cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Participatory Framework for Assessment and Improvement of Tools (ParFAIT): Increasing the impact and relevance of water management decision support research

Abstract This paper proposes the Participatory Framework for Assessment and Improvement of Tools (ParFAIT) as a way to address low uptake of Water Resources Systems Optimization (WRSO) tools. ParFAIT is a transdisciplinary process conducted in five stages, two of which are participatory modeling (PM) exercises. Herein we describe the framework, introduce our candidate tool- Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithm (MOEA)-assisted optimization, and present the results of our first PM workshop. MOEA-assisted optimization has been put forth as a planning and decision making aid for utilities facing a large number of decisions and highly uncertain futures. The PM workshop, designed to solicit input on a tool testbed, was held in February 2015 with representatives from six Front Range, Colorado, water utilities. Our results include an expanded characterization of the decision making landscape, feedback on water utility decisions and performance goals commonly employed in WRSO studies, and new questions that warrant future investigation by researchers.
Clinical Reasoning Education at US Medical Schools: Results from a National Survey of Internal Medicine Clerkship Directors.

Recent reports, including the Institute of Medicine’s Improving Diagnosis in Health Care, highlight the pervasiveness and underappreciated harm of diagnostic error, and recommend enhancing health care professional education in diagnostic reasoning. However, little is known about clinical reasoning curricula at US medical schools. To describe clinical reasoning curricula at US medical schools and to determine the attitudes of internal medicine clerkship directors toward teaching of clinical reasoning. Cross-sectional multicenter study. US institutional members of the Clerkship Directors in Internal Medicine (CDIM). Examined responses to a survey that was emailed in May 2015 to CDIM institutional representatives, who reported on their medical school’s clinical reasoning curriculum. The response rate was 74% (91/123). Most respondents reported that a structured curriculum in clinical reasoning should be taught in all phases of medical education, including the preclinical years (64/85; 75%), clinical clerkships (76/87; 87%), and the fourth year (75/88; 85%), and that more curricular time should be devoted to the topic. Respondents indicated that most students enter the clerkship with only poor (25/85; 29%) to fair (47/85; 55%) knowledge of key clinical reasoning concepts. Most institutions (52/91; 57%) surveyed lacked sessions dedicated to these topics. Lack of curricular time (59/67, 88%) and faculty expertise in teaching these concepts (53/76, 69%) were identified as barriers. Internal medicine clerkship directors believe that clinical reasoning should be taught throughout the 4 years of medical school, with the greatest emphasis in the clinical years. However, only a minority reported having teaching sessions devoted to clinical reasoning, citing a lack of curricular time and faculty expertise as the largest barriers. Our findings suggest that additional institutional and national resources should be dedicated to developing clinical reasoning curricula to improve diagnostic accuracy and reduce diagnostic error.
Approach to the Agitated Emergency Department Patient.

Background Acute agitation is a common occurrence in the emergency department (ED) that requires rapid assessment and management. Objective This review provides an evidence-based summary of the current ED evaluation and management of acute agitation. Discussion Acute agitation is an increasingly common presentation to the ED and has a broad differential diagnosis including metabolic, neurologic, infectious, toxicologic, and psychiatric etiologies. Missed diagnosis of a dangerous etiology of the patient's agitation may result in severe morbidity and mortality. Assessment and management of the agitated patient should occur concurrently. Focused history and physical examination are recommended, though control of the patient's agitation may be required. All patients should receive a point-of-care glucose test, with additional testing depending upon the specific patient presentation. Initial management should involve verbal de-escalation techniques, followed by pharmacologic interventions, with physical restraints reserved as a last resort. Pharmacologic options include first-generation antipsychotics, second-generation antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, and ketamine. Finally, the management of pediatric, pregnant, and elderly patients warrants special consideration. Conclusion Acute agitation is an important presentation that requires prompt recognition and treatment. A focused and thorough examination coupled with appropriate management strategies can assist emergency clinicians to safely and effectively manage these patients.
Absence of dynamic strain aging in an additively manufactured nickel-base superalloy.

Dynamic strain aging (DSA), observed macroscopically as serrated plastic flow, has long been seen in nickel-base superalloys when plastically deformed at elevated temperatures. Here we report the absence of DSA in Inconel 625 made by additive manufacturing (AM) at temperatures and strain rates where DSA is present in its conventionally processed counterpart. This absence is attributed to the unique AM microstructure of finely dispersed secondary phases (carbides, N-rich phases, and Laves phase) and textured grains. Based on experimental observations, we propose a dislocation-arrest model to elucidate the criterion for DSA to occur or to be absent as a competition between dislocation pipe diffusion and carbide–carbon reactions. With in situ neutron diffraction studies of lattice strain evolution, our findings provide a new perspective for mesoscale understanding of dislocation–solute interactions and their impact on work-hardening behaviors in high-temperature alloys, and have important implications for tailoring thermomechanical properties by microstructure control via AM. Detrimental serrated plastic flow via dynamic strain aging (DSA) in conventionally processed nickel superalloys usually occurs during high temperature deformation. Here, the authors suppress DSA via a unique microstructure obtained using additive manufacturing and propose a new dislocation-arrest model in nickel superalloys.
“A positive guiding hand”: A qualitative examination of youth-initiated mentoring and the promotion of interdependence among foster care youth

Abstract This qualitative interview study examined experiences of youth-initiated mentoring relationships (YIM) among youth transitioning out of the foster care system. YIM is an innovative approach wherein programs work with youth to identify adults within their existing social networks to serve as their mentors in the formal program. Participants were 13 mentor-youth dyads involved in a pilot trial of YIM in a mid-western city. Youth and mentors completed one-time, in-depth individual interviews. Narrative thematic analysis of the interview data yielded the following major findings: (a) youth overwhelmingly reported having a strong or very strong relationship with their mentor, (b) these relationships offered a number of forms of social support to the youth (i.e., appraisal, companionship, emotional, informational, and instrumental), and (c) the mentor was perceived to have positively impacted the youth during the course of the relationship in multiple ways, including the youth's psychological well-being, relationships with others, and beliefs about and orientation toward the future. These findings suggest that YIM is a promising approach for establishing meaningful and impactful connections that may promote interdependence for older foster care youth as they make the transition to adulthood.
Inequality in a "Postracial" Era: Race, Immigration, and Criminalization of Low Wage Labor

Over the past four decades, increasingly punitive and enforcement-oriented U.S. immigration policies have been legitimized by a rhetoric of criminality that stigmatizes Latino immigrant workers and intensifies their exploitation. Simultaneously, there has been a sevenfold increase in the prison population in the United States, in which African Americans are eight times more likely to be jailed than Whites (Western 2006, p. 3). In this paper, I draw on scholarship in history and sociology, as well as my own anthropological research, to develop the argument that criminal justice policies and immigration policies together disempower low-wage U.S. labor and maintain categorical racial inequalities in a “postracial” United States. First, I review the historical role of race in U.S. immigration policy, and I consider the evidence for systemic racism in immigration enforcement in the contemporary period. Second, I discuss criminal legislation in the neoliberal era and examine the ways in which criminal legislation and immigration policies together disempower large segments of the U.S. workforce, satisfying employer demands for low cost and pliant labor. Finally, I argue that a political focus on immigrant workers' “illegality” masks the role of the state in (re)defining the legal status of low-wage workers and veils the ways in which punitive policies maintain historical racial and class inequalities.
How Real Is Good Enough? Assessing Realism of Presence in Simulations and Its Effects on Decision Making

Simulations are frequently used for experimentation and training in many domains as a safe and cost-effective stand-in for real world experiences. However, research about which factors (trait and state) affect how real a simulation is to a person and how this “realness” affects cognition is lacking. Presence research lacks the assessment of interactions between psychological and physiological responses in interactive immersive environments. This paper provides empirical results from both trait and state psychological and physiological measures to identify and provide operationally relevant information regarding the realism of presence in a 300° immersive simulation and its effects on a Shoot-Don’t-Shoot decision-making task. Participants engaged in a Shoot-Don’t-Shoot simulation under three types of feedback conditions: (1) small shock, (2) life bar, and (3) no feedback. Results indicate that (1) trait uncertainty mitigates the stress experience and (2) both immersion and errors were significantly greater in the shock condition. Recommendations for future research are discussed.
Closing Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant, 2009–2018: Decision-Making on Energy Investments Relevant to Climate Change

Modern economies cannot function without electricity, and production of electric power affects citizens in many ways, including climate change. Production of electricity requires investments that easily reach billions of dollars, and streams of investment capital must be perpetual to procure fuel, build and maintain plants, and transmit electricity to customers. This case study addresses whether a California decision relevant to investments about generating electricity adequately considered competing concerns. In 2009, Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E, a private, investor-owned utility) applied to renew the operating licenses of its two nuclear reactors at the Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant (the “plant”). By 2016, PG&E had decided not to seek license renewal and asked the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) to approve a price increase for its electricity to pay for specified expenses in closing the plant, which generated 24% of PG&E’s electricity. Four environmental groups and two labor organizations supported PG&E, and CPUC approved most elements of PG&E’s plan in 2018. PG&E’s application generated considerable debate during the CPUC process, and multiple organizations argued that PG&E’s plan was flawed. Two of the protests were from environmental groups favoring nuclear power as mitigation for climate change. Nuclear reactors generate electricity with uranium and have low emissions of carbon dioxide, the key source of climate change. This case study summarizes the competing arguments relevant to energy investments and climate change. Was the decision to close the plant in the best interest of the PG&E customers and the residents and taxpayers of California?
Enhanced Protein Diet for Preterm Infants: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind, Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate dietary protein's effect on fat accretion and weight gain in hospitalized preterm infants. METHODS Prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of 36 infants born at <32 weeks, hospitalized in a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit. After achieving full enteral volume, infants were randomized to either an enhanced protein diet (EPD) (protein-energy ratio [PER] 4 g/100 calories) or a standard protein diet (SPD) (PER 3 g/100 calories). Macronutrients were calculated using published values for formula, donor milk bank analysis, or weekly analysis of a 24-hour pooled maternal milk sample. Human milk fortifier and/or liquid protein were used to achieve the target PER until discharge or a maximum of 4 weeks. Body composition was measured weekly using air displacement plethysmography. The principal outcomes, rates of weight gain and fat accretion, were compared between groups in linear mixed models. RESULTS Thirty-three infants received approximately 17 days of the study diet. Relative weight gain was 21.6 g · kg · day (95% confidence interval [CI] 19.5-23.8) for the EPD group (n = 16) versus 19.1 g · kg · day (95% CI 17.0-21.2) for the SPD group (n = 17), P = 0.095. Baseline percent fat mass (FM) in the EPD group was 5.15% (95% CI 3.58%-6.72%) compared with 7.29% (95% CI 5.73%-8.84%) in the SPD group, P = 0.0517. Percent FM increased 0.398%/day (95% CI 0.308-0.488) for the EPD group versus 0.284%/day (95% CI 0.190-0.379) for the SPD group (P = 0.0878). CONCLUSIONS Preterm infants with a lower baseline FM percentage who received an EPD demonstrated a more pronounced catch-up percentage of fat accretion.
Early nesting biology of the bee Caupolicana yarrowi (Cresson) (Colletidae, Diphaglossinae) and its cleptoparasite Triepeolus grandis (Friese) (Apidae, Nomadinae)

The first part of this publication, written by a group of participants in Bee Course 2018, results from the discovery of three nests of Caupolicana yarrowi (Cresson, 1875) at the base of the Chiricahua Mountains in southeastern Arizona. The nests are deep with branching laterals that usually connect to large vertical brood cells by an upward turn before curving downward and attaching to the top of the chambers. This loop of the lateral thus seems to serve as a “sink trap,” excluding rainwater from reaching open cells during provisioning. Although mature larvae had not yet developed, an egg of C. yarrowi was discovered floating on the provisions allowing an SEM examination of its chorion, the first such study for any egg of the Diphaglos-sinae. Larval food for this species at this site came from Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. (Solanaceae). Nests were parasitized by Triepeolus grandis (Friese, 1917) (Epeolini), which previously was known to attack only Ptiloglossa (Diphaglossinae: Caupolicanini).The subterranean nest cells of the desert bee Caupolicana yarrowi (Colletidae), which are enveloped by a casing of hardened soil that easily separates from the surrounding matrix, are discussed in a separate appendix. Chemical analysis revealed the casing to be rich in reducing sugars, indicating that the mother bee had regurgitated floral nectar onto the rough interior walls of the cell cavity before smoothing and waterproofing them. This novel use of nectar in nest construction is compared with that of other bee species that bring water to a nest site to soften soil for excavation.
The Impact of International Perception on China’s Approach to Human Rights

Given the tremendous amount of money that China has poured into events such as the 2008 Beijing Games and the 2010 Shanghai Expo and establishing Confucius Institutes throughout the world, the Chinese government is interested in advancing its international image and developing its soft power. In some instances, however, the Chinese government is willing to resist international pressure regarding human rights issues. In the process, the Chinese government is willing to incur damage to its international image on the issues in which it believes that there are more costs by adhering to international criticism than gains for China. In short, to what extent is China concerned about its international image regarding human rights pressure? Under what conditions is China willing to resist international criticism regarding human rights and thus incur damage to its international image?
The Impossibility of a Virtue Ethic

Virtue ethics is increasingly regarded as a viable alternative to consequentialist or deontological systems of normative ethics. This paper argues that there can be no such triumvirate of contending comprehensive ethical systems. That is not because virtue is unimportant but rather because genuine virtue is excellent and therefore rare. For most people in most morally salient situations there is no possibility of virtuous response because possession of the relevant virtues simply does not obtain nor can be usefully simulated. Instead, the much more universal and important moral requirement is suitable moderation of one’s vices. Nor should it be supposed that the absence of virtue(s) necessarily diminishes the quality of an individual’s life and that person’s value to others. Rather, moral deficiencies are compatible with other excellences and may indeed contribute to them. I conclude that virtue ethics is less worthy of pursuit than vice ethics.
Comparison of Dynamic Mode Decompositon and Iterative Matrix Pencil Method for Power System Modal Analysis

This paper compares two modal analysis techniques developed for handling large sets of data, Dynamic Mode Decomposition and the Iterative Matrix Pencil method. The two methods are compared by analyzing large-scale synthetic grids and using metrics such as the average cost function and computation time. Dynamic Mode Decomposition is shown to be able to quickly identify modes, but suffering inaccuracies in reproduced data. These difficulties are explored in various case studies and are compared to the Iterative Matrix Pencil method. Sampling frequency is also considered in order to examine the impact of larger data sets when comparing the two methodologies.
Using RRTs to Plan Low-vibration Trajectories for Flexible Mobile Robots

Path planning for mobile robots involves finding feasible trajectories through a workspace from an initial state to a final, desired state while avoiding workspace obstacles. Due to the variety of mobile robots and the environments in which they can operate, various path-planning methods have been developed. However, the majority of these planning methods have been designed for rigid systems. When applied to flexible systems, these methods typically produce unwanted vibration, which contributes to trajectory-tracking error. Therefore, trajectory tracking for flexible, mobile systems typically involves sequentially planning a path using algorithms designed for rigid systems, then applying vibration control methods to track the trajectory. This paper proposes a modified Rapidly-exploring Random Tree (RRT) algorithm that plans feasible paths that limit the vibration amplitude induced in flexible systems. The algorithm incrementally generates trajectories that minimize deflection cost and path length. Simulations were performed to compare standard RRT to the proposed algorithm. The proposed algorithm generated shorter trajectories with less deflection than those of standard RRT as well as generated trees which utilized a greater amount of the workspace.
The Relationship between Estrogen-Related Signaling and Human Papillomavirus Positive Cancers

High risk-human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are known carcinogens. Numerous reports have linked the steroid hormone estrogen, and the expression of estrogen receptors (ERs), to HPV-related cancers, although the exact nature of the interactions remains to be fully elucidated. Here we will focus on estrogen signaling and describe both pro and potentially anti-cancer effects of this hormone in HPV-positive cancers. This review will summarize: (1) cell culture-related evidence, (2) animal model evidence, and (3) clinical evidence demonstrating an interaction between estrogen and HPV-positive cancers. This comprehensive review provides insights into the potential relationship between estrogen and HPV. We suggest that estrogen may provide a potential therapeutic for HPV-related cancers, however additional studies are necessary.
Chronic stress has lasting effects on improved cued discrimination early in extinction

Chronic stress typically leads to deficits in fear extinction when tested soon after chronic stress ends. Given the importance of extinction in updating fear memories, the current study examined whether fear extinction was impaired in rats that were chronically stressed and then given a break from the end of chronic stress to the start of fear conditioning and extinction. Male rats were chronically stressed by restraint (6 h/d/21 d) and tested soon (termed immediate, STR-IMM), or 3 or 6 wk after a rest period from restraint (termed rest or "R," STR-R3, STR-R6). In Experiment 1, STR-R3 and STR-R6 discriminated between the cue and nonshock context better than STR-IMM or control. Interestingly, STR-IMM showed high freezing to the nonshock context. Consequently, Experiment 2 investigated whether STR-IMM generalized across contexts, which was not supported. Experiment 3 determined whether STR-IMM were susceptible to second-order conditioning to a novel context, but showed that the level of second-order conditioning was similar for all groups. These findings reveal that rats exposed to chronic stress and then given a rest period of 3 or 6 wk, express unique fear extinction profiles compared to control and STR-IMM. Specifically, STR-R demonstrated excellent cue and context discrimination during extinction, and perhaps showed a stress inoculation effect. For STR-IMM, the heightened freezing under these extensive acclimation parameters was not attributed to generalization nor to second-order fear conditioning to "safe" contexts and, instead, may reflect hypervigilance.
Response to: 'Women's journey in Mexican rheumatology. Comment on 'Gender gap in rheumatology: speaker representation at annual conferences' by Monga et al' by Colunga-Pedraza et al.

We read the correspondence by Colunga-Pedraza et al to our letter about the gender gap in the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) annual conference with great interest.1 2 The authors provide data on the first authors of oral presentations in the Mexican College of Rheumatology (MCR) annual meetings from 2011 to 2018. Out of 153 oral presentations, 79 (51.6%) had women as first authors. While the overall percentage of oral presentations given by female authors surpassed the 42.1% reported as the total …
Federal Regulations: How They Impact Research and Commercialization of Biological Treatment

Biology-based waste treatment is a creature of this nation’s environmental protection laws. Without the Superfund; water, solid and hazardous waste management programs; and the requirement for remediation of leaking underground storage tanks, little research would be underway and little commercial demand would exist for bioremediation.
Dynamic Arterial Elastance: Physiology, Data and Implementation

Dynamic arterial elastance (Eadyn) is the reapplication of effective arterial elastance into a practical bedside derivative useful for assessing blood pressure response to various interventions. Typically, the complex interaction of ventricular and arterial systems requires the use of invasive and technically difficult monitors. Now, with the advent of Eadyn the dynamics of arterial load become available with minimally invasive monitors. Furthermore, the introduction of Eadyn into current algorithms for perioperative and critical care fluid management has been shown valid and impactful on clinical outcomes.
A meta-analysis of evolution of gastronomy and culinary education research published in top-tier culinary, hospitality, and tourism journals

The present study offers a meta-analysis of gastronomy and culinary education research published in top-tier culinary, hospitality, and tourism academic journals. This study found 41 articles relat...
Estimating the strength of selection for new SARS-CoV-2 variants

A challenge to controlling the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is the ability of the virus to adapt to its new human hosts, with novel and more transmissible strains of the virus being continually identified. Yet there are no generally accepted methods to consistently estimate the relative magnitude of the change in transmissiblity of newly emerging variants. In this paper we consider three methods for examining and quantifying positive selection of new and emerging strains of SARS-CoV-2 over an existing wild-type strain. We consider replication at the level of countries and allow for the action of other processes that can change variants' frequencies, specifically migration and drift. We apply these methods to the D614G spike mutation and the variant designated B.1.1.7, in every country where there is sufficient sequence data. For each of D614G and B.1.1.7, we find evidence for strong selection (greater than 25% increased contagiousness) in more than half of countries analyzed. Our results also shows that the selective advantages of these strains are highly heterogeneous at the country level, suggesting the need for a truly global perspective on the molecular epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2.
Unintended Effects From the Expansion of the Non-Contributory Health System in Peru

Over the last two decades, the Peruvian government has made great efforts to improve access to health care by significantly augmenting the coverage of the non-contributory public health care system Seguro Integral de Salud (SIS). This expansion has a positive impact on welfare and public health indicators, as it limits the risk of catastrophic health-related costs for previously uninsured individuals and allows for the appropriate treatment of illnesses. However, it also entails some unintended consequences for informality, tax revenues, and GDP, since a few formal agents are paying for a service that the majority of (informal) agents receive for free. In this paper, we use a general equilibrium model calibrated for Peru to simulate the expansion of SIS to quantify the unintended effects. We find that overall welfare increases, but informality rises by 2.7 percent, while tax revenues and output decrease by roughly 0.1 percent. Given the extent of the expansion in eligibility, the economic relevance of these results seems negligible. However, this occurs because the expansion of coverage was mostly funded by reducing the spending per-insured person. In fact, we find larger costs if public spending is increased to improve the quality of service given universal coverage.
Ethical Framework to Guide Decisions of Treatment Over Objection

Background Whether to proceed with a medical intervention over the objection of a patient who lacks capacity is a common problem facing practitioners. Despite this, there is a notable gap in the literature describing how to proceed in such situations in an ethically rigorous and consistent fashion. We elaborate on the practical application of the 2018 Rubin and Prager 7-question algorithm for ethics consultations about treatment over objection and we describe the impact of each of the 7 questions. Study Design We retrospectively review a series of consultations at Columbia University Irving Medical Center between April 2017 and May 2020 for treatment over objection in adult patients determined to lack capacity. Outcomes about the final ethics recommendation and the assessment of each of the 7 questions are reported. The statistical analysis was designed to determine which of the 7 questions in the algorithm were most predictive of the final ethics recommendation. Results In our series, there was an ethics recommendation to proceed over the objection of a patient in 63% of consultations. Although all 7 questions were considered to be important to the ethical analysis of a patient's situation, the presence of logistical barriers to treatment and the imminence of harm to a patient without treatment emerged as the most significant drivers of the recommendation of whether to proceed over objection or not. Conclusions Cases of treatment over objection in a patient lacking capacity are frequently encountered problems that require a careful balance of patient autonomy and a physician's duty of beneficence. The application of the Rubin and Prager 7-question algorithm reliably guides a care team through such a complex ethical dilemma.
Integrating climate change impact in new building design process: A review of building life cycle carbon emission assessment methodologies

Abstract Life-Cycle Carbon Emission Assessment (LCCO2A) of buildings integrating climate change impact has received increasing attention by researchers as the consequences of climate change become more apparent. It is crucial to integrate the indicator of life cycle carbon equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at the early design stage combined with a life cycle assessment, to ensure the elimination of GHG emissions from a building, for its entire life. LCCO2A can provide the necessary information required for reducing carbon emissions of the buildings sector both systematically and comprehensively; however, the lack of a unified assessment framework has prevented the LCCO2A from being utilised as a common daily decision-support tool for sustainable design. This paper will take a retrospective approach when reviewing the methodologies of building LCCO2A in order to facilitate sustainable collective building design which incorporates GHG emission reduction objectives. The paper discusses a wide array of issues concerning LCCO2A and will demonstrate solution methods, as addressed in the extensive existing literature examined in the review and will attempt to establish an effective framework for life cycle carbon assessment. The implication of promoting sustainable designs which incorporate climate change mitigation objectives at the design phase together with the need for climate change policies to facilitate such processes, are also discussed.
Stratification of soil phosphorus forms from long-term repeated poultry litter applications and its environmental implication

Abstract Increasing demand for poultry products has led to an intensification of concentrated poultry feeding operations resulting in the generation of enormous amounts of poultry litter (PL). For example, in 2017 the southeastern U.S. alone generated 9.35 million U.S. tons of broiler litter. Repeated applications of PL along with no-till practices in agricultural fields located in high-density poultry operation regions often result in buildup of soil phosphorus (P) and raise environmental concerns. Less is known about how P forms such as highly reactive P (HRP), moderately reactive P (MRP), and non-reactive P (NRP) are stratified in soil layers and their potential environmental P loss risk in no-till agricultural lands that have a long-term history of PL applications. The objectives of this study were 1) to quantify the vertically distributed P forms in distinct soil depths; 2) identify the relationship between P forms and extractable P, and 3) understand the relationship between different P forms and the P saturation ratio (PSR) in PL impacted soils. Soil samples from the Madison series (Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults) with an average 10-year PL application history on no-till agricultural fields were collected from four depths (0–5, 5–15, 15–30, and 30–45 cm) and P forms were determined using Hedley fractionation procedure. The P forms were found highly stratified within the soil layers, where the surface soils (0–5 cm) had an average of 20% of total P present in HRP, 50% in MRP, and 30% in NRP. The percentages of HRP and MRP forms decreased significantly and NRP became the dominant P form down the soil depth (15–30 and 30–45 cm). Multiple regression analysis indicated oxalate extractable P (Ox-P) represented all the three P forms (HRP, MRP, and NRP) and can be used as an index of long-term P availability. The PSR decreased down the soil profile and was linearly associated with HRP and MRP but not with NRP. Subsurface application of PL in regions where repeated loadings cannot be avoided would require careful evaluation of distinct P forms (reactive vs. non-reactive) along with the determination of soil PSR for the subsurface soil depths.
Translation and Its Regulation

This chapter reviews the current status of translation in Bacillus subtilis since publication of a paper on translational specificity by Hager and Rabinowitz. It describes the important features of a B. subtilis ribosome binding site (RBS) as distinct from an Escherichia coli RBS and suggests a subtly different mechanism for initiation, taking into account the known requirements for efficient initiation. From these features, potential sites for translational regulation governing the overall yield of protein product is proposed, and a discussion of known translational regulatory mechanisms in B. subtilis follows. Finally, the chapter compares and contrasts the translational characteristics of other gram-positive organisms, including those from the high-G+C-content actinomycete group. Although this discussion has focused on control at the level of initiation of translation, other means determine the translatability of a message in B. subtilis. The production of an antisense RNA transcript controls the synthesis of RepH and, in turn, the replica of pC194.
Law: Anthropological Aspects

Anthropologists approach law as a form of normative ordering that includes rules and processes. The anthropology of law has evolved significantly from viewing law as a measure of civilization and savagery to understanding law as an emergent cultural feature and form of power. Contemporary anthropologists investigate law ethnographically, by looking at disputes in spaces that lack formal legal institutions and codified law, as well as in the institutional sites where law is produced. Plural legal orders, each invested with particular modes of authority, are seen as a feature of all societies. With the growth of globalization and transnational law, anthropology has extended its scope to explore the dialectical interaction between these multiscalar forms of law.
A light scattering/size exclusion chromatography method for studying the stoichiometry of a protein-protein complex

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the light scattering/size exclusion chromatography method to study the stoichiometry of a protein–protein complex. Interactions of a protein with itself or other macromolecules play important roles in diverse biological processes. These interactions are characterized by their affinity and stoichiometry. The size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is used to estimate the molecular weight of a complex and therefore determine the stoichiometry. During the formation of a complex, the binding of an additional protein may not affect the overall hydrodynamic size, or conversely, it may change the carbohydrates' conformation that influences the elution position. The molecular weight from a light scattering measurement is independent of the elution position of a protein or complex, and reflects only the polypeptide if the extinction coefficient of the polypeptide alone is used in the analysis. These characteristics make the combination of light scattering with SEC an easy, accurate, and reliable technique. The chapter focuses on the determination of the stoichiometry of complexes containing at least one glycosylated protein.
Oxide ion conducting glasses: Synthetic strategies based on liquid state and solid state routes

Abstract We describe two different approaches to the formation of glasses in which the oxide ion has high mobility and which therefore may act as solid state anionic conductors. The first is a liquid state approach, utilizing the “barely stable compound” principle. The second avoids the liquid state completely by using the direct transformation of crystal to glass by pressure-induced amorphization. Both methods are applied to obtain glasses high in ZrO 2 content. The glasses obtained have ionic conductivities that are as high as those of pyrochlores, but fall short of those of stabilized zirconia, but may also have a high electronic conductivity depending on state of oxidation. The decoupling index, R τ , at the glass transition temperature, which measures the freedom of mobile conducting species to move without coupling to their environment, is high, and is comparable to values for the best fluoride ion-conducting glasses. Prospects for broadening the range of oxide ion conducting glasses are considered.
IL-GLOBO (1.0) – development and verification of the moist convection module

Abstract. The development and verification of the convective module of IL-GLOBO, a Lagrangian transport model coupled online with the Eulerian general circulation model GLOBO, is described. The online-coupling promotes the full consistency between the Eulerian and the Lagrangian components of the model. The Lagrangian convective scheme is based on the Kain–Fritsch convective parametrization used in GLOBO. A transition probability matrix is computed using the fluxes provided by the Eulerian KF parametrization. Then, the convective redistribution of Lagrangian particles is implemented via a Monte Carlo scheme. The formal derivation is described in details and, consistently with the Eulerian module, includes the environmental flux in the transition probability matrix to avoid splitting of the convection and subsidence processes. Consistency of the Lagrangian implementation with its Eulerian counterpart is verified by computing environment fluxes from the transition probability matrix and comparing them to those computed by the Eulerian module. Assessment of the impact of the module is made for different latitudinal belts, showing that the major impact is found in the Tropics, as expected. Concerning vertical distribution, the major impact is observed in the boundary layer at every latitude, while in the tropical area, the influence extends to very high levels.
A Structural Model of the Determinants of XBRL Adoption

Motivated by the purported benefits of XBRL, yet its slow adoption by organizations, the purpose of this study is to determine the significant factors leading to a firm's decision to adopt XBRL both internally and for external reporting purposes. While XBRL is becoming mandatory in the US for SEC filings, there is not a proposed mandate for the adoption of XBRL for internal purposes or for the conversion of financial information into XBRL-tagging in-house (as opposed to outsourcing the conversion). The research model developed in this study combines research on information systems standards adoption and research on the adoption of complex information systems innovations to yield factors for adoption that are categorized as environmental (e.g., governmental and competitive pressure), organizational (e.g., management support and an XBRL champion), and technological (e.g., compatibility, and instability). The determination of the significance of these factors will lead to an explanation for why adoption has been limited and suggest actions that regulators, audit firms, and investors can take to encourage the adoption of XBRL. Data will be gathered by surveying the appropriate decision maker for XBRL at organizations that have indicated an interest in adopting XBRL.
A system for computerized automated blood gas analysis. Its use in newborn infants with respiratory distress.

An automated system for on line, real time computerized determination of arterial blood pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide, and pH has been developed at the Primary Children9s Hospital. The determinations are made from a 0.3 ml sample of blood withdrawn automatically under computer control from an indwelling arterial catheter. The results are displayed nearly immediately in alpha-numeric terms on a memory scope at the cribside. Laboratory evaluation and a limited clinical experience with six patients indicate the system to be a safe method for accurate and close monitoring of critically ill infants and is particularly applicable to use in the respiratory distress syndrome. The system is known as CABAS, a term coined from Computerized Automated Blood Analysis System.
Electronic Effects in the Elastic Properties of Semiconductors

Publisher Summary The electronic energy levels of a semiconductor depend on the state of strain of the semiconductor crystal. If some of the levels are occupied, the electronic contribution to the free energy of the crystal depends on the state of strain. The electronic contribution to the dependence of the energy on strain can be significant in moderately and heavily doped semiconductors and gives rise to easily observable dependences of elastic properties on doping. This chapter describes the electronic contribution to the elastic properties of certain types of semiconductors. Electronic energy is responsible for the binding and the elastic properties of many solids. Electronic models have frequently been used in calculations of the elastic constants of metal. The characteristic feature of this chapter is the use of semiconductor models that are useful in describing many other properties of semiconductors and whose parameters can be determined in a variety of ways. The study of electronic effects in the elastic properties of semiconductors has value for a number of reasons that are worth describing. Firstly, semiconductors are extremely important technologically. It is important to know their elastic properties in order that they may be properly used. Changes in moduli, thermal expansion, or magnetostriction with doping may have significant practical impact.
Toward Silent-Speech Control of Consumer Wearables

Systems that recognize silent speech can enable fast, hands-free communication. Two prototypes let users control Google Glass with tongue movements and jaw gestures, requiring no additional equipment except a tongue-mounted magnet or consumer earphones augmented with embedded proximity sensors.
Advances in discrete semiconductor packaging

Surface-mount and module-type discrete semiconductor packaging are discussed. Packaged product development, pilot production techniques, and a clean room environment are also discussed. A breed of module introduced by Motorola called ICePAK, which combines the high-volume production techniques normally associated with discrete components with customization capability, the key element of the hybrid power module design, is discussed in detail. >
Phytoplankton in the California Current system off southern California: Changes in a changing environment

Abstract Patterns of phytoplankton biomass, abundance and composition are examined between 1990 and 2009 over three major scales of environmental variability in the California Current system: seasonal, El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and interannual. These patterns are compared with patterns of zooplankton biomass for commonalities and for links that might explain the decrease of zooplankton biomass since the 1970s, and the seemingly paradoxical increase in phytoplankton since 1984. Phytoplankton showed a slow, but significant increase in biomass and a change in species composition. The change appears to be quasi-continuous, with no sign of a more abrupt change around the year 2000. The responses of phytoplankton to ENSO events were weak. Biomass was depressed by El Nino conditions, but an effect of La Nina was not evident. There was no consistent response of species composition to either extreme. The seasonal signal of phytoplankton was strong, evident in biomass, abundance and species composition. The timing and magnitude of the annual maximum changed during the study. Prior to 1998, the annual peak of phytoplankton occurred consistently during the spring months, after which the peak shifted to summer. The shift in annual phytoplankton peak from spring to summer was accompanied by a change in composition, including a 75% decrease in the abundance of Hyalochaete species in the annual peak. The decrease in spring phytoplankton has been offset by an increase in the summer, which suggests a change in the source and timing of the nutrient supply. No evidence was found of an immediate link between phytoplankton abundance or composition and zooplankton biomass. It is postulated that the decline of zooplankton biomass seen since the 1970s is due, not to a decrease in annual primary production, but to shifts in the timing and composition of the annual phytoplankton peak which has destabilized the zooplankton cycle.
Salivary gland lesions with a prominent lymphoid component : Cytologic findings and differential diagnosis by fine-needle aspiration biopsy

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is an accepted technique for the preoperative diagnosis of salivary gland nodules. The majority of salivary gland nodules are pleomorphic adenomas and offer little difficulty in diagnosis. Most diagnostically difficult lesions fall into one of four morphologic categories represented by squamous-cell-containing lesions, clear cell neoplasms, neoplasms with a prominence of stromal material, and lymphocyte-containing lesions. Herein, we describe our experience with a series of 61 histologically confirmed cases in which the smears contained a prominent or predominant number of lymphocytes. The differential diagnosis is discussed and points of diagnostic aid enumerated. Diagn. Cytopathol. 1997;17:183–190. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effect of Carbohydrates and Control of Culture pH on Beta Toxin Production by Clostridium perfringens Type C

Clostridium perfringens type C strain CN 5384 produced a higher level of beta toxin in a controlled pH medium containing 1% glucose, starch, or sucrose than in media with dextrin, fructose, or raffinose. Toxin synthesis was not related to the growth yield. The effect of glucose on beta toxin production by 11 strains was investigated with and without control of the culture pH at 7.5. Strain CN 5386 produced distinctly higher toxin when the pH of the culture was maintained at 7.5, compared with uncontrolled pH.
Corrigendum to "Pornography, public acceptance and sex related crime: A review" (International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 32 (2009) 304-314)

It has come to the International Journal of Law and Psychiatry's attention that a specific section of the article devoted to research in the article “Pornography, public acceptance and sex related crime: A review”, constituting 85 lines of content are identical with language from a chapter in Porn 101: Eroticism, pornography, and the first amendment, one of that article's sources, namely “Effects of pornography on sexual offending” by Tovar, Elias and Chang. Although the source was generally cited, the direct quotes were not provided with the specific source and the page numbers from which the material was drawn. I, Professor Milton Diamond the author of this IJLP article, indicate that this was an accident of the editing process. During my reconstitution of the final article of 10 sections, an early draft of Section 3 (Research) instead of the final draft, was inadvertently incorporated in the final ms. sent to the editor. The final portion that was originally intended for publication (see below) was transmitted to the editor as soon as the error was noted. The IJLP and I regret this error and apologize to the authors Tovar, Elias and Chang and the journal readership. The error to the printed article is hereby noted. I specifically apologize to Drs. Tovar, Elias and Chang and the editors and journal for any problems or difficulties incurred. Correct Section 3 to replace early draft section.