cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Channel-adaptive spectrum detection and sensing strategy for Cognitive Radio ad-hoc networks

In Cognitive Radio (CR) networks, multiple secondary network users (SUs) attempt to communicate over wide potential spectrum without causing significant interference to the Primary Users (PUs). A spectrum sensing algorithm is a critical component of any sensing strategy. Performance of conventional spectrum detection methods is severely limited when the average SNR of the fading channel between the PU transmitter and the SU sensor is low. Advanced detection techniques only partially remedy this problem. Cooperative sensing can combat channel fading, but requires a large number of cooperating SUs and/or diversity branches. A key limitation of conventional approaches is that the sensing threshold is determined from the miss detection rate averaged over the fading distribution. In this paper, the threshold is adapted to the instantaneous PU-to-SU Channel State Information (CSI) under the prescribed collision probability constraint, and a novel sensing strategy design is proposed for an overlay CR ad hoc network where the instantaneous false alarm probability is incorporated into the belief update and the reward computation. It is demonstrated that the proposed sensing approach improves SU confidence, randomizes sensing decisions, and significantly improves SU network throughput while satisfying the collision probability constraint to the PUs in the low average PU-to-SU SNR region. Moreover, the proposed adaptive sensing strategy is robust to mismatched and correlated fading CSI. In addition, threshold adaptation at a single SU sensor outperforms conventional cooperative sensing unless the number of cooperating SUs is very large. Finally, joint adaptation to PU channel gain and SU link CSI is proposed to further improve CR throughput and reduce SU collisions.
A stepwise method for determining the number of component distributions in a mixture

This paper considers the problem of estimatingm, the number of components in a finite mixture of distributions from a parametric family. A step-up procedure using the bootstrap method is proposed. Some properties of the procedure are illustrated with simulation studies. An example of the method, applied to orientation of beach clasts, is given.
A comparison of functional mobility in standard vs. ultralight wheelchairs as measured by performance on a community obstacle course

Purpose: Appropriate wheelchair prescription requires maximizing user function while justifying cost. The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in a user's performance of mobility skills (on a community obstacle course) between an ultralight (UWC) and standard wheelchair (SWC). Subjects: Sixty healthy adults (mean = 28.3 years) without wheelchair experience performed one course trial. Methods: Participants were randomly assigned to an UWC or a SWC. Researchers recorded time for completion, Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE), and number, location, and types of errors committed. Errors included contact of WC and any obstacle, front casters leaving the ground, or loss of directional control (veering). Results: A MANOVA of the data (p < 0.05) showed a significant difference in numbers of contact errors (higher in the SWC) and castor errors (higher in the UWC) between the two wheelchairs. Number of veering errors, time to complete, and RPE were not significantly different. Conclusions: Differ...
Presynaptic modulation of CA3 network activity

The simultaneous discharge of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells is a widely studied in vitro model of physiological and pathological network synchronization. This network is rapidly activated because of extensive positive feedback mediated by recurrent axon collaterals. Here we show that population-burst duration is limited by depletion of the releasable glutamate pool at these recurrent synapses. Postsynaptic inhibitory conductances further limit burst duration but are not necessary for burst termination. The interval between bursts in vitro depends on the rate of replenishment of releasable glutamate vesicles and the probability of release of those vesicles at recurrent synapses. Therefore presynaptic factors controlling glutamate release at recurrent synapses regulate the probability and duration of synchronous discharges of the CA3 network.
Experimental modification of the lag between perceiving and performing

Two types of discrimination training were used in an attempt to improve the drawing of geometric figures by preschool children. One type of training produced a significant improvement in drawings, while the other produced a significant decrement. The results suggest that some, but not all, of the “lag” between perceiving and performing may be due to insufficient discrimination.
Behavioural analysis of a complex system

Recent works have shown that well-known models used for the analysis of human behaviour, in economics and in production—distribution contain unsuspected regimes of deterministic chaos. This paper is intended to study and analyse such behaviour in manufacturing and assembly shops.
Cloning of genes interruptep by Tn10 derivatives using antibiotic-resistance-carrying M13mp bacteriophages

Abstract We have developed a system for rapidly cloning chromosomal DNA that flanks the site of insertion of Tn 10 derivatives. A central portion of the tetracycline-resistance gene ( tet ) from Tn 10 was cloned into a recombinant M13mp vector that carries a cat marker. Infection of a strain that contains a Tn 10 derivative (mini- tet ) leads to homologous recombination between the chromosomal tet gene and the cloned segment on the bacteriophage. Correct M13 lysogens can be identified by the inactivation of the tet gene and the gain of the cat gene. Digestion, ligation and transformation of chromosomal DNA from be sequenced directly and are very useful for probing libraries for the wild type gene. Recombinant M13 clones have also been developed for the cloning of sequences adjacent to a Tn 10 derivative which confers kanamycin resistance (mini- kan ).
Youthful Ideals of Older Adults: An Analysis of Children's Drawings

Over the years, disparities have continued to emerge about what factors influence children's views of older adults. The purpose of this study was to gain further understanding regarding youthful ideals of aging through an analysis of children's drawings. After completing their drawings, the children were interviewed to provide a better understanding and to give clarity of the drawn images. The sample included 141 children ages 8–12 from different Boys and Girls Clubs of America across the United States. Overall, the children produced a generally positive image (84.8%) with most drawing a family member who was happy, healthy, active, and with positive physical characteristics. Significant differences were found between the genders as the girls drew more positive images than the boys; however, no significant differences existed between children from different races and ages.
What's your diagnosis? Inflamed vulvar papules in a 7-year-old girl.

A 7-year-old girl presents with painless, nonpruritic vulvar lesions of several weeks’ duration. The lesions have a white core and an inflamed base and at first appear to be pustules (Fig. 1). However, when you gently try to express material for a culture you discover that the lesions are papules rather than pustules. It is not until you notice the smooth pink papules on her left upper inner thigh that the diagnosis becomes apparent.
Mowing and Nitrogen Source Effects on Ammonia Volatilization from Turfgrass

Although NH 3 volatilization can be a pathway of N loss from turfgrass systems, the magnitude of this loss has not been well quantified, especially from N sources other than urea. The objective of this research was to evaluate NH 3 volatilization as affected by N source and mowing of those N sources. The study consisted of mowing treatments (mowed or not mowed) and N sources: (i) urea, (ii) S-coated urea, (iii) polymer-coated urea, (iv) methylene urea, (v) ammonium nitrate, and (vi) composted sewage sludge. Mowing treatments were applied by mowing the N sources, which had been applied to bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) putting greens. The fertilizers were collected and taken to the laboratory for NH 3 volatilization measurements, without additional watering. Treatments were applied at an N rate of 14.7 g m -2 to the surface of bentgrass plugs contained in 1-L jars. Ammonia volatilization over 10 d was measured via boric acid trapping. Two experiments were conducted: one with loamy sand (Exp. 1) and one with an 80:20 sand-peat (v/v) greensmix (Exp. 2). In Exp. 1, mowing never affected NH 3 volatilization, so mowing was eliminated from Exp. 2. Over the 10-d measurement period, urea had greatest total NH 3 volatilization, with most released in the first 2 d. Polymer-coated urea released the least NH 3 with greatest release 9 and 10 d after treatment. In descending order, amounts of NH 3 volatilization were urea, S-coated urea, methylene urea, composted sewage sludge, ammonium nitrate, and polymer-coated urea.
Minimax Disturbance Attenuation in LTV Plants in Discrete Time

For the basic LTV (Linear Time Varying) disturbance attenuation problem with perfect or delayed state measurements, we obtain a complete characterization of the l2-bounded worst-case disturbance, which turns out to be a correlated random vector sequence with a discrete distribution.
Intensity and color of language in attitude change and emotion.

This study examined whether messages using or not using emotionally intense language combined with certain colors, i.e., red, white, or blue, to effect attitude change. Emotionally intense messages were more positively associated with attitude change than were those with low emotional intensity, but no interaction effects or main effects for color were found.
Research Consultations: Enhancing Library Research Skills

SUMMARY Libraries support a number of instructional programs, including the use of individualized instructional sessions. Research consultations offered by the Mississippi State University Libraries are individualized research sessions designed to meet the information needs of the user or client. Sessions may provide basic information for undergraduates, advanced searching techniques for pre-dissertation graduate students, or serve as an overview of related resources for new faculty. Information concerning the structure and performance expectations for the service is discussed. Data from a year's use of the service are analyzed to identify the client base and to explore successful marketing strategies for the service.
DDT induces a Decrease in Eggshell Calcium

Japanese quail fed o,p′, and p,p′-DDT produced eggs with thinner shells and lower calcium content than usual.
Differential regulation of IL‐1 and IL‐1 receptor antagonist in HaCaT keratinocytes by tumor necrosis factor‐α and transforming growth factor‐β1

Cytokines such as TNF alpha and TGF beta 1 have potent effects on keratinocyte differentiation and have been implicated in cutaneous injury, immunologic reactions, and wound healing. To determine whether such conditions might alter the balance of epidermal keratinocyte IL-1 and the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), TNF alpha and TGF beta 1 were added to HaCaT cells, a human adult keratinocyte cell line. mRNA levels of IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-1Ra were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on reverse transcribed RNA extracts, followed by Southern blot of the PCR products, 35S-labeled probe hybridization, and quantification against standard curves. TNF alpha (100 ng/ml) at the 3-h time point significantly induced increases in mRNA expression of II-1 alpha (9.2 +/- 2.9 fold increase) and IL-1 beta (2.5 +/- 0.7 fold increase) (n=7) which were concordant with increases in IL-1 alpha protein (7.1 +/- 1.3 fold increase) and Il-beta protein (4.4 +/- 1.0 fold increase) measured by ELISA 24 h after stimulation. By contrast, icIL-1Ra mRNA and protein levels were not affected by TNF alpha. TGF beta 1 induced a mild increase in IL-1 alpha mRNA (3.8 +/- 1.8 fold) and protein (3.5 +/- 1.2 fold). TGF beta 1 did not affect IL-1 beta mRNA levels but caused variable increases in IL-1 beta protein levels. TGF beta 1 did not alter icIL-1Ra mRNA or protein levels. Inhibition of RNA synthesis with actinomycin D demonstrated that the rate of degradation of IL-1 beta mRNA was reduced by treatment with TNF alpha. This stabilization of IL-1 beta mRNA was specific, because TGF beta 1 did not stabilize IL-1 beta mRNA, and TGF beta 1 and TNF alpha did not increase the stability of Il-1 alpha mRNA. icIL-1Ra mRNA was fairly stable over a 20 hour period and its slow degradation was not affected by treatment with either TNF alpha or TGF beta 1, indicating a higher steady state stability of icIL-1ra mRNA relative to IL-1 mRNA's. Given the high rate of degradation of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta mRNA, levels of these mRNAs may rapidly decrease while the icIL-1ra mRNA levels remain constant, thus allowing for rapid dampening of IL-1 activity soon after the stimuli provoking an inflammatory or reparative response have abated. In conclusion, TNF alpha and TGF beta 1, cytokines with potent effects on inflammation and differentiation, both induce keratinocyte IL-1 alpha mRNA and protein levels, but differentially regulate IL-1 beta mRNA. They both exert little effect on IL-1 Ra levels, which were constitutively highly stable. Such differential regulation provides mechanisms for separately controlling the relative activity of these cytokines under normal and disordered conditions.
Endovascular coiling of intracranial aneurysms in elderly patients: report of 205 treated aneurysms.

Background More elderly patients are presenting with intracranial aneurysms. Many are poor surgical candidates and often undergo endovascular treatment. Objective We present our experience with embolization in elderly patients. Methods We performed a retrospective review of a prospective database of elderly patients treated with coil embolization for intracranial aneurysms. Results In a period of 16 years, 205 aneurysms were treated in 196 individuals (age range, 70-96 years; mean age, 77.3 years), including 159 females (average follow-up, 16.2 months). Ninety-seven patients presented with unruptured aneurysms, and 99 patients presented after subarachnoid hemorrhage; the diagnosis was confirmed by computed tomographic scan or lumbar puncture. Complete occlusion was achieved in 53 aneurysms (26%), with a neck remnant in 127 (62%), incomplete occlusion in 13 (6%), and 12 unsuccessful attempts. Postembolization, 89.3% of patients were neurologically intact or unchanged, whereas 8.7% had new deficits. Four patients died. By modified Rankin Scale score, at last clinical evaluation, 128 patients (65%) had a good outcome. Follow-up angiograms were available for 113 aneurysms; they revealed that 62% were unchanged, 21% were further thrombosed, and 17% had recanalized. Three aneurysms ruptured after treatment during follow-up. Rupture was not associated with incomplete occlusion or neck remnant results (P = .6). Twenty-five aneurysms required reembolization. Reembolization was not associated with new deficits or death (odds ratio, 0.56; 95% confidence interval, 0.19-1.58; P = .27). Conclusion Coil embolization of intracranial aneurysms is safe and effective in the elderly. Preembolization clinical condition strongly correlates with clinical outcome. Incomplete embolizations are not associated with a higher rerupture risk. Additional embolization does not affect the clinical results.
Protein Content and Monoamine Oxidase Activity in Platelets

Platelets of healthy subjects and patients suffering from various disorders were assayed for their monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and protein content. The latter tended to be lower with increasing platelet count. A linear correlation with negative slope between count and protein content was found to exist in platelets obtained from schizophrenic, parkinsonian, and (specific development) dyslexia patients. MAO activities appeared to vary significantly with respect to age and sex. In schizophrenic patients, a significant depression of MAO activity occurred which was more marked in chronic than in acute cases. Even larger activity reductions were seen in platelets of insulin-dependent diabetics while the MAO was enhanced in male dyslexic boys. When MAO activity was assessed with different substrates and methods, the results correlated well with each other. Small, but consistent discrepancies, however, arose in the schizophrenia data when compared with the control values.
The wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe (WMAP): Using precision microwave measurements to study cosmology

It is possible to measure properties of the early universe by making precise measurements of the intensity of the microwave radiation observable today over the entire sky. These measurements guide and constrain cosmological models of the early universe. This paper briefly describes the origins of this radiation, the technologies used to perform the measurement, and some of the results that have been obtained.
Crystal structure of the unliganded retinoblastoma protein pocket domain.

The retinoblastoma protein (Rb) regulates cell proliferation through its association with E2F transcription factors and other proteins. The Rb “pocket” domain primarily facilitates protein-protein interactions, and several structures of the pocket bound to E2F and tumorigenic viral proteins have been reported. We report here the first crystal structure of the pocket domain without bound ligand. We find that ligand association results in observable structural changes at the binding sites but no significant changes to the overall conformation of the domain. These data support models for regulation of Rb-E2F binding that do not require considerable structural changes in the pocket domain.
Improving the Generation of Decision Objectives

Real decision makers exhibit significant shortcomings in the generation of objectives for decisions that they face. Prior research has illustrated the magnitude of this shortcoming but not its causes. In this paper, we identify two distinct impediments to the generation of decision objectives: not thinking broadly enough about the range of relevant objectives, and not thinking deeply enough to articulate every objective within the range that is considered. To test these explanations and explore ways of stimulating a more comprehensive set of objectives, we present three experiments involving a variety of interventions: the provision of sample objectives, organization of objectives by category, and direct challenges to do better, with or without a warning that important objectives are missing. The use of category names and direct challenges with a warning both led to improvements in the quantity of objectives generated without impacting their quality; other interventions yielded less improvement. We conclude by discussing the relevance of our findings to decision analysis and offering prescriptive implications for the elicitation of decision objectives. In this version of the paper, “Improving the Generation of Decision Objectives” by Samuel D. Bond, Kurt A. Carlson, and Ralph L. Keeney, originally published online ahead of print March 10, 2010, the first panel heading of Figure 2 was corrected to read “Study 1 (Choice context = Dissertation),” as shown on page 243.
The discrete cosine transform--A new version

A new version of the discrete cosine transform (DCT) is introduced. The performance of this new version of the DCT for digital filtering and transform coding is compared to the old version of DCT [1] with various criteria; i.e., variance distribution, residual correlation, Wiener filtering, and maximum-reducible-bits.
Pneumocystis Infection in an Immunocompetent Host Can Promote Collateral Sensitization to Respiratory Antigens

Infection with the opportunistic fungal pathogen Pneumocystis is assumed to pass without persistent pathology in immunocompetent hosts. However, when immunocompetent BALB/c mice were inoculated with Pneumocystis, a vigorous Th2-like pulmonary inflammation ensued and peaked at 14 days postinfection. This coincided with a 10-fold increase in the number of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the lung, and these cells were capable of presenting antigen in vitro, as well as greater uptake of antigen in vivo. When mice were presented with exogenous antigen at the 14-day time point of the infection, they developed respiratory sensitization to that antigen, in the form of increased airway hyperresponsiveness upon a later challenge, whereas mice not infected but presented with antigen did not. Like other forms of collateral sensitization, this response was dependent on interleukin-4 receptor signaling. This ability to facilitate sensitization to exogenous antigen has been previously reported for other infectious disease agents; however, Pneumocystis appears to be uniquely capable in this respect, as a single intranasal dose without added adjuvant, when it was administered at the appropriate time, was sufficient to initiate sensitization. Pneumocystis infection probably occurs in most humans during the first few years of life, and in the vast majority of cases, it fails to cause any overt direct pathology. However, as we show here, Pneumocystis can be an agent of comorbidity at this time by facilitating respiratory sensitization that may relate to the later development or exacerbation of obstructive airway disease.
Junction transport in epitaxial film silicon heterojunction solar cells

We report our progress toward low-temperature HWCVD epitaxial film silicon solar cells on inexpensive seed layers, with a focus on the junction transport physics exhibited by our devices. Heterojunctions of i/p hydrogenated amorphous Si (a-Si) on our n-type epitaxial crystal Si on n++ Si wafers show space-charge-region recombination, tunneling or diffusive transport depending on both epitaxial Si quality and the applied forward voltage.
Geometric Effects Due to Quadrature Phase-Sensitive Detection: Artifact Minimization and Removal Schemes for Spectroscopic Lineshape Measurement

An integral operator is defined to simulate the quadrature phase-sensitive detection (PSD) of a time-independent characteristic function (e.g., spectroscopic lineshapes in magnetic resonance), with its dependent variable modulated and scanned during the detection. This integral operation is equivalent to a convolution, with its kernel determined by the modulation function and the demodulation order. The convolution kernel results from the corresponding PSD as applied to the Dirac delta function. The convolution form not only facilitates our understanding of the geometric effects due to the quadrature and the nonquadrature PSD but also indicates hardware schemes that are capable of accurately approximating or directly measuring the functional form that is being probed. These schemes involve no a priori assumptions such as those required in conventional post-PSD data manipulation to approximate true lineshapes. In the case of sinusoidal modulation, the significance of simultaneous multichannel demodulations at all even or all odd harmonics within the frequency bandwidth is presented. Unconventional PSD schemes using square-wave and sawtooth-wave modulations are also discussed. As an aside for mathematics, the PSD convolution kernel corresponds to a transform between two compact-support functions; it generates an infinite set of basis-function sets, with the set of the Chebyshev polynomials being a special case.
Vividness of mental imagery: Individual variability can be measured objectively

When asked to imagine a visual scene, such as an ant crawling on a checkered table cloth toward a jar of jelly, individuals subjectively report different vividness in their mental visualization. We show that reported vividness can be correlated with two objective measures: the early visual cortex activity relative to the whole brain activity measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and the performance on a novel psychophysical task. These results show that individual differences in the vividness of mental imagery are quantifiable even in the absence of subjective report.
High-frequency noise of In y Ga 1-y As/Al x Ga 1-x As MODFETs and comparison to GaAs/Al x Ga 1-x As MODFETs

Noise parameter measurements for recently developed 1 micron gate In(y)Ga(1-y)As/Al(0.15)Ga(0.85)As MODFETs have been performed at 8 GHz art room and cryogenic temperatures. Owing to the relatively small C(gs/sq rt) g(m) ratio in these devices compared to identical conventional GaAs/AlGaAs MODFETs, both room- and cryogenic temperature noise figures have been reduced. In addition, the light sensitivity and drift in noise figure at cryogenic temperatures observed in conventional GaAs/AlGaAs MODFETs have been substantially reduced.
Lamivudine resistance leading to de novo hepatitis B infection in recipients of hepatitis B core antibody positive liver allografts

Most studies have shown that lamivudine (LAM) prophylaxis is sufficient to prevent hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission in recipients of hepatitis B core antibody positive (HBcAb(+) ) allografts. However, de novo hepatitis B (DNHB) is known to occur in this patient population. Herein, we report a case series of four liver transplant recipients who developed DNHB after receiving HBcAb(+) allografts due to acquisition of LAM resistance mutations, suggesting that LAM prophylaxis may be suboptimal. A retrospective chart review was performed of all adult liver transplants performed at Mount Sinai from 2001 to 2010. A total of 79 patients received HBcAb(+) allografts for non-hepatitis B-related liver disease. Of these 79 recipients, four patients developed DNHB and were found to have documented LAM resistance. With the increasing use of HBcAb(+) donor livers, we suspect that there will also be a growing number of cases of DNHB due to acquisition of LAM resistance. We suggest that other agents, such as entecavir or tenofovir, be considered for use as prophylaxis in this patient population to decrease this risk.
Improved Response With Higher Corticosteroid Dose in Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

PURPOSE: We investigated whether there was a dose-response relationship for the use of corticosteroids in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three hundred sixty-nine patients, ages 1 to 18 years with ALL, were randomly assigned to receive one of four different doses of corticosteroid (prednisolone 40 mg/m2/d or dexamethasone 6, 18, or 150 mg/m2/d) administered as a 3-day, single-drug window before initiation of standard, multidrug induction chemotherapy. Corticosteroid drug response was measured by reduction in bone marrow blast counts and absolute peripheral blast counts after 3 days. Glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) number and the effective concentration of dexamethasone resulting in a 50% reduction of leukemic cell viability in vitro (EC-50) were evaluated at days 0 and 3. RESULTS: Increasing dexamethasone doses resulted in greater marrow blast response (P = .007), with a similar trend in peripheral-blood blast response. High-dose corticosteroid regimens (dexamethasone 18 ...
Inverse Modeling of Dynamical Systems: Multi-Dimensional Extensions of a Stochastic Switching Problem

The Buridan’s ass paradox is characterized by perpetual indecision between two states, which are never attained. When this problem is formulated as a dynamical system, indecision is modeled by a discrete-state Markov process determined by the system’s unknown parameters. Interest lies in estimating these parameters from a limited number of observations. We compare estimation methods and examine how well each can be generalized to multi-dimensional extensions of this system. By quantifying statistics such as mean, variance, frequency, and cumulative power, we construct both method of moments type estimators and likelihood-based estimators. We show, however, why these techniques become intractable in higher dimensions, and thus develop a geometric approach to reveal the parameters underlying the Markov process. We also examine the robustness of this method to the presence of noise.
Hybrid Federalism, Partisan Politics, and Early Implementation of State Health Insurance Exchanges

A central provision of the Affordable Care Act is establishment of state-level health exchanges. While states are given the opportunity to develop and administer these private insurance marketplaces, their plans must meet certain minimum standards or risk preemption by the federal government. This policy design establishes a hybrid model of intergovernmental policy making, which may serve to heighten conflict during implementation and further polarize states’ policies. Using new data on states’ efforts to establish exchanges and repeated-events duration modeling, we examine states’ early exchange implementation—identifying a key role for ideological and partisan considerations, as well as the implications of a federal policy design that puts conservative states in the difficult political position of choosing between resisting a law they oppose and preventing further federal intrusion.
Reconstruction of genome-scale metabolic models for 126 human tissues using mCADRE.

Background Human tissues perform diverse metabolic functions. Mapping out these tissue-specific functions in genome-scale models will advance our understanding of the metabolic basis of various physiological and pathological processes. The global knowledgebase of metabolic functions categorized for the human genome (Human Recon 1) coupled with abundant high-throughput data now makes possible the reconstruction of tissue-specific metabolic models. However, the number of available tissue-specific models remains incomplete compared with the large diversity of human tissues.
Axiomatic Recursive Function Theory

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the axiomatic recursive function theory. The results of Wagner-Strong theory are general and they hold for all basic recursive function theories (BRFT's). The chapter focuses on the BRFT and shows that any collection of partial functions satisfying the Kleene enumeration theorem must contain all partial recursive functions. A minimality theorem is obtained for the hyperarithmetic functions. A generalization of the relative categoricity is presented. Relative categoricity is sensitive to that consideration of nonprojectibility. Ordinary recursive function theory and the theory of forcing with finite conditions are discussed. A transparent necessary and sufficient condition on monadic and binary partial functions in order for them to be conservatively extended to a BRFT is given. A related problem considered is to give a transparent necessary and sufficient condition on monadic and binary partial functions together with a distinguished binary partial function for this structure to be conservatively extended to a BRFT.
Fate of Listeria monocytogenes Inoculated onto the Surface of Model Turkey Frankfurter Pieces Treated with Zein Coatings Containing Nisin, Sodium Diacetate, and Sodium Lactate at 4°C

The antimicrobial effects of zein coatings containing nisin, sodium lactate, and sodium diacetate against Listeria monocytogenes on turkey frankfurters at 4°C were determined. Our objectives were to determine whether zein, nisin, lactate, and diacetate alone or in combination could control the growth of L. monocytogenes on full-fat turkey frankfurters at 4°C and to determine whether lactate or diacetate had any synergistic effect on the activity of nisin. Turkey frankfurter pieces surface inoculated with L. monocytogenes strain V7 were treated with zein-ethanol-glycerol (ZEG), zein-propylene-glycol (ZPR), ethanol-glycerol (EG), propylene glycol (PR), nisin (N), sodium lactate (L), or sodium diacetate (D) alone or in combination. Over 28 days, treatment with N or D alone reduced L. monocytogenes counts on frankfurters by 6.6 or 6.3 log CFU/g, respectively. N-D treatment reduced L. monocytogenes by 6 log CFU/g. The zein solvents EG and PR reduced L. monocytogenes by about 5.6 and 5.2 log CFU/g, respectively...
Conformational sampling of oligosaccharides using Hamiltonian replica exchange with two-dimensional dihedral biasing potentials and the weighted histogram analysis method (WHAM).

Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides exert numerous functional roles in biology through their structural diversity and conformational properties. To investigate their conformational properties using computational methods, Hamiltonian replica exchange (H-REX) combined with two-dimensional grid-based correction maps as biasing potentials (bpCMAP) significantly improves the sampling efficiency about glycosidic linkages. In the current study, we extend the application of H-REX with bpCMAP to complex saccharides and establish systematic procedures for bpCMAP construction, determination of replica distribution, and data analysis. Our main findings are that (1) the bpCMAP for each type of glycosidic linkage can be constructed from the corresponding disaccharide using gas-phase umbrella sampling simulations, (2) the replica distribution can be conveniently determined following the exact definition of the average acceptance ratio based on the assigned distribution of biasing potentials, and (3) the extracted free ...
Cloning and sequence comparison ofAvaI andBsoBI restriction-modification systems

AvaI andBsoBI restriction endonucleases are isoschizomers which recognize the symmetric sequence 5′CYCGRG3′ and cleave between the first C and second Y to generate a four-base 5′ extension. TheAvaI restriction endonuclease gene (avaIR) and methylase gene (avaIM) were cloned intoEscherichia coli by the methylase selection method. TheBsoBI restriction endonuclease gene (bsoBIR) and part of theBsoBI methylase gene (bsoBIM) were cloned by the “endo-blue” method (SOS induction assay), and the remainder ofbsoBIM was cloned by inverse PCR. The nucleotide sequences of the two restriction-modification (RM) systems were determined. Comparisons of the predicted amino acid sequences indicated thatAvaI andBsoBI endonucleases share 55% identity, whereas the two methylases share 41% identity. Although the two systems show similarity in protein sequence, their gene organization differs. TheavaIM gene precedesavaIR in theAvaI RM system, while thebsoBIR gene is located upstream ofbsoBIM in theBsoBI RM system. BothAvaI andBsoBI methylases contain motifs conserved among the N4 cytosine methylases.
Overcoming Egocentric Bias in Perceived Fairness Through Self-Awareness

Subjects rated the perceived fairness of equitable and inequitable payments to either themselves or another while they were made either self-aware (by confronting their images in a mirror) or not self-aware. When not-self-aware, overpayment to oneself was perceived as being more fair than overpayment to a similar other, and underpayment to oneself was perceived as being more unfair than underpayment to a similar other. Among subjects who were made self-aware, however, the egocentric bias were not evidenced; subjects perceived all inequities as being equally unfair, regardless of whether these affected oneself or another. This evidence provides support for the heightened importance of internal standards offairness induced by the self-aware state.
Improving nursing home falls management program by enhancing standard of care with collaborative care multi-interventional protocol focused on fall prevention

Purpose: The objective of this quality assurance project was to implement a collaborative multi-strategy fall risk management program to reduce patient falls within a nursing home. Intervention: A multi-interventional program based on recommendations from Agency for Healthcare Quality was instituted. Direct care providers were required to conduct every 2-hour rounding on patients. The staff was required to participate in organizational education and training on fall prevention strategies. Patients were encouraged to participate in activities outside of their rooms throughout the day. Monthly meetings were held to review fall occurrences, collaborate on project initiatives, and discuss trends in fall rates. Setting and Sample: The setting for this project was a 150-bed nursing home in suburban Texas. A total of 10 participants were recruited for the fall team, and interventions were performed on each of three nursing units. The median age of the patient population was 75 years old of which 46% are males, and 53% are females. Measurement: The Falls Management Program-How to Reduce Fall questionnaire was completed before and after the intervention period to evaluate participants’ knowledge about falls and prevention. Quality assurance data were reviewed, analysis of documentation for rounding, activities, and falls data was completed. Results: The pre-implementation mean fall rate per month was 24.5 (average monthly census was 120 patients), compared to 2-month and 4-month post-implementation mean rates which were 13.5 (average monthly census was 116 patients), and 9.5 (average monthly census was 111 patients). Discussion: Implementation of best quality fall prevention programs can improve the overall health and quality of life of patients. Care providers must be vigilant in consistently facilitating evidence-based practices that contribute to best outcomes for every patient. In so doing, enhanced standards of care will circumvent patient falls and promote best patient outcomes.
The Application of the Mix-and-Match Style in Interior Design

The article,on the basis of the great influence that the changing times has put on the design of indoor and outdoor environment,researches into the mix and match style,analyzing the coexistence of a wide range of interior design styles in a space,and focusing on the feasibility of the mesh-up of the traditional and modern design,of decoration materials,of color as well as the mesh-up between different functional spaces in the indoor environment.
Analysis of genomic characteristics of coxsackie virus B5 strains isolated from Henan province

Aim:To reveal the genomic sequence characteristic of coxsackie virus B5(CoxB5)and its relationship with other enterovirus gene.Methods:The whole genome sequence was sequenced by RT-PCR,and BioEdit and Simplot were used to analyze the homology and similarity.Results:The full length of CoxB5/Henan/2010 genome was 7 401 bp.Compared with the prototype strain Faulkner,the entire coding region of amino acid homology was 95.6%,and VP4-VP2 nucleotide difference was 17.8%～20.4%,VP1 nucleotide difference was 19.5%,and P2,P3 nucleotide differences were 19.5%,21.7%.VP4-VP2 displayed 14.4%～34.9%,VP1 displayed 18.3%～42.3%and P2,P3 displayed 17.1%～ 21.0%,15.5%～22.6%in nucleotide difference compared with the other enterovirus,respectively.Conclusion:Compared with the prototype strain,CoxB5/Henan/2010 coding sequence is silent mutation,the nucleotide variation does not affect amino acid sequence changes.The genome evolution is not sync in the district of enterovirus.
Consideration of Cosegregation in the Pathogenicity Classification of Genomic Variants

The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) and Association of Molecular Pathology (AMP) recently published important new guidelines aiming to improve and standardize the pathogenicity classification of genomic variants. The Clinical Sequencing Exploratory Research (CSER) consortium evaluated the use of these guidelines across nine laboratories. One identified obstacle to consistent usage of the ACMG-AMP guidelines is the lack of a definition of cosegregation as criteria for pathogenicity classification. Cosegregation data differ from many other types of pathogenicity data in being quantitative. However, the ACMG-AMP guidelines do not define quantitative criteria for use of these data. Here, such quantitative criteria, in an easily implementable form, are proposed.
The essential tremor syndromes.

Purpose of reviewEssential tremor has not been defined or used consistently in clinical diagnosis and research. Other monosymptomatic disorders are often referred to as essential tremor variants.Recent findingsThere is now solid evidence that essential tremor, however defined, is a syndrome with mul
A Prehistoric Cotton Cache from the Pinaleño Mountains, Arizona

ABSTRACTBetween 9 and 13 centuries ago, farmers in the Pinaleno (Graham) Mountains sequestered pottery vessels containing about 10 pounds (4.56 kg) of raw cotton in a remote cave. An interesting array of plant and animal remains mixed with the cotton and the jars that held the cotton have provided an unusual opportunity for scientists from different disciplines to assist in unraveling the story of the cache's deposition and contents. The cotton, the basketry associated with the cache, and the remains of insects that feed on decaying animal and plant tissue have been dated by radiocarbon. The range of these dates presents an intriguing interpretive problem that suggests more than one episode of deposition in the cave. Although we may never know the true reason why a cache of prime cotton seed with its fibers was hidden in prehistoric times and never recovered, in modern times it is providing specialists with well-preserved material for probing cotton DNA and RNA composition and adding to our knowledge of t...
Transitions of Designs

A new host of materials science problems open up once the task of identifying extreme materials has been automized. This is because optimization condenses the wide range of possible material microstructures into only those that emphasize extraordinary behaviors. In this chapter we ask how materials that have been optimized for a particular task change when the parameters that define the optimization are varied. Specifically, we consider which particle shape cools the fastest in a granular gas. We show that the answer depends crucially on the density and number of elements in the shape and that transitions between classes of optimal shapes take place as these parameters are varied. We use these transitions to isolate new pieces of physics that describe the cooling processes of the gas. More generally, we show how material optimization enables a new workflow to isolate the relevant pieces of physics that govern a material’s bulk behavior.
Strategies for Improving the Value of the Radiology Report: A Retrospective Analysis of Errors in Formally Over-read Studies

Abstract Purpose The radiology report is a critical component of the Imaging Value Chain. Unfortunately, the quality of this aspect of a radiologist's work is often heterogeneous and fails to add significant value to the referring provider and, ultimately, the patient. Gauging what defines quality can be elusive; however, we elucidate techniques that can be employed to ensure that reports are more comprehensible, actionable, and useful to our customers. Methods Four hundred consecutive studies (July-August 2015) submitted to our institution with request for a formal over-read were reviewed retrospectively, specifically focused on analyzing differences in language, organization, and impression between the outside reports and the formal over-reads performed at our institution. The formal over-reads were classified into one of the following categories: (1) no clinically significant change; (2) emergent clinically significant change; (3) nonemergent clinically significant change. Clinically significant changes were further classified as either perceptual or cognitive errors. Results A total of 12.4% of formally over-read reports had clinically significant changes. Of these, 22.2% were emergent changes. Clinically significant changes were composed of 64.4% perceptual error and 35.6% cognitive error. Four strategies were discovered specifically related to reporting techniques that helped mitigate these errors on formal over-reads: (1) synthesizing varied anatomic findings into a cohesive disease process; (2) integration of relevant electronic health record data; (3) use of structured reporting; and (4) forming actionable impressions. Conclusions We identify, through examples, four strategies for reporting that add value through reduction of radiologic error, helping to mitigate the 12.4% clinically significant error rate found in reinterpretation of outside studies.
Feedback Controllers as Financial Advisors for Low-Income Individuals

Feedback controllers are introduced to help manage an individual’s or household’s financial life and build savings. The controllers can be viewed as financial advisors for an individual’s resource allocation problem, which is modeled as a nonlinear discrete time stochastic system with income uncertainties, asset losses, and constraints on cash flow and credit. We introduce a model predictive controller (MPC) and a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller, and compare them with a benchmark method employed in finance and economics, stochastic dynamic programming (DP). Both MPC and PID produce similar consistency in financial management compared with DP. They also offer the advantage of low computational complexity relative to DP, which allows us to efficiently perform assessments of robustness (reliability) and disturbance rejection (e.g., effects of uncertainties), both of which are of significant practical engineering importance. In addition, this flexibility enables us to uncover the system’s properties, such as the existence of a “poverty trap” caused by constraints in the control space and dynamics. The effectiveness of a PID-based aid intervention for low-skilled and low-endowed agents that lie within the trap is assessed and contrasted with other existing cash transfer programs, with results that support a further implementation analysis. These assessments constitute a novel application of feedback controllers that, besides effectively dealing with scarcity constraints, present practical advantages that are shown to translate into an ability to implement the MPC or PID controller in a variety of ways for low-income individuals via computer-assistive methods (e.g., a cell phone).