cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An efficient parallel repetition theorem for Arthur-Merlin games

We show a parallel-repetition theorem for constant-round Arthur-Merlin Games, using an efficient reduction. As a consequence, we show that parallel repetition reduces the soundness-error at an optimal rate (up to a negligible factor) in constant-round public-coin argument systems, and constant-round public-coinproofs of knowledge. The former of these results resolves an open questionposed by Bellare, Impagliazzo and Naor (FOCS '97).
Dysplastic Ichthyosis Uteri-like changes of the entire endometrium associated with a squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix

Ichthyosis uteri is an exceedingly rare condition in which the entire surface of the endometrium is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium. Originally described as an endometrial response to iatrogenically-introduced caustic substances, similar changes have since been described in association with a variety of inflammatory conditions of the endometrium. We describe herein a heretofore undescribed example of a moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix associated with extensive ichthyosis uteri-like changes of the entire adjacent endometrium. Additionally, the squamous epithelium of the latter also showed multifocal changes diagnostic of a low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. The potential genesis of this composite of findings is discussed, as is the neoplastic potential of ichthyosis uteri. It is concluded that a squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix extended proximally into the endometrium, and that there was a colonization of a pre-existing ichthyosis uteri by associated human papillomavirus. The possibility of significant cervical pathology should be considered when plaques of squamous epithelium with low grade dysplastic changes are identified in an endometrial biopsy or curettage.
Finding peaks in geochemical distributions: A re-examination of the helium-continental crust correlation

Parman has recently suggested that a correlation exists between peaks in the ocean island basalt (OIB) 4He/3He distribution and peaks in crustal zircon ages. This correlation is based on matching peaks seen in smooth kernel density estimates. Kernel density estimation is a very useful technique, but care is required when choosing the smoothing bandwidth as spurious peaks can be produced if the bandwidth is too small. Here I provide an introduction to a general statistical technique for determining whether peaks in density estimates are significant, know as SiZer, focusing on its application to the 4He/3He data. SiZer identifies only two statistically significant peaks in the OIB 4He/3He distribution, compared with the eight peaks identified by Parman. The helium-continental crust correlation does not seem to be supported by the current data.
Propagation of single-cycle terahertz pulses in random media.

We describe what are to our knowledge the first measurements of the propagation of coherent, single-cycle pulses of terahertz radiation in a scattering medium. By measuring the transmission as a function of the length L of the medium, we extract the scattering mean free path lsω over a broad bandwidth. We observe variations in ls ranging over nearly 2 orders of magnitude and covering the entire thin sample regime from L/ls≪1 to L/ls∼10. We also observe scattering-induced dispersive effects, which can be attributed to the additional path traveled by photons scattered at small angles.
Analyses of hospital administrative data that use diagnosis codes overestimate the cases of acute pancreatitis.

Background & Aims Although widely used, little information exists on the validity of using hospital administrative data to code acute pancreatitis (AP). We sought to determine if discharge diagnosis codes accurately identify patients whose clinical course met the standard for AP diagnosis. Methods We analyzed data from 401 unique patients admitted through the emergency department who received a primary inpatient discharge diagnosis of AP at 2 University of Pittsburgh Medical Center hospitals in the years 2000, 2002, and 2005. Each patient was matched with a control patient who was admitted with abdominal pain and then discharged without a diagnosis of AP. Patients were matched based on demographics, testing for serum levels of pancreatic enzymes, year of visit to the emergency department, admission to the intensive care unit, and performance of abdominal computed tomography scan. The standard used to diagnose AP was the presence of 2 of 3 features (abdominal pain, ≥3-fold increase in serum levels of pancreatic enzymes, and positive results from imaging analysis). Results The median age of AP cases was 53 years (interquartile range, 41.5–67 years); 47.1% were male, 85% were white. The most common etiologies were biliary (33.4%), alcohol-associated (16.2%), and idiopathic (24.2%). Serum levels of pancreatic enzymes were increased by any amount, and by ≥3-fold, in 95.3% and 68.6% of patients diagnosed with AP and in 16.2% and 2.2% of controls, respectively. The standard for diagnosis of AP was met in 80% of cases diagnosed with this disorder; they had no history of pancreatitis. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the AP diagnosis code were 96%, 85%, 80%, and 98%, respectively. Conclusions Approximately 1 of 5 patients diagnosed with AP upon discharge from the hospital do not meet the guidelines for diagnosis of this disorder. Efforts should be made to more consistently use guidelines for AP diagnosis.
Death by Coconut

Coconut water has become an increasingly popular sports drink because of its natural ingredients, electrolytes, and mineral content. Marketing has focused on the product’s low levels of fat, calories, and carbohydrates while promoting health benefits that are as-of-yet unproven. Coconut water, when consumed in excess, has been noted in case reports to cause severe hyperkalemia.1 We present a case of a 42-year-old otherwise healthy man who presented to our emergency department following an episode of exertional syncope after consuming multiple servings of coconut water. A 42-year-old black man without any medical history presented to our hospital after a syncopal episode. He was playing tennis outdoors all day in temperatures in excess of 90° Fahrenheit. He reported drinking a total of eight 11-ounce bottles of coconut water throughout the day. He experienced the sudden onset of lightheadedness and was witnessed to have lost consciousness. He did not experience any significant head trauma and regained consciousness almost immediately. Afterward he complained of generalized weakness and lightheadedness. He was brought to the emergency department by ambulance. There …
Postsynaptic origin of CB1‐dependent tonic inhibition of GABA release at cholecystokinin‐positive basket cell to pyramidal cell synapses in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus

Cholecystokinin-positive (CCK+) basket cells are a major source of perisomatic GABAergic inputs to CA1 pyramidal cells. These interneurons express high levels of presynaptic cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptors that mediate short-term depression of GABA release following depolarization of postsynaptic cells. However, it is not known whether GABA release from CA1 CCK+ basket cells is under tonic endocannabinoid inhibition. In paired patch-clamp recordings, action potentials in presynaptic CCK+ basket cells evoked large IPSCs with fast kinetics in pyramidal cells. The proportion of action potentials that failed to evoke GABA release varied markedly between pairs, from highly reliable to virtually silent connections. Application of the CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 (10 μm) decreased the proportion of failures, revealing a persistent suppression of synaptic transmission by CB1 receptors. However, AM251 had no significant effect on the failure rate when the calcium chelator BAPTA (10 mm) was introduced into the postsynaptic cell, indicating that the tonic inhibition of GABA release by CB1 receptors is homosynaptically controlled by the postsynaptic cell, and that it is not due to constitutive CB1 receptor activity. Application of muscarinic or metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists inhibited synaptic transmission exclusively through the release of endocannabinoids from postsynaptic cells in a manner that could not be blocked by postsynaptic BAPTA, and had no direct effect on transmission. In contrast, GABAB receptor activation directly blocked GABA release, but there was no evidence for tonic inhibition of GABA release by GABAB receptors. Neither serotonergic nor μ-opioid agonists had significant influence on GABA release from CCK+ axon terminals. These results reveal that GABA release from CA1 CCK+ basket cells is under homosynaptic tonic inhibition by endocannabinoids, and it is subject to both direct and indirect modulation by various G-protein-dependent neuromodulators.
Sleeping policies for energy-efficient tracking in sensor networks

The problem considered is that of tracking an object that is moving through a dense network of wireless sensors. Each sensor has a limited range for detecting the presence of the object and the goal is to track the location of the object to within the accuracy of the range of the sensor. The network is assumed to be sufficiently dense so that the sensors cover the entire area of interest. The object is assumed to follow a random path through the sensor field whose statistics are assumed to be known a priori. It is assumed that in order to conserve energy the sensors go into sleep mode periodically. The sleep duration is determined at the time the sensor goes to sleep based on the information available to the sensor. It is assumed that a sensor that is asleep cannot be communicated with or woken up prematurely. Having sleeping sensors in the network could result in tracking errors, and hence there is a natural tradeoff between energy savings and tracking error. This paper considers the design of sleeping policies with the goal of optimizing this tradeoff
The encryption theory of humor: A knowledge-based mechanism of honest signaling

Abstract We propose that intentionally produced humor is a form of communication that evolved to broadcast information about the self and to obtain information about others by honestly signaling the fact of shared common knowledge. According to this model, humorous utterances and acts are encrypted in the sense that what makes the joke funny is not merely its surface content, but a relationship between the surface content and one or more unstated implicatures which are known by both the sender and the receiver. It is the non-random nature of the match between this unstated knowledge and the surface content which provides evidence that the producer possesses that knowledge, and that those who appreciate the joke do as well, thus rendering humor a means of assessing shared underlying knowledge, attitudes, and preferences. We present evidence from two experimental studies of humor evaluation in support of the encryption theory.
Long-term stability of anterior open-bitetherapy: A review

Abstract This article reviews the orthodontic literature with respect to long-term stability after orthodontic or combined orthodontic-surgical treatment of anterior open bite. Efforts were made to review the studies in a manner that allowed comparison of treatment success as well as the subsequent stability. The existing literature suggests that approximately 80% of anterior open-bite subjects will have positive overlap at the latest follow-up, whether they undergo only orthodontic therapy or a combination of orthodontic-surgical therapy. However, orthodontic therapies appear to have slightly lower treatment success but better stability than surgical therapy. In other words, fewer subjects achieve positive incisor overlap with orthodontic therapy alone, but almost all that do maintain it. The level of evidence provided by the current literature is not conclusive because many surgical and nonsurgical open-bite studies are characterized by small samples and the potential for selection bias. Thus, well-designed studies are necessary to improve our knowledge of the etiology, therapies, and stability of anterior open bite.
Negotiating Your Syllabus: Building a Collaborative Contract.

We provide instruction for engaging students in negotiating their course syllabus. In contrast to the common conceptualization of the syllabus as an instructor-determined contract, we involve our students in developing the collaborative contract under which they will be evaluated. We discuss our successful facilitation of this activity and how to (a) determine instructor readiness, (b) develop an initial offer syllabus, (c) negotiate with students, and (d) provide an enriching experience for instructor and students. The exercise works especially well in negotiation, conflict management, or labor relations courses, but can be reframed to fit any management course involving influence within organizations.
Some Physiological Responses of Chlorella pyrenoidosa to 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

An 18-h treatment of synchronously-grown Chlorella pyrenoidosa with 2,4-D did not signi ficantly alter the size, dry weight, degree of synchrony, or pigment content of the cells, nor were detectable quantities of ethylene produced. When Chlorella pyrenoidosa was treated with 5x 10 4 M 2,4-D, there was a statistically significant stimulation of both net oxygen uptake and production while 5 x 10~3 M 2,4-D inhibited both processes. When Chlorella pyrenoidosa was treated with 5 x 10~4 M and 5 X 10~3 M 2,4-D, significantly greater amounts of glycollate were present in the culture medium, even though an assay for glycollate dehydrogenase showed that the activity of this enzyme from 2,4-D-treated Chlorella pyrenoidosa was three times greater than in control cells. Loosely bound 2,4-D was partitioned from a nonaqueously isolated chloroplast fraction, while other cell fractions failed to show detectable quantities of 2,4-D. It is postulated that in Chlorella pyrenoidosa the chloroplast is a target for 2,4-D action and that interference in photorespiratory processes may underlie the observed responses.
Optimization problems in extensible compilers

Some observations are made about the special problems of optimization in compilers for extensible languages. Different kinds of extension are defined, and their impact on the processes of compiler optimization are briefly discussed. The problems of achieving good optimization for such languages are related to the problems of formalizing the definition of programming languages in general.
Fast kinetic studies of dioxygen-derived species and their metal complexes.

The role of metals in the reactivity of HO2/O2- with compounds of biological interest is discussed. A scheme that illustrates the various reactions that a transition metal complex can undergo when reacting with HO2/O2- is presented in terms of ligand and pH effects. The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide catalysed by ferrous ion is reviewed in terms of new rate data for the reactions of ferric ion with perhydroxyl (HO2) and superoxide (O2-) radicals. The new results support a mechanism proposed by Barb and his coworkers (W.G. Barb, J.H. Baxendale, P. George & K.R. Hargrave, Trans. Faraday Soc. 47, 462-500 (1951] and negates the occurrence of the Haber-Weiss reaction in this system. In the presence of MnII complexes, O2- reacts to form MnO2+ transients and MnIII complexes. Their reactivities with ascorbate, Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid) and NADH-NADPH is discussed.
Robustness Analysis of Source Localization Using Gaussianity Measure

Nowadays, the source localization has been widely applied for wireless sensor networks. The Gaussian mixture model has been adopted for maximum-likelihood (ML) source localization schemes. However, this model does not match the statistics of the real data in practice. In this paper, we study the probability density function of the sensor signals and demonstrate that the distribution is not Gaussian. We propose to employ the Gaussianity test based on the bootstrap algorithm to quantify the departure of Gaussianity for the received signals added with different kinds of noise. Our proposed Gaussianity test can be used as the robustness figure for evaluating the prevalent ML source localization schemes.
Review: Tilt-Free Low-Noise Seismometry

Inertial instruments used to measure horizontal motion are sensitive to tilt. Tilt coupling induced by gravity exerting a force along the sensing axis of the instrument as a function of its inclination must be accounted for in numerous seismological studies and seismic isolation applications. There are, in theory, many ways to separate tilt and horizontal motion components by combining the measurements of several sensors, and produce tilt‐free estimations of the horizontal motion. This article reviews these configurations and analyses limitations related to sensor noise and geometrical couplings. It concludes with a discussion on the use of suspension mechanisms as an alternative to signal subtraction methods.
Rigidity of initial fixation with uncemented tibial knee implants.

This study quantifies the in vitro motion occurring between bone and cemented and noncemented tibial components. Liquid metal strain gauges were used to measure the motion between the tibial component and bone at four locations in eight cadaver tibia at near-point cyclic loads ranging from 10 to 2,000 N. Two types of motion were observed: inducible displacement, which is reversible, followed the oscillating load and occurred in both cemented and uncemented tests, and liftoff or separation of the component and bone, which occurred only for the noncemented cases and remained even after removal of the load. For both motion types, noncemented tests exhibited significant (P < .05) and dramatic increased interface motion compared to the cemented cases for all load types. The results suggest that the magnitudes of implant-bone interface separation at loads in the low physiologic range for noncemented implants can be sufficiently large to inhibit bony ingrowth into a prosthesis with an average pore size of 300 m.
Coherent backscattering spectroscopy: a new technique for tissue diagnosis

Coherent backscattering (CBS) is a photon weak-localization phenomenon that gives rise to an enhanced backscattering of light by random media. This effect has been previously investigated using coherent light sources. Here we show that CBS can be observed using broadband low-coherence light. We demonstrate, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, that low-coherence detection substantially simplifies CBS measurements in biological tissue and enables depth-resolved spectroscopic analysis of CBS. CBS spectroscopy may find important applications in probing random media such as biological tissues where depth-selective measurements are crucial.
Gritti-stokes amputations in the trauma patient: clinical comparisons and subjective outcomes.

Background: The Gritti-Stokes amputation procedure is a modification of the traditional transfemoral amputation, with resection of the bone at a supracondylar femoral level and fixation of the patella to the distal part of the femur as an end-cap. Although well-established in patients with vascular compromise, no evidence exists on its use in the trauma setting. Methods: Fourteen consecutive patients who underwent Gritti-Stokes amputation and fifteen consecutive patients who underwent traditional transfemoral amputation by fellowship-trained orthopaedic traumatologists at a level-I trauma center were evaluated at more than fourteen months postoperatively. The Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) questionnaire was also administered to both patient groups at more than thirty-six months postoperatively to assess patient-reported functional outcomes. Results: Despite the two groups not having significant differences in preoperative variables or demographics, the Gritti-Stokes group had significantly improved SIP questionnaire overall and domain scores. This procedure also left the patients with a significantly longer residual limb (an average of 46.1 cm of residual femoral length versus 34.6 cm for the transfemoral group). The Gritti-Stokes group also had a significantly increased rate of walking without assistive devices (five patients versus none in the transfemoral amputation group). Conclusions: The Gritti-Stokes amputation appears to be safe and beneficial when utilized in the trauma population. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Long-term sympatho-excitatory effect of angiotensin II: a mechanism of spontaneous and renovascular hypertension.

1. The peptide hormone angiotensin II (AngII) is acknowledged to be an important factor in the pathophysiology of hypertension. This is particularly the case in hypertension caused by luminal narrowing of one renal artery, (i.e. renovascular hypertension). The primary mechanism by which AngII raises blood pressure, however, is disputed. Strong arguments can be made supporting either vascular contraction, effects on renal excretion of sodium and water, or trophic actions on cardiovascular structures as the key element. In this paper I review evidence that AngII influences blood pressure by modulating autonomic nervous system activity. Modulation can occur at both the peripheral and central aspects of the autonomic system, but I focus on brain pathways involved in determining sympathetic nervous system activity. 2. Experimental and clinical investigations are cited to support the hypothesis that sympathetically mediated pressor effects are increased by both circulating and brain-derived AngII in hypertension. Recent work points specifically to sympathetic pre-motor neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) as a critical site of action of brain AngII in normotensive and hypertensive animals. 3. This same set of neurons appears to be an important relay in the sympatho-excitatory response to circulating AngII initiated at circumventricular organs, particularly the area postrema. AngII has important effects on the baroreflex. These do not mediate the sympatho-excitation elicited by circulating AngII, but rather mask its expression. 4. Substantial data support the hypothesis that increased blood concentrations of AngII in renovascular hypertension elevate blood pressure by causing neurogenic vasoconstriction mediated through the area postrema and RVLM.
Embodied vision - perceiving objects from actions

For the purposes of visual manipulation of objects by a robot, the latter has to learn, about object properties, as well as actions that the robot may apply on it. This paper presents strategies to acquire such competencies based on human-robot interactions. Perception is driven by manipulation from an actor, either human or robotic. Interaction with human teachers facilitates robot learning of new objects and their functionality, or the acquisition of new competencies as an actor. Self-exploration of the world extends the robot's knowledge concerning object properties, and consolidates the execution of learned tasks.
HNF-1α and endodermal transcription factors cooperatively activate Fabpl: MODY3 mutations abrogate cooperativity

Hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-1α plays a central role in intestinal and hepatic gene regulation and is required for hepatic expression of the liver fatty acid binding protein gene (Fabpl). An Fab...
Principles of connectivity among morphologically defined cell types in adult neocortex

Since the work of Ramon y Cajal in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, neuroscientists have speculated that a complete understanding of neuronal cell types and their connections is key to explaining complex brain functions. However, a complete census of the constituent cell types and their wiring diagram in mature neocortex remains elusive. By combining octuple whole-cell recordings with an optimized avidin-biotin-peroxidase staining technique, we carried out a morphological and electrophysiological census of neuronal types in layers 1, 2/3, and 5 of mature neocortex and mapped the connectivity between more than 11,000 pairs of identified neurons. We categorized 15 types of interneurons, and each exhibited a characteristic pattern of connectivity with other interneuron types and pyramidal cells. The essential connectivity structure of the neocortical microcircuit could be captured by only a few connectivity motifs.
Lighter-than-air platforms for small-format aerial photography

Abstract Lighter-than-air, unmanned, tethered platforms for small-format aerial photography include balloons and blimps. Hot-air and helium blimps have been developed and tested successfully in the field. Both provide stable platforms for lifting camera equipment in calm or low-wind conditions. The operating range for blimps overlaps that of kites, so a combination of a blimp and kites spans wind conditions from calm to 40 km/h. A helium blimp is smaller, substantially lower in cost, and easier to operate compared to a hot-air blimp with equivalent lifting capability. However, helium is not readily available in many regions, and in such places a hot-air blimp would be the only practical lighter-than-air platform for small-format aerial photography under low-wind conditions.
Restricted, canonical, stereotyped and convergent immunoglobulin responses

It is becoming evident that B-cell responses to particular epitopes or in particular contexts can be highly convergent at the molecular level. That is, depending on the epitope targeted, persons of diverse genetic backgrounds and immunological histories can use highly similar, stereotyped B-cell receptors (BCRs) for a particular response. In some cases, multiple people with immunity to a particular epitope or with a type of B-cell neoplasia will elicit antibodies encoded by essentially identical immunoglobulin gene rearrangements. In other cases, particular VH genes encode antibodies important for immunity against pathogens such as influenza and HIV. It appears that the conserved antibody structures driving these stereotyped responses are highly limited and selected. There are interesting and important convergences in the types of stereotyped BCRs induced in conditions of immunity and B-cell-related pathology such as cancer and autoimmunity. By characterizing and understanding stereotyped B-cell responses, novel approaches to B-cell immunity and in understanding the underlying causes of B-cell pathology may be discovered. In this paper, we will review stereotyped BCR responses in various contexts of B-cell immunity and pathology.
Research Note Cloud Computing Spot Pricing Dynamics: Latency and Limits to Arbitrage

This study examines cloud computing spot pricing dynamics and the influence of latency on those pricing dynamics. Using the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud U.S. East and West market spot instance pricing and latency intraday data from April 9, 2010, to May 22, 2011, we find considerable time variation in spot instance prices, and prices are often persistently higher in the West. Bivariate vector autoregressive model results show that within-market autoregressive pricing effects are larger than across-market effects. We also document that over 70% of the relative price discovery occurs in the East market. Our regression results further show that East–West latency differentials have a significantly positive effect on East–West pricing differentials. Latency creates a dynamic pricing wedge that widens or narrows conditional on the latency differentials. Using an error correction model, the speed of adjustment from long-run pricing convergence errors causes the short-run price differential to narrow, but the adj...
Review of measures of social and emotional development

Abstract This paper provides a critical review of measures of social and emotional development in early childhood for use within large-scale national surveys of child well-being and evaluations of early childhood interventions and initiatives. Key literature on social and emotional development was reviewed and organized around four commonly used subdomains: social competence, emotional competence, behavior problems, and self-regulation. Six measures, out of 75 which met criteria for more systematic review, were identified as good candidates for broader use with children birth to age five, based on their having a majority of 10 key features of strong assessments. The review also examines whether executive function is captured by measures of social and emotional development. Implications for enhancing the usefulness and effectiveness of social and emotional measures in the field and implications for future measures development are considered.
Explaining Decision-Making by Supreme Court Justices in Cases Involving International Law

The attitudinal model has been the dominant explanation for judicial behavior for the last twenty years. However, political scientists have found that the attitudinal model is not adequate to explain the outcomes in cases involving foreign policy. Instead, it appears that other considerations, such as the interests of the United States, weigh more heavily on judges.Legal scholars have anecdotally noted a similar trend in cases involving international law. This paper, part of a doctoral dissertation, wishes to put these anecdotal observations to the test. Utilizing a dataset of international law cases before the U.S. Supreme Court and the Courts of Appeals, it examines whether the attitudinal model holds sway in these cases.It is my theory that the interests of the United States as expressed by the political branches, particularly the Executive branch, will prove to be the significant factor in explaining judicial decision-making in this area. Only in cases where the political branches have failed to state a preference will the attitudinal model prevail.Using a logit analysis of case outcomes, I examine the decisions made by courts in cases involving international law. The presence of the United States as either a party or through filings of amicus briefs will be used to determine if the United States has an interest and what that interest is. I find that cases in which the government participates are decided in line with those expressed preferences. Where, however, the government takes no position, the attitudinal model prevails.
Oviposition Site Preferences and Related Aspects of the Parasitism of Brochymena Spp. by Trichopoda plumipes in College Station, Texas

Parasitism of three species of Brochymena , B. arborea (Say), B. cariosa Stal and B. sulcata Van Duzee, by Trichopoda plumipes (Fabricius) was studied in College Station, Tex. Percent parasitism and number of eggs per parasitized host were essentially the same for males and females and for the three host species, except that the mean number of eggs on parasitized hosts was higher for B. sulcata than for B. cariosa . Overall, hosts collected on black willow, Salix nigra Marshall, and cottonwood, Populus deltoides Marshall, were more heavily parasitized and showed a higher number of parasite eggs than did those hosts collected on American elm, Ulmus americana L., or Chinese elm, U. pumila L. Trichopoda plumipes showed a marked preference for the abdominal tergites and hind wings as oviposition sites. Of those eggs found, 91% were located on tergites and other areas which were hidden from view by the forewings when the host was at rest, and 97% of the eggs were deposited on the dorsal surface of the host. A relatively low percentage of those hosts bearing hatched tachinid eggs had parasite larvae internally.
Applying the Attribute Model to Develop Behavioral Tasks that Phenocopy Human Clinical Phenotypes Using Mouse Disease Models: An Endophenotyping Approach

With the increasing sophistication of the genetic techniques used to develop mouse models of genetic disorders, it is imperative that the techniques used to elucidate the behavioral phenotypes of these models evolve just as rapidly. At present, mouse models developed to study neurodevelopmental disorders either demonstrate inconsistent phenotypes or lack behavioral phenotypes when tested using the standard battery of behavioral tasks. In this chapter, I describe a behavioral endophenotyping approach that allows researchers to explicitly model in mice the clinical phenotypes reported in human genetic disease. This approach facilitates a comprehensive approach to studying the effects of genetic mutations on behavior by individually evaluating each of the different domains/attributes of memory (e.g., time, space, sensory/perceptual, response, affect, and language), as well as social behaviors and executive function. The data obtained from this approach can be translated back to the clinical population on a per attribute basis, allowing for a dialogue between the clinic and basic science to facilitate the generation of testable hypotheses. A reciprocal interaction across levels of analysis also results in efficient development of outcome measures that can be used to evaluate the efficacy of treatment or interventional studies in the mouse model that potentially show predictive validity with later clinical trials. Examples of standardizing the behavioral phenotyping process for human disease using the NIH Toolbox, a collection of cognitive assessments, as well as a proposed murine analog of the NIH Toolbox are provided to illustrate the power of applying the attribute model to behavioral phenotyping.
Determination of minute quantity lead generation by AFS and GFAS

Objective:To compare the capability of different devices in determination of minute quantity lead.Methods:Hydride generation AFS and GFAS were used.Results:The detection limit of hydride generation AFS and GFAS was 0.042 μg/L and 2.52 μg/L,the relative standard deviation(RSD) 3.13% and 1.30%,recoveries of standard addition were in the range of 98.0%~105.0% and 95.2%~104.0%.Conlusion:The AFS is a better method in determination of minute quantity lead.
Time to resuscitate a sacred cow... with normal saline

Normal saline (NS) is not used for trauma resuscitation because of its potential for acidosis. Lactated Ringer's (LR) is preferred instead. However, the two crystalloids have never been compared in trauma patients. We hypothesized that NS would be an acceptable fluid for resuscitation in the trauma patient. In 2011, a Level I trauma center switched resuscitation fluid from LR to NS. Admissions before and after the change were retrospectively reviewed. Demographics, vitals, blood work, and fluid intake were recorded over 24 hours. Acidosis level, stratified by Injury Severity Score (ISS), was compared. Four hundred ten patients were included, 207 in the LR cohort and 203 in the NS. Chloride (LR 105.26 ± 4.75 vs NS 106.48 ± 4.19), base excess (-2.53 ± 3.77 vs -3.28 ± 4.15), pH (7.37 ± 0.08 vs 7.36 ± 0.07), and bicarbonate (22.83 ± 3.45 vs 21.65 ± 5.06) were statistically different but not clinically significant. This was also true when results were stratified by ISS. In addition, there was no difference in the number of blood gases drawn between the groups (584 vs 544, P = nonsignificant). NS resuscitation is a safe, viable alternative to LR in the trauma population studied. Its use carries a potentially substantial cost savings on a national level.
Diagnostic pitfall: primary effusion lymphoma with rare cytokeratin immunoreactivity

![Figure][1] A 52-year-old man with history of AIDS, rectal Kaposi sarcoma, and multicentric Castleman disease was found to have diffuse lymphadenopathy, bilateral pleural effusions, and ascites. Cytology smears of the pleural effusion (panel A; Diff-Quik) showed numerous large atypical
The Three-Dimensional Structure of Organic Compounds

This chapter opens with a discussion of the various types of isomers leading into a more detailed look at stereoisomerism. The concept of optical isomers at saturated asymmetric centers is then introduced along with a discussion of the properties of enantiomers and the methods used to designate absolute configuration at such stereocenters. Diastereomers are then discussed as being stereoisomers that are not enantiomers. The idea of prochirality is introduced and examples of saturated prochiral centers and unsaturated prochiral faces are given. Stereoisomerism at unsaturated centers is then discussed along with a system to designate those isomers. The last section deals with conformations, beginning first with acyclic systems and then progressing to cyclohexanes, and finally to five-, four-, and three-membered saturated rings.
Venous thromboembolism in head and neck cancer surgery.

Background Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major cause of perioperative morbidity and mortality. Historically, otolaryngology surgery has been seen as very low risk of VTE, given the relatively short procedures and healthy patient population. However, head and neck surgery patients have multiple additional risk factors for VTE compared to general otolaryngology patients, and only recently has research been directed at examining this population of patients regarding VTE risk.
Crop, Tillage, and Landscape Effects on Near-Surface Soil Quality Indices in Indiana

Soil quality is a critical link between land management and water quality. We aimed to assess soil quality within the Cedar Creek Watershed, a pothole- dominated subwatershed within the St. Joseph River watershed that drains into the Western Lake Erie Basin in northeastern Indiana. The Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF) with 10 soil quality indicators was used to assess inherent and dynamic soil and environmental characteristics across crop rotations, tillage practices, and landscape positions. Surface physical, chemical, and nutrient component indices were high, averaging 90, 93, and 98% of the optimum, respectively. Surface biology had the lowest component score, averaging 69% of the optimum. Crop rotation, tillage, and landscape position effects were assessed using ANOVA. Crop selection had a greater impact on soil quality than tillage, with perennial grass systems having higher values than corn (Zea mays L.) or soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Furthermore, soybean rotations often scored higher than corn rotations. Uncultivated perennial grass systems had higher overall soil quality index (SQI) values and physical, chemical, and biological component values than no-till or chisel–disk systems. Chisel–disk effects on overall and component SQI values were generally not significantly different from no-till management except for a few physical indicators. Toe-slopes had higher physical, biological, and overall SQI values than summit positions but toe-slope values were not significantly different from those of mid-slope positions. This work highlights the positive effects of perennial grass systems, the negative effects of corn-based systems, and the neutral effects of tillage on soil quality.
TAK1 regulates resident macrophages by protecting lysosomal integrity

Hematopoietic cell survival and death is critical for development of a functional immune system. Here, we report that a protein kinase, TAK1, is selectively required for resident macrophage integrity during embryogenesis. Hematopoietic lineage-specific deletion of Tak1 gene (Tak1HKO) caused accumulation of cellular debris in the thymus in perinatal mice. Although no overt alteration in thymocytes and blood myeloid populations was observed in Tak1HKO mice, we found that thymic and lung macrophages were diminished. In the in vitro setting, Tak1 deficiency caused profound disruption of lysosomes and killed bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) without any exogenous stressors. Inhibition of the lysosomal protease, cathepsin B, partially blocked Tak1-deficient BMDM death, suggesting that leakage of the lysosomal contents is in part the cause of cell death. To identify the trigger of this cell death, we examined involvement of TNF and Toll-like receptor pathways. Among them, we found that deletion of Tnfr1 partially rescued cell death. Finally, we show that Tnfr1 deletion partially restored thymic and lung macrophages in vivo. These results suggest that autocrine and potentially paracrine TNF kills Tak1-deficient macrophages during development. Our results reveal that TAK1 signaling maintains proper macrophage populations through protecting lysosomal integrity.
Beyond Comprehension Strategy Instruction: What's Next?

Purpose In this article, we respond to Catts and Kamhi's (2017) argument that reading comprehension is not a single ability. Method We provide a brief review of the impact of strategy instruction, ...
Super-Resolving the Actual Position of Single Fluorescent Molecules Coupled to a Plasmonic Nanoantenna

Plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) enhance the radiative decay rate of adjacent dyes and can significantly increase fluorescence intensity for improved spectroscopy. However, the NP nanoantenna complicates super-resolution imaging by introducing a mislocalization between the emitter position and its super-resolved emission position. The mislocalization magnitude depends strongly on the dye/NP coupling geometry. It is therefore crucial to quantify mislocalization to recover the actual emitter position in a coupled system. Here, we super-resolve in two and three dimensions the distance-dependent emission mislocalization of single fluorescent molecules coupled to gold NPs with precise distance tuning via double-stranded DNA. We develop an analytical framework to uncover detailed spatial information when direct 3D imaging is not accessible. Overall, we demonstrate that by taking measurements on a single, well-defined, and symmetric dye/NP assembly and by accounting explicitly for artifacts from super-resolution im...
CHAPTER 24 – Rickets Due to Hereditary Abnormalities of Vitamin D Synthesis or Action

This chapter describes the cause of rickets that occurs because of abnormalities in vitamin D synthesis or metabolism. As one of the principal hormonal regulators of calcium and phosphorus metabolism, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin 2 D [1,25(OH)ED] is critically important for the normal growth and mineralization of bone. The classical actions of 1,25(OH) 2 D are to stimulate calcium and phosphorus absorption from the intestine, thereby maintaining plasma concentrations of these ions at levels sufficient for normal growth and mineralization of bone. 1,25(OH) 2 D also has direct actions on the bone, kidney, parathyroid gland, and many other tissues unrelated to mineral metabolism. Initially termed “hereditary pseudo-vitamin D-deficiency rickets (PDDR),” vitamin D dependency because of its responsiveness to vitamin D, or vitamin D-dependent rickets type I, this disease is now known to be caused by defective renal conversion of 25-OHD to 1,25-(OH2)D as a consequence of loss-of-function mutations in the renal 1α-hydroxylase gene P450c1α.
Automated fish taxonomy using evolution-constructed features

Assessing the population, size, and taxonomy of fish is important in order to manage fish populations, regulate fisheries, and evaluate the impact of man made structures such as dams. Automating this process saves valuable resources of time, money, and manpower. Current methods for automatic fish monitoring rely on a human expert to design features necessary for classifying fish into a taxonomy. This paper describes a method using Evolution-COnstructed (ECO) features to automatically find features that can be used to classify fish into a taxonomy. ECO features provide features automatically and thus can quickly be adapted to new environments and fauna. The effectiveness of ECO features is shown on a dataset of four fish species where using five fold cross validation an average classification rate of 99.4% is achieved.
Prevalence of columnar-lined (Barrett's) esophagus: Comparison of population-based clinical and autopsy findings

Abstract In this study, two different methods were used to investigate the prevalence of columnar-lined (Barrett's) esophagus. First, a population-based study of clinically diagnosed cases was performed in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Twenty-five residents of this county, who had undergone endoscopy and biopsy between 1969 and 1986, were diagnosed as having Barrett's esophagus. On January 1, 1987,17 of these patients were still living in the county, representing an age- and sex-adjusted prevalence rate of 22.6 cases per 100,000 population (95% confidence interval, 11.7–33.6 cases). A prospective search of Mayo Clinic autopsy material for Barrett's esophagus was conducted using the same diagnostic criteria as in the clinical study. Over an 18-month period ending in September 1987, 7 cases of Barrett's esophagus were found in 733 unselected autopsies. In 5 of the 7 cases, Barrett's esophagus was first detected at the time of autopsy. Using the age- and sex-specific prevalence from the clinically diagnosed study, researchers expected to find 0.19 cases of Barrett's esophagus at the 226 autopsies performed on Olmsted County residents, although 4 were actually observed (P
Asset Pricing Implications of Short-sale Constraints in Imperfectly Competitive Markets

We study the impact of short-sale constraints on market prices and liquidity in imperfectly competitive markets in which market makers have market power. In contrast to the existing literature, we ...
The mechanisms of ductile rupture

Abstract One of the most confounding controversies in the ductile fracture community is the large discrepancy between predicted and experimentally observed strain-to-failure values during shear-dominant loading. Currently proposed solutions focus on better accounting for how the deviatoric stress state influences void growth or on measuring strain at the microscale rather than the macroscale. While these approaches are useful, they do not address a significant aspect of the problem: the only rupture micromechanisms that are generally considered are void nucleation, growth, and coalescence (for tensile-dominated loading), and shear-localization and void coalescence (for shear-dominated loading). Current phenomenological models have thus focused on predicting the competition between these mechanisms based on the stress state and the strain-hardening capacity of the material. However, in the present study, we demonstrate that there are at least five other failure mechanisms. Because these have long been ignored, little is known about how all seven mechanisms interact with one another or the factors that control their competition. These questions are addressed by characterizing the fracture process in three high-purity face-centered cubic (FCC) metals of medium-to-high stacking fault energy: copper, nickel, and aluminum. These data demonstrate that, for a given stress state and material, several mechanisms frequently work together in a sequential manner to cause fracture. The selection of a failure mechanism is significantly affected by the plasticity-induced microstructural evolution that occurs before tearing begins, which can create or eliminate sites for void nucleation. At the macroscale, failure mechanisms that do not involve cracking or pore growth were observed to facilitate subsequent void growth and coalescence processes. While the focus of this study is on damage accumulation in pure metals, these results are also applicable to understanding failure in engineering alloys.
Mapping Arbovirus-Vector Interactions Using Systems Biology Techniques.

Studying how arthropod-borne viruses interact with their arthropod vectors is critical to understanding how these viruses replicate and are transmitted. Until recently, these types of studies were limited in scale because of the lack of classical tools available to study virus-host interaction for non-model viruses and non-model organisms. Advances in systems biology ‘-omics’-based techniques such as next-generation sequencing and mass spectrometry can rapidly provide an unbiased view of arbovirus-vector interaction landscapes. In this mini-review, we discuss how arbovirus-vector interaction studies have been advanced by systems biology. We review studies of arbovirus-vector interactions that occur at multiple time and length scales, including intracellular interactions, interactions at the level of the organism, viral and vector populations, and how new techniques can integrate systems-level data across these different scales.