cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Race, otitis media, and antibiotic selection.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Previous research suggests that physicians may be less likely to diagnose otitis media (OM) and to prescribe broad-spectrum antibiotics for black versus nonblack children. Our objective was to determine whether race is associated with differences in OM diagnosis and antibiotic prescribing nationally. METHODS: We examined OM visit rates during 2008 to 2010 for children ≤14 years old using the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. We compared OM visits between black and nonblack children, as percentages of all outpatient visits and visit rates per 1000. We compared antibiotic prescribing by race as the percentage of OM visits receiving narrow-spectrum (eg, amoxicillin) versus broader-spectrum antibiotics. We used multivariable logistic regression to examine whether race was independently associated with antibiotic selection for OM. RESULTS: The percentage of all visits resulting in OM diagnosis was 30% lower in black children compared with others (7% vs 10%, P = .004). However, OM visits per 1000 population were not different between black and nonblack children (253 vs 321, P = .12). When diagnosed with OM during visits in which antibiotics were prescribed, black children were less likely to receive broad-spectrum antibiotics than nonblack children (42% vs 52%, P = .01). In multivariable analysis, black race was negatively associated with broad-spectrum antibiotic prescribing (adjusted odds ratio 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.40–0.86). CONCLUSIONS: Differences in treatment choice for black children with OM may indicate race-based differences in physician practice patterns and parental preferences for children with OM.
Sensitivity of offset and onset cortical auditory evoked potentials to signals in noise

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of SNR and signal level on the offset response of the cortical auditory evoked potential (CAEP). Successful listening often depends on how well the auditory system can extract target signals from competing background noise. Both signal onsets and offsets are encoded neurally and contribute to successful listening in noise. Neural onset responses to signals in noise demonstrate a strong sensitivity to signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) rather than signal level; however, the sensitivity of neural offset responses to these cues is not known. Methods: We analyzed the offset response from two previously published datasets for which only the onset response was reported. For both datasets, CAEPs were recorded from young normal-hearing adults in response to a 1000-Hz tone. For the first dataset, tones were presented at seven different signal levels without background noise, while the second dataset varied both signal level and SNR. Results: Offset responses demonstrated sensitivity to absolute signal level in quiet, SNR, and to absolute signal level in noise. Conclusions: Offset sensitivity to signal level when presented in noise contrasts with previously published onset results. Significance: This sensitivity suggests a potential clinical measure of cortical encoding of signal level in noise.
A randomised prospective trial to compare the efficacy of bolus versus continuous nasogastric feeding in paediatric intensive care

Failure to establish early nasogastric (NG) feeding is common in paediatric intensive care (PIC) and influences the outcome. Decreased gastrointestinal motility is multifactorial in origin. NG feeds may be administered continuously or by intermittent bolus; we hypothesise that bolus enteral feeds are more physiological when compared with continuous NG feeds. We aimed to compare bolus versus continuous NG feeding in PIC. The outcome measures were the time to achieve maximal nutritional requirement by volume of feed and to identify the frequency of adverse events.
Utilizing Affinity Groups to Enhance Intergroup Dialogue Workshops for Racially and Ethnically Diverse Students

U.S. adolescents continue to report interracial conflict and discrimination. School-based interventions are needed to help youth understand complex intergroup relations and reduce intergroup conflicts within academic contexts. We present the development and implementation of an intergroup dialogues workshop for 64 racially diverse students at a progressive, independent high school. During this workshop, students self-selected 1 of 5 racial affinity groups and then came together for intergroup dialogues. We describe outcomes, including observations and content analysis of open-ended evaluation questions. Finally, we make recommendations for utilizing this intervention to promote personal, interpersonal, and institutional change within other contexts.
The Revolt of Islam, 1700 to 1993: Comparative Considerations and Relations to Imperialism

Within the Muslim world, revolts with a religious aspect or ideology have had a long history. My current comparative research on this topic indicates that these revolts, common in the early centuries of Islam, became less frequent thereafter. These revolts may generally be characterized as either “left” sectarian or “orthodox” revivalist. The latter were particularly important after ca. 1700. It is part of my thesis to see three phases to these modern revivalist revolts, and to say that all three phases were, in different ways, tied to interaction with the West, although this was far from being their only cause. These three phases were the pre-colonial phase, early resistance to colonialism, and the recent Islamic revival. The scope here covers the whole Muslim world and the approach is comparative.
Rapid 3D Energy Performance Modeling of Existing Buildings Using Thermal and Digital Imagery

Rapid energy modeling is a streamlined process to capture, model, and analyze building energy performance. Timely assessment of existing building energy performance helps owners and facility managers to identify potential areas for better retrofit, and meet environmental and economic goals. Despite the increasing attention to building energy performance, the current process of energy data collection and modeling is time-consuming and requires certain level of expertise. In order to facilitate the process, this paper presents a new approach for actual energy performance modeling of existing buildings using digital and thermal imagery. First, using an image-based 3D reconstruction pipeline which consists of Structure-fromMotion, Multi-View Stereo, and Voxel Coloring/Labeling, the current geometrical condition of a building is captured. Subsequently, using a new 3D thermal modeling algorithm, a dense thermal point cloud model of the existing building is reconstructed in 3D. Finally, the reconstructed 3D building and thermal models are automatically superimposed within a single environment. Within the resulting 3D spatio-thermal point cloud model, temperature values can be queried and visualized at point level. The proposed method is validated on several rooms in an existing instructional facility. The underlying modeling process, and the potential benefits from converting digital and thermal imagery into ubiquitous sensors and reporters of building energy use are discussed in detail.
Hydrogen peroxide modulates the dynamic microtubule cytoskeleton during the defence responses to Verticillium dahliae toxins in Arabidopsis

The molecular mechanisms of signal transduction of plants in response to infection by Verticillium dahliae (VD) are not well understood. We previously showed that NO may act as an upstream signalling molecule to trigger the depolymerization of cortical microtubules in Arabidopsis. In the present study, we used the wild-type, and atrbohD and atrbohF mutants of Arabidopsis to explore the mechanisms of action of H(2)O(2) signals and the dynamic microtubule cytoskeleton in defence responses. We demonstrated that H(2)O(2) may also act as an upstream signalling molecule to regulate cortical microtubule depolymerization. The depolymerization of the cortical microtubules played a functional role in the signalling pathway to mediate the expression of defence genes. The results indicate that H(2)O(2) modulates the dynamic microtubule cytoskeleton to trigger the expression of defence genes against V. dahliae toxins (VD-toxins) in Arabidopsis.
The two domains of centrin have distinct basal body functions in Tetrahymena.

The basal body is a microtubule-organizing center responsible for organizing the cilium. A widely conserved basal body component is the Ca2+-binding protein centrin. A mutagenic analysis of the Tet...
Handling Anger in the Teacher-Student Relationship.

Abstract Educators across the nation are voicing concern about increases in student incivility, anger, and violence. This article explores causes, manifestations, and consequences of nursing students' anger. Recommendations are offered to faculty for dealing with angry and potentially violent students.
Mediation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Binding by Interaction of Cell Surface Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans with the V3 Region of Envelope gp120-gp41

The mechanism of heparan sulfate (HS)-mediated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) binding to and infection of T cells was investigated with a clone (H9h) of the T-cell line H9 selected on the basis of its high level of cell surface CD4 expression. Semiquantitative PCR analysis revealed that enzymatic removal of cell surface HS by heparitinase resulted in a reduction of the amount of HIV-1 DNA present in H9h cells 4 h after exposure to virus. Assays of the binding of recombinant envelope proteins to H9h cells demonstrated a structural requirement for an oligomeric form of gp120/gp41 for HS-dependent binding to the cell surface. The ability of the HIV-1 envelope to bind simultaneously to HS and CD4 was shown by immunoprecipitation of HS with either antienvelope or anti-CD4 antibodies from 35SO4(2-)-labeled H9h cells that had been incubated with soluble gp140. Soluble HS blocked the binding of monoclonal antibodies that recognize the V3 and C4 domains of the envelope protein to the surface of H9 cells chronically infected with HIV-1IIIB. The V3 domain was shown to be the major site of envelope-HS interaction by examining the effects of both antienvelope monoclonal antibodies and heparitinase on the binding of soluble gp140 to H9h cells.
A Nonlinear Anisotropic Viscoelastic Model for the Tensile Behavior of the Corneal Stroma

Tensile strip experiments of bovine corneas have shown that the tissue exhibits a nonlinear rate-dependent stress-strain response and a highly nonlinear creep response that depends on the applied hold stress. In this paper, we present a constitutive model for the finite deformation, anisotropic, nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of the corneal stroma. The model formulates the elastic and viscous response of the stroma as the average of the elastic and viscous response of the individual lamellae weighted by a probability density function of the preferred in-plane lamellar orientations. The result is a microstructure-based model that incorporates the viscoelastic properties of the matrix and lamellae and the lamellar architecture in the response of the stroma. In addition, the model includes a fully nonlinear description of the viscoelastic response of the lamellar(fiber) level. This is in contrast to previous microstructure-based models of fibrous soft tissues, which relied on quasilinear viscoelastic formulations of the fiber viscoelasticity. Simulations of recent tensile strip experiments show that the model is able to predict, well within the bounds of experimental error and natural variations, the cyclic stress-strain behavior and nonlinear creep behavior observed in uniaxial tensile experiments of excised strips of bovine cornea.
Corrosion studies of titanium in borated water for TPX

Corrosion testing was performed to demonstrate the compatibility of the titanium vacuum vessel with borated water. Borated water is proposed to fill the annulus of the double wall vacuum vessel to provide effective radiation shielding. Borating the water with 110 grams of boric acid per liter is sufficient to reduce the nuclear heating in the Toroidal Field Coil set and limit the activation of components external to the vacuum vessel. Constant extension rate tensile (CERT) and electrochemical potentiodynamic tests were performed. Results of the CERT tests confirm that stress corrosion cracking is not significant for Ti-6Al-4V or Ti-3Al-2.5V. Welded and unwelded specimens were tested in air and in borated water at 150/spl deg/C. Strength, elongation, and time to failure were nearly identical for all test conditions, and all the samples exhibited ductile failure. Potentiodynamic tests on Ti-6Al-4V and Ti in borated water as a function of temperature showed low corrosion rates over a wide passive potential range. Further, this passivity appeared stable to anodic potentials substantially greater than those expected from MHD effects.
A Golgi and ultrastructural analysis of the centromedian nucleus of the cat

The morphology of neurons in the centromedian nucleus (CM) was studied in rapid Golgi preparations of the adult cat. The ultrastructure of the nucleus, particularly its synaptic organization, was also studied with electron microscopy. The CM contains three types of neurons referred to as principal neurons, Golgi type II neurons, and bushy neurons. Principal neurons are the most numerous, have long dendrites, which branch infrequently, and are divided into two subgroups: principal-A neurons with dendrites that arborize radially, whereas principal-B neurons display horizontal orientations. Both subgroups show a frontal orientation in their dendritic organization and give rise to myelinated axons. Golgi type II neurons with their characteristic sinuous dendrites and unmyelinated axons are thought to be interneurons. The occurrence of bushy neurons in the cat's CM is a new finding. These bushy neurons resemble those of thalamic specific relay nuclei and give rise to myelinated axons. In addition to these three cell types, neurons with intermediate features between these three neuronal types are also described. The ultrastructure of CM neurons resembles, in general, typical central nervous system neurons. Presynaptic profiles are classified into four main categories. SR (small round) boutons are small in size, contain clear, round vesicles, and form asymmetrical synaptic contacts with predominantly small-diameter dendrites. LR (large round) boutons are relatively large and contain both clear and dense-cored vesicles. They interdigitate and form multiple, moderately asymmetrical synapses with their postsynaptic targets. Pale profiles are identified by their relatively electron-light appearance. They contain round vesicles and are thought to be dendritic in origin. The last category of presynaptic profiles is pleomorphic boutons. They contain vesicles of different shapes and are further subdivided into two subtypes: pleomorphic-I ends on soma and dendritic trunks, whereas pleomorphic-II contacts small-diameter dendrites. Both subtypes form symmetrical synapses. The glomeruli of specific thalamic relay nuclei generally contain dendrites, LR boutons, and pale profiles. In addition to these, pleomorphic-II boutons also participate in the formation of the glomerulus of the cat's CM.
Obtaining Microprocessor Vulnerability Factor Using Formal Methods

Aggressive technology down-scaling increases the vulnerability of microprocessors to runtime errors, in particular radiation-induced soft errors. In this paper, we present a technique based on Boolean satisfiability (SAT) to obtain reliability parameters of microprocessors in the presence of soft errors. We use a metric called microprocessor vulnerability factor (MVF) which captures the soft error rate of a particular implementation of the microprocessor, separating it from vulnerability factors due to the micro-codes and programs running on the microprocessor. We transform the MVF computation problem into equivalent Boolean satisfiability problem and use state-of-the-art SAT-solvers to obtain MVF. We present results for some widely used RISC processor cores and provide detailed analysis for various instructions and execution paths/resources.
Increased hematopoiesis in mice soon after infection by Friend murine leukemia virus.

Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV), an erythroleukemogenic replication-competent retrovirus, induces leukemia in its host after a long latency. However, the early effects of infection may determine the pathway that eventually leads to malignant transformation. To determine how F-MuLV affects host cell proliferation soon after infection, BALB/c mice were inoculated with virus and then were assayed for susceptibility to appropriately pseudotyped spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) as an indicator of erythropoietic activity. Twelve-week-old mice exposed to F-MuLV for 9 days were more susceptible (by a factor of 30) to superinfection by SFFV than were nonviremic mice. To test whether increased susceptibility was the result of increased hematopoietic activity, hematopoietic progenitors from the spleens of F-MuLV-infected mice were enumerated with a clonal culture assay. Nine days after inoculation with F-MuLV, the numbers of colony-forming progenitors increased by a factor of 4. Morphological analysis of the cultured colonies showed that erythroid, granulocytic, monocytic, and mixed granulocytic-monocytic progenitors all had increased. Thus, F-MuLV more rapidly induced a generalized increase in hematopoiesis than has previously been reported. The splenic hyperplasia induced by F-MuLV soon after infection may explain its ability to accelerate leukemogenesis in mice also infected by the polytropic Friend mink cell focus-forming virus. Images
Integration of optimal routing and flow control in ATM networks

An integrated approach to routing and flow control in ATM networks is proposed. Traditionally, routing and flow control are carried out relatively independently of each other, however, in the reported approach they are integrated and are strongly coupled in the sense that routing is done according to information obtained by the optimal flow control protocol. The flow control protocol NOBEL is extended to include the routing function. The resulting protocol is computationally attractive and results in improved network performance.
Observation of resonant tunneling at room temperature in GaInP/GaAs/GaInP double-heterojunction bipolar transistor

Negative differential resistance (NDR) has been observed at room temperature in GaInP/GaAs double-heterojunction bipolar transistors (DHBTs). Both the common-emitter and common-base current-voltage characteristics and their magnetic field dependence have been studied to confirm that the observed NDR is due to resonant tunneling. The collector-base voltages at which the collector current resonances occur are calculated and are consistent with the measured values. The devices exhibit an offset voltage of 57 mV and saturation voltage of >
Satellite Broadcasting of WWV Signals

An experiment concerning the broadcasting of time and frequency information from geostationary satellites is discussed. Included are discussions on satellite motion, time delay, Doppler shift, and delay calculations. Ground station requirements, time recovery techniques, and timing resolution and accuracy are also included. Delay computation aids for the user were designed to provide free space delays between the master clock and the user. Measurements made in North and South America demonstrated a timing resolution of about 10 ?s and an accuracy of 25 ?s.
Beneficial Versus Detrimental Effects of Neutrophils Are Determined by the Nature of the Insult

Background Neutrophils are thought to play pivotal roles in eliminating pathogens, and they have also been implicated in end organ dysfunction associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Because modulating neutrophil survival and function has been proposed as a therapy for sepsis, it remains critical to determine under which circumstances modulating neutrophil function is efficacious. The aim of this study was to investigate whether sustaining the presence of neutrophils activated by hemorrhagic shock (HEM) would be disadvantageous during subsequent sepsis, ie, inflammation plus infection, or systemic inflammation without infection. Study Design Transgenic mice, overexpressing the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 in a myeloid restricted fashion (Bcl-2 my ), and controls (C57) were subjected to HEM, followed 24 hours thereafter either by cecal ligation and puncture to induce sepsis, or by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide to induce SIRS. Lung injury was assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid protein and histology. Lung, plasma, and liver cytokines were quantified through CBA or ELISA. Results In sepsis, Bcl-2 my had increased lung neutrophil and lower lung bacteria counts compared with C57. This translated into a marked early survival benefit for Bcl-2 my . There were no differences between Bcl-2 my and C57 with respect to the degree of lung injury or lung and plasma cytokines. In contrast, in SIRS, Bcl-2 my exhibited markedly increased acute lung injury and lung and plasma cytokines when compared with C57. Bcl-2 my also had a profound survival disadvantage. Conclusions Whether effects of prolonged survival of hemorrhage-primed neutrophils are beneficial or detrimental is determined by the nature of the second insult. During sepsis, prolonging neutrophil survival is beneficial, enhancing antimicrobial activity. Alternatively, during inflammation without infection, increased organ damage by long-lived neutrophils is detrimental.
Recovery of an Unusual Fusogenic Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Strain from a Clinical Specimen

A highly unusual herpes simplex virus type 2 strain, strain Burr, was isolated from a female genital tract clinical specimen. This virus induced remarkably rapid and extensive syncytium formation in Vero cells involving hundreds of cells but was less fusion active in HEp-2 cells, MRC-5 cells, and mink lung cells. Virus-infected cells produced the glycoproteins gB, gC, gD and gE.
Expert Consensus Statement on the Use of Fractional Flow Reserve, Intravascular Ultrasound, and Optical Coherence Tomography: A Consensus Statement of the Society of Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions

The rationale for use of intracoronary physiology assessment and imaging arises from the limitations of coronary angiography, the traditional method for determining the severity of coronary stenoses. The visual assessment of percent diameter reduction has significant interobserver variability [1–3], even among experienced angiographers [4]. Computer-assisted quantitative coronary angiography only marginally improves diagnostic accuracy and its estimate of functional significance [5]. Fractional flow reserve (FFR) is used to determine the functional significance of a coronary stenosis [6]. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) offers excellent visualization of intraluminal and transmural coronary anatomy. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) further improves vascular visualization. There is now persuasive evidence regarding intracoronary diagnostic lesion assessments using physiology and anatomy. These adjunctive diagnostic procedures may influence the decision for coronary revascularization, guide the performance of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI), and optimize procedural outcomes. There are substantial long-term outcome data showing benefit associated with FFR-guided decision-making. However, these techniques are underutilized in contemporary practice: the rates of use of IVUS and FFR during PCI for intermediate coronary stenoses (40–70% diameter stenosis) are 20.3% and 6.1% respectively [7]. In 2011, the ACCF/AHA/SCAI PCI guidelines [8] assigned levels of evidence for the use of these modalities in various clinical situations (Table T1 I). The purpose of this consensus statement is to review recent studies, to develop a consensus of how these
Multimillion-turn beam position monitors for RHIC

During the RHIC 2003 run, two beam position monitors (BPMs) in each transverse plane in the RHIC blue ring were upgraded with high-capacity mezzanine cards. This upgrade provided these planes with the capability to digitize up to 128 million consecutive turns of RHIC beam, or almost 30 minutes of continuous beam centroid phase space evolution for a single RHIC bunch. This paper describes necessary hardware and software changes and initial system performance. We discuss early uses and results for diagnosis of coherent beam oscillations, turn-by-turn (TBT) acquisition through a RHIC acceleration ramp, and ac-dipole nonlinear dynamics studies.
T-cell infiltration of primary CNS lymphoma

We stained 13 primary CNS lymphomas (PCNSLs) (six from patients with AIDS, seven from immunocompetent patients) with a panel of antibodies to T cells (pan T cell [CD3], T helper cell [CD4], T suppressor cell [CD8], delta/delta cell [CD4-8-]), B cells (CD20), hematopoietic cells (T200), and NK cell (CD56). We estimated the percentage of tumor cells staining with each antibody. All tumors were B-cell lymphomas. The non-AIDS tumors showed a significant infiltration with CD3+ cells (mean of 10.82% of total cells). The AIDS patients' tumors showed a smaller percentage of CD3+ infiltrating cells (mean, 4.88% of total cells) (p<0.01). CD4+ cells were 9.11% of the total hematopoietic cells in the non-AIDS patients and 3.13% in AIDS patients (p<0.01). AIDS patients showed some CD8+ cells (0.3%), which was significantly higher than in immunocompetent patients (0%) (p<0.05). Very few tumor cells stained with the NK cell and delta/delta cell markers. Both immunocompetent and AIDS patients with PCNSL exhibit significant CD3+ and CD4+ cell infiltration of their tumors; this infiltration is significantly lower in AIDS patients. AIDS patients show a minor CD8+ cell infiltration of their tumors. These results on PCNSL are different from systemic lymphomas, which show a higher CD4 and CD8 cell infiltration, and may offer insights into the more aggressive nature of AIDS-related PCNSL.
Examining student responses to frequent bullying: A latent class approach.

Bullying is a major concern in schools, yet there has been limited research examining the ways in which students respond to frequent victimization by their peers. The current study explored whether there are discrete groups of children who display similar patterns of responses to frequent bullying. We also examined the associations between the patterns of responding, characteristics of the victimization (form, chronicity, and perpetration of bullying), and co-occurring internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Latent class analysis regarding response strategies was conducted on data from 4,312 frequently victimized middle and high school students. The results revealed 4 common patterns of responses, including passive/low, active/support-seeking, aggressive and an undifferentiated/high pattern. The patterns of responses were differentially related to internalizing and externalizing symptoms, such that the children with the undifferentiated/high pattern were most likely to experience social--emotional problems and were more likely to experience indirect forms of victimization. Implications for future research on interventions with victimized children are discussed.
Bulk micromachined pressure sensor

Bulk micromachined piezoresistive pressure sensor was designed, fabricated, packaged, and tested at RIT laboratory facility. Every aspect of the fabrication is studied thoroughly and used as an educational tool in better understanding the fabrication of MEMs devices.
Developmental Perspectives on Designing for Development

In analyzing the nature and impact of the built environment one can approach the matter from many perspectives. By perspective I mean an organized set of principles, methods, and facts that help structure one’s approach to specific problems, which help delineate the major questions to be addressed and help make sense of obtained results. Three major perspectives are addressed in this volume: the architectural, the educational, and that of the environmental psychologist. It is the major thesis of this chapter that an additional perspective may also be necessary. To the extent that one is interested in the developmental consequences of the built environment (as is implied by the title of the volume) the principles, methods, and data base used by environmentally oriented developmental researchers (that is, a developmental perspective) must also be considered as potentially relevant.
The Communitarian State: Lawlessness or Law Reform for African-Americans?

Two premises guide my exploration of a communitarian image of the state. First, the state has frequently acted in a lawless fashion toward African-Americans. The state has done so by failing, through both the abusive exercise of its power and the withholding of its laws, to protect people of African descent, beginning with slavery and continuing with the contemporary second-class citizenship experienced by many African- Americans. Second, only fundamental legal and political reforms designed to dismantle the structural causes of this lawlessness will ensure that racial subordination does not further divide America into a society of irreconcilableracial enclaves.This Article explores the potential of communitarianism as a reform theory to eliminate state lawlessness toward African-Americans. Communitarianism describes a set of ideas centered around the issues of community, moral education, and shared values. Communitarianism also rests largely on the idea that, through the exercise of our mutual responsibility to each other as citizens, we will build a stable political community. Proponents of communitarianism believe that American society's preoccupation with individual rights has diminished the capacity of both the state and private institutions to solve effectively the problems that plague our communities and threaten the social order.Proponents further contend that American society has lost sight of the importance of civic duty and of the role of the family, the school, the church, and the community in identifying and inculcating shared moral values. Ultimately, I argue that communitarianism cannot change the relationship between African-Americans and the state without the sharing of power and the eradication, rather than the mere control, of racism. Therefore, communitarianism is deficient unless modified from a race-conscious perspective.In evaluating communitarianism as an alternative to liberalism, I first substantiate in Part I the claim that African-Americans experience state lawlessness. In Part II, I describe the central tenets of communitarianism and use the claim of lawlessness to justify my critique of those tenets: communitarian theory perpetuates the practice of racial subordination in that it does not explicitly include African-Americans in the deliberative processes of defining community and values, which in turn may exclude African-Americans from participation in the state and ensure continued vulnerability of African-Americans to state lawlessness. In Part III, I offer revisions to communitarian theory to address the problems of subordination that continue to distort the relationship between African-Americans and the state. I conclude by asserting the need for fundamental personal and social change in order to avert potentially apocalyptic resolution of differences between dominant and subordinatecommunities.
Youth Disserved (Reviewing Barry C. Feld, Kids, Cops, and Confessions: Inside the Interrogation Room (2013))

Notwithstanding its prominence in Law & Order television episodes, the police interrogation room remains shrouded in mystery - and mythology. What actually happens within these walls? Is the interrogation room a modern-day star chamber where aggressive police intimidate overmatched suspects through trickery and occasionally much more? Or is it a venue for well-trained and well-meaning detectives to uncover important, time-sensitive information about pending criminal cases? Or is the truth much more complicated? Professor Barry Feld’s terrific book goes far in attempting to answer these questions, specifically in relation to the interrogation of juveniles. He taps into a treasure trove of data from Minnesota, a state that has compelled the recording of police interrogations of suspects since 1994. With the help of chief prosecutors in four counties, Feld gathered and analyzed 307 tapes and transcripts of police interrogations of older juveniles (ages 16 and 17) suspected of committing felony offenses (ix, 6–7). He supplemented his extensive quantitative analysis with qualitative research, including dozens of interviews with criminal justice stakeholders in Minnesota. A rich blend of top-notch empirical scholarship and doctrinal analysis, Feld’s book is a significant contribution to our understanding of the dynamics of police interrogations - and a major step forward in achieving justice for juveniles. In a country where more than 90% of criminal defendants accept guilty pleas, “[t]he interrogation room is the trial” in many cases (7). It is critical to shine a spotlight on interrogation practices to enhance the legitimacy and accuracy of American criminal justice. Feld manages to do this with aplomb, skillfully pivoting his scholarly spotlight into the darkest corners of the interrogation room.
Curricular integration of social medicine: a prospective for medical educators.

In the United States, the health of a community falls on a continuum ranging from healthy to unhealthy and fluctuates based on several variables. Research policy and public health practice literature report substantial disparities in life expectancy, morbidity, risk factors, and quality of life, as well as persistence of these disparities among segments of the population. One such way to close this gap is to streamline medical education to better prepare our future physicians for our patients in underserved communities. Medical schools have the potential to close the gap when training future physicians by providing them with the principles of social medicine that can contribute to the reduction of health disparities. Curriculum reform and systematic formative assessment and evaluative measures can be developed to match social medicine and health disparities curricula for individual medical schools, thus assuring that future physicians are being properly prepared for residency and the workforce to decrease health inequities in the United States. We propose that curriculum reform includes an ongoing social medicine component for medical students. Continued exposure, practice, and education related to social medicine across medical school will enhance the awareness and knowledge for our students. This will result in better preparation for the zero mile stone residency set forth by the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education and will eventually lead to the outcome of higher quality physicians in the United States to treat diverse populations. Keywords: health disparities; social medicine; medical education; curriculum; LCME (Published: 14 January 2016) Citation: Med Educ Online 2016, 21: 30586 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/meo.v21.30586
Perceived Competence and Handwriting Performance in Third-grade Students

Date Presented 4/16/2015 Although it is crucial to include children in the occupational therapy decision-making process, young children may overestimate actual abilities (Wilson & Trainin, 2007). This topic will advance practice by encouraging therapists to promote developmentally appropriate self-reflection strategies.
Challenges to an integrated population health research agenda: Targets, scale, tradeoffs and timing.

a Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA b Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, USA c Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, USA d Center for Health and Community, University of California, San Francisco, USA e School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, USA f Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, USA g School of Social Welfare, University of California, Berkeley, USA
Atom Probe Tomography Characterization of Thin Film Multilayers

As the individual layer of Ti is reduced in thickness in a Ti/Nb multilayered thin film structure, the Ti layer can undergo a change in phase stability from hcp to bcc . Due to its high spatial resolution, atom probe tomography (APT) is ideally suited to characterize the compositional variations in such thin film structures. A series of hcp Ti / bcc Nb and bcc Ti / bcc Nb multilayers have been sputtered deposited and prepared as APT specimens using a Focus Ion Beam (FIB) milling procedure. The APT results have shown a substantial interdiffusion of Nb into the bcc Ti layers to a pseudo-equilibrium concentration of approximately Ti-20at%Nb while maintaining a compositionally modulated interface. In contrast, the hcp Ti layers indicated little Nb interdiffusion within the layers. Thermodynamic volumetric free energy modeling has indicated that this unexpected Nb interdiffusion facilitated the bcc phase stability. The coupling of APT results to the pseudomorphic bcc Ti phase demonstrates the capability APT has in quantifying the compositional characteristics in these types of multilayered nanocomposite systems.
Systematic Review of Palliative Care in the Rural Setting.

BackgroundMany of the world's population live in rural areas. However, access and dissemination of the advances taking place in the field of palliative care to patients living in rural areas have b...
Fire-retardant carbon-fiber-reinforced thermoset composites

Abstract The methods to enhance the flame retardant properties of flame retardant thermosetting polymer composite materials are reviewed in this chapter, and the performances of fire retardant fibers are discussed. A broad range of metal oxides and metal hydroxides that can be used as active flame retardant fillers is reviewed as well. In most cases, inorganic flame-retardants are used in high loading level, and/or combine with other flame retardants in polymer composites. Phosphorus containing flame retardants are the second most widely used class of flame retardants. Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and APP based systems are very efficient halogen free flame retardants that mainly used in polyolefin (PE, PP), thermoset resins such as epoxy resins, polyurethane, unsaturated polyester phenolic resins and others. It differs from the halogen flame-retardants, and the expansion carbon film formed during burning shows the flame-retardancy due to insulating heat and air. Introduction of TEDAP, a phosphorus-containing reactive amine, in epoxy systems results in significant improvement in Cone performance, especially in case of non-reinforced epoxy resin. The introduction of brominated epoxy vinyl ester resins delivered fire retardancy in addition to corrosion resistance – a key requirement for flame retardant polymer equipment in many industrial applications. Optimization of fiber structure through processing is always desired. For precursor-based carbon fibers, chemical reactions, structural evolution during carbonization, and the development of carbon fiber properties during processing all need further study. Furthermore, insulating coating is the common way to protect composites from fire, and the ideal coatings should at least meet the following requirements: flame retardant, low thermal conductivity, strong adhesion to the substrate, durability, wear resistant. Major types of insulating coatings for flame retardant polymer composites are also reviewed in this chapter.
Face alignment through subspace constrained mean-shifts

Deformable model fitting has been actively pursued in the computer vision community for over a decade. As a result, numerous approaches have been proposed with varying degrees of success. A class of approaches that has shown substantial promise is one that makes independent predictions regarding locations of the model's landmarks, which are combined by enforcing a prior over their joint motion. A common theme in innovations to this approach is the replacement of the distribution of probable landmark locations, obtained from each local detector, with simpler parametric forms. This simplification substitutes the true objective with a smoothed version of itself, reducing sensitivity to local minima and outlying detections. In this work, a principled optimization strategy is proposed where a nonparametric representation of the landmark distributions is maximized within a hierarchy of smoothed estimates. The resulting update equations are reminiscent of mean-shift but with a subspace constraint placed on the shape's variability. This approach is shown to outperform other existing methods on the task of generic face fitting.
Temperature Dependence Discontinuity in the Stability of Manganese-Doped Ceria Nanocrystals

CeO2 has strong potential for chemical-looping water splitting. It has been shown that manganese doping decreases interface energies of CeO2, allowing increased stability of high surface areas in this oxygen carrier oxide. The phenomenon is related to the segregation of Mn3+ at interfaces, which causes a measurable decrease in excess energy. In the present work, it is shown that, despite the stability of nanocrystals of manganese-doped CeO2 with relation to undoped CeO2, the effect is strongly dependent on the oxidation state of manganese, i.e., on the temperature. At temperatures below 800 °C, Mn is in the 3+ valence state, and coarsening is hindered by the reduced interface energetics, showing smaller crystal sizes with increasing Mn content. At temperatures above 800 °C, Mn is reduced to its 2+ valence state, and coarsening is enhanced with increasing Mn content. Atomistic simulations show the segregation of Mn to grain boundaries is relatively insensitive to the charge state of the dopant. However, po...
SOME CONTRIBUTIONS OF AND SOME CONTROVERSIES SURROUNDING THOMAS JONES AND BENJAMIN FRANKLIN FOSTER

Thomas Jones and Benjamin Franklin Foster were two early American accounting textbook authors and teachers. Their careers, spanning the middle of the nineteenth century, occurred during a time of relatively little professional activity and interchange—causing their achievements to appear even more noteworthy. While Jones did not originate the proprietary theory, he was an early advocate of financial statements and not ledger balances as the culmination of bookkeeping. While Foster appears to have made little original contribution, the wide use of his texts appears to have encouraged greater reliance on a theoretical understanding of bookkeeping.
Twelve-Year Visit

Charles is a young man of communion age whose family belongs to the Church of the Angels. He comes to the pediatric clinic for his school checkup with his parents, Mr. and Mrs. Iglesias. His parents came from the Dominican Republic before he was born and his father runs a small electronics store. They are proud of how well Charles does in school. Charles weighs 39.78 kg (87.85 pounds) and stands 149.7 cm tall (59 in.), representing the 50th percentile for weight and height; his BMI is 17.8 (52nd percentile). His blood pressure is 106/62. His tanner stage is 2. Mrs. Iglesias is worried that Charles is filling up on junk food. His parochial school has dances for his grade and Charles is concerned that the girl he wants to ask to the dance will not go with him and also that his parents want to chaperone him. Charles will have his communion at the church in a few months and his parents are worried that he is not spending enough time preparing for it, preferring to watch television and play games on the Internet.
Beyond anger: emotion regulation and social connectedness in veterans with traumatic brain injury.

Primary objective: Patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) often present with emotion dysregulation. Most TBI rehabilitation has addressed this impairment primarily in relation to anger, irritab...
ComprehENotes, an Instrument to Assess Patient Reading Comprehension of Electronic Health Record Notes: Development and Validation

Background: Patient portals are widely adopted in the United States and allow millions of patients access to their electronic health records (EHRs), including their EHR clinical notes. A patient’s ability to understand the information in the EHR is dependent on their overall health literacy. Although many tests of health literacy exist, none specifically focuses on EHR note comprehension. Objective: The aim of this paper was to develop an instrument to assess patients’ EHR note comprehension. Methods: We identified 6 common diseases or conditions (heart failure, diabetes, cancer, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and liver failure) and selected 5 representative EHR notes for each disease or condition. One note that did not contain natural language text was removed. Questions were generated from these notes using Sentence Verification Technique and were analyzed using item response theory (IRT) to identify a set of questions that represent a good test of ability for EHR note comprehension. Results: Using Sentence Verification Technique, 154 questions were generated from the 29 EHR notes initially obtained. Of these, 83 were manually selected for inclusion in the Amazon Mechanical Turk crowdsourcing tasks and 55 were ultimately retained following IRT analysis. A follow-up validation with a second Amazon Mechanical Turk task and IRT analysis confirmed that the 55 questions test a latent ability dimension for EHR note comprehension. A short test of 14 items was created along with the 55-item test. Conclusions: We developed ComprehENotes, an instrument for assessing EHR note comprehension from existing EHR notes, gathered responses using crowdsourcing, and used IRT to analyze those responses, thus resulting in a set of questions to measure EHR note comprehension. Crowdsourced responses from Amazon Mechanical Turk can be used to estimate item parameters and select a subset of items for inclusion in the test set using IRT. The final set of questions is the first test of EHR note comprehension.
Industry and Society in Late Prehistoric Europe

My remarks will focus on one aspect of the theme of this volume, and that is production, specifically industrial, as opposed to subsistence production. The role of trade in the development of centers and the emergence of towns, cities, and civilization has been much discussed among American and British anthropological archaeologists, with reference to developments in both the Old and New Worlds. Production of goods for such trade was of course necessary to provide something to trade, yet the manufacturing side of the equation has received relatively little attention.
The History, Law, and Psychology of Criminalizing Marijuana: A Comparative Analysis with Alcohol and Tobacco

Alcohol, tobacco, and to a lesser degree, cannabis all have been a part of the history and culture of the United States since before the founding of our nation, yet these substances are regulated in very different ways today. Some advocate that cannabis should be regulated in the same way that alcohol and tobacco are regulated, while others are strongly opposed. With alcohol and tobacco both causing far more fatalities each year than marijuana and with addiction rates higher for alcohol and tobacco than marijuana, one cannot help but wonder why alcohol and tobacco are merely regulated, while marijuana is illegal on the federal level under the most restrictive category, as a Schedule I substance under the Controlled Substances Act. This curiosity is deeply tied into the history of these drugs and several aspects of human psychology. In the meantime we are left to wonder, what’s up with that?
Novel Delocalized Rings Involving Heavier Main Group Elements

Abstract The synthetic problems involved in the isolation of various stable delocalized rings involving heavier main group elements are outlined. The results to date indicate that the major obstacles to achieving extensive delocalization are large inversion barriers in the heavier elements and the amount of ionic character in bonds between the ring members.