cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A novel rigid uranyl tungstate sheet in the structures of Na2[(UO2)W2O8] and α- and β-Ag2[(UO2)W2O8]

Abstract Crystals of Na2[(UO2)W2O8] and α- and β-modifications of Ag2[(UO2)W2O8] were synthesized by high-temperature solid-state reactions and their structures have been determined. The structure of Na2[(UO2)W2O8] (triclinic, P 1 , a=6.6484(6), b=7.5308(7), c=8.4869(7) A, α=89.952(2), β=86.190(2), γ=73.299(2)°, V=406.02(6) A3, Z=2) was solved by direct methods and refined to R1=0.043 (wR2=0.084). The structure of α-Ag2[(UO2)W2O8] (monoclinic, P21/c, a=8.4263(7), b=7.4897(7), c=12.927(1) A, β=95.443(2)°, V=812.2(1) A3, Z=4) was solved by direct methods and refined to R1=0.049 (wR2=0.104). The structure of β-Ag2[(UO2)W2O8] (orthorhombic, Pnma, a=8.6415(6), b=7.5610(6), c=12.4513(9) A, V=813.6(1) A3, Z=4) was solved by direct methods and refined to R1=0.059 (wR2=0.154). The crystal structures of the compounds are based upon sheets of UrO5 pentagonal bipyramids (Ur = UO22+, uranyl ion) and WO6 octahedra with the composition [(UO2)W2O8]. The UrO5 pentagonal bipyramids share equatorial edges, resulting in chains one polyhedron wide that extend along [010] in all three structures. The WO6 octahedra share corners to form chains of composition [WO5] parallel to [010]. Two adjacent [WO5] chains are linked into double [W2O8] chains by the sharing of edges between WO6 octahedra. The chains of UrO5 bipyramids and the [W2O8] chains are linked into sheets by the sharing of edges between UrO5 bipyramids and WO6 octahedra. The sheets are parallel to (100) in Na2[(UO2)W2O8] and to (001) in α- and β-Ag2[(UO2)W2O8]. Na and Ag are located in the interlayers, and provide linkage of the sheets. Geometrical parameters of the [(UO2)W2O8] sheets in the structures of Na2[(UO2)W2O8] and α- and β-Ag2[(UO2)W2O8] are identical within ∼3%, which indicates a relatively rigid sheet. Thus, the role of the interlayer cations is to compensate the charge of the sheet and to link adjacent sheets. The α- and β-modifications of Ag2[(UO2)W2O8] differ only in stacking sequences of uranyl tungstate sheets and can be considered as Ag2[(UO2)W2O8]-2M and Ag2[(UO2)W2O8]-2O polytypes, respectively.
The anatomical distribution of genetic associations

Deeper understanding of the anatomical intermediaries for disease and other complex genetic traits is essential to understanding mechanisms and developing new interventions. Existing ontology tools provide functional, curated annotations for many genes and can be used to develop mechanistic hypotheses; yet information about the spatial expression of genes may be equally useful in interpreting results and forming novel hypotheses for a trait. Therefore, we developed an approach for statistically testing the relationship between gene expression across the body and sets of candidate genes from across the genome. We validated this tool and tested its utility on three applications. First, we show that the expression of genes in associated loci from GWA studies implicates specific tissues for 57 out of 98 traits. Second, we tested the ability of the tool to identify novel relationships between gene expression and phenotypes. Specifically, we experimentally confirmed an underappreciated prediction highlighted by our tool: that white blood cell count--a quantitative trait of the immune system--is genetically modulated by genes expressed in the skin. Finally, using gene lists derived from exome sequencing data, we show that human genes under selective constraint are disproportionately expressed in nervous system tissues.
SiGe channel deposition by batch epitaxy

Abstract Batch epitaxy has been introduced for high volume manufacturing of SiGe channels in order to reduce the cost for this epitaxial process by a factor of 3. Beside cost, SiGe channel deposition by batch epitaxy offers many benefits for manufacturing. The stability of the process and the reduced variability of the SiGe thickness greatly improve the variation of VT. The batch epitaxy process does not show a pattern loading effect for SiGe thickness reducing the complexity for manufacturing significantly. However, since the tool concept is very different to that of the widely used single wafer tools, there are some tool specific issues that need to be managed. The wafer backside is critical for batch epitaxy. A nitride backside facing the front side of the wafer results in a clear degradation of the uniformity and a change of the morphology of the SiGe channel compared to that facing a Si backside. The thermal rounding is more pronounced for the channels deposited in a batch tool for both large and narrow width devices. The device parameters of the large width device are not affected by thermal rounding but the performance of the narrow width device is clearly degraded. The thin SiGe layer at the edge of the channel driven by thermal rounding affects the VT and thus the effective device width. An in-situ etching before SiGe deposition to avoid thermal rounding was not feasible due to defects issues which were induced by the wafer backside. Finally a thermal rounding of the Si by an aggressive H2 bake before SiGe deposition improves the SiGe channel uniformity and recovers the performance degradation of the narrow width device partly.
On boosting sparse parities

While boosting has been extensively studied, considerably less attention has been devoted to the task of designing good weak learning algorithms. In this paper we consider the problem of designing weak learners that are especially adept to the boosting procedure and specifically the AdaBoost algorithm. First we describe conditions desirable for a weak learning algorithm. We then propose using sparse parity functions as weak learners, which have many of our desired properties, as weak learners in boosting. Our experimental tests show the proposed weak learners to be competitive with the most widely used ones: decision stumps and pruned decision trees.
Professional 'amateurs' in the NCAA: the impact of downstream demand.

AbstractWe argue that student-athletes are amateur in title only; they are actually professional athletes in all accounts of their actions. This occurs because of the downstream demand of their athletic success: coaches are paid professionals. As a paid professional, these coaches are held accountable for the performances of their team, i.e. they are hired and fired based on this performance. Within the constraints of the National Collegiate Athletic Association guidelines, coaches make the rules for their athletes, which the athletes are required to follow. As such, the athletes themselves are professionals acting under professional incentives and are amateurs in title only.
Recent Advances of Lanthanum-Based Perovskite Oxides for Catalysis

There is a need to reduce the use of noble metal elements—especially in the field of catalysis, where noble metals are ubiquitously applied. To this end, perovskite oxides, an important class of mixed oxide, have been attracting increasing attention for decades as potential replacements. Benefiting from the extraordinary tunability of their compositions and structures, perovskite oxides can be rationally tailored and equipped with targeted physical and chemical properties—for example, redox behavior, oxygen mobility, and ionic conductivity—for enhanced catalysis. Recently, the development of highly efficient perovskite oxide catalysts has been extensively studied. This perspective article summarizes the recent development of lanthanum-based perovskite oxides as advanced catalysts for both energy conversion applications and traditional heterogeneous reactions.
Is Historical Cost Accounting a Panacea? Market Stress, Incentive Distortions, and Gains Trading

We provide new empirical evidence concerning the contentious debate over the use of historical cost versus fair value accounting in regulating financial institutions. These accounting rules, through their interactions with capital regulation, alter financial institutions’ optimal portfolio choice and trading behavior. The insurance industry provides a natural laboratory in which to explore these interactions. First, there exist significant differences in regulatory accounting rules; life insurers have greater flexibility to hold speculative-grade instruments at historical cost than property and casualty insurers. Second, within an insurer’s investment portfolio, detailed data are available on transactions, positions, and, most importantly, the regulatory accounting treatment for each security. When faced with severe downgrades among their holdings in asset-backed securities (ABS), life insurers largely continue to hold the downgraded securities at historical cost and instead selectively sell their corporate bond holdings with the highest unrealized gains, inducing significant price declines. This is particularly true for life insurers facing regulatory capital constraints and with high ABS exposures. This behavior is largely absent among property and casualty insurers; they instead disproportionately sell their re-marked ABS holdings. Historical cost accounting creates an altered incentive environment in which constrained financial institutions sell assets to realize gains. Insofar as this behavior transmits shocks across potentially unrelated markets, historical cost accounting is not a panacea.
Reconstructing Renewable Energy: Making Wind and Solar Power Dispatchable, Reliable and Efficient

This paper is important because it explains how to create a grid-scale energy storage system (ESS) that makes, for the first time, wind and solar renewable energy—dispatchable, reliable and efficient. Existing and recent discoveries in battery technology are analyzed, with the most appropriate recommended for use in the new ESS. Additionally, an innovative time-shifting ESS design approach is presented that decouples electricity production from use, considerably improving total wind and solar power peak average capacity contribution values. This minimizes the need for expensive standby natural-gas combustion turbine peaker plants—thereby decreasing costs by 75%. Furthermore, this advanced ESS improves performance by making the interconnection grid more reliable and better able to handle changing customer demands, relieves transmission congestion, and decreases unscheduled power outages—and also provides ancillary services; thereby improving system-wide benefits by 30%-to-40%, further reducing effective ESS costs, perhaps to zero. Keywords: Renewable Energy, Efficiency, Dispatchable, Grid-Scale Energy Storage System JEL Classifications : G31; G38; H44; K23
Telling and Retelling Your Story in Court: Questions, Assumptions and Intercultural Implications

This article presents a sociolinguistic examination of the ways in which stories are told and retold in the criminal justice process, particularly in court. The main argument concerns the fundamental contradictions between everyday storytelling and retelling on the one hand, and the expectations and interpretations of storytelling and retelling in court on the other. Drawing on research on police interviews, lawyer interviews and courtroom talk, the article examines issues such as consistency and inconsistency, and the role of questions in shaping a person's story. While there are a number of distinctive assumptions and practices in the culture of the law which are not shared in the wider Australian community, there are particular implications for Aboriginal people, who are still 20 times more likely to come into contact with the criminal justice system than non-Aboriginal people. These implications are introduced and exemplified, and the article concludes by raising questions about alternative approaches to storytelling and retelling in court.
Laboratory Information Systems Management and Operations

The main mission of a laboratory information system (LIS) is to manage workflow and deliver accurate results for clinical management. Successful selection and implementation of an anatomic pathology LIS is not complete unless it is complemented by specialized information technology support and maintenance. LIS is required to remain continuously operational with minimal or no downtime and the LIS team has to ensure that all operations are compliant with the mandated rules and regulations.
Spatial Externalities in Agriculture: Empirical Analysis, Statistical Identification, and Policy Implications

Summary Spatial externalities can affect economic welfare and landscape pattern by linking farm returns on adjoining parcels of land. While policy can be informed by research that documents spatial externalities, statistically quantifying the presence of externalities from landscape pattern is insufficient for policy guidance unless the underlying cause of the externality can be identified as positive or negative. This article provides a springboard for empirical research by examining the underlying structure, social–environmental interactions, and statistical identification strategies for the analysis and the quantification of agricultural spatial externalities that are derived from observations of landscape change. The potential for original policy treatments of agricultural spatial externalities in development and environment outcomes is highlighted.
A Multiligand Based Pd Catalyst for C−N Cross-Coupling Reactions

An alternative approach to catalyst development, which led to a Pd catalyst based on two biarylphosphine ligands for C−N cross-coupling reactions, is reported. By effectively being able to take the form of multiple catalysts this system manifests the best properties that catalysts based on either of the two ligands exhibit separately and displays the highest reactivity and substrate scope of any system that has been reported to date for these reactions.
Two new species of Cleridae (Coleoptera) from a Costa Rican cloudforest

Two species of Clerini (Cleridae: Clerinae), Colyphus hansoni and Enoclerus (E.) puravida , are described from malaise trap samples collected in a patch of c1oudforest at Zurqui de Moravia, San Jose Province, Costa Rica. Colyphus hansoni is compared to its congeners and to the sympatric Enoclerus (Coniferoclerus) subviolaceus (Gorham). The new species is distinguishable from its congeners on the basis of color, seta! pattem and elytral sculpturing. A sympatric, undescribed Colyphus species resembles C. hansoni in details of shape and sculpturing, and may prove to be its sister species. Colyphus hansoni has the elyra tricolorous (red, ivory and black) and thus is easily separated from the undescribed species which has the e1ytra strictly bicolorous (stramineous and black). The generic status of the latter is discussed in relation to Colyphus. The presence of sexually dimorphic tarsal claws in Colyphus is noted for the first time. Enoclerus (E.) puravida is characterized as part of a complex of several similar and possibly related species distributed in Panarna and Costa Rica. It is similar lo several other Mexican and Central American Enoclerus species lhat share small size, ant-like form, shining black or reddish elytral integument and distinctive sculpturing of the elytral base. This group, consisting of E. (E. ) tubercularis (Gorharn 1882), E. (E.) gibbus Ekis 1976, E. (E.) albosignatus Ekis 1976, E. (E. ) puravida and sorne undescribed species, may eventually prove io form a clade-and thus warrant elevation to subgeneric or generic status. Among described species, E. (E.) puravida is most similar to the PananlalUan E. (E.) albosignatus, from which it differs by having the base of each elytron coarsely alveoJate-iiunctate and only incidentally and feebly costate, rather than smooth and "embossed" with !bree shalJow carinae. The two species also differ in details of coloration and pronotal sculpturing. E. (E.) puravida may be mimicking ants.
Normal Binary Hierarchical Models

ABSTRACTEach simplicial complex and integer vector yields a vector configuration whose combinatorial properties are important for the analysis of contingency tables. We study the normality of these vector configurations including a description of operations on simplicial complexes that preserve normality, constructions of families of minimally nonnormal complexes, and computations classifying all of the normal complexes on up to six vertices. We repeat this analysis for compressed vector configurations, classifying all of the compressed complexes on up to six vertices.
Do Live Versus Audio-Recorded Narrative Stimuli Influence Young Children's Narrative Comprehension and Retell Quality?

Purpose The primary aim of the present study was to examine whether different ways of presenting narrative stimuli (i.e., live narrative stimuli versus audio-recorded narrative stimuli) influence children's performances on narrative comprehension and oral-retell quality. Method Children in kindergarten (n = 54), second grade (n = 74), and fourth grade (n = 65) were matched on their performance on a standardized oral-language comprehension task and then were randomly assigned to 1 of the 2 conditions that differed in how narrative stimuli were presented to children: live narrative stimuli and audio-recorded narrative stimuli. Results Kindergartners and 2nd graders in the live condition had higher mean performance on narrative comprehension, with effect sizes of .43 and .39, respectively, after accounting for age, gender, and school. No differences were found in narrative comprehension for children in 4th grade. Children's oral-retell quality did not differ as a function of condition in any grade. Conclusio...
Am I Wrong or Am I Right? Gains in Monitoring Accuracy in an Intelligent Tutoring System for Writing

We investigated whether students increased their self-assessment accuracy and essay scores over the course of an intervention with a writing strategy intelligent tutoring system, W-Pal. Results indicate that students were able to learn from W-Pal, and that the combination of strategy instruction, game-based practice, and holistic essay-based practice led to equivalent gains in self-assessment accuracy compared to heavier doses of deliberate writing practice (offering twice the amount of system feedback).
Stale view cleaning: getting fresh answers from stale materialized views

Materialized views (MVs), stored pre-computed results, are widely used to facilitate fast queries on large datasets. When new records arrive at a high rate, it is infeasible to continuously update (maintain) MVs and a common solution is to defer maintenance by batching updates together. Between batches the MVs become increasingly stale with incorrect, missing, and superfluous rows leading to increasingly inaccurate query results. We propose Stale View Cleaning (SVC) which addresses this problem from a data cleaning perspective. In SVC, we efficiently clean a sample of rows from a stale MV, and use the clean sample to estimate aggregate query results. While approximate, the estimated query results reflect the most recent data. As sampling can be sensitive to long-tailed distributions, we further explore an outlier indexing technique to give increased accuracy when the data distributions are skewed. SVC complements existing deferred maintenance approaches by giving accurate and bounded query answers between maintenance. We evaluate our method on a generated dataset from the TPC-D benchmark and a real video distribution application. Experiments confirm our theoretical results: (1) cleaning an MV sample is more efficient than full view maintenance, (2) the estimated results are more accurate than using the stale MV, and (3) SVC is applicable for a wide variety of MVs.
CEO financial background and audit pricing

SYNOPSIS: Accounting scholars theorize that audit price is a function of a client's audit and business risk. Existing research finds that the functional expertise of Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) in finance improves financial reporting quality (Matsunaga, Wang, and Yeung 2013), increases profitability, and reduces the likelihood of firm failure (Custodio and Metzger 2014). These factors suggest that auditors' engagement risk decreases when incumbent CEOs possess financial expertise, raising the likelihood that auditors will charge these firms lower fees. In this study, we examine whether CEOs' work experience in accounting- and finance-related jobs affects audit fees. Using a panel of U.S. firms between 2004 and 2013, we find that firms that have a financial expert CEO pay lower audit fees. Our results are robust to various specifications, including firm-fixed effect model and specifications that control for other CEO- and Chief Financial Officer (CFO)-specific and audit committee characteristics. Our f...
Correlates of attendance in mental health services for individuals with psychotic disorders: A critical review

ABSTRACTLow attendance to mental health care results in loss of time, money, and treatment gains. No prior review in this area has taken into account the quality of studies or varying definitions of attendance. The current review provides a critical evaluation of variables associated with attendance in consumers with psychotic symptoms participating in outpatient mental health services, with a focus on study quality and operationalization of attendance. EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library were searched for empirical articles relevant to attendance to mental health services by individuals diagnosed with a psychotic disorder. Eligible articles were rated for quality by two coauthors; high-quality articles were reviewed in-depth. Twenty-eight articles were eligible; 11 articles qualified for in-depth review. Four attendance outcome types were identified, including the prediction of dropout, time engaged, categorical attendance, and continuous attendance. Ongoing substance use during t...
Regional Appropriation of University-Based Knowledge and Technology for Economic Development

Economic development practitioners and scholars recognize the link between universities and regional economic development. It is predicated on the spillover of knowledge from universities to commercialization. The literature has focused on the supply side, which involves university research and technology transfer mechanisms. We examine the role played by the demand for university-based knowledge and university-developed technology. We identify links between businesses and the university as a key conduit facilitating the spillover of knowledge using data on the Department of Energy’s Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program. We provide supply-side evidence on university research relationships and how the use of knowledge and technologies that flow from a university affect economic growth. We identify the role that SBIR-funded businesses play in the spillover of knowledge from the creating organization to where that knowledge is used and commercialized. Our results suggest that knowledge is systematically transmitted through university-related research.
Photon counting detector array algorithms for deep space optical communications

For deep-space optical communications systems utilizing an uplink optical beacon, a single-photon-counting detector array on the flight terminal can be used to simultaneously perform uplink tracking and communications as well as accurate downlink pointing at photon-starved (pW=m2) power levels. In this paper, we discuss concepts and algorithms for uplink signal acquisition, tracking, and parameter estimation using a photon-counting camera. Statistical models of detector output data and signal processing algorithms are presented, incorporating realistic effects such as Earth background and detector/readout blocking. Analysis and simulation results are validated against measured laboratory data using state-of-the-art commercial photon-counting detector arrays, demonstrating sub-microradian tracking errors under channel conditions representative of deep space optical links.
Iron-Catalyzed Rearrangements and Cycloaddition Reactions of 2H-Chromenes

Iron(III) salts catalyze the tandem rearrangement/hetero-Diels-Alder reaction of 2H-chromenes to yield tetrahydrochromeno heterocycles. The process can occur as a homodimerization and cycloaddition process using electron-rich dienophiles. Deuterium labeling and mechanistic studies revealed a hydride shift and ortho-quinone methide cycloaddition reaction pathway.
Debtholders’ Demand for Conservatism: Evidence from Changes in Directors’ Fiduciary Duties

Debtholders� demand has been widely discussed as a key determinant of conservatism but clear causal evidence is not yet established. Using a natural experiment setting, wherein a Delaware court ruled that the fiduciary duties of directors in near insolvent Delaware companies extend to creditors, we predict and find that firms subject to the ruling significantly increased their accounting conservatism. In addition, our results suggest that the increase in conservatism is more pronounced in near insolvent Delaware firms with stronger boards, confirming that the court ruling takes effect through the channel of the board of directors. Our results are robust to using alternative measures of conservatism and near insolvency status, and controlling for potential confounding factors and other stakeholders� demand for conservatism. Overall, our study provides empirical evidence to support the causal relation between debtholders� demand and accounting conservatism previously suggested in the literature, and offers some insights into the role of the board of directors in financial reporting.
Rh(III)-Catalyzed Cyclopropanation Initiated by C–H Activation: Ligand Development Enables a Diastereoselective [2 + 1] Annulation of N-Enoxyphthalimides and Alkenes

N-Enoxyphthalimides undergo a Rh(III)-catalyzed C–H activation initiated cyclopropanation of electron deficient alkenes. The reaction is proposed to proceed via a directed activation of the olefinic C–H bond followed by two migratory insertions, first across the electron-deficient alkene and then by cyclization back onto the enol moiety. A newly designed isopropylcyclopentadienyl ligand drastically improves yield and diastereoselectivity.
A new class of electrocatalysts for hydrogen production from water electrolysis: metal monolayers supported on low-cost transition metal carbides.

This work explores the opportunity to substantially reduce the cost of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts by supporting monolayer (ML) amounts of precious metals on transition metal carbide substrates. The metal component includes platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), and gold (Au); the low-cost carbide substrate includes tungsten carbides (WC and W2C) and molybdenum carbide (Mo2C). As a platform for these studies, single-phase carbide thin films with well-characterized surfaces have been synthesized, allowing for a direct comparison of the intrinsic HER activity of bare and Pt-modified carbide surfaces. It is found that WC and W2C are both excellent cathode support materials for ML Pt, exhibiting HER activities that are comparable to bulk Pt while displaying stable HER activity during chronopotentiometric HER measurements. The findings of excellent stability and HER activity of the ML Pt–WC and Pt–W2C surfaces may be explained by the similar bulk electronic properties of tungsten carbides to Pt, as is ...
Electrophilic Pt(II) Complexes: Precision Instruments for the Initiation of Transformations Mediated by the Cation−Olefin Reaction

A discontinuity exists between the importance of the cation–olefin reaction as the principal C–C bond forming reaction in terpene biosynthesis and the synthetic tools for mimicking this reaction under catalyst control; that is, having the product identity, stereochemistry, and functionality under the control of a catalyst. The main reason for this deficiency is that the cation–olefin reaction starts with a reactive intermediate (a carbocation) that reacts exothermically with an alkene to reform the reactive intermediate; not to mention that reactive intermediates can also react in nonproductive fashions. In this Account, we detail our efforts to realize catalyst control over this most fundamental of reactions and thereby access steroid like compounds. Our story is organized around our progress in each component of the cascade reaction: the metal controlled electrophilic initiation, the propagation and termination of the cyclization (the cyclase phase), and the turnover deplatinating events. Electrophilic ...
Differential Transmission of Closely Related Strains of Potato Virus Y by the Green Peach Aphid and the Potato Aphid

Comparative transmission trials were made with 2 strains of potato virus Y (MPVY and RPVY) using the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer). and the aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas). RPVY inoculated by green peach aphids caused both mild and sever symptoms in ‘California Wonder’ pepper (CW) whereas inoculation by potato aphids and by sap of RPVY consistently caused severe symptoms in CW pepper. Symptoms of MPVY in CW pepper were always severe regardless of type of inoculation used. The mild syndrome of RPVY could be restored to the severe syndrome by serial sap inoculation in pepper. Fourteen days after inoculation, titrations by sap inoculation indicated concentrations of mild and severe symptom RPVY to be similar; whereas titrations by green peach aphid transmissions indicated concentration of the mild symptom RPVY to be significantly lower than concentration of the severe symptom type. Thirty-nine days after inoculation, titrations of these same plants by green peach aphid transmissions showed equal concentrations of both mild and severe symptom RPVY. MPVY was transmitted very efficiently by green peach and potato aphids in only 10–12 days after inoculation of virus source plants, irrespective of whether aphid-or sap-inoculated plants were used. Titrations by sap inoculation of MPVY correlated well with titrations by green peach aphid transmissions. In CW plants infected for 18–40 days, potato aphids transmitted both mild and severe symptom RPVY (both sap-inoculated and aphid-inoculated) with equal efficiency. Green peach aphids initially had difficulty in transmitting mild symptom RPVY where aphid-inoculated (either green peach or potato) virus inoculum source plants were used, but after 40 days these plants were equal as inocula to sap-inoculated plants. Rates of postacquisition feeding loss of RPVY in green peach aphids and potato aphids were determined for mild and severe symptom types of virus using both sap-inoculated RPVY. MPVY was tested similarly but only with green peach aphids. The half-life life of severe symptom RPVY (for both sap-and aphid-inoculated virus) was about 40 min in green peach and potato aphids. However, the half-life of mild symptom RPVY inoculated by green peach aphids was less (10 minutes) than when inoculated by sap or potao aphids (40–75 minutes). This was true for both green peach and potato aphids. The half-life of MPVY as determined for green peach aphids was (1) similar for both sap- and aphid-inoculated virus, and (2) was much longer than for RPVY (150–180 minutes). When vector efficiency was plotted against the half-life of virus, a linear relationship seemed evident.
The double stigma of obesity and serious mental illnesses: promoting health and recovery.

UNLABELLED This article contrasts the traditional medical approach and size acceptance perspectives on obesity among people with serious mental illnesses. PURPOSE Higher incidences of obesity among populations with serious mental illnesses have been identified. In response, a recent initiative in mental health has urged providers to address the obesity rates among populations with mental illnesses by monitoring weight, prescribing weight loss medication, and recommending bariatric surgery. However, literature is emerging with regards to the double stigma experienced by individuals with obesity and a mental illness. Therefore, the traditional focus on weight loss can benefit from a size acceptance approach to focus on health promotion and avoid stigmatizing size. SOURCES USED Citations of theoretical and behavioral health literature on the experiences of individuals with mental illnesses and obesity are presented. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Recommendations for interventions, training, and future research related to obesity and mental illnesses are provided. Implications are suggested for a size acceptance approach to interventions for individuals in recovery from mental illnesses to promote health at every size within mental health and medical settings.
Threat of entry, asymmetric information, and pricing

This paper examines the impact of asymmetric information on incumbent firms' propensity to engage in limit pricing when faced with threat of entry. I draw from information economics to argue that incumbents will use price to respond ex ante to entry in situations characterized by asymmetric information. I suggest two situations in which asymmetric information can arise: when potential entrants are from outside the primary industry and when incumbent firms are members of R&D consortia. I then study pricing in the U.S. cable TV industry to show that pricing patterns of incumbent cable TV systems are consistent with limit pricing when the relationship between the incumbent and potential entrant is characterized by asymmetric information. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iron-catalyzed alkylations of aryl sulfamates and carbamates.

The alkylation of aryl sulfamates and carbamates using iron catalysis is reported. The method constructs sp2–sp3 carbon–carbon bonds and provides synthetically useful yields across a range of substrates (>35 examples). The directing group ability of sulfamates and carbamates, accompanied by their low reactivity toward conventional cross-couplings, renders these substrates useful for the synthesis of polyfunctionalized arenes.
Synthetic biology for synthetic chemistry

The richness and versatility of biological systems make them ideally suited to solve some of the world's most significant challenges, such as converting cheap, renewable resources into energy-rich molecules; producing high-quality, inexpensive drugs to fight disease; and remediating polluted sites. Over the years, significant strides have been made in engineering microorganisms to produce fuels, bulk chemicals, and valuable drugs from inexpensive starting materials; to detect and degrade nerve agents as well as less toxic organic pollutants; and to accumulate metals and reduce radionuclides. The components needed to engineer the chemistry inside a microbial cell are significantly different from those commonly used to overproduce pharmaceutical proteins. Synthetic biology has had and will continue to have a significant impact on the development of these components to engineer cellular metabolism and microbial chassis to host the chemistry. The ready availability of more well-characterized gene expression components and hosts for chemical synthesis, standards for the connection of these components to make larger functioning devices, computer-aided design software, and debugging tools for biological designs will decrease both the time and the support needed to construct these designs. Some of the most important tools for engineering bacterial metabolism and their use for production of the antimalarial drug artemisinin are reviewed.
Shape‐directed platinum nanoparticle synthesis: nanoscale design of novel catalysts

Platinum-based catalytic materials have received significant attention, particularly in the shape and size control of faceted materials for catalysis. More recently, there has been a rapid increase in the number of reports of successful preparations in this field; however, a fundamental understanding of controlled growth towards catalytic material design is essential for future implementation and broad application. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent findings reported since 2009, focusing on methods for shape control as well as the effects of exposed surface facets on select catalytic reactions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patient-provider discussions about lung cancer screening pre- and post-guidelines: Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS).

Abstract Objective In 2013, the USPSTF issued a Grade B recommendation that long-term current and former smokers receive lung cancer screening. Shared decision-making is important for individuals considering screening, and patient-provider discussions an essential component of the process. We examined prevalence and predictors of lung cancer screening discussions pre- and post-USPSTF guidelines. Methods Data were obtained from two cycles of the Health Information National Trends Survey (2012; 2014). The analyzed sample comprised screening-eligible current and former smokers with no personal history of lung cancer (n=746 in 2012; n=795 in 2014). Descriptive and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted; patient-reported discussion about lung cancer screening with provider was the outcome of interest. Results Contrary to expectations, patient-provider discussions about lung cancer screening were more prevalent pre-guideline, but overall patient-provider discussions were low in both years (17% in 2012; 10% in 2014). Current smokers were more likely to have had a discussion than former smokers. Significant predictors of patient-provider discussions included family history of cancer and having healthcare coverage. Conclusions The prevalence of patient-provider discussions about lung cancer screening is suboptimal. Practice implications There is a critical need for patient and provider education about shared decision-making and its importance in cancer screening decisions.
All-SiC inductively coupled charger with integrated plug-in and boost functionalities for PEV applications

So far, the charging functionality for vehicles has been integrated either into the traction drive system or to the dc-dc converters in plug-in electric vehicles (PEV). This study features a unique way of combining the wired and wireless charging functionalities with vehicle side boost converter and maintaining the isolation to provide a hybrid plug-in and wireless charging solution to the plug-in electric vehicle users. The proposed integrated charger combined with SiC technology shows the end-to-end and dc-to-dc system efficiencies of 85.9% and 88.9% for wireless charging mode, and 88.8% and 92.4% for the wired charging mode of operation.
Browser Feature Usage on the Modern Web

Modern web browsers are incredibly complex, with millions of lines of code and over one thousand JavaScript functions and properties available to website authors. This work investigates how these browser features are used on the modern, open web. We find that JavaScript features differ wildly in popularity, with over 50% of provided features never used on the web's 10,000 most popular sites according to Alexa We also look at how popular ad and tracking blockers change the features used by sites, and identify a set of approximately 10% of features that are disproportionately blocked (prevented from executing by these extensions at least 90% of the time they are used). We additionally find that in the presence of these blockers, over 83% of available features are executed on less than 1% of the most popular 10,000 websites. We further measure other aspects of browser feature usage on the web, including how many features websites use, how the length of time a browser feature has been in the browser relates to its usage on the web, and how many security vulnerabilities have been associated with related browser features.
Postpartum dyspareunia. An unexplored problem.

Objective Postpartum dyspareunia has been attributed by authors of obstetric texts to episiotomy tenderness or vaginal atrophy. The nursing literature attributes it to low estrogen levels. This study attempts to examine these assumptions, to clarify the incidence of postpartum dyspareunia and the length of time it is likely to last. Study design Sixty-two women in a private practice were examined between two and eight weeks postpartum and followed prospectively. Results Forty-five percent of parturients developed entry dyspareunia, but only 6% had pain at the sites of vulvar repair. The median length of symptoms in the 39% with nonfocal introital dyspareunia was 5.5 months, and tenderness lasted up to 1 year. Such dyspareunia developed in women having a first (42%) or second (47%) infant, delivering vaginally (42%) or by cesarean section (29%), and lactating (41%) or not lactating (22%). One-third of those affected had severe sexual dysfunction. Conclusion Postpartum dyspareunia is quite common and can be a significant source of difficulty in the months after delivery. It is an underdetected problem and deserves more study.
Perioperative Treatment of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease mediated by a widespread, chronic, and systematic inflammatory process that causes joint deterioration, which leads to pain, disability, and poor quality of life. The increased use of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs has been shown to markedly slow disease progression, which has translated into a decrease in the need for orthopaedic intervention in this population. However, in a substantial percentage of patients with the disease, optimal pharmacologic treatment fails and surgical intervention is required. A thorough understanding of medical considerations in these patients and improved knowledge of the medical complications caused by the disease process and the pharmacologic therapy used to treat it may lead to improved preoperative planning and medical clearance, which may ultimately improve the overall postoperative outcome.
Random sequential adsorption on imprecise lattice

We report a surprising result, established by numerical simulations and analytical arguments for a one-dimensional lattice model of random sequential adsorption, that even an arbitrarily small imprecision in the lattice-site localization changes the convergence to jamming from fast, exponential, to slow, power-law, with, for some parameter values, a discontinuous jump in the jamming coverage value. This finding has implications for irreversible deposition on patterned substrates with pre-made landing sites for particle attachment. We also consider a general problem of the particle (depositing object) size not an exact multiple of the lattice spacing, and the lattice sites themselves imprecise, broadened into allowed-deposition intervals. Regions of exponential vs. power-law convergence to jamming are identified, and certain conclusions regarding the jamming coverage are argued for analytically and confirmed numerically.
Convergent One-Pot Oxidative [n + 1] Approaches to Spiroacetal Synthesis

Two one-pot oxidative annulative approaches to spiroacetal synthesis are described. One approach uses a Lewis acid mediated Ferrier reaction in the fragment-coupling stage followed by DDQ-promoted oxidative carbon–hydrogen bond cleavage and cyclization. An alternative approach employs a Heck reaction for fragment coupling followed by DDQ-mediated enone formation and cyclization. These strategies provide convergent routes to common subunits in natural products, medicinal agents, and chemical libraries under mild reaction conditions.
Synthesis and Structure of Five Sc3CuyZn18-y-Type Compositions (0 ≤ y ≤ ∼2.2), 1/1 Crystalline Approximants of a New Icosahedral Quasicrystal. Direct Example of Tuning on the Basis of Size Effects and Hume−Rothery Concepts

The newly reported icosahedral quasicrystalline phase ∼Sc3Cu2.1Zn12.9 was approached through four synthetic, structural, and EDX analyses of the range of approximants formed by systematic substitut...
NASADEM GLOBAL ELEVATION MODEL: METHODS AND PROGRESS

Abstract. NASADEM is a near-global elevation model that is being produced primarily by completely reprocessing the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) radar data and then merging it with refined ASTER GDEM elevations. The new and improved SRTM elevations in NASADEM result from better vertical control of each SRTM data swath via reference to ICESat elevations and from SRTM void reductions using advanced interferometric unwrapping algorithms. Remnant voids will be filled primarily by GDEM3, but with reduction of GDEM glitches (mostly related to clouds) and therefore with only minor need for secondary sources of fill.
Quantifying the intrinsic surface charge density and charge-transfer resistance of the graphene-solution interface through bias-free low-level charge measurement

Liquid-based bio-applications of graphene require a quantitative understanding of the graphene-liquid interface, with the surface charge density of adsorbed ions, the interfacial charge transfer resistance, and the interfacial charge noise being of particular importance. We quantified these properties through measurements of the zero-bias Faradaic charge-transfer between graphene electrodes and aqueous solutions of varying ionic strength using a reproducible, low-noise, minimally perturbative charge measurement technique. The measurements indicated that the adsorbed ions had a negative surface charge density of approximately −32.8 mC m−2 and that the specific charge transfer resistance was 6.5 ± 0.3 MΩ cm2. The normalized current noise power spectral density for all ionic concentrations tested collapsed onto a 1/fα characteristic with α = 1.1 ± 0.2. All the results are in excellent agreement with predictions of the theory for the graphene-solution interface. This minimally perturbative method for monitori...
Sources for African Language Materials from the Countries of Anglophone Africa

Il y a un manque general d'information quant aux moyens d'acquerir du materiel dans les langues africaines en dehors de leurs pays d'origine. Cependant, il est quelques facons bien precises d'y arriver. Dans cet article, l'auteur explique quels sont les sources de reference courantes, les fournisseurs de commandes et d'offices, les librairies et les editeurs, les catalogues de bibliotheques imprimes et en ligne, et deux collections de microformes. Avec suffisamment de temps, d'energie et un budget raisonnable en monnaie locale, il est possible de developper une collection en langues africaines appropriee aux besoins locaux.
Fine-Grained Cryptography

Fine-grained cryptographic primitives are ones that are secure against adversaries with an a-priori bounded polynomial amount of resources time, space or parallel-time, where the honest algorithms use less resources than the adversaries they are designed to fool. Such primitives were previously studied in the context of time-bounded adversaries Merkle, CACM 1978, space-bounded adversaries Cachin and Maurer, CRYPTO 1997 and parallel-time-bounded adversaries Hastad, IPL 1987. Our goal is come up with fine-grained primitives in the setting of parallel-time-bounded adversaries and to show unconditional security of these constructions when possible, or base security on widely believed separation of worst-case complexity classes. We show:1. $${\textsf {NC}^{1}}$$ -cryptography: Under the assumption that [InlineEquation not available: see fulltext.], we construct one-way functions, pseudo-random generators with sub-linear stretch, collision-resistant hash functions and most importantly, public-key encryption schemes, all computable in $${\textsf {NC}^{1}}$$ and secure against all $${\textsf {NC}^{1}}$$ circuits. Our results rely heavily on the notion of randomized encodings pioneered by Applebaum, Ishai and Kushilevitz, and crucially, make non-black-box use of randomized encodings for logspace classes.2. $${\textsf {AC}^{0}}$$ -cryptography: We construct unconditionally secure pseudo-random generators with arbitrary polynomial stretch, weak pseudo-random functions, secret-key encryption and perhaps most interestingly, collision-resistant hash functions, computable in $${\textsf {AC}^{0}}$$ and secure against all $${\textsf {AC}^{0}}$$ circuits. Previously, one-way permutations and pseudo-random generators with linear stretch computable in $${\textsf {AC}^{0}}$$ and secure against $${\textsf {AC}^{0}}$$ circuits were known from the works of Hastad and Braverman.
Hexafluoro-2-propanol-Promoted Intermolecular Friedel–Crafts Acylation Reaction

The intermolecular Friedel–Crafts acylation was carried out in hexafluoro-2-propanol to yield aryl and heteroaryl ketones at room temperature without any additional reagents.