reflector tags are provided a unique identification by modulating their radar cross section in a prescribed manner. This compact array is implemented at 26 GHz and design details including measured performance for this cross-polarized retro-reflective tag are presented.
Minimally invasive treatment of pancreatic necrosis

AIM: To systematically review these minimally invasive approaches to infected pancreatic necrosis. METHODS: We used the MEDLINE database to investigate studies between 1996 and 2010 with greater than 10 patients that examined these techniques. Using a combination of Boolean operators, reports were retrieved addressing percutaneous therapy (341 studies), endoscopic necrosectomy (574 studies), laparoscopic necrosectomy via a transperitoneal approach (148 studies), and retroperitoneal necrosectomy (194 studies). Only cohorts with at least 10 or more patients were included. Non-English papers, letters, animal studies, duplicate series and reviews without original data were excluded, leaving a total of 27 studies for analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-seven studies with 947 patients total were examined (eight studies on percutaneous approach; ten studies on endoscopic necrosectomy; two studies on laparoscopic necrosectomy via a transperitoneal approach; five studies on retroperitoneal necrosectomy; and two studies on a combined percutaneous-retroperitoneal approach). Success rate, complications, mortality, and number of procedures were outcomes that were included in the review. We found that most published reports were retrospective in nature, and thus, susceptible to selection and publication bias. Few reports examined these techniques in a comparative, prospective manner. CONCLUSION: Each minimally invasive approach though was found to be safe and feasible in multiple reports. With these new techniques, treatment of infected pancreatic necrosis remains a challenge. We advocate a multidisciplinary approach to this complex problem with treatment individualized to each patient.
Chronic kidney disease and venous thromboembolism: a prospective study

Background. The incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is increased with severe kidney disease, but whether less-severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) increases the risk of VTE is less certain. Methods. We studied this in a prospective cohort of 10 700 whites and African Americans, aged 53―75 years, attending Visit 4 (1996-98) of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values were estimated from prediction equations based on serum creatinine (eGFR creat ) or cystatin C (eGFR cys ). Normal kidney function was defined as eGFR ≥90 ml/min/1.73 m 2 , mildly decreased kidney function as eGFR between 60 and 89 ml/min/1.73 m 2 and Stage 3 to 4 CKD as eGFR between 15 and 59 ml/min/1.73 m 2 . VTE occurrence (n = 228) was ascertained over a median of 8.3 years. Results. For eGFR cys , the age-, race- and sex-adjusted hazard ratios of total VTE were 1.0, 1.40 and 1.94 (P trend = 0.003) for normal kidney function, mildly impaired kidney function and Stage 3 to 4 CKD, respectively. These respective hazard ratios were moderately attenuated to 1.0, 1.26 and 1.60 (P trend = 0.04) with adjustment for hormone replacement therapy, diabetes and body mass index. Associations between CKD based on eGFR cys and VTE were slightly stronger for idiopathic VTE than for secondary VTE. In contrast, CKD based on eGFR creat was not associated with total VTE occurrence. Conclusions. Stage 3 to 4 CKD, based on eGFR cys but not eGFR creat , was associated with an approximately 1.6-fold increased risk of VTE.