cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cloud Inhomogeneity from Modis

Two full months (July 2003 and January 2004) of MODIS Atmosphere Level-3 data from the Terra and Aqua satellites are analyzed in order to characterize the horizontal variability of cloud optical thickness and water path at global scales. Various options to derive cloud variability parameters are discussed. The climatology of cloud inhomogeneity is built by first calculating daily parameter values at spatial scales of l degree x 1 degree, and then at zonal and global scales, followed by averaging over monthly time scales. Geographical, diurnal, and seasonal changes of inhomogeneity parameters are examined separately for the two cloud phases, and separately over land and ocean. We find that cloud inhomogeneity is weaker in summer than in winter, weaker over land than ocean for liquid clouds, weaker for local morning than local afternoon, about the same for liquid and ice clouds on a global scale, but with wider probability distribution functions (PDFs) and larger latitudinal variations for ice, and relatively insensitive to whether water path or optical thickness products are used. Typical mean values at hemispheric and global scales of the inhomogeneity parameter nu (roughly the mean over the standard deviation of water path or optical thickness), range from approximately 2.5 to 3, while for the inhomogeneity parameter chi (the ratio of the logarithmic to linear mean) from approximately 0.7 to 0.8. Values of chi for zonal averages can occasionally fall below 0.6 and for individual gridpoints below 0.5. Our results demonstrate that MODIS is capable of revealing significant fluctuations in cloud horizontal inhomogenity and stress the need to model their global radiative effect in future studies.
Ion exchange immobilization of changed β‐galactosidase fusions for lactose hydrolysis

The use of charged peptides fused to enzymes for immobilization onto ion-exchange membranes was explored for the enzyme ×-galactosidase. The additional charged peptides, containing 1, 5, 11, and 16 aspartates, fused to ×-galactosidase, for the most part did not interfere with the kinetic behavior for lactose hydrolysis. There was a 2-fold decline in Vm for the 16-aspartate fusion, but the others were quite similar to the wild type enzyme (BGWT). BGWT and the fusions all retained approximately 50% of their activities when adsorbed onto ion-exchange membranes. In contrast to BGWT, the enhanced binding strength of the 11 aspartate fusion provided the ability to hydrolyze whey permeate at 0.3 M ionic strength without enzyme leakage, and to immobilize the enzyme directly from diluted cell extract with 83% purity. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Tag expression: tagging with feeling

In this paper we introduce tag expression, a novel form of preference elicitation that combines elements from tagging and rating systems. Tag expression enables users to apply affect to tags to indicate whether the tag describes a reason they like, dislike, or are neutral about a particular item. We present a user interface for applying affect to tags, as well as a technique for visualizing the overall community's affect. By analyzing 27,773 tag expressions from 553 users entered in a 3-month period, we empirically evaluate our design choices. We also present results of a survey of 97 users that explores users' motivations in tagging and measures user satisfaction with tag expression.
π-Complexation of Biphenyl, Naphthalene, and Triphenylene to Trimeric Perfluoro-ortho-phenylene Mercury. Formation of Extended Binary Stacks with Unusual Luminescent Properties

Trimeric perfluoro-ortho-phenylene mercury (1) crystallizes from CS2 as a pure compound. In the crystal, 1 forms staggered cofacial dimers (centroid distance of 3.38 A). In the dimer, the indivdual components are associated via long mercury−π interactions (3.443 < Hg···C < 3.650 A). Interestingly, this arrangement leads to the existence of relatively short intermolecular mercury−mercury distances (3.811 < Hg···Hg < 4.093 A). In this form, compound 1 is photoluminescent and exhibits a broad emission band with a maximum at 440 nm and a shoulder at 530 nm. Compound 1 interacts with biphenyl, naphthalene, or triphenylene to form 1·biphenyl (2), 1·naphthalene (3), and 1·triphenylene (4), respectively. These adducts have been characterized by elemental analysis and X-ray crystallography. Their structure reveals the existence of stacks in which molecules of 1 and molecules of arenes alternate. In each stack, secondary π-interactions occur between the arene and the mercury centers of 1. The resulting Hg···C dista...
Geometric Standardization and Luminal Lubrication of Silicone Vascular Model for Neuroendovascular Simulation

Artificial cerebrovascular replicas present realistic vascular geometry and have versatile applications in the development and testing of medical devices. Different methods for construction of patient specific silicone vascular models have been proposed previously; however, due to the variations in the cerebrovascular anatomy, results obtained from these models may not be generalized to the entire population. To prepare a geometrically standard model, vessel characterization is necessary. Common attributes measured to quantitatively describe blood vessels include diameter, length, branch angle, and tortuosity, and among them, tortuosity evaluation is widely discussed. To date, tortuosity lacks a universal definition, but is generally used to summarize curvature information along the centerline of a blood vessel.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Low temperature photolysis of benzocyclobutanone and 2,2-dihydrocyclobuta[1]phenanthrenone: evidence for photochromic behavior

Abstract Direct photolysis of benzocyclobutanone and 2,2-dihydrocyclobuta[1]-phenanthrenone at 77 K results in the formation of ketenes which are characterized by UV and IR spectroscopy.
Interpersonal and Uniquely Personal Factors in Dream Analysis: Commentary on Paper by Susan H. Sands

There is a gradient in our description of psychoanalytic process, as to how much the analyst's reactions are caused by the patient's communications and needs, and how much they are caused by the analyst's own personality, including the analyst's storehouse of experiences, wishes, needs, and motivations. I consider Dr. Sands generous presentation of three of her patients' dreams and one of her own dreams to analyze the contribution of analyst and patient to the clinical interaction, in terms of overlap and difference. Such transference/countertransference interactions may lead to tertiary revision by the analyst of the patient's dream and may raise the question of how much the analyst's reaction is due to the patient's dissociation or the analyst's psychology. I also consider the implications of conceiving of “the unconscious” as a mental place versus “unconscious” being a potential property of any mental activity.
Investigating the influence of long-range transport on surface O3 in Nevada, USA, using observations from multiple measurement platforms.

The current United States (US) National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for O3 (75 ppb) is expected to be revised to between 60 and 70 ppb. As the NAAQS becomes more stringent, characterizing the extent of O3 and precursors transported into the US is increasingly important. Given the high elevation, complex terrain, and location in the Intermountain West, the State of Nevada is ideally situated to intercept air transported into the US. Until recently, measurements of O3 and associated pollutants were limited to areas in and around the cities of Las Vegas and Reno. In 2011, the Nevada Rural Ozone Initiative began and through this project 13 surface monitoring sites were established. Also in 2011, the NASA Ames Alpha Jet Atmospheric eXperiment (AJAX) began making routine aircraft measurements of O3 and other greenhouse gases in Nevada. The availability of aircraft and surface measurements in a relatively rural, remote setting in the Intermountain West presented a unique opportunity to investigate sources contributing to the O3 observed in Nevada. Our analyses indicate that stratosphere to troposphere transport, long-range transport of Asian pollution, and regional emissions from urban areas and wildfires influence surface observations. The complexity of sources identified here along with the fact that O3 frequently approaches the threshold being considered for a revised NAAQS indicate that interstate and international cooperation will be necessary to achieve compliance with a more stringent regulatory standard. Further, on a seasonal basis we found no significant difference between daily 1-h maximum O3 at surface sites, which ranged in elevation from 888 to 2307 m, and aircraft measurements of O3 < 2500 m which suggests that similar processes influence daytime O3 across rural Nevada and indicates that column measurements from Railroad Valley, NV are useful in understanding these processes.
On fundamental groups of compact Hausdorff spaces

We discuss which groups can be realized as the fundamental groups of compact Hausdorff spaces. In particular, we prove that the claim "every group can be realized as the fundamental group of a compact Hausdorff space" is consistent with the Zermelo-Fraenkel-Choice set theory.
Performance requirements and trade-offs for the Landsat Data Continuity Mission

The Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) is next in the series of Landsat Earth remote sensing missions. At this writing, both the Thematic Mapper on the Landsat 5 spacecraft and the Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus on the Landsat 7 spacecraft are producing routine Earth images, as part of a data set extending over three decades. The LDCM is required to continue this series of measurements. The LDCM Project has developed requirements for the data set to be produced by the LDCM sensor based on previous Landsat data, the proven technology from the Advanced Land Imager instrument flown on the EO-1 technology demonstration spacecraft, and on trade-offs made during the LDCM Formulation Phase. The unique nature of the LDCM government-commercial industry cooperative effort has resulted in a set of calibration and validation requirements intended to guarantee that the data from the commercially-owned LDCM sensor maintains the legacy of highly calibrated Landsat data.
Multi-scale crystal growth computations via an approximate block Newton method

Abstract Multi-scale and multi-physics simulations, such as the computational modeling of crystal growth processes, will benefit from the modular coupling of existing codes rather than the development of monolithic, single-application software. An effective coupling approach, the approximate block Newton approach (ABN), is developed and applied to the steady-state computation of crystal growth in an electrodynamic gradient freeze system. Specifically, the code CrysMAS is employed for furnace-scale heat transfer computations and is coupled with the code Cats2D to calculate melt fluid dynamics and phase-change phenomena. The ABN coupling strategy proves to be vastly more reliable and cost efficient than simpler coupling methods for this problem and is a promising approach for future crystal growth models.
Absorption, extinction and phase function measurements for algal suspensions of chlorella pyrenoidosa

Abstract Optical property measurements have been made for unicellular algal suspensions of C. pyrenoidosa in the spectral range from 380 to 720 nm. The measurements include the extinction and absorption cross sections and the scattering phase function. Although the spectral dependence of the extinction cross section is weak, there is a strong wavelength dependence for absorption which is related to cell pigment content. The absorption cross section increases with increasing cell size and pigment content. The scattering albedo is approximately 0.9 over the entire spectrum, and the scattering phase function is strongly peaked in the forward direction.
An Ultraviolet Melting Study of the Stability of the DNA Double Helix in the NaDNA-bipyridyl-(ethylenediamine)platintum(II) Complex

Complexes of NaDNA with the bipyridyl-(ethylenediamine)platintum(II) (abbreviated [(bipy)Pt(en)]2+) molecular ion have been studied in solution via ultraviolet absorption experiments at 260 nm between 50 and 90 degrees C. These measurements, performed as a function of the molar ratio of the [(bipy)Pt(en)]2+ complex to DNA base pairs, show that the stability of the DNA double helix is increased by the formation of the DNA.[(bipy)Pt(en)]2+ complex: at a molar ratio of 0.33, the temperature at which the DNA double helix separates into two single strands is increased by about 15 degrees C.
Frequency and etiology of hand and forearm dermatoses among veterinarians.

Abstract Background: Veterinarians are exposed to a range of skin irritants and allergens, yet few studies have addressed the occurrence of dermatoses among veterinarians. Objectives: The goals of this study were to determine the frequency of noninfectious hand and forearm dermatoses among Kansas veterinarians, to estimate the role of occupational exposures in the aggravation of such dermatoses, to determine the frequency and nature of infectious dermatoses among veterinarians, and to investigate patterns of glove use. The secondary goals of this study were to collect information about the impact of skin disease on the lives and careers of veterinarians and to provide physicians with a practical approach to the treatment of veterinarians with dermatoses. Methods: A questionnaire was mailed to all members of the Kansas Veterinary Medical Association. Results: The response rate was 60%. Twenty-four of respondents reported noninfectious, recurrent/persistent hand or forearm dermatoses; 66% were work related. Large animal veterinarians ( P = .026) and atopics ( P = .009) were more likely than their counterparts to attribute their dermatoses to work-related factors. Thirty-eight percent of respondents had contracted at least one infectious skin disease from an animal. Veterinarians who never or rarely use gloves during obstetric procedures were more likely to report work-related dermatoses (odds ratio, 4.25; 1.78 [lt ] OR [lt ] 10.07; P [lt ] .001) than those who use gloves. Conclusion: Veterinarians are affected frequently by infectious and noninfectious dermatoses. Improvement of barrier protection habits during obstetric procedures would likely reduce the frequency of occupational dermatoses among veterinarians.
Quantitative analysis of axonemal bends and twists in the quiescent state of ciona sperm flagella

A simple planar model of sliding can predict the amount of sliding required to form a certain degree of bend. The accuracy of this prediction relies on the assumptions that no twists occur in the axoneme and that no sliding occurs at the base. However, previous studies indicated that twists may occur. This paper explores a new method for quantitating and analyzing twists. Preliminary results using this method showed that there were twists. In order to control for possible artifacts due to fixation and other preparative procedures, the characteristic S-shaped quiescent state of Ciona spermatozoa was studied. Analyses of platinum replicas of those flagella in which this waveform is well preserved suggest that most, if not all, of the twists observed are due to the artifact of a curved shape settling onto a surface. Detailed analyses indicate that if twists do occur in quiescent sperm, they are probably less than 0.4 radian. Since axonemes are evidently easily twisted in rigor, and even after fixation, caution should be exercised in interpretation of axonemal twists.
Targeted knockout of Cyp1a1 gene does not alter hepatic constitutive expression of other genes in the mouse [Ah] battery.

Using the Cre-lox system, we have generated a cytochrome P450 1A1 Cyp1a1(-/-) knockout mouse by deletion of the translated portions of the Cyp1a1 gene. These mice are viable and demonstrate no obvious phenotype, compared with wild-type littermates. As a first step toward characterizing genes that might be expected to compensate for loss of CYP1A1, constitutive expression of [Ah] gene battery members was examined. In a cultured hepatoma CYP1A1 metabolism-deficient mutant line that does not express Cyp1a2, we have previously shown that constitutive transcriptional up-regulation of other [Ah] gene battery members occurs; these results are consistent with the elevation of a putative endogenous ligand (EL) for the Ah receptor that is a substrate for CYP1A1. The [Ah] battery includes Cyp1a2, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (Nqo1), and three other Phase II genes. Examining mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity, we demonstrate that the absence of CYP1A1 has no effect on the hepatic constitutive expression of Cyp1a2 or Nqo1. We postulate that CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 might have overlapping substrate specificity for metabolism of the EL, such that basal CYP1A2 in the liver can compensate for the loss of CYP1A1.
Use of a web-based survey to facilitate shared decision making for patients eligible for cancer screening.

Our aim was to facilitate shared decision making (SDM) during preventive visits by utilizing a web-based survey system to offer colorectal cancer (CRC) and prostate cancer screening decision aids (DAs) to appropriately identified patients prior to the visit. Patients completed a web-based questionnaire before their preventive medicine appointment. Age- and gender-appropriate patients completed additional questions to determine eligibility for CRC or prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening. Eligible patients were offered a choice of video or print DA, and completed questions assessing their knowledge, values, and preferences regarding the screening decision. Responses were summarized and fed forward to clinician and patient reports. Overall, 11,493 CRC and 4,384 PSA questionnaires were completed. Patient responses were used to identify those eligible for cancer-screening DAs: 2,187 (19 %) for CRC and 2,962 (68 %) for PSA; 15 % of eligible patients requested a DA. Many patients declined a DA because they indicated they “already know enough to make their decision” (34 % for CRC, 46 % for PSA). A web-based questionnaire provides an efficient means to identify patients eligible for cancer screening decisions and to offer them DAs before an appointment. Pre-visit use of DAs along with reports giving feedback to patients and clinicians provides an opportunity for SDM to occur at the visit.
Staining of Cysts of Pneumocystis jiroveci (P. carinii) With the Fluorescent Brighteners Calcofluor White and Uvitex 2B: A Review

The use of the fluorescent brighteners calcofluor white (CFW) and Uvitex 2B as cyst wall stains for the detection of Pneumocystis jiroveci (P. carinii) in respiratory tract specimens is reviewed. Most of the comparisons in the literature are with CFW and direct or indirect fluorescent antibody stains (immunostains), and most of these studies found the immunostains to be more sensitive than CFW, but less specific. Attractive features of CFW over immunostains are its simplicity and rapidity, its specificity (the characteristic, distinctive appearance of the stained cyst wall), and its low cost. If present in the specimen, other fungi may be stained and detected. The reported variations in the staining, or lack thereof, of P. jiroveci cysts with fluorescent brighteners are reviewed and the need for an awareness of these differences, and their implications in the quality control of stain procedures, is stressed.
Stepwise-Graded Si3N4–SiC Ceramics with Improved Wear Properties

The processing of stepwise graded Si3N4/SiC ceramics by pressureless co-sintering is described. Here, SiC (high elastic modulus, high thermal expansion coefficient) forms the substrate and Si3N4 (low elastic modulus, low thermal expansion coefficient) forms the top contact surface, with a stepwise gradient in composition existing between the two over a depth of ∼1.7 mm. The resulting Si3N4 contact surface is fine-grained and dense, and it contains only 2 vol% yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) additive. This graded ceramic shows resistance to cone-crack formation under Hertzian indentation, which is attributed to a combined effect of the elastic-modulus gradient and the compressive thermal-expansion-mismatch residual stress present at the contact surface. The presence of the residual stress is corroborated and quantified using Vickers indentation tests. The graded ceramic also possesses wear properties that are significantly improved compared with dense, monolithic Si3N4 containing 2 vol% YAG additive. The improved wear resistance is attributed solely to the large compressive stress present at the contact surface. A modification of the simple wear model by Lawn and co-workers is used to rationalize the wear results. Results from this work clearly show that the introduction of surface compressive residual stresses can significantly improve the wear resistance of polycrystalline ceramics, which may have important implications for the design of contact-damage-resistant ceramics.
Bone Morphogenetic Protein Regulation of Early Osteoblast Genes in Human Marrow Stromal Cells Is Mediated by Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Signaling

Bone marrow stromal cells (MSC) are the major source of osteoblasts for bone remodeling and repair in postnatal animals. Rodent MSC cultured with bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) differentiate into osteoblasts, but most human MSC show a poor osteogenic response to BMPs. In this study we demonstrate that BMP-induced osteogenesis in poorly responsive human MSC requires modulation of ERK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) pathways. Either treating human MSC cultures with the MAPK/ERK kinase inhibitor PD98059 or transferring them to serum-free medium with insulin or IGF-I permits BMP-dependent increases in the expression of the early osteoblast-associated genes, alkaline phosphatase and osteopontin. Increased expression of these genes in BMP-treated, serum-free cultures correlates with increased nuclear levels of activated Smads, whereas serum-free cultures of human MSC expressing constitutively active MAPK/ERK kinase show decreased expression of early osteoblast genes and decreased nuclear translocation of BMP-activated Smads. Inhibiting ERK activity in human MSC also elevates the expression of Msx2, a transcription factor that is directly regulated by Smad-binding elements in its promoter. Therefore, growth factor stimulation leading to high levels of ERK activity in human MSC results in suppressed BMP-induced transcription of several early osteoblast genes, probably because levels of BMP-activated nuclear Smads are decreased. In contrast, inhibiting the insulin/IGF-I-activated PI3-K/AKT pathway decreases BMP-induced alkaline phosphatase and osteopontin expression in serum-free cultures of human MSC, but increases BMP activation of Smads; thus, PI3-K signaling is required for BMP-induced expression of early osteoblast genes in human MSC either downstream or independent of the BMP-activated Smad signaling pathway.
Social Services for Older Rural Americans: Some Policy Concerns

Older rural Americans remain largely underserved because the majority of social service delivery systems are established in urban areas. Even with recent efforts to assess the conditions of the nation's rural elderly, there have been oversights that affect the development of policies intended to provide needed services. The author explores these problems and provides suggestions for constructive changes in policy formation.
A state-space approach to SLA based management

Large complex systems (such as Enterprise systems) are often composed of several interacting, independent components. In many such systems, although the behavior of the constituent components is well characterized, the behavior that results from interaction between such components is more or less intractable; making it hard for the administrators to efficiently manage the system in conformance with the service level agreements or the SLAs. This paper presents an approach for deriving component-level objectives from system-level objectives or agreements, which if conformed to, imply conformance to the higher-level SLA. Our approach partitions the systempsilas state-space into homogeneous sub-spaces, creates micro-models for such subspaces, and then uses such micro-models to translate the higher-level objectives to component-level objectives. We have implemented a system, termed Pranaali, for evaluating our approach in realistic settings.
Early Processing of Gendered Facial Cues Predicts the Electoral Success of Female Politicians

This research examined how the typicality of gender cues in politicians’ faces related to their electoral success. Previous research has shown that faces with subtle gender-atypical cues elicit cognitive competition between male and female categories, which perceivers resolve during face perception. To assess whether this competition adversely impacted politicians’ electoral success, participants categorized the gender of politicians’ faces in a hand-tracking paradigm. Gender-category competition was indexed by the hand’s attraction to the incorrect gender response. Greater gender-category competition predicted a decreased likelihood of votes, but only for female politicians. Time-course analyses revealed that this outcome was evident as early as 380 ms following face presentation (Study 1). Results were replicated with a national sample, and effects became more pronounced as the conservatism of the constituency increased (Study 2). Thus, gender categorization dynamics during the initial milliseconds afte...
Bridging crime and immigration: Minority signification in Japanese newspaper reports of the 2003 Fukuoka family murder case

This article analyzes media representation of minority offenders, and argues that media practice associates a minority status with criminal propensity through a process of minority signification. The focal point of the analysis is newspaper reporting of the 2003 Fukuoka family murder in Japan, in which three students from China killed a Japanese family. Close examination of two major Japanese newspapers suggests that their reporting of the Fukuoka case connects crime and a minority group in two ways. First, the newspapers frequently utilize nationality and immigration status as descriptors of the Fukuoka case suspects, and thus encourage an intuitive mental connection between foreignness and crime. Furthermore, opinion pieces and editorial articles interpret the murder in the context of immigration policies and the financial hardship often experienced by international students, suggesting that the Fukuoka case is one manifestation of international student criminality. The article concludes that signification of nationality and immigration status in the media may help explain the disparity between the relatively minor presence of foreign national offenders in Japan's crime scene and their major presence in the Japanese crime discourse. Language: en
A Graph-Based Approach to Situation Assessment

We describe a multi-algorithm Situation Awareness and Threat Indication and Warning system with the following components: (a) We use a newly-developed continuous-time Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) with observations. Given a sequence of events, HMMs build a model of underlying ‘hidden’ states. Our approach differs from usual HMM approach in that events can come at varying times with no inherent time-step. It distinguishes between not observing an event because we are not looking for it as opposed to not observing an event because it is not there. (b) Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBN) allow fusion of information from multiple sources or locations into a multi-tiered model. (c) Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCM) integrate and display relations between elements of the developed model of adversarial behaviors, and (d) Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) compares resultant models with previous experiences to issue threat indications and warnings.
Learning through telemedicine networks

Telemedicine is advocated for its potential to improve the accessibility and quality of health care delivery while lowering costs. Although the potential benefits of telemedicine have long been a subject of research and intense discussion, the results of actual implementations have been far from conclusive. Most current research, which views telemedicine as a substitute for travel and a basis for economies of scale, is rather limited in exploring the full potential of telemedicine. In this paper, we develop a new framework in which organizational learning is the theoretical basis for explaining the development and potential benefits of telemedicine. We conceptualize telemedicine as an integrated IT-enabled health care network of collaborative relationships. A well-developed telemedicine network is high in density, maintains a balance of strong and weak network ties, and is comprised of a diverse set of relationships. This type of network facilitates learning through the exchange, transfer and distribution of medical information/knowledge, the generation and dissemination of new knowledge about how to collaborate effectively via telemedicine, and the application of this knowledge in telemedicine practice. Viewing telemedicine in this light directs our attention to outcomes not emphasized in most prior research, including the diffusion of medical knowledge and expertise, and the development of collaborative knowledge shared by the health care parties. This paper develops a research model to explain how learning occurs in telemedicine practice, identify factors influencing the learning process, and indicate how thriving telemedicine networks can be built. The model focuses on flexibility of information technology, network density, strength of network ties, and network diversity as key factors having impacts on learning. It also views the acquisition, transfer and sharing of medical knowledge and the development of telemedicine collaborative knowledge as two learning processes occurring simultaneously and recursively, and reinforcing each other. Ultimately, learning is the core process that helps realize the potential of telemedicine.
Widespread evidence of cooperative DNA binding by transcription factors in Drosophila development

Regulation of eukaryotic gene transcription is often combinatorial in nature, with multiple transcription factors (TFs) regulating common target genes, often through direct or indirect mutual interactions. Many individual examples of cooperative binding by directly interacting TFs have been identified, but it remains unclear how pervasive this mechanism is during animal development. Cooperative TF binding should be manifest in genomic sequences as biased arrangements of TF-binding sites. Here, we explore the extent and diversity of such arrangements related to gene regulation during Drosophila embryogenesis. We used the DNA-binding specificities of 322 TFs along with chromatin accessibility information to identify enriched spacing and orientation patterns of TF-binding site pairs. We developed a new statistical approach for this task, specifically designed to accurately assess inter-site spacing biases while accounting for the phenomenon of homotypic site clustering commonly observed in developmental regulatory regions. We observed a large number of short-range distance preferences between TF-binding site pairs, including examples where the preference depends on the relative orientation of the binding sites. To test whether these binding site patterns reflect physical interactions between the corresponding TFs, we analyzed 27 TF pairs whose binding sites exhibited short distance preferences. In vitro protein–protein binding experiments revealed that >65% of these TF pairs can directly interact with each other. For five pairs, we further demonstrate that they bind cooperatively to DNA if both sites are present with the preferred spacing. This study demonstrates how DNA-binding motifs can be used to produce a comprehensive map of sequence signatures for different mechanisms of combinatorial TF action.
Primate Malarias: Man and Monkeys

The question whether malarias of animals could be considered true zoonoses was examined. The research in this connection for the past decade or so was reviewed. That simian malarias are true zoonoses has been adequately demonstrated. In addition, there is great potential for human malarias being true anthroponoses. The author considers, therefore, that the significance of non-human reservoirs of human malaria in the control or eradication of malaria should be reconsidered.
Claude Hopkins, Earnest Calkins, Bissell Carpet Sweepers and the Birth of Modern Advertising

This study of the lives and careers of Claude C. Hopkins and Earnest Elmo Calkins from their boyhood experiences with periodical advertising in the 1870s though their professional contributions to the field at the turn of the century provides a ground-level view of modern advertising's emergence. Among other things, it shows that certain marketing concepts emerged earlier than is often assumed and that these concepts were often developed independent of major advertising agencies and far from the urban centers of advertising production. Calkins and Hopkins had very different philosophies of marketing, and between them they defined a spectrum of advertising message strategy that still characterizes the field. The happenstance that Hopkins and Calkins both wrote ads for the Bissell Carpet Sweeper Company in Grand Rapids, Michigan, provides a symbolic center for this analysis that brings these developments into focus.
Scaling of combustion-generated noise

Using the framework of Lighthill's acoustic analogy, a theory has been developed for combustion-generated noise. The theory is used to derive the scaling laws for combustion-generated noise in open turbulent flames. It is shown that the scaling laws for both power and frequency are in good agreement with experiment.
Mediterranean Flour Moth: Effects of Continuous Light on the Reproductive Capacity

Male Mediterranean flour moths, Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller), maintained under continuous illumination (130-140 lux) from the pupal stage onward had a much lower reproductive capacity than males maintained under 12 hours of light alternated with 12 hours of darkness. Factors that could be identified as contributing to reproductive failure included decreased mating, decreased release of sperm from the testes, and failure of much or all the sperm to move from the spermatophore to the female spermathecae.
STUDIES ON THE CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY OF ACUTE BACTERIEMIA I. INTRAVASCULAR LEUCOCYTIC REACTION AND SURFACE PHAGOCYTOSIS

Evidence has been presented that the introduction of large numbers of bacteria into the blood stream causes a widespread intravascular reaction, characterized by the sticking of leucocytes to the endothelium of capillaries, arterioles, and venules. The adherent granulocytes promptly become motile and thus potentially phagocytic. This intravascular leucocytic response affords a rapid and efficient mobilization of a vast number of active phagocytes within the blood stream. In some of the smaller vessels of both the systemic and pulmonary circulation the reaction is accompanied by the deposition of what appears to be intravascular fibrin. Direct observation by the rabbit ear chamber technique has revealed that leucocytes thus mobilized in small peripheral vessels are capable of phagocyting fully encapsulated Friedlander's bacilli in the absence of antibody. Ingestion of the encapsulated blood-borne bacteria results from surface phagocytosis and occurs primarily in those vessels in which the flow of blood is either slowed or has temporarily stopped altogether. Leucocytes can be seen to phagocyte the organisms by first trapping them against the walls of the vessels or against adjacent leucocytes. Bacteria caught in the interstices of the intravascular "fibrin" may likewise be immobilized and readily phagocyted. Thus granulocytes, without the aid of opsonins, are able to ingest and destroy encapsulated blood-borne bacteria by the same mechanisms that operate in extravascular tissues. It is concluded from these studies that intravascular surface phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leucocytes supplements the well known phagocytic activities of the reticulo-endothelial cells and therefore serves as an important defense of the host in acute infections caused by encapsulated bacteria and complicated by bacteriemia.
Image reconstruction of multiphoton microscopy data

The techniques introduced in this paper allow for accurate multiscale image reconstruction of multi-photon microscopy data. Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is a tool for the non-invasive imaging of living organisms and tissue. The data acquired using this technique can contain information about the position, excited state lifetime, and spectra of the observed photons. The small number of photons collected, however, limits the quality of the reconstruction. The multiscale framework in this paper results in an accurate representation of both the intensity and excited state lifetime information. Using a multiscale reconstruction approach based on a penalized likelihood function, the underlying image is more accurately represented as compared to a naive aggregate binning approach.
Noise and Perceptual Indiscriminability

Nelson's visual experiences are nonaccidentally veridical; he has a reasonable amount of time to compare the seen objects; the lighting is bright, colourless, and spatially and temporally invariant; the colours of a', a", and a"' are spatially and temporally invariant; being paint chips, the textures of a', a", and a't' are flat-in short, conditions are optimal for perceiving colours or at least as close to optimal as mortals can ever attain. Moreover, the colours of other things are behaving unexceptionally; Nelson is not 'spectrally inverted', is not becoming spectrally inverted, and is in no danger of becoming spectrally irlverted; Nelson has no misleading opinions about any of this, and is not in danger of acquiring any; no sceptics are lurking around Nelson, or around us, to threaten to destroy knowledge. In short, conditions are normal. Finally, all that Nelson has to go on in his experience for distinguishing colours are the ways the colours look 'in themselves' in the experiences: his experiences include no trusted friends informing him whether colours are different, no special instruments which flash
Experimentally Determined Weight Matrix Definitions of the Initiator and TBP Binding Site Elements of Promoters

The basal elements of class II promoters are: (i) a-30 region, recognized by TATA binding protein (TBP); (ii) an initiator (Inr) surrounding the start site for transcription; (iii) frequently a downstream (+10 to +35) element. To determine the sequences that specify an Inr, we performed a saturation mutagenesis of the Inr of the SV40 major late promoter (SV40-MLP). The transcriptional activity of each mutant was determined both in vivo and in vitro. An excellent correlation between transcriptional activity and closeness of fit to the optimal Inr sequence, 5'-CAG/TT-3', was found to exist both in vivo and in vitro. Employing a neural network technique we generated from these data a weight matrix definition of an Inr that can be used to predict the activity of a given sequence as an Inr. Using saturation mutagenesis data of TBP binding sites we likewise generated a weight matrix definition of the -30 region element. We conclude the following: (i) Inrs are defined by the nucleotides immediately surrounding the transcriptional start site; (ii) most, if not all, Inrs are recognized by the same general transcription factor(s). We propose that the mechanism of transcription initiation is fundamentally conserved, with the formation of pre-initiation complexes involving the concurrent binding of general transcription factors to the -30, Inr and, possibly, downstream elements of class II promoters.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN'S NARRATIVE FANTASY

In this study, 22 female and 20 male 3- to 5-year-old children were presented with six story starts and were asked to finish the stories. In their stories, girls introduced significantly more friendly figures who offered assistance; boys introduced significantly more aggressive behavior and attempts to master situations through the use of aggressive activity. Girls told significantly more stories about girls; boys tended to tell more stories about boys. A factor analysis of the coding categories is discussed. The analysis of the fantasy narratives showed boys to be more concerned with coping with aggressive drives and channeling them into attempts at mastery, and girls with caretaking and responding to the needs of others.
Preemptive intravenous immunoglobulin allows safe and timely administration of antineoplastic therapies in patients with multiple myeloma and parvovirus B19 disease

Background Parvovirus B19 (B19) disease is a rare cause of anemia in cancer patients and often goes unrecognized, causing delays in anticancer therapy. Methods A retrospective review was carried out of the records of patients with multiple myeloma who underwent melphalan-based autologous stem cell transplantation (MEL-ASCT) and developed B19 infection (January 2009–December 2011). Cases were defined by the presence of clinical and laboratory findings consistent with B19 disease in patients with repeatedly positive plasma quantitative polymerase chain reaction for parvovirus. Results Six patients qualified as cases; 5 presented with trilineage cytopenias (chronic in 1) and 1 with anemia later progressing to pancytopenia. Transfusion-dependent thrombocytopenia led to testing in 5 patients. Two of these patients also had manifestations of autoimmune disease. Therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) resulted in clinical and hematologic response in all; however, 1 patient, whose white blood cell counts and serum hemoglobin levels improved, required splenectomy for persistent thrombocytopenia. All patients required additional IVIG for recurrent B19 disease. Although viral load at diagnosis did not correlate with the severity of cytopenia, its decrease was associated with response during 17 of 20 evaluable episodes (P = 0.02). Preemptive IVIG allowed the safe administration of chemotherapy in 3 patients, including MEL-ASCT in 1. Conclusion Parvovirus B19 can cause severe disease in myeloma patients including ASCT recipients. Thrombocytopenia – not anemia – was the leading presentation and may be associated with autoimmune conditions. Patients with unexplained cytopenias, particularly when prolonged, should undergo testing for circulating parvovirus. A reduction in viral load was associated with response to IVIG, although additional therapy was needed for recurrent disease. Most importantly, preemptive IVIG allowed for safe and timely administration of antineoplastic therapy in patients with ongoing B19 disease.
Probabilistic resilience for building systems exposed to natural disasters

Resilience engineering requires understanding a system’s capability to anticipate and absorb threats, take actions to reduce their adverse consequences, and develop response and recovery actions for the system to resume its normal operation quickly. A resilience quantification approach is very helpful in disaster risk research for comparing different mitigation strategies, selecting the most appropriate one, and providing better support in decision-making. Authors recently developed a resilience quantification methodology. This paper demonstrates the implementation of the methodology to different building types exposed to hurricane winds. Monte Carlo analyses were performed to compute resilience of various building types against Categories 1, 2, and 3 hurricanes. Resilience was evaluated, presented in a dashboard representation and compared for residential buildings that are identical except for one feature. Resilience was computed for three different mitigation actions. Resilience comparison was done to evaluate the effectiveness of these mitigation actions. A combined recovery function was also introduced.
Removal of superparamagnetic corrosion products and contaminants from drinking water using activated carbon

AbstractParticulate matter separated from tap water using columns of coarse and fine activated carbon was characterized by means of chemical analysis, magnetization measurements, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)––energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). A large fraction of the solids accumulated on the activated carbon consisted of iron oxides, in particular magnetite nanoparticles, and of iron oxyhydroxides, specifically goethite and lepidocrocite. These species formed as a result of corrosion of iron or carbon steel pipes. The removal of various iron species was measured using a two-column system consisting of a column of coarse activated carbon followed by a column of fine activated carbon. The results indicated that coarse activated carbon was only effective in removing oxyhydroxide particles, while the fine activated carbon was also able to remove nanoparticles of anhydrous iron oxides such as magnetite and maghemite. In addition, it was observed that while a majority...
An RF/microwave microfluidic sensor based on a center-gapped microstrip line for miniaturized dielectric spectroscopy

This paper reports on the design, fabrication and testing of a microfluidic sensor as part of a miniaturized measurement platform currently under development for dielectric spectroscopy (DS) at RF/microwave frequencies. The sensor employs a microstrip line with a 50-μm gap at the center as a parallel-plate capacitive sensing element and a 3-μL PDMS microfluidic channel on top for delivering the solution-under-test (SUT). Requiring only an S21 measurement and after a 5-point calibration for a dielectric constant range of 1 to 48, sensor dielectric readings in the frequency range of 14MHz to 4GHz agree very well with bulk-solution reference measurements conducted with an Agilent dielectric probe kit. The maximum errors over the full frequency range for ethanol, ethylene glycol and ethyl acetate are -6.9%, -8.4% and -7.4%, respectively. The errors reduce to 1.7%, -4.7% and -7.1%, respectively, for frequencies above 2GHz.
Adapting and Testing Telephone-Based Depression Care Management Intervention for Adolescent Mothers

This phase 1 clinical trial combined qualitative and quantitative methods to modify a collaborative care, telephone-based, depression care management intervention for adolescent mothers and to determine the acceptability, feasibility, and initial efficacy of the intervention in a sample of adolescent mothers (n = 97) who were recruited from a Teen Parent Program. Outcomes included measures of depressive symptoms, functioning, and use of mental health services. Acceptability of the intervention was demonstrated, but feasibility issues related to the complex life challenges confronting the adolescent mother. Although only four adolescent mothers received mental health treatment, there was a trend for improved depressive symptoms over time. Results of the study provide data for the need of further refinement of the intervention before a large clinical trial is conducted for adolescent mothers with symptoms of depression.