cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wood Consumption by Formosan Subterranean Termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) as Affected by Wood Moisture Content and Temperature

Understanding foraging behaviors and food preferences of termite colonies is critical to optimizing control strategies. The relationship between the moisture content (MC) of wood blocks and the feeding preference of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) at three ambient temperatures (19, 28, and 35°C) was investigated with multiple-choice as well as no-choice feeding bioassays. In multiple-choice tests, when four wood blocks with initial MC as dry (0-3%), low MC (22-24%), medium MC (70-90%), and high MC (125-150%) were exposed to workers and soldiers, the highest consumption was found in the high MC wood blocks at all three temperatures, although high MC wood consumption at 19°C was significantly lower than that at 28 or 35°C. The preference for high MC wood blocks was detectable within the first few hours and continued for the duration of the test. In no-choice tests, the highest wood consumption also was obtained on the high MC wood blocks at all three temperatures. However, in no-choice tests, significant mortality was observed with termites exposed to dry or low MC wood blocks. Termite mortality was found to be higher with higher ambient temperature. Sustained feeding was not observed on wood blocks with ≤24% MC. When wood moisture is low, no free water exists in the cell cavities, which perhaps influenced feeding choices. Temperature played a vital and complementary role for wood consumption at all moisture levels.
An overview of computer science in China: Research interests and educational directions

In September, 1979, an international delegation of computer scientists visited the People's Republic of China. This paper reviews the sub-stance of discussions between this group and their Chinese counterparts and gives the impressions of the visiting scientists based on this interaction.
Alpha-adrenergic receptor gene polymorphisms and cardiovascular reactivity to stress in Black adolescents and young adults.

Cardiovascular reactivity to stress and beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-AR) function may contribute to the development of hypertension. As Black Americans have an increased risk of hypertension, we evaluated associations between beta(1)-AR (Arg389Gly) and beta(2)-AR (Arg16Gly, Gln27Glu) gene variants and cardiovascular reactivity in 500 Black youth. Heart rate, preejection period, total peripheral resistance, and blood pressure reactivity were measured during cold and psychological stress. The Arg389Gly polymorphism in the beta(1)-AR was associated with preejection period reactivity in males but not in females. The Arg16Gly polymorphism in the beta(2)-AR was associated with diastolic blood pressure reactivity only during video game stress. An association between the Gln27Glu polymorphism in the beta(2)-AR and vascular reactivity depended on sex. Thus, specific patterns of associations emerged between genetic variations in beta-ARs and cardiovascular reactivity in young Blacks.
An abnormal cell-line in a patient with acute granulocytic leukemia. Cytogenetic studies before and after an allogeneic marrow transplant

A 52-year-old man with acute granulocytic leukemia was exposed to 500 R total-body irradiation 24 hours before receiving a marrow transplant from his brother. Cytogenetic studies of two “direct” marrow preparations obtained before the transplant revealed a chromosomally abnormal malignant stem-line which comprised approximately 80% of the analyzable metaphases. From 8 days to 122 days after the irradiation and transplant only 46, XY metaphases could be identified in the marrow preparations. The early appearance of morphologically normal metaphases and the lack of recurrence of the malignant cell-line corroborate the clinical and red-blood-cell marker data which indicated: 1. that the marrow graft was successful, and 2. that there was no evidence of relapse of leukemia up to the time of the patient's death.
Toward an economic model of deforestation and social change in amazonia

Abstract The existing literature on environmental economics provides few insights into the environmental degradation that occurs as aboriginals come into contact with the outside world. In this article, a model explaining why this interaction results in the demise of indigenous peoples' tenure regimes is presented. Anthropological studies conducted in the Amazon Basin indicate that environmental degradation is a consequence of this demise.
A New Experimental Approach for In Situ Damage Assessment in Fibrous Ceramic Matrix Composites at High Temperature

High-temperature applications of ceramic matrix composites necessitate a rigorous understanding of the fracture and damage mechanisms that occur under thermomechanical loading, requiring the development of advanced small-scale characterization approaches. In this work, fiber-reinforced SiC/SiC tensile specimens were loaded in a scanning electron microscope at 800°C, and full-field deformation maps at the constituent length scale were generated using digital image correlation (DIC). A colloidal system containing mechanically milled titanium nanopowder, bicine, and water was developed for use as a DIC tracking pattern that is stable at 795°C. The resultant full-field strain maps provide a constituent level characterization of damage evolution from crack initiation through final fracture. An analysis of strain along fiber lengths indicated that fiber mean strain and standard deviation reached a minimum at fiber fracture. In addition, multiple matrix cracks in the process zone ahead of a notch/crack tip were apparent and could falsely appear as a continuous region of high strain in DIC fields. Relatively large displacement (strain) error was attributed to noise and bias at these small length scales and small strain values, and approaches for mitigating this error are discussed.
On the mean drift in large lakes1

Large northern hemisphere lakes show an apparent mean surface drift in the counterclockwise direction. The effect can be explained by the Lagrange drift induced at second order by internal Kelvin waves. Reversals of the mean drift with depth are predicted.
Stone artefacts and recent research in the archaeology of mainland Southeast Asian hunter-gatherers

In recent decades the study of stone artefact technology has made many technical advances and substantial contributions to the archaeology of many regions. Until recently, mainland southeast Asian has benefited little from these advances, in part because of the paucity of evidence and in part because of prevailing conceptual frameworks that were poorly suited to the available evidence. The Middle Pleistocene record has a very sparse lithic record suggestive of little more than the presence of hominins on the landscape. The Late and Terminal Pleistocene is better represented and recent work on stone artefact assemblages has demonstrated that the assemblages document important behavioural variation that challenges previous notions of Pleistocene hunter-gatherers in mainland Southeast Asia. Holocene assemblages, especially from Luang Prabang and the Salween River areas, hold promise for addressing questions about the transition to agriculture, currently a poorly understood process in mainland Southeast Asia.
Geophagia in response to stress and arthritis.

Abstract Geophagia, the consumption of nonnutritive dirt, has previously been shown to be increased when rats have been made acutely ill. The present paper reports two experiments in which geophagia in response to stress and arthritis was measured. In the first experiment, experimental rats were injected with Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA), a mineral oil suspension of killed Mycobacterium butyricum. They ate significantly more kaolin (a nonnutritive substance) than controls, suggesting that geophagia is a behavioral measure of illness. In a second study, kaolin consumption was similarly elevated in stressed and/or arthritic animals as well as in control rats living in the same room. Nonstressed controls housed in a remote room ate significantly less kaolin than rats in all other groups. It was concluded that geophagia may occur in response to any homeostatic alteration (stress state). Furthermore, this state can presumably be communicated to naive rats from adjacently-housed stressed animals. Geophagia was postulated to occur in animals who experience a generalized stress response since this state may involve gastro-intestinal malaise.
Emergent double valve replacement in Austrian syndrome

Bi-valvular pneumococcal endocarditis in Austrian syndrome, which includes a triad of pneumococcal endocarditis, pneumonia, and meningitis, is a rare but life-threatening disease. We present a case of a woman found to have Austrian syndrome who presented to the emergency department (ED) with dehydration and radiographical signs of lobar pneumonia and quickly deteriorated to fulminant cardiogenic shock in less than four hours. An early echocardiogram in the ED confirmed a diagnosis of bi-valvular endocarditis with severe aortic and mitral valve insufficiency and large vegetations on the valve leaflets requiring emergent surgical intervention with double valve replacement. Assumed meningitis as a part of the triad of Austrian syndrome was confirmed by imaging the day after hospital admission. Early diagnosis of endocarditis by obtaining the echocardiogram in the ED along with emergent surgical intervention allowed for a favorable outcome for the patient.
Native and Multimeric Vitronectin Exhibit Similar Affinity for Heparin DIFFERENCES IN HEPARIN BINDING PROPERTIES INDUCED UPON DENATURATION ARE DUE TO SELF-ASSOCIATION INTO A MULTIVALENT FORM

For many years, the concept that the heparin-binding sequence is sequestered within vitronectin and exposed upon denaturation of the protein has guided experimental design and interpretation of related structure-function studies on the protein. To evaluate binding of heparin to both native and denatured/renatured vitronectin, methods for monitoring binding in solution have been developed. A fluorescence method based on changes in an extrinsic probe attached to heparin has been used to evaluate heparin binding to native and denatured/renatured vitronectin. This approach indicates that there are not major differences in intrinsic heparin-binding affinities between native and renatured protein and invalidate the currently accepted model for a cryptic heparin-binding sequence in the protein. Denaturation and renaturation of vitronectin under near physiological solution conditions is accompanied invariably by self-association of the protein into a multimeric form (Zhuang, P., Blackburn, M. N., and Peterson, C. B. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 14323-14332), resulting in exposure of multiple heparin-binding sites on the surface of the oligomer. On the basis of the binding data from solution studies and interaction of the native monomer and the denatured multimeric form of vitronectin with a heparin column, along with evaluation of the ionic strength dependence of heparin binding to these vitronectin forms in solution, an alternative model is favored to account for the altered heparin binding properties of vitronectin associated with denaturation of the protein. This model proposes that multivalent interactions between heparin and multimeric vitronectin are responsible for differences in heparin affinity chromatography and ionic strength dependence compared with the native protein.
Targeting of a distinctive protein-serine phosphatase to the protein kinase-like domain of the atrial natriuretic peptide receptor.

Abstract Protein kinase-related domains of unknown function are present in the JAK family of protein tyrosine kinases and in receptor/guanylyl cyclases. I used the yeast two-hybrid system to screen for proteins interacting with the kinase-like domain of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) receptor/guanylyl cyclase. A yeast strain was constructed expressing a fusion of this kinase-like domain to the lexA DNA-binding domain and containing a HIS3 gene under the control of lexA upstream activating sequences. These yeast cells were transformed with a plasmid library of mouse embryo cDNA fragments fused to the VP16 transcriptional activation domain. Cells containing VP16-fusion proteins interacting with the lexA-kinase-like domain fusion protein were selected by growth in the absence of histidine. A partial-length cDNA clone isolated by using this approach encoded a protein that interacted specifically with the ANP-receptor protein kinase-like domain both in yeast cells and in vitro. Tissue-specific expression of a 2.2-kb mRNA hybridizing to this cDNA paralleled the known pattern of ANP-receptor mRNA expression. A full-length cDNA clone isolated from a rat lung library was predicted to encode a 55-kDa protein containing at its amino terminus a targeting domain that binds to the ANP-receptor kinase-like domain and containing at its carboxyl terminus a putative protein-serine phosphatase domain. This protein is a possible candidate for the phosphatase involved in desensitizing the ANP receptor. Targeting of regulatory proteins may be an important function of protein kinase-like domains.
Uterine rupture in second-trimester misoprostol-induced abortion after cesarean delivery: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE:To determine the risk of uterine rupture when using misoprostol for second-trimester abortion in women with a history of cesarean delivery.DATA SOURCES:MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS, and the Cochrane Library were searched systematically for all articles published before September 2008.ME
Optical spectroscopic differentiation of various equilibrium denatured states of horse cytochrome c

Thermal unfolding of cytochrome c (cyt c) from several states has been studied using equilibrium spectroscopic techniques. CD in the uv, vibrational circular dichroism, infrared, and uv-vis absorption spectra measured at various temperatures, pHs, salt concentrations, and GuHCl concentrations are used to show the conformational as well as heme structural differences between native and various denatured states. The difference in thermal denaturation behaviors of cyt c starting from acid denatured, molten globule (MG), and the A and native states are explored. Different final high temperature states were observed for cytochrome c unfolding from four different initial states (native, MG, A, and acid denatured state) by electronic CD, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and vibrational CD (VCD). Consistent with this, different thermal unfolding pathways for the MG and A states are suggested by the FTIR and VCD data for this process. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
The effect of cisplatin on renal ATPase activity in vivo and in vitro.

The effect of cisplatin on ATPase activity was determined in vitro and in vivo to investigate the correlation between nephrotoxicity and the inhibition of ATPase activity by cisplatin. Purified Na,K-ATPase was preincubated for 0–240 min with cisplatin at concentrations of 50–800 μM in vitro before the determination of enzyme activity. Although ATPase activity was reduced by cisplatin, either a high concentration of cisplatin (280 μM) or a long period of preincubation (160 min) with cisplatin was required to obtain 50% inhibition of ATPase activity. Similar in vitro experiments using kidney homogenate from female Sprague-Dawley rats instead of purified Na,K-ATPase were performed. Activity of Na,K-ATPase in rat kidney homogenate was inhibited by 50% after 110 min preincubation with 800 μM cisplatin or 160 min preincubation with 400 μM cisplatin. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were given 5, 7 or 10 mg/kg of cisplatin IV and BUN level, ATPase activity and Pt concentration in kidney homogenate were evaluated 1 h, 6 h, 1 day, 3 days, and 5 days after cisplatin injection. In rats given 10 mg/kg cisplatin a significant increase of BUN was observed on days 1, 3, and 5. In rats treated with 5 or 7 mg/kg of cisplatin BUN was increased on days 3 and 5. Normal ATPase activity, however, was preserved until day 3 at all doses. The highest concentration of Pt observed in kidney tissue was 19.3 μg/g tissue. This value was insufficient to inhibit ATPase activity significantly in vitro. Thus, it seems unlikely that the inhibition of ATPase activity is the cause of nephrotoxicity, although cisplatin can affect ATPase activity.
Gravitational N-body calculation in a discrete phase space

Abstract An n -body calculation designed for astronomical studies in stellar dynamics is able to handle large number of particles by restricting the set of points over which force values are required. The resulting model can be treated exactly in a computer by using integer arithmetic; the “data” representing the physical system are modified to conform to the model. Reversibility and an exact Liouville theorem result, making the model close to the physics in the sense that exactly conserved quantities of the model correspond to essential features of the physics. The cost of this pleasing correspondence is a reduction in the accuracy of conserving some of the conventional integrals. While the formulation affords a useful viewpoint for considering the relationship between computer models and the physical systems they represent that is quite different from that underlying conventional calculations, numerical considerations differ only in that the numerical methods used are coarser than with conventional calculations. The numerical approximations and the features responsible for the exact properties are presented in detail. The calculation has been successfully used as a tool for numerical experiments on spiral structure and gravitational stability.
Binary integral quadratic forms over a certain class of function fields

Abstract Let p be a fixed odd prime and k an algebraic extension of Z pZ such that k ∗ the multiplicative group of k, is 2-divisible. Let x be a fixed element, transcendental over k. Let π be either 1 x or a prime in k[x], and Fπ the completion of k(x) with respect to the discrete rank 1 valuation that π gives rise to. Let Oπ be the ring of integers of Fπ. Consider the integral quadratic form Q(X, Y) = aX2 + bXY + cY2, a, b, c ∈ k(x), and X and Y taking values in k[x]. Two such forms are said to be in the same genus if they are equivalent over Oπ for all π. They are in the same class if they are equivalent over k[x]. The class number hQ of such a form is the number of classes in a genus. We prove the following: All forms of the above type with a, b, c ∈ k[x], (a, b, c) = 1, b2 − 4ac = Δ with fixed Δ (up to multiplication by a constant) are in the same genus. If deg Δ ≤ 2, hQ = 1. If deg Δ ≥ 3, hQ = ∞.
From difference to diversity: including women in the changing face of computing

In this paper we argue that gender difference thinking, with regards to attitudes towards computing, can work against diversity in the field of computing. Indeed, gender difference approaches to the participation of women in computing have not provided adequate explanations for women's declining interest in computer science (CS) and related technical fields. As yet "The Changing Face of Computing" has not led to significant changes in the levels of women's participation. Indeed, the number of computer science degrees awarded to women has steadily declined since 1984. Our objective in this paper is to present a critique on why gender difference approaches may be problematic and propose that a cultural approach offers a more effective framework for investigating and increasing women's participation in CS. We support our findings and recommendations from the most recent research in a series of studies carried out at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) over the past 10 years. In brief, we found the Women-CS fit at CMU continues to present a positive and encouraging story. Our findings demonstrate that under certain conditions women, alongside their male peers, can fit successfully into a CS environment and help shape that environment and computing culture, for the benefit of everyone, without accommodating presumed gender differences or any compromises to academic integrity.
Deformation trapping due to thermoplastic instability in one-dimensional wave propagation

Abstract O ne-dimensional shear wave propagation in a half-space of a nonlinear material is considered. The surface of the half-space is subjected to a time dependent but spatially uniform tangential velocity. The half-space material exhibits strain hardening, thermal softening and strain rate sensitivity of the flow stress. For this system, a well-defined band of intense shear deformation can develop adjacent to the loaded surface, even though the material has no imperfections or other natural length scale. Representative particle velocity and strain profiles, which have been obtained numerically, are described for several different models.
Tractions, Balances, and Boundary Conditions for Nonsimple Materials with Application to Liquid Flow at Small-Length Scales

Using a nonstandard version of the principle of virtual power, we develop general balance equations and boundary conditions for second-grade materials. Our results apply to both solids and fluids as they are independent of constitutive equations. As an application of our results, we discuss flows of incompressible fluids at small-length scales. In addition to giving a generalization of the Navier–Stokes equations involving higher-order spatial derivatives, our theory provides conditions on free and fixed boundaries. The free boundary conditions involve the curvature of the free surface; among the conditions for a fixed boundary are generalized adherence and slip conditions, each of which involves a material length scale. We reconsider the classical problem of plane Poiseuille flow for generalized adherence and slip conditions.
Thin liquid films in improved oil recovery from low-salinity brine

Low-salinity waterflooding is a relatively new method for improved oil recovery that has generated much interest. It is generally believed that low-salinity brine alters the wettability of oil reservoir rocks towards a wetting state that is optimal for recovery. The mechanism(s) by which the wettability alteration occurs is currently an unsettled issue. This paper reviews recent studies on wettability alteration mechanisms that affect the interactions between the brine/oil and brine/rock interfaces of thin brine films that wet the surface of reservoir rocks. Of these mechanisms, we pay particular attention to double-layer expansion, which is closely tied to an increase in the thickness and stability of the thin brine films. Our review examines studies on both sandstones and carbonate rocks. We conclude that the thin-brine-film mechanisms provide a good qualitative, though incomplete, picture of this very complicated problem. We give suggestions for future studies that may help provide a more quantitative and complete understanding of low-salinity waterflooding.
Sorting for beef tenderness using high performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis: A research note.

This study utilized two sampling methods to examine changes in sarcoplasmic proteins during aging of beef and their relation to tenderness. Water-soluble proteins either obtained by manually expressing exudates from the meat (drip) or by an extraction procedure using homogenization and centrifugation (ext) were analyzed for longissimus lumborum muscle using HPLC and capillary electrophoresis (CE) on days 2, 7, 10 and 14 postmortem. A peak that consistently increased with aging was identified using HPLC. Among nine peaks detected in the CE analysis, peak 9 (100 kDa) that increased and peak 4 (30 kDa) that decreased with aging were correlated (P 46 N WBSF on day 2) and tender (<46 N WBSF on day 2) strip loins using CE and HPLC procedure. Results suggest that a simple drip sampling may have a potential for use with either HPLC or CE analyses on day 2 postmortem for sorting carcasses into tenderness groups.
Improved burn scar assessment with use of a new scar-rating scale.

The subjective assessment of scar appearance is a widely used method in the evaluation of burn outcomes and the efficacy of treatment methods. The purpose of this study is to design a numeric scar-rating scale with better interrater reliability than has previously been reported. The rating scale assesses scar surface, thickness, border height, and color differences between a scar and the adjacent normal skin. Eight raters were trained with use of a standardized set of photographs that provide examples of the scores to be assigned to each level of severity of each scar characteristic. The raters then rated 10 photographs of different scars, referring to the teaching set of pictures for comparison. The intradass correlation (interrater reliability) was 0.94, 0.95, 0.90, and 0.85 for scar surface, border height, thickness, and color, respectively. This rating system has proved to be a useful tool for the evaluation of scar surface, thickness, border height, and color.
Reversible exchange of stable nitroxyl radicals on nanosilver particles

Environmental context Nanometre-sized silver particles promote unique chemical reactions on their surface. This work examines the ability of silver nanoparticles to collect and store unpaired electrons, called radicals, on their surface. This capability by silver nanoparticles could potentially serve to drive degradation reactions in the environment. Abstract Radicals drive important chemical reactions in the environment. These unpaired electron species can be generated by energetic inputs, such as electromagnetic radiation, or from ultrasonication processes, whereby oxygen radicals are generated in aqueous solution through a cavitation mechanism. Previous evidence has demonstrated the potential for radicals to be stored on the surface of metallic gold nanoparticles, thus suggesting a potential transference of radical species from the nanoparticle surface for catalytic reactions, particularly during preparations of nanoparticle suspensions through ultrasonication. This work investigates the potential for the nanosilver (nAg) particles to similarly scavenge radicals from solution. nAg suspensions were reacted with 0.3-mM solutions containing the stable nitroxy radicals 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO), 4-oxo-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPONE) and 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidino-1-oxyl (TEMPAMINE) analysed by quantitative electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. In ambient air, the addition of a nAg suspension to the 0.3-mM solutions reduced the integrated ESR intensity of the stable radicals by 50–93% depending on radical species and nAg concentration, which we attributed to the sorption of the radicals onto the nAg surface. In separate experiments, the ESR intensities were further decreased under an Ar atmosphere, suggesting potential competition from ambient OH• to the sorption of the stable radicals. To verify this, we observed substantial increases in the integrated ESR intensity when the systems previously equilibrated under Ar atmosphere were exposed to ambient air. These results demonstrated that nAg scavenged the stable radicals from solution and were exchangeable from the metallic conduction band with OH•. Our work represents the first evidence for this mechanism to be demonstrated for nAg.
Increasing Women's Calcium Intake: The Role of Health Beliefs, Intentions, and Health Value1

Undergraduate women who varied in how much they valued health were exposed to written communications persuading them of their vulnerability to osteoporosis and of the effectiveness of a recommended action in preventing this disease. Vulnerability had a significant main effect on intentions and subsequent behavior. This effect was obtained regardless of how much the subjects valued their health or whether the coping response was effective. Intentions to perform the recommended behaviors proved to be the best predictors of self-reported and actual behavior change, in support of the Ajzen-Fishbein (1980) model. Intentions, in turn, were predicted from recipients' beliefs regarding their ability to perform the behavior, their vulnerability to the health threat, and the effectiveness of the recommended threat-reducing response. Implications of these findings for health promotion campaigns are discussed.
Composition of 1 f Noise in Metal-Insulator-Metal Tunnel Junctions

We have studied the low-frequency conductance fluctuations of very small-area metalinsulator-metal tunnel junctions. We find that the spectral power density at high temperature is typical of $\frac{1}{f}$ noise, but is resolved into a small number of Lorentzian spectra for $T\ensuremath{\lesssim}80$ K. The thermally activated Lorentzians are described by a two-rate kinetics and a broad distribution of activation energies and attempt rates.
Implicit theories of intellectual virtues and vices: A focus on intellectual humility

The study of intellectual humility is still in its early stages and issues of definition and measurement are only now being explored. To inform and guide the process of defining and measuring this important intellectual virtue, we conducted a series of studies into the implicit theory – or ‘folk’ understanding – of an intellectually humble person, a wise person, and an intellectually arrogant person. In Study 1, 350 adults used a free-listing procedure to generate a list of descriptors, one for each person-concept. In Study 2, 335 adults rated the previously generated descriptors by how characteristic each was of the target person-concept. In Study 3, 344 adults sorted the descriptors by similarity for each person-concept. By comparing and contrasting the three person-concepts, a complex portrait of an intellectually humble person emerges with particular epistemic, self-oriented, and other-oriented dimensions.
Systematic analysis of cyber-attacks on CPS-evaluating applicability of DFD-based approach

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) consist of as well as interact with cyber and physical elements. This creates multiple vectors for CPS-internal (i.e., within CPS) as well as for CPS-external (i.e., between CPS itself and its environment) Cyber-Physical Attacks. We argue that an effective Cyber-Physical Defense can only be elaborated if possible attacks on CPS can be identified and assessed in a systematic manner. In this paper, we focus on cyber-attacks only. Our contribution in this paper is the following. We assess the applicability of Data Flow Diagrams (DFD) for the systematic analysis of cyber-attacks against CPS. In this context, we introduce several extensions to DFD. We evaluate the analysis procedure by applying it on a comparatively simple example of a quad-rotor UAV. The selected UAV is fully functioning and contains multiple structural elements representative for more complex systems. At the same time, its simplicity enables an in-depth manual analysis. Our analysis shows that cyber-attacks executed against CPS can lead to various cyber-physical interactions. This, in turn, creates novel challenges for CPS defense. Finally, we outline the preliminary results of our work towards a Taxonomy of Cyber-Physical Attacks.
Effect of rate-limiting elongation on bacteriophage MS2 RNA-directed protein synthesis in extracts of Escherichia coli

The consequences of limiting the rate of elongation of protein synthesis in vitro have been examined. The concentration of Trp-tRNATrp was manipulated by varying the amount of exogenously added tryptophan in extracts from an Escherichia coli mutant in which the tryptophanyl-tRNA-synthetase has a higher KM for tryptophan. The evidence presented supports the hypothesis that variation of the rate of elongation can be a means of regulating gene expression, both directly, by slowing or accelerating the rate of protein synthesis and indirectly, by leading to varying three-dimensional structures of the messenger RNA when progress of the ribosomes is perturbed. The data can be described by assuming that if a specific transfer RNA is limiting, to a first approximation the overall rate of protein synthesis is determined by the relative rate of reading past an individual codon requiring that tRNA raised to the power of how many times that codon appears in the message. This could be explained by a model in which, with a significant probability, the ribosome stops protein synthesis prematurely at these codons, falls off the messenger RNA and is available for further rounds of protein synthesis. In agreement with other work, evidence is also presented that suggests that under the most drastic available limitation of the elongation rate, that is, starvation for a given amino acid, reading through the corresponding “hungry codon” occurs in vitro at a surprisingly high rate, possibly due to mistranslation.
Oscillator strengths of the 1La and 1Lb absorption bands of tryptophan and several other indoles.

The intensities of the indolyl 1La and 1Lb absorption bands were investigated by using 5-methoxyindole as a model compound. With 5-methoxyindole dissolved in weakly interacting solvents, almost the entire 1Lb electronic transition occurs at longer wavelengths than the 1La transition. The resolved spectrum of 5-methoxyindole permitted estimation of its oscillator strengths and also those of other indoles dissolved in cyclohexane: indole, 0.129 (1La), 0.019 (1Lb); 5-methylindole, 0.129 (1La), 0.027 (1Lb); 5-methoxyindole, 0.138 (1La), 0.045 (1Lb); 3-methylindole and N-stearyl-L-tryptophan n-hexyl ester, 0.127 (1La), 0.027 (1Lb). Hydrogen bonding to 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone does not measurably affect the total near-ultraviolet oscillator strength of indoles (less than 5% change). In water and ethanol, the oscillator strength of 3-methylindole and tryptophan is 15–20% less than that of 3-methylindole dissolved in cyclohexane. The spectra of the N-stearyl n-hexyl esters of tryptophan and 1-methyltryptophan dissolved in methylcyclohexane can be generated by using 1La and 1Lb bands having shapes similar to those observed for 5-methoxyindole, if the 1La and 1Lb bands are shifted so that their O-O bands overlap (289.5 nm for tryptophan and 299.5 nm for 1-methyltryptophan).
Spin relaxation measurements of electrostatic bias in intermolecular exploration.

Abstract We utilize the paramagnetic contribution to proton spin–lattice relaxation rate constants induced by freely diffusing charged paramagnetic centers to investigate the effect of charge on the intermolecular exploration of a protein by the small molecule. The proton NMR spectrum provided 255 resolved resonances that report how the explorer molecule local concentration varies with position on the surface. The measurements integrate over local dielectric constant variations, and, in principle, provide an experimental characterization of the surface free energy sampling biases introduced by the charge distribution on the protein. The experimental results for ribonuclease A obtained using positive, neutral, and negatively charged small nitroxide radicals are qualitatively similar to those expected from electrostatic calculations. However, while systematic electrostatic trends are apparent, the three different combinations of the data sets do not yield internally consistent values for the electrostatic contribution to the intermolecular free energy. We attribute this failure to the weakness of the electrostatic sampling bias for charged nitroxides in water and local variations in effective translational diffusion constant at the water–protein interface, which enters the nuclear spin relaxation equations for the nitroxide–proton dipolar coupling.
Endogenous opiates and the pathogenesis of hypertension

Opiates are now known to be important modulators of cardiovascular function in both the normotensive and hypertensive states. There is accumulating evidence that endogenous opiates are elevated in models of hypertension of various etiologies including genetic and renovascular hypertension. Early evidence for elevated opiates in hypertension arose from observations that hypertensive humans and rats with genetic or experimental hypertension exhibited hypoalgesia in various tests of pain sensitivity. Because pain and cardiovascular regulatory systems have in common a number of brain loci, cardiovascular effects of opiates and opiate blockade were studied. These studies have shown that opiate blockade can attenuate the development of hypertension and reduce blood pressure in chronic hypertension possibly via actions on the baroreflexes and/or by modulating the centrally mediated pressor actions of angiotensin II.
A COTS-derived NVG compatible 20.1" avionics display

Many avionics displays, particularly for cockpit applications require NVG compatibility. Unusually, the mission definition for a new maritime helicopter has identified a need for NVG compatibility for all of the mission-system displays, including the 20.1" diagonal, SXGA resolution Tactical Workstation Display (TWD) located in the rear cabin. This paper will describe some design tradeoff considerations and describe both some required and measured performance parameters.
A bounded connectivity preserving aggregation strategy with collision avoidance property for single-integrator agents

This paper presents a potential-based bounded distributed connectivity preserving control strategy for aggregation of a set of single-integrator agents. Under the proposed control strategy, if two agents are in the connectivity range at some point in time, they will stay connected thereafter. Under the proposed controller, the agents finally aggregate while avoiding collision in such a way that the average of the distances between every pair of neighboring agents is bounded by a pre-specified positive real number, which can be chosen sufficiently small. The results are developed based on some important characteristics of the positive limit set of the closed loop system under the proposed control strategy and a fundamental property of convex real functions. The theoretical results are verified by simulation.
Creating an Information Literacy Badges Program in Blackboard: A Formative Program Evaluation.

A formative program evaluation using Stufflebeam's (2010) Context, Input, Process, Product (CIPP) model was conducted to assess the use of digital badges for tracking basic library instructional skills across academic programs at Nova Southeastern University. Based on the evaluation of pilot library modules and Blackboard Learn's badges achievement tool conducted in the fall of 2013, recommendations were made for changes to the rollout plans for 2014. This report of the findings discusses how the context, input, process, product, impact, effectiveness, sustainability, and transportability criteria used in making the recommended changes in the library instructional module identified problems in the program and permitted course corrections to the plan before the program was fully implemented.
Gas-Phase Chromatography

QUITE recently, papers have appeared describing in detail the process of gas-phase chromatography1–3. Briefly, a sample of gas is injected into one end of a column packed, for example, with kieselguhr impregnated with a high-boiling organic compound such as dinonyl phthalate, and a current of nitrogen is fed into the column to elute the sample. Owing to the fact that various compounds diffuse through the column at different rates, the components of the mixture emerge diluted with nitrogen and can be identified individually. Generally, some physical property of the issuing gas, such as thermal conductivity, is measured, and a continuous record of this property as a function of time is obtained. Each component of the mixture shows up as a separate peak and, from the time taken for it to appear, identification can be made; the size of the peak provides a measure of the concentration. Unfortunately, detectors depending on thermal conductivity vary widely in sensitivity for different gases, and the maximum sensitivity obtainable for many gases is not very high.
A highly sensitive radioimmunoassay technique for subtyping the antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen

Abstract A highly sensitive technique for determinig the subtype specificity of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) is described. Immunoadsorbent consisting of controlled pore glass coated with subtype specific HBsAG was used to remove homologous antibody from the test samples before testing them for residual antibody by a commercially available radioimmunoassay (RIA). A total of 73 anti-HBs-positive samples from asymptomatic blood donors were tested. In nearly 80% of these samples the subtype reactivity could be determined by this technique. Only 67% could be typed by conventional liquid phase absorption RIA and 22% by passive hemagglutination inhibition techniques. Among the samples with low anti-HBs titer, ad and ay subtypes were found with equal frequency; however, with the increase in anti-HBs titer, considerably higher proportion of ad specificity was detected.
Slip planes in bcc transition metals

AbstractSlip in face centred cubic (fcc) metals is well documented to occur on {111} planes in 〈110〉 directions. In body centred cubic (bcc) metals, the slip direction is also well established to be 〈111〉, but it is much less clear as to the slip planes on which dislocations move. Since plasticity in metals is governed by the collective motion and interaction of dislocations, the nature of the relevant slip planes is of critical importance in understanding and modelling plasticity in bcc metals. This review attempts to address two fundamental questions regarding the slip planes in bcc metals. First, on what planes can slip, and thus crystallographic rotation, be observed to occur, i.e. what are the effective slip planes? Second, on what planes do kinks form along the dislocation lines, i.e. what are the fundamental slip planes? We review the available literature on direct and indirect characterisation of slip planes from experiments, and simulations using atomistic models. Given the technological importan...
Serum finding associated with carcinoma of kidney

Abstract Blood serum obtained from patients with renal neoplasm has a cytotoxic effect on monolayer cell cultures of normal human kidney and other cell lines. These observations suggest a possible serologic test for the diagnosis of renal malignancy.
Verapamil treatment attenuates immunoreactive GFAP at cerebral cortical lesion site

Abstract Cerebral cortical lesions were produced using a stereotactic injection system in Sprague-Dawley rats randomly assigned to three groups: (1) needle lesioned and uninjected (Lesioned), (2) needle lesion and stimultaneous local injection of 50 or 100 μl 0.9% saline (L/Saline), and (3) needle lesion and simultaneous local injection of 50 or 100 μl Verapamil-HCl (VHCL) (2.5 mg/ml (5 mM) Abbott Labs, Chicago, IL), a passive, L-type calcium channel blocker (L/VHCL). The lesioning induced expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a type of intermediate filament protein expressed in reactive astrocytes, at the lesion site. There was a reduction in GFAP-like immunoreactivity (GFAP-IR) in the L/VHCL group versus the Lesioned and the L/Saline groups. There was a five-fold increase of GFAP-IR at 24 h post lesion in the L/Saline group, but no statistically increase seen in the Lesioned or L/VHCL groups at either volume. Pretreatment of the anti-GFAP with VHCL did not impair the antigen labeling. To determine whether differences in pHs, or volume could account for these findings, a second experiment was performed using pH-matched saline or VHCL in 10 μl volume injected into contralateral hemispheres at the time of lesioning. There was an 80% reduction in GFAP-IR in the L/VHCL group at 72 h compared with the L/Saline group. These data suggest that VHCL may suppress the early increase of GFAP-IR in response to cortical lesion and that reducing transmembrane calcium flux through L-type calcium channels may be the mechanism involved.
Use of Early Exhaust Valve Opening to Improve Combustion Efficiency and Catalyst Effectiveness in a Multi-Cylinder RCCI Engine System: A Simulation Study

Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) strategies such as Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) can result in significant improvements of fuel economy and emissions reduction. However, they can produce significant carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbon emissions at low load operating conditions due to poor combustion efficiencies at these operating points, which is a consequence of the low combustion temperatures that cause the oxidation rates of these species to slow down. The exhaust gas temperature is also not high enough at low loads for effective performance of turbocharger systems and diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC). The DOC is extremely sensitive to exhaust gas temperature changes and lights off only when a certain temperature is reached, depending on the catalyst specifications. Uncooled EGR can increase combustion temperatures, thereby improving combustion efficiency, but high EGR concentrations of 50% or more are required, thereby increasing pumping work and reducing volumetric efficiency. However, with early exhaust valve opening, the exhaust gas temperature can be much higher, allowing lower EGR flow rates, and enabling activation of the DOC for more effective oxidization of unburnt hydrocarbons and CO in the exhaust.In this paper, a multi-cylinder engine system simulation of RCCI at low load operation with early exhaust valve opening is presented, along with consideration of the exhaust aftertreatment system. The combustion process is modeled using the 3D CFD code, KIVA, and the heat release rates obtained from this combustion are used in a GT-Power model of a turbocharged, multi-cylinder light-duty RCCI engine for a full system simulation. The post-turbine exhaust gas is fed into GT-Power’s aftertreatment model of the engine’s DOC to determine the catalyst response. It is confirmed that opening the exhaust valve earlier increases the exhaust gas temperature, and hence lower EGR flow rates are needed to improve combustion efficiency. It was also found that exhaust temperatures of around 457 K are required to light off the catalyst and oxidize the unburnt hydrocarbons and CO effectively. Performance of the DOC was drastically improved and higher amounts of unburnt hydrocarbons were oxidized by increasing the exhaust gas temperature.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Assimilation of AIRS data using a mesoscale model

The preliminary steps of assimilating AIRS radiance data into a mesoscale model are presented. First, a stand-alone 1D-Var driver is developed in order to retrieve temperature and specific humidity profiles from AIRS data using background profiles obtained from a mesoscale model. Vertical background error covariance matrices are calculated for both temperature and specific humidity. The inverses of the background error covariance matrices are estimated using a singular value decomposition procedure, in which the small singular values and associated small-scale structures in the background error covariances are removed. By comparing with two available collocated radiosonde data, it is then shown that AIRS radiance-derived vertical profiles of temperature and specific humidity are more consistent to radiosonde observations than the background profiles. Finally, a multi-profile retrieval is performed which produced largest analysis increments of temperature and moisture in the region of a mid- and upper-level moisture gradient associated with a cold front.