cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
School Psychology Trainers' Identification of Current Stressors in the Work Lives of Urban Practitioners: A Comparison Study.

The focus of this study is to investigate school psychology trainers' identification of current stressors in the work lives of practitioners. Surveys rating 40 stressors on a Likert-type scale were completed by 161 school psychology graduate faculty, members of the School Psychology Educators Council of New York State. Survey results were compared to the job-related stressors identified by New York City Psychologists using an almost identical questionnaire. While there appears to be general agreement between faculty trainers and practitioners on the identification and relative ranking of work-related stress, the faculty trainers consider those events to be more stressful than do the practitioners. Faculty's recognition of the environmental forces that negatively impact upon the experience of school psychologists should provide impetus for the development of graduate programs that address stress prevention and/or coping strategies. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Anisotropic Ultrasound Propagation in a Cholesteric Liquid Crystal

Abstract We report here a detailed study of the propagation of longitudinal ultrasound through a magnetically aligned cholesteric liquid crystal (a mixture of cholesteryl chloride and cholesteryl myristate, 1.75: 1 by weight). The observed velocity anisotropy is tentatively attributed to dispersion and an attenuation anisotropy was observed for the first time. The temperature dependence of several elastic constants and combinations of viscosity coefficients was determined. A new expression for the attenuation was derived from the hydrodynamic equations, and from a twisted nematic model. A more detailed report of the acoustic Brillouin zone effect is also presented.
The impact of diabetes process and outcome quality measures on overall survival in patients with co-morbid colorectal cancer

Purpose To evaluate the effect of prevalent diabetes mellitus (DM) and quality of diabetes process and outcome measures on overall survival in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients.
Synthesis of degradable molecular brushes via a combination of ring‐opening polymerization and click chemistry

Acid-degradable molecular brushes with polycarbonate backbone and densely grafted side chains (∼1.9 SCs per backbone repeating unit) were synthesized for the first time using the grafting-onto method. Extremely efficient copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition click reactions between the polycarbonate backbone containing two pendant azido groups per backbone unit and alkynyl-terminated poly (methyl acrylate) (ay-PMA72, average degree of polymerization DP = 72) SCs were demonstrated to finish in 10 min with a quantitative conversion of the azido groups. Similar grafting efficiencies were also achieved when using alkynyl-terminated polystyrene (ay-PS), poly(ethylene oxide) (ay-PEO), and poly (t-butyl acrylate)-b-polystyrene (ay-PtBA-b-PS) to successfully prepare molecular brushes with high grafting density (>1.8 SCs per backbone repeating unit). Under acidic condition, the polycarbonate backbones were completely degradable and the final degraded product of the molecular brushes was a linear polymer chain with molecular weight two times of the SCs. When a mixture of hydrophobic ay-PS and hydrophilic ay-PEO chains was used, amphiphilic heterobrushes PC-g-(PS-co-PEO) were synthesized, which could self-assemble into micelles or vesicles in selective solvents, depending on the ratio of the two SCs in the brush. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 239–248
Board-Like Dibenzo[fg,op]Naphthacenes: Synthesis, Characterization, Self-Assembly, and Liquid Crystallinity

We report the synthesis and characterization of a series of board-like (“sanidic”) compounds with dibenzo[fg,op]naphthacene cores. The compounds exhibit good self-assembly into one-dimensional belt-like structures, and also smectic liquid crystal phases typical of rod-like molecules, but with important differences ascribed to their board-like shapes.
Effect of restraint systems on maxillofacial injury in frontal motor vehicle collisions

Abstract Purpose Motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) are the leading cause of maxillofacial fractures. Additionally, maxillofacial injuries are the most common injury related to air bag deployment. We sought to characterize the occupant restraint system (seat belt and air bag) and collision characteristics associated with MVC-related maxillofacial injuries. Materials and methods The 1991–2000 National (United States) Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System (CDS) data files were used. The CDS is a national probability sample of passenger vehicles involved in police-reported tow-away MVCs. Analysis was limited to front seat occupants involved in frontal collisions of delta-V (estimated change in velocity) of greater than 15 km/hr. The risk of facial injury was calculated according to occupants’ restraint use (unrestrained, seat belt only, air bag only, and seat belt and air bag combined) and compared using risk ratios (RRs) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Occupants restrained with a seat belt only (RR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.40 to 0.57) or a seat belt and an air bag (RR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.73 to 0.94) had a significantly reduced risk of any facial injury compared with completely unrestrained occupants. There was no association for those restrained with an air bag only (RR, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.82 to 1.73). A similar pattern of results was observed for moderate to severe facial injuries and for facial fractures. Conclusion Seat belt use significantly reduces the risk of facial injury in frontal MVCs. Air bag use was not associated with the risk of facial injury.
Costs and Benefits of Reducing Fuel Burn and Emissions from Taxiing Aircraft: Low-Hanging Fruit?

While taxiing, aircraft are powered by their main engines. This paper estimates the potential reductions in costs and emissions that could be achieved with tugs or an electric motor embedded in the landing gear to propel aircraft on the ground. The use of tugs would result in the avoidance of $20/ton of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions if the measure were adopted for all domestic flights. Estimates of average net savings for airlines vary from $100 per flight at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City to a loss of $160 per flight in Honolulu, Hawaii. Electric taxiing would save between $30 and $240/ton of CO2 emissions avoided. Either approach could reduce CO2 emissions from domestic flights in the United States by about 1.5 million tons each year, or about 1.1% of the total emissions in 2006. If the switch were limited to large narrow-body aircraft on domestic service at the busiest airports in the United States, the total reduction in emissions would be 0.5 million tons of CO2 annually, acc...
Development of slender transport pathways in unsaturated fractured rock: Simulation with modified invasion percolation

[1] Slender transport pathways have been found in laboratory and field experiments within unsaturated fractured rock. Here we consider the simulation of such structures with a Modified form of Invasion Percolation (MIP). Results show that slender pathways form in fracture networks for a wide range of expected conditions, can be maintained when subsequent matrix imbibition is imposed, and may arise even in the context of primarily matrix flow due to the action of fractures as barriers to inter-matrix block transport.
Cancer screening. Knowledge, recommendations, and practices of physicians

Background. Americans visit their primary care physicians several times a year. These visits provide physicians with many opportunities to reduce cancer risk in their patients by recommending periodic cancer screening. There is evidence of noncompliance among primary care physicians and their patients with regard to periodic cancer screening. Barriers to screening may be perceived by physicians and patients. Results. The authors found that when physicians recommended cancer screening tests, the compliance among patients was relatively high. Conclusion. Primary care physicians can take the opportunity to recommend cancer screening tests during routine patient visits, and this strategy may well increase cancer screening rates in the population.
A nonlinear analysis of infinitely long graphite-epoxy cylindrical panels loaded with internal pressure

The structural response of internally pressurized composite cylindrical panels, representative of a transport aircraft's fuselage skins, is predicted by means of a one-dimensional, geometrically nonlinear analysis. An analytical study is conducted for the response of 4-, 8-, and 16-ply graphite/epoxy skins. The results obtained indicate that the response is geometrically nonlinear, and that a boundary layer with a severe bending gradient exists at the panel edges. The importance of through-the-thickness shearing deformations in the bending boundary layer is illustrated through comparison of analyses based on Kirchhoff-Love and shear deformation theories. Numerical results for the bending boundary layer lengths of the different panels are presented, and two bending boundary layers are predicted with the shear deformation theory.
Structural and electrical characterization of ohmic contacts to graphitized silicon carbide

Titanium was deposited onto silicon carbide (6H-SiC) using the 248 nm line of an excimer laser in a vacuum of 10(-6) Torr, and ohmic contacts were formed by annealing the structure at approximately 1000 degrees C. Further anneals between 1350 and 1430 degrees C did not degrade the formed contacts, and Raman analysis confirmed that sublimation of silicon from the near surface layers of the silicon carbide between the contact pads resulted in graphene formation after 5 min, 1428 degrees C anneals. The graphene formation was accompanied by a significant enhancement of ohmic behavior, and, it was found to be sensitive to the temperature ramp-up rate and annealing time. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy showed that the interface between the metal and silicon carbide remained sharp and free of macroscopic defects even after 30 min, 1430 degrees C anneals. The interface was determined to be carbon rich by elemental analysis, which indicates metal carbide formation. The potential of this approach for achieving ohmic contacts and graphene formation on silicon carbide substrates is discussed. A mechanism for the sequential formation of ohmic contacts then graphene is proposed.
Maturation of Japanese encephalitis virus glycoproteins produced by infected mammalian and mosquito cells

The Japanese encephalitis virus (JE) structural glycoprotein (E) and two nonstructural glycoproteins (NS1 and NS1') were processed differently by JE-infected vertebrate and invertebrate cell lines. All three proteins were released slowly (t1/2 greater than 6 hr) from JE-infected monkey cells (Vero cells). Mosquito cell lines released E at a similar rate (t1/2 greater than 8 hr), while NS1 and NS1' were retained in an undegraded form in the cell layer. The proteolytic processing of the three proteins appeared identical in both cell types, but some differences in N-linked glycosylation were observed. E, NS1, and NS1' found within the infected cells of both types contained high-mannose oligosaccharide groups for more than 8 hr after synthesis. Additional sugar residues were added to the single E protein oligosaccharide group prior to release from Vero cells, while sugar residues were trimmed from the E protein oligosaccharide group prior to release from mosquito cells. The forms of NS1 and NS1' found in the culture fluid of infected Vero cells contained one complex and one high-mannose oligosaccharide. All three glycoproteins released from JE-infected Vero cells were associated with extracellular particles, the virion in the case of E and a low density particle in the case of and NS1' exhibited amphipathic properties in Triton X-114 extraction experiments. Taken together, these results suggest that both the structural (E) and nonstructural (NS1 and NS1') glycoproteins were pathway of the infected Vero cells, assembled into particles, and then released into the extracellular fluid.
The Value of Information in an Online Consumer Electronics Market

Abstract Consumers who bought electronics products at the lowest prices on Shopper.com during 2000 and 2001 saved an average of 16% off the average listed price. The value of the information provided by a service such as Shopper.com depends on the size of the market, which is consistent with a variety of theories. When two firms list prices, consumers save 11% by purchasing at the lowest price rather than at the average price. These savings jump to 20% when more than 30 firms list prices. However, the potential savings accrue only to consumers on the “right” side of the digital divide.
Efficient inhibition of intimal hyperplasia by adenovirus-mediated inducible nitric oxide synthase gene transfer to rats and pigs in vivo

Abstract Background: Inadequate nitric oxide (NO) availability may underlie vascular smooth muscle overgrowth that contributes to vascular occlusive diseases including atherosclerosis and restenosis. NO possesses a number of properties that should inhibit this hyperplastic healing response, such as promoting reendothelialization, preventing platelet and leukocyte adherence, and inhibiting cellular proliferation. Study Design: We proposed that shortterm but sustained increases in NO synthesis achieved with inducible NO synthase (iNOS) gene transfer at sites of vascular injury would prevent intimal hyperplasia. We constructed an adenoviral vector, AdiNOS, carrying the human iNOS cDNA and used it to express iNOS at sites of arterial injury in vivo. Results: AdiNOS-treated cultured vascular smooth muscle cells produced up to 100-fold more NO than control cells. In vivo iNOS gene transfer, using low concentrations of AdiNOS (2 × 10 6 plaque forming units [PFU]/rat) to injured rat carotid arteries, resulted in a near complete (>95%) reduction in neointima formation even when followed longterm out to 6 weeks post-injury. This protective effect was reversed by the continuous administration of an iNOS selective inhibitor L-N 6 -(1-iminoethyl)-lysine. However, iNOS gene transfer did not lead to regression of preestablished neointimal lesions. In an animal model more relevant to human vascular healing, iNOS gene transfer (5 × 10 8 PFU/pig) to injured porcine iliac arteries in vivo was also efficacious, reducing intimal hyperplasia by 51.8%. Conclusions: These results indicate that shortterm overexpression of the iNOS gene initiated at the time of vascular injury is an effective method of locally increasing NO levels to prevent intimal hyperplasia.
Experiments on contact of a loop with a substrate to measure work of adhesion

A technique for characterizing surface energies of solid materials is investigated experimentally and numerically. A narrow strip is bent into a loop, pushed into contact with a flat substrate, and then pulled off the substrate. Provided the loop is sufficiently flexible, the size of the contact zone during this process was expected to depend on the interfacial interactions. Larger adhesion forces should tend to increase the contact size, in a manner analogous to the JKR technique. The experiments involve a poly (dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) loop and glass substrates with various coatings. Anticlastic bending of the loop affects the contact zone. Hysteresis is observed between the loading and unloading data. A three-dimensional finite element analysis is conducted in which adhesion forces are not included, and results from a two-dimensional elastica model of the loop are utilized for comparison purposes. The contact zone appears to be insensitive to the adhesive interactions between the loop and the substrat...
INTERFACING FOR LASER FLASH PHOTOLYSIS EXPERIMENTS: A NEW APPROACH

— A computer-controlled nanosecond laser flash photolysis system incorporating a CAMAC interface system is described. The resulting system provides many benefits, particularly with regard to ease of operation and flexibility. The use of readily available, off-the-shelf components results in rapid installation, high-level language programability, expandability, and moderate cost. Transient absorption spectra of the benzophenone triplet, ketyl radical and ketyl radical anion in aqueous acetonitrile, demonstrate the utility of the apparatus described.
Recent developments in the management of herpes simplex virus infection in HIV-infected persons.

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and HIV have certain common features, including persistence, stigma, and treatment that effectively decreases viral replication but cannot achieve cure. There has been continuing interest in these 2 viruses and their interrelationship since disease caused by HIV was first reported in 1981 and acyclovir was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 1982. At one time, it was thought that acyclovir might be useful in treatment of HIV infection because of evidence that it slowed disease progression [1], an observation that is now hypothesized to be attributable to suppression of CD4 + cell activation by persistent HSV coinfection. Views of the relationship between HIV and HSV have now taken a different direction, but one that has substantial support in clinical observations and biology, the importance of HSV in facilitating HIV transmission. This comes at a time of renewed attention to prevention of HIV infection, with the publication of new guidelines from the US Public Health Service [2], although the specific issue of HSV coinfection is barely mentioned. Management of HSV is particularly important in HIV-positive persons, who may experience severe and prolonged outbreaks. Recurrences may be more frequent or chronic and may become nearly continuous as immunosuppression progresses. Episodic or suppressive therapy with oral antiviral agents is often beneficial in the management of HSV disease in HIV-infected persons [3]. Acyclovir, famciclovir, and valacyclovir suppressive therapy have all been studied in HIVimmunocompromised persons [4‐6]. The newer antiviral agents offer increased convenience over acyclovir, and valacyclovir may offer superior efficacy, compared with acyclovir [7]. The choice of treatment regimen is subjective and may be driven by cost, frequency and severity of the HSV outbreak, and patient preference for episodic or (daily) suppressive therapy. One of the most important studies relevant to the role of HSV in HIV trans
Wind turbine blade damage detection using an active sensing approach

The wind energy sector is one of the fastest growing parts of the clean energy industry. As the wind energy sector grows, so does an increasing concern for the damage detection of wind turbine blades. This paper proposes an active sensing approach by utilizing piezoceramic transducers as actuators and sensors. The influence of the crack quantity, location, length and depth on the wave propagation was experimentally studied. Sweep sine signals ranging from 1 khz to 50 khz were used as input signals for active sensing. The change in the energy that propagated through the cracks was verified as feasible in detecting crack-related damage. An innovative polar plot analysis method based on Fast Fourier transform was developed to compare the minuscule difference between the damage signals and the baseline signal. The polar plot was able to make apparent differences in both the magnitude and the phase of the signals, which could be correlated to crack depth and plane geometry, respectively, based on the observation of the damage.
Computerized System for Outcomes-Based Antiemetic Therapy in Children

OBJECTIVE:To introduce a computerized data collection system used for an outcomes-based approach to antiemetic therapy in children, and to present data collected with this system in support of a new antiemetic dosing regimen.METHODS:A validated nausea/vomiting survey was used to collect data on nausea severity (NSEV), vomiting severity (VSEV), daily activity interference (DAI), and the number of vomiting episodes. NSEV, VSEV, and DAI were rated as 0 = none to 3 = severe. All children and/or their parents were surveyed following the completion of each highly emetogenic chemotherapy regimen. This survey was computerized and transferred to a handheld data entry unit. Time and motion studies were performed to compare the time required to collect nausea/vomiting data and transfer the data to a computerized database with the handheld system versus traditional paper (manual) surveys. The handheld technology was used to collect survey data for children receiving a new antiemetic regimen (daily ondansetron and dex...
Distribution of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in the Mouse Brain as Revealed by Immunohistochemistry

The distribution of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was studied immunohistochemically in the brain of the adult mouse with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method. Primary antisera were prepared against unconjugated synthetic GnRH and GnRH conjugated to limpet hemocyanin or bovine serum albumin. GnRH was localized in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terniinalis (OVLT), with the greatest amount being found ventral to the cephalic end of the third ventricle. In the cephalic region of the median eminence, GnRH was present in a transverse band close to the ventral surface of the brain. In the broad central region of the median eminence, it was concentrated bilaterally in longitudinal bands located dorsal to the tuberoinfundibular sulci. More caudally, near the junction of the infundibulum with the brain, GnRH accumulated over the apex of the tuberoinfundibular sulci, with several foci being scattered from this region medially to the ependyma of the third ventricle. The greatest aggregation of GnR...
Procedural Fidelity: An Analysis of Measurement and Reporting Practices

A systematic analysis was conducted of measurement and reporting practices related to procedural fidelity in single-case research for the past 30 years. Previous reviews of fidelity primarily repor...
Epidemiological evaluation of notifications of environmental events in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

Increasing urbanization across the globe, combined with an increased use of chemicals in various regions, contributes to several environmental events that influence environmental health. Measures that identify environmental factors and events should be introduced to facilitate epidemiological investigations by health services. The Brazilian Ministry of Health published a new list of notifiable diseases on 25 January 2011 and introduced environmental events as a new category of notifiable occurrences. The Center for Epidemiologic Surveillance in State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, created an online notification system that highlights “environmental events”, such as exposure to chemical contaminants, drinking water with contaminants outside of the recommended range, contaminated air, and natural or anthropogenic disasters. This paper analyzed 300 notifications received between May 2011 and May 2012. It reports the number of notifications with event classifications and analyzes the events relating to accidents with chemical substances. This paper describes the characteristics of the accidents that involved chemical substances, methods used, types of substances, exposed population, and measures adopted. The online notification of environmental events increases the analysis of the main events associated with diseases related to environmental chemicals; thus, it facilitates the adoption of public policies to prevent environmental health problems.
Evaluation of sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBECD) accumulation and voriconazole pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy

Intravenous (IV) voriconazole is not recommended in patients with creatinine clearance 18 years old receiving IV voriconazole for a known or suspected invasive fungal infection while undergoing CRRT. Serial blood and effluent samples were collected on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and every 3 to 5 days thereafter. SBECD, voriconazole, and voriconazole N-oxide plasma and effluent concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacogenetic analyses were conducted. Ten patients (mean ± standard deviation (SD)) 53 ± 11 years old, 50% male, 81 ± 14 kg, with Acute Physiologic and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) scores of 31.5 ± 3.8 were evaluated. All patients underwent continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) with a median predilution replacement fluid rate of 36 (interquartile range (IQR) 32 to 37) ml/kg/hr and total ultrafiltration rate of 38 (IQR 34 to 39) ml/kg/hr. Mean ± SD voriconazole and SBECD dosages administered were 8.1 ± 2.1 mg/kg/day and 129 ± 33 mg/kg/day, respectively. Voriconazole plasma trough concentrations were >1 mg/L in all patients with CVVH accounting for only 15% of the total body clearance. CVVH accounted for 86% of the total body clearance of SBECD with the majority of the dose being recovered in the effluent. Minimal increases in dose normalized SBECD area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 12 hours (AUC0-12) (4,484 ± 4,368 to 4,553 ± 2,880 mg*hr/L; P = 0.97) were observed after study day 1. CVVH effectively removed SBECD at a rate similar to the ultrafiltration rate. Voriconazole clearance by CVVH was not clinically significant. Standard dosages of IV voriconazole can be utilized in patients undergoing CVVH without significant risk of SBECD accumulation. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01101386 . Registered 6 April 2010.
Correlations between osteocalcin content, degree of mineralization, and mechanical properties of C. Carpio rib bone

Osteocalcin is one of the most abundant noncollagenous proteins in bone. It is strongly associated with the mineral phase of bone, and has long been associated as a marker of bone turnover. However, its relationship to bone composition, strength, and structure is unclear. Carp rib bone is an excellent model for the study, because osteocalcin represents almost 60% of the total extractable noncollagenous proteins found in it. Because of the abundance of osteocalcin relative to other extractable proteins, any changes in the properties of carp rib bone would be more likely influenced by the osteocalcin concentration. To test the hypotheses that the concentration of osteocalcin is reflected in other properties of bone, the correlations between the osteocalcin concentration and the mineral content, microstructural properties, and physical characteristics of the bone mineral crystals were determined utilizing radioimmunoassay (RIA), spectrophotometry, nanoindentation, and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) techniques, respectively. Osteocalcin concentration was found to be correlated to the molar Ca/P ratio and inversely correlated to the elastic modulus and hardness in the longitudinal plane. This study provides evidence for a putative relationship between the concentration of osteocalcin and the microstructural mechanical properties of bone. Correlations were also found between the mechanical properties in the longitudinal plane and both the phosphate content and the molar Ca/P ratio. However, no relationships could be identified between osteocalcin concentration and several parameters of bone crystals, as determined by SAXS.
Mapping cell-mediated immunodominant domains of the rubella virus structural proteins using recombinant proteins and synthetic peptides

Although it is known that rubella-immune individuals have T cells that proliferate in vitro in response to rubella virus (RV), the determinants that evoke this response have not been identified. This study utilized recombinant proteins that express overlapping sequences of the RV structural open reading frame to identify domains of the structural proteins that contain cell-mediated immunodominant sequences. Lysates enriched with RV fusion proteins (RecA-RV-LacZ) were prepared from Escherichia coli transformed with plasmids which contained specific RV cDNA inserts. Approximately 62% of RV-immune individuals gave RV-specific responses to one or more of the RV fusion proteins. Over 10% of immune individuals recognized the capsid sequence C1-C29. Lymphoproliferation data from studies using six overlapping synthetic peptides representing this sequence suggested that as much as 70% of the immune population may recognize this domain. An E1 sequence, E1202-E1283, was recognized by 15% of the RV-immune individuals with the fusion proteins. Five synthetic peptides representing this sequence had an overall response rate of 50%. The sequence C64-C97 failed to evoke any RV-specific responses with the fusion proteins and synthetic peptides representing this sequence were used to verify that the RV fusion proteins and the criteria used to identify RV-specific responses were adequate. These peptides gave a response rate of only 6%. In general, significant responses to specific fusion proteins correlated with high responses (stimulation index ⩾ 4.0) to representative synthetic peptides. This study suggests that the recombinant proteins were beneficial in identifying cell-mediated immunodominant domains of the RV structural proteins which could be further characterized with synthetic peptides.
Blunted functional responses to pre- and postjunctional sympathetic stimulation in hibernating myocardium.

Regional reductions in norepinephrine-tracer uptake are found in pigs with hibernating myocardium. Clinical studies would suggest that this is evidence for denervation; however, the functional resp...
Circulant-Graph-Based Fault-Tolerant Routing for All-Optical WDM LANs

High demands in data delivery latency and communication reliability encourage the use of fault-tolerance-enhanced all-optical WDM networks. Low latency is satisfied by setting up a direct lightpath between any communication pair to enable one-shot transmission. High reliability is met by establishing multiple disjoint lightpaths from the source to the destination. In this paper, we explore the fault-tolerance potential in circulant graphs, which offer good flexibility in the number of supported nodes and network connectivity. We propose a circulant-graph-based all-optical network architecture together with a fault-tolerant routing algorithm. Network resource utilization is analytically calculated and results show that increasing network connectivity helps reduce the required number of wavelengths for simultaneous all-node communications. A connection reliability model is developed combining both node and link failure effects. The reliability benefit obtained from the proposed algorithm grows almost linearly with network connectivity increase in a logarithmic scale.
Children's Environmental Health: New Gains in Science and Policy

Recognition of the interconnectedness of the environment and human health stimulated the sanitary reform movement of the nineteenth century, a massive effort to bring clean water, decent housing, and effective waste removal to cities in Europe and the United States. The movement achieved great gains in public health and resulted in substantial enhancement of the quality and length of human life. Paradoxically, in much of the twentieth century, the relation between the environment and human health was forgotten. The result was that little concern was given in environmental law and regulation to protecting public health. In the 1990s, a new recognition of interconnections between environment and health was established, with children's health as the focal point. This article reviews the historical relation between environmental protection and public health. It traces the separation of these two fields and focuses on the role of children's environmental health in the current rejoining of the disciplines.
In-situ jitter tolerance measurement technique for Serial I/O

A 10.2-12.5 Gb/s CDR incorporating an on-die jitter modulation circuit that enables in-situ jitter tolerance testing is demonstrated in 65 nm CMOS. Sinusoidal jitter is introduced into the CDR loop by modulating the control voltage of the LC-VCO and is programmable in amplitude and frequency. The modulation frequency range is 340 kHz-104 MHz with modulation amplitudes up to 44 UIpp. The on-die jitter tolerance measurements correlate to conventional external jitter tolerance results within 10% across a 0.73-23.5 MHz range.
PERSISTENCE OF THE 4 TO 5-DAY ACTIVITY CYCLES IN VITAMIN A DEFICIENT RATS WITH CONSTANT CORNIFICATION OF THE VAGINAL EPITHELIUM11

SINCE IT is WELL known that the spontaneous activity of normal rats has a rhythm paralleling that of the cellular cycle of the vaginal epithelium, it becomes of interest to know whether these activity cycles persist in vitamin A deficient rats whose vaginal epithelium is constantly cornified. Evans (1) reported that vitamin A deficient female rats with constant cornification of the vaginal epithelium accepted the male at regular 5-day intervals, indicating a persistence of the sex rhythm. Moreover, 22 per cent of the copulations resulted in the birth of living young. More recently, Mason and Ellison (2) reported that estrous changes could be detected in the vaginal eipthc lium of the vitamin A deficient rat by supravital study of the cells. It was decided then to determine whether the activity cycles persist during the period of continuous cornification and, if so, whether they are altered in any way.
Endoscopic corpus callosotomy and hemispherotomy.

OBJECT Corpus callosotomy and hemispherotomy are conventionally performed via a large craniotomy with the aid of a microscope for children with intractable epilepsy. Primary technical considerations include completeness of disconnection and blood loss. The authors describe an endoscopic technique performed through a microcraniotomy for these procedures. METHODS Four patients with drop attacks and 2 with intractable seizures related to a neonatal stroke underwent endoscopic complete corpus callosotomy and hemispherotomy, respectively. The surgeries were performed through a 2- to 3-cm precoronal microcraniotomy. Interhemispheric dissection to the corpus callosum was done using the standard technique. Subsequently, the bimanual technique with a suction device mounted on an endoscope was used to perform a complete corpus callosotomy, including interforniceal and anterior commissure disconnection. In patients who had hemispherotomy, the fornix was resected posteriorly and lateral disconnection was done by unro...
After the Women's Health Initiative: decision making and trust of women taking hormone therapy.

Objective To describe decision making and trust of women who were on hormone therapy (estrogen and progestin or estrogen alone) when the Women’s Health Initiative findings were initially released July 9, 2002. Methods Telephone surveys of 204 patients randomly selected from a large academic primary care practice (66% response rate) were conducted from July to September 2003. Women age 50 years and older who were taking hormone therapy on July 9, 2002, were included. The survey assessed: prevalence of discontinuing hormone therapy; knowledge of and reactions to the Women’s Health Initiative; trust in medical recommendations; and future prevention behavior. Results Of 204 women, their mean age was 61 years, 70% were white, 56% were college educated, and 54% were taking both estrogen and progestin. Most (94%) had heard of the Women’s Health Initiative and the majority (70%) stopped hormone therapy. Being nonwhite (adjusted RR 1.37, 95% CI [1.16–1.48]) and having taken estrogen and progestin (1.37, [1.18–1.49]) were significantly associated with stopping hormone therapy. Among women who had heard of the Women’s Health Initiative (n = 191), 26% reported losing trust in medical recommendations generally and 34% were less willing than before the Women’s Health Initiative to take new drugs to prevent heart disease. Nonwhites were less willing than whites to take new drugs for heart disease prevention (aRR 1.58 [1.02–2.18]). Conclusions Most women discontinued hormone therapy after the Women’s Health Initiative results were published. Given their experience with hormone therapy, some women, particularly nonwhites, are now less trusting of medical recommendations and less likely to take drugs for cardiovascular disease prevention.
Performance-Energy Optimizations for Shared Vector Accelerators in Multicores

For multicore processors with a private vector coprocessor (VP) per core, VP resources may not be highly utilized due to limited data-level parallelism (DLP) in applications. Also, under low VP utilization static power dominates the total energy consumption. We enhance here our previously proposed VP sharing framework for multicores in order to increase VP utilization while reducing the static energy. We describe two power-gating (PG) techniques to dynamically control the VP's width based on utilization figures. Floating-point results on an FPGA prototype show that the PG techniques reduce the energy needs by 30-35 percent with negligible performance reduction as compared to a multicore with the same amount of hardware resources where, however, each core is attached to a private VP.
Particle Dynamics in Electro-Magnetic Fields

The most obvious components of particle accelerators and beam transport systems are those that provide the beam guidance and focusing system. Whatever the application may be, a beam of charged particles is expected by design to follow closely a prescribed path along a desired beam transport line or along a closed orbit in case of circular accelerators. The forces required to bend and direct the charged particle beam or provide focusing to hold particles close to the ideal path are known as the Lorentz forces and are derived from electric and magnetic fields through the Lorentz equation.
Severe hypoxia of ascites and increased 18F-FDG uptake in ascites carcinomas: A paradox to Warburg effect

1137 Objectives Warburg reported his discovery that in the presence of ample oxygen (21% or 150 mmHg O2), cancer cells utilize glucose by “aerobic glycolysis” in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma model, that is Warburg effect. since the presence of hypoxia, partial oxygen pressure (pO2) Methods Ascites carcinoma (floating single cells or clusters) and peritoneal tumors (attached to serosa) were induced by HT29, A549 or MDA-MB-231 cancer cells in the mouse peritoneal cavity. pO2 of ascites was measured using OxyLite systems in ketamine anesthetized mice. 18F-FDG and hypoxia marker pimonidazole (PIMO) was administrated and their distributions were assessed by autoradiography and immunohistochemistry. Effect of carbogen breathing (95% O2 & 5% CO2) on 18F-FDG uptake was examined. Results The median pO2 of ascites was 0.90 mmHg (0.5% O2). Ascites carcinomas stained positive for PIMO indicting presence of severe hypoxia, and they had elevated 18F-FDG activity. 18F-FDG uptake was significantly higher in Conclusions In mice, ascites and ascites carcinoma are severely hypoxic. Glucose utilization measured by 18F-FDG autoradiograph is increased in hypoxic cancer cells, but not as much in oxygenated cancer cells, which might be explained by anaerobic glycolysis pathway rather than “aerobic glycolysis” of glucose metabolism, thus a challenge for conventional Warburg effect theory. Research Support Supported by Kentucky Lung Cancer Research program to XFL
Quality of Service Specifications in Small-Scale Proximity-Aware Mobile Sensor Sharing Frameworks

Proximity-awareness, that is, a mobile device being aware of the presence and capabilities of other devices in its proximity, can be beneficial in many frameworks that support spontaneous sharing of sensors available in advanced personal mobile devices (e.g., smartphones and tablets). Providing Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees in such frameworks is highly challenging because of the dynamic and loosely coupled nature of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs). A framework called the SPontaneous Information and Resource sharing InfrasTructure (SPIRIT) has been presented before to address the challenges of proximity-aware mobile sensor sharing. SPIRIT allows mobile applications to share sensors as services in an automatic fashion by enabling the service providers and clients to express a variety of QoS specifications. This paper presents a set of mobility-aware QoS mechanisms for enabling the implementation of QoS specifications along the multihop paths between service providers and clients in highly mobile environments. Simulations in small-scale Mobile Ad Hoc Networks show SPIRIT’s ability to effectively control and manage traffic flows while maintaining desired QoS. The implications of the proposed QoS mechanisms extend beyond the scope of SPIRIT, as QoS provisioning is an important issue in many MANET frameworks and applications including Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs).
Comparative study of hematological responses to platinum group metals, antimony and silver nanoparticles in animal models.

Research was conducted to examine the hematological effects of heavy metals (platinum (Pt (IV)), palladium (Pd (II)), rhodium (Rh (III)), antimony (Sb (III) and Sb (V)), and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)) on white blood cells in mammalian (rat) and avian (chick embryo) models. These metals are used in many everyday products and are accumulating in our environment. Six—week old Sprague—Dawley female rats were treated daily by gavage and six—day old, fertile, specific pathogen—free white leghorn strain chick embryos’ eggs were injected on days 7 and 14 of incubation with 0.0, 1.0, 5.0 or 10.0 ppm concentrations of Pt (IV) and a platinum group metal (PGM) mix of Pt (IV), Pd (II) and Rh (III). Chick embryos were also tested with 1.0 or 5.0 ppm of antimony compounds (Sb (III) and Sb (V)) and 0.0, 15.0, 30.0, 60.0, or 100.0 ppm of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). After 8 weeks of treatment, blood was obtained from the rats by jugular cut down and from chick embryos on day 20 of incubation by heart puncture. Blood s...
SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURE, AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF NEW RU26+ COMPOUNDS

Three compounds containing the Ru26+ core have been prepared by clean and convenient synthetic routes: [Ru2(ap)4(OH2)][CF3SO3]2, [Ru2(ap)4F][PF6], and [Ru2(ap)4Cl][FeCl4] (ap = anilinopyridinate). The third one has been structurally characterized from a crystal of [Ru2(ap)4Cl][FeCl4]·2.5CH2Cl2 and contains the Ru26+ core in a coordination environment identical to that of an Ru25+ compound. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1, with a = 9.660(2) A, b = 16.237(3) A, c = 17.724(4) A, α = 86.34(3)°, β = 77.19(3)°, γ = 78.34(3)°, and Z = 2. The Ru−Ru distance is 2.301(1) A, and the magnetic moment indicates the presence of two unpaired electrons. A σ2π4δ2π*2 electron configuration is inferred.
A method for quantitating flexibility changes of pelvic joints in rats and mice.

SummaryA method was devised for measuring small differences in pelvic joint flexibility in rats and mice. The procedure in which weights are used to produce joint flexion and a protractor to measure the amount of flexion in degrees is described.
Activation of D1/5 Dopamine Receptors: A Common Mechanism for Enhancing Extinction of Fear and Reward-Seeking Behaviors

Dopamine is critical for many processes that drive learning and memory, including motivation, prediction error, incentive salience, memory consolidation, and response output. Theories of dopamine’s function in these processes have, for the most part, been developed from behavioral approaches that examine learning mechanisms in appetitive tasks. A parallel and growing literature indicates that dopamine signaling is involved in consolidation of memories into stable representations in aversive tasks such as fear conditioning. Relatively little is known about how dopamine may modulate memories that form during extinction, when organisms learn that the relation between previously associated events is severed. We investigated whether fear and reward extinction share common mechanisms that could be enhanced with dopamine D1/5 receptor activation. Pharmacological activation of dopamine D1/5 receptors (with SKF 81297) enhanced extinction of both cued and contextual fear. These effects also occurred in the extinction of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference, suggesting that the observed effects on extinction were not specific to a particular type of procedure (aversive or appetitive). A cAMP/PKA biased D1 agonist (SKF 83959) did not affect fear extinction, whereas a broadly efficacious D1 agonist (SKF 83822) promoted fear extinction. Together, these findings show that dopamine D1/5 receptor activation is a target for the enhancement of fear or reward extinction.
Analysis of quality control in food-borne Staphylococcus aureus detection in Zhenjiang

Objective To explore and found the quality control methods and affecting factors in isolation and identification of Staphylococcus aureus,so as to increase the isolation and identification accuracy of Staphylococcus aureus. Methods Food samples were selected from supermarkets,agricultural fairs and restaurants in Zhenjiang. Staphylococcus aureus was determined according to the standard GB / T 4789. 10—2010. National surveillance of food-borne pathogens Manual. Meanwhile,taking internal quality control in isolation and identification of Staphylococcus aureus,standard strains and reagents. All isolated strains should be submitted to Jiangsu CDC for reidentification as external quality control. Results From 2011 to 2013,a total of 37 Staphylococcus aureus were detected,including 32 coagulase test positive,5 coagulase test negative. External quality control was in line with the standard with rate of 100%( 37 /37). Conclusion National standard detection method for Staphylococcus aureus in food should be perfected,variety of detection methods should be taken to improve the detection accuracy of the strain identification results.
Anomalous screening in two-dimensional materials with an extremum ring in the dispersion law

A variety of two-dimensional materials possess a band structure with an energy extremal ridge along a ring in momentum space. Examples are biased bilayer graphene and surfaces and interfaces with a Rashba spin-orbit interaction where at low doping the carriers fill an annulus. This topological feature causes an anomalous screening behavior, which we study using the Thomas-Fermi theory. Specifically, reducing the doping is predicted to enhance the linear screening response, whereas at zero doping the size of the screening cloud surrounding a Coulomb impurity is found to increase as the cube root of the impurity charge.
Single cell analysis of human tissues and solid tumors with mass cytometry.

Background: Mass cytometry measures 36 or more markers per cell and is an appealing platform for comprehensive phenotyping of cells in human tissue and tumor biopsies. While tissue disaggregation and fluorescence cytometry protocols were pioneered decades ago, it is not known whether established protocols will be effective for mass cytometry and maintain cancer and stromal cell diversity. Methods: Tissue preparation techniques were systematically compared for gliomas and melanomas, patient derived xenografts of small cell lung cancer, and tonsil tissue as a control. Enzymes assessed included DNase, HyQTase, TrypLE, collagenase (Col) II, Col IV, Col V, and Col XI. Fluorescence and mass cytometry were used to track cell subset abundance following different enzyme combinations and treatment times. Results: Mechanical disaggregation paired with enzymatic dissociation by Col II, Col IV, Col V, or Col XI plus DNase for 1 hour produced the highest yield of viable cells per gram of tissue. Longer dissociation times led to increasing cell death and disproportionate loss of cell subsets. Key markers for establishing cell identity included CD45, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD64, HLA-DR, CD11c, CD56, CD44, GFAP, S100B, SOX2, nestin, vimentin, cytokeratin, and CD31. Mass and fluorescence cytometry identified comparable frequencies of cancer cell subsets, leukocytes, and endothelial cells in glioma (R = 0.97), and tonsil (R = 0.98). Conclusions: This investigation establishes standard procedures for preparing viable single cell suspensions that preserve the cellular diversity of human tissue microenvironments. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.