cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deformation-induced surface roughening studies in an AISI 1090 spheroidized steel

The roughening of freely deforming surfaces and its contribution to surface instabilities which affect the fracture strain has been well established theoretically. Generally, in describing the kinetics of development of the deformation-induced roughness, the roughness parameters are related to the most comprehensive parameter that can describe the degree of deformation, namely strain. Very little experimental information is available at the present time regarding efforts to answer whether deformation-induced roughness is a precursor to surface instability and how this affects the mechanical properties of a material. The following is an attempt to answer a few questions in this direction.
SU‐FF‐J‐79: Implementation of Four Different Image‐Guided Radiotherapy (IGRT) Systems in a Radiotherapy Department

Purposes: to implement and compare four newly developed image‐guidedradiotherapy systems (Varian's Cone‐Beam CT, BrainLAB ExacTrac, Restitu Ultrasound (U/S)‐Sim and Guide, and in‐house stereovision) in one department. Methods and Materials: The cone‐beam CT(CBCT) and the ultrasound(US) systems provide volumetric images of the target at daily setup. The ExacTrac system acquires the biplanar radiographs at patient setup. Both the US and ExacTrac systems are integrated with infrared‐tracking systems for patient‐couch positioning. The in‐house stereovision system captures 3D surface images of the patient at the instants of daily patient setup and during individual beam irradiation. All of four IGRT systems have used treatment planning volumetric imaging information for target position verification and adjustment. Electronic portal images are routinely used for patient position verification. External markers and possible internal markers such as seeds or small cysts or calcifications can be localized and used for additional verification. Results: Emerging data from several institutional IRB‐approved clinical trials demonstrate that the target reposition error and dose delivery uncertainties can be significantly reduced by using such image‐guided systems, each of which may be most useful in specific clinical situations. Conclusions: Our customized stereovision system, which, like US, involves no radiation exposure, is extremely efficient (<2 minutes) and accurate (<2 millimeters) for superficial sites, such as breast cancer. The ExacTrac system appears ideal for lesions associated with bony structures, such as spine and skull. The US and CBCT may be most useful for deformable internal structures, such as prostate cancer. Special methods for dealing with imaging artifacts, such as ring patterns in CBCT, shadow casts and multiple reflections in stereovision and US, and patient motion in ExacTrac and stereovision will be presented.
STUDIES ON WHEAT PLANTS USING CARBON-14 COMPOUNDS: IX. RADIOACTIVITY OF WHEAT FOLLOWING INJECTION OF FORMATE-C14 AND GLYCINE-1-C14 WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SERINE LABELLING

Formate-C14 and glycine-1-C14 were injected into the stems of wheat plants 71 days after seeding and the distribution of carbon-14 in the plants 102 days after seeding (full maturity) was studied. ...
Recent orphan drugs that are first-in-class

Although the pipeline for new drugs seemed to be drying up, the number of new ‘first-in-class’ drugs appeared to be increasing. First-in-class drugs are those which use a new and unique mechanism for treating a disease or medical condition. They are a subset of new molecular entities (NMEs). The FDA reports that in 2012, 39 NMEs were approved. Twenty of these NMEs (∼ 50%) were identified by the FDA as first-in-class drugs. Of the 39 NMEs, 13 were designated orphan drugs and 9 of those orphan drugs were first-in-class. In 2013, there were 27 NMEs of which 9 were first-in-class. In 2013, numbers of NMEs are lower than the 2011 or 2012 but are based on fewer applications than in those years. There were 33% of NMEs that were first-in-class and 33% of the NMEs were orphan drugs. The FDA data indicate that creative new products are being developed for rare diseases.
The Question Answering System on mathematical models (QAS): Description of the language

The Question Answering System on mathematical models (QAS) is a very high-level computer language which enables the user to communicate with the computer at the level of mathematical models rather than at the level of sequential programs. Once the model (represented by a list of variables, list of equations and, optionally, additional information) is stored, the user is free to ask any relevant question by specifying the subsets of input and output variables, and to let the operating system find the way of solving the problem. A formal description of QAS is given: Inverted notation and BNF is used for the description of the model format and of the syntax of constitutive equations respectively. The inverted notation is also used for the description of the user-computer communication during a question answering session. The formal description of the QAS is supplemented by an overview of the language facilities and by a conversation example.
Computational Study of Boundary-Layer Noise Due to Surface Roughness

As a first step toward predicting rough-wall boundary layer noise, the sound radiation from a single hemispherical roughness element and a pair of roughness elements in a turbulent boundary layer at Re� = 7500 is investigated. The roughness height is 3.6% of the boundary layer thickness, or 95 wall units. The flow field is simulated with large-eddy simulation, and the results are validated against experimental measurements. Acoustic calculations are performed based on the Curle-Powell integral solution to the Lighthill’s equation for an acoustically compact hemisphere. The sound radiation is dominated by unsteady drag dipoles and their images in the wall. It is found that the spanwise dipole, which has been overlooked in previous studies of roughness noise, is stronger than the streamwise dipole, and the viscous contribution to the drag dipole is negligible in comparison to that of the pressure contribution. The source mechanisms are discussed in terms of diffraction and turbulence generation by a roughness element. The presence of an upstream wake is found to significantly enhance sound radiation, particularly in the streamwise direction and at higher frequencies.
Requirements to achieve connector and printed circuit assembly quality

Summary form only given. The purpose of this presentation was to identify and discuss the connector requirements in regards to the following: (1) assembly methods/exposures (manual/robotic placement, ease of location, polarization, retention methods, and lead tolerances/planarity); (2) assembly process compatibility (solder process time/temperature profiles, chemical exposures, and mechanical parameters); (3) repair process methods of removal and replacement; (4) quality control (manual/visual inspection, electrical shorts/open testing, and insulation resistance testing); and (5) connector contact resistance stability (initial, time dependent, and recovery). >
Reduction of heart rate by omega-3 fatty acids and the potential underlying mechanisms

An elevated resting heart rate is one of the strongest predictors of cardiovascular mortality and is independently associated with sudden cardiac death (SCD). Agents capable of reducing heart rate without significant side effects are therefore of particular interest for the prevention of SCD. Recent human and animal studies have shown that omega-3 fatty acids can reduce heart rate. Our work has shown that omega-3 fatty acids significantly reduce membrane electrical excitability of the cardiac myocyte by lowering its resting membrane potential and the duration of the refractory period through inhibition of ion channels. We propose that these actions may be the underlying mechanisms for the omega-3 fatty acid-induced reduction of heart rate observed in both humans and animals. The heart rate-lowering capability of omega-3 fatty acids may contribute to their preventive effect against SCD.
Post-caldera volcanism: in situ measurement of U^Pb age and oxygen isotope ratio in Pleistocene zircons from Yellowstone caldera

The Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field, the site of some of the largest known silicic volcanic eruptions, is the present location of NE-migrating hotspot volcanic activity. Most volcanic rocks in the Yellowstone caldera (0.6 Ma), which formed in response to the climactic eruption of 1000 km 3 of Lava Creek Tuff (LCT), have unusually low oxygen isotope ratios. Ion microprobe analysis of both U^Pb age and N 18 O in zircons from these low-N 18 O lavas reveals evidence of complex inheritance and remelting. A majority of analyzed zircons from low-N 18 O lavas erupted inside the Yellowstone caldera have cores that range in age from 2.4 to 0.7 Ma, significantly older than their eruption ages (0.5^0.4 Ma). These ages and the high-N 18 O cores indicate that these lavas are largely derived from nearly total remelting of normal-N 18 O Huckleberry Ridge Tuff (HRT) and other pre-LCT volcanic rocks. A post-HRT low-N 18 O lava shows similar inheritance of HRT-age zircons. The recycling of volcanic rocks by shallow remelting can change the water content and eruptive potential of magma. This newly proposed mechanism of intracaldera volcanism is best studied by combining in situ analysis of oxygen and U^Pb isotope ratios of individual crystals. fl 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
God and Human Attitudes

Kneeling down or grovelling on the ground, even to express your reverence for heavenly things, is contrary to human dignity.
Health literacy: addressing the health and education divide

Health literacy as a discrete form of literacy is becoming increasingly important for social, economic and health development. The positive and multiplier effects of education and general literacy on population health, particularly women's health, are well known and researched. However, a closer analysis of the current HIV/AIDS epidemics, especially in Africa, indicates a complex interface between general literacy and health literacy. While general literacy is an important determinant of health, it is not sufficient to address the major health challenges facing developing and developed societies. As a contribution to the health literacy forum in Health Promotion International, this paper reviews concepts and definitions of literacy and health literacy, and raises conceptual, measurement and strategic challenges. It proposes to develop a set of indicators to quantify health literacy using the experience gained in national literacy surveys around the world. A health literacy index could become an important composite measure of the outcome of health promotion and prevention activities, could document the health competence and capabilities of the population of a given country, community or group and relate it to a set of health, social and economic outcomes.
Seismically and geodetically determined nondouble‐couple source mechanisms from the 2000 Miyakejima volcanic earthquake swarm

The volcanic eruption on Miyakejima, Japan, in 2000 was marked by the largest earthquake swarm ever recorded in Japan, a seismicity migration accompanying a dike intrusion as the dike propagated from Miyakejima to the northwest, and formation of a caldera on Mount Oyama on Miyakejima. In this study, we propose a seismic source model which can be used to model both seismic and geodetic displacements from volcanic earthquakes. Our model, the “crack + double-couple” (CDC) model, combines tensile opening with shear slip along a single fault plane. We find that this model can fit both seismic and GPS data from the 1 July and 30 July earthquakes, the largest two in the Miyakejima sequence. The results of our GPS inversions for these two earthquakes are consistent with the seismic mechanisms and aftershock locations, and the GPS mechanisms successfully forward predict the observed regional seismograms. The 1 July earthquake, located near the northwest tip of the dike, has a large opening component and a geodetic moment about 5 times larger than that inferred from the seismic data alone. The source process for this event consists of tensile failure, which occurred quickly, and a much slower accumulation of shear slip. We apply the CDC model to 16 additional earthquakes from this sequence and find that the CDC model fits the seismic data for these earthquakes at least as well as established seismic moment tensor models.
Depositional framework and controls on mixed carbonate-siliciclastic gravity flows: Pennsylvanian-Permian shelf to basin transect, south-western Great Basin, USA

Mixed carbonate-siliciclastic sediment gravity flow deposits of Late Pennsylvanian to Early Permian age are exposed in the Death Valley - Owens Valley region of east-central California. The Mexican Spring unit constitutes the upper part of the Keeler Canyon Formation and is characterized by turbidites, debris flow deposits and megabreccias, all of mixed carbonate-siliciclastic composition. The mixed composition of the Keeler Canyon Formation provides an opportunity to link facies architecture to controls on depositional system development. Depositional relationships indicate that the deposits represent a non-channellized base of slope carbonate apron system with inner, outer and basinal facies associations. These gravity flow deposits are characterized by repeated stacked, small scale ( 100 m) coarsening and thickening upward cycles. Contemporaneous outer shelf and upper slope deposits of the Tippipah Limestone are exposed at Syncline Ridge on the Nevada Test Site. The deposits consist of carbonate buildups directly overlain by cross bedded, quartz-rich sandstone and conglomerate which filled channels that traversed across the previously existing carbonate shelf. Detritus was transported to the west, down the upper slope by gully systems that fed the temporally persistent base of slope apron of the upper part of the Keeler Canyon Formation. This style of deposition differs from point-sourced siliciclastic submarine fan depositional systems. However, the Keeler Canyon system has lithofacies similar to some sandy siliciclastic turbidite systems, such as the delta-fed submarine ramp facies model, which is a line-sourced, shelf-fed system that is not supply limited. The mixed clastic apron systems of the Keeler Canyon Formation differ from classical carbonate aprons in that the former is characterized by an abundance of sedimentary cycles. Controls on the development of these cycles and of the facies distribution may have resulted from changes in type and rate of sediment supply, relative sea level changes and/or tectonic events. Interpretation of the data is focused on relative changes in sea level as the most significant control on development of the depositional system. Relative sea level changes serve two important functions: (1) they provide a mechanism for bringing coarse siliciclastic and bioclastic grains together on the outer shelf, and (2) shelf margin collapse may be initiated during relative lowstands allowing for transport of the sediment to the deep basin and development of deep basinal cycles. Therefore, an abundance of mixed clastic gravity flow deposits such as these in the rock record may be an indicator of periods of high frequency changes in relative sea level, which is a characteristic of Late Palaeozoic sea level history.
Getting Out of the Left Lane: The Possibility of White Antiracist Pedagogy

This article maintains that knowledge of the literature on multicultural education and social justice pedagogy is indispensable for white college professors who desire to teach effectively about racial justice concerns. In exploring this literature, I have noticed that many publications either articulate theory or reflect on concrete classroom strategies, while relatively few deploy theory to evaluate specific attempts at teaching for justice. This seems to me a gap worth filling. Speaking as a white, conventionally trained, Catholic theologian, I begin by explaining why I deem it appropriate to employ antiracist pedagogy. I then demonstrate that the literature on multicultural education and social justice pedagogy is essential to this effort by utilizing both types of literature, theoretical and practical, to analyze my own strategies and goals to date. Throughout, I discuss white antiracist theological pedagogy not as an accomplished fact, but as an emerging endeavor. See a companion essay in this issue of the journal (Anna Floerke Scheid and Elisabeth T. Vasko, “Teaching Race: Pedagogical Challenges in Predominantly White Undergraduate Theology Classrooms”), and responses by the authors of both essays, also published in this issue of the journal (“Responses: Toward an Antiracist Pedagogy”).
Editorial: Thanks to the Many Individuals Who Make Publication of Marketing Science Possible

Announcements and Journal Statistics Marketing Science continues as a bimonthly journal. We are planning a greatest-hits issue and implementing the data report later this year. During the transition from quarterly to bimonthly publication, we were conservative and maintained a larger backlog to ensure timely publication schedules. We currently have approximately 33 manuscripts in copyediting and a total backlog (accepted articles including those still with authors) indicated on our Marketing Science website. We are now returning to a more normal backlog. As noted earlier, bold innovative research in marketing science continues at a record, if not remarkable, pace. Manuscript submissions to Marketing Science, our eminent journal, remain high. As Panel 1 indicates, during the term of the current editor-in-chief, submissions have grown from a stable 124 per year to a projected 348 per year. Panel 2 shows the pattern of submissions. Panel 3 indicates that selectivity remains high. For example, in 2006, the 28 regular published articles represent 8.6% of new submissions that year. Note that new submission excludes Practice Prize and MSI submissions for special sections. A coordinated team effort by diligent area editors, meticulous reviewers, and dedicated, responsive authors has not let the increased volume hurt either the efficiency of the review process or its quality. We continue to decrease total turnaround time while maintaining the same number of quality reviews. Hardworking review teams have been able to maintain the outstanding quality of the journal
Identifying Key Components of the PrPC-PrPSc Replicative Interface

In prion disease, direct interaction between the cellular prion protein (PrPC) and its misfolded disease-associated conformer PrPSc is a crucial, although poorly understood step promoting the formation of nascent PrPSc and prion infectivity. Recently, we hypothesized that three regions of PrP (corresponding to amino acid residues 23–33, 98–110, and 136–158) interacting specifically and robustly with PrPSc, likely represent peptidic components of one flank of the prion replicative interface. In this study, we created epitope-tagged mouse PrPC molecules in which the PrP sequences 23–33, 98–110, and 136–158 were modified. These novel PrP molecules were individually expressed in the prion-infected neuroblastoma cell line (ScN2a) and the conversion of each mutated mouse PrPC substrate to PrPSc compared with that of the epitope-tagged wild-type mouse PrPC. Mutations within PrP 98–110, substituting all 4 wild-type lysine residues with alanine residues, prevented conversion to PrPSc. Furthermore, when residues within PrP 136–140 were collectively scrambled, changed to alanines, or amino acids at positions 136, 137, and 139 individually replaced by alanine, conversion to PrPSc was similarly halted. However, other PrP molecules containing mutations within regions 23–33 and 101–104 were able to readily convert to PrPSc. These results suggest that PrP sequence comprising residues 98–110 and 136–140 not only participates in the specific binding interaction between PrPC and PrPSc, but also in the process leading to conversion of PrPSc-sequestered PrPC into its disease-associated form.
The Army's "Be All You Can Be" Campaign:

This research examined the opinions of current soldiers regarding the most expensive campaign ever used by the U.S. Military: the Army's "Be All You Can Be" campaign. The campaign emphasizes the role of the army in providing instrumental and intrinsic rewards to soldiers. Although the campaign is aimed at potential enlistees, active duty soldiers attend to the same media channels and content and thus also receive high exposure to the advertisements. Results of focus group interviews with 87 male and 27 female soldiers indicate soldiers believe there is a wide gap between the promises of Army advertising and the actual performance of the Army in keeping its promises. This perception was expressed by many soldiers as disillusionment, frustration, and anger. The advertisements appear to damage soldier morale, commitment to the military, and reenlistment potential. For both ethical and pragmatic reasons it is suggested that future advertising should be designed with a concern for both effectiveness and honest...
Does a continuous feedback system improve psychotherapy outcome

Using outcome data on a continual basis to monitor treatment progress has been identified as a way to enhance psychotherapy outcome. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of a continuous feedback assessment system, the Partners for Change Outcome Management System (PCOMS; Miller & Duncan, 2004). Findings from 2 client samples that attended individual therapy at a university counseling center (N = 74) or a graduate training clinic (N = 74) indicated that clients who used PCOMS with their therapists (feedback condition) demonstrated statistically significant treatment gains when compared to clients receiving treatment as usual (no-feedback condition). Clients using PCOMS were also more likely to experience reliable change and in fewer sessions. A survival analysis demonstrated that approximately 50% of the clients in the feedback condition demonstrated reliable change after the 7th (graduate training clinic) or 9th session (university counseling center). Further findings, limitations of the study and ideas for future research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved).
Repressive epigenetic changes at the mGlu2 promoter in frontal cortex of 5-HT2A knockout mice.

Serotonin 5-HT2A and metabotropic glutamate 2 (mGlu2) are G protein–coupled receptors suspected in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, depression, and suicide. Previous findings demonstrate that mGlu2 mRNA expression is down-regulated in brain cortical regions of 5-HT2A knockout (KO) mice. However, the molecular mechanism responsible for this alteration remains unknown. We show here repressive epigenetic changes at the promoter region of the mGlu2 gene in frontal cortex of 5-HT2A-KO mice. Disruption of 5-HT2A receptor-dependent signaling in mice was associated with decreased acetylation of histone H3 (H3ac) and H4 (H4ac) and increased tri-methylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3) at the mGlu2 promoter, epigenetic changes that correlate with transcriptional repression. Neither methylation of histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4me1/2/3) nor tri-methylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9me3) was affected. We found that Egr1, a transcription factor in which promoter activity was positively regulated by the 5-HT2A receptor agonist 4-bromo-3,6-dimethoxybenzocyclobuten-1-yl)methylamine hydrobromide, binds less to the mGlu2 promoter in frontal cortex of 5-HT2A-KO, compared with wild-type mice. Furthermore, expression of mGlu2 was increased by viral-mediated gene transfer of FLAG-tagged Egr1 in mouse frontal cortex. Together, these observations suggest that 5-HT2A receptor–dependent signaling epigenetically affects mGlu2 transcription in mouse frontal cortex.
Modeling and control of a variable-speed constant-frequency synchronous generator with brushless exciter

This paper presents the modeling, control, and implementation of a novel variable-speed constant-frequency power generation system for renewable and distributed energy applications. The generation system consists of a wound-rotor generator, a brushless exciter and a low-rating controlled power converter. The main generator is a doubly fed induction machine which is operated as a synchronous generator. The advantages of the proposed system are reduced harmonic injection to power grid, wide speed operation range covering both subsynchronous and super-synchronous speeds, self var support, and increased reliability. It can be directly applied to wind power generators, small-scale hydroelectric generators, stand-alone diesel and gasoline generators, and aerospace and naval power generation systems where a variable speed turbine/engine is employed. An equivalent circuit model of a doubly fed generator was developed incorporating stator and rotor iron losses. Then the control of a standalone generation system is developed based on the mathematical model. Detailed implementation procedure is given. An experimental system and its control were implemented using an embedded real-time digital signal processor. Measurements of the experimental system validated the system design and readiness for prototyping in a relatively large power range.
Skeletal Repair in Distraction Osteogenesis: Mechanisms and Enhancements

Distraction osteogenesis is a surgical procedure for the reconstruction of skeletal deformities associated with fracture malunion, congenital deformities and developmental conditions, bone defects, and limb-length discrepancies (Fig. 1A)1. In distraction osteogenesis, an osteotomy is performed and is followed by gradual distraction to utilize mechanical strain to induce the integration of cells, growth factors, and extracellular matrix to form bone. In most cases, distraction osteogenesis creates an environment that suppresses the formation of cartilage and encourages angiogenesis with subsequent intramembranous bone formation; in some cases, instability results in callus and partial endochondral bone formation2. Fig. 1 Radiographic presentation of each phase of distraction. Fig. 1A Preoperative imaging demonstrating a limb-length discrepancy due to right tibial shortening. Fig. 1B Early distraction. Fig. 1C Late distraction. Fig. 1D Early consolidation. Fig. 1E Late consolidation, with evident osseous …
Minimum Bayes Risk based Answer Re-ranking for Question Answering

This paper presents two minimum Bayes risk (MBR) based Answer Re-ranking (MBRAR) approaches for the question answering (QA) task. The first approach re-ranks single QA system’s outputs by using a traditional MBR model, by measuring correlations between answer candidates; while the second approach reranks the combined outputs of multiple QA systems with heterogenous answer extraction components by using a mixture model-based MBR model. Evaluations are performed on factoid questions selected from two different domains: Jeopardy! and Web, and significant improvements are achieved on all data sets.
Intense Pulsed Light Sintering of CH3NH3PbI3 Solar Cells

Perovskite solar cells utilizing a two-step deposited CH3NH3PbI3 thin film were rapidly sintered using an intense pulsed light source. For the first time, a heat treatment has shown the capability of sintering methylammonium lead iodide perovskite and creating large crystal sizes approaching 1 μm without sacrificing surface coverage. Solar cells with an average efficiency of 11.5% and a champion device of 12.3% are reported. The methylammonium lead iodide perovskite was subjected to 2000 J of energy in a 2 ms pulse of light generated by a xenon lamp, resulting in temperatures significantly exceeding the degradation temperature of 150 °C. The process opens up new opportunities in the manufacturability of perovskite solar cells by eliminating the rate-limiting annealing step, and makes it possible to envision a continuous roll-to-roll process similar to the printing press used in the newspaper industry.
Tree Growth Regulator Influences Orange striped Oakworm (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) Development and Survival

The influence of the tree growth regulator paclobutrazol [(±)-(R\*,R\*)-B-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)]- a -(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1 H -1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol] on the growth of willow oak, Quercus phellos L., and development and survival of orangestriped oakworm, Anisota senatoria (J. E. Smith), was investigated from 1988 to 1990. Paclobutrazol significantly reduced Q. phellos growth, especially 1 and 2 yr after treatment. The most significant effects of paclobutrazol on A. senatoria development and survival were measured I yr after treatment. Early and late instars differed in their response to paclobutrazol treatments. In laboratory studies, 1yr after treatment, the highest rate of paclobutrazol slowed development and decreased survival of early instars compared with control treatments. Paclobutrazol treatments at the two lowest rates significantly increased survival of late instars and prepupae compared with the highest rate in the laboratory. Accelerated development in the fifth instar occurred with paclobutrazol treatments. At the lowest rate, paclobutrazol treatment significantly increased female pupal weights when larvae were reared in the laboratory and field. These data suggested that Q. phellos injected with paclobutrazol at the two lowest rates may experience a late-ins tar population that has increased survival, development, and female pupal weight.
Effects of epinephrine on regional free fatty acid and energy metabolism in men and women

Upper-body and lower-body adipocytes respond differently to physiological catecholamines in vitro. It is not known whether this is true in vivo or whether gender differences exist in the regional adipose tissue responses to epinephrine. These studies were therefore conducted to examine free fatty acid (FFA) release ([3H]palmitate) from lower-body (leg), splanchnic, and upper-body adipose tissue in normal-weight adult men (n = 8) and women (n = 7). In response to intravenous epinephrine (10 ng.kg-1.min-1), palmitate release increased (P < 0.01) in both men (168 +/- 10 to 221 +/- 15 mumol/min) and women (177 +/- 12 to 234 +/- 18 mumol/min). Basal leg palmitate release was similar in women and men (16.8 +/- 2.9 and 12.4 +/- 1.3 mumol/min, P = not significant) but doubled (P < 0.01) in response to epinephrine in men and was virtually unchanged in women. Splanchnic palmitate release increased (P < 0.05) in men (n = 6) but not in women (n = 6), whereas nonsplanchnic upper-body palmitate release increased more in women than in men. Upper-body (splanchnic and nonsplanchnic) palmitate release increased (P < 0.05) in both men and women in response to epinephrine. In summary, lower-body adipose tissue FFA release increased in response to epinephrine in men but not women, whereas upper-body palmitate release increased in both groups. These findings are consistent with some in vitro findings and suggest that catecholamine action may play a role in determining gender-based differences in body fat distribution.
Validation of a Computational Musculoskeletal Model of the Elbow

Musculoskeletal computational modeling can be a powerful and useful tool to study joint behavior, examine muscle and ligament function, measure joint contact pressures, simulate injury, and analyze the biomechanical results of reconstructive procedures. Commonly, biomechanical models are based on either finite element analysis (FEA) or three-dimensional rigid body dynamics. While each approach has advantages for specific applications, rigid body dynamics algorithms are highly efficient [1], thus significantly reducing solution time. Many musculoskeletal models of the elbow have been developed [2, 3], but all have constrained the articulations to have particular degrees of freedom and ignored the effects of ligaments. An accurate and robust model without these limitations has potential as a clinical tool to predict the outcome of injuries and/or surgical procedures. This work develops and validates an accurate computational model of the elbow joint whereby joint kinematics are dictated by three-dimensional bony geometry contact, ligamentous constraints, and muscle loading.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Epidemiological survey of metabolic syndrome among population in Changping district of Beijing

Objective To investigate and analyze the epidemiological characteristics of metabolic syndrome in Changping district of Beijing,and analyze the risk factors. Methods Using stratified random cluster sampling method,8084 residents above 18 years old were collected from Changping district to conduct questionnaire survey,physical examination and laboratory examination. Results The total effective number was 8084(3619 males,4465 females). The total morbidity of metabolic syndrome was 32%,while that of female and male was 31%,34% respectively,and the difference had statistical significance between men and women(P 0. 05). Risk factors of metabolic syndrome included central obesity,high blood pressure,high fasting blood glucose(FPG),high triglyceride(TG),high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL- C),the prevalence rates were 45%,51%,39%,47% and 33% in turn,and all these factors had statistical difference between male and female(P 0. 05). Conclusion The morbidity of metabolic syndrome and the related risk factors were all high in residents in Changping district,and showed a rising trend with the development of economy and the intensification of the aging population in the future. So the prevention and control of metabolism syndrome should be strengthened as far as possible to reduce the damage to the society and the family.
Evaluation of occupational disease control in one chlorine alkali factory in Shannxi

Objective: To identify the possible occupational risk factors in construction Chlor-alkali plant project.Methods:According to relevant laws and regulations,rules and regulations as a basis for evaluation,Investigation on-site use of health law,On-site laboratory sample analysis,control checklist to carry out a comprehensive evaluation method.Results:The assessment included nine main items and 56 branches.The nine main item accorded with the requirements of laws,76 out of the 78 branches completely or partly met some relative requirements the other 2 items needed to be improved.The selection of site,the overall layout,the arrangement and layoutof thefacilities,occupational disease prevention,occupational health management accorded with the requirements of laws.While in the PVC production,the 5-point monitoring of vinyl chloride concentration had over.Conclusion:The construction project is basically feasible according to requirements of occupational hygiene standards.
Intravenous Narcotics in the ICU

Narcotics are among the most commonly used medications in the critical care unit. Any person specializing in critical care must also be a specialist in the administration of these useful drugs. They must know not only the primary and secondary pharmacologic actions of these drugs, but also have an intimate knowledge of their pharmacokinetics, their pharmacodynamics, and their optimal modes of administration. This article describes the principles necessary to be proficient in narcotic administration. This knowledge gives the reader the ability to administer narcotics in the most efficacious manner, optimizing the therapeutic effects available from this very important class of drugs.
Immediate and residual changes in dorsiflexion range of motion using an ultrasound heat and stretch routine

Abstract Objective: With respect to increasing ankle dorsiflexion range of motion, our objective was to examine the influence, if any, of preheating the triceps surae with ultrasound before stretching. Design and Setting: Subjects were assigned to either group A (ultrasound and stretch) or group B (stretch alone). Group A received 3-MHz ultrasound (1.5 W/cm2, 4 times effective radiating area) for 7 minutes to the musculotendinous junction of the triceps surae before stretching. Group B rested for 7 minutes before stretching. Both groups then performed identical calf stretches for 4 minutes. Treatment for both groups was conducted at the Brigham Young University Sports Injury Research Laboratory twice daily for 5 days with at least 3 hours between procedures. We analyzed the data with a 2 × 3 × 10 factorial analysis of variance with repeated measures. A Tukey post hoc test was used to identify significant differences in range of motion. Subjects: Forty college students (male = 18, female = 22, age = 20.4 ± 2.5 years) volunteered for the study. Measurements: Maximal ankle dorsiflexion range of motion was measured using an inclinometer before and after each treatment. Results: Immediate effects were that ultrasound and stretch increased mean dorsiflexion range of motion in all sessions significantly more than stretch alone in three treatment sessions. Residual effects were that dorsiflexion range of motion increased 3° in both groups after nine treatment sessions; however, neither group significantly outperformed the other. Conclusion: As studied, an ultrasound and stretch routine may increase immediate range of motion more than stretch alone, possibly enhancing performance in practice and competition. This increased range of motion, however, is not maintained over the long term and is not more than the range of motion gained from stretching alone. A similar study using subjects with decreased range of motion after immobilization or injury should be conducted to see if the ultrasound and stretch regimen would produce lasting range-of-motion increases.
A hearing problem.

This brief vignette raises questions about the biopsychosocial aspects of presbycusis. The answers to these questions can help guide clinical strategies for patients with hearing loss and their family members.
In monkeys making value-based decisions, amygdala neurons are sensitive to cue value as distinct from cue salience.

This is the first study to characterize amygdala neuronal responses to cues predicting rewards and penalties of variable size in monkeys making value-based choices. Manipulating reward and penalty ...
Prostate Cancer Risk and DNA Methylation Signatures in Aging Rats following Developmental BPA Exposure: A Dose-Response Analysis.

Background: Previous studies have uncovered heightened prostatic susceptibility to hormone-induced neoplasia from early-life exposure to low-dose bisphenol A (BPA). However, significant data gaps r...
Biosynthesis of Mannophospholipids by Mycobacterium phlei

The biosynthesis of the phosphatidylmyoinositol mannosides of Mycobacterium phlei has been shown to proceed from phosphatidylmyoinositol, probably with the sequential addition of single mannose residues. An enzymatic system capable of incorporating the radioactivity of guanosine diphosphate mannose-14C into the phospholipid fraction was found in the 100,000 x g pellet of M. phlei cells which had been disrupted by sonic oscillation. Several properties of this system, including stimulation, specificity, and inhibition, have been studied. The radioactive product was found to be identical with 1-phosphatidyl- l -myoinositol 2-O-α- d -mannopyranoside, the structure of which was determined following its isolation as the intact ipid.
Development of Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocytes

Publisher Summary Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) of the small and large intestine comprise a specialized immune compartment presumably geared toward surveillance of the intestinal epithelial layer. One of the most intriguing aspects of IEL biology is the role of the thymus in their development. This chapter utilizes neonatal thymectomy and thymus grafting as a means of studying the role of the thymus in IEL development. In the case of thymus grafting, it is tested whether the thymus is capable of producing IEL, rather than asking whether removal of the thymus affects IEL maturation. Overall, the results demonstrate that the thymus plays a dual role in IEL development: as a source of IEL precursors and as a source of as yet unidentified factors that aid IEL maturation.
Machine-learning approaches for recognizing muscle activities involved in facial expressions captured by multi-channels surface electromyogram

Abstract Facial expression recognition plays an important role on mimicking and synchronizing person's mental activity. Various approaches have been employed for recognition on facial expression, like facial image and video analysis. Bio-signals as very important biological information reflect biological features. With the development of sensor technology and machine learning, collecting bio-signals to study facial expressions is practicable. Surface-Electromyogram is a way to collect EMG signal by sticking a signal collector on the surface of skin, much environment interference can be ignored and privacy can be protected. Inconvenience of collecting these kinds of bio-signal resulted in lacking of good publicly available datasets. In this paper, we have designed an facial expressions recognition system based on sEMG signals using Intel Edison board with advantages of high temporal resolution, potential flexibility of testing devices. The paper studies facial expressions comprehensively, abstracts 8 common types of facial expressions from 2 kinds of classes and establishes a new bio-EMG dataset with 1680 instances. The facial expressions are including three periodic expressions (chewing, speaking, gargling) and five transient expressions (sadness, surprise, happiness, pout, and angry). For recognition accuracy, by utilizing three different classifiers, Cubic SVM, Cubic KNN, and Gaussian SVM, each classifier has a good performance on expressions classification, the Cubic SVM classifier has the best performance of these three with accuracy as high as 99.52%. With the decreasing of sample amount for training model, the Cubic SVM classifier still performs well in classification with accuracy of 86.9%.
The Stereotactic CO2 Laser: Instrumentation, Methodology and Clinical Results

The carbon dioxide laser has been incorporated into a computer-assisted stereotactic system for precision resection of deep-seated intraaxial neoplasms. Stereotactic CT scanning provides a precise three dimensional tumor volumetric data base in relationship to a custom arc-quadrant stereotactic frame. A carbon dioxide laser beam is directed by the stereotactic instrument. It is monitored by an interactive computer graphic system in relation to boundaries of the tumor volume which has been sliced orthogonal to the surgical viewline. Theoretically, the procedure allows removal of all tumor identified by CT scanning. Thirty-five of these procedures have been performed on thirty-three patients having a variety of neoplasms in various deep-seated locations with satisfactory postoperative results.
The Search for the Missing Antibody (P1.407)

Objective: To present a rare case of anti-Ma2 encephalitis associated with lung adenocarcinoma. Background: A 70 year-old woman presented with subacute progressive confusion, ptosis and diplopia. On exam she had impaired recall, asymmetric severe bilateral ptosis, exotropia, impaired adduction and vertical ductions. Vertical oculocephalic reflexes were intact. The motor, sensory and reflex exams were unremarkable. Her gait was wide-based and unsteady. The differential diagnosis at this time included neuromuscular junction disease, thyroid disease, atypical Miller Fisher syndrome, Wernicke’s encephalopathy, and midbrain pathology such as stroke, tumor, or a paraneoplastic syndrome. Design/Methods: N/A Results: An initial contrast brain MRI was unremarkable. Acetylcholine receptor antibodies, MuSK antibody and electrodiagnostic studies including repetitive stimulation and single fiber electromyography were unremarkable. TSH, thiamine level, Lyme antibodies, RPR, and ganglioside antibodies were unremarkable. Voltage-gated potassium and calcium channel antibodies, anti-Hu, anti-Ri, anti-Yo, and amphiphysin antibodies were negative. A repeat brain MRI 3 weeks after the initial scan showed FLAIR abnormalities in the basal ganglia and temporal lobes. Cerebrospinal fluid obtained showed elevated protein. CT imaging of the chest demonstrated multiple lung nodules, with tissue biopsy revealing lung adenocarcinoma. Her hospital course was notable for a seizure and hypersomnolence. Given the constellation of malignancy, ocular findings localizing to the midbrain, seizure, hypersomnolence and encephalopathy, further paraneoplastic antibodies were sent and anti-Ma2 antibodies were found. Conclusions: Anti-Ma2 encephalitis is a rare diagnosis, and usually occurs in the setting of testicular cancer. Only a handful of anti-Ma2 encephalitis associated with lung adenocarcinoma is described in the medical literature, and there is still a need to better recognize the clinical presentation and to determine the best medical management of this condition. The success of this diagnosis relied on consideration of the clinical presentation, localization of exam findings, and narrowing the differential diagnosis based on targeted studies to ultimately identify the culprit antibody. Disclosure: Dr. Lin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pellinen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Fouladvand has nothing to disclose. Dr. Galetta has nothing to disclose.
Scientific and Technological Issues Pertaining to Particle Contamination in Plasma Processing

The recent discovery of microscopic particles in low temperature process plasmas has created a new field of study in plasma processing with scientific and technological interest. Scientific issues, such as the formation, growth, charge, and transport of particles in a plasma, highlight the interdisciplinary nature of the problem. Studies of plasma particles also provide new insight into areas of plasma physics previously well-studied and considered reasonably understood. Important technological concern arises from the deleterious role plasma particles have on surfaces during microelectronic fabrication. New concepts and techniques for tool and process contamination control have resulted from these studies.
High-Resolution Instrumentation: Advantages and Applications

Until comparatively recently, infrared spectrometers capable of high resolution have not been commercially available. Until the mid-1950’s, the single-prism NaCl instrument bore the greater part of the load in most infrared laboratories. This is still true to a great extent, but recent technological developments have made available on a commercial scale instruments capable of 1 cm−1 resolution and, in some instances, resolution of 0.25 cm−1. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss high resolution, the instrumental factors governing resolution, its advantages, and some of its applications.
Abelian: A Compiler for Graph Analytics on Distributed, Heterogeneous Platforms

The trend towards processor heterogeneity and distributed-memory has significantly increased the complexity of parallel programming. In addition, the mix of applications that need to run on parallel platforms today is very diverse, and includes graph applications that typically have irregular memory accesses and unpredictable control-flow. To simplify the programming of graph applications on such platforms, we have implemented a compiler called Abelian that translates shared-memory descriptions of graph algorithms written in the Galois programming model into efficient code for distributed-memory platforms with heterogeneous processors. The compiler manages inter-device synchronization and communication while leveraging state-of-the-art compilers for generating device-specific code. The experimental results show that the novel communication optimizations in the Abelian compiler reduce the volume of communication by 23\(\times \), enabling the code produced by Abelian to match the performance of handwritten distributed CPU and GPU programs that use the same runtime. The programs produced by Abelian for distributed CPUs are roughly 2.4\(\times \) faster than those in the Gemini system, a third-party distributed CPU-only system, demonstrating that Abelian can manage heterogeneity and distributed-memory successfully while generating high-performance code.
Public Opinion and Criminal Justice Policy: Theory and Research

This article reviews evidence for the effects of public opinion on court decision-making, capital punishment policy and use, correctional expenditures, and incarceration rates. It also assesses evi...