cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Behavior of Prosthetic Aortic Tissue Valves as Viewed by High-Speed Cinematography

Using a valve testing apparatus of our own design and with a high-speed (600 to 800 frames per second) 16 mm movie camera, films were made of Hancock porcine, Carpentier-Edwards porcine, and Ionescu-Shiley bovine pericardial valves mounted in the aortic position and cycled under physiological conditions at 72 to 100 beats per minute. Fresh and explanted valves were observed using saline or 36.5% glycerol as the pumping solution. When fresh valves were studied using saline solution as the pumpint fluid, the Hancock and Carpentier-Edwards porcine valves showed high-frequency leaflet vibration, which increased in frequency with higher cycling rates. Abnormal leaflet motion was decreased when glycerol was used as the blood analogue. The Ionescu-Shiley bovine pericardial valve did not show abnormal leaflet motion under these conditions. Conclusions drawn from tissue valve testing studies that use excessively high pulsing rates and pressures (accelerated testing) and saline or water as pumping solutions cannot be transposed to predict the fate of tissue valves in a clinical setting.
Effeminacy. II. Variation with social context.

In Part II, effeminacy in an in vivo social situation was studied and the Effeminacy Scale described in Part I was tested. Nineteen subjects were studied and videotaped while participating in four encounter groups, of which two were homosexual and two heterosexual. There were large situational variations in expressivity of effeminacy during group meetings. High-frequency levels of effeminate responses were observed to parallel high levels of anxiety or anger. At other times, effeminate responses were observed which seemed to subserve sexual signaling functions or which seemed related to narcissistic retreat (self-cuddling) or castration anxiety (e.g., cupping the genitals). Interrater reliability with the Effeminacy Scale for two nonprofessional raters viewing the same videotaped material from the group was 0.93 (Pearson r).
P2X7 receptors activate protein kinase D and p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) downstream of protein kinase C.

Protein kinase D (PKD), also called protein kinase C μ (PKC μ ), is a serine/threonine kinase that has unique enzymic and structural properties distinct from members of the PKC family of proteins. In freshly isolated rat parotid acinar salivary cells, extracellular ATP rapidly increased the activity and phosphorylation of PKD. The stimulation by ATP required high concentrations, was mimicked by the P2X 7 receptor ligand BzATP [2′- and 3′- O -(4-benzoylbenzoyl)ATP], and was blocked by Mg 2+ and 4,4′-di-isothiocyano-2,2′-stilbene disulphonate (DIDS), suggesting that activation of PKD was mediated by P2X 7 receptors, which are ligand-gated non-selective cation channels. Phorbol ester (PMA) and the activation of muscarinic and substance P receptors also increased PKD activity. PKC inhibitors blocked ligand-dependent PKD activation and phosphorylation, determined by in vitro phosphorylation studies and by phospho-specific antibodies to two activation loop sites (Ser 744 and Ser 748 ) and an autophosphorylation site (Ser 916 ). ATP and BzATP also increased the tyrosine phosphorylation and activity of PKCΔ, and these stimuli also increased extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) 1/2 activity in a PKC-dependent manner. PKD activation was not promoted by pervanadate (an inhibitor of tyrosine phosphatases) and was not blocked by PP1 (an inhibitor of Src family kinases) or genistein (a tyrosine kinase inhibitor), suggesting that tyrosine kinases and phosphatases did not play a major role in PKD activation. P2X 7 receptor-mediated signalling events were not dependent on Ca 2+ entry. These studies indicate that PKC is involved in cellular signalling initiated by P2X 7 receptors as well as by G-protein-coupled receptors, and demonstrate that PKD and ERK1/2 are activated in similar PKC-dependent signalling pathways initiated by these diverse receptor types.
Time-Resolved Vibrational Nanospectroscopy Using Femtosecond Infrared Scattering Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy

We combine scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy with ultrafast infrared light, enabling spectroscopy at nanometer scale. Time resolved free induction decay behaviors of surface polymer molecules are observed.
Calculation of the static healing length in helium II

Abstract The healing length for stagnant liquid helium II at an infinite plane boundary is calculated from the Hills-Roberts equations. A new thermodynamic function needed to complete the calculation is derived from neutron scattering and thermodynamic data. Results for the healing length are obtained from absolute zero to about a tenth of a degree from the lambda point, and at all pressures. Comparison with experimental evidence is presented.
Inhibition of isoniazid-induced expression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 85 in sputum: Potential surrogate marker in tuberculosis chemotherapy trials

Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 85 is induced in vitro by isoniazid (INH); its sustained induction in sputum during tuberculosis (TB) therapy predicts relapse. In this trial, rifampin or rifalazil inhibited the induction of sputum antigen 85 by INH in a dose-dependent fashion. This approach may facilitate the evaluation of new TB drugs.
The phototoxicity of phenylheptatriyne: oxygen-dependent hemolysis of human erythrocytes and inactivation of Escherichia coli.

— Phenylheptatriyne (PHT) plus near-ultraviolet light(320–400 nm; NUV) hemolyzed human erythrocytes in an oxygen dependent manner. When the phototoxicity of PHT plus NUV was tested with a series of Escherichia coli strains carrying all four possible combinations of genes controlling excision proficiency (uvrA6 vs uvrA+) and catalase activity (HPII, katF vs katF*), the membrane was found to be an important lethal target. Consistent with this observation. PHT plus NUV did not induce histidine independent (his-4+) mutations in the four tester strains (RT7h-RT10h). Using tester strain RT10h, it was shown that there was no inactivation by PHT plus NUV in nitrogen. Results of experiments with an E. coli fatty acid auxotroph (K1060) treated with PHT plus NUV are also consistent with membrane proteins being the chief targets for attack. Radicals were formed during the photolysis of PHT plus NUV in aqueous solutions, both in the presence of air and under nitrogen. Since PHT plus NUV did not hemolyze erythrocytes or inactivate E. coli cells under nitrogen, these radicals are not cytotoxic.
Regulation of Plant Disease Resistance, Stress Responses, Cell Death, and Ethylene Signaling in Arabidopsis by the EDR1 Protein Kinase

ENHANCED DISEASE RESISTANCE 1 (EDR1) encodes a CTR1-like kinase and was previously reported to function as a negative regulator of disease resistance and ethylene-induced senescence. Here, we report that the edr1 mutant displays enhanced stress responses and spontaneous necrotic lesions under drought conditions in the absence of pathogen, suggesting that EDR1 is also involved in stress response signaling and cell death regulation. Double mutant analysis revealed that these drought-induced phenotypes require salicylic acid but not ethylene signaling pathways. In addition, the edr1-mediated ethylene-induced senescence phenotype was suppressed by mutations in EIN2, but not by mutations in SID2, PAD4, EDS1, or NPR1, suggesting that EDR1 functions at a point of cross talk between ethylene and salicylic acid signaling that impinges on senescence and cell death. Two edr1-associated phenotypes, drought-induced growth inhibition and ethylene-induced senescence, were suppressed by mutations in ORE9, implicating ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation in the regulation of these phenotypes. However, the ore9 mutation did not suppress edr1-mediated enhanced disease resistance to powdery mildew or spontaneous lesions, indicating that these phenotypes are controlled by separate signaling pathways. To investigate the function of the EDR1 kinase domain, we expressed the C-terminal third of EDR1 in wild-type Columbia and edr1 backgrounds under the control of a dexamethasone-inducible promoter. Overexpression of the EDR1 kinase domain in an edr1 background had no obvious effect on edr1-associated phenotypes. However, overexpression of the EDR1 kinase domain in a wild-type Columbia background caused dominant negative phenotypes, including enhanced disease resistance to powdery mildew and enhanced ethylene-induced senescence; thus, the overexpressed EDR1 kinase domain alone does not exert EDR1 function, but rather negatively affects the function of native EDR1 protein.
A stochastic picture of spin

Dankel has shown how to incorporate spin into stochastic mechanics. The resulting non-local hidden variable theory gives an appealing picture of spin correlation experiments in which Bell's inequality is violated.
Paradoxical Response to Valproic Acid in a Patient with a Hypothalamic Hamartoma

OBJECTIVE:To report a patient who developed the paradoxical effect of increasing electrical seizure activity and confusion with initiation of valproic acid therapy.CASE SUMMARY:A 25-year-old African-American woman with a hypothalamic hamartoma had an electroencephalogram (EEG) that demonstrated frequent bursts of generalized spike and wave activity. The prevalence of spike and wave activity increased dramatically and the patient became increasingly somnolent as valproic acid was added to carbamazepine and phenobarbital therapy. Her EEG and mental status changes resolved when the valproic acid was discontinued. There was a strong positive correlation between the prevalence of spike and wave activity and the valproic acid concentration, but not between spike and wave activity and the concentrations of carbamazepine or phenobarbital.DISCUSSION:Although this is a complex case, it is clear that the addition of valproic acid produced an increase in spike and wave activity. Possible mechanisms and pathophysiolog...
Arthroscopic acromioclavicular resection

Abstract Injury to the acromioclavicular joint is common and represents the source of many shoulder-related symptoms.Frequently, nonoperative treatment regimens such as physical therapy, oral antiinflamatory medication, and corticosteroid injections resolve symptoms. However, certain patients with cases refractory to conservative therapy require an operative intervention. The traditional open resection of the distal clavicle, as described independently by Mumford and Gurd has been a reproducible and reliable surgical method of treatment in patients with posttraumatic, degenerative disease of the acromioclavicluar joint associated with osteoarthritis, distal clavicle osteolisis, fractures and separations, and shoulder impingement syndrome. Advances in arthroscopic shoulder surgery and subacromial decompression have made debridement of the acromioclavicular joint and resection of the distal clavicle a viable alternative to the open approach, avoiding complication such as AC joint instability and residual postoperative shoulder weakness, and with distinct advantages like 1) evaluation of glenohumeral joint, 2) evaluation and treatment of coexistent impingement and rotator cuff pathology, 3) generally, performed on an outpatient basis, which decreases hospital cost and increases patient convenience.
What’s bad for the gander . . . Women and sudden cardiac death

The risk of sudden cardiac death seems to be increasing in women, such that the two sexes may soon reach parity when it comes to SCD Sudden cardiac death (SCD), typically defined as death from a cardiac cause that occurs within one hour of the onset of symptoms in an individual without a prior condition that would appear fatal, remains a major health problem in the developed world.1 SCD accounts for more than 60% of all cardiac deaths, with absolute numbers in the USA well in excess of 400 000 annually.2 The majority of SCD occur in the setting of coronary heart disease (CHD) and thus populations with this condition often form the basis for SCD risk assessment.3 A truism regarding SCD in the setting of CHD has been that women are at a significantly lower risk than men. In the Rochester CHD project women presenting with angina, despite being an average of seven years older than men presenting with angina, had only half the risk of dying in the subsequent 10 years as men.4 In the Framingham study cohort with outcome data ascertained over almost four decades, women with CHD had a quarter of the risk of SCD as men.5 In those with documented myocardial infarction, the age adjusted annual rate of SCD was 4.6 per 1000 in women and 17.5 per 1000 in men. A …
Molecular Consequences of Ds Insertion Into and Excision From the Helix-Loop-Helix Domain of the Maize R Gene

The R and B proteins of maize are required to activate the transcription of several genes in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. To determine the structural requirements for R function in vivo, we are exploiting its sensitive mutant phenotype to identify transposon (Ds) insertions that disrupt critical domains. Here we report that the ability of the r-m1 allele to activate transcription of at least three structural genes is reduced to only 2% of wild-type activity because of a 396-bp Ds element in helix 2 of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) motif. Residual activity likely results from the synthesis of a mutant protein that contains seven additional amino acids in helix 2. This protein is encoded by a transcript where most of the Ds sequence has been spliced from pre-mRNA. Two phenotypic classes of stable derivative alleles, very pale and extremely pale, condition <1% of wild-type activity as a result of the presence of two- and three-amino-acid insertions, respectively, at the site of Ds excision. Localization of these mutant proteins to the nucleus indicates a requirement for an intact bHLH domain after nuclear import. The fact that deletion of the entire bHLH domain has only a minor effect on R protein activity while these small insertions virtually abolish activity suggests that deletion of the bHLH domain may bypass a requirement for bHLH-mediated protein-protein interactions in the activation of the structural genes in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway.
High-Frequency Force Generation in the Constrained Cochlear Outer Hair Cell: A Model Study

Cochlear outer hair cell (OHC) electromotility is believed to be responsible for the sensitivity and frequency selectivity of the mammalian hearing process. Its contribution to hearing is better understood by examining the force generated by the OHC as a feedback to vibration of the basilar membrane (BM). In this study, we examine the effects of the constraints imposed on the OHC and of the surrounding fluids on the cell's high-frequency active force generated under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The OHC is modeled as a viscoelastic and piezoelectric cylindrical shell coupled with viscous intracellular and extracellular fluids, and the constraint is represented by a spring with adjustable stiffness. The solution is obtained in the form of a Fourier series. The model results are consistent with previously reported experiments under both low- and high-frequency conditions. We find that constrained OHCs achieve a much higher corner frequency than free OHCs, depending on the stiffness of the constraint. We analyze cases in which the stiffness of the constraint is similar to that of the BM, reticular lamina, and tectorial membrane, and find that the force per unit transmembrane potential generated by the OHC can be constant up to several tens of kHz. This model, describing the OHC as a local amplifier, can be incorporated into a global cochlear model that considers cochlear hydrodynamics and frequency modulation of the receptor potential, as well as the graded BM stiffness and OHC length.
GENI-Enabled Programming Experiments for Networking Classes

Although GENI has been readily embraced by the research community as a testbed for exploring new network architectures and services, its use as an educational tool has not seen the same level of acceptance and usage. There are multiple reasons for this, not the least of which is a lack of good examples showing how to use GENI in an educational setting. This paper attempts to remedy this by describing our experiences using GENI in our networking classes at the University of Kentucky. Using GENI as the experimental basis for the projects in our classes allowed us to leverage several of its rich set of features including its global span of resources, programmability, virtualization, and instrumentation and measurement tools. In particular, we describe two projects that we have used in our networking classes, and we share some of the experience we gained in the process. As a result, these experiences motivated us to develop and integrate new functions into the GENI desktop in order to make it easier to access and control GENI's various resources and tools.
An AFLP-based interspecific linkage map of sympatric, hybridizing Colias butterflies.

Colias eurytheme and C. philodice are sister species with broad sympatry in North America. They hybridize frequently and likely share a significant portion of their genomes through introgression. Both taxa have been ecologically well characterized and exploited to address a broad spectrum of evolutionary issues. Using AFLP markers, we constructed the first linkage map of Colias butterflies. The map is composed of 452 markers spanning 2541.7 cM distributed over 51 linkage groups (40 major groups and 11 small groups with 2–4 markers). Statistical tests indicate that these AFLP markers tend to cluster over the map, with the coefficient of variation of interval sizes being 1.236 (95% C.I. is 1.234–1.240). This nonrandom marker distribution can account for the nonequivalence between the number of linkage groups and the actual haploid chromosome number (N = 31). This study presents the initial step for further marker-assisted research on Colias butterflies, including QTL and introgression analyses. Further investigation of the genomes will help us understand better the roles of introgression and natural selection in the evolution of hybridizing species and devise more appropriate strategies to control these pests.
Chronic exposure to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate represses sod2 induction in vivo: the negative role of p50

It is well documented that the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) can activate manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) expression. However, it is unclear how repeated exposure to TPA following a single application of tumor initiator 7,12-dimethylbenz-(a)-anthracene causes tumor development. We generated transgenic mice expressing human MnSOD promoter- and enhancer-driven luciferase reporter gene and used a non-invasive imaging system to investigate the effects of TPA on MnSOD expression in vivo. Our data indicate that TPA initially activates MnSOD expression, but this positive effect declines after repeated applications. Changes in MnSOD expression in vivo were verified by measuring MnSOD mRNA and protein levels. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled to Western analysis of the transcription factors known to be essential for the constitutive and TPA-induced transcription of MnSOD, we found that TPA treatment leads to both activation and inactivation of MnSOD gene transcription. During the activation phase, the levels of p50, p65, specificity protein 1 (Sp1) and nucleophosmin (NPM) increase after TPA treatments. Sustained treatments with TPA lead to further increase of p50 but not p65, Sp1 or NPM, suggesting that excess p50 may have inhibitory effects leading to the suppression of MnSOD. Alteration of p50 levels by expressing p50 cDNA or p50 small interfering RNA in mouse epithelial (JB6) cells confirms that p50 is inhibitory to MnSOD transcription. These findings identify p50 as having a negative effect on MnSOD induction upon repeated applications of TPA and provide an insight into a cause for the reduction of MnSOD expression during early stages of skin carcinogenesis.
Paleoenvironment of Australopithecus anamensis at Allia Bay, East Turkana, Kenya: evidence from mammalian herbivore enamel stable isotopes

Carbon ( 13 C: 12 C) and oxygen ( 18 O: 16 O) stable isotope ratio analysis was performed on well-preserved tooth enamel carbonate from fossil fauna recovered from a single excavation at the early hominid site of Allia Bay, East Turkana, Kenya. These data show greater enrichment in both 12 C and in 16 O than expected, based on the oxygen isotope composition of the middle Pliocene ocean, and on todays ecology. The pattern of these data argues against a diagenetic explanation for the enrichment. The carbon stable isotope data of known browsers suggest a more extensive canopy cover during the middle Pliocene than todays environments. The presence of browsing pig genera, hippo genera, deinotheres, and giraffes with d 13 C values more negative than todays all argue for woodland habitats. The presence of several grazing genera point to the presence of grasslands as well. The oxygen stable isotope ratios indicate that the site was better-watered than today, although the source, seasonal pattern, and actual amount of water cannot be determined from these data. The overall mosaic of environments suggested by these data, in combination with reports of exotic trees recovered in nearby deposits, indicate that woodlands were present in the region 3.9 my, unlike today. Such a setting matches expectations for the selective advantages of nut-eating, bipedal hominids over other hominoids. 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Differential modulation of glucose, lactate, and pyruvate oxidation by insulin and dichloroacetate in the rat heart

Despite the fact that lactate and pyruvate are potential substrates for energy production in vivo, our understanding of the control and regulation of carbohydrate metabolism is based principally on...
Cell Surface Transglutaminase Promotes RhoA Activation via Integrin Clustering and Suppression of the Src–p190RhoGAP Signaling Pathway

Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is a multifunctional protein that serves as cross-linking enzyme and integrin-binding adhesion coreceptor for fibronectin on the cell surface. Previous work showed act...
The coach as sport psychologist: An alternate view

Abstract The issue of the coach also serving as a sport psychologist for his/her team is addressed by examining the advantages and drawbacks of this dual role. Measurement considerations including the ability of the coach to isolate intervention strategies for validation, response distortion by athletes on personality inventories, and developing an objective assessment of trust are discussed and recommendations are suggested. Finally, personal and professional ramifications of this dual role relationship are explored.
Biosynthesis of cholesterol and other sterols.

Cholesterol and its relatives possessing the 1,2-cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system (Figure ​(Figure1)1) form the sterolome, which comprises a chemical library of more than 1000 natural products found in all forms of eukaryotes and some prokaryotes that serve a myriad of biological functions.1,2 The structural and stereochemical commonality of these compounds derive in large part from the action of oxidosqualene synthases (formerly cyclases) that generate the parent sterol frame. In their 1985 Nobel lecture, Brown and Goldstein stated that “cholesterol is the most highly decorated small molecule in biology”, a comment supported by the many Nobel prizes awarded to individuals who devoted a large part of their lives to research one or more aspects of the chemistry and chemical biology of sterols, their metabolites, or other isoprenoids.2,3 Figure 1 Common tetracyclic steroid frame containing the 1,2-cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring skeleton.
Using Timeline Displays to Improve Medication Reconciliation

Objective: To explore approaches for integrating and visualizing time-oriented medication data in narrative and structured formats and to address related issues on handling temporal abstraction, granularity, and uncertainty. The ultimate goal is to improve medication reconciliation by providing clinicians with more accurate medication information in patient care. Methods: An event taxonomy was generated to capture different combinations of clinical and temporal uncertainties. A prototype of a temporal visualization system was implemented using an open source software package called Timeline. Medications were parsed and mapped to the event taxonomy, and then represented in Timelines. Seventy-five medications from narrative discharge summary reports and seventy-nine medications from structured orders were used as data input for temporal visualization. Five physicians served as domain experts and answered ten proof-of-concept survey questions. Results: Overall positive feedback from experts suggested the potential value of the proposed timeline visualization method. Challenges were also identified, and future work will include reconciliation of medications from various sources based on temporal attributes and medication classification.
Financial Burden of Pediatric Cancer for Patients and Their Families

Efforts to reduce unexpected hospitalizations and employment disruptions by providing more comprehensive supportive care for pediatric patients with cancer could help ease families' financial burden.
Repairing the cleft lip nasal deformity

Abstract Objective: The repair of the cleft lip nose and nasal deformity remains a challenging endeavor for reconstructive surgeons. Psychosocially, this complex, multifaceted deformity significantly stigmatizes the patient. Numerous techniques have been advocated by multiple authors for the treatment and reconstruction of these deformities, usually requiring serial staged reconstructions. Method: Described is our technique for early primary repair of the cleft lip nasal deformity. The use of multiple suspension sutures to repair the nasal defect facilitates the repair of even very wide cleft lips. Conclusions: These maneuvers provide an aesthetic and functional repair of the nasal defect in conjunction with the lip repair. Long-term results have minimized the need for surgical revision.
Business Education and the Slow Learner

(1967). Business Education and the Slow Learner. The Journal of Business Education: Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 67-70.
INTERVIEWEES' REPORTED LEVEL OF COMFORT AS A FUNCTION OF AN INTERVIEWER'S VISUAL ATTENTION

Summary.-This study was designed to test the hypothesis that subjects would feel most comfortable when interacting with someone who looked at them 50% of the time, less comfortable with someone who looked continuously, and least comfortable with someone who never looked. 30 male undergraduates were interviewed individually by a male interviewer who gazed at them either continuously, 50% of the time, or not at all. Contrary to expectations, subjects in the 50% condition reported they were least comfortable while there were no differences between subjects in the other two conditions. In a questionnaire study, Exline, Fairweather, Hine, and Argyle (cited in Exline, 1971) found that respondents reported they would feel most comfortable interacting with someone who looks at them 50% of the time, somewhat less comfortable with someone who looks continuously, and least comfortable with someone who never looks. A study was conducted to discover whether the same comfort ratings would be obtained when subjects actually interacted with a parmer who looked either half the time, continuously, or not at all. Thirty male undergraduate students at the University of Maine served as subjects. Equal numbers of subjects were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups. After being told that they were participating in a study designed to determine the suitability of various interview techniques, each subject was introduced to one of two male undergraduates who served as interviewers. A 12-min. session ensued during which the interviewer read a series of questions about academic and social topics. The interviewer did not respond verbally to any of the subjects' comments but did respond with vocalizations, e.g., mmhm, and headnods when appropriate. In the 50%-looking condition the interviewer listened to a tape recording via an earphone. The recording contained equal numbers of randomly distributed 1- to 8-sec. tones, interspersed with equal periods of silence. The interviewer gazed at the subject whenever the. tone was on. In the 100% condition the interviewer looked at the subject continuously except when reading the interview questions, while in the 0% condition the interviewer never looked at the subject except momentarily upon completing each question. In
Unpredictable Penalties at Time of Sale Applied to Insect-Infested, Farm-Stored Grain in Minnesota

Grain moved off the farm for original sale in Minnesota may be subject to only cursory inspection for insect infestation. Although the Grain Standards Act (Anonymous 1978) specifies the factors for the determination “special grade weevily,” official inspection is neither required nor available at country elevators in Minnesota. The determination for insect infestation appears to be arbitrary and at the discretion of management. If grain is determined to be infested, discounts may be levied as a cents per bushel discount or a per-load discount, or indirectly by rejecting the grain. During 1973, Minnesota farmers marketed 89.9 and 91.2% of their corn and wheat, respectively, through local country elevators. Of this, 66.3 and 38.8% of the corn and wheat, respectively, were sold from farm storage (Dahl and Liu 1973).
Variable Gravity Laboratory for Deep-Space Crewed Missions Research and Demonstration

This paper describes a Variable Gravity Laboratory (VGL) in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). VGL produces Luna-to-Mars gravity levels by variable-rate centripetal acceleration. The VGL comprises a Docking Hub Module (DHM) on the VGL rotation axis, and two opposed Spin Gravity Modules (SGMs), each connected to the DHM by two inflated Tension Tubes, which tether the SGMs to the DHM, and provide redundant Crew access between the DHM and each SGM. All three Modules have life support capability, so the VGL is triply redundant in life support for crew safety on long-duration missions. The VGL is placed into a Dawn/Dusk Sun-Synchronous LEO in three medium-lift launches, one for each Module. The VGL rotation axis is normal to the orbital plane, so that one end of each Module is hot in constant Sunlight, the other end cold in constant darkness, to enable combined thermal and photovoltaic electricity generation. The VGL provides the gravity levels required for flight qualification of gravity-enabled systems for Luna and Mars surface habitation, and to demonstrate a spin-gravity spacecraft, electric power, thermal. and life support architecture for crewed transit to and from Mars and near-Earth asteroids. The VGL provides essential data on long-duration effects of Luna and Mars gravity levels on humans, food plants, and gravity-enabled equipment, including minimum gravity level required to prevent human hypogravity deconditioning. If humans are going to establish a Lunar Base, explore Mars, and eventually settle on Luna and Mars, it is essential that such gravitational response data be acquired first. The VGL is a practical way to do this.
Religious practice and the phenomenology of everyday violence in contemporary India

This article focuses on ‘dread’ in religious practice in contemporary India. It argues that the dread of everyday existence, which is as salient in a biographical temporality as it pervades the phe...
Connections with history: broadening interest in the discipline of computing

The authors have instituted two new elective seminar courses at their institution that attempt to address the issue of declining enrollments in computer science courses. These changes involve a deliberate attempt to better demonstrate the inherent multi-disciplinary nature of computing and its connections to the broader world. More specifically, we illustrate how a study of Alan Turing's work and life and a study of cryptography can each be used to demonstrate the inherent importance of computing in forming the world as we know it. The courses described in this paper are part of a first year seminar program at the authors' institution, but could easily be considered as elective courses in a CS curriculum.
Renal function in hypertensive rats transgenic for mouse renin gene

The recent development of a transgenic rat strain carrying the mouse ren-2 renin gene [TGR(mRen2)27] has provided a new model of hypertension characterized by suppressed plasma renin levels and marked hyperproreninemia. In this long-term study, we examined the kidney function of these animals. Transgenic rats had significantly (P < 0.01) higher blood pressures than control animals at 2, 4, and 8 mo of age. However, the severity of their hypertension diminished over time (225 +/- 8 mmHg at age 2 mo vs. 169 +/- 5 mmHg at age 8 mo, P < 0.001), indicating age-dependent transgene regulation. Whole kidney and single-nephron blood flows and glomerular filtration rates did not differ between control and TGR(mRen2)27 animals studied with micropuncture techniques at 4 and 8 mo of age. Preglomerular vasoconstriction was responsible for this normal autoregulatory response. Elevated preglomerular vascular resistance of transgenic rats prevented transmission of systemic hypertension to glomeruli at 4 but not 8 mo of ag...
Continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration in the patient with hepatorenal syndrome. A case study.

Continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (CAVH) is a renal replacement therapy performed in the ICU setting. For the patient who is critically ill and hemodynamically unstable, CAVH has proven to be a beneficial treatment. The highly permeable hemofilter allows for fluid removal at rates of 300 cc/hour or more thereby permitting liberal intake. Since the patient’s blood pressure is the driving force, the treatment is gentle in nature. These advantages make it the therapy of choice for critically ill patients requiring effective volume removal.
A geospatial approach to uncovering the hidden waste footprint of Lake Superior’s Mesabi Iron Range

Abstract For decades, the Lake Superior Iron District produced a significant majority of the world’s iron used in steel production. Chief among these was the Mesabi Range of northern Minnesota, a vast deposit of hematite and magnetic taconite ores stretching for over 100 miles in length. Iron ore mining in the Mesabi Range involved three major phases: direct shipping ores (1847–1970s), washable ores (1907–1980s), and taconite (1947–current). Each phase of iron mining used different technologies to extract and process ore. Producing all of this iron yielded a vast landscape of mine waste. This paper uses a historical GIS to illuminate the spatial extent of mining across the Lake Superior Iron District, to locate where low-grade ore processing took place, and to identify how and where waste was produced. Our analysis shows that the technological shift to low-grade ore mining placed new demands on the environment, primarily around processing plants. Direct shipping ore mines produced less mine waste than low-grade ore mines, and this waste was confined to the immediate vicinity of mines themselves. Low-grade ore processing, in contrast, created more dispersed waste landscapes as tailings mobilized from the mines themselves into waterbodies and human communities.
Information Technology and Global Learning for Sustainable Development: Promise and Problems

When Intel Corporation, a major manufacturer of computer microchips, expanded its investments in Rio Rancho, New Mexico, grass-roots members of the Southwest Organizing Project (SWOP) took action. SWOP is part of an environmental and economic justice network that links people of color in the Unites States, Mexico, and several native nations. One of the current campaigns of the network is to obtain withheld information about the toxicity of working conditions at the Intel plant and nearby dumps. What is unexpected about this picture? A stark juxtaposition of computer production with pollution may be confounding to academics and other privileged professionals who have the luxury of viewing their desktop machines as ideal intellectual tools.3 The new media (computers, fiber optics, online databases, facsimile, and electronic networks) are widely admired for advancing the
Chronic testosterone cypionate therapy in men with secondary impotence

There have not been studies assessing the effects of chronic testosterone cypionate (TC) therapy on circulating levels of testosterone (T), estradiol (E 2 ), free T, bioavailable T (BAT), luteinizing hormone (LH), and sexual function in impotent men with low T levels. This study was a double-blind crossover using 200 mg of TC or placebo given intramuscularly every 14 days for six injections and the other medication given for six doses. Blood was drawn before each injection. Mean concentrations of T, E 2 , free T, and BAT were the same on TC or on placebo, but serum LH was significantly suppressed during intramuscular TC. With TC statistically significant improvements in libido and in potency were noted. Five of the men were able to have vaginal sex while taking TC. TC injections every 14 days do not appear to maintain increased T concentrations for 2 full weeks, and other dosage/ injection schedules are being evaluated, but there were improvements in libido and potency.
Solution-Synthesized Chevron Graphene Nanoribbons Exfoliated onto H:Si(100)

There has been tremendous progress in designing and synthesizing graphene nanoribbons (GNRs). The ability to control the width, edge structure, and dopant level with atomic precision has created a large class of accessible electronic landscapes for use in logic applications. One of the major limitations preventing the realization of GNR devices is the difficulty of transferring GNRs onto nonmetallic substrates. In this work, we developed a new approach for clean deposition of solution-synthesized atomically precise chevron GNRs onto H:Si(100) under ultrahigh vacuum. A clean transfer allowed ultrahigh-vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) to provide high-resolution imaging and spectroscopy and reveal details of the electronic structure of chevron nanoribbons that have not been previously reported. We also demonstrate STM nanomanipulation of GNRs, characterization of multilayer GNR cross-junctions, and STM nanolithography for local depassivation of H:Si(100), which allowed us to probe GNR–Si interactio...
Abstract 039: Normalization of Uterine Interleukin (IL)-15 in the BPH/5 Preeclamptic Mouse Improves Decidual Natural Killer Cell Activation at the Maternal-Fetal Interface

Preeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disease that affects up to 10% of pregnancies worldwide. Although a leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity/mortality, the cause is unknown. Inadequate remodeling of decidual vessels and reduced placental perfusion are hallmarks of PE. Decidual Natural Killer cells (dNKs) are critical in this process. Early in pregnancy, dNKs are activated by uterine IL-15 to promote angiogenesis at the maternal-fetal interface. Activated dNKs produce IFN-γ to facilitate vasodilation of decidual vessels. In the BPH/5 mouse model that spontaneously develops late gestation hypertension, proteinuria and placentopathies, we have demonstrated an early pregnancy reduction in dNK activation and IFN-γ mRNA at the maternal-fetal interface. We functionally linked uterine IL-15 overexpression to dNK loss in C57 mice. Here we tested the hypothesis that uterine IL-15 in BPH/5 mice contributes to dNK dysregulation at the maternal-fetal interface prior to placenta formation. BPH/5 e7.5 implantation sites show a 5-fold increase in IL-15 protein vs C57 (.7±.07vs.35±.17, n=4, p<.05). We have shown that Cox2 inhibition early in BPH/5 pregnancy improves fetoplacental development. Cox2-derived products influence expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-15. To address if Cox2 inhibition alters IL-15 in BPH/5 implantation sites, celecoxib (a selective Cox2 inhibitor) was administered at e6.5 (10mg/kg orally). This normalized IL-15 in BPH/5 e7.5 implantation sites compared to C57 veh-treated (n=4, p<.05). Flow cytometry confirmed a 2-fold increase in DBA+/CD122+ (dNK) cell numbers in BPH/5 e7.5 implantation sites from celecoxib vs veh-treated mice (16.6 vs 7.95). Moreover, the dNKs from e7.5 BPH/5 celecoxib-treated implantation sites had a 2-fold increase in IFNγ mean fluorescent intensity vs BPH/5 veh-treated. This demonstrates that uterine IL-15 overexpression in BPH/5 contributes to dNK loss and that normalization improves dNK activation by increasing their expression of IFNγ at the maternal-fetal interface. This highlights the significance of uterine inflammation in dNK regulation and suggests that aberrations in these cellular processes in early pregnancy may contribute to the placentopathies seen in PE pregnancies.
Relations between mental health diagnoses, mental health treatment, and substance use in homeless youth.

Abstract Background Youth experiencing homelessness have elevated rates of mental illness and substance use compared to the general population. However, the extent to which underlying mental health issues may contribute to substance use as a way to manage symptoms and whether mental health treatment may reduce risk for substance use is unclear. This paper investigated these relations in a community sample of homeless youth. Methods Youth ages 13–24 ( N = 416) were interviewed as part of a community count and survey of homeless youth in Houston, Texas. A path analysis examined relations among lifetime diagnoses of ADHD, bipolar disorder, and depression; past-month marijuana, alcohol, and synthetic marijuana use, and hypothesized mediators of past-year mental health treatment and perceived unmet need for treatment. Results Rates of prior mental disorder diagnoses were high, with extensive comorbidity across the three diagnoses ( n = 114, 27.3% had all three diagnoses). Relations varied by diagnoses and substances. ADHD was positively related to current marijuana use (β = 0.55 (0.16), p 0.001), a relation that mental health treatment did not mediate. Depression was positively related to synthetic marijuana use through unmet need (β = 0.25 (0.09), p = 0.004) and to alcohol use through unmet need (β = 0.20 (0.10), p = 0.04) Conclusions This study provides new information about relations between prior mental health diagnoses and substance use in homeless youth. Findings support the need to consider prior mental disorder diagnoses in relation to current substance use and to assess for whether youth perceive they have unmet needs for mental health treatment.
Dynamic Analyses of Two Buildings Founded on Liquefiable Soils during the Canterbury Earthquake Sequence

AbstractA series of major earthquakes near Christchurch, New Zealand, produced different levels of liquefaction-induced ground failure and damage to multistory buildings in the city’s central busin...
Can subsets of species indicate overall patterns in biodiversity

Resource limitations often allow only a subset of species to be counted. But using subsets may bias inferences on spatial or temporal trends in biodiversity. Using data from a video survey on reefs in the Gulf of Mexico for which all fish species observed were counted (243 species), we investigated how the use of reduced species lists (RSLs) can impact perceived patterns in biodiversity. We estimated four common biodiversity metrics (species richness, and Margalef's, Shannon's, and Simpson's indices) at each of 2115 sampling locations, using the total species list and RSLs. For all diversity metrics, correlations between estimates using the total species list and RSLs increased with the number of species in the list. Using a bootstrap approach, we randomly generated hypothetical lists equal in length to each empirical RSL to evaluate their performance; empirical RSLs tended to perform similar to random lists of equivalent length when estimating species richness or Margalef's index, and tended to outperform most hypothetical RSLs when estimating Shannon's and Simpson's indices. To understand how to create better performing RSLs, we extended the bootstrap analysis to select RSLs of all possible lengths, using four different selection methods related to species commonness; the functional relationships between correlation and number of species in an RSL were similar among metrics but were very different among selection methods. With each hypothetical RSL, we tested common biodiversity hypotheses such as relationships with depth and latitude and compared the outcomes with the best estimate of true relationships identified using the total list. Longer lists comprised of the most common species more often identified the true relationship, but results showed complex patterns. Many short lists of the most common species yielded results opposite the true relationships, and many lists of intermediate length failed to identify any relationship while the total list showed a significant trend. Overall, these analyses show that sampling methods used for biodiversity studies should be as unselective as possible, and datasets based on more selective methods should be interpreted carefully and should not be expected to reflect true patterns in biodiversity.
Acute Solar Retinopathy Imaged With Adaptive Optics, Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography, and En Face Optical Coherence Tomography.

Importance Solar retinopathy is a rare form of retinal injury that occurs after direct sungazing. Objective To enhance understanding of the structural changes that occur in solar retinopathy by obtaining high-resolution in vivo en face images. Design, Setting, and Participant Case report of a young adult woman who presented to the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary with symptoms of acute solar retinopathy after viewing the solar eclipse on August 21, 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures Results of comprehensive ophthalmic examination and images obtained by fundus photography, microperimetry, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT), adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy, OCT angiography, and en face OCT. Results The patient was examined after viewing the solar eclipse. Visual acuity was 20/20 OD and 20/25 OS. The patient was left-eye dominant. Spectral-domain OCT images were consistent with mild and severe acute solar retinopathy in the right and left eye, respectively. Microperimetry was normal in the right eye but showed paracentral decreased retinal sensitivity in the left eye with a central absolute scotoma. Adaptive optics images of the right eye showed a small region of nonwaveguiding photoreceptors, while images of the left eye showed a large area of abnormal and nonwaveguiding photoreceptors. Optical coherence tomography angiography images were normal in both eyes. En face OCT images of the right eye showed a small circular hyperreflective area, with central hyporeflectivity in the outer retina of the right eye. The left eye showed a hyperreflective lesion that intensified in area from inner to middle retina and became mostly hyporeflective in the outer retina. The shape of the lesion on adaptive optics and en face OCT images of the left eye corresponded to the shape of the scotoma drawn by the patient on Amsler grid. Conclusions and Relevance Acute solar retinopathy can present with foveal cone photoreceptor mosaic disturbances on adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy imaging. Corresponding reflectivity changes can be seen on en face OCT, especially in the middle and outer retina. Young adults may be especially vulnerable and need to be better informed of the risks of viewing the sun with inadequate protective eyewear.