cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Group Size Paradox Revisited

Esteban and Ray (2001) introduce a technology under which there is an increasing marginal cost of effort in providing a public good. They show that if the cost of contribution function has the elasticity of a quadratic function or higher, then the level of provision is increasing in group size, regardless of the degree of rivalry of the good in question. We modify the Esteban and Ray model to a standard public goods setting and find that their results continue to hold. We then consider small fixed costs of participation which must be borne by potential contributors before their contributions can have a marginal impact on provision of the public good. If the good is sufficiently rival (but nonexcludable), then the existence of small fixed participation costs will restore one of Olson's (1965) central propositions: public goods will fail to be provided in large groups.
ENZYMIC LIPID PEROXIDATION IN MICROSOMES OF CHICKEN SKELETAL MUSCLE

An enzymic system for the oxidation of microsomal lipids in the presence of Fe+3, ADP and NADPH or NADH has been demonstrated in the microsomal (sarcoplasmic reticular) fraction of chicken skeletal muscle. Heat, deoxycholate, chelating agents and butylated hydroxyanisole inhibited the oxidation.
The protection of resident curriculum by work redesign

Abstract In recent years at the Yale School of Medicine, operative services work volume has increased dramatically, including a 24% increase in cases and a 17% increase in inpatient discharges. At the same time, ambulatory care has surged, reducing hospital length of stay by 26%. The institution has also been through 2 budget reviews, which reduced the operating budget by 10% each time. The result has been a rise in patient acuity, a rise in patient volume, an increase in outpatient work, and a reduction in hospital personnel available to participate in patient care. As a result, the hours of our residents have increased as they have assumed responsibility for both the volume increase and the decrease in hospital personnel. At the same time, the number of house staff positions has been reduced as a result of a training program amalgamation, and preliminary positions and time spent by specialty categorical residents in general surgery have decreased. Therefore, a work redesign project was undertaken to examine the activities of first-year trainees. The tasks of first-year trainees were divided into educational benefit (OR, rounds, conferences), service (paperwork, finding films), and tasks that were indeterminate. The service tasks were redistributed within a new service structure to include a physician associate (PA) role. The trainees were then available for educational activities, including the OR. The relationships among the nurse, PA, attending surgeon, senior resident, and patient were redefined to emphasize the role of the trainee. Under the new system, the PA spanned the roles of the attending surgeon, trainees, and nurses during the day to support managed care pathways, paperwork, nursing care plans, and questions that in the past were directed to the house staff. While reporting directly to the associate program director, the PA performed the patient care tasks on assignment from both the house staff and attending surgeons during the day, leaving little in the way of accumulated tasks for the evening. The PA also participated in the check-out rounds of the house staff and in the nursing shift meetings. Physician associates were hired for the major general surgery services and did not perform night duty. They were never perceived as replacements for house staff but rather as health care workers in a new role as defined by work redesign. The first-year trainees continued to perform 80–100 cases per year despite drastic changes in the work expectations that otherwise would have fallen to them. The evaluation of services by the residents increased substantially. Nursing evaluation of the program was completely positive, and the attending surgeons found the new system completely acceptable. Work redesign is a tactic that can preserve the educational aspects of resident training even in the face of severe resource constraints and conflicting demands on time.
Neo‐corporatism and industrial relations: The case of German trade unions

This article examines a relatively underdeveloped aspect of the neo‐corporatist debate: the political processes within trade unions participating in incomes policies. It focuses on the structures which contribute to the management of intra‐organisational conflict. The contention is that the failure to predict trade union performance in an incomes policy stems from a failure to take into account the internal environmental demands of organisations participating in neo‐corporatist structures. The argument is exemplified by an examination of the dual structure of interest representation in German trade unions. The conclusion is that these structures may prove dysfunctional in the face of changing social and economic conditions.
A critical point analysis of two phonon structure in the far infrared dielectric response of GaAs

The technique of asymmetric Fourier transform spectroscopy has been used to determine the complex relative permittivities of undoped GaAs at frequencies near the transverse optic mode. It is demonstrated that the anharmonic damping function calculated from these results is sensitive to two phonon processes excited by the anharmonic decay of the q≃O transverse optic phonon. Critical-point phonon frequencies are assigned from the structure revealed in damping function.
Conductivity measurements on H2O-bearing CO2-rich fluids

Recent studies report rapid corrosion of metals and carbonation of minerals in contact with carbon dioxide containing trace amounts of dissolved water. One explanation for this behavior is that addition of small amounts of H2O to CO2 leads to significant ionization within the fluid, thus promoting reactions at the fluid–solid interface analogous to corrosion associated with aqueous fluids. The extent of ionization in the bulk CO2 fluid was determined using a flow-through conductivity cell capable of detecting very low conductivities. Experiments were conducted from 298 to 473 K and 7.39 to 20 MPa with H2O concentrations up to ~1,600 ppmw (mole fraction of water, $$ x_{{{\text{H}}_2}\text{O}} $$ ≈3.9 × 10−3), corresponding to the H2O solubility limit in liquid CO2 at ambient temperature. All solutions showed conductivities <10 nS·cm−1, indicating that the bulk solutions were essentially ion-free. This observation suggests that the observed corrosion and carbonation reactions are not the result of ionization in CO2-rich bulk phase, but does not preclude ionization in the fluid at the fluid–solid interface.
Viewpoint - Visual puffery in advertising

This Viewpoint piece discusses “puffery”, what the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) defines as a ‘term frequently used to denote the exaggerations reasonably to be expected of a seller as to the degr...
Yoked comparisons of instrumental-avoidance and classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response as a function of interstimulus interval and number of trials per day

Thirty-two albino rabbits were paired in an avoidance-yoke (A-Y) paradigm and received five days of nictitating membrane (NM) conditioning in a 2 by 4 factorial design with interstimulus intervals (ISI) of 250 and 1000 msec crossed with 15, 40, 65, or 90 trials/day. Performance of avoidance Ss was superior to yoked controls only with an ISI of 1000 msec. Failure to observe a significant A-Y separation with an ISI of 250 msec was attributed to the uniformly fast conditioning possible with this ISI. Animals receiving a smaller number of trials/day gave more CRs over the first 75 trials and attained the same level of conditioning as the 90 trial/day group. These findings suggest that rabbits consolidate their training overnight.
Dynamics of Water Confined Within Reverse Micelles

We report structural and dynamical properties of water confined within reverse micelles (RMs) ranging in size from R = 10 A to R = 23 A as determined from molecular dynamics simulations. The low-frequency infrared spectra have been calculated using linear response theory and depend linearly on the fraction of bulklike water within the RMs. Furthermore, these spectra show nearly isosbestic behavior in the region near 660 cm-1. Both of these characteristics are present in previously measured experimental spectra. The single dipole spectra for interfacial trapped, bound, and bulklike water within the RMs have also been calculated and show region-dependent frequency shifts. Specifically, the bound and trapped water spectra have a peak at lower frequencies than that for the inner core water. We therefore assign the low-frequency band in the IR spectra to bound and trapped interfacial water. Finally, region-dependent hydrogen bonding profiles and spatial distribution functions are also presented.
Phenoxyl free radical formation during the oxidation of the fluorescent dye 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein by horseradish peroxidase. Possible consequences for oxidative stress measurements.

The oxidation of the fluorescent dye 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein (DCF) by horseradish peroxidase was investigated by optical absorption, electron spin resonance (ESR), and oxygen consumption measurements. Spectrophotometric measurements showed that DCF could be oxidized either by horseradish peroxidase-compound I or -compound II with the obligate generation of the DCF phenoxyl radical (DCF⋅). This one-electron oxidation was confirmed by ESR spin-trapping experiments. DCF⋅ oxidizes GSH, generating the glutathione thiyl radical (GS⋅), which was detected by the ESR spin-trapping technique. In this case, oxygen was consumed by a sequence of reactions initiated by the GS⋅ radical. Similarly, DCF⋅ oxidized NADH, generating the NAD⋅ radical that reduced oxygen to superoxide (O⨪2), which was also detected by the ESR spin-trapping technique. Superoxide dismutated to generate H2O2, which reacted with horseradish peroxidase, setting up an enzymatic chain reaction leading to H2O2 production and oxygen consumption. In contrast, when ascorbic acid reduced the DCF phenoxyl radical back to its parent molecule, it formed the unreactive ascorbate anion radical. Clearly, DCF catalytically stimulates the formation of reactive oxygen species in a manner that is dependent on and affected by various biochemical reducing agents. This study, together with our earlier studies, demonstrates that DCFH cannot be used conclusively to measure superoxide or hydrogen peroxide formation in cells undergoing oxidative stress.
Relationships Between Children's Food Consumption and Social and Cultural Capital Levels Among Latino, Hmong, and Non-Hispanic White Parents of K–2 Children

This study examined associations between social and cultural capital levels and children's food consumption among Latino, Hmong, and non-Hispanic white parents. A total of 292 parents of K–2 children in Northern California completed a survey. Children's consumption and social and cultural capital levels among Latino, Hmong, and non-Hispanic white parents were measured. Hmong children had significantly higher consumption of vegetables and local produce compared to Latino and non-Hispanic white children. Parents with an open attitude toward food from other ethnic groups fed children significantly more vegetables. Additionally, children of parents with access to professional nutrition education consumed fewer processed and fast foods. Children of parents applying child feeding information from their own family or friends consumed fewer fruits and vegetables and more fast foods. Access to nutrition education from professionals and encouraging bridging cultural capital among parents from different ethnic/cultu...
Activities and interactions of baccalaureate nursing students in clinical practica

Abstract Basic nursing education is governed by individual state rules and regulations lacking in uniformity across the United States and based on unstated and perhaps mistaken assumptions. At the same time, there is increasing evidence of problems and difficulties with the current traditional model of nursing education. Before proposing changes in said model, the authors chose to examine what it is that a nursing student does in a clinical area. The perspective of activities and interactions was chosen to illustrate, through a nonparticipant observation study, the patterns and utilization of time during a scheduled clinical experience for baccalaureate nursing students. The goal of the study was to determine who, other than the client/patient, influences the student learning at the clinical site and how learning time is spent. Two schools (one private and one public) and nine clinical sites with 37 observations were used to collect the data for this study. Findings are best summarized in four (overlapping) categories of school time, registered nurse (RN) staff time, hospital staff time, and supervised time. School time, or time spent interacting with the instructor, another student, and/or the student on his/her own in the practice setting (time exclusive of staff input) constituted 84 per cent of all time. RN staff time that was time spent with either the primary nurse or other RNs on the unit used 10 per cent of the student time, Fourteen per cent of student time was spent in hospital staff time, which includes interactions with any nursing staff or other hospital personnel. Lastly, supervised time that was derived from time spent with either the instructor, a primary nurse, or any registered nurse fulfilled 25 per cent of student time. Conversely stated, 75 per cent of student time in the clinical practicum experience was observed to be unsupervised. The study findings lead the authors to the conclusion that the traditional model of nursing education should not be perpetuated in the future.
Stable supported lipid bilayers on zirconium phosphonate surfaces.

Supported lipid bilayers that can fully represent biological cell membranes are attractive biomimetic models for biophysical and biomedical applications. In this study, we develop a new approach to engineering stable supported lipid membranes and demonstrate their utility for the study of protein−membrane interactions. This system uses a zirconium phosphonate monolayer to modify a substrate and generate a reactive surface that tethers the lipid membrane via a highly covalent bond between surface zirconium ions and divalent phosphate groups in the lipid assembly, for example, from phosphatidic acid. An advantage of the approach is that the zirconium phosphonate modifier can be applied to nearly any surface, allowing the same methods to be used on glass, gold, silicon, or plastic supports. The lipid bilayers are formed by vesicle fusion, either directly on the zirconated surface to form symmetric bilayers or following deposition of a Langmuir−Blodgett lipid layer to generate asymmetric bilayers. The membran...
Teaching program for the Unified Dyskinesia Rating Scale

The Unified Dyskinesia Rating Scale (UDysRS) has been introduced as a comprehensive rating tool for the evaluation of dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease (PD). To enhance a uniform application, we developed a DVD-based training program with instructions, patient examples, and a certification exercise. For training on the objective assessment of dyskinesia, seventy PD patients spanning the gamut of dyskinesias (none to severe) were videotaped during four tasks of daily living (speaking, drinking from a cup, putting on a coat, and walking). Dyskinesia severity in seven body parts was rated by 20 international movement disorder specialists using the UDysRS for impairment. Each task was also rated for disability. Inter-rater reliability was assessed with generalized weighted kappa and intraclass correlation coefficients. For the teaching program, examples of each severity level and each body part were selected based on the criterion that they received a uniform rating (+/- 1 point) by at least 75% of the raters. For the certification exercise, four cases were selected to represent the four quartiles of overall objective UDysRS scores to reflect slight, mild, moderate, and severe dyskinesia. Each selection was based on the highest inter-rater reliability score for that quartile (minimum kappa or intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.6). UDysRS ranges for certification were calculated based on the 95% confidence interval. The teaching program lasts 41 min, and the certification exercise requires 10 min (total 51 min). This training program, based on visual examples of dyskinesia and anchored in scores generated by movement disorder experts is aimed at increasing homogeneity of ratings among and within raters and centers. Large-scale multicenter randomized clinical trials of dyskinesia treatment are strengthened by a uniform standard of scale application.
Developing effective intercultural relationships: The importance of communication strategies

As global competition intensifies, it is becoming necessary for organizations to establish strong intercultural relationships with a culturally diverse set of employees, interorganizational partners as well as customers. In order to manage these relationships effectively, organizations need a means to understand and improve global intercultural communications. The complexity of intercultural communications requires management to understand the nature of domains of global relationships and the level of complexity when attempting to communicate with multiple partners having unique national and organizational cultures. In this article, a decision process for developing effective intercultural communication strategies is developed, illustrating the steps necessary for managing a myriad of intercultural relationships. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mandating race: how the USPTO is forcing race into biotech patents.

A recent review of select patent prosecutions before the United States Patent and Trademark Office indicates a troubling dynamic at work.
Cytotoxic Antibody for Epithelial Cells in Human Graft versus Host Disease

THE transplantation of immunocompetent cells into an immunologically suppressed individual frequently results in a syndrome believed to be due to an immune reaction of the grafted cells against the host. In man this graft versus host (GVH) reaction prominently involves the skin, gastro-intestinal tract and liver, and is characterized pathologically by lymphoid cell infiltrates, basal cell layer destruction and dyskeratosis1. The mechanism by which the GVH reaction damages epithelial structures has not been studied in man. Streilein and Billingham have studied a GVH-like reaction prominently involving the skin in hamsters and have made a number of observations pertinent to the mechanism of the GVH pathology2,3. One of their observations, the finding of a cytotoxic factor against hamster and rat epidermal cells in the serum of hamsters with GVH-like skin lesions stimulated us to investigate this in man. We have found in human patients with GVH an IgM antibody which is cytotoxic for epithelial but not lymphoid cells.
Radium and thorium isotopes in the surface waters of the East Pacific and coastal Southern California

Abstract A fiber extraction technique is used to concentrate Ra and Th isotopes from 1000 liters or more of seawater. Natural 226 Ra and 234 Th are used as yield tracers. In the equatorial Pacific the 228 Ra activity of surface water varies from 20 to 1 dpm/1000 kg and generally decreases away from continental shelf areas. Across the Peru Current System, this decrease is modeled as one-dimensional diffusion and indicates the possibility of two flow regimes with distinct characteristic mixing lengths and apparent eddy diffusivities of 10 5 and 10 7 cm 2 /s. The perturbing effects of advection and equatorial upwelling west of the Galapagos Islands are noted. Off the coast of Southern California a vertical 228 Ra distribution gives an apparent diffusivity of 1.6 cm 2 /s for the upper thermocline. 226 Ra concentrations near the coast appear to be higher than the open ocean values at comparable depths, which may reflect supply of this isotope from continental shelf sediments and/or upwelling. The insoluble daughter/soluble parent activity ratios 228 Th/ 228 Ra and 234 Th/ 238 U in the equatorial Pacific surface water display latitudinal trends which may be correlated with productivity variations. Near the coast of California these ratios reflect the differing oceanographic conditions north and south of Pt. Conception indicating a mean chemical removal time constant on the order of 4 months for Th and other highly reactive elements within the Southern California Bight. The 232 Th content of seawater sampled is less than 0.1 μg/1000 1; most of the published values for seawater 232 Th could well be too high. A comparison of the two methods of determining 228 Ra (via 228 Ac and via 228 Th) made on 64 seawater samples shows that the time delay required by the 228 Th method is more than compensated by its better analytical simplicity and precision.
A preliminary survey of landbirds on Lakeba, Lau Group, Fiji

We report the results of 42 point-counts of land-birds in five types of habitat on Lakeba, Lau Group, Fiji, during 9–15 May 1999. The relative abundance and species richness were greatest in mid-/late-successional limestone forest, the habitat type least modified by humans. This was due mainly to an increased presence of four columbids (Gallicolumba stairi, Ptilinopus perousii, P. porphyraceus and Ducula pacifica) and two passerine insectivores (Mayrornis lessoni and Myiagra vanikorensis). By contrast, the relative abundance of two passerine nectarivores (Myzomela jugularis and Foulehaio carunculata) was greatest in disturbed habitats with many coconut trees. Most species of landbirds on Lakeba also occur in Tonga and/or Samoa, where methodologically similar surveys have taken place. The combined data indicate that the relative abundance and habitat association of some widespread West Polynesian species, such as Lalage maculosa, Aplonis tabuensis andFoulehaio carunculata, vary dramatically from island to island, both between and within island groups. Other species, such as Ducula pacifica, Ptilinopus porphyraceus and Halcyon chloris, occur across West Polynesia in much more predictable patterns.
Library managers and information in World 2.0

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide library managers with the ability to recognize and address World 2.0 information issues to enhance their ability to develop management plans for the future.Design/methodology/approach – This paper explores what World 2.0 means to library managers in three ways. Three information dimensions are identified using models to examine World 2.0 in a historical context. An analysis is conducted of the different generations of users in World 2.0 including their diverse attitudes, beliefs, experiences and skills and how these influence their engagement with the information environment. Four key characteristics of Web 2.0 are identified through an analysis of Web 2.0 in relation to World 2.0.Findings – Key findings in this paper are that: three dimensions of information in World 2.0 exist and can be used by library managers to help them understand the challenges and to facilitate the construction of strategic management plans that address them. Generational and organ...
Computer simulation of temperature effects on tunneling rates

Abstract An idealized model for impurity tunneling in a lattice is studied by computer simulation. The model is a coupled quantum—classical system of two degrees of freedom, the former representing the tunneling atom, the latter representing the host lattice; a double-well potential couples the two. To introduce thermal effects, the classical particle is described by a Langevin equation. Computer simulation of the model yields temperature-dependent tunneling rates which agree well with theory.
Repeatability of corneal power and wavefront aberration measurements with a dual-Scheimpflug Placido corneal topographer

Purpose To evaluate the repeatability of the Galilei dual-Scheimpflug analyzer in measuring corneal curvature, wavefront aberrations, pachymetry, and anterior chamber depth (ACD). Setting Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA. Methods Three consecutive measurements were performed in 1 eye of each subject. The following were evaluated: (1) mean total corneal power at the central, paracentral, and peripheral zones (0.0 to 4.0 mm, 4.0 to 7.0 mm, and 7.0 to 8.0 mm, respectively) and posterior corneal power (K avg ); (2) corneal higher-order wavefront aberrations (6.0 mm pupil); (3) mean pachymetry at the central, paracentral, and peripheral zones; and (4) ACD. Repeatability was assessed by calculating the within-subject standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (COV), and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results The study enrolled 20 subjects. The SD was 0.09 diopter (D), 0.05 D, and 0.19 D for central, paracentral, and peripheral total corneal power, respectively, and 0.03 D for posterior K avg . The COV ranged from 0.10% to 0.35%, and the ICC was 0.996 or more ( P Conclusion Dual-Scheimpflug measurements of corneal power, pachymetry, ACD, and corneal aberrations for Zernike terms in the middle of the Zernike tree showed excellent repeatability. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned. Additional disclosures are found in the footnotes.
Bilateral assessment of functional tasks for robot-assisted therapy applications

This article presents a novel evaluation system along with methods to evaluate bilateral coordination of arm function on activities of daily living tasks before and after robot-assisted therapy. An affordable bilateral assessment system (BiAS) consisting of two mini-passive measuring units modeled as three degree of freedom robots is described. The process for evaluating functional tasks using the BiAS is presented and we demonstrate its ability to measure wrist kinematic trajectories. Three metrics, phase difference, movement overlap, and task completion time, are used to evaluate the BiAS system on a bilateral symmetric (bi-drink) and a bilateral asymmetric (bi-pour) functional task. Wrist position and velocity trajectories are evaluated using these metrics to provide insight into temporal and spatial bilateral deficits after stroke. The BiAS system quantified movements of the wrists during functional tasks and detected differences in impaired and unimpaired arm movements. Case studies showed that stroke patients compared to healthy subjects move slower and are less likely to use their arm simultaneously even when the functional task requires simultaneous movement. After robot-assisted therapy, interlimb coordination spatial deficits moved toward normal coordination on functional tasks.
Transition of Stable Pediatric Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension from Intravenous Epoprostenol to Intravenous Treprostinil

Intravenous epoprostenol was the first agent approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the management of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, epoprostenol therapy carries the risks of a short half-life ( 1 year. Children were transitioned in the hospital over 24 hours using a rapid or slow strategy. The children were a mean age of 11 years (range 3 to 17) and were transitioned to treprostinil from August 2004 to August 2005. The baseline 6-minute walking distance was on average 516 ± 115 m (n = 9) and did not change after transition. Patients were treated with treprostinil for 1.1 ± 0.5 years. There were 2 deaths, and 2 patients transitioned to other therapy. Seven patients experienced ≥1 central-line infection. Despite a higher dose of treprostinil, the side effects were subjectively diminished. In conclusion, treprostinil provides an alternative therapy in children with PAH, with fewer side effects. However, evaluation regarding rates of infection requires further exploration.
Climatically controlled marker layers in Santa Barbara Basin sediments and fine-scale core-to-core correlation

Varved sediments with annual layering can provide a detailed history of environmental conditions of marginal ocean basins and of lakes. To reconstruct this history requires fine-scale correlation and correct age-assignment. In the Santa Barbara Basin, a combination of X-radiography, water content profiles, and microfossil stratigraphy yields correlations of the desired resolution. X-radiography permits identification of individual layers (∼1–2 mm thick) that differ in porosity (or pore-water content) and, hence, X-ray absorption. Microfossils and sedimentological parameters provide the clues to the presence for El Nino years (e.g. in a.d. 1984, 1959, and 1942 varves), allowing the tie-in to absolute years within this century. El Nino layers, once identified, are readily recognized on the radiographs and within the porosity profiles. Counting of laminae in X-radiographs and core-to-core correlation via water content then allow establishing age scales for other cores. A prominent shell layer in the first half of the 19th century is dated at a.d. 1838. This event (Macoma I) is of supraregional significance.
High‐temperature morphological transition in a styrene‐butadiene‐styrene block copolymer

Electron microscopy reveals a high-temperature morphological transition in a styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer of 7000 polystyrene block molecular weight and 43,000 polybutadiene block molecular weight (7S-43B-7S). Samples quenched in liquid nitrogen from temperatures above 150°C show no structure, whereas those quenched from temperatures below 140°C clearly show a multiphase structure. We previously reported that the 7S-43B-7S polymer exhibits a relatively sharp melt rheological transition in the temperature region between 140 and 150°C from highly viscoelastic and nonlinear viscous behavior to linear viscous behavior with insignificant elasticity. The dynamic viscoelastic properties are measured at different strain amplitudes in this study, and the results show that the melt rheological transition behavior is not influenced by the strain amplitude. This study clearly shows that the melt rheological transition in the 7S-43B-7S results from a morphological transition from a multiphase structure below about 140°C to a single-phase structure above about 150°C.
Appalachian English Stereotypes: Language Attitudes in Kentucky.

Nonstandard language varieties typically become social markers of the social groups that use them. Through this connection, the varieties reflect commonly held stereotypes of those groups from the perspective of outsiders, as well as symbolize group membership for their speakers. This study employs the matched guise technique to compare attitudes toward Appalachian English and Standard American English held by speakers of both language varieties. Most studies of nonstandard language varieties have shown an acceptance by nonstandard speakers of dominant negative stereotypes of their groups. By varying content of speech samples evaluated, this study suggests that speakers of Appalachian English partially accept low status evaluations of their dialect, but reject other negative stereotypes of their speech community in terms of integrity and social attractiveness of its members. In particular, results suggest significantly higher evaluations of male speakers of Appalachian English that are shared by Standard English speakers. (Appalachian English, speech community, language variety, language markers, language stereotypes, dialects, social status)
LYSOSOMES OF THE ARTERIAL WALL I. ISOLATION AND SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONATION OF CELLS FROM NORMAL RABBIT AORTA

Smooth muscle cells were dissociated from normal rabbit aorta by incubating the tissue in Hanks' solution containing elastase, collagenase, and hyaluronidase. The isolated cells contained significant amounts of the following acid hydrolases: N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, N-acetyl-beta-galactosaminidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, alpha-mannosidase, beta-glucosidase, acid phosphatase, and cathepsins C and D. The cells were disrupted and fractionated by isopycnic centrifugation on sucrose density gradients in the Beaufay automatic zonal rotor. Lysosomes with a modal density of 1.16 were identified by the distribution of these acid hydrolases and by the latency of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and beta-galactosidase. Other particulate enzymes studied in these sucrose gradients included cytochrome oxidase and monoamine oxidase (mitochondria), 5'-nucleotidase and leucyl-beta-naphthylamidase (plasma membrane), and catalase (? peroxisome). This microanalytical subcellular fractionation technique is applicable to the study of milligram quantities of many other tissues, both normal and pathological.
Alumina Substructure and Electrical Conductivity in Vitreous Silica

A network of alumina cells that remains after a vitreous silica sphere is heated in hydrogen supports the suggestion that alumina and associated sodium and lithium ions in vitreous silica are nonuniformly distributed. This distribution explains the anomalously large diffusion coefficient and electrical mobility of these alkali ions in vitreous silica.
Flueric Light-Off Detector

A flueric circuit for sensing afterburner light-off was designed, built, and successfully demonstrated on a GE J79-15A engine. The sensing principle took advantage of the fact that the kinematic viscosity of air increases with temperature to the 1.71 power. Therefore, laminar flow resistance of a capillary is very sensitive to temperature changes. This resistance change characteristic was utilized in a pneumatic bridge circuit, the output of which is proportional to temperature. The Flueric Light-Off Detector (FLOD) output was 1.5 psi for minimum afterburner light-offs and the time constant was about 0.3 sec which exceeded predicted performance. Output at max A/B was 15 psi. The FLOD functioned equally well as a blow-out detector. This circuit can also be utilized for main combustor light-off or blow-out indication and has the additional potential of absolute temperature sensing. The FLOD does not have a single moving part and required no filtration or pressure regulation.Copyright © 1969 by ASME
What Can General Medical Providers Do for Hospitalized Patients with Alcohol Dependence After Discharge

In the study by Bertholet et al. in this issue of JGIM,1 most medical inpatients who screened positive for unhealthy drinking and enrolled in a trial of a brief alcohol intervention had alcohol dependence.1 The trial, reported previously,2 found no benefit of the single brief intervention, and 67% of participants were still drinking heavily and/or having symptoms due to drinking 1 year later.1 Although the secondary analyses reported by Bertholet et al. identified three predictor measures that were associated with subsequent improved drinking outcomes, only one of the measures—alcohol treatment in the year after hospitalization—could be influenced by medical providers. The other two predictors of improved outcomes were patient characteristics at the time of admission.1
An applied logistic model for online purchase decision via web-building experiments

A commercial website was built to test six factors in consumers' online purchase decisions. A data set of 128 observations using the designed commercial website was collected to build a multiple-logistic, binary-purchase decision model. The individual and collective impacts of the selected six factors were tested and later quantified. The main contribution of this study was to combine the six proven factors and show their quantified influence over a designed commercial website. As many researchers have pointed out, although some factors do seem to have obvious direct impacts, their joint quantified impact requires a modelling procedure such as our multiple-logistic model to reveal their quantitative relationships. We believe that, with the comparative quantified impact of these factors, e-commerce companies can have better access to the evaluation of their return on investment on website features.
Ring chromosome 20: a pediatric potassium channelopathy responsive to treatment with ezogabine.

Abstract Background Ring chromosome 20 is a genetic disorder characterized by intractable epilepsy, behavioral problems, and cognitive deficit. The potassium channel–coding gene KCNQ2 is localized at the locus q13.3 on the chromosome 20, the most common site where the ring occurs. Ezogabine is the first potassium channel opener marketed in the United States. Patients We describe an 8-year-old girl with mosaic ring chromosome 20 and refractory epilepsy who had a remarkable improvement in seizure control with ezogabine. Conclusions This is the first report using the new antiepileptic drug ezogabine to treat pediatric epilepsy. We hypothesize that ring chromosome 20 patients have epilepsy related to abnormalities in the potassium channels, making it susceptible for treatment with potassium channel openers.
Rearrangement of Iridabenzvalenes to Iridabenzenes and/or η5-Cyclopentadienyliridium(I) Complexes: Experimental and Computational Analysis of the Influence of Silyl Ring Substituents and Phosphine Ligands§

Lithium−halogen exchange of either (Z)-1-phenyl-2-trimethylsilyl- (5a) or (Z)-1,2-bis(trimethylsilyl)-3-(2-iodovinyl)cyclopropene (5b) and addition to either Vaska's or Vaska-type complexes generat...
Stem and progenitor cell–based therapy of the human central nervous system

Multipotent neural stem cells, capable of giving rise to both neurons and glia, line the cerebral ventricles of all adult animals, including humans. In addition, distinct populations of nominally glial progenitor cells, which also have the capacity to generate several cell types, are dispersed throughout the subcortical white matter and cortex. A number of approaches have evolved for using neural progenitor cells in cell therapy. Four strategies are especially attractive for clinical translation: first, transplantation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells as a means of treating the disorders of myelin; second, transplantation of phenotypically restricted neuronal progenitor cells to treat diseases of discrete loss of a single neuronal phenotype, such as Parkinson disease; third, implantation of mixed progenitor pools to treat diseases characterized by the loss of several discrete phenotypes, such as spinal cord injury; and fourth, mobilization of endogenous neural progenitor cells to restore neurons lost as a result of neurodegenerative diseases, in particular Huntington disease. Together, these may present the most compelling strategies and near-term disease targets for cell-based neurological therapy.
Long term demographic effect of a constant stream of immigration when the population is not reproducing itself.

The author describes the use of a model to investigate "the age composition of the stationary population resulting from a condition of below replacement fertility and a continuous stream of immigrants the size of which for any age remain invariant over time....We have shown that the number dying among [migrants] is the same as the number of them entering over any time interval and that is precisely how their stationarity is maintained." The geographical focus is on developed countries that are experiencing below-replacement fertility levels. (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA) (EXCERPT)
Interpolymer ultrafiltration membranes prepared from poly(vinylidene fluoride) and poly(1-vinyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide)

Abstract Porous interpolymer anion exchange membranes were prepared from poly-(vinylidene fluoride) and poly(l-vinyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide). Depending on the membrane composition, the hydraulic permeability and the membrane conductance were varied over four orders of magnitude. The rejection of potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and methylene blue solutions was determined during ultrafiltration. A model was developed to account for the observed salt rejection. The membrane porosity and tortuosity parameters for this interpolymer membrane system were compared with an analogous system of cation-exchange membranes derived from poly(styrenesulfonic acid) and poly(vinylidene fluoride).
Synchronization of Adolescent Blood Pressure and Pubertal Somatic Growth

Background: Blood pressure (BP) and growth increase at an accelerated rate during puberty. The temporal relationship of the two events has not been well characterized. Objective: The purpose of this current investigation was to examine the rate of BP change in relation to pubertal growth with the intent to shed light on new mechanisms by which BP is regulated. Methods: We examined data from a cohort of 182 normotensive children who had measurements made semiannually for up to 12 yr. From the recorded heights, we identified the subject-specific pubertal growth spurt (PGS) using a growth curve model. With the estimated PGS as an anchoring point, we obtained the rates at which BP and weight changed as continuous functions of time for the duration of pubertal growth. Examining BP on a scale relative to PGS placed BP development in the context of pubertal growth. Results: Average ages at PGS were 11.5 for girls and 13.3 for boys. Fitted spline models estimated that at the time of PGS, the mean systolic BP was ...
Preparation, characterization, and reactivity studies of chelated substituted cyclopentadienylmanganesedicarbonyl complexes

Abstract Chelates of the parent compounds ( η 5 -C 5 H 4 C(O)CH 2 OCH 3 )Mn(CO) 3 ( 1 ). ( η 5 -C 5 H 4 C(O)CH 2 SCH 3 )Mn(CO) 3 ( 2 ), ( η 5 -C 5 H 4 C(O)CH 2 CH 2 SCH 3 )Mn(CO) 3 ( 3 ), ( η 5 -C 5 H 4 CH 2 COOCH 3 )Mn(CO) 3 ( 4 ), and ( η 5 -C 5 H 4 C(O)CH 2 COOCH 3 )Mn(CO) 3 ( 5 ) were prepared by photolysis. Only the chelates ( η 1 : η 5 -C 5 H 4 C(O)CH 2 SCH 3 )Mn(CO) 2 ( 2chelate ) and ( η 1 : η 5 -C 5 H 4 C(O)CH 2 CH 2 SCH 3 )Mn(CO) 2 ( 3chelate ) were stable enough to be isolated. The X-ray structure of 2chelate was determined and demonstrated ring strain in the chelate ring. Derivatives of the chelates were obtained by thermal substitution of the chelated group. Substitution of the chelated groups in ( η 1 : η 5 -C 5 H 4 C(O)CH 2 OCH 3 )Mn(CO) 2 ( 1chelate ), ( η 1 : η 5 -C 5 H 4 CH 2 COOCH 3 )Mn(CO) 2 ( 4chelate ), and ( η 1 : η 5 -C 5 H 4 CH 2 CH 2 COOCH 3 )Mn(CO) 2 ( 5chelate ) occurred within a few minutes, whereas 2chelate and 3chelate required refluxing for several hours to convert them to the substituted products. The substituted products have the general formula ( η 5 -C 5 H 4 R)Mn(CO) 2 L (where R is the substituent of either 1–5 and L is either a phosphine, phosphite, or tetrahydrothiophene). The weaker MnO bond was suggested for the differences in the reactivities of the chelated complexes.
Dynamic response and stability of shallow spherical shells subject to time-dependent loading.

This paper investigates the dynamic response of completely clamped, shallow, thin elastic spherical shells under sustained, uniformly distributed, time-dependent loads of the form P(t) = PO + jPi(t), where the dynamic component Pi(t) is periodic in time t and the average load PO is constant. The investigation is conducted both analytically and experimentally, with particular attention devoted to a) the axisymmetrical responses, b) the critical dynamic load condition, c) the application and extension of the solution techniques, and d) the existence of harmonic responses. Beginning with the Marguerre equations of motion and assuming negligible in-plane inertia loads, a Dini and Fourier-Bessel approach and the principle of harmonic balance lead to the stable, steady-state responses. The experimental work shows that a two-term Bessel solution is excellent for describing dynamic responses for geometry parameters X 5.6 suggests strongly that asymmetrical modes of vibration become predominant. The steady-state response of the spherical shell is found to be similar, in many respects, to the response of a soft nonlinear spring under periodic load. The analytically determined "jump" conditions have been found equivalent, in most instances considered, to experimentall y observed snap-through conditions. Interaction between dynamic and static load responses precludes the use of superposition in describing the shell response. The dynamic critical load conditions obtained here reduce to the static critical loads when the critical dynamic component tends to zero.
Visualization of unstable water flow in a fuel cell gas diffusion layer

Modeling two-phase flow in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells is hampered by a lack of conceptual understanding of flow patterns in the gas diffusion layer (GDL). In this paper, pore-scale visualizations of water in different types of GDLs were used to improve current understanding of flow and transport phenomena in PEM fuel cells. Confocal microscopy was used to capture the real-time transport of water, and pressure micro-transducers were installed to measure water breakthrough pressures. Three types of fuel cell GDLs were examined: TO series (Toray Corp., Tokyo, Japan), SGL series (SGL Carbon Group, Wiesbaden, Germany), and MRC series (Mitsubishi Rayon Corp., Otake City, Japan). The visualizations and pressure measurements revealed that despite difference in “pore” structures in the three types of GDLs, water followed distinct flow paths spanning several pores with characteristics similar to the “column flow” phenomena observed previously in hydrophobic or coarse-grained hydrophilic soils. The results obtained from this study can aid in the construction of theories and models for optimizing water management in fuel cells.
The effects of prolonged ``bleaching'' on the tissue biomass and reproduction of the reef coral Montastrea annularis

Colonies of Montastrea annularis from Carysfort Reef, Florida, that remained bleached seven months after the 1987 Caribbean bleaching event were studied to determine the long term effects of bleaching on coral physiology. Two types of bleached colonies were found: colonies with low numbers of zooxanthellae with normal pigment content, and a colony with high densities of lowpigment zooxanthellae. In both types, the zooxanthellae had an abnormal distribution within polyp tissues: highest densities were observed in basal endoderm and in mesenteries where zooxanthellae are not normally found. Bleached corals had 30% less tissue carbon and 44% less tissue nitrogen biomass per skeletal surface area, but the same tissue C:N ratio as other colonies that either did not bleach (normal) or that bleached and regained their zooxanthellae (recovered). Bleached corals were not able to complete gametogenesis during the reproductive season following the bleaching, while recovered corals were able to follow a normal gametogenic cycle. It appears that bleached corals were able to survive the prolonged period without nutritional contribution from their zooxanthellae by consuming their own structural materials for maintenance, but then, did not have the resources necessary for reproduction. The recovered corals, on the other hand, must have regained their zooxanthellae soon after the bleaching event since neither their tissue biomass nor their ability to reproduce were impaired.