cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Public Finance and Finanzwissenschaft Traditions Compared

The purpose of this paper is to compare and explore the quite distinct traditions of fiscal theory as they developed in the English and German language literature, "public finance" and "Finanzwissenschaft." Focus will be on two normative issues, public provision and tax design, and on how different perceptions of state and society made for different fiscal approaches. The period covered begins with the close of the 18th century and the reader is warned that the two traditions are drawn in broad strokes only. Many an important contribution is passed over, but some key differences are made to stand out.
Barriers in communicating medication changes at hospital discharge: Informing CancelRx design requirements:

ObjectivesThis operational study aims to investigate the barriers in communicating medication changes at hospital discharge, and to inform design requirements of the CancelRx functionality to bette...
A Search for an Appropriate Communications Model for Media in New Democracies in Africa

A decade after much of Africa embraced democratic governance, the African print media still operates using the old model of communication that is paternalistic and non-inclusive. As the continent develops democratic institutions and a civic culture, the print media needs to adopt a new and democratic communications model in order to serve as a public sphere that promotes public deliberation. Using a case study of a Kenyan print media organization as an example of the paternalistic model, this research identifies three normative media theories and a popular model of civic engagement to sketch out a new communications model — the social-democratic communications model — that is more democratic and rooted in African history and culture. The new model treats information not as a commodity, but as a social product generated in a deliberative public sphere. The article suggests expanding the notion of public sphere to include traditional African public spaces, such as marketplaces, and calls for new and innovative ways of capturing public dialogue.
An Overview of Zero-Dimensional Thermodynamic Models for IC Engine Data Analysis

Revue des modeles thermodynamiques de dimension zero utilises pour l'analyse des donnees des moteurs a combustion interne
Automatically generated rules and membership functions for a neural fuzzy-based fault classifier

A new learning algorithm for an adaptive neural fuzzy (NF) system is proposed to automatically generate fuzzy rules as well membership functions. This adaptive neural fuzzy system is used for classifying faults in a power system. Remarkable results using this fuzzy fault classifier are reported in this paper. Furthermore, a fuzzy chip is used as the fuzzy classifier to achieve a low-cost real-time implementation.
Hepatic cytosolic non selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity: its nature and the effect of selenium deficiency

Recent work had indicated the presence of a non selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity in rat liver in addition to the selenium-dependent activity. The present study was undertaken to learn whether the glutathione S-transferases are reponsible for the non selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity and to study the effect of selenium deficiency on those enzymes. Glutathione S-transferase B was purified by an established method using carboxymethyl cellulose ion exchange chromatography and studied. It exhibited glutathione peroxidase activity toward cumene hydroperoxide and t-butyl hydroperoxide. A limiting Km of 0.55 mM was determined for cumene hydroperoxide. Sulfobromophthalein was found to be a competitive inhibitor with respect to cumene hydroperoxide of the glutathione peroxidase activity of glutathione S-transferase B. Selenium deficiency caused an increase in glutathione S-transferase activity. These results establish that glutathione S-transferase B contributes to the non selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity in rat liver and show that it increases in selenium deficiency when the selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase is decreased.
Isolation and Characterization of a Bacteriochlorophyll-containing Protein from Rhodopseudomonas spheroides

Abstract Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the major protein-containing fraction of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides chromatophores reveals the presence of five electrophoretic components. The predominant component has associated with it, nearly all of the chlorophyll and phospholipid initially present in the chromatophore. Because of its potential structural and functional importance, this fraction has been isolated and purified by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) preparative acrylamide gel electrophoresis. As isolated from preparative gels, this protein is at least 95% pure by virtue of the following criteria: protein chemistry, analytical gel electrophoresis, immunochemical reactivity, and a linear sedimentation-equilibrium plot. Chemical characterization of the protein-lipid-pigment complex reveals the presence of approximately 59% protein, 35% phospholipid, and 6% chlorophyll. Amino acid analysis of the purified protein shows a high content of nonpolar residues, no histidine or cysteine. Minimum molecular weights were estimated as 7,000 by amino acid analysis, 10,000 by SDS-acrylamide gel analysis, and 15,000 by sedimentation equilibrium analysis. Immunochemical characterization indicates that this protein is specific to only the photosynthetic membrane system derived from phototrophically grown cells.
Electronic health record phenotyping improves detection and screening of type 2 diabetes in the general United States population

Display Omitted We extracted features from electronic health records (EHR) to predict diagnosed type 2 diabetes.We predicted a patient's diabetes diagnosis using 9948 clinical-quality electronic health records.EHR phenotyping out-performed conventional screening methods with limited features.EHR phenotyping had superior overall predictive accuracy, using AUC measure of ROC curves.EHR phenotypes also predicted better whether a new patient had type 2 diabetes. ObjectivesAn estimated 25% of type two diabetes mellitus (DM2) patients in the United States are undiagnosed due to inadequate screening, because it is prohibitive to administer laboratory tests to everyone. We assess whether electronic health record (EHR) phenotyping could improve DM2 screening compared to conventional models, even when records are incomplete and not recorded systematically across patients and practice locations, as is typically seen in practice. MethodsIn this cross-sectional, retrospective study, EHR data from 9948 US patients were used to develop a pre-screening tool to predict current DM2, using multivariate logistic regression and a random-forests probabilistic model for out-of-sample validation. We compared (1) a full EHR model containing commonly prescribed medications, diagnoses (as ICD9 categories), and conventional predictors, (2) a restricted EHR DX model which excluded medications, and (3) a conventional model containing basic predictors and their interactions (BMI, age, sex, smoking status, hypertension). ResultsUsing a patient's full EHR or restricted EHR was superior to using basic covariates alone for detecting individuals with diabetes (hierarchical X2 test, p<0.001). Migraines, depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, and cardiac dysrhythmias were associated negatively with DM2, while sexual and gender identity disorder diagnosis, viral and chlamydial infections, and herpes zoster were associated positively. Adding EHR phenotypes improved classification; the AUC for the full EHR Model, EHR DX model, and conventional model using logistic regression, were 84.9%, 83.2%, and 75.0% respectively. For random forest machine learning out-of-sample prediction, accuracy also was improved when using EHR phenotypes; the AUC values were 81.3%, 79.6%, and 74.8%, respectively. Improved AUCs reflect better performance for most thresholds that balance sensitivity and specificity. ConclusionsEHR phenotyping resulted in markedly superior detection of DM2, even in the face of missing and unsystematically recorded data, based on the ROC curves. EHR phenotypes could more efficiently identify which patients do require, and don't require, further laboratory screening. When applied to the current number of undiagnosed individuals in the United States, we predict that incorporating EHR phenotype screening would identify an additional 400,000 patients with active, untreated diabetes compared to the conventional pre-screening models.
Application of neural networks to empirical (vs. model) data: a diffusion tube experiment sample (white blood cells application)

The author describes the Mackey-Glass chaotic time series equations (1977) and the artificial neural networks that have been applied to (one of) them. The networks describe the time series model with sufficient accuracy. The question of whether the networks describe the corresponding physical phenomena with enough accuracy is then raised. A diffusion tube experiment to determine the gaseous diffusion coefficient of two components (CO/sub 2/ and air) and the experiment's corresponding analytical model are described. Artificial neural networks of 3-8-1 architecture are trained on empirical data from the diffusion tube system. The resulting network output, though extrapolated, is in the same accuracy range as the corresponding analytical model. A discussion of these results is included for the density of circulating mature white blood cells in a chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) patient. >
Varying Levels of Food Energy Self-Reporting Are Associated with Between-Group, but Not Within-Subject, Differences in Food Intake

Energy intakes reported in diet diaries are frequently significantly below the energy requirements for a weight-stable individual. To investigate the impact of low energy reporting on between-group comparisons and within-subject analyses of eating behavior, we examined the baseline 7-d food-intake diaries submitted by 365 male and 564 female free-living normal adult humans. Participants were separated into 5 different groups, based upon their levels of energy reporting relative to their predicted basal metabolic rate: EI:BMR(est) = 0-0.99, 1.0-1.199, 1.2-1.399, 1.3-1.599, and > or =1.6. Between-group analysis revealed significant inverse relations among reporting level and body weight, BMI, cognitive restraint, positive relations with intake, meal size, and meal frequency. On the other hand, within-subject analyses suggested that, regardless of the level of energy reporting, equivalent relations are found among the amounts eaten in meals and the presence of other people, palatability, hunger, satiety, dietary energy density, contents of the stomach, time since the last meal, and time of day and correlations between daily intake and intake on subsequent days. The results suggest that comparing the intakes reported in diet diaries by different groups may be confounded by group differences in reporting levels. In contrast, the results clearly support the conclusion that diet diary data are suitable for assessing the relations between variables assessed within subjects irrespective of the level of reporting of energy intake.
The Power of Hypothesis Tests in a Regression Context

This article discusses and illustrates methods of computing the statistical power of hypothesis tests in regression analysis of the impacts of social policies. It first considers the importance of such calculations, both in interpreting the results of regression analysis and in designing evaluation research. The succeeding sections present technical details of the power calculations. Finally, these techniques are illustrated in the context of analysis of data from the Seattle and Denver income maintenance experiments, which were sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare in order to examine the various impacts of a negative income tax.
The expression of plasminogen activator in Rous sarcoma virus-transformed cells is controlled both by the virus and the cell.

Abstract Virus produced by clones of Rous sarcoma virus-transformed chicken embryo fibroblasts was analyzed for the ability to elevate the level of the cellular plasminogen activator upon transformation of cells using a casein-plaque assay. Virus from clones exhibiting low levels of plasminogen activator was not defective in its ability to produce foci of transformed cells with increased levels of plasminogen activator assayed by casein-plaque formation. Superinfection of low plasminogen activator clones with another strain of Rous sarcoma virus increased the level of plasminogen activator expressed by these cells. These results suggest that the level of plasminogen activator expressed by a transformed cell is determined predominantly by the cell type, but is also influenced by the presence of the src gene of Rous sarcoma virus.
Fluorescent polymer guest:small molecule host solution-processed OLEDs

Solution-processed OLEDs with polymer hosts and polymer or small-molecule guests have been studied extensively. More recently, efficient solution-processed OLEDs with small molecule hosts and small molecule guests were also reported. However, small molecule hosts of polymer guests in solution-processed fluorescent OLEDs have not been investigated. In this work guest:host systems consisting of the small molecule 4,4′-bis(9-carbazolyl)-biphenyl (CBP) as host to polymer guests such as novel benzobisoxazole (BBO)-containing copolymers and well-known poly(2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene) (MEH-PPV) are compared to those with poly(N-vinyl carbazole) (PVK) host, which previously yielded highly efficient phosphorescent OLEDs. In the case of MEH-PPV, guest:host OLEDs are also compared to those with a neat MEH-PPV emitting layer. It is found that replacing the polymer host PVK with the small molecule host CBP improves efficiencies by up to 100%. A blue emissive BBO-polymer:CBP device reaches a luminous efficiency (ηL,max) of 3.4 cd A−1 (external quantum efficiency ηext = 2.4%), while the PVK-based device exhibits ηL,max = 1.7 cd A−1 (ηext = 1.2%). A green emissive BBO:CBP OLED exhibits ηL,max = 5.7 cd A−1 (ηext = 2.1%), while that in the PVK host is 3.1 cd A−1 (ηext = 1.1%). For MEH-PPV:CBP these values are 3.7 cd A−1 (ηext = 1.4%), compared to 2.9 cd A−1 (ηext = 1.0%) for MEH-PPV:PVK and 0.7 cd A−1 (ηext = 0.4%) for the neat MEH-PPV device. Possible origins of the improvement are discussed, including increased charge mobility, smoother film morphology, and the potential effect of multiple non-coiling host small molecules (in contrast to the likely coiled PVK) surrounding a polymer guest.
Supporting multi-user, multi-applet workspaces in CBE

Our experience with Internet-based scientific collaboratories indicates that they need to be user-extensible, allow users to add tools and objects dynamically to shared workspaces, permit users to move work dynamically between private and shared workspaces, and be easily accessible over a network. We present the software architecture of an environment, called CBE, for building collaboratories to meet such needs. CBE provides user-extensibility by allowing a collaborator to be constructed as a coordinated collection of group-swam applets. To support dynamic reconfiguration of shared workspaces and to allow access over the Internet, CBE uses the metaphor of rooms as the high-level grouping mechanism for applets and users. Rooms may contain applets, users, and arbitrary data objects. Rooms can be used for both asynchronous and synchronous collaboration because their state persists across synchronous sessions. Room participants may have different roles in a room (such as administrator, member and observer), with appropriate access rights. A prototype of the model has been implemented in Java and can be run from a Java-enabled Web browser.
Thermal Denaturation of Muscle Proteins From Different Species and Muscle Types as Studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry

Abstract Differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) was used to evaluate thermal denaturation of muscle proteins from beef, pork and lamb rib eye, and from chicken breast and thigh. The mammalian and the chicken thigh muscles exhibited three endothermic transitions with peak temperature maxima (Tm) near 58, 66 and 79°C, but the precise Tm's were species and pH dependent. Studies of protein fractions from chicken thigh indicated that the second transition was due to the combined effects of thermal denaturation of sarcoplasmic and connective tissue proteins and the third transition was due to actin. Chicken breast muscle demonstrated a complex thermal curve with five peaks at 57, 62, 67, 72 and 79°C (Tm). The middle three peaks were attributed to connective tissue and sarcoplasmic proteins. Myofibrils isolated from the mammalian and chicken thigh muscles gave two endothermic transitions near 60 and 70°C, whereas, chicken breast myofibrils exhibited three transitions at 53, 61 and 69°C (Tm). Differences in thermal properties of proteins between white and red muscles of chicken were greater than those between muscles obtained from the several species.
Change in judgment of direction of gaze after autokinetic perception

Subjects were allowed to perceive horizontal autokinesis for 30 sec and then asked to look back to the starting point of the autokinetic (AK) target. All Ss made a large eye movement in the direction opposite to that of AK movement, indicating that after AK perception, a change in judgment of direction of gaze had occurred.
The bacteriophage P1 hot gene, encoding a homolog of the E. coli DNA polymerase III θ subunit, is expressed during both lysogenic and lytic growth stages

The bacteriophage P1 hot gene product is a homolog of the theta subunit of E. coli DNA polymerase III. Previous studies with hot cloned on a plasmid have shown that Hot protein can substitute for theta, as evidenced by its stabilizing effect on certain dnaQ mutator mutants carrying an unstable pol III proofreading subunit (epsilon subunit). These results are consistent with Hot, like theta, being a replication protein involved in stabilizing the intrinsically unstable epsilon proofreading function. However, the function of hot for the viral life cycle is less clear. In the present study, we show that the hot gene is not essential. Based on its promoter structure, hot has been previously classified as a "late" phage gene, a property that is not easily reconciled with a presumed replication function. Here, we clarify this issue by demonstrating that P1 hot is actively expressed both during the lysogenic state and in the early stages of a lytic induction, in addition to its expression in the late stage of phage development. The results indicate that P1 hot has a complex expression pattern, compatible with a model in which Hot may affect the host replication machinery to benefit overall phage replication.
Single-Stage Carbon Replicas of Microspores

Single-stage surface replicas of treated or fresh pollen grains can be made ready for the electron microscope in 1.5 hr. The microspores are discharged into a drop of 50% acetone on a 1 cm square of cleaved mica and air dried. Carbon is evaporated to a film thickness of 35 mμ during rotation of the mica support. The carbon film and microspores are parted from the mica with water and heated in 2-aminoethanol at 145-155 C for 10 min to 3 hr. The replicas are then washed 5 min or longer on water at 90 C and picked up on electron microscope grids. The resulting self-shadowed surface replica can be immediately observed by electron microscopy.
Optical Switches For Generation And Pulse Shaping Of Ultrashort Electrical Pulses

The present work uses picosecond optical pulses from a synchronously pumped modelocked dye laser to switch pulse-forming transmission line networks. Transfer efficiency of over 30 percent and pulse width of 50 ps has been obtained using a switching junction fabricated on an Fe-doped semi-insulating InP substrate. Propagation of these short pulses are subject to dispersion along the microstrip lines. Numerical solution using the Fast Fourier. Transform is performed in the time domain to visualise the deformation of the pulses as they propagate along the microstrip line.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Determination of Apomorphine in Tablets Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection

Abstract A rapid and selective method using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection is described for the determination of apomorphine in tablets. Tablet mixes were dissolved in a standard volume of mobile phase containing the internal standard, N-n-propylnorapomorphine. Separation was achieved on a μ-phenyl column using methanol-acetonitrile-0.05M KH2PO4 (5:15:80) as mobile phase. The eluted compounds were detected with a sandwich-type electrochemical detector employing a glassy carbon working electrode and operated at 0.5V. Satisfactory accuracy and precision were obtained during analyses of tablets containing apomorphine.
Surface Electrical Leakage on Insulators and Coatings in the Presence of Moisture Condensation

The electrical leakage of insulation exposed to moisture, particularly when salt deposits from a marine environment are also present, can degrade the performance of electrical and electronic equipment or render it inoperative until cleaned and dried. The effects of prolonged bulk moisture condensation on the surface electrical resistivities of some typical insulating materials and coatings have been studied. As in the case of exposure to relative humidities below saturation, the materials of low surface energy maintained higher resistivities. These were related to the water droplet contact angles, particularly the receding angles resulting from coalescence. Nonporous coatings with low surface energies maintained high resistivities even when applied to the poorer substrates, but porous coatings showed continual declines.
Effects of the co-solvent energy parameter and dipolar strength on solute residual chemical potential

We investigate the effects of size and energy parameters and dipole moment of co-solvent molecules on the solute residual chemical potential in infinitely dilute supercritical fluids. To determine the chemical potential, an NPT test-particle computer simulation method is employed. Both polar and nonpolar co-solvent are considered. The results show that the Lennard-Jones (LJ) energy parameter of the co-solvent greatly affects the solubility of the solute whereas the size parameter does not. For the system containing polar co-solvent and polar solute, we find that a larger co-solvent dipole moment enhances the solute solubility. By comparing the solute chemical potential reduction due to the long range dipole-dipole interaction with that due to the short range LJ interaction, we also find that the local molecular interaction dominates the value of the solute residual chemical potential.
High temperature erosion in coal combustion and conversion processes: Review

Abstract In this paper an attempt is made to review those advanced coal combustion and conversion processes that have reached the stage of development where large-scale components are used, and to identify the areas where erosion is a critical concern. The experiences of erosion of components in coal liquefaction, gasification and fluidized-bed combustion are detailed, and the results of supporting laboratory work on alloys, coatings, cermets and ceramics are discussed. Finally, directions that appear possible, or are being taken in practice, for the reduction of erosion are outlined.
Development and Validation of the Adult Attachment Scale: Assessing Attachment in Elderly Adults

This study describes the development of a reliable and valid instrument that can be used to assess attachment in older adults: the Upson-Parra Adult Attachment Scale (LAAS). The three-phase design ...
Time required for judgements of numerical inequality.

AN educated adult can tell which of two digits is the larger with virtually no uncertainty. By what process is this accomplished ? On the one hand, it is conceivable that such judgements are made in the same way as judgements of stimuli varying along physical continua. On the other hand, numerical judgements may be made at a different, less perceptual and more cognitive, level. For instance, the task may be one of memory access, each possible pair of numerals being stored with a corresponding inequality sign ; or perhaps some sort of digital computation is performed, such as counting the space between the two numerical values.
ESTIMATION OF STANDARD ERROR OF REGRESSION EFFECTS IN LATENT REGRESSION MODELS USING BINDER'S LINEARIZATION

Two versions of a general method for approximating standard error of regression effect estimates within an IRT-based latent regression model are compared. The general method is based on Binder's (1983) approach, accounting for complex samples and finite populations by Taylor series linearization. In contrast, the current National Assessment of Educational Progress procedure assumes a simple random sample for standard error of regression effects and applies a jackknife estimator to statistics of interest as a way to account for NAEP's complex sample. In this study, the versions of the general method are formally defined and the general method is extended to multiple dimensions. Furthermore, they are applied in an empirical study to the 2004 NAEP long-term trend data comparing both large, nearly saturated, and small models. Subsequently, the results are compared to the operational-based imputation method. Results show no impact on the imputation-based results, limited impact on large models, and reasonable impact on small models. While it is not readily apparent to what this differential impact can be attributed, several explanations are discussed.
The staging pelvic lymphadenectomy : implications as an adjunctive procedure for clinically localized prostate cancer

Objectives To evaluate the utility of staging pelvic lymphadenectomy and to identify factors associated with nodal metastases in which a node dissection would be of clinical benefit. Patients and methods A retrospective analysis (1989–1993) was performed on 303 consecutive patients who underwent staging bilateral modified pelvic lymph node dissection for clinically localized prostate cancer. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate age, race, clinical stage, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level and Gleason score for predicting nodal metastases. Results Twenty-eight patients had nodal metastases, giving an overall prevalence of 9.2%. PSA and Gleason score (both P<0.001) were significantly predictive of nodal involvement when combined or as independent variables. Relative to PSA and Gleason score, the patients’ age, race and clinical stage were less relevant. Sensitivity analysis determined that combining a PSA of ≥20 ng/mL (normal 0–4) and a Gleason score of ≥8 gave a negative predictive value of 92% with a specificity of 99%, a positive predictive value of 67% and an overall accuracy of 91% for predicting nodal metastases. Conclusion From this data, lymph node metastases are unlikely in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer who have a PSA of <20 ng/mL and a Gleason score <8, and that a pelvic lymph node dissection as an adjunctive procedure should be avoided in such individuals.
Measurement in Abstinence Education: Critique and Recommendations

The purpose of this article is to identify, assess, and offer solutions to common measurement errors found in sexual abstinence education evaluation. A critical review of the methodology of adolescent sexuality research was performed. “Gold standards” of their measurement strategy were derived and applied against 14 selected studies. Many of the articles reviewed had substantial limitations in their measurement strategies. However, several articles demonstrated excellence and serve as models for future efforts. Sexual abstinence education evaluation is plagued by the inherent weaknesses of self-report and health outcome measures. However, with careful adherence to the gold standards proposed, it is possible to limit the threat from these weaknesses, maximizing the benefit of self-report surveys and county-level health indicators.
Impact Frustration of the Origin of Life

One possible definition for the origin of life on Earth is the time at which the interval between devastating environmental insults by impact exceeded the timescale for establishing self-replicating proto-organisms. A quantitative relationship for the Hadean (pre-3,800 Myr ago) and Early Archean (3,800 to 3,400 Myr) impact flux can be derived from the lunar and terrestrial impact records. Also, the effects of impact-related processes on the various environments proposed for abiogenesis (the development of life through chemical evolution from inorganic materials) can be estimated. Using a range of plausible values for the timescale for abiogenesis, the interval in time when life might first have bootstrapped itself into existence can be found for each environment. We find that if the deep marine hydrothermal setting provided a suitable site, abiogenesis could have happened as early as 4,000 to 4,200 Myr ago, whereas at the surface of the Earth abiogenesis could have occurred between 3,700 and 4,000 Myr.
Telomere length and elevated iron: the influence of phenotype and HFE genotype.

Elevated body iron stores are associated with morbidity and mortality due to oxidative stress. Hereditary hemochromatosis, a common condition caused by HFE gene mutations, can lead to excess iron storage and disease but clinical penetrance of HFE gene mutations is low and many people with elevated iron stores lack HFE mutations. We analyzed data from the Hemochromatosis and Iron Overload Screening Study to assess the relationship among HFE genotype (individuals with either homozygous or compound heterozygous status for C282Y and/or H63D HFE mutations were defined as genotype positive, or G+), elevated iron phenotype (individuals exceeding gender-specific transferrin saturation and serum ferritin threshold levels were considered phenotype positive, or P+), and leukocyte telomere length, a marker of biological aging and cumulative oxidative stress. In unadjusted analyses in comparison to individuals who were G-P-, G+P- were not significantly different (OR 0.74; 95% CI 0.26-2.04), while the G+P+ (OR 2.03; 95% CI 1.15-3.56), and G-P+ (OR 2.24; 95% CI 1.5-3.29) had increased risk of short telomeres ( =75th percentile). In analyses adjusting for age, gender, and race/ethnicity, the effect of individuals with elevated iron phenotypes having short telomeres persisted with G+P+ individuals (OR 1.94; 95% CI 1.02-3.72), and G-P+ individuals (OR 2.17; 95% CI 1.39-3.39) being significantly different from the G-P- group. In conclusion, elevated iron phenotype, but not HFE genotype, was associated with shortened telomeres. Further studies will be needed to determine whether telomere length provides a marker for morbidities specifically associated with iron overload.
A General Strategy for the Chemical Aspects of the Safety Assessment of Extractables and Leachables in Pharmaceutical Drug Products: The Chemical Assessment Triad

During the course of their manufacturing, storage, and administration, pharmaceutical drug products come in contact with materials, components, and systems. Such contact may result in an interaction between the drug product and these entities. One such interaction is the migration of substances from these entities and into the drug product, which is of concern due to the potential toxicity of the migrating substances. In order to properly assess the risk and manage the hazard posed by migratory substances, it is necessary to establish the identities of the migratory substances and the levels to which they will accumulate in the finished drug product, as these two pieces of information establish the hazard posed by an individual substance and the magnitude of the patient exposure (dose). The process by which migrating compounds are discovered and identified, and by which their accumulation levels in a finished drug product are established, is termed chemical assessment. Because the development of a finished drug product is a long and complicated process, chemical assessment is most typically not a single action but rather a series of actions that together establish a process of risk management. It is the purpose of this manuscript to establish a high-level strategy, illustrated in the chemical assessment triad, which can be applied to such a risk management process. LAY ABSTRACT: During the course of their manufacturing, storage, and administration, pharmaceutical drug products come in contact with materials, components, and systems. Such contact may result in an interaction between the drug product and these entities. One such interaction is the migration of substances from these entities and into the drug product, which is of concern due to the potential toxicity of the migrating substances. It is the purpose of this manuscript to outline a high-level strategy, illustrated in the chemical assessment triad, to chemically establish the safety risk related to the migrating substances.
“The Second Language of the United States”: Youth Perspectives on Spanish in a Changing Multiethnic Community

How do youth view Spanish in our changing multiethnic urban schools and communities? In this article I explore this question by analyzing the perspectives and social interactions of students in an urban charter high school located in a community undergoing dramatic demographic shift from a predominantly African American city to a predominantly Latino/a city with a significant Pacific Islander population. Working from ethnographic and social language data collected over a school year with 8 focus students and their peer groups, I show how Spanish was understood as a tool of solidarity and exclusion, reinforcing ethnic division is positive and painful ways. I also show how African American and Pacific Islander youth desired access to Spanish and used words and phrases in important ways with their Latino/a peers. I conclude by discussing how education could utilize these findings to foster language learning and interethnic relationship in our shifting communities and schools.
Exchange-correlation energy and the phase seperation of the electron- hole liquid in stressed semiconductors

Abstract Corrections to the exchange-correlation energy (Exc) used by Kirczenow and Singwi to predict the phase seperation of the electron-hole liquid in l111>-stressed Ge are examined. Andryushin, Gel'fond and Silin (AGS) claimed that the corrections destroy this phase seperation. Combescot, Singwi and Vignale have claimed the opposite. The claims of AGS are shown to be unfounded. They stem from an inaccurate hole kinetic energy approximation. Kulakovskii and Kukushkin's finding that the corrections oppose the phase separation in Si conflicts with theory. Possible sources of the discrepancy are discussed. The effect of valence band structure on EXC is considered.
A Discourse that Disciplines, Governs, and Regulates: The National Research Council’s Report on Scientific Research in Education

This article discusses the National Research Council (2002) report’s six guiding principles that define good scientific educational research. The principles and discussion focus on good educational research in terms of the “rigor” of the research as well as the “scientific” base and principles adhered to in doing the research. This article critically examines the normative base from which the consensual definitions of rigorous research and good science were drawn for the report and by its authors, and looks at the margins where other research falls, by definition. By using a variety of examples of research from around the world that highlights the need for complex historical, political, and cultural lens to examine policy, research, knowledge and power constructions, Bloch suggests that the report represents only one truth among many, limiting further inquiry. By examining the relation between knowledge and truth, the danger in a limited perspective is underlined.
Identification of the Bases in theompFRegulatory Region, which Interact with the Transcription Factor OmpR

Abstract Expression of the outer membrane protein OmpF ofEscherichia coliK-12 is influenced by a variety of environmental signals. Most of the signals are thought to regulate OmpF expression at the level of transcription initiation. A key element of this regulation is the interaction between the transcriptional factor OmpR and thecis-acting regulatory region ofompF. In this study, we used a combination of DNase I, dimethyl sulfate and hydroxyl radical footprinting analysis and DNA migration retardation assays to identify the bases within theompFregulatory region that are in contact with OmpR. Our results indicate that the −107 to −39 region ofompFcontains three individual binding sites and that a single OmpR-binding site is capable of interacting with two OmpR molecules. We also establish that a single OmpR-binding site is composed of two half-sites and that both half-sites are required for the formation of stable OmpR/DNA complexes. Comparisons of the sequences protected by OmpR indicate that an OmpR-binding site spans approximately 18 bp and has two highly conserved G/C base-pairs that are separated by three nucleotides. Although the three OmpR-binding sites we identified exhibit limited sequence similarity, this may reflect the fact that two of the sites are incapable of binding OmpR independently and can bind OmpR only if adjacent to another OmpR-binding site. Finally, our DNA migration retardation assays suggest that phosphorylation stimulates the cooperative interactions between OmpR molecules bound at neighboring sites. Therefore, this study provides a detailed understanding of how OmpR interacts with its binding sites immediately upstream ofompFand serves as a foundation for studying how phosphorylation of OmpR results in the regulation of ompF expression in response to environmental signals.
Categories, life, and thinking

Classifying is a fundamental operation in the acquisition of knowledge. Taxonomic theory can help students of cognition, evolutionary psychology, ethology, anatomy, and sociobiology to avoid serious mistakes, both practical and theoretical. More positively, it helps in generating hypotheses useful to a wide range of disciplines. Composite wholes, such as species and societies, are “individuals” in the logical sense, and should not be treated as if they were classes. A group of analogous features is a natural kind, but a group of homologous features is not. Imposing hypotheses justified only on the basis of nominalist, realist, phenomenalist, or conceptualist metaphysics upon the neurophysiology of organisms or upon the causes of behavior exemplifies the “psychologist's fallacy” of William James. Levels should be distinguished from their members and from classes of levels, and the ontological status of entities ranked at levels should be made clear. It is important not to confuse such categories as substance and process with one another. Several genetical terms, such as “gene” and chromosome,” are even more equivocal than has been realized. Discussions about units of selection, behavior, and thinking suffer from the ambiguity of a “unit of” an entity. An important source of misunderstanding about natural selection is the habit of treating it as an “agent”: in an important sense, natural selection does not “act” at all.
Magnetization of 2-17 type Sm-Co transition metal sintered permanent magnets

An experimental investigation into the feasibility of using an ambient temperature low-field (12.5 - 20 kOe) magnetizing treatment on precipitation hardened high coercive force 2-17 type permanent magnet materials has been demonstrated. The technique evaluated is highly successful on magnets whose composition and aging heat treatment normally require moderately high (25 - 40 kOe) magnetizing field levels for saturation in the virgin state. The preparatory cyclic magnetization - demagnetization procedure described can readily be accomplished with standard equipment.
Effect of Delay on Self-Administration of Remifentanil under a Drug Versus Drug Choice Procedure in Rhesus Monkeys

Drug abuse can be conceptualized as excessive choice of drug over other reinforcers, and factors that affect drug taking can be examined experimentally using choice procedures. This study examined the impact of reinforcer delay on self-administration of the μ-opioid receptor agonist remifentanil in rhesus monkeys (n = 4) lever pressing under a concurrent fixed-ratio 30 schedule. Responding on either lever delivered an intravenous infusion of either remifentanil or saline. Dose-effect curves were first determined when responding on one lever delivered remifentanil and responding on a second lever delivered saline. Monkeys then chose between two doses of remifentanil, and delay to delivery of the large dose was varied systematically. Responding for remifentanil (0.01–1.0 µg/kg/infusion) increased dose-dependently when the alternative was saline or a dose of remifentanil. Delaying delivery of the large dose of remifentanil by 30, 60, 120, or 240 seconds increased responding for smaller, immediately available doses (0.01–0.1 µg/kg/infusion) and, in some cases, increased responding for doses of remifentanil that did not maintain responding when the alternative was saline. These data demonstrate that delaying the delivery of an opioid receptor agonist can significantly affect its reinforcing effectiveness. The imposition of a delay reduces the effectiveness of large doses of drug to maintain responding and increases the effectiveness of immediately available commodities, including smaller doses of drug. Increased reinforcing effectiveness of smaller doses of drug in the context of other delayed reinforcers might contribute to the development and maintenance of opioid abuse.
Ionization and fragmentation of humic substances in electrospray ionization Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry.

Electrospray ionization (ESI) was combined with ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR MS) to characterize complex humic and fulvic acid mixtures. Lower than expected molecular weight distributions previously observed for humics when analyzed by ESI-MS have fueled speculation about a bias in favor of low molecular weight. Multiply charged ions, ionization suppression, and sample fragmentation have all been suggested as sources of this low molecular weight bias. In this work, resolution of the individual components of humic mixtures within a 1 mass-to-charge unit window was accomplished by FTICR MS at 9.4 T. At mass resolving powers between 60 000 (high mass) and 120 000 (low mass), it was possible to determine that virtually all ions present in spectra of Suwannee River fulvic and humic acid are singly charged, thus eliminating inadequate accounting for multiply charged ions as a primary source of any low molecular weight bias. The high-resolution mass spec...
Urban plurilingualism: Language practices, policies, and ideologies in Chicago

Abstract Plurilingual language practices in Chicago are examined using the notions of linguistic markets and language ideologies. Plurilingualism encompasses bi/multilingualism and bidialectalism, or both, in dynamic use. Chicago always was and is plurilingual; traders speaking Haitian Creole, French, and English confronted speakers of indigenous Checagou languages in the late 18th century, and the enormous 19th century migration brought German and other European languages. 20th century migration brought Asian and other world languages and, notably, Spanish. Ethnographic research in homes, workplaces, schools, and religious organizations illustrates vibrant contemporary plurilingualism. Both historical and contemporary plurilingualism are embedded in a larger context of competing language ideologies that explain the persistence of plurilingual practices and the ambivalent history of official language policy in Illinois. Although dominant ideologies valorize a monoglot standard English, plurilingual practices evidence a persistent valuing of non-(standard) English language. For example, the official language policy of the Chicago Public Schools promotes (standard) English at the expense of students’ community languages, whereas the grass-roots Multilingual Chicago Initiative promotes Chicago's plurilingualism. Dominant ideologies that link a codified “standard” with modernity, clarity and rationality and vernacular varieties with lack of education and irrationality explain the former, whereas local linguistic markets explain the latter.
Thermodynamic properties of binary hcp solution phases from special quasirandom structures

Three different special quasirandom structures (SQS's) of the substitutional hcp A1–xBx binary random solutions (x=0.25, 0.5, and 0.75) are presented. These structures are able to mimic the most important pair and multi-site correlation functions corresponding to perfectly random hcp solutions at those compositions. Due to the relatively small size of the generated structures, they can be used to calculate the properties of random hcp alloys via first-principles methods. The structures are relaxed in order to find their lowest energy configurations at each composition. In some cases, it was found that full relaxation resulted in complete loss of their parental symmetry as hcp so geometry optimizations in which no local relaxations are allowed were also performed. In general, the first-principles results for the seven binary systems (Cd-Mg, Mg-Zr, Al-Mg, Mo-Ru, Hf-Ti, Hf-Zr, and Ti-Zr) show good agreement with both formation enthalpy and lattice parameters measurements from experiments. It is concluded that the SQS's presented in this work can be widely used to study the behavior of random hcp solutions.
Patterned planar array immunosensor for multianalyte detection.

A fluorescence-based immunosensor using a charge-coupled device (CCD) as a detector has been developed for detecting multiple analytes within small (150 μl) sample volumes. Wells approximately 2 mm in diameter were patterned onto glass coverslips using a photoactivated optical adhesive. In a model detection system, four different antigens were covalently attached to the bottoms of these wells, and the polymer subsequently removed to form the sensing surface. The coverslips were mounted over a scientific grade CCD operating at ambient temperature in inverted (multipin phasing) mode. A two-dimensional graded index of refraction (GRIN) lens array was used to focus the sensing surface onto the CCD. Solutions of fluorescently labeled antibodies were then placed on the coverslip, and the amount of antibody bound at each location on the coverslip was determined by quantitative image analysis. Concentrations as low as 50 ng/ml of Cy5-labeled antibodies could be detected using the sensor. The small footprint and minimal system requirements of the design should facilitate its incorporation into portable biosensors.
Context-sensitive intra-class clustering

This paper describes a new semi-supervised learning algorithm for intra-class clustering (ICC). ICC partitions each class into sub-classes in order to minimize overlap across clusters from different classes. This is achieved by allowing partitioning of a certain class to be assisted by data points from other classes in a context-dependent fashion. The result is that overlap across sub-classes (both within- and across class) is greatly reduced. ICC is particularly useful when combined with algorithms that assume that each class has a unimodal Gaussian distribution (e.g., Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), quadratic classifiers), an assumption that is not always true in many real-world situations. ICC can help partition non-Gaussian, multimodal distributions to overcome such a problem. In this sense, ICC works as a preprocessor. Experiments with our ICC algorithm on synthetic data sets and real-world data sets indicated that it can significantly improve the performance of LDA and quadratic classifiers. We expect our approach to be applicable to a broader class of pattern recognition problems where class-conditional densities are significantly non-Gaussian or multi-modal.